bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISCOURSE: CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL / REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Authors: Hidayat Taufik
Published: February 2017

National / Regional Development Planning (PPN/D) is a derivation of political promises of the head of state / region, hence the National and Regional Development Planning tends to be momentary interests of the head of state / region and / or elitists around him. The National and Regional Development Planning which is put into the program and made as a project can be colored by the elements of corruption, collusion and nepotism and that the program / project is likely to be executed at random. The liability for acts of corruption, collusion, and nepotism that leads to the failure of the National / Regional Development Planning is still noticeably blurry and so light, and limited only when the accountability report of the implementation of the National and Regional Development Planning is declared “rejected”, then the head of state / region concerned would be requested to fix it and / or he could no longer run. On the other hand, the National / Regional Development Planning must have used a large number of resources, so it is interesting to see more deeply, such as the possibility of criminal sanctions which can be imposed as a “deterrent” of a bad faith of the whole process National / Regional Development Planning. Based on those mentioned above, this paper will discuss the possibility to request criminal liability for the failure of the National / Regional Development Planning. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, using secondary data, a literature search. Since the head of state/region is the responsibility center of the government administration, the head of state / region must be responsible for the implementation of National / Regional Development Planning. The rejection of the accountability report presented by the head of state / region is a measure of the failure of the National/Regional Development Planning. Since the National / Regional Development Planning is a derivation of the political promises of the head of state / region at the time of the election campaign, the criminal offenses of fraud could be made as the basis of criminal liability for the failure of the National / Regional Development.
EXPERTISE, INDEPENDENCE AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN PREVENTING FRAUD ON E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS (A CASE STUDY AT PT KERETA API INDONESIA)
Authors: Romadhina Arsy Eza Febie
Published: February 2017

Nowadays, the development of information technology has given significant impact on various activities. Easy facilities provided by information technology enable the society, especially costumers, to make transactions at their workplace or home. Such demands make producers and companies feel the need to apply e-commerce their business. This research aims to give information about the expertise, independence, and professional skill of the internal auditors in preventing fraud on e-commerce transactions. This research applies Miles and Huberman model with three activities in the data analysis, such as: data reduction, data model, and conclusion withdrawal. This research uses qualitative research with a case study at PT KeretaApi Indonesia (Persero). The result obtained from this research shows that the audit process of e-commerce at PT KeretaApi Indonesia (Persero) is entirely conducted by the Internal Auditors in IT Unit, because IT Unit has its own Team of Auditors outside the SPI Unit (Internal Auditor Unit) of PT KeretaApi Indonesia (Persero).
Predicting soil temperature by applying atmosphere general circulation data in west Iran
Authors: Maryanaji Zohreh , Merrikhpour Hajar , Abbasi Hamed
Published: February 2017

The main objective of this study is to develop a general methodology for predicting soil temperature based on general circulation data. To meet this demand, we used temperature data that can be profitably used to predict soil temperature in a period of 20 years. Accordingly, air temperature data were downscaled to 2016–2025 based on LARS-WG data. The obtained results indicated that the model has precisely predicted minimal and maximal temperatures. According to the results, the best correlation methods are S, cubic, and quadratic. To investigate soil temperature changes, the predicted data were classified and categorized into two separate decades (2016–2025 and 2026–2035). The results showed that air temperature increases to 1 °C and 1.2 °C in the first decade (2016–2025) and the second decade (2026–2035), respectively, but varies in different regions. The predicted air temperature is lower in the eastern part of the region. In the central region, air and soil temperatures are predicted to be greater than that of other regions. It should also be mentioned that a variety of temperature changes are related to the depth of soil.
Combined effect of Cr+6 and chelating agents on growth and Cr bioaccumulation in flood susceptible variety of rice Oryza sativa (L.) cv. Swarna
Authors: Mantry* Purnaprava , Patra Hemanta Kumar
Published: February 2017

Flood susceptible variety of Rice (Swarna) were grown in both water logged & water deficit condition. The experimental seedlings were treated with Cr+6 (10mg) and Cr+6 (50mg) both in the presence & in the absence of chelating agents (EDTA-Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid, SA-Salicylic Acid, CA-Citric Acid). The results showed that the enhancement of Cr bioavailability in plants occurs by supplementing Cr+6 with chelating agents. This clearly depicts that the role of chelating agents increases the toxic effects of Cr+6 simultaneously increasing the rate of Cr accumulation in rice seedlings.
OS MODELOS MÉDICO E SOCIAL DE DEFICIÊNCIA A PARTIR DOS SIGNIFICADOS DE SEGREGAÇÃO E INCLUSÃO NOS DISCURSOS DE MICHEL FOUCAULT E DE MARTHA NUSSBAUM
Authors: Barbosa-Fohrmann Ana Paula
Published: February 2017

