bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Serine 188 Protects RhoA from Ubiquitin/Proteasome-Mediated Degradation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Rolli-Derkinderen Malvyne , Sauzeau Vincent , Boyer Laurent , Lemichez Emmanuel , Baron Céline , Henrion Daniel , Loirand Gervaise , Pacaud Pierre
Published: May 2005

cAMP and cyclic GMP-dependent kinases (PKA and PKG) phosphorylate the small G protein RhoA on Ser188. We have previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of Ser188 inhibits RhoA-dependent functions and positively regulates RhoA expression, and that the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway plays an essential role, both in vitro and in vivo, in the regulation of RhoA protein expression and functions in vascular smooth muscle cells. Here we analyze the consequences of Ser188 phosphorylation on RhoA protein degradation. By expressing Ser188 phosphomimetic wild-type (WT-RhoA-S188E) and active RhoA proteins (Q63L-RhoA-S188E), we show that phosphorylation of Ser188 of RhoA protects RhoA, particularly its active form, from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that the resistance of the phosphorylated active form of RhoA to proteasome-mediated degradation is because of its cytoplasmic sequestration through enhanced RhoGDI interaction. In rat aortic smooth muscle cells, stimulation of PKG and inhibition of proteasome by lactacystin, induce nonadditive increases in RhoA protein expression. In addition, stimulation of PKG leads to the accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA in the cytoplasm. In vivo stimulation of the NO/PKG signaling by treating rats with sildenafil increased RhoA level and RhoA phosphorylation, and enhanced its association to RhoGDI in the pulmonary artery, whereas opposite effects are induced by chronic inhibition of NO synthesis in N-ω -nitro-
l
-arginine-treated rats. Our results thus suggest that Ser188 phosphorylation-mediated protection against degradation is a physiological process regulating the level of endogenous RhoA and define a novel function for RhoGDI, as an inhibitor of Rho protein degradation.
Acute Stroke Care in the US
Authors:   The Paul Coverdell Prototype Registries Writing Group*
Published: May 2005

Background and Purpose—

The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry is being developed to improve the quality of acute stroke care. This article describes key features of acute stroke care from 4 prototype registries in Georgia (Ga), Massachusetts (Mass), Michigan (Mich), and Ohio.

Methods—

Each prototype developed its own sampling scheme to obtain a representative sample of hospitals. Acute stroke admissions were identified using prospective (Mass, Mich) or retrospective (Ga, Ohio) methods. All prototypes used a common set of case definitions and data elements. Weighted site-specific frequencies were generated for each outcome.

Results—

A total of 6867 admissions from 98 hospitals were included; the majority were ischemic strokes (range, 52% to 70%) with transient ischemic attack and intracerebral hemorrhage comprising the bulk of the remainder. Between 19% and 26% of admissions were younger than age 60 years, and between 52% and 58% were female. Black subjects varied from 7.1% (Mich) to 30.6% (Ga). Between 20% and 25% of admissions arrived at the emergency department within 3 hours of onset. Treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was administered to between 3.0% (Ga) and 8.5% (Mass) of ischemic stroke admissions. Of 118 subjects treated with intravenous rtPA, <20% received it within 60 minutes of arrival. Compliance with secondary prevention practices was poorest for smoking cessation counseling and best for antithrombotics.

Conclusions—

A minority of acute stroke patients are treated according to established guidelines. Quality improvement interventions, targeted primarily at the health care systems level, are needed to improve acute stroke care in the United States.
Examination of
ELN
as a Candidate Gene in the Utah Intracranial Aneurysm Pedigrees
Authors: Berthelemy-Okazaki Nicole , Zhao Yu , Yang Zhenglin , Camp Nicola J. , Farnham Jim , Parker Dennis , Tsuruda Jay , MacDonald Joel , Zhang Kang , Cannon-Albright Lisa A.
Published: May 2005

Background and Purpose—

A study of intracranial aneurysm (IA) sibpairs suggested association of an
ELN
haplotype with IA risk. Subsequent linkage analysis of the
ELN
region on chromosome 7q11 in high-risk Utah IA pedigrees significantly confirmed linkage between IA and the
ELN
region.

Methods—

We have investigated the
ELN
gene as a potential candidate gene for IA in Utah pedigrees. One IA case from each pedigree, who shared an ELN region haplotype segregating in the pedigree, was screened for mutation. The promoter region, 34 exons, and the 3′UTR (UnTranslated Region) of the
ELN
gene were screened for variants using DHPLC.

Results—

Variants were observed in the promoter region, exons 4 and 6, and the 3′UTR. Variants in exon 6 and in one 3′UTR position were unique to Utah. The remaining variants were absent in the controls. There was no evidence for segregation of the
ELN
variants found in IA cases with the hypothesized chromosome 7 haplotypes segregating in pedigrees.

