bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factor Analytic Study of Pari Responses of Mothers of Head Start Children
Authors: Yater A. , Olivier K. , Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

Parental attitudes toward childrearing were studied among mothers of Head Start children, using factor analytic techniques. This analysis yielded three factors: Authoritarian-Control, Democratic Attitudes, and Hostility-Rejection. Since these dimensions are substantially the same as those emerging from previous factorial studies of parental attitudes among other groups of mothers, the findings were interpreted as suggesting that cultural attitudes toward childrearing may be the object of consideration rather than attitudes endorsed by specific groupings of mothers.
Interpersonal Values of Hospitalized Alcoholic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Freed Earl X.
Published: September 2011

Value structures of 39 hospitalized psychiatric patients manifesting alcoholism were compared with those of 29 hospitalized psychiatric patients without alcoholism on the Survey of Interpersonal Values. Both groups, perhaps because of their institutionalization, had their highest scores on a scale probing “Conformity.” The alcoholic group had significantly low scores on “Leadership” which was indicative of not placing value on power, authority, and leadership. A trend was also noted for the alcoholic group to be less sociable than the psychiatric group. The groups did not differ significantly on scales labeled “Support”, “Conformity”, “Recognition”, and “Benevolence.”
Residual Variance Scaling and Matrix Approximation
Authors: Horst Paul
Published: September 2011

This report treats the canonical factor analysis model as a scale-free lower-rank approximation model. Computational algorithms are developed which appear to be faster than any currently available. The method is applied to published data and the results are compared with those obtained by other methods.
Creativity as a Function of Orientation and Group Participation
Authors: Gurman Ernest B.
Published: September 2011

3 types of group orientation were studied in both nominal and real group situations. Brainstorming procedures were followed to elicit responses from the 81 male undergraduate Ss. The results of a 3 × 2 factorial design and a 6-group simple-randomized design indicated that the situational variables studied were much more significant in affecting performance than the orientation types in these situations. Further evidence indicated that Ss preferred conditions conducive to inferior performance.
Comparisons of Scores on Quick Test and Stanford-Binet Form L-M, for Retarded Children
Authors: Lamp Robert E. , Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 40 young educable retarded children, the correlation between QT IQs and SB-LM IQs was .61. Thus the Quick Test correlates moderately well with the Binet, even with a restricted range of test scores. The QT IQ was significantly higher than the Binet IQ but showed no significant sex differences in test performance. These findings suggest that as with the adult and adolescent retardate, the Quick Test can be useful in assessing functional language ability and screening intellectual levels of young school-age children.
Retarded, Normal, and Superior Subjects' Attainment of Verbal Concepts at Two Levels of Inclusiveness
Authors: Blake Kathryn A. , Williams Charlotte L.
Published: September 2011

Retarded, normal, and superior Ss were compared on their grouping object-level words by criteria at two levels of inclusiveness. With MA held constant, the groups did not differ in level of concept attainment. With CA held constant, the groups did differ: the superior exceeded the retarded and normal; and the normal exceeded the retarded. The groups did not respond differentially to the two levels of inclusiveness; and so, relationships between the groups remained constant at both levels.
Mood-Reports and the College Natural Setting: A Day in the Lives of Three Roommates under Academic Pressure
Authors: Nowlis David P. , Cohen Allan Y.
Published: September 2011

A technique is described for obtaining samples of overt and convert behavior in free-ranging Ss. The technique is illustrated with a study of three college roommates during a day just prior to a winter examination period. The Mood Adjective Check List was used as the measure of covert response and showed differences among the three Ss ( p = .01), which were meaningfully related to information obtained in earlier 3-hr. interviews. Some possibilities for using the mood-sampling technique in developing multi-level records of the temporal organization of human behavior are discussed.
Facilitation of Paired-Associate Learning by Non-Verbal Mediators
Authors: Freedman P. E. , McGehee Nan E.
Published: September 2011

80 Ss divided into 4 groups received paired-associate training under 1 of 4 mediational paradigms: stimulus equivalence, response equivalence, and 2 chaining paradigms. Different intensities of shock and tone were used as non-verbal mediators with each of 6 CVC pairs. Three other pairs were used as non-mediated controls. The use of non-verbal mediators facilitated paired-associate learning and the degree of facilitation was a direct function of the intensity of the mediators. Neither paradigms nor type of mediator were effective variables.
An Ontogenetic Study of Electrical Activities in the Cerebral Cortex of the Albino Rat
Authors: Nagamura Neiichi , Iwahara Shinkuro
Published: September 2011

