bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Incipient Speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata from Patterns of Transmission Ratio Distortion
Authors: Leppälä Johanna , Bokma Folmer , Savolainen Outi
Published: May 2013

Our understanding of the development of intrinsic reproductive isolation is still largely based on theoretical models and thorough empirical studies on a small number of species. Theory suggests that reproductive isolation develops through accumulation of epistatic genic incompatibilities, also known as Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller (BDM) incompatibilities. We can detect these from marker transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in hybrid progenies of crosses between species or populations, where TRD is expected to result from selection against heterospecific allele combinations in hybrids. TRD may also manifest itself because of intragenomic conflicts or competition between gametes or zygotes. We studied early stage speciation in Arabidopsis lyrata by investigating patterns of TRD across the genome in F2 progenies of three reciprocal crosses between four natural populations. We found that the degree of TRD increases with genetic distance between crossed populations, but also that reciprocal progenies may differ substantially in their degree of TRD. Chromosomes AL6 and especially AL1 appear to be involved in many single- and two-locus distortions, but the location and source of TRD vary between crosses and between reciprocal progenies. We also found that the majority of single- and two-locus TRD appears to have a gametic, as opposed to zygotic, origin. Thus, while theory on BDM incompatibilities is typically illustrated with derived nuclear alleles proving incompatible in hybrid zygotes, our results suggest a prominent role for distortions emerging before zygote formation.
Effects of Implementing an Ergonomic Work Schedule on Heart Rate Variability in Shift‐working Nurses
Authors: Järvelin‐Pasanen Susanna , Ropponen Annina , Tarvainen Mika , Paukkonen Marja , Hakola Tarja , Puttonen Sampsa , Karjalainen Pasi Antero , Lindholm Harri , Louhevaara Veikko , Pohjonen Tiina
Published: May 2013

Effects of Implementing an Ergonomic Work Schedule on Heart Rate Variability in Shift working Nurses: Susanna JÄRVELIN‐PASANEN, et al. Ergonomics, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland—

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the psychophysiological strain related to a conventional shift schedule and new ergonomically improved two‐ and three‐shift schedules using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. The specific aim was to determine whether the introduced ergonomic shift arrangement had any positive effects on the psychophysiological strain such as increased HRV or decrease in the sympathovagal balance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Methods

Questionnaire data and 24‐hour HRV recordings were gathered from 48 female shift‐working nurses once while working the conventional shift schedule (baseline) and again after one year working an ergonomic shift schedule during the morning shift.

Results

Comparisons between conventional and ergonomic shift schedules (baseline and follow‐up, respectively) revealed significant differences in frequency‐domain parameters. Implementing an ergonomic shift schedule resulted in decreased normalized low frequency (LF) power, increased normalized high frequency (HF) power, and decreased LF/HF ratio at the beginning of the shift. Furthermore, at baseline, mean RR interval, root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) and normalized HF power were increased at the end of the shift compared with the values at the beginning of the morning shift. In contrast, at the follow‐up, LF power was increased between the end and beginning of the morning shift.

Conclusions

The psychophysiological strain measured by HRV analysis was lower at the beginning of the work shift for the ergonomic shift schedules compared with the conventional schedule. This indicates that an ergonomic shift schedule may have a positive effect on the ANS recovery occurring between successive work shifts.
A Cross‐sectional Study of the Association between Working Hours and Sleep Duration among the Japanese Working Population
Authors: Ohtsu Tadahiro , Kaneita Yoshitaka , Aritake Sayaka , Mishima Kazuo , Uchiyama Makoto , Akashiba Tsuneto , Uchimura Naohisa , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Munezawa Takeshi , Kokaze Akatsuki , Ohida Takashi
Published: May 2013

A Cross‐sectional Study of the Association between Working Hours and Sleep Duration among the Japanese Working Population: Tadahiro OHTSU, et al. Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan—

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify the association between long working hours and short sleep duration among Japanese workers.

Methods

We selected 4,000 households from across Japan by stratified random sampling and conducted an interview survey of a total of 662 participants (372 men; 290 women) in November 2009. Logistic regression analyses were performed using “sleep duration <6 hours per day” as a dependent variable to examine the association between working hours/overtime hours and short sleep duration.

Results

When male participants who worked for ≥7 but <9 hours per day were used as a reference, the odds ratio (OR) for short sleep duration in those who worked for ≥11 hours was 8.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.94−18.86). With regard to overtime hours among men, when participants without overtime were used as a reference, the OR for those whose period of overtime was ≥3 hours but <4 hours was 3.59 (95% CI: 1.42−9.08). For both men and women, those with long weekday working hours tended to have a short sleep duration during weekdays and holidays.

