bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Kidney Disease and Pregnancy. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG, DGfN (S2k Level, AWMF Registry No. 015 – 090)
Authors: Schmidt Markus , Stracke Sylvia , Schneider Uwe , Kuschel Bettina , Feldkamp Thorsten , Habbig Sandra , Mayer-Pickel Karoline , Hartung Andreas , Bader Birgit , Weinmann-Menke Julia , Korst Uwe , Vom Dorp Frank , Schäfer-Graf Ute Margaretha
Published: August 2022

Aim As diagnostic and therapeutic options have improved in recent years, women with limited renal function of varying etiologies are now able to become pregnant. Depending on the
extent of disease and the patientsʼ comorbidities, the care of these women can be especially challenging. This guideline aims to improve the interdisciplinary care offered to pregnant women
with kidney disease.

Methods A selective literature search was carried out. This S2k guideline was then compiled using a structured consensus-based process which included representatives from different
medical specialties and professional societies.

Recommendations Recommendations for the care of pregnant women with renal disease were developed to cover preconception counseling, the recording of risks, special aspects of
prenatal care and prenatal screening, as well as the specific treatment options for the underlying disease in women wanting to have children and pregnant women.
Hexoprenaline Compared with Atosiban as Tocolytic Treatment for Preterm Labor
Authors: Kirchhoff Ebba , Schneider Verena , Pichler Gerhard , Reif Philipp , Haas Josef , Joksch Maike , Mager Corinna , Schmied Christian , Schöll Wolfgang , Pichler-Stachl Elisabeth , Gold Daniela
Published: August 2022

Introduction Preterm birth is defined as a live birth before 37 weeks of gestation and is associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to
compare the efficacy of hexoprenaline and atosiban for short- and long-term tocolysis and their effects on neonatal and maternal outcomes.

Methods This retrospective cohort study included women with threatened preterm labor between 24 + 0 and 34 + 0 weeks of gestation without premature rupture of membranes. The
tocolytic efficacy of hexoprenaline and atosiban was compared in women receiving one of the two medications for short- and long-term tocolysis. Continuous variables were compared using
t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate. Comparison of categorical variables between the two groups was done with χ2 test after Pearsonʼs and Fisherʼs exact test.

Results 761 women were enrolled in this study; 387 women received atosiban and 374 women received hexoprenaline as their primary tocolytic agent. Atosiban showed a higher efficacy as
a primary tocolytic agent (p = 0.000) within 48 hours. As regards long-term tocolysis, there were no differences between the treatment groups (p = 0.466). Maternal side effects such as
tachycardia (p = 0.018) or palpitations (p = 0.000) occurred more frequently after the administration of hexoprenaline, while there were no differences between the two drugs administered
with regard to any other maternal or neonatal outcome parameter.

Conclusion Our retrospective study shows a significantly higher efficacy of atosiban in the first 48 hours, especially when administered at an early gestational age. There were no
significant differences in terms of neonatal outcome but significantly more maternal adverse effects during the administration of hexoprenaline.
Strengthening the Resilience of Children and Adolescents during a
Pandemic: A Scoping Review on Eligible Interventions
Authors: Bischops Anne Christine , Reinauer Christina , Pischke Claudia , Mayatepek Ertan , Meißner Thomas
Published: August 2022

Background The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affects children’s
and adolescents’ mental health. The accumulation of stress factors and a
lack of social support complicate a healthy development. Since the beginning of
the pandemic, there has been almost a doubling of mental health problems in
children and adolescents. Promoting resilience is a possible approach to reduce
the incidence of mental health problems despite these adverse circumstances.

Objectives This literature search aims at identifying and evaluating
interventions to promote resilience mechanisms, with a special focus on
feasibility in a crisis situation.

Materials and methods This scoping review is based on a systematic
literature search including the databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Psyc-Info,
Psyndex and Google Scholar (2006–2020). Of 1733 identified articles 75
were included.

Results Out of 72 identified intervention studies 28% were
feasible under pandemic conditions. The most effective resilience trainings seem
to be individualized interventions using cognitive behavioral therapy elements.
However, many approaches primarily show short-term success.

Discussion Few evidence-based programs are feasible online or under
pandemic restrictions. Most of them show short-term effects and focus on parents
and individuals. Multiple programs are ready for use, but still lack proof of
efficacy. The development and improvement of (digital) resilience interventions
should be an essential part of preventive health care, especially for risk
groups.
Assessment of the Association of Periodontal Diseases in Pregnant Women and the Efficacy of Periodontal Treatment in the Context of Premature Births and Pregnancy Complications – a Narrative Review
Authors: Kranz Angela , Feierabend Nathalie , Sliwka Doreen , Wiesegart Anja , Abele Harald , Graf Joachim
Published: August 2022

Introduction Periodontal diseases are widespread in women of reproductive potential. Although their treatment of these disorders contributes to oral health, there is still no conclusive evidence that this intervention has a beneficial effect on the course of pregnancy, in particular the rate of premature births. On the one hand, the aim of the paper is a systematic assessment of the association between periodontal diseases and pregnancy complications, based on the current literature. On the other hand, the efficacy of periodontal treatments vs. no treatment in pregnant women should be assessed with the target criterion of premature birth or other pregnancy complications.

