bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFEKTIVITAS BUKU SAKU GIZI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN ATLET UNIMED ATLETIK CLUB (UAC)
Authors: Afandi Ahmad , Siregar Nurhamida Sari
Published: April 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang efektifitas buku saku gizi terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan atlet UNIMED Atletik Club (UAC). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu. Dengan rancangan pre-eksperiment one group pre-test and post-test. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 11 orang atlet UNIMED Atletik Club (UAC) ditetapkan berdasarkan insidental sampling. Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April sampai November 2019. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner gizi. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji t-berpasangan dengan bantuan program spss versi 20. Nilai rata-rata pengetahuan atlet sebelum diberikan buku saku sebesar 18,18 dan setelah diberikan buku saku sebesar 41,64. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan buku saku gizi efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan atlet Unimed Atletik Club (UAC) dengan nilai p = 0,000 (0,000 < 0,05).
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN SUPLEMEN KULIT BUAH MANGGIS TERHADAP KADAR ERITROSIT DAN HEMOGLOBIN PADA MAHASISWA IKOR 2016 DENGAN LATIHAN FISIK BERAT
Authors: Hadi Miftahul Akmal , Sinaga Rika Nailuvar
Published: April 2022

Ketika melakukan aktifitas fisik berat maka akan terjadi pengeluaran keringat, jika diberi suplemen kulit buah manggis dapat terjadi pengaruh terhadap eritrosit dan hemoglobin. Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian suplemen kulit buah manggis terhadap kadar eritrosit dan hemoglobin pada mahasiswa IKOR 2016 dengan latihan fisik berat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di laboratorium fitnes fakultas ilmu keolahragaan universitas negeri medan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen, sampel penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa ilmu keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Medan stambuk 2016 sebanyak 10 orang. Pada penelitian ini sampel dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok dimana kelompok pertama adalah eksperimen yang mendapatkan perlakuan mengosumsi suplemen kulit buah manggis dan kelompok kedua adalah kontrol yang tidak mendapatkan perlakuan mengkonsumsi suplemen kulit buah manggis. Hasil Uji T Berpasangan pada Pre-test dan Post-test eritrosit kontrol adalah 0,044 (p > 0,05) untuk pre-test dan post-test eritrosit eksperimen 0,120 (p > 0,05) dan pada uji T Berpasangan pada pre-test dan post-test hemoglobin kontrol 0,015 (p < 0,05) untuk pre-test dan post-test hemoglobin eksperimen 0,140 (p < 0,05) Yang berarti hasil dari penelitian ini ada perbedaan yang tidak signifikan kadar eritrosit dan hemoglobin pada kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen pada saat diberikan suplemen kulit buah manggis dan melakukan aktifitas fisik berat pada maha siswa ikor 2016.
HUBUNGAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN DAN VO2 MAX PADA ATLET LARI JARAK JAUH PPLM UNIMED
Authors: Batubara Addis Abeba , Sinaga Rika Nailuvar
Published: April 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan kadar hemoglobin dan VO2 Max pada atlet lari jarak jauh PPLM Unimed, Seluruh sample pada penelitian ini merupakan seluruh atlet lari jarak jauh PPLM. Yang di laksanakan di stadion Unimed. Jensi penelitian deskriptif ini menggunakan metode test pengukuran. Dari hasil olah data  untuk variabel VO2 Max secara keseluruhan dari 7 orang diperoleh nilai maksimum = 64,4, nilai minimum = 55,4, rata-rata (mean) = 58,87, median = 58,40 dan standart deviasi = 2,79. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa tingkat VO2 Max pada atlet lari jarak jauh PPLM Universitas Negeri Medan seluruhnya berkategori sangat baik, serta Haemoglobin secara keseluruhan dari 7 orang diperoleh nilai maksimum = 18, nilai minimum = 10,7, rata-rata (mean) = 14,10, median = 13,20 dan standart deviasi = 2,69. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa tingkat Haemoglobin pada atlet lari jarak jauh PPLM Universitas Negeri Medan sebanyak 1 orang kadarnya rendah dan 6 orang kadarnya normal. uji normalitas (Test of Normality) uji Shapiro Wilk  dapat dilihat nilai significancy untuk masing-masing kelompok semuanya  > 0,05, karena nilai probabilitas (p) lebih besar dari 0,05 (p > 0,05) maka data kedua kelompok berdistribusi “normal”. Dari uji korelasi pearson didapatkan nilai p > 0,05 (p = 0,460). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa korelasi antara Hemoglobin dan VO2 Max adalah tidak bermakna. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa : kadar hemoglobin dan VO2 Max di dapati bahwasannya tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna dari kedua variable.
RANCANGAN ALAT GYM MUNTHE STRENGTH
Authors: Munthe Teza Andika , Zulaini Zulaini
Published: April 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan suatu produk alat Gym Munthe Strength yang telah yang telah di modifikasi dengan latiahan leg press pada member Gym D & R dengan konsep ergonomi yang menghasilkan alat Gym Munthe Strength yang nyaman dan mudah digunakan pada saat latihan leg press. Penelitian ini dilakukan di tempat member Gym D & R pancing, Jalan Wiliam Iskandar, pengambilan data dimulai dari mulai Januari – Febuari 2019. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 10 orang. Peneltian ini merupakan jenis penelitian pengembangan mengacu pada model pengembangan dan Borg & Gall, yang dibatasi pada beberapa tahap saja. Tahap-tahap tersebut meliputi : (1) , tahap pengumpulan data informasi; (2) tahap perencanaan; (3) tahap pengembangan produk. (4) tahap Validasi dan uji coba. Dari hasil validasi ahli pada modifikasi  produk alat gym munthe strength dinyatakan bahwa alat gym munthe strenght dengan modifikasi penambahan pengikat pada kaki untuk latihan leg press dengan skor 81,5 dan 81, kategori baik sekali. Maka rancangan yang sudah dirancang layak digunakan.
PERBEDAAN PENGARUH LATIHAN MULTIBALL DAN LATIHAN PUSHING PLAY TERHADAP KETEPATAN PUKULAN BACKHAND PADA PERMAINAN TENIS MEJA MAHASISWA IKOR UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
Authors: Siregar Ira Purnama
Published: April 2022

