bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunity and immune response, pathology and pathologic changes: progress and challenges in the immunopathology of yellow fever
Authors: Quaresma Juarez A. S. , Pagliari Carla , Medeiros Daniele B. A. , Duarte Maria I. S. , Vasconcelos Pedro F. C.
Published: July 2013

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever, which affects people living in Africa and South America and is caused by the yellow fever virus, the prototype species in the Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family). Yellow fever virus infection can produce a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic infection or oligosymptomatic illness to severe disease with a high fatality rate. In this review, we focus in the mechanisms associated with the physiopathology of yellow fever in humans and animal models. It has been demonstrated that several factors play a role in the pathological outcome of the severe form of the disease including direct viral cytopathic effect, necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocyte cells in the midzone, and a minimal inflammatory response as well as low‐flow hypoxia and cytokine overproduction. New information has filled several gaps in the understanding of yellow fever pathogenesis and helped comprehend the course of illness. Finally, we discuss prospects for an immune therapy in the light of new immunologic, viral, and pathologic tools. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of areal surface topography parameters due to the change in surface orientation to measurement direction
Authors: Dzierwa Andrzej , Reizer Rafal , Pawlus Pawel , Grabon Wieslaw
Published: July 2013

Several random surface topographies were analyzed. They were measured by optical (Talysurf CCI Lite) method. They represent one‐ and two‐process anisotropic and isotropic surfaces. These surfaces were rotated of ±1° and ±2° by two methods: on the plane table (before measurement) and virtually (after measurement) using the software TalyMap Gold. After each measurement or surface rotation, each surface was levelled. Then, the forms were removed using polynomial of the 3rd degree. Areal surface topography parameters from standard ISO 25178 were calculated. The relative deviations of parameters were determined. The tendency of surface topography changes characteristic to various surface types were analyzed. It was found that change in orientation to the measurement direction of both isotropic and anisotropic surfaces could be substantial source of the measurement uncertainty. Functional parameter Smr and also feature parameters Sda, Sha, Sdv, Shv, and Spd are the mostly sensitive on measurement orientation. Statistical amplitude parameters Sa and Sq are more stable than parameters describing maximum surface height, like Sz, Sp, and Sv. The effect of surface orientation to measurement direction on values of functional parameters from V group was small. It was shown that changes of Sdq, Sdr, and Spc parameters describing hybrid properties due to surface rotation before measurement were smaller than those caused by change in surface orientation after measurement. SCANNING 36:170–183, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of the treatment effect in the presence of non‐compliance and missing data
Authors: Leuchs Ann‐Kristin , Zinserling Jörg , Schlosser‐Weber Gabriele , Berres Manfred , Neuhäuser Markus , Benda Norbert
Published: July 2013

Treatment non‐compliance and missing data are common problems in clinical trials. Non‐compliance is a broad term including any kind of deviation from the assigned treatment protocol, such as dose modification, treatment discontinuation or switch, often resulting in missing values. Missing values and treatment non‐compliance may bias study results. Follow‐up of all patients until the planned end of treatment period irrespective of their protocol adherence may provide useful information on the effectiveness of a study drug, taking the actual compliance into account. In this paper, we consider non‐compliance as discontinuation of treatment and assume that the endpoint of interest is recorded for some non‐complying patients after treatment discontinuation. As a result, the patient's longitudinal profile is dividable into on‐ and off‐treatment observations.

Within the framework of depression trials, which usually show a considerably high amount of dropouts, we compare different analysis strategies including both on‐ and off‐treatment observations to gain insight into how the additional use of off‐treatment data may affect the trial's outcome. We compare naïve strategies, which simply ignore off‐treatment data or treat on‐ and off‐treatment data in the same way, with more complex strategies based on piecewise linear mixed models, which assume different treatment effects for on‐ and off‐treatment data.

We show that naïve strategies may considerably overestimate treatment effects. Therefore, it is worthwhile to follow up as many patients as possible until the end of their planned treatment period irrespective of compliance, including all available data in an analysis that accounts for the different treatment conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New horizons for prostate cancer: part 2
Authors: Dearnaley David , Ottensmeier Christian , Attard Gerhardt , Crabb Simon
Published: July 2013

This report is based on a seminar held during the 9th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in Bristol. The workshop reviewed emerging prostate cancer treatment strategies that are predicted to have a potential future impact on the management of prostate cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Testosterone deficiency in the ageing man: is the ‘male menopause’ an entity?
Authors: Thrower Sally Louise , Ahmad Bushra
Published: July 2013

In this debate, endocrinologists Sally Thrower and Bushra Ahmad ask whether intervention with testosterone replacement therapy is appropriate to reverse the effects of ageing in men. In the response that follows in this issue, Consultant in Sexual Medicine Geoff Hackett provides evidence from guidelines outlining the beneficial effects of testosterone for hypogonadal men. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Lifestyle modification in the management of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Kalejaiye Odunayo , Persad Raj
Published: July 2013

Modification of lifestyle risk factors is the initial step in the management of erectile dysfunction, before the introduction of pharmacological agents. The authors discuss the evidence supporting this approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Sam's tale
Authors: Hampson Sam
Published: July 2013