The cortical potentials (EEG) of the albino rat were studied from birth to maturity. For several days after birth the EEG recordings were mostly flat with occasional appearance of 6 to 12 c/s waves of low voltage. After 5 days a long sequence of highly rhythmic waves of the same frequencies was most characteristic, often synchronous with the respiratory cycle and even after gross bodily movement. Frequency of these rhythms increased to 14 to 18 c/s at 14 days. High-voltage slow waves during behavioral sleep appeared after 7 days from birth and sleep spindles were shown after 20 days. The “activated sleep” pattern was identified and the typical features of the adult EEG were nearly complete from 20 to 30 days of age.
Some Relationships between Selected Creativity and Critical Thinking Measures
Authors: Gibson James W. , Kibler Robert J. , Barker Larry L.
Published: September 2011

Scores from selected creative thinking tests ( Object Synthesis Test. Alternate Uses Test, Apparatus Test: Drastic and Minor, and Symbol Production Test) and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (W-G) (subtests: Inference, Recognition of Assumptions, Deduction, Interpretation, Evaluation of Arguments; and total test score) were obtained from each of 100 college undergraduate Ss enrolled in a public speaking course at Butler University. The scores for the 11 subtests and total tests were intercorrelated Low, but significant, correlations were observed between scores on the Alternate Uses Test and (a) W-G total test, (b) W-G Recognition of Assumptions, and (c) W-G Interpretation. These and other significant correlations obtained indicate a relationship between critical thicking measures and creativity measures identified with adaptive flexibility.
Adaptation to a Water-Deprivation Schedule in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dutch J. , Brown L. B.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments concerned adaptation to a water deprivation schedule. Guinea pigs needed about 21 days to adjust to such a schedule, and a green supplement which is necessary for maintaining health does not interfere markedly with water consumption.
Persistence and Intermittent Reinforcement
Authors: Diciaula Peter J. , Martin Randall B. , Lotsof Erwin J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of prior experienced or instructed reinforcement schedule of success were investigated in a subsequent persistent situation. Rotter and Feather predict greater persistence or resistance to extinction, the higher the probability of previous success, while the extinction model would predict the greater resistance to extinction, the lower the previous probability of success. The results supported the extinction model.
Effects of Differential Rearing and Levels of Motivation
Authors: Gibson William E. , Gill John H. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

6 male littermate rats reared from weaning in environments of either reduced or augmented stimulus variety were compared under different conditions of motivational urgency. Tests involving high urgency—initial exposure to an open field, passive (step-down) avoidance of foot-shock, and CER acquisition—showed no differences ( ps > .05). The test involving low urgency —extinction of the CER—separated the groups ( p < .01).
Brain Mechanisms and Depressant Action of Amphetamine on Feeding Behavior
Authors: Cole Sherwood O.
Published: September 2011

Evidence related to the mediation of amphetamine anorexia is discussed in terms of adrenergic, “release-of-restraint,” and “irritative” conditions. Although the primary sire of the drug's action appears to be the adrenergic classical “feeding center,” further changes in the action following subcortical lesions of the CNS are less clearly understood. Proposed frameworks for the organization of such further changes are suggested in terms of “release-of-restraint” and “irritative” conditions. Finally, the need for investigating the role of cortical sites and cortical-hypothalamic interaction in the mediation of amphetamine anorexia is indicated.
The Hospital Adjustment Scale: Research and Clinical Applications
Authors: McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

The Hospital Adjustment Scale (HAS) is a 90-item behavior-rating scale designed for the assessment of the over-all level of psychological functioning, irrespective of psychiatric symptomatology, of hospitalized psychiatric patients. This paper reviews the research which has been done on and with the scale since its publication in 1953 and indicates the uses and limitations of the scale based on 15 yr. experience with it. It is concluded that adequate reliability and validity have been demonstrated to justify the scale's continued use as a measure of change in hospitalized psychiatric patients.
Brain Response Correlates of Repressiveness
Authors: Shevrin Howard , Fritzler Dean E.
Published: September 2011

Averaged evoked responses (AER) to tactile stimulation were compared for two groups of same-sex adolescent twins. An experimental group consisted of 5 pairs of twins who differed in repressiveness ratings based on the Rorschach; a control group consisted of 5 pairs of twins who were identical in repressiveness ratings. Significant amplitude differences ( p < .01) were found for three components of the AER for the twins who differed in repressiveness while comparable differences were not found for the control group. Sensitivity to the ideational effects of a subliminal visual stimulus was found to be associated with low repressiveness ( p < .05). These findings support the hypothesis that repressiveness is reflected in an intensification of attention directed to neutral external stimuli as demonstrated by an increase in amplitude of AER components previously found to be associated with attentional processes and a decrease in attention to internal, ideational processes as reflected in low sensitivity to subliminal inputs.
Some Effects of Injections of Brain Homogenates on Behavior
Authors: Gurowitz Edward M.
Published: September 2011

