bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Culturally Relevant Meal Kits to Improve Cooking Skills, Reduce Food Waste, and Promote Engagement with a Campus Food Access Resource: An Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Remolina Isabella , Teuber Melissa J. , Lee Ellie , Fetter Deborah S.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: Students’ taste preferences, cooking skills, and cultural backgrounds impact their use of food access resources on campus. Meal kits include pre-sorted ingredients, which could address food waste and help to prepare meals with unfamiliar ingredients. The objective of this exploratory pilot study was to develop and investigate the impact of culturally relevant meal kits on cooking skills, food waste, and food security tailored to UC Davis students. Methods: Meal kits included ingredients found at the campus food pantry. Three culturally relevant recipes were selected: High-Protein Avocado Toast, Mexican-Inspired Quinoa Bowl, and a Korean Vegetable Stir-Fry. Students were randomly assigned to the intervention meal kit group (n = 50), while the comparison recipe card group received a digital recipe card (n = 25). Data were collected through pre- and post-surveys administered online, in addition to open-ended, qualitative feedback through surveys after each meal kit or recipe card. Results: Thirty-two participants in the meal kit group and four participants in the recipe card group completed all study measures. Both groups experienced an increase in being classified as high food security over the three-week intervention period (+13% in the intervention group and +75% in the comparison group). Further, the intervention group improved cooking self-efficacy (+1.2 points; p < 0.01) and food waste practices. Participants appreciated the meal kits’ ease of preparation, clear instructions, and minimal cooking steps. Conclusions: The preliminary findings of this exploratory pilot study highlight the potential importance of culturally relevant interventions to address food security and promote healthier eating habits among college students. However, more research is needed with a larger, more diverse sample over a longer duration.
Strategies to Maximize the Benefits of Evidence-Based Enteral Nutrition: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kano Ken-Ichi , Yamamoto Ryo , Yoshida Minoru , Sato Takeaki , Nishita Yoshihiro , Ito Jiro , Nagatomo Kazuki , Ohbe Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kanako , Kaku Masayuki , Sakuramoto Hideaki , Nakanishi Nobuto , Inoue Kazushige , Hatakeyama Junji , Kasuya Hidenori , Hayashi Minoru , Tsunemitsu Takefumi , Tatsumi Hiroomi , Higashibeppu Naoki , Nakamura Kensuke
Published: February 2025

Enteral nutrition (EN) has been reported to have some physiological importance for critically ill patients. However, the advantage of EN over parenteral nutrition remains controversial in recent paradigms. To maximize the benefits and efficiency of EN, implementing measures based on comprehensive evidence is essential. Here, we systematically reviewed EN-related studies and integrated them into the best and most up-to-date EN practices. We extracted studies from 13 systematic reviews during the development of Japanese Critical Care Nutrition Guidelines, summarizing findings on the assessment of enteral feeding intolerance (EFI), the timing of EN, formula composition and nutrients, and method of administration in critically ill adult patients. Multifaceted EFI assessment may be needed in patients for high-risk patients. Early EN may reduce infectious complications, and initiating EN even earlier may offer an additional advantage. High protein intake (≥1.2 g/kg/day) could maintain muscle mass and physical function without increasing gastrointestinal complications. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may serve as beneficial options for preventing infection and gastrointestinal complications, although their efficacy depends on the strains, types, and combinations used. For patients with EFI, post-pyloric feeding could be an effective approach, while intermittent feeding may be a safer approach. Both methods should be utilized to achieve nutritional targets. Integrating these nutritional interventions into EN strategies may help maximize their effectiveness and minimize complications. However, careful consideration regarding timing, dosage, nutrient selection, administration methods, and patient selection is required.
The Modern Approach to Total Parenteral Nutrition: Multidirectional Therapy Perspectives with a Focus on the Physicochemical Stability of the Lipid Fraction
Authors: Sobol Żaneta , Chiczewski Rafał , Wątróbska-Świetlikowska Dorota
Published: February 2025

