bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A universal severity classification for natural disasters
Authors: Caldera H. Jithamala , Wirasinghe S. C.
Published: November 2021

The magnitude of a disaster’s severity cannot be easily assessed because there is no global method that provides real magnitudes of natural disaster severity levels. Therefore, a new universal severity classification scheme for natural disasters is developed and is supported by data. This universal system looks at the severity of disasters based on the most influential impact factor and gives a rating from zero to ten: Zero indicates no impact and ten is a worldwide devastation. This universal system is for all types of natural disasters, from lightning strikes to super-volcanic eruptions and everything in between, that occur anywhere in the world at any time. This novel universal severity classification system measures, describes, compares, rates, ranks, and categorizes impacts of disasters quantitatively and qualitatively. The severity index is useful to diverse stakeholder groups, including policy makers, governments, responders, and civilians, by providing clear definitions that help convey the severity levels or severity potential of a disaster. Therefore, this universal system is expected to avoid inconsistencies and to connect severity metrics to generate a clear perception of the degree of an emergency; the system is also expected to improve mutual communication among stakeholder groups. Consequently, the proposed universal system will generate a common communication platform and improve understanding of disaster risk, which aligns with the priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. This research was completed prior to COVID-19, but the pandemic is briefly addressed in the discussion section.
China’s Lunar and Planetary Data System: Preserve and Present Reliable Chang’e Project and Tianwen-1 Scientific Data Sets
Authors: Zuo Wei , Li Chunlai , Zhang Zhoubin , Zeng Xingguo , Liu Yuxuan , Xiong Yaying
Published: November 2021

Data infrastructure systems such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Planetary Data System (PDS), European Space Agency (ESA) Planetary Data Archive (PSA)and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Data Archive and Transmission System (DARTS) archive large amounts of scientific data obtained through dozens of planetary exploration missions and have made great contributions to studies of lunar and planetary science. Since China started lunar exploration activities in 2007, the Ground Research and Application System (GRAS), one of the five systems developed as part of China’s Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) and the Planetary Exploration of China (PEC), has gradually established China’s Lunar and Planetary Data System (CLPDS), which involves the archiving, management and long-term preservation of scientific data from China’s lunar and planetary missions; additionally, data are released according to the policies established by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). The scientific data archived by the CLPDS are among the most important achievements of the CLEP and PEC and provide a resource for the international planetary science community. The system plays a key and important role in helping scientists obtain fundamental and original research results, advancing studies of lunar and planetary science in China, and improving China’s international influence in the field of lunar and planetary exploration. This paper, starting from CLEP and PEC mission planning, explains the sources, classification, format and content of the lunar and Mars exploration data archived in the CLPDS. Additionally, the system framework and core functions of the system, such as data archiving, management and release, are described. The system can be used by the international planetary science community to comprehensively understand the data obtained in the CLEP and PEC, help scientists easily access and better use the available data resources, and contribute to fundamental studies of international lunar and planetary science. Moreover, since China has not yet systematically introduced the CLPDS, through this article, international data organizations could learn about this advanced system. Therefore, opportunities for international data cooperation can be created, and the data service capability of the CLPDS can be improved, thus promoting global data sharing and application for all humankind.
Liveability Versus Sustainability in Spanish Cities: First Evidences Using Synthetic Indicators
Authors: Valcárcel-Aguiar Beatriz , Murias Pilar , Vecino-Aguirre Alexandre
Published: November 2021

The aim of liveable, sustainable cities has become one of the major challenges for urban planning. However, achieving both goals at the same time is no easy task, particularly when liveability and sustainability may be defined by certain elements that tend to be in conflict. The main goal of this work is to analyse the relationship between liveability and environmental sustainability within the context of Spanish urban spaces. To this end, we propose two synthetic indicators: one for liveability and the other for urban environmental sustainability. Each of these indicators is constructed using a technique based on goal programming. A bivariate analysis is carried out using these indicators, which allows us to compare the extent to which Spanish cities are liveable and sustainable. This analysis should be useful for urban planners when taking and implementing policy decisions. By comparing cities with similar profiles using a benchmarking system, it becomes possible to judge the margin for improvement in one attribute without detriment to the other. This benchmarking system also allows us to reveal the specific dimensions of liveability or sustainability for which there is the greatest opportunity for improvement.
An inventory model for multiple items assuming time-varying demands and limited storage
Authors: San-José Luis A. , González-De-la-Rosa Manuel , Sicilia Joaquín , Febles-Acosta Jaime
Published: November 2021

A model for inventory systems with multiple products is studied. Demands of items are time-dependent and follow power patterns. Shortages are allowed and fully backlogged. For this inventory system, our findings provide the efficient inventory policy that helps decision-makers to obtain the initial inventory levels and the reorder points that maximize the profit per unit time. Moreover, when it is assumed that the warehouse used for the storage of products has a limited capacity, the optimal inventory policy is also developed. The model presented here extends some inventory systems studied by other authors. Numerical examples are introduced to illustrate the applicability of the theoretical results presented.
Die globale Corona-Pandemie im Spiegel persönlicher Postings – Plattformbezogene Kommunikationsmodi in Sozialen Medien
Authors: Eisewicht Paul , Steinmann Nico , Kortmann Pauline
Published: November 2021