Sam Hampson, Former Consultant Urologist at St George's Hospital, gives a personal account of his experience of head injury. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Diseases of the pancreas
Authors: Mudan Satvinder
Published: July 2013

Diseases of the pancreas often manifest late, and surgery on the gland is technically difficult. Mr Mudan summarises the presentation and treatment of the main conditions affecting the pancreas ‐ pancreatitis and cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Social capital: Its constructs and survey development
Authors: Enfield Richard P. , Nathaniel Keith C.
Published: July 2013

This article reports on experiences and methods of adapting a valid adult social capital assessment to youth audiences in order to measure social capital and sense of place. The authors outline the process of adapting, revising, prepiloting, piloting, and administering a youth survey exploring young people's sense of community, involvement in the community, and the development of social capital. They then discuss the trade‐offs of defining the often amorphous concepts included in social capital as they select measurement scales. The constructs used in the survey are agency, belonging, engagement, and trust for bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital.
Social capital and youth development: Toward a typology of program practices
Authors: Emery Mary
Published: July 2013

As part of our inquiry into how youth development and 4‐H programming can affect the development of social capital for youth and for the community, we engaged youth in ripple mapping. Based on this information, we provide a typology of participation structures in youth development activities and the expected bridging and bonding social capital outcomes for each type. This article outlines the key factors underlying the typology and discusses strategies for using the typology to expand the impact of youth development and 4‐H programming on young people and communities. It also outlines potential implications for increasing opportunities for fostering social capital leading to a spiraling‐up effect for youth, volunteers, and the community.
Using multiple youth programming delivery modes to drive the development of social capital in 4‐H participants
Authors: Kinsey Sharon
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on how 4‐H youth participants are building social capital, or connections among individuals and community members, through their 4‐H experiences. These experiences can be seen through the lens of such 4‐H delivery modes as the traditional 4‐H club, after‐school programs, and school enrichment programs. In addition, other experiences such as leadership camps and conferences or activities in the local community afford youth the opportunity to build the relationships, trust, and respect reflective of social capital. Examples are derived from 4‐H program participants—urban, suburban and rural youth—in Camden County, New Jersey.
Engaging underrepresented youth populations in community youth development: Tapping social capital as a critical resource
Authors: Erbstein Nancy
Published: July 2013

For youth who are the most vulnerable to challenging community conditions, more limited opportunities, and poor health, educational and economic trajectories derive especially strong benefits from engagement in community youth development efforts. Although communities can benefit in powerful ways from the knowledge and insight of these youth populations, the experiences of vulnerable youth are often underrepresented in planning and decision making. This article draws on lessons learned from two communities that successfully engaged such youth in a community change initiative over four years.

Key elements in creating the types of safe, supportive, and meaningful settings that promote young people's ongoing participation and leadership were intentionality and commitment; local knowledge of vulnerable populations; adult allies with key capacities; meaningful focus; resources for intensive outreach, relationship building, and youth support; and continuity of key adults. Each of these elements is described, identifying the ways they build on often underrecognized forms of social capital and offering lessons learned about engaging underserved youth populations in community youth development.
Synthesis, Structure, and SOD‐like Activity of a Copper(II) Complex Containing a Bistriazole Group
Authors: Zhou Ying‐Hua , Wan Wei‐Qing , Sun Da‐Liang , Tao Jun , Zhang Li , Wei Xian‐Wen
Published: July 2013

The dinuclear complex [Cu2(HL)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (1) [H2L = 5′‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1‐H,2′‐H‐3, 3′‐bis(1, 2,4‐triazole)] was obtained and fully characterized. It exhibits a centrosymmetry configuration, in which each copper(II) ion is pentacoordinate with four nitrogen atoms of two triazole ligands and one oxygen atom from a water molecule. The net atomic charges distribution and atomic orbital contribution to frontier molecular orbitals were obtained using the Gaussian 98 program with Hartree‐Fock method at LANL2DZ level, indicating that the copper(II) ion has the potential to accept the electron of O2·–. The complex showed quasi‐reversible one‐electron CuII/CuI redox waves with redox potentials of –0.034 V. The SOD‐like activity (IC50) of 1 was measured to be 0.18 ± 0.01 μM by xanthine/xanthine oxidase‐NBT assay at pH 7.8. The relatively high SOD activity suggests that the positive charge of protonated triazole can effectively steer O2·– to and from the active copper ion.
Copper Substitution and Mixed Cation Effect in Ag10Te4Br3
Authors: Giller Malte , Bawohl Melanie , Gerstle Alexandra P. , Nilges Tom
Published: July 2013

