bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum cholesterol levels on admission and survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with zofenopril: a post hoc analysis of the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long‐term Evaluation trial
Authors: Borghi Claudio , Cicero Arrigo F.G. , Bacchelli Stefano , Esposti Daniela Degli , Ambrosioni Ettore ,   on behalf of the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long‐term Evaluation (SMILE) Study
Published: July 2009

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of early angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition by zofenopril in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and normal or high plasma low density lipoprotein‐cholesterolaemia. Post hoc analysis of the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long‐Term Evaluation study, a double‐blind, clinical trial including 1400 patients with anterior myocardial infarction, randomized to zofenopril (n = 699, 66% hypercholesterolemics) or placebo (n = 701, 64% hypercholesterolemics) for 6 weeks. The rate of the primary end‐point (6‐week combined occurrence of death and severe congestive heart failure) was 8.1% in hypercholesterolemic and 6.4% in normocholesterolemic patients (P < 0.03). The favourable effect of treatment with zofenopril was enhanced in hypercholesterolemics patients when compared with normocholesterolemics (RRR = 43%,P = 0.034 vs. 25%,P = 0.19). One‐year mortality was 10% in hypercholesterolemic patients vs. 7.5% in normocholesterolemic patients (P = 0.037), equally reduced in both hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemics patients by zofenopril. The presence of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with anterior myocardial infarction could be associated with more favourable effects of early ACE‐inhibition.
EC‐MPS permits lower gastrointestinal symptom burden despite higher MPA exposure in patients with severe MMF‐related gastrointestinal side‐effects
Authors: Sabbatini Massimo , Capone Domenico , Gallo Riccardo , Pisani Antonio , Polichetti Giuliano , Tarantino Giovanni , Gentile Antonio , Rotaia Eliana , Federico Stefano
Published: July 2009

Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events in renal transplant patients are a common cause of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dose reductions, which result in an increased risk of graft rejection because of a low immunosuppression. This study investigated whether conversion from MMF to enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium (EC‐MPS) in renal transplant patients with serious GI side‐effects, alleviated these symptoms and allowed administration of higher doses of EC‐MPS. Nineteen renal transplant patients with severe MMF‐related GI side‐effects underwent a progressive reduction in MMF dose until symptoms disappeared. At this point, 12‐h AUCMMF was evaluated and patients were shifted to an equimolar dose of EC‐MPS. The EC‐MPS dose was then progressively increased until the highest recommended dose was reached or GI symptoms re‐appeared. Four weeks post‐conversion, AUCEC‐MPS was determined. Conversion led to a mean increase in EC‐MPS dose of 68% (P < 0.0001), with a corresponding rise in AUC0‐12 (60.5%, P < 0.0006) associated with significant benefits in terms of both quality of life (Kidney Transplant Questionnaire, P < 0.01) and GI symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, P < 0.0001), using validated questionnaires. In five of 19 patients, the EC‐MPS dose could not be increased because of the prompt insurgence of GI symptoms. Renal function and biochemical parameters remained stable post‐conversion and no rejection episodes occurred. These findings suggest that, in selected patients, EC‐MPS may be better tolerated than MMF when GI symptoms are particularly important and permits higher mycophenolic acid exposure, when required.
Evaluation of gastric toxicity of indomethacin acid, salt form and complexed forms with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin on Wistar rats: histopathologic analysis
Authors: Ribeiro‐Rama A.C. , Figueiredo Isabel Vitoria , Veiga F. , Castel‐Branco M.M. , Cabrita A.M.S. , Caramona M.M.
Published: July 2009

Indomethacin (IM) is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug which inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is practically insoluble in water and has the capacity to induce gastric injury. Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) is an alkylated derivative of β‐CD with the capacity to form inclusion complexes with suitable molecules. IM is considered to form partial inclusion complexes with HP‐β‐CD by enclosure of thep‐chlorobenzoic part of the molecule in the cyclodextrin channel, reducing the adverse effects. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the gastric damage induced by the IM inclusion complex prepared by freeze‐drying and spray‐drying. A total of 135 Wistar rats weighing 224.4 ± 62.5 g were put into 10 groups. They were allowed free access to water but were maintained fasted for 18 h before the first administration until the end of the experiment. IM acid‐form, IM trihydrated‐sodium‐salt and IM‐HP‐β‐CD spray and freeze‐dried, at normal and toxic doses, were administered through gastric cannula once/day for 3 days. Seventy‐two hours after the first administration, the animals were sacrificed and the stomachs collected and prepared for morphological study by using the haematoxylin‐eosin technique. Lesion indexes (rated 0/4) were developed and the type of injury was scored according to the severity of damage and the incidence of microscopic evidence of harm. Microscopic assessment demonstrated levels of injury with index one on 10–25%. The type of complexation method had different incidence but the same degree. The results show that IM inclusion complexation protects against gastric injury, reducing the incidence and the maximum degree of severity from 4 to 1, with a better performance of the spray‐dried complex.
Characterisation of organic phosphorus in overland flow from grassland plots using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Bourke D. , Kurz I. , Dowding P. , O’Reilly C. , Tunney H. , Doody D. G. , O’Brien J. E. , Jeffrey D. W.
Published: July 2009

