bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis. Part 40: a theoretical and NMR investigation of the conformations of cis‐ and trans‐cyclopentane‐1,3‐diol
Authors: Abraham Raymond J. , Koniotou Rodothea
Published: November 2003

The conformations of cis‐ (1) and trans‐cyclopentane‐1,3‐diol (2) have been studied by ab initio (Gaussian 98) and molecular mechanics (PCMODEL) calculations and by NMR spectroscopy. The calculations gave two low‐energy conformations for (1), 1A and 1B, both with axial hydroxyl groups. Two conformations with equatorial hydroxyl groups (1C and 1D) were found but with much higher energy (ca 4.0 kcal mol−1). Five low‐energy conformers were found for 2. Four were envelope conformations and one a half‐chair. The complete analysis of the 400 MHz 1H NMR spectra of 1 in a variety of solvents and 2 in chloroform was performed by extensive decoupling experiments, iterative computer analysis and spectral simulation. This gave all the H,H couplings in the molecule, including in 1 a long‐range 4J(H,H) coupling between H‐2cis and H‐4,5cis. The 3J(H,H) couplings were used to determine the conformer populations in these molecules. This was initially achieved using the Haasnoot, de Leeuw and Altona equation. to obtain the conformer couplings. It was found that this equation was not accurate for the C·CH2·CH2·C fragment in these molecules and the following equation was derived for this fragment from five‐ and six‐ membered cyclic compounds in fixed conformations:

The conformer populations were obtained by calculating the conformer couplings which were then compared with the observed couplings. Compound 1 in benzene solution is an approximately equal mixture of conformers 1A and 1B with small (<4%) amounts of 1C and 1D. In the polar solvents acetone and acetonitrile the populations of 1A and 1B are again equal, with 20% of 1C and <2% of 1D. In 2 the major conformers are 2B and 2D with small amounts of 2C, 2E and 2A. These novel findings are considered with previous data on cyclopentanol and cis‐ and trans‐cyclopentane‐1,2‐diol and it is shown that the axial hydroxyl substituent at the fold of the envelope appears to be a major factor in determining the conformational energies of these compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ocular myasthenia gravis associated with euthyroid ophthalmopathy
Authors: Kusuhara Tomohiko , Nakajima Masashi , Imamura Akiko
Published: November 2003

We report a 71‐year‐old woman with concomitant ocular myasthenia gravis and euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy. Unilateral ophthalmoplegia, including ptosis, initially was responsive to edrophonium and corticosteroids, except for diplopia on upward gaze, but refractory swelling of the inferior rectus muscle and proptosis followed. Autoantibodies to acetylcholine and thyrotropin receptors were detected. Her ophthalmopathy abated after orbital irradiation in combination with systemic steroids. There may be an immunological basis for the association of ocular myasthenia gravis with euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy. Muscle Nerve 28: 764–766, 2003
Acute neuropathies after peripheral blood stem cell and bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Dispenzieri Angela , Micallef Ivana N. , Inwards David J. , Litzow Mark R. , Wijdicks Eelco F. M.
Published: November 2003

Neuromuscular complications are not uncommon after bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, especially in patients with allogeneic transplantations and graft‐versus‐host disease. The pathogenesis of these complications remains unclear, but the changes in immune modulation that occur after transplantation are likely to play a key role. We describe 4 patients who developed brachial plexopathy (3 cases) or multiple lumbosacral radiculopathies (1 case) between 5 days and 4 months after autologous peripheral blood stem cell (3 cases) or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without evidence of graft‐versus‐host disease (1 case). Infectious, tumor‐related, toxic, and metabolic causes were excluded in all cases. Recovery was limited in two cases and nearly complete in the other two patients. Brachial plexopathies and polyradiculopathies are potential complications of peripheral blood stem cell and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible that these disorders may be the result of autoimmune phenomena directed against specific nerve antigens. Muscle Nerve 28: 733–736, 2003
Enzyme replacement therapy improves peripheral nerve and sweat function in Fabry disease
Authors: Schiffmann Raphael , Floeter Mary Kay , Dambrosia James M. , Gupta Surya , Moore David F. , Sharabi Yehonatan , Khurana Ramesh K. , Brady Roscoe O.
Published: November 2003

