bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Mazuruse Peter
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to construct a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) model for the Zimbabwe stock exchange (ZSE). This paper analyses the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock returns for the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using the canonical correlation analysis (CCA).

Design/methodology/approach

– Data for the independent (macroeconomic) variables and dependent variables (stock returns) were extracted from secondary sources for the period from January 1990 to December 2008. For each variable, 132 sets of data were collected. Eight top trading companies at the ZSE were selected, and their monthly stock returns were calculated using monthly stock prices. The independent variables include: consumer price index, money supply, treasury bills, exchange rate, unemployment, mining and industrial index. The CCA was used to construct the CCA model for the ZSE.

Findings

– Maximization of stock returns at the ZSE is mostly influenced by the changes in consumer price index, money supply, exchange rate and treasury bills. The four macroeconomic variables greatly affect the movement of stock prices which, in turn, affect stock returns. The stock returns for Hwange, Barclays, Falcon, Ariston, Border, Caps and Bindura were significant in forming the CCA model.

Research limitations/implications

– During the research period, some companies delisted due to economic hardships, and this reduced the sample size for stock returns for respective companies.

Practical implications

– The results from this research can be used by policymakers, stock market regulators and the government to make informed decisions when crafting economic policies for the country. The CCA model enables the stakeholders to identify the macroeconomic variables that play a pivotal role in maximizing the strength of the relationship with stock returns.

Social implications

– Macroeconomic variables, such as consumer price index, inflation, etc., directly affect the livelihoods of the general populace. They also impact on the performance of companies. The society can monitor economic trends and make the right decisions based on the current trends of economic performance.

Originality/value

– This research opens a new dimension to the study of macroeconomic variables and stock returns. Most studies carried out so far in Zimbabwe zeroed in on multiple regression as the central methodology. No study has been done using the CCA as the main methodology.
Swap futurization
Authors: Smack Lisa
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that certain rules, implemented as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act (DFA) of 2010, should be harmonized between economically equivalent products in swap and futures markets to prevent regulatory arbitrage.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper focuses on rules surrounding margin requirements and block size thresholds. As such, a background of clearing and exchange systems is presented to familiarize the reader with the risk management objectives of the regulation. Viewpoints of several leading commentators taken from a Commodity Futures Trading Commission roundtable and comment letters are then analysed to support the argument that margin requirements and block size thresholds should be the same for similar financial products.

Findings

– Based on the review and analysis of several commentators and industry participants, harmonization of rules for swaps and economically equivalent futures contract should be achieved to prevent regulatory arbitrage.

Originality/value

– To the best of the author's knowledge, there are no articles that address the swap futurization debate in this detail. This paper will be of interest to readers who would like to learn more about how the DFA has impacted the derivatives market leading to the recent trend of swap “futurization”. It is also ideal for those who are unfamiliar with current clearing and exchange systems, as it presents background detail of this framework to supplement the debate on swap rules.
Institutional repositories as complementary tools to evaluate the quantity and quality of research outputs
Authors: Bonilla-Calero Anabel
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– The aim of this study is to analyse the advantages of using an institutional repository (IR) as a complementary source to evaluate the research output produced by a university.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is based on previous studies where IRs have been used as source to analyse the research output.

Findings

– Some advantages of using repositories as a tool to evaluate research output are: they help to evaluate the research output from different perspectives, using multidimensional approaches that combine various factors and types of documents with free access to all researchers, evaluators and society in general.

Practical implications

– The paper is aimed at researchers and experts that use Web of Knowledge and Scopus services to evaluate the research output. It recommends that they consider using IRs as an additional, practical and complementary tool to traditional databases.

Originality/value

– To underline the advantages of using an IR as a complementary source in the evaluation of research outputs; this evaluative approach is not sufficiently appreciated in comparison with the role of traditional (non-open access) databases. Adopting this original approach would be a significant enhancement to current research evaluation practice.
The state of disclosures on stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting in Australian local councils
Authors: Kaur Amanpreet , K. Lodhia Sumit
Published: June 2014

Purpose

– This study aims to examine the state and extent of disclosures on stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting in Australian local councils.

Design/methodology/approach

– Content analysis was used to analyse 23 sustainability/state of environment/annual reports out of a total of 563 local councils (city, shire, district, borough and regional) in Australia for the year 2009-2010 – those found to be using stakeholder engagement in the development of sustainability reports. A stakeholder engagement index was developed on the basis of the literature review to examine the extent of disclosures on stakeholder engagement.

Findings

– This study identifies: the Australian local councils that are engaging with their stakeholders in the development of sustainability reports; key stakeholders for sustainability reports; extent of engagement; media and approaches used for engagement; and difficulties in the engagement process. The results suggest that stakeholder engagement is an essential component in the development of sustainability reporting as it informs reporters of material concerns, issues and aspirations of key stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications

– The focus of this paper is the state of disclosures on stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting. The findings of the paper are limited to only one level of governance of the public sector, that is, local councils.

