bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality maintenance of broccoli by the use of 1-MCP treatments
Authors: Zsom Tamás , Polgári Petra , Le Nguyen Lien Phuong , Hitka Géza , Zsom-Muha Viktória
Published: December 2020

Broccoli's high perishability and its sensitivity to negative quality changes (i.e., mass loss, ethylene induced degreening, abscission of leaves, and florets) generates quality problems during postharvest. Freshly harvested samples were stored at 5 and 21 °C after separately treated for 24 h with 625 ppb 1-methyl-cyclopropene (1-MCP), 24 h with 2 ppm ethylene and 1-MCP followed by ethylene. Quality maintenance effectivity of 1-MCP was investigated during cold and room storage by non-destructive optical methods (chlorophyll fluorescence and DA-index®) and by the evaluation of the visual physiological symptoms. The highly positive effects of 1-MCP treatment combined with cold storage were obviously proven on quality maintenance providing better retention of initial quality related to the initial mature green stage as chlorophyll content related DA-index®; Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, and Fm/F0 chlorophyll fluorescence values. From the practical point of view, the rapid, and easy-to-use Sintéleia FRM01-F Vis/NIR DA-meter® could be applied relatively easy for the quality measurement of broccoli. The reproducibility of quality determination could be increased by the enhanced number of measuring points or using computer aided imaging methods (i.e., chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, machine vision system) providing global and more reliable information about quality changes.
Acoustic investigation of chocolate by changing temperature and cocoa content
Authors: Badak-Kerti Katalin , Zsom-Muha Viktória , Zsom Tamás , Nagy Dávid , Felföldi József
Published: December 2020

In the experiments, the sound generated during the breaking of chocolate samples was examined. The fracture was performed by a precision penetrometer, the breaking sound was recorded. Texture index (TI) was calculated from the resulting signal. First the change of the resulting TI was monitored as a function of the samples' temperature. The sample groups of the same dark chocolate with different temperatures were completely separated from each other with statistical tool (LDA, linear discriminant analyses), but no trend was found to describe the change. Secondly, based on the TI, we could identify and classify the chocolate samples in the appropriate groups (based on cocoa content from 40 to 85%). According to linear discriminant analyses chocolates with different cocoa content were completely separated and showed a certain pattern. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the cocoa content of chocolate can be determined on the basis of TI obtained by acoustic method.
Dielectrical properties of Hungarian acacia honeys
Authors: Vozáry Eszter , Ignácz Kinga , Gillay Bíborka
Published: December 2020

The statement of overheating of honey during the processing is important in quality characterization of honey products. Four Hungarian acacia honeys were heated up to 35, 40, 50, 60, and 80 °C and held in water bath for 0.5, 4 and 24 h. The electrical impedance spectrum of honeys before and after heating at room temperature (22 °C) were measured with precision LCR meters in frequency range from 30 Hz up to 30 MHz at 1 V voltage with Ag/AgCl electrodes. The spectra after open-short correction were approached with a circuit model consisting of a serial connection of two distributed elements and a resistance. The model parameters were determined. One of the resistance parameters can be used for detecting the previous heating of honey after detailed investigation of the recrystallization process following the heating. The complex electrical permittivity also was determined in the frequency range from 1 MHz up to 3 GHz.
Colour of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions influenced by the length of cold storage •
Authors: Somogyi E. , Lázár J. , Bodor P. , Kaszab T.
Published: December 2020

Colour is one of the most important phenotypic characters of the table grape cultivars, which has high importance in the consumer's preference. This morphological trait is variable and not consistently uniform within a cultivar or even a bunch. Between harvest and consumption fruits are stored for several weeks which time is influencing the colour of the berry. In this study 10 grapevine accessions (Agaphante, KM98, Korai piros veltelini, Korona, Pinot gris, Pozsonyi, Ros de Minis, Tramini piros, T9, Zenit) were collected from the germplasm collection of the Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology of the National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre of Kecskemét. The samples were investigated by ColorLite Sph850 spectrophotometer. The colour of 30 berries per accessions were measured in 3 replicates per berry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the colour and the effect of cold storage. L✻, a✻, b✻values of each accessions were evaluated after the sampling and until a visible reduction in the quality of the grapes, at most 4 weeks with 1-week intervals from the harvest. Results showed that there is a significant difference among the cultivars in the L∗, a∗, b∗ values. The length of cold storage also has a significant effect on the colour of the accessions as the values are changing in some cases of the 1-week storage period.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant active components against Pseudomonas lundensis and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Hussein Khabat Noori , Molnár Tímea , Pinter Richard , Toth Adrienn , Ayari Emna , Friedrich Laszlo , Dalmadi Istvan , Kiskó Gabriella
Published: December 2020

