bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absence of CCR2 results in an inflammaging environment in young mice with age-independent impairments in muscle regeneration
Authors: Melton David W , Roberts Alexander C , Wang Hanzhou , Sarwar Zaheer , Wetzel Michael D , Wells Jason T , Porter Laurel , Berton Michael T , McManus Linda M , Shireman Paula K
Published: August 2016

Skeletal muscle regeneration requires coordination between dynamic cellular populations and tissue microenvironments. Macrophages, recruited via CCR2, are essential for regeneration; however, the contribution of macrophages and the role of CCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells has not been defined. In addition, aging and sex interactions in regeneration and sarcopenia are unclear. Muscle regeneration was measured in young (3–6 mo), middle (11–15 mo), old (24–32 mo) male and female CCR2−/− mice. Whereas age-related muscle atrophy/sarcopenia was present, regenerated myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in CCR2−/− mice was comparably impaired across all ages and sexes, with increased adipocyte area compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CCR2−/− mice myofibers achieved approximately one third of baseline CSA even 84 d after injury. Regenerated CSA and clearance of necrotic tissue were dependent on bone marrow–derived cellular expression of CCR2. Myogenic progenitor cells isolated from WT and CCR2−/− mice exhibited comparable proliferation and differentiation capacity. The most striking cellular anomaly in injured muscle of CCR2−/− mice was markedly decreased macrophages, with a predominance of Ly6C− anti-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages. Ablation of proinflammatory TLR signaling did not affect muscle regeneration or resolution of necrosis. Of interest, many proinflammatory, proangiogenic, and chemotactic cytokines were markedly elevated in injured muscle of CCR2−/− relative to WT mice despite impairments in macrophage recruitment. Collectively, these results suggest that CCR2 on bone marrow–derived cells, likely macrophages, were essential to muscle regeneration independent of TLR signaling, aging, and sex. Decreased proinflammatory monocytes/macrophages actually promoted a proinflammatory microenvironment, which suggests that inflammaging was present in young CCR2−/− mice.
Ethanol intoxication prolongs post-burn pulmonary inflammation: role of alveolar macrophages
Authors: Shults Jill A , Curtis Brenda J , Boe Devin M , Ramirez Luis , Kovacs Elizabeth J
Published: August 2016

In this study, the role and fate of AMs were examined in pulmonary inflammation after intoxication and injury. Clinical evidence has revealed that half of all burn patients brought to the emergency department are intoxicated at the time of injury. This combined insult results in amplified neutrophil accumulation and pulmonary edema, with an increased risk of lung failure and mortality, relative to either insult alone. We believe that this excessive pulmonary inflammation, which also parallels decreased lung function, is mediated in part by AMs. Restoration of lung tissue homeostasis is dependent on the eradication of neutrophils and removal of apoptotic cells, both major functions of AMs. Thirty minutes after binge ethanol intoxication, mice were anesthetized and given a 15% total body surface area dorsal scald injury. At 24 h, we found a 50% decrease in the total number of AMs (P < 0.05) and observed a proinflammatory phenotype on the remaining lung AMs. Loss of AMs paralleled a 6-fold increase in the number of TUNEL+ lung apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) and a 3.5-fold increase in the percentage of annexin V+ apoptotic cells in BAL (P < 0.05), after intoxication and injury, relative to controls. In contrast to the reduction in the number of cells, AMs from intoxicated and injured mice had a 4-fold increase in efferocytosis (P < 0.05). In summary, these data suggest that loss of AMs may delay resolution of inflammation, resulting in the pulmonary complications and elevated mortality rates observed in intoxicated and burn-injured patients.
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY FOR REDUCTION OF GRAVIMETER OBSERVATIONS*
Authors: Nettleton L. L.
Published: August 2016

This paper outlines a method whereby the density factor used in the Bouguer correction for elevation of a gravity station may be determined. Frequently in the past it has been the practice to assign a density factor based on measurements made upon samples of surface materials in such manner as to give the density in situ, depending upon the judgment of the field man to select samples representative of the near-surface materials. At best, this is a cursory determination which only fortuitously might lead to the correct density for large topographic features. The method outlined here in effect weighs the topography by gravimeter observations taken along a profile crossing the feature. From these data the effective density of the material comprising the topographic feature is determined by a simple graphtcal method.
Practical Considerations in the Use of Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria
Authors: Armstrong Richard J. , Malvick Erik J.
Published: August 2016

