bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 structural and regulatory proteins and neurotoxicity
Authors: Stefano Mariantonietta Di , Sabri, Farideh , Chiodi Francesca
Published: November 2023

The neuropathological findings associated with HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) are the presence of multinucleated giant cells formed through the fusion of uninfected to infected macrophages, macrophage activation, reactive astrocytosis, neuronal loss, dendritic degeneration, and decreased synaptic density (Epstein and Gendelman 1993; Glass et al. 1993; Sanders et al. 1998; Nath and Geiger 1998; Masliah et al. 1997). Loss of neurons during HIV-1 infection occurs through apoptosis (Kaul et al. 2001). Neuronal apoptosis correlates with neuropathological findings such as axonal damage and microglial activation, whereas the correlation between apoptosis of neurons and the clinical signs of HAD is less clear (Adle-Biassette et al. 1999). On the other hand, HAD finds its neuropathological associates in the alterations of the architecture of synaptic structures and dendritic injuries (Masliah et al. 1997).
Protection against HIV-1 gp120 and HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity
Authors: Kandanearatchi Apsara , Nath Avindra , Lipton Stuart A , Masliah, Eliezer , Everall Ian Paul
Published: November 2023

It is now clear that HIV infection of the brain is accompanied by a complex series of events that pathologically results in inflammatory changes, neuronal damage, and death. Clinically, those affected can develop a range of cognitive impairments that, when severe, can result in a profound dementia with a poor prognosis. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms that result in cellular damage may therefore identify pathways that can be targeted to ameliorate this process and thus prevent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Two candidates implicated in pathogenesis are the envelope viral protein gp120 and the regulatory transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein. In this chapter a few of the salient features of the mechanisms of toxicity will be outlined that may be relevant to protective strategies against gp120 and Tat. A more comprehensive review of neurotoxicity is covered in Chapters 4.1–4.3.
Neurological disease produced by maedi–visna and caprine arthritis–encephalitis viruses, lentiviruses of sheep and goats
Authors: Andrésdóttir Valgerdur , Torsteinsdóttir, Sigurbjörg , Georgsson Gudmundur
Published: November 2023

Maedi and visna are diseases that were brought to Iceland with the importation of apparently healthy sheep of the Karakul breed in 1933. Maedi (an Icelandic word for dyspnea) is an interstitial pneumonia, and visna (meaning wasting) is an encephalomyelitis. Epidemiological studies suggest that, of the 20 sheep that were imported, two were healthy carriers, one giving rise to an epizootic of maedi in the northern part of the country, the other causing an epizootic of both maedi and visna in the south-west part of the country. Due to the long preclinical period and the insidious onset of maedi and visna, the diseases had spread unnoticed to many flocks when first recognized 6–7 years after the importation (Pálsson 1976).
Treatment of opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection
Authors: Clifford David B
Published: November 2023

The physician caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will encounter patients requiring treatment of opportunistic infections that were very rare in the era prior to HIV but are routinely encountered in practices of immunodeficient patients. The advent of HIV has brought both a challenge and an opportunity to enhance our understanding of these infections, and to improve therapeutic approaches to them. In this chapter the major opportunistic infections of the nervous system that are uniquely increased in the setting of HIV will be addressed. However, the astute clinician must never forget that HIV patients are subject to any complication or illness, or may have several complications occurring simultaneously. Thus, it is an invitation to error if one approaches the HIV patient thinking only of the set of complications addressed in this monograph, or seeking only a single best diagnosis.
Everyday impact of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Marcotte Thomas D , Heaton, Robert K , Albert Steven
Published: November 2023

Neuropsychological (NP) impairment is common in HIV infection. Rates of neurocognitive dysfunction range from approximately 30% in individuals in the early, medically asymptomatic phase of the disease (Bornstein et al. 1992; Heaton et al. 1995; Stern et al. 1991; White et al. 1995; Grant et al. 1987) to 55% in persons with an AIDS-defining opportunistic condition (Heaton et al. 1995). These impairments can range from mild, in which the deficits are detectable only via comprehensive NP testing and do not significantly affect everyday functioning, to HIV-associated dementia, the most severe HIV-related neurocognitive disorder in which there are marked difficulties in activities of daily living.
Coping, methamphetamine, and HIV-1
Authors: Patterson Thomas L , Semple Shirley J
Published: November 2023

studies conducted with mostly White, HIV+ gay and bisexual men reported that escape avoidance coping was related to poor adjustment, whereas active positive coping was associated with better adjustment (Blaney et al. 1990; Namir et al. 1990; Nicholson and Long 1990; Reed et al. 1990; Wolfe et al. 1990). In more recent years, studies of coping and psychological adjustment have focused on larger and more diverse samples of HIV+ individuals, including gay and bisexual men, women, intravenous drug users, and ethnic minorities.
Roles of tobacco litigation in societal change
Authors: Daynard Richard A
Published: November 2023

