bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The corrosion behavior of chromated AA2024 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution
Authors: Zhou Yong , Zhang Pei , Xiong Jinping , Yan Fuan
Published: September 2019

Purpose

A chromate conversion coating was prepared on the surface of bare AA2024 aluminum alloy by direct immersion in the chromating treatment bath, and the corrosion behavior of chromated AA2024 aluminum alloy in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution was studied by electrochemical measurement and microstructural observation.

Design/methodology/approach

According to the polarization curve test and the scanning electron microscope observation, the corrosion evolution of chromated AA2024 in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution was divided into the following three stages: coating failure, pitting corrosion and intergranular corrosion (IGC).

Findings

In the first stage, the chromate coating degraded gradually due to the combined action of chloride anions and water molecules, resulting in the complete exposure of AA2024 substrate to 3.5 per cent NaCl solution. Subsequently, in the second stage, chloride anions adsorbed at the sites of θ phase (Al2Cu) and S phase (Al2CuMg) on the AA2024 surface preferentially, and some corrosion pits initiated at the above two sites and propagated towards the deep of crystal grains. However, the propagation of a pit terminated when the pit front arrived at the adjacent grain boundary, where the initiation of IGC occurred.

Originality/value

Finally, in the third stage, the corrosion proceeded along the continuous grain boundary net and penetrated the internal of AA2024 substrate, resulting in the propagation of IGC. The related corrosion mechanisms for the bare and the chromated AA2024 were also discussed.
The ecosystem of drivers for electronic procurement adoption for construction project procurement
Authors: Yevu Sitsofe Kwame , Yu Ann Tit Wan
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a review of research developments on the ecosystem of driving forces for electronic procurement (e-procurement) on project procurement and to propose directions for future research for an effective adoption and sustained usage.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review was conducted in three phases to identify and examine literature. A total of 68 papers were retrieved and were thoroughly reviewed to identify the drivers for e-procurement.

Findings

A total of 61 drivers were identified and subsequently developed into a categorization framework for synthesized understanding which reveals existing interrelationships. Although literature has consensus on some selected drivers, few studies have identified drivers relating to sustainability. Gaps were identified from the existing literature and directions for future research were proposed.

Research limitations/implications

Since this is a literature review, future research could conduct further investigations focusing on the research gaps identified. The framework developed presents a basis for further research to explore the drivers in various socio-economic environments.

Practical implications

This study provides valuable insights for improving the understanding of practitioners on the complex network of drivers for e-procurement. These findings stimulate discussions on benefits required for assessment in e-procurement adoption by practitioners.

Originality/value

This study provides the first comprehensive review of the drivers for e-procurement adoption in the construction industry, which was lacking in the existing body of knowledge.
Ways to improve the project management efficiency in a centralized public procurement system
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Jing , Zuo Jian , Rameezdeen Raufdeen
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate driving factors that improve the project management efficiency (PME) in centralized public procurement systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Employees in four public-sector organizations in China were surveyed. The structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationship amongst those variables.

Findings

Organizational culture (OC) is an effective method to improve PME, and employee quality is the most critical factor of OC in this system. Job satisfaction (JS) is another significant contributor to PME and satisfaction with fairness of salary in this system being the key factor of JS. Job analysis (JA) has indirect influence on PME through JS and OC, whereas the job structure in this system is the most critical factor for JA.

Practical implications

An operational way to improve PME is to implement it from the perspectives of employee, organization and technique. At the organizational level, it is imperative to strengthen the OC by a well-structured recruitment system and to improve PME via well-design training. At the person level, both financial (i.e. income and welfare) and career incentives (i.e. promotion opportunities and a sense of belonging) are proposed to achieve employees’ JS to improve PME. At the technique level, JA approach (i.e. job rotation) is recommended to enlarge the positive influence of OC and JS on PME. These can not only ensure the management professionalism in a centralized public procurement system but can also motivate employees and maximize PME.

Originality/value

PME in a centralized public procurement system will be improved by addressing these key factors and their interrelationships. This provides detailed pathways for the centralized public procurement system to achieve better PME via optimal OC and JS and reasonable JA in China. In addition, the institutional and administrative traditions may vary significantly across cities, regions and countries. Therefore, such contextual differences should be taken into consideration for the improvement of PME in a centralized public procurement system.
Modeling of macrosegregation benchmarks using a stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme
Authors: Chen Kangxin , Shen Houfa
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to simulate two macrosegregation benchmarks with a newly developed stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme.

Design/methodology/approach

A streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) stabilized finite element algorithm is developed for the coupled conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species. A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is proposed to solve the convection flow during solidification. An analytically derived enthalpy method is adopted to solve the energy conservation equation. The nonlinearities of the energy and species equations are tackled by Newton–Raphson method. Two macrosegregation benchmarks considering the solidification of an Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy and a Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy are simulated.

