bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction can be Performed Safely in Patients with Obesity
Authors: Silverstein Max L. , Sorice-Virk Sarah , Wan Derrick C. , Momeni Arash
Published: May 2024

Background Numerous studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for postoperative complications following breast reconstruction. Hence, obesity has traditionally been considered a relative contraindication to microsurgical breast reconstruction. In this study, we investigated the impact of obesity on outcomes following microsurgical breast reconstruction.

Methods A retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive patients who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction with free abdominal flaps was performed. Subjects were divided into Nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2) and Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) cohorts. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate differences in patient characteristics, complication rates, and efficiency metrics between the two groups.

Results Of the 200 subjects included in the study, 128 were Nonobese, 72 were Obese. The prevalence of diabetes (3.9 vs. 16.9%, p = 0.002) and hypertension (14.7 vs. 39.4%, p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the Obese cohort. Among unilateral reconstructions, postoperative length of stay (LOS) was longer among Obese patients (3.1 vs. 3.6 days, p = 0.016). Seroma occurred more frequently in Obese patients following bilateral reconstruction (5.7 vs. 0.0%, p = 0.047). Otherwise, there were no significant differences in complication rates between the groups. On multivariate analysis, BMI was not independently associated with complications, LOS, or operative time.

Conclusion The improvements in clinical and patient-reported outcomes that have been associated with postmastectomy breast reconstruction do not exclude obese women. This study indicates that microsurgical breast reconstruction can be performed safely and efficiently in patients with obesity.
Assessing the sectoral water-energy-emissions nexus in North China: An input–output framework combining intersectoral footprint and SDA method
Authors: Tan Qinliang , Han Jian , Liu Yuan , Wang Xinyu
Published: May 2024

North China regions have faced serious water–energy–carbon (WEC) conflicts for many years, which severely delay the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Figuring out the sectoral WEC nexus clearly is a significant way to promote regional WEC synergistic benefits. By combining the input–output model and the structural decomposition analysis model, this study investigates how various drivers influence the sectoral WEC nexus and intersectoral footprint in North China regions. The method involves classifying the driving factors into four parts: the water–energy relationship, the energy intensity, the production structure adjustments, and end-use demand. The main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Reducing energy intensity in North China brings both water-saving and carbon reduction benefits, while increasing energy intensity causes increasing water consumption and carbon emissions. (2) Production structure adjustments result in different impacts on water use, energy use, and carbon emissions, which makes Inner Mongolia depend on more energy and less water during its development process from 2012 to 2017. This proposed method investigated the quantitative footprint changes caused by demand changes in key downstream sectors, which provides a new insight to explore and meliorate the sectoral WEC nexus in regions with acute energy–economy–environment conflicts.
Reciprocal space x-ray computed tomography
Authors: Vailionis Arturas , Wu Liyan , Spanier Jonathan E.
Published: May 2024

Three-dimensional reciprocal space mapping (3D-RSM) offers crucial insights into the intricate microstructural properties of materials, including spatial domain distribution, directional long-range ordering, multilayer-substrate mismatch, layer tilting, and defect structure. Traditionally, 3D-RSMs are conducted at synchrotron facilities where instrumental resolution is constrained in all three directions. Lab-based sources have often been considered suboptimal for 3D-RSM measurements due to poor instrumental resolution along the axial direction. However, we demonstrate that, by employing three-dimensional reciprocal space x-ray computed tomography (RS-XCT), the same perceived limitation in resolution can be effectively leveraged to acquire high quality 3D-RSMs. Through a combination of ultrafast reciprocal space mapping and computed tomography reconstruction routines, lab-based 3D-RSMs achieve resolutions comparable to those obtained with synchrotron-based techniques. RS-XCT introduces a practical modality for lab-based x-ray diffractometers, enabling high-resolution 3D-RSM measurements on a variety of materials exhibiting complex three-dimensional scattering landscapes in reciprocal space.
Sustainable thermoelectric materials: Utilizing Fukushima weathered biotite via molten salt treatment
Authors: Honda Mitsunori , Kaneta Yui , Muraguchi Masakazu , Hayakawa Kosetsu , Oda Masato , Iino Chiaki , Ishii Hiroyuki , Goto Takuya
Published: May 2024

This study examines the utilization of Fukushima weathered biotite (WB) as an alternative to conventional thermoelectric materials traditionally derived from rare and toxic substances. WB underwent milling, classification, and subsequent heat treatment via molten-salt treatment to produce crystals exhibiting conductivity akin to semiconductors within the 650–850 °C range. Evaluation of WB and the derived crystal’s electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient showcased their viability for high-temperature thermoelectric applications. Consequently, WB attained a dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of 0.015, signaling its potential as a thermoelectric material that surpasses 650 °C.
Uncharted territory: governance opportunities for wildfire management and the case of Cyprus
Authors: Kirschner Judith A. , Steelman Toddi A. , Charalambidou Iris , Gücel Salih , Petrou Petros , Papageorgiou Kostakis , Karayiannis Achilleas , Boustras George
Published: May 2024

