bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dyestuffs for synthetic polymer fibres: 4‐N‐morpholinoazobenzenes
Authors: Peters Arnold T. , Cheung Sing Kwen
Published: July 2010

A series of monoazo disperse dyes derived from the coupling to N‐phenylmorpholine of diazotised anilines and aminothiazole derivatives is described. The colour, dyeing and fastness properties of the dyes is compared to those of the analogous dyes based on N‐ethyl‐N‐β‐hydroxy‐ethylaniline. Dyes from the ring closed heterocyclic coupling components dye synthetic‐polymer fibres in deep colours of good fastness properties and show significant hypsochromic colour shifts compared to the uncyclised derivatives.
Electrodeposition of cobalt‐nickel alloys from ammoniacal single‐complex baths
Authors: El‐Rehim Sayed S. Abd , El‐Halim Abd‐Halim M. Abd , Osman Magda M.
Published: July 2010

The electrodeposition of cobalt‐nickel alloys has been studied from ammoniacal single‐complex baths containing 5–50 CoSo4·7H2O, 5–50 NiCl2·46H2O, 20–50 g dm−3 (NH4)2SO4 and 250–350 cm3 dm−3 NH4OH (20.5% solution). The effects of the plating current density and the concentrations of the bath constituents on the cathodic polarisation, current efficiency and composition of the alloy were investigated. A wide range of alloy compositions with a current efficiency of 60–80% could be obtained from the main baths examined. The alloy plating system interchanged between the normal and the anomalous types depending upon the plating current density and the concentration of NH+4 ion in the bath. Electron microscopic and X‐ray diffraction studies proved that the structure of the electrodeposited alloy was controlled by the alloy composition.
A statistical approach to the separation of cobalt and nickel by the sodium salt of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
Authors: Brandt David I.
Published: July 2010

A full (25) factorial design at two levels has been used in the study of the separation of cobalt and nickel in sulphate solution, by solvent extraction with the sodium salt of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. The variables selected for study were initial pH (4.0 and 5.5), initial aqueous cobalt concentration (10 and 25 g dm‐3), initial aqueous nickel concentration (20 and 50 g dm‐3), equilibrium temperature (50 and 80°C) and initial aqueous sodium sulphate concentration (0 and 0.5m) for an equilibration at fixed extractant concentration (0.5m) and fixed phase ratio (1:1). The responses studied were equilibrium organic cobalt concentration, equilibrium organic nickel concentration and equilibrium pH. The results may be explained in terms of the known chemistry of the system. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied. Initial pH and initial sodium sulphate concentration have no effect on the separation. Separation is enhanced by increasing temperature, with a greater cobalt: nickel ratio in the organic phase. Empirical models which use first‐order polynomial expressions were found to represent the separation adequately at 80°C, while the detection of two‐factor interactions in the model including both temperatures indicates that second‐order polynomials will be required for satisfactory description.

Predictions from the model for extraction at 80°C have compared quite favourably with equilibrium data obtained independently to the factorial design.
A convenient laboratory‐scale synthesis of methylallene from 1, 3‐butadiene
Authors: Thomas M. , Satish S. , Kalyanam N.
Published: July 2010

A four step synthesis of methylallene, a chain transfer agent, from 1, 3‐butadiene is described. Effects of experimental variables on the yields of the products in the various steps have been studied. The products obtained are characterised primarily with the use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Crystallisation of impurities from black phosphoric acid at high temperature
Authors: Habashi Fathi , Naito Kunishige , Awadalla Farouk T.
Published: July 2010

Technical phosphoric acid when heated at 180°C in a pressure reactor deposits fluoro‐aluminate crystals (Na, Mg) A1 (F, OH)6.H2O known as ralstonite, together with minor amounts of sodium fluorosilicate, Na2SiF6, and aluminum phosphate, AlH3 (PO4)2.3 H2O. Uranium and vanadium in solution do not co‐precipitate.
Promoting action of water on slurry phase hydrogenation of p‐nitrotoluene on raney nickel
Authors: Choudhary Vasant R. , Chaudhari Sudhakar K.
Published: July 2010

Enhancement in the reaction rate of hydrogenation of p‐nitrotoluene on Raney nickel in a three‐phase slurry reactor due to the presence of water in the reaction mixture has been observed. The promoting action was found to be dependent on the initial concentration of water, the reaction rate passed through a maximum when the initial water concentration varied from 0.0 to 10.85 (mmol cm‐3). A two to three fold increase in the reaction rate dependent on the temperature has been observed at the optimum water concentration. However, at very high concentrations (above 8.0 mmol cm‐3) water inhibited the hydrogenation. The reaction is not influenced significantly by the presence of p‐toluidine.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate in the presence of phosphoric acid and calcium oxide: ii. physical properties
Authors: Beretka Julius , Brown Trevor
Published: July 2010

The physical properties of plaster slurries and cast gypsum made from calcium sulphate hemihydrate containing small quantities of orthophosphoric acid, calcium oxide, added singly and together with varying CaO/P2O5 weight ratios from 0 to 5, were studied. Small quantities of 0.1–0.4% P2O5 severely retarded the setting times of plaster slurries, while CaO accelerated them slightly. However, when the CaO and P2O5 were added together, the physical properties exhibited some unusual behaviour due to the formation of secondary calcium orthophosphate, CaHPO4.2H2O, in situ. At the CaO/P2O5 weight ratio range of about 1–2, the initial setting times became excessively long, the compressive strengths and combined water contents decreased, and due to incomplete hydration the casts contained large amounts of unhydrated hemihydrate which increased with increasing concentrations of P2O5. Above the CaO/P2O5 weight ratio of about 2, the setting time decreased, the compressive strength increased, the hydration was completed and the physical properties returned to the usual values reported for commercial casting plaster. The practical implications of these findings on the industrial use of phosphogypsum are discussed.
Rapid nitric acid cooking of rice straw
Authors: El‐Taraboulsi M. A. , Nassar M. M. , Abd El‐Rehim E. A.
Published: July 2010

