bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intended Consequences
Authors: Critchlow Donald T
Published: November 2023

After World War II, U.S. policy experts--convinced that unchecked population growth threatened global disaster--successfully lobbied bipartisan policy-makers in Washington to initiate federally-funded family planning. In Intended Consequences, Donald T. Critchlow deftly chronicles how the government's involvement in contraception and abortion evolved into one of the most bitter, partisan controversies in American political history. The growth of the feminist movement in the late 1960s fundamentally altered the debate over the federal family planning movement, shifting its focus from population control directed by established interests in the philanthropic community to highly polarized pro-abortion and anti-abortion groups mobilized at the grass-roots level. And when the Supreme Court granted women the Constitutional right to legal abortion in 1973, what began as a bi-partisan, quiet revolution during the administrations of Kennedy and Johnson exploded into a contentious argument over sexuality, welfare, the role of women, and the breakdown of traditional family values. Intended Consequences encompasses over four decades of political history, examining everything from the aftermath of the Republican "moral revolution" during the Reagan and Bush years to the current culture wars concerning unwed motherhood, homosexuality, and the further protection of women's abortion rights. Critchlow's carefully balanced appraisal of federal birth control and abortion policy reveals that despite the controversy, the family planning movement has indeed accomplished much in the way of its intended goal--the reduction of population growth in many parts of the world. Written with authority, fresh insight, and impeccable research, Intended Consequences skillfully unfolds the history of how the federal government found its way into the private bedrooms of the American family.
The Development of the Quantum Mechanical Electron Theory of Metals, 1926-1933
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Baym Gordon , Eckert Michael
Published: November 2023

The electron theory of metals underwent dramatic development between the turn of the twentieth century, when Paul Drude and H. A. Lorentz first proposed a freeelectron theory ofmetals,1 and 1933, when Arnold Sommerfeld and Hans Bethe published a monumental review in the Handbuch der Physik.2 From crude classical conceptions, the field had reached a point where physicists could undertake realistic calculations of some of the chief properties of particular solids.
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Authors: Keith Stephen T , Quedec Pierre
Published: November 2023

Atomic Physics and Magnetic Properties From Atomic Physics to the Physics of Solids: The Examples of Van Vleck and Stoner The Technological Dimension Reunion sur le Magnetisme: Strasbourg, May 1939 The War and Its Aftermath By the 1930s, the exploitation of the magnetic characteristics of materials formed a key element in some of the most significant modern technologies, including power generation and transmission and the growing industry of telecommunication.
Academic, Proletarian, Professional? Shaping Professionalization for German Industrial Chemists, 1887-1920
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The situation of the employed chemists had not improved in the course of time. The leading positions in the factories and laboratories were mostly occupied by young people, making the advance of the new generation correspondingly difficult, and it was all but impossible to enter the ranks of the city and state administrators.The professionof chemist was not yet recognized .
The Contraction of Social Welfare
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

The fundamental principle with respect to the legal relief of the poor is, that the condition of the pauper ought to be, on the whole, less eligible than that of the independent laborer.
Municipal Responses
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

The social movement for the homeless has lobbied for assistance at every level of government, but in practice, it is cities that deliver most of the benefits and services. The federal and state governments normally fund part of this aid. Yet by the time the homeless actually get assistance, the money has generally been handed down to the local government, which may, or may not, add its own tax revenues. If a municipality relies entirely on the non profit sector, or spends no money from other governmental sources, then services to the homeless will follow broad state guidelines. These guidelines tighten considerably, however, when there is state and federal funding. Under these circumstances, the city still administers the program, but it does so more accountably, with the other funding sources looking over its shoulder.
New York City: Wealth, Poverty, and Homeless Families
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

‘The transformation of New York’s economy affected families as well as individuals. To create a favorable business environment, the city government granted tax abatements for major real estate projects and tried to restrict increases in municipal salaries. Tightening its grip on welfare spending, it used the discretionary part of the municipal budget for business development instead of social programs. The effect of these policies rippled throughout the city, bringing about both an economic renaissance and a decline in municipal services. The economic renaissance greatly enriched the leaders of the business community and spread some new wealth among the professional classes. At the same time, however, it made life among poor families that much tougher.
Homelessness and Common Human Needs
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

There is no great mystery about the steps necessary to eliminate the problem of homelessness in the United States. Homeless people need what everyone else needs: affordable housing, wages and benefits sufficient to support themselves, and accessible social services. Meeting these needs is necessary for a minimum, though hardly extravagant, standard of living.
Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Briggs G A D , Hoppe M
Published: November 2023

