bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Mechanics Models for PdHx and PdDx
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

In recent years we have developed simple empirical mean-field statistical mechanics models for PdHx and PdDx that include both O-site and T-site occupation. A brief account of this work is given here. At low loading it is impossible to fit solubility data over a wide range of temperature assuming only O-site occupation; however, with T-site occupation a good fit is obtained and an O-site to T-site excitation energy near 105 meV is found. Results from neutron diffraction studies at modest loading, and resistance and solubility measurements at high pressure and high loading, are used to infer O-site to T-site excitation energies and develop a smooth fit. The resulting statistical mechanics models have been optimized to provide systematic results at high loading for PdH and PdD, and also to fit the isotherms of the phase diagram of PdH. Estimates for the O-site energy as a function of loading and temperature have been developed in the latter case.
Experimental Device of Cold HD-Fusion Energy Development and Testing (Verification Experiment)
Authors: Zelensky V. F. , Gamov V. O. , Ulybkin A. L. , Virich V. D.
Published: December 2024

The work is devoted to experimental check of the intensive cold fusion model (the chemonuclear fusion scenario) developed. For experiments, the experimental device of cold fusion energy in HD–nickel system has been made. To create an “active pseudo- composite” layer (offered in V.F. Zelensky, The Int. Conf. on Cold Fusion-20. Japan, 2016) on the electrode surface, an oper- ating procedure has been developed for processing nickel electrodes of the energy generator. All the phenomena expected in the chemonuclear fusion scenario were observed in the “verification experiment” (except γ-radiation caused by the bineutron–nickel nucleus interaction). The conclusion is drawn that the chemonuclear fusion scenario successfully explains the process of intensive cold fusion in three fusion systems (2D–, HD– and (7Li–1H)gas-transitive metal), and thus, can form the basis for the development of cold fusion reactors.
Fusion of Light Atomic Nuclei in Vacuum and in Solids and Two Ways of Mastering Nuclear Fusion Energy
Authors: Zelensky V. F.
Published: December 2024

Two ways of mastering nuclear fusion energy, viz., controlled thermonuclear fusion and cold fusion, are considered. This paper deals with the intensive cold fusion model, hereinafter referred to as the chemonuclear fusion hypothesis. The determining role of virtual photons and electrons of anomalous internal γ-conversion in cold fusion is shown. The chemonuclear fusion hypothesis for the 2D-, HD- and (7Li–1H)gas-transition metal systems provides an explanation of cold fusion. It is demonstrated that this hypothesis can serve as a base for the development of cold fusion reactors.
Anomalous Excess Heat Generated by the Interaction between Nano-structured Pd/Ni Surface and D2 Gas
Authors: Itoh Takehido , Iwamura Yasuhiro , Kasagi Jirohta , Shishido Hiroki
Published: December 2024

A new experimental setup based on Mizuno’s work was introduced in our lab in order to investigate the anomalous heat generation phenomena. Following Mizuno’s procedures, we fabricated nano-structured material composed of Pd and Ni by glow discharge on a heater located in the center of a vacuum chamber. The nano-structured Pd/Ni was prepared with D2 before use. Then, we applied electrical power to the heater that was covered with the nano-structured Pd/Ni while evacuating the chamber, and we observed the heater temperature behavior. Next, we introduced D2 gas at about 250 Pa to the chamber while maintaining the heater input. As a result, in three experiments, we observed that heater temperature increases compared to the reference experiment (with no nano-structured Pd/Ni). In particular, in experiments with 7 W input, we observed a123◦C heater temperature increase compared to the reference experiment. It can be said that we replicated Mizuno’s experiment successfully. Since the heater was covered with nano-structured material, there was a concern that a change in emissivity affected the heater temperature measurement. Numerical calculation was conducted to evaluate the effect of the change of the surface emissivity. It was concluded that even if the emissivity drop dramatically from 0.7 to 0.3 due to the coating of the nano-structured Pd/Ni, the temperature rise would be only 70◦C at the most. The postulated emissivity change cannot explain the observed temperature increase of 123◦C. These experimental and numerical results suggest that anomalous excess heat was generated by the interaction between nano-structured Pd/Ni surface and D2 gas.
Implications of the Electron Deep Orbits for Cold Fusion and Physics – Deep-orbit-electron Models in LENR: Present and Future
Authors: Meulenberg Andrew , Paillet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2024