Grazing animals are known to change the characteristics of agricultural grasslands as a source of and pathway for phosphorus (P) loss to water. Previous work, using physico‐chemical analysis of the overland flow revealed that the presence of grazing animals increased the overall quantity of P being lost, in particular the unreactive and particulate P fractions. The aim of this study was to characterise the organic P (Po) fraction in overland flow from grazed and non‐grazed grassland small plots using phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy to give greater insight into P loss to water under simulated rainfall. The effect of the grazing animal was most pronounced in the dissolved unreactive P (DUP) and particulate unreactive P (PUP) fractions measured in overland flow from the grazed plots, over four times higher than from the non‐grazed plots. Five distinct classes of P compounds were detected in the 31P NMR spectra, inorganic orthophosphate (δ = 6.83 ppm), orthophosphate monoesters (δ = 4.95–5.69 ppm), orthophosphate diesters (δ = 1.89 ppm), phosphonates (δ = 19.38 ppm), and pyrophosphates (δ = −3.26 ppm). Distinct signals at 5.69, 5.37, 5.10, and 4.95 ppm in the overland flow extracts from the plots indicated significant concentrations of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate in the orthophosphate monoester region. Orthophosphate diesters (assigned to phospholipids) and phosphonates were also only detected in overland flow collected from the grazed plot. These results indicate that normal grazing management practices may not only affect the concentrations of Po but also the forms of Po being transferred from grassland systems to water.
Use of mycophenolate mofetil as a rescue agent in the treatment of severe generalized myasthenia gravis in three dogs
Authors: Abelson Amanda L. , Shelton G. Diane , Whelan Megan F. , Cornejo Lilian , Shaw Scott , O'Toole Therese E.
Published: July 2009

Objective –To describe the use of IV and oral mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as adjunctive therapy in 3 dogs with severe generalized myasthenia gravis.

Case Series Summary –Three dogs suffering from severe generalized myasthenia gravis as confirmed by acetylcholine antibody titers were treated with MMF as part of their treatment regimens. All 3 dogs had radiographic evidence of megaesophagus and suffered from severe regurgitation. Each dog was initially treated with pyridostigmine and supportive agents. When clinical remission was not achieved, IV MMF was administered to all dogs. Signs of clinical remission were apparent within 48 hours and all dogs were later maintained on oral MMF following resolution of regurgitation.

New or Unique Information Provided –This is the first report of the use of IV MMF as adjunctive treatment in dogs with severe generalized myasthenia gravis. Outcome was favorable in all 3 dogs and no adverse effects were noted from the MMF.
Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) envenomation in small animals
Authors: Pace Lonny B. , Vetter Richard S.
Published: July 2009

Objective
–
To provide a comprehensive review of relevant literature regarding the brown recluse spider (BRS) and to define those criteria that must be satisfied before making a diagnosis of brown recluse envenomation.

Etiology
–
The complex venom of the BRS contains sphingomyelinase D, which is capable of producing all the clinical signs in the human and some animal models.

Diagnosis
–
There is no current commercially available test. In humans there are many proposed guidelines to achieve a definitive diagnosis; however, there are no established guidelines for veterinary patients.

Therapy
–
Currently, no consensus exists for treatment of BRS envenomation other than supportive care, which includes rest, thorough cleaning of the site, ice, compression, and elevation.

Prognosis
–
Prognosis varies based on severity of clinical signs and response to supportive care.
Contraceptive Use in Australia: Evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Siedlecky Stefania
Published: July 2009

Summary: This paper analyses the patterns of contraceptive use among Australian women, using data from the 1995 National Health Survey. More than 44% of all women aged 18–49 years reported using a method of contraception. Among users, the 2 most commonly reported methods were the pill (60%) and condom (27%); IUD and natural methods accounted for less than 5% each. Sterilizing operations of the woman/partner were the most frequently reported reasons for nonuse of contraception in women aged over 35 years, while among the younger women the most reported reasons were pregnancy or trying to get pregnant and not being sexually active. Among pill‐users about a quarter were smokers, 20% overweight and 13% reported heart or circulatory disease. These figures were generally lower than in the general population but indicate a need for regular monitoring. The survey demonstrates the continuing evolution in the use of contraception among Australian women.
Microlaparoscopic Left Upper Quadrant Entry in Patients at High Risk of Periumbilical Adhesions
Authors: Parker Jim , Reid Geoff , Wong Felix
Published: July 2009

Summary: We performed a prospective study of microlaparoscopic direct entry in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) to determine the efficacy of this technique and the incidence and site of anterior abdominal wall adhesions in high‐risk patients. Direct insertion of the MiniPort introducer was successful with 1 attempt in 16 patients and in 2 attempts with 1 patient. Overall, 12 patients (71%) had either bowel or omentum adherent to the anterior abdominal wall. Eight of the 12 patients (75%) with a previous midline abdominal wall incision were found to have subumbilical adhesions. Two patients were noted to have LUQ omental adhesions. Direct insertion of a 2 mm microlaparoscopic primary port in the LUQ appears to be simple, safe and quick to perform. It provides an excellent view of the peritoneal surface of the anterior abdominal wall and umbilical area. This procedure is likely to be the preferred method of peritoneal entry in high‐risk patients in the future.
Transplacental Flecainide Therapy for Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia in a Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Edwards Andrew , Peek Michael J. , Curren Jan
Published: July 2009