Latihan multiball dan latihan pushsing play dapat meningkatkan keterampilandalam ketepatan pukulan backhand saat bermain tenis meja tetapi Mahasiswa IKOR tidak melakukan latihan multiball dan latihan pushing play sehingga saat bermian tenis meja terlihat kurangnya keterampilan ketepatan pukulan backhand.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh latihan multiball dan latihan pushing play terhadap ketepatan pukulan backhand drive pada permainan tenis meja mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Medan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Gedung Serbaguna Universitas Negeri Medan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan sebanyak 10 orang. Latihan multiball dan latihan pushing play dilakukan dengan frekuensi 3 kali seminggu, selama 6 minggu. Test ketepatan pukulan backhand  dilakukan di awal sebelum diberikan perlakuan (Pre-Test) dan diakhir setelah diberikan perlakuan (Post-Test). Teknik analisa data pada penelitian ini menggunakan ­uji-t. Hasil statistik uji-t didapatkan ada peningkatan ketepatan pukulan backhand setelah diberikan lathan multiball dan latihan pushing play,dan ada perbedaan pengaruh latihan multiball  dan latihan pushing play terhadap ketepatan pukulan backhand dengan nilai rata-rata kelompok latihan multiball (2,10) dan nilai rta-rata latihan pushing play (1,948). Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa latihan multiball lebih baik dibandingkan dengan latihan pushing play terhadap ketepatan pukulan bakchand Mahasiswa IKOR Universitas Negeri Medan.
PERBEDAAN AKTIVITAS FISIK INTENSITAS SEDANG DAN INTENSITAS BERAT TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)
Authors: Handayani Fitri
Published: April 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan aktivitas fisik intensitas sedang dan aktivitas fisik intensitas berat terhadap kadar glukosa darah pada tikus putih (Rattus Norvegicus). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmakologi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan juni 2021. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan design post-test only control group design. Sampel penelitian ini adalah tikus putih jantan berjumlah 30 ekor, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok secara random setiap kelompok terdiri dari 10 ekor tikus, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok P1 dan kelompok P2. Pemberian aktifitas fisik pada tikus diberikan dengan frekuensi 3 x seminggu selama 2 minggu. Sebelum tikus diberikan perlakuan terlebih dahulu tikus diberikan makan diet tinggi lemak (hiperkolestrolemia) sebanyak 2 kali sehari selama 2 minggu. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengambilan darah secara intrakardial. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah dengan menggunakan Blood Glucose Test. Teknik analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji non parametrik Kruskall Wallis. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kadar glukosa darah (p=0.003; p< 0.05) pada ketiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, aktivitas fisik intensitas sedang dan aktivitas fisik intensitas berat. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah aktivitas fisik intesitas sedang dan berat tidak dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus yang diinduksi diet tinggi lemak jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Akan tetapi terdapat perbedaan rata-rata antara kelompok P1 dan P2  dimana kadar glukosa darah pada kelompok aktivitas sedang lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok aktivitas berat
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JAMU KUNYIT ASAM TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI SETELAH AKTIVITAS EKSENTRIK
Authors: Aztrianto Yoga
Published: April 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian jamu kunyit asam terhadap intensitas nyeri setelah aktivitas eksentrik Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan penelitian randomized pretest-posttest design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 12 orang yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak.Penelitian berlangsung selama 4 hari, sampel melakukan aktivitas eksentrik (Drop Jump) untuk menstimulus rasa nyeri, kemudian dilanjutkan istirahat pasif sekaligus mendata intensitas nyeri sampel. Pemberian jamu kunyit asam dengan dosis 250 ml kepada kelompok perlakuan, dikonsumsi saat 12, 24, 48, dan 72 jam setelah aktivitas eksentrik.Data yang diuji menggunakan One-Way Repeated measures ANOVA dalam 6 periode perlakuan yang berbeda didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut (p=0,05): pre test memiliki nilai sig. 0,381, post 0 jam memiliki nilai sig. 0,052, post 12 jam memiliki nilai sig. 0,019, post 24 jam memiliki nilai sig. 0,174, post 48 jam memiliki nilai sig. 0,687, dan post 72 jam memiliki nilai sig. 0,296. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pengaruh pemberian jamu kunyit asam terhadap intensitas nyeri tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol.Sehingga dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh pemberian jamu kunyit asam terhadap intensitas nyeri setelah aktivitas eksentrik.
Russia's sanctions policy in the context of the First World War
Authors: Zakharchenko Petro
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the sanctions policy of the Russian Empire towards the countries that were its opponents in the First World War. Such states included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, which joined forces in the military bloc of the Central Powers to fight the Allies.

