bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toddler Fatalities: The Terrible Twos
Authors: Gill James R. , Vincent Gregory , Morotti Raffaella A.
Published: April 2017

The majority of childhood deaths investigated by medical examiners and coroners are under the age of one, and medical examiners and coroners are well-versed in the challenges involved in investigating these fatalities. As infants mature to toddlers, there is a paradigm shift with a decrease in both the number of fatalities and the number of undetermined causes of death. A subset of these, however, remain undetermined, causing frustration for both the parents and medical examiner/coroner. In an effort to facilitate a differential diagnosis in these cases, death certificate data from the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner for deaths from one to four years of age over a five year period was examined. Of the 230 deaths investigated by the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, the manner was natural in 39%, accident in 32%, homicide in 19%, therapeutic complication in 5%, and undetermined in 5%. Diligent scene investigation and a thorough histologic examination are key components to the investigation. While the lack of a cause of death in a portion of these undetermined deaths is due to limits in current postmortem techniques, a differential diagnosis for these deaths should include channelopathies, seizure disorders, and accidental injuries involving asphyxial mechanisms and inadvertent drug/toxin ingestion.
Neonatal Deaths, Infanticide, and the Hydrostatic (Floatation) Test: Historical Perspectives
Authors: Milroy Chris
Published: April 2017

The hydrostatic test, or floatation test, has historically been used to determine whether a newborn infant has breathed. It is performed by placing the lungs, still attached to the heart, in water and seeing whether they float. The test can then be repeated with the lungs separated and on individual pieces of dissected lung. The test has been described in great detail by some authors and has also been subject to significant criticism for at least 250 years. This paper reviews the history of the test and the challenges that have been made to its validity in forensic pathology texts from the 18th to the 21st century.
Routine Metabolic Testing is Not Warranted in Unexpected Infant Death Investigations
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , Hamilton Leslie E. , Lew Emma O.
Published: April 2017

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) only rarely cause sudden unexpected infant death. Yet, postmortem metabolic screening is often ordered reflexively during infant death investigations, even in the absence of historical, clinical or autopsy findings suggestive of IEM. This retrospective descriptive study examines the impact of metabolic screening of infants who die suddenly in a medical examiner's jurisdiction. The study population included 135 cases, one of which was certified as death due to IEM with historical and pathologic findings suggestive of IEM and an abnormal postmortem screening study, one which was certified as death due to IEM with historical and pathologic findings suggestive of IEM and a negative postmortem screening study, and one which was certified as undetermined with pathologic features of IEM and a negative postmortem screening study, but also with features suggestive of accidental asphyxia. Nine cases had abnormal postmortem screens that were deemed to represent false positives. During the entire nine-year study of these 135 cases, the utilization of screening tests in cases without historical or autopsy features of IEM did not detect any unsuspected cases. IEM may rarely cause unexpected infant death, and it can be suggested by historical and autopsy findings. Thus, within the appropriate investigative and autopsy context, judicious use of metabolic screening tests is warranted. Caution is advised when interpreting negative screening studies with suggestive historical and/or autopsy findings as the success of testing decreases with increasing postmortem interval.
Journal Articles Authored by Forensic Pathologists Board Certified during the Years 1985-2010
Authors: Hanzlick Randy L. , Clark Steven
Published: April 2017

Using a list provided by the American Board of Pathology, the names of all board certified forensic pathologists (BCFPs) were entered into an electronic database, along with the year in which each was certified. The names of BCFPs were searched in PubMed/Medline against authors of journal articles. We limited study to 836 BCFPs who were certified in the years 1985 through 2010. We documented that at least 33% of BCFPs had been published authors, and that up to 66% could have been published authors. The total number of articles found and verified by authors was 2128. The average number of articles was 7.7 per published BCFP. Eleven journals accounted for 52% of the articles, and the remaining 48% of articles were published in 415 other journals of diverse subject scope. BCFPs were the lead author or solo author on 986 (45%) of the articles. The majority of articles were case reports. Two hundred and sixty-one articles (12%) included a categorization of “Research Support” which means that at least one author was supported with funds from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or other government sources such as the Public Health Service. For this group of 261 articles with research support, a BCFP was the lead author, last author, or solo author on 80 (31%) of them. Using extrapolations based on our data, we estimate that BCFPs since 1959 have collectively published as many as 164 journal articles per year and possibly more than 8000 articles over the past 50 years.
Sudden Infant Death Due to Truncus Arteriosus Communis Persistens with Mitral Valve Atresia and Left Ventricular Hypoplasia
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , McKenzie Brienne
Published: April 2017

Truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by a single common arterial trunk giving rise to both the pulmonary and systemic arteries. Concurrent cardiac abnormalities are common. In the absence of surgical intervention, the condition is associated with extremely high infant mortality, with the mechanism of death being either arrhythmia or congestive heart failure. We report the case of a previously healthy and reportedly normal two-week-old infant who was found dead in his crib. At autopsy he was found to have truncus arteriosus communis persistens, a rare subtype of truncus arteriosus with associated valve atresia and left ventricular hypoplasia. This case highlights that forensic pathologists may encounter severe cardiac malformations in previously normal infants, and the necessity for thorough evaluation and accurate diagnoses.
Forensic Considerations in Bariatric Surgery Patients
Authors: Melinek Judy , Lemos Nikolas P.
Published: April 2017

