bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expertise Sensitive Item Selection
Authors: Chow Peter , Russell Howard , Traub Ross E.
Published: August 2011

In this paper we describe and illustrate a procedure for selecting items from a large pool for a certification test. The proposed procedure, which is intended to improve the alignment of the certification test with on-the-job performance, is based on an expertise sensitive index. This index for an item is the difference between the item's p values for experts and novices. An example is provided of the application of the index for selecting items to be used in certifying bakers.
Effects of Scopolamine on Working Memory in Rats in a Delayed Matching-to-Position Task, Employing a Subject-Centered Procedure
Authors: Oka Hiroko , Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: August 2011

The effect of scopolamine hydrobromide on a delayed matching-to-position task was examined while controlling for two confounding factors, i.e., mediating behavior and slow performance on a task. The task was given on the basis of a subject-centered method in which delay intervals are dependent on subjects' performance. The performance of individual subjects, rather than averaged group performance, was taken as the focus of the analysis. The results indicated that scopolamine had an effect not only on speed of preforming the task but also on the length of the retention interval. The effects differed considerably among individuals: the effects on both the length of the retention interval and the speed of performance were found for two of the five subjects. An effect on speed of performance alone was found for one subject. No effects on either measure were found in a further two subjects.
The Guilt Inventory
Authors: Jones Warren H. , Schratter Ariane K. , Kugler Karen
Published: August 2011

The Guilt Inventory contains subscales measuring trait guilt, state guilt, and moral standards. Previous research has suggested the reliability of these scales and the validity of their interpretations. The items, coding, and scoring procedure for the Guilt Inventory are presented here as well as additional evidence regarding the reliability and measurement characteristics of its subscales.
An Unusual Birthmark Case Thought to Be Linked to a Person Who Had Previously Died
Authors: Keil H. H. Jürgen , Tucker Jim B.
Published: August 2011

The following case report describes a Burmese subject with an unusual birthmark and birth defects thought by local people to be linked to events surrounding the death of his mother's first husband. The nature of the link is explored, including how the assumption of a linkage could have led to subsequent events.
Self-Disclosure and Occupational Stress in Chinese Professionals
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas
Published: August 2011

The relationship of self-disclosure with occupational stress and symptoms of stress was examined among 243 Hong Kong Chinese adult professionals. Self-disclosure was negatively correlated with both occupational stress and psychological symptoms of stress for disclosures of personal feelings and social relationships when disclosing to a Best Friend, indicating a stress-buffering effect. There was a positive correlation between occupational stress and psychological symptoms of stress for disclosure of personal feelings and information about social relationships when disclosing to Mother. While both sexes reported similar occupational stress, the total self-disclosure of women was higher than for men, and this was especially true for intimate topics. The implications of the results were discussed.
A Monte Carlo Investigation of the Fisher Z Transformation for Normal and Nonnormal Distributions
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

The Fisher transformation of the sample correlation coefficient r (1915, 1921) and two related techniques by Gayen (1951) and Jeyaratnam (1992) are examined for robustness to nonnormality. Monte Carlo analyses compare combinations of sample sizes and population parameters for seven bivariate distributions. The Fisher, Gayen, and Jeyaratnam approaches are shown to provide useful results for a bivariate normal distribution with any population correlation coefficient ρ and for nonnormal bivariate distributions when ρ = 0. In contrast, the techniques are virtually useless for nonnormal bivariate distributions when ρ#0.0. Surprisingly, small samples are found to provide better estimates than large samples for skewed and symmetric heavy-tailed bivariate distributions.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXXIII. An Assessment of Herek's Critique of the Cameron Group's Survey Studies
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

Herek's criticisms of the research on sexuality by Paul Cameron's research group are evaluated. While the Cameron group's research has many limitations, these limitations are not uncommon in contemporary research, especially research that concerns specialized, hard-to-find populations. The best response from a scientific perspective, it is argued, is better research, not merely critical comments on existing research.
Examination of Factor Structure for the Consumers' Responses to the Value Consciousness Scale
Authors: Conrad Craig A. , Williams James R.
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of the Value Consciousness Scale developed by Lichtenstein, Netemeyer, and Burton in 1990 were examined in a retail grocery study ( N = 497). Original assessment of scale properties was undertaken using two convenience samples in a nonretail setting and additional scale performance has been documented by the scale authors. This study furthers previous research by (1) examining performance on the items in the retail grocery setting and (2) utilizing an appropriately rigorous sampling procedure. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Value Consciousness Scale does not exhibit unidimensional properties, and one must be cautious if this scale is used in applications of market segmentation until further clarification can be provided.
Ego Function Assessment of Substance Abusers: Standardization and Reliability
Authors: Juni Samuel , Stack Joseph E. , Burton Jane Muir
Published: August 2011