With advancements in medical technology, biochemistry, and clinical practices, the modern approach to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been focused on precision, safety, and the optimization of metabolic and nutritional parameters based on the patient’s needs. In the last decade, TPN mixtures have been transitioning from a lifesaving intervention for patients unable to receive enteral nutrition to a highly specialized therapy aimed at improving clinical outcomes, reducing complications, and personalizing care. Total parenteral nutrition has attracted great interest, and its adaptation to the patient’s needs is a topic of interest in the scientific community. However, there are problems related to shortages in the supply of the concentrates required to balance TPN mixtures and to infections linked to the venous access devices that are necessary for administering nutrition. Adjusting the TPN composition to meet specific patient needs requires specialist knowledge, as the ingredients available on the market differ in terms of excipients and this may increase the risk of physicochemical incompatibilities, particularly the destabilization of the lipid fraction. It is common clinical practice to inject drugs into the parenteral nutrition bag, and hence there is a high demand for confirmation of the compatibility of a given drug with the TPN composition. However, methods used in clinical practice still differ from the modern solutions proposed in scientific research. In order to ensure patient safety with the use of advanced therapy, continuous education and monitoring of the latest scientific research related to TPN is required. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical nutrition represents a paradigm shift in the management of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). As TPN transitions from a standardized, one-size-fits-all approach to a highly personalized therapy, we must examine the challenges and future directions of AI-driven TPN to provide a comprehensive analysis of its impact on clinical practice.
Impact of Marasmic Malnutrition on Visceral Leishmaniasis: Progression and Treatment Efficacy in a Murine Model
Authors: Ferreira-Paes Taiana , Gervazoni Luiza F. O. , Seixas-Costa Paula , De Luca Paula Mello , Almeida-Amaral Elmo Eduardo
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition and visceral leishmaniasis are major public health problems that are responsible for millions of deaths across many countries. Leishmaniasis development and progression are associated with the host immune status. In this context, malnutrition can directly affect the course of leishmaniasis, impairing several components of the immune system. Moreover, malnutrition directly interferes with the tropism of Leishmania in organs, affecting host susceptibility. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of nutritional status on the establishment, progression, and treatment of Leishmania infantum infection in malnourished and refed mice. Methods: BALB/c mice were fed either a control or restricted diet, infected with L. infantum promastigotes, and treated with meglumine antimoniate, the standard drug for treating visceral leishmaniasis. The effects of infection were evaluated through limiting dilution analysis (LDA). Results: Compared with control mice, malnourished and refed mice presented a lower parasitic load in the spleen, which correlated with spleen atrophy, and the refeeding process partially reversed but did not fully rescue the infection status. Both groups presented a high parasitic load in the liver. Marasmic malnutrition appeared to impair the efficacy of leishmaniasis treatment; however, the refed groups exhibited a robust decrease in the parasite load, which was comparable to that in the control group subjected to treatment. Conclusions: Our data suggested that marasmic malnutrition affects the establishment and progression of Leishmania infection, in addition to reducing the efficacy of standard treatment. Furthermore, the refeeding intervention used did not fully reverse the observed effects. These findings highlight the potential importance of nutritional interventions in the clinical management of visceral leishmaniasis in malnourished populations.
Patterns of Dietary Fatty Acids and Fat Spreads in Relation to Blood Pressure, Lipids and Insulin Resistance in Young Adults: A Repeat Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Woodman Richard , Mangoni Arduino A. , Cohen-Woods Sarah , Mori Trevor A. , Beilin Lawrence , Murphy Karen , Hodgson Jonathan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Determining whether dietary fatty acids and the use of fat spreads are associated with cardiovascular risk factors is difficult due to the multicollinearity of fatty acids and the consumption of multiple spread types. Methods: We applied clustering methodologies using data on 31 different fatty acids and 5 different types of fat spreads (high fat: butter, blended butters, and margarines; lower fat: polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) and investigated associations with blood pressure, serum lipid patterns and insulin resistance in the Raine Study Gen2 participants in Western Australia, at 20 and 22 years of age. Results: Amongst n = 785 participants, there were eight distinct clusters formed from the fatty acid data and ten distinct clusters formed from the fat spread data. Male participants had higher systolic blood pressure than females (122.2 ± 11.6 mmHg versus 111.7 ± 10.3, p < 0.001 at age 20 and 123.4 ± 10.6 versus 113.9 ± 9.8, p < 0.001 at age 22). Males consuming exclusively butter as a fat spread had significantly higher SBP (+4.3 mmHg) compared with males not using spreads. Males consuming a high intake of margarine had significantly higher SBP (+6.6 mmHg), higher DBP (+3.4 mmHg) and higher triglycerides (+30.5%). Amongst females, four patterns of fatty acid intake were associated with lower levels of HDL cholesterol compared with the low-saturated-fat/high n-3 reference group (p = 0.017 after adjustment for relevant confounders, range = −10.1% to −16.0%, p = 0.017). There were no associations between clusters and HOMA-IR or other serum lipids for males or females. Conclusions: Compared to using no fat spreads, amongst males, a high intake of margarine was characterised by higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher serum triglycerides, whilst the use of butter also was associated with higher SBP. Diets low in n-3s or high in trans fats were associated with sub-optimal HDL levels amongst females.
ZEMAX Simulations and Experimental Validation of Laser Interferometers
Authors: Naeem Muddasir , Imran Tayyab
Published: February 2025

