bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra-compact In2Se3 tunable power splitter based on direct binary search algorithm
Authors: Zhang Yi-Yi , Wei Xue-Ling , Nong Jie , Ma Han-Si , Ye Zi-Yang , Xu Wen-Jie , Zhang Zhen-Rong , Yang Jun-Bo ,   Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communication and Network Technology, College of Computer and Electronic Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China,   Experimental Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China,   School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
Published: May 2023

Power splitter with multi-mode interference coupler structure has many advantages, such as large bandwidth and better manufacturing robustness, and has received much attention for a long time. Conventional power beam splitters usually use algorithms or numerical simulation to achieve a single beam splitting ratio; if the circuit has the requirement for power, the structural parameters of the device need changing and recalculating. In order to improve the utilization rate of power splitter in photonic integrated circuit and meet various demands for different optical paths, an ultra-compact tunable power splitter based on phase change material In2Se3 with a 1×2 multimode interference coupler structure is proposed in this paper. The device consists of an input waveguide, a coupling region, and two output waveguides with a coupling region of only 2.4 μm× 3.6 μm in size, which contains several circular holes of the same size and is filled with SiO2. The number and location of circular holes in the coupling region are optimized by direct binary search algorithm, making the device achieve different power splitting ratios by using only the high refractive index contrast variation between the two crystalline states (α and β) of In2Se3 without changing any other structural parameter. In a wavelength range of 1540–1560 nm, three splitting ratios of 1∶1, 1∶1.5 and 1∶2 are achieved by this device, and the insertion losses of these three beam splitting ratios are less than 0.27, 0.13 and 0.17 dB, respectively. In addition, the robustness and balance of the device are analyzed and discussed, and compared with those of the power splitter of the same size designed by SOI platform and several power beam splitters reported in recent years, demonstrating the compact structure and simple regulation of this power splitter based on the phase change material In2Se3, its good robustness, and its possibility of application on photonic integrated circuits.
Application of Firefly and Flower Pollination Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Localization
Authors: Bindhu Bilvaprasad , Jesudas Thangaraju
Published: May 2023

A wireless sensor network is a cluster of sensors that work communally to carry out a certain important job. The nodes that make up these sensor clusters have their own power and communication capabilities with the other nodes in the cluster. Identification of the sensor locations inside the cluster is necessary for accurate data analysis. Only then, based on the signal and position, can the appropriate action be done. In wireless sensor network (WSN), a select few sensor positions are referred to as anchors, and it is from such anchors that the positions of unknown sensors have been inferred. The location of the sensors is identified using firefly and flower pollination algorithms (FFPA) in this research work. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is assessed by evaluating their accuracy of the position and convergence rate. The firefly and flower pollination algorithms are utilized to detect the position of the unidentified sensor nodes after the ninth iteration. When we compare both algorithms, the firefly algorithm is incapable to discover the nodes which are available in the location area. From the results it is evident that the flower pollination algorithm successfully identifies all the unknown sensor locations.
Semidegenerate Congruence-modular Algebras Admitting a Reticulation
Authors:   Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Georgescu George
Published: May 2023

The reticulation L(R) of a commutative ring R was introduced by Joyal in 1975, then the theory was developed by Simmons in a remarkable paper published in 1980. L(R) is a bounded distributive algebra whose main property is that the Zariski prime spectrum Spec(R) of R and the Stone prime spectrum SpecId (L(R)) of L(R) are homeomorphic. The construction of the lattice L(R) was generalized by Belluce for each unital ring R and the reticulation was defined by axioms. In a recent paper we generalized the Belluce construction for algebras in a semidegenerate congruence-modular variety V. For any algebra A ∈ V we defined a bounded distributive lattice L(A), but in general the prime spectrum Spec(A) of A is not homeomorphic with the prime spectrum SpecId (L(A)). We introduced the quasi-commutative algebras in the variety V (as a generalization of Belluce’s quasi-commutative rings) and proved that for any algebra A ∈ V, the spectra Spec(A) and SpecId (L(A)) are homeomorphic. In this paper we define the reticulation A ∈ V by four axioms and prove that any two reticulations of A are isomorphic lattices. By using the uniqueness of reticulation and other results from the mentioned paper, we obtain a characterization theorem for the algebras A ∈ V that admit a reticulation: A is quasi-commutative if and only if A admits a reticulation. This result is a universal algebra generalization of the following Belluce theorem: a ring R is quasi-commutative if and only if R admits a reticulation. Another subject treated in this paper is the spectral closure of the prime spectrum Spec(A) of an algebra A ∈ V, a notion that generalizes the Belluce spectral closure of the prime spectrum of a ring.
Evaluation scheme design of college information construction based on a combined algorithm
Authors: Shen Caiyou , Shi Yingjuan , Fang Jing
Published: May 2023

