bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—On Some Raised Shell-Beds on the Coast of Lancashire
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

Some portions of the Lancashire coast in the Furness district give evidence of considerable changes of level since the first elevation of the Glacial deposits. The Boulder-clay formation of Cumberland and Lancashire exhibits a well-marked subdivision into a lowertough blue Boulder-clay, overlain, apparently on its eroded surface, by a redder silty clay of more variable composition. The same subdivision holds good along the coast of N. Wales; but I cannot satisfy myself that it can be definitely correlated with the succession of the Glacial series of the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, or that the lower tough blue Clay can be traced inland much above highwater level.
III.—On the Relations between the Skiddaw Slates and the Green Slates and Porphyries of the Lake-district
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyen
Published: May 2009

The Skiddaw Slates, or Lowest Silurian Rocks of the Lake-district, are succeeded upwards by a great series of ashes with interbedded traps and porphyries, to which the name of “Green Slates and Porphyries” has been applied, and it has always been believed that the relations between the two were those of perfect conformity. As early, however, as the year 1867 I was led, from certain phenomena which I had observed, to express the opinion that “whether the Green Slates are really conformable with the Skiddaw Slates is a question which admits of doubt, though data are wanting to arrive at a definite conclusion.” (Geology of Cumberland and Westmoreland, p. 33.) In the beginning of November, 1868, I discovered what seemed to be a marked want of conformity between the Skiddaw Slates and the Green Slates, the localities where this occurred being the eastern side of the mouth of the vale of St. John, the west side of Derwentwater (near Lowdore), and the mouth of Borrowdale. As these phenomena had not been previously noticed by any former observer, and as they appeared to me to be of considerable importance, I have made a systematic investigation of the subject, and have arrived at the following results.
VI.—Additional Note on the Unconformity between the Green and Skiddaw Slates
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

The Unconformity between the Green and Skiddaw Slates, which I pointed out in the last number of the Geological Magazine, (see p. 56) as exhibited between Grange in Borrowdale and Dale Head will, I think, explain satisfactorily the Geology of Derwentwater
I.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

Presenting as it does the only example of a volcano in the phase of permanent moderate activity to be found in Europe, Stromboli must always have the strongest claims on the attention of geologists. Here may at all times be witnessed, in perfect security, those explosions produced by the disengagement of vapour in the midst of masses of liquefied rock, which, following one another at longer or shorter intervals, and taking place with greater or less violence, constitute a most striking feature in nearly all volcanic eruptions; and the causes, sequence and attendant phenomena of these outbursts can in the case of this volcano be most conveniently studied.
II.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

Tschermak examined two microscopic sections of the Ovifak rocks, and compared them with sections of the meteorites of Jonsac, Juvinas, Petersburg, and Stannern, which consist chiefly of augite and anorthite, with little or no nickel-iron; they form a class which G. Rose termed ‘eucritic.’ Both sections exhibit a crust, as meteorites possess; it is, however, so altered by oxidation, that it is not possible to determine whether it is the fused crust usually noticed on a meteorite. The crystals of felspar, which, according to Nauckhoff's analyses, must be regarded as anorthite, are fully developed; they penetrate the augite, iron, and magnetite, and must evidently have been formed before them. They are completely transparent, and have but few and large cavities, which are filled, partly with black granules, partly with a brown substance of irregular form; some traversing the length of the crystals are filled with a transparent glassy substance. The augite is of a light greenish-brown hue, traversed here and there by flaws; it fills gaps between the other constituents, as has been often observed in dolerites and diabases, and encloses individual black grains. In the section containing iron the colourless felspar encloses a black or brown substance running the length of the crystals, or dust-like fine black granules, or larger round transparent bodies of a violet colour, which may be the mineral Nauckhoff regards as spinel.
I.—On the Supposed Internal Fluidity of the Earth
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

In his recent Tolume on “Vesuvius,” Professor Phillips has added the weight of his great authority to the popular opinion as to the complete internal fluidity of the globe. It may not, therefore, be out of place to examine very shortly the chief argument which appears to have led him to adopt this view, and to discredit that advocated in my paper in your December number, namely, that “pressure, by raising the temperature of fusion” in the matter immediatelybeneath the exterior crust, probably prevents its liquefaction; inother words, maintains it in a solid state, except where some upheavalof the surface rocks, or the production of some deeply penetrating fissure, has by a sudden reduction of pressure admitted of its local liquefaction.
II.—The Brazilian Coal Fields
Authors: Plant Nathaniel , Carruthers W.
Published: May 2009

The presence of Coal-beds in South America has been known for several years, but the only localities on this side between the Amazon and the River Plate where their existence has been actually determined, are in the two extreme southern provinces of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, and in the adjoining one of Santa Catherina, and in the neighbouring Republic of Banda Oriental or Uruguay.
III.—On the Plant Remains from the Brazilian Coal Beds, with Remarks on the Genus Flemingites
Authors: Carruthers W.
Published: May 2009

