bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Steroids/Sports Supplements Connection: Pragmatism and Sensation-Seeking in the Attitudes and Behavior of JHS and HS Students on Long Island
Authors: Rees C. Roger , Zarco Emilia Patricia T. , Lewis Dawn K.
Published: March 2009

In this article we examine the importance of sensation seeking and pragmatism in the steroids and sports supplements behavior and attitudes of high school and junior high school students on Long Island, New York. Steroid use is much less acceptable than sports supplement use, although the reasons for use are similar. Respondents use supplements more than steroids, have a greater variety of attitudes toward their use, and have a high acceptance of their “energy” potential. There is a significant effect of current sports supplements use on future steroid use. Independent of measurement format (fixed choice questions and hypothetical situations), the steroids-sports supplement connection seems to exist within a pragmatic approach to cosmetic fitness, where the goal is improving physical ability and appearance.
Hip-Hop to Prevent Substance Use and HIV among African-American Youth: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Turner-Musa Jocelyn O. , Rhodes Warren A. , Harper P. Thandi Hicks , Quinton Sylvia L.
Published: March 2009

Substance use and HIV risk behaviors are increasing among African-American youth. Interventions that incorporate youth values and beliefs are needed to reduce this trajectory. Hip-hop plays an important role in the lives of many African-American youth and provides a context within which to prevent risky behaviors. The current study examines the efficacy of a hip-hop based substance use and HIV preventive intervention that targets African-American middle-school youth. The sample consists of 68 middle-school students who completed baseline and 6-month follow-up assessments. Findings suggest that students in the intervention group were significantly more likely to have higher knowledge of perception of drug risk and more knowledge about HIV/AIDS compared to students in the comparison group at the 6-month post-intervention assessment. Discussion is centered on implications of hip-hop as a viable approach for preventing substance use and HIV within a high-risk group.
The Role of Religiosity in Influencing Adolescent and Adult Alcohol Use in Trinidad
Authors: Rollocks Steve C. T. , Dass Natasha , Seepersad Randy , Mohammed Linda
Published: March 2009

This study examined the role of religiosity among adolescents' and adults' alcohol use in Trinidad. A stratified random sample design of 369 adolescents and 210 adult parents belonging to the various religious groups in Trinidad was employed. Participants were randomly selected from various educational districts across Trinidad. Adolescent respondents completed a demographic questionnaire and the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-A2 (SASSI-A2). Adult participants completed a similar demographic questionnaire and questions taken from the SASSI-A2 that related to alcohol use. MANOVA analyses revealed significant main effects for adolescents' and adults' alcohol use as it relates to religious affiliation and frequency of religious service attendance. It is hoped that these findings will assist health educators in the formulation of intervention programs in Trinidad.
Internet as A Source of Help in Dealing with School Violence
Authors: Yablon Yaacov Boaz
Published: March 2009

In this study we examined possible advantages of the Internet as a medium for help and support for victims of school violence in Israel. Students in sixth, eighth, and tenth grades were asked about their willingness to seek help on the Internet for dealing with various forms of school violence, and the underlying force-driving processes of such approach was examined. Findings revealed that students are most willing to seek help for relational violence, followed by sexual, physical, and verbal forms of violence. The anonymity that the Internet can provide and the availability of help via Internet are the two foremost contributing factors to the willingness of students to seek help. In addition, the common gender differences in help-seeking behavior were mostly dismissed. Other situational variables and individual characteristics are discussed and possible implications are suggested.
Assessing Computer Use and Perceived Course Effectiveness in Post-Secondary Education in an American/Canadian Context
Authors: Tamim Rana M. , Lowerison Gretchen , Schmid Richard F. , Bernard Robert M. , Abrami Philip C. , Dehler Christina
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between computer technology's role and students' perceptions about course effectiveness. Students from two universities (one Canadian, n = 1465; one American, n = 831) completed a 71–item questionnaire addressing different aspects of their learning experience in a given course. Factor analysis revealed a 3–factor solution: “course-structure,” “active-learning and time-on-task,” and “computer-use.” Regression analysis indicated that the 3 variables are predictive of perceived course effectiveness at both sites, with the presence of an interaction between location and “computer-use” and “course-structure” on students' perceptions about course effectiveness. Findings reveal that student perceptions directly reflect the 14 APA learner-centered principles on which the instrument was based.
The Effect of Home Computer Use on Jordanian Children: A Parental Perspective
Authors: Khasawneh Omar M. , Al-Awidi Hamed M.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of computer technology on Jordanian children from the perspectives of their parents. The sample of the study consisted of 127 participants. Each participant is a parent of a child or children who owned a personal computer. Our findings revealed some of the positive as well as negative changes that have been manifested as a result of using computers. The study showed that children's behavior changes as a result of computer use. For example, children became less active as they spend time on the computer and less time devoted to exercising and playing. The most essential finding of this study was that a large number of parents reported that their children familiarized themselves with computer functions and parts and technological and computer concepts, such as chatting, e-mail, and digital games.
The Digital Horserace: An Analysis of Differences in Student Computer Use across the States and across the Years
Authors: Becker Jonathan D.
Published: March 2009