The principle of the scanning acoustic microscope is becoming increasingly well known (Lemons and Quate, 1979; Briggs, 1985). For any wave motion, the wave-length is equal to the wave speed divided by the frequency. Thus by increasing the frequency sufficiently the wavelength can be made as small as you like. The speed of sound in water is approximately 1500 ms - 1, or in more convenient units for microscopy 1.5 µ,m ns-1. This means that, with a frequency of 2 GHz, the wave-length is 0.75 µ,m, or roughly the wavelength of red light. If a lens with a large numerical aperture and free from serious aberrations can be used, a microscope can have a resolution slightly better than the wavelength. Thus there is a possibility of an acoustic microscope with a resolution approaching that of a light optical microscope (LOM); the reader is referred to Chapter 1 for a discussion of the LOM.
Her Share Of The Blessings
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

In this ground-breaking interdisciplinary study, Ross Kraemer considers the full spectrum of women’s religious experience in the Graeco-Roman world. Examining the scriptural, literary, and archaeological evidence for the beliefs and practices of pagan, Jewish, and Christian women, Kraemer attempts to discover the relationship between these women’s religious behaviour and the rest of their lives. She presents and analyses a bewildering diversity of activities, and finds consistent correlations between the religious behaviour of women and the constraints under which they live in an androcentric society. She goes on to argue that the religious experiences of women are importantly different from those of men, and that these differences are vital to a fuller understanding of the universal human phenomenon of religion.
Heresy as Women’s Religion: Women’s Religion as Heresy
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

For Jerome, at least, the connections between women and heresy were already established in 2 Timothy’ and are amply manifested in a long list of historical instances: It was with the help of the harlot Helena that Simon Magus founded his sect. Bands of women accompanied Nicolas of Antioch that deviser of all uncleanness. Marcion sent a woman before him to Rome to prepare men’s minds to fall into his snares. Apelles possessed in Philumena an associate in his false doc-trines. Montanus, that mouthpiece of an unclean spirit, used two rich and highborn ladies Prisca and Maximilla first to bribe and then to pervert many churches. Leaving ancient history, I will pass to times nearer to our own. Arius intent on leading the world astray began by misleading the Emperor’s sister. The resources of Lucilla helped Donatus to defile with his polluting baptism many unhappy persons throughout Africa. In Spain, the blind woman Agape led the blind man Elpidius into the ditch. He was followed by Priscillian, an enthusiastic votary of Zoroaster and a magician before he became a bishop.
Conjuring Culture
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

This book provides a sophisticated new interdisciplinary interpretation of the formulation and evolution of African American religion and culture. Theophus Smith argues for the central importance of “conjure”—a magical means of transforming reality—in black spirituality and culture. Smith shows that the Bible, the sacred text of Western civilization, has in fact functioned as a magical formulary for African Americans. Going back to slave religion, and continuing in black folk practice and literature to the present day, the Bible has provided African Americans with ritual prescriptions for prophetically re-envisioning, and thereby transforming, their history and culture. In effect the Bible is a “conjure book” for prescribing cures and curses, and for invoking extraordinary and Divine powers to effect changes in the conditions of human existence—and to bring about justice and freedom. Biblical themes, symbols, and figures like Moses, the Exodus, the Promised Land, and the Suffering Servant, as deployed by African Americans, have crucially formed and reformed not only black culture, but American society as a whole. Smith examines not only the religious and political uses of conjure, but its influence on black aesthetics, in music, drama, folklore, and literature. The concept of conjure, he shows, is at the heart of an indigenous and still vital spirituality, with exciting implications for reconfiguring the next generation of black studies and black theology. Even more braodly, Smith proposes, “conjuring culture” can function as a new paradigm for understanding Western religious and cultural phenomena generally.
Graffiti, Gossip, Lampoons, and Rhetorical Invective
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

Perception of the simplest level of Roman sexual humor is complicated and hampered by the fact that we cannot directly record Roman verbal and colloquial humor and abuse. This makes it somewhat difficult to determine what were appropriate levels of language for different levels of society and different social situations.
Somewhere I Have Never Travelled
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Professor Van Nortwick explores the ways in which the authors of the Gilgamesh epic, the Iliad, and the Aeneid use the relationship between the male hero and his ‘second self,’ or alter ego, objectified in one or more characters in the story, to explore the psychological, or spiritual, evolution of the hero.
The Bonded Electrical Resistance Strain Gage
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

