bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanorod‐form ZnO‐homojunction ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Ling B. , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: November 2011

Abstract— Ultraviolet (UV) light‐emitting diodes based on ZnO‐homojunction nanorods is reported. p‐type doping can be obtained from intrinsic (or close to) ZnO by introducing acceptors, such as P or As, using ion implantation followed by appropriate thermal annealing and dopant activation. Our approach provides a possible solution to p‐type doping of ZnO and ZnO‐homojunction light‐emitting diodes. It is interesting to note that this solution is offered in the form of nanorods.
Phosphorescent OLEDs: Enabling energy‐efficient lighting with improved uniformity and longer lifetime
Authors: Levermore Peter A. , Pang Huiqing , Dyatkin Alexey B. , Elshenawy Zeinab , Mandlik Prashant , Rajan Kamala , Silvernail Jeffrey , Kwong Raymond C. , Ma Ruiqing , Weaver Michael S. , Hack Mike , Brown Julie J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract— In this paper, the design criteria for scaling up from small‐area organic light‐emitting‐diode (OLED) pixels to large‐area OLED light panels is described. Particular focus is placed on using phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) to maximize panel efficacy and uniformity and minimize operating temperature. Data for a pair of all‐phosphorescent 15 × 15 cm OLED light panels are also presented: Panel 1 has 62‐lm/W efficacy, CRI = 81, CCT = 3180K, and lifetime to LT70 = 18,000 hours at 1000 cd/m2 and Panel 2 has 58‐lm/W efficacy, CRI = 82, CCT = 2640K, and lifetime to LT70 = 30,000 hours at 1000 cd/m2. Operating at a 3000 cd/m2 (7740 lm/m2), Panel 2 has 49‐lm/W efficacy with lifetime to LT70 = 4000 hours. Excellent panel lifetime is enabled by a stable light‐blue phosphorescent materials system and by the use of efficient phosphorescent emitters that ensure very low panel temperature without any additional thermal management.
Quantifying and comparing size selectivity among Alaskan sockeye salmon fisheries
Authors: Kendall Neala W. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: November 2011

Quantifying long‐term size‐selective harvest patterns is necessary for understanding the potential evolutionary effects on exploited species. The comparison of fishery selection patterns on the same species subject to different gear types, in different areas, and over multi‐decadal periods can reveal the factors influencing selection. In this study we quantified and compared size‐selective harvest by nine Alaskan sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fisheries to understand overall patterns. We calculated length‐specific linear selection differentials (the difference in average length of fish before vs. after fishing), which are produced by different combinations of exploitation rates and length‐selectivity values, and nonlinear standardized differentials, describing disruptive selection, across all years for each fishery. Selection differentials varied among years, but larger fish were caught in 73% of years for males and 84% of years for females, leaving smaller fish to spawn. Disruptive selection was observed on female and male fish in 84% and 92% of years, respectively. Linear selection was stronger on females than males in 77% of years examined, and disruptive selection was stronger on males in 71% of years. Selection pressure was influenced by a combination of factors under and beyond management control; analyses using mixed‐effects models indicated that fisheries were less size selective in years when fish were larger than average and had lower exploitation rates. The observed harvest of larger than average sockeye salmon is consistent with the hypothesis that size‐selective fishing contributes to decreasing age and length at maturation trends over time, but temporal variability in selection and strong disruptive selection suggests that the overall directional pressure is weaker than is often assumed in evolutionary models.
Inconsistent definitions of “urban” result in different conclusions about the size of urban carbon and nitrogen stocks
Authors: Raciti Steve M. , Hutyra Lucy R. , Rao Preeti , Finzi Adrien C.
Published: November 2011

There is conflicting evidence about the importance of urban soils and vegetation in regional C budgets that is caused, in part, by inconsistent definitions of “urban” land use. We quantified urban ecosystem contributions to C stocks in the Boston (Massachusetts, USA) Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) using several alternative urban definitions. Development altered aboveground and belowground C and N stocks, and the sign and magnitude of these changes varied by land use and development intensity. Aboveground biomass (live trees, dbh ≥ 5 cm) for the MSA was 7.2 ± 0.4 kg C/m2(mean ± SE), reflecting a high proportion of forest cover. Vegetation C was highest in forest (11.6 ± 0.5 kg C/m2), followed by residential (4.6 ± 0.5 kg C/m2), and then other developed (2.0 ± 0.4 kg C/m2) land uses. Soil C (0–10 cm depth) followed the same pattern of decreasing C concentration from forest, to residential, to other developed land uses (4.1 ± 0.1, 4.0 ± 0.2, and 3.3 ± 0.2 kg C/m2, respectively). Within a land use type, urban areas (which we defined as >25% impervious surface area [ISA] within a 1‐km2moving window) generally contained less vegetation C, but slightly more soil C, than nonurban areas. Soil N concentrations were higher in urban areas than nonurban areas of the same land use type, except for residential areas, which had similarly high soil N concentrations. When we compared our definition of urban to other commonly used urban extents (U.S. Census Bureau, Global Rural–Urban Mapping Project [GRUMP], and the MSA itself), we found that urban soil (1 m depth) and vegetation C stocks spanned a wide range, from 14.4 ± 0.8 to 54.5 ± 3.4 Tg C and from 4.2 ± 0.4 to 27.3 ± 3.2 Tg C, respectively. Conclusions about the importance of urban soils and vegetation to regional C and N stocks are very sensitive to the definition of urban used by the investigators. Urban areas, regardless of definition, are rapidly expanding in their extent; a systematic understanding of how our development patterns influence ecosystems is necessary to inform future development choices.
Applications of State of the Art Anti-Jam Coring System - A Case Study
Authors: Zahid Salman , Khan Asif , Khalil Asif
Published: November 2011