A rapid and mild nitric acid pulping of rice straw was developed and different grades of pulp were produced. A satisfactory nitric chemimechanical rice straw pulp was obtained in a yield of 80% by two stage pulping. In the first stage 5% HNO3 was used at 80°C and a 6:1 liquor ratio for 30 min, followed by a second alkali stage, 3% NaOH at 95°C for 30 min. The pulp had a satisfactory strength and high opacity and it was bleached by an HP sequence to a 67% general electric brightness (GE). Semichemical pulp of 65% yield was produced by cooking with 10% HNO3 and 10% NaOH at 20:1 liquor ratio. The pulp had superior strength and it was bleached to a 61% GE by a chlorination‐alkali extraction hypochlorite (CEH) sequence. Nitric bleached chemical pulp of 48% and 82% GE was produced by cooking with 6% HNO3 and 7% NaOH at 10:1 liquor ratio and bleached by a CEH sequence. The chemical pulp is of higher yield and strength than soda pulp. Newsprint that fulfils all the requirements was produced on an experimental paper machine from a furnish composed of 80% bleached nitric chemimechanical rice straw pulp, 10% bleached softwood pulp and 10% clay.
Application in detergency of a low‐grade zeolite‐a derived from lipari pumice
Authors: Burriesci Nicola , Corigliano Francesco , Saija Leo , Zipelli Cesare , Bart Jan C. J.
Published: July 2010

Zeolite‐A, containing < 100 parts/106 Fe, obtained from a widespread, low‐cost, raw material (Lipari pumice) is proposed as a detergent‐builder in place of polyphos‐phates. The derived synthetic detergency grade zeolites show a sufficiently high Ca‐ion exchange capacity; Mg‐capture is more difficult. The zeolites investigated decompose perborate equally well or less than commercially available detergent zeolite‐A samples prepared synthetically from pure Na silicate and aluminate.
Uptake of fluoride ion by amorphous calcium phosphate
Authors: Kanazawa Takafumi , Umegaki Takao , Shiba Shigenobu
Published: July 2010

Fluor‐bearing apatites were obtained by suspending amorphous calcium phosphate in NaF solutions, The amounts of absorbed F increased with lowering of pH in the fluoride solutions and elevation of temperature. The apatite formation may be interpreted in terms of a certain dissolution‐crystallisation mechanism.
Perception of line‐up suggestiveness: effects of identification outcome knowledge
Authors: Ask Karl , Granhag Pär Anders
Published: July 2010

Research on the hindsight bias has shown that knowledge of an event outcome makes the observed outcome appear more predictable than it does in the absence of outcome knowledge. It was hypothesised that perceptions of the suggestiveness of a line‐up would be similarly influenced by knowledge of a witness' identification decision, with a positive identification of the suspect increasing, and a negative non‐identification decreasing, perceived suggestiveness. The ratings of undergraduate students (N = 50) in Experiment 1 showed the predicted influence of positive outcome, whereas negative outcome had no demonstrable influence. In contrast, Experiment 2, conducted with police trainees (N = 126) and with the line‐up presented in the context of a criminal investigation, partially supported the predicted influence of negative, but not positive, outcome. The discrepant findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the hindsight bias and the implications for real‐life judgements of line‐up suggestiveness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lectin histochemical studies on the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ in the Japanese striped snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata
Authors: Kondoh Daisuke , Yamamoto Yoshio , Nakamuta Nobuaki , Taniguchi Kazumi , Taniguchi Kazuyuki
Published: July 2010

The olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ of the Japanese striped snake were examined by lectin histochemistry. Of the 21 lectins used in the study, all lectins except succinylated‐wheat germ agglutinin (s‐WGA) showed similar binding patterns in the vomeronasal receptor cells and the olfactory receptor cells with varying intensities. The binding patterns of s‐WGA varied among individuals in the vomeronasal and olfactory receptor cells, respectively. Four lectins, Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin‐II (BSL‐II), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Sophora japonica agglutinin (SJA), and Erythrina cristagalli lectin (ECL) stained secretory granules and the organelles in the olfactory supporting cells and did not stain them in the vomeronasal supporting cells. These results suggest that the glycoconjugate moieties are similar in the vomeronasal and olfactory receptor cells of the Japanese striped snake. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the dark electrical characteristics of the lateral metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors using two‐dimensional numerical simulation
Authors: Debbar Nacer
Published: July 2010

A detailed investigation of the dark electrical characteristics of the lateral metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures is carried out using a two‐dimensional numerical simulation based on the drift‐diffusion model. The model includes image force barrier lowering and current‐dependent recombination velocities at the Schottky contacts. The simulation was used to examine the details of the depletion region, the electric field distributions, and the current path in the active region of the planar structure. The obtained results were shown to be very helpful to understand and to explain various behaviours seen in the characteristics of the metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures. The dark I‐V characteristics of the structure were also calculated and compared with published experimental data. The results reveal the importance of the image force lowering on the characteristics and the hole injection at the forward contact beyond the flat band voltage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory focus as a mediator in goal orientation and performance relationships
Authors: Johnson Paul D. , Shull Amanda , Wallace J. Craig
Published: July 2010