Experimental stress analysis is an important tool in the overall design and development of machinery and structures. While analytical techniques and computer solutions are available during the design stage, the results are still dependent on many assumptions that must be made in order to adapt them to the problems at hand. One popular method of finding structural and design weaknesses is through the use of the electrical resistance strain gage. These devices are relatively low in cost, easily applied by a reasonably skilled technician, and require little investment in instrumentation (for the general user), yet they yield a wealth of information in a relatively short time period. The information and its validity is, of course, dependent on the training and knowledge of the engineer who plans the tests and reduces the data. In addition to serving as a reference for engineers, this practical, instructive book has a high potential as a textbook for senior and first-year graduate students in engineering and related fields, such as engineering physics and geology.
The Decomposition of Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

In this challenging and controversial book, Horowitz examines the decline of sociology, both in terms of the decreasing number of students taking the subject and in terms of its diminishing significance as a discipline. He argues that contemporary sociological thought has lapsed into a pure critique which represents a crude and false reductionism of contemporary life and society.
Mircea Eliade’s Vision For A New Humanism
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

Much has been written on Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) and his work on the history of religions, but little attention has been given to Eliade’s idea of a ‘new humanism’ for modern culture. Yet this vision, as David Cave argues in this detailed analysis, was the motivating impulse behind much of Eliade’s life and work as a scholar of religion and as a writer.
By the Grace of Guile
Authors: Rue Loyal
Published: November 2023

In this ambitious, interdisciplinary work, Loyal D. Rue reassesses the value of deception in nature, and in human society, asserting that myths are essential to the health, and even survival, of a culture as a whole. Advancing his theory of the Noble Lie, he maintains that we urgently require a new myth to replace the religious beliefs rejected by the modern mind. Such a Lie, Rue believes, offers our only salvation from the psychological and social chaos now threatened by the spread of scepticism about the meaning of the universe and life. Rue holds our deeply ingrained western bias against deception up to rigorous examination, comparing it to what he calls the natural bias in favour of deception. Evolution rewards the successful deceiver, he maintains, and cites examples from the natural world and from psychological research indicating that strategies of deception and self-deception are essential to our personal well-being.
Fundamental Aspects of Combustion
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

This book presents scientific aspects of combustion from a fundamental viewpoint. It is unique because it addresses scientifically literate readers who have not specialized in combustion. Central topics of the science, notably diffusion flames, deflagrations, detonations, flammability, explosions, and turbulent combustion, are covered from an up-to-date perspective. In addition, there are discussions of the history of the subject and projections for future developments. Current topics of combustion research may be found in this volume, as well as introductions to the modern methods being used to attack these.
The Letters as Introduction
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

This book interprets the works that for centuries were falsely attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian who was converted to Christianity by St. Paul, according to Acts 17. They were actually written some five hundred years later, although we do not know precisely when or where. If the classics of mysticism are said to have “neither birthday nor native land”1 in that they transcend such details, the phrase is literally descriptive of our ignorance about the Dionysian corpus. We do not know its birthday, its native land, or its author. The personal identity of the writer is still a mystery, and he is known only and awkwardly as Pseudo-Dionysius, or Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite. The Greek name Dionysios and the Latin Dionysius can be translated into English as Dennis; the French also call him Denis or Denys, and the Italians say Dionigi. We could, therefore, name this unknown author “the false Dennis,” but an accepted, slightly negative convention names him Pseudo-Dionysius. This book will usually refer to him as Dionysius. The contents of the Dionysian corpus are not as well known as are its titles: The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Celestial Hierarchy, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and the Letters. The major task of this commentary is to present the contents of the corpus, both in their details and as a whole. These writings are also known to have exerted an important influence on a wide range of topics, although here, too, the details need exposition.
Mhd Instabilities In Heliotrons
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

Stability studies with the MHD model have progressed significantly since the 1950s, when magnetic confinement research began. For tokamaks, it is considered that MHD stability theory was almost completed by the development of ballooning mode theory in the latter half of the 1970s. MHD studies for stellarators also began in the 1950s. However, progress was slow because it was not easy to obtain three-dimensional MHD equilibrium of finite-beta plasma. For toroidal stellarator MHD equilibrium, there are two problems as discussed in chapter 4: the existence of nested magnetic surfaces, and the viability of currentless equilibrium. Regarding the first point, the existence of general three-dimensional equilibrium has been disproved. However, since the existence of equilibrium in the straight stellarator configuration is guaranteed by the helical symmetry, we often study the equilibrium assuming that nested magnetic surfaces would exist if the toroidal effects were sufficiently small. In other words, it is accepted in practice that the magnetic surfaces exist when no magnetic islands or no stochastic magnetic field line regions appear in the calculation of the vacuum magnetic surfaces by line tracing.
The Particle Orbit In Heliotrons
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

