bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snap, Crackle, Pop: Remediation of a Noisy Curtain Wall
Authors: Schmidt Mark K. , Hannen W. Robert
Published: September 2009

This case study presents an investigation of disturbing noises emanating from the curtain wall system of a multi-story office building located in the southeastern United States. Shortly after the initial construction of the building, building occupants complained of loud popping noises emanating from the exterior building facade. These noises were of a frequency and magnitude to negatively influence the work environment in adjacent office space. The cause of the noises was investigated by several groups with conflicting results. At the request of the building's general contractor, an investigation was undertaken to determine the cause of the disturbing noises and to develop remedial recommendations. This investigation included a detailed review of the curtain wall shop drawings and on-site observations to identify questionable details possibly responsible for the noises. The most probable cause of the noises was identified as diurnal solar gain that produced unaccommodated movements in the curtain wall system. The orientation and curvature of the wall combined to allow a thermal expansion that progressed along the wall. The details of the curtain wall construction restrained the movement, leading to sudden release of confining stress. To confirm this hypothesis, affected areas of the curtain wall were instrumented with accelerometers and deflection gages strategically located to pinpoint the origin of the noises. To further confirm the point-of-origin identified by the accelerometers, a series of exploratory openings were made to review curtain wall details. After the source of the noise was positively identified, remedial recommendations to mitigate the disturbance were implemented by the building owner.
Erroneous Design Assumptions and Construction Defects in a Thin Stone Facade System
Authors: Schmidt Mark K. , Murphy Jill H.
Published: September 2009

During a routine close-up facade inspection of the exterior walls of a 15-year-old, 31-story office building, a loose 30-mm thick granite panel was discovered. Initially, it was believed that this movement was due to the location of the anchorages relative to the panel geometry. A more thorough examination of the panel was performed by inspecting the panel attachment from the interior of the building. This inspection revealed that one of the two epoxied wind load anchors had failed. An extensive investigation of the granite facade panels, including additional close-up exterior and interior inspections, structural analyses, and testing, was undertaken. Interior examinations revealed construction defects in the epoxied anchors. In addition, the structural analyses indicated a flaw in the original design that affected certain panels in high wind load zones. Repairs were designed to address the design and construction deficiencies. Supplemental panel anchorages were installed from the exterior of the building, thereby minimizing disruptions to building occupants. While the implemented panel repairs can be identified at close range, they are imperceptible from publicly accessible vantage points.
Energy Savings Resulting from Building Envelope Upgrades in Mid-Rise Construction—A Case Study
Authors: Peterson J. Eric , Blodgett William H.
Published: September 2009

The Bice House Dormitory on the campus “Grounds“ of the University of Virginia was constructed in the mid-1970s as a dormitory for the nursing school. The building was an eight-story, concrete framed, residential facility with brick veneer cladding over steel stud framing systems. After more than 25 years of service, deficiencies in the brick façade, coupled with inadequate exterior wall framing, required removal and replacement of the entire exterior wall system from the interior drywall, up to and including the brick veneer. As part of the exterior wall replacement, window systems and insulation materials were upgraded. The building was also refitted with an air barrier system over the new exterior gypsum sheathing. Because existing individual packaged terminal air conditioning units were temporarily removed and reinstalled after renovation, the heating and cooling systems for the building remained unchanged, providing a unique opportunity to measure the true energy savings realized in a building strictly as a result of upgrading the building envelope. When the total heating and cooling costs after the first two full years of service were compared to the costs from years prior to the renovation (normalized for the temperature variations), a distinct reduction in energy costs were recognized from the improvements made during the renovation. The yearly energy consumption for the building was reduced by roughly 14 %, yielding a savings of roughly $12,800 per year based on current energy costs. Based on a payback period method of analysis, the improvements will have paid for themselves in roughly 14 years.
Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) Within Pre-Cast Concrete Cladding Panels on a Mid-Rise Commercial Office Building: A Case Study
Authors: French Warren R. , Schroeder Joshua S.
Published: September 2009

This paper will present the findings of multiple forensic investigations on a fourteen-story office building located in Houston, Texas. During our initial survey, widespread cracking was observed within the concrete cladding panels that warranted a more extensive investigation. Construction of the building was completed in 1985; 17 years prior to our initial investigation. Exterior cladding components are comprised of pre-cast concrete panels over each of the floor lines, with a continuous, structurally glazed, horizontal window system at each floor level. The cladding panels are nonload bearing, pre-cast concrete panels, installed at the time of the building's construction. The concrete panels are attached to the structure via steel plates that are welded and bolted to the building's frame. It is intended that this paper will present the results of observations made at the site over a period of several years, as well as the results of testing conducted to assist in the evaluation. A system was developed to locate and catalog the visible anomalies on the panels; including cracks, exposed steel, spalls, pop-outs, and efflorescence on the panels. Full-depth cores were removed from select panels to perform a petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDXA). The results revealed the presence of delayed ettringite formation (DEF) and alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), with varying degrees of severity. Specific conclusions will be derived related to the conditions at this project and how these anomalies have affected the cladding system performance. Current repair and maintenance provisions will be discussed, in addition to the necessary recladding that will be required in the future. Recommendations will be developed regarding construction practices so that the cladding panel failure observed may be avoided in the future.
Sill Pan Flashing for Block-Frame Windows in Recessed Concrete Openings—Case Studies
Authors: Bateman Robert
Published: September 2009