Conclusions

It is essential to avoid working long hours in order to prevent short sleep duration.
"Já que a desgraça assim queria" um feiticeiro foi sacrificado: curandeirismo, etnicidade e hierarquias sociais (Pelotas - RS, 1879)
Authors: Moreira Paulo Roberto Staudt , Al-Alam Caiuá Cardoso
Published: May 2013

Numa quarta-feira, 15 de janeiro de 1879, um escravo natural da província de Pernambuco e trabalhador em uma charqueada em Pelotas/RS, assassinou a facadas um africano liberto (de nação mina), famigerado feiticeiro e que comercializava mandingas. Casos coletados das páginas de documentos judiciários envolvendo feiticeiros são ótimos observatórios da sociedade escravista em sua miudeza relacional. Esse artigo, partindo de uma análise de caso, estuda o campo de possibilidades relacionais no qual estavam inseridos ativamente os cativos, mesmo que de estabelecimentos penitenciários como as charqueadas. Além disso, essa pista judiciária nos permite uma aproximação com o mercado da crença e o papel dos feiticeiros/curandeiros na sociabilidade e conformação de identidades etnossociais.
Era das batucadas: o carnaval baiano das décadas 1930 e 1940
Authors: Ickes Scott
Published: May 2013

Depois de 1930, os três clubes de elite do carnaval baiano sofriam economicamente e se retiravam do carnaval. As batucadas emergiram e em parte preencheram o vácuo, ritualizando a presença da cultura e sociabilidade da classe trabalhadora afro-mestiça no carnaval. Neste período, os políticos e, especialmente, jornalistas comemoravam a batucada e o samba como centrais para o carnaval, contribuindo para a consolidação das práticas musicais afro-mestiças como elementos vitais do que a Bahia significava e do que "baiano" passou a significar durante a era Vargas. Embora, após 1950, o trio elétrico e o ressurgimento dos clubes de elite tenham encerrado a "Era das Batucadas," elas desempenharam papéis importantes na reformulação da baianidade, entre 1930 e 1950, e forneceram uma ponte de identificação étnica e cultural entre os afoxés e clubes afros do século XIX e início do século XX, por um lado, e os afoxés e blocos afros do final do século XX e início do XXI.
Cirurgia da hipófise por via trans-esfenoidal sob controle radiofluoroscópico e microdissecção novo tratamento da retinopatia diabética, tumores selares e neoplasias endocrinodependentes
Authors: Hardy Jules , Marino Jr. Raul
Published: May 2013

É apresentada nova técnica para a ablação total ou seletiva da hipófise utilizando via de acesso trans-esfenoidal, controle radiofluoroscópico e microdissecção, com traumatismo desprezível às estruturas circunvizinhas. Os autores comentam as aplicações do método à prática neurocirúrgica, relatando parte de uma série de mais 140 casos já operados. São discutidos os resultados obtidos no tratamento de 17 casos de retinopatia diabética, em 11 dos quais apenas o lobo anterior da hipófise foi removido, assim como aqueles obtidos na exérese de 20 casos de tumores selares. As indicações da hipofisectomia por via trans-esfenoidal no controle da sintomatologia das neoplasias endòcrinodependentes é estudada à luz dos resultados obtidos em 17 casos, sendo os resultados comparados com casos nos quais foi feita a implantação selar de ítrio90. As complicações operatorias em relação às três entidades nosológicas acima estudadas são também analisadas. Os autores salientam que a técnica descrita constitui, no presente estado das técnicas neurocirúrgicas utilizadas para a produção de uma insuficiência hipofisária duradoura, a intervenção de escolha.
Diagnóstico e tratamento da criptococose do sistema nervoso central: considerações sobre 16 casos
Authors: Spina-França A. , Silva Jeová B. da
Published: May 2013

Revisão de 16 casos de criptococose do SNC acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo entre 1951 e 1966. O diagnóstico baseou-se na demonstração de C. neoformansno LCR e/ou nos dados de necropsia. A revisão foi feita para salientar a importância do diagnóstico precoce da doença visando o tratamento por anfotericina-B. Dos 4 pacientes tratados com tal medicamento, dois faleceram. Nestes casos o tratamento fora iniciado tardiamente, quando a doença se achava nos estadios finais de evolução. Nos dois casos em que a medicação foi iniciada em tempo hábil, a evolução foi favorável, encontrando-se os pacientes em boas condições clínicas e com remissão das alterações do LCR. Estes dois últimos casos são descritos com maior detalhe. Baseados na casuística apresentada os autores chamam a atenção para os quadros clínicos observados mais comumente, em especial para a dissociação entre o quadro de hipertensão intracraniana, em geral exuberante, e o de meningencefalite. Chamam os autores a atenção também para o fato de poderem as alterações do LCR levar à confusão com outros tipos de meningencefalite, especialmente a tuberculosa. Para o esclarecimento diagnóstico salientam a importância do exame direto do sedimento do LCR preparado com tinta da China. O reconhecimento da levedura ao exame direto na série analisada ocorreu em 9 casos.
Oftalmoplegia internuclear em paciente com mielose funicular
Authors: Assis J. Lamartine de , Fonseca Lineu C.
Published: May 2013

É relatado um caso de oftalmoplegia internuclear, tipo posterior, com manifestações oculares bilaterais e assimétricas em paciente com mielose funicular. O diagnóstico da natureza da moléstia foi comprovado pela prova de absorção da vitamina B12 radioativa marcada com 57Co (método de Schilling). Foram realizados três exames electromiográficos do músculo reto mediai mais afetado (esquerdo), com intervalos de 45 a 90 dias, não tendo havido modificação dos traçados. O electromiograma nada mostrou de específico e permitiu excluir lesão neurogênica (paresia ou paralisia do 3.° nervo) e muscular propriamente dita (miopatia).
Complicações hemorrágicas intracranianas na osteogênese imperfeita
Authors: Fassoni Laertel F. , Lison Michel P.
Published: May 2013

