bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Impact of Flow Control Devices in SAGD Applications in the Surmont Area Through Numerical Analysis
Authors: Ajumogobia-Bestman Somiari , Jobling Robert , Pederson Erik , Cao Andrew
Published: June 2014

In Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) operations, steam is the primary means of mobilizing the in-situ bitumen or heavy oil-Bitumen (HO-B) resource. The cost of steam generation and delivery accounts for a significant portion of ongoing operational expenditures of the recovery process, thus any efficiency gains in delivering steam to the reservoir makes the entire process more cost effective. Two significant challenges that impact the process efficiency are the occurrence of steam breakthrough along the lateral and steam non-conformance. Both of these issues are largely due to the presence of reservoir heterogeneities. A possible solution to address these challenges is the inclusion of flow control devices (FCDs) in SAGD completions.

In order to quantify the impact of including FCDs in the SAGD process, this study was performed by numerical analysis with a model built from publicly available geological data representing the Surmount field of Alberta. The model has the reservoir fully coupled to a discretized wellbore. With this model, the study is able to capture the presence of heterogeneities and the effect with respect to steam breakthroughs and non-conformance. Several wellbore variations are tested in this study, including a Base Case having a traditional completion (long string/short string completion) and other cases with various FCD configurations and arrangements.

The results of the modeling process show that the inclusion of FCDs positively impacts the SAGD process by minimizing the occurrences of breakthroughs, improving conformance and by increasing the volumetric sweep efficiency of the process. Included is a comparison of the results from the Base Case versus other cases. The comparison presents a conclusion which demonstrates that deploying FCDs in SAGD wells provides an economic benefit. The economic comparison is based on net present value (NPV) analysis and payout of the various cases. This study is relevant because it demonstrates how FCDs can be employed to overcome geological challenges that would otherwise result in non-conformance and steam breakthrough. By overcoming these challenges the project economics improve. The functionality of these devices also presents the possibility of using slimmer and longer completions for the SAGD well pairs which will improve project economics even more.
Real Time Kick Detection Applying an Ultrasonic Caliper Featuring a Downhole Sonic Speed Measurement for Calibration Purposes
Authors: Elahifar Behzad , Fasch Franz , Thonhauser Gerhard , Tollschein Christian
Published: June 2014

Recognition of variations in borehole shape in real time drilling allows the drilling engineer to actuate appropriate counteractions to avoid costly failures, or to implement alterations in the drilling practices to optimize the shape of the borehole and thus improve the drilling efficiency.

Developing a high accurate ultrasonic caliper with a special design helps the drilling engineer not only to monitor the wellbore shape and profile but also detecting a kick in real time drilling.

The result of ultrasonic calipers measurement is a 4D image of the borehole, which helps the driller to make proper decisions such as reaming a critical zone, changing the flow rate to reduce erosion or modifying the string rotation speed to reduce vibrations and also detecting a kick when an influx enter to the borehole while drilling.

This paper reviews tests and experiments which have been performed by using high frequency ultrasonic caliper sensor in different drilling fluids and wellbore conditions. A fully automated test robot has been designed which allows vertical and lateral movement as well as rotation of a sensor head in an artificial wellbore for performing the test. Results show that, new design of the ultrasonic caliper increases the accuracy of the measurement by recording the sound velocity in downhole condition.

To simulate the kick condition, pressured air was injected while measuring borehole profile to simulate a kick situation. According to the results, with the special design of the tool it is possible to detect the kick while drilling as well as during wellbore diameter measurement procedure in the downhole condition.
Un triangle traductologique
Authors: Ladmiral Jean-René
Published: June 2014

The new discipline of translation studies clearly finds itself downstream among humanities and traditional disciplines. Essentially interdisciplinary, this “science” lends those major disciplines a fair amount of its methods and concepts. Within this interdisciplinary concert, history plays a crucial role: history of translation (or history of translations) and history as such. Therefore, a methodological research triangle must integrate the following three components: a) translation studies theory; b) different translation practices that form its object of study and which it is called upon to clarify; c) the poles of the couple theory / practice will be re-situated in the logic of their respective common history.
Mineur de fond ou chirurgien esthétique ? Traducteur et traduction dans Vengeance du traducteur de Brice Matthieussent
Authors: Plassard Freddie
Published: June 2014

In the novel Vengeance du traducteur, Brice Matthieussent focuses on the translator-author relationship and tackles the question from the point of view of the translator’s note. The author is eventually murdered by the translator out of revenge, not only in symbolical terms but also in literal terms. A given aesthetics of translation is thereby conveyed, going through stages of appropriation, digestion, transportation and transgression of text and translation rules, which nonetheless does not necessarily reflect the author’s genuine stand, a famous translator himself.
Traduire pour des collections pratiques
Authors: Léchauguette Sophie
Published: June 2014

This article analyses the translation of pragmatic texts within the publishing industry. It hopes to shed light on an overlooked area of translation that students find disorientating. In this context, the text becomes perfectible raw material. It is further defined by its inscription within a layout which disrupts its linearity; both facts are going to influence the phrasing of the translation. Their author’s status is discussed because it leads to a reassessment of the notion of fidelity. This article ends with advice for inexperienced translators and with an invitation to go beyond the traditional dualities inherited from literary translation to grasp pragmatic translation.
Pius translator et optimus
Authors: Negrescu Dan
Published: June 2014

