bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Liberalism in Europe and how to Revive it
Authors: Parella Jordi Franch
Published: April 2019

The liberal world order has produced immense benefits for Europe and people across the planet. Beginning in the 18th and 19th centuries, liberalism reinforces the natural rights of man to life, liberty and property, and has transformed the world in ways that have improved the material and social circumstances of humankind. But the liberal order that has been in place in Europe since 1945, after two world wars, is showing signs of deterioration. Today, this liberal order is being challenged by a variety of forces. The essence of the European experience is the development of a civilization that considered itself to be a unity and yet was politically decentralized. Former free towns in Italy and the Low Countries became bastions of a self‑governing middle class in the Middle Ages. However, with time, states tend to overgrow taking more and more resources, which results in the increase in taxes and public spending, excessive regulation, deficits and public debt. There is a fight between the advocates of two different ideals of the European Union, the non‑liberal and the liberal vision. There is a consensus in that the market economy is the system that best produces the most, removing millions of people from poverty. But it is the unequal distribution of the wealth created that is often criticized. We examine the distribution of income, before and after taxes and transfers, concluding that market liberalization does not necessarily lead to increased social inequality. On the other hand, two of the most important threats challenging the liberal order in Europe are populist parties and protectionism. Finally, this paper suggests a way towards a future Europe, deepening the single market and economic integration, but transforming the obsolete and dysfunctional nation‑states into other forms of decentralized political units.
Euroregional Multifunctionality and its Importance in the Activation of Border Areas
Authors: Greta Marianna , Otto Jacek
Published: April 2019

The study deals with the problems of Euroregions in the context of their multifunctionality. Multifunctionality is presented by analyzing the institutional structure and objectives pursued. The institutional structure presents the functions of individual Euroregional institutions and the importance of the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR) as the superior representation of Euroregions. Referring to the objectives, they are presented in the light of the theoretical assumptions adopted for this type of structure, emphasizing that in their implementation there is a “hidden” multifunctionality of the Euroregion. In addition, the implementation of the objectives was verified in practice on the example of direct empirical research carried out in selected Polish Euroregions just after their creation and from the perspective of them operating for several years. Positive opinions in this respect, which prevail as integration awareness and the maturation of the Euroregion increases, support the establishment of such structures and verify their importance for the activation of border areas.
Smart method of agricultural drought regionalization: A winter wheat case study
Authors: Středa Tomáš , Středová Hana , Chuchma Filip , Kučera Josef , Rožnovský Jaroslav
Published: April 2019

The occurrence of drought during flowering (usually from the end of May to the beginning of June) is the most hazardous timing in terms of the possible negative impact of agricultural drought on winter wheat, which is the most cultivated crop in the Czech Republic (about 800000 ha). Lack of water, often accompanied by high temperatures, negatively affects the number of grains in the wheat ear and the tissue development of the developing grain, with consequent impacts on yield and quality of product. With the use of a) long-term time series of agrometeorological data (1961–2010), b) long-term phenological time series of winter wheat (1981–2010), and c) soil conditions data (available water capacity of soils of the Czech Republic) for the arable soil, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration for the period of 1961–2010, used as an indicator of agricultural drought (lack of water) for wheat, was calculated. The innovative aspect of this categorization of the territory of the Czech Republic according to the risk of occurrence of agricultural drought for winter wheat is considering drought from the aspect of the plant, i.e., evaluation based on the actual consumption of water by the vegetation. This is a very sophisticated procedure. Frequently, water content in soils data, presented as an output of some models, do not fully indicate the possible negative impacts on yield generation because the plants themselves are typically not considered. The method used in this study is universally applicable and allows comparisons of regions at the local, regional, and supra-regional levels. For estimation of the development of agronomic drought in the future, the basic water balances in the growing seasons of 1961–2010 and 2071–2100 were compared using a climate scenario. The forecast indicates a significant deterioration of agricultural drought in the region with probable direct impacts on agricultural production.
25 Years of Rural Development in post-Soviet Central Asia: Sustaining Inequalities
Authors: Spoor Max
Published: April 2019

To show that post-Soviet rural development in Central Asia has been confronted with sustained inequalities, three particular factors are analysed in this paper have being viewed as fundamental in influencing national and rural development. Firstly, most countries have based their growth models on economic nationalism (not only creating borders and national institutions, but also choosing inward-looking strategies), while leaning one-sidedly on their natural resource wealth (carbohydrates such as oil, natural gas and minerals, but also industrial crops like cotton). Secondly, and related to the first explanatory factor, the region has been struck by hidden and open resource-based conflicts, in particular on land and water. Inter-state tensions have emerged, in particular between downstream (irrigation water dependent) countries, such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and the upstream (hydropower energy dependent, and carbohydrate-poor) ones, such as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Thirdly, all the countries analysed here have followed a rather unequal capital city-centric growth model, using the proceeds of exports of mineral wealth (or cotton) for rapid urbanisation with little or no investment in rural development, resulting in a growing urban-rural divide and increasing rural-urban and cross-border migration. While it is recognised that this region is indeed a bridge between West and East (also re-emphasised by the Chinese ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative), it is argued in this paper that there is a need to reduce these inequalities and unbalanced growth, being that they will be an obstacle to the sustainable growth and development of rural areas.
Uneven Processes of Rural Change – XXVII European Society for Rural Sociology Congress in Cracow
Authors: Augustyn Anna , Pluskota Anna
Published: April 2019

