bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National genomic profiling ofPlasmodium falciparumantimalarial resistance in Zambian children participating in the 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey
Authors: Fola Abebe A. , Ciubotariu Ilinca I. , Dorman Jack , Mwenda Mulenga C. , Mambwe Brenda , Mulube Conceptor , Kasaro Rachael , Hawela Moonga B. , Hamainza Busiku , Miller John M. , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Moss William J. , Bridges Daniel J. , Carpi Giovanna
Published: August 2024

The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance is a major threat to malaria control and elimination. Using whole genome sequencing of 282P. falciparumsamples collected during the 2018 Zambia National Malaria Indicator Survey, we determined the prevalence and spatial distribution of known and candidate antimalarial drug resistance mutations. High levels of genotypic resistance were found across Zambia to pyrimethamine, with over 94% (n=266) of samples having thePfdhfrtriple mutant (N51I, C59R, and S108N), and sulfadoxine, with over 84% (n=238) having thePfdhpsdouble mutant (A437Gand K540E). In northern Zambia, 5.3% (n=15) of samples also harbored thePfdhpsA581Gmutation. Although 29 mutations were identified inPfkelch13, these mutations were present at low frequency (<2.5%), and only three were WHO-validated artemisinin partial resistance mutations: P441L(n=1, 0.35%), V568M(n=2, 0.7%) and R622T(n=1, 0.35%). Notably, 91 (32%) of samples carried the E431Kmutation in thePfatpase6gene, which is associated with artemisinin resistance. No specimens carried any known mutations associated with chloroquine resistance in thePfcrtgene (codons 72-76).P. falciparumstrains circulating in Zambia were highly resistant to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine but remained susceptible to chloroquine and artemisinin. Despite this encouraging finding, early genetic signs of developing artemisinin resistance highlight the urgent need for continued vigilance and expanded routine genomic surveillance to monitor these changes.
U-rich elements drive pervasive cryptic splicing in 3’ UTR massively parallel reporter assays
Authors: Dao Khoa , Jungers Courtney F. , Djuranovic Sergej , Mustoe Anthony M.
Published: August 2024

Non-coding RNA sequences play essential roles in orchestrating gene expression. However, the sequence codes and mechanisms underpinning post-transcriptional regulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we revisit the finding from a prior massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) that AU-rich (U-rich) elements in 3’ untranslated regions (3’ UTRs) can drive upregulation or downregulation of mRNA expression depending on 3’ UTR context. We unexpectedly discover that this variable regulation arises from widespread cryptic splicing, predominately from an unannotated splice donor in the coding sequence of GFP to diverse acceptor sites in reporter 3’ UTRs. Splicing is activated by U-rich sequences, which function as potent position-dependent regulators of 5’ and 3’ splice site choice and overall splicing efficiency. Splicing has diverse impacts on reporter expression, causing both increases and decreases in reporter expression via multiple mechanisms. We further provide evidence that cryptic splicing impacts between 10 to 50% of measurements made by other published 3’ UTR MPRAs. Overall, our work emphasizes U-rich sequences as principal drivers of splicing and provides strategies to minimize cryptic splicing artifacts in reporter assays.
Sex-specific effects of early-life adversity on adult fitness in a wild mammal
Authors: Drake Elizabeth D. , Ravindran Sanjana , Bal Xavier , Pilkington Jill G. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Nussey Daniel H. , Froy Hannah
Published: August 2024

Early-life adversity influences adult fitness across a range of vertebrates. In polygynous systems with intense intrasexual competition, males may be more sensitive to conditions experienced during growth and development. However, the relative importance of different aspects of the early environment and how their effects differ between the sexes remain poorly understood. Here, we used a long-term study of wild Soay sheep to characterise the early-life environment in terms of weather, infection, resource competition and maternal investment, and test the hypothesis that males are more vulnerable to early adversity than females. Birth weight positively predicted lifetime breeding success in both sexes, suggesting a classic ‘silver spoon’ effect, though the effects were stronger in males. Males experiencing high population densities in their first year had lower lifetime breeding success suggesting lasting negative consequences of nutritional stress, but there was no association in females. In contrast, challenging weather in the first winter of life appeared to act as a selective ‘filter’, with males surviving these harsh conditions having higher adult fitness. Our findings further evidence the important long-term fitness consequences of early-life adversity in wild vertebrates, highlighting that different aspects of the early environment may shape later fitness in different and sex-specific ways.
Independent expansion, selection, and hypervariability of theTBC1D3gene family in humans
Authors: Guitart Xavi , Porubsky David , Yoo DongAhn , Dougherty Max L. , Dishuck Philip C. , Munson Katherine M. , Lewis Alexandra P. , Hoekzema Kendra , Knuth Jordan , Chang Stephen , Pastinen Tomi , Eichler Evan E.
Published: August 2024