OMV (Pakistan) Exploration G.m.b.H being a performance driven organization has always been keen to improve and optimize its performance by the applications of state of the art technologies.

The company operates 5 blocks in the middle Indus basin of Pakistan and is engaged in the drilling of HT gas wells. Core jamming in loose and inter-bedded reservoir pay zones has been a frequent occurrence in the wells drilled in these blocks which motivated the drilling team to seek new and advanced techniques to prevent it from happening.

The purpose of this paper is to share the experience of using Anti-Jam Coring System in high temperature gas fields of Pakistan. The main advantage of the system is to save trips and the provision to make up to three attempts in a single run in case jamming occurs while cutting the core. The paper discusses the experience of using this system for the first time for cutting core in exploratory (two) and development (one) wells. On the basis of offset wells, the use of such system was evaluated and then applied successfully to cut core in the in the reservoir sands. Upon recovering core on surface, it was found that the core jamming did occur but the coring job continued until the desired length was successfully cut. At the same interval in offset wells, it was possible to cut limited section of core only before jamming stopped any further coring progress.

The use of this system proved its worth as it helped in saving additional trips thereby yielding time and cost benefits to the operator. It is recommended to use in future where similar problems are anticipated.
New insights in the dihydroxybenzenes-driven Fenton reaction: electrochemical study of interaction between dihydroxybenzenes and Fe(III)
Authors: Contreras D. , Rodríguez J. , Basaez L. , Freer J. , Valenzuela R. , Mansilla H. , Vanýsek P.
Published: November 2011

It has been reported that the dihydroxybenzene (DHB) driven Fenton reaction is more efficient to degrade recalcitrant substrates than the simple Fenton reaction. The enhanced reactivity of the DHB driven Fenton reaction is not clear, but it could be explained by the formation of oxidant species different from the ones formed by classical Fenton reaction or by the shift of the redox potential of the complex formed by DHB and Fe(III). The redox reaction between Fe(III) and the DHBs 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol, CAT), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), and 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzenedisulfonate (TIRON) was studied by cyclic voltammetry to better understand the enhanced reactivity of the DHB driven Fenton reaction. It was determined that the amount of Fe(II) produced by the redox reaction between Fe(III) and DHBs was insufficient to explain the enhanced reactivity. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the DHBs/Fe(III) systems show a quasi-reversible or irreversible behavior and also shifting and splitting the anodic peaks. This effect can be related to DHBs oxidation by Fe(III), but not to a real interaction.
Removal of typical endocrine disrupting chemicals by membrane bioreactor: in comparison with sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Zhou Yingjun , Huang Xia , Zhou Haidong , Chen Jianhua , Xue Wenchao
Published: November 2011

The removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) fed with synthetic sewage was evaluated and moreover, compared with that by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated under same conditions in parallel. Eight kinds of typical EDCs, including 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), 17α-ethynilestradiol (EE2), 4-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO), were spiked into the feed. Their concentrations in influent, effluent and supernatant were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The overall estrogenecity was evaluated as 17β-estradiol equivalent quantity (EEQ), determined via yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. E2, E3, BPA and 4-OP were well removed by both MBR and SBR, with removal rates more than 95% and no significant differences between the two reactors. However, with regard to the other four EDCs, of which the removal rates were lower, MBR performed better. Comparison between supernatant and effluent of the two reactors indicated that membrane separation of sludge and effluent, compared with sedimentation, can relatively improve elimination of target EDCs and total estrogenecity. By applying different solids retention times (SRTs) (5, 10, 20 and 40 d) to the MBR, 10 and 5 d were found to be the lower critical SRTs for efficient target EDCs and EEQ removal, respectively.
Removal of contaminants and pathogens from secondary effluents using intermittent sand filters
Authors: Bali Mahmoud , Gueddari Moncef , Boukchina Rachid
Published: November 2011