The aim of the article is to present the main issues discussed at the XXVII European Society for Rural Sociology Congress “Uneven Processes of Rural Change”, held on 24–27 July 2017 in Cracow, Poland. Both the title of the Congress and its keynote speakers focused on rural communities and different ways in which they respond to and cope with new social, demographic and economic challenges, depending on their varied potential across rural areas in different parts of Europe. The paper offers a review of the Congress speeches and may therefore serve as a pretext to analyze participants’ interest in rural community resilience and resilience of social systems as part of grassroots processes aimed at dealing with new challenges.
Strategic development of cargo transit services: a case study analysis
Authors: Shpak Nestor , Dvulit Zoriana , Luchnikova Tatyana , Sroka Włodzimierz
Published: April 2019

Purpose. Recently, foreign economic activity in Ukraine has gradually shifted towards the European Union (EU). The EU’s special interest in the potential of Ukraine’s transit transport lies in the geographical position of the country, which is located on the main routes of international freight traffic. The article aims to study the status and development opportunities in the field of transit freight transport of the Ukrainian railway joint-stock company (JSC Ukrzaliznytsya) within the framework of European integration.

Methodology. The article presents the analysis of the activity of the JSC Ukrzaliznytsya in the field of transit freight transport for the period of 2005-2017 and outlines the strategic prospects for its development as a significant transit route considering the conditions of European integration. The methodology included theoretical and practical research using statistical methods; methods of comparative analysis; ABC analysis method; and taxonomic method.

Results. The JSC Ukrzaliznytsya was analysed to determine the status of its activity in the field of transit freight transportation for 2005-2017. A structural-dynamic analysis was made to estimate cargo volumes transported by railway enterprises and related revenues. 18 types of cargo were identified using the ABC analysis method based on two indicators, namely, “volumes of transportation” and “revenues from cargo transit”. Also, taxonomic indicators of the level of system development were considered and revenues from cargo transit for the analysed period were estimated. Finally, recommendations were proposed regarding the development of a joint-stock company as a strategic cargo transporter under the conditions of European integration with Ukraine. Practical implications (if applicable). The results of the conducted research and performed calculations confirmed the need to refocus the management activity of the JSC Ukrzaliznytsya in the field of cargo transit towards strategically important cargoes, which have the largest share in the structure of financial results. This will enable the company to achieve its leading role as a strategic transit carrier of the European Union in the near future.
Effect of biofertilizers on yield and morphological parameters of onion cultivars
Authors: Petrovic Bojana , Kopta Tomas , Pokluda Robert
Published: April 2019

The present study evaluated the effect of different organic fertilizers on the morphological parameters and yield in two different onion cultivars. Proper use of organic fertilizers in appropriate amounts could be helpful to growers from the economic point of view. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of three different organic biofertilizers on yield and morphological parameters of two onion cultivars ‘Stuttgarter Riesen’ and ‘Rote Laaer’ during 2016 and 2017. The investigated treatments included: B-Stimul® – a mixture of bacterial and algal extracts, EkoBooster 2® – organic matter and NPK, and VermiFit A® – an extract of compost produced by Californian earthworms, peat, nutrients, plant hormones, enzymes, amino acids, and sugars. The following parameters of onion plants were evaluated: number of leaves, bulb diameter, bulb weight, marketable and total yields. The study showed that all the results were affected by the growing season (higher values were recorded in 2016). In ‘Stuttgarter Riesen’, EkoBooster 2® application resulted in the highest bulb weight in 2016 (67.16 g) and in 2017 (55.17 g) and in the highest number of leaves in 2016 (6.66) and in 2017 (6.30), which led to the highest marketable bulb yield in 2016 (3.47 kg m−2) and in 2017 (2.53 kg m−2). In ‘Rote Laaer’ in 2016, EkoBooster 2® application resulted in the highest number of leaves (7.06), bulb diameter (54.32 mm) and bulb weight (79.30 g). In 2017, the largest bulb diameter (54.13 mm) and the highest bulb weight (71.79 g) and marketable bulb yield (2.39 kg m−2) were determined after VermiFit A® application. EkoBooster 2® showed the best effect on parameters such as the number of leaves, bulb weight, and marketable bulb yield of the cultivar ‘Stuttgarter Riesen’ and positively affected the parameters of ‘Rote Laaer’ during 2016, while in 2017 VermiFit A® showed better results as compared to the other treatments.
Analysis of aerodynamics and main rotor loads under stalled conditions of helicopter’s main rotor during the pull-up manoeuvre
Authors: Kowaleczko Grzegorz , Kwaśniak Tomasz , Nowakowski Mirosław , Michalczewski Mirosław
Published: April 2019