Chosen goals influence the outcomes a person achieves as well as the behaviors performed to achieve those outcomes. In this study, we propose that three forms of goal orientation: learning, performance‐prove, and performance‐avoid, (VandeWalle, 1997) relate to performance, with learning and performance‐prove relating to performance through regulatory foci of prevention and promotion, respectively. Regulatory focus, a type of self‐regulation, entails the implementation of specific strategies in pursuit of goals and thus gives us insight to how a person pursues a chosen goal. In a combination of laboratory and field studies, we examine the role of regulatory focus as a mediator between goal orientation and task performance. We find evidence that regulatory focus strategies differentially mediate the goal orientation/task performance relationship. Theoretical ramifications for these relationships, as well as practical implications, are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating attachment style, vigor at work, and extra‐role performance
Authors: Little Laura M. , Nelson Debra L. , Wallace J. Craig , Johnson Paul D.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents and tests a model of the impact of secure and insecure attachment styles (secure, counterdependent, and overdependent) on citizenship behavior and workplace deviance behavior through vigor at work. Employees who exhibit secure attachment styles are proposed to exhibit more vigor at work because of more effective use of physical, emotional, and cognitive resources which translates into increased organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and decreased deviance. Insecurely attached employees are hypothesized to exhibit the opposite pattern. In a sample of 331 repair generalists in a large building facilities and maintenance organization, results indicate that attachment styles indirectly predicted OCBs and deviance through vigor. Implications of these results for attachment style, vigor at work, OCBs, and deviance are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sammelbericht. Localization of the endophyte in mycotrophic organs
Authors: Kelley Arthur Pierson
Published: July 2010

That fungi live with underground or creeping plant organs has, after much hesitation by more than one generation of plant scientists, been formally admitted as truth. It is conceded that fungus‐roots or mycorrhizae exist; also, mycorrhizomes and mycothalli. Conservative botanists fear to go much further; and even students of mycotrophy are reluctant to admit cognizance of the exact processes in the fungal exchange. Few of them realize what knowledge of the mycotrophic process lies buried in the literature; and the object of this paper is to uncover some of that evidence and bring it publicly forward. A key to the problem is localization of the endophyte; which, once admitted, leads rapidly to other considerations.
A technique to establish systems of haploid to polyploid Saccharomyces strains which are most identical with respect to their chromosome sets and most homozygous
Authors: Haefner Klaus
Published: July 2010

It is necessary to have series of most homozygous strains with identical chromosome sets to study, i.e. radiation effects or gene dosis relationships in Saccharomyces strains of different ploidy, because it could be shown that changes in the genetic background within a serie influence the effect under study (Laskowski 1962, Haefner 1964, 1965a).

With all techniques used up to now it is not possible to avoid either some necessary heterozygousities, or a high amount of divisions, which automatically introduce spontaneous mutations and therefore deviations from the identity of the chromosome sets in different strains. Laskowski (1962), using a technique of Mortimer (1958), was able to establish a system of Saccharomyces strains of the ploidy p = 1 to 6, but with the disadvantage that strains with p > 2 were heterozygous for the mating type locus and strains with p > 4 were additional heterozygous for two necessary marker genes. Emeis (1963) established series of polyploid strains with‐even p‐values by selecting cells, which derived from endomitotic divisions.
Ultrastruktur der stabilen L‐Formen von Escherichia coli B und W 1655 F+
Authors: Gumpert J. , Schuhmann Edith , Taubeneck U.
Published: July 2010

In broth cultures the stable L‐forms of E. coli B and W 1655 F+ grow as spherical elements with diameters of 0.05 μ up to more than 2 μ. Particles below 0.3 μ in diameter are probably not able to propagate. L‐form cells, growing in agar media, are highly pleomorph.

Ultrathin sections through L‐form cells show that there are no cell wall structures. The cells are always surrounded only by the cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, the L‐forms of the two E. coli strains under study may be designated as stable L‐forms of the protoplast type.

Unlike normal rods the nucleoids of L‐form cells are not marked off clearly from the cytoplasm. There are often vacuoles in the elements, which are surrounded by a typically triple layered membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane may produce local outgrowths of different size. Frequently, intracellular membranes are present in L‐form cells. They may be seen as triple layered unit membranes or as structures with 5 and more layers. With a centre to centre distance of the dark layers of 41 Å they are similar to myelin structures. The quintuple layered structures, which can be found also extracellular, are probably produced by a close contact between the cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of vacuoles. Formation and function of the intracellular membranes are discussed.
On methane‐oxidizing bacteria in fresh waters III. The capacity of methane utilization by methane‐oxidizing enrichment cultures as revealed by gas chromatographic analyses
Authors: Naguib M.
Published: July 2010

Die Wachstumsintensität von Methan‐Anreicherungskulturen ist nicht immer mit der Methanaufnahme korreliert. In extremen Fällen ist in initialen Kulturen ein Wachstum ohne Methanaufnahme festzustellen. Daher muß die Methanaufnahme neben dem Wachstum gemessen werden. Wachstum unter Methan kann nicht als einziges Kriterium für eine Methanverwertung angesehen werden, wie bislang häufig angenommen wurde.

Initiale Anreicherungskulturen konnten fast immer aus den belüfteten Wasserschichten und nur gelegentlich aus den Sauerstoff‐freien Zonen (Hypolimnion und Sedimente) des untersuchten Plußsees gewonnen werden.

