bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 1977–93
Authors: STRUGNELL CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2007

Any field of study worthy of academic consideration and development needs a research base to support it. Many research practitioners working within the consumer studies and home economics areas have expressed fears about not only the lack of development of a research base but also the communication network within the research community. This study analyses one of the main research journals that is used by this research community, the Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, and examines its contribution. By analysing its development over the first 17 years of its existence, it has been shown that there is an international research community which is beginning to communicate with itself. However, these research practitioners still seem to rely more on research material from outside their own professional area rather than from work published in their own research journals. A lack of an indexing service covering the consumer studies and home economics areas continues to hamper dissemination of research material to a wider academic audience.
Public dialogue between butter and margarine in Finland 1923–1992
Authors: PANTZAR MIKA
Published: July 2007

The paper presents an interpretation of Finnish advertising for edible fats and imagery related to the fats during this century. The material comprises copies of Kotiliesi magazine at 5‐year intervals from 1923 to 1992. The advertising reflects the history of a changing relationship of references to the competing fat products, showing at the same time, however, how essentially the imagery related to the new product, margarine, has from the start been dominated by the image of a ‘natural’product, commonly associated with the already established product, butter. Paradoxically, margarine and butter have changed places this century in the dualism of nature and culture. As lifestyles have changed, margarine has become a ‘healthy’ symbol of nature while simultaneously butter has lost its leading position as a natural source of vitality. Advertising has played a central role in this metamorphosis.
Food safety knowledge and practices of consumers in the U.S.A.
Authors: ALBRECHT JULIE A.
Published: July 2007

Use of safe food handling practices in the home could reduce the number of foodborne illnesses. The objective of this project was to obtain baseline data on the safe food handling knowledge and practices of consumers to aid in the development of effective educational programmes. A food handling questionnaire was developed and completed by 426 Nebraskan respondents. Knowledge and practice questions were based on the most important contributory factors in reported foodborne illness outbreaks. Knowledge scores (correct responses) ranged from 2 to 29 with a mean of 20 ± 4. When compared with the knowledge score, the respondents' education level, where they lived and their sex were statistically significant. Almost all (96%) of the respondents stated that they practised safe food handling when persons were infected. Approximately half of the respondents indicated that they practised safe food handling when handling contaminated raw foods and using foods from unsafe sources. About 45% of the respondents inappropriately left foods at room temperature. One‐third of the survey respondents improperly held hot foods. Cross‐contamination was a concept understood by 75% of the respondents. Results indicate that food safety education should be targeted on specific groups who are less knowledgeable about safe food handling practices. Results also indicate that a number of respondents knew proper food handling concepts but did not put those concepts into practice. Therefore, increasing the adoption of safe food handling practices by consumers should become an important aspect for educators in food safety educational programmes.
Evaluative criteria for purchasing leisurewear: Taiwanese and U.S. students in a U.S. university
Authors: HSIAO CHIN‐FEN , DICKERSON KITTY
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to provide exploratory information relating to the young consumer market in terms of purchase criteria for leisurewear. Data were obtained from 105 Taiwanese and 126 U.S. students at a major mid‐western U.S. university. Direct hand‐in questionnaires were employed to obtain a higher usable questionnaire rate. Purchase criteria used for this survey were price, style, brand, fabrication, size/fit, media exposure, colour, country of origin, and quality. Several factors under each criterion were provided. Students were asked to rank the importance of each criterion/factor. Results indicated that much similarity existed between these two groups of students in purchasing leisurewear. However, U.S. students rated highest (in descending order) price, size/fit, style and quality while Taiwanese students ranked highest (in descending order) price, style, quality and size/fit.
Presence of children and household food expenditures at home and away from home
Authors: NAYGA RODOLFO M.
Published: July 2007

Households with children spend more on food at home than do households without children. On the other hand, compared with households without children, households with children who are at least 12 years of age are associated with higher expenditures on food away from home expenditures. Households with employed spouses are associated with lower expenditures on food at home. Other determinants of expenditures on food at home are seasonality, house ownership, region, household size, education, age and income. House ownership, region, household size, race, education and income also affect expenditures on food away from home.
Consumer acceptance of low‐fat and fat‐substituted dairy products
Authors: McILVEEN HEATHER , ARMSTRONG GILLIAN
Published: July 2007