In this article, we aim at showing the direction taken by Christian translators during the first centuries of Christianity. In parallel, we sketch the manner in which they answered the demands of translation and the expectations of patrons as well as their reconciling of the aesthetics and the ethics of translation.
Dichotomies, trichotomies, quadrichotomies dans la « théorie traductologique » de J.-R. Ladmiral
Authors: Lungu-Badea Georgiana
Published: June 2014

In this article, we present the guiding lines of Ladmiral’s translation theory: « theorems for translation », dichotomy sourciers - ciblistes, source - target, the methodological triangle and the translation theory rectangle. These are the essential landmarks of international translation theory research.
Pudeur et liberté chez le traducteur Philéas Lebesgue
Authors: Audigier Émilie
Published: June 2014

Philéas Lebesgue (1869-1958), l’un des premiers passeurs de littératures « marginales » en France, transmet en langue française, au début du XXe siècle, des romans et nouvelles d’écrivains brésiliens et écrit de nombreuses chroniques dans des revues littéraires. En quoi son originalité intellectuelle le distingue des autres traducteurs de José de Alencar ou Machado de Assis ? Et comment son rapport à la morale en littérature s’exprime-t-il dans ses traductions ? Nous proposons d’analyser dans un premier temps son parcours d’érudit, que nous éclairerons ensuite par l’analyse d’extraits de ses traductions afin de comprendre ainsi l’usage qu’il fait de la « pudeur » en traduction
Between Pudeur and Falsification: Thoughts on Translating Indecent Language
Authors: Negrescu Dan
Published: June 2014

This paper emphasizes the fallaciousness of the concept of “translation decency” and the extent to which this distorts the source text, revealing primarily the translator’s prudery. Such prudery should play no part in translation; the translator needs to convey the author’s intentions even when s/he does not share their ideas. Although I am not afraid of being judged for judging others, I have chosen to use my own translations as examples, for the act of interlinguistic translation is in itself a choice, certainly as faithful to the original as possible.
The Italian national surgical site infection surveillance programme and its positive impact, 2009 to 2011
Authors: Marchi M , Pan A , Gagliotti C , Morsillo F , Parenti M , Resi D , Moro M L ,   Sorveglianza Nazionale Infezioni in Chirurgia (SNICh) Study Group
Published: June 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Suspected new wave of muscular sarcocystosis in travellers returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia, May 2014
Authors: Tappe D , Stich A , Langeheinecke A , von Sonnenburg F , Muntau B , Schäfer J , Slesak G
Published: June 2014

In May 2014, six patients presented in Germany with a Sarcocystis-associated febrile myositis syndrome after returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia. During two earlier waves of infections, in 2011 and 2012, about 100 travellers returning to various European countries from the island were affected. While the first two waves were associated with travel to Tioman Island mostly during the summer months, this current series of infections is associated with travel in early spring, possibly indicating an upcoming new epidemic.
Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands-concepts for spatial localisation, indication and quantification
Authors: Burkhard Benjamin , Kandziora Marion , Hou Ying , Müller Felix
Published: June 2014

The high variety of ecosystem service categorisation systems, assessment frameworks, indicators, quantification methods and spatial localisation approaches allows scientists and decision makers to harness experience, data, methods and tools. On the other hand, this variety of concepts and disagreements among scientists hamper an integration of ecosystem services into contemporary environmental management and decision making. In this article, the current state of the art of ecosystem service science regarding spatial localisation, indication and quantification of multiple ecosystem service supply and demand is reviewed and discussed. Concepts and tables for regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem service definitions, distinguishing between ecosystem service potential supply (stocks), flows (real supply) and demands as well as related indicators for quantification are provided. Furthermore, spatial concepts of service providing units, benefitting areas, spatial relations, rivalry, spatial and temporal scales are elaborated. Finally, matrices linking CORINE land cover types to ecosystem service potentials, flows, demands and budget estimates are provided. The matrices show that ecosystem service potentials of landscapes differ from flows, especially for provisioning ecosystem services.
Phenomenology of Hydrogen Flaking in Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels*
Authors: De Bruycker Evy , De Vroey Séverine , Huysmans Staf , Stubbe Jacqueline
Published: June 2014

Recently, the problem of hydrogen flaking resurfaced, when internal defects were detected in the reactor pressure vessels of two Belgian nuclear power plants. These defects turned out to be hydrogen flakes formed during the fabrication of these pressure vessels. The goal of this publication is to provide important insights into the phenomenon of hydrogen flaking, the different parameters that play a role in the mechanism, as well as the typical morphology and location of these flakes. Therefore an extensive literature study was combined with a detailed metallurgical characterization of a significant number of flakes. Hydrogen flaking is a fabrication problem, which is strongly linked with segregation phenomena. A combination of a sufficient amount of hydrogen, stresses and a sensitive microstructure causes hydrogen flaking. For these reasons hydrogen flakes inside large reactor pressure vessels are found in the so-called ghost lines, which originate from segregation processes during casting.
Effect of Depreciation Expenses on Profitability of Mineral Processing Plants
Authors: Ahmed Hussin A. M.
Published: June 2014