Integrating sill pan window flashing can be challenging using block-frame windows or installing flashings within a recessed opening in a concrete wall. Two case studies summarize the details of design and retrofit installation for sill pan flashing of replacement block-frame window into the perimeters of existing recessed concrete wall openings. Provisions for sill pan drainage were included with technical solutions for two case studies. The design and detailing were also conceived to account for blending with the context of the existing architecture and minimizing the aesthetic concerns for the appearance of any exposed perimeter opening flashings. These case studies demonstrate detailing methodologies for wood and metal block-frame window frames and concrete wall openings applicable for new and existing exterior wall systems.
Envelope Remediation—A Case Study in Support of an Over-Cladding Approach
Authors: Lawrence Jared B. , Johnson Paul G.
Published: September 2009

This paper addresses a case study in which a contemporary, high-performance glass curtain wall and a composite metal panel cladding system were installed over an existing failed 1960s masonry wall with aluminum windows. In addition to consideration of the typical performance requirements for air and water infiltration and thermal insulation, the new wall systems were designed to meet glass shard retention requirements and to accommodate improvements to the structural frame required by the General Services Administration. These performance requirements were all met while creating a more inviting exterior appearance, improving the interior work environment, extending the building's service life, and reducing energy consumption. Problems of the original design and construction, extent of previous remediation attempts, findings of the investigation of the existing building, and the development of remediation options are discussed to provide background to selection of the over-cladding approach for remediation. Opportunities and limitations posed by the existing building, LEED requirements, glass shard retention, construction strengthening, full and uninterrupted occupancy, as well as other challenges inherent in the over-cladding of an existing high-rise building on a tight urban site are identified and discussed, and positive results are identified.
Design of Engineered Drainable Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) Cladding
Authors: Ruggiero Stephen S. , Rabazzi Annemarie L.
Published: September 2009

During the last ten years, the authors have investigated a number of buildings with leakage and deterioration problems associated with exterior walls clad with exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). These systems were “barrier” walls applied to materials that degrade rapidly from exposure to moisture, such as gypsum board sheathing. These wall systems lacked backup waterproofing and flashing elements and relied on surface seals as the sole means of controlling water penetration (leakage). While these systems are appealing due to their aesthetic features, light weight and insulating characteristics, they are vulnerable to performance problems as a result of failed surface seals, leakage through window frame corners and poor installation practices. Installation of internal flashings is difficult at best because the primary waterproofing layer (the lamina) is on the face of the cladding rather than in the plane of the flashing. In this paper, the authors review the essential differences between barrier and drainable EIFS. The primary focus of the paper is to examine the various components of an engineered drainable EIFS including waterproofing membranes, drainage plane grids, methods of attachment, and consideration for use of a vapor retarder (position) within the wall cross section. Detailing of wall penetrations, particularly for windows and doors will be presented as will location of flashings and weep mechanisms in multi story construction. Design considerations will be illustrated in two case studies where barrier EIFS was replaced with an engineered drainable system, one in a relatively warm climate (southern California) and the other in a relatively cold climate (Massachusetts).
C 375 - 58 Standard Classification of Water Used in Milling of Porcelain Enamel
Authors: Committee C-22
Published: September 2009