Considerable research has been done recently on the transfer of learned responses between animals by injections of brain materials. Studies in this area have varied greatly in the efficacy of their control procedures. In Exp. 1, 48 rats received injections of brain material from like-trained, opposite-trained, or untrained rats, and 16 rats served as uninjected controls. All Ss were trained on an operant brightness discrimination. No evidence of any effect of brain injections on learning was found. In Exp. 2, 30 rats were tested for activity level, food intake, and water intake for 6 days before and 6 days after receiving injections of brain homogenates from trained or untrained rats, or of saline placebo. Transitory depressions of activity and food intake occurred post-injection, probably due to illness. These results question the generality of the transfer effect for visual problems and suggest a need to re-evaluate some of the earlier positive results.
Body Concern, Body Image and Nudity
Authors: Blank Leonard , Sugerman A. Arthur , Roosa Lane
Published: September 2011

100 nudists and 60 controls were compared on several aspects of figure drawings and the Secord-Jourard inventories of body- and self-cathexis. The results showed important effects of sex differences and testing milieu on test responses and tended to support findings of an earlier study indicating that nudists present more body-image distortion and signs of body-image disturbance than controls. However, nudists claim to be more gratified with the appearance, if not function, of their bodies. It is suggested that bodily conflict leads to somatic emphasis, that nudist behavior is not necessarily psychopathological and may serve adaptive purposes for certain individuals.
Ready Signal and Definition of a CR in Classical Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Suboski Milton D. , Greenner Robert T.
Published: September 2011

In both within- and between- Ss designs, the ready signal was shown to increase the frequency of short-latency eyelid responses, most of which are below the latency usually regarded as defining a CR. Since the occurrence of a short latency response sharply reduces the probability of a longer latency response, fewer responses are scored as CRs when a ready signal is used. These factors appear to explain the decrement obtained with a ready signal in eyelid conditioning.
Distraction Hypothesis in Attitude Change: Effects of Effectiveness
Authors: Kiesler Sara B. , Mathog Roberta B.
Published: September 2011

A recent study by Festinger and Maccoby (1964) demonstrated that distraction raises the effectiveness of a communication. This effect may obtain because the distraction interferes with (subvocal) counter-arguing or because the distraction requires more effort to listen and thus arouses dissonance. The present experiment was designed to test these alternative hypotheses, Ss were exposed to 4 counter-attitudinal communications. Interference during the communication and credibility of the communicator were orthogonally manipulated. The distraction hypothesis predicted that high interference would increase communication effectiveness most under high credibility of the communicator. The effort hypothesis predicted that the greatest increase due to high interference would obtain when the communicator was low in credibilty. The results supported the distraction hypothesis. In addition, interference reduced communication effectiveness under low credibility. The implication of these results for the distraction hypothesis and the effort hypothesis was discussed.
Consumer Behavior as Related to Personality, Intelligence, Age and Education
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

Certain common consumer activities were related to personality, intelligence, age, and education among 236 male job applicants. Although a number of the correlation coefficients were statistically significant, all were quite low in magnitude. The results tend to confirm a number of earlier studies and are understandable in view of the myriad variables, over and above ego needs, which influence the nature and extent of consumer behavior.
Mother and Father Schemata of Achievers and Underachievers in Primary School Arithmetic
Authors: Rubin Dorothy
Published: September 2011

The Mother and Father schemata of primary grade achievers and underachievers were compared using a modification of the Kuethe Felt Figure Technique. Ss' reactions to “Mother,” and to “Father” involve schemata which are a function of both Ss' sex and their achievement pattern. Achieving male Ss place “self” closer to the Mother figure than do underachieving male Ss and achieving male Ss also place “self” closer to the Mother figure than to the Father figure. However, achieving female Ss place “self” at a greater distance from both the Father and Mother figures than do achieving male Ss and underachieving female Ss place “self” closer to the Father figure than do achieving female Ss. It appears that underachieving male Ss place “self” relative to “Mother” and “Father” in a manner similar to that of the emotionally disturbed boys studied by Weinstein.
Use of Criterial Measures in Animal Discrimination Learning Experiments
Authors: Winefield A. H. , Jeeves M. A.
Published: September 2011

Findings from 2 experiments are described in which rats were overtrained on black/white and conditional discriminations. on the former, performance improved up to criterion and thereafter was maintained at a high level. on the latter, more difficult task, behaviour was less consistent and performance deteriorated with overtraining. A relation between elimination of position responses and task difficulty is suggested, and implications for the use of learning criteria are discussed.
On the Nature of Scientific Method in Psychology
Authors: Fine Reuben
Published: September 2011