Depreciation expenses are tax free and thus they affect project profitability. There are different methods for depreciation expenses calculation. Some countries impose a well-defined depreciation method in its taxation system while others do not. Therefore, this paper aims at investigating the effect of the applied depreciation method on the profitability of a Saudi gold processing plant where a strict depreciation schedule of the taxation system is not defined. The study was applied to a Saudi gold mine in the southern part of the kingdom. The plant profitability – expressed by NPV, IRR and PBP was estimated applying different methods of depreciation estimation (straight line method, double declining method, sum of year digits method, and the fixed declining method). The obtained results showed that the plant profitability is highly affected by the method of depreciation calculation. An average change in the plant profitability indices may reach up to 30% due to the method applied for estimation of depreciation expenses. The method that returned the highest plant profitability was the fixed declining method for calculating depreciation (NPV = 95.7 Mw, IRR of 15.4% and PBP of 4.8 year). While using straight line method returned the lowest project profitability (NPV = 76.2 M$, IRR of 11.8% and PBP of 6.4 year).
Effect of ageing time on mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of aluminium hybrid composite
Authors: Radhika N. , Subramanian R.
Published: June 2014

Aluminium/alumina/graphite hybrid metal matrix composites prepared by using the stir casting technique were heat treated to enhance mechanical properties such as strength, hardness and wear resistance. The present study evaluates the effect of ageing time on the hardness, tensile strength and tribological behaviour of both unreinforced Al-Si10Mg alloy and aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites. Results for composite samples were compared with those of as-cast samples. Results showed that heat treated samples of alloy and composite showed higher hardness, tensile strength and tribological properties compared to both as-cast alloy and composite. Among the different ageing times employed, specimens aged for 4 hours showed maximum mechanical and tribological properties. Investigations of the worn surfaces were carried out using scanning electron microscopy to understand the wear mechanism.
Microstructure and tensile properties of a friction stir welded Al–Mg–Si alloy
Authors: Sukedai Eiichi , Yokoyama Takashi , Song Minghui
Published: June 2014

The present paper describes correlations between microstructure and tensile properties of a friction stir (FS) welded Al–Mg–Si alloy (6061–T6 Al). Mechanical tests were performed to determine the hardness and tensile stress–strain properties for the base material and for the nugget (or stirred) zone in the FS weld. The microstructure in the nugget zone was characterized using a weak-beam technique, high-resolution electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Reduction of flow stress in the nugget zone was caused by thermal softening of the base material during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Fine needle-like precipitates, dislocation segments, and fine lattice defects were observed in the base material, while only isolated long dislocations were found in the nugget zone. These results suggest that dynamic recrystallization occurs during FSW. Deterioration of tensile properties in the nugget zone was caused by the annihilation of lattice defects formed during the thermal refining process. The strain-hardening rate of the nugget zone was higher than that of the base material, and this was caused by a simple dislocation multiplication due to the dynamic recrystallization of the base material.
X-ray stress measurement with two-dimensional detector based on Fourier analysis
Authors: Miyazaki Toshiyuki , Sasaki Toshihiko
Published: June 2014

A two-dimensional X-ray diffraction technique for stress measurement is reported. The proposed technique determines the stress from the Fourier series of a Debye–Scherrer ring. This technique does not require sample inclination to several different angles to determine the stress as the conventional sin2 ψ technique does. Although the cos α technique has the same advantage, the proposed technique can also determine stress from an imperfect Debye–Scherrer ring. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed technique, a four-point bending test was performed on a steel specimen to determine the Fourier series of Debye–Scherrer rings. The stresses determined from the Fourier series were consistent with those determined using the cos α technique. The proposed technique is expected to extend the application range of current X-ray stress measurement.
Cross-species Utility of 22 Microsatellite Markers in the Melodious Warbler (Hippolais Polyglotta)
Authors: Engler Jan O. , Secondi Jean , Dawson Deborah A. , Roderus David , Elle Ortwin , Hochkirch Axel
Published: June 2014

Microsatellites are a valuable tool in the analysis of population genetic structure. Utilising microsatellite markers that were originally isolated from other species (cross-species amplification) can prove an efficient way, in terms of time and cost, to obtain markers for genetic studies. Here, 55 avian microsatellite primer pairs were tested for the cross-amplification in the Melodious Warbler ( Hippolais polyglotta). Thirty-five markers amplified, of which 22 were polymorphic, displaying two to nine alleles in the 15 individuals genotyped. The 35 markers which amplified in the Melodious Warbler were tested in its sister species the Icterine Warbler ( H. icterina). Twenty-four markers were amplified, 14 of which were polymorphic in the five H. icterina individuals genotyped. Thirteen loci were polymorphic in both species. The polymorphic loci identified are suitable for analysing the genetic population structure and assigning parentage.
Extra-pair Paternity in Relation to Age of the Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula Parva males
Authors: Mitrus Joanna , Mitrus Cezary , Rutkowski Robert , Sikora Magdalena
Published: June 2014