Global environmental and social change are pushing wildfire activity and impact beyond known trajectories. Here, we conducted a targeted review to distill five wildfire challenges that we argue form opportunities for their governance (research aim 1). We exemplified our arguments by drawing from the case of Cyprus (research aim 2), a small island country in the south-east European Mediterranean Basin at risk of extreme wildfire impact. Findings indicate that burning for social and ecological resource benefits, innovative management paradigms and anticipatory governance systems offer actionable solutions to the wildfire paradox and the limits of suppression. Local adaptive institutions and a reconceptualisation of wildfire as a risk and process beyond technocratic interpretations are necessary to account for broader social conditions shaping wildfire regimes and community impact. Governance systems that accommodate collective action have proven suitable to address multiple wildfire complexities linked with different socio-economic systems and values. A systematic literature review, policy review, and qualitative data collection on wildfire management in Cyprus track back to the initial framing. Our case study offers insights for tackling wildfires with actionable steps through overarching governance systems, and illustrates the potential for change in thinking of and acting on wildfire in flammable landscapes globally.
The “4 + 1” strategy fabrication of iron single-atom catalysts with selective high-valent iron-oxo species generation
Authors: Liu Chen , Li Jinglu , He Xinxia , Yue Junpeng , Chen Ming , Chen J. Paul
Published: May 2024

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with atomic dispersion active sites have exhibited huge potentials in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based Fenton-like chemistry in water purification. However, four-N coordination metal (MN
4
) moieties often suffer from such problems as low selectivity and narrow workable pH. How to construct SACs in a controllable strategy with optimized electronic structures is of great challenge. Herein, an innovative strategy (i.e., the “4 + 1” fabrication) was devised to precisely modulate the first-shell coordinated microenvironment of FeN
4
SAC using an additional N (SA-FeN
5
). This leads to almost 100% selective formation of high-valent iron-oxo [Fe(IV)═O] (steady-state concentration: 2.00 × 10
−8
M) in the SA-FeN
5
/PMS system. In-depth theoretical calculations unveil that FeN
5
configuration optimizes the electron distribution of monatomic Fe sites, which thus fosters PMS adsorption and reduces the energy barrier for Fe(IV)═O generation. SA-FeN
5
was then attached to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane for a continuous flow device, showing long-term abatement of the microcontaminant. This work furnishes a general strategy for effective PMS activation and selective high-valent metal-oxo species generation by high N-coordination number regulation in SACs, which would provide guidance in the rational design of superior environmental catalysts for water purification.
On the dating of sound changes and its implications for language relationship
Authors: Fries Simon , Korobzow Natalie
Published: May 2024

This article seeks to demonstrate how the synopsis of historiographical and lexicographical material allows for
the absolute dating of sound changes even in languages with late and imperfect documentation, and how this dating relates to
hypotheses concerning the long-range genealogical affiliation of these languages. The languages investigated are Ket and Yugh
which belong to the Yeniseian family and have been documented since the 18th century. Two sound changes in these languages will be
discussed: Proto-Yeniseian *p- > Ket h-, and Proto-Yeniseian *p- > Yugh f-. It will be
argued that the Ket development occurred between 1596/1607 and 1723 AD, and that the Yugh development occurred between 1739 and
1846/1847 AD. The implications of these findings for the Dene-Yeniseian hypothesis linking the Yeniseian family with the Na-Dene
family will be discussed. It will be argued that this hypothesis cannot be maintained, and that short-range comparisons are
preferable to long-range speculations.
The ventive and the deictic shift
Authors: Koval Sergey , Loesov Sergey
Published: May 2024

The Old Assyrian language is a branch of East Semitic. East Semitic has been extinct since around 400 BCE. The Old
Assyrian texts used in this study were produced by Assyrian merchants between 1890 and 1860 BCE in Northern Mesopotamia and
Central Anatolia. Old Assyrian, as well as most other East Semitic varieties, had a ventive (or cislocative) marker hosted on
motion verbs. This marker obligatorily encoded motion either toward the speaker or the interlocutor (the addressee of a written
message). By way of a deictic shift, the ventive sometimes also came to point to a future location of the speaker and even to the
whereabouts of non-speech act participants. The ventive marker had three allomorphs which are also allomorphs of the 1st person
singular indirect object pronoun ‘to/for me’. The cislocative and personal pronoun meanings of the marker evolved in the course of
a complex interaction which we trace in the etymological part of the study.
Decoupling of Rattling Mode and Superconductivity in Filled-Skutterudite BaxIr4Sb12
Authors: Liu 刘 Hui 辉 , Yu 于 Tongxu 同旭 , Zhang 张 Zhihua 志华 , Ying 应 Tianping 天平
Published: May 2024