The continued expansion of the low‐fat market, coupled with extensive dietary guidelines given to consumers, has not yet appeared to have had the desired effect. Evidence suggests that the majority of U.K. consumers are still not prepared to sacrifice the taste and quality of a food for any perceived health benefits. This is particularly evident in the low‐fat hard cheese market, which has not reached the same level of consumption as other diary based products. The key would appear to be in gaining an optimum balance between health and taste, yet the latter is often compromised by manufacturers who are under constant pressure to further reduce the fat levels of their products. A potential solution may be the development and inclusion of fat substitutes, as investigated in this study. Research consisted of two main elements. Firstly, lower fat cheese incorporating a fat substitute was developed and compared with other products currently on the market using sensory analysis. A questionnaire was then utilized to further assess the degree of consumer acceptance of this trend. Substitute use would appear to have potential in permitting a further reduction in fat levels, while retaining a measure of quality — an essential element if longer term dietary guidelines are to be achieved.
Consumer knowledge and behaviour regarding safety of reusing food packaging materials
Authors: BREWER M. SUSAN , EDLEFSEN MIRIAM , RUSSON CRAIG
Published: July 2007

Consumers (n = 750) were surveyed regarding knowledge and behaviour concerning reuse of food packaging materials. Cross‐tabulation of completed questionnaires (n = 597) indicated that middle‐aged, urban and suburban women engaged in the highest number of correct packaging reuse practices. Nearly 50% of consumers thought egg cartons, plastic syrup bottles, produce bags and microwave meal plates were designed to be reused. Less than 50% thought it was safe to store food in containers formerly used to store non‐food items, and that washed bread wrappers (turned inside‐out were a safe material in which to store fresh food. Over 50% knew that plastic packaging contains additives that can end up in food, that packaging materials may be sterilized with chemicals or irradiation and that plastic wraps begin to melt at 71° (160°). Point Biserial Correlations indicated that behaviour was not necessarily consistent with knowledge.
Perceptions of environmental conditions and confusion about action to improve the environment
Authors: ELLIS WALTER L.
Published: July 2007

Data from a 1990 Washington Post poll centred on environmental issues were used to ascertain whether individuals' perceptions of environmental conditions ‐ better, worse or stayed about the same ‐ in the past 20 years result in confusion about knowing what should be done to improve the condition of the environment. A probit analysis found the perception that the condition of the environment in the past 20 years has stayed about the same to result in confusion. This perception was a more powerful predictor of confusion than were sociodemographic characteristics. More highly educated persons, individuals living in the suburbs and more conservative people were less likely to be confused.
Rational choice of food: on the domain of the premises of the consumer choice theory
Authors: PANTZAR MIKA
Published: July 2007

This article contrasts the standard model of consumer choice of economics with three different theoretical perspectives – biological, ecological and cultural – in the context of food choice and origin of preferences. Biological and ecological frameworks seem to be in accordance with economic theory assuming stable preferences, while cultural theories are more critical about the premises of rational choice model. It seems, however, that many aspects of the ambiguous choice settings in modern society ask for an even more critical attitude towards optimization models. This study raises a number of methodologically oriented questions concerning the nature of the premises of the choice theory: Are these premises metahistorical and universal? Can they be assessed in the light of the findings of other fields of science? Can the assumption of stable preference be seen as irrelevant regarding the phenomena studied by economics? Is this just a simplification made for the purpose of explaining certain phenomena, or perhaps only an assumption that will be replaced by a more realistic one as research advances?
What does the future hold for consumer cooperative societies?
Authors: ELIOT S.J.
Published: July 2007

The Co‐operative Movement has always seen itself as championing consumers' interests. However, its importance has declined over the years as it has struggled to reorganize itself to meet modern retailing needs, the latest example concerning the difficulties involved in merging the two largest retail co‐operative societies, CRS and CWS. This article uses a survey of co‐operative directors to throw light on some of the issues involved. It is argued that the Co‐op's best hope lies in differentiating itself from its competitors by an emphasis on basic values. But the Co‐op has difficult obstacles to overcome and further decline seems likely.
Detergent residues in textiles
Authors: SAINIO EEVA‐LIISA
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of detergent residues in textiles washed with three types of detergents. One detergent contained phosphate. In the other two (concentrated or ecological detergents) phosphate had been replaced by zeolite, which contains silicates. The textiles were washed using two programmes for coloured materials (at 60°C). The programmes differed with regard to volume of rinse water and number of rinsings. Detergent residues in textiles were determined chemically. Zeolite particles were determined electron microscopically. The results showed that most of the detergent residues remaining in textile strips were anionic tensides. They increased in proportion to the quantity of detergent used for washing. The least residues were left by concentrated detergents. Anionic tensides are suspected of causing skin irritation, probably allergy in atopic persons. Zeolite particles may irritate skin mechanically or cause through irritation respiratory distress. Washing programmes using less rinse water than other programmes increased detergent residues by 30%. It is concluded that there is a positive linear relationship between concentration of detergent and residues in textiles, and a negative linear relationship between water volume and residues in textiles after laundering. This could be of considerable importance from a health point of view and should be evaluated before any detergent is marketed. A methodology combining different standardized methods for analysing detergent residues in textiles was developed in this study.
Education and training as a strategy for improving worker health and safety: a survey of U.S. apparel companies
Authors: DILLARD BETTY G.
Published: July 2007