Using the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Data Explorer, this analysis documents differences in student computer use across the states and across the years. A few noticeable trends emerged. First, there was a significant increase in the frequency of computer use, particularly for math, between 1998 and 2003. Second, elementary school students in the states of West Virginia, Georgia, and Mississippi continually exceed the national average with respect to reported daily (or almost daily) computer use. Finally, there is a regional aspect to student computer use in schools. Spurred by West Virginia and Florida initially, states in the southeastern quadrant of the country have experienced policy diffusion and have engaged in what can best be described as a digital horserace.
Leading the Way: Compassion in the Workplace
Authors: Tehan Mary , Robinson Priscilla
Published: March 2009

There are multiple factors in the paid workforce which affect production in terms of health and well-being; these include grieving and “presenteeism.” This project was about developing a model for an integrated approach to grief support in the workplace. This model involves 3 overlapping domains: management ( compassionate leadership, as per Sarros, Cooper, Hartican, & Barker, 2006); “workshop floor” ( befriending, as adapted from Kennedy, McKenzie, & Wilson, 2006); and the organization as a whole ( workplace ethos, as per Bolman & Deal, 1991; Swann, 2002). A qualitative action research methodology was developed that included in-depth interviews with Uniting Church of Australia and “Other” workplaces, and thematic analyses of workplace policy documents. Results highlight qualitative differences particularly between workplaces where the ethos and befriending approach were integrated and those that were not. Conclusions drawn were that although befriending cannot be imposed, training in befriending would be a helpful approach to grief support in the workplace. Integrated with a befriending approach, compassionate leadership also needed to be acknowledged as an important leadership skill.
An Existential Model of Flourishing Subsequent to Treatment for Addiction: The Importance of Living a Meaningful and Spiritual Life
Authors: Hart Kenneth E. , Singh Terence
Published: March 2009

This study examined recovering alcoholics who were struggling to rebuild their lives 2 years after completing a professional treatment program for addiction. Sixty-eight British adults provided data describing whether or not their personal, interpersonal, and community (civic) functioning had improved from the period of maximum suffering before treatment to a point 2 years after being discharged. Results showed the magnitude of overall Quality of Life (QoL) improvement was significantly and positively correlated with the amount of meaning that respondents perceived to be present in their life at the point of 2 year follow-up. In general, the total QoL scale score was not related to whether or not respondents indicated they were striving for spiritual goals. Spiritual striving, however, was found to moderate the strength of the association between meaning making and the community/societal sphere of QoL. When a sub-sample of 26 spiritual strivers was examined, greater meaning making was found to be related to better personal well-being, interpersonal well-being, and (civic) functioning in society. However, among the 26 individuals who did not see themselves as spiritual seekers, greater meaning making was only related to QoL assessed at the personal and interpersonal levels of analysis. These findings are consistent with Viktor Frankl's notion that suffering can be a catalyst for a more fulfilling way of being—provided that people are able to see meaning and purpose in their suffering. The apparent adaptive consequences of perceiving self-transcendent meaning were particularly broad in scope within the spiritual seeking sub group, who may have experienced a sanctified sense of meaning in their life. A Broad Spectrum Model of QoL is proposed to describe the more generalized salutary effects of sacred (as opposed to secular) meaning.
The Influence of Death Attitudes and Knowledge of End of Life Options on Attitudes toward Physician-Assisted Suicide
Authors: Kopp Steven W.
Published: March 2009

End of life decisions, such as physician-assisted suicide (PAS), have continued to be controversial as health care policy, moral, and individual health care issues. This study considers knowledge of end of life options and death attitudes as predictors of attitudes toward PAS. Data were gathered from approximately 300 adults through a mailing sent to a household research panel. Validated measures of attitudes toward PAS, knowledge about that state's assisted suicide laws, demographics, and attitudes toward death as measured through the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R) were collected and analyzed. The data indicate that attitudes toward PAS are a function of knowledge of end of life options as well as death attitudinal factors.
Love Letters to the Dead: Resurrecting an Epistolary Art
Authors: Lander Dorothy A. , Graham-Pole John R.
Published: March 2009

This article explores the art of letter-writing, specifically to our beloved dead, as a form of autoethnographic research, pedagogy, and care work. As university teachers and qualitative researchers in palliative and end-of-life care, we review the literature and history of epistolary communications with the deceased, as a prelude to writing our own letters. John writes to his long-dead mother and Dorothy to her recently deceased spouse Patrick, each letter followed by a reflective dialogue between us. Through this dialogue, we highlight the potential application of this art, or handcraft, to formal and informal palliative care, and the implications for practice, pedagogy, policy, and research. We propose that such direct, non-mediated, communications can offer a valuable form of healing for bereaved people. The therapeutic potential of letter writing and the abundance of literary and popular culture exemplars of responses from the dead are also largely unexplored in death education and research.
The Color-Line and the Class Struggle: A Marxist Response to Critical Race Theory in Education as it Arrives in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cole Mike
Published: March 2009