Intermittent infiltration percolation of wastewater through unsaturated sand bed is an extensive treatment technique aimed at eliminating organic matter, oxidizing ammonium and removing pathogens. The main purpose of this study was to determine the depuration efficiencies of a sand filter to remove contaminants from secondary wastewater effluents. Elimination of pathogenic bacteria (total and faecal coliforms, streptococci) and their relationship with the filter depth were investigated. Results showed a high capacity of infiltration percolation process to treat secondary effluents. Total elimination of suspended solids was obtained. Mean removal rate of BOD5 and COD was more than 97 and more than 81%, respectively. Other water quality parameters such as NH4-N, TKN and PO4-P showed significant reduction except NO3-N which increased significantly in the filtered water. Efficiency of pathogenic bacteria removal was shown to mainly depend on the filter depth. Average reductions of 2.35 log total coliforms, 2.47 log faecal coliforms and 2.11 log faecal streptococci were obtained. The experimental study has shown the influence of the temperature on the output purification of infiltration percolation process.
The effect of Ce doped in Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/SnO2-Sb2O3-CeO2 electrode and its electro-catalytic performance in caprolactam wastewater
Authors: Zhang Qilin , Liu Yaochi , Zeng Dongming , Lin Jingping , Liu Wei
Published: November 2011

Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/SnO2-Sb2O3-CeO2 anodes were prepared by brush coating with high temperature oxidation. The anodes were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope and cyclic voltammetry. The surface of the electrode shows more compact and exist shallower mud cracks than the others by coating with 1% Ce to the surface of Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 electrode. The XRD patterns show that as-prepared electrodes are SnO2 and TiO2. The electrode with 1% Ce dopant shows the highest efficiency in the electrolysis of caprolactam wastewater. The oxygen evolution potential is about 1.75 V, the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand is 50%, and the biochemical oxygen demand is 353 mg/L for 5 h at a current of 0.12 A.
Maize mono-digestion efficiency: results from laboratory tests
Authors: Ficara Elena , Malpei Francesca
Published: November 2011

A laboratory experimental campaign was carried out in order to assess the optimal configuration for the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of sweet corn and ensiled maize. Batch hydrolysis tests were conducted at 35 and 55 °C and at four different particle sizes (2, 5, 20 and 50 mm) obtained by manual chopping and sieving. Chemical pre-treatment by 24 h incubation at various acid and alkaline pH was also considered for its potential to increase the maize methane yield. Results suggest that the hydrolytic phase proceeds significantly faster under thermophilic conditions. Significant differences in the solubilization rate were also observed when comparing coarse (20–50 mm) with fine (2–5 mm) particles, while 2 and 5 mm particles were solubilized at similar rates. No advantages from the chemical pre-treatment, in terms of solubilization efficiency and biomethanization potential were observed. According to these preliminary results, a two-stage semi-continuous laboratory plant consisting of a thermophilic hydrolytic reactor followed by a mesophilic methanogenic reactor was operated for 110 days. Steady state loading parameters were: influent concentration (maize mixture diluted in tap water) of 46 g VS/L, hydraulic retention time of 31 d, organic loading rate of 1.5 g VS/L/d. Alkalinity was dosed to the methanogenic reactor to avoid pH drops. Collected data allowed the average biodegradation efficiency to be estimated at around 60–65%.
An Innovative Look at Early Intervention for Children Affected by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Heather Carmichael Olson  , Rachel A. Montague
Published: November 2011

Early intervention is vital for children born affected by prenatal alcohol exposure, and may take advantage of ‘ plasticity’ in the developing brain. Early diagnosis is associated with more positive life outcomes among those with FASD. Early intervention leads to better child and family outcomes in populations with similar challenges and, in initial research, to improved outcomes among those with prenatal alcohol exposure. This chapter begins with a ‘ neurodevelopmental viewpoint,’ central to thinking about early intervention with this population. This viewpoint emphasizes ‘ brain-based difficulties’ arising from alcohol's teratogenic effects, and the need to reduce risks and increase protective factors. Current research on child and family strengths and deficits, and the necessary step of early identification, are reviewed. Treatment recommendations from expert professional opinion and the collective family wisdom, and findings from the few studies of early intervention in this population, are provided. To spark research progress in the field, a variety of promising existing early interventions are discussed, including ideas for needed adaptations. Links are provided to websites, parent support information, training topics for early intervention providers, and new data on behavior regulation in young children with FASD. Early intervention is an exciting research direction for the field of FASD.
Innovative Educational Interventions with School-Aged Children Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Authors: Claire D. Coles  , Elles Taddeo  , Molly Millians
Published: November 2011

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) has been estimated to affect as many as one in 100 children. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure may exhibit physical alterations and compromised cognitive functioning. The neurodevelopmental deficits associated with FASD range from global intellectual impairments to specific processing deficits, and learning disabilities that can hinder academic performance and adaptive functioning. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the impact of FASD on children's education, and to present a brief summary of the evidence-based programs and other interventions that may support better educational and behavioral outcomes for alcohol-affected children.
Improving Outcomes in Adolescents and Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Mary DeJoseph
Published: November 2011

