bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ŠUŠVĖ RIVER
Authors: ŽIBIENĖ Gražina , ŽIBAS Alvydas , BLAŽAITYTĖ Goda
Published: February 2016

The construction of dams in rivers negatively affects ecosystems because dams violate the continuity of rivers, transform the biological and physical structure of the river channels, and the most importantly – alter the hydrological regime. The impact on the hydrology of the river can occur through reducing or increasing flows, altering seasonality of flows, changing the frequency, duration and timing of flow events, etc. In order to determine the extent of the mentioned changes, The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) software was used in this paper. The results showed that after the construction of Angiriai dam, such changes occurred in IHA Parameters group as: the water conditions of April month decreased by 31 %; 1-day, 3-days, 7-days and 30-days maximum flow decreased; the date of minimum flow occurred 21 days later; duration of high and low pulses and the frequency of low pulses decreased, but the frequency of high pulses increased, etc. The analysis of the Environmental Flow Components showed, that the essential differences were recorded in groups of the small and large floods, when, after the establishment of the Šušvė Reservoir, the large floods no longer took place and the probability of frequency of the small floods didn’t exceed 1 time per year.
С BUDGET IN THE AGROECOSYSTEMS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.)
Authors: MIKŠA Ovidijus , BALEŽENTIENĖ Ligita
Published: February 2016

The aim of this research was to calculate and compare the C budget changes for maize (Zea mays L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), identifying soil seasonal respiratory CO2 (Ra+h) and assimilated photosynthetic CO2 at plant different growth stages. The research was carried out for maize (Zea mays L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), during the vegetation period (2014 June – September) at the PI ASU Training Farm, Kaunas district. The mean soil CO2 emissions were 1.971±0.12 μmol m-2s-1 for maize, and 2.199±0.25 μmol m-2s-1 for rapeseed. The highest measured soil CO2 emissions 2.432±0.23 μmol m-2s-1 for rapeseed in June, and 2. 963±0.28 μmol m-2s-1 for the maize in the second half of July. The mean C budget in maize agro-ecosystems was 15.54 t ha-1, while it was 10.30 t ha-1 in rapeseed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS
Authors: BANU Constantin , RAMONA Lile , IANCU Tiberiu , MOATĂR Mihaela , ORBOI Dora , ȘTEFAN Carolina , STANCIU Sorin
Published: February 2016

In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
PLANT REFLECTED SPECTRA DEPENDING ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH CONDITIONS
Authors: KARLOVSKA Amanda , GRĪNFELDE Inga , ALSIŅA Ina , PRIEDĪTIS Gints , ROZE Daina
Published: February 2016

Sustainable and economically based forestry needs modern inventory and monitoring techniques. One of the most common technologies for identification of forest tree species and monitoring of forest growth conditions is the hyperspectral remote sensing. This technology gives an opportunity to economize human resources and time for data collecting and processing. The spectral behaviour of plant leaves depends on number of factors, including environmental background. The aim of this study was to assess the tree reflectance spectra in relation to the growth conditions to take into account potential differences for increasing precision of species identification in Latvian forests and for estimating of forest growth conditions. Remote sensing data were obtained using a specialized aircraft (Pilatus PC-6), which is equipped with a high-performance airborne VNIR pushbroom hyperspectral system (AisaEAGLE). The study area was flown at 1000 m altitude. Data was recorded in the 400–970 nm spectral range, spectral resolution was 3.3 nm, ground resolution 0.5 m. Data processing consisted of manually selecting trees with a recognizable tree crowns in the airborne images. Tree centres were adjusted by putting them in the accurate position according to the situation in aerial photography. All trees with a diameter at breast height DBH of more than 5 cm were measured and for each tree coordinates, its species, height, DBH, crown width and length were recorded. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System measurements were used to determine the position of each plot centre. Data from different hyperspectral bands were compared using ANOVA at confidence level 95 %. Four species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – were examined in distinct forest site types. The spectral response of studied species was 1) different between species and 2) different between site types within each species, correlating with soil fertility gradient and soil moisture gradient. Differences between species occurred most in the intensity of reflected electromagnetic radiation rather than distinctive locations of maximums or minimums in spectrum curve, and near infrared (NIR) region of spectrum showed more differences between species than visible light zone. Most informative wavebands for distinguishing differences between site types were 805 nm and 644 nm.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DITCH FILTERS WITH PHOSPHORUS SORBING CALCIUM BASED FILTER MATERIALS
Authors: BASTIENĖ Nijolė , GASIŪNAS Valerijus
Published: February 2016

