bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Islamic Mysticism in Modern Arabic Poetry and Drama
Authors: Semaan Khalil I.
Published: December 2011

It is customary to view the mystic and his experience from at least three angles: the theological, the philosophical, and the psychological. To be sure, the mystical experience represents an extraordinary phenomenon of the highest psychological complexity. Mysticism, nowadays, in this age of Aquarius, many would dismiss as a sick or superstitious accident; on the other hand, those who are acquainted with the phenomenon of religion and the history of its development would view it as a true and viable human state, as man's religious consciousness.
State Capitalism, Class Structure, and Social Transformation in the Third World: The Case of Egypt
Authors: Cooper Mark N.
Published: December 2011

One of the most dramatic developments in the social structures of third-world societies in the post-World War II era has been the expanding role of the state. While the extent and precise form of the state's involvement in economic, political, and social activities has varied from place to place, the trend toward a more important role for the state has been pervasive and the basic pattern in which this role has expanded seems to have been repeated in nation after nation. As a result, a growing number of scholars have begun to speak of a generalized form of political/economic organization in the third world—state capitalism. They seem to agree on a number of characteristics of state capitalism at the descriptive/ empirical level.
The Making of a Notable Politician: Muhammad Sultān Pasha (1825–1884)
Authors: Hunter F. Robert
Published: December 2011

For a generation of scholars aware of the informal ways in which power is acquired and built up in the Middle East, yet dissatisfied with Western “institutional” approaches, Albert Hourani's insightful essay on the politics of notables has had a profound impact. Describing a form of politics that existed in the urban centers of the Ottoman empire, Hourani distinguishes between two political roles: that of governing, which belonged to the Ottoman authorities; and that of directing and mobilizing local opinion, which lay in the hands of certain urban grandees. grandees. These two kinds of power were interrelated. The grandees became truly influential only by having connections with the Ottoman authorities, who in turn needed them because of the social influence they possessed. When Ottoman power became weakened, or during interregnums, these notables came forward to form coalitions that were used to lead revolts and occasionally displace the ruling authority altogether. A politics of notables, therefore, exists when men possessing an independent source of power and access to the ruler are able to attain a measure of free action and so shape political activity.
Who “Invented” Egyptian Arab Nationalism?
Authors: Coury Ralph M.
Published: December 2011

A number of writers on Egyptian Arab nationalism have maintained that this nationalism originated in religious motives, that it was initially exploited by the Palace and its allies and only then reluctantly adopted by the Wafd for primarily party purposes. In an essay entitled “Pan Arabism and British Policy” Kedourie links the initiation of an active pan-Arab policy to King Faruq and his “coadjutors and instruments” Ali Mahir and Abd al-Rahman Azzam, who in the late thirties “invented and propagated pan-Arabism as a policy for Egypt” and who “conceived the dream of an authoritarian Muslim state in Egypt embracing gradually all the Arabs and perhaps in the fullness of time all the Muslims.” He acknowledges that the Wafd and not the Palace entourage negotiated the Arab League but he attributes al-Nahhas's acquiesence to personal and party interests. “We do not yet know what convinced al-Nahhas that pan-Arabism was a paying policy,” he writes, “but no doubt the desire to please the King, to dish his opponents by adopting their policy, the dislike of Iraq's aggrandisement should Nuri al-Said's [Fertile Crescent unity] scheme be realized, the approval of the British, and visions of future grandeur had their part to play.” Egypt, he claims, had never manifested any interest in Arabism before the 1943–1945 negotiations leading to the Arab League.

Kedourie presents the fullest, most explicit, and baldest statement of this interpretation but it is found, or reflected, variously, in other well-known works, including Heyworth-Dunne'sReligious and Political Trends in Modern Egyptin which it seems to have been first formulated, as well as Safran'sEgypt in Search of Political Communityand Mitchell's TheSociety of the Muslim Brothers
Camels, Wagons, and the Ottoman State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Faroqhi Suraiya
Published: December 2011

The history of Ottoman transportation as a whole still remains to be written. To date, scholars have concentrated mainly upon the institutional aspects of the problem. Thus Cengiz Orhonlu in his pioneering work has dealt with attempts on the part of the Ottoman administration to maintain street and road paving, establish ferryboat services, control river navigation, and ensure the safety of public roads. Boat traffic within Istanbul, which linked the different parts of the Ottoman capital and thus ensured their mutual integration, was also treated mainly from the Ottoman administration's point of view.1After Orhonlu's untimely death, research into the institutional framework supporting Ottoman communications was continued by other scholars. Particularly the arrangements intended to supply official couriers with post-horses have recently been made the object of several monographs.2
Khomaini and Fadayan's Society and Politics
Authors: Ferdows Amir H.
Published: December 2011