Fabry disease is an X‐linked disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal α‐galactosidase A resulting in accumulation of α‐D‐galatosyl conjugated glycosphingolipids. Clinical manifestations include a small‐fiber neuropathy associated with debilitating pain and hypohidrosis. We report the effect of a 3‐year open‐label extension of a previously reported 6‐month placebo‐controlled enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) trial in which 26 hemizygous patients with Fabry disease received 0.2 mg/kg of α‐galactosidase A every 2 weeks. The effect of ERT on neuropathic pain scores while off pain medications, quantitative sensory testing, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), and thermoregulatory sweat test (TST) is reported. In the patients who crossed‐over from placebo to ERT (n = 10), mean pain‐at‐its‐worst scores on a 0–10 scale decreased (from 6.9 to 4.5). There was a significant reduction in the threshold for cold and warm sensation in the foot. At the 3‐year time‐point, pre‐ERT sweat excretion in 17 Fabry patients was 0.24 ± 0.33 μl/mm2 vs. 1.05 ± 0.81 in concurrent controls (n = 38). Sweat function improved 24–72 h post‐enzyme infusion (0.57 ± 0.71 μl/mm2) and normalized in four anhidrotic patients. TST confirmed the QSART results. We conclude that prolonged ERT in Fabry disease leads to a modest but significant improvement in the clinical manifestations of the small‐fiber neuropathy associated with this disorder. QSART may be useful to further optimize the dose and frequency of ERT. Muscle Nerve 28: 703–710, 2003
Characterization of two new dominant ClC‐1 channel mutations associated with myotonia
Authors: Grunnet Morten , Jespersen Thomas , Colding‐Jørgensen Eskild , Schwartz Marianne , Klaerke Dan A. , Vissing John , Olesen Søren‐Peter , Dunø Morten
Published: November 2003

Voltage‐gated ClC‐1 chloride channels encoded by the CLCN1 gene have a major role in setting the membrane potential in skeletal muscle. More than 60 CLCN1 mutations have been associated with myotonia congenita. These mutations are traditionally classified as recessive (Becker's disease) or dominant (Thomsen's disease). In this study, we have electrophysiologically characterized two new dominant ClC‐1 mutations, thereby elucidating the observed phenotype in patients. The two ClC‐1 mutants M128V and E193K were identified, and the DNA was isolated from patients and subsequently expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes for electrophysiological characterization. Both ClC‐1 mutants, M128V and E193K, showed a large rightward shift in the current–voltage relationship. In addition, the activation kinetics were slowed in the ClC‐1 M128V mutant, as compared to the wild‐type ClC‐1. Interestingly, ClC‐1 E193K revealed a change in reversal potential compared to wild‐type channels. This finding supports the notion that the E193 amino acid is an important determinant in the selectivity filter of the human ClC‐1 channel. The electrophysiological behavior of both mutants demonstrates a severe reduction in ClC‐1 channel conductance under physiologically relevant membrane potentials. These studies thereby explain the molecular background for the observed myotonia in patients. Muscle Nerve 28: 722–732, 2003
Atypical presentations of primary amyloid neuropathy
Authors: Vucic Steve , Chong Peter Siao Tick , Cros Didier
Published: November 2003

Primary amyloidosis (AL) may be complicated by peripheral neuropathy in 15–35% of cases. We report on four patients with atypical neurological presentations of AL neuropathy, whose diagnoses were delayed due to varied clinical presentations. The clinical presentation included painful sensory neuropathy (two patients), mononeuropathy multiplex (one patient), and primary demyelinating polyneuropathy (one patient). The latter two types of presentation have not been reported previously. The diagnosis was established by fat pad biopsy in two patients, lymph node biopsy in one, and sural nerve biopsy in one. Two patients were treated with high‐dose melphalan followed by stem cell rescue, and one was treated with oral melphalan and prednisone. All three cases experienced stabilization of neuropathic symptoms. We report these cases in order to raise awareness of the varied clinical presentation of AL neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 28: 696–702, 2003
Preserved cutaneous silent periods in severe entrapment neuropathies
Authors: Kofler Markus , Fröhlich Katrin , Saltuari Leopold
Published: November 2003

Noxious digital nerve stimulation during isometric contraction of hand muscles leads to transient suppression of the electromyographic activity, the so‐called cutaneous silent period (CSP), which is mostly due to a spinal reflex mediated by A‐δ fibers. We investigated two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and two patients with ulnar entrapment at the elbow (UNE), in whom routine sensory conduction studies failed to document afferent fiber continuity across the lesion site. In three patients, motor nerve conduction studies and electromyography failed to demonstrate intact efferent fibers. Noxious stimulation of digit II elicited distinct CSPs in ulnar‐innervated hand muscles in both patients with CTS, and stimulation of digit V evoked CSPs in median‐innervated hand muscles in both UNE patients. The presence of a CSP can only be explained by preserved A‐δ fibers crossing the respective lesion site. Thus, preserved CSPs may serve to document residual nerve continuity in severe entrapment neuropathies when fast‐conducting fibers are so compromised that their continuity cannot be detected by standard electrodiagnostic techniques. Muscle Nerve 28: 711–714, 2003
Devolution and outsourcing of municipal services in Kampala city, Uganda: an early assessment
Authors: Golooba‐Mutebi Frederick
Published: November 2003

