bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Turkish and Iranian history textbooks in the sample of us and the other
Biz ve öteki örnekleminde Türk ve İran tarih ders kitaplarının karşılaştırılması
Authors: Çencen Namık
Published: April 2017

The work of "us and the other" in the history textbook researches is one of the topics that attracted the attention of the researchers recently. In this research, “Us and the other” sample tried to determine how Iran and relations with Iran are explained in high school history textbooks taught in Turkey and how Turks and relations with Turks are explained in the high school history text book which was taught in Iran. The study was a qualitative research and document and record examination methods and techniques were used. The texts in Turkish history textbooks and Iranian history textbooks were examined using "Historical Abuse Methods". In the content of the texts in the history textbook titled "Iran and World History", which was taught in the 3rd grade class in General High School in Iran, the historical abuse methods with the Turks and relations with Turks was processed by using misleading, jumping and denying methods. Secondary education in Turkey "History 9th grade", "History 10th grade" “Contemporary Turkish and World History "textbooks on Iranian History and Iranian history textbooks were explored by using the jump method from historical abuse methods. ÖzetTarih ders kitapları araştırmalarında “biz ve öteki” çalışmaları son dönemlerde araştırmacıların ilgisini çeken konulardan biridir. Bu araştırmada biz ve öteki örnekleminde İran’da okutulan lise tarih ders kitabında Türkler ve Türklerle olan ilişkiler ile Türkiye’de okutulan lise tarih ders kitaplarında İran ve İranla olan ilişkilerin nasıl anlatıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma nitel bir araştırma olup doküman ve belge incelemesi yöntem ve teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Türk tarih ders kitapları ile İran tarih ders kitaplarında yer alan metinler “Tarihi Kötüye Kullanma Yöntemleri” kullanılarak incelenmiştir. İran’da Genel Lise III. sınıf Edebiyat bölümünde okutulan “İran ve Dünya Tarihi” adlı tarih ders kitabındaki metinlerin içeriklerinde Türkler ve Türklerle İlişkiler tarihi kötüye kullanma yöntemlerinden yanıltma, atlama ve yadsıma yöntemi kullanılarak işlenmiştir. Türkiye’de ortaöğretim “Tarih 9. Sınıf”, “Tarih 10. Sınıf” ve “12. Sınıf Çağdaş Türk ve Dünya Tarihi” ders kitaplarındaki metin içeriklerinde İran Tarihi ve İranla ilişkiler tarihi kötüye kullanma yöntemlerinden atlama yöntemi kullanılarak işlenmiştir.
How do high school students elect their president of the school?
Authors: Sacan Selvinaz
Published: April 2017

This study has been carried out in order to determine the school assembly election attitudes of high school students. This descriptive study has been performed with 1380 students from 9th, 10th and 11th grades who attended center high schools of Aydin in 2014 – 2015 Academic Year. Demographic information form which was generated by researchers and five point likert scale was used in collection of data. PASW 18.0 packet software was used in the analysis of the data obtained from the study. It has been determined that 59 % of students were girls, 41% were boys, 63% were around 15-16 years old, 35% were 17 and over it, 37% from Vocational and Technical Anatolian high school, 24% from Anatolian high school, 13% from high school, 10% from religious(Imam Hatip) high school, 6% from science high school, 5% from fine arts high school 4% from social sciences high school when the demographic features of students were assessed. When we look at their attitudes of school student president (or ASB president) elections; answers of students given for school student president (or ASB president) election loaded in to 4 factorial sub dimensions. And those are listed as follows: being a social person, having representative ability, importance of physical features and wanting to be school student president (or ASB president) qualities. 75 % of students describes voting in school assembly elections as a responsibility, 53 % of the students considers that elections are carried out in a fair and democratic manner, most of the youth have democratic values and minded participation rights. During the above mentioned candidateship period, it is criticized that candidates are committing financial supports, and there is no limit for those financial commitments.
The impact of compulsory hygiene training given to employees working in the sector of food and beverages services on their hygiene-related habits, behaviours and knowledge
Zorunlu hijyen eğitiminin yiyecek içecek hizmetleri personelinde hijyen alışkanlıklarına, davranışlarına ve bilgi düzeylerine etkisi
Authors: Sormaz Ümit , Şanlıer Nevin
Published: April 2017