Under the titular leadership of Ayatollah Khomaini, Iran is struggling to establish an Islamic republic. Such a system of government, based on an Islamic constitution and underpinned by Islamic laws which are “all-encompassing and complete,” is strongly believed by him and his followers to be the panacea for all the socioeconomic and political ills of Iran and, for that matter, the whole Islamic world.
Orientalists And Orientalism in the Writings of Muhammad Kurd ʿAli
Authors: Escovitz Joseph H.
Published: December 2011

An increased awareness of the activities of Orientalists has occurred in recent years due to the publication of Edward Said'sOrientalism. However, as most students and scholars who study the East know, Said's work is only one of the more recent discussions of this subject. Others who have critiqued Orientalists and Orientalism include A. L. Tibawi and Abdallah Laroui, and, at an earlier time, Jamāl al-Dīn “al-Afghānī” and Muḥammad Abduh. Western Orientalists have even been engaged in evaluating the work of other Orientalists, and even critiquing the critics; for example, J.-J. Waardenburg, D. P. Little, and the participants in the recent Giorgio Levi Della Vida Biennal Conference.
Contemporary Arab Writers and the Literary Heritage
Authors: Boullata Issa J.
Published: December 2011

The cultural heritage of any one nation constitutes its collective experience and memory. Passed down from generation to generation, it contains a multitude of institutions, beliefs, and values that continue to act on the minds of people and affect their behavior. As an expression of the national identity, it is usually very wary of sudden change and prefers undisturbed continuity, its legitimate aims being self-preservation and the very existence of the nation as a group. It has its own checks and balances to allow any dose of change when the need for such arises. By an intricate historical process, it develops its own principles of inclusion and exclusion so that any change accepted or any change rejected will not affect its capacity for continued life and growth, but will rather enhance it.
The Legal Status of Married Women in Lebanon
Authors: Shehadeh Lamia Rustum
Published: December 2011

Law plays a vital role in establishing not only regulations but actual thoughts and behavior in defining what is acceptable by society and what is to be considered natural or unnatural. Thus, as the laws dealt with here become symbols of what society believes to be natural or unnatural, they assume far more serious implications than their strictly legal context; hence, the significance of this study. The law is the arena where different views or philosophies are contested. Thus, Rosemary Coombe maintains that “law concludes or limits everyday struggles, authoritatively determines the qualities of individuals or groups, the social identities which people can lay claim to, and the ways in which personhood and experiences of self can be legitimately represented.” Furthermore, by legitimizing certain conceptions of the self, the law by default suppresses alternative conceptions.
“Cultural Constructs” and other Fantasies: Imagined Narratives in Imagined Communities; Surrejoinder to Gershoni and Jankowski's “Print Culture, Social Change, and the Process of Redefining Imagined Communities in Egypt”
Authors: Smith Charles D.
Published: December 2011

Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski provide a spirited defense of their book, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, which I critiqued in the November 1997 issue of IJMES. They explain their ideas on nationalism and how they purportedly applied them in the book, and conclude that I have misread “both modern nationalism and Egyptian history.” That remains to be seen. What is certain is that one cannot find in Redefining the Egyptian Nation the analysis of the thought of Benedict Anderson and Anthony D. Smith presented in their response (“Print Culture, Social Change, and the Process of Redefining Imagined Communities in Egypt,” present issue). Neither can one find in Imagined Communities the ideas and the stress on “nationalism as a cultural construct” that they attribute to Anderson. Gershoni and Jankowski now allege intentions and arguments for books whose texts do not contain what they ascribe to them. Their claims here for Redefining the Egyptian Nation appear to reflect the more extensive reading on nationalism which they did for their recent co-edited book Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East rather than a familiarity with the literature evidenced in the book under discussion, which was published four years ago.
The Significance of the Sunni Schools of Law in Islamic Religious History
Authors: Makdisi George
Published: December 2011

