bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTEIN AND NONPROTEIN NITROGEN CONTENTS OF SOME OILSEEDS AND PEAS
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , SOSULSKI F. W. , WU K. K.
Published: March 2010

Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) was extracted from seven species of oilseeds and three cultivars of peas (Pisum sativum L.) by three methods. Method 1 was extraction of meal nitrogen with dilute sodium hydroxide and removal of alkali-soluble proteins by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation. Methods 2 and 3 were extractions of meal nitrogen with 70% ethanol and 1% TCA, respectively. The three solvents extracted vastly different quantities of nitrogen from the meals. Method 3 gave the highest values for NPN followed by methods 1 and 2 in that order. The nitrogen extracted by ethanol was probably the true NPN content of the meals because of the lack of solubility of oilseed and pea proteins in this solvent. The oilseed meals contained more amide nitrogen than the peas. None of the meals contained any significant quantities of nitrate nitrogen. Amino acid analysis of NPN fractions of meals obtained by method 1 showed the oilseed meals and peas to contain, in free state, all the protein amino acids except cystine or an appreciable amount of methionine. The NPN fractions of the meals contained, except in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), high quantities of ammonia, glutamic, and aspartic acids. Safflower NPN fraction contained, in addition to ammonia, more proline and alanine than glutamic and aspartic acids. Mustard (Brassica juncea Coss.) and pea NPN fractions also contained high concentrations of arginine. The other protein amino acids were present in trace or relatively small concentrations. The major conclusion drawn from the data was that the NPN of the seed species used in the study was highly variable and depended on the method and solvent of extraction.
COMPONENTS OF YIELD OF RECOVERABLE SUGAR IN RANDOM AND IMPROVED SUGARBEET POPULATIONS
Authors: SMITH G. A. , HECKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Path coefficient analyses indicated that the components of recoverable sugar yield rank differently in relative importance in improved populations of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) than in relatively unimproved populations. Root weight was a more important yield component than sucrose percentage and over twice as important as purity in unselected populations. Root weight and sucrose percentage contributed about equally in improved populations, but the importance of both to recoverable sugar was substantially greater than in the unselected population. Purity was about twice as important a component in the improved population as it was in the unselected population. Results suggest that the emphasis of breeding programs will need to change with changes in the genetic structure of the improved population. Because of the lack of negative indirect effects in the commercial population, the association of recoverable sugar and sucrose percent was nearly twice as high as compared to the relatively unimproved random hybrid population.
DAMAGE TO FLUE-CURED TOBACCO BY THE NEEDLE NEMATODE LONGIDORUS ELONGATUS
Authors: MARKS C. F. , ELLIOT J. M.
Published: March 2010

The ectoparasitic nematode (Longidorus elongatus (de Man 1876) Thorne and Swanger 1936) was associated with severe stunting of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at Delhi, Ontario in early June 1971. Foliar applications of the nematicide Vydate ((S-methylcarbamoyl)-N-[(methylcarbamoyl oxy)] thioformimidate) to the stunted plants reduced the number of L. elongatus in the soil around the roots but did not improve plant growth. A pot test in a greenhouse indicated that flue-cured tobacco, rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were poor hosts for the nematode whereas sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) were good hosts. Apparently, in the field the small numbers of L. elongatus that had been subsisting in the soil had multiplied to damaging levels on a crop of sorghum grown in the previous year. Because of the rare occurrence of Longidorus spp. in soils of the tobacco-growing areas of Ontario and the crop rotation and soil fumigation in use by most growers of flue-cured tobacco, it is unlikely that any specific control measures will be required to prevent damage to tobacco by L. elongatus.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN ELONGATION RATES OF ROOTS OF WOODY PLANTS
Authors: HILTON R. J. , KHATAMIAN H.
Published: March 2010

not available
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ETIIEPHON (ETHREL) AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING HYBRID CEREALS
Authors: LAW J. , STOSKOPF N. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
RECURRENT SELECTION FOR SEED YIELD IMPROVEMENT IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS, CULT LEO
Authors: SANDHA G. S. , TWAMLEY B. E.
Published: March 2010

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), cult Leo, was used as a base population for a recurrent selection program for seed yield. Objectives were: (1) improvement of seed yield, and (2) comparison of a genotypic and a geno-phenotypic method of selection. Two cycles were completed and evaluated. Seed yields for the genotypic and geno-phenotypic methods were 132 and 158%, respectively, of Leo after two cycles of selection. The geno-phenotypic method proved superior to the genotypic after each cycle. The broad sense heritability (61% for cycles 1 and 2), genotypic standard deviation, and genotypic coefficient of variability estimates (16.9 and 15.0% for cycles 1 and 2) indicated no reduction in genotypic variability with the geno-phenotypic method. However, the variability was practically exhausted with the genotypic method after cycle 2. Thus, further improvement with additional cycles of selection should be possible with the geno-phenotypic method but not with the genotypic method.
COMPARISON OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SILAGE FROM A TILLERING AND A NONTILLERING HYBRID CORN
Authors: BOWDEN D. M. , FREYMAN S. , McLAUGHLIN N. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATION BETWEEN SOIL FERTILIZATION AND TOTAL SUGAR CONTENT IN SWEET CORN
Authors: KALDY M. S. , FREYMAN S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF UNUSUAL FIELD WEATHERING ON THE QUALITY OF FLAX SEED
Authors: DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