The rattling mode, an anharmonic vibrational phonon, is widely recognized as a critical factor in the emergence of superconductivity in caged materials. Here, we present a counterexample in a filled-skutterudite superconductor Ba
x
Ir4Sb12 (x = 0.8, 0.9, 1.0), synthesized via a high-pressure route. Transport measurements down to liquid 3He temperatures reveal a transition temperature (T
c) of 1.2 K and an upper critical field (H
c2) of 1.3 T. Unlike other superconductors with caged structures, the Ba
x
Ir4
X
12 (X = P, As, Sb) family exhibits a monotonic decreasing T
c with the enhancement of the rattling mode, as indicated by fitting the Bloch–Grüneisen formula. Theoretical analysis suggests that electron doping from Ba transforms the direct bandgap IrSb3 into a metal, with the Fermi surface dominated by the hybridization of Ir 5d and Sb 5p orbitals. Our findings of decoupled rattling modes and superconductivity distinguish the Ba
x
Ir4Sb12 family from other caged superconductors, warranting further exploration into the underlying mechanism.
Prediction of Peak Discharge Using the SCS Curve Number Method in the Manikin Watershed
Authors: Klau R R , Lango A K W , Krisnayanti D S , Udiana I M , de Rozari P
Published: May 2024

Surface runoff is a crucial hydrological variable in the analysis of water infrastructure planning. A reliable method for predicting surface runoff resulting from rainfall in an ungauged watershed is the SCS CN method. This research aims to represent the effectiveness of the Curve Number (CN) method in calculating peak discharge in the Manikin Watershed. The data used for this analysis includes rainfall data from three rain stations, each with a 25-year dataset, water level data of 11 years, digital elevation model (DEM) data, land use maps, and hydrogeological maps. The SCS curve number method is the most commonly used method for the estimation of peak discharge in a watershed. The calculated flood discharge values for the Manikin River Basin, with return periods of 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 years, are as follows: 60.32 m3/s, 84.74 m3/s, 111.98 m3/s, 121.41 m3/s, 153.25 m3/s, 188.79 m3/s, 287.24 m3/s, and 337.30 m3/s, respectively. The reliability testing of the method in the Manikin Watershed was determined by a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSE) value of 0.93 and root mean square error (RMSE) value of 19.70. As a result, the Curve Number Method proves to be highly reliable in representing the peak discharge in the Manikin Watershed.
Application of Parallel Computing on Hybrid Inundation Model, Case Study: Chiayi County Flood 23-24 August 2018
Authors: Wijaya O T , Yang T H
Published: May 2024

A robust 2D inundation model is needed to support flood warning systems in urban areas. The conventional 2D hydrodynamic model uses shallow water equations as the governing equation and is computationally expensive. Although the models have benefited from parallel computation techniques, some issues remain. As an alternative, many flood models have been developed using different approaches, such as Cellular Automata (CA), DEM-based (DBM), and data-driven models. The hybrid inundation model (HIM) was developed by combining the CA-DBM concepts. The purpose of this study is to implement the parallel computation technique to increase the efficiency of HIM. The model performance was evaluated using the historical flood event in Chiayi County, Taiwan. Results showed that there is no significant difference between HIM and TUFLOW in terms of flood depth estimation, even though TUFLOW included the drainage system within the analysis. These results proved that the drainage system was not working during the event. HIM and TUFLOW give underestimated flood depth prediction compared to the observed data. The main reason because the observed data was obtained from local community testimonies. Hence, there might be many uncertainties in the observed data value. Finally, the parallelization process successfully decreased the computation time of the original HIM. The computation was decreased from 450 to 11 minutes depending on the number of cores used in the simulation.
On the sediment deposition on Barugbug Situdam Weir
Authors: Pranoto W A , Sulaiman A , Dewantoro M D
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of total sediment transport in the Barudbug weir, Situdam, Karawang, West Java, Indonesia, which is a crucial aspect of water management in the Citarum river basin. We utilize SESAME instrument observation data, encompassing rainfall, TSS, and depth parameters, gathered over a period of approximately three years. Additionally, we employ a two-dimensional Advection-Diffusion analytic model that takes into account settling velocity. The observation results reveal a positive correlation between TSS and depth, with TSS levels increasing following heavy rainfall. Furthermore, there exists a time delay between rainfall events and the subsequent rise in TSS concentration, suggesting an upstream source of sediment. The model outcomes demonstrate an inverse relationship between TSS concentration and the velocity of river flow, as the river flow acts as a leaching mechanism.
Changes in Runoff Coefficient Index as a Result of Land Use Change (Case Study: Malang City)
Authors: Darmawan AA , Sejati W , Mahabella L S , Adibah A N
Published: May 2024

