bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ernährung und Mangelernährung im Alter
Authors: Franz Kristina , Müller-Werdan Ursula , Norman Kristina
Published: December 2017

Senioren haben häufig aufgrund altersphysiologischer Veränderungen, sozioökonomischer, kognitiver oder psychischer Faktoren ein erhöhtes
Risiko für einen schlechten Ernährungszustand. Dadurch sind sie anfälliger für Infektionen und Komplikationen im Verlauf von Erkrankungen,
die zu verlängerten Genesungszeiten und reduzierter Lebensqualität führen. Da eine Mangelernährung im Alter multifaktorielle Ursachen hat,
sind für die optimale Ernährungsversorgung in der Geriatrie interdisziplinäre Maßnahmen von Bedeutung.
Quantitative Determination of Δ9-THC, CBG, CBD, Their Acid Precursors and Five Other Neutral Cannabinoids by UHPLC-UV-MS
Authors: Wang Yan-Hong , Avula Bharathi , ElSohly Mahmoud , Radwan Mohamed , Wang Mei , Wanas Amira , Mehmedic Zlatko , Khan Ikhlas
Published: December 2017

Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds in the medicinal plant Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae family). Cannabigerolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and tetrahydrocannabivarin are major metabolites in the classification of different strains of C. sativa. Degradation or artifact cannabinoids cannabinol, cannabicyclol, and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol are formed under the influence of heat and light during processing and storage of the plant sample. An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with photodiode array and single quadruple mass spectrometry detectors was developed and validated for quantitative determination of 11 cannabinoids in different C. sativa samples. Compounds 1 – 11 were baseline separated with an acetonitrile (with 0.05% formic acid) and water (with 0.05% formic acid) gradient at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min on a Waters Cortec UPLC C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm I. D., 1.6 µm). The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of the 11 cannabinoids were below 0.2 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation for the precision test was below 2.4%. A mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (80 : 20, v/v) was proven to be the best solvent system for the sample preparation. The recovery of all analytes was in the range of 97 – 105%. A total of 32 Cannabis samples including hashish, leaves, and flower buds were analyzed.
Multi-resonance frequency spin dependent charge pumping and spin dependent recombination - applied to the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface
Authors: Anders M. A. , Lenahan P. M. , Lelis A. J.
Published: December 2017

We report on a new electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) approach involving spin dependent charge pumping (SDCP) and spin dependent recombination (SDR) at high (K band, about 16 GHz) and ultra-low (360 and 85 MHz) magnetic resonance frequencies to investigate the dielectric/semiconductor interface in 4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). A comparison of SDCP and SDR allows for a comparison of deep level defects and defects with energy levels throughout most of the bandgap. Additionally, a comparison of high frequency and ultra-low frequency measurements allows for (1) the partial separation of spin-orbit coupling and hyperfine effects on magnetic resonance spectra, (2) the observation of otherwise forbidden half-field effects, which make EDMR, at least, in principle, quantitative, and (3) the observation of Breit-Rabi shifts in superhyperfine measurements. (Observation of the Breit-Rabi shift helps in both the assignment and the measurement of superhyperfine parameters.) We find that, as earlier work also indicates, the SiC silicon vacancy is the dominating defect in n-MOSFETs with as-grown oxides and that post-oxidation NO anneals significantly reduce their population. In addition, we provide strong evidence that NO anneals result in the presence of nitrogen very close to a large fraction of the silicon vacancies. The results indicate that the presence of nearby nitrogen significantly shifts the silicon vacancy energy levels. Our results also show that the introduction of nitrogen introduces a disorder at the interface. This nitrogen induced disorder may provide at least a partial explanation for the relatively modest improvement in mobility after the NO anneals. Finally, we compare the charge pumping and SDCP response as a function of gate amplitude and charge pumping frequency.
Monte Carlo simulation of electron thermalization in scintillator materials: Implications for scintillator nonproportionality
Authors: Prange Micah P. , Xie YuLong , Campbell Luke W. , Gao Fei , Kerisit Sebastien
Published: December 2017

The lack of reliable quantitative estimates of the length and time scales associated with hot electron thermalization after a gamma-ray induced energy cascade obscures the interplay of various microscopic processes controlling scintillator performance and hampers the search for improved detector materials. We apply a detailed microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo model of the creation and subsequent thermalization of hot electrons produced by gamma irradiation of six important scintillating crystals to determine the spatial extent of the cloud of excitations produced by gamma rays and the time required for the cloud to thermalize with the host lattice. The main ingredients of the model are ensembles of microscopic track structures produced upon gamma excitation (including the energy distribution of the excited carriers), numerical estimates of electron-phonon scattering rates, and a calculated particle dispersion to relate the speed and energy of excited carriers. All these ingredients are based on first-principles density functional theory calculations of the electronic and phonon band structures of the materials. The details of the Monte Carlo model are presented along with the results for thermalization time and distance distributions. These results are discussed in light of previous work. It is found that among the studied materials, calculated thermalization distances are positively correlated with measured nonproportionality. In the important class of halide scintillators, the particle dispersion is found to be more influential than the largest phonon energy in determining the thermalization distance.
End-fire silicon optical phased array with half-wavelength
spacing
Authors: Kossey Michael R. , Rizk Charbel , Foster Amy C.
Published: December 2017