Bariatric surgery is gaining in popularity in the United States and around the world as a treatment for morbid obesity. Patients seek surgery in order to lose weight and limit the long-term effects of insulin-resistant diabetes, heart disease and lung disease, including risk of sudden death. While gastric bypass in patients with morbid obesity can reduce the risk of diabetes and myocardial infarction to population levels, the risk of death remains increased. These patients may die suddenly and unexpectedly as a direct result of surgery, as an indirect result of surgery, or of end-organ damage wrought by years of obesity, completely unrelated to the surgery. Proper forensic pathologic assessment of these patients requires an understanding of the anatomic changes caused by bariatric surgery, the complications and the metabolic consequences of the different procedures. In order to better understand this subgroup of patients, a search of the peer-reviewed medical literature at the National Library of Medicine was conducted for articles using the keywords bariatric, surgery, gastric bypass, autopsy, review, toxicology, alcohol, drug, ethanol, absorption, elimination, litigation, forensic, and death. This review outlines the most common laparoscopic and open surgical procedures; the common immediate post-surgical complications that lead to morbidity and mortality; forensic toxicological considerations in bariatric patients; and the long-term complications and other causes that could lead to unexpected death in these patients.
Pediatric Starvation by Neglect
Authors: Gill James R.
Published: April 2017

Starvation due to neglect is a form of fatal child abuse. Although a thorough autopsy examination for organic causes of malnutrition is warranted, the detection or exclusion of such a disease is not determinative for the manner of death. When neglect results in these deaths, it is irrelevant for the manner determination whether the malnutrition is caused by untreated disease or by inadequate feeding. The physical appearance of the child should be documented photographically at autopsy. Autopsy measurements, vitreous analysis, radiology, scene and medical history investigations, and histologic examinations are important components of the death investigation. Secondary infections are common immediate causes of death with malnutrition, however, they should not be listed as the underlying cause of death. The proximate cause of death is malnutrition/starvation. If neglect is involved with the malnutrition, these deaths are appropriately certified as homicides.
A Review of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa for the Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Landi Kristen
Published: April 2017

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and, to a much lesser extent, bulimia nervosa (BN) are psychiatric illnesses that carry the highest mortality rates compared to other psychiatric illnesses. They tend to be chronic disorders with many acute fair-ups that have profound negative impact on the body as a whole. Many medical complications can arise acutely and chronically following excessive dieting, purging, over exercising, abuse of medications such as diuretics and laxatives or any combination of these. In contrast to the profound effects eating disorders can have, the postmortem findings and testing can be subtle to nonexistent and may be overshadowed by trauma (in the case of suicides), natural disease (in the case of diabetes and alcoholism) and postmortem shifts (in electrolyte testing and toxicology). A full understanding of how eating disorders affect the body in the acute, chronic, and refeeding stages is needed to properly certify these deaths.
Medical Examiners’ Independence is Vital for the Health of the American Legal System
Authors: Luzi Scott A. , Melinek Judy , Oliver William R.
Published: April 2017

Forensic pathologists play a vital role in the justice system in matters concerning questions of death. Accurate investigation, examination, reporting, and testimony by forensic pathologists are important to determine and demonstrate the cause and manner of death of individuals who die under sudden, unexpected, or violent circumstances. Cases involving political influence on the work of forensic pathologists have gained notoriety within the media and have been a source of concern for experts who practice in this highly selective field. In 2009, the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies published a report listing recommendations to strengthen the forensic sciences throughout the country. A specific recommendation within the report contends that medical examiner and coroner offices should be independent from, or at least autonomous within, law enforcement agencies and prosecutors’ offices. It is our position that forensic pathologists working in or for medical examiner or coroner offices or as private consultants should be permitted to objectively pursue and report the facts and their opinions of those cases which they are investigating independent of political influences from other agencies and institutions within their respective jurisdictions. This paper discusses three cases involving political influence, presents survey data of NAME members concerning such influences, and reviews the recommendations of the NRC.
National Association of Medical Examiners Position Paper: Medical Examiner, Coroner, and Forensic Pathologist Independence
Authors: Melinek Judy , Thomas Lindsey C. , Oliver William R. , Schmunk Gregory A. , Weedn Victor W. ,   The National Association of Medical Examiners Ad Hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence
Published: April 2017

Objective

Forensic pathologists play a vital role in the justice system in matters concerning questions of death. Science as applied in the justice system should be objective and neutral. Since the goals of medical examiners and coroners are to determine the cause and manner of death for certification and public health functions (goals different and distinct from the missions of law enforcement agencies), it is important that medicolegal death investigation be independent. Accurate investigation, examination, reporting, and testimony by forensic pathologists are important to determine the cause and manner of death of individuals who die under sudden, unexpected, or violent circumstances. These cases can become the focus of political or legal pressure by individuals or offices seeking to influence the pathologist's findings. This pressure, even if seemingly unsuccessful in an individual case, can introduce error, bias, and corruption into the medicolegal investigation process. This paper reinforces the principle that medical examiners, coroners and forensic pathologists should be allowed to perform medicolegal investigations free of these influences.

