bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porosity evolution of granitic rocks used for the bridge construction
Authors: Natherová Vendula , Přikryl Richard , Řimnáčová Daniela , Racek Martin , Přikrylová Jiřina
Published: February 2023

Granitic rocks are generally ranked to very low porosity (open porosity of fresh, non-weathered granite should be below 1 vol. %) and durable rocks. Favourable physical properties dictate their choice for monumental works and important infrastructural projects such as bridges.Current study focuses on detailed analysis of porosity evolution in granitic rocks used for the construction of two road bridges (making part of cultural heritage of the Czech Republic) over the Vltava River in Prague (Bohemian capital) in the second half of 19th c. After 120-150 service, many of the stone ashlars of load-bearing parts exhibit quite extensive decay phenomena; however, mostly close to the exposed surfaces. In order to understand causes of decay, several tens of samples obtained from decayed surfaces and from original source quarries were studied by various methods, namely mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and optical and scanning electron microscopy.Based on the results, porosity of granites in the stone masonry significantly increased compared to that of source rocks: two principal types of granites show open porosity 0.53-0.82 vol. %, and 1.03-1.15 vol. % respectively. In the case of granitic samples from studied bridges, their open porosity ranged from 2.13 to 6.42 vol. %. Most of the pores rank to coarse pores and macropores (according to IUPAC terminology), content of mesopores is negligible.Significant increase of porosity reflects dynamics of decay process in a specific microclimate in Vltava River valley and polluted atmosphere of the city. However, pre-quarrying history of granites is another important factor: the examined rock types belong to the oldest members of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex of Variscan age, and numerous discrete hydrothermal alteration phenomena present in the studied rocks can promote their susceptibility to decay as well.
The Jurassic rifted margins and ocean basin, offshore Guyana-Suriname-Demerara and its link with Gulf of Mexico opening
Authors: Gómez-Romeu Júlia , Kusznir Nick , Alvey Andy , Masini Emmanuel
Published: February 2023

The Guyana-Suriname-Western Demerara (G-S-WD) continental margins are located at the junction of the Central Atlantic and proto-Caribbean oceanic basins as they developed in the Jurassic. The emplacement of the later Caribbean subduction partly destroyed the Jurassic record of the proto-Caribbean basin which implies that the Jurassic kinematics of this region are still debated. However, the G-S-WD margins escaped from subduction and preserve most of the Jurassic record. We investigate the architecture of the G-S-WD margins and the distribution of Jurassic oceanic crust. This allows us to determine the margins tectonic styles and gain insights into the Jurassic regional plate kinematics during the southward propagation of the Central Atlantic, the opening of the proto-Caribbean basin and its link with the development of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM).We use 3D gravity inversion to map Moho depth, crustal basement thickness and continental lithosphere thinning factor. Input data for the gravity inversion is sediment thickness from seismic reflection grids, satellite free-air gravity data and digital bathymetry. From the resulting 3D Moho depth volume we produce margin crustal cross-sections to determine the structure and architecture of the G-S-WD margins. The Guyana segment shows a transform architecture, the Suriname segment a rift-transform architecture and the Western Demerara segment a magma-rich rifted margin with SDRs up to 20 km thick.We also use crustal thickness mapping from gravity inversion together with regional magnetic anomaly superimposed satellite gravity anomaly data to determine the extent of Jurassic oceanic crust and delineate its boundary with Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic oceanic crust. The boundary between Jurassic and Cretaceous oceanic crust is identified as running from the NW corner of the Demerara Plateau to Barbados. This boundary has the same orientation as the Guyana transform margin.Plate reconstructions of crustal thickness from gravity inversion have been used to examine the relationship between the Jurassic opening of the Central Atlantic, the development and opening of the GoM and the formation of the Jurassic crust offshore G-S-WD.A new plate reconstruction of the opening of the GoM based on transform fault small circles observed in satellite free-air gravity data shows that before the rotational opening of GoM at ~165 Ma, the early GoM and oceanic crust offshore G-S-WD formed a co-linear linked rift/sea-floor spreading system offset by a sinistral transform to the west of Florida.
Experimental Investigation of Groundwater Heat Pump Usage for District Heating and Cooling
Authors: Sezer Taha , Sani Abubakar Kawuwa , Cui Liang , Singh Rao Martand
Published: February 2023

