bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of nanoparticles synthesizedviavacuum sputter deposition onto liquids: a review
Authors: Nguyen Mai Thanh , Deng Lianlian , Yonezawa Tetsu
Published: November 2021

Sputter deposition onto a low volatile liquid matrix is a recently developed green synthesis method for metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs).
Simulation of the peel of hydrogels with stiff backing
Authors: Wan Xiaodong , He Yunfeng , Yang Canhui
Published: November 2021

A numerical approach is proposed to investigate the peel behaviors of hydrogels with stiff backing, which is beneficial for the structural optimization of soft adhesive systems.
An aromatic ionomer in the anode catalyst layer improves the start-up durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: Tanaka Toshiki , Uchida Makoto , Miyatake Kenji
Published: November 2021

The sulfonated polyphenylene ionomer, SPP-QP, being used as the anode binder, improves the durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells in the gas exchange cycle test simulating start-up conditions.
Applications of Cryo-EM in small molecule and biologics drug design
Authors: Lees Joshua A. , Dias Joao M. , Han Seungil
Published: November 2021

Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful technique for the structural characterization of biological macromolecules, enabling high-resolution analysis of targets once inaccessible to structural interrogation. In recent years, pharmaceutical companies have begun to utilize cryo-EM for structure-based drug design. Structural analysis of integral membrane proteins, which comprise a large proportion of druggable targets and pose particular challenges for X-ray crystallography, by cryo-EM has enabled insights into important drug target families such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and solute carrier (SLCs) proteins. Structural characterization of biologics, such as vaccines, viral vectors, and gene therapy agents, has also become significantly more tractable. As a result, cryo-EM has begun to make major impacts in bringing critical therapeutics to market. In this review, we discuss recent instructive examples of impacts from cryo-EM in therapeutics design, focusing largely on its implementation at Pfizer. We also discuss the opportunities afforded by emerging technological advances in cryo-EM, and the prospects for future development of the technique.
The role of protein acetylation in regulating mitochondrial fusion and fission
Authors: Uddin Golam M. , Abbas Rafa , Shutt Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The dynamic processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission determine the shape of mitochondria, which can range from individual fragments to a hyperfused network, and influence mitochondrial function. Changes in mitochondrial shape can occur rapidly, allowing mitochondria to adapt to specific cues and changing cellular demands. Here, we will review what is known about how key proteins required for mitochondrial fusion and fission are regulated by their acetylation status, with acetylation promoting fission and deacetylation enhancing fusion. In particular, we will examine the roles of NAD+ dependant sirtuin deacetylases, which mediate mitochondrial acetylation, and how this post-translational modification provides an exquisite regulatory mechanism to co-ordinate mitochondrial function with metabolic demands of the cell.
Cloud motion and magnetic fields: Four clouds in the Cepheus Flare region
Authors: Sharma E. , Maheswar G. , Dib S.
Published: November 2021

Context.The Cepheus Flare region consists of a group of dark cloud complexes that are currently active in star formation.

Aims.The aim of this work is to estimate the motions of four clouds, namely L1147/1158, L1172/1174, L1228, and L1251, located at relatively high Galactic latitude (b> 14°) in the Cepheus Flare region. We study the relationship between the motions of the clouds with respect to the magnetic field and the clump orientations with respect to both the magnetic field and the motion.

Methods.We estimated the motions of the molecular clouds using the proper motion and distance estimates of the young stellar objects (YSOs) associated with them using theGaiaEDR3 data. By assuming that the YSOs are associated with the clouds and share the same velocity, the projected directions of motion are estimated for the clouds. We measured the projected geometry of the magnetic field towards the direction of each cloud by combining thePlanckpolarization measurements.

Results.We estimated a distance of 371 ± 22 pc for L1228 and 340 ± 7 pc for L1251, implying that all four complexes are located at almost the same distance. Assuming that both the clouds and YSOs are kinematically coupled, we estimated the projected direction of motion of the clouds using the proper motions of the YSOs. The directions of motion of all the clouds are offset by ~30° with respect to the ambient magnetic fields, except in L1172/1174 where the offset is ~45°. In L1147/1158, the starless clumps are found to be oriented predominantly parallel to the magnetic fields while prestellar clumps show a random distribution. In L1172/1174, L1228, and L1251, the clumps are oriented randomly with respect to the magnetic field. With respect to the motion of the clouds, there is a marginal trend that the starless clumps are oriented more parallel in L1147/1158 and L1172/1174. In L1228, the major axes of the clumps are oriented more randomly. In L1251, we find a bimodal trend in the case of starless clumps. We do not find any overall specific correlation between the core orientation and the global/local magnetic fields for the clouds in Cepheus. Also, we conclude that the local small-scale dynamics of the cloud with respect to the magnetic field direction could be responsible for the final orientation of the cores.
XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field
Authors: Pouliasis E. , Georgantopoulos I. , Ruiz A. , Gilli R. , Koulouridis E. , Akiyama M. , Ueda Y. , Chiappetti L. , Garrel C. , Horellou C. , Nagao T. , Paltani S. , Pierre M. , Toba Y. , Vignali C.
Published: November 2021

