bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem Posed by Immigrants Married Abroad on Intermarriage Research: The Case of Asian Americans
Authors: Hwang Sean-Shong , Saenz Rogelio
Published: June 2018

Cross-sectional and longitudinal variations in rates of intergroup marriage have often been used as indicators of assimilation for minority groups. This article demonstrates that both types of comparisons can give misleading results when census data are used for calculating intermarriage rates without restrictions. Census data include immigrants who married abroad (IMAs) in the enumeration. The inclusion of these individuals in the study of intermarriage inevitably biases the level of minority inmarriage upward, making cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of intermarriage rates for groups with different levels of IMAs inappropriate. Cumulation of IMAs also inflates the inmarriage rates of older cohorts, leading to a misimpression of increasing outmarriage among younger cohorts. These problems are illustrated for several Asian groups using 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample data for California. Alternative approaches for remedying the problem are proposed and their different implications for assimilation theory and research are discussed.
Cohort Size and Migration in a West Indian Population
Authors: Brittain Ann W.
Published: June 2018

Individuals often make migration decisions on the basis of economic circumstances. In the United States, increased competition for jobs in large cohorts apparently led to reduced migration to large cities. In rural areas, greater competition for local resources might increase pressures to emigrate for members of large cohorts. But data from St. Barthélemy, French West Indies show that, for people born from 1878 to 1967, neither cohort size nor fluctuations in external demands for labor had a lasting effect on the probability of eventual migration. Emigration rates only slowed after the development of the local tourist industry brought prosperity to the island.
Long-term Immigration to the United States: New Approaches to Measurement
Authors: Kraly Ellen Percy , Warren Robert
Published: June 2018

The United Nations has recommended the measurement of types of international migration using demographic criteria, including length of stay and purpose of travel. Information systems at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) have the potential to provide a basis for documenting these demographic characteristics, in particular, length of stay of temporary migrants to the United States. This article analyzes these characteristics of selected categories of nonimmigrant aliens. The results of the analysis are used to produce series of estimates of alien immigration that conform more closely to the U.N. recommended definitions and better represent demographic concepts of long-term immigration. A strategy for measuring emigration of aliens from the United States using INS information systems is also described.
The Relative Economic Progress of Male Foreign Workers in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Qudsi Sulayman S. , Shah Nasra M.
Published: June 2018

A human capital framework is utilized to examine the economic progress of nine nationality groups of foreign workers using data from the 1983 national Labor Survey. The sources of earnings’ variations of particular interest to us included different degrees of education and experience transferability, occupational affiliation and ethnic background. In general, the results derived from the analysis suggest that 1) foreign workers achieve a discernible economic progress as their residence lengthens; 2) the rate of economic progress varies depending on worker's education, home and Kuwait-specific experience, occupational status and ethnic background; and 3) about one third of the earnings inequality is due to unexplained factors including discrimination.
The Social Mobility of Portuguese Immigrants in the United States at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Baganha Maria Ioannis Benis
Published: June 2018

The social mobility of immigrants in the United States, may be described by a U-shape curve. The initial tendency for downward mobility is attributed to immigrants’ imported cultural values. The turning point in the curve is predicted to occur at a given level of integration, beyond which immigrants overcome the initial disadvantages and move upwardly. Both proponents and challengers seem to take for granted that cultural heritages are the main determinants of immigrants’ patterns of social mobility in the United States. This article addresses immigrants’ social mobility from a different view. The departing question is what are the main factors affecting the social mobility of immigrants drawn from the same sociocultural background? To answer this question, the social mobility of first generation Portuguese immigrants to the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century is analyzed. What makes this migrant group particularly interesting is that they were one of the most culturally homogeneous groups entering the United States at that point, yet they presented quite different patterns of social mobility after settlement. The analysis was based on a sample of first generation Portuguese immigrants settled in Massachusetts, California and Hawaii collected from the 1910 manuscript census of the United States. It reveals that, for the Portuguese case, the main determinants of social mobility were the way they entered the United States, the strength of the migrant group network, and the job and land opportunities in the region of settlement.
Immigrants, Natives and the French Welfare State: Explaining Different Interactions with a Social Welfare Program
Authors: Hein Jeremy
Published: June 2018

