bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
System modelling and analysis for design and development of a lean exhaust after-treatment system
Authors: He Y , Narayanaswamy K
Published: August 2009

A comprehensive system-level modelling methodology for vehicle exhaust and after-treatment system development is presented. Within the constraints required for a development vehicle equipped with a lean-burn direct-injection gasoline engine, system-level analysis was extensively applied to guide the design of the after-treatment system.

The size and location of the lean nitrogen oxide (NO x) after-treatment device was determined to achieve the best trade-off between engine back pressure, catalyst light-off, and acceptable thermal ageing under high-speed and high-load conditions. In addition, various after-treatment architecture and layout concepts were efficiently evaluated and screened, requirements for after-treatment components and exhaust thermal management devices were defined, and promising technologies were recommended for further development and testing.

Beyond immediate implementation in the development vehicle, several exhaust thermal management strategies (electrically heated converter, lambda split control, engine stop—start, and multiple warm-up) were explored. These technologies have been assessed individually and in combination to formulate effective thermal management strategies under fuel penalty constraints.

While the specific applications described in this paper are for a lean-burn gasoline direct-injection development vehicle, the methodology is equally applicable to advanced powertrains with one or more after-treatment devices (diesel engines, alternative fuels, hybrid vehicles, etc.)
Fabrication of hot-pressed ZrC-based composites
Authors: Ma B , Zhang X , Han J , Han W
Published: August 2009

In this work, ZrC-based composites reinforced with SiC particles were processed using the hot-pressing route. The influence of SiC content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed composites was investigated. In all composites with different SiC contents, the highest relative density was obtained for ZrC-based composite containing 20 vol% SiC, having a value of 97 per cent. The flexural strength of ZrC-based composites increased modestly from 390 to 452 MPa as the SiC content increased from 10 to 20 vol%. The increase in strength was attributed to a decrease in grain size and improvement of the relative density. But the strength did not show great variation when the content of the SiC particles increased to 30 vol%, which may be because of the inhomogeneous microstructure and the low relative density. In contrast, toughness and hardness did not vary significantly with SiC content.
Second-order statistics of large-amplitude free vibration of a random composite plate
Authors: Dash P , Singh B N
Published: August 2009

This article addresses the non-linear free vibration stochastic characteristic of a laminated composite plate having random material properties. The transverse shear effects have been included in the system equation in the frame work of higher-order shear deformation theory. The analysis uses Green—Lagrange non-linear strain—displacement relationship to model geometric non-linearity. Direct iteration approach is used to handle deterministic system non-linearity and perturbation approach is presented to handle the randomness in the system properties. Mean and variance of the random natural frequencies have been obtained by employing a C0 isoparametric non-linear finite-element model. Comparisons with the published results show the accuracy of the proposed procedure. A few results covering various features have been presented for a laminated composite plate with different boundary conditions.
A modified blending function for zonal hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes/large-eddy simulation methodology
Authors: Sun M B , Liang J H , Wang Z G
Published: August 2009

A modified blending function for zonal hybrid Reynolds averaged Navier—Stokes/large eddy simulation (RANS/LES) methodology was developed using an empirical analogy from Menter k—ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulent model (Menter, 1994) to predict complex turbulent flows. Tests of slot jet in supersonic flow and supersonic flow over compression—expansion ramp was conducted and prediction of separations was well improved when certain model constant was forced on the traditional blending function (Baurle et al., 2003). Analysis based on calculations of flat plate boundary layer demonstrated that an efficient empirical constant could be used in blending function and boundary layer could be well calculated without heavy contamination of RANS on wake region. Validation of the modified zonal hybrid RANS/LES approach for slot jet in supersonic flow, supersonic flow over compression—expansion ramp, supersonic flow over backward facing step, and supersonic cavity flow was conducted. The simulated results showed that the modified blending function performs well on complex turbulent flows. Deficiencies of traditional hybrid zonal RANS/LES method in over-prediction of separations associated with adverse pressure gradient flows were favourably improved.
Role of information and communication in redefining unmanned aerial vehicle autonomous control levels
Authors: Suresh M , Ghose D
Published: August 2009

Autonomous mission control, unlike automatic mission control which is generally pre-programmed to execute an intended mission, is guided by the philosophy of carrying out a complete mission on its own through online sensing, information processing, and control reconfiguration. A crucial cornerstone of this philosophy is the capability of intelligence and of information sharing between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or with a central controller through secured communication links. Though several mission control algorithms, for single and multiple UAVs, have been discussed in the literature, they lack a clear definition of the various autonomous mission control levels. In the conventional system, the ground pilot issues the flight and mission control command to a UAV through a command data link and the UAV transmits intelligence information, back to the ground pilot through a communication link. Thus, the success of the mission depends entirely on the information flow through a secured communication link between ground pilot and the UAV. In the past, mission success depended on the continuous interaction of ground pilot with a single UAV, while present day applications are attempting to define mission success through efficient interaction of ground pilot with multiple UAVs. However, the current trend in UAV applications is expected to lead to a futuristic scenario where mission success would depend only on interaction among UAV groups with no interaction with any ground entity. However, to reach this capability level, it is necessary to first understand the various levels of autonomy and the crucial role that information and communication plays in making these autonomy levels possible. This article presents a detailed framework of UAV autonomous mission control levels in the context of information flow and communication between UAVs and UAV groups for each level of autonomy.
Guidance law switching logic considering the seeker's field-of-view limits
Authors: Sang D-K , Tahk M-J
Published: August 2009

