bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of TiCl4 Treatment on Porous ZnO Photoelectrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Sakai Nobuya , Kawashima Norimichi , Murakami Takurou N
Published: January 2011

In this study, photoelectrodes composed of a porous layer of 100-nm ZnO particles are fabricated for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The electrodes are immersed in an aqueous TiCl4 solution to coat them with a thin layer of TiO2 for preparation of ZnO–TiO2 core–shell electrodes. This simple treatment drastically improves the cell performance, resulting in the highest obtained efficiency of 3.91%. This efficiency is higher than that of 100-nm TiO2 particle cells.
Synthesis and Aqueous Dispersion Properties of Triarm Poly(NIPAAm-b-HEAAm) Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Ashaduzzaman Md , Kai Shuhei , Uemura Shinobu , Kunitake Masashi
Published: January 2011

The thermoresponsive dispersion properties of triarm-shaped diblock copolymers of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) {poly(NIPAAm)} as a core unit and poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) {poly(HEAAm)} as a hydrophilic outer shell were investigated. The core and the outer shell were synthesized by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The block polymer was completely dissolved in water up to 10−6 M with no turbidity even above lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Above the LCST (ca. 33.6 °C) polymer aggregates, in which the NIPAAm moiety was shrunk and formed a hydrophobic core, were monitored by dynamic light scattering measurements, while no signal was observed below the LCST. The size of globular aggregates with diameter in the range 35 to 170 nm was kinetically controlled by incubation in the transition-temperature region near the LCST. The size was stable above that temperature region.
Phosphine Sulfides as an Anchor Unit for Single Molecule Junctions
Authors: Fukazawa Aiko , Kiguchi Manabu , Tange Satoshi , Ichihashi Yasunori , Zhao Qiang , Takahashi Takuya , Konishi Tatsuya , Murakoshi Kei , Tsuji Yuta , Staykov Aleksandar , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: January 2011

Phenylene and biphenyl compounds with dibenzophosphole sulfide (DBPS) as an anchoring group for single molecule junctions were synthesized. The conductance measurements revealed that the phosphine sulfide indeed acts as an anchoring group for Au electrodes. Theoretical calculations including metal electrodes demonstrated that the LUMO level of the DBPS-terminated biphenyl is close to the Au Fermi level, leading to the electron conduction of the Au–molecule–Au junction based on the resonance-tunneling mechanism.
Electrochemical Catalytic Carbon-skeleton Rearrangement Mediated by Imine/Oxime-type B12 Model Complex
Authors: Tahara Keishiro , Chen Yi , Pan Ling , Masuko Takahiro , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: January 2011

An electrochemical carbon-skeleton rearrangement of methylmalonate skeleton to succinate was successfully mediated by an imine/oxime-type cobalt complex using diethyl 2-bromomethyl-2-phenylmalonate as a model substrate of a coenzyme B12-dependent enzymatic reaction. Cyclic voltammetric and mass spectrometric studies revealed that this electrocatalysis of the alkyl bromide with 1,2-migration of a carboxylic ester group was achieved by the duet redox process between the reduction of the monoalkylated complex and the oxidation of the dialkylated complex.
Reforming the Air Passenger Duty as an Environmental Tax
Authors: Truby Jon M.
Published: January 2011

In light of the UK Coalition Government's announced intention to reform Air Passenger Duty, this article examines the design flaws which render it an inadequate environmental tax. By identifying the misconceived consequences and environmental inefficiencies of this blunt instrument, the need for reform is shown to be overdue. Specific reform proposals are set out for a per-plane tax able to affect behaviour in a manner more closely linked to environmental objectives, including the UK's sustainable transport policy.
Tensile Resistance of Mineralized and Demineralized Rat Bones in Different Regions (Calvarial and Femur)
Authors: Sanada Jefferson Tomio , Pereira Jefferson Ricardo , Assaoka Aliana Mayumi Ferreira , de Godoi Zingra Ana Cristina , de Oliveira Pedro César Garcia , Valle Accácio Lins do
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile resistance of mineralized and demineralized bones. Twelve mice were used. Specimens were collected and divided into groups 1 and 2, mineralized and demineralized calvarial bone, and groups 3 and 4, mineralized and demineralized femoral bone. There was not a statistically significant difference (analysis of variance) between the regions; however, when comparing the demineralized and mineralized groups, a statistically significant difference (Student test) for the mineralized group was noticed.
Genetic diversity in soybean germplasm identified by SSR and EST-SSR markers
Authors: Mulato Bruno Mello , Möller Milene , Zucchi Maria Imaculada , Quecini Vera , Pinheiro José Baldin
Published: January 2011