The specimens placed in my hands by Mr. N. Plant from Rio Grande do Sul consist of a few specimens of coal and a considerable number of a highly ferruginous shale. The coal contains no recognizable fossils, but they abound in the shale. The substance of the plants is converted into a brittle coal, that possesses no structure, and exhibits the form only of the organism, but the superficial structure and the venation is often so beautifully preserved on the surface of the shale, when the coal is removed, that the nature of the fossils is very clearly exhibited. I have, thus, been able to determine with precision three species, and to recognise more vaguely a number of other forms, which, however, it would be injudicious, until additional material is obtained, to name or describe from the specimens in my possession. All these forms, as far as they can be determined, and certainly the three well-preserved species, belong to Palseozoio genera, species of which occur in the Coal-measures of Britain. We are thus enabled with certainty to refer the Coal-fields of the province of Rio Grande do Sul to the Carboniferous period, although the coal itself has more the aspect of being the product of a Secondary formation.
V.—On the Influence of the Gulf-stream
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

The modern method of determining the amount of heat effects in absolute measure is no doubt destined to cast new light on all questions connected with climate, as it has done and is still doing in every department of physics where energy under the form of heat is the phenomenon under consideration.
IV.—On the Discovery of a Skeleton of the Hippopotamus in Post-pliocene Drift near Motcomb, Dorset
Authors: Thompson T.
Published: May 2009

The existence of Post-pliocene deposits in this neighbourhood has until lately been quite unknown, nothing of the kind having been detected either by the Geological Survey or subsequent observers. However, in tlie winter of 1866, a small section was exposed in a brick-field situated on a low rising-ground at the first milestone out of Shaftesbtiry towards Gillingham, and known as Hawkers' Hill. The clay here dug for brickmaking is Kimmeridge, presenting fossilized bones of the Pliosaurus and Icthyosaurus, and very friable remains of an Ammonite, etc. The attention of the writer was first attracted to the Drift on observing, above part of the Kimmeridge clay, a thin section of soil of an ochreous tint due to oxide of iron, and somewhat resembling the loose stratum of chert and sand which caps the neighbouring Green-sand rock. He learnt on inquiring of the labourers that they had recently found some large bones in this deposit, but thinking them of no use they had wheeled them off with the rubbish, in which they then lay, efiectually re-buried. Much interested at this announcement, he induced the men again to remove the rubbish, and found that the bones were some vertebræ of a large mammalian animal, together with fragments of the ribs and leg-bones. They were, of course, not at all fossilized, and their original weak state had been sadly aggravated by a second burial and disinterment. Nothing more was turned out that winter, and it was not until the end of 1867, that digging was resumed. Further portions of the same skeleton were now found, including another instalment of vertebræ, and portions of the skull and jaws. With the latter were several teeth in a suffciently entire state to show that the creature weis undoubtedly a Hippopotamus; numerous fragments of the tusks affording further proof of this. The writer now frequently visited and watched “the diggings,” and after a short time two horn-cores, considerable portions of the skull, and some fragments of the leg-bones of Bison priscus of unusual size came to light. The more perfect horn-core is 18 inches long and 14: inches in diameter at the base.
III.—On the Parallelism of the Hanoverian and English Upper Jurassic Formations
Authors: Struckmann C.
Published: May 2009

[M. C. Struckmann, who has already published an elaborate treatise on the Upper Jura of the neighbourhood of Hanover, has communicated to the “Neues Jahrbnch für Mineralogie, etc.” (1881, Bd. II. pp. 77–102), a comparison, founded mainly upon palæontological evidence, between the Upper Jurassic deposits of that district and England, and a statement of the conclusions at which he arrives will be interesting to many English geologists.
VI.—Note on Post-glacial Lake-basins in Westmoreland
Authors: Pattison S. R.
Published: May 2009