This work aimed to study the antimicrobial activity of eight various components of plant origin on the growth of Pseudomonas lundensis and Listeria monocytogenes. Different in vitro methods were used: agar plate diffusion, micro atmosphere, agar hole diffusion, micro-dilution, and gradient-plate method. In the first agar plate assay, p-cymene and γ-terpinene did not inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria therefore they were not used in further experiments. Both α-pinene and limonene were only partially effective, but these were screened only for their partial inhibition. The other four components completely inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria. Using the agar-well diffusion method showed that carvacrol and thymol were found to be the most effective active components, thymol had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 1.563 mg/mL, however, in the case of carvacrol, MIC was 7.813 μL/mL. Additionally, eugenol and camphor show the same results but in higher concentrations. Gradient plate method was used to determine MIC values, in which it has been proved that carvacrol and thymol possess strong antimicrobial activity, no growth of tested bacteria was observed with carvacrol (100 μL/mL), while thymol exhibited MIC of 1.887 mg/mL against P. lundensis and 0.943 mg/mL needed to show complete inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes. Further experiments are needed to determine the optimum concentrations of the active components against P. lundensis and L. monocytogenes.
Nondestructive detection of low temperature induced stress on postharvest quality of kápia type sweet pepper
Authors: Zsom Tamás , Zsom-Muha Viktória , Le Nguyen Lien Phuong , Nagy Dávid , Hitka Géza , Polgári Petra , Baranyai László
Published: December 2020

Application of cold storage temperatures below optimum induces a high risk and threat of chilling injury (CI) in the case of sensitive commodities. Sweet pepper belongs to this group of vegetables, so our main objective was to investigate and monitor the effect of non-optimal temperatures (2.5 and 5 °C) induced stress (chilling injury) on kápia type sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during its postharvest storage by nondestructive quality measuring methods. Fresh, semi-matured (reddish-green colored) samples of ‘Kapitány F1’ cultivar were stored at 2.5, 5 and 10 °C for 7 d followed by 7 d shelf-life. Nondestructive texture measurements were carried out by a purpose built tabletop acoustic stiffness device. Surface color and chlorophyll content related quality indices were evaluated by a chroma meter, a DA-meter® and a chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system. High resolution digital pictures were captured and analyzed for possible CI defects by means of surface color values (normalized RGB, hue and saturation). According to our results, the evaluated quality indices (DA-index®, acoustic stiffness coefficient, surface color parameters; F0, Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm chlorophyll fluorescence parameters) clearly represented the temperature dependent quality changes during low temperature storage, subsequently followed by ambient shelf-life. Samples stored under and at 5 °C showed the chilling temperature stressed symptoms of delayed and partly retarded postharvest ripening, even under simulated shelf-life conditions, but without the onset and manifestation of the characteristic visible symptoms of chilling injury. This may raise doubts and suggest possible future research areas regarding the role of non-optimal cold storage temperatures induced stress, the effect of chilling injury contributing factors and consequences.
Stuart Piggin and Robert D. Linder, Attending to the National Soul: Evangelical Christians in Australian History 1914–2014.
Authors: Shorter Rosie Clare
Published: December 2020

Stuart Piggin and Robert D. Linder, Attending to the National Soul: Evangelical Christians in Australian History 1914–2014. Monash University, Victoria: Monash University Publishing, 2020, pp. 640. ISBN: 978-192583566 (hbk).
Carolus Grütters and Dario Dzanovic (eds), Migration and Religious Freedom: Essays on the Interaction between Religious Duty and Migration Law
Authors: Cusack Carole M.
Published: December 2020

Carolus Grütters and Dario Dzanovic (eds), Migration and Religious Freedom: Essays on the Interaction between Religious Duty and Migration Law (Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2018), pp. 256, ISBN: 978-94-62-40456 (pbk). €39.95.
Jahanara Begum
Authors: Hussain Ashna
Published: December 2020

Women’s visibility in both the imperial and sacred realms under the Mughal Empire (1526–1856) was often limited to traditional roles. Yet, a cursory glance at the history of imperial Mughal women reveals active engagement in politics and a public persona that complemented the empire’s religious and political rhetoric. One such woman was Jahanara Begum (1614–1681), a Mughal princess whose imperial influence was distinct to that of her female predecessors. Her biographical treatise, Risalai-Sahibiyyah, highlights the intersection between the socio-political and spiritual through a Sufistic centred approach. By publicly presenting herself through traditional modes of representation, Jahanara was able to exercise her agency through the appropriation of those modes. Subsequently, Jahanara’s agency in her religious persona lends to a better understanding of women’s navigation of religious expression.
Modern Thinking in Islam
Authors: Milani Milad , Adrahtas Vassilios
Published: December 2020