By controlling the benefits and drawbacks of informatization construction (IC) and development, evaluating the level of education informatization (EI) development can aid in university administration and decision-making. This work develops an evaluation method for the University Information Construction (UIC) based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Particle Swarm Optimization-based back-Propagation Neural Network (PSO-BPNN) algorithm to address the fuzziness issue in grade evaluation in the IC. Firstly, a set of data-driven evaluation index systems of the UIC effect is constructed with 16 second-class indicators and four first-class indicators of infrastructure, resource management, information management, and safeguard measures. The AHP method is used to determine the weight of the first-class indicators of the IC model. Secondly, from two perspectives of inertia weight and learning factor, the PSO-BPNN algorithm is designed to fit and analyze the level of UIC. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed model’s training impact is better, reflecting UIC’s effectiveness more accurately.
Artificial intelligence-driven malware detection framework for internet of things environment
Authors: Alsubai Shtwai , Dutta Ashit Kumar , Alnajim Abdullah M. , Wahab Sait Abdul rahaman , Ayub Rashid , AlShehri Afnan Mushabbab , Ahmad Naved
Published: May 2023

The Internet of Things (IoT) environment demands a malware detection (MD) framework for protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access. The study intends to develop an image-based MD framework. The authors apply image conversion and enhancement techniques to convert malware binaries into RGB images. You only look once (Yolo V7) is employed for extracting the key features from the malware images. Harris Hawks optimization is used to optimize the DenseNet161 model to classify images into malware and benign. IoT malware and Virusshare datasets are utilized to evaluate the proposed framework’s performance. The outcome reveals that the proposed framework outperforms the current MD framework. The framework generates the outcome at an accuracy and F1-score of 98.65 and 98.5 and 97.3 and 96.63 for IoT malware and Virusshare datasets, respectively. In addition, it achieves an area under the receiver operating characteristics and the precision-recall curve of 0.98 and 0.85 and 0.97 and 0.84 for IoT malware and Virusshare datasets, accordingly. The study’s outcome reveals that the proposed framework can be deployed in the IoT environment to protect the resources.
Assessment of eight insulin resistance surrogate indexes for predicting metabolic syndrome and hypertension in Thai law enforcement officers
Authors: Rattanatham Rujikorn , Tangpong Jitbanjong , Chatatikun Moragot , Sun Dali , Kawakami Fumitaka , Imai Motoki , Klangbud Wiyada Kwanhian
Published: May 2023

Police officers in Thailand have an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, possibly due to a high prevalence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this study, the researchers aimed to understand the relationship between surrogate markers of insulin resistance (IR) and the prevalence of MetS and hypertension in Thai police officers. The study included 7,852 police officer participants, of which 91.8% were men with an average age of 48.56 years. The prevalence of hypertension and MetS were found to be 51.1% and 30.8%, respectively, and the participants with MetS and hypertension were older compared to the regular group. The study looked at eight IR indices, including markers such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipid accumulation product (LAP), metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, TyG index with body mass index (TyG-BMI), TyG index with waist circumference (TyG-WC), the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-c), and visceral obesity index (VAI). These indices were found to be positively correlated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and triglycerides (TG), while being negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed that higher quartiles of all IR indices were significantly associated with increased risks of MetS and hypertension. Interestingly, the IR indices were more accurate in predicting MetS (ranges 0.848 to 0.892) than traditional obesity indices, with the AUC difference at p < 0.001. Among the IR indices, TyG-WC performed the best in predicting MetS (AUC value 0.892 and Youden index 0.620). At the same time, TyG-BMI had the highest accuracy in predicting hypertension (AUC value of 0.659 and Youden index of 0.236). In addition, this study found that when two markers were combined for diagnosing metabolic syndrome, a significantly improved predictive value for disease risk was observed, as evidenced by higher AUC and Yoden index. Moreover, the IR indices were found to have higher predictive power for MetS and hypertension in younger police personnel (age < 48 years) than older personnel. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of reducing cardiovascular disease risks among law enforcement personnel as a strategic goal to improve their health and wellness. The findings suggest that IR indices may be valuable tools in predicting MetS and hypertension in law enforcement personnel and could potentially aid in the early identification and prevention of law enforcement personnel health conditions.
Rottnest Island Peafowl Pavo cristatus - a colourful history comes to an end
Authors: Sansom James L , Blythman Mark D , Priemus Ron , Mawson Peter R
Published: May 2023

During the early 1900s, the Acclimatization Committee of Western Australia introduced several species to Rottnest Island, most of which ultimately failed to establish. The Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus was one that was successful and became synonymous with visits to the island. Peafowl eventually became too much of a nuisance and in 2009 the population was reduced by the Rottnest Island Authority leaving just male birds. In April 2022 the last peafowl died. We present the history of peafowl on Rottnest Island and describe how the introduced species' residence on Rottnest Island came to end.
Exploring Egg Consumption Habits in Surat and Rajkot Cities of Gujarat: A Consumer Behavior Study
Authors: Kandari Suraj Singh , Prajapati M. R.
Published: May 2023