São descritas complicações hemorrágicas intracranianas em dois pacientes com osteogênese imperfeita. Sangramento espontâneo ocorreu no espaço subaracnóideo em um dos pacientes e no espaço subdural, no outro. Os achados clínicos e paraclínicos são discutidos à luz de um distrbio mesenquimatoso difuso semelhante ao que caracteriza as demais moléstias hereditárias do mesênquima.
Transtornos alimentares: patologia ou estilo de vida?
Authors: Bittencourt Liliane de Jesus , Almeida Rafaela Andrade
Published: May 2013

A internet se apresenta como um novo espaço de reconfiguração das relações sociais, por isso jovens com transtornos alimentares vêm utilizando-a como forma de expressão, através das comunidades pró-anorexia e bulimia. Este artigo visa compreender a diferença entre o discurso hegemônico e a crença destas jovens, a partir das teorias antropológicas sobre a influência da cultura na saúde e na doença, da teoria da bioascese e das teorias feministas. Usando a interpretação de sentidos, percebe-se que os transtornos alimentares são considerados estilos de vida, nos quais se busca fugir ao sofrimento através do controle dos corpos e dos desejos. Há uma trama entre controle, poder e dominação, no qual as jovens pleiteiam autonomia e independência, a sociedade define e normatiza seus corpos, e dessa forma, impõem uma dominação, e os profissionais, baseados nos discursos da saúde, intentam ensiná-las como controlá-los, exercendo, de certa forma, um poder sobre o outro.
Influence of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system on stainless steel durability
Authors: Miraval Claudine , Saedlou Saghi , Evrard Romain , Santacreu Pierre-Olivier , Leseux Johan
Published: May 2013

Stainless steel is largely used in the car exhaust market and will be applied now for truck and off-road vehicles. In that field of application, designs are more and more complex with the integration of a catalytic converter and particle filter, consequence of more and more severe diesel depollution regulations. In particular, due to the necessity of reducing NOx emission established by Euro 5 standard (2009), Euro 6 (2014) and American Tier 4 (2014), new equipment were developed for diesel vehicles (truck as well as car). The most promising technology is called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and takes advantage of the reduction feature of ammonia (NH3) on NOx. As NH3 cannot be stored directly within the vehicle for safety reasons (toxicity & flammability of ammonia) urea in water solution was selected to initiate the reaction by means of a spraying nozzle. To get a better understanding of the involved hot corrosion mechanisms and afterward to improve material selection, a dedicated laboratory test was developed at Isbergues Research Center. The simulated test consists of spraying urea solution on cyclic heated stainless steel in a range from 200ºC to 600ºC. We evidenced a nitriding mechanism due to the urea decomposition on the surface of stainless steel at high temperature, and also the very different behaviours between austenitic and ferritic grades. The last one, in particular K41X (1.4509-441) and K33X (1.4513-molybdenum stabilized ferritic) grades show the best performance in particular when compared to the standard 304 austenitic grade. The paper will review the test set-up, the result obtained and will discuss the stainless steel grade selection for the SCR application.
Effect of particles size range on iron ore flotation
Authors: Lima Neymayer Pereira , Valadão George Eduardo Sales , Peres Antônio Eduardo Clark
Published: May 2013

Flotation is one of the main concentration processes being employed for many classes of minerals (sulfides, oxides, silicates, phosphates, for example) at different particle sizes. In the iron ore industry, reverse quartz flotation has been successfully employed for particle sizes below ISOfim after the desliming process. The high demand for iron ore products has made flotation the main process for concentration in this industry, thus a better understanding of its mechanisms and the effect of the particle sizes in the process has become imperative. Flotation tests were carried out with three different size fractions of an itabirite iron ore, obtained using cyclone classification after desliming. The results showed distinct behaviors of the different size ranges. Higher etheramine dosages are required when coarse and fine fractions are floated separately and also this procedure is more sensitive to variations in etheramine dosages and pH values. The differences in particle size distributions and the specific surface area may explain the different flotation behavior of the distinct size fractions. The split flotation circuits for coarse and fine particles indicated an increase of 3% points in the metallurgical recovery with reduction of SiO2 content in final concentrate, increase of etheramine dosage and reduction of corn starch dosage. Economic feasibility analysis indicated a positive net present value of 50 million of dollars with split circuits for coarse and fine particles, considering a production of 10 million tons per year of pellet feed.
Coralistas amadores: auto-imagem, dificuldades e sintomas na voz cantada
Authors: Coelho Ana Cristina de Castro , Daroz Irandi Fernando , Silvério Kelly Cristina Alves , Brasolotto Alcione Ghedini
Published: May 2013

