bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aktivitas Antibakteri Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya) Menggunakan Pelarut Etanol Terhadap Bakteri Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Lestari Sudarwati Tri Puji
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAKDaun pepaya banyak digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional. Daun pepaya mengandung senyawa antibakteri seperti tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin dan alkaloid karpain. Bakteri Bacillus subtilis merupakan  bakteri yang mengontaminasi makanan dan dapat menyebabkan infeksi gastroenteritis. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kemampuan ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya L) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen laboratorium. Uji daya hambat menggunakan metode difusi kertas cakram. Variabel penelitian yaitu konsentrasi ekstrak daun pepaya 20 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, 60 µg/mL, 80 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL dan zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan ekstrak daun papaya (Carica papaya L) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Bacillus subtilis pada konsentrasi 20% sampai 100% dengan rata – rata diameter zona hambat 8,1 mm sampai dengan 8,6 mm dengan kategori sedang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya L) mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Bacillus subtilis.Kata kunci: Daun Pepaya,Etanol, Bacillus subtilis.ABSTRACTPapaya leaves are common to use as a traditional medicine for society. Papaya leaves contain of anti-bacteria compound, such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and karpain alkaloids. Bacillus subtilis is a bacteria that contaminates food and can cause gastroenteritis infection. The purpose of this observation is to find out the ability of papaya leaves extract towards the obstruction of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The observer conducts a laboratory experiment. To conduct obstruction power test, the observer uses disc paper diffusion method. The observation variable measures the papaya leaves extract concentration in 20 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, 60 µg/mL, 80 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL and the obstruction zone growth of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. Hence, the result shows that papaya leaves (Carica papaya L) extract successfully obstruct the growth of Bacillus subtilis bacteria in a concentration range 20 % to 100 % with the diameter zone average 8,1 mm to 8,6 mm in a medium category. Thus, it shows that papaya leaves (Carica papaya L) extract significantly influence the growth of Bacillus subtilis bacteria.Key Words: Papaya leaves, Ethanol, Bacillus subtilis bacteria.
Analisis Kandungan Kimia Daun Dan Batang Sembukan (Paederia Foetida) Dengan Menggunakan 2 Pelarut Yang Berbeda
Authors: . Surahmaida , Handrianto Prasetyo
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAKTanaman sembukan (Paederia foetida) atau yang lebih kita kenal dengan daun kentut merupakan tanaman yang biasanya digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat diare atau obat kembung. Kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman sembukan perlu dikaji lebih lanjut untuk penemuan bahan obat baru. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada daun dan batang sembukan dengan metode maserasi yang direndam ke dalam pelarut etanol 96% dan metanol selama 5 hari. Ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak metanol pada masing-masing daun dan batang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan reagen kimia untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak etanol dan metanol batang sembukan mengandung alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Sedangkan pada ekstrak etanol dan metanol daun sembukan mengandung alkaloid, tanin dan flavonoid. Selanjutnya senyawa metabolit sekunder tersebut dianalisis aktivitas biologisnya.Kata kunci: Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder, ekstrak etanol dan metanol daun dan batang sembukan (Paederia foetida), maserasiABSTRACTPaederia foetida or more familiar with fart leaves is a plant that is usually used by the community as a drug or bloated diarrhea. The content of the secondary metabolite compound of the Paederia foetida plant needs to be studied further for the discovery of new drug ingredients. The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of secondary metabolite compounds found on leaves and stems with a maseration method soaked in 96% ethanol solvent and methanol for 5 days. The ethanol extract and methanol extract on each leaf and stem were then analyzed using chemical reagents to identify the alkaloid compounds, saponins, tanins and flavonoids. The results of phytochemical screening showed that in the ethanol extract and methanol the stem of the Paederia foetida contained alkaloids, saponins, tanins and flavonoids. While on ethanol extract and methanol leaves Paederia foetida contains alkaloids, tanins and flavonoids. Furthermore, the secondary metabolite compounds are analyzed biological activity.Keywords: Analysis of secondary metabolite compounds, ethanol extract and methanol leaves and stirring stem (Paederia foetida), maceration
Perceptions of Female Medical Students about Practicing in Rural Areas
Authors: Naiyar Iffat , Noor Iffat , Anjum A F , Chughtai A , Abdullah M S , Anwar M Z , Shoaib S , Hashmi M R I , Hashmi S N , LAIQUE TALHA
Published: June 2021

Background: Effective management of human resources for health-care services in rural areas are dependent on high salary packages. Aim: To explore whether security provided to female doctors in rural areas is sufficient as well as to determine if female doctors prefer to work in rural areas after specialization in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled female students (n=300) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), Community-Medicine Department, Kharian-Pakistan. A structured close ended questionnaire was designed. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Analyzed data presented as percentage. Results: Results showed that 22% were satisfied whereas 78% subjects were unsatisfied. Regarding security satisfaction, 15% were satisfied whereas 85% were not. Similarly, staff available in RHC is sufficient according to 17% subjects while majority (83%) had opposite idea. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of the subjects did not want to perform their duties at RHCs rather 78% of them were unsatisfied with facilities provided to them at RHCs. Other reasons for unwillingness included lack of security, medical staff, low salary packages and plus they are not trained to work there. Keywords: Medical students, Rural Area and Security Concerns.
Frequency of Accelerated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Response in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccinated Children
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Masood Syed Usama , Laique Talha
Published: June 2021

