bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PESQUISA EM ATIVIDADE FÍSICA ADAPTADA: OBJETOS DE ESTUDO E METODOLOGIAS
Authors: Tanure Alves Maria Luiza , Storch Jalusa , Harnisch Gabriela , Strapasson Aline Miranda , Gavião de Almeida José Júlio , Duarte Edison
Published: April 2017

RESUMOO texto aborda a construção da Atividade Física Adaptada (AFA) como área de conhecimento, abordando seu desenvolvimento, objetos de estudos, métodos e resultados alcançados. Estudos epistemológicos definem a AFA como um campo de conhecimentos cross-disciplinar, com foco em três pontos: 1) Adaptação; 2) Diferenças Individuais; 3) Atividade Física. Há predominância pelo design quantitativo com crescimento nos estudos qualitativos. No campo da educação física adaptada, a inclusão começa a ser defendida como melhoria da qualidade de ensino para todos e não apenas para alunos com deficiência. Há necessidade de reflexão sobre o acesso e o impacto das pesquisas na prática profissional.Palavras-chave: Pesquisa. Atividade Física Adaptada. Educação Física Adaptada.  Research on Adapted Physical Activity:study objects and methodologies.ABSTRACTThe text covers the construction of Adapted Physical Activity(APA) as na área of knowledge,addressing its development, subjects, methods and results. Epistemological studies define APA as na área of cross-disciplinary knowledge, focusing on three points:1) Adaptation; 2) Individual Differences; 3) PhysicalActivity. Quantitative design predominates, but the number of qualitative studies is increasing. In the Field of adapted physical education, inclusion has been understood as na improvement in the quality of education for all and not just for students with disabilities.It is necessary to re-think the access and impact of research in professional practice.Keywords: Research. Adapted Physical Activity. Adapted Physical EducationLa investigación sobre la Actividad Física Adaptada:objetos de estúdio y metodologías.RESUMENEl texto abarca la construcción de la Actividad Física Adaptada (APA) como un área de conocimiento, frente a su desarrollo, los estudios de objetos, métodos y resultados. Estudios epistemológicos definen la AFA como un campo de conocimiento multidisciplinar, centrándose en tres puntos: 1) Adaptación; 2) Las diferencias individuales; 3) Actividad Física. Hay un predominio por diseño cuantitativo con un crecimiento en los estudios cualitativos. En el campo de la educación física adaptada, la inclusión comienza a ser defendido como la mejora de la calidad de la educación para todos y no sólo para los estudiantes con discapacidades. Existe la necesidad de reflexión sobre el acceso y el impacto de la investigación en la práctica profesional.Palabras clave: Investigación. Adaptado de la Actividad Física. Educación Física Adaptada.
ESTADO DO CONHECIMENTO: A CATEGORIA EXPERIÊNCIA NO ÂMBITO DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Oliveira Diehl Vera Regina , Wittizorecki Elisandro Schultz , Neto Vicente Molina
Published: April 2017

ResumoEste artigo analisa as produções científicas e bibliográficas sobre a experiência e trabalho docente no âmbito da Educação Física escolar. Para análise dessas produções, observamos o debate epistemológico, a abordagem teórico-metodológica e as considerações finais. Entre as aprendizagens construídas no decorrer da revisão bibliográfica, destacamos que os conceitos apresentados por autores provenientes de diferentes concepções filosóficas contribuíram para superar a compreensão de experiência como um acúmulo temporal do sujeito diante dos acontecimentos no mundo. É possível observar que as pesquisas na área da Educação Física abordando a temática experiência, a partir de um viés epistemológico, ainda, são muito incipientes.Palavras-chave: Educação Física. Experiência. Trabalho.
Viewpoint phenomena in constructions and discourse
Authors: Dancygier Barbara
Published: April 2017

In this paper, I argue for an approach which treats perspective-taking and viewpoint as conceptual patterns prompted by a range of linguistic forms. I show that commonly discussed perspective-taking phenomena cannot be represented in sufficient depth by looking, on the one hand, at local sentence-level issues of disambiguation and, on the other hand, at the “common ground” explanations pertaining to some global communicative context. At the same time, I show that viewpoint phenomena are pervasive in language, rather than being limited to specific instances. The main argument is that in most instances linguistic expressions represent multiple viewpoints, rather than just one, and that these multiple viewpoints form coherent networks. The paper analyses a number of examples to explicate the nature of viewpoint networks and the mechanisms which lead to interpretation of discourse on their basis. To illustrate these points, I discuss examples from discourse, constructions which specialize in profiling viewpoint configurations (for example, various forms of reported speech, etc.), and grammatical forms (such as tense, pronouns, and determiners). The argument is additionally supported by data from gesture and newly emerging forms of online communication.This article is part of the special collection: Perspective Taking
Failures Due to Interruptions or Distractions: A Review and a New Framework
Authors: Couffe Cyril , Michael George A.
Published: April 2017