Ag10Te4Br3 is the first compound of this substance class, where covalent interactions in the tellurium substructure led to the formation of Peierls distorted linear chains, responsible for a strong modulation of the electronic structure. This compound represents the first example within a series of pnp switching compounds, where the interplay of mobile ions, in combination with the attractive interactions, created by partially covalent‐bonded anion substructures defines a new substance class of resistivity switching phases. Herein, we report on the partial substitution of mobile copper ions into the cation substructure of cation conducting Ag10Te4Br3. An X‐ray powder phase analysis substantiated the continuous intake of copper in the title compound. Thermoanalytic investigations were performed to analyse the influence of two mobile species on the structural phase transitions of the polymorphic coinage metal (poly)telluride bromide.
On the generalized geometry origin of noncommutative gauge theory
Authors: Jurčo Branislav , Schupp Peter , Vysoký Jan
Published: July 2013

Abstract

We discuss noncommutative gauge theory from the generalized geometry point of view. We argue that the equivalence between the commutative and semiclassically noncommutative DBI actions is naturally encoded in the generalized geometry of D-branes.
Clinical Significance of Delphian Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Oh Eun Mee , Chung Yoo Seung , Lee Young Don
Published: July 2013

Background

Delphian lymph node (DLN) metastasis has long been considered a prognostic marker of head and neck malignancy. These days, the significance of DLN in thyroid cancer has come to the fore. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of DLN metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Patients and methods

The study was carried out between July 2009 and December 2011, and DLN was detected in 245 of 898 PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral central compartment neck dissection. In those 245 patients DLN status was correlated with clinical and pathologic factors, including age, gender, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and central and lateral nodal metastasis.

Results

DLN metastasis was found in 20 % of the patients studied (49 of 245), and DLN metastasis was correlated with tumor size, multicentricity, bilaterality, and LVI excluding ETE (all p < 0.05). The proportion of male patients was higher in the DLN metastasis positive group than in the DLN metastasis negative group (34.7 vs. 13.3 %; p < 0.05). Most of the patients (95.9 %) with DLN metastasis had other central neck node metastasis, and the metastatic central lymph node ratio was higher (0.38 ± 0.23 versus 0.09 ± 0.16; p < 0.001) and lateral neck node metastasis was more common (2.6 vs. 32.7 % <0.001) than in patients without DLN metastasis. For central and lateral compartment nodal metastasis, DLN status had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100, 37.4, 58.1, and 100 %, and 85.3, 76.2, 97.4, and 32.7 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors affecting DLN involvement were tumor size and LVI. Patients with positive DLN were ~1.6 times more likely to have further central compartment disease and 3.6 times more likely to have lateral compartment disease.

Conclusions

DLN metastasis in patients with PTC is related to a number of poor prognostic factors. Furthermore DLN involvement implies that the patients are predicted to have heavy burden of central neck node metastasis and are more likely to have further lateral neck node metastasis. It is recommended that DLN is evaluated and dissected in all patients with thyroid cancer. If DLN metastasis is suspected, the surgeon should thoroughly dissect the central neck compartment and pay particular attention to the lateral lymph node compartments.
Community Psychology and Transformative Policy Change in the Neo‐liberal Era
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey
Published: July 2013

I present ideas about how community psychologists, as researcher‐activists, can influence public policy. I begin by describing the current neo‐liberal era, noting the immense obstacles it poses to progressive policy change. Next I contrast two approaches to understanding policy formation, evidence‐based policy and discursive policy analysis, and argue that transformative policy change can benefit from both approaches. I then propose three types of policy outcomes that community psychology research and activism should aim to promote: (a) shaping problem definition, (b) controlling channels for debate and participation, and (c) allocating resources. I use examples from community psychologists’ involvement in policy, mostly in Canada, to illustrate how such policy change can be both achieved and constrained. I conclude by discussing implications for theory and practice related to policy change.
Influence of Surfactant on the Characteristics of W1/O/W2‐Microparticles
Authors: Benéitez Maria Cristina , Espada Juan Ignacio , Fernandes Daniel , de la Ossa Dolores Hernán Pérez , Gil‐Alegre Maria Esther
Published: July 2013

The water‐in‐oil‐in water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion evaporation technique is widely used when the microencapsulation of soluble agents like naloxone HCl is intended. The present work shows the effect of HLB emulsifiers added to phase O on microsphere morphology, size, release, drug encapsulation efficiency. The addition of sorbitan ester to first emulsion (W1/O) and the HLB of the surfactant have an important effect on the characteristics of poly‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP). This MP with sorbitan esters added were smaller and released the hydrophilic drug, naloxone, with no‐significant difference at pH 5 versus pH 7.5 (phosphate medium). This is an important fact when long‐drug release is considered since it is known that PLGA degradation leads to media acidification. The HLB value had an important effect on drug loading. Sorbitan monooleate led to the highest naloxone loading. Because of its low HLB (4.3), it is most suitable for stabilizing the W1/O emulsion, which is fundamental for the successful entrapment of a hydrophilic compound in MP prepared by double emulsion technique. Finally, drug solubility in the MP matrixes cannot be considered as a predictive parameter for drug encapsulation. Both surfactants increased the naloxone solubility in the polymer PLGA and only sorbitan monooleate increased the drug entrapment.
Preparation and Characterization of C10–C14Alkyl Cellulose Ester Sulfate Surfactant
Authors: Yu Jian‐Ling , Yang Fang , Liu Zhi‐Hua , Liu Ya‐Nan , Li Gang
Published: July 2013