The result of this research is to present observations about changes in the value of the conveyance coefficient in an area or region caused by changes in land use as a basis for decision making for water resources management in urban areas, by considering field data and satellite image classification to observe changes. As well as the consequences of the development of an area as seen from population growth, economy and housing needs. Malang City continues to experience land use change as evidenced by the decrease in agricultural land area. The method used is supervised classification with the help of geographic information systems and analyzing land use change over the past 20 years through map overlay. The data used are Landsat and Terrasar-X satellite images with the land use classes used are open land, settlements, agriculture, and shrubs. Satellite images were classified to analyze the extent of land use change and to see the rate of change in the conveyance coefficient of each class over the past 20 years. The results show that the study area has a change in the value of the conveyance coefficient caused by a fairly high land use change from agricultural land to built-up land such as settlements or housing. Malang City has a tendency to increase the population significantly because it is an educational city that continues to need a place to live and allows the rotation of various economic needs. The results of the analysis showed that there were changes in the value of the conveyance coefficient from 2002 to 2022, with an upward trend. In 2002 the C value was 0.2468; in 2007 it was 0.2899; in 2012 it was 0.3457; in 2017 it was 0.3895; in 2022 it was 0.4119. With an average value of change every year is about 13.78%.
Sedimentation Management Good Practice (SMGP) to Manage Sedimentation at Kawanua Flood Disaster, Seram Island
Authors: Rofikha A A , Hanandha A , Faturokhman U , Sugiarta J
Published: May 2024

Flood natural disasters are almost certain to occur every rainy season. Rain with very high intensity occurred on July 9th, 2023 causing an increase in water discharge which made the river overflow and the Kawanua Bridge collapse. In the upstream area of the river, there is Kawa check dam which has experienced a huge amount of sedimentation due to the top of the crest check dam being covered by fallen trees. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the rate of erosion and sedimentation that occurs in the catchment area in the upper reaches of the river and find out where the source of sedimentation comes from, then the most appropriate solution can be decided, and a similar disaster does not occur. This research used a USLE method to calculate the erosion and sedimentation rate. The results showed that 37.88% of the catchment area was classified as a low level of erosion. Meanwhile, the moderate level of erosion represented 29.42%. Sedimentation Management Good Practice (SMGP) is a concept used to analyze erosion and sedimentation problems. The recommendations given by the SMGP concept have sustainable characteristics that minimize damage to the water environment. Additional recommendations are given by collaborating between government institutions related to catchment area and forest area management authority.
Coastal Vulnerability at Tanjung Pakis and Samudra Baru Beaches in Karawang District West Java Province
Authors: Pattipawaej O C
Published: May 2024

Coastal tourism is well renowned for the beaches of Tanjung Pakis and Samudra Baru in the Karawang District of West Java Province. Based on the idea of sustainable coastal tourism in Karawang, Samudra Baru Beach is a beach resort that is more sustainable than Tanjung Pakis Beach. One of the key strategies and concepts for developing sustainable coastal tourism is coastal management. One of the things that must be considered in managing coastal areas to maintain ecosystem sustainability is disaster mitigation by paying attention to the level of vulnerability. The substantial objectives are to examine coastal alterations and assess how susceptible the shoreline is in Samudra Baru and Tanjung Pakis coasts, Karawang District, West Java Province. Coastal vulnerability is influenced by six variables: visual observation, land use, wave height, coastline changes, visual observation, damage length and damage width. Tanjung Pakis’s beach area experienced relatively minor damage. The coastline of Tanjung Pakis has been selected for the construction of a soft or hard coastal protection technique. However, Samudra Baru’s coastal regions have only suffered little damage. This result also showed that Samudra Baru Beach is more sustainable coastal tourism than Tanjung Pakis Beach.
Comparison of optical properties and bond strength of new CAD/CAM ceramic materials
Authors: Demir Necla , Bozkurt Mehtap , Temizci Tuğba
Published: May 2024

Objective. To compare the shear bond strength values of current CAD/CAM materials and to evaluate the color changes resulting from immersion in coloring solutions. Material and Methods. A total of 160 specimens were prepared from 4 CAD/CAM blocks; lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS E.max CAD[EC]), zirconia reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity[VS]), polymer infiltrated glass ceramic (Vita Enamic[VE]) and hybrid ceramic (GC Cerasmart [GC]). The ceramic specimens were immersed in tea, coffee, cherry juice and distilled water solutions. Color measurements were made. To compare the shear bond strength values, all specimens were bonded to resin cement. Then the specimens were aged with 5000 thermocycling. The failure modes were classified according to stereomicroscope analysis and than scanning electron microscopy images for surface topography were obtained. Results. The color change values were significantly greater in coffee compared to other solutions and the highest color change was seen in GC and VE. The highest bond strength values were seen in VS and VE. The shear bond strength values are listed as follows: VS>VE>EC>CS. Conclusions. EC and VS can be used, especially in aesthetic restorations, due to their high color stability. Additionally, considering the bond strength values of VS, it appears to be a highly satisfactory material.
The effect of different powder mixtures used in the boriding process on the surface properties of AISI 304 stainless steel material
Authors: Simooğlu Sari Ece , Zeren Muzaffer , Koç Funda Gül
Published: May 2024