The late 1980s saw the beginning of wide‐ranging economic and political reforms in Africa, prompted by both external and internal pressures. Demands for political reform pushed for democratisation, including decentralisation of power and resources to lower levels of government. Alongside pressures for democratisation were those for economic liberalisation, including the rolling back of the state characterised by, among other things, reducing its role in service provision. This article looks at aspects of political and economic liberalisation in Uganda, involving devolution and outsourcing of service provision in Kampala city. It focuses on the city's experience with devolution and outsourcing of solid waste management. It shows that, pockets of resistance notwithstanding, the reforms enjoyed widespread popularity and led to many positive changes. In addition, it shows that they begot problems and encountered others that rendered the process of change more problematic than its advocates had anticipated. Its major conclusion is that while devolution and outsourcing are useful tools for improving service delivery, they cannot ensure long‐term success in the absence of financial, technical and managerial capacity on the part of contractors and contracting authorities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges for donor agency country‐level performance assessment: a review
Authors: Ireland Mark , McGregor J. Allister , Saltmarshe Douglas
Published: November 2003

This review of country‐level performance assessment in donor agencies is primarily based upon the experiences documented by bilateral donors to developing countries. The review suggests that four emerging themes can be identified in the literature on country‐level performance review: ownership, decentralisation and leadership, accountability and learning and complexity. The review considers the implementation of ‘results‐based’ approaches used by a number of international agencies and examines their relationship with ‘evidence‐based’ approaches. A key challenge, in the development of performance assessment, is bringing in a stronger evidence‐based approach into the planning and evaluation of donor country‐level programmes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantiﬁcation of sideroxylonals in Eucalyptus foliage by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wallis Ian R. , Herlt Anthony J. , Eschler Bart M. , Takasaki Midori , Foley William J.
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the extraction and quantiﬁcation of sideroxylonals, a group of formylated phloroglucinol compounds found in the foliage of some eucalypt species. Samples of dry, ground foliage were Soxhlet‐extracted with light petroleum spirit:acetone (4:1) and the resultant extract analysed (in the presence of internal standard) by reversed‐phase HPLC without further puriﬁcation. The yield of sideroxylonals was exponential with time and showed an inﬂection at ca. 4 h of extraction. It is recommended that samples be extracted for 6 h, giving a 92% recovery of the sideroxylonals. The title compounds deteriorate under various conditions, e.g. 10% are lost when foliage is oven‐dried at 40C compared to freeze‐drying. Storing samples in mobile phase led to a slow deterioration of sideroxylonals with a 7% loss after 4 days, while 22% of these compounds were lost from dry, ground eucalypt leaf stored at room temperature for 20 months. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in the composition of the heartwood flavonoids of Prunus avium by on‐column capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Vinciguerra Vittorio , Luna Marcello , Bistoni Angela , Zollo Franco
Published: November 2003

A fast and simple extraction procedure, coupled with on‐column gas chromatography, has been developed in order to investigate the relative amounts of ﬂavonoids in individual trees within several homogeneous populations of Prunus avium. Eight known ﬂavonoid aglycones were isolated from the heartwood of P. avium and multivariate analysis was employed in order to characterise population groups. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal manifestation of superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Authors: Caspi B. , Deutsch H. , Grunshpan M. , Flidel O. , Hagay Z. , Appelman Z.
Published: November 2003

Intestinal obstruction is not a rarity in the newborn. Its etiology is diverse. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) is a phenomenon in which the duodenum is obstructed by the SMA. This causes bowel obstruction accompanied by duodenal dilatation. It has previously been described in adults and children but rarely in infants. We report for the first time on an intrauterine manifestation of SMAS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration of poly(ADP‐ribose) glycohydrolase nucleocytoplasmic shuttling characteristics upon cleavage by apoptotic proteases
Authors: Bonicalzi Marie‐Eve , Vodenicharov Momchil , Coulombe Miryan , Gagné Jean‐Philippe , Poirier Guy G.
Published: November 2003

Abstract Poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation is an important post‐translational modification which mostly affects nuclear proteins. The major roles of poly(ADP‐ribose) synthesis are assigned to DNA damage signalling during base excision repair, apoptosis and excitotoxicity. The transient nature and modulation of poly(ADP‐ribose) levels depend mainly on the activity of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) and poly(ADP‐ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the key catabolic enzyme of poly(ADP‐ribose). Given the fact that PARG substrate, poly(ADP‐ribose), is found almost exclusively in the nucleus and that PARG is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, we wanted to have a closer look at PARG subcellular localization in order to better understand the mechanism by which PARG regulates intracellular poly(ADP‐ribose) levels. We examined the subcellular distribution of PARG and of its two enzymatically active C‐terminal apoptotic fragments both biochemically and by fluorescence microscopy. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were constructed for PARG (GFP‐PARG), its 74 kDa (GFP‐74) and 85 kDa (GFP‐85) apoptotic fragments and transiently expressed in COS‐7 cells. Localization experiments reveal that all three fusion proteins localize predominantly to the cytoplasm and that a fraction also co‐localizes with the Golgi marker FTCD. Moreover, leptomycin B, a drug that specifically inhibits nuclear export signal (NES)‐dependent nuclear export, induces a redistribution of GFP‐PARG from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and this nuclear accumulation is even more pronounced for the GFP‐74 and GFP‐85 apoptotic fragments. This observation confirms our hypothesis for the presence of important regions in the PARG sequence that would allow the protein to engage in CRM1—dependent nuclear export. Moreover, the altered nuclear import kinetics found for the apoptotic fragments highlights the importance of PARG N‐terminal sequence in moduling PARG nucleocytoplasmic trafficking properties.
Hsp105 but not Hsp70 family proteins suppress the aggregation of heat‐denatured protein in the presence of ADP
Authors: Yamagishi Nobuyuki , Ishihara Keiichi , Saito Youhei , Hatayama Takumi
Published: November 2003