Maintaining a healthy work force is becoming increasingly important to apparel manufacturers today. The purpose of this study was to examine the issues involved in worker health and safety, particularly that of educating and training production workers. Data were generated from responses to a mailed questionnaire by 134 upper level managers in companies located throughout the United States. Results indicated that educating workers was an important concern for managers, ranking second to controlling workers' compensation costs. Chi‐square analysis showed that there was a significant difference between those who used education and training as a cost‐reduction strategy and a decrease in workers' compensation costs. Education and training was reported as a component of ergonomics and safety programmes by over three‐quarters of those who were developing and implementing such programmes. The findings from this study suggest that apparel manufacturers should seriously consider the importance of education and training programmes as a cost‐reduction strategy as well as a means of improving the safety and health of production workers.
Factors influencing community preferences and residential adaptation
Authors: MALROUTU Y. LAKSHMI , BRANDT JEANETTE A.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the factors that influence preretirees' community and residential preferences during retirement. The data were obtained from a mail survey in which the housing and locational retirement decisions of pre‐retirees in four states were investigated. Path analysis results indicated that respondents who were Hearing retirement had already moved to a suitable home and were currently in age‐mixed communities, and in close proximity to their children. This has implications for community and housing developers, gerontologists, and public policy makers to create a suitable environment for the elderly to age ‘in place’, and to provide them with adequate housing and community services.
Segmenting the older American market for personal apparel: focus on rural communities
Authors: JACKSON HAZEL O.
Published: July 2007

The goal of this research was to determine whether rural elderly consumers' wants and needs for apparel products were met at the local retail level. Consumers (n = 322) ranging in age from 54–94 years were surveyed concerning their attitudes and behaviour regarding shopping for personal apparel. Data analyses revealed five market segments that differed in terms of (i) the level of involvement with shopping; (ii) perceptions of physical constraints to shopping; (iii) perceptions of available merchandise mix and services; and (iv) certain demographic characteristics. Respondents in cluster 1 were active and frequent shoppers, but did not always find what they needed. Those in cluster 2 were demanding consumers who were also satisfied with retail offerings. Cluster 3 compared prices and was highly dissatisfied with the merchandise available. Cluster 4 was satisfied with the merchandise mix, but did not shop often. Cluster 5 was highly dissatisfied with retail offerings.
Improving garment fit for the mature female in the USA
Authors: BELLEAU BONNIE D. , HEBERT ROSELLE R.
Published: July 2007

Although women over the age of50 constitute a growing segment of the apparel market, in the U.S.A. the apparel industry has not addressed the specific fitting needs of this group. Many apparel manufacturers produce large sizes, however proportionate changes specific to the mature figure type resulting from the ageing process have not been addressed.1–6 The purpose of this study was to modify a commercial pattern based on work by Woodson and Horridge (1990, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 8 (4), 7–13) using grading as a pattern development technique, and to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the modified pattern by measuring fit and evaluating self‐reported perceptions of comfort on live models. Woodson and Horridge measurement data were used as a basis for modifying a commercial pattern to fit a mature woman. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the commercial dress and the modified dress. The modified dress provided a better fit in 14 areas. Subjects' perceptions of comfort were closer to actual fit for the modified dress than for the commercial pattern dress. Computerized grading is a quick, cost‐effective method of modifying a pattern to meet the needs of special markets.
Restoration and the Origins of Ecology
Authors: Gross Matthias
Published: July 2007

Ernst Haeckel is well known for originating the science of ecology to describe the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. This short article reflects on some of Ernst Haeckel’s ideas on the role of humans in nature and the relation between art and nature to point out affinities of Haeckel’s ideas to tighten the connection between today’s science and practice of ecological restoration.
Seed Rain and Seed Dispersal Agents in Pure and Mixed Plantations of Native Trees and Abandoned Pastures at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica
Authors: Zamora Carolina O. , Montagnini Florencia
Published: July 2007