The study was conducted to figure out who are the consumers of egg in the concerned area, how much awareness do they have about the enriched egg, what they perceive of an enriched egg in comparison to a conventional egg, to understand the purchasing and consuming behavior of the consumers for an egg and to find out what are the major factors that motivate consumers to purchase enriched egg. The study was conducted in the Surat and Rajkot cities of Gujarat. The objectives of the study were achieved with the help of primary data, which was collected through face-to-face interview using a structured schedule, which was made with the help of pilot survey and review of literatures. Using convenience sampling, 200 households (100 from each city) were surveyed, among which 100 households were enriched egg consumers while the remaining 100 were conventional egg consumers. The majority of the consumers of egg are married male, with education up to graduation, working as a private employee with income in range of ₹35,001 - ₹60,000 but for enriched egg a unanimous consensus on the impact of the socioeconomic factors viz., gender, age, family type and family size, in acceptance of enriched egg, because of the variation in both the geographies can’t be established. The awareness about the enriched egg was less, even among the consumers of enriched egg. The major sources of awareness are friends/relatives, online sources, educational institutions. The date of production, price, size and color highly influence the buying decision whereas health benefit, season and avian disease outbreak highly influence the consumption of egg. The consumers are motivated to purchase enriched egg by the factors in order freshness, health claim, packaging, odorless, golden yellow yolk color and nutritional claim respectively.
Knowledge of the Farmers towards Recommended Jute Production Practices in Burdwan District of West Bengal, India
Authors: Pal Swapna Deep , Bose Dipak Kumar
Published: May 2023

The study has been done in Burdwan district of West Bengal. The study has been conducted to measure the extent of Adoption Behaviour of farmers towards improved Jute Production Practices in Burdwan District of West Bengal. Based on the highest number of jute growers in the villages, a total of 120 respondents were purposely chosen from seven villages within the Kalna 1 and Kalna 2 block. The data has been collected through pre tested schedule and has been analyzed with proper statistical tools and techniques. According to the research, the majority of respondents (45.00%) were in the middle age range. According to all of the study's independent variables, the majority of respondents 72.50 percent had a medium degree of knowledge about the production technology for the jute crop. These respondents were followed by 18.33 and 9.17 percent of respondents with low and high levels of knowledge, respectively. Age, educational qualification, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, risk orientation, were positively and significantly and however the variables types of family, occupation and land holding were non-significantly correlated and the variable house type was positively and significantly correlated with the knowledge with level of knowledge of farmers toward improved jute production practices.Top of Form
Stenosing Intracardiac Mass of the Mitral Valve: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mahoungou-Mackonia Noël , Khalil Maria , Fatiha Karim , Nouamou Imad , Arous Salim , Benouna Ghali , Drighil Abdenasser , Azzouzi Leila , Habbal Rachida
Published: May 2023

Introduction: Benign intracardiac tumours are the most common of the 5% of primary tumours and account for 90% of intracardiac tumours. Myxoma, which is the main benign tumour, rarely localizes to the mitral valve, in the order of 1-5%, associated with severe symptoms and enormous complications.

The objective is to report a rare and severe case of mitral valve myxoma resulting in severe obstruction of the valve orifice.

Presentation of Case: A 65-year-old Moroccan woman, without profession, the diabetic patient presented with progressive dyspnoea, in whom transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) completed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a cerebro-throracoabdominopelvic Positron emission tomography-scan (PET-scan) showed a cauliflower-shaped mass embedded in the small mitral valve, evoking the diagnosis of myxoma, confirmed by the anatomopathological examination. A lumpectomy with mitral valve plasty was performed in association with coronary artery bypass surgery for a tri truncal lesion. The evolution was marked by an improvement in the clinical and echographic state.

Discussion: Myxoma is the first benign tumour encountered in women between the 3rd and 6th decade, whose diagnosis is evoked by a TTE, better by a TEE or more, by a computed tomography (CT scan) or even a cardiac MRI which specifies the visualization of the soft parts with all the internal details of the myxoma, whose confirmation is carried out on the histopathological analysis of the operating room.

Conclusion: The management was based on complete resection of the tumor associated with mitral valve plasty.
Oral Bioaccessibility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash Derived from Incineration of Petroleum Products and Waste Motor Tyres
Authors: Olanrewaju Falodun, Tosin , Ndokiari Boisa, , Kio Ideriah Tubonimi Joseph , Lelesi Konne Joshua
Published: May 2023

Aim: The aim of this study is to generate and investigate oral bioaccessibility based on the health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in fly ash from waste tyres and petroleum products in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Crude oil, crude oil asphalt, artisanal diesel, refined diesel, waste engine oil and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were analyzed with GC-MS.

Place and Duration of Study: Rivers State is a state that is rich in oil in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The State has been experiencing the release of soot into the environment for more than five (5) years now. This soot is noticeable to all residents of Port Harcourt and its environment with soot covering both indoor and outdoor objects such as clothes, cars, houses, floors, soil, water body, etc. The five (5) petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated for six (6) weeks (22nd of June to 7th of August 2021).