Relativistic deep-orbit electrons (D-O-Es) have previously been identified as the probable mechanism in the development of low- energy nuclear reaction (LENR) theories based on experimental Cold Fusion (CF) results. This present paper highlights how relativity and the near-field interactions (of deep-orbit electrons with both the nucleus and the lattice) predict accepted and many reported, but not-yet-accepted, CF observations. Included in the former category are: all of the new fragmentation ratios for the D+D ⇒ 4He CF nuclear reaction; a high-probability p–e–p ⇒ d reaction; a ‘fast’ decay process for transitions from excited to ground nuclear states; and a means of transferring excess nuclear energy to the lattice. Included in the latter category are: energy transfer from s-orbit atomic electrons to low-lying nuclear states; the formation of femto-atoms and femto-molecules – a basis for transmutations without the known ‘hard’ radiation (particulate or photonic) characteristic of neutron activation processes; selective attraction of femto-atoms/molecules to radio-nuclides (nuclear remediation); and the ‘preferred’ transmutation pathways in CF. Other effects, based on the published deep-orbit models, are predicted. Because of the successes of these models in explaining so much of CF, their mathematical basis is presently being explored beyond previous work(s). The physical bases for, and the consequences of, the mathematical predictions are proposed and described here. These include: special relativity and binding energy; the deBroglie term and spin-axis precessions; the deep-orbit quantum number, k; and deep-level splitting from spin– orbit, spin–spin, momentum and magnetic interactions. Theoretical concepts such as: symmetry breaking, ‘sequestration’, and elementary-particle mass changes to below their rest mass are also addressed. The new results and their interpretation, while incomplete, provide both satisfaction (in resolving prior issues) and surprises (in the magnitude and variety of near-nuclear effects).
Observation of Anomalous Production of Si and Fe in an Arc Furnace Driven Ferro Silicon Smelting Plant at levels of Tons per day
Authors: Narayanaswamy C. R.
Published: December 2024

silicon alloy deploying a 12 MVA “Submerged Carbon Arc” powered smelter. During a 11-week long non-stop round the clock operation of the plant in 1995, daily feed of raw materials was: Quartz (33.4 ton), charcoal (with fixed carbon content of 13.2 ton) and scrap steel (5.1 ton) while the daily output production of Fe–Si alloy (73.5% Si) was 24.75 ton. From the total weights of Si and Fe in the input feed and assuming 100% recovery of the metals, the daily output alloy production could at best have been only 20.5 ton. However to our surprise throughout the 11-week period the total daily Fe–Si alloy (with 73.5% Si) output was consistently 24.75 ton, corresponding to a daily “anomalous” excess metal production of 4.25 ton of Fe–Si alloy. The only source of Si entering the smelter furnace was the quartz raw material and that of Fe was the scrap steel (except for minor additional amounts of Fe originating from the steel casing of the consumable Söderberg carbon electrodes). Very careful vigil of the weights of daily input feed of raw materials and output alloy drained out as also the electrical energy consumption was maintained. It was evident that roughly 20% more metal than could be accounted for from the input feed was being produced and consequently we have been obliged to come to the conclusion that anomalous quantities of Si (2.8 ton/day) and Fe (1.45 ton/day) were being synthesized during the smelting process. Discussions with researchers involved in the Cold Fusion/LENR field have suggested that a likely explanation for the anomalous metal production could be the occurrence of transmutation reactions between nuclei of C and the O stripped from the SiO2 during the chemical reduction process. It is speculated that the intense varying magnetic fields generated by the kilo-amp levels of alternating current (AC) driving the arcing between the three gigantic carbon electrodes and the carbonic hearth of the furnace, in the 2000◦C temperature environment, could have somehow catalyzed transmutation reactions to occur, very similar to the transmutations reported in laboratory scale “Carbon-Arc experiments” first revealed by George Oshawa in 1964. But the more puzzling aspect of our observations is that there was no evidence of release of the expected massive amounts of nuclear energy that should have accompanied the postulated transmutation reactions based on the atomic masses of the nuclei involved.
Evidence for Nuclear Transmutations in Ni–H Electrolysis
Authors: Rajeev K. P. , Gaur D.
Published: December 2024

Excess heat has been reported in cold fusion experiments since 1989; however, there is at present no accepted explanation for what mechanisms are involved. Over the past decades a general theory has been developed which seems applicable to excess heat and
Controlled Electron Capture: Enhanced Stimulation and Calorimetry Methods
Authors: Tanzella Francis , Godes Robert , Herrera Rogelio , Eveleigh Cedric
Published: December 2024

The Controlled Electron Capture (CEC) method has been extended to use faster rise and fall time pulses, hydrogen isotope gas based systems at temperatures up to 650◦C, and more precise and accurate calorimetry relative to results presented earlier. Our isoperibolic (IPB) cell/calorimeter is operated as an isothermal compensation type calorimeter. Potential sources of error in this system are discussed as well the methods used to minimize them. In power compensation mode the cell is held at a constant temperature using a heater power feedback system and constant power pulses or DC power steps are added to the system, resulting in a reduction of heater power. The relationship between this heater power reduction and DC power passed along the reactor core yields a calibration curve at different temperatures that allows us to evaluate how much output power increased during a given stimulation pulse. The IPB cell/calorimeter was stimulated by commanding different pulse widths at constant amplitude with the pulse power held constant by appropriately varying the pulse repetition rate. At 250–300◦C the ratio of output power increase to input pulse power varied from 1.0 to over 2.0 depending on the pulse width at constant input power. That ratio was always 1.0 at all pulse widths attempted at 600◦C. These results have been seen tens of times. The amount of excess power was also dependent on the composition of the gas and the metal alloy coatings on the core. The outer layer of the core was always pure Ni. The composition of a multilayer metal–dielectric metal coated core was chosen to allow for reasonable hydrogen solubility and mobility at 300◦C. The results of various experiments are discussed Importantly these results presented here ignore the heater power necessary to maintain temperature and the losses in the pulse generator, which can be several times greater than either the stimulation power or power gain.
Quasiparticles, Collective Excitations and Higher-order Collective Quasi-excitations in Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Swartz Mtchell R.
Published: December 2024