Findings

A very good agreement is achieved by comparison with the classical finite volume method and a novel meshless method for the Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy solidification benchmark. Moreover, a unique reference numerical solution has been obtained. Besides, it is demonstrated that the stabilized finite element algorithm can capture the flow instability and channel segregation during solidification of the Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy.

Originality/value

A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is adopted to develop robust stabilized finite element algorithm for the macrosegregation model. A new enthalpy formulation for heat transfer problems with phase change is derived analytically.
An overview of faba bean: utilisation of husks in natural dyeing
Authors: Erdem Ismal Özlenen , Yıldırım Leyla
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the potential use of faba bean husk as natural dye, to create a color gamut and to observe the effect of different mordants. Dyeing properties of polyamide/elastane fabric using faba been husk were investigated. The effect of alum [KAl(SO4)2], iron II sulfate Fe(SO4)7H2O, tin II chloride (SnCI22H2O), copper II sulfate (CuSO4), citric acid (C6H8O7), tartaric acid (C4H6O6), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2), combination of alum-iron, iron-tin and alum-tin were evaluated in terms of color yield, color coordinates and wash fastness.

Design/methodology/approach

Mainly, dyeings were conducted in accordance with a simultaneous mordanting method. However, pre-mordanted dyeings were also implemented with selected concentration (0.8 g/L) of metallic mordants to enrich color gamut. Control sample (without mordant) was used as a reference for examining the effect of different mordants. Dyed samples were compared mutually in the light of visual evaluation and color measurements and alternatives to metallic mordants were also assessed.

Findings

Significant differences occurred in color coordinates of dyed samples. The biggest color difference and completely different color shades were achieved with tin II chloride. The type of acid did not create visible color differences. As alternatives to metallic mordants; all of them may be used instead of alum (0.8 g/L). Tartaric acid and oxalic acid, instead of iron II sulfate (0.2 g/L), and ammonium sulfate (0.2 g/L) and sodium acetate (0.8 g/L), instead of alum (0.8 g/L), can be used. Sodium acetate cannot be replaced with iron. A combination of alum-iron and iron-tin can be the alternative to 0.2 and 0.8 g/L copper, respectively. All the samples provided good wash fastness (4/5) values.

Originality/value

Valorization of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes as novel natural dye sources is an ecological and sustainable approach. Moreover, the use of man-made fibers in natural dyeing is an issue that needs to be developed and expanded. Few literatures have been found concerning the use of husks of faba bean as a natural colorant. In this initial study, husks of faba been as a vegetable waste were utilized in natural dyeing of polyamide/elastane fabric. It is suggested that this waste can be turned into an economic value through its valorization in natural dyeing.
Comparing factors that influence learning management systems use on computers and on mobile
Authors: Hu Xiao , Lai Chun
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Learning management systems (LMSs) have been embraced for their potential to create a ubiquitous learning that is free from time and space constraints. Mobile devices afford enhanced mobility that enables flexible learning with LMSs. Thus, understanding students’ use of mobile devices to interact with LMSs and the influencing factors is essential. This paper aims to examine the factors that influenced students’ behavioural intention in using Web-based LMSs via mobile phones and compared the factors with those that affect students’ general acceptance of Web-based LMSs.

Design/methodology/approach

This study surveyed 356 university students and interviewed 17 students on the various factors that might affect their LMS adoption. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the survey data.

Findings

This study identified that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence and facilitating conditions were significant determinants of students’ usage intention in both contexts. However, social factors exerted greater influence on students’ behavioural intentions of mobile access than the attitudinal factors. The results also pinpointed some sociocultural and tempo-spatial factors that might have minimized the influence of perceived usefulness in the mobile context.

Originality/value

The study calls for special attention to the potential influences of sociocultural norms and tempo-spatial circumstances of mobile use in shaping the nature of learners’ voluntary mobile use of LMSs.
Implementation of technology innovation in MSMEs in India
Authors: Singh Davinder
Published: September 2019

Purpose

In the present age of globalization, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are consistently causative to productivity growth and, consequently, competitiveness and aggregate economic growth by providing the training opportunities, basic services and are believed to be especially effective job creators and enjoy the reputation of being sources of income. But technological progressions have increased greatly, the competition impelled by the globalization of the world economies and even MSMEs are no more protected to the challenges that the globalization brings about. It is a remarkable, and in certain instances, a worrying situation because MSMEs play an important role in most economies, including in India, in that they comprise the largest business block and offer the bulk of employment. The purpose of this paper is to assess the status of problems faced by MSMEs and study the technology innovation implementation (TII) dimensions in the selected small firms in the Northern region in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology used for this study is a combination of literature review, expert opinion, comparative case study and a flexible systems methodology, SWOT and situation-actor-process-learning-action-performance analysis. Longitudinal studies of technology innovation at the two small firms have been conducted, and the case analysis and synthesis have been developed based on important inputs and insights shared by key personnel in the select firms.