This special issue will begin by asking the question: just how critical is 'Islamic thinking' in the modern period? Which of the host of Muslim intellectuals throughout the period in question can we say have produced works that show ground-breaking progress in thinking about religion and society? Which of them, even in challenging the status quo, have surpassed conventional paradigms of the Islamicate world? This might seem an unfair, even extreme, expectation to be measured against, but it is nevertheless one that we have to be daring enough to assert if we are going to talk about 'originality' and 'creativity' and, even more significantly, 'authenticity' (cf. Varga and Guignon 2020). It is to the standard of authenticity that we must hold any such thinker(s). And so, something needs to be said here with regards to the vigour of modern thinking in Islam in the light of the intellectual history of Islam.
From Tradition to Modernity and Vice Versa
Authors: Adrahtas Vassilios
Published: December 2020

Mahmoud Muhammad Taha (1909–1985) was the most original Muslim modernist reformist of the twentieth century. His book The Second Message of Islam is a work that, on the one hand, reflects a deep and genuine Islamic experience and, on the other, engages boldly and creatively with the predicament and the challenges of modernity. Taha developed his idea of progressive Islam by drawing upon the spiritual fountains of tradition in order to promote the relevance and viability of the message of Islam within the modern world. And this he did with integrity; and this he paid with his life… The present article attempts to show the transactions between tradition and modernity operative in the work of Taha, based on his insightful hermeneutics of the Qur’an and the Hadith. The final aim of the article is to put forward all of Taha’s major ideas—albeit not in any kind of exhaustive manner—namely, Mecca over Medina revelations, the inversion of naskh, the concept of evolution in Islam, the intention of Revelation and the ethico-religious core of Islam, as nothing less than a desperate plea for justice.
Influence of Moderate Cigarette Smoking on the Peri-Implant Clinicoradiographic Inflammatory Parameters Around Cement- and Screw-Retained Dental Implants
Authors: Alqahtani Mana
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of moderate cigarette smoking on the clinical (bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone resorption [CBR]) parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants at 5-year follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, smoking history, duration of implants in function, jaw location of the implant, and daily toothbrushing and flossing. Peri-implant BoP, PD, and CBR were measured in all groups. Group comparisons were performed using 1-way analysis of variance, and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was performed. The level of significance was set at P < .05. Forty-eight patients (25 smokers and 23 nonsmokers) had cement-retained dental implants, and 48 (24 smokers and 24 nonsmokers) had screw-retained dental implants. Among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants, PD (P < .05) and CBR (P < .05) were significantly higher among smokers than nonsmokers. The peri-implant sites that demonstrated BoP were statistically significantly higher among nonsmokers (P < .05) than smokers among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PD and CBR among smokers with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Among nonsmokers with cement and screw-retained dental implants, there was no statistically significant difference in BoP, PD, or CBR. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased PD and CBR around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Cigarette-smoking increases peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation as well as loss of crestal bone, and this relationship is independent of the type of implant retention protocol used. The author recommends that cement- and screw-retained dental implants are suitable for prosthesis restoration in nonsmokers. Further studies on dual smokers (individuals smoking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco products) are needed related to the clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants
Heat Analysis of Different Devices for Thermo-explantation of Dental Implants: A Numeric Analysis and Preclinical In Vitro Model
Authors: Kniha Kristian , Hölzle Frank , Al-Sibai Faruk , Jörg Johannes , Kneer Reinhold , Modabber Ali
Published: December 2020

Thermal treatment may reverse the osseointegration of implants and could become an atraumatic controlled method for implant removal in the future. The aim of this nonrandom in vitro study was to empirically identify suitable sources for a controlled heating process, to generate a homogenous temperature distribution at a threshold level of 47°C for future in vivo research. Two different setups evaluating 4 different sources (water, laser, monopolar, and an electrical joule heater device) were used to carry out infrared measurements and numerical calculations at 47°C along the implant axis and along the peri-implant area at the axial plane. Furthermore, required time intervals to heat up the implant tip from 33°C to 47°C were determined. The monopolar electric device led to the most uneven and unpredictable implant heating and was therefore excluded. The thermal analysis suggested identical thermal distributions without any significant differences for water and electrical joule sources with a heat maximum at the implant shoulder (P > .05). On the other hand, the laser device may produce the temperature maximum in the middle of the implant without any afterglow effect (P < .01). When the implant was heated from 33°C to 47°C, the water device indicated the fastest approach. Thermal distributions of water and laser sources may be suitable for clinical applications. For future research, numerical analysis suggests an ideal time interval of 120 seconds to 180 seconds for a homogenous implant temperature of 47°C.
Does the Presence of Pathological Change in the Schneiderian Membrane Increase the Risk of Membrane Perforation During Sinus Floor Elevation? A Systemic Review
Authors: Fang Ying , Bi Ye , Mashrah Mubarak Ahmed , Su Yucheng , Ge Linhu , Dong Yu , Qin Lei , Wang Liping
Published: December 2020