OBJETIVO: conhecer a auto-imagem, dificuldades e presença de sintomas negativos após o canto em coralistas amadores com diferentes classificações vocais, idades e experiência. MÉTODO: cento e vinte e cinco cantores responderam a um questionário que abordou dados de identificação, informações sobre a auto-imagem da voz cantada, dificuldades apresentadas no canto e ocorrência ou não de sintomas vocais após o canto. RESULTADOS: a comparação por naipes evidenciou maior dificuldade na emissão de sons agudos para os contraltos e baixos, maior dificuldade na emissão graves para os sopranos, maior dificuldade na transição de registro grave para agudo para os baixos, e maior cansaço vocal para os contraltos. Na divisão por idade, tanto adultos jovens e adultos referiram maior soprosidade do que os idosos. Os adultos referiram melhor intensidade vocal do que adultos jovens. Os adultos jovens consideraram seu timbre de voz adequado mais frequentemente do que adultos. Em relação à experiência, os cantores menos experientes referiram percepção de voz rouca em maior número do que os cantores mais experientes, que referiram apresentar intensidade adequada durante o canto em maior número do que os demais. Cantores menos experientes referiram maior ocorrência de rouquidão após o canto do que cantores mais experientes. CONCLUSÃO: as dificuldades encontradas no canto estão atreladas ao naipe, e não dependem da idade e nem da experiência. Sintomas estão relacionados ao naipe e ao grau de experiência com o canto. A auto-imagem vocal negativa também está relacionada ao naipe e ao nível de experiência, sendo que a auto-imagem positiva é mais comum em cantores experientes.
Contribuição da ausculta cervical para a avaliação clínica das disfagia orofaríngeas
Authors: Bolzan Geovana de Paula , Christmann Mara Keli , Berwig Luana Cristina , Costa Cintia Conceição , Rocha Renata Mancopes
Published: May 2013

Para auxiliar na avaliação funcional da deglutição, a maior parte dos fonoaudiólogos utiliza recursos instrumentais como a ausculta cervical. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar na literatura a contribuição da ausculta cervical para a avaliação clínica das disfagias. Para tanto, foram revisados periódicos nacionais e internacionais, indexados nas bases de dados Springer, Lilacs, Bireme, Medline e Scielo, entre os anos de 1992 e 2011. A partir da análise dos estudos foi possível verificar que a ausculta cervical vem se modernizando com a evolução tecnológica, possibilitando a realização de estudos quantitativos dos sons da deglutição; que ainda há evidências pouco claras das correspondências entre os componentes sonoros da deglutição e os eventos fisiológicos da fase faríngea; que não foram evidenciadas diferenças nos sons da deglutição entre crianças e adultos; e que alguns estudos apresentaram concordância entre a ausculta cervical e a avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição, e outros ainda apresentaram correlação positiva entre estas duas avaliações. Assim, considerando-se que a videofluoroscopia da deglutição em nosso país ainda é um exame de difícil acesso, com custo relativamente alto, acredita-se que a ausculta cervical constitui um importante recurso para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento clínico em casos de disfagia orofaríngea.
Memórias sobre um conflito de terra em relatos de história de vida
Authors: Velôso Thelma Maria Grisi , WhitaKer Dulce Consuelo Andreatta
Published: May 2013

Este artigo se propõe a analisar as memórias de pequenos produtores rurais do assentamento Camucim (litoral sul da Paraíba) sobre um conflito de terra ocorrido no final dos anos 70 e início dos anos 80, do século XX. Essas memórias foram obtidas através de entrevistas de história de vida, que foram submetidas à Análise de Discurso. A partir da história oral, pretende-se analisar o sentido subjetivo construído pelos narradores, através de suas memórias. Nesse sentido, o conflito é relembrado como uma luta legítima, abençoada por Deus, o que nos remete para o papel fundamental da Igreja nesse processo, através da Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT). Além disso, os narradores constroem uma imagem de lutadores corajosos e vitoriosos.
Los inicios de la formación de profesores en México (1821-1921)
Authors: Galván Luz Elena Lafarga
Published: May 2013

En México la carrera del magisterio tiene una larga tradición. Se inició como un arte y se fue profesionalizando. En este artículo se presenta un recorrido por los diversos espacios académicos en donde el magisterio fue formado. Se inicia con su instrucción en el sistema lancasteriano y se continúa con academias e institutos hasta culminar con las escuelas normales. En estas instituciones fue la enseñanza de la pedagogía la que marcó la diferencia entre el arte de ser maestro y su profesionalización. Estos son los ejes que atravesaron al artículo. En cuanto a la guía teórica y metodológica, ésta se relaciona con la pregunta que plantea Dominique Julia para conocer cuáles eran los saberes y costumbres que tenía el maestro.
New records of lignocellulolytic fungi (Basidiomycetes) from the Atlantic Rain Forest in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Drechsler-Santos Elisandro Ricardo , Groposo Claudia , Loguercio-Leite Clarice
Published: May 2013

Ten new records of Auriculariales, Hymenochaetales, and Polyporales are reported and added to the checklist of the lignocellulolytic Basidiomycetes species of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Southern Brazil (State of Santa Catarina). Trechispora mollusca (Pers.) Liberta is reported for the first time to Brazil.
Evaluation of a portable chlorophyll meter to estimate chlorophyll concentrations in leaves of tropical wood species from Amazonian forest
Authors: Gonçalves José Francisco de Carvalho , Santos Junior Ulysses Moreira dos , Silva Emerson Alves da
Published: May 2013