Participants

The ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence of the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME), a self-selected volunteer committee, developed this position paper. The findings are based on surveys of the NAME membership regarding members’ experience with, and reaction to, outside influence.

Evidence

Surveys of NAME members revealed that medical examiner independence was important to most members. Over 70% of survey respondents had been subjected to pressures to influence their findings, and many had suffered negative consequences for resisting those influences. In a separate study, over 30% of respondents indicated that fear of litigation affected their diagnostic decision-making. In 2009, the National Research Council of the National Academies published recommendations to strengthen the forensic sciences; they specifically recommended that medical examiner and coroner offices should be independent from law enforcement agencies and prosecutors’ offices.

Consensus Process

This position paper represents the consensus of the ad hoc Committee on Medical Examiner Independence, submitted to the Executive Committee and Board of Directors of NAME, and subject to comment and review by the membership.

Conclusions

It is the position of NAME that forensic pathologists working in or for medical examiner or coroner offices or as private consultants should be permitted to objectively pursue and report the facts and their opinions of those cases which they are investigating independent of political influences from other agencies within their respective jurisdictions and independent of the threat of litigation.
Death Certificate Surveillance: A Component of Death Investigation
Authors: Tatsumi Kanayo , Shapiro Steven L. , Bundock Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Medical examiners/coroners serve various functions beyond the medicolegal framework, including making contributions to public safety and health. In order to effectively fulfill this role, it is essential to ensure accurate certification of each death.

Materials and Methods

In Vermont, the Department of Health, Vital Records Division has developed a death certificate surveillance program in which all registered deaths are reviewed by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME). A death certificate is fagged by the OCME for further investigation when cause and manner of death statements are incomplete, erroneous, or suggest the possibility of an unnatural death. If necessary, after review, death certificates are amended. Death Certificate Review (DCR) cases between 2008 and 2011 were retrieved from the OCME database. Data were evaluated for amendments of cause and manner of death.

Results

The OCME reviewed all death certificates and further investigated 4.4% and amended 3.3% of all death certificates in Vermont between the years 2008–2011. Eighty-eight percent of the amended DCRs were for cause of death statements and 10% resulted in change of manner. For the latter, change from natural to accident was most frequent.

Conclusions

Death certificates are a major source of epidemiologic data. Ensuring complete and accurate death certification through death certificate surveillance is a small but significant contribution of the OCME to public health.
The Cuyahoga County Heroin Epidemic
Authors: Gilson Thomas , Herby Camille , Naso-Kaspar Claire
Published: April 2017

Cuyahoga County, Ohio has recently seen a dramatic rise in the number of deaths associated with heroin (DAH). DAH rose from 40 in 2007 to 161 in 2012 with heroin now identified in half of all overdose deaths. One third of DAH involve heroin alone; the remainder, in combination with other drugs. Over this period, opioid pain reliever (OPR) deaths appear to have plateaued.

Along with this rise have been shifts in overdose victim demographics. These data most notably include a rise in the number of women (from 15% to 24%), overdoses between the ages 19 and 29 (8% to 25%), and a generally equal number of urban and suburban fatalities.

The Medical Examiner's Office conducted a retrospective analysis of 2012 fatalities to identify potential risk factors and intervention points. This review indicates that most victims (81%) were known to abuse drugs. Half were found with drug paraphernalia at the scene. Approximately 12% were using heroin with other addicts, while 60% were using drugs or succumbed to them in proximity to other non-using people. Emergency medical services were only able to administer naloxone in 22% of cases. Histories of recent abstinence (29%), incarceration (18%), and detoxification (31%) were noted and may reflect times of increased risk secondary to decreased tolerance. A prescription for legal controlled substances was noted in 64% of DAH (the most common medications being OPRs and benzodiazepines). This suggests a need to address prescribing practices. Public health interventions, implemented or planned, based on these data are discussed.
A Case of a Gunshot Wound with 5.7 × 28 mm Ammunition
Authors: Poulos Christopher K.
Published: April 2017

The 5.7 × 28 mm family of cartridges was designed by Fabrique Nationale in Belgium as a military cartridge designed to penetrate body armor while still being fired from a small personal defense weapon that could be carried by military personnel whose activities precluded carrying larger weapons. To accomplish this, the designers relied upon a projectile with a steel penetrator and extremely high velocities. As hollow point ammunition is forbidden from military use by the Hague Convention, the projectile was designed to deposit its energy within the body by yawing (tumbling) rather than expanding or deforming. Since its introduction, civilian variants of the 5.7 × 28 mm cartridge have been developed, and while the projectiles of these cartridges are not armor piercing, some appear to retain the yawing characteristics of the military projectiles as illustrated in the case of an individual shot with a civilian variant of the 5.7 × 28 mm cartridge where the yaw was evidenced by the rear-first positioning of the projectile when recovered at autopsy.
A Perspective on Medicolegal Death Investigation in the United States: 2013
Authors: Hanzlick Randy L.
Published: April 2017

