bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immediate Occlusal Loading of NanoTite™ Tapered Implants: A Prospective 1‐Year Clinical and Radiographic Study
Authors: Östman Pär‐Olov , Wennerberg Ann , Ekestubbe Annika , Albrektsson Tomas
Published: January 2012

Background: During the last decade, high success rates have been reported for implants placed with immediate loading procedures, especially when bone quality and quantity provide good implant stability. In many of these studies, straight‐walled implants with moderately rough surfaces were employed. Tapered implants are becoming increasingly more popular due to standardized drilling protocols and reports of high initial primary stability.

Purpose: The aim of the present prospective, single center clinical study was to evaluate surface topographical analysis and the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the NanoTite™ (BIOMET 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA) Tapered Implant when used for immediate loading of fixed prostheses and single‐tooth restorations.

Materials and Methods: Forty‐two patients who needed implant treatment and met admission criteria agreed to participate in the study and were consecutively enrolled. Surgical implant placement requirements consisted of a final torque of a least 30 Ncm prior to final seating and an implant stability quotient above 55. A total of 139 NanoTite Tapered implants (112 maxillary and 27 mandibular) were placed by one investigator, and the majority of these implants (n = 77/55%) were placed in posterior regions, and in soft bone (n = 90/65%). A total of 57 prosthetic constructions were evaluated consisting of 20 single‐tooth restorations, 30 fixed partial dentures, and 7 complete, fixed maxillary restorations. Radiographs were taken at baseline and at 12 months of follow‐up.

Results: Of the 139 study implants, one implant failure was declared. The overall cumulative survival rate at 1 year is 99.4%. Mean marginal bone resorption is 1.01 mm (SD 0.85) during the first year of function.

Conclusion: Although limited to the short follow‐up, immediate loading of NanoTite Tapered implants seems to be a viable option in implant rehabilitation, when insertion torque of at least 30 Ncm is achieved. Further studies are needed to authenticate the finding of this study.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND AGE ON THE T1 RELAXATION TIME OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB
Authors: Adrian Anna M. , Koene Marc , Roberts Steve , Doughty Peter , Bolas Nick , Kinns Jennifer , Brehm Walter , Gerlach Kerstin
Published: January 2012

The extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging is variable between horses. Our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the T1 relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low‐field magnet (0.27 T). The hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary band. A modified inversion recovery fast spin‐echo (IR‐FSE) sequence was used to measure the signal intensity for a range of inversion times (TIs) at six different regions of interest (ROI): (1) distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, (2) proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, (3) distal aspect of the middle phalanx, (4) navicular bone, (5) proximal aspect of the distal phalanx, and (6) distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The T1 of the bone marrow in the equine distal limb was calculated from the results and was found to increase by 3.13 ± 0.08 (SE) ms/°C. There was no significant effect of age (2–16 years) but the T1 values measured from the limbs of young (< 1 year) animals were considerably longer (32.6 ± 1.7 (SE) ms). Similar effects of temperature and age were found for all measured ROIs but there were significant differences in the mean values of T1, ranging from +7.7 (distal aspect of the distal phalanx) to −13.2 ms (distal aspect of the proximal phalanx).
Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin
Authors: Guillemin Gilles J.
Published: January 2012

Over the last two decades, evidence for the involvement of quinolinic acid (QUIN) in neuroinflammatory diseases has been exponentially increasing. Within the brain, QUIN is produced and released by infiltrating macrophages and activated microglia, the very cells that are prominent during neuroinflammation. QUIN acts as an agonist of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor and as such is considered to be a brain endogenous excitotoxin. Since the discovery of the excitotoxic activity of QUIN in the early 1980s, several other cytotoxic mechanisms have been identified. We know today that QUIN acts as a neurotoxin, gliotoxin, proinflammatory mediator, pro‐oxidant molecule and can alter the integrity and cohesion of the blood–brain barrier. This paper aims to review some of the most recent findings about the effects of QUIN and its mode of action.
Mechanistic explanations for counter‐intuitive phosphorylation dynamics of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate‐1 in response to insulin in murine adipocytes
Authors: Nyman Elin , Fagerholm Siri , Jullesson David , Strålfors Peter , Cedersund Gunnar
Published: January 2012

