bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological and Control Studies of Musk Thistle
Authors: Feldman Israel , McCarty M. K. , Scifres C. J.
Published: June 2019

Herbicides applied April 30, May 10, or October 14 gave best control of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.). The most effective herbicide at all dates and rates was 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Two lb/A of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) also was effective at all spring dates. Two lb/A of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) resulted in excellent control of musk thistle when applied May 10 or October 14.

More musk thistle seedlings became established in nongrazed, cool season grass pastures than in nongrazed, mixed warm season grass pastures. Greater germination was attributed to the reserve moisture and accumulation of litter which served as an excellent germination medium. However, only one musk thistle plant remained in the nongrazed pastures 1 year after seeding. The remainder of the seedlings and young rosettes found in the protected areas in 1965 had succumbed to the heavy competition by 1966.
Biological Activity and Dissipation of IPC and CIPC
Authors: Parochetti J. V. , Warren G. F.
Published: June 2019

Conflicting reports on the dissipation of ie isopropylN-phenylcarbamate (IPC) and isopropylN-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) prompted the present investigation on the dissipation and biological activity of these two herbicides. The dissipation patterns of IPC and CIPC were similar. Under the field and laboratory conditions described, more than 90% of both herbicides was gone in 4 weeks. CIPC was biologically more active than IPC on all plants tested, and both herbicides were nearly 10 times more toxic to buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench.) in quartz sand as in a silt loam soil. Although both herbicides were present in equal amounts throughout their dissipation, CIPC appears to persist longer in field applications, as it is more toxic to most plants than IPC.
Susceptibility of Annual Bluegrass and Turfgrasses to Bensulide and Three Uracil Herbicides
Authors: Neidlinger T. J. , Furtick W. R. , Goetze N. R.
Published: June 2019

Golf putting greens were sprayed with N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) (bensulide). Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) were observed for injury. Preemergence and postemergence treatments of 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil), 5-chloro-3-tert-butyl-6-methyluracil (terbacil), and 5-bromo-3-tert-butyl-6-methyluracil (hereinafter referred to as DP 733) were applied to a prepared seedbed planted with Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L., var. Merion and var. Newport) and annual bluegrass.

Thirty lb/A of bensulide produced leaf discoloration and root length reduction of established annual bluegrass plants without injuring creeping bentgrass. Terbacil at 0.2 lb/A and bromacil at 0.4 lb/A gave highly selective control of annual bluegrass in Merion and Newport Kentucky bluegrasses when applied preemergence to the three grasses. Postemergence applications of these compounds produced moderate selective control of annual bluegrass.
The Phytotoxicity of Propanil
Authors: Hofstra G. , Switzer C. M.
Published: June 2019

Preliminary field experiments with 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) indicated that methods of application had little effect on the activity of this herbicide. Growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) plants was reduced for about 7 days. Susceptible plants were killed in 3 to 7 days. Propanil inhibited the growth of tomato radicles and the auxin-induced growth of Avena coleoptiles. Propanil destroyed the permeability of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) membranes and also destroyed chloroplast membranes in vitro. Oxygen uptake by isolated mitochondria and treated leaf tissues, and phosphate esterification in mitochondria were severely inhibited by propanil. Photosynthesis was completely inhibited within 20 min after treatment but began to return to normal in resistant plants (tomato) after 6 hr.
Herbicidal Action of Molinate in Barnyardgrass and Rice
Authors: Chem T. M. , Seaman D. E. , Ashton F. M.
Published: June 2019

S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-l-carbothioate-C14(molinate-C14) applied to the leaves of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.] and rice (Oryza sativaL.) was predominantly translocated acropetally. Root-applied molinate-C14was translocated readily throughout the plant. Excised organs of barnyardgrass absorbed more molinate-C14than did corresponding organs of rice. With surface application, injury by 5 or 10 ppm molinate to rice planted at depths of 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 in decreased with increasing depth of planting, but injury increased in incorporated treatments with increasing depth of planting. Barnyardgrass was markedly suppressed at all depths of planting. Inhibition of elongation of barnyardgrass by molinate was overcome by an equimolar concentration of gibberellic acid. Molinate reduced the level of soluble RNA in barnyardgrass coleoptiles.
N-Glucosyl Metabolite of Pyrazon in Red Beets
Authors: Ries S. K. , Zabik M. J. , Stephenson G. R. , Chen T. M.
Published: June 2019

Red beets (Beta vulgaris L., var. Detroit Dark Red) converted the herbicide 5-amino 4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) to N-2-chloro-4-phenyl-3-(2H)-pyridazinone glucosamine. Isolation was accomplished by water, benzene, and alcohol extraction of foliage followed by purification through molecular sieve columns. Identification was established by infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer and gas liquid chromatography.
Preemergence Weed Control in Garden Chrysanthemums
Authors: Widmer R. E. , White D. B. , Gray W. H.
Published: June 2019