Der Beitrag typisiert anhand der Plattform Imgur.com und der dortigen User*innenbeiträge individuelle Erfahrungen wie auch kollektive Verhandlungen der Krisenhaftigkeit und des Umgangs damit im Zuge der COVID-19 Pandemie. Hierfür wird auf ein Sample aus 2 % der am besten bewerteten Beiträge (645 Postings), die unter dem Hashtag #coronavirus veröffentlicht wurden, zurückgegriffen. Die Beiträge wurden nach den Prinzipien der (Visuellen) Grounded Theory kodiert und angelehnt an eine Mixed-Method-Grounded-Theory deskriptiv-statistisch ausgewertet. Dabei ist nicht nur auffällig, welche Vielfalt an Medienformaten genutzt wird, sondern auch, dass hier eigene Beiträge neben weiterverwendeten Beiträgen von anderen Sozialen Medien stehen. Die Plattform selber ist damit auch ein Filter der Beiträge von anderen Plattformen. Zudem stehen persönliche Beiträge zum Umgang mit der Pandemie neben Verhandlungen politischer Kritik und informativen Postings. Entlang des ausgewerteten Datenmaterials lässt sich so zeigen, dass User*innen verschiedene Kommunikationszwecke, etwa den der Unterhaltung, der Information und des sozialen Zusammenschlusses, in schneller Abfolge auf derselben Plattform miteinander verbinden können. Ein Schwerpunkt der Analysen liegt auf dem Medienformat der Memes, die in sozialen Medien eine prominente Rolle einnehmen und die aufgrund ihrer Multimodalität und ihrem auf adaptiver Serialität beruhenden Verweisungszusammenhang Herausforderungen an den Prozess der Datenerhebung und -auswertung stellen, deren Reflexion anhand des vorliegenden Materials neue Impulse für die Erforschung von Memes und der Kommunikation auf Sozialen Medien liefert.
Decreased activity of piriform cortex and orbitofrontal hyperactivation in Usher Syndrome, a human disorder of ciliary dysfunction
Authors: Ferreira Sónia , Duarte Isabel Catarina , Paula André , Pereira Andreia C. , Ribeiro João Carlos , Quental Hugo , Reis Aldina , Silva Eduardo Duarte , Castelo-Branco Miguel
Published: November 2021

Usher syndrome (USH) is a condition characterized by ciliary dysfunction leading to retinal degeneration and hearing/vestibular loss. Putative olfactory deficits in humans have been documented at the psychophysical level and remain to be proven at the neurophysiological level. Thus, we aimed to study USH olfactory impairment using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed differences in whole-brain responses between 27 USH patients and 26 healthy participants during an olfactory detection task with a bimodal odorant (n-butanol). The main research question was whether between-group differences could be identified using a conservative whole-brain approach and in a ROI-based approach in key olfactory brain regions. Results indicated higher olfactory thresholds in USH patients, thereby confirming the hypothesis of reduced olfactory acuity. Importantly, we found decreased BOLD activity for USH patients in response to odorant stimulation in the right piriform cortex, while right orbitofrontal cortex showed increased activity. We also found decreased activity in other higher-level regions in a whole brain approach. We suggest that the hyper activation in the orbitofrontal cortex possibly occurs as a compensatory mechanism after the under-recruitment of the piriform cortex. This study suggests that olfactory deficits in USH can be objectively assessed using functional neuroimaging which reveals differential patterns of activity both in low- and high-level regions of the olfactory network.
Connected components of the space of proper gradient vector fields
Authors: Starostka Maciej
Published: November 2021

We show that there exist two proper gradient vector fields on $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

which are homotopic in the category of proper maps but not homotopic in the category of proper gradient maps.
Columnar aerosol types and compositions over peninsular Southeast Asia based on long-term AERONET data
Authors: Wang Sheng-Hsiang , Huang Hsiang-Yu , Lin Che-Hsuan , Pani Shantanu Kumar , Lin Neng-Huei , Lee Chung-Te , Janjai Serm , Holben Brent N. , Chantara Somporn
Published: November 2021

Aerosol chemical components such as black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) regulate aerosol optical properties, which in turn drive the atmospheric radiative forcing estimations due to aerosols. In this study, we used the long-term measurements from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) to better understand the aerosol types and composition with respect to their seasonal and spatial variabilities in peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA, here defined as Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar). Two methods (i.e., aerosol type cluster and aerosol component retrieval) were applied to determine the aerosol type and chemical composition during the biomass-burning (BB) season. AERONET sites in northern PSEA showed a higher AOD (aerosol optical depth) compared to that of southern PSEA. Differences in land use pattern, geographic location, and weather regime caused much of the aerosol variability over PSEA. Lower single-scattering albedo (SSA) and higher fine-mode fraction (FMF) values were observed in February and March, suggesting the predominance of BB type aerosols with finer and stronger absorbing particles during the dry season. However, we also found that the peak BB month (i.e., March) in northern PSEA may not coincide with the lowest SSA once dust particles have mixed with the other aerosols. Furthermore, we investigated two severe BB events in March of 2014 and 2015, revealing a significant BrC fraction during BB event days. On high AOD days, although the BC fraction was high, the BrC fraction remained low due to lack of aerosol aging. This study highlights the dominance of carbonaceous aerosols in the PSEA atmosphere during the BB season, while also revealing that transported dust particles and BrC aerosol aging may introduce uncertainties into the aerosol radiative forcing calculation.
Intracerebral Proinflammatory Cytokine Increase in Surgically Evacuated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Microdialysis Study
Authors: Tobieson Lovisa , Gard Anna , Ruscher Karsten , Marklund Niklas
Published: November 2021