This study examined the reliability of Ego Function Assessment in a self-report inventory which yields 12 function measures. 89 substance abusers in an urban treatment facility completed the inventory; 81 completed the inventory again after 2 wk. Test protocols of the first administration were assessed for interitem consistency utilizing a hierarchical algorithm which revised scales to yield optimal alphas. Retest scores were used to evaluate the stability of the 12 scales over 2 wk. Standardization, reliability, and stability data are presented for the original and revised scales. The possibility of response sets in the items are explored, and data patterns are discussed in terms of state vs trait issues in ego functioning.
Initial Reliability of the Coaching Isomorphism Questionnaire for NCAA Coaches
Authors: Cunningham George B. , Keiper Paul E. , Sagas Michael , Ashley Frank B.
Published: August 2011

Isomorphic change is the process by which organizations facing similar environmental conditions will come to resemble one another. Isomorphic pressures may affect coaching behavior as well. The Coaching Isomorphism Questionnaire was developed to assess the isomorphic mechanisms exerted upon coaches. Content and face validity were established as well as acceptable but low reliability estimates.
Birth Order of past Presidents and Schlesinger's History Cycles: Support for Stewart's Leadership Theory
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: August 2011

Stewart's hypothesis (1992) that adults who were only-children and first-born children are most suited to lead communities in more turbulent times while adults who were later-born children are most suited to lead in more tranquil times was tested by relating the male birth order of elected presidents to Schlesinger's 1986 public purpose and private interest periods. Consistent with Stewart's hypothesis, candidates who were only-children and first-born children tended to win during public purpose phases, which are characterized by the turbulence of greater political commitment, idealism, and broad social change.
Computer Problems: Are Some People Jinxed?
Authors: Fox Jezz , Williams Carl
Published: August 2011

To examine the popular notion that some people are ‘jinxed’ when using computers 111 undergraduate psychology students were ‘jinxed’ whilst trying to complete a task over the Internet. No evidence was found to support that notion.
Convergent Validity of the Depression–Happiness Scale with the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , McCollam Paddy , Joseph Stephen
Published: August 2011

The Depression–Happiness Scale and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness were administered to 52 Northern Irish university students. Higher scores on the Depression–Happiness Scale were significantly associated with higher scores on the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale and the subscale scores of Positive Affect and Positive Experiences and with lower scores on Negative Affect and Negative Experiences. These data provide further support for the convergent validity of the Depression–Happiness Scale.
Relation of Irrational Thinking and the Pessimistic Explanatory Style
Authors: Ziegler Daniel J. , Hawley Janine L.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the possible relationship between Ellis's construct of irrational thinking and Seligman's construct of explanatory style, with a view toward possibly strengthening the personality theory underlying Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy in particular and cognitive-behavior therapies more generally. In this investigation 180 college students were administered the Survey of Personal Beliefs and the Attributional Style Questionnaire to measure irrational thinking and explanatory style, respectively. Students who scored higher on Pessimistic Explanatory Style also scored higher on Overall Irrational Thinking and on Low Frustration Tolerance than did those who were categorized as having an Optimistic Explanatory Style. This indicates support for Ellis's developing personality theory, especially his theoretical account of depression.
Family and Personal Correlates of Academic Achievement
Authors: Bacete Francisco-Juan García , Remírez Jesús Rosel
Published: August 2011

Researchers and educators raise the question of whether pupils' academic performance can be improved through parental involvement in academic activities. The main objective of the following study is to verify whether parental involvement in school activities and family socioeconomic status are associated with children's academic achievement. 150 Spanish seventh grade pupils completed intelligence tests, and their teachers assessed parents' involvement in the school and estimated parents' cultural levels. To measure academic achievement the pupil's overall grade was taken from the Pupils' Final Evaluation Registers. The education and professional level of the mother and father and home size were obtained from the Pupil Personal Register; these variables define the family socioeconomic status. The data, analyzed through application of structural equations, suggest that academic achievement is directly influenced by the cultural level of the family and the child's intelligence but is indirectly influenced by parental involvement in school activities and the socioeconomic status of the child's family.
What Happens to Unplaced Internship Applicants in Psychology?
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Draper Kay , Reynolds Susan C.
Published: August 2011