Nineteen granular herbicides were applied at two rates to garden chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.) in plantings at St. Paul and Morris, Minnesota. The soil at St. Paul was classified as silt loam and at Morris, as clay loam. All herbicides were applied to freshly cultivated plots which then were irrigated. The compound a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 8 lb/A gave excellent weed control at both locations; trifluralin at 4 lb/A gave 99% and 97% weed control at St. Paul and Morris, respectively; 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) at 6 lb/A gave 99% control at Morris and 76% control at St. Paul; 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) at 3 lb/A gave 93% control at St. Paul and 88% at Morris. Application of 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne) at 8 lb/A gave excellent weed control at both locations but caused serious injury to the chrysanthemums.
Selectivity of Linuron on Tomato and Parsnip
Authors: Hogue E. J. , Warren G. F.
Published: June 2019

In a study of the selective action of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-l-methylurea (linuron), parsnip (Pastinaca saliva L., var. Harris Model) possessed a high degree of tolerance as compared to tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., var. Kokomo). Linuron was readily taken up by the roots of tomato and distributed throughout the plant, but it remained mostly in the roots of parsnip. Linuron in the leaves of parsnip was metabolized, to a great extent, while very little of the metabolite (s) was found in tomato. The herbicide caused rapid and complete inhibition of photosynthesis in tomato, and the plants never recovered. Photosynthesis in parsnip was inhibited but only temporarily. Therefore, it appears that the selectivity of linuron on these two species may be explained by the two mechanisms of differential accumulation in the foliage and metabolism of the herbicide.
Residual Monuron, Diuron, and Simazine in a Vineyard Soil
Authors: Dawson J. H. , Bruns V. F. , Clore W. J.
Published: June 2019

One year after the last of six annual applications of 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (monuron) at 2.4, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (diuron) at 2.4 and 7.2, and 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) at 1.0 and 3.0 lb/A in a furrow-irrigated vineyard on Warden silt loam, a bioassay using oats (Avena sativa L., var. Kanota) as the indicator showed that 1.6, 2.8, 10.6, 0.6, and 2.0 lb/A, respectively, remained in the surface 12 in of soil. Of the total, 62 to 89% was located in the surface 2 in and 86 to 100% was in the surface 4 in. Three years after the last of four annual applications of monuron at 7.2 lb/A, 0.8 lb/A remained in the surface 12 in.
Synergistic Phytotoxicities of Herbicide-Insecticide Combinations in Soil
Authors: Nash R. G.
Published: June 2019

Combinations of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (diuron) with O,O-diethyl S-2-(ethylthio)-ethyl phosphorodithioate (disulfoton) or O,O-diethyl S-(ethylthiomethyl) phosphorodithioate (phorate) in soil resulted in synergistic phytotoxicities. These synergistic phytotoxicities persisted 21 to 27 weeks in alternately fallow-cropped soils treated with 0 to 12 ppm disulfoton or phorate and 0 to 1.0 ppm diuron where oats (Avena sativa L., var. Mark-ton) was the bioassay plant, and persisted 5 to 15 weeks in alternately fallow-cropped soils treated with 0 to 12 ppm disulfoton or phorate and 0 to 1.33 ppm diuron where corn (Zea mays L., var. US 13) was the bioassay plant. The persistence of the combined pesticides corresponded closely with persistence of the individual pesticides. Corn and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., var. Acala 4-42) were more tolerant than was oats to diuron and diuron-insecticide combinations.
Leaching of Five Thiocarbamate Herbicides in Soils
Authors: Gray Reed A. , Weierich Andre J.
Published: June 2019

The depths of leaching of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate), S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), S-ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-l-carbothioate (molinate), and S-ethyl cyclohexylethylthiocarbamate (hereinafter referred to as R-2063) were compared in five different types of soils contained in glass columns. The depths of leaching in mineral soils were directly correlated with the water solubilities of the herbicides. The order of leaching from greatest to the least was molinate, EPTC, vernolate, pebulate, and R-2063. With all compounds tested, the depth of leaching decreased as the clay content of the soil increased. Leaching depth also decreased as organic matter increased. In peat soil containing 35% organic matter, no movement out of the treated zone could be detected with any of the thiocarbamate herbicides tested when leached with 8 in of water.
Chemical Weed Control in Gladiolus
Authors: Jenkins J. M. , Chambers E. E. , McGee F. G.
Published: June 2019

Herbicide tests conducted over a period of 3 years indicated that 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (diuron) at 2.5 lb/A preemergence, or a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 2.0 lb/A preemergence, incorporated, are safe and effective herbicides for weed control in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus). Applications of dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) applied as directed sprays at rates of 0.5 to 1.0 lb/A prior to spiking controlled late season weeds without apparent injury to the plants.
Germination of Medusahead in Response to Temperature and Afterripening
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A. , Eckert Richard E.
Published: June 2019

Requirements for germination of 23 medusahead (Taeniatherum asperum (Sim.) Nevski) selections were investigated in relation to temperature and afterripening requirements, and were compared with the germination characteristics of other grasses. Medusahead germinated best at 10 to 15 C. Germination percentages were markedly lower at 20 and 25 C. Unlike medusahead, germination of all competing or replacement species tested was markedly decreased at lower temperatures (10 C). Above 15 C, medusahead selections had strong afterripening requirements which decreased over time. Shortly after maturity, medusahead caryopses germinated only at low temperatures (10 and 15 C). Germination temperatures became less dominant after a 180-day afterripening period.
Reproduction and Overwintering of Cabomba in New Jersey
Authors: Riemer D. N. , Ilnicki R. D.
Published: June 2019

