bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolomic and Transcriptional Analyses Reveal Atmospheric Oxygen During Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation Impairs Metabolic Reprogramming
Authors: Spyrou James , Gardner David K. , Harvey Alexandra J.
Published: May 2019

The transition to pluripotency invokes profound metabolic restructuring; however, reprogramming is accompanied by the retention of somatic cell metabolic and epigenetic memory. Modulation of metabolism during reprogramming has been shown to improve reprogramming efficiency, yet it is not known how metabolite availability during reprogramming affects the physiology of resultant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Metabolic analyses of iPSCs generated under either physiological (5%; P-iPSC) or atmospheric (20%; A-iPSC) oxygen conditions revealed that they retained aspects of somatic cell metabolic memory and failed to regulate carbohydrate metabolism with A-iPSC acquiring different metabolic characteristics. A-iPSC exhibited a higher mitochondrial membrane potential and were unable to modulate oxidative metabolism in response to oxygen challenge, contrasting with P-iPSC. RNA-seq analysis highlighted that A-iPSC displayed transcriptomic instability and a reduction in telomere length. Consequently, inappropriate modulation of metabolism by atmospheric oxygen during reprogramming significantly impacts the resultant A-iPSC metabolic and transcriptional landscape. Furthermore, retention of partial somatic metabolic memory in P-iPSC derived under physiological oxygen suggests that metabolic reprogramming remains incomplete. As the metabolome is a regulator of the epigenome, these observed perturbations of iPSC metabolism will plausibly have downstream effects on cellular function and physiology, both during and following differentiation, and highlight the need to optimize nutrient availability during the reprogramming process. Stem Cells  2019;37:1042–1056
AKT3 Is a Pivotal Molecule of Cadherin-22 and GDNF Family Receptor-α1 Signal Pathways Regulating Self-Renewal in Female Germline Stem Cells
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Wei Rui , Sun Yizhuo , Xia Qin , Xie Wenhai , Song Hongfei , Wang Wei , Zou Kang
Published: May 2019

Female germline stem cells (FGSCs) are rare population residing in cortex of ovary, with the potential to rescue female infertility caused by ovary failure. Recently, we reported that cadherin-22 (CDH22), a member of cadherin family, regulates self-renewal of mouse FGSCs via interaction with JAK-STAT signal pathway and β-catenin. In this study, the expression profiles of FGSCs and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were analyzed to further reveal their similarity and difference, and AKT3 was predicted as a pivotal molecule for FGSCs self-renewal. Then, we demonstrated that CDH22 interacted with PI3K to phosphorylate AKT3 and subsequently enhanced the expression levels of N-myc and cyclin family in FGSCs to promote self-renewal. Moreover, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was identified as an essential factor for FGSCs self-renewal with a more complicated mechanism: GDNF-GFRA1 activates AKT3 via PI3K or Src family kinase (SFK), and SFK upregulates its target genes, Bcl6b, Etv5, and Lhx1, to promote self-renewal of FGSCs. However, Src, the key intermediate factor for SSCs, was not the functional molecule of SFK family in the GDNF signal network of FGSCs. Based on the observations of bioinformatics analysis and molecular evidence, we demonstrate the underlying links of potential factors which are critical to the self-renewal in FGSC and imply the therapeutic potentials of FGSCs in cure of female infertility. Stem Cells  2019;37:1095–1107
Translabial ultrasound imaging of urethral diverticula
Authors: Gillor M. , Dietz H. P.
Published: May 2019

Objective

Urethral diverticulum is an uncommon cause of urinary dysfunction in women, with often a significant delay in diagnosis. Urethroscopy and/or magnetic resonance imaging are/is widely used for its identification. Translabial ultrasound is an alternative, particularly since the introduction of three‐/four‐dimensional imaging. The aim of our study was to review 10 years' experience of urethral diverticula evaluated by translabial ultrasound.

Methods

We reviewed 4121 patients seen in a tertiary urogynecologic unit between 2008 and 2018. All women were examined using multiplanar translabial ultrasound as well as office urethroscopy. Data regarding demographics, presenting symptoms and findings on clinical examination were collected. Archived ultrasound volumes were analyzed for diverticular location, diameters, complexity and echogenicity as well as tract visualization.

Results

Of our study population, 23 (0.6%) were found to have a major urethral abnormality on translabial ultrasound, 15 of whom were confirmed to have a urethral diverticulum on urethroscopy. Of these, 12 had a cystic component and three were non‐cystic on imaging. Mean maximum diameter was 15.3 mm (range, 4–32 mm). In 9/15 there was a simple diverticulum, while in 6/15 it was classified as complex. A communicating tract was seen in 10/15 (67%), and this was located at the 5–7 o'clock position in 7/10 (70%). Mean urethral circumference covered by the diverticulum was 39%.