Methodology: The petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were collected after combustion daily. The total and oral bioaccessible PAH concentrations were determined using GC-MS. The oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in the fly ash was evaluated using the physiologically-based extraction test method (PBET) to determine the bioaccessible concentrations of 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in fly ash samples. The results obtained for PAHs were used for health risk assessment.

Results: A wider range of total PAH concentrations were observed in the six (6) fly ash samples from 49.71 to 926.62 mg/kg. The PAHs concentrations were significantly higher in higher molecular weight PAHs (with benzene of 4-5-6 rings) than lower molecular weight PAHs (benzene of 2-3 rings). Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene with 2-3 ring structures had the highest bioaccessible concentrations in both gastric and gastrointestinal phases of all the six fly ash samples studied. Flourene had the maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 91.30 % in the gastric phase from locally refined diesel fly ash whilst acenaphthene had a maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 98.75% in the gastrointestinal phase from crude oil asphalt fly ash.

Conclusion: Data obtained from this study indicated that crude oil fly ash is a potential point source of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with significant levels of health risk to humans.
Cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis – from translation to early assembly of the core subunit COX1
Authors: Dennerlein Sven , Rehling Peter , Richter‐Dennerlein Ricarda
Published: May 2023

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell as they produce the majority of ATP with their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery. The OXPHOS system is composed of the F1Fo ATP synthase and four mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, the terminal enzyme of which is the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) that transfers electrons to oxygen, generating water. Complex IV comprises of 14 structural subunits of dual genetic origin: while the three core subunits are mitochondrial encoded, the remaining constituents are encoded by the nuclear genome. Hence, the assembly of complex IV requires the coordination of two spatially separated gene expression machinery. Recent efforts elucidated an increasing number of proteins involved in mitochondrial gene expression, which are linked to complex IV assembly. Additionally, several COX1 biogenesis factors have been intensively biochemically investigated and an increasing number of structural snapshots shed light on the organization of macromolecular complexes such as the mitoribosome or the cytochrome c oxidase. Here, we focus on COX1 translation regulation and highlight the advanced understanding of early steps during COX1 assembly and its link to mitochondrial translation regulation.
In the Age of Machine Learning Cryo‐EM Research is Still Necessary: A Path toward Precision Medicine
Authors: Stephens Dominique C. , Crabtree Amber , Beasley Heather K. , Garza‐Lopez Edgar , Mungai Margaret , Vang Larry , Neikirk Kit , Vue Zer , Vue Neng , Marshall Andrea G. , Turner Kyrin , Shao Jian‐qiang , Sarker Bishnu , Murray Sandra , Gaddy Jennifer A. , Hinton Antentor O. , Damo Steven , Davis Jamaine
Published: May 2023

Machine learning has proven useful in analyzing complex biological data and has greatly influenced the course of research in structural biology and precision medicine. Deep neural network models oftentimes fail to predict the structure of complex proteins and are heavily dependent on experimentally determined structures for their training and validation. Single‐particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) is also advancing the understanding of biology and will be needed to complement these models by continuously supplying high‐quality experimentally validated structures for improvements in prediction quality. In this perspective, the significance of structure prediction methods is highlighted, but the authors also ask, what if these programs cannot accurately predict a protein structure important for preventing disease? The role of cryoEM is discussed to help fill the gaps left by artificial intelligence predictive models in resolving targetable proteins and protein complexes that will pave the way for personalized therapeutics.
Development of an Asymmetric Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Ultrathin Graphene Oxide Membrane as Actuator and Conformable Patch for Heart Repair
Authors: Zhang Xingying , Song Chen , Nong Huijia , Xu Kaige , Wu Xiaozhuo , Zhong Wen , Xing Malcolm , Wang Leyu
Published: May 2023

A conductive engineered cardiac patch (ECP) can reconstruct the biomimetic regenerative microenvironment of an infarcted myocardium. Direct ink writing (DIW) and 3D printing can produce an ECP with precisely controlled microarchitectures. However, developing a printed ECP with high conductivity and flexibility for gapless attachment to conform to epicardial geometry remains a challenge. Herein, an asymmetrical DIW hydrophobic/hydrophilic membrane using heat‐processed graphene oxide (GO) ink is developed. The “Masked spin coating” method is also developed that leads to a microscale GO (hydrophilic)/reduced GO (rGO, hydrophobic) physiological sensor, as well as a macroscale moisture‐driven GO/rGO actuator. Depositing mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating on the one side of the DIW rGO , the ultrathin (approximately 500 nm) PDA‐rGO (hydrophilic)/rGO (hydrophobic) microlattice (DrGOM) ECP is bestowed with the flexibility and moisture‐responsive actuation that allows gapless attachment to the curved surface of the epicardium. Conformable DrGOM exhibits a promising therapeutic effect on rats' infarcted hearts through conductive microenvironment reconstruction and improved neovascularization.
Cutting Edge Use of Conductive Patterns in Nanocellulose‐Based Green Electronics
Authors: Ko Youngsang , Kwon Goomin , Choi Hojoon , Lee Kangyun , Jeon Youngho , Lee Suji , Kim Jeonghun , You Jungmok
Published: May 2023