Originality/value

– International standards such as Global Reporting Initiative and AccountAbility (AA) 1000 have signified the role of stakeholder engagement in the development of sustainability reports. However, there has been a little research that demonstrates whether or not organisations engage with their stakeholders for reporting purposes. This paper provides evidence of stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting in Australian local councils.
Extracting order from elegant chaos: implications of the marine diversity spectrum
Authors: Webb Thomas J.
Published: June 2014

Slopes of the diversity spectrum for all of the world's coastal large marine ecosystems for which sufficient data exist. From this, it is possible both to relate the diversity spectrum to environmental parameters (e.g. temperature) and to make regional predictions of unmeasured quantities, such as the diversity of small‐bodied species.

image

Slopes of the diversity spectrum for all of the world's coastal large marine ecosystems for which sufficient data exist. From this, it is possible both to relate the diversity spectrum to environmental parameters (e.g. temperature) and to make regional predictions of unmeasured quantities, such as the diversity of small‐bodied species.

Reuman, D.C., Gislason, H, Barnes, C., Mélin, F. & Jennings, S. (2014) . Journal of Animal Ecology, 83, 963–979.

How do we begin to extract order from the elegant chaos of natural ecosystems? In a landmark new paper published in this issue, Reuman et al. () go back to first principles, combining a range of established body size‐ and species‐centred ecological theories with empirically well‐supported relationships to construct a model that enables them to predict key features using only remarkably simple biological and environmental measurements. They test this model using widely available data on the communities living in all of the world's coastal seas. Here, I discuss the key features of their model, and especially how the general patterns they document can lead to further, empirically driven tests of theory across multiple ecosystems.
Bacteria diversity, distribution and insight into their role in S and Fe biogeochemical cycling during black shale weathering
Authors: Li Jiwei , Sun Weimin , Wang Shiming , Sun Zhilei , Lin Sixiang , Peng Xiaotong
Published: June 2014

A group of black shale samples, which were collected sequentially along a continuous depositional unit from bottom fresh zone toward the surface regolith of the weathering profile at Chengkou County, Southwest China, were examined using mineralogical, geochemical and pyrosequencing techniques. The mineralogical and geochemical analyses indicated that the black shale profile provided a series of extremely acidic and chemical species that changed microbial habitats following the process of weathering. This finding is in contrast with a previous hypothesis that a low‐diversity bacterial community existed in these harsh environments; the pyrosequencing analyses showed extremely diverse microbial communities with 33 different phyla/groups in these samples. Among these phyla/groups, proteobacteria, actinobacteria and firmcutes were more dominant than other phyla, and the phylogenetic structures of the bacterial communities vary with the progressive process of weathering. Moreover, the canonical‐correlation analysis suggested that pH and sulfur in sulfate, followed by total Fe and sulfur in pyrite, are the significant factors that shape the microbial community structure. In addition, a large proportion of S‐ and Fe‐related bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus, Sulfobacillus, Thiobacillus, Ferrimicrobium and Ferrithrix, may be responsible for pyrite bio‐oxidation, as well as for S and Fe biogeochemical cycling, in the black shale weathering environments.
Blautia and Prevotella sequences distinguish human and animal fecal pollution in Brazil surface waters
Authors: Koskey Amber M. , Fisher Jenny C. , Eren A. Murat , Ponce‐Terashima Rafael , Reis Mitermayer G. , Blanton Ronald E. , McLellan Sandra L.
Published: June 2014

Untreated sewage discharges and limited agricultural manure management practices contribute to fecal pollution in rural Brazilian waterways. Most microbial source tracking studies have focused on Bacteroidales, and few have tested host‐specific indicators in underdeveloped regions. Sequencing of sewage and human and animal feces with Illumina HiSeq revealed Prevotellaceae as the most abundant family in humans, with Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae also comprising a large proportion of the microbiome. These same families were also dominant in animals. Bacteroides, the genus containing the most commonly utilized human‐specific marker in the United States was present in very low abundance. We used oligotyping to identify Prevotella and Blautia sequences that can distinguish human fecal contamination. Thirty‐five of 61 Blautia oligotypes and 13 of 108 Prevotella oligotypes in humans were host‐specific or highly abundant (i.e. host‐preferred) compared to pig, dog, horse and cow sources. Certain human Prevotella and Blautia oligotypes increased more than an order of magnitude along a polluted river transect in rural Brazil, but traditional fecal indicator levels followed a steady or even decreasing trend. While both Prevotella and Blautia oligotypes distinguished human and animal fecal pollution in Brazil surface waters, Blautia appears to contain more discriminatory and globally applicable markers for tracking sources of fecal pollution.
Calibration of pelagic stereo‐BRUVs and scientific longline surveys for sampling sharks
Authors: Santana‐Garcon Julia , Braccini Matias , Langlois Tim J. , Newman Stephen J. , McAuley Rory B. , Harvey Euan S.
Published: June 2014

Our understanding of the ecology of sharks and other highly mobile marine species often relies on fishery‐dependent data or extractive fishery‐independent techniques that can result in catchability and size‐selectivity biases. Pelagic Baited Remote Underwater stereo‐Video Systems (pelagic stereo‐BRUVs) provide a standardized, non‐destructive and fishery‐independent approach to estimate biodiversity measures of fish assemblages in the water column. However, the performance of this novel method has not yet been assessed relative to other standard sampling techniques.