Findings

The study finds that two different firms have faced similar kind of challenges in this competitive environment. Also the findings suggest that an effective TII can contribute to enhance manufacturing performance in MSMEs in India.

Originality/value

The research presents a better understanding of the problems that are preventing the successful implementation of technology innovation in small firms. Further, the two cases provide valuable insights into TII dimensions in two firms and highlight the methodology to be adopted by the companies toward their manufacturing performance enhancement.
eDNA surveys to detect species at very low densities: A case study of European carp eradication in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Furlan Elise M. , Gleeson Dianne , Wisniewski Chris , Yick Jonah , Duncan Richard P.
Published: September 2019

Eradications of invasive species are usually expensive and difficult to conduct. Knowing when to declare an eradication successful requires distinguishing between failed detection of the target species due to imperfect sensitivity of the detection method and true species absence. This is difficult because the sensitivities of many detection methods are unknown.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods can be used to detect species by analysing DNA present in environmental samples. eDNA has been promoted as a particularly sensitive and cost‐effective way to detect species at low densities and, importantly, the sensitivity of eDNA surveys can be quantified. Nevertheless, the effort and costs involved in detecting species at extremely low densities, such as required during eradication, have not been previously calculated.

We evaluated the sensitivity of eDNA surveys in detecting the invasive European carp, Cyprinus carpio, in two lakes in Tasmania, Australia, one in which carp have been eradicated and a second in which carp are currently being eradicated. We determined the sampling effort and associated cost required to detect the species at very low density in these lakes.

While our eDNA survey detected the current low density carp population present in Lake Sorell, we show that an exponential increase in sampling effort and associated cost will be required to confidently detect the species as the population declines. Similarly, while our eDNA survey corroborated the species absence from Lake Crescent, our detection confidence was low. We quantify the survey effort and financial investment required to confidently establish eradication success in Lake Crescent.

Synthesis and applications. Estimating the environmental DNA (eDNA) survey effort and cost required to detect species at a given density will enable practitioners to make informed decisions on the feasibility of implementing such surveys. Quantifying the sensitivity of eDNA surveys will also inform the confidence practitioners should place in eDNA detection results to ensure appropriate management actions are implemented and provide a suitable stopping point at which to confidently declare eradication success.
Recent Ogallala Aquifer Region Drought Conditions as Observed by Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies from GRACE
Authors: Zhang Yongjun , Lin Xiaomao , Gowda Prasanna , Brown David , Zambreski Zachary , Kutikoff Seth
Published: September 2019

Recent severe drought events have occurred over the Ogallala Aquifer region (OAR) during the period 2011–2015, creating significant impacts on water resources and their use in regional environmental and economic systems. The changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS), as indicated by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), reveals a detailed picture of the temporal and spatial evolution of drought events. The observations by GRACE indicate the worst drought conditions occurred in September 2012, with an average TWS deficit of ~8 cm in the northern OAR and ~11 cm in the southern OAR, consistent with precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project. Comparing changes in TWS with precipitation shows the TWS changes can be predominantly attributable to variations in precipitation. Power spectrum and squared wavelet coherence analysis indicate a significant correlation between TWS change and the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation, and the influence of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures on TWS change is much stronger in the southern OAR than the northern OAR. The results of this study illustrate the value of GRACE in not just the diagnosis of significant drought events, but also in possibly improving the predictive power of remote signals that are impacted by nonregional climatic events (El Nino), ultimately leading to improved water resource management applications on a regional scale. Editor’s note: This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.
The effect of undetected recombination on genealogy sampling and inference under an isolation‐with‐migration model
Authors: Hey Jody , Wang Katherine
Published: September 2019

Many methods for fitting demographic models to data sets of aligned sequences rely upon an assumption that the data have a branching coalescent history without recombination within regions or loci. To mitigate the effects of the failure of this assumption, a common approach is to filter data and sample regions that pass the four‐gamete criterion for recombination, an approach that allows data to run, but that is expected to detect only a minority of recombination events. A series of empirical tests of this approach were conducted using computer simulations with and without recombination for a variety of isolation‐with‐migration (IM) model for two and three populations. Only the IMa3 program was used, but the general results should apply to related genealogy‐sampling‐based methods for IM models or subsets of IM models. It was found that the details of sampling intervals that pass a four‐gamete filter have a moderate effect, and that schemes that use the longest intervals, or that use overlapping intervals, gave poorer results. A simple approach of using a random nonoverlapping interval returned the smallest difference between results with and without recombination, with the mean difference between parameter estimates usually less than 20% of the true value (usually much less). However, the posterior probability distributions for migration rates were flatter with recombination, suggesting that filtering based on the four‐gamete criterion, while necessary for methods like these, leads to reduced resolution on migration. A distinct, alternative approach, of using a finite sites mutation model and not filtering the data, performed quite poorly.
Evaluation of the smartphone for measurement of femoral rotational deformity
Authors: Shen Yi‐Fan , Huang Jing‐Huan , Li Xiao‐Lin , Gao Hong
Published: September 2019