This study presents the design, simulation, and experimental validation of six fundamental laser interferometer types: Sagnac, Mach–Zehnder, Michelson, Twyman–Green, Fizeau, and Fabry–Pérot. Using ZEMAX OpticStudio in non-sequential mode with the physical optics propagation (POP) algorithm, the simulations provide detailed insights into the optical performance of these interferometers. A direct comparison is made between the simulated and experimental fringe patterns, coherent irradiance distributions, and phase plots, demonstrating strong agreement and validating the accuracy of computational modeling for interferometric analysis. The Mach–Zehnder and Michelson configurations exhibit high adaptability and measurement precision, while the Fabry–Pérot interferometer achieves superior spectral resolution. Twyman–Green interferometry proves particularly effective in mapping surface irregularities for optical testing. The results confirm the reliability of ZEMAX OpticStudio for high-precision optical system design and analysis. The novelty of this work lies in the comparative study between ZEMAX simulations and experimental interferometric results, particularly fringe patterns and phase distributions. This approach provides a clearer understanding of interferometer performance and enhances the accuracy of optical metrology, offering valuable insights for both theoretical modeling and practical applications.
A High-Sensitivity Graphene Metasurface and Four-Frequency Switch Application Based on Plasmon-Induced Transparency Effects
Authors: Zhu Aijun , Zhang Mengyi , Hou Weigang , Cheng Lei , Hu Cong , Xu Chuanpei
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we propose the use of a monolayer graphene metasurface to achieve various excellent functions, such as sensing, slow light, and optical switching through the phenomenon of plasmon-induced transparency (PIT). The designed structure of the metasurface consists of a diamond-shaped cross and a pentagon graphene resonator. We conducted an analysis of the electric field distribution and utilized Lorentz resonance theory to study the PIT window that is generated by the coupling of bright-bright modes. Additionally, by adjusting the Fermi level of graphene, we were able to achieve tunable dual frequency switching modulators. Furthermore, the metasurface also demonstrates exceptional sensing performance, with sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) reaching values of 3.70 THz/RIU (refractive index unit) and 22.40 RIU-1, respectively. As a result, our numerical findings hold significant guiding significance for the design of outstanding terahertz sensors and photonic devices.
Harnessing Ultra-Intense Long-Wave Infrared Lasers: New Frontiers in Fundamental and Applied Research
Authors: Pogorelsky Igor V. , Polyanskiy Mikhail N.
Published: February 2025

This review explores two main topics: the state-of-the-art and emerging capabilities of high-peak-power, ultrafast (picosecond and femtosecond) long-wave infrared (LWIR) laser technology based on CO2 gas laser amplifiers, and the current and advanced scientific applications of this laser class. The discussion is grounded in expertise gained at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), a leading center for ultrafast, high-power CO2 laser development and a National User Facility with a strong track record in high-intensity physics experiments. We begin by reviewing the status of 9–10 μm CO2 laser technology and its applications, before exploring potential breakthroughs, including the realization of 100 terawatt femtosecond pulses. These advancements will drive ongoing research in electron and ion acceleration in plasma, along with applications in secondary radiation sources and atmospheric energy transport. Throughout the review, we highlight how wavelength scaling of physical effects enhances the capabilities of ultra-intense lasers in the LWIR spectrum, expanding the frontiers of both fundamental and applied science.
Research Progress of Grating-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging and Key Devices
Authors: Zong Fangke , Yang Jun , Guo Jinchuan , Zhang Jingjin , Du Yang , Zhang Chenggong
Published: February 2025

X-ray phase-contrast imaging presents a significant advancement in the field of X-ray imaging, surpassing traditional X-ray absorption imaging in detecting hydrogen substances. It effectively addresses the limitations of the latter in providing contrast for imaging weakly absorbing objects, thereby opening up vast potential applications in biomedical research, materials science, and industrial inspection. This article initially explores the fundamental principles of X-ray phase-contrast imaging and several prevalent imaging techniques. Notably, imaging devices such as grating-based Talbot–Lau interferometers emerge as the most promising in phase-contrast imaging due to their exceptional compatibility and imaging quality. Furthermore, this article introduces key parameters for assessing the quality of grating phase-contrast imaging, specifically image noise and sensitivity, along with their calculation methods. These insights are valuable for optimizing grating-based phase-contrast imaging devices. Lastly, this article examines potential applications and advancements in the key components of X-ray phase-contrast imaging while addressing current challenges and future directions in its technological development. This article aims to provide insights and inspiration for scholars interested in this field.
Functional Analysis of the ZmPR5 Gene Related to Resistance Against Fusarium verticillioides in Maize
Authors: Yang Wei , Cai Hongyu , Zhang Yuanqi , Hao Junheng , Ma Yaqi , He Qinxuan , Zhao Kun , Li Honggang , Fang Ayue , Hou Dalong , Ren Xuejiao
Published: February 2025

In this study, the gene ZmPR5, associated with resistance to ear rot, was identified through transcriptome data analysis of the maize inbred line J1259. The gene was subsequently cloned and its function was investigated. The ZmPR5 gene comprises an open reading frame of 525 base pairs, encoding a protein of 175 amino acids. ZmPR5 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the ZmPR5EMS mutant in maize, and they were subjected to q-PCR and measurements of antioxidant enzyme activities (POD, SOD, CAT, MDA), electrical conductivity, and chlorophyll content. The results indicate that the expression of ZmPR5 is up-regulated upon infection by Fusarium verticillioides, with significant differences observed in the activities of POD, SOD, CAT, MDA, electrical conductivity, and chlorophyll content. The study found that ZmPR5 is localized in the nucleus and interacts with Zm00001d020492 (WRKY53) and Zm00001d042140 (glucA). Trypan blue staining revealed that the stained area in the ZmPR5EMS mutant of maize was significantly larger than that in B73. The expression of ZmPR5 is closely associated with resistance to maize ear rot.
An Integrative Systematic Approach Reveals a New Species of Crocus Series Verni (Iridaceae) Endemic to Albania
Authors: Raca Irena , Shuka Donald , Shuka Lulëzim , Waminal Nomar Espinosa , Harpke Dörte
Published: February 2025