The impact time control guidance (ITCG) method, which has been proposed recently, can be applied successfully to a salvo attack of multiple missiles. Compared to the proportional navigation guidance law, this guidance method makes additional manoeuvres to synchronize the impact times. However, such manoeuvres do not consider the manoeuvrability and the seeker's field-of-view (FOV) of a missile and may cause the target to move out of the missile seeker's FOV; maintaining the seeker lock-on condition during the engagement is critical for missile guidance. To solve this problem, two methods are presented in this article: one is based on the calculation of minimum and maximum flight times considering the missile's manoeuvring limit and the seeker's FOV limit to check the available impact time. The other is based on guidance law switching logic that keeps the target look angle of the seeker constant. These methods can provide the boundary limit of the impact time of the salvo attack and prevent the lock-on failure because of the seeker's FOV limit of the missile during the homing phase when the ITCG is used. This method was applied to the case of a time critical salvo-attack of multiple missiles, which have manoeuvring limit and the seeker's FOV limit, and desired results were obtained.
Testing procedures for abdominal muscles using the muscle dynamometer SD02
Authors: Malátová R , Dřevikovská P
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to compare two tests both frequently used for determination of the state of the lumbar spine muscle system during static and dynamic loads. The sit-up test is a commonly used terrain test, while the diaphragm test is a more exact laboratory procedure. For both tests, measurements conducted by the muscular dynamometer SD02 were used to assure congruency in evaluation. The tests are based on the general information that the muscles of the deep stabilizing spine system (DSSS) are interconnected and form one functional unit, and that dysfunction of just one of these muscles may cause total dysfunction of the whole muscle system. It is therefore expected that the participation and force generated by the largest muscles of the area, musculus rectus abdominis and musculus transversus abdominis, will be comparable also during the testing procedures. Forty-five healthy women joined in the research, with the average age of 21.6 years. The results obtained were statistically evaluated using Statistica 6. The results showed the clear incapability of the sit-up test to indicate correctly the imbalances of the muscles of the DSSS, also implying that the tested subjects suffer to a high degree from dysfunctions of the DSSS.
Tribological and surface analysis of 38mm alumina–as-cast Co–Cr–Mo total hip arthroplasties
Authors: Williams S R , Wu J J , Unsworth A , Khan I
Published: August 2009

There is currently much discussion over the use of ceramic femoral components against metal acetabular cups, for use in total hip arthroplasty. The current study investigates six hot isostatically pressed alumina femoral heads of 38 mm diameter articulating against six as-cast Co—Cr—Mo metallic acetabular cups. Standard walking-cycle simulator wear testing was carried out to 5×106 cycles using the Durham Mark II hip wear simulator, and wear was determined gravimetrically. In addition, surface topography, using a non-contacting profilometer, an atomic force microscope, and an optical microscope, was monitored throughout the wear test. The wear of the ceramic heads was found to be undetectable using the current gravimetric method; however, a change in the surface topography was seen, as grain removal on the pole was observed through atomic force microscopy analysis. A biphasic wear pattern was found for the metallic cups, with low wear rates of 1.04 ± 0.293 mm3/106 cycles (mean, ±95 per cent confidence interval) and 0.0209 ± 0.004 mm3/106 cycles (mean, ±95 per cent confidence interval) for running-in and steady state wear phases respectively. Frictional measurement revealed that the joints were tending towards full fluid-film lubrication in parts of the walking cycle. The results show that the combination of hot isostatically pressed alumina and as-cast Co—Cr—Mo is a promising alternative for total hip arthroplasties.
Investigation of relative micromotion at the stem—cement interface in total hip replacement
Authors: Zhang H-Y , Brown L , Barrans S , Blunt L , Jiang X-Q
Published: August 2009

Cemented total hip replacement has become a standard surgical technique to treat patients with osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis. The stem—cement interface experiences fretting wear in vivo due to low-amplitude oscillatory micromotion under physiological loading, and this wear is currently becoming important as a potential mechanism for the overall wear of cemented total hip replacements. However, the relative micromotion at the stem—cement interface has not been widely reported. In the present study, a new micromotion sensor is developed that is based on the deformation of a strain gauge, and this sensor is used to probe the migration of a polished Exeter stem within a Simplex P cement mantle through an in vitro wear simulation. It is demonstrated that the stem migration value generally increases with an increase in the number of loading cycles, with a gradual decrease of migration rate. Additionally, fretting wear is successfully replicated on the stem surface, and the micropores in the cement surface are considered to contribute to initiation and propagation of the fretting damage on the stem. This is confirmed by the observation that no evidence of fretting wear is detected on the stem where the surface is in contact with the pore-free areas on the cement. This study allows a deep insight into the micromotion at the stem—cement interface, and provides evidence highlighting the significance of the micropores in the cement surface in the generation of fretting wear on a polished femoral stem.
Photoacoustics, thermoacoustics, and acousto-optics for biomedical imaging
Authors: Tang M-X , Elson D S , Li R , Dunsby C , Eckersley R J
Published: August 2009