Es werden 2 Typen von Methan‐Anreicherungskulturen nach ihrem weiteren Verhalten gegenüber Methan unterschieden:

Anreicherungen, die ihre Fähigkeit Methan zu verwerten, in weiteren Passagen verlieren. Zugabe von Pflanzenextrakt, Kaltwasserextrakt aus Agar sowie konzentriertes Seewasser können den Gasumsatz steigern.

Anreicherungen, die ihre Aktivität gegenüber Methan, ohne besondere Zusätze zum Medium, seit Jahren behalten haben.

Methan wird von der Zelle assimiliert, ein Teil wird als CO2 ausgeschieden. Dieser Befund geht aus den Gasumsatzmessungen hervor, die ein CH4:O2‐Verhältnis von 1:0,4—1,2 zeigen.
The alkaloids of fungi IV. Alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Sallam L. A. R. , El‐Refai A. H. , Naim N.
Published: July 2010

The changes of the composition of the alkaloid fraction of Aspergillus flavus during the different growth phases were studied. The clavines, agroclavines and elymoclavines were formed in comparatively higher yields during the early phase of growth, thereafter their concentration gradually decreased while the production of the peptide alkaloid, ergokryptine, was enhanced. Ergokryptine proved to be the principal product at the late phase of growth. The supplementation of a mixture of acetate and DL‐tryptophan to the culture medium stimulated the growth and the formation of lipids and alkaloids.
Efficiency of a soil Mycobacterium during growth on hydrocarbons and related substrates
Authors: Blevins W. T. , Perry J. J.
Published: July 2010

Hydrocarbon‐utilizing bacteria retained the ability to readapt to propane utilization after prolonged transfer on a non‐hydrocarbon substrate. The organism studied most thoroughly (Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5) required 12–15 hr to readapt to propane oxidation. The amount of growth with propane as substrate by strain JOB 5 was proportional to the initial propane concentration when neither O2 nor substrate was limiting. Maximal cell yields were attained with an initial atmospheric O2 concentration of 40% when the propane concentration was 50%. The generation time for strain JOB 5 was 5 hr with propane and 3.5 hr with propionate as substrate. The molar growth yield with strain JOB 5 on gaseous alkanes and related substrates was consistently lower than predicted values.
Transduktion mit dem temperenten Proteus mirabilis‐Phagen π1 II. Einfluß der Vermehrungsmultiplizität auf die Transduktionsfähigkeit des Phagen
Authors: Stäber H. , Böhme H.
Published: July 2010

The influence of different multiplicities of infection on the formation of infectious and transducing π1‐phages was studied. The ratio of the two types of π1‐phages formed is not the same. An agent is described which killed P. mirabilis bacteria without forming plaques. The synthesis of this agent is correlated with the formation of transducing phages, but not that of infectious phages. The possible identity of this agent with phage structures able to kill bacteria without plaque formation is discussed.
Eine einfache semiquantitative Methode zur Bestimmung des RNS‐Gehaltes von Mikroorganismen mit Pseudoisocyanin
Authors: Benndorf J.
Published: July 2010

Bei Bakterien aus Oberflächenwasser schwankte die Anfärbbarkeit mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Pseudoisocyanin (PIC) zwischen 30 und fast 100% aller vorhandenen Bakterien. Diese unterschiedliche Anfärbbarkeit beruht nicht auf systematischen Unterschieden. An Reinkulturen von Bacillus subtilis wurde nachgewiesen, daß in der logarithmischen und in der ganz frühen stationären Phase fast alle Bakterien PIC‐positiv sind, während die Werte in den übrigen Phasen der Kultur viel niedriger liegen.

Durch den negativen Ausfall der Färbung nach Extraktion von RNS durch Ribonuclease kann es als wahrscheinlich gelten, daß mit der PIC‐Färbung in den Bakterien RNS nach‐gewiesen wird. Die gleichzeitige Erfassung der PIC‐positiven Bakterien und des RNS‐Gehaltes der Trockensubstanz in einer wachsenden Bakterienmischkultur ergab eine Beziehung, die die Befunde der RNS‐Extraktion unterstützt (Korrelationskoeffizient r = 0,74).

Für freisuspendierte Bakterien wird ein Zählverfahren und für Bakterienflocken ein photometrisches Verfahren der quantitativen Erfassung beschrieben. Die PIC‐Färbung kann Angaben über die Veränderungen des RNS‐Gehaltes von Mikroorganismen liefern; eine Erfassung des absoluten RNS‐Gehaltes ist nicht möglich.
Enzymatic conversion of l‐decene to decyl alcohol by Candida rugosa JF 101
Authors: Iida M. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

Cell‐free extracts from Candida rugosa JF 101, disrupted with a cell homogenizer, oxidized 1‐decene to decyl alcohol, decyl aldehyde and decanoic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A linear relation' between enzyme concentration and the amount of the decyl alcohol formed was observed. The anaerobic concentration of decyl alcohol was approximately 2 to 3 times greater than under aerobic conditions. By use of mass spectrometry it was shown that the oxygen of water is incorporated into the 1‐decene during hydroxylation. From these results, the most probable mechanism would be hydration of 1‐decene to decyl alcohol by an enzyme analogue to fumarase. A tentative mechanism for n‐decane hydroxylation in C‐rugosa JF 101 system is proposed.
Effects of some chemical mutagens on survival and reversion of some mutant strains of Fusarium spec.
Authors: Singh U. P.
Published: July 2010