Nearly half of Europe’s total energy consumption is dedicated to buildings. Heating and cooling consist of a significant part of this consumption. Groundwater heat pumps (GWHPs) are highly efficient, environmentally friendly and low-carbon technology that can supply heating and cooling to buildings on small to large scale. Northern Gateway Heat Network is an ongoing project based on GWHP, located in Colchester, UK. The planned project will probably be the largest GWHP system using the confined chalk aquifer to date. It will provide district heating and domestic hot water to healthcare buildings, around 300 dwellings, and offices. The system is designed as part-load to cover 75% of the annual heating demand of the planned development with an 800 kW output heat pump which will benefit from the open-loop groundwater extracted at around 12.5°C.A laboratory-scale sandbox model having external dimensions of 1.178 m × 0.721 m × 0.715 m (L × W × H) with two acrylic tubes acting as injection and abstraction wells was built to investigate the impact of GWHP operation on the system performance and sustainability. The setup was designed to perform different groundwater flow rates by changing the water levels in the hydraulic head tanks on the left and right sides of the sandbox. Several experiments were conducted considering different scenarios: heating, cooling, heating and cooling, and thermal energy storage to examine their impact on thermal plume development and system performance. The study also aims at investigating the effects of groundwater flow velocity, injection and abstraction rates on thermal plume development.The experimental results show that the thermal plume reaches the abstraction well in each scenario, causing a change in the abstraction temperature. This phenomenon, called thermal recycling, reduces the thermal energy abstraction from the groundwater. The results also illustrate that groundwater flow velocity, injection, and abstraction rates significantly impact thermal plume development. Higher injection and abstraction rates create a larger thermal plume. However, groundwater flow prevents heat development around the well by dispersing the heat in the groundwater flow direction. The results show that it is important to consider groundwater flow velocity, injection and abstraction rate when designing a GWHP system. The distance between injection and abstraction wells is another significant parameter that should be carefully considered. However, it could not be investigated in the current study as the sandbox model was not suitable for changing the distance between injection and abstraction well. Further studies need to be carried out using large-scale field test and/or numerical simulations.
Evaporation measurement and modelling of an alpine saline lake influenced by freeze–thaw on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Shi Fangzhong , Li Xiaoyan , Chen Deliang
Published: February 2023

 Saline lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) profoundly affect the regional climate and water cycle through loss of water (E, evaporation under ice–free (IF) and sublimation under ice–covered (IC) conditions). Due to the observation difficulty over lakes, E and its underlying driving forces are seldom studied targeting saline lakes on the QTP, particularly during the IC. In this study, E of Qinghai Lake (QHL) and its influencing factors during the IF and IC were first quantified based on six years of observations. Subsequently, two models were chosen and applied in simulating E and its response to climate variation during the IF and IC from 2003 to 2017. The annual E sum of QHL is 768.58 ± 28.73 mm, and E sum during the IC reaches 175.22 ± 45.98 mm, accounting for 23% of the annual E sum. The E is mainly controlled by the wind speed, vapor pressure difference, and air pressure during the IF, but driven by the net radiation, the difference between the air and lake surface temperatures, wind speed, and ice coverage during the IC. The mass transfer model simulates lake E well during the IF, and the model based on energy achieves a good simulation during the IC. Moreover, wind speed weakening results in an 11.14% decrease in E during the IC of 2003–2017. Our results highlight the importance of E in IC, provide new insights into saline lake E in alpine regions, and can be used as a reference to further improve hydrological models of alpine lakes. 
An open-source code to calculate the spatial distributed roughness from 3D point clouds for rockfall simulation models
Authors: Prades-Valls Albert , Matas Gerard , Lantada Nieves , Corominas Jordi , Núñez-Andrés M. Amparo
Published: February 2023