This research note examines immigrants and natives’ interactions with foyers d'hébergement or lodging hostels in France. These populations differ in how they locate foyers, the importance they attach to the social dimensions of this institution, and their responses to its social control function. North African and especially Algerian immigrants show the greatest differences from the French. Ethnicity accounts for the variation between immigrants and natives’ methods of entering the foyers. Length of residence in France plays a great role in shaping immigrants’ responses to the foyer as a social institution and as a social control mechanism. These findings demonstrate how the welfare state affects immigrants differently from natives, and the respective roles of ethnicity and the migration-adaptation process.
Part I: The Genesis of the Convention: ILO Standards on Migrant Workers: The Fundamentals of the UN Convention and Their Genesis
Authors: Hasenau Michael
Published: June 2018

This article indicates the circumstances that gave rise to the body of ILO standards designed to protect migrant workers. It explains the origins and the motivations of the universal standards on migrant workers elaborated and supervised in the institutional framework of the International Labour Organization. In this way, it illuminates the background of the UN Convention.
The ILO and the New UN Convention on Migrant Workers: The past and Future
Authors: Böhning Roger
Published: June 2018

This article retraces in some detail the origin and drafting process of the new UN Convention, particularly the successful attempt by key developing countries to side-step the ILO to whom the elaboration of this new Convention should normally have been entrusted. It also provides the author's personal answer to the questions of whether the ILO should seek to revise its existing Conventions or to cover any remaining gaps in the protection of migrants who move from one country to another.
The Migrant Workers Convention: Its Place in Human Rights Law
Authors: Nafziger James A. R. , Bartel Barry C.
Published: June 2018

This article summarizes the relationship between the Migrant Workers Convention and the principal general instruments of human rights law. The Convention's vocabulary and complexity invite a measure of uncertainty. Responses to the special situation of undocumented workers are questionable. To initiate a better understanding of the Convention's prospective place in human rights law, the authors have prepared a chart that correlates the Convention's provisions with those in other instruments. The article then cites several examples to clarify four basic relationships between the Convention and corresponding provisions in other instruments: overlapping, extension of existing rights, creation of new rights, and limitation of existing rights. A concluding section acknowledges the possible effectiveness of the Convention, but raises additional issues. The authors suggest several alternatives for supplementing existing instruments in order to extend their protections more simply and explicitly to migrant workers.
Migrant Women in the Context of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
Authors: Hune Shirley
Published: June 2018

A major trend in contemporary international migration is the recruitment of women as migrant workers, both documented and undocumented. This article discusses their invisibility and the efforts during the UN Decade for Women, 1976–85, to draw attention to their vulnerable situation and special circumstances. It considers how the United Nations International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted by the General Assembly in December 1990 can provide increased protection for women as migrant workers and as family members. It also points out areas that remained unaddressed in alleviating their triple exploitation as females, workers and foreigners.
Household Transitions in the Migrations of Dominicans and Colombians to New York
Authors: Gilbertson Greta , Gurak Douglas T.
Published: June 2018

Using life history survey data, we examined the correlates of change in the composition of Dominican and Colombian immigrant co-residential households at three points in time—prior to migration, just after migration and at the time of the survey. We found that there is considerable heterogeneity in the patterns of household transitions, although the majority of both Dominican and Colombian households at the time of the survey were nuclear family households. Dominican women tended to have made transitions into single-parent households by the time of the survey. Background and migration characteristics influence the pattern of household transitions, but fail to explain the ethnic and gender differences.
Citizenship Struggles in Soviet Successor States
Authors: Brubaker W. Rogers
Published: June 2018

The breakup of the Soviet Union has transformed yesterday's internal migrants, secure in their Soviet citizenship, into today's international migrants of contested legitimacy and uncertain membership. This transformation has touched Russians in particular, of whom some 25 million live in non-Russian successor states. This article examines the politics of citizenship vis-a-vis Russian immigrants in the successor states, focusing on the Baltic states, where citizenship has been a matter of sustained and heated controversy.
Hungarian Perspectives on Emigration and Immigration in the New European Architecture
Authors: Szoke László
Published: June 2018

Since the downfall of the dictatorship, Hungary's approach to migration, traditionally a liberal one, is now mainly shaped by the country's intention to be reintegrated into Europe and, to have its migration practice harmonized with that of the Western democracies. Decisionmakers in Budapest show no great concern about emigration, which is expected to remain relatively insignificant. Attention is therefore concentrated on the possibility of a massive influx of immigrants, especially from the neighboring states. This could easily undermine Hungary's political stability and economic development. The question of international migration can be addressed only in an all-European framework. Experts are convinced that migratory pressures originating in Eastern and Central Europe could be considerably limited by measures taken to guarantee the rights of ethnic minorities.
Part II: Western Europe: New, Old and Recast of Immigration Questions in the Post-Cold War Period: Regulation of Immigration in 1993: Pieces of the European Community Jig-Saw Puzzle
Authors: Callovi Giuseppe
Published: June 2018