Background: BCG is a vaccine obtained by attenuating Mycobacterium bovis. It is a fairly safe vaccine with no associated complications. Aim: To determine the frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children. Study design: Descriptive case series. Methodology: A total of 124 already BCG vaccinated patients, having age in the range of 6 months to 10 years of either gender were included in the study. Patients with known case of TB and any other systemic disease were excluded. After this, BCG vaccination was given by the researcher himself who noted the in-duration after 72 hrs of BCG vaccination accelerated response of BCG. Chi square test was applied with P-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Mean age was 6.02±2.22 years. Out of the 124 patients, 63(50.81%) were male and 61(49.19%) were females. Mean duration of previous BCG was 4.75±2.41 years. Frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children was found in 76(61.29%) patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that the frequency of accelerated BCG response in BCG vaccinated children was 61.29%. So, we suggested that public awareness programs should be arranged to educate people for compulsory BCG vaccination of their children. Keywords: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine, Accelerated BCG Response and Tuberculosis.
Sonographic Association of Ventriculomegaly and Neural Tube Anomalies
Authors: Yousaf Shamshad , Khadija Syeda , Asad Naveed , Fatima Mehreen , Gilani Syed Amir , Laique Talha
Published: June 2021

Background: Ventriculomegaly is most common indicator of many of neural tube anomalies of intrauterine fetus. Presence of which has alarming sign for sonologist to have careful evaluation of fetus for other cranial and extra cranial anomalies. Aim: To evaluate the sonographic difference of fetal ventricle dilatation and neural tube anomalies. Study design: Cross Sectional study. Methodology: Female patients (n=1492) were enrolled in present study held at University Ultrasound Clinic, Green Town, University of Lahore as a reference placement for 6 months. Informed consent was taken from all of them. In this study, pregnant women who underwent ultrasound scanning between 18 and 40 weeks of gestational age were reviewed according to normal size of ventricles and dilatation of ventricles by per abdominal ultrasound having convex transducer with 3.5MHZ frequency. Results: A total of 1492 cases of pregnant women between gestational ages of 18-40 weeks were examined. Normal cases were 1485/1492(99.5%).Total 7-cases were found to have ventricle dilatation. Fetus with mild ventricular dilatation 1/7, with moderate ventricle dilatation were 4/7, 2/4 having moderate ventricle dilatation were associated with neural tube anomalies, severe ventricle dilatation was noted in 2/7, both these fetuses had neural tube anomalies. Conclusion: This study concluded that level of degree of dilatation increases the chances of abnormalities. Early detection provide better counseling opportunity for family to make decisions regarding their fetuses. Keywords: Neural tube defects, Ventriculomegaly, Gestation age and Ultrasonography.
Comparison of Subacromial Ketorolac Inj Vs Subacromial Steroid Inj in Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Siddique Tariq , Harl Haider Ayyaz , Shah Gillani Syed Faraz Ul Hassan , Asif Sadia , Hanif Mian Muhammad
Published: June 2021

Aim: To compare the outcome of subacromial ketorolac injection versus subacromial steroid injection in Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was done at the Department of Orthopedics Unit II, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from 26th April 2018 to 25th October 2018. The sample size was 218patients 15 to 60 years of age with shoulder impingement syndrome, were included and patients with a fracture or rotator cuff tear who presented with weakness and muscle wasting, taking regular systemic NSAIDs or steroids, history ofgastrointestinal (GI) ulcers and bleeding disorderswereexcluded. Randomization was done by lottery method.Group A (ketorolac group) was given a single injection of 60 mg ketorolac mixed with 1 ml 2% lidocaine and Group B (steroid group) was given 40 mg methylprednisolone mixed with 1ml 2% lidocaine. All patients were followed up on 4th weeks. Results: Out of 218 patients, 117(53.67%) were males and 101(46.33%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1.The mean age of patients in group A was 39.09±9.90years and in group, B was 38.08±8.61years. The mean post-injection VAS score in group A was 2.80±0.94 and in a group, B was 4.20 ± 0.98 with a p-value of <0.001. The mean post-injection constant score in group A was 31.59±6.86 and in group, B was 41.31±4.56 with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: Sub-acromial ketorolac injection showeda better mean pain score and constant score than subacromial steroid injection in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Keywords: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, subacromial ketorolac injection, subacromial steroid injection,
A Comparative Study of Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in Patients Diagnosed With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Khalid Muzammil , Naseer M. Asif
Published: June 2021