The allopolyploid complexes in Crocus series Verni represent taxonomic challenges due to their variable or mostly overlapping morphology with one parental species. Moreover, their diploid ancestors remain unidentified, even with genome-wide SNP data. One such case, collected from the southeasternmost point of the series’ geographical distribution, is herein characterised and described as a new species, C. bachofenii. This study integrates phylogenomics and cytogenetics to infer the parental origin of C. bachofenii and establish its diagnostic morphological characteristics. Genome skimming of C. bachofenii and 10 other C. ser. Verni species enabled the development of novel satellite repeats as cytogenetic markers and the assembly of their complete chloroplast genomes that were employed for phylogenetic analysis alongside GBS data. The allopolyploid origin of C. bachofenii (2n = 16) was confirmed with C. vernus as the maternal parent. The probably extinct paternal parent was affiliated with a clade comprising C. heuffelianus, C. tommasinianus, C. kosaninii, and C. bertiscensis. Morphologically, C. bachofenii is distinguished by larger flowers, perigone segment coloration, and a stigma–anther ratio from its close relatives. In conclusion, its phylogenetic affiliation, distinctive cytological status, and unique morphological features justified the description of this taxon as a new species.
Function of Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Metabolic Pathways in the Floral Sepals Color Formation in Different Hydrangea Cultivars
Authors: Ke Yanguo , Ashraf Umair , Wang Dongdong , Hassan Waseem , Zou Ying , Qi Ying , Zhou Yiwei , Abbas Farhat
Published: February 2025

Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is distinguished by having sepals instead of real petals, a trait that facilitates color diversity. Floral color is largely predetermined by structural genes linked to anthocyanin production, but the genetic factors determining floral hue in this non-model plant remain unclear. Anthocyanin metabolites, transcriptome, and the CIEL*a*b* hue system were employed to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of floral color formation in three hydrangea cultivars: ‘DB’ (deep blue), ‘LB’ (light blue), and ‘GB’ (green blue). UPLC-MS/MS identified 47 metabolites, with delphinidin, cyanidin, malvidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin being prominent. Delphinidins were 90% of the primary component in ‘DB’. The dataset identifies 51 and 31 DEGs associated with anthocyanin, flavonoid, and chlorophyll biosynthesis, with CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, BZ1, and 3AT displaying the highest expression in ‘DB’. Notably, DFR (cluster-46471.3) exhibits high expression in ‘DB’ while being down-regulated in ‘LB’ and ‘GB’, correlating with higher anthocyanin levels in floral pigmentation. Comparative analyses of ‘LB’ vs. ‘DB’, ‘DB’ vs. ‘GB’, and ‘LB’ vs. ‘GB’ revealed 460, 490, and 444 differentially expressed TFs, respectively. WRKY, ERF, bHLH, NAC, and AP2/ERF showed the highest expression in ‘DB’, aligning with the color formation and key anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene expression. The findings reveal the molecular mechanisms behind floral pigmentation variations and lay the groundwork for future hydrangea breeding programs.
Characterization of Tungsten Sputtering Processes in a Capacitively Coupled Argon Plasma
Authors: Vassallo Espedito , Saleh Miriam , Pedroni Matteo , Cremona Anna , Ripamonti Dario
Published: February 2025

A capacitively coupled radio-frequency argon plasma, used for tungsten sputtering deposition, is characterized using Langmuir probe measurements. Druyvesteyn’s method is used to evaluate plasma parameters through the integral of the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF). In the pressure range analyzed (0.6–10 Pa), the obtained distributions are not Maxwellian, which suggests some depletion of electrons with higher energies. The obtained plasma parameters are compared with those derived from the graphical method. The electron temperature obtained via the graphical method is always lower than the effective temperatures derived from EEDFs, and vice versa, the electron density is overestimated by the graphical method. Optical Emission Spectroscopy is used to monitor the atoms sputtered in the plasma process. The behavior of excited species correlates with the plasma parameters.
Green Sulfation of Arabinogalactan in the Melt of a Sulfamic Acid–Urea Mixture
Authors: Levdansky Vladimir A. , Levdansky Alexander V. , Malyar Yuriy N. , Ivanenko Timur Yu. , Fetisova Olga Yu. , Kazachenko Aleksandr S. , Kuznetsov Boris N.
Published: February 2025

