bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular Adaptation to Morphine in Rats
Authors: Takemori A. E.
Published: October 2006

The respiration of KCl-stimulated cortical slices of brain from control rats is markedly depressed by morphine, whereas the respiration of those from rats chronically dosed with morphine is unaffected. The results demonstrate an adaptation to morphine at the cellular level which is concomitant with the adaptation of the whole animal to morphine.
X-rays Affect the Incorporation of 5-Iododeoxyuridine into Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Gitlin David , Commerford S. Lewis , Amsterdam Ezra , Hughes Walter L.
Published: October 2006

When labeled with iodine-131, 5-iododeoxyuridine, an analogue of thymidine, is useful in estimating the effect of x-radiation on deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism. Although this compound is readily incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid in the absence of ionizing radiation, we find that whole-body exposure to as little as 10 r will significantly inhibit its incorporation.
Fallout Radioactivity in Cattle and Its Effects
Authors: Van Dilla M. A. , Farmer G. R. , Bohman V. R.
Published: October 2006

The levels of strontium-90 and cesium-137 in cattle grazed on the Nevada Test Site and elsewhere in Nevada are similar to those in cattle from other parts of the country. Gastrointestinal absorption of the relatively large amounts of radioactive cerium-praseodymium, ruthenium-rhodium, and zirconium-niobium present in the rumina is very small. Zinc-65 made its first appearance in samples of muscle and liver in November 1958 and has persisted in later samplings. There has been no evidence of biological damage to date, either histologically or grossly.
Nutritional Value of Chemically Modified Corn Starches
Authors: Whistler Roy L. , Belfort Alan M.
Published: October 2006

Male and female weanling rats were fed daily 5 g of a balanced diet supplemented with 1 or 2 g of corn starch, oxidized corn starch, corn starch phosphate, or hydroxyethyl corn starch. Commercially modified corn starches produced the same weight gain as normal corn starch during 21 days of feeding. In contrast to commercial starches, a very highly oxidized laboratory-prepared starch produced a lower weight gain during the same period.
Transport of Oxygen through Hemoglobin Solutions
Authors: Wang Jui H.
Published: October 2006

An expression is derived for the steady-state diffusion rate of oxygen through a solution or suspension of oxygen-carrying particles. Several special cases of interest are discussed and compared with the data of Hemmingsen and Scholander. Their observed dependence of the rate of specific oxygen transport on pressure and
p
H is consistent with the present expression.
Clay Mineral Composition of Sediments in Some Desert Lakes in Nevada, California, and Oregon
Authors: Droste John B.
Published: October 2006

X-ray analyses of some Recent desert lacustrine sediments in Nevada, California, and Oregon show that illite and montmorillonite are the most abundant clay minerals and that chlorite and kaolinite are present in subordinate amounts in the sediments of many of the lakes. These clay suites are derived from source rocks.
Isolation of Viruses from Children with Infectious Hepatitis
Authors: Davis Eldon V.
Published: October 2006

Cytopathologic agents were isolated from 14 of 22 Indian children involved in an outbreak of infectious hepatitis in Arizona. Isolation was made in a serially transplantable cell line originating from human embryonic lung. Efforts to identify these agents as known viruses, by utilizing standard techniques, have been unsuccessful.
Diageotropism in
Vanilla
Roots
Authors: Irvine James E. , Freyre Ruben H.
Published: October 2006

Diageotropic growth in the dark and geotropic growth in the light occurred in the roots of cuttings of three
Vanilla
species. The diageotropic response also occurred in far-red, red, orange, and green light, while positive geotropism resulted only if blue light was present.
Deamination of Adenine by Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Ponnamperuma Cyril , Lemmon R. M. , Bennett E. L. , Calvin Melvin
Published: October 2006

A small amount of hypoxanthine is formed when a solution of adenine is irradiated. This has been detected by using C
14
-labeled adenine and the techniques of paper chromatography and liquid-scintillation counting. The biological significance of this conversion is suggested.
Nonreinforced Trial Procedure for Probability Learning
Authors: Revusky S. H.
Published: October 2006

For rats in a T-maze, nonreinforced trials were interspersed with reinforced trials to insure that .67 of all reinforcements would be dispensed on the more frequently reinforced side. At asymptote, the proportion of responses to the more frequently reinforced side was .67.
Intracellular Study of Recurrent Facilitation
Authors: Wilson Victor J. , Burgess Paul R.
Published: October 2006

Recurrent facilitation in the cat's spinal cord has been studied in deep peroneal and quadriceps motoneurons with the use of intracellular recording. The presence of facilitation was indicated by several criteria, among them increased firing index of the cells or decreased latency of firing. In many, but not all, facilitated cells the conditioning volley caused a small visible depolarization. Subthreshold synaptic potentials were frequently increased in magnitude by the conditioning volley, which also increased the effectiveness of a stimulus applied through the microelectrode. Facilitation was found in a large percentage of the motoneurons investigated and was clearly able to bring about pronounced changes in the excitability and firing behavior of these cells.
Existence of Absorption Bands at 730-740 and 750-760 Millimicrons in Algae of Different Divisions
Authors: Govindjee  , Cederstrand Carl , Rabinowitch Eugene
Published: October 2006