In this article the author begins by noting that the arrival of critical race theory (CRT) in education in the United Kingdom is fairly recent. Next, with respect to racist inequalities in the UK education system, and concentrating on some of the arguments of a leading UK critical race theorist in education, he argues against two of the central tenets of CRT, the primacy of ‘race’ over class and ‘white supremacy’ respectively. In their place, he posits the Marxist concept of (xeno-)racialized capitalism which he argues has more explanatory purchase in understanding racism, both historically and contemporaneously. The author then addresses social class in both its Marxist and sociological modes, arguing that, in addition to ‘race’ in the UK education system, both modes are crucial factors to consider. He concludes that CRT suggestions for human liberation are variable and vague, and suggests that it is Marxism that, as a living philosophy, provides the best possibility of a viable equitable future.
Researching and Representing Wrongs, Injuries and Disagreements: Exploring Strategies for Radical Research
Authors: Schostak John
Published: March 2009

It is argued that research involves the constant search for truth and that, in the context of aspiring towards social justice, this search is not merely a technical problem. Freedom as a member of a social group is essentially paradoxical: individuals want to express themselves but living with others requires the subsumption of at least some of these desires for self-expression. This is illustrated in this article with reference to several educational research projects exploring experiences of empowerment and disempowerment. The representation of people's circumstances – and the wrongs, injuries and disagreements that permeate them – requires radical research that foregrounds the paradoxical nature of group membership. However, it should reveal more than the inevitable heterogeneity of the world. Radical research, it is argued, sees methodology itself as being founded upon irresolvable disagreements about the nature of truth.
Not Fit for Purpose: The National Strategies for Literacy Considered as an Endeavour of Government
Authors: Goddard Roy
Published: March 2009

Since 1998 there has been an ambitious attempt to raise standards of literacy in English schools through national strategies targeted at primary schools and at Key Stage 3 in secondary schools. This article views this initiative as a governmental enterprise aimed at forming the capacities and reshaping the understandings of teachers and their pupils in order to produce the citizenry required by a modern nation-state. It is argued that this endeavour has been vitiated by a guiding rationality that is undemocratic and impatient of scholarly process. The national strategies are ill fitted to the task of forming individuals capable of sustaining and enhancing democratic society in a period of cultural and communal plurality. This article attempts to clear some of the ground for considering how such an educational and governmental task might be more appropriately addressed.
Analysis of cerebral perfusion and metabolism assessed with positron emission tomography before and after carotid artery stenting
Authors: Matsubara Shunji , Moroi Junta , Suzuki Akifumi , Sasaki Masahiro , Nagata Ken , Kanno Iwao , Miura Shuichi
Published: March 2009

Object

The authors analyzed cerebral perfusion and metabolism in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis before and after carotid artery stenting (CAS).

Methods

Sixteen patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (> 70%) underwent PET scanning before CAS, 1–7 days after CAS, and 3–4 months after CAS to assess a variety of parameters related to cerebral perfusion and metabolism.

Results

Cerebral blood flow at rest (CBFrest) significantly increased in the immediate postoperative stage before returning to normal levels over the long term; this trend was also recognized on the contralateral side. In contrast, there was gradual improvement in the rate of CBF variation on acetazolamide administration (% CBFaz). Cerebral perfusion pressure (CBF/cerebral blood volume) increased rapidly during the acute stage and decreased in the long term, and the oxygen extraction fraction decreased slightly during the acute stage before normalizing over the long term. The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) increased slightly after stenting over both the short and long term. The ratios of ipsilateral to contralateral values (asymmetry index) for CBFrest, % CBFaz, cerebral blood volume, oxygen extraction fraction, and CMRO2 tended to approach 1.0 over time.

Conclusions

Repeated PET scanning revealed improvements in CBF, perfusion pressure, and oxygen metabolism after CAS. In particular, the vascular reserve tended to improve gradually, while CBF, cerebral perfusion pressure, and CMRO2 increased rapidly and peaked soon after CAS. These results suggest that a large discrepancy between rapidly increased CBF, perfusion pressure, and a small increase in vascular reserve in the acute stage after CAS could cause hyperperfusion syndrome.
Prospective comparison of quality of life before and after observation, radiation, or surgery for vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Di Maio Salvatore , Akagami Ryojo
Published: March 2009

Object

The best management strategy for small-to medium-sized vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remains controversial between observation, radiation, and microsurgical resection (surgery). The authors undertook a prospective observational cohort study comparing all 3 therapeutic modalities in patients with VSs, focusing on quality of life (QOL) outcomes.

Methods

All patients in the study completed the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey at regular intervals, with a mean follow-up of 31.8 months. Two hundred five (77.7%) of 264 patients completed questionnaires, including 47 who underwent observation, 48 who received either linear accelerator radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy (radiation group), and 134 who underwent surgery (of whom 37 had tumors > 3 cm in diameter). Patients allocated to the observation group had smaller tumors than those in the other groups (mean 1.3 cm; p < 0.001). Patients who received radiation were older than patients in the other groups (mean 60.0 years; p < 0.001).

Results

There were no baseline QOL differences between the observation, radiation, and surgery (tumors ≤ 3 cm) groups. Quality of life remained unchanged for the observation and radiation groups throughout the follow-up period. In the surgery group with tumors ≤ 3 cm, a significant improvement in total score and composite mental dimension was observed at 24 months. In the surgery group with tumors > 3 cm, there was an early improvement in composite mental dimension at 1.5 months, as well as at 24 months; total score and composite physical dimension were improved at 24 months in this group as well.