Background

Treatment options for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are limited. A possible inflammatory response in the brain tissue surrounding an ICH may exacerbate the initial injury and could be a target for treatment of subsequent secondary brain injury. The study objective was to compare levels of inflammatory mediators in the interstitial fluid of the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) and in seemingly normal cortex (SNX) in the acute phase after surgical evacuation of ICH, with the hypothesis being that a difference could be demonstrated between the PHZ and the SNX.

Methods

In this observational study, ten patients needing surgical evacuation of supratentorial ICH received two cerebral microdialysis catheters: one in the PHZ and one in the SNX that is remote from the ICH. The microdialysate was analyzed for energy metabolites (including lactate pyruvate ratio and glucose) and for inflammatory mediators by using a multiplex immunoassay of 27 cytokines and chemokines at 6–10 h, 20–26 h, and 44–50 h after surgery.

Results

A metabolic crisis, indicated by altered energy metabolic markers, that persisted throughout the observation period was observed in the PHZ when compared with the SNX. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 8, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and interferon γ, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13, IL-4, and vascular endothelial growth factor A were significantly higher in PHZ compared with SNX and were most prominent at 20–26 h following ICH evacuation.

Conclusions

Higher levels of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the perihemorrhagic brain tissue implies a complex role for inflammatory mediators in the secondary injury cascades following ICH surgery, suggesting a need for targeted pharmacological interventions.
Video Captioning Based on Both Egocentric and Exocentric Views of Robot Vision for Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Kang Soo-Han , Han Ji-Hyeong
Published: November 2021

Robot vision provides the most important information to robots so that they can read the context and interact with human partners successfully. Moreover, to allow humans recognize the robot’s visual understanding during human-robot interaction (HRI), the best way is for the robot to provide an explanation of its understanding in natural language. In this paper, we propose a new approach by which to interpret robot vision from an egocentric standpoint and generate descriptions to explain egocentric videos particularly for HRI. Because robot vision equals to egocentric video on the robot’s side, it contains as much egocentric view information as exocentric view information. Thus, we propose a new dataset, referred to as the global, action, and interaction (GAI) dataset, which consists of egocentric video clips and GAI descriptions in natural language to represent both egocentric and exocentric information. The encoder-decoder based deep learning model is trained based on the GAI dataset and its performance on description generation assessments is evaluated. We also conduct experiments in actual environments to verify whether the GAI dataset and the trained deep learning model can improve a robot vision system
Conceptual framework of a Global Yacht Positioning System in Poland
Authors: Rafał Kaźmierczak , Agnieszka Szczepańska , Grzegorz Grunwald , Cezary Kowalczyk , Dariusz Tanajewski
Published: November 2021

The sailing market continues to develop rapidly and has a high growth potential. Sailing is one of the most popular types of recreational activity in Poland due to an abundance of lakes, including the Great Masurian Lakeland Trail which received a special mention from UNESCO. The development of nautical tourism requires effective organizational and technical solutions. The absence of a public mooring information system in Poland’s inland harbors has prompted the development of the Global Yacht Positioning System (GYPS) for mobile devices. The design process was preceded by a survey of sailors and marina operators to identify their needs and expectations, as well as an inventory of marinas in the Polish region of Masuria. The developed prototype system is a mobile application that relies on data transmission, communication and satellite technologies. The proposed solution is a convenient tool that will facilitate the operations of inland harbors and improve navigation safety.
Resonating Minds—Emergent Collaboration Through Hierarchical Active Inference
Authors: Pöppel Jan , Kahl Sebastian , Kopp Stefan
Published: November 2021

Working together on complex collaborative tasks requires agents to coordinate their actions. Doing this explicitly or completely prior to the actual interaction is not always possible nor sufficient. Agents also need to continuously understand the current actions of others and quickly adapt their own behavior appropriately. Here we investigate how efficient, automatic coordination processes at the level of mental states (intentions, goals), which we call belief resonance, can lead to collaborative situated problem-solving. We present a model of hierarchical active inference for collaborative agents (HAICA). It combines efficient Bayesian Theory of Mind processes with a perception–action system based on predictive processing and active inference. Belief resonance is realized by letting the inferred mental states of one agent influence another agent’s predictive beliefs about its own goals and intentions. This way, the inferred mental states influence the agent’s own task behavior without explicit collaborative reasoning. We implement and evaluate this model in the Overcooked domain, in which two agents with varying degrees of belief resonance team up to fulfill meal orders. Our results demonstrate that agents based on HAICA achieve a team performance comparable to recent state-of-the-art approaches, while incurring much lower computational costs. We also show that belief resonance is especially beneficial in settings where the agents have asymmetric knowledge about the environment. The results indicate that belief resonance and active inference allow for quick and efficient agent coordination and thus can serve as a building block for collaborative cognitive agents.
Monitoring of Seahorse Populations, in the Ria Formosa Lagoon (Portugal), Reveals Steep Fluctuations: Potential Causes and Future Mitigations
Authors: Correia Miguel
Published: November 2021