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the sorption capacity of calcium based filter materials (Polonite, Filtralite P and Hyttsand) under Lithuanian conditions. The results obtained from 16 months long ditch filters investigations showed that the efficiency of tested filter materials varies from 60 to 30 % on the average. The filter material Polonite was distinguished by highest reduction capacity of phosphorus, slightly less reduction was determined using Hyttsand and the least using Filtralite-P. The monitoring results confirmed that ditch filters have some ability to the retention of phosphorus and water purification. In total, ditch filters adsorbed about 96–208 g total phosphorus (TP) and 20–124 g phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) during the reporting period (January 2013 – May 2014).
NITROGEN CYCLES IN CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN FERTILIZATION
Authors: GUŽYS Saulius , MISEVIČIENĖ Stefanija
Published: February 2016

The use of nitrogen fertilizer is becoming a global problem; however continuous fertilization with nitrogen ensures large and constant harvests. An 8 year research (2006–2013) was conducted to evaluate the relationships between differently fertilized cultivated plant rotations. The research was conducted in Lipliunai (Lithuania) in the agroecosystem with nitrogen metabolism in fields with deeper carbonaceous soil, i.e. Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilized cereals and perennial grasses was applied. Samples of soil, water and plants were investigated in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University certified by the Environment Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania. The greatest productivity was found in a crop rotation with higher fertilization (N32-140). In crop rotation with lower fertilization (N24-90) productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (N0-80) was 11–35 % lower. The highest amount of mineral soil nitrogen was found in cereal crop rotation with higher fertilization. It was influenced by fertilization and crop productivity. The lowest Nmin and Ntotal concentrations in drainage water were found in grasses crop rotation. Crop rotations of differently fertilized cereals increased nitrogen concentration in drainage water. Nmin concentration in water depended on crop productivity, quantity of mineral soil nitrogen, fertilization, and nitrogen balance. The lowest nitrogen leaching was found in the crop rotation of grasses. Cereal crop rotation increased nitrogen leaching by 12–42 %. The usage of all crop rotations resulted in a negative nitrogen balance, which essentially depended on fertilization with nitrogen fertilizer.
DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: TAPARAUSKIENĖ Laima , LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ Veronika
Published: February 2016

This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.
DETECTION OF XENOBIOTIC SUBSTANCES IN MUTE SWANS’ (CYGNUS OLOR) BLOOD
Authors: STANKEVIČIŪTĖ Jolanta , BARKAUSKAITĖ Solveiga Marija , BRAZAITIS Gediminas
Published: February 2016

During recent years the attention towards the effects of xenobiotic substances on wild nature has been steadily increasing. Literature reviews have revealed that active hormone-disintegrating substances might affect the reproduction of some wild animal species. Research shows anomalies of reproduction and development in various animal groups such as birds, fish, invertebrates and reptiles. Species inhabiting water and its surroundings cause the highest concern. Due to insufficient baseline information it is difficult to determine the extent of the problem in these wild populations on an ecological scale. The research described in this article is the first attempt to analyse xenobiotic substances and evaluate possible accumulation of pharmaceuticals in animals higher up in the food chain in Lithuania. This research tests new methods for to analyse for xenobiotics substances, which might be used in the future. Blood samples of 7 swans were examined using liquid chromatography, however, no xenobiotics were detected. Negative results do not eliminate the necessity for further investigate of larger samples, other species or to search for non-pharmaceutical xenobiotics.
ECONOMICAL EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HYDROKINETIC ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: ADAMONYTĖ Inga , KVARACIEJUS Algis , VYČIENĖ Gitana
Published: February 2016

An analysis of the impact of hydrokinetic energy technology schemes has been carried out on the following river parameters: water quality, the riverbed and bank stability, sediment dynamics, coastal and aquatic vegetation, fish communities, noise, aesthetics, fishing and riverbed practicability (kayaks and barges). Hydrokinetic energy generation technologies are compared to conventional tidal technologies. Each parameter assessed was evaluated for minor, notable, high, and very high likelihood of constant and temporary exposure. Subordinate elements, such as aesthetics, fishing, and river practicability were determined to be the greatest possible use of hydrokinetic energy schemes in the world rather than river ecosystem elements. The researchers carried out an approximate assessment of the economic indicators because Lithuania does not operate hydrokinetic power plants. An assessment of reduced investment and electricity market energy purchase price indicates that the approximate payback period is six years and the net present value in the seventh year of operation is EUR 7,450.
VALORISATION OF FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS FOR THE SPANISH CERAMIC TILE INDUSTRY
Authors: ALFONSO David , MEZQUITA Ana , MONFORT Eliseo , GABALDÓN-ESTEVAN Daniel
Published: February 2016