X-rays offer a reliable method to identify active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, in the high-redshift Universe, X-ray AGNs are poorly sampled due to their relatively low space density and the small areas covered by X-ray surveys. In addition to wide-area X-ray surveys, it is important to have deep optical data in order to locate the optical counterparts and determine their redshifts. In this work, we built a high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray-selected AGN sample in the XMM-XXL northern field using the most updated [0.5–2 keV] catalogue along with a plethora of new spectroscopic and multi-wavelength catalogues, including the deep optical Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data, reaching magnitude limitsi ∼ 26 mag. We selected all the spectroscopically confirmed AGN and complement this sample with high-redshift candidates that are HSCg- andr-band dropouts. To confirm the dropouts, we derived their photometric redshifts using spectral energy distribution techniques. We obtained a sample of 54 high-zsources (28 with spec-z), the largest in this field so far (almost three times larger than in previous studies), and we estimated the possible contamination and completeness. We calculated the number counts (logN-logS) in different redshift bins and compared our results with previous studies and models. We provide the strongest high-redshift AGN constraints yet at bright fluxes (f0.5 − 2 keV > 10−15 erg s−1 cm−2). The samples ofz ≥ 3.5,z ≥ 4, andz ≥ 5 are in agreement with an exponential decline model similar to that witnessed at optical wavelengths. Our work emphasises the importance of using wide-area X-ray surveys with deep optical data to uncover high-redshift AGNs.
Atmospheric flows in large wind farms
Authors: Verzijlbergh R.A.
Published: November 2021

As we are transitioning to an energy system based on renewable sources, the atmosphere is becoming one of our primary energy sources. Understanding atmospheric flows through wind farms has become an issue of large economic and societal concern.
Developing the future electricity grid
Authors: Zeman Miro
Published: November 2021

We are used to the continuous supply of electricity from a socket. Behind the socket lies a complex system of large power stations, high-voltage cables, transformers and a distribution network. Little has changed in the system over the last fifty years. The ambition to generate sustainable electricity from variable solar and wind energy has an immense impact on the electricity sector and requires major changes in our electricity grid and its operation.
Characteristics of the asymmetric Stockbridge damper
Authors: Zondi Zakhele , Kaunda Modify , Ngonda Tiyamike
Published: November 2021

The Stockbridge damper (tuned mass absorber) is used on overhead transmission power lines to suppress wind-induced vibrations. These power lines get exposed to various types of wind motions that cause them to vibrate and this causes fatigue failure at the suspension clamp where the maximum stress occurs. Aeolian vibration is the most common wind motion that causes fatigue and eventually, failure to transmission lines. This paper presents the study of an asymmetric Stockbridge damper. A set of experiments were conducted on the damper according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 664 standards to evaluate the characteristics of the asymmetric Stockbridge damper. The results obtained revealed that the asymmetric damper is four degrees of freedom. The results also revealed a relationship between the mass and the magnitude of the resonance frequency.
A Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings numerical aeroacoustic study of varied and fixed-pitch blades of an H-Rotor vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Molatudi Errol , Kunene Thokozani Justin , Tartibu Lagouge Kwanda
Published: November 2021

The effects of sound pressure level at two observation positions of a fixed and varied blade pitch angle at Low-Mach unsteady incompressible Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes flow approach, on an H-rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The objective of the study is to compare the noise dissipation and output power/energy of the airfoil blades design of the vertical axis wind turbine in residential zones. The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FHWH) techniques were applied to validate the output noise and vortex shedding of the different angles of attacks (AoA). The study postulated that the time history of the calculated sound pressure level at two observers positions: the aeroacoustic, blade vortex interaction noise, flow separations, dynamic stall experience from varied angled of attacks are found to produces less noise and vortex shedding compared to the fixed angle of attack.
Surface Response to Mechanics of Hardness and Wear Characteristics of Nanoscale Hydrophobic Film
Authors: Baruwa Akinsanya D. , Makhatha Elizabeth M. , Akinlabi Esther T.
Published: November 2021