 The victories of the member states of the Entente bloc were forged not only on the fronts, but also achieved through the partial or complete abolition of trade, financial and economic relations with the countries of the Fourth Bloc. The aim of this paper is to study and comprehend the experience of imposing sanctions by the Russian Empire against states that participated in the war against it during the war of 1914-1918. , which is waging a long-running hybrid war with Ukraine. The article demonstrates an example of an adequate response of state institutions to encroachment on the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country. It has been proved that immediately after the start of hostilities, measures were taken against the subjects of the states fighting against Russia to limit their legal capacity and legal capacity. They could be deported both outside the country and outside its individual localities.

These people were allowed to enter Russia only with the permission of the relevant authorities. Merchant ships of countries fighting against Russia, seized in Russian ports, were detained. Merchant ships built for foreign countries were confiscated and converted for military purposes.

Investment policy has also been revised. This is confirmed by the approval by the Russian emperor in 1915 of the Regulations on the Liquidation of Trade Enterprises Belonging to Enemy Citizens, which referred to the liquidation of enterprises and joint-stock companies that co-owned with Russian nationals. It is noteworthy that only those enterprises that operated at the expense of German, Austrian, Hungarian or Turkish investments were subject to liquidation. Other normative legal acts abolished the right of ownership of land of the same group of foreign citizens.

The result of the scientific article was the conclusion that by applying the emergency legislation, the Russian government did everything possible to prevent national security from financing the citizens of those countries that were at war with it.
Legal problems of protection of land plot possession under real estate object
Authors: Nikolov D.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the issue of protection of state and communal land plot possession under real estate in situations where the private owner of real estate has neither ownership nor the right to use such land, and the authorized owner (state or local community) does not transfer such right or transferred it to a third party. 

The author examines the phenomenon of land possession under real estate in the context of the principle of unity of the legal fate of the land and real estate located on it. According to the author, in determining the model of protection of land possession under real estate, this principle is the starting point for building such a model.Possession of land plot under real estate in terms of “registration” and “actual” models of ownership is analyzed in the article. According to the author, the disposal of land plot from “registration” possession is impossible only due to the change in the register of landowners, because possession of land plot by the owner of real estate located on it is fixed (and announced) directly by law and record of ownership on the real estate.The author explores an alternative approach to determining the rights of the real estate owner in relation to the land plot under it, namely the property “right of expectation”. According to the author, such an approach is currently controversial in terms of the systematics of real property rights and the specifics of their protection.The article examines the specifics of the subject and grounds of the claim in the event when the owner of the land transferred the right to land not to the owner of the real estate, but to a third party. The author substantiates the approach according to which in such cases a proper way of protection will be a lawsuit to remove obstacles, and the legal grounds of the claim may be fictitious transaction, violation of public order and fraud.The author also pays attention to the modern understanding of the discretion of the powers of the authorities and expresses the opinion that in modern realities in some cases the courts must meet the requirements by which government decisions are recognized as adopted and permits issued.
Protection of intellectual property from unfair competition by the bodies of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine
Authors: Borsuk N.
Published: April 2022