Lack of seed dispersal can be an important obstacle to natural regeneration (NR) of degraded pastures in the humid tropics. Tree plantations can facilitate secondary forest succession by attracting seed dispersal agents from nearby forests. We studied seed rain and seed dispersal agents in 12–13 years old pure and mixed native tree plantations at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica from July to December 2004. Plantations of Balizia elegans (5,522), Dipteryx panamensis (2,263), and Jacaranda copaia (2,091) had the greatest total seed abundance; treatments with the least total seed abundance were Calophyllum brasiliense (56), nonplanted abandoned pasture control 2 (353), Mixed Species 2 (389), and control 1 (836). Plantations of J. copaia and Hyeronima alchorneoides had the greatest seed species richness density, whereas the lowest seed species richness was found in the control treatments. The NR plots had more seeds dispersed by wind, whereas in the plantations, the most important dispersal agents were birds and mammals. The most abundant seeds were those of Miconia spp. (14,492), Psychotria bracheata (2,252), and the Poaceae family (1,346), all species from early successional stages. Plantations of native species are effective in attracting seed dispersal agents and thus facilitating regeneration of degraded pasturelands in the region.
Patterns and Correlates of Drinking in Offspring From the San Diego Prospective Study
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L. , Pierson Juliann , Danko George P. , Allen Rhonda C. , Kreikebaum Sara
Published: July 2007

Background:  The decision among young people to drink is complex and reflects multiple domains of influence. This paper applies the results from a previous test of an externalizing‐based model predicting heavy drinking and alcohol problems in the probands from the San Diego Prospective Study to evaluate how similar characteristics relate to the decision to drink in their offspring.

Methods:  Data were generated from multiple sources for 152 offspring with a mean age of 17.2 years. Information on the family histories, personal alcohol and other substance use, socioeconomic stratum, the child’s gestational problems, and additional characteristics were gathered from face‐to‐face interviews with a parent approximately every 5 years between their mid‐20s and mid‐40s. Data regarding the drinking status and additional variables applicable to the offspring were extracted from the 25‐year (T25) epoch of the family evaluations using data supplied directly by the offspring. The relationships of variables to the drinking status in that generation were determined through correlations, regression analyses, and an AMOS‐based structural equation model (SEM).

Results:  Significant correlations to the drinking status in offspring were observed for age, but not for sex. Using age‐adjusted backgrounds and data supplied by the offspring at T25, the most robust correlations to the drinking status were seen for a disinhibition measure, peer drinking, expectations of the effects of alcohol, and the history of having worked outside the home. When placed into an SEM, the former 3 variables performed in a manner similar to that observed in the original probands in the prediction of the drinking status, in a model with good fit characteristics.

Conclusions:  These data from a prospective study support the importance of similar domains across 2 generations in characterizing age‐appropriate alcohol‐related outcomes.
The Interplay Between Uric Acid and Antioxidants in Relation to Physical Function in Older Persons
Authors: Ruggiero Carmelinda , Cherubini Antonio , Guralnik Jack , Semba Richard D. , Maggio Marcello , Ling Shari M. , Lauretani Fulvio , Bandinelli Stefania , Senin Umberto , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between circulating uric acid (UA) levels and plasma antioxidants and whether antioxidant levels modulate the association between UA and physical function.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: Community‐based.

PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred sixty‐six elderly persons participating in the baseline assessment of the Invecchiare in Chianti Study.

MEASUREMENTS: UA, carotenoid, tocopherol, and selenium concentrations were assayed. Physical function was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and difficulties in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Potential confounders were assessed using standardized methods.

RESULTS: Total carotenoids (P=.008), in particular α‐carotene (P=.02), lutein (P<.001), zeaxanthin (P<.001), lycopene (P=.07), cryptoxanthin (P=.29), and selenium (P=.04) were inversely associated with UA levels. Total tocopherols (P=.06) and α‐tocopherol (P=.10) had a positive trend across UA levels. SPPB (P=.01) and IADL disability (P=.002) were nonlinearly distributed across the UA quintiles. Participants within the middle UA quintile (4.8–5.3 mg/dL) were less disabled in IADLs and had better SPPB scores than those in the extreme UA quintiles. There was a significant interaction between UA and selenium in the model predicting SPPB score (P=.02).

CONCLUSION: UA levels are inversely associated with circulating carotenoids and selenium. Participants with intermediate UA levels had a higher prevalence of good physical functions, higher SPPB scores, and lower IADL disability. This study suggests that older subjects with intermediate UA levels may have an optimum balance between proinflammatory and antioxidant compounds that may contribute to better physical performance.
Computerized Physician Order Entry with Clinical Decision Support in Long‐Term Care Facilities: Costs and Benefits to Stakeholders
Authors: Subramanian Sujha , Hoover Sonja , Gilman Boyd , Field Terry S. , Mutter Ryan , Gurwitz Jerry H.
Published: July 2007

