bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of interstitial water and alkali cations on the expansion, intercalation potential, and orbital coupling of nickel hexacyanoferrate from first principles
Authors: Liu Sizhe , Smith Kyle C.
Published: March 2022

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are an important material class for aqueous electrochemical separations and energy storage owing to their ability to reversibly intercalate monovalent cations. However, incorporating interstitial H2O molecules in the ab initio study of PBAs is technically challenging, though essential to understanding the interactions between interstitial water, interstitial cations, and the framework lattice that affect intercalation potential and cation intercalation selectivity. Accordingly, we introduce and use a method that combines the efficiency of machine-learning models with the accuracy of ab initio calculations to elucidate mechanisms of (1) lattice expansion upon intercalation of cations of different sizes, (2) selectivity bias toward intercalating hydrophobic cations of large size, and (3) semiconductor–conductor transitions from anhydrous to hydrated lattices. We analyze the PBA nickel hexacyanoferrate [NiFe(CN)6] due to its structural stability and electrochemical activity in aqueous electrolytes. Here, grand potential analysis is used to determine the equilibrium degree of hydration for a given intercalated cation (Na+, K+, or Cs+) and NiFe(CN)6 oxidation state based on pressure-equilibrated structures determined with the aid of machine learning and simulated annealing. The results imply new directions for the rational design of future cation-intercalation electrode materials that optimize performance in various electrochemical applications, and they demonstrate the importance of choosing an appropriate calculation framework to predict the properties of PBA lattices accurately.
Work function tunable laser induced graphene electrodes for Schottky type solar-blind photodetectors
Authors: Wu Chao , Wu Fengmin , Hu Haizheng , Ma Chaoqun , Ye Junhao , Wang Shunli , Wu Huaping , Wang Jinbin , Liu Aiping , Guo Daoyou
Published: March 2022

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a simple, environmentally friendly, efficient, and less costly method, as well as can form various shapes on a flexible substrate in situ without the use of masks. More importantly, it can tune the work function of LIG easily by changing laser parameters to control the transportation of carriers. In this work, the work functions of LIG were controlled by adjusting the frequency or speed of the laser, and a series of LIG/GaOx Schottky photodetectors were formed. When the work function of the graphene increases, the Fermi energy is shifted below the crossing point of the Π and Π* bands, and then more electrons or holes can be activated to participate in the conduction process, resulting in low resistance. Meanwhile, a large built-in electric field can be formed when using a high work function LIG, which is more beneficial to separate photo-generated carriers. Enabled by the controllable LIG, LIG/GaOx Schottky photodetectors can be modulated to have high photoresponsivity or self-powered characteristics. Our work provides a high-performance photodetector with excellent mechanical flexibility and long-life stability, promising applications in the flexible optoelectronic fields.
Structure-dependent optical nonlinearity of indium tin oxide
Authors: Britton Wesley A. , Sgrignuoli Fabrizio , Dal Negro Luca
Published: March 2022

We use post-deposition vacuum annealing of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) indium tin oxide (ITO) nanolayers in order to modify their structural properties and enhance the third-order optical nonlinear response around the ENZ wavelength. We find that room temperature magnetron sputtering deposition results in polycrystalline thin films with an intrinsic tensile strain and a ⟨110⟩ fiber axis preferentially oriented normal to the substrate. Moreover, we demonstrate that post-deposition vacuum annealing treatments produce a secondary anisotropic phase characterized by compressive strain that increases with the annealing temperature. Finally, we use the Z-scan optical technique to accurately measure the complex nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) and the intensity-dependent refractive index change Δn for samples with different structural properties despite featuring similar ENZ wavelengths. Our intensity-dependent analysis demonstrates that an enhancement of the optical nonlinearity can be achieved by tuning the structure of ENZ nanolayers with values as large as χR(3)=(5.2 ± 0.3)×10−17m2/V2. This study unveils the importance of structural control and secondary phase formation in ITO nanolayers with ENZ optical dispersion properties for the engineering of integrated highly nonlinear devices and metamaterials that are compatible with the scalable silicon photonics platform.
Numerical analysis of the efficiency of face masks for preventing droplet airborne infections
Authors: Onishi Keiji , Iida Akiyoshi , Yamakawa Masashi , Tsubokura Makoto
Published: March 2022

In this study, the flow field around face masks was visualized and evaluated using computational fluid dynamics. The protective efficiency of face masks suppressing droplet infection owing to differences in the shape, medium, and doubling usage is predicted. Under the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic condition, many studies have been conducted to highlight that airborne transmission is the possible transmission route. However, the virus infection prevention effect of face masks has not been sufficiently discussed and, thus, remains as a controversial issue. Therefore, we aimed to provide a beneficial index for the society. The topology-free immersed boundary method, which is advantageous for complex shapes, was used to model the flow in the constriction area, including the contact surface between the face and mask. The jet formed from the oral cavity flow out through the surface of the mask and leaks from the gap between the face and mask. A Darcy-type model of porous media was used to model the flow resistance of masks. A random variable stochastic model was used to measure particle transmittance. We evaluated the differences in the amount of leakage and deposition of the droplets during exhalation and inhalation, depending on the differences in the conditions between the surgical and cloth masks owing to coughing and breathing. The obtained results could be useful for epidemiological measures by numerically showing the particle suppression effect of the face mask. This includes both exhalation and inhalation.
The effects and mechanisms of 2 MeV proton irradiation on InP-based high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Zhang Jia-Lin , Ding Peng , Mei Bo , Meng Sheng-Hao , Zhang Chen , Ma Liu-Hong , Jin Zhi , Sun Yi , Zhang Hai-Ming , Zhong Ying-Hui
Published: March 2022

