bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic susceptibility to cerebrovascular disease: A systematic review
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J , Farrell Sean , Sarkar Atom , Zand Ramin , Abedi Vida , Holland Neil , Michael Andrew , Cummings Christopher L , Metpally Raghu , Carey David J , Goren Oded , Martin Neil , Hendrix Philipp , Schirmer Clemens M
Published: September 2018

Investigation of genetic susceptibility to cerebrovascular disease has been of growing interest. A systematic review of human studies assessing neurogenomic aspects of cerebrovascular disease was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Any association study exploring genetic variants located in the exome associated with one of the major cerebrovascular diseases with at least 500 subjects was eligible for inclusion. Of 6874 manuscripts identified, 35 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies of interest focused on ischemic stroke and cerebrovascular occlusive disease. Large cohort genetic association studies on hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease were less common. In addition to rare, well-established monogenic conditions with significant risk for cerebrovascular disease, a number of genetic variants are also relevant to cerebrovascular pathogenesis as part of a multifactorial process. The 45 polymorphisms identified were located in genes involved in processes related to endothelial and vascular health (15 (33.4%) variants), plasma lipid metabolism (10 (22.2%) variants), inflammation (9 (20%) variants), coagulation (3 (6.7%) variants), and blood pressure modulation (2 (4.4%) variants), and other (6 (13.3%) variants). This work represents a comprehensive overview of genetic variants in the exome relevant to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology.
Hypercapnia increases brain viscoelasticity
Authors: Hetzer Stefan , Dittmann Florian , Bormann Karl , Hirsch Sebastian , Lipp Axel , Wang Danny JJ , Braun Jürgen , Sack Ingolf
Published: September 2018

Brain function, the brain’s metabolic activity, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and intracranial pressure are intimately linked within the tightly autoregulated regime of intracranial physiology in which the role of tissue viscoelasticity remains elusive. We applied multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) paired with CBF measurements in 14 healthy subjects exposed to 5-min carbon dioxide-enriched breathing air to induce cerebral vasodilatation by hypercapnia. Stiffness and viscosity as quantified by the magnitude and phase angle of the complex shear modulus, | G*| and ϕ, as well as CBF of the whole brain and 25 gray matter sub-regions were analyzed prior to, during, and after hypercapnia. In all subjects, whole-brain stiffness and viscosity increased due to hypercapnia by 3.3 ± 1.9% and 2.0 ± 1.1% which was accompanied by a CBF increase of 36 ± 15%. Post-hypercapnia, | G*| and ϕ reduced to normal values while CBF decreased by 13 ± 15% below baseline. Hypercapnia-induced viscosity changes correlated with CBF changes, whereas stiffness changes did not. The MRE-measured viscosity changes correlated with blood viscosity changes predicted by the Fåhræus–Lindqvist model and microvessel diameter changes from the literature. Our results suggest that brain viscoelastic properties are influenced by microvessel blood flow and blood viscosity: vasodilatation and increased blood viscosity due to hypercapnia result in an increase in MRE values related to viscosity.
Agriculture Products – Food for Humans Or Machinery?
Authors: Čatić I. , Rujnić-Sokele M.
Published: September 2018

The catalyst for this paper on biofuels and bioplastics was a newspaper report which appeared in January 2007. The report stated that maize prices on the Chicago Stock Exchange had hit an all-time high, while stocks were at their lowest level for ten years. The price rises and dwindling stocks were explained by the decision by President George W. Bush to cover 10% of the country's fuel consumption with ethanol. This marked the culmination of one of the most important trends in recent decades: to use agriculture products as fuel for machines – known as biofuel – rather than as food for living creatures. Food prices, for their part, rose. All of this was justified by the argument that greenhouse emissions would be reduced as a consequence. Leading plastics producers, albeit to a lesser extent, are also interested in processing agriculture products in biorefineries to obtain intermediates for plastics production. This too is symptomatic of the current drive to produce everything from natural resources, but it is based on a fallacy. Agriculture products are not natural products; they are the result of human skill and industry. Truly natural products, by contrast, are natural gas, petroleum or crude oil, natural rubber from the rainforests. Adopting a cross-scientific approach to take account of technical, economic and social – but not ideological – perspectives, we investigated the attempt to produce everything from renewable resources. We asked how the production of greenhouse gases, specifically CO2, can be reduced and how it can be used. Some of our answers were drawn from the writings of G. Menges. Two concepts for producing plastics from renewable raw materials – the DuPont concept for sustainability and environmental compatibility and that developed by GE Plastics (now SABIC) for environmentally compatible polymers – are discussed in detail. The conclusion we reach is that all waste, including biomass waste, must be processed using all available methods. The idea of producing everything from renewable resources – plastics, fuels, textiles, leather, etc. – is socially absolutely unacceptable.
Reduction of Cure Time in Injection Moulding
Authors: Sauer J.
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the rubber injection moulding process and explores the limits preventing the cure time from being reduced. A number of proposals for overcoming these limits are made, and examples of industrial applications and the improved values that have been achieved are also presented.
Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Synthesis of Medical Polymers Based on N-Vinylsuccinimide in Aqueous Media
Authors: Lavrov N.A.
Published: September 2018