Nursing homes are the setting of care for growing numbers of our nation's older people, and adverse drug events are an increasingly recognized safety and quality concern in this population. Health information technology, including computerized physician/provider order entry (CPOE) with clinical decision support (CDS), has been proposed as an important systems‐based approach for reducing medication errors and preventable drug‐related injuries. This article describes the costs and benefits of CPOE with CDS for the various stakeholders involved in long‐term care (LTC), including nurses, physicians, the pharmacy, the laboratory, the payer (e.g., the insurer), nursing home residents, and the LTC facility. Critical barriers to adoption of these systems are discussed, primarily from an economic perspective. The analysis suggests that multiple stakeholders will incur the costs related to implementation of CPOE with CDS in the LTC setting, but the costs incurred by each may not be aligned with the benefits, which may present a major barrier to broad adoption. Physicians and LTC facilities are likely to bear a large burden of the costs, whereas residents and payers will enjoy a large portion of the benefits. Consideration of these costs and benefits suggests that financial incentives to physicians and facilities may be necessary to encourage and accelerate widespread use of these systems in the LTC setting.
Detection of misfolded prion protein in blood with conformationally sensitive peptides
Authors: Pan Tao , Sethi Jasmeet , Nelsen Craig , Rudolph Alan , Cervenakova Larisa , Brown Paul , Orser Cindy S.
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND: The long‐standing goal of a preclinical diagnostic test for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) has recently become urgent because of the discovery that humans with variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease can transmit disease via blood transfusions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The misfolded protein diagnostic (MPD) assay employs a pyrene‐labeled palindromic sequence of prion peptides that undergoes a cascade of coil to β‐sheet conversion in the presence of the misfolded prion protein (PrPTSE). The ability of the assay to detect PrPTSE in brain, serum, and plasma was tested. The basic protocol involved a several‐hour incubation of 200‐µL sample volumes with the peptide reagent in 96‐well plates, after which fluorescence was monitored by a fluorescence plate reader with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm and emission scanning wavelength range of 365 to 600 nm.

RESULTS: Target specificity for PrPTSE was documented by correlation of assay signal with Western blot signals in brain tissue from TSE‐infected, normal, and knockout mice and negative assay signals by use of reagents with different peptide sequences. When applied to plasma or serum, the assay discriminated between samples from a variety of experimental and natural TSE infections compared to uninfected controls, with a sensitivity threshold of approximately 1 infectious dose per mL in pooled plasma from TSE‐infected mice.

CONCLUSIONS: The MPD assay is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of PrPTSE that may be useful in both preclinical and clinical diagnosis of TSE diseases of animals and humans.
Semiparametric Inference for Surrogate Endpoints with Bivariate Censored Data
Authors: Ghosh Debashis
Published: July 2007

SummaryConsiderable attention has been recently paid to the use of surrogate endpoints in clinical research. We deal with the situation where the two endpoints are both right censored. While proportional hazards analyses are typically used for this setting, their use leads to several complications. In this article, we propose the use of the accelerated failure time model for analysis of surrogate endpoints. Based on the model, we then describe estimation and inference procedures for several measures of surrogacy. A complication is that potentially both the independent and dependent variable are subject to censoring. We adapt the Theil–Sen estimator to this problem, develop the associated asymptotic results, and propose a novel resampling‐based technique for calculating the variances of the proposed estimators. The finite‐sample properties of the estimation methodology are assessed using simulation studies, and the proposed procedures are applied to data from an acute myelogenous leukemia clinical trial.
Phase Transitions in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 Studied by Low‐Frequency Internal Friction Measurement
Authors: Yan Feng , Bao Peng , Zhu Jingsong , Wang Yening , Chan Helen L. W. , Choy Chung Loong
Published: July 2007

The low‐frequency internal friction (0.1 Hz<f<10 Hz) of (100−x%)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−x%PbTiO3 (x=0, 13, 23, 33) ceramics has been measured in the temperature range between 90 and 500 K. All of the internal friction peaks show a height that is inversely proportional to the measurement frequency, thus they can be attributed to first‐order phase transitions. The phase transitions between rhombohedral, monoclinic, and tetragonal phases in ceramics with x=33 occur over a very broad temperature range from 150 to 400 K, indicating that the giant piezoelectric effect in this material may be attributed to a field‐induced phase transition process.
Occupational Attachment and Met Expectations as Predictors of Retirement Adjustment of Naval Officers1
Authors: Taylor Mary Anne , Shultz Kenneth S. , Spiegel Peter E. , Morrison Robert F. , Greene Jenifer
Published: July 2007

Attachment to one's former occupation and met expectations regarding retirement were proposed as predictors of the adjustment of military retirees. While results suggested that occupational attachment had a minimal impact, the extent to which expectations of civilian work, financial, and family aspects of life were met emerged as significant predictors of satisfaction and adjustment after military retirement. These findings suggest that the characteristics of the post‐retirement environment, and expectations regarding this environment, outweigh the importance of occupational attachment in determining post‐retirement adjustment in this setting.
Diversification of host use in two polyphagous butterflies: differences in oviposition specificity or host rank hierarchy?
Authors: Mercader R. J. , Scriber J. M.
Published: July 2007