1. This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit.
D 857 - 50 Standard Method of Test for Total Aluminum and Aluminum Ion in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the colorimetric determination of aluminum in industrial water by the use of hematoxylin. The color developed is compared with standards of known aluminum content.
D 859 - 55 T Tentative Methods of Test for Silica in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of silica in industrial water and industrial waste water. The following three methods are included: (b) The Referee Method covers gravimetric, acid-dehydration procedures; it is independent of interferences, and is a primary measure of total silica in water. The Non-Referee Methods are colorimetric determinations, and are secondary measures of crystalloidal (noncolloidal) silica in that they must be standardized against the Referee Method or primary silica standards.
D 860 - 54 Standard Method of Sampling Water from Boilers
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the basic requirements for the sampling of boiler water from steam generators for analysis of boiler water constituents and control, and for special investigations.
D 933 - 50 Standard Method of Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method describes the manner in which the results of examination and analysis for inorganic constituents of deposits formed from industrial waters are to be reported.
D 1246 - 55 Standard Method of Test for Iodide and Bromide Ions in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the titrimetric determination of iodide or bromide ions, or both, in industrial water. It may be applied to the determination of iodide and bromide ions in the presence of chloride ions, in industrial waters, including industrial waste water, brine, and sea water.
D 1253 - 57 Standard Methods of Test for Residual Chlorine in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover procedures for the determination of residual chlorine in industrial water. Provision is made for the determination of total chlorine, free available chlorine, and combined available chlorine in the presence of the amount of color, turbidity, iron, manganese, chromium, nitrites, and organic matter normally present. Three methods are given, as follows: (b) The referee method is amperometric, and is not subject to commonly encountered interferences. This method is applicable to all types of industrial water having a residual chlorine content of not more than 5 ppm. Non-referee method A is colorimetric, and is subject to interferences by certain ions and by elevated temperatures. This method is not applicable to highly colored or turbid water. Non-referee method B is a dilution-colorimetric method subject to interferences similar to non-referee method A, but is applicable to water containing high amounts of residual chlorine. (c) Methods for the determination of residual chlorine in water containing appreciable amounts of industrial waste are given in the Methods of Test for Residual Chlorine in Industrial Waste Water (ASTM Designation: D 1427).
D 1292 - 59 T Tentative Method of Test for Odor in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method describes a procedure for determining the odor (that is, the property that affects the sense of smell) of industrial water and industrial waste water. A suggested system for classifying odors is given as an appendix to the method. The method is applicable to the determination of odor intensity in terms of threshold odor number or odor intensity index (Note 1). Note 1.-—Odor intensity index is the number of times the concentration of the original samples is halved by addition of odor-free water to obtain the least definitely perceptible odor. (b) Industrial effluents may carry a myriad of compounds that contribute to odor difficulties and yet can be measured individually only with difficulty. Combinations of compounds can provide odor intensity or characteristics that cannot be anticipated from individual analyses. (c) Because of the variation in human sensitivity, high precision in determining odor intensity is not possible. There will not always be agreement on odor characteristics by various testers. Odor analysis provides the tool to measure variation in odor intensity at a given sampling point. The degree of variation may indicate the magnitude or importance of an odor problem. Determining the cause of the variation or the source of the objectionable characteristic may define the odor problem better than analysis for individual compounds.
D 1339 - 54 T Tentative Method of Test for Sulfite Ion in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the volumetric determination of sulfite ion in industrial water. It is particularly applicable for control tests where high precision is not required and the sulfite content is 3 ppm or more.
D 1426 - 58 Standard Methods of Test for Ammonia in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of ammonia and ammonium ions present in industrial water and industrial waste water. Two methods are given, as follows: (b) The Referee Method is applicable to all types of industrial water, including industrial waste water, for the determination of ammonia concentrations usually encountered in such waters. The Non-Referee Method may be used for the rapid routine determination of ammonia in such waters. In both methods, all determinations should be carried out at room temperature (25 to 30 C).
D 1429 - 60 Standard Methods of Test for Specific Gravity of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These methods describe a referee and a non-referee procedure for determining the specific gravity of industrial water and industrial waste water free of separable oil. The referee method is applicable to clear samples or those containing only a moderate amount of suspended solids. The non-referee method is applicable to samples of mud or sludge. The methods are designated as follows:
D 1687 - 59 T Tentative Methods of Test for Total Chromium in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These methods cover the determination of total chromium in industrial water and in industrial waste water. Under certain conditions the methods can be adapted for the determination of hexavalent chromium. Two methods are included:
Proposed Methods of Test for Appearance Properties of Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) Methods are presented herein for measuring the following optical properties of industrial water: (b) The optical properties of a liquid are interrelated and, wherever possible, the interrelationship is indicated.
U.S. Research Universities' Institutional Conflict of Interest Policies
Authors: Slaughter Sheila , Feldman Maryann P. , Thomas Scott L.
Published: September 2009

Research universities receive increasing amounts of income from intellectual property, which makes institutional conflict of interest (ICOI) policies increasingly important. We analyzed the content and scope of ICOI policies at 60 research universities in the U.S. Association of American Universities. In particular, we focused on the following categories: Disclosure, review, management, and prohibited or constrained activities. Most of the plans were relatively unelaborated, but 8 were elaborated “university as firm” policies that addressed the way officers and managers acting as agents for the university handled commercial activity through an array of management tools. However, even elaborated current ICOI policies may not be sufficient to manage ICOI because this type of commercial activity is not routine for universities in that faculty discovery or creation of intellectual property is not predictable. Thus, nearly all ICOI is managed on a case-by-case basis by various committees or senior institutional officials. As a result, institutional policy is only as strong as these committees and officers and the management plans they develop and monitor to handle conflicts.
The Lee Hancock Collection: Federal and State Materials on the Branch Davidian Case
Authors: Wessinger Catherine
Published: September 2009