The effects of acridine orange, malachite green, toluidine blue, oxytetracycline hydro chloride, caffeine, and N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (NTG) have been investigated in the mutant strains R 79, RM, WR, diauxotroph compact and widespread of Fusarium spec. Only caffeine and, as it is shown for the first time in this organism, also NTG induced reversions in the strains R 79, RM and WR.
Wirkungsweise von Oxathiin‐Derivaten auf die Physiologie sensitiver und insensitiver Hefearten
Authors: Lyr H. , Luthardt W. , Ritter G.
Published: July 2010

The favoured inhibition of basidiomycetes by oxathiin can be confirmed with yeast like organisms. A possible common base for the sensitivity against oxathiins is probably the dominance of the hexosemonophosphate shunt (HMP) in sensitive organisms, although the primary site of attack is the respiration system. Sensitive and insensitive species don't differ in the overall accumulation of 5,6‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐oxathiin‐3‐carboxanilid DCMO), which is, as total molecule, responsible for the toxic effect. A degradation results in a detoxication.
Bifidobacterium suis n. sp.: A new species of the genus Bifidobacterium isolated from pig faces
Authors: Matteuzzi D. , Crociani F. , Zani O. , Trovatelli L. D.
Published: July 2010

A lot of strains of bifidobacteria isolated from pig feces were tested for morphological, physiological, biochemical, and enzymological characters. Nutrition, DNA base composition and DNA homology were also examined. The phenotypic characters of the bacterial group isolated from pig feces and its genetic homology warranted the proposal of the creation of the new species Bifidobacterium suis.
Atmungsgrößen von Escherichia coli B/r and Bs1 und der Einfluß hoher UV‐Dosen
Authors: Kössler F.
Published: July 2010

Two very different radiation sensitive strains of Escherichia coli (B/r and Bs1) showed only small differences of their rest metabolism. A significant distinction is to be seen some hours after separation of the bacteria from the nutrient substrate. There is a slow decrease of respiration intensity of the B/r strain. The nucleoside adenosine which in buffer solution with glucose influenced only the B/r cells increased the respiration rate of this strain on the same level as the Bs1 cells.

Without glucose (endogenous respiration), the oxygen consumption of both strains is very small, but can be increased on the level of exogenous respiration by application of adenosine (5 × 10−3 M). The small endogenous respiration is not decreased by high UV‐doses; the glucose respiration after 80000 erg. mm−2 falls to about 50% of the control. Adenosine can diminish this decline.

These and other experiments showed an increase in the resistance to UV irradiation in the folllowing sequence: growth respiration in complete medium, glucose respiration in phosphate buffer, and endogenous respiration; the activity of metabolism falls in the same sequence. The different radiosensitivity of both bacterial strains may not be understood by their rest metabolism, which is very similar in both cases, except one suggests a multiplication of the small differences during the growth metabolism.
Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des bifunktionell alkylierenden Cytostaticums IMET 3106 auf Wachstum, Zellteilung, DNS‐, RNS‐ und Proteinsynthese von Escherichia coli
Authors: Haupt I. , Strohbach G.
Published: July 2010

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung des bifunktionell alkylierenden Cytostaticums 1‐Methyl‐2‐{p‐[bis‐(β‐chloräthyl)‐amino]‐phenyliminomethyl}‐chinolinium‐chlorid (IMET 3106) haben gezeigt, daß in exponentiell wachsenden Kulturen von E. coli 15 TAU− sowohl die DNS‐ als auch die Proteinsynthese konzentrationsabhängig gehemmt werden. Die Hemmung der Proteinsynthese erfolgt zeitlich noch vor der Hemmung der DNS‐Synthese. Im Gegensatz hierzu wird die RNS‐Synthese durch dieses Cytostaticum im Vergleich zur Kontrolle zunächst stimuliert; eine partielle Hemmung der RNS‐Synthese tritt erst nach längerer Versuchsdauer auf.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen von DNS‐ und Proteinsynthese an den Stämmen E. coli K12 AB2497 uvr+ und AB2500 uvr A6 führten zu entsprechenden Ergebnissen. Durch Bestimmung des Koloniebildungsvermögens nach Einwirkung verschiedener Konzentrationen des Cytostaticums auf diese beiden Stämme konnte gezeigt werden, daß nur der Uvr+‐Stamm in der Lage ist, Zellteilungs‐ und Koloniebildungsvermögen zurückzuerlangen. Danach muß angenommen werden, daß der Uvr+‐Stamm die durch die Alkylierung erzeugten DNS‐Schäden reparieren kann. In Gegenwart des Cytostaticums führt die Reparatur aber nicht zu einer eindeutigen Erholung der DNS‐Synthese. Damit kann die unterschiedliche Fähigkeit beider Stämme zur Zellteilung nach Behandlung mit dem Cytostaticum nicht auf eine unterschiedliche Hemmung der DNS‐Synthese zurückgeführt werden. Autoradiographische Befunde machen es wahrscheinlich, daß eine anomale Verteilung der DNS in den Filamenten der Uvr−‐Mutante mitverantwortlich für die Zellteilungshemmung ist.
Toxicity of membrane filters to Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Tuovinen O. H. , Niemelä S. I. , Gyllenberg H. G.
Published: July 2010

Membrane filters of different origins and types contain substances that are toxic to Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in media where Fe2+ constitutes the source of energy. The toxic principle(s) can be almost completely removed by heating to 115–120 °C or by leaching in boiling water. The damage of the membranes which follows from these treatments makes the membranes useless for ordinary filtration. It seems then that the development of a standard quantitative method using ferrous iron agar for the enumeration of chemolithotrophic iron‐oxidizing bacteria requires further attention.
Stabilisierung potentieller Transformanten von Bacillus subtilis durch ß‐Phenäthylalkohol
Authors: Kretschmer Sigrid
Published: July 2010

The addidion of 0.3% PEA to Bacillus subtilis cultures at the time of nitrogen‐limitation did not affect the colony forming ability of the cells for several hours. However, the formation of spores in such cultures was completely inhibited, if 0.3% PEA was present during the first two hours of sporogenesis.