The article identifies the nature and forms of unfair competition in the form of misuse of business reputation of the entity, its consequences for the original company, outlines areas of comprehensive counteraction to such violations, reveals their content, mechanisms of protection of infringed intellectual property rights from unfair competition by the bodies of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine are considered.

It is analyzed that a significant part of violations in the form of unfair competition occurs in the field of intellectual property. However, intellectual property is often the subject of illegal actions by third parties and therefore needs legal protection. The results of intellectual activity can be protected through various options for the protection of intellectual property rights. For example, appropriate measures may be taken to prohibit the illegal use of intellectual property through legislation to protect against unfair competition.

Unfair competition and intellectual property law are interrelated institutions, as they have one legal nature - the Paris Convention of 1883. This international act established provisions on protection against unfair conferences in terms of protection and protection of unregistered designations. Responding to manifestations of unfair competition is one of the priority tasks for the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine.

The study concluded that the illegal use of intellectual property is usually related to the actions of the entity that could cause confusion about a competitor, its products or activities. Such confusion may result from the violation of exclusive rights to intellectual property and the means of individualization, which may qualify as unfair competition.

Within the framework of the article, an analysis of cases on the practice of application by the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine of the legislation on protection against unfair competition in recent years was carried out.
Advocate self-government bodies in the system of public government bodies: concepts and functions
Authors: Beck Uliana
Published: April 2022

The article outlines the place of bar self-government bodies in the system of public administration bodies, in particular, defines the concepts and their functions. It was found that the bar self-government is a state-guaranteed right of the bar community to independently decide on the organization and activities of the bar in accordance with the Law “On Bar and Bar”. Given the peculiarities of self-governing bodies of lawyers and their exclusive functions

in the system of public administration can be defined as defined in the Law “On Advocacy and Advocacy” and bylaws defining areas of implementation of their tasks, comprehensive solution of which should promote optimal implementation in advocacy legal dominants - the rule of law, legality, independence, confidentiality, avoidance of conflicts of interest.

It is noted that in the system of public administration, bar self-government bodies perform a number of functions due to their goals and objectives. Such functions include the function of forming a highly professional and corruption-tolerant bar, the function of setting ethical standards for advocacy, and the protective and security functions. To implement them, the bar self-government bodies have been given a number of powers, including those delegated by the state.
. Impact for public administration of the results of concretization of administrative and legal norms during judicial enforcement
Authors: Doiar Ye.
Published: April 2022

Having studied the legal implications for public administration of concretisation of administrative law during judicial application of law, the author substantiates that the pivotal direction of the impact of judicial application of law on the performance of governance functions by administrative authorities is the fulfillment by administrative courts of their purpose by interpreting and applying administrative law conducting, where necessary, their concretisation for the use of applicable legal provision for fair, accurate and comprehensive settlement of disputes relating rights and obligations of administrative-legal relations parties. This is particularly the case in complex law-application situations involving conflicts and gaps in the provisions of administrative law or stemming from the need to apply the law in systemic interconnection with general and sectoral goals and principles of administrative laws and regulations. Author refers to case-law concerning tacit consent in administrative permitting system. Interpreting tacit consent clause in conjunction with the general principles of the permitting system and of the purpose of this legal instrument, administrative courts stressed the inadmissibility of abusing of tacit consent aimed at enabling businesses to engage in certain economic activities even though they have not complied with the relevant regulatory

requirements and seek to circumvent the control component of permitting procedures, misusing the tacit consent instrument for this purpose. As a result, the courts have identified those grounds for evoking tacit consent, that are based on the objectives and principles of the legislation on the permitting system in the field of economic activities and do not directly and clearly follow from the literal normative definition of tacit consent in the provisions of this legislation. The case-law as well determines safeguards preventing abusive practices of private entities, striving to circumvent requirements of the legislation on the permitting system, and, furthermore, it outlines improper procedural administrative practices that facilitate misuse of the tacit consent.
The concept and content of administrative and legal support of public control
Authors: Pashchynskyi O.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this article is to define the concept and features of the administrative and legal support of public control.