Neste artigo, serão abordados preliminarmente os significados de segregação (ou exclusão), integração e inclusão, a partir da interpretação de prescrições de documentos-chave internacionais. Num segundo momento, pretendemos extrapolar o âmbito de análise dogmático-jurídica e examinaremos os discursos de deficiência de Michel Foucault e de Martha Nussbaum. Michel Foucault, através da crítica histórica, lança seu olhar sobre o modelo médico de segregação ou exclusão, enquanto Martha Nussbaum, ao criticar a teoria moral de Kant e a de justiça procedimental de Rawls, propõe um modelo social mais inclusivo para as pessoas com deficiência. O modelo médico de integração não será discursivamente abordado aqui.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN IPA BERBASIS 4N (NENG, NING, NUNG, NANG) UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN PROSES BELAJAR FUNGSIONAL PESERTA DIDIK SMP
Authors: Fuadah Ainun , Djohar Djohar
Published: February 2017

The aims of this study are (1) to develop 4N concept from Ki Hajar Dewantara into 4N model of learning for science, (2) to investigate the quality of developed products, (3) to investigate the effect of 4N learning model for scinece learning to Tri Nga competencies, and (4) to investigate the implementation of the model.The study used 9 steps of research and development (R&D) model of Borg & Gall without taking the dissemination process.The results of the study are as follows. (1) The 4N concept was developed to become 4N model for science learning. (2) The Products are appropriate to use for teaching and learning process. (3) The 4N learning model can achieve a functional science learning: (a) the model can increase Tri Nga competencies. (b) Science learning using the 4N model achieves the KKM target, and (c) the 4N model gets good response from the students. (4) The 4N model is in well done category. Key words: learning model, 4N (neng-ning-nung-nang) concept, functional learning.
EVALUASI KESESUAIAN PERKULIAHAN MICROTEACHING PENDIDIKAN FISIKA TERHADAP KKNI DI UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Fuady Arina Izataki , Prasetyo Zuhdan Kun
Published: February 2017

Evaluation of suitability evaluation of physics education microteachig class to KKNI in Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University was done by stake model with quantitave descriptive analysis. Based on data analysis indicate that (1) the suitability of planning class to the achievement of KKNI Level 6 phisics education at 45.45% ( enough categorized); (2) the suitability of the implementation of class held on the achievement KKNI Level 6 physics education viewed through the achievement of the student's ability to KKNI Level 6 at 75.34% (very well categorized) and the role of the lecturer to the achievement of the students ability to KKNI Level 6 amounting to 55.01% (enough categorized); and (3) the conformity assessment of the achievement of the lecturers do KKNI Level 6 physical education by 72.73% (well categorized).
PENYUSUNAN PANDUAN EDUTOURISM HUTAN WISATA TLOGO NIRMOLO GUNA MEMUNCULKAN KARAKTER PESERTA DIDIK KELAS X
Authors: Ma’rifah Destri Ratna , Suryadarma I Gusti Putu
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menghasilkan panduan pembelajaran yang layak digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber belajar biologi di tinjau dari aspek materi/isi, penyajian, kebahasaan, dan kegrafisan; (2) mengetahui keefektifan panduan dalam memunculkan karakter positif peserta didik (bersahabat/komunikatif, tanggung jawab, dan peduli lingkungan) selama kegiatan; dan (3) mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman peserta didik pada materi keanekaragaman lichen dan tumbuhan paku serta lingkungannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan dengan model 4D (define, design, develop, disseminate). Data hasil penilaian panduan, keterlaksanaan kegiatan, dan kemunculan indikator karakter peserta didik dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Saran pengembangan produk dan saran untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Data skor pemahaman dinalaisis dengan teknik gain score. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) panduan belajar layak digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber belajar biologi ditinjau dari aspek materi/isi, penyajian, kebahasaan, dan kegrafisan; (2) panduan belajar secara efektif memunculkan karakter peserta didik (bersahabat/komunikatif, tanggung jawab, dan peduli lingkungan) selama berkegiatan; dan (3) panduan belajar dapat meningkatkan pemahaman peserta didik pada materi keanekaragaman lichen dan tumbuhan paku serta lingkungannya. Kata kunci: panduan, edutourism   DEVELOPING EDUTOURISM GUIDES HUTAN WISATA TLOGO NIRMOLO TO ACTUALIZE STUDENT CHARACTER OF GRADE X Abstract This study aims to: (1) developing a suitable learning guides which used as an alternative source of learning biology in terms of the material/content, presentation, linguistic, and graphics components; (2) determine the effectiveness of the guides in eliciting positive behavior of students (friendly/communicative, responsibility, and care for the environment) during activities; and (3) determine student’s improvement understanding of diversity of lichen and ferns as well as the environment. This study is a research and development with the 4D model (define, design, develop, disseminate). Data assessment the guides, activities enforceability, and the actualization of a character indicator learners analyzed quantitatively. Product development advice and suggestions for the implementation of analyzed qualitatively. The results show that: (1) the learning guides was considered very good in terms of material/content, presentation, linguistics, and graphics components; (2) during the activities, learners could actualize character of friendly/communicative, responsible, and care for the environment very positively; and (3) the learning guides could improve learner’s understanding of biodiversity of lichen and fern as well as its surroundings. Keywords: the leraning guides, edutourism
PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA
Authors: Sari Dwi Septiana , Sugiyarto Kristian Handoyo
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengembangkan multimedia berbasis masalah dengan materi redoks, (2) menganalisis kualitas multimedia berbasis masalah, serta (3) menguji keefektifan multimedia berbasis masalah dalam meningkatkan motivasi belajar dan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian dan pengembangan berdasarkan model Borg & Gall. Subjek uji coba dalam penelitian ini meliputi peserta didik kelas X SMA Negeri 6 Yogyakarta. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket untuk validasi media, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, lembar observasi motivasi belajar, angket motivasi belajar, dan tes kemampuan berpikir kritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pengembangan multimedia berbasis masalah materi redoks dilaksanakan sesuai dengan prosedur pengembangan, (2) secara umum kualitas multimedia berbasis masalah termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik, dan (3) multimedia berbasis masalah efektif untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar dan kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada pembelajaran materi redoks. Kata kunci: multimedia berbasis masalah, motivasi belajar, kemampuan berpikir kritis.   DEVELOPING MULTIMEDIA BASED ON PROBLEM TO INCREASE STUDENT’S LEARNING MOTIVATION AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILL Abstract The aims of this research are (1) developing the multimedia based on problem in redox’s chapter, (2) analysing the quality of multimedia based on problem, and (3) testing the effectiveness of multimedia based on problem in increasing student’s learning motivation and critical thinking skill. This research used Borg & Gall research and development’s model. The subject of the research is the grade X students of SMA Negeri 6 Yogyakarta. The data were collected by using media validation’s questionnaire, learning process observation sheet, learning motivation’s questionnaire and obser-vation sheet, and critical thinking skill’s test. The results of the research show that (1) the development of multimedia based on problem in redox’s chapter is done based on the development procedure, (2) generally, the quality of multimedia which has been developed can be categorized as very good; and (3) the multimedia based on problem is effective to increase student’s learning motivation and critical thinking skill in redox’s chapter. Keywords: multimedia based on problem, learning motivation, critical thinking skill
FRONT MATTER (Cover, Editorial Board, Foreward of Chairperson, Table of Contents)
Authors: - -
Published: February 2017

