bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Mary and Jane Be Legal? Americans' Attitudes toward Marijuana and Same-Sex Marriage Legalization, 1988-2014
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2018

Marijuana and same-sex marriage are two of the fastest changing and most widely debated opinion and policy issues in the United States. Previous research has examined public opinion on marijuana legalization and same-sex marriage legalization individually, but has neglected to examine these two issues together. We use General Social Survey data from 1988 to 2014 to compare four groups: (1) those who support neither, (2) those who support marijuana but not same-sex marriage legalization, (3) those who support marriage but not marijuana legalization, and (4) those who support both. This study provides four key findings: (1) marijuana and same-sex marriage attitudes have changed simultaneously; (2) most people hold these attitudes in tandem, and there has been a precipitous decline in the percentage of people who support legalizing neither and a remarkable increase in the percentage who support legalizing both; (3) attitudes toward both issues are liberalizing across all social and ideological groups, suggesting a society-wide redefinition of both behaviors as publicly accepted issues of individual autonomy; (4) the support bases for marijuana and marriage legalization vary systematically by sociodemographic characteristics. We conclude that notions of individual autonomy may be increasingly important to the American public and their beliefs about what the government should regulate.
People do not adapt. New analyses of the dynamic effects of own and reference income on life satisfaction
Authors: Kaiser Caspar
Published: July 2018

Do people adapt to changes in income? In contradiction to much of the previous literature, I find no evidence of adaptation to income in GSOEP (1984-2015) and UKHLS (1996-2017) data. Furthermore, I find that people also do not adapt to changes in reference income. Instead, reference income effects may be subject to reinforcement over time. Following the empirical approach of Vendrik (2013), I obtain these findings by estimating life satisfaction equations in which contemporaneous and lagged terms for a respondent’s own household income and their estimated reference income are simultaneously entered. Additionally, I instrument for own income and include lags of a large set of controls. What was found to be adaptation to raw household income in previous studies turns out tohave been driven by reinforcement of an initially small negative effect of household size that grows large over time. Implications of this result for the estimation of equivalence scales with subjective data are discussed.
Why Are We Here? Patterns of Intersectional Motivations Across the Resistance
Authors: Fisher Dana R , Jasny Lorien , Dow Dawn M.
Published: July 2018

Can a crowd of individuals who are motivated by a range of issues related to racial identity, class, gender and sexuality mobilize around a shared issue, and, if so, how does this process work in practice? To date, limited research has explored intersectionality as a mobilization tool for social movements. This paper expands recent work on how intersectional motivations influence the constituencies at protest events by comparing across some of the largest events that have taken place in Washington, DC since the Resistance began. We explore patterns of motivations of participants in marches over the first year of the Trump Presidency. Our analyses demonstrate how individuals’ motivations to participate represented an intersectional set of issues and how patterns of issues emerge. However, when we look across the marches, we find that the patterns are not durable, indicating the limitations of interpretations of the Resistance as a unified intersectional movement.
The pirate from Koenigsberg: why closed source software is not worth of copyright protection
Authors: Pievatolo Maria Chiara
Published: July 2018

According to Kant, property applies only to touchable things, among which he includes the works of art. Forthe very principle of private property, a legitimate purchaser has the right to replicate and to share themwithout restrictions.Kant recognizes copyright only on written texts, by conceiving them as speeches that exclusively authorizedspokespersons - the publishers - may convey to the public in the name of their authors. The rights of theauthorized publishers, however, are justified only if they help the public to get the texts.In a Kantian environment, open source software would be worth of copyright protection, because it can beconceived as a speech meant to human beings. On the contrary, Kant would treat closed source programs asworks of art, without according them copyright protection, because, as none is allowed to read and tounderstand them, they cannot be conceived as a speeches meant to the public. Closed source programs are likesealed books that no one is allowed to read: why do we keep on taking for granted that they are worth ofcopyright protection?
A Hybrid Style Terracotta Protoma from Porphyreon
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the best preserved of four terracotta protomai found recently in a secondary deposit in Porphyreon (Jiyeh, Lebanon). A detailed stylistic analysis indicates that the described protoma combined the Phoenician and Greek art traditions of the Persian/Archaic period.
The Journalistic Field in a Time of Mediatization
Authors: Barnard Stephen R
Published: July 2018