The author substantiates that in the context of the modern development of social relations, the issues of defining the concept and content of administrative and legal support of public control acquire an urgent importance and require detailed scientific research.

The article examines theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the concepts of “security”, “legal support” and “administrative and legal support”. Attention is focused on the fact that some of the scientists

note the procedural aspect of understanding this concept. Another part of scientists notes the activity aspect, proposing to consider legal support as a specific activity, which is manifested in the continuous activities of legal entities, state bodies, public organizations, officials and citizens. The article argues that the most correct for understanding and disclosing the essence of “legal support” is precisely the activity approach, because this phenomenon is associated with the performance of a certain set of actions. Thus, in the context of the study, we can conclude that legal support is the activity of the state, state authorities and local self-government regulated by the norms of law, aimed at ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals, as well as their implementation.

The article establishes that the presence of effective administrative and legal support for public control over the activities of local self-government bodies in Ukraine allows: 1) to clearly delineate the competence to perform certain actions in the field of public control; 2) find out the features of the functioning of public control; 3) identify conflicts of administrative and legal support of public control.

It has been determined that the administrative and legal support of public control is the activity of subjects of state power, regulated by law, aimed at ensuring the functioning, ordering, development and protection of public relations in the field of activities of local self-government bodies through the commission of organizational, legal and administrative actions of a public nature in order to fulfill tasks and implementation of the goals of public control.

The author has proved that the system of elements of the content of administrative and legal support of public control consists of two key groups, which include: 1) main elements: object, subject, administrative and legal relations; 2) additional elements: principles, means, methods, forms and methods.
State flight safety of civil aircraft
Authors: Polyanska A.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the system of state regulation and management of flight safety, the definition of the subjects of such activities. The research methodology is based on the methods of documentary analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, objective truth, which allows to systematically trace the impact of legal regulation in the field of air transport. As a result, it was stated that state regulation is an important component in ensuring the safety of flights of civil aircraft. With proper legal regulation, a high level of aircraft safety will be ensured. The state policy of ensuring the safety of aircraft in civil aviation is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned measures developed and implemented by public authorities, which allows the state to achieve its goals in the aviation industry, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, based on available resources. The peculiarity of this public policy is that, first, it is closely linked to both foreign and domestic processes in the country; secondly, has a great influence on the development of all socio-economic

relations; thirdly, it is provided by a system of public administration bodies headed by the head of state; fourth, it is quite dynamic and costly; fifth, it needs constant control and adjustment by the state. State regulation of flight safety of civil aircraft consists in the formation of state policy and development strategy, defining tasks, functions, conditions of state bodies and use of Ukrainian airspace, application of aviation security measures, adoption of mandatory aviation rules of Ukraine, state control over their implementation and establishing responsibility for their violation. Analysis of flight safety and aviation statistics in recent publications and studies.

The results of the analysis of statistical data on aviation events that have occurred over the past six years indicate a significant deterioration in flight safety during aviation operations, both in absolute and relative accident rates.

To increase the level of flight safety, public authorities and aviation entities should take effective measures to implement a safety management system in accordance with the requirements of ICAO, the European Aviation Safety Agency and the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) [4, с. 117].
Experience of prevention e-commercial fraud in the USA
Authors: Konovalova I.
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes the prevention of electronic trade and commercial fraud in the United States of America. It is noted that the scientific area of research of modern fraud requires constant empirical updating and theoretical understanding in the field of Crivinology and Victimology, in particular, in the area of fraud research in the sphere of electronic commerce and trade.

The basis of the scientific Crimean-logical analysis was a complex combination of philosophical (in particular, dialectic), general scientific (synthesis, analysis, indouction, and generalization) and special-scientific methods.

For the purpose of this work, in particular, the peculiarities of prevention of electronic trade and commercial fraud in the USA are justified, namely: 1) the rules of special laws on prevention of online fraud in the sphere of electronic commerce and trade are described; 2) the subjects which carry out work on prevention of this type of criminal offense are defined; and 3) considered the latest technologies used in this field. Special attention is paid to the formal-established rules of protection of online shops of the USA from various kinds of threats of fraud, which are aimed at reducing their risk in the sphere of electronic trade and considered important tools of detection and prevention of fraud.