The aim of this work is to synthesize surfactants based on cellulose with different molecular weights. Raw cotton cellulose was tailored into cellulose segments with different molecular weights by a hydrothermal process, then the average degree of polymerization (DP) was determined by viscosimetry and the molecular weight distribution was estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The C10–C14alkyl cellulose ester sulfate surfactants were prepared by hydrophilic sulfonation and hydrophobic esterification. The surface tension of the surfactants solution was obtained by the Wilhelmy plate method. Results showed that the cellulose segments presented a broader distribution compared with the raw material. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) value decreased from 1.08 to 0.86 wt% as the hydrophobic chain length was increased from 10 to 14. The CMC values of cellulose surfactants with C14‐acyl chloride hydrophobization decreased from 1.32 to 0.86 wt% as the DP was decreased from 2,700 to 296.
Synthesis and the Structure to Property Relationship of Monoperfluoroalkyl Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Jaoued‐Grayaa Najeh , Boughariou‐Charrada Boutheina , Hedhli Ahmed
Published: July 2013

Monoprotected polyethylene glycols (PEG) react with epichlorohydrin to furnish PEGylated epoxides. The latter were converted into the corresponding α‐(2‐F‐alkylethyl)thiomethyl polyethylene glycols by treatment with 2‐F‐alkylethanethiol. Surface activity of the obtained surfactants was investigated by evaluation of PEG and perfluoroalkyl chains length on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface and interfacial tensions.
Predictors and consequences of developmental changes in adolescent girls' self‐reported quality of attachment to their primary caregiver
Authors: Scott Lori N. , Whalen Diana J. , Zalewski Maureen , Beeney Joseph E. , Pilkonis Paul A. , Hipwell Alison E. , Stepp Stephanie D.
Published: July 2013

In an at‐risk community sample of 2101 girls, we examined trajectories, predictors, and consequences of changes in a central aspect of adolescents' perceived quality of attachment (QOA), i.e., their reported trust in the availability and supportiveness of the primary caregiver. Results demonstrated two distinct epochs of change in this aspect of girls' perceived QOA, with a significant linear decrease in early adolescence (ages 11–14) followed by a plateau from 14 to 16. Baseline parent‐reported harsh punishment, low parental involvement, single parent status, and child‐reported depression symptoms predicted steeper decreases in attachment during early adolescence, which in turn predicted greater child‐reported depression and conduct disorder symptoms in later adolescence. Results suggest that both parent and child factors contribute to trajectories of self‐reported QOA in adolescence, and a faster rate of decrease in girls' perceived QOA to caregivers during early adolescence may increase risk for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Identification of nuclear retention domains in the RBM20 protein
Authors: Filippello Agnese , Lorenzi Pamela , Bergamo Elisa , Romanelli Maria Grazia
Published: July 2013

RBM20 is a nuclear protein which regulates alternative splicing of expressed genes that have a key role in cardiac function. By cloning the human and mouse RBM20 cDNA, producing expressing vectors for truncated proteins, and comparing their sub‐cellular distribution in transfected cells, we have identified the sequences necessary for RBM20 full nuclear retention. The region overlaps an RNA binding motif and a serine–arginine domain. The sequence is conserved in many species but belongs only to RBM20 orthologs. The RMB20 tissue specificity, together with the properties of its nuclear localization determinant, demonstrates a specific evolutionary selection of post‐transcriptional regulation factors.
In silico investigation of PHD‐3 specific HIF1‐α proline 567 hydroxylation: A new player in the VHL/HIF‐1α interaction pathway?
Authors: Minervini Giovanni , Masiero Alessandro , Moro Stefano , Tosatto Silvio C.E.
Published: July 2013

Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) regulates oxygen homeostasis in the cell through a sensing mechanism involving its hydroxylation and binding to the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. This mechanism is mediated through hydroxylation of HIF‐1α proline 564, although in vitro tests have previously shown an alternative hydroxylation at proline 567 by PHD‐3. Here, molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the structural effect of this alternative hydroxylation. A specific hydrogen bond network rearrangement and improved electrostatic energy for hydroxylated P567 are compatible with an increase in HIF‐1α binding affinity. Sequence analysis also confirms P567 to be vastly conserved during evolution, indicating a possible role for this alternative, PHD‐3 driven, post translational modification in pVHL–HIF‐1α complex formation.
Structural peculiarities of the (MHF1–MHF2)4 octamer provide a long DNA binding patch to anchor the MHF–FANCM complex to chromatin: A solution SAXS study
Authors: Wang Wenjia , Guo Qiong , Shtykova Eleonora V. , Liu Guangfeng , Xu Jianhua , Teng Maikun , Liu Peng , Dong Yuhui
Published: July 2013