The rise of digital technologies is having a profound impact on the practice and profession of journalism. As a consequence, scholars from a variety of disciplines have fashioned unique but complimentary perspectives to help explain the nature and significance of this transformation. Field theory is a prominent lens through which media sociologists have viewed the dynamics and transformations surrounding the practice and profession of journalism. More recently, communications scholars have developed theories of mediatization to explain the transformations brought about by the ubiquity of media throughout social life. While Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory offers a well-developed toolkit to address the dialectical relationship between structures and practices, its treatment of technology and conceptualization of the field are arguably less well suited to explain the convergent, hyper-mediated nature of contemporary social relations. By contrast, more recent theories of mediatization offer a less developed and less grandiose conceptualization of specific sociological dynamics, instead opting to shed light on the apparent emergence of a new ‘media logic’. By drawing on the most revealing aspects of each perspective, this paper searches for parity between the two through an examination of a prominent case study: the converging fields of contemporary journalism and activism as seen on Twitter. After reviewing the core components of each perspective and applying them to the case of study, the paper argues for the conceptualization of a mediatized superstructure to explain the ongoing hybridity and convergence across a variety of social fields.
Case Reports and Open Source Work Products in PAR
Authors: Reed David S.
Published: July 2018

(This is the submitted version of an article that was subsequently published in Public Administration Review.)Public Administration journals should publish two types of professional literature that are not research:* Case Reports - As in medical journals, a description by a practitioner of a situation she encountered, what she did about it, and the results.* Open Source Work Products - Practitioners' work products, such as procedures, position descriptions or statements of work, that are shared publicly, so that any interested person can contribute improvements.
Does the Middle Conform or Compete? Risk and Quality Thresholds Predict the Locus of Innovation
Authors: Vashevko Anthony
Published: July 2018

Where does innovation come from? This research models producer incentives to innovate with a focus on the role of audiences in constructing quality thresholds within markets. Market audiences create mechanisms for identifying the highest quality producers in a market. I highlight a key distinction between fixed quality thresholds (such as accreditations) and quality thresholds that respond to producer quality (such as rankings or best-of-breed awards). Producers evaluate how the inherently risky nature of innovation interacts with these thresholds. The model predicts conditions under which innovation emerges from the best producers in a market, from producers near the threshold in a market, from both, or from nowhere. Such predictions generalize and simplify several existing organizational theories of innovation.
Contemporary Mourning and Digital Estates
Authors: Galvan A.S.
Published: July 2018

User experience and design, law, and philosophy have discussed the fate of individuals’ web and social medial presence after death for some time. This residual, postmortem presence is our digital estate. As the theoretical implications of digital estates continue to gain attention, librarians and information professionals of all kinds will engage practical questions about this topic from survivors. This chapter has three functional purposes. First, to situate the digital estate within the current cultural experience of death and mourning in the United States; second, to offer introductory guidance for information professionals to proactively engage community members on this topic before one’s own death; and third, to assist information professionals as bereaved patrons try to make meaning from the digital estate of the deceased.
Reading Comprehension Difficulties among EFL Learners: The Case of First and Second Year Students at Yarmouk University in Jordan
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Qarqez Mohammed , Rashid Radzuwan
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses English as a foreign language (EFL) reading comprehension difficulties faced by students at a university in Jordan. Data were collected using questionnaires which were distributed to 200 students at Yarmouk University. The questionnaire consists of two parts: the first part contains demographic information about the participants and the second part includes two sections: the students’ preferences and the students’ reading difficulties. The findings reveal that the respondents are motivated to learn as they are in dire need for acquiring English. However, they face several problems in the reading process, such as ambiguous words, unfamiliar vocabulary, and limited available time to cognitively process the text. The findings of this study may be useful to policy makers in Jordan to improve the leaners’ reading experience.
Comment on Guo, Li, Wang, Cai and Duncan
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: July 2018

Guo, Li, Wang, Cai and Duncan (2015) recently claimed to have providedevidence for a general theory of gene-environment interaction. The theoryholds that those who are labelled as having high or low genetic propensityto alcohol use will be unresponsive to environmental factors that predictbinge-drinking among those of moderate propensity. They actuallydemonstrate evidence against their theory, but do not seem to haveunderstood this.
Works citing Bendel and Hua on natural fecundability: a literature review on the origin of a falsified chart used in high school education in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Sigeto
Published: July 2018

This paper reports the results of a literature review on "An Estimate of the Natural Fecundability Ratio Curve" by Bendel and Hua (1978, Social Biology 25). The estimation of this work was the origin of a falsified chart on women's age-fertility profile that was featured in a high school health education material published in 2015 by the government of Japan. The author searched citation databases and collected 23 works citing the study. A review of the 23 works showed that biases and unreliability of the Bendel-Hua estimation had been pointed repeatedly. The results imply that the chart would be inappropriate for educational use, even if it were not falsified. Both the Japanese government and academics are responsible for the inappropriate chart being used without a comprehensive literature review to insure the reliability of scientific knowledge.
#mysanfrancisco: Social Media and the Conceptual Linguistic Landscape
Authors: Lyons Kate
Published: July 2018