Materials and methods The narrative review was based on the PRISMA statement. Premature births were defined as primary endpoints, while various perinatal and maternal outcomes were grouped together as secondary endpoints. An electronic database search for relevant meta-analyses and systematic reviews was carried out in PubMed and the Cochrane database. Methodological characteristics and the results of the included studies were extracted. The RR or OR (95% CI) was used to measure the result. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the AMSTAR checklist.

Results Seven publications were included (total number of subjects n = 56755). The majority of included studies do not demonstrate a significant association of periodontal disease and/or periodontal treatment with certain childhood and/or maternal outcomes. The quality of the included studies was deemed to be sufficient.

Conclusion Even today, there is insufficient evidence to confirm the correlation between periodontal disease and certain maternal and/or infantile outcomes. Periodontal treatment during pregnancy also does not seem to affect the risks of pregnancy. Nevertheless, it is recommended that all pregnant women are advised to improve their daily oral hygiene in order to prevent inflammatory diseases, regardless of the progress of the pregnancy.
Entlassen und doch eingesperrt“ – Auswirkungen der
SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie auf Klienten forensischer
Nachsorgeambulanzen
Authors: Barra Steffen , Retz-Junginger Petra , Retz Wolfgang
Published: August 2022

Die Coronavirus-Pandemie (SARS-CoV-2) stellt für die Gesellschaft eine
Herausforderung dar, die bei manchen Menschen mit psychischen Belastungen
einhergeht. Ein besonderes Risiko besteht dabei für Menschen in
forensischen Settings, insbesondere für diejenigen, die kurz vor oder
während der Pandemie aus der Haft oder Unterbringung entlassen wurden.
Wenngleich theoriegeleitete Annahmen zu den Effekten der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie auf
das Erleben dieser Menschen zu Behandlungsempfehlungen im Sinne eines
adäquaten Risikomanagements geführt haben, mangelt es bisher an
empirischen Befunden, die diese Annahmen und Empfehlungen unterstützen.
Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt deshalb die Wahrnehmung von Klienten
forensischer Nachsorgeambulanzen bezüglich SARS-CoV-2-assoziierter
Einschränkungen in verschiedenen Bereichen und Veränderungen
bzgl. therapie- und deliktassoziierter Einstellungen, des psychischen
Wohlbefindens und des Ressourcenbewusstseins im Verlauf der aktuellen Pandemie.
Insgesamt beschrieben die meisten Befragten eine Zufriedenheit mit der Therapie
trotz SARS-CoV-2-bedingter Einschränkungen. Es zeigte sich eine gewisse
Stabilität des psychischen Wohlbefindens, wobei eine höhere
SARS-CoV-2-assoziierte Belastung mit einem geringeren psychischen Wohlbefinden
einherging. Zudem kam es im Verlauf zu einer Abnahme eines anfänglich
beschriebenen Ressourcenbewusstseins, welche im Rahmen deliktrelevanter
Risikoeinschätzungen von besonderer Relevanz ist. Implikationen
für die Gestaltung der psychiatrisch/psychotherapeutischen
(deliktpräventiven) Nachsorge, die einerseits den Klient*innen
eine bestmögliche, personen- und situationsadäquate Behandlung
bietet und damit andererseits zum Schutz der Gesellschaft vor möglicher
erneuter Delinquenz beiträgt, werden diskutiert.
Doença de Hirayama: Relato de caso*
Authors: Rodrigues Victor Alves , Klettenberg Matheus Rocha Pereira , Farage Luciano , Seguti Lisiane
Published: August 2022

Paciente de 26 anos, previamente hígido, que, aos 18 anos, iniciou perda progressiva de força distal, tremor de repouso, e atrofia muscular no membro superior esquerdo. Ao exame, apresentou atrofia moderada, distal, força muscular de grau 4, e minipolimioclonus. A eletroneuromiografia (ENMG) revelou comprometimento pré-ganglionar crônico de C7/C8/T1 bilateral pior à esquerda, com sinais de desnervação ativa em C8/T1. A ressonância magnética (RM) de coluna cervical mostrou alterações degenerativas espondilodiscais com protrusões centrais em C4-C5, C6-C7, e central direita em C5-C6, que tocavam o saco dural. O diâmetro anteroposterior da medula na posição neutra, no plano de C5-C6, era de 5,1 mm. Houve redução do calibre da medula para 4,0 mm após a manobra dinâmica de flexão forçada da coluna, e aumento de sinal nos cornos anteriores. Os achados clínicos e os dos exames complementares eram compatíveis com doença de Hirayama (DH), uma doença benigna rara dos neurônios motores, que afeta os segmentos espinhais cervicais e é mais prevalente em homens e de início próximo aos 20 anos. É típica a fraqueza unilateral e lentamente progressiva, porém autolimitada. Perturbações sensoriais, sinais autonômicos e do neurônio motor superior são raras.