The little village of Crossby-Garrett, near Brough, appears to occupy the site of a Post-glacial lake. Lower Carboniferous strata compose the fell to the south, the lowest beds being yellow earthy limestones. Below this, in all the gorges, are deep red shales of the uppermost Old Red. and on the summits of some of the hills to the south are outliers of the New Red; the Drift lies in patches and contains mud, sandstone, and numerous blocks of Shap granite. The gullies coming down from Crossby fell converge at the gate of the village, and show excavation in Boulder drift. The bed of the torrent is dry during the greater part of the year, it receives only the surface water, which, as it falls swiftly down the valley through the Drift, makes rough work of its sides every freshet. Underneath the church hill, at the lower end of the village, the remains are visible of the dam which once enlaked the little valley. It has been clean cut through by the bursting of the Lake, and the banks of the exca- vation, and bottom of the old lake are now occupied by cottages and gardens. Another small lake existed near the village, in fields still called the tarn-fields, but whilst the former must have been drained, probably in pre-historic times (judging from the subsequent work of the torrent), the latter has disappeared by artificial drainage into the Smardale beck within a century.
III.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Another series of beds, comprising those which are raised a considerable height above the sea, contain a congeries of mixed shells, often broken, and clearly, as we shall show presently, not in sitû; sometimes the shells are imbedded in sand and sometimes in clay. They contain generally a larger proportion of species, and belong to a more temperate condition of things. The fact that Arctic shells are found in these higher beds is undoubted; but, as I contend, the meaning of this is very different to what is often supposed,—the proportion of purely Arctic shells being by no means large, and under any circumstances the mollusca clearly pointing to a condition of things very different indeed to that which must have existed when the great boulder heaps of Smaland and Finland, which I have travelled across for scores of miles with amazement, were being fashioned,—when our azoic Boulder-clays were being manufactured, and when the mollusca which prevail in high latitudes were driven far to the south, to the Mediterranean and elsewhere, where a few of their descendants are still found in very deep water and sporadically.
III—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

If the line passing through those three grand centres of volcanic action—Vultur, Vesuvius, and Epomeo—be produced to the westward, it will strike the very interesting igneous masses of the Ponza Islands. These insignificant islands, which, from the early Roman times down to the present day, have figured in history only as places of banishment for criminals, possess for the geologist the very highest interest. This is due not only to the wonderful characters of the rock-masses which compose them, but also to the admirable manner in which these are exposed to our study by the extreme denudation to which they have been subjected.
IV.—Lists of Some English Jurassic Foraminifera
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Parker W. K.
Published: May 2009

The late Professor John Phillips requested us to draw up, for an Appendix to his new edition of “The Geology of Yorkshire,” a generic list of the Foraminifera of the English Oolites. He had himself, indeed, supplied us with some good material from the clays near Oxford. We have noted the following Foraminifera from the Lower Oolite, Oxford and Kimmeridge Clays, and the Portland Limestone, in our collection.
II.—On the Guelph Limestones of North America and their Organic Remains
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Amongst the parallelisms which may be drawn between the Silurian series of Britain and that of North America, none so far has been so certainly established as the equivalency of the “Niagara Formation” to the Wenlock Group. In its most typical development, as in the State of New York, the Niagara formation, consists of an inferior series of argillaceous sediments, the “Niagara Shales,” and of a superior series of calcareous accumulations, the “Niagara Limestone.” At the Falls of Niagara itself, and at the Falls of the Genesee at Rochester, the shales and limestones are about eighty feet in thickness each. In Pennsylvania, the Niagara formation is wholly shaly, and has a thickness of over fifteen hundred feet. In the States west of New York, again, the formation is almost wholly calcareous, many of its members being true dolomites, and its total thickness rarely reaches three hundred feet, and is usually much less. In Western Canada, finally, the Niagara shales can rarely be detected as a distinct group, and the formation consists mainly of limestones, often magnesian, with subordinate courses of shale, the whole usually varying from one hundred to two hundred feet in thickness.
IV.—Glacial Erosion: Concluded
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Any one who compares the terraces that are shaped by rivers and the sea with the terraces that are found in the Yorkshire Dales must see that in the one case the denuding agent has acted alike upon beds of all degrees of hardness, and has shorn off the edges of the rocks to one level, whether the strata were horizontal or inclined; in the other case the denuding agent has acted unequally upon the rocks according to their varying powers of resistance, so that the harder beds were left in relief; and, so far from being all shorn off to one level, it would perhaps be difficult to find any one of the Dale District terraces that is not more or less inclined. The bases of the cliffs formed by the one denuding agent are quite level: those left by the other are often inclined many degrees.
I.—On the Geology of Central Sumatra
Authors: Verbeek R. D. M.
Published: May 2009

The fossils, which will be described hereafter by Dr. Günther, F.R.S., Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., H. Woodward, F.R.S., and H. B. Brady, F.R.S., were found in the years 1873 and 1874 partly in rocks of the “Padangsche Bovenlanden” (Highlands of Padang), Government of the West Coast of Sumatra, and partly in marls and limestones of the Island of Nias.
I.—On the Former Climate of the Polar Regions
Authors: Nordenskiöld . A. E.
Published: May 2009

Only a few years ago it was looked upon as an article of faith among geologists, that the whole globe was once in a melted incandescent state, and that the conditions of temperature now prevailing on the surface of the earth have been in process of time produced by the slow gradual cooling of the once fused and glowing mass. It then appeared so natural that, in consequence of the earth’s internal heat, a tropical climate should extend from pole to pole, that no special weight was attached to the evidences of this fact which geology was at that time able to produce. The Dane Giesecke’s and the English Scoresby’s specimens of fossil plants from the east and west coasts of Greenland, evidencing a warm climate there, attracted so little attention, that neither they, nor the fossil remains of Saurians found by the famous Arctic traveller Sir Edward Belcher in the American Polar Archipelago, could be found in the museums to which they had been confided.
II.—On some Fossil Foraminifera from the West-Coast District, Sumatra
Authors: Brady Henry B.
Published: May 2009