Since ceramic tile industry is an energy intensive industry, European ceramic companies are challenged to reduce their CO2 emissions in the medium and long-term. According the Roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy in 2050 (European Commission, 2011) the objective is to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions of between 34 % and 40 % by 2030, and between 83 % and 87 % by 2050. In the present paper we present a study on the viability of the incorporation of biofuels in the energy mix of the Spanish ceramic industry with the objective of (1) identifying the potential use of biomass resources, with a special focus of forest and agricultural biomass, in the manufacturing process of ceramic tile products; (2) identify in what part of the production process it can be introduced; and (3) calculate the reduced environmental impact from the manufacture of ceramic materials through a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. In order to proceed we firstly present the relevant state of the art for the study of the use of biomass for the ceramic manufacturing process. We continue with the methodology for biomass resources evaluation and present relevant data on forest and agricultural biomass for the ceramic tile industry. We then present data on the evolution and actual energy demand of the ceramic tile industry to characterize its energy demand. And then we identify an opportunity for biomass use in a specific phase of the manufacture of ceramic products, estimating the savings of fossil fuels and the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and therefore assessing the environmental impact reduction through the introduction of biomass in the manufacturing process of ceramic tile products.
PRODUCTIVITY OF COMMON OSIER (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) PLANTATIONS IN ARENOSOLS AND HISTOSOLS – MARGINAL CASE STUDY IN LITHUANIA
Authors: ALEINIKOVIENĖ Jūratė , ŠAUKŠČIUS Vytautas , ČINGA Gintautas , MIKUČIONIENĖ Romutė , VAISVALAVIČIUS, Rimantas
Published: February 2016

Productivity of two common osier (Salix viminalis L.) plantations in two different regions of Lithuania was marginally studied in 2014. The regions where the studies on common osier plantations have been done differed in soil groups. For that, the main importance of the study was to identify soil group typological parameters as well as to describe soil chemical characteristics. Further, it was important to estimate the volume of common osier biomass and to assess the impact of different soil parameters on osier biomass productivity. The obtained results let to exclude the importance of soil group as well as of soil typological unit on the productivity of common osier plantations in different regions. Thus, it was found that soil density is the main factor influencing the growth of common osier and it was optimal in studied Histosol (in South West of Lithuania). However, organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations were the main parameters having impact on common osier productivity in Arenosols (in Western Lithuania).
Self and Transcendence
Authors: Vail Charles
Published: February 2016

This essay is a meditation on our shared humanity. By necessity it is a monologue, a statement largely in a single voice, advocating a particular point of view; nevertheless, what is written here humbly is offered as an invitation to enter into a dialogue. The essay begins with an description of the human self in terms of a naturalistic explanation of human nature, as suggested by two different characterizations of humanism. It then continues, moving from potential to informed practice, first by considering the meaning of freedom and equality and then by suggesting how we may transcend the selfishness, fear, and uncer-tainty that are all too common elements of the human condition. The essay concludes by suggesting how we all may enter into meaningful dialogue with one another from the common conceptual ground that is our shared humanity.
Defending the Humanistic Virtue of Holiday Commercialism
Authors: Montanye James
Published: February 2016

A prominent study of holiday gift giving estimates the correlative amount of wasted value (“deadweight loss”) to be roughly $25 billion worldwide. This result is predictable (in direction if not in actual magnitude) from economic theory and casual experience. Regrettably, the study neither substantiates its broad condemnation of holiday gift giving, nor does it support any of the normative generalizations that might be drawn from it; for example, the desirability of modifying the Christmas holiday’s commercial aspect, or of augmenting its religious dimension. The following essay argues that holiday gift giving actually is privately and socially beneficial on balance despite its economic costs.
A Renaissance of Globalization
Authors: Svetelj Tony
Published: February 2016

In a world of confrontations between numerous cultures, traditions, languages, and religions, the meaning of “human” and “humanism” reaches a higher level of “humanness.” The pluralism of cultural, political, and religious outlook creates new options and alternative interpretations of what constitutes the “human.” True humanness is always there, open and accessible to all, with nothing being hidden or obscured. At the same time, true humanness is also a matter of doing, not just being. To be “true” is to live the truth, to be with it, and to be part of it. We exist inside this truth as a passion, which informs all the decisions we make in life. So true humanness is not something objective and static, something to be studied from a distance; true humanness is an up-close and personal way of living, a mode of existence, something that is relational. Our way toward a more complex understanding of humanness faces similar obstacles as a yogi encounters on his way to the final way of Yoga. Patañjali in his Yoga Sutras describes these obstacles—kleshas—as the afflictions of the human mind, or destructive and disturbing emotions: ignorance, ego, attachment, aversion, and clinging to life. A higher understanding of “humanness” will not be reached without an ethical engagement of individuals, as well as formal and informal commitment of institutions and nations. Such an endeavor will consequently reveal yet-undiscovered human potential, leading to a renaissance of our acting, thinking, and believing.
Enzyme-induced carbonate mineral precipitation for fugitive dust control
Authors: Hamdan N. , Kavazanjian E.
Published: February 2016