Conclusions

Based on the current management protocol, patients with VSs enjoy similar QOL throughout the follow-up period after undergoing observation, radiation therapy, or surgery.
Magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative identification of the lenticulostriate arteries in insular glioma surgery
Authors: Saito Ryuta , Kumabe Toshihiro , Inoue Takashi , Takada Shihomi , Yamashita Yoji , Kanamori Masayuki , Sonoda Yukihiko , Tominaga Teiji
Published: March 2009

Aggressive resection of insular tumors is possible using a meticulous surgical approach based on the regional insular anatomy, with high rates of gross-total resection and low rates of permanent neurological deficits. However, the risk of postoperative morbidities remains high, often caused by disruption of the vascular supply to the surrounding eloquent structures, especially the lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) that supply the internal capsule. Three-dimensional 3-T time-of-flight (TOF) MR imaging was performed pre- and postoperatively in patients with insuloopercular gliomas. This 3D 3-T TOF MR imaging clearly visualized the LSAs and the relationships with the tumor margins. These findings were confirmed intraoperatively. Three-dimensional 3-T TOF MR imaging of the LSAs in patients with insuloopercular gliomas can help to maximize the extent of resection without neurological complications, preserve the LSAs during surgery, and assist in patient selection.
Vascularized temporoparietal fascial flap for the treatment of a traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula in the middle cranial fossa
Authors: Taha Mahmoud , Carroll Thomas , McMahon Jeremy
Published: March 2009

The temporoparietal fascial flap (TPFF) is a vascularized pedicle flap commonly used in head and neck reconstructions. The authors describe the use of a TPFF in repairing a large traumatic middle cranial fossa CSF fistula via a middle cranial fossa approach. During the 18-month follow-up, the patient had no further CSF leakage or meningitis. The use of a TPFF for the repair of a traumatic CSF fistula has not been described in the literature. The authors recommend the use of a TPFF in treating recurrent or large middle cranial fossa CSF fistulas. The flap provides a well-vascularized thin layer that can be ideal in middle cranial fossa repair, and its proximity to the operation site is perfect as well.
Candidate genes for sensitivity and resistance of human glioblastoma multiforme cell lines to erlotinib
Authors: Halatsch Marc-Eric , Löw Sarah , Mursch Kay , Hielscher Thomas , Schmidt Ursula , Unterberg Andreas , Vougioukas Vassilios I. , Feuerhake Friedrich
Published: March 2009

Object

The authors have previously reported that erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exerts widely variable antiproliferative effects on 9 human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. These effects were independent of EGFR baseline expression levels, raising the possibility that more complex genetic properties form the molecular basis of the erlotinib-sensitive and erlotinib-resistant GBM phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to determine candidate genes for mediating the cellular response of human GBMs to erlotinib.

Methods

Complementary RNA obtained in cell lines selected to represent the sensitive, somewhat responsive, and resistant phenotypes were hybridized to CodeLink Human Whole Genome Bioarrays.

Results

Expression analysis of 814 prospectively selected genes involved in major proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways identified 19 genes whose expression significantly correlated with phenotype. Functional annotation analysis revealed that 2 genes (DUSP4 and STAT1) were significantly associated with sensitivity to erlotinib, and 10 genes (CACNG4, FGFR4, HSPA1B, HSPB1, NFATC1, NTRK1, RAC1, SMO, TCF7L1, and TGFB3) were associated with resistance to erlotinib. Moreover, 5 genes (BDNF, CARD6, FOSL1, HSPA9B, and MYC) involved in antiapoptotic pathways were unexpectedly found to be associated with sensitivity. Gene expressions were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusions

Based on an analysis of gene expressions in cell lines with sensitive, somewhat responsive, and resistant phenotypes, the authors propose candidate genes for GBM response to erlotinib. The 10 gene candidates for conferring GBM resistance to erlotinib may represent therapeutic targets for enhancing the efficacy of erlotinib against GBMs. Five additional genes warrant further investigation into their role as putative cotargets of erlotinib.
Remote distal outflow occlusion: a novel treatment option for complex dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Authors: Nussbaum Eric S. , Madison Michael T. , Goddard James K. , Lassig Jeffrey P. , Janjua Tariq M. , Nussbaum Leslie A.
Published: March 2009

The authors report a novel management option for patients with complex dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).

The authors reviewed the medical records and neuroimaging studies of 3 patients who underwent a novel surgical treatment for complicated dissecting PICA aneurysms. The mean follow-up period was 1.1 years, and no patient was lost to follow-up. Two patients were in poor condition following an acute, severe subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 presented with headaches and a remote history of bleeding. All patients underwent surgical occlusion of the PICA beyond the tonsillar loop, distal to the aneurysmal segment. Intraoperative and delayed follow-up angiography demonstrated progressive diminution in size of the aneurysmal dilation but persistent filling of the proximal PICA segments supplying the brainstem. Outcome was good in all cases.