InP-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are potential candidates for sub-millimeter wave and terahertz satellite communications due to their ultrahigh frequency performance. Therefore, the study of their irradiation reliability is extremely urgent. In this paper, a 2 MeV proton irradiation experiment has been carried out in InP-based HEMTs, and damage mechanisms have been systematically studied, including dc and rf characteristics. The experimental results show that InP-based HEMTs have wondrously excellent radiation tolerance. The degradation of electrical characteristics occurs only when the irradiation fluence is higher than 1 × 1013 H+/cm2. The drain saturation current and the maximum transconductance have, respectively, decreased by 7.1% and 5.4% at a fluence of 1 × 1014 H+/cm2. Different from the other III–V HEMTs, the irradiated InP-based HEMTs exhibited an abnormality in the “peak collapse” of transconductance. Rf characteristics' parameters demonstrate slighter degradation compared to dc transconductance. Transmission line model (TLM) measurement and Schottky barrier calculation have shown that there is no noticeable degradation of an Ohmic contact and a Schottky contact; therefore, the main possible reason for device degradation comes from the interior of a semiconductor structure. Furthermore, device simulation indicates that defects introduced by irradiation on the upper and lower heterojunction interface of the channel and the interface of the gate recess should be responsible for degradation. Our experiments show that InP-based HEMTs have excellent radiation resistance, and they have good prospects for applications in radiation environments.
Preparation and photoelectric properties of the polycrystalline silicon solar cells depositing Sb
Authors: Zhou Lingling , Wu Shengyao , Zhang Xing , Liu Jie , Yu Xibin
Published: March 2022

Sb2Ox nano-film/c-Si composite solar cells were prepared by the spin-coating method. The absorption efficiency, the minority carrier lifetime, and the internal/external quantum efficiency of Sb2Ox/c-Si solar cells had a significant improvement because Sb2Ox nano-film, as a wide band gap (~3.44 eV) semiconductor, had an excellent photoelectrical performance, and could form an effective heterojunction with the silicon substrate. Sb2Ox nano-films deposited on the c-Si wafers reduced the loss of the solar light, absorbed the high-energy photons, accelerated the transmission and separation of the photo-generated carriers, and suppressed the recombination of the minority carriers effectively. Thus the power conversion efficiency was improved from 12.8 to 15.3% in Sb2Ox/c-Si solar cells, which was enhanced by 19.53% compared to the untreated polycrystalline silicon solar cells.
Forecasting extreme marine heat events in key aquaculture regions around New Zealand
Authors: de Burgh-Day Catherine O. , Spillman Claire M. , Smith Grant , Stevens Craig L.
Published: March 2022

The Tasman Sea has been identified as a climate hotspot and has experienced several marine heatwaves (MHWs) in recent years. These events have impacted coastal regions of New Zealand (NZ), which has had a follow-on effect on local marine and aquaculture industries. Advance warning of extreme marine heat events would enable these industries to mitigate potential losses. Here we present an assessment of the forecast skill of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s seasonal prediction system, Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator-Seasonal v1.0 (ACCESS-S1), for three key aquaculture regions around NZ: Hauraki Gulf, Western Cook Strait and Foveaux Strait. We investigate the skill of monthly sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) forecasts, and forecasts for SSTA exceeding the 90th percentile, which is an accepted MHW threshold. We find that the model has skill for predicting extreme heat events in all three regions at 0–2 month lead times. We then demonstrate that ACCESS-S1 was able to capture observed monthly SSTA exceeding the 90th percentile around coastal NZ during the 2019 Tasman Sea MHW at a lead time of 1 month. Finally, we discuss the relationship between SSTA in the Tasman Sea and SSTA in coastal regions of NZ, and thus the Tasman Sea as a source of model SSTA skill in the three key coastal regions. Results from this study show that skilful forecasts of ocean heat extremes in regional areas have the potential to enable marine operators in the aquaclture industry to mitigate losses due to MHWs, especially in a warming climate.
Long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A inhibits NME1/2 and regulates cancer metastasis
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Nelson Ornella D. , Price Ian R. , Zhu Chengliang , Lu Xuan , Fernandez Irma R. , Weiss Robert S. , Lin Hening
Published: March 2022