One of the more interesting phenomena in Islamic religious history is the development of the schools of law. This phenomenon has seldom failed to arouse ourinterest, though it has consistently eluded our understanding. The difficulty in grasping the significance of the schools of law is evidenced by vacillation in translating the termmadhhab. This term was first translated as ‘sect,’ then as ‘rite’ or ‘school.’ But a Sunni madhhab could not be a sect, since the term ‘sect’ is applied to a dissenting religious body, one that is heretical in the eyes of other members within the same communion. That is not the case with the Sunni madhhabs, all of which are regarded equally as orthodox. Nor is the term ‘rite’ an adequate one, since it applies to a division of the Christian church as determined by liturgy; and, unlike a transfer from one rite to another in Christianity, a transfer requiring certain formalities, the transfer in Islam is made from one madhhab to another without any formalities whatsoever. The term ‘school,’ for lack of a better term, is the most acceptable; it is the one that offers the least difficulty.
Drama as a Vehicle of Protest in Nāṣir's Egypt
Authors: Semaan Khalil I.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this essay is to explore the possibility, remote as it is or might be, of dramatists employing their trade and using their skill to transmit political messages. In Arabic culture, there is enough ground to suspect that such an endeavor is possible, forthe culture is known to have used the medium of drama to support religiopolitical ideas. I am referring to the well-known fact that the Shī'a sect of Islam, perhaps as early as the time of Yazīd (late A.D. seventh century) has been mourning the martyrdom of Husayn at Karbalā in dramalike fashion. We may well pause to contemplate the ultimate sociopolitical reason for the performance of this ancient Arabo-Islamic passion play.
AḤmad Kasravî and the Controversy Over Persian Poetry
Authors: Jazayery Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2011

In his extensive work on Iranian society and its problems, Aḥmad Kasravî (1890–1946), Iranian scholar, jurist, and social thinker, identified much of Classical Persian poetry as a major source of those problems. He discussed his views in a series of articles, in public lectures, and in two books dealing exclusively with the subject.1 In addition, he touched on the subject, in passages short and long, in many others of his hundreds of articles and dozens of monographs and books, published between 1934 and 1946, when he was assassinated.2
The Present Day Status of Small-Scale Industries (Sanatkar) In Bursa, Turkey
Authors: ünar E. Mine , Eucimen Gunar , Kaytaz Mehmet
Published: December 2011

Social scientists have studied small-scale manufacturers both on a theoretical and on a regional basis relative to their occupational prestige, values, way of life, and political affiliations. Lately, this topic has also been of interest to international lending institutions that have adopted policies that promote small-scale firms in less-developed countries. Part of the reason for the change in policy stems from the inefficient production of large-scale firms and their disappointing performance in reducing unemployment. Some of the studies have found small- scale firms to be more efficient in inputs. Small-scale firms are viewed as generating needed employment opportunities in countries that face pressures of fast-growing labor force populations.
Crime, Justice, And Underdevelopment: The Palestinians Under Israeli Control
Authors: Zureik Elia
Published: December 2011

Orthodox theories of crime in the Third World and in regions of uneven economic development offer a unilinear explanation of the relationship between economic development and increased crime rates. Simply stated, this Durkheimian position views the transition from traditional to modern society as being associated with the weakening of mechanical forms of solidarity and the emergence of secular and impersonal role structures based on a complex division of labor. Universalistic and achievement criteria replace ascriptive and particularistic values, and deviance-derived social control models based on formalized coercive sanctions substitute for traditional and community-based forms of control. Anomic behavior, frustration of expectations, and norm violation are considered an expected, if transitory, outcome of social change, and are explained on the basis of a clash between modern and traditional value systems.
The Alchemy of Domination? Some Ashʿarite Responses to Muʾtazilite Ethics
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: December 2011

In his provocative essayKnowledge and Politics, Harvard Law School professor Roberto Unger undertook what has since become a familiar critique of the contemporary social and political order. Beginning with the main postulates of Enlightenment epistemology, Unger contended that our acceptance of “liberal philosophy” has divided us, as moral beings, between the private world of value and desire and the public world of rules and reason. Since, moreover, reason functions as the medium of public (and ostensibly egalitarian) discourse, its inevitable exaltation over desire threatens, where it does not undermine, our sense of self and personality. Modern man, according to Unger, is inextricably ensconced between the irreconcilable poles of individuality and citizenship. From religious fundamentalism to Afro-centrism, from classical and radical feminism to multi-culturalism, modernity is evolving into an endless concatenation of reactions against the threat of domination that lurks beneath the demand to justify personal values and predilections through the impersonal language of reason, a medium over which some of us possess greater mastery than others, even if, as moderns (or perhaps post-moderns) we recognize that reason is not autonomous but can operate only in the interest of values already present.
Religious Groups In Lebanon: A Descriptive Investigation
Authors: Chamie Joseph
Published: December 2011

Although a great deal has been said and written about the religious groups in Lebanon, little reliable factual information exists about them. No doubt this is due to the nature of the Lebanese political system: Since obtaining independence Lebanon has preferred not to conduct a population census, owing to the fear that the results might strain the political formula by which it is governed. The last census of the Lebanese population, conducted in 1932 under the French Mandate, showed a total population of 793,246 with a Christian majority in the ratio of 6 to 5. This has been the basis of the political formula for assigning political and administrative offices for nearly four decades (Salem, 1973, p. 20). The recent events in Lebanon have made it clear that non-observance or denial of religious similarities and differences by no means guarantees political stability. On the contrary, it is the author's belief that the recognition of differences as well as similarities among the religious groups is an essential ingredient to future political stability. The purpose of this paper, then, is to provide a descriptive comparison of the major Lebanese religious groups along various demographic, social, and economic dimensions.
Qui a Commenté L'Ensemble Des Sourates Al-'Ankabūt à Yāsīn (29–36) Dans “Le Tafsīr Al-Kabīr” De L'imām Fakhr Al-Dīn Al-Rāzī?
Authors: Jomier Jacques
Published: December 2011