The conclusions set out universal mechanisms for effective prevention of criminal offenses in this sphere, the elaboration of which will further develop conceptual measures of state policy on counteraction to fraud; and create a program of action for law enforcement bodies.
Legal assistance in administrative judiciary
Authors: Olashyn V.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the content and types of professional legal assistance in administrative proceedings, during the exercise of judicial control over the implementation of court decisions in administrative cases and beyond. Based on the analysis, the state of development of professional legal assistance in Ukraine is determined. Real mechanisms of protection of the rights of citizens by rendering such help are investigated. Mechanisms for providing legal assistance to persons who do not have sufficient funds to obtain legal assistance from a lawyer working in the private sector are disclosed. The volumes of free legal aid, both primary and secondary, have been established. The article also deals with the other side of the lawsuit - the subjects of power, their mechanisms to protect their own interests and provide the latter with proper legal assistance as well. This category is also discussed in this article as a category such as self-representation in the administrative process by subjects of power. The powers of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights in the context of ensuring the protection of citizens' rights during an appeal to an administrative court have been studied. International legal acts have been established, which correspond to the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of providing citizens with appropriate professional legal assistance in the process of administrative proceedings. Conclusions are made on the state of development of legal aid in the administrative process in Ukraine as a whole. In addition, emphasis is placed on legal assistance in this type of legal service - as judicial control over the implementation of court decisions in favor of the plaintiff in administrative cases. Attention is drawn to the fact that administrative proceedings consist not only of consideration of the case in the administrative court, but also of the actual execution of the court decision.
Main measures and protection of the marine environment against pollution provided by international and national legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Balobanov O. , Palchenko A.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the norms of current international and national legislation in the field of prevention of marine pollution in the context of the definition and application of measures to prevent pollution of the marine environment. The study solves such problems as determining the problem of the current state of marine pollution; study of international legal and national legislation of Ukraine on the protection of the marine environment; and finding further directions for the development of environmental safety policy at sea. The research is based on a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition, the application of which is carried out within a systematic approach. Marine pollution in Ukraine, as in most countries around the world, is currently considered one of the most important economic and social problems. One of the important components of international environmental security is the prevention of marine pollution, which can only be achieved through a combination of efforts of each state at the national level and the international community as a whole. The relevance of the study in the article is due to the lack of systematic and comprehensive study of current issues of international legal responsibility for marine pollution. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of a systematic international treaty or treaties that would regulate international legal relations related to the implementation of such responsibilities. The main measures and protection of the marine environment from pollution, analysis of the legal consequences of marine pollution and the substantive development of international law, and compliance with the level of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine.

The article examines and analyzes the norms of current international and national legislation in the field of prevention of marine pollution in the context of defining and applying measures to prevent pollution of the marine environment.
Analysis of features of development development behaviors of adolescents
Authors: Andrusyshyn R.
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes the age dynamics of the occurrence and development of behavioral deviations of minors. This process goes through certain stages that correspond to the age, individual and psychological characteristics of minors and are characterized by the uniqueness of living conditions, communication activities. The main factors of deviations are also analyzed in order to identify the causes that influence the formation and occurrence of deviant behavior in adolescents, as scientific interest in the problem of deviant behavior among minors and their prevention is growing.

Interest in the problem of deviant behavior among minors and their prevention is growing today, as deviant behavior among children and adolescents has become widespread in recent decades, prompting scientists to actively seek effective ways to prevent and eliminate it, and authorities to update legislation and the development of long-term programs related to the content of deviations. The peculiarity of deviant behavior is that it is accompanied by various manifestations of social maladaptation. Such behavior does not necessarily lead to illness or death, but naturally causes or exacerbates a state of social maladaptation. The state of maladaptation, in turn, can be an independent cause of deviant behavior. Deviant behavior has individual and age characteristics. It primarily reflects the external existence of the individual in society. It can be extremely diverse "from within".

The essence of deviant behavior is that a person does not comply with the requirements of the social norm, chooses different from the requirements of the norm option of behavior in a given situation, which leads to a violation of the interaction of individual and society. The basis of deviations in behavior is mainly a conflict of interests, values, differences in needs, deformation of the means of meeting them, mistakes in education, life failures and miscalculations.