Summary: We present the case of a twin pregnancy in which 1 fetus developed hydrops secondary to supraventricular tachycardia at 30 weeks' gestation. Transplacental flecainide administration successfully treated the condition without evidence of maternal or fetal side‐effects. The case raises ethical and possibly legal issues that present when 1 fetus in a twin pregnancy develops a condition the management of which could cause complications to the other twin and/or the mother.
The Incidence and Management of Failed Pipelle Sampling in a General Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Gordon S.J. , Westgate J.
Published: July 2009

Summary: A prospective audit was performed on 100 consecutive patients who underwent Pipelle endometrial sampling in a general outpatient clinic setting. The indications for sampling were abnormal menstrual bleeding (AMB, 65), intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding (IMB/PCB, 7), postmenopausal bleeding (PMB, 28). An insufficient sample was obtained in 33 women: (AMB 14, 21.5%); IMB/PCB, (0); PMB 19, 68%). In 3 women the Pipelle was unable to be introduced through the cervix; in the remainder an insufficient sample for histological diagnosis was obtained. Registrars and resident doctors were more likely to sample insufficiently. In the AMB group all but 1 woman with an insufficient sample had further investigations or treatment but 7 of 19 (37%) of PMB patients had no further investigations. Where definitive histology was available, endometrial polyps or submucous fibroids were found in half of the cases with an inadequate Pipelle sample. Pipelle sampling detected only 1 of the 2 cases of endometrial cancer in this study.
Endometrial Balloon Ablation Under Local Analgesia and Intravenous Sedation
Authors: Duggan P.M. , Dodd J.
Published: July 2009

Summary: We report a series of women (n = 16) with menorrhagia undergoing endometrial balloon ablation under local analgesia with light sedation. Ten women had significant, coexistent medical problems. The median duration of the procedure was 8.6 minutes (range 8.47–9.5 minutes). Postoperative assessment included pain scores assessed by linear analogue scale; requirement for opiate analgesia; length of postoperative stay and patient satisfaction with the procedure. The minimum postoperative follow‐up was 6 months. The procedure was well‐tolerated and in 80% of cases either no postoperative analgesia or simple analgesia only was required. Two women were admitted overnight, 1 for social reasons and the other for pain control. Three women ages 44, 54 and 55 years were amenorrhoeic at 6 months; 8 women were still menstruating but satisfied with the outcome and 5 women are seeking further treatment for menorrhagia. While the longer‐term efficacy of the procedure remains to be established these results indicate that endometrial balloon ablation under local analgesia and light sedation, a simple and acceptable technique, may be a suitable alternative to more difficult procedures such as rollerball ablation. This is most likely to be the case in appropriately selected women who are willing to accept a reduction in menstrual flow rather than amenorrhoea as the treatment outcome. The main disadvantage of balloon ablation is the cost of the disposable balloons and the need for a dedicated electrosurgical unit.
EVALUATION OF RECOVERABLE FUNCTIONAL LIPID COMPONENTS OF SEVERAL BROWN SEAWEEDS (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM JAPAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FUCOXANTHIN AND FUCOSTEROL CONTENTS1
Authors: Terasaki Masaru , Hirose Atsushi , Narayan Bhaskar , Baba Yuta , Kawagoe Chikara , Yasui Hajime , Saga Naotsune , Hosokawa Masashi , Miyashita Kazuo
Published: July 2009

Fucoxanthin (Fx) and fucosterol (Fs) are characteristic lipid components of brown seaweeds that afford several health benefits to humans. This article describes the quantitative evaluation of lipids of 15 species of brown seaweeds with specific reference to Fx, Fs, and functional long‐chain omega‐6/omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In addition, fatty‐acid composition of selected species was also accomplished in the study. Major omega‐3 PUFAs in the brown seaweeds analyzed were α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4n‐3), arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). Both Fx (mg · g−1 dry weight [dwt]) and Fs (mg · g−1 dwt) were determined to be relatively abundant in Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh (Fx, 3.7 ± 1.6; Fs, 13.4 ± 4.4) and Cystoseira hakodatensis (Yendo) Fensholt (Fx, 2.4 ± 0.9; Fs, 8.9 ± 2.0), as compared with other brown seaweed species. Studies related to seasonal variation in Fx, Fs, and total lipids of six brown algae [S. horneri, C. hakodatensis, Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch., Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze, Analipus japonicus (Harv.) M. J. Wynne, and Melanosiphon intestinalis (D. A. Saunders) M. J. Wynne] indicated that these functional lipid components reached maximum during the period between January and March. The functional lipid components present in these seaweeds have the potential for application as nutraceuticals and novel functional ingredients after their recovery.
THE RELATION BETWEEN N2 FIXATION AND H2 METABOLISM IN THE MARINE FILAMENTOUS NONHETEROCYSTOUS CYANOBACTERIUM LYNGBYA AESTUARII CCY 96161
Authors: Ferreira Daniela , Stal Lucas J. , Moradas‐Ferreira Pedro , Mendes Marta V. , Tamagnini Paula
Published: July 2009