We demonstrate an optical phased array with emitting elements spaced at half the operational wavelength. The device is a one-dimensional array fabricated on an integrated silicon platform for operation at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Light is emitted end-fire from the chip edge where the waveguides are terminated. The innovative design and high confinement afforded by the silicon waveguides enables λ/2 spacing (775-nm pitch) at the output thereby eliminating grating lobes and maximizing the power in the main lobe. Steering is achieved by inducing a phase shift between the waveguide feeds via integrated thermo-optic heaters. The device forms a beam with a full-width half-maximum angular width of 17°, and we demonstrate beam steering over a 64° range limited only by the element factor.
Connes’ embedding problem and winning strategies for quantum XOR games
Authors: Harris Samuel J.
Published: December 2017

We consider quantum XOR games, defined in the work of Regev and Vidick [ACM Trans. Comput. Theory 7, 43 (2015)], from the perspective of unitary correlations defined in the work of Harris and Paulsen [Integr. Equations Oper. Theory 89, 125 (2017)]. We show that the winning bias of a quantum XOR game in the tensor product model (respectively, the commuting model) is equal to the norm of its associated linear functional on the unitary correlation set from the appropriate model. We show that Connes’ embedding problem has a positive answer if and only if every quantum XOR game has entanglement bias equal to the commuting bias. In particular, the embedding problem is equivalent to determining whether every quantum XOR game G with a winning strategy in the commuting model also has a winning strategy in the approximate finite-dimensional model.
Vortex dynamics behind a self-oscillating inverted flag placed in a channel flow: Time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements
Authors: Yu Yuelong , Liu Yingzheng , Chen Yujia
Published: December 2017

The unsteady flow behind an inverted flag placed in a water channel and then excited into a self-oscillating state is measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The dynamically deformed profiles of the inverted flag are determined by a novel algorithm that combines morphological image processing and principle component analysis. Three modes are discovered with the successive decrease in the dimensionless bending stiffness: the biased mode, the flapping mode, and the deflected mode. The distinctly different flow behavior is discussed in terms of instantaneous velocity field, phase-averaged vorticity field, time-mean flow field, and turbulent kinetic energy. The results demonstrated that the biased mode generated abundant vortices at the oscillating side of the inverted flag. In the deflected mode, the inverted flag is highly deflected to one side of the channel and remains almost stationary, inducing two stable recirculation zones and a considerably inversed flow between them. In the flapping mode, the strongly oscillating flag periodically provides a strengthened influence on the fluid near the two sidewalls. The reverse von Kármán vortex street is well formed and energetic in the wake, and a series of high-speed impingement jets between the neighboring vortices are directed toward the sidewalls in a staggered fashion.
A continuous stochastic model for non-equilibrium dense gases
Authors: Sadr M. , Gorji M. H.
Published: December 2017

While accurate simulations of dense gas flows far from the equilibrium can be achieved by direct simulation adapted to the Enskog equation, the significant computational demand required for collisions appears as a major constraint. In order to cope with that, an efficient yet accurate solution algorithm based on the Fokker-Planck approximation of the Enskog equation is devised in this paper; the approximation is very much associated with the Fokker-Planck model derived from the Boltzmann equation by Jenny et al. [“A solution algorithm for the fluid dynamic equations based on a stochastic model for molecular motion,” J. Comput. Phys. 229, 1077–1098 (2010)] and Gorji et al. [“Fokker–Planck model for computational studies of monatomic rarefied gas flows,” J. Fluid Mech. 680, 574–601 (2011)]. The idea behind these Fokker-Planck descriptions is to project the dynamics of discrete collisions implied by the molecular encounters into a set of continuous Markovian processes subject to the drift and diffusion. Thereby, the evolution of particles representing the governing stochastic process becomes independent from each other and thus very efficient numerical schemes can be constructed. By close inspection of the Enskog operator, it is observed that the dense gas effects contribute further to the advection of molecular quantities. That motivates a modelling approach where the dense gas corrections can be cast in the extra advection of particles. Therefore, the corresponding Fokker-Planck approximation is derived such that the evolution in the physical space accounts for the dense effects present in the pressure, stress tensor, and heat fluxes. Hence the consistency between the devised Fokker-Planck approximation and the Enskog operator is shown for the velocity moments up to the heat fluxes. For validation studies, a homogeneous gas inside a box besides Fourier, Couette, and lid-driven cavity flow setups is considered. The results based on the Fokker-Planck model are compared with respect to benchmark simulations, where good agreement is found for the flow field along with the transport properties.
Acoustic analog computing based on a reflective metasurface with decoupled modulation of phase and amplitude
Authors: Zuo Shu-Yu , Tian Ye , Wei Qi , Cheng Ying , Liu Xiao-Jun
Published: December 2017