The objectives of this work were to investigate the genetic variation in 79 soybean (Glycine max) accessions from different regions of the world, to cluster the accessions based on their similarity, and to test the correlation between the two types of markers used. Simple sequence repeat markers present in genomic (SSR) and in expressed regions (EST-SSR) were used. Thirty SSR primer-pairs were selected (20 genomic and 10 EST-SSR) based on their distribution on the 20 genetic linkage groups of soybean, on their trinucleotide repetition unit and on their polymorphism information content. All analyzed loci were polymorphic, and 259 alleles were found. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2-21, with an average of 8.63. The accessions exhibit a significant number of rare alleles, with genotypes 19, 35, 63 and 65 carrying the greater number of exclusive alleles. Accessions 75 and 79 were the most similar and accessions 31 and 35, and 40 and 78, were the most divergent ones. A low correlation between SSR and EST-SSR data was observed, thus genomic and expressed microsatellite markers are required for an appropriate analysis of genetic diversity in soybean. The genetic diversity observed was high and allowed the formation of five groups and several subgroups. A moderate relationship between genetic divergence and geographic origin of accessions was observed.
Treinamento de marcha, cardiorrespiratório e muscular após acidente vascular encefálico: estratégias, dosagens e desfechos
Authors: Ovando Angélica Cristiane , Michaelsen Stella Maris , Dias Jonathan Ache , Herber Vanessa
Published: January 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: Um número crescente de programas de treinamento com resultados positivos tem sido proposto para a reabilitação de pacientes com sequelas motoras após acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). No entanto, observa-se que muitos não oferecem recomendações no que diz respeito a indicações para técnicas e procedimentos específicos. OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura pertinente sobre programas de treinamento envolvendo marcha, condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e fortalecimento muscular de membros inferiores em pacientes portadores de hemiparesia por sequela de AVE, e descrever a eficácia, limitações e efeitos desses programas na recuperação cardiovascular, funcional e motora dessa população. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca por ensaios clínicos, trabalhos pré-experimentais, meta-análises e revisões de literatura que abordassem os temas treinamento físico, fortalecimento muscular, treinamento de marcha e programas de exercícios para membros inferiores após AVE. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 27 artigos relatando diversos protocolos de treinamento (marcha, treinamento cardiovascular, fortalecimento muscular, entre outros) e seus efeitos no sistema cardiovascular, músculo-esquelético e sobre o status funcional em indivíduos portadores de hemiparesia após AVE. CONCLUSÃO: Praticamente todas as intervenções relatam resultados positivos em termos de ganhos funcionais, além de efeitos específicos de acordo com o tipo de treinamento. No entanto, as diferenças metodológicas, a carência de grupo controle em alguns estudos, a variabilidade da população estudada e os critérios de análise nem sempre permitem a recomendação segura de procedimentos específicos na prática clínica.
The activity of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases in transgenic phosphinothricin-resistant lotus corniculatus shoots
Authors: Savic Jelena , Platisa Jelena , Dragicevic M. , Nikolic Radomirka , Mitic Nevena , Cingel A. , Vinterhalter Branka
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the non-selective
herbicide Basta?, with phosphinothricin (PPT) as active compound, on
antioxidative enzymes in transgenic PPT-resistant Lotus corniculatus cv.
Bokor shoots grown under in vitro conditions. Analysis of peroxidases (POD)
and superoxide dismutases (SOD) showed that the activity of these enzymes was
affected by herbicide application more in control PPT-sensitive than in
transformed resistant shoots. These results confirmed the capacity of
genetically modified resistant shoots to reduce the influence of PPT on the
physiological processes and disturbance of oxidative balance in cells.
Towards candidature of the Crno jezero (Black Lake) (Durmitor, Montenegro) as a high ecological status (HES) site of the Dinaric Western Balkan ecoregion
Authors: Radulovic Snezana , Laketic Dusanka , Popovic Z. , Teodorovic Ivana
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to assess whether the Crno jezero (Black Lake)
could be designated as a site possessing specific reference conditions of a
glacial lake in the Dinaric Western Balkan ecoregion. The results of a Lake
Habitat Survey (LHS), analysis of macrophytes and a basic water quality
assessment indicate that the lake is in a near pristine state, particularly
with regard to its hydromorphological status, and that it fulfills the
requirements of High Ecological Status (HES), as set by the Water Framework
Directive. However, to confirm these preliminary findings, an integrated
assessment of the ecological and chemical status, using other biological
quality elements and a full set of physico-chemical parameters, is necessary.
Inter and intra-population variation of leaf stomatal traits of Quercus robur L. in Northern Serbia
Authors: Batos B. , Vilotic D. , Orlovic S. , Miljkovic D.
Published: January 2011

The research involved the examination of inter- and intra-population
variation of stomatal traits: stomatal density, stomatal length and width,
stomatal pore surface, potential conductance index and stomatal shape
coefficient, in Quercus robur L. leaves. The research was conducted in
northern Serbia and included five populations (?Ada Ciganlija?, ?Bojcinska
suma?, ?Subotica?, ?Sombor? and ?Vrsac?). The stomatal characteristics were
examined in fully expanded leaves, from two leaf positions - the sun-exposed
and shaded side of the tree. The leaf position in the tree crown, forming a
part of the phenotypic variance, was relevant for the stomatal dimension
traits. Within populations, the differences between the genotypes (i.e.
trees), were relevant for all analyzed traits. On the basis of the analysis
of the inter-populational differences, the ?Bojcinska suma? population had a
statistically significantly lower stomatal density in comparison to the other
populations.
Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in flooded areas of Vojvodina, Serbia
Authors: Vujic A. , Stefanovic A. , Dragicevic I. , Matijevic T. , Pejcic L. , Knezevic M. , Krasic D. , Veselic S.
Published: January 2011