TBC1D3is a primate-specific gene family that has expanded in the human lineage and has been implicated in neuronal progenitor proliferation and expansion of the frontal cortex. The gene family and its expression have been challenging to investigate because it is embedded in high-identity and highly variable segmental duplications. We sequenced and assembled the gene family using long-read sequencing data from 34 humans and 11 nonhuman primate species. Our analysis shows that this particular gene family has independently duplicated in at least five primate lineages, and the duplicated loci are enriched at sites of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements on Chromosome 17. We find that all human copy-number variation maps to two distinct clusters located at Chromosome 17q12 and that humans are highly structurally variable at this locus, differing by as many as 20 copies and ∼1 Mbp in length depending on haplotypes. We also show evidence of positive selection, as well as a significant change in the predicted human TBC1D3 protein sequence. Last, we find that, despite multiple duplications, humanTBC1D3expression is limited to a subset of copies and, most notably, from a single paralog group:TBC1D3-CDKL. These observations may help explain why a gene potentially important in cortical development can be so variable in the human population.
Bayesian optimization algorithms for accelerator physics
Authors: Roussel Ryan , Edelen Auralee L. , Boltz Tobias , Kennedy Dylan , Zhang Zhe , Ji Fuhao , Huang Xiaobiao , Ratner Daniel , Garcia Andrea Santamaria , Xu Chenran , Kaiser Jan , Pousa Angel Ferran , Eichler Annika , Lübsen Jannis O. , Isenberg Natalie M. , Gao Yuan , Kuklev Nikita , Martinez Jose , Mustapha Brahim , Kain Verena , Mayes Christopher , Lin Weijian , Liuzzo Simone Maria , St. John Jason , Streeter Matthew J. V. , Lehe Remi , Neiswanger Willie
Published: August 2024

Accelerator physics relies on numerical algorithms to solve optimization problems in online accelerator control and tasks such as experimental design and model calibration in simulations. The effectiveness of optimization algorithms in discovering ideal solutions for complex challenges with limited resources often determines the problem complexity these methods can address. The accelerator physics community has recognized the advantages of Bayesian optimization algorithms, which leverage statistical surrogate models of objective functions to effectively address complex optimization challenges, especially in the presence of noise during accelerator operation and in resource-intensive physics simulations. In this review article, we offer a conceptual overview of applying Bayesian optimization techniques toward solving optimization problems in accelerator physics. We begin by providing a straightforward explanation of the essential components that make up Bayesian optimization techniques. We then give an overview of current and previous work applying and modifying these techniques to solve accelerator physics challenges. Finally, we explore practical implementation strategies for Bayesian optimization algorithms to maximize their performance, enabling users to effectively address complex optimization challenges in real-time beam control and accelerator design.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Phase diagram of generalized XY model using the tensor renormalization group
Authors: Samlodia Abhishek , Longia Vamika , Jha Raghav G. , Joseph Anosh
Published: August 2024

We use the higher-order tensor renormalization group method to study the two-dimensional generalized XY model that admits integer and half-integer vortices. This model is the deformation of the classical XY model and has a rich phase structure consisting of nematic, ferromagnetic, and disordered phases and three transition lines belonging to the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless and Ising class. We explore the model for a wide range of temperatures, T, and the deformation parameter, Δ, and compute specific heat along with integer and half-integer magnetic susceptibility, finding both Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless-like and Ising-like transitions and the region where they meet.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Constraining dark matter-proton scattering from molecular cloud ionization
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Harris Ian , Kahn Yonatan , Prabhu Anirudh
Published: August 2024

Optically dense clouds in the interstellar medium composed predominantly of molecular hydrogen, known as molecular clouds, are sensitive to energy injection in the form of photon absorption, cosmic-ray scattering, and dark matter (DM) scattering. The ionization rates in dense molecular clouds are heavily constrained by observations of abundances of various molecular tracers. Recent studies have set constraints on the DM-electron scattering cross section using measurements of ionization rates in dense molecular clouds. Here we calculate the analogous bounds on the DM-proton cross section using the molecular Migdal effect, recently adapted from the neutron scattering literature to the DM context. These bounds may be the strongest limits on a strongly coupled DM subfraction, and represent the first application of the Migdal effect to astrophysical systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Thermal Casimir effect for a Dirac field on flat space with a nontrivial circular boundary condition
Authors: Venâncio Joás , Filho Lameque , Mota Herondy , Mohammadi Azadeh
Published: August 2024