The Geomatics Engineering (EGEO) research group of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-BarcelonaTech) has developed, a 3D lumped mass simulator of block trajectories, called RockGIS, which considers the fragmentation of blocks along its propagation. In this type of simulators, digital elevation models in raster format are usually used. This information allows considering the apparent angle of friction presented by the contact surface between the ground and the detached block from the cliff. One of the limitations of considering a lumped mass approach when simulating the failure of a block is that its relative position at impact with the slope is unknown, since the geometry is not explicitly accounted for. The rebound depends on the size of the impacting fragment. It is common to use different sets of restitution coefficients for different block sizes, but when considering fragmentation, the model must be able to reproduce this different behavior depending on the size of the block. The roughness of the terrain plays an important role in this effect. Therefore, it is convenient to have models of the spatial distributed roughness of the slope.In these models the local roughness is not represented due to the lack of resolution. Rockfall propagation programs usually assign roughness values to different areas based on field measurements or consider global values of roughness, which are often unrealistic. This is most evident in the spread of blocks in scree deposits. These have a heterogeneous granulometric distribution, with the accumulation of fragments of small dimensions in the upper parts with low roughness (a highly deformable area with low coefficient of restitution), while the large blocks accumulated at the foot. The dense point clouds that can be provided by photogrammetry or laser scanning (terrestrial TLS or lately airborne in a UAV) allow us to better estimate the roughness of the surface. Focusing on this kind of higher resolution 3D point cloud, an algorithm to characterize the roughness of the terrain has been developed, based on a statistic of the heights of points respect a local reference plane, established by RANSAC method, and in a certain neighborhood. To reduce the computational time required, the surface has been divided into simpler tree data structures, called octree. Once the octree structure is done, a calculation of the roughness can be obtained from the 3D point cloud for each point and its nearest points within a distance r. Then, the values obtained on the 3D point cloud at the required level of scale, are projected to a raster grid in order to be read by the simulator of rockfall trajectories. This study has been developed in the framework of the Georisk project (Reference: PID2019-103974RB-I00, funded by MCIN/ AEI/ 10.13039/ 501100011033).
Mitigating the hydropeaking using flow refuge: an experimental case-study
Authors: Boavida Isabel , Leite Renan , Costa Maria João , Merianne Anthony , Mameri Daniel , Afonso Fernando , Santos José Maria , Pinheiro António
Published: February 2023

The artificial pulsed flows occurring downstream of hydropower plants due to electricity demand, i.e. hydropeaking, affect habitat selection by fish. This effect is particularly unknown for cyprinids, which are the most representative freshwater fish family in European rivers. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of two types of flow-refuge by Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) at an indoor flume (6.5m x 0.7m x 0.8m) as a potential solution to mitigate the effects of pulsed flows associated to hydropower production. Based on previous comprehensive research conducted on cyprinids and with the results of this study, the best type of flow-refuge was selected, up-scaled and implemented downstream of small hydropower plants. Two different approach angles with the flume wall - 45⁰ and 70⁰ - were tested to assess the effectiveness of the created hydraulic conditions on attracting fish to the flow-refuge. For each type we tested a base flow event (7 l.s-1), simulating river natural conditions, and a peak flow event (60 l.s-1), simulating pulsed flows. For each setting, two flow-refuges (downstream and upstream) were installed in the flume and tested with a school of five Iberian barbels. The utility of the flow-refuges was assessed by the frequency and time of use by fish at two distinct flow-refuge locations i.e., downstream (area between the flume and the adjacent flow-refuge walls), and inside (the effective covered area of the flow-refuge). Blood glucose and lactate levels were quantified to identify potential physiological adjustments associated with the pulsed flows and the flow-refuge type. Preliminary results indicate that fish behavior differs according to flow event and the type of flow-refuge. The frequency of a single fish using the flow-refuge was higher in the 45⁰ refuge during pulsed flows than in the 70⁰. Overall, the average time spent inside the flow-refuges was higher during pulsed flows for both types and higher in the 45⁰ refuge.  After the 60 l.s-1 events, the blood glucose and lactate levels were higher than in the 7 l.s-1 events. In addition, lactate levels for the 45⁰ flow-refuge during the 60 l.s-1 events, were the highest when compared to 7 l.s-1 events. These results may be explained by the higher velocities created in the presence of the 45⁰ flow-refuge, shown by ADV results, that favoured individual use and rheotactic behaviour, setting off physiological adjustments, increasing residency time and the efficiency to use the flow-refuge.
R-channel laboratory experiment: data evaluation and numerical simulations
Authors: Börsig Stefanie , Werder Mauro , Jarosch Alexander , Prohaska Yuri , Farinotti Daniel
Published: February 2023