MHF1 and MHF2 are histone‐fold‐containing FANCM‐associated proteins. FANCM is a Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group protein. We previously obtained high‐resolution structures of MHF1–MHF2 (MHF) and MHF in complex with a fragment of FANCM (MHF–FANCM‐F). Here, we use small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) to investigate the solution behaviors of these protein complexes. In combination with crystallographic data, the results of the SAXS study reveal that a long, positively charged patch exposed on the surface of the MHF complex plays a critical role in double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding.
miR‐145 suppresses osteogenic differentiation by targeting Sp7
Authors: Jia Jie , Tian Qing , Ling Song , Liu Yong , Yang Shuhua , Shao Zengwu
Published: July 2013

Osteogenesis depends on a coordinated network of transcription factors including Sp7. Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) act as pivotal regulators in various biological processes including osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Here, we investigated the effect of miR‐145 on osteogenic differentiation. miR‐145 was decreased during osteogenic differentiation, which could suppress the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 and MC3T3‐E1 cells confirmed by gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis combined with luciferase reporter assay, and Western blot validated that miR‐145 negatively regulated Sp7 expression. Inhibition of Sp7 showed similar effect with miR‐145 on osteogenic differentiation, whereas overexpression of Sp7 attenuated this effect. Collectively, these data indicate that miR‐145 is a novel regulator of Sp7, and it suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 and MC3T3‐E1 cells.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool—Japanese Version
Authors: Notoh Hiroyuki , Yamada Takashi , Kobayashi Norikazu , Ishii Yoshikazu , Forsyth Kirsty
Published: July 2013

Objective/Background

The Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool-Japanese version (J-MOHOST) was developed, and it was identified that the J-MOHOST did not have any problems in linguistic validation. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the J-MOHOST for the physical disabilities.

Methods

Forty-four participants were recruited from the rehabilitative wards and data, including demographic variables and the J-MOHOST scores, were obtained. The fit statistics, rating scale characteristics, and reliability index were examined using the Rasch analysis.

Results

There were no misfitting participants, and the J-MOHOST measures reliably separated the participants into 3.95 statistically distinct strata with a person reliability of .88. The result of item fit showed that it did not have noticeable problem in the items of the J-MOHOST. Moreover, the item reliability was .88. The content of the item difficulty could represent the characteristics of occupational participation of the participants in conformity with the rating system of the J-MOHOST.

Conclusion

The J-MOHOST rating scale could discriminate the level of occupational participation in physical disabilities. The results indicate that the J-MOHOST is an effective tool for measurement. Further studies are needed to increase the number of participants with a variety of disabilities and settings.
Prevalence and associated features of restless legs syndrome in a population of Iranian women during pregnancy
Authors: Vahdat Mansoureh , Sariri Elaheh , Miri Shahnaz , Rohani Mohammad , Kashanian Maryam , Sabet Amin , Zamani Babak
Published: July 2013

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) during pregnancy and to evaluate factors associated with RLS in a population of Iranian pregnant women.

Methods

In the present cross‐sectional study, 443 consecutive pregnant women admitted for delivery underwent an interview within 2 days of parturition. The diagnosis of RLS was established by the 4 criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). The severity of RLS was assessed through the IRLSSG Rating Scale.

Results

Seventy‐nine (17.8%) women met the RLS diagnostic criteria, with most (74.7%) having RLS of moderate severity. The mean RLS duration before delivery was 3.1 ± 2.1 months among 69 (87.3%) women; 10 (12.7%) had RLS onset before pregnancy. Sleep disturbances including insomnia and early awakening were significantly more common among women with RLS than among those without (P < 0.001), and the frequency of cesarean delivery was also significantly higher (58.2% versus 44.5%, P = 0.027; odds ratio 2.4). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, number of pregnancies, folate and iron supplementation, hemoglobin level, and neonatal anthropometric data.

Conclusion

Restless legs syndrome is common during pregnancy and is associated with poor sleep and an increased risk of cesarean delivery.
Témoignage et histoire dans la Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada
Authors: Niezen Ronald , Gadoua Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2013

La Commission de vérité et de réconciliation (CVR) du Canada relative aux pensionnats autochtones nous offre l’opportunité d’observer les processus par le biais desquels les victimes reconsidèrent leur place au sein de l’histoire de l’État. Les témoignages livrés dans ce contexte mettent en relief souffrance et souvenirs d’agression et de torture d’enfants, au détriment d’une vue d’ensemble plus complète et variée des origines, des modes d’opération et des conséquences de ces pensionnats. En favorisant l’articulation d’un certain type de témoignages, la CVR canadienne façonne autant de récits de traumatismes, de crimes institutionnels et d’histoire nationale. Cette forme d’essentialisation des témoignages nous amène à nous questionner sur les capacités de la CVR à dévoiler effectivement la diversité des dynamiques des pensionnats, les raisons de leur établissement, les causes de la corruption de leurs objectifs et les caractéristiques communes qu’ils pourraient avoir avec d’autres formes durables et continues d’abus de pouvoir institutionnel.
Credit Counselling in Canada: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Ben-Ishai Stephanie , Schwartz Saul
Published: July 2013