The use of metasurfaces has allowed the provision of a variety of functionalities by ultrathin structures, paving the way toward novel highly compact analog computing devices. Here, we conceptually realize analog computing using an acoustic reflective computational metasurface (RCM) that can independently manipulate the reflection phase and amplitude of an incident acoustic signal. This RCM is composed of coating unit cells and perforated panels, where the first can tune the transmission phase within the full range of 2π and the second can adjust the reflection amplitude in the range of 0–1. We show that this RCM can achieve arbitrary reflection phase and amplitude and can be used to realize a unique linear spatially invariant transfer function. Using the spatial Fourier transform (FT), an acoustic analog computing (AAC) system is proposed based on the RCM together with a focusing lens. Based on numerical simulations, we demonstrate that this AAC system can perform mathematical operations such as spatial differentiation, integration, and convolution on an incident acoustic signal. The proposed system has low complexity and reduced size because the RCM is able to individually adjust the reflection phase and amplitude and because only one block is involved in performing the spatial FT. Our work may offer a practical, efficient, and flexible approach to the design of compact devices for acoustic computing applications, signal processing, equation solving, and acoustic wave manipulations.
Self-assembly 2D zinc-phthalocyanine heterojunction: An ideal platform for high efficiency solar cell
Authors: Jiang Xue , Jiang Zhou , Zhao Jijun
Published: December 2017

As an alternative to silicon-based solar cells, organic photovoltaic cells emerge for their easy manufacture, low cost, and light weight but are limited by their less stability, low power conversion efficiencies, and low charge carrier mobilities. Here, we design a series of two-dimensional (2D) organic materials incorporating zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) based building blocks which can inherit their excellent intrinsic properties but overcome those shortcomings. Our first-principles calculation shows that such 2D ZnPc-based materials exhibit excellent thermal stabilities, suitable bandgaps, small effective masses, and good absorption properties. The additional benzene rings and nitrogen atoms incorporated between ZnPc molecules are mainly responsible for the modifications of electronic and optical properties. Moreover, some heterojunction solar cells constructed using those 2D ZnPc monolayers as the donor and acceptor have an appropriate absorber gap and interface band alignment. Among them, a power conversion efficiency up to 14.04% is achieved, which is very promising for the next-generation organic solar cells.
Confinement regime in self-assembled InAs/InAlGaAs/InP quantum dashes determined from exciton and biexciton recombination kinetics
Authors: Dusanowski Ł. , Mrowiński P. , Syperek M. , Misiewicz J. , Somers A. , Höfling S. , Reithmaier J. P. , Sęk G.
Published: December 2017

The exciton and biexciton confinement regimes in strongly anisotropic epitaxial InAs nanostructures called quantum dashes (QDashes) embedded in an In0.53Ga0.23Al0.24As matrix, which is lattice-matched to InP(001) substrate, have been investigated. For that purpose, we have performed low-temperature spatially and polarization-resolved photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on a set of single QDashes. The main conclusions are drawn based on the experimentally obtained distribution of the ratio between the exciton and biexciton lifetimes. We have found that a majority of QDashes for which the abovementioned ratio falls into the range of 1.2 ± 0.1–1.6 ± 0.1 corresponds to the so called intermediate confinement regime, whereas for several cases, it is close to 1 or 2, suggesting reaching the conditions of weak and strong confinement, respectively. Eventually, we support this data with dependence of the lifetimes' ratio on the biexciton binding energy, implying importance of Coulomb correlations, which change significantly with the confinement regime.
Thickness induced uniaxial anisotropy and unexpected four-fold symmetry in Co/SiO2/Si films
Authors: Xue M. Z. , Ding S. L. , Wu R. , Zha L. , Qiao G. Y. , Du H. L. , Han J. Z. , Yang Y. C. , Wang C. S. , Yang J. B.
Published: December 2017

Co films with thickness ranging from 20 to 160 nm have been fabricated on SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). It was found that that the Co crystal tends to have a structure of bulk hcp Co with the increase of the Co film thickness, and the coercivity of the Co film decreases with increasing film thickness due to the change of the grain size. A uniaxial anisotropy was found in Co films with thickness less than 120 nm, while the Co films with thickness more than 120 nm show an unexpected four-fold anisotropy which is ascribed to the existence of two types (directions) of strongly exchange-coupled hcp Co grains.
High-current-density electrodeposition using pulsed and constant currents to produce thick CoPt magnetic films on silicon substrates
Authors: Ewing Jacob , Wang Yuzheng , Arnold David P.
Published: December 2017