Litigation plays at least six different roles in tobacco control. First, the most common and least dramatic role is ordinary enforcement of tobacco-control laws. Laws frequently ban sales to minors, smoking in public places, and certain types of advertising. The governments that impose these laws have the burden of enforcing them, which may involve litigation against violators. Second, too frequently governments enforce tobacco-control laws sporadically or not at all, creating the opportunity for NGOs either to bring law enforcement actions directly, or to sue their governments to force them to do their job, depending on whether courts will permit NGOs to take such actions.
Treatment of tobacco dependence
Authors: Kunze Michael , Groman E
Published: November 2023

This chapter will review the state of the art of treatment of tobacco dependence, based on recent international recommendations and will also point out to some additional findings, especially those generated by the Nicotine Institute Vienna, the first specialized institution in Austria, founded 1998 to reduce the burden of tobacco­ related diseases (Groman et al. 1999b).
Devising the items
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R
Published: November 2023

The first step in writing a scale or questionnaire is, naturally, devising the items themselves. This is far from a trivial task, since no amount of statistical manipulation after the fact can compensate for poorly chosen questions; those that are badly worded, ambiguous, irrelevant, or—even worse—not present. In this chapter we explore various sources of items, and the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. The first step is to look at what others have done in the past. Instruments rarely spring full grown from the brows of their developers. Rather, they are usually based on what other people have deemed to be relevant, important, or discriminating. Wechsler (1958), for example, quite openly discussed the patrimony of the subtests that were later incorporated into his various IQ tests. Of the 11 subtests which comprise the adult version, at least nine were derived from other widely used indices.
Concurrency semantics based on metric domain equations
Authors: Bakker J W De , Rutten J J M M
Published: November 2023

We show how domain equations may be solved in the category of complete metric spaces. For five example languages we demonstrate how to exploit domain equations in the design of their operational and denotational semantics. Two languages are schematic or uni form. Three have interpreted elementary actions involving individual variables and inducing state transformations. For the latter group we discuss three denotational models reflecting a variety of language notions considered. A central theme is the distinction, within the non-uniform setting, of linear time versus branching time models. Throughout, fruitful use is made of the technique of obtaining seman tic mappings, operators, etc. asfixed points of higher-order functions. A brief discussion of the relationship between bisimulation and one of the domains considered concludes the paper.
Digital topology: a comparison of the graph-based and topological approaches
Authors: Kong T Y , Rosenfeld Axd A
Published: November 2023

In image processing, the study of the topologiral properties of binary images has usually been based on adjacency relations defined on the black and white point sets (most often a combination of the so-called 4-, 8-, 6-, 18-. and 26-adjacency relations). We call this the graph based approach to digital topology.
Types as theories
Authors: A. Goguen Joseph
Published: November 2023

There are many notions of type in computing. The most classical notion is ‘types as sets’, which has been extended to cover many features of modern programming languages.
Turing in the Land of O(z)
Authors: Feferman* Solomon
Published: November 2023

After having published his fundamental and justly famous paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936- 3 7), followed in 1937 by a detailed proof of the equivalence between his notion of computability and Church’s notion of λ -definability, Alan Turing produced a third quite distinctive and substantial paper in mathematical logic, entitled “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals” (1939). There Turing took up quite systematically the natural idea of trying to overcome the Godelian incompleteness of formal systems, by means of transfinite iteration of principles which serve to overcome incompleteness locally.
The Busy Beaver Game and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Brady Allen H , Life the Meaning of
Published: November 2023

The representation of the Universal Computing Machine in the guise of the stored-program digital computer is now well known among serious students of computer science. On the periphery, a modem generation of technologists seems unable to conceive of a time when “computer” meant “a person who computes” and the concept of “programming” was not ubiquitous. For practical reasons, a modem computer is much more complex than is minimally necessary to achieve universality. The original formulation of a Universal Computing Machine (Turing 1936-7) involved a table based upon 15 symbols and 28 states with no restriction imposed on the length of a sequence of atomic acts (“move” and “print”) permitted prior to a change in state. An aboriginal use of macros simplified the description.
The Price of Programmability
Authors: Conrad Michael
Published: November 2023

Programmability and computational efficiency are fundamental attributes of computing systems. A third attribute is evolutionary adaptability, the ability of a system to self-organize through a variation and selection process. The author has previously proposed that these three attributes of computing are linked by a trade-off principle, which may be roughly stated thus: a computing system cannot at the same time have high programmability, high computational efficiency, and high evolutionary adaptability (e.g., Conrad 1972, 1974, 1985). The purpose of the present paper is to outline the reasons for the trade-off principle in a manner which, though not entirely formal, is sufficiently detailed to allow for a well-defined formulation. We also consider the implications of the principle, first for alternative computer architectures suited to solving problems by methods of evolutionary search and second, for limits on the capacity of programmable machines to simulate nature and duplicate intelligence.
Finite Physics
Authors: Finkelstein* David
Published: November 2023