Recent attempts to advance the field of Linguistic Landscapes (LL) have emphasized the importance of contending with the ‘actors’ of the LL and their role in interpreting or interacting with language in place (Waksman and Shohamy 2016; Barni and Bagna 2015; Malinowski 2009). This paper addresses this interest in what I refer to as the LL’s interpretant (a` la Peirce 1955) or conceptual aspect by analyzing representations of physical space posted on Instagram, a popular photo sharing platform. Using a corpus of Instagram posts geotagged within the Mission District in San Francisco, California, I employ methods such as topic modeling and sentiment analysis to investigate the ways individuals are seen to engage with the semiotic land- scape of the neighborhood and explore how the Mission itself is discursively constructed through these subjective recontextualizations. In doing so I aim to highlight aspects of the relationship between social media and physical place and the ways language is seen to mediate this dynamic. I argue geo- graphically tagged social media is not representative of an LL but productive, viewing the selective and subjective displays found online to be as much a part of the LL context as a potential key to understanding it.
Central bank planning: Unconventional monetary policy and the price of bending the yield curve
Authors: Braun Benjamin
Published: July 2018

Central banks have increasingly used communication to guide market actors’ expectations of future rates of interest, inflation, and growth. However, aware of the pitfalls of (financial) central planning, central bankers used to draw a line by restricting their monetary policy interventions to short-term interest rates. Longer-term rates, they argued, reflected decentralised knowledge and should be determined by market forces. By embracing forward guidance and quantitative easing (QE) to target long-term rates, central banks have crossed that line. While consistent with the post-1980s expansion of the temporal reach of monetary policy into the future, these unconventional policies nevertheless mark a structural break – the return of hydraulic macroeconomic state agency, refashioned for a financialised economy.
Stanislavski, Shpet and the Art of Lived Experience
Authors: Matern Frederick
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the present paper is to suggest that the answer to the question of unserstanding Stanislavski in the English-speaking world is a problem not only of translation, but one of philosophical discovery. Hidden in Stanislavski’s practical approach is the philosophical question of “what is theatre as an art”, and “how does the actor fit into that art”. In America and throughout the English-speaking world, Stanislavski’s system was propagated as “the Method”; indeed it seems that one of the difficulties is that only a part of Stanislavski’s methodology was exported, leaving behind the underlying aesthetic assumptions that informed Stanislavski’s art. Before holding up any version or iteration of Stanislavski’s System as being more authentic, more work has to be done to understand the purpose for which he developed his approach, particularly around key concepts such as "experiencing" ("переживание")
A Compromised Peace? The Effect of Power-Sharing Arrangements on Post-War Violence
Authors: Ottmann Martin
Published: July 2018

How does power-sharing between government and rebels affect the use of violence by political actors outside of peace agreements? To address this puzzle, I propose a political economy model of power-sharing and post-war violence. Power-sharing regulates elites' access to state resources and thus determines whether government and rebels can successfully suppress post-war rebellions. Personalized power-sharing gives elites privileged access to state resources, facilitates effective counter-insurgency strategies, and thus decreases post-war violence. In contrast, structural power-sharing limits elites' access to resources and their ability to prevent armed challenges resulting in higher levels of post-war violence. I test these propositions with a quantitative analysis of peace agreements in Africa and Asia signed between 1990 and 2006. The statistical findings lend support to my theoretical reasoning.
America in "British" History Textbooks
Authors: Vucetic Srdjan
Published: July 2018

Always far more special in London than in Washington, the so-called Anglo-American (a.k.a. UK-US) special relationship has greatly influenced British foreign policy for at least seven decades, and it continues to influence it under the conditions of ‘Brexit’ and the radical presidency of US President Donald Trump. In this paper, I examine the cultural underpinning of this exceptionally durable foreign policy phenomenon by looking at how 'America’ was constructed in British history textbooks from the late 1940s onwards.
Beyond Licenced vs. Unlicenced: Spectrum Access Rights Continua
Authors: Horvitz Robert
Published: July 2018

Abstract:This is a background paper for an ITU Workshop on "Market Mechanismsfor Spectrum Management" (Geneva, Switzerland, 22-23 January 2007). Itsummarizes the Open Spectrum Foundation's global survey of Wi-Firegulations, with "thumbnail sketches" of the rules in over 170countries. It proposes a new ITU Study Question on how to reconcilethe growing recognition of licence-free radio bands as a "bestpractice" in spectrum management with the long-standing rule (nowfound in S18.1 of the International Radio Regulations) that allnongovernment radio transmitters must be licenced. Finally, itdiscusses the implications of regulators having the ability to createnew authorisation classes in the gap between licenced and unlicenced.That shifts the debate between proponents of (unlicenced) "openspectrum" - and the proponents of (licenced) spectrum as tradableproperty - onto unstable, unfamiliar ground. It could lead to"multi-dimensional bidding" in spectrum auctions - as is foundsometimes in government procurement tenders where bidders can combineprice offers and quality/performance commitments. It may also lead toan understanding of spectrum access rights as a continuum which can belinked to efficiency or politeness, and not just to willingness topay.
Beasts of Prey or Rational Animals? Private Governance in Brazil's Jogo do Bicho
Authors: Freire Danilo
Published: July 2018

