bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cluster-Analytic Investigation of Subtypes of Adult Career Counseling Clients: Toward a Taxonomy of Career Problems
Authors: Multon Karen D. , Wood Rhonda , Heppner Mary J. , Gysbers Norman C.
Published: February 2007

Two hundred and seventy-eight adults who ranged in age from 18 to 69 years and were voluntarily in career counseling completed measures pre- and postcounseling to assess career-related variables (e.g., vocational identity) and psychological issues that may affect career concerns (e.g., level of psychological distress). Participant-clients received 1 to 14 sessions of individual career counseling, according to the need of each participant. The counselors were trained to use a holistic method of career counseling that emphasized the importance of considering career and psychosocial concerns together in working with the client. Using cluster analysis, four distinct types of career counseling clients were identified that provides an initial taxonomy of career problems with adult career clients. Pre- and postcounseling differences among clusters were examined. Implications of the findings for career counseling practice and further research are discussed.
The Effect of Environmental Perceptions on Behavioral Intentions Through Emotions: The Case of Upscale Restaurants
Authors: Ryu Kisang , Jang SooCheong Shawn
Published: February 2007

This research built a conceptual model to show how customers’ perceptions of dining environments influence behavioral intentions through emotions in the upscale restaurant setting. An environmental psychology model was proposed to explore the linkages between customers’ perceptions and emotions (pleasure and arousal) and between customers’ emotional states and behavioral intentions. A structural equation modeling analysis revealed that facility aesthetics, ambience, and employees had significant effects on the level of customer pleasure while ambience and employees significantly influenced the level of arousal. In addition, pleasure and arousal had significant impacts on behavioral intentions, and pleasure appeared to be the more influential emotion of the two. Implications for restaurateurs and academic researchers are also discussed.
Rare zinc-copper minerals from the Rhodesian Broken Hill mine, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: February 2007

Among the lead and zinc minerals which occur in the Rhodesian Broken Hill mine workings at what used to be No. 1 Kopje (now represented by a hole in the ground) copper compounds are occasionally to be seen. Their quantity is always very small, but they are readily noticeable on accouut of their colour. They include malachite, chessylite, cuprite, copper-glance, and undetermined phosphates, and, what is more, interesting, double salts of copper and zinc.
Methods for dealing with discrepant records in linked population health datasets: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Roberts Christine L , Algert Charles S , Ford Jane B
Published: February 2007

Background

Linked population health data are increasingly used in epidemiological studies. If data items are reported on more than one dataset, data linkage can reduce the under-ascertainment associated with many population health datasets. However, this raises the possibility of discrepant case reports from different datasets.

Methods

We examined the effect of four methods of classifying discrepant reports from different population health datasets on the estimated prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and on the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for known risk factors. Data were obtained from linked, validated, birth and hospital data for women who gave birth in a New South Wales hospital (Australia) 2000–2002.

Results

Among 250173 women with linked data, 238412 (95.3%) women had perfect agreement on the occurrence of hypertension, 1577 (0.6%) had imperfect agreement; 9369 (3.7%) had hypertension reported in only one dataset (under-reporting) and 815 (0.3%) had conflicting types of hypertension. Using only perfect agreement between birth and discharge data resulted in the lowest prevalence rates (0.3% chronic, 5.1% pregnancy hypertension), while including all reports resulted in the highest prevalence rates (1.1 % chronic, 8.7% pregnancy hypertension). The higher prevalence rates were generally consistent with international reports. In contrast, perfect agreement gave the highest aOR (95% confidence interval) for known risk factors: risk of chronic hypertension for maternal age ≥40 years was 4.0 (2.9, 5.3) and the risk of pregnancy hypertension for multiple birth was 2.8 (2.5, 3.2).

Conclusion

The method chosen for classifying discrepant case reports should vary depending on the study question; all reports should be used as part of calculating the range of prevalence estimates, but perfect matches may be best suited to risk factor analyses. These findings are likely to be applicable to the linkage of any specialised health services datasets to population data that include information on diagnoses or procedures.
Cord blood in regenerative medicine: do we need immune suppression?
Authors: Riordan Neil H , Chan Kyle , Marleau Annette M , Ichim Thomas E
Published: February 2007

Cord blood is currently used as an alternative to bone marrow as a source of stem cells for hematopoietic reconstitution after ablation. It is also under intense preclinical investigation for a variety of indications ranging from stroke, to limb ischemia, to myocardial regeneration. A major drawback in the current use of cord blood is that substantial morbidity and mortality are associated with pre-transplant ablation of the recipient hematopoietic system. Here we raise the possibility that due to unique immunological properties of both the stem cell and non-stem cell components of cord blood, it may be possible to utilize allogeneic cells for regenerative applications without needing to fully compromise the recipient immune system. Issues raised will include: graft versus host potential, the immunogeneicity of the cord blood graft, and the parallels between cord blood transplantation and fetal to maternal trafficking. The previous use of unmatched cord blood in absence of any immune ablation, as well as potential steps for widespread clinical implementation of allogeneic cord blood grafts will also be discussed.
A computational model for functional mapping of genes that regulate intra-cellular circadian rhythms
Authors: Liu Tian , Liu Xueli , Chen Yunmei , Wu Rongling
Published: February 2007

Background

Genes that control circadian rhythms in organisms have been recognized, but have been difficult to detect because circadian behavior comprises periodically dynamic traits and is sensitive to environmental changes.