The article discusses the main features of the applied simulation model of helicopter flight indicating references, where it was elaborated in detail. It focuses on presenting the simulation results of pull-up manoeuvre during which the helicopter does not respond correctly. The reasons for the behaviour as mentioned above were explained based on the results of calculations. The capabilities of the simulation model were used to determine the current loads of particular blades of the helicopter’s main rotor. The results were illustrated by maps of the angles of attack and aerodynamic lift on the surface of the main rotor and the distributions of these parameters along blades on characteristic azimuth for individual manoeuvre phases.
Alternative fuel in the combustion process of combustion engines
Authors: Jankowski Antoni , Kowalski Mirosław
Published: April 2019

The article analyses the impact of emulsified fuel, containing H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides and diesel engine smoke. The process of forming toxic components in exhaust gases of reciprocating engines during the engine operation, and the relationship that specifies the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process were presented. The research was carried out with the use of fuel containing 30%, 20% and 10% of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration courses of the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as the (CO) carbon monoxide concentration and (S) engine smoke courses were shown separately for the external characteristics of the engine. Finally, the importance of knowledge related to the mechanisms of generation of toxic components in exhaust gases in the reciprocating engines was emphasised.
Modelling the flight dynamics of aerial target imitator
Authors: Kamiński Roman , Tybura Marian , Winczura Zygmunt , Żyluk Andrzej
Published: April 2019

This article is concerned with the issue related to studying the dynamic properties of the aerial target imitator. Applying the modelling principles, the structure and technical data of aerial target imitator were described and utilising the PRODAS software a physical model of the aerial imitator was developed based on the conducted simulation studies. Mass, aerodynamic and basic parameters of flight path were determined. Then, experimental studies of basic dynamic characteristics were discussed. The comparison of results obtained from experimental and theoretical studies proves the correctness of the developed model.
Prototype of the expert tribological diagnostic system of turbine engine
Authors: Borowczyk Henryk , Zboiński Marek , Jóźwiak Przemysław , Dobosz Kamila , Czarnecki Andrzej , Zarzycka Ewa
Published: April 2019

The article presents issues related to the construction of a prototype of an expert tribological diagnostic system for a turbine engine. The database consists of the results of tests on the chemical composition and concentration of the wear products in the oil sample as well as the physico-chemical parameters of the oil. For all diagnostic parameters, threshold values have been defined to classify the level of wear (normal, elevated, increased and emergency). PC Shell software enabling the combination of a rule representation of knowledge and procedural programming was used to build the expert system. The computer application consists of the main module and sources of knowledge dedicated to the applied research methods. The modular structure allows the development of an expert system by adding new research methods.
Towards implementation of a formation flying for efficient UAV operations
Authors: Kazimierczak Roman , Milewski Wiesław , Gosiewski Zdzisław , Ambroziak Leszek , Kownacki Cezary
Published: April 2019

A flight of a UAV formation is an efficient way to implement surveillance and reconnaissance operations. The usage of a few UAVs as a formation instead of a single vehicle allows creating a distributed network of sensors, which decreases the duration of flight missions and enlarges a total field of view. From a practical point of view, implementations of formation flights require taking into account several separate aspects of flight of UAV such as a quick take-off of several aircraft, aggregating all UAVs in the same space to create swarm and collective flight of the formation towards the area of a surveillance mission. The paper presents the results of researches and experiments carried out towards practical solutions to those aspects. A magnetic launcher is an excellent appliance to put UAV in the air, and its operation could be repeated quickly. Hence, it is ideal to be used in a formation flight. The leader-follower approach based on two-stage switching control is an effective method to aggregate UAVs in the same space while they are flying over large areas. Whereas, the decentralized control of aerial flocking can be used to achieve a coherent flight of UAV formation, which is able to self-organize. Results from simulations and experiments show the effectiveness of each presented aspect and prove their usability in the implementation of formation flights.
Tribological properties of 3D printed components
Authors: Giemza Bolesław , Domański Marek , Deliś Maciej , Kapica Dawid
Published: April 2019