Quasiparticles and collective excitations are similar in that they arise de novo from material interactions. They are in need of classification and important because some of them are highly relevant to successful lattice assisted nuclear reactions (LANR). This report reviews this classification along with discussion of their impact on our ability to enable LANR.
Recoil Assisted Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Kálmán Péter , Keszthelyi Tamás
Published: December 2024

Low energy nuclear processes, which are strongly hindered by Coulomb repulsion between the reacting nuclei, are investigated in solid environment. It is shown that this hindering effect may be essentially weakened (it practically disappears) if one takes into account the Coulomb interaction of one of the reacting particles with the surroundings. It is obtained that if the modification of the wave function due to Coulomb interaction with charged constituents of the environment is taken into account applying standard perturbation calculation of quantum mechanics then waves of high momentum with small amplitude are mixed to the initial wave of small momentum. This may be interpreted as the slow, quasi-free heavy particle of positive charge pushes a heavy particle of the environment and they can obtain (virtually) such a great magnitude of momentum (of opposite direction) in the intermediate state in that the probability of nuclear reaction with another positively charged, slow, heavy particle significantly increases. This magnitude of (virtual) momentum is determined by energy and momentum conservation between initial and final states. The mechanism (called recoil assistance) opens the door to a great variety of nuclear processes that are now thought to have negligible rate at low energies. The recoil assisted nuclear pd reaction is investigated like a sample reaction numerically. A partial overview of low energy nuclear reactions allowed by recoil assistance and leading to nuclear transmutations is presented. A critical analysis of Fleischmann–Pons type low energy nuclear reaction experiments is also presented.
Expectations of LENR Theories
Authors: Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

The mechanisms that cause Lattice Enabled (or Low Energy) Nuclear Reactions (LENR) are still not understood, even though much is known empirically about LENR. We provide list of 24 observations from almost three decades of LENR experiments. These observations require theoretical explanations. This paper deals with two aspects of the many theories about the mechanisms. The first is the theories themselves, i.e., their characteristics and results. The few dozen available theories on LENR mechanisms are diverse and complex. Only a lengthy paper could properly summarize their essence, including all assumptions and implications. Such a thorough review of extant LENR theories would be challenging to write. Here, we merely indicate reviews and other sources of information on LENR theories. The second focus of this paper is the status of development of LENR theories, specifically, the completeness of their elaboration. It is possible to detail what is expected of LENR theorists by experimentalists, teachers, students, developers and other interested personnel. We provide and discuss ten questions for LENR theoreticians about the description (characteristics) and status (development) of their ideas. The nearly three decades of theoretical work on LENR has resulted in remarkably few well-developed theories. None of them has yet been adequately tested and widely accepted. There remains a great opportunity for some theoretician to provide the basic understanding of LENR. That understanding would enable or speed the commercialization of this new, clean, promising and much needed energy source.
Isotopic and Elemental Composition of Substance in Nickel–Hydrogen Heat Generators
Authors: Alabin K. A. , Andreev S. N. , Sobolev A. G. , Zabavin S. N. , Parkhomov A. G. , Timerbulatov T. R.
Published: December 2024

Results of isotopic and elemental composition analyses of fuel and matter near the active zone of nickel–hydrogen reactors before and after experiment with the integral excess energy up to 790 MJ are presented. No significant changes in the isotopic composition of nickel or lithium were observed. A significant increase in the concentration of impurities of a number of nuclides has been observed not only in fuel but also in structural elements adjacent to the active zones of the reactors.
Reanalysis of an Explosion in a LENR Experiment
Authors: Ruer Jacques , Biberian Jean-Paul
Published: December 2024

An electrolytic cell operated with a hollow Pd cathode exploded in 2004. The violence of the explosion was surprising. We decided to re-analyze this event. The examination of the cell remnants indicate that the explosion occurred in the gas phase, and the electrodes seem unaffected. The stoichiometric H2–O2 mix can explode following different mechanisms that are briefly reviewed. A particular phenomenon called Shock Wave Amplification by Coherent Energy Release (SWACER) is able to produce strong detonations. A gas quantity similar to the original cell ignited by a hot spot or a spark produces only weak explosions that do not break the glass tube. Strong detonations are reproducibly obtained with a setup designed to induce the SWACER. The re-analysis of the event shows that the explosion was probably triggered by the SWACER resulting from a reaction in the hollow Pd cathode. In order to avoid accidents in the future during the operation of closed electrolytic cells, it is advised in addition to the conventional safety measures to avoid the presence of hollow, gas-filled metallic pieces in the reactor gas space, like a tube or a folded sheet.
Key Principles for Patenting in the Land of LENR
Authors: French David
Published: December 2024