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Pengembangan SSP kimia berbasis pendidikan berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan literasi kimia dan kesadaran terhadap lingkungan
Authors: Perkasa Magfirah , Aznam Nurfina
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengembangan, kelayakan dan efektifitas SSP kimia berbasis pendidikan berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan literasi kimia dan kesadaran terhadap lingkungan peserta didik SMA. Model pengembangan diadaptasi dari model Dick & Carey dengan subjek coba produk pada peserta didik kelas X SMA Negeri 11 Yogyakarta. Instrumen pengumpulan data meliputi lembar validasi, tes literasi kimia berformat benar-salah beralasan, lembar penilaian diri dan lembar penilaian antar teman terkait kesadaran terhadap lingkungan. SSP kimia divalidasi secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) SSP kimia berbasis pendidikan berkelanjutan yang dikembangkan memiliki karakteristik yang meliputi pengembangan melalui model experiential learning pada materi hidrokarbon dan indikator literasi kimia maupun kesadaran terhadap lingkungan diadaptasi dari framework PISA 2015; serta (2) SSP kimia yang dikembangkan layak digunakan dengan kategori sangat baik serta efektif untuk meningkatkan literasi kimia dan kesadaran terhadap lingkungan peserta didik SMA berdasarkan uji Kruskal-Wallis.Kata Kunci: SSP, pendidikan berkelanjutan, experiential learning, literasi kimia, kesadaran terhadap lingkungan Developing a Chemistry Subject Specific Pedagogy Based on Sustainability Education to Enhance Chemical Literacy and Environmental Awareness AbstractThe study aims to reveal the developing, the appropriateness and the effectiveness of a chemistry subject specific pedagogy based on sustainability education to enhance chemical literacy and environmental awareness of senior high school students. Developing model adapted from Dick & Carey and the trial of this research product was conducted at SMA Negeri 11 Yogyakarta grade 10th students. The instruments for data collection included validation instrument, a true-false reasoning chemical literacy test, environmental awareness self assessment and peer assessment. The product was validated as qualitative and quatitative validation. The results of research shows: (1) the features of chemistry subject specific pedagogy based on sustainability education is using experiential learning was taught to hydrocarbons and the indicators for chemical literacy test and environmental awareness adapted from framework PISA 2015; and (2) the chemistry subject specific pedagogy based on sustainability education is valid to use with very good category and effective to enhance chemical literacy and environmental awareness based on Kruskal-Wallis test.Keywords: subject specific pedagogy, sustainability education, experiential learning, chemical literacy, environmental awareness.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and Clinical Outcomes after Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Chen Yung-Tai , Chen Hung-Ta , Hsu Chien-Yi , Chao Pei-Wen , Kuo Shu-Chen , Ou Shuo-Ming , Shih Chia-Jen
Published: February 2017