This article presents a rational choice account of Brazil's jogo do bicho ('animal game'), possibly the largest illegal lottery game in the world. In over 120 years, the jogo do bicho has grown from a local raffle to a multimillion-dollar business, and the game has played a major role in Brazil's cultural and political life. My analysis of the jogo do bicho has three goals. First, I examine the mechanisms that fostered the lottery's notable growth outside the boundaries of Brazilian law. Second, I investigate how the animal game financiers combine costly signals and selective incentives to induce cooperation from members of the community. Lastly, I discuss the relationship between the lottery sponsors and Brazilian representatives, particularly how the bicheiros exploit the fragmentation of Brazil's political system to advance their long-term interests. Keywords: Brazil; criminal organisations; gambling; jogo do bicho; private governanceJEL Codes: D72, K42, P26, P37, Z00DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/se2jrBibTeX entry:@misc{freire2019jogodobicho, title={{Beasts of Prey or Rational Animals? Private Governance in Brazil's \emph{Jogo do Bicho}}}, howpublished = {\url{https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/se2jr}}, publisher={SocArXiv}, author={Freire, Danilo}, year={2019}, month={Mar}}
The new U.S. FDA regulations on biocompatibility and reprocessing for medical devices
Authors: Reifschneider Anna
Published: July 2018

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") regulates all medical devices in the United States. As part of its regulatory duties, the FDA provides guidance documents on various regulatory topics as mandated by the U.S. code of federal regulations. Since 2015, the FDA has begun to issue many substantial revisions to their guidance documents that directly affects the regulatory framework on biocompatibility, reprocessing, and sterilization.These regulatory issues are of paramount importance for many companies because of the potential high costs involved in changing their internal design, controls, manufacturing, and quality systems. This master’s thesis examines the various changes made by the FDA in recent years on the inter-related topics of biocompatibility, reprocessing, and sterilization. Some of the major changes by the FDA involve an increase in the importance of chemical characterization, a reduction in the use of animal testing, a requirement for an independent validation of the user instructions for reusable devices, and increased usability testing.The principal reasons for these major policy changes by the FDA are shown to be the major device scandals that recently involved duodenoscopes, metal-on-metal hip implants, and vaginal surgical mesh implants. Along with several other regulatory failures that made national news headlines in the United States, the FDA began to revise several of their previous medical device guidances. The information from this master’s thesis can be used by medical device developers and manufacturers, especially when they are located outside of the United States and lack sufficient regulatory affairs resources to provide independent advice and recommendations on these important FDA changes. A thorough analysis is made of the new FDA guidances to clarify several potentially difficult questions for medical device manufacturers, specifically the following: (1) "Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, ‘Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process", (2) "Reprocessing Medical Devices in Health Care Settings: Validation Methods and Labeling", and (3) "Submission and Review of Sterility Information in Premarket Notification (510(k)) Submissions for Devices Labeled as Sterile". This master’s thesis is intended to provide not only an overview of the current FDA requirements, but to function as a guide for both researchers and engineers to improve their medical device design and development process.
Breastfeeding and the Role of Maternal Religion: Results from a National Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Stroope Samuel
Published: July 2018

BackgroundRecent research on religion and breastfeeding from a low-income, urban sample in the United States found that religious affiliation and religious attendance were associated with breastfeeding initiation.PurposeWe assessed the relationship between religion (religious affiliation and religious attendance) and breastfeeding (initiation and duration) in a nationally representative prospective cohort study. We examined whether education and other sociodemographic characteristics mediated or moderated relationships.MethodsUsing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 3,719), we regressed breastfeeding initiation and breastfeeding duration for first births on religious affiliation and religious attendance, comparing conservative Protestants to other religious groups. Sociodemographic characteristics were explored as potential mediators or moderators of relationships. ResultsOther than Black Protestants, all religious groups reported higher odds of breastfeeding initiation compared to conservative Protestants (odds ratios = 1.43–3.01; all P < .01). All groups also breastfed longer than conservative Protestants, with the exception of Black Protestants and Catholics. Educational attainment explained breastfeeding initiation differences with the exception of nonaffiliates and “other” religious affiliates. Educational attainment also explained religious group breastfeeding duration differences with the exception of nonaffiliates. In our final models, regular religious attendance was not directly associated with breastfeeding, but it magnified the breastfeeding duration advantage seen among mothers who had a later age at first birth.ConclusionsThe role of educational attainment in explaining breastfeeding differences between conservative Protestants and other groups suggests educational interventions may be beneficial within this population.
Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests: #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter
Authors: Gallagher Ryan J. , Reagan Andrew J. , Danforth Christopher M. , Dodds Peter Sheridan
Published: July 2018