Background

A novel measurement technique has been designed to assess femoral rotation deformation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate smartphone‐aided measurement, including measurement software, intra‐observer differences and the occurrence frequency of the unacceptable outliers.

Methods

Five positions (intact bone, external and internal rotations of 20° and 40° of the distal blocks after dividing the femoral shafts using a saw) were used in each of the five artificial femora. Guide wires were separately inserted into the proximal and distal ends of the model femora with a navigation system and the intersection angles between the guide wires were measured with a smartphone. The values obtained by two measurement software packages (Smart Tools and Super Swiss Army Knife) were compared with that measured on the overlapped computed tomography images.

Results

There were no significant differences between the intersection angles measured by smartphone and that measured on the overlapped images (P = 0.24). The mean absolute difference between pairs of measurements of the two software packages for all guide wire angles was 2.33 ± 2.34°, without statistically significant difference (P = 0.33). There was a significant correlation (r = 0.99) between the first and second (1 week apart) measurements with the same measurement tool. The values of offset capability index of the Smart Tools and the Super Swiss Army Knife measurement tools were 1.62 and 1.13, respectively.

Conclusion

Smartphone‐aided measurement technique could reliably assess femoral rotation deformation with more accurate angle measurement for software with zero calibration function.
Biomechanical performance of an intramedullary Echidna pin for fixation of comminuted mid‐shaft clavicle fractures
Authors: Sidhu Navjit , Huntington Lachlan S. , Richardson Martin , Ackland David C.
Published: September 2019

Background

Surgical fixation of comminuted mid‐shaft clavicle fractures commonly employs intramedullary devices; however, pins with smooth surfaces are prone to migration, whilst threaded pins can be challenging to remove post‐operatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of fractured clavicles repaired using a novel intramedullary Echidna pin device and a non‐threaded Knowles pin. The Echidna pin features retractable spines that engage with the bone to minimize migration and facilitate ease of device removal.

Methods

A total of 28 cadaveric clavicle specimens were harvested and a mid‐shaft wedge‐shaped osteotomy was performed to simulate a comminuted butterfly fragment. Specimens were allocated randomly to either the Echidna pin or Knowles pin fracture repair groups. Following surgery, eight specimens in each group underwent 200 cycles of four‐point bending, whilst six specimens in each group underwent torsional testing and pull‐out. Cyclic construct bending stiffness, torsional stiffness and ultimate strength were recorded.

Results

Echidna pin intramedullary repair constructs showed significantly greater bending stiffness (mean difference 0.55 N.m/°, 95% confidence interval −0.96, −0.14, P = 0.01) and pull‐out strength (mean difference 146.03 N, 95% confidence interval 29.14, 262.92, P = 0.019) in comparison to Knowles pin constructs. There was no significant difference in torsional stiffness between Echidna pin and Knowles pin repair constructs (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The intramedullary Echidna pin device, which exhibits greater bending strength and pull‐out strength than that of the Knowles pin, may produce a more stable clavicle fracture reduction compared to that of commercially available threadless intramedullary pins.
Modifiable risk factors for multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative infection in critically ill burn patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vickers Mark L. , Malacova Eva , Milinovich Gabriel J. , Harris Patrick , Eriksson Lars , Dulhunty Joel M. , Cotta Menino O.
Published: September 2019

Background

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative colonization or infection in critically ill burn patients.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and Central (Cochrane). Risk factors including antibiotic use and hospital interventions were summarized in a random‐effects meta‐analysis. Risk of publication bias was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation method and funnel plots.

Results

A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified several potentially modifiable risk factors and were able to grade their importance based on effect size. Related to prior antibiotic exposure, extended‐spectrum cephalosporins (pooled odds ratio (OR) 7.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.77–17.67), carbapenems (pooled OR 6.65, 95% CI 3.49–12.69), anti‐pseudomonal penicillins (pooled OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.23–14.61) and aminoglycosides (pooled OR 4.20, 95% CI 2.10–8.39) were most significant. Related to hospital intervention, urinary catheters (pooled OR 11.76, 95% CI 5.03–27.51), arterial catheters (pooled OR 8.99, 95% CI 3.84–21.04), mechanical ventilation (pooled OR 5.49, 95% CI 2.59–11.63), central venous catheters (pooled OR 4.26, 95% CI 1.03–17.59), transfusion or blood product administration (pooled OR 4.19, 95% CI 1.48–11.89) and hydrotherapy (pooled OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.64–6.63) were most significant.