After seahorse population fluctuations were revealed in previous studies, probably due to changes in their natural habitat, this study sought to determine the current status of the populations of the two existing seahorse species in the Ria Formosa lagoon, by revisiting previously surveyed sites, while assessing the main drivers for detected changes. Hippocampus guttulatus densities decreased significantly between 2002 and 2008, followed by a significant increase between 2008 and 2012 and a significant decrease between 2012 and 2018. There were no significant differences in H. guttulatus populations between the 2002 and 2012 surveys, and between 2008 and 2018. As for Hippocampus hippocampus, there were no significant differences comparing densities from all the different dates. Among the different variables tested in this study, holdfast coverage seems to have played a crucial role in seahorse decline. It is important to further assess the impact on seahorse populations of two recently reported events, the illegal fishing of seahorses and the expansion of Caulerpa prolifera algae in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Portugal. Considering the existent threats and the probable causes behind the recent seahorse abundance decline, seahorses’ low densities make them even more susceptible to local extirpation due to continuous threats, which emphasizes the dire urgency to put in place mitigative actions to contribute to the conservation of these iconic species.
Evaluating the model of offering expanded genetic carrier screening to high school students within the Sydney Jewish community
Authors: Barlow-Stewart Kristine , Bardsley Kayley , Elan Elle , Fleming Jane , Berman Yemima , Fleischer Ron , Recsei Krista , Goldberg Daniel , Tucker John , Burnett Leslie
Published: November 2021

Programs offering reproductive genetic carrier screening (RGCS) to high school students within the Ashkenazi Jewish community in several countries including Canada and Australia have demonstrated high uptake and retention of educational messages over time. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether testing for an expanded number of conditions in a high school setting would impact the effectiveness of education. In this questionnaire-based study, genetic carrier testing for nine conditions was offered to 322 year 11 students from five high schools, with students attending a compulsory 1-h education session prior to voluntary testing. Comparison of pre- and post-education measures demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge, positive attitudes, and reduced concern immediately after the education session. Retention of knowledge, measures of positive attitude, and low concern over a 12-month period were significantly higher than baseline, although there was some reduction over time. In total, 77% of students exhibited informed choice regarding their intention to test. A significant increase in baseline knowledge scores and positive attitude was also demonstrated between our original 1995 evaluation (with testing for only one condition) and 2014 (testing for nine conditions) suggesting community awareness and attitudes to RGCS have increased. These findings validate the implementation of effective education programs as a key component of RGCS and are relevant as gene panels expand with the introduction of genomic technologies.
Can a key boreal Calanus copepod species now complete its life-cycle in the Arctic? Evidence and implications for Arctic food-webs
Authors: Tarling Geraint A. , Freer Jennifer J. , Banas Neil S. , Belcher Anna , Blackwell Mayleen , Castellani Claudia , Cook Kathryn B. , Cottier Finlo R. , Daase Malin , Johnson Magnus L. , Last Kim S. , Lindeque Penelope K. , Mayor Daniel J. , Mitchell Elaine , Parry Helen E. , Speirs Douglas C. , Stowasser Gabriele , Wootton Marianne
Published: November 2021

The changing Arctic environment is affecting zooplankton that support its abundant wildlife. We examined how these changes are influencing a key zooplankton species, Calanus finmarchicus, principally found in the North Atlantic but expatriated to the Arctic. Close to the ice-edge in the Fram Strait, we identified areas that, since the 1980s, are increasingly favourable to C. finmarchicus. Field-sampling revealed part of the population there to be capable of amassing enough reserves to overwinter. Early developmental stages were also present in early summer, suggesting successful local recruitment. This extension to suitable C. finmarchicus habitat is most likely facilitated by the long-term retreat of the ice-edge, allowing phytoplankton to bloom earlier and for longer and through higher temperatures increasing copepod developmental rates. The increased capacity for this species to complete its life-cycle and prosper in the Fram Strait can change community structure, with large consequences to regional food-webs.
Substituents interplay in piperidinyl-perylenediimide as dopant-free hole-selective layer for perovskite solar cells fabrication
Authors: Payno David , Salado Manuel , Andresini Michael , Gutiérrez-Moreno David , Huang Peng , Ciriaco Fulvio , Kazim Samrana , Sastre-Santos Ángela , Fernández-Lázaro Fernando , Ahmad Shahzada
Published: November 2021

The charge selective layer is of significance for the fabrication of emerging photovoltaics, including perovskite-based solar cells. Molecular hole transport materials (HTMs) are being employed as charge transporters, owing to their synthetic molecular flexibility that allows the fine-tuning of their electro-optical properties. Typically, doping of HTMs is essential, but it is a trade-off between long-term durability and device performance. The energetic level of perylenediimides (PDIs) was altered by the position of the substituent. The substituent’s position influences the geometry of the PDI core, which can lose planarity, thus presenting a core twist angle between the two naphthalene subunits to find its application as hole-selective layers for fabrication. We have fabricated perovskite solar cells, with pristine PDI, and it gave a competitive performance. New design protocols for PDIs are required for aligned energetic levels, which will minimize recombination losses in solar cells, favoring a performance enhancement.