This work investigates the thermal Casimir effect associated with a massive spinor field defined on a four-dimensional flat space with a circularly compactified spatial dimension whose periodicity is oriented along a vector in the xy plane. We employ the generalized zeta function method to establish a finite definition for the vacuum free energy density. This definition conveniently separates into the zero-temperature Casimir energy density and additional terms accounting for temperature corrections. The structure of existing divergences is analyzed from the asymptotic behavior of the spinor heat kernel function and removed in the renormalization by subtracting scheme. The only non-null heat coefficient is the one associated with the Euclidean divergence. We also address the need for a finite renormalization to treat the ambiguity in the zeta function regularization prescription associated with this Euclidean heat kernel coefficient and ensure that the renormalization procedure is unique. The high- and low-temperature asymptotic limits are also explored. In particular, we explicitly show that free energy density lacks a classical limit at high temperatures, and the entropy density agrees with the Nernst heat theorem at low temperatures.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Spinning waveforms from the Kosower-Maybee-O’Connell formalism at leading order
Authors: De Angelis Stefano , Novichkov Pavel P. , Gonzo Riccardo
Published: August 2024

We provide the analytic waveform in time domain for the scattering of two Kerr black holes at leading order in the post-Minkowskian (weak field, but generic velocity) expansion and up to fourth order in both spins. The result is obtained by the generalization of the Kosower-Maybee-O’Connell formalism to radiative observables, combined with the analytic continuation of the five-point scattering amplitude to complex kinematics. We use analyticity arguments to express the waveform directly in terms of the three-point coupling of the graviton to the spinning particles and the gravitational Compton amplitudes, completely bypassing the need to compute and integrate the five-point amplitude. In particular, this allows us to easily include higher-order spin contributions for any spinning compact body. Finally, in the spinless case, we find a new compact and gauge-invariant representation of the Kovacs-Thorne waveform.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Sedimentation dynamics of triply twisted Möbius bands: Geometry versus topology
Authors: Moreno Nicolás , Vázquez-Cortés David , Fried Eliot
Published: August 2024

We explore the sedimentation dynamics of triply twisted Möbius bands, each characterized by threefold rotational symmetry but distinguished by its construction and intrinsic geometrical properties. Three types of bands are considered: one with vanishing Gaussian curvature, constructed by isometrically deforming flat rectangular strips through bending without stretching; and two with negative Gaussian curvature, one being constructed by isometrically deforming helicoids. Experiment on these three types of bands, with a focus on varying aspect ratios, reveals a singular phenomenon: while the spin directions of bands not derived from helicoids spin in directions consistent with their inherent chirality, bands derived from helicoids exhibit an aspect-ratio-dependent spin, pointing to the existence of a critical aspect ratio at which geometric factors dominate over chiral influences. Supported by numerical simulations and a detailed analysis of the resistance tensors, we propose the unique response of bands derived from helicoids originates from a complex interaction among geometry, topology, and hydrodynamics. Two explanations are offered for the chiral transition observed in bands derived from helicoid. First, this transition may parallel the dynamics of superhelices, for which competing chiralities influence rotational behavior. Second, the unique geometrical properties of bands derived from helicoids, coupled with deviations between the rotation axis and the local symmetry axis, may underlie the observed aspect-ratio-dependent chiral transition. Our study underscores the significant role of geometrical and topological nuances in determining the behavior of chiral objects suspended in fluids. In addition to offering transformative potential across diverse fields, it promises advancements in mixing, separation processes, and innovative passive swimmers.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Ad generation modalities and response to in-app advertising – an experimental study
Authors: Kamath Charunayan , Alur Sivakumar
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The widespread use of mobile apps in marketing has resulted in in-app advertising to promote products and services. Research on in-app advertising has focused on several dimensions but not on the modality of ad generation. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and memes as advertisements has paved the way for multiple ways to create them. This study aims to understand the effect of various advertisement generation modalities on an individual’s trust, attitude toward the advertisement, subjective norms, intentions and use of a particular product.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the theoretical lens of reasoned action and trust, the authors explored through an experimental study (five treatments-AI-generated ad and meme, human-created ad and meme and user-generated meme, and (n = 300) the consumer’s intention to purchase a fictitious shampoo brand based on in-app advertising. The respondents were exposed to one of the treatments without knowledge of the ad generation modality.

Findings

Trust differed significantly across all the experimental conditions. Furthermore, the authors observe that the theory of reasoned action holds for all advertising generation modalities.

Originality/value

The use of AI in advertising is increasing exponentially, and brands are using AI-generated content to engage with their audiences on various platforms. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to attempt to understand the effects of various ad generation modalities on the trust, attitude and behavior of individuals. Furthermore, this study examines both AI and human-created memes and their effects. The authors suggest optimizing the prompt engineering to develop AI-generated images.
The effects of persuasion principles on perceived honesty during shoulder surfing attacks
Authors: Jones Keith S. , Tornblad McKenna K. , Armstrong Miriam E. , Choi Jinwoo , Siami Namin Akbar
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate how honest participants perceived an attacker to be during shoulder surfing scenarios that varied in terms of which Principle of Persuasion in Social Engineering (PPSE) was used, whether perceived honesty changed as scenarios progressed, and whether any changes were greater in some scenarios than others.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants read one of six shoulder surfing scenarios. Five depicted an attacker using one of the PPSEs. The other depicted an attacker using as few PPSEs as possible, which served as a control condition. Participants then rated perceived attacker honesty.