Insulin signaling through insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS1) is important for insulin control of target cells. We have previously demonstrated a rapid and simultaneous overshoot behavior in the phosphorylation dynamics of IR and IRS1 in human adipocytes. Herein, we demonstrate that in murine adipocytes a similar overshoot behavior is not simultaneous for IR and IRS1. The peak of IRS1 phosphorylation, which is a direct consequence of the phosphorylation and the activation of IR, occurs earlier than the peak of IR phosphorylation. We used a conclusive modeling framework to unravel the mechanisms behind this counter‐intuitive order of phosphorylation. Through a number of rejections, we demonstrate that two fundamentally different mechanisms may create the reversed order of peaks: (i) two pools of phosphorylated IR, where a large pool of internalized IR peaks late, but phosphorylation of IRS1 is governed by a small plasma membrane‐localized pool of IR with an early peak, or (ii) inhibition of the IR‐catalyzed phosphorylation of IRS1 by negative feedback. Although (i) may explain the reversed order, this two‐pool hypothesis alone requires extensive internalization of IR, which is not supported by experimental data. However, with the additional assumption of limiting concentrations of IRS1, (i) can explain all data. Also, (ii) can explain all available data. Our findings illustrate how modeling can potentiate reasoning, to help draw nontrivial conclusions regarding competing mechanisms in signaling networks. Our work also reveals new differences between human and murine insulin signaling.

Database
 The mathematical model described here has been submitted to the Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database and can be accessed at http://jjj.biochem.sun.ac.za/database/nyman/index.html free of charge.
Animal models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Blandini Fabio , Armentero Marie‐Therese
Published: January 2012

Animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been widely used in the past four decades to investigate the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this neurodegenerative disorder. These models have been classically based on the systemic or local (intracerebral) administration of neutoxins that are able to replicate most of the pathological and phenotypic features of PD in mammals (i.e. rodents or primates). In the last decade, the advent of the ‘genetic era’ of PD has provided a phenomenal enrichment of the research possibilities in this field, with the development of various mammalian (mice and, more recently, rats) and non‐mammalian transgenic models that replicate most of the disease‐causing mutations identified for monogenic forms of familial PD. Both toxic and transgenic classes of animal PD models have their own specificities and limitations, which must be carefully taken into consideration when choosing the model to be used. If a substantial and reproducible nigrostriatal lesion is required (e.g. for testing therapeutic interventions aimed at counteracting PD‐related cell death), a classic toxic model such as one based on the administration of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine or 6‐hydroxydopamine will adequately serve the purpose. On the other hand, if selected molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis must be investigated, transgenic models will offer invaluable insights. Therefore, until the ‘perfect’ model is developed, indications to use one model or another will depend on the specific objectives that are being pursued.
Comprehensive analysis of differential genes and miRNA profiles for discovery of topping‐responsive genes in flue‐cured tobacco roots
Authors: Qi Yuancheng , Guo Hongxiang , Li Ke , Liu Weiqun
Published: January 2012

Decapitation/topping is an important cultivating measure for flue‐cured tobacco, and diverse biology processes are changed to respond to the topping, such as hormonal balance, root development, source–sink relationship, ability of nicotine synthesis and stress tolerance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanism involved in the response of flue‐cured tobacco to topping. The differentially expressed genes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) before and after topping were screened with a combination of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and miRNA deep sequencing. In all, 560 differently expressed clones were sequenced by SSH, and then 129 high quality expressed sequence tags were acquired. These expressed sequence tags were mainly involved in secondary metabolism (13.5%), hormone metabolism (4%), signaling/transcription (17.5%), stress/defense (20%), protein metabolism (13%), carbon metabolism (7%), other metabolism (12%) and unknown function (13%). The results contribute new data to the list of possible candidate genes involved in the response of flue‐cured tobacco to topping. NAC transcription factor, a differential gene identified by SSH, had been proved to have a role in the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis. High‐throughput sequencing of two small RNA libraries in combination with SSH screening revealed 15 differential miRNAs whose target genes were identical to some differential genes identified in SSH, suggesting that miRNAs play a critical role in post‐transcriptional gene regulation in the response of flue‐cured tobacco to decapitation. Based on the role of these miRNAs and differential genes identified from SSH in response to topping, an miRNA mediated model for flue‐cured tobacco in response to topping is proposed.
A critical review of modern and emerging absorbent dressings used to treat exuding wounds
Authors: Sweeney India R. , Miraftab Mohsen , Collyer Graham
Published: January 2012

Wound management has progressed significantly over the last five decades. This emanates from a greater understanding of wound healing, technological progression and improved clinical and scientific research. There are currently a plethora of absorbent dressings on the wound care market which claim to have the ability to manage exudates whilst encouraging healing. However, it is becoming clear, from analysing randomised controlled trials, that some of these absorbent dressings are not meeting their expectations when applied in a clinical setting. Many clinicians now feel that there should be more focus, not only on a dressing's ability to manage exudate efficiently, but on a dressing's ability to proactively encourage healing and thus exudate reduction will ensue. This paper proposes to critically review modern and emerging absorbent wound care dressings used to manage exuding wounds and discuses some advances in this area.
Quantification of the physical properties of keloid and hypertrophic scars using the Vesmeter novel sensing device
Authors: Niyaz Ahmatjan , Matsumura Hajime , Watanabe Katsueki , Hamamoto Tetsukazu , Matsusawa Takayasu
Published: January 2012