Food and beverages companies constituse one of the most important shares of servise industry, the number of food and beverages companies has been increasing every other day. Food workers carry responsibilities concerning human helat. This study has been carried out to detect the impact of the compulsory hygiene training given to the food and beverages services personnel on the hygiene-related habits and behaviours of the employees, and within the scope of the regulation of “Hygiene Education Program” which was published on the official gazetta and put into force being signed by 4 ministries. 1150 food and beverages sector personnel who participated in the hygiene training offered in İstanbul to tourism sector stuff and were volunteer to participate were included in the study. Hygiene-related habits and behaviours before the training and knowledge levels were found to be increasing statistically meaningfully after the study (p<0,01).As a result, it was found out that the compulsory hygiene training given to the food and beverages sector personnel affects employees’ hygiene-related habits, behaviours, and knowledge levels positively. It has been discovered that the training given to the staff working in food and beverage companies does increase the level of knowledge in hygiene. ÖzetHizmet endüstrisinin en önemli paydaşlarından biri olan yiyecek içecek işletmelerinin sayısı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Gıda sektörü ile uğraşan personel, insan sağlığı yönünden sorumluluk taşımaktadır.Bu araştırma, ülkemizde dört bakanlığın katılımıyla imzalanarak Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan ve yürürlüğe giren “Hijyen Eğitim Programı” Yönetmeği kapsamında yiyecek içecek hizmetleri personeline verilen zorunlu hijyen eğitiminin çalışanların hijyen alışkanlıkları ve davranışlarına olan etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.Araştırmaya, İstanbul’da turizm sektöründe çalışan personele verilen hijyen eğitimlerine katılan gönüllü 1150 yiyecek içecek hizmetleri personeli dahil edilmiştir. Eğitim öncesi hijyen alışkanlıklarının davranışlarının ve eğitim sonrası hijyen bilgi düzeylerinin eğitim öncesine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı yönde arttığı saptanmıştır (p<0.01).Sonuçta yiyecek içecek hizmetleri bölümü çalışanlarına verilen zorunlu hijyen eğitiminin, personelin hijyen alışkanlıkları, hijyen davranışları ve hijyen bilgi düzeylerine olan olumlu etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Yiyecek içecek hizmetleri sektöründe çalışan personele verilecek hijyen eğitim programlarının, personelin hijyen bilgi düzeyini arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.
Scale of effectiveness of management processes: Validity and reliability study
Yönetim süreçlerinin etkililiği ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
Authors: Gül İbrahim
Published: April 2017

Management processes that are included in the concept of management and described as the main functions of the manager are classified as planning, organizing, ordering, coordination and supervision by Fayol. The effectiveness of management depends on the effective use of management processes. In Turkey, there are some studies about the management processes in schools, but it seems that these are not enough numbers. The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale aimed at examining the effectiveness of management processes in schools, according to teacher opinions. The study group of the researchers constitutes 1310 teachers working in the central districts of Samsun in the academic year 2013-2014. Expert opinion is consulted for the scope validity and appearance of the scale and Indicator Factor Analysis is used to indicate the validity of the structure. According to the results of the analysis, it is understood that your scale measures a single factor. In addition, these results are verified by Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient is used to determine the reliability of the scale. For all of your scale, this value was found to be ,982. These results show that the scale of the efficacy of the management processes in school management is a valid and reliable scale in which the teacher's views can be used. ÖzetYönetim kavramı içinde sayılan ve yöneticinin ana işlevleri olarak nitelen yönetim süreçleri Fayol tarafından planlama, örgütleme, emir verme, eşgüdümleme ve denetleme olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Yönetimin etkililiği, yönetim süreçlerinin etkili kullanılmasına bağlıdır. Türkiye’de, okullarda yönetim süreçleri ile ilgili bazı çalışmalar yapılmış olmakla beraber, bunların yeterli sayıda olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, okullarda, yönetim süreçlerinin etkililiğini, öğretmen görüşlerine göre incelemeyi amaçlayan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2013-2014 eğitim öğretim yılında Samsun merkez ilçelerinde görev yapan 1310 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin kapsam ve görünüş geçerliğini ortaya koymak amacıyla uzman görüşüne başvurulmuş ve yapı geçerliğini belirtmek için de Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ölçeğin tek faktörlü bir yapıyı ölçtüğü anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ile sonuçlar doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini tespit etmek amacıyla Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık katsayısına bakılmıştır. Ölçeğin tamamı için bu değerin, 982 olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, okul yönetiminde yönetim süreçlerinin etkililiği ölçeğinin, öğretmen görüşlerini belirlemede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.
Observations About the Behavior of Certain Varieties of Apple Grafted in Dormant Eyes
Authors: Morarita Sinziana Venera
Published: April 2017

Growing trees and shrubs, part of the horticultural sector and hence the agriculture in Romania, has a long tradition, springing from the Romanians love for both of these species and the need to perform a livelihood generating task. Extending tree culture was and is favored by the climate and soil conditions conducive to the culture of many fruit species, including apple.
Erratum to: Simulation and bench studies of the constructively and technologically modernized high performance piston aircraft engine. Stage I
Authors: Ostapski W. , Wierzchoń T. , Rudnicki J. , Dowkontt S.
Published: April 2017

In Ostapski et al., Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech 65(1), 93-105 (2017), doi: 10.1515/bpasts-2017-0012, an analysis of tribological wear of an assembly composed of cylinder liner and piston rings in a piston aircraft engine was presented. In place of the previously used technology of gas nitriding of the cylinder liner (made out of 38CrAlMo6-10 steel), formation of multi-component or composite layers by nitriding in plasma discharge environment was proposed. Also, a modification of the previously used chromium coating of the piston rings by plasma nitriding was proposed. A study on the structure and properties of surface layer diffusion manufactured by utilizing the phenomenon of cathode sputtering was carried out. Wear resistance tests were performed on a specially designed bench, with the use of isotope markers. Verification of each of the friction couples was based on using the wear of the ring as a function of the distance trip, and the roughness of the cylinder liner and ring. This note corrects flaws in illustrations published in the original paper.
Chemical comparison of the underground parts of Valeriana officinalis and Valeriana turkestanica from Poland and Kazakhstan
Authors: Sermukhamedova Olga , Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Widelski Jarosław , Głowniak Kazimierz , Sakipova Zuriyadda , Ibragimova Liliya , Poleszak Ewa , Cordell Geoffrey A. , Skalicka-Woźniak Krystyna
Published: April 2017

