bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dos horrores aos humores: os cemitérios no cordel brasileiro
Authors: Junior Lourival Andrade
Published: July 2020

Os cemitérios ocidentais, sobretudo do final do século XIX aos dias atuais, são entendidos por uma infinidade de imagens que fazem deles espaços de constantes discussões, medos, misticismos e narrativas. Personagens diversos fazem do espaço cemiterial um lugar dinâmico, muito diferente da propagada paz que deveria emanar de seus habitantes. Cemitérios que surgem de amores não aceitos, de obras de solitários religiosos, que guardam túmulos de milagreiros, que pulsam assombrações, que serve de morada para diabos, um universo infindável de criaturas e histórias que fazem dele um lugar privilegiado de análise. No cordel brasileiro, os cemitérios são constantemente narrados, demonstrando sua diversidade em múltiplas descrições. O cordel deu vida aos cemitérios rurais e urbanos e, por meio da hipérbole poética, imortalizou seus movimentos e sua presença marcante na vida e no imaginário de sertanejos e citadinos.
A morte, os mortos, o julgamento e a salvação no Egito Antigo
Authors: Leal Tito Barros , Lima Francisco Wellington Rodrigues
Published: July 2020

Difícil apontar outra civilização dentre os povos da Antiguidade com tamanho interesse pelos mistérios da morte como a egípcia. Ali foi desenvolvida uma tradição peculiar e imemorial acerca da morte e do morrer. O Livro dos Mortos, conjunto de textos anônimos de intenso valor para os antigos egípcios, organizado em 1842 pelo egiptólogo alemão Karl Richard Lepsius, destinava-se não só aos mortos, mas também aos iniciados nos rituais religiosos e nos conhecimentos da morte, bem como aos desejosos de saber como iniciar-se em tais ofícios. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é compreender a questão da morte, dos rituais e/ou celebrações em torno do morto no Antigo Egito, tendo como principal fonte o Livro dos Mortos, a fim de identificar de que forma as concepções sobre a morte e os rituais de celebração ao morto podem ser considerados elementos essenciais para a busca de harmonia entre aqueles que ficavam e os que partiam em sua viagem rumo ao Além-túmulo; uma viagem vista como cheia de perigos e obstáculos e que, exatamente por este motivo, precisaria ser bem conduzida.
En el país de todas las muertes El Salvador, políticas de seguridad y representaciones de los asesinatos
Authors: Parducci Amparo Marroquín , Carballo Willian , Anzora Marlon
Published: July 2020

El Salvador es uno de los países con la tasa más alta de homicidios. Pero también con una larga tradición de violencia y autoritarismo. En El Salvador la muerte es, pues, una presencia cotidiana. El presente texto se aproxima y reflexiona dos narrativas referidas a la muerte. Primero, la de los medios de comunicación masiva y la manera cómo construyen una representación gráfica de muertes violentas de pandilleros y policías. Posteriormente, nuestro trabajo analiza la perspectiva del arte, un espacio menos protagónico, más periférico, pero central en la medida en que permite a una sociedad nombrarse por fuera del análisis racional y volver al universo de lo simbólico. Para ello se revisan dos propuestas artísticas significativas, la primera es la exposición Horror Vacui, exposición que da cuenta de distintos artistas plásticos en relación con la sensación de vacío y muerte en el país, y La república de la muerte un ejercicio de una de las artistas salvadoreñas más reconocidas, Mayra Barraza que durante cien días consignó un blog con todas las noticias de muerte que encontró cada día y, a partir de ello, construyó una serie de propuestas estéticas: esculturas, cuadros y otras.
Impressões sobre Paris e Auschwitz em tempos de terror: fragmentos de um diário de campo
Authors: Teixeira Annelise Lusser
Published: July 2020

O texto apresenta o registro de duas experiências vividas pela autora no período em que morou na França para realização de parte do doutorado (PDSE). A estudante de doutorado, que pesquisava o tema da morte para sua tese, é surpreendida pelos ataques terroristas em Paris em novembro de 2015 e alguns meses depois ela visita o campo de concentração de Auschwitz. A partir do conceito de “corpo vibrátil” da cartografia de afetos, a autora descreve em primeira pessoa o impacto que as experiências produziram em seu corpo. O texto é um relato de campo despretensioso, que pretende compartilhar os acontecimentos, apresentando algumas reflexões sobre seus impactos observáveis na cidade e na vida dos moradores, e sobre as diferenças nos modos de lidar com o medo da cidade em que vive, o Rio de Janeiro.
“Los fantasmas no inquietan nunca a las cosas muertas”: Entre el Terror y el desaliento en Colombia
Authors: Uribe María Victoria
Published: July 2020