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are life long and do not disappear with maturity. As children who have been exposed prenatally reach pubescence, they will experience the typical physical and emotional issues associated with adolescence. Navigating the rocky waters of adolescence is particularly challenging to individuals whose developmental abilities are significantly less than what is expected of them according to their chronological age. In many instances, physical, psychological, behavioral and social problems become more serious and continue on into adulthood for those with FASD. Lifespan issues considered in this chapter are: routine health care; safety; sleep; oral and dental care; nutrition and fitness; sexuality; sexual abuse; work; and co-occurring disorders. Practical considerations are also suggested.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and the Law
Authors: Kathyrn A. Kelly
Published: November 2011

Legal standards and legal institutions have a great impact on the lives of individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Most individuals with FASD need and are eligible for a range of special services and programs. Frequently, however, it is difficult to obtain that assistance because the application processes are complex and because program officials are not familiar with FASD. The programs and services of particular importance include an appropriate education, Social Security benefits, and state programs for individuals with developmental disabilities. Approximately 60 ' of individuals with FASD get in trouble with the law. Officials in the criminal justice system rarely recognize or understand FASD, and the system often treats defendants with this disability in a manner that is ineffective. Parents of and advocates for individuals with FASD need to better understand how to deal with the criminal justice system, and officials in that system need to be trained about FASD and about more appropriate corrective and other legal responses.
Translating Research into Action: Federal and State Initiatives
Authors: Deborah E. Cohen  , Susan A. Adubato
Published: November 2011

Basic research into Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is contributing much important information to our understanding of the dynamics of how alcohol affects developing neurological and physiological systems in unborn children. Clinical research is beginning to offer guidelines for intervention, treatment and services for women who may abuse alcohol and to children who are affected by prenatal exposures. It is equally important that, when the findings of research reach the point of utility, they be put into practice as standards of care. While the types and availability of services vary among states, most jurisdictions do support systems that can provide services and treatment to these populations. The purpose of this chapter is fourfold: 1. Provide an overview of the work that has been undertaken by federal agencies and associated task forces to develop innovative interventions and to encourage and reinforce the implementation of services on the state level; 2. Describe the service components that are generally available in each state; 3. Provide a description of service models that have been established or are evolving on the state level; and 4. Describe the role of voluntary agencies in the non-profit sector in establishing service systems for persons with FASD.
Medically Unexplained Symptoms—A Perspective from General Practitioners in the Developing World
Authors: Husain Muhammad Ishrat , Duddu Venugopal , Husain Muhammad Omair , Chaudhry Imran Bashir , Rahman Raza , Husain Nusrat
Published: November 2011

Objectives:

In this study, we explored the attitudes toward Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS) of 500 general practitioners (GPs) in Karachi, Pakistan. Using a questionnaire previously developed by Reid et al. (2001), we aimed to investigate whether GPs' attitudes toward medically unexplained symptoms are similar to those of GPs in the developed world.

Methods:

Five hundred GPs on the database of primary care centers at the Pakistan Institute of Learning and Living in Karachi were all sent a covering letter explaining the purpose of the survey with a case vignette, a questionnaire, and a stamped addressed envelope. One month later, non-respondents received a telephone call from an investigator to remind them of the study.

Results:

Of the 429 respondents, 68.5% (294) were male and 31.5% (135) female. Although 80.2% of respondents felt that the main role of GPs was to provide support and reassurance, 76.9% of respondents also agreed that GPs had a role in referring patients with MUS for further investigations to identify a cause. Two hundred and four (47.55%) respondents agreed that somatization was useful concept, only 146 (34.03%) felt that there was effective treatment for it.

Conclusion:

For the most part, Pakistani GPs' attitudes toward MUS are not very different to those of their counterparts in the West. Both agree that the GP has an important role in providing reassurance and counseling. However, our survey also shows that Pakistani GPs are less likely to place emphasis on an underlying psychiatric diagnosis and tend to focus on looking for an underlying physical cause.
Assessment of Suny Upstate Medical University's Child Telepsychiatry Consultation Program
Authors: Lau Mary E. , Way Bruce B. , Fremont Wanda P.
Published: November 2011

Objectives:

The project assesses the child telepsychiatry services provided by SUNY Upstate psychiatrists to several county mental health clinics in central New York State.

Method:

Data for 45 patients was extracted from pre-consultation forms completed by the referring clinic and post-consultation summaries completed by the Upstate psychiatrists that occurred between July 13, 2009 and May 12, 2010. The study identified characteristics of patients for whom telepsychiatry consultations were sought, why they were sought, and reviewed recommended changes in therapy and medication provided by the telepsychiatry consultant.