Significance

The study provided a long-sought molecular mechanism that could explain the link between fatty acid metabolism and cancer metastasis. Further understanding may lead to new strategies to inhibit cancer metastasis. The chemical proteomic approach developed here will be useful for discovering other regulatory mechanisms of protein function by small molecule metabolites.
Antifascist argumentation in Giacomo Matteotti’s 1924 speech to the Italian Parliament
Authors: Brambilla Emanuele
Published: March 2022

Decades after the Second World War, fascism is still rife in Europe. After acknowledging a certain difficulty on the part of contemporary antifascist arguers to affirm their tenets and discredit those of their opponents, this investigation looks back at the past to examine an inspiring antifascist speech. The speech that socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti delivered to the Italian Parliament in 1924 is analysed though the methodological lens of Pragma-dialectics, focusing on the notions of strategic manoeuvring, argumentative structure and argumentative style. The results show that Matteotti’s argumentation against the fascists hinged on facts and rules as premises of argumentation. The speaker supported his arguments with factual evidence and organised them in a multiple argumentation structure. In addition, he “dressed up” his speech, apparently characterised by a detached argumentative style, with traits of a more engaged style, whose combination has turned Matteotti’s invective against the fascist regime into an argumentative masterpiece.
Investigating bilinguals’ cognitive processing of affective words in minimal linguistic contexts
Authors: Doqaruni Vahid Rahmani
Published: March 2022

The main aims of the present study are, first, to extend the current cognitive research on affective word
processing in bilinguals by analyzing affective words in minimal linguistic contexts and, second, to explore the potential impact
of the affective valence of prime nouns on the affective valence of target adjectives. To fulfill these aims, a semantic decision
task was employed in which the Persian-English bilinguals saw a pair of words one after another, and were asked to decide whether
or not the target word, which was an adjective loaded with positive or negative valence, was related in meaning to the preceding
word, which was a noun. Mixed factorial repeated measure ANOVA was run on reaction times and error rates data. The results showed
that bilinguals’ responses were slower and less accurate to negative target adjectives in comparison to positive target
adjectives. The data further revealed that bilinguals were faster but less accurate when they were responding to related target
adjectives compared to unrelated target adjectives. The results provide evidence for a dynamic interaction between cognitive and
affective language processing in bilinguals.
Elephant Viewing, Honey Production and Joint-Venture Tourism at Ndzou Camp, Chimanimani National Reserve, Mozambique
Authors: Spenceley Anna
Published: March 2022

Ndzou Camp is a 22-bed ecotourism development located in the Moribane Forest Reserve, in the buffer zone of the Chimanimani National Reserve in Mozambique. Ndzou is a joint venture between Kubatana Moribane, a local community association, and the Mozambican private company Eco-Micaia Lda (Eco-Micaia). After eight years of operating accommodation, elephant tracking, forest walks and visits to local communities and sacred places, Ndzou was still operating at the fringes of commercial viability. Despite this, the camp has provided a platform for a wider engagement process in the forest zone, including expansion of a honey production programme, promotion of sustainable agriculture and the creation of community managed conservation areas.

Information

Snyman, S. and Spenceley, A. (2019) Private Sector Tourism in Conservation Areas in Africa, CABI

© CAB International 2022
Austenite grain growth and effect of austenite grain size on bainitic transformation
Authors: Mandal S. , Bhowmik N. , Tewary N. K. , Ghosh P. , Haldar A.
Published: March 2022

This study was carried out with medium carbon steel to investigate the austenite grain growth kinetics at three temperatures and the effect of prior austenite grain size on bainitic transformation kinetics. Grain growth behaviour of austenite with two initial microstructures, pearlite and bainite, have shown almost similar kinetics. The activation energy values were determined to be 79 and 95 kJ mol−1 for bainitic and pearlitic microstructures, respectively. Prior austenite grain size has shown a strong effect on bainitic transformation kinetics. Higher the austenite grain size faster was the kinetics of bainitic transformation and an increase in the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite. The growth of bainite played the most important role in controlling the bainitic transformation kinetics.
Determination of the charge for strange stars
Authors: Estevez - Delgado Joaquin , Estevez-Delgado Gabino
Published: March 2022

Beginning from the proposal of a physically acceptable model to represent the interior of compact stars, in which their interior is formed by a strange matter distribution described by a charged fluid with anisotropic pressure, a MIT Bag equation of state for the radial pressure

P

r

=

1

3

(

c

2

ρ
−
4

B

g

)

and metric functions given by a geometry that describes a regular, static and spherically symmetric space-time, we will determine the possible charge of some strange stars, or candidates, for which we know their radius and mass in an observational manner. As are: EXO 1785-248, SAX J1808.4-3658, SMC X-1, LMC X-4, Her X-1 and 4U 1538-52. The values of the Bag constant, B

g
, are found between 119.8 Mev/fm3 and 176.41 Mev/fm3. Meanwhile the interval of the electric charge is found between 1.5453 × 1018 C and 7.6271 × 1019 C, the minimum corresponds to the star Her X-1 and the maximum to the star SMCX-1. Also, we show that for each fixed value of compactness u = GM/c
2
R, we obtain that, for greater values of the Bag constant the net charge diminishes and as the compactness increases the associated Bag constant increases as well.
A review of MEMS-based metal oxide semiconductors gas sensor in Mainland China
Authors: Niu Gaoqiang , Wang Fei
Published: March 2022