Recently there have been significant advances in developing hybrid techniques combining electromagnetic waves with ultrasound for biomedical imaging, namely photoacoustic, thermoacoustic, and acousto-optic (or ultrasound modulated optical) tomography. All three techniques take advantage of tissue contrast offered by electromagnetic (EM) waves, while achieving good spatial resolution in deeper tissue facilitated by ultrasound. In this review the principles of the three techniques are introduced. A description of existing experimental and image reconstruction techniques is provided. Some recent key developments are highlighted and current issues in each of the areas are discussed.
Effects of bone density alterations on strain patterns in the pelvis: Application of a finite element model
Authors: Leung A S O , Gordon L M , Skrinskas T , Szwedowski T , Whyne C M
Published: August 2009

Insufficiency fractures occur when physiological loads are applied to bone deficient in mechanical resistance. A better understanding of pelvic mechanics and the effect of bone density alterations could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of insufficiency fractures. This study aimed to develop and validate a subject-specific three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of a pelvis, to analyse pelvic strains as a function of interior and cortical surface bone density, and to compare high strain regions with common insufficiency fracture sites. The FE model yielded strong agreement between experimental and model strains. By means of the response surface method, changes to cortical surface bone density using the FE model were found to have a 60 per cent greater influence compared with changes in interior bone density. A small interaction was also found to exist between surface and interior bone densities (< 3 per cent), and a non-linear effect of surface bone density on strain was observed. Areas with greater increases in average principal strains with reductions in density in the FE model corresponded to areas prone to insufficiency fracture. Owing to the influence of cortical surface bone density on strain, it may be considered a strong global (non-linear) indicator for insufficiency fracture risk.
The influence of deflection and neck compliance on the impact dynamics of a Hybrid III headform
Authors: Rousseau P , Hoshizaki T B
Published: August 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of impact deflection and neck compliance on the Gadd severity index (GSI), peak linear acceleration, and peak angular acceleration during a front impact to a Hybrid III head using a pneumatic linear impactor. Impact deflection was performed by translating the headform laterally and was shown to be effective at reducing the linear and angular accelerations as well as the GSI. Neck compliance was altered using one Hybrid III 50th percentile neck and two modified Hybrid III necks. A less compliant neck increased linear acceleration but decreased angular acceleration and GSI. When compared with estimated injury thresholds, the results demonstrated that an increase in the lateral translation or a decrease in the neck compliance resulted in a significant decrease in the risk of injury as reflected by peak linear and angular accelerations and the GSI.
On the Potential of Neuroeconomics: A Critical (but Hopeful) Appraisal
Authors: Bernheim B. Douglas
Published: August 2009

This paper attempts to identify and articulate the specific ways in which the emerging field of neuroeconomics might shed light on traditional positive and normative questions in economics, as well as the likely limitations of its potential contributions. It sets forth both reservations and reasons for guarded optimism. (JEL D01, D87)
Incentive Reversal
Authors: Winter Eyal
Published: August 2009

By incentive reversal we refer to situations in which an increase in rewards for all agents results in fewer agents exerting effort. We show that externalities among peers may give rise to such intriguing situations even when all agents are fully rational. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the organizational technology so that it will be susceptible to incentive reversal. The condition implies that some degree of complementarity is enough to allow incentive reversal. (JEL D23, D82, M54)
A “Dual Self” Representation for Stochastic Temptation
Authors: Chatterjee Kalyan , Krishna R. Vijay
Published: August 2009

We consider the following two-period problem of self-control. In the first period, an individual has to decide on the set of feasible choices from which she will select one in the second period. In the second period, the individual might choose an alternative that she would find inferior in the first period, an eventuality that need not occur with certainty. We propose a model for this problem and axioms for first-period preferences, in which the second-period choice could be interpreted as being made by an “alter ego” who appears randomly. We provide a discussion of the behavioral implications of our model as compared with existing theories. (JEL D11, D80)
Dynamic Revenue Maximization with Heterogeneous Objects: A Mechanism Design Approach
Authors: Gershkov Alex , Moldovanu Benny
Published: August 2009

We study the revenue-maximizing allocation of several heterogeneous, commonly ranked objects to impatient agents with privately known characteristics who arrive sequentially. There is a deadline after which no more objects can be allocated. We first characterize implementable allocation schemes, and compute the expected revenue for any implementable, deterministic and Markovian allocation policy. The revenue-maximizing policy is obtained by a variational argument which sheds more light on its properties than the usual dynamic programming approach. Finally, we use our main result in order to derive the optimal inventory choice, and explain empirical regularities about pricing in clearance sales. (JEL C61, D21, D82)
Sniping and Squatting in Auction Markets
Authors: Ely Jeffrey C , Hossain Tanjim
Published: August 2009

We conducted a field experiment to test the benefit from late bidding (sniping) in online auction markets. We compared sniping to early bidding (squatting) in auctions for newly-released DVDs on eBay. Sniping led to a statistically significant increase in our average surplus. However, this improvement was small. The two bidding strategies resulted in a variety of other qualitative differences in the outcomes of auctions. We show that a model of multiple concurrent auctions, in which our opponents are naïve or incremental bidders as identified in the lab, explain the results well. Our findings illustrate how the overall impact of naïveté, and the benefit from sniping observed in the lab, may be substantially attenuated in real-world market settings. (JEL D44)
Assignment Messages and Exchanges
Authors: Milgrom Paul
Published: August 2009