The status of medicolegal death investigation in the United States is reviewed based on the literature, reports, surveys, and vital statistics data. The vast majority of chief medicolegal death investigation system officers are coroners, but the majority of the U.S. population is served by medical examiner systems. Conversion of coroner systems to medical examiner systems has come nearly to a halt. More forensic pathologists are needed to enable autopsy performance at a rate of one per thousand population and comply with the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) standards regarding autopsy caseload. Efforts are needed to recruit and retain forensic pathology trainees in the specialty of forensic pathology. More medicolegal death investigators are needed and measures need to be taken to train and certify more of them. Regional medicolegal death investigation and autopsy centers are needed in some parts of the country and some areas of the U.S. lack ready access to forensic pathologists. Only a small portion of medical examiner and coroner offices is accredited by NAME or the International Association of Coroners and Medical Examiners (IAC&ME). Medical examiner/coroner death certification and autopsy rates in the states vary considerably, probably due to variations in statutes, funding, staffing, practice preferences, and practice patterns that have evolved through tradition and custom. Although death investigation in the United States seems to be adequate to meet basic needs in the various states, there is room for further improvement in the scope and quality of service and manpower.
Oregon State Medical Examiner: Changing the Umbrella from Public Health to State Police
Authors: Lewman Larry V. , Gunson Karen
Published: April 2017

This article describes the transition of the Oregon State Medical Examiner from public health agency oversight to an entity that is now administratively within the Oregon State Police (OSP), along with relevant office history. Data are drawn from personal experience and statutes. There are those that feel it is a conflict of interest to operate a medical examiner (ME) program as part of a police agency. The majority of any medical examiner cases are medical problems, not criminal issues. Forensic pathologist medical examiners are trained to tell the difference. OSP has supported the ME program infinitely more in every way than the prior public health agency. To date, no conflict or pressure has been brought to change or influence the conduct of a death investigation and the issue has never been raised in the courtroom. The ME program was poorly understood, underfunded, understaffed, and on the verge of collapse under the health department administration, but continues to thrive and improve under the Oregon State Police. Other medical examiner systems with lack of funding and support may wish to consider the Oregon experience.
PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Edora Ms.
Published: April 2017

This research is conducted to reveal the influence of Problem Based Learning method toward students’ critical thinking ability improvement on Introduction of Economy and Business subject in SMKN 1 Bandung. The method used in this research is quasi experimental with Nonequivalent (Pretest and Posttest) Control Group Design. The data analysis technique with parametric statistical, test of dif­ference (paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test), gain score and effect size calculation used in this research is SPSS versi 21. The result shown that the use of Problem Based Learning method is more effective to improve the critical thinking ability than the Jigsaw techniques. learning
Penerapan Metode Inkuiri dalam Pemanfaatan Lingkungan Sekitar Sebagai Sumber Pembelajaran IPS untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis
Authors: Ramawati Isye
Published: April 2017

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh permasalahan yang  terjadi pada guru yaitu belum memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber pembelajaran yang optimal, sehingga peserta didik banyak yang tidak mengenal lingkungan sekitar dan kurang memiliki kepedulian terhadap lingkungannya. Kemampuan peserta didik dalam berpikir kritis masih sangat terbatas, sehingga hasil belajar yang diperoleh belum maksimal. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu  bagaimana kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber pembelajaran melalui metode inkuiri, dengan yang tidak memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar melalui metode ceramah, serta mengetahui respon peserta didik dan kendala guru dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar. Metode inkuiri diterapkan agar  peserta didik diharapkan mampu berpikir kritis yang di dalamnya terdapat indikator-indikator : orientasi pada masalah, belajar meneliti, pemecahan masalah, mengembangkan dan menyajikan hasil pemecahan masalah dan menganalisa proses pemecahan masalah melalui  pengamatan lingkungan yaitu Kawasan Punclut yang merupakan  kawasan yang terletak di Bandung Utara. Kawasan ini merupakan bagian dari cekungan Bandung yang memiliki kondisi alam dan keterkaitan ekosistem yang sangat penting untuk menjadi kawasan hutan lindung, dan sebagai salah satu generator iklim mikro serta entry point bagi penataan kawasan Bandung Utara, dimana indikator yang diteliti adalah vegetasi, kemiringan lereng, pola penggunaan lahan dan kedalaman air tanah (dilihat dari kedalaman sumur gali). Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas VII SMPN 52 Bandung tahun ajaran 2012-2013. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah classrom action research dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa pedoman observasi di lapangan, observasi di dalam kelas, tes berpikir kritis, dan wawancara kepada guru dan peserta didik. Secara umum hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan berpikir kritis pada kelas yang memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber belajar melalui metode inkuiri. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan lingkungan sekitar sebagai sumber belajar dapat meningkatkan cara berpikir kritis peserta didik. Rekomendasi yang dapat disampaikan : 1) Dibutuhkan kepiawaian guru untuk merancang perencanaan pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran dan lingkungan yang berada di sekitar sekolah. 2) Sebelum peserta didik memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitarnya, hendaknya mereka dibekali wawasan keilmuan dan hubungan sosial dengan masyarakat sebagai landasan dasar berpikir kritis.
INCREASED RESISTANCE TO DESTABILIZING FACTORS OF POWER PLANTS OF A FISHING VESSEL
Authors: Zheleznyak Alexander Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2017