A Schneiderian membrane (SM) thickness of >2 mm is regarded as a pathological mucosal change. The current study aimed to determine whether sinus floor elevation (SFE) in the presence of SM pathology increases the risk of membrane perforation and implant failure rate. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were systemically searched for studies published until February 2020. Randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting the incidence of SM perforation in patients with SM pathology (antral pseudocyst or mucosal thickening) during SFE were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of SM perforation and implant survival rate. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effects model. A P value ≤.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Eighteen studies with a total of 1542 patients and 1797 SFE were included. A nonsignificant difference in the incidence of SM perforation was observed between the normal-appearing sinus and thickened sinus mucosa (fixed effects; OR, 0.896; 95% CI, 0.504–1.59; P = .707, I2 = 32%). The rates of SM perforation in the normal sinus, mucosal thickening, and antral pseudocysts were 14%, 6%, and 6% respectively. The implant survival rate was 98% in the normal sinus and 100% in antral pseudocyst and mucosal thickening. SM thickening or antral pseudocysts did not increase the risk of membrane perforation or rate of implant failure. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effect of pathological changes in the SM on the failure of bone augmentation and dental implants.
English Language Teacher Education: Rewriting S-1 National Curriculum
Authors: Djiwandono M. Soenardi
Published: December 2020

As part of an overall attempt to improve secondary school teacher education, a program has been launched to review and develop the national curriculum (KURNAS) of English language teacher education in Indonesia as a means to improve the quality of teachers of English. The new curriculum is at the same time intended to he a revision of the 1995 national curriculum supposedly in use now. For the purpose a team of three members was appointed by the Secondary School Teacher Development Project (nationally known as Proyek PGSM), comprising English teaching professionals from Universitas Negeri Malang. GAJAH MADA UNIVERSITY, and a senior high school teacher of English. Following a study of the existing documents related to ELT in Indonesia, an initial draft was written and gradually developed following a series of discussions and exchanges of ideas with teachers and professionals in the field of ELT. By the 3'. year of the appointment of the team, the draft for the new KURNAS comprising Books I, II, and III, has been completed and ready for a try-out. The try-out was intended to put into practice the Intensive Course (IC) Program as one of the most important components of the new KURNAS for the development of fluency in English as an essential basis for the preparation of competent high school teachers of English This article describes the background and the underlying principles of the curriculum revision, along with the classification and identification of courses, descriptions of courses their and syllabus outlines.
The Role of Needs Analysis in English for Specific Purposes
Authors: Astika Gusti
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the role of needs analysis in ESP. 'reaching ESP should not he considered as a different kind of teaching the language but rather as an approach as it is also based on the commonly held belief of teaching language for communicative purposes. The problems that ESP teachers have are similar to those of teachers of English for general purposes although there are some additional problems that may he beyond methods and pedagogy especially those related to non-linguistic matters. Students' needs are discussed from different angles and the theoretical basis of needs analysis is derived from the ideas of communicative competence proposed by Hymes (1972) and Canale and Swain (1980). Different approaches to needs analysis and its importance are also discussed. Finally, a model of framework for needs analysis as a basis for syllabus design is presented.
Semiotic of Symbolic Mode in Interpreting Mythology in English Poetry
Authors: Mulyoso Mulyoso
Published: December 2020

This paper is primarily based on the assumption that we need theories of literature in order to interpret the literary texts and explain literature as a unique form of communication. The so -- far traditional efforts of treating literary study as an intuitive analysis has contributed to the harsh criticism on the study of literature as merely ' the reading and understanding of literature'. Literature teaching has given too much emphasis on the enjoying and understanding of a literary piece, that is to say that merely by understanding the meaning of the language of a text, its cultural references, one is said to be in a position to respond critically to that text thus there is no need for  interpretation beyond that. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to interpret a literary text (mythology in English poetry) beyond its literal level by the use of semiotics of symbolic mode approach which allows the intratextual and intratextual analysis.
Assisting Reluctant Teacher's College Students to Autonomously Appreciate a Novel to Read
Authors: Kweldju Siusana
Published: December 2020

This paper is a report of how to make reluctant teachers' college students read in a prose course. These students were not interested in fiction and had never read interpretative fiction in English. The teacher sought to know why the students were reluctant to read, and how to make them read, and discovered that it was because of students' linguistic deficiency and their reluctance to read longer texts. The teacher also discovered that in spite of their reluctance they were interested in listening to the teachers' explanation about the cultural elements and the analysis of the short stories. Thus, provided with a guideline developed based on cultural and gender elements, students were motivated to autonomously read an assigned Pulitzer-winning novel.
Language Learning Strategies: Classification and Pedagogical Implication
Authors: Setiyadi Ag. Bambang
Published: December 2020