Absorption studies, made on suspensions of
Anacystis nidulans
,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
, and
Porphyridium cruentum
by means of an integrating spectrophotometer, suggest the existence of pigments absorbing "extreme red" light in the 720- to 800-mμ region. In the bluegreen alga
Anacystis,
one pigment of this type exists, which produces a relatively strong absorption band at 750 mμ. In the green alga
Chlorella
and the red alga
Porphyridium
, two considerably weaker absorption bands appear, at 730 to 740 mμ and 750 to 760 mμ, which may be due to one or two pigments. These pigments must be responsible for the photoinhibition of photosynthesis observed in these algae in the same spectral region; as yet, no photoinhibition has been observed in
Anacystis
.
Pre-Columbian
Littorina littorea
in Nova Scotia
Authors: Clarke Arthur H. , Erskine John S.
Published: October 2006

Littorina littorea,
an abundant northeast North American gastropod, was thought to have been introduced from Europe about 1840. Shells of that species found in ancient Micmac Indian camp sites in Nova Scotia have been radiocarbon-dated as pre-Columbian. Failure of
L. littorrea
to extend its range southward before 1840 may have been due to oceanographic factors.
Foliar Retention of Strontium-90 by Wheat
Authors: Menzel Ronald G. , Myhre Donald L. , Roberts Howard
Published: October 2006

Wheat harvested from the University of Maryland Agronomy Farm in June 1959 contained 20 to 50 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per kilogram of grain. More than 90 percent of the strontium-90 came from deposition on aboveground plant parts, and less than 10 percent was taken up through the soil. About 1 to 2 percent of the strontium-90 fallout during the time the heads were exposed was retained in the grain.
Transmembrane Action Potentials from Smooth Muscle in Turtle Arteries and Veins
Authors: Roddie Ian C. , Kirk Samuel
Published: October 2006

Transmembrane potential and active tension were measured in isolated segments of turtle aorta and inferior vena cava. Changes in tension were associated with action potentials, but the potentials had a different pattern in the two tissues. When the frequency of the action potentials increased, the contractions summated, resulting in a steadily maintained contraction.
Translocation of Streptomycin from Coleus Leaves and Its Effect on Rhizosphere Bacteria
Authors: Davey C. B. , Papavizas G. C.
Published: October 2006

Autoradiographs showed that when streptomycin is applied to leaves of coleus plants (1000 to 3600 micrograms per plant) the antibiotic or some by-product is translocated laterally and downward. The translocated material does not alter rhizosphere microorganisms quantitatively. Gram-negative rhizosphere bacteria, however, are suppressed through the 8th day after treatment.
Myelin-Binding Antibodies in Experimental "Allergic" Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sherwin Allan L. , Richter Maxwell , Cosgrove James B. , Rose Bram
Published: October 2006

Antibodies with a specificity for myelin, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, are present in the sera of rabbits injected with spinal cord. These antibodies react with both adult rabbit and human spinal cord but not with unmyelinated areas of neonatal human spinal cord.
Effect of Estradiol on the Transfer Rate of Small Molecules into the Rat Uterus
Authors: Kalman Sumner M. , Lombrozo Margaret E. , Lavis Victor
Published: October 2006

The uterus-to-serum distribution ratio has been studied for urea-C
14
as a function of time, and for sucrose-C
14
at an early time after injection of the substance into rats. For both substances, estrogen influences the rate of passage between plasma and uterus.
Interocular Transfer of Pattern Discrimination without Prior Binocular Experience
Authors: McCleary Robert A. , Longfellow Layne A.
Published: October 2006

Interocular transfer of a learned, differential pattern discrimination, as measured by an avoidance response, occurs in the goldfish. Since the stimuli, both during training and testing, were always presented in the lateral or caudal visual field, the parts of a retina involved could not have participated in prior, binocular experience.
Humming: A Vocal Standard with a Diurnal Variation
Authors: Rubenstein Leonard
Published: October 2006

The process of humming can be used as a basal vocal measurement which can be repeatedly obtained with an accuracy comparable to that of other physiological variables. Studies have shown a diurnal fluctuation of the hum frequency. Data were collected by employing automatic telephone-answering equipment.
Ratio of Thorium-230 to Thorium-232 in Deep-Sea Sediments
Authors: Koczy F. F.
Published: October 2006

The ionium-thorium method for age determination in deep-sea sediments is critically reviewed, and its shortcomings are discussed. A method that allows an estimate of the rate of sedimentation in the superficial layer of the sediment is presented. A formula for calculating the error in age determination by the method is given for the case when the rate of sedimentation is changing and, with it, the rate of thorium-232 sedimentation.
Cerium-144 in Food
Authors: Nezu N. , Asano M. , Ouchi S.
Published: October 2006

Small amounts of cerium-144 have been found in samples of food and animal bone obtained from Ibaraki, Japan. The highest level of radioactivity was detected in clams (Schizimi,
Corbicura
sp.) harvested from Hinuma Marsh. In view of the widespread occurrence of cerium-144 in tested samples, it is assumed that the presence of this radionuclide is due to fallout.
Metallic Spherules in Tektites from Isabela, Philippine Islands
Authors: Chao E. C. T. , Adler Isidore , Dwornik Edward J. , Littler Janet
Published: October 2006