This novel technique has been used successfully in 3 cases and, to the authors' knowledge, has not been reported previously.
Flow dynamics in lumboperitoneal shunts and their implications in vivo
Authors: Mukerji Nitin , Cahill Julian , Rodrigues Desiderio , Prakash Savithru , Strachan Roger
Published: March 2009

Object

Lumboperitoneal shunting is the standard treatment for pseudotumour cerebri or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Complications are common, particularly the problem of overdrainage leading to low pressure symptoms. The authors designed a simple experiment using catheters of different lengths that drained at different pressure heads and with different vertical drops to study the flow characteristics in these shunts and determine the optimal catheter placement and length that would reduce the occurrence of low pressure headaches.

Methods

The flow rates through catheters of 3 different lengths (60, 83, and 100 cm) with the same internal radius, at 3 different pressure heads (15, 25, and 35 cm H2O to simulate 3 different placements in the lumbar theca), and 3 different vertical drops (10, 20, and 30 cm to simulate the possible effect of siphoning) were measured and the results analyzed.

Results

Application of Poiseuille's law and Bernoulli's principle to the experimental design shows that the volume of flow is directly proportional to the sum of the pressure head and the vertical drop and inversely proportional to the length of the catheter. The flow rate through the standard catheter lengths over the course of 24 hours can be abnormally high. An attempt to predict the optimal catheter length was made.

Conclusions

Although the catheter position in the theca and abdomen cannot be altered significantly and the internal radius of the tube cannot be reduced further without increasing the risk of blockage, the length of the tube can be increased to combat overdrainage. The authors suggest that currently available catheters are too short.
Beyond Climate Focus and Disciplinary Myopia. The Roles and Responsibilities of Hospitals and Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Ulhøi John  P. , Ulhøi Benedicte  P.
Published: March 2009

This paper calls for the need to address climate change within the concept of sustainable development, in recognition of the interrelationships between environmental, economic and social systems. So far, health- providing organizations such as hospitals have paid surprisingly little attention to the relationships between environmental change (e.g. climate change) and human health, or between hospitals (as professional organizations) and their impact on sustainable development. Although it is usually such industries as the chemical, extractive and metal industries, etc., that are associated with environmentally harmful activities, there is also an urgent need to emphasize the roles and responsibilities of hospitals and their embeddedness in a wider ecological, economic and social context. The key objective here is to discuss the relevance of sustainability and environmental management issues in a sector that until now has conveniently ignored its roles and responsibilities in relation to sustainability issues. The paper concludes that arguments based on systems theory, environment, medicine, economics and innovation strongly urge hospitals to reconsider their present roles and environmental responsibilities.
Participation of Low Molecular Weight Electron Carriers in Oxidative Protein Folding
Authors: Margittai Éva , Csala Miklós , Mandl József , Bánhegyi Gábor
Published: March 2009

Oxidative protein folding is mediated by a proteinaceous electron relay system, in which the concerted action of protein disulfide isomerase and Ero1 delivers the electrons from thiol groups to the final acceptor. Oxygen appears to be the final oxidant in aerobic living organisms, although the existence of alternative electron acceptors, e.g. fumarate or nitrate, cannot be excluded. Whilst the protein components of the system are well-known, less attention has been turned to the role of low molecular weight electron carriers in the process. The function of ascorbate, tocopherol and vitamin K has been raised recently. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that these redox-active compounds can contribute to the functioning of oxidative folding. This review focuses on the participation of small molecular weight redox compounds in oxidative protein folding.
Synthesis of 3-(4-Chloro-2-methoxy-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-7-yl)propanoic acid – An N(9)-Functionalized 7-Deazapurine
Authors: Rosemeyer Helmut
Published: March 2009

Regioselective N-alkylation of 4-chloro-2-methoxy-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine (6) with ethyl 3-bromopropionate under liquid-liquid phase-transfer reactionconditions gave the ester 7a. Its saponification yielded the acid 7b. The logP values of a series of N(9)-functionalized purines and purine isosteres were calculated.
Correction: Kotali, A. 1-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropenone N-benzoylhydrazone. Molbank 2003, M350.
Authors: Kotali Antigoni
Published: March 2009

We found the following error in our paper published in Molbank a few years ago [1]. The correct title should be: 2,2'-Dihydroxybenzophenone N-Carbonylethoxyhydrazone. [...]
NOISE ASSESMENT AND MITIGATION SCHEMES FOR ESTONIAN AIRPORTS
Authors: Vanker Signe , Enneveer Mart , Rammul Imre
Published: March 2009

In recent years, concern over airport noise and its impact on surrounding communities has been spurred by the continual growth in air traffic together with urban development in close proximity to many airports around the world. This paper aims at studying the cases of Tallinn Airport and Tartu Airport, both in Estonia, with a focus on evaluating the airport noise and its impact on the neighbouring residential districts. Tallinn Airport is located within the city limits (only 4 kilometres from the city centre), and therefore the inhabited areas are also exposed to aviation noise. The main water catchment area for the city – Lake Ülemiste – and the nearest residential district are situated about 0.5 km from the airport. In 2003 stationary noise monitoring equipment was installed at Tallinn Airport to measure the noise level caused by starting and landing aircraft so that the necessary measures and sanctions can be taken. At Tartu Airport, the noise was recurrently measured in 2008, by using a TES 1352A sound level meter. The monitoring system at Tallinn Airport and the measurements at Tartu Airport enable operating noise and aircraft noise to be analyzed and predicted as a way to differentiate the landing fees for aircraft depending on noise and flight trajectory. According to the noise monitoring and measurements results, noise maps can be drawn.