“Assignment messages” are maximally general messages to describe substitutable preferences by means of a linear program. With “integer assignment messages,” there exist integer-valued Walrasian allocations, extending a result of Lloyd S. Shapley and Martin Shubik (1971). Any pure Nash equilibrium profile of the Walrasian mechanism with participants limited to assignment messages is also a Nash equilibrium of the unrestricted Walrasian mechanism. Assignment exchanges are generalizations of single-product double auctions and are related to ascending multi-product clock auctions and the Vickrey mechanism. Assignment messages also have additional applications in mechanism design. (JEL D44, D82)
Crowded Colleges and College Crowd-Out: The Impact of Public Subsidies on the Two-Year College Market
Authors: Cellini Stephanie Riegg
Published: August 2009

This study assesses the impact of an increase in funding for public community colleges on the market for two-year college education, considering both the effect on community college enrollments and on the number of proprietary schools in a market. I draw on a new administrative dataset of for-profit colleges in California and votes on local community college bond referenda to implement a unique regression discontinuity design. The results suggest that bond passage diverts students from the private to the public sector and causes a corresponding decline in the number of proprietary schools in the market. (JEL H75, I22, I23)
The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness
Authors: Stevenson Betsey , Wolfers Justin
Published: August 2009

The lives of women in the United States have improved over the past 35 years by many objective measures, yet we show that measures of subjective well-being indicate that women's happiness has declined both absolutely and relative to men. This decline in relative well-being is found across various datasets, measures of subjective well-being, demographic groups, and industrialized countries. Relative declines in female happiness have eroded a gender gap in happiness in which women in the 1970s reported higher subjective well-being than did men. These declines have continued and a new gender gap is emerging—one with higher subjective well-being for men. (JEL I31, J16, J28)
Common Value vs. Private Value Categories in Online Auctions: A Distinction Without a Difference?
Authors: Boatwright Peter , Borle Sharad , Kadane Joseph B.
Published: August 2009

There is a growing body of empirical research that attempts to distinguish private value from common value auctions. Strategic behavior for a seller/bidder in these two paradigms should differ, so the assumption of, or the identification of, the type of auction (private or common) is important for understanding the auction dynamics and strategies in game-theoretic models. However, it is difficult to recognize which of the two paradigms applies to a particular good. In this article, we briefly review some of the empirical work distinguishing common/private values using observed bidding behavior, both structural nonparametric and parametric models of auctions. We then examine the use of a priori beliefs to classify product categories. Specifically, we survey auction experts on their subjective judgment in classifying a list of consumer product categories on a private/common value continuum. We also survey consumers, asking them their subjective assessment. Interestingly, not only are extant models unable empirically to distinguish between private value and common value auctions, but also the experts have strongly divergent opinions on classifying product categories on this continuum. These findings raise doubts about the appropriateness of using a priori beliefs to classify a product as a common value versus a private value, and furthermore the findings question the feasibility of game-theoretic models to empirically distinguish private value from common value auctions. Perhaps decision theory would be a more useful paradigm for modeling auction decisions in practice.
A Language for Effective Communication between Surgeons and Radiographers in Trauma Theatre
Authors: Chaganti S , Kumar D , Patil S , Alderman P
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTION

The advent of the image intensifier has revolutionised trauma surgery since its development in 1955. The manufacturers have given names to various movements of the machine in the operating manual but it has not been popular among orthopaedic surgeons or radiographers. Lack of knowledge of names of various movements and ambiguity in command often leads to confusion between the surgeon and the radiographer regarding which way to move the image intensifier. A questionnaire-based study was conducted to assess the efficacy of communication between orthopaedic surgeons and radiographers while using the image intensifier intra-operatively.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Diagrams depicting the movements of the image intensifier were used in the questionnaire. Fifty questionnaires were given to orthopaedic surgeons and 50 to radiographers to name the various movements.

RESULTS

Ninety questionnaires were returned, 45 from surgeons and 45 from radiographers. Five questionnaires from surgeons and five from radiographers were returned blank. Of those responding, 97% could name the vertical movement, 68% the horizontal movement, 12% the swivel and 29% the angulation movement. None could name the orbital movement.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though orthopaedic surgeons do not operate the image intensifier themselves, knowledge of the movements of the image intensifier and their names can improve the efficacy of communication between surgeons and radiographers. A common language and precision in command can avoid confusion and has the potential to improve theatre time utilisation. The nomenclature of various movements of the image intensifier has been described and possible precise commands for various movements have been postulated.
Ethicolegal Aspects of Genetics in Surgical Practice
Authors: Lucassen Anneke
Published: August 2009

Genetic medicine can pose ethical and legal dilemmas or both. This short review highlights some of the ethicolegal issues in disclosure of genetic information to family members and considers whether the availability, or not, of a medical intervention is relevant in communication of risk information.
Trainees to help ISCP improve
Authors: Munsch Chris
Published: August 2009

The Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP) has been live for nearly two years, following a period of five years of development, including two years of piloting with trainees. Formal evaluation by Professor Michael Eraut has been undertaken on two occasions and Professor Eraut's reports have consistently raised issues concerning the environment in which surgical education is currently delivered and the ability of the service to support and resource good-quality training and education.
Lapco: national training programme for laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Coleman Mark
Published: August 2009