Since the shooting of Black teenager Michael Brown by White police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, the protest hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has amplified critiques of extrajudicial killings of Black Americans. In response to #BlackLivesMatter, other Twitter users have adopted #AllLivesMatter, a counter-protest hashtag whose content argues that equal attention should be given to all lives regardless of race. Through a multi-level analysis of over 860,000 tweets, we study how these protests and counter-protests diverge by quantifying aspects of their discourse. We find that #AllLivesMatter facilitates opposition between #BlackLivesMatter and hashtags such as #PoliceLivesMatter and #BlueLivesMatter in such a way that historically echoes the tension between Black protesters and law enforcement. In addition, we show that a significant portion of #AllLivesMatter use stems from hijacking by #BlackLivesMatter advocates. Beyond simply injecting #AllLivesMatter with #BlackLivesMatter content, these hijackers use the hashtag to directly confront the counter-protest notion of "All lives matter." Our findings suggest that Black Lives Matter movement was able to grow, exhibit diverse conversations, and avoid derailment on social media by making discussion of counter-protest opinions a central topic of #AllLivesMatter, rather than the movement itself.
Schooling, occupation and cognitive function: Evidence from compulsory schooling laws
Authors: Gorman Emma
Published: July 2018

This paper assesses whether additional schooling has lasting causal effects on cognitive function, and explores the role of occupation type in shaping these effects. Exploiting quasi-experimental variation from the 1972 raising of the school leaving age in England and Wales, an additional year of schooling improves working memory by one- to two-thirds of a standard deviation. Limited evidence was detected for causal effects on verbal fluency and numeric ability. Analyses of the underlying mechanisms show occupation can explain up to about one-fifth of schooling’s effects on memory. However these figures are imprecisely estimated, and the role of occupation remains an area for further study.
Transport legacy of mega-events and the redistribution of accessibility to urban destinations
Authors: Pereira Rafael H. M.
Published: July 2018

pre-print of paper published in the journal Cities. Pereira, R. H. M. (2018). Transport legacy of mega-events and the redistribution of accessibility to urban destinations. Cities, 81, 45–60. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.013LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275117311563
Alan Westin’s Privacy Homo Economicus
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Homo economicus reliably makes an appearance in regulatory debates concerning information privacy. Under the still-dominant U.S. “notice and choice” approach to consumer information privacy, the rational consumer is expected to negotiate for privacy protection by reading privacy policies and selecting services consistent with her preferences. A longstanding model for predicting these preferences is Professor Alan Westin's well-known segmentation of consumers into “privacy pragmatists,” “privacy fundamentalists,” and “privacy unconcerned.”To be tenable as a protection for consumer interest, “notice and choice” requires homo economicus to be broadly reliable as a model. Consumers behaving according to the model will know what they want and how to get it in the marketplace, limiting regulatory approaches to information privacy. While notice and choice is undergoing strong theoretical, empirical, and political critique, U.S. Internet privacy law largely reflects these assumptions.This Article contributes to the ongoing debate about notice and choice in two main ways. First, we consider the legacy Westin's privacy segmentation model itself, which as greatly influenced the development of the notice-and-choice regime. Second, we report on original survey research, collected over four years, exploring Americans’ knowledge, preferences, and attitudes about a wide variety of data practices in online and mobile markets. Using these methods, we engage in considered textual analysis, empirical testing, and critique of Westin’s segmentation model.Our work both calls into question longstanding assumptions used by Westin and lends new insight into consumers’ privacy knowledge and preferences. A close textual look at factual and theoretical assumptions embedded in the segmentation model shows foundational flaws. With testing, we find that the segmentation model lacks validity in important dimensions. In analyzing data from nationwide, telephonic surveys of Internet and mobile phone users, we find an apparent knowledge gap among consumers concerning business practices and legal protections for privacy, calling into question Westin’s conclusion that a majority of consumers act pragmatically. We further find that those categorized as “privacy pragmatists” act differently from Westin’s model when directly presented with the value exchange — and thus the privacy tradeoff — offered with these services.These findings reframe the privacy pragmatist and call her influential status in U.S. research, industry practice, and policy into serious question. Under the new view, she cannot be seen as “pragmatic” at all, but rather as a consumer making choices in the marketplace with substantial deficits in her understanding of business practices. This likewise calls into question policy decisions based on the segmentation model and its assumptions. We conclude that updated research and a policy approach that addresses both rationality and knowledge gaps are key.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2434800
Is it worth door-knocking? Evidence from a UK-based GOTV field experiment on the effect of leaflets and canvass visits on voter turnout
Authors: Townsley Joshua
Published: July 2018