Santrauka

Pastaraisiais metais nerimo faktorius, atsirades del triukšmo, sukeliamo oro uostuose ir jo poveikio aplinkiniams gyvenamiesiems rajonams, tapo rimtesnis, nes gauseja orlaiviu, taip pat oro uostai isikuria per arti gyvenamuju rajonu.

Šiu tyrimu tikslas buvo nustatyti Talino ir Tartu oro uostu keliamo triukšmo lygi bei jo itaka aplinkiniams gyvenamiesiems rajonams.

Tarptautinis Talino oro uotas yra isikūres miesto ribose (tik 4 km atstumu nuo miesto centro). Tai reiškia, kad nemažai gyventoju kenčia nuo orlaiviu keliamo triukšmo. Pati artimiausia gyvenviete yra nutolusi nuo oro uosto tik 0,5 km atstumu. Julemistes ežeras, kuris yra miesto geriamojo vandens šaltinis, taip pat yra oro uosto apylinkese.

2003 m. Talino oro uoste buvo pastatyta triukšmo lygio matavimo iranga, kuri turejo ne tik nustatyti kylančiu ir besileidžiančiu orlaiviu sukeliamo triukšmo lygi, bet ir numatyti būtinas priemones jam sumažinti bei taikyti sankcijas. 2008 m. Tartu oro uoste triukšmas matuotas kelis kartus naudojant triukšmo matuokli TES 1352A.

Ši triukšmo matavimo sistema leidžia pirmiausia išanalizuoti ir nustatyti orlaiviu bei kitos irangos keliamo triukšmo lygi ir tuomet diferencijuoti rinkliavas už nusileidima, kurios priklauso nuo sukeliamo triukšmo lygio ir skrydžio trajektorijos. Priklausomai nuo triukšmo kontroles ir jos rezultatu, galima nupiešti triukšmo žemelapius.
FUSELAGE TEST OF A SMALL AIRCRAFT ACCORDING TO CS-23 REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Jebáček Ivo
Published: March 2009

This article describes a static strength test of a fuselage of a small aircraft. Tests were done according to CS-23 requirements. The test program was firstly analysed and then a methodology of the entire test was created and the test could be built. The requirement of the submitter was that the bending and torque moment and shear force had to be as close as possible to calculated loads. This problem requires many loading forces along the length of the fuselage, and we had to solve how to load several tonnes along the 7 meters. For this purpose, a loading tree and rollers were used. The conclusion of this article describes how using rollers with the loading tree changes forces and describes the test arrangement.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinejamas mažo lektuvo liemens statinis stiprumas. Bandymai buvo atliekami pagal CS‐23 reikalvimus. Pirmiausia buvo analizuojama bandymu metodologija ir programa, po to buvo sudaryta bandymu seka. Pateikejas reikalavo, kad lenkimo ir sukimo momentubei skersiniu jegu apkrovos būtu kiek galima artimesnes apskaičiuotoms apkrovoms. Reikejo apkrauti liemeni jegomis daugelyje vietu, tad tyrejams teko spresti, kaip išdestyti daug tonu 7 metru atkarpoje. Šiam tikslui buvo panaudotas apkrovu medis ir skridiniai. Šio straipsnio išvadose apibūdinta, kaip keičiamos jegos naudojant skridinius ir apkrovu medi. Taip pat aprašyta bandymu iranga.
Attention et performance sportive : état de la question en psychologie du sport appliquée
Authors: Bernier Marjorie , Thienot Émilie , Codron Romain
Published: March 2009

Résumé Cet article a pour objectif de réaliser une synthèse de la littérature portant sur les processus attentionnels mis en jeu lors de la réalisation d’une performance sportive. Si de nombreux travaux se sont attachés à mieux appréhender le concept d’attention dans le champ de la psychologie expérimentale, les recherches relatives aux points d’attention en psychologie du sport appliquée sont plus rares. Il est donc pertinent de confronter les différentes théories pour en dégager des applications pratiques en termes d’enseignement et d’entraînement. Dans une première partie, l’objectif est de rappeler les principales théories et modèles de l’attention applicables au champ des activités physiques et sportives. En nous appuyant sur cette synthèse, nous confrontons de nouvelles approches relatives aux processus attentionnels. Celles-ci s’intéressent à un phénomène connu des experts, la contre-performance, en établissant des liens avec d’autres facteurs influençant la performance, notamment l’anxiété. Le second objectif est d’en dégager des perspectives appliquées, en confrontant les différentes propositions des auteurs, qui ont pour but d’éviter ce phénomène de contre-performance. Enfin, les limites des études relatives à cette thématique sont discutées, et les perspectives de recherche en psychologie du sport sont évoquées.
Fabricants, détaillants et vendeurs : l'économie du costume de sport à la Belle Époque
Authors: Jamain-Samson Sandrine , Terret Thierry
Published: March 2009