The task of developing methods and tools for the study of stability for parallel operation of two or more diesel and the shaft generator sets as a part of an autonomous electrical power system of the fishing vessel is considered. The use of such devices is a promising and demanded, but difficult to implement due to the high dependence of the frequency of the current generated by such units on the temperature and the quality of lubricating oils, advance angle of fuel supply, the depreciation of the fuel equipment, the influence of depreciation of cylinder piston group and parts of the crank mechanism, the load, the fuel properties and the external environment. The method of increasing the stabilization of processes in the units of the ship power plants and providing their rating data in the conditions of availability of the destabilizing operational factors is offered. The method is based on the compensation of influence of the destabilizing operational factors on dynamic characteristics of transition processes on the frequency of ship power plant units. The modeling results are presented in the example of implementation of described approach. The scheme of the regulator of the sliding mode of the adaptive system of automatic control with the frequency of rotation of a bent shaft of diesel allowing to study the processes of fluctuations of its speed and to develop the principles of its effective management was developed. For its synthesis the new mathematical description of dynamics of diesel which brings the generator into rotation was developed. This allows not only to provide the work of diesel and the shaft generators units, but also, as a result, to exercise effective management of electric power parameters in autonomous electric power industry, to develop means and methods of providing the required indicators of quality of the electric power produced by the main and auxiliary power units.
RATIONALE OF POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF VISUAL INSPECTION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS OF STEEL HULL
Authors: Yastrebov Dmitry , Belavina Olga , Belov Oleg , Shvetsov Vladimir
Published: April 2017

The main method of steel hull protection from corrosion is sacrificial protection. Today the performance assessment of the sacrificial protection is difficult and laborious problem which demands substantial costs and application of job-dedicated machinery. In the article the possibility of the exception of expensive visual inspection to control cathodic protection systems of steel hulls is proved. It allows reducing the complexity of control and the costs of its implementation. Measurements the potential of the ship's hull and the strength of protection current running on a reference electrode in six control points have been carried out to determine the technical condition of cathodic protection systems in the studied vessels. Measurements of control parameters were performed three times; precision of measurements is confirmed by mathematical and statistical methods.
Makna Perlawanan Kultural dalam Puisi Indonesia Mutakhir
Authors: Manuaba I.B. Putera
Published: April 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji bentuk perlawanan kultural yang ada dalam puisi Indonesia mutakhir serta manfaatnya. Penelitian telah menemukan beberapa bentuk perlawanan kultural dalam puisi-puisi Indonesia, termasuk perlawanan terhadap ketidakadilan sosial, demoralisasi, modernisasi, kekuasaan, kekerasan dan penindasan, serta pendidikan yang tidak mencerdaskan. Perlawanan-perlawanan budaya tersebut mengandung makna sebagai berikut. Pertama, untuk membangun masyarakat bangsa yang lebih mementingkan keadilan sosial. Kedua, untuk menciptakan sebuah masyarakat bermoralitas tinggi. Ketiga, untuk meraih kemajuan dan modernisasi dalam kehidupan di segala bidang tetapi tetap menghargai rasa kemanusiaan antarumat manusia. Keempat, bertujuan untuk membuat hidup masyarakat lebih sejahtera dan bahagia. Kelima, untuk menyarankan dan memandu gaya hidup dan budaha antikekerasan. Keenam, untuk membangun kehidupan yang toleran dan egaliter. Ketujuh, untuk mendorong pendidikan yang berorientasi pada pemberdayaan masyarakat supaya lebih pandai dan siap setiap saat untuk menghadapi tantangan dalam hidup mereka.

Abstract:

The research’s aim is to study any form of cultural resistance existing in the contemporary Indonesian poems and its significance. The research has found some forms of the cultural resistance taking place in the Indonesian poems, including the resistance againts the social injustice, demoralization, modernization, power, violence and oppression, and devastating and weakening education. The cultural resistances have a sense of the following. First, to build the society nation which emphasizes more on the social justice. Second, to create a society upholding high morality. Third, to accomplish any advancement and modernization in life and in any field but remain respecting the humanity sense among human kinds. Fourth, aim to make people better off and live happily. Fifth, to advise and guide the antiviolence way of life and culture. Sixth, to build tolerant and egalitarian life. And finally, sixth, to encourage the education oriented on empowering people to be smart and being always ready in coving with challenges being faced any time in their life.