Results:

Analysis of the data showed that there was a large variation in patient characteristics such as age (from age 3 to 17), current living situation, and psychological symptoms. In addition to a family history of mental illness (80%), the most common symptoms were physical aggression (60.0%), defiant/oppositional behavior (57.8%), and attentional problems (55.6%). The most common reason for referral was diagnostic clarification (67%). The child telepsychiatrist recommended a change in medication for most (80.8%) of the patients who were on medications, and to begin medications for most (63.2%) who were not receiving medication at the time of consult. Further, the telepsychiatrist often recommended the addition of family therapy (71.1%) and counseling at school (17.8%).

Conclusion:

The child telepsychiatric program at Upstate seemed effective. It reached a large variety of children with significant mental disorders. The consultants provided diagnostic clarification and recommended modification of treatment for most. However, this assessment is limited as examined as it did not include follow-up information on whether consultant recommendations were followed and, if they were, whether they were effective.
Open Source Platforms for Citizen Engagement: Examining Ashoka's Design and Implementation
Authors: Liu Helen , Sandfort Jodi
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates the use of open source, idea competition platforms to catalyze citizen participation. It specifically focuses on an initiative of Ashokas Changemakers, an innovative international nonprofit to develop this capacity to leverage modest philanthropic resources and inspire citizens to offer ideas about solutions to public problems. Drawing upon theory from collective action, we empirically examined how project design affects contribution to forty-seven projects held from 2004 to 2011. The analysis reveals the number of contributions is higher when the projects are highly visible, when specific skills are required, and when outcome measures are specified in participants proposals. This analysis gives support to existing theory about online engagement and considers implications for policy, practice and future research about use of and design of open source platforms in public affairs.
Can Nonprofits Regulate Themselves? The Effectiveness of Accountability Clubs. A Review of Voluntary Regulation of NGOs and Nonprofits by Mary Kay Gugerty and Aseem Prakash
Authors: Stone Melissa M.
Published: November 2011

In what is likely the first systematic attempt to analyze the nonprofit sectors ability to answer accountability questions through self-regulation, editors Mary Kay Gugerty and Aseem Prakash have assembled a fascinating series of case studies, essays, and quantitative studies from around the globe. This volume will be immediately useful for both scholars and teachers as it sets the table for future research and provides material that can be incorporated into existing courses on nonprofit management and governance.
Hybrid Nd-Fe-B/barium ferrite magnetic materials with epoxy matrix
Authors: Stajcic Aleksandar , Stajic-Trosic Jasna , Grujic Aleksandar , Stijepovic Mirko , Lazic Nada , Zák Tomás , Aleksic Radoslav
Published: November 2011

Lately a great attention has been paid to the research of bonded hybrid
composites with improved dynamic mechanical capacities capable of replacing
bonded Nd-Fe-B magnetic materials, by using the cheaper (ferrite) materials
instead of the Nd-Fe-B powder while retaining the satisfying values of the
maximal magnetic energy. The objective of this study is to assess how
different contents of Nd-Fe-B and/or barium ferrite particles can affect
morphological, dynamic mechanical and magnetic properties of bonded composite
materials. The interactions between employed magnetic powders and the
interactions between magnetic powders and polymer binder are considered. For
the examination of the magnetic behaviour, a vibrating sample magnetometer
(VSM) is used. Different shapes and sizes of the obtained hysteresis loops
are used for comparison and prediction of the polymer bonded materials
properties. The homogeneous distribution of the magnetic particles in the
polymer matrix is validated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
elastic and damping behaviour examined by the dynamic mechanical analysis
(DMA) show improved properties for hybrid composite materials.
SirT1 Regulates Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Gillum Matthew P. , Kotas Maya E. , Erion Derek M. , Kursawe Romy , Chatterjee Paula , Nead Kevin T. , Muise Eric S. , Hsiao Jennifer J. , Frederick David W. , Yonemitsu Shin , Banks Alexander S. , Qiang Li , Bhanot Sanjay , Olefsky Jerrold M. , Sears Dorothy D. , Caprio Sonia , Shulman Gerald I.
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE

Macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue is a reproducible feature of obesity. However, the events that result in chemokine production and macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue during states of energetic excess are not clear. Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) is an essential nutrient-sensing histone deacetylase, which is increased by caloric restriction and reduced by overfeeding. We discovered that SirT1 depletion causes anorexia by stimulating production of inflammatory factors in white adipose tissue and thus posit that decreases in SirT1 link overnutrition and adipose tissue inflammation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used antisense oligonucleotides to reduce SirT1 to levels similar to those seen during overnutrition and studied SirT1-overexpressing transgenic mice and fat-specific SirT1 knockout animals. Finally, we analyzed subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from two independent cohorts of human subjects.