There is still no objective method or reliable device to measure and assess the physical properties of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Using the Vesmeter, we measured the physical properties of keloid and hypertrophic scars, and investigated how their physical properties changed during the process of clinical follow‐up. We followed up 11 patients with keloid (n = 6) and hypertrophic (n = 5) scars for 4 months, and measured their physical properties three times over a 2‐month period using the Vesmeter. Measurements included hardness, elasticity, penetration depth, relaxation time, viscosity and viscoelastic ratio. All physical properties were measured simultaneously while an indenter was pressed onto the lesion and digitalise the measured data by analysing the wave forms of the lesion's surface behaviour. Data collection was repeated three times for each measurement point, and the average of these three values was used. Overall hardness and viscosity decreased in nine patients, whereas penetration depth increased in nine. Relaxation time decreased in nine patients and elasticity increased in six. Vesmeter was considered to be an objective, convenient and comparatively reliable measuring device for the quantification of the physical properties of keloid and hypertrophic scars.
A Review of Surgical Techniques for Impending Distal Erosion and Intraoperative Penile Implant Complications: Part 2 of a Three-part Review Series on Penile Prosthetic Surgery
Authors: Henry Gerard D. , Laborde Eric
Published: January 2012

Introduction

More than half of intraoperative complications occur during dilatation of the corpora cavernosa, a critical step in the placement of any type of penile prosthesis, which can be especially difficult in a patient with corporal fibrosis. A late manifestation of cylinder placement can be impending erosion with lateral extrusion or medial deviation (into the urethra) of the distal tips. There are many different approaches to try and fix these surgical issues.

Aim

The review article evaluates the many different surgical techniques prosthetic surgeons use in the management of intraoperative complications and lateral extrusion.

Methods

A review of the literature was preformed with published results being evaluated to try to help guide the management of intraoperative complications and impending distal erosion. There is a special focus on dilation of the corpora cavernosa.

Main Outcomes Measures

The article reviews and evaluates the outcomes of the landmark papers in the management of intraoperative complications and impending distal erosion.

Results

Intraoperative complications of penile implant placement can be distressing for the prosthetic surgeon, but with proper recognition, most of these complications can be navigated with excellent postoperative results.

Conclusions

This review article summarizes many of the techniques, outcomes, and new developments in the complicated field of penile prosthetic surgery to help guide the implanting surgeon.
Fabrication of SiC Ceramics with Micropatterns from a Facile Replication Process
Authors: Zhang Kuibao , Fu Zhengyi , Nakayama Tadachika , Okumura Masatoshi , Niihara Koichi
Published: January 2012

SiC ceramics with fine‐structured patterns were fabricated from a facile replication route using Si mold as the master structure, PVA as the bonding agent and nanosized β‐SiC powder as the raw material. After slurry deposition, drying, and detaching, the master structures were integrally imprinted from Si mold to the prepared samples. Al2O3, Y2O3, and CaO were incorporated as the sintering additives, and the micropatterns can be preserved up to 1900°C even after abnormal grain‐growth and phase‐transformation from β‐3C to α‐4H phase. All the prepared samples are in porous morphology with narrow pore size distribution.
Fabrication and Optical Properties of Highly Transparent Er:YAG Polycrystalline Ceramics for Eye‐Safe Solid‐State Lasers“
Authors: Qin Xianpeng , Yang Hao , Shen Deyuan , Chen Hao , Zhou Guohong , Luo Dewei , Zhang Jian , Wang Shiwei , Ma Jan , Tang Dingyuan
Published: January 2012

Highly transparent 1 at.% Er:YAG ceramics was fabricated by a reactive sintering method under vacuum. The optical properties, the microstructure and the laser performance of the Er:YAG ceramics were investigated. The average grain size of the Er:YAG ceramics was 7~8 μm. The in‐line transmittances of the Er:YAG ceramics at the wavelength of 1800 and 400 nm were about 84.6% and 82.4%, respectively. The absorption coefficient of the Er:YAG ceramics was 1.29 cm−1. The grain boundaries were very clean and no secondary phase was observed. When end‐pumped by an Er,Yb‐fiber laser at 1532 nm, a maximum output power of 13.8 W lasing at the wavelength of 1645 nm was obtained with a slope efficiency of 54.5%.
Repeatability of energy metabolism and resistance to dehydration in the invasive slug Limax maximus
Authors: Gaitán‐Espitia Juan Diego , Franco, Marcela , Bartheld José Luis , Nespolo Roberto F.
Published: January 2012