Conclusion

Prior exposure to extended‐spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems, as well as the use of urinary catheters and arterial catheters pose the greatest threat for infection or colonization with multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative organisms in the critically ill burn patient population.
Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy by a dedicated emergency surgical unit confers excellent outcomes in acute cholecystitis presenting beyond 72 hours
Authors: Chia Clement L. K. , Lu Junde , Goh Serene S. N. , Lee Daniel J. K. , Rao Anil D. , Lim Woan Wui , Tan Kok‐Yang , Goo Jerry T. T.
Published: September 2019

Background

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) within 72 h of symptom onset is preferred for management of acute cholecystitis (AC). Beyond 72 h, acute‐on‐chronic fibrosis sets in rendering surgery challenging. This study aims to compare the outcomes of ELC for AC within and beyond 72 h of symptom onset by a dedicated acute surgical unit.

Methods

This is a single‐centre retrospective study of 217 patients with AC who underwent ELC by an acute surgical unit from January 2017 to August 2018. Outcomes collected include post‐operative morbidity, length of hospitalization and operation duration. A subgroup analysis for the same outcomes was performed for elderly patients.

Results

Of the 217 patients, 88 were operated within 72 h of symptom onset while 129 were operated beyond 72 h. Twenty‐six patients received ELC after 7 days. There was no occurrence of bile duct injury. There was no statistical difference in conversion rates, wound infections and post‐operative collections. Patients receiving ELC beyond 72 h had longer duration of operation (125.4 versus 116 min,P= 0.035) and length of hospitalization (4.59 versus 3.09 days,P= 0.001) without increase in morbidity. Patients older than 75 years had a higher incidence of post‐operative collection (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with AC undergoing ELC by a dedicated acute surgical unit can have good outcomes even beyond 72 h of symptom onset. Meticulous haemostasis should be performed for the elderly subgroup of patients.
Mothers' perspectives of the experience and impact of caring for their child with a life‐limiting neurodevelopmental disability
Authors: Courtney E. , Kiernan G. , Guerin S. , Ryan K. , McQuillan R.
Published: September 2019

Background

This study explored mothers' perspectives of the experiences and impact on themselves and their family when their child has a life‐limiting neurodevelopmental disability.

Methods

Twelve mothers were interviewed and topics included mothers' experiences of caring, the impact on themselves and their family of care provision, and the management of day‐to‐day life. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Four themes were identified. “Starting Out” relates to mothers' experiences of the birth of their child and the aftermath. “Keeping the Show on the Road” describes the strategies families employ to manage life day to day and the resources they use. “Shouldering the Burden” describes the range of physical, psychological, and social consequences of the situation for mothers and the family. “The Bigger Picture” relates to the world outside the family and how this is navigated.

Conclusions

Findings suggest mothers' overall experiences are characterized by a constant struggle, with evidence of negative impacts on family life, though there is also evidence of resilience and coping. Implications regarding the provision of services are discussed.
Inferring Mental States From Dynamic Faces in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights From Eye Tracking
Authors: Back Elisa
Published: September 2019

There is mixed evidence concerning whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can infer mental states from the eyes. This study aims to elucidate whether they use less efficient strategies. Sixteen adolescents with ASD (11–16 year olds) were compared to a chronological age‐ and IQ‐matched sample of 16 typically developing (TD) adolescents. Eight mental states were presented as full dynamic faces and in conditions altering the presence of expressive dynamic information from the eyes and mouth. Bayes factors revealed that adolescents with ASD had similar accuracy, response times (less conclusive), and fixations to TD adolescents. Findings imply that adolescents with ASD spontaneously fixate on the eyes, and not all individuals with ASD have difficulties inferring mental states from faces.
Long bone failure after intraosseous regional perfusion
Authors: Slack‐Smith V. , Davies H. M. S. , Hilbert B. J.
Published: September 2019

A 5‐year‐old Australian Stock Horse gelding was initially referred to the Charles Sturt University Veterinary Clinical Centre (CSUVCC) for assessment of a penetrating laceration over the medial splint bone (second metacarpal bone) of the left foreleg. Clinical examination failed to reveal a communication with a synovial structure, but radiographs showed a palisading bone reaction on the proximal aspect of the medial splint bone which was thought to be a characteristic of infection. Soft tissue swelling precluded access to a peripheral vein, so a decision was made to use intraosseous regional limb perfusion. This was achieved through an access portal in the lateral diaphysis of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). Subsequently, the horse developed lameness and further investigation revealed a nondisplaced longitudinal fracture of McIII propagating from the intraosseous regional perfusion access portal.
A new weight function for one‐dimensional subsurface cracks under general loading
Authors: Abdoli Ali , Khezri Jamal , Alizadeh Kaklar Javad
Published: September 2019