What impact do party leaflets and canvass visits have on voter turnout? Get Out The Vote (GOTV) experiments consistently find that campaigning needs to be personal in order to be effective. However, the imbalance between United States and European-based studies has led to recent calls for further European GOTV experiments. There are also comparatively few partisan experiments. I report the findings of a United Kingdom-based field experiment conducted with the Liberal Democrats in 2017. Results show that party leaflets boost turnout by 4.3 percentage points, while canvassing has a small additional effect (0.6 percentage points). The study also represents the first individual level experiment to compare GOTV effects between postal voters and in-person voters outside the United States.
Embedding post-capitalist alternatives? The global network of alternative knowledge production and mobilization
Authors: Carroll William K. , Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

Since the 1970s, transnational alternative policy groups (TAPGs) have emerged as a component of global civil society, generating visions and strategies for a ‘globalization from below’ that points toward post-capitalist alternatives. This study proceeds from a neo-Gramscian understanding that hegemonic think tanks and TAPGs are embedded in opposing historical blocs, as they develop and deploy knowledge with the intent to make their respective blocs more coherent and effective. Here, we map the global network of TAPGs and kindred international groups – alternative media, social movement organizations, and international NGOs – in order to discern more specifically how TAPGs are embedded in a larger formation. In this era of capitalist globalization, are TAPGs, like their hegemonic counterparts, positioned as ‘brokers’, bridging across geographic spaces (e.g. North-South) and movement domains to foster the convergence across difference that is taken as a criterial attribute of a counter-hegemonic historical bloc? Our network analysis suggests that transnational alternative policy groups are well placed to participate in the transformation of the democratic globalization network from a gelatinous and unselfconscious state, into an historical bloc capable of collective action toward an alternative global order. However, this general finding must be qualified in two respects. On the one hand, there are gaps in the bloc, having to do with the representation and integration of regions and movement domains, and with the salience of post-capitalism as a unifying social vision. On the other hand, our architectonic network analysis does not reveal what the various relations and mediations in which TAPGs are active agents actually mean in concrete practice. There is a need both for closer analysis of the specific kinds of relations that link transnational alternative policy groups to other international actors, including intergovernmental organizations and funding foundations, and for field work that explores the actual practices of these groups, in situ.
Appropriating Democratic Discourse in North Africa
Authors: Gorman Brandon
Published: July 2018

Political actors across the globe often use the language of democracy, butthey do not all use the same language. Drawing on content analysis of 1,935speeches given between 2000 and 2010, this study examines how five NorthAfrican autocrats appropriated the global discursive form of democracy byaltering its content. These leaders proposed that the special circumstancesof each country preclude any one-size-fits-all global definition ofdemocracy, whose imposition in their countries, they claim, would beinappropriate, ineffective, or dangerous. Through their speeches, theserulers redefined democracy by engaging in active ideological work, weavingtogether discourses that combined global norms, state interests, and localvalues. This suggests that, in addition to being a benchmark by which tomeasure modes of governance, “democracy” is also a language game playedbetween actors on a global stage. By synthesizing theoretical frameworksdrawn from world polity and social movement studies traditions, this studyshows that peripheral actors may adapt global discourses purposefully andstrategically rather than encountering them as passive participants in apurely mimetic cultural diffusion process. This has implications for a widerange of global norms that are open to appropriation by local actorsdrawing on domestic and external political developments and experiences.
Does growth mindset improve children’s IQ, educational attainment or response to setbacks? Active-control interventions and data on children’s own mindsets
Authors: Li Yue , Bates Timothy Charles
Published: July 2018

Mindset theory predicts that children’s IQ and school grades are positively linked to their belief that basic ability is malleable rather than fixed. We test this prediction in three experimental studies (total n = 624 individually-tested 10-12-year-olds). Two studies included active-control conditions to test effects of fixed-ability beliefs independent of motivation. In addition, we tested whether children’s own mindsets relate to real-life IQ, educational attainment in longitudinal analyses of school grades. Praise for intelligence had no significant effect on cognitive performance. Nor were any effects of mindset were found for challenging material. Active-control data showed that occasional apparent effects of praise for hard work on easy outcome measures reflected motivational confounds rather than effects of implicit beliefs about the malleability of intelligence (study 3, active control condition). Children’s own mindsets showed no relationship to IQ, school grades, or change in grades across the school year, with the only significant result being in the reverse direction to prediction (better performance in children holding a fixed mindset). Fixed beliefs about basic ability appear to be unrelated to ability, and we found no support for mindset-effects on cognitive ability, response to challenge, or educational progress.
Resurrecting Smelser: Collective Power, Generalized Belief, and Hegemonic Spaces
Authors: Arthur Mikaila Mariel Lemonik
Published: July 2018

