bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes: What the non‐specialist needs to know about current guidelines
Authors: Weir Matthew R.
Published: July 2024

In the US, approximately 11% of the population have diagnosed diabetes and nearly 40% have prediabetes. In addition, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 14% of the US population including up to 40% of those with diabetes. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide where it affects approximately half of adults. The presence of CKD or diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular events. When both CKD and diabetes occur in the same patient the risks are further increased. The clinical problems of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia are all closely related with obesity, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, CKD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis. The increasing frequency of obesity has driven increases in all of these medical comorbidities. These conditions frequently cluster together in the same patient exacerbating the risk of morbidity and mortality. They are also associated with cognitive dysfunction/dementia, pulmonary diseases, cancers, gastrointestinal diseases, immune system abnormalities, and inflammatory disorders. Only 6.8% of adults in US meet all targets for cardiovascular risk management with significant disparities based on race and ethnicity. Given the complexity of these multisystem problems in people with diabetes and obesity, it would seem reasonable to attempt to diagnose and treat many of the comorbidities earlier in the course of disease rather than wait for substantial end organ dysfunction to occur. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recently published a consensus statement recommending early screening for the diagnosis of heart failure, CKD and diabetes, recognizing both the frequency and gravity of this combination. Likewise, there are recommendations in the guidelines to facilitate screening for microalbuminuria, blood pressure, glycemic control and lipids earlier in patients at risk rather than wait and treat as a secondary prevention program. Thus, the general principle is to facilitate earlier recognition and diagnosis and provide treatment before downstream target organ complications occur. This review will focus on CVD and risk management based on newest recommendations and standards of care in people with diabetes by the ADA. The main considerations in the treatment of people with diabetes are glycemic control, blood pressure, lipids, and the use of medications with proven cardiorenal disease progression capability to prevent or delay.
Use of allopurinol to manage skewed 6‐mercaptopurine metabolism in pediatric maintenance acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment
Authors: Lines Mandee , Kemper Ryan M. , Wallace Jordan , Alexander Thomas , Echols Carmen , Garner Lauren M. , Kaplan Jenna Bognaski , Thompson Patrick , Crona Daniel J. , Phillips Kynlon
Published: July 2024

Background

6‐mercaptopurine is a cornerstone of maintenance therapy for pediatric ALL. Response to 6MP is typically determined by the ANC. Therapeutic ANC range while receiving 6MP is between 500 and 1500/μL. In addition to desired myelosuppression, 6MP is associated with multiple adverse drug effects. Increased doses of 6MP can lead to therapeutic ANC values; however, patients may experience adverse effects before obtaining therapeutic myelosuppression, often deemed “skewed metabolism.” Allopurinol may potentially correct skewed 6MP metabolism.

Procedure

Pediatric patients with ALL with 6MMP and 6TGN metabolites drawn during maintenance therapy were analyzed for allopurinol use. The primary outcome evaluated the percentage of time spent in therapeutic ANC range before and after allopurinol initiation. In addition, the difference in 6MMP:6TGN ratios before and after allopurinol initiation, incidence of hepatotoxicity, and rates of relapse, were analyzed.

Results

Ninety‐five patients were included for analysis. Thirty‐two (34%) patients received allopurinol. There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the patients who received allopurinol and those who did not. When comparing ANC values pre‐ and post‐allopurinol initiation, a statistically significant increase in the percentage of time spent in therapeutic range was observed (27% vs. 43%; p = .03). In addition, when comparing metabolite ratios pre‐ and post‐allopurinol initiation, a statistically significant decrease in 6MMP:6TGN metabolite ratio values was observed (86.7 vs. 3.6; p < .0001).

Conclusions

Allopurinol significantly increased the percent time in therapeutic ANC range and can be safely utilized to significantly lower the ratio of 6MMP:6TGN metabolites, alleviating the undesirable side effects of 6MMP, and optimizing the anti‐leukemic effects associated with 6TGN.
Abundance–diversity relationship as a unique signature of temporal scaling in the fossil record
Authors: Tomašových Adam , Kowalewski Michał , Nawrot Rafał , Scarponi Daniele , Zuschin Martin
Published: July 2024

Species diversity increases with the temporal grain of samples according to the species–time relationship (STR), impacting palaeoecological analyses because the temporal grain (time averaging) of fossil assemblages varies by several orders of magnitude. We predict a positive relation between total abundance and sample size‐independent diversity (ADR) in fossil assemblages because an increase in time averaging, determined by a decreasing sediment accumulation, should increase abundance and depress species dominance. We demonstrate that, in contrast to negative ADR of non‐averaged living assemblages, the ADR of Holocene fossil assemblages is positive, unconditionally or when conditioned on the energy availability gradient. However, the positive fossil ADR disappears when conditioned on sediment accumulation, demonstrating that ADR is a signature of diversity scaling induced by variable time averaging. Conditioning ADR on sediment accumulation can identify and remove the scaling effect caused by time averaging, providing an avenue for unbiased biodiversity comparisons across space and time.
Effectiveness of patisiran after switching from tafamidis for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin‐mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy
Authors: Labeyrie Celine , Merkel Madeline , Sethi Sakshi , Popadic Lyuba , Yang Hongbo , Sweetser Marianne T. , Lin Hollis , Adams David
Published: July 2024