This paper investigates methods for electroplating thick (>20 μm), high-coercivity CoPt films using high current densities (up to 1 A/cm2) and elevated bath temperatures (70 °C). Correlations are made tying current-density and temperature process parameters with plating rate, elemental ratio and magnetic properties of the deposited CoPt films. It also investigates how pulsed currents can increase the plating rate and film to substrate adhesion. Using 500 mA/cm2 and constant current, high-quality, dense CoPt films were successfully electroplated up to 20 μm thick in 1 hr on silicon substrates (0.35 μm/min plating rate). After standard thermal treatment (675°C, 30 min) to achieve the ordered L10 crystalline phase, strong magnetic properties were measured: coercivities up 850 kA/m, remanences >0.5 T, and maximum energy products up to 46 kJ/m3.
Highly polarized electrically driven single-photon emission from a non-polar InGaN quantum dot
Authors: Kocher C. C. , Puchtler T. J. , Jarman J. C. , Zhu T. , Wang T. , Nuttall L. , Oliver R. A. , Taylor R. A.
Published: December 2017

Nitride quantum dots are well suited for the deterministic generation of single photons at high temperatures. However, this material system faces the challenge of large in-built fields, decreasing the oscillator strength and possible emission rates considerably. One solution is to grow quantum dots on a non-polar plane; this gives the additional advantage of strongly polarized emission along one crystal direction. This is highly desirable for future device applications, as is electrical excitation. Here, we report on electroluminescence from non-polar InGaN quantum dots. The emission from one of these quantum dots is studied in detail and found to be highly polarized with a degree of polarization of 0.94. Single-photon emission is achieved under excitation with a constant current giving a g(2)(0) correlation value of 0.18. The quantum dot electroluminescence persists up to temperatures as high as 130 K.
Heisenberg equation for a nonrelativistic particle on a hypersurface: From the centripetal force to a curvature induced force
Authors: Lian D. K. , Hu L. D. , Liu Q. H.
Published: December 2017

In classical mechanics, a nonrelativistic particle constrained on an N − 1 curved hypersurface embedded in N flat space experiences the centripetal force only. In quantum mechanics, the situation is totally different for the presence of the geometric potential. We demonstrate that the motion of the quantum particle is ”driven” by not only the centripetal force, but also a curvature induced force proportional to the Laplacian of the mean curvature, which is fundamental in the interface physics, causing curvature driven interface evolution.
Reliability assessment for large-scale molecular dynamics approximations
Authors: Grogan Francesca , Holst Michael , Lindblom Lee , Amaro Rommie
Published: December 2017

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used in biochemistry, physics, and other fields to study the motions, thermodynamic properties, and the interactions between molecules. Computational limitations and the complexity of these problems, however, create the need for approximations to the standard MD methods and for uncertainty quantification and reliability assessment of those approximations. In this paper, we exploit the intrinsic two-scale nature of MD to construct a class of large-scale dynamics approximations. The reliability of these methods is evaluated here by measuring the differences between full, classical MD simulations and those based on these large-scale approximations. Molecular dynamics evolutions are non-linear and chaotic, so the complete details of molecular evolutions cannot be accurately predicted even using full, classical MD simulations. This paper provides numerical results that demonstrate the existence of computationally efficient large-scale MD approximations which accurately model certain large-scale properties of the molecules: the energy, the linear and angular momenta, and other macroscopic features of molecular motions.
Revisiting the role of trap-assisted-tunneling process on current-voltage characteristics in tunnel field-effect transistors
Authors: Omura Yasuhisa , Mori Yoshiaki , Sato Shingo , Mallik Abhijit
Published: December 2017

This paper discusses the role of trap-assisted-tunneling process in controlling the ON- and OFF-state current levels and its impacts on the current-voltage characteristics of a tunnel field-effect transistor. Significant impacts of high-density traps in the source region are observed that are discussed in detail. With regard to recent studies on isoelectronic traps, it has been discovered that deep level density must be minimized to suppress the OFF-state leakage current, as is well known, whereas shallow levels can be utilized to control the ON-state current level. A possible mechanism is discussed based on simulation results.
Slow dynamics of consolidated granular systems: Multi-scale relaxation
Authors: Shokouhi Parisa , Rivière Jacques , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: December 2017

Dynamic acousto-elastic testing, a pump-probe scheme, is employed to investigate the recovery of consolidated granular media systems from the non-equilibrium steady state established by a pump strain field. This measurement scheme makes it possible to follow the recovery from the non-equilibrium steady state over many orders of magnitude in time. The recovery is described with a relaxation time spectrum that is found to be independent of the amplitude of the non-equilibrium steady state (pump amplitude) and of the environment in which samples reside. The non-equilibrium steady state and its slow recovery are the laboratory realization of phenomena that are found in many physical systems of practical importance.
Inferring morphology and strength of magnetic fields from proton radiographs
Authors: Graziani Carlo , Tzeferacos Petros , Lamb Donald Q. , Li Chikang
Published: December 2017