Note.–The Fossils about to be described were sent to England in 1873 and 1874 by Heer R. D. M. Verbeek, Director of the Geological Survey of Sumatra, and are here published by the authority and with the aid of the Dutch-Indian Government.
IV.—On the Transport of the Wastdale Crag Blocks
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

Considerable difficulty has been felt in accounting for the transport of the Wastdale Granite Boulders across the Pennine chain to the east. Professors Harkness and Phillips, Messrs. Searles Wood, jun., Mackintosh, and I presume all who have written on the subject, agree that these blocks could not have been transported by land-ice. The agency of floating ice under some form or other is assumed by them all.
II.—On the Chalk of the Cliffs from Seaford to Eastbourne, Sussex
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

Just out of Seaford the Chalk rises sharply from beneath the sand of the Woolwich Beds, on an outlier of which the small town is buUt. The dip however soon lessens, until the Chalk is flat, with slight waves. Some of the layers of flint are continuous, and some nearly so, but most are not continuous, and they are rather closer together in the lower part of the cliff. There are a few thin beds of hard chalk, and at the top a capping of “clay-with-flints.”
V.—Description of the Recently Discovered Caverns at Stainton
Authors: Cameron Alan Grant
Published: May 2009

Having formed one of a party of sixteen, who have lately further explored the recently discovered caverns at Stainton, notices of which have appeared in the Times and other journals, I wish to furnish a few details of the exploration, which may possibly prove interesting. The caverns are in the Carboniferous Limestone formation, and situated at a point one mile and a quarter south-east of the Dalton station of the Furness Railway, Lancashire.
VI.—The Relation of the Red to the Norwich Crag
Authors: Taylor J. E.
Published: May 2009

Perhaps no question in English Pliocene geology has caused so much inquiry as the exact relation of the Red and Norwich Crags. The latter term I prefer as more palæontologically correct than the older one of “Mammaliferous,” and it is now becoming generally used. In the year 1865 I divided the Norwich Crag into two divisions, an Upper and a Lower, and endeavoured to show that the latter was the true Fluvio-marine Crag, the former being distinguished by its purely marine character, and also by its containing a larger per-centage of Northern shells. This Upper Crag was subsequently termed the “Chillesford Crag” by Mr. Searles Wood, and by this name it is usually known. In my paper above mentioned my purpose was to show that this Upper or “Chillesford Crag” connected the latest of the older crags with the lower Drift-beds. The Fluvio-marine beds were formed along the floor of an estuary, but the Upper Crag was deposited along the sea-bottom, when the same area had been depressed. As a consequence, this Crag had a wider and more extensive geographical development. I was unaware at this time that Mr. Searles Wood was working at the same subject; and I subsequently found that he, with his usual indefatigability, had arrived at a similar conclusion respecting the Upper bed of Norwich Crag.
I.—On Volcanos
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In whatever part of the world we live we can readily discover, by ordinary observation, that there are two great forces constantly occupied in remodelling its surface, from year to year, from century to century.
I.—On an Underscribed Cone from the Carboniferous Beds of Airdrie, Lanarkshire
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

Small disc-shaped bodies have frequently been noticed in coal and the accompanying shales. Specimens were figured by Mr. Prestwich in 1840, in his paper on the Geology of Coalbrook Dale (Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v., tab. xxxviii., ff. 8, 8a); and Professor Morris, who described Mr. Prestwich's fossils, characterises them as ‘capsules’ of his Lepidodendron longibracteatum. But it does not appear from either the illustrations of the two spikes of his species, or from the letter-press, that he had found the capsules associated with the reniform thecæ of the spikes. Prof. Balfour has also figured and described similar bodies in a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1854. He found them in the ‘splint-coal’ of Fordel, near Inverkeithing, in Fife. He says, ‘Besides Sigillarias and Stigmarias, we also detect in the Fordel Coal peculiar rounded organisms which have the appearance of seeds. Dr. Fleming informs me that similar bodies have been observed by him in coal, and that he exhibited them to Mr. Witham about twenty years ago. They have also been seen by Dr. Fleming in Lochgelly and Arniston “parrot,” and in the coal at Boghead; and from having observed them in “cherry,” “splint,” and “cannel” coals, he is disposed to consider them as a somewhat common feature. I have seen them in coal from Miller Hill, near Dalkeith, as well as in the coalfrom Fife. They appear to be certainly allied to the fructification of the Lycopodiaceæ of the present day, more particularly to that form of it which consists of two valves placed in apposition and containing what is called Lycopode-powder. Theae and like bodies I, therefore, consider to be the sporangia or spore-cases of some plant allied to Lycopodium, perhaps Sigillaria. The valves present under the microscope a reticulated surface, and minute granular matter seems to be attached to the inner surface.’—(Edin. Trans., vol. xxi. p. 191).
II. On Caulopteris Punctata, Goepp., a Tree-Fern from the Upper Greensand of Shaftesbury in Dorsetshire
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