Many studies have been conducted to explore language learning strategies (Rubin, 1975, Naiman et.al., 1978; Fillmore, 1979; O'Malley et.al.,1985 and 1990; Politzer and Groarty, 1985; Prokop, 1989; Oxford, 1990; and Wenden, 1991). In the current study a total of 79 university students participating in a 3- month English course participated. This study attempted to explore what language learning strategies successful learners used and to what extent the strategies contributed to success in learning English in Indonesia. Factor analyses, accounting for 62.1%, 56.0%, 41.1% and 43.5% of the varianceof speaking, listening, reading and writing measures in the language learningstrategy questionnaire, suggested that the questionnaire constituted threeconstructs. The three constructs were named metacognitive strategies, deep level cognitive and surface level cognitive strategies. Regression analyses, performed using scales based on these factors revealed significant main effects for the use of the language learning strategies in learning English, constituting 43% of the variance in the posttest English achievement scores. An analysis of variance of the gain scores of the highest, middle, and the lowest groups of performers suggested a greater use of metacognitive strategies among successful learners and a greater use of surface level cognitive strategies among unsuccessful learners. Implications for the classroom and future re-search are also discussed.
Maximing Learning Strategies To Pomote Learner Autonomy
Authors: Mistar Junaidi
Published: December 2020

Learning a new language is ultimately to be able to commu nicate with it. Encouraging a sense of responsibility on the part of the learners is crucial for training them to be proficient communicators. As such, understanding the strategies that they employ in acquiring the language skill is important to come to ideas of how to promote learner autonomy. Research recently conducted with three different groups of learners of English at the tertiary education level in Malang indicated that they used metacognitive and social strategies at a high frequency, while memory, cognitive, compensation, and affective strategies were exercised at a medium frequency. This finding implies that the learners have acquired some degrees of autonomy because metacognitive strategies requires them to independently make plans for their learning activities as well as evaluate the progress, and social strategies requires them to independently enhance communicative interactions with other people. Further actions are then to be taken to increase their learning autonomy, that is by intensifying the practice of use of the other four strategy categories, which are not yet applied intensively.
Vocabulary Analysis On Reading Texts Used By EFL Students
Authors: Sutyarsah C.
Published: December 2020

The vocabulary in the texts is the aspect that needs to identify. It is claimedthat the condition of the words in a text has a great influence to readers' comprehension. It is also commonly believed that comprehension depends on the extent that the words in a text are familiar to the readers. This case study was carried out in the English Education Department of University of Malang. The aim of the study is to identify and describe the vocabulary in the text and to seek if the text is useful for reading skill development. The reading materials under investigation were a collection of reading passages based on the syllabus (Reading Comprehension I) and limited to the passages that were used in class during the second semester, 1999. Based on the nature of the investigation, a descriptive qualitative design was applied to obtain the data. For this purpose, some available computer programs were used. They were used to find the description of vocabulary in the texts. The vocabulary analyses in the texts reveal some constrains. It was found that the texts, containing 7,945 words of 20 different texts, are dominated by low frequency words which account for 16.97% of the words in the texts. In terms of high frequency words occurring in the texts, function words dominate the texts. Of the 50 most frequent words, only two content words (people and say) were found. In the case of word level, it was found that the texts being used have very limited number of words from GSL (General Service List of English Words) (West, 1953). The proportion of the first 1,000 words of GSL only accounts for 44.6%. The data also show that the texts contain too large proportion of words which are not in the three levels (the first 2,000 and UWL). These words account for 26.44% of the running words in the texts. Based on the findings, some conclusions were drawn, it is believed that the constraints are due to the selection of the texts which are made of a series of short-unrelated texts (20 different topics). This kind of text is subject to the accumulation of low frequency words especially those of content words and limited of words from GSL. This vocabulary condition could defeat the development of students' readingskills and vocabulary enrichment.
Several Technical Considerations for Taking the (Paper-and-Pencil-Based) TOEFL Test
Authors: Sulistyo Gunadi Harry
Published: December 2020

The present article aims at presenting several points-commonly not realized by potential TOEFL test takers-that may be utilized to take the paper-and-pencil TOEFL. To these ends, several topics will be presented covering mainly the test format and the scoring scheme. It is under these topics that several technical strategies are discussed with the perspectives on successful paper-based TOEFL test taking.
Reciprocal Teaching and Genre-Based Approach Combination: A Proposed Strategy in Business English Classes
Authors: Hariyanto Sugeng
Published: December 2020