We compared the catch composition, relative abundance and length distribution of fish assemblages sampled using pelagic stereo‐BRUVs and conventional scientific longline surveys. In particular, we focused on sharks of the family Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) to assess the sampling effectiveness of this novel technique along a latitudinal gradient off the coast of Western Australia. We calibrated the sampling effort required for each technique to obtain equivalent samples of the target species and discuss the advantages, limitations and potential use of these methods to study highly mobile species.

The proportion of sharks sampled by pelagic stereo‐BRUVs and scientific longline surveys was comparable across the latitudinal gradient.Carcharhinus plumbeuswas the most abundant species sampled by both the techniques. Longline surveys selected larger individuals of the family Carcharhinidae in comparison with the length distribution data obtained from pelagic stereo‐BRUVs. However, the relative abundance estimates (catch per unit of effort) from the pelagic stereo‐BRUVs were comparable to those from 5 to 30 longline hooks.

Pelagic stereo‐BRUVs can be calibrated to standard techniques in order to study the species composition, behaviour, relative abundance and size distribution of highly mobile fish assemblages at broad spatial and temporal scales. This technique offers a non‐destructive fishery‐independent approach that can be implemented in areas that may be closed to fishing and is suitable for studies on rare or threatened species.
Applications of airborne lidar for the assessment of animal species diversity
Authors: Simonson William D. , Allen Harriet D. , Coomes David A.
Published: June 2014

Habitat structure is important in explaining species diversity patterns for many animal groups. If we could map habitat structure over large spatial scales, we could use habitat structure–species diversity (HS–SD) relationships to model species diversity and inform conservation planning and management. Traditional approaches for measuring habitat structure cannot be applied over entire landscapes, but remote sensing tools are now able to overcome this limitation. Here, we explore the potential of airborne lidar for the assessment and monitoring of animal species diversity in terrestrial environments.

We review the habitat attributes commonly recorded in the study ofHS–SDrelationships and the spatial scale of their measurement, in papers published between 1960 and 2013. We also gather evidence for the use of lidar to make relevant measurements at similar scales.

Eight out of 15 attributes of habitat structure commonly used in published studies relate to the vertical dimension of habitat. The core strength of lidar is that it is a vertical profiler, and this technology can be used to derive estimates of all but one of these structural attributes. Lidar can also be used to improve the measurement of the four commonly used attributes focusing on the horizontal heterogeneity of habitat patches. The spatial grain and extent ofHS–SDstudies is usually within the operational capability of airborne lidar; when a vertical measure of habitat structure has been employed, this is true in 84% of published studies. The potential efficacy of lidar in this field of biodiversity studies is underlined by several published examples of lidar modelling of animal species diversity.

We conclude that lidar remote sensing is fit for the purpose of biodiversity assessment and monitoring through its ability to characterize habitat structure, a key driver of animal species diversity, over large spatial scales. We advocate wider application of lidar‐basedHS–SDindicators to help tackle the current biodiversity crisis. In combination with other remote sensing products, these indicators may support the implementation and monitoring of environmental legislation, inform gap analyses and the planning of management actions for protected areas and species, and drive greater synergy with forest‐based climate change mitigation.
Longitudinal patterns of problematic computer game use among adolescents and adults—a 2‐year panel study
Authors: Scharkow Michael , Festl Ruth , Quandt Thorsten
Published: June 2014

Aims

To investigate the longitudinal patterns (stability and change) of problematic computer game use and its interdependencies with psychosocial wellbeing in different age groups.

Design

Three‐wave, annual panel study using computer‐assisted telephone surveys.

Setting

Germany.

Participants

A total of 112 adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years, 363 younger adults between 19–39 years and 427 adults aged 40 years and older (overall n = 902).

Measurements

Problematic game use was measured with the Gaming Addiction Short Scale (GAS), which covers seven criteria including salience, withdrawal and conflict. Additionally, gaming behaviour and psychosocial wellbeing (social capital and support, life satisfaction and success) were measured in all three panel waves.

Findings

The generally low GAS scores were very stable in yearly intervals [average autocorrelation across waves and age groups: r = 0.74, confidence interval (CI) = 0.71, 0.77]. Only nine respondents (1%, CI = 0.5, 1.9) consistently exhibited symptoms of problematic game use across all waves, while no respondent could be classified consistently as being addicted according to the GAS criteria. Changes in problematic gaming were not related consistently to changes in psychosocial wellbeing, although some cross‐lagged effects were statistically significant in younger and older adult groups.

