bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of theoretical transmission loss in trunk gas pipeline
Authors: Xie Ying , Wang Xingzhi , Mai Fangrui
Published: December 2019

Owing to the limited accuracy and measurement uncertainty of the instruments installed in gas pipeline systems, it is impossible to completely avoid transmission loss during transportation of natural gas. This study established an uncertainty model for the measurement system determining the complex flow rates of trunk gas pipelines, analyzed the uncertainty calculation methods of different metering systems, and developed a calculation method for determining the theoretical transmission loss. Application showed that the theoretical transmission loss serves not only as an early warning regarding a transmission loss, but also as a guide to the pipeline enterprise for determining the transmission loss assessment index. If the actual transmission loss rate is smaller than the theoretical transmission loss rate during the calculation cycle, it means that the pipeline metering system is working normally. Otherwise, it is necessary to immediately investigate the reason behind the transmission loss and implement corresponding measures.
What factors influence feeling competent as a parent with multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Messmer Uccelli Michele , Ponzio Michela , Traversa Silvia
Published: December 2019

Objective

To identify factors that influence the perception parents with multiple sclerosis have of their competence in parenting.

Method/design

Subjects were parents of a child with a maximum of 18 years of age recruited through a national multiple sclerosis organization’s social media channels. Data on demographic and disease information, mood, coping, quality of life and perceived social support were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess associations between these variables and subjects’ perception of parenting sense of competence.

Results

The sample consisted of 285 parents with multiple sclerosis, with a mean age of 41 years and a mean disease duration of 10.4 years. In the multivariate analysis, independent determinants of lower parenting sense of competence were anxiety ( p =  0.012), depression ( p =  0.001) and dysfunctional coping ( p =  0.005). Problem-focused coping ( p =  0.029) and higher physical and mental scores on the SF-12 ( p =  0.006, p <  0.001, respectively) were related to a higher parenting sense of competence. Higher parent age correlated with a lower sense of parenting competence ( p =  0.002).

Conclusions

The perception parents with multiple sclerosis have of their parenting competence was most strongly correlated with mood, coping strategies and health-related quality of life, factors that are potentially modifiable.
Betulin Protects HT-22 Hippocampal Cells against ER Stress through Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Inhibition of ROS Production
Authors: Lee Phil Jun , Park Hye-Jin , Yoo Hee Min , Cho Namki
Published: December 2019

A key pathologic event in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neuronal cell death. ER stress-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in neurological disease processes. Betulin is one of the major triterpenoids found in Betula platyphylla that possesses several biological properties, including cytoprotective and antioxidative effects. Therefore, we investigated whether betulin could prevent ER stress-induced neurotoxicity in HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells. We observed that betulin reduced the thapsigargin (TG, an ER stress inducer)-induced apoptosis of HT-22 cells. Moreover, the cytoprotective effects of betulin were comparable to those of tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a potent ER stress-reducing agent. In our study, we confirmed that the ER stress-induced accumulation of ROS plays an important role in HT-22 cell death. Betulin also displayed cytoprotective effects in TG-injured HT-22 cells by reducing ROS generation; these results were comparable to those for N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a known ROS inhibitor. In addition, SnPP, a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor significantly blocked the cytoprotective effects and ROS scavenging activity of betulin. Based on these results, we believe that betulin-mediated induction of HO-1 may contribute to the neuroprotective effects against ER stress in HT-22 hippocampal cells. We also found that betulin significantly inhibited the TG-induced expression of CHOP and caspase-12. These results demonstrated that betulin could serve as a potential therapeutic agent against ER stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
S-Allylcysteine as an Inhibitor of Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced Precancerous Carcinogenesis in Human Lung Cells via Inhibiting Activation of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B
Authors: Wang Kaiming , Qi Qiuchen , Zhang Fang , Zhang Yongchun , Yang Min , Zhao Zhongxi
Published: December 2019

Oil-soluble organosulfur compounds in garlic are known for the anticancer effect. However, there are limited experimental studies to describe the effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), a main water-soluble derivative of garlic, in carcinogenesis. This study investigates the prevention function of SAC on carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced precancerous activity in human lung cells (A549). A549 cells were either pretreated (PreTM) or concurrently treated (CoTM) with 1 μM B(a)P and either 10 or 50 μM SAC. The 50 μM CoTM group inhibited B(a)P-induced cell proliferation by approximately 100%. The 50 μM SAC CoTM and PreTM inhibited the B(a)P-induced G2/M phase shift by 119% and 100%, respectively. Furthermore, the SAC PreTM exhibited the potential to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells relative to the B(a)P group by approximately 100%. The CoTM and PreTM elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) by at least 70% compared with B(a)P group. In this study, we demonstrated that the mechanisms involved in the inhibitory role of SAC in B(a)P-induced carcinogenesis, including suppression of cell proliferation and DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, attenuation of ROS formation, increase of SOD activity, and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, which indicated that SAC is potentially a novel therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of B(a)P-induced human lung cancer.
Scale-Dependent Functional Redundancy in a Tropical Forest
Authors: Zhang Hui , Ye Wanhui , Lian Juyu
Published: December 2019