Sulfation of arabinogalactan (AG) from larch wood (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in the melt of a sulfamic acid–urea mixture has been first examined. The impact of the AG sulfation temperature on the AG sulfate yield and the sulfur content has been established. The high sulfur content (11.3–11.6%) in sulfated AG has been obtained in the temperature range of 115–120 °C for a sulfation time of 0.5 h. The process effectively prevents molecular degradation under these conditions. The incorporation of sulfate groups into the arabinogalactan structure has been confirmed by the appearance of absorption bands in the FTIR spectrum that are typical of sulfate group vibrations. The 13C NMR spectroscopy study has proven that the AG sulfation in the melt of a sulfamic acid–urea mixture leads to the substitution of some free hydroxyl groups for C6, C4, and C2 carbon atoms of the AG β-D-galactopyranose units. The advantage of the proposed AG sulfation method is that the reaction occurs without solvent, and the reaction time is only 0.5 h. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of the initial AG and sulfated AG samples have been studied. It has been found that the sulfated AG samples have a lower thermal resistance than the initial AG. The kinetic analysis has revealed a decrease in the activation energy of the thermal degradation of the sulfated samples as compared to the initial AG.
Development of Gelatin-Based Renewable Packaging with Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil for Chicken Breast Preservation
Authors: Lima Rene Pereira de , Carrea Daniela de Almeida , Santos Vitor Augusto dos , Tostes Filgueiras Cristina , Matta Fakhouri Farayde , Velasco José Ignacio
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to develop gelatin-based films incorporating Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MEO) and assess their application on refrigerated chicken breasts. The results showed that MEO exhibited antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., with inhibition zones of 17 mm and 9 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10% for P. aeruginosa and 15% for Salmonella sp., demonstrating greater efficacy against P. aeruginosa. The antioxidant analysis using the ABTS method revealed activity of 1309 ± 18.0 μM Trolox/g, while the FRAP method resulted in 446 ± 5.78 μM FeSO4/g. The characterization of the oil by gas chromatography identified major compounds, including 2-carene, γ-terpinene, terpine-4-ol, and α-terpineol. Incorporating the oil into gelatin films resulted in structural changes, such as an increase in thickness (from 0.059 to 0.127 mm) and water vapor permeability. Furthermore, the addition of MEO conferred homogeneous properties to the films with no visible cracks. The incorporation of MEO into gelatin films has shown ABTS antioxidant activity, and FRAP results showed a significant increase with higher MEO concentrations. The packaged samples retained more mass than the control group, which lost about 90% of its weight during storage. Texture analysis revealed only an 8% variation in the Melaleuca-coated samples compared to 19.6% in the control group. These findings indicate that gelatin films containing Melaleuca essential oil effectively improve the shelf life of chicken breasts.
Investigation of Constitutive Models for Pressure Monitoring of Viscoelastic–Hyperelastic Composite Structures
Authors: Ai Lijia , Li Peng , Yuan Hongwei , Tian Chunrong , Qiang Xiaolian , Fu Tao
Published: February 2025

To ensure ammunition safety, a protective structure and pressure detection system are essential; however, there is a lack of an accurate constitutive model to describe the mechanical response characteristics of protective structures composed of various polymer materials. In this work, a constitutive model for the composite structure based on the superposition principle is successfully constructed derived from the quasi-static compression behavior of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), silicone rubber foam (SRF), and flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) through experimental investigations. The constitutive model accurately reflects the influence of each type of polymer foam on the mechanical performance of composite structures, underscoring the significance of thickness ratios. Test results within the temperature range of 25 °C to 55 °C validate the model’s accuracy, with an average fitting error of 8.6%. Furthermore, a multi-channel pressure detection system has been integrated into the composite structure. Under conditions of out-of-plane loads ranging from 0 to 10 kilonewtons, the accuracy of the pressure monitoring system, adjusted using the constructed model, has improved by 16%. The constitutive model and the pressure sensing system effectively predict the mechanical properties of the protective structure and enable real-time force state monitoring, which is crucial for ammunition safety and has broader applications for safeguarding other objects.
Removal and Recovery of AgNPs from Water by Sustainable Magnetic Nanoflocculants
Authors: Ramirez Mariana , Ben Khalifa Eya , Magnacca Giuliana , Moreno Mario Sergio , Parolo María E. , Carlos Luciano
Published: February 2025

The presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water bodies has emerged as a new environmental concern and the efficient separation of these nanoparticles remains a critical challenge. Here, we developed novel magnetic nanoflocculants for the recovery of AgNPs from water. Alternating layers of biopolymers, in particular, chitosan, alginate, and polymeric bio-based soluble substances (BBS) derived from urban waste, were coated on magnetic nanoparticles via the layer-by-layer technique to prepare reusable magnetic nanoflocculants (MNFs). The MNFs obtained were characterized with diverse physicochemical techniques. Surface response methodology, based on the Doehlert matrix, has shown to be a useful tool to determine the effect of pH (in the range 5–9), concentration of AgNPs (7–20 mg L−1), and MNFs (50–1000 mg L−1) on the performance of AgNPs removal. The model predicts a high AgNPs removal percentage at low pH values and high MNF concentration. In particular, for the most efficient MNFs, 90% of AgNPs removal was obtained at pH 5 and 600 mg L−1 MNF concentration. Additionally, the effects of AgNPs size, ionic strength, the presence of humic acids, and two types of surfactants (LAS anionic and TWEEN 20 nonionic) on the AgNPs removal were evaluated. Finally, recovery and reuse experiments showed that MNF made of Chitosan-BBS can be reused in ten cycles, losing only 30% of the initial removal capacity. Therefore, magnetic flocculation could represent a sustainable alternative for AgNPs separation with potential applications in water treatment and remediation of nanoparticle contamination.
Defect Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells Using Polysuccinimide-Based Green Polymer Additives
Authors: Kozlov Sergey S. , Alexeeva Olga V. , Nikolskaia Anna B. , Petrova Vasilisa I. , Karyagina Olga K. , Iordanskii Alexey L. , Larina Liudmila L. , Shevaleevskiy Oleg I.
Published: February 2025