Migration and immigration issues illustrate better than most other subjects the challenge the European Community is facing, both in terms of doctrine and in practice. This article takes stock of past EC policy on migration, and covers some basic elements which are shaping a future common policy, carried out either through intergovernmental cooperation or community legislation or both. The regulation of immigration in 1993 is still at a crossroads with multiple possible outcomes. However, the most recent features and the vital impetus set up by the Inter-Governmental Conference on Political Union provides some new institutional capacity for the EC to act in a strengthened juridical and political framework.
East-West vs. South-North Migration: Effects upon the Recruitment Areas of the 1960s
Authors: Abadan-Unat Nermin
Published: June 2018

The end of the Cold War has been marked by the re-emergence of nationalism. This article is focused on Turkey and Turkish emigration abroad. It examines integration of second generation immigrants in Western Europe and various forces fostering Islamic identity. It then compares political discourse on immigration in France and Germany. It concludes that the resurgence of ethnic identity as the basis for effective political action in widely divergent societies is a key feature of the post-Cold War period. Immigrants have been actively involved in this general process as witnessed by the role of immigrants in recent conflict in Yugoslavia and Turkey.
The Australian Model of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is It Applicable to Europe?
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: June 2018

Immigration has played a central role in nation-building in Australia. Since 1945, over 5 million settlers have come from many different countries, leading to a situation of great cultural diversity. State involvement in the management of settlement and ethnic relations has always been pronounced. Over the last twenty years, a policy of multiculturalism has emerged, giving rise to several special institutions. This has had profound effects both on social policy and on concepts of national identity. The relevance of the Australian model for Western Europe is discussed. The article concludes that it can provide useful impulses, though not ready-made answers:
Attitudes toward Southeast Asian Immigrants in a Wisconsin Community
Authors: Ruefle William , Ross William H. , Mandell Diane
Published: June 2018

A telephone survey was conducted of 458 adult residents of La Crosse, Wisconsin, a community with over 2,000 Hmong immigrants, as well as lesser numbers of other Southeast Asian (SEA) immigrants. Knowledge about and attitude toward the SEA immigrants were assessed. The community was almost evenly divided in its attitude toward the new immigrants. A positive attitude toward SEAs was negatively related to ethnocentrism and positively related to economic optimism. It was also correlated with selected demographic variables. Multiple regression analyses showed that ethnocentrism accounted for a significant portion of the variance in attitude even after economic optimism and demographic background factors had been entered into the equation. Implications for policy and community attitude change are discussed.
Ethnic Enterprise in Ontario: Immigrant Participation in the Small Business Sector
Authors: Marger Martin N. , Hoffman Constance A.
Published: June 2018

Participation in the small business sector by immigrants in Ontario is examined, using a theoretical model that views immigrant enterprise as a product of class and ethnic resources in combination with a favorable opportunity structure. Hong Kong Chinese predominate among recent immigrant entrepreneurs and are concentrated in the Toronto metropolitan area. These patterns are attributed to strong push factors in the sending society and the existence of an institutionally complete Chinese community in the receiving society, supporting a well-developed ethnic subeconomy that has taken on many of the features of an ethnic enclave.
The Earnings of Asian Male Immigrants in the Canadian Labor Market
Authors: Miller Paul W.
Published: June 2018

The earnings of Asian-born immigrants in the Canadian labor market declined relative to the earnings of native-born workers between 1981 and 1986. Analysis of the labor market performance of immigrants from four regions of Asia—Southern Asia, South East Asia, Eastern Asia and Western Asia—shows that Asian immigrants are a heterogeneous group. However, changes in the birthplace composition of Asian immigrants cannot explain the fall in the relative earnings of the Asian aggregate. Attention is drawn to the switch in the distribution of immigrants across the admission classes as a possible explanation of this phenomenon.
Geographical Differentials in the Socioeconomic Status of Puerto Ricans: Human Capital Variations and Labor Market Characteristics
Authors: Enchautegui María E.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the role of human capital and labor market characteristics in explaining geographical and individual differentials in socioeconomic outcomes of Puerto Rican women. The better socioeconomic performance of Puerto Ricans outside the Northeast can be in part related to their larger amount of human capital. Labor market characteristics also play a role, but their effects are generally small. Net of other characteristics, Northeast residence reduces labor force participation, increases female headship, but reduces welfare use. Of all groups examined, recent migrants from Puerto Rico located in the Northeast show the poorest socioeconomic outcomes.
Assimilation and Stratification in the Homeownership Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Alba Richard D. , Logan John R.
Published: June 2018