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and resistance to body dehydration (BD) are important physiological traits that have an effect on water balance and the amount of energy available for activity and production, and thus could contribute to variation in life history traits expressed across a range of environments. Few studies have tested whether SMR and BD show consistent between‐individual variation in molluscs. Significant repeatability of SMR and BD indicates that the traits might be heritable and therefore a possible target for natural selection, so describing the repeatability of SMR and BD is important in studies of phenotypic variability. Here, we studied energy metabolism (body mass‐corrected SMR) and the change in the scaling relationship of SMR and body mass in response to time between measurements in the giant garden slug Limax maximus. Limax maximus is one of the most invasive terrestrial molluscs, with a wide geographical distribution, and is considered an important pest of horticultural and agricultural crops. Our results show that L. maximus follows the expected relationship of increasing SMR with increasing mass, but the scaling exponent varies through time and is different from that described for other gastropods. We also found significant inter‐individual variation in VCO2 Mean, VCO2 Min, VCO2 Max, and BD (τ=0.25, 0.29, 0.24, 0.22, p<0.05, respectively), and significant repeatability of body mass (τ=0.90). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the repeatability of body mass‐corrected SMR and BD in terrestrial slugs. Our results suggest that energy metabolism and water balance could potentially respond to selection.
Factors Affecting Consumer Willingness to Pay for Certified Traceable Food in Jiangsu Province of China
Authors: Wu Linhai , Xu Lingling , Zhu Dian , Wang Xiaoli
Published: January 2012

Using data collected from a survey conducted in Jiangsu Province, China, we study consumer perceptions of and attitudes toward food traceability systems (FTS). Through econometric analysis, we examine the main factors that influence the willingness of consumers to pay a price premium for certified traceable food, as well as the actual premium these consumers are willing to bear. Our results indicate that an overwhelming majority of consumers in China are concerned about food safety, but consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for certified traceable food is limited. Income, education, perception of and attitudes toward FTS, as well as the degree of concern over food safety, have significant effects on the consumer's WTP a price premium for certified traceable food. However, the effects of these factors on the actual premium a consumer is willing to pay are quite different. Conditioned on the consumer being willing to pay a positive price premium, income level and the degree of concern over food safety are the only two factors that have significant effects on the actual premium consumers are willing to pay.

À partir de données tirées d’un sondage mené dans la province du Jiangsu, en Chine, nous avons étudié la perception et l’attitude des consommateurs envers les systèmes de traçabilité des aliments. À l’aide d’analyses économétriques, nous avons examiné les principaux facteurs qui influencent le consentement des consommateurs à payer un prix supérieur pour des aliments dont la traçabilité est certifiée ainsi que le prix réel qu’ils sont prêts à payer. Les résultats de notre étude indiquent qu’une très grande majorité de consommateurs en Chine sont préoccupés par la sécurité alimentaire, mais que leur consentement à payer un prix supérieur pour des aliments dont la traçabilité est certifiée est limité. Le revenu, le niveau de scolarité, la perception et l’attitude envers les systèmes de traçabilité, de même que le degré de préoccupation concernant la sécurité alimentaire, ont des effets considérables sur le consentement des consommateurs à payer un prix supérieur pour des aliments dont la traçabilité est certifiée. Toutefois, les effets de ces facteurs sur le prix réel qu’un consommateur est prêt à payer sont très différents. Lorsque des consommateurs consentent à payer un prix supérieur, le niveau de revenu et le degré de préoccupation concernant la sécurité alimentaire sont les deux seuls facteurs qui influencent fortement le prix réel qu’ils sont prêts à payer.
Impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident on Hemodialysis Facilities: An Evaluation of Radioactive Contaminants in Water Used for Hemodialysis
Authors: Kamei Daigo , Kuno Tsutomu , Sato Sumihiko , Nitta Kosaku , Akiba Takashi
Published: January 2012

Following the crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, radioactive substances (131I, 134Cs, 137Cs) were detected in tap water throughout eastern Japan. There is now concern that internal exposure to radioactive substances in the dialysate could pose a danger to hemodialysis patients. Radioactive substances were measured in three hemodialysis facilities before and after purification of tap water for use in hemodialysis. Radioactive iodine was detected at levels between 13 and 15 Bq/kg in tap water from the three facilities, but was not detected by reverse osmosis membrane at any of the facilities. We confirmed that the amount of radioactive substances in dialysate fell below the limit of detection (7–8 Bq/kg) by reverse osmosis membrane. It is now necessary to clarify the maximum safe level of radiation in dialysate for chronic hemodialysis patients.
What’s happened toStaphylococcus intermedius? Taxonomic revision and emergence of multi‐drug resistance
Authors: Bond R. , Loeffler A.
Published: January 2012