O manejo geralmente é conservador, com uso de colar cervical macio. Apesar de rara, a DH deve ser considerada em pacientes jovens que apresentam atrofias assimétricas focais de membros superiores. O diagnóstico precoce de DH depende do grau de suspeição, e da cooperação e comunicação entre as diversas especialidades envolvidas na investigação.
The Mesentery in Complete Mesocolic Excision
Authors: Fletcher Jordan , Miskovic Danilo
Published: August 2022

The following article summarizes technical aspects of how to operate in the mesentery during complete mesocolic excision (CME). Increasingly, CME is being adopted and as such it is important to establish the anatomical basis of the techniques involved. This review thus serves to provide that foundation and explains the surgical techniques built on it.
The Mesentery in Robot-Assisted Total Mesorectal Excision
Authors: Crolla Rogier M.P.H. , Coffey J. Calvin , Consten Esther J. C.
Published: August 2022

In recent decades, surgery for rectal cancer has evolved from an operation normally performed under poor vision with a lot of blood loss, relatively high morbidity, and mortality to a safer operation. Currently, minimally invasive rectal procedures are performed with limited blood loss, reduced morbidity, and minimal mortality. The main cause is better knowledge of anatomy and adhering to the principle of operating along embryological planes. Surgery has become surgery of compartments, more so than that of organs. So, rectal cancer surgery has evolved to mesorectal cancer surgery as propagated by Heald and others. The focus on the mesentery of the rectum has led to renewed attention to the anatomy of the fascia surrounding the rectum. Better magnification during laparoscopy and improved optimal three-dimensional (3D) vision during robot-assisted surgery have contributed to the refinement of total mesorectal excision (TME). In this chapter, we describe how to perform a robot-assisted TME with particular attention to the mesentery. Specific points of focus and problem solving are discussed.
Tonal language speakers experience less vocal impairment from alcohol
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: August 2022

Intoxicated tonal language speakers retain pitch control, even when speaking a non-tonal language.
Unexpected advantages of exploitation for target searches in complex networks
Authors: Bae Youngkyoung , Son Gangmin , Jeong Hawoong
Published: August 2022

Exploitation universally emerges in various decision-making contexts, e.g., animals foraging, web surfing, the evolution of scientists’ research topics, and our daily lives. Despite its ubiquity, exploitation, which refers to the behavior of revisiting previous experiences, has often been considered to delay the search process of finding a target. In this paper, we investigate how exploitation affects search performance by applying a non-Markovian random walk model, where a walker randomly revisits a previously visited node using long-term memory. We analytically study two broad forms of network structures, namely, (i) clique-like networks and (ii) lollipop-like networks and find that exploitation can significantly improve search performance in lollipop-like networks, whereas it hinders target search in clique-like networks. Moreover, we numerically verify that exploitation can reduce the time needed to fully explore the underlying networks using 550 diverse real-world networks. Based on the analytic result, we define the lollipop-likeness of a network and observe a positive relationship between the advantage of exploitation and lollipop-likeness.
Investigation on the influence of gas temperature characteristics for engine combustion chamber on plasma jet deflection with MHD control
Authors: Zhao Kai , Lu Yongji , Wang Chunyu , Li Feng
Published: August 2022

This paper is devoted to investigating the influence of gas temperature on plasma jet under magnetic control. The combustion temperature and the conductivity of the chemical equilibrium state were calculated by using a numerical method. K2CO3 was selected as the ionization seed. The characteristics of gas plasma in ionization were compared for methane/air/K2CO3 and acetylene/air/K2CO3 combustion schemes. The results showed that the acetylene/air/K2CO3 combustion scheme can obtain higher gas temperature and conductivity. The functional relationship between the conductivity and the gas temperature is fitted in polynomial form. The experiments on the deflection of plasma were carried out on the combustion and flow control test rig at temperatures of 1600–2500 K and in a magnetic field of intensity 0.6 T. The effect of jet deflection was analyzed from macroscopic and microscopic points of view. When the gas temperature increases, the ionization degree increases, the positive Lorentz force in ions increases, and plasma jet deflection becomes more obvious. The Lorentz force on the positive ion determines the effect of plume deflection. The calculated and experimental results indicated that the high temperature condition is very helpful to improve the characteristics of gas plasma in ionization. The results provide references for corresponding experimental research.
Secondary electron yield characterization of high porosity surfaces for multipactor-free microwave components
Authors: Mirmozafari M. , Iqbal A. , Zhang P. , Behdad N. , Booske J. H. , Verboncoeur J. P.
Published: August 2022

We present secondary electron yield (SEY) characterization of high porosity surfaces for multipactor-free microwave components. We first calculate the SEYs of through porosity surfaces using Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate that these high porosity surfaces can be treated as homogeneous materials with low effective SEYs. We prove that a significant SEY reduction is attainable by high porosities, and above a certain porosity level, the entire effective SEY of the surface falls below unity, offering a multipactor free capability. We import the resultant SEYs into our semi-analytic approach to obtain multipactor susceptibility charts corresponding to different surface porosities. We predict the reduction of the multipactor-susceptible zone as the porosity increases and a total multipactor suppression with 0.66 through porosity level. The theoretical results were validated with multipactor experiments, and relatively good agreement was observed. Finally, we propose an alternative blind porosity approach that can offer the same multipactor suppression capabilities. The approach discussed herein can be adopted to design high-power multipactor-free microwave components.
Two-dimensional shaping of Solov'ev equilibrium with vacuum using external coils
Authors: Liu Jiaxing , Zhu Ping , Li Haolong
Published: August 2022