Keywords: poem, cultural resistance, sense
Analisis Makna Lagu Bugis “Sajang Rennu” Ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi Melalui Pendekatan Hermeneutika
Authors: Herianah Herianah
Published: April 2017

Tulisan ini bertujuan membahas makna lagu Bugis Sajang Rennu ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi melalui pendekatan hermeneutika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik inventarisasi, baca-simak, dan pencatatan dalam pengumpulan datanya. Teknik analisis data melalui tahap identifikasi, klasifikasi, analisis, dan deskripsi. Analisis makna lagu dengan pendekatan hermeneutika ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap, yaitu analisis kata dalam larik lagu, analisis larik dalam bait, dan analisis bait dalam lagu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna lagu Sajang Rennu ciptaan Yusuf Alamudi adalah adanya rasa sirik ‘malu’ dari seorang lelaki karena kekasih pujaan hatinya menikah dengan orang lain tanpa kabar berita. Konsekuensi dari rasa sirik ‘malu’ ini membuatnya berpikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya.

Abstract:

This writing is intended to discuss the meaning of Buginese song Sajang Rennu by Yusuf Alamudi using hermeneutic approach. This research applies descriptive qualitative method by collecting data using inventory technique, reading-observing, and noting. The technique of data analysis is identification, classification, analysis, and description. The result of the research shows that the meaning of Sajang Rennu by Yusuf Alamudi is sirik or feeling embarassed of a man since his girl friend gets married to another man without any notification before. The consequence of sirik makes him think of suicide. It is figured by the statement that one day people will find a new grave, and he is in.

Key Words: meaning; Buginese song; hermeneutic research
Jejak Perlawanan dalam Novel Bumi Manusia dan De Stille Kracht
Authors: Murwani Christina Dewi Tri
Published: April 2017

Menerapkan teori poskolonial pada dua karya sastra yang ditulis oleh dua pengarang yang berbeda nasionalitasnya dan ditulis dalam kurun waktu yang berlainan tetapi merepresentasikan kehidupan masa kolonial Hindia Belanda adalah hal yang menarik. Bumi Manusia (BM, 1980) karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan De Stille Kracht (DSK, 1900) karya Louis Couperus menghadirkan kehidupan pejabat/pegawai Hindia Belanda, pribumi, dan nonpribumi, antara akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20: BM memandang dan mengritik pendidikan dan hukum kolonial Belanda, sedangkan DSK memandang dan mengritik perilaku pejabat pribumi yang dipenuhi pemikiran mistik dan pelanggaran tugas. Kedua novel yang berakhir dengan kehancuran keluarga tokoh mengungkapkan pendapat bahwa hubungan yang tak setara, penjajahan, sampai kapan pun hanya menghadirkan perlawanan dan kesengsaraan.

Abstract:

Applying the postcolonial theory towards two novels, which were written by two authors from different nationalities and periods, representing the life of Dutch colonial period, is an interesting work. Bumi Manusia (1980) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesian author, and De Stille Kracht (1900) by Louis Couperus, Dutch author, tell about the life of Dutch government officials ( indigenous and non-indigenous ) on the end of the 19th century until the early of the 20th. Bumi Manusia views and criticizes education and the Dutch colonial law; De Stille kracht views and criticizes indigenous government officials with their mystic thought and violation of duty. Both novels, which end with broken families of the main characters, reveal the opinion that the non-equal connection, colonization just brings struggle and suffering forever.

Key Words: postcolonialism, representation of colonial periode, mystic and education, laws and violation
ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЧИСТОТЫ ГОРОДА КАК МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНАЯ НАУЧНАЯ И ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА
Authors: Слепян Э.И.
Published: April 2017

Без аннотации
НЕСОРАЗМЕРНЫЕ И ФЛУКТУИРУЮЩИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ ЗЕМНОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ
Authors: Жижин Г.В.
Published: April 2017

Рассматриваются закономерности существования в природных телах (кристаллах, рудных телах, живых организмах) сложно организованной материи: несоразмерных и флуктуирующих структур. Основной анализ проводится на основе данных по исследованию квазикристаллов в силу преобладающего количества экспериментальных и теоретических исследований в этой области. Используются методы геометрического анализа электронных дифрактограмм и теория фазового перехода 2-го рода с учетом процесса скейлинга. Показано, что дифрактограммы свидетельствуют о том, что несоразмерные структуры представляют собой 4-мерные образования со скрытой периодичностью и фундаментальной областью в виде «золотого» гиперромбоэдра. Обнаружено, что фазовый переход с изменением структуры для ряда конкретных веществ может сопровождаться флуктуацией структуры в силу отсутствия устойчивого положения равновесия в таких процессах (режим флуктуирующего скейлинга).
ЛАНДШАФТЫ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА: ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ, ДИНАМИКА, РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ
Authors: Исаченко Г.А. , Резников А.И.
Published: April 2017