Functional redundancy is an important tool for justifying and prioritizing species protection in forest ecosystem, but it is a scale-dependent. If functional redundancy really exists, functional trait composition tends to have higher predictive ability of community assembly than species composition. Thus, comparing the differences in the predictive ability of community assembly between species and functional trait compositions across spatial scale represents a useful tool to quantify how functional redundancy varies across spatial scales. Here, we used variation partitioning in combination with distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps to compare the differences in the predictive ability of community assembly between species composition and functional trait composition across spatial scales (20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 m) in a 20-ha subtropical forest plot. We found that functional trait composition possessed higher predictive ability of niche-based abiotic filtering process than species composition within 40 m. At 50 and 100 m scales, both species and functional trait compositions had approximately equal predictive ability of dispersal limitation processes. Thus, functional redundancy can only exist within 40 m scale but not 50 and 100 m scales. As a result, priority species loss protection should be performed at 50 and 100 m scales.
Daratumumab in untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Abdallah Nadine , Kumar Shaji K.
Published: December 2019

The treatment of multiple myeloma has evolved markedly in the last decade, but mortality remains high, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies. Daratumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, has shown clinical efficacy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs, including novel agents. More recently, promising results have been reported in patients with untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Clinical trials thus far have shown enhanced efficacy and tolerability of several daratumumab-based combinations in both transplant ineligible and eligible patients, without compromising transplant ability. However, benefit in high-risk subpopulations is still unclear. A subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab has been introduced to decrease the risk of infusion reactions, with preliminary results showing non-inferior efficacy. The antimyeloma activity of daratumumab is achieved through multiple mechanisms including direct, Fc-dependent, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Enhanced efficacy of daratumumab in combination with immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors is supported by preclinical data showing synergism. This review will focus on the role of daratumumab in untreated NDMM patients, highlighting the results of major clinical trials, and listing ongoing trials that are evaluating various daratumumab-based combinations in this setting.
On the Distinctive Features of the Modern Scientific Culture
Authors: Shang Zhicong
Published: December 2019

Remarkable strides have been made in science ever since the scientific revolution in the 17th century, and the scientific community continues to prosper today. In its professional activities and social life, this community has created a scientific culture that is increasingly prosperous and is having a significant impact on the development of human culture. The scientific culture has distinctive features that are different from those of the literary culture. For example, it emphasizes the decisive role of objective examination in the course of enquiry to reduce the impact of the subjectivity of researchers on the results. It also stresses the objectivity of knowledge and testing that objectivity through reproducibility. It favours experimental and mathematical approaches while underestimating the roles of imaginal and intuitive thinking, and advocates the values of utilitarianism. This paper concludes that the distinctive features of the scientific culture should be examined in the course of its current development to eliminate the negative impact of utilitarianism.
Uninspired: Framing Wheelchair Basketball and Able-Bodied Basketball in College News Sources
Authors: Watson John C.
Published: December 2019

Guided by framing theory, this study identifies qualitative differences in the coverage of college wheelchair and able-bodied basketball teams. The sample consisted of 160 wheelchair basketball and 160 able-bodied basketball articles published over five seasons in seven online, student-led news sources at universities with wheelchair sports programs. This analysis contrasts previous studies of adaptive sports coverage, which focused primarily on professional journalists’ portrayals of the Paralympics. The framing of wheelchair basketball players as high-performance, physical athletes was scarce when compared to the coverage of able-bodied athletes. Overall, wheelchair basketball was portrayed as lacking legitimacy. When performance of wheelchair basketball players and teams was noted, references to performance statistics, emphasis on the physical and psychological demands of the sport, and the use of literary devices were scarce. In contrast, able-bodied players were framed as talented, legitimate athletes and warriors fighting important battles for their teams. Critical disability theoretical implications are discussed. A discussion of practical implications for adaptive sports journalists, student sports reporters, and collegiate wheelchair basketball concludes the study.
Examining Maslow’s Hierarchy Need Theory in the Social Media Adoption
Authors: Ghatak Sanchita , Singh Surabhi
Published: December 2019

Social behavior of customers receives a sideline in social media, and the focus appears to be persistent on lead, conversions, and engagement. The psychology of customers is a significant element in the study of social media adoption. Maslow's theory on the hierarchy of needs describes the urge for strong desires after the individual's lower level is satisfied. The study attempts to examine and map the linkages of the Maslow Hierarchy with Social Media Adoption. The study is quantitative and descriptive. The responses from the sample size of 287 were collected using structured a questionnaire. EFA was performed to identify and map the items relating to each level of the hierarchy. CFA was conducted to find the goodness of fit. The findings suggest that the theory of Maslow's fits well with the proposed social media adoption model. The results revealed that social media adoption follows Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. The study may be carried out for scale development for evaluating intentions and reasons for social media usage. The companies can make use of the suggested model in the study for launching their various marketing campaigns.
Focused Classroom Coaching and Widespread Racial Equity in School Discipline
Authors: Gregory Anne , Ruzek Erik A. , DeCoster Jamie , Mikami Amori Yee , Allen Joseph P.
Published: December 2019