Placement outcomes of students who did not secure internship offers on Uniform Notification Day 1997 were examined. An initial survey of unplaced students ( n = 168) suggested mixed outcomes for students in obtaining sites after notification day, including negative emotional effects as a result of nonplacement. A follow-up survey completed by 77 students (43 who had not been placed during the original survey and 34 who had) suggested generally high satisfaction and optimism with internship and employment outlook despite their experiences with the internship application process. Accreditation concerns, emotional, time, and financial expenditures, and potential courses of action are discussed. Concrete suggestions for improving the selection system are provided.
Cognitive–Affective Stress Response: Effects of Individual Stress Propensity on Physiological and Psychological Indicators of Strain
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to define further the role of individual stress propensity in physiological arousal and subsequent subjective stress and strain by measuring stress-induced reactivity in a laboratory setting. Individual predisposition to stress is conceptualized as a latent construct, cognitive–affective stress propensity, that is manifested as multiple trait indicators, e.g., negative affectivity, anger-irritability, and negative self-esteem. For 80 undergraduates experimental treatments were two stressors, time pressure and performance feedback. Physiological arousal indices included skin temperature, blood volume, and electromyographic activity. Results provide some support for the hypotheses that this propensity moderates the relationships between stressor and physiological arousal and between physiological arousal and subjective stress and strain.
Type a Behavior, Social Support, and Sex in Japanese College Students
Authors: Sumi Katsunori , Kanda Koji
Published: August 2011

The relations among self-report scores for Type A behavior with social support and sex were examined in 239 female and 213 male Japanese college students. Scores on Type A behavior were inversely correlated with those for social support for both women and men separately. There were no significant differences in the magnitudes of these coefficients for women and men.
Assessing Sexuality Attitudes and Behaviors and Correlates of Alcohol and Drugs
Authors: Donnelly Joseph , Goldfarb Eva S. , Eadie Carolyn , Ferraro Heather , Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

The association between sexual abstinence and use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana was examined in data from questionnaires completed by 874 students in Grades 6 through 8 at six urban schools. These students participated in a program that implemented and evaluated an educational program on abstinence sexuality. It focused on raising self-esteem, improving communication skills, and learning to set life goals. The evaluation instrument contained items assessing sexuality and attitudes toward behaviors related to drug use. Use of each drug (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana) was significantly ( p<.00001) and positively associated with self-report of having experienced sexual intercourse and expectation of having intercourse during the next year.
Family-of-Origin, Personality Characteristics, and Counselor Trainees' Effectiveness
Authors: Softas-Nall Basilia C. , Baldo Tracy D. , Williams Scott C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between counselor trainees' personality scores and family characteristics with effectiveness. 56 master's counselor and psychologist trainees participated. Analysis suggested that functioning of the family-of-origin and MMPI–2 personality traits contribute to the prediction of counselor trainees' effectiveness.
Training in Social Skills: An Alternative Technique for Handling Disruptive Child Behavior
Authors: Ison Mirta Susana
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were to examine the type of response to different situations displayed by children with or without conduct disorders and to assess the efficacy of the social skills training program herein proposed for modifying styles of interpersonal relationship in children. The sample included 315 children, 8 to 12 years of age. Those exhibiting conduct problems were 164 boys, and those having no conduct problems were 151 boys. All participants shared a low socioeconomic and cultural status and attended schools located in poor districts of Mendoza City in Argentina. Analysis showed that the groups trained in social skills improved in social interaction by reducing disruptive behaviors, whereas the groups without social skills training showed no behavioral changes. These data were confirmed by the teachers' assessments. These results suggest social skills training seems an efficient therapeutic approach to the attenuation of behavior disorders of boys.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Lowe Geoff , Bland Rachel , Greenman John , Kirkpatrick Nadine , Lowe Gillian
Published: August 2011

30 healthy students produced saliva samples for Immunoglobulin A assay before and after sessions involving either progressive muscle relaxation ( n = 15) or a control condition ( n = 15). Levels of immunoglobulin A increased significantly in the relaxation group but not in the control group.
Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Resolution
Authors: Joshi Anupama
Published: August 2011