Despite advances in knowledge, in many bird species, the true mating system is unknown, and especially so for birds breeding at low densities under natural conditions. We studied paternity at the population and breeding pair level in the Red-breasted Flycatcher ( Ficedula parva), a small, migrant passerine breeding in old-growth Białowieża Forest. Over seven breeding seasons we genotyped a total of 159 nestlings and 25 adult males as fathers from 33 broods of the Red-breasted Flycatcher. Extra-pair young were present in eight broods (24.2%). Twelve (7.5%) chicks mismatched with the ‘social’ male in several loci. Both low breeding density and synchrony in breeding phenology can explain such findings. Also of interest was the share of extra-pair paternity at the individual level, in relation to the age/ornamentation of the extra-pair male. Male Red-breasted Flycatchers exhibit delayed plumage maturation. Young males (second year) are without an orange badge on the throat and breast, while older males (after-second year) are ornamented and have an orange badge. The extra-pair nestlings were found in eight broods, four with young males as a fathers (36.4%) and four in broods of old males (18.2%). However, in all seven cases when the age of the extra-pair partner was known, irrespective of the age of the social father, the extra-pair partner was a male with an orange patch on the breast. This indicated female preference for ornamented males as partners for extra-pair copulation.
New Observations regarding Staging Turkey Embryos from Oviposition through Primitive Streak Formation
Authors: Bakst Murray R. , Wade Alexander J
Published: June 2014

The normal developmental sequence of the turkey embryo from the initial cleavage divisions through hypoblast formation has been described previously in 11 separate stages based on the progressive morphological differentiation of the embryo (Gupta and Bakst, Turkey embryo staging from cleavage through hypoblast formation. J. Morphol., 217, 313–325, 1993). However, in recent preliminary studies, our attempts to apply this stage table to describe the stages of embryo development were not successful. Therefore, we re-evaluated the development sequence of the turkey using eggs obtained from modern day commercial lines. Embryos from unincubated eggs and eggs incubated at different time intervals up to 25 hour were examined. In contrast to the observations by Gupta and Bakst, embryos from unincubated eggs lack an area pellucida (AP) but are characterised by dense clusters of cells that do not begin to dissipate and begin forming the AP until after 3–4 hours of incubation. Koller's sickle may or may not be present prior to and during hypoblast formation. Based on these new observations, a revised stage table including the above observations is presented to reflect more accurately the development of the modern commercial turkey embryo.
Gizzard Mass Dynamics of Nestling Rooks Corvus Frugilegus
Authors: Orłowski Grzegorz , Kasprzykowski Zbigniew , Zawada Zbigniew
Published: June 2014

Developmental changes of the gizzard have rarely been studied in nestlings of non-domesticated birds or under natural conditions. Because nestlings would have variable amounts of stomach contents, we wanted to discover whether in natural conditions gizzard developmental changes are dependent on digesta mass. We examined the mass of gizzard and digesta in 56 nestling Rooks Corvus frugilegus aged between 1 and 13 days old. We found that gizzard mass increased nearly nine-fold, from an average of 1.25 g to 10.85 g. Gizzard mass expressed as a proportion of body weight significantly decreased with the age of nestlings. In hatchlings, the median ratio of gizzard mass to body weight was 18.4%; in 13-day old nestlings this value was only 5.8%. Tarsus length, a poor predictor of gizzard mass, explained 61% of its total variance. Nestlings (regardless of their age) without digesta or with small volumes of digesta had statistically significantly smaller gizzards (expressed as ratio of gizzard mass to body weight) than did nestlings with full gizzards, which suggest a rapid response of gizzard volume and musculature to variable food intake during post-hatch development.
A distributed energy-balance melt model of an alpine debris-covered glacier
Authors: Fyffe Catriona L. , Reid Tim D. , Brock Ben W. , Kirkbride Martin P. , Diolaiuti Guglielmina , Smiraglia Claudio , Diotri Fabrizio
Published: June 2014

Distributed energy-balance melt models have rarely been applied to glaciers with extensive supraglacial debris cover. This paper describes the development of a distributed melt model and its application to the debris-covered Miage glacier, western Italian Alps, over two summer seasons. Sub-debris melt rates are calculated using an existing debris energy-balance model (DEB-Model), and melt rates for clean ice, snow and partially debris-covered ice are calculated using standard energy-balance equations. Simulated sub-debris melt rates compare well to ablation stake observations. Melt rates are highest, and most sensitive to air temperature, on areas of dirty, crevassed ice on the middle glacier. Here melt rates are highly spatially variable because the debris thickness and surface type varies markedly. Melt rates are lowest, and least sensitive to air temperature, beneath the thickest debris on the lower glacier. Debris delays and attenuates the melt signal compared to clean ice, with peak melt occurring later in the day with increasing debris thickness. The continuously debris-covered zone consistently provides 30% of total melt throughout the ablation season, with the proportion increasing during cold weather. Sensitivity experiments show that an increase in debris thickness of 0.035 m would offset 18C of atmospheric warming.
Influence of pre-existing microstructure on mechanical properties of marine ice during compression experiments
Authors: Dierckx Marie , Peternell Mark , Schroeder Christian , Tison Jean-Louis
Published: June 2014