Staphylococcus intermediushas been the predominant coagulase‐positiveStaphylococcusisolated from canine skin and mucosae and the most commonly reported staphylococcal pathogen in small animal practice for the last 35 years. Although microbiological tests have historically indicated variability in biochemical characteristics amongstS. intermediusisolates from animals, an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy for clinical purposes was readily achievable with routine phenotypic testing. However, three recent developments have changed our understanding of the term “S. intermedius” and have challenged veterinary bacteriologists to ensure correct species identification of pathogenic staphylococci from small animals. First, the increasing recognition of meticillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusin small animal practice and its human health implications demand accurate species identification. Secondly, the application of molecular techniques to analysis of staphylococcal isolates has led to a revised taxonomy and canine isolates ofS. intermediusbeing re‐namedS. pseudintermedius. Thirdly, the recent, rapid emergence of meticillin‐ and multi‐drug‐resistant strains ofStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MRSP) has become a major therapeutic challenge in veterinary practice worldwide, including the UK. This article discusses the background of the recent taxonomic changes within the genusStaphylococcusand reviews the key features of MRSP and its implications for day‐to‐day laboratory diagnosis and small animal practice.
Magnetic resonance imaging enhancement of intervertebral disc disease in 30 dogs following chemical fat saturation
Authors: Freeman A. C. , Platt S. R. , Kent M. , Howerth E. , Holmes S. P.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To describe the patterns of enhancement of extradural intervertebral disc on chemically fat saturated gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance images and to investigate the clinical and pathological associations with enhancement.

Methods: Medical records and magnetic resonance images were reviewed from 30 dogs with histopathologically confirmed disc disease and enhancement on a T1‐weighted postcontrast fat saturated sequence.

Results: Median duration of neurological signs was 4 days and the most common grade of severity was II, seen in 46·6% of dogs. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and peripheral patterns of disc enhancement were described, with peripheral enhancement most commonly identified (57% of dogs). There were no clinical or pathological differences between the dogs with each of the patterns. The mean signal intensity of a region of interest within the extruded disc material and contrast‐to‐noise ratio of the disc material were significantly higher on postcontrast T1‐weighted fat saturated images (P=<0·0001 each).

Clinical Significance: The use of fat saturated gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect enhancement of extradural disc material. Patterns of enhancement are not associated with the clinical presentation or pathological features.
Effect of Season on Heavy Metal Contents and Chemical Compositions of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Muscle
Authors: Bae J.H. , Lim S.Y.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Seasonal variations of heavy metals concentrations and overall chemical compositions were determined in chub mackerel caught in the Southern Sea of Korea. The average mercury and lead content varied between 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg and between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Seasonal variations were not detected in lead, but mercury displayed maximal values in winter (P < 0.05). A distinct seasonal pattern was found in crude fat content with maximal values in December and minimal values in April. Fatty acid composition showed that monounsaturated fatty acids levels were the highest in August, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were the highest in April. The major contributing factors to the seasonal variation of PUFA amounted to 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. The total amino acids content varied from 180.6 to 187.7 mg/g. There were no significant seasonal variations in total amounts of amino acids.

Practical Application:  Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is one of the most important fishing resources in Korea. The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the human body have been identified, and consequently, the intake of fish lipids has steadily increased among the human population. There have been few studies on safety and alterations in chemical composition of mackerel attributed to seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, the results presented in this study could be used to improve the safety and nutrition information available to consumers.
Effects of Vitamin D3 on the Expression of Growth‐Related Oncogene‐α in THP‐1 Cells and Human Primary Monocytes
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Jan Ren‐Long , Kuo Chang‐Hung , Kuo Po‐Lin , Wang Wei‐Li , Huang Ming‐Yii , Chen Huan‐Nan , Hung Chih‐Hsing
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Asthma and many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, have been reported to associate with vitamin D deficiency recently. Growth‐related oncogene‐α (GRO‐α)/CXCL1, a neutrophil‐related chemokine, have an important influence on the chronic inflammation of these diseases. It is unknown whether vitamin D has regulatory effects on GRO‐α expression in human monocytes. To this end, the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP‐1, and human primary monocytes were pretreated with 1α, 25‐(OH)2D3, and was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants were collected to determine GRO‐α level by ELISA. The intracellular signaling was investigated by nuclear factor (NF)‐κB inhibitor, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, and Western blot. In our studies, LPS‐induced GRO‐α was significantly enhanced in THP‐1 cells, but suppressed in human primary monocytes by 1α, 25‐(OH)2D3. Western blotting revealed that 1α, 25‐(OH)2D3 increased LPS‐stimulated pp38 expression in THP‐1 cells, but suppressed LPS‐stimulated pMEK1/2‐pERK and pJNK in human primary monocytes. In conclusion, the opposite effects of 1α, 25‐(OH)2D3 on GRO‐α expression in THP‐1 cells and human primary monocytes indicated that the data from THP‐1 cells should be further confirmed by human primary monocytes. Moreover, vitamin D3 may have potentiality in treating GRO‐α‐related chronic inflammatory diseases, like asthma and autoimmune diseases.
Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti Enhance the Growth and Survival of Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157 under Mild Acidic Conditions
Authors: Lee Ken‐ichi , Watanabe Maiko , Sugita‐Konishi Yoshiko , Hara‐Kudo Yukiko , Kumagai Susumu
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The effects of secondary starter molds of common mold‐ripened cheeses on the Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were assessed in 3 model systems. In the 1st model, 8 STEC O157 strains were incubated in the spent culture of Penicillium camemberti or Penicillium roqueforti under mild acidic conditions at 25 °C. In the spent cultures of the mold at pH 4.8 to 5.0, the lag times of STEC O157 growth were significantly shorter than those observed in fresh medium. Analyses of the spent culture of P. camemberti showed that the causative agents of the growth enhancement were produced by the mold in response to an acidic environment and were not fully inactivated in heat treatment. In the 2nd model, P. camemberti and STEC O157 were cocultured in acidified milk at 25 °C. The population of STEC O157 reached 108 CFU/mL in the presence of the mold, whereas the population steadily declined in the absence of the mold. Although this growth enhancement was partially attributable to alkalization by the mold, it was observed even when the pH of this model was stabilized. In the 3rd model, 2 STEC O157 strains were incubated in the spent cultures of molds at pH 4.5 at 10 °C. In the spent culture, proportions of injured cells were significantly lower and D values were significantly higher than those in control, except one STEC O157 strain in the spent culture of P. camemberti. These results showed that the molds could enhance the growth and survival of STEC O157 by changing the environment.