Several criteria are available in practice to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of soils. Examples are the so-called Chinese Criteria and more recent criteria, such as Andrews and Martin (2000) , Seed et al. (2003) , Bray and Sancio (2006) , and Boulanger and Idriss (2006) . Many of these criteria utilize different soil indices, behavioral states, and limiting values, which make the use of the various criteria in practice confusing at times. The purpose of this paper is to provide practical considerations in the use of three of the most recent and commonly used liquefaction susceptibility criteria— Seed et al. 2003 , Bray and Sancio 2006 , and Boulanger and Idriss 2006 —by addressing three questions often asked in practice: (1) What soils can liquefaction susceptibility criteria be used? (2) What information is provided by liquefaction susceptibility criteria? (3) What is the best use of liquefaction susceptibility criteria?
Defining High-Quality Palliative Care in Oncology Practice: An American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Guidance Statement
Authors: Bickel Kathleen E. , McNiff Kristen , Buss Mary K. , Kamal Arif , Lupu Dale , Abernethy Amy P. , Broder Michael S. , Shapiro Charles L. , Acheson Anupama Kurup , Malin Jennifer , Evans Tracey , Krzyzanowska Monika K.
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

Integrated into routine oncology care, palliative care can improve symptom burden, quality of life, and patient and caregiver satisfaction. However, not all oncology practices have access to specialist palliative medicine. This project endeavored to define what constitutes high-quality primary palliative care as delivered by medical oncology practices.

Methods:

An expert steering committee outlined 966 palliative care service items, in nine domains, each describing a candidate element of primary palliative care delivery for patients with advanced cancer or high symptom burden. Using modified Delphi methodology, 31 multidisciplinary panelists rated each service item on three constructs: importance, feasibility, and scope within medical oncology practice.

Results:

Panelists endorsed the highest proportion of palliative care service items in the domains of End-of-Life Care (81%); Communication and Shared Decision Making (79%); and Advance Care Planning (78%). The lowest proportions were in Spiritual and Cultural Assessment and Management (35%) and Psychosocial Assessment and Management (39%). In the largest domain, Symptom Assessment and Management, there was consensus that all symptoms should be assessed and managed at a basic level, with more comprehensive management for common symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, and pain. Within the Appropriate Palliative Care and Hospice Referral domain, there was consensus that oncology practices should be able to describe the difference between palliative care and hospice to patients and refer patients appropriately.

Conclusion:

This statement describes the elements comprising high-quality primary palliative care for patients with advanced cancer or high symptom burden, as delivered by oncology practices. Oncology providers wishing to enhance palliative care delivery may find this information useful to inform operational changes and quality improvement efforts.
Higher Endogenous Glucose Production During OGTT vs Isoglycemic Intravenous Glucose Infusion
Authors: Lund Asger , Bagger Jonatan I. , Christensen Mikkel , Grøndahl Magnus , van Hall Gerrit , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Oral glucose ingestion elicits a larger insulin response and delayed suppression of glucagon compared to isoglycemic IV glucose infusion (IIGI).

Objective:

We studied whether these differences translate into effects on endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic control subjects.

Design:

This was a single-blinded, randomized, crossover study.

Setting:

The study was conducted at a specialized research unit.

Participants:

Ten patients with type 2 diabetes (age, [mean ± SD] 57.1 ± 6.7 years; body mass index, 29.0 ± 4.3 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c, 53.8 ± 11.0 mmol/mol; duration of diabetes, 9.2 ± 5.0 years) and 10 matched nondiabetic control subjects (age, 56.0±10.7 years; body mass index, 29.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c, 33.8 ± 5.5 mmol/mol) participated.

Interventions:

Three experimental days: 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), IIGI, and IIGI+glucagon (IIGI with a concomitant IV glucagon infusion [0.8 ng/kg/min from 0 to 25 minutes] designed to mimic portal glucagon concentrations during OGTT in the type 2 diabetic group) were undertaken.

Main Outcome Measures:

Glucose kinetics were assessed by tracer methodology.

Results:

Glucose rate of disappearance was higher during the OGTT vs IIGI in the control group, but similar on all days in the diabetic group. Surprisingly, in both groups, EGP was more suppressed during IIGI than during OGTT, and exogenous glucagon infusion during IIGI did not restore EGP to the levels observed during OGTT.

Conclusion:

EGP was less suppressed during OGTT than during IIGI in both patients with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic control subjects. Based on the present experimental design, it was not possible to attribute this difference to the delayed glucagon suppression observed in the initial phase of the OGTT.
IRAK1, a Target of miR-146b, Reduces Cell Aggressiveness of Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Chou Chen-Kai , Chi Shun-Yu , Huang Cai-Hua , Chou Fong-Fu , Huang Chao-Cheng , Liu Rue-Tsuan , Kang Hong-Yo
Published: August 2016

Context:

MicroRNA (miR)-146b is overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and is associated with extrathyroidal invasion, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-146b in relation to its oncogenic behavior in PTC and its putative targets remain unknown.

Objective:

The purpose was to investigate IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) as the potential miR-146b target gene and its involvement in PTC.

Design:

We used genome-wide microarray, computational analysis, and 3′ UTR reporter gene assays to identify IRAK1 as a miR-146b target gene. In vitro gain/loss-of-function experiments were further performed to determine the effects of IRAK1 on proliferation, colony formation, and wound-healing in PTC cancer cell lines. Expression levels of miR-146b and IRAK1 of 50 cases of PTC and its adjacent normal thyroid specimens were assessed via qRT-PCR.