Marine ice is an important component of ice shelves in Antarctica. It accretes in substantial amounts at weak points and below ice shelves. It is likely to exhibit peculiar rheological properties, which are crucial to understanding its potential role in stabilizing ice-shelf flow. Due to its location and consolidation processes, marine ice can present a variety of textures which are likely to influence its rheological properties. We present a new dataset of unconfined uniaxial compression experiments on folded marine ice samples that have been cut at various angles to the folds. Texture and fabric analyses are described ‘before’ and ‘after’ the deformation experiment. It is shown that, in the given stress configuration, the geometry of the anisotropy controls the rheological behaviour of the marine ice. During secondary creep, folded marine ice is harder to deform than weakly textured ice when compressed parallel or perpendicular to the folds' hinges, while the reverse is true for ice compressed at 45°. The observed range of values for the n exponent in Glen's flow law is between 2.1 and 4.1. Surprisingly, we see that tertiary creep tends to develop at a higher total strain than for randomly oriented impurity-free meteoric ice.
System for Road Vehicle Energy Optimization Using Real Time Road and Traffic Information
Authors: Jiménez Felipe , Cabrera-Montiel Wilmar
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, reducing the energy and fuel consumption of road vehicles is a key issue. Different strategies have been proposed. One of them is to promote Eco-driving behaviour among drivers. Most Eco-driving tips take into account only the road stretch where the vehicle is located. However, larger improvements could be achieved if information from subsequent stretches is used. The main objective of this work is to develop a system to warn the driver in real time of the optimal speed that should be maintained on every road segment in order to optimize the energy used and the fuel consumed while observing a time schedule. The system takes into account the road vertical profile, the fixed and variable speed limits and the traffic information retrieved using V2V and V2I communications. The system has been tested on real road sections with satisfactory results in fuel savings.
Novel Modeling and Control Strategies for a HVAC System Including Carbon Dioxide Control
Authors: Kang Chang-Soon , Park Jong-Il , Park Mignon , Baek Jaeho
Published: June 2014

Conventional heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have traditionally used the temperature and the humidity ratio as the quantitative indices of comfort in a room. Recently, the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has also been recognized as having an important contribution to room comfort. This paper presents the modeling of an augmented HVAC system including CO2 concentration, and its control strategies. Because the proposed augmented HVAC system is multi-input multi-output (MIMO) and has no relative degree problem, the dynamic extension algorithm can be employed; then, a feedback linearization technique is applied. A linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is designed to optimize control performance and to stabilize the proposed HVAC system. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system model, as well as its linearized control system.
Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Meet Immunity
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav
Published: June 2014

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. More recent use is for myasthenia gravis. Many of these inhibitors interact with the second known cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Further, evidence shows that acetylcholine plays a role in suppression of cytokine release through a “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” which raises questions about the role of these inhibitors in the immune system. This review covers research and discussion of the role of the inhibitors in modulating the immune response using as examples the commonly available drugs, donepezil, galantamine, huperzine, neostigmine and pyridostigmine. Major attention is given to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a well-described link between the central nervous system and terminal effector cells in the immune system.
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Electro-Mechanical Characterization of Conductive Fabrics
Authors: Bera Tushar , Mohamadou Youssoufa , Lee Kyounghun , Wi Hun , Oh Tong , Woo Eung , Soleimani Manuchehr , Seo Jin
Published: June 2014

When we use a conductive fabric as a pressure sensor, it is necessary to quantitatively understand its electromechanical property related with the applied pressure. We investigated electromechanical properties of three different conductive fabrics using the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We found that their electrical impedance spectra depend not only on the electrical properties of the conductive yarns, but also on their weaving structures. When we apply a mechanical tension or compression, there occur structural deformations in the conductive fabrics altering their apparent electrical impedance spectra. For a stretchable conductive fabric, the impedance magnitude increased or decreased under tension or compression, respectively. For an almost non-stretchable conductive fabric, both tension and compression resulted in decreased impedance values since the applied tension failed to elongate the fabric. To measure both tension and compression separately, it is desirable to use a stretchable conductive fabric. For any conductive fabric chosen as a pressure-sensing material, its resistivity under no loading conditions must be carefully chosen since it determines a measurable range of the impedance values subject to different amounts of loadings. We suggest the EIS method to characterize the electromechanical property of a conductive fabric in designing a thin and flexible fabric pressure sensor.
A Flexible Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition Device
Authors: Hercog Darko , Gergič Bojan
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a low-cost microcontroller-based data acquisition device. The key component of the presented solution is a configurable microcontroller-based device with an integrated USB transceiver and a 12-bit analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The presented embedded DAQ device contains a preloaded program (firmware) that enables easy acquisition and generation of analogue and digital signals and data transfer between the device and the application running on a PC via USB bus. This device has been developed as a USB human interface device (HID). This USB class is natively supported by most of the operating systems and therefore any installation of additional USB drivers is unnecessary. The input/output peripheral of the presented device is not static but rather flexible, and could be easily configured to customised needs without changing the firmware. When using the developed configuration utility, a majority of chip pins can be configured as analogue input, digital input/output, PWM output or one of the SPI lines. In addition, LabVIEW drivers have been developed for this device. When using the developed drivers, data acquisition and signal processing algorithms as well as graphical user interface (GUI), can easily be developed using a well-known, industry proven, block oriented LabVIEW programming environment.
Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to aromatic hydrocarbons by using an iron/iron oxide nanocatalyst
Authors: Wang Hongwang , Hodgson Jim , Shrestha Tej B , Thapa Prem S , Moore David , Wu Xiaorong , Ikenberry Myles , Troyer Deryl L , Wang Donghai , Hohn Keith L , Bossmann Stefan H
Published: June 2014

The quest for renewable and cleaner energy sources to meet the rapid population and economic growth is more urgent than ever before. Being the most abundant carbon source in the atmosphere of Earth, CO2 can be used as an inexpensive C1 building block in the synthesis of aromatic fuels for internal combustion engines. We designed a process capable of synthesizing benzene, toluene, xylenes and mesitylene from CO2 and H2 at modest temperatures (T = 380 to 540 °C) employing Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles as catalyst. The synthesis of the catalyst and the mechanism of CO2-hydrogenation will be discussed, as well as further applications of Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles in catalysis.
Magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate as mild and efficient oxidant for the synthesis of selenones
Authors: Temperini Andrea , Curini Massimo , Rosati Ornelio , Minuti Lucio
Published: June 2014