Method

We present a statistical model for mapping and characterizing specific genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect variations in rhythmic responses. This model integrates a system of differential equations into the framework for functional mapping, allowing hypotheses about the interplay between genetic actions and periodic rhythms to be tested. A simulation approach based on sustained circadian oscillations of the clock proteins and their mRNAs has been designed to test the statistical properties of the model.

Conclusion

The model has significant implications for probing the molecular genetic mechanism of rhythmic oscillations through the detection of the clock QTL throughout the genome.
Treatment adequacy for anxiety and depressive disorders in six
European countries
Authors: Fernández A. , Haro J. M. , Martinez-Alonso M. , Demyttenaere K. , Brugha T. S. , Autonell J. , De Girolamo G. , Bernert S. , Lépine J. P. , Alonso J.
Published: February 2007

The aims of this study areto describe the adequacy of treatment for anxiety
and depressive disorders in Europe and how it differs between providers,
using data from the ESEMeD study The overall proportion of adequate
treatment was 45.8% (57.4% in the specialised sector and 23.3% in the
general medical care sector). Between-country differences were found in
treatment adequacy in the specialised setting. Organisational and political
aspects may explain these findings.
Age‐Related Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: CANDORE GIUSEPPINA , BALISTRERI CARMELA R. , GRIMALDI MARIA P. , VASTO SONYA , LISTÌ FLORINDA , CHIAPPELLI MARTINA , LICASTRO FEDERICO , LIO DOMENICO , CARUSO CALOGERO
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous and progressive neurodegenerative disease which in Western societies mainly accounts for clinical dementia. A high proportion of women are affected by this disease, especially at a very advanced age, which might to a large extent be associated with the fact that women live longer. However, some studies suggest that incidence rates may be really increased in women. For this reason the influence of estrogens on the brain and the decrease of it during menopause are of special interest. After menopause, circulating levels of estrogens markedly decline, influencing several brain processes predicted to influence AD risk. The control of estrogens on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the cerebral vasculature might also be expected to increase AD risk. During the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study—a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of women 65–79 years of age—oral estrogen plus progestin was seen to double the rate of developing dementia, with risk appearing soon after the treatment was initiated. On the basis of current evidence, hormone therapy (HT) is thus not indicated for the prevention of AD. Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of the AD brain and the search for genetic factors influencing the pathogenesis of AD has led to the identification of numerous gene polymorphisms that act as susceptibility modifiers. Accordingly, several reports have indicated that the risk of AD is substantially influenced by several genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region, or other untranslated regions, of genes encoding inflammatory mediators. Here we review several data suggesting that inflammatory genetic variation may contribute to higher AD susceptibility in women too. All together this information may represent the basis both for future recognition of individuals at risk as well as for a pharmacogenomic approach in achieving drug responsiveness.
Activation of NF‐κB in Association with Prostate Carcinogenesis in Noble Rats
Authors: YATKIN EMRAH , BERNOULLI JENNI , SANTTI RISTO
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  There is an increasing interest in the role of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in the development of prostate cancer. The aim of the study was to explore the role of NF‐κB in the prostate of Noble rats treated with testosterone (T) and 17β‐estradiol (E2), a widely used model for prostate carcinogenesis. NF‐κB‐positive epithelial cells appeared in both inflamed and noninflamed glands and ducts at 13 weeks after hormone implantation in hypoandrogenemic, hyperestrogenemic rats. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining were observed. When daily dose of T was increased to give serum concentration above the level of control animals, dysplastic lesions and ductal carcinomas with NF‐κB‐positive cells were induced at 13 weeks and 26 weeks. The number of acini with NF‐κB‐positive cells decreased and no nuclear staining was observed. Surprisingly, no inflammation was seen in the periurethral region where ductal carcinomas developed. In conclusion, no unequivocal evidence was obtained to support the idea that NF‐κB would be activated in association with inflammation in the development of ductal carcinomas. The hormonal control of NF‐κB in the prostate warrants further studies.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Susceptibility
Authors: SCOLA LETIZIA , VAGLICA MARINA , CRIVELLO ANTONINO , PALMERI LAURA , FORTE GIUSI IRMA , MACALUSO MARIA CATENA , GIACALONE ANTONIO , NOTO LAURA DI , BONGIOVANNI ALBERTO , RAIMONDI CRISTINA , ACCARDO ANGELA , VERNA ROBERTO , CANDORE GIUSEPPINA , CARUSO CALOGERO , LIO DOMENICO , PALMERI SERGIO
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Human breast cancer (BC) is characterized by a considerable clinical heterogeneity. Steroid hormone receptor expression and growth factor receptor expression have been considered suitable diagnostic and prognostic markers, whereas mutations of oncosuppressor and gatekeeper genes have been found associated with an increased risk for this malignancy. To evaluate the role that polymorphisms of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory response might play in BC susceptibility, we investigated associations between cytokine functionally relevant polymorphisms in 84 BC patients compared to 110 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. TNF‐α (‐308G/A), TGF‐β1 (+869C/T), IL‐10 (−1117G/A; −854C/T; −627C/A), and IFN‐γ (874T/A) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by sequence‐specific primers (SSP)‐PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐PCR. Genotype or haplotype distributions for each polymorphisms were consistent with the HWE in these populations. We were unable to demonstrate differences in genotype or allele frequencies between patient and control groups. Data obtained in this study indicate that none of the cytokine SNPs studied is likely to have predisposing or protective effects on BC susceptibility. On the other hand, both positive and negative association with BC have been reported for some of the studied genotypes by different research groups. In conclusion, further studies involving larger numbers of subjects are required.
A Potential Role for Estrogen in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: OFFNER HALINA , POLANCZYK MAGDALENA