Additive manufacturing technology is developing in many industries, including aviation, automotive and others. 3D printing offers new possibilities in the field of designing and manufacturing of machines and devices’ components. The paper presents the results of tribological investigations of components produced in FDM printing technology. The authors presented the evaluation of sliding properties of the model friction couple – block on ring type – of available thermoplastic polymers and polymers’ composites under dry friction conditions. The authors assessed the influence of material type and printed structure on resistance to motion of prepared samples.
Methodology of stand tests on the selection of high energy materials for the construction of a tribogenerator
Authors: Deliś Maciej , Białecki Tomasz , Giemza Bolesław , Domański Marek , Kapica Dawid , Kulczycki Andrzej
Published: April 2019

The topic of developing a methodology and a stand test for the evaluation of materials intended for the construction of tribogenerators has been actualized in this article. The proposed method concerns the use of sliding friction in the course of which the mechanical energy is converted into electric energy using the triboelectric and electrostatic effect. The stand test scheme and research methodology are discussed. A preliminary study of friction pairs was carried out, proving the effectiveness of the methodology.
Training of technical personnel of tactical data LINK
Authors: Chmarowski Artur , Melnarowicz Władysław
Published: April 2019

An important area in the process of using and servicing tactical data transmission systems LINK-16 is a system of training operators and technicians. The article presents the results of research related to the modelling and implementation of a modular training program for technical personnel. There were determined ranges of qualification requirements for technical personnel TDL, for the first and second level of service and the possibility of flexible selection of expansion modules for the development of specific skills depending on the destination job.
Is Corporate Governance Policy a New Paradigm for Social Responsibility? A Research Agenda from Ghana
Authors: Kumaza Alphonse
Published: April 2019

Social responsibility has received great authorial comments on making business commitments compensatory for corporate profits and/or rent-seeking in host communities. Unfortunately, that voice remains silent on the fundamental component of business responsibility and its improvement, i.e., governance policy. The paper, consequently, recommends a corporate policy for equitable and compensatory corporate citizenship in local communities. To justify the proposition, three objectives are established: proof that social responsibilities can improve with a governance policy, that authoritative policy represents a crucial change in social initiatives execution, and that policy absence incentivises implementation ineffectiveness and commitments paucity. Triangulation of interviews and survey data through SPSS analysis shows statistically significant coefficients validating the claim that corporate governance policy is an enrichment and facilitator of social responsibilities. The proposed policy framework will not only deliver competitive, scientific, objective, and excellent services but also represent a novel and future academic investigation.
Quo vadis Farmer Sales? The Experience of a Survey in Hungary
Authors: Bertalan Laura , Inzsöl Renáta , Hegedüs Judit , Jankó Ferenc
Published: April 2019

Direct sales by farmers gained acceptance in Hungary following the incursion of healthy eating and the enhancement of local economic development efforts. Conducting questionnaire surveys and interviews, our research investigated the means through which locally produced goods reach consumers, e.g., short food supply chains, as well as the farmers’ motivations and the necessary developments. According to the main results, personal direct consumer relations are vital for local farmers; however, advanced sales channels are not popular nor fully developed in Hungary. Only the capital city shows some development here, catalysing and stimulating the domestic market and consumer behaviour. On the other hand, the age structure of local farmers or the lack of knowledge hinder the advent of advanced sales channels. Nevertheless, there is a continuous and immanent need for development in this sector; although, the recent conditions of subsidies unfortunately do not support small scale local farmers.
Bridging the Gap Between Health Psychology and Philosophy: An Existential Approach to Promoting Physical Activity
Authors: St Quinton Tom , Morris Ben
Published: April 2019

Participation rates in a number of health-related behaviors, such as physical activity, have shown recent declines. To promote participation, psychological health behavior change theories have been developed to understand and help identify relevant psychological processes. Such processes can then be targeted within interventions utilizing specific behavior change techniques (BCTs). Although the use of these theories and BCTs is useful in facilitating change, such work could be enhanced through the inclusion and consideration of philosophical positions. Existentialism suggests that the absurdity and meaningless of human life allows the individual to create their own meaning within a behavior. This philosophical position thus places meaning and individual purpose at the center of human behavior. The purpose of this article is to connect the theoretical insights and BCTs outlined within health psychological behavior change theories with the philosophical position of existentialism. The integration of this philosophical position, and potentially many others, with psychological ideas may provide useful insights into the promotion of health-related behaviors.
Changes in demand for children between 2003 and 2013 in Nigeria: Evidence from survey data
Authors: Babalola Stella , Akinyemi Joshua O. , Odimegwu Clifford O.
Published: April 2019

Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates in Africa. Data from 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys indicate a virtual stagnation of fertility rate since 2003. Low contraceptive use and pronatalist attitudes are among the factors contributing to the high fertility rate in Nigeria. In this manuscript, we pooled data from three most recent waves of Demographic and Health Surveys to examine trends in demand for children over time and identify the factors associated with change in demand for children. The data show that demand for children has declined since 2003 although not monotonically so. Variables that were positively associated with increased likelihood of desiring no additional children were residence in the South-West (as opposed to residence in the North-Central), exposure to family planning (FP) messages on the mass media, number of children ever born, educational level, and urban residence. In contrast, uncertainty about fertility desire was more widespread in 2008 compared to 2013 although less widespread in 2003 than in 2013. The likelihood of being undecided about fertility desire was positively associated with discrepancies in family size desires between husband and wife, parity and Islamic religious affiliation. Programs should aim to increase access to effective contraceptive methods and promote demand for contraceptives as a way of fostering a sustainable reduction in demand for children. Furthermore, strategies that address uncertainty by fostering women’s understanding of the social and health implications of large family sizes are relevant.
Geotourism Valorisation of Selected Quarries of Kłodzko Region and Cieszyn Foothills
Authors: Kasprowska-Nowak Katarzyna , Marek Aneta
Published: April 2019

The article presents a geotourism valorisation of selected quarries located in different mountainous regions in southern Poland, diverse in geological and tectonic terms. The regions of Kłodzko (with quarries Kletno I, Krzyżnik, Sinica, Czarne Urwisko, Szczytna Zamek) and of Cieszyn Foothills (quarries Na Jasieniowej, Na Mołczynie, Grota na Rudowie, Nad Kalembianką, Ondraszkowa Dziura) were proposed as a case study. The survey describes the most exposed disused quarries of marble, gneiss, sandstone, teschenites and Cieszyn limestone of high natural and cultural significance. As a result of the geotourist valorisation, the analysed geological objects were given point score under various criteria (educational value, scientific value, visual value, location/accessibility value, cultural value, geo-infrastructural value and the value of legal protection). It was found that the discussed quarries reveal high natural and educational value, and they are very significant in education and promotion of geologically attractive areas.
Confrontational Argumentative Strategies in the Discourse of Foreign Policy Experts
Authors: Allani Samira
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study is to explore the discursive practices of foreign policy experts. While policy decisions involving war and peace keep people alarmed all over the globe, most of these decisions are shaped by policy experts who work on influencing public opinion through the media (Manheim, 2011). This study adopts a critical discursive stance and uses argumentation analysis to examine the ideological backdrop to the discourse of thirty opinion articles authored by American foreign policy experts in print media. Drawing on the Pragma-dialectical method of augmentation analysis (van Eemeren and Grootendorst, 2004), and more particularly on its notion of strategic maneuvering, the analysis examines the confrontational strategies used by this group of experts and attempts to determine the rhetorical goals pursued by these strategic maneuvers.
Marriage, Liberty and Constitution: a Corpusassisted Study of Value-Laden Words in Legal Argumentation
Authors: Goźdź-Roszkowski Stanisław
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates the interplay between judicial argumentation and evaluative or emotive language identified in two US Supreme Court landmark cases on the right of same-sex couples to marry. The analysis of both majority and dissenting opinions leads to two main observations. First, marriage and liberty are indeed emotive words and they represent two major sites of contention between the concurring and dissenting judges. Second, there are important differences within the argumentative strategies employed by the judges. While (re)defining the concepts remains the major argumentative goal for both types of opinion, the majority opinions tacitly integrate the redefined concept of marriage into their argumentation. It is the dissenting opinions that explicitly raise the issue of (re)definition in order to defend and retain the original sense of marriage.
Spatial Distribution of Investment Incentives and the Impact of New Incentive System for Less Developed Regions in Turkey
Authors: Sungur Onur
Published: April 2019

Regional policy has been on the agenda of Turkey since the First Five-Year Development Plan (1963–1967), and so far, Turkey has put into practice to overcome regional disparities, one of the most important is regional-sectoral incentives. Thus, the incentive system, which has undergone many changes until today, has been revised and updated in 2012. Although this incentive system has been put into practice for increasing the investment in eastern provinces/regions, development gap between eastern and western regions still stands. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the success of the new incentive system and to determine whether the new investment incentive system is effective in shifting investments from developed regions to backward regions in Turkey. In the study, the regional distribution of investment incentives during 2001–2016 and the effect of new investment incentive system to change the distribution of investments in favor of less developed provinces/regions will be examined. By using investment incentives data, regional distribution of investments will be revealed with the help of map-graph technique. The study found that both the share of incentive certificates and the share of the investment amount have increased during the period of 2001–2016 in the less developed provinces. From this point of view, it is possible to say that the new investment incentive system has a positive impact on increasing the share of incentives in these provinces.
Are Design Beliefs Safe?
Authors: Van Eyghen Hans
Published: April 2019