The Upper Greensand is a marine formation. Dr.Fitton, in his elaborate Memoir on ‘The Strata below the Chalk‘ (Geol.Trans., Second Series, Vol. IV.), has enumerated 60 species of Mollusca, 2 Annelids, 3Echinoderms, and 2 Protozoons from the beds in the South of England belonging to this period. These numbers have been more than doubled since the publication of that paper. They still retain the same proportions; but the fossils which Dr. Fitton characterised as ‘ fish remains ’ have been referred to 9 genera, and there have been added 4 genera of Saurians. As might be expected, very few vegetable remains have been observed. Dr. Fitton records the occurrence of some impressions of leaves. The remains of what appear to be sea-weeds are occasionally met with. Specimens of fossil wood have also been found. William Cunnington, Esq. F.G.S., of Devizes, who has kindly, through the Editor, furnished me with some particulars regarding the Upper Greensand deposits near Shaftesbury, informs me that for forty years he has been collecting the fossils of these beds, and that during that time he has obtained about thirty specimens of woods, many of them certainly drift woods, as they had been attacked by lithophagous molluscs. I have examined all the specimens of these woods contained in the collections of the British Museum, and I find that they are all Coniferous. Little more than this can be said. The woody fibres contain a single row of discs, and I have not detected any spiral fibres associated with them.
I.—Gems from Private Collections, No. 2
Authors: Morris
Published: May 2009

Among the many fossil remains of fishes obtained from the rich Liassic deposits near Lyme Regis, species of the genera Dapedius, Æchmodus, Semionotus, and Pholidophorus are most frequently found in a good state of preservation. These Lepidoid genera are chiefly Liassic, two of the more long-bodied froms, Pholidophorus and Semionotus, having species which occur in the Purbeck (Phol. ornatus) and the Chalk Strata (Sem. Bergeri). Lepidotus, another Lepidoid, ranges from the Lias through the intermediate Oolite and Wealden strata into the Chalk, and according to Sir P. Egerton, “the genus Lepidotus has the most extensive geographical range of any genus of fossil fish.’ With the exception of Lepidotus, Prof. Owen classes the above genera under the Dapedoid family of the order Lepidogamoidei, the genus Dapedius (D. politus) first noticed by the late Sir H. De la Beche forming the type of the family. All the genera were arranged by Sir P. Egerton under the Lepidoid family of the order Ganoidei, and Mons. Pictet placed them in his second family of Rhombiferous Ganoids—the Lepidosteidœ, and under the second tribe of that family—the homocercal Lepidosteidœ, (Lepidoides Homocerques, Ag.), Which he further subdivided into sections, some of which included the above-mentioned genera—viz.
II.—On Faults in Strata
Authors: Medlicott Henry B.
Published: May 2009

A Little time back there appeared in the Magazine, some short papers on the subject of faults, and on the nature of the conditions and the forces through which these important structural features may-have been produced. The points I would now bring to notice are more elementary; they refer to the evidence for faults; hence involving the principal data upon which the higher discussion of the phenomena must be based, and the same data very argely affect our attempted restoration and history of bygone phases of the earth's surface. Faults and flexures in stratified rocks are the leading features through which we interpret the disturbances that have affected the earth's crust; and any looseness in determining their existence, form and amount, must vitiate many of our inferences. No one but an experimental field geologist can appreciate the difficulty of such determinations, and understand how faults are particularly liable to elude observation. This circumstance accounts for, but does not justify, the arbitrary use of faults in interpreting sections. To call in question the evidence upon such a familiar subject implies, of course, dissatisfaction at the manner in which it is handled in practice. This I at once admit, and will proceed to explain. The criticism I have to make is no more than might oceur to one who had never left his study; but I would state that with me it has had a most practical origin: in the progress of the work of the Geological Survey of India, several great boundary faults have been proposed in connection with our main rock-series, and in some cases published descriptions have been already given; but both on the score of the in-sufficiency of the evidence brought forward, and after personal examination in the field, I am unable to admit that some of the features in question can, without very implicit qualifications, be brought within the received definitions of a fault.
V.—Note on the Cause and Nature of the Enlargement on some Crinoidal Columns
Authors: Rofe John
Published: May 2009