Proton radiography is an important diagnostic method for laser plasma experiments and is particularly important in the analysis of magnetized plasmas. The theory of radiographic image analysis has heretofore only permitted somewhat limited analysis of the radiographs of such plasmas. We furnish here a theory that remedies this deficiency. We show that to linear order in magnetic field gradients, proton radiographs are projection images of the MHD current along the proton trajectories. We demonstrate that in the linear regime (i.e., the small image contrast regime), the full structure of the projected perpendicular magnetic field can be reconstructed by solving a steady-state inhomogeneous 2-dimensional diffusion equation sourced by the radiograph fluence contrast data. We explore the validity of the scheme with increasing image contrast, as well as limitations of the inversion method due to the Poisson noise, discretization errors, radiograph edge effects, and obstruction by laser target structures. We also provide a separate analysis that is suited to the inference of isotropic-homogeneous magnetic turbulence spectra. Finally, we discuss extension of these results to the nonlinear regime (i.e., the order unity image contrast regime).
Communication: Predicting virial coefficients and alchemical transformations by extrapolating Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Hatch Harold W. , Jiao Sally , Mahynski Nathan A. , Blanco Marco A. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: December 2017

Virial coefficients are predicted over a large range of both temperatures and model parameter values (i.e., alchemical transformation) from an individual Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo simulation by statistical mechanical extrapolation with minimal increase in computational cost. With this extrapolation method, a Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo simulation of the SPC/E (extended simple point charge) water model quantitatively predicted the second virial coefficient as a continuous function spanning over four orders of magnitude in value and over three orders of magnitude in temperature with less than a 2% deviation. In addition, the same simulation predicted the second virial coefficient if the site charges were scaled by a constant factor, from an increase of 40% down to zero charge. This method is also shown to perform well for the third virial coefficient and the exponential parameter for a Lennard-Jones fluid.
Effects of tree thinning on carbon sequestration in mangroves
Authors: Ho Chuan-Wen , Huang Jih-Sheng , Lin Hsing-Juh
Published: December 2017

Mangrove overgrowth could decrease biodiversity and increase flooding risk. Thinning has been proposed as a managerial action, which would decrease the capacity of mangroves for carbon sequestration. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between differences in mangrove tree density and carbon sequestration capacity. Three sampling sites were established in the Fangyuan mangroves of Taiwan, including seaward and landward sites with Avicennia marina and a site with Kandelia obovata, with control (C; no thinning), medium thinning (MT; 50% thinning) and high thinning (HT; only one tree left at the centre) treatments. The HT treatment significantly reduced the areal carbon sequestration rates (66–84%), but the reductions in the MT treatment were much lower (3–30%). Considering the carbon sequestration per tree, the HT treatment resulted in the significantly highest rates (two- to fivefold higher) than those under the MT and C treatments. Medium thinning appears to be the optimal strategy to meet the demand of reducing the loss of carbon sequestration capacity for mangrove management. Together, the data from in the present study and the relevant literature suggest a maximum level of carbon sequestration by managing the density to 30600treesha–1 for K. obovata and 10500treesha–1 for A. marina.
Botanical illustration and photography: a southern hemisphere perspective
Authors: Hickman Ellen J. , Yates Colin J. , Hopper Stephen D.
Published: December 2017

To examine claims that the role of botanical art in systematic botany is diminishing because of advances in photography, this review considers relevant literature and includes a quantitative analysis of trends in modern journals, monographs and floras. Our focus is on southern hemisphere systematic botany because, relative to the northern hemisphere, this is poorly represented in modern reviews of botanical art and photography. An analysis of all digitally available papers in Nuytsia, the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, Muelleria, Telopea, Austrobaileya and Systematic Botany established that, although photographic illustrations have increased since 2000, botanical illustrations have not always diminished. The cause of these trends is unknown, but it is likely to be due to several factors, including sourcing funding for production of botanical illustration, editorial preference for the use of illustrations or photographs, author preference for either illustrations or photographs, and moving to online publication, with no charges for colour reproduction. Moreover, the inclusion of botanical artists as co-authors in some scientific publications signals an ongoing and important role. Botanical illustration brings sharp focus and meticulous attention to detail regarding form and structure of plants. Photography is useful at the macro-scale for habitat and whole-plant traits, as well as at the micro-scale for anatomical textures and ultrastructure. These complementary approaches can be important components of taxonomic discovery, with the potential for a new role in modern trait analysis in molecular phylogenies.
Lumpy species coexistence arises robustly in fluctuating resource environments
Authors: Sakavara Athanasia , Tsirtsis George , Roelke Daniel L. , Mancy Rebecca , Spatharis Sofie
Published: December 2017