With the growing demand for gas monitoring in various fields as the fast development of the internet of things, metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) gas sensors based on the advanced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology have achieved great developments in the past decades, especially in mainland China. This review summarizes the development of MEMS-based MOSs gas sensors in terms of the MEMS micro-hotplate, wafer-scale deposition and patterning methods for MOS materials, and several latest applications. Various designs of the micro-hotplates have been proposed, particularly, the suspended membrane type with low power consumption. By combining the ‘bottom up’ and the ‘top down’ strategies, MEMS provides a promising solution for wafer-scale fabrication process of MOSs based gas sensors, which have been successfully applied for the detection of ethanol, H2, H2S, toluene, HCHO, Freon etc. With the diversiform nano-structures of MOSs and emerging machine learning algorithm, great progress has been made recently on the aspects of the sensing performance, pulse heating and intelligent sensing systems.
A high-voltage GaN quasi-vertical metal–insulator–semiconductor Schottky barrier diode on Si with excellent temperature characteristics
Authors: Song Xiufeng , Sun Baorui , Zhang Jincheng , Zhao Shenglei , Bian Zhaoke , Liu Shuang , Zhou Hong , Liu Zhihong , Hao Yue
Published: March 2022

In this work, a GaN quasi-vertical metal–insulator–semiconductor Schottky barrier diode (MIS SBD) on Si is demonstrated for the first time. A 4.2 nm thick SiN dielectric is adopted to suppress the reverse leakage. Both the thermionic emission current and the tunneling current under reverse bias are reduced by the SiN interlayer. As a result, the leakage of the MIS SBD is effectively reduced by more than two orders of magnitude and the breakdown voltage (BV) is improved from 121 V for a conventional SBD to 288 V for the MIS SBD. The temperature-dependent reverse I–V characteristics show high-temperature stability of the MIS SBD and the leakage maintains a very low level even at a high temperature of 400 K. In addition, the interface state density is extracted using the conductance method. The quasi-vertical MIS SBD structure exhibits an enhanced BV and excellent temperature characteristics, which indicate that this technique holds great promise for future high-power and high-temperature applications.
Influence of transitional and turbulent flow on electrical, optical, morphological and chemical characteristics of a nitrogen rotating gliding arc
Authors: J Ananthanarasimhan , Rao Lakshminarayana
Published: March 2022

The work reports the effect of flow regime on plasma characteristics of an atmospheric

N
2

rotating gliding arc (RGA). When changed from transitional (5 SLPM) to turbulent (50 SLPM) flow, operation mode transitioned from glow to spark discharge due to frequent reignition events; the average reduced electric field (

E
N

) and electron temperature raised (38

→

92 Td, 0.84

→

2.2 eV); and gas temperature (T

g
) slightly cooled (2973

→

2807 K). Molecules generated for 100 eV of energy input (G–factor) increased by a factor of 20 and 65, for the chemically active singlet and triplet metastable states of

N
2

, respectively—a promising feature for chemical applications. A sudden three fold increase in the energy efficiency, achieving a destruction of

3.0

±

0.2

g·kWh−1 of dilute toluene (

112

±

10

ppmV) at highly turbulent flow corroborated the enhancement of the G–factor,

E
N

and T

g
; and indicated the sensitivity of plasma properties to the flow regime. Interestingly, for flows having Reynolds number

⩾
 
3
×

10

4

, the bandhead of

N
2
+

shifted from 0–0 at 391.4 nm to 3–3 at 383.3 nm attributed to higher-level perturbations, showing again the sensitivity. The smallest eddies (

η
≈
6
 
μ

m) is less than the discharge diameter (

d

d

≈

220±90 µm), and thermal/mass Péclet number

>

1. The eddies of size

⩽

d

d

advected the plasma species, wrinkled/distorted the discharge, and increased the reignition events, eventually affected the plasma properties including the chemical performance (energy efficiency), which is observed in this work.
Extended convolution model for computing the far-field directivity of an amplitude-modulated parametric loudspeaker
Authors: Shi Chuang , Wang Yue , Xiao Han , Li Huiyong
Published: March 2022

The convolution model of the parametric loudspeaker describes the far-field directivity of the difference-frequency wave by the product directivity of two ultrasonic primary frequencies convolved with Westervelt’s directivity. This can be extended to the case when the primary wave is amplitude-modulated thus resulting in the harmonic distortion of the self-demodulated wave. This paper proposes the extended convolution model with Westervelt’s directivity and Berktay’s directivity respectively. The angle-dependent harmonic distortion of the parametric loudspeaker is thereafter investigated, which is a topic not often mentioned in previous literature but is of significance in practice. The measurement, numerical simulation and model results are compared for the case when the double sideband modulation is adopted and the frequency response of the ultrasonic emitter is a known factor. The comparison validates that the extended convolution model provides accurate predictions that are consistent with the measurement results and the extended convolution model is a simpler way to compute the far-field directivity of an amplitude-modulated parametric loudspeaker as compared to the numerical simulation.
Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using LCR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens
Authors: Hwang Young-In , Lee Hyosung , Kim Yong-Il , Kim Ki-Bok
Published: March 2022