Interruptions of ongoing activities have spread since the development of and global increase in technology use and the general speeding in pace we all experience every day. Their negative effects are well known: decline in performance and emotional distress. However, the literature still needs to shed light on the exact cognitive mechanisms involved in the way users decide to reply to an interruption, on the effects of interruptions of different durations, and on factors influencing reactivation of task schemata and goals at resumption. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the existing literature and models, uncover unresolved challenges, and propose new ways to confront them. We first review the substantive findings of recent decades from different domains (human–computer interaction, cognitive and experimental psychology, ergonomics), and their respective methodological and theoretical contributions. Then we propose a general and operationalized definition of an interruption; review the different cognitive models of attention, executive control, and working memory that best explain the impact of interruptions; describe current challenges and questions that remain open for future studies; and finally propose an integrative research framework, the DETOUR, which clarifies the cognitive processes at play during interruptions. We believe this work can directly affect the current state of the art, leading to new fundamental studies and applied solutions for the management of interruptions.
Impact of nursing students’ profile on burnout syndrome and hardiness personality
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Marques da , Guido Laura De Azevedo , Lopes Luis Felipe Dias , Costa Ana Lucia Siqueira , Serrano Patrícia Maria , Umann Juliane
Published: April 2017

Objective: The stressful college environment may cause Burnout Syndrome in nursing students, but few of them present stress resistance and do not show Burnout signs. Investigations that simultaneously assess these groups are limited. So, we assessed the impact of nursing students’ profile (biosocial and academic features) on the occurrence of Burnout Syndrome and Hardiness Personality.Methods: Cross-sectional, analytic and quantitative study. We applied a biosocial and academic form, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Hardiness Scale in 570 Brazilian nursing students. Logistic and linear regression analysis were used to assess the impact of biosocial and academic features on Burnout and Hardiness. The Ethics Research Committee at the University approved this project under protocol No. 0380.0.243.000-10.Results: Interest of keeping enrolled in course, sedentary lifestyle, semester and number of disciplines taken by students significantly contributed to increase the Burnout scores. Age, absence of children, living with family, dissatisfaction with nursing course and the unemployment significantly increased Hardiness scores. The variable “academic load” contributed to both phenomena.Conclusions: While biosocial features strength the hardy components in nursing students, protecting them from negative stress outcomes, nursing training characteristics seem negatively impact on student’s health. Thus, identifying the factors that contribute to stress resistance and those that may increase the risk of Burnout, will support interventions that to promote Hardy personality and prevent Burnout in academic environment.
The Effect of Brain-Based Teaching on Young EFL Learners’ Self-Efficacy
Authors: Oghyanous Parastoo Alizadeh
Published: April 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of brain-based teaching on the self-efficacy of young EFL learners. The initial participants of the study were 90 learners within the age range of 13-16 who were selected based on convenience sampling. Theses 90 young EFL learners were given a Flyers test the scores of which were used to choose 60 homogeneous learners whose scores fell within the range of +/- one standard deviation from the mean. The 60 selected learners were then divided into an experimental and a control group. A Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C), developed by Muris (2001) was administered to the participants in both groups before and after the treatment after being translated into Persian and piloted for reliability check. To implement brain-based teaching in the experimental group, the researcher taught the lessons based on the three techniques of Brain Based Teaching Approach (BBTA). The three techniques used were Relaxed Alertness (RA), Orchestrated Immersion (OI) and Active Processing (AP) in line with Thomas and Swamy (2014). The results of statistical analyses indicated that brain-based teaching approach had a significant effect on students’ self-efficacy. The findings of the study can have implications for both students and EFL teachers in the realm of foreign language learning and teaching.
The Power Game: Power Dynamics between the Teacher and the Students in a Graduate Seminar
Authors: Sidky Gihan
Published: April 2017

This study investigated power relations in a graduate seminar on Literacy learning and knowledge acquisition. Three categories were examined in relation to ideological assumptions: students’ expectations, institution’s expectations, and teachers’ perceptions of their roles as guided by their teaching perspectives. The study aimed at identifying how those aspects shaped by ideological perspectives influenced the interviewed teachers’ viewpoints about power dynamics. It also addressed the dominance of the mainstream norms over those of the minority students coming from different cultures. The issue of voice in relation to diversity was discussed as an important factor that shaped power relations in classroom discourse. A critical perspective was adopted throughout the paper with the purpose of advocating a pedagogical stance that would encourage the empowerment of students and build upon their diversity. Through the study of field notes and audio tapes of interviews and classroom interactions, three main factors seemed to have contributed to teachers’ perceptions of power relations within classroom settings. The factors were: students’ expectations, institutions’ expectations, and teachers’ perceptions of their roles. Regarding issues of voice, participants seemed to have come to a consensus concerning reasons that might have led to persistence on teachers’ part to students’ conformity to mainstream norms, which they explained in terms of limitations in most teachers training in dealing with diversity.
The Construction of EAP Textbooks in Chinese Context from the Perspective of Eco-education Theory
Authors: Dali Ning
Published: April 2017