Reciprocal teaching (RT) is a teaching procedure for reading comprehension involving direct instruction, modeling, feedback and repeated practice in four cognitive strategies, namely questioning, clarifying, summarizing, and predicting. The focus of Genre-based approach is to show students how meaning can be constructed with language and train them to make use of language to fulfill their needs. This approach proceeds through 4 steps: preparation, modelng, joint construction, independent construction, plus one additional step, publishing. Reciprocal teaching approach (RT) is used because it can incorporate speaking activities. The texts are selected based on the genre that will be used in the work sites, namely in the office setting. This article presents how to apply reciprocal teaching and genre-based approach to teach Business English at non-English Department of university level. This proposed strategy has been tried out at Business Administration Department of State Polytechnic of Malang. A sample lesson plan is given at the end of this article.
Linguistic Relativity, Cultural Relativity, and Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Kadarisman A. Effendi
Published: December 2020

Every language is assumed to be unique, structurally and culturally. Taking this neo-Bloomfieldian assumption at the outset, this paper first points out the inadequacy of sentence grammars for foreign language teaching. Toward this end, the paper further argues for the necessity of understanding linguistic and cultural relativity. Linguistic relativity, or better known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, suggests that the way we perceive and categorize reality is partly determined by the language we speak; and cultural relativity implies that verbalization of concepts in a particular language is often culturally conditioned. As related to the field of foreign language teaching, relativity across languages and cultures presupposes contrastive analysis in a very broad senses. Thus, pointing out differences in language structures and cultural conventions should lead students to better acquisition of linguistic and cultural sensitivity.
Incorporating Culture into Listening Comprehension Through Presentation of Movies
Authors: Kusumarasdyati Kusumarasdyati
Published: December 2020

The use of movie videos as an instructional aid in the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) should be encouraged due to various pedagogical benefits. This article attempts to suggest a technique of utilizing movies in English listening classes in order to improve the aural perception skills of the learners. It comprises three stages:previewing, viewing, and postviewing. In the previewing stage, learners read a bried description of the theme of the movies to activate their prior knowledge, guess the meaning of certain keywords presented in sentential contexts, or familiarize-either with or without any subtitles-and while doing so they are supposed to answer several questions in written form. Finally, the learners are enganged into a postviewing activity in the form of contrasting cultures reflected in the movies. This technique of teaching listening has proved to be effective in developing listening skills in a foreign language and sentizing them to the target culture, which is an inseparable aspect of language learning.
English for Non English Department at Brawijaya University: How Essential?
Authors: Winarni Indah
Published: December 2020

For years, English has been a compulsory subject for the students of non-English departments (henceforth English for SNED). The success of English for SNED at the tertiary level of education has largely been questioned due to various constraints in all levels of its operation. Related to the large resources involved, overall evaluation is necessary. This can be started with analysis of needs, which, in a large organization like university, should be done in two stages (Coleman, 1988). While the present sudy does not pretend that it could be regarded as Coleman's first stage of needs analysis, it would offere a significant contribution to such an undertaking. Carried out in Brawijaya University, this study was aimed at describing, through a set of questionnaires, the perception of graduates, English instructors and subject lecturers on (1) the aim of English for SNED, and (2) the role of references written in English in the level of study programs. As previous studies suggested, conflicting aims of English for SNED in the perception of respondents were identified. This study delienated four different groups with regards to the use of references written in English in the level of study programs.
PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN REQUEST REALIZATIONS
Authors: Syahri Indawan , Kadarisman A. Effendi
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the pragmatic transfer in English request realizations made by EFL learners, i.e. the proficient learners. The subjects were students of an English Study Program who obtained TOEFL-like scores of at least 450. The data were collected by means of DCT-questionnaires and Role-plays. The results show that the subjects realize requests in the form of external modifications more frequently. Most of them embed their requests with supportive moves dominantly. They enfold the acts with the moves before, after or in both positions. Of the three positions, they mostly insert the moves initial position, i.e.,through inductive patterns. This is due to pragmatic transfer.
CULTURE SHOCK EXPERIENCED BY FOREIGN STUDENTS STUDYING AT INDONESIAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Poedjiastutie Dwi
Published: December 2020

This study was designed to examine the potential culture shock experienced by foreign students in Indonesian university. There were 10 foreign students who responded to the questionnaires sent by the writer through BIPA (Indonesian for foreigners) in international office of foreign students universities. It was found that there were three points of academic life that make foreign students experience culture shock, namely: teacher's roles and attitudes; poorly organized programs; and the local students attitudes. In social life, it was found that foreign students experienced culture shock in 3 aspects, namely: women-men relationships; different ways of thinking and different habits.
FROM ENGLISH AS A GENERAL SCHOOL SUBJECT ONTO ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM FOR LEARNING SPECIFIC SUBJECTS: THE NEED TO SHIFT IN THE TEACHING ORIENTATION
Authors: Aniroh Kun
Published: December 2020