Recently, Del Ratzsch proposed a new version of the design argument. He argues that belief in a designer is often formed non-inferentially, much like perceptual beliefs, rather than formed by explicit reasoning. Ratzsch traces his argument back to Thomas Reid (1710-1796) who argues that beliefs formed in this way are also justified. In this paper, I investigate whether design beliefs that are formed in this way can be regarded as knowledge. For this purpose, I look closer to recent scientific study of how design beliefs are formed. I argue that the science strongly suggest that people easily form false beliefs. As a result, design beliefs can only constitute knowledge if subjects have additional reasons or evidence for design.
Biology and Gettier’s Paradox
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: April 2019

Gettier’s Paradox is considered a most critical problem for the presumably obvious philosophical view that knowledge is justified true belief. Such a view of knowledge, however, exposes the poverty of analytic philosophy. It wrongly assumes, for example, that knowledge must be conscious and explicit, and, to make matters worse, linguistic, as illustrated in Donald Davidson’s writings. To show why this philosophical view is wrong I will point to arguments by Ruth Barcan Marcus and, principally, Paul Churchland, as well as to work by the neuroscientist Paul Reber on intuitive knowledge. We will see, then, that much of our knowledge is neither explicit nor conscious, let alone linguistic. I will suggest that an approach that pays attention to biology is more likely to succeed in developing a proper account of our cognitive abilities. Thus, Gettier’s paradox becomes a mere curiosity.
Theodore the Studite’s Christology Against Its Logical Background
Authors: Lourié Basil
Published: April 2019

Theodore the Studite resolved the logical problem posed by the second Iconoclasm in an explicitly paraconsistent way, when he applied to Jesus the definition of the human hypostasis while stating that there is no human hypostasis in Jesus. Methodologically he was following, albeit without knowing, Eulogius of Alexandria. He, in turn, was apparently followed by Photius, but in a confused manner.
THE PRESENTATION OF THE KINSHIP TERMS WITH UNCODIFIED MEANING IN THE THESAURUSES OF THE ENGLISH SUBSTANDARD VOCABULARY
Authors: Gromova N. V.
Published: April 2019

Today the attention of Russian and foreign researchers shifed to the area of sub-standard lexical fund, the study of its features and characteristics, semantics and etymology. Among the thematic layers of sub-standard vocabulary, the lexical group of “terms of kinship” is of paramount importance because of its ancient etymology, greater stability and generality. In the article the linguistic concept of “kinship terms” is specifed, and the existing approaches to their classifcation are provided. In addition, method of comparative analysis allows us to compare the semantic felds of terms of blood kinship in English and Russian. Тhe study presents the analysis of lexicographical sources of the substandard vocabulary of the English language aiming at determining kinship terms, including the composition of phrases, manifesting uncodifed meanings, i.e. meanings that are outside of their literary terminological feld. Te method of continuous sampling was used to achieve this goal. It was concluded that most terms of blood kinship have non-literary meanings in the English language.
LEXICAL METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EVALUATION CATEGORIES IN THE GERMAN NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE
Authors: Zimina E. A.
Published: April 2019

Te article is focused on the most eﬀective lexical ways that serve to create evaluation in the news and comments of the electronic German press. Pragmatic adequacy, which is determined by the interaction of the evaluation component and content, specifes the requirement for the eﬀectiveness and efciency of communication between the recipient and the target audience. Te article describes the examples of metaphors expressing implicit evaluation in the texts of publicistic discourse. Conceptual metaphor is eﬀectively used in newspapers with pragmatic purposes, aiming at transforming the worldview of the addressee. Vivid images created by evaluative metaphors exert a psychological aﬀect on the mind; impose a distorted idea of reality, not coinciding with the one of the recipient, which ultimately leads to the information perceived at a desired angle. Te article analyzes the metaphorical meanings of military, medical and theatrical terms, emphasizes their ability to express the implicit evaluative judgments of the addressee and inﬂuence public opinion. Successful political metaphor has argumentative and heuristic potential; it forms the attitude to reality in question.
CASE STUDY: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE COMPONENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS HUMANITARIAN CULTURE
Authors: Metelskaya L. N. , Loseva N. V.
Published: April 2019