This study investigates homeownership differences among twelve racial/ethnic groups using the Public Use Sample data (PUMS) of the 1980 census. The analysis draws inspiration from two broad approaches in the literature on spatial processes—one approach is labeled as “assimilation” and the other as “stratification”—and includes both individual-level and contextual determinants. The study identifies a number of differences among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, and Asian and Hispanic groups in access to homeownership. Majority group members have the greatest probability of homeownership, net of compositional characteristics. They also are the most likely to be able to respond to the housing needs of married persons and households with children by buying a home, and they have one of the smallest disparities in ownership between persons of low and high income. Homeownership opportunities in the suburban portions of metropolitan areas have their greatest impact on majority group members, while minority homeownership is more responsive to the composition of the central-city housing stock. Nevertheless, for every group there is a strong correspondence between homeownership and various individual-level factors: age, household composition, socioeconomic position and language acculturation. The observed differences in ownership are substantially attenuated when group differences in some of these variables are controlled.
Residential Segregation in Australian Cities: A Literature Review
Authors: Grimes Seamus
Published: June 2018

In this review of literature dealing with the postwar immigrant experience in urban Australia, some of the key interpretations of residential segregation are assessed. The article focuses on studies which have examined ethnic clusters formed by southern Europeans in Sydney and Melbourne and more recently by Indochinese refugees. Much of the analysis to date has been based on measuring static residential patterns rather than social interaction, and the need to question the significance of ethnic concentrations which sometimes characterize the early stages of immigrant adaptation is suggested.
Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labor Market
Authors: Poot Jacques
Published: June 2018

This article addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labor market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed.
The Ethnic Saloon as a Form of Immigrant Enterprise
Authors: Rothbart Ron
Published: June 2018

While some maintain that immigrant enterprise promotes the upward social mobility of new ethnic groups, others argue that it often contributes little to group advancement. This article examines the case of ethnic saloons owned by Eastern European immigrants in a Pennsylvania coal-mining town between 1880 and World War I. It is argued that social embeddedness eased the entry of Eastern Europeans into the business but restricted their ability to succeed. Most went out of business and returned to blue-collar work after a few years. Only the few who diversified or expanded beyond the ethnic saloon market accumulated much wealth. Thus, in this case, ethnic entrepreneurship contributed little to group advancement.
The Uncertain Connection: Free Trade and Rural Mexican Migration to the United States
Authors: Cornelius Wayne A. , Martin Philip L.
Published: June 2018

Will a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) decrease Mexican migration to the United States, as the U.S. and Mexican governments assert, or increase migration beyond the movement that would otherwise occur, as NAFTA critics allege? This article argues that it is easy to overestimate the additional emigration from rural Mexico owing to NAFTA-related economic restructuring in Mexico. The available evidence suggests four major reasons why Mexican emigration may not increase massively, despite extensive restructuring and displacement from traditional agriculture. First, many rural dwellers in Mexico already have diversified their sources of income, making them less dependent on income earned from producing agricultural commodities like corn that will be most affected by NAFTA. Second, a free trade zone might induce more U.S. agricultural producers to expand in Mexico during the 1990s, creating additional jobs there instead of in the United States. Third, the links between internal migration in Mexico and emigration from Mexico are not as direct as is often assumed; even if economic restructuring increases internal population movements in Mexico, this may not translate into a great deal of international emigration. Finally, European experience teaches that free trade and economic integration can be phased-in in a manner which does not produce significant emigration, even under a freedom of movement regime. NAFTA-related economic displacement in Mexico may yield an initial wave of migration to test the U.S. labor market, but this migration should soon diminish if the jobs that these migrants seek shift to Mexico.
Implementing the U.S. Legalization Program: The Influence of Immigrant Communities and Local Agencies on Immigration Policy Reform
Authors: Hagan Jacqueline Maria , Baker Susan Gonzalez
Published: June 2018