Deviant behavior is combined with the subject's good knowledge of morals and laws. But the understanding that it is impossible to behave in this way does not stop the individual who has chosen this way of self-affirmation.
Protection of virtual gaming property: national and foreign experience
Authors: Buletsa S. , Tegza A.
Published: April 2022

Today, we live in a world surrounded by virtual reality. Virtual reality is commonly used in advertising, video games, cinema, entertainment, education, training, simulations, architecture, engineering and the defense industry. Applications of virtual reality in the entertainment industry can give rise to several legal questions that need to be addressed when determining the relationship between stakeholders, especially when the transaction volume in the virtual world and virtual market trades are considered. In a digital world, digital contents can be illegally copied, communicated to the public or otherwise distributed with several clicks of a mouse within seconds from anywhere in the world. Fighting piracy and infringement of rights, including copyright, on the Internet becomes more and more important for right holders each day. Enforcement of rights on the internet, where huge amount of data are exchanged across the world every second, is another challenging subject. This is also the case for virtual environments. The scientific article analyzed domestic and foreign jurisprudence in the field of protection of virtual gaming property, conducted research on barriers to protection of virtual property, and proposed a way to overcome the problem by developing a law on virtual service providers, which would regulate relations on registration of service providers. virtual facilities, monitoring their activities, determining the rights and obligations of persons using such facilities, the risks associated with the use of virtual asset services and resolving disputes arising from contracts and agreements between the virtual asset service provider and his customers. In addition, the authors propose to create blockchain games as decentralized applications that will not only make the user a full owner of virtual gaming property, but also eliminate intermediaries in the relationship between user and game developer and in turn significantly reduce server maintenance costs.
Methods of notarial defense of corporate rights under the legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Derevyanko D.
Published: April 2022

In the conditions of functioning of modern social relations the processes of creation of various corporate legal entities have acquired the special intensity. In the course of establishment, activity and termination of such subjects of civil relations the issues of proper defense of corporate rights of their participants have become relevant, and consolidation of necessary effective mechanisms of such defense has always been a guarantee of business development in general and investment climate in our country. At the same time, methods of notarial defense of corporate rights require a special attention and research.

Article 18 of the Civil Code of Ukraine provides that a notary has the right to defend civil rights by making a writ of execution on the debt document in cases and in the manner prescribed by law. It follows that at the level of the codified act it has been actually defined only one way of notarial defense of civil rights – the execution of the writ of execution.

As of today, the notarial form of defense of the right to dividends by making a writ of execution on the documents is provided only for shareholders. We believe that an appropriate mechanism for defehding the right to dividends should be introduced for participants of other corporate legal entities.

The established list of types of notarial acts in its absolute majority provides for notarial protection, in particular, preventive function, rather than defendive in its traditional sense. Notarial protection and notarial defense of corporate rights are often inextricably linked. Methods of notarial defense of corporate rights may be: execution of the writ of execution by a notary; imposition and lifting of a ban on the alienation of immovable property (property rights to immovable property), which is subject to state registration and acts as a contribution to the authorized capital of legal entities of corporate type; imposing a ban on the alienation of monetary amounts that will be credited to the applicant requirements, determined in accordance with Part 4 of Art. 65-2 of the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies", on account of conditional storage (escrow), opened in accordance with the law, etc.
General provisions on the prerequisites for the occurrence of notarial procedural legal relations
Authors: Kryzhevska O.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the preconditions for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations. It is established that the emergence, development and termination of notarial procedural legal relations depends on certain conditions, which in the science of notarial process are called either prerequisites or grounds for the emergence of these legal relations. It is noted that all general scientific issues of preconditions or grounds for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations are problems of general theory of law or theory of procedural law, are determined by it and must be resolved at the level of this theory. Peculiarities of preconditions or grounds for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations exist only at the level of characteristics of individual elements of their composition.

It is stated that notarial procedural norms of law and notarial procedural facts are indisputable prerequisites for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations. Notarial procedural facts should be considered as grounds for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations.

The author of the article states that the category of legal capacity in determining the possibility of a person to be a subject of notarial procedural legal relations looks imperfect in the notarial process. Given the wide range of subjects of notarial procedural legal relations, their systematization, legal capacity alone does not explain the ability of individual subjects to be participants in specific legal relations. Therefore, the precondition for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations should be understood notarial procedural legal personality. The content of this legal personality should be sought both in the legal capacity and in the legal capacity of the subjects. At the same time, the author believes that it is worth paying attention to other possible components of legal personality, which are distinguished in science.

It is concluded that the set of prerequisites for the emergence of notarial procedural legal relations should be considered: 1) the rules of notarial procedural law; 2) notarial procedural legal personality; 3) notarial procedural facts.
Freedom of treaty and its limits: compliance of Ukrainian civil legislation with European approaches
Authors: Mendzhul M.
Published: April 2022

The article presents the results of the analysis of the compliance of the civil legislation of Ukraine with the European approaches to guaranteeing the freedom of contract and its restrictions. The normative consolidation of freedom of contract in European countries (France, Germany, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania) has been studied. It was found that in European countries the freedom of contract is limited in order to maintain public order, good morals, protection of certain categories of contractors (consumers). In France, the current version of Article 1102 of the Civil Code stipulates that everyone is free to conclude a contract, choose contractors, determine the content and form of the contract, but within the limits established by law. It is established that in Germany the freedom of contract is limited by the requirements of the law, the prohibition of illegality, immorality, as well as the need to protect consumer rights.