Findings

The results revealed honesty ratings in each condition were equal during the beginning of the conversation, participants in each condition perceived the attacker to be honest during the beginning of the conversation, perceived attacker honesty declined when the attacker requested the target perform an action that would afford shoulder surfing, perceived attacker honesty declined more when the Distraction and Social Proof PPSEs were used, participants perceived the attacker to be dishonest when making such requests using the Distraction and Social Proof PPSEs and perceived attacker honesty did not change when the attacker used the target’s computer.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this experiment is the first to investigate how persuasion tactics affect perceptions of attackers during shoulder surfing attacks. These results have important implications for shoulder surfing prevention training programs and penetration tests.
Global resurgence: private asset reconstruction companies as legal catalysts for financial stability in India and beyond
Authors: Jaiwani Megha , Gopalkrishnan Santosh
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to transcend geographical boundaries and provide insights into innovative strategies used by Indian Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) in managing distressed assets. The study examines the origins, evolution, challenges and opportunities faced by ARCs to derive lessons that can be universally applicable and serve as a valuable blueprint for global investors and institutions seeking effective strategies in managing distressed assets. From a legal and compliance angle, this opens up many perspectives that would help plug loopholes and grey zones within the legal ambit for organisations and institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

The study invokes a critical review of existing literature, news, discussions and publicly available information from reliable sources such as the central bank’s websites to develop the viewpoints and provide recommendations.

Findings

ARCs face challenges, recovering only 19.15% of distressed assets in 2022. Despite constraints like funding, governance issues and regulatory hurdles, there is a substantial opportunity for investors in the Rs. 9.6 lakh crore non-performing assets. The study suggests strategic assessments by banks, emphasises ARCs’ roles in specific sectors and calls for regulatory adjustments. With diverse investors and favourable regulations, this evolving landscape offers significant global opportunities for policymakers and investors in distressed assets.

Practical implications

This study serves as a valuable guide for shaping resilient policies, fostering cross-border collaborations and optimising distressed asset management strategies on a global scale.

Originality/value

This study breaks new ground by examining the private ARCs sector within an emerging economy’s dynamics, presenting insights relevant to global distressed markets. This study serves as a unique resource for those navigating the complexities of distressed markets globally, providing insights that can inform strategies, policies and academic discussions in the broader financial landscape.
The fourth industrial revolution and the agri-food labour market: a systematic literature review
Authors: Musa Siti Fatimahwati Pehin Dato , Ariff Lim Syamimi
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technological development has undeniably brought major challenges to the agricultural labour market, hampering the adoption of smart technologies in the sector. This study aims to explore a series of literature on the 4IR aspects surrounding agri-food research. In particular, this study will evaluate the challenges faced by the agri-food labour market in response to the emergence of 4IR and propose solutions to strengthen the agri-food sector in response to 4IR.

Design/methodology/approach

The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology was used to systematically screen, review and synthesize the literature on 4IR surrounding agri-food research.

Findings

While applying 4IR technologies spells opportunities for productivity growth and food security, the results revealed that these advanced technological innovations also create challenges to the agri-food sector labour market. Some identified challenges are financial constraints, lack of “Industry 4.0” knowledge and skills, lack of awareness and interest and inadequate government support. Correspondingly, to smoothen the transition to 4IR workplaces, the proposed solutions include offering relevant education and training, gaining access to government support and engaging in collaborative public-private partnerships.

Originality/value

Given the limited understanding of how technological applications can affect the agri-food sector, this study offers a more nuanced understanding of the gaps related to 4IR within the agri-food sector. By assessing the labour market challenges and addressing solutions for the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture, this study presents valuable insights into how relevant stakeholders in the agri-food sector should embrace Agriculture 4.0.
Masking and mediating effects: mediating mechanisms of occupational stigma and job meaningfulness among Chinese takeaway riders
Authors: Song Lihong , Xie Zhaoyi , Chen Qiaoyi , Liu Ziqi
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This paper expects to analyze the connection between occupational stigma and job meaningfulness among Chinese takeaway riders, the mediating role of occupational identity and relative deprivation, and the moderating effect of job stress based on resource conservation theory.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample was derived from 371 takeaway riders across China. PLS-SEM was mainly utilized for the data analysis.

Findings

The findings of the study indicated a significant negative correlation between occupational stigma and job meaningfulness. Furthermore, it is worth noting that relative deprivation and occupational identity served as mediators and masks, respectively, in the relationship between occupational stigma and job meaningfulness. Furthermore, job stress amplifies the association between occupational stigma and occupational identity. Additionally, job stress diminishes the connection between occupational stigma and relative deprivation.