The volatile constituents from then-hexane extracts of the roots and rhizomes ofValeriana officinalis(VO) andValeriana turkestanica(VT) were investigated by GC-MS analysis. Two VO samples were obtained from cultivation, one from commercially available material, while VT was collected in a mountain of Kazakhstan. The most characteristic components present in all of the analysed samples were sesquiterpenoids. The three investigated samples of VO produced mainly valerenane and kessane sesquiterpenoids. Acetoxyvalerenic acid (33.94%), valerenic acid (15.05%), valerenal (11.93%), valeric acid 2,6-dimethylnon-1-en-3-yn-5-yl ester (5.24%), valerenol (3.31%), elemol (3.19%) and (E)-valerenyl isovalerate (2.53%), were the common components identified in then-hexane extract from the roots of VT. In comparison to VO this species does not produce kessane sesquiterpenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study shows that the roots of VT possess compounds of high biological significance, since they have the appropriate contents of valerenic acid and its derivatives, thus VT can be considered as a substitute for VO.
DIE ROTA-NOTARE AUS DEN DIÖZESEN DES DEUTSCHEN SPRACHRAUMS 1471–1527
Authors: Schuchard Christiane
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO

Al più tardi a partire dal pontificato di Sisto IV (1471-1484) il personale della Sacra Romana Rota era normalmente composto da dodici giudici (uditori) a cui erano assegnati rispettivamente 4 notai. Questi 48 notarii principales costituivano un collegio. Essi avevano dei collaboratori (notarii substituti) a cui delegavano una parte dei lavori da svolgere. Elenchi dei membri, libri di verbali e documenti della rota conservati in numerosi archivi (tradizione dei destinatari) permettono di ricostruire la composizione di questo gruppo di persone dal 1471 al Sacco di Roma (1527), e di compilare un catalogo di 222 notai della rota provenienti dallo spazio linguistico tedesco. Esso offre sia delle informazioni sulla loro attività svolta presso la rota che - per quanto possibile - i loro dati biografici, notizie su eventuali studi universitari compiuti, altri uffici curiali assunti, rapporti clientelari, appartenenza a una confraternità (in particolare a quella di Santa Maria dell’Anima), possesso di benefici e un’eventuale successiva carriera nella regione di provenienza.
LUTERO 2017
Authors: Schilling Heinz
Published: April 2017

Zuzammenfassung

Der Beitrag setzt sich kritisch mit den memorialpolitischen Grundlagen und Zielsetzungen des in Deutschland bereits vor Jahren eingeleiteten Luthergedächtnisses auseinander. Ausgehend von der These, daß der Reformator, seine Person ebenso wie sein Werk und seine Wirkungsgeschichte sachgerecht nur historisch bestimmt werden können, werden aus dem historischen Befund heraus Kriterien entwickelt, wie das fünfhundertjährige Reformationsgedächtnis am 31. Oktober 2017 angemessen begangen werden kann. Dabei wird der notwendige Gegenwartsbezug nicht durch kurzschlüssige Aktualisierung hergestellt, sondern durch eine historische Tiefenbohrung, die sowohl Luther und sein Denken als auch deren Wirkungsgeschichte in ihren jeweiligen Zeitumständen erfasst. Auf diesem Weg wird der Reformator von den Mythen und der heroischen Instrumentalisierung späterer Generationen befreit und sein Denken und Handeln aus der Zeit heraus plausibel gemacht,und zwar die positiven wie die negativen Seiten. Der Entheroisierung des Reformators entspricht eine Aufwertung seiner Mit- und Gegenspieler - etwa Melanchthon im eigenen Lager oder Erasmus als Haupt des der Reformation fremd bleibenden Teils der Humanisten - aber auch der Päpste und Kaiser Karl V., für dessen Haltung auf dem Reichstag 1521 in Worms ebenso das Hier-stehe- ich-ich-kann-nicht-anders galt wie für den Wittenberger Augustiner. Als sachlicher Kern von Luthers Denken und Leisten wird die Wende hin zu einer existentiellen, in die Welt hinein strahlenden Religion herausgearbeitet, die die Neuzeit tief mitprägte. Da - so die resümierende These - die Kurie auf diese Herausforderung reagierte und auf der ihr eigenen Art eine ähnliche neuzeitliche Religiosität entwickelte, kann auch die römische Kirche 2017 wo nicht feiern, so doch Luther und sein Wirken würdigen. Denn nur von einer ehrlichen historischen Bestimmung der Reformation, deren persönlicher wie struktureller Voraussetzungen, Zwänge sowie der Missverständnisse auf beiden Seiten ist zu hoffen, daß das fünfhundertjährige Reformationsgedächtnis das Bewusstsein von den gemeinsamen Grundlagen christlicher Spiritualität und christlichen Handelns in der Welt stärken wird.
The discourse connector list: a multi-genre cross-cultural corpus analysis
Authors: Rezvani Kalajahi Seyed Ali , Neufeld Steve , Nadzimah Abdullah Ain
Published: April 2017