Results:

Microarray expression profile revealed that the mRNA level of IRAK1 gene was down-regulated by miR-146b. The 3′ UTR of IRAK1 mRNA was found to be a molecular target of miR-146b posttranscriptional repression in BCPAP cells by reporter gene assays. MiR-146b promoted the migration and proliferation of PTC cells by down-regulating IRAK1 expression, whereas restoration of IRAK1 expression reversed this effect. In addition, the expression of IRAK1 mRNA was significantly lower in PTC clinical tissue samples than normal adjacent thyroid specimens and showed a strong inverse correlation with the expression of miR-146b in PTC specimens.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrated that IRAK1 is a direct target of miR-146b and has functional roles to inhibit various aggressive PTC cell activities. In conjunction with current therapeutic regimens, targeting the miR-146b-IRAK1 axis may provide a potential approach for PTC management.
miR-200 Regulates Endometrial Development During Early Pregnancy
Authors: Jimenez Patricia T. , Mainigi Monica A. , Word R. Ann , Kraus W. Lee , Mendelson Carole R.
Published: August 2016

For successful embryo implantation, endometrial stromal cells must undergo functional and morphological changes, referred to as decidualization. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate implantation and decidualization are not well defined. Here we demonstrate that the estradiol- and progesterone-regulated microRNA (miR)-200 family was markedly down-regulated in mouse endometrial stromal cells prior to implantation, whereas zinc finger E-box binding homeobox-1 and -2 and other known and predicted targets were up-regulated. Conversely, miR-200 was up-regulated during in vitro decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. Knockdown of miR-200 negatively affected decidualization and prevented the mesenchymal-epithelial transition-like changes that accompanied decidual differentiation. Notably, superovulation of mice and humans altered miR-200 expression. Our findings suggest that hormonal alterations that accompany superovulation may negatively impact endometrial development and decidualization by causing aberrant miR-200 expression.
Publication Bias and Nonreporting Found in Majority of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in Anesthesiology Journals
Authors: Hedin Riley J. , Umberham Blake A. , Detweiler Byron N. , Kollmorgen Lauren , Vassar Matt
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are used by clinicians to derive treatment guidelines and make resource allocation decisions in anesthesiology. One cause for concern with such reviews is the possibility that results from unpublished trials are not represented in the review findings or data synthesis. This problem, known as publication bias, results when studies reporting statistically nonsignificant findings are left unpublished and, therefore, not included in meta-analyses when estimating a pooled treatment effect. In turn, publication bias may lead to skewed results with overestimated effect sizes. The primary objective of this study is to determine the extent to which evaluations for publication bias are conducted by systematic reviewers in highly ranked anesthesiology journals and which practices reviewers use to mitigate publication bias. The secondary objective of this study is to conduct publication bias analyses on the meta-analyses that did not perform these assessments and examine the adjusted pooled effect estimates after accounting for publication bias.

METHODS:

This study considered meta-analyses and systematic reviews from 5 peer-reviewed anesthesia journals from 2007 through 2015. A PubMed search was conducted, and full-text systematic reviews that fit inclusion criteria were downloaded and coded independently by 2 authors. Coding was then validated, and disagreements were settled by consensus. In total, 207 systematic reviews were included for analysis. In addition, publication bias evaluation was performed for 25 systematic reviews that did not do so originally. We used Egger regression, Duval and Tweedie trim and fill, and funnel plots for these analyses.

RESULTS:

Fifty-five percent (n = 114) of the reviews discussed publication bias, and 43% (n = 89) of the reviews evaluated publication bias. Funnel plots and Egger regression were the most common methods for evaluating publication bias. Publication bias was reported in 34 reviews (16%). Thirty-six of the 45 (80.0%) publication bias analyses indicated the presence of publication bias by trim and fill analysis, whereas Egger regression indicated publication bias in 23 of 45 (51.1%) analyses. The mean absolute percent difference between adjusted and observed point estimates was 15.5%, the median was 6.2%, and the range was 0% to 85.5%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Many of these reviews reported following published guidelines such as PRISMA or MOOSE, yet only half appropriately addressed publication bias in their reviews. Compared with previous research, our study found fewer reviews assessing publication bias and greater likelihood of publication bias among reviews not performing these evaluations.
Effect of Total Dose of Lidocaine on Duration of Adductor Canal Block, Assessed by Different Test Methods: A Report of Two Blinded, Randomized, Crossover Studies in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Jæger Pia , Koscielniak-Nielsen Zbigniew J. , Hilsted Karen Lisa , Grevstad Ulrik , Siersma Volkert , Fabritius Maria Louise , Dahl Jørgen Berg
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:

The binary aims of this study were to investigate the effect of total dose of lidocaine on duration of an adductor canal block (ACB) and to validate different methods used to assess nerve blocks.