When debt becomes unmanageable, two options for a consumer debtor in Canada are: (1) enlisting the services of a bankruptcy trustee, and (2) becoming a client of a not-for-profit credit counselling agency. Each of these options is regulated differently and has public and private dimensions. At first glance, these two options might seem to illustrate the potential of multiple legal orders to better serve the public. In this paper, however, we argue, based on empirical research on the credit counselling industry, that while this pluralism has potential to facilitate debt relief in Canada, it has failed to do so. The lines between public and private options have been blurred to the point where they are difficult to discern, and the consumer debtor is ultimately disadvantaged.
Le comportement et le concept de choix
Authors: BACCELLI JEAN
Published: July 2013

Cette note examine la partie conceptuelle d’un article de Sen, «Internal Consistency of Choice». Elle isole deux thèses parmi celles que Sen défend. Une première, négative, est qu’aucune condition formelle de cohérence du choix n’est normativement valable sans exception. Une seconde, positive, est qu’une condition formelle de cohérence du choix n’est normativement valable que sous des suppositions faisant intervenir la préférence. Nous procédons à une analyse détaillée des choix énigmatiques dont Sen prend argument et affirmons que cet examen mène à remettre en cause la thèse négative, mais d’une manière subtile qui confirme — même renforce — la thèse positive.
BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND N-USE OF FIBRE SORGHUM UNDER DIFFERENT COVER CROPPING MANAGEMENT, NITROGEN INFLUXES AND SOIL TYPES IN CENTRAL GREECE
Authors: BESLEMES D. F. , TIGKA E. L. , EFTHIMIADIS P. , DANALATOS N. G.
Published: July 2013

Field experiments were carried out over a period of three years to evaluate the effect of cover cropping faba bean with fibre sorghum, compared to mono-crop cultivation, on yield (dry matter), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and N fertilizer recovery fraction of sorghum. Experimental sites were located in central Greece on a fertile, clayey to loamy textured soil, and on a sandy soil of moderate fertility. A factorial combination of four nitrogen application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha−1) and three legume treatments (incorporated into the topsoil or harvested before the sowing of sorghum and mono-cropping) were tested in a split plot design in three blocks. The results showed importance of legume cover crops for both soil types as sorghum total dry biomass yield for clayey soil fluctuated from 23 to 27 t ha−1for control plots, from 25.2 to 30.9 t ha−1when faba bean was harvested and from 26.3 to 32.5 t ha−1when incorporated, and for sandy soil the yield fluctuated from 18.1 to 22.1 t ha−1for control plots, from 22 to 27 t ha−1when faba bean was harvested and from 23.1 to 28.1 t ha−1when incorporated. The NUE was estimated at 62 kg kg−1and 60 kg kg−1for clayey and sandy soils respectively. The N recovery fraction was doubled after incorporating faba bean as green manure, reaching large amounts for both soil types.
Effect of farming strategies on environmental impact of intensive dairy farms in Italy
Authors: Guerci Matteo , Bava Luciana , Zucali Maddalena , Sandrucci Anna , Penati Chiara , Tamburini Alberto
Published: July 2013

Agriculture and animal husbandry are important contributors to global emissions of greenhouse (GHG) and acidifying gases. Moreover, they contribute to water pollution and to consumption of non-renewable natural resources such as land and energy. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology allows evaluation of the environmental impact of a process from the production of inputs to the final product and to assess simultaneously several environmental impact categories among which GHG emissions, acidification, eutrophication, land use and energy use. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate, using the LCA methodology, the environmental impact of milk production in a sample of 41 intensive Italian dairy farms and to identify, among different farming strategies, those associated with the best environmental performances. The functional unit was 1 kg Fat and Protein Corrected Milk (FPCM). Farms showed characteristics of high production intensity: FPCM, expressed as tonnes per hectare, was 30·8±15·1. Total GHG emission per kg FPCM at farm gate was 1·30±0·19 kg CO2 eq. The main contributors to climate change potential were emissions from barns and manure storage (50·1%) and emissions for production and transportation of purchased feeds (21·2%). Average emission of gases causing acidification to produce 1 kg FPCM was 19·7±3·6 g of SO2 eq. Eutrophication potential was 9·01±1·78 ${\rm PO}_{\rm 4}^{{\rm 3} -} {\rm eq}.$ per kg FPCM on average. Farms from this study needed on average 5·97±1·32 MJ per kg FPCM from non-renewable energy sources. Energy consumption was mainly due to off-farm activities (58%) associated with purchased factors. Land use was 1·51±0·25 m2 per kg FPCM. The farming strategy based on high conversion efficiency at animal level was identified as the most effective to mitigate the environmental impact per kg milk at farm gate, especially in terms of GHG production and non-renewable energy use per kg FPCM.
UltrasonicatedEnterococcus faeciumSF68 enhances neutrophil free radical production and udder innate immunity of drying-off dairy cows
Authors: Peng Hsing-Yi , Tiantong Attapol , Chen Shuen-Ei , Piamya Piya , Liu Wen-Bor , Peh Huo-Cheng , Lee Jai-Wei , Chen Ming-Tsao , Nagahata Hajime , Chang Chai-Ju
Published: July 2013