Laboratory experiments and field observations were made to study reproduction and overwintering of cabomba (Cabomba carolinianaGray) in New Jersey. Flowering begins in late June and continues until frost. Overwintering is accomplished chiefly by means of vegetative portions of the plant. No evidence of reproduction by seed was found in the field. No seeds germinated in the laboratory under any of the environmental conditions imposed on them. Microscopic sections of seeds were prepared and examined; no embryos were present in these sections.
Russian Thistle as an Alternate Host to Economically Important Insects
Authors: Goeden Richard D.
Published: June 2019

A survey of the phytophagous insect fauna of Russian thistle (Salsola kali L., var. tenuifolia Tausch) showed that this weed serves as an alternate feeding and/or breeding host to a number of economically important insects in southern California.
Structure Versus Metabolic Activities of Amitrole and Its Analogs
Authors: Hilton James L. , Kaufman Donald D.
Published: June 2019

Growth of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 (Loeffler) Cast. and Chalm. was inhibited by 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (amitrole), and 3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, 3-chloro-l,2,4-triazole, and 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (hereinafter referred to respectively as hydroxytriazole, chlorotriazole, and aminotetrazole). Toxicity of 2 × 10−2 M amitrole was partially overcome by 2 × 10−4 M histidine, and more effectively circumvented by combinations of histidine with 2 × 10−4 M adenine, 2 × 10−4 M riboflavin, or 2 × 10−4 M methionine. Serine reduced toxicity of 10−1 M amitrole when combined with both histidine and adenine but was less effective than methionine. Hydroxytriazole inhibition was partially overcome by adenine or less effectively by histidine but not by riboflavin, methionine, or serine. Chlorotriazole and aminotetrazole inhibitions were circumvented by 2 × 10−4 M methionine, 10−3 M serine, and 10−4 M cysteine but not by histidine, adenine, or riboflavin. The toxicity of high concentrations (10−3 M) of cysteine was reduced by chlorotriazole and aminotetrazole.
Leaching of Trifluralin, Benefin, and Nitralin in Soil Columns
Authors: Anderson W. Powell , Richards Anna Beth , Whitworth J. Wayne
Published: June 2019

As determined by bioassay of segmented soil columns, a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) varied in their leachability in a clay loam soil, even though their water solubility is the same. Nitralin was by far the more easily leached, benefin was least leached, and trifluralin slightly more so than benefin. Four A-in or more of water readily leached nitralin deep enough into the soil in amounts great enough to adversely affect the root growth of sensitive crop plants. Trifluralin and benefin were leached into the soil in relatively minute amounts, and these amounts were not great enough to affect root growth of sensitive crop plants when at least 0.5-in of untreated soil separated the seed from the layer of soil in which the herbicides had been mixed. The apparent breakdown product of nitralin present in moist soil was leached as readily as nitralin.
Effect of Several Herbicides on Proteolytic Activity of Squash Seedlings
Authors: Ashton Floyd M. , Penner Donald , Hoffman Sigmar
Published: June 2019

The proteolytic activity of the cotyledons of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) increases several fold during germination. The different herbicides varied widely in their ability to inhibit this increase. An attempt was made to correlate this inhibition with inhibition of growth. A direct correlation was evident only when the inhibition of proteolytic activity was severe or very slight to nonexistent.
Translocation of Dicamba in Canada Thistle
Authors: Chang F. Y. , Vanden Born W. H.
Published: June 2019

The foliage and roots of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) readily absorbed 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) after which it was translocated by both phloem and xylem. The results are in harmony with a source-to-sink system of dicamba translocation in the phloem. Following foliar application, small amounts of dicamba were exuded by the roots into surrounding soil. Dicamba tended to accumulate in young, growing leaves following both foliar or root uptake. Leaves, but not roots, retained a substantial portion of the dicamba taken up. After 54 days, 63.1% of the recovered radioactivity in the treated leaf was still in the form of unaltered dicamba. The remaining 36.9% was in the form of an unidentified product. In other plant parts, much less change occurred. During a 54-day period, one-fifth of the dicamba applied was recovered as radioactive CO2.
Environmental Influence on Bentgrass Treated with Silvex
Authors: Callahan Lloyd M. , Engel Ralph E. , Ilnicki Richard D.
Published: June 2019

Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHuds) exhibited the most tolerance to 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, and 3 lb/A of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) when grown under cool temperatures, a long photoperiod, and a low pH medium. Injury from treatments was slight to moderate when applied from early to mid-spring, severe when made from late spring to early summer, and very severe when made from late summer to early fall. Silvex appeared to cause the most injury at the 1 and 1 1/2 lb/A rates. Injury was much less from the lower rate of 1/2 lb/A. Root fructosan concentrations decreased with increasing rates under cool temperatures and increased with increasing rates under high temperatures. Bentgrass appeared to tolerate silvex treatments better under low available moisture conditions than under high moisture levels.
Influence of Amitrole Upon Protein Metabolism in Bean Plants
Authors: Brown John C. , Carter Mason C.
Published: June 2019