Iron-nickel spherules, as much as 0.5 mm in diameter, have been found completely embedded in some philippinites. The spherules consist mainly of kamacite with unidentified pink inclusions. The meteoritic origin of these spherules seems reasonable, suggesting that the tektites containing them were formed by asteroidal or meteoritic impact.
Decrease of Acetylcholinesterase Activity along Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Lubinska L. , Niemierko S. , Oderfeld B. , Szwarc L.
Published: October 2006

Acetylcholinesterase activity was examined in segments of some peripheral nerves anatomically accessible throughout their length. It decreases linearly with distance from cell bodies, the activity of the terminal part of the nerve being about 30 to 40 percent lower than that of its most proximal part.
Vertical Extension of Mid-Continent Leonardian Insect Occurrences
Authors: Tasch Paul
Published: October 2006

Two new Permian insect-bearing beds are reported. To date, these are geologically the oldest and youngest found in the Wellington formation of Kansas and Oklahoma. Altogether, six such beds are now known. When these beds are stratigraphically placed in relative elevation above the marine Herington limestone, they are found to recur at intervals of approximately 100 feet.
Intergeneric Relationships among Various Scorpion Venoms and Antivenins
Authors: Glenn William G. , Keegan H. L. , Whittemore F. W.
Published: October 2006

Several species of scorpions separated by geographical barriers have certain venom components in common. A study of the comparative venom-antivenin reactions by gel diffusion indicates an approach to the preparation of a polyvalent antivenin against scorpion stings.
Proprioceptive and Positional Cues in Solving Delayed-Response Problems
Authors: Orbach J.
Published: October 2006

Delayed-response performance of monkeys was unaffected by combined labyrinthectomy and section of the dorsal columns at C3. Superimposed frontal resections impaired performance and the ultimate recovery was attributed to a positioning cue.
Spatial Discontiguity in Monkeys with Lesions of the Frontal Cortex
Authors: French Gilbert M.
Published: October 2006

In learning a black-white discrimination response, the efficiency of rhesus monkeys with lesions of the anterior frontal cortex varies inversely with the spatial separation of the discriminative stimuli from the places of response and reward. Though there is a similar relationship in intact animals, impairment of learning due to discontiguity is greater in the animals with brain lesions.
Chlorpromazine Affects Permeability of Resting Cells of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Nathan Helene A. , Friedman Walter
Published: October 2006

Incubation of cell suspensions of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
with chlorpromazine increased the permeability of the cell membrane. This permeability change could be measured either biochemically by the increased entrance of a chelator or physically by change in light scattering.
Strike-Slip Displacement on Faults in Triassic Rocks in New Jersey
Authors: Sanders John E.
Published: October 2006

The Hopewell and Flemington faults in New Jersey are inferred to extend 10 to 15 miles or more farther north than their previously mapped northward limits. The Hopewell fault, previously known to show dip-slip displacement of 10,000 feet or more, is inferred to include as well a right-lateral strike-slip component of 12 miles on the basis of apparent displacement along its northern extension of the crestal traces of two partial anticlines which are held to be displaced segments of the same transverse structure, here called the Somerville anticline. An unknown amount of strike-slip displacement may have occurred also on the Flemington fault, if the apparent offset of the Ramapo fault at the northwestern border of the Triassic outcrop belt is explained as the result of displacement of a formerly continuous northeast-trending, southeast-dipping fault by a north-trending vertical extension of the Flemington fault.
Dehydrogenases of
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Tsao Makepeace U.
Published: October 2006

Malate, isocitrate, glucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases of the homogenate prepared from the mycelia of several wild strains of
Neurospora crassa
have been subjected to zone electrophoresis in starch gel. Four electrophoretically different malate dehydrogenases, a single isocitrate dehydrogenase, three glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, and two 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were obtained regardless of the strain or the media in which the organism was grown.
Appearance of Radioactivity in Mouse Cells after Administration of Labeled Macromolecular RNA
Authors: Schwarz M. Roy , Rieke William O.
Published: October 2006

Although various induced effects have been reported to follow administration of ribonucleic acid, direct evidence of cellular uptake has been lacking. Radioautographic evidence is presented of incorporation of label from radioactive macromolecular RNA presented to normal and neoplastic mouse cells. Although most of the label appeared in cellular RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid also was occasionally labeled. This suggested that at least partial degradation of the RNA occurred prior to or after incorporation.
Positive and Negative Reinforcement from Intracranial Stimulation of a Teleost
Authors: Boyd E. S. , Gardner L. C.
Published: October 2006

Tests in which an animal receives or avoids direct electrical stimulation of its brain according to its position in the tank as well as tests of free operant behavior demonstrate the existence of both positively and negatively rewarding areas in the brain of the goldfish.
Serotonin-like and Antiserotonin Properties of Psilocybin and Psilocin
Authors: Woolley D. W. , Campbell N. K.
Published: October 2006

These psychotomimetic analogs of serotonin act like this hormone in some tests and against it in others.
Inorganic Precipitation of Carbon in Productivity Experiments Utilizing Carbon-14
Authors: Goldman Charles R. , Mason David T.
Published: October 2006

In a series of experiments where iron was added to natural waters and photosynthesis was measured by the radiocarbon method, we found that inorganic precipitation of carbon-14, presumably by mechanisms of occlusive coprecipitation, resulted from additions of 100 or more micrograms of iron per liter. Low levels of iron and prefiltered controls are suggested as correction measures.
Histoplasma capsulatum
Isolated from Feather Pillow Associated with Histoplasmosis in an Infant
Authors: Campbell Charlotte C. , Hill Grace B. , Falgout Barney T.
Published: October 2006