The results of research on the polymerisation and copolymerisation of N-vinylsuccinimide in aqueous media are generalised. An examination is made of the effect of solvent water on processes of interaction of monomers with components of the reaction medium, on the redistribution of electron density in monomer molecules, and on the creation of the prerequisites for the occurrence of processes of targeted synthesis of polymers and the formation of macromolecules with certain alternation of the monomer units.
Surface Modification of Waste Polyamide Fibre and Its Use in Bitumen Composites
Authors: Shakhnazarli R.Z. , Ishchenko N.Ya. , Nazaraliev Kh.G. , Mamedov B.A. , Guliev A.M.
Published: September 2018

The effect of dressed waste polyamide fibre on the properties of bitumen surfaces was investigated.
Permeation in Seals – Polymeric Sealing Materials and Gas Impermeability
Authors: Achenbach M. , Klein P.
Published: September 2018

All elastomers and plastics are permeable to liquids, gases and vapours. Permeability is therefore an important factor for determining the suitability of these materials for specific sealing applications. When elastomeric seals are used to separate different media from each other for instance, permeation may impair the performance of the equipment. Direct measurements of the amount of permeate that penetrates an elastomeric sealing material are often impossible due to constraints. In these cases standard measurements supported by numerical methods (CAE) may be utilised to predict media loss. This paper discusses the mechanisms and principles of the diffusion and permeation of gases, liquids and vapours and how they can be applied to forecast the performance of elastomeric sealing materials under service conditions.
Analytical Methodology for Evaluating Tape Laid Carbon Fibre Reinforced Pa12 Components
Authors: Michaeli W. , Hopmann C. , Schöldgen R.
Published: September 2018

This paper describes the development of an analytical methodology for evaluating tape-laid carbon fibre/PA12 laminates. In order to generate a picture of the resulting component quality as comprehensively as possible, various methods have been tested and validated. Ultrasonic scanning and imaging techniques provide the opportunity to inspect an entire unit for defects and to represent the imperfections in the form of a grey-value image. A subsequent grey-level analysis allows a quantitative comparison of the components between themselves. Microscopic examinations of microsections permit detailed and qualitative conclusions regarding the quality of a laminate. In the context of the investigations it could be shown that microscopy makes a substantial contribution to understanding the manufacturing process with special regard to the bonding between the individual tape layers, the origin of cavities as well as geometrical parameters such as the surface waviness of a part. In addition to these analytical test methods based on imaging techniques, mechanical tests were realised for determining the flexural strength, flexural rigidity and the apparent interlaminar shear strength as well. DSC studies allowed statements to be made concerning the crystallinity of the thermoplastic matrix. Furthermore, the suitability of the individual test procedures used to assess the component quality for the process analysis will be discussed as well as the advantages and disadvantages of those methods with particular reference to the material combination CF/PA 12. Another objective was the development of as efficient as possible an analytical methodology for FRP which is practicable for other material combinations and manufacturing processes.
Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardants Based on Renewable Raw Materials
Authors: Lomakin S.M. , Sakharov A.M. , Sakharov P.A. , Zaikov G.E.
Published: September 2018

The present study focused on the development of environmentally friendly intumescent char forming coatings for wood and polymeric materials. This resulted in a method for the catalytic oxidation of polysaccharides, seeds and lignin by oxygen. The main products of the oxidation of such raw materials are salts of the corresponding polyoxy and polyphenoxy acids. In addition to that, the efficiency of the flame retardancy achieved for wood and polymeric materials by novel intumescent surface coatings based on these modified renewable starting materials was examined. Flammability tests of wood and polymeric samples treated with the oxidised substrates confirmed their powerful fire protection.
Thermal Degradation of Silicone Sealant
Authors: Bystritskaya E.V. , Karpukhin O.N. , Tsverava V.G. , Nepovinnykh V.I. , Rusin M.Yu.
Published: September 2018

The kinetics of thermal degradation of a polyorganosiloxane sealant was studied by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method at three constant heating rates (2, 5, and 20 deg/min). An investigation was also made of the change in shear strength of adhesive joints in the course of heat ageing at temperatures ranging from 250 to 340°C. The data obtained were processed by the non-linear regression method. The process of thermal degradation proceeds in two stages. The first stage has an activation energy of about 140 kJ/mol and is accompanied with increase in the strength of the adhesive layer. The second stage with a higher activation energy (roughly 230 kJ/mol) causes a sharp fall in strength of the adhesive layer. A possible mechanism of the thermal degradation process is discussed.
New Testing Techniques for the Characterisation of the Protective Resistance of Polymer Coatings
Authors: Wanner M. , Schauer T.
Published: September 2018

Polymer coatings are widely used to protect high-quality and corrosion-sensitive surfaces against atmospheric loading. The protective properties of such coatings are largely dependent on their resistance to temperature fluctuations, water and UV light. The protective resistance of polymer coatings can be characterised by outdoor weathering, but this is a time-consuming process, so testing techniques that lead to an accelerated ageing of the coatings are increasingly being used to speed up the testing and development process. This article presents three new test methods that allow a rapid quantitative evaluation to be made of the protective resistance of polymer coatings to the loading parameters temperature fluctuations, water and UV light.
The Synthesis of Phenol–Formaldehyde Copolymers Based on Phthalide-Containing Monophenol
Authors: Machulenko L.N. , Nechaev A.I. , Salazkin S.N. , Komarova L.I. , Petrovskii P.V.
Published: September 2018