No effect was shown of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (amitrole) upon the incorporation of alanine or histidine into soluble protein in bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) hypocotyls grown in darkness. The metabolic derivative of amitrole, β-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolyl-l-)α-ala-nine (hereinafter referred to as 3-ATAL), also had no effect upon histidine incorporation. Serine incorporation was increased 56% in the presence of amitrole, but this may result from a reduction of endogenous serine pools. No evidence indicates a general disruption of protein synthesis. Activity from amitrole-5-14C was readily incorporated into bean protein, but hydrolysis revealed no 3-ATAL. Most of the activity was recovered as amitrole. Amitrole in the presence of riboflavin and light attacked bovine serum albumin, probably by free radical formation. Hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin revealed mainly amitrole. Apparently, the entry of amitrole into bean protein is by free radical formation.
Propanil and Molinate for Control of Barnyardgrass in Water-Seeded Rice
Authors: Oelke E. A. , Morse M. D.
Published: June 2019

The herbicides, S-ethyl hexahydro-1 H-azepine-l-carbothioate (molinate) applied preemergence and 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) applied as a contact spray at several dates, were evaluated for control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L) Beauv.) in water-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Caloro) flooded continuously to a shallow (3 inch) depth. Propanil applied when barnyardgrass had 6 to 9 inches of leaves exposed gave higher yields than earlier or later applications. Molinate gave the best barnyardgrass control when it was applied as a granule, incorporated, and applied onto dry soil. Molinate controlled the three major phenotypes of barnyardgrass. Germinating barnyardgrass seed were severely inhibited in growth by molinate concentrations greater than 0.3 ppm while germinating rice seed were not inhibited until the concentrations were greater than 5 ppm. Low concentrations of molinate stimulated shoot growth of both rice and barnyardgrass.
Translocation and Fate of Dicamba in Purple Nutsedge
Authors: Magalhaes Antonio C. , Ashton Floyd M. , Foy Chester L.
Published: June 2019

The translocation of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba-7-14C) in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) at different stages of development and under various light regimes was studied using autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting techniques. The fate of the herbicide was investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography. Dicamba was slowly but appreciably translocated in purple nutsedge following application to the leaves or roots. Foliarly applied dicamba movement proceeded both acropetally and basipetally, and the herbicide became widely distributed throughout the aerial parts of the plant and accumulated in the regions of meristematic activity. Dicamba was barely detectable in the underground organs, although it was excreted into the culture medium and passed through the rhizomes and tubers into daughter plants. Root-applied dicamba distribution was general throughout the plant except within the tubers and the tips of the leaves. Dicamba was barely detectable within the tubers, although it was present in quantity at or near the surface. Dicamba accumulation was evident at the tips of the leaves. Translocation was enhanced under low light conditions. Distribution of dicamba was profoundly affected by the stage of development of the plant. Greater translocation and broader distribution of the herbicide occurred in the vegetative stage of development. After flowering, movement out of the treated leaf decreased. Studies indicated that the herbicide was not degraded by the plant during the 10 days following treatment.
Persistence of Dichlobenil and SD-7961 in Soil
Authors: Sheets T. J. , Harris C. I. , Smith J. W.
Published: June 2019

The phytotoxicities of soil-incorporated 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile [dichlobenil] and 2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide [hereinafter referred to as SD-7961] were compared in five soils in the greenhouse. Dichlobenil and SD-7961 were about equally toxic to snap beans (Phaseolus vulgarus L., var. Black Valentine) in each of the five soils. The herbicides were more toxic in Christiana loam than in the other four soils. Phytotoxic residues of both herbicides disappeared most rapidly from Hagerstown silty clay loam and Christiana loam and least rapidly from Sharkey clay. Gas chromatographic analyses of soil extracts confirmed that dichlobenil was most persistent in the clay. Small amounts (0.14 ppmw or less) of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid [hereinafter referred to as 2,6-DBA] were detected in soil from greenhouse pot cultures about 9 months after incorporation of dichlobenil. In a field experiment at Beltsville, Maryland, residues of dichlobenil persisted from one season to the next but did not build up in soil sprayed annually for 3 years with 4 or 8 lb/A. Some movement from the surface 6 in into the 6 to 12-in zone occurred on plots sprayed 2 years in succession with 8 lb/A or once with 40 lb/A. Rapid loss of dichlobenil occurred during summer months. When the concentration of dichlobenil on the 40-lb/A plots dropped to about 10%, subsequent loss occurred at a very slow rate.
Ecology of Submersed Aquatic Weeds in South Florida Canals
Authors: Blackburn R. D. , White P. F. , Weldon L. W.
Published: June 2019