Non-destructive stress measurement using ultrasonic techniques is based on calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient obtained from the relationship between material stress and sound wave velocity. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are the most suitable for ultrasonic stress measurement testing. This is because these waves exhibit a relatively large change in flight time in relation to a change in stress. In general, to calculate the acoustoelastic coefficient, tensile tests are performed with specimens extracted from the test objects to be inspected, and the difference in the speed of ultrasonic waves is measured in relation to the stress applied. However, train rails are usually subjected to compressive loads and no research has been conducted to confirm whether the results obtained using this method match the coefficients obtained from test objects in full cross-section. Therefore, results from compression tests on full cross-section specimens are needed as reference data to determine the reliability of the results obtained using extracted specimens. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare the result from applying compressive loads to full cross-section specimens to the experimental result obtained from specimens extracted from each rail section. For this purpose, ultrasonic probes capable of generating LCR waves were designed and manufactured to apply the technique to measure the applied stress. Based on the results obtained using this probe, the acoustoelastic coefficient values obtained from each specimen were compared. Then, the feasibility of calculating the internal stresses in railway rails using the acoustoelastic constants obtained from the extracted specimens was determined, and the reliability of the method was verified. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the acoustoelastic coefficients calculated using the data from extracted specimens and those using full cross-section specimens.
Averaging of dispersion managed nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Choi Mi-Ran , Lee Young-Ran
Published: March 2022

We consider the dispersion managed power-law nonlinear Schrödinger (DM NLS) equations with a small parameter ɛ > 0 and the averaged equation, which are used in optical fiber communications. We prove that the solutions of DM NLS equations converge to the solution of the averaged equation in

H

1

(

R

)

as ɛ goes to zero. Meanwhile, in the positive average dispersion, we obtain the global existence of the solution to DM NLS equation in

H

1

(

R

)

for sufficiently small ɛ > 0, even when the exponent of the nonlinearity is beyond the mass-critical power.
Coexistence of analog memristive and memcapacitive effects in a Pt/NiO
x
/NiO/Pt structure
Authors: Li Ya , Fang Paiwen , Liang Jun , Pei Yanli
Published: March 2022

The memristor-based neural crossbar is considered a promising device for research on neuromorphic computing. Moreover, memcapacitors can address the limitations caused by the resistive nature of memristors. A device with coexisting memristive and memcapacitive effects can provide rich features for neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, a device with a Pt/NiO
x
/NiO/Pt structure was developed; it demonstrates coexisting analog memristive and memcapacitive effects. The metallic NiO
x
serves as the oxygen storage layer and part of the top electrode. Analog memristive and memcapacitive effects are asynchronous; the resistance increases with reduction in capacitance. The physical mechanism for the asynchronous switching behavior of the resistance and capacitance was attributed to the reversible migration of oxygen ions between the metallic NiO
x
and semiconductor NiO in an electric field. The device was applied to mimicking simple synaptic functions such as short-term potentiation and short-term depression with small nonlinearity (0.0079 for potentiation and 0.00298 for depression). Complex neural properties such as homeostatic plasticity and habituation/sensitization were successfully simulated. This multifunctional device presents new applications for tunable oscillators and artificial neural networks (ANNs).
Density of Bloch states inside a one dimensional photonic crystal
Authors: Forati Ebrahim
Published: March 2022

The density of Bloch modes inside a one dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) is formulated based on its dispersion relations. This density function has applications in thermal emission inside a 1D PC, as well as controlling the dynamics of active materials embedded in them. After deriving the formulations, a practical 1D PC parameters in the visible range are used to calculate the density of transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. Compared to the alternative methods such as using Dyadic Greens functions, this method is less complex and is exact. The method applies to any anisotropic medium for which the dispersion equations are available, analytically.
Development of water-based liquid scintillator based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance index
Authors: Choi J W , Choi J Y , Joo K K , Woo H J
Published: March 2022

Liquid scintillator (LS) dissolves a scintillating fluor in an organic base solvent to emit light. LS emits light when it receives energy from external sources. In this study, we developed a water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS), where a surfactant was used to mix water and oil. There are various surfactants in the market, hence, finding a suitable surfactant plays an important role in synthesizing liquid scintillators using water. We performed a feasibility study on synthesizing WbLS based on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) index. As far as we are concerned, no literature report on the investigation of WbLS using HLB index has been found. Long-term stability is very important for the WbLS, and it needs to be observed for at least a year for any changes. Meanwhile, as an application of WbLS, sinogram analysis was performed with Radon transformation. It was possible to reconstruct transverse images with longitudinal photo images of the WbLS sample. Optical tomography was done by combining WbLS and digital camera.
Room-temperature growth optimization and PL characteristic of polytype h/α-MoO3 thin films by chemical precipitation method
Authors: Ghaleghafi Elahe , Rahmani Mohammad Bagher
Published: March 2022