Englacial and subglacial drainage substantially controls glacier dynamics. However, because of the inaccessible glacier bed, few actual measurements exist and empirical relations in current models are either adopted from other research fields or based on theoretical arguments.This study focuses on the channelized drainage system and determines the flow properties of R-channels: we evaluate a set of laboratory experiments and complementary computational fluid dynamics simulations of their final geometries. These experiments make use of channels with water flow in ice blocks and represent pressurized englacial R-channels. Simulation and measurements only partially agree on pressure gradients and the resulting hydraulic friction factor. However, the results are within the published range of variability.
Wooden rockfall barrier assessment and impact analysis
Authors: Glover James , Fröhlich Alex
Published: February 2023

Wooden rockfall barriers offer a sustainable solution to rockfall problems, while the full potential of wood remains untapped with increasing demands for natural hazards management in a changing climate. In Switzerland some of the first rockfall protection barriers were made from recycled wooden railway sleepers. Others sourced round wood beam elements from local mountain forests providing protection from natural hazards. However, advances in steel-wire net rockfall protection solutions have superseded wooden alternatives and this sustainable solution is being neglected.With the aim of documenting existing wooden rockfall barriers and their protective capacity. Field investigations of existing wooden rockfall barriers, their construction design, remaining wood quality and moisture content, along with environmental conditions and evidence of rockfall impact events were conducted. This contribution focuses on a rockfall event that impacted one of the documented wooden barriers, causing damages to the beams and system structure. Rockfall impact scars were traced from its release source to the impact with the wooden barrier and are used to apply classical methods in rockfall trajectory analysis. Damages to the wooden barrier system are used to back calculate the rockfall impact energies and compared to the trajectory analysis of the event. Through this study an initial foundation in defining the protective capacity of wooden rockfall barriers has been established. Initial results indicate a higher energy dissipation capacity of wooden rockfall protection barriers than previously assumed and warrants further investigation of this sustainable rockfall protection solution.
Exploring seismicity and ice cover of Livingston Island - research projects
Authors: Dimitrova Liliya , Georgieva Gergana , Gourev Vasil
Published: February 2023