There is an increase in demand for durable and efficient organic nanoscale coatings for modern manufacturing systems and/or components for various applications. In wake of this demand, a new superhydrophobic silane compound was deposited on mild steel, stainless steel and titanium substrates which were pre-treated with alumina via the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Three substrates were considered for evolving properties comparison, also, determination of the influence of substrates’ response to films mechanical properties. The mechanical properties and the failure mechanics were investigated through nanoindentation and nanoscratch while the morphologies were examined through a field emission scanning electron microscope. The morphological evolution and mechanical viability indicated that stainless steel showed the most robust properties when compared with other substrates. Therefore, a nanoscale coating’s mechanical strength can be influenced by the substrate’s material compositions.
Performance analysis of a two-stage travelling-wave thermo-acoustic engine using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Ngcukayitobi Miniyenkosi , Sibutha Sphumelele , Tartibu Lagouge K , Bannwart Flavio C
Published: November 2021

Thermo-acoustic systems can convert thermal energy into acoustic waves and vice-versa. This conversion is due to the thermo-viscous interaction between the acoustically oscillating gas fluid within a porous medium, referred to as a regenerator, and the pore internal walls. The thermo-acoustic approach is proposed in this study as an alternative sustainable solution for addressing the issue of electricity in remote areas of developing countries. This approach is environmentally friendly as it utilises air as the working medium and therefore does not generate harmful emissions. In this study, a two-stage travelling-wave thermo-acoustic engine has been modelled using DeltaEC. The simulation was performed by considering various input heat for both of the engine stages. The heat input for the first stage was set within the range of 359.48 to 455.75W, while in the second stage was within the range of 1307.99 to 1656.35W. Hundred (100) data were generated. This dataset was used to build an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The ANN model was validated using the data extracted from DeltaEC. A good agreement between DeltaEC simulation results and ANN predictions was observed. This study shows that the ANN approach is capable of analysing intricate nonlinear thermoacoustic issues.
An Experimental Approach to the Application of Digital Image Correlation to Small Punch Creep Testing
Authors: van Rooyen Melody , Becker Thorsten , Mostafavi Mahmoud
Published: November 2021

Deterioration assessment of materials is essential to the continued effective operation of critical components operating, at high temperatures and stresses, in thermal power plants. Within progressive inspection strategies, small punch creep testing (SPCT) presents an effective method for establishing the degree of creep exhaustion of in-service power engineering alloys on account of the small volume of material required (Ø8 mm × 0.5 mm discs). These tests make the application of complex strain fields, analogous to the strain field experienced by the service components, possible. In addition, this work explores the application of a noncontact digital image correlation (DIC) method to the full-field measurement of strains which is not possible through traditional extensometry. The accelerated SPCT tests were performed on 12 % Cr ex-service steels subjected to 600 °C. Experimental methodologies and challenges associated with ex situ DIC-SPCT are discussed including equipment and parameter selection, speckle pattern application, preforming requirements and loading method. It is shown that the developed DIC technique using a stereo microscope, airbrushed speckle patterns, sombrero-preformed discs and interrupted tests can be used to compare surface strain development in various aged forms of the ex-service steel. Such an approach is valuable to understanding strain development in small punch tests and to assist in the comparative damage assessment of ex-service power plant materials.
Dynamics of the gender structure of teaching staff in modern Russia
Authors: Brushkova Lyudmila Alekseevna , Vladimirov Ivan Andreevich , Shermukhamedova Niginakhon Arslanovna
Published: November 2021

The subject of the article is the dynamics of the gender structure of university staff in modern Russia. The purpose of the article is to reveal the changes that have occurred in the gender structure of university teachers over the past 20 years. Research methods include the analysis of statistical and sociological data, cross-tabulation and calculation of the feminization index. The authors note that over the twenty-year period, the feminization of Russian universities has intensified. It captures increasingly higher levels of the university job hierarchy, which is manifested in an increase in the number of women in the positions of associate professors, professors, heads of departments, vice-rectors, etc. The significant predominance of women in the positions of assistants, teachers and senior teachers is the basis for the further feminization of university staff in Russia. The analysis of the gender structure of postgraduate and doctoral students shows that women lag behind men only in the youngest age categories of postgraduate students (up to 27 years old) and doctoral students (up to 39 years old) and the oldest category of doctoral students (over 60 years old). This is explained by the fact that at these ages, women are likely to perform their reproductive and educational functions. Women dominate in all other age cohorts of postgraduate and doctoral students. The authors conclude that, despite the existing manifestations of discrimination against women in higher education (gender pay gap, low representation of women at the highest level of university administration, the glass ceiling effect in promoting women up the career ladder, etc.) In general, women are making progress in higher education, making the industry increasingly feminized.
Gender asymmetry peculiarities among lecturers of foreign languages department
Authors: Tretyakova Galina Viktorovna , Khudoydodzoda Farrukh Begijon
Published: November 2021