The increase of international exchange in education triggers strong demand for learning English language skills in various academic disciplines among Chinese students, which brings up a wide implementation of EAP (English for academic purposes) learning in universities in China. However, the teaching and learning result do not seem to be as satisfactory. A key factor to the disappointing situation is the lack of suitable textbooks. Currently, most of the few domestically designed EAP textbooks only focus on the reading and writing and cannot meet the learners’ needs of overall (listening, speaking, reading and writing) development. The adoption of textbooks designed abroad was found unable to cater to the needs and language proficiency of the learners in China. There is an urgent need of constructing localized textbook for EAP learning in Chinese context. Previous frameworks on textbook design are mainly based on linguistic theories, which though offer theoretical support of language study from the perspective of learning subjects did not pay attention to the interconnection of factors within the learning environment. This paper proposes the application of eco-education theory to the design of a localized EAP textbook. It stresses the importance of the interrelations between textbook, editor, researcher, teacher and student during the process of designing a localized textbook so as to promote a healthy and sustainable development of EAP learning in Chinese context.
The Relationship between FDI, Economic Growth and Financial Development in Cabo Verde
Authors: Duarte Leandro Do Rosário Viana , Kedong Yin , Xuemei Li
Published: April 2017

This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth and financial development in Cabo Verde for the period 1987-2014.The methodology involves the use of bound test approach to cointegration (ARDL) as well as the ECM-Granger causality analysis. The bound test indicated that there is a long-run relationship when the variable GDP and FDI are the dependent variable. Moreover, the results indicated that FDI has a positive effect on the economic growth in Cabo Verde. It also found a bidirectional causality between FDI and economic growth, i.e. FDI granger causes GDP and GDP granger cause FDI. Thus, we concluded that higher levels of FDI inflow mean higher levels of economic growth and vice versa for the economy of Cabo Verde. Furthermore, we found that both economic growth and domestic credit to private sector are important factors in stimulating the FDI into the country. These results found are important for the country policymakers to take appropriate measures to enhance and improve the condition for FDI inflow in Cabo Verde.
Abstracts from the 25th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry
Authors: CAGP Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiarty
Published: April 2017

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Návrat zásady superficies solo cedit – zaměření na přechodná ustanovení občanského zákoníku, komparace s řešením německým
Authors: Lebedová Anna
Published: April 2017

Příspěvek je zaměřen na koncepci návratu zásady superficies solo cedit do českého právního řádu. Věnuje se především analýze přechodných ustanovení občanského zákoníku, jež mají za úkol znovuzavedení zmiňovaného principu realizovat. Přístup českého právního řádu je pak porovnáván s řešením, ke kterému bylo přistoupeno v obdobném případě počátkem devadesátých let minulého století v Německu. Příspěvek obsahuje rovněž polemiku s názory řešícími potřebu zakotvení superficiální zásady a její přínos. V souvislosti s uvedeným principem se konkrétně věnuje právu stavby a předkupnímu právu v obou dotčených právních úpravách.
Powerful Meanings for Logarithms
Authors: Siebert Daniel K.
Published: April 2017

Support student reasoning by supplementing a common but problematic meaning for logarithms.
Quickfire Challenges to Inspire Problem Solving
Authors: Harper Suzanne R. , Cox Dana C.
Published: April 2017

Emphasizing the process rather than the produced solution, the Kaleidoscope task inspires students to create an artifact for further reflection and discussion.
3000 Hits Lesson Overview
Authors: Whitney Matthew
Published: April 2017

My favorite lesson is a statistics exploration using data from Major League Baseball's (MLB) 3000-Hits Club. Students in my introductorystatistics course analyze two 1-variable data sets—career batting average and total career hits—that have significant differences in variability and distribution (Wikimedia Foundation 2017a).
Who Wants Pancakes?
Authors: Flynn Michael
Published: April 2017

Each month, elementary school teachers are presented with a problem along with suggested instructional notes; asked to use the problem in their own classrooms; and encouraged to report solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience. This article introduces a task designed around SMP 5: Use appropriate tools strategically and SMP 7: Look for and make use of structure. Students are encouraged to explore structure of fractions using multiple representations (linear, area, and discrete). Send submissions of no more than 1500 words to this department by accessing http://tcm.msubmit.net. See detailed submission guidelines for all departments at http://www.nctm.org/WriteForTCM
Степен на самота и процес на сепарация-индивидуация при хора с интелектуални затруднения и психични разстройства
Authors: Antonova Radostina Borissova , Mineva Krasimira , Dimitrov Svetozar Kostadinov
Published: April 2017

Настоящето изследване цели да опише взаимовръзките между процеса на сепарация/индивидуация и степента на преживяването за самота при хора с интелектуални затруднения и хора с психични разстройства над 18 години. Клиничната извадка се състои от 33 души с лека и умерена степен на интелектуално затруднение и 30 души с шизофрения и биполярно афективно разстройство. Те са изследвани със скала за самота на Университета в Калифорния, Лос Анджелос (UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version 3) и Въпросник за сепарация-индивидуация (Separation – Individuation Process Inventory). Резултатите сочат, че стойностите по двете променливи (степен на самота и сепарация-индивидуация) и при двете групи изследвани лица са над средните за нормата. Също така между двете променливи съществува правопропорционална причинно-следствена връзка, т.е. проблемите в процеса на сепарация-индивидуация водят до високи степени на самота.
Ego development and aesthetic judgment styles in Iranian adults
Authors: Pourhosein Reza , Mohammadi-Zarghan Shahin , Soufiabadi Mehrnoosh , Atari Mohammad
Published: April 2017