The Lee Hancock Collection of materials on the Branch Davidian case, located at the Loyola University New Orleans archive, contains an impressive set of internal memos, interview reports, and expert reports from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and the Texas Rangers, in addition to numerous government reports and documents relating to the criminal and civil trials. It also contains an array of news articles. The Hancock Collection provides important source materials relevant to research on the events in 1993 involving federal agents and the Branch Davidians, the subsequent trials and investigations, as well as media depictions. The federal documents in the Hancock Collection are particularly important in light of the withholding and destruction of source materials on the Branch Davidian case by United States agents and agencies.
"A Baptism by Fire": The Branch Davidians and Apocalyptic Self-Destruction
Authors: Newport Kenneth G. C.
Published: September 2009

This article responds to criticisms of my book, The Branch Davidians of Waco, made by other contributors in this issue of Nova Religio. I begin by addressing directly the points raised by Stuart Wright and Catherine Wessinger and suggest that in both cases these scholars have failed to do justice to the evidence. In the second part of the paper I outline my own views relating to the Waco fire. Throughout I argue that the Branch Davidians set fire to Mount Carmel themselves and that they did so for a particular theological reason: they expected that through fire would come a rebirth to life in the new Davidian Kingdom.
Traces of the Mount Carmel Community: Documentation and Access
Authors: Wittmer Matthew D.
Published: September 2009

This article highlights some of the Waco Branch Davidian material holdings acquired by the Texas Collection at Baylor University and provides general information about the kinds of materials that have been acquired about this community and the siege and fire that occurred in 1993. I cite related materials in other collections to provide an overview of the kinds of records that are accessible, restricted, or inaccessible to the public regarding the David Koresh community and previous generations of religious communities who resided on the Mount Carmel property. To date, the collections at Baylor University and Texas State University–San Marcos are two of the most comprehensive efforts to preserve and provide access to a range of documentation about this community's history.
stall Encodes an ADAMTS Metalloprotease and Interacts Genetically With Delta in Drosophila Ovarian Follicle Formation
Authors: Ozdowski Emily F , Mowery Yvonne M , Cronmiller Claire
Published: September 2009

Ovarian follicle formation in Drosophila melanogaster requires stall (stl) gene function, both within and outside the ovary, for follicle individualization, stalk cell intercalation, and oocyte localization. We have identified the stl transcript as CG3622 and confirmed the presence of three alternatively spliced isoforms, contrary to current genome annotation. Here we show that the gene is expressed in both ovarian and brain tissues, which is consistent with previous evidence of an ovary nonautonomous function. On the basis of amino acid sequence, stl encodes a metalloprotease similar to the “a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin” (ADAMTS) family. Although stl mutant ovaries fail to maintain the branched structure of the fusome and periodically show improperly localized oocytes, stl mutants do not alter oocyte determination. Within the ovary, stl is expressed in pupal basal stalks and in adult somatic cells of the posterior germarium and the follicular poles. Genetically, stl exhibits a strong mutant interaction with Delta (Dl), and Dl mutant ovaries show altered stl expression patterns. Additionally, a previously described genetic interactor, daughterless, also modulates stl expression in the somatic ovary and may do so directly in its capacity as a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. We propose a complex model of long-range extraovarian signaling through secretion or extracellular domain shedding, together with local intraovarian protein modification, to explain the dual sites of Stl metalloprotease function in oogenesis.
Dimenhydrinate in Children With Infectious Gastroenteritis: A Prospective, RCT
Authors: Uhlig Ulrike , Pfeil Nicole , Gelbrich Götz , Spranger Christian , Syrbe Steffen , Huegle Boris , Teichmann Barbara , Kapellen Thomas , Houben Peggy , Kiess Wieland , Uhlig Hans Holm
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Vomiting is a common symptom in children with infectious gastroenteritis. It contributes to fluid loss and is a limiting factor for oral rehydration therapy. Dimenhydrinate has traditionally been used for children with gastroenteritis in countries such as Canada and Germany. We investigated the efficacy and safety of dimenhydrinate in children with acute gastroenteritis.

METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. We randomly assigned 243 children with presumed gastroenteritis and vomiting to rectal dimenhydrinate or placebo. Children with no or mild dehydration were included. All children received oral rehydration therapy. Primary outcome was defined as weight gain within 18 to 24 hours after randomization. Secondary outcomes were number of vomiting episodes, fluid intake, parents' assessment of well-being, number of diarrheal episodes, and admission rate to hospital. We recorded potential adverse effects.