Three years of sampling (2007-2009) of adult mosquitoes in the area of
Vojvodina (Serbia) by dry ice baited CDC traps has provided information on
mosquito species composition, prevalence and seasonal activity. A total of
58,247 adult mosquitoes were collected comprising twenty species belonging to
the following genera: Anopheles Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes Meigen,
Culex L, Culiseta Felt and Mansonia Blanchard. The seven most common species
collected during this study were: Culex pipiens L. complex (35.6%), Aedes
vexans (Meigen) (33.4%), Aedes sticticus (Meigen) (15.2%), Anopheles
maculipennis Meigen complex (4%), Mansonia richiardii (Ficalbi) (3.8%), Aedes
cinereus Meigen (3.6%), Aedes pulchritarsis (Rondani) (3%) which made up 98%
of all specimens. Seasonal population dynamics differed between years and
between mosquito species in relation to wetland, urban and forest habitats,
and was primarily influenced by the water level of the Danube, Sava and Tisa
rivers, precipitation and temperature.
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche)-juniper pest (Juniperus spp.) in the Belgrade area
Authors: Graora Draga , Spasic Radoslava , Ckrkic Milica
Published: January 2011

The scale insect, Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a
significant pest on juniper (Juniperus spp.). Its population number has
increased in the Belgrade area in recent years. It is present in large
numbers on plant twigs, needles and cones, and causes a slowdown in growth,
needle chlorosis and premature needle fall, the loss of aesthetic value,
drying of branches and whole plants. The presence and attack intensity of C.
juniperi were determined on Juniperus spp. in 19 localities in the Belgrade
area in 2007 and 2008. Its life cycle and harmfulness were also studied. C.
juniperi develops one generation per year and overwinters as a fertilized
female on juniper branches and needles. Oviposition starts at the end of
April and beginning of May. The number of eggs laid by a single female is 16-
44. First instar larvae hatch in May and second instars appear at the
beginning of June. At the end of June and in July males and females form.
After copulation the males die and the fertilized females remain on the
plants feeding until overwintering.
Molecular cloning and characterization of glutamate decarboxylase cDNA from the giant-embryo Oryza sativa
Authors: Xu Hui , Liao Pan , Xiao Jianbo , Zhang Qianfei , Dong Yanjun , Kai Guoyin
Published: January 2011

A full-length cDNA encoding glutamate decarboxylase (designated as OsGAD3),
which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA), was isolated from the GABA-rich giant-embryo Oryza sativa (Shangshi
Jing 315). The full-length cDNA of OsGAD3 (SSJ315) has a 1479 bp open reading
frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 492 amino acid residues. The deduced
protein had an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.72 and a calculated molecular
weight of 56.1 kD. Sequence comparison showed that OsGAD3 (SSJ315) matches
the glutamate decarboxylases of other plant species reported previously.
Analysis of the structural features of the C-terminal portions of plant GADs
revealed that OsGAD3 (SSJ315) has the typical CaM-binding domain (CaMBD) in
the C-terminal region as most other plant GADs. Evolution analysis showed
that plant GADs are conserved in the process of evolution. The cloning and
characterization of the OsGAD3 (SSJ315) gene will enable us to use OsGAD3 to
enhance GABA production in O. sativa (SSJ315) by metabolic engineering in the
near future.
The presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in a chosen food processing establishment in Serbia
Authors: Lakicevic Brankica , Stjepanovic Aleksandra , Milijasevic M. , Terzic-Vidojevic Amarela , Golic Natasa , Topisirovic L.
Published: January 2011

The aim of the study was to establish a protocol to evaluate the presence of
Listeria spp. in food processing environments. The presence of Listeria spp.
was evaluated in a selected restaurant in Serbia on three occasions. Samples
were collected from 47 sampling spots in the commercial kitchen equipment and
environment. The presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were
detected by conventional culture methods and by the PCR method. The obtained
results showed that 23 swab samples were positive for Listeria spp.
Interestingly, the swabs from the bread-cutting board and meat defrosting
sink were positive for L. monocytogenes.
Characterization of the bacteriocin-producing strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGUB9
Authors: Tolinacki Maja , Kojic M. , Lozo Jelena , Terzic-Vidojevic Amarela , Topisirovic L. , Fira D.
Published: January 2011

The strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGUB9 that was isolated
from traditionally homemade hard cheese produces bacteriocin designated as
BacUB9, with an approximate molecular mass of 4 kDa. Biochemical
characterization and the antimicrobial activity test of BacUB9 were
performed. The onset of BacUB9 biosynthesis was observed at the end of an
exponential phase of growth. Bacteriocin UB9 retained the antimicrobial
activity within the pH range from 1 to 10 and after treatment at 100oC for 30
min. The bacteriocin is susceptible to the activity of proteolytic enzymes.
Bacteriocin BacUB9 has a very narrow antimicrobial spectrum, limited to
several strains that belong to closely related species. The effect of BGUB9
on the growth of the strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGHN14
in a mixed culture was monitored. The mode of action of BacUB9 on the strain
BGHN14 was identified as bacteriostatic. Plasmid curing results indicated
that a plasmid, designated as pUB9, seemed to be responsible for both
bacteriocin BacUB9 production and host immunity.
The influence of vitamin e supplementation on the oxidative status of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue
Authors: Djurasevic S.F. , Djordjevic Jelena , Jasnic N. , Lakic Iva , Vujovic P. , Cvijic Gordana
Published: January 2011