Green electronics made from degradable materials have recently attracted special attention, because electronic waste (e‐waste) represents a serious threat to the environment and to human health worldwide. Among the novel materials used for sustainable technologies, nanocelluloses containing at least 1D in the nanoscale range (1–100 nm) have been widely exploited for various industrial applications owing to their inherent properties, such as biodegradability, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and optical transparency. This review highlights recent advances in research on the development of patterns for conductive material on nanocellulose substrates for use in high‐performance green electronics. The advantages of nanocellulose substrates compared to conventional paper substrates for advanced green electronics are discussed. Importantly, this review emphasizes various fabrication strategies for producing conductive patterns on different types of nanocellulose‐based substrates, such as cellulose nanofiber (CNF), (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl(TEMPO)‐oxidized CNF, regenerated cellulose, and bacterial cellulose. In the latter part of this review, emerging engineering applications for green electronics such as circuits, transistors/antennas, sensors, energy storage systems, and electrochromic devices are further discussed.
Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells: Equilibrium Water Content and Conductivity Characterization
Authors: Wang Zixuan , Chen Kai , Han Jiahao , Zhang Xiyuan , Wang Bowen , Du Qing , Jiao Kui
Published: May 2023

The ionic conductivity of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) directly determines the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), which highly depends on the hydration level of the membrane. A better understanding of the relationship between hydration level and membrane ionic conductivity is essential for membrane development and for water and thermal management analyses of AEMFCs. In this study, the effects of water activity and temperature on water uptake, equilibrium water content, and ionic conductivity of three high‐performance AEMs (Alkymer, Orion, and Pention) are quantitatively characterized via the designed experiments. The results show that Orion exhibits the lowest water uptake and highest ionic conductivity among the three membranes at high water activity and Alkymer exhibits good water‐retention capability and the highest ionic conductivity at low water activity. Empirical equations combining water activity and equilibrium water content are proposed based on fitted experimental data to define the hydration level. Empirical equations combining ionic conductivity, equilibrium water content, and temperature are fitted to illustrate the relationship between ionic conductivity and hydration level. The findings of this study can provide solid guidelines and support for the future experimental characterization and water and thermal management analyses of AEMFCs.
Hierarchical Engineering of Sorption‐Based Atmospheric Water Harvesters
Authors: Song Yan , Zeng Mengyue , Wang Xueyang , Shi Peiru , Fei Minfei , Zhu Jia
Published: May 2023

Harvesting water from air in sorption‐based devices is a promising solution to decentralized water production, aiming for providing potable water anywhere, anytime. This technology involves a series of coupled processes occurring at distinct length scales, ranging from nanometer to meter and even larger, including water sorption/desorption at the nanoscale, condensation at the mesoscale, device development at the macroscale and water scarcity assessment at the global scale. Comprehensive understanding and bespoke designs at every scale are thus needed to improve the water‐harvesting performance. For this purpose, a brief introduction of the global water crisis and its key characteristics is provided to clarify the impact potential and design criteria of water harvesters. Next the latest molecular‐level optimizations of sorbents for efficient moisture capture and release are discussed. Then, novel microstructuring of surfaces to enhance dropwise condensation, which is favorable for atmospheric water generation, is shown. After that, system‐level optimizations of sorbent‐assisted water harvesters to achieve high‐yield, energy‐efficient, and low‐cost water harvesting are highlighted. Finally, future directions toward practical sorption‐based atmospheric water harvesting are outlined.
Efficient Narrow‐Bandgap Mixed Tin‐Lead Perovskite Solar Cells via Natural Tin Oxide Doping
Authors: Huang Lishuai , Cui Hongsen , Zhang Wenjun , Pu Dexin , Zeng Guojun , Liu Yongjie , Zhou Shun , Wang Chen , Zhou Jin , Wang Cheng , Guan Hongling , Shen Weicheng , Li Guang , Wang Ti , Zheng Wenwen , Fang Guojia , Ke Weijun
Published: May 2023

Narrow‐bandgap (NBG) mixed tin/lead‐based (Sn‐Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attention for use in tandem solar cells. However, they are still plagued by serious carrier recombination due to inferior film properties resulting from the alloying of Sn with Pb elements, which leads to p‐type self‐doping behaviors. This work reports an effective tin oxide (SnOx) doping strategy to produce high‐quality Sn‐Pb perovskite films for utilization in efficient single‐junction and tandem PSCs. SnOx can be naturally oxidized from tin diiodide raw powders and successfully incorporated into Sn‐Pb perovskite films. Consequently, Sn‐Pb perovskite films doped with SnOx exhibit dramatically improved morphology, crystallization, absorption, and more interestingly, upward‐shifted Fermi levels. The resulting narrow‐bandgap Sn‐Pb PSCs with natural SnOx doping have considerably reduced carrier recombination, therefore delivering a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.16% for single‐junction cells and a remarkable PCE of 26.01% (with a steady‐state efficiency of 25.33%) for two‐terminal all‐perovskite tandem cells. This work introduces a facile doping strategy for the manufacture of efficient single‐junction narrow‐bandgap PSCs and their tandem solar cells.
Se Nanopowder Conversion into Lubricious 2D Selenide Layers by Tribochemical Reactions
Authors: Grützmacher Philipp G. , Cutini Michele , Marquis Edoardo , Rodríguez Ripoll Manel , Riedl Helmut , Kutrowatz Philip , Bug Stefan , Hsu Chia‐Jui , Bernardi Johannes , Gachot Carsten , Erdemir Ali , Righi Maria Clelia
Published: May 2023