Proper dry cow management is critical not only for subsequent milk production and fertility but also for mastitis control. A phenomenon of immunosuppression was commonly observed in transition cows, an example being the high susceptibility of the mammary gland during early the dry period to new infectious agents. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play important defence roles in the mammary gland of newly dried cows. One of the bactericidal mechanisms of PMN is through producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be efficiently quantified by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. In the current study, the potential of intramammary application of a commercialEnterococcus faeciumSF68 (SF68) product to enhance the local innate immunity of newly dried mammary glands was evaluated based on the CL assay. The preliminary experiments in vitro indicated virtual dose-responsiveness of ROS generation from three different cell preparations, bovine blood PMN, bovine blood PMN pre-conditioned with cow milk, and the post-diapedesis model somatic cells from cow milk, on their exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), viable SF68, and ultrasonicated SF68, but not dry-heated SF68. Because ultrasonication treatment was found to profoundly enhance the immunogenicity of SF68 in vitro, in the following animal trial, single infusion of either 5 or 10×107original cfu of ultrasonicated SF68 was randomly applied to the front quarters and phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS) applied to the rear quarters of each of the four experimental cows on the first day of milk stasis. The results showed that within the first post-infusion week, ultrasonicated SF68 induced a faster and greater (P<0·05) recruitment of PMN into mammary lumen with no apparent local or systemic inflammatory sign. Meanwhile, ultrasonicated SF68 also induced a greater (P<0·05) ROS production in response to PMA challenge by in situ somatic cells of mammary secretion. Taken together, ultrasonicated SF68 modulated ROS generation of bovine neutrophils, and would be a potential enhancer of udder innate immunity in drying-off dairy cows. More thorough work is warranted.
Use of whey permeate containing in situ synthesised galacto-oligosaccharides for the growth and preservation ofLactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Golowczyc Marina , Vera Carlos , Santos Mauricio , Guerrero Cecilia , Carasi Paula , Illanes Andrés , Gómez-Zavaglia Andrea , Tymczyszyn Elizabeth
Published: July 2013

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics that have a beneficial effect on human health by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. GOS are commonly produced from lactose in an enzymatic reaction catalysed by β-galactosidase, named transglycosylation. Lactose is the main constituent of whey permeate (WP), normally wasted output from the cheese industry. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to optimise the synthesis of GOS in WP using β-galatosidase fromAspergillus oryzaea. WP and whey permeate enzymatically treated (WP-GOS) were used as culture media ofLactobacillus plantarum299v.Lb. plantarum299v attained the stationary phase in approximately 16 h, reaching 3·6 and 4·1×108CFU/ml in WP and WP-GOS, respectively. The in situ synthesised GOS were not consumed during growth. No significant differences were observed in the growth kinetics of microorganisms in both media. After fermentation, microorganisms were dehydrated by freeze-drying and spray-drying and stored. The recovery of microorganisms after fermentation, dehydration and storage at 4 °C for at least 120 d was above 108CFU/g. These studies demonstrated that WP is an appropriate substrate for the synthesis of GOS and the obtained product is also adequate as culture medium ofLb. plantarum299v. The coexistence of GOS and dehydrated viable probiotic microorganisms, prepared using an effluent as raw material, represents the main achievement of this work, with potential impact in the development of functional foods.
Response of gene expression to LPS challenge manifests the ontogeny and maturation of the complement system in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Wang Zhiping , Han Yanjun
Published: July 2013

Information on the ontogeny of complement system might help us better understand the anti-infection mechanism in the early fish life. The ontogenic expression of the representative complement genes and their response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge in zebrafish larvae are reported here. The expression of C1r/s, C3, C4, C6 and MBL steadily increased before 21 days post-fertilization (dpf) and a decrease was detected thereafter. MASP expression elevated and peaked on 14 dpf and a decline followed. Bf expression fluctuated during the experimental period. Moreover, Bf (involved in alternative pathway, AP) expressed at higher levels than C1r/s (involved in classical pathway, CP), MASP (involved in lectin pathway, LP) and C4 (involved in both CP and LP) in the normal adult fish and larvae, suggesting the more significance of AP than CP and LP during the development of zebrafish. LPS challenge induced up-regulation of all the genes at 12 h in the adult fish. For the larvae, Bf, C3 (key complement component) and C6 (involved in lytic pathway) responded to LPS challenge at earlier stages than the other complement genes, with the up-regulation detected since 14, 14 and 7 dpf, respectively. In the larvae at 28 dpf, all the above three genes responded to LPS challenge by up-regulating their expression in a fashion similar to that of the adult fish, hinting that complement operating via AP develops earlier and plays a key role in protecting the larvae; it showed effective responses to LPS challenge from 14 dpf and might mature before 28 dpf.
Habitat use and coexistence of three territorial herbivorous damselfish on different-size patch reefs
Authors: Hattori Akihisa , Shibuno Takuro
Published: July 2013

