bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric Study for C1 Pedicle Screw Placement in Thai Patients
Authors: Yuwakosol Pakorn
Published: October 2022

Background Traumatic atlantoaxial (upper cervical spine) leads to instability in weightbearing movement and neurological deficit. Presently, C1 (axial) lateral mass or pedicle screws for fixation are the most popular because of excellent mechanical performance for internal fixation. C1 pedicle screw fixation can reduce intraoperative blood loss and postoperative occipital neuralgia more than C1 lateral mass screws. However, screws cannot be inserted completely through the pedicle in some patients due to C1 size.

Objective We aimed to determine the ideal pedicle screw entry point, angle of screw projection, and pedicle height in the Thai population.

Methods Patient data were collected and measured using the INFINITT program at Mukdahan Hospital from September 2020 to June 2021. The C1 measurements, i.e., distance from the midline to the medial edge of the posterior arch (DPA) and medial edge transverse foramen (DTF), angle of screw projection, and length and height of the pedicle were recorded. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze the data.

Results The mean Thai pedicle dimensions were DPA = 14.17 mm (range: 11.19–19.70 mm), DTF = 22.09 mm (range: 18.13–26.44 mm), ideal screw entry point = 18.13 mm (range: 15.19–22.00 mm), ideal angle of screw projection medial angulation = 2.67 degrees (range: 0–7 degrees), and height of posterior arch (pedicle) = 4.77 mm (range: 2.68–7.22 mm). Forty of 167 patients (24.0%) had a pedicle height less than 4.0 mm (bilateral 11 patients and unilateral 29 patients).

Conclusions The ideal C1 pedicle screw entry point is approximately 18.13 mm from the midline. In the Thai samples with C1 pedicle height less than 4.0 mm, the screws cannot be inserted completely through the pedicle. Therefore, screw insertion should be partially through the pedicle (notching technique).
Preoperative Visual Impairment in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients: An Overlooked Entity of Developing World
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Sahana Debabrata , Jain Amit , Rathore Lavlesh , Tawari Manish , Mittal Jatinder , Sahu Rajiv
Published: October 2022

Objective Visual impairment in vestibular schwannomas is an underreported entity. The plethora of literature focuses primarily on facial and hearing preservation. This study aims to describe our experience and find the possible reasons for visual impairment.

Materials and Methods This is a retrospective observational study. We evaluated 114 patients with vestibular schwannoma, operated during 2015 to 2020. Eight parameters were studied—age, gender, maximum tumor size, hydrocephalus, economic status, duration of symptoms, visual loss, and ease of access to the tertiary neurosurgical facility. JASP software (version 0.14.1, Amsterdam) was used for statistical analysis.

Results A total of 42/114 (36.84%) patients had a varying degree of impairment. Patients with impaired vision had significantly larger tumors (4.31 vs. 4.12 cm, p = 0.02), longer duration of symptoms (19.14 vs. 16.45 months, p = 0.02), hydrocephalus (p = 0.03), and were from remote areas (p = 0.009). In stepwise logistic regression analysis, longer duration of symptoms and difficult access to neurosurgical facility stand out as decisive factors for visual impairment. The follow-up data were available for 35/42 (83.33%) cases of visual impairment. Vision improved in 14/35 (40%) of cases. Vision improved in a significantly higher number of patients when a preoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed (p = 0.03).

Conclusion The visual handicap occurs in a significant number of patients with vestibular schwannoma. Delayed arrival at the neurosurgical facility due to difficult access appears to be the primary factor leading to blindness. Strengthening our healthcare systems in rural areas would go a long way in the timely detection and prevention of blindness in such cases.
Posterior Cranial Fossa Meningioma Causing Tonsillar Herniation and Giant Cervicothoracic Syringomyelia: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: How Hong Estelle Anne , Shalid Ahmed , Deepak Srihari , Kounin Gueorgui
Published: October 2022

Syringomyelia is a fluid-filled cyst within the spinal cord and is usually associated with conditions that obstruct the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (flow at the foramen magnum or spinal levels such as Chiari malformations, arachnoiditis, and basilar invaginations). Very rarely, posterior cranial fossa tumors can lead to tonsillar herniation and secondary syringomyelia. There are only nine reported cases in the literature. We report a rare case of a 56-year-old female with posterior cranial meningioma and secondary syringomyelia, admitted with headache, nausea, vomiting, and ataxic gait. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large posterior fossa lesion causing early ventriculomegaly and a giant cervicothoracic syrinx within the upper spinal cord extending from the hindbrain inferiorly to the level of T8. She underwent a posterior fossa craniectomy with left C1 hemilaminectomy and complete excision of the tumor. In 6 months following her procedure, an MRI scan showed a significant reduction in the caliber of the syringomyelia throughout its length, and there was a significant improvement in symptoms. Although the pathophysiology of syrinx formation is still poorly understood, the alteration of CSF dynamic flow has been implicated. A common unifying cause appears to be increased transcranial difference in intracranial pressure across the foramen magnum causing tonsillar herniation, irrespective of location in the posterior fossa. With high syrinx pressure, mechanical stress-induced structural change of the spinal cord occurs, allowing the persistence and progression of the syrinx in the spinal cord. Syringomyelia appears to be resolved partially or completely after craniotomy and excision of the posterior fossa lesion.
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Patankar Amey P. , Vaghela Palak , Nasit Jitendra , Gohil Rajvee
Published: October 2022