Patents can be obtained in the field of Cold Fusion/LENR but they will be specific to the arrangements that they describe. Proper patent drafting requires close cooperation between the inventor and attorney, with the inventor understanding the principles of claim drafting. Reference is made to the Andrea Rossi patent obtained before the US patent office and to the European patent obtained by Fleischmann and Pons before the European patent office with examples of claims for analysis.
Observation of Non-exponential Decay in X-ray and γ Emission Lines from Co-57
Authors: Metzler Florian , Hagelstein Peter , Lu Siyuan
Published: December 2024

On May 20, 2017, we started a series of experiments with the goal of observing vibrationally induced excitation transfer of the 14.4 keV nuclear state from excited Fe-57 to ground state Fe-57 nuclei. A steel plate with a Co-57 substrate on the front surface was vibrated by a piezoelectric transducer near 2.21 MHz; and emission in the X-ray region was recorded with an Amptek X-123 detector on the front side, a scintillator/photomultiplier detector on the back side, and a Geiger counter on the back side. The experiments provided a negative result for the originally sought ultrasonically induced excitation transfer effect, but instead showed non-exponential time histories for photon counts on all three detectors. Specifically, increased emission of the 14.4 keV gamma, Fe Kα and Kβ X-rays was observed at early time. This enhancement was present at the start of the experiments at about 19% above expected levels for the 14.4 keV gamma, and about 17% for the Fe K-alpha, with the enhancement decaying away with a time constant of about 2.5 days. Emission on the Sn Kα was consistent with the expected exponential decay of Co-57 at the 1% level. Non-exponential decay with an enhancement at early time was also seen for the weak Fe Kα escape peak, and in the back- side Geiger counter data; and a reduction at early times was seen on the higher energy channels of the scintillator/photomultiplier detector counter both looking at the back side. The observed non-exponential decay is connected with the tightening of bolts on wooden clamps on the corners of the steel plate, which apply mechanical stress to the sample. Candidate interpretations are considered, in which the stress induced in the steel results in scattering and generation of THz phonons by dislocations, and in which phonon–nuclear coupling mediated by THz phonons leads to the transfer of nuclear excitation to other nuclei (“excitation transfer”), which can cause spatial delocalization of the source and angular anisotropy of the photon emission.
An Experiment in Reducing the Radioactivity of Radionuclide (137Cs) with Multi-component Microorganisms of 10 Strains
Authors: Yum Kyu-Jin , Lee Jong Man , Bahng GunWoong , Rhee Shanghi
Published: December 2024

In order to observe the effect of multi-component microorganisms on the radiation intensity of a radioactive 137Cs solution, a multi-component microorganism composed with 10 strains was designed and utilized in the experiment. It was composed of the radioactivity resistant Bacillus spp., aerobic bacteria which have a high temperature resistant and good biodegrade ability, anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, highly resistant to toxicity and good polymer degradable yeast, and photosynthetic strains with a better utilization of proton and high production rate of H+. An amount of 120 ml of this multi-component microorganism was mixed with 380 ml of deionized water. An amount of 0.159 ml of hydrochloric acid solution (0.1 mol/l) containing 137Cs was added to this mixture to adjust the final radioactivity to be 50 kBq. The mixed 500 ml samples were irradiated at 12-hour intervals with light and shaken at about 120 rpm at 25◦C in a shaking incubator. The radioactivity of the mixed solution was measured by a counter equipped with a high-purity Ge detector every other or 3 days. It was observed that the radiation intensity increased slightly at the beginning and then decreased to the 80% level compared to the control.
Thermodynamic Prediction for Novel Environmental Biotechnologies of Radioactive Waste Water Purification
Authors: Tashyrev Oleksandr , Govorukha Vira , Matvieieva Nadiia , Havryliuk Olesia
Published: December 2024

Extended abstract
Fabrication and Characterization of Palladium–Boron Alloys Used in LENR Experiments
Authors: Imam Ashraf M. , Nagel David J. , Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

Most Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) electrochemical experiments have been performed with commercially pure palladium cathodes. There has also been interest in the use of alloys of palladium, which retain the ability of that element to absorb high fractions of deuterium, but also offer better mechanical properties. Alloying palladium with low levels of boron is a prime example. The fabrication and characterization of Pd–B alloys is described in this paper. Three alloys with nominal composition in weight percent of boron, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, were produced by arc melting, followed by annealing. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed them to consist of two face-centered cubic phases with different lattice parameters, one dispersed as fine particles within the other. It was found that these alloys produce highly reliable LENR results.
Cavitation Effects on Various Metals in D2O
Authors: Claytor Thomas N. , Stringham Roger S. , Fowler Malcolm M.
Published: December 2024

Cavitation at high frequency in close proximity to metal surfaces was investigated in D2O. A new miniaturized cavitation system was operated at 1.7 MHz and was small enough to fit into a sensitive Seebeck calorimeter. The 1.7 MHz reactor was designed to hold 20 g of D2O or H2O. The cells were operated in a pulsed mode for 1 or 2 min and then allowed to cool in the calorimeter. Target foils were placed in close proximity to the transducer and different foils show a maximum of about 13% change in measured excess heat output. Tritium measurements were made on the resulting liquid and showed a small initial increase. However, longer runs did not show a linear increase in tritium as the cavitation times were increased. No detectable signals were measured on a pancake gamma detector placed below the cavitation cells. Many different target foils (TF) (7 × 19 × 0.1 mm) were run in the system. A few showed some interesting surface features.
Excess Heat is Linked to Deuterium Loss in an Aqueous Nickel LANR System
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R. , Ahern Brian , Haldemann Charles , Weinberg Alan
Published: December 2024