Conclusion—

Our analysis does not support
ELN
as the gene responsible for familial IA in the linked Utah IA pedigrees.
Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Stroke in Late Pregnancy With Intra-Arterial Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Johnson David M. , Kramer David C. , Cohen Ezra , Rochon Meredith , Rosner Mara , Weinberger Jesse
Published: May 2005

Background and Purpose—

The most common presentation of ischemic stroke related to pregnancy is arterial occlusion, occurring during the third trimester or postpartum. The authors present the first successful administration of intra-arterial cerebral tissue plasminogen activator to treat an embolic cerebral vascular accident in a 37-week parturient resulting in complete recovery of neurological function.

Methods—

The patient presented with left hemiplegia, left-sided neglect, and aphasia. Right internal carotid artery cerebral angiogram showed occlusion of the mid-M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). After 15 mg of tissue plasminogen activator was administered via intra-arterial route, there was greatly improved retrograde flow through the posterior communication artery and the MCA territory.

Results—

A reduction in size of the MCA occlusion was noted with improvement of antegrade flow through the MCA. Three days after the procedure, the patient was induced successfully and delivered a healthy infant vaginally.

Conclusion—

This report describes the use of intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator in the setting of stroke in late pregnancy.
Effect of Difficulty Affording Health Care on Health Status After Coronary Revascularization
Authors: Spertus John , Decker Carole , Woodman Catherine , House John , Jones Phil , O’Keefe James , Borkon A. Michael
Published: May 2005

Background—

An objective of the United States’ Healthy People 2010 Initiative is to eliminate disparities based on socioeconomic status. We assessed the effect of difficulty affording health care on the health status (symptoms, function, and quality of life) of patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention or CABG.

Methods and Results—

A consecutive, single-center cohort of 480 patients undergoing coronary revascularization received the Seattle Angina Questionnaire at the time of their procedure and at subsequent monthly intervals for 6 months. At baseline, patients who reported somewhat of a burden to a severe burden in affording health care had significantly lower scores on the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (mean±SD) with respect to angina (55±29 versus 68±25,
P
<0.0001), physical limitation (55±26 versus72±24,
P
<0.0001), and quality of life (46±22 versus 56±22,
P
<0.0001) than those who did not perceive healthcare costs to be burdensome. Although both groups of patients improved after revascularization, poorer health status persisted among those with difficulty affording health care after percutaneous coronary intervention (6-month mean±SE: angina 79±2.5 versus 88±1.9,
P
=0.002; physical function 61±2.7 versus 80±2.0,
P
<0.0001; quality of life 67±2.4 versus 82±1.8,
P
<0.0001) but not after CABG (angina 91±2.5 versus 93±1.6,
P
=0.47; physical function 75±3.4 versus 81±2.2,
P
=0.13; quality of life 84±3.1 versus 84±2.0,
P
=0.81). Similar differences remained after adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics.

Conclusions—

Patients reporting difficulty affording health care have worse health status at the time of coronary revascularization. A persistent disparity exists after percutaneous but not surgical revascularization. Additional inquiry into the mechanism of this disparity is needed so that the goals of equitable health care, irrespective of treatment strategy, can be achieved.
Randomized Comparison of a Titanium-Nitride-Oxide–Coated Stent With a Stainless Steel Stent for Coronary Revascularization
Authors: Windecker Stephan , Simon Rüdiger , Lins Markus , Klauss Volker , Eberli Franz R. , Roffi Marco , Pedrazzini Giovanni , Moccetti Tiziano , Wenaweser Peter , Togni Mario , Tüller David , Zbinden Rainer , Seiler Christian , Mehilli Julinda , Kastrati Adnan , Meier Bernhard , Hess Otto M.
Published: May 2005

Background—

Stent coating with titanium-nitride-oxide has been shown to reduce neointimal hyperplasia in the porcine restenosis model. We designed a prospective, randomized, clinical study to investigate the safety and efficacy of titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents compared with stainless steel stents.

Methods and Results—

Ninety-two patients with de novo lesions were randomly assigned to treatment with titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents (n=45) or stainless steel stents of otherwise identical design (n=47; control). Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. At 30 days, no stent thromboses or other adverse events had occurred in either group. Quantitative coronary angiography at 6 months revealed lower late loss (0.55±0.63 versus 0.90±0.76 mm,
P
=0.03) and percent diameter stenosis (26±17% versus 36±24%,
P
=0.04) in lesions treated with titanium-nitride oxide–coated than in control stents. Binary restenosis was reduced from 33% in the control group to 15% in the titanium-nitride oxide–coated stent group (
P
=0.07). Intravascular ultrasound studies at 6 months showed smaller neointimal volume in titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents than in control stents (18±21 versus 48±28 mm
3
,
P
<0.0001). Major adverse cardiac events at 6 months were less frequent in titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents than in control stent–treated patients (7% versus 27%,
P
=0.02), largely driven by a reduced need for target-lesion revascularization (7% versus 23%,
P
=0.07).