The legalization program of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act was influenced by the behaviors of three local actors in the implementation process: immigrant communities, community-based organizations, and INS officials. The results of two longitudinal field studies in a southwestern city suggest that local interpretations of legalization affected program outcomes by expanding the scope of the program beyond the participation rate projected by national policymakers. We also find that legalization leads to social changes within the immigrant community—the most important being the strengthening of social ties between the home community and the U.S. community.
The Migratory Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation: Puerto Rico, 1970–1987
Authors: Santiago Carlos E.
Published: June 2018

Minimum wage research has historically focused on labor mobility between covered and uncovered labor markets within a geographic area. This study examines the impact of minimum wage setting on labor migration. A multiple time series framework is applied to monthly data for Puerto Rico from 1970–1987. The results show that net emigration from Puerto Rico to the United States fell in response to significant changes in the manner in which minimum wage policy was conducted, particularly after 1974. The extent of commuter type labor migration between Puerto Rico and the United States is influenced by minimum wage policy, with potentially important consequences for human capital investment and long-term standards of living.
Household Registration, Economic Reform and Migration
Authors: Yang Xiushi
Published: June 2018

This article examines the relationship between the type of household registration and the type of and reasons for migration in China. The results suggest agricultural registration is clearly a deterrent to permanent migration, but it makes no difference with respect to temporary migration. Permanent migrants with agricultural registration predominantly move for noneconomic reasons, but those with nonagricultural registration are more likely motivated by economic reasons. The pattern is reversed in temporary migration. A key to understanding individual migration behavior is to understand household registration and its function as the intermediary through which the government exercises its control over migration. But what accounts for the new patterns of spatial mobility are the changing market conditions associated with economic reforms.
Puerto Rican Migration and Occupational Selectivity, 1982–1981
Authors: Melendez Edwin
Published: June 2018

This study examines whether or not the likelihood of Puerto Rican workers choosing to migrate to the United States depends on their occupations or skills. The study determined that the occupational composition among thosemigrating from the island to the United States generally corresponds to the occupational distribution in Puerto Rico. The exception is that, after controlling for labor market conditions in Puerto Rico and in the United States and for other characteristics of the migrants, farm workers, laborers, and craft and kindred workers are overrepresented in the flow of migrants. The two most important factors contributing to the occupational distribution of migrants are whether or not they already have job offers in the United States and whether they are currently employed in Puerto Rico. Among those returning to Puerto Rico, the study found no positive or negative occupational selectivity.
Correlates of Welfare Dependency among Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew-Ean
Published: June 2018

This article examines the role of a number of factors, including migration category, birthplace, period of arrival, age, gender, educational background and employment status, in explaining immigrants’ dependence on government pensions and benefits. Significant differences in welfare dependency were observed by birthplace and migration category even after controlling for age, education and employment status. Immigrants from Vietnam, Lebanon and Turkey were more likely than others to be dependent on welfare. Refugees were also more likely than other immigrants to be dependent on welfare; however the effect of refugee status on welfare dependency diminished with duration of residence in Australia.
Taikongs and Calos: The Role of Middlemen and Brokers in Javanese International Migration
Authors: Spaan Ernst
Published: June 2018

This article discusses international migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement. It describes legal and clandestine labor migration to Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, the influence of employment brokers on the process, and the organization of the recruitment networks. The involvement of brokers is crucial but not always beneficial for the migrants. Migrants are dependent on the brokers and risk exploitation. In the case of movement to Saudi Arabia, there is a linkage with religious institutions and the Islamic pilgrimage.
Patterns of Economic Cooperation among Israeli Immigrants in Los Angeles
Authors: Gold Steven J.
Published: June 2018

This article examines economic activities developed among Israeli immigrants in Los Angeles. Previous studies have asserted that little cooperation exists among Israelis in the United States. However, our findings, based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, suggest that Israelis are involved in a host of collective social and economic endeavors.

While Israeli immigrants sometimes collaborate with American Jews and reveal solidarity on a community-wide basis, those sharing commonalities based on premigration ties have developed especially active networks. Forms of cooperation among two such groups, Kibbutzniks and Persian-origin Israelis, are discussed here. Israeli immigrants’ use of ethnic labor markets are explored, as well as the nature of co-ethnic cooperation in various industries.