En este texto exploro dos temas cruciales respecto a la violencia en Colombia. El primero de ellos es el papel que han desempeñado algunos agentes estatales que tendrían que representar la ley y el orden y que, contrariando su naturaleza, se han valido de la violencia para aniquilar a quienes perciben como peligrosos, produciendo un efecto de contagio entre individuos y sectores sociales propensos a la violencia. El otro es la presencia soterrada de una extrema derecha que desde mediados del siglo XX se ha valido de la violencia para desincentivar cualquier posibilidad de cambio que amenace al sistema o ponga en peligro sus privilegios económicos y políticos. Se trata de una presencia fantasmal que se manifiesta  a través de amenazas anónimas y que realiza, sin fórmula de juicio, asesinatos selectivos de líderes sociales, intelectuales de izquierda, integrantes de partidos políticos progresistas y combatientes desmovilizados. Con el objeto de analizar ambos fenómenos, examinaré  tres  momentos  históricos,  centrándome  en  La Violencia bipartidista de las décadas de 1950 y 60, en las prácticas de los paramilitares y en el reciente acuerdo de paz entre las FARC y el gobierno Santos. Teniendo en cuenta los contextos anteriores me propongo señalar algunas de las dificultades y peligros que entraña esa presencia fantasmal para la reinserción de los excombatientes de las FARC.
Sedação paliativa em fim de vida: debates em torno das prescrições médicas
Authors: Menezes Rachel Aisengart , Lima Carolina Peres de
Published: July 2020

Os debates sobre as decisões de fim da vida são frequentes, no âmbito médico e na sociedade em geral. Os Cuidados Paliativos objetivam propiciar “qualidade de vida” ao enfermo, para produzir uma boa morte. Pautada neste ideário, a sedação paliativa é uma opção para alcançar tal meta. Este artigo se baseia em pesquisa documental em manuais para profissionais paliativistas e artigos científicos, que analisou as prescrições da sedação paliativa. A sedação é a administração de medicamentos em doses que reduzem o nível de consciência do enfermo, para alívio dos sintomas. O estudo evidenciou a valorização de um processo decisório compartilhado, com participação do doente, familiares e equipe médica. Esta dinâmica é complexa e passível de gerar conflitos, principalmente quando se trata da utilização de sedação paliativa para amenizar o sofrimento psicológico, devido à dificuldade de avaliação e por ultrapassar os limites do saber e da prática médica.
Um olhar antropológico sobre o suicídio: devir, formas de vida e subjetividades
Authors: Nagafuchi Thiago
Published: July 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre o fenômeno do suicídio, a partir de alguns referenciais teóricos antropológicos e de uma etnografia realizada em ambiente digital, entre 2014 e 2016, que resultou em uma tese de doutorado. Em um primeiro momento, explicita-se como é possível inscrever o suicídio em uma análise social, por meio de certos conceitos, como formas de vida, subjetividades e devir. A seguir são apresentados alguns sujeitos etnográficos e são analisados seus discursos de suicídio como uma forma de perda de um futuro imaginado, à luz de teorias recentes da antropologia fundamentadas nas subjetividades e nas experiências do sujeito. Assim, propõe-se uma mudança no entendimento do fenômeno do suicídio capaz de englobar também uma perspectiva multidisciplinar: mais do que um Mal a ser combatido a qualquer custo, o suicídio é, ao mesmo tempo, uma resposta e uma consequência, entranhadas na vida social e cultural, de violências e de sofrimentos sociais. Nesta intepretação, o suicídio pode ser entendido como ausência do devir ou como um devir extremo. Por fim, um olhar antropológico permite ampliar a compreensão do fenômeno, que deixa de ser somente um item nosográfico e passa a ser um elemento indissociável da experiência humana.
Fatigue in patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Fritz Nora E. , Chen Yongsheng , Waters Lauren , Saba Sadaf , Hackett Melody , Mada Flicia C. , Li Jun
Published: July 2020

Objective

Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) is caused by a heterozygous deletion of peripheral myelin protein‐22 (PMP22) gene resulting in focal sensorimotor deficits. Our lab has identified a disruption of myelin junctions in excessively permeable myelin that impairs action potential propagation. This mechanism is expected to cause fatigue in patients with HNPP. Therefore, the objective was to characterize fatigue in patients with HNPP and determine the relationship of fatigue to nerve pathology, disability, and quality of life.

Methods

Nine females with HNPP participated in a single visit that included genotyping, nerve conduction studies, neurological exam, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, and a physical therapy exam incorporating upper and lower extremity function and survey measures of fatigue. This visit was followed by 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (wrist‐worn device) that captured fatigue ratings five times per day.

Results

Participants demonstrated mild neurological impairment (CMTNS: 5.7 ± 2.8), yet reported high fatigue levels (average fatigue intensity over 2 weeks: 5.9 out of 10). Higher fatigue levels were associated with poorer quality of life and more pain. Higher fatigue was associated with significantly greater distal nerve proton density changes on peripheral nerve MRI, which is in line with hyper‐permeable myelin in HNPP.