In 1971, the percentage of poorly matured flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) in southern Manitoba was unusually high. This seed was discolored and tended to clump due to portions of the capsule septa adhering to the seed coat. Samples of flax seed selected from the new crop survey conducted by the Canadian Grain Commission were divided into normal and poor or weathered seeds. The poor seeds had a lower seed weight, lower percent germination, and darker oil, but an iodine number higher than the normal seeds. There were no consistent differences in oil and protein content. It appears that seeds with this type of weathering are acceptable for crushing but unacceptable for seeding.
EFFECTS OF NODULATION ON GROWTH OF SILVERBERRY
Authors: BAILEY ARTHUR W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF CUTTING MANAGEMENT ON YIELDS, DIGESTIBILITY, CRUDE PROTEIN, AND PERSISTENCE OF TIMOTHY, BROMEGRASS, AND ORCHARD GRASS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , MACLEOD L. B. , CALDER F. W.
Published: March 2010

Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Saratoga bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were harvested over a 3-yr period at eight developmental stages of primary growth and aftermath after a 40–64-day regrowth interval. Total dry matter (DM) yields generally increased up to flowering and ranged from 4,370 to 11,840 kg/ha, depending on grass species, cutting management, and season. Aftermath DM rarely exceeded 3,500 kg/ha. The stage of development at initial harvest had only a limited influence on aftermath production. Within the season, orchard grass had a more uniform yield distribution than timothy or bromegrass. The yield distribution of the three grasses was most uniform where the initial harvest was taken at the immature stages of development. Stand persistence was satisfactory under all cutting managements. Per cent in vitro digestible dry matter (IVD) of primary growth ranged from 76.5 to 37.0. In the 2nd and 3rd yr, decline in IVD of primary growth averaged 0.69, 0.66, and 0.82% per day for timothy, bromegrass, and orchard grass, respectively, over a 24-day period. In the 1st yr, this decline was somewhat higher. The IVD of aftermath tended to be higher when the regrowth period was shortest, although this was inconsistent, particularly for timothy and bromegrass. Total digestible DM yields increased up to heading stage. Percent crude protein (CP) of primary growth ranged from 18.2 to 7.1 under various cutting managements and decreased at an average daily rate of 0.33–0.37. Percent CP of aftermath ranged from 15.0 to 9.6. Longer regrowth periods generally resulted in lower percent CP. Cutting management had little effect on average seasonal CP yields.
MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TWO ALFALFA CULTIVARS UNDER VARIOUS HARVESTING SCHEDULES
Authors: SINGH Y. , WINCH J. E.
Published: March 2010

Two alfalfa cultivars grown under field conditions were harvested at different stages of maturity during the growing season of 1969. The number of buds and stems that originated from various locations on the plant and the dry weight of the stems were recorded periodically. The pattern of regrowth was the same for both cultivars. During regrowth, following all stages of harvest, many buds that developed early failed to produce mature stems. Uncut alfalfa produced a second crop of regrowth stems from the bases of stems that formed the first growth. After each harvest regrowth stems originated mainly from the stubble of the most recently harvested stems. Yield reductions occurring in successive regrowths of each harvest schedule were due mainly to the production of smaller stems. Increased growth rates following more mature stages of cutting resulted mainly from faster elongation of stems developing from larger buds. The implications of these findings with respect to the breeding of alfalfa are discussed.
ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIAL FLORA IN SOLANUM TUBEROSUM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN BACTERIAL RING ROT DIAGNOSIS
Authors: BOER S. H. DE , COPEMAN R. J.
Published: March 2010

The aerobic endophytic bacterial population in "healthy" potato plants was found to vary from fewer than 1 × 103 to 4.2 × 107 cells/cm3 of stem tissue and from 0 to 1.6 × 104 cells/cm3 in tubers. No significant correlation was found between the bacterial population in stems and tubers of the same plant, nor was there a significant difference in the bacterial populations of virus-free plants when compared with PVX-infected plants. Strains of Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, and coryneforms were isolated in addition to several isolates that could not be identified. All isolates were nonpathogenic, including the coryneforms, some of which were morphologically indistinguishable from Corynebacterium sepedonicum but which were biochemically different.
ASSOCIATION OF WEATHER DATA AND THE INCIDENCE OF BLOTCHY RIPENING OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: HORNBY C. A. , MATSUMOTO T.
Published: March 2010