This study examined the concordance between parents' assessment of their interpersonal conflict resolution with each other and their children's perception of the same. 61 parent dyads responded to the 1984 Communication Patterns Questionnaire of Christensen and Sullaway while their children completed the 1992 Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale by Grych, Seid, and Fincham. Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their conflict resolution were significantly correlated. Analysis indicated that overall, children's perception of interparental conflict was related to their mothers' perception of the communication patterns between themselves and their partner. However, this relationship was confounded with sex of the child indicated by different patterns of intercorrelations between mothers‘, fathers‘, and children's perceptions for boys and girls.
Associations between the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory and the Personality Assessment Screener in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Holden Ronald R. , Wasylkiw Louise , Starzyk Katherine B. , Edwards Melanie J. , Book Angela S.
Published: August 2011

Associations between two screening inventories of psychopathology were investigated using a sample of 156 first-year undergraduates. Analyses supported the reliability and validity of all Holden Psychological Screening Inventory scales, but only of some of the Personality Assessment Screener scales. Orthogonal dimensions of Depression, General Distress, and Antisocial Tendencies represented the common latent structure of the two inventories.
Outcomes for Psychiatric Patients following First Admission: Relationships with Voluntary and Involuntary Treatment and Ethnicity
Authors: Houston Kimberlyn Gray , Mariotto Marco , Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

Research suggests that there are ethnic differences in hospitalization outcomes for severely mentally ill patients. This study examined ethnic and sex differences in admission status, rapid readmission, and discharge placement of 487 patients on their first psychiatric admission. There were sex differences in admission status with significantly more male patients being involuntarily admitted than female patients. Ethnic differences in placement at discharge were not supported, but involuntarily admitted patients were over-represented in the less desirable outcome categories.
Team Members' and Supervisors' Ratings of Team Performance: A Case of Inconsistency
Authors: Kline Theresa J. B.
Published: August 2011

This study used measures of team performance, organizational support, and supervisors' judgment to examine the consistency of ratings of teams by both their members as well as their supervisors. For 75 team members from 13 different work teams in different organizations Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the consistency of ratings of these measures within the teams and between teams and supervisors. The results indicate the need for rater training, both at the team and supervisor levels.
Mental Health Variables and Positive Health Practices in Early Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 127 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years and attending a middle school responded to the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, the Depression–Dejection subscale of the Profile of Mood States, the Spielberger Trait-Anger Scale, and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale in classrooms. Using canonical variate analysis, three canonical variates emerged in the statistical analysis of the set of mental health variables and the set of positive health practice variables, two of which had statistically significant canonical correlations. The findings are consistent with theory and previous research linking positive health practices to depression, anger, and loneliness.
Effect of a Perfume on Prosocial Behavior of Pedestrians
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas
Published: August 2011

Several studies have shown that perfumes encourage prosocial behavior of people from whom help is requested in the street. Implicit requests for help were studied. On a pedestrian walk, a woman confederate, with or without a heavy perfume, walked by the subject while dropping a packet of paper handkerchiefs or a glove apparently without noticing. Results show that the confederate was warned more often when wearing a perfume.
Development of Three New Scales for Assessing Clients' Perspectives on Premarital Counseling
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , West Darwin R.
Published: August 2011

Within a subsample of 73 men and 179 women from a larger study of current and former members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), three new scales were developed to assess the value attributed to premarital counseling, quality of premarital counseling received, and a pastor's competence at premarital counseling. Although internal consistency reliability as measured by Cronbach alpha was marginally acceptable (.61) for the latter three-item scale, it was adequate for the three-item value (.84) and the seven-item quality (.87) scales. Evidence for construct validity was limited with respect to demographic variables for social class, sex, and religiosity. Those who attended church more frequently and women reported lower quality of premarital counseling.
Ethnic and Sex Differences in the Predictive Validity of the Scholastic Achievement Test for College Grades
Authors: Lynn Richard , Mau Wei-Cheng
Published: August 2011

The predictive validity of SAT-Verbal and SAT-Mathematics scores for college grades was examined for males and females and for four ethnic groups in a nationally representative American sample. SAT scores “overpredicted” the grades of males and of Asians, Hispanics, and blacks, i.e., these groups did not obtain as good grades as would be predicted from their SAT scores. Conversely, SAT scores “underpredicted” the grades obtained by females and whites, i.e., these groups obtained better grades than would be predicted from their SAT scores. The possible explanations for these differential predictive validities are discussed.
Extraversion and the Rebound Effect after Thought Suppression
Authors: Bourdon Nicolas , McKelvie Stuart J. , Stout Dale
Published: August 2011