We examined the effects of a teacher coaching program on discipline referrals using records from 7,794 U.S. classrooms in secondary schools. Some classroom teachers took part in a trial: They were randomized to receive intensive coaching in a focal classroom or to form a business-as-usual control group. The remaining teachers taught in the same schools as the teachers in the trial. Previous research suggested that the coaching program was associated with increasing equity in discipline referrals in focal, coached classrooms. The current study addressed whether effects found in the teachers’ focal, coached classrooms generalized to diverse classrooms in their course load. Results suggested that the coaching program had no generalized effects on reducing referrals with African American students or racial referral gaps in classrooms with coached teachers, relative to the control teachers and the other teachers in the schools. We offer implications for coaching programs and directions for equity-oriented efforts to reduce racial discipline gaps.
Validity and correlates of the Brief Satisfaction With Appearance Scale for patients with limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis: Analysis from the University of California, Los Angeles Scleroderma Quality of Life Study
Authors: Fox Rina S , Mills Sarah D , Gholizadeh Shadi , Merz Erin L , Roesch Scott C , Clements Philip J , Kafaja Suzanne , Khanna Dinesh , Furst Daniel E , Malcarne Vanessa L
Published: December 2019

Objective:

The Brief Satisfaction With Appearance Scale measures two dimensions (Dissatisfaction with Appearance and Social Discomfort) of body image dissatisfaction in systemic sclerosis. This study examined the structural validity of the Brief Satisfaction With Appearance Scale across limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis subtypes, compared body image dissatisfaction by systemic sclerosis subtype, and identified the significant sociodemographic and medical correlates of body image dissatisfaction and whether they differed by subtype.

Methods:

Participants were 183 adults participating in the University of California, Los Angeles Scleroderma Quality of Life Study with limited cutaneous ( n = 101) or diffuse cutaneous ( n = 82) systemic sclerosis who received clinical examinations and completed questionnaires. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling were used.

Results:

The Brief Satisfaction With Appearance Scale’s two-factor structure fit well for both subtypes. Patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis reported greater body image dissatisfaction on both factors than patients with limited disease. Greater Dissatisfaction with Appearance was associated with younger age and being unmarried for limited patients, and with younger age and increased finger/hand skin involvement for diffuse patients. Greater Social Discomfort was associated with younger age and being unmarried for both subtypes.

Conclusion:

The Brief Satisfaction With Appearance Scale scores can be meaningfully compared across limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis. Patients with diffuse disease reported more body image dissatisfaction than those with limited disease. Findings demonstrate that both medical and sociodemographic variables are associated with body image dissatisfaction in systemic sclerosis and can be used to identify which patients may be at increased risk for body image dissatisfaction.
The adsorbing properties of mesoporous silica/carbon composites prepared by direct carbonization of the template as the sole source of the carbon phase
Authors: Gerasymenko Nataliya , Reyes Roberto Portillo , Espinosa Miguel Ángel Hernández , Mora Enrique Sánchez , Petranovskii Vitalii
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to prepare composite materials based on mesoporous silica/carbon, functionalized with acid groups, and also to analyze its application in the adsorption of dyes. These materials were prepared in a simplified unconventional route. The carbon phase was generated by direct carbonization of organic surface-active templates, which are used in the synthesis of meso-ordered silicas. The resulting composite materials were characterized in terms of their structure, texture, chemical composition, and surface chemical reactivity. Data obtained demonstrate uniform and ordered porous structures of approximately 70–200 Å, with a developed surface area of approximately 400–500 m2 g−1 and a large total pore volume of approximately 1.0–1.5 cm3 g−1. The potential of synthesized composite materials functionalized by oxygenated groups as adsorbents of cationic dyes was analyzed, the values of the maximum adsorption capacity between 317 mg g−1 and 245 mg g−1 were obtained. The adsorbing properties of silica/carbon composite materials obtained in an unconventional method using an organic template as the only carbon source were compared with the properties of silica/carbon composite materials manufactured by the conventional method using external precursors of the carbon phase. It has been proved that composite materials synthesized using an unconventional procedure, despite the fact that they have a lower carbon phase content, exhibit adsorption properties that are comparable or superior to materials elaborated in the traditional way, removing up to 85–90% of methylene blue from water contaminated with dye.
Arterial thrombosis in Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms predicts second cancer: a case-control study
Authors: De Stefano Valerio , Ghirardi Arianna , Masciulli Arianna , Carobbio Alessandra , Palandri Francesca , Vianelli Nicola , Rossi Elena , Betti Silvia , Di Veroli Ambra , Iurlo Alessandra , Cattaneo Daniele , Finazzi Guido , Bonifacio Massimiliano , Scaffidi Luigi , Patriarca Andrea , Rumi Elisa , Casetti Ilaria Carola , Stephenson Clemency , Guglielmelli Paola , Elli Elena Maria , Palova Miroslava , Rapezzi Davide , Erez Daniel , Gomez Montse , Wille Kai , Perez-Encinas Manuel , Lunghi Francesca , Angona Anna , Fox Maria Laura , Beggiato Eloise , Benevolo Giulia , Carli Giuseppe , Cacciola Rossella , McMullin Mary Frances , Tieghi Alessia , Recasens Valle , Isfort Susanne , Marchetti Monia , Griesshammer Martin , Alvarez-Larran Alberto , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Rambaldi Alessandro , Barbui Tiziano
Published: December 2019

Patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) are prone to the development of second cancers, but the factors associated with these events have been poorly explored. In an international nested case-control study, we recruited 647 patients with carcinoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer, hematological second cancer, and melanoma diagnosed concurrently or after MPN diagnosis. Up to 3 control patients without a history of cancer and matched with each case for center, sex, age at MPN diagnosis, date of diagnosis, and MPN disease duration were included (n = 1234). Cases were comparable to controls for MPN type, driver mutations and cardiovascular risk factors. The frequency of thrombosis preceding MPN was similar for cases and controls (P = .462). Thrombotic events after MPN and before second cancer were higher in cases than in controls (11.6% vs 8.1%; P = .013), because of a higher proportion of arterial thromboses (6.2% vs 3.7%; P = .015). After adjustment for confounders, the occurrence of arterial thrombosis remained independently associated with the risk of carcinoma (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.41), suggesting that MPN patients experiencing arterial events after MPN diagnosis deserve careful clinical surveillance for early detection of carcinoma. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03745378.
Managing chronic myeloid leukemia for treatment-free remission: a proposal from the GIMEMA CML WP
Authors: Baccarani Michele , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Accurso Vincenzo , Albano Francesco , Annunziata Mario , Barulli Sara , Beltrami Germana , Bergamaschi Micaela , Binotto Gianni , Bocchia Monica , Caocci Giovanni , Capodanno Isabella , Cavazzini Francesco , Cedrone Michele , Cerrano Marco , Crugnola Monica , D’Adda Mariella , Elena Chiara , Fava Carmen , Fazi Paola , Fozza Claudio , Galimberti Sara , Giai Valentina , Gozzini Antonella , Gugliotta Gabriele , Iurlo Alessandra , La Barba Gaetano , Levato Luciano , Lucchesi Alessandro , Luciano Luigia , Lunghi Francesca , Lunghi Monia , Malagola Michele , Marasca Roberto , Martino Bruno , Melpignano Angela , Miggiano Maria Cristina , Montefusco Enrico , Musolino Caterina , Palmieri Fausto , Pregno Patrizia , Rapezzi Davide , Rege-Cambrin Giovanna , Rupoli Serena , Salvucci Marzia , Sancetta Rosaria , Sica Simona , Spadano Raffaele , Stagno Fabio , Tiribelli Mario , Tomassetti Simona , Trabacchi Elena , Bonifacio Massimiliano , Breccia Massimo , Castagnetti Fausto , Pane Fabrizio , Russo Domenico , Saglio Giuseppe , Soverini Simona , Vigneri Paolo , Rosti Gianantonio
Published: December 2019

Several papers authored by international experts have proposed recommendations on the management of BCR-ABL1+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Following these recommendations, survival of CML patients has become very close to normal. The next, ambitious, step is to bring as many patients as possible into a condition of treatment-free remission (TFR). The Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell’Adulto (GIMEMA; Italian Group for Hematologic Diseases of the Adult) CML Working Party (WP) has developed a project aimed at selecting the treatment policies that may increase the probability of TFR, taking into account 4 variables: the need for TFR, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the characteristics of leukemia, and the patient. A Delphi-like method was used to reach a consensus among the representatives of 50 centers of the CML WP. A consensus was reached on the assessment of disease risk (EUTOS Long Term Survival [ELTS] score), on the definition of the most appropriate age boundaries for the choice of first-line treatment, on the choice of the TKI for first-line treatment, and on the definition of the responses that do not require a change of the TKI (BCR-ABL1 ≤10% at 3 months, ≤1% at 6 months, ≤0.1% at 12 months, ≤0.01% at 24 months), and of the responses that require a change of the TKI, when the goal is TFR (BCR-ABL1 >10% at 3 and 6 months, >1% at 12 months, and >0.1% at 24 months). These suggestions may help optimize the treatment strategy for TFR.
Therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a distinct entity with adverse genetic features and clinical outcomes
Authors: Saygin Caner , Kishtagari Ashwin , Cassaday Ryan D. , Reizine Natalie , Yurkiewicz Ilana , Liedtke Michaela , Stock Wendy , Larson Richard A. , Levine Ross L. , Tallman Martin S. , Park Jae H. , Kerr Cassandra , Przychodzen Bartlomiej , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Kalaycio Matt E. , Carraway Hetty E. , Hamilton Betty K. , Sobecks Ronald , Gerds Aaron , Mukherjee Sudipto , Nazha Aziz , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. , Advani Anjali S.
Published: December 2019