RESULTS: Change of weight did not differ between children who received dimenhydrinate or placebo. The mean number of vomiting episodes between randomization and follow-up visit was 0.64 in the dimenhydrinate group and 1.36 in the placebo group. In total, 69.6% of the children in the dimenhydrinate group versus 47.4% in the placebo group were free of vomiting between randomization and the follow-up visit. Hospital admission rate, fluid intake, general well-being of the children, and potential adverse effects, including the number of diarrhea episodes, were similar in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Dimenhydrinate reduces the frequency of vomiting in children with mild dehydration; however, the overall benefit is low, because it does not improve oral rehydration and clinical outcome.
Impact of Chlorinated Swimming Pool Attendance on the Respiratory Health of Adolescents
Authors: Bernard Alfred , Nickmilder Marc , Voisin Catherine , Sardella Antonia
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to estimate the burden of allergic diseases associated with chlorinated pool exposure among adolescents.

METHODS: We examined 847 students, 13 to 18 years of age, who had attended outdoor or indoor chlorinated pools at various rates. Of them, 114 had attended mainly a copper-silver pool and served as a reference group. We measured total and aeroallergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in serum and screened for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Outcomes were respiratory symptoms, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, and asthma that had been diagnosed at any time (ever asthma) or was being treated with medication and/or was associated with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (current asthma).

RESULTS: Among adolescents with atopy with serum IgE levels of >30 kIU/L or aeroallergen-specific IgE, the odds ratios (ORs) for asthma symptoms and for ever or current asthma increased with the lifetime number of hours spent in chlorinated pools, reaching values of 7.1 to 14.9 when chlorinated pool attendance exceeded 1000 hours. Adolescents with atopy with chlorinated pool attendance of >100 hours had greater risk of hay fever (OR: 3.3-6.6), and those with attendance of >1000 hours had greater risk of allergic rhinitis (OR: 2.2-3.5). Such associations were not found among adolescents without atopy or with copper-silver pool attendance. The population attributable risks for chlorinated pool-related ever-diagnosed asthma, hay fever, and allergic rhinitis were 63.4%, 62.1%, and 35.0%, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Chlorinated pool exposure exerts an adjuvant effect on atopy that seems to contribute significantly to the burden of asthma and respiratory allergies among adolescents.
Increased Prevalence of Renal and Urinary Tract Anomalies in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Kupferman Juan C. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Kupchik Gabriel S.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to investigate the prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies (RUTAs) in a Down syndrome (DS) population.

METHODS: Data were obtained from the New York State Congenital Malformation Registry (NYS-CMR) in this retrospective cohort study. The occurrence of RUTAs was assessed for children with and without DS who were born in NYS between 1992 and 2004. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each malformation.

RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2004, 3832 children with DS and 3411833 without DS were born in NYS. The prevalence of RUTAs in the DS population was 3.2%, compared with 0.7% in the NYS population (OR: 4.5 [95% CI: 3.8–5.4]). Children with DS had significantly increased risks of anterior urethral obstruction (OR: 29.7 [95% CI: 4.0–217.7]), cystic dysplastic kidney (OR: 4.5 [95% CI: 1.5–14.1]), hydronephrosis (OR: 8.7 [95% CI: 6.8–11.0]), hydroureter (OR: 8.5 [95% CI: 3.5–20.4]), hypospadias (OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.4–2.9]), posterior urethral valves (OR: 7.1 [95% CI: 1.8–28.8]), prune belly syndrome (OR: 11.9 [95% CI: 1.6–85.4]), and renal agenesis (OR: 5.4 [95% CI: 2.8–10.4]). There was no significantly increased risk of ectopic kidney (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 0.2–11.2]) or ureteropelvic junction obstruction (OR: 1.4 [95% CI: 0.2–9.9]) in the DS population.

CONCLUSION: Children with DS have significantly increased risks of RUTAs.
Programa Saúde da Família no Brasil: uma agenda incompleta?
Authors: Sousa Maria Fátima de , Hamann Edgar Merchán
Published: September 2009

Este artigo trata de uma análise longitudinal da experiência brasileira com o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), ao longo dos doze anos da sua implantação e implementação. Toma como ponto de partida o propósito fundamental desta estratégia, que é a reorganização da atenção básica de saúde, contextualizando à luz da experiência que é única e peculiar ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Evidencia os avanços e desafios do PSF, apontando nesse sentido as necessidades mais urgentes em termos de incorporação tecnológica, formação da força de trabalho, estabelecimento de novos mecanismos e pactos em torno do financiamento da atenção básica e encaminhamento de novas estratégias e tecnologias nos processos de monitoramento e avaliação. Finaliza apontando elementos para subsidiar um debate sobre as questões em pauta, o qual deve ser permanente e lúcido na perspectiva da construção do SUS e do direito à saúde.
Análise da distribuição espacial da gravidez adolescente no Município de Belo Horizonte - MG
Authors: Nogueira Maria José , Silva Bráulio Figueiredo Alves da , Barcelos Samuel Moizés , Schall Virgínia Torres
Published: September 2009