Le grand commentaire du Coran de l'Imam Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī pose un problème. Dans la notice que Ibn Abī Usybi'a (m. en 1270 A.D.) consacre à un personnage qui mourut Grand Qādī de Damas en 637/1239–40 et qui se nommait Shams al-Dīn Ahmad b. al-Khalīl b. Sa'āda al-Khuwayyī al-Shāfi'i, on lit que, parmi les oeuvres de ce dernier, figure un complement du “Commentaire du fils du Prédicateur de Rayy”. Il s'agit ici du grand commentaire de Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī dont le père était bien connu sous ce titre, ses dons de prédicateur (khatīb) l'ayant rendu célèbre en son temps.
Iran: Change in Islam; Islam and Change
Authors: Keddie Nikki R.
Published: December 2011

In discussing the intellectual and religious history of the modern Muslim world, the attention of both Western and Middle Eastern scholars has hitherto focused on those who were, directly or indirectly, heavily influenced by Western thought and practices. For Egypt, the center of Arab intellectual life, we have studies of at-Tahtawi, Abduh, Rida, Mustafa Kamil, Lutfi as-Sayyid, and those close to them; for Turkey studies of the Young Ottomans, the Young Turks, Zia Gökalp, and those influenced by Ataturk's Turkish nationalism; and for Iran of Malkum Khan, Afghani, various Babis, Al-e Ahmad, Shariati, and other Western-influenced thinkers. Naturally, there are large differences in the thought of those qualified here as Western-influenced; even the most traditional aiim usually reflects Western influence in a mediated way. The point is, however, that there has been little analysis of thinkers and leaders who appear to beprimarilytraditional, whether they be ulama educated entirely in madrasas and carrying out primarily traditional functions, or heads of Sufi orders operating mainly within their own traditions. This concentration by Western and Middle Eastern intellectuals on leaders who were able to a large degree secularized and Westernized has been based on certain generally unspoken assumptions about progress and development. The assumptions are that progress and development include Westernized, secularized educational systems and an increasingly Western lifestyle with a decreased role for both ulama and Sufis, whom it is not particularly important for one concentrating on trends with a viable future to study or understand. Even those who did study “traditionalist” movements such as the Egyptian Muslim Brethren tended to see them as a trend with no future.
Egypt's Open Door Economic policy: An Attempt at Economic Integration in the Middle East
Authors: Hamed Osama
Published: December 2011

Although some may assert that it is too early to assess the impact of Anwar al-Sadat's liberalization policies on the Egyptian economy, I believe there is enough evidence to measure the important trends that have arisen in their wake. And while the statistics and conclusions may be regarded as tentative, they delineate a picture.

“There is a smell of money around this place.” With this sentence J. R. Frickers, head of Mobil Oil in Egypt, gives us a feeling for the atmosphere that prevailed in Egypt in 1974. The oil price hike of December 23, 1973, created billions of-dollars in surplus funds for Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states.
Technology, Energy, and Civilization: Some Historical Observations
Authors: Issawi Charles
Published: December 2011

The degree of development (or, if you prefer, material civilization) of any society is set by the size of its surplus (the total amount it producesminusthe amount needed for the bare subsistence of the population) and the uses to which the surplus is put. In Emerson's wise words, “The question of history is what each generation has done with its surplus produce. One bought crusades, one churches, one villas, one horses and one railroads.” The size of the surplus is, in turn, determined by four factors: the amount of energy available to the society, the society's technology, the mix of its economy, and the size of its population. Until comparatively recently, energy was, with the important exception of sailing ships, provided exclusively by human or animal power.1Two important steps forward were the invention of the watermill and that of the windmill; their development will be discussed later. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that until the Industrial Revolution, some 80–85 percent of total energy was provided by plants, animals, and people.2This means that the basic factors determining the amount of energy available to a society were the amount of land (arable, pasture, and woodland) it had at its disposal and the land's productivity. Land “was not simply the principal source of food for the population [the other being the seas and rivers] but also virtually the sole source of the raw materials used in industrial production”—fibers, hides, hair, wood, and so forth; almost all industrial workers were engaged in processing agricultural materials.
Army, Regime, And Society In Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094
Authors: Lev Yaacov
Published: December 2011