METHODS:

We performed 2 blinded, randomized, controlled crossover trials, including healthy, young men. In study 1, 14 subjects received 4 ACBs with saline and 40, 80, and 160 mg lidocaine. In study 2, 14 new subjects received 2 ACBs with 100 and 300 mg lidocaine. We kept volume constant at 20 mL for all blocks, only altering concentration. ACB duration was assessed every hour postblock using mechanical (primary outcome) and temperature discrimination; warmth and heat pain detection thresholds; pain during heat stimulation; and tolerance to electrical current in the saphenous distribution. Finally, we measured quadriceps femoris muscle strength (clinical trial registration: NCT02172729).

RESULTS:

In study 1, block duration assessed by mechanical discrimination differed significantly when comparing the 40-mg dose with the 80-mg dose (mean difference, 1.15 hours; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.38–2.09 hours) and with the 160-mg dose (mean difference, 0.92 ours; 99% CI, 0.17–1.62). However, there was no difference between the 80-mg and 160-mg doses (mean difference, −0.23 hour; 99% CI, −1.12 to 0.46 hours). Neither for the secondary outcomes were there any differences between the 80- and 160-mg doses (99% CI including 0). Because of 38% (5/13) failed blocks in the 40-mg group, we decided to perform study 2. In study 2, all but 1 test showed no difference in duration despite a 3-fold increase in dose. The temperature discrimination test showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between the presence and absence of block and was the only test with scores >90% for both parameters.

CONCLUSIONS:

We did not find evidence that increasing the total dose of lidocaine may prolong duration of an ACB. The temperature discrimination test was the only test with scores >90% for both specificity and sensitivity.
The Struggle for the Soul of Public Health
Authors: Wiley Lindsay F.
Published: August 2016

Prevention has become a central focus for health care payers, providers, policy makers, and the general public. Given the centrality of prevention to public health science, practice, and law, it would seem that conditions are ripe for the public health law renaissance to expand beyond legal and scientific circles to permeate the general consciousness. Yet, public health law and policy interventions continue to face considerable political and legal opposition. The population perspective—which emphasizes the social determinants of health, collective action to create healthier communities, and communitarian rationales for prioritizing health—is as important to public health problem-solving as the prevention orientation. But it conflicts with the individualistic orientation that dominates American legal, cultural, and social discourse. This article suggests that public health law and policy debates offer important opportunities for public health advocates to reach across silos to promote the population perspective that unites the field. The article explores contrasting explanations for disease, injury, premature death, and health disparities offered by the population perspective and the individualistic orientation; political and cultural barriers that stand in the way of innovative law and policy interventions; and normative tensions between the communitarian population perspective and self-interested rationales for investment in prevention.
African American Memory at the Crossroads: Grounding the Miraculous with Tooy
Authors: Bilby Kenneth
Published: August 2016

Richard Price's Travels with Tooy culminates with a series of reflections on a fundamental fissure that has persisted in the theorization of African American culture. On one side are those who stress African cultural continuity of various kinds, and on the other, those who argue for the primacy of cultural dynamism, creativity and change. Drawing on ethnographic and philosophical insights gained from his close engagement with the book's protagonist, a Saramaka Maroon healer, Price seeks to transcend (if not nullify) the terms of the “hoary debate” kept alive by these opposed “camps.” This essay agrees with Price's argument against the starkly opposed positions of the past, but proposes that it may be too early to lay this continuing debate entirely to rest. Using music as a point of departure, it argues that experiential understandings that privilege cultural continuity, if properly contextualized, remain valuable, if not indispensable.
What Is This Black in Black Diaspora?
Authors: Stephens Michelle
Published: August 2016

Looking back at the dialogue between Black British Cultural Studies and African American Studies that occurred during the 1980s and 1990s, when Stuart Hall first asked the question, “What is this black in black popular culture?” this article explores how that conversation has evolved in the context of current discussions of black cross-culturality and diaspora. New concerns have emerged about the relevance of US notions of race and blackness for describing the cultures, experiences, and identities of members of other diasporic populations. Also, gender and sexuality still function as theoretical categories of lesser priority in the discussion of a racial diaspora imaginary, despite the hypervisibility of certain notions of black masculinity and femininity in popular cultural forms that travel between home and abroad. With readings of one canonical diaspora text, Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks, the article teases out what is at stake in making US based comparisons when discussing racial dynamics in the colonial world. This article ultimately argues that only a broad and complex understanding of modernity's racial unconscious can address both the hypervisibility of the US and the undefined role of gender and sexuality in contemporary conceptions of race and black culture.
Whiteness as War by Other Means: Racial Complexity in an Age of Failed States
Authors: Hill Mike
Published: August 2016