Novel host usage may represent an initial step towards diversification or radiation onto novel hosts within an evolutionary lineage, particularly if a shift in host plant preference ranking takes place. Polyphagous stages of evolutionary lineages may represent transitional states in which novel host associations are more likely to develop, but may be more difficult to detect experimentally. The polyphagous sister species Papilio glaucus L. and Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae; these Papilio = Pterourus) are known to exhibit differences in host‐plant use, despite significant overlap in host‐use abilities, providing an opportunity to examine how host shifts in polyphagous species may occur and what the implications for future divergence may be. In particular, we were interested in (i) determining whether differences in oviposition behavior of these species were due to changes in specificity or shifts in host‐plant hierarchy, (ii) whether the varying preference for primary hosts also affected the preference for secondary hosts, and (iii) what the oviposition preferences of a new hybrid swarm population are. We examined more than 40 000 oviposition bouts from more than 400 P. glaucus, P. canadensis, and hybrid females placed in seven‐, three‐, or two‐choice assays. In each of the choice assays, leaves from plants in different plant families of varying suitability for P. glaucus and P. canadensis larvae were used. We found the primary difference between P. glaucus and P. canadensis to be limited to a Z‐linked shift in host rank hierarchy due to an acceptance of Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) and reduced specificity for Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae) in P. canadensis. In addition, we found the absence of the Z‐linked oviposition acceptance of P. tremuloides in a recently formed allochronically separated hybrid swarm population found in P. canadensis territory at the northern border of the P. glaucus and P. canadensis hybrid zone.
Impact of methyl eugenol and malathion bait stations on non‐target insect populations in French Guiana during an eradication program for Bactrocera carambolae
Authors: Vayssières J. F. , Cayol J. P. , Perrier X. , Midgarden D.
Published: July 2007

We conducted this study to assess the impact of the bait station used in the Carambola fruit fly eradication program on non‐target insects indigenous to French Guiana. A sampling device was developed based on the bait station, using four treatments: fiberboard blocks impregnated with methyl eugenol (ME) and malathion (MA), ME only, MA only, and a non‐impregnated block. A total of only 149 non‐target insects were captured during the 52 weeks of the experiment. The non‐target taxa captured included representatives of nine orders and 26 families. Analysis based on a Poisson model of captures indicated no difference in the taxa or number of specimens captured among the treatments, providing evidence that the bait stations used by the regional program had no greater impact on non‐target insect populations than the non‐impregnated blocks. Our results indicate that captures of non‐target insects could be related to accidental exposure to the sampling device and as such can be considered random events. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that bait stations made with ME and MA can be used in an area‐wide program without risk to non‐target insect populations.
Concomitant Ventral Phalloplasty During Penile Implant Surgery: A Novel Procedure That Optimizes Patient Satisfaction and Their Perception of Phallic Length After Penile Implant Surgery
Authors: Miranda-Sousa Alejandro , Keating Michael , Moreira Sergio , Baker Mark , Carrion Rafael
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Despite previous reports showing consistently elevated patient satisfaction with penile implantation, it is our impression that patients who have had a prosthesis placed often complain of penile shortening postoperatively.

Aim

We sought to evaluate if the release of the penoscrotal web would optimize patient perception and satisfaction regarding penile length after such procedure.

Main Outcome Measure

Utilizing a questionnaire, we evaluated patient satisfaction, focusing on phallic size.

Methods

Ninety patients (mean age 62) underwent penile prosthesis placement during a 17-month period. Forty-three were carried out with takedown of penoscrotal web during a 17-month period (group 1). Of group 1, 39 patients had an inflatable implant placed (inflatable penile prosthesis) and 4 had a semirigid implant. The patients were directly inquired with a seven-item questionnaire 3 months after the procedure. These results were then compared to a group of 37 patients that had penile implants placed without release of the penoscrotal web (group 2). All the patients involved in the study had a high insertion of the scrotum ventrally (penoscrotal web).

Results

Of the patients, 42/43 (98%) (group 1) reported good overall satisfaction of the surgical procedure; 36/43 (84%) reported some degree of increase in penile length; 5/43 (12%) reported no significant change in their perception of penile length postoperatively. The remaining two patients reported a decreased penile length. The clinical records from group 2 demonstrated 31/37 (84%) of the patients complained of penile shortening, and only one patient reported an increase in penile length. Postoperative complications in group 1 consisted of wound hematoma (2/43) and focal superficial wound dehiscence (3/43). The operative time for group 1 patients was approximately 12 minutes (mean 11.7) longer.