In the present study, weight functions (WFs) of a subsurface crack were derived by proposing a new general form for approximate one‐dimensional WF. The WFs coefficients were considered as a function of crack length to depth ratio and were obtained using reference stress intensity factors (SIFs) of 16 cracks under uniform, linear, and parabolic normal and shearing loadings. The verification was performed by comparison of the straight and coupled SIFs calculated by WF and finite element modelling under some complicated loadings. In conclusion, the WFs can be simply and effectively employed for evaluating the cracks under any complex stress distributions.
A changed post‐flood management strategy enables the culture‐based fishery of the Liangzi Lake, Yangtze River Basin, China, to remain economically and environmentally viable
Authors: Wang Qidong , Li Zhongjie , Lin Mingli , Ye Shaowe , Li Wei , Guo Chuanbo , Huang Geng , Yuan Jing , Liu Jiashou , De Silva Sena S.
Published: September 2019

The culture‐based fishery of Liangzi Lake, Yangtze River Basin, established in 1992, yielded 2,652 t/year (±167) between 2005 and 2015, dominated by stocked carps [Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson)] and mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Milne Edwards), accounting for 53% and 23% of the production and 20% and 52% in value, respectively. The lake had a macrophyte cover dominated by Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara with a cumulative biomass of 10,647 g/m2 that disappeared after a major flood in 2010 and changed its ecology. Management changes in stocking strategies introduced in the post‐flood period enabled the culture‐based fishery to maintain viability and sustainability to combat the major ecological change in the lake. The stocked species contributed significantly to nutrient removal of 24.71 ± 5.12 t/yr and 6.29 ± 0.87 t/yr of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively.
Recognition of the microbiota by Nod2 contributes to the oral adjuvant activity of cholera toxin through the induction of interleukin‐1β
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Kim Yu‐Mi , Kim Wan‐Uk , Park Jong‐Hwan , Núñez Gabriel , Seo Sang‐Uk
Published: September 2019

The role of symbiotic bacteria in the development of antigen‐specific immunity remains poorly understood. Previous studies showed that sensing of symbiotic bacteria by nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 (Nod2) regulates antibody responses in response to nasal immunization with antigen and cholera toxin (CT). In this study, we examined the role of the microbiota in the adjuvant activity of CT induced after oral immunization with antigen. Germ‐free (GF) mice showed impaired production of antibody responses and T‐cell‐specific cytokines after oral immunization when compared with that observed in conventionally raised mice. Similar to GF mice, Nod2‐deficient mice showed reduced humoral responses upon oral immunization with antigen and CT. Treatment with CT enhanced the production of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), but not tumor necrosis factor‐α or IL‐12p40, induced by stimulation of dendritic cells with muramyl dipeptide, the Nod2 ligand. Mechanistically, the enhanced production of IL‐1β induced by muramyl dipeptide and CT stimulation required Nod2 and was mediated by both increased synthesis of pro‐IL‐1β and caspase‐1 activation. Furthermore, antigen‐specific antibody and cytokine responses induced by CT were impaired in orally immunized IL‐1β‐deficient mice. Collectively, our results indicate that Nod2 stimulation by symbiotic bacteria contributes to optimal CT‐mediated antigen‐specific oral vaccination through the induction of IL‐1β production.
In vitro responses of multiple cytokines to purified protein derivative in healthy and naturally Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Min Fangui , Wang Jing , Huang Shuwu , Pan Jinchun , Zhang Lan
Published: September 2019

Background

As the widely used biomarker of whole‐blood stimulation assays for tuberculosis diagnosis, the release of IFN‐γ might be affected by multiple factors, such as immunosuppression and some infectious agents. Here, we evaluated additional cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers.

Methods

Forty‐three cytokines were measured by Luminex xMAP technologies in 30 healthy and 10 naturally Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)‐infected rhesus monkeys pre‐ and post‐stimulation by purified protein derivative (PPD).

Results

After stimulation, production of 23 and 38 cytokines was markedly increased in healthy and MTB‐infected macaques, respectively. A comparison of the stimulation index (SI) between MTB infections and healthy macaques showed that the SIs of 32 cytokines in MTB‐infected macaques were significantly higher than those in healthy macaques. Pooling the results, eight cytokines were suggested as ideal biomarkers for a whole‐blood stimulation assay for MTB diagnosis.