Résumé À la Belle Époque se développe en France un nouveau marché du costume de sport, d’abord initié par des magasins anglais avant que tailleurs, fabricants puis grands magasins français, essentiellement parisiens, ne se lancent à leur tour dans l’aventure. Les caractéristiques de ce marché demeurent alors embryonnaires, non seulement parce que le nombre de pratiquants est encore faible, mais aussi parce que les fabricants hésitent à envisager une orientation fonctionnelle du costume de sport au moment où l’innovation en mode pousse à créer des vêtements plus esthétiques. Ces contradictions apparaissent encore plus nettement pour le cas du costume féminin en raison des impératifs moraux qui se surajoutent aux exigences de la mode. L’étude s’appuie sur l’analyse des catalogues de vente, de la presse féministe et de la presse sportive, avec une attention plus particulière portée aux publicités.
An Unusual Case of Progressive Shock and Highly Elevated Procalcitonin Level
Authors: Schumm Julia , Pfeifer Rüdiger , Ferrari Markus , Kuethe Friedhelm , Figulla Hans R.
Published: March 2009

A 21-year-old man with signs and symptoms of rapidly progressive shock was admitted to the intensive care unit for treatment of suspected sepsis. Levels of inflammatory markers (including procalcitonin) were highly elevated, but no obvious focus of infection was apparent. Initial sepsis therapy included administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, vasoconstrictors, and drotrecogin alfa. Cultures of blood, sputum, and urine showed no growth, and no viruses were detected. The random (no stimulation with corticotropin) cortisol level at admission was less than 25 nmol/L. Assays for autoantibodies to the adrenal cortex were strongly positive and confirmed the diagnosis of adrenal failure caused by Addison disease. After initiation of steroid therapy, the patient fully recovered. Although increased procalcitonin levels are considered a reliable and specific indicator of severe generalized infections and bacterial sepsis, elevated procalcitonin levels cannot be relied on when trying to differentiate between addisonian crisis and septic shock.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome After Zinc Chloride Inhalation: Survival After Extracorporeal Life Support and Corticosteroid Treatment
Authors: Chian Chih-Feng , Wu Chin-Pyng , Chen Chien-Wen , Su Wen-Lin , Yeh Chin-Bin , Perng Wann-Cherng
Published: March 2009

No standard protocol exists for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by inhalation of smoke from a smoke bomb. In this case, a 23-year-old man was exposed to smoke from a smoke grenade for approximately 10 to 15 minutes without protective breathing apparatus. Acute respiratory distress syndrome developed subsequently, complicated by bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum 48 hours after inhalation. Despite mechanical ventilation and bilateral tube thoracostomy, the patient was severely hypoxemic 4 days after hospitalization. His condition improved upon treatment with high-dose corticosteroids, an additional 500-mg dose of methylprednisolone, and the initiation of extracorporeal life support. Arterial oxygenation decreased gradually after abrupt tapering of the corticosteroid dose and discontinuation of the life support. On day 16 of hospitalization, the patient experienced progressive deterioration of arterial oxygenation despite the intensive treatment. The initial treatment regimen (ie, corticosteroids and extracorporeal life support) was resumed, and the patient’s arterial oxygenation improved. The patient survived.
T‐helper 17 cells expand in multiple sclerosis and are inhibited by interferon‐β
Authors: Durelli Luca , Conti Laura , Clerico Marinella , Boselli Daniela , Contessa Giulia , Ripellino Paolo , Ferrero Bruno , Eid Pierre , Novelli Francesco
Published: March 2009

Objective

T‐helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 lymphocytes are involved in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We characterized the Th1/Th17 cell populations in peripheral blood (PB), their interferon (IFN) receptor expression sensitivity to IFN‐β in MS patients.

Methods

In 30 untreated patients with active MS (AMS) and 32 with inactive MS (IMS), and in 22 healthy subjects, we measured intracellular cytokine expression, interleukin‐17–producing myelin basic protein–stimulated PB lymphocytes, surface IFN type I receptor chain1 (IFN‐αR1) expression, IFN‐β‐dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, and apoptosis of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody–stimulated PB lymphocytes.

Results

Th17 cell percentage increased around sevenfold in AMS compared with IMS or healthy subjects, but there was no change in Th1 cells. Th17 cells in AMS were myelin basic protein specific. The longitudinal follow‐up of 18 MS patients shifting between AMS and IMS showed that the percentage of Th17 but not Th1 cells always increased in AMS. IFN‐αR1 expression, IFN‐β–induced STAT1 activation, and apoptosis were significantly greater in Th17 than Th1 cells. IFN‐αR1 expression and IFN‐β–dependent STAT1 activation progressively increased in vitro with a highly significant positive correlation only in developing Th17 but not in Th0 or Th1 cells.