AISI 304 stainless steel, which is used in many areas such as chemistry, petrochemistry, storage tanks and food storage, attracts attention in terms of surface hardness and wear resistance, especially when its industrial applications are evaluated. In this study, it was aimed to improve the surface properties of the AISI 304 stainless steel material used as the substrate material. To develop the best surface properties, boriding layers of varying percentages were created. In order to create these layers, B4C, KBF4, SiC and graphite powders were compared using variable ratios. Microhardness and wear tests were performed on the borided samples and microstructure examinations were carried out using optical, SEM, XRD and EDX. It has been determined that the B4C used as boron source should not be less than 20% for the formation of the boriding layer and the double phase FeB/Fe2B. The powder mixture ratio with the highest thickness and hardness value of the boriding layer formed is the powder mixture with 20% B4C, 50% KBF4, 10% SiC and 20% graphite content. It was observed that the layer thickness increased by 63% and the hardness value increased by 11%. It was observed that this powder mixture gave the lowest wear rate compared to the other powder mixtures in the study. The difference between the highest and lowest wear rate is more than 3 times greater.
Synthesis, characterization and magneto-structural properties of geometrical and compositional modulated nanowires
Authors: Jiménez-Ramírez Ana Isabel , Álvarez López Yolanda , González Ana Silvia , García Fernández Javier , Fernández-Roldán Jose Ángel , Vega Martínez Víctor , Méndez Miguel , Prida Víctor M
Published: May 2024

The unique physicochemical properties of metallic and magnetic nanowires, whether obtained in well-ordered arrays or as single, isolated, and free-standing structures from patterned templates, have been extensively studied for various technological applications. These applications include magnetic data storage, sensing, biolabeling, barcoding, among many others. Novel template-assisted methods for the synthesis of metallic nanowires offer an enhancement over the control of their shape and morphology, compositional uniformity, and interconnectivity, allowing them for being applied as new metamaterials for novel multifunctional applications. Within this critical review, an extensive overview focused on the synthesis and characterization of the particular properties exhibited by multilayered and multisegmented metallic nanowires having specifically controlled geometries and compositional graded designs through employing electrochemical techniques based on sacrificial nanoporous alumina template-assisted methods, is presented. We review recent advancements in designing synthesis protocols for fabricating new metallic nanowires with multifunctional applications. These protocols offer competitive fabrication costs compared to conventional laboratory procedures, potentially expanding their use in various research areas. In this review, we also establish the new challenges and suggest the future perspectives and expectations that will be covered by these new metamaterial-based nanowires.
Braverman and Labor and Monopoly Capital: A Retrospective
Authors: Smith Chris , Thompson Paul
Published: May 2024

This paper appraises the work of Harry Braverman (1920–76), specifically his classic, Labor and Monopoly Capital, published in 1974 and remaining an influential reference for what has become the labour process approach to the study of work in capitalist societies. Labor and Monopoly Capital (LMC) reshaped what was then known as industrial sociology in the English-speaking world and was impactful across a range of disciplines, including history, organisation and management studies, comparative political economy, and labour geography. It is widely regarded as the foundational text of labour process theory (LPT). Fifty years after the initial publication of LMC, that theoretical approach is not only alive and well, but in the past decade, undergone something of a resurgence, influencing global communities of scholars. The paper takes a close look primarily at the text in its context, examining the genesis of the arguments, the distinctive biography of the author, and the structure of the book drawing out its major and minor themes, including a critical assessment of sources and evidence. We argue that the enormous impact of LMC can be explained by its successful challenge to existing orthodoxies about trajectories in work, technology, and management dominant in the social sciences and orthodox Marxism. This is followed up with a discussion of the reception, diffusion, and development of LMC comparatively and across different geographic domains and academic disciplines. As the debate on LMC eventually became a much broader programme of theory and research on the labour process, we consider some of the key points of differentiation from one of the foundational texts. Whilst acknowledging its enduring legacy, the final section argues that there is only a route forward from, rather than back to Braverman, given the profound changes to global capital and labour in the 50 years since LMC appeared.
Interaction between methanotrophy and gastrointestinal nematodes infection on the rumen microbiome of lambs
Authors: Corrêa Patricia Spoto , Fernandes Murilo Antonio , Jimenez Carolina Rodriguez , Mendes Lucas William , Lima Paulo de Mello Tavares , Abdalla Adibe Luiz , Louvandini Helder
Published: May 2024