Patients with therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t-ALL) represent a small subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients who received genotoxic therapy (ie, chemotherapy or radiation) for a prior malignancy. These patients should be distinguished from patients with de novo ALL (dn-ALL) and ALL patients who have a history of prior malignancy but have not received cytotoxic therapies in the past (acute lymphoblastic leukemia with prior malignancy [pm-ALL]). We report a retrospective multi-institutional study of patients with t-ALL (n = 116), dn-ALL (n = 100), and pm-ALL (n = 20) to investigate the impact of prior cytotoxic therapies on clinical outcomes. Compared with patients with pm-ALL, t-ALL patients had a significantly shorter interval between the first malignancy and ALL diagnosis and a higher frequency of poor-risk cytogenetic features, including KMT2A rearrangements and myelodysplastic syndrome-like abnormalities (eg, monosomal karyotype). We observed a variety of mutations among t-ALL patients, with the majority of patients exhibiting mutations that were more common with myeloid malignancies (eg, DNMT3A, RUNX1, ASXL1), whereas others had ALL-type mutations (eg, CDKN2A, IKZF1). Median overall survival was significantly shorter in the t-ALL cohort compared with patients with dn-ALL or pm-ALL. Patients who were eligible for hematopoietic cell transplantation had improved long-term survival. Collectively, our results support t-ALL as a distinct entity based on its biologic and clinical features.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma: initial features, outcome, and late effects in 75 children and adolescents
Authors: Attarbaschi Andishe , Abla Oussama , Ronceray Leila , Bansil Shweta , Bomken Simon , Burkhardt Birgit , Ceppi Francesco , Chiang Alan K. S. , Dave Hema , Fedorova Alina , Henry Michael , Jazbec Janez , Kabickova Edita , Kotecha Rishi S. , Lazic Jelena , Loeffen Jan , Miakova Natalia , Osumi Tomoo , Pillon Marta , Pourtsidis Apostolos , Rigaud Charlotte , Tamamyan Gevorg , Tandon Sneha , Uyttebroeck Anne , Verdu-Amoros Jamie , Woessmann Wilhelm , Wrobel Grazyna , Giulino-Roth Lisa
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Children with PCNSL and no immunodeficiency have a good outcome when treated by a histological subtype–driven and radiation-free protocol. New treatment guidelines are needed for PCNSL in children and adolescents with an underlying immunodeficiency.
Efficacy of azithromycin in severe asthma from the AMAZES randomised trial
Authors: Gibson Peter G. , Yang Ian A. , Upham John W. , Reynolds Paul N. , Hodge Sandra , James Alan L. , Jenkins Christine , Peters Matthew J. , Marks Guy B. , Baraket Melissa , Powell Heather , Simpson Jodie L.
Published: December 2019

Background

Low-dose azithromycin is an effective therapy for persistent asthma; however, its benefit in severe asthma is not defined.

Methods

Participants with severe asthma were identified from the AMAZES randomised, placebo-controlled trial of long-term (48 weeks) low-dose azithromycin. Participants who met one of the following severe asthma definitions were included: 1) Global Initiative for Asthma step 4 treatment with poor asthma control (asthma control questionnaire score ≥0.75); 2) International Severe Asthma Registry definition; 3) American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society severe asthma definitions. The rate of total exacerbations was calculated for each subgroup and efficacy of azithromycin compared with placebo. Asthma-related quality of life was assessed before and after treatment along with adverse effects.

Results

Azithromycin significantly reduced asthma exacerbations in each group. In patients meeting the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society task force definition of severe asthma (n=211), the rate of exacerbations with treatment was 1.2 per person-year, which was significantly less than for placebo (2.01 per person-year), giving an incidence rate ratio (95% CI) of 0.63 (0.41, 0.96). The proportion of participants experiencing at least one asthma exacerbation was reduced by azithromycin from 64% to 49% (p=0.021). A similar beneficial treatment effect was seen in participants poorly controlled with Global Initiative for Asthma step 4 treatment and those with International Severe Asthma Registry-defined severe asthma. Azithromycin also significantly improved the quality of life in severe asthma (p<0.05). Treatment was well tolerated, with gastrointestinal symptoms being the main adverse effect.

Conclusion

Long-term, low-dose azithromycin reduced asthma exacerbations and improved the quality of life in patients with severe asthma, regardless of how this was defined. These data support the addition of azithromycin as a treatment option for patients with severe asthma.
Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition
Authors: Andreou Anna P. , Edvinsson Lars
Published: December 2019