When o-benzoylbenzoic acid chloride interacts with phenol in dioxane solution in the presence of catalyst ZnCl2, the phthalide-containing monophenol 3-phenyl-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide (I) is formed. When a mixture of the synthesised monophenol and phenol in different weight ratios (from 5:95 to 40:60) interacts with formaldehyde in the presence of catalytic amounts of ammonia, resol-type phenol–formaldehyde cooligomers are obtained, and heat-resistant crosslinked polymers based on them.
α,ω-Bis-(Triethylsiloxy)Oligohydride Ethyl Siloxanes with Biophore 3,5-Dichloropyridyl-Containing Groups for Protecting Textile Materials against Biodeterioration
Authors: Izmailov B.A. , Vasnev V.A. , Rodlovskaya E.N. , Yambulatova O.V.
Published: September 2018

A method was developed for synthesising 3,5-dichloropyridyl-containing oligohydride ethyl siloxane biocidal oligomers, which, in a quantity of 0.01–0.1 wt%, entirely suppress the growth of mould. It was shown that the oligomers synthesised can be attached covalently on the surface of textile material through the reaction of condensation by the interaction of functional groups of the oligomer and polymer fibre. The effectiveness of the bioprotective properties of the obtained textile materials was analysed.
Plastics and Mobility. Future Paths and Challenges
Authors: Dallner C. , Hoven-Nievelstein W.
Published: September 2018

The CO2 legislation of the European Union poses an enormous challenge for the automotive industry. Since high fines will be levied for every additional g/km of carbon dioxide emitted, the automotive industry is taking a wide array of measures. Along with increasing the efficiency of the classic internal combustion engines, great stock is also being placed in reducing the weight. Modern polymeric materials will play a pivotal role here and the problems will only be solved with intelligent materials. The paper discusses not only the opportunities existing already, but also the difficulties and challenges being faced. Current developments still have a long way to go and will call for a great deal of perseverance, since the currently favoured systems still have to prove their technical as well as financial viability.
Investigation of the Emulsion Polymerisation of Vinyl Acetate, Initiated by Mn(Iii) Trisacetyl Acetonate
Authors: Rzhekhina E.K. , Lavrov N.A.
Published: September 2018

The results of investigations in the field of the emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate, initiated by Mn(III) trisacetyl acetonate, are analysed. The mechanism of the reaction and the influence of electron donor additives on the kinetics of reactions and the molecular weight of the polymers obtained are examined.
Study of the Effect of Laproxides on the Physical Properties and Deformation Behaviour of Epoxy–Bisphenol a Polymers
Authors: Kryzhanovskii V.K. , Burlov V.V. , Semenova A.D. , Zhorova Yu.V.
Published: September 2018

The physicochemical differences in the modifying action of mono- and dilaproxides on the process of the structure formation of cured epoxy oligomers were established. The physically well-founded standard temperatures of epoxy–laproxide composites of different composition were established by differentiation. The results of investigating the high elasticity, the inversion features, and the deformation and strength properties of these densely crosslinked polymers are given. It is shown that the use of difunctional laproxide L-702 as a modifier of ED-16 and ED-20 resins is preferable to the use of monofunctional oligoether epoxide L-301.
Synthesis of Polystyrene Microspheres in the Presence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Shiryakina Yu.M. , Serkhacheva N.S. , Prokopov N.I. , Gritskova I.A. , Levachev S.M.
Published: September 2018

Zinc oxide nanoparticles stable in styrene were obtained, and the factors determining the possibility of immobilising them in polymer microspheres were studied.
Dissipative Processes in Pvc Systems in Weak Electric Fields
Authors: Lyashuk T.G. , Kolupaev B.B.
Published: September 2018

The results of experimental investigations of the electrical properties of composites based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and copper nanoparticles in weak electric fields are set out. It is shown that, by the action of a temperature field and a constant electric field, dissipative processes occur in the PVC system.
The Strength Properties of Incompatible Polymer Blends Based on Polyamide and Polystyrene
Authors: Kakhramanly Yu.N. , Bilalov Ya.M. , Azizov A.G.
Published: September 2018

An examination was made of the influence of the concentration of the compatibiliser – a graft copolymer of polystyrene with maleic anhydride – on the compatibility of a polyamide–polystyrene blend in a wide range of ratios. The influence of the length and frequency of distribution of the graft chains of the graft copolymer on the compatibility and deformation and strength properties of the polyamide–polystyrene blend was established.
The Influence of the Crosslinking Method on the Chemical Network Stability of Polyethylene Cable Insulation under Thermomechanical Action
Authors: Lyamkin D.I. , Skroznikov S.V. , Zhemerikin A.N. , Kobets A.V. , Cherkashin P.A. , Cherepennikov S.V.
Published: September 2018