In this work, we demonstrate a method for constructing the Solov'ev equilibrium with any given 2D shape surrounded by a vacuum region using external poloidal field coils, based on the method previously developed by T. Xu and R. Fitzpatrick [Nuclear Fusion, 59, 064002 (2019)]. The computational domain consists of two parts: the plasma region, where the solution is the same as the Solov'ev solution, and the vacuum region, where the magnetic field generated by external coils as well as plasma current is determined using the Green function method through a matching condition near the separatrix. However, the method is not limited to the Solov'ev equilibrium in particular. The accuracy, efficiency, and robustness of such a scheme suggest that this method may be applied to the 2D shaping of a tokamak plasma with a vacuum region using external coils in general.
Optical properties of corundum-structured In2O3
Authors: Cuscó Ramon , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Kluth Elias , Goldhahn Rüdiger , Feneberg Martin
Published: August 2022

The optical properties of a single-phase corundum-structured In2O3 epilayer grown by a mist chemical vapor deposition method have been studied. Raman scattering measurements on a c face and on a lateral face reveal all of the seven Raman-active modes of the corundum structure, with good adherence to the Raman selection rules. Three out of the four infrared-active modes are observed in the spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. The phonon frequencies obtained from Raman and ellipsometry measurements are in excellent agreement with density functional perturbation theory calculations. No trace of bixbyite phase was detected in the spectra. In the UV region, the imaginary part of the dielectric function shows two distinct onsets of strong absorption associated with direct band-to-band transitions at 3.38 and 3.86 eV.
Photothermal spectroscopy and micro/nanofluidics
Authors: Shimizu Hisashi , Chen Chihchen , Tsuyama Yoshiyuki , Tsukahara Takehiko , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: August 2022

Photothermal spectroscopy, a remarkable detection method that can analyze microscale objects in a noninvasive and nondestructive manner, has been successfully coupled with micro/nanofluidic devices. Specifically, methods that employ a thermal lens microscope (TLM), including a photothermal optical phase shift and photothermal optical diffraction, are a powerful tool for the sensitive detection of nonfluorescent or nonlabeled molecules in micro/nanofluidic channels. This review focuses on the family of TLMs in terms of their historical development. Their recent applications, ranging from separation, particle, biomedical, energy, and environmental analyses, are summarized, and future perspectives in nanoscale liquid science, system integration, and biological studies, such as single-cell analyses, are also discussed.
Suppression of vortex rope formation and pressure fluctuation using anti-swirl fins in a Francis turbine model at part load condition with cavitation inception point
Authors: Shahzer Mohammad Abu , Kim Seung-Jun , Cho Yong , Kim Jin-Hyuk
Published: August 2022

Vortex rope formation at part load (PL) with cavitation inception causes pressure fluctuations inside the draft tube (DT) of a Francis turbine which may fail the turbine due to resonance and erosion. The pressure surge can be minimized by using anti-swirl fins which ensure safe turbine operation. The present study examines the effect of fin sizes and locations on the internal flow characteristics of the Francis turbine and predicts its adverse effect on the pressure surge. Three cases are investigated in which internal flow physics are compared among DTs with longer fins, shorter fins, and no fins. At the cavitation inception point under PL conditions, the characteristics are thoroughly studied numerically using ANSYS-CFX with structured and unstructured grids. Cavitation and PL conditions are designated by Thoma number 0.266 and guide vane angle 16°. Numerical methodology is then verified by an experiment based on International Standard (IEC 60193). The vortex rope occurrence is suppressed using fins on the DT periphery and longer fins that are extended up to the elbow exhibit the lowest strength of the vortex rope. Maximum pressure recovery inside the DT is achieved using longer fins. The swirl intensity is remarkably reduced by about 94% with longer fins. The pressure peak of low frequency is about 60% suppressed using longer fins. The PL and cavitation-induced instabilities and vibrations are significantly mitigated by longer fins, while shorter fins also moderately minimize it. Hence, energy production is preferable with longer fins because of the safe and stable turbine function.
Demonstration of room-temperature continuous-wave operation of InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well lasers directly grown on on-axis silicon (001)
Authors: Jiang Chen , Liu Hao , Wang Jun , Ren Xiaomin , Wang Qi , Liu Zhuoliang , Ma Bojie , Liu Kai , Ren Ren , Zhang Yidong , Cai Shiwei , Huang Yongqing
Published: August 2022

Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well lasers directly grown on on-axis silicon (001) has been demonstrated. A 420 nm thick GaAs epilayer completely free of antiphase domains was initially grown on the silicon substrate in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system and the other epilayers, including four sets of five-period strained-layer superlattices and the laser-structural layers, were successively grown in a molecular beam epitaxy system. The lasers were prepared as broad-stripe Fabry–Pérot ones with a stripe width of 21.5 μm and a cavity length of 1 mm. Typically, the threshold current and the corresponding threshold current density are 186.4 mA and 867 A/cm2, respectively. The lasing wavelength is around 980 nm, and the slope efficiency is 0.097 W/A with a single-facet output power of 22.5 mW at an injection current of 400 mA. This advancement makes the silicon-based monolithic optoelectronic integration relevant to quantum well lasers more promising with an enhanced feasibility.
Effect of electrode/dielectric interface on energy storage performance of BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 film capacitors
Authors: Liang Zhongshuai , Li Zhuo , Li Chao , Xiong Lilong , Du Xianfeng
Published: August 2022

In this work, correlative parameters of the interfacial layer adjacent to an electrode in BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 (BZT) films, including the thickness of an interface layer (δ), the effective charge density (Neff) in a depleted layer, and other material related parameters, were evaluated. To the 145 nm-thick BZT films on different bottom electrodes, the sample with thick δ and large Neff behaved with slim P–E loops (efficiency >85.0%) and a desirable energy density of 42.1 J/cm3. While in the bulk effect dominated 300 nm-thick BZT films, a much high energy density of 83.5 J/cm3 with an efficiency of 80.5% was achieved. These suggest that the energy storage properties can be modulated through the control of the structure of the electrode/BZT interface and the film thickness.
Shock resistance capabilities of nickel crystal containing helium nanobubbles
Authors: Sharma Saurabh S. , Parashar Avinash
Published: August 2022

It has been revealed in previous studies that helium bubbles have a damaging consequence on the load bearing capabilities of nickel. Shock resistance is the key characteristic of structural materials used in the construction of a nuclear reactor. Herein, atomistic simulations were performed to study the dynamic shock resistance capabilities of single crystal Ni impregnated with helium bubble. The effect of the geometrical configuration of helium bubble on a nickel crystal, which acts as a substrate in which the bubble is lodged, when subjected to shock loading, was studied. It was concluded from the atomistic simulations that the presence of helium bubble with a higher concentration of helium atom leads to a reflection of shock front energy from the shock path. The diameter of the helium bubble at the same concentration of He (the ratio of He atoms to the vacancy created by deleting Ni atoms) is less critical for the shock resistance capabilities of Ni crystal. At lower values of shock impact, the deformation is mainly controlled by dislocation emission, whereas at higher impact velocities, the phase transformation from FCC to BCC is the primary mode of deformation. The analysis presented in this article will help in elucidating the shock resistant capabilities of Ni facing challenges of transmutation.
Fracture toughness of Fe–Si single crystals in mode I: Effect of loading rate on an edge crack (–110)[110] at macroscopic and atomistic level
Authors: Uhnáková Alena , Machová Anna , Janovská Michaela , Ševčík Martin , Štefan Jan , Hora Petr , Čapek Jaroslav , Lejček Pavel
Published: August 2022

This paper is devoted to an experimental and 3D atomistic study of the influence of loading rate on fracture toughness in dilute Fe–Si alloys and in bcc iron. We analyze new and previous experimental results from fracture tests performed at room temperature on bcc iron–silicon single crystals with edge cracks (1¯10)[110] (crack plane/crack front). The specimens of single edge notch-type were loaded in tension mode I under different loading rates. The ductile–brittle behavior at the crack front was monitored online via optical microscopy together with external force and prolongation of the specimens. About 30% decrease in fracture toughness was monitored in the new experiment under the highest loading rate. The nanoscopic processes produced by the crack itself were studied at room temperature via 3D molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in bcc iron under equivalent boundary conditions as in experiments to reveal (explain) the sensitivity of the crack to loading rate. For this purpose, this MD study utilizes the self-similar character of linear fracture mechanics. The results show that the emission of blunting dislocations from the crack is the most difficult under the highest loading rate, which leads to the reduced fracture toughness of the atomistic sample. This is in a qualitative agreement with the experimental (macro) results. Moreover, MD indicates that there may be some synergetic (resonant) effect between the loading rate and thermal activation that promotes dislocation emission.
Stochasticity in extreme-ultraviolet lithography predicted by principal component analysis of Monte Carlo simulated event distributions in resist films
Authors: Fukuda Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Extremely low probability stochastic defects are becoming a major concern in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography due to the discrete/probabilistic nature of photons, photo- and secondary electrons, reactions, and (macro-) molecular dissolutions. We introduce minimum complete models for stochasticity in EUV exposed resist films and predict the ultimate resolution of EUV lithography from a stochasticity viewpoint. Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to three-dimensional chemo-physical event distributions in pattern-exposed resist films calculated by a fully coupled Monte Carlo simulation combined with discrete development/etching models. It expresses variabilities in the event distributions as linear combinations of the principal components (eigen-distributions), each of which reflects correlated reactions and clustering of (macro-) molecules. It successfully explains the fluctuations in local pattern edges and their material/process dependencies. Large size event distribution data are generated using the principal components, and stochastic defects are detected in the generated data. This virtual defect generation and inspection explains the observed probabilities and structures of stochastic defects. Thus, PCA provides general and universal representations for reaction stochasticity in resist films exposed by EUV lithography. It predicts that the ultimate resolution of EUV lithography in terms of stochasticity is limited by photoelectron/secondary electron scattering/diffusion or by photo-reaction density around the optical limit of 8 nm.
Conformational dynamics modulating electron transfer
Authors: Matyushov Dmitry V.
Published: August 2022