We tested whether the additional intake of vitamin E in the form of
?-tocopheryl-succinate would improve the interscapular brown adipose tissue
(IBAT) antioxidative protection. Thus, we studied the tissue oxidative status
in rats supplemented by two doses of vitamin E over a four-week period. Our
results confirmed that vitamin E supplementation decreased the IBAT lipid
peroxidation level, SOD and catalase activity levels, the hydrogen peroxide
concentration and spared its vitamin C content.
Ethanol extract of Momordica tuberosa tubers protects liver in paracetamol-induced damage
Authors: Kumar P. , Rao Devala , Lakshmayya L , Ramachandra Setty
Published: January 2011

The study assessed the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of
an ethanol (70%) extract of Momordica tuberosa Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) (TMT)
tubers in experimentally induced liver damage by paracetamol (2 g/kg, po.) in
albino rats. The degree of protection was ascertained by estimating the
levels of biochemical markers like SGPT, SGOT, bilirubin (total and direct),
ALP, and triglycerides. Tissue GSH and lipid peroxidation were also
determined. The ethanol (70%) extract of tubers in an oral administration of
20 and 40 mg/kg doses produced significant protection by decreasing the
activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and tissue
lipid peroxidation, while it increased tissue GSH at 40 mg/kg dose. The
effects of the extract were comparable to the standard drug silymarin (100
mg/kg). Results suggested that an ethanol (70%) extract of the tubers of the
plant at 40 mg/kg possesses potential hepatoprotective activity against
paracetamol-induced hepatic damage and significant antioxidant activity in
rats.
Paradoxical emboli: Clinical importance of transcranial doppler for detection of patent foramen ovale
Authors: Zivanovic Zeljko , Ruzicka-Kaloci Svetlana , Jesic Aleksandar , Radovanovic Biljana , Lucic-Prokin Aleksandra , Slankamenac Petar
Published: January 2011

A patent foramen ovale has been reported to be more frequently detected in
cryptogenic stroke, with paradoxical embolism as the major pathogenetic
mechanism. The standard procedure for the detection of a patent foramen ovale
is transesophageal echo?cardiography. Transcranial Doppler sonography with
bubble test is almost as reliable as transesophageal echocardiography.
Seventeen patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks
hospitalized at the Department of Neurology in Novi Sad underwent
examinations to detect a patent foramen ovale, which was found in 55.6% of
patients with cryptogenic stroke. The average age of these patients was 30.6
years. Transcranial Doppler sonography showed 100% sensitivity and 100%
specificity for the predicti?on of right-to-left shunts proven by
transesophageal contrast echocardiography. Both positive and negative
predictive values in our group of patients were 1. Transcranial Doppler with
bubble test is a reliable method for the detection of a patent foramen ovale,
with a high level of sensitivity and specificity which is comparable with
transesophageal echocardiography. Moreover, it is cheaper and more
comfortable than transesophageal echocardiography, and should be used
routinely in neurological practice.
Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Golubovic Slavica , Stankovic Ivana , Ristic Lidija , Cosic Vladan , Djordjevic Ivanka , Radovic Milan
Published: January 2011

Introduction. A lot of studies have dealt with the oxidative stress in
pulmonary diseases, and some of them with tuberculosis as well. The aim of
this study was to examine the antioxidant enzyme level (superoxide dismutase,
glutathione peroxidase, catalase) and the lipid peroxidation products in
patients with tuberculosis. Material and methods. Forty patients with
tuberculosis were included in the study. The examined parameters were
measured before and three weeks after the beginning of the antituberculosis
treatment (group I). The control group included 40 healthy persons (group
II). Results. The superoxide dismutase level was significantly lower in group
I in both measurements (p<0.001 and p<0.01) in relation to group II, but
there were no significant changes in its level during the therapy. During the
treatment, the glutation peroxidase level significantly increased (p<0.05),
and in relation to group II, its level was significantly lower in both
measurements in group I (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The catalase level
significantly increased during the treatment, but there was no significant
difference in relation to group II level. There was no significant difference
in relation to the lipid peroxidase products between the groups. Discussion.
Our study group had reduced antioxidant enzyme level and some of them showed
significant improvement during the treatment. The lipid peroxidase product
level was stable. Conclusion. In patients with tuberculosis the antioxidative
status is lower and its level and possible development of the oxidative
stress depend on the disease severity.
Intracranial haemorrhage after transport of premature newborns
Authors: Spasojevic Slobodan , Stojanovic Vesna , Savic Radojica , Doronjski Aleksandra
Published: January 2011