This study examines the linguistic feature known as discourse connector using a corpus-informed approach. The study applies a taxonomy which classifies and describes 632 discourse connectors in eight broad classes with 17 categories. The frequency of use of each discourse connector listed was analyzed in the three different registers of spoken, non-academic and academic English in the two different cultural contexts of British and American English. The resulting data on discourse connector frequency were compiled in a database and processed with various statistical formulae to highlight multi-register and cross-cultural differences and similarities of use of each discourse connector. An interpretation of the use of this database, which is free to download and use, is included in the study as well as a discussion of the results and the potential for use as a research and pedagogical tool.
Indian School, Company Town
Authors: Whalen Kevin
Published: April 2017

During the early twentieth century, administrators at Sherman Institute, a federal Indian boarding school in Riverside, California, sent hundreds of students to work at Fontana Farms, a Southern California mega-ranch. Such work, they argued, would inculcate students with values of thrift and hard work, making them more like white, Protestant Americans. At Fontana, students faced low pay, racial discrimination, and difficult working conditions. Yet, when wage labor proved scarce on home reservations, many engaged the outing system with alacrity. In doing so, they moved beyond the spatial boundaries of the boarding school as historians have imagined it, and they used a program designed to erase native identities in order to carry their cultures forward into the twentieth century.
La performance del sistema educativo argentino en las últimas décadas
Authors: Otero Analía Elizabeth , Córica Agustina
Published: April 2017

En el ámbito de expansión y múltiples transformaciones del sistema educativo argentino, sobrevuelan las discusiones sobre la ampliación institucional, la evolución de la población escolarizada y las muestras de un sistema tendente a generar mayor inclusión.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las especifcidades de la situación educativa de la población de jóvenes entre 15 y 29 años de edad, en las últimas décadas. En función de ello, se analizó la información disponible acerca de la asistencia y composición del sistema educativo, tanto del nivel medio como del nivel superior. Los hallazgos ratifcan la tendencia a una mayor participación de los jóvenes en el sistema educativo, junto a un incremento en el acceso a niveles educativos superiores en la primera década del siglo XXI. En este contexto, el nivel socioeconómico persiste como un factor de peso en las trayectorias educativas diferenciales, con saldos pendientes en materia de inclusión educativa.
Sasañan: migraciones, investigaciones y autorreflexividades. Consideraciones preliminares
Authors: Alvites Baiadera Angelica Paola , Quiroga Saavedra Rosa Elizabeth
Published: April 2017

A partir de nuestras investigaciones, trabajos etnográficos y de campo sobre migraciones bolivianas y peruanas en Córdoba, Argentina, proponemos detenernos en el análisis de un momento necesario en todo proceso investigativo: la autorreflexividad como investigadoras. Así, nuestra posición como migrante e hija de migrante que estudia las migraciones nos permite comprender que la sola presencia en los ámbitos que decidimos investigar son toda una definición (Guber, 2014). Primero, trabajamos sobre nuestra caja de herramientas analíticas; luego, analizamos nuestras propias experiencias como investigadoras, como migrante o hija de migrante, y, por último, exponemos algunos hallazgos y conclusiones finales que resaltan la imposibilidad y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de trascender el dualismo entre el sujeto que investiga y el objeto investigado. Todo ello, sin negar u olvidar las diferencias y desigualdades que existen entre las cientistas y los grupos estudiados, así como la constate tensión entre apuestas, disposiciones e intenciones que exceden el campo científico.
LE SABIR CONTEMPORAIN: QUELQUES ÉLÉMENTS POUR TRADUIRE DE FRANÇAIS EN FRANÇAIS
Authors: Skorov Pierre
Published: April 2017

This paper looks at the quickly spreading tendency in most European languages (with specific reference to French), whose symptoms include the proliferation of anglicisms, barbarisms, vulgarisms, systematic wrong usage, as well as rebus spelling and sms language, within the standard language.Oui, j’ai une patrie : la langue française.Albert Camus
ANTONIMINIAI KOMPIUTERIŲ VIRUSŲ RŪŠIŲ PAVADINIMAI
Authors: Paura Markas
Published: April 2017