O georreferenciamento dos eventos de saúde ganha relevância na análise e avaliação de riscos à saúde coletiva, na medida em que incorpora variáveis relacionadas com o meio ambiente e com o perfil socioeconômico da população. Partindo da premissa de que a maternidade precoce não acontece de forma aleatória no interior da sociedade, buscou-se identificar a dependência espacial da gravidez na adolescência com aspectos socioeconômicos e de vulnerabilidade social. Assumindo a existência de uma dependência espacial entre esses fatores, foram utilizadas ferramentas do Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, isto é, técnicas para descrever e visualizar distribuições espaciais, identificar situações atípicas, descobrir padrões de associação espacial, agrupamento de valores semelhantes (clusters) e sugerir regimes espaciais ou outras formas de heterogeneidade espacial. Destaca-se a correlação, estatisticamente significativa, entre vulnerabilidade social e taxa de nascidos vivos para mulheres com idade entre 12 e 19 anos e entre 20 e 29 anos. Constatou-se a presença de conglomerados com altas proporções de mães adolescentes em associação com as piores condições socioeconômicas e uma menor proporção de mães adolescentes em setores de melhores condições. Tal estudo poderá subsidiar a organização e o planejamento das ações e estratégias na área da saúde sexual e reprodutiva para o público jovem e adolescente, sobretudo em regiões de elevada vulnerabilidade econômica e social.
A Powdery Mildew Fungus Levels the Playing Field for Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and a North American Native Plant
Authors: Cipollini Don , Enright Stephanie
Published: September 2009

When exposed to native or introduced herbivores and pathogens, invasive plants may become weaker competitors with more benign impacts on individual plants and plant communities. In a greenhouse pot study, we tested whether the presence of powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum could alter the competitive impact of garlic mustard on Impatiens pallida, a North American native understory plant. Target I. pallida plants were grown alone or with one, two, or three garlic mustard neighbors. Half of the pots exposed to garlic mustard were inoculated with conidia of E. cruciferarum. Competition with garlic mustard moderately affected aboveground growth of I. pallida, particularly at high garlic mustard density, but it strongly reduced seed output across all densities. In contrast, inoculation of garlic mustard plants with E. cruciferarum completely abolished their competitive impact on seed output of I. pallida across all densities, independent of effects on aboveground growth of target plants. This effect was likely due to alteration in the ability of garlic mustard to compete for belowground resources. Even without killing garlic mustard, these results indicate that the presence of powdery mildew disease in the field will likely dampen the competitive impact of garlic mustard on individual plants and plant communities. Escape from such attackers has likely contributed to the invasiveness and impacts of garlic mustard in North America.
Predicting the Distribution of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), San Francisco Bay Area, California
Authors: Vanderhoof Melanie , Holzman Barbara A. , Rogers Chris
Published: September 2009

Perennial pepperweed is an invasive plant species that occurs throughout the western United States. This study develops a predictive model for perennial pepperweed distribution for the San Francisco Bay Area, based on spatial variables. Distribution data were developed by mapping perennial pepperweed along the shoreline of the South San Francisco Bay, using geographic positioning system units. Spatial relationships between its distribution and spatial variables were tested using binomial logistic regression. Predictive models were mapped using geographic information systems (GIS), and high risk areas within the San Francisco Bay Area were identified. Perennial pepperweed was found to occur within marsh habitats with full tidal action and near open water. This study demonstrates that habitat variables from widely available GIS layers can be used to predict distribution patterns for perennial pepperweed. The model results were compared to land ownership within the study area to demonstrate a management application of the model.
Melanin-concentrating hormone reduces somatolactin release from cultured goldfish pituitary cells
Authors: Tanaka Mio , Azuma Morio , Nejigaki Yumika , Saito Yumiko , Mizusawa Kanta , Uchiyama Minoru , Takahashi Akiyoshi , Shioda Seiji , Matsuda Kouhei
Published: September 2009

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-containing neurons directly innervate the adenohypophysis in the teleost pituitary. We examined immunohistochemically the relationship between MCH-containing nerve fibres or endings and somatolactin (SL)-producing cells in the goldfish pituitary. Nerve fibres or endings with MCH-like immunoreactivity were identified in the neurohypophysis in close proximity to the adenohypophysial cells showing SL-like immunoreactivity. We also examined the effect of MCH on SL release from cultured goldfish pituitary cells and SL synthesis using a cell immunoblot and a real-time PCR method. Treatment of individually dispersed pituitary cells with MCH 10−7 M for 3 h decreased the area of SL-like immunoreactivity on immunoblots, and MCH-induced reductions in SL release were blocked by treatment with the mammalian MCH receptor (MCHR) antagonist, compound-30, at a concentration of 10−5 M. Treatment with 10−7 M MCH for 3 h did not affect sl-α and -β (smtla and -b as given in the Zfin Database) mRNA expression levels. These led us to explore the signal transduction mechanism leading to the inhibition of SL release, for which we examined whether MCH-induced reductions in SL release are mediated by the Gi or Gq protein-coupled signalling pathway. The MCH-induced reductions in SL release were abolished by treatment with the Gi/o protein inhibitors, NF023 (10−5 M) or pertussis toxin (260 ng/ml), but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor, U-73122 (3×10−6 M). These results indicate that MCH can potentially function as a hypothalamic factor suppressing SL release via the MCHR, and subsequently through the Gi protein to inhibit the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A-signalling pathway in goldfish pituitary cells.
Parents' Choice of Early Childhood Education Services in Hong Kong: A Pilot Study about Vouchers
Authors: Yuen Gail , Grieshaber Susan
Published: September 2009