Tis article analyzes the results of the experimental test that has been conducted at the MGIMO Politics and Governance Department to study and assess the general humanitarian cultural level of undergraduate students. Accepting a broader interpretation for this concept, that is predominant in the contemporary scientifc research, the authors focused on the knowledge component of the general humanitarian culture, understood as a set of concepts about history, geography, literature and art. Internalized knowledge of such kind forms cultural background enabling any dialogue, in our case “teacher – student”. To achieve the set goals, the authors of the study have developed a test – to evaluate the general humanitarian cultural level of freshmen and fourth-year students in compliance with the teachers’ expectations, thereby exposing a deep cultural gap between people of diﬀerent generations. Te results obtained vividly show that current freshmen meet the expectations of the university professors in terms of general humanitarian knowledge by slightly more than 50% (the average test score is 52.5%), which can signifcantly impede the process of education. A qualitative analysis of the test results suggests that modern students, or millennials, live in a new cultural paradigm, triggered by global changes in our society. To optimize the teacher-student dialogue teachers must recognize the fact of discrepancy in cultural codes, abandon old stereotypes and just systematically work on reflling gaps in the general cultural level of students, which, as the experiment shows, can be successfully achieved by the Baccalaureate program (relative gain of knowledge by the 4th year equals 25%). Te comparison of the results for the two age groups of the tested students led to the conclusion that the cultural-linguistic element of the French language course is quite eﬀective.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN SPAIN: PROTECTION OF LANGUAGE AND NATION
Authors: Gorenko G. M.
Published: April 2019

Te article analyzes the inﬂuence of the processes of globalization and regionalism on the sociolinguistic situation of minority languages that obtain a special value as the sole and main depositories of the national culture. As national minorities begin to claim their linguistic rights, the international community addresses the problem at all levels: community, national and regional. It examines the linguistic situation in Spain, which is considered one of the European countries that best preserves and promotes regional and minority languages, as well as in Catalonia, where the most intense focus of linguistic tension in the EU is currently observed. As the analysis of the current state of the co-ofcial and minority languages operating in Spanish territory shows, the struggle for languages is won in Spain. Its linguistic policy has been fruitful, but, at the same time, it has produced a series of dangerous consequences for the stability and integrity of the Spanish state itself. What now remains for Spain is to undertake the difcult task of preserving itself. Te progressive weakening of the strong ties that previously held the Spanish state together, the erosion of the concept of the sovereign national state and the delegation of the main public powers to a supranational structure have served to give a strong boost to nationalism and reactivate the Catalan independence movement. Terefore, today the State language policy, which is of special importance, must be highly balanced and guided by long-established national interests.
FOREIGNISMS IN “THE BOOK OF KHALID” BY AMEEN RIHANI AS A MEANS OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND SELF-REPRESENTATION
Authors: Dubovitskaya M. A.
Published: April 2019

Te article focuses on the foreignisms used in the multicultural novel “Te Book of Khalid” by Ameen Rihani. Foreign words in literature possess certain attractive power as well as produce esthetic and artistic eﬀects. Along with creative force and meaning foreignisms may as well give the reader some notion of the author’s self-identifcation and self-representation as member of the literary intellectual community of Syrian and Lebanese frst emigrants in the frst half of the XX-th century. Te novel in question is characteristic of typical features related to Arab-American literature of that period. Stylistic and literary analysis of foreign words in the book gave the desired self-image of the author as a representative of the Arab community in the USA. Tis image comprises certain philosophical and religious principles, authentic social and cultural features, literary and stylistic uniqueness. Close analysis of foreignisms as a linguistic and stylistic means adds to the overall understanding of the novel including the underlying messages and conceptual implications.
Surveillance Capitalism and Platform Policing: The Surveillant Assemblage-as-a-Service
Authors: Linder Thomas
Published: April 2019

Based on empirical research on training webinars, interviews, and promotional material from Vigilant Solutions, this paper investigates the surveillance regime enabled by platform policing: the implementation of cloud-based platforms, designed and run by private corporations, that provide mass surveillance-driven simulations for a range of police operations, including predictive policing, targeted surveillance, and tactical and strategic governance. Building on Amoore’s (2016) work on “cloud geographies,” this paper argues that the platform model embodied by Vigilant Solutions involves multivalent processes of de- and reterritorialization in which new technological and datalogical spaces are formed and these erode older societal boundaries of private, public, and state. Specifically, Vigilant Solutions leverages its multi-sided platform business model through the deterritorializing, cloud-based concatenations of surveillant technologies. It then argues that the resultant reterritorialized cloud space, which is accessible through its Vigilant Investigative Centre (VIC) platform, fuses mass surveillance data from diverse private, public, and state sources in a simulated geography. Further, the VIC furnishes to law enforcement an array of data analytics that exploits this cloud geography to enable a boundary-crossing surveillance regime of association analysis and proximal suspicion.
Defunding Hate: PayPal’s Regulation of Hate Groups
Authors: Tusikov Natasha
Published: April 2019