Many problems relating to scientific method in psychology remain unresolved. The experimentalist-behaviorist attempt to take pure physics as a model has failed to produce the desired result. Introspection cannot be ruled out of psychological science; it is a fundamental activity of the human being. There is a measurement problem in psychology, in some ways similar to the measurement problem in physics. It must be given due weight in formulating our theories. The psychoanalytic method, both in research and in therapy, is a valid scientific tool. A distinction is drawn between stimulus-bound responses and organism-bound. If a response is stimulus-bound, the experimental approach is appropriate. If a response is organism-bound the clinical method is appropriate. The areas of perception and learning are most stimulus-bound and therefore most amenable to experimental investigation. Other areas of psychology, such as emotion, motivation and personality structure, are organism-bound and should be investigated by clinical methods. Many current formulations of scientific method ignore or overlook the measurement problem. Unwittingly many psychologists, buttressed by a faulty conception of scientific method, have limited themselves to stimulus-bound material. Even in animal psychology more weight is now being paid to organism-bound responses. The real unification of psychological science must come from the elaboration of the fundamental formula R = f(O, S). In this elaboration both experimental and clinical methods play a basic role.
16 PF Profiles of Hospitalized Alcoholic Patients: Replication and Extension
Authors: Golightly Carole , Reinehr Robert C.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to replicate previous findings which had suggested that alcoholic patients could be identified by 16 PF profiles and that these profiles resembled the profiles of neurotic patients more than the profiles of other psychiatric groups. While the general trend of previous results was replicated, the relationships were of such reduced magnitude as to suggest the need for further research regarding the characteristics of the “alcoholic profile” before attempting any practical application of these findings. In an attempt to illuminate the situation further, a “diagnostic” procedure was evolved using 16 PF profiles. It was found that the majority of alcoholic patients were classified as “neurotic” by this system.
Critique of Eric Berne's Contributions to Subself Theory
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: September 2011

The theory and techniques of Eric Berne's transactional analysis are disseminated widely but there are few systematic reviews of his work. This paper attempts to fill the gap in the context of subself and self-group theory, two aspects of the writer's ego therapy. The following highlights emerge from this assessment: (a) Berne's major contributions are the concepts of ego states and transactional analysis, (b) Transactional analysis is a comparatively complete personality theory and psychotherapeutic technology, (c) Berne's theory is clinically based, rests on reinforcement theory and Freudian drive theory and is deficiency rather than growth-oriented, (d) In general, he is “Adult” (intellectually) oriented, (e) His treatment model is therapist-centered and essentially medical, (f) Many of his descriptions and his theory involve (inner) group variables but do not treat the self as a group per se. (g) Berne's work deserves considerably more attention.
Gemeinschaft, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): III. Charles Horton Cooley on “Social” vs “Spatial” (“Material”) Knowledge
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the third of a series intended to relate Ferdinand Toennies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (and all comparable distinctions in social theory) to the difference between (1) intuitional and inferential role-taking (empathy), (2) Erlebnis and Erfahrung experience, and (3) Rorschachian inner creation (movement repsonses) and Rorschachian rationality (form responses). The paper interprets Charles Horton Cooley's concepts of “social” knowledge (or sympathy-as-communion) and “spatial” (“material”) knowledge as intuitional and inferential, respectively. It therefore clusters “social” knowledge with Gemeinschaft, Erlebnis, and inner creation; and “spatial” knowledge with Gesellschaft, Erfahrung, and rationality. The paper treats also of George Herbert Mead's concept of “attitude-taking.” It considers Mead to have confounded intuition and inference, with the result that contemporary Meadians may mean qualitatively different psychological processes when they speak of “role-taking” or “empathy.” For example, whereas it is clear that Cooley's “social” knowledge may be identified with James' “acquaintance with,” Buber's “I-Thou” or “inclusion,” Tillich's “existential attitude” and “existential knowledge,” Maritain's “knowledge through connaturality,” and Sorokin's “intuitional theory of cognition,” it is not at all clear in the case of Mead's “attitude-taking.” This is due, the paper suggests, to his concept's large, sometimes exclusive, inferential component. It is this inferential component, the paper suggests, that has been exploited by the psychometric approach of the past 20 years, beginning with Dymond's “empathy” test. These “empathy” tests, in other words, are tests of an interpersonal version of what Cooley meant by “spatial” knowledge (and hence left Cottrell dissatisfied, since he had been partial to the intuitional kind that for Cooley was “social” knowledge). A tool that the paper uses for suggesting all this is Gouldner's analysis of the role-taking of Epaminondas planning a battle and Plato plotting a dialogue. Gouldner's dialogist-as-dramatist illustrates Cooley's “social” knowledge, and his general, Cooley's “spatial” knowledge.
Comment on Zdep and Marco's “Commentary on Kerlinger's Structural Theory of Attitudes”
Authors: Kerlinger Fred N.
Published: September 2011

Zdep and Marco's criticisms of Kerlinger's criterial referent theory of attitudes, with one exception, lack validity. The criterial referent notion is misconstrued, attitudes are defined too narrowly, bipolarity of attitudes is plucked out of an unrotated factor matrix, and the nature and purpose of scientific theory seem to be misconceived.
A Three-Element Model for Binary Prediction
Authors: Hartley Raymond E. , Williams Carl D.
Published: September 2011