Conclusions

Translabial ultrasound is a valid, non‐invasive method for the diagnosis of urethral diverticulum. A cystic structure crossing the urethral rhabdosphincter has high predictive value for urethroscopic diagnosis of urethral diverticulum. Multiple hyperechogenic foci may indicate the presence of a small urethral diverticulum. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Intriguing circles: Conflicts and controversies in circular RNA research
Authors: Li Hui‐Min , Ma Xiu‐Lan , Li Hong‐Gang
Published: May 2019

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed RNA circles without a 5′ cap or 3′ tail. Since the landmark discovery of ciRS‐7/CDR1as functioning as a miR‐7 sponge in 2013, circRNAs have become a hot topic in RNA research. CircRNAs have been found to play active roles in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and many other diseases. They can function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, protein scaffolds, and even translation templates. However, as circRNA research expands, many divergent views have emerged. For example, are most circRNAs competent in serving as miRNA sponges? What kinds of circRNAs are most likely to sponge miRNAs? Apart from sponging miRNAs, what could the functions of most circRNAs be? What are the features of circRNAs that are translatable? Many researchers have claimed that circRNAs are abundant, stable, conserved, and specific molecules, which hold great potential in serving as biomarkers. However, circRNA abundance is variable and some circRNAs are abundant while others are not. In addition, their stability and conservation may vary under different circumstances. Furthermore, it is unclear whether circRNA biogenesis is more likely to be regulated by RNA binding proteins or transcription factors. All of these are open questions that remain to be answered by researchers in this field. Discussing and investigating these questions will advance the understanding of this class of novel molecules and may propel inspiring new ideas for future studies.

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Quantifying thermal‐imager effectiveness for detecting bird nests on farms
Authors: Stephenson Matthew D. , Schulte Lisa A. , Klaver Robert W.
Published: May 2019

We conducted a designed experiment to test whether having a thermal‐imaging camera available affected researchers' nest detection rates when searching for bird nests in cropland and grassland habitat in an agricultural landscape of Iowa, USA, in 2016. With known active nests present, naïve observers searched for nests with and without a thermal imager available. We did not find a difference in detection probabilities, although only a large difference would have been detectable with our sample size. Extraneous heat signatures from reflected solar radiation and dense vegetation were key factors limiting the usefulness of thermal imagers for locating nests. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Supersymmetric dyonic strings in 6-dimensions from 3-dimensions
Authors: Deger Nihat Sadik , Petri Nicolò , Van den Bleeken Dieter
Published: May 2019

Abstract

It was shown in arXiv:1410.7168 that compactifying D = 6,

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(1,0\right) $$

N
=

1
0

ungauged supergravity coupled to a single tensor multiplet on S3 one gets a particular D = 3,

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

gauged supergravity which is a consistent reduction. We construct two supersymmetric black string solutions in this 3-dimensional model with one and two active scalars respectively. Uplifting the first, one gets a dyonic string solution in D = 6 that has been known for a long time. Whereas, uplifting the second solution, one finds a very interesting configuration where magnetic strings are located uniformly on a circle in a plane within the 4-dimensional flat transverse space and electric strings are distributed homogeneously inside this circle. Both solutions have AdS3 × S3 limits.
Eikonal scattering in Kaluza-Klein gravity
Authors: Collado Arnau Koemans , Thomas Steven
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study eikonal scattering in the context of Kaluza-Klein theory by considering a massless scalar field coupled to Einstein’s gravity in 5D compactified to 4D on a manifold M
4 × S
1. We also examine various different kinematic limits of the resulting eikonal. In the ultra-relativistic scattering case we find correspondence with the time delay calculated for a massless particle moving in a compactified version of the Aichelburg-Sexl shock-wave geometry. In the case of a massless Kaluza-Klein scalar scattering off a heavy Kaluza-Klein mode a similar calculation yields the deflection angle of a massless particle in the geometry of an extremal, Q = 2M , Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton 4D black hole. We also discuss a related case in the scattering of dilatons off a large stack of D0-branes or D6-branes in dimensionally reduced D = 10 type IIA string theory.
Safe glueballs and baryons
Authors: Ryttov Thomas A. , Tuominen Kimmo
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We consider a non-Abelian gauge theory with N

f
fermions and discuss the possible existence of a non-trivial UV fixed point at large N

f
. Specifically, we study the anomalous dimension of the (rescaled) glueball operator Tr F
2 to first order in 1/N

f
by relating it to the derivative of the beta function at the fixed point. At the fixed point the anomalous dimension violates its unitarity bound and so the (rescaled) glueball operator is either decoupled or the fixed point does not exist. We also study the anomalous dimensions of the two spin-1/2 baryon operators to first order in 1/N

f
for an SU(3) gauge theory with fundamental fermions and find them to be relatively small and well within their associated unitarity bounds.
Modular A5 symmetry for flavour model building
Authors: Novichkov P. P. , Penedo J. T. , Petcov S. T. , Titov A. V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

In the framework of the modular symmetry approach to lepton flavour, we consider a class of theories where matter superfields transform in representations of the finite modular group Γ5 ≃ A
5. We explicitly construct a basis for the 11 modular forms of weight 2 and level 5. We show how these forms arrange themselves into two triplets and a quintet of A
5. We also present multiplets of modular forms of higher weight. Finally, we provide an example of application of our results, constructing two models of neutrino masses and mixing based on the supersymmetric Weinberg operator.
Attitudes of Secondary School STEM Teachers towards Supervising Research and Design Activities
Authors: Vossen T. E. , Henze I. , Rippe R. C. A. , Van Driel J. H. , De Vries M. J.
Published: May 2019