Since I wish to make an offering to the spirit of Alan Turing and at the same time must write about what I do, I propose to examine here how some concepts central to Turing’s work in logic and computer theory, such as finiteness, completeness, hierarchy, self-reference, and universality, are expressed in the physics I have been studying lately. In the two-way traffic between physics and computers, what physics has given computers is mostly hardware, the basic computing elements themselves. The return to physics from computer science has been, in the first place, computational power, creating whole new fields, such as soliton theory, chaotic dynamics, and lattice quantum field theory. But in the second place, since the birth of computer theory there has also been a diffusion of concepts: for example, to mention an extreme case, the concept of the physical world as computer. Turing was involved in all of these transactions, but this paper concerns the conceptual one.
Randomness, Interactive Proofs, and Zero-Knowledge - A Survey
Authors: Goldreich Oded
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Recent approaches to the notions of randomness and proofs are surveyed. The new notions differ from the traditional ones in being subjective to the capabilities of the observer rather than reflecting “ideal” entities. The new notion of randomness regards probability distributions as equal if they cannot be told apart by efficient procedures. This notion is constructive and is suited for many applications. The new notion of a proof allows the introduction of the notion of zero-knowledge proofs: convincing arguments which yield nothing but the validity of the assertion. The new approaches to randomness and proofs are based on basic concepts and results from the theory of resource-bounded computation. Elements of this theory are presented only to the extent required for the description of the new approaches. This survey is not intended to provide an account of the more traditional approaches to randomness (e.g., Kolmogorov Complexity; see also Bennett’s account in this volume) and proofs (i.e., traditional logic systems). Whenever these approaches are described it is only in order to confront them with the new approaches.
Effective Processes and Natural Law
Authors: Rosen Robert
Published: November 2023

One of the most remarkable confluences of ideas in modem scientific history occurred in the few short years between the publication of Gödel’soriginal papers on formal undecidability in 1931, and the work of McCulloc hand Pitts on neural networks, which appeared in 1943. During these twelve years, fundamental interrelationships were established between logic, mathematics, the theory of the brain, and the possibilities of digital computation, which still literally takes one’s breath away to contemplate in their full scope. It was believed at that time, and still is today, over half a century later, that these ideas presage a revolution as fundamental as that achieved by Newton three centuries earlier.
Complexity Theory and Interaction
Authors: ning Uwe Schö
Published: November 2023

Complexity theory is dealing with resource-bounded universal computing devices, and the most common device used is the Turing machine. The boundedness in resources affects either the space (the number of tapesquares allowed) or the time (the number of elementary steps allowed). This kind of standard complexity theory has developed further in various ways. One particular interesting extension is the structural one, and one major issue in structural complexity theory is to develop (Turing machine) models which allow some kind of interaction with their environment, and to study these new models and corresponding complexity classes.
From Categorial Grammar to Bilinear Logic
Authors: Lambek Joachim
Published: November 2023

The syntactic calculus, also known as ‘ bidirectional categorial grammar’, is a kind of logic without any structural rules, other than the obligatory reflexive law and cut-rule. It had been inspired by multilinear algebra and non-commutative ring theory and was developed with applications to linguistics in mind. Here we shall confine attention to the associative version, although a non-associative version has also been studied [L 1961, Kandulski 1988, Došen 1988, 1989]. It differs from a very rudimentary form of Girard’s linear logic [Girard 1987, 1989] by the absence of the interchange rule which licenses commutativity. Because of its roots in non-commutative algebra and syntax, all appearance of commutativity is forbidden. The notation, which goes back to a pre-historic collaboration with George Findlay, was carefully chosen to reflect this absence of commutativity: the order of two letters was never to be wantonly interchanged, yet all rules were to be preserved under left-right symmetry, the guiding slogan being ‘ symmetry without commutativity’. It must be admitted, however, that the notation, proposed for linguistics [L 1958] and ring theory [L 1966], caught on in neither field (with some recent exceptions in linguistics).
Semantics for Substructural Logics
Authors: Ono Hiroakia
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we will discuss algebraic and Kripke-type semantics for logics lacking some or all structural rules, which are now called sub structural logics(for general information on sub structural logics, see, for example, Dosen [6], Ono [23] and Troelstra [33]). Various kinds of semantics for sub structural logics have been introduced and studied in recent years; for instance, (intuitionistic) phase structures (Girard [9], Abrusci [1]), pretopologies(Sambin [31], [32]), quantales(Rosenthal [27], [28], Yetter [34]), Kripke-type semantics (Dosen [4], [5], Ono-Komori [26], Ono [22]) and coherence semantics(Girard [9], also Troelstra [33]).
Lambda Terms with Functional Symbols and Decidability in Certain Closed Categories
Authors: Soloviev Sergei V
Published: November 2023