Background and purpose

Hereditary transthyretin‐mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (ATTRv‐PN [v for variant]) is a rare, progressive disease associated with multisystemic impairments. This study assessed the real‐world outcomes of patients with ATTRv‐PN who switched from tafamidis to patisiran, as well as the reasons for the treatment switch.

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review study at a large expert referral center. Data were extracted from medical charts of patients with ATTRv‐PN who switched from tafamidis to patisiran on or before 30 August 2019. Data elements included demographic and clinical characteristics, rationale for switch, and disease measures evaluated from tafamidis initiation through the 12‐month patisiran treatment period.

Results

Among the 24 patients with ATTRv‐PN included in the study, 50.0% had a V30M variant, and the mean (SD) age was 67.3 (8.0) years. During tafamidis treatment (mean [SD] = 30.1 [17.5] months) before switching to patisiran, patients worsened across multiple polyneuropathy measures, including walking ability, Neuropathy Impairment Score, and autonomic function. Neuropathic disease progression on tafamidis was the principal reason for switching to patisiran. After 12 months on patisiran (mean [SD] = 11.7 [1.4] months), patients experienced attenuated disease progression or improvement in the aforementioned measures of polyneuropathy.

Conclusions

Switching from tafamidis to patisiran attenuated the rate of functional decline, and most patients experienced stabilization or improvement of at least one polyneuropathy measure within 12 months of patisiran treatment. Timely switch from tafamidis to patisiran can be beneficial to avoid rapid disease progression in patients with ATTRv‐PN.
Creep crack growth in alloy 247LC‐DS
Authors: Towner Zachary B. , Narasimhachary Santosh B. , Gravett Phillip W. , Neu Richard W. , Muhlstein Christopher L. , Saxena Ashok
Published: July 2024

Creep crack growth experiments were performed at 750°C, 850°C, and 950°C on nominally 3 and 12.7 mm thick compact type specimens of alloy 247LC‐DS, a Ni‐base superalloy used for hot‐section gas turbine blades. The primary crack plane was transverse to the solidification direction. The crack path–microstructure interaction was characterized. Crack growth occurred in a creep‐ductile manner and data analyses utilized time‐dependent fracture mechanics. No measurable crack growth occurred at 750°C. Cracks grew by formation, growth, and coalescence of cavities on interdendritic carbides in both the primary crack plane and normal to said plane at 850°C and 950°C. The variability in the crack growth rate was higher in thicker specimens, but the mean creep crack growth rate versus Ct relationship in 247LC‐DS was neither sensitive to test temperature ≥850°C nor specimen thickness. Quantitative relationships between da/dt and Ct were derived for mean, upper, and lower bound creep crack growth rate trends.
The Multiple Gradual Maximal Covering Location Problem
Authors: Price Ashleigh N. , Curtin Kevin M.
Published: July 2024

This article describes a new spatial optimization model, the Multiple Gradual Maximal Covering Location Problem (MG‐MCLP). This model is useful when coverage from multiple facilities or sensors is necessary to consider a demand to be covered, and when the quality of that coverage varies with the number of located facilities within the service distance, and the distance from the demand itself. The motivating example for this model uses a coupled GIS and optimization framework to determine the optimal locations for acoustic sensors—typically used in police applications for gunshot detection—in Tuscaloosa, AL. The results identify the optimal facility locations for allocating multiple facilities, at different locations, to cover multiple demands and evaluate those optimal locations with distance‐decay. Solving the MG‐MCLP over a range of values allows for comparing the performance of varying numbers of available resources, which could be used by public safety operations to demonstrate the number of resources that would be required to meet policy goals. The results illustrate the flexibility in designing alternative spatial allocation strategies and provide a tractable covering model that is solved with standard linear programming and GIS software, which in turn can improve spatial data analysis across many operational contexts.
Ketone body metabolism and the NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shippy Daniel C. , Evered Abigail H. , Ulland Tyler K.
Published: July 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder and the most common form of dementia. AD pathology is characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of amyloid‐β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, respectively. Neuroinflammation has been shown to drive Aβ and tau pathology, with evidence suggesting the nod‐like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as a key pathway in AD pathogenesis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia, the primary immune effector cells of the brain, results in caspase‐1 activation and secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐18. Recent studies have demonstrated a dramatic interplay between the metabolic state and effector functions of immune cells. Microglial metabolism in AD is of particular interest, as ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate (AcAc), and β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) serve as an alternative energy source when glucose utilization is compromised in the brain of patients with AD. Furthermore, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism concomitant with increased BHB levels has been demonstrated to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we review the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and microglial ketone body metabolism in AD pathogenesis. We also highlight NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by several ketone body therapies as a promising new treatment strategy for AD.
The use of general anesthesia for dental treatment of children with special healthcare needs in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Yazdanbakhsh Elnaz , Bohlouli Babak , Patterson Steven , Amin Maryam
Published: July 2024

Background

Children with special healthcare needs (SHCN) often require specialized interventions due to their disabilities. Dental general anesthesia (DGA) is a treatment modality, which improves their access to care but concerns about repeated DGAs persist.