Conclusion

PPD could induce multiple cytokine responses in either healthy or MTB‐infected monkeys, and eight cytokines had reliable predictive capacity as diagnostic biomarkers of MTB infection.
Spontaneous resolution of prenatally diagnosed isolated pleural effusion: An unusual early sign of a newborn disease
Authors: Kajdy Anna , Materny Anna , Modzelewski Jan , Baszczeska Jolanta , Rabijewski Michał , Szymkiewicz‐Dangel Joanna
Published: September 2019

We present a case report of a fetus with a diagnosed pleural effusion in the first trimester on nuchal translucency scan. The effusion resolved spontaneously by 17 weeks of pregnancy. Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH) – negative. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) – normal. Serial Doppler scans normal – no prenatal signs of anemia. Maternal antibodies against red cell antigens – negative. Delivery at term by cesarean section because of macrosomia. Neonate suffered from prolonged jaundice. At 3 weeks of life diagnosed with hereditary spherocytosis. Literature review shows that this may be the first connection between this disease and prenatal life.
Methadone versus morphine treatment outcomes in neonatal abstinence syndrome: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiao Feifan , Yan Kai , Zhou Wenhao
Published: September 2019

Aim

To determine whether morphine has better outcomes for neonatal abstinence syndrome treatment than methadone.

Methods

Studies published before 1 January 2019 were identified using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the risk of bias for randomised clinical trials. In addition, the risk of bias for non‐randomised studies was evaluated by a non‐randomised studies of interventions tool.

Results

We identified 1020 published studies, and 5 were included in the final analysis. Results showed no significant difference in opioid treatment days (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.16, 0.80), length of hospital stay (SMD = −0.33, 95% CI = −1.21, 0.56) and duration of treatment (SMD = −0.83 95% CI = −2.09, 0.43) between morphine or methadone treatment.

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis of current evidence demonstrated that neonatal abstinence syndrome treatment with morphine was not associated with better outcomes in infants compared with methadone treatment.
Recommendations on terminology and experimental best practice associated with plant nitric oxide research
Authors: Gupta Kapuganti Jagadis , Hancock John T. , Petrivalsky Marek , Kolbert Zsuzsanna , Lindermayr Christian , Durner Jorg , Barroso Juan B. , Palma José M. , Brouquisse Renaud , Wendehenne David , Corpas Francisco J. , Loake Gary J.
Published: September 2019

Nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a key signal molecule in plants. During the last two decades impressive progress has been made in plant NO research. This small, redox‐active molecule is now known to play an important role in plant immunity, stress responses, environmental interactions, plant growth and development. To more accurately and robustly establish the full spectrum of NO bioactivity in plants, it will be essential to apply methodological best practice. In addition, there are some instances of conflicting nomenclature within the field, which would benefit from standardization. In this context, we attempt to provide some helpful guidance for best practice associated with NO research and also suggestions for the cognate terminology.
A Hybrid PSO-ANFIS Approach for Horizontal Solar Radiation Prediction in Nigeria
Authors: Salisu Sani , Mustafa Mohd Wazir , Mustapha Mamunu , Mohammed Olatunji Obalowu
Published: September 2019

For efficient and reliable hydrogen production via solar photovoltaic system, it is important to obtain accurate solar radiation data. Though there are equipment specifically designed for solar radiation prediction but are very expensive and have high maintenance cost that most countries like Nigeria are unable to purchase. In this study, the accuracy of a hybrid PSO-ANFIS method is examined to predict horizontal solar radiation in Nigeria. The prediction is done based on the available meteorological data obtained from NIMET Nigeria. The meteorological data used for this study are monthly mean minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours, which serves as inputs to the developed model. The model accuracy is evaluated using two statistical indicators Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of determination (R²). The accuracy of the proposed model is validated using ANFIS, GA-ANFIS models and other literatures. Based on the statistical parameters used for the model evaluation, the results obtained proves PSO-ANFIS as a good model for predicting solar radiation with the values of RMSE=0.68318, R²=0.9065 at the training stage and RMSE=1.3838, R²=0.8058 at the testing stage. This proves the potentiality of PSO-ANFIS technique for accurate solar radiation prediction
Miniturize Flexible RFID Antenna Design using Metamaterial Structure
Authors: Dulkarim Nur Rabihah , Mohd Yusoff Mohd Fairus , Johari Zaharah
Published: September 2019

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the application of electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags that attached on the objects. It transmits or reads the radio frequency waves in the system. However, due to rapid development of technology in telecommunication, a much more smaller and flexible device is needed. Therefore, in this paper, a new design of flexible RFID antenna using metamaterial structure has been proposed. At first, the basic rectangular microstrip patch antenna with resonant frequency of 900MHz is designed. Then, the CSRR metamaterial structure is introduced at the ground plane to reduce the size of the antenna while the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material is being use as the antenna substrate for flexibility. All the simulation designs were done using CST software. The antenna performances such as resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern, gain and bandwidth are then be analyzed and presented. The results show good performances and can be applied for future application.
Study of Temperature Effects on Economic Performance of CO2 Enhanced Shale Gas Recovery
Authors: Sui Hao , Pei Peng , Su Qian , Ding Weige , Mao Ruiyong
Published: September 2019