Diffusional dynamics of the donor–acceptor distance are responsible for the appearance of a new time scale of diffusion over the distance of electronic tunneling in electron-transfer reactions. The distance dynamics compete with the medium polarization dynamics in the dynamics-controlled electron-transfer kinetics. The pre-exponential factor of the electron-transfer rate constant switches, at the crossover distance, between a distance-independent, dynamics-controlled plateau and exponential distance decay. The crossover between two regimes is controlled by an effective relaxation time slowed down by a factor exponentially depending on the variance of the donor–acceptor displacement. Flexible donor–acceptor complexes must show a greater tendency for dynamics-controlled electron transfer. Energy chains based on electron transport are best designed by placing the redox cofactors near the crossover distance.
Mechanisms of trace water vapor desublimation over airfoil in transonic cryogenic wind tunnels
Authors: Qi Yinghe , Ye Hengyang , Hu Qiuqin , Zhi Xiaoqin , Qiu Limin
Published: August 2022

Cryogenic wind tunnels can provide a larger operating Reynolds number compared to conventional ones. However, the internationally known “moisture contamination problem” resulting from the residual trace water vapor desublimation in the cryogenic wind tunnel may affect the accuracy of the aerodynamic data. Due to extreme difficulties in experiments, the detailed trace water desublimation characteristics remain unrevealed. An Euler–Euler two-phase flow model based on classical nucleation theory and a droplet growth model were established to predict the trace water vapor spontaneous desublimation in the nitrogen flow over airfoil in a transonic cryogenic wind tunnel. The proposed model was validated by experimental data obtained from the literature and showed good agreements. The verified model was applied to 0.152-m National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 0012 airfoil in a Langley 0.3-m transonic cryogenic wind tunnel under a series of operating conditions. The simulated results reveal that the water vapor desublimation process in a transonic cryogenic wind tunnel can be divided into two patterns by a critical region. In pattern I, over the upper critical total temperature, the water vapor desublimates quickly during the rapid expansion of gas flow over the airfoil surface. In pattern II, below the lower critical total temperature, the water vapor is sufficiently supercooled and desublimates completely into small ice particles in the free-stream flow. For pattern I, the desublimation characteristics were analyzed in detail, and the influences of the desublimation process on the aerodynamic data were quantitatively evaluated, which can provide theoretical guidance for the practical operation of transonic cryogenic wind tunnels.
An intermediate-effect size variant in
UMOD
confers risk for chronic kidney disease
Authors: Olinger Eric , Schaeffer Céline , Kidd Kendrah , Elhassan Elhussein A. E. , Cheng Yurong , Dufour Inès , Schiano Guglielmo , Mabillard Holly , Pasqualetto Elena , Hofmann Patrick , Fuster Daniel G. , Kistler Andreas D. , Wilson Ian J. , Kmoch Stanislav , Raymond Laure , Robert Thomas ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Bleyer Anthony J. , Köttgen Anna , Conlon Peter J. , Wiesener Michael , Sayer John A. , Rampoldi Luca , Devuyst Olivier , Ambrose J. C. , Arumugam P. , Bevers R. , Bleda M. , Boardman-Pretty F. , Boustred C. R. , Brittain H. , Brown M.A. , Caulfield M. J. , Chan G. C. , Giess A. , Griffin J. N. , Hamblin A. , Henderson S. , Hubbard T. J. P. , Jackson R. , Jones L. J. , Kasperaviciute D. , Kayikci M. , Kousathanas A. , Lahnstein L. , Lakey A. , Leigh S. E. A. , Leong I. U. S. , Lopez F. J. , Maleady-Crowe F. , McEntagart M. , Minneci F. , Mitchell J. , Moutsianas L. , Mueller M. , Murugaesu N. , Need A. C. , O’Donovan P. , Odhams C. A. , Patch C. , Perez-Gil D. , Pereira M. B. , Pullinger J. , Rahim T. , Rendon A. , Rogers T. , Savage K. , Sawant K. , Scott R. H. , Siddiq A. , Sieghart A. , Smith S. C. , Sosinsky A. , Stuckey A. , Tanguy M. , Taylor Tavares A. L. , Thomas E. R. A. , Thompson S. R. , Tucci A. , Welland M. J. , Williams E. , Witkowska K. , Wood S. M. , Zarowiecki M.
Published: August 2022