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The extensive literature and the work from our laboratory illustrate the large number of complex processes affected by estrogen that might contribute to the striking ability of 17‐β estradiol (E2) and its derivatives to inhibit clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. These effects require sustained exposure to relatively low doses of exogenous hormone and offer better protection when initiated prior to induction of EAE. The E2 mediates inhibition of encephalitogenic T cells, inhibition of cell migration into central nervous system tissue, and neuroprotective effects that promote axon and myelin survival. E2 effects on EAE are mediated throughEsr‐1(α receptor for E2) but notEsr‐2(β receptor for E2), as are its anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. A novel finding is that E2 upregulated the expression ofFoxP3that contributes to the activity of CD4 + CD25 + T regulatory cells (Treg). The protective effects of E2 in EAE suggest its use as a therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Possible risks may be minimized by using sub‐pregnancy levels of exogenous E2 that produced synergistic effects when used in combination with another immunoregulatory therapy. Alternatively, one might envision using E2 derivatives alone or in combination therapies in both male and female MS patients.
Estrogen, β‐Amyloid Metabolism/Trafficking, and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: XU HUAXI , WANG RUISHAN , ZHANG YUN‐WU , ZHANG XUE
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Estrogen plays key regulatory roles in a variety of biological actions besides its classic function as a sex hormone. Recently, estrogen has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Several lines of evidence support the notion that brain estrogen exerts neuroprotective effects against various types of neurotoxicity in different cellular and animal models. Despite some controversies, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) at an early stage, especially when given prior to menopause, has been shown to reduce the risk of AD in postmenopausal women. In addition, multiple lines of evidence have proven the neuroprotective effects of estrogen, such as enhancing neurotrophin signaling and synaptic activities pertinent to memory functions and protecting neurons against oxidative injuries and β‐amyloid toxicity; the latter is widely accepted as the prime culprit known to trigger the pathogenesis of AD. Here we will summarize our findings that estrogen decreased generation and secretion of β‐amyloid peptides in cultured cells and primary neurons and that administration of estrogen in estrogen‐deprived mice reversed the elevated levels of brain Aβ. We will also discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying estrogen's effects on Aβ metabolism, which is highlighted by our demonstration that estrogen increases intracellular trafficking of β‐amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and hence reduces maximal Aβ generation within the trans‐Golgi network (TGN), a subcellular compartment in which APP is known to be cleaved by the secretase enzymes to generate Aβ.
Estrogens and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: CUTOLO MAURIZIO , CAPELLINO SILVIA , SULLI ALBERTO , SERIOLI BRUNO , SECCHI MARIA ELENA , VILLAGGIO BARBARA , STRAUB RAINER H.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Sex hormones are implicated in the immune response, with estrogens as enhancers at least of the humoral immunity and androgens and progesterone (and glucocorticoids) as natural immune‐suppressors . Several physiological, pathological, and therapeutic conditions may change the serum estrogen milieu and/or peripheral conversion rate, including the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postpartum period, menopause, being elderly, chronic stress, altered circadian rhythms, inflammatory cytokines, and use of corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, and steroid hormonal replacements, inducing altered androgen/estrogen ratios and related effects. In particular, cortisol and melatonin circadian rhythms are altered, at least in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and partially involve sex hormone circadian synthesis and levels as well. Abnormal regulation of aromatase activity (i.e., increased activity) by inflammatory cytokine production (i.e., TNF‐alpha, IL‐1, and IL‐6) may partially explain the abnormalities of peripheral estrogen synthesis in RA (i.e., increased availability of 17‐beta estradiol and possible metabolites in synovial fluids) and in systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as the altered serum sex‐hormone levels and ratio (i.e., decreased androgens and DHEAS). In the synovial fluids of RA patients, the increased estrogen concentration is observed in both sexes and is more specifically characterized by the hydroxylated forms, in particular 16alpha‐hydroxyestrone, which is a mitogenic and cell proliferative endogenous hormone. Local effects of sex hormones in autoimmune rheumatic diseases seems to consist mainly in modulation of cell proliferation and cytokine production (i.e., TNF‐alpha, Il‐1, IL‐12). In this respect, it is interesting that male patients with RA seem to profit more from anti‐TNFalpha strategies than do female patients.
Role of Proinflammatory Alleles in Longevity and Atherosclerosis
Authors: NUZZO DOMENICO , VASTO SONYA , BALISTRERI CARMELA R. , DI‐CARLO DANIELE , LISTÌ FLORINDA , CAIMI GREGORIO , CARUSO MARCO , HOFFMANN ENRICO , INCALCATERRA EGLE , LIO DOMENICO , CARUSO CALOGERO , CANDORE GIUSEPPINA
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Centenarians are characterized by marked delay or escape from age‐associated diseases that cause mortality at earlier ages. Jointly, atherosclerosis and its complications, such as myocardial infarction (AMI), significantly contribute to mortality in the elderly. Inflammation is a key component of atherosclerosis and inflammatory genes are good candidates for the risk of the development of atherosclerosis. Genetic traits contribute to the risk of AMI and allelic variations in inflammatory genes should boost the risk of disease. If proinflammatory genotypes significantly contribute to the risk of AMI, alleles associated with disease susceptibility should not be included in the genetic background favoring longevity. Hence, genotypes of natural immunity should play an opposite role in atherosclerosis and longevity. Metalloproteinase (MMPs) are involved in tissue remodeling and therefore play a remarkable role in inflammation‐based disease. MMPs are a family of Zn2+‐dependent enzymes with proteolytic activity against connective tissue proteins such as collagens, proteoglycans, and elastin, which appear to play important roles in the development and progression of the atherosclerotic lesion. There is evidence indicating a role played by the MMPs in the weakening of atherosclerotic plaque which predisposes to lesion disruption. In this study we performed a genetic study on −1562C/T MMP‐9 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in order to discern a possible role in AMI. We analyzed the distribution of this SNP in 115 AMI patients, 123 controls, and 34 centenarians from Sicily. We found no significant differences in the genetic distribution and allelic frequency of −1562C/T MMP‐9 SNP between the studied groups. The present results are not in agreement with our previous findings, strengthening our hypothesis that genetic background protection against cardiovascular disease is a relevant component of the longevity trait, at least in the generation of Italian male centenarians under study. However, present results do not exclude that differential expression of MMP‐9 playing an opposite role in AMI and longevity because other kinds of regulation might be more relevant than those linked to the SNP under study.
Phase I Study of the Novel Epothilone Analog Ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors and Lymphomas
Authors: Aghajanian Carol , Burris Howard A. , Jones Suzanne , Spriggs David R. , Cohen Marvin B. , Peck Ronald , Sabbatini Paul , Hensley Martee L. , Greco F. Anthony , Dupont Jakob , O'Connor Owen A.
Published: February 2007