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) is a rare tumor that was defined as a separate entity in the 2016 World Health Organization classification of brain tumors. It is most common in the pediatric age group. The diagnosis of this tumor can be made preoperatively by its characteristic imaging findings of diffuse intracranial and intraspinal nodular leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement associated with small cyst-like nonenhancing lesions in the brain and spinal cord. We report a case of DLGNT in a 7-year-old male presenting with hydrocephalus. The patient was treated successfully by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion followed by biopsy of the lesion from the cerebellum. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of DLGNT. Our case would hopefully increase the awareness regarding this rare tumor and facilitate an early diagnosis and management of the affected patients with atypical radiological features.
Surgical Intervention of Dysphagia Caused by Ossification of Anterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Case Report
Authors: Tran Duc Duy Tri , Nguyen Quoc Bao , Truong Van Tri , Truong Thai Duong , Do Quoc Vinh , Vo Duc Phong
Published: October 2022

Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) in the cervical spine is a common entity but rarely causes dysphagia, dyspnea, and dysphonia. We report an OALL case which causes such symptoms. A 47-year-old female patient had a complaint of progressive difficulty swallowing for 2 months. A cervical X-ray and computerized tomography scan were taken afterward, which showed OALL at the C3–7 level. She then had esophageal endoscopy to rule out other dysphagia-related disorders. The patient underwent anterior osteotomy via anterior cervical approach with significant relief of dysphagia postoperatively. Surgical management in symptomatic OALL improves dysphagia and prevents its secondary complications.
Prognostic Role of Catecholamine in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Singh Anamika , Prajapati Hanuman Prasad , Kumar Raj , Singh Naresh Pal , Kumar Ajai
Published: October 2022

Objective Traumatic brain injury leads to the activation of sympathetic nervous system and elevation in serum catecholamine levels. The aim of this study was to determine whether catecholamine level obtained within 24 hours of traumatic brain injury provides a reliable prognostic marker for outcome.

Materials and Methods This study was a prospective observational cohort study on 36 moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) levels were measured by using computed tomography enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test and compared with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) that was obtained concurrently. Neurological outcome was determined by GCS at day 7 of treatment and by Glasgow outcome scale at mean follow-up of 9.73 ± 2.26 months.

Results Patients with GCS 3 to 4 had markedly increase in baseline mean E (771.5 ± 126.0), NE (2,225.0 ± 215.4), and DA (590.2 ± 38.8) levels as compared with control, while patients with better GCS (11–12) had mildly elevated levels. Patients with GCS 5 to 10 had intermediate values. Cases with markedly elevated baseline E, NE, and DA level were either died or remained in poor GCS (3 or 4) at day 7 of treatment and remained in persistent vegetative state at mean follow-up of 9.73 ± 2.26 months. Cases with only mildly elevated E, NE, and DA level were improved to better GCS on treatment and had good recovery on follow-up.

Conclusion These data indicate that a markedly elevated catecholamine level was an excellent endogenous and readily quantifiable marker that appears to reflect the extent of brain injury and predict the likelihood of recovery.
Coalescence-induced jumping of droplets from superhydrophobic surfaces—The effect of contact-angle hysteresis
Authors: Konstantinidis K. , Göhl J. , Mark A. , Sasic S.
Published: October 2022

Droplets coalesce and jump from superhydrophobic surfaces, a result that stems from the dominance of capillary and inertial forces and the presence of high contact angles. This phenomenon has been a subject of intensive numerical research mostly for cases when the degree of hydrophobicity is described by a single contact-angle value (a static contact angle). The introduction of various degrees of contact-angle hysteresis complicates the numerical modeling of the jumping process due to the sensitivity of the results to the effective value of the contact angle. We have developed and validated a comprehensive volume-of-fluid–immersed boundary numerical framework that accounts for the effect of hysteresis by focusing on the representation of actual (i.e., effective) values of contact angles. By comparing the behavior of jumping droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces with several degrees of hysteresis (up to 15°), we quantified the influence of hysteresis on the jumping process and identified various stages of the merged droplet's detachment and re-attachment to the surface. The latter phenomena were observed in all our simulations with droplets of different initial radii. In all the cases with hysteresis, the merged droplet eventually jumps, but we point out the decrease in the jumping velocity as compared to cases with only a static contact angle imposed. Finally, by using the Kistler dynamic contact-angle model, we demonstrate and quantify the importance of accurately capturing the dynamic receding contact angle when droplets jump from superhydrophobic surfaces with various degrees of hysteresis.
Energy dynamics in the helical wakes of flapping systems
Authors: Chakraborty Priyam , Roy Arnab
Published: October 2022