Research and design activities are important focus points in international policies for secondary Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. It is up to school teachers to implement and supervise these activities in the STEM classroom. However, not much is known about the attitudes teachers hold towards supervising research projects or design projects. In this study, a questionnaire to measure teacher attitudes towards supervising research activities and design activities in secondary school was completed by 130 Dutch teachers who taught the relatively new Dutch STEM subjects O&O (research and design) and NLT (nature, life, and technology). These integrated STEM subjects are project and context based and are taught in a limited number of schools. Important differences between these integrated STEM subjects are their student and teacher populations: NLT is taught in grades 10–12 by teachers with a qualification in a science subject, while O&O is taught in grades 7–12 and can be given by any teacher in secondary school. The results showed that on average, both O&O and NLT teachers had high self-efficacy scores on supervising research and design projects even when they had received no special education in doing so. Furthermore, the teachers in general viewed supervising research projects as a more relevant activity than supervising design. Since research and design activities are becoming more important in (inter)national curriculum standards, STEM teacher education and subsequent professional development should not only familiarize teachers with supervising research projects, but with design projects as well.
‘Woe Betides Anybody Who Tries to Turn me Down.’ A Qualitative Analysis of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Following Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Mosley Philip E. , Robinson Katherine , Coyne Terry , Silburn Peter , Breakspear Michael , Carter Adrian
Published: May 2019

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. These can include harmful changes in mood and behaviour that alienate family members and raise ethical questions about personal responsibility for actions committed under stimulation-dependent mental states. Qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty participants (ten PD patient-caregiver dyads) following subthalamic DBS at a movement disorders centre, in order to explore the meaning and significance of stimulation-related neuropsychiatric symptoms amongst a purposive sample of persons with PD and their spousal caregivers. Interview transcripts underwent inductive thematic analysis. Clinical and experiential aspects of post-DBS neuropsychiatric symptoms were identified. Caregivers were highly burdened by these symptoms and both patients and caregivers felt unprepared for their consequences, despite having received information prior to DBS, desiring greater family and peer engagement prior to neurosurgery. Participants held conflicting opinions as to whether emergent symptoms were attributable to neurostimulation. Many felt that they reflected aspects of the person’s “real” or “younger” personality. Those participants who perceived a close relationship between stimulation changes and changes in mental state were more likely to view these symptoms as inauthentic and uncontrollable. Unexpected and troublesome neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred despite a pre-operative education programme that was delivered to all participants. This suggests that such symptoms are difficult to predict and manage even if best practice guidelines are followed by experienced centres. Further research aimed at predicting these complications may improve the capacity of clinicians to tailor the consent process.
Invasive shrub removal benefits native plants in an eastern deciduous forest of North America
Authors: Maynard-Bean Erynn , Kaye Margot
Published: May 2019

In eastern deciduous forests of North America, invasive shrubs are increasing in richness and abundance at the expense of native species across taxa. Invasive shrubs create an understory that is more dense than both recent and historical preinvasion conditions. Interest in invasive shrub removal to restore native habitat is growing, but our understanding of natural regeneration following treatment of a diverse invasive shrub community is lagging. Using an invasive shrub removal experiment, we provide insight into the effect of repeated removal of a suite of 18 invasive shrub species dominated by border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.). In 2009, invasive shrubs were removed from five 20-m-diameter treatment plots, each with a paired control plot. Seven years later, we find an increase in plant diversity, native understory species abundance, and overstory tree species regeneration for individuals under a meter in height. For plants 1 to 4 m in height, the removal treatment has a positive effect on understory woody species, but there has been no change in regenerating overstory trees. A lack of overstory tree regeneration to greater heights is not surprising, given the time frame and the closed-canopy conditions. However, other factors, such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) browse, could be serving as an impediment to taller tree regeneration in the forest understory. An ambient sampling approach in unmanaged, invaded, and uninvaded forest has been used in other studies to estimate the potential impacts of invasive shrub species to native plant communities. However, in this study the ambient sampling approach underestimated the impacts of invasive shrubs compared to their experimental removal. Overall, invasive shrub removal increased plant diversity and allowed passive natural regeneration of native plants that exceeded native cover in the unmanaged, ambient forest under minimal invasive shrub abundance.
Reconstructing the mass and thermal ecology of North American Pleistocene tortoises
Authors: Esker Donald A. , Forman Steve L. , Butler Dava K.
Published: May 2019

Researchers often interpret the presence of tortoises in Pleistocene assemblages as evidence of an interglacial age, based on an assumption that these fossils indicate thermic climates, as modern giant tortoises require. Since the Paleocene, tortoises have been common components of terrestrial fossil assemblages and have repeatedly evolved species of giant size. Whereas extant giant tortoises are found only on islands off the coasts of South America and Africa, at least two species persisted in North America until the terminal Pleistocene. These tortoises,Hesperotestudo crassiscutataandGopherus“hexagonatus,” both of which reached carapace lengths of >1 m, were distributed across the southern United States. This study provides new metrics to derive quantitative weight estimates from measurements of the tortoise shell. The linear measurements of 69 anatomical features of the shells of 108 live tortoises indicate that the regression between straight carapace length and weight is most significant, with a maximumr2> 0.99. This regression is useful for tortoises that weigh between 1.8 and 339 kg. This mass estimate, coupled with a heat dissipation rate derived from thermoregulation modeling, provides estimates of how long tortoises can maintain a viable body temperature at low ambient temperatures. Depending on size, a tortoise can survive a maximum of 2.3 to 33 hours of freezing temperatures, which corresponds to a mean annual temperature ≥22°C and a mean winter low temperature ≥7.5°C. This analysis infers warmer temperatures at Pleistocene sites with fossil tortoise occurrences than previous qualitative estimates.
Morphological innovation and the evolution of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Authors: Stubbs Thomas L. , Benton Michael J. , Elsler Armin , Prieto-Márquez Albert
Published: May 2019