A portable chlorophyll meter can be an important tool to estimating chlorophyll contents in leaves of tree species under field conditions. The method is quick and non-destructive compared to the classic chemical methods of pigment extraction. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of a portable chlorophyll meter (CCM-200, Opti-Science) to estimate the concentrations of chloroplastid pigments and the fraction of photosynthetically active irradiance absorbed by leaves (α) in four tropical wood species from Amazonian forest. The results shown positive correlation between the chlorophyll contente index (CCI) readings and concentrations of Chl a (P < 0.0001; r² = 0.904), Chl b (P< 0.0001; r² = 0.803), Chl tot (P< 0.0001; r² = 0.923) and α (P< 0.0001; r² = 0.886), suggesting that the portable chlorophyll meter can be an effective tool for the relative estimation of chlorophyll concentrations and the fraction of the photosynthetically active irradiance absorbed by the leaves of tropical tree species.
Flagellate green algae from four water bodies in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil
Authors: Menezes Mariângela , Bicudo Carlos Eduardo de Mattos
Published: May 2013

Floristic survey of flagellate green algae (Chlorophyceae and Prasinophyceae) from four water bodies in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Samples were collected bimonthly from September 1988 to August 1991. Thirty-five taxa of which 31 in Chlorophyceae (24 Chlamydomonadales and seven Volvocales) and four in Prasinophyceae (Polyblepharidales) were identified. Twenty-three taxa are new records for Brazil and 31 are registered for the first time for Rio de Janeiro State. On basis of cell shape, location of the nucleus and degree of longitudinal striations on the chloroplast surface a new combination, Vitreochlamys lefevrei (Bourr.) Menezes & C. Bicudo, is proposed. Integrating studies among morphological analysis on natural/cultured material and characterizing of reproduction/life cycle as well the correlating between the occurrence of the species and environmental conditions are needed in order to better knowledge the degree of phenotypic plasticity within the members of the flagellate green algae in the country.
UK construction participants’ experiences of adjudication
Authors: Agapiou Andrew
Published: May 2013

This paper aims to fill a gap in the literature by exploring the construction professionals’ interaction with adjudication at a key stage in its evolution based on a focus group analysis of industry experiences. The research aims to provide a richer understanding of the professional’s interaction with the adjudication process more generally, as well providing detailed insights into the issues that different professional groupings have experienced with the process, more specifically. At first glance, the conclusions of the research offer few surprises, confirming the importance of financial aspects of the process, the timescales involved, the quality of adjudication professionals and the role of legal practitioners in adjudication. A closer examination of the focus group analysis, however, suggests that the loss of confidence in the process is attributable to a myriad of interrelated factors linking professional reputation with understanding of commercial realities and business relationships, lawyer–client power imbalances and dispute tactics, the role of lawyers with dispute complexity, parliamentary intentions and the timescale of the process. Although, it is recognised that on-going changes to adjudication will add more uncertainties into the context, the findings of this study will act as a springboard from which further research will be conducted.
Broken Communication in Nursing Can Kill: Teaching Communication is Vital
Authors: Judd Maureen
Published: May 2013

Nursing communication is vital to quality and safe nursing care. Evidence continues to increase that communication breakdowns are responsible for medication errors, unnecessary costs, and inadequate patient care. Nursing students can be taught enhanced communication skills during clinical conferences using innovative teaching strategies, examples of which are described in this article.
EMDR Individual Protocol for Paraprofessional Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial With First Responders
Authors: Jarero Ignacio , Amaya Carolina , Givaudan Martha , Miranda Alaide
Published: May 2013

The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) individual protocol for paraprofessional use in acute trauma situations (EMDR-PROPARA) is part of a project developed at the initiative of Dr. Francine Shapiro. This randomized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of the protocol administered by experienced EMDR therapists. There were 39 traumatized first responders on active duty randomly assigned to receive two 90-min sessions of either EMDR-PROPARA or of supportive counseling. Participants in the EMDR-PROPARA group showed benefits immediately after treatment, with their scores on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) showing further decreases at 3-month follow-up. In comparison, supportive counseling participants experienced a nonsignificant decrease after treatment and an increase in the SPRINT scores at the second follow-up. The significant difference between the two treatments provides preliminary support for EMDR-PROPARA’s effectiveness in reducing severity of posttraumatic symptoms and subjective global improvement. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the efficacy of this intervention.
A Case Study: The Integration of Intensive EMDR and Ego State Therapy to Treat Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety
Authors: Lobenstine Farnsworth , Courtney Deborah
Published: May 2013

This study used a quantitative, single-case study design to examine the effectiveness of the integration of intensive eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and ego state therapy for the treatment of an individual diagnosed with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The participant received 25.5 hr of treatment in a 3-week period, followed with 12 hr of primarily supportive therapy over the next 6-week period. Clinical symptoms decreased as evidenced by reduction in scores from baseline to 6-week follow-up on the following scales: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) from 46 (severe depression) to 15 (mild mood disorder), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) from 37 (severe anxiety) to 25 (moderate anxiety), and Impact of Events Scale from 50 (severe PTSD symptoms) to 12 (below PTSD cutoff). Scores showed further reductions at 6-month follow-up. Results show the apparent effectiveness of the integration of intensive EMDR and ego state work.
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients in Baja California, Mexico, and Hispanic Patients in California
Authors: Bojorquez Ietza , Barnes Richard F. W. , Flood Jennifer , López-Gatell Hugo , Garfein Richard S. , Bäcker Claudia E. , Alpuche Celia , Vinetz Joseph M. , Catanzaro Antonino , Kato-Maeda Midori , Rodwell Timothy C.
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We sought to compare prevalence and determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) between tuberculosis patients in Baja California, Mexico, and Hispanic patients in California.