A new, efficient and mild method for the direct oxidation of selenides to selenones using magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate (MMPP) has been developed. Noteworthy this transformation proceeds at room temperature, employs a cheap and safety oxidant and has a broad functional group tolerance. Moreover, the produced selenones could be useful intermediates for the synthesis of different heterocyclic compounds.
The growth-form of Euphorbia hedyotoides N. E. Br. (syn. E. decariana Croiz.)
Authors: Rauh Werner
Published: June 2014

S'ofereix una detallada descripció d'una peculiar forma de creixement d'E. hedyotoides N. E. Or. procedent del sud de Madagascar. Es situa,juntament amb E. eliotii Léandri, en un grup separat : el grup E. hedyotoides.
Fruit and seed morphology of Euphorbia aggr. Flavicoma. Taxonomic implications
Authors: Simon Joan , Molero Julià , Blanchè Cèsar
Published: June 2014

S'estudia la morfologia de les càpsules i les granes de les espècies d' Euphorbia aggr. flavicoma a l'Europa Occidental. S'ha investigat un total de 1500 granes de 13 tàxons amb microscopi òptic, microscopi electrònic de rastreig i lupa bincular. Les dades han estat sotmeses a una anàlisi multivariant i es presenta el corresponent dendrograma. Al final del treball s'aporta una clau que permet distingir els tàxons a nivell d'espècie per mitjà de caràcters de la càpsula i de la grana.
Historical notes on pre-Linnaean euphorbias
Authors: Valderas José María
Published: June 2014

En l'història prelinneana de les lleterasses es reconeixen tres moments fonamentals: el seu establiment per Dioscàrides i Plini, tots dos partint d'una font comú, la seva sistematització al segle XVI per Cesalpini i la definitiva denominació del grup per Linné.
Some unresolved problems among Somali Euphorbia species
Authors: Carter Susan
Published: June 2014

Espècies d'Euphorbio d'àmplia distribució mostren sovint variabilitat. A Somàlia, aquesta variació es presenta en poblacions d'E. cuneata Vahl i en els complexos que envolten E. nubica N. E. Br., E. nigrispina Pax i E. xylacantha Pax. Formes de possibles tàxons encara no descrits es troben dins les espècies d'àrea més restringida a Somàlia, com és el cas d'E. multiclava Bally & S. Carter i de les més recentment descrites E. umbonata S. Carter i E. atrox S. Carter.
A Survey of Mucilaginous Testa in Chamaesyce
Authors: Jordan M. S. , Hayden W. J.
Published: June 2014

Han estat estudiades les granes de Chamaesyce segons la presència o no de testa mucilaginosa. Les mostres van ésser seleccionades per tal de representar tot es les principals seccions del gènere. Les observacions han estat fetes al microscopi de disseció desprès d'hidratar breument les llavors; addicionalment s'han fet observacions en el MER de llavors seques, senceres i fracturades , de les espècies seleccionades. Amb poques excepcions, la major part de les subseccions de Boissier presenten els tests de presència de mucílags a les granes positius; no obstant, els mucilags generalment no es presenten en les subseccions Gymnadeniae i "Scterophyltae", per a les quals l'absència de mucilags es considerada comuna pèrdua secundària a partir d'avantpassats mucilaginosos. Encara que la producció de mucilags s'associa amb les capes subepidèrmiques ben definides de les macroesclereides, en realitat es la capa de cèl-lules superficials la que secreta mucilags. Les cèl-lules secretores de mucílags i les macroesclereides de la testa madura s' interpreten com desenvolupades a partir de les capes epidèrmiques dels teguments extern i intern, respectivament. El mucilag de les granes possiblement juga un paper en la hidratació i/o dispersió de les granes.
A synopsis or chinese euphorbia L. s.l. (euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Majinshuang J. S. , Wu Zhengyi C. Y.
Published: June 2014

Síntesi del tractament taxonòmic de les espècies d'Euphorbia s.l. de la Xina. En conjunt es reconeixen per aquest país 5 subgèneres, 12 seccions i 77 espècies (incloent cultivades i naturalitzades). També es presenten claus de subgèneres, seccions i espècies; a més s'apona per a cada espècie lloc de publicació. sinònims i distribució a nivell provincial dins la Xina i més breument per a fora de la Xina, així com comentaris on siguin precisos. Es descriu una nova espècie (E. tongchuanensis Wu & Ma.) i un nova secció (Sect. Wentsai Wu & Ma.).
Euphorbia L. subsect. Esula (Boiss. in DC.) Pax in the Iberian Peninsula. Leaf surface, chromosome numbers and taxonomic treatment
Authors: Molero Julià , Rovira Anna María
Published: June 2014