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) coatings have attracted enormous scientific and industrial interest due to their outstanding tribological behavior. The paradigmatic example is MoS2, even though selenides and tellurides have demonstrated superior tribological properties. Here, an innovative in operando conversion of Se nanopowders into lubricious 2D selenides, by sprinkling them onto sliding metallic surfaces coated with Mo and W thin films, is described. Advanced material characterization confirms the tribochemical formation of a thin tribofilm containing selenides, reducing the coefficient of friction down to below 0.1 in ambient air, levels typically reached using fully formulated oils. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations under tribological conditions reveal the atomistic mechanisms that result in the shear‐induced synthesis of selenide monolayers from nanopowders. The use of Se nanopowder provides thermal stability and prevents outgassing in vacuum environments. Additionally, the high reactivity of the Se nanopowder with the transition metal coating in the conditions prevailing in the contact interface yields highly reproducible results, making it particularly suitable for the replenishment of sliding components with solid lubricants, avoiding the long‐lasting problem of TMD‐lubricity degradation caused by environmental molecules. The suggested straightforward approach demonstrates an unconventional and smart way to synthesize TMDs in operando and exploit their friction‐ and wear‐reducing impact.
Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with an External Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 30%
Authors: Bai Wenhao , Xuan Tongtong , Zhao Haiyan , Dong Haorui , Cheng Xinru , Wang Le , Xie Rong‐Jun
Published: May 2023

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are strong candidates for next‐generation display and lighting technologies due to their high color purity and low‐cost solution‐processed fabrication. However, PeLEDs are not superior to commercial organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) in efficiency, as some key parameters affecting their efficiency, such as the charge carrier transport and light outcoupling efficiency, are usually overlooked and not well optimized. Here, ultrahigh‐efficiency green PeLEDs are reported with quantum efficiencies surpassing a milestone of 30% by regulating the charge carrier transport and near‐field light distribution to reduce electron leakage and achieve a high light outcoupling efficiency of 41.82%. Ni0.9Mg0.1Ox films are applied with a high refractive index and increased hole carrier mobility as the hole injection layer to balance the charge carrier injection and insert the polyethylene glycol layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite emissive layer to block the electron leakage and reduce the photon loss. Therefore, with the modified structure, the state‐of‐the‐art green PeLEDs achieve a world record external quantum efficiency of 30.84% (average =  29.05 ± 0.77%) at a luminance of 6514 cd m−2. This study provides an interesting idea to construct super high‐efficiency PeLEDs by balancing the electron‐hole recombination and enhancing the light outcoupling.
Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoribbons with Enhanced Edge Nonlinear Response and Photoresponsivity
Authors: Ghimire Ganesh , Ulaganathan Rajesh Kumar , Tempez Agnès , Ilchenko Oleksii , Unocic Raymond R. , Heske Julian , Miakota Denys I. , Xiang Cheng , Chaigneau Marc , Booth Tim , Bøggild Peter , Thygesen Kristian S. , Geohegan David B. , Canulescu Stela
Published: May 2023

MoS2 nanoribbons have attracted increased interest due to their properties, which can be tailored by tuning their dimensions. Herein, the growth of MoS2 nanoribbons and triangular crystals formed by the reaction between films of MoOx (2<x<3) grown by pulsed laser deposition and NaF in a sulfur‐rich environment is demonstrated. The nanoribbons can reach up to 10 µm in length, and feature single‐layer edges, forming a monolayer–multilayer junction enabled by the lateral modulation in thickness. The single‐layer edges show a pronounced second harmonic generation due to the symmetry breaking, in contrast to the centrosymmetric multilayer structure, which is unsusceptible to the second‐order nonlinear process. A splitting of the Raman spectra is observed in MoS2 nanoribbons arising from distinct contributions from the single–layer edges and multilayer core. Nanoscale imaging reveals a blue‐shifted exciton emission of the monolayer edge compared to the isolated MoS2 monolayers due to built‐in local strain and disorder. We further report on an ultrasensitive photodetector made of a single MoS2 nanoribbon with a responsivity of 8.72 × 102 A W−1 at 532 nm, among the highest reported up‐to‐date for single‐nanoribbon photodetectors. These findings can inspire the design of MoS2 semiconductors with tunable geometries for efficient optoelectronic devices.
Organic Electrochemical Transistors functionalized with Protein Minibinders for Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Huang Po‐Chun , Zhou Ying , Porter Erin B. , Saxena Ravindra G. , Gomez Andrea , Ykema Matthew , Senehi Naomi L. , Lee Dongjoo , Tseng Chia‐Ping , Alvarez Pedro J. , Tao Yizhi J. , Li Yilin , Verduzco Rafael
Published: May 2023