Purpose

To establish the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ixabepilone when administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks to patients with advanced solid tumors or relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Dosing schedules of 40 mg/m2 and 50 mg/m2 over 3 hours were also evaluated.

Patients and Methods

Sixty-one patients were enrolled using an initial accelerated dose-escalation phase followed by a standard dose-escalation phase, with doses of ixabepilone ranging from 7.4 to 65 mg/m2. The pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone and two of its chemical degradation products were evaluated. Plasma pharmacodynamics were evaluated for both 1- and 3-hour infusions using an assay that measures the amount of endogenous tubulin in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells that exists in the polymerized versus the unpolymerized state. Response evaluation was performed every 6 weeks.

Results

The most common DLTs were neutropenia, stomatitis/pharyngitis, myalgia, and arthralgia. The MTD of ixabepilone as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks was established as 50 mg/m2. The maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration time curve appeared to increase less than proportionally to dose. Durable objective responses were seen in eight patients, including two complete responses. Five of the responders had experienced treatment failure with a taxane.

Conclusion

The recommended dose of ixabepilone for the initiation of phase II studies on the basis of these results is 50 mg/m2 over 1 hour every 3 weeks. The promising efficacy and tolerability results demonstrated by ixabepilone in this study warrant its continued development.
Ethics in Oncology: Consulting for the Investment Industry
Authors: Berlin Jordan , Bruinooge Suanna S. , Tannock Ian F.
Published: February 2007

As Ethics Committee Chair, I am pleased to introduce the first in an ongoing series of ethics vignettes. These columns, which are based on true-to-life situations that arise in oncology research and practice, are intended to identify and explore important ethical issues and provide commentary that is specific to oncology. Please look for them periodically in both the Journal of Clinical Oncology and the Journal of Oncology Practice.