Conclusions—

Revascularization with titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents is safe and effective in patients with de novo native coronary artery lesions. Titanium-nitride-oxide–coated stents reduce restenosis and major adverse cardiac events compared with stainless steel stents of otherwise identical design.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Recruited Into Resolving Venous Thrombi
Authors: Modarai B. , Burnand K.G. , Sawyer B. , Smith A.
Published: May 2005

Background—

The purpose of this study was to determine whether endothelial cells of bone marrow origin are involved in thrombus recanalization.

Methods and Results—

Irradiated mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from transgenic donors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to the Tie2 promoter. Thrombi were formed in 2 groups of 6 mice. GFP-expressing cells were located and quantified in sections of the thrombi taken after 7 and 14 days. The cell markers Mac-3, F4/80, CD68 (macrophage), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2; endothelial cells) were used to determine colocalization with GFP expression in tissue sections and peritoneal macrophages. The markers CD34 and VEGFR2 were used to quantify changes in circulating endothelial cells by flow cytometry of blood from 3 cohorts of wild-type animals that had either a thrombus induced (n=18), a sham operation (n=18), or no operation (n=10). The number of GFP-expressing cells was found to increase by ≈3-fold in thrombi formed in transplanted animals between 7 and 14 days after induction (
P
=0.0022). No GFP-expressing cells were found lining the new vascular channels that formed at either time interval, but many of the GFP-expressing cells also expressed Mac-3, CD68, and VEGFR2. Approximately twice as many circulating CD34
+
/VEGFR2
+
cells were found by day 3 in animals with thrombus compared with sham controls (CD45
−
,
P
=0.046 and CD45
+
,
P
=0.016).

Conclusions—

Bone marrow–derived, Tie2-expressing cells were recruited into the thrombus during resolution but did not line the new vessels. Many of these cells expressed a macrophage phenotype and may represent a population of plastic stem cells that orchestrate thrombus recanalization.
Insulin Causes [Ca
2+
]
i
-Dependent and [Ca
2+
]
i
-Independent Positive Inotropic Effects in Failing Human Myocardium
Authors: von Lewinski Dirk , Bruns Sebastian , Walther Stefanie , Kögler Harald , Pieske Burkert
Published: May 2005

Background—

Insulin has been shown to exert positive inotropic effects in several in vitro and in vivo models, but signal transduction and substrate dependency remain unclear. We examined inotropic responses and signal transduction mechanisms of insulin in human myocardium.

Methods and Results—

Experiments were performed in isolated trabeculae from end-stage failing hearts of 58 nondiabetic and 3 diabetic patients undergoing heart transplantation. The effect of insulin (0.3 and 3 IU/L) on isometric twitch force (37°C, 1 Hz) was tested in the presence of glucose or pyruvate as energetic substrate. Furthermore, intracellular Ca
2+
transients (aequorin method), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca
2+
content (rapid cooling contractures), and myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity (semiskinned fibers) were assessed. In addition, potential signaling pathways were tested by blocking glycolysis, PI-3-kinase, protein kinase C, diacylglycerol kinase, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors, or transsarcolemmal Ca
2+
entry via the Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchanger. Insulin exerted concentration-dependent and partially substrate-dependent positive inotropic effects. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and the Na
2+
/Ca
2+
exchanger reverse-mode inhibitor KB-R7943 completely or partially prevented the functional effects of insulin. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor blockade, protein kinase C inhibition, and diacylglycerol kinase blockade were without effect. The inotropic response was associated with increases in intracellular Ca
2+
transients, SR Ca
2+
content, and increased myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity.

Conclusions—

Insulin exerts Ca
2+
-dependent and -independent positive inotropic effects through a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase–dependent pathway in failing human myocardium. The increased [Ca
2+
]
i
originates at least in part from enhanced reverse-mode Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchange and consequently increased SR-Ca
2+
load. These nongenomic functional effects of insulin may be of clinical relevance, eg, during insulin-glucose-potassium infusions.
Expansion of Circulating Toll-Like Receptor 4–Positive Monocytes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Methe Heiko , Kim Jong-Oh , Kofler Sieglinde , Weis Michael , Nabauer Michael , Koglin Joerg
Published: May 2005

Background—

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which monocytes and macrophages have been suggested to play an essential role. The underlying signaling mechanisms are unknown thus far. We hypothesized that the human isoform of Toll-like receptor (hTLR)-4 is involved in monocyte activation of patients with accelerated forms of atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

Expression of hTLR4 on circulating monocytes from 30 controls, 20 patients with stable angina (SA), 40 patients with unstable angina (UA), and 28 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was compared with the use of flow-cytometry and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 and B7-1 as downstream events of TLR4 activation was analyzed after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of monocytes. TLR4-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used to identify potential hTLR4 ligands in the serum of patients with UA or AMI. Circulating hTLR4
+
/CD14
+
monocytes were ≈2.5-fold increased above controls and patients with SA in the UA and AMI groups (
P
<0.0001). This was paralleled by enhanced transcript levels of TLR4 and Myd88 in patients with UA and AMI (
P
<0.0001) and increased expression of IL-12 (UA 35.5±7.8, AMI 31.8±7.7 versus SA 2.2±0.5, controls 2.1±0.3 pg/mL;
P
<0.0002) and B7-1 (UA 27.3±14.4, AMI 22.6±11.1 versus SA 3.4±2.5, controls 2.4±2.3%;
P
<0.0001). Compared with serum from patients with UA and AMI, challenging TLR4-transfected CHO cells with serum from SA patients yielded only a weak response (
P
<0.0001). Coincubation with anti–heat shock protein 60 inhibited CHO cell activation.