Hsp105α and Hsp105β are mammalian members of the Hsp105/110 family, a diverged subgroup of the Hsp70 family. Here, we show that Hsp105α and Hsp105β bind non‐native protein through the β‐sheet domain and suppress the aggregation of heat‐denatured protein in the presence of ADP rather than ATP. In contrast, Hsc70/Hsp40 suppressed the aggregation of heat‐denatured protein in the presence of ATP rather than ADP. Furthermore, the overexpression of Hsp105α but not Hsp70 in COS‐7 cells rescued the inactivation of luciferase caused by ATP depletion. Thus, Hsp105/110 family proteins are suggested to function as a substitute for Hsp70 family proteins to suppress the aggregation of denatured proteins in cells under severe stress, in which the cellular ATP level decreases markedly.
Low frequency of T‐DNA based activation tagging in Arabidopsis is correlated with methylation of CaMV 35S enhancer sequences
Authors: Chalfun-Junior Antonio , Mes Jurriaan J. , Mlynárová Ludmila , Aarts Mark G.M. , Angenent Gerco C.
Published: November 2003

A powerful system to create gain‐of‐function mutants in plants is activation tagging using T‐DNA based vehicles to introduce transcriptional enhancer sequences. Large Arabidopsis populations of individual plants carrying a quadruple cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S enhancer are frequently used for mutant screenings, however the frequency of morphological mutants remains very low. To clarify this low frequency we analyzed a subset of lines generated by this method. The correlation between the number of T‐DNA insertion sites, the methylation status of the 35S enhancer sequence and 35S enhancer activity was determined. All plants containing more than a single T‐DNA insertion showed methylation of the 35S enhancer and revealed a dramatic decrease in 35S enhancer activity. The results support the notion that in a large proportion of the T‐DNA based activation tagged lines the 35S transcriptional enhancer is silenced due to methylation, which is induced by multiple T‐DNA integrations.
Properties of the co‐chaperone protein p23 erroneously attributed to ALG‐2 (apoptosis‐linked gene 2)
Authors: Mollerup Jens , Krogh Thomas N , Nielsen Per F , Berchtold Martin W
Published: November 2003

A commercial antibody (clone 22) directed against the apoptosis‐linked gene 2 (alg2, pdcd6) encoded protein has been used by several groups. Up‐regulated expression of the antigen was observed in primary tumours and in metastatic tissue and also during rat brain ischemia. Furthermore, antigen down‐regulation was found in human atherosclerotic plaques. Recently, we found that the clone 22 antibody does not recognise ALG‐2. In the present study the antigen of the clone 22 antibody was identified as the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) co‐chaperone protein p23, identical to the cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase, by immunoprecipitation followed by tryptic in‐gel digests and mass spectrometry of the purified peptides. Moreover, the heterogeneous ribonuclear protein A2/B1 was found to be a part of the p23 co‐immunoprecipitated protein complex.
Status and conservation of Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix “guatemalensis” on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala
Authors: Eisermann Knut
Published: November 2003

In 2001 the abundance of Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix “guatemalensis” at a roost site in Punta de Manabique, Guatemala was found to be 70 individuals. A comparison with a roost census in 1994 suggested a population decline. The largest threat to this form of Yellow-headed Parrot is nest-robbing for the pet trade. The rate of decline and the limited number of individuals living in the wild suggest the population is facing extinction. The core zone of reproduction is located in a palm savanna. Information on feather patterns of the head of this form of A. oratrix is
provided.
AIDS/HIV in the work of family therapy trainees
Authors: Bor Robert , Elford Jonathan , Perry Lucy , Miller Riva
Published: November 2003

A group of family therapy trainees were asked about their experience at work and knowledge of AIDS/HIV. The majority had already encountered AIDS‐related issues in the context of their work. On the whole, they were well informed about AIDS/HIV, although specific gaps in their knowledge were identified. It is recommended that provision be made for the training of family therapists in this area.
The ‘healthy’ family*
Authors: Textor Martin R.
Published: November 2003

The importance of concepts and hypotheses about ‘healthy’ families for family therapists is stressed. A number of different approaches to defining ‘health’ is described. Concepts and hypotheses of family therapists from different schools are integrated into a more encompassing theory, thereby focusing on statements with respect to personality, cognition, behaviour, communication, relationship, role, family system and network. It is noted that family therapy literature lacks information about ‘healthy’ families. Moreover, nearly all statements are non‐scientific and normative as they are not founded on empirical research.
A systems approach to AIDS counselling
Authors: Bor Robert , Perry Lucy , Miller Riva
Published: November 2003