This paper examines contemporary debates around the US Census, US National Security Strategy, and various documents of postmodern war doctrine to delineate a mutation in domestic social order that is consistent both with the end of civil rights and with US planetary ambition. At one level this paper serves to critique a liberal progressive-activist tendency in the US that remains preoccupied with the very racial oppositions that such a tendency also ironically condemns. The contemporary juridical ethos finds its political analogue not in a post-white “cosmopolitan legal order,” as many would hope, but in the new absolutism of `World-American' rule. At a second level, then, this paper seeks to complicate and challenge US planetary ambition by describing what is ultimately an autogenic form of warfare, a declaration within civil society of a war between the US and itself. The pervasive fractalization of civil rights based forms of domestic social order, and equally, the new minoritarian condition of whiteness, provide apposite bases from within which to rethink race politics in an age of failed states.
Deconstructing Jamaican Whiteness: A Diasporic Voice
Authors: Robinson-Walcott Kim
Published: August 2016

Whiteness has certain fixed meanings in Jamaica. Being white in a country where 95% of the population is black, but where whites still represent the upper echelons of society, produces a peculiar dilemma of privilege counterpoised by marginalization. Compounded by awareness of the past role of whites in a slave society, the dilemma of white Jamaicans is undeniable. Also undeniable, however, is the fact that the costs of being white are outweighed by the benefits, as the white Jamaican writer Anthony C. Winkler acknowledges in two autobiographical works. Winkler experiences those benefits both in black Jamaica and in white America, where he comes to fully appreciate just how much of a Jamaican he is, as well as to grasp the idiosyncrasies of Jamaican vs American constructions of whiteness vs blackness.

This paper examines issues of racial and cultural identity raised, directly or indirectly, by Winkler as a white writer of the Jamaican diaspora.
What Do Jamaicans Mean by Ole Negar?
Authors: Winkler Anthony C.
Published: August 2016

The author's thesis is that the patois term “Ole negar” which Jamaicans use to vilify and categorize the uneducated among them is more than a simple pejorative meant to stigmatize a whole class of people. From the various contexts in which the phrase ole negar is used can be inferred a begrudging admiration for the defiance of this lowly, downtrodden Jamaican who stuck tenaciously to his own culture and refused to play the game of colonialism by the Englishman's elitist rules. Ole negar, in sum, was the Jamaican who clung to the African ways of his ancestry while rejecting the dandified pretensions of the usurping English.
Consequences of lost endings: caudal autotomy as a lens for focusing attention on tail function during locomotion
Authors: Gillis Gary , Higham Timothy E.
Published: August 2016

Autotomy has evolved in many animal lineages as a means of predator escape, and involves the voluntary shedding of body parts. In vertebrates, caudal autotomy (or tail shedding) is the most common form, and it is particularly widespread in lizards. Here, we develop a framework for thinking about how tail loss can have fitness consequences, particularly through its impacts on locomotion. Caudal autotomy is fundamentally an alteration of morphology that affects an animal's mass and mass distribution. These morphological changes affect balance and stability, along with the performance of a range of locomotor activities, from running and climbing to jumping and swimming. These locomotor effects can impact on activities critical for survival and reproduction, including escaping predators, capturing prey and acquiring mates. In this Commentary, we first review work illustrating the (mostly) negative effects of tail loss on locomotor performance, and highlight what these consequences reveal about tail function during locomotion. We also identify important areas of future study, including the exploration of new behaviors (e.g. prey capture), increased use of biomechanical measurements and the incorporation of more field-based studies to continue to build our understanding of the tail, an ancestral and nearly ubiquitous feature of the vertebrate body plan.
Light and dark adaptation mechanisms in the compound eyes of Myrmecia ants that occupy discrete temporal niches
Authors: Narendra Ajay , Greiner Birgit , Ribi Willi A. , Zeil Jochen
Published: August 2016

Ants of the Australian genus Myrmecia partition their foraging niche temporally, allowing them to be sympatric with overlapping foraging requirements. We used histological techniques to study the light and dark adaptation mechanisms in the compound eyes of diurnal (Myrmecia croslandi), crepuscular (M. tarsata, M. nigriceps) and nocturnal ants (M. pyriformis). We found that, except in the day-active species, all ants have a variable primary pigment cell pupil that constricts the crystalline cone in bright light to control for light flux. We show for the nocturnal M. pyriformis that the constriction of the crystalline cone by the primary pigment cells is light dependent whereas the opening of the aperture is regulated by an endogenous rhythm. In addition, in the light-adapted eyes of all species, the retinular cell pigment granules radially migrate towards the rhabdom, a process that in both the day-active M. croslandi and the night-active M. pyriformis is driven by ambient light intensity. Visual system properties thus do not restrict crepuscular and night-active ants to their temporal foraging niche, while day-active ants require high light intensities to operate. We discuss the ecological significance of these adaptation mechanisms and their role in temporal niche partitioning.
Vitamin D supplementation: less controversy, more guidance needed
Authors: Stokes Caroline S. , Lammert Frank
Published: August 2016