Practical Application:  This study demonstrated that molds in foods can improve the growth and survival of the Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157. Because microbial interactions are ubiquitous in food, our results provide an important insight for understanding the behavior of microorganisms in food.
Assay Dilution Factors Confound Measures of Total Antioxidant Capacity in Polyphenol‐Rich Juices
Authors: Bolling Bradley W. , Chen Ya‐Yen , Kamil Alison G. , Oliver Chen C‐Y.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The extent to which sample dilution factor (DF) affects total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values is poorly understood. Thus, we examined the impact of DF on the ORAC, FRAP, DPPH, and total phenols (TP) assays using pomegranate juice (PJ), grape juice (GJ), selected flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and ellagic acid. For ORAC, GJ was comparable to PJ at DF 750, but at DF 2000, the ORAC value of GJ was 40% more than PJ. Increasing DF increased GJ and PJ, DPPH, TP, and FRAP values 11% and 14%, respectively. Increased test concentrations of quercetin and catechin resulted in 51% and 126% greater ORAC values, but decreased naringenin by 68%. Flavonoids, but not ellagic acid or ascorbic acid, may contribute to the dilution effect on the variation of final TAC values. Thus, reporting TAC or TP using a single DF may introduce uncertainty about the confidence of TAC assay values, especially when comparing different juices. These results underscore the importance of using compatible test standards for reporting TAC values.

Practical Application:  Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values such as the ORAC assay are increasingly used for comparison of polyphenol‐rich foods and beverages. Choice of standards and test concentrations, even within the linear range of standards, may introduce variation probably due to synergy/antagonism between antioxidant and thereby, confound final TAC values. Thus, test concentration or dilution factors of samples should be considered in the design of TAC assays and interpretation of their results.
Preparation of Free, Soluble Conjugate, and Insoluble‐Bound Phenolic Compounds from Peels of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in vitro
Authors: Sun Liping , Zhang Huilin , Zhuang Yongliang
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The soluble phenolic compounds of rambutan peels (RP) were extracted by microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and the operating parameters were optimized. The optimal conditions obtained were ethanol concentration of 80.85%, extraction time of 58.39 s, and the ratio of liquid to solid of 24.51:1. The soluble phenolic content by MAE was 213.76 mg GAE/g DW. The free, soluble conjugate, and insoluble‐boaund phenolic compounds were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis, and the contents of 3 fractions were 185.12, 27.98 and 9.37 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The contents of syringic acid and p‐coumaric acid were high in the free fraction, showing 16.86 and 19.44 mg/g DW, and the soluble conjugate and insoluble‐bound phenolics were mainly composed of gallic acid and caffeic acid. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of 3 fractions were evaluated in 5 model systems. Results indicated that the free fraction had high antioxidant activities, compared with the soluble conjugate and insoluble‐bound fractions.
Simultaneous Measurement of Total Acid Content and Soluble Salt‐free Solids Content in Chinese Vinegar Using Near‐infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Quansheng , Ding Jiao , Cai Jianrong , Sun Zongbao , Zhao Jiewen
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Total acid content (TAC) and soluble salt‐free solids content (SSFSC) in Chinese vinegar are 2 important indicators in the assessment of its quality. This paper shows the feasibility to determine TAC and SSFSC in Chinese vinegar by near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Synergy interval partial least square (Si‐PLS) algorithm was performed to calibrate the regression model. The number of PLS factors and the number of intervals were optimized simultaneously by cross‐validation. The performance of the model was evaluated according to root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R) in the prediction set. The optimum Si‐PLS model for TAC was achieved with RMSEP= 0.264 g/100 mL and Rp= 0.9655; the optimum Si‐PLS model for SSFSC was achieved with RMSEP= 1.93 g/100 mL and Rp= 0.9302. The overall results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy combined with Si‐PLS could be utilized to determinate TAC and SSFSC in Chinese vinegar, and NIR spectroscopy has a potential to be used in vinegar industry.
The Light‐Activated Proton Pump Bop I of The Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi
Authors: Lobasso Simona , Lopalco Patrizia , Vitale Rita , Saponetti Matilde Sublimi , Capitanio Giuseppe , Mangini Vincenzo , Milano Francesco , Trotta Massimo , Corcelli Angela
Published: January 2012