Significance

Explaining why there are more species than limiting resources in natural systems constitutes a long-standing challenge among ecologists. Recently, this apparent paradox was resolved theoretically by showing that species can coexist in clumps along niche gradients. However, models demonstrating this effect have failed to account for a ubiquitous feature of nature, namely variability in environmental conditions. This leaves open the question of whether the proposed mechanisms underpinning “lumpy coexistence” apply in nature or arise as a coincidence of modeling frameworks. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of lumpy coexistence in assemblages self-organizing under fluctuating resource supplies. We show that clumps form predictably as the result of the dynamic pattern in ambient resources driven by the most competitive species in the assemblage.
Stand-alone ClpG disaggregase confers superior heat tolerance to bacteria
Authors: Lee Changhan , Franke Kamila B. , Kamal Shady Mansour , Kim Hyunhee , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Jäger Jasmin , Nimtz Manfred , Trček Janja , Jänsch Lothar , Bukau Bernd , Mogk Axel , Römling Ute
Published: December 2017

Significance

Severe heat stress causes massive protein loss by aggregation ultimately causing cell death. Cellular survival relies on protein disaggregation mediated by the Hsp70-ClpB (Hsp100) bichaperone system in most bacteria.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
additionally codes for two stand-alone ClpG disaggregases, which had been acquired by horizontal gene transfer by the species and most abundant clone C strains, respectively. These ClpG disaggregases largely contribute to the resolution of protein aggregates to confer superior heat tolerance partially replacing the DnaK-ClpB system.
Role of particle size in microwave processing of metallic material systems
Authors: Sharma Apurbba Kumar , Mishra Radha Raman
Published: December 2017

Processing of metallic materials using microwave energy has been a challenge. However, exploiting the size factor of particles in these candidate materials opened up further opportunities. The amount of heat evolved inside a particle per unit volume primarily depends upon its size, shape, electromagnetic and thermal properties. Finer particles can potentially absorb more microwave energy than coarser units and get heated rapidly with higher uniformity. It results in better properties in the processed part and energy economy. This work reviews the relevant literature and summarises fundamentals of microwave heating of metallic materials. Roles of particle size in processing these materials have been discussed. Challenges in microwave processing of finer metallic particles have been identified; opportunities for future research are outlined.
Dynamic spheroidisation behaviour of the lamellar Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy during hot compression
Authors: Yang Jianlei , Wang Guofeng , Jiao Xueyan , Li You , Zhang Kaifeng
Published: December 2017

The dynamic spheroidisation behaviour of the lamellar Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy during hot compression at 970°C/0.01 s−1 and strain of 30%, 50% and 70% was investigated. The results showed the lamellar-O phase that participated in the B2 matrix could be obtained by hot pressed sintering from pre-alloy powders. The corresponding scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that the dynamic spheroidisation process can be divided into three stages, the first is the primary interphase high-energy defect stage, introduced by dislocation migration twinning and localised shearing. The second is the separation, and the last is the spheroidisation stages, which could be explained by boundary splitting and termination migration.
The struggles of precarious youth in Tunisia: the case of the Kerkennah movement
Authors: Feltrin Lorenzo
Published: December 2017

This article analyses the origins and the dynamics of the social movement against the energy corporation Petrofac that took place in the Tunisian archipelago of Kerkennah between 2011 and 2016. The Kerkennah movement is seen as part of a broader cycle of mobilisations for social justice that started in 2008 and continues to the present day. The main subjects of these mobilisations are young people lacking sources of regular income and their core demands are secure employment and local development. It is argued that communal solidarities were key in compensating for the lack of occupational cohesion among the protesters.
Evaluating indicators of human well-being for ecosystem-based management
Authors: Breslow Sara Jo , Allen Margaret , Holstein Danielle , Sojka Brit , Barnea Raz , Basurto Xavier , Carothers Courtney , Charnley Susan , Coulthard Sarah , Dolšak Nives , Donatuto Jamie , García-Quijano Carlos , Hicks Christina C. , Levine Arielle , Mascia Michael B. , Norman Karma , Poe Melissa , Satterfield Terre , St. Martin Kevin , Levin Phillip S.
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
Interrelated social and ecological challenges demand an understanding of how environmental change and management decisions affect human well-being. This paper outlines a framework for measuring human well-being for ecosystem-based management (EBM). We present a prototype that can be adapted and developed for various scales and contexts. Scientists and managers use indicators to assess status and trends in integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs). To improve the social science rigor and success of EBM, we developed a systematic and transparent approach for evaluating indicators of human well-being for an IEA.

Methods:
Our process is based on a comprehensive conceptualization of human well-being, a scalable analysis of management priorities, and a set of indicator screening criteria tailored to the needs of EBM. We tested our approach by evaluating more than 2000 existing social indicators related to ocean and coastal management of the US West Coast. We focused on two foundational attributes of human well-being: resource access and self-determination.