The kidney-specific gene
UMOD
encodes for uromodulin, the most abundant protein excreted in normal urine. Rare large-effect variants in
UMOD
cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), while common low-impact variants strongly associate with kidney function and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. It is unknown whether intermediate-effect variants in
UMOD
contribute to CKD. Here, candidate intermediate-effect
UMOD
variants were identified using large-population and ADTKD cohorts. Biological and phenotypical effects were investigated using cell models, in silico simulations, patient samples, and international databases and biobanks. Eight
UMOD
missense variants reported in ADTKD are present in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), with minor allele frequency (MAF) ranging from 10
−5
to 10
−3
. Among them, the missense variant p.Thr62Pro is detected in ∼1/1,000 individuals of European ancestry, shows incomplete penetrance but a high genetic load in familial clusters of CKD, and is associated with kidney failure in the 100,000 Genomes Project (odds ratio [OR] = 3.99 [1.84 to 8.98]) and the UK Biobank (OR = 4.12 [1.32 to 12.85). Compared with canonical ADTKD mutations, the p.Thr62Pro carriers displayed reduced disease severity, with slower progression of CKD and an intermediate reduction of urinary uromodulin levels, in line with an intermediate trafficking defect in vitro and modest induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Identification of an intermediate-effect
UMOD
variant completes the spectrum of
UMOD
-associated kidney diseases and provides insights into the mechanisms of ADTKD and the genetic architecture of CKD.
Growth promoter alternatives after the ban on antibiotics.
Authors: Wenk C.
Published: August 2022

Feed additives are used world-wide for many different reasons. Some help to cover the needs for essential nutrients and others to increase animal performance, feed intake and thereby optimize feed utilization. They can positively affect technological properties and quality of feed as well as animal products. In many countries the use of feed additives is more and more questioned by the consumers: substances such as antibiotics, hormones and ß-agonists with perceived high risks are banned in animal diets. The trend in consumer demand is for safer and more organic food. Environmental aspects and animal management conditions become essential in intensive animal production systems. Therefore, the feed industry is eagerly looking for effective alternatives which are acceptable to the consumer and environmentally sound. Organic acids, enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics and highly available minerals as well as herbs or botanicals can be seen as potential alternatives to metabolic modifiers and antibiotics. The best results can be achieved by the use of these feed additives under good environmental conditions.
The welfare of pigs during transport and slaughter.
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: August 2022

To maintain a high standard of animal welfare during the transportation and slaughter of pigs requires both the proper equipment and supervision of employees. The use of numerical scoring of handling and stunning can help maintain high standards because it will enable management to determine whether or not practices are improving or deteriorating. The following variables should be measured: (1) The percentage of pigs stunned correctly, (2) percentage that remain insensible, (3) percentage that are prodded with an electric goad, (4) percentage that fall during handling and (5) percentage vocalizing. For electric stunning, sufficient amperage must be passed through a pig's brain to induce an epileptic seizure. For carbon dioxide, a 90% concentration is recommended. Other gas mixtures are reviewed. Handling facilities must be designed so that pigs move easily without baulking or backing up and have non-slip floors. Research on the following topics is reviewed: electric stunning, carbon dioxide stunning, pig behaviour during handling, return to sensibility, facility design, truck loading, density and transport stress.
Micronutrient-sensitive food value chains: A systematic review of intervention strategies and impact pathways to nutritional outcomes
Authors: Kumar Shalander , Das Abhishek , Kasala Kavitha , Ravula Padmaja
Published: August 2022

Knowledge and evidence on how food value chains can deliver nutrition, especially micronutrients, are limited. A deeper understanding of the food value chains as part of agri-food systems approaches addressing hunger and malnutrition through agricultural development may provide pathways for nutrition and health outcomes.. This systematic review was undertaken using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to assess the broad topic of value chains and micronutrients, focusing on interventions and their related impact pathways. Impact pathway interventions improving micronutrient delivery and consumption were classified as production, accessibility, marketing, income, knowledge and behavioral, and finally, women’s empowerment pathways. However, the case study evidence on the micronutrient-sensitive value chains for nutritional outcomes is very scant. This review identified that making value chains micronutrient-sensitive requires a multi-stakeholder, integrated approach as a basis for concerted action among various stakeholders in terms of policy, research, strengthening partnerships and coordination, and information sharing. The review illustrates the scarcity of literature with a focus on the micronutrients in the context of food value chains and developing countries. The food value chain approach offers great potential to unpack the complexity of food systems and identify entry points and pathways for improving nutrition outcomes, especially the micronutrients. Additionally, this review identifies multiple entry points and calls for strong advocacy of nutrition-sensitive value chain approaches to combat hidden hunger.
A systematic review on the diversity and importance of mycotoxins in tomato and derived products
Authors: Alizadeh Aliye , Shakeri Golshan , Marhamati Masoumeh , Afshari Asma
Published: August 2022