Wind tunnel tests show that enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) holds promise as a method for mitigation of fugitive dust emissions. Fugitive dust (wind-blown fine-grained soil) is a significant environmental problem in semi-arid and arid environments. Conventional methods for fugitive dust control, including the application of water, salt, or synthetic polymers, are either ineffective in arid climates, limited to short-term stabilisation, or very expensive. EICP employs hydrolysis of urea (ureolysis), a process catalysed by the urease enzyme, to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the presence of calcium ions. Urease is a widely occurring enzyme found in many plants and microorganisms. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of a topically applied EICP solution containing plant-derived urease to stabilise soil against fugitive dust emission. Three different soils were tested: a native Arizona silty sand, a uniform medium-grained silica sand and fine sand-sized mine tailings from southern Arizona. The wind tunnel tests established the treatment concentrations at which EICP was more effective in suppressing fugitive dust than specimens prepared by either thoroughly wetting the soil or treatment with a salt–urea solution. These tests demonstrate the potential of EICP treatment as a means of mitigating fugitive dust emissions.
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools: Escaping the Control of the Syrian Regime
Authors: Al-Saqaf Walid
Published: February 2016

Studies have shown that authoritarian regimes tend to censor the media to limit potential threats to the status quo. While such censorship practices were traditionally aimed at broadcast and print media, the emergence of the Internet and social media in particular, prompted some authoritarian regimes, such as the Assad regime in Syria, to try and exert a similar level of censorship on the Internet as well. During the Arab Spring, the Syrian regime blocked hundreds of websites that provided social networking, news, and other services. Taking Syria as a case study, this paper examines whether Internet censorship succeeded in preventing Internet users from reaching censored online content during 2010−2012. By analyzing the use of Alkasir, a censorship circumvention tool created by the author, the paper provides empirical evidence demonstrating that users were in fact able to bypass censorship and access blocked websites. The findings demonstrate that censorship circumvention tools constituted a threat to the information control systems of authoritarian regimes, highlighting the potential of such tools to promote online freedom of expression in countries where Internet censorship is prevalent.
El viaje mítico en Ora marítima de Rafael Alberti
Authors: Balcells José María
Published: February 2016

El artículo es una breve aproximación al tema del viaje mitológico en la poesía de Rafael Alberti, centrada en la obra Ora marítima
El patrimonio bibliográfico comunitario de Santa María de la Vega (Salamanca) en 1577
Authors: Suárez González Ana
Published: February 2016

Se trata de un breve acercamiento al conjunto bibliográfico comunitario del monasterio de Santa María de la Vega en un momento-siglo XVI- especialmente interesante para la historia del libro en general y del libro eclesiástico en particular
El laberinto de amor de Cervantes: análisis del texto y su puesta en escena
Authors: Pérez Fernández Desirée
Published: February 2016

Este artículo analiza el teatro de Miguel de Cervantes y estudia la puesta en escena actual de su obra "El laberinto de amor", con motivo del IV Centenario del Quijote
Consideraciones en torno al búho, "nocturna avis, quae ab homnibus est ingrata"
Authors: Pejenaute Rubio Francisco
Published: February 2016

El búho, en todas las épocas y en todos los pueblos, ha sido considerado la rapaz más misteriosa y enigmática de cuantas pueblan las sombras de la noche. Su vuelo silencioso, su penetrante mirada, su lúgubre graznido, han hecho de él un animal sugestivo a la par que inquietante. Una ojeada a la historia de las relaciones del hombre con dicha rapaz nos muestra cómo el búho ha invadido los campos de la literatura, el mito y hasta la religión. Una mirada a parte de esa historia es lo que pretende llevar a cabo el presente trabajo
Unidades fraseológicas y diacronía: sobre las fórmulas negativas "de ninguna manera y en absoluto"
Authors: Pérez-Salazar Carmela
Published: February 2016

En este artículo se presenta un estudio diacrónico de dos unidades fraseológicas que el español actual emplea para enfatizar la negatividad de un enunciado o para manifestar rotundamente una recusación. A través del análisis diacrónico se descubre el desarrollo que las ha convertido en fórmulas invariables o cuasi invariables
Utopía y desengaño: análisis comparatista de los libros de viajes a la URSS
Authors: Sánchez Zapatero Javier
Published: February 2016