Conclusions

Release of penoscrotal web is a simple, safe, and reproducible procedure that can enhance patient perception of penile length and further improve satisfaction.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision as an Appropriate Diagnostic for Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Shabsigh Ridwan , Rowland David
Published: July 2007

Introduction

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for premature ejaculation (PE) are multifactorial, and include concepts of latency, perceived control over ejaculation, and personal distress and interpersonal difficulty related to the condition. Recent publications have suggested that these criteria are not supported by empirical evidence, leading to the proposal that a PE diagnosis should be based solely on intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), while the presence of other factors (such as perceived lack of control over ejaculation) may be used to guide treatment decisions.

Aim

To examine the evidence supporting the elements of the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PE.

Main Outcome Measures

Literature searches on IELT, perceived control over ejaculation, and personal distress and interpersonal difficulty related to ejaculation.

Results

From a historical perspective, there has been a lack of large observational studies that evaluated the contributions of the DSM-IV-TR components in men with PE. However, recently performed large observational studies have generated data supporting the inclusion of perceived control over ejaculation and personal distress related to ejaculation in the definition of PE. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that a perceived lack of control over ejaculation is directly associated with elevated personal distress related to ejaculation and decreased satisfaction with sexual intercourse, while the effects of IELT on these parameters are indirect, and mediated by perceived control over ejaculation. A key advantage of the DSM-IV-TR approach to the diagnosis of PE is that it firmly links PE to a negative outcome for the patient, which is an element common to diagnostic criteria for other conditions, including depression, hypertension, and osteoporosis.

Conclusions

This new evidence strongly suggests that the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PE encompass aspects of the condition that patients describe as important.
A CASE FOR REFORM OF THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM
Authors: Krinsky Miriam Aroni
Published: July 2007

There are more than half a million children in our nation's foster care system. While foster care is intended to provide a temporary safe harbor for abused and neglected children, too many of these youth spend years in foster care limbo—experiencing a turbulent life in motion as they move from placement to placement, community to community, and school to school. Youth in foster care commonly fail to receive basic health and psychological care, and nearly 20,000 youth age out of foster care every year to an adult path of homelessness, unemployment, and despair. Our entire community must work together to more responsibly parent these youth. This article will address how lawyers and child advocates can advocate for new approaches and enhanced support on behalf of the voiceless and most vulnerable members of our community. It will address existing hurdles and systemic challenges that have helped to create the current disheartening status quo. The article will then discuss strategies that advocates can employ to turn the corner on behalf of these youth at risk.
CONCEPTUALIZING VISITATION RESISTANCE AND REFUSAL IN THE CONTEXT OF PARENTAL CONFLICT, SEPARATION, AND DIVORCE
Authors: Garber Benjamin D.
Published: July 2007

A child's visitation resistance and refusal (VRR) in the context of parental separation, divorce, and post‐divorce litigation must not prematurely be interpreted as evidence of alienation, a conclusion which can be as detrimental to the family system as it is ill founded. The present article proposes a child‐centered, developmentally informed heuristic with which forensic evaluators might begin to more uniformly approach the potential causes of and remedies for VRR. An attachment‐based, step‐wise decision tree is described together with an overview of the remedies presently believed most appropriate to each. Recommendations for empirical study of the multiple convergent dynamics which determine VRR and establishment of corresponding interventions follow.
PUNCHING THE PARENTING TIME CLOCK: THE APPROXIMATION RULE, SOCIAL SCIENCE, AND THE BASEBALL BAT KIDS*
Authors: Warshak Richard A.
Published: July 2007

The American Law Institute proposes that in contested physical custody cases the court should allocate to each parent a proportion of the child's time that approximates the proportion of time each has spent performing caretaking functions in the past. Examined through the lens of child development research, the approximation rule is unlikely to improve on the best interests standard. It is difficult to apply; is perceived as gender‐biased; creates a new focus for disputing parents; renders a poor estimate of parents’ contributions to their child's best interests; overlooks parents’ intangible, yet significant, contributions to their child's well‐being; and miscalculates the essence of how a child experiences the family. A preferable alternative is a better defined, contemporary best interests standard that accommodates new knowledge and reforms that encourage nonadversarial, individualized resolutions of custody disputes.
TO REGULATE OR NOT TO REGULATE: THE NEED FOR COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL NORMS BY GUATEMALA AND COOPERATION BY THE UNITED STATES IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS
Authors: Daly Laura Beth
Published: July 2007