There is a close connection between sub structural logics, weak systems of lambda terms and closed categories of different types. Normalizationlike procedures on lambda terms provide decision procedures for equality of morphisms in free closed categories [1,2,7]. A decision procedure for cartesian closed (CC) categories was obtained by using ordinary typed lambda terms related to the (&,⇒)-fragment of the intuitionistic propositional calculus with the constant I (truth). Some weak systems of lambda terms (cf. [4,5]) provide decision procedures for symmetric monoidal closed (SMC) categories, non-symmetric monoidal closed categories etc. (see [7]). It would be interesting to apply this apparatus to categories that are not free, i.e. categories where some morphisms do not belong to the closed structure and/or satisfy additional equations.
Temporal Reference
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

Temporal reference can be studied formally by introducing a time scale, a set of points of time. Various verbs can be categorized as propositional functions over the time scale. In English sentences in which those verbs are used, the time argument is sometimes made explicit by means of an adverbial of time, sometimes omitted. Certain time adverbials are close to canonical names of time points, indicating them explicitly ( on September 9, 1992, at 8.22). Certain adverbials are indexical (then, at the same time, five minutes later). Ellipsis is sometimes existential, sometimes indexical. Moreover, the time argument affects the tense of the verb, which remains as a trace left of the time argument even if it is omitted itself.
Contexts and Possible Worlds
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

The analysis of natural language within classical logic makes heavy use of possible worlds (see e.g. Montague 1974, almost any chapter). There is strong principal reason for this in the coarse notion of identity of propositions: every proposition is either True or False, but it is felt that some finer ‘intensional distinctions’ must be drawn. In type theory, we do not have this reason. Moreover, type theory has the notion of definitional equality as distinct from the equality predicate (see Section 2.25), which in fact comes close to the notion of intensional isomorphism of Carnap (1947, p. 56). Hence compared with classical logic we have less need of possible worlds to draw intensional distinctions.
Higher-Level Type Theory and Categorial Grammar
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

Until now, speaking of types has been speaking of sets. In this chapter, we shall extend the notion of type to cover the type of sets, the type of propositions, various types of propositional functions, the type of quantifiers, etc. This notion of type, or category, was introduced by Martin-Löf in 1984, pp. 21-23. He soon developed a calculus of types, the higher-level type theory. The type theory of Martin-Löf 1982 and 1984, within which we have been working so far, is accordingly called lower-level type theory, or Martin-Löf’s set theory.Higher-level type theory relates to lower-level type theory in the same way as simple type theory (Church 1940) relates to classical predicate calculus. At the same time, it provides a logical framework, in which many different logical calculi and mathematical theories can be presented.
The Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen
Published: November 2023

This is the first complete identification guide to the birds of this important region, including descriptions and illustrations of all 820 species found there. The 88 colour plates do them full justice and have been specially painted for this guide. These islands are of outstanding ornithological interest. Many birds live here that do not occur anywhere else. Information is provided on where to look for these endemic and insular forms and on major birding localities, while introductory chapters discuss habitats, climate, land-use, and conservation. This will be the indispensable bird guide for eastern Malaysia and western Indonesia for many years to come.
Methods of biogeographic analysis
Authors: Hallam Anthony
Published: November 2023

A variety of terms have been used for global biogeographic subdivisions. The nineteenth century pioneer biogeographers favoured region, to which have been added subsequently realms and provinces. Schmidt (1954) recognized four categories in a hierarchy: realm, region, subregion, province. The term region has fallen into disuse, and current biogeographers are content to use realm, for larger, and province, for smaller categories. If further subdivisions are required then terms such as subrealm or subprovince can be introduced, but this is not widespread practice. Such terms should be purely descriptive and carry no environmental connotations. Thus the proposal by McKerrow and Cocks (1986) to distinguish provinces, separated by barriers, from climatically controlled realms has little to recommend it.
Biology of the Springtails
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p.
Published: November 2023

Springtails are the most numerous and wide-spread insects in terrestrial ecosystems. They are important ecotoxicological test organisms and have been used extensively to indicate the effects of environmental pollutants and different agricultural regimes on biodiversity in soils. This comprehensive work by the co-author of The biology of millipedes is the only single-volume review of the biology of springtails in the English language to appear this century. The book covers classification, behaviour, physiology, evolution, ecology, and ecotoxicology. An extensive reference section with more than 2500 entries is included together with a complete list of all Collembola genera, a list of studies on the effects of chemicals on springtails, and reference to species checklists for most countries of the world.
Belgium
Authors: Dassargues A , Monjoie A
Published: November 2023