The idea for publishing vignettes evolved through the joint efforts of the Ethics Committee and the Board of Directors. Rather than adopt a single set of ethical principles that applies vaguely to any situation and well to none, the Committee and the Board preferred to tackle ethical dilemmas individually, specifically, and directly. Because the Ethics Committee thought the ethical and legal implications of physician interactions with the investment industry were so important and timely, it chose to address this topic in both a position article, which was previously published in the January 20, 2007, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology (J Clin Oncol 25:338-340, 2007) and in its first vignette column.

The Ethics Committee hopes this column will be the first of several that ASCO members will find helpful as they grapple with the many ethical issues that arise in daily practice in the field of oncology. Because these columns are intended to address the concerns of ASCO members, the Committee welcomes suggestions for future topics at vignettes@asco.org.

Martin D. Abeloff, MD, Chair, Ethics Committee
Signs of Pretense Across Age and Scenario
Authors: Lillard Angeline , Nishida Tracy , Massaro Davide , Vaish Amrisha , Ma Lili , McRoberts Gerald
Published: February 2007

Participation in imagined worlds is a hallmark of the human species, and yet we know little about the context of its early emergence. The experiments reported here replicated and extended in 2 directions Lillard and Witherington's (2004) study of how mothers pretend to have snacks, across different ages of children (15‐ to 24‐month‐olds, Experiment 1) and to a different scenario (personal grooming, Experiment 2). Mothers' pretend behaviors changed little as infants aged, but there were some scenario differences. Most striking in this research was the consistency with which particular maternal pretend behaviors were associated with children engaging in pretense behaviors and smiling. The findings are discussed with reference to the child's emerging skills in joint attention and social referencing.
Evidence for protein 4.1B acting as a metastasis suppressor
Authors: Cavanna Tamara , Pokorná Eva , Vesely Pavel , Gray Colin , Zicha Daniel
Published: February 2007

We compared a non-metastasising sarcoma cell population with three related populations of increasing metastatic potential. The metastatic cells in vitro exhibited a significantly reduced incidence of actin stress fibres but enhanced motility and chemotaxis. We also investigated gene expression underlying progression to a metastatic phenotype by performing a microarray analysis of the four sarcoma populations. We identified a subset of genes with significantly altered expression levels between non-metastasising and metastasising cells in tissue culture and in primary tumours. One such gene, encoding protein 4.1B, is downregulated in the metastatic sarcoma populations. To investigate possible roles of 4.1B in the mechanisms of metastasis, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to reduce its expression in the non-metastatic cells. Cells with reduced 4.1B expression displayed an altered F-actin morphology, with significantly fewer stress fibres. We also found that the 4.1B RNAi cells migrated at twice the speed of the untreated cells. Metastatic cells exogenously expressing 4.1B migrated at half the speed of control metastatic cells and displayed suppressed chemotaxis. Therefore, we propose that the reduction of 4.1B in the metastatic cells promotes the metastatic phenotype as a result of inducing a loss of actin stress fibres and a concomitant increase in cell motility.
The intraflagellar transport component IFT88/polaris is a centrosomal protein regulating G1-S transition in non-ciliated cells
Authors: Robert Aude , Margall-Ducos Germain , Guidotti Jacques-Emmanuel , Brégerie Olivier , Celati Claude , Bréchot Christian , Desdouets Chantal
Published: February 2007

Loss of normal primary cilia function in mammals is linked to proliferative diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, suggesting a regulatory relationship between cilia and cell cycle. The primary cilium expressed by most mammalian cells is nucleated from the elder centriole of the centrosome. The relationship between centrosome and cilia suggests that these structures share functions and components. We now show that IFT88/polaris, a component of the intraflagellar transport, remains associated to the centrosome in a proliferative state. IFT88/polaris is tightly associated with the centrosome throughout the cell cycle in a microtubule- and dynein-independent manner. IFT88/polaris tetratricopeptide repeat motifs are essential for this localization. Overexpression of IFT88/polaris prevents G1-S transition and induces apoptotic cell death. By contrast, IFT88/polaris depletion induced by RNA interference promotes cell-cycle progression to S, G2, and M phases. Finally, we demonstrate that IFT88/polaris interacts with Che-1, an Rb-binding protein that inhibits the Rb growth suppressing function. We propose that IFT88/polaris, a protein essential for ciliogenesis, is also crucial for G1-S transition in non-ciliated cells.
A review of pre-clinical testing of femoral stem subsidence and comparison with clinical data
Authors: Gheduzzi S , Miles A W
Published: February 2007

Immediate postoperative stability of femoral stems is one of the key factors for the long-term success of total hip replacement. The need to develop a reliable technique to assess in vitro implant stability under physiological loading conditions is widely recognized. A critical review of the in vitro techniques developed for the assessment of implant stability is presented. In vitro predictions of subsidence are compared to in vivo clinical data available from Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) studies. Limited correlation between in vitro predictions of stability and clinical measurements of subsidence obtained through RSA data was found even though similar migration patterns could be distinguished.
Engineering aspect of alumina on alumina hip prosthesis
Authors: Sedel L , Raould A
Published: February 2007