Ландшафтная структура Санкт-Петербурга (СПб) в границах субъекта Российской Федерации (1439 км2) анализируется на основании карты (масштаб 1 : 200000), составленной авторами на принципах ландшафтно-динамического подхода. Ландшафты рассматриваются в совокупности местоположения (характеризуемого устойчивыми признаками рельефа, подстилающих пород и режима увлажнения) и многолетних состояний (соответствующих в основном растительным сообществам и некоторым свойствам почв). По мере расширения территории мегаполиса его ландшафтная структура непрерывно усложнялась; в ней выделяются 39 видов местоположений первого уровня, образуемых естественно залегающими и/или насыпными (намывными) грунтами и 17 местоположений второго уровня, где на естественную (насыпанную, намытую) поверхность накладывается капитальная преимущественно многоэтажная застройка и преобладают различные искусственные поверхности. Территории с долей застройки не менее 5% занимают около 48% площади города; около 7% находится под незастроенными намывными землями и искусственными островами. Около 30% территории СПб занимают естественные ландшафты (где преобладают процессы природной динамики, слабо контролируемой человеком), в том числе зарастающие лесом сельскохозяйственные угодья, осушенные болота, заброшенные карьеры и выработанные торфяники. Рассмотрены основные особенности естественных ландшафтов с лесной растительностью (породный состав которой в целом соответствует лесам южной подзоны тайги Восточной Европы), болотных ландшафтов (в разной степени измененных человеком) и природных комплексов побережья Финского залива. Детально проанализирован процесс формирования сети особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) СПб, включая возникающие при этом конфликты природопользования. В случае реализации закона о комплексном обследовании потенциальных ООПТ, принятого в 2014 г., площадь ООПТ может достигнуть 20% городской территории, что обеспечит сохранность всех основных типов естественных ландшафтов. Согласно данным 8-летнего ландшафтного мониторинга на 10 ООПТ СПб, наиболее динамичны природные комплексы зарастающих сельскохозяйственных угодий, осушаемых торфяников, бывших торфоразработок и берегов Финского залива: в течение нескольких лет здесь может происходить смена растительных сообществ, а в некоторых случаях – и форм рельефа. Изучение многолетней динамики естественных и антропогенно-преобразованных ландшафтов СПб имеет огромное значение не только для сохранения эталонов дикой природы в пределах городских ООПТ, но и для поддержания качества среды обитания в городе в целом.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕХНОГЕННОГО ОСАДКОНАКОПЛЕНИЯ В ВОДОТОКАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА
Authors: Опекунов А.Ю. , Митрофанова Е.С. , Шейнерман Н.А.
Published: April 2017

Проведено исследование донных осадков рек и каналов центральной части Санкт-Петербурга. Изучены 11 водотоков, протекающих в районах с различной степенью техногенной нагрузки. Выявлены основные особенности осадконакопления: скорости, поток абсолютных масс, объемы накопленных осадков; изучен разрез современных осадков, а также содержание в них органического углерода и нефтяных углеводородов. Установлены водотоки, испытывающие на себе наибольшее антропогенное воздействие, выполнено ранжирование водотоков по степени экологического неблагополучия на основе концентрации в донных осадках и количества накопленных в них нефтяных углеводородов.
Рецензия на книгу Andrei P. Kozlov "Evolution by Tumor Neofunctionalization. The Role of Tumors in the Origin of New Cell Types, Tissues and Organs" Boston : Elsevier–Academic Press, 2014
Authors: Мясникова Е.М.
Published: April 2017

Без аннотации
АППАРАТНО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ВОЗДУХА ПОМЕЩЕНИЙ
Authors: Чусов А.Н. , Воробьев К.В
Published: April 2017

С учетом действующих санитарно-гигиенических норм сформулированы требования к устройствам для очистки, увлажнения и насыщения аэроионами воздуха в помещениях. Приведены экспериментальные данные по применению аппаратно-биологического комплекса, в котором используются растения в комбинации с техническими средствами очистки и ионизации для повышения качества воздуха.
Outcome of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in distal tibial fractures
Authors: Pradhan Nabees Man Singh , Khan JA , Acharya B , Shrestha S , Tamrakar R , Gyawali B , Bhatta TR , Shrestha S K , Rahbhandari A
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Distal tibial fractures present as a major challenge for the orthopedic trauma surgeons. Most non-operative treatments result in non-union or malunion and needs prolonged immobilization of the knee and ankle joints, with resulting stiffness. Open reduction and internal fixation as well as external fixation has high rate of infection and non-union. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis has been shown to have a better outcome and has been the procedure of choice in most distal tibial fractures since the introduction of the locking compression plate. The objective of the study is to review the outcome of Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Osteosynthesis (MIPO) in unstable distal tibial fractures.Methods: Charts of patients who underwent MIPO from the year 2008 to 2013 for unstable distal tibial fractures over five years at Patan Hospital and Om Hospital were reviewed. All displaced closed fractures and Gustillo Anderson Type I and II fractures were included in the study. Plates consisted of the anatomically contoured 4.5 mm LCP and 3.5 mm LCP-Pilon form plate. A simple uniplanar external fixator was used to retain the reduction till the plate was inserted and secured with locking screws. The outcome of MIPO in distal tibial fractures were followed up and evaluated.  Clinical and radiological assessments were performed at 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months.Results: Of the 75 patients (45 male, 30 female) age ranging from 19 to 70 years (mean 47 years), 5 patients were lost to follow-up. 28 patients at 3 months, 32 at 6 months, and 8 at 9 months met the criteria for a healed fracture. Two patients required autologous bone grafting at 9 months for non-union ultimately resulting in the fracture union at 16 months. There was one malunion attributable to the loss of reduction during plate fixation. There were no deep infections, no soft tissue complications and no failures of fixation. The cause of fracture were RTA (n=35), fall from height (n=9), twisting of ankle as a result of fall from standing height (n=22), and others (n=11). The mean time for surgery from the time of injury was 5 (range, 2 to 14) days; the mean hospital stay was 10 (range, 7 to 21) days.Conclusion: MIPO is an effective treatment for closed, unstable fractures of the distal tibia, avoiding the complications associated with more traditional methods of internal fixation and/or external fixation.Journal of Society of Surgeons of NepalVol. 17, No. 2, 2014, Page: 7-11
Intratumoral delivery of bortezomib: impact on survival in an intracranial glioma tumor model
Authors: Wang Weijun , Cho Hee-Yeon , Rosenstein-Sisson Rachel , Marín Ramos Nagore I. , Price Ryan , Hurth Kyle , Schönthal Axel H. , Hofman Florence M. , Chen Thomas C.
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and the most aggressive of primary brain tumors. There is currently no effective treatment for this tumor. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is effective for a variety of tumors, but not for GBM. The authors' goal was to demonstrate that bortezomib can be effective in the orthotopic GBM murine model if the appropriate method of drug delivery is used. In this study the Alzet mini-osmotic pump was used to bring the drug directly to the tumor in the brain, circumventing the blood-brain barrier; thus making bortezomib an effective treatment for GBM.