Intracranial hemorrhage remains an important factor of premature newborns?
morbidity. Its incidence is significantly influenced by adequate perinatal
care and safe neonatal transport. Risk factors for the development of
intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborns after neonatal transport were
analyzed in the retrospective transversal clinical study. Out of 150 study
subjects, 60% (n=90/150) had intracranial hemorrhage with a statistically
significant difference in relation to Apgar score, gestational age, birth
weight, age at the moment of transport and the prophylactic use of
surfactant. In this group, grades I/II intracranial hemorrhage were detected
in 77% (n=69/90), while grades III/IV intracranial hemorrhage were diagnosed
in 23% (n=21/90). A statistically significant difference was observed in
relation to gestational age, birth weight, antenatal use of tocolytics and
steroids, delivery mode and age in the time of transport between these
groups. All patients were transferred to Intensive Care Unit, the duration
of transport was less than 5 minutes in 71% 9n=107/150), whereas longer
transport was recorded in 29% (n=43/150). In the group of longer transport,
prophylactic surfactant was less frequently used with a higher incidence of
grades III/IV intracranial hemorrhage. In order to prevent the development
of intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborns, the most important
measures are the antenatal use of steroids and postnatal prophylactic use of
surfactant.
Relaxant activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill, Apiaceae) on isolated ileum of rat
Authors: Brankovic Suzana , Kitic Dusanka , Radenkovic Mirjana , Ivetic Vesna , Veljkovic Slavimir , Nesic Milkica
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is used in the traditional
herbal medicine to treat intestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to
examine the effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of parsley on spontaneous
and acetylcholine induced contractions on isolated rat ileum. Material and
methods. Wistar albino rats (250-300g) were used in this study. The ileum
portions were isolated out and cleaned off mesenteries. Preparations 2 cm
long were mounted in 20 ml tissue baths containing Tyrode's solution
maintained at 37?C and aerated with a mixture of 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen.
In the first part of experiments, contractile responses to the aqueous
(ethanol) extracts of parsley were recorded. In the second part, increasing
concentrations of acetylcholine were added to the organ bath for a full
concentration response curve and then concentration response curves were
obtained after adding the aqueous (ethanol) extracts of parsley. Results and
discussion. Our results showed that aqueous (62.22?7.15%) and ethanol
(79.16?9.34%) extracts of parsley in dose dependent manner decreased the
tonus of spontaneous contractions of isolated rat ileum. The aqueous
(32.16?2.75%) and ethanol (53.96?4.86%) extracts of parsley reduced the
acetylcholine induced contraction, the reduction was greater with ethanol
extract than with the aqueous one. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the
aqueous and ethanol extracts of parsley exert antispasmodic activity on rat
ileum. The relaxant effect of ethanol extract was better comparing to aqueous
extract of parsley.
Fibromyalgia: Up to date aspects of patophysiology, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Tomasevic-Todorovic Snezana , Pjevic Miroslava , Boskovic Ksenija
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain condition with spontaneous,
chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain and tenderness accompanied by a
number of nonspecific symptoms. The low prevalence of FM is considered an
underestimation and results from insufficient knowledge about FM. In order to
increase the general awareness of the unique nature of pain in fibromyalgia
and the right of patients to receive specific attention, EFIC (European
Federation of the IASP Chapters) launched the European campaign against pain
in fibromyalgia. Pathophysiological mechanisms. The pathogenesis of
fibromyalgia is not yet clear. An altered processing of pain is probably the
main contributor to the pathogenesis, arising from a number of
neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter and neurosensory disturbances in genetically
predisposed patients. According to numerous findings, FM originates in the
central nervous system and indicates a state of central sensitization in
fibromyalgia. There are many reasons for considering that FM and neuropathic
pain share similar mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and fibromyalgia
assessment. The ACR criteria (1990) are currently a ?gold standard? applied
for FM diagnosing, but a number of scoring systems and scales are valid tools
for fibromyalgia assessment, differential diagnosis, treatment evaluation and
estimation of patient?s quality of life. Treatment. According to multiple
pathophysiological mechanisms, the treatment involves multidisciplinary and
multimodal approach, includding a combination of pharmacological and
non-pharmacological interventions based on EULAR (European League Against
Rheumatism) recommendations from 2007. Pharmacological treatment
(antidepressants, anticonvulsants and conventional analgesics) is directed
toward the control of pain and other symptoms, but non-pharmacological
management (aerobic exercise, strength training and cognitive behavioural
therapy) is directed to functional consequences of the symptoms. Although the
treatment rarely relieves the symptoms completely, the active role of an
educated FM patient and supportive surrounding are secondary necessary to
provide beneficial clinical effects on this complex painful condition.
Cerebral palsy and epilepsy
Authors: Knezevic-Pogancev Marija
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability
in early childhood. Epilepsy is known to have a high association with
cerebral palsy. All types of epileptic seizures can be seen in patients with
cerebral palsy. Complex partial and secondary generalized ones are the most
frequent seizure types. In persons with cerebral palsy and mental
retardation, the diagnosis of epilepsy presents unique difficulties.
Generally they are not able to describe the epileptic events themselves,
parents are not able to describe them without fear and persons trained in
epilepsy witness the events only rarely. Some syndromes, such as infantile
spasms, West and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, are particularly frequent, whereas
children with cerebral palsy are rarely free of epilesy. It has been observed
that epileptic seizures in children with cerebral palsy tend to have an
earlier onset; they often appear in children with cerebral palsy and mental
retardation; they are more severe in patients with a more severe degree of
cerebral palsy. The overall outcome of seizures in children with cerebral
palsy is poor, requiring prolonged course of antiepileptic medications,
polytherapy with higher incidence of refractory seizures and hospital
admissions for status epilepticus. The presence of a neurological deficit, as
well as cerebral palsy, does not necessarily mean a poor prognosis after the
discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs, but the risk of a relaps in persons
with cerebral palsy is high. Aim. The objective of the paper was to show the
relationship between cerebral palsy and epilepsy and to determine the
occurrence, associated factors, nature and prognosis of epilepsy in children
with cerebral palsy.
Functional outcome of posttraumatic elbow contractures
Authors: Jandric Slavica , Boskovic Ksenija
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Posttraumatic elbow contractures can cause functional
limitations and impairment of activities of daily living in children and
adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome and differences
between posttraumatic elbow contractures in children and adults during
rehabilitation. Material and methods. We analyzed 68 patients with
posttraumatic elbow contractures, who had been admitted to the regional
rehabilitation center and managed by procedures of physical therapy. All
patients were divided into two groups: group A (34 children) and group B (34
adults). Mayo Clinic Performance Index for Elbow (MCPI) was measured at the
beginning and at the end of the physical treatment for each patient. Results.
Out of the study sample, 76.47% of children and 47.06% of adult patients had
excellent score at the end of the therapy. The median of Performance index
increased for both groups after the physical therapy and the differences were
significantly high for both groups, children (t=5.66, p<0.001) and adults
(t=2.47, p<0.001). MCPI at the discharge was significantly higher in the
children than in the adults (t=2.85, p<0.05). Conclusion. The results of our
investigation have shown that the elbow function assessment in patients with
posttraumatic elbow contractures (in regard to pain, motion, stability and
sum of daily function) was better in children than in adults at discharge,
after approximately 3 weeks of rehabilitation.
Shigellosis - epidemiological situation in Montenegro in period 1996-2005
Authors: Sipetic-Grujicic Sandra , Glusac Stefa , Ratkov Isidora , Maksimovic Jadranka , Ratkov Eleonora , Rakocevic Bozidarka
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Shigellosis is the most common cause of diarrhoea in the world.
It is estimated to cause 165 million cases per a year, and two third of all
diseases and most of the deaths are among children under 10 years of age. The
aim of this descriptive epidemiologic study was to analyze the incidence of
shigellosis in Montenegro during the period 1996-2005 and to find out which
species of Shigella were dominant in this region. Material and methods. In
the analysis of the data we used crude, age-specific and standardized
incidence rates calculated by direct method using world population by Segi as
standard. Results. During the study period the average participation of
shigellosis among all cases of intestinal diseases expressed in percentage
was 1.2%. The average standardized incidence rate for shigellosis was
7.18/100.000 in male population and 6.3/100.000 in female population. During
the period 1996-2005 the number of Shigella cases decreased both in male and
female population. Most of the cases were among children aged 0-14, and then
in the age group 15-24 years. The most common species were S. sonnei (46.1%),
then S. flexnery (25.4%), S. boydi (10.9%) and S. dysenteriae (3.6%).
Disscusion. Today shigellosis is still a big health problem in most countries
because of high mortality rate among children, the presence of
multi-resistant species to antibiotics, easy transmission from one person to
another and lack of preventive measures, especially vaccine. Conclusion. In
order to decrease the incidence of shigellosis it is necessary to apply
appropriate preventive measures as well as to improve vaccine against this
disease.
Rare congenital hearth disease as a cause of tuberculosis activation
Authors: Radovic Milan , Ristic Lidija , Stankovic Ivana , Petrovic Dejan
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Patients with congenital cyanotic heart defects and the
left-to-right shunt are at a three times higher risk of getting tuberculosis
than acyanotic ones. No TB cases have been recorded in adult patients with
the right-to-left shunt having cyanosis since their birth. Case report. A
34-year-old man was referred to our Clinic with the discomforts such as
chronic cough, hemoptysis and insomnia. At the admission he was pale,
cyanotic, with a partial manifest respiratory insufficiency and
characteristic TB pulmonary lesions detected by x-rays and tomography. After
the sputum positive TB recidivism had been diagnosed, the antituberculotics
treatment was introduced resulting in the successful smear and culture
conversion and radiological regression of pulmonary lesions, but associated
with non-explicable deterioration of cyanosis and chronic respiratory
insufficiency until Doppler-echocardiographic examination verified the
presence of tetralogy of Fallot. Conclusion. Congenital cyanotic heart
defects are extremely rare in adults. Nevertheless, it is necessary to
maintain a very high level of clinical suspicion regarding TB activation
even in the cases of defects with the right-to-left shunt.
Morphological and molecular identification of Colletotrichum acutatum from tomato fruit
Authors: Zivkovic Svetlana , Stojanovic Sasa , Ivanovic Zarko , Trkulja Nenad , Dolovac Nenad , Aleksic Goran , Balaz Jelica
Published: January 2011