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone with multiple functions that extend beyond the regulation of intestinal calcium absorption. In recent years, the publication of research articles investigating associations between vitamin D status and health has reached an all-time high, and an increase in supplementation studies has followed. Given the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D, the scientific focus has gone beyond its known classic benefits on skeletal health to include diabetes and cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, renal, and liver diseases, yet numerous conflicting findings continue to emerge. This review presents some examples of recent work within the context of controversies surrounding vitamin D and highlights key factors that should be considered when designing vitamin D supplementation regimens.
Lectotypification of three Linnaean names in Leucojum (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. Pablo , Crespo Manuel B.
Published: August 2016

Lectotypes are selected for three Linnaean names in the genus Leucojum (Amaryllidaceae): L. aestivum, L. autumnale (≡ Acis autumnalis), and L. vernum. The designation of the nomenclatural types is based on the consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the respective protologues. The names are lectotypified using specimens from Linnaean, Burser and Clifford herbaria respectively.
Economic Implications of Nonlinear Pricing Kernels
Authors: Almeida Caio , Garcia René
Published: August 2016

Based on a family of discrepancy functions, we derive nonparametric stochastic discount factor bounds that naturally generalize variance, entropy, and higher-moment bounds. These bounds are especially useful to identify how parameters affect pricing kernel dispersion in asset pricing models. In particular, they allow us to distinguish between models where dispersion comes mainly from skewness from models where kurtosis is the primary source of dispersion. We analyze the admissibility of disaster, disappointment aversion, and long-run risk models with respect to these bounds.

This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
The Size of the LGBT Population and the Magnitude of Antigay Sentiment Are Substantially Underestimated
Authors: Coffman Katherine B. , Coffman Lucas C. , Ericson Keith M. Marzilli
Published: August 2016

We demonstrate that widely used measures of antigay sentiment and the size of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population are misestimated, likely substantially. In a series of online experiments using a large and diverse but nonrepresentative sample, we compare estimates from the standard methodology of asking sensitive questions to measures from a “veiled” methodology that precludes inference about an individual but provides population estimates. The veiled method increased self-reports of antigay sentiment, particularly in the workplace: respondents were 67% more likely to disapprove of an openly gay manager when asked with a veil, and 71% more likely to say it should be legal to discriminate in hiring on the basis of sexual orientation. The veiled methodology also produces larger estimates of the fraction of the population that identifies as LGBT or has had a sexual experience with a member of the same sex. Self-reports of nonheterosexual identity rose by 65%, and same-sex sexual experiences by 59%. We conduct a “placebo test” and show that for nonsensitive placebo items, the veiled methodology produces effects that are small in magnitude and not significantly different from zero in seven out of eight items. Taken together, the results suggest antigay discrimination might be a more significant issue than formerly considered, as the nonheterosexual population and antigay workplace-related sentiment are both larger than previously measured.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2503 .

This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Managing venous leg ulcers in a residential setting
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: August 2016

Venous leg ulcers are a major problem for the older population. In this article, Jean Watkins describes how these ulcers occur, how they can be differentiated from other ulcers, and how they can be managed in the care home
Risky business: buying insurance for a care home
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: August 2016

Insurance can be one of the hardest things to buy, but one of the most valuable, should disaster strike. Adam Bernstein spoke to two insurance brokers, and discusses their thoughts on how care home managers should approach buying insurance
Buying for business: protection from unfair sales practices
Authors: Gough Matthew
Published: August 2016

It can be difficult knowing where you stand when it comes to consumer law, especially from a business perspective. Matthew Gough provides an insight into the laws protecting you from unfair sales practices when purchasing for your care home
SEE FAR CBT Therapy for Children with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder under Prolonged Political Conflict
Authors: Lahad Mooli , Leykin Dmitry , Farchi Moshe , Doron Miki , Gidron Yori , Rozenblat Ornit , Fajerman Zvi
Published: August 2016

Objective: There has thus far been insufficient discussion of the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in schoolchildren experiencing ongoing missile attacks or prolonged political conflict. The aims of the present study were to investigate the ability of SEE FAR CBT Therapy for Children (SEE FAR CBT-C), an individual intervention protocol for children, in reducing PTSD symptoms and increase resiliency and general self-efficacy during ongoing criseses.
Method: Children (n = 25, ages 8-13) with significant clinical PTSD receiving individual SEE FAR CBT treatment, were compared to age-matched controls (n = 20) who participated in school-based intervention.
Results: Compared to the school-based intervention, SEE FAR CBT was significantly more effective at reducing PTSD severity post-treatment as well as at the follow-up assessment (ηp2 = 0.15), including lowering intrusion, avoidance and arousal symptoms, and somatic complaints. In addition, SEE FAR CBT enhance ego-resiliency over time, while general self-efficacy significantly increased among both groups.
Conclusions: Under repeated exposure to political conflict, both group and individual intervention may be helpful in alleviating posttraumatic symptoms and somatic complaints among school children, however, SEE FAR CBT-C produces a stronger therapeutic effect on PTSD and ego-resiliency phenomena. Findings are discussed in light of existing literature. Practical implications for therapists working with children and adolescents under prolonged security threat conditions are presented.
Pregnancy and Anorexia Nervosa: Will, Weight and Feelings
Authors: Chinello A. , Dolci V. , Galli C. M. , Faggioli S. Covili , Tugnoli E. , Zappa L. E.
Published: August 2016