In order to realize a continuously working fusion reactor, high-energy charged particles produced by fusion reactions must be confined to heat a background fuel plasma. In particular, the confinement of alpha particles generated by fusion reactions between deuterons and tritons is a crucial problem for a first-generation fusion reactor. After the alpha particles of 3.5 MeV slow down up to the fuel plasma temperature of several IO keV, they become alpha ash. However, it is not necessary to confine all alpha particles. The confined alpha ash is harmful, since fuel ions are diluted by the increase of thermalized alpha particles. It is considered that the alpha particle density should be kept below I 0% of the total ions in a fusion reactor using deuterium and tritium fuels.
The Heating And Confinement Of Stellarator And Heliotron Plasmas
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

The Heliotron E was completed in 1980 to provide experimental proof of principles of the heliotron device. Table 8.1 shows the parameters of the heliotron devices built to investigate currentless toroidal plasma confinement in the 1980s; the Heliotron E (H-E), the Heliotron DR (H-DR), the ATF, and the CHS. In 1982, the H-E demonstrated that high-power ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) using a gyrotron is the most suitable method for producing currentless plasmas. Recent development of the high-power and high-frequency gyrotron was remarkable and one gyrotron can produce an RF power output of about 500kW at 140GHz. The next target of research and development is a continuously working gyrotron. This is necessary for the next generation of experiments, such as the LHD and the W7-X. However, in a heliotron reactor, ECRH may be only required to produce an initial target plasma for NBI (Neutral Beam Injection) or ICRF (Ion Cyrotron Range of Frequency) heating, and pulsed operation of the gyrotron seems sufficient for ignition.
The Color of Welfare
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

Thirty years after Lyndon Johnson declared a War on Poverty, the United States still lags behind most Western democracies in national welfare systems, lacking such basic programs as national health insurance and child care support. Some critics have explained the failure of social programs by citing our tradition of individual freedom and libertarian values, while others point to weaknesses within the working class. In The Color of Welfare, Jill Quadagno takes exception to these claims, placing race at the centre of the "American Dilemma," as Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal did half a century ago. The "American creed" of liberty, justice, and equality clashed with a history of active racial discrimination, says Quadagno. It is racism that has undermined the War on Poverty, and America must come to terms with this history if there is to be any hope of addressing welfare reform today. From Reconstruction to Lyndon Johnson and beyond, Quadagno reveals how American social policy has continually foundered on issues of race. Drawing on extensive primary research, Quadagno shows, for instance, how Roosevelt, in need of support from southern congressmen, excluded African Americans from the core programs of the Social Security Act. Turning to Lyndon Johnson's "unconditional war on poverty," she contends that though anti-poverty programs for job training, community action, health care, housing, and education have accomplished much, they have not been fully realized because they became inextricably intertwined with the civil rights movement of the 1960s, which triggered a white backlash. Job training programs, for instance, became affirmative action programs, programs to improve housing became programs to integrate housing, programs that began as community action to upgrade the quality of life in the cities were taken over by local civil rights groups. This shift of emphasis eventually alienated white, working-class Americans, who had some of the same needs--for health care, subsidized housing, and job training opportunities--but who got very little from these programs. At the same time, affirmative action clashed openly with organized labor, and equal housing raised protests from the white suburban middle-class, who didn't want their neighborhoods integrated. Quadagno shows that Nixon, who initially supported many of Johnson's programs, eventually caught on that the white middle class was disenchanted. He realized that his grand plan for welfare reform, the Family Assistance Plan, threatened to undermine wages in the South and alienate the Republican party's new constituency--white, southern Democrats--and therefore dropped it. In the 1960s, the United States embarked on a journey to resolve the "American dilemma." Yet instead of finally instituting full democratic rights for all its citizens, the policies enacted in that turbulent decade failed dismally. The Color of Welfare reveals the root cause of this failure--the inability to address racial inequality.
Legal Aspects of Conscientious Objection: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Noone Michael F
Published: November 2023