Controlling traps and structural defects in perovskite absorber layers is crucial for enhancing both the device efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here we demonstrate the modification of perovskite films by introducing low-cost green polymers, polysuccinimide (PSI) and polyasparagine (PASP), into the perovskite layer. Structural, morphological and optoelectronic properties of polymer-modified perovskite films were probed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The incorporation of PSI triggers interactions between the polymer and perovskite, leading to the passivation of surface defects at the grain boundaries and improved morphology of perovskite films. This defect passivation boosted PSC performance, providing power conversion efficiency (PCE) values up to 20.1%. An optimal polymer concentration of 0.1 mg/mL in the perovskite precursor solution was identified for an improvement in the photovoltaic performance. It was shown that the primary factor leading to the observed enhancement in the power conversion efficiency for PSI-modified PSCs is the increase in the lifetime of charge carriers due to the efficient passivation of surface defects and suppression of recombination losses. Additionally, PSI-modified PSCs demonstrated enhanced stability, retaining over 80% of their initial efficiency after 40 days of storage under ambient conditions without encapsulation. The obtained results highlight the effectiveness of green polymer additives in passivating surface defects in perovskite films and provide a viable approach for improving the stability and performance of perovskite solar cells.
Effect of Poly (Caprolactone) Introduction Site on the Network Structure and Properties of Glycidyl Azide Polymer Adhesive
Authors: Tu Chengzhao , Wang Zhengyuan , Zhu Fengdan , Yang Dengsheng , Liu Chang , Bai Chaofei , Li Guoping , Luo Yunjun
Published: February 2025

Copolymers of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) and poly (caprolactone) (PCL) were obtained by introducing PCL molecular chains at both ends or side groups of GAP molecular chains, respectively. GAP/PCL elastomers were prepared via polyurethane curing reaction and compared with GAP/PCL elastomers prepared by physical blending, in order to clarify the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties. The results showed that no GAP and PCL phase separation was observed in the chemically bonded GAP/PCL elastomers. The elongation at break of the thermosetting GAP/PCL block copolymer elastomer increased significantly from 268% to 300% due to the increase in molecular weight between crosslinking points. The GAP/PCL graft copolymer, with its longer PCL segment length and higher segment mobility, formed microcrystalline domains within the elastomer, resulting in a significant improvement in tensile strength from 0.32 MPa to 1.07 MPa. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the glass transition temperature of the GAP/PCL elastomer was 2.6 °C lower than that of the pure GAP elastomer, and the thermal stability was also enhanced.
A Novel Intrauterine Device for the Extended Tissue-Specific Release of Estradiol and Norethindrone to Treat the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
Authors: Abdelgader Ahmed , Govender Mershen , Kumar Pradeep , Choonara Yahya E.
Published: February 2025

The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a prevalent condition impacting a substantial number of women globally. Presently, the management of GSM typically entails the administration of estrogen via oral, dermal, or vaginal routes for a prolonged period of time. This study involves the development of a polymer-based hollow cylindrical delivery system loaded with estradiol hemihydrate (E2) for prolonged delivery to the uterine cavity (EPHCD) combined with a norethindrone acetate (NETA)-loaded polymeric matrix (NLPM), with both units placed onto an intra-uterine device to form a multi-component drug delivery system for the management of GSM (MCDDS). In developing EPHCD, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to evaluate and optimize the impact of formulation factors on EPHCD release and unit weight loss. The optimized EPHCD was further assessed for its chemical integrity, surface morphology, hydration characteristics, release behavior, ex vivo permeation and cytocompatibility. The optimized EPHCD, which featured a high drug load (10%) and low ethyl cellulose-to-polycaprolactone ratio (EC-to-PCL, 10%), demonstrated favorable attributes with a cumulative drug release and weight loss of 23.78 ± 0.84% and 2.09 ± 0.21%, respectively, over a 4-week testing period. The release kinetics were further noted to obey the Peppas–Sahlin model. Evaluation of MCDDS revealed an in vitro drug release comparable to the individual units, with permeation studies displaying an initial increase in the rate of flux for both drugs during the first 2 h, followed by a subsequent decrease. Moreover, the MCDDS components showed good cytocompatibility against NIH/3T3 cells, with cell viability of more than 70%. Upon evaluation of the MCDDS system, the results of this study highlight its potential as a viable sustained-release intrauterine platform for the treatment of GSM.
Study on the Dispersion and Processing Performance of Activated Aluminum Hydroxide/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composite Flame Retardant System for Vinyl Ester Resin
Authors: Dou Jipeng , Xie Yong , Chen Rui , Qin Yan
Published: February 2025