The thermomechanical method was used to assess the density of the three-dimensional chemical network and the reliable working time of cable insulation, produced by different manufacturers, based on polyethylene crosslinked by radiation, peroxide, and silanol methods. It was shown that the reliable working time of the three-dimensional chemical network is higher in the case of the peroxide crosslinking method than in the case of the silanol and radiation methods owing to the different temperature conditions of curing.
Investigating the Molecular Mobility of Cellulose Esters with Substituted Aromatic Acids by the Dielectric Loss Method
Authors: Protopopov A.V. , Kon'shin V.V. , Chemeris N.A. , Chemeris M.M. , Skurydina E.M. , Kovalenko A.A.
Published: September 2018

The dielectric loss tangent method was used to investigate the molecular mobility of cellulose esters with aromatic carboxylic acids. The influence of the nature of the substituent on the relaxation transition temperatures in the obtained polymers was studied.
Certain Viscoelastic Properties of Densely Crosslinked Polymers: Theoretical Calculation
Authors: Ulitin N.V. , Deberdeev T.R. , Deberdeev R.Ya.
Published: September 2018

The authors previously proposed a mathematical model of the viscoelastic compliance of densely crosslinked polymers. In the present paper, the methodology for theoretical parametric identification of this model is shown, with subsequent prediction of the results of a thermomechanical experiment.
The Optical and Sorption Properties of Films of Polyvinyl Alcohol with Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Amerkhanova Sh.K. , Shlyapov R.M. , Afanas'ev D.A. , Uali A.S.
Published: September 2018

It has been established that, with increase in the silver concentration in polymer film, there is a shift in position of the maximum in absorption spectra into the longwave region. Bands in the absorption spectra in the range 400–510 nm correspond to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the silver nanoparticles. It is shown that silver-containing film is an adsorbent in relation to water vapour over saturated solutions of ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, and sodium sulphate, with maximum sorption observed in the case of Na2SO4.
The Development of the Design of a Two-Rotor Mixer and a Procedure for Calculating Its Main Parameters
Authors: Beloborodova T.G. , Panov A.A. , Anasova T.A. , Zaikov G.E. , Panov A.K.
Published: September 2018

An effective design of a two-rotor mixer with Z-shaped, sectional rotors made up of several parts is presented. This is the main equipment for the preparation of pastes and the mixing of granular materials, and also for the plasticisation of composite polymeric materials.
The Effect of Nanosized Fillers on the Structure and on the Deformation and Strength Characteristics of Polymer Blends Based on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Polyvinyl Chloride
Authors: Pshikhachev A.G. , Tkhakakhov R.B. , Zhazaeva E.M. , Kumykov T.S. , Karamurzov B.S. , Tkhakakhov E.R.
Published: September 2018

The effect of nanosized fillers on the structure and on the deformation and strength characteristics of polymer blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber and polyvinyl chloride was studied.
The Deformation and Strength Properties of Polyether Sulphones
Authors: Asueva L.A. , Nasurova M.A. , Khasbulatova Z.S. , Shustov G.B.
Published: September 2018

A scheme is presented for synthesising polyether sulphones with groups of terephthaloyl-di(p-oxybenzoic) acid in the main macromolecular chain, and the results are given of an investigation of mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength and elongation at break, which characterise the behaviour of the polymers under conditions of application of large loads.
The Methodology for Theoretical Parametric Identification of the Mathematical Description of the Deformation Electromagnetic Anisotropy of Densely Crosslinked Polymers
Authors: Ulitin N.V. , Deberdeev T.R. , Nasibullina L.F. , Deberdeev R.Ya.
Published: September 2018

Within the framework of a new mathematical description of the deformation electromagnetic anisotropy of densely crosslinked polymers, an approach has been developed for its theoretical parametric identification.
Crosslinking of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubbers with Resol Resins
Authors: Magg H.
Published: September 2018

This paper discusses at length the metal oxide and sulfur-free crosslinking of rubber compounds for carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) using resols based on p-alkyl phenols (resol crosslinking). It demonstrates that, with the best grade and dosage of resol and the right Krynac X nitrile rubber grade, such a compound can be adjusted to match the overall property profile resulting from traditional crosslinking with zinc oxide/sulfur with even better processing characteristics. Significant improvements can be achieved, for instance in the compression set characteristics. Resol crosslinking is sensitive to the grade of rubber used. The best and most balanced property profile can be achieved with XNBR grades containing 1% carboxylic acid (Krynac X 146, Krynac X 160). When the principles explained are observed, vulcanisates based on XNBR grades containing 7% carboxylic acid (Krynac X 750) also offer advantages. In addition to vulcanisates containing carbon black, compounds containing silica are also discussed and it is shown that, in this case, the additional use of silanes is indispensable for effective vulcanisation.
Improving the Resistance of High-Density Polyethylene to Uv Light
Authors: Murzakanova M.M. , Borukaev T.A. , Mikitaev A.K.
Published: September 2018