A wide body of literature has identified obstetrical and gynecological consequences for the fetus and anorexia nervosa (AN) women during pregnancy. This mini review aims to analyze the effect of pregnancy on AN women, focusing on three specific and less well investigated domains of literature: the desire for pregnancy, weight modification and feelings experienced about pregnancy. The findings suggest that pregnancy may constitute an excellent time for case identification and treatment of AN women. Studies showed a higher prevalence of unplanned pregnancies, suggesting an underestimation of fertility during AN, together with specific trajectories of weight modification. Mixed feelings and higher depression risk were reported for AN women, especially post-partum, with a relapse risk, such as a revival of anorexic symptoms like restrictions, compensatory behaviors or other extreme weight-control modalities. Further studies are necessary on decision making about intentional pregnancy and feelings in AN women, with clearer guidelines for AN treatment during pregnancy.
Inklusion und Exklusion
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf
Published: August 2016

Das Buch untersucht die Einbeziehung von Personen in die globalisierten Funktionssysteme der modernen Gesellschaft. Es geht erstens um »Leistungsrollen«, in denen eine Person Tätigkeiten und Verpflichtungen übernimmt, die für einen gesellschaftlichen Handlungsbereich konstitutiv sind. Zweitens werden die vielfältigen »Publikumsrollen« analysiert, die all jenen zur Verfügung stehen, die eher im Status des Beobachters in das Geschehen in einem System eingreifen. Ein dritter Gegenstand sind »Exklusionen«, d.h. die Möglichkeiten der Nichtberücksichtigung und des Ausschlusses von Personen aus sozialen Systemen. Eine soziologisch entscheidende Frage ist, ob in der Moderne eine Exklusion immer einen Wiedereinschluss an einem anderen sozialen Ort - und sei dies als Zugehörigkeit zu einem abweichenden Sozialsystem - nach sich zieht. Diese drei Stränge verknüpft das in erweiterter zweiter Auflage erscheinende Buch mit Überlegungen zum Fremden und zu Migration, zur Theorie der Weltgesellschaft und deren funktionaler Differenzierung und zu neu entstehenden Formen der Ungleichheit in der Gegenwartsgesellschaft.
A Magical Reorientation of the Modern: Professional Organizers and Thingly Care in Contemporary North America
Authors: Kilroy-Marac Katie
Published: August 2016

Within the past decade, material disorder—especially that of the domestic variety—has come to stand alternately as evidence, symptom, and potential cause of mental disorder in the North American popular and psychiatric imagination. Sources ranging from the newly defined Hoarding Disorder diagnosis in the DSM-V, to popular media, to agents of the burgeoning clutter-management industry describe disorder in terms of an irrational attachment, closeness, or overidentification with objects. At the same time, these sources imagine order to result from the cool distance and controlled passion a person is able to maintain toward his or her possessions. Drawing on more than twenty interviews and numerous fieldwork encounters with professional organizers (POs) in Toronto between 2014 and 2015, this article describes how POs aim to reorient their clients materially, morally, and affectively to relieve the disorder they report in their lives. Here, I argue, POs emerge as a species of late capitalist healer whose interventions are animated by a paradoxical double movement. For just as POs act to loosen the object attachments and disrupt the “secret sympathy” their clients share with their possessions, they operate within a realm of magical correspondence where matter and mind are imagined to reflect and affect one another, and where bringing order to a client’s possessions means also bringing order to his or her mind.
Językowy sposób wyrażania doświadczenia mistycznego w polskim tłumaczeniu Nocy ciemnej św. Jana od Krzyża
Authors: Gawrońska-Garstka Magdalena
Published: August 2016

The article presents the issues of mystical language in the book The Dark Night St. John of the Cross. The analysis of the material shows rich repertoire of linguistic forms used by the author. The characteristics of mystical language: expression, simple syntax, dialogue, subjectivity, persuasion, symbolism and ambiguity.
Środki językowo-obrazowe służące etykietowaniu polityków w memach internetowych
Authors: Niekrewicz Agnieszka Anna
Published: August 2016

This article presents techniques for creating a negative image of a party and their representatives in Internet memes. The author indicates the typical for memes linguistic measures used for depreciation of individual politicians and at the same time contributing to the perpetuation of their axiologically unequivocal image, usually based on a single exaggerated feature. The author analyses examples of repetitions of lapses committed by politicians, key words that characterize them according to memetic scheme, descriptive and evaluative names replacing the names, verbal jokes based on polysemy and homonymy as well as spelling innovation.
Expression and clinical significance of LXRα and SREBP-1c in placentas of preeclampsia
Authors: Jianhua Li , Xueqin Miao , Jifen Hu
Published: August 2016

Objective

To evaluate the expression and correlations of liver X receptor alpha (LXRa) and its target gene sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in placentas of preeclampsia (PE) and their significance in PE.