83 participants thought about a white bear before or after trying to suppress the idea. There was no rebound effect (more expression of white-bear thoughts after than before suppression) for either introverts or extraverts.
Job Stress and Job Satisfaction and Their Relation to Neuroticism, Type A Behavior, and Locus of Control among Kuwaiti Personnel
Authors: Al-Mashaan Owaied S.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined job stress and job satisfaction and their relation to measures of neuroticism, Type A behavior, and I–E locus of control as well as sex differences among Kuwaiti men ( n = 189) and women ( n = 210) employees. Women had significantly higher means on scales of job stress, neuroticism, and external locus of control, while men scored significantly higher on job satisfaction. Analysis yielded significant and positive correlations of job stress with neuroticism and locus of control of both men and women. Job satisfaction scores correlated significantly but negatively with external locus of control for both sexes, while job satisfaction had a positive correlation with Type A behavior for women only. The significant correlation between job stress and job satisfaction was negative.
Counseling Female Athletes: Application of the Stages of Change Model to Avoid Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Bass Martha , Turner Lori , Hunt Sharon
Published: August 2011

Research indicates that female athletes from all sports are at risk for developing disordered eating, amenorrhea, and resulting complications. These disorders, termed the female athlete triad by the American College of Sports Medicine, may lead to significant morbidity and mortality as well as medical and psychological problems When female athletes feel pressured to fit a specific physical image, they may develop distorted body images and show disordered eating patterns. Menstrual dysfunction and premature osteoporosis may result from inadequate nutrition combined with excessive athletic training. Health professionals play important roles in prevention and treatment of these problematic behaviors. This paper examined the stages of the change behavior model and its use in addictive behaviors and provides theoretical applications of this model to reducing harmful behaviors in female athletes.
FIRO-B, Machiavellianism, and Teams
Authors: Macrosson W. D. K. , Semple J. H.
Published: August 2011

A correlational study using the Mach IV and FIRO-B questionnaires examined the attitudes of 120 postgraduate and undergraduate students, the majority of whom had significant work experience. A curvilinear relationship observed between the FIRO-B and Mach IV scales calls into question an aspect of Will Schutz's prescription for interpersonal compatibility.
Differences in Lost Letter Responses from a Seaside City
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Williamson C. Bennett , Jarvis Donna Rae
Published: August 2011

Of 75 letters “lost” in the Florida Panhandle, 33 (44%) were returned in the mail by the finders (the altruistic response). Addressees' affiliations were significantly associated with different rates of return; fewer emotive Intercontinental Gay and Lesbian Outdoors Organization addressees were returned than nonemotive ones. The technique for power analysis by Gillett (1996) was applied to data from an earlier study and indicated our sample of 75 subjects would still yield a desired power level, i.e., 80, for the likely effect sizes. Statistical power was .83, and the effect was medium in size at .34.
The Suicide Rate in Austrian Prisons: Does it Conform to Sociological Theory?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The Austrian prison suicide rate for 1950–1995 was shown to be associated in a similar manner to the social indicators of marriage, birth, and divorce rates as the suicide rate of Austrian males in the general population.
Relations of Alexithymic Characteristics with Eating Attitudes and Hostility in Female College Students
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Koyama Kanae
Published: August 2011

We examined the correlations of alexithymic characteristics with the expression of unfavorable feelings such as anger and hostility and abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors in a sample of 278 Japanese female college students. Mean scores on the Eating Attitude Inventory, MMPI Hostility, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory were significantly higher for female college students with alexithymic characteristics than for those with nonalexithymic characteristics. Multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that the significant relationships between alexithymic characteristics and oral control of the eating attitudes were controlled by scores on anger-in and anger control, suggesting that anger-in and anger control may mediate the relationship between alexithymic characteristics and abnormal eating attitudes.
Attachment Style, Family and Romantic Relationships
Authors: Erwin Philip G. , Salter Karen , Purves David G.
Published: August 2011

In 1987 Hazan and Shaver showed that patterns of romantic love reflected attachment styles. In an extension of that study with 39 men and 33 women in college (ages 18–36 years), this research shows that family relationships may also affect romantic relationships indirectly through their association with attachment styles.
Evidence for Concurrent Validity of Responses by Survivors of Hospital Restructuring
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined use of control, escape coping, and restructuring responses of survivors among hospital-based nursing staff who had survived significant hospital restructuring and downsizing. Four restructuring responses of survivors proposed by Mishra and Spreitzer in 1998 were considered: hopeful, obliging, cynical, and fearful. Data were collected from 744 nursing staff by questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses indicated greater use of active coping by more hopeful and more obliging survivors and greater use of escape coping by more cynical survivors.
Family Strengths and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Hatch Ruth C.
Published: August 2011