Conclusions—

UA and AMI are associated with enhanced expression and signaling events downstream of hTLR4 in circulating monocytes. These observations suggest hTLR4 activation as a signaling mechanism in immune-mediated progression of atherosclerosis.
Coping With the Stress of Transformational Change in a Government Department
Authors: Robinson Oliver , Griffiths Amanda
Published: May 2005

Transformational organizational change is a significant life event for employees within the organization in question and can be a source of considerable stress. However, the causal pathway by which the experience of change results in stress is still unclear. The current study looks at transformational change in a government department. An openended interview methodology was used to explore why change can be stressful and how individuals employ coping responses to deal with it. Five sources of change stress were found: increased workload, uncertainty/ambiguity, interpersonal conflict, perceived unfairness, and perceived loss. Fifteen coping responses accounted for the data. These were categorized into four coping types: task-centered coping, emotion-focused coping, cognitive coping, and social support coping. Four of the five stressors were related to the use of certain coping types. A model is proposed to account for the process of coping with organizational change stressors, which is offered for quantitative validation.
When Is Appreciative Inquiry Transformational?
Authors: Bushe Gervase R. , Kassam Aniq F.
Published: May 2005

Twenty cases of the use of appreciative inquiry (AI) for changing social systems published before 2003 were examined to look for the presence or absence of transformational change and the use of seven principles and practices culled from a review of the theoretical literature on AI. Although all cases began by collecting stories of the positive, followed the 4-D model, and adhered to five principles of AI articulated by Cooperrider and Whitney, only seven (35%) showed transformational outcomes. Highly consistent differences between the transformational cases and the others led the authors to conclude that two qualities of appreciative inquiry that are different from conventional organizational development and change management prescriptions are key to AI's transformative potential: (a) a focus on changing how people think instead of what people do and (b) a focus on supporting self-organizing change processes that flow from new ideas.
A Field Experiment Assessing the Impact of the Focused Diagnosis Intervention on Job Autonomy
Authors: Shperling Zipi , Shirom Arie
Published: May 2005

A field experiment assessed the effects of a diagnostic intervention based on the focused diagnostic model (FD) on changes in job autonomy over time. The moderating effects of the FD on the relations of self-efficacy and participative management climate with job autonomy also were investigated. Atotal of 151 health care employeesworking in 34 primary health care clinics completed both the pretest and posttest surveys. As hypothesized, the results indicated a main effect of the FD intervention on job autonomy. The authors also found that the FD moderated the effects of self-efficacy and participative management on job autonomy for those in the experimental condition. As expected, for employees in the experimental condition with relatively low levels of self-efficacy and participative management, the FDcounteracted the negative impact of such lowlevels on job autonomy, whereas no such effect was observed in the control group.
Dead Slow: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Loitering in Battlespace
Authors: Blackmore Tim
Published: May 2005

Unmanned (or Uninhabited) Aerial Vehicles are a key part of the American military's so-called revolution in military affairs (RMA) as practiced over Iraq. They are also part of the drive to shift agency away from humans and toward machines. This article considers the ways in which humans have, in calling on high technologies to distance them from what the military calls the “dull, the dirty, and the dangerous,” hoped to avoid responsibility for murder in wartime. In examining the claims of weapons manufacturers and their military customers, the article focuses on the concept of “systems of systems” and the various outcomes such battlespace imaginings might have for human beings. The article concludes that the RMA entertains a fantasy of human agency while technological systems call out to and conjure up other technological systems that are possessed not only of their own logics but also purposes that are hidden and disturbing.
Evaluating European Climate Change Policy: An Ecological Justice Approach
Authors: Muhovic-Dorsner Kamala
Published: May 2005

To date, the concept of ecological justice, when applied to international climate change policy, has largely focused on the North-South dichotomy and has yet to be extended to Central and Eastern European countries. This article argues that current formulations of climate change policy cannot address potential issues of ecological injustice to Central and Eastern European countries. Several Central and Eastern European countries recently joined the European Union, but ecological justice discourse in the EU is shown to be underdeveloped. Although the analysis argues that equal per capita emissions is a socially and ecologically useful starting point for EU climate policy, it is further argued that bringing pertinent regional concerns into the discussion can enhance efforts to realize just outcomes to the climate problem.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Mississippi Loggers and Environmentalists Toward the Forest Industry
Authors: Habig Rachel B. , Grado Stephen C. , Grace Laura A. , Capella Louis M.
Published: May 2005