Blotchy ripening (BR) of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) appears irregularly in the spring crop in British Columbia. Variation in BR incidence among seasons and also within a season does not appear correlated with any changes in cultural conditions; therefore, an examination of meteorological data for an association with incidence of BR was undertaken. Light as hours of bright sunshine was studied in the cases where BR was reported in the commercial crop. Daily meteorological records were examined for weekly periods, and the correlation of BR with conditions at week of harvest and each of the 7 wk preceding harvest, and combinations of 2–8 of those weeks studied. Some 180 models were examined, and the highest r2 value occurred in the regression equation of Y = 1.51 − 0.0167 X, where Y is the severity rating (0–3) of the BR incidence, and X is the total hours of bright sunshine from the combination in which these hours were the difference between the sums for alternate weeks from harvest and the remaining weeks of the 8-wk period. In other words, the incidence of BR will be severe when the total hours of bright sunshine of even-numbered weeks were smaller than that of odd-numbered weeks, or when even-numbered weeks were cloudy and odd-numbered weeks were sunny. The emphasis is placed on a cumulative, cyclical effect that previous workers appear to have overlooked. The hypothesis is being used to plan regimes in controlled environment to study blotchy ripening.
INFLUENCE OF WEEKLY CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT REGIMES ON THE INCIDENCE OF BLOTCHY RIPENING OF TOMATOES
Authors: MATSUMOTO T. , HORNBY C. A.
Published: March 2010

The hypothesis that blotchy ripening (BR) of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was associated with a cumulative effect of alternating periods of bright sunshine and cloudy weather was tested in controlled environment chambers. Temperatures were programed to give diurnal changes between 11.7 C/26.7 C night/day representing sunny days, and 11.7 C/21.2 C night/day for cloudy days. The two levels of light were (1) 18,299 lx for sunny days, and (2) 16,656 lx for cloudy days. These two factors were combined in four regimes to represent (1) sunny-day temperature and light; (2) sunny-day temperature and alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day light; (3) alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day temperature and sunny-day light; and (4) alternate weeks of sunny-day temperature and light, and cloudy-day temperature and light. Four series of plants showed a common trend. Consistent sunny-day temperature and alternating weeks of sunny or cloudy-day light produced the highest incidence of BR. Alternating weeks of temperature levels with consistent sunny-day light produced less BR but not significantly so. When sunny-day temperature and light were alternated weekly with cloudy day conditions, there was a reduced percentage of BR and less severe symptoms. This regime suggests a compensatory effect when temperature is varied directly with changes in light intensity. The regime for consistent sunny-day temperature and light gave the lowest BR incidence with mild symptoms.
"BAKING STRENGTH INDEX" AND THE RELATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT TO LOAF VOLUME
Authors: TIPPLES K. H. , KTLBORN R. H.
Published: March 2010

The "Baking Strength Index" (BSI) is a protein quality parameter that expresses loaf volume, by the Remix baking method, as a percentage of the volume normally expected for Canadian hard red spring wheat flour of the same protein content. Under Canada’s new protein segregation grading system, protein quality assumes more significance, as previously overall baking quality was affected by both protein quantity and protein quality.
HARDINESS OF ROOTS IN RELATION TO SHOOTS OF CONTAINER-GROWN PLANTS BY AN ELECTRIC METHOD
Authors: WILNER J. , BRACH E. J.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr study showed that the bioelectric method was sensitive and reliable to test winter hardiness of roots of container-grown plants and to determine the effects of seasonal changes on their cold-hardening. This provides possibilities for overcoming the difficulties of studying simultaneously the factors affecting winter hardiness of roots in close association with shoots of overwintering plants. The findings may be of special importance to the production of container-grown nursery stock plants because, due to the restricted root systems, their winter survival is closely related to the frost hardiness of their roots. The differences in the hardening capacity of roots and shoots were quantitatively expressed as ratios of impedance. An impedance reading of about 85,000 ohms for roots, with a shoot/root ratio of 2.0:1.0, and a temperature of soil and air of 1.7 and −3.9 C, respectively, were found to be an optimum condition for overwintering of container stock. The correlations between the impedance measurements and the temperature of soil and air were used as guides for determining viable conditions for overwintering plants.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND MOISTURE ON YIELD AND PROTEIN IN FIELD PEAS
Authors: McLEAN L. A. , SOSULSKI F. W. , YOUNGS C. G.
Published: March 2010

When averaged over a wide range in soil nitrogen and moisture conditions, cultivar differences in yield and protein content of non-inoculated field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were relatively small. The inherent differences in seed weight were responsible for most of the variations in yield among the three cultivars. Nitrogen fertilization in the growth room experiment markedly increased plant weight, seed yield and protein content, and water-use efficiency was substantially improved. When maintained within the upper half of the available range, soil moisture supply had only a limited influence on plant growth. Periodic wilting did cause a severe reduction in plant weight and seed yield, but there was little change in protein content. For these fertilizer and moisture treatments, responses in seed yield were primarily due to changes in number of pods per plant; the seeds per pod and seed weight were relatively stable. It appeared that field peas were efficient converters of soil nitrogen to seed protein and, in the absence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogen fertilization was the principal factor influencing the protein content of field peas. The correlation coefficient between yield and protein content was very low.
EFFECTS OF N AND K FERTILIZATION ON THE PROTEIN, NITRATE AND NONPROTEIN REDUCED N FRACTIONS OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS
Authors: MacLEOD L. B. , MacLEOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were grown in field experiments to evaluate the effects of N and K fertilization on protein, nitrate and nonprotein reduced N concentration in the forage. Concentrations of all N fractions studied generally increased as the rate of N application was increased. At high rates of N application (448 and 896 kg N/ha) nitrate N concentrations increased when rates of K application were increased from 56 to 440 kg/ha. Highest nitrate N concentrations were 0.37 and 0.43% for timothy and bromegrass, respectively. These were obtained at highest rates of N and K application (896 kg N/ha and 440 kg K/ha). Highest concentrations of nonprotein reduced N were 1.20 and 1.11% for timothy and bromegrass, respectively. Although the highest concentrations of nonprotein reduced N were obtained at highest rates of N and K application, rate of K application had no significant effect on this fraction.
SELECTION OF POTATO GENOTYPES AT SIX WIDELY SEPARATED LOCATIONS IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA
Authors: HARRIS R. E.
Published: March 2010