Hovering insects are adapted for high metabolism. Their physiology, morphology, and flight have similar scaling relations. However, there are differences in efficiency. For instance, bumblebees have superior efficiency over orchid bees. Here, we propose that unsteady aerodynamics can explain these differences. Inspired by helical wakes in the bumblebee flight, we study an unsteady viscous model to show that there is intermittently abundant energy in the wake which is available for extraction by flapping wings. We then investigate the transport phenomena in the model and identify the role of kinematic viscosity, nonlinearity, flow topology, and fluid dynamic current to justify the available energy. Wake energetics is applicable to other species such as hummingbirds whose responses rely on environmental conditions. The present work has implications in minimizing power consumption in bio-mimetic locomotion both in air and under water. Interdisciplinary applications include dynamic modeling in superfluid turbulence and magneto-fluid dynamic dynamo theory.
Simplified two-dimensional model for global atmospheric dynamics
Authors: Jacques-Coper Martín , Ortiz-Guzmán Valentina , Zanelli Jorge
Published: October 2022

We present a simplified model of the atmosphere of a terrestrial planet as an open two-dimensional system described by an ideal gas with velocity v→, density ρ, and temperature T fields. Starting with the Chern–Simons equations for a free inviscid fluid, the external effects of radiation and the exchange of matter with the strata, as well as diffusion and dissipation, are included. The resulting dynamics is governed by a set of nonlinear differential equations of the first order in time. This defines an initial value problem that can be integrated given the radiation balance of the planet. If the nonlinearities are neglected, the integration can be done in analytic form using standard Green function methods, with small nonlinearities incorporated as perturbative corrections in a consistent way. If the nonlinear approximation is not justified, the problem can be integrated numerically. The analytic expressions as well as the simulations of the linear regime for a continuous range of parameters in the equations are provided, which allows to explore the response of the model to changes of those parameters. In particular, it is observed that a 2.5% reduction in the emissivity of the atmosphere can lead to an increase of 7 °C of the average global temperature.
Data-efficient deep reinforcement learning with expert demonstration for active flow control
Authors: Zheng Changdong , Xie Fangfang , Ji Tingwei , Zhang Xinshuai , Lu Yufeng , Zhou Hongjie , Zheng Yao
Published: October 2022

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) is capable of identifying and modifying strategies for active flow control. However, the classic active formulation of deep RL requires lengthy active exploration. This paper describes the introduction of expert demonstration into a classic off-policy RL algorithm, the soft actor-critic algorithm, for application to vortex-induced vibration problems. This combined online-learning framework is applied to an oscillator wake environment and a Navier–Stokes environment with expert demonstration obtained from the pole-placement method and surrogate model optimization. The results show that the soft actor-critic framework combined with expert demonstration enables rapid learning of active flow control strategies through a combination of prior demonstration data and online experience. This study develops a new data-efficient RL approach for discovering active flow control strategies for vortex-induced vibration, providing a more practical methodology for industrial applications.
Improvement to a general methodology for free-stream preservation on curvilinear grids
Authors: Han Fang , Xu Chunguang , Liu Jun
Published: October 2022

Exact free-stream preservation is an important property for finite-difference schemes designed on curvilinear grids. Geometrically induced errors from a non-preserved free-stream will cause severe computational instability and numerical inaccuracy. We improve a general numerical strategy to eliminate the geometrically induced errors of finite-difference schemes on both stationary and dynamic curvilinear grids. The main idea is that, instead of using the standard Euler equations in the generalized coordinate system as the governing equations, we solve full forms of the transformed equations and modify the flux functions to share the Jacobian and metrics on the grid point where the flux derivative is located. The metrics and Jacobian are grid-related geometric parameters that appear in the transformed equations as derivatives. Properly handling these is critical for free-stream preservation. The results of our numerical tests show the excellent free-stream and vortex preservation properties and robust shock-capturing properties of the new strategy compared with those of the standard method.
Study of non-Newtonian synovial fluid flow by a recursive approach
Authors: Maqbool K. , Siddiqui A. M. , Mehboob H. , Jamil Q.
Published: October 2022