The Chalk in Belgium was deposited mainly during Cretaceous times. The only exception is in the Mons Basin, where chalks of early Tertiary age (Danian and Montian) occur. The formation is found in the northern part of the country, but it crops out in only two areas—near Mons in the west and near Liege in the east (Fig. 8.1). During the Cretaceous, a major transgression led to marine sedimentation over almost the entire country. The transgression was not uniform and all regions were not affected simultaneously. Cretaceous marine sedimentation, comprising calcareous and glauconitic sands and sandstones, glauconitic marls and limestones and conglom erates, began in the west of the country during Albian times. Near the city of Mons, regional transgression along a north-south line can be recognized as extending east from the sedimentation centre of the Paris Basin (Fig. 8.2). During Albian and Cenomanian times, many transgressions and regressions of the sea occurred. In the Late Cenomanian, a major advance covered the western part of the country. The sediments deposited were not chalk but green, clayey marls, the lateral equivalents of the chalky marls of the Pas de Calais. This transgression continued during Turonian times when pure chalk was deposited for the first time in the western part of Belgium. During the early Cretaceous, Cenomanian and Turonian, the northern and north-eastern parts of the country were not submerged by the Cretaceous sea.
Sweden
Authors: Gustafsson O
Published: November 2023

Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks are found in four areas in the most southern provinces of Sweden (Fig. 11.1). These sediments were deposited during many marine transgressions and regressions, often at the margin of the sea. For that reason they are very variable, consisting of conglomerates and sandstones, or sands, as well as marlstones and limestones. The limestones often contain argillaceous or sandy intercalations. Chalk was deposited mainly during Late Maastrichtian times in the south-western part of the province of Skane. However, in the context of this chapter, chalk is taken in the wider sense to include all the Upper Cretaceous and Danian limestones.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

The geographical region covered in this book extends approximately from Taiwan in the north-east and Myanmar (formerly Burma) on the west to include the Philippines and Indonesia in the south and east (Fig. 1.1), but the boundaries are flexible. The region is covered extensively by seas, but not all are of similar character. The 200 m water depth is a useful demarkation line between shallow seas, which cover the continental shelves, and the deeper more oceanic seas. Generally the continental crust of the land masses extends with attenuated thickness as far seawards as the 200 m contour. South-East Asia has a number of marginal seas, where the water depth exceeds 3 km; these are floored by oceanic crust.
Basins of the Philippine Archipelago
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

Numerous volcanic arc-related basins occur in the Philippines (Fig. 2.1). Their details have been summarized by the Bureau of Mines (1976, !981). They have formed by rifting of a pre-Tertiary basement of Ophiolitic and volcanic rocks and the proximity of an active volcanic are has resulted in the sedimentary fill commonly being tuffaceous. Plutons and volcanic flows may also be found within the basinal sequence. These basins have been explored but are not productive.
Mineralization associated with volcanic arcs
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

Volcariic arcs can be characterized by a spectrum of mineralization types, from epithermal vein deposits, genetically related to near-surface volcanogenic fracture systems, to higher temperature vein and dissemination deposits associated with epizonal plutons, which have intruded older volcanic and sedimentary formations (HUthhison, 1983a).
Tungsten deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

South-East Asia is a major tin-tungsten metallogenic province, and the distribution of the main tungsten deposits is shown in Fig. 10.1, redrawn from Taylor and Hutchison (1979). AH tin provinces contain tungsten mineralization, but the converse is not true worldwide (Hutchison, 1982). All tin deposits are spatially and genetically related to S-type granites characterized by high initial Sr isotope ratios, indicative of a continental crustal multi-cyclic anatectic origin (Hutchison and Chakraborty, 1979). However, in some countries there are major tungsten provinces which are impoverished in tin, but South-East Asia is characterized by a close concordance of both metals, with SE China the prime example (Hutchison, 1982). Accordingly it may be concluded that South-East Asian tungsten mineralization is related to S-type granites, but this is not a worldwide generalization.
Tin deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

The cratonic core of peninsular Sundaland was the source of more than 70% of the tin mined this century in the whole world. The major producing centres lie in a broad arc 3400 km long and up to 800 km wide. The distribution of tin is strongly heterogeneous, with six major centres accounting for over 75% of the mined output. The balance has come from a further fourteen minor fields (Fig. 12.1).
The Association Between Macaranga Trees And Ants In South-East Asia
Authors: Fiala Brigitte , Maschwitz Ulrich , Yow Pong Tho
Published: November 2023

In south-east Asia, myrmecophytic associations have so far been little investigated. Although the euphorb tree genus Macaranga has long been known to contain myrmecophytic ants (Smith 1903) existing information on its association is limited (e.g. Baker 1934; Ong 1978; Tho 1978; Rickson 1980). Nevertheless, the association has often been interpreted as an Asiatic equivalent to similar associations in Africa and America (Janzen 1969; Duviard and Segeren 1974; Buckley 1982). Our study was the first experimental investigation of the biological significance of the Macaranga association with ants. We were especially interested to find out what adaptations may have evolved convergently in South-east Asia.
Cannibalism in social bees
Authors: Kukuk Penelope F
Published: November 2023