The introduction of a voucher scheme for early childhood education in Hong Kong has resulted in significant changes in the field. This article reports data from a pilot study that aimed at understanding better how parents chose an early childhood education service following the introduction of a voucher scheme in Hong Kong. Eighty-six Chinese parents with children aged three participated in interviews and focus group discussions. This group of parents had just undergone the process of selecting a kindergarten or nursery for their children for the school year 2007–2008. The participants were from a range of socioeconomic circumstances and educational levels who had selected non-profit-making kindergartens and nurseries in public and private housing estates. The results showed that what parents looked for in their choice of service closely matched how they defined quality. Moreover, their views on quality greatly resembled the specific notion of quality that the recent reform policy has been heavily promoting. The findings point to the complex interactions among policy, choice, and practices of early childhood education. The new voucher scheme is intensifying the governing of both the self and the field, the impact of which is worrisome.
The Problems with Using the Concept of ‘Citizenship’ in Early Years Policy
Authors: Millei Zsuzsa , Imre Robert
Published: September 2009

Early years policy increasingly uses the concept of ‘citizenship’ in relation to children in Australia and worldwide. This concept is used as a taken-for-granted idea; however, there is no singularly agreed-upon answer to the question of what ‘citizenship’ means when used in relation to children, and what practical considerations it carries both for policymaking and for implementation. This article introduces theoretical ideas of ‘citizenship’ from the field of political theory in order to begin a discussion on how we imagine and might imagine children as citizens in policy discourses. Some conceptualisations of children as citizens are also discussed and questioned as starting points to consider in regard to the use of the notion of children as citizens in policy and practice.
Queering Child/Hood Policies: Canadian Examples and Perspectives
Authors: Ruffolo David V.
Published: September 2009

This article examines how notions of ‘child’ and ‘childhood’ are produced in relation to recent early childhood policies in Ontario, Canada. It centers on an ongoing shift from Foucauldian disciplinary societies to Deleuzian control societies where it is argued that early childhood subjects (researchers, students, educators, administrators, and parents) are becoming less confined to specific spaces and tasks and are more controlled by the flows of knowledge, information, and communication. Current public policy debates are used to explore how early childhood education (ece) is becoming increasingly aligned with neoliberal calls for privatization, corporatization, and marketization. For instance, evidence-based practices and quality control indicators are quickly replacing developmental norms that have traditionally normalized and abnormalized children. The consequences of these transformations are examined using queer theory as a critical lens to explore how the identities of ECE subjects are deeply implicated in social, cultural, political, and economic factors — influences that are changing as a result of the shift from discipline to control.
Low Serum Level of the Endogenous Secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (esRAGE) Is a Risk Factor for Prevalent Vertebral Fractures Independent of Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro , Yamaguchi Toru , Yamauchi Mika , Sugimoto Toshitsugu
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

Patients with type 2 diabetes are known to have an increased risk for fracture compared with non–type 2 diabetic control subjects, despite having higher bone mineral density (BMD). We previously showed that serum pentosidine, one of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), was associated with prevalent vertebral fractures (VFs) in those with type 2 diabetes. The involvement of the endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs (esRAGE) in VFs in those with type 2 diabetes, however, is still unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We compared parameters including esRAGE, pentosidine, and BMD in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (137 men >50 years old and 140 postmenopausal women) with and without VFs.

RESULTS

The esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio in type 2 diabetic patients with VFs was significantly lower than in those without VFs (men: 7.1 ± 2.8 vs. 9.4 ± 6.2, P = 0.013, respectively; women: 4.7 ± 2.7 vs. 8.2 ± 5.4, P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, A1C, serum creatinine, duration of diabetes, therapeutic agents, diabetes complications, osteoporotic risk factors, and lumbar BMD identified the serum esRAGE level and esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio as factors associated with the presence of VFs, independent of BMD in men (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [95% CI 0.25–0.84], P = 0.012; and OR 0.34 [0.15–0.76], P = 0.009, respectively) and in women (OR 0.32 [0.16–0.67], P = 0.002; and OR 0.14 [0.04–0.43], P = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that serum esRAGE level and esRAGE-to-pentosidine ratio are more useful than BMD for assessing the risk of VFs in type 2 diabetic patients.
Fecal shedding of, antimicrobial resistance in, and serologic response to Salmonella Typhimurium in dairy calves
Authors: Alexander Kimberly A. , Warnick Lorin D. , Cripps Chris J. , McDonough Patrick L. , Grohn Yrjo T. , Wiedmann Martin , Reed Kelly E. , James Karen L. , Soyer Yesim , Ivanek Renata
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine the duration of fecal shedding of and serologic response to Salmonella spp after natural infection in dairy calves and characterize Salmonella organisms recovered from these herds.