Understanding the mechanisms of migraine remains challenging as migraine is not a static disorder, and even in its episodic form migraine remains an “evolutive” chronic condition. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine, associated genetic factors that may influence susceptibility to the disease, and functional and anatomical changes during the progression of a migraine attack or the transformation of episodic to chronic migraine. Migraine is a life span neurological disorder that follows an evolutive age-dependent change in its prevalence and even clinical presentations. As a disorder, migraine involves recurrent intense head pain and associated unpleasant symptoms. Migraine attacks evolve over different phases with specific neural mechanisms and symptoms being involved during each phase. In some patients, migraine can be transformed into a chronic form with daily or almost daily headaches. The mechanisms behind this evolutive process remain unknown, but genetic and epigenetic factors, inflammatory processes and central sensitization may play an important role.
Competition between Granule Bound Starch Synthase and Starch Branching Enzyme in Starch Biosynthesis
Authors: Han Huaxin , Yang Chuantian , Zhu Jihui , Zhang Lixia , Bai Yeming , Li Enpeng , Gilbert Robert G.
Published: December 2019

Background

Starch branching enzymes (SBE) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) are two important enzymes for starch biosynthesis. SBE mainly contributes to the formation of side branches, and GBSS mainly contributes for the synthesis of amylose molecules. However, there are still gaps in the understanding of possible interactions between SBE and GBSS.

Results

Nineteen natural rice varieties with amylose contents up to 28% were used. The molecular structure, in the form of the chain-length distribution (CLDs, the distribution of the number of monomer units in each branch) was measured after enzymatic debranching, using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis for amylopectin and size- exclusion chromatography for amylose. The resulting distributions were fitted to two mathematical models based on the underlying biosynthetic processes, which express the CLDs in terms of parameters reflecting relevant enzyme activities.

Conclusions

Finding statistically valid correlations between the values of these parameters showed that GBSSI and SBEI compete for substrates during rice starch biosynthesis, and synthesis of amylose short chains involves several enzymes including GBSSI, SBE and SSS (soluble starch synthase). Since the amylose CLD is important for a number of functional properties such as digestion rate, this knowledge is potentially useful for developing varieties with improved functional properties.
Alleviating dormancy in Brassica oleracea seeds using NO and KAR1 with ethylene biosynthetic pathway, ROS and antioxidant enzymes modifications
Authors: Sami Abdul , Riaz Muhammad Waheed , Zhou Xiangyu , Zhu Zonghe , Zhou Kejin
Published: December 2019

Background

Seed dormancy is a prevailing condition in which seeds are unable to germinate, even under favorable environmental conditions. HarvestedBrassica oleracea(Chinese cabbage) seeds are dormant and normally germinate (poorly) at 21 °C. This study investigated the connections between ethylene, nitric oxide (NO), and karrikin 1 (KAR1) in the dormancy release of secondary dormantBrassica oleraceaseeds.

Results

NO and KAR1 were found to induce seed germination, and stimulated the production of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and both ethylene biosynthesis enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) [1] and ACC synthase (ACS) [2]. In the presence of NO and KAR1, ACS and ACO activity reached maximum levels after 36 and 48 h, respectively. The inhibitor of ethylene 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) had an adverse effect onBrassica oleraceaseed germination (inhibiting nearly 50% of germination) in the presence of NO and KAR1. The benefits from NO and KAR1 in the germination of secondary dormantBrassica oleraceaseeds were also associated with a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2and O2˙ˉ) and antioxidant enzyme activity at early germination stages. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased 2 d and 4 d, respectively, after treatment, while no significant changes were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under NO and KAR1 applications. An increase in H2O2and O2˙ˉ levels were observed during the entire incubation period, which increasing ethylene production in the presence of NO and KAR1. Abscisic acid (ABA) contents decreased and glutathione reductase (GA) contents increased in the presence of NO and KAR1. Gene expression studies were carried out with seven ethylene biosynthesis ACC synthases (ACS) genes, two ethylene receptors (ETR) genes and one ACO gene. Our results provide more evidence for the involvement of ethylene in inducing seed germination in the presence of NO and KAR1. Three out of seven ethylene biosynthesis genes (BOACS7, BOACS9andBOACS11), two ethylene receptors (BOETR1andBOETR2) and one ACO gene (BOACO1) were up-regulated in the presence of NO and KAR1.

Conclusion

Consequently, ACS activity, ACO activity and the expression of different ethylene related genes increased, modified the ROS level, antioxidant enzyme activity, and ethylene biosynthesis pathway and successfully removed (nearly 98%) of the seed dormancy of secondary dormantBrassica olereaceseeds after 7 days of NO and KAR1 application.
Correlation between the Charlson comorbidity index and skeletal muscle mass/physical performance in hospitalized older people potentially suffering from sarcopenia
Authors: Gong Ge , Wan Wenhui , Zhang Xinghu , Liu Yu , Liu Xinhui , Yin Jian
Published: December 2019

Background

Sarcopenia is a decrease in skeletal muscle mass, physical performance, and muscle strength in older people. In this study, we aimed to explore the correlation between comorbidity and skeletal muscle mass and physical performance in older people.

Methods

This retrospective study included 168 subjects. Their medical history, physical function, computed tomography (CT) chest scans, and blood tests for nutrition were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) a low muscle mass group and (2) a normal muscle mass group. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare multiple sets of mean vectors.