Among a great number of specimens of Crinoidea from the Mountain Limestone collected by me during several years past, there are many parts of columns which shew an enlargement of the diameter or bulging similar to that described by Miller as representing “the remedial effect of calcareous secretion in repairing an injury of the joints of the stem,” and some few portions have occurred having the appearance of a small column rising from the centre of a larger one as shewn in Woodcut fig. 1.
VI.—Notes on the Geology of Ludlow
Authors: Lightbody Robert
Published: May 2009

I Have long thought that the vallies of the Onny and the Teme, both above and below Ludlow, had once formed an estuary, and that the promontory on which the town stands had been thrown up by some convulsion blocking up the valley, and turning tha part above the town into a lake, which (by faults or otherwise) eventually caused an opening for the Teme between the Castle and Whitcliffe.
III.—On the Organic Remains found in Clay near Crofthead, Renfrewshire
Authors: Mahony James A.
Published: May 2009

The number of the Geological, Magazine, for September last, contained a description, by Mr. James Geikie, of stratified beds of sand and mud intercalated with Boulder-clay, which occur in the Cowdon valley, near Crofthead. His reference to some contained vegetable débris induced me to make an examination of the strata, which has resulted in revealing an abundance of organic remains quite exceptional in such deposits.
IV.—On some Fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone, at Lugnås, in Sweden.
Authors: Linnarsson J. G. O.
Published: May 2009

No other part of Sweden affords more favourable opportunities for studying the earliest fossiliferous deposits and their relations to each other than Vestrogothia, with its unusually complete, undisturbed, and, in many natural sections, exposed series of strata. Its two lowest principal layers, consisting of sandstone and alum-slate, are to be referred to the Cambrian system, if that system, as proposed by Sir Charles Lyell, Salter, and others, be extended over the “Primordial zone,” which is easily distinguished by its organic remains from the overlying Silurian deposits. This sandstone has long been known as the oldest stratum of Vestrogothia above the Fundamental Gneiss. Traces of seaweeds were found in it by our earlier geologists, and caused it to receive the name, still commonly used, of Fucoid sandstone. Deposits of the same period are distributed over large parts of Scandinavia; and Professor Angelin, who, like his predecessors, had found them to be the oldest portion of the whole “Transition formation” of Scandinavia, included them all in his regio Fucoidarum, no other Fossil having as yet been found in them. Norwegian authors have proposed the denomination “Sparagmite stage,” for the rock prevailing in Norway, which has not as yet afforded any fossils, a term also adopted by Professor Torell.
I.—Banded and Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

When we find at the sides of veins, the veinstone rent into laminæ, as I tried to represent in Plate XX. of Vol. IV. it is easy to think of the fracture as violent, and of the disruption of the vein as sudden.
III.—On the Pretended “Raised Sea-Beaches” of the Inland Slopes of England and Wales
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

In the number of this Magazine for July, 1866, p. 293, I ventured to characterize as “preposterous,” the opinion advanced by Mr. D. Mackintosh in two preceding papers (Geol. Mag., Vol. III. p. 69, and p. 163) that the very numerous terraces that occur on the sides of the Chalk and Oolitic hills of the southern and western counties were, “without doubt, raised Sea-beaches,” affording, therefore, evidence of the very recent elevation of these hills from beneath the sea-level, since the complete excavation of the existing valleys.
VI.—Alphabetical Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Fossil Fishes in the Collection of the Earl of Enniskillen, at Floerence Court
Authors: Enniskillen
Published: May 2009

Having seen in the September Number of the Geological Magazine (p. 408), the Catalogue of Types of Fossil Fishes in the collection of my valued friend and fellow-worker Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart,, M.P., with whom I have collected for so long a time, it occurred to me that the addition of the list of the type specimens of genera and species in my own collection would be a useful supplement to Sir Philip Egerton's carefully prepared catalogue, and might not be wholly unacceptable to the student in Palichthyology. I therefore beg to subjoin it, and, in doing so, to reecho the sentiment expressed by my friend, that my collection, like his own, although a private one, is always accessible to the student in Geology or Palæontology who may deem it of sufficient interest to visit Florence Court in order to study it.
V.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth Henry. H.
Published: May 2009

What is the burden of all these facts? Why, assuredly that the shells found in our higher marine drifts, or at least in nearly all of them, far from bespeaking conditions of climate such as can alone be fairly described as Glacial, on the contrary, speak to us of a time when the general temperature was perhaps somewhat lower than it is now, but when the North Sea and North Atlantic were filled with open water, and bathed a land where the Mammoth and the Rhinoceros could find abundant food, where the Oak and the Pine flourished, and where the rivers could sustain such molluscs as the Cyrena fluminalis. This conclusion destroys at once the basis of those who have argued that our high-level marine drifts were left where they are found by ice—either by floating bergs or a creeping ice-foot. But apart from the general conclusion which the particular collocation of shells enables us to make, quite a number of facts may be collected going to show the impossibility of ice having been the motive power which deposited such beds as those at Moel Tryfaen.
III.—Description of a New Species of Elonichthys from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Eskdale, Dumfriesshire
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The labours of Mr. Jex in the Eskdale fish-beds have brought to light another beautiful new fish, now in the British Museum. This is a Ganoid of the genus Elonichthys, and though represented as yet only by a single specimen, this is fortunately a very perfect one.
V.—On the Denticulated Structure of the Hinge–line of Spirifera trigonalis, Martin
Authors: Young John
Published: May 2009