A 3-year ecological study of physical, chemical, and biological factors affecting the growth of submersed aquatic weeds was conducted in four irrigation and drainage canals in south Florida. Growth of aquatic vegetation was influenced by light intensity which decreased in a geometric ratio to water depth. The light penetration into the water was influenced by dissolved coloring matter and turbidity. A high concentration of nitrogen was found in three of the canals. Nitrogen entered the canals as sewage effluent discharged into the water and as fertilizer runoff from surrounding farmland. Density of aquatic vegetation harvested at intervals of 6 months from clipped plots varied from zero in a newly dug canal to 22,000 lb green weight/A in an old established canal. During the 3-year study, there was a complete shift of the vegetation from southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis(Spreng.) Magnus) to Florida elodea (Hydrilla verticillataCasp.) in two of the canals, but there was no change in plant species in two canals. No other chemical and physical factors evaluated in the study limited submersed aquatic weed growth in these canals.
American Missionary Archives and Manuscript Collections on Africa
Authors: Collins R. , Duignan P.
Published: June 2019

Considering the extent of American missionary, commercial, government, and individual connections with Africa since 1619, there must be a considerable amount of African-related material in the United States. Yet little is known about the scope or volume of this scholarly resource. The Africana Newsletter hopes to remedy this by the regular publication of brief surveys of American archives and manuscript collections. Contributions of such surveys as offered below will be welcomed.
Les archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangeres allemand: les questions africaines
Authors: Presseisen E. , Duignan P.
Published: June 2019

La défaite de l'Allemagne en 1945 a rendu disponible aux chercheurs des collections d'archives de la plus grande importance. La plupart des collections prises étaient envoyées en Angleterre ou aux Etats-Unis, où l'on les a microfilmées et indexées avant la demande par le nouveau gouvernement allemand de leur retour en Allemagne occidentale. La vente des copies microfilmées a assuré la disponibilité continue aux chercheurs. Les fonctionnaires de Bonn n'ont pas fait des démarches pour retirer les documents originaux à l'usage public. Parmi ces documents se trouvent les archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères allemand (Auswärtiges Amt). Un guide pour cette collection fut préparé par le Comité pour l'étude les documents de Guerre de l'Association historique américaine, et fut publié en 1959 sous le titre A Catalogue of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives, 1867-1920. (L'Institution Hoover est en train de publier la suite de ce répétoire pour la période 1920-1945. Des exemplaires peuvent être obtenus de l'Institution.)
Retroaortic innominate vein in a patient with transposition of the great arteries: the surgical implications
Authors: Breatnach Colm R. , Nolke Lars , McMahon Colin J.
Published: June 2019

We describe the case of a newborn infant with transposition of the great vessels and a retroaortic innominate vein. This is a previously undescribed association. The decision was made to incorporate the retroaortic innominate vein into the Lecompte procedure at the time of surgery to avoid the risk of superior caval vein syndrome.
The impact of tricuspid valve regurgitation severity on exercise capacity and cardiac-related hospitalisations among adults with non-operated Ebstein’s anomaly
Authors: Buber Jonathan , Vatury Ori , Klempfner Robert , Tejman-Yarden Shai
Published: June 2019

Background:

Tricuspid valve regurgitation is an inherent part of Ebstein’s anomaly, yet whether the severity of the regurgitation further impairs exercise capacity and contributes to long-term morbidity on top of the lesion severity per se is unknown.

Methods:

To evaluate for this potential effect, we included 30 patients with Ebstein’s anomaly who did not undergo any form of surgical interventions and had a cardiopulmonary exercise test and echocardiographic studies in this retrospective analysis. Echocardiographic studies and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were critically reviewed for lesion severity grade, tricuspid regurgitation degree, and exercise parameters. Cardiac-related hospitalisations were recorded from computerised medical records and during clinic visits.

Results:

Fourteen patients (47%) had moderate and 8 (27%) had severe regurgitation. Patients with ≥ moderate regurgitation exhibited significantly lower exercise capacity (median % predicted maximal oxygen consumption, 62 versus 79%, p = 0.03) and venilatory efficiency at exercise. When stratifying exercise results by regurgitation degree, a stepwise decrease in oxygen consumption and ventilatory efficiency with increasing regurgitation severity was observed, regardless of the anatomic lesion severity. During a median follow-up of 4.6 years, > moderate tricuspid regurgitation was associated with significantly lower cumulative probability of freedom from cardiac hospitalisations.

Conclusions:

We report that among non-operated Ebstein’s anomaly patients, greater tricuspid regurgitation severity was associated with worse exercise capacity and with overall higher probability of cardiac-related hospitalisations independent from the underlying lesion severity.
SOCIAL CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND FERTILITY
Authors: Coppier Raffaella , Sabatini Fabio , Sodini Mauro
Published: June 2019

We develop an overlapping generations model to study how the interplay between social and human capital affects fertility. In a framework where families face a trade-off between the quantity and quality of children, we incorporate the assumption that social capital plays a key role in the accumulation of human capital. We show how the erosion of social capital can trigger a chain of reactions leading households to base their childbearing decisions on quantity, instead of quality, resulting in higher fertility.
DON’T FEED THE BEARS! ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSIVE EXPENDITURES AND SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR IN AN OPTIMAL GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Antoci Angelo , Borghesi Simone , Russu Paolo
Published: June 2019