Interpretation

Fatigue is common and severe among patients with HNPP whose disabilities are minimal by conventional outcome measures. Therapeutic interventions targeting fatigue have the potential to improve quality of life and may serve as a robust outcome measure to show longitudinal changes for patients with HNPP.
Synthesis of Dibenzofurans Derivatives via Benzannulation of 2‐Nitrobenzofurans and Alkylidene Malononitriles
Authors: Cao Dongdong , Chen Dingben , Chen Gang , Mo Hanjie , Xia Zhijun , Li Kai‐bin , Yang Jianguo
Published: July 2020

Although various methods for the preparation of dibenzofurans are available, an efficient, general synthesis of dibenzofurans from benzofurans remains an unsolved problem. Herein, we provide the first benzannulation of readily prepared 2‐nitrobenzofurans with alkylidene malononitriles. This methodology enables facile assembly of a wide variety of highly functionalized dibenzofurans in moderate to excellent yields under metal‐free conditions. Gram‐scale synthesis and further elaborations of the product were succesfully performed, demonstrating synthetic utility of this method.
Water‐Promoted Heterogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinolines over Ordered Macroporous Poly(ionic liquid) Catalyst
Authors: Tao Lin , Ren Yiqi , Li Chunzhi , Li He , Liu Jiali , Yang Qihua
Published: July 2020

The development of air stable solid chiral catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation is very attractive for the large‐scale production of chiral compounds. Herein, we reported the synthesis of an ordered macroporous poly(ionic liquid) catalyst integrated with VDPEN‐RuOTf as air stable chiral catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoline derivatives. Under ambient conditions, the solid catalyst afforded 97% conversion with 90% ee in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐methylquinoline in water. It was found that the activity and enantioselectivity of poly(ionic liquid) catalyst decreases with surface hydrophobicity increasing, suggesting the important role of surface hydrophilicity in obtaining high activity and enantioselectivity in water. Control experiment suggests that water promotes the anti‐air stability of the poly(ionic liquid) catalyst. The combination of poly(ionic liquid) catalyst and water may provide a new approach for designing heterogeneous chiral catalyst with anti‐air stability.
Veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and prone ventilation for therapeutic management of COVID‐19
Authors: Kasai Takehiko , Bunya Naofumi , Wada Kenshiro , Kakizaki Ryuichiro , Mizuno Hirotoshi , Inoue Hiroyuki , Uemura Shuji , Takahashi Satoshi , Narimatsu Eichi , Takeda Shinhiro ,   Japan ECMOnet for COVID‐19
Published: July 2020

Background

The efficacy and safety of the combined use of veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and prone ventilation are currently not known for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Case presentation

We report two cases in which the combination of veno‐venous ECMO and prone ventilation for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pneumonia were successfully carried out. Both patients had developed severe respiratory failure due to SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia, thus requiring veno‐venous ECMO. Prone ventilation was also administered safely.

Conclusion

Oxygenation and lung compliance gradually improved during prone ventilation, and both patients were successfully extubated. For patients with severe SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia who require veno‐venous ECMO, the use of prone ventilation could be beneficial, and should be considered.
Tailoring new bisphenol a ethoxylated shape memory polyurethanes
Authors: Laza José Manuel , Veloso Antonio , Vilas José Luis
Published: July 2020

Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have generated great attention because of their unique properties. These properties are result of a particular molecular structure consisting of flexible molecular chains with low glass transition temperatures alternating with hard urethane segments. In this field, bisphenol A (BA) has been used for a long time as chain extender due to the good properties of the obtained SPMU materials. Nevertheless, the high toxicity of this compound has caused a high decrease on its use. For this reason, it has been selected a lower toxicity compound, bisphenol A ethoxylate (BAE). In this work, it is described a new SMPUs based on BAE and the influence of the hard segment on the thermo‐mechanical properties and shape memory capacity. For that, both the proportion of the components and the diisocyanate employed (2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 4,4′‐methylene bis(phenylisocyanate) (MDI) or a TDI/MDI mixture) have been modified. Then, depending on the molecular architecture achieved, the polyurethanes present different properties, which were studied by different techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic‐mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It has been observed that glass transition temperature (Tg) increases as the hard phase content in the PU samples increases. In addition, Tg‐MDI > Tg‐MDI‐TDI > Tg‐TDI, so it is possible to control the Tg of the material, that is, shape memory transition temperature varying the diisocyanate. Finally, the shape memory capacity of the PUs was evaluated by thermo‐mechanical analysis (TMA). All the synthesized PUs have shown good shape memory effect with fixation ratios up to 80% and recovery ratios close to 100%.
Facile modification of aliphatic polyketone‐based thin‐film composite membrane for three‐dimensional and comprehensive antifouling in active‐layer‐facing‐draw‐solution mode
Authors: Sun Yuchen , Lin Yuqing , Wang Shengyao , Yang Zhe , Zhang Lei , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: July 2020

The application of “active‐layer‐facing‐draw‐solution” (AL‐DS) mode, which allows a considerably high water flux in forward osmosis (FO) processes, is hindered by severe fouling occurring within the porous support of the FO membranes. We designed a series of “three‐dimensionally” antifouling FO membranes by an extremely convenient and scalable approach, by using in situ reduced aliphatic polyketone (PK) membranes (rPK) and the silver‐nanoparticles‐immobilized rPK‐Ag membranes as the substrates for thin‐film composite (TFC) FO membrane preparation. This modification imparted enhanced hydrophilicity compared with the original PK‐TFC membrane, without affecting the morphology and transport properties. Benefiting from the three‐dimensional antifouling structure, the modified TFC membranes (i.e., rPK‐TFC and rPK‐Ag‐TFC membranes) demonstrated excellent and comprehensive fouling resistance towards a variety of organic foulants, as well as biofouling resistance towards Escherichia coli. These results provide useful insights into the fabrication of antifouling FO membranes for water purification purposes and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process.
Improvement of mechanical properties of polylactide by equal channel multiple angular extrusion
Authors: Vozniak Iurii , Beloshenko Victor , Savchenko Bogdan , Voznyak Andrej
Published: July 2020