In 2006 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence issued guidance that laparoscopic resection is recommended as an alternative to open resection for individuals with colorectal cancer in whom both laparoscopic and open surgery are considered suitable. Due to the lack of trained colorectal surgeons a waiver was issued, which is due to be reviewed in September 2009. In 2007 the Cancer Action Team (CAT) at the Department of Health (DH) instituted the national training programme (NTP) for laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCS) for colorectal consultants in England. The intention is to provide all suitable patients with bowel cancer in need of resection, access to a trained surgeon for laparoscopic resection. The programme is funded by the CAT.
Career Intentions of UK Plastic Surgery Trainees
Authors: Quaba O , Sivarajan V , Waterston SW
Published: August 2009

In the UK higher specialist surgical training can begin a minimum of two years following graduation from medical school and currently lasts at least seven or eight years depending on specialty. This is far from the whole story for most trainees, however. Due to high levels of competition, extended periods at pre-specialist training level or formal research have been required to secure a post in most surgical specialties.
The NACPDE: new opportunities for dentists trained overseas
Authors: Wilson Margaret
Published: August 2009

The National Advice Centre for Postgraduate Dental Education (NACPDE) was founded in 1978 and is based in the Faculty of Dental Surgery of The Royal College of Surgeons of England and funded by the Department of Health. The UK has traditionally played an important part in providing clinical training and postgraduate education for dentists from all parts of the world. But it is equally important to recognise the contribution oversea-strained dentists have made to the NHS.
Reducing error in theatre: Patient Safety First and the College join forces
Authors: Panesar Sukhmeet S , Reid Jane , Emerton Mark , Rogers Hugh , Pickles John
Published: August 2009

Every year in England more than four million surgical procedures take place. This equates to 1 in 12 of the population. The complexity of the theatre environment and the processes surrounding the perioperative period combined with a variety of human limitations, or human factors, means that mistakes are inevitable. Stress, interruptions and fatigue make these errors more likely.
Plasma miR-208 as a Biomarker of Myocardial Injury
Authors: Ji Xu , Takahashi Rie , Hiura Yumiko , Hirokawa Go , Fukushima Yasue , Iwai Naoharu
Published: August 2009

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs of 21–25 nucleotides that can pair with sites in 3′ untranslated regions in mRNAs of protein-coding genes to downregulate their expression. Recently, circulating miRNAs have been reported as promising biomarkers for various pathologic conditions. We assessed the hypothesis that miRNAs may leak into the circulating blood from injured cells and thereby serve as biomarkers for identifying the injured cell type.

Methods: We used isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats as a model and miRNA array analyses to identify candidate miRNAs specifically produced in the ventricles of the heart. Individual miRNA concentrations were measured by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were measured with an ELISA.

Results: Array analyses revealed miR-208 to be produced exclusively in the heart, and we selected this miRNA as a possible biomarker of myocardial injury. Plasma concentrations of miR-208 increased significantly (P < 0.0001) after isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury and showed a similar time course to the concentration of cTnI, a classic biomarker of myocardial injury.

Conclusions: The plasma concentration of miR-208 may be a useful indicator of myocardial injury. Our results suggest that profiling of circulating miRNAs may help identify promising biomarkers of various pathologic conditions.
Posztkondicionálás kísérletes alkalmazása aortakirekesztés kapcsánr
Authors: Szijártó Attila , Gyurkovics Endre , Arányi Péter , Ónody Péter , Stangl Rita , Tátrai Miklós , Lotz Gábor , Mihály Zoltán , Hegedüs Viktor , Blázovics Anna , Kupcsulik Péter
Published: August 2009

Absztrakt

Bevezetés:A posztkondicionálás – amely egy ischaemizált szerven a reperfusio első perceiben alkalmazott több ciklusban ismétlődő, rövid idejű reocclusio – mérsékelni képes az ischaemiás-reperfusiós szervkárosodást. Az aorta és/vagy alsó végtagi verőerek kirekesztése kapcsán a végtag ischaemiás-reperfusiós károsodást szenved, illetve esetenként nagyfokú keringési redistributióhoz vezet. A műtét szövődményei – távoli szervi dysfunctiókban, szisztémás gyulladásos válaszreakcióban, illetve akár shockban megnyilvánuló – ún. reperfusiós syndroma képében jelentkezhetnek. Kísérletünkben a posztkondicionálás hatását vizsgáltuk aortakirekesztéssel járó érsebészeti állatmodellben.Anyagok és módszerek:Hím Wistar-patkányokon 180 perces infrarenalis aortakirekesztést hoztunk létre; az állatok egyharmadánál a reperfusio első 2 percében végzett posztkondicionálással (10 s felengedés + 10 s reocclusio, 6 ciklusban). A haemodynamicai paramétereket invazív artériás nyomásmérővel, a microcirculatiós változásokat lézer-Doppler-áramlásmérővel detektáltuk. A 4. posztoperatív órában vizelet-, plazma-, illetve szövettani mintavétel történt, laboratóriumi és morfológiai vizsgálatok céljából.Eredmények:A reperfusio kezdetekor a 180 perces kirekesztés szignifikáns különbséget okoz a haemodynamicai paraméterekben, posztkondicionálás hatására a microcirculatiót jellemző áramlási görbék karaktere megváltozott, az áramlás hyperaemiával stabilizálódott. A gyulladásos válasz szignifikáns mértékben csökkent (TNF-α, szabadgyök-szintek) a posztkondicionált csoportban. A posztkondicionálás a reperfusiós syndroma részjelenségeként megjelenő távoli szervhatásokat (vese, tüdő) szöveti és laboratóriumi paraméterek tekintetében egyaránt csökkentette.Következtetés:A posztkondicionálás alkalmas módszernek tűnik a hosszú idejű, alsó végtagi keringésleállások okozta szervkárosodások enyhítésére érsebészeti műtétek során.
A “null-biopszia” klinikai értéker
Authors: Szakály Péter
Published: August 2009