An examination was made of the possibility of improving the resistance of polyolefins to harmful UV light with the aid of low-molecular-weight azomethines based on melamine and 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzaldehyde. The dependence of the stabilising properties of the low-molecular-weight azomethines on their chemical structure is shown, and their effectiveness is demonstrated.
The Effect of Modifiers on the Rheokinetics of Curing of Chlorine-Containing Epoxy Binders
Authors: Pakhomov K.S. , Zarubina A.Yu. , Antipov Yu.V. , Simonov-Emel'yanov I.D.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the effect of low-viscosity epoxy oligomer DER-330, active diluent DEG-1, and temperature on the rheokinetic properties of chlorine-containing epoxy oligomer of grade EKhD cured with liquid curing agent isomethyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride. It was established that, by introducing modifiers and changing the temperature, the gelation time of the epoxy binder can be varied in a wide range, from 22 min to 28 h.
The Electrophysical Properties of a Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Produced by Wire Explosion
Authors: Lyashuk T.G. , Kolupaev B.B.
Published: September 2018

Within the framework of a model of a heterogeneous system obtained by wire explosion in polyvinyl chloride, analytical relations of the electrophysical parameters of the boundary layer arising at the “polymer-nanodispersed copper particle” phase boundary are presented. Comparisons of calculated values of the electrophysical properties of systems with experimental data obtained in an investigation of their frequency and concentration dependences are given.
New Fillers for Epoxy Compounds Based on Modified Cellulose-Containing Waste
Authors: Pankeev V.V. , Nikiforov A.V. , Sveshnikova E.S. , Panova L.G.
Published: September 2018

The possibility is shown of using millet threshing waste as filler for epoxy resin. Low-burning composite materials based on an epoxy resin matrix with millet hulls as filler have been developed.
The Structure Formation in Polymer Composites with Hollow Glass Microspheres
Authors: Simonov-Emel'yanov I.D. , Trofimov A.N. , Apeksimov N.V. , Zubkov S.B.
Published: September 2018

For the first time, data are presented on the main and generalised structural parameters of particulate-filled polymer composites (PFPCs) with hollow glass microspheres. The characteristics of Russian-industry-produced hollow glass microspheres of grade MS-VP-A9 are given, and generalised structural parameters for different PFPC groups, which determine their processing and service properties, and also the choice of an effective processing method, are calculated.
Certain Aspects of the Oxidative Polymerisation of Aniline in an Aqueous Solution of Poly-(N-Vinylpyrrolidone)
Authors: Mezhuev Ya. O. , Korshak Yu.V. , Shtil'man M.I. , Piskareva A.I. , Osadchenko S.V.
Published: September 2018

It is suggested that a lyophobic stabilised colloidal system is formed under conditions of oxidative polymerisation of aniline. The influence of the molecular weight of additions of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) on the rate of oxidative polymerisation of aniline is shown.
Features of the Deformation Behaviour of Particulate-Filled Composites Based on Polyethylene and Rubber Particles at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Kontareva T.A. , Kechek'yan A.S. , Sinevich E.A. , Serenko O.A.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the deformation behaviour of composites based on high-density polyethylene and particles of crosslinked rubber at elevated temperatures. At test temperatures of 20–60°C, with increase in the filler concentration, transition from plastic deformation to brittle failure and then to macrohomogeneous deformation occurs. In the 75–90°C temperature range, transition from elongation of materials with necking to deformation with the formation of delocalised necks and then to macrohomogeneous elongation is found. Elongation with the formation of delocalised necks is realised with a content of elastic filler of 26–56 vol%.
Study of the Laws Governing the Structure Formation of Epoxy Oligomer Cured with Diaminodiphenylsulphone
Authors: Zyukin S.V. , Kerber M.L. , Strizhevskaya V.I. , Shustov M.V. , Gorbunova I. Yu. , Kravchenko T.P.
Published: September 2018

A study was made of the effect of thermoplastic modifiers on the kinetics of curing of the epoxy binder. The kinetic and diffusion constants of the curing process were determined.
The Dynamic Viscosity Compensation Effect in Petroleum-Polymer Systems
Authors: Dolomatov M.Yu. , Dezortsev S.V.
Published: September 2018

A linear dynamic viscosity compensation effect has been found in artificial “petroleum residue-polyolefin” systems. Knowledge of the features of this effect makes it possible to produce petroleum-polymer compounds with assigned rheological properties.
The Temperature Field Dynamics in the Electrofusion Welding of Gas-Line Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: Starostin N.P. , Egorova M.P. , Gerasimov A.I.
Published: September 2018

In a mathematical model of the thermal process in the electrofusion welding of gas-line polyethylene pipes, it is proposed that phase transition in a range of temperatures be taken into account. By comparing theoretical time dependences of temperature with experimental dependences, the effectiveness of this approach to determining the temperature field dynamics in the welded joint is shown.
Investigation of the Disperse Composition of Microemulsions and the Laws Governing the Polymerisation of Styrene in Them
Authors: Zhachenkov S.V. , Gritskova I.A. , Levachev S.M. , Prokopov N.I.
Published: September 2018