Conclusions suggest that Israeli immigrant cooperation is a complex matter, shaped by national loyalties, subgroup ties and the larger social and economic contexts in which they function. As a result, we see their experience as reflecting a series of interrelated ethnic networks, extending both within and beyond the Israeli immigrant population.
Brazilian Immigration to North America
Authors: Goza Franklin
Published: June 2018

This article is a comparative study of Brazilian immigration to Canada and the United States. Analysis of recently collected data in Toronto, Ontario and in a medium-size U.S. community facilitated the examination of the adaptation and adjustment experiences of a new group of immigrants to North America. This article begins with a discussion of the origins of this recent immigrant group and its rapid expansion. Next, it focuses on the labor force activities of Brazilian immigrants and compares and contrasts their experiences in the United States and Canada. A final section examines social adaptation in North America by exploring linguistic and cultural dimensions. This article closes with a section on the future aspirations of these immigrants.
The New Illegal Immigration in Japan, 1980–1992
Authors: Morita Kiriro , Sassen Saskia
Published: June 2018

This article presents some of the latest available figures on illegal immigration in Japan, a process that did not assume significant proportions until the mid-1980s. It also discusses briefly the latest developments around “immigration” policy–more precisely, the law on the entry and exit of aliens. More extensive presentations of these issues can be found in Morita (1992; 1993) and Sassen (1991:297–299; 307–315; 1993).
Palestinian and Jewish Israeli-born Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Cohen Yinon , Tyree Andrea
Published: June 2018

This article considers both Arab and Jewish emigration from Israel to the United States, relying on the 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 1980 U.S. census. Using the ancestry and language questions to identify Jews and Arabs, we found that over 30 percent of Israeli-bom Americans are Palestinian-Arab natives of Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. While the Jews are of higher educational levels, hold better jobs and enjoy higher incomes than their Arab counterparts, both groups have relatively high socioeconomic characteristics. Both have high rates of self-employment, particularly the Palestinian-Arabs, who appear to serve as middlemen minority in the grocery store business in the cities where they reside. The fact that nearly a third of Israeli-born immigrants are Arabs accounts for the occupational diversity previously observed of Israelis in America but does not account for their income diversity as much as does differences between early and recent immigrants.
Gender and Satisfaction with the Host Society among Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Nguyen Thang D.
Published: June 2018

This study examines gender differences in satisfaction with the host society (SWHS) in terms of satisfaction with housing, neighborhood and life. A sample of 1,384 respondents aged 17 to 73 was selected from the 1982 national survey of economic self-sufficiency of Indochinese refugees. Regression analysis revealed that for men: 1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States and financial problems; 2) satisfaction with neighborhood was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States, lack of health care, financial problems and ethnicity; and 3) satisfaction with life was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States, employment, lack of healthcare, financial problems, and English ability. For women, the regression analysis revealed slightly different results: 1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by urban background in country of origin and length of residence in the United States; 2) satisfaction with neighborhood was influenced by financial problems, education in country of origin, and ethnicity; and 3) satisfaction with life had no statistical significant relationship with selected independent variables. Gender and age had significant interaction effect on satisfaction with housing, neighborhood and life. Gender and education had significant interaction effect on satisfaction with neighborhood. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Entry Charges on Immigrants
Authors: Clarke Harry R.
Published: June 2018

With a perfectly elastic supply of immigrants and no domestic distortions, the pure Pareto gains to residents from immigration are maximized by an open door immigration policy. The only role then for entry charges is cost recovery. With inelastic supply, charges may be levied for optimal tariff reasons although there are practical difficulties in estimating appropriate supply elasticities. Priceable externalities provide a rationale for charging if, and only if, there are difficulties in making discriminatory reimbursements of optimal toll revenues to residents. Otherwise, relevant externalities should be internalized via appropriate Pigovian taxes and discriminatory reimbursements paid to residents. Then, an open door policy without entry charges should be pursued. Transaction costs and unpriceable externalities provide a weak case for charging. Where quotas are imposed for political reasons or to ease potentially unfavorable distributional implications, there are convincing second-best arguments for fees and, equivalently, quota auctions. The latter policies are generally preferable to unpriced quotas and to asset tests, even if coupled with a fee, whatever the degree of international capital mobility. Independently of humanitarian concerns, liberal immigration policies can be based on the self-interest of residents provided immigrants pay all costs they impose on a resident population.
The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and Other European Fora on Migration
Authors: Niessen Jan
Published: June 2018