An analysis of Slovakia's civil law found that the expansion of the substantive content of the principle of freedom of contract was influenced by the case law of the Constitutional Court. In Romania, as in Ukraine, a separate article is devoted to the freedom of contract and the disclosure of its content in the Civil Code. The compliance of the Ukrainian legislation on freedom of contract with the DCFR is analyzed.

The position of European scholars on the impact of the principle in dubio pro libertate on contractual freedom and its restrictions, as well as the views of domestic scholars on the principle of freedom of contract.

It is substantiated that in general both scientific positions and legislative provisions of the Central Committee of Ukraine on the formulation of freedom of contract correspond to the European approach to maximum freedom and application of only lawful and proportionate restrictions guaranteeing fairness and non-discrimination, protection of weaker counterparties (consumers) interests. It is proposed to understand the limits of freedom of contract provided by the CC or other act of civil legislation of Ukraine legal, reasonable, fair and proportionate framework that restricts the freedom of action of the parties to the contract to ensure the balance of public and private interests.
Removal of the right to inherit one of the parents
Authors: Ruban O.
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the legal status of one of the parents who was deprived of parental rights and removed from the right to inherit. The legal status of the testator's child has been studied. Reasoned proposal on the need for intentional failure of the heirs to fulfill their responsibilities for the maintenance of the testator-child, improper care, failure to provide the necessary assistance and care.

Disputes over removal from the right to inherit are one of the most common categories of cases heard by courts under the rules of civil procedure. The complexity of this category of disputes is explained by the fact that at the time of the inheritance of the testator-child is no longer alive. Therefore, obtaining information about the circumstances and facts that are relevant to the case, for objective reasons, is difficult. Difficulties also arise when establishing facts of legal significance.

The correlation of the provisions of the Civil and Family Codes of Ukraine on the grounds and conditions of removal from the right to inherit has been studied. According to Article 164 of the Family Code of Ukraine, evasion of parental responsibilities entails deprivation of parental rights. Thus, the norm of Article 1224 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is natural, which regulates that parents deprived of parental rights are not entitled to inherit by law after the child-heir.

It is concluded that it is necessary to recognize postmortem children as heirs at law and by will, by making appropriate changes to the civil legislation of Ukraine and give them the right to inherit.It is substantiated that a person's evasion of assistance to a testator in need of assistance is intentional acts or omissions aimed at evading the obligation to provide support and assistance to the testator, ie evasion related to the guilty conduct of a person who was aware of his obligation. language, had the opportunity to perform it, but did not take the necessary action.
Legal means to ensure the effectiveness of tax control
Authors: Pyroha S. , Pyroha I.
Published: April 2022

Effective tax control is designed to ensure the balance of public and private interests in the tax sphere and to strengthen the confidence of civil society in the institutions of state and law. Weaknesses in tax control lead to the formation of the shadow sector of the economy, low incomes of the majority of workers and retirees, limited effective demand for goods / services, lack of incentives for economic development and the need to provide subsidies of housing  communal services. Most of the economy is monopolized, market regulators are virtually non-existent, and existing ones have zero efficiency. The lack of fair market prices does not allow to ensure the macroeconomic balance of the market environment and to objectively determine the tax base and the amount of taxes payable.

The article substantiates the necessary changes to the legislation, which eliminate the possibility of different interpretations of legislation, simplify the system of tax administration and eliminate possible abuses of tax law. Improving the effectiveness of tax control is ensured by the introduction of market pricing, which is based on an exclusive list components of price : wages, profits, depreciation and any costs that are confirmed by pay VAT. Tax control should be complemented by control over the costs and assets of taxpayers. First of all, we are talking about the subjects of e-declaration of income.

It is proposed to make additional columns in the form of e-declaration, in which to indicate the amount of paid personal income tax and social contributions, confirmation of the completeness of the declaration of income and compliance of income with taxes paid. Owners of large assets should be added to the list of e-declaration entities and an additional tax on large assets should be introduced. It is necessary to develop a list of sanctions that occur in case of detection of incomplete payment of taxes and fees, undeclared assets, regardless of their actual location and method of detection.