Norgold Russet and six potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seedlings were grown and evaluated at six widely separated locations in Northwestern Canada for 3 yr. The total number of tubers decreased with increasing latitude but not their marketable number, nor their total and marketable weight. Similarly, tuber type, specific gravity, boiled quality, or general evaluation did not vary with latitude. The personal bias of observers in rating tuber type and general evaluation was largely eliminated by providing detailed instructions to the six observers, by not including disease in general ratings, and by rating on the marketable tubers. There was close agreement in the performance and evaluation of genotypes between Prince George, Beaverlodge, Anzac, Mile 1019 and Fort Simpson but not between Fort Vermilion and any of the above locations. It was concluded that potato genotype evaluation was needed at two locations in northwestern Canada, one at Fort Vermilion and another at any of the other locations, and that potato research at the other locations should be directed towards improving cultural practices.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FABA BEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Twelve cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) were analyzed for gross composition, nonprotein nitrogen, amide nitrogen, total free α-amino nitrogen, and for the presence of trypsin inhibitors (TI). In addition, protein solubility characteristics of three faba bean cultivars having low, medium and high protein contents were investigated. The gross composition of the cultivars showed variation only in protein (26 to 35%), total carbohydrate (55 to 61%), and starch (28 to 40%); ether extract, fiber and ash contents were relatively uniform. Nonprotein nitrogen, amide nitrogen, and free α-amino nitrogen contents of the cultivars were also largely similar. About 70 to 90% of the faba bean nitrogen was soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide (pH 12.0), and about 60% in dilute hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0) whereas only 8 to 10% of the nitrogen was soluble at pH 4.0 to 4.5 in a single extraction. Maximum precipitation of the extracted proteins also occurred at pH 4.0. The isoelectric points of faba bean proteins were in the region of pH 4.0 to 4.5. Protein solubility at pH 4.0 was increased threefold by extracting the meals with up to 1.0 M sodium chloride. At neutral pH, sodium chloride concentrations increased protein solubility only by 2 to 4%, whereas at the alkaline pH, protein solubility was decreased by 3 to 5%. Aqueous extracts of the cultivars contained different concentrations of TI. The range in inhibition of the standard trypsin assay was from 2 to 32%, indicating a significant difference in TI activities of the cultivars. None of the cultivars approached soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in its TI activity. The faba bean TI was heat-labile.
GERMINATING WILD RICE
Authors: WOODS D. L. , GUTEK L. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN ENIGMATIC EFFECT OF ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE ON THE INCIDENCE OF SUPERFICIAL SCALD IN COLD-STORED APPLES
Authors: POAPST P. A. , STEWART D. K. R. , SANFORD K. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH ROOT AND COLLAR NECROSIS OF DECLINING MONTMORENCY SOUR CHERRY ON PRUNUS MAHALEB UNDERSTOCKS IN ONTARIO
Authors: ALLEN WAYNE R.
Published: March 2010

not available
MIDAS SUMMER RAPE
Authors: DOWNEY R. K. , KLASSEN A. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE OCCURRENCE OF LOOSE SMUT OF BARLEY ON COMMERCIALLY GROWN CULTIVARS POSSESSING GENES FOR RESISTANCE FROM JET
Authors: THOMAS P. L.
Published: March 2010

Three collections of loose smut, Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr., from Manitoba and and Saskatchewan were virulent on commercial cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) derived from Jet (C.I. 967): Bonanza (C.I. 14003), Conquest (C.I. 11638), Keystone (C.I. 10877), and Paragon (C.I. 13649). These cultivars were previously resistant to all races in North America. The virulence pattern of one of the cultures indicates that the genes Un and Un8 confer resistance and that the genes Un and Un3 are separate.
INTERPRETIVE DIFFICULTIES WITH ERRATIC DATA FROM PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS GROWN IN A SEMIARID REGION
Authors: KILCHER M. R. , HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

Grass and alfalfa mixtures involving four different alfalfas (Medicago media Pers.) and three grasses were measured for yields over a 7-yr period on a dryland site. First harvest year yields were 2–3 times greater than the 7-yr average annual yield. The alfalfa composition in the stands and its contribution to yield were seemingly inconsistent. These considerations led to difficulties in assessing the performance of the different crops. The degree of acceptability and validity of averaged data is questioned and discussed. Alternative interpretations are offered for assessment of performance particularly when perennial crops have been grown during a series of adverse years.
WEATHER EFFECTS ON HAY DRYING RATES
Authors: HAYHOE H. N. , JACKSON L. P.
Published: March 2010