600 Ss received 1 of 4 100-trial, 2-alternative, 50%-event sequences. A model incorporating logical, experiential, and error components provided a better description of choice behavior on these four event schedules than an alternative model. The data suggest that each element of the model presented in this paper plays an important role in choice behavior.
Differential Activity in Rats as a Function of Deprivation, Stimulus Change, and Recording Method
Authors: Gruenau Steven , Kessler Clemm C.
Published: September 2011

The effects of stimulus changes on activity in 20 food-deprived and 20 nondeprived adult rats were studied using a photo-relay method, direct observation, and bar-press rate. Differences in activity as measured by the photo-cells and differences in bar-presses were significant ( p < .001) for stimulation, deprivation, and the interactions. Ss in the stimulus change groups had the highest activity counts, their most frequent single behavior being exploration. The results confirmed the utility of the photo-relay system of measurement, demonstrated that stimulus change differentially affected the activity of deprived and nondeprived Ss, and supported the conclusion that stimulation sensitized S to its internal state to which it then reacted.
Personality Variables and Sexual Status in Observer Performance
Authors: Finch Kaye , Rickard Henry C. , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 15 Ss each heard words recorded by a male or female model and intermittently said words of their own in response. 15 male and 15 female Ss were exposed to each model. All Ss took the MMPI, the EPFS, and a postural sway test. There was a significant increase in the critical response class, animal words, as the frequency of animal words spoken by the taped models increased ( p < .001). Male Ss gave significantly more imitative responses than did female Ss ( p < .001), but no reliable effect due to the sex of the model was found. Esssentially no interpretable correlations were obtained between the amount of verbal imitation exhibited and the personality variables measured.
Effects on Category Clustering of Category-Name Cues and Frequencies of Occurrence and Familiarity Scale Values of Nouns
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

The short-term organized recall (category clustering) of 756 Ss was measured with the repetition ratio for 40-word stimulus lists. Each list, which was presented once to each S, contained 10 nouns from each of the animal, articles of dress, occupation, and persons' names categories. Three independent variables were combined in a 3 × 2 × 2 arrangement: three levels of the frequencies of occurrence of the words, .22 < 1, 1–4 and 5–100 + words per million; two levels of familiarity scale values of the words, low or high familiarity; and two levels of administration of retrieval cues in the form of category name instructions, instructions or no instructions. The frequency of occurrence and familiarity variables produced clearly separable effects on the category clustering of the nouns; the repetition ratio was an increasing function of each variable. The greatest effects of frequency variations were found at the highest frequency level. Retrieval cues did not influence category clustering. Comparison with previous work suggests that the inclusion of categorical intrusions in the repetition ratio inflates that ratio when words have low familiarity and are of low- and intermediate-frequencies of occurrence.
Relationships between Hostility Guilt and Several Measures of Hostility
Authors: Schill Thomas , Schneider Larry
Published: September 2011

Scores on Mosher's forced-choice Hostility Guilt Scale for females were related to a projective and an objective measure of hostility. The projective measure was the extent to which 70 female undergraduates used the hostile alternative in making up sentences to a list of homonyms with hostile and neutral meanings. The objective measure was the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Hostility guilt correlated negatively and significantly with the projective measure and with the following Buss-Durkee scales: Assault, Negativism, Resentment, Suspicion, Verbal and Total Hostility, summing over all subscales except Guilt. The projective measure correlated positively and significantly with the Assault and Suspicion Scales, as well as the Total Hostility Score.
Stimulus Control after Intradimensional Discrimination Training
Authors: Stoddard L. T. , Sidman Murray
Published: September 2011

4 rhesus monkeys received intradimensional discrimination training initially at distant and then at near points on a circle-ellipse continuum. The training did not necessarily produce good stimulus control by test-stimulus differences smaller than the original training values. It was concluded that the original controlling stimulus-response relation did not correspond with the relations being evaluated by the generalization test.
Effect of an External Stress on Commonality of Verbal Associates
Authors: Coren Stanley , Schulman Martin A.
Published: September 2011

In order to test the effect of an external stress upon the commonality of verbal association responses 135 students were tested under high test anxiety and 134 under low test anxiety. More common associative responses were emitted by the highly stressed group.
Note on Frustration Theory and the Partial Reinforcement Effect following a Few Acquisition Trials
Authors: Padilla A. M.
Published: September 2011

Frustration theory (Amsel, 1958) is unable to explain partial reinforcement effects following limited acquisition training. It is suggested that attempts to explain these findings may have implications for conditioning theories in general, and that more attention should be given to the early acquisition process.
Reinforcement by Stimuli Associated with S—
Authors: Kendall Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