Alumina on the alumina sliding system in a total hip replacement is recognized as a breakthrough in orthopaedic surgery. Advantages and problems with this material are explained and discussed in the light of 36 years of clinical application. Laboratory data as well as clinical ones are summarized.
Inorganic–Organic Hybrid with 3D Supramolecular Channel Assembled through C–H···O Interactions Based on the Decavanadate
Authors: Li Taohai , Lü Jian , Gao Shuiying , Li Feng , Cao Rong
Published: February 2007

A novel compound, [Cu(2,2′-bipy)2]2[H2V10O28]·(2,2′-bipy)·H2O (1) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is made up of supramolecular layers of polyoxoanion-supported copper complexes pillared by individual [H2V10O28]4− clusters via weak C–H···O hydrogen-bonding interactions forming a three-dimensional microporous framework with two types of channels, and the “guest” bipyridine molecules reside in the channels.
Modafinil Therapy for Apathy in an Elderly Patient
Authors: Padala Prasad R , Burke William J , Bhatia Subhash C
Published: February 2007

Objective:

To present a case of successful treatment of apathy syndrome with modafinil.

Case Summary:

A 78-year-old man with dementia and depression was also experiencing apathy that did not respond to antidepressants including escitalopram, a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Escitalopram was discontinued and modafinil, a novel vigilance-promoting agent pharmacologically distinct from stimulants, was used to successfully treat the apathy. The dosage regimen was initiated at 50 mg and titrated to 200 mg/day over 4 weeks. Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale developed specifically to identify apathy and also to differentiate this from depression.

Discussion:

Apathy, a common behavioral problem, is often mistaken for depression; however, apathy differs from depression in symptomatology, clinical presentation, and treatment options. SSRIs, a common treatment for depression, are known to cause or increase apathy. Deficits in the dopamine receptor system are involved in the etiology of apathy; modafinil's increased dopaminergic transmission is thought to help alleviate apathy. Due to its relative lack of drug interactions, modafinil is a good alternative for elderly patients, who often receive multiple medications. Apathy improved significantly after treatment with modafinil in this patient. To the best of our knowledge, as of January 22, 2007, this is the first report of modafinil treatment of apathy syndrome.

Conclusions:

Modafinil may be useful in treating apathy syndrome. Its role in the treatment of apathy requires further testing in clinical trials.
Staphylococcus aureus Panniculitis Complicating Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Spalding Steven J. , Meza Manuel P. , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Hirsch Raphael
Published: February 2007

Panniculitis is a rarely reported manifestation of juvenile dermatomyositis. The 3 previously reported cases of juvenile dermatomyositis and panniculitis were attributed to flare of underlying disease, rather than infection, and were treated with increased immunosuppression. Here we describe a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis who developed panniculitis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus. Patients with juvenile dermatomyositis and panniculitis should have extensive testing for infectious etiologies before increasing their immunosuppressive regimens.
Briefing: Open-source software—maps for all?
Authors: Jukes Dominic
Published: February 2007

Autodesk recently made its new MapGuide software ‘open-source’. The company's Dominic Jukes explains why giving away their software secrets to civil engineers and geospatial professionals makes commercial sense.
Managing the inner world of infrastructure
Authors: Abbott Michael
Published: February 2007

Stakeholder participation in major infrastructure projects is a multi-faceted and controversial topic. This paper introduces some of the more immediate issues and attempts to show that experience in so-called first-world projects is equally relevant in the third world. It suggests that every project exists in an ‘outer’ physical world and an ‘inner’ world of the collective minds of stakeholders, and that the creation of a communications environment in which the two worlds can begin to align is essential to success. This is now increasingly possible thanks to the internet and mobile telephony and, as demonstrated by experiences on the £6 billion Denmark–Sweden fixed link, it can lead to an almost utopian working environment of complete trust and absolute integrity.
Surround stiffness to membrane action in concrete slabs
Authors: Eyre J. R.
Published: February 2007

Previous attempts to provide a convenient analysis enabling realisation of the very significant benefits of membrane action in concrete slab design have made use of rigid–plastic analysis modified by assuming a linear elastic in-plane perimeter at the mechanism boundary. There are compelling reasons why these methods or any consideration of membrane action in slab design are still not routinely employed in design. There is a lack of information on the value of the appropriate boundary stiffness that may arise from the various slab surroundings in construction. Furthermore, previous tests have generally not confirmed predictions from theories based upon a straightforward in-plane boundary stiffness. The present paper suggests that, where a failure mechanism occurs entirely within the overall slab area, the surrounding slab alone may be considered to provide the membrane boundary restraint. This conveniently requires only the properties of the slab itself and may be regarded as providing a lower bound to membrane enhancement. The paper then shows that an improved representation of edge restraint, which considers the interaction between in-plane and rotational stiffness of the slab, provides much more promising agreement with load–deflection behaviour found in previous tests. Until more information becomes available on the additional influences of various support systems, the new model could form the basis for future design taking advantage of the considerable benefits of membrane action.
Influence of the nature of the demoulding agent on the properties of the formwork–concrete interface
Authors: de Caro P. , Djelal C. , Libessart L. , Dubois I.
Published: February 2007