The marine filamentous nonheterocystous nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii (F. K. Mert.) Liebman ex Gomont CCY 9616 was grown under diazotrophic and nondiazotrophic conditions and under an alternating 16:8 light:dark (L:D) regime. Nitrogenase activity appeared just before the onset of the dark period, reaching its maximum 1–2 h in the dark, subsequently decreasing to zero at the beginning of the following light period. Nitrogenase activity was only detected at low levels of O2 (5%) and when the culture was grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT‐PCR) analysis of one of the structural genes encoding nitrogenase, nifK, showed that the highest levels of transcription preceded the maximum activity of nitrogenase by 2–4 h. nifK transcription was not completely abolished during the remaining time of the 24 h cycle. Even in the presence of nitrate, when nitrogenase activity was undetectable, nifK was still transcribed. The H2‐uptake activity seemed to follow the nitrogenase, but the transcription of hupL (gene encoding the large subunit of uptake hydrogenase) preceded the nifK transcription. However, H2‐uptake and hupL transcription occurred throughout the 24 h cycle as well as under nondiazotrophic conditions, albeit at much lower levels. The hoxH transcript levels (a structural gene coding for the bidirectional hydrogenase) were similar under diazotrophic or nondiazotrophic conditions but slightly higher during the dark period. All three enzymes investigated are involved in H2 metabolism. It is concluded that the uptake hydrogenase is mainly responsible for H2 uptake. Nevertheless, uptake hydrogenase and nitrogenase do not seem to be coregulated.
Left Atrial Appendage Tip: An Unusual Site of Successful Ablation After Failed Endocardial and Epicardial Mapping and Ablation
Authors: DI BIASE LUIGI , SCHWEIKERT ROBERT A. , SALIBA WALID I. , HORTON RODNEY , HONGO RICHARD , BEHEIRY SALWA , BURKHARDT DAVID J. , NATALE ANDREA
Published: July 2009

Left Atrial Appendage Tip. Uncommon sites of ablation for arrhythmias can be the cause of failed ablations. This series includes 4 cases requiring ablation at the tip of the left atrial appendage after both endocardial and epicardial mapping and ablation failed. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 203‐206, February 2010)
Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Utilizing Robotic Catheter Navigation in Comparison to Manual Navigation and Ablation: Single‐Center Experience
Authors: DI BIASE LUIGI , WANG YAN , HORTON RODNEY , GALLINGHOUSE G. JOSEPH , MOHANTY PRASANT , SANCHEZ JAVIER , PATEL DIMPI , DARE MATTHEW , CANBY ROBERT , PRICE LARRY D. , ZAGRODZKY JASON D. , BAILEY SHANE , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , NATALE ANDREA
Published: July 2009

Background: Robotic catheter navigation and ablation either with magnetic catheter driving or with electromechanical guidance have emerged in the recent years for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare our center's experience of atrial fibrillation ablation using the Hansen Robotic Medical System with our current manual ablation technique in terms of acute and chronic success, as well as procedure time and radiation exposure to both the patient and the operator.

Methods: A total of 390 consecutive patients with symptomatic and drug‐resistant atrial fibrillation (289 males, 62 ± 11 years) were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent the procedure either with conventional manual ablation (group 1, n = 197) or with the robotic navigation system (RNS) (group 2, n = 193).

Results: The success rate for RNS was 85% (164 patients), while for manual ablation it was 81% (159 patients) (p = 0.264) at 14.1 ± 1.3 months with AADs previously ineffective. Fluoroscopy time was significantly lower for RNS (48.9 ± 24.6 minutes for RNS vs. 58.4 ± 20.1 minutes for manual ablation, P < 0.001). Mean fluoroscopy time was statistically reduced after 50 procedures (61.8 ± 23.2 minutes for first 50 cases vs. 44.5 ± 23.6 minutes for subsequent procedures, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Robotic navigation and ablation of atrial fibrillation is safe and effective. Fluoroscopy time decreases with experience.
Structural Modeling of Car Use on the Way to the University in Different Settings: Interplay of Norms, Habits, Situational Restraints, and Perceived Behavioral Control1
Authors: Klöckner Christian A. , Matthies Ellen
Published: July 2009

This manuscript presents the results of the application of an extended norm activation model to the explanation of car use on the way to the university with a sample of 430 students of 3 German universities. The proposed two‐stage structural model is supported by the data. First, a norm activation process starting with awareness of consequences activates subjective and personal norms. Second, behavior is determined by car‐use habits, perceived behavioral control (PBC), car access, and effort to use public transportation. The influence of personal norms on behavior is mediated by habits. Subgroup analyses of the second stage of the model show a high structural stability, but differences in the regression weights.
Predicting the Timing of Coming Out in Gay and Bisexual Men From World Beliefs, Physical Attractiveness, and Childhood Gender Identity/Role1
Authors: Bogaert Anthony F. , Hafer Carolyn L.
Published: July 2009