These results indicate a loss of deuterium (more precisely, “deuterons”) from ordinary water when excess heat is observed in an aqueous Ni CF/LANR system (Ni/ordinaryH2O/Pt) using a very large cathodic area. The exit gas, from the enclosed electrolytic cell, had an HD/H2 isotopic ratio (3/2 ratio) which was significantly less than originally. When using V*I as electrical input power, the maximum incremental power gain was ∼4 times electrical input; this occurred at lower electrical input power. The maximum excess power was circa 5 W.
Comparison of NANOR􏰁-type LANR Components to 238Pu as a Heat Source for Space Flight
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Plutonium-238 creates heat by its natural radioactive decay to alpha particles and generates electricity using thermoelectric genera- tors (0.57 W/g, but ∼25 mW/g when shielding and supports are considered). The technology has been proven to work on more than two dozen US space vehicles. Yet, two problems exist: (1) NASA has currently only ∼1 kg of isotope exceeding the specifications requisite for space power delivery and (2) the safety of 238Pu. There is a need to consider alternative LANR systems. As a heat producing source, the Series 6 NANOR􏰁-type components deliver up to 150 mW of excess power, and so less than a dozen of them could replace 1 g of 238Pu in the power density metric. If present limitation of higher temperatures can be achieved, then the most efficient and safe deep space energy production systems in the future may include preloaded LANR components.
Atomic Nuclei Binding Energy
Authors: Hatt Philippe
Published: December 2024

In 1936 Bethe and Bacher and in 1938 Hafstad and Teller predicted that α-particle structures could be present in atomic nuclei. In the course of developing a theory of nuclear structure based on the assumption of closest packing of clusters of nucleons, Linus Pauling found that the magic numbers have a very simple structural significance. He assumed that in nuclei the nucleons may, as a first approximation, be described as occupying localized 1s orbitals to form small clusters. These small clusters, called spherons, are usually helions (i.e. α-particles), tritons and dineutrons. In nuclei containing an odd number of neutrons, an 3He cluster or a deuteron may serve as a spheron. The close-packed-spheron model differs from the conventional liquid-drop model of the nucleus in having spherons rather than nucleons as the units. This is a simplification: 154Gd, for example, is described in terms of 45 spherons, rather than 154 nucleons. This enables to determine the systematic of binding energy in a much simpler way than the approach based on individual nucleons. The authordeveloped that idea, i.e. having clusters as basic bricks within the nucleus instead of nucleons. So, the authorconsidered the binding energy of α-particle and of Deuterium, Tritium, 3He and the way these spherons are bonded instead of the bonding between individual nucleons. According to that hypothesis the nuclei of the various elements are constituted out of α-particles and other nucleons grouped in order to form sub nuclei bound together by four types of bonds called NN, NP, NNP, and NPP. Nevertheless, my purpose is not about looking for a new 3D model of atomic nucleus structure. It is the reason why the author favored an approach trying to breakdown the binding energy value of each element and its isotopes in several sub values indicated above. So, this process is considering only unidimensional binding energy values. This binding energy distribution approach in the nuclei is essential to the comprehension of LENR process.
The Enthalpy of Formation of PdH as a Function of H/Pd Atom Ratio
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

A Seebeck calorimeter is used to measure the bond energy between H and the lattice in the Pd–H system as a function of H/Pd atom ratio during electrolysis. The bond energy was found to become increasingly endothermic in excess of about PdH0.75. This energy is found to be sensitive to repeated gain and loss of hydrogen and to the bond disruption caused by reduction in thickness. The study used Pd having various purities and in one case a single crystal. In addition, a new method is described to measure the H/Pd atom ratio during electrolysis, which is used to show how rapidly H reacts with Pd.
Electron Quasi-particle Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Zuppero Anthony , Dolan Thomas J.
Published: December 2024