A study was made of the effect of cetyl alcohol on the disperse composition of microemulsions formed by diluting concentrated toluene–surfactant–water systems with water until a ratio of hydrocarbon to aqueous phase of 1:50 is reached. It was shown that the microemulsion formed is characterised by a bimodal particle size distribution. With cetyl alcohol concentrations in the toluene-surfactant-water system of 2–10 mol%, the system contains particles of 600–1000 nm size, and with a concentration of 25–28 mol% it contains particles of 6–25 nm size. The initiation of polymerisation of styrene in microemulsions leads to the formation of polystyrene latexes with a bimodal particle size distribution. No significant effect of cetyl alcohol on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers was observed.
The Effect of an Electric Current on the process of Oxidation of Conductive Polymer Composites
Authors: Sazonova E.O. , Kirsh I.A.
Published: September 2018

The effect of an electric field on the process of the oxidation of conductive polymer composites is shown. A program is created for the mathematical description of the process of oxidation of the investigated materials under different ageing conditions.
New Modifiers for Bisphenol a Epoxy Resins, Containing a Polychloro-Substituted Norbornene Skeleton
Authors: Kerimov A.Kh. , Orudzheva A.T.
Published: September 2018

By the interaction of 3-chloro(chloroalkoxy)-1,2-propanediols with 3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde, unsaturated 2,4-disubstituted 1,3-dioxolanes were synthesised, and by their condensation with hexachlorocyclopentadiene, adducts were obtained that combined in their molecules a dioxolane ring with a hexachloro-substituted norbornene skeleton. A study was made of the effectiveness of the latter as plasticiser/ modifiers for epoxy composites based on bisphenol A epoxy resin ED-20.
A Layered Model of the Curing Kinetics of Oligomer Resins
Authors: Kosarev A.V. , Studentsov V.N.
Published: September 2018

A mathematical model of the growth of the structure of thermosetting plastic in the course of curing is proposed, making it possible to determine the change in the concentration of the initial oligomer in this process, and to characterise the dynamics of growth of the degree of polymerisation. The model can be used to obtain the dependence of the degree of transformation of oligomer resin into a densely crosslinked polymer on its structural parameters.
Features of the Rheology of Polybutadiene Blends with Fullerenes of the C50–C92 Group
Authors: Akatov E.S. , Igumenova T.I. , Popov G.V. , Kleimenova N.L.
Published: September 2018

An improvement in the quality of polymer feedstock by introducing fullerenes is shown. It has been established that the preliminary introduction of a fullerene mixture into the rubber increases its cohesion strength, forming physical three-dimensional structures in the polymer structure.
The Properties of a Styrene Butadiene Block Copolymer with a High Styrene Content
Authors: Alekseev A.A. , Lobanov A.V. , Osipchik V.S. , Glukhovskoi V.S. , Aristov V.M. , Alekseev A.A.
Published: September 2018

The structure and properties of block copolymers (BCPs) of styrene and butadiene of grade StiroTEP-70 (styrene:butadiene = 70:30, Mw/Mn = 1.43–1.45) are discussed. Analysis of IR spectra enables the BCP to be treated as polystyrene-stat-copoly(butadiene/styrene/1,2-butadiene)-polystyrene. It is suggested that the absorption band at 542 cm-1 be considered as characteristic when identifying polymers with extensive polystyrene phases. At temperatures of 190–230°C, the BCP is partially crosslinked, and at 260°C it breaks down. The BCP is processed well at temperatures up to 200°C.
Calculation of the Optimum Fractional Composition of Initial Disperse Filler
Authors: Ermilov A.S. , Nurullaev E.M.
Published: September 2018

A method was developed for calculating the optimum fractional composition of the initial disperse filler of a polymer composite material based on three-dimensionally crosslinked (cured) elastomer. As the optimisation criteria, an examination was made of the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the polymer suspension and the initial viscoelasticity modulus of cured low-molecular-weight rubbers with terminal functional groups, filled with polyfractional silicon dioxide. The influence of the packing density of the filler particles on the energy of mechanical failure was investigated. A composite material is proposed for use as a cold-resistant waterproofing coating for asphalt road surfaces, making it possible to increase their service life by many factors.
Rethinking Technology – Increasing Efficiency of Film Extrusion
Authors: Hennes J.
Published: September 2018

The efficientproduction of films is an important requirement for the profitability of film producing companies, and the production efficiency of films can be improved by numerous measures. Savings in raw materials are particularly advantageous since these represent the highest proportion of production costs at up to 80%. In particular, a reduction of start-up times and a decrease in thickness variations in films offer the potential for material savings. However, optimisation of the energy consumption for extrusion lines also increases production efficiency. This article discusses such approaches in more detail.
The Curing and Application of Materials Based on Blends of Three Different Thermosetting Resins
Authors: Studentsov V.N. , Skudaev E.A. , Levin R.V.
Published: September 2018

The production of materials based on mixtures of three different resins and the application of the obtained materials as electrets are proposed.
A Study of the Effect of Wetting Agents on the Impregnability of Basalt Fibre
Authors: Demina N.M. , Trofimova A.L. , Anokhina O.N.
Published: September 2018

A study has been made of the possibility of increasing the epoxy anhydride impregnability of basalt fibre by introducing wetting agents from different manufacturers worldwide into standard lubricant No. 4s. By improving the lubricant, it proved possible to increase the impregnability of the basalt fibre considerably.
Calculating the Thermal Conductivity of Filled Fluoroplastics by Methods of Generalised Conductivity Theory
Authors: Zarichnyak Yu. P. , Ivanov V.A.
Published: September 2018