The initial tasks of a systemic AIDS Counsellor in accepting a referral are described. These include: (a) describing the context of the problem; (b) obtaining a clear definition of the problem; (c) responding to changing views of the problem over time; and (d) identifying whom the problem affects. Failure to consider these issues can give rise to extraneous difficulties in counselling sessions,
Termination in family therapy—developing a structural approach
Authors: Treacher Andy
Published: November 2003

Termination is a neglected topic within the major schools of family therapy that draw upon systemic frameworks. This paper attempts to develop a conceptual framework for understanding termination as a process which, if handled correctly, may have a surprising degree of therapeutic potential. Termination is therefore seen not just as a passive process of ending therapy, but as a potentially empowering process which can help clients from slipping back into old ways of functioning. Follow‐up sessions can therefore be reconceptualized as integral steps in an active termination process which can be extended over a number of months. The precipitate ending of sessions may be justifiable from a theoretical point.of view within certain models, but within a structural framework (which places such a strong emphasis on joining) the effects of rapid termination may not only be counter‐productive but may reflect underlying problems that reflect the needs of the therapist rather than the needs of the family that is in therapy.
Structural therapy for a West African family
Authors: Bott David , Hodes Matthew
Published: November 2003

In West Africa kinship is a very important aspect of social organization; it is a hierarchical system which functions as the domestic group and in the wider realm of politico‐jural and economic relations. The individual is constituted through the kinship group. It is suggested that family therapy, especially structural family therapy, may be suitable as a treatment technique in such non‐individualistic societies. A case example is given to illustrate how this understanding can lead to successful therapy.
Mankind and Kind Men: an agenda for male family therapists
Authors: Reimers Sigurd , Dimmock Brian
Published: November 2003

This article examines some of the gender issues involved when male therapists interview women, children and other men. It looks at issues in the family life of male therapists which have parallels with therapy, and offers some practical suggestions for beginning to overcome obstacles of gender in therapy.
A two year audit of a family therapy clinic in adult psychiatry
Authors: Chase J. , Holmes J.
Published: November 2003

This paper reports a 2 year audit of a family therapy clinic in a psychiatric department, focusing especially on the relationship between diagnosis and outcome. Patients with affective disorders–especially where anxiety predominated–and eating disorders had good outcome. Structural change occurred in families with psychotic members, even though psychotic symptoms were often unchanged. Difficulties with an acute onset were more responsive than long‐term problems, but a substantial number of the latter did improve. Families receiving between four and 10 sessions had the best outcome, and improvement was generally maintained at 2 year follow‐up.
The application of systems ideas in a social services field‐work team
Authors: Bowman Gary , Jeffcoat Penny
Published: November 2003

The authors describe how in an attempt to redress the limitations of traditional casework in a social services field‐work team, they developed a case assessment format which drew on systems ideas.
Re‐inventing the already punctured wheel: reflections on a seminar with Humberto Maturana
Authors: Birch Jim
Published: November 2003

Three central themes of Maturana's work ‐ autopoiesis, the biology of cognition, and cybernetic ontology – are examined. Evidence is offered that Maturana's treatment of these themes is either unoriginal or flawed. The uncritical acceptance of Maturana's work by family therapists raises questions about the maturity of their discipline, especially in so far as many practitioners claim an understanding of cybernetics.
Reality exists O.K.? An argument against constructivism and social constructionism
Authors: Speed Bebe
Published: November 2003

This paper reviews the way in which realism and constructivism have implicitly and explicitly underlain assumptions made by people in the helping professions about what can be known. Constructivism and the more recently rediscovered social constructionism have been appropriately influential in what is counted as knowledge in family therapy, but it is argued that they have gone too far in their assumption that a structured reality makes no contribution to what can be known. An alternative position is advocated, one which takes into account a relationship between the knower and the known. Some of the implications of such a co‐constructivist position for family therapy are outlined.
Family therapy without the family: a framework for systemic practice
Authors: Jenkins Hugh , Asen Karl
Published: November 2003

This paper contrasts the basic tenets of systemic thinking with some guiding principles of the psychodynamic approach, and outlines specific techniques which family therapists can use when seeing individuals. It is argued that a useful systemic framework can be maintained if the therapist aims to keep the therapy system ‘open’ for relevant others to join at any time.
Family therapy for older adults: a survey of professionals' attitudes
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Lieberman Stuart , Peeler Ruth
Published: November 2003

Faced with a limited number of referrals to a newly established family therapy team for older adults we conducted a survey of doctors', nurses' and social workers' views concerning the value and limitations of a family therapy approach to the problems of later life. The results suggested that, despite generally positive attitudes towards the idea of family therapy with older adults, there was a mixture of ignorance about the service in particular and the approach in general, as well as some reservation concerning the potential for change in the families of older adults. We describe some of the actions we took in the light of these findings.
Privileging Class: Toward a Critical Psychology of Social Class in the Context of Education
Authors: Ostrove Joan M. , Cole Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2003

This issue of the Journal of Social Issues explores psychological meanings of social class in the context of education. In this article we propose an outline for a critical psychology of social class and discuss why education is a useful context for examining relations between class and individual psychology. We consider how research and theory in the study of race and gender can and cannot inform a psychology of social class. We introduce three themes that organize the issue and the articles that illustrate them. The articles in this issue address all levels of education, include data from within and outside of the United States, and investigate perspectives of individuals from a range of social class groups.