Originality/value

This study proposes a positive correlation between occupational stigma and occupational identity in the Chinese context. It also enriches the empirical research based on resource conservation theory. Furthermore, it holds practical implications for takeaway riders in China, offering insights to bolster their job meaningfulness.
The performance comparison of machine learning methods for solar PV power prediction
Authors: Demir Funda
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The energy generation process through photovoltaic (PV) panels is contingent upon uncontrollable variables such as wind patterns, cloud cover, temperatures, solar irradiance intensity and duration of exposure. Fluctuations in these variables can lead to interruptions in power generation and losses in output. This study aims to establish a measurement setup that enables monitoring, tracking and prediction of the generated energy in a PV energy system to ensure overall system security and stability. Toward this goal, data pertaining to the PV energy system is measured and recorded in real-time independently of location. Subsequently, the recorded data is used for power prediction.

Design/methodology/approach

Data obtained from the experimental setup include voltage and current values of the PV panel, battery and load; temperature readings of the solar panel surface, environment and the battery; and measurements of humidity, pressure and radiation values in the panel’s environment. These data were monitored and recorded in real-time through a computer interface and mobile interface enabling remote access. For prediction purposes, machine learning methods, including the gradient boosting regressor (GBR), support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithms, have been selected. The resulting outputs have been interpreted through graphical representations. For the numerical interpretation of the obtained predictive data, performance measurement criteria such as mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and R-squared (R2) have been used.

Findings

It has been determined that the most successful prediction model is k-NN, whereas the prediction model with the lowest performance is SVM. According to the accuracy performance comparison conducted on the test data, k-NN exhibits the highest accuracy rate of 82%, whereas the accuracy rate for the GBR algorithm is 80%, and the accuracy rate for the SVM algorithm is 72%.

Originality/value

The experimental setup used in this study, including the measurement and monitoring apparatus, has been specifically designed for this research. The system is capable of remote monitoring both through a computer interface and a custom-developed mobile application. Measurements were conducted on the Karabük University campus, thereby revealing the energy potential of the Karabük province. This system serves as an exemplary study and can be deployed to any desired location for remote monitoring. Numerous methods and techniques exist for power prediction. In this study, contemporary machine learning techniques, which are pertinent to power prediction, have been used, and their performances are presented comparatively.
Is trade relevant to the macro drivers of carbon dioxide emissions? A study of high‐ and low‐trade openness economies
Authors: Suleman Shahida , Thas Thaker Hassanudin Mohd , Cheong Wing Hoh Calvin
Published: August 2024

The objective of this research is to systematically compare the impact of macro determinants on CO2 emissions, using the theoretical frameworks of trade, the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. The study specifically focuses on high‐ and low‐trade‐openness economies from 1995 to 2020. Methodologies employed include stepwise regression, fully modified least squares, pooled ordinary least squares, and fixed effects models. Long‐run dynamics were assessed using Granger causality tests and Pedroni and Johansen cointegration tests. The results indicate both long‐term and short‐term relationships between CO2 emissions and the following variables: (i) gross capital formation (GCF), (ii) per capita income (PCI), (iii) population (POP), and (iv) trade openness. Trade openness has a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions in highly trade openness economies, whereas it has a negative effect in low trade‐open economies. Highly open economies are more significantly impacted by GCF and POP on CO2 emissions compared with low‐ trade openness economies. Additionally, PCI positively and significantly influences CO2 emissions in low‐ trade openness countries, and this effect is greater than in high‐ trade openness economies. The study also identifies a bidirectional causal relationship between PCI, GCF, and CO2 emissions in both groups of economies, as well as a unidirectional relationship between trade openness, POP, and CO2 emissions in both high‐  and low‐ trade openness countries.
Sell‐side analysts as social intermediaries
Authors: Li Guangyu , Spence Crawford , Chen Zhong
Published: August 2024

Recent research on sell‐side analysts emphasizes the centrality of social ties and social interactions to what they do. However, we know little about how analysts create or maintain relationships over both the short and long terms. We remedy that in this qualitative study by illustrating the microlevel processes that analysts engage in as part of developing a network of relations around them. Starting from the premise that economic actions are embedded in social relations and drawing on interviews with analysts, fund managers, and investor relations officers in China, we show how analysts forge both weak and strong social ties to create an infrastructure of social networks that is foundational to information intermediation. This perspective broadens our understanding of sell‐side analysts as social, rather than solely information, intermediaries and highlights how information asymmetries often have a social basis.
Racial and ethnic differences in self‐reported barriers to substance use treatment among emergency department patients
Authors: Ahmad Neha Jia , Shapiro Hannah , Griffin Margaret L. , Weiss Roger D. , Macias‐Konstantopoulos Wendy L.
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

As overdose rates rise among non‐White Americans, understanding barriers to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment access by race and ethnicity is important. This study explores self‐reported barriers to SUD treatment by race and ethnicity in emergency department (ED) populations.