We have isolated and characterized the light‐driven proton pump Bop I from the ultrathin square archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi, the most abundant component of the dense microbial community inhabiting hypersaline environments. The disruption of cells by hypo‐osmotic shock yielded Bop I retinal protein highly enriched membranes, which contain one main 27 kDa protein band together with a high content of the carotenoid bacterioruberin. Light‐induced pH changes were observed in suspensions of Bop I retinal protein‐enriched membranes under sustained illumination. Solubilization of H. walsbyi cells with Triton X‐100, followed by phenyl‐Sepharose chromatography, resulted in isolation of two purified Bop I retinal protein bands; mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the Bop I was present as only protein in both the bands. The study of light/dark adaptations, M‐decay kinetics, responses to titration with alkali in the dark and endogenous lipid compositions of the two Bop I retinal protein bands showed functional differences that could be attributed to different protein aggregation states. Proton‐pumping activity of Bop I during the photocycle was observed in liposomes constituted of archaeal lipids. Similarities and differences of Bop I with other archaeal proton‐pumping retinal proteins will be discussed.
Effect of UV‐A Irradiance on Lipid Accumulation in Nannochloropsis oculata
Authors: Srinivas Rathy , Ochs Clifford
Published: January 2012

Lipids produced by microalgae can be grouped into two categories, storage lipids and structural lipids. Storage lipids are mainly triglycerides (TGs) made up of saturated fatty acids; TGs can be transesterified to produce biodiesel. Structural lipids are made of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential nutrients for aquatic animals and humans. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effect of UV‐A at different levels of exposure on total lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oculata and check for reciprocity and (2) to study the interactive effect of UV‐A and nutrient concentration on lipid accumulation in N. oculata. Objective 1 was accomplished by testing the effects of a range of UV‐A irradiance (I), duration of exposure (T) and UV‐A doses (I × T) on lipid production by N. oculata. If the same doses have a similar effect, irrespective of I and T, reciprocity holds. UV‐A treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll‐specific lipid concentration of N. oculata cells, and we were unable to falsify that reciprocity holds. Objective 2 was addressed by a factorial bioassay experiment with manipulated nutrient and UV‐A levels. UV‐A and decreased nutrients had a synergistic effect on chlorophyll‐specific lipid concentration of N. oculata, resulting in higher lipid:chl ratios.
Fractalkine as a marker for assessment of severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: HUANG Li Ya , CHEN Ping , XU Ling Xiao , ZHOU Yu Fen , LI Wei Guang , YUAN Yao Zong
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE:  The aim of this study was to study the role of fractalkine (FKN) in the development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in animal model.

METHODS:  Serum FKN levels in rat model (control, SAP6h, 16h, 24h and 48h) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. FKN mRNA and protein levels in the pancreas tissue were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:  Serum FKN level in the SAP rat increased significantly (P < 0.05 compared with the control group). FKN mRNA and protein levels in pancreas and lung increased significantly and reached the peak at 16 h after the induction of SAP, while those in kidney reached the peak at 48 h. Immunohistochemistry showed the overexpression of FKN in pancreas, lung and kidney tissue.