Conclusions

Within a 2‐year time‐frame, problematic use of computer games appears to be a less stable behaviour than reported previously and not related systematically to negative changes in the gamers' lives.
Separating risks from values in setting priorities for plant community conservation
Authors: Keith David A.
Published: June 2014

Berg and colleagues, in this issue, describe a framework for assessing risks to biodiversity and setting conservation priorities in northeast Germany. Their method explicitly separates community endangerment from conservation value, and derives its plant communities from a sound regional classification. It could be improved by incorporating ecological processes into risk assessment, and socio‐political constraints, economic costs and the likelihood of success into priority setting.
An effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of darapladib
Authors: Magee Mindy He , Shearn Shawn , Shaddinger Bonnie , Fang Zixing , Glaser Ruchira
Published: June 2014

Aim/Methods

This was a phase 1, open label, non‐randomized study designed to assess the pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability of 10 consecutive once daily 40 mg oral doses of darapladib in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (n = 12) compared with matched healthy volunteers (n = 12).

Results

For total darapladib, a small increase in total and peak exposure was observed in the subjects with moderate hepatic impairment compared with the subjects with normal hepatic function. The area under the plasma concentration−time curve during a dosing interval of duration τ (AUC(0,τ), geometric mean 223 ng ml−1 h [90% CI 158, 316 ng ml−1 h], in moderate hepatic impaired subjects, vs. geometric mean 186 ng ml−1 h [90% CI 159, 217 ng ml−1 h], in healthy subjects) and maximum concentration (Cmax) were 20% and 7% higher, respectively, in the subjects with moderate hepatic impairment than in the healthy control subjects and there was no change in time to maximum concentration (tmax). Protein binding was performed to measure the amount of unbound drug vs. bound. Steady‐state was achieved by day 10 for darapladib and its metabolites (M4, M3 and M10). Darapladib was generally well tolerated, with adverse events (AEs) reported by seven subjects in the hepatic impairment group and three subjects in the healthy matched group (five and one of which were drug‐related AEs, respectively). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal. These AEs were mostly mild to moderate and there were no deaths, serious AEs or withdrawals due to AEs.

Conclusions

The results of this phase 1 study show that darapladib (40 mg) is well tolerated and its pharmacokinetics remain relatively unchanged in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.
An in vivo role for Rho kinase activation in the tumour vascular disrupting activity of combretastatin A‐4 3‐O‐phosphate
Authors: Williams L J , Mukherjee D , Fisher M , Reyes‐Aldasoro C C , Akerman S , Kanthou C , Tozer G M
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

Combretastatin A‐4 3‐O‐phosphate (CA4P) is in clinical trial as a tumour vascular disrupting agent (VDA) but the cause of blood flow disruption is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that activation of Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) is fundamental to the effects of this drug in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Mouse models of human colorectal carcinoma (SW1222 and LS174T) were used. Effects of the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, alone or in combination with CA4P, on ROCK activity, vascular function, necrosis and immune cell infiltration in solid tumours were determined. Mean arterial BP (MABP) was measured to monitor systemic interactions and the vasodilator, hydralazine, was used to control for the hypotensive effects of Y27632.

Key Results

Y27632 caused a rapid drop in blood flow in SW1222 tumours, with recovery by around 3 h, which was paralleled by MABP changes. Y27632 pretreatment reduced CA4P‐induced ROCK activation and partially blocked CA4P‐induced tumour vascular effects, in both tumour types. Y27632 also partially inhibited CA4P‐induced tumour necrosis and was associated with reduced immune cell infiltration in SW1222 tumours. Hydralazine caused a similar hypotensive effect as Y27632 but had no protective effect against CA4P treatment.

Conclusions and Implications

These results demonstrate that ROCK activity is critical for full manifestation of the vascular activity of CA4P in vivo, providing the evidence for pharmacological intervention to enhance the anti‐tumour efficacy of CA4P and related VDAs.
Small‐molecule modulators of the OX40–OX40 ligand co‐stimulatory protein–protein interaction
Authors: Song Yun , Margolles‐Clark Emilio , Bayer Allison , Buchwald Peter
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

The OX40–OX40L protein–protein interaction (PPI) is an important cell‐surface signalling co‐stimulatory regulator within the TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF) and a promising therapeutic target for immunomodulation. PPIs are difficult to modulate using small‐molecules. Here, we describe the identification of a small‐molecule OX40 modulator and confirm its partial agonist character.

Experimental Approach

Cell‐free screening assays were developed and used to identify OX40–OX40L inhibitors. Modified versions of this assay were used to elucidate the binding partner and the binding nature of active compounds. OX40‐transfected sensor cells with NF‐κB reporters were constructed and used to confirm and characterize activity and specificity. Immunomodulatory activity and partial agonist nature were further confirmed by ex vivo T‐cell polarization assays.