This study analyzes the non-Newtonian synovial fluid flow between the joints in a synovitis, which is a diseased condition due to inflammation of synovial membrane. It is assumed in this study that the secretion of synovial fluid through the inflamed synovial membrane is a linear function of the membrane length. The mathematical modeling of synovial fluid through a synovial membrane is made by the non-Newtonian Linear Phan-Thien–Tanner (LPTT) fluid model through a thin conduit having permeable walls. The nonlinear flow of LPTT fluid gives the non-homogeneous complex boundary value problem, and the recursive approach is used to solve the problem. The flow of synovial fluid along and across the membrane is calculated under the inflamed membrane, and results are displayed through graphs. The axial pressure required for the non-Newtonian fluid flow and deformation of synovial fluid that produces the shearing forces near the synovial membrane are also calculated. The purpose of this research is to observe the shear stress on the synovial fluid and inflammation rate on the flow along the membrane at different position and pressure required for the flow of synovial fluid in diseased condition. The mathematical and graphical results for pressure, flow, volume flux, and streamline are calculated and plotted using the software MATHEMATICA. This study is very helpful for the biomedical engineers to measure the compression force and shear stress on the synovial fluid in a diseased condition and can be controlled by the viscosity of the synovial fluid.
Multiband Dynamics of Extended Harmonic Generation in Solids under Ultraviolet Injection
Authors: Lang Yue , Peng Zhaoyang , Zhao Zengxiu
Published: October 2022

Using one-dimensional semiconductor Bloch equations, we investigate the multiband dynamics of electrons in a cutoff extension scheme employing an infrared pulse with additional UV injection. An extended three-step model is firstly validated to play a dominant role in emitting harmonics in the second plateau. Surprisingly, further analysis employing the acceleration theorem shows that, though harmonics in both the primary and secondary present positive and negative chirps, the positive (negative) chirp in the first region is related to the so-called short (long) trajectory, while that in the second region is emitted through ‘general’ trajectory, where electrons tunneling earlier and recombining earlier contribute significantly. The novel characteristics deepen the understanding of high harmonic generation in solids and may have great significance in attosecond science and reconstruction of band dispersion beyond the band edge.
Dehydrogenation Induced Formation of Chiral Core-Shell Arrays of Melamine on Ag(111)
Authors: Zhang Hexu , Lyu Yuanhao , Hu Wenqi , Chen Lan , Zhang Yi-Qi , Wu Kehui
Published: October 2022

The structural evolution of supramolecular phases of melamine on Ag(111) surface as a function of annealing temperature is investigated by employing low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (LT-STM/STS). It is found that partial deprotonation of the melamine molecules leads to formation of distinct types of ordered supramolecular arrangements. Apart from two previously reported phases (α and β), a new phase comprising arrays of close-packed hexagonal core-shell-type clusters is identified for the first time. Based on high-resolution STM images as well as structural modeling, we show that the new phase presents a two-level hierarchical order and chirality is expressed at both levels. Using STS characterization, we further reveal that the chiral arrangement of the clusters confines surface electrons into a honeycomb pathway with handedness, which could give rise to novel interfacial electronic properties such as Dirac fermions as well as flat band.
Asymmetric nanocavities with wide reflection color gamut for color printing
Authors: Shi Shouhao , Lu Hua , Li Yangwu , Bo Shuwen , Li Dikun , Zhao Jianlin
Published: October 2022

Symmetric metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) nanocavities based on Fabry–Perot resonance play a crucial role in transmission colors. However, their reflection color gamuts are generally limited owing to the narrow dip of resonance spectrum. In this work, we propose and fabricate symmetric titanium-indium tin oxide-silver (Ti/ITO/Ag) nanocavities to realize the reflection colors. The experimental and simulation results show that reflection color gamut of the asymmetric nanocavity is wider than that of symmetric MDM nanocavity due to the generation of broader resonance spectral dip. Moreover, a grayscale focused ion beam (FIB) etching method is employed to fabricate the thickness-controlled microstructures, and the etching depth satisfies a linear relationship with the gray value. The reflection color image can be observed by fabricating the ITO layer in the asymmetric MDM nanocavity with grayscale FIB etching method, which is more vivid than the image from fabricated symmetric MDM nanocavities. This work will provide a new way for color printing, color display, and ultra-small anti-counterfeiting technology.
The Effect of Behavior Couples Therapy on Alcohol and Drug Use Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Song Yuqi , Li Dongxu , Zhang Shuyu , Wang Liping , Zhen Yuanyuan , Su Yiyang , Zhang Muzi , Lu Liuyang , Xue Xiangrui , Luo Jingyi , Liang Meng , Li Xiaoming
Published: October 2022

Aims

Behavior couples therapy (BCT) is widely considered to be effective in the treatment of substance use disorders. However, the effect size of BCT in different outcome measures, and at different time points requires further study to prove it.

Methods

Systematic searches were performed in various databases. Ultimately, we identified 12 studies, involving 19 randomized controlled trials. We used Hedges’ g as the effect size, and all pooled analyses were performed using random-effects models.

Results

After treatment, BCT was superior to control conditions (either an active or inactive control group) in frequency of substance use (g = 0.17), substance use consequences (g = −0.28) and relationship satisfaction (g = 0.45). After a 12-month follow-up, BCT remained superior to control conditions in frequency of substance use (g = 0.32), substance use consequences (g = −0.34) and relationship satisfaction (g = 0.31). In addition, BCT was more effective in reducing the frequency of substance use than individual-based treatment (IBT) (g = 0.23). There was no significant relationship between the effect size of BCT and publication year (t = 0.92, P = 0.372), percentage of females (t = −0.02, P = 0.987) or the number of treatment sessions (t = −0.52, P = 0.609).