In Shakespeare’s The Life of Henry V one of the private soldiers waiting to do battle at Agincourt muses on the morality of Henry’s mission: “But if the cause be not good, the King himself hath a heavy reckoning to make, when all those legs and arms and heads, chopped off in a battle, shall join together at the latter day [of judgment], and cry all, ‘We died at such a place’. . . . Now, if these men do not die well, it will be a black matter for the King that led them to it.” The king, in disguise, responds at length, asserting, “Every subject’s duty is the King’s, but every subject’s soul is his own.” In this statement, the sovereign attempted—as many sovereign governments still do—to create two mutually exclusive categories: the realm of action, which the state is free to regulate; and the realm of conscience, which, in most democratic societies, the state is expected to avoid. The categories are attractive, but false: By regulating or demanding action, the state creates conflicts of conscience, and it is within this zone of conflict that the law attempts to accommodate—if not to reconcile—these conflicting demands.
Chattel or Person?
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney
Published: November 2023

The Mishnah is a book of legal rules produced by Jewish sages in second-century Palestine and is to a great extent still binding upon Orthodox Jews. In this pioneering work, Judith Wegner scrutinizes the mishnaic laws governing women, in an attempt to determine the image and status of women in the patriarchy the Mishnah portrays. She focuses on a specific question: did the Mishnah’s creators regard women as persons, entities possessing legal rights, powers, and duties, or mere chattels, the property of some person or other? Considering a wide range of issues including women’s ability to give legal testimony and enter into religious vows, the penalties for rape and seduction and the rules pertaining to betrothal, marriage, and divorce, Wegner discovers a curious paradox. In some circumstances the Mishnah clearly regards women as full legal persons, with the same rights and responsibilities as the adult Israelite male. At other times, however, the system treats women as virtual chattels of the men who control their lives. Through close analysis of individual cases, Wegner isolates the factors that generate differences in the treatment of women. She finds that these differences hinge on whether a woman is legally independent, or subject to some man’s jurisdiction. The crucial point, she demonstrates, is the locus of ownership of the woman’s sexual and reproductive function. Whoever owns a woman’s sexuality exercises a degree of control over that function - and hence over the woman in question - that greatly resembles an owner’s control of a chattel. For this reason the personhood of minor daughters, wives, and certain widows is circumscribed, whereas “emancipated” women such as adult daughters, divorcees, and most widows are virtually autonomous. Going beyond any previous study of the status of women in Jewish law, Chattel or Person? sheds new light on the almost indelible marks left by archaic socio-legal systems on attitudes toward women in modern western cultures. By enlarging our understanding of women in antiquity, it serves not only to illuminate the workings of one particular ancient system, but also to highlight some of the problems facing feminism in our time.
A Preface to Mark
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

A Preface to Mark is a literary study which, from the standpoint of newer critical methodologies, explores two questions. First, Bryan attempts to determine what kind of text Mark would have been seen to be, both by its author and by others who encountered it near the time of its writing. He examines whether Mark should be seen as an example of any particular literary type, and if so which. It is argued that a comparison of Mark with other texts of the period leads inevitably to the conclusion that Mark’s contemporaries would broadly have characterized his work as a “life.” Second, Bryan looks at the evidence that exists to indicate whether Mark, like so much else of its period, was written to be read aloud. He points out ways in which Mark’s narrative would have worked particularly well as rhetoric. The first examination of Mark as a whole in the light of contemporary studies of orality and oral transmission, A Preface to Mark not only shows us Mark in its original setting, but also suggests ways in which our own encounter with Mark’s text may be significantly enriched. Its accessible style will serve as a good introduction to the Gospel for students as well as the general reader.
The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samskara):Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture
Authors: Nicholas Ralph W
Published: November 2023

In Kinship in Bengali CultureRonald Inden and I analyzed the symbolic constitution and meaning of kinship in Bengal at a level of generality that we think is shared by most Bengali Hindus. Our most significant discoveries concern how relatives are categorized, the love relationships among them, and the existence of alternative dominant and subordinate patterns of classifying kin together with corresponding alternatives for the proper display of love. The general importance of this portion of the analysis lies in our demonstration that, rather than separating relatives into two opposed categories, as consanguines and affines, the Bengali system classifies them into two overlapping categories. Although these are matters of intense interest to students of kinship, they are not important to most people, and they are not the subjects of this essay. Marriage seems to be more intrinsically interesting than the classification of kin, and it seems to be a universal practice.
Hinduism: Sati and Its Defenders
Authors: Hawley John S
Published: November 2023

Only half a decade ago, the phrase “Hindu fundamentalism” would have had an odd ring. Americans thought of fundamentalists as Christian, Muslim, or even Sikh, but not as Hindu or Buddhist: these religions did not seem to lend themselves to militancy. Recent events in India and Sri Lanka have greatly altered this perception. Hinduism no longer seems so tolerant and quiescent, and it has become commonplace for the press to designate as “fundamentalists” the Hindus who confronted Muslims and their one-time protectors, the secular state, over the issue of whether a temple to the god Rama should be constructed on the site in Ayodhya where he is supposed to have been born.
What Explains the Growth of Developing Countries?
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Lipsey Robert E , Zejan Mario
Published: November 2023