Aim

This study investigated DGA utilization in children with SHCN and identified factors associated with multiple DGAs in Alberta, Canada (2010–2020).

Design

This retrospective population‐based study used administrative data encompassing all children (<18 years) undergoing DGA in publicly funded facilities. Children were identified as SHCN based on their diagnosis codes and categorized into behavioral/psychiatric disorders, mental/intellectual disabilities, physical disabilities, systemic conditions, syndromes/congenital anomalies, physical–mental disabilities, and disabilities with medical conditions.

Results

This study analyzed 3884 DGA visits for children with SHCN, predominantly males aged 6–11 and from low‐income families. Mental/intellectual disabilities were prevalent (31.8%), and autism was the leading disease. Caries was the primary dental diagnosis across all groups, whereas pulp problems were higher in psychiatric/behavioral disorders (23.6%), and periodontal problems were more common in physical–mental disabilities (13.2%). 28.7% had multiple DGAs, with younger age, disabilities with medical conditions, mental/intellectual disabilities, and initial pulp treatments, increasing the likelihood of multiple DGAs.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of individualized prevention and less conservative treatments for younger children to reduce oral health disparities.
A nomogram‐based predictive model for tooth survival in Chinese patients with periodontitis: An 11‐year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shi Shuwen , Meng Yang , Jiao Jian , Shi Dong , Feng Xianghui , Meng Huanxin
Published: July 2024

Aim

To develop a nomogram‐based predictive model of tooth survival by comprehensively analysing clinical and radiographic risk factors of tooth loss (TL).

Materials and Methods

In this study, 3447 teeth of 131 subjects who underwent non‐surgical periodontal treatment were examined retrospectively within a mean follow‐up period of 11.6 years. The association of risk factors including clinical and radiographic parameters with TL was assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A nomogram‐based predictive model was developed, and its validation and discriminatory ability were analysed.

Results

In all, 313 teeth were lost in 94 patients in this study (overall tooth loss [OTL] 9.08%; 0.21 teeth/patient/year). Male, heavy smoking, molar teeth, probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), tooth mobility and radiographic bone loss were significantly associated with TL (p < .05). A gradient effect of tooth mobility on TL increased from degree I to III versus none (p < .0001). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.865. Calibration curve and decision curve analysis demonstrated good performance and high net benefit, respectively.

Conclusions

Adopting a specific nomogram could facilitate the prediction of tooth survival and the development of tailored treatment plans in Chinese patients with advanced periodontitis.
A novel predictive model for optimizing diabetes screening in older adults
Authors: Lin Yushuang , Shen Ya , He Rongbo , Wang Quan , Deng Hongbin , Cheng Shujunyan , Liu Yu , Li Yimin , Lu Xiang , Shen Zhengkai
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The fasting blood glucose test is widely used for diabetes screening. However, it may fail to detect early‐stage diabetes characterized by elevated postprandial glucose levels. Hence, we developed and internally validated a nomogram to predict the diabetes risk in older adults with normal fasting glucose levels.

Materials and Methods

This study enrolled 2,235 older adults, dividing them into a Training Set (n = 1,564) and a Validation Set (n = 671) based on a 7:3 ratio. We employed the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to identify predictors for constructing the nomogram. Calibration and discrimination were employed to assess the nomogram's performance, while its clinical utility was evaluated through decision curve analysis.

Results

Nine key variables were identified as significant factors: age, gender, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, the ratio of alanine aminotransferase to aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and hemoglobin. The nomogram demonstrated good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.824 in the Training Set and 0.809 in the Validation Set. Calibration curves for both sets confirmed the model's accuracy in estimating the actual diabetes risk. Decision curve analysis highlighted the model's clinical utility.

Conclusions

We provided a dynamic nomogram for identifying older adults at risk of diabetes, potentially enhancing the efficiency of diabetes screening in primary healthcare units.
Consensus study on UK weight management services' response to COVID‐19: best practices in outpatient management, governance and digital solutions
Authors: Holt Guy , Hughes David
Published: July 2024

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic put unprecedented pressure on weight management services. These services were required to adapt to continue to provide care for people living with obesity. This study sought to develop consensus recommendations on the best practice solutions adopted by weight management services in the United Kingdom during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

This study utilised a semi‐structured interview and a modified Delphi methodology to develop a consensus of best practice recommendations identified by specialist weight management services during the pandemic.