20 new items were developed to measure six concepts of family strengths and were administered, along with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, to over 266 married subjects as part of a larger survey of current and former members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). A common factor analysis suggested that most of the items were associated with their expected factors, while reliability analyses indicated that most of the scales had acceptable estimates of internal consistency. The marital satisfaction items clearly were associated with their own factor and not other factors, providing support for the unidimensional nature of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale and for its construct validity.
Undergraduate Students' Understanding of Division of Fractions
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M. , Nichols Randall
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study was designed to assess undergraduate students' understanding of division of fractions. A paper and pencil instrument was administered as a pre- and posttest to 59 undergraduate students who major in elementary education. Analysis by independent t test of written responses provided by students on the pre- and posttests showed lack of understanding, even postinstruction.
Correlations between Scores on Attitudes toward Celebrities and Authoritarianism
Authors: Maltby John , McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 307 British participants a secondary analysis showed no significant correlations between scores on subscales or total attitude toward celebrities with those on authoritarianism for either sex.
Disgust Sensitivity and Attitudes toward Organ Donation among African-American College Students
Authors: Sherman Nancy C. , Smith Robert J. , Sherman Martin F. , Rickert-Wilbur Patti
Published: August 2011

241 African-American college students (94 men and 147 women, mean age = 20.3 ± 3.4 yr.) completed the 1994 Disgust Scale of Haidt, McCauley, and Rozin and a modified form of Parisi-Rizzo's 1987 Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Scale (negative subscale only) as well as a behavioral measure of intention to donate organs after death. Analyses indicated that the higher the disgust sensitivity, the more negative the attitude toward organ donation and the less likely the student was to indicate intent to donate organs. It was further shown that negative attitudes toward organ donation mediated the relationship between disgust sensitivity and the behavioral intention measure. Results highlight the complexity of the issues surrounding organ donation within an African-American population and provide additional empirical evidence for the development of a theoretical model to explain the organ donation phenomenon.
Children's Social Competence, Academic Competence, and Aggressiveness as Related to Ability to Make Judgments of Fairness
Authors: Vandiver Trish
Published: August 2011

The relationship of 102 fifth and sixth graders' judgments of fairness with their academic and social competence and aggressiveness was studied. Children were given self-report and peer-nomination inventories measuring academic competence, social competence, and aggressiveness at a single point in time at the public school they attended. These measures were related to children's prediction of fairness on a distributive justice measure. Children who saw themselves as academically and socially competent scored higher on the distributive justice measure. Children whose peers saw them as less academically competent and more aggressive scored lower on the distributive justice measure. Analyses showed an association between children's academic competence, social competence, and aggressiveness scores and their scores on judgments of fairness.
Understanding Successful Community Living by Individuals with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness
Authors: Husted John , Ender Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

34 volunteers diagnosed as chronically mentally ill were administered a questionnaire to evaluate what factors were important in preventing rehospitalization. The volunteers were divided into two groups based on their relapse history. Analysis showed the nonrelapse group were more likely to attribute factors such as in-home therapy, taking medication, and having fun with friends than did the group who had experienced at least one relapse in the past 24 months.
Eliminating Invalid Self-Report Survey Data
Authors: Pokorny Steven B. , Jason Leonard A. , Schoeny Michael , Curie Carrie J. , Townsend Stephanie M.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 6,370 students in Grades 6 to 8 completed a questionnaire on their attitudes and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. A subsample showed questionable data based on three criteria: missing responses, invalid responses, and inconsistent responses. Analysis indicated that this subsample was significantly different from the main group on demographic variables and self-reported lifetime tobacco use. Results support efforts to identify and eliminate invalid data.
Outcome Comparison of Patients Receiving Oral or Depot Neuroleptic Medication
Authors: Varner Roy V. , Hays J. Ray , Wagner Alisha L. , Averill Patricia
Published: August 2011