Feathers from an old baby pillow yielded
Histoplasma capsulatum
in an epidemiologic study of histoplasmosis in an infant. Efforts to exclude other possible sources of infection, including blood donor and placental transmission, were exhaustive. Although histoplasmosis has long been associated with soils in avian habitats, the feather itself has not been implicated heretofore.
An Artifact in Plant Autoradiography
Authors: Levi E.
Published: October 2006

An artifact in autoradiography of bean plants containing phosphorus-32 is reported. It was shown that the apparent accumulation of isotope in primary leaves that were oven-dried prior to exposure to x-ray films was not metabolic but due to a drying gradient occurring within the leaf. This artifact disappears when autoradiographs are made of leaves that have been freeze-dried under vacuum.
Inhibition and Facilitation of Afferent Information by the Caudate Nucleus
Authors: Fox Stephen S. , O'Brien James H.
Published: October 2006

Stimulation of the caudate nucleus modifies inputs to the visual system of the cat. The modification of such sensory information is similar to the modification seen on stimulation of the thalamus and brain stem reticular formation. Preliminary stimulation of the caudate nucleus at different intervals prior to the afferent input may have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on both evoked potentials and unitary responses of the visual cortex.
Patterns of Gene Pleiotropy in Morphogenetic Processes
Authors: Sondhi K. C.
Published: October 2006

Selection for an increase and decrease in the expression of the ocelliless mutant in
Drosophila subobscura
, variable for the number of ocelli and bristles, has revealed the pleiotropic nature of the mutant. In addition to modifying a morphogenetic system responsible for the formation of ocelli and bristles, it also modifies another morphogenetic system determining the positions of these structures, at the extreme range of the mutant expression.
Theory of Homologous Sublattices and Intracrystalline Equilibria
Authors: Mueller R. F.
Published: October 2006

A method is presented by which the isothermal-isobaric distribution of certain atomic or ionic species among two sublattices of a crystal may be calculated from the heterogeneous exchange equilibria of the species between two coexisting crystalline phases, one of which is the crystal under investigation. The method depends on structural homologies between the crystals. Quantitative data on the distribution of Mg
2+
and Fe
2+
in the mineral cummingtonite are found to agree with the theory.
Protection of Rats against Adjuvant Arthritis by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Wood Fae D. , Pearson Carl M.
Published: October 2006

Lipopolysaccharides from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in incomplete adjuvant caused rats to become resistant to mycobacterial (complete) adjuvant arthritis. Lipopolysaccharides which protected rats when they were administered in adjuvant did not protect when administered in saline. Mycobacterial wax D in saline was protective, while in adjuvant it produced arthritis. The degree of stimulation of a common tissue reaction may determine whether the result is protection or disease.
Possible Virus-Induced Genetic Abnormalities in Tree Fruits
Authors: Nyland George
Published: October 2006

Seedlings of
Prunus avium
and
P. cerasus
, grown from seed of infected trees, showed symptoms of cherry necrotic rusty mottle and sour cherry yellows diseases. No virus could be detected in the
P. avium
seedlings showing virus-like symptoms and only 10 percent of the 30 percent of
P. cerasus
seedlings showing symptoms contained virus. These results suggest that viruses may induce certain genetic abnormalities.
Neuroepithelial Component of the Urethra and Urogenital Junction of the Rat
Authors: Risley Paul L. , Skrepetos Chris N.
Published: October 2006

Specialized cells in the epithelium react for cholinesterases when tested by the Koelle thiocholine method. Their morphology and contiguity with cholinesterase-positive nerves suggests receptor function. Impulses originating from them might relate to sensations or muscular reflexes involved in micturition and ejaculation, or both. If they are effector units, special secretory, excretory, or absorptive functions are indicated for cells of probable neural origin.
Chemical Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Cytosine
Authors: Ponnamperuma Cyril A. , Lemmon Richard M. , Calvin Melvin
Published: October 2006

The formation of uracil and the breakdown of the pyrimidine ring were observed when an aqueous solution of cytosine was irradiated. These two effects were investigated with the aid of radioactive tracer techniques and ultraviolet absorption studies.
Neurochemical Differences between Two Strains of Mice
Authors: Maas J. W.
Published: October 2006

Microanalytic determinations of serotonin and norepinephrine were done on dissected portions of brain consisting of diencephalon, mesencephalon, and pons in two strains of mice, C57 bl/10 and BALB/c. The BALB/c strain had 1.34 μg of serotonin per gram of dissected brain, and the C57 bl/10 had 1.07 μg/g. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The levels of norepinephrine were not significantly different in the two strains (P > 0.25).
Concentration of Cesium-137 in Human Rib Bone
Authors: Anderson Robert W. , Gustafson Philip F.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of fission product cesium-137 in human rib, sampled from various age groups, has been determined by low-level gamma-ray spectrometry. We propose several possible interpretations of the data and point out the possibility that mechanisms of cesium retention may be age-dependent.
Patent Office Search Files: A Tool for Historical Research and Technological Development
Authors: Newman Simon M.
Published: October 2006

The classified search files of the U. S. Patent Office are useful for locating a desired patent record. The method of constructing these files, and the tools needed to enter the classification scheme at the proper locus, are described.
Possible Continental Continuation of the Mendocino Fracture Zone
Authors: Gilliland William N.
Published: October 2006