If PEA was given to a culture containing potential transformants, their loss, which accounted for 99% in PEA‐free cultures, was suppressed. Because the same concentrations of PEA had the same quantitative effects on both sporulating cells at time t2 and potential transformants, it is concluded that comparable processes may occur in these types of cells. This would indicate that transformants undergo sporulation after having lost their competence and that the stabilizing effect of PEA is due to the conservation of the early reversible phase of sporogenesis.
Flavomycoin, ein neues Polyenantibioticum aus Streptomyces roseoflavus. Produktion, Isolierung und Eigenschaften
Authors: Schlegel R. , Fügner Rosemarie , Bradler Gertraud , Thrum H.
Published: July 2010

The polyene antibiotic flavomycoin is produced by the Streptomyces strain JA 5068, which was named Streptomyces roseoflavus ARAI 1951 var. jenensis nov. var. because of its morphological and physiological properties. JA 5068 differs from the strains producing the similar antibiotics flavofungin and mycoticin, Streptomyces flavofungini URI et al. 1957 and Streptomyces ruber (KRAINSKY 1914) WAKSMAN et HENRICI 1948, respectively.

Flavomycoin, C41H68O10 · 2 H2O, represents a new type of carbonyl pentaene. It has been isolated from the mycelium by extraction with methanol and butanol. The yellow‐green crystalline substance melts at 161–163 °C. The ultraviolet spectrum shows maxima at 263 and 363 nm. Flavomycoin is soluble in polar organic solvents but insoluble in water and unpolar solvents. Flavomycoin is active against dermatophytes, pathogenic and non‐pathogenic yeasts, filamentous fungi and protozoa. The LD50 is 24 mg/kg mice, i.p.
Vergleich von Enzymaktivitäten bei Hefen Untersuchungen zur Aktivitätsbestimmung einiger Enzyme bei Hefestämmen nach Wachstum auf n‐Alkanen
Authors: Hildebrandt W. , Durner K. , Weide H.
Published: July 2010

Einige Enzyme des Krebszyklus und damit verknüpfter Stoffwechselwege bei je einem Stamm von Rhodotorula und Candida wurden charakterisiert. Die Bestimmung eines Enzyms bei zwei Stämmen verschiedener Gattungen erforderte unterschiedliche Konzentrationen von Substraten und Cofaktoren. Die für einen Stamm optimalen Konzentrationen bewirkten in einigen Fällen beim anderen eine Hemmung oder lagen noch unterhalb des Optimums. Für einen Hefestamm ausgearbeitete und optimierte Enzymbestimmungsmethoden können deshalb nicht in jedem Fall auf einen anderen Stamm übertragen werden.
Untersuchungen über die Aufnahme und Verwertung von Phosphatverbindungen durch Phosphatmangelzellen von Candida utilis II. Die Pyrophosphataseaktivität der Zellen
Authors: Jungnickel F.
Published: July 2010

Von Phosphatmangelzellen (Candida utilis) wird nach Pyrophosphatangebot pro Zeiteinheit mehr Orthophosphat freigesetzt als aufgenommen. Phosphataufnahme und Pyrophosphatspaltung zeigen unterschiedliche Temperaturabhängigkeit; die Pyrophosphatspaltung ist durch Q10 = ca. 3,0 gekennzeichnet (0,1° −20°C), während die Phosphataufnahme bei 0,1 °C bereits vollständig unterbunden ist. Die Pyrophosphatspaltung wird durch Mg++ relativ gering, durch Säuren (EDTA und Weinsäure) aber infolge unspezifischer Aciditätserhöhung erheblich gefördert. Natriumazid blockiert die Phosphataufnahme, beeinflußt aber die Pyrophosphatspaltung nur indirekt.

Die Untersuchungen führen zu der Schlußfolgerung. daß der Kontakt der Pyrophosphatspaltenden Enzymmoleküle lebender Zellen mit dem Medium nicht durch Barrieren behindert ist. Die Pyrophosphat‐spaltenden Enzyme werden aber nicht an das Medium abgegeben.
Lysogenisierung durch Phagen‐ und Prophagen‐DNS aus Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Schlechte H. , Geissler E.
Published: July 2010

DNA of the temperate bacteriophage SP02 is active in transfection experiments. Competent recipient bacteria can also be lysogenized by such DNA extracted from mature phages. When phage DNA was isolated from the lysogenic strain Bacillus subtilis 168M (SP02), the lysogenization frequency was higher than in similar experiments with DNA from mature phages.
Neue Methoden zur Beobachtung und Isolierung ungewöhnlicher oder wenig bekannter Wasserbakterien
Authors: Hirsch P.
Published: July 2010

Techniques are described which allow the direct observation of water bacteria in their unchanged environment. Bacteria attaching to and growing on glass slides were observed with a partially submerged light microscope. Similarly, undisturbed living bacteria were studied in previously submerged PERFIL'EV glass capillaries, a necessity in the case of the fragile Gallionella or Metallogenium spp. Many new bacterial forms and surface structures were discovered when formvar‐coated electron microscope grids were used as the substrate for attached growth („Aufwuchs”︁).