The theory of ego development presents a comprehensive framework to understand personality development throughout the stages of life. In this developmental theory, the ego is considered a cognitive-based structure and the primary synthesizing and regulating agent in personality development. Art appreciation and aesthetic judgment are considered to have personality correlates and developmental aspects. The current study aimed to examine the association between ego development and aesthetic judgment styles in adults. We recruited 202 adults from a community sample in Tehran, Iran. The age of participants in this study ranged from 18 to 64 (M = 29.5, SD = 8.9). Consistent with our hypotheses, results indicated that concrete aesthetic judgment was negatively associated with ego development. Moreover, analytical and emotional aesthetic judgment styles were positively correlated with ego development. In conclusion, individuals who scored higher in ego development tended to use more advanced aesthetic judgment styles when exposed to art.
Removal of COD in wastewaters by activated charcoal from rice husk
Authors: Sanou Yacouba , Pare Samuel , Baba Gnon , Segbeaya Nyonuwosro Kwamivi , Bonzi-Coulibaly Libona Yvonne
Published: April 2017

The discharge of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage from Kara city affects the quality of Kara river water. To mitigate this water pollution, the capacity of mesoporous charcoal prepared from rice husk (RH) to remove the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater samples from five sites of Kara City was investigated. The temperature, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oxidizable matters (OM) of samples were analyzed. Batch experiments were applied to study the COD reduction by using powdered RH and two types of activated charcoals (AC). The experimental parameters used to identify optimal conditions for COD abatement are solution pH, contact time, mass of adsorbent and initial value of COD including the nature of wastewater. Activated charcoals showed a higher attenuation capacity of the COD in comparison with the rice husk powder. Maximal abatement rate (100%) of COD removal was obtained for the wastewater sample with a COD of 1 060 mg O2∙L-1 treated at pH 8 with the charcoal GAC-Base using an adsorbent concentration of 10 g∙L-1 with a contact time of 60 min.
Tester des attractions, penser le film musical. Le studio de la Paramount à Astoria (1929-19311)
Authors: Pór Katalin
Published: April 2017

Cet article cherche à mettre en lumière la dimension expérimentale conférée par la Paramount à son studio new-yorkais durant les premières années du cinéma sonore. Par l’analyse de l’évolution des processus de production et des stratégies publicitaires de la Paramount, il examine la manière dont celle-ci profite de la proximité géographique de son studio d’Astoria avec les ressources de Broadway pour en faire un espace de recherche et d’expérimentation sur la musicalité au cinéma, notamment en ce qui a trait au potentiel cinématographique des divers types d’attractions musicales scéniques et à leurs modalités d’inscription dans le long métrage de fiction. Il vise ainsi à montrer la place prépondérante occupée par les ressources théâtrales dans l’établissement des formes du cinéma musical.
Consensos e dissensos na indicação e continuidade da terapia nutricional enteral nos cuidados paliativos de pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis
Authors: Castro Juliana Maura Ferreira de , Frangella Vera Silvia , Hamada Marjorie Terumy
Published: April 2017

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) representam as principais causas de internações hospitalares, geram impactos socioeconômicos e comprometimento da qualidade de vida em virtude de suas sequelas e incapacidades, justificando a importância e necessidade crescente de associação dos cuidados paliativos ao tratamento curativo. Esta revisão narrativa visa apresentar os consensos e dissensos sobre a indicação e a continuidade da terapia nutricional enteral (TNE) nos cuidados paliativos de pacientes com DCNT. Embasou-se em publicações oficiais sobre o tema e 15 artigos divulgados nas bases de dados: LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library e Science Direct, entre os anos de 2005 e 2016. Os objetivos do suporte nutricional nos cuidados paliativos desses pacientes variam com a evolução da doença. O suplemento nutricional oral é indicado para complementar a ingestão alimentar oral insuficiente, reduzindo custos hospitalares e favorecendo melhoras clínicas e funcionais. Na ingestão alimentar menor do que 60% e sem previsão de evolução, é indicada a TNE dentro dos três primeiros dias, mas sua continuidade em doenças avançadas permanece controversa. Na fase terminal, prioriza-se o conforto, o alívio dos sintomas e não mais a adequação nutricional. Nessa fase, a nutrição e hidratação artificiais podem não ser benéficas. Dessa forma, a nutrição nos cuidados paliativos é individualizada, depende do estágio da doença e visa promover a qualidade de vida. As tomadas de decisão devem envolver a vontade do paciente e de seus familiares, considerando os princípios de autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça.
Atuação fisioterapêutica em um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia
Authors: Jorge Matheus Santos Gomes , Garbin Karina , Müller Poliana Luisa , Wibelinger Lia Mara
Published: April 2017