Results

Twenty‐three healthcare professionals working in weight management service across the United Kingdom participated in the study. Analysis of interview transcripts identified four key thematic domains: outpatient, patient education and support, perioperative care and team working. Of the initial 43 unique recommendations, 30 reached consensus agreement. Outpatient recommendations focused on communication strategies, patient self‐monitoring and remote patient tracking. Patient education and support recommendations addressed the development of online educational resources and support groups. Perioperative care recommendations emphasised case prioritisation, waiting list support and postoperative care. Team working recommendations targeted the use of digital collaboration tools and strategies for effective teamwork.

Conclusion

Developing consensus recommendations on best practice is a critical step for weight management and outpatient services to achieve higher standards of care. These recommendations provide a springboard for departmental discussions, paving the way for improved experiences for individuals living with obesity as they progress along their weight management journey.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services in business sustainability: Toward systematic, value chain‐wide monitoring that aligns with public accounting
Authors: D'Amato Dalia , La Notte Alessandra , Damiani Mattia , Sala Serenella
Published: July 2024

Important expectations are placed globally on the private sector to take part in co‐governing sustainability challenges. With increasing recognition that business organizations depend and impact on natural capital, biodiversity, and related ecosystem services, it has become pivotal for companies to be able to appraise and manage such issues. This calls for developing avenues through which biodiversity and ecosystem services can be incorporated in sustainability accounting (as well as reporting and response practices) by individual organizations, without neglecting a value chain‐wide perspective, and aligning that with existing efforts for public accounting of natural capital, against the overall framework of national and global sustainability goal and targets. This article addresses such a call by elaborating on the contributions of ecosystem services to business organizations and illustrating the two main challenges related to feeding private sector data into national accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services; and to understand how the two challenges identified in the previous point can be addressed by companies, we provide an overview of the fragmented landscape of management systems, approaches, methods, and initiatives dedicated to monitoring, reporting on, and responding to biodiversity and ecosystem services issues at the organizational and value chain level. We conclude by offering reflections on how to foster a shift from one‐off assessments at the company level to more systematic and comprehensive ones along the value chain.
Mapping manufactured capital in mainland China with harmonized night‐time light images between 1992 and 2018
Authors: Song Lulu , Huang Yuanyi , Liu Yupeng , Li Nan , Chen Wei‐Qiang
Published: July 2024

The manufactured capital, usually denoted as material stocks from an industrial ecology perspective, has thus far received wide attention in sustainability and circularity science. Sustainable resource management should be rooted in detailed knowledge of manufactured capital accumulation in society at a high spatial resolution. Previous studies demonstrated that night‐time light (NTL) data provide a great opportunity for monitoring material stocks dynamics at a higher spatial resolution on the regional and global scale. However, the potential of historical–geographical refined material stocks has not been fully analyzed and explored because of the inconsistency of NTL images detected by the different satellites. In this study, based on a new set of material stocks data in China and harmonized NTL images (1992–2018), we map the national stocks of 13 bulk materials (including cement, gravel, wood, brick, sand, asphalt, glass, lime, plastic, rubber, copper, aluminum, and steel) at a 1 × 1 km resolution from 1992 to 2018. The results find that the total material stocks increased from 190,000 to 460,000 t/km2 between 1992 and 2018. Among the five end‐use sectors, buildings have the highest density of 430,000 t/km2, while domestic appliances have the lowest density of 140 t/km2. Four manufactured capital clusters, including the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, and Chengdu–Chongqing agglomerations, possess 38% of the national total stocks in 2018, revealing an unbalanced distributed pattern of manufactured capital across China. Our results provide valuable support for policymakers and business decision‐makers on efficient resource management and urban mining.
Light‐stabilized GIL1 suppresses PIN3 activity to inhibit hypocotyl gravitropism
Authors: Wang Xiaolian , Yuan Yanfang , Charrier Laurence , Deng Zhaoguo , Geisler Markus , Deng Xing Wang , Chen Haodong
Published: July 2024

Light and gravity coordinately regulate the directional growth of plants. Arabidopsis Gravitropic in the Light 1 (GIL1) inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls in red and far‐red light, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Our study found that GIL1 is a plasma membrane‐localized protein. In endodermal cells of the upper part of hypocotyls, GIL1 controls the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls. GIL1 directly interacts with PIN3 and inhibits the auxin transport activity of PIN3. Mutation of PIN3 suppresses the abnormal gravitropic response of gil1 mutant. The GIL1 protein is unstable in darkness but it is stabilized by red and far‐red light. Together, our data suggest that light‐stabilized GIL1 inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls by suppressing the activity of the auxin transporter PIN3, thereby enhancing the emergence of young seedlings from the soil.
Philanthropy and environmental law
Authors: LEE MARIA , ABBOT CAROLYN
Published: July 2024