Aim: To find frequency of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. Study design: A Cross sectional descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, PAF Hospital Mushaf, Sargodha from July 4, 2019 to Jan 4, 2020. Methods: In this study a total of 260 patients were taken after taking informed consent meeting inclusion criteria from Department of Medicine, PAF Hospital Mushaf, Sargodha. The informed consent was taken from patients or attendants. Basic information like, age, gender and contact details were taken of all selected subjects. After basic clinical investigation, ECG was done for all patients with 24 hours of Ischemic stroke who presented to the selected setting. Atrial fibrillation was as per operational definition. On pre designed proforma, data was collected from all patients. Results: The mean age of patients was 57.34±12.82 years with minimum and maximum age as 20 and 80 years. There were 150(57.7%) males. According to operational definition 91 (35%) cases had atrial fibrillation while other 169(65%) cases did not have atrial fibrillation. The frequency of atrial fibrillation was statistically same when stratified for age), gender, smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The frequency of atrial fibrillation was seen in 35% of the cases having ischemic stroke. Hence if atrial fibrillation is diagnosed early then ischemic stroke can be prevented. Keywords: Stroke, risk factors, complications, echocardiography, atrial fibrillation.
A Study of thrombocytopenia in cases of Hepatitis C infection presenting at tertiary care hospital
Authors: Abdul Raziq Muhammad , Hussain Bushra , Munir Wahhaj , Qaisar Fahad
Published: June 2021

Aim: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in hepatitis c patients presenting at tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Physiology in collaboration with Department of Medicine, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from March 2020 to September 2020 over the period of 6 months. Total 150 of hepatitis C, either male or female having age 20-60 years were included. Thrombocytopenia was assessed in selected patients. Results: In this study mean age of the patients was 44±12.38 years. Out of 150 patients of hepatitis C, thrombocytopenia was present in 48(32%) patients. In age group 20-40 years, thrombocytopenia was found in 14(26.92%) patients while in age group 41-60 years, thrombocytopenia was seen in 34(34.69%) patients. No statistically significant association of thrombocytopenia with age group was detected with p value 0.332. Male patients were 93(62%) and female patients were 57(38%). Thrombocytopenia was found in 30(32.26%) male patients and in 18(31.58%) female patients. Association of thrombocytopenia with gender was not statistically significant with p value 0.931. Conclusion: Results of present study revealed that higher proportion of hepatitis C patients found with thrombocytopenia. Most of the patients belonged to 4th and 5th decade. Higher number of male patients were victim of hepatitis C infection as compared to female patients. Most of the patients were obese. Higher number of patients were normotensive and non-diabetics. Keywords: Hepatitis C, thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma
Frequency of Pre-Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Ullah Bashir , Saboor Rukhsana , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid , Bhatti Atiq Ahmad , Rehman Abad Ur , Akram Muhammad
Published: June 2021

Aim: To determine the frequency of pre-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis, extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Study design: Retrospective/observational Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College Quetta from 1st July 2019 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: One hundred and eighty patients of both genders presented with multi drug resistant tuberculosis were enrolled in this study. Patient’s detailed information including age between 20-70 years, sex, body mass index were recorded. Sputum samples were taken from all the patients and then drug sensitivity testing (DST) for 1st and 2ndline drugs. Frequency of pre-XDR TB and XDR tuberculosis were recorded. Results: There were 100 (55.56%) males and 80 (44.44%) patients were females and mean age was 37.38±10.75 years. Mean body mass index was 24.18±2.41 kg/m2. Among all the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients, pre extensively drug resistant tuberculosis was found in 62(34.44%) patients and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis was found in 8(4.44%) patients. All 62(100%) patients of pre-XDR tuberculosis were resistant to fluoroquinolone while among XDR tuberculosis patients 4 were resisted to amikacin, 2 were resisted to kanamycin and fluoroquinolone, 1 patient was resisted to amikacin and kanamycin. Conclusion: Frequency of pre-extensively tuberculosis among multi drug resistant tuberculosis was high while only 4% patients had extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Multi-drug resistant, Pre-extensively drug resistant, Extensively drug resistant
Orientalist Perspective in the Letters of Lady Mary Montagu and Kelemen Mikes
Authors: Albay Neslihan Günaydın
Published: June 2021

An English aristocrat, poet and writer, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) was a privileged and distinguished woman traveller in her time. During her sojourn in Ottoman Istanbul, she noted down significant details as regards the Constantinople and seraglio through her vivid descriptions as a liberated woman in her Embassy Letters. Another significant oriental work, Letters from Turkey by Kelemen Mikes (1690-1761), who was a Transylvanian-born Hungarian writer and political figure, is centered upon Mikes’s life in exile between the years 1717 and 1758 within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire. In Letters from Turkey, we can feel his strong sense of Hungarian identity and his steadiness in maintaining his cultural and religious customs and values in his elaboration of his own and the “other” culture, while his praising the benign and merciful ruling style of Ottoman Sultans offers a different view of orientalism in favour of the “other” culture (Ottoman Empire). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the Letters of Lady Mary Montagu and Kelemen Mikes from their political, ethnical, religious and personal perspectives and trace several relationships that has allusive discussion relativity in the discourse of Orientalism. After having explained the specific letters of both writers, I will attempt to use the scope of Edward Said’s Orientalism and Enlightenment Orientalism discussed in Sirinivas Aravamudan’s Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel, as a magnifying glass to different oriental images and conceptions contradictory with the reality in the eighteenth century. This study will mostly make use of Edward Said’s account of orientalism as well as Stephen Greenblatt’s theory of Self Fashioning in order to explicate the differences as to how the Orient is perceived by the authors from different cultures but from the same period. In order to highlight how the definition of Orient changes, this paper attempts to define the Orient in accordance with the works of Lady Montagu and Kelemen Mikes.
Chemoprophylaxis Status among Medical Practitioners Involved In the Care of COVID19 Suspects/Confirmed Cases in Karnataka
Authors: Patel Apoorva E , Srividya J  , Kumar DR Sunil
Published: June 2021