Absztrakt

A javuló eredmények ellenére a veseátültetés hosszú távú eredményei elmaradnak a benne rejlő potenciális lehetőségektől. A graftok késői elvesztésének legfőbb oka a cardiovascularis halálozás után, napjainkra a krónikus allograft-nephropathia lett. Ez egy olyan multietiológiás kórkép, melynek megjelenésére időben bármikor számíthatunk. Ha nem találunk időben megfelelő kezelési lehetőséget, akkor elkerülhetetlen az idült veseelégtelenség ismételt kialakulása. Tanulmányom célja annak vizsgálata, hogyan lehetne növelni az átültethető vesék számát, illetve javítani minőségüket.
Epistemology of the Brahmaj?la Sutta
Authors: Evans Stephen A.
Published: August 2009

The Brahmaj?la Sutta includes a list of ‘views’ that are wrong in some sense. The present paper turns the focus away from the content of the views to ask in what sense they are problematic, by what criteria they are here found to be so, and, indeed, just what kinds of things the views are. The frameword in which the views are set suggests that what the Buddha finds problematic is not the content so much as the epistemological standpoint, or, more properly, the mode-of-being of which the views are a part: it is the sama?a-br?ma?as who proclaim the views rather than the views per se that are wrong.
Why Did Brahm? Ask the Buddha to Teach?
Authors: Jones Dhivan Thomas
Published: August 2009

The episode of Brahm?’s request to the Buddha to teach has been regarded as problematic from early times, since it suggests that the Buddha was initially lacking in compassion. Comparison of versions of the story shows it to be possibly pre-A?okan in origin. A close reading of themes in the episode in relation to other incidents in the Buddha’s life described in the Pali canon show that it need not be taken as portraying an actual experience of the Buddha. The original purpose of the episode was not to describe the Buddha’s inner conflict but to show that Brahm?, representative of Brahmanical religion, was a follower of the Buddha. The episode was originally religious propaganda.
Is the International Business Environment the actual context for international business research?
Authors: Ferreira Manuel Portugal , Li Dan , Guisinger Stephen , Serra Fernando A. Ribeiro
Published: August 2009

The International Business Environment (IBE) has been argued to be the essential context for international business (IB) studies and the distinguishing factor from other management studies and studies of large enterprises. Two content analysis show that many papers published in top tier IB journals either lack reference to any dimension of the IBE or tend to be uni-or bi-dimensional when addressing the IBE; it is not a surprise that the cultural dimension is the most often used. We suggest that: (a) there is need to developed more uni-and multi-dimensional environmental constructs; (b) a more holistic view of the IBE provides richer insights on the actual complexity underlying IB research. Future studies that provide more comprehensive models of the IBE that overcome the usual broad classifications of the international environment as undefined and uncontrollable factors are warranted to advance conceptual and empirical research.
Suicídio de internos em um hospital de custódia e tratamento
Authors: Coelho Elizabete Rodrigues , Azevedo Fernanda , Gauer Gabriel José Chittó , Cataldo Neto Alfredo
Published: August 2009

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil dos internos suicidas do Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense (IPF) de Porto Alegre em duas décadas. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos registros dos internos com óbito por suicídio. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: Dos 20 casos de suicídio, 70% cumpriam medida de segurança, 70% eram réus primários, 80% dos crimes era contra a pessoa; a maioria (45%) dos suicídios foi cometida durante a madrugada e 40% dos casos ocorreram com internos que estavam de 1 a 9 anos na instituição; 90% eram do sexo masculino, 55% tinham idade entre 20 e 39 anos, 70% eram solteiros, 60% não tinham filhos, 85% eram naturais do interior do RS, 25% não tinham profissão, 84,2% tinham até o Ensino Fundamental; 55% dos casos tinham diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Em 75% dos casos a morte ocorreu por enforcamento. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados apontam para o seguinte perfil: homem, solteiro, sem filhos, do interior do Estado, com baixa qualificação profissional e pouca escolaridade. Os fatores psicossociais encontrados foram transtorno mental grave, uso de drogas e/ou álcool, baixo suporte social e familiar e tentativas anteriores de suicídio.
Sôbre o aparecimento de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos e quimioterápicos em amostras de Shigelas isoladas no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Palmeira Maria Luiza , Batalha Paulo de P. , Gomes Vera Lúcia P.
Published: August 2009