Conclusions

BCT was superior to the control conditions in all three outcome measures after treatment and at follow-up, and showed a relatively large effect size for relationship satisfaction. Moreover, BCT was superior to IBT in reducing the frequency of substance use.
Wings of fringed fruit-eating bats (Artibeus fimbriatus) are highly integrated biological aerofoils from perspectives of secondary sexual dimorphism, allometry and modularity
Authors: Stevens Richard D , Guest Emma E
Published: October 2022

Phenotypic variability is ubiquitous. This is especially true in bats, where families such as Phyllostomidae encompass as much phenotypic variability as some entire orders of mammals. Typically, phenotypic variability is characterized based on cranial morphology, with studies of other functionally important aspects of the phenotype, such as legs, feet and wings, being less frequent. We examined patterns of secondary sexual dimorphism and allometry of wing elements of the fringed fruit-eating bat (Artibeus fimbriatus) and examined, for the first time, the modularity of bat wings. Patterns were based on 13 wing measurements taken from 21 females and 15 males from eastern Paraguay. From a multivariate perspective, A. fimbriatus exhibited significant secondary sexual dimorphism. Females were larger than males for all 13 wing characteristics, with significant differences involving the last phalanx of the fourth and fifth digits. Female wings were also relatively larger than male wings from a multivariate perspective, as was the last phalanx of the fourth and fifth digits, after adjusting for wing size based on forearm length. Wing elements were highly variable regarding allometric relationships, with some exhibiting no allometric patterns and others exhibiting isometry or hyperallometry, depending on the element. Wings exhibited significant modularity, with metacarpals, proximal phalanges and distal phalanges each representing a discrete module. The wings of A. fimbriatus exhibit substantive patterns of dimorphism, allometry and modularity. Although the big mother hypothesis is a strong theoretical construct to explain wing dimorphism, there is not yet any sound theoretical basis for the patterns of allometry and modularity of the wing. Further investigation is required to understand the determinants of variation in wing morphology.
The discovery of a new giant legume tree species in a severely fragmented landscape underscores the alarming threats to the biodiversity of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Carvalho Catarina S , Lima Haroldo C , Zuanny Débora C , Gregório Bernarda S , Cardoso Domingos Bos
Published: October 2022

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain has one of the highest levels of plant species endemism, but the intense historical fragmentation across the coastal Atlantic tropical rain forest has reduced the original vegetation to < 10% and an island-like, patchy landscape. Despite such unprecedented vegetation loss, biogeographically and phylogenetically interesting discoveries in different angiosperm families have been newly reported for the Atlantic Forest in recent years. Here, we show that species discovery in the legume family (Fabaceae) across the Atlantic Forest has counter-intuitively been increasing. Since 1850, more than half of the legume species described for the domain are endemic, and the total number of endemic species has since increased almost four-fold, resulting in the current record of 442 endemic legumes. One such endemic is a new papilionoid legume, only known from a few giant trees that remained misidentified for 70 years since it was first collected. This new species, described here under the name Dipteryx hermetopascoaliana, based on morphological, geographical and molecular evidence, represents the first endemic species to the genus in the Atlantic Forest. We provide a complete morphological description, distribution map, preliminary conservation status and illustration of the new species. The phylogenetic isolation of D. hermetopascoaliana as sister to all other species of the genus and its restricted distribution in a severely fragmented landscape isolated by sugarcane monocultures in north-eastern Brazil are a signature of how critically endangered the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest is.
Neutrophils in autoimmunity: when the hero becomes the villain
Authors: Bissenova Samal , Ellis Darcy , Mathieu Chantal , Gysemans Conny
Published: October 2022

Neutrophils were long considered to be a short-lived homogenous cell population, limited to their role as first responders in anti-bacterial and -fungal immunity. While it is true that neutrophils are first to infiltrate the site of infection to eliminate pathogens, growing evidence suggests their functions could extend beyond those of basic innate immune cells. Along with their well-established role in pathogen elimination, utilizing effector functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils have recently been shown to possess antigen-presenting capabilities. Moreover, the identification of different subtypes of neutrophils points to a multifactorial heterogeneous cell population with great plasticity in which some subsets have enhanced pro-inflammatory characteristics, while others seem to behave as immunosuppressors. Interestingly, the aberrant presence of activated neutrophils with a pro-inflammatory profile in several systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) could potentially be exploited in novel therapeutic strategies. The full extent of the involvement of neutrophils, and more specifically that of their various subtypes, in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases is yet to be elucidated.
Monopoly Capital in the time of digital platforms: a radical approach to the Amazon case
Authors: Coveri Andrea , Cozza Claudio , Guarascio Dario
Published: October 2022