Background: In the ongoing pandemic of Covid-19 health care workers are at high risk of getting infected. The National task force for COVID-19 constituted by ICMR recommended the use of hydroxyl chloroquine as prophylaxis for healthcare workers. This study conducted to determine the status of chemoprophylaxis and protectiveness of chemoprophylaxis among medical practitioners in Karnataka, involved in the care of COVID19 suspects/confirmed cases.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a pretested online questionnaire among 236 Medical Practitioners (both government and private) involved in COVID- 19 care, across Karnataka, between June August 2020.

Results: Out of 236 Medical Practitioners, 118 responded and 100 Medical Practitioners responded completely, majority were males (69%), aged 31-50 years (58%), working at private health care setups (74%). Out of this, 46% took the chemoprophylaxis, 26% experienced side effects. 27 (59%)had Completed chemoprophylaxis. After completion Of Chemoprophylaxis, 16(89%) were tested negative, indicating good protectiveness and 2 (11%) tested positive. The difference in completion of chemoprophylaxis among government (15[79%)] and private doctors (12[44%)] was found to be statistically significant. Statistically significant association was also seen with age, gender, experience in years.

Conclusion: Chemoprophylaxis has good protectiveness. Majority did not take chemoprophylaxis for fear of adverse events.
La emergencia climática en los debates electorales españoles de 2019 un análisis funcional del discurso de los candidatos
Authors: Vicente Torrico David
Published: June 2021

Los debates electorales representan una cita ineludible para candidatos y electorado en las sociedades modernas. En España se han celebrado un total de 5 encuentros entre los líderes políticos durante el año 2019.

Hasta la fecha, la política medioambiental ha sido la gran olvidada en este tipo de eventos. Sin embargo, la creciente preocupación a nivel social, mediático y político permite augurar su incorporación a la campaña. Nuestra investigación parte del análisis de contenido para detectar la presencia de discursos medioambientales durante los debates, y aplica la teoría funcional y el framing para determinar el contenido, la forma y el encuadre utilizado. Los resultados demuestran una progresiva incorporación de la emergencia climática a los debates electorales, descrita en términos de enfrentamiento ideológico y en clave económica.
Sestryny jako modulatory procesów starzenia i chorób związanych z wiekiem*
Authors: Gabryel Bożena , Duszkiewicz Roksana
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie

Sestryny to wysoce konserwatywne białka, które regulują wzrost, metabolizm, przeżycie i proliferację komórek w warunkach stresu oksydacyjnego, stresu genotoksycznego, hipoksji czy stresu retikulum endoplazmatycznego. Sestryny wpływają na sygnalizację komórkową przez hamowanie wytwarzania reaktywnych form tlenu, aktywację kinazy białkowej aktywowanej przez AMP (AMPK), hamowanie szlaku mTOR, a działają jako pozytywny regulator autofagii. W związku z tym coraz częściej wskazuje się ich rolę ochronną przed chorobami nowotworowymi, metabolicznymi, sercowo-naczyniowymi i neurodegeneracyjnymi. W artykule scharakteryzowano mechanizmy działania sestryn oraz ich znaczenie w starzeniu się i chorobach związanych z wiekiem. Omówione zostały również najnowsze badania wskazujące na istotne znaczenie fizjologiczne tych białek oraz udział w kluczowych szlakach sygnałowych kontrolujących metabolizm komórkowy i przeżycie w warunkach stresu.
Rola stresu oksydacyjnego w patogenezie orbitopatii Gravesa
Authors: Londzin-Olesik Magdalena , Kos-Kudła Beata , Nowak Aleksandra , Nowak Mariusz
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie

Choroba Gravesa-Basedowa (chGB) jest przewlekłą chorobą autoimmunologiczną, której auto-antygenem jest receptor TSH (TSHR) umiejscowiony na tyreocytach, a jego pobudzenie przez przeciwciała przeciwko TSHR (TRAb) powoduje nadmierne wytwarzanie hormonów tarczycy. TSHR wykazuje także ekspresję w tkankach pozatarczycowych, przede wszystkim w tkankach oczodołu, a stężenie TRAb w surowicy krwi dodatnio koreluje z ciężkością oraz aktywnością orbitopatii tarczycowej (OT). OT jest najczęstszym pozatarczycowym objawem chGB. Jest to choroba autoimmunologiczna, w której dochodzi do zmian zapalnych w obrębie tkanek oczodołów, tj.: mięśniach okoruchowych, tkance tłuszczowej oczodołu czy gruczole łzowym. Wzrost proliferacji fibroblastów oczodołowych i adipocytów oraz nadmierne wytwarzanie glikozaminoglikanów, obrzęk mięśni okoruchowych zwiększają objętość tkanek oczodołu i powodują powstanie objawów klinicznych choroby. Patogeneza OT jest złożona i nadal pozostaje niewyjaśniona. Fibroblasty oczodołów wykazują ekspresję TSHR, który jest głównym miejscem ataku autoimmunologicznego. Zgodnie z szeroko akceptowaną hipotezą po pobudzeniu receptorów dochodzi do aktywacji limfocytów T, które naciekając tkanki oczodołu stymulują je do wytwarzania cytokin, czynników wzrostu oraz wolnych rodników tlenowych (WRT). WRT powodują uszkodzenie wielu składowych komórki m.in. błony komórkowej przez peroksydację lipidów oraz białek doprowadzając do utraty ich funkcji i aktywności enzymatycznej. Stres oksydacyjny uaktywnia układ antyoksydacyjny działający poprzez dwa mechanizmy: enzymatyczny oraz nieenzymatyczny. Ocena stężenia markerów stresu oksydacyjnego oraz stężenia lub aktywności parametrów układu antyoksydacyjnego umożliwia ocenę nasilenia stresu oksydacyjnego, co w przyszłości może być wykorzystywane do oceny skuteczności leczenia i rokowania u chorych z aktywną OT.
Tackling the Grand Challenge of Algorithmic Opacity Through Principled Robust Action
Authors: Buhmann Alexander , Fieseler Christian
Published: June 2021

Organizations increasingly delegate agency to artificial intelligence. However, such systems can yield unintended negative effects as they may produce biases against users or reinforce social injustices. What pronounces them as a unique grand challenge, however, are not their potentially problematic outcomes but their fluid design. Machine learning algorithms are continuously evolving; as a result, their functioning frequently remains opaque to humans. In this article, we apply recent work on tackling grand challenges though robust action to assess the potential and obstacles of managing the challenge of algorithmic opacity. We stress that although this approach is fruitful, it can be gainfully complemented by a discussion regarding the accountability and legitimacy of solutions. In our discussion, we extend the robust action approach by linking it to a set of principles that can serve to evaluate organisational approaches of tackling grand challenges with respect to their ability to foster accountable outcomes under the intricate conditions of algorithmic opacity.
To Be or Not to Be a Tapeworm Parasite: That Is the Post-Genomic Question in Taenia solium Cysticercosis
Authors: G. Ríos-Valencia Diana , Navarrete-Perea José , Calderón-Gallegos Arturo , Flores-Bautista Jeannette , Pedro Laclette Juan
Published: June 2021

Cestode parasites rely on their host to obtain their nutrients. Elucidation of tapeworm genomes has shown a remarkable reduction in the coding of multiple enzymes, particularly those of anabolic pathways. Previous findings showed that 10–13% of the proteins found in the vesicular fluid of Taenia solium cysticerci are of host origin. Further proteomic characterization allowed identification of 4,259 different proteins including 891 of host origin in the parasite’s protein lysates. One explanation for this high abundance and diversity of host proteins in the parasite lysates is related to the functional exploitation of host proteins by cysticerci. Supporting this concept is the uptake of host haptoglobin and hemoglobin by the parasite, as a way to acquire iron. Surprisingly, internalized host proteins are minimally degraded by the parasite physiological machinery. Additional proteomic analysis demonstrated that these host proteins become part of the organic matrix of calcareous corpuscles; as 60–70% of the protein content are host proteins. In this review, a collection of available genomic and proteomic data for taeniid cestodes is assembled, the subject of the use and processing of host proteins is particularly addressed; a sketchy and unique cell physiological profile starts to emerge for these parasitic organisms.
Minimally Invasive Approaches in the Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Batıhan Güntuğ , Can Ceylan Kenan
Published: June 2021

Minimally invasive techniques in thoracic surgery have made great progress over the past 20 years and are still evolving. Many surgical procedures performed with large thoracotomy incisions in the past can now be performed with much smaller incisions. With many studies, the advantages of minimally invasive surgery have been clearly seen, and thus its use has become widespread worldwide. Today, minimally invasive surgical methods have become the first choice in the diagnosis and treatment of lung, pleural and mediastinal pathologies. Minimally invasive approaches in thoracic surgery include many different techniques and applications. In this chapter, current minimally invasive techniques in thoracic surgery are discussed and important points are emphasized in the light of the current literature.
From men to machines and back: Automata and the reception of virtuosity in European instrumental art music, c.1815-c.1850
Authors: Cvejić Žarko
Published: June 2021