Results

Overall, 72.02% of the subjects had a low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and low gait speed. The patients with low skeletal muscle mass and physical performance were older, had more serious comorbidities, and had longer average hospitalization periods and lower albumin and hemoglobin levels. Subjects with a high Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were more likely to be in the sarcopenic group than in the non-sarcopenic group. In addition, there was a linear correlation between the CCI and SMI (r = − 0.549, P < 0.05), and between the CCI and gait speed (r = − 0.614, P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) value for low skeletal muscle mass with the CCI was 0.879.

Conclusions

We identified an independent association between comorbidity and skeletal muscle mass/physical performance by researching the correlation between the CCI and SMI/gait speed. Our results suggested that the CCI score may have important clinical diagnostic value for sarcopenia.
The prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vaisi-Raygani Aliakbar , Mohammadi Masoud , Jalali Rostam , Ghobadi Akram , Salari Nader
Published: December 2019

Background

one of the most important age-dependent physiologic alterations in the body composition of older adult people is obesity and overweight, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality rate.

Objective

The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran.

Methods

The present study was conducted via meta-analysis and systematic review method, from March 2000 to October 2018. Subject-related literature was obtained via searches in ScienceDirect, Medline (PubMed), SID, Magiran, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I2 index, and data were analyzed by Comprehensive-Meta analysis software.

Results

In the assessment of 18 studies and 29,943 persons aged over 50 years, the prevalence of obesity in older adults of Iran was 21.4% (95%CI: 26.6–16.9%) based on the meta-analysis. The highest obesity prevalence was obtained in older adults of Babol (Amir Shahr) which was 44.2% (95%CI: 41.1–47.2%) in 2007, while the minimum obesity prevalence was found in older adults of Razavi Khorasan which was 11.3% (95%CI, 10–12.8%) in 2007. Further, as the sample size and the study year increased, the obesity prevalence diminished in older Iranian adults (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the prevalence of obesity in the older adults of Iran is high. Accordingly, healthcare planners and politicians should consider effective and practical policies to reduce obesity in older adults.
A heterozygous duplication variant of the HOXD13 gene caused synpolydactyly type 1 with variable expressivity in a Chinese family
Authors: Zaib Tahir , Ji Wei , Saleem Komal , Nie Guangchen , Li Chao , Cao Lin , Xu Baijun , Dong Kexian , Yu Hanfei , Hao Xuguang , Xue Yan , Si Shuhan , Jia Xueyuan , Wu Jie , Zhang Xuelong , Guan Rongwei , Ji Guohua , Bai Jing , Chen Feng , Liu Yong , Sun Wenjing , Fu Songbin
Published: December 2019

Background

Synpolydactyly type 1 (SPD1), also known as syndactyly type II, is an autosomal dominant limb deformity generally results in webbing of 3rd and 4th fingers, duplication of 4th or 5th toes. It is most commonly caused by mutation in HOXD13 gene. In this study, a five-generation Chinese family affected with SPD1 disease were collected. We tried to identify the pathogenic variations associated with SPD1 involved in the family.

Methods

We used the whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify the pathogenic variant in this family which was later confirmed by PCR-Sanger sequencing. The genetic variation were evaluated with the frequencies in the 1000 Genome Project and Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) dataset. The significance of variants were assessed using different mutation predictor softwares like Mutation Taster, PROVEAN and SIFT. The classification of variants was assessed according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines.

Results

Our results showed the mutation of 24-base pair duplication (c.183_206dupAGCGGCGGCTGCGGCGGCGGCGGC) in exon one of HOXD13 in heterozygous form which was predicted to result in eight extra alanine (A) residues in N-terminal domain of HOXD13 protein. The mutation was detected in all affected members of the family.

Conclusion

Based on our mutation analysis of variant c.183_206dupAGCGGCGGCTGCGGCGGCGGCGGC in HOXD13 and its cosegregation in all affected family members, we found this variant as likely pathogenic to this SPD1 family. Our study highlights variable expressivity of HOXD13 mutation. Our results also widen the spectrum of HOXD13 mutation responsible for SPD1.
Factors associated with dietary practice and nutritional status of pregnant women in Dessie town, northeastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Diddana Tona Zema
Published: December 2019

Background

Maternal undernutrition is highly prevalent in resource-poor settings. Hence, this study was intended to determine factors associated with the dietary practice and nutritional status of pregnant women in Dessie town, northeastern Ethiopia.

Methods

Community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. Six hundred four (604) pregnant women have participated. A two-stage sampling method was applied to select participants. Socio-demographic and socio-economic data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The dietary practice was measured using 13 dietary practice questions. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured by standard nonstretchable MUAC tape. Data were entered into Epi-Info 7 and exported to SPSS version 20. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted. Variables with P < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered for multiple logistic regression. At a 95% confidence interval, variable with 푃< 0.05 in multiple logistic regression analysis was considered statistically significant.