The paper applies the radical view of Monopoly Capitalism to the digital platform economy. Based on the seminal ideas of Hymer and Zeitlin that led Cowling and Sugden to define the large monopolistic firm as a means to plan production from a single strategic decision-making centre, we attempt to develop a framework where digital platforms are conceived as an evolution of large transnational corporations. Power and control, in our view of monopoly capitalism, are thus to be understood not only in terms of market relations, but rather as levers for coordinating global production and influencing world societies. Applying this framework to the Amazon case, we highlight the key analytical dimensions to be considered: not only does Amazon dominate other firms and suppliers through its diversification and direct control of data and technology; its power is also linked to global labour fragmentation and uneven bargaining power vis-à-vis the world’s governments, as in the tradition set by Hymer and Cowling.
A Robust Blockchain-Based Distribution Master For Distributing Root Zone Data In DNS
Authors: Liu Yan , Yu Haisheng , Wang Wenyong , Zou Sai , Liu Dong , Gong Daobiao , Li Zhen
Published: October 2022

Domain Name System (DNS) is a key infrastructure on the Internet. The Distribution Master (DM) system is used to transmit root zone data from Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to the root server. DM is a centralized system that will introduce single points of failure and abuse of authority. To solve the problem of a single point of failure, we adopt the decentralization of blockchain in architecture, and propose a blockchain-based distributed DM architecture, which allows nodes to join and exit at any time. At the technical level, the 3R-PBFT (Replicated, Redundant Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) algorithm is proposed to reach a consensus, which increases the security of the system. We use flexible mechanisms to reduce the number of signatures and improve the performance of the system. A threshold signature algorithm is used to ensure the uniqueness of the signature key information, and the increase of DM nodes will not bring about an increase in the number of keys. The advantages of the system structure in stability and scalability were verified by experiments.
Hatchery and wild larval lake sturgeon experience effects of captivity on stress reactivity, behavior and predation risk
Authors: Wassink Lydia , Huerta Belinda , Larson Doug , Li Weiming , Scribner Kim
Published: October 2022

Reintroduction programs are important tools for wildlife conservation. However, captive rearing environments may lead to maladaptive behavior and physiological alterations that reduce survival probability after release. For captive rearing programs that raise individuals captured from the wild during early ontogeny for later release, there is a lack of information about when during ontogeny the detrimental effects of captive rearing may become evident. In this study we compared cortisol levels, predation rates and swimming behavior between hatchery-produced and wild-caught larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), a threatened fish species, at three times over 9 days. Cortisol levels did not indicate that hatchery-produced individuals were more stressed, but cortisol reactivity to an acute stressor disappeared for both hatchery-produced and wild-caught larvae after 9 days in the hatchery. Swimming activity levels decreased over time for hatchery-produced larvae but increased over time for wild-caught larvae, suggesting that behavioral trajectories may be programmed prior to the larval stage. Neither increasing nor decreasing activity levels was advantageous for survival, as predation rates increased over time in captivity for larvae from both treatments. Results suggest that physiological and behavioral phenotypes may not accurately predict survival for individuals released from reintroduction programs and that the captive environment may inhibit transition to the wild even if cortisol levels do not indicate high stress. Findings emphasize that even a short amount of time in captivity during early ontogeny can affect phenotypes of individuals captured from wild populations, which may impact the success of reintroduction programs.
Behavioral and endocrine responses to noninteractive live and video conspecifics in males of the Siamese fighting fish
Authors: Alex Deepa , Cardoso Sara D , Ramos Andreia , Gonçalves David
Published: October 2022

The physiological mechanisms underlying variation in aggression in fish remain poorly understood. One possibly confounding variable is the lack of standardization in the type of stimuli used to elicit aggression. The presentation of controlled stimuli in videos, a.k.a. video playback, can provide better control of the fight components. However, this technique has produced conflicting results in animal behavior studies and needs to be carefully validated. For this, a similar response to the video and an equivalent live stimulus needs to be demonstrated. Further, different physiological responses may be triggered by live and video stimuli, and it is important to demonstrate that video images elicit appropriate physiological reactions. Here, the behavioral and endocrine responses of male Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens to a matched-for-size conspecific fighting behind a one-way mirror, presented live or through video playback, were compared. The video playback and live stimulus elicited a strong and similar aggressive response by the focal fish, with a fight structure that started with stereotypical threat displays and progressed to overt attacks. Postfight plasma levels of the androgen 11-ketotestosterone were elevated as compared to controls, regardless of the type of stimuli. Cortisol also increased in response to the video images, as previously described for live fights in this species. These results show that the interactive component of a fight and its resolution are not needed to trigger an endocrine response to aggression in this species. The study also demonstrates for the first time in a fish a robust endocrine response to video stimuli and supports the use of this technique for researching aggressive behavior in B. splendens.
HSDatabase—a database of highly similar duplicate genes from plants, animals, and algae
Authors: Zhang Xi , Hu Yining , Smith David Roy
Published: October 2022

Gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism capable of providing new genetic material, which in some instances can help organisms adapt to various environmental conditions. Recent studies, for example, have indicated that highly similar duplicate genes (HSDs) are aiding adaptation to extreme conditions via gene dosage. However, for most eukaryotic genomes HSDs remain uncharacterized, partly because they can be hard to identify and categorize efficiently and effectively. Here, we collected and curated HSDs in nuclear genomes from various model animals, land plants and algae and indexed them in an online, open-access sequence repository called HSDatabase. Currently, this database contains 117 864 curated HSDs from 40 distinct genomes; it includes statistics on the total number of HSDs per genome as well as individual HSD copy numbers/lengths and provides sequence alignments of the duplicate gene copies. HSDatabase also allows users to download sequences of gene copies, access genome browsers, and link out to other databases, such as Pfam and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. What is more, a built-in Basic Local Alignment Search Tool option is available to conveniently explore potential homologous sequences of interest within and across species. HSDatabase has a user-friendly interface and provides easy access to the source data. It can be used on its own for comparative analyses of gene duplicates or in conjunction with HSDFinder, a newly developed bioinformatics tool for identifying, annotating, categorizing and visualizing HSDs.

Database URL: http://hsdfinder.com/database/
Mucosal and Plasma Metabolomes in New-onset Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlations with Disease Characteristics and Plasma Inflammation Protein Markers
Authors: Nyström Niklas , Prast-Nielsen Stefanie , Correia Mario , Globisch Daniel , Engstrand Lars , Schuppe-Koistinen Ina , Halfvarson Jonas
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

To advance the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] pathophysiology, we compared the mucosal and plasma metabolomes between new-onset paediatric IBD patients and symptomatic non-IBD controls, and correlated plasma inflammation markers and disease characteristics with the altered metabolites.

Methods

Paired colonic and ileal biopsies and plasma from 67 treatment-naïve children with incident Crohn’s disease [CD; n = 47], ulcerative colitis [UC; n = 9], and non-IBD controls [n = 11] were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [UPLC-MS/MS]. Inflammatory plasma proteins [n = 92] were assessed.

Results

The metabolomes in inflamed mucosal biopsies differed between IBD patients and controls. In CD, mucosal levels of several lysophospholipids [lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidyletanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols, and lysophosphatidylserines] were decreased, correlating with various plasma metabolites including amino acid analogues and N-acetylated compounds. In both CD and UC, mucosal sphingolipids, including ceramide [d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2], lactosyl-N-palmitoyl-sphingosine [d18:1/16:0], behenoyl sphingomyelin [d18:1/22:0], lignoceroyl sphingomyelin [d18:1/24:0], and/or sphingomyelin [d18:1/24:1, d18:2/24:0] were increased, correlating with sphingolipids, bile acids, and/or N-acetylated metabolites in plasma. Among proteins associated with CD, interleukin-24 correlated with plasma metabolites, including lactosyl-N-palmitoyl sphingosine [d18:1/16:0] and phosphatidyletanolamine [18:1/18:1], haemoglobin, and faecal calprotectin. In UC, interleukin-24, interleukin-17A, and C-C motif chemokine 11 correlated with several plasma metabolites, including N-acetyltryptophan, tryptophan, glycerate, and threonate, and with the Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index, C-reactive protein, and faecal calprotectin.

Conclusions

Mucosal perturbations of lysophospholipids and sphingolipids characterised the metabolome in new-onset paediatric IBD and correlated with plasma metabolites. By integrating plasma metabolomics data with inflammatory proteins and clinical data, we identified clinical and inflammatory markers associated with metabolomic signatures for IBD.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Pakistan
Authors: Memon Feroz S , Wang Wei , Beaney Thomas , Bai Kavita , Poulter Neil R , Ishaq Muhammad
Published: October 2022

The May Measurement Month (MMM) screening campaigns comprise an opportunistic assessment of the arterial blood pressure (BP) of Pakistani adults (≥18 years old) and evaluate the level of awareness and spectrum of the problem of hypertension and the associated risk factors. The prospective study was carried out in May 2018 in multiple medical screening camps at hospitals, pharmacies, and public areas with the help of local health care workers under ethical guidelines. The volunteers took BP measurements using OMRON digital BP devices, in a seated position, and three successive readings were noted after 5 min rest. The mean values of the second and third readings were attained. Data were analysed centrally by the MMM project management team and multiple imputations were performed, where BP readings were missing. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or in those taking antihypertensive medication. This study included 25 076 participants, of whom 14 726 (58.7%) were hypertensive. Among all hypertensives, only 11 681 were aware of their hypertension status. After imputation, age and gender standardization, mean systolic and diastolic BP were 129.8 mmHg and 82.9 mmHg, respectively. MMM17 data revealed that 55.2% of those screened were hypertensive in Pakistan, while in 2018 the proportion rose slightly to 58.7%. The prevalence of hypertension among those screened for MMM in Pakistan was high in both years. Although most patients with hypertension were treated, the majority remained uncontrolled. Further efforts to improve awareness and control are needed.
May Measurement Month 2017–2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Ukraine
Authors: Mishchenko Larysa A , Kolesnik Tetyana V , Khomazyuk Tetyana A , Sirenko Yurii M , Fedorov Serhiy V , Wang Wei , Beaney Thomas , Poulter Neil R , Zelenenka Liliya I , Matova Olena O , Yevstigneeva Olena
Published: October 2022