The United States will be entering into force the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption by the end of 2007. At this time, all intercountry adoptions that occur between the United States and one of the 70 other countries that also have entered the Hague Convention into force must be done according to Hague protocol. Guatemala has entered the Convention into force but its adoption practices do not currently align themselves with Convention requirements. The U.S. State Department has threatened that intercountry adoptions between the United States and Guatemala will come to a complete stop if Guatemala's conditions are not reformed. One out of every 100 children born in Guatemala is adopted by an American family and in the 2006 fiscal year, the United States adopted 4,135 Guatemalan babies. This high number placed Guatemala as the second country from which the United States adopted the most children in 2006 second only to China. A structured compromise must be established between the United States and Guatemala in order to ensure the continued provision of homes to Guatemala babies in America while Guatemala reforms its malignant adoption practices.
Use of Bio‐gas for power Generation
Authors: ALDER M. A.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The paper outlines the operational experience gained on a number of combined heat and power (CHP) schemes within Wessex Water. Application philosophy is discussed with particular emphasis on economic viability. Capital and revenue costs are presented, together with details of performance. The use of a performance guarantee contract with suppliers is demonstrated and possibilities for future improvements are suggested.
Optimization of Sampling Resources
Authors: SHELLENS M. , EDWARDS ZARA
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

This paper reports on an investigation into the efficient routing of sample collection in the Lincoln Division of Anglian Water. Samples have to be collected from more than 600 sample points across three functions and at frequencies ranging from daily to once in two years. The organization of this activity is clearly complex.

As a result of the review carried out using manual methods, the additional 15 000 water samples which are required annually are now being collected with no increase in staff resources. The scale of the effort required for this review prevents it from being repeated except at infrequent intervals; yet without frequent reviews the efficiency of routes is eroded as the required pattern of samples changes. A computer system is therefore being developed, offering the prospect of halting the drift away from efficiency and the speedy evaluation of alternative strategies.
Conventry Area Sewage Sludge Disoposal Scheme: Development of Strategy and Early Operating Experiences
Authors: KANE M. J.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The paper outlines the development of a sludge disposal strategy for the City of Coventry, from 1939 onwards. The aim of the paper is to show how a fundamental change in philosophy from gravity thickening to mechanical dewatering led to the construction of a £1.5 million dewatering plant. It provides a detailed appraisal of the first year of operation, and attempts to identify the major problem areas which led to plant performance failing to achieve expectations. The concluding paragraphs describe the on‐site work which is currently being undertaken, the results of which will eventually dictate the most suitable operational option.
Radioactivity in Water Supplies
Authors: CASTLE R. G.
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the general monitoring of radioactivity in the water industry and discusses radioactivity standards for potable water. Specific topics are considered such as the problem of radon in groundwater supplies and the effect of the Chernobyl accident on rivers, water supplies, and sludges in Western Europe and Russia.
Power Generation and Environmental Protection: The Conservation of Water Resources
Authors: CLARKE A. J. , HEATON P. F.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

THIS PAPER EXAMINES the use of water in the generation of electricity in England and Wales and describes the measures taken to reduce the environmental consequences of this use. Potential effects on water quality that may arise indirectly from activities other than water use are also discussed.

The first part of the paper deals with a range of topics that are generally common to the generation of electricity by either of the principal means ‐ fossil fuel (coal and oil) combustion and nuclear energy. The second part of the paper deals specifically with the discharge of radioactive materials that may affect the aquatic environment.
Chlorination and Drinking Water Quality ‐ an Operational Overview
Authors: TETLOW J. A. , HAYES C. R.
Published: July 2007

Available national guidelines for disinfection practice, and for the examination of bacteriological quality, are reviewed, together with the legislative requirements of the EC ‘Drinking Water’Directive. Problems of impracticability, vagueness, and ambiguity are identified.

Experience of the maintenance of bacteriological quality in large, lowland, surface water and ground‐water supply areas is given with reference to the behaviour of disinfectant residuals, trihalomethanes, nitrite, and aesthetic parameters. The way forward in terms of the management of distribution systems and water treatment is discussed.
1. The Use of Risk Management to Provide Cost‐effective Water Supplies
Authors: HUNTINGTON R.
Published: July 2007

Major benefits can be derived from the comprehensive use of risk management techniques in water supply distribution management.

The paper identifies particular areas where financial benefits can be gained and examines savings, risks, and consequences of failure of critical supply links, recommending contingency planning to minimize the impact of occasional failures.

Better management of service reservoirs is identified as a key element in improved management and methods of realizing savings are illustrated. Suggestions are made on how the inherent robustness of the distribution system can be exploited to meet high diurnal and seasonal peaks.

Emphasis is placed on the value to be derived from sensible use of network analysis simulation and the control of pressure in the distribution system.