Methods. Using data from Mexico’s National TB Drug Resistance Survey (2008–2009) and California Department of Public Health TB case registry (2004–2009), we assessed differences in MDR-TB prevalence comparing (1) Mexicans in Baja California, (2) Mexico-born Hispanics in California, (3) US-born Hispanics in California, and (4) California Hispanics born elsewhere.

Results. MDR-TB prevalence was 2.1% in Baja California patients, 1.6% in Mexico-born California patients, 0.4% in US-born California patients, and 2.7% in Hispanic California patients born elsewhere. In multivariate analysis, previous antituberculosis treatment was associated with MDR-TB (odds ratio [OR] = 6.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.34, 12.96); Mexico-born TB patients in California (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 1.19, 21.75) and those born elsewhere (OR = 7.69; 95% CI = 1.71, 34.67) had greater odds of MDR-TB compared with US-born patients (reference category).

Conclusions. Hispanic patients born outside the US or Mexico were more likely to have MDR-TB than were those born within these countries. Possible explanations include different levels of exposure to resistant strains and inadequate treatment.
Early Life Exposure to the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Old-Age Mortality by Cause of Death
Authors: Myrskylä Mikko , Mehta Neil K. , Chang Virginia W.
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We sought to analyze how early exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic is associated with old-age mortality by cause of death.

Methods. We analyzed the National Health Interview Survey (n = 81 571; follow-up 1989–2006; 43 808 deaths) and used year and quarter of birth to assess timing of pandemic exposure. We used Cox proportional and Fine-Gray competing hazard models for all-cause and cause-specific mortality, respectively.

Results. Cohorts born during pandemic peaks had excess all-cause mortality attributed to increased noncancer mortality. We found evidence for a trade-off between noncancer and cancer causes: cohorts with high noncancer mortality had low cancer mortality, and vice versa.

Conclusions. Early disease exposure increases old-age mortality through noncancer causes, which include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and may trigger a trade-off in the risk of cancer and noncancer causes. Potential mechanisms include inflammation or apoptosis. The findings contribute to our understanding of the causes of death behind the early disease exposure–later mortality association. The cancer–noncancer trade-off is potentially important for understanding the mechanisms behind these associations.
Impact of Welfare Reform on Mortality: An Evaluation of the Connecticut Jobs First Program, A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wilde Elizabeth T. , Rosen Zohn , Couch Kenneth , Muennig Peter A.
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We examined whether Jobs First, a multicenter randomized trial of a welfare reform program conducted in Connecticut, demonstrated increases in employment, income, and health insurance relative to traditional welfare (Aid to Families with Dependent Children). We also investigated if higher earnings and employment improved mortality of the participants.

Methods. We revisited the Jobs First randomized trial, successfully linking 4612 participant identifiers to 15 years of prospective mortality follow-up data through 2010, producing 240 deaths. The analysis was powered to detect a 20% change in mortality hazards.

Results. Significant employment and income benefits were realized among Jobs First recipients relative to traditional welfare recipients, particularly for the most disadvantaged groups. However, although none of these reached statistical significance, all participants in Jobs First (overall, across centers, and all subgroups) experienced higher mortality hazards than traditional welfare recipients.

Conclusions. Increases in income and employment produced by Jobs First relative to traditional welfare improved socioeconomic status but did not improve survival.
Installation of a Bridge Barrier as a Suicide Prevention Strategy in Montréal, Québec, Canada
Authors: Perron Stéphane , Burrows Stephanie , Fournier Michel , Perron Paul-André , Ouellet Frédéric
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We investigated whether the installation of a suicide prevention barrier on Jacques-Cartier Bridge led to displacement of suicides to other jumping sites on Montréal Island and Montérégie, Québec, the 2 regions it connects.

Methods. Suicides on Montréal Island and Montérégie were extracted from chief coroners’ records. We used Poisson regression to assess changes in annual suicide rates by jumping from Jacques-Cartier Bridge and from other bridges and other sites and by other methods before (1990–June 2004) and after (2005–2009) installation of the barrier.

Results. Suicide rates by jumping from Jacques-Cartier Bridge decreased after installation of the barrier (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13, 0.43), which persisted when all bridges (IRR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.55) and all jumping sites (IRR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.54, 0.80) in the regions were considered.