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum
coccodes, and Colletotrichum dematium are the four main species of
Colletotrichum that cause tomato anthracnose. In Serbia, the occurrence of
anthracnose on tomato fruit has been recorded during the last several years.
Typical fruit symptoms include dark, sunken, and circular lesion with orange
conidial masses. Pathogen isolates were obtained from a diseased tomato
fruits, on PDA medium forming a white to gray colonies. The cultures
developed black acervuli around the center of the colony. Conidia were
hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform or rarely cylindrical. Appressoria were
smooth, simple, clavate to ovate, and varied from light to dark brown.
Pathogenicity tests with representative isolates were conducted on
symptomless, detached tomato fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose
lesions on tomato fruit after 7 days of incubation. Koch?s postulates were
fulfilled by reisolation from inoculated tomato fruits. PCR analysis (using
species-specific primer pair, CaInt2/ ITS4) of genomic DNA from tomato
isolates resulted in an amplification product of 490 bp, specific for C.
acutatum, further confirming the identity of the pathogen. Based on
morphological and molecular characteristics, the isolates from tomato fruit
were determined as C. acutatum.
Efficacy of different formulations of Bromodiolone-based rodenticides against rodent pests in alfalfa
Authors: Jokic Goran , Vuksa Marina , Elezovic Ibrahim , Stojnic Bojan , Djedovic Suzana
Published: January 2011