Observations taken at Nappan, N.S. of drying rates of field-cured hay and the corresponding weather data are reported. Three consecutive good days were chosen as the standard for good hay drying weather. Based on 30 yr of weather records, the highest probability (36%) of having this good weather at Nappan occurs in the first 2 wk of July. Maximum production of digestible dry matter in hay occurs about mid-June. Rapid storage of high quality forage is desirable. To facilitate harvest, early cuttings of forage should be taken as ensilage. An equation is developed which relates the observed moisture content in the field to the accumulation of potential evaporation from the time of cutting. The effect of precipitation on drying time is considered. An index based on potential evaporation and precipitation is proposed as a measure of the suitability of weather data for predicting field drying rates. A good drying day is defined in terms of this index and used in the estimation of the probability of sequences of good drying days from 30 yr of weather data from Nappan, N.S.
DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS AMONG INDIVIDUAL PARTS OF THE ORCHARD GRASS SHOOT AND INFLUENCE OF TWO FERTILITY LEVELS
Authors: SMITH DALE , ROMINGER RICHARD S.
Published: March 2010

A clonal line of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was fertilized during early spring of 1972 with a fertilizer consisting of a mixture of KCl, MgSO4, K2HPO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, and MnSO4. At mid-anthesis, shoots from unfertilized and fertilized plants were separated into the inflorescence and the individual leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and internodes. Tissues were analyzed for elements to ascertain distribution in the individual shoot parts and whether differential accumulation occurred among shoot parts with fertilization. No significant difference existed between unfertilized and fertilized plants in dry matter (DM) yields of comparable shoot parts or in length of the inflorescence or internodes. Fertilization with K, Cl, S, P, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu increased the concentration of these elements more in one plant fraction than in another, except for P and Cu. Concentrations in the inflorescence were not influenced by fertilization, except for an increase in Zn and Mn. With fertilization, largest increases in concentrations of Cl and Zn occurred in the total leaf blades, in the total internodes for K, and in the total sheaths for Mg. Increases in S and Mn were similar in both the total leaf blades and sheaths. Concentrations of N were increased in all plant fractions of fertilized plants, even though N was applied uniformly to all plants, presumably because S was applied in the mineral mixture. Highest concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu, N, Ca, Fe, and Al in both unfertilized and fertilized plants occurred in the total leaf blades. Highest concentrations of Cl and Mn occurred in the total leaf sheaths and for P, Zn, and B in the inflorescence. Concentrations of Ba were similar in each of the plant fractions. Elemental distribution among the leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and internodes of the shoot are discussed.
NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, AND PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON YIELD, TUBER SIZE, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND TISSUE N, P, AND K OF NETTED GEM POTATOES
Authors: WHITE R P. , MUNRO D. C. , SANDERSON J. B.
Published: March 2010

Netted Gem potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) were grown at seed-piece spacings of 28, 38, and 46 cm with 90, 134, and 179 kg N/ha and 46, 93, and 139 kg K/ha. Prior to planting, 100 kg P/ha and 56 kg Mg/ha were broadcast. At planting 74 kg P/ha was combined with the N and K treatments and banded. Increased spacing resulted in increased yields of "A" size tubers (113–454 g) and the percentage of A size tubers in the total yield, whereas total yield was unaffected as spacing increased. Increased rates of N and K resulted in increased total yields and percentage of A size tubers. Specific gravity decreased slightly as N rates increased, but decreased markedly (from 1.099 to 1.091) as K increased. Spacing had no effect on specific gravity. Applied N and K had significant effects on leaf and petiole N, P, and K levels. Increased spacing had no effect on tissue nutrient levels.
DROPLET SIZE SPECTRA, DRIFT POTENTIAL, AND GROUND DEPOSITION PATTERN OF HERBICIDE SPRAYS
Authors: MAYBANK J. , YOSHIDA K. , GROVER R.
Published: March 2010

Droplet size spectra and quantity of spray drift were studied for two types of flat-fan nozzles. The large orifice flat-fan nozzles operated at reduced pressure produced less drift potential; however, the spectrum of droplets was coarse. The properties of the whirl jet cone nozzles suggest that these would also produce less drift-prone material. The spray fraction likely to drift was calculated to be approximately 3–8% of the total volume of spray with the flat-fan nozzles. This was confirmed in field experiments using labelled herbicides and a liquid scintillation counting technique. A realistic pattern of the distribution of ground deposition density over a swath (obtained by field experiments), and a factor of three in density fluctuation suggest that the generally accepted concept of uniformity of spray distribution in experimental plots should be modified. Recommendations of spray drift control technique were proposed regarding the hydraulic pressure, nozzle height and orientation, travelling speed/pressure, and the size of orifice.
NORQUAY HARD WHITE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: EVANS L. E. , YOUNG G. M. , ZUZENS D.
Published: March 2010

not available
ELECTRIC-POWERED PLOT MOWER
Authors: SMITH A. D. , JENSEN K. C. , BLIGH D. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
A STUDY OF COMBINING ABILITY FOR GRAIN PROTEIN PERCENTAGE IN A DIALLEL CROSS OF FIVE SIX-ROW BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