Tensions between the regime and the army are a crucial component for the understanding of Fatimid history and, as will be shown, they had a mostly destabilizing impact on society and the economy. A host of factors shaped the relationship between the regime, the army, and society. Among these factors, the socio-military composition of the army was especially important. The composition of the army was partly an outcome of deliberate policies of the regime, partly a consequence of local conditions, and partly a reflection of wider Islamic practices. In the case of the Fatimids, the local conditions of Ifrīqiya (Tunisia) and Egypt and the military traditions of the deposed regimes of the Aghlabids and the Ikhshidids must be taken into consideration. Fatimid reliance on the Berbers of Kutāma was not much a matter of a choice; they were the first adherents of the Fatimids and had helped bring them to power in Ifrīqiya. However, from the earliest years of Fatimid rule the Aghlabid military traditions and local conditions were reflected in the composition of the Fatimid army and had an influence on Fatimid policies. Conditions in Egypt played a smaller role in shaping the Fatimid army. Certain elements of the defeated Egyptian army (the lkhshīdiyya and the Kāfūriyya) were incorporated into the Fatimid army while others were disbanded. The Fatimid drive into Palestine and Syria, whose ultimate goal was Baghdad, confronted the Fatimids with militarily superior armies built on the model of the Buyid-'Abbasid and the Byzantines.
Samira Azzam: Author's Works and Vision
Authors: Piselli Kathyanne
Published: December 2011

The loss of Palestine and the resulting dispersal of Palestinian refugees has had a profound impact on the development of Arabic literature. If independence and revolution in most Arab lands served to catapult poets and writers into new literary themes and forms, the psychological jolt of defeat combined with the sudden physical presence of refugees who could not help but witness that defeat helped decisively to move writers away from earlier romantic themes and flowery language in favor of themes and styles considered to be more realistic. The 1950s and 1960s in particular were times of concern for social realism, and among the educated class there was a growing impatience with art that did not treat the important changes that shook the Arabs at the time.
A REPLY TO JAMES GOODE'S REVIEW OF OFIRA SELIKTAR, FAILING
THE CRYSTAL BALL TEST: THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND THE
FUNDAMENTALIST REVOLUTION IN IRAN (PRAEGER, 2000)
Authors: Precht Henry
Published: December 2011

As neither the reviewer nor the author contacted me before reporting critically on my work
during the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis, I appreciate IJMES's offer to
state my position. Subsequently, I have been in touch with both James Goode and Ofira Seliktar.
The latter told me 1. She made a decision not to conduct any interviews because interviewees are
apt to offer self-serving or faulty memories and because she might face “threats.” 2.
Although she felt sorry for the way I was treated in the book, she seemed to place greater blame
on the academics advising the State Department who put forward the “reigning academic
consensus” (New Left and moralpolitik) that captured Foreign Service minds
(especially mine) and led to destructive policies. I'll bet that few Middle East Studies
Association members realized they could have such power over policy-making.
URI DAVIS, Citizenship and the State: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Legislation in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1997). Pp. 250. $75.00 cloth.
Authors: ABU-ODEH LAMA
Published: December 2011

Uri Davis has written a valuable book in which he advances a very progressive project indeed.

Davis is first and foremost committed to human rights. Whereas he acknowledges that liberalism,

the ideological narrative of Western universalism, informs this discourse, Davis dismisses the

critique of human rights as mere cultural imperialism from the West. Human rights, according to

Davis, are spared what may otherwise be a justifiable critique of liberalism by virtue of their

incorporation into the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In other words,

this declaration is universal law, and state membership in the United Nations necessarily implies

respect for it.
LI GUO, Early Mamluk Syrian Historiography: Al-Yunini's Dhayl Mir[ham]at al-Zaman, 2 vols., Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, vol. 21 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998).
Authors: SCHULTZ WARREN C.
Published: December 2011

The importance of Qutb al-Din Musa al-Yunini's (d. 726/1326) Dhayl

Mir[ham]at al-Zaman has long been recognized by historians of the medieval Islamic world.

In this book, Li Guo places this author and his work in the context of early 14th-century Mamluk

Syrian intellectual developments and provides both a translation (vol. 1) and an edition of the

Arabic text (vol. 2) for the five-year period 1297–1302. The result is a valuable work of

historiography and philology.
General practitioners' versus consultants' perspective on indications for paediatric tonsillectomy: current trends
Authors: Manickavasagam J , Ali S , Quraishi M S
Published: December 2011

Aims:

We undertook a study to ascertain what factors general practitioners consider important when referring children for tonsillectomy, and to compare these views with those of consultant ENT surgeons.

Methods:

Web-based questionnaire study.