In most histories of Western music, the 1830s and 40s are typically described as "the age/era of virtuosity and/or virtuosi". Indeed, major contemporary sources, including leading musical journals of the time, teem with reports on the latest exploits of Liszt and his rivals and in much of this body of criticism, piano and violin virtuosi were commonly celebrated for pushing the limits of humanly conceivable excellence in musical performance. However, a significant number of these critical responses were also negative, critiquing individual virtuosi for playing not like humans, but like automata. My claim in this article, documented with a detailed perusal of contemporary music criticism, is that this line of anti-virtuosic critique was part of the larger 19th-century suspicion of virtuosity as super but also, perhaps, non-humanly accomplished, automatic technique, devoid of all emotion, expression, that is, of human presence and content. Also, I propose to interpret this line of criticism with reference to the even broader 19th-century anxiety over the issue of human subjectivity, that is, its freedom, evident not only in contemporary philosophy (Schelling, Schopenhauer, Novalis, etc.), but also in literature. Such narratives and, as I argue in this paper, much of contemporary criticism of virtuosity were shaped by the uncanny feeling that the human subject, too, like automata and "automatic" virtuosi, may not be free, contrary to the Enlightenment view of the human subject in Rousseau, Kant, and others, but actually under the power of mechanisms beyond itself, operating automatically and not of its own accord. In contemporary criticism of virtuosity, the elusive notions of expression, expressivity, expressive playing and the like, which were deliberately kept under-explained, were then marshalled to preserve the supposedly ineffable or at least ineffably human core of musical performance, in line with the contemporary Romantic view of music as the only means of expressing what is otherwise inexpressible, that is, ineffable.
The structural transformation of the sphere of musical amateurism in socialist Yugoslavia: A case study of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir
Authors: Vesić Ivana , Peno Vesna
Published: June 2021

In this paper we focused on investigating how the sphere of musical amateurism functioned in Yugoslavia in the decades following the end of WWII. Observing through changes in the role and significance of amateur music ensembles, specifically choirs, in Yugoslav society from the late 1940s until the late 1960s/early 1970s that were manifest in their de-massification, gradual professionalisation and extensive use in cultural diplomacy, we sought to explain that this involved multiple factors - above all, the shifts in Yugoslav international policy after the confrontation with the Soviet Union in 1948, and, consequently, the revisions of its cultural policies. Their influence was observed through a detailed examination of the activities of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir, from its foundation in 1951 until the late 1960s/early 1970s. Although it was unique among Yugoslav choirs in many respects, the early history of this ensemble clearly reflected the demand for excellence in the sphere of amateur performance from the 1950s onwards, one of the most prominent indicators of its deep structural transformation.
Improvised music as socially engaged art: Poetics of Cardew and Rzewski
Authors: Mitrović Radoš
Published: June 2021

In the light of the social turmoil in 1968, some composers have singled out advocating the greater involvement of musicians, i.e. music in the social movement. Cornelius Cardew and Frederic Rzewski, among others, believed that improvised music provides the opportunity for creating socially engaged art. However their concepts differed. While Cardew stayed with the idea of controlled improvisation, implemented through the Scratch Orchestra, Rzewski demanded completely free improvisation in his Parma Manifesto. In this paper I shall problematize the relationship of poetics behind the Scratch Orchestra and the Parma Manifesto in the light of the social situation of 1968, their crucial differences and their common idea of the democratization of avant-garde music.
The house that is here but is not that: On the Lonesome Skyscraper by Ivana Ognjanović
Authors: Gnjatović Ana
Published: June 2021

This paper interprets the piece Lonesome Skyscraper for orchestra and electronics (2012) by Ivana Ognjanović, relying on the theoretical essay about the composition given by the author herself. Inspired by the fate of the tallest residential building in Pécs, which was evacuated because of a construction error and left abandoned and isolated for almost 30 years, I. Ognjanović creates an organic sound unity by connecting various ambient (field recordings) and concrete sounds in the electronic part with responses coming from the orchestral part. Using the time stretching technique, suspending the melodic component, and avoiding the formal and motivic development, the author builds her own version of the skyscraper, an acoustic space through which the memory of the sonic environment is howling.
Independent podcasts on the Apple Podcast platform in the streaming era
Authors: Berg Freja Sørine Adler
Published: June 2021

This article investigates independent podcasts created outside traditional institutions (Markman, 2012) on the world’s largest podcast platform, Apple Podcasts, in the context of streaming media. Through a quantitative content analysis of 552 Danish podcasts, the study off ers insights into independent podcasting, its medium grammar and content (Meyrowitz, 1998), and the conditions by which independent podcasters navigate in a liminal space between traditional radio and online participatory practices (Berry, 2016; Markman, 2012). The analysis shows that the predominant parts of independent podcasts are conversations and interviews about personal, self-reflective stories and mainstream hobbies such as football, films, and television. Th ese podcasts are less time-consuming to produce than crafted audio (McHugh, 2016) about research-heavy topics. The oversupply of conversations and interviews about personal stories and mainstream hobbies further suggests that independent podcasters are infl uenced by the mainstreaming and commercialisation of podcasting, including streaming platforms such as Spotify and Amazon adding podcasts to their services, and podcast platforms such as the Danish paid subscription podcast platform Podimo, adopting the curated content distribution model known from Netflix.
Aspectos do Ensino Religioso na Base Nacional Comum Curricular: os fundamentos para educação de qualidade
Authors: Façanha Marta Braga , Stephanini Valdir
Published: June 2021