Three pigeons were trained in a situation where they responded on a FR schedule in the presence of a yellow light. Following the completion of each FR the key was darkened for either 30 sec. or 2 min. (S— period). A peck to the dark key produced one of two colors; green if the 30-sec. S— period was in effect; blue if the 2-min. S— period was in effect. The birds responded to produce these stimuli but showed a rate decrease when the two colors were no longer correlated with the duration of S —. One of the 3 subjects had probably formed a superstitious chain during training and the results from this subject were equivocal.
Group Hysteria and the MMPI
Authors: Olczak Paul V. , Donnerstein Edward , Hershberger Thomas J. , Kahn Irwin
Published: September 2011

Following a labeled case of a group conversion reaction, the authors attempted to re-investigate the plausibility of an hysterical personality. 96 students, including those who manifested the symptoms, were administered 100 items from the MMPI, including the Hysteria scale (No. 3). Chi square analysis showed significactly more females manifested hysterical physical symptoms than males, while the over-all analysis of variance, although in the expected direction for females, indicated no significant sources. Results supported the traditional view of hysteria being a “female syndrome” but were equivocal concerning “personality view” that a particular personality leads to a specific set of symptoms.
Running-Wheel Activity of Insulin-Injected Rats
Authors: Mills Patrick D. , Cullen John C. , McKenzie J. Robert , Sather Brian R. , Kamback Marvin C.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of previous running-wheel activity, 48 rats were assigned to four experimental groups: (a) an Insulin Group, which received 2U/kg insulin 30 min. before testing; (b) a Saline Group, which received 2cc/kg saline 30 min. before testing; (c) a Deprived Group, which was food deprived 24 hr. before testing; and (d) a Control Group, which was neither injected nor deprived. Testing consisted of recording the running-wheel activity of the four groups for 15 min. per day for eight days. A significantly higher level of activity was displayed by the Deprived Group, and a significantly lower level of activity was exhibited by the Insulin Group, in comparison with the Saline and Control Groups, which did not differ from each other The decreased activity of the Insulin Group was interpreted as being due to specific neuromuscular actions of the drug.
The Social Schemata Technique as a Projective Device
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Salafia W. Ronald
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of a modified version of Kuethe's social schemata technique was studied. The major hypothesis was that the placement and replacement responses of pairs of silhouette figures to which unfavorable attributes were ascribed would be more distant than the distances between figures to which more favorable characteristics were attributed. When the data of 160 male college students, performing under five sets, two directions of set, and on two tasks, were analyzed, the direction of set effect, i.e., favorable or unfavorable characterizations of stimuli, was significant. Positive sets led to significantly closer placements than negative sets but only on the free-placement method.
The Scat and Race
Authors: Pandey R. E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the SCAT is biased against black students, 33 white and 47 black graduating college seniors. Significant differences in the mean GPAs and SCAT percentile ranks earned by whites and blacks demonstrate that the SCAT is not a biased test. However, the SCAT seems a better predictor for females than for males.
Type of Reinforcement and Generality in Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: Unikel Irving P. , Strain G. S.
Published: September 2011

Social approval and correctness reinforcement were compared, with a noncontingent reinforcement control group. Extinction trials were conducted either by the same E or by a different E. 5 Es, randomly selected from 10 available, generally were assigned 2 Ss in each of the resulting 6 conditions. The two types of reinforcement appeared to be equally effective with respect to effects on verbal operant conditioning ( p < .001), but social approval resulted in less generality than reinforcement for being correct. Ss receiving social approval exhibited significantly more rapid extinction in an altered stimulus situation with a different E ( p < .05). As social approval typically has been used, these results suggest why numerous previous verbal conditioning studies have failed to yield generalizable effects.
Drug Dealing Paranoia
Authors: Serber Michael
Published: September 2011

Drug dealing paranoia is a recently observed clinical entity which has been successfully treated in 2 of 3 youthful cases. Onset of paranoid symptomatology was the direct result of selling drugs in a “drug scene.” The paranoid symptoms observed ranged from moderate to severe, and complete remission of symptoms in all cases reported occurred within 1 wk. after cessation of drug dealing and temporary physical removal from the drug environment. In areas where drug use is extensive this syndrome is likely to be exhibited by patients who seek attention and thrills by becoming “amateur” drug dealers. The psychotherapy consisted of firm counseling to give up the drug dealing and a temporary change of environment. Minor tranquilizers were prescribed in 2 of the 3 cases.
Effects of Content on Schizophrenics' Ability to Process Information
Authors: Stilson Donald W. , Walsmith Charles R. , Penn Nolan E.
Published: September 2011

Davis and Harrington (1957) reported that schizophrenics were better able to process a given amount of information when the content of the task was abstract then when it was human. This finding was strengthened in the present study, but it appears that the differential task performance of the schizophrenics is likely attributed to a greater amount of irrelevant information in the human task.
Helping Behavior in the Absence of Visual Contact as a Function of Sex of Person Asking for Help and Sex of Person Being Asked for Help
Authors: Simon William E.
Published: September 2011