Šiame straipsnyje aptariamos šešios kompiuterių virusų rūšis pavadinančių terminų poros, kurias būtų galima sieti antoniminiais santykiais. Jų antonimiškumui nustatyti taikomi bendrieji teoriniai teiginiai apie leksinių vienetų priešybę, arba priešpriešą. Specialiame internetiniame šaltinyje lietuvių kalba – Anglų–lietuvių kalbų kompiuterijos žodynėlyje (ALKKŽ) – pateikiama tik viena kompiuterių virusus pavadinančių terminų pora, kurią būtų galima laikyti grindžiama antoniminiu santykiu: rezidentinis virusas ir nerezidentinis virusas, bet surinkta medžiaga rodo, kad antoniminiais santykiais yra susiję dvylikos terminų sudedamieji elementai, todėl tokių porų galėtų būti bent šešios. Straipsnyje aptariami šių terminų priskyrimo antonimams principai ir jų atitikmenys lietuvių kalba. Visi terminai lietuvių kalba siūlomi laikantis terminų taisyklingumo ir darybos reikalavimų, jų tikslumas tikrinamas lyginant apibrėžtis lietuvių ir prancūzų kalbomis, pateikiami terminų atitikmenys anglų kalba.
DEVELOPING LATVIAN TERMINOLOGY OF TRANSLATION STUDIES: THE FIRST STEPS
Authors: Sīlis Jānis
Published: April 2017

The rapidly increasing number of translatological publications in the Latvian language, as well as the necessity to read theoretical courses in Latvian, which is the common language for Master-level students majoring in translation with different working languages, makes a compilation of an Explanatory Dictionary of Latvian Terminology of Translation Studies a topical issue. The article gives a brief insight into the first step that has up to now been taken in this direction, characterising creators and users of terms in the contemporary world, providing an overview of Translation Studies research in Latvia, listing the general characteristics of the terminology of Translation Studies, explaining the procedure of term approval in Latvia, familiarising the readers with the existing core set of translatological terms, providing the author’s suggestions concerning the enlargement of the list of Latvian translatological terms with the goal to select’ longlivers’ and avoid ’ephemera’.
LOKALIZACIJA KAIP KOMUNIKACIJOS AKTAS
Authors: Maumevičienė Dainora
Published: April 2017

Globalizacija, informacinės komunikacinės technologijos, jų skverbimasis į visas žmogaus veiklos sritis skatina tirti lokalizaciją ne tik kaip lokalizacijos pramonės ar informatikos, bet ir kaip vertimo studijų objektą. Darbų apie lokalizaciją, lokalizacijos ir vertimo santykį nėra daug, todėl šiame straipsnyje komunikacinį požiūrį, taikomą vertimui tirti, bandoma pritaikyti lokalizacijai. Publikacijoje aprašoma lokalizacija kaip sudėtingas komunikacijos aktas, tarpkultūrinė komunikacija, išskiriami komunikacijos akto lygmenys. Straipsnyje taip pat apibendrinama lokalizacijos apibrėžčių įvairovė, lokalizacijos ir vertimo santykis, atskleidžiamas tarpdalykinis lokalizacijos pobūdis, pateikiamos išvados.
GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATING RUSSIAN ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS INTO ENGLISH
Authors: Slepovitch Viktor
Published: April 2017

Grammatical equivalence in translation is both a subject of research and an important issue of teaching. Grammatical choices are especially hard in the process of translating from one’s mother tongue into a foreign language. This paper discusses some of the specifics of achieving grammatical equivalence in translating adjectives and adverbs from Russian (native source language) into English (foreign target language) based on the author’s translating and teaching experience reflected in his publications in this field of studies.
Artemisinin-induced delayed hemolysis after administration of artesunate and artesunate-amodiaquine in malaria-free Wistar rats
Authors: Dokunmu Titilope M. , Ahanonu Chidinma L. , Abegunde Oreoluwa O. , Adeyemi Oladipupo A.
Published: April 2017

Background: Hemolysis is common in malaria infection and during the course of treatment. Previous studies have reported delayed post-artemisinin hemolysis occurring in naïve and immune individuals treated with parenteral or oral artemisinin-derivatives. This study aims to understand if delayed hemolysis occurs in the absence of malaria parasites and the underlying mechanisms for the hemolytic effects after administration of two antimalarial drugs to malaria-free Wistar rats. Methods: Forty animals were randomized into 5 groups of eight animals each; they received 4 mg/kg artesunate for 7 days (AS), 4 mg/kg artesunate plus 10mg/kg amodiaquine for 3 days (ASQ), 10mg/kg amodiaquine for 3 days (AQ), distilled water [normal control], (Control) and 1mg/kg phenylhydrazine for 1 day to induce hemolysis (PHZ) groups respectively. Packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell differential count and serum haptoglobin (Hpt) levels were determined in all groups on day 4 and 18 to detect hemolysis. Mean values were compared using t-test and ANOVA with p values <0.05 taken to be significantly different. Results: Post-treatment mean PCV on day 4 was significantly lower than day 18 in all groups except AS group which had similar PCV all through evaluation. Although AQ had lowest mean PCV on day 4, by day 18, mean PCV returned to normal and hpt levels was significantly higher than AS and ASQ groups (p<0.001). Hpt level (mean ± sem) for AS, ASQ, AQ, and control on day 18 were: 18.67 ± 0.004, 50.66 ± 0.014, 73.06 ± 0.003, and 74.13 ± 0.032 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.0001). On day 18, AS and ASQ had significantly lower Hpt level compared to day 4 (p <0.001). No neutropenia was observed during the study. Conclusion: Artesunate induces delayed hemolysis in malaria-free animals possibly through an oxidative toxic effect on the red blood cell membrane. Delayed post-treatment hemolysis was not observed with artesunate-amodiaquine or amodiaquine alone.
First record of Cecilioides acicula (Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Ferussaciidae), from Buenos Aires province, Argentina
Authors: Díaz Ana C. , Martín Stella Maris , Mariani Roxana , Varela Graciela L.
Published: April 2017