Interpretation

Evidence that an expansion of peripheral Th17 cells, a Th subset that can infiltrate brain parenchyma and damage cells, is associated with disease activity in MS. The greater IFN‐αR1 level expressed by Th17 compared with Th1 cells might make them a selective target for IFN‐β therapy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:499–509
Smoking and risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Analysis of the EPIC cohort
Authors: Gallo Valentina , Bueno‐De‐Mesquita H. Bas , Vermeulen Roel , Andersen Peter M. , Kyrozis Andreas , Linseisen Jakob , Kaaks Rudolph , Allen Naomi E. , Roddam Andrew W. , Boshuizen Hendriek C. , Peeters Petra H. , Palli Domenico , Mattiello Amalia , Sieri Sabina , Tumino Rosario , Jiménez‐Martín Juan‐Manuel , Tormo Díaz María José , Rodriguez Suarez Laudina , Trichopoulou Antonia , Agudo Antonio , Arriola Larraitz , Barricante‐Gurrea Aurelio , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Manjer Jonas , Lindkvist Björn , Overvad Kim , W. Bach Flemming , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Bergmann Manuela M. , Boeing Heiner , Clavel‐Chapelon Francoise , Lund Eiliv , Hallmans Göran , Middleton Lefkos , Vineis Paolo , Riboli Elio
Published: March 2009

Objective

Cigarette smoking has been reported as “probable” risk factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a poorly understood disease in terms of aetiology. The extensive longitudinal data of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) were used to evaluate age‐specific mortality rates from ALS and the role of cigarette smoking on the risk of dying from ALS.

Methods

A total of 517,890 healthy subjects were included, resulting in 4,591,325 person‐years. ALS cases were ascertained through death certificates. Cox hazard models were built to investigate the role of smoking on the risk of ALS, using packs/years and smoking duration to study dose‐response.

Results

A total of 118 subjects died from ALS, resulting in a crude mortality rate of 2.69 per 100,000/year. Current smokers at recruitment had an almost two‐fold increased risk of dying from ALS compared to never smokers (HR = 1.89, 95% C.I. 1.14–3.14), while former smokers at the time of enrolment had a 50% increased risk (HR = 1.48, 95% C.I. 0.94–2.32). The number of years spent smoking increased the risk of ALS (p for trend = 0.002). Those who smoked more than 33 years had more than a two‐fold increased risk of ALS compared with never smokers (HR = 2.16, 95% C.I. 1.33–3.53). Conversely, the number of years since quitting smoking was associated with a decreased risk of ALS compared with continuing smoking.

Interpretation

These results strongly support the hypothesis of a role of cigarette smoking in aetiology of ALS. We hypothesize that this could occur through lipid peroxidation via formaldehyde exposure. Ann Neurol 2009;65:378–385.
Three‐dimensional surface maps link local atrophy and fast ripples in human epileptic hippocampus
Authors: Ogren Jennifer A. , Wilson Charles L. , Bragin Anatol , Lin Jack J. , Salamon Noriko , Dutton Rebecca A. , Luders Eileen , Fields Tony A. , Fried Itzhak , Toga Arthur W. , Thompson Paul M. , Engel Jerome , Staba Richard J.
Published: March 2009

Objectives

There is compelling evidence that pathological high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs), called fast ripples (FR, 150–500Hz), reflect abnormal synchronous neuronal discharges in areas responsible for seizure genesis in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). It is hypothesized that morphological changes associated with hippocampal atrophy (HA) contribute to the generation of FR, yet there is limited evidence that hippocampal FR‐generating sites correspond with local areas of atrophy.

Methods

Interictal HFOs were recorded from hippocampal microelectrodes in 10 patients with MTLE. Rates of FR and ripple discharge from each microelectrode were evaluated in relation to local measures of HA obtained using 3‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hippocampal modeling.

Results

Rates of FR discharge were 3 times higher in areas of significant local HA compared with rates in nonatrophic areas. Furthermore, FR occurrence correlated directly with the severity of damage in these local atrophic regions. In contrast, we found no difference in rates of ripple discharge between local atrophic and nonatrophic areas.

Interpretation

The proximity between local HA and microelectrode‐recorded FR suggests that morphological changes such as neuron loss and synaptic reorganization may contribute to the generation of FR. Pathological HFOs, such as FR, may provide a reliable surrogate marker of abnormal neuronal excitability in hippocampal areas responsible for the generation of spontaneous seizures in patients with MTLE. Based on these data, it is possible that MRI‐based measures of local HA could identify FR‐generating regions, and thus provide a noninvasive means to localize epileptogenic regions in hippocampus. Ann Neurol 2009;66:783–791
Steam reforming of propane in a zirconia membrane reactor with a Rh‐supported Ce0.15Zr0.85O2 catalyst
Authors: Kusakabe K. , Fukuda K. , Mizoguchi H. , Taneda M. , Takahashi O.
Published: March 2009

The steam reforming (SR) of propane for hydrogen production at 400–600 °C in a porous yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membrane reactor was investigated. The YSZ membrane was used as a hydrogen selective membrane. A Rh‐supported Ce0.15Zr0.85O2 catalyst was packed in the membrane reactor because the catalyst was found to be the most suitable catalyst for the low‐temperature SR of propane on the basis of the results obtained using a packed bed reactor. The conversion of propane in the membrane reactor was higher than that in a packed bed reactor due to the shift of equilibrium toward the hydrogen‐producing side. In spite of relatively low permeation selectivity (ideal H2/CO selectivity = 9 at 100 °C), hydrogen permeation through the membrane caused an increase in the CO2 fraction and a decrease in the CO fraction in reformed gas. This indicates that the water‐gas shift reaction was an important contributor in the product distribution in the membrane reactor. Meanwhile, the methane fraction remained largely unchanged, regardless of selective hydrogen permeation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.