Our model applies solid state, nuclear, and quantum mechanics principles to the molecular chemistry process. We show how most of our predicted transmutation products are consistent with experimental data from a wide variety of LENR experiments, and how they can be triggered. Chemical physics recently discovered a new type of chemical reaction that concentrated most of the energy of reactants into electrons that were originally trapped between reactants. The reaction leaves the reaction product molecule relatively cool. Considering the rules of solid state physics, we apply the pattern of these chemical reactions to nuclear reactions, referred to as “Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions” (LENR, also called “Low Energy Nuclear Reactions”). The predicted nuclear energy release also concentrates the energy in electrons, energized inside the nuclear product. The nuclear products are predicted to be “cold”, implying non-radioactive, ground state. In some cases the excitation energy of the compound nucleus is sufficient to fracture it into more isotopes that were not originally present. The total attraction energy (coulomb plus nuclear) can overcome the quantum kinetic energy repulsion of the squeezed electron quasi-particles (Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle) when the effective electron mass exceeds a threshold value. Our model is consistent with cold nuclear fusion reactions catalyzed by muons in isotopes of hydrogen (Alvarez, UC Berkeley, 1956). We identify mechanisms to create transient, sufficiently elevated effective mass electron quasi-particles. According to our model some of these reactions should produce highly energetic neutral helium or helium-3, but they are difficult to measure. Our model predicts no “cold fusion” of deuterium plus deuterium into helium, even though it predicts copious, energetic helium emission. We will describe the model principles and compare its predictions with data from various reactions. Our model also predicts that certain LENR reactions should transmute radioactive fission products into normal elements, neutralizing the radioactivity. Other possible applications include process heat, hydrogen production, direct generation of electricity, and space propulsion.
Statistical Mechanics Models for PdDx and PdHx Phase Diagrams with both O-site and T-site Occupation
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

The phase diagram of PdHx was first understood with the development of statistical mechanics models in the 1930s, where hydrogen atoms were modeled as occupying octahedral sites with an O-site energy that depended on the loading. In an earlier study we made use of a generalization of this kind of model to include both O-site and T-site occupation to model loading in the alpha phase, loading in the beta phase, and to develop a mean field model for the phase diagram of PdHx. Here we extend the modeling to develop a model phase diagram for PdDx. Since the PdDx phase diagram is less studied that the PdHx phase diagram, the selection of isotherms is an issue, and we encountered minor technical issues in the digitization of published isotherm data. It was possible to develop good extrapolations to low loading (required for our phase diagram optimization), but we found that a reliable extrapolation of isotherms at high temperature to high loading was not possible. Consequently, after some exploration we found that “reasonable” global phase diagram models could be obtained with the introduction of a “guiding” point, where we introduce an estimate for a single pressure at high temperature and high loading to constrain the O-site energies and resulting phase diagram. This underscores the need for experimental measurements in this regime in order to understand the phase diagram. We were successful in optimizing a mean field phase diagram model for PdDx using this approach. We made use of the isotherms from our earlier modeling for PdHx to develop a new phase diagram model for PdHx making use of the same basic approach. The resulting O-site energy curves are qualitatively similar, with a somewhat deeper binding for H at high loading (attributed to the increased lattice expansion), and larger spread in O-site energies as a function of temperature (attributed to the reduced number of configurations accessible at low energy due to the larger excitation energy of the lower mass hydrogen atom).
Investigation of Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Kovacs Andras , Wang Dawei , Ivanov Pavel N.
Published: December 2024

We investigated the concept of electron mediated nuclear reactions. The analysis of experimental reaction data indicates burst- like reactions and continuous energy production phases, which appear to be two distinct processes. We discuss the signatures of electron states which are highly localized around the nucleus. A theory of electron transitions into such highly localized states is proposed, with good correspondence to the observed reaction dynamics. Understanding the underlying nuclear reaction requires further investigation. With respect to applications, the discovered process implies the possibility of sustainable energy production from fuels comprising hydrogen, nickel, and lithium.
Transmutations Involving the Di-neutron in Condensed Matter
Authors: Stevenson Cheryl D. , Davis John P.
Published: December 2024

It has been recently revealed how a lattice bound proton, in an electrochemical cathode, can absorb a relativistic electron yielding a neutron. There is no longer much doubt that the analogous electron capture by a deuteron, in condensed matter, (e−real +1 p↑0n↑ → 0n↓0n↑ + νe) is even more efficient, where the arrows indicate nucleon spins. The life time of the newly formed di-neutron may be vanishingly short, but in the palladium deuteride matrix, we show that it is certainly sufficiently long to undergo transmutation with constituents of the matrix as well as added “impurities” to yield both isotopic and isotonic products: i.e. (0n↓0n↑ +106 Pd → 108Pd). When the agent capturing the di-neutron is 1H, tritium is the result. When it is 2H, 4He and heat are the products (the Fleishmann Pons Heat Effect). Consistent with the tendency of di-neutrons to cluster, multiple di-neutrons are occasionally captured yielding neutron heavy nuclei. This is followed by beta decay and the respective isotonic products. We show that, within the PdD matrix, these di-neutron reactions involve phonon enforced quantum tunneling. The di-neutron-phonon mech- anism fully accounts for the following: (1) the evolved heat commensurate with 4He production, (2) the production of tritium when small amounts of 1H are present, (3) the release of feeble neutrons, (4) the formation of Pr when Cs is present, (5) the ostensive intermittent reproducibility and erratic (chaotic) heat out-puts, and (6) the seemingly major problem of obfuscating the Coulombic repulsion issue. Indeed, the antics of the di-neutron can fully explain the important aspects of normal temperature LENR heat effects and transmutations. Further, the di-neutron paradigm (mechanism) falls within the normal bounds of the Standard Model, and it is without the necessity of exotic forms of matter.
Plasmonic Field Enhancement at Oxide/Metal Interfaces for Condensed Matter Nuclear Fusion
Authors: Tanabe Katsuaki
Published: December 2024