Results:

A total of 141 general practitioners and 146 consultants responded. Tonsillectomy in children was regarded as a useful operation by 65 per cent of general practitioners and 98 per cent of consultant ENT surgeons. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001, chi-square test). In 1994, Donnelly et al. found that 92 per cent of general practitioners considered tonsillectomy in children a useful operation; our results were significantly different (p < 0.001, chi-square test).

Conclusions:

There is a good level of awareness and agreement on the currently accepted indications for paediatric tonsillectomy in both groups. However, there were important areas of difference between the two groups with regard to ‘glue ear’, recurrent ear infections and snoring. Standardised indications for tonsillectomy should be effectively disseminated to general practitioners.
Manila Clam (Ruditapes Philippinarum) Culture in Oyster Bags: Influence of Density on Survival, Growth and Biometric Relationships
Authors: Cigarría J. , Fernández J.
Published: December 2011

In order to establish the suitability of oyster bags as a method for Manila clam culture, Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca: Bivalvia), five batches of clams (mean live weight 0·55 g) were placed on the ground in the intertidal zone of Eo Estuary in March 1993. Four batches were sown in bags at different densities (100, 250, 500 and 1000 clams per bag) and one sown at 160 clams per m2 in sand–gravel bed covered with plastic netting.

In August 1993 and April 1994 all batches were picked up and survival, live weight, length, height and thickness recorded. Survival of clams at the highest density was significantly lower than survival at lower densities in August 1993 (60·5%) and April 1994 (26·7%), but no differences were found among the other treatments. In addition, we found differences in growth between sets in both dates, with the best growth in the lower densities and reduced, density-dependent growth in the bags. Biometric relationships were also affected by density at the end of the experiment. High density had a greater influence on reducing shell height than on length or thickness.

It was concluded that traditional ground culture in Europe is, from both the biological and the economical viewpoints, more efficient than oyster bag culture. However, oyster bags may be useful for temporary storage or as nursery system for clams.
The Influence of an Electric Light on the Capture of Oceanic Cephalopods by a Midwater Trawl
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R. , Pascoe P.L.
Published: December 2011

A total of 57 comparative hauls using a rectangular midwater trawl with a fishing mouth area of 50 m2 (RMT 50) were carried out along the sides of an imaginary triangle south of Madeira in 1986. A total of 1258 cephalopods were caught, giving a mean of 22 per haul with a range from 0 to 67. The nets were used with a diver's light on the top bar which was either switched off or was operated with a 20, 70 or 150 W bulb, powered by a car battery. A significantly greater number of individuals per haul was caught with lights on than without lights, increasing from a mean of 13·5–25·1, a factor of 1·8. Similarly, the number of species caught was increased from a mean of 7 to 10·4, a factor of 1·5 and the volume of cephalopods was increased from a mean of 41·1–162·3ml, a factor of 3·9. Similar comparisons made for catches during day or night separately and on the three courses separately also showed marked increases with the lights. Samples show that increase in power of the lights increased the total number of cephalopod individuals caught. In the 12 species with more than ten individuals, in 33 of the 36 comparisons (of number of individuals, species and volumes) there is an increase with the light. The most influenced species was Taonius pavo which increased in numbers by a mean factor of 3·9 times with 20W, 4·0 times with 70W and 6·1 times with 150W when compared with the numbers caught with no light.
Damage Due to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in the Brittlestar Ophioderma Brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
Authors: Johnsen Sönke , Kier William M.
Published: December 2011

Many morphological, chemical, and behavioural characteristics of echinoderms have been implicated as defences against ultraviolet light, though no studies have investigated whether adult echinoderms are damaged by this form of radiation. This study tests whether the brittlestar Ophioderma brevispinum (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) is damaged by solar ultraviolet radiation. Specimens of O. brevispinum were exposed to sunlight at a field station on the North Carolina coast. After 4 d of exposure, 12 out of 13 animals were dead and the remaining animal was moderately damaged. The animals in the control treatment, protected by a UV-opaque filter, suffered almost no damage.
On the Occurrence of Kyphosus Sectator (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae) in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Merella Paolo , Massutí Enric , Deudero Salud
Published: December 2011

The capture of a single specimen of Kyphosus sectator (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae) is reported from the island of Mallorca. It represents the first record of this species in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean). Some aspects relative to its distribution and ecology are also given.