The combination of high strength and toughness is always the goal of high‐performance polymer materials for industrial use. This study addresses the potentialities of a solid state equal‐channel multiple‐angular extrusion (ECMAE) in production of polylactide (PLA) with simultaneous improvement in toughness, strength, and thermal stability. Chain extender Joncryl was used to form PLA with different chain length and morphology (linear or branched PLA). It is demonstrated that simple shear deformation implemented in ECMAE results in formation of an orientation order, an increase in the degree of crystallinity, and the creation of α crystals with an increased degree of perfection. The value of the effects achieved depends on the type of PLA morphology. The best result is observed in the case of linear PLA. ECMAE‐modified linear PLA possess the better combination of strength, modulus, and ductility than the branched one. Compared with neat linear PLA, ECMAE‐modified linear PLA shows 12%, 26%, 217%, and 40% increase in tensile strength, Young's modulus, strain at break and impact strength, respectively. Additionally, the storage modulus shows an improved thermal stability of ECMAE‐modified PLA.
Instance segmentation for the fine detection of crop and weed plants by precision agricultural robots
Authors: Champ Julien , Mora‐Fallas Adan , Goëau Hervé , Mata‐Montero Erick , Bonnet Pierre , Joly Alexis
Published: July 2020

Premise

Weed removal in agriculture is typically achieved using herbicides. The use of autonomous robots to reduce weeds is a promising alternative solution, although their implementation requires the precise detection and identification of crops and weeds to allow an efficient action.

Methods

We trained and evaluated an instance segmentation convolutional neural network aimed at segmenting and identifying each plant specimen visible in images produced by agricultural robots. The resulting data set comprised field images on which the outlines of 2489 specimens from two crop species and four weed species were manually drawn. We adjusted the hyperparameters of a mask region‐based convolutional neural network (R‐CNN) to this specific task and evaluated the resulting trained model.

Results

The probability of detection using the model was quite good but varied significantly depending on the species and size of the plants. In practice, between 10% and 60% of weeds could be removed without too high of a risk of confusion with crop plants. Furthermore, we show that the segmentation of each plant enabled the determination of precise action points such as the barycenter of the plant surface.

Discussion

Instance segmentation opens many possibilities for optimized weed removal actions. Weed electrification, for instance, could benefit from the targeted adjustment of the voltage, frequency, and location of the electrode to the plant. The results of this work will enable the evaluation of this type of weeding approach in the coming months.
Inorganic Benzene Valence Isomers
Authors: Ota Kei , Kinjo Rei
Published: July 2020

It has been computationally proposed that there are more than 200 possible isomeric structures for the C6H6 molecule, among which benzene (CH)6 represents the most thermodynamically stable molecule and its chemistry has been extensively developed. Three benzene valence isomers (CR)6, namely, prismane, Dewar benzene, and benzvalene, have also been synthesized to date. Incorporation of heteroatoms in the skeletal frameworks allows access to inorganic analogues of benzene and its valence isomers, which have attracted considerable attention due to their peculiar structural and electronic features. Experimentally, more than 30 examples of inorganic benzene and its valence isomers have been developed and characterized so far. In this contribution, their synthesis and characterization, as well as their stability and chemical properties, are discussed.
Determining rotational and macroturbulent velocities of cool magnetic giant stars
Authors: Georgiev Stefan , Lèbre Agnès , Josselin Eric , Konstantinova‐Antova Renada , Morin Julien
Published: July 2020

An original method of estimating the projected rotational velocity, vsini, and the macroturbulent velocity, vmac, of evolved M giant stars is presented. It is based on the use of spectrum synthesis and multiline analysis tools. The goal is to fit the mean line profile of observations with that of synthetic spectra. The method is applied to the red giant star RZ Ari, and the results vsini = 6.0 ± 0.5 km s−1 and vmac = 2.0 ± 1.0 km s−1 are obtained.
Speculating on the Roles of Nuclear Speckles: How RNA‐Protein Nuclear Assemblies Affect Gene Expression
Authors: Hasenson Sarah E. , Shav‐Tal Yaron
Published: July 2020

Nuclear speckles are eukaryotic nuclear bodies enriched in splicing factors. Their exact purpose has been a matter of debate. The different proposed roles of nuclear speckles are reviewed and an additional layer of function is put forward, suggesting that by accumulating splicing factors within them, nuclear speckles can buffer the nucleoplasmic levels of splicing factors available for splicing and thereby modulate splicing rates. These findings build on the already established model that nuclear speckles function as a storage/recycling site for splicing factors. Many studies have demonstrated proximity between nuclear speckles and sites of active transcription, suggesting that this juxtaposition can enhance the rates of gene expression. It is found that nuclear speckle disassembly increases splicing factor availability in the nucleoplasm, leading to an increase in splicing rates and faster release of nascent transcripts from the gene after transcription. Altogether, this era in which genomic and imaging approaches are applied to study nuclear organization has expanded the outlook on the possible roles of nuclear speckles.
The impact of seating arrangement and therapy task on therapeutic alliance formation
Authors: Rickard Eóin , Hevey David , Wilson Charlotte
Published: July 2020