Grain protein percentage was assessed in F1 and F2 populations in two experiments involving a complete diallel cross among the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars Bonanza, Conquest, Olli, Galt and Jubilee. Heterosis was absent in all crosses and a Griffing combining ability analysis showed that specific combining ability was nonsignificant in both F1 and F2 populations. General combining ability (GCA) for protein percentage was highly significant in both generations, with Conquest and Olli having major positive GCA effects. Galt produced a large negative GCA effect, while Jubilee and Bonanza caused small negative GCA effects. Significant differences between the hybrids were found only in F1. Broad sense heritabilities for protein differences between the parents were 0.57 and 0.72 in the two experiments, and were significant at the 5 and 1% levels of significance, respectively. Conquest had significantly higher protein than Bonanza, with Olli being intermediate. Galt had lower protein than Jubilee, but this difference was significant in only one experiment. The differences among the five cultivars for mean grain protein percentage and general combining ability are significant in relation to breeding for malting and feed type barleys.
A MODEL FOR A MODIFIED CARBORUNDUM BLOCK ATMOMETER
Authors: GEDDES H. B.
Published: March 2010

The potential evapotranspiration continues to be a difficult quantity to estimate. A modified carborundum block atmometer, designed to integrate the effects of the various meteorological elements and to give an estimate of the related latent evaporation, is discussed. A description of the instrument and its routine operation is given. Then the mechanics of the atmometer are discussed using an energy balance approach and a model describing the physics of the instrument evaporation is presented. The available data can then be fitted with the appropriate empirical choice of one constant parameter in the model. These data are then outlined to demonstrate the performance of the atmometer and the model under a range of operating conditions. Test periods of lengths 7.5, 16.5 and 24 h were used during two summers of observations. Each summer was treated separately with the largest mean difference between the average observed evaporation and the calculated evaporation being 0.2 ml and the largest standard deviation of this difference being 2.0 ml.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF FROKER OATS FOR FORAGE.: 1. DRY MATTER YIELDS AND GROWTH RATES
Authors: SMITH DALE
Published: March 2010

Oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Froker) were grown to initial panicle emergence in three day/night temperature regimes; H (32/26 C), W (27/21 C), and C (21/15 C). At initial panicle emergence, some plants were transferred to the other regimes until complete panicle emergence. Plants grown continuously in the W regime reached initial panicle emergence in 34 days and complete panicle emergence in 42 days. These stages were reached about a week later in C regime and about 2 wk later in H regime. As compared with plants retained at one temperature to complete panicle emergence, moving plants at initial panicle emergence from H to W or C, or from C to H or W, decreased time to complete panicle emergence by 4 to 6 days. However, complete panicle emergence was delayed 4 to 5 days when plants were moved from W to C or H. Dry matter yields and growth rates (mg/pot/day) of plants grown continuously in the same regime to initial and to complete panicle emergence were highest, and similar, in the W and C regimes, but were significantly lower in the H. As compared with plants retained at one temperature to complete panicle emergence, changing at initial panicle emergence from H to W or C increased dry matter yields and growth rates at complete panicle emergence, whereas changing from W or C to H decreased these parameters. Yields and growth were changed very little by change from W to C or from C to W.
AN EVALUATION OF DISEASE RESISTANT CLONES OF BROMUS INERMIS (LEYSS.) AS BREEDING STOCKS
Authors: WALTON P. D.
Published: March 2010

Seven clones of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), five of which were resistant to diseases caused by Pyrenophora bromi (Dred.) and Selenophoma bromigena (Sacc.), were crossed in all combinations forming a 7 × 7 diallel. Plants of both the F1 and its reciprocal cross, as well as the parents, were grown in the field at Edmonton and were measured for dry matter production, plant diameter, days to head emergence and plant height during their 2nd yr. Highly significant variation due to general and specific combining ability were recorded for all the traits. Four of the disease-resistant clones were low yielding and small in plant diameter. On the basis of general combining ability effects these same clones showed little promise as parents. However, one of the disease-resistant clones, B42, was found to perform relatively well and should be of value as a breeding stock.
THE GENETICS OF STOMATAL LENGTH AND FREQUENCY IN CLONES OF BROMUS INERMIS AND THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE TRAITS AND YIELD
Authors: WALTON P. D.
Published: March 2010

Stomatal length and frequency were studied using a 7 × 7 diallel cross of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) clones and compared with data from an earlier study of the agronomic traits of the crosses. Silicon rubber impressions taken on different parts of a leaf, as well as on different leaves, showed that though variation was small for stomatal size, it was present for stomatal frequency. General combining ability was highly significant for both stomatal characters. Differences among the seven clones were marked. Both stepwise multiple regression and factor analysis were used to investigate the dependence structure that existed for stomatal and agronomic characters. Partial regression coefficients showed that stomatal frequency was related to yield. Factor analysis showed that the two stomatal characters accounted for 20% of the total variation in the dependence structure, whereas characters such as date of head emergence and plant height only accounted for 15%. These results reflect the importance of stomatal size and frequency in a breeding program in relation to agronomic practices.
ALTERATION OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING HABIT IN CUCUMBER BY CHLORFLURENOL
Authors: CANTLIFFE DANIEL J.
Published: March 2010