Uncertainty about the acceptability of the forest industry and its practices to the citizens of Mississippi provided the impetus for a study of the attitudes and perceptions of eight constituency groups toward the forest industry in the state. This study examines attitudes and perceptions of two of those groups, loggers and two environmentalists/conservationists, and finds similarities and differences. Survey data analysis finds that all groups hold similar perceptions of themes defining the forest industry and forest industry occupations but differ concerning activities the industry does or does not perform well and environmental problems associated with the forest industry. Mississippi Loggers Association members hold more positive attitudes/perceptions, similar to those of the Mississippi Wildlife Federation. Attitudes/perceptions of Mississippi 2020, a small grassroots organization, differ from Mississippi Loggers Association members in all instances and from Mississippi Wildlife Federation members on some issues.
Implementing STS Curriculum: From University Courses to Elementary Classrooms
Authors: Henning Mary Beth , King Kenneth P.
Published: May 2005

Elementary education students enrolled in both science methods and social studies methods coursework implemented standards-based STS lessons during their clinical experience. Data were collected from preservice teachers, elementary/middle school students, and cooperating in-service teachers. Findings from each school group include (a) preservice teachers' content knowledge in science and social studies hindered their development of meaningful STS curriculum, (b) the STS curriculum development and implementation experience increased preservice teachers' anxieties, (c) interviews with elementary students after the STS learning suggest that they did achieve some understanding of science and social studies, and (d) cooperating in-service teachers' conceptualization of curriculum differed from the science and social studies professors' understanding.
Living in the Labyrinth of Technology: Industrialization and Humanity's Third Megaproject
Authors: Vanderburg Willem H.
Published: May 2005

This article is based on the general introduction and the opening sections of chapters 1 and 2 from the author's book,Living in the Labyrinth of Technology. It revisits the process of industrialization as having a dual component: people changing technology and technology changing people. The latter is almost universally overlooked and provides a different perspective.
Tackling the Dilemma of the Science-Policy Interface in Environmental Policy Analysis
Authors: Cimorelli Alan J. , Stahl Cynthia H.
Published: May 2005

Scientifically derived environmental indicators are central to environmental decision analysis. This article examines the interface between science (environmental indicators) and policy, and the dilemma of their integration. In the past, science has been shown to dominate many policy debates, usually with unfavorable results. The issue, therefore, is not whether science can determine policy but how science can be part of a more holistic analysis that incorporates other critical perspectives. This article discusses the importance of considering alternative views (as represented by different scientific indicators) within the policy debate. Six example ozone indicators, constructed from the same raw data, are used to illustrate this point. Two represent newly developed indicators that respond to present-day policy questions at theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The article concludes with a brief discussion of how such indicators can be used to better define a policy question, inform the policy debate, and evaluate policy alternatives.
Periodization in Marketing History
Authors: Hollander Stanley C. , Rassuli Kathleen M. , Jones D. G. Brian , Dix Laura Farlow
Published: May 2005

This article explores some of the purposes, advantages, problems, and limitations of periodizing marketing history and the history of marketing thought. A sample of twenty-eight well-known periodizations taken from marketing history, the history of marketing thought, and business history is used to illustrate these themes. The article concludes with recommendations about how to periodize historical research in marketing.
Addressing Sustainability and Consumption
Authors: Schaefer Anja , Crane Andrew
Published: May 2005

This article examines issues of sustainability in relation to consumption. The authors first discuss the notion of sustainable consumption and the link between individual consumer behavior and the macroconcerns of understanding and influencing aggregate consumption levels. The authors then reflect on the differing perspectives on whether consumption patterns are in need of adjustment. In the main part of the article, the authors then explore the issue of sustainable consumption through the lens of two broadly differing conceptualizations of consumption itself, discussing four main questions for each of these conceptualizations: (1) How is this view of consumption linked to prevalent current understandings of sustainable consumption? (2) How would sustainability be achieved following this perspective on consumption? (3) To whom would this view of sustainable consumption appeal or not appeal? and (4) What would the roles and responsibilities of different social actors be in achieving sustainability following this view of consumption?
Art versus Commerce as a Macromarketing Theme in Three Films from the Young-Man-with-a-Horn Genre
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: May 2005

Readers interested in macro marketing likely surpass traditional marketers in their concern for aspects of art for art’s sake as opposed to art for mart’s sake. Macromarketers also likely are keen to expand their influence and to make broader contributions. In this spirit, this article examines the theme of art versus commerce via a semiotic analysis of cinemusical moments in three films from the young-man-with-a-horn genre. Specifically, in the film industry during the latter half of the past century, the stature of jazz shifted from America’s commercially successful popular music (swing) to an esoteric, elitist, and even exclusionary art form (bebop and beyond). The article ends with a coda sharing thoughts on the social trap and possible societal costs manifest in conflicts between commercial and artistic interests and pressures.
Intrusive Promotion as Market Failure: How Should Society Impact Marketing?
Authors: Redmond William H.
Published: May 2005