Psychotherapists utilise several different seating arrangements in session, including face to face, side by side and the couch. This research investigated seating arrangement's impact on participants' ratings and perceptions of therapeutic alliance formation. A mixed‐methods design was used. Study I was a randomised experiment (N = 60 university students) comparing face to face and side by side seating arrangements, two history‐taking tasks (talking or questionnaires) and gender, in an analogue initial therapy session. Therapeutic alliance was assessed using the helping alliance questionnaire‐II. Study II used qualitative interviews to explore the experiences of five clients who had previously attended psychotherapy. Participants in the face to face questionnaires condition had significantly lower alliance ratings than face to face talking (p = .002) or side by side questionnaires (p = .039) conditions, regardless of gender. Those in the face to face talking condition were significantly likelier to attend a second session (p = .046) compared to the other three conditions. Participants identified eye contact, proxemics, power dynamics and development of therapeutic alliance over time as important factors regarding seating arrangement. Sitting face to face was more conducive for developing a good therapeutic alliance when using conversational history‐taking, while sitting side by side was more effective when completing questionnaires. Practitioners should consider the effects of using different seating arrangements and history‐taking approaches prior to working with clients.
Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in beta‐thalassemia major
Authors: Ben Ammar Lobna , Ferjani Hanene , Maatallah Kaouther , Bouallegue Sonia , Riahi Hend , Kaffel Dhia , Hamdi Wafa
Published: July 2020

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a normal compensatory reaction that can affect the epidural space, leading to spinal cord compression syndrome. MRI is the imaging method of choice for diagnosis and monitoring. Treatment is still controversial.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles Bearing Trifluoromethyl Moiety by the Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation Reaction of 4,7‐Dihydroindole with N−H Trifluoromethyl Ketimines
Authors: Uchikura Tatsuhiro , Suzuki Riku , Suda Yusuke , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: July 2020

The Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction of 4,7‐dihydroindole with N‐unprotected trifluoromethyl ketimines by means of chiral phosphoric acid and the subsequent oxidation with DDQ afforded chiral 2‐indolylmethylamines bearing a trifluoromethyl moiety in good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivities under one‐pot conditions. The adduct was transformed without loss of enantioselectivity and the absolute stereochemistry was determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.
On‐line partitioning of the sample space in the regional adaptive algorithm
Authors: Grenon‐Godbout Nicolas , Bédard Mylène
Published: July 2020

The regional adaptive (RAPT) algorithm is particularly useful in sampling from multimodal distributions. We propose an adaptive partitioning of the sample space, to be used in conjunction with the RAPT sampler and its variants. The adaptive partitioning consists in defining a hyperplane that is orthogonal to the line joining averaged coordinates in two separate regions and that goes through a point such that both averaged coordinates are equally Mahalanobis‐distant from this point. This yields an adaptive process that is robust to the choice of initial partition, stabilizes rapidly and is implemented at a marginal computational cost. The ergodicity of the sampler is verified through the simultaneous uniform ergodicity and diminishing adaptation
conditions. The approach is compared to the RAPT algorithm with fixed regions and to the RAPT with online recursion (RAPTOR) through various examples, including a real data application. In short, our main contribution is the development of an alternative version of RAPTOR that seems to have no obvious downside and runs 15–35% faster in the examples considered.
Novel HER2–targeted therapies for HER2–positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Kunte Siddharth , Abraham Jame , Montero Alberto J.
Published: July 2020

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in approximately 20% of all breast cancers. Before the development of HER2‐directed monoclonal antibodies, HER2–positive breast cancer was associated with a rather poor prognosis. With the advent of monoclonal HER2–targeting antibodies (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) and antibody‐drug conjugates (trastuzumab emtansine [T‐DM1] and trastuzumab deruxtecan), clinical outcomes for HER2–positive breast cancer have dramatically changed, and a greater proportion of patients in the nonmetastatic setting are cured. However, in the metastatic setting, resistance to anti‐HER2 treatments still remains a major therapeutic challenge, underscoring the importance of developing novel HER2‐directed therapies. Over the last year, there has been a dramatic shift in the current treatment paradigms for HER2–positive metastatic breast cancer, with recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals of trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS‐8201), neratinib, and tucatinib in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine. The authors summarize recent phase 3 data with novel HER2–targeted therapies as well as phase 1 and 2 data with other novel HER2–targeting agents.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of N‐Aryl Amides from O‐Protected Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Broumidis Emmanouil , Jones Mary C. , Vilela Filipe , Lloyd Gareth O.
Published: July 2020

Two robust and efficient mechanochemical protocols for the synthesis of an array of N‐arylamides have been developed. This was achieved by a C−N cross‐coupling between O‐pivaloyl hydroxamic acids and aryl iodides or aryl boronic acids, in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of a copper mediator. The effectiveness of this method is highlighted by the high‐yielding (up to 94 %), scalable (up to 8 mmol), and rapid (20 minutes) synthesis of N‐aryl amides (15 examples), using a variety of deactivated and sterically encumbered substrates, whilst employing mild conditions and in the absence of solvents. In addition, it was determined that whilst the O‐pivaloyl hydroxamic acid precursors can be synthesised mechanochemically, iron contamination originating from the steel jars was found to occur which can hinder the efficacy of this process. Furthermore, 3D printing was used to produce custom milling jars that could successfully accommodate a scaled‐up version of the two protocols.
Effects of alcohol consumption on maxillofacial fractures in simple falls
Authors: Hino Shunsuke , Yamada Miki , Iijima Yosuke , Araki Ryuichiro , Kaneko Takahiro , Horie Norio
Published: July 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption (AC) on maxillofacial fractures caused by falls on a level surface (simple falls).