An examination was made of the potential use of analytical methods of generalised conductivity theory for the interpolation and extrapolation of the results of measurements and prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of composite materials – fluoroplastics with different powder fillers.
The Influence of the Degree of Filling of Epoxy Composites with Microcalcite of Different Degree of Dispersion on Their Rheological Properties
Authors: Novoselova S.N. , Tatarintseva O.S. , Uglova T.K.
Published: September 2018

The results of investigating the influence of the degree of dispersion, the degree of filling, and the nature of calcium carbonate on the rheological properties of composites with the use of modified epoxy resin ED-20 as the binder are set out.
Improving the Compatibility and Assessing the Biodegradation of Polymer Composites of Low-Density Polyethylene and Polyamide-6
Authors: Min' T.T. , Spiridonova R.R. , Agzamov R.Z. , Kochnev A.M. , Sirotkin A.S.
Published: September 2018

A study was made of the effect of maleic anhydride with benzoyl peroxide, of stabilisers, and of processing temperature on the physicomechanical properties and melt flow index of polymer composites based on low-density polyethylene and polycaproamide. The biodegradability of the obtained polymer composites during culturing of microorganisms on their surface in different media was investigated.
Processing of Natural Fibres in An Internal Mixer Opens up New Perspectives for Thermoplastic Lightweight Materials in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Limper A. , Fischer K.
Published: September 2018

The use of renewable raw materials as reinforcing natural fibres continues to gain in importance in various sectors, including the automotive industry. In the past, natural fibre reinforced plastics were mainly used for compression-moulded parts. Now, however, there is also increasing interest in utilising natural fibre reinforced thermoplastics for injection-moulded interior components. This development must be viewed not only in the light of changing policy frameworks for the automotive industry but also as a result of increased environmental awareness in consumers. In contrast to the reinforcing fibres traditionally used for plastics, such as glass fibres, natural fibres are up to 50% lower in density, improve the carbon footprint and allow 100% thermal recycling of the reinforced plastic as well as material recycling. Completely new opportunities are therefore emerging for lightweight materials of this type, particularly in the electromobility sector.
The Modification of Epoxy Binders with Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes
Authors: Akopova T.A. , Osipchik V.S. , Olikhova Yu. V. , Ivanov G.A. , Zhukov A.F.
Published: September 2018

A study was made of the effect of oligomeric silsesquioxane on the strength and thermophysical properties of epoxy binders. It was shown that the introduction of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane in certain quantities makes it possible to raise the glass transition temperature. Composite materials based on modified binder with a higher yield temperature were obtained.
Longitudinal Bending of Polymer Rods with Account Taken of Creep Strains and Initial Imperfections
Authors: Litvinov S.V. , Klimenko E.S. , Kulinich I.I. , Yazyeva S.B.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the loss of stability of polymer rods exposed to disturbances in the form of camber of the rod and eccentricity of load application.
Robust Process Control for Rubber Injection Moulding with Use of Systematic Simulations and Improved Material Data
Authors: Fasching M. , Berger G. , Friesenbichler W. , Filz P. , Helbich B.
Published: September 2018

The heating phase is by far the most time-consuming part of rubber injection moulding. The determination of a suitable curing time is difficult despite extensive injection moulding trials, since in many cases the quality of a part, such as its degree of vulcanisation which is often visually detectable only where there is significant undercure (Figure 1a), cannot be assessed without closer examination (Figure 1b). Systematic injection moulding simulation with Varimos presents an effective solution because the Varimos methodology allows virtual detection of the impacts of process parameters and their interactions, as well as visualisation of e.g. impending undercure (Figure 1c). It therefore enables part, mould and process to be optimised automatically to the desired quality criteria. As a result, it is possible not only to save valuable machine time, which would otherwise be taken up for process development, but also to define the processing window more precisely and thus to improve the economic efficiency of the process while at the same time ensuring the necessary process stability. This was successfully investigated and demonstrated using a thick-walled test piece during the RubSim project at the Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH in collaboration with the Injection Moulding of Polymers Group of the University of Leoben and the industrial partners SKF Sealing Solutions Austria GmbH, Engel Austria GmbH, Simcon kunststofftechnische Software GmbH and Dr. Gierth Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH.
The Synthesis and Properties of Copolymers Based on N-Vinylpyrazole
Authors: Lebedeva O.V. , Pozhidaev Yu. N. , Sipkina E.I.
Published: September 2018

Copolymers of N-vinylpyrazole with vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate were produced by radical polymerisation. The involvement of the obtained (co) polymers in sol–gel synthesis with the participation of tetraethoxysilane leads to the production of hybrid organic–inorganic composites. Films were obtained from solutions of the (co)polymers and composites by casting, and their proton conductivity was determined (7.8 103 S cm1).
Investigation of the Structural and Strength Characteristics of Modified Polycarbonate
Authors: Zapornikov V.A. , Osipchik V.S. , Red'kina A.A. , Zakharov D.B. , Mishurova M.V. , Kravchenko T.P.
Published: September 2018