Key Results

Several compounds that concentration‐dependently affected OX40‐OX40L were identified. Cell assays indicated that they were partial agonists with low micromolar potency and adequate selectivity. Under polarizing conditions based on TGF‐β, the most promising compound mimicked the effect of an agonistic anti‐OX40 antibody in suppressing regulatory T‐cell generation and diverting CD4+CD62L+Foxp3− cells to TH9 phenotype in vitro.

Conclusions and Implications

We identified, to our knowledge, the first small‐molecule compounds able to interfere with OX40–OX40L binding and, more importantly, to act as partial agonists of OX40. This is particularly interesting, as small‐molecule agonism or activation of PPIs is considered unusually challenging and there are only few known examples. These results provide proof‐of‐principle evidence for the feasibility of small‐molecule modulation of the OX40–OX40L interaction and for the existence of partial agonists for TNFRSF‐PPIs.
Navigating family roles and relationships: system youth in the transition years
Authors: Lee Bethany R. , Cole Andrea R. , Munson Michelle R.
Published: June 2014

During young adulthood, many transitions occur in family relationships. This paper explores family roles for young adults in the transition years who have been in the custody of the child welfare system and have mood challenges. To capture the voices of this less studied subpopulation, we conducted in‐depth qualitative interviews with 44 young adults in a Midwestern state. Through coding interview transcripts, we identified how these young people defined family and issues they were navigating in family relationships. These young people were commonly resolving family history issues especially related to ambiguous and actual losses, as well as the legacy of this history in their present‐day family relationships. Professionals who intervene with this population should be prepared to help young people as they navigate these family transitions and change the future by rewriting family narratives.
Disease‐Modifying Anti‐Alzheimer's Drugs: Inhibitors of Human Cholinesterases Interfering with β‐Amyloid Aggregation
Authors: Brogi Simone , Butini Stefania , Maramai Samuele , Colombo Raffaella , Verga Laura , Lanni Cristina , De Lorenzi Ersilia , Lamponi Stefania , Andreassi Marco , Bartolini Manuela , Andrisano Vincenza , Novellino Ettore , Campiani Giuseppe , Brindisi Margherita , Gemma Sandra
Published: June 2014

Aims

We recently described multifunctional tools (2a–c) as potent inhibitors of human Cholinesterases (ChEs) also able to modulate events correlated with Aβ aggregation. We herein propose a thorough biological and computational analysis aiming at understanding their mechanism of action at the molecular level.

Methods

We determined the inhibitory potency of 2a–c on Aβ1–42 self‐aggregation, the interference of 2a with the toxic Aβ oligomeric species and with the postaggregation states by capillary electrophoresis analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The modulation of Aβ toxicity was assessed for 2a and 2b on human neuroblastoma cells. The key interactions of 2a with Aβ and with the Aβ‐preformed fibrils were computationally analyzed. 2a–c toxicity profile was also assessed (human hepatocytes and mouse fibroblasts).

Results

Our prototypical pluripotent analogue 2a interferes with Aβ oligomerization process thus reducing Aβ oligomers‐mediated toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. 2a also disrupts preformed fibrils. Computational studies highlighted the bases governing the diversified activities of 2a.

Conclusion

Converging analytical, biological, and in silico data explained the mechanism of action of 2a on Aβ1–42 oligomers formation and against Aβ‐preformed fibrils. This evidence, combined with toxicity data, will orient the future design of safer analogues.
Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic structure in the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) – implications for future reintroductions
Authors: Senn Helen , Ogden Rob , Frosch Christiane , Syrůčková Alena , Campbell‐Palmer Roisin , Munclinger Pavel , Durka Walter , Kraus Robert H. S. , Saveljev Alexander P. , Nowak Carsten , Stubbe Annegret , Stubbe Michael , Michaux Johan , Lavrov Vladimir , Samiya Ravchig , Ulevicius Alius , Rosell Frank
Published: June 2014