Material and Methods

Patients with maxillofacial fractures caused by falls who visited the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic from January 2006 to December 2016 were evaluated. Patients with simple falls were subdivided into those who fell with AC (Falls with AC) and those who fell without AC (Falls without AC).

Results

Of 180 patients with falls with maxillofacial fractures, 155 had simple falls, and 25 patients had falls from a height. Of the simple falls, 52 were Falls with AC, and 102 were Falls without AC. Falls with AC were significantly more frequent in males (p = .0005). The average number of fracture lines in the mandible was significantly higher in Falls with AC (2.13 ± 0.99 [mean ± SD]) than in Falls without AC (1.76 ± 0.91) (p = .011). The average Facial Injury Severity Scale was significantly higher in Falls with AC (3.08 ± 1.43) than in Falls without AC (2.43 ± 1.29) (p = .007).

Conclusions

Falls with AC were associated with more severe maxillofacial fractures than Falls without AC.
How are service employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility related to their performance? Prosocial motivation and emotional labor as underlying mechanisms
Authors: Shin Inyong , Hur Won‐Moo
Published: July 2020

Although interest in employees' perceptions of and their responses to corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown up, it has been suggested that further research is necessary on how employees' perceptions of CSR are related to their performance. This study aimed to address this call for research with a focus on service employees. We anticipated that service employees' perceptions of their organizations' social responsibility activities would encourage them to become prosocially motivated, which would lead them to engage more in deep acting and less in surface acting, eventually resulting in superior service performance. This study used a sample of hotel employees to test the sequential links between perceived CSR, prosocial motivation, deep/surface acting, and service performance. This study, which yields results largely consistent with our expectations, contributes to the microlevel CSR literature and offers practical guidelines for managers.
Polarity of Cationic Lignin Polymers: Physicochemical Behavior in Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions
Authors: Sabaghi Sanaz , Fatehi Pedram
Published: July 2020

The structure of cationic monomers can significantly impact the polarity of lignin after polymerization. Cationic hydrolysis lignin (CHL) polymers were produced by polymerizing hydrolysis lignin (HL) with [3‐(methacryloylamino)propyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) or [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (METAC). The METAC monomer has an oxygen atom, with larger electronegativity, in its molecular structure, whereas the MAPTAC monomer contains a nitrogen atom, as well as an extra nonpolar CH2 group, facilitating investigation into the effects of the polarity of CHLs on their physicochemical performance in an aqueous system. CHL polymers are analyzed and their interactions with clay particles are determined in colloidal systems. CHLs are designed to have similar charge densities (2.1–2.2 mmol g−1) and molecular weights (55000–60000 g mol−1 ). The hydrodynamic radius (Hy) and radius of gyration, (Rg) of HL‐METAC are larger than those of HL‐MAPTAC, implying a more 3‐dimensional structure of HL‐METAC in aqueous solution. The stability ratio of kaolin particles affirms the better performance of HL‐METAC in comparison to HL‐MAPTAC, which reflects the better flocculation efficiency of HL‐METAC. The results also reveal that salt and urea aqueous solutions affect the Hy, Rg, and configuration of CHL polymers, which alters the flocculation efficiency of HL‐METAC and HL‐MAPTAC polymers in kaolin suspensions.
Associations of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) shedding patterns with clinical illness and immune responses in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection
Authors: Lee Pei Hua , Tay Woo Chiao , Sutjipto Stephanie , Fong Siew‐Wai , Ong Sean Wei Xiang , Wei Wycliff Enli , Chan Yi‐Hao , Ling Li Min , Young Barnaby E , Toh Matthias Paul HS , Renia Laurent , Ng Lisa FP , Leo Yee‐Sin , Lye David C , Lee Tau Hong
Published: July 2020

Objectives

A wide range of duration of viral RNA shedding in patients infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been observed. We aimed to investigate factors associated with prolonged and intermittent viral RNA shedding in a retrospective cohort of symptomatic COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

Demographic, clinical and laboratory data from hospitalised COVID‐19 patients from a single centre with two consecutive negative respiratory reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) results were extracted from electronic medical records. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis was used to assess the effect of clinical characteristics on the duration and pattern of shedding. Plasma levels of immune mediators were measured using Luminex multiplex microbead‐based immunoassay.

Results

There were 201 symptomatic patients included. Median age was 49 years (interquartile range 16–61), and 52.2% were male. Median RNA shedding was 14 days (IQR 9–18). Intermittent shedding was observed in 77 (38.3%). We did not identify any factor associated with prolonged or intermittent viral RNA shedding. Duration of shedding was inversely correlated with plasma levels of T‐cell cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐17A at the initial phase of infection, and patients had lower levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines during intermittent shedding.