The teaching of ESP so far has been dominated by the belief that linguistic mastery of English is considered sufficient to deliver the contents of the subject matter concerned. This view seems to need a critical overview for verbal communication in general, let alone in ESP, requires both proficiency in the language and the contents. This implies that English teachers in ESP need to be equipped satisfactorily in English as well as the subject matter. An ESP teacher needs to possess a double competency. With this as a framework, the teaching of ESP accordingly will need to shift its focus from English in isolation to English as medium for subject matters exchanges.
IMPROVING TEACHERS' PROFESSIONALISM THROUGH MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CLASSROOM ACTION RESEARCH
Authors: Sukarni Emalia Iragiliati , Winarni Dwi , Nirmayanti Yuliana Tri
Published: December 2020

One of the ways to promote the International standard schools' teacher professionalism was to carry out weekly workshops on material development based on curriculum pathways of the National Plus High Schools using the Information Technology (IT) facilities. This research developed teacher-made materials for the X grade. The materials were graded: narrative, recount, news item, descriptive, ranging from 250 to 500 words. The materials were then tried out in a Classroom Action Research (CAR) at eight classes of X grades. Based on previous research, teachers' preferences are made in line with the students' choice of issues to be discussed. It aimed at knowing the feasibility of the materials, the students' preference of exercises and students' level of competencies of each class related to the understandingof the units. Results of the questionnaires showed that most of the materials were understood and liked by the students. Thus, professionalism was seen during the process of the CAR.
DEVELOPING A MODEL OF TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION FOR EFL STUDENTS
Authors: Hamra Arifuddin , Syatriana Eny
Published: December 2020

This study aimed at designing a model of teaching reading comprehension based on the objectives of teaching reading at the senior high school and  the teachers’ understanding of the school curriculum and to describe the implementation of the model. The subject consisted of 24 teachers, 167 students of five SMAs (senior high schools) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This developmental study had five steps: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The result indicates that the model significantly increases the reading comprehension of EFL students (M= -14.43114), t(166) = -16.155, p <.05. The teachers and students stated that the learning condition, teaching and learning process, reading comprehension, instructional reading materials, and teachers’ teaching performance were well established. This interactive model improved the reading comprehension of the students significantly. Thus, it is an alternative model of teaching reading for EFL students.
LANGUAGE AND GENDER IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Mahmud Murni
Published: December 2020

his paper highlights the impact ofgender differences in English Language Teaching. It explores students’ learning styles as affected by the notions about men and women differences in communication. The data collected in 2008 from 20 males and 20 females’ English students of the State University of Makassar. It is to reveal their attitudes towards speaking to different sex, strategy to express opinion, group work preferences, activeness/passiveness, and their perception to increase English skills dealing with sex difference. It is revealed that female than male students were reluctant to speak to different sex; females preferred the direct way to express opinions (writing), work with the same sex, and tended to be passive in class. In addition, females saw the high possibility to increase their English skills by working with the same sex but the reverse is true for males. These differentstyles of female and male students in learning English were affected by the notions of women’s language.
LANGUAGE PROBLEMS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: LIMITING THE SCOPE
Authors: Kadarisman A. Effendi
Published: December 2020

This article critically discusses the paradigmatic shift in applied linguistics, resulting in a claim that countless real-world language problems fall within its scope, but in reality they weaken the discipline and make it lack a focus. Then it takes a closer look at the nature of these language problems, and picks out, for analysis, real examples of writing problems in ELT in Indonesian context. It further argues that, by focusing primarily on problems in ELT and SLA, applied linguistics reaffirms its well-defined position and underscores its significant contributions to both disciplines. Finally, it concludes the discussion by adding some notes on the question of autonomy in both applied linguistics and in ELT in Indonesia.
STRATEGIES OF LEARNING SPEAKING SKILL BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO SPEAKING PROFICIENCY
Authors: Mistar Junaidi , Umamah Atik
Published: December 2020

This paper was a subset report of a research project on skill-based English learning strategies by Indonesian EFL learners. It focusses on the attempts to reveal: (1) the differences in the use of strategies of learning speaking skill by male and female learners, and (2) the contribution of strategies of learning speaking skill on the learners' speaking proficiency. The data from 595 second year senior high school students from eleven schools in East Java, Indonesia were collected using a 70 item questionnaire of Oral Communication Learning Strategy (OCLS) and a 10 item self-assessment of speaking proficiency. The statistical analysis revealed that gender provided significant effects on the intensity of use of six types of strategies of learning speaking skill – interactional-maintenance, self-evaluation, fluency-oriented, time gaining, compensation, and interpersonal strategies – with female learners reporting higher intensity of use. A further analysis found that four strategy types – interactional-maintenance, self-improvement, compensation, and memory strategies – greatly contribute to the speaking proficiency. These findings imply that strategies-based instruction, covering the four most influential strategies, needs to be integrated explicitly in the speaking class to help learners, particularly male learners, cope with problems in learning speaking skill.
￼DEBUNKING THE MYTHS OF NON-NATIVE ￼ENGLISH SPEAKER TEACHERS: ￼AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR MASAKI
Authors: Floris Flora Debora
Published: December 2020