The enhancement of electromagnetic field energy density around planar metal/oxide interfaces and metal nanoparticles in oxide ma- trices has been quantitatively investigated, to analyze the experiments reported so far, as well as to provide a design guide for future experimental systems. We have found that a certain degree of enhancement is available for commonly used material combinations in the field of condensed-matter nuclear fusion, and use of Ag, Al, Au, and Cu would particularly provide significantly larger en- hancement. This electromagnetic boosting effect may have unknowingly benefited the experiments reported so far, particularly for the electrolysis-type ones, and its active utilization by proper material and structure choices can improve condensed-matter fusion systems further.
Deuteron Plasmas Driven to Neutrality and 4He
Authors: Stringham Roger Sherman
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses Radio Frequency (RF) applied to cavitating D2O, resulting in jet plasma implantation of charged separated electrons and a deuteron-compressed plasma pulse; these interactions involved hot charged particles at an effective temperature of 104 K in a sub-picosecond time frame A. Free electrons were focused on clustered deuterons that compressed the deuterons like a spherical piston, squeezing a Meso-Cluster (MC) of deuterons. The compressed clusters were different from the deuterium clusters used by A. Takahashi. A reaction pathway similar to muon fusion was observed. The RF applied at a deuteron resonance, produced charge neutrality in the plasma’s electromagnetic (EM) pathway where alpha production was observed. Each MC consisted of 2– 100 deuterons. Here we will use 10 deuterons to describe the MC and its alpha production, within time frame A. The changing MC density, pressure, and temperature were critical to alpha production, within time frame A. The MC volume was about 10−39 m3 and compression force was continuously applied to the MC located at the target foil (TF) surface. The heat transport was fast, and MCs were confined by electromagnetic fields (EM) tangent to the MC interface and motion of the neutralizing electrons. It is conjectured in this paper that the neutralizing plasma in time frame A produced a shockwave (SW) using a single electron to form a D atom that fused two deuterons in the MC to create an alpha. Before the fusion reaction, the surface target foil atoms were cavitating for an active period of 100 ns duration with each RF cavitation resonance cycle (see the main text in Fig 4). The physical basis for the conjectured deuteron fusion reaction consisted of a preliminary compression cycle due to the electromagnetic field applied to the deuteron MC for a few hundred femtoseconds, followed by a rapid expansion. The compression cycle produced an effective temperature sufficient to create an alpha particle from the compression of two deuterons. The expansion cycle produced a slight temperature drop, allowing a deuterium ion to recombine with a low energy electron. This produced an orbital electron capture in the MC, forming a deuterium atom that jumped a distance 60,000 times larger than the deuteron’s ionic radius. It is conjectured that this impulse fused two deuterons in the MC into an alpha particle. The Mass Spectrometer (MS) measurements of collected gas samples produced by RF MHz cavitation in Ar-saturated H2O or D2O in a target foil lattice supported this conjecture. This conjecture was only a model, as other reaction pathways likely exist. Malcolm Fowler of McFarland Instrumentation Service (AIM) performed the MS analysis for He4 in the gas-phase RF reaction products. The analysis for tritium was done by Tom Claytor of High Mesa Tech (HMT). Pd TF were checked for any 4He retained in the Pd lattice. Electron mobility and target foil crystal types (face centered or body centered) may play an important role in the location of 4He in the lattice structure.
Remark on Lehnert’s Revised Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) as an Alternative to Francesco Celani’s et al. Maxwell–Clifford Equations: With an Outline of Chiral Cosmology Model and its Role to CMNS
Authors: Christianto Victor , Smarandache Florentin , Umniyati Yunita
Published: December 2024

In a recent paper published in JCMNS in 2017, Francesco Celani, Di Tommaso and Vassalo argued that Maxwell equations rewritten in Clifford algebra are sufficient to describe the electron and also ultra-dense deuterium reaction process proposed by Homlid et al. Apparently, Celani et al. believed that their Maxwell–Clifford equations are an excellent candidate to surpass both Classical Electromagnetic and Zitterbewegung QM. Meanwhile, in a series of papers, Bo Lehnert proposed a novel and revised version of Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) based on Proca equations. Therefore, in this paper, we gave an outline of Lehnert’s RQED, as an alternative framework to Celani et al Zitterbewegung-Classical EM. Moreover, in a rather old paper, Mario Liu described hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. While he also discussed potential implications of these new approaches to superconductors, such a discussion of electrodynamics of superconductors is made only after Tajmar’s paper. Therefore, in this paper we present for the first time a derivation of fluidic Maxwell–Proca equations. The name of fluidic Maxwell–Proca is proposed because the equations were based on modifying Maxwell–Proca and Hirsch’s theory of electrodynamics of superconductors. It is hoped that this paper may stimulate further investigations and experiments in superconductors It may be expected to have some impact to cosmology modeling too, for instance we consider a hypothetical argument that the photon mass can be the origin of gravitation. Then, after combining with the so-called chiral modification of Maxwell equations (after Spröessig), we consider chiral Maxwell–Proca equations as a possible alternative of gravitation theory. Such a hypothesis has never considered in the literature to the best of our knowledge. In the last section, we discuss the plausible role of chiral Maxwell–Proca (RQED) in CMNS process. It is hoped that this paper may stimulate further investigations and experiments in particular for elucidating the physics of LENR and UDD reaction from classical electromagnetics.
Atomic Nuclei Binding Energy: Case of 26Fe Isotopes
Authors: Hatt Philippe
Published: December 2024