The Mendocino fracture zone may continue through or below North America near 40°N latitude. This is suggested by instances of left-lateral movement, location of basin deeps, sedimentation patterns, interruption of a major magnetic anomaly, and inflection of major structural trends. A major segmentation of middle North America results.
Genetic Differences among White Leghorn Chicks in Requirements of Arginine
Authors: Nesheim M. C. , Hutt F. B.
Published: October 2006

Among three strains of the one breed, and among sire families within each strain, there were highly significant differences in ability of chicks to tolerate a deficiency of arginine at ages up to 4 weeks. One of these strains required about 25 percent more arginine than another for maximum growth to that age.
Bedrock Geology of the Thiel Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Ford A. B. , Aaron J. M.
Published: October 2006

Cordierite-bearing, hypersthene-quartz monzonite porphyry, the most widespread rock unit, is intruded by biotite granite and porphyritic biotite granite. Sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks, mainly quartzites and argillites, have been metamorphosed locally to hornfels and have been involved in high-angle faulting. Shear zones are common in the plutonic rocks.
Evidence for Direct Stimulation of the Mammalian Nervous System with Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Hunt Edward L. , Kimeldorf Donald J.
Published: October 2006

Exposure to x-rays of low intensity immediately arouses the sleeping rat. Activation of the central nervous system, indicated by behavioral and heart rate responses, depends upon the rate but not the dose of exposure. The arousal reaction is not dependent upon direct visual stimulation. The nervous system is probably directly sensitive to ionizing radiation.
Gas Spitting by Alarmed Fish Disturbs Their Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Authors: Verheijen F. J.
Published: October 2006

Besides maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium, the physostomatous gas bladder of fish has the broader function of adapting the density of the fish to momentary needs.
Factors Causing Seasonal Forms in
Ascia monuste
(Lepidoptera)
Authors: Pease Roger W.
Published: October 2006

Light effects will produce the seasonal forms of
Ascia monuste
L. but they are not yet proved to be the only causative agent. The long-day form is melanic; the short-day form is white. Only females exhibit the effect. The capacity to form melanic females is most frequent in the Florida population and is probably genetically determined.
Alveolar Pathways during 90-Foot, Breath-Hold Dives
Authors: Schaefer Karl E. , Carey Charles R.
Published: October 2006

The gas tensions of mixed expired and alveolar air were measured at various depths during descent and ascent. A reversed carbon dioxide gradient from the lungs into the blood was demonstrated at the 50-foot depth. At 90 feet, 45 percent of the pre-dive carbon dioxide content of the lungs had disappeared. There was no indication of a reversed oxygen gradient during ascent.
A Protein Present in Fetal but Not in Maternal Rat Serum
Authors: Kelleher P. C. , Villee C. A.
Published: October 2006

Immunoelectrophoretic comparison of maternal and fetal rat serum proteins with antiserum to adult rat serum proteins showed a unique protein in the fetal serum. The fetal protein exhibited in agar gel electrophoresis a variable mobility that was dependent on concentration. The fetal protein reacted strongly with a nonspecific antiserum.
Sarcoma 180 Inhibition by Combinations of 6-Thioguanine and Uracil Mustard
Authors: Booth Barbara A. , Sartorelli Alan C.
Published: October 2006

Combinations of 6-thioguanine and uracil mustard produced greater inhibition of the growth of sarcoma 180 than that equivalent to the sum of the inhibitory effects caused by the optimum levels of the individual drugs. This potentiation was accomplished without marked weight loss by the host. Some possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the drug synergy are discussed.
RNA: A Marker in Embryonic Differentiation
Authors: Gluck Louis , Kulovich Marie V.
Published: October 2006

A modified fluorochrome technique which identifies nucleic acids differentially in tissues permits following production of RNA in the embryo. Compact primordial chick embryo cells show a sequence to RNA production as differentiation begins: First in the nucleus, then in the perinuclear area, then in the cytoplasm. RNA increases in the cytoplasm with cell growth and continues as the cells merge to form an epithelium.
Totipotency of Cells from Fruit Pericarp Tissue in vitro
Authors: Schroeder C. A. , Kay E. , Davis Lily H.
Published: October 2006

Callus derived from avocado fruit pericarp grown in vitro for several generations developed roots with stele, endodermis, cortex, epidermis, and root cap. No correlation between environment and root production was demonstrated.
Nobel Awards—Physics and Chemistry
Authors: Pellam John R. , Harker David
Published: October 2006

The Swedish Academy of Sciences announced last week that Lev Davidovich Landau, a Soviet scientist, has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his studies of the low-temperature characteristics of helium. It was simultaneously announced that the prize in chemistry has been awarded to two Britons, John Cowdery Kendrew and Max Ferdinand Perutz, of Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, for their studies of protein structure.
Partitioning of Body Fluids in the Lake Nicaragua Shark and Three Marine Sharks
Authors: Thorson Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

The relative volumes of major body fluids of freshwater and marine sharks are remarkably similar in spite of the differences in external medium and in osmotic pressure of body fluids. The small differences detected are in agreement with differences reported in comparisons of freshwater and marine teleosts: a slightly higher total water content and a smaller ratio of extracellular to intracellular fluids in freshwater forms.
Carbon-Isotope Composition and the Origin of Calcareous Coal Balls
Authors: Weber J. N. , Keith M. L.
Published: October 2006