Several water bacteria can be obtained by covering slides with layers of agar media and coating these with thin, transparent plastic foil to encourage specific attachment. The foil was used like a cover slip on water agar‐coated slides. After microscopic observation the foil was peeled off and the colonies observed previously could then be isolated. Growth of pure cultures was successfully attempted in disposable Nalgene membrane filter units or in membrane‐covered chambers which had been submerged in the aquatic environment to facilitate nutrient and waste exchange with the outside. Natural bacterial populations could be transferred with only little disturbance from stratified sediments to the laboratory. This was achieved by keeping aquaria in the water for an extended period of time to allow for re‐establishment of the normal layering. During transportation, the aquaria were covered with plastic plates. In the laboratory some of the environmental factors such as the proper temperature and light were restored. With this method layered populations of even rare water bacteria could be kept alive for several months.

Finally, an agar diffusion gradient plate is described. It enables one to grow and isolate unusually demanding, i.e. „stenobiotic”︁ bacteria.
Der Atmungsdefekt bei Hefezellen: eine kritische Betrachtung seiner Ursachen II. Der „RD‐Zustand”︁ (petite‐Mutation) und verwandte Defekte
Authors: Kraepelin Gunda
Published: July 2010

In der Zeit seit dem Erscheinen des ersten Teiles dieses Sammelreferates (KRAEPELIN 1967) hat der Atmungsdefekt, soweit er sich auf die sogenannte plasmatische „petite‐Mutation”︁ bezieht, noch keine definitive Klärung gefunden. Obgleich es zu diesem Thema bereits mehrere zusammenfassende Darstellungen gibt, in denen die zur Zeit wesentlich erscheinenden Fakten diskutiert wurden, mag die in manchem abweichende Betrachtungsweise dieses Referat dennoch rechtfertigen. Insbesondere mag es dazu beitragen, bekannte aber scheinbar unkorrelierte Phänomene einmal im Zusammenhang zu sehen. Da es noch keineswegs erwiesen ist, daß der plasmatische Atmungsdefekt und seine Begleiterscheinungen auf einer Mutation genetischen Materials beruhen, soll hier der kausal weniger festgelegten Bezeichnung „RD‐Zustand”︁ (respiratory defective state) auch weiterhin der Vorzug gegeben werden2.
Geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen X. Besiedelung der Vulkaninsel Surtsey mit Mikroorganismen
Authors: Schwartz W. , Schwartz Adelheid
Published: July 2010

After a short revue on the biological exploration of Surtsey, 1964–1970, a report is given of a stay on Surtsey in 1969, the collecting of samples and the microbiological examination of the samples. The main problem is to recognize the pioneer organisms of the colonization of the ashes, the tephra and lava away from the coast where no permanent accumulation of fresh water exists and the process of mechanical and chemical weathering is just beginning. Several biotops have been characterized by germ numbers and biochemical groups of bacteria. The most active, biologically, was the biotop of the fumaroles. The results have been discussed and a program for further exploration has been outlined.
Antimicrobial properties of fungal macrolide antibiotics
Authors: Betina V. , Mičeková Daniela
Published: July 2010

Antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal effects of curvularin, cyanein, monorden, and cytochalasins A, B and D were studied.

Curvularin and cytochalasin B showed no inhibition of the microorganisms tested. Cyanein and cytochalasin D, besides their cytotoxicity, are antifungal antibiotics. Cytochalasin A inhibits growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Mucor corymbifer, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Botrytis cinerea. Monorden was active against B. subtilis, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, B. cinerea, and also against Euglena gracilis.

Cyanein, monorden, and cytochalasins A and D induce an intensive ramification of B. cinerea hyphae.

Biological activity of the studied compounds is discussed in terms of their chemical structures.
Zur Anwendbarkeit der Quellungshypothese auf die Sporangienentleerungsweise bei Achlya
Authors: Borkowski M.
Published: July 2010

Mit den gewonnenen Untersuchungsergebnissen erweist sich die Unbrauchbarkeit der Quellungshypothese DEBARYS, die Sporangienentleerungsweise bei Achlya zu erklären.

Die von DEBARY, WALZ und STRASBURGER postulierte Quellmasse konnte mit den gekennzeichneten Methoden an Achlya‐Sporangien weder auf dem Wege des direkten Nachweises durch optische, färbetechnische und mikrochemische Verfahren, noch auf dem des indirekten, bei dem aus der Verhaltensweise der Zoosporen nach der Applikation von Fixantien und Plasmolytica auf ihre Existenz geschlossen werden sollte, nachgewiesen werden.

Die Frage nach den bei Sporangienentleerungen hauptsächlich beteiligten Kräften wird durch eine neue Hypothese beantwortet. Sie geht von den ermittelten Befunden aus, daß die normale Sporangienentleerung ausschließlich bei ausgebildeter Axialanordnung der Sporen erfolgt, diese Axialgruppierung wiederum nur so lange erhalten bleibt, wie die Zoosporen im Kataphoresetest als Träger elektrischer Ladung reagieren, daß hier also ein Zusammenhang von Sporangienentleerung, Axialanordnung der Zoosporen während des Entleerungsablaufes und elektrischen Ladungsverhältnisses besteht.