Conclusions. Little or no displacement to other jumping sites may occur after installation of a barrier at an iconic site such as Jacques-Cartier Bridge. A barrier’s design is important to its effectiveness and should be considered for new bridges with the potential to become symbolic suicide sites.
Job Strain and Health-Related Lifestyle: Findings From an Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis of 118 000 Working Adults
Authors: Heikkilä Katriina , Fransson Eleonor I. , Nyberg Solja T. , Zins Marie , Westerlund Hugo , Westerholm Peter , Virtanen Marianna , Vahtera Jussi , Suominen Sakari , Steptoe Andrew , Salo Paula , Pentti Jaana , Oksanen Tuula , Nordin Maria , Marmot Michael G. , Lunau Thorsten , Ladwig Karl-Heinz , Koskenvuo Markku , Knutsson Anders , Kittel France , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Goldberg Marcel , Erbel Raimund , Dragano Nico , DeBacquer Dirk , Clays Els , Casini Annalisa , Alfredsson Lars , Ferrie Jane E. , Singh-Manoux Archana , Batty G. David , Kivimäki Mika
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We examined the associations of job strain, an indicator of work-related stress, with overall unhealthy and healthy lifestyles.

Methods. We conducted a meta-analysis of individual-level data from 11 European studies (cross-sectional data: n = 118 701; longitudinal data: n = 43 971). We analyzed job strain as a set of binary (job strain vs no job strain) and categorical (high job strain, active job, passive job, and low job strain) variables. Factors used to define healthy and unhealthy lifestyles were body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, and leisure-time physical activity.

Results. Individuals with job strain were more likely than those with no job strain to have 4 unhealthy lifestyle factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 1.39) and less likely to have 4 healthy lifestyle factors (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.80, 0.99). The odds of adopting a healthy lifestyle during study follow-up were lower among individuals with high job strain than among those with low job strain (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.96).

Conclusions. Work-related stress is associated with unhealthy lifestyles and the absence of stress is associated with healthy lifestyles, but longitudinal analyses suggest no straightforward cause–effect relationship between work-related stress and lifestyle.
Bullying and Quality of Life in Youths Perceived as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in Washington State, 2010
Authors: Patrick Donald L. , Bell Janice F. , Huang Jon Y. , Lazarakis Nicholas C. , Edwards Todd C.
Published: May 2013

Objectives. We examined the association between perceived sexual orientation (PSO), bullying, and quality of life (QOL) among US adolescents.

Methods. We analyzed data from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey collected in public school grades 8, 10, and 12 (n = 27 752). Bullying status was characterized as never bullied, bullied because of PSO, or bullied for other reasons. Survey-weighted regression examined differences in QOL, depressed mood, and consideration of suicide by bullying status.

Results. Among male students, 14%, 11%, and 9% reported being bullied because of PSO in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, respectively; and among female students, 11%, 10%, and 6%. In all gender and grade strata, being bullied because of PSO was associated with lower QOL scores and increased the odds of depressed mood or consideration of suicide. Moreover, the magnitudes of these associations were greater than for being bullied for other reasons.

Conclusions. Bullying because of PSO is widely prevalent and significantly affects several facets of youth QOL. Bully-prevention or harm-reduction programs must address bullying because of PSO.
Building Community Disaster Resilience: Perspectives From a Large Urban County Department of Public Health
Authors: Plough Alonzo , Fielding Jonathan E. , Chandra Anita , Williams Malcolm , Eisenman David , Wells Kenneth B. , Law Grace Y. , Fogleman Stella , Magaña Aizita
Published: May 2013

An emerging approach to public health emergency preparedness and response, community resilience encompasses individual preparedness as well as establishing a supportive social context in communities to withstand and recover from disasters. We examine why building community resilience has become a key component of national policy across multiple federal agencies and discuss the core principles embodied in community resilience theory—specifically, the focus on incorporating equity and social justice considerations in preparedness planning and response. We also examine the challenges of integrating community resilience with traditional public health practices and the importance of developing metrics for evaluation and strategic planning purposes. Using the example of the Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Project, we discuss our experience and perspective from a large urban county to better understand how to implement a community resilience framework in public health practice.
Highly effective permeability and antifouling performances of polypropylene non-woven fabric membranes modified with graphene oxide by inkjet printing and immersion coating methods
Authors: Zhao Chuan-Qi , Xu Xiao-Chen , Li Rui-Yun , Chen Jie , Yang Feng-Lin
Published: May 2013

In the current study, graphene oxide (GO)-modified polypropylene non-woven fabric (PP-NWF) membranes were prepared via inkjet printing and immersion coating methods. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, pure water permeation (JPWP) and protein adsorption were tested to evaluate the impact of the GO nanosheet on the characteristics and performance of modiﬁed PP-NWF membranes. The results showed that the exfoliated GO nanosheets uniformly deposited on the membrane surface and firmly embedded into the interlaced fibers, resulting in the improvement of membrane hydrophilicity, permeability and antifouling properties comparing with original PP-NWF membranes. The GO-printed and GO-coated membranes had 113 and 188% higher ﬂuxes, and 70.95 and 75.74% lower protein adsorptions than the original PP-NWF membranes, respectively. After cross-linked treatment, ultrasound processing was conducted to evaluate the stability of the modified PP-NWF membranes. The results demonstrated that there was almost no decrease in permeation after ultrasonic treatment indicating that the cross-linking treatment could enhance the immobilization of the GO nanosheets on and into the modified membranes.
Investigation of chemical-free nutrient removal and recovery from CO2-rich wastewater
Authors: Jordaan Elsie M. , Rezania Babak , Çiçek Nazim
Published: May 2013