CO2 displacement has been proposed to enhance shale gas recovery and unlock a big potential market for CO2 beneficial utilization. Theoretically, gas adsorption is inversely related to the temperature, so gas can be desorbed by elevating the temperature. This paper investigates the economic performance of enhancing shale gas recovery by injecting CO2 at high temperatures through displacement as well as desorption by rising temperatures. Influences of operation temperature and injection pressure were studied for three potential shale plays in China. Study results show that both factors exerted obvious impacts, and CO2 procurement was the largest cost component. It is found that the net revenue was not always proportional to the operation temperature, but more controlled by the injection–production ratio. This is because of the different temperature impacts to the various patterns of adsorbed CH4 and CO2 contents. Consequently, in some cases, more CO2 is needed to displace CH4 when operation temperature is raised, resulting a higher cost. The modeling results demonstrate that based on the adsorption characters of reservoirs, the productivity and profitability of CO2 enhanced gas recovery can be further improved by choosing appropriate operation temperatures.
REVIEWS OF ACOUSTICAL PATENTS
Authors: Fulop Sean A.
Published: September 2019

The purpose of these acoustical patent reviews is to provide enough information for a Journal reader to decide whether to seek more information from the patent itself. Any opinions expressed here are those of the reviewers as individuals and are not legal opinions. Patents are available via the internet at the USPTO website, and also using Google Patents.
Geography of loss
Authors: Weiland Meagan
Published: September 2019

Infographics explore worldwide data on suicide, including U.S. trends and the many countries making improvements.
Comment on “Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico”
Authors: Ballard Tristan C. , Michalak Anna M. , McIsaac Gregory F. , Rabalais Nancy N. , Turner R. Eugene
Published: September 2019

Van Meter
et al
. (Reports, 27 April 2018, p. 427) warn that achieving nitrogen reduction goals in the Gulf of Mexico will take decades as a result of legacy nitrogen effects. We discuss limitations of the modeling approach and demonstrate that legacy effects ranging from a few years to decades are equally consistent with observations. The presented time scales for system recovery are therefore highly uncertain.
Broad and Effective Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Is Elicited by a Multivalent Vaccine Formulated with Novel Antigens
Authors: Deng Jian , Wang Xiaolei , Zhang Bao-Zhong , Gao Peng , Lin Qiubin , Kao Richard Yi-Tsun , Gustafsson Kenth , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Huang Jian-Dong
Published: September 2019

Staphylococcus aureus
infections, especially MRSA infections, are becoming a major global health issue and are resulting in mortality rates that are increasing every year. However, an effective vaccine is lacking due to the complexity of the infection process of
S. aureus
. In this study, we found that the addition of two novel protein components to three well-studied vaccine candidates significantly improved the efficacy of the combined vaccine. Furthermore, the five-component vaccine not only elicits a robust antibody response but also induces cytokine secretion by T cells, making it a promising vaccine candidate to fill the void.
Deletion of a Single LeishIF4E-3 Allele by the CRISPR-Cas9 System Alters Cell Morphology and Infectivity of
Leishmania
Authors: Shrivastava Rohit , Tupperwar Nitin , Drory-Retwitzer Matan , Shapira Michal
Published: September 2019

Leishmania
species are the causative agents of a spectrum of diseases. Available drug treatment is toxic and expensive, with drug resistance a growing concern.
Leishmania
parasites migrate between transmitting sand flies and mammalian hosts, experiencing unfavorable extreme conditions. The parasites therefore developed unique mechanisms for promoting a stage-specific program for gene expression, with translation playing a central role. There are six paralogs of the cap-binding protein eIF4E, which vary in their function, expression profiles, and assemblages. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system for
Leishmania
, we deleted one of the two LeishIF4E-3 alleles. Expression of LeishIF4E-3 in the deletion mutant was low, leading to reduction in global translation and growth of the mutant cells. Cell morphology also changed, affecting flagellum growth, cell shape, and infectivity. The importance of this study is in highlighting that LeishIF4E-3 is essential for completion of the parasite life cycle. Our study gives new insight into how parasite virulence is determined.
mSphere of Influence: Redefining an Influenza Virus—How Different Are Influenza Viruses and Extracellular Vesicles?
Authors: Lakdawala Seema S.
Published: September 2019

Seema Lakdawala works in the field of influenza virology. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the article “Conserved and host-specific features of influenza virion architecture” by Edward C.