Stearic acid was used to modify the surface of a mixed flame-retardant powder consisting of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate by an uneven nucleation method, aiming to improve its dispersion in a vinyl resin matrix. This study investigated the effect of stearic acid dosage on the powder’s surface modification, characterized by infrared spectroscopy, activation degree, and laser particle size distribution. The dispersion of the modified powder in the resin matrix was evaluated by measuring the system viscosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and bending performance. The results indicated that when the stearic acid content was 1%, the powder exhibited the best overall coating effect, with a uniform particle size distribution and an activation degree of 73.6%. After the composite material was added to the resin, the system viscosity was 923 mPa·s, and SEM images showed good dispersion of the powder in the resin matrix. The cured resin demonstrated a bending strength of 41.86 MPa. However, the flame retardancy slightly decreased, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) dropping from 24.6% for the unmodified sample to 24.0%. When the stearic acid content exceeded 1%, the powder’s particle size increased dramatically. Although the activation degree also increased, the improvement was not significant. The addition of the powder to the resin resulted in a higher system viscosity, and the flame retardancy deteriorated sharply, with the vertical burning rating dropping from FV-1 to “--”. Considering flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and processing performance, the composite material with 1% stearic acid demonstrated the best overall performance.
Conversion of Glass Waste into Zeolite A Adsorbent for Efficient Ammonium Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies
Authors: Pereyra Neysa , Kamran Urooj , Aguilar-Mamani Wilson , Akhtar Farid
Published: February 2025

In this study, a zeolitic adsorbent (AGW-ZA) was successfully developed from glass waste (GW)-derived aluminosilicates. The GW, serving as the starting material, underwent alkaline activation and hydrothermal treatment to yield the AGW-ZA adsorbent, which exhibited a surface area of 216.48 m2/g. The AGW-ZA demonstrated significantly higher ammonium (NH4+) ion adsorption (142.5 mg/g at 1000 mg/L) than pristine GW (80.0 mg/g). Optimal adsorption experimental parameters were identified (0.1 g dosage, pH = 7, and 10 h contact time) to determine the maximum NH4+ ions’ adsorption potential by adsorbents. Kinetic and isotherm models were applied to experimental data to describe the adsorption mechanisms. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for both AGW-ZA and pristine GW, indicating that the adsorption process is followed by chemical interaction via ion exchange. Regarding isotherms, the Freundlich model was most suitable for AGW-ZA, signifying that NH4+ ions adsorbed on heterogeneous adsorbent surfaces by forming multilayers, while the Temkin model fit the pristine GW data, indicating the chemisorption nature with medium adsorbate–adsorbent interactions above the heterogeneous surface. This study explores the potential of transforming discarded GW into a high-performance zeolitic adsorbent for the mitigation of environmental pollution by removing NH4+ ions from wastewater while simultaneously addressing waste management challenges.
Systematic Cause Analysis of an Explosion Accident During the Packaging of Dangerous Goods
Authors: Park Juwon , Lee Keunwon , Min Mimi , Phark Chuntak , Jung Seungho
Published: February 2025

Chemical plants inherently handle and operate with a wide range of hazardous materials, making them more prone to accidents compared to other industrial sectors. Consequently, safety management in chemical plants tends to be systematically organized based on elements of process safety management (PSM) systems. In June 2023, South Korea’s Ministry of Employment and Labor released the Serious Injury and Fatality (SIF) report, which summarized 4432 major accident cases that occurred over six years (2016–2021), including 1834 cases in manufacturing and related industries and 2574 cases in construction. The report provided an overview of these accidents, their causes, and measures to prevent their recurrence, with a focus on fatalities and severe injuries associated with critical losses across different industries. This study examined 16 accident cases that occurred at PSM-regulated facilities, which are managed on the basis of a systematic safety framework established by regulatory requirements. Among these, particular attention was paid to an explosion accident in the organic catalyst packaging process at a facility with no prior accident history and exhibiting unique accident characteristics. A systemic root cause analysis was conducted using the barrier-based systemic cause analysis technique (BSCAT) and the system theoretic accident model and process (STAMP-CAST) methodologies. The systemic analysis highlighted the critical importance of clearly identifying materials or factors that may inadvertently mix during the process design or mass production phases and evaluating whether such interactions could lead to accidents during the hazard assessment stage. Beyond incorporating the risk mitigation measures identified in the process design and procedural development phases without omissions, it is essential to periodically conduct “worker-centered risk assessments”. These assessments help evaluate the potential for accidents resulting from human errors, such as workers’ non-compliance with established procedures, which is a key aspect of preventing chemical accidents. Although this study did not include an evaluation of the impacts of high pressures or high temperatures on workers near chemical accident sites—hence, no specific recommendations regarding safe working distances are made—the findings are expected to contribute to the development of preventive measures for chemical accidents in smaller-scale plants where workers directly manage and operate processes.
Numerical Study of Suspension Viscosity Accounting for Particle–Fluid Interactions Under Low-Confinement Conditions in Two-Dimensional Parallel-Plate Flow
Authors: Maeda Junji , Fukui Tomohiro
Published: February 2025