Complex cross-talk occurs between gastrointestinal nematodes and gut symbiotic microbiota, with consequences for animal metabolism. To investigate the connection between methane production and endoparasites, this study evaluated the effect of mixed infection with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis on methanogenic and methanotrophic community in rumen microbiota of lambs using shotgun metagenomic and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The rumen content was collected from six Santa Inês lambs, (7 months old) before and after 42 days infection by esophageal tube. The metagenomic analysis showed that the infection affected the microbial community structure leading to decreased abundance of methanotrophs bacteria, i.e. α-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME), protozoa, sulfate-reducing bacteria, syntrophic bacteria with methanogens, geobacter, and genes related to pyruvate, fatty acid, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolisms, ribulose monophosphate cycle, and Entner–Doudoroff Pathway. Additionally, the abundance of methanogenic archaea and the mcrA gene did not change. The co-occurrence networks enabled us to identify the interactions between each taxon in microbial communities and to determine the reshaping of rumen microbiome associations by gastrointestinal nematode infection. Besides, the correlation between ANMEs was lower in the animal’s postinfection. Our findings suggest that gastrointestinal parasites potentially lead to decreased methanotrophic metabolism-related microorganisms and genes.
Endosymbioses Have Shaped the Evolution of Biological Diversity and Complexity Time and Time Again
Authors: Bennett Gordon M , Kwak Younghwan , Maynard Reo
Published: May 2024

Life on Earth comprises prokaryotes and a broad assemblage of endosymbioses. The pages of Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution have provided an essential window into how these endosymbiotic interactions have evolved and shaped biological diversity. Here, we provide a current perspective on this knowledge by drawing on decades of revelatory research published in Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution, and insights from the field at large. The accumulated work illustrates how endosymbioses provide hosts with novel phenotypes that allow them to transition between adaptive landscapes to access environmental resources. Such endosymbiotic relationships have shaped and reshaped life on Earth. The early serial establishment of mitochondria and chloroplasts through endosymbioses permitted massive upscaling of cellular energetics, multicellularity, and terrestrial planetary greening. These endosymbioses are also the foundation upon which all later ones are built, including everything from land–plant endosymbioses with fungi and bacteria to nutritional endosymbioses found in invertebrate animals. Common evolutionary mechanisms have shaped this broad range of interactions. Endosymbionts generally experience adaptive and stochastic genome streamlining, the extent of which depends on several key factors (e.g. mode of transmission). Hosts, in contrast, adapt complex mechanisms of resource exchange, cellular integration and regulation, and genetic support mechanisms to prop up degraded symbionts. However, there are significant differences between endosymbiotic interactions not only in how partners have evolved with each other but also in the scope of their influence on biological diversity. These differences are important considerations for predicting how endosymbioses will persist and adapt to a changing planet.
The Pouch Corner: A Review of Functional Pouch Disorders
Authors: Kayal Maia , Barnes Edward L , Schwartzberg David M
Published: May 2024

Lay Summary

Functional pouch disorders such as dyssynergic defecation, fecal incontinence, and irritable pouch syndrome are common and manifest with symptoms that overlap with those of pouchitis. The appropriate recognition of these disorders is imperative to guide necessary management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure.
Beyond the buzz: the fatal consequences of caffeine overconsumption
Authors: Brower Justin O , Swatek Jennifer L
Published: May 2024

Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant present in dozens of plant species including Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis, from which we obtain coffee and tea, respectively. It is one of the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive substances frequently used to increase alertness, elevate mood, and ward off fatigue. In traditional preparations, caffeine is generally well-tolerated by the consumer. However, complications can arise with the addition of caffeine to products like energy drinks, medications, and supplements. Furthermore, with pure caffeine accessible online, a consumer may unknowingly or inadvertently consume caffeine in dangerous amounts. Symptoms of caffeine toxicity include classic central nervous system stimulation side effects, such as agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, tachycardia, seizures, and death in extreme cases. To evaluate concentrations of toxicological significance, caffeine cases were assessed at a large reference laboratory (NMS Labs). From 2019 to 2023, 406 blood cases underwent confirmation testing via LC–MS-MS; the mean and median caffeine concentrations were 35 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively. While most caffeine-containing cases indicate traditional use in the general population with concentrations <25 µg/mL (62%, N = 254), 10% (N = 42) of the cases were >100 µg/mL, indicating levels which may contribute to a fatal outcome. To gain insight into the significance of caffeine in determining the cause and manner of death, cases with various manners of death are presented. Despite being one of the most common toxicological findings in medicolegal death investigations, caffeine is often overlooked. Screening results should undergo scrutiny, and confirmation testing should be considered in cases where caffeine intoxication is prominently featured in the case history or scene investigation.
The Need for Historical Fluency in Pandemic Law and Policy
Authors: Goldberg Daniel S
Published: May 2024

The primary claim of this essay is that historical fluency is required for effective work in crafting legal and policy interventions as a part of public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR). At a broad level, public health law is explicitly recognized as a key systems-level component of PHEPR practice.1 This essay therefore focuses on the extent to which historical fluency is necessary or at least useful to all aspects of PHEPR that draw on or deploy legal and policy mechanisms (e.g., design, planning, implementation, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation, etc.). The essay collectively refers to these legal and policy mechanisms as epidemic law and policy response (ELAPR). Part I explains the concept of historical fluency. Part II explores the foundations of public health law both as a way of highlighting key structural features of ELAPR and in supporting the claim that historical fluency is critical for ELAPR. Part III applies the previous arguments to a specific case study to highlight the promise and power of historical fluency – the outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco in 1900. Tracking this essay’s pragmatic focus, part IV offers several recommendations for how specifically historical fluency in public health law and ethics can be operationalized in PHEPR practice and policy. Part V summarizes and concludes.
Fulminant respiratory failure due to severe pneumothorax after re-do coronary artery bypass grafting treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Inoue Akito , Ushioda Ryohei , Miyatani Kazuki , Shirakura Kentaro , Mochizuki Nobuhiro , Isa Hideki , Setogawa Yuki , Narita Masahiko , Suzuki Fumitaka , Hirofuji Aina , Okubo Ryo , Kunioka Shingo , Tsutsui Masahiro , Hiroyuki Kamiya
Published: May 2024