Graphical abstract
Debt, Trust, and Reputation
Authors: Schwecke Sebastian
Published: November 2021

Starting in the late nineteenth century, colonial rule in India took an active interest in regulating financial markets beyond the bridgeheads of European capital in intercontinental trade. Regulatory efforts were part of a modernizing project seeking to produce alignments between British and Indian business procedures, and to create the financial basis for incipient industrialization in India. For vast sections of Indian society, however, they pushed credit/debt relations into the realm of extra-legality, while the new, regulated agents of finance remained incapable (and unwilling) of serving their needs. Combining historical and ethnographic approaches, the book questions underlying assumptions of modernization in finance that continue to prevail in postcolonial India, and delineates the socioeconomic responses they produced, and studies the reputational economies of debt that have emerged instead – extra-legal markets embedded into communication flows on trust and reputation that have turned out to be significantly more exploitative than their colonial predecessors.
Norm-Based Governance for Severe Collective Action Problems: Lessons from Climate Change and COVID-19
Authors: Raymond Leigh , Kelly Daniel , Hennes Erin P.
Published: November 2021

The world has surpassed three million deaths from COVID-19, and faces potentially catastrophic tipping points in the global climate system. Despite the urgency, governments have struggled to address either problem. In this paper, we argue that COVID-19 and anthropogenic climate change (ACC) are critical examples of an emerging type of governance challenge: severe collective action problems that require significant individual behavior change under conditions of hyper-partisanship and scientific misinformation. Building on foundational political science work demonstrating the potential for norms (or informal rules of behavior) to solve collective action problems, we analyze more recent work on norms from neighboring disciplines to offer novel recommendations for more difficult challenges like COVID-19 and ACC. Key insights include more attention to 1) norm-based messaging strategies that appeal to individuals across the ideological spectrum or that reframe collective action as consistent with resistant subgroups’ pre-existing values, 2) messages that emphasize both the prevalence and the social desirability of individual behaviors required to address these challenges, 3) careful use of public policies and incentives that make individual behavior change easier without threatening norm internalization, and 4) greater attention to epistemic norms governing trust in different information sources. We conclude by pointing out that COVID-19 and climate change are likely harbingers of other polarized collective action problems that governments will face in the future. By connecting work on norms and political governance with a broader, interdisciplinary literature on norm psychology, motivation, and behavior change, we aim to improve the ability of political scientists and policymakers to respond to these and future collective action challenges.
Gallenblasenkarzinome und Tumore der extrahepatischen Gallenwege
Authors: Seeger Nico , Grochola Lukasz Filip , Breitenstein Stefan
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Artikel befassen wir uns mit den Gallenblasenkarzinomen, sowie mit den extrahepatischen Cholangiokarzinomen, zu denen perihiläre und distale Tumore gehören. Allen diesen Tumorentitäten gemeinsam ist deren relative Seltenheit sowie die komplexe Diagnosestellung und Therapie, welche einen engen interdisziplinären Austausch erfordern. In der Therapieplanung hat ein differenzierter Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden diagnostischen Modalitäten zur präoperativen korrekten Einschätzung der Resektabilität dieser Tumore einen hohen Stellenwert. Insbesondere bei perihilären Cholangiokarzinomen (sogenannte Klatskin-Tumore), wo stets grössere Leberresektionen mit operativer Entfernung der extrahepatischen Gallengänge zum Erreichen einer R0-Resektion notwendig sind, ist eine detaillierte Planung des Eingriffes erforderlich. Diese muss, neben der Sicherstellung einer guten Perfusion und eines adäquaten biliären Abflusses der Leber, auch stets den Erhalt einer ausreichenden Reserve von funktionellem Leberparenchym sicherstellen. Hierzu können mittels Portalvenenembolisation und konsekutiver Hypertrophie des zukünftigen Restparenchyms auch ausgedehnte Resektionen ermöglicht werden. Für lokal fortgeschrittene perihiläre Tumore oder bei zugrundeliegender primär sklerosierenden Cholangitis kann als kurative Therapieoption eine Lebertransplantation nach neoadjuvanter Radiochemotherapie bei streng selektionierten Patienten in Betracht gezogen werden. Bei distalen Cholangiokarzinomen ist eine partielle Duodenopankreatektomie (Whipple-Operation) notwendig, während das Spektrum der operativen Behandlung der Gallenblasenkarzinome Stadien-gerecht, von einer einfachen Cholecystektomie bis zur ausgedehnten Leberresektion mit Rekonstruktion des biliären Abflusses und der vaskulären Versorgung reichen kann. Anschliessend erfolgt üblicherweise bei allen malignen biliären Tumoren eine adjuvante Chemotherapie mit Capecitabine. Im palliativen Setting kann hingegen Cisplatin-Gemcitabine das Überleben verbessern.
Reduced Rainfall in Future Heavy Precipitation Events Related to Contracted Rain Area Despite Increased Rain Rate
Authors: Armon Moshe , Marra Francesco , Enzel Yehouda , Rostkier‐Edelstein Dorita , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Adam Ori , Dayan Uri , Morin Efrat
Published: November 2021