In a questionnaire study, we examined the age of “coming out” (i.e., acknowledging one's sexual identity) in gay and bisexual men as predicted by belief in a just world (BJW), personal efficacy (PE), physical attractiveness, childhood gender identity/role, and demographics. As hypothesized, men with a higher BJW, greater physical attractiveness, greater degree of same‐sex behavior, and younger age reported an earlier age of coming out. An interaction between BJW and childhood gender identity/role showed, as expected, that the relation with BJW only occurred among men with greater childhood femininity. Unexpectedly, PE was unrelated to age of coming out. Results add to previous studies on the coming‐out process and to work suggesting a buffering effect of BJW in other contexts.
PTEN expression is down‐regulated in liver tissues of rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by biliary stenosis
Authors: HAO LI SEN , ZHANG XIAO LAN , AN JUN YAN , KARLIN JUSTIN , TIAN XIAO PENG , DUN ZHI NA , XIE SHU RUI , CHEN SHUANG
Published: July 2009

The gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) codes for a tumor‐suppressor phospholipid phosphatase. Deletion, mutation or abnormal expression of PTEN is commonly found in many kinds of malignant tumors. At the time of this study, though, the role of PTEN expression in the pathology of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the dynamic expression of PTEN in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis, with special emphasis on the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vivo. The rat model of hepatic fibrosis used in this study employed common bile duct ligation. At four time points, the expression of PTEN in hepatic tissues and activated HSC in rat liver tissues was measured by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, real‐time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Further, α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), an activated HSC marker in rat liver tissues, was detected by immunohistochemical staining. This study showed that aggravation of hepatic fibrosis led to gradually decreasing expression of PTEN in the hepatic tissues. Further, as hepatic fibrosis worsens, PTEN‐expressing activated HSC accounts for an increasingly smaller percentage of all activated HSC. In contrast, the percentage of α‐SMA‐expressing HSC cells increases significantly. In conclusion, expression of PTEN mRNA and protein is down‐regulated in fibrogenic rat liver tissue, and its expression in HSC in vivo also decreases with progression of fibrosis. Thus, these results show that the dynamic expression of PTEN in hepatic tissues negatively correlates with activation and proliferation of HSC.
Orthodontic considerations for gingival health during pregnancy: a review
Authors: Mukherjee PM , Almas K
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Gingivitis is caused by several known systemic and local factors. Among systemic factors, the role of hormonal changes during pregnancy is well established. While presence of fixed orthodontic appliances alone may not cause gingivitis, factors such as pregnancy and poor oral hygiene combined together could precipitate acute gingival inflammation that may progress to a periodontal condition in a patient receiving orthodontic therapy. There has been an increase in the number of adult patients who are receiving orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliances could act as a potential plaque retentive source and aggravate inflammatory reactions that are seen during pregnancy. There is a lack of awareness regarding oral healthcare issues among patients who are pregnant and choose to seek orthodontic treatment. In addition, there is a need in the literature to outline management guidelines for patients who want to receive orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, with or without pre‐existing gingival conditions. This review focuses on the aetiology of pregnancy gingivitis and the management of orthodontic patients during pregnancy. Our emphasis is on patient education, oral hygiene maintenance, preventive and treatment strategies for the management of gingival health in orthodontic patients during pregnancy. We also highlight some of the possible complications of initiating orthodontic treatment during pregnancy.
Influence of gender and social factors on oral health, treatment degree and choice of dental restorative materials in patients from a dental school
Authors: Willershausen B , Witzel S , Schuster S , Kasaj A
Published: July 2009

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00401.x Willershausen B, Witzel S, Schuster S, Kasaj A. Influence of gender and social factors on oral health, treatment degree and choice of dental restorative materials in patients from a dental school.

Abstract:  Objective:  The attitude towards oral health is influenced by gender, the level of education and the social background of the patients The aim of the present study was to determine a possible relationship of gender, the educational level and the oral health as well as the choice of dental restorations.

Methodology:  A total of 2374 outpatients (age: 18–80 years) from a University dental school were assessed. Inclusion criteria were 15 remaining teeth and good general health. In addition to anamnesis data, information concerning educational level and present occupation was collected. The dental assessment included number of teeth, endodontic treatment, type of restorations (root canal fillings, restoration materials) as well as dental panoramic radiographs (OPG).

Results:  The female patients demonstrated a statistically significant higher percentage of restoration, more teeth with crowns and more tooth coloured fillings compared to men (P < 0.01). Patients with a higher level of education preferred more expensive restorations, whereas patients with a low level of education exhibited more inexpensive restorations. However, patients with private health insurance showed lower levels of carious lesions.

Conclusion:  The examined patients showed no significant correlation between educational level and type of dental restorations but female patients had a lower number of teeth and more restoration.
Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction among Persons with Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Wielinski Catherine L. , Varpness Sandra C. , Erickson-Davis Cordelia , Paraschos Andreas J. , Parashos Sotirios A.
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents unique personal and social challenges, particularly for those with onset before the age of 50 years.