This case report details the management of a 79-year-old man who developed massive postoperative pneumothorax following redo coronary artery bypass grafting due to severe lung adhesions. We successfully treated the patient using veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation without femoral cannulation, allowing for early rehabilitation initiation. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a reasonable option for cases of severe respiratory failure due to pneumothorax with lung destruction caused by re-sternotomy during re-do cardiac surgery.
Pulmonary tuberculoma-induced cyst formation leading to repeated pneumothorax: a case report
Authors: Suwa Takaaki , Kawamoto Nobutaka , Morita Shunsuke , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Zaitsu Junichi , Misumi Keizo
Published: May 2024

Most cases of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis are caused by rupturing of the visceral pleura caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The check-valve airway mechanism in the lungs is generally involved in the formation of pulmonary cysts, which often cause spontaneous pneumothorax. Herein, we describe a rare case of repeated spontaneous pneumothorax suspected to have been caused by pulmonary cyst formation as a result of a tuberculoma. The patient was a man with a family history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary cysts were gradually enlarged on the peripheral side of a lung mass in the upper lobe of the patient’s right lung, who experienced two spontaneous pneumothoraxes in the area. Exploratory surgery was performed to diagnose the lung mass and treat the pneumothorax, resulting in a final diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma. A check-valve mechanism caused by the pulmonary tuberculoma was suspected based on the patient’s clinical course.
Oxford Handbook of Pathology
Authors: Carton James
Published: May 2024

The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pathology is an accessible and easy-to-use resource, which explains the pathology behind important and common diseases relevant to the whole range of medical and surgical specialties.
Topographical Anatomy as Landmarks
Authors: Shirey Derek , Matusic Bryan
Published: May 2024

Successful completion of procedures in the anesthesia setting requires thorough understanding of topographical anatomic landmarks. Although not an exact science, such knowledge serves as a structural framework supporting interventional pain procedures, neuraxial techniques, regional nerve blocks, central venous access, and evaluation of a potential difficult intubation. The ability to conceptualize the underlying anatomy with the aid of palpable surface anatomy, as well as augmenting landmarks by utilizing ultrasound imaging technologies, enhances the ability of the anesthesiologist to perform procedures and deliver anesthetic care in a safe and effective manner.
Abdominal Wall Anatomy
Authors: Pan Wenyu , Elmofty Dalia
Published: May 2024

It is important for the anesthesiologist to be familiar with the abdominal wall anatomy for both surgical and anesthetic considerations. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the abdominal wall, including its muscles, fascia, vasculature, and nerve supply. It also discusses the use of ultrasonography to image the abdominal wall and utility in assisting with placing peripheral nerve blocks. The indications, techniques, and complications associated with abdominal wall nerve blocks, including the transversus abdominis plane block, ilio-inguinal and ilio-hypogastric blocks, and the rectus sheath block are discussed. Anesthetic considerations of nerve blocks on the abdominal wall in the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative phases are briefly reviewed.
Vapor Pressure and Calculation of Anesthetic Concentrations
Authors: Aquino Ben , Heidari Afshin
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks at the concept of vapor pressure and how it figures into the delivery of anesthetic gases to the breathing circuit and patient. It also looks at other parameters affecting the delivery of anesthetic gases, including partition coefficients, latent heat of vaporization, and boiling point. The chapter describes the effects that environmental parameters such as high altitude can have on the delivery of anesthetic gases.
Uptake and Distribution of Inhalation Agents
Authors: Levin Lora B.
Published: May 2024

The pharmacokinetics of volatile anesthetics are unique and very different from intravenous drugs. Induction of anesthesia involves the movement of volatile anesthetic gas into the central nervous system (CNS), its primary site of action. Anesthetic gases move along a series of concentration/pressure gradients from the vaporizer to the anesthesia circuit into the alveoli then into the arterial blood until finally reaching the CNS. General anesthesia results when the goal partial pressure of an anesthetic gas is achieved in the CNS. This process involves three main steps: delivery of the anesthetic gas to the patient’s alveoli; uptake of the anesthetic gas from the alveoli into the blood; and distribution of the anesthetic into the brain tissue.
Second Gas Effect
Authors: Parniani Ahmad Reza , White Peggy
Published: May 2024