Background and objectives

We aimed to investigate the benefits and risks of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after coronary drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A nested case-control analysis of patients on hemodialysis after receipt of DES and DAPT treatment was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database for the period 2007–2011. Cases of myocardial infarction or death within 1 year after DES implantation were matched one-to-one with control patients. Odds ratios were calculated to compare DAPT continuation with discontinuation. Additionally, a propensity score–adjusted 6-month landmark cohort analysis was also conducted to evaluate the long-term benefits and risks of prolonged (>6 months) compared with ≤6 months of DAPT use. The primary outcomes were death and myocardial infarction. The secondary outcomes were ischemic stroke, revascularization, and major bleeding.

Results

In the nested case-control analysis, patients who continued DAPT had a lower rate of death or myocardial infarction within 1 year after receipt of a DES (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.81; P=0.003), whereas this association became statistically nonsignificant when compared with patients who discontinued DAPT for the period between 6 and 12 months after receipt of a DES (adjusted odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 3.04). In the propensity score–adjusted cohort analysis, >6 months of DAPT use was not associated with different primary or secondary outcomes than shorter-term use.

Conclusions

Our findings support that the clinical effectiveness of extended DAPT in a hemodialysis population may be tempered after 6 months post-DES implantation.
POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS OF LEUCAS ASPERA USING IN VITRO MODELS
Authors: S. Tahareen , R. Shwetha , D. Myrene R.
Published: February 2017

Objective: To evaluate the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaves of Leucas aspera (Thumbae).

Methods: Phytochemical screening of the leaves of L. aspera was followed by analysis of antioxidant activity by means of DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. In vitro anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using lipoxygenase inhibition, albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity at different concentrations. Aspirin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti‐inflammatory activity. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 value. The zone of inhibition was performed against common pathogens to determine the antimicrobial activity at different concentrations of plant extracts (60%, 70%, 80%).

Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, amino acid, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, xanthoproteins, and phenols. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 2.25±0.04 mg GAE/g (gallic acid equivalents) and 1.2±0.05 mg QE/g (Quercetin equivalents) of fresh weight tissue respectively. The IC50 values for hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were found to be 244.6 µg/ml. The extract inhibited the lipoxygenase enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 356.3 µg/ml. Maximum inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation of 69% was observed at 400 μg/ml, IC50 249.6 μg/ml. Proteinase activity was also significantly inhibited (IC50 = 421.6 μg/ml). Membrane stabilization assay attributed minor protection by the leaf extract with an IC50 of 206.7. It was observed that E. coli were inhibited at all concentrations, followed by Klebsiella and Pseudomonas.

Conclusion: Results indicate that L. aspera possess anti-inflammatory properties due to the strong occurrence of polyphenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids that serve as free radical inhibitors or scavenger. Compounds of the plant L. aspera may hence be used as lead compounds for designing potent anti-inflammatory drug which can be used for treatment of various diseases.

 
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL DRUG–DRUG INTERACTION IN STROKE PATIENTS
Authors: N. Venkateswaramurthy , K Krishnaveni , R. Mercy Freeda , R. Sambath Kumar
Published: February 2017

Objective: To assess the incidence and pattern of potential drug-drug interaction (pDDI) in hospitalized stroke patients.

Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in a medical record from a tertiary care teaching hospital for a 4 mo period from November 2015-February 2016. The total of 200 prescriptions was analyzed during the study period.

Results: A significant proportion of patients with pDDIs were males (61.5%) followed by females (38.5%). Among the 200 prescriptions, 179(89.5%) were confirmed with minimum one potential drug-drug interaction. Moreover, patients prescribed with more than 5 drugs developed a higher number of interactions. Based on severity scale, there were 125 major, 375 moderate and 128 minor interactions were observed. The pharmacodynamic interactions were 286 while the pharmacokinetic were 342.

Conclusion: The study highlighted the pDDIs which were high in stroke patients greater than 40 y. pDDIs in prescriptions contained multi-drug therapy is a major concern as such interaction may lead to increased risk of hospitalization and higher health care cost. The majority of interactions were pharmacokinetic in nature, having moderate severity. In this study pDDIs mainly occurred between antihypertensive, anticoagulants and antiplatelet.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT OF TAMUS COMMUNIS L. ROOTS
Authors: Fatima Zerargui , Abderrahmane Baghiani , Seddik Khennouf , Lekhmici Arrar
Published: February 2017

Object: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Tamus communis L. (T .communis) roots. This plant is used in folk medicine in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and lumbago.