El impacto de la Revolución Rusa sobre la sociedad occidental motivó la adhesión incondicional de un amplio sector de intelectuales. Muchos de ellos se desplazaron a la URSS para presenciar los cambios efectuados en la sociedad soviética, dejando testimonio de su viaje en diversas obras de carácter autobiográfico. En algunos casos, el conocimiento de la realidad soviética y de sus problemas provocó un profundo desengaño en quienes la conocieron. De ese sentimiento de desencanto nacen una serie de textos que, a medio camino entre la confesión y el libro de viajes, denuncian el estado de la sociedad soviética y se conciben como respuesta a una situación personal de crisis. Este artículo analiza las analogías existentes entre estos textos e intenta determinar su adscripción genérica
Del término "poetisa": aceptaciones y repulsas
Authors: Ballcels José María
Published: February 2016

En las últimas décadas se asistió a una polémica más o menos áspera a propósito de la denominación de “poeta” o “poetisa” referida a las mujeres que componen poesía en España. Pero la controversia sobre dichas denominaciones aplicadas a la creación poética de las autoras no es un fenómeno nuevo en la cultura literaria española, pues sus antecedentes próximos ya se dejaban sentir incluso antes de los treinta
Ibn Masarra a través de las fuentes: obras halladas y escritos desconocidos
Authors: Garrido Clemente Pilar
Published: February 2016

Este artículo consta de tres partes. La primera es una exposición comentada de los datos más relevantes contenidos en las fuentes sobre la vida del pensador andalusí Ibn Masarra al-Yabali (883-931 d. C.). En la segunda parte se presenta un breve estudio crítico sobre las referencias actualmente disponibles acerca de los siete títulos atribuidos al autor: dos obras conocidas, al menos tres por el momento desconocidas y un apócrifo. La tercera parte ofrece la traducción íntegra comentada de la noticia que Ibn Harit al-Jusani (m. 971) dedicó a Ibn Masarra en su Historia de los alfaquíes y tradicionistas de al-Andalus (Ajbar al-fuqahafi wa-l-munadditin)
L'incarnation de l'imaginaire dans "L'Espoir et Sierra de Teruel" d'André Malraux
Authors: Tiberio María
Published: February 2016

Desde 1936 hasta 1939, André Malraux se dedicó casi por completo a la defensa de la República española en peligro. Esta experiencia lo lleva a escribir una novela, Lespoir que es la historia de los primeros meses del escuadrón de España del que era líder. Gracias al apoyo del gobierno español en el exilio, Malraux también realiza una película, Sierra de Teruel, para convencer a las democracias extranjeras sobre la lucha contra Franco y el fascismo. La película nace de la voluntad de adaptar uno de los principales episodios de la tercera parte de la novela. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar, a través de una comparación entre la novela y la película, las piezas que se incorporaron a partir de una creación a otra y entender que los personajes de la novela mantienen o pierden un papel central en el paso de la novela a la película
Le discours sur la guerre d'Espagne dans l'espoir d'André Malraux
Authors: Ly Mamadou Abdoulaye
Published: February 2016

La guerra de España ocupa una importancia central en la vida y la obra de André Malraux. Malraux entra como un piloto en las brigadas internacionales de los republicanos españoles. Dedicó varios textos a la guerra de España. Este texto es más bien un poema dedicado a la revolución española. Este tipo de escritura del discurso de Malraux se desarrolla en el tejido ficción a través de la palabra de los personajes y la voz del Narrador. Así, Malraux está en un dilema entre la acción revolucionaria y el culto del arte
Stress granules (SG) and processing bodies (PB) in viral infections.
Authors: Malinowska Magdalena , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina , Tokarz-Deptuła Beata , Deptuła Wiesław
Published: February 2016

During reaction to stress caused by viral infection, RNA granules are formed in order to protect mRNA. Stress granules (SG) and processing bodies (PB) provide cell homeostasis and mRNA stability. They are formed, for example, during polio virus and MRV (mammalian orthoreovirus) infections. Some viruses, such as influenza virus and HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus 1), block the formation of granules. In addition, there are viruses like West Nile Virus, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) or human Herpes viruses, which influence the functioning of the granules.
The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops irvinensis (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae)
Authors: Holmes Robert B
Published: February 2016