Aim

The aim of this article is to evaluate sexual and non-sexual aspects of relationship satisfaction among persons with young-onset PD and their partners.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS) and Golombok–Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS).

Methods

Persons with PD (PWP) and partners who attended the 2005 National Parkinson Foundation Young Onset Network Conference were asked to complete a survey. Each survey included demographics, a clinical history questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), ISS, and GRIMS.

Results

Sixty PWP (63% men, 85% in a relationship) responded to the survey. Median age was 50 years (range 29–62), with a median age at symptom onset of 43 years (range 17–55). ISS scores indicated clinically significant sexual dissatisfaction in 37%. Relationship dissatisfaction measured by the GRIMS was scored as “poor” or worse in 57%. Depressive symptomatology was severe in 19% and mild in 33%. Sexual dissatisfaction (ISS) correlated with relationship dissatisfaction (GRIMS) (correlation coefficient [CC]=0.58, P <0.001). Relationship dissatisfaction (GRIMS) correlated with depressive symptomatology (BDI) (CC=0.38, P = 0.007). No correlations were found with any demographic or disease characteristics. Thirty-two couples (both the PWP and their partner) completed the surveys. Sexual and relationship dissatisfaction among PWP paralleled that of their partner (ISS: CC=0.48, P = 0.005; GRIMS: CC=0.61, P <0.001). Depressive symptomatology of the PWP correlated with their partners’ relationship dissatisfaction (CC=0.46, P = 0.010).

Conclusions

In this study, sexual and relationship dissatisfaction were prevalent among young-onset PD patients. PD patients were similar to their partners in their level of sexual and relationship dissatisfaction. The degree of dissatisfaction did not correlate with demographics or self-reported disease characteristics. Self-reported depressive symptomatology among PD patients was adversely associated with both their and their partner’s relationship satisfaction.
SOLID‐LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BETEL LEAVES (PIPER BETLE L.)
Authors: PIN K.Y. , LUQMAN CHUAH A. , ABDULL RASHIH A. , RASADAH M.A. , LAW C.L. , CHOONG T.S.Y.
Published: July 2009

This work investigated the effects of extraction temperature on the quality of extract and the kinetics of solid‐liquid extraction of betel leaves. In this study, the effects of extraction temperature on the quality of extract were evaluated by comparing the concentration of its active compounds, including hydroxychavicol (HC) and eugenol (EU). The results indicate that the increase of extraction temperature led to the increase of the concentration of HC. EU concentration was decreased when temperatures higher than 60C were used. The kinetics data show that the extraction process reached equilibrium in a short time – about 40 min. Two models, namely equilibrium‐dependent solid‐liquid extraction (EDSLE) model and diffusion‐dependent solid‐liquid extraction model were applied to describe the extraction process. By comparing the values of correlation coefficients, the EDSLE model was found to be more suitable in describing the extraction process as it provided a better fit to the experimental data.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Betel leaves is one of the invaluable medicinal plants that has multiple useful bioactivities found in Malaysia. In this work, the effect of extraction temperature on the quality of the extract of betel leaves was investigated by quantifying the change of two active compounds, namely hydroxychavicol and eugenol. This is because the bioactivities depend on the content of the phytochemicals within the plant. The critical extraction temperature was determined based on the findings. Aside from this, the kinetics of the extraction process was also studied. Two mathematical models including equilibrium‐dependent solid‐liquid extraction (EDSLE) model and diffusion‐dependent solid‐liquid extraction model were used to predict the extraction process. EDSLE, which is simple and easy to be solved, was applicable in simulating the extraction process. The findings from this study are useful in understanding and optimizing the solid‐liquid extraction process of betel leaves.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS DRYING METHODS ON TEXTURE AND COLOR OF TOMATO HALVES
Authors: ASKARI GHOLAM REZA , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , TAHMASBI MARYAM
Published: July 2009

Tomatoes were pretreated with osmotic solutions (NaCl and sucrose) at different concentrations and then dried using hot air (75C, 1.5 m/s), a vacuum (55C, 75 kPa) or hot‐air drying followed by microwave treatment (400 W, 10 s). The effects of pretreatment and drying method on the drying kinetics were examined. A puncture test and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the effects of these processes on texture and microstructure. Hunter values (L, a, b) were used to measure color. Measurements showed that two osmotic solutions, S3 (40% sucrose, 5% NaCl) and S4 (40% sucrose, 10% NaCl), performed better, reducing drying times and having a positive effect on microstructure, but an adverse effect on hardness. Apart from the type of process, dehydration reduced firmness and collapsed the structure of tomato halves. The subsequent microwave treatment then caused further damage, especially on the surface of the dried samples, but enhanced their color when combined with appropriate osmotic treatment.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study shows that the color and structural changes of tomato during drying can be reduced using appropriate procedure. This may find application in the production of dried tomato with better appearance and lower drying cost.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PISTACHIO GREEN HULL'S MARMALADE
Authors: MOHAMMADI MOGHADDAM T. , RAZAVI SEYED M.A. , MALEKZADEGAN F. , SHAKER ARDEKANI A.
Published: July 2009