Many studies have stressed that human activities may cause the extinction of single species. Anthropogenic activities, however, may affect not only the number of individuals of single species, but also their behavior. To investigate this issue, we propose a growth model in which agents may care not only for the species’ survival but also for the typicality of their behavior. We assume that the environmental defensive expenditures can protect the species avoiding their extinction, but can induce the species to modify their behavior. Results emerging from the model suggest that if the social planner cares for typicality of species behavior, then an infinite growth process may no longer be optimal. Numerical simulations, moreover, show the possible existence of a trade-off between number and behavior of the species, leading the system to a high number of species’ members that behave in an atypical way or to few members behaving very typically.
Skinfold thickness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an analysis of the PERU MIGRANT study
Authors: Ruiz-Alejos Andrea , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M , Miranda J Jaime , Gilman Robert H , Smeeth Liam , Bernabé-Ortiz Antonio
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To determine the association between excess body fat, assessed by skinfold thickness, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT).

Design:

Data from the ongoing PERU MIGRANT Study were analysed. The outcomes were T2DM and HT, and the exposure was skinfold thickness measured in bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac areas. The Durnin–Womersley formula and SIRI equation were used for body fat percentage estimation. Risk ratios and population attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated using Poisson regression.

Setting:

Rural (Ayacucho) and urban shantytown district (San Juan de Miraflores, Lima) in Peru.

Participants:

Adults (n988) aged ≥30 years (rural, rural-to-urban migrants, urban) completed the baseline study. A total of 785 and 690 were included in T2DM and HT incidence analysis, respectively.

Results:

At baseline, age mean was 48·0 (sd12·0) years and 47 % were males. For T2DM, in 7·6 (sd1·3) years, sixty-one new cases were identified, overall incidence of 1·0 (95 % CI 0·8, 1·3) per 100 person-years. Bicipital and subscapular skinfolds were associated with 2·8-fold and 6·4-fold risk of developing T2DM. On the other hand, in 6·5 (sd2·5) years, overall incidence of HT was 2·6 (95 % CI 2·2, 3·1) per 100 person-years. Subscapular and overall fat obesity were associated with 2·4- and 2·9-fold risk for developing HT. The PAF for subscapular skinfold was 73·6 and 39·2 % for T2DM and HT, respectively.

Conclusions:

We found a strong association between subscapular skinfold thickness and developing T2DM and HT. Skinfold assessment can be a laboratory-free strategy to identify high-risk HT and T2DM cases.
Mythic forecasts: researcher portrayals of extraterrestrial life discovery
Authors: Nelson John P.
Published: June 2019

Scientific discovery, especially at the boundaries of human observational capacity, is an extended, incremental and sometimes controversy-laden process; but practicing researchers' published statements do not always portray it as such. If extraterrestrial life (ETL) exists, and if we find it, the process of observation, interpretation, understanding and confirmation may take decades. Though it is, thus, likely that scientific consensus will accrue around an ETL interpretation in a gradual and subtle process, the general public and even practicing scientists often discuss ETL discovery as though it will be rapid and dramatic. To illustrate this phenomenon, this review analyses a convenience sample of astronomers', astrobiologists' and astrosociologists' statements and assumptions in scholarly and general-audience media regarding a prospective discovery of ETL. Of 30 surveyed scholarly studies and 37 surveyed general-audience pieces, 24 scholarly and scientists' perspectives in 32 general-audience pieces do not acknowledge the extended nature of scientific discovery; and only three and four, respectively, do so explicitly. These results suggest that ETL researchers' statements could often portray an inaccurate or at least atypical vision of scientific progress in their own studies and to general-audience media outlets.
Is There Any Scope for Another Edition of Beethoven's Piano Sonatas?
Authors: Noorduin Marten
Published: June 2019

Beethoven's piano sonatas have appeared in innumerable editions – most of them in more than one hundred, as the collection in the library of the Beethoven-Haus in Bonn reveals. The sources for these works have also never been as readily available as they are now, as most first editions can be viewed on the Beethoven-Haus website, which also hosts scans of many important manuscript sources, as well as links to images of source materials on the websites of other archives. Thus, the question must be asked: Is there any scope for another edition of Beethoven's Piano Sonatas?
Real-world outcomes of endovascular treatment in a non-selected	population with peripheral artery disease – prospective study with 2-year	follow-up
Authors: Schulte Karl-Ludwig , Hardung David , Tiefenbacher Christiane , Weiss Thomas , Hoffmann Ulrich , Amendt Klaus , Tepe Gunnar , Heuser Lothar , Treszl Andras , Lau Hans-Joachim , Pfannebecker Thomas , Wegscheider Karl
Published: June 2019