There is a need for rapid, sensitive, specific, and low‐cost virus sensors. Recent work has demonstrated that organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) can detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein. Here, a simple and low‐cost approach to the fabrication of OECT devices with excellent stability and unprecedented sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is demonstrated. The devices rely on the engineered protein minibinder LCB1, which binds strongly to SARS‐CoV‐2. The resulting devices exhibit excellent sensitivity for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). These results demonstrate a simple, effective, and low‐cost biomolecular sensor applicable to the real‐time detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and a general strategy for OECT device design that can be applied for the detection of other pathogenic viruses.
Elucidating Improvements to MIL‐101(Cr)’s Porosity and Particle Size Distributions based on Innovations and Fine‐Tuning in Synthesis Procedures
Authors: Wee Mei Gui Vanessa , Chinnappan Amutha , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: May 2023

Among the existing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL‐101(Cr) is renowned for its stability in air and water. As a result, MIL‐101(Cr) has numerous potential applications ranging from adsorptive cooling to catalysis. The industrial‐scale production of MIL‐101(Cr) is necessary before realizing these applications. Yet, there remain two main bottlenecks in preparing MIL‐101(Cr) in bulk: the toxicity of hydrofluoric acid (HF) used in conventional MIL‐101(Cr) synthesis and the challenge of ensuring that the as‐prepared MIL‐101(Cr) is highly porous with specific Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (SBET) above 4000 m2 g−1. On the laboratory scale, MIL‐101(Cr) often presents SBET 2300–3500 m2 g−1. The synthesis and purification procedures often influence the yield, particle size, porosity, and other properties of MIL‐101(Cr). This critical review examines trends in MIL‐101(Cr) preparation procedures and the MOF's resulting properties to elucidate areas for improvement toward its real‐world applications. The purification processes for conventional HF‐based MIL‐101(Cr) whereby porosities vary despite the same synthesis approach are first investigated. Next, the reported additives for substituting HF and their influence on the resulting MIL‐101(Cr)’s porosity and particle size are discussed. The selection of additives may be application‐specific: exemplified in the examination of MIL‐101(Cr)’s preparation, its corresponding water sorption capacity, and desiccant‐related applications.
Manipulation of Ferrofluid‐Wrapped Drops: Translation, Coalescence, and Release
Authors: Gunjan Madhu Ranjan , Banerjee Utsab , Misra Sirshendu , Mitra Sushanta K.
Published: May 2023

Magnetic manipulation of droplets has emerged as a promising strategy to achieve several complex tasks ranging from targeted drug delivery and micro‐robotics to controlled chemical synthesis. Hence, proper control in creating magnetically responsive droplets is indispensable for successful implementation. Here, an impact‐based encapsulation technique is employed to create stable ferrofluid‐wrapped single‐liquid and compound droplets inside a water bath. Thereafter, a permanent magnet is used to manipulate the resulting encapsulated cargo and demonstrate its feasibility for various applications. The manipulations reported herein are underwater magnet‐assisted drop translation and coalescence of compound droplets. The release of the innermost cargo in the compound droplet is also experimentally demonstrated via magnetic actuation. Importantly, for the first time, magnetically controlled coalescence of ferrofluid encapsulated compound droplets containing water‐soluble species in a water pool is demonstrated. The non‐contact manipulation technique presented in this work promises significant implications for magnet‐assisted actuation technologies.
Mechanically Robust Hybrid Coatings for Antifogging, Antireflection, and Self‐Cleaning Applications
Authors: Kong Yunhui , Ai Ling , Chen Xiaomei , Kong Ruiwen , Song Weijie
Published: May 2023

In this work, a novel multifunctional film with durable antifogging performance and remarkable optical property is designed. By doping and hybridization to build an organic–inorganic siloxane network, the surface achieves long‐lasting wettability and superhydrophilicity with a water contact angle of 0°, which is maintained within 10° for over 130 days. The low refractive index endows the hybrid film with excellent optical property, which the average transmittance (380–1100 nm) of the film is 97.60% with the peak transmittance of 99.48%. By this design, the film performs well in the felt abrasion test, water impact test, X‐cut tape test, tape‐peeling test, chemical stability test, and anti‐dust test. Due to the abundant hydroxyl radicals on the surface, the film also exhibits excellent performance, achieving 92.73% degradation of methylene blue solution (10 ppm) and 39.53% degradation of rhodamine B (10 ppm) with good reproducibility in cyclic measurements.
Mussel‐Inspired Polyglycerol Coatings for Surface Modification with Tunable Architecture
Authors: Tang Peng , Ma Guoxin , Nickl Philip , Nie Chuanxiong , Yu Leixiao , Haag Rainer
Published: May 2023