Three outcome measures of psychiatric treatment were retrospectively compared between two groups of acutely hospitalized psychotic patients who had been prescribed either oral haloperidol ( n = 58) or depot haloperidol ( n = 95) as the only medication at the time of discharge. There were no significant differences between the groups on demographic variables, including sex, age, and ethnicity. There were no significant differences between the groups on keeping the initial outpatient appointment, in readmission history over a 4-yr. follow-up, or in length of time to subsequent readmission, if any. It appears that there is no benefit in choosing one form of medication over the other from a clinical perspective, as neither appears more clinically efficacious when examined on these outcome variables. However, there is a significant difference in cost of the two forms of the medication in favor of the oral form, making the oral form more favorable if cost is to be minimized.
Weight Gain in Postseized Rats is Facilitated by Adding Aspirin, Glucose, or Glucose-Taurine-Acetaminophen to Food Mush
Authors: Jedrzejko Christopher , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Adult male rats were seized with lithium and pilocarpine and administered acepromazine to facilitate survival. After four days (1) 8 mg of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), (2) 100 mg taurine-15 mg acetaminophen (Tylenol)-40 mg glucose, (3) 40 mg glucose, or (4) water was added to the food mush daily for 30 days. A fifth group served as nonseized controls. Within one week all pharmacological treatments promoted more weight recovery than food mush only. The rats receiving aspirin (equivalent to 3 tablets/day for humans) showed the greatest early recovery. After 15 days of treatment the pharmacologically treated seized rats had returned to baseline weight and did not differ from normals whereas seized rats given only food mush had not. We suggest inhibiting prostaglandins by anti-inflammatory compounds or stimulating the GABA shunt pathway through enhanced dietary glucose to accelerate weight gain following the significant loss that accompanies brain injury.
Mathematics Anxiety among Eighth-Grade Students of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Abed Adnan S. , Alkhateeb Haitham M.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the mathematics anxiety of 159 students in Grade 8 ( M age = 14.3 yr.) in the United Arab Emirates a 28-item anxiety scale was administered. Analysis indicated some mathematics anxiety. Also, boys and girls scored significantly differently as boys had the higher mean.
Temporal Characteristics of Slot Machine Play in Recreational Gamblers
Authors: Schreiber James , Dixon Mark R.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the temporal characteristics of play exhibited by recreational slot machine players. 12 women ( M = 24 yr., range 22–28) played a computerized version of a slot machine with probability of payoff, i.e., a winning spin, ranging from .2 to .6. Intertrial intervals or the time between the termination of one trial to the initiation of the next trial varied within subjects as a function of wins and losses. Winning trials were associated with larger intertrial intervals and losing trials with smaller intertrial intervals for 10 of the 12 women. No differences were found across probability levels between subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the postreinforcement pause that occurs on specific schedules of reinforcement.
Psychometric Properties of the Illness Attitudes Scale in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Sheridan Michael J.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the factorial structure of the 29-item Illness Attitudes Scale in a population of 82 psychiatric patients hospitalized for gastrointestinal complaints. Factor analysis yielded three factors of the Illness Attitudes Scale in these patients, which have been interpreted Health Anxiety, Illness Behavior, and Health Habits. The internal consistency of these factors, estimated by Cronbach α, were .86, .80, and .58, respectively. The Health Anxiety and Illness Behavior scores were significantly intercorrelated .43, but scores on Health Habits were not significantly correlated with either Health Anxiety ( r = .19) or Illness Behavior ( r = .14). These findings are consistent with previous reports that two factors of the Illness Attitudes Scale possess reliable psychometric properties. Cross-validation with other patient populations is required to confirm the validity of the Illness Attitudes Scale factor structure testing at least 5 participants per item of the scale.
On the Far Reaching Effects of Using Biased Estimates of Score Reliability: An Examination of the Problem in 20 Data Analyses
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: August 2011

Violation of either of two basic assumptions in classical test theory may lead to biased estimates of reliability. Violation of the assumption of essential tau-equivalence may produce underestimates, and the presence of correlated errors among measurement units may result in overestimates. The ubiquity of circumstances in which this problem may occur is not fully comprehended by many workers. This article surveys a variety of settings in which biased reliability estimates may be found in an effort to increase awareness of the prevalence of the problem.
A Scale for Measuring Students' Anti-Intellectualism
Authors: Eigenberger Martin E. , Sealander Karen A.
Published: August 2011

Two studies were conducted which report the development and testing of the Student Anti-Intellectualism Scale, designed as a measure of anti-intellectual attitudes in students enrolled in higher education. The first study analyzed an initial 25-item scale to assess internal consistency and factorial structure. The second study examining a final version of the scale was conducted to test reliability and factorial structure, in addition to assessing evidence of construct validity. The second study also assessed temporal stability and social desirability response set. The studies indicated the scale had a fundamentally unidimensional structure and considerable internal consistency and also provided support for the validity of the anti-intellectualism construct. Anti-intellectualism is discussed in the context of personality theory, and suggestions are offered with reference to establishing anti-intellectualism as a trait relative to the five-factor model of personality.
Predicting Murder Rates of Police and Civilians by Each other
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For 1960–1992, while divorce rates predicted the general homicide rates, neither divorce not unemployment rates predicted the rates with which police killed civilians or civilians killed police.
Association of Alexithymic Characteristics and Posttraumatic Stress Responses following Medical Treatment for Children with Refractory Hematological Diseases
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hirabayashi Naotsugu , Tsuruta Toshihisa , Asukai Nozomu
Published: August 2011