O Ensino Religioso (ER) está contido na Constituição Federal de 1988 como componente facultativa curricular para ser realizada em horário normal nas escolas de Ensino Fundamental e parte integrante da formação básica do cidadão, que prioriza e valoriza a diversidade cultural e veda qualquer forma de proselitismo. A proposta deste artigo consiste-se em debater o dilema epistemológico decorrente da inclusão da componente ER no currículo das escolas públicas de Ensino Fundamental, inserindo esse debate acerca da liberdade de religião e a separação entre Igreja e Estado, à luz da legislação brasileira. A pesquisa ocorreu com uso do método de pesquisa bibliográfica, de natureza qualitativa e abordagem descritiva. Os resultados analisaram os aspectos do ER na Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) que postulam sobre a componente garantir a educação de qualidade, e também enfatizou-se o que preconiza sobre os aspectos filosóficos, pedagógicos e socioculturais do ER, salientando-se que nenhuma tradição religiosa é “total” e não existe um status de favoritismo de religiões. Concluiu-se que as estratégias descritas na BNCC orientam os professores de ER a estabelecer vínculo dialogal e harmonioso e garantir uma reciprocidade no tratamento da diversidade em suas aulas, pois ao respeitar a diversidade religiosa pode garantir que o proselitismo religioso não ocorra e, assim, garante-se também que o processo ensino aprendizagem ocorra de forma satisfatória, independente da imparcialidade no processo avaliativo dos conhecimentos construidos em sala de aula.
O Ensino Religioso na Proposta Curricular do estado da Paraíba (PCPB): resistência e perspectivas
Authors: Barcellos Lusival Antonio , Holmes Maria José Torres
Published: June 2021

O presente artigo apresenta um panorama do Ensino Religioso no processo da elaboração da Proposta Curricular do Estado da Paraíba (PCPB). O objetivo é analisar como foi e está sendo a implementação da Base Nacional Comum na Proposta Curricular (BNCC) no estado da Paraíba com relação ao componente curricular Ensino Religioso (ER). Este componente suscita muitas inquietações e interesses para sua oferta, mesmo com sua determinação na legislação educacional vigente, como: a Constituição Federal, LDB/1996, Resoluções, Portarias e Pareceres, BNCC e na PCPB, que garantem a oferta obrigatória em todas as escolas públicas do ensino fundamental. Dentre muitos teóricos que dialogam com esta temática, optou-se neste estudo, por Freitas (2018), Limeira (2019), Santos (2019). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e bibliográfica sobre a resistência e as oportunidades que foram utilizadas pela comissão, para elaborar a proposta do ER na Paraíba. O resultado revela que há uma abertura na atual conjuntura do Estado e municípios de adotarem o ER nos sistemas educacionais, como forma de contribuir com a construção do respeito e reconhecimento da diversidade religiosa em oposição aos discursos e práticas fundamentalistas.
Physical problems and experimental progress in layered magnetic topological materials
Authors: Sun Hui-Min , He Qing-Lin ,   International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China,   Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Published: June 2021

The intersection between layered magnetic materials and topological materials combines the advantages of the two, forming a material system with both the magnetic orders and topological properties within the minimum two-dimensional unit, i.e. layered magnetic topological materials. This type of material may host Dirac points, Weyl points, nodal lines, etc. which are associated with helical or chiral electronic states ranging from insulator, semimetal to metal. This results in lots of novel physical problems and effects, which attract much attention of scientists. In this paper, we focus our attention on intrinsic magnetic topological insulator, magnetic Weyl semimetal, magnetic Dirac semimetal, and take them for example to briefly review the interplay between magnetic orders and topological orders and recent experimental results. This emergent area requires further studies to explore more new material candidates, which is a challenging frontier of condensed matter physics.
Atypical Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Foot and Ankle: A Case Report
Authors: Awad Peter
Published: June 2021

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor, also known as giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCT-TS), is a solitary, nodular, firm, benign, soft-tissue tumor that arises from the synovial lining of a tendon. The etiology is unknown. It is a rare soft-tissue tumor, with an overall incidence of one in 50,000 individuals, and usually affects people aged between 30 and 50 years. Magnetic resonance imaging tends to be the imaging modality of choice, used for surgical preparation. Widely accepted treatment involves local excision with or without radiotherapy. The author presents a case study involving a patient with an abnormally large, longstanding GCT-TS, diagnosed with clinical examination and imaging modalities, surgically excised, and further confirmed by pathology reports. Topic of discussion includes a review of GCT-TS.
Outcomes of Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with a Femoral Nail
Authors: Powers Nicholas S. , Leatham Paul R. , Persky Justin D. , Burns Patrick R.
Published: June 2021

Background

Retrograde intramedullary nailing for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) is used for severe hindfoot deformities, end-stage arthritis, and limb salvage. The procedure is technically demanding, with complications such as infection, hardware failure, nonunion, osteomyelitis, and possible limb loss or death. This study reports the outcomes and complications of patients undergoing TTCA with a femoral nail, which is widely available and offers an extensive range of lengths and diameters.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 104 patients who underwent 109 TTCAs using a femoral nail as the primary procedure (January 2006 through December 2016). Demographic data, risk factors, and outcomes were evaluated.