Introdução: As doenças reumáticas podem manifestar-se de forma isolada ou concomitante, como, por exemplo, o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, que pode associar-se à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia, comprometendo a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da fisioterapia na dor, na força de preensão palmar, no equilíbrio postural, no nível de incapacidade e na qualidade de vida de um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia. Relato de caso: Mulher, 56 anos, diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, artrite reumatoide e fibromialgia há 14 anos. Sua queixa principal era dor generalizada e intensa em diversos pontos do corpo. Foram avaliados a dor, a força de preensão palmar, o equilíbrio postural, o nível de incapacidade e a qualidade de vida. O indivíduo realizou 30 sessões de fisioterapia (cinesioterapia e hidrocinesioterapia), duas vezes por semana, entre os meses de agosto e novembro de 2015, na Clínica e Fisioterapia da Universidade de Passo Fundo. Após a intervenção, houve diminuição da dor em 5 pontos e da incapacidade em 30%; aumento da força de preensão palmar em 2,2 kgf (mão direita) e 1,2 kgf (mão esquerda); e do equilíbrio postural em 6 pontos. Como consequência, a qualidade de vida do indivíduo melhorou. Conclusão: A fisioterapia demonstrou-se eficaz na diminuição da dor e da incapacidade, no aumento da força de preensão palmar bilateral e do equilíbrio postural e na melhora da qualidade de vida em um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia.
Molecular mechanism of voltage-dependent potentiation of KCNH potassium channels
Authors: Dai Gucan , Zagotta William N
Published: April 2017

EAG-like (ELK) voltage-gated potassium channels are abundantly expressed in the brain. These channels exhibit a behavior called voltage-dependent potentiation (VDP), which appears to be a specialization to dampen the hyperexitability of neurons. VDP manifests as a potentiation of current amplitude, hyperpolarizing shift in voltage sensitivity, and slowing of deactivation in response to a depolarizing prepulse. Here we show that VDP of D. rerio ELK channels involves the structural interaction between the intracellular N-terminal eag domain and C-terminal CNBHD. Combining transition metal ion FRET, patch-clamp fluorometry, and incorporation of a fluorescent noncanonical amino acid, we show that there is a rearrangement in the eag domain-CNBHD interaction with the kinetics, voltage-dependence, and ATP-dependence of VDP. We propose that the activation of ELK channels involves a slow open-state dependent rearrangement of the direct interaction between the eag domain and CNBHD, which stabilizes the opening of the channel.
The determinants and engagement patterns of chaperones and chauffeurs by Australian doctors in after-hours house-call services
Authors: Ifediora Chris Onyebuchi
Published: April 2017

Objectives

The use of escorts (chauffeurs and chaperones) while on duty in after-hours-house-call (AHHC) is one key protective option available to doctors in the service, and has been linked to low burnout and increased satisfaction in AHHC. This study aims to explore the patterns of engagement of escorts in Australian AHHC.

Method

This is a questionnaire-based, electronic survey of all 300 doctors involved in AHHC through the National Home Doctor Service (NHDS), Australia’s largest providers of the service. The survey explored the doctor’s experiences over the 12-month period from October 2013 to September 2014.

Results

This survey received a total of 168 valid responses, giving a response rate of 56%. Nearly 61% of the doctors involved in AHHC engaged escorts (chauffeurs and chaperones). Of those doctors that engage chauffeurs, three-quarters do so “all or most times”, while only one-quarter engaged chaperones to the same degree of frequency. Hiring escorts is very popular among Brisbane (91.7%) and Sydney-based (88.2%) practitioners, but is unpopular in the City of Gold Coast (26.1%). There were moderate patronages in Adelaide (52.9%) and Melbourne Area (46.4%). Compared to males, females were less likely to drive themselves without escorts (OR 0.20; P < 0.01; CI [0.07–0.57]), but more likely to engage chauffeurs (OR 5.87; P = 0.03; CI [1.16–29.77]). Practitioners who were apprehensive were three times more likely to either engage escorts as chauffeurs (OR 3.10; P = 0.04; CI [1.05–9.15]) or as an accompanying chaperone if they self-drive (OR 3.03; P = 0.02; CI [1.16–7.89]).

Conclusion

More needs to be done to increase the engagement of escorts by doctors involved in the Australian AHHC, particularly given their proven benefits in the service. Future studies may be needed to fully explore the real reasons behind the significant associations identified in this study.
Immunoassays for the quantification of ALK and phosphorylated ALK support the evaluation of on‐target ALK inhibitors in neuroblastoma
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth R. , Tall Jennifer R. , Danielson Laura S. , Gowan Sharon , Jamin Yann , Robinson Simon P. , Banerji Udai , Chesler Louis
Published: April 2017