Molds and their toxins, mycotoxins, are of major global challenges in the food industry due to their harmful effects on human health as well as their economic losses. Tomato and its products are prone to fungal spoilage at industrial and consumer levels. In this study, we aim to emphasize the presence and significance of mycotoxins not only in spoiled tomato-based products but also in the products without visible growth of fungi. According to our systematic review, main mycotoxins in tomatoes and their derivatives are Alternariol (AOH), Alternariol methyl ether (AME), Tenuazonic acid (TeA), and Patulin (PAT). Among them, TeA has the highest concentration in tomato-based products. Thus, it should be deemed as a health risk. We also outlined some of the current and potential antimicrobial techniques and their inhibitory effects on mycotoxins in tomato and derived products. Finally, we emphasize the need for further studies on the health risk assessment of most concerning mycotoxins (TeA and AOH) in tomato-derived products. The results of our review can highlight the gaps and align with the prevention of health risks, increasing product shelf-life, and avoiding economic losses in the tomato-based industry.
Advances and trends in ecological organic agriculture (EOA) technologies and research on fruit vegetables produced in Tanzania
Authors: Shango Abdul J. , Maswi Philip B. , Malya Rashid B. , Maro Janet F. , Mwaipopo Rehema E. , Majubwa Ramadhani O. , Kilewa Ramadhan A. , Philipo Mashamba L.
Published: August 2022

Ecological organic agriculture (EOA) is a holistic production management system that can solve many problems in the vegetable crops’ value chain (VC). It is, however, unclear about the EOA technologies for the fruit vegetable VC that have already been validated or are in process of validation in Tanzania. A systematic literature search on EOA technologies relevant in Tanzania was conducted for research articles from 2010 until 2021. Most 10(30.4%) studies on fruit vegetables were equally distributed each 5(15.2%) in the years 2019 and 2020, respectively. A total of 33 records on fruit vegetables covered eight (8) regions of mainland Tanzania and one (1) region from the island of Zanzibar. Most 18(55%) studies were conducted in the Morogoro region. Based on the fruit vegetable VC, 26(68.4%) studies were for field establishment and management. Nine (9) key areas were identified, where most 9(27.3%) studies were on crop productivity and protection. Seventeen (17) EOA technologies were applied in fruit vegetables, mostly biocontrol 7(21%) in tomatoes. Overall, 27(81.8%) studies only researched the EOA technologies, while 3(9.1%) studies validated the EOA technologies, 2(6.1%) researches were in progress, and 1(3.0%) was progressing validation. Few 3(9.1%) studies portrayed the involvement of youth and women using the principles of participatory action research (PAR) during the validation. Generally, the EOA technologies are readily available, require minimal skills and labour, are cost-effective, sustainable, easily implementable in the fruit vegetable VC and can be simply accessed and utilized in cultivating organic fruit vegetables.
Physiology and genetics of heat stress in cattle
Authors: McManus C.M. , Faria D.A. , de Bem A. , Maranhão A.Q. , Paiva S.R.
Published: August 2022

Climatic variables can trigger physiological, biochemical, hematological, and hormonal alterations that influence the maintenance of homeothermy and can affect production and productivity in cattle. An understanding of pathways leading to resistance/tolerance in cattle is necessary, so that the impact of these changes can be mitigated. Particularly, heat stress (HS) has complex effects on the physiology and genetics of production characteristics in animals, thereby making the use of genomic information to select thermotolerant animals difficult. This review looks at physical, physiological, molecular, and genetic aspects of heat tolerance in cattle and the interrelationship between them.
Tail docking in dogs: behavioural, physiological and ethical aspects
Authors: Reyes-Sotelo Brenda , Mota-Rojas Daniel , Martínez-Burnes Julio , Gómez Jocelyn , Lezama Karina , González-Lozano Miguel , Hernández-Ávalos Ismael , Casas Alejandro , Herrera Yuridia , Mora-Medina Patricia
Published: August 2022

Tail docking has been practiced on dogs for many years for various reasons, including aesthetics, breeding standards and hygiene, to facilitate reproductive handling in some dog breeds, breeders’ decisions and tradition, or to prevent lesions during play or work, to name a few. Little research, however, has been done to demonstrate whether this practice causes acute pain in animals, even though it is now well known that animals, including dogs, are highly sensitive to both positive and negative stimuli. Currently, we have a broad range of methods for measuring pain that utilise diverse parameters (physiological, behavioural and metabolic), and techniques that include evaluating changes in behaviour and facial expressions, monitoring opioid and dopaminergic neurotransmission, measuring glucocorticoid levels, changes in blood hormone and lactate concentrations, the dynamics of cardiac and respiratory frequency, pupil diameter and variations in blood pressure. Many countries have banned this practice because it is deemed unnecessary, unjustifiable under any circumstances and harmful for animal welfare. The objective of the present review is to demonstrate that tail docking is a painful and unnecessary practice that presents more complications than benefits in dogs.
Digital image processing and spectral data source in seed analysis
Authors: Oliveira Schneider Bruno , Carvalho Alves Marcelo
Published: August 2022

Image processing is currently gaining lots of attention at seed quality labs as well as grain quality labs for being nondestructive, faster, and more objective than traditional seed or grain analysis methods. While seed analysts focus on quality parameters that will ensure vigorous plants, grain analysts focus on parameters related to safety or grading of the grain using roughly the same methods. We observed that few techniques on image processing have been used and that image data source roughly shapes research work done. The main data sources are visible light, hyperspectral imaging in the infrared section, and X-ray. Laser speckle is not so common but was also included. We have also noted that ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance are also used for analysis, but these data sources were left out because of little work found.