This research aimed to study the effect of different levels of pistachio green hull (40–60%) and pectin (0–0.4%) on the flow characteristics of pistachio green hull's marmalade. It was found that pistachio hull's marmalade behaved as a pseudo‐plastic fluid. Seven models were used to describe time‐independent behavior of samples. To evaluate the ability of this models, two statistical parameters namely; R2 and root mean square error were used and finally power‐law model was found to be the most appropriate to fit the flow curves of pistachio hull's marmalade. Overall, the results showed that increasing the percent of pistachio hull increased the consistency coefficient in the range of 1.9–121 Pa·sn and apparent viscosity in the range of 0.67–7.95 Pa·s, whereas it decreased the flow behavior index in the range of 0.82–0.28. The change of flow behavior index and consistency coefficient with pectin did not follow a descriptive trend.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rheological properties of semisolid foods are important for quality control and process engineering calculations. Pistachio hull's marmalade is a semisolid gel made from puree of pistachio green hull, sugar, acid and pectin, which can be used in different formulations such as cake and cookies. Regarding the rheological data of marmalades in literature, comparisons in absolute terms do not provide useful information, possibly because of two reasons. Due to their complex mathematical geometries, some viscometers might not allow shear rate calculations and, hence, can only produce comparative rather than absolute flow behavior data. Another reason could be the differences in the production method or raw material used. Even very minor changes in composition or processing variables can dramatically influence the rheological properties. The knowledge obtained in this work will enable the pistachio processors to increase the efficiency of the design and quality control throughout the processing of this new product.
NUMERICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION ON THE SWALLOWING OF JELLY
Authors: MIZUNUMA H. , SONOMURA M. , SHIMOKASA K. , OGOSHI H. , NAKAMURA S. , TAYAMA N.
Published: July 2009

Studies of the swallowing process are especially important for the development of care foods for dysphagia. However, the effectiveness of experiments on human subjects is somewhat limited due to instrument resolution, stress to the subjects and the risk of aspiration. These problems may be resolved if numerical simulation of swallowing can be used as an alternative investigative tool. On this basis, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the swallowing of a simple jelly bolus. The structure of the pharynx was modeled using a finite element method, and the swallowing movements were defined by pharynx posterior wall shift, laryngeal elevation and epiglottis retroflexion. The rheological characteristics of the jelly were investigated using an oscillatory rheometer and a compression test. A Maxwell three‐element model was applied to the rheological model of the jelly. The model constants were obtained from compression tests because the mode of deformation and the stress level of the compression tests were similar to those of the swallowed jelly. The frictional relationship between the organs and the jelly was estimated experimentally from some frictional measurements between the jelly and a wet sloping surface. The results of the simulations for the soft and hard jellies showed different patterns of swallowing that depended on their hardness, and the soft jelly produced faster swallowing because of its flexibility.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The object of this study is to develop a numerical simulation model of swallowing. Numerical modeling is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the swallowing process and may also be expected to enable a systematic study of care foods that are safe and offer some degree of comfort to patients suffering from swallowing disorders. The computer simulation can be used for evaluation without dangerous risks to the patient.
TEXTURAL CHANGES IN CHOCOLATE CHARACTERIZED BY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TECHNIQUES
Authors: ANDRAE‐NIGHTINGALE LIA M. , LEE SOO‐YEUN , ENGESETH NICKI J.
Published: July 2009

Cocoa butter has a distinct texture due to unique interactions of polymorphic lipid structures. Part of chocolate's appeal is smooth mouthfeel; as fat or sugar bloom forms, textural change is perceived. Correlation of instrumental and sensory texture analysis has not been conducted in stored chocolate. The objective of this study was to analyze texture and color of dark and milk chocolate stored under conditions leading to fat and/or sugar bloom by instrumental and sensory measurements. Milk and dark chocolate was stored 5 weeks at various temperatures and relative humidity (RH), followed by instrumental and sensory texture analysis. All attributes, except springiness, were significantly affected by treatments. According to partial least squares linear regression, instrumental hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess modeled sensory hardness. The 30.0C incubator experienced temperature fluctuations, resulting in severe fat bloom. Temperature fluctuations during storage had more influence on texture perception than storage at high temperatures or high RH.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research serves as an initial study on textural aspects of chocolate quality upon storage that is the first report to correlate instrumental textural analysis of chocolate to sensory evaluation. Storage temperature and humidity of chocolate greatly impacts consumer texture perception, which is valuable information to small chocolate handlers and manufacturers who have noted to us that many of the larger companies may have this information – but it is not widely available. It also sets the stage for more detailed studies on texture and flavor of chocolate during storage. Although many storage studies on chocolate exist, those that intertwine studies of quality from both an instrumental and a sensory standpoint are lacking.
FLOW BEHAVIOR OF CLARIFIED ORANGE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: IBARZ RAQUEL , FALGUERA VICTOR , GARVÍN ALFONSO , GARZA SALVADOR , PAGÁN JORDI , IBARZ ALBERT
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a study of the rheological behavior of clarified and depectinated orange juices, with different soluble solid contents, at temperatures just above their freezing point. The rheological behavior of depectinated and clarified orange juice was determined for a wide range of soluble solid contents (10–65.8° Brix) and temperatures (−15 to 30C). The results indicated that the samples behave like a Newtonian fluid. The effect of temperature on the juice can be described with an Arrhenius‐type equation. It was found that the activation energy for viscous flow was in the range of 9.4 to 59 kJ/mol, depending on the concentration. The effect of the soluble solid content can be described by an exponential‐type equation. Finally, an equation in which dynamic viscosity depends on temperature and soluble solids content gives the following expression:η = 1 × 10‐15 exp(0.12C + 9021/T), where T in Kelvin, C in °Brix, and viscosity in mPa·s.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It is necessary to know the relationship between viscosity with temperature and concentration, since knowledge of these parameters is of vital importance in the manipulation, calculation and design of all those unit operations during the process, mainly those based on heat and quantum transfer.
PREDICTING THE SENSORY TEXTURE OF CEREAL SNACK BARS USING INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: KIM E.H.‐J. , CORRIGAN V.K. , HEDDERLEY D.I. , MOTOI L. , WILSON A.J. , MORGENSTERN M.P.
Published: July 2009