The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops (= Chasmosaurus) irvinensis (CMN 41357), lacking only the tail, most of the left front and left hind limbs, and portions of the pelvis, is preserved in articulation. It is one of the most complete, best articulated ceratopsid skeletons known. Both the manus and vertebral column exhibit conspicuous pathologies, possibly an indication of advanced age at the time of death. The vertebral column comprises a syncervical, six additional cervical vertebrae, and 12 dorsals. A partial synsacrum is represented by two dorsosacrals, four sacrals, two caudosacrals, and a partial third caudosacral centrum. The ribcage, although crushed, is nearly complete. The sternum is unusually wide compared with other ceratopsids. As in other chasmosaurines, the humerus bears a prominent deltopectoral crest that forms the anterior edge of the broad, rectangular proximal humeral expansion. The medial tuberosity is separated from the dorsal surface of the humerus by a distinct notch. The insertion for the latissimus dorsi is conspicuous. The deltopectoral crest extends a full half of the distance to the distal end of the humerus. Epipodials of the forelimb are relatively short compared to the corresponding propodial. The ulna has a long, distinctly triangular olecranon, broadly rounded anterolateral process, prominent medial process, and a deeply concave trochlear notch. The terminal phalanges on the fourth and fifth manual digits are relatively large, and unlike other ceratopsids have distinct distal ?articular facets. The fourth trochanter of the femur is relatively proximal in position. This study and other recent studies of ceratopsid postcrania suggest that potentially useful taxonomic variation is present in the number of dorsosacrals, size of the groove on the ventral surface of the sacrum, morphology of the last dorsal and dorsosacral ribs, morphology of the scapula and proximal expansion of the humerus, morphology of the ulna, ratio of humerus/epipodium, morphology of the fifth manual digit, and position of the fourth trochanter of the femur.
Carpus and tarsus of Temnospondyli
Authors: Dilkes David
Published: February 2016

The carpus of Eryops megacephalus and tarsus of Acheloma cumminsi known from complete and articulated individuals have provided the standard anatomy of these skeletal regions for temnospondyls. Restudy of the carpus of Eryops confirms the presence of only four digits, but refutes evidence for a prepollex, postminimus, and distal carpal 5. The supposed contact surface on centrale 1 for a prepollex is reinterpreted as part of the articulation for metacarpal 1 that includes distal carpal 1. Contrary to previous interpretations, a notch on the intermedium does not fit against the lateral corner of the radius. An articular surface on the distal end of the ulna thought previously to contact an absent postminimus fits against the ulnare. Preparation of the tarsus of the type specimen of Trematops milleri (junior synonym of Acheloma cumminsi) and a previously undescribed crus and pes of Eryops finds no evidence for a pretarsale in either genus. Centrale 4 of the tarsus shares a similar rectangular shape with a wide contact for the tibiale among several temnospondyls whether terrestrial or aquatic. Limited flexibility of the carpus of Eryops and a strong palmar arch are probably weight-bearing features. A proximal-distal line of flexibility is present along the tibial side of the tarsus between the tibiale and centrale 4 and between centrale 2 and centrale 1. A phylogenetic analysis of Temnospondyli including new characters of the carpus and tarsus reveals considerable instability, highlighting the significance of Dendrerpeton acadianum, Balanerpeton woodi, Capetus palustris, and Iberospondylus schultzei.
New information on two Late Cretaceous (Turonian) fishes from Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Murray Alison M , Cumbaa Stephen L
Published: February 2016

Fishes from Turonian deposits at Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada, have previously been described based on material from calcareous mudstone concretions collected in 1969. A more recent collecting trip to the locality in 2010 led to the discovery of fossil fishes in a shale layer. These fishes, preserved in a different manner from the earlier collections, provide new information and allow reinterpretations on two previously described fishes, Aquilopiscis wilsoni (Pachyrhizodontidae) and Avitosmerus canadensis (Euteleostei). Although the new material allows a better understanding of these two fishes, it does not change our ideas about their relationships. Avitosmerus canadensis remains in the Euteleostei with relationships uncertain, and Aquilopiscis wilsoni is confirmed as a member of the Pachyrhizodontidae.
Evidence Based Librarianship and Open Access
Authors: Morrison Heather
Published: February 2016

Evidence based practice, whether in librarianship or any other profession, depends on access to the evidence, and access to opportunities to share one’s own evidence. Open access (OA) is the perfect complement to evidence based librarianship. OA provides the optimum access to the evidence for librarians everwhere, and the optimum means of dissemination. This article compares examines access to the LIS literature in the print and electronic media, and the impact of open access.
Information Skills Survey: Its Application to a Medical Course
Authors: Clark Catherine , Catts Dr. Ralph
Published: February 2016

Objective - To test if the Information Skills Survey(Catts Information Skills Survey for Assessment of Information Literacy in Higher Education) is suitable for the purpose of investigating the information literacy levels of a group of students in medicine. If not, the study was designed to determine the modifications that are necessary to make the Information Skills Survey a reliable instrument for investigating the information literacy levels of a group of students in medicine.