Targeted inhibition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a successful approach for the treatment of many ALK‐aberrant malignancies; however, the presence of resistant mutations necessitates both the development of more potent compounds and pharmacodynamic methods with which to determine their efficacy. We describe immunoassays designed to quantitate phosphorylation of ALK, and their use in preclinical models of neuroblastoma, a pediatric malignancy in which gain‐of‐function ALK mutations predict a poor overall outcome to conventional treatment. Validation of the immunoassays is presented using a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines and evidence of on‐target ALK inhibition provided by treatment of a genetically engineered murine model of neuroblastoma with two clinical ALK inhibitors, crizotinib and ceritinib, highlighting the superior efficacy of ceritinib.
Developing and Implementing a Multisource Feedback Tool to Assess Competencies of Emergency Medicine Residents in the United States
Authors: LaMantia Joseph , Yarris Lalena M. , Sunga Kharmene , Weizberg Moshe , Hart Danielle , Farina Gino , Rodriguez Elliot , Lucas Raymond , Mahmooth Zayan , Snock Alexandra , Lockyear Jocelyn
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Multisource feedback (MSF) has potential value in learner assessment, but has not been broadly implemented nor studied in emergency medicine (EM). This study aimed to adapt existing MSF instruments for emergency department implementation, measure feasibility, and collect initial validity evidence to support score interpretation for learner assessment.

Methods

Residents from eight U.S. EM residency programs completed a self‐assessment and were assessed by eight physicians, eight nonphysician colleagues, and 25 patients using unique instruments. Instruments included a five‐point rating scale to assess interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, systems‐based practice, practice‐based learning and improvement, and patient care. MSF feasibility was measured by percentage of residents who collected the target number of instruments. To develop internal structure validity evidence, Cronbach's alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency.

Results

A total of 125 residents collected a mean of 7.0 physician assessments (n = 752), 6.7 nonphysician assessments (n = 775), and 17.8 patient assessments (n = 2,100) with respective response rates of 67.2, 75.2, and 77.5%. Cronbach's alpha values for physicians, nonphysicians, patients, and self were 0.97, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that MSF implementation is feasible, although challenging. The tool and its scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency. EM educators may find the adaptation process and tools applicable to their learners.
VDR gene methylation as a molecular adaption to light exposure: Historic, recent and genetic influences
Authors: Beckett Emma L , Jones Patrice , Veysey Martin , Duesing Konsta , Martin Charlotte , Furst John , Yates Zoe , Jablonski Nina G. , Chaplin George , Lucock Mark
Published: April 2017

Objectives

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We examined whether degree of VDR gene methylation acts as a molecular adaptation to light exposure. We explored this in the context of photoperiod at conception, recent UV irradiance at 305 nm, and gene‐latitude effects.

METHODS

Eighty subjects were examined for VDR gene‐CpG island methylation density. VDR gene variants were also examined by PCR‐RFLP.

RESULTS

Photoperiod at conception was significantly positively related toVDRmethylation density, explaining 17% of the variance in methylation (r2 = 0.17;P = .001). Within this model, photoperiod at conception and plasma 25(OH)D independently predicted methylation density at theVDR‐CpG island. Recent UV exposure at 305 nm led to a fivefold increase in mean methylation density (P = .02). Again, UV exposure and plasma 25(OH)D independently predicted methylation density at theVDR‐CpG island. In the presence of the BsmI mutant allele, methylation density was increased (P = .01), and in the presence of the TaqI or FokI mutant allele, methylation density was decreased (P = .007 and .04 respectively). Multivariate modelling suggests plasma 25(OH)D, photoperiod at conception, recent solar irradiance, andVDRgenotype combine as independent predictors of methylation at theVDR‐CpG island, explaining 34% of the variance in methylation (R2 = 0.34,P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Duration of early‐life light exposure and strength of recent irradiance, along with latitudinal genetic factors, influence degree of VDR gene methylation consistent with this epigenetic phenomenon being a molecular adaptation to variation in ambient light exposure. Findings contribute to our understanding of human biology.
Androgen receptor dysfunction as a prevalent manifestation in young male carriers of a FLNA gene mutation
Authors: Carrera‐García Laura , Rivas‐Crespo Maximiliano Francisco , Fernández García María Soledad
Published: April 2017

Androgenic actions require the proper signal transmission by the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear transcription factor. This is initially located in the cell cytoplasm and should translocates to the nucleus to interact with DNA. AR functional impairment causes diverse blockage degrees of androgenic steroid action, known as androgen insensitivity syndromes. Filamin A, a protein coded by the FLNA gene, is a co‐activator of various cytoplasmic factors, including AR. The mutational inactivation of the FLNA gene induces insufficiency of translocation and activation of AR. Consequently, it causes a developmental disorder of the male gonad and hypogonadism, similar to those observed in partial androgen insensitivity. We report two brothers carrying a loss‐of‐function mutation of FNLA with gonadal differentiation disorder and hypospadias. Specific staining for AR shows almost an absolute absence of these receptors in the testicular tissue. This association recommends investigating a possible mutational inactivation of the FLNA gene in patients with cryptorchidism and epididymo‐testicular dissociation. The study is especially indicated when the family history, more often that of the mother, is suggestive. Likewise, growth and gonadal development of all male patients carrying this genetic trait should be monitored since childhood.
Expansion of the clinical phenotype of the distal 10q26.3 deletion syndrome to include ataxia and hyperemia of the hands and feet
Authors: Lacaria Melanie , Srour Myriam , Michaud Jacques L. , Doja Asif , Miller Elka , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Goldsmith Claire , Majewski Jacek ,   FORGE Canada Consortium, Boycott Kym M.
Published: April 2017