Outcomes and Discussion:
Our results suggest that existing indicators and data are limited in their ability to reflect linkages between environmental change and human well-being, and extremely limited in their ability to assess social equity and justice. We reveal a critical need for new social indicators tailored to answer environmental questions and new data that are disaggregated by social variables to measure equity. In both, we stress the importance of collaborating with the people whose well-being is to be assessed.

Conclusion:
Our framework is designed to encourage governments and communities to carefully assess the complex tradeoffs inherent in environmental decision-making.
Apical polarization and lumenogenesis: The apicosome sheds new light
Authors: Romero-Morales Alejandra I. , Ortolano Natalya A. , Gama Vivian
Published: December 2017

Establishment of apico–basal polarity is critical for the lumenal epiblast-like morphogenesis of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In this issue, Taniguchi et al. (2017. J Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083.jcb201704085) describe a structure called the apicosome, generated in single hPSCs, that allows them to self-organize and form the lumenal epiblast-like stage.
Phase separation of BuGZ promotes Aurora A activation and spindle assembly
Authors: Woodruff Jeffrey B.
Published: December 2017

The spindle matrix has been proposed to facilitate mitotic spindle assembly. In this issue, Huang et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201706103) show that the spindle matrix protein BuGZ is sufficient to form micron-scale compartments that recruit and activate Aurora A, a critical kinase for spindle assembly.
Resolving the dark side of therapy-driven cancer cell death
Authors: Bonavita Eduardo , Pelly Victoria S. , Zelenay Santiago
Published: December 2017

In this issue of JEM, Sulciner et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20170681) provide evidence that therapy-induced cancer cell death can, paradoxically, stimulate and accelerate the growth of surviving malignant cells by fueling tumor-promoting inflammation. Resolvins, a class of lipid mediators, counteract this effect, representing an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
Final report, on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, ozone at ambient level, comparison with NMISA, June 2017
Authors: Viallon Joële , Idrees Faraz , Moussay Philippe , Wielgosz Robert , Ntsasa Napo G , Tshilongo James , Mphaphuli Gumani E , Norris James E , Hodges Joseph T
Published: December 2017

As part of the on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, a comparison has been performed between the ozone national standard of South Africa maintained by the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA) and the common reference standard of the key comparison, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), via a transfer standard maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The instruments have been compared over a nominal ozone amount-of-substance fraction range of 0 nmol/mol to 500 nmol/mol.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
PRAPI: post-transcriptional regulation analysis pipeline for Iso-Seq
Authors: Gao Yubang , Wang Huiyuan , Zhang Hangxiao , Wang Yongsheng , Chen Jinfeng , Gu Lianfeng
Published: December 2017

The single-molecule real-time (SMRT) isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) based on Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) platform has received increasing attention for its ability to explore full-length isoforms. Thus, comprehensive tools for Iso-Seq bioinformatics analysis are extremely useful. Here, we present a one-stop solution for Iso-Seq analysis, called PRAPI to analyze alternative transcription initiation (ATI), alternative splicing (AS), alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA), natural antisense transcripts (NAT), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) comprehensively. PRAPI is capable of combining Iso-Seq full-length isoforms with short read data, such as RNA-Seq or polyadenylation site sequencing (PAS-seq) for differential expression analysis of NAT, AS, APA and circRNAs. Furthermore, PRAPI can annotate new genes and correct mis-annotated genes when gene annotation is available. Finally, PRAPI generates high-quality vector graphics to visualize and highlight the Iso-Seq results.

Availability and implementation

The Dockerfile of PRAPI is available at http://www.bioinfor.org/tool/PRAPI.
A functional CNVR_3425.1 damping lincRNA FENDRR increases lifetime risk of lung cancer and COPD in Chinese
Authors: Yang Lei , Wu Di , Chen Jinbin , Chen Jiansong , Qiu Fuman , Li Yinyan , Liu Li , Cao Yi , Yang Binyao , Zhou Yifeng , Lu Jiachun
Published: December 2017