Males and females telephoned males and females and asked them for help. It was found that females were more likely to be helped than males. Neither males nor females were any more likely to help. Some factors regarding generalizability were discussed.
Number of Pretraining Problems and Type of Instructions in Concept Identification
Authors: White Raymond M. , Richards Diana L. , Reynolds Richard
Published: September 2011

To assess the effects of pretraining problems and type of instructions on concept identification 40 men and 40 women were given 0, 1, 2, or 3 pretraining problems prior to administration of an experimental concept problem. Instructions were either simply descriptive of the stimulus population and response requirements or elaborated such that S was told the rule defining problem solution and given a sample problem. Analyses showed a significant inverse relationship between number of pretraining problems and trials to criterion. Presolution data indicated that Ss changed problem-solving strategies both as a function of number of pretraining problems and type of instructions. Implications for theories of concept learning were discussed.
Changes in Awareness of Impact upon Others as a Function of Encounter and Marathon Group Experiences
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. , Seldman Martin , Ritter Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The research assessed the efficacy of encounter and marathon group experiences in inducing changes in perception of self and others and in personal and interpersonal dimensions of psychological functioning. Formulation and changes in attitudes toward the group were examined as well. Objective tests were administered to E and C groups consisting of graduate students in psychology. Forced-choice peer-nomination rating forms and attitude questionnaires were administered at various points in the course of the group to the E group. Peer-nomination data indicated Ss became more accurate in predicting how group members viewed them but did not change their self-perceptions in alignment with group ratings.
Anxiety, Discrepancy between Need Value and Expectancy, and Internal-External Control
Authors: Nelson Paul C. , Phares E. Jerry
Published: September 2011

3 groups of Ss differing in degree of internal-external control were administered measures of anxiety, need value in the academic recognition area, expectancy for success in the academic area, need value in the area of love and affection, and expectancy for success in the love and affection area. All measures were paper-and-pencil ones and were administered in an academic setting. It was predicted and generally demonstrated that external control of reinforcement is associated both with greater anxiety and with the discrepancy between need value and expectancy in the academic area. As expected, similar relationships did not obtain for the love and affection measures. Similarities between the anxiety and academic discrepancy scores were noted.
Maternal Quick Test (QT) Scores in Child Development Research
Authors: Ernhart Claire B. , Jordan Thomas E. , Spaner Steven D.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test, a brief measure requiring recognition of vocabulary, was given to 503 mothers of mother-child pairs in a research program. Its correlations with demographic variables, IQ of child, and an index of authoritarian attitude demonstrate its validity in such research.
Experimenter-Bias Effects on the Simple Motor Task Performance of Low- and High-Test Anxious Boys and Girls
Authors: Dusek Jerome B.
Published: September 2011

12 9- to 10-yr.-old boys and girls at each of two levels of test anxiety were Ss in a marble-dropping task under social reinforcement. Ss were tested by female Es expecting either that boys would perform at a higher rate than girls or the reverse. The performance measures were the base rate of response (the number of marbles dropped during the first minute of the task) and a series of six difference scores reflecting changes in rate of response from the base-rate level. The general prediction was that Es would obtain data consistent with the expectations (bias) given them. The results were: (a) no bias effects in the data collected by Es biased to expect boys to perform at a higher rate than girls, (b) for Es biased toward girls, low test-anxious children were influenced by Es' expectations ( E-bias effect), but the high test-anxious children were influenced by the social reinforcement in the situation (social reinforcement effect). The implications of experimental investigations of adult expectancy effects on children's performance for a complete understanding of teacher-expectancy effects were discussed.
Level of Activity and Success in Solving an Unfamiliar Task
Authors: Raaheim Kjell , Kaufmann Geir
Published: September 2011

In a typical problem situation the individual may be successful by attacking the elements deviating from the familiar state of affairs. Some tasks, however, are of a nature demanding totally new lines of attack. In these unfamiliar situations success seems to be independent of ability factors measured by traditional or new types of tests. Maier's Hatrack Problem is an example of an unfamiliar task, where intelligence seems to be of little help. In a group of 100 university students, 46 solved the Hatrack Problem within 30 min. As expected, ability factors did not differentiate solvers and non-solvers. While number of unsuccessful solution attempts were counted, however, a significant difference ( p < 0.001) favoring solvers was found. It is concluded that level of activity, in the sense of constructive attempts at solution, may be an important determinant in the solution of unfamiliar tasks.
Levels of Dogmatism and Attitudes toward Marijuana
Authors: Lorentz Raymond J.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 18 undergraduates and 18 professional businessmen were tested on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale (Form E) and a scale which measured attitudes toward marijuana. As predicted, the low dogmatics were significantly more favorable toward marijuana than the high dogmatics. This was interpreted as being due to the tendency of high dogmatics to conform to authority figures. Yet, while the attitudes of the businessmen were more unfavorable than those of the students, their levels of dogmatism did not differ significantly. This discrepancy was explained by the different source of information available to each sample.
Birth Order and Responsiveness to Social Influence
Authors: Babladelis Georgia
Published: September 2011