Distal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 10 is associated with a dysmorphic craniofacial appearance, microcephaly, behavioral issues, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and ocular, urogenital, and limb abnormalities. Herein, we present clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic investigations of four patients, including two siblings, with nearly identical terminal deletions of 10q26.3, all of whom have an atypical presentation of this syndrome. Their prominent features include ataxia, mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disability, and hyperemia of the hands and feet, and they do not display many of the other features commonly associated with deletions of this region. These results point to a novel gene locus associated with ataxia and highlight the variability of the clinical presentation of patients with deletions of this region.
Brief communication: An analysis of dental development in Pleistocene Homo using skeletal growth and chronological age
Authors: Šešelj Maja
Published: April 2017

Objectives

This study takes a new approach to interpreting dental development in Pleistocene Homo in comparison with recent modern humans. As rates of dental development and skeletal growth are correlated given age in modern humans, using age and skeletal growth in tandem yields more accurate dental development estimates. Here, I apply these models to fossil Homo to obtain more individualized predictions and interpretations of their dental development relative to recent modern humans.

Materials and Methods

Proportional odds logistic regression models based on three recent modern human samples (N = 181) were used to predict permanent mandibular tooth development scores in five Pleistocene subadults: Homo erectus/ergaster, Neanderthals, and anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Explanatory variables include a skeletal growth indicator (i.e., diaphyseal femoral length), and chronological age.

Results

AMHs Lagar Velho 1 and Qafzeh 10 share delayed incisor development, but exhibit considerable idiosyncratic variation within and across tooth types, relative to each other and to the reference samples. Neanderthals Dederiyeh 1 and Le Moustier 1 exhibit delayed incisor coupled with advanced molar development, but differences are reduced when femoral diaphysis length is considered. Dental development in KNM‐WT 15,000 Homo erectus/ergaster, while advanced for his age, almost exactly matches the predictions once femoral length is included in the models.

Discussion

This study provides a new interpretation of dental development in KNM‐WT 15000 as primarily reflecting his faster rates of skeletal growth. While the two AMH specimens exhibit considerable individual variation, the Neanderthals exhibit delayed incisor development early and advanced molar development later in ontogeny.
Global and local visual processing in autism: An objective assessment approach
Authors: Nayar Kritika , Voyles Angela C. , Kiorpes Lynne , Di Martino Adriana
Published: April 2017

We examined global and local visual processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) via a match‐to‐sample task using Kanizsa illusory contours (KIC). School‐aged children with ASD (n = 28) and age‐matched typically developing controls (n = 22; 7–13 years) performed a sequential match‐to‐sample between a solid shape (sample) and two illusory alternatives. We tracked eye gaze and behavioral performance in two task conditions: one with and one without local interference from background noise elements. While analyses revealed lower accuracy and longer reaction time in ASD in the condition with local interference only, eye tracking robustly captured ASD‐related global atypicalities across both conditions. Specifically, relative to controls, children with ASD showed decreased fixations to KIC centers, indicating reduced global perception. Notably, they did not differ from controls in regard to fixations to local elements or touch response location. These results indicate impaired global perception in the absence of heightened local processing in ASD. They also underscore the utility of eye‐tracking measures as objective indices of global/local visual processing strategies in ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1392–1404. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The consequences of being labelled ‘looked‐after’: Exploring the educational experiences of looked‐after children and young people in Wales
Authors: Mannay Dawn , Evans Rhiannon , Staples Eleanor , Hallett Sophie , Roberts Louise , Rees Alyson , Andrews Darren
Published: April 2017

The educational experiences and attainment of looked‐after children and young people (LACYP) remains an issue of widespread international concern. Within the UK, children and young people in care achieve poorer educational outcomes compared to individuals not in care. Despite proliferation of research documenting the reasons for educational disadvantage amongst this population, there remains limited empirical consideration of the lived experiences of the educational system, as perceived by LACYP themselves. This paper draws upon qualitative research with 67 care‐experienced children and young people in Wales. The sample was aged 6–27 years, and comprised 27 females and 40 males. Participants had experienced a range of care placements. Findings focus on how educational policies and practices alienate LACYP from dominant discourses of educational achievement through assignment of the ‘supported’ subject position, where children and young people are permitted and even encouraged not to succeed academically due to their complex and disrupted home circumstances. However, such diminished expectations are rejected by LACYP, who want to be pushed and challenged in the realisation of their potential. The paper argues that more differentiated understandings of LACYP's aspirations and capabilities need to be embedded into everyday practices, to ensure that effective educational support systems are developed.
Exploring Non‐obvious Hydrophobic Binding Pockets on Protein Surfaces: Increasing Affinities in Peptide–Protein Interactions
Authors: Balliu Aleksandra , Baltzer Lars
Published: April 2017