The growing literature on income and productivity convergence among countries seems to suggest that the developing countries have benefited to a relatively small degree from being backward (see, e.g., Baumol 1986, Baumol, Blackman, and Wolff 1989, and Zind 1991). Over the last 40 years, only a few developing countries have joined the “convergence club.” The majority have gained on the highest-income countries, the United States and Canada, but have lost ground relative to the industrialized countries as a group.
Staying Behind, Stumbling Back, Sneaking Up, Soaring Ahead: Late Industrialization in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hiking Takashi , Amsden Alice H
Published: November 2023

A small number of “late”-industrializing countries have experienced dramatic economic growth since World War II, thereby pushing the phenomenon of economic convergence beyond Western nations. As Table 11-1 indicates, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, and Mexico have significantly increased their share of world production in the twentieth century. They have succeeded in industrializing even though their leading enterprises have not enjoyed the competitive asset of pioneering technology. This characteristic marks a critical departure from the past experiences of the leading enterprises of Britain, and then of the United States and Germany, which conquered world markets by successfully generating new manufacturing technology.
Shocks
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

In MHD, as in ordinary gas dynamics, there exist surfaces across which the physical fields change discontinuously and on either side of which the field is constant (e.g., see Landau and Lifshitz, 1960; Burlaga, 1971a, Richter et al., 1985a). These surfaces include both nonpropagating structures (tangential discontinuities and contact discontinuities) and propagating structures (rotational discontinuities and shock waves). In reality, each type of surface has an internal structure determined by plasma processes, but this structure is ignored in the MHD fluid approximation.
Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey
Authors: Schein Seth L
Published: November 2023

The representation and description of a variety of females-human women, goddesses, and monsters-are among the most striking features of the Odyssey. For the most part, women and the goddess Athena are described or represented by the voice of the poem’s (implied) narrator; other goddesses and nonhuman females occur mainly in the stories told in the first person by Odysseus, sometimes in secondary narrative by characters whom Odysseus quotes and whose accounts, as in the case of Kirke’s description of the Sirens, he seems to accept.
Between Skylla and Penelope: Female Characters of the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art
Authors: Cohen Beth , Buitron-Oliver Diana
Published: November 2023

The Odyssey is the only surviving epic poem that describes the Return of a Greek hero after the Trojan war. Thus it portrays neither the heroism and tragedy of war nor the normal order of daily life in peace, and in Classical antiquity it must have presented a particular challenge for visual artists. It is memorably rich in unusual physical adventure and suspenseful psychological drama, and ancient artists tapped both of these aspects as they struggled with the compositional difficulties of representing fantastic creatures from Odysseus’ exploits as well as with representing the poem’s subtler nuances of human characterization, particularly from its account of the hero’s homecoming.
Sirens, Muses, and Female Narrators in the Odyssey
Authors: Doherty Lillian Eileen
Published: November 2023

To judge by the frequency with which it has been evoked or adapted in ancient and modem works of art, the episode of the Sirens is one of the most compelling in the Odyssey- one of those passages that are most likely to resonate in the imaginations of readers. It can be a shock, then, even to one who knows the epic well, to be reminded that Odysseus’ account of the episode takes just thirty-five lines-less than a page and a half in the Oxford Classical Text edition --and that the snatch of the Sirens’ song we are allowed to hear is only eight lines long.
Christianizing Homer
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

This study focuses on the apocryphal Acts of Andrew (c. 200 AD), which purports to tell the story of the travels, miracles, and martyrdom of the apostle Andrew. Traditional scholarship has looked for the background of such writings in Jewish and Christian scriptures. MacDonald, however, breaks with that model and looks to classic literature for the sources of this story. Specifically, he argues that the Acts represent an attempt to transform Graeco-Roman myth into Christian narrative categories by telling the story of Andrew in terms of Homeric epic, in particular the Odyssey. MacDonald presents a point-by-point comparison of the two works, finding the resemblances so strong, numerous, and tendentious that they virtually compel the reader to consider the Acts a transformative “rewriting” of the epic. This discovery not only sheds valuable light on the uses of Homer in the early church but also significantly contributes to our understanding of the reception of Homer in the empire as a whole.
Content and Form in Philodemus: The History of an Evasion
Authors: Porter James
Published: November 2023