The C
13
:C
12
ratios of the carbonate comprising "normal," "faunal," and "mixed" coal balls are consistent with the hypothesis that calcareous coal balls contain varying proportions of two kinds of carbonate: (i) precipitated carbonate formed in the coal swamp and characteristically deficient in C
13
, and (ii) extraneous detrital material, mainly fossil fragments relatively enriched in C
13
.
Potassium-Argon Dating of Plutonic Bodies in Palmer Peninsula and Southern Chile
Authors: Halpern Martin
Published: October 2006

From the determination of the potassium-argon age of three plutonic bodies late Cretaceous to Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary ages have been calculated.
Heterokaryon-Incompatibility Factor Interaction in Tests between
Neurospora
Mutants
Authors: de Serres F. J.
Published: October 2006

Studies on presumably isogenic
ad-3A
and
ad-3B
mutants of the ascomycete
Neurospora crassa
derived from the same wild-type strain have revealed that the negative heterokaryon tests shown by certain pairwise combinations can be attributed to interaction of incompatibility factor mutations.
Tissue Levels of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Coleman B. , Glaviano V. V.
Published: October 2006

Severe depletion of endogenous norepinephrine was observed in the brain, heart, liver, and spleen of albino rabbits in which hemorrhagic shock had been induced. On the other hand, the epinephrine content of these tissues was significantly elevated above the levels in tissues of control animals. The norepinephrine and epinephrine levels of skeletal muscle in shocked animals remained unaffected.
Weather Control: Use of Asphalt Coatings To Tap Solar Energy
Authors: Black James F.
Published: October 2006

Coating the ground with black asphalt will increase soil temperatures as much as 19°F. On the other hand, if freshly applied asphalt is used as a binder for a white material such as gypsum or lime, subsurface temperatures can be dropped as much as 24°F. The cost and permanence of such coatings might permit their use to cover very large areas of the earth, and the coatings might prove effective in modifying weather.
Malaria Parasites: Fluorescent Antibody Technique for Tissue Stage Study
Authors: Ingram R. L. , Carver R. K.
Published: October 2006

Tissue stages of avian and simian malarias were stained by the fluorescent antibody method. The fluorescent bodies proved to be parasites in tests for immunological specificity and on restaining with Giemsa. These results suggest a method for studying two important aspects of mammalian malarias—namely, the cycle in the mammalian host and the immunological relationships among malarias indicated by tissue stages.
Word Association: Common and Original Response
Authors: Fosmire Frederick R. , Tryk H. Edward
Published: October 2006

The scoring of popular responses in the word-association test provides only a fair estimate of the number of original responses. The magnitude of the relationship between popular and original responses will be overestimated unless one employs a correction for the constraint imposed by one score on the other. Two methods of correcting for the lack of independence between the numbers of popular and of original responses are described.
Hymenoptera: Pure Venom from Bees, Wasps, and Hornets
Authors: O'Connor Rod , Rosenbrook Wm. , Erickson Robert
Published: October 2006

Pure venom can be obtained from bees, wasps, and hornets by electrical stimulation with inexpensive apparatus.
Glucosides of Coumarinic and
o
-Coumaric Acids in the Tonka Bean
Authors: Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J.
Published: October 2006

The β-glucosides of coumarinic and
o
-coumaric acids were detected in extracts of cotyledons, exocarps, and seedling leaves of the tonka bean. The existence of these compounds and the presence of a β-glucosidase having specificity for coumarinyl glucoside suggest that the tonka bean synthesizes coumarin by a pathway similar to the one found in sweetclover
Virus-Containing Leukocytes in Polioencephalitis
Authors: Nelson Erland , Hager Hermann , Kovács Ernest
Published: October 2006

Crystalline aggregates of strain MM virus occur in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in association with osmiophilic granular structures which are occasionally membrane-bound. This suggests either a phagocytosis and segregation of virus by leukocytes, analogous to the disposition of bacteria by leukocytes, or a utilization of the leukocyte by the virus as a host cell for virus replication.
Reversible Agglomeration Used To Remove Dimethylsulfoxide from Large Volumes of Frozen Blood
Authors: Huggins Charles E.
Published: October 2006

The clumping that takes place when blood is mixed with isotonic glucose is well known to the clinician. This curious phenomenon has been characterized and used to prepare blood frozen in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide for transfusion. A hypothesis is advanced to explain the mechanism of reversible agglomeration of erythrocrytes in nonelectrolyte solutions.
Auxin in Coleus Stems: Limitation of Transport at Higher Concentrations
Authors: Scott Tom K. , Jacobs William P.
Published: October 2006

Previous indirect evidence that the endogenous concentration of plant hormones of the auxin type is controlled by a limitation of transport over the physiological range of concentration was confirmed by measuring directly the transport of the native auxin, indoleacetic acid, through segments of
Coleus
stems.
Moon Illusion: An Event in Imaginary Space
Authors: Gruber Howard E. , King William L. , Link Stephen
Published: October 2006

The illusion was obtained with artificial moons viewed against a luminous ceiling, and also with an imaginary ceiling induced by first showing a luminous ceiling and then removing it before the moons were introduced.
Molecular Weight: Measurements with Gravity Cells
Authors: Weber F. N. , Kupke D. W. , Beams J. W.
Published: October 2006