METHODS

The 2 human glioma cell lines, U87 and U251, were labeled with luciferase and used in the subcutaneous and intracranial in vivo tumor models. Glioma cells were implanted subcutaneously into the right flank, or intracranially into the frontal cortex of athymic nude mice. Mice bearing intracranial glioma tumors were implanted with an Alzet mini-osmotic pump containing different doses of bortezomib. The Alzet pumps were introduced directly into the tumor bed in the brain. Survival was documented for mice with intracranial tumors.

RESULTS

Glioma cells were sensitive to bortezomib at nanomolar quantities in vitro. In the subcutaneous in vivo xenograft tumor model, bortezomib given intravenously was effective in reducing tumor progression. However, in the intracranial glioma model, bortezomib given systemically did not affect survival. By sharp contrast, animals treated with bortezomib intracranially at the tumor site exhibited significantly increased survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Bypassing the blood-brain barrier by using the osmotic pump resulted in an increase in the efficacy of bortezomib for the treatment of intracranial tumors. Thus, the intratumoral administration of bortezomib into the cranial cavity is an effective approach for glioma therapy.
Clival chordomas: considerations after 16 years of endoscopic endonasal surgery
Authors: Zoli Matteo , Milanese Laura , Bonfatti Rocco , Faustini-Fustini Marco , Marucci Gianluca , Tallini Giovanni , Zenesini Corrado , Sturiale Carmelo , Frank Giorgio , Pasquini Ernesto , Mazzatenta Diego
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE

In the past decade, the role of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has relevantly evolved for skull base tumors. In this study, the authors review their surgical experience with using an EEA in the treatment of clival chordomas, which are deep and infiltrative skull base lesions, and they highlight the advantages and limitations of this ventral approach.

METHODS

All consecutive cases of chordoma treated with an EEA between 1998 and 2015 at a single institution are included in this study. Preoperative assessment consisted of neuroimaging (MRI and CT with angiography sequences) and endocrinological, neurological, and ophthalmological evaluations, which were repeated 3 months after surgery and annually thereafter. Postoperative adjuvant therapies were considered.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients (male/female ratio 1:0.9) were included in this study. The median age was 48 years (range 9–80 years). Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 47 cases (58.7%). On univariate analysis, primary procedures (p = 0.001), location in the superior or middle third of the clivus (p = 0.043), extradural location (p = 0.035), and histology of conventional chordomas (p = 0.013) were associated with a higher rate of GTR. The complication rate was 15.1%, and there were no perioperative deaths. Most complications did not result in permanent sequelae and included 2 CSF leaks (2.5%), 5 transient cranial nerve VI palsies (6.2%), and 2 internal carotid artery injuries (2.5%), which were treated with coil occlusion of the internal carotid artery without neurological deficits. Three patients (3.8%) presented with complications resulting in permanent neurological deficits due to a postoperative hematoma (1.2%) causing a hemiparesis, and 2 permanent ophthalmoplegias (2.5%). Seventeen patients (26.2%) have died of tumor progression over the course of follow-up (median 52 months, range 7–159 months). Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the survival rate was 77% at 5 years and 57% at 10 years. On multivariate analysis, the extent of tumor removal (p = 0.001) and the absence of previous treatments (p = 0.001) proved to be correlated with a longer survival rate.

CONCLUSIONS

The EEA was associated with a high rate of tumor removal and symptom control, with low morbidity and preservation of a good quality of life. These results allow for a satisfactory overall survival rate, particularly after GTR and for primary surgery. Considering these results, the authors believe that an EEA can be a helpful tool in chordoma surgery, achieving a good balance between as much tumor removal as possible and the preservation of an acceptable patient quality of life.