Suspensions are prevalent in daily life and serve various purposes, including applications in food, medicine, and industry. Many of these suspensions display non-Newtonian characteristics stemming from particle–fluid interactions. Understanding the rheology of suspensions is critical for developing materials for applications across different fields. While Einstein’s viscosity formula is recognized as a key evaluation tool for suspension rheology, it does not apply when the solvent is a non-Newtonian fluid. Consequently, we explored how changes in the microstructure of suspensions influence their rheology, specifically focusing on changes in relative viscosity, through numerical simulations. The computational approaches used were the regularized lattice Boltzmann method and the virtual flux method. The computational model used was a two-dimensional parallel-plate channel, and the flow properties of the solvent were represented using the power-law model. Consequently, multiple particles migrated to two symmetrical points relative to the center, achieving mechanical equilibrium and moving closer to the center as the power-law index increased. Furthermore, the relative viscosity observed was lower than that predicted by Einstein’s viscosity formula, indicating that shear thinning could occur even with a power-law index above 1. Additionally, as the power-law index decreased, the relative viscosity also decreased.
Freeze-Dried Liposomes as Carriers of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess Phytoactives for Cosmetic Applications
Authors: Silva Gabriela Alves , Kakuda Letícia , Oliveira Wanderley Pereira
Published: February 2025

The demand for phytoactives in cosmetics is growing due to their potential as safer and sustainable alternatives to synthetic compounds. The fruit pulp of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (uvaia), a species native to the Atlantic Forest, is rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, with high antioxidant activity, making it a promising active ingredient for cosmetic applications, particularly in skin anti-aging formulations. This study aimed to extract bioactives from uvaia fruit, evaluate their antioxidant properties, and develop freeze-dried liposomes to enhance their stability and physicochemical characteristics. Uvaia pulp was freeze-dried and extracted via dynamic maceration using water (EX.AQ) and 70% ethanol (EX.ET). EX.ET exhibited the highest polyphenol content (16.44 ± 0.95 mg GAE/g dry basis) and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 122.09 ± 5.28 µg/mL). Liposomes containing EX.ET (F1-EX) and blank liposomes (F1-B) were prepared using an adapted ethanol injection method and freeze-dried with two cryoprotectant mixtures: A1 (trehalose, mannitol, and colloidal silicon dioxide) and P1 (whey protein and colloidal silicon dioxide). F1-EX liposomes had a larger particle size (232.50 ± 2.72 nm) than F1-B (143.90 ± 2.80 nm), with similar polydispersity (PdI < 0.30) and zeta potential (>30 mV). The encapsulation efficiency of F1-EX reached 58.8 ± 0.5%. Freeze-dried liposomes showed low water activity (0.068–0.340) and moisture content (2.71–3.58%), while cryoprotectant A1 resulted in a lower PdI (0.144 ± 0.039) and higher zeta potential (−39.00 ± 0.44). These results demonstrate that uvaia is a valuable source of bioactive substances, with encapsulation and drying technologies enhancing their stability and functionality, making them suitable for potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors. Furthermore, this approach supports the sustainable use of natural resources and contributes to preserving Brazil’s biodiversity.
The Multi-Objective Distributed Robust Optimization Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Green Hydrogen Certificates and Low-Carbon Demand Response
Authors: Yang Yulong , Yan Han , Wang Jiaqi
Published: February 2025

To address the issues of energy wastage and uncertainty impacts associated with high levels of renewable energy integration, a multi-objective distributed robust low-carbon optimization scheduling strategy for hydrogen-integrated Integrated Energy Systems (IES) is proposed. This strategy incorporates a green hydrogen trading mechanism and low-carbon demand response. Firstly, to leverage the low-carbon and clean characteristics of hydrogen energy, an efficient hydrogen utilization model was constructed, consisting of electricity-based hydrogen production, waste heat recovery, multi-stage hydrogen use, hydrogen blending in gas, and hydrogen storage. This significantly enhanced the system’s renewable energy consumption and carbon reduction. Secondly, to improve the consumption of green hydrogen, a novel reward–punishment green hydrogen certificate trading mechanism was proposed. The impact of green hydrogen trading prices on system operation was discussed, promoting the synergistic operation of green hydrogen and green electricity. Based on the traditional demand-response model, a novel low-carbon demand-response strategy is proposed, with carbon emission factors serving as guiding signals. Finally, considering the uncertainty of renewable energy, an innovative optimal trade-off multi-objective distributed robust model was proposed, which simultaneously considered low-carbon, economic, and robustness aspects. The model was solved using an improved adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm. Case study results show that, after introducing the reward–punishment green hydrogen trading mechanism and low-carbon demand response, the system’s total cost was reduced by approximately 5.16% and 4.37%, and carbon emissions were reduced by approximately 7.84% and 6.72%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed multi-objective distributed robust model not only considers the system’s economy, low-carbon, and robustness but also offers higher solving efficiency and optimization performance compared to multi-objective optimization methods.