A gravity cell can be used to determine the weights of particles greater than 10
8
molecular weight units. The solution is maintained at a temperature which is constant to ± 0.001°C until equilibrium between sedimentation produced by gravity is balanced by back diffusion. The weight-average molecular (particle) weight of tipula iridescent virus was (1.05 ± 0.02) × 10
9
.
Hemoglobin: Molecular Changes during Anuran Metamorphosis
Authors: Trader C. David , Wortham Joseph S. , Frieden Earl
Published: October 2006

Anuran metamorphosis is accompanied by changes in the sedimentation patterns of the lysates of red blood cells of several species.
Rana grylio
and
Rana catesbeiana
tadpoles have hemoglobins that sediment at 4.3
S
(molecular weight, 68,000) and gradually produce a heavier 7.0
S
component (estimated molecular weight, 136,000) during metamorphosis to the adult frog. There is extensive change in the amino acid compositions of these hemoglobins; these changes may account for observed changes in electrophoretic mobility.
Reversible Section of the Brain by a Wall of Cold
Authors: Byck Robert , Dirlik Paul
Published: October 2006

A fork made up of hollow tubing may be chronically implanted in the cat's brain. When cooling fluid is pumped through this fork a reversible plane lesion is formed. This technique permits analysis of functional parts of the nervous system in unanesthetized animals.
Nutating Annular Cage for Measuring Motor Activity
Authors: Kissel John W.
Published: October 2006

The construction of an activity-measuring device that utilizes a nutating annular animal enclosure is described. The instrument converts motor activity to numerical scores. With mice, the logarithms of these scores assume a normal distribution. A second test occurring 1 day, week, or month after the first fails to exhibit any habituation of the animals.
Origin of Tektites
Authors: O'Keefe John A. , Shute Barbara E.
Published: October 2006

A comet of the size recently postulated by H. C. Urey would leave a large crater. It is shown, from aerodynamic theory, from observations of distribution around terrestrial impact craters, and from experimental nuclear explosions, that the observed distribution of tektites cannot be the result of impact on the earth, whether cometary or meteoritic. It is further shown, from aerodynamic theory, from observation of a meteor shower, and from study of the breakup of artificial satellites, that the distribution of tektites can be accounted for as a result of fusion stripping of a satellite, as originally suggested by Suess.
Radiation-Induced Gelation of Dilute Aqueous Pectin Solutions
Authors: Wahba I. J. , Tallman D. F. , Massey L. M.
Published: October 2006

The low-dose gamma irradiation of dilute aqueous pectin solutions after appropriate adjustment of
p
H with hydrochloric or certain other inorganic acids leads to the formation of thermoreversible gels. Maximum gel strength is attained only under optimum conditions of
p
H, concentration, temperature, radiation dose, and exposure time, and only in the absence of oxygen and a number of radiation protectants.
Quantitative Molecular Approach to the Permeability Changes of Excitation
Authors: Shanes Abraham M.
Published: October 2006

Functional relationships, available from only a few monolayer studies, can be applied to a relatively simple model of the excitable membrane to give permeability-potential curves quite similar to the conductance-potential curves obtained experimentally in voltage-clamped giant axons. Contrary to the usual view in terms of "carrier systems," the present model considers the permeability to sodium and potassium to be reduced by the increase in the surface pressure induced by large lipophilic cations and anions in the outer layer of the lipoidal bimolecular leaflet constituting the living membrane; hence, the increase in permeability during depolarization, for example, is due to a decrease in the amount of the organic anions in this layer, whereas the decrease in sodium permeability during inactivation is caused by a rise in content of organic cations. The present proposal has the advantage that it is in keeping with known phenomena observed in simple physico-chemical systems as well as in excitable systems; moreover, the current actually transferred by the postulated lipophilic ions can be negligible compared to that transferred by the inorganic cations they control. The latter situation, as well as the steepness of the permeability-potential relationships obtained, have been pointed out to be critical requirements of a satisfactory molecular hypothesis.
Vegetation, Climate, and Coastal Submergence in Connecticut
Authors: Sears Paul B.
Published: October 2006

Pollen analysis of a coastal marsh sediment at Guilford, Connecticut, indicates that there was a period of warmth and dryness preceding 3000 years ago. The subsequent increase of conifers at the expense of oak indicates a reversal that could account for decreasing rates of ice melt and rise of sea level. The record of herbaceous vegetation (grasses vs. sedges) suggests that the rise in the water table has been pulsating in character.
Isolated Neuron Preparation for Studies of Metabolic Events at Rest and during Impulse Activity
Authors: Giacobini Ezio , Handelman Elaine , Terzuolo Carlo A.
Published: October 2006

Application of the Cartesian diver technique to the slowly adapting stretch receptor organ of Crustacea permits quantitative measurements to be made of some metabolic processes in a single intact neuron during different functional states.
Aeolian Zone
Authors: Swan Lawrence W.
Published: October 2006

It is postulated that a widespread biotic zone, based on wind-blown organic materials such as pollen and oceanic albuminoids, exists in mountainous and polar regions. The aeolian zone or biome, distinct from alpine and arctic tundra, may be divided into terrestrial, nival, and aquatic divisions.
Surface Material of the Moon
Authors: Warren Charles R.
Published: October 2006