Methods: The extraction of polyphenols has been followed by the determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids. The methanol extract (MeOHE) was chromatographied on a silica gel column. The column was eluted with chloroform and then with chloroform /methanol mixtures of increasing polarity, 6 main fractions (FI--FVI)) were collected and grouped according to their TLC (Thin layer chromatography). Several methods were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity such as DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy), bleaching of β-carotene for 24 hours, lipid peroxidation and anti-hemolytic activity. An in vivo approach was carried out on mice treated with CE (crud extract) at a dose of 100 mg / Kg / day for 21 consecutive days, and one group was treated with vitamin C (Vit C 50 mg/kg) as a standard drug. To determine the improvement of antioxidant potential, basic biochemical parameters were used in tissue (liver), plasma and whole blood.

Results: The results showed that the highest level of polyphenols was recorded in FII (73.143±0.009 mg GA-Eq/g extract (Gallic Acid Equivalent)) / g of extract) followed by MeOHE (69.786±0.10 mg GA-Eq/g extract). Total flavonoid contents of extracts / fractions showed that MeOHE contains the highest level. Inhibition of DPPH radical showed that MeOHE (0.1187 ± 0.025 mg / ml) and CE (0.2363 ± 0.019 mg / ml) have the most efficient antioxidant activity.  All the extracts were capable of inhibiting the bleaching of β-carotene by scavenging linoleate derived free radicals, and all the studied extracts have a very important antihemolytic activity (p<0.001) and revealed an extension of hemolysis half time from 70.34±2.15 min of CTL (AAPH (2,2-azo- bis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride)) and 207 ± 5.65 min for FI. The in vivo assay was

exhibited a significant decrease (54.09%) of the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and increased glutathione (GSH) and catalase (47.30% and 46.87% respectively).

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the extract obtained from T.  communis have active substances contributing to the increase in natural antioxidant potential.
A REVIEW OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Al-orry Waleed , Arahou Moustapha , Hassikou Rachida , Mennane Zakaria
Published: February 2017

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease affect human and animal. The diagnosis is challenging due to none specific clinical features, lack of awareness and poor access to health care. Therefore the disease becomes underreported. Early diagnosis is essential because antibiotic treatment is most effective when it is initiated early. However, laboratories tests for early diagnosis still lacking. The disease may be demonstrated by direct or indirect methods. Direct methods are the detection of the organism or its components and indirect methods are the detection of specific antibodies of the organism. This review highlights the major diagnostic techniques in leptospirosis with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the treatment. The search criteria focused on the thesis we obtained and searching in the websites (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and LibGen, etc.) using the keywords: leptospirosis, leptospira, zoonotic diseases, PCR, Elisa, MAT, SAT, Darkfield microscopic, leptospirosis diagnostic, leptospira treatment, Doxycycline and tropical diseases.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BACOPA MONNIERI
Authors: Parveen Romana , Shamsi Tooba Naz , Kumar Himanshu , Fatima Sadaf
Published: February 2017

Objective: The present study was designed to identify the phytocompounds, to compare the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous and methanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri.

Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Super oxide dismutase (SOD), Reduced glutathione (GSH), Catalase assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured with inhibition of albumin denaturation and trypsin inhibitory assay. Finally, extracts were tested against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains by broth dilution assay and disc diffusion assay respectively.

Results: Results showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, quinines and glycosides etc while steroids and carboxylic acid were absent. The extracts demonstrated free radical-scavenging activity quite comparable with standard ascorbic acid. Methanolic extract exerted comparative higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than aqueous extract. Both extracts were most effective against Bacillus subtilis and lowest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion: The results obtained clearly indicated a promising potential of B. monnieri for serving as a strong ROS scavenger, might be used as anti-arthritic and strong natural antibiotic agent for effective treatment of various oxidative stressed disorders (cancer, cardiovascular diseases), inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis) and various bacterial infections.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS CHEMOTHERAPY: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATIONS
Authors: Ghosh Pallab , Mondal Subhasish , Bera Tanmoy
Published: February 2017

Objective: To overcome low physiological solubility, poor bioavailability, the short plasma half-life of andrographolide (AG), a delivery system based on poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed to increase the efficiency of AG against visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

Methods: Andrographolide-PLGA nanoparticles (AGnp) were prepared with Pgp efflux inhibitor vitamin E TPGS (D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) by emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized. Antileishmanial activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo VL infection model.