Chlorflurenol (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate) was applied to four cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in the greenhouse to determine its effect on sex expression, fruit set, and plant growth habit. The chlorflurenol was applied at three stages of growth, the first, second and fourth true-leaf stages, at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100 ppm. At 0.1 ppm or 1 ppm, chlorflurenol promoted male flower development in predominantly female (PF) Pioneer and monoecious Galaxy. However, at 10 or 100 ppm, chlorflurenol reduced male flower development in monoecious cultivars Galaxy and Wisconsin SMR 58 and in PF Explorer. The effectiveness of chlorflurenol in doing this was dependent on the stage of growth applied. Chlorflurenol did not affect female flower formation. Black-spined Pioneer and Wisconsin SMR 58 produced twice as many fruit per plant as white-spined Explorer and Galaxy when 100 ppm chlorflurenol was applied at the fourth-leaf stage. Plant growth was terminated in all cultivars at the 100-ppm concentration. It was proposed that yields of pickling cucumbers harvested once-over could be improved by increasing plant populations and applying chlorflurenol in the fourth-leaf stage to limit growth and promote fruit set.
NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: CANTLIFFE D. J. , PHATAK S. C.
Published: March 2010

Four cultivars each of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were grown at three NH4NO3 levels (0, 14.7 and 29.4 g N/m2) in a muck soil as a commercial greenhouse crop under winter conditions (low light intensity and short photoperiod). Analysis of the tissues for NO3-N showed that all three vegetable crops contained high concentrations of NO3-N when grown under these conditions: radish highest, followed by lettuce, then spinach. Total N and NO3-N were increased by N fertilizer only in radish roots, and yield was promoted by the additional N only in lettuce. Lettuce cultivars Domineer and Korrekt contained significantly less NO3 than Grand Rapids or Noran and were higher yielding than the standard cultivar Grand Rapids. The NO3 content of radishes was extremely high, especially in the root of the white cultivar Icicle (1.68% NO3-N). Yield of roots from Icicle was not significantly different from Champion, Early Scarlet Globe and Red Boy, cultivars which did not contain as much NO3-N. Smooth-leaf spinach cultivar Northland was higher yielding with significantly less NO3 than savoyed cultivars America, Winter Bloomsdale or Savoy. High NO3 tissue concentrations can be reduced in these crops by growing cultivars that accumulate less NO3.
SCREENING WHEAT LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO COMMON ROOT ROT
Authors: HARDING HOWARD
Published: March 2010

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ELGIN OATS
Authors: REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

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CONTAINERS FOR GROWING CEREAL PLANTS HARVESTED SEQUENTIALLY IN GROWTH CHAMBERS OR GREENHOUSES
Authors: FARIS D. G. , LOCK H.
Published: March 2010

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TWO TECHNIQUES FOR EXAMINING ROOT DISTRIBUTION
Authors: BLOOMBERG W. J.
Published: March 2010

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INFLUENCE OF CARBOFURAN AND BENOMYL ON YIELD AND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: WILLIS C. B. , THOMPSON L. S.
Published: March 2010

The effects of a preseeding application of the nematicide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and the fungicide benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate), alone and in combination, on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were determined in the field. The nematicide and fungicide + nematicide treatments controlled root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in soil and roots for two growing seasons and increased forage yield for the same periods. The reduction in the number of root sections with Fusarium spp. was comparable for the nematicide and fungicide treatments and greater for the fungicide + nematicide treatment for two growing seasons. Nematode numbers were greater in fungicide-treated plots and forage yields were lower for two growing seasons. The nematicide and fungicide had no effect on forage yield, nematode numbers or fungus recovery in the third growing season. Plant persistence was not affected by the nematicide or fungicide, alone or in combination.
EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE POTASSIUM, SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND UPTAKE OF MAJOR CATIONS BY GREENHOUSE TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: CHU C. B. , TOOP E. W.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of the tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Michigan-Ohio Hybrid were grown in perlite in plastic containers in a growth chamber. Maximum growth (dry weight and stem girth) was obtained under the higher substrate temperatures (24 C and 29 C) and the higher light intensity (16.2 × 103 lx) with an enhanced effect from high substrate potassium (12 meq K +/liter). Higher light intensity, coupled with higher potassium and higher substrate temperature, hastened maturity of the first flower buds. Total content of magnesium and calcium in the aerial portions of the plants was affected mainly by substrate temperature. Total content of potassium was, of course, influenced by potassium substrate levels as well as by substrate temperature. For all three cations, the content in plants grown at the lowest substrate temperature (13 C) was significantly lower than at the higher temperatures. However, when the uptake of these ions was expressed as percentage of dry weight, the differences due to substrate temperature disappeared, and differences due to light intensity and substrate potassium levels became evident.
TOWER SUMMER RAPE
Authors: STEFANSSON B. R. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