The background of the research: the article deals with the problems of gender asymmetry among teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication of the Faculty of International Economic Relations, which are caused by the socio-economic structure of society, the level of democratization, the development of the spiritual life of society, the peculiarities of the socio-demographic structure. It is also necessary to take into account the experience of the Soviet school, which had a pronounced gender asymmetry, which had led to the feminization of many professions. The gender factor is important when planning the work of universities, determining the areas of training and specialties that are in demand by the market. Under such conditions, gender asymmetry becomes a clear indicator of the educational society. So, the purpose of the study is to conduct a gender analysis of the ongoing changes in the higher education system and to show the professional and social role of women in the modern world.
Labour activities of disabled people in the Russian Federation: Features of legal regulation
Authors: Khakimov Ruslan Madamindzhanovich , Rudenko Igor Leonidovich , Martyanova Galina Vasilievna , Kairova Alla Ignatovna , Cherkashin Natalya Valerievna
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the research is to provide a legal analysis of the labour activities of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation. The authors consistently address employment issues of the persons with disabilities; also based on a review of Russian judicial practices, they formulate recommendations for the harmonisation of this vital area of labour relations. The research used the methods of system-oriented analysis, content analysis and comparative analysis. Based on the scientific analysis, the features and prospects of the development of legal regulation of employment of persons with disabilities were identified, and the comparative analysis method to identify areas of practice in the application of Russian federal and regional laws in Russia. At the beginning of the article, a historical excursion to the creation of the institution of labour relations with the involvement of persons with disabilities is provided; it starts from the second half of the 18th century until the end of the Soviet era, in the 1990s of the 20th century. Further, based on an analysis of the main legal instruments regulating the specified area of relations, the authors consider issues of the legislative consolidation of the procedure for quoting jobs for persons with disabilities, and also analyse the legal forms of protecting the labour rights of persons with disabilities and preventing discrimination on the basis of disability. Special focus is put on exercising control over the fulfilment by employers of the legal requirements concerning the provision of disabled people with jobs according to the established quota, as well as compliance with the related requirements established by sanitary rules. In Russia, the realisation of the right to work of disabled people is regulated not only at the federal but also regional level. Top priority is given to the regulation of labour relations involving disabled people and creation of the most favourable conditions for them in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, the authors provide a list of proposals and recommendations for improving the legal regulation of labour relations in the Russian Federation involving disabled people.
Professional self-realization of disabled persons in an urban environment
Authors: Raidugin Dmitry Sergeevich , Naberushkina Elmira Kamalovna , Voevodina Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Kubyakin Yevgeny Olegovich , Plotnikov Vladimir Valeryevich
Published: November 2021

The article is a review of the part of the research conducted in the framework of the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research “Urban well-being of people with disabilities”. The immediate subject of the article is professional self-realization as a factor of urban well-being of a person with a disability. Well-being is understood as a subjectively constructed phenomenon, that is, through the prism of people with disabilities’ own perceptions of the sufficiency of conditions created in the urban environment for their professional self-realization and, as a consequence, for well-being in general. Professional self-realization has become one of the six factor groups that directly or indirectly influence the urban well-being of citizens with disabilities. Along with professional self-realization, the factors of urban well-being in the framework of the study were: trust in the government and involvement in management processes; the level of implementation of basic values; psychological comfort; accessibility of the spatial environment; and finally, the quality of social services. The five factor groups listed above are not discussed in the article, but the reader should have an idea of the context in which professional self-realization is studied. The study included two sub-samples, reflecting the specifics of a megalopolis (Moscow) and a regional center (Saratov).
Fraud in the Russian labor market: a systematic review
Authors: Vergazova Anna
Published: November 2021

This article synthesizes the current knowledge available on the fraud practices in the Russian labor market by conducting a systematic literature review among various databases. The focus of this review is to categorize and conceptualize the diversified types of fraud in the labor market and understand the challenges such practices present. The study is based entirely on the available secondary data collected from Russian and non-Russian academic databases for the last 5 years (2017–2021) in line with the guidelines into best practice. The aim is to promote social security by combining the state-of-the-art body of knowledge of the Russian labor market with respect to all its agents in terms of deviant sociology measures. The findings of this review show current gaps both in academic and legislative practices for approaching fraud in the labor market and present the challenges to overcome for avoiding further negative effects on the economy and society.
Raising the quality of designers’ professional training through STEAM and CLIL
Authors: Marnitcyna Ekaterina Sergeevna , Kaisheva Ksenia Vladimirovna
Published: November 2021

The issues of quality assurance in the process of professional training have always been widely discussed. The current research presents the English for Academic Purposes section of the English language course design based on the STEAM approach and the feedback model for its evaluation. The study aims to assess the role of the English language course in building professional competencies with the help of the STEAM instructional design. Qualitative and quantitative methods, a formative pedagogical experiment, and an online survey were conducted. The study shows that interdisciplinary course evaluation can be based on feedback and outcomes indicators. The content and language integrated learning methods are perceived by the students as relevant. STEAM-based course design motivates students to perform fundraising activities for further professional development and continue improving their English language skills. Thus the English language can become a valid and stable base for further interdisciplinary projects in university education. The research found that the majority of the first-year art and design students learned about MOOCs for the first time and took courses to improve their professional skills during the English Language course. The authors conclude that STEAM and CLIL methodologies have much in common and are positively evaluated by both students and academics.
The selectivity of attracting foreign nationals to work in recipient countries
Authors: Galas Marina Leonidovna
Published: November 2021