Mussel‐inspired coatings, known for their outstanding substrate‐independent adhesive capabilities, have numerous potential applications in materials science and biomedical fields. To improve the understanding of how these polymers’ molecular structure and chemical composition affect their coating mechanisms and resulting coating properties, herein three mussel‐inspired polymers are developed: dendritic polyglycerol with 40% catechol groups and 60% amines (dPG40), linear polyglycerol with 80% catechols and 20% amines (lPG80), and finally lPG40 with 40% catechols and 60% amines. After a series of characterizations, it is found that chemical surface modification with a monolayer coating can be easily achieved with lPG40, and that robust and well‐defined nano‐ to micro‐structural surface coatings are possible with lPG80 and dPG40. Tunable properties are found to include not only coating speed, but coating thickness, roughness, and surficial topography. This diverse suite of controllable attributes enables mussel‐inspired polyglycerol (MiPG) coatings to satisfy a wide‐range of applications on multiple materials.
Efficient and Stable OLEDs with Inverted Device Structure Utilizing Solution‐Processed ZnO‐Based Electron Injection Layer
Authors: Li Ning , Li Tianxin , Li Lin Song , Li Jian
Published: May 2023

To realize low‐cost, efficient, and stable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) in future large area displays and lighting, the development of suitable solution‐processed functional materials is highly desirable. Herein, a series of efficient and stable OLEDs with an inverted device architecture is reported, employing both a vapor‐deposited phosphorescent aggregate emitter, i.e., Pd(II) 7‐(3‐(pyridine‐2‐yl‐κN)phenoxy‐κC)(benzo‐κC)([c]benzo[4,5]imidazo‐κN)[1,2‐a][1,5]naphthyridine, and a solution‐processed ZnO layer as potential electron injection layer and electron‐transporting layer. One of the optimized OLED devices exhibits its peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.9% and retains EQEs of 23.5% and 18.7% at 1000 and 10 000 cd m−2, with a low efficiency roll‐off. Such an efficient device also demonstrates a measured lifetime (LT95) of 98.6 h with an initial brightness of 10 435 cd m−2 corresponding to an estimated LT95 of 5313 h at 1000 cd m−2. By depositing a 2 nm Al on the ZnO surface, an estimated LT95 at 1000 cd m−2 of such a device can be further extended to 73 244 h, making it the longest‐lived OLED reported in the literature domain. This study lays the strong foundation for the future deployment of efficient and stable inverted OLEDs with solution‐processed ZnO layers for a wide range of displays and lighting applications.
Unique Self‐Reduction of Transitional Metal Ion in a Borate with Planar [BO3]3− Groups
Authors: Wu Liwei , Bai Yuxing , Chen Huimin , Zheng Lirong , Yi Huan , Wu Li , Hu Zhenpeng , Zhang Xinzheng , Kong Yongfa , Zhang Yi , Xu Jingjun
Published: May 2023

The self‐reduction of variable valence ions is known to be realized in the specific crystal structure with XO4 groups. It may lead to some outstanding merits for phosphors, such as high thermal stability and easy popularization in industrial production. However, it has never been realized in the host with only planar XO3 anionic groups before. Here, the self‐reduction from Mn4+ to Mn2+ is realized in a borate α‐LiZnBO3, in which the planar triangle [BO3] is the fundamental building unit. The borate‐based phosphor exhibits a typical Mn2+ emission when it is prepared in the ambient atmosphere. The divalent state of doped ions is confirmed via X‐ray absorption fine structure and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Supported by electron paramagnetic resonance, thermoluminescence, and density functional theory, the oxygen vacancies formed during the synthesis process and the lithium ones introduced by heterovalent substitution are the decisive factors in the valence state‐transition of doped ions. In addition, the low‐valence activators can be stabilized in the lattice to offer the phosphor a good thermal stability of chromaticity coordinates. This study offers a new vision for the self‐reduction system, deepens the understanding of the self‐reduction mechanism, and broadens the choices for developing novel optical functional materials by defect control.
Unravelling the Secrets of Plants: Emerging Wearable Sensors for Plants Signals and Physiology
Authors: Banerji Saoni , Hõrak Hanna , Torop Janno , Huynh Tan‐Phat
Published: May 2023

Plants provide humankind with a habitable environment, food, and oxygen. Due to changing climate and increasing global population, there is pressure to increase agricultural production while limiting negative impacts on natural ecosystems. Understanding plant physiology and plant‐environment interactions is needed to further sustainable agricultural practices and maintain a green and diverse environment. Early detection of signals characteristic to plant stress can help to design interventions to preserve yield or diversity. Therefore, technology development is important to monitor plant health by measuring a variety of parameters related to the microclimate around plants and plant physiology. This review focuses on state‐of‐the‐art wearable sensors developed for plants.