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PRODUCTIVITY OF ALFALFA, SAINFOIN, AND CICER MILKVETCH ON SUBIRRIGATED LAND WHEN GRAZED BY SHEEP
Authors: SMOLIAK S. , HANNA M. R.
Published: March 2010

Rambler alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Eski sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), alone and in mixture with Nordan crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.), were grazed by sheep over a 5-yr period. The replicates, or paddocks, were grazed in succession and the productivity, palatability, and persistence of the legumes was determined. When grown alone, sainfoin and alfalfa produced similar amounts of dry matter and both outyielded cicer milkvetch. There were no apparent differences in palatability of the legumes although the sheep were observed to graze sainfoin first, then alfalfa, and finally cicer milkvetch. Because alfalfa, sainfoin, and cicer milkvetch differ from one another in growth pattern, variations in grazing management of the three legumes may be necessary.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 11. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and A. psilostachya DC.
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , CROMPTON C. W.
Published: March 2010

This account of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) and A. psilostachya DC. (perennial ragweed) summarizes the most recent biological information on these species as part of a series of contributions on plants that are weedy in Canada. Common ragweed is weedy in open disturbed habitats, particularly in southern Ontario and Quebec and portions of the Maritime Provinces. Perennial ragweed is most abundant in southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
EFFECTS OF PLANT POPULATION AND ROW SPACING ON SUNFLOWER AGRONOMY
Authors: VIJAYALAKSHMI K. , SANGHI N. K. , PELTON W. L. , ANDERSON C. H.
Published: March 2010

Studies at Hyderabad, India, and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada, have shown that sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) can be grown under dryland conditions over a wide range of plant populations and row spacings. At Hyderabad, yield plateaus of approximately 900 and 1,350 kg/ha existed over population ranges of 18,000 to 32,000 and 56,000 to 98,000 plants/ha, respectively. At Swift Current, yields from a 25,000 plants/ha population were 28% higher than those of a 125,000. plants/ha population, but were not significantly different from the mid-range 75,000 plants/ha. Population also influenced growth characteristics such as plant height and stem diameter and the rates of development. The crop showed a remarkable tolerance to drought and the ability to recover after periods of extreme moisture stress. Populations of 60,000 to 75,000 plants/ha at row spacings of 35 to 60 cm are recommended for dryland production.
DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF PECTINS IN SUNFLOWER PLANTS
Authors: LIN M. J. Y. , HUMBERT E. S. , SOSULSKI F. W. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

The distribution and composition of pectins in the head and stem parts of Peredovik sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) from a large field planting and four cultivars from a row-plot experiment were investigated. The total pectin contents of the head, bracts, neck and stalk of the field-grown Peredovik were 19, 11, 7 and 5%, respectively, but stalks accounted for 45% of the total plant pectin. The four cultivars varied from 15 to 24% of pectin in the heads and 4 to 7% of pectin in the stalks, depending on the maturity stage at harvest, cultivar and weight of plant parts. Water-soluble pectins constituted about one-quarter of the total head pectins. The remainder of the head pectins and all of the stalk pectins were extracted with a dilute solution of ammonium oxalate and oxalic acid, indicating that these pectins were bound by divalent metallic ions. The galacturonic acid levels of the pectin fractions were very high and the color properties of the dry pectin and precipitated gels appeared satisfactory. Although the methoxyl contents of sunflower pectin tended to be lower than values reported for commercial sources of plant pectin, there was considerable variation among the pectin fractions, cultivars, stages of maturity, and plant parts. Because of the variability in pectin and methoxyl content, further studies on cultivars, stages of maturity, and functional properties are necessary to determine the full potential of sunflowers as a new commercial source of pectin.
COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY
Authors: POMEROY M. K. , ANDREWS C. J. , FEDAK G.
Published: March 2010

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF MATURING ENDOSPERM FROM HEXAPLOID TRITICALE AND ITS SPRING RYE AND DURUM WHEAT PARENTS
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , DRONZEK B. L.
Published: March 2010

The amino acid composition of the maturing endosperm of a triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) designated line 6A190 and its rye (Secale cereale L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) parents were determined. In all three cereals, rapid changes occurred during development in the free amino acid levels and in the nature of the endosperm proteins. The composition of the free amino acids of triticale more closely resembled the rye parent than the durum wheat parent throughout endosperm development. The amino acid composition of the proteins and peptides of triticale was intermediate to the rye and durum wheat parents at all stages of development.
TWO-ROW HARVESTER FOR LODGED CEREAL GRAIN
Authors: THOMPSON J. L. , WELLS S. A.
Published: March 2010

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SOME EFFECTS OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS ON CEREALS INFESTED WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF VIRULIFEROUS APHIDS
Authors: BURNETT P. A. , ALLEN I. , ROBINSON A. G.
Published: March 2010

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REGROWTH OF SPRING-CLIPPED WINTER WHEAT IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: AASE J. K. , SIDDOWAY F. H.
Published: March 2010

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CENTENNIAL EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY
Authors: EVANS W. D.
Published: March 2010

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