Many reintroduction projects for conservation fail, and there are a large number of factors that may contribute to failure. Genetic analysis can be used to help stack the odds of a reintroduction in favour of success, by conducting assessment of source populations to evaluate the possibility of inbreeding and outbreeding depression and by conducting postrelease monitoring. In this study, we use a panel of 306 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers and 487–489 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data to examine 321 individuals from possible source populations of the Eurasian beaver for a reintroduction to Scotland. We use this information to reassess the phylogenetic history of the Eurasian beavers, to examine the genetic legacy of past reintroductions on the Eurasian landmass and to assess the future power of the genetic markers to conduct ongoing monitoring via parentage analysis and individual identification. We demonstrate the capacity of medium density genetic data (hundreds of SNPs) to provide information suitable for applied conservation and discuss the difficulty of balancing the need for high genetic diversity against phylogenetic best fit when choosing source population(s) for reintroduction.
Combination therapy of bezafibrate and ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chen Kan , Dai Weiqi , Xia Yujing , Wang Fan , Shen Miao , Cheng Ping , Wang Chengfen , Yang Jing , Zhu Rong , Zhang Huawei , Li Jingjing , Zheng Yuanyuan , Wang Junshan , Lu Jie , Zhou Yingqun , Guo Chuanyong
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and safety of combination therapy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and bezafibrate for primary biliary cirrhosis. A meta‐analysis of all long‐term randomized controlled trials comparing the combination of UDCA and bezafibrate with UDCA monotherapy was performed via electronic searches. Seven trials, which included 177 patients, were assessed. Combination therapy with UDCA and bezafibrate was more effective than UDCA monotherapy in improving liver biochemistry, alkaline phosphatase (mean difference [MD], −146.15 IU/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], −193.58 to −98.72; P < 0.00001), γ‐glutamyltransferase (MD, −20.64 IU/L; 95% CI, −30.86 to −10.43; P < 0.0001), immunoglobulin M (MD, −90.96 mg/dL; 95% CI, −137.36 to −44.56; P = 0.0001) and triglycerides (MD, −15.49 mg/dL; 95% CI, −30.25 to −0.74; P = 0.04). However, their effects on pruritus (odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.30–2.24; P = 0.70) and alanine aminotransferase (MD, −8.41 IU/L; 95% CI, −22.57 to 5.75; P = 0.24) did not differ significantly. This meta‐analysis revealed no significant differences in the incidence of all‐cause mortality (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.10–5.49; P = 0.75) and adverse events (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.07–1.84; P = 0.22) between patients treated with combination therapy and those treated with monotherapy. In this meta‐analysis, combination therapy with UDCA and bezafibrate was more effective than UDCA monotherapy. Combination therapy improved liver biochemistry, but did not improve clinical symptoms, incidence of death or adverse events more effectively than monotherapy.
Social networks and immigration stress among first‐generation Mandarin‐speaking Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles
Authors: Li Yawen , Hofstetter C. Richard , Wahlgren Dennis , Irvin Veronica , Chhay Doug , Hovell Melbourne F.
Published: June 2014

This study examined relationships between social networks and immigration stress among first‐generation Chinese immigrants. Using data from a larger study of health behavior among first‐generation Mandarin/English‐speaking immigrants residing in the Los Angeles metropolitan area (N = 1,183), this study found that Chinese immigrants living closer to immediate family and maintaining larger social networks experienced lower immigration stress. Unexpectedly, immigrants with larger family sizes and who participated in voluntary associations (e.g., religious, alumni, and nationality associations) reported increased immigration stress. The findings suggest that practitioners need to be cautious of a possible downside in designing interventions to expand social networks among immigrant clients. The study is especially important in the context of a rapidly increasing immigrant population from Mainland China to the USA.

Key Practitioner Message: ● Working with immigration families should incorporate assessment of their social network; ● Interventions designed to facilitate supportive social networks should differentiate different social network ties; ● Different social network ties may affect the stress level of immigrants differently.
Oxidation of ZrB2 Nanoparticles at High Temperature under Low Oxygen Pressure
Authors: Zhao Guanghui , Zhang Xinghong , Shen Zhenju , Zhang Dejiong , Hong Changqing , Li Jixue , Zhang Ze
Published: June 2014

The oxidation of ZrB2 nanoparticles was observed at high temperature of 1500°C under low oxygen partial pressure of 5 × 10−2 Pa by an environmental transmission electron microscope. The results demonstrate that the oxidation starts on the surface of ZrB2 nanoparticles with decomposition of ZrB2 into ZrO2 and B2O3. The nucleation and growth of ZrO2 on the surface of ZrB2 proceed with B2O3 being evaporated.
Interventions for Family Members of Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Oruche Ukamaka M. , Draucker Claire , Alkhattab Halima , Knopf Amy , Mazurcyk Jill
Published: June 2014

Problem

The family members of adolescents diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) experience profound stress and burden. Despite the need for empirically supported interventions that address the challenges faced by these family members, few such interventions are available.

Methods

In this qualitative descriptive study, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 15 families of adolescents diagnosed with DBD. We asked the family members to identify what types of mental health services they needed and to describe the “ideal” program that would best address their concerns.

Findings

Family members identified several intervention modalities that would fit their needs, including multifamily groups, family therapy, individual therapy, and community‐based hotlines. They indicated that programs should address the following topics: family communication, conflict resolution, education about DBD, and strategies to improve interactions with child service agencies.