Methods

We conducted a secondary, exploratory analysis of a randomized trial of patients not seeking SUD treatment who endorsed active drug use at six academic EDs. Responses to the Barriers to Treatment Inventory were compared by race, ethnicity, and drug severity, using χ2 tests (N = 858), followed by adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

Absence of a perceived drug problem (39% non‐Hispanic Black, 38% Hispanic, 50% non‐Hispanic White; p ≤ .001) was the most prevalent barrier to SUD treatment. Non‐Hispanic Black participants were less likely to state that they could handle their drug use on their own (OR = 0.69, CI = 0.50–0.95), and were more likely to report disliking personal questions than non‐Hispanic White participants (OR = 1.49, CI = 1.07–2.09). Non‐Hispanic Black participants were less likely than Hispanic participants to agree that treatment availability (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.28–0.76) and family disapproval (OR = 0.38, CI = 0.16–0.91) were treatment barriers.

Discussion and Conclusions

Screening and counseling may help address the barrier, common to all groups, that drug use was not seen as problematic. Expanding access to diverse treatment options may also address the range of barriers reported by our study population.

Scientific Significance

Our study is one of the first in the U.S. to examine both individual and structural barriers to accessing treatment and to examine the association with drug use severity by race/ethnicity.
Combination of rituximab and methotrexate followed by rituximab and cytarabine in elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Yi Jun Ho , Kim Seok Jin , Yang Deok‐Hwan , Do Young Rok , Won Jong Ho , Baek Dongwon , Shin Ho Jin , Kim Dae Sik , Kim Hyo Jung , Kang Ka‐won , Bae Sung Hwa , Kwon Ji‐Hyun , Kwon Jung Hye , Park Byeong Bae , Kim Won Seog
Published: August 2024

The optimal treatment strategy for newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has yet to be established, especially in the elderly. In the current study, we conducted a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab plus high‐dose MTX followed by rituximab plus cytarabine in patients aged ≥60 years newly diagnosed with PCNSL. Patients received an induction treatment of high‐dose methotrexate plus rituximab followed by two cycles of a consolidation treatment of cytarabine plus rituximab. The primary end‐point was a 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rate. A total of 35 patients were recruited, and their median age was 73 (range: 60–81). After induction treatment, the complete and partial responses (PRs) were 56% and 20% respectively. Twenty‐six patients proceeded to the consolidation treatment; the complete and PRs were 59% and 9% respectively. After a median follow‐up duration of 36.0 months, the 2‐year PFS rate was 58.7%. Treatment was generally well‐tolerated as only three patients were withdrawn from the study due to toxicity, and no treatment‐related mortality was reported. The 2‐year overall survival rate was 77.9%. The current study may suggest the feasibility of administering high‐dose MTX plus cytarabine in PCNSL patients aged ≥60 years and the potential role of additive rituximab.
Recommendations for managing adults with chronic non‐cancer pain in primary care: A systematic clinical guideline review
Authors: Mazurenko Olena , O'Brien Emer , Beug Anna , Smith Susan M. , McCarthy Caroline
Published: August 2024

Rationale

Chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP) is a leading driver of disability. Primary care clinicians treat most patients with CNCP. Yet, they are often unable to identify appropriate pain treatments, mainly due to concerns about the safety and effectiveness of available medications. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) can be useful tools to guide primary care clinicians in selecting pain treatments based on the best available evidence.

Objectives

To undertake a systematic review of CPGs that address the management of adults with CNCP, regardless of underlying condition type, in primary care.

Method

We systematically reviewed and synthesised current CPGs for managing adults with CNCP in primary care (2013–2023). We followed a stepwise systematic process to synthesise key CPG recommendations: extracted and analysed each recommendation, synthesised by compiling similar recommendations using a thematic analysis approach, and assessed the strength of CPG recommendations to create a final, unified set of recommendations. We focused on identifying CPGs containing recommendations on the following topics: (a) opioid pain management, (b) non‐opioid pharmacological pain management, (c) non‐pharmacological pain management, and (d) patient‐centred communication around pain management, prevention, and organisation of care.

Results

We included 13 CPGs, 8 of which focused solely on use of opioids, emphasising the lack of long‐term effectiveness and safety concerns, being mainly based on the expert consensus. As an exception, high‐quality evidence recommended referring patients with suspected opioid use disorder to specialist addiction services for medication‐assisted treatment. Recommendations for non‐opioid pain management were often contradictory and based on the expert consensus. Patient‐centred pain management combined with exercise‐based interventions and psychological therapies are appropriate strategies for managing patients with CNCP.