In this article, we begin to address the relative lack of scholarship on philanthropic engagement with environmental law. It is clear that big philanthropy exercises significant power in and over our discipline, in a variety of ways that extend beyond the granting (and, importantly, withholding) of funds for projects and activities. Power merits scrutiny. Building on a multi‐disciplinary literature, we identify the plausible ways in which philanthropic organizations frame problems and solutions, and build networks. This is not an ‘exposé’ of wealthy philanthropists, nor do we think that an exposé is necessary. Foundations are diverse organizations doing a range of interesting and important work. We do, however, want to understand better this community that is so crucial for the development of environmental law.
Looking beyond marital status: What we can learn from relationship status measures
Authors: Compton D'Lane , Kaufman Gayle
Published: July 2024

Objective

With needed and growing attention to sexual minorities and unmarried individuals, there is a need to consider how best to capture relationships and relationship organization in family studies.

Background

Traditional measures of marital status are commonly used to examine differences in relationships and socioeconomic outcomes, but they do not adequately capture the diversity of relationship experiences and leave certain types of relationship experiences invisible.

Method

This article examines the inclusion of a relationship measure in the American Marriage Survey, a national probability‐based sample of 2806 adults in the United States, to provide a more diverse and expansive perspective on relationships and relationship organization. While there is a great deal of overlap between those who are married or cohabiting (marital status) and those who are in an exclusive relationship (relationship status), there is also potential for variation in what kinds of relationships, if any, people are in.

Results

We find that the relationship measure is particularly useful in showing that a majority of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and pansexual individuals are in an exclusive relationship and also that gender and sexual minorities are more likely than cisgender and heterosexual individuals to be in consensual nonmonogamous relationships. This article also provides direction on re‐coding open text responses from the relationship status measure.

Conclusion

We conclude that a relationship status measure allows for greater inclusivity and visibility of sexual minorities and unmarried persons, including but not limited to queer individuals, families, and communities, as well as consensual nonmonogamous relationships.
How gendered lived experiences shape sex preference attitudes in contemporary urban China
Authors: Zhou Yun
Published: July 2024

Objective

This article examines how gendered lived experiences—the constellation of women's quotidian, on‐the‐ground encounters and perceptions of gender inequality—shape highly educated women's sex preference attitudes in contemporary urban China.

Background

Recent theoretical developments highlight women's experiences and views of gender (in)equity as powerful forces that drive their fertility aspirations and behavior. Yet, extant research on sex preference has overwhelmingly focused on features of the patrilineal family institution and overlooked the role of gendered lived experiences.

Method

This study adopts a mixed‐methods approach, combining six waves of the nationally representative China General Social Survey (2010–2018) and 70 in‐depth interviews.

Results

Quantitative analysis found that compared to those with exclusive daughter preference, highly educated urban Chinese women who exclusively desired sons held similarly egalitarian views on gender. Qualitative analysis further demonstrated that invoking lived experiences of gender injustice, these women framed their son preference attitudes as “a mother's duty” of wanting to shield their children from gendered hardship. They viewed raising daughters amidst pervasive gender discriminations as emotionally taxing hard work. Meanwhile, such preference aligned with entrenched familial expectations that demanded male offspring, thereby holding behavioral implications for second‐birth outcomes.

Conclusion

This study uncovers previously obscured reasonings—beyond the outright devaluation of girls—that undergird highly educated urban Chinese women's son preference attitudes.

Implications

By unpacking how gendered lived experiences underpin the nuanced reasonings behind some highly educated urban Chinese women's son preference attitudes and the behavioral implications, this article joins the theoretical conversation that considers how gender egalitarians may perpetuate gender unequal outcomes.
A geographical exploration of Aotearoa album covers
Authors: Kiddle Gabriel Luke
Published: July 2024

Music and place are linked through many different interrelationships. Album covers play a part in these connections, influencing the experience of the music within by frequently evoking place. In Aotearoa New Zealand a sense of place is significant in music, but academic attention to the role of album covers in this sense of place is overdue. This research note addresses this gap and introduces themes and examples from a survey of Aotearoa album covers. Future attention and lines of enquiry are warranted, aided by the durability and indeed resurgence of vinyl as a musical format.
Protein aggregation in plant mitochondria lacking Lon1 inhibits translation and induces unfolded protein responses
Authors: Song Ce , Li Yuanyuan , Yang Mengmeng , Li Tiantian , Hou Yuqi , Liu Yinyin , Xu Chang , Liu Jinjian , Millar A. Harvey , Wang Ningning , Li Lei
Published: July 2024