Conclusions

Clinicians should recognize that all family members may need support to manage the stressors associated with caring for or living with adolescents with DBD. When working with families, clinicians should provide information about the etiology and management of DBD, help navigate interactions with child service agencies, and employ strategies to improve family communication and functioning.
Relationship of Sodium and Magnesium Intakes to Hypertension Proven by 24‐Hour Urianalysis in a South Indian Population
Authors: Chidambaram Natesan , Sethupathy Subramaniyam , Saravanan Nadanam , Mori Mari , Yamori Yukio , Garg Arun Kumar , Chockalingam Arun
Published: June 2014

The Healthy Eating Asians Remain Together (HEART) study was carried out to investigate the relationship between 24‐hour urine nutritional biomarkers and cardiometabolic risks in India. A total of 168 participants underwent health examination to assess body mass index, blood pressure, and 24‐hour urine samples. The participants were divided into normotensive and hypertensive. The average blood pressure, weight, and body mass index were significantly high in patients considered to be hypertensive, and 24‐hour urine biomarkers showed significant differences in sodium and magnesium/creatinine ratios in patients aged 40 and older. High sodium intake and reduction in magnesium consumption are associated with increased blood pressure in patients from India.
Altered burst swimming in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to natural and synthetic oestrogens
Authors: Osachoff H. L. , Osachoff K. N. , Wickramaratne A. E. , Gunawardane E. K. , Venturini F. P. , Kennedy C. J.
Published: June 2014

Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to two concentrations each of 17β‐oestradiol (E2; natural oestrogen hormone) or 17α‐ethinyl oestradiol (EE2; a potent synthetic oestrogen hormone) to evaluate their potential effects on burst‐swimming performance. In each of six successive burst‐swimming assays, burst‐swimming speed (Uburst) was lower in fish exposed to 0·5 and 1 µg l−1 E2 and EE2 for four days compared with control fish. A practice swim (2 days prior to exposure initiation) in control fish elevated initial Uburst values, but this training effect was not evident in the 1 µg l−1 EE2‐exposed fish. Several potential oestrogen‐mediated mechanisms for Uburst reductions were investigated, including effects on metabolic products, osmoregulation and blood oxygen‐carrying capacity. Prior to burst‐swimming trials, fish exposed to E2 and EE2 for 4 days had significantly reduced erythrocyte numbers and lower plasma glucose concentrations. After six repeated burst‐swimming trials, plasma glucose, lactate and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different among treatment groups; however, plasma Cl− concentrations were significantly reduced in E2‐ and EE2‐treated fish. In summary, E2 and EE2 exposure altered oxygen‐carrying capacity ([erythrocytes]) and an osmoregulatory‐related variable ([Cl−]), effects that may underlie reductions in burst‐swimming speed, which will have implications for fish performance in the wild.
Characterization, tissue distribution and regulation of neuropeptideY in Schizothorax prenanti
Authors: Wei R. , Zhou C. , Yuan D. , Wang T. , Lin F. , Chen H. , Wu H. , Xin Z. , Yang S. , Wang Y. , Chen D. , Liu J. , Gao Y. , Li Z.
Published: June 2014

In this study, the full‐length neuropeptide Y (npy) complementary (c)DNA was cloned in ya fish Schizothorax prenanti. npy cDNA was composed of 789 nucleotides with a 288 nucleotide open reading frame encoding a protein of 96 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences contained a 28 amino acids signal peptide followed by a 36 amino acids mature neuropeptide Y (NPY). The npy mRNA was expressed mainly in the brain and eye as detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction RT‐PCR (rt‐qPCR). The S. prenanti NPY was detectable from blastulation to hatch, suggesting that npy might be involved in the late embryonic development of S. prenanti. An experiment was conducted to determine the expression profile of npy during feeding of a single meal and during long‐term fasting. The expression level of npy in fed fish was significantly decreased at 0·5, 1·5, 3 and 9 h post‐feeding (hpf) than in fasting fish. Fasting for 14 days induced an increase in npy messenger (m)RNA expression in the brain. Overall, the results suggest that NPY is a conserved peptide that might be involved in the regulation of feeding and other physiological function in S. prenanti.
Spatial, ontogenetic and interspecific variability in stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon of Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus off South Africa
Authors: Van Der Lingen C. D. , Miller T. W.
Published: June 2014

General linear models (GLMs) were used to determine the relative importance of interspecific, ontogenetic and spatial effects in explaining variability in stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) of the co‐occurring Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus off South Africa. Significant GLMs were derived for both isotopes, explaining 74 and 56% of observed variance in Merluccius spp. δ15N and δ13C, respectively. Spatial effects (west or south coast) contributed most towards explaining variability in the δ15N model, with Merluccius spp. off the west coast having higher (by c. 1·4‰) δ15N levels than Merluccius spp. off the south coast. Fish size and species were also significant in explaining variability in δ15N, with both species showing significant linear increases in δ15N with size and M. capensis having higher (by c. 0·7‰) δ15N values than M. paradoxus. Species and coast explained most and similar amounts of variability in the δ13C model, with M. capensis having higher (by c. 0·8‰) δ13C values than M. paradoxus, and values being lower (by c. 0·7‰) for fishes off the west coast compared with the south coast. These results not only corroborate the knowledge of Merluccius spp. feeding ecology gained from dietary studies, in particular the ontogenetic change in trophic level corresponding to a changing diet, but also that M. capensis feeds at a slightly higher trophic level than M. paradoxus. The spatial difference in Merluccius spp. δ15N appears due to a difference in isotopic baseline, and not as a result of Merluccius spp. feeding higher in the food web off the west than the south coast, and provides new evidence that corroborates previous observations of biogeographic differences in isotopic baselines around the South African coast. This study also provides quantitative data on the relative trophic level and trophic width of Cape hakes over a large size range that can be used in ecosystem models of the southern Benguela.
“Missing Pieces”—Functional, Social, and Environmental Barriers to Recovery for Vulnerable Older Adults Transitioning from Hospital to Home
Authors: Greysen S. Ryan , Hoi‐Cheung Doug , Garcia Veronica , Kessell Eric , Sarkar Urmimala , Goldman Lauren , Schneidermann Michelle , Critchfield Jeffrey , Pierluissi Edgar , Kushel Margot
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To describe barriers to recovery at home for vulnerable older adults after leaving the hospital.