Cecilioides acicula (Müller, 1774), family Ferussaciidae, is native to the Palaearctic region but has been dispersed around the word by human activity. Here, we report the presence of this introduced species in La Plata city, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This snail is largely subterranean and frequently is found in old graves in association with skeletal remains. Our samples were collected from sediments from the Municipal Cemetery of La Plata, Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
The Environmental Profile of Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Bossi Tania , Gediga Johannes
Published: April 2017

The International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA) carried out the first ever industry-wide life cycle assessment on platinum group metals (pgms) which included data from a majority of the industry in both primary and secondary production, as well as one major application of pgms, i.e. their use in a car exhaust catalyst. The results, discussed in this paper, identify that the major impact (72%) of the production of pgms on the environment is from power consumption during mining and ore beneficiation; they also demonstrate that the impacts of pgm production are mitigated by the use of pgm-based automotive catalysts. The exercise provides benchmarking for the industry and a greater understanding of the impacts and benefits of pgms.
Materials Challenges for a Transforming World
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: April 2017

The solutions being developed for a sustainable future are technologically complex and demanding; relying on ‘high-tech’ raw materials. Many of these materials face significant supply risk. Business, government, national and international organisations are increasingly focusing on these critical raw materials (CRMs). This paper describes the strategies and innovations being developed to manage supply risk using rare earth elements and magnets as examples. The ongoing need to find substitute materials and improve efficiency, recycling and recovery of CRMs provides exciting opportunities for fundamental research and commercial innovation.
Iridium Coating: Processes, Properties and Application. Part II
Authors: Wu Wang-ping , Chen Zhao-feng
Published: April 2017

Iridium as a barrier coating is an important area of high-temperature application. In Part I, the introduction was presented and the different deposition processes were reviewed (). This paper, Part II, describes the texture and structure evolution, mechanical properties, growth mechanisms and applications of Ir coatings. The mechanisms of micropore formation after high-temperature treatment are also investigated in some detail.
The EURARE Project: Development of a Sustainable Exploitation Scheme for Europe’s Rare Earth Ore Deposits
Authors: Balomenos Efthymios , Davris Panagiotis , Deady Eimear , Yang Jason , Panias Dimitris , Friedrich Bernd , Binnemans Koen , Seisenbaeva Gulaim , Dittrich Carsten , Kalvig Per , Paspaliaris Ioannis
Published: April 2017

Numerous European industries are heavily dependent on imported rare earth element (REE) raw materials. This has created a need for the European Union (EU) to ensure a sustainable supply of REE minerals, as well as develop from the ground up the currently non-existent European REE extraction and processing industry. In order to support this, the European Commission, through the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) scheme, funded the EURARE project which runs from 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2017. Through the EURARE project, selected European REE deposits have been researched and in certain cases identified resources were successfully processed for REE production. Several REE deposits across Europe have been the focus of detailed geological field and laboratory work. Mineral concentrates obtained from the Norra Kärr deposit in Sweden, the Kringlerne deposit in Greenland and the Kvanefjeld deposit in Greenland, Rødberg ore from Norway and bauxite residue from Greece were tested from laboratory to pilot scale by means of conventional and innovative metallurgical processing. The novel technologies developed provide efficiency and selectivity in various steps of the metallurgical processing, from ore beneficiation to metal production. A road map for sustainable REE production in Europe is now being developed, which includes an evaluation of the environmental benefits and risks of the EURARE technologies.
Lowering the Silver Content in Automotive Conductive Pastes
Authors: Raj Edwin S. , Booth Jonathan
Published: April 2017

The high conductivity of silver and its oxidation resistance make it the metal of choice for automotive applications in defogging and other areas. There is scope to reduce the cost by reducing the content of silver, a costly metal. This article reports the results from testing formulations with reduced silver content. A range of silver-coated and base metal fillers were tested however none of these resulted in performance to match the commercially available silver automotive pastes.
Legal Challenges Relating to the Commercial Use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Space Tourism
Authors: Ferreira-Snyman Anel
Published: April 2017

Since the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 in 1957, the outer space arena has evolved to include non-state entities, which are becoming serious participants in outer space activities themselves, including venturing into the space tourism market. Although space tourism is still in its infancy, it is estimated that the number of space tourists will substantially increase within the next few years. As space tourist activities increase, accidents will inevitably occur, which will give rise to legal questions relating to the duty of states to rescue space tourists in distress, and the liability for damages. This contribution points out that the current outer space treaty regime, which focuses on the use of outer space by states, is to a large extent outdated and that it cannot adequately deal with the unique legal challenges presented by the rapidly developing space tourism industry. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that the outer space legal framework is very fragmented – consisting of treaties, UN principles and guidelines, regional regulations and intergovernmental agreements, as well as national guidelines and legislation. In order to ensure that space tourism is indeed to the benefit of all mankind, it is imperative that clear international legal rules relating to space tourism be formulated, where standards are set for the authorisation and supervision of commercial space activities and the interests of states, passengers and private actors are balanced as far as possible. In view of the urgent need to address these legal questions and the consequent lack of time to negotiate a binding legal instrument, it is submitted that, as an interim measure, soft law guidelines should be developed in relation to space tourism in order to provide a framework for the eventual creation of a consolidated and binding legal instrument on all aspects relating to the use and exploration of outer space.
Constitutional Analysis of Intellectual Property
Authors: Van der Walt Andre J , Shay Ray M
Published: April 2017