“What I remember most about school was that if you were poor you got no respect and no encouragement. I mean if you didn't have cute ringlets, an ironed new uniform, starched shirts, and a mother and father who gave money to the church, you weren't a teacher's pet and that meant you weren't encouraged.”

   —a working‐class woman respondent interviewed in Luttrell, 1993

Class differences were boundaries no one wanted to face or talk about. It was easier to downplay them, to act as though we were all from privileged backgrounds, to work around them, to confront them privately in the solitude of one's room, or to pretend that just being chosen to study at such an institution meant that those of us who did not come from such privilege were already in transition toward privilege … . It was a kind of treason not to believe that it was better to be identified with the world of material privilege than with the world of the working class, the poor.

            —hooks, 1989
Photogrammetric and laser altimetric reconstruction of water levels for extreme flood event analysis
Authors: Lane Stuart N. , James Timothy D. , Pritchard Hamish , Saunders Mark
Published: November 2003

This paper assesses the feasibility of estimating water levels using digital photogrammetry. A common problem during an extreme flood event is that automated water level recorders do not record the highest water levels, as a result of instrument malfunctioning. This paper explores two possible solutions to this problem based upon data acquired using synoptic remote sensing methods. The first method requires: (a) high‐resolution elevation data (for example, in the form of a digital elevation model for the floodplain); and (b) information on the planimetric position of the maximum flood extent, such as from debris lines (known as wrack lines) visible on aerial imagery flown after the event. The planimetric data can then be used to segment the topographic data in order to identify water level elevations. The second method uses a digitial photogrammetric approach and is suitable where no topographic data are available, but aerial imagery is available, flown after the event. Provided this imagery is of the right scale, digital photogrammetric analysis may be used to identify the elevations of wrack lines visible on the imagery. In this paper, the second of these options is compared with the first. The research shows that desktop photogrammetric methods, using 1:4500 scale imagery, can yield water level estimates that are precise to ±0·147 m, on the basis of check data obtained from lidar data. This is a worst possible estimate of the acquired precision given uncertainties in the lidar data. When compared with the first option, based upon segmenting lidar data using flood outlines, the photogrammetric approach was found to be preferable given both the quality of the lidar and uncertainties over how to segment it.
Macrofauna Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Sea
Authors: Kröncke Ingrid , Türkay Michael , Fiege Dieter
Published: November 2003

Abstract.  During two expeditions with RV ‘Meteor’ in summer 1993 and winter 1997/98 the structural and functional diversity of the benthic system of the highly oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean deep sea was investigated. The macrofauna communities were dominated by polychaetes even at the deepest stations.

The fauna at shallow stations was dominated by surface deposit feeders, whereas subsurface deposit feeders and predators generally increased with depth. A high percentage of suspension‐feeding Porifera was found in the Levantine Basin. Mean abundance and number of taxa of both expeditions were significantly correlated to depth and distance to the nearest coast as well as to the total organic carbon (TOC) content in sediments.

Numbers of taxa and abundance decreased generally with depth, although lowest numbers were not found at the deepest stations but in the extremely oligotrophic Levantine and Ierapetra Basin. Biomass measured during the second cruise was extremely low in the Ierapetra Basin and comparable to other extreme oligotrophic seas.

The significant correlations found for TOC contents and macrofauna with distance to coast during both expeditions apparently reflect the role of hydrographically governed transport of organic matter produced in coastal regions into greater and extreme depths of the Mediterranean Sea.

Seasonal differences in macrofauna communities due to seasonal differences in food supply were not found. However, recent large‐scale hydrographic changes (Eastern Mediterranean Transient, EMT) might change the oligotrophy and, thus, the structure of the benthic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Pakistani goats
Authors: Sultana S. , Mannen H. , Tsuji S.
Published: November 2003

Pakistan contains numerous domestic goat breeds, but until now there has been no comprehensive study on genetic diversity or a phylogenetic analysis of Pakistani goats. In this study, we analysed the complete mitochondrial DNA D‐loop and the cytochrome b gene of 13 Pakistani domestic goat breeds (Capra hircus) and one wild goat, the Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi). The phylogenetic analyses and sequence divergence (SD) established four distinct mt‐lineages termed as A, B and C (previously reported) and a new lineage D. The Sindh Ibex appeared as an outgroup of domestic goats. The estimated divergence times between the most recently evolved mt‐lineages A and D were from 260 483 to 371 052 YA. This suggested that at least four different strains of wild Capra might have been the source of the modern domestic goats. The new mt‐lineage D revealed high SD from mt‐lineage A and may be the oldest branch under domestication, while mt‐lineages B and C showed lower SD and might have been domesticated during an advanced stage of the domestication process.
Behavior in Adulthood and During Aging Is Affected by Contaminant Exposure in Utero
Authors: Newland M. Christopher , Rasmussen Erin B.
Published: November 2003