Conclusion

Most CPGs focused on opioid management, with contradictory recommendations for non‐opioid management based on low‐quality evidence. Additional research is needed to strengthen the evidence for using non‐opioid and non‐pharmacological interventions to manage patients with CNCP.
Confined placental mosaicism with trisomy 13 complicated by severe preeclampsia: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ito Takaaki , Takahashi Hironori , Horie Kenji , Nagayama Shiho , Ogoyama Manabu , Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: August 2024

A 31‐year‐old primiparous woman underwent non‐invasive prenatal testing. The result was trisomy 13 (T13) positive. The chromosome 13 t‐statistics (Z‐score) was significantly high. The result of amniocentesis was normal karyotype (46,XX). Detailed ultrasound showed no fetal structural abnormalities. We suspected T13 confined placental mosaicism (CPM) and observed the course naturally. From the late second trimester, severe fetal growth restriction manifested followed by proteinuria and hypertension, diagnosing her with preeclampsia (PE). At 35 + 5 weeks, emergent cesarean section was required, yielding a 1480 g female infant. We sampled five locations of chorionic villi in the placenta. T13 cells dominated cells with normal karyotypes in all parts and the rate of trisomic cells ranged from 57% to 96%, which were generally high rate. None developed PE in reported T13 CPM cases and this is the first case of PE. The dominancy of T13 cells can be associated with PE development.
Legalizing transphobia: from courtroom to legislature, how gender‐critical activism is hurting us all
Authors: WALTERS MARK AUSTIN
Published: August 2024

This article scrutinizes the strategic legal and political actions taken by gender‐critical feminist (GCF) scholars and activists aimed at curtailing protections afforded under existing equality law and criminal justice policies that safeguard transgender individuals against discrimination and victimization. Two prominent legal judgments are critically reviewed to highlight the phenomenon of crowdfunded litigation and to exemplify the ways in which the law can be (mis)used to shape public perceptions of trans identities and, consequently, how this impacts trans individuals’ full and equal participation in society. The subsequent analysis examines how the previous and current governments’ support of the GCF movement has led to newly proposed, and recently enacted, legislation and policies restricting trans rights and legal protections. The article concludes by reflecting on how these coordinated legal interventions detrimentally affect the emotional, physical, and social well‐being of trans individuals, while simultaneously contributing to a broader political narrative aimed at dismantling protections against discrimination and victimization for all marginalized groups.
Fixing disconnects: Exploring the emergence of principled adaptations in a competency‐based curriculum
Authors: Ott Mary C. , Dengler Lori , Hibbert Kathryn , Ott Michael
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Competency‐based medical education (CBME) promises to improve medical education through curricular reforms to support learner development. This intention may be at risk in the case of a Canadian approach to CBME called Competence by Design (CBD), since there have been negative impacts on residents. According to Joseph Schwab, teachers, learners and milieu must be included in the process of curriculum‐making to prevent misalignments between intended values and practice. This study considered what can be learned from the process of designing, enacting and adapting CBD to better support learners.

Methods

This qualitative study explored the making of CBD through the perspectives of implementation leads (N = 18) at national, institutional and programme levels. A sociomaterial orientation to agency in curriculum‐making guided the inductive approach to interviewing and analysis in phase one. A deductive analysis in phase two applied Schwab's theory to further understand sources of misalignments and the purpose of adaptive responses.

Results

Misalignments occurred when the needs of teachers, learners and milieu were initially underestimated in the process of curriculum‐making, disconnecting assessment practices from experiences of teaching, learning and entrustment. While technical and structural issues posed significant constraints on agency, some implementation leads were able to make changes to the curriculum or context to fix the disconnects. We identified six purposes for principled adaptations to align with CBME values of responsive teaching, individualised learning and meaningful entrustment.

Conclusion

Collectively, the adaptations we characterise demonstrate constructive alignment, a foundational principle of CBME in which assessment and teaching work together to support learning. This study proposes a model for making context‐shaped, values‐based adaptations to CBME to achieve its promise.
Arte hiperinflacionario y ficciones de la identidad maricosmopolita en José Rafael Perozo
Authors: Castro Alejandro
Published: August 2024

En este artículo de investigación se designa como arte hiperinflacionario el conjunto de obras recientes que tienen como soporte material (y conceptual) el bolívar, la unidad monetaria venezolana, una de las más devaluadas del mundo. Se estudia especialmente la propuesta maricosmopolita de José Rafael Perozo (Maracaibo, 1982), desde la serie (Re)Convertidos (2014), hasta Canto a Venezuela (2021-22). El arte hiperinflacionario es el que interviene artísticamente el bolívar, allí donde el bolívar ha sido (y está siendo) constantemente intervenido económicamente por el gobierno bolivariano. El maricosmopolitismo, por su parte, es el término propuesto para una versión contemporánea, radicalmente antichavista y digital, de lo que se ha dado en llamar cosmopolitismos o globalizaciones disidentes y cosmopolíticas queer. Se concluye que la obra de Perozo realiza sobre la identidad nacional, confiscada por la resimbolización chavista de la independencia venezolana, una operación de vaciamiento, para reclamarla por la vía de la disidencia sexual.
Performance Characterization of a Radial Rotating Detonation Combustor With Axial Exhaust
Authors: Langner Dalton , Gupta Apurav , James Ashley , Agrawal Ajay K.
Published: August 2024