Recent research has examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following medical treatment for children with refractory hematological diseases such as leukemia. However, much remains unknown. This study examined the association of alexithymic characteristics on the manifestation of posttraumatic stress responses in 33 children with refractory hematological diseases. Of 33 children, 27 (81.8%) exhibited posttraumatic stress responses following medical treatment for refractory hematological diseases. The frequency of posttraumatic stress responses was significantly higher than with children who experienced severe flood disaster. Also, the severity of posttraumatic stress responses was significantly stronger than for children who experienced severe flood disaster. Moreover, children with refractory hematological diseases were more likely to exhibit alexithymic characteristics. The alexithymic characteristics were significantly and positively correlated with avoidance and emotional numbing among posttraumatic stress responses. The results suggest the possibility that alexithymic characteristics may be predictive of the manifestation of avoidance and emotional numbing among posttraumatic stress responses following medical treatment for refractory hematological diseases.
Different Types of Smiles and Laughter in Preschool Children
Authors: Sarra Simone , Otta Emma
Published: August 2011

The relationship among morphologically different forms of smiling and laughter was examined. The participants were 19 Brazilian preschool children. Each child was observed a total of 60 min. in three 10-min. sessions on the playground and three 10-min. sessions in the classroom. Analysis suggests that the various forms of smiling do not simply express different intensities of a single emotion. A two-dimensional structure was indicated by factorial analysis. The first dimension, which could be called playfulness-mock aggression, consisted of a broad smile and laughter. The second dimension, which could be called friendliness-appeasement, consisted of a closed and upper smile. The pattern of correlation found between expressive behaviors and both teacher's and peers' evaluations gives further support to the interpretation that smiling is an heterogeneous category.
Satisfaction with College by Traditional and Nontraditional College Students
Authors: Landrum R. Eric , Hood Je T'Aime , McAdams Jerry M.
Published: August 2011

University students ( N = 433) were surveyed about their satisfaction with a number of campus services and opportunities. Comparisons between traditional (up to 24 years old) and nontraditional (25 years old and older) students indicated the latter valued learning and school opportunities more and appreciated the efforts of their professors in interacting with them and communicating information. A number of similarities were noted. University administrations need to be aware of the important differences between such groups to be able to enhance students' satisfaction.
Psychometric Properties of the Life Regard Index–Revised: A Validation Study of a Measure of Personal Meaning
Authors: Harris Alex H. S. , Standard Samuel
Published: August 2011

A validation study of the English version of the 28-item Life Regard Index–Revised was undertaken with a sample of 91 participants from the general population. All previous studies of the Index have examined the Dutch version. The test-retest reliabilities at 8 wk. for the total Index ( r = .87), Framework ( r = .82), and Fulfillment ( r = .81) subscales were very high. Cronbach alphas were .92, .83, and .87, respectively. A significant restriction of range was observed at the high-meaning end of the scale. Factor analysis only weakly supported the theorized two-factor structure. A very high disattenuated correlation between the Framework and Fulfillment subscales was observed ( r = .94). The Index appeared to have adequate evidence supporting its concurrent and discriminant validity when compared with measures of hopelessness, spiritual well-being, and other measures of personal meaning. A significant positive association was found between the index and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale ( r = .38). The Index was also significantly associated with sex (women scoring higher) and marital status (divorced people scoring lower). Revisions of the English version may address the restriction of range problem by employing a 5-point rating scale, instead of the current 3-point scale, or by adding more discriminating items. Further factor-analytic studies with larger samples are needed before conclusions can be drawn regarding this scale's factor structure.
Effect of Forced Laughter on Mood
Authors: Foley Erin , Matheis Robert , Schaefer Charles
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of a brief period of forced laughter on the mood of adults. Participants ( N = 17) rated their mood before and after 1 min. of forced laughter. Although the participants generally rated their mood as positive prior to the intervention, after forced laughter more participants rated positive affect significantly higher.