In the 1970s, during the Cold War era, European and North American states began a dialogue in Helsinki which became known as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), or the Helsinki process. For Western states the CSCE served as a platform to raise questions related to security in Europe and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Eastern European states considered the CSCE as a means to secure the postwar borders and an opportunity to discuss economic and scientific cooperation. Today, 51 European States, plus the United States of America and Canada, participate in this process. Notwithstanding the many and often intense political tensions between the West and the East during those twenty years, quite a number of conferences, seminars and other meetings were held and a great many agreements were adopted and documents issued, dealing with matters related to CSCE's three main areas of concern: security in Europe; cooperation in the fields of economics, science, technology and environment; the promotion of human rights. In response to the fundamental changes in Europe in the late 1980s, the CSCE was given a new impetus and its operational framework was broadened. CSCE offices were established in Prague (CSCE Secretariat), Vienna (Conflict Prevention Center) and Warsaw (Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights) with the aim to strengthen and monitor compliance with CSCE commitments, especially in the area of human rights. A Parliamentary Assembly was established and met twice, first in Budapest and then in Helsinki. A General Secretary and a High Commissioner on Minorities were appointed, with offices in Vienna and The Hague, respectively.
Language and the Second Generation: Bilingualism Yesterday and Today
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Schauffler Richard
Published: June 2018

The language adaptation of second generation children is explored in the context of the history of linguistic absorption and bilingualism in America. Strong nativist pressures toward monolingualism have commonly led to the extinction of immigrant languages in two or three generations. Contemporary fears of loss of English dominance are based on rapid immigration during recent decades and the emergence of linguistic enclaves in several cities around the country. This article explores the extent of language transition and the resilience of immigrant languages on the basis of data from south Florida, one of the areas most heavily affected by contemporary immigration. Results from a sample of 2,843 children of immigrants in the area indicate that: 1) knowledge of English is near universal; 2) preference for English is almost as high, even among children educated in immigrant-sponsored bilingual schools; 3) preservation of parental languages varies inversely with length of U.S. residence and residential locations away from areas of ethnic concentration. Hypotheses about other determinants of bilingualism are examined in a multivariate framework. The relationships of bilingualism to educational attainment and educational and occupational aspirations are also explored.
Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City
Authors: Waters Mary C.
Published: June 2018

This article explores the types of racial and ethnic identities adopted by a sample of 83 adolescent second-generation West Indian and Haitian Americans in New York City. The subjective understandings these youngsters have of being American, of being black American, and of their ethnic identities are described and contrasted with the identities and reactions of first-generation immigrants from the same countries. Three types of identities are evident among the second generation – a black American identity, an ethnic or hyphenated national origin identity, and an immigrant identity. These different identities are related to different perceptions and understandings of race relations and of opportunities in the United States. Those youngsters who identify as black Americans tend to see more racial discrimination and limits to opportunities for blacks in the United States. Those who identify as ethnic West Indians tend to see more opportunities and rewards for individual effort and initiative. I suggest that assimilation to America for the second-generation black immigrant is complicated by race and class and their interaction, with upwardly mobile second-generation youngsters maintaining ethnic ties to their parents’ national origins and with poor inner city youngsters assimilating to the black American peer culture that surrounds them.
Are Young First and Second Generation Immigrants at a Disadvantage in the Australian Labor Market?
Authors: Maani S. A.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the assimilation hypothesis for young adult first-and second-generation immigrants in Australia. Models of the total weeks of unemployment and the number of spells of unemployment are examined as indicators of relative labor market conditions. The study differs from earlier work by focusing on young first- and second-generation immigrants and by utilizing information over four consecutive years of the Australian Longitudinal Survey (ALS) data, a comprehensive data set compiled for 1985–1988. The results consistently indicate that even when controlling for qualifications, both first- and second-generation immigrants are at a disadvantage. The results, however, support the hypothesis of declining disadvantage, as second-generation immigrants and those with more years in Australia had significantly more favorable conditions than recent immigrants both overall and within country of origin groups.
The Immigration of Asian Professionals to the United States: 1988–1990
Authors: Kanjanapan Wilawan
Published: June 2018

This article examines recent flows of Asian professionals to the United States based on the Immigration and Naturalization Service data for the fiscal years 1988–1990. Three specific dimensions of the Asian migration stream were investigated, namely, size, composition and mode of entry. The results show that Asians emerge as a dominant group in the immigration of all professionals. An examination of mode of entry indicates an existing demand for foreign professionals of certain occupational backgrounds in the U.S. labor market. Engineers and computer scientists represent this pattern as reflected by a heavy usage of the occupational preferences to enter the host country. Adjustment of status from temporary visas appears to be a common strategy. By contrast, health professionals were more likely to be admitted through kinship ties and the majority are new arrivals. The argument that the outflow of the highly trained Asians is simply a matter of migration and education is not fully supported by the data.
Do Immigrants Screened for Skills Do Better than Family Reunification Immigrants?
Authors: Jasso Guillermina , Rosenzweig Mark R.
Published: June 2018