Sie mißt daher den elektrischen Ladungsverhältnissen am entleerenden Sporangium die entscheidende Bedeutung für den gesamten Entleerungsprozeß zu.
Induction of λCI prophages in Escherichia coli C600 T44
Authors: Klaus S. , Noack D. , Hüller Elke
Published: July 2010

The temperature sensitive mutant strain E. coli C600 T44 and its parental strain E. coli C600 were lysogenized with λ+ and different λCI phage mutants and induced for vegetative phage development by different inducing agents such as heat, UV irradiation, nutritional shift up, and supplementation of the culture medium with adenine. The effectivity of inducing agents expressed by two measured parameters (induction effect and latent period) is discussed in terms of comparison between the bacterial and phage mutants used. Following conclusions can be drawn: Both the inducible fraction and the efficiency of UV irradiation and nutritional shift up as inducing agents are enhanced in T44 in comparison with the parent strain C600. The repressers coded for by the very UV sensitive λCI prophages λt U37 and λinds exhibit an enhanced affinity with respect to λ+ repressors to the effector molecules accumulated after inducing treatment with UV light, heat, nutritional shift up, and adenine supplementation. The experimental data reported suggest that there is a regulatory circuit controlling the concentration of the effector molecules. The T44 mutation seems to affect the properties of this regulatory circuit resulting in alteration of both the accumulation kinetics and the maximal concentration of effector molecules. Furthermore, the T44 mutation renders the feedback loop of this control circuit temperature sensitive. From the experimental results it is concluded that more than one kind of stereospecific effector molecules are able to influence the repressor activity. The ratio of the concentrations of these molecules and their accumulation kinetics depend on the kind of inducing agent. Heating yields a fast accumulation kinetics while UV irradiation and adenine supplementation result in a slow one. Therefore, adenine does not interact directly with phage repressor molecules but with some elements of the regulatory circuit altered by the T44 mutation.
Remarques sur le métabolisme glucidique au cours de la sporulation de Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen
Authors: Arnaud A. , Vezinhet Françoise , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

The action of pH on respiratory metabolism, evolution of carbohydrate, and sporulation are studied. Experiments have been made with cells harvested during the early log phase or during the late log phase.

Carbohydrate reserves are synthesized from the acetate only when there is sporulation.

At the end of the sporulation, glycogen is very abundant in asci. Physiological state, pH, and sporulation are discussed.
Chemical mutagenesis in Taphrina maculans Butler I. Surival and mutation induction by N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine
Authors: Singh U. P.
Published: July 2010

Survival and mutation induction studies have been explored in two strains of Taphrina maculans Butler with N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine. The salmon red strain is more susceptible to the mutagen than the creamy white one. Filamentous and small spored mutants were induced only in the creamy white strain. Pathogenicity tests of wild types and mutants revealed the latter as avirulent.
Zuckerzusammensetzung der Lipopolysaccharide einiger Yersinia enterocolitica‐Stämme
Authors: Beer W. , Seltmann G.
Published: July 2010

Wir haben die Zuckerzusammensetzung der Lipopolysaccharide von 11 verschiedenen Yersinia enterocolitica‐Stämmen bestimmt.

Die definierten Stämme erhielten wir von Professor E. Thal, Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt, Stockholm; in seinem Laboratorium erfolgte auch die serologische Testung1) der Stämme nach der Massenkultivierung. Die Anzüchtung der Bakterien sowie die Isolierung und Reinigung der Lipopolysaccharide wurde bereits früher beschrieben (Seltmann u. Hofmann 1966, Seltmann u. Rische 1966). Nach der Hydrolyse wurden die neutralen Monosaccharide nach Reduktion mit NaBH4 und Peracetylierung gaschromatographisch untersucht (Sawardeker et al. 1965).

Da ohne Zusatz von Standardsubstanzen mit dieser Methode nur das Verhältnis der einzelnen Monosaccharide feststellbar ist. wurde Glucose enzymatisch quantitativ bestimmt (Glucoseoxydase/Peroxydase/o‐Dianisidin, VEB Arzneimittelwerk Dresden) und als Bezugsbasis verwendet. Die Hexosaminbestimmung erfolgte mit der Morgan‐Elson‐Reaktion. Die Identifizierung als Glucosamin bzw. Galaktosamin konnte durch kombinierte Dünnschichtelektrophorese und ‐chromatographie (zweidimensional; 1. Laufrichtung: 15 V/cm 30 min mit Pyridin — Essigsäure — Wasser 10:4:86: 2. Laufrichtung: Pyridin — Ammoniak — Wasser 100:4:40) erreicht werden. Der quantitative Nachweis von 2 — Keto‐3–desoxyoctonsäure (KDO) wurde photometrisch nach Waravdekar u. Saslaw (1959) durchgeführt.
Zellteilung bei Escherichia coli CR34 unter Thyminmangelbedingungen
Authors: Strohbach G.
Published: July 2010

The result of the inhibition of DNA synthesis by depriving a thy− auxotroph of thymine depended on the strain used. In E. coli 15T−col (JG151) both the initiation of new cell divisions and the separation of cells in the process of division were inhibited by thymine starvation. On the other hand, in E. coli CR34 DNA synthesis and cell division continued for nearly 20 min after the removal of external supplies of thymidine. In this paper it was examined if cell divisions under conditions of thymine starvation could be explained on account of a considerable internal pool of thymine.

Thymine deprivation in exponentially growing cultures of E. coli CR34 resulted in a small increase of DNA of about 10%. The cells continued to divide after removal of thymidine until the cell number had increased about 40–50%. Addition of nalidixic acid at the beginning of the thymine starvation period resulted in a further reduction of the DNA synthesis while the increase of the cell number remained about 40%.

It was concluded from the results that it is not possible to explain an increase in the cell number of about 40% by an increase of DNA of only 10%. It was supposed that the cells which divided under conditions of thymine starvation were those which had completed a round of chromosome replication prior to the removal of thymidine.

A working hypothesis was proposed to explain the different behaviour of E. coli 15T− and E. coli CR34 under conditions of thymine starvation.