Presentem l’estudi taxonòmic dels representants d'Euphorbia subsect. Esula a la Península Ibèrica. Prèviament, s'inclou un primer capítol dedicat a l'estudi de les epidermis foliars i un segon capítol sobre nombres cromosòmics. El capítol dedicat a les epidermis foliars ofereix l'estudi amb el microscopi òptic i amb el MER de les fulles de 45 poblacions de tàxons ibèrics i europeus de la subsecció. Els caràcters analitzats han estat el model cel-lular. la morfologia de les cèl-lules i dels estomes (relleu primari i secundari) i les ceres epicuticulars (relleu terciari). Alguns microcaràcters epidèrmics s'han mostrat especialment útils en taxonomia. Així. el tipus bàsic d'estoma i el model de distribució d'estomes a les du es cares de la fulla, són caràcters que permeten separar tàxons tan pròxims com E. esula L. subsp. esula d'E. esula L. subsp. orientalis (Boiss. in D.C.) Molera &Rovira. El tipus morfològic de ceres epicuticulars també permet distingir E. graminifolia Vill. d'E. esula aggr.; i dins d'E. nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter. la subsp. bolosii Molero & Rovira de la resta de subespècies. La prospecció citogenètica ha detectat la presència de tan sols el citòtip diploide (2n=20) per a E. cypatissias L. i E. esula L. subsp. esula a la Península Ibèrica. Per a E. Nevadensis sj . es descriu per primera vegada un complex poliploide de base x=10, on el nivell diploide (2n=20) es present a totes les subespècies; el nivell tetraploide (2n=40) es presenta a E. nevadensis subsp. nevadensis i el nivell hexaploide (2n=60) es dóna a E. nevadensis subsp. bolossii. El nombre cromosòmic no és una dada que pugui ésser utilitzada taxonòmicament. La diferenciació citogenètica ha seguit en E. nevadensis un camí propi, aparentment no relacionat amb el procés de diferenciació morfològica. El tractament taxonòmic final pretén ésser coherent amb els resultats de l'estudi epidèrmic i amb la micromorfologia de les granes, integrant els caràcters útils. En aquest apartat, s'inclouen aspectes nomenclaturals, de tipificació, descriptius. claus, ecologia i distribució geogràfica. Es descriu un nou taxon: E. nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter subsp. bolosii Molero & Rovira; s'estableix la nova combinació E. esula L. orientalis (Boiss. in DC.) Molero & Rovira. E. sennenii Pau s'integra a la sinonímia d' E. nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter subsp. aragonensis (Loscos & Pardo) Bolòs & Vigo.
Contribució al coneixement de les algues epifítiques en llacunes litorals
Authors: Cambra Jaume
Published: June 2014

Es presenten els resultats sobre les algues epifítiques d'hidròfits i helòfits en llacunes litorals. En general, les poblacions d'algues són força diversificades, destacant el grup de les diatomees, seguides de lluny per les cloroficies y les cianoficies. En general totes les plantes aquàtiques es troben força epifitades. No obstant, les tiges de Phragmites australis presenten unes poblacions d'algues epifítiques molt importants. Que es troben dominades per Cladophora glomerata v. crassior o Rhizoclonium riparium, acompanyades per un gran nombre d'espècies subordinades.
Gimnospermas en el renacimiento. Pierre Belon
Authors: Valderas José María
Published: June 2014

El primer tratado publicado sobre coníferas apareció en 1553, escrito por Pierre Belon, Bellonius. Conjuga en él la tradición naturalista de Teofrasto, Dioscórides y Plinio, con la observación directa y los viajes de herborización, siguiendo el ejemplo de su maestro Valerius Cordus. No obstante su obvio interés, ha permanecido casi desconocido para la historia de la botánica.
Las algas del canal olímpico de piragüismo de aguas tranquilas (Barcelona)
Authors: García Joan , Merino Vidal , Fernández Manuel , Hernández-Mariné Mariona
Published: June 2014

Se ha estudiado la flora algal del Canal de Piragüismo de Aguas Tranquilas durante un año. Se han identificado 90 taxa (20 Cyanophyta, 25 Chlorophyta , 1 Charophyta, 9 Euglenophyta, 31Chrysophyta, 2 Cryptophyta y 2 Pirrophyta). Se aportan datos morfométricos, descripciones y fotografías de microscopio óptico de algunas de las especies. También se incluyen fotografías de diatomeas realizadas al microscopio electrónico de barrido. Se comentan los cambios observados en la composición florística en relación con la mejora de la calidad del agua del canal. También se discute el efecto del progresivo incremento de salinidad del agua sobre las poblaciones de diatomeas.
Floral biology of Cneorum tricoccon L. (Cneoraceae): an unknown case of andromonoecy
Authors: Tébar Francisco Javier , Llorens Leonardo
Published: June 2014

La condició d'andromonoècia ha estat descrita per a una població natural de Cneorum tricoccon L. (Cneoraceae) provinent de Mallorca. Hom ha trobat que la relació entre flors perfectes y flors estaminals varia al llarg de cicles reproductors consecutius de manera que va ser més baixa l' any sec de 1990 i més alta l'any següent, més humil. Les plantes són auto-compatibles i són pol.linitzades per un nombre reduït d' insectes (principalment Himenòpters). Neochamaeiea pulverulenta (Vent.) Erdtm. de les Illes Canàries també ha estat descrita com andromonoica. Això significa que dos dels tres representants de la família són andromonoics i no hermafrodites comfins ara s'havia suposat.
Las leguminosas (Fabaceæ) de Cuba. I. Subfamilia Cæsalpinioideæ
Authors: Barreto Valdés A.
Published: June 2014