The feasibility of a bench-scale system for removal and recovery of phosphorus (P) as struvite from CO2-rich wastewater was tested. A continuous 12 L reactor system combining a fluidized seedbed and aeration for pH increase was developed and tested using synthetic feed. For a 100 mL min−1 influent rate, an aeration and recycle rate combination of 7 L min−1 and 700 mL min−1 was sufficient for increasing and maintaining the reactor pH from 6.7 to between 7.6 and 8.0. Significant P removal was achieved in 6 h runs without a seedbed (91–92%), while neither the struvite nor sand seedbeds improved P removal (91–96%). Struvite was recovered in all runs, with additional calcium (Ca) precipitation in the seedbed runs. Reactor operation was possible for an extended period of time, up to 46 h without any major adjustment during long-term run. The average P removal was 88%, and precipitate collected after 24 h was found to be mainly struvite, while the final precipitate had a Ca: total phosphorus molar ratio of 0.56 and also contained calcite. This study has demonstrated the technical feasibility of an aerated crystallization reactor system for chemical-free struvite removal and recovery from CO2-rich wastewater such as stored livestock manure.
Retention and distribution of Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn in a full-scale hybrid constructed wetland receiving municipal sewage
Authors: Xiao Haiwen , Zhang Shengli , Zhai Jun , He Qiang , Mels Adriaan , Ning Kejia , Liu Jie
Published: May 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the retention and distribution of Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn in a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) that consists of both vertical baffled flow wetlands (VBFWs) and horizontal subsurface flow wetlands (HSSFs) with unique flow regimes and oxygen distribution. The heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments, and plant tissues in the hybrid CW were analysed. The removal of heavy metals from the water stream in the monitoring period was not statistically significant. Metal concentrations in the sediments generally decreased along the wastewater treatment process. The reductive anaerobic condition in the VBFW may promote the sulphate reduction and form highly insoluble Cu, Pb, and Zn sulphides, resulting in the higher concentration of the bivalent cations in the VBFW sediments than the corresponding values in the HSSF; however, the aerobic and anoxic environments in the HSSF enhanced the removal of Cr with the co-precipitation of iron and manganese oxides, and their hydroxides. Metal concentrations in plant tissues were not significantly influenced by the concentrations in sediments, while roots contained statistically higher metal concentrations than stems and leaves. The sediments stored 94.01, 86.31, 95.85, and 89.51% of the total Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn retained in the hybrid CW system, respectively, while only small fractions (<10%) were accumulated in the harvestable macrophyte tissues. It is important to clean not only the accessible sediments in free water surface tank and ponds but also the embedded sediments in vegetated beds for the sustainable removal of heavy metals.
Working with energy and mass balances: a conceptual framework to understand the limits of municipal wastewater treatment
Authors: Garrido J. M. , Fdz-Polanco M. , Fdz-Polanco F.
Published: May 2013

At present all municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are energy consumers. Electrical energy requirements for oxygen transfer are large in secondary biological systems. Nevertheless, from a thermodynamic point of view chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an energy source. Combustion of every kilogram of COD releases 3.86 kWh of energy. In this manuscript some measures are presented, from a conceptual point of view, in order to convert the actual concept of wastewater treatment as an ‘energy sink’ to an ‘energy source’ concept. In this sense, electrical self-sufficiency in carbon removal WWTPs could be obtained by increasing the sludge load to the anaerobic sludge digester. Nitrogen removal increases the energy requirements of WWTPs. The use of a combined two-stage biological treatment, using a high loaded first stage for carbon removal and a second stage combined nitrification–anammox process for nitrogen removal in the water line, offers a way to recover self-sufficiency. This is not a proven technology at ambient temperature, but its development offers an opportunity to reduce the energy demand of WWTPs.
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of copper ions using sodium dodecyl sulfate and its mixture with Brij 35, Tween 80 and Triton X-100
Authors: Zhao Baowei , Li Ruirui , Zhong Jinkui , Zhang Li
Published: May 2013

The performance of copper ion removal using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and its mixtures with Brij 35, Tween 80 (TW80) and Triton X-100 (TX100) by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was investigated. The effects of the molar ratio of nonionic surfactant to SDS on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS/Brij 35, SDS/TW80 and SDS/TX100, the removal efficiency of Cu2+, the residual concentration of SDS in the permeate solution and the permeate flux were tested. The results showed that the CMCs of the mixed surfactants were sharply less than that of pure SDS. The removal efficiencies of Cu2+ were up to the maximum values 98.3 and 95.8% when the molar ratios of Brij 35 and TW80 to SDS were 0.3, and it was 93.5% given 0.7 molar ratio of TX100 to SDS. The concentration of SDS in the permeate decreased dramatically with the addition of nonionic surfactant, and the permeate flux decreased slightly as the molar ratio increased. Compared with the performance by single SDS, the mixed SDS/Brij 35, SDS/TW80 and SDS/TX100 at an optimum composition could result in not only higher rejection of Cu2+ but also much less dosage of surfactant and concentration of SDS in the permeate.