The hadrosaurids were a successful group of herbivorous dinosaurs. During the Late Cretaceous, 100 to 66 million years ago, hadrosaurids had high diversity, rapid speciation rates, and wide geographic distribution. Most hadrosaurids were large bodied and had similar postcranial skeletons. However, they show important innovations in the skull, including disparate crests that functioned as socio-sexual display structures, and a complex feeding apparatus, with specialized jaws bearing dental batteries. Little is known about the macroevolutionary processes that produced these evolutionary novelties. Here we provide novel perspectives using evolutionary rate and disparity analyses. Our results show that hadrosaurid cranial evolution was complex and dynamic, but their postcranial skeleton and body size were conservative. High cranial disparity was achieved through multiple bursts of phenotypic innovation. We highlight contrasting evolutionary trends within hadrosaurids between the disparate facial skeleton and crests, which both showed multiple high-rate shifts, and the feeding apparatus, which had low variance and high rates on a single phylogenetic branch leading to the diverse Saurolophidae. We reveal that rapid evolutionary rates were important for producing the high disparity of exaggerated crests and present novel evidence that the hadrosaurid diversification was linked to both a key adaptive innovation in the feeding apparatus and multiple bursts of innovation in socio-sexual displays.
Alluvial architecture of fluvio-deltaic successions: a review with special reference to Holocene settings
Authors: Gouw M.J.P.
Published: May 2019

Alluvial architecture has been subject of many studies because of the occurrence of natural resources in ancient fluvial successions. This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on alluvial architecture with special reference to Holocene fluvio-deltaic settings. Several examples from modern fluvio-deltaic areas, especially the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) and the Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.), are used to illustrate the architectural elements that can be distinguished in fluvial successions and to show the influence of the various controls on alluvial architecture (base level, climate, tectonism, aggradation, avulsion, and compaction). Avulsion is regarded as a principal process in the formation of fluvio-deltaic sequences, because it determines the location and number of active channels on the floodplain. The avulsion mechanism is still subject of debate, though. A brief description of the evolution of process-based alluvial-architecture models is given. These models simulate the proportion and distribution of coarse-grained channel belts in fine-grained overbank deposits. The major drawback of the present-day alluvial-architecture models is the lack of (three-dimensional) quantitative field data to test and validate them. The paper concludes with the suggestion to collect more architectural data from natural fluvial settings, to improve simulation of channel-belt geometry in alluvial-architecture models, and to implement new data and knowledge of fluvial processes into models.
Radiometric fingerprinting of fluvial sediments in the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands – a feasibility test
Authors: Mebinck K. , Middelkoop H. , van Diepen N. , van der Graaf E.R , de Meijer R.J.
Published: May 2019

The deposits of the Rhine and the Meuse in the Netherlands alternate in their delta in a complex way. This paper discusses a method to distinguish the deposits of the Rhine and the Meuse based on the differences in natural radioactivity of 40K, 238U and 232Th, and the effect of the age of the deposits on the radiometrie signal. In total, six channel belts of the Rhine and the Meuse were selected for sampling with an approximate age of about 2000, 4000 and 6000 14C years B.P. Of each channel belt 5 samples of different lithology were taken: clay (C), clay leads (CL), sandy clay loam (sCL), sandy loam (sL) and sand (S). All samples were analysed on organic matter content, grain size, geochemistry and radioactivity of the radionuclides 40K, 238U and 232Th. The radioactivity of the sample is mainly influenced by the grain size of the sample. Therefore, this signal is divided in partial radioactivities for three grain size fractions – clay (<16 μm), silt (16 – 63 μm) and sand (>63 μm) – to make the radiometric fingerprint, which is independent of the grain size of the sample. These fingerprints show a difference between the Rhine and the Meuse. Additionally, the radiometric signal strongly depends on the age of the deposits. Remarkably, this trend with age is opposite in the deposits of the Rhine and the Meuse and opposite in the clay and silt fraction. Because the radiometrie differences between the samples seem more distinct than the geochemical differences, the radiometric fingerprints are more suitable to distinguish the deposits of the Rhine and the Meuse. A method is presented to derive the contribution of the Rhine and the Meuse in a deposit of unknown origin, assuming that the radiometric fingerprints found are consistent and valid for the Rhine-Meuse delta. To distinguish the deposits of the Rhine and the Meuse, both the grain size composition and the age of the deposits have to be known.
Diagnostic sedimentary structures of the fluvial-tidal transition zone – Evidence from deposits of the Rhine and Meuse
Authors: van den Berg J.H. , Boersma J.R. , van Gelder A.
Published: May 2019