Heavy precipitation events (HPEs) can lead to deadly and costly natural disasters and are critical to the hydrological budget in regions where rainfall variability is high and water resources depend on individual storms. Thus, reliable projections of such events in the future are needed. To provide high‐resolution projections under the RCP8.5 scenario for HPEs at the end of the 21st century, and to understand the changes in sub‐hourly to daily rainfall patterns, weather research and forecasting (WRF) model simulations of 41 historic HPEs in the eastern Mediterranean are compared with “pseudo global warming” simulations of the same events. This paper presents the changes in rainfall patterns in future storms, decomposed into storms' mean conditional rain rate, duration, and area. A major decrease in rainfall accumulation (−30% averaged across events) is found throughout future HPEs. This decrease results from a substantial reduction of the rain area of storms (−40%) and occurs despite an increase in the mean conditional rain intensity (+15%). The duration of the HPEs decreases (−9%) in future simulations. Regionally maximal 10‐min rain rates increase (+22%), whereas over most of the region, long‐duration rain rates decrease. The consistency of results across events, driven by varying synoptic conditions, suggests that these changes have low sensitivity to the specific synoptic evolution during the events. Future HPEs in the eastern Mediterranean will therefore likely be drier and more spatiotemporally concentrated, with substantial implications on hydrological outcomes of storms.
Imprints of Ocean Chaotic Intrinsic Variability on Bottom Pressure and Implications for Data and Model Analyses
Authors: Zhao Mengnan , Ponte Rui M. , Penduff Thierry , Close Sally , Llovel William , Molines Jean‐Marc
Published: November 2021

Variations in ocean bottom pressure are important for understanding ocean circulation and climate. While most studies have focused on atmospherically driven variability, here we use eddy‐permitting large ensemble simulation output from the OceaniC Chaos–ImPacts, strUcture, predicTability (OCCIPUT) project to isolate chaotic intrinsic variability generated by nonlinear oceanic processes. Analyzing separately the mean seasonal cycle and remainder variability in intra‐annual (60–365 days) and subseasonal (2–60 days) bands, we find intrinsic variations larger than atmospherically driven ones over eddy‐active regions across all timescales, particularly in the intra‐annual range, where intrinsic variations dominate in almost 25% of the oceans. At scales larger than mesoscale, intrinsic variability is still considerable, supporting the process of energy inverse cascade toward lower frequency and larger scales. Results highlight the importance of intrinsic variability over a range of spatiotemporal scales and provide new insights on the interpretation of GRACE‐like observations and their de‐aliasing procedures.
Statistical Spectral Characteristics of Three‐Dimensional Winds in the Mesopause Region Revealed by the Andes Lidar
Authors: Li Qian , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Huang Kai Ming , Gong Yun , Gan Quan , Liu Alan Z. , Yan Yan Ying , Liu Hang
Published: November 2021

By analyzing data recorded at the Andes Lidar Observatory in Cerro Pachon, Chile (30.3°S, 70.7°W) from May 2014 to July 2019, we investigated the fundamental features of three‐dimensional wind and temperature spectra. The vertical wavenumber spectral amplitudes of horizontal winds show obvious seasonal variations that are closely related to the seasonal variations in the source and background winds. The wavenumber spectral slopes of the horizontal winds are systematically less negative than −3, with mean values of −1.96 and −2.18 for zonal and meridional winds, respectively. The zonal and meridional wind frequency spectra have mean slopes of −1.37 and −1.56, respectively; these values are slightly less negative than −5/3. Moreover, the frequency spectral amplitudes show different seasonal variations from those of the wavenumber spectra, possibly because they correspond to different GW spectral components. The vertical wind has obviously different spectral features than the horizontal winds. The vertical wind spectra are notably shallower than the horizontal wind spectra, with mean slopes of −0.82 and −0.91 for the wavenumber and frequency spectra, respectively, departing evidently from those expected under linear instability theory (LIT). Although the vertical wind spectrum is almost always separable, the horizontal wind spectra are separable only at high frequencies. As the frequency increased, the horizontal wind wavenumber spectra become shallower and depart from the spectral slope expected under LIT, likely because high‐frequency GWs are not completely saturated. In general, our results do not support LIT.
Seasonal Hydroclimate Recorded in High Resolution δ18O Profiles Across Pinus palustris Growth Rings
Authors: Lukens William E. , Narmour Robert T. , Schubert Brian A.
Published: November 2021