Release agents are a significant source of pollution in the construction and prefabrication industries. Conventional products are known to be toxic for humans and the environment. New formulations based on vegetable esters have appeared on the market to mitigate against this drawback. However, more knowledge is required about the properties and behaviour of these products to make them more attractive for industry. Understanding the phenomena that occur over the formwork–oil–concrete interface is a real challenge. The present paper begins with a physicochemical survey of release agents by defining the formwork–oil and oil–concrete interfaces. It then characterises the formwork–oil–concrete interfaces by dynamic studies (tribometer). Physicochemical mechanisms are proposed.
Compressive strength of heated high-strength concrete
Authors: Potha Raju M. , Srinivasa Rao K. , Raju P. S. N.
Published: February 2007

The present study is aimed to study the effect of elevated temperatures ranging from 50 to 250°C on the compressive strength of high-strength concrete (HSC) of M60 grade made with ordinary portland cement (OPC) and pozzolona Portland cement (PPC). Tests were conducted on 100 mm cube specimens. The specimens were heated to different temperatures of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250°C for three different exposure durations of 1, 2 and 3 h at each temperature. The rate of heating was maintained as per ISO-834 temperature–time curve for standard fire. After the heat treatment, the specimens were tested for compressive strengths. Test results were analysed and the effects of elevated temperatures on PPC concrete were compared with OPC concrete. The PPC concrete exhibited better performance than OPC concrete.
PECVD‐based nanocrystalline‐silicon TFT backplanes for large‐sized AMOLED displays
Authors: Girotra Kunal S. , Choi Yong‐Mo , Kim Byoung‐June , Song Young‐Rok , Choi Beomrak , Yang Sung‐Hoon , Kim Shiyul , Lim Soonkwon
Published: February 2007

Abstract— A 14.1‐in. AMOLED display using nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si) TFTs has been developed. Nanocrystalline silicon was deposited using conventional 13.56‐MHz plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Detailed thin‐film characterization of nc‐Si films was followed by development of nc‐Si TFTs, which demonstrate a field‐effect mobility of about 0.6–1.0 cm2/V‐sec. The nc‐Si TFTs show no significant shift in threshold voltage when over 700 hours of constant current stress is applied, indicating a stable TFT backplane. The nc‐Si TFTs were successfully integrated into a 14.1‐in. AMOLED display. The display shows no significant current decrease in the driving TFT of the 2T‐1cap circuit because the TFTs are highly stable. In addition to the improved lifetime of AMOLED displays, the development of nc‐Si TFTs using a conventional 13.56‐MHz PECVD system offers considerable cost advantages over other laser and non‐laser polysilicon‐TFT technologies for large‐sized AMOLEDs.
Taking Up Space: An Interview with Bio of TATS CRU, Inc.
Authors: Lutz Jennifer
Published: February 2007

I began my interview with Bio with an idea of graffiti as a pure form, as the human need to create, separated from content, context, culture, and reason. Graffiti, or so I thought, was a raw material, capable of offering an unobscured view into what lies beneath. Although not initially aware of it, I was looking for the myth of graffiti: the romantic epic of renegade writers, braced in an uncompromising stance of rebelliousness against an unjust and bourgeois society. Like heroic ghosts, I imagined them creeping deftly through an underground labyrinth, moving in and out of the shadows, here one moment, gone the next, leaving beautiful signatures as the mark of their fleeting presence. The legend of the writer, of the masked Zorro of subterranean New York City, “unfolded on the trains, in the dark tunnels where they encountered danger, high voltage, cold crushing steel wheels, giant hurtling monsters” (Chalfant and Prigoff 1987, 8).

During the fall of 2000, I met with Bio, a thirty-four-year-old writer from the Bronx, at his studio in Hunt's Point. He was once the embodiment of the graffiti hero, a young vandal, illegally bombing New York subway's No. 6 IRT line as part of the Tough and Talented (or TATS) CRU. “We started at the height of the scene,” he reminisces in an interview with Mhari Saito. “There was so much painting going on, with everyone talking to each other” (Saito 1996, 2). But things began to change under the heavy fist of the city's antigraffiti campaigns. With the advent of the new paint-resistant metal subway cars, or “ding-dongs,” in 1987, TATS CRU and other writers were driven out of the subway and above ground. Rather than living the myth of the New York graffiti writer, committing beautiful acts of transgression against social law and accepted order, Bio was forced to give up the struggle.