Twenty cereal snack bar samples (10 recipes × 2 oven sides) with a wide range of textural attribute intensities were evaluated by both a trained sensory panel and instrumental methods to determine which instrumental methods accurately predict sensory textural attributes of cereal snack bars in product development and quality control. Very few studies have been devoted to assessing the textural properties of cereal snack bars. We undertook a range of instrumental tests (three‐point bending test, cut (shear) test, puncture test, texture profile analysis [TPA] and modified TPA using a probe size smaller than the sample size) using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Moisture content and water activity of the bars were also measured. Relationships between sensory textural attributes, and instrumental and physical measurements of the bars, were determined by simple regression analysis. Several of the instrumental measurements showed a high degree of correlation (r ≥ 0.85, P < 0.001) with some of the sensory textural attributes. Correlations revealed that some of the instrumental measurements could be used to predict the sensory attributes of firmness, chewiness and crumbliness. The compression energy required for the second compression cycle of the modified TPA gave the best prediction of these attributes. Relationships between other sensory textural attributes (sample recovery, return time for springiness, moistness, mouthfeel, adhesiveness to teeth) and instrumental and physical measurements of the bars were less clear.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Texture is one of the most important sensory characteristics that determine consumer preference for cereal snack bars and is usually assessed by sensory evaluation. However, sensory evaluation is time‐consuming and expensive, and therefore, reliable and practical instrumental methods are needed to accurately predict sensory texture attributes. This article demonstrates that some of the sensory texture attributes of cereal snack bars can be well predicted using instrumental methods, and suggests possible instrumental methods that can be used at least in the product development and quality control stages. This study also contributes to enhance the knowledge in the research area of sensory instrumental correlation.
Nurse practitioners' use of clinical preventive services
Authors: Berry Judith A.
Published: July 2009

Purpose:To examine the use of clinical preventive services (CPSs) by nurse practitioners (NPs) in practice.

Data sources:A total of 53 transcribed NP–patient encounters and 28 NP surveys.

Conclusions:Based on content analysis of the transcribed interviews, only a small majority of NPs (60.4%) used at least one CPS per visit. From the post‐survey results, it appears that what NPs think they do varies greatly from what they actually do in clinical practice.

Implications for practice:The knowledge gained about the use of recommended CPSs may help promote better clinical practice among NPs and foster improvement in graduate school preparation of NP students.
Evaluation of the Ability of Eleutherine americana Crude Extract as Natural Food Additive in Cooked Pork
Authors: Ifesan B.O.T. , Siripongvutikorn S. , Hutadilok‐Towatana N. , Voravuthikunchai S.P.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT:  The scavenging activities of crude ethanolic extract from Eleutherine americana, on 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals were investigated. The results revealed that the extract produced IC50 values of 8.4 μg/mL and 0.78 mg/mL on DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals, respectively. The total phenolic content of the extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and the crude extract yielded high phenolic content of 4.56 μmol gallic acid equivalent per milligram dried extract. The extract, at different concentrations, was incorporated into pork, cooked in the microwave, and stored at 4 °C for 9 d. The crude extract demonstrated antioxidant activity, which increases with increased extract concentrations and retarded lipid oxidation in the cooked pork. Antibacterial activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus in the cooked pork revealed that at a concentration of 10.8 mg/100 g, the extract reduced the bacterial population by 0.57 log compared to control at 9 d of storage. The sensory results revealed that the pork samples treated with the extract and the control sample were not significantly different from day 0 to 6; however, on day 9 the treatments were significantly scored higher than the control. Furthermore, addition of the extract led to an increase in the redness values of the pork and this was acceptable from the sensory point of view. E. americana crude extract could be a promising novel antioxidant to prevent lipid oxidation and a potential natural color enhancer of red meat and meat products.