Atom force microscopy was used to study the supermolecular structures of polycarbonate-based composites. The effect of modifiers on the formed supermolecular structures was investigated, and the dependence of the properties of the composites on their structure was established.
The Structure and Physicomechanical Properties of Composite Materials Based on Linear Polyethylene and Nanosized Carbides
Authors: Gordienko V.P. , Kasperskii A.V. , Kovaleva G.N.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the structure at different levels of its organisation and the physicomechanical properties of linear polyethylene under the action of nanosized silicon, titanium, and molybdenum carbides. It was established that the change in the thermomechanical characteristics of the nanocomposites and the increase in hardness and softening point of the materials are due to modification of the molecular and crystal structure of the polymer by nanosized carbides.
Analysis of the Zone of Plastic Failure of Polymer Tubes
Authors: Kolbaya V.G. , Soldatenko L.I. , Kovriga V.V.
Published: September 2018

A method was proposed for analysing the zone of plastic failure in hydraulic tests of polyethylene tubes.
A Polymeric Glazing Material with a Functional Optical Coating
Authors: Krynin A.G. , Khokhlov Yu. A. , Bogatov V.A. , Kislyakov P.P.
Published: September 2018

The results are given of research into the development of glazing material based on organic glass with a heat-shielding optical coating, as well as the results of investigating their optical properties and their resistance to climatic effects.
Characterisation of Blowing Agent Loaded Plastic Melts for Improved Filling Simulation of the Foam Injection Moulding Process
Authors: Hopmann C. , Sander D.
Published: September 2018

Foam injection moulding provides manufacturers of injection-moulded parts with many advantages, such as material savings, cycle time reduction or lower warpage of parts. The ability to predict the properties of a foamed plastic moulding using simulation software is currently limited. By characterising blowing agent loaded plastic melts, material cards can be generated which further improve the results of a mould-filling simulation, especially in determining the local density of an injection-moulded part.
Rigid/Flexible Composites: Specifics of Processing and Testing Adhesive Strength – Standard VDI 2019
Authors: Kühnert I. , Druwen S.-M.
Published: September 2018

Rigid/flexible composites are material combinations of thermoplastics (rigid component) and elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers (flexible component). Their functionality focuses mainly on damping and sealing properties as well as a comfortable feel. Because of the long-term importance of these plastic material composites for new products, there is a need to build on our understanding of the fundamentals of these composites and their application characteristics in terms of adhesive strength. In order to give an up-to-date overview, this article therefore covers the following topics: interfacial effects and compatibility principles, specifics of processing, test methods for rigid/flexible plastic composites and flexible plastic/metal composites and the standard VDI 2019, including a discussion of adhesive strength test results.
The Effect of Ethylene Copolymers on the Properties of Crosslinking Polyolefin Composites Modified with Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate
Authors: Lyamkin D.I. , Skroznikov S.V. , Zhemerikin A.N. , Cherkashin P.A. , Cherepennikov S.V.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the effect of copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate (CEVA) on the thermodynamic stability and structural and mechanical properties of cured composites based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and dicumyl peroxide with crosslinking coagent trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA). It was shown that, in the presence of CEVA, thermodynamic compatibility of LDPE with TMPTMA is ensured, and the chemical network density is increased significantly.
The Influence of the Method Used to Prepare Electrically Conductive Composites Based on Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Carbon Black on their Properties at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Markov V.A. , Markov A.V. , Poldushev M.A. , Abysov E.Yu.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the process of preparing electrically conductive polyolefin composites based on blends of polyethylene and polypropylene with carbon black, with different orders of combination of the components. The effects of positive and negative temperature coefficients of electrical resistance were investigated. These were compared with the results of dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and electron microscopy. The introduction of polypropylene into the polyethylene composite makes it possible to increase its heat stability and to eliminate the undesirable effect of a negative temperature coefficient. It was established that in polymer composites based on blends of polyethylene and polypropylene the effect of an increased positive temperature coefficient in the temperature region of melting of polyethylene appears even when carbon black is introduced only into the polypropylene. This is due to the sharp increase in volume of microregions during the melting of polyethylene in the blended composite.
Features of the Structure Formation of Films from Mixed Solutions of Biodegradable Polyesters
Authors: Bychuk M.A. , Vladimirov L.V. , Kil'deeva N.R.
Published: September 2018

Data are given concerning investigation of the supermolecular and porous structure of films obtained from solutions of a mixture of polyhydroxybutyrate and polycaprolactone in chloroform by methods of electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy– attenuated internal reflectance, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Processes of Failure of Polymethyl Methacrylate under High-Velocity Impact Loading and Pulse Laser Treatment
Authors: Akhriev A.S. , Torshkhoeva Z.S. , Gaitukieva Z.Kh. , Kunizhev B.I. , Kugotova A.M. , Batyzhev M.B. , Martazanova L.M.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the effect of high-velocity impact loading and laser irradiation on processes of failure in polymethyl methacrylate. Under impact load, PMMA fails, with the formation of cracks and the release of large fragments. In the case of laser treatment of a PMMA target, loss of continuity of the target material occurs mainly in the near-surface regions – front and back. The maximum fractures are observed on the back surface of the target. The conducted investigations showed that, for polymethyl methacrylate, there exist differences for the different forms of treatment.