When people mobilize for collective action, it is because they want something. These wants are known as grievances, and in order for them to emerge, collectivities must break free of hegemonic power to see their true interests. This paper takes a new look at Smelser’s /The Logic of Collective Action/ and finds that by incorporating a robust understanding of power, Smelser’s framework can provide an understanding of grievance emergence.JOURNAL CONTRIBUTOR'S PUBLISHING AGREEMENT-- This email may be subject to disclosure under R.I. Gen. Laws § 38-2-2. Confidentiality cannot be assured.Mikaila Mariel Lemonik ArthurChair, Department of Sociology, Rhode Island CollegeCraig-Lee Hall Room 451marthur@ric.edu Phone: (401) 433-9633 Fax: (401) 456-8665http://www.mmlarthur.com
Effect of Hands-on Activity-Based Method on Interest of Senior Secondary Students in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Ajayi Victor Oluwatosin
Published: July 2018

The study investigated the effect of hands-on activity-based method on interest of senior secondary chemistry students in organic chemistry. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design. A sample of 184 students from four purposively selected secondary schools out of a population of 2,381 SS II students from Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria was used for the study. The experimental group was taught organic chemistry using hands-on activity-based method while the control group was taught using discussion method. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A validated 25-item Organic Chemistry Interest Inventory (OCII) was the instrument used to collect data. Reliability coefficients of 0.84 were established using Cronbach Alpha. Mean and Standard Deviation scores were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that students taught using hands-on activity-based had significantly higher mean interest scores than those taught using discussion method (F=387.370, P(0.0001<0.05). Male and female students in hands-on activity-based group did not differ significantly in mean interest scores (F= 117.523, P(0.101>0.05). It was recommended that teachers should be encouraged to adopt hands-on activity-based method in teaching organic chemistry to enhance students’ interest in organic chemistry.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Eugenics and Socialist Thought in the Progressive Era: The Case of James Medbery Mackaye
Authors: Foresti Tiziana
Published: July 2018

The article proposes an analysis of James MacKaye’s socialism and its relation to eugenics in the early years of the Progressive Era. In this respect, our work, showing as it does the pervasiveness of eugenics independently from traditional ideological boundaries, represents a further contribution to the Eugenics in the Progressive era debate inaugurated by Thomas Leonard’s Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era (2016). At the same time, this paper contributes to the strand of literature that deals with the economic elaboration of the idea of differential capacities for happiness, of which the works of Levy and Peart represent the most recent examples. MacKaye is almost an unknown character today, but in his day he was quite influential and his peculiar brand of socialism deserves some critical attention.
Mind, Modernity, Madness: or how Anglomania causes Anomie, Delusion and Deception
Authors: Prins Robert
Published: July 2018

Although Liah Greenfeld's book Mind, Modernity, Madness (2013) certainly received negative reviews, none of the reviewers exposed Greenfeld's deceptive use of sources. This article also raises the question whether Greenfeld violated the Code of Ethics in her transdisciplinary excursions. Greenfeld systematically ignores literature of specialists and it seems clear that she did not take the required reasonable steps to ensure competence in disciplines she enters as a layperson. Obviously falling well short of academic standards, her book was nonetheless published by Harvard University Press and lavishly praised in reviews by Thomas Cushman and Karen A. Cerulo. They are all invited to respond. A broader debate on the practice of reviewing seems welcome.
Academic Publishing: Past and Future
Authors: Forgues Bernard , Liarte Sébastien
Published: July 2018

Published article:Forgues, B., and Liarte, S. 2013. Academic Publishing: Past and Future. M@n@gement, 16(5): 739-756.
Starting off on the Wrong Foot? Newly Founded Firms, TMT Structures, and the Unusualness Penalty
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: July 2018