Loss of Lon1 led to stunted plant growth and accumulation of nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial proteins including Lon1 substrates. However, an in‐depth label‐free proteomics quantification of mitochondrial proteins in lon1 revealed that the majority of mitochondrial‐encoded proteins decreased in abundance. Additionally, we found that lon1 mutants contained protein aggregates in the mitochondrial that were enriched in metabolic enzymes, ribosomal subunits and PPR‐containing proteins of the translation apparatus. These mutants exhibited reduced general mitochondrial translation as well as deficiencies in RNA splicing and editing. These findings support the role of Lon1 in maintaining a functional translational apparatus for mitochondrial‐encoded gene translation. Transcriptome analysis of lon1 revealed a mitochondrial unfolded protein response reminiscent of the mitochondrial retrograde signalling dependent on the transcription factor ANAC017. Notably, lon1 mutants exhibited transiently elevated ethylene production, and the shortened hypocotyl observed in lon1 mutants during skotomorphogenesis was partially alleviated by ethylene inhibitors. Furthermore, the short root phenotype was partially ameliorated by introducing a mutation in the ethylene receptor ETR1. Interestingly, the upregulation of only a select few target genes was linked to ETR1‐mediated ethylene signalling. Together this provides multiple steps in the link between loss of Lon1 and signalling responses to restore mitochondrial protein homoeostasis in plants.
Effects of adult diet on the longevity, fecundity and ovarian development of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Authors: Pan Qinjian , Ang Yang , Shikano Ikkei
Published: July 2024

Rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is an important migratory pest in Asia. While many lepidopteran species are known to enhance adult life history by obtaining supplementary nutrition, little is known about the effects of adult diet on C. medinalis. We first examined the effects of offering five dilutions of honey solution (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) on the longevity, fecundity and ovary development of adult C. medinalis. We then compared the effects of 10% honey solution to 25% glucose solution, which was previously reported to be the best adult diet for C. medinalis. We found that adult male and female C. medinalis fed 5%–20% honey solution lived significantly longer than those fed just water. Importantly, a honey–based diet accelerated and increased ovary development and prolonged the oviposition period, leading to higher fecundity. More specifically, females fed 5%–15% honey solution had the highest fecundity, followed by 20% honey solution, and the lowest when fed only water. In addition, the oviposition rate was 100% in females fed 10% and 15% honey solution. When we compared 10% honey solution to 25% glucose solution, those fed honey solution had significantly higher estimated female performance, which is a composite measure consisting of fecundity, percentage of egg‐laying females and percentage of eggs that hatched. Overall, our findings indicate that adult diet quality significantly impacts C. medinalis performance and that using a 10%–15% honey solution is optimal for mass‐rearing under laboratory conditions.
Glycine tabacina, native to Australia, is an alternate host of Erysiphe diffusa causing powdery mildew on soybean
Authors: Kelly Lisa A. , Ahmad Aftab , Dahanayaka Buddhika A. , Dearnaley John D. W. , Vaghefi Niloofar , Kiss Levente
Published: July 2024

Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe diffusa, is an emerging pathogen in Australian soybean crops. Since its initial detection in 2012, the disease has been observed every season in soybean paddocks throughout Australia. It is not known how E. diffusa survives between soybean cropping seasons in the Australian environment. This study identified the native Glycine species, G. tabacina, as an alternate host for E. diffusa in Australia. G. tabacina specimens naturally infected with powdery mildew were collected and the pathogen was identified based on morphological characters and nrDNA ITS and MCM7 sequences. Cross‐inoculation experiments demonstrated that the E. diffusa isolates infecting G. tabacina in the field were pathogenic to soybean. This study is the first to report E. diffusa on G. tabacina in Australia. As a perennial native often found in the vicinity of the annual soybean crops, G. tabacina can easily serve as an alternate host for E. diffusa and could be an example of a host range expansion in this powdery mildew species. Weed control in soybean crops, with special attention to the removal of the native Glycine species, may be an option for powdery mildew management for Australian soybean growers.
Wie institutionelle Hürden die soziale Selektivität der Wahl verschärfen: Das Beispiel von Formfehlern bei der Briefwahl
Authors: Nyhuis Dominic , Harmening Morten , Swalve Tilko
Published: July 2024

Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Beliebtheit der Briefwahl untersucht diese Arbeit mögliche negative Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung auf die Zusammensetzung der Wählerschaft. Da die Briefwahl komplexer ist als die Urnenwahl, bestehen bei der Briefwahl mehr Fehlerquellen, die zum Ausschluss des Wahlbriefes führen können. Dabei trifft die höhere Fehleranfälligkeit der Briefwahl die Wählerschaft jedoch nicht gleichermaßen, sondern führt wahrscheinlicher zum Ausschluss von Wahlbriefen in sozial benachteiligten Wählerschichten und trägt somit zu einer Verschärfung der bestehenden sozialen Selektivität der Wahlteilnahme bei. Eine empirische Analyse von kleinräumigen Daten aus der Stadt Bremen bekräftigt diese Erwartung.
Regression estimation using surrogate responses obtained by presmoothing
Authors: Musta Eni , Patilea Valentin , Van Keilegom Ingrid
Published: July 2024