If society’s wishes were speedily and thoroughly carried out by marketers, certain marketing practices would have been sharply reduced, if not eliminated, by now. Practices such as telemarketing and e-mail spam are obvious examples. What is equally obvious is that marketers who engage in such practices have consistently and willfully ignored society’s wishes. Because most recipients are not parties to a transaction, these marketing practices constitute a negative externality in which the impacted individuals have little economic voice with which to influence marketers. This article outlines the U.S. government’s regulatory response to telemarketing annoyance, along with two alternatives that did not occur: voluntary self-regulation and property rights. The discussion section assesses several aspects of these three remediation approaches, including market proscription, legitimacy of industry resistance, problems of volunteerism, property rights, and trust.
Services in Society and Academic Thought: An Historical Analysis
Authors: Vargo Stephen L. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: May 2005

This article traces the development of economic activity and the sociopolitical, philosophical, and scientific agenda from which the present goods-centered paradigm of marketing emanated. The authors suggest that the services-centered model of exchange, abandoned during this development, is more appropriate for the advancement of the understanding of exchange relationships.
Consumer Misbehavior: The Rise of Self-Service Grocery Retailing and Shoplifting in the United Kingdom c. 1950-1970
Authors: Phillips Simon , Alexander Andrew , Shaw Gareth
Published: May 2005

Literature within the fields of consumer behavior, retail geography, and history attests to the varying ways that consumers use retail space not only for legitimate acts of consumption but also for illegal forms of shopping behavior. In this context, this article approaches shoplifting by customers in self-service grocery stores, including supermarkets, in the United Kingdom in the period 1950-1970. Through an analysis of a range of trade and consumer publications, the article explores how retailers and consumers reacted to and reported on the increasing rate of thefts in the period. It reveals the contradictory position of retail managers, responsible for controlling the pilferage problem but also involved in its very stimulation. It also highlights the considerable attention given to the store environment as a cause of shoplifting. The article aims to improve the understanding of the ways in which the consumer may react to periods of change in retailing.
Advocacy for Breastfeeding: Making a Difference One Community at a Time
Authors: Spatz Diane L. , Sternberg Allison
Published: May 2005

In response to the need for health care professionals skilled in lactation management, a breastfeeding course was developed and taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1995, Nursing 361 has been offered to undergraduate junior and senior students. The aim of this article is to discuss how through coursework, nursing students can provide breastfeeding advocacy and change the breastfeeding culture one community at a time. This article provides guidelines for others to conduct such projects, as well as exemplars to demonstrate how advocacy can change communities. Through development of an advocacy project during the course of a semester, a student learns about his or her identified community and is able to make an impact that often lasts years after his or her project is completed. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):186-190
Learning to Lobby for Probreastfeeding Legislation: The Story of a Texas Bill to Create a Breastfeeding-Friendly Physician Designation
Authors: Wilson-Clay Barbara , Rourke Janet Wier , Bolduc Marianne Baker , Stagg Julie D. , Flatau Gretchen , Vaugh Beverly
Published: May 2005

Legislation can reduce institutional barriers to breastfeeding. Lobbying is the process by which legislation is influenced by a special interest group. While generally thought of as an activity available only to the rich and powerful, lobbying by lactation activists can be an effective way to change public policy. A breastfeeding coalition in central Texas has been involved with lobbying efforts since 1995. Tactical lessons learned are shared to inspire and assist others seeking to pass probreastfeeding legislation. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):191-198.
Screening of Virulence Determinants in Enterococcus faecium Strains Isolated From Breast Milk
Authors: Reviriego Carlota , Eaton Tracy , Martín Rocío , Jiménez Esther , Fernández Leónides , Gasson Michael J. , Rodríguez Juan M.
Published: May 2005

In a previous study, the authors isolated lactic acid bacteria from breast milk of healthy mothers. Since some of the identified isolates belonged to the species Enterococcus faecium, the objective of this work was to evaluate their safety. The enterococcal strains were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization for the presence of virulence determinants. The potential of the strains to acquire plasmids by conjugation was investigated by screening for genes involved in conjugation processes. Parallel, phenotypic assays were performed. Presence of genes conferring resistance to vancomycin was assessed by PCR. PCR amplifications and Southern hybridizations revealed that all the strains were clear of the majority of potential virulence determinants. None of the strains showed gelatinase activity, hemolysin production, or aggregation phenotype, and none carried the vanA or vanB genes. These findings suggest that milk of healthy mothers may be a source of avirulent E faecium isolates to the newborns. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):131-137.
Breast Pump Adverse Events: Reports to the Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Brown S. Lori , Bright Roselie A. , Dwyer Diane E. , Foxman Betsy
Published: May 2005