In mesotidal settings the transition of a coastal plain estuary to the river is marked by the change of a multiple ebb and flood channel configuration to a single channel system. At high river discharge fluvial processes operate, whereas in periods of low discharge the flow is complicated by a tidal component and a landward intrusion of the salt wedge. These hydraulic and morphological characteristics make the transitional zone different from the ‘pure’ fluvial and estuarine environment. Inspection of published and unpublished data from a number of outcrops of Recent and Tertiary deposits of the Rhine reveals that also in a sedimentary sense a transitional zone can be recognized. In order to separate this zone from the upstream fluvial and downstream estuarine environment a sedimentological definition of the fluvial-tidal zone is proposed being the part of river that lies between the landward limit of observable effects of tidal-induced flow deceleration on fluvial cross-bedding at low river discharge and the most seaward occurrence of a textural or structural fluvial signature related to the high river stage.
ORIGINS AND ARCHITECTS OF YEMEN'S JOINT MEETING PARTIES
Authors: Browers Michaelle
Published: May 2019

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DISPLACING DHIMMĪ, MAINTAINING HOPE: UNTHINKABLE COPTIC REPRESENTATIONS OF FATIMID EGYPT
Authors: Shenoda Maryann M.
Published: May 2019

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A “YOUNG TURK” ISLAMIC INTELLECTUAL: FILIBELI AHMED HILMI AND THE DIVERSE INTELLECTUAL LEGACIES OF THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Bein Amit
Published: May 2019

Ahmed Hilmi (1865–1914) was a prominent figure among the late Ottoman thinkers and writers
who laid the foundations of intellectual life in modern Turkey. His oeuvre includes dozens of
historical, philosophical, and political works, as well as novels and poems. The overtly modernist
underpinnings of his works on the one hand, and his Sufi piety and firm rejection of materialism
and positivism on the other hand, have earned him recognition as an early exponent of a kind
of modernist, nonliteralist Islamic agenda that has been conspicuous in a variety of Turkish
Islamic movements in recent decades. His untimely death, later attributed to a Freemason–Zionist
conspiracy, added further to his mystique in some Islamic circles. Modernist yet deeply devout,
Islamist yet uninterested in scripturalist paths of religious revival, Ahmed Hilmi stands out as a
representative of an important intellectual trend that has often been overlooked in studies of the
late Ottoman period.
Talking Italian blues: Roberto Leydi, Giovanna Marini and American Influence in the Italian folk revival, 1954–66
Authors: Love Rachel E.
Published: May 2019

This article examines how Roberto Leydi and Giovanna Marini, two important figures of the Italian ‘folk revival’, negotiated diverse American cultural influences and adapted them to the political context of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. I argue that American musical traditions offered them valuable models even as many Italian intellectuals and artists grew more critical of US society and foreign policy. To explore this phenomenon in greater depth, I take as examples two particular moments of exchange. I first discuss American folklorist Alan Lomax's research in Italy and its impact on Leydi's career. I then examine how Marini employed American talking blues in order to reject US society in her first ballad, Vi parlo dell'America (I Speak to You of America) (1966). These two cases provide specific examples of how American influence worked in postwar Italy and the role of folk music in this process.
À qui appartiennent les biens qui n’appartiennent à personne ? Citoyenneté et droit d’aubaine à l’époque moderne
Authors: Cerutti Simona
Published: May 2019

En des temps récents, le droit d’aubaine – soit le droit des souverains français de saisir les propriétés des étrangers décédés dans leurs territoires sans héritiers légitimes – a été inter- I I prété comme le symbole d’une irréductible originalité de l’État français concernant le thème de la naturalité. Celle-ci tiendrait, d’une part, à une incapacité successorale des personnes provenant de l’extérieur, ainsi qu’à la première de ses conséquences : le fait que, en France, seul le souverain serait en mesure de transformer un étranger en un de ses sujets, à travers l’attribution de lettres de naturalité qui lui permettront de disposer de ses propres biens. En s’appuyant sur des sources concernant ce même droit d’aubaine qui était aussi en vigueur dans l’État savoyard, cet article voudrait montrer que d’autres interprétations de ce droit, différentes, sont possibles, qui ne relèvent pas tant de la diversité des terrains d’enquête que du choix des sources ainsi que de leur interprétation. Plusieurs centaines de procédures suscitées par les prétendues saisies des biens des étrangers montrent que, loin d’être l’expression d’une volonté punitive ou xénophobe, l’intervention des fonctionnaires royaux répondait à une demande sociale de mise en ordre de la succession douteuse, exprimée avant tout par les créanciers de l’héritage. En outre, c’était la nécessité de protéger les propriétés « n’appartenant à personne » de prises de possession illégitimes qui déterminait l’extrême urgence de l’intervention royale. A` travers l’aubaine, nous sommes ainsi introduits à la complexité de la culture propriétaire de l’Ancien Régime ; à sa capacité de construire des relations de parentèle et, finalement, de construire « l’étranger » ou bien « le citoyen ». L’irréductible originalité de l’État français s’estompe ainsi, et la voie s’ouvre à de possibles comparaisons.
Les jansénistes et le millénarisme: Du refus à la conversion
Authors: Maire Catherine
Published: May 2019