RESULTS

We found that inducible or genetic reduction of SirT1 in vivo causes macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue, whereas overexpression of SirT1 prevents adipose tissue macrophage accumulation caused by chronic high-fat feeding. We also found that SirT1 expression in human subcutaneous fat is inversely related to adipose tissue macrophage infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduction of adipose tissue SirT1 expression, which leads to histone hyperacetylation and ectopic inflammatory gene expression, is identified as a key regulatory component of macrophage influx into adipose tissue during overnutrition in rodents and humans. Our results suggest that SirT1 regulates adipose tissue inflammation by controlling the gain of proinflammatory transcription in response to inducers such as fatty acids, hypoxia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
A Novel Mechanism for Regulating Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis Involving Serotonin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-5
Authors: Tudhope Susan J. , Wang Chung-Chi , Petrie John L. , Potts Lloyd , Malcomson Fiona , Kieswich Julius , Yaqoob Muhammad M. , Arden Catherine , Hampson Laura J. , Agius Loranne
Published: November 2011

Hepatic autonomic nerves regulate postprandial hepatic glucose uptake, but the signaling pathways remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) exerts stimulatory and inhibitory effects on hepatic glucose disposal. Ligands of diverse 5-HT receptors were used to identify signaling pathway(s) regulating glucose metabolism in hepatocytes. 5-HT had stimulatory and inhibitory effects on glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes mediated by 5-HT1/2A and 5-HT2B receptors, respectively. Agonists of 5-HT1/2A receptors lowered blood glucose and increased hepatic glycogen after oral glucose loading and also stimulated glycogen synthesis in freshly isolated hepatocytes with greater efficacy than 5-HT. This effect was blocked by olanzapine, an antagonist of 5-HT1/2A receptors. It was mediated by activation of phosphorylase phosphatase, inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase, and activation of glycogen synthase. Unlike insulin action, it was not associated with stimulation of glycolysis and was counteracted by cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors. A role for cdk5 was supported by adaptive changes in the coactivator protein p35 and by elevated glycogen synthesis during overexpression of p35/cdk5. These results support a novel mechanism for serotonin stimulation of hepatic glycogenesis involving cdk5. The opposing effects of serotonin, mediated by distinct 5-HT receptors, could explain why drugs targeting serotonin function can cause either diabetes or hypoglycemia in humans.
Diabetes and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cereda Emanuele , Barichella Michela , Pedrolli Carlo , Klersy Catherine , Cassani Erica , Caccialanza Riccardo , Pezzoli Gianni
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes has been associated with chronic neurodegeneration. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between pre-existing diabetes and Parkinson’s disease (PD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Original articles in English published up to 10 May 2011 were searched for in electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) and by reviewing references of eligible articles. Prospective cohort and case-control studies providing risk and precision estimates relating to pre-existing diabetes and PD were considered eligible.

RESULTS

Nine studies/1,947 citations (cohort, N = 4; case-control, N = 5) fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. In prospective studies, the onset of diabetes before onset of PD was found to be a risk factor for future PD (relative risk [RR] = 1.37 [95%CI 1.21–1.55]; P < 0.0001). This association was confirmed by secondary analyses based on estimates derived after the exclusion of participants who had vascular disease at baseline and/or who developed vascular disease during follow-up (RR = 1.34 [1.14–1.58]; P < 0.001) and by sensitivity analyses addressing the association with diabetes at baseline or during follow-up. However, the association found for case-control studies was not significant (odds ratio [OR] 0.75 [95%CI 0.50–1.11]; P = 0.835). Sensitivity analysis based on estimates adjusted for BMI confirmed the lack of a relationship between PD and diabetes (OR 0.56 [0.28–1.15]; P = 0.089).

CONCLUSIONS

Although data from cohort studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor for PD, there is no conclusive evidence on this association. Further prospective studies focused on putative pathogenic pathways and taking a broad range of confounders into account is required to clarify this relationship.
Water Velocity Measurements on a Vertical Barrier Screen at the Bonneville Dam Second Powerhouse
Authors: Hughes James S. , Deng Z. Daniel , Weiland Mark A. , Martinez Jayson J. , Yuan Yong
Published: November 2011

Fish screens at hydroelectric dams help to protect rearing and migrating fish by preventing them from passing through the turbines and directing them towards the bypass channels by means of a sweeping flow parallel to the screen. However, fish screens may actually be harmful to fish if the fish become impinged on the surface of the screen or become disoriented due to poor flow conditions near the screen. Recent modifications to the vertical barrier screens (VBS) in the gate wells at the Bonneville Dam second powerhouse (B2) were intended to increase the guidance of juvenile salmonids into the juvenile bypass system but have resulted in higher mortality and descaling rates of hatchery subyearling Chinook salmon during the 2008 juvenile salmonid passage season. To investigate the potential cause of the high mortality and descaling rates, an in situ water velocity measurement study was conducted using acoustic Doppler velocimeters in the gate well slots at turbine units 12A and 14A of B2. From the measurements collected, the average approach velocity, sweep velocity, and the root mean square value of the velocity fluctuations were calculated. The approach velocities measured across the face of the VBS were variable and typically less than 0.3 m/s, but fewer than 50% were less than or equal to 0.12 m/s. There was also large variance in sweep velocities across the face of the VBS with most measurements recorded at less than 1.5 m/s. Results of this study revealed that the approach velocities in the gate wells exceeded criteria intended to improve fish passage conditions that were recommended by National Marine Fisheries Service and the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. The turbulence measured in the gate well may also result in suboptimal fish passage conditions but no established guidelines to contrast those results have been published.
Active Protein Aggregates Produced in Escherichia coli
Authors: Peternel Špela , Komel Radovan
Published: November 2011