Breast pumps are medical devices used to express milk and maintain the milk supply. The purpose of this study was to characterize adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on breast pumps. Thirty-seven adverse event reports on breast pumps were identified from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database between 1992 and 2003. Four additional reports were found in the Device Experience Network database from 1992 to 1996. The most commonly reported adverse events for electric breast pumps were pain, soreness, or discomfort; the need for medical intervention; and breast tissue damage. Most frequently reported problems for manual breast pumps were breast tissue damage and infection. Contamination of breast milk during pumping was also reported. Breast pump adverse events are likely underreported to the FDA. Reporting adverse events is important for improving the design and manufacture of breast pumps and subsequently decreasing adverse events. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):169-174.
The Cup-Versus-Bottle Debate: A Theme From an Ethnographic Study of the Supplementation of Breastfed Infants in Hospital in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cloherty Michele , Alexander Jo , Holloway Immy , Galvin Kate , Inch Sally
Published: May 2005

This article reports 1 theme from an ethnographic study that aimed to describe the experiences, expectations, and beliefs of mothers and health care professionals concerning supplementation in a UK maternity unit. Observation was conducted on the postnatal ward and the newborn infant unit, and 30 mothers, 17 midwives, 4 neonatal nurses, 3 health care assistants, 3 senior house officers, and 3 senior pediatricians gave in-depth interviews during a 9-month period in 2002. One of the major themes that emerged was the cup-versus-bottle debate. There were 3 categories strongly linked to this theme: difficulties returning to the breast, ease of use, and necessary skills and knowledge. It appears there is an urgent need to determine which is the best method of giving supplementary feeds, so that full, accurate information can be given to mothers, appropriate policies be devised, and the necessary resources and staff training be provided. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):151-162.
Extent, Accuracy, and Credibility of Breastfeeding Information on the Internet
Authors: Shaikh Ulfat , Scott Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

Our objective was to test and describe a model for evaluating Websites related to breastfeeding. Forty Websites most likely to be accessed by the public were evaluated for extent, accuracy, credibility, presentation, ease of use, and adherence to ethical and medical Internet publishing standards. Extent and accuracy of Website content were determined by a checklist of critical information. The majority of Websites reviewed provided accurate information and complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Approximately half the Websites complied with standards of medical Internet publishing. While much information on breastfeeding on the Internet is accurate, there is wide variability in the extent of information, usability of Websites, and compliance with standards of medical Internet publishing. Results of this study may be helpful to health care professionals as a model for evaluating breastfeeding-related Websites and to highlight considerations when recommending or designing Websites. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):175-183.
Breast Fat and Fallacies: More Than 100 Years of Anatomical Fantasy
Authors: Nickell William B. , Skelton Jackie
Published: May 2005

The authors studied the anatomy of 136 patients who underwent breast reduction surgery from 1998 to 2003 to determine the relationship of breast fat to the glandular tissue of the breast. Histological sections of freshly preserved breast tissue taken from representative patients were examined and compared to depictions of normal breast anatomy as portrayed in standard anatomical texts from the classic work of Sir Astley Cooper in 1845 to current publications such as Auberbach and Riordan’s Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. Most texts portray little intermix of fat with the glandular tissue of the breast. Our studies confirm the texts that demonstrate the fat and glandular tissue to be inseparable and present in continuity with each other except in the subcutaneous plane where only fat is present. The implications of this anatomical fact as it relates to breast surgery and human lactation are discussed. Journal of Human Lactation. 21(2):126-130.
Willow’s Way
Authors: Lewis Patrick J. , Wallace Karen
Published: May 2005

Adolescence has long been viewed as a time of difficulties at best and turmoil and crisis at worst; however, many researchers, psychologists, and youth workers suggest that the evidence does not support this general, albeit persistent, perception. Nevertheless, many adolescents do have difficulties, turmoil, crises, and a whole plethora of other disruptive experiences during this period of development. This is one story about an adolescent girl as told from her parents’ perspective and experience of parenting her during approximately a 3-year period when she was 15 to 18 years of age. It is told through story but also through mixed media images. The story and the images both share and take over the pages with the “general story of adolescence.”
Researching the Images of Evil Events: An Arts-Based Methodology in Liminal Space
Authors: Herman Lisa
Published: May 2005

This article explores an arts-based methodology for nonparticipant researchers to engage potentially overwhelming images of evil events. Nonparticipants in evil events such as genocide must access and stay engaged with images of these events to take informed action in the world. Linear discourse and historical facts do not adequately convey this disturbing material. Images are accessible to researchers in liminal space: the space between historical facts and our imagination. Through artfully collecting this data in liminal space, researchers maintain an active presence in the inquiry. The images themselves are researchers’ coparticipants, bringing researchers important information. Researchers can, through their own art practice, then shape the encounter into a creative act for their communities. An arts-based methodology in liminal space, in addition to providing a containing methodology for the difficult experience of researchers into evil events, offers an epistemology for creating new knowledge.
Beard Stories: Signification of Facial Hair In and Out of South Korea
Authors: Kien Grant
Published: May 2005