Masaki Oda is a Professor of Applied Linguistics at Tamagawa University in Tokyo, Japan, specializing in Sociopolitical Aspects of Language Use. Prof. Oda got his PhD program from Georgetown University, where he also taught Japanese for several years. He returned to Japan in 1990 and began teaching EFL and training EFL teachers at Tamagawa University. He was the 2003 – 2004 Chair of the NNEST Caucus and is now the Director of Center for English as a Lingua Franca (CELF) at Tamagawa University and the AsiaTEFL Vice President. This interview highlights Professor Oda’s experiences and opinions regarding NEST (Native English Speaker Teacher) and NNEST (Non-Native English Speaker Teacher). He attempts to raise awareness among the professionals that there should be no divide between NEST and NNEST in the ELT profession.
￼AGE, GENDER AND GRADE EFFECT ON FOREIGN ￼LANGUAGE ANXIETY AMONG CHILDREN
Authors: Aydin Selami , Harputlu Leyla , Çelik Şeyda Savran , Uştuk Özgehan , Güzel Serhat
Published: December 2020

The number of studies on the relationship between certain demo- graphic variables, age, gender and grade, and the levels of foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context regarding adult and young learners is fairly limited, whereas the findings obtained from prior studies did not reach a consensus on the influences of FLA, and studies mainly focused on adult language learners rather than young learners. This study aims to explore the effect of age, gender and grade differences on FLA and its types, communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety, among Turkish children who learn English as a foreign language. The participants were 494 children enrolled at primary and secondary schools. The data collection tools were a background questionnaire interrogating the variables mentioned and the Children’s Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (CFLAS). After computing the reliability coefficient of the scale and total variance, independent samples t-test and ANOVA were used to see the relationships between the levels of FLA and its types and subject variables, age, gender, and grade. The results showed that age, gender, and grade constitute significant differences regarding FLA and its types, when several items in the CFLAS were considered. In the light of findings, several practical recommendations are listed.
AN EXPLORATION INTO FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH READING ANXIETY AMONG TAIWANESE EFL LEARNERS
Authors: Tsai Yea-Ru , Lee Chun-Yen
Published: December 2020

The present study was an elaboration on factors influencing for- eign language (FL) reading anxiety in EFL learners (n = 202) in Taiwan. Data were collected from three measures, a background information questionnaire, the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) and a semi-structured interview. The results showed that FL reading anxiety was associated with time spent on reading English, but not with gender and academic major. Moreover, FL reading anxiety was found to be positively correlated with text features and personal factors, but negatively correlated with reading strategy use, indicating that the more reading strategies a learner employs, the lower FL reading anxiety level he/she will experience. Unfamiliar vocabulary, unknown topics, long and complicated text structure as well as the fear of making mistakes were identified as the major factors of FL reading anxiety. This study contributes to extending our understanding of factors that might evoke EFL reading anxiety.
THE GOOD, THE BAD, OR THE UGLY: EXAMINING IRANIAN EFL UNIVERSITY TEACHERS' AND GRADUATE STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF PLAGIARISM
Authors: Alimorad Zahra
Published: December 2020

This study attempted to investigate Iranian EFL teachers' and students' perceptions of plagiarism, the reasons for committing it, and the ways through which it can be resolved. To do so, a questionnaire was administered to a convenient sample of university teachers (N=9) and students (N=34). Results revealed that compared to their students, teachers reported greater amount of plagiarism in the writing samples given to them, which might imply that they were more strict in detecting plagiarism. In terms of the unfairness of plagiarism, both groups pointed out that plagiarists are primarily unfair to the original author because they take the credit that s/he really deserves. Regarding the reasons for doing plagiarism, too, both groups concurred that the most prominent reason is the students' inability to write scientifically. Finally, while students thought that this problem could be solved through open discussion and negotiation, teachers posited that open discussion as well as severe punishment methods could be used to solve the problem.
PAKISTANI TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL LEARNING EXPERIENCES: COMPARING FACE-TO-FACE VERSUS ONLINE LEARNING
Authors: Khan Asma
Published: December 2020

This qualitative in-depth interview study investigated the experiences of Pakistani English teachers in an online community, English Companion Ning (ECN). The main purpose of the study was to investigate what ECN meant to these Pakistani teachers and how they found their professional learning experiences different in ECN from face-to-face professional development programs in Pakistan. Data were gathered from six teachers through in-depth interviews, guided tours, field notes, memos, and ECN logs. Using the grounded theory approach, this study analyzed and interpreted the data through initial, focused, and axial coding. Data analysis revealed that being free from budget, temporal, and geographical constraints, the ECN provided numerous opportunities to the Pakistani teachers for a sustained and long-term professional learning in a collaborative setting.