On 16 September 1996, a single specimen of Bermuda sea chub, Kyphosus sectator (Linnaeus, 1766) (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae), was caught with a surrounding purse seine by an artisanal fishing vessel involved in the dolphin-fish (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758) fishery carried out in Mallorcan waters (western Mediterranean) (Massutí & Morales-Nin, 1995). The set was made around drifting wooden flotsam, in waters approximately 600 m deep, and 9 nautical miles from the eastern coast of Mallorca (Figure 1). The surface temperature was approximately 23°C throughout the thermocline, down to a depth of 40 m (S. Devdero, unpublished data).
A new species ofRimicaris(Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) from hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean
Authors: Nye Verity , Copley Jon , Plouviez Sophie
Published: December 2011

Rimicaris hybisaesp. nov. is described from hydrothermal vent fields on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre, the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre (MCSC), Caribbean, at depths of 2300–4960 m. The new species is described and illustrated on the basis of 17 specimens. Brief notes on the distribution and habitat of the new species are provided. Molecular phylogenetic data from mitochondrial COI (460 base pair (bp)), 16S ribosomal RNA (549 bp) and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA (576 bp) regions is used to complement the description. Morphological variation withinR. hybisaesp. nov. and morphological affinities with previously described species are discussed. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, the new species is provisionally assigned to the genusRimicaris, and differs from all known species in the genus by a distinctive pair of ‘pores' on the posterior lobes of its four-lobed dorsal organ. An emended diagnosis forRimicarisis provided.Rimicaris hybisaesp. nov. is the first taxon to be described from MCSC vent fields. This record extends the known geographical range ofRimicarisinto the Caribbean Sea and constitutes the deepest documented occurrence of alvinocaridid shrimp.
Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population
Authors: Chapman C. , Mills K. , Slade T. , McFarlane A. C. , Bryant R. A. , Creamer M. , Silove D. , Teesson M.
Published: December 2011

Background

Few studies have focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remission in the population, none have modelled remission beyond age 54 years and none have explored in detail the correlates of remission from PTSD. This study examined trauma experience, symptom severity, co-morbidity, service use and time to PTSD remission in a large population sample.

Method

Data came from respondents (n=8841) of the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). A modified version of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used to determine the presence and age of onset of DSM-IV PTSD and other mental and substance use disorders, type, age, and number of lifetime traumas, severity of re-experiencing, avoidance and hypervigilance symptoms and presence and timing of service use.

Results

Projected lifetime remission rate was 92% and median time to remission was 14 years. Those who experienced childhood trauma, interpersonal violence, severe symptoms or a secondary anxiety or affective disorder were less likely to remit from PTSD and reported longer median times to remission compared to those with other trauma experiences, less severe symptoms or no co-morbidity.

Conclusions

Although most people in the population with PTSD eventually remit, a significant minority report symptoms decades after onset. Those who experience childhood trauma or interpersonal violence should be a high priority for intervention.
GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: DISPELLING THE CONCEPTUAL FOG
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2011

Genocide and crimes against humanity are among the core crimes of international law, but they also carry great moral resonance due to their indissoluble link to the atrocities of the Nazi regime and to other egregious episodes of mass violence. However, the concepts of genocide and crimes against humanity are not well understood, even by the international lawyers and jurists who are most concerned with them. A conceptual fog hovers around the discussion of these two categories of crime. In this paper, I draw a number of distinctions aimed at clarifying the concepts. I distinguish three concepts of genocide, two legal and one moral, and two concepts of crimes against humanity, a legal and a moral one. I criticize the current legal concept of genocide and, using the idea of discrimination, propose a model for developing a more adequate legal concept and for better understanding the moral concept. I also criticize the moral concept of crimes against humanity, which many thinkers have conflated with the legal concept of such crimes.
POLITICAL LIBERTY: WHO NEEDS IT?
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: December 2011

This paper concerns the question of whether the political liberties tend to be valuable to the people who hold them. (In contrast, we might ask whether the liberties are valuable in the aggregate or are owed to people as a matter of justice, regardless of their value.) Philosophers have argued that the political liberties are needed or at least useful to lead a full, human life, to have one's social status and the social bases of self-respect secured, to make the government responsive to one's interests and generate preferred political outcomes, to participate in the process of social construction so that one can feel at home in the social world, to live autonomously as a member of society, to achieve education and enlightenment and take a broad view of the world and of others' interests, and to express oneself and one's attitudes about the political process and current states of affairs. I argue that for most people, the political liberties are not valuable for these reasons.
HARM AND THE VOLENTI PRINCIPLE
Authors: Dworkin Gerald
Published: December 2011

This is an essay on the limits of the Criminal Law. In particular, it is about what principles, if any, determine whether it is legitimate for the state to criminalize certain conduct. Joel Feinberg in his great work on the moral limits of the criminal law argues that we need only two principles. One is a principle regulating harm to other people and the other is an offense principle regulating certain kinds of offensive conduct. I explore various aspects of his argument. In particular I concentrate on his use of the Volenti Principle: He who consents cannot be wrongfully harmed by conduct to which he has fully consented. Feinberg uses the principle to argue that certain kinds of consensual conduct cannot be forbidden unless we adopt some kind of legal moralism, i.e., conduct can be forbidden on the grounds that it is immoral even though the conduct harms no other person. I explore the possibility of avoiding legal moralism by limiting the use of the Volenti Principle.
STATE COERCION AND FORCE
Authors: Morris Christopher W.
Published: December 2011