In the first study 125 Ss representing four birth-order groups participated in an interview during which a preselected response class (positive or negative self-statements) was reinforced. In the second study 40 Ss representing four birth-order groups participated in a series of six interviews during which E reinforced the preselected response class (positive or negative self-statements). There were no significant differences among birth-order groups in responsiveness to differential reinforcement of evaluative self-statements. Particularly, firstborns did not show the responsiveness to social influence which reportedly characterizes them. Findings were discussed in the context of the need for replications.
Biological and Ecological Influences on Development at 48 and 60 Months of Age
Authors: Jordan Thomas E. , Spaner Steven D.
Published: September 2011

A multiple linear-regression analysis of development at ages 4 and 5 yr. is reported. Ss were drawn from a large birth cohort born in 1966. The study examined the role of maternal traits, environmental factors, and biological data from the perinatal period, as predictors of physical growth and mental development. The findings showed that two aggregates of environmental data, one representing the micro-environment of mother and child, the other the macro-environment of society, emerged as significant influences on development at ages 4 and 5. A biological model based on early developmental data emerged as a comparatively significant influence on physical growth.
Some Effects of Arousal and False GSR Feedback on Affective Judgments
Authors: Misovich Stephen
Published: September 2011

The effect of general internal arousal was examined as a determinant of the utilization of nonveridical feedback of physiological reactions to emotional and nonemotional stimuli. 20 male Ss in a high-arousal condition were shown 10 slides depicting nude females and 20 Ss in a low-arousal condition were shown 10 slides depicting high-performance automobiles. All Ss received bogus feedback indicating that their GSRs had significantly increased in response to 5 of the slides (reinforced slides) and remained unaffected by the other 5 (nonreinforced slides). The results show that only high-arousal Ss expressed a preference for prints of reinforced slides and rated them as more attractive than nonreinforced slides. This finding is seen as pointing to the necessity of including internal arousal as a motivational factor affecting emotional judgments and as indicating the feasibility of an alternative explanation for the results of other studies which have suggested that affective labeling may be motivated by cognitions of arousal alone.
Behavioral Contracting in Treating Trichotillomania: Case Note
Authors: Stabler Brian , Warren Ann B.
Published: September 2011

The limitations of orthodox psychotherapy in treating cases of trichotillomania (hair-pulling) are discussed. A case is presented in which behavioral contracting brings about rapid and desirable results.
Similarity of Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Sote Gbade A. , Good Lawrence R.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that similarity to a stranger in self-disclosing tendencies is related to greater attraction for this person was confirmed for highly self-disclosing females but not for low self-disclosing females. For males, the hypothesis was not supported for the “liking” variable, but an interaction obtained for the “desirability as a work partner” variable as high self-disclosers preferred a similar other and low self-disclosers a dissimilar other.
Research on Internal-External Control and Social-Political Activism: A Note and Bibliography
Authors: Abramowitz Stephen I.
Published: September 2011

Empirical inconsistencies in the locus of control and social-political action literature are noted and attributed, in part, to observers' tendency to overlook the potentially crucial role of the personal meanings of the actor's political involvement. Increased attention to these motivational constructs and to the development of techniques for assessing them is encouraged.
Relationship between Assertiveness and Aggressiveness
Authors: Galassi John P. , Galassi Merna D.
Published: September 2011

The College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness, and the eight aggression-hostility scales of the Buss-Durkee Inventory were administered to 100 female and 71 male college students to establish further construct validity for the former test. The only significant and positive correlation was between the assertiveness scale and the verbal aggression scale for the female sample. The other Buss-Durkee scales were either unrelated or inversely related to assertiveness. In most instances, the amount of shared variance between the scales was small.
Maze Learning: A Genetic Investigation in the Mouse
Authors: Oliverio Alberto , Elias Merrill F. , Eleftheriou Basil E. , Castellano C.
Published: September 2011

Recombinant inbred strains, their progenitor strains, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were tested for maze learning in the Lashley III maze and in the Y-water maze. The resulting pattern of strain distribution suggested that the genetic model provided by the RI strains is based on at least two, and possibly many more, loci. There was no evidence of maternal effects or heterosis. Although the BALB/cBy strain represented an extremely high scoring strain for the Lashley maze and a low scoring strain for the Y-maze, presence of albino recombinant inbred strains intermediate to extreme strains and nonsignificantly different from pigmented recombinant inbred strains suggested that the albino gene was not responsible for the observed performance differences.