In this study, MoO3 thin films were coated using a simple chemical precipitation technique at room temperature, without using an autoclave or other complex equipment. Films were deposited on precoated MoO3 seed layers prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. The effects of the seed layer growth conditions and pH value of the precipitation method’s solution on the characteristics of MoO3 films were investigated. The Raman and X-ray diffraction techniques showed that MoO3 films have grown in mixed hexagonal (h) and orthorhombic (α) crystal structures and the scanning electron microscope verified that the samples’ surface was covered of both hexagonal micro rods and lamellar micro belts. The XRD patterns indicated that the crystallinity was significantly improved using a seed layer sprayed under lower carrier gas pressure, and lower pH value of the precipitation method’s solution. The UV–Visible spectra showed that using seed layers prepared at higher carrier gas pressure decreases the bandgap of the films prepared by precipitation, due to the incorporation of more oxygen vacancies. The photoluminescence studies showed that the film deposited at a higher solution’s pH value has higher PL intensity, which indicates that this sample is a suitable candidate for optoelectronic applications.
Quarkonium spectroscopy of the linear plus modified Yukawa potential
Authors: Purohit Kaushal R , Jakhad Pooja , Rai Ajay Kumar
Published: March 2022

In this article, the linear plus modified Yukawa potential (LIMYP) is used as the quark-antiquark interaction potential for the approximate analytical bound state solution of the Klein-Gordon equation in three-dimensional space. The energy eigenvalues and associated wavefunction are obtained by solving the Klein-Gordon equation analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. The mass spectra of heavy mesons such as charmonium

(
c

c

¯

)

, bottomonium

(
b

b

¯

)

, and

b

c

¯

for various quantum states are obtained using the energy spectra expression. In comparison to experimental data, graphical modification of acquired mass spectra of heavy mesons with the parameter employed in the energy equation and the current potential provides good results.
Loss of energetic particles due to resistive wall mode instability in ITER
Authors: Liu Yueqiang , Li L. , Loarte A. , Pinches S.D. , Polevoi A.
Published: March 2022

Effects of an unstable n = 1 (n is the toroidal mode number) resistive wall mode (RWM) on the energetic particle (EP) confinement and loss are numerically investigated, for an ITER steady state scenario with 10 MA plasma current and 5.3 T toroidal field. The eigenfunction of the RWM is computed, with the associated three-dimensional magnetic field perturbation superposed with the 2D equilibrium field for tracing the EP drift orbits. Considered are mono-energetic EPs at 0.5 MeV and 1 MeV for deuterium ions, and 3.5 MeV for fusion-born alphas, with a range of distribution in the particle pitch angle. Modeling finds that less than 20% of EPs can be lost to the limiting surface in ITER assuming a source distribution uniform in minor radius, due to an unstable RWM that produces 100 Gauss poloidal field perturbation at the outboard mid-plane just inside the (effective) resistive wall surface. On top of the initial prompt drift orbit loss for counter-current EPs, the RWM induced particle loss occurs on a one second time scale, which is comparable to the RWM growth time in ITER. The ‘wetted’ area, due to the lost EPs striking the limiting surface, is generally found to be large due to the RWM. This is a favorable prediction for ITER. The loss distribution in the poloidal angle is more uniform for co-current EPs. Counter-current EPs experience outward orbit drift when launched from the low-field side, and tend to more often hit the bottom region of the limiting surface.
The effect of substrate waviness on random sequential adsorption packing properties
Authors: Kubala Piotr , Cieśla Michał
Published: March 2022

Random sequential adsorption of spheres on a wavy surface was studied. It was determined how surface structure influences random packing properties such as the packing fraction, the kinetics of packing growth and the two-particle density correlation function. Until the substrate varies within the range one order of magnitude smaller than the particle’s diameter, the properties of the packings obtained do not differ significantly from those on a flat surface. On the other hand, for the higher amplitude of unevenness, the packing fraction, low-density growth kinetics and the density autocorrelation function change significantly, while asymptotic growth kinetics seems to be barely sensitive to surface waviness. Besides fundamental significance, the study suggests that the experimental measurement of the aforementioned basic properties of adsorption monolayers can reveal the surface’s porous structure without investigating the surface itself.
Research on Fault Location for Direct Traction Network
Authors: Li Defang , Zhang Hao , Yan Hui , Tian Xingjun , Wang Nanqing , Yuan Zexuan
Published: March 2022