Results: The particle size of AGnp was found to be171.4±11.5 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 81%. The AGnp reduced AG cellular toxicity, retained it's in vitro antileishmanial activity and lead to a reduction (99.9%) of parasite burden in the Leishmania donovani infected spleen and liver. AGnp was more active in infected mice liver at low dose than in spleen. Therapeutic indexes (TI) were 6.9-fold greater in AG and 68-fold in AGnp compared to amphotericin B (AmB) when evaluated in L. donovani infected spleen.

Conclusion: Incorporation of AG in PLGA nanoparticles, provided controlled and improved in vivo performance against VL
DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO METHODOLOGIES FOR INHIBITION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA BY POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS SPS; AN EVIDENCE FOR PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: C. Prabhurajeshwar , R. Kelmani Chandrakanth
Published: February 2017

Objective: Probiotic products consist of specific strains of live bacteria that have potentially favorable health effects. A number of studies provide evidence that milk products with probiotics may be beneficial for digestive health and may improve various digestive problems. The purpose of the present study was to investigate Lactobacillus species with potential activities isolated from different cheese samples of local market.

Methods: A total 42 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated, fourteen (14/42) best Lactobacillus isolates were selected by preliminary screening as potential probiotics with antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. All the fourteen Lactobacillus isolates were then characterized in vitro for their probiotic features and antimicrobial activities against pathogens.

Results: The results noticed that all selected Lactobacillus isolates (CH3, CH4 and CH6) were screened and confirmed as Lactobacillus. The isolates were able to grow at different pH, NaCl and bile salts, also exhibited the best antimicrobial activities against pathogens. All the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics used and isolates were also revealed the noticeable aggregation and hydrophobicity studies.

Conclusion: Selected Lactobacillus isolates were considered as ideal, effective probiotic bacteria. Thus, they could be examined further and contribute to preventing and controlling several infections associated with intestine and for human health benefits.
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF PRESCRIBING ERRORS IN SAUDI ARABIA: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
Authors: Alhomoud Farah Kais , Alnemari Walaa , Alfahmi Hadeel , Alhomoud Faten , Cheema Ejaz
Published: February 2017

Objective: The increased incidence of prescribing errors has become a major health problem and is a concern for healthcare authorities across the world due to its serious medical consequences for patients. However, very little is known about prescribing errors in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this review aims to systematically review the studies that have assessed the incidence and prevalence of prescribing errors in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature related to prescribing errors among adults in Saudi Arabia was limited by the period from January 2005 up to April 2016, using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science. The search strategy included studies conducted among adults 18 or over; in primary or secondary care in Saudi Arabia; that assessed handwritten prescriptions by junior or senior doctors; and that were published in the English language only. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a 13-item quality assessment tool adopted from two previous studies.

Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of the included studies was variable. Error rates varied from 7.1% to 94% for prescribing. The median error rate interquartile range (IQR) was as high as 32% (7.1-49%). Duration of the studies ranged from one day to two years. The studies included data on 259,055 prescription orders, with a number of prescription orders assessed in the studies ranging from 1582 to 240,000. The most common types of prescribing errors reported were attributed to incorrect dosage followed by incorrect strength and incorrect duration of treatment.

Conclusion: This review suggests the need to improve the prescribing skills and knowledge of prescribers in Saudi Arabia through the introduction of educational and training programmes with the aim of reducing prescribing errors.
NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF NOVEL CUR-CA-THIONE AND ITS OXIDATIVE STRESS STUDY
Authors: Shelat Devang Y , Acharya Sanjeev R
Published: February 2017

Objective: Alzheimer’s disease a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affected by the formation of amyloid beta and tau proteins. Medicinal plants have been proved significantly for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity that might help in treating neurological disorders. Curcumin has been hugely studied in the treatment of various ailments but its water solubility and bioavailability is still a concern but we have tried to exterminate the problem by our formulation CUR-CA-THIONE. Now, we have expanded the study of CUR-CA-THIONE for its neuroprotective estimation by evaluating behavioral, biochemical and histopathological assessment in rats.

Methods: Wistar rats of either sex (M/F: 25-350g; 350-450 g) were selected for study and divided into 8 groups. All animals except NC were given aluminum chloride via oral route throughout the study period (30 d) while group 3-8 received treatment one-hour post aluminum chloride induction from 15th day to 30th day. One week prior to the start of the experiment all animals were given training for behavioral assessment through y-maze and morris water maze with the weekly assessment. On 30th-day post completion of study rat brain was isolated to study biochemical and histopathological examination.

Results: The results of the behavioral assessment in CUR-CA-THIONE complex showed an increase in total arm entries in Y-maze and decrease in time duration for morris water maze test. A significant (p<0.01) decrease in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholine and total protein levels in formulations while significant (p<0.01) increase in glutathione and catalase level was observed.

Conclusion: The given formulation shows that curcumin-casein-glutathione complex shows potential action as a neuroprotective effect.