Result

About 54.8% of the pregnant women had poor dietary practice and 19.5% were undernourished. First trimester of pregnancy (AOR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.80), no history of illness 2 weeks before data collection date (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.80), poor perceived severity (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.33), poor perceived benefits (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.32) and poor self efficacy (AOR = 4.74; 95% CI: 2.94, 7.65) were significantly associated with poor dietary practice. Not attending antenatal care (ANC) (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI: 2.07, 5.78), illness (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.5), poor dietary diversity (AOR = 5.92; 95% CI: 3.59, 9.76), poor nutrition knowledge (AOR = 3.03; 95% CI: 1.87, 4.92), poor dietary practice (AOR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.91, 5.54) and poor perceived self efficacy (AOR = 5.59; 95% CI: 3.56, 8.79) were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with undernutrition.

Conclusion

The dietary practice of pregnant women was suboptimal and nutritional status was relatively high. Being in the first trimester of pregnancy and no history illness were negatively associated while poorly perceived severity to malnutrition, poor perceived benefits, and poor self-efficacy were positively associated with the poor dietary practice. Not attending ANC, history of illness, poor dietary diversity, poor nutritional knowledge, poor dietary practice, poorly perceived self-efficacy were positively associated with undernutrition. Government, health extension workers and other concerned bodies should encourage pregnant women to attend ANC, promote health during pregnancy, strength and counsel to improve dietary diversity and practice of good nutrition. They should focus on the perceived belief of dietary behaviors.
Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing prostate Cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhen Liang , Liu Xiaoqiang , Yegang Chen , Yongjiao Yang , Yawei Xu , Jiaqi Kang , Xianhao Wang , Yuxuan Song , Rui Hu , Wei Zhang , Ningjing Ou
Published: December 2019

Background

The application of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for diagnosis of prostate cancer has been recommended by the European Association of Urology (EAU), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature on assessing the accuracy of mpMRI in patients with suspicion of prostate cancer.

Method

We searched Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane online databases from January 12,000 to October 272,018 to extract articles exploring the possibilities that the pre-biopsy mpMRI can enhance the diagnosis accuracy of prostate cancer. The numbers of true- and false-negative results and true- and false-positive ones were extracted to calculate the corresponding sensitivity and specificity of mpMRI. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2 tool. Random effects meta-analysis and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) plot were performed for further study.

Results

After searching, we acquired 3741 articles for reference, of which 29 studies with 8503 participants were eligible for inclusion. MpMRI maintained impressive diagnostic value, the area under the HSROC curve was 0.87 (95%CI,0.84–0.90). The sensitivity and specificity for mpMRI were 0.87 [95%CI, 0.81–0.91] and 0.68 [95%CI,0.56–0.79] respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 2.73 [95%CI 1.90–3.90]; negative likelihood ratio was 0.19 [95% CI 0.14,-0.27]. The risk of publication bias was negligible with P = 0.96.

Conclusion

Results of the meta-analysis suggest that mpMRI is a sensitive tool to diagnose prostate cancer. However, because of the high heterogeneity existing among the included studies, further studies are needed to apply the results of this meta-analysis in clinic.
Microbial antigens-loaded myeloma cells enhance Th2 cell proliferation and myeloma clonogenicity via Th2–myeloma cell interaction
Authors: Tian Faqing , Lu Bo , Chen Ziren , Liu Junru , Ji Delan , Li Juheng , Tang Meiqin , Zhu Wei , Li Juan
Published: December 2019

Background

Myeloma cells retain B cell functions, considered to be potential antigen presenting cells, yet there is little information regarding promoting Th2 cell proliferation or the direct effects to myeloma on the Th2 cells stimulated by microbial antigens-loaded myeloma cells.

Methods

Mixed lymphocyte reaction was used colorimetric assays via CCK8-kit. Surface molecular expression was performed by flow cytometry, cells sorting using microbeads. The concentrations of cytokines in serum were assessed using an ELISA kit. Clonogenic assay were performed in a methylcellulose culture system. Statistical analysis was assessed using the Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance for multiple comparisons test.

Results

The expression of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD40 on RPMI8266 cell membrane surface was upregulated by interaction with interferon-γ and/or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccine (BCGV). RPMI8266 cells were able to induce the mixed lymphocyte reaction in a dose-dependent fashion. The Th2 ratio induced by RPMI8266 treated by BCGV and interferon-γ (treated-RPMI8266) cells was only slightly greater than by untreated-tumor cells, but the serum IL-4 level secreted by Th2 cells was markedly higher in treated-RPMI8266 cells group. Th2 cells stimulated by treated-myeloma cells could directly promote treated-myeloma cell clonogenicity in a dose-dependent manner. Anti-HLADR IgG2b completely blocked increased of IL-4 secretion by Th2 cells stimulated by treated-myeloma cells, while also blocked enhancing the clonogenicity of treated tumor cells stimulated by MM-Th2 cells.

Conclusions

These results indicate that a novel mechanism of myeloma pathogenesis in myeloma cells could act as an APC to present microbial Ags to Th2 cells, promoting Th2 cell proliferation, consequently facilitating tumor development by close interaction between Th2 myeloma cells. Taken together, the microbial Ag presenting course of MM-Th2-MM interactions—restricted by MHC class-II—may result in tumor development such that all factors involved in the system could have a potential for myeloma therapeutic intervention.