The article provides a comparative analysis of practices on regulating the employment of foreign nationals, used in large recipient states (Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Republic of Korea). The subject of the study is the process of external labor migration, taking into account country regulatory approaches to attracting foreign labour. The study aims to develop theoretical principles and methodology for regulating the process of external labor migration. The methodology is based on the polyparadigmal concept of the study, using theoretical experience in the study of migration processes and the practice of influencing their regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is to assess the effectiveness of a selective approach to attracting foreign workers to national labour markets. As a result of the study, a methodology has been developed to assess the impact of migration processes on labour market regulation in recipient countries. Promising for countries hosting external migrant workers is the mechanism of targeted organized recruitment of foreign nationals to carry out work activities. At the heart of this mechanism is the selective selection of job seekers on the basis of professional, sociocultural, educational and personal criteria that correspond to the interests of the host external migrants of society and the recipient state. To understand the basic administrative approaches and the system of economic, legal and social instruments for regulating the process of external labour migration, it is important to study the practice of adaptation activities of large recipient States, which have a systematic and proven mechanism of inclusion of foreign job seekers. Measures to regulate external labour migration needed to be balanced, since increased restrictive measures could lead to an increase in illegal external labour migration, and excessive preferences for foreign workers could restrict the rights of recipient citizens.
Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Reduced Dose of Idarucizumab in Dabigatran Reversal
Authors: Stone Louisa , Merriman Eileen , Hanna Merit , Royle Gordon , Chan Henry
Published: November 2021

Background The recommended dose of idarucizumab, the specific reversal agent for dabigatran etexilate, is 5 g. However, published data showed biochemical reversal after an initial 2.5 g dose.

Objectives This study aims to retrospectively compare the clinical effectiveness of 2.5 and 5 g doses of idarucizumab used in dabigatran reversal in three hospitals in Auckland, New Zealand.

Methods All patients receiving idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal between April 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018 were included. The primary outcome was the likelihood of receiving a second dose of idarucizumab during the same admission. Secondary outcomes included normalization of coagulation profiles, and 30-day thrombotic, bleeding, and mortality rates.

Results Of 329 patients included, 206 received an initial 2.5 g dose and 123 received a 5 g dose. The median age was 78 years and median creatinine clearance was 50 mL/min. Most patients (62.6%) required idarucizumab for an urgent procedure, while 37.4% presented with bleeding. A 2.5 g dose was not associated with an increased rate of receiving a second dose (odds ratio [OR]: 0.686, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.225–2.090). A similar proportion of patients in each group achieved a normal activated partial thromboplastin time (73.8 vs. 80.0%, p = 0.464) and dilute thrombin clotting time (95.9 vs. 91.4%, p = 0.379) following idarucizumab infusion. There was no increase in the rate of death (OR: 0.602, 95% CI: 0.292–1.239), thrombosis (OR: 0.386, 95% CI: 0.107–1.396), or bleeding (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.27–3.33) in the 2.5 g dose group compared with the 5 g dose group.

Conclusion An initial 2.5 g dose of idarucizumab appears effective for dabigatran reversal in the real-world setting.
Impact of Video Describing Cataract Surgical Simulator Training on Patients' Perceptions of Resident Involvement in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Landis Zachary C. , Fileta John B. , Kunselman Allen R. , Sassani Joseph , Scott Ingrid U.
Published: November 2021

Purpose The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of a 1-minute video describing resident training with a cataract surgical simulator on patients' perceptions regarding resident involvement in cataract surgery and to identify factors associated with patient willingness to have cataract surgery performed by a resident.

Design Cross-sectional survey.

Methods An anonymous Likert-style survey was conducted among 430 consecutive adult patients who presented for eye examination at the Penn State Health Eye Center. The survey included questions regarding demographics, understanding of the medical training hierarchy, and patient willingness to have a resident perform their cataract surgery. There were six questions regarding patient willingness to have residents perform their cataract surgery and the second question in this set informs the patient that residents are supervised by an experienced cataract surgeon. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: patients in Group 1 completed the survey only, while patients in Group 2 watched a 1-minute video describing resident training with a cataract surgical simulator prior to completing the survey.