What is important is to recover our senses. We must learn to see more, to hear more, to feel more. Our task is not to find the maximum amount of content in a work of art, much less to squeeze more content out of the work than is already there. Our task is to cut back content so that we can see the thing at all. Jensen’s publication, in 1923, of the remains of a book from On Poems by Philodemus brought to light one of the richest sources we currently have on the state of poetic theory during the Hellenistic period, and on the connections between those developments and their classical antecedents in Plato and Aristotle. Figures known only by name or for obscure achievements, such as Neoptolemus of Parium and Crates of Mallos, were drawn out of their prior darkness and isolation and restored to an importance that subsequent research has only reaffirmed.
Against Capital Punishment
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

This book is the first full account of anti-death penalty activism in America during the years since the ten-year moratorium on executions ended in 1976. It traces the successful assault on capital punishment during the 1960s and the struggle of abolitionists against the backlash that has steadily gained momentum since the mid-1970s, and diagnoses the reasons for their inability to mobilize widespread opposition to executions. Finally, it assesses the prospects for the future of the death penalty in the United States.
The Practical Application of Monte Carlo Models
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

The remainder of this book is devoted to the application of Monte Carlo models to a variety of problems in electron microscopy and microanalysis. The programs developed in Chaps. 3 and 4 provide only the framework that models the basic details of the electron interaction. We will now develop a variety of algorithms that, when implemented as PASCAL procedures and functions, can be used to transform these generic Monte Carlo models into programs customized to solve a particular problem. Before proceeding to these applications, however, there are a few practical considerations that are worth discussing. We have developed two types of Monte Carlo model, the single scattering model, which attempts to account for every elastic interaction suffered by the incident electron, and the plural scattering model, which considers only the resultant effect of scattering events occurring within some specified segment of the electron trajectory. These model share much of the same physics, and so, when properly used, can be expected to give comparable results. It is, however, necessary to decide what constitutes proper usage. An important general property of these models is what we shall call, by analogy with photographic film, their granularity. This concept expresses the idea that the Monte Carlo model is taking what is in reality a continuous sequence of scattering events and modeling it as a discrete series of independent events, just as a piece of film takes a picture and breaks it down into fragments the size of the grains making up the emulsion. The finer the grain size of the film, the higher the resolution of the image; and the finer the granularity (i.e., the step size) of the Monte Carlo simulation, the better the quality of the model generated. In the case of the single scattering model, the step size is of the order of the elastic mean free path and thus (depending on energy) is between a few nanometers and a few tens of nanometers, while for the plural scattering model, the step size is a fraction of the Bethe range and varies from tens of nanometers to fractions of a micrometer. In modeling some effect, it is therefore necessary to ensure that the granularity.
Insidious Foes
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

Nazi Germany's efforts to weaken the United States by subversion failed miserably. Bungling spies were captured and half-hearted efforts at sabotage came to nothing. Yet anyone who lived through WWII remembers the chilling posters warning Americans that "Enemy Agents Have Big Ears" and "Loose Lips Sink Ships." Even Superman joined the struggle against these insidious foes. In 1940, polls showed that 71% of Americans believed a Nazi Fifth Column had penetrated the country. Almost half were convinced that spies, saboteurs, dupes, and rumor-mongers lurked in their own neighborhoods and work-places. These fears extended to the White House and Congress. In this book, Francis MacDonnell explains the origins and consequences of America's Fifth Column panic, arguing that conviction and expedience encouraged President Roosevelt, the FBI, Congressmen, Churchill's government, and Hollywood to legitimate and exacerbate American's fears. Gravely weakening the isolationists, fostering Congress's role in rooting out Un-American activities, and instigating the creation of the modern intelligence establishment, the Fifth Column scare did far more than sell movie tickets, comic books, and pulp fiction. Insidious Foes traces the panic from its origins in the minds of reasonable Americans who saw the vulnerability of their open society in an age of encroaching totalitarianism.
Corporate Restructuring And The Restructured World Of Senior Management
Authors: Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, hostile acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, and organizational restructurings remade the corporate landscape, for worse and for better. Plants closings, company mergers, and divisional downsizings shortened work careers and decimated employment communities. At the same time, process reengineering, flexible work methods, and streamlined hierarchies improved employee productivity and product quality. The two faces of restructuring, the devastation and the renewal, reshaped virtually all company investments and programs. The two faces also reshaped executive work. Senior management confronted more stressful work and less career security. They also faced less resistant work ranks and more generous compensation.
Introduction
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