This experimental study characterizes the performance of a radial rotating detonation combustor (RDC). An aerospike nozzle for rocket propulsion has been integrated into the center of the combustor, although the same combustor could also be coupled with turbomachinery. The radial RDC (RRDC) utilized a rapid to gradual (RTG) area change in the flow direction to effectively confine the detonation region close to the inlet plane and to improve the uniformity of the flow exiting the RDC. Three test cases were analyzed, (a) a baseline case at a total reactant mass flowrate, m˙ = 0.136 kg/s and equivalence ratio, ϕ = 0.6, (b) a higher reactant flowrate, m˙ = 0.318 kg/s and ϕ = 0.6, and (c) a higher ϕ = 0.8 at m˙ = 0.318 kg/s. All tests were conducted using methane and a 67% oxygen and 33% nitrogen (by mole) oxidizer mixture. Measurements were acquired using CTAP probes inside the combustion channel and along the aerospike to characterize the performance, PCB and ion probes near the detonation region to identify wave modes and their variations during the test, and thrust measurements using a six-axis force sensor. Results show highly complex wave modes with multiple corotating and/or counter-rotating waves depending upon the reactant flowrate. The pressure and thrust measurements are consistent with the wave mode analysis. In general, a positive (combustor only) pressure gain was inferred when losses associated with the injection system were excluded. The study highlights the challenges associated with fuel–air mixing and integrating the RDC with downstream hardware.
Performance Evaluation of Different Rotating Detonation Combustor Designs Using Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Raj Piyush , Talukdar Shaon , Meadows Joseph , Agrawal Ajay
Published: August 2024

Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) present a potential avenue for enhancing the efficiency of gas turbine combustors through the utilization of a detonation-driven process. However, integrating an RDE with a downstream turbine poses a significant challenge due to the shock-laden and highly unsteady nature of the RDE exit flow, coupled with a high degree of flow periodicity. In contrast, gas turbines are designed to operate with relatively small velocity and temperature fluctuations at the turbine inlet. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of how geometric profiling can improve RDE performance and mitigate exhaust flow field unsteadiness. Three RDE designs are analyzed: an annular combustor with a constant cross-sectional area, an annular combustor with a converging nozzle near the exit, and an annular combustor with a rapid to gradual (RTG) area convergence. Three-dimensional (3D) unsteady reacting simulations are conducted for each configuration using the same fuel-oxidizer composition and mass flow rate condition. All simulations are validated against experimental measurements, and RDE performance is assessed based on total pressure gain/loss, unsteadiness at the exit of the RDE, and detonation effectiveness. Results show significant performance improvement for both the convergent nozzle and the RTG profile compared to the constant cross-sectional area configuration, and the RTG design performed better than the convergent nozzle design. Therefore, strategically constricting the flow in an RDE can be used to optimize the performance of an RDE and should be considered in future designs.
The Effect of Mixture Variation and Initial Temperature on the NH2* Thickness of Spherically Propagating Laminar Ammonia Flames
Authors: Almarzooq Yousef M. , Hay Matthew , Khan-Ghauri Maryam , Mathieu Olivier , Kulatilaka Waruna D. , Petersen Eric L.
Published: August 2024

Interest in ammonia (NH3) in combustion has increased in recent years as a carbon-free fuel alternative. Therefore, understanding its combustion characteristics is crucial. One way to increase the knowledge of ammonia combustion is by investigating the flame zone of a laminar flame. Using a high-spatial-resolution flame zone measurement technique developed by the current research group, the flame zone of different NH3-containing mixtures was measured experimentally. Those measurements were achieved by investigating spherically propagating flames using a chemiluminescence imaging diagnostic with the focus on NH2* profiles. The effect of the fuel mixture on the profile shape was investigated by examining two different mixtures. The first was an oxy-ammonia mixture consisting of NH3 + oxygen-enriched oxidizer where the oxygen (O2) concentration was varied from 25% to 40%. The second was a blend of NH3–H2 where the NH3 concentration (XNH3) was varied from 0.5 to 0.8. Additionally, the effect of the initial temperature was investigated by varying it from 293 to 373 K for three different mixtures, namely, NH3 + (35% O2 + 65% N2), (0.7 NH3 + 0.3 H2)/air, and (0.45 H2 + 0.4 NH3 + 0.15 N2)/air. In all investigated mixtures, the initial pressure was fixed at 1 atm, and the equivalence ratio was fixed at Φ = 1.0. The study revealed that increasing the O2 concentration in the oxy-ammonia mixture produced thinner flames. On the contrary, increasing the XNH3 in the NH3–H2 blend produced slightly thicker flames. Varying the initial temperature has two different responses for the three designated mixtures. In the oxy-ammonia mixture and the NH3–H2 blend, increasing the initial temperature resulted in the flame being thinner. On the other hand, increasing the initial temperature produced a slightly thicker flame for the H2–NH3–N2 blend. The predicted NH2* profile thicknesses from chemical kinetics agree with the measurements except for the H2-NH3–N2 blend, where the kinetics model underpredicted the thickness by a significant difference.