In order to compare the efficacy of different formulations of
Bromodiolone-based rodenticides against mixed populations of common vole
(Microtus arvalis Pall) and striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in
alfalfa, the testing was conducted using the standard EPPO method at the
locations of Belegis and Putinci, in summer of 2010. The experimental design
consisted of a completely randomized block with four replicates and with the
main plot area of 400 m2. The abundance and distribution of small rodents
populations at the experimental plots were determined on the basis of
appearance and spatial distribution of active holes. The efficacy of
different rodenticide formulations was evaluated according to the number of
active holes 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment (DAT), using the Henderson-
Tilton?s formula. The testing was done with the commercially available
rodenticide formulations: (grain-based baits), RB (ready-to-use baits -
pouches) and PT (pellets), containing 0.005% of active ingredient
Bromodiolone. The monofactoral analysing of variance did not result in any
statistically significant difference in efficacy of rodenticide formulations
7 DAT at the Belegis locality and 7 and 14 DAT at the Putinci locality. But,
the statistically significant difference in efficacy of rodenticide
formulations was observed at Belegis locality on the 14th day of the
experiment. Also, at the end of experiment, the efficacy of rodenticide
formulations significantly varied at both locations. Nominally, the lowest
efficacy of 72.5% was exhibited by formulation, while the average efficacy
of RB and PT formulations against mixed populations of common vole and
striped field mouse in alfalfa was 88.3% and 77.7%, respectively. It is
concluded that the use of RB formulation of Bromodiolone-based rodenticides
can improve the control of rodent pests in alfalfa.
Characteristics of extramarital births in Serbia in the second half of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Penev Goran , Stankovic Biljana
Published: January 2011

Over the last five decades the share of extramarital births in the total
number of live births has been increasing in all European countries. This is
also true for Serbia (excluding Kosovo), where the share of extramarital
births in the period of 1950-2009 increased by 3 times (from 8.0% to 23.2%),
and their number increased by a fifth (from 13,141 to 16,294). Women under 25
years of age and over 40-49 years have a substantially higher share in
extramarital births than in the total number of births. Almost every second
extramarital child's mother is younger than 25, and changes in the period of
1961-2008 developed in the direction of a decreasing share of women under the
age of 30, and especially under 25, as well as an increased share of women
above 30. According to the latest data, more than a half of extramarital
children are first, although their share is decreasing. At the same time, the
percentage of births of second and especially of third and higher orders is
increasing. The share of extramarital births is increasing with all women,
regardless of their education level. The highest and constantly growing share
of extramarital births is recorded with women without education and the
lowest share with women with university education. According to activity, the
most represented are unemployed and dependant women, who also have
significantly higher shares of extramarital births than employed women. From
an ethnic aspect, it is noticeable that the highest and constantly increasing
share of extramarital births is present with ethnic Roma women, which reached
over four fifths of the total number of children born by Roma women in 2008.
Among the ethnic Serbian women the share of extramarital births is
significantly below the average for Serbia. According to the type of
settlements the share of extramarital births is lower in urban than in other
(non-urban) settlements, and in the largest urban agglomerations, including
Belgrade, it is even below the average for Serbia. Some significant regional
differences can also be noted - the zone of the high share of extramarital
fertility is in the east of Serbia, while the zone of lower and medium
fertility is in the west of central part of Serbia. It is assumed that future
dynamics in the area of extramarital births in Serbia will develop in a
manner similar to that of the last several decades. It can be concluded that
this is not a phenomenon related to adopting new values and norms, but
primarily a continuation of already present tendencies in an environment with
traditional moral norms.
Variations on the European labor markets from gender point of view
Authors: Savic Mirko , Mihajlovic-Mihic Svetlana
Published: January 2011