 
BOTANICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS MAXIMA (BURM.) MERRILL. F. RUTACEAE
Authors: Sedeek Mohammed S. , Kirollos Farid N. , Michel Camilia G. , Kawy Mostafa A. Abdel
Published: February 2017

Objective: Total investigation of the macro-and micromorphological features of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill. In addition, DNA fingerprinting in this study was to estimate genetic polymorphism and relationships with another citrus viz: Citrus paradise and Citrus sinensis based on RAPD and ISSR markers.

Methods: For the establishment of macro-and micromorphological investigation and genetic estimation, this study presents a total investigation of the macro-and micromorphological features of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of the plants through microscopical investigation of the prepared entire, transverse sections and powdered forms of different organs under study. Furthermore, the DNA of the three plants was extracted from leaf samples and two types of DNA markers RAPD and ISSR were assayed.

Results: Macro-and micromorphological features of different organs were investigated. On the other hand Genetic polymorphism and relationships among Citrus maxima, Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis was revealed. The highest genetic similarity was between Citrus maxima and Citrus paradisi while the lowest similarity was between Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis as revealed by RAPD, ISSR and combined data.

Conclusion: For the present study, macro and micro-morphological characters, as well as, DNA fingerprinting can be considered as the identifying parameters for authentication of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill.
EVALUATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT FROM RIND OF NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM FRUIT
Authors: Shrestha Priyanka , Handral Mukund
Published: February 2017

Objective: Nephelium lappaceum Linn (Sapindaceae), also known as Rambutan is a tropical fruit native to Malaysia. The rind of Rambutan, which is normally discarded, has been used in the present research work to explore the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract and also its protective effect against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced immunosuppression.

Methods: The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried by testing the humoral (Haemagglutination antibody titre (HA) model), cell-mediated immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity reaction model), haematological parameters, carbon clearance assay (phagocytic index), organ index (spleen and thymus) and histopathological study of mice thymus.

Results: Administration of the ethanolic extract significantly increased the antibody titre and DTH response in response to sheep red blood cells when compared to normal control and CP control group. There was a prominent increase in the WBC count, spleen index, thymus index and the phagocytic index in immune suppressed group treated with ethanolic extract of Nephelium lappaceum rind compared to the immune suppressed control group.

Conclusion: The result suggests that the ethanolic extract has the potential to modulate the immune system as well has a protective effect against CP-induced immune suppression.
AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF VANILLIN AGAINST METRIBUZIN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Kadeche Lilia , Bourogaa Ezzeddine , Saoudi Mongi , Boumendjel Amel , Djeffal Assia , Feki Abdelfattah El , Messarah Mahfoud
Published: February 2017

Objective: Vanillin (Va), a phenolic substance is a natural antioxidant with proven free radical scavenging activity and offers protection against oxidative damage. This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of Va against metribuzin (Mtz) pesticide-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rats.

Methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups: control, vanillin (Va), metribuzin (Mtz) and metribuzin plus vanillin (Mtz+Va). Metribuzin (133.33 mg/kg, 1/20 LD50) was given to rats through their drinking water. Vanillin was supplemented (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for three weeks. At the end of experiments, various haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated. Antioxidant defence systems as GPx enzyme activities, GSH and MDA contents were determined in tissues as the indicators of oxidative stress.

Results: Compared with the control, a significant decrease in the levels of red blood cells (p≤0.05), haemoglobin (p≤0.003) and hematocrit (p≤0.02) were noticed in the metribuzin-exposed group. The biochemical evaluation showed significantly higher values (p≤0.0001) for glucose, urea, creatinine and bilirubin. Also, Mtz treatment caused significant perturbations in lipids profile as plasma levels of total cholesterol (p≤0.0001) and triglycerides (p≤0.004). MDA levels increased in all the tissues of rats exposed to Mtz whereas the fluctuation in GPX enzyme activities and GSH levels were observed compared with controls. However, treatment with vanillin significantly normalised haematological profiles, serum biochemical profile and modulated all the oxidative stress parameters.

Conclusion: The use of vanillin appeared to be beneficial to rats, to a great extent in attenuating and restoring the damage sustained by metribuzin exposure.
NOVEL UMBELLIFERONE PHYTOSOMES: DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN APPROACH AND EVALUATION OF PHOTO-PROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: Ittadwar Parul A. , Puranik Prashant K.
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a novel formulation (Phytosome) of umbelliferone with phospholipid for improved permeability, solubility and hence better pharmacological action.

Methods: The phytosomal complex was prepared by using solvent evaporation method and optimised by applying the Box-Behnken design on the basis of complexation rate and partition coefficient. The formation of phytosomes was confirmed by FTIR, DSC, SEM, XRD, HPTLC and NMR by comparing the results of the complex with the drug. The photoprotective potential of complex against UV-exposure was evaluated in rats and compared with the drug by incorporating it in a gel and estimating the antioxidant enzymes in skin namely reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation and catalase.