In local reef fish communities, species richness increases with increasing reef area. At Ishigaki Island, Japan, species richness is much lower on large reefs in the shallow back reef than that expected from random placement model simulations (RPMS). As three aggressive territorial herbivorous damselfish, Stegastes nigricans, Stegastes lividus and Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon, coexist only on such large reefs, we focused on these species and examined patterns of their distribution and abundance on 84 patch reefs of various sizes (area and height). We also examined their aggressive intra- and interspecific behavioural interactions and habitat use on the two large reefs (the largest complex patch reef and the large flat patch reef) among the 84 patch reefs. While the abundance of both S. lividus and H. plagiometopon was highly correlated with patch reef area, that of S. nigricans was closely correlated with patch reef height. For S. nigricans and S. lividus, interspecific interactions occurred significantly more frequently than intraspecific interactions on the large flat patch reef. However, there was no significant difference in frequencies of the two interaction types on the largest complex patch reef, where they three-dimensionally segregated conspecific territories. This study suggested that reef height as well as reef area influence the distribution and abundance of these territorial herbivorous damselfish in the shallow back reef. As large patch reefs cannot be tall allometrically in shallow back reefs, relatively flat patch reefs may not have the high species richness expected from RPMS based on reef area.
Diplomacy As Theatre: Staging the Bandung Conference of 1955
Authors: SHIMAZU NAOKO
Published: July 2013

As a significant ‘moment’ in twentieth-century international diplomacy, the rise of post-colonial Afro-Asia at the Bandung Conference of 1955 is replete with symbolic meanings. This paper proposes a conceptual approach to understanding the symbolic dimension of international diplomacy, and does so by ruminating on the newly unearthed Indonesian material on the Bandung Conference. To this end, ‘diplomacy as theatre’ is introduced as an interpretive framework to re-cast the conference as a theatrical performance, in which actors performed on the stage to audiences. Focusing on the city of Bandung, this paper reconstructs some examples of the ‘performative’ dimensions of international diplomacy, and elaborates on the notion of ‘staging’ the city and the role played by the people of Bandung, including the significance of conference venues, as well as the impromptu creation of a ritual citation that contributed to an iconic ‘performative act’ during the conference. Sukarno, Nehru, Zhou Enlai and Nasser all understood the importance as performers in their role as new international statesmen, representing the esprit de corps of the newly emergent post-colonial world. In deconstructing the symbolic, it will become evident that the role played by Indonesia significantly influenced the underlying script of the diplomatic theatre which unfolded at Bandung.
Crop-raiding deterrents around Budongo Forest Reserve: an evaluation through farmer actions and perceptions
Authors: Hsiao Sara S. , Ross Caroline , Hill Catherine M. , Wallace Graham E.
Published: July 2013

Crop-raiding by primates and bushpigsPotamochoerus porcusis a major cause of human–wildlife conflict around Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. In 2006–2007 a project was initiated, with farmer participation, to investigate the efficacy of on-farm techniques to reduce crop-raiding, including guarding and early-warning techniques, fences, plant barriers, trenches, lights and nets. Here, farmers' perceptions of the effectiveness and sustainability of these deterrents were evaluated using semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Factors important to farmers in effective, sustainable and locally appropriate crop-raiding mitigation are that deterrents be cost-effective, easily manipulated, improve guarding efficiency and require minimal labour inputs. Farmers reported paid guards, guard dogs, wire fences, lights and bells/alarms as most effective. This differs from observations that farmers independently maintained certain deterrents that they presumably considered valuable, namely wire fences, guard dogs, bells/alarms, trenches, lights and nets. This evaluation demonstrates the importance of farmers' participation and perceptions in the viability and uptake of crop-raiding deterrents, and the importance of assessing conflict mitigation trials over the long term.
Attachment strategies across sex, ontogeny, and relationship type
Authors: Goetz Cari D. , Perilloux Carin , Buss David M.
Published: July 2013

We propose that middle childhood female ambivalent attachment, given the adaptive problem of uncertainty of future investment, is designed to evoke immediate investment from current caregivers, rather than new investment sources. We suggest greater specificity of strategic attachment solutions to adaptive problems that differ by sex, time, and relationship type.
Co-regulation of stress in uterus and during early infancy mediates early programming of gender differences in attachment styles: Evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives
Authors: Goldstein Ferber Sari
Published: July 2013

According to evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives, gender differences are modulated by the interaction between intra-uterine stress, genetic equipments, and the availability of the facilitating environment during the newborn period. The social message of fitness over obstacles during socialization and the discussion of secure/non-secure attachment styles should take into consideration the brain functions, which are altered differently in response to intra- and extra-uterine stress in each gender.
Beyond response output: More logical than we think
Authors: De Neys Wim
Published: July 2013

Oaksford & Chater (O&C) rely on a data fitting approach to show that a Bayesian model captures the core reasoning data better than its logicist rivals. The problem is that O&C's modeling has focused exclusively on response output data. I argue that this exclusive focus is biasing their conclusions. Recent studies that focused on the processes that resulted in the response selection are more positive for the role of logic.
Are stomachs rational?
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: July 2013

Oaksford & Chater (O&C) would need to define rationality if they want to argue that stomachs are not rational. The question of rationality, anyhow, is orthogonal to the debate concerning whether humans use classical deductive logic or probabilistic reasoning.