L’article tente de suivre la conversion progressive des jansénistes à ce qu’ils refusaient avec la dernière énergie au XVIIe siècle : le millénarisme. Cette trajectoire du mouvement qui constitue sans doute l’un des fils conducteurs les plus continus de son histoire se déroule (non sans contestations internes au parti janséniste) en plusieurs étapes. Elles représentent autant de formes particulières du millénarisme qui encadrent à chaque fois des ouvertures au siècle et des accommodements avec lui. Comme si les jansénistes avançaient à reculons, en quelque sorte, en reprenant des cadres eschatologiques traditionnels pour conjurer des concessions à la modernité qu’ils sont amenés à faire. La propre conversion postrévolutionnaire de l’abbé Grégoire au millénarisme janséniste illustre parfaitement, une fois de plus, la manière de continuer à refuser le monde tel qu’il se développe tout en s’y adaptant.
L’archéologie du texte médiéval. Autour de travaux récents sur l’écrit au Moyen Âge
Authors: Chastang Pierre
Published: May 2019

Cet article propose un retour sur les travaux récents que les historiens ont consacrés au texte médiéval. Sous l’influence combinée de l’anthropologie et des débats suscités par la réception de la pensée postmoderne dans les sciences sociales, le texte médiéval est devenu l’objet de pratiques nouvelles qui ont renforcé et transformé la place de l’exercice critique dans la démarche historique. Délivrées de la croyance en une inhérence du sens, commune aux disciplines de la « pensée textuaire »et aux lectures historiques surplombantes, ces approches renouvelées, que nous qualifions d’archéologiques, proposent d’envisager le texte dans sa matérialité manuscrite, privilégiant la profusion des strates, versions singulières produites en contexte, à l’uniformité de l’archétype textuel. Chaque texte, en mobilisant des ressources culturelles spécifiques, s’inscrit dans le champ de la culture de l’écrit qui est devenu, depuis les années 1980, un domaine de recherche à part entière.
Une société face à l’altérité: Juifs et chrétiens dans la péninsule Ibérique 1391-1449
Authors: Nirenberg David
Published: May 2019

Cet article décrit les façons dont les chrétiens qui vivaient dans la péninsule Ibérique au Moyen Âge définissaient et affirmaient leur identité à l’égard de la communauté juive. Certaines de ces manifestations étaient violentes, certaines déployant même l’idéal d’une société purifiée de tous les juifs. En 1391, cette représentation utopique aboutit à des conversions et des massacres si massifs qu’ils menacèrent d’éliminer toute présence juive en Castille et en Aragon. Comment une communauté qui a presque réussi à détruire l’altérité dans une période de forte attente messianique parvient-elle alors à reconstruire sa capacité à marquer et maintenir les différences dans un monde qui demeure imparfait? La suite de l’article montre que la société chrétienne affronte ce problème en faisant de nouveaux usages de l’idée de « judéïté » après l’époque des conversions de masse. Une nouvelle catégorie religieuse, les convertis (conversos, marranes, nouveaux chétiens), émerge alors, contre laquelle l’identité et les privilèges des chrétiens peuvent à nouveau être définis et affirmés.
L’invention de l’anniversaire
Authors: Schmitt Jean-Claude
Published: May 2019

Depuis quand fêtons-nous l’anniversaire de notre naissance? La question a dû paraître suffisamment anecdotique aux historiens pour qu’ils ne se la soient guère posée. Intéressé par les rythmes sociaux et la scansion de la vie, l’auteur invite le lecteur à le suivre dans le cheminement de sa recherche, partie de son étonnement devant le caractère encore tardif et irrégulier de la célébration de l’anniversaire au début de l’époque moderne. En remontant dans le temps, il tente d’élucider les raisons pour lesquelles le Moyen Âge, peu soucieux du jour de la naissance et de l’âge exact des individus et préoccupé au contraire par le jour de leur mort, a effectué au cours du xivesiècle un retournement lourd de conséquences de la mort vers la vie, de l’anniversariumfunéraire vers la « natalité ». Mais la question initiale ne trouvera de réponse que dans la «longue durée»: ce sont les 53 bougies de Goethe en 1802 qui scellent l’invention de l’anniversaire tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui...
Anthropologie historique d’un massacre d’État
Authors: Olivier Baruch Marc
Published: May 2019

Quand, comment et pourquoi, hors situation de guerre ouverte, la police d’un État républicain se sent-elle en mesure de conduire sa mission de maintien de l’ordre jusqu’à laisser une manifestation se conclure par la mort de manifestants? Pour répondre à cette question, qui prolonge ses interrogations antérieures sur les modes de légitimation par l’État de pratiques d’espionnage et d’action secrète, Alain Dewerpe nous propose une étude de cas, particulièrement fouillée, de la manifestation parisienne qui, le 8 février 1962, vit huit personnes trouver la mort dans la station de métro Charonne. Largement fondée sur l’instruction très serrée conduite par la justice aux lendemains du drame, son analyse met en évidence la fermeté de la chaîne d’autorité qui, au sein de l’appareil d’État, anticipe, valide puis innocente la violence meurtrière; pour l’auteur, le pouvoir gaullien signe bien là un véritable massacre d’État.
Sous le masque du colonial
Authors: Vidal Laurent
Published: May 2019