In view of the low accuracy of existing fault location methods for traction networks with longer power supply lines, the equivalent model of the traction network for double-track electrified railways is calculated, and the power supply lines and contacts are introduced on the basis of traditional traction network fault location methods. The parameter of grid equivalent impedance ratio proposes a modified uplink and downlink current ratio ranging method, which effectively solves the problem of accurate fault location of the double-track electrified railway direct-supply traction network. The RT-plus smart grid real-time digital simulation instrument is used to establish the traction power supply dynamics. The simulation test system is simulated and tested, and the test results show that the proposed algorithm has good feasibility and accuracy, and fully meets the engineering requirements.
Improving sensitivity of the ARIANNA detector by rejecting thermal noise with deep learning
Authors: Anker A. , Baldi P. , Barwick S.W. , Beise J. , Besson D.Z. , Bouma S. , Cataldo M. , Chen P. , Gaswint G. , Glaser C. , Hallgren A. , Hallmann S. , Hanson J.C. , Klein S.R. , Kleinfelder S.A. , Lahmann R. , Liu J. , Magnuson M. , McAleer S. , Meyers Z.S. , Nam J. , Nelles A. , Novikov A. , Paul M.P. , Persichilli C. , Plaisier I. , Pyras L. , Rice-Smith R. , Tatar J. , Wang S.-H. , Welling C. , Zhao L.
Published: March 2022

The ARIANNA experiment is an Askaryan detector designed to
record radio signals induced by neutrino interactions in the
Antarctic ice. Because of the low neutrino flux at high energies
(E_ν> 10^16 eV), the physics output is limited by
statistics. Hence, an increase in sensitivity significantly improves
the interpretation of data and offers the ability to probe new
parameter spaces. The amplitudes of the trigger threshold are
limited by the rate of triggering on unavoidable thermal noise
fluctuations. We present a real-time thermal noise rejection
algorithm that enables the trigger thresholds to be lowered, which
increases the sensitivity to neutrinos by up to a factor of two
(depending on energy) compared to the current ARIANNA
capabilities. A deep learning discriminator, based on a
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is implemented to identify and
remove thermal events in real time. We describe a CNN trained on MC
data that runs on the current ARIANNA microcomputer and retains 95%
of the neutrino signal at a thermal noise rejection factor of
10^5, compared to a template matching procedure which reaches only
10^2 for the same signal efficiency. Then the results are verified
in a lab measurement by feeding in generated neutrino-like signal
pulses and thermal noise directly into the ARIANNA data acquisition
system. Lastly, the same CNN is used to classify cosmic-rays events
to make sure they are not rejected. The network classified 102 out
of 104 cosmic-ray events as signal.
Can citizen scientists provide a reliable geo-hydrological hazard inventory? An analysis of biases, sensitivity and precision for the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda
Authors: Sekajugo John , Kagoro-Rugunda Grace , Mutyebere Rodgers , Kabaseke Clovis , Namara Esther , Dewitte Olivier , Kervyn Matthieu , Jacobs Liesbet
Published: March 2022

Spatio-temporal inventory of natural hazards is a challenging task especially in rural or remote areas in the Global South where data collection at regional scale is difficult. Citizen science, i.e. involvement of no-experts in collecting information and co-creation of knowledge with experts to solve societal and environmental problems, has been suggested as a viable approach to tackle this bottleneck, although the reliability of the resulting data is often questioned. Here we analyse an inventory of geo-hydrological hazards (landslides and floods) reported by a network of citizen scientists in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda, established since 2017. We assess the precision, sensitivity and potential biases affecting this citizen science-based hazard inventory. We compare the citizen science-based records with two independent inventories, one collected through systematic fieldwork and another by PlanetScope satellite imagery mapping for the period between May 2019 and May 2020. The precision of the geo-observer data is higher (99% and 100% for landslides and floods, respectively) than that of satellite-based data (44% and 84%, respectively) indicative of fewer false positives in the former inventory. Also, citizen scientists have a higher sensitivity in reporting landslides (51%) compared to satellite imagery (39%) in addition to being able to report the events a few days after the occurrence. In contrast, the sensitivity of satellite-based flood detection is higher than that of citizen scientists. The probability of landslide events being reported by citizen scientists depends both on citizen scientists and hazard specific features (impact, landslide-citizen scientist home distance, landslide-road access distance and altitude). Although satellite imagery mapping could result in a spatially less biased inventory, small landslides are often missed while shallow ones can easily be confused with freshly cleared vegetation. Also, in a dominantly cloudy environment, it can take several days to weeks before a cloud-free satellite image can be obtained. In summary, the typically rapid response time of citizen scientists can result in faster information with high reliability at the risk of missing out almost half of the occurrences. Citizen scientists also provide more data on impact and type of land use, something difficult to achieve using satellite imagery. Working with farmers at village level as citizen scientists can facilitate covering a wider geographical area while reducing the area monitored by each citizen scientist at the same time.
The flexibility in choosing distinct Green’s functions for the boundary wall method: waveguides and billiards
Authors: Teston F , Azevedo A L , Sales M R , Zanetti F M , da Luz M G E
Published: March 2022