Method - Administration of the Information Skills Survey to two groups of medical students. To confirm the validity of the results, follow up questions and interviews were also conducted. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the internal consistency of the questions in relation to the Information Literacy Standards and also to determine the statistical significance of the results.

Results - The two groups of students reported similar results for a number of the tested skills. However, several areas of difference were also identified. The main areas of difference between the two groups were the questions that can be interpreted as being related to clinical practice. This was also emphasised in the interviews.

Conclusions - The Information Skills Survey is a useful tool to investigate the information literacy skills of groups of medical students who are in their early years of study. Further research needs to be done to develop valid questions for medical students in the clinical years. This would reflect the different information resources that are used in clinical practice.
Libraries Using Evidence - eblip.net.au
Authors: Cotter Lisa , Lewis Suzanne
Published: February 2016

Northern Sydney Central Coast Health and The University of Newcastle, Australia, are proud to introduce Libraries Using Evidence – eblip.net.au , a new Australian site being developed to support library practitioners from all sectors adopt the theory of evidence-based library and information practice (EBLIP). The site will include a directory of current evidence-based research, projects and activities; a current awareness feed; a gateway to support from the international evidence-based library and information practice community; and pathways to help put the theory into practice including, the EBLIP Toolkit (October 2006) and PEBL – a Project methodology for Evidence-Based Libraries (early 2007).
What Can Students’ Bibliographies Tell Us?- Evidence Based Information Skills Teaching for Engineering Students
Authors: Yu Fei , Sullivan Jan , Woodall Leith
Published: February 2016

Objective - This project sought to identify students’ strengths and weaknesses in locating, retrieving, and citing information in order to deliver information skills workshops more effectively.

Methods - Bibliographies submitted from first-year engineering and second- and fourth-year chemical engineering students’ project reports were analysed for the number of items cited, the variety of items cited, and the correct use of citation style. The topics of the project reports were also reviewed to see the relationships between the topics and the items cited.

Results - The results show that upper level students cited more items in total than did lower level students in their bibliographies. Second- and fourth-year engineering students cited more books and journal articles than first-year students cited. Web sites were used extensively by all three groups of students, and for some first-year students these were the most frequently used sources. Students from all three groups had difficulties with citation style.

Conclusion - There was a clear difference in citation frequency between upper and lower level engineering students. Different strategies of information skills instruction are needed for different levels of students. Librarians and department faculty members need to include good quality Internet resources in their teaching and to change the emphasis from finding information to finding, interpreting, and citing accurately.
Effective Methods for Teaching Information Literacy Skills to Undergraduate Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Koufogiannakis Denise , Wiebe Natasha
Published: February 2016

Objective - The objective of this review was to assess which library instruction methods are most effective for improving the information skills of students at an introductory, undergraduate level, using cognitive outcomes (measuring changes in knowledge). The study sought to address the following questions:

1) What is the overall state of research on this topic?

2) Which teaching methods are more effective?

Methods - Systematic review methodology was used. Fifteen databases were searched for relevant articles retrieving 4356 potentially relevant citations. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevance. Of those, 257 full articles were considered in-depth using a predetermined inclusion/exclusion form. 122 unique studies met the inclusion criteria and underwent an extensive data extraction and critical appraisal process. 55 of these studies met author defined quality criteria to provide information on the effectiveness of different teaching methods. Of these, 16 studies provided sufficient information to enable meta-analyses using standardized mean difference to be undertaken.

Results - The overwhelming majority of studies were conducted in the United States (88%). 79 studies (65%) used experimental or quasi-experimental research methods. Teaching methods used in the studies varied, with the majority focused on traditional methods of teaching, followed by computer assisted instruction, and self-directed independent learning. Studies measured outcomes that correlated with Bloom’s lower levels of learning (Remember, Understand, Apply).

16 studies compared traditional instruction with no instruction, and 12 found a positive outcome. Meta-analysis of the data from 4 of these studies agreed with the positive conclusions favouring traditional instruction. 14 studies compared computer assisted instruction with traditional instruction. 9 of these showed a neutral result, and meta-analysis of 8 of these studies agreed with this neutral result. 6 studies compared self-directed independent learning with no instruction, and meta-analysis of 5 of these agreed that the result was positive in favour of self-directed independent learning.