It is sometimes thought that immigrants who are screened for occupational skills are likely to become more productive Americans than immigrants who gain admission on the basis of family ties to native-born U.S. citizens or to previous immigrants. However, the expected differential may be small or nonexistent because: 1) kinship immigrants have access to family networks; 2) whereas employers may screen for short-term productivity, family members may screen for long-term productivity; and 3) native-born U.S. citizens who sponsor spouses may be particularly adept at screening for long-term success. Longitudinal data on the 1977 immigrant cohort is used to compare initial and longer-term occupational outcomes among employment and kinship immigrants. Results indicate a narrowing of the differential, due both to higher rates of occupational downgrading among employment immigrants and of occupational upgrading among kinship immigrants.
Modes of Labor Market Incorporation and Occupational Cost among New Immigrants to Israel
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Semyonov Moshe
Published: June 2018

The present study contributes to the literature on international migration by examining social, demographic and contextual factors that influence modes of labor market incorporation and occupational cost among new immigrants during their first years after migration. The data for the analysis were obtained from the 1983 Census or Population conducted by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics. The analysis focuses on men who immigrated to Israel between 1979 to 1983. Although most immigrants are able to join the economically active labor force shortly after arrival, they do so by adopting different strategies and at a substantial occupational cost. The data reveal that the likelihood of finding employment, the mode of labor market incorporation, and the size of the occupational cost are significantly affected by geocultural origin, occupation in the country of origin, and individual-level demographic and human capital resources. The meaning of the differentiated effects are discussed in detail. The findings point toward two central aspects that should be examined in the study of labor market incorporation of new immigrants: employment status and occupational cost.
The SES Selectivity of Interracially Married Asians
Authors: Hwang Sean-Shong , Saenz Rogelio , Aguirre Benigno E.
Published: June 2018

How do outmarried Asians compare to their inmarried counterparts and to their spouses in terms of socioeconomic status? We attempt to answer this question by testing hypotheses derived from assimilation, exchange, and economic theories. The study is conducted using a representative U.S. sample of married Asians. Results based on multinomial logit analyses indicate that Asian women with lower educational attainment have a higher propensity to outmarry racially, irrespective of the race of their husbands. Corresponding findings for Asian men provide weak evidence of negative selectivity. Furthermore, those who outmarry racially tend to marry persons with lower levels of education than themselves. While challenging a few conventional wisdoms ingrained in sociological and economic theories, these findings support several others.
Women's Labor and Enclave Employment: The Case of Dominican and Colombian Women in New York City
Authors: Gilbertson Greta A.
Published: June 2018

The enclave hypothesis holds that obligations stemming from a common ethnicity not only permit utilization of past investments in human capital, but help to create opportunities for mobility. This implies that both men and women benefit from a broader reward structure involving more than just wages. Yet few studies examine whether immigrants in co-ethnic-owned firms, particularly women, benefit from these other forms of compensation, such as advancement opportunities. Using data from a survey of Colombian and Dominican immigrants in New York City, this research examines whether Dominican and Colombian women working in Hispanic-owned firms in New York City are advantaged relative to women in other labor market sectors in earnings-returns to human capital, opportunities for skill acquisition, and fringe benefits. The results indicate that enclave employment provides women with low wages, minimal benefits, and few opportunities for advancement.
Migration and Union Dissolution among Puerto Rican Women
Authors: Landale Nancy S. , Ogena Nimfa B.
Published: June 2018

This study examines the relationship between migration and union dissolution among Puerto Ricans, a Latino subgroup characterized by recurrent migration between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland. Based on pooled life-history data from comparable surveys undertaken in Puerto Rico and the United States, we find that: 1) Puerto Rican women who have lived on the U.S. mainland have markedly higher rates of union disruption than those with no U.S. experience; and 2) even net of a wide variety of possible explanatory factors, the relatively high rates of union instability among first and second generation U.S. residents and return migrants are strongly related to recent and lifetime migration experience. The results suggest that the weak social ties of migrants provide limited social support for their unions and few barriers to union disruption.