Hypertension is a key cardiovascular disease risk factor leading to premature mortality worldwide. The purpose of the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in Ukraine is to improve awareness of hypertension at the individual and population level. Adults (≥18 years) were screened at sites in Ukraine. Data from the MMM17 (19 sites), MMM18 (1 site), and MMM19 (5 sites) campaigns are included in the present analysis. Ideally, three blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken for each participant, and data on lifestyle factors and comorbidities were collected. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg (based on the mean of the second and third readings) or being on antihypertension medication. Multiple imputation was used to estimate participants’ mean BP where readings were missing. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between BP and participant characteristics. Of all 46 549 screenees, 33 307 (71.6%) had hypertension, and 82.6% of whom were on antihypertensive medication. Of all those on medication, 31.4% were controlled to BP < 140/90 mmHg, and of all 33 307 participants with hypertension, 25.9% had controlled BP. Of all participants, 6.6% took statins and 11.2% took aspirin. The analysis of the MMM 2017, 2018, and 2019 campaigns has shown a high proportion of hypertension, insufficient level of awareness, and critically low level of effective BP control in Ukraine. Further MMM screening is needed to increase awareness of high BP and to help improve diagnosis, management, and treatment of hypertension.
May Measurement Month 2017–2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Guatemala
Authors: Quintana Fernando Stuardo Wyss , Casasola Miguel Angel Valdez , Ortiz Lopez Ana Carolina , de Leon Edgar Rodriguez , Alvarado Harry Soto , Wang Wei , Beaney Thomas , Poulter Neil R
Published: October 2022

In 2018, the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance of Guatemala published the last update of the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and as in other low-income countries, the prevalence of NCD morbidity and mortality had risen. The prevalence of hypertension in Guatemala has been reported in a range from 18.7 to 22.7% which could be underestimated, because the country does not have an adequate statistical surveillance system. May Measurement Month (MMM) 2017, 2018, and 2019 in Guatemala was an opportunistic survey, which followed the methodology previously published. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were carried out in various locations, mainly hospitals and clinics (48.9%) or pharmacies (34.2%) in Guatemala City. In all patients, three BP measurements were taken after 5 min of rest and sitting in the correct recommended position. The mean of the second and third BP measurements was used for the analyses. Multiple imputation was used to impute the missing readings, based on the global MMM data. After multiple imputation, of all 3265 participants, 43.4% had hypertension. Of all participants with hypertension, 74.7% were aware of their diagnosis, 69.2% were on antihypertensive medication, and 63.1% had controlled BP (<140/90 mmHg). Of all those with hypertension, 43.6% had controlled BP. MMM is the largest hypertension survey ever carried out globally. The MMM results from Guatemala reported here provide complementary and strong data on the impact of hypertension in the country and help to make hypertension visible as a priority health problem, which requires urgent solutions.
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cognitive Function Among Adults Aged 45 and Older in China
Authors: Hu Kai , Hale Jo Mhairi , Kulu Hill , Liu Yang , Keenan Katherine
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Evidence suggests long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) is associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, especially among older adults. This study examines the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cognitive function in China’s aging population.

Methods

We used longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2015) linked with historical PM2.5 concentrations (2000–2015) from remotely sensed satellite data. Growth curve models were applied to estimate associations between PM2.5 exposure (measured in intensity, duration, and a joint variable of intensity with duration for cumulative exposure) and cognitive function.

Results

Relative to the lowest exposure group, exposure in the second group of PM2.5 intensity (35–50 μg/m3) is associated with poorer cognitive function, but higher levels of PM2.5 appear to be associated with better cognitive function, indicating a U-shaped association. Similar patterns are seen for fully adjusted models of PM2.5 duration: the second group (13–60 months) is associated with worse cognitive function than the first group (0–12 months), but coefficients are nonsignificant in longer duration groups. Joint analysis of PM2.5 intensity with duration suggests that duration may play a more detrimental role in cognitive function than intensity. However, we do not find a statistically significant association between PM2.5 exposure and the rate of cognitive decline.

Discussion

Our findings are mixed and suggest that some categories of higher and longer exposure to PM2.5 are associated with poorer cognitive function, while that exposures do not hasten cognitive decline. However, more work is necessary to disentangle PM2.5 exposure from individuals’ background characteristics, particularly those jointly associated with cognitive function and urban living.