Rainfall amount and intensity are increasing under anthropogenic climate change, but many instrument records span less than a century. The oxygen isotopic composition of tree‐ring cellulose (δ18Ocell) reflects local source water, climate, and tree physiology. The patterns of δ18Ocell within tree‐rings has the potential to extend pre‐instrument climate records with subannual resolution, but the influences on intra‐ring δ18Ocell profiles are unexplored in many settings. In this study, high‐resolution δ18Ocell profiles were analyzed on three longleaf pine trees growing in a native savanna in Louisiana, United States. The time series covers a wide range of rainfall conditions from 2001 to 2008 C.E. with a total of 421 δ18Ocell analyses. The δ18Ocell values for individual years are well correlated with each other both within and between trees (r = 0.71–0.78). We used principal components analysis and k‐means clustering to differentiate δ18Ocell profiles into two groupings: symmetrical δ18Ocell profiles versus asymmetrical profiles that have depressed latewood δ18Ocell values. The slope of latewood δ18Ocell profiles and mean δ18Ocell values of latewood tissue correlate with total June‐November precipitation. We hypothesize that poorly drained soils in the study area mediate the influence of any individual storm event: in dry years, 18O‐depleted signals from convective storms are moderated by subsequent evaporative enrichment of standing water, whereas in wet years, increased humidity and frequent re‐supply of 18O‐depleted water overrides evaporative enrichment effects, resulting in low δ18Ocell of latewood. These results suggest that δ18Ocell proxies for tropical storm occurrence need to account for soil conditions at the site of tree growth.
Horizontal and Vertical Deformation Rates Linked to the Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault, Tierra Del Fuego: Reconciling Geological and Geodetic Observations by Modeling the Current Seismic Cycle
Authors: Mendoza L. P. O. , Richter A. , Marderwald E. R. , Hormaechea J. L. , Connon G. , Scheinert M. , Dietrich R. , Perdomo R. A.
Published: November 2021

We integrate geodetic, geological and seismological observations in Tierra del Fuego, into a consistent and quantitative analysis, to better understand the current crustal deformation associated to the Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault, that is, the transform boundary between the South American and Scotia plates at the southern tip of Patagonia. To obtain reliable geodetic estimates of the thickness of the seismogenic layer, we model the current seismic cycle from the great 1949 Mw ≃ 7.7 earthquake to the present, including the lasting effects of postseismic relaxation. The model parameters are constrained by Global Navigation Satellite System velocities obtained by reprocessing 24 years of observations in the island with up‐to‐date models and satellite products. We combine the observed deformation rates with long‐term geological estimates of the slip rate in this transform system during the Holocene. The modeling results point to a seismogenic layer thickness of 15 ± 3 km and to fault planes inclined 63° ± 4°, dipping to the South. Along the sections of the Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault in the island these results are consistent with a seismic moment deficit rate, per unit of length, of 3.2 ± 0.8 × 1012 N m a−1 km−1, and a cumulative seismic moment, to date, equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude Mw ≃ 7. The postseismic viscoelastic relaxation, probably related to viscous flow in the mantle, affects the entire region up to ∼200 km away from the Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault, and more than 60 years after the earthquake.
Chronic cortisol differentially impacts stem cell-derived astrocytes from major depressive disorder patients
Authors: Heard Kelly J. , Shokhirev Maxim N. , Becronis Caroline , Fredlender Callie , Zahid Nadia , Le Amy T. , Ji Yuan , Skime Michelle , Nelson Timothy , Hall-Flavin Daniel , Weinshilboum Richard , Gage Fred H. , Vadodaria Krishna C.
Published: November 2021

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, and exposure to stress is a robust risk factor for MDD. Clinical data and rodent models have indicated the negative impact of chronic exposure to stress-induced hormones like cortisol on brain volume, memory, and cell metabolism. However, the cellular and transcriptomic changes that occur in the brain after prolonged exposure to cortisol are less understood. Furthermore, the astrocyte-specific contribution to cortisol-induced neuropathology remains understudied. Here, we have developed an in vitro model of “chronic stress” using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes treated with cortisol for 7 days. Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals differentially expressed genes (DEGs) uniquely regulated in chronic cortisol compared to acute cortisol treatment. Utilizing this paradigm, we examined the stress response transcriptome of astrocytes generated from MDD patient iPSCs. The MDD-specific DEGs are related to GPCR ligand binding, synaptic signaling, and ion homeostasis. Together, these data highlight the unique role astrocytes play in the central nervous system and present interesting genes for future study into the relationship between chronic stress and MDD.
Unusual terahertz-wave absorptions in δ/α-mixed-phase FAPbI3 single crystals: interfacial phonon vibration modes
Authors: Maeng Inhee , Lee Seungjun , Han E. Q. , Zhang Yurou , Oh Seung Jae , Nakamura Masakazu , Yun Jung-Ho , Wang Lianzhou , Kwon Young-Kyun , Jung Min-Cherl
Published: November 2021