Since recombinant proteins are widely used in industry and in research, the need for their low-cost production is increasing. Escherichia coli is one of the best known and most often used host organisms for economical protein production. However, upon over-expression, protein aggregates called inclusion bodies (IBs) are often formed. Until recently IBs formation represented a bottleneck in protein production as they were considered as deposits of inactive proteins. However, recent studies show that by choosing the appropriate host strain and designing an optimal production process, IBs composed from properly folded and biologically active recombinant proteins can be prepared. Such active protein particles can be further used for the isolation of pure proteins or as whole active protein particles in various biomedical and other applications. Therefore interest in understanding the mechanisms of their formation as well as their properties is increasing.
Autonomous Navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Based on Information Filters and Active Sensing
Authors: He Bo , Zhang Hongjin , Li Chao , Zhang Shujing , Liang Yan , Yan Tianhong
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses an autonomous navigation method for the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) C-Ranger applying information-filter-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), and its sea trial experiments in Tuandao Bay (Shangdong Province, P.R. China). Weak links in the information matrix in an extended information filter (EIF) can be pruned to achieve an efficient approach-sparse EIF algorithm (SEIF-SLAM). All the basic update formulae can be implemented in constant time irrespective of the size of the map; hence the computational complexity is significantly reduced. The mechanical scanning imaging sonar is chosen as the active sensing device for the underwater vehicle, and a compensation method based on feedback of the AUV pose is presented to overcome distortion of the acoustic images due to the vehicle motion. In order to verify the feasibility of the navigation methods proposed for the C-Ranger, a sea trial was conducted in Tuandao Bay. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed navigation approach based on SEIF-SLAM improves the accuracy of the navigation compared with conventional method; moreover the algorithm has a low computational cost when compared with EKF-SLAM.
Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Oil Shale
Authors: Cleveland Cutler J. , O’Connor Peter A.
Published: November 2011

The two methods of processing synthetic crude from organic marlstone in demonstration or small-scale commercial status in the U.S. are in situ extraction and surface retorting. The considerable uncertainty surrounding the technological characterization, resource characterization, and choice of the system boundary for oil shale operations indicate that oil shale is only a minor net energy producer if one includes internal energy (energy in the shale that is used during the process) as an energy cost. The energy return on investment (EROI) for either of these methods is roughly 1.5:1 for the final fuel product. The inclusions or omission of internal energy is a critical question. If only external energy (energy diverted from the economy to produce the fuel) is considered, EROI appears to be much higher. In comparison, fuels produced from conventional petroleum show overall EROI of approximately 4.5:1. “At the wellhead” EROI is approximately 2:1 for shale oil (again, considering internal energy) and 20:1 for petroleum. The low EROI for oil shale leads to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The large quantities of energy needed to process oil shale, combined with the thermochemistry of the retorting process, produce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Oil shale unambiguously emits more greenhouse gases than conventional liquid fuels from crude oil feedstocks by a factor of 1.2 to 1.75. Much of the discussion regarding the EROI for oil shale should be regarded as preliminary or speculative due to the very small number of operating facilities that can be assessed.
Ecopathology of Ranaviruses Infecting Amphibians
Authors: Miller Debra , Gray Matthew , Storfer Andrew
Published: November 2011

Ranaviruses are capable of infecting amphibians from at least 14 families and over 70 individual species. Ranaviruses infect multiple cell types, often culminating in organ necrosis and massive hemorrhaging. Subclinical infections have been documented, although their role in ranavirus persistence and emergence remains unclear. Water is an effective transmission medium for ranaviruses, and survival outside the host may be for significant duration. In aquatic communities, amphibians, reptiles and fish may serve as reservoirs. Controlled studies have shown that susceptibility to ranavirus infection and disease varies among amphibian species and developmental stages, and likely is impacted by host-pathogen coevolution, as well as, exogenous environmental factors. Field studies have demonstrated that the likelihood of epizootics is increased in areas of cattle grazing, where aquatic vegetation is sparse and water quality is poor. Translocation of infected amphibians through commercial trade (e.g., food, fish bait, pet industry) contributes to the spread of ranaviruses. Such introductions may be of particular concern, as several studies report that ranaviruses isolated from ranaculture, aquaculture, and bait facilities have greater virulence (i.e., ability to cause disease) than wild-type isolates. Future investigations should focus on the genetic basis for pathogen virulence and host susceptibility, ecological and anthropogenic mechanisms contributing to emergence, and vaccine development for use in captive populations and species reintroduction programs.
Osteochondral autograft transfer for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral condyle in dogs
Authors: Yeadon R. , van Terheijden C. , Smith T. J. , Fitzpatrick N.
Published: November 2011

Objective: To describe the clinical application of osteochondral autograft transfer procedure for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the canine medial femoral condyle and to report clinical and force plate outcomes.