A skeletal fuzz that consists mostly of open space probably covers the moon to a depth of several millimeters or centimeters. The solid part of the fuzz probably consists of randomly oriented linear units, with or without enlarged nodes, which either anastomose in a mesh or are branching.
Atmospheric Iodine Abates Smog Ozone
Authors: Hamilton W. F. , Levine M. , Simon E.
Published: October 2006

Traces of iodine in test samples of irradiated photochemical smog atmospheres either inhibit ozone formation or lower its concentration. Eye and respiratory irritation are reduced qualitatively. Iodine is more effective in suppressing ozone in a photochemical smog atmosphere than it is in purified air.
Insect Control in Mainland China
Authors: Cheng Tien-Hsi
Published: October 2006

On the whole, one must say in all fairness that good progress has been made. So far, the regime's achievements reflect credit more on contributions from other countries, especially the United States, than on the creative work of its own entomologists. In a decade or so, Communist China may approach Western standards in applied entomology, but her contributions to basic research will be spotty at best. According to a statement made in 1956 by an Indian delegation which visited China, "There is no technical measure in the field of agriculture practiced in China which is really new. But it is the manner in which these technical measures are being implemented which is remarkable."
Hereditary Globulin Factors and Immune Tolerance in Man
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Wilson Janet A.
Published: October 2006

Eight nontransfused donors of antibodies against a hereditary γ-globulin factor lacked the factor, but each donor's mother had it. The probability that this is a chance observation is .00003. A ninth donor had been transfused, and she and her mother both lacked the factor. It is assumed that each nontransfused donor's antibody was formed against his mother's γ-globulin and that immune tolerance had not been induced.
Evaporation Enhancement by Protein Films
Authors: James Laylin K. , Berry Donald J. O.
Published: October 2006

Evaporation of water takes place more rapidly from buffered solutions of ovalbumin or hemoglobin than from solutions of certain surface-active agents or from buffer alone. The effect appears to be connected with adsorption of protein.
Reticulocyte Protein Synthesis: Response of Ribosome Fractions to Polyuridylic Acid
Authors: Weinstein I. Bernard , Schechter Alan N. , Burka Edward R. , Marks Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Reticulocyte ribosomes with sedimentation coefficients greater than 100
S
("heavy" ribosomes) appear to be considerably more active in hemoglobin synthesis than are 78
S
ribosomes. When assayed for the ability to synthesize polyphenylalanine in the presence of polyuridylic acid, the 78
S
ribosomes and "heavy" ribosomes have similar activities. Polyuridylic acid inhibits incorporation by "heavy" ribosomes of amino acids other than phenylalanine.
Biosynthesis of Streptococcal Cell Walls: A Rhamnose Polysaccharide
Authors: Zeleznick L. D. , Boltralik J. J. , Barkulis S. S. , Smith C. , Heymann H.
Published: October 2006

Protoplast membranes from
Streptococcus pyogenes
incorporated rhamnose into a preexisting polysaccharide when incubated with thymidine diphosphate rhamnose-C
14
. This polysaccharide, when extracted from the membranes, did not give a precipitin reaction with group A antisera, but could be coprecipitated with added group A polysaccharide by acetone. It is presumed to be a precursor to group specific polysaccharide of the streptococcal cell wall.
System Theory and Physiological Processes
Authors: Jones Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Engineers and physiologists working together in experimental and theoretical studies predict that the application of system analysis to biological processes will increase understanding of these processes and broaden the base of system theory. Richard W. Jones, professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, and John S. Gray, professor of physiology at Northwestern's Medical School, discuss these developments. Their articles are adapted from addresses delivered in Chicago in November 1962 at the 15th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
Population Control in Animals by Overloading Resources with Sterile Animals
Authors: Monro J.
Published: October 2006

Sterile animals might be introduced into a population to overload a resource. As a result, some of the original fertile animals might be lost by migration or death. This process could be repeated until the fertile population was eradicated without the mating required by Knipling's models. This method may be of use in ecology and in economic control of populations.
Preference Aversion in Mice to Bitter Substance
Authors: Warren Roslyn P.
Published: October 2006

Preference-aversion functions demonstrable for sweet and salty stimuli have been found for a "bitter" substance, sucrose octaacetate, at individually specific concentrations for mice. The data support Schneirla's views correlating stimulus magnitudes and approach-withdrawal. The positive reinforcing value of this bitter substance as a weak stimulus is diminished with continuous exposure and no secondary reinforcement. Avoidance is related to intensity of stimulation rather than modality or postingestion effects.
Hemoglobin Loci: Mice Classified for Their
Hb
and
Sol
Alleles
Authors: Popp Raymond A.
Published: October 2006

Two loci which influence the structure of the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin have been identified and are designated
Sol
and
Hb
. At least four alleles at
Sol
and two at
Hb
have been distinguished among inbred strains.
Base Composition of the RNA of a Reovirus Variant
Authors: Gomatos Peter J. , Tamm Igor
Published: October 2006

A variant of reovirus 3, Dearing strain, isolated after repeated passage of the original Dearing virus in L cells, is similar to the parent virus in many ways. It is, however, less sensitive to specific antibodies and metabolic inhibitors, and is released from L cells to a lesser extent than the original virus. Calculated as moles per 100 moles of total base in RNA, the percentage of guanine is 20.2, adenine, 29.8, cytosine, 21.0, and uracil 29.1. These values closely approximate those reported previously for the parent virus.