CONCLUSION:  FKN involves in the progression of SAP and might be a valuable marker for the assessment of SAP.
The Role of Nutraceutical Supplements in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia
Authors: Houston Mark
Published: January 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:121–132. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The combination of a lipid‐lowering diet and scientifically proven nutraceutical supplements has the ability to significantly reduce low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increase LDL particle size, decrease LDL particle number, lower trigylcerides and very LDL levels, and increase total and high‐density lipoprotein 2b cholesterol. In addition, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses are decreased. In several prospective clinical trials, coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease have been reduced with many nutraceutical supplements. This nutritional and nutraceutical supplement treatment is a valid alternative for patients who are intolerant to statins, cannot take other drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, or prefer alternative treatments. This new approach to lipid management to decrease vascular disease utilizes a functional medicine approach with a broader treatment program that will address the multitude of steps involved in lipid‐induced vascular damage.
Blood Pressure Responses to Hypertension Treatment and Trends in Cognitive Function in Patients With Initially Difficult‐to‐Treat Hypertension: A Retrospective Subgroup Analysis of the Observational Study on Cognitive Function and SBP Reduction (OSCAR) Study
Authors: Petrella Robert J. , Shlyakhto Evgeny , Konradi Alexandra O. , Berrou Jean‐Pascal , Sedefdjian Armand , Pathak Atul ,   On behalf of the OSCAR Publication Group
Published: January 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:78–84. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Observational Study on Cognitive Function and SBP Reduction (OSCAR) provided opportunities to examine the influence of eprosartan on trends in cognitive performance in a large population of patients with difficult‐to‐treat hypertension (DTTH). A total of 4649 patients diagnosed retrospectively with DTTH, defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥140/90 mm Hg despite use of at least 3 antihypertensive drugs during the month preceding the baseline visit comprised the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) cohort. The patients were given eprosartan‐based antihypertension therapy (EBT; 600 mg/d). Blood pressure and cognitive function parameters included significant (P<.001) differences for DTTH vs non‐DTTH patients such as older age, body mass index, SBP and pulse pressure (PP), and lower Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. After EBT for 6 months, SBP/DBP in DTTH was 138.8±12.2/81.9±7.4 (ΔSBP−26±15.7; ΔDBP−11.4±9.8); PP was 57.0±10.8 (ΔPP−14.5±13.8) (all P<.001 vs baseline and non‐DTTH group). A total of 2576 patients (87.4%) responded to EBT (ie, SBP <140 mm Hg and/or ΔSBP ≥15 mm Hg, or DBP <90 mm Hg and/or ΔDBP ≥10 mm Hg); 1426 DTTH patients (48.4%) achieved normalized SBP/DBP (ie, SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg). ΔPP in DTTH‐isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) was −18.0±13.3 mm Hg (P=.003 vs DTTH‐systolic‐diastolic hypertension). End‐of‐EBT mean MMSE was 27.5±3.0 (P<.001 vs baseline). Blood pressure responses after EBT coincided with stabilization/improvement of MMSE in this retrospective investigation in DTTH patients. The average improvement in MMSE in DTTH patients was similar to that in non‐DTTH patients. EBT effects on PP may be relevant to the evolution of MMSE in DTTH‐ISH patients.
Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky1
Authors: Brockman Ruth R. , Agouridis Carmen T. , Workman Stephen R. , Ormsbee Lindell E. , Fogle Alex W.
Published: January 2012

Brockman, Ruth R., Carmen T. Agouridis, Stephen R. Workman, Lindell E. Ormsbee, and Alex W. Fogle, 2012. Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 391‐406. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00621.x

Abstract:  Bankfull regional curves that relate channel dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area are useful tools for assisting in the correct identification of bankfull elevation and in stream restoration and reconstruction. This study assessed 28 stable streams located in two physiographic regions of Kentucky: the Inner Bluegrass and the Outer Bluegrass. Bankfull channel dimensions, discharge, and return period as well as average channel slope, median bed material size, sinuosity, Rosgen stream classification, and percent impervious area were determined. Significant relationships were found between drainage area and the bankfull characteristics of cross‐sectional area, width, mean depth, and discharge for both the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regions (α = 0.05). It was also found that the percent impervious area in a watershed had minimal effect on bankfull dimensions, which is attributed to the well‐vegetated nature of the streambanks, cohesive streambank materials, and bedrock control. No significant differences between any of the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regional curves were found (α = 0.05). Comparisons were made between the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass curves and others developed in karst‐influenced areas in the Eastern United States. Although few significant differences were found between the regional curves for bankfull discharge and width, a number of the curves differed with regards to bankfull cross‐sectional area and mean depth.
Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State1
Authors: Mulvihill Christiane I. , Baldigo Barry P.
Published: January 2012

Mulvihill, Christiane I. and Barry P. Baldigo, 2012. Optimizing Bankfull Discharge and Hydraulic Geometry Relations for Streams in New York State. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 449‐463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00623.x

Abstract:  This study analyzes how various data stratification schemes can be used to optimize the accuracy and utility of regional hydraulic geometry (HG) models of bankfull discharge, width, depth, and cross‐sectional area for streams in New York. Topographic surveys and discharge records from 281 cross sections at 82 gaging stations with drainage areas of 0.52‐396 square miles were used to create log‐log regressions of region‐based relations between bankfull HG metrics and drainage area. The success with which regional models distinguished unique bankfull discharge and HG patterns was assessed by comparing each regional model to those for all other regions and a pooled statewide model. Gages were also stratified (grouped) by mean annual runoff (MAR), Rosgen stream type, and water‐surface slope to test if these models were better predictors of HG to drainage area relations. Bankfull discharge models for Regions 4 and 7 were outside the 95% confidence interval bands of the statewide model, and bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area models for Region 3 differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of other regions. This study found that statewide relations between drainage area and HG were strongest when data were stratified by hydrologic region, but that co‐variable models could yield more accurate HG estimates in some local regional curve applications.