In 1936. Bethe and Bacher and in 1938 Hafstad and Teller predicted that αparticle structures could be present in atomic nuclei. In the course of developing a theory of nuclear structure based on the assumption that clusters of nucleons are packed as closely together as possible, Linus Pauling found that the magic numbers have a very simple structural significance. He assumed that in nuclei the nucleons may, as a first approximation, be described as occupying localized 1s orbitals to form small clusters. These small clusters, called spherons, are usually helions (i.e. α particles), tritons and dineutrons. In nuclei containing an odd number of neutrons, a 3He cluster or a deuteron may serve as a spheron. The close-packed-spheron model differs from the conventional liquid-drop model of the nucleus in having spherons rather than nucleons as the units. This is a simplification: 154Gd, for example, is described in terms of 45 spherons, rather than 154 nucleons. This enables one to determine the systematic of binding energy in a much simpler way than the approach based on individual nucleons. The author developed that idea, i.e. having clusters as basic bricks within the nucleus instead of nucleons. He considered the binding energy of α particle, deuterium, tritium, 3He, and the way these spherons are bonded instead of the bonding between individual nucleons. According to that hypothesis the nuclei of the various isotopes of each element are constituted out of α particles and other nucleons grouped in order to form sub-nuclei bound together by four types of bonds called NN, NP, NNP and NPP. So, the author favored an approach trying to breakdown the binding energy value of each element isotope in the sub-values indicated above. That binding energy distribution approach in the nuclei is essential to the comprehension of LENR process.
Is the Nuclear Active Environment a Metals–Silicon–Boron–D2 Alloy Enabling a Three-body Recombination between Deuteron and the Nuclei of D2?
Authors: Engvild Kjeld C.
Published: December 2024

The Nuclear Active Environment (NAE) could be a site where three deuterons interact, e.g. a D2 molecule and a deuteron, where the deuteron is pushed in between the two D nuclei, and form a hypothetical Efimov-like triple D state. Three-boson (Efimov) interactions can have a longer range than two-boson interactions. Two nuclei fuse to helium and the third is ejected in a three body recombination. In rare cases the result is tritium and helium-3. The NAE might be a semiconductor like silicon, known to incorporate hydrogen molecules. The NAE could perhaps be a compound like MoS2, known as a possible substitute for platinum in electrolytic hydrogen evolution. The NAE might also be an alloy of metals with boron and silicon allowing occlusion of D2 molecules sitting in a tight vice in a narrow lattice. Or the NAE might be palladium oxide/nickel oxide, which are hydrogenating catalysts. Or it might be a chemical compound such as silicon boride and titanium carbide where D2 could sit in vacancies. A triple D might interact with lattice atoms according to the scheme mMen+ (3D) → m+2Men+1 + He, which might lead to the formation of radioactive isotopes.
Excess Energy Generation using a Nano-sized Multilayer Metal Composite and Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Iwamura Yasuhiro , Ito Takehiko , Kasagi Jirohta , Murakami Shoichi , Saito Mari
Published: December 2024

New type of excess heat experiments using a nano-sized metal multilayer composite and hydrogen gas have been performed based on the permeation-induced transmutation experiments with multilayer thin film and excess heat experiments with nano-particles. Two nano-sized metal multilayer composite samples, which were composed of Ni, Cu, CaO, Y2O3 thin films on bulk Ni (25 mm × 25 mm × 0.1 mm), were placed in a vacuum chamber. These samples were fabricated by Ar ion beam sputtering method. After baking of the samples, H2 gas was introduced into the chamber up to about 230 Pa at 250◦C. Then, the Ni based multilayer thin films started to absorb H2 gas. Amount of absorbed H2 gas can be evaluated by the pressure measurement of the chamber. Typically, after about 50,000 s, H2 gas was evacuated and simultaneously the samples were heated up by the ceramic heater up to 500–900◦C. The evacuation and heating process seem to trigger heat generation reactions. Heat burst phenomena were simultaneously detected by a radiation thermometer looking at the surface of the multilayer thin film and a thermocouple located near the metal composite. It shows that heat measurement by the thermocouple embedded in the ceramic heater correctly reflects surface temperature detected by the radiation thermometer. Excess energy generation using nano-sized multilayer Cu/Ni metal composite and Cu/Ni metal with third material (CaO, Y2O3) composite were presented. Maximum released excess energy reached 1.1 MJ and average released energy per absorbed total hydrogen was 16 keV/H or 1.5 GJ/H-mol. It cannot be explained by any known chemical process and suggests that the observed heat generation must be of nuclear origin. Various analysis methods, such as SEM-EDX or TOF-SIMS, had been applied to obtain information about what kind of reactions occur by the interaction of the nano-sized multilayer metal composite with hydrogen gas.