In 1995, Bio and two lifelong friends, BG 183 and Nicer, transformed their graffiti into a commercial enterprise, marketing their skills to private interests and corporate advertisers. The three writers refounded (and renamed) their group as Top Artistic Talent's Cm, Inc., now an advertising agency commissioned to create graffiti for business murals and billboards, rap music backdrops, and video sets. In the past decade, the group's transition has proved financially successful. They have painted fifty murals for Coca-Cola throughout the New York area and are working on a project for the House of Seagram's. Local churches, schools, and individuals also hire the agency to create public murals and memorial walls (plate 1).
Mendelian controversies: a botanical and historical review
Authors: Fairbanks Daniel J. , Rytting Bryce
Published: February 2007

Gregor Mendel was a 19th century priest and botanist who developed the fundamental laws of inheritance. The year 2000 marked a century since the rediscovery of those laws and the beginning of genetics. Although Mendel is now recognized as the founder of genetics, significant controversy ensued about his work throughout the 20th century. In this paper, we review five of the most contentious issues by looking at the historical record through the lens of current botanical science: (1) Are Mendel's data too good to be true? (2) Is Mendel's description of his experiments fictitious? (3) Did Mendel articulate the laws of inheritance attributed to him? (4) Did Mendel detect but not mention linkage? (5) Did Mendel support or oppose Darwin?

A synthesis of botanical and historical evidence supports our conclusions: Mendel did not fabricate his data, his description of his experiments is literal, he articulated the laws of inheritance attributed to him insofar as was possible given the information he had, he did not detect linkage, and he neither strongly supported nor opposed Darwin.
Distribution and dynamics of two ferns:Dennstaedtia punctilobula(Dennstaedtiaceae) andThelypteris noveboracensis(Thelypteridaceae) in a Northeast mixed hardwoods–hemlock forest
Authors: Hill James D. , Silander John A.
Published: February 2007

Dennstaedtia punctilobulaandThelypteris noveboracensisare two native species that often arrest forest succession and reduce understory diversity. As part of a project to examine the feedback between forest understory and canopy dynamics, we studied the patterns of distribution and dynamics of these two fern species in an oak–transition hardwoods–hemlock forest.Dennstaedtiawas least abundant under shade‐tolerant tree species and most abundant in small (1–2 trees) canopy gaps, but did not show any distinct patterns across the sampled moisture regime. The light response was verified using light manipulation experiments and examination of plant size–abundance patterns across light environments.Thelypteristended to be most prevalent under maple canopies and appeared to be more sensitive to soil moisture regime being restricted to more mesic sites thanDennstaedtia.Seasonal and year‐to‐year changes in abundance of established clones of both fern species were small, suggesting that once established, both species can maintain a strong hold on a site. Further work on the niche requirements of the two species is warranted, but any event that maintains or promotes canopy openness (tree death by disease or windthrow, forest harvesting, or the elimination of a shrub layer by browsing) will promote persistence ofDennstaedtia.
Spatiotemporal dynamics ofFloerkea proserpinacoides(Limnanthaceae), an annual plant of the deciduous forest of eastern North America
Authors: Houle Gilles , McKenna Margaret F. , Lapointe Line
Published: February 2007

Because environmental filters are temporally and spatially heterogeneous, there often is a lack of significant relationship between the spatial patterns of successive life stages in plant populations. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal relationships between different life stages in two populations of an annual plant of the deciduous forests of eastern North America,Floerkea proserpinacoides.Demographic surveys were done over a 4‐yr period, and experiments were performed in the field and under controlled conditions to test for the effects of various environmental factors on population dynamics. There was a general lack of relationship between the spatial patterns of seed bank and seedling density, and a lack of similarity between their spatial correlograms. This was related mostly to the effects of spatially variable environmental filters operating on germination and emergence. However, environmental filters acting on plant survival were stable through time and contributed to stabilize the density and spatial patterns of the populations. Despite density‐dependent presenescence mortality, spatial patterns of seedlings and mature individuals were similar and their correlograms were alike, suggesting that mortality did not fully compensate for density. Estimated fecundity was negatively correlated with population density over the study period. Although flower production started only 2–3 wk after emergence, seed maturation mostly occurred at the end of the life cycle, just before the onset of plant senescence. Yet, individual fecundity was low for an annual plant, i.e., 3.0 ± 0.5 mature seeds/plant (mean ± 1 SE). Seed predation by vertebrates was not significant. Low soil moisture had little effect on the total number of seeds germinating, although it slowed down the germination process. In quadrats where leaf litter was experimentally doubled, seedling emergence was lower than in control quadrats; in quadrats where leaf litter was completely removed, emergence did not differ from that in control quadrats. Susceptibility to drought stress was higher for seedlings than for mature plants. Although the species does not maintain a long‐term persistent soil seed bank, other factors, such as density‐dependent fecundity and autogamy, may temper population fluctuations through time and reduce the probability of local extinction.