Recently, when examining some weathered fossiliferous limestone shale from the Lower Carboniferous strata of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, my attention was attracted to some fragments of the valves of Spirifera trigonalis, Martin, in which I noticed, on the hinge-line of the dorsal valve, a row of small, round, hollow pits, and on the hinge-line of the ventral valve, a corresponding row of small, projecting, rounded denticles. These characters I had not noticed before, and on searching further, I found other fragments of the valves showing the same thing. This led to an examination of more perfect specimens of this Spirifera, contained in my own collection, and that of Dr. J. R. S. Hunter, of Braidwood, Carluke, and in one example, where the valves had slightly opened through pressure, on clearing away the shale, I found, on the outer edge of the ventral valve, a distinct row of small projecting denticles, that had evidently fitted into hollow pits or sockets in the dorsal valve, but from the way the valves had shifted in this specimen these were not seen. These denticles, when looked at externally, are nearly as numerous, and much of the same size, as those seen in many of the hinge-lines of shells of the genus Area, only in this genus, the teeth are the same in each valve, and lock into each other.
II.—Notice of New Fish Remains from the Blackband Iron–stone of Borough Lee, near Edinburgh. No. V
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

I Have recently obtained from the Borough Lee Ironstone several specimens of a Selachian spine, apparently new, and showing several features of a very interesting character.
IV.—On the Causes of Change of Climate from Warm to Cold, and Cold to Warm, During Long Periods, and also of Coincident Changes of the Fauna and Flora
Authors: Gunn John
Published: May 2009

It is a trite observation that truths which lie at our feet may be overlooked by the wise, and discovered by mere accident, or the chance step of some casual passer-by.
I.—On the Permian-Trias Question
Authors: Marcou Jules
Published: May 2009

The Rev. A. Irving, in the January Number of the Geological Magazine, p. 46, writes: “The argument then in favour of the retention of the name ‘Permian’ (as against e.g. that of ‘Dyas’) is based on no logical consistency with established geological nomenclature. It is an excellent local name for the Russian series, but as a general term for the European series it is highly misleading.”
III.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Shell conical, moderately long, with perhaps a rudimentary umbilicus. The complete spire would consist of about 10 whorls, which increase under a regular angle. The surface of the apical whorls in this specimen is not well preserved, but the five anterior whorls are in good condition; they are smooth, somewhat tumid towards the centre, and separated by a suture of moderate depth. Wavy longitudinal lines, apparently lines of growth, are observed, but there is no trace of any other ornament. Base of body-whorl smooth and almost polished, except where there has been a decortication of the outer layer of shell. This decortication, besides affecting a considerable area near the outer lip, has formed a belt in the posterior region of the base, thus producing a sort of false carination. In this way we learn that both inner and outer layers of shell were of considerable thickness. (N.B.—The shell is now mainly in the condition of spathic iron, coated and coloured with brown oxide).
VI.—A Faulted Slate
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In the interesting description of a faulted slate (Geol. Mag. Jan. 1884, p. 1) by Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, the writer appears to consider that all faults are due to up-and-down movements; while he seems to ignore the horizontal or transverse heaves, that is, movement of the strata from side to side. In the newer strata, which are not much moved from their original horizontal position, such as those of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, or of the Weald, the majority of the dislocations appear to be due to upward or downward movement; but this is not the case among the older contorted and crumpled rocks, where in general the horizontal heaves usually equal, if they do not exceed, the up-and-down faults in number. Consequently, while reverse faults are rare in nearly horizontal rocks, they are not uncommon among the contorted and crumpled strata.
VIII.—Notes as to Position of Moa Bones in New Zealand
Authors: Smith Charles
Published: May 2009

[The following list of localities in New Zealand where the remains of the Dinornis have been discovered has been most obligingly drawn up for me by Mr. Charles Smith, an old resident in New Zealand, and I gladly publish it as a useful list for reference. —Edit. G. M.]
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

As in the case of Nerinœa, so also in this genus, we are dealing with its earliest representatives in so far as this district is concerned, since Tate and Blake make no mention of the occurrence of Alaria in the Yorkshire Lias. Piette, who accepts with modification Morris and Lycett's genus for this section of the winged shells, is of opinion that no truly winged shell has ever been found in the Lower Lias of France, though he describes species from the Middle and Upper Lias, none of which, according to his views, pass upwards. It was in the Lower Oolites that the genus Alaria first began to flourish, and we find in most places that it became tolerably well represented as low down as the Inferior Oolite or Bajocian subdivision.
VIII.—Criticisms on Recent Papers about Faults
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