The terahertz (THz)-wave absorption properties in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OHP) materials are investigated with the in-depth development of OHP-based THz applications. In the THz range from 0.5 to 3 THz, OHPs typically show several interesting phonon modes such as transverse, longitudinal, and halogen self-vibrations. To modulate these frequencies, the density changes in defect-incorporated structures and element mixtures were tested and confirmed. In the literature, the origin of phonon modes in OHP materials have been mostly explained. However, we found new phonon vibration modes in formamidinium (FA)-based hybrid perovskite structures. FAPbI3 single crystals, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, of the δ-, δ/α-mixed-, and α-phases were prepared. We intriguingly found that the δ/α-mixed-phase exhibited significant THz-wave absorption peaks at 2.0 and 2.2 THz that were not related to any phonon modes from either the δ- or α-phases, although the δ/α-mixed-phase sample was confirmed to be formed by a physical combination of the δ- and α-phases without the creation of any new chemical states. Our theoretical study performed with ab initio calculations provides an explanation for these unusual THz-wave absorption behaviors; they originate from the novel vibration modes excited at the seamless interfaces in the mixed phase of FAPbI3.
Field-like spin–orbit torque induced by bulk Rashba channels in GeTe/NiFe bilayers
Authors: Jeon Jeehoon , Cho Seong Won , Lee OukJae , Hong Jinki , Kwak Joon Young , Han Seungwu , Jung Soonho , Kim Yunseok , Ko Hye-Won , Lee Suyoun , Lee Kyung-Jin , Koo Hyun Cheol
Published: November 2021

Most studies of the Rashba effect have focused on interfacial Rashba spin–orbit coupling. Recently, bulk Rashba materials have attracted considerable interest owing to their potential to enhance the Rashba spin–orbit torque. By employing a bulk Rashba material, GeTe, as a spin–orbit channel in GeTe/NiFe bilayers, a large field-like spin–orbit torque up to 15.8 mT/(107 A cm−2) is measured. This value is one of the largest reported field-like torques and is attributed to the interfacial spin–orbit coupling being enhanced by the bulk Rashba effect in the GeTe channel. Furthermore, the large field-like torque is maintained even for a 20-nm-thick NiFe layer. This unconventional dependence on the thickness of both the GeTe and NiFe layers cannot be described by conventional theory, but it is believed to stem from the additional bulk Rashba effect-induced term. The large field-like torque over a wide range of ferromagnet thicknesses results in scalable in-plane spin–orbit torque devices. This result calls for a further theoretical study on spin transport in heterostructures, including bulk Rashba materials.
New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected
Authors: McCrystall Michelle R. , Stroeve Julienne , Serreze Mark , Forbes Bruce C. , Screen James A.
Published: November 2021

As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. The hydrological cycle is projected to intensify throughout the twenty-first century, with increased evaporation from expanding open water areas and more precipitation. The latest projections from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) point to more rapid Arctic warming and sea-ice loss by the year 2100 than in previous projections, and consequently, larger and faster changes in the hydrological cycle. Arctic precipitation (rainfall) increases more rapidly in CMIP6 than in CMIP5 due to greater global warming and poleward moisture transport, greater Arctic amplification and sea-ice loss and increased sensitivity of precipitation to Arctic warming. The transition from a snow- to rain-dominated Arctic in the summer and autumn is projected to occur decades earlier and at a lower level of global warming, potentially under 1.5 °C, with profound climatic, ecosystem and socio-economic impacts.
A meritocratic network formation model for the rise of social media influencers
Authors: Pagan Nicolò , Mei Wenjun , Li Cheng , Dörfler Florian
Published: November 2021

Many of today’s most used online social networks such as Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, or Twitch are based on User-Generated Content (UGC). Thanks to the integrated search engines, users of these platforms can discover and follow their peers based on the UGC and its quality. Here, we propose an untouched meritocratic approach for directed network formation, inspired by empirical evidence on Twitter data: actors continuously search for the best UGC provider. We theoretically and numerically analyze the network equilibria properties under different meeting probabilities: while featuring common real-world networks properties, e.g., scaling law or small-world effect, our model predicts that the expected in-degree follows a Zipf’s law with respect to the quality ranking. Notably, the results are robust against the effect of recommendation systems mimicked through preferential attachment based meeting approaches. Our theoretical results are empirically validated against large data sets collected from Twitch, a fast-growing platform for online gamers.
Tissue fluidity mediated by adherens junction dynamics promotes planar cell polarity-driven ommatidial rotation
Authors: Founounou Nabila , Farhadifar Reza , Collu Giovanna M. , Weber Ursula , Shelley Michael J. , Mlodzik Marek
Published: November 2021

The phenomenon of tissue fluidity—cells’ ability to rearrange relative to each other in confluent tissues—has been linked to several morphogenetic processes and diseases, yet few molecular regulators of tissue fluidity are known. Ommatidial rotation (OR), directed by planar cell polarity signaling, occurs during Drosophila eye morphogenesis and shares many features with polarized cellular migration in vertebrates. We utilize in vivo live imaging analysis tools to quantify dynamic cellular morphologies during OR, revealing that OR is driven autonomously by ommatidial cell clusters rotating in successive pulses within a permissive substrate. Through analysis of a rotation-specific nemo mutant, we demonstrate that precise regulation of junctional E-cadherin levels is critical for modulating the mechanical properties of the tissue to allow rotation to progress. Our study defines Nemo as a molecular tool to induce a transition from solid-like tissues to more viscoelastic tissues broadening our molecular understanding of tissue fluidity.