Methods

Pregnancies were divided into two groups, 60 cases (29 cases of mild and 31 cases of severe) of PE group and 56 cases of normal group. The level of mRNA and protein of LXRa and SREBP-1c were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the placentas.

Results

RT-PCR and IHC results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of both LXRa and SREBP-1c increased gradually with the extent of PE among normal pregnancy, mild PE and severe PE groups, and the differences were of statistically significance (P<0.01 or P<0.05). There were positive correlations between the expression of LXRa mRNA and SREBP-1c mRNA, also between LXRa mRNA and LXRa protein (r=0.521, P<0.01; r=0.422, P<0.01). The expression of SREBP-1c mRNA positively correlated with its protein level (r=0.598, P<0.01). There were positive correlations between the expression of LXRa protein and SREBP-1c protein (r=0.612, P<0.01).

Conclusion

The expression of LXRa is elevated significantly in placentas of PE patients, and might contribute for promoting the transcription and translation of its target gene SREBP1-c, which is related to the occurrence and development of PE.
Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon
Authors: Harris Nicholas C. , Bunandar Darius , Pant Mihir , Steinbrecher Greg R. , Mower Jacob , Prabhu Mihika , Baehr-Jones Tom , Hochberg Michael , Englund Dirk
Published: August 2016

Quantum information science offers inherently more powerful methods for communication, computation, and precision measurement that take advantage of quantum superposition and entanglement. In recent years, theoretical and experimental advances in quantum computing and simulation with photons have spurred great interest in developing large photonic entangled states that challenge today’s classical computers. As experiments have increased in complexity, there has been an increasing need to transition bulk optics experiments to integrated photonics platforms to control more spatial modes with higher fidelity and phase stability. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonics platform offers new possibilities for quantum optics, including the integration of bright, nonclassical light sources, based on the large third-order nonlinearity (χ(3)) of silicon, alongside quantum state manipulation circuits with thousands of optical elements, all on a single phase-stable chip. How large do these photonic systems need to be? Recent theoretical work on Boson Sampling suggests that even the problem of sampling from e30 identical photons, having passed through an interferometer of hundreds of modes, becomes challenging for classical computers. While experiments of this size are still challenging, the SOI platform has the required component density to enable low-loss and programmable interferometers for manipulating hundreds of spatial modes.

Here, we discuss the SOI nanophotonics platform for quantum photonic circuits with hundreds-to-thousands of optical elements and the associated challenges. We compare SOI to competing technologies in terms of requirements for quantum optical systems. We review recent results on large-scale quantum state evolution circuits and strategies for realizing high-fidelity heralded gates with imperfect, practical systems. Next, we review recent results on silicon photonics-based photon-pair sources and device architectures, and we discuss a path towards large-scale source integration. Finally, we review monolithic integration strategies for single-photon detectors and their essential role in on-chip feed forward operations.
The emerging roles of arthropods and their metabolites in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Lateef Agbaje , Ojo Sunday A. , Elegbede Joseph A.
Published: August 2016

Nanotechnology has remained relevant as a multifacet discipline, which cuts across different areas of science and technology. Several successful attempts had been documented regarding the involvement of biological materials in the green synthesis of various metal nanoparticles (MeNPs) because of their eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, safe handling, and ultimately less toxicity as opposed to the physical and chemical methods with their concomitant problems. Biological agents, including bacteria, fungi, algae, enzymes, plants, and their extracts, have been implicated in most cases by several authors. Moreover, nanotechnology in recent times has also made an inroad for animal species, specifically arthropods and metabolites thereof to be used as excellent candidates for the green synthesis of MeNPs. The increasing literature on the use of metabolites of arthropods for the green synthesis of nanoparticles has necessitated the need to document a review on their relevance in nanobiotechnology. The review, which represents the first of its kind, seeks to underscore the importance of arthropods in the multidisciplinary subject of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Is daily replication necessary when sampling cortisol concentrations in association studies of children with autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and discussion paper
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F. , Bitsika Vicki , Agnew Linda L. , Andronicos Nicholas M.
Published: August 2016

Salivary cortisol may be used as a biomarker of stress and anxiety in children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some suggestions have been made that the measurement of cortisol needs to be undertaken by repeated days’ observations to ensure reliability of the data obtained. These requirements are discussed in regard to 14 studies of the test-retest agreement and stability in cortisol data across repeated daily measurements. Results of those studies almost universally fail to support the argument for repeated daily measurements of cortisol. Implications for the research protocols of studies using cortisol as an index of stress in children with ASD are discussed.