Results Four hundred fourteen of the 430 patients (96.3%) completed the survey. Overall, 24.7% (n = 102) of respondents expressed willingness to allow an ophthalmology resident to perform their cataract surgery, and that proportion increased to 54.0% (n = 223) if the patient was informed that the resident would be supervised by an experienced cataract surgeon. Patients in Group 2 were twice as likely compared with patients in Group 1 to express willingness to allow an ophthalmology resident to perform their cataract surgery (odds ratio 1.92 [1.18–3.11], p = 0.009).

Conclusions A thorough informed consent process including information regarding attending supervision and a brief video detailing resident training with a cataract surgery simulator may increase patient willingness to allow resident participation in cataract surgery.
Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Anastomotic Leak
Authors: Bhama Anuradha R. , Maykel Justin A.
Published: November 2021

Chronic anastomotic leaks present a daunting challenge to colorectal surgeons. Unfortunately, anastomotic leaks are common, and a significant number of leaks are diagnosed in a delayed fashion. The clinical presentation of these chronic leaks can be silent or have low grade, indolent symptoms. Operative options can be quite formidable and highly complex. Leaks are typically diagnosed by radiographic and endoscopic imaging during the preoperative assessment prior to defunctioning stoma reversal. The operative strategy depends on the location of the anastomosis and the specific features of the anastomotic dehiscence. Low colorectal anastomosis (i.e. following low anterior resection) may require a transanal approach, transabdominal approach, or a combination of the two. While restoration of bowel continuity is encouraged, it is not infrequent for a permanent ostomy to be required to maximize patient quality of life.
Diagnosis of Anastomotic Leak
Authors: Hernandez Paul T. , Paspulati Raj M. , Shanmugan Skandan
Published: November 2021

Anastomotic leaks after colorectal surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding the impact of anastomotic leaks and their risk factors can help the surgeon avoid any modifiable pitfalls. The diagnosis of an anastomotic leak can be elusive but can be discerned by the patient's global clinical assessment, adjunctive laboratory data and radiological assessment. The use of inflammatory markers such as C-Reactive Protein and Procalcitonin have recently gained traction as harbingers for a leak. A CT scan and/or a water soluble contrast study can further elucidate the location and severity of a leak. Further intervention is then individualized on the spectrum of simple observation with resolution or surgical intervention.
Ophthalmology Residency Virtual Interviews in the Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Applicants, Selection Committee Members, and Current Residents
Authors: Jebaraj Abigail , Warner Judith , Pettey Jeff , Jardine Griffin , Vegunta Sravanthi
Published: November 2021

Background In the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, residency programs implemented videoconferencing “virtual” interviews for the 2020 to 2021 match cycle. There is limited published information on virtual ophthalmology residency interviews.

Objective The study aimed (1) to assess applicant, selection committee member, and resident opinions of technical quality, communication quality, and ability to assess applicant or program “fit” during virtual interviews; (2) to determine which interview format—in-person or virtual—each party would prefer in the future; and (3) to survey which residency resources applicants found helpful.

Design Surveys were sent to applicants, selection committee members, and residents to assess the above objectives for the 2020 to 2021 match cycle virtual interviews at the Moran Eye Center, University of Utah.

Setting This study was conducted in a single residency program interview season from 2020 to 2021.

Participants Forty applicants, eight committee members, and seven residents who participated in the virtual interview process were surveyed.

Intervention or Exposure Prior to interviews, various avenues were implemented to connect with applicants. A videoconferencing software was utilized for interviews. Applicants and selection committee members met in one-on-one or small group interviews. Residents communicated with applicants in a large group setting between interviews.

Main Outcome and Measure The study aims to survey the participants as stated in the objectives. There was no planned outcome for this quality improvement study.

Results Survey response rate was 98.2% (54/55). All parties rated the technical components as good or very good. Applicants and selection committee members rated communication as overall good or very good, although residents thought communication was very poor. A total of 92.3% applicants, 75% selection committee members, and 0% residents were reported that they were able to appropriately assess fit of the program with the applicant. However, 46.3% respondents preferred in-person interviews in the future. Popular applicant resources were resident-produced videos (82.1%), conversations with residents (46.2%), and a gift bag (43.6%).

Conclusion and Relevance Overall, the technical components of the interview were successful. Small, structured group interactions led to better communication and assessment of fit. There were variable opinions regarding future interview format preference between in-person, virtual, or choice. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, connecting with applicants via various means can optimize the match process.
Effectiveness of Roleplay Video Method in Teaching Communication Skills for Undergraduate Medical Students in Pharmacology in Indian Medical School
Authors: Volabailu Ravichandra , Acharya Swathi , Mohan Venkatesh Krishna , Holla Rajendra
Published: November 2021

Background Communication is an important skill to be honed and applied by Indian medical graduate, as per revised regulations on Graduate Medical Education 2019. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of roleplay video demonstration in teaching communication skills to students using standard pharmacology drug prescription scenarios.