In modern societies gender gap attracts significant attention. Scientists are
trying to research this issue from different aspects: demographical,
sociological, economic, etc. The goal of this paper is to define the basic
variables that explain variation on the labor markets in Europe from the
gender point of view and to compare labor market in Serbia with European
countries in order to identify the countries with the most similar gender
performances, with intention to overview their experiences concerning the
policy measures for gender gap reduction. Analysis is conducted through
observations of activity rates, employment rates, unemployment rates,
inactivity rates, and long-term unemployment rates. With use of factor
analysis we have identified the main factors on the labor markets in Europe
and on the basis of cluster analysis we have conducted grouping of countries
on the basis of discovered factors. Identification of cluster with Serbia was
conducted and also the place of the Serbian labor market in the same cluster.
On the basis of quantitative results qualitative analysis was conducted to
overview the experience in the field of gender differences on the labor
market in the countries from the same cluster as Serbia, with special
attention to Italy. Contemporary researches define labor market policy
measures oriented to reduction of inequalities in the field of paid and
unpaid labor. Decrease of these inequalities will consequently lead to the
increase of female labor supply on the market. Final result of this research
is the recommendation of policy measures in order to reduce gender
differences in economic activity with final goal of creating modern society
in Serbia and convergence with the most advanced countries in that field.
Decidual natural killer cells in recurrent spontaneous abortions
Authors: Radovic-Janosevic Dragana , Lilic Vekoslav , Basic Hakija , Tubic-Pavlovic Aleksandra , Stefanovic Milan , Milosevic Jelena
Published: January 2011

Background/Aim. A repeated or habitual miscarriage (PSP) is defined as three
or more consecutive losses of pregnancy. In the first three months of
pregnancy, habitual miscarriages occur in about 1% of pregnant women, out of
which 50% are of an unknown etiology. It is believed that among them, the
greatest number is the consequence of an inadequate alloimmune response of a
women to the pregnancy. The endocrine and immune systems are in a close
interaction during the implantation and maintaining of pregnancy. This
communication is the most obvious on endometrium of pregnancy decidua. The
aim of the study was to identify the number and the subpopulation
distribution of the decidual NK cells in the decidua by using an
immunohistochemical method. Methods. The research included a group of 30
women who had had two spontaneous miscarriages consecutively in the first
three months of their pregnancy, while the curettage after the third
spontaneous abortion was histopathologically and immunohistochemically
analyzed. The control group consisted of 20 women without a problematic
reproductive anamnesis, who had had their pregnancy terminated for social
reasons. The criteria for the eliminating from the research were the
diagnosed uterus anomalies, positive screening on thrombophilia, as well as
women suffering from diabetes melitus and the ones with the thyroid gland
function disorder. Results. The number and the phenotype structure of the
uterus NK cells were significantly different between the decidua of a normal
pregnancy and that in PSP. In the decidua in PSP, there were much more NK
cells with the phenotype of the peripheral circulation CD57 and CD56dim,
while in the decidua of the control group the dominant cells were the typical
uNK cell subpopulation CD56bright. Conclusion. The above mentioned results
show that the disregulation of the immunocompetent cells of the decidua, by
creating an inadequate cytokine milieu, is one of the mechanism of rejecting
the semiallogeneic blastocyst.
Correlation between histomorphometric changes and the type of aerobic bacteria isolated in chronic suppurative otitis media
Authors: Zivkovic-Marinkov Emilija , Stankovic Milan , Mihailovic Dragan , Bojanovic Mila
Published: January 2011

Background/Aim. Bacterial flora is a very important factor in pathogenesis of
chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and significantly influences the type
and intensity of osteolytic process. There are few histomorphometric
investigations of middle ear mucosa in chronic otitis. The aim of this study
was to identify aerobic bacteria responsible for chronic suppurative otitis
media as well as their association with histomorphometric changes of middle
ear mucosa. Methods. A prospective study that comprised 153 patients treated
in the Clinc for Ear, Thorat and Nose Diseases, Nis, was conducted.
Bacteriologic analysis of diseased ear secretion was carried out in all
patients. Intraoperatively removed granulation tissue was used for
histomorphometry. The analysed parameters were: the number of inflammatory
cells, as well as vascularization and vasodilatation. Results. The most
frequently isolated aerobic bacteria from chronic suppurative otitis media
were Staphylococcus aureus (29.02%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.02%) and
Proteus spp. (21.76%). There was no correlation between the type of
pathologic process and the type of bacteria.The number of inflammatory cells
in the granulation tissue in pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus was
1,597.33 ? 549.45 and in Pseudomonas auriginosa cultures was 2,639 ? 648.
Conclusion. This study showed that there is a statistically significant
correlation between the number of inflammatory cells in the granulation
tissue and the type of aerobic bacteria we isolated. The intensity of the
infection in chronic suppurative otitis media depends on the type of the
isolated bacteria, which emphasizes the importance of adequate preoperative
antimicrobial therapy.
Sudden death of a swimmer in water caused by heterotopic intracranial ossification and anomaly of the skull base
Authors: Pilija Vladimir , Budakov Branislav , Gvozdenovic Ljiljana , Savovic Slobodan , Mihalj Marija
Published: January 2011

Background. Expression of immersion syndrome implies sudden and unexpected
death of swimmer in water. A drowned swimmer is still a riddle for the
forensic and clinical doctors. Pathophysiological mechanisms which cause
immersion syndrome may be divided into vegetatively regulating and mechanical
ones. Case report. We presented heterotopic intracranial ossification with
the anomaly of the skull base bones development in a young man, a swimmer,
drowned after entering water and where the circumstances required expertise
in forensic medicine. Conclusion. Intracranial heterotopic ossification with
or without a disorder in the development of skull bones may be one of the
causes of immersion syndrome.