Cet article entend rendre compte de l’émergence et de l’installation de la vie urbaine dans les espaces périphériques du Brésil moderne. Il s’appuie sur le cas de Vila Boa, fondée au cœur de la région des Mines de Goiás au début du xviiie siècle: ce campement d’orpailleurs (arraial) installé en 1727, a été élevé au rang de vila (1739), avant de devenir capitale de la capitainerie de Goiás (1749). Entre la ville en projet, cherchant à inscrire les marques du pouvoir dans l’espace, la ville au présent, avec ses arrangements et autres négociations, et la ville en attente, des décisions du roi ou du vice-roi, Vila Boa se fraye un chemin. Et lorsque, avec la diminution de la production de l’or, le « projet colonial » perd de sa force, c’est une ville métisse qui surgit – et que sanctionne le mot de « décadence », que lui accolent les autorités coloniales.
Marronnage et pouvoir colonial
Authors: Hunold Lara Silvia
Published: May 2019

Cet article se concentre sur l’accord de paix signé en 1678 entre Gamba Zumba, leader de Palmares, la communauté d’esclaves en fuite la plus importante et la plus durable de l’histoire de l’esclavage au Brésil, et les autorités coloniales du Pernambouc, dans le nordest de l’État du Brésil, qui donna naissance au hameau de Cucaú. Il examine le contexte dans lequel ont été menées les négociations, leur lien avec les débats sur la liberté des Indiens au Brésil et les controverses suscitées par l’octroi de l’affranchissement aux natifs de Palmares, suivi du re-asservissement des habitants de Cucaú. Les caractéristiques de l’accord de 1678 et les circonstances dans lesquelles il fut signé révèlent des aspects importants des luttes esclaves et des choix qui ont été faits. Choix qui concernaient l’esclavage et la liberté des Noirs et des Indiens dans l’empire colonial portugais à la fin du xviie siècle, au Pernambouc, au Brésil et au Portugal.
La violence commanditée: La criminalisation des « tueurs à gages » aux derniers siècles du Moyen Âge
Authors: Gauvard Claude
Published: May 2019

Ceux que nous appelons « tueurs à gages » ont mis longtemps à être reconnus comme une catégorie particulière de criminels. Leur dénomination les confond le plus souvent avec ceux que le latin appellesatellites, c’est-à-dire les membres qui gravitent dans l’entourage du commanditaire, qui peuvent être ses vassaux s’il s’agit d’un seigneur, de simples compagnons ou des serviteurs. Il est alors difficile de savoir dans quelle mesure leur action est stipendiée. Elle est certes diabolisée, comme le montre l’exemple paradigmatique du meurtre de Thomas Becket, mais la justice royale ne les poursuit guère. Aux deux derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, une évolution sensible se dessine: la procédure judiciaire cherche à mettre un nom sur leurs visages et à définir leur responsabilité en même temps qu’elle inculpe le commanditaire qui a eu l’intention de tuer. Les tueurs sont dotés d’un portrait stéréotypé qui les apparente aux bannis et aux hommes d’armes. Ils sont alors poursuivis en même temps que les hôtels aristocratiques qui leur servent souvent de repaires. La violence commanditée est condamnée car son déroulement, souillé par l’argent, le secret et la préméditation, dénature les lois de ce qui, en contrepoint, est défini comme une violence licite, perpétuée publiquement pour défendre un honneur blessé. Elle peut même être définie comme crime de lèse-majesté et ses auteurs deviennent au début du XVIesiècle des assassins.
Justice et honneur Interpréter la violence à Cologne (XVe-XVIIIesiècle)
Authors: Schwerhoff Gerd
Published: May 2019

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude de cas sur la criminalité dans la ville impériale de Cologne de la fin du Moyen Âge au Xviiiesiècle. Les résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs concernant la violence affective (homicides, blessures, échauffourées ou violences verbales) sont étudiés dans le contexte des débats historiographiques allemands sur l’histoire de la criminalité qui ont proliféré ces vingt dernières années. L’article étudie tout d’abord le sens de l’honneur dans les actes ritualisés de violence dans les rues de Cologne. La violence peut, dans ce contexte, être conceptualisée comme une forme de contrôle social. La tension entre normes sociales et normes juridiques dans l’évaluation contemporaine de la violence est analysée dans un second temps. Enfin, l’article aborde l’hypothèse selon laquelle la violence aurait fondamentalement évolué à la fin de la première période moderne et étudie les raisons de ce changement. Comme le démontre l’auteur, l’idée d’une « civilisation du crime » sur le long terme ne peut être soutenue. Les résultats empiriques indiquent plutôt que les cultures de la violence embrassant différentes strates sociales s’effacèrent progressivement dans les grandes villes au Xviiiesiècle.
Fils de Caïn, enfants de Médée: Homicide et infanticide devant le parlement de Paris (1575-1604)
Authors: Muchembled Robert
Published: May 2019