In recent Numbers of the Geological Magazine has appeared a paper by the Rev. O. Fisher, “On Faults, Jointing, and Cleavage,” which, it seems to me, should not be left to stand unchallenged. It is one of those in which mathematical symbols are made to do duty for arguments. Some idea is started, a few W's and P's are scattered about, an equation is written down, it leads to nothing, and then the conclusion is triumphantly reached. Sometimes, however, there is no conclusion at all; but statements come in incidentally which will hereafter be quoted with the introduction “I have shown.” Surely there must be many geological birds too old to be caught by such chaff; but the “Magazine” is also for the nestlings. Such papers, too, are otherwise harmful, for the wideawake soon learn that credit may be gained by work unfinished, and speculations that are crude, and they are tempted so to seek it rather than by harder labour. So goes our science down and loses caste.
III.—On Araucarian Cones from the Secondary Beds of Britain
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

The unsatisfactory condition of palæontological botany arises from the imperfect materials which are obtained from the earth's strata. With the exception of two or three remarkable structures, no histological characters have been found whereby the position of a plant can be determined from an examination of its woody structure; so that silicified or calcified woods, which are far from rare, supply little more information than that they are portions of a vascular cryptogam, a palm, a conifer, or other exogen. Of leaves also it may be said that, while a very few natural families have characteristic forms, yet leaves which are undistinguishable are found belonging to plants widely separated in the vegetable kingdom, so that we have little confidence in determinations made from them; indeed, such determinations must be consideredat the best but as guesses at the truth, and these can seldom go further than the natural order, or, perhaps, the genus towhich the fossil belongs. To manufacture species on no other characters than those obtained from slight variations in the form of the leaf, is a reckless multiplication of names, condemned not only by the botanist, but by every one who has carefully examined the variety in form and venation that exist among the leaves of a single shrub or tree. The organs employedby systematists in the classification of plants are so delicate, and so easily perish, that they are very rare as fossils.Fruits, however, are more abundant, and after the flower they may be held of next value in determining the affinities of aplant. Even the separated seeds of living species, or members of living genera, can be positively determined; but when the affinities are obscure, the more or less imperfect specimens of fossil seeds detached from their fruits are very unsatisfactory materials.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Extensive Deposits of Tufa in Flintshire
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

Of the various geological evidences inferring a vast duration of the existing contour and conditions of surface since the latest marine submergence, there is, perhaps, none more striking than the accumulation of great masses of Tufa charged with recent organic remains.
I.—On the Classification of the British Pre-Cambrian Rocks
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The results obtained of late years, through the numerous investigations which have been carried on amongst the Pre-Cambrian rocks in Great Britain, combined with the important discoveries of many additional areas to those previously known, seem to require that some general attempt should now be made to correlate the principal groups where they have been observed; and to classify them according to the prevailing types of rocks recognized therein, and peculiarities observable.
III.—Further Notes on a Collection of Fossil Shells, etc., from Sumatra (obtained by M. Verbeek, Director of the Geological Survey of the West Coast, Sumatra). Part II
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Among the Conchifera transmitted by M. Verbeek, is a specimen of Cyrena. The shell is certainly from a very modern formation, as it retains its translucency and traces of a pale buff colour externally.
III.—Further Notes on a Collection of Fossil Shells, etc., from Sumatra (obtained by M. Verbeek, Director of the Geological Survey of the West Coast, Sumatra). Part III
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

This cast indicates a subfusiform shell with a somewhat elongated conical spire, but the apex is imperfect: volutions contiguous and convex; the body-whorl gradually tapering to a somewhat acute base.
VI.—Further Notes upon the Form of Volcanos
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

During the last summer I made a journey from Yedo as far north as the southern end of Kamschatka. As when upon this trip I saw and visited many volcanos in Yezo and the Kuriles, I venture to offer a few remarks in addition to those which I have already expressed upon the form of this interesting class of mountains.
V.—Some Suggestions on the Cromer Forest Bed
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Like many other geologists at the present time, I have been engaged in reading Mr. Clement Reid's Memoir on the Geology of the Country around Cromer—reading it, I may say, with mingled feelings of pleasure and pain;—pleasure, at the amount of interesting and valuable matter which he has assiduously unearthed; and dissatisfaction at his attempts to destroy one of the cherished convictions of childhood—faith in the Cromer Forest Bed! Mr. Reid evidently does not believe in the Cromer Forest Bed; but then what would a Manual of Geology be without it? This either he or his superior officers have felt, and the name “Forest Bed” has therefore been retained for a bed which, according to his own confession, “least deserves the name.” This course, though illogical, is no doubt a concession to popular geological prejudice.