Delivering an inhaled anesthetic into a patient’s blood is similar to the delivery of an intravenous medication, with some major distinctions in the mechanism. One major difference is that delivery of gas into the body is through transalveolar exchange of the gas inside the lungs into the bloodstream. Clearance of inhaled anesthetics is also through the same mechanism. In other words, delivery of inhaled anesthetics depends on pulmonary ventilation, whereas uptake and clearance of inhaled anesthetics mostly depends on pulmonary perfusion. Uptake and distribution of inhaled anesthetics are through a series of transfer steps that eventually ends in the bloodstream. The process starts from the vaporizer in the anesthesia machine that mixes with the fresh gas which is passed into the airway. The second step involves ventilation which transfers gases into the alveolar space inside the lungs. Next, transcapillary diffusion results in the movement of gases into the pulmonary venous blood. The anesthetic gas will eventually reach the target organ (brain).
Principles
Authors: Levin Lora B. , Pogrebetskaya Mariya
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers various physical principles and how they pertain to the delivery of anesthetic gases along with a non-hypoxic oxygen mixture to the patient via the anesthesia machine and breathing circuit. The first section of the chapter briefly discusses the principles of resistance and flow as they pertain to the delivery of a gas mixture. The second section covers a variety of topics that need to be taken into consideration when delivering an anesthetic gas mixture to the patient. Such topics include the following: mechanical dead space, rebreathing of exhaled gases, dilution of gases, circuit leaks, as well as heat and humidification of the gas mixture being delivered. Some common complications and how to detect and correct these issues are also addressed.
Circle System
Authors: Jun Charles , Nasr Ned F.
Published: May 2024

The circle system is the most common design for anesthesia machines. Its components include the one-way valves on the expiratory and inspiratory limbs, corrugated breathing tubes, Y piece, APL valve, Reservoir Bag, CO2 cannister. The circle system can be utilized as either a closed or semi-closed system depending on the mode of ventilation and the setting on the APL valve. Thus, rebreathing is either minimal or non-existent. This circuit can be used in people of nearly all ages, but certain considerations must be taken into for neonates and infants due to their inherent physiological differences from adults. The circle system is deemed cost effective from the standpoint of volatile anesthetic utilization and can conserve heat within the breathing circuit. However, the circle system increases resistance and thus increases the work of breathing. With the complex design of the typical circle system machines troubleshooting becomes more cumbersome.
Waste Gas Evacuation Systems
Authors: Swanson David E.
Published: May 2024

Operating room (OR) safety includes minimizing volatile anesthetic gas that OR personnel breathe in. The waste anesthetic gas disposal (WAGD) system is a very important part of modern anesthesia machines and hospital infrastructure. Active scavenging is required by the Joint Commission and is integrated into anesthesia machines. An active scavenging system uses suction to transport unusable anesthetic gases out of the hospital, while a passive scavenging system does not use suction, but allows a conduit for gases to exit the room or empty into the OR ventilation exhaust. Traces of anesthetic gases may cause headaches and increase spontaneous abortions in OR staff.
Monitoring Methods
Authors: Luis Santiago , Raut Snehal
Published: May 2024

Anesthesia and surgery can cause rapid changes in vital functions; hence it is important that anesthesia providers monitor patient physiologic variables to allow intervention before the patient suffers harm and to detect equipment malfunction. The term “standard ASA monitors” is often used to refer to the basic physiologic monitors recommended by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Standard ASA monitors applied to the patient include a pulse oximeter, electrocardiography, noninvasive blood pressure device, and a temperature monitor. Continual end-tidal carbon dioxide analysis should be performed when endotracheal tube/laryngeal mask is being used. Neuromuscular monitoring is important when neuromuscular blocking agents are used in anesthesia practice to facilitate intubation and/or to optimize surgical conditions.
Mechanism of Pulmonary Ventilation
Authors: Girma Brook , Kaye Alan D.
Published: May 2024

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing is a complicated process that involves the exchange of gases from the environment and lungs. There are two forms of ventilation, described as spontaneous and mechanical. In this regard, most ventilators achieve the process of breathing primarily by applying intermittent or continuous positive airway pressure. Mechanical ventilators have improved significantly since becoming widely used in the 1950s. The different ventilator modes and settings are discussed in detail.
Gas Concentrations
Authors: Saklayen Samiya L. , Cody Joseph
Published: May 2024

The accurate measurement of gas concentrations in clinical anesthesia is important for patient safety. Anesthesia monitoring standards require measurements of inspired oxygen concentration as well as quantitative analysis of end-tidal carbon dioxide. The most common method of measuring oxygen concentration in the operating room is using a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, which is both fast and accurate. Electrochemical analysis with either an electrogalvanic fuel cell or polarographic fuel cell may also be used for oxygen analysis. Capnometry and the measurement of inhaled gases is most commonly achieved with the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy. Raman scattering and mass spectrometry are no longer commonly used in clinical anesthesia, though they may continue to be used for research purposes.