Summary. Background: The study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients. Patients and methods: A multi-centre, observational study was performed with 32 German and Austrian centres contributing data to the PTA registry. Data of 1,781 patients with lower-leg and pelvic PAD who were suitable for endovascular PTA treatment were contributed from participating centres. Data from 1,533 patients are reported here (1,055 male and 478 female). This study did not have exclusion criteria. Quality of life (QOL) questionnaire (EQ-5D) scores, Rutherford classification, mortality, patency rate and details of major adverse cardiovascular events were collected at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow ups. Results: PTA with/without stenting achieved 90.3 %, 86.5 %, 82.7 %, and 71.9 % technical success (recanalisation achieving ≥ 70 % patency, no evidence of embolisation, recoiling or dissection) in iliac, femoral, popliteal, and below-the-knee arteries, respectively. Procedural/postprocedural complications occurred in 142 (9.3 %, 1 death) and 74 (4.8 %) patients. QOL, mobility, self-care, activity, and pain/discomfort scores improved (p < 0.01), anxiety/depression was insignificantly improved. During follow-up, 409 (26.7 %) patients were hospitalised for PAD, 281 (18.3 %) required reintervention, and 145 (9.5 %) died or needed amputation (n = 49; 3.2 %). Multivariate analysis demonstrated poorer outcomes in patients with comorbidities. Conclusions: PTA with/without stenting is effective, safe, and widely applicable, with few complications. It improves QOL, but not anxiety/depression.
Science in the Deep
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: June 2019

In June, AGU’s Centennial celebrates ocean researchers.
Afghanistan’s Blob Hunters
Authors: Joel Lucas
Published: June 2019

How a first-of-its-kind team of Afghan scientists and engineers helped make a monolithic discovery.
Modeling Snow Failure Behavior and Concurrent Acoustic Emissions Signatures With a Fiber Bundle Model
Authors: Capelli A. , Reiweger I. , Schweizer J.
Published: June 2019

Snow failure is the result of gradual damage accumulation culminating in macroscopic cracks. The failure type strongly depends on the rate of the applied load or strain. Our aim was to study the microstructural mechanisms leading to the macroscopic loading rate dependence. We modeled snow failure and the concurrent acoustic emissions for different loading rates with a fiber bundle model and compared the model results to laboratory experiments. The fiber bundle model included two time‐dependent healing mechanisms opposing the loading‐induced damage process: (a) sintering of broken fibers and (b) relaxation of load inhomogeneities due to viscous deformation. The experimental acoustic emissions features could only be reproduced correctly if both healing mechanisms were included in the model. We conclude that both sintering and viscous deformation at a microscopic level essentially contribute to the macroscopic loading‐ and strain‐rate dependent behavior of snow.
Inductively coupled, mm-sized, single channel optical neuro-stimulator with intensity enhancer
Authors: Khan Wasif , Jia Yaoyao , Madi Fatma , Weber Arthur , Ghovanloo Maysam , Li Wen
Published: June 2019

We introduce a single channel neuro-stimulator consisting of a reflector-coupled microscale light emitting diode (µLED) with an integrated mm-sized wireless receiver (Rx) coil for free-floating, battery-free, untethered optogenetics neuromodulation. The system utilizes a two-coil inductive link to deliver instantaneous power at a low operating frequency (<100 MHz) for continuous optical stimulation with minimized invasiveness and tissue exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Coupling a microscale reflector to the µLED provides significant light intensity enhancement compared to a bare µLED. Our activated stimulators have an operational temperature increase of <1 °C, well below the safety limit of biomedical implants. In vivo experiment and histological analysis verify the efficacy of wireless optical stimulation in the primary visual cortex of rats, using c-Fos biomarker as a reporter of light-evoked neuronal activity.
Acoustofluidic separation of cells and particles
Authors: Wu Mengxi , Ozcelik Adem , Rufo Joseph , Wang Zeyu , Fang Rui , Jun Huang Tony
Published: June 2019

Acoustofluidics, the integration of acoustics and microfluidics, is a rapidly growing research field that is addressing challenges in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering, and physics. In particular, acoustofluidic separation of biological targets from complex fluids has proven to be a powerful tool due to the label-free, biocompatible, and contact-free nature of the technology. By carefully designing and tuning the applied acoustic field, cells and other bioparticles can be isolated with high yield, purity, and biocompatibility. Recent advances in acoustofluidics, such as the development of automated, point-of-care devices for isolating sub-micron bioparticles, address many of the limitations of conventional separation tools. More importantly, advances in the research lab are quickly being adopted to solve clinical problems. In this review article, we discuss working principles of acoustofluidic separation, compare different approaches of acoustofluidic separation, and provide a synopsis of how it is being applied in both traditional applications, such as blood component separation, cell washing, and fluorescence activated cell sorting, as well as emerging applications, including circulating tumor cell and exosome isolation.
Assessment of vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone during a combined intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity
Authors: Durá-Travé Teodoro , Gallinas-Victoriano Fidel , Chueca-Guindulain María Jesús , Berrade-Zubiri Sara , Urretavizcaya-Martinez María , Ahmed-Mohamed Lotfi
Published: June 2019

Background

Obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this work is to analyze the changes in vitamin D status and PTH levels in a group of children with obesity receiving combined intervention program in order to get BMI status reduction.