The riot by white supremacists in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017, generated a public debate about the role of platforms in policing users involved in violent hate speech. PayPal’s efforts on this issue, in removing services from some designated hate groups while continuing to serve others, highlights the challenges payment platforms face when they act, whether formally or informally, as regulators. This article examines PayPal’s policies and enforcement efforts, both proactive and reactive, in removing its services from hate groups in the United States. It pays particular attention to the surveillance and screening practices that PayPal employs to proactively detect users who violate its policies. The article argues that public calls for PayPal to identify and remove its services from hate groups raise critical questions about ceding broad regulatory authority to platforms and reveal the serious challenges of relying upon commercial enterprises to address complex social problems.
Surveillance Capitalism, Datafication, and Unwaged Labour: The Rise of Wearable Fitness Devices and Interactive Life Insurance
Authors: Gidaris Constantine
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the relationship between interactive life insurance companies and their policyholders and the way in which wearable fitness devices are deployed by these companies as data-generating surveillance technologies instead of personal health and fitness devices. Working within an expanded framework of “surveillance capitalism” (Zuboff 2015), I argue that while the notion of self-care generally associated with wearable fitness devices is underpinned by neoliberal constructs, the incentivization of interactive life insurance programs works to obscure the immense value placed on information capital. This paper briefly considers the legal loopholes involved in the harvesting of sensitive health and fitness information from consumer wearables and suggests that the push toward fitness trackers has little to do with any real concerns for the health and fitness of consumers and policyholders. Lastly, I consider different forms of unwaged labour in the relationship between policyholders and interactive life insurance programs. I contend that policyholders do not recognise the free and immaterial labour that goes into sustaining the data-based business model that interactive life insurance companies and social media platforms use and rely on for profit. In so doing, they relinquish power and control over the data they work to produce, only so that the information can be commodified and used against them.
Videogame Analytics, Surveillance, and Memory
Authors: Egliston Ben
Published: April 2019

There is a growing suite of commercially available analytics tools platforms use within the context of videogaming. Increasingly, these analytics tools are reliant on the capture of data pertaining to player activity—using machine learning techniques to parse these data and create subscription based “guide” services to assist players in their gameplay. This is often spruiked by marketers as a supplement to one’s gameplay and a method for improving one’s own performance. Looking at the example of DotaPlus, a recent kind of machine learning based analytics platform in the popular game Dota 2, this short essay argues that recent developments in gaming analytics might be understood as what Bernard Stiegler calls mnemotechnics—essentially technologies that shape human experience and perception in various, often commercially desirable ways. The theoretical argument I advance here is that the digital traces of player activity, captured and fed back to users in the form of DotaPlus guides, significantly alters the experience of playing Dota 2—done in a way that is economically desirable for the game’s developer.
Intelligent Personal Assistants and the Intercultural Negotiations of Dataveillance in Platformed Households
Authors: Pridmore Jason , Zimmer Michael , Vitak Jessica , Mols Anouk , Trottier Daniel , Kumar Priya C. , Liao Yuting
Published: April 2019

The platformization of households is increasingly possible with the introduction of “intelligent personal assistants” (IPAs) embedded in smart, always-listening speakers and screens, such as Google Home and the Amazon Echo. These devices exemplify Zuboff’s “surveillance capitalism” by commodifying familial and social spaces and funneling data into corporate networks. However, the motivations driving the development of these platforms—and the dataveillance they afford—vary: Amazon appears focused on collecting user data to drive personalized sales across its shopping platform, while Google relies on its vast dataveillance infrastructure to build its AI-driven targeted advertising platform. This paper draws on cross-cultural focus groups regarding IPAs in the Netherlands and the United States. It reveals how respondents in these two countries articulate divergent ways of negotiating the dataveillance affordances and privacy concerns of these IPA platforms. These findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach to combating and limiting the potential harms of these home devices, which may otherwise be seen as equivalents.
Digital Platforms, Porosity, and Panorama
Authors: Anderson Donald Nathan
Published: April 2019

The concept of porosity, developed by Walter Benjamin and Asja Lacis, is proposed as a useful concept for examining the political, social, and economic impacts of digital platform surveillance on social space. As a means of characterizing and comparing how interconnected spaces are shaped through a diversity of interfaces, porosity bypasses a simplistic distinction between analog and digital technologies without losing sight of the actual material affordances, social and surveillance practices, and politics that these differing and interacting technologies enable. As part of Benjamin’s project of uncovering the tension between the present and the utopian visions that capitalism repeatedly invokes through new technologies, an attention to the politics of porosity can situate the effects of digital platforms within the ongoing history of struggle over the production and experience of urban space.
Notes from the Web that Was: The Platform Politics of Craigslist
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: April 2019

Surveillance is an increasingly common feature of online life, with user activity logged and tracked in order to sell advertising. Rather than focusing on platforms that have consistently violated user privacy, this paper uses Craigslist as a model of a widely used and profitable online platform with policies that emphasize user privacy. By focusing on its monetization strategies (which are straightforward rather than obfuscated) and its defense of anonymity, this paper argues that Craigslist successfully maintains Web 1.0 ethics around user surveillance that are worth remembering in a contemporary digital landscape.