Opportunities for both cooperation and competition are abundant in group-living species and the fitness consequences depend in complex ways on the social organization and genealogical relationships among group members. In simple aggregations of unrelated individuals, cannibalism may be beneficial through elimination of competitors and through direct nutritional gains (see Dong and Polis this volume). If members of a group are relatives or cooperative in some way, then the benefits to the cannibal are more complex. For example, these benefits may be counterbalanced by the costs of lost opportunities for cooperation or reduction of inclusive fitness through cannibalism of relatives.
What we had bought
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

When we bought the wood it had three different parts. First, beside the railway was a 4-acre strip of assorted deciduous trees, mainly sycamores and scruffy oaks, and some conifers including spruces, pines, and quite a number of enormous larches. We didn’t own these trees, which were retained by the lessor from even before the Forestry Commission’s ownership. The lease permitted this arrangement to last until the year 2003, by which time they had to be felled and the land come into our possession. Rusty wire and an occasional rotting fence post marked the boundary between this strip of old trees and the rest of the wood.
The great storms of ‘87 and ‘90
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

A motel bedroom in Canberra, Australia, was a safe place to be when the storm of 16 October 1987 struck the home counties of England late Thursday night and early Friday morning, but not good for one’s anxiety. News of the ferocity of this hurricane was relayed with gathering detail and urgency to the antipodes throughout their Friday evening and Saturday. I may have been one of the first in Australia to hear about it since Mike Duckering of Tear Fund phoned the motel at a pre-arranged time about a proposed visit to Ethiopia in November to help assess the resurging threat of famine in that sorely pressed land.
The coming of the greys
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

Grey squirrels tore bark from many of the beech trees the contractors had been so careful to protect. Just two months after the last pine was cut the first signs of this peeling were evident. Fresh, pale cream scars appeared at the base of several trees, their light colour blatant and taunting. Flakes of bark were strewn at the scene. I knew the culprit as every forester working in Britain’s broadleaved woodlands does: the grey squirrel. This outbreak of stripping was much the worst in our seven years of ownership.
Not only for timber
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan
Published: November 2023

An unexpected delight of the last ten years has been sharing the wood with others for picnics, for camping, for wide games, for occasional church events, and even for charity fund raising. Sharing a woodland is quite unlike hospitality in the home or giving someone a lift in the car. It’s also rather different from most farms. Friends visiting the wood can go anywhere at any time without upsetting the owners, though we would ask the impossible of those with dogs: to try and keep them under control and not to disturb game, especially in the autumn. There is no place that is out of bounds and no crops to trample, or livestock to frighten or be frightened by.
Models of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal in plants
Authors: Cresswell James E
Published: November 2023

Gene dispersal by pollen is a critical process in the evolution and diversity of plants and their flowers. For many plants, animal pollination is an important mechanism of gene dispersal and therefore it has been widely studied. Three iconic patterns of animal-mediated gene dispersal emerge from these studies: the relation of gene dispersal to distance, the relation of gene dispersal to plant population size, and the variation in gene dispersal success among individual plants. ı ask whether theoreticians have yet produced well-founded models that quantitatively explain and predict these patterns by tracing the historical development of potentially relevant models and their representations of pollinator movement and of flower-to-flower transfer of pollen or genes. ı then focus on models that incorporate patterns of flower- to-flower gene transfer, or ‘‘paternity shadows,’’ and introduce a further method for their empirical characterization.
Nest ectoparasite abundance and cliff swallow colony site selection, nestling development, and departure time
Authors: Loye Jenella E , Carroll Scott P
Published: November 2023

Although theory suggests that parasitism will have a measurable effect on evolution in host populations (e.g., Anderson and May 1979; Hamil.. ton and Zuk 1982), the influence of ectoparasitism on nesting and migration behaviour in birds has not been quantified. One can well imagine that a bird's nest full of bugs, ticks, and fleas could be more than just unpleasant for the host (Rothschild and Clay 1952). Because blood loss may reduce growth rates and survivorship of nestlings (Moss and Carnin 1970; Chapman 1973; Brown and Brown 1986; Moller 1987; this volume: Chapman and George, Chapter 4; Moller, Chapter 17) and threaten adults as well, the presence of ectoparasites could make some sites less attractive for nesting, and infested nests might be used for a shorter period of time than uninfested nests due to a buildup of ectoparasites (Moller, Chapter 17, this volume). In addition, parasite buildup during the nesting season might force or favour mass synchronous departure from the breeding area.
The taxonomy of animals
Authors: Colin P. Groves
Published: November 2023