Presmoothing was initially introduced in the linear regression setting as a method to improve finite sample efficiency by replacing the response variable with a nonparametric estimate of the regression function. Since then, it has found success in various domains, including survival analysis. However, the use of presmoothing with multiple continuous covariates is challenging and undesirable in practice. Inspired by the cure regression setup, we derive a simple estimator for (semi)parametric models with many regressors based on 1‐dimensional presmoothing. The method is particularly valuable when the response variable is not directly observed. However, even when the response is available, presmoothing can enhance accuracy for small to moderate sample sizes. We present several applications of the proposed method in different settings and investigate its finite sample behavior through simulations.
The HD‐ZIP IV transcription factor GLABRA2 acts as an activator for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula seed coat
Authors: Gu Zhiqun , Zhou Xin , Li Shuangshuang , Pang Yongzhen , Xu Yiteng , Zhang Xue , Zhang Jing , Jiang Hongjiao , Lu Zhichao , Wang Hongfeng , Han Lu , Bai Shiqie , Zhou Chuanen
Published: July 2024

Proanthocyanidins (PAs), a group of flavonoids, are found in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats of many plant species. PAs are primarily composed of epicatechin units in the seed coats of the model legume species, Medicago truncatula. It can be synthesized from two separate pathways, the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (MtLAR) pathway and the anthocyanidin synthase (MtANS) pathway, which produce epicatechin through anthocyanidin reductase (MtANR). These pathways are mainly controlled by the MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) ternary complex. Here, we characterize a class IV homeodomain‐leucine zipper (HD‐ZIP IV) transcription factor, GLABRA2 (MtGL2), which contributes to PA biosynthesis in the seed coat of M. truncatula. Null mutation of MtGL2 results in dark brown seed coat, which is accompanied by reduced PAs accumulation and increased anthocyanins content. The MtGL2 gene is predominantly expressed in the seed coat during the early stages of seed development. Genetic and molecular analyses indicate that MtGL2 positively regulates PA biosynthesis by directly activating the expression of MtANR. Additionally, our results show that MtGL2 is strongly induced by the MBW activator complexes that are involved in PA biosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that MtGL2 acts as a novel positive regulator in PA biosynthesis, expanding the regulatory network and providing insights for genetic engineering of PA production.
Applications of higher‐dimensional Heegaard Floer homology to contact topology
Authors: Colin Vincent , Honda Ko , Tian Yin
Published: July 2024

The goal of this paper is to set up the general framework of higher‐dimensional Heegaard Floer homology, define the contact class, and use it to give an obstruction to the Liouville fillability of a contact manifold and a sufficient condition for the Weinstein conjecture to hold. We discuss several classes of examples including those coming from analyzing a close cousin of symplectic Khovanov homology and the analog of the Plamenevskaya invariant of transverse links.
Low-frequency non-reciprocal sound propagation features in thermoacoustic waveguide
Authors: Auriemma Fabio
Published: July 2024

Thermoacoustic waveguides are systems of hollow tubes and thermally graded porous segments that can operate as active materials where acoustic waves receive energy from an external heat source. This work demonstrates that by adjusting the pore geometry several unique low-frequency propagation features arise from the complex-valued band structure of periodic thermoacoustic waveguides that reflect into the acoustic pressure field within finite-length systems. Numerical methods have been employed to model waveguides with porous segments constituted by cylindrical inclusions (parallel pins). In periodic structures, a critical frequency emerges where the sign of the refractive index in one direction of propagation changes, thus zero- and negative-unidirectional refractive index, unidirectional energy transport, and amplification/attenuation crossover effects may take place. On the other hand, the study of the acoustic pressure field shows that, for wave packets with either direction of propagation, finite-length waveguides may behave as active acoustic metamaterials with zero- or negative-refractive index. The acoustic pressure field in the waveguide, generated by an upstream source, may exhibit increasing amplitude and phase recovery farther away from the source, mimicking the field created by a downstream source, propagating upstream in a non-active medium.
Sound amplitude of discrete bubbles entrained by an impacting water stream
Authors: Nelli Filippo , Zhu Shuang , Ooi Andrew , Manasseh Richard
Published: July 2024