To sport a beard signifies something. Stories are not generally written about being clean shaven. Although perfectly natural, a beard is an add-on, like an extra appendage. A beard is a style choice. This series of autoethnographic vignettes shows some of the added effects of a beard felt by a body aesthetic that already signifies “foreigner” in the national imaginary of South Korea. What begins with a simple assumption about a marker of foreignness and difference later serves as a signifier of normative tropes, an ethnic identifier, as a sexual and political marker, and eventually comes to unveil a deeper cultural dimension within the context of its interpretation. Finally, through the process of reflecting on its erasure, the depth of personal significance of the beard in question is revealed.
Home
Authors: Davis Christine S.
Published: May 2005

This story of the author’s struggle with her mother’s death is a testimony of suffering, meaning, transcendence, and spirituality. The author’s mother was in the Hospice Home for seven days. She died on the author’s birthday. During this time, they struggled with callous doctors, incompetent nurses, tedious waiting, painful emotions, and wrenching farewells. The author struggled with revising the meaning of normalcy, with promises to take care of her mother amid the reality that she could not. This is a chaos narrative and a quest narrative. It tells the story of a journey through hell, ending up, if not in heaven, at least back on earth.
Baring Withness: Community, Performance, and the Uncommon In and Around the Virginia Theatre in Champaign, Illinois
Authors: Kohn Nathaniel , Cain Rebecca
Published: May 2005

This article examines the performative potentials of solitary individuals watching films together in a grand restored movie palace and how those performances contribute to creating and redefining community as an inclusive human activity. The authors invoke the work of such continental thinkers as Giorgio Agamben, Jean-Luc Nancy, and Jean Baudrillard to see how the shared viewing experience, in all its mystery, can be transported fromthe theatre into the streets of a medium-sized American city and the everyday lives of those who live there. More traditional, exclusive community theory is examined and critiqued as the authors work to identify what Agamben called the “coming community” and see how theatre and performance can help inspire something new—an uncommon commonality.
On to the Next Level: Continuing the Conceptualization of the Bricolage
Authors: Kincheloe Joe L.
Published: May 2005

The bricolage offers insight into new forms of rigor and complexity in social research. This article explores new forms of complex, multimethodological, multilogical forms of inquiry into the social, cultural, political, psychological, and educational domains. Picking up where his previous Qualitative Inquiry article on the bricolage left off, this article examines not only the epistemological but also the ontological dimensions of multimethodological/multitheoretical research. Focusing on webs of relationships instead of simply things-in-themselves, the bricoleur constructs the object of study in a more complex framework. In this process, attention is directed toward processes, relationships, and interconnections among phenomena. Such analysis leads bricoleurs to multiple dimensions of multilogicality. In this context, the article generates a variety of important categories in which multiple perspectives may be constructed: methodology, theory, interpretation, power relations, and narratology.
Developing a Wound Management Orientation Program Using Evidence-Based Guidelines
Authors: Cullen Margaret , Cox Fran
Published: May 2005

Staff development specialists and certified wound, ostomy, continence nurses must be leaders in the design of orientation programs that will assist nurses new to the practice of home health care develop wound care management skills. An orientation developed on evidence-based practice is essential to ensure quality, safe patient outcomes, and positive fiscal outcomes. This article describes the basic elements essential to a comprehensive orientation and suggests several models to assist the orientee in developing competency in wound care.
Resources for Assisting Nurses to Use Evidence as a Basis for Home Care Nursing Practice
Authors: Rutledge Dana N.
Published: May 2005

Resources are needed throughout the process of implementing evidence-based practice from the initial search for evidence through the evaluation of outcomes. Administrative support is a critical resource for any change to occur and be maintained. This article describes the resources that are available and that may be useful at different phases of the evidence-based practice process. For example, to find prepared literature syntheses and guidelines, nurses need either a medical librarian or expertise in using computerized bibliographic databases. Tools are described for use in (a) critical appraisal of literature and guidelines and (b) evaluation of the context in which a practice change is being considered.
Diversity in Online Teaching: When Culture and Online Education Conflict
Authors: Fox Ola H.
Published: May 2005

Developing and implementing communication strategies to counterbalance the obstacles to social interaction created by the separation of learners from one another present a challenge for Internet-based instructors. Sensitivity is required to accommodate ethnically diverse variations in communicative practices so that learners are neither penalized for their cultural differences nor impeded in their learning processes by those differences. The literate discourse style imbedded in the online threaded discussion may be a new way of communicating for learners with a culturally based oral discourse style. Ill-structured problems, facilitation, and explicit criteria for evaluation that is distinctly different from the directions for participating in the discussion help students make a successful transition from speaking in the classroom to writing in the online threaded discussion.