Species are defined by one authority (Mayr 1963) as ‘actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such populations’: they correspond, crudely, to ‘kinds of animals’ in the popular parlance. The meaning and significance of ‘reproductively isolated’ has been very commonly misunderstood. The requirement is that there should be no gene flow between two species under natural conditions; i.e. over their ranges in the wild. It is not a requirement that they must not interbreed when brought together in captivity.
The taxonomy of the primates
Authors: Colin P. Groves
Published: November 2023

In preceding sections I have, by and large, avoided using primates as examples. This is because there is in the anthropological community as widespread an ignorance today about what goes on outside the primates as there used to be about what goes on outside our own species. Other primates are germane to human biology, and other mammals are germane to primate biology, or so I believe; and, if this is so, we can examine the taxonomy and, inferentially, the phylogeny of primates in the light of the discussions of the previous three chapters and see if any new light can be thereby shed on the subject.
Enforcement and release of quiescence in cells in the embryo axis of the seed: role of the nuclear proteins
Authors: Chiatante Donato
Published: November 2023

Despite the considerable effort made to date in order to understand seed physiology, there are many aspects that are still unclear. One of these is the fascinating, and yet least understood, reversal of cell proliferation rate that takes place in the embryo tissues during development and germination of the seed. For reasons of brevity, events that take place in the storage tissues of the seed will be completely ignored.
Marketing channels used by farmers acting in unison
Authors: Barker John
Published: November 2023

The obvious available alternative to marketing his produce as an individual, is for the farmer to join together with one or more other producers and for them to market their output collectively. There are two major ways in which this can take place. Either the Government can coerce the individual producer, or else individuals can co-operate voluntarily. Both situations have applied, and occur in the agricultures of the majority of countries in the world.
The marketing of agricultural inputs
Authors: Barker John
Published: November 2023

The size of the market for farm inputs has increased dramatically in recent years, mainly as a result of inflation, improvements in technology, and increased mechanization. By 1987, the value of the market extended to over £6400m (HMSO 1988). The potential for planned marketing in the acquisition of farm requisites is extensive, and in this chapter the various methods of distribution used to supply the farmer will be examined in an attempt to identify possibilities for farmers to organize and improve the efficiency of the marketing of their inputs. Initially, however, the structure of British agriculture will be considered briefly, in order to produce a better understanding of the nature of both the market for agricultural inputs and the farmer as a customer.
Revolutionary Russia 1890–1914
Authors: Zelnik Reginald E
Published: November 2023

Any analysis of imperial Russia at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth must include the obvious but essential reminder that Russia was still an autocracy (samoderzhavie). This was not simply a gar- den-variety old regime, with a divinely anointed absolute monarch at the top and a system of legally defined social estates (sosloväa= Stände), headed by the nobility, defining its social hierarchy.
The Gre At Fatherland War And Lat E Stalinism 1941–1953
Authors: Fuller William C
Published: November 2023

At four a.m. (Moscow time) on 22 June 1941, several thousand pieces of German ordnance simultaneously thundered into Soviet territory. Operation Barbarossa had begun, initiating four years of the most brutal and destructive war in history. From the very beginning the Soviet–German conflict was waged with a ferocity and savagery that was unparalleled in modern times. When Hitler announced his move against Russia to his highest officers (30 March 1941), he made it absolutely clear that he expected his troops to discard every principle of humanity, chivalry, or international law. This was, he said, to be a war ‘of extermination’.
Categories
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider a range of empirical evidence that supports the conclusion that there is in principle an unbounded set of syntactic categories in natural language. I will concentrate on elements that appear to belong to two or more categories at the same time. In these cases it appears that these elements actually form a distinct category of their own, on the basis of their conceptual structure or formal properties. That is, these elements have a number of distinctive properties that make it impossible to predict their behavior on the basis of membership in some traditional category. These elements may happen to share characteristics of one or more of the more familiar categories, perhaps for historical reasons, but in the description of the language they cannot be reduced to any of them. I will argue that to the extent that the behavior of these elements is predictable from attributing to them membership in some traditional category, the prediction actually follows from their conceptual structure properties, not their syntactic categorization.
Turkish Grammar
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Since its appearance in 1967, Professor Lewis’s Turkish Grammar has been the standard work on the language throughout the English-speaking world. This revised and fully updated new edition further reflects the results of the language reform movement which, though not so drastic in its effect on the spoken language, has made anything written before the early 1930s, and a lot since, increasingly obscure to subsequent generations. Incorporating much new material, it presents an authoritative, lucid, and engaging text, setting out every form and construction of pre- and post-reform Turkish that may be encountered in print, as well as colloquial usages. Reviews of the first edition: ‘This is by far the most comprehensive Turkish grammar ever published in English [Professor Lewis] guides the student through the delicate labyrinths of the language with sympathetic understanding and what is rare in the grammarian humour The typography and arrangement of the book are beyond all praise, and all in all the book is a most notable achievement.’ Royal Central Asian Journal ‘[The] thinnest chapters of a grammar are sometimes those on syntax; but in this book the discussions of modern Turkish syntax are the strongest sections, illustrated by lucid and penetrating analyses of sentence structure, with no skirting round difficulties or papering over of cracks This book will certainly be instructive and indeed enjoyable reading to every student of Turkish who has already made some progress in the language.’ SOAS Bulletin ‘Professor Lewis displays both a mastery of Turkish grammar and an understanding of how that grammar can be best presented to English speakers. His style is clear and readable, his overall approach extremely practical.’ Middle East Journal.
Orthography and Phonology
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