Design

Standard qualitative research techniques, including purposeful sampling of participants according to age, sex, race, and English proficiency, were used to ensure a wide breadth of experiences. All participants were interviewed in their native language (English, Spanish, or Chinese). Two investigators independently coded interviews using the constant comparative method. The entire research team, with diverse backgrounds in primary care, hospital medicine, geriatrics, and nursing, performed thematic analysis.

Setting

Urban public safety‐net teaching hospital.

Participants

Vulnerable older adults (low income and health literacy, limited English proficiency) enrolled in a larger discharge interventional study.

Measurements

Qualitative data (participant quotations) were organized into themes.

Results

Twenty‐four individuals with a mean age of 63 (range 55–84), 66% male, 67% nonwhite, 16% Spanish speaking, 16% Chinese speaking were interviewed. An overarching theme of “missing pieces” was identified in the plan for postdischarge recovery at home, from which three specific subthemes emerged: functional limitations and difficulty with mobility and self‐care tasks, social isolation and lack of support from family and friends, and challenges from poverty and the built environment at home. In contrast, participants described mostly supportive experiences with traditional focuses of transition, care such as following prescribed medication and diet regimens.

Conclusion

Hospital‐based discharge interventions that focus on traditional aspects of care may overlook social and functional gaps in postdischarge care at home for vulnerable older adults. Postdischarge interventions that address these challenges may be necessary to reduce readmissions in this population.
Generating anatomical variation through mutations in networks – implications for evolution
Authors: Bard Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Genetic mutation leads to anatomical variation only indirectly because many proteins involved in generating anatomical structures in embryos operate cooperatively within molecular networks. These include gene‐regulatory or control networks (CNs) for timing, signaling and patterning together with the process networks (PNs) for proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and morphogenesis that they control. This paper argues that anatomical variation is achieved through a two‐stage process: mutation alters the outputs of CNs and perhaps the proliferation network, and such changed outputs alter the ways that PNs construct tissues. This systems‐biology approach has several implications: first, because networks contain many cooperating proteins, they amplify the effects of genetic variation so enabling mutation to generate a wider range of phenotypes than a single changed protein acting alone could. Second, this amplification helps explain how novel phenotypes can be produced relatively rapidly. Third, because even organisms with novel anatomical phenotypes derive from variants in standard networks, there is no genetic barrier to their producing viable offspring. This approach also clarifies a terminological difficulty: classical evolutionary genetics views genes in terms of phenotype heritability rather than as DNA sequences. This paper suggests that the molecular phenotype of the classical concept of a gene is often a protein network, with a mutation leading to an alteration in that network's dynamics.
IL‐18 gene polymorphisms in aphthous stomatitis vs. Behçet's disease in a cohort of Egyptian patients
Authors: Hazzaa Hala H. A. , Rashwan Weam A. M. , Attia Enas A. S.
Published: June 2014

Objective

A clinical investigation of the potential correlation of two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms at −137 (G/C) and −607 (C/A) in the promoter region of the IL‐18 gene, with the susceptibility to aphthous stomatitis and Behçet's disease.

Patient and Methods

This study included 80 aphthous stomatitis patients and 80 patients with Behçet's disease. Eighty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. IL‐18 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms at −607 and −137 regions were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Results

The genotype and allele distributions of the two regions did not differ significantly between patients with aphthous stomatitis and controls. The genotype and allele distributions at −607 were significantly different between patients with Behçet's disease [CC (P = 0.044), C allele (P = 0.043), A allele (P = 0.043)], and controls. The frequency of the GG genotype at position −137 in patients with Behçet's disease was associated only with a higher rate of ocular manifestations (OR= 1.4, CI= 0.76–2.7, P = 0.031).

Conclusion

IL‐18 gene polymorphisms were not associated with any susceptibility to aphthous stomatitis, while a positive association was found with patients with Behçet's disease regarding −607 promoter site. Moreover, patients with Behçet's disease carrying the GG genotype at position −137 had a higher risk of developing ocular manifestations.