Between 1604 and 1650, at least forty-eight new religious houses for women—more than one a year—were established in the city of Paris and its suburbs. This book tells the story of the revival of Catholic institutions and spirituality that produced such a stunning burst of religious construction and, more particularly, of the lay and religious women who built, supported, and inhabited these houses. It is a book about women (and men) who lived their lives on a plane of spiritual involvement that, extreme even in their own time, is in many respects shocking today. Tracing the rise of a newly ascetic and penitential religious fervor to the last, tumultuous stages of the civil and religious wars that reduced France to near anarchy in the late sixteenth century, the book explores the impact of this ascetic spirituality on the Catholic renewal that followed. I argue that the spiritual imperatives of self-mortification and renunciation of will that lay at the heart of this penitential piety profoundly influenced not just seventeenth-century religious life but also the values and behavior of devout lay people.
Reading The Rabbis
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, the Talmud was read as law, that is, as the authoritative source for Jewish practice and obligations. To this end, it was studied at the level of its most minute details, with readers often ignoring the composite whole and attending only to final decisions. Methods of reading have shifted as more readers and students have turned to the Talmud for evidence of rabbinic history, religion, rhetoric, or anthropology; still, few have employed a genuinely literary approach. In Reading the Rabbis, Kraemer attempts to fill this gap. He uses the tools developed in the study of other literatures, particularly rhetorical and reader-response criticisms, to unearth previously unnoticed levels of meaning. His book offers a new understanding of the complexity of Rabbinic Judaism, and a new model of rabbinic piety.
Interpreting Islam
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

In this book, Sonn provides the first English translation of The History of Intellectual Movements in Islam (1928), a seminal text of Arab modernism written by the Palestinian intellectual Bandali al-Jawzi (1871-1942). In that book, Jawzi offered the first Marxist interpretation of the history and development of Islamic thought. The continuing importance of his work lies in Jawzi's critical method of reevaluating both European "orientalist" and classical Muslim accounts of Islamic history. Fifty years before Edward Said's landmark Orientalism, Jawzi identified the vested imperial interests as the weakness in both methodologies. Sonn's translation brings to life this skillful and entertaining critique of Islamic history. Her introduction places Jawzi's thought in context with both postmodern intellectuals and Muslim reformers who continue the struggle to apply Islamic principles to contemporary life.
Islam and Democracy
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

The resurgence of Islam and the desire for democratization in the Muslim world exist in a dynamic global context. Throughout the world, many peoples express similar desires, making religious resurgence and democratization two of the most important themes in contemporary world affairs. The assertion of special communal identities and the demand for increased popular political participation occur in a complex world environment in which technology reinforces global relationships at the same time that local and national and local cultural identities remain remarkably strong. In dramatic transformations of society and politics, societies have distinctive resources and liabilities. The position of Islamic societies must be viewed within the global framework of experiences if its special resources and liabilities are to be understood. The demand and desire for democracy is widespread in contemporary global affairs. Few major political leaders or movements describe themselves as “anti democratic.” Even when a restoration of monarchy was advocated recently by some in Brazil, there was virtually no support among the monarchists for a restoration of a divine-right, absolutist monarchy. Instead, the monarchists pro posed a “presidential monarchy system” and spoke of needing a system similar to the current Spanish monarchy. Many people agree that perhaps “the most important global political development of the late twentieth century” is the emergence of prodemocracy movements throughout the world and their success in many countries.
Iran
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

The Iranian revolution has been described as “one of the greatest populist explosions in human history:’In the minds of many, Iran’s Islamic revolution of 1978-79 represents the quintessential example of political Islam, “Islamic fundamentalism:’ The revolution encompassed many of the issues associated with con temporary Islamic revivalism-issues of faith, culture, power, and politics. Emphasis on identity, cultural authenticity, political participation, and social jus tice was accompanied by a rejection of Westernization, government authoritarian ism, corruption, and maldistribution of wealth. Khomeini’s Iran became the paradigm and source of fears of revolutionary or radical Islam, its export and threat to governments in the Muslim world and in the West. Cries of Marg bar Amrika, “Death to America:’ are not soon forgotten, nor have they ceased to be heard from time to time. Iran continues to be a primary reference point or exemplar for many when discussing the nature and threat of “Islamic fundamentalism” in relation to issues ranging from Islam and revolution to Islam and democracy. revolution” that promised greater political participation, the preservation of national identity and independence, and a more socially just society. The Islamic Republic of Iran was to be a modern state that gave proper recognition and place to Iran’s religio cultural heritage and identity.