This article analyses the Constitutional Court’s treatment of property interests in the face of state regulation to gain an understanding of the type of state interference that is justifiable in terms of section 25(1) of the Bill of Rights. This is done by examining the Constitutional Court’s dicta relating to the meaning of deprivation and how these inform the meaning of property in the constitutional context. The methodology that the Constitutional Court has formulated to assess if state interference complies with the provisions of section 25 is explained to show the type of state regulation that has been found legitimate. We then consider how this understanding of constitutional property and the state’s legitimate exercise of its inherent police power interact in the setting of intellectual property by contrasting the various policy objectives underlying the different statutory regimes governing intellectual property. This theoretical analysis is then applied to two contemporary examples of feasible state interference with existing intellectual property interests, namely the proposed plain packaging measures which severely restrict the use of tobacco trade marks, and a fair dealing exception allowing the use of copyright works for the purpose of parody. These examples serve to illustrate the context and manner in which intellectual property interests may come before the Court and the necessary differentiation with which these interests should be treated. The appropriate judicial assessment of the true impact that state action could have on vested property interests is explained and contrasted with the balancing exercise that is employed at the earlier stage of policy making. This discussion is concluded by highlighting some of the interpretational issues that will arise and how some constitutional values could be curtailed in the absence of legislative intervention.
Demystifying the Role of Copyright as a Tool for Economic Development in Africa: Tackling the Harsh Effects of the Transferability Principle in Copyright Law
Authors: Baloyi J Joel
Published: April 2017

In the English common law tradition copyright is seen as being in the nature of a property right and thus alienable and transmissible from one person to the other. In contrast, the droit d’auteur system of Continental Europe sees copyright as being an author’s right, which attaches to the personality of the author. However, even in this system a distinction can be made between the monist system (as applies in Germany), which treats both moral rights and economic rights as being inseparable and thus equally inalienable, and the dualist system applicable in France, which distinguishes between moral and economic rights, with the former considered inalienable, while the latter is freely alienable. In this way French law embodies the transferability principle in respect of economic rights, in the same way as the Anglo-American system does. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have inherited copyright laws from their erstwhile colonial masters (whether England or France), resulting in the laws of these countries also embodying the transferability principle. It is argued, however, that the transferability principle has had the inadvertent effect of stifling copyright-based entrepreneurship, and thus economic development in these countries. Because of the conditions of impoverishment prevailing in these countries, authors find that they do not have the material resources to economically exploit their copyright works. They thus have no option but to assign their copyrights to others, mainly foreign entities, resulting in an endless cycle where they can never act entrepreneurially in respect of their copyrights. The paper seeks to explore this phenomenon and make proposals of possible solutions.
"Public Purpose or Public Interest" and Third Party Transfers
Authors: Slade Bradley Virgil
Published: April 2017

In this article the difference between public purpose and public interest in section 25(2) of the 1996 Constitution is considered. It is generally accepted that public purpose is a narrower category than public interest and that the distinction between public purpose and public interest does not make any practical difference. However, in this contribution it is suggested that the difference between public purpose and public interest makes no practical difference only in cases where expropriated property is used by the state for the realisation of a particular purpose. The difference between public purpose and public interest becomes more important when a particular expropriation also involves a third party transfer, since it indicates the level of scrutiny that the courts should apply in determining the lawfulness of the expropriation. When property is expropriated and transferred to a third party for the realisation of a public purpose, such as building and managing electricity plants, the lawfulness of the expropriation is not easily questioned. As such, the application of a rationality test to determine the legitimacy of the expropriation is generally easy to accept. However, this lenient approach cannot be as easily accepted where an expropriation and third party transfer takes place in the public interest. Examples of third party transfers in the public interest include land reform, slum clearance and economic development. In the examples of land reform and slum clearance the expropriation and third party transfer is usually authorised in legislation or, as is the case with land reform in South Africa, the 1996 Constitution. Because (as in the land reform example) the expropriation and third party transfer is authorised by the Constitution and regulated by legislation, the application of a rationality test to determine the legitimacy is acceptable. However, the application of a rationality test where property is expropriated and transferred to third parties for broader purposes such as economic development is problematic, especially if there is no specific legislation authorising such expropriation. Although an expropriation involving a third party transfer for purposes of economic development may well be in the public interest because it can lead to the creation of employment opportunities, it is argued that in the absence of specific legislation that authorises both the expropriation and the transfer of the property to third parties, the justification for the expropriation and the transfer is not entirely clear. Therefore, in the absence of a clear legislative scheme authorising the expropriation and transfer of property to third parties for the purpose of economic development, which can be said to fall within a very broad interpretation of the public interest requirement in section 25(2), the courts should apply a stricter scrutiny in evaluating its legitimacy.
The Constitutional Influence on Organ Transplants with specific Reference to Organ Procurement
Authors: Labuschagne Debbie , Carstens Pieter A
Published: April 2017