Materials and Methods In this study, 136 students were divided into three batches, and in each batch, they were paired as a group of one doctor and patient and were asked to perform a roleplay of doctor-patient communication to a standard drug prescription case scenario. Communication skills of the simulated doctor were assessed before and after the administration of standard roleplay video, using modified Kalamazoo consensus statement by both the patient (peer evaluation) and the doctor (self-assessment). The effectiveness of roleplay was evaluated by comparing the total score before and after the roleplay demonstration using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The difference between the scores of self-evaluation and peer evaluation was tested using Mann–Whitney U test.

Results The communication skills score of after intervention-before intervention (p = 0.001) showed 59 positive ranks and 36.64 mean rank among patient group and 61 positive ranks and 36.74 mean rank among doctors' group, indicating there was a significant improvement in communication.

Conclusion Roleplay video demonstration improved the communication skills of students in the pharmacology practical class session. It helped in the active participation of the students and was appreciated by the majority of the students.
Analyses of Bone Regeneration Capacity of Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone and Combined Deproteinized–Demineralized Bovine Bone Particles in Mandibular Defects: The Potential Application of Biological Forms of Bovine-Bone Filler
Authors: Kamadjaja David Buntoro , Satriyo Handhito , Setyawan Aris , Lesmaya Yeni Dian , Safril Jefry Wahyudi , Sumarta Ni Putu Mira , Rizqiawan Andra , Danudiningrat Coen Pramono , Tran Ta To
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aimed to evaluate bone regeneration capacity of FDBX granules compared to composite DBBM/DFDBX granules for filling of bone defect in rabbit mandible.

Material and Methods Critical size defects were created in 45 rabbits' mandible. The defect in the control group is left untreated, while in other groups the defects were filled with FDBX granules and composite DBBM/DFDBX granules, respectively. Specimens were collected at 2, 4, and 8 weeks for histology and immunohistochemical analyses. Significant difference is set at p-value < 0.05.

Results The osteoblast-osteoclast quantification, osteoblast expression of Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, collagen-I, and osteocalcin, and osteoclast expression of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in FDBX groups were statistically comparable (p > 0.05) with the composite group, while OPG/RANKL ratio, bone healing scores, and trabecular area were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the composite compared to FDBX group.

Conclusion Composite DBBM/DFDBX granules, within the limitation of this study, has better bone forming capacity than FDBX granules for filling of bone defects in the mandible.
Comparison of Self-Etching Adhesives and Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives on the Failure Rate of Posterior Composite Resin Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Vieira Basílio Rodrigues , Dantas Eugênia Lívia de Andrade , Cavalcanti Yuri Wanderley , Santiago Bianca Marques , Sousa Frederico Barbosa de
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis on the comparison of self-etching adhesives and etch-and-rinse adhesives with respect to the failure rate of posterior composite resin restorations. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017078015), following PRISMA recommendations and PICO search strategy. Literature search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, LILACS, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library through July 2021. Six studies from five randomized clinical trials were included in the qualitative synthesis. The funnel plot detected important bias (all studies out of the funnel area). The meta-analysis showed a positive summary Cohen H effect size of 0.406 (95% CI: 0.100; 0.713, p = 0.009), favoring etch-and-rinse adhesives. The total number of failures (including restorations that required replacement and those that did not require replacement) were attributed to either marginal adaptation (five studies) or marginal staining (one study). A very low certainty of the evidence was obtained through GRADE analysis. In conclusion, current available evidence indicates that etch-and rinse adhesives performed better (with a low effect size) than self-etching adhesives in terms of failure rates in posterior composite restorations.
A Rare Case of Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis with Atypical Presentation
Authors: Chinnusamy Manokaran , Janakiraman Sathiyanarayanan , Arivazhagan Ramesh Bala
Published: November 2021

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common acquired inflammatory myopathy that occurs after the age of 50 years. IBM typically involves wrist and finger flexors and quadriceps, but all sporadic IBM may not have the classic presentation of distal arm and proximal leg involvement. Treating physicians must be aware of this atypical presentation to avoid the misdiagnosis of IBM, leading to treatment with immunosuppressive agents. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness among physicians about the atypical presentation of IBM and to emphasize the importance of muscle biopsy in such cases. Here we report a case of 52 years old male diagnosed with sporadic IBM by muscle biopsy presented with atypical presentation.
Screening Echocardiogram in High-Risk Women with Class III Obesity to Predict the Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors: Hopkins Maeve K. , Levine Lisa D. , Koelper Nathanael C. , Durnwald Celeste
Published: November 2021

Objective Women with obesity and other comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes are at an increased risk of preeclampsia and perinatal morbidity. This study evaluates whether screening echocardiogram can identify women with obesity at a higher risk of preeclampsia.

Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women with class III obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥40 kg/m2) and one or more medical comorbidities associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (such as diabetes, hypertension, and rheumatologic disease) undergoing screening echocardiogram. Abnormal findings were defined as the presence of one or more of the following: diastolic dysfunction, ejection fraction of ≤45%, or cardiac chamber enlargement or hypertrophy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of gestational hypertension/mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, and any preterm delivery <37 weeks associated with abnormal echocardiographic findings when controlling for potential confounders.

Results Of 267 eligible women, 174 (64%) underwent screening echocardiograms. Sixty-nine women (40%) had abnormal echocardiograms. Maternal clinical characteristics were similar between women with normal echocardiographic findings and women with abnormal findings. Women with abnormal echocardiograms were more likely to have chronic hypertension (78 vs. 62%, p = 0.04) and a history of preeclampsia (27 vs. 10%, p = 0.02). After controlling for confounders, women with abnormal echocardiogram were at an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, OR 6.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.32–13.93, p = 0.01), and in particular severe preeclampsia, OR 8.77 (95% CI 3.90–19.74, p = 0.01).

Conclusion Among pregnant women with class III obesity and medical comorbidities, screening echocardiogram may help identify a subset of women at the highest risk of developing preeclampsia.

Key Points
Variation in Laboratory Utilization and Correlation with Hospital Bed Utilization: Experience of a Trauma-Care Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Tapasyapreeti , Kumar Narinder , Pandey Shivam , Subramanian Arulselvi , Madaan Nirupam , Malhotra Rajesh
Published: November 2021

Objectives The present study was planned with the following objectives: (i) to calculate the difference in frequency of laboratory test ordered and use of consumables between the prepandemic and pandemic phases, (ii) to determine and compare the monthly average number of tests ordered per patient between the prepandemic and pandemic phases, and (iii) to correlate the monthly test ordering frequency with the monthly bed occupancy rate in both phases.

Materials and Methods Records of laboratory tests ordered and use of consumables were collected for the prepandemic phase (1.8.2019 to 31.3.2020) and the pandemic phase (1.4.2020 to 31.10.2020). The absolute and relative differences were calculated. Monthly average number of tests ordered per patient and bed occupancy rate between prepandemic and pandemic phases was determined, compared, and correlated.

Statistical Analysis The absolute and the relative differences between the two periods were calculated. The continuous variables were analyzed between groups using Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman correlation was used to correlate the monthly test ordering frequency with the monthly bed occupancy rate in both phases.

Results A total of 946,421 tests were ordered, of which 370,270 (39%) tests were ordered during the pandemic period. There was a decrease in the number of the overall laboratory tests ordered (12%), and in the use of blood collection tubes (34%), and an increase in the consumption of sanitizers (18%), disinfectants (3%), masks (1633%), and gloves (7011%) during the pandemic period. Also, the monthly average number of tests ordered per patients significantly reduced (p-value < 0.001). Test ordering frequency had strong positive correlation with bed occupancy rate during pandemic (Spearman co-efficient = 0.73, p-value = 0.03).

Conclusions An overall decline in laboratory utilization during pandemic period was observed. Understanding and correlating the trends with hospital bed utilization can maximize the productivity of the laboratory and help in better preparedness for the challenges imposed during similar exigencies.
Investigation into precision engineering design and development of the next-generation brake discs using Al/SiC metal matrix composites
Authors: Haley Jake , Cheng Kai
Published: November 2021

Substantially lightweight brake discs with high wear resistance are highly desirable in the automotive industry. This paper presents an investigation of the precision-engineering design and development of automotive brake discs using nonhomogeneous Al/SiC metal-matrix-composite materials. The design and development are based on modeling and analysis following stringent precision-engineering principles, i.e., brake-disc systems that operate repeatably and stably over time as enabled by precision-engineering design. The design and development are further supported by tribological experimental testing and finite-element simulations. The results show the industrial feasibility of the innovative design approach and the application merits of using advanced metal-matrix-composite materials for next-generation automotive and electric vehicles.
Photoluminescence, stimulated and laser emission in CuInSe2 crystals
Authors: Svitsiankou I. E. , Pavlovskii V. N. , Lutsenko E. V. , Yablonskii G. P. , Mudryi A. V. , Borodavchenko O. M. , Zhivulko V. D. , Martin R. W. , Yakushev M. V.
Published: November 2021

Excitonic quality CuInSe2 crystals were studied using low-temperature (10 K) photoluminescence (PL) excited by continuous wave and nanosecond pulsed lasers at power densities from 0.01 to 76 kW/cm2. Increasing the excitation power density level to 26 kW/cm2 resulted in the appearance of a stimulated emission SE-band in the PL spectra at 1.035 eV. Further increase in the excitation level to 39 kW/cm2 generated on the top of the SE band, a structure of equidistant sharp lines attributed to laser emission.