Results

At final follow-up, the overall clinical union rate was 89 of 109 (81.7%). Diabetes mellitus was negatively associated with limb salvage (P = .03), and peripheral neuropathy (P = .02) and Charcot's neuroarthropathy (P = .03) were negatively associated with clinical union. Only four patients (3.8%) underwent proximal amputation, at an average of 6.1 months, and 11 patients (10.6%) died, at a mean of 38.0 months. The most common complication was ulceration in 27 of 109 limbs (24.8%), followed by infection in 25 (22.9%). Twenty-three patients (22.1%) underwent revision procedures, at a mean of 9.4 months. Thirteen of these 23 patients (56.5%) had antibiotic cement rod spacers/rods for deep infection–related complications.

Conclusions

Use of a femoral nail has been shown to provide similar outcomes and limb salvage rates compared with other methods of TTCA reported for similar indications in the literature.
The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) generates heterotypic ubiquitin chains
Authors: Rodriguez Carvajal Alan , Grishkovskaya Irina , Gomez Diaz Carlos , Vogel Antonia , Sonn-Segev Adar , Kushwah Manish S , Schodl Katrin , Deszcz Luiza , Orban-Nemeth Zsuzsanna , Sakamoto Shinji , Mechtler Karl , Kukura Philipp , Clausen Tim , Haselbach David , Ikeda Fumiyo
Published: June 2021

The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is the only known ubiquitin ligase for linear/Met1-linked ubiquitin chain formation. One of the LUBAC components, heme-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1 (HOIL-1L), was recently shown to catalyse oxyester bond formation between ubiquitin and some substrates. However, oxyester bond formation in the context of LUBAC has not been directly observed. Here, we present the first 3D reconstruction of human LUBAC obtained by electron microscopy and report its generation of heterotypic ubiquitin chains containing linear linkages with oxyester-linked branches. We found that this event depends on HOIL-1L catalytic activity. By cross-linking mass spectrometry showing proximity between the catalytic RING-in-between-RING (RBR) domains, a coordinated ubiquitin relay mechanism between the HOIL-1-interacting protein (HOIP) and HOIL-1L ligases is suggested. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, these heterotypic chains were induced by TNF, which is reduced in cells expressing an HOIL-1L catalytic inactive mutant. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LUBAC assembles heterotypic ubiquitin chains by the concerted action of HOIP and HOIL-1L.
Dependency of human and murine LKB1-inactivated lung cancer on aberrant CRTC-CREB activation
Authors: Zhou Xin , Li Jennifer W , Chen Zirong , Ni Wei , Li Xuehui , Yang Rongqiang , Shen Huangxuan , Liu Jian , DeMayo Francesco J , Lu Jianrong , Kaye Frederic J , Wu Lizi
Published: June 2021

Lung cancer with loss-of-function of the LKB1 tumor suppressor is a common aggressive subgroup with no effective therapies. LKB1-deficiency induces constitutive activation of cAMP/CREB-mediated transcription by a family of three CREB-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTC1-3). However, the significance and mechanism of CRTC activation in promoting the aggressive phenotype of LKB1-null cancer remain poorly characterized. Here, we observed overlapping CRTC expression patterns and mild growth phenotypes of individual CRTC-knockouts in lung cancer, suggesting functional redundancy of CRTC1-3. We consequently designed a dominant-negative mutant (dnCRTC) to block all three CRTCs to bind and co-activate CREB. Expression of dnCRTC efficiently inhibited the aberrantly activated cAMP/CREB-mediated oncogenic transcriptional program induced by LKB1-deficiency, and specifically blocked the growth of human and murine LKB1-inactivated lung cancer. Collectively, this study provides direct proof for an essential role of the CRTC-CREB activation in promoting the malignant phenotypes of LKB1-null lung cancer and proposes the CRTC-CREB interaction interface as a novel therapeutic target.
The EMT transcription factor Snai1 maintains myocardial wall integrity by repressing intermediate filament gene expression
Authors: Gentile Alessandra , Bensimon-Brito Anabela , Priya Rashmi , Maischein Hans-Martin , Piesker Janett , Guenther Stefan , Gunawan Felix , Stainier Didier YR
Published: June 2021

The transcription factor Snai1, a well-known regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, has been implicated in early cardiac morphogenesis as well as in cardiac valve formation. However, a role for Snai1 in regulating other aspects of cardiac morphogenesis has not been reported. Using genetic, transcriptomic, and chimeric analyses in zebrafish, we find that Snai1b is required in cardiomyocytes for myocardial wall integrity. Loss of snai1b increases the frequency of cardiomyocyte extrusion away from the cardiac lumen. Extruding cardiomyocytes exhibit increased actomyosin contractility basally as revealed by enrichment of p-myosin and α-catenin epitope α-18, as well as disrupted intercellular junctions. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and snai1b mutant hearts revealed the dysregulation of intermediate filament genes, including desmin b (desmb) upregulation. Cardiomyocyte-specific desmb overexpression caused increased cardiomyocyte extrusion, recapitulating the snai1b mutant phenotype. Altogether, these results indicate that Snai1 maintains the integrity of the myocardial epithelium, at least in part by repressing desmb expression.