O aparecimento de shigellas, com resistência múltipla a drogas, se apresenta no Rio de Janeiro com idêntica gravidade já registrada em outros países. No período de 1950-1959, em 51 amostras testas, 9,8% apresentaram resistência infecciosa a várias drogas, enquanto no período 1960-1969 a percentagem elevou-se a 21,3% em 61 amostras. Das 112 culturas de shigellas testadas, 74 eram flexneri, 20 sonnei e 18 dysenteriae, notando-se predominância de resistência a três, quatro e cinco drogas no grupo flexneri.
Comportamento do vírus da poliomilelite após irradiação ionizante
Authors: Lacorte J. Guilherme , Monteiro Estácio , Loures J. Carvalho
Published: August 2009

Prosseguindo nas suas experiências referentes à ação dos Raios X e do Radium sôbre vírus, iniciadas em 1953, quando verificaram que o vírus da gripe submetido a doses não elevadas de Raios X mostra-se com poder patogênica aumentando para camundongos, os autores, nas pesquisas referidas no presente trabalho, submeteram o vírus da poliomielite, amostra MEF1 do tipo 2, à ação de Raios X em doses que que foram de 307r até 3.408.500 r. Empregaram-se 2.140 animais, nas experiências aqui relatadas, o que permitiu conclusões seguras. Os autores observaram irregularidade no comportamento do vírus da poliomielite submetido à ação dos Raios X, no sentido de aumentar-lhe o poder patogênico, em relação com o vírus testemunha, não irradiado. Assinalaram a observação que fizeram sôbre a resistência do vírus seguramente a 3.101.000 r o que julgaram de interêsse registrar. A resistência quase desaparece a 3.386.000 r. Após aplicação de 3.408.500 r o vírus tornou-se inativo.
Gel-eletroforese no diagnóstico da varíola
Authors: Mesquita Julio A. , Homma Akira , Schatzmayr Hermann G.
Published: August 2009

O emprego de gel-eletroforese no diagnóstico da varíola, demonstrou ser ao menos trinta vezes (30X) mais sensível que o teste de agar-gel, nas condições descritas (tabela I). Doze (12) espécimes, cujos testes convencionais de inoculação em ovos embrionados e de agar-gel resultaram positivos, foram testados em suas diluições originais congeladas por mais de um ano, sendo seis deles revelados por gel-eletroforese enquanto nenhum o foi por agar-gel (tabela II). Trinta e três (33) amostras isoladas no laboratório, foram testadas com material colhido de membrana cório-alantóica da primeira inoculação para o diagnóstico, conservado em glicerina 50%, resultando 15 positivas em gel-eletroforese e apenas 3 em agar-gel (tabela II). Os últimos 60 espécimes recebidos para diagnóstico, através a Campanha de Erradicação da Varíola, também resultaram negativos em gel-eletroforese, que não mostrou falsos-positivos nas condições descritas.
Prova da hemodispersão sedimentar
Authors: Castro Inalio M. de , Castro Newton N. de
Published: August 2009

Os autores analisam pormenorizadamente o sistema soro-hematia formolizada no qual se processa a aglutino-sedimentação (Fenômeno de Rubino). Cada fase do referido sistema é investigada do ponto de vista físico-químico. Os dados obtidos são aproveitados pelos autores na elaboração de um sistema análogo, porém, com parâmetros próprios diferentes dos fixados por Rubino. Escolheu-se como evidência do fenômeno não a alutino-sedimentação função do tempo, porém, o aspecto da massa globular sedimentada após 24 horas a ± 10ºC (Hemodispersão sedimentar). A nova técnica proposta, aplicada sistematicamente, permitiu aos autores concluírem a) não há 'especificidade" correlacionada com enfermidades; b) o fenômeno resulta da atividade combinada de gamaglobulinas como dipolos, íons positivos do meio e polaridade propícia das hematias formolizadas; c)o aumento das gamaglobulinas séricas, sobretudo daquelas de ponto iso-elétrico do pH sanguíneo, determina o fenômeno, independentemente da causa mórbida que originou a hipergamaglobulinemia; d) sobretudo na lepra lepromatosa, o aumento das referidas gamaglobulinas é muito freqüente, e mantém-se muito tempo mesmo após regressão clínica da doença. É sugerida uma explicação para este último fato; e)os autores também referem uma atividade especial do formol sobre os soros reatores, propondo uma hipótese para a mesma.
Sobre o isolamento de Salmonellas de gânglios linfáticos de suínos abatidos no matadouro da cidade de Salavador - Bahia
Authors: Costa Gobert Araujo , Hofer Ernesto , Costa Moacyr Dunham de Moura , Silva José Arthur Hage da , Santos José Vieira dos , Doria Jalon Dantas
Published: August 2009

Numa pesquisa efetuada em gânglios linfáticos de 3.674 suínos, aparentemente normais, e abatidos no Matadouro Municipal de Salvador e no Frigorífico Frimisa, isolaram-se 503 amostras de Salmonellas, sendo 461 ou 91,65% provenientes de gânglios crurais e pré-crurais e 42 culturas restantes, ou sejam 8,35% obtidas de outros gânglios. o estudo das 503 amostras, representando 13,69% de isolamentos no total dos suínos examinados, mostrou a existência de 52 sorotipos diferentes com dominância do grupo sorológico somático E1 em 48,70% das salmonellas seguindo-se o grupo B com 27,43%, C1 com 6,16%, L com 4,97%, C2 com 4,77% e D1 com 3,38%. Em menor percentagem registraram-se os grupos G1, N1, J, E2, e3 e E4.
Catálogo sistemático dos pólens das plantas arbóreas do Brasil meridional XV - Myrtaceae
Authors: Barth Ortrud Monika , Barbosa Alda Ferreira
Published: August 2009