Results: The crystalline drug was completely converted to amorphous complex. The complex showed a good practical yield, drug content and particle size was in the range. The solubility of the complex was determined by partition coefficient method and was found to be better than the drug. The ex vivo and in-vitro permeation of the complex showed improved permeation for complex than the drug. The in vitro antioxidant activity of complex was evaluated by DPPH and ferrozine antioxidant assay and was better than the drug. The photoprotective action of the complex was found to be better than drug on the basis of the content of antioxidant enzymes estimated in the skin.
Conclusion: The phytosomal complex was found to show better solubility in the water phase and oil phase, better permeation, better antioxidant activity and a better photo-protective activity when compared to umbelliferone.
EFFICACY OF MICRODOSES POTENTIZED HOMEOPATHIC DRUG, ARSENICUM ALBUM INDUCED BY ARSENIC TRIOXIDE IN ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO)-A FTIR STUDY IN GILLS
Authors: Velu Vijay , Uthandakalaipandian Ramesh
Published: February 2017

Objective: Arsenic, one of the major natural as well as anthropogenic pollutant produces biochemical changes in the organs of animals due to its potential toxicity. Arsenic is toxic to fish and may be taken through gills and skin. In the current work, arsenic trioxide-treated fishes were prescribed with potentized homoeopathic drug, ars alb 30C, and ars alb 200C. The biochemical contents in exposed gill tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Methods: The acclimatised fish were treated with arsenic trioxide and LC50 was calculated. Along with arsenic trioxide, the homoeopathic drug ars alb 30C and ars alb 200C were given three drops per litre. After a period of 7 and 14 d, the gills of exposed fish were dissected. The samples were lyophilized and analysed in FTIR.

Results: In arsenic exposed fish, the amine N-H stretch was different when compared to the control and the treated different potencies of ars alb 30C and 200C respectively at 7days. Whereas at 14 d the arsenic exposed fish the amine N-H stretch was drastically reduced. Notably, in treating different potencies of ars alb 30C and 200C, the amine N-H stretch was increased.

Conclusion: It was found that the higher the potency that is ars alb 200C was more effective against Arsenic toxicity. It shows higher dilution may be efficacious.
ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF REPRODUCTIVE AGED TRIBAL WOMEN ON FAMILY WELFARE METHODS
Authors: Missiriya Sahbanathul , Priya Mohana , G. Pavithra , G. Pavithran , K. Priyanka , R. Sandhiya
Published: February 2017

Objective: Family welfare program has met with only marginal success due to different levels of awareness and acceptance of methods of family planning in various socioeconomic groups. Unmet needs of family planning are more in tribal population of the country. With this background the study was done to assess the knowledge and practice of family welfare methods among tribal women and to associate the knowledge of family welfare methods with the selected demographic variables.

Methods: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Reproductive aged women of 15-45 y were selected by convenient sampling method in the tribal area of Jawadhu hills.

Results: Among 200 women, 188 (94%) of them had inadequate knowledge, 12(6%) had moderate and none of them had adequate knowledge and practice of family welfare methods. There was no significant association between the knowledge and practice of the family welfare methods and the selected demographic variables such as age, educational status and education of her husband, religion, occupation, income, number of living children as well as source of family welfare information.

Conclusion: Use of contraceptive methods among tribal population is influenced by various factors. Health care provider should find the unmet needs of the individual tribal women before motivating them to adopt any suitable family planning methods to reduce the maternal complications.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF VITAMIN D3 ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR CHRONIC ASTHMA IN IRAQI PATIENTS
Authors: Abbas Rasha Saadi , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Shafek Mostafa Abdalfatah
Published: February 2017

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in Iraqi patients with chronic asthma.

Methods: Forty-four candidate patients were diagnosed with asthma during their visit to hospital allocated as 20 patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma and 24 patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma plus 2000 I. U vitamin D3 tablet for three months period. Also, 30 apparently healthy subjects were included in the study as a control group. Pulmonary function test, serum 25-OH vitamin D levels, serum Interlukin-10 (IL-10) levels, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured before and after three months therapy.

Results: After three months treatment, there was a highly significant improvement in both measured and percentage of predicted value of pulmonary function test (PFT) compared to the pre-treatment value for both group 1 and group 2 patients (p<0.01). Also, a highly significant increase in total endogenous vitamin D level in group 2 when compared to group 1 patients after three months period (p<0.01). Group 2 patients presented with a significant increase in mean IL-10 after three months of treatment when compared to pre-treatment level (p<0.05). The mean TNF-α level was increased non-significantly in both study groups, but the higher level was found in group 1 patients than in group 2 patients when compared to pre-treatment level (p>0.05).

Conclusion: There was a significant increase in the level of anti-inflammatory biomarker interleukin-10 (IL-10), though no clear effect on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was noticed after three months treatment with vitamin D3 supplementation.