Environmental contaminants can alter the course of neural development, with consequences that appear in behavior. Such effects extend into adulthood and sometimes accelerate the rate of aging, even when exposure ceases by birth. The neurotoxicant methylmercury provides an interesting case study that reveals much about how disrupted neural development has lifelong consequences. Methylmercury also provides an example of the assessment and management of risks associated with exposure to developmental neurotoxicants.
Operant Reward Learning in Aplysia
Authors: Brembs Björn
Published: November 2003

Anticipating the future has a decided evolutionary advantage, and researchers have found many evolutionarily conserved mechanisms by which humans and animals learn to predict future events. Researchers often study such learned behavior using conditioning experiments. The marine snail Aplysia has been at the forefront of research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of classical conditioning. Recently, Aplysia has also gained a reputation as a valuable model system for operant reward learning. Its feeding behavior can be operantly conditioned in the intact animal as well as in reduced preparations of the nervous system. The reward signal relies on dopamine transmission and acts in conjunction with activity in an identified neuron (B51) to bring about operant memory.
When Good Pain Turns Bad
Authors: Watkins Linda R. , Maier Steven F.
Published: November 2003

Classically, pain is viewed as being mediated solely by neurons. However, recent research has shown that activated glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) within the spinal cord amplify pain. These nonneuronal cells play a major role in the creation and maintenance of pathological pain. Glia become activated by immune challenges (viral or bacterial infection) and by substances released by neurons within the pain pathway. Activated glia amplify pain by releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, research findings suggest a novel approach to human pain control that targets glia. In addition, it is likely that such glial-neuronal interactions are not unique to pain, but rather reflect a general rule of sensory processing.
From episcopal conception to monastic compilation: Hemming's Cartulary in context
Authors: Tinti Francesca
Published: November 2003

This article examines the structure and the contents of the late eleventh century Worcester cartulary which forms the second part of London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius A. XIII. Its sections are analysed and checked against the explanatory statements on the composition of the libellus provided by Hemming in his Enucleatio. This essay then contextualizes the composition of the cartulary through an analysis of its various components. Particular attention is paid to the development of the monastic community of Worcester in the late eleventh century and the ways in which the manuscript seems to reflect their acquisition of a specific and distinctive identity. The development, therefore, of their relationship with the bishop of Worcester is especially significant. The evidence provided by the cartulary suggests that, by the time the Norman Samson succeeded Bishop Wulfstan II in 1096, the monks’ attitude towards their bishop had noticeably changed from the time when Wulfstan had first suggested the cartulary's composition.
A comparison of deep vs. awake removal of the laryngeal mask airway in paediatric dental daycase surgery. A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dolling S. , Anders N. R. K. , Rolfe S. E.
Published: November 2003

Dental anaesthesia provides a potential conflict between anaesthetist and surgeon because of the shared airway. The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has helped to improve airway control for these procedures, but there is little evidence for best practice on the timing of their removal after airway surgery in the paediatric population. We compared ‘awake’ and ‘deep’ removal of the LMA in 196 patients aged from 2 to 15 years in a randomised, controlled study. We found that average peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was lower in the deep group and this was statistically significant (96.2% vs. 94.9%, p = 0.04). It was also found that the deep group had a higher incidence of patients with SpO2 < 95% (p = 0.003) and of patients who coughed (p = 0.003). We conclude that the LMA should be taken out awake in these patients.
Transcobalamin deficiency due to activation of an intra exonic cryptic splice site
Authors: Namour Fares , Helfer Anne‐Catherine , Quadros Edward V. , Alberto Jean‐Marc , Bibi Ha M. , Orning Lars , Rosenblatt David S. , Jean‐Louis Guéant
Published: November 2003

Summary.  Transcobalamin (TC), a vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) binding protein in plasma, promotes the cellular uptake of the vitamin by receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Inherited TC deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anaemia caused by cellular vitamin B12 depletion. It may be accompanied by neurological complications, including a delay in psychomotor and mental development. This report describes three sisters with inherited TC deficiency resulting from a splicing defect in the TC gene. A point mutation was identified in intron 3 splice site of the TC gene that activates a cryptic splice site in exon 3. The transcript generated has an in‐frame deletion of 81 nucleotides and the resulting truncated protein is unstable and not secreted by the cells. Until now, genetic studies have been reported in only five patients with TC deficiency and the molecular defect was different in each of them, which gives evidence for a genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
Life history consequences for Daphnia pulex feeding on nutrient‐limited phytoplankton
Authors: LÜRLING M. , VAN DONK E.
Published: November 2003

1. The growth and feeding of Daphnia pulex De Geer on different algal species was examined. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard and Scenedesmus acutus Meyen, the diatom Synedra tenuissima Kützing, the cryptophyte Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera Geitler and the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing were cultured in non‐limiting and in N‐ or P‐limiting medium and used as food for D. pulex.

2. Growth limitations were reflected in the elemental and biochemical composition and the morphological characteristics of the algal resources.