Conclusions

Less active T‐cell responses at the initial phase of infection were associated with prolonged viral RNA shedding, suggesting that early immune responses are beneficial to control viral load and prevent viral RNA shedding. Intermittent shedding is common and may explain re‐detection of viral RNA in recovered patients.
Prevalence and incidence of intra‐ventricular conduction delays and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: insights from PARADIGM‐HF and ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Kristensen Søren Lund , Castagno Davide , Shen Li , Jhund Pardeep S. , Docherty Kieran F. , Rørth Rasmus , Abraham William T. , Desai Akshay S. , Dickstein Kenneth , Rouleau Jean L. , Zile Michael R. , Swedberg Karl , Packer Milton , Solomon Scott D. , Køber Lars , McMurray John J.V. ,   PARADIGM‐HF and ATMOSPHERE Committees and Investigators.
Published: July 2020

Aims

The importance of intra‐ventricular conduction delay (IVCD), the incidence of new IVCD and its relationship to outcomes in heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are not well studied. We addressed these questions in the PARADIGM‐HF and ATMOSPHERE trials.

Methods and results

The risk of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization and all‐cause mortality were estimated by use of Cox regression according to baseline QRS duration and morphology in 11 861 patients without an intracardiac device. At baseline, 1789 (15.1%) patients had left bundle branch block (LBBB), 524 (4.4%) right bundle branch block (RBBB), 454 (3.8%) non‐specific IVCD, 2588 (21.8%) ‘mildly abnormal’ QRS (110–129 ms) and 6506 (54.9%) QRS <110 ms. During a median follow‐up of 2.5 years, the risk of the primary composite endpoint was higher among those with a wide QRS, irrespective of morphology: hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) LBBB 1.36 (1.23–1.50), RBBB 1.54 (1.31–1.79), non‐specific IVCD 1.65 (1.40–1.94) and QRS 110–129 ms 1.35 (1.23–1.47), compared with QRS duration <110 ms. A total of 1234 (15.6%) patients developed new‐onset QRS widening ≥130 ms (6.1 per 100 patient‐years). Incident LBBB occurred in 495 (6.3%) patients (2.4 per 100 patient‐years) and was associated with a higher risk of the primary composite outcome [hazard ratio 1.42 (1.12–1.82)].

Conclusion

In patients with HFrEF, a wide QRS was associated with worse clinical outcomes irrespective of morphology. The annual incidence of new‐onset LBBB was around 2.5%, and associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes, highlighting the importance of repeat electrocardiogram review.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT0083658 (ATMOSPHERE) and NCT01035255 (PARADIGM‐HF).
Fabricating Flexibly Resistive Humidity Sensors with Ultra‐high Sensitivity Using Carbonized Lignin and Sodium Alginate
Authors: Yun Xiaojing , Zhang Qingtong , Luo Bin , Jiang Hongrui , Chen Changzhou , Wang Shuangfei , Min Douyong
Published: July 2020

Lignin, an abundant and environmentally friendly renewable polymer, was used to attain the carbonized lignin in current study. Then, a highly humidity sensitive composite composite film was prepared by carbonized lignin (CL) applied as the conductive particles and sodium alginate (SA). The repeatability, hysteresis, stability and response‐recovery of the CL/SA composite film sensor were investigated in the range of 11 to 97 % relative humidity at room temperature. The results showed the maximum responsivity of CL/SA composite film is 502,895.40 % under 97 % relative humidity. In addition, CL/SA composite film can be used as humidity sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity, low hysteresis, and stable repeatability in a wide relative humidity range of 11–97 %. Finally, the humidity mechanism of the CL/SA sensor and its monitoring application in human respiration were analyzed. The research revealed that CL/SA composite is an excellent humidity sensitive material.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium at Bimetallic Nanoparticles Electrochemically Decorated Fullerene‐C60 Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst: An Efficient Anode Material for Alcohol Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Bhavani K. Sai , Anusha T. , Kumar J. V. Shanmukha , Brahman Pradeep Kumar
Published: July 2020

Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have been recently playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy sources and portable electronics. Research in DAFCs has proceeded to engage major attention due to their high catalytic activity, long‐term stability, portability, and low cost. Herein, we present a facile surfactant‐free route to anchor bimetallic Pd−W nanoparticles supported fullerene‐C60 catalyst (Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60) for high‐performance electrooxidation of alcohols (methanol & ethanol) for DAFCs applications. Structural, elemental composition, and morphological analysis of the proposed catalyst were carried out using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electrochemical properties such as electrochemical activity, electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and long‐term stability of the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst for ethanol and methanol oxidation in the alkaline medium were explored by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry (CA). Results revealed that the proposed catalyst showed enlarged ECSA, tremendous electrocatalytic activity, high poison tolerance limit, good reproducibility, and enhanced long‐term stability as compared to the monometallic catalyst and commercially available catalyst (Pt/C) towards ethanol and methanol oxidation reaction. This enhanced potentiality of the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst is due to the synergistic effect of W−Pd nanoparticles and excellent electron kinetic from fullerene support material. These findings strongly suggest the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst as potential anode material for the alcohol oxidation reaction.
Kinetic Spectroelectrochemical Assay for Uric Acid in Human Urine
Authors: Flowers Paul A. , Dong Xin , Bounds Jackson G.
Published: July 2020