Conclusions - Based on the results of this meta-analysis, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that computer assisted instruction is as effective as traditional instruction. Evidence also suggests that both traditional instruction and self-directed independent instruction are more effective than no instruction. Additional comparative research needs to be done across different teaching methods. Studies comparing active learning, computer assisted instruction, and self-directed independent learning would greatly enrich the research literature. Further studies utilizing appropriate methodologies and validated research tools would enrich our evidence base, and contribute to the growth of knowledge about effectiveness of particular teaching methods.
Integration and coherence: is there a future for independent humanitarian action? A legal inquiry into the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection during armed conflict today
Authors: Gómez-Saavedra Luz
Published: February 2016

This article challenges, from a legal perspective, the validity of independent humanitarian action (HA) during armed conflict in the face of the United Nations integration and coherence doctrine. The traditional legal foundations of humanitarian action in war are reviewed. In the last decades the modus operandi of actors in armed conflict and their interpretation of international law has evolved and in this framework International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has become the main legal resort to legitimise humanitarian intervention. Confusion between military, political and humanitarian involvement in conflicts has eroded the legal principles of independent HA in favour of opportunities for general law enforcement and IHRL protection and promotion. This paper concludes that there are legal grounds to advocate for independent HA, in order to maintain the humanitarian imperative and the interests of the victims of war, as a valid action in itself without attaching HA to objectives of global peace, security and human rights.

Published online: 11 December 2017
La proteccion del «personal humanitario» por el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en los conflictos armados actuales
Authors: Rodríguez-Villasante y Prieto José Luis
Published: February 2016

In today’s armed conflicts targeted attacks on humanitarian personnel has become a direct target of organized violence. International humanitarian law, from its outset, has protected health personnel, who are entitled to be respected, providing necessary assistance to carry out its humanitarian mission. In addition, parties to armed conflict must ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel authorized to provide assistance to victims, and this authorization can’t be refused or removed for any arbitrary reasons. It also provides protection to members of peace and humanitarian missions within the United Nations mandate. IHL provides freedom of movement to impartial humanitarian organizations, which is essential to the performance of their duties. Finally, the criminal protection of humanitarian personnel and resources has been included in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the Spanish criminal law.

Published online: 11 December 2017
The Case of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe: Human Rights Violations and Forward Looking Strategies
Authors: Pavlou Veronica
Published: February 2016

Female migrant domestic workers constitute one of the most vulnerable groups of workers in the international labour market as they are frequently found working and living in conditions that put their human rights at stake. They can be subjected to multiple and intersecting discriminations deriving from their gender, their status as migrants and their occupation. The aim of this article is to explore the issue of female migrant domestic workers through its human rights dimension. It first analyses the phenomenon by discussing aspects such as gender, ethnicity and migration. Secondly, it provides for an account of the International and European framework for the human rights protection of this group of migrant women. Then, some of the most important human rights concerns that the issue of female migrant domestic workers entails, such as the exploitative terms of work, the problematic living conditions and private life issues, are discussed. Finally, the article, examines suggestions that could improve the living and working conditions and the general status of female migrant domestic workers. The forward looking strategies presented are grouped in three core categories; how to prepare female migrant domestic workers for their entry to the destination country, how to protect them through migration policies and labour regulations and finally, how to empower them allowing them to develop skills and capacities for better civic participation.

Published online: 11 December 2017
Persiguiendo la utopía. Medios de comunicación Mapuche y la construcción de la utopía del Wallmapu
Authors: García Mingo Elisa
Published: February 2016

In recent years, the demand for collective rights of the Mapuche people has increased. This has taken place in a global context in which alternative media have become effective tools for empowering vulnerable communities. Mapuche peoploe have fractured the «media landscape» in order to make their voices hearable, making their claims included in the (inter)national political agendas (inter) and transforming the conventional representation that mainstream media offer of the Mapuche subjetcs. This article offers a reflection emanating from an ethnographic work conducted in southern Chile in 2012 and pays attention to the place of indigenous media in the pro-indigenous rights struggle of the Mapuche mouvement and the importance of media in the constructiones and enhancement of the utopia of returning to the Mapuche Country as a political project.

Published online: 11 December 2017
El Financiamiento de las Cooperativas en las legislaciones de los países del Cono Sur Americano
Authors: Cracogna Dante
Published: February 2016

Este estudio está orientado a analizar críticamente las disposiciones contenidas en la legislación sobre cooperativas vigentes en países del llamado Cono Sur americano en materia del financiamiento de estas entidades.
El buen gobierno de las Sociedades Cooperativas y la gestión bajo los valores del Cooperativismo: una reseña didáctica
Authors: De Miranda José Eduardo Souza
Published: February 2016

Respecto a la gestión administrativa de las empresas cooperativas, las diferentes leyes de cooperativas establecen la necesidad de organizar una estructura social-democrática formada por todos los miembros de la sociedad.
Cooperativismo y Universidad
Authors: Rippe Siegbert
Published: February 2016

Este trabajo estudia la relación entre cooperativismo y universidad en Uruguay.

Recibido: 20.06.2008
Aceptado: 24.07.2008