Methods: Osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS™; Arthrex, Naples FL, USA) instrumentation was employed in six stifle joints of five dogs. Clinical examination was performed preoperatively and at two to three weeks, six to eight weeks, 12–18 weeks and at >22 months postoperatively. Radiography and arthroscopy were performed preoperatively and 12–18 weeks postoperatively. The followup examinations performed at 22 to 56 months included radiography, questionnaire completion with the owner, and force plate gait evaluation.

Results: Articular surface reconstruction was radiographically (for 6 stifle joints) and arthroscopically (for 5 stifle joints) maintained at 12–18 weeks. Subjectively-assessed lameness resolved in five out of six stifles by the 12 to 18 week reassessment. Morbidity included lateral patellar luxation at seven weeks and cranial cruciate ligament rupture at 11 months postoperatively. At the >22 month re-evaluation examination, subjectively-assessed lameness and signs of discomfort were minimal. Owner perceptions of outcome were positive; force plate assessment of gait indicated that weight bearing on three out of six OAT implanted limbs was less than the contralateral limb, but these comparisons were not evaluated statistically. A progression in the development of osteophytes was radiographically evident.

Clinical significance: The OAT procedure can reconstruct medial femoral condyle OCD defects in dogs. Long-term lameness and progressive osteophytosis may occur but can be associated with other pathology such as cruciate ligament insufficiency.
Significant demographic and fine‐scale genetic structure in expanding and senescing populations of the terrestrial orchid Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon , Nason John D. , Chung Myong Gi
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Fine‐scale genetic structure (FSGS) in plants is influenced by variation in spatial and temporal demographic processes. To determine how demographic structure and FSGS change with stages of population succession, we studied replicate expanding and senescing populations of the Asian terrestrial orchid Cymbidium goeringii.

• Methods: We used spatial autocorrelation methods (O‐ring and kinship statistics) to quantify spatial demographic structure and FSGS in two expanding and two senescing populations, also measuring genetic diversity and inbreeding in each.

• Key results: All populations exhibited significant aggregation of individuals and FSGS at short spatial scales. In expanding populations, this finding was associated with high recruitment rates, suggesting restricted seed dispersal. In senescing populations, recruitment was minimal, suggesting alternative mechanisms of aggregation, perhaps including spatial associations with mycorrhizal fungi. All populations had significant evidence of genetic bottlenecks, and inbreeding levels were consistently high.

• Conclusions: Our results indicate that different successional stages can generate similar patterns of spatial demographic and genetic structure, but as a consequence of different processes. These results contrast with the only other study of senescence effects on population genetic structure in an herbaceous perennial, which found little to no FSGS in senescing populations. With the exception of populations subject to mass collection by orchid sellers, significant FSGS is characteristic of the 16 terrestrial orchid species examined to date. From a conservation perspective, this result suggests that inference of orchid population history will benefit from analyses of both FSGS and demographic structure in combination with other ecological field data.
Development and characterization of a novel set of microsatellite markers for Arisaema serratum (Araceae)
Authors: Nishizawa Toru , Watano Yasuyuki , Kinoshita Eiichiro , Kawahara Takayuki , Nakajima Nobuyoshi
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: We developed novel microsatellite markers in Arisaema serratum, a perennial herb that possesses pitfall flowers and exhibits labile sex expression, to facilitate research on parentage and pollination biology in this species.

• Methods and Results: By using procedures for enrichment of desired microsatellite‐containing fragments and PCR‐based isolation of microsatellite arrays, we detected 18 novel microsatellite loci. Thirteen were highly polymorphic: the number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 46, the observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.320 to 0.940, and the expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.440 to 0.976. Nine of the 13 markers successfully amplified regions in congeneric species.

• Conclusions: These highly polymorphic markers will facilitate further studies on the mode of pollination and other aspects of reproductive biology in A. serratum.
Planar-bilayer activities of linear oligoester bolaamphiphiles
Authors: Chui Jonathan K W , Fyles Thomas M , Luong Horace
Published: November 2011

Voltage-clamp experiments of eight oligoester bolaamphiphiles in two subclasses are described. Syntheses of three new terephthalate-based compounds were achieved in three linear steps. Together with five previously described, related compounds, the ion transport activity was assessed by means of the voltage-clamp technique. All of the compounds show multiple types of conductance behavior in planar bilayers, a subset of which was exponentially voltage-dependent. The varied and irregular activities were summarized with the aid of a recently developed “activity-grid” method.