3. The clearance rates of D. pulex feeding on nutrient‐limited algae were reduced. This was not observed when nutrient‐limited mutant Chlamydomonas cells without cell walls were used as food, indicating that the cell wall may play an important part.

4. In comparison with animals grown on nutrient‐sufficient cells, nutrient‐limited algae resulted in smaller body length, reduced brood sizes, reduced size at maturity, increased age at first reproduction and, consequently, in reduced Daphnia population growth rates.

5. Daphnia population growth rates (r) were negatively correlated with the C : P ratio and the carbohydrate content of the food. Moreover, significant correlations between r and clearance rates were found.

6. The observed differences in the grazing and the life history parameters of Daphnia feeding on non‐limited and nutrient‐limited algae may be the result of both reduced nutritional value and reduced digestibility of nutrient‐limited algae.
Relationships between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and the demographic response of Daphnia longispina in a eutrophic lake with poor food quality conditions
Authors: MONTEL MARIE‐LAURE , LAIR NICOLE
Published: November 2003

1. Based on both field data and laboratory studies, the summer population of Daphnia longispina living in a stratified eutrophic lake was examined in relation to the abundance of algae, nanoflagellates and picocyanobacteria.

2. In early July, the Daphnia population replaced Bosmina and remained the dominant zooplankter during summer 1994. Its development in July was concomitant with an increase of edible algae but, despite the apparent abundance in available food, the Daphnia population decreased throughout August suggesting poor food conditions.

3. From mid‐August to the beginning of September, the biomass of inedible phytoplankton was greater than that of the smaller, edible fraction. Consequently the average rate of increase, birth rates and fecundity of Daphnia remained low. Although the biomass of heterotrophic nanoflagellates was consistently low, the demographic parameters of Daphnia were correlated throughout this period with these protozoans.

4. Life table experiments run in the laboratory showed that epilimnetic food supported both the growth in length of individual Daphnia and an increase in fecundity, but metalimnetic food supported only individual growth. D. longispina probably failed to reproduce because of the abundance of detritus mixed with the heterotrophic nanoflagellates in the metalimnetic water at that period of the year. The vertical migration of Daphnia into these deeper layers could be caused by a predator avoidance mechanism.
Effect of thermal treatment of incubated potato juice on the formation of Maillard volatiles
Authors: Davids Stephen J. , Yaylayan Varoujan A. , Turcotte Ginette
Published: November 2003

Potato juice samples, obtained from potatoes stored at different temperatures (0–24 °C) and times (8–20 weeks), were incubated (45–57 °C for 42 h) with or without commercial proteases. The samples were then used for thermal browning experiments by placing in either a heated oven at 125 °C overnight or in an autoclave at 132 or 121 °C for 1 h, these experiments promoted the occurrence of the Maillard reaction. After the heat treatment step, all samples were extracted with methylene chloride and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The data indicated that, by subjecting the potato juice to thermal treatments, a wide variety of volatiles generated by the Maillard were produced and these are known to be associated with specific flavour notes, examples are alkyl and acetyl pyrazines, piperazinediones, furans and pyrroles. These findings suggest that the study of potato juice extract as a new medium for flavour development, in particular in those applications which presently use malt, coffee, soybean, meat and yeast extracts, is a worthwhile endeavour.
The AGUAAA motif in cspA1/A2 mRNA is important for adaptation of Yersinia enterocolitica to grow at low temperature
Authors: Neuhaus Klaus , Anastasov Natasa , Kaberdin Vladimir , Francis Kevin P. , Miller Virginia L. , Scherer Siegfried
Published: November 2003

Acclimatization of the psychrotolerant Yersinia enterocolitica after a cold shock from 30°C to 10°C causes transcription of the major cold shock protein (CSP) bicistronic gene cspA1/A2 to increase by up to 300‐fold. Northern blot analysis of cspA1/A2 using four probes that hybridize specifically to different regions of CSP mRNA revealed the appearance of a number of cspA1/A2 transcripts that are smaller than the original transcript and transiently visible at the end of the acclimation period. Primer extension and RNA protection experiments demonstrated that these smaller mRNAs have 5′ ends located in the same core sequence (5′‐AGUAAA‐3′) at five different places within the mRNA, indicating preferential cleavage of the CSP mRNA transcripts. A similar result was obtained for cspB of Escherichia coli, containing two such core sequences. Furthermore, this motif is present in the major CSP genes of a variety of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. We have therefore termed this sequence cold shock cut box (CSC‐box). After inserting a CSC‐box into a plasmid‐bound lacZ gene in Y. enterocolitica, the mRNA of this construct was cleaved within the CSC‐box, and a change in this CSC‐box from AGUAAA to AGUCCC dramatically reduced cleavage of the mutated lacZ gene. Mutating all CSC‐boxes in Y. enterocolitica of a plasmid bound cspA1/A2 dramatically increases the lag time after a cold shock before re‐growth occurs. Based on these results, we suggest that the role of the CSC‐box is related to downregulation of cspA mRNA after acclimation to low temperature.