[es] Parte primera de una revisión monográfica de las leguminosas de Cuba. Comprende cinco tribus de la subfamilia Cæsalpinioideæ, con un total de 15 géneros y 80 especies aceptados. Para cada especie y tras la nomenclatura. además de la descripción, el hábitat y la distribución, se consignan diversos datos sobre dispersión y fenología, más algunos etnobotánicos o de composición química, ocasionalmente. Cuando pudimos hallarla. incluimos información cariológica. Los datos corológicos se completan con 111 mapas que muestran la distribución cubana de otros todos los taxones nativos de Cuba, reconocidos en esta monografía. Acompañan al texto 17 láminas que representan otras tantas especies, más cuatro índices. En el primero se muestra la referencia numérica de los 151 táxones reconocidos. El segundo muestra la posición en el texto de los mapas distribucionales. El tercero señala las ilustraciones. En el cuarto, que reúne 339 entradillas, figuran todos los nombres científicos empleados, tanto los aceptados como los que figuran en sinonimia.

[ru] Первая часть монографического обзора бобовых растений Кубы. Включает 5 Подплемен н3 подсемейства Caesalpinioideæ насчитывающие 15 родов и 80 в идов. В каждом случае, помимо подробного онисания видов, их номенклатуры и ареала приводrтcя данные по фенологнн, этноботанике и, в отделъных случаях, когда это было под силу, также данные по кариологнн и по химическому составу. Данные по корологнн дополняются 111 картами ареалов столъкиx же родных н3 Кубы видов, 17 иллюстрациями на отдельных л истах, соответствующие столъким же видам и, наконец, тремя указателями: один для карт ареалов, второй для иллюстрациЙ. В третьемсобраны 339 занесений. Включаются как общепринятые научные названия, так и синонимы.

[de] Es wird hier der erste Teil ciner Monographie dcr Schmettcrl ingsblütler von Cuba vorgestellt. Es werden 80 Arten zu 15 Gattungen gehörig, von fünf Tribus der Unterfamilie Cesalpinioideæ studiert. Jede Art hat nomenklatorische Infomation, eine Beschreibung, Angaben über Chorologie und Ökologie, Phenologie und in manchen Fallen auch ethnobotanische und chemische Merkmale. Wenn es verfügbar war, sind die bekannte Chromosomenzahlen eingeschlossen. Die chorologische Daten ergänzen sich mit 111 Verbreitungskarten von den entsprechenden wildwachsenden cubanischen Taxa. 17 Abbildungen begleiten auch den Text. Vier verschiedene Register von den 151 anerkannten Taxa, Verbreitungskarten, Abbildungen und allen wissenschaftlichen Namen, insgesarnt 339,. sind eingeschlossen.
Las leguminosas (Fabaceæ) de Cuba. II. Tribus Crotatarieæ, Æschynomeneæ, Millettieæ y Robinieæ
Authors: Beyra Matos Á.
Published: June 2014

[es] Parte segunda de una revisión monográfica de las leguminosas de Cuba. Comprende las cuatro tribus que se enuncian en el título, una de ellas a su vez dividida en cinco subtribus, con un total de 16 géneros aceptados y 78 especies reconocidas. Para cada especie y tras la nomenclatura, además de la descripción, el hábitat y la distribución, se consignan diversos datos sobre dispersión y fenología, más algunos etnobotánicas o de composición química ocasionalmente. Cuando pudimos hallarla, incluimos información cariológica. Los datos corológicos se completan con 76 mapas que muestran la distribución cubana de otros tantos táxones nativos de Cuba. Acompañan al texto 30 láminas que representan otras tantas especies, más cuatro índices. En el primero se muestra la referencia numérica de los 122 táxones reconocidos. El segundo muestra la posición en el texto de los mapas distribucionales. El tercero señala las ilustraciones. En el cuarto, que reúne 322 entradillas, figuran todos los nombres científicos empleados, tanto aceptados como sinónimos.

[ru] Первый раздел монографического обзора бобовых растений Кубы. Включает описание 16 родов и 78 видов, собраных в 4 племени, одно из которых разделяется на 5 подплемен. В каждом виде дается номенклатура, описание, габитат, ареал, дан ные по фенологии и по рассеиванию, некоторые этноботанические данные. В отдельных случаях, данные по химическому составу и, когда можно было получить, результаты каРИОЛОпtческого исслеДОВанИЯ. Прилагаются 76 карт, в которых показываются ареалы стольких же таксонов на Кубе и 30 иллюстраций на отдельных листах, соответствующие стольким же отдельным видам. Есть трн указателя. Один для карт, другой для иллюстраций и третий для научных азваний и употребляемых синонимов.

[de] Es wird hier der zweite Teil einer Monographie der Schmetterlingsblütler von Cuba vorgestellt. Es werden 78 Arten zu 16 Gattungen gehörig, van vier Tribus der Familie Fabaceac studiert. Jede Art hat nomcnklatorischc Information, eine Beschreibung, Angaben über Chorologie und Ökologic. Phenologie und in manchen Fällen auch ethnobotanische und chemische Merkmale. Wenn es verfügbar war, sind die bekannte Chromosomenzahlen eingeschlossen. Die chorologische Daten ergänzen sich mit 76 Verbreitungskarten von den entsprechenden wildwachsenden cubanischen Taxa. 30 Abbildungen begleiten auch den Text. Vier verschicdene Register von den 122 anerkannten Taxa, Verbreitungskarten, Abbildungen und allen wissenschaftlichen Namen. insgesamt 322, sind eingeschlossen.