Design—Longitudinal study.

Animals—Calves from 2 dairy herds (A and B) in the northeast United States that were identified at the beginning of a Salmonella outbreak.

Procedures—Fecal samples were collected twice per week (herd A) or once per week (herd B); blood samples were collected for serologic testing once per week in both herds. Bacteriologic culture of fecal samples was performed, and Salmonella isolates were characterized by serotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern, and antimicrobial resistance profile.

Results—All Salmonella isolates from herd A were serovar Typhimurium var Copenhagen, had the same PFGE pattern, and were resistant to at least 9 antimicrobials. All isolates from herd B were Salmonella Typhimurium, represented 2 PFGE patterns, and were susceptible to all antimicrobials evaluated. The estimated duration of fecal shedding was 14 days in herd A and 9 days in herd B. Few calves were seropositive for antibody against Salmonella lipopolysaccharide within the first week after birth (0 of 20 in herd A and 13 of 79 in herd B) or seroconverted (6 in herd A and 4 in herd B). Fecal shedding was more common in calves that seroconverted, but overall, there was not a strong association between seropositivity and fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the herds differed in serologic response and Salmonella subtype, the duration of fecal shedding among calves was similar between herds.
Herd-level prevalence of Mycoplasma spp mastitis and characteristics of infected dairy herds in Utah as determined by a statewide survey
Authors: Wilson David J. , Goodell Greg , Justice-Allen Anne , Smith Scott T.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To determine herd-level prevalence of Mycoplasma spp mastitis in Utah dairy herds and characterize farms and management practices for positive herds.

Design—Epidemiologic study.

Sample Population—Bulk tank milk samples from 222 of 285 (78%) dairy farms in Utah.

Procedures—Milk haulers or dairy producers collected 5 milk samples from all bulk tanks at 3- to 4-day intervals for mycoplasmal culture. Owners of all positive herds were offered follow-up visits.

Results—Milk samples from 16 of 222 (7%) herds had positive mycoplasmal culture results. Follow-up information was obtained from 14 of 16 herds; 12 provided complete data. Some characteristics of mycoplasma-positive herds included the following: 8 of 14 herds had > 750 lactating cows, 9 of 11 had bulk tank milk somatic cell count of 140,000 to 240,000 cells/mL, 7 of 11 had actual milk production of 9,535 to 11,622 kg (21,000 to 25,600 lb)/305 d, 11 of 12 had cows with clinical mastitis that was nonresponsive to treatment and involved ≥ 2 mammary gland quarters, 9 of 12 had cows with clinical mastitis that spread from 1 mammary gland quarter to another, 8 of 12 had cows with droopy ears, 7 of 12 had cows with a head tilt, 7 of 12 used common milking towels, 2 of 12 were closed to replacement cattle for > 1 year, and 2 of 12 purchased bulls only.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Herd-level prevalence of mycoplasma mastitis in Utah was relatively high, compared with other areas of the United States.
Midfoot Ulcers Treated with Gastrocnemius-Soleus Recession
Authors: Laborde James M.
Published: September 2009

Background:

Foot ulcers in patients with neuropathy are a common cause of hospital admission for infection sometimes resulting in amputation in patients with neuropathy. Tendon lengthening alone has been reported to be successful in treating neuropathic forefoot ulcers. Tendon lengthening has also been recommended as an adjunct to bony procedures (exostectomy or fusion) for treating midfoot ulcers. The author reports the results of gastrocnemius-soleus recession as the sole treatment of diabetic midfoot ulcers.

Materials and Methods:

This study evaluated the results of 11 patients with 11 neuropathic plantar midfoot ulcers who were treated primarily with gastrocnemius-soleus recession with an average followup of 39 months. Potentially risky bony procedures were done after tendon lengthening if ulcers did not heal or recurred.

Results:

Ten of the ulcers healed but one patient was lost to followup after his ulcer healed. One ulcer did not heal and one ulcer recurred but healed again after midfoot fusion. One patient later had a transfemoral amputation due to gangrene. Two patients later died from medical problems unrelated to their surgery. There were no incision problems, or transfer ulcers.

Conclusion:

The author believes gastrocnemius-soleus recession as a primary treatment of diabetic midfoot ulcers is a low risk method of promoting ulcer resolution. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series