Na presente parte do nosso Catálogo Palinológico analisamos a morfologia dos grãos de polén de 140 espécies de Mirtáceas ocorrentes no Estado de Santa Catarina. O estudo dos grãos de polén destas Mirtáceas permitiu agrupar as espécies estudadas em grupos polínicos, segundo as propriedades das aberturas e da estrutura das exinas. Não foi possível separar nem as espécies nem os gêneros em bases da respectiva morfologia polínica. Desta maneira os grupos polínicos são heterogêneos tanto quanto aos gêneros compreendidos, quanto à ocorrência ecológica das espécies.
Trealose e trealase em tenebrio molitor L
Authors: Lopes Cristina Piedras , Villela Gilberto
Published: August 2009

Foi estudada a concentração em trealose e a atividade em trealase do Tenebrio molitor L. durante as tres fases da metamorfose (larva, ninfa, imago). Verificou-se que na larva e no adulto os valores são mais elevados conforme a curva da fig. 3. A trealose foi expressa em mg/g de Tenebrio e a trealose por µg de glicose/mg proteina.
The isolation of the perfect form of Microsporum Gypseum, Nannizzia Gypsea, Stockdale, 1963, from brazilian soil
Authors: Pedroso M. Carlota , Marcano N. Callado , Favraud L.
Published: August 2009

Our work is on the isolation from brazilian soil of the perfect stage of Microsporum gypseum, Nannizzia gypsea, Stock., 1963, using cut sterilized children hair as bait.
Obras desconhecidas de Miguelzinho Dutra
Authors: Tarasantchi Ruth Sprung
Published: August 2009

Trata-se da apresentação de catorze aquarelas e Miguelzinho Dutra desconhecidas do público e dos pesquisadores. Estas imagens vêm complementar o repertório de imagens produzidas pelo pintor existentes no Museu Paulista da USP.
Ornamentação do Museu Paulista para o Primeiro Centenário: construção de identidade nacional na década de 1920
Authors: Makino Miyoko
Published: August 2009

Nas últimas décadas, vários estudos enfocaram o Museu Paulista, as coleções, o edifício-monumento e a gestão Afonso de Escragnole Taunay, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento histórico e do patrimônio arquitetônico, artístico e cultural de São Paulo. A ornamentação do Museu, organizada por Taunay, para os festejos do Primeiro Centenário da Independência, em 1922, composta essencialmente de pinturas e esculturas, visando narrar o período colonial até a Independência, é o foco deste estudo. As fontes permitem entender o caminho da seleção dos temas, a execução e a disposição das obras, em vários níveis, no Saguão, Escadaria e Salão de Honra. Os anos iniciais da gestão Taunay (1917 - 1945) foram propícios para a execução da ornamentação, visto o apoio oficial e os recursos financeiros obtidos, inclusive da sociedade paulista. A conclusão da ornamentação, no entanto, demorou duas décadas, pela exigüidade de verbas, após as festividades do Centenário. A ornamentação foi dada por concluída por Taunay, com a colocação da última ânfora na Escadaria, em 1931, e a publicação do Guia da Secção Histórica do Museu Paulista, em 1937. No entanto, as últimas pinturas foram feitas e incorporadas nos anos 60.
Pipunculidae (Diptera) da região neotropical: I. Redescrição de Chalarus chilensis Collin, comb. n. e descrição de duas espécies novas da Amazônia
Authors: Rafael J. A.
Published: August 2009

Chalarus chilensis Collin, comb. n. é redescrito a partir do tipo e duas novas espécies da Bacia Amazônica, C. amazonensis e C. connexus, são descritas.
Veronicellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) neotropicais: IV. Redescrição dos tipos de Vaginula andreana, Vaginula reinhardti e Vaginula trilineata, no Zoologisk Museum de Copenhague, Dinamarca
Authors: Thomé José Willibaldo
Published: August 2009

Com base no exame dos tipos, são redescritas as espécies Vaginula andreana Semper, 1885, Vaginula reinhardti Semper, 1885 e Vaginula trilineata Semper, 1885. As espécies provêm, respectivamente, de Maurício (Ilhas Mascarenhas; leg. Andrea), Macau, China (leg. Reinhardt), e provavelmente Maurício (Ilhas Mascarenhas; leg. Andrea, encontrado num pote de plantas no Jardim Botânico de Copenhague). Discute-se a sinonímia das espécies.
Caracteres merísticos e biologia do cascudo, Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart, 1964) (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) do rio Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Nomura Hitoshi
Published: August 2009

Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart, 1964) é um cascudo (Loricariidae) achado no rio Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo. É espécie que pode interessar alguns criadores de peixes, por sua excelente carne. Um total de 47 exemplares (26 machos e 21 fêmeas) foi analisado, capturado de março a setembro de 1975, em Emas, rio Mogi-Guaçu. Alguns caracteres merísticos e outros aspectos biológicos são fornecidos.