A 42‐residue polypeptide conjugated to a small‐molecule organic ligand capable of targeting the phosphorylated side chain of Ser15 was shown to bind glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) with a KD value of 280 nm. The replacement of hydrophobic amino acids by Ala reduced affinities, whereas the incorporation of l‐2‐aminooctanoic acid (Aoc) increased them. Replacing Nle5, Ile9 and Leu12 by Aoc reduced the KD value from 280 to 27 nm. “Downsizing” the 42‐mer to an undecamer gave rise to an affinity for GPa an order of magnitude lower, but the undecamer in which Nle5, Ile9 and Leu12 were replaced by Aoc showed a KD value of 550 nm, comparable with that of the parent 42‐mer. The use of Aoc residues offers a convenient route to increased affinity in protein recognition as well as a strategy for the “downsizing” of peptides essentially without loss of affinity. The results show that hydrophobic binding sites can be found on protein surfaces by comparing the affinities of polypeptide conjugates in which Aoc residues replace Nle, Ile, Leu or Phe with those of their unmodified counterparts. Polypeptide conjugates thus provide valuable opportunities for the optimization of peptides and small organic compounds in biotechnology and biomedicine.
Photodegradation of Polymer Materials Used for Film Coatings of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers
Authors: Yang Ling , An Di , Wang Ting-Jie , Kan Chengyou , Jin Yong
Published: April 2017

The photodegradation of three polymer materials was studied, i.e., polyolefin, polyurethane, and a copolymer of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate (P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex). These polymers are mostly used as film‐coating materials for producing controlled‐release fertilizers. The P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex film degraded at the highest rate and the film surface became porous under UV irradiation. The weak cross‐link chain in the latex film was broken and the connections between the microspheres were destroyed. A photo‐oxidative aging reaction weakened the tenacity of the latex film, which resulted in the easy release of microspheres from the film, leading to a reduction in film thickness and film tensile strength. Threfore, P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex is a promising coating material for controlled‐release fertilizers.
Selective Calixarene‐Directed Synthesis of MXene Plates, Crumpled Sheets, Spheres, and Scrolls
Authors: Vaughn Arni , Ball Jeremy , Heil Tobias , Morgan David J. , Lampronti Giulio I. , Maršalkaitė Gabija , Raston Colin L. , Power Nicholas P. , Kellici Suela
Published: April 2017

Fully exploiting the electronic and mechanical properties of 2D laminar materials not only requires efficient and effective means of their exfoliation into low dimensional layers, but also necessitates a means of changing their morphology so as to explore any enhancement that this may offer. MXenes are a rapidly emerging new class of such laminar materials with unique properties. However, access to other morphologies of MXenes has not yet been fully realised. To this end we have developed the synthesis of MXenes (Ti2C) as plates, crumpled sheets, spheres and scrolls, which involves selective intercalation of p‐phosphonic calix[n]arenes, with control in morphology arising from the choice of the size of the macrocycle, n=4, 5, 6, or 8. This opens up wider avenues of discovery/design for new morphologies from the wider family of MXenes beyond Ti2C, along with opportunities to exploit any new physico‐chemical properties proffered.
Endothelial protein C receptor is overexpressed in colorectal cancer as a result of amplification and hypomethylation of chromosome 20q
Authors: Lal Neeraj , Willcox Carrie R , Beggs Andrew , Taniere Philippe , Shikotra Aarti , Bradding Peter , Adams Richard , Fisher David , Middleton Gary , Tselepis Chris , Willcox Benjamin E
Published: April 2017

Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) is a Major Histocompatibility Complex homologue, with established roles downregulating coagulation and in endothelial protection. Expressed predominantly on endothelium, EPCR affects inflammatory, apoptotic and cell proliferation pathways by binding to activated protein C (APC). However, EPCR can also be expressed on cancer cells, although the underlying reasons are unclear. Moreover, although EPCR has been linked with chemosensitivity in lung cancer, its clinical significance in many tumours is unknown. Here, we explored its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Bioinformatic methods revealed EPCR overexpression in many epithelial cancers, which was confirmed on CRC epithelial tumour cells by immunohistochemistry. EPCR upregulation resulted from gene amplification and DNA hypomethylation, and occurred in concert with a cohort of neighbouring genes on chromosome 20q, a region previously implicated in chemoresistance. As in endothelial cells, EPCR reproducibly mediated ERK pathway activation in a model CRC cell line following APC treatment. However, EPCR knockdown studies failed to highlight compelling EPCR‐intrinsic impact on CRC cell phenotype, with limited effects on chemosensitivity and no effect on invasion observed, while EPCR appeared to decrease CRC cell migration. Consistent with these observations, differential EPCR expression did not influence response to chemotherapy in a human CRC cohort. Our results provide a compelling explanation for how EPCR is upregulated in diverse epithelial malignancies. They indicate that the clinical significance of EPCR varies across different tumour types. Furthermore, they raise the possibility that the prognostic significance of EPCR in certain tumours relates significantly to co‐upregulation of neighbouring genes on chromosome 20q. Therefore, efforts to exploit EPCR as a prognostic marker should be focussed on specific tumours, and in such scenarios EPCR‐co‐dysregulated genes may represent potential axes for therapeutic intervention.