YumuŞak ge (‘soft g’) cannot begin a word. Note that the capital form of the dotted i is also dotted. The letter k is often called ka instead of ke; less often, h is called ha. The apostrophe. In addition to these twenty-nine letters, two orthographic signs are used in the writing of Turkish. The apostrophe (‘), known as kesme iŞareti, is used: To mark the glottal stop in Arabic borrowings.
The Noun
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Gender. Turkish is devoid of grammatical gender, nor does the sex of persons affect the forms of words. The third-person pronoun o does duty for ‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘it’; gelir means ‘he/she/it comes’. There are totally distinct names for the male and female of most domestic animals: aygr ‘stallion’, ksrak ‘mare’; boğa ‘bull’, inek ‘cow’. The gender of other animals is indicated if necessary by the use of diŞi ‘female’ or erkek ‘male’: diŞi kedi ‘female cat’; erkek ay ‘male bear’.
The Adjective
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

General observations. The dividing line between noun and adjective is a thin one, but is still worth drawing. If we take as the criterion of a noun the permissibility of using the plural, case, and personal suffixes after it, or the indefinite article bir before it, very few of the words classed as adjectives in the dictionary will be excluded.
Participles
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Present. The present participle is formed by adding -en to the stem, original or extended; gelen ‘coming’; olan ‘being, becoming’; indirilen ‘being brought down’; dağlŞan ‘dispersing’. The usual y is inserted after vowel-stems and narrows the preceding vowel, although this narrowing is not always shown in writing: anla‘to understand’, anlyan (anla-y-an) ‘understanding’; bekle ‘to wait’, bekliyen (bekle-y-en) ‘waiting’. The vowel of the negative -me is similarly treated: anlamyan (anla-ma-y-an) ‘not understanding’; olmyan (ol-ma-y-an) ‘not being’; beklemiyen (bekle-me-y-en) ‘not waiting’; gelmiyen (gel-me-y-en) ‘not coming’.
Conjunctions and Particles
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

ve [A] ‘and’ is little used in speech and many Turks contrive to dispense with it entirely in writing, employing the native resources of the language instead: ile, -ip, de (see next section), or simple juxtaposition. That is to say, co-ordinate words and clauses may be put one after the other with no conjunction at all, on the pattern of Caesar’s veni vidi vici. Thus ‘he came into the room and sat down on a chair’ may be odaya girdi ve bir sandalyeye oturdu or odaya girip bir sandalyeye oturdu or odaya girdi, bir sandalyeye oturdu. ‘You and I’ may be sen ve ben or seninle ben. ‘You, I, and your brother’ may be sen, ben, ve kardeŞin or sen, ben, kardeŞin de or just sen, ben, kardeŞin.
The Order of Elements in the Sentence
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

To leave aside, for the moment, the flexibility given to the written word by writers of the devrik cümle school (see § 2), the typical order of the elements in a literary sentence is: (1) subject, (2) expression of time, (3) expression of place, (4) indirect object, (5) direct object, (6) modifier of the verb, (7) verb. If any of these elements is qualified, the qualifier precedes it. The definite precedes the indefinite, so elements (4) and (5) will change places if the indirect object is indefinite and the direct object is definite. Thus çocuğa öyküyü anlatt ‘she told the child the story’, but öyküyü bir çocuğa anlatt ‘she told the story to a child’.
Number, Case and Apposition
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Concordance of subject and verb. It used to be stated as a rule of grammar that inanimate plural subjects took a singular verb, plural verbs being used with animate subjects or with inanimates personified or considered as individuals, e.g. ağaçlar, yüzümüze konfeti atyorlar ‘the trees are throwing confetti into our faces’. Conversely, an animate plural subject could take a singular verb if it represented a number of people acting as one. This rule needs to be modified in one respect: another factor nowadays seems to be the distance between subject and verb; i.e.
The Noun Clause and the Substantival Sentence
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The verbal noun in -me and the personal participles. It will be recalled that the personal participles have three functions: as adjectives, as nouns meaning ‘that which I do’, and as nouns meaning ‘the fact that I do’. It is the third of these functions which will be discussed in this section, as it must be distinguished from the functions of -me in its sense of ‘the act of doing’.