Methods

Longitudinal study in 119 children with obesity, aged 9.1–13.9 years, included in a 1-year combined dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI and fat mass index) were registered every 3 months and blood testing (calcium, phosphorous, 25(OH)D and PTH) were collected at the beginning and after 12 months of follow-up. A control group was recruited (300 healthy children, aged 8.1–13.9 years). The criteria of the US Endocrine Society were used for the definition of hypovitaminosis D.

Results

Vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in obesity group (31.1 vs. 14%). There was negative correlation between 25(OH)D and fat mass index (r = −0.361, p = 0.001). Patients with BMI reduction throughout combined intervention were 52 (43.7%). There was a significant increase in the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients without BMI reduction at the end of follow-up, but in those patients with BMI reduction there was no changes of vitamin D status.

Conclusions

Obesity increases the prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status, and a BMI status reduction in children with obesity may be required to at least stabilize vitamin D status.
The reduction of astrocytes and brain volume loss in anorexia nervosa—the impact of starvation and refeeding in a rodent model
Authors: Frintrop Linda , Trinh Stefanie , Liesbrock Johanna , Leunissen Christina , Kempermann Julia , Etdöger Serhat , Kas Martien J. , Tolba René , Heussen Nicole , Neulen Joseph , Konrad Kerstin , Päfgen Vera , Kiessling Fabian , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Beyer Cordian , Seitz Jochen
Published: June 2019

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an often chronic, difficult to treat illness that leads to brain volume reductions in gray and white matter. The underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood, despite its potential importance in explaining the neuropsychological deficits and clinical symptoms associated with the illness. We used the activity-based anorexia model (ABA), which includes food reduction and running wheel access in female rats to study brain changes after starvation and refeeding. Longitudinal animal MRI and post-mortem brain sections confirmed a reduction in the mean brain volumes of ABA animals compared to controls. In addition, the mean number of astrocytes was reduced by over 50% in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum, while the mean number of neurons was unchanged. Furthermore, mean astrocytic GFAP mRNA expression was similarly reduced in the ABA animals, as was the mean cell proliferation rate, whereas the mean apoptosis rate did not increase. After refeeding, the starvation-induced effects were almost completely reversed. The observation of the astrocyte reduction in our AN animal model is an important new finding that could help explain starvation-induced neuropsychological changes in patients with AN. Astrocyte-targeted research and interventions could become a new focus for both AN research and therapy.
Curcumin induced oxidative stress causes autophagy and apoptosis in bovine leucocytes transformed by Theileria annulata
Authors: Araveti Prasanna Babu , Srivastava Anand
Published: June 2019

Bovine tropical theileriosis is a tick-borne disease, caused by Theileria annulata which is a protozoan parasite that resides within the B-cells and macrophages. T. annulata is a unique parasite that can transform bovine leucocytes which leads to the cancer hallmarks in the infected cells. Previously, curcumin has been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we demonstrated that curcumin inhibits the proliferation of Theileria-transformed bovine leucocytes by promoting apoptosis and autophagy. The transcriptome analysis of curcumin treated cells showed that the genes involved in cell death and autophagy are also differentially regulated. We further elucidated the mechanism of action of curcumin on Theileria infected bovine cells. We found that curcumin induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activated caspase 8 and destabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. This subsequently led to the activation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, finally leading to apoptosis in the infected cells. Furthermore, curcumin induced the process of autophagy which was characterized by the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, LC3B accumulation with lysosome inhibitor, E64d, and the presence of autophagosomes as visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Curcumin treatment suppressed the mTOR and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins. We also found that N- acetylcysteine, an inhibitor of ROS, could rescue the infected cells from curcumin induced apoptosis and autophagy mediated cell death. Intriguingly, curcumin had no effect on uninfected bovine PBMCs. Altogether, these data suggest the therapeutic potential of curcumin against bovine tropical theileriosis.
Realization of wafer-scale nanogratings with sub-50 nm period through vacancy epitaxy
Authors: Huang Qiushi , jia Qi , Feng Jiangtao , Huang Hao , Yang Xiaowei , Grenzer Joerg , Huang Kai , Zhang Shibing , Lin Jiajie , Zhou Hongyan , You Tiangui , Yu Wenjie , Facsko Stefan , Jonnard Philippe , Wu Meiyi , Giglia Angelo , Zhang Zhong , Liu Zhi , Wang Zhanshan , Wang Xi , Ou Xin
Published: June 2019

Gratings, one of the most important energy dispersive devices, are the fundamental building blocks for the majority of optical and optoelectronic systems. The grating period is the key parameter that limits the dispersion and resolution of the system. With the rapid development of large X-ray science facilities, gratings with periodicities below 50 nm are in urgent need for the development of ultrahigh-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. However, the wafer-scale fabrication of nanogratings through conventional patterning methods is difficult. Herein, we report a maskless and high-throughput method to generate wafer-scale, multilayer gratings with period in the sub-50 nm range. They are fabricated by a vacancy epitaxy process and coated with X-ray multilayers, which demonstrate extremely large angular dispersion at approximately 90 eV and 270 eV. The developed new method has great potential to produce ultrahigh line density multilayer gratings that can pave the way to cutting edge high-resolution spectroscopy and other X-ray applications.