This article assesses the influence of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 on the law pertaining to organ transplants with specific reference to methods of organ procurement. These methods include a system of opting-in, presumed consent, required request, required response, the sale of organs, and organ procurement from prisoners. It is argued, in view of the acute shortage of organs, that the various organ procurement methods are in need of review in the context of the question of whether they are acceptable and sustainable within the constitutional framework. To this end, the article deals with the application, limitation and interpretation of the rights in the Bill of Rights and its interface with the various organ procurement methods in the context of a discussion of applicable legislation and relevant case law. It is argued that a constitutional analysis of the topic is indicative that the State has indeed failed to provide a proper or satisfactory legislative and regulatory framework to relieve the critical shortage of human organs available for transplantation, by ultimately failing to uphold the applicable constitutional rights and values as discussed.
The Regulations relating to Foodstuffs for Infants and Young Children (R 991): A Formula for the Promotion of Breastfeeding or Censorship of Commercial Speech?
Authors: Mills Lize
Published: April 2017

The regulation of commercial speech in the interests of public health is an issue which recently has become the topic of numerous debates. Two examples of such governmental regulation are the subjects of discussion in this article, namely the prohibition on the advertising and promotion of tobacco products, as well as the proposed prohibition on the advertising and promotion of infant formulae and other foods and products marketed as being suitable for infants or young children. The article seek to evaluate the recently proposed regulations published in terms of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act in the light of the reasoning by the Supreme Court of Appeal in the British American Tobacco South Africa (Pty) Limited v Minister of Health 463/2011) [2012] ZASCA 107 (20 June 2012) decision, and in particular in terms of the section 36 test of reasonableness and proportionality found in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It argues that, although the South African Department of Health must be applauded for its attempt at improving public health in the country, some of the provisions of the proposed regulations are not constitutionally sound. It will be contended that, despite the fact that the promotion of breastfeeding is a laudable goal, the introduction only of measures which restrict the right to advertise these types of products will not necessarily achieve this objective.
A Comparative Overview of the (Sometimes Uneasy) Relationship between Digital Information and Certain Legal Fields in South Africa and Uganda
Authors: Van der Merwe Dana
Published: April 2017

The present article focuses on the (sometimes problematic) relationship between digital information and certain legal fields. Most legal rules developed long before the arrival of the computer and the digital telephone, and these rules are now under considerable strain to adapt.

 

Digital information is rapidly becoming one of the 21st Century’s most valuable assets. This raises the question as to whether or not the law is able to adequately protect this phenomenon against the many attacks being launched against it. The present article analyses certain legal fields in this regard, namely privacy, criminal law, and the law of evidence. The world seems suddenly to have woken up to the fact that digital technology might be a mixed blessing, especially as is shown by certain recent incidents relating to privacy in the USA. In order to obtain an “Africa perspective” the legal situation in South Africa is compared to that in Uganda (East Africa) against a background of multilateral treaties that might apply in this regard.

An important point to keep in mind while weighing up legal interests is whether the State may attempt to be both neutral umpire (by means of its judicial power) as well as one of the players who want to win (as the executive power, when government information is at stake). A number of recent incidents in which the United States government has been involved seem to indicate that this attempt to sit on two stools at the same time is likely to diminish respect for the government (and its regulatory efforts) amongst the general population.

 

A specific problem with enforcement consists of the international nature of infringements. The Internet knows no borders and this factor suggests that effective international co-operation is an essential prerequisite for the law to function adequately in an international context. The concluding of International treaties between groupings of countries is put forward as perhaps the most effective solution in this regard.
Towards the Protection of Human Rights: Do the New Zimbabwean Constitutional Provisions on Judicial Independence suffice?
Authors: Chiduza Lovemore
Published: April 2017

If human rights are to be effectively protected in any country, the judiciary has to recognise that it also has a role to play in this regard. The rationale for this is that the judiciary has a duty to enhance and protect human rights. Across Africa and most notably in Zimbabwe political interference has been noted as a factor that limits judicial independence.  In Zimbabwe the weak protection of judicial independence has contributed to gross human rights violations. Constitutional reforms have been conducted in order to improve the independence of the judiciary and consequently the judicial protection of human rights. These efforts have resulted in the adoption of a new Constitution in Zimbabwe which has replaced the Lancaster House Constitution. The Constitutional reforms have captured legal principles which will ensure an improvement in the human rights situation. Key to the reforms has been the independence of the judiciary. The Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Despite such guarantees there are a number of challenges with regards to this independence. The aim of this paper is therefore to analyse the judicial reforms introduced by the Constitution of Zimbabwe with a view to establishing whether or not such reforms are likely to improve judicial independence and in turn the protection of human rights in Zimbabwe.