Experiments were undertaken to develop a relationship between bubble size and acoustic-emission amplitude for a vertical stream of water impacting a water pool. A particular focus is the formation of the discrete bubbles. Although the relationship between bubble diameter and the natural frequency of sound emissions has been established through Minnaert's work, a comprehensive investigation into the amplitude of sound emissions is missing. Air bubbles were generated from the impact of falling-water streams of varying diameters on an underlying water pool and their acoustic emissions were recorded using a nearby hydrophone. Sound amplitude was found to increase monotonically with bubble size. A second-order polynomial relationship between logarithmic acoustic sound pressure level (L) and bubble diameter (Db) was found, L=−0.0401Db2+1.5781Db+110.7225 within the ±3 dB margin of error. The relationship between linear sound pressure level (P) and bubble diameter (Db) is expressed by the equation P=0.0059Db2+0.0505Db+0.3591, within the ±3 dB margin of error. Results demonstrate that larger bubbles (D > 4 mm) exhibit noise emissions similar to bubbles produced by other mechanisms, such as the underwater nozzle, while smaller diameters tend to produce higher noise levels compared to the same mechanism.
Mutant IDH1 inhibition induces dsDNA sensing to activate tumor immunity
Authors: Wu Meng-Ju , Kondo Hiroshi , Kammula Ashwin V. , Shi Lei , Xiao Yi , Dhiab Sofiene , Xu Qin , Slater Chloe J , Avila Omar I. , Merritt Joshua , Kato Hiroyuki , Kattel Prabhat , Sussman Jonathan , Gritti Ilaria , Eccleston Jason , Sun Yi , Cho Hyo Min , Olander Kira , Katsuda Takeshi , Shi Diana D. , Savani Milan R. , Smith Bailey C. , Cleary James M , Mostoslavsky Raul , Vijay Vindhya , Kitagawa Yosuke , Wakimoto Hiroaki , Jenkins Russell W. , Yates Kathleen B. , Paik Jihye , Tassinari Ania , Saatcioglu Duygu Hatice , Tron Adriana E. , Haas Wilhelm , Cahill Daniel , McBrayer Samuel K. , Manguso Robert T. , Bardeesy Nabeel
Published: July 2024

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
(
IDH1
) is the most commonly mutated metabolic gene across human cancers. Mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) generates the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, disrupting enzymes involved in epigenetics and other processes. A hallmark of
IDH1
-mutant solid tumors is T cell exclusion, whereas mIDH1 inhibition in preclinical models restores antitumor immunity. Here, we define a cell-autonomous mechanism of mIDH1-driven immune evasion.
IDH1
-mutant solid tumors show selective hypermethylation and silencing of the cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor
CGAS
, compromising innate immune signaling. mIDH1 inhibition restores DNA demethylation, derepressing
CGAS
and transposable element (TE) subclasses. dsDNA produced by TE-reverse transcriptase (TE-RT) activates cGAS, triggering viral mimicry and stimulating antitumor immunity. In summary, we demonstrate that mIDH1 epigenetically suppresses innate immunity and link endogenous RT activity to the mechanism of action of a US Food and Drug Administration–approved oncology drug.
A crystal capping layer for formation of black-phase FAPbI
3
perovskite in humid air
Authors: Zou Yu , Yu Wenjin , Guo Haoqing , Li Qizhi , Li Xiangdong , Li Liang , Liu Yueli , Wang Hantao , Tang Zhenyu , Yang Shuang , Chen Yanrun , Qu Bo , Gao Yunan , Chen Zhijian , Wang Shufeng , Zhang Dongdong , Chen Yihua , Chen Qi , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Peng Yingying , Zhou Huanping , Gong Qihuang , Wei Mingyang , Grätzel Michael , Xiao Lixin
Published: July 2024

Black-phase formamidinium lead iodide (α-FAPbI
3
) perovskites are the desired phase for photovoltaic applications, but water can trigger formation of photoinactive impurity phases such as δ-FAPbI
3
. We show that the classic solvent system for perovskite fabrication exacerbates this reproducibility challenge. The conventional coordinative solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) promoted δ-FAPbI
3
formation under high relative humidity (RH) conditions because of its hygroscopic nature. We introduced chlorine-containing organic molecules to form a capping layer that blocked moisture penetration while preserving DMSO-based complexes to regulate crystal growth. We report power conversion efficiencies of >24.5% for perovskite solar cells fabricated across an RH range of 20 to 60%, and 23.4% at 80% RH. The unencapsulated device retained 96% of its initial performance in air (with 40 to 60% RH) after 500-hour maximum power point operation.
Adaptive fungal invasion of bat cells
Authors: Vargas-Muñiz José M.
Published: July 2024

A fungus uses different cell entry strategies, depending on its host’s hibernation status
Complete genome sequences of
Thermus thermophilus
strains isolated from Shirahama Hot Spring in Japan
Authors: Takafuji Yuki , Fischer Tim , Miyazaki Kentaro , Honda Kohsuke
Published: July 2024

We isolated six
Thermus thermophilus
strains from Shirahama Hot Spring in Japan. Complete genome sequences, determined by combining Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read sequence data, revealed that they showed >99.9% average nucleotide identities with each other and approximately 97% to the genome of the type strain HB8
T
.