A spectroelectrochemical (SEC) assay for uric acid in human urine has been developed that is essentially reagent‐free and involves relatively short analysis times of ∼12 min per specimen using a single‐point standard addition approach. The SEC method was demonstrated to be selective for uric acid in human urine, avoiding interference through both the usual control parameters (electrolysis potential and measurement wavelength) and the relatively slow kinetics of a post‐electrolysis reaction involving the oxidation product. Results from the SEC analysis of a split set of human urine specimens were well correlated to those obtained using a standard high‐performance liquid chromatography method, suggesting the feasibility of clinical applications.
Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell with sewage wastewater and RO concentrate using composite anode made of Luffa aegyptiaca
Authors: Thakur Somil , Das Bhaskar
Published: July 2020

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are capable of producing bioelectricity using bacteria as catalysts that break down the organic matter present in wastewater (WW). The present work demonstrates the synergistic effect of Luffa aegyptiaca (LA) combined with graphite plate as anode material on voltage generation as well as pollution removal as chemical oxygen demand (COD). Three different feed combinations of WW and Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentrate that is ‐ Experiment‐1 (75:25), Experiment‐2 (50:50), and Experiment‐3 (25:75) have been considered and their performances are compared with the system without LA in the anode. The result shows that low organic loading rate (OLR) and more RO concentration in feed inlet led to more voltage and normalized energy recovery (NER) that is – 530 mV and 19.51 Whkg−1 COD−1, respectively.
Steam reforming of tar from raw coke oven gas over bifunctional catalysts: Effects of preparation parameters on CO2 adsorption performance
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Xie Huaqing , Wang Panlei , Li Rongquan , Yu Zhenyu , Yu Qingbo
Published: July 2020

From the thermodynamic analysis of the steam reforming process of raw coke oven gas, the H2 amplification factor after the reforming can reach the highest (over 3.5) in the temperature range between 650 and 800°C, where the bifunctional catalysts to be prepared should have the best CO2 adsorption performances as well as the excellent reforming catalytic performances. In this article, the bifunctional NiO/CaO@C12A7 catalysts were prepared at different preparation parameters, and among them, the catalyst sample prepared at the calcination temperature of 1,000°C and the calcination time of 4 h with co‐precipitation (CP) method showed the best CO2 adsorption capacity as well as the best characterizations. And, in the steam reforming experiments of tar component from RCOG (Raw coke oven gas), under the effect of the bifunctional catalyst, the higher H2 yield was obtained than that over the mixture of the independent reforming catalyst and CO2 sorbent.
Heat and mass transfer in MHD Casson nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet with thermophoresis and Brownian motion
Authors: Venkata Ramudu Ankalagiri Chinna , Anantha Kumar Kempannagari , Sugunamma Vangala , Sandeep Naramgari
Published: July 2020

The foremost objective of the current article is to explore the impact of Brownian motion on magnetohydrodynamic Casson nanofluid flow toward a stretching sheet in the attendance of nonlinear thermal radiation. The combined heat and mass transfer characteristics are investigated. The influence of chemical reaction, nonuniform heat source/sink, Soret, and Dufour is deemed. The convective boundary condition is taken. The appropriate transformations are utilized to transform the flow regulating partial differential equations into dimensionless ordinary differential equations (coupled). The numerical outcomes of the converted nonlinear system are solved by the Runge‐Kutta based Shooting procedure. Results indicate that the temperature is an increasing function of both thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters. The concentration of the fluid and the corresponding boundary layer thickness reduces with an enhancement in Lewis number.
Using stable isotopes to estimate young water fractions in a heavily regulated, tropical lowland river basin
Authors: Trinh Anh Duc , Do Thu Nga , Panizzo Virginia N. , McGowan Suzanne , Leng Melanie J.
Published: July 2020

The young water fraction of streamflow (Fyw), an important hydrological variable, has been calculated for the first time, for a monsoon‐fed coastal catchment in northern Vietnam. Oxygen stable isotopes (δ18O) from six river sites in the Day River Basin (DRB) were analysed monthly, between January 2015 and December 2018. River δ18O signatures showed sine wave variability, reflecting the amount effect and tropical (dry‐rainy) seasonality of the region. The δ18O composition of precipitation ranged from −12.67 to +1.68‰, with a mean value of −5.14‰, and in‐streamflow signatures ranged from −11.63 to −1.37‰ with a mean of −5.02‰. Fractions of young water (Fyw) were calculated from the unweighted and flow‐weighted δ18O composition of samples. Unweighted Fyw ranged between 29 ± 8% and 82 ± 21% with a mean value of 51 ± 19%, and was not significantly different from flow‐weighted Fyw (range between 33 ± 25% and 92 ± 73%, mean 52 ± 36%). Both unweighted and flow‐weighted Fyw were highest in the middle of stream and lowest in downstream sites, capturing the impacts of landuse changes, hydrology and human activities in the catchment. Our calculations imply that more than a half of rainwater reaches the DRB river mainstream within the first 3 months. The Fyw is much higher than the global average (of one‐third) and insensitive to discharge due to the combination of a humid catchment with high rainfall, low storage capacity, flat landscape and an intensive drainage system in the DRB. Also the low discharge sensitivity of Fyw in the DRB implies that the regional hydrology is severely altered by humans.