L’étude de 12 209 écrous d’appelants au parlement de Paris entre 1575 et 1604 révèle une mutation fondamentale des pratiques répressives. Elles privilégient désormais la punition des crimes de sang, dans une perspective très « gendrée»: l’homicide concerne 29% des hommes et aboutit à 57% des condamnations à mort masculines, tandis que l’infanticide, imputé à 21% des comparantes, fournit 68% des exécutées. Dans les deux cas, le profil dominant paraît être celui des jeunes célibataires. Marquée par plus de modération en matière de vol, cette évolution participe à la lente gestation d’un nouveau type de contrat social. Pour mieux détacher les adultes mâles dominant les communautés locales de la loi de la vengeance privée, la monarchie leur propose en échange une tutelle renforcée, garantie par l’éclat des supplices, sur les jeunes trop indociles ou impatients de prendre leur place. En obtenant au nom du Prince le monopole de la violence légitime, le parlement de Paris contribue puissamment à l’enracinement de l’état de justice moderne. Première étape sur le long chemin de la civilisation des mœurs occidentale et d’une sacralisation croissante de la vie humaine, sa rude pédagogie punitive produit prioritairement une criminalisation des traditions viriles sanguinaires des garçons à marier et de la sexualité peu contrainte des célibataires des deux sexes, en particulier de celle des filles se débarrassant trop aisément du fruit de leur péché.
Présentation
Authors: Napoli Paolo
Published: May 2019

La « gouvernementalité » a presque trente ans. Lors de son cours au Collège de France du 1er février 1978, Michel Foucault a accompli un geste aussi simple que prometteur: il a transformé une pratique, le gouvernement, en un concept. Les dernières années de sa recherche allaient être dominées par une question complexe: qu’est-ce que le fait de gouverner, soi-même ou les autres? Cette interrogation théorique était recoupée par un souci d’ordre critique, portant sur les limites même de la nécessité de l’acte de gouverner. Moins explicite, cette perspective critique prenait parfois, dans d’autres textes, un ton plus péremptoire, à travers la « volonté décisoire de ne pas être tellement gouvernés » prônée par Foucault la même année.
Théologie politique et pouvoir pastoral
Authors: Büttgen Philippe
Published: May 2019

L’article propose un examen critique de la notion de « pouvoir pastoral » forgée par Michel Foucault dans son cours du Collège de France « Sécurité, Territoire, Population » de 1977-1978. Deux moments sont privilégiés pour comprendre la place que prend le pouvoir pastoral dans le dispositif d’une « histoire de la gouvernementalité »: premièrement la prise de position de Foucault dans le débat théologico-politique sur le paradigme de la sécularisation; deuxièmement le lien entre l’analyse du pouvoir pastoral qui se déploie dans le cours avec les réalisations qu’a connues dans les cinquante dernières années le projet d’une histoire des clergés à l’époque moderne. On conclut à la singularité de la critique foucaldienne du théologico-politique dans le contexte intellectuel de la fin des années soixantedix, et l’on s’interroge sur l’usage qui peut aujourd’hui être fait de cette critique dans la perspective d’une histoire du religieux européen.
Pouvoir et noblesse dans l’empire moghol: Perspectives du règne de Jahāngīr (1605-1627)
Authors: Lefèvre Corinne
Published: May 2019

S’inspirant des perspectives récemment ouvertes par les historiens des empires occidentaux, cet article examine à nouveaux frais les rapports entre autorité centrale et élites militaro-administratives dans l’empire moghol du premier quart du XVIIesiècle – une période relativement négligée par l’historiographie dominante. La parole est, pour ce faire, donnée à une série de textes se rattachant au genre de la littérature sub-impériale et rarement convoqués dans cette optique. L’analyse de ce corpus – centrée sur les rhétoriques légitimantes et les pratiques politiques « interstitielles » qui y affleurent – permet d’éclairer la façon dont la noblesse réagit (tant du point de vue idéologique que pragmatique) à la pression croissante du modèle impérial et de réévaluer la question centre/périphérie dans sa dimension régionale.
Collaborations between academic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry: A perspective from industry
Authors: Tohen Mauricio
Published: May 2019

The author offers a perspective on the perceived conflicts of interest that influence scientific collaborations between academic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry. The author holds the position that the merits of a particular study should be judged based on the quality of the scientific methodology rather than on the credentials of the investigators or the source of funding.
Chronic adolescents and young offenders: An overview of research findings
Authors: Kiriakidis Stavros P.
Published: May 2019

Aims– The present paper is an overview of studies examining chronic, persistent offending and recidivism in adolescents and young offenders.Methods– The review focused on published papers dealing with chronic offending of adolescents and young offenders.Results– The paper provides the picture on definition on juvenile delinquency, definition of recidivism, measurement and operationalisation of recidivism, definition of chronic offenders, correlates and predictors of chronic offending, differences and similarities between chronic and non-chronic offenders, possible genetic influences in chronic offending, proportion of criminal activity attributed to chronic young offenders, factors differentially associated with initiation, escalation, persistence and desistance in juvenile offending.Conclusions– Overall the boundaries of the sociological approach to the study of chronic offending are stressed and the possible advantages of employing a social psychological approach to the study of chronic offending are noted.

Declaration of Interest: The research of this article was financially supported by the Greek State Scholarships Foundation. There is no potential conflict of interest related to the present paper.