The boundary wall method (BWM) is a general purpose protocol to treat boundary value problems for wave equations, specially Helmholtz’s (the case addressed here). Similarly to most approaches, the BWM may be computationally demanding for large borders

C

, at which the wave function must satisfy specified boundary conditions. Also, despite the fact the BWM is an exact procedure, usually it is not amenable to closed form solutions. The BWM relies on the Green’s function G
0 of the embedding domain V of

C

. However, in many instances—like for

C

modeling a billiard—the specific V is not really fundamental and thus one has a certain freedom to choose distinct domains and so G
0’s. Here we consider this characteristic of the BWM and show how to obtain some analytical results and solve numerically semi-infinite waveguides by exploring proper Green’s functions. As examples, we discuss rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal structures with both Dirichlet and leaking boundaries as well as scattering states within semi-infinite rectangular waveguides.
Evolution of fatigue damage in solar cells
Authors: Li Zhiqi
Published: March 2022

Based on the theory of the damage mechanics, the fatigue damage evolution of the solar cells in the photovoltaic module under cyclic load was established. The results from the present model were compared with that of the experiment, and showed that the model can well describe the damage evolution of solar cells, i.e., the damage accumulation is nonlinear. At the initial stage of cyclic load the damage of the cells developed fast, and the growth rate of damage slows down with the increase of the number of cycles.
Abelian networks IV. Dynamics of nonhalting networks
Authors: Chan Swee Hong , Levine Lionel
Published: March 2022

An abelian network is a collection of communicating automata whose state transitions and message passing each satisfy a local commutativity condition. This paper is a continuation of the abelian networks series of Bond and Levine (2016), for which we extend the theory of abelian networks that halt on all inputs to networks that can run forever. A nonhalting abelian network can be realized as a discrete dynamical system in many different ways, depending on the update order. We show that certain features of the dynamics, such as minimal period length, have intrinsic definitions that do not require specifying an update order.

We give an intrinsic definition of the torsion group of a finite irreducible (halting or nonhalting) abelian network, and show that it coincides with the critical group of Bond and Levine (2016) if the network is halting. We show that the torsion group acts freely on the set of invertible recurrent components of the trajectory digraph, and identify when this action is transitive.

This perspective leads to new results even in the classical case of sinkless rotor networks (deterministic analogues of random walks). In Holroyd et. al (2008) it was shown that the recurrent configurations of a sinkless rotor network with just one chip are precisely the unicycles (spanning subgraphs with a unique oriented cycle, with the chip on the cycle). We generalize this result to abelian mobile agent networks with any number of chips. We give formulas for generating series such as
\[

∑

n
≥
1

r
n

z
n

=
det
(

1

1
−
z

D
−
A
)

\sum _{n \geq 1} r_n z^n = \det (\frac {1}{1-z}D - A )

\]
where

r
n

r_n

is the number of recurrent chip-and-rotor configurations with

n
n

chips;

D
D

is the diagonal matrix of outdegrees, and

A
A

is the adjacency matrix. A consequence is that the sequence

(

r
n

)

n
≥
1

(r_n)_{n \geq 1}

completely determines the spectrum of the simple random walk on the network.
665 NECK OF FEMUR FRACTURE: POST OPERATIVE DELIRIUM SCREENING
Authors: Hammett F , Asmar S , Taggart T
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Delirium is common yet preventable in hip fracture patients. Adverse implications include: increased length of admission, hospital acquired infection, functional decline and mortality. NICE/NHFD guidance recommends early assessment using the 4AT tool. We aim to assess compliance with this guidance and to identify and initiate changes to improve screening and patient outcomes.

Method

Two loop audit with data collection from NHFD and electronic patient records. Initial retrospective assessment of 77 patients over 3 months. Timing of assessment, who performed it, complications and length of hospital admission were recorded. Recommendations included: all members of MDT to complete 4AT, adding 4AT as a task on nursing and doctor handovers, posters on ward, incorporating 4AT into ward round, 4AT as instruction on operation notes and departmental education session on delirium. Second audit loop of 38 patients with comparable demographics (gender, age, cognitive impairment, AMTS and ASA) over 6 weeks to assess impact of recommendations.

Results

Out of the original 77, 14 patients were diagnosed with delirium. They had more complications (50% vs 23.8%), reduced discharge to own home (28.5% vs 46%) and increased mean length of admission (15.1 vs 11.2 days) compared to non-delirium group. Recommendations improved overall compliance from 79.3% to 92.1%. T&O team completed 15% of assessments in first loop, improving to 53%. Earlier completion of 4AT assessment (mean 2.11 to 1.63; median 2 to 1 days). Improvement in 4AT screening led to reduced rates of post-operative complications (40% vs 46%) and reduced length (days) of hospital admission (median 10 to 8.2); mean (11.8 to 8.5).

Conclusion

Recommendations improved 4AT compliance and proportion completed by T&O juniors (reducing burden on orthogeriatricians who only review patients 1–2 times per week). Greater compliance with 4AT screening in the post-operative period was associated with reduction of post-operative complications and reduced length of admission.