State power is widely thought to be coercive. The view that governments must wield force or that their power is necessarily coercive is widespread in contemporary political thought. John Rawls is representative in claiming that (political power is always coercive power backed up by the government(s use of sanctions, for government alone has the authority to use force in upholding its laws.( This belief in the centrality of coercion and force plays an important but not well appreciated role in contemporary political thought. I wish to challenge this belief and the considerations that motivate it. States are not necessarily coercive or coercive (by definition.( Their claimed authority is prior to the force they wield. Legitimate states should need to resort to coercion and force much less than other states, and that fact seems unappreciated in contemporary political thought.
Formalising PFSQL queries using ŁΠ fuzzy logic
Authors: PEROVIĆ ALEKSANDAR , TAKAČI ALEKSANDAR , ŠKRBIĆ SRDJAN
Published: December 2011

Using the concept of a generalised priority constraint satisfaction problem, we previously found a way to introduce priority queries into fuzzy relational databases. The results were PFSQL (Priority Fuzzy Structured Query Language) together with a database independent interpreter for it. In an effort to improve the performance of the resolution of PFSQL queries, the aim of the current paper is to formalise PFSQL queries by obtaining their interpretation in an existing fuzzy logic. We have found that the ŁΠ logic provides sufficient elements. The SELECT line of PFSQL queries is semantically a formula of some fuzzy logic, and we show that such formulas can be naturally expressed in a conservative extension of the ŁΠ logic. Furthermore, we prove a theorem that gives the PSPACE containment for the complexity of finding a model for a given ŁΠ logic formula.
Tetralogy of Fallot in men: quality of life, family, education, and employment
Authors: Bygstad Elisabeth , Pedersen Lia C. V. M. , Pedersen Thais A. L. , Hjortdal Vibeke E.
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Little is known about the quality of life, health, family, education, and employment status among adult men with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

Material and methods

A total of 68 men who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot between 1971 and 1991 were studied. Fifty-three patients answered the SF-36 health survey and additional questions regarding offspring, education, and employment status. The men with repaired tetralogy of Fallot were compared with 32 healthy men and 40 women who also underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot in the same period.

Results

The patients scored lower than healthy men in the SF-36 categories physical functioning, general health, and physical component summary. There were no statistically significant differences in the scores from male and female patients except a lower score in bodily pain among women. Educational level for men operated for tetralogy of Fallot was similar to the general male population, whereas fewer were employed and more were retired, undergoing rehabilitation or receiving social benefits. The reproduction rate was lower compared with the general population (0.65 versus 1.02 children per man) but relatively higher than the rate among women with tetralogy of Fallot (0.88 versus 1.84 children per woman). The risk of having a child with congenital heart disease was 8.3%.

Conclusion

Men operated for tetralogy of Fallot have good quality of life and educational status. They start a family, although their reproduction rate is two-thirds that of the general population. The risk of having a child with congenital heart disease is higher compared with the background population. The overall quality of life is similar for men and women operated for tetralogy of Fallot.
INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN COMPETITIVE SEARCH EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Dong Mei
Published: December 2011

Rocheteau, Rupert, and Wright [Scandinavian Journal of Economics 109 (2007), 837–855] show that the relationship between inflation and unemployment can be positive or negative, depending on the primitives of the model. The key features are indivisible labor, nonseparable preferences, and bargaining. Their results are derived only for a special case of bargaining, take-it-or-leave-it offer by buyers. Instead of bargaining, this paper considers competitive search. I show that the results of Rocheteau et al. can be generalized to an environment where both buyers and sellers have nonseparable preferences. In addition, the relationship between inflation and unemployment is robust to allowing free entry by sellers, which cannot be studied in Rocheteau et al. (2007).
Foreword: Mediterranean diet and climatic change
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Bach-Faig Anna , Miranda Gemma , Clapes-Badrinas Carmen
Published: December 2011

Changes in diet, reducing animal products and increasing consumption of vegetables can not only benefit human health and the overall use of land, but can also play a decisive role in the politics of climate change mitigation. In this sense, the Mediterranean diet (MD) is presented as a sustainable cultural model, respectful of the environment, whose adherence in Mediterranean countries should contribute to mitigating climate change. The recognition of the MD as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2010 obliges the Mediterranean Diet Foundation to continue waging this recovery process and to promote our ancient food traditions in a prism of sustainability and commitment to the environment.