Genomic imbalance referring to somatic variation in chromosome copies represents the most frequent event in tumorigenesis. Germline copy number variations (gCNVs) overlapping regions of genomic imbalance harbor similar structural characteristics and thus influence tumor susceptibility. We aimed to test effects of such gCNVs on the risk of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Genomic imbalance of lung cancer was determined by the array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and common gCNVs at these imbalance regions were genotyped in lung cancer-based and COPD-based retrospective studies. Functional assays were conducted to assess function of promising CNVs. A total of 115 genomic imbalances were discovered occurring at a frequency of more than 25%. The CNVR_3425.1, overlapping the chr16q24.1 with genomic imbalance, was significantly associated with increased risks of lung cancer (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.46–2.11) and COPD (OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.57–2.51). The increase copy of CNVR_3425.1 forms a new additional truncated FOXF1 adjacent non-coding developmental regulatory RNA (FENDRR) sequences comparing the gene promoter and perturbs the transcriptional factors (TFs) binding to the original FENDRR promoter and further downregulates FENDRR, a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) that functions to inhibit lung cancer by affecting expressions of an abundant number of genes, including the tumor suppressor FOXF1. FENDRR can upregulate FOXF1 by competitively binding to miR-424. The TFs early growth response 1 (EGR1) and transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) were further found to involve the CNVR_3425.1-mediated FENDRR dysregulation. These findings suggested the CNVR_3425.1 to be a possibly predictive biomarker for the risk of lung cancer and COPD, and targeted molecular therapy pertaining to FENDRR upregulation may be a valuable pathway to fight two diseases.
On the Neural and Mechanistic Bases of Self-Control
Authors: Turner Brandon M , Rodriguez Christian A , Liu Qingfang , Molloy M Fiona , Hoogendijk Marjolein , McClure Samuel M
Published: December 2017

Intertemporal choice requires a dynamic interaction between valuation and deliberation processes. While evidence identifying candidate brain areas for each of these processes is well established, the precise mechanistic role carried out by each brain region is still debated. In this article, we present a computational model that clarifies the unique contribution of frontoparietal cortex regions to intertemporal decision making. The model we develop samples reward and delay information stochastically on a moment-by-moment basis. As preference for the choice alternatives evolves, dynamic inhibitory processes are executed by way of asymmetric lateral inhibition. We find that it is these lateral inhibition processes that best explain the contribution of frontoparietal regions to intertemporal decision making exhibited in our data.
Dualized trust: risk, social trust and the welfare state
Authors: Kevins Anthony
Published: December 2017

This article examines how labour market vulnerability and social policy interact to shape generalized trust. Drawing insights from the literature on dualization, I suggest that: (1) labour market outsiders will have lower levels of generalized trust due to their increased risk exposure; and (2) active labour market policies, by conditioning labour market vulnerability, can reduce the impact of outsiderness on trust. Leveraging within-country cleavages between insiders and outsiders therefore allows us to assess one possible mechanism behind the welfare state’s generation of trust, while at the same time holding cultural context and broader trust levels constant. Analysis of data from the 2008–2014 waves of the European Social Survey then provides evidence of the impact of outsiderness on trust and the ability of social policy to moderate that effect. The investigation thus sheds light on both an additional consequence of dualization and a mechanism linking the welfare state to generalized trust.
Between Shell Shock and PTSD? ‘Accident Neurosis’ and Its Sequelae in Post-War Britain
Authors: Ross Ryan
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the concept of ‘accident neurosis’, popularised by neurologist Henry Miller in studies published in 1961. It aims to realise two goals. First, it introduces Miller’s concept of accident neurosis to the broader history of trauma—to a field, that is, more preoccupied with military traumata and clear-cut psychiatric aetiologies. Secondly, I use Miller’s studies, and the considerable legacy they created, to reflect on how historians of trauma construct historical narratives, asking whether there is sufficient appreciation of the ways in which events seem to leak into or retroactively animate one another.
Association Between Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Patients Diagnosed With Sepsis in the Emergency Department
Authors: Roberts Brian W. , Mohr Nicholas M. , Ablordeppey Enyo , Drewry Anne M. , Ferguson Ian T. , Trzeciak Stephen , Kollef Marin H. , Fuller Brian M.
Published: December 2017

Objective:

The objective of this study was to test the association between the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and survival to hospital discharge among mechanically ventilated patients diagnosed with sepsis in the emergency department.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study of a single center trial registry.

Setting:

Academic medical center.

Patients:

Mechanically ventilated emergency department patients. Inclusion criteria: age 18 years and older, diagnosed with sepsis in the emergency department, and mechanical ventilation initiated in the emergency department.

Interventions:

Arterial blood gases obtained after initiation of mechanical ventilation were analyzed. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. We tested the association between partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and survival using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses, including propensity score matching were also performed.

Measurements and Main Results:

Six hundred subjects were included, and 429 (72%) survived to hospital discharge. The median (interquartile range) partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide was 42 (34–53) mm Hg for the entire cohort and 44 (35–57) and 39 (31–45) mm Hg among survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively (p < 0.0001 Wilcox rank-sum test). On multivariable analysis, a 1 mm Hg rise in partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide was associated with a 3% increase in odds of survival (adjusted odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04) after adjusting for tidal volume and other potential confounders. These results remained significant on all sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion:

In this sample of mechanically ventilated sepsis patients, we found an association between increasing levels of partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and survival to hospital discharge. These findings justify future studies to determine the optimal target partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide range for mechanically ventilated sepsis patients.