*Abstract*: While there is abundant evidence about the effects of top-management-team (TMT) characteristics, less is known about the effects of TMT structures, meaning the array of functional positions that TMT members fill.There are strong norms about TMT structures, so organizations that violate these norms may suffer.This is especially true for startups, which rely on their TMTs for legitimacy.Although many new organizations adopt TMT structures that are typical in their industry, others adopt more unusual structures.To study the effects of TMT structure unusualness, we build on theories of TMTs, legitimacy, and imprinting.We argue that organizations with more unusual TMT structures at startup suffer an /unusualness penalty/ and are more likely to fail, and that this unusualness penalty is stronger for specialists than generalists.We also argue that even if organizations amass experience with unusual TMT structures or their structures become less unusual, the unusualness penalty persists.To test these predictions, we analyze data on firms in one industry over five decades.The results generally support our predictions, indicating that unusual TMT structures have negative consequences that organizations cannot easily overcome.
Curricular Tracking and Social Inequality in Mathematics Achievement: A Comparative Reform Study
Authors: van de Werfhorst Herman Gerbert
Published: July 2018

Between-school segregation is high on the agenda of academic researchers and policy makers. Especially between-school tracking is heavily debated, as early tracking is said to enhance social inequalities in learning opportunities. Contemporary debates on the relevance of comprehensive education in the United States, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Germany, may learn from changes in educational inequalities that have emerged after past reforms from early tracking to comprehensive systems. We study educational inequalities by socioeconomic background in nine countries, across time. Using a comparative reform study and international student assessment data collected among eigth-graders, it is demonstrated that social inequalities more strongly reduced in systems that have transformed their educational system from tracked to comprehensive education than in systems without this reform.
Gender Conventions, Sexual Self-Efficacy, and Sexual Frequency
Authors: Carlson Daniel L. , Soller Brain
Published: July 2018

Some studies suggest that gender conventions increase couples’ sexual frequency by enacting sexual scripts tied to heterosexuality. Other studies suggest gender egalitarianism increases sexual intimacy by enhancing communication in couples. We tested these competing hypotheses by examining the underlying processes that link gender attitudes to sexual activity. We also examined the association between gender egalitarian attitudes and women’s and men’s sexual self-efficacy and examined how sexual self-efficacy in turn shapes gendered patterns of sexual initiation and sexual frequency. An actor-partner interdependence model based on data from the National Couples Survey provided support for both perspectives. Women’s gender egalitarian attitudes decreased couples’ sexual frequency by negatively affecting men’s sexual control, but gender egalitarian attitudes surrounding the scripting of sexual activity among women were positively associated with sexual frequency. Moreover, egalitarian attitudes about domestic roles were positively associated with partner communication which in turn enhanced partners’ sexual self-efficacy and sexual frequency. Yet, while sexual self-efficacy was positively associated with sexual frequency for men it was negatively associated for women. The findings show that whereas gender conventional attitudes increase sex through male empowerment and female disenfranchisement, egalitarian beliefs lead to greater sexual intimacy – not only more sex, but also mutual partner decision-making.
Content Analysis of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Curriculum of Yemeni EFL Teacher Education Programme
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al-Jaro Morshed Salim Abdullah , Asmawi Adelina , Hasim Zuwati
Published: July 2018

This study aims to analyse the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the current curriculum of the English teacher education programme (ETEP) at a Faculty of Education in a Yemeni University. PCK and teaching competencies take shape within the initial preparation of ETEP in which student teachers spenda long time receiving knowledge and understanding the teaching context before they practically experience teaching at schools. During their BA study, students are required to study 49 courses which can be categorised into four main components: skills, linguistics, literature and professional. This study analyses the content of the curriculum courses so as tovisualise the way student teachers translate what they have learned into pedagogical practices during their teaching practices. In this study, the curriculum content of ETEP is qualitatively analysed using the inductive approach. Categories emerged from the analysis demonstrate various aspects of student teachers’ PCK. The analysis reveals that the pedagogical skills courses are not enough to enhance and strengthen the student teachers’ PCK needed to be reflected in their teaching practices. The findings show that the curriculum lacks courses necessary to provide student teachers with basic knowledge and pedagogical principles which are of vital significance to demonstrate their understanding before they are practically engaged in the teaching experience.
Differential Susceptibility of Peer Influences: Gene-Environment Interactions and Gene-Environment Correlations
Authors: Fletcher Jason
Published: July 2018

This paper examines potential gene-environment interactions in responses to peer influences on tobacco use. Specifications found in the literature that link own use to school-level tobacco use suggest widespread interactive effects, where individuals with the short/short 5-HTT genetic variant have the largest responsiveness to peer smoking. However, I show that individuals are sorted into schools in ways that suggest important gene-environment correlations may confound these findings. Using an across-cohort, within school strategy to separate school level effects (including school selection bias) and grade-level peer effects, I find evidence of reversals of the baseline specifications, so that the results suggest that individuals with the long/long 5-HTT variant are most susceptible to peer influence, increasing the likelihood of smoking by 3 percentage points per 10% increase in peer smoking. These results are consistent with a broader concern that many gene-environment models may fail to fully account for gene-environment correlation.