Livingston Island is one of the eleven islands of the South Shetland Archipelago which is separated from the Antarctic Peninsula by Bransfield Strait and from South America by the Drake Passage. The South Shetland Islands, where the Bulgarian Antarctic Base is located, is characterized by complex geodynamics, including: subduction zones, zones of splitting of the old crust and arising of a new crust, numerous volcanoes. The most of the territory of the Island is coated by permanent snow cover and glaciers. In recent decades, a number of scientific institutions have been working on projects related to the study of various aspects of the seismic regime and the structure of the Еarth's crust in the region of the South Shetland Islands and Antarctica in general, as well as the state and dynamics of the ice sheet. However, this region of the Earth remains still unexplored. Harsh climatic conditions are a serious obstacle for conducting long-term research. Bulgarian scientists from Sofia University "Sv. Kliment Ohridski" and the National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences have been studying the seismicity of the Livingston Island region and the behavior of the glaciers near the Bulgarian Antarctic Base within the framework of three scientific projects since 2014. The projects are funded by the Bulgarian Scientific Fund and National Center for Polar Studies.One of the aim of the projects is to study the activity of the glaciers during different seasons by combining seismic and GNSS measurements. Seismic registration was carried out by the seismic station LIVV installed previously as temporary station and later developed as a year-round one. GNSS measurements were carried out at certain points on the surface of the glacier Balkan. The resulting estimates of the speed of glacier movement at these points were interpreted in conjunction with the seismic data, thus making an initial attempt to determine the nature of the recorded icequakes. The relationship between seismic activity in the glacier and the change in the temperature of the environment during the astral summer and the astral winter was studied.The study of the seismicity and ground structure of Livingston Island and the surrounding area have been carried out using the data recorded by the Broadband seismic equipment of the LIVV station, applying a software code developed for this purpose.Investigating seasonal variations in seismic noise is another goal of the projects. The recorded seismic noise provided information on the condition and behavior of the seismic equipment throughout the recording period, as well as on the sources of seismic noise and their influence on the recording capabilities of the station.
Distribution and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in a revegetated small watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zha Tonggang , Yu Haiyan , Zhang Xiaoxia , Yu yang
Published: February 2023

Understanding the spatial distribution and controlling factors of soil organic carbon(SOC) at different scales is essential for an accurate estimation of soil organic carbon stocks. Furthermore, this understanding is vital for evaluating the impact of soil managemen to both soil quality and climate change. Our study were conducted in a Loess revegetated small watershed and the effects of topography, vegetation, soil properties factors on SOC distribution and redistribution at surface and different depths were evaluated, the results were as follows:(1) The interactions between vegetation type and topography and soil depth significantly impacted SOC(P<0.05) in 0-200cm. The relative contribution of topographic factors to the SOC content exceeded that of vegetation type in entire soi lprofile, which implied that topography was the dominant factor controlling the spatial distribution of SOC in the studied small watershed.(2) SOC stock in deep soil layer(200–500cm) was 7.62kgm−2, accounting for 40% of the total carbon, soil factors(including soil clay, soil water content, and soil bulk density) were dominant in deep soil layers(200–500cm), averagely accounting for 44.3%.(3) Vegetation restoration alleviated the redistribution and spatial heterogeneity of SOC by reducing the migration of soil active organic carbon and soil erosion. thus, our research presented some new insights for SOC evaluating in loess-gully regions with their complicated terrain and short recovery time, but with wide distribution in the Loess Plateau of China.
Mineral texture classification using deep convolutional neural networks: an application to zircons from porphyry copper deposits
Authors: Nathwani Chetan , Wilkinson Jamie , Brownscombe William , John Cedric
Published: February 2023

The texture and morphology of igneous zircon indicates magmatic conditions during zircon crystallisation and can be used to constrain provenance. Zircons from porphyry copper deposits are typically prismatic, euhedral and strongly oscillatory zoned which may differentiate them from zircons associated with unmineralised igneous systems. Here, cathodoluminesence images of zircons from the Quellaveco porphyry copper district, Southern Peru, were collected to compare zircon textures between the unmineralised Yarabamba Batholith and the Quellaveco porphyry copper deposit. Quellaveco porphyry zircons are prismatic, euhedral and strongly oscillatory zoned, whereas the batholith zircons contain more variable morphologies and zoning patterns. We adopt a deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) approach to demonstrate that a machine can classify porphyry zircons with a high success rate. We trial several existing CNN architectures to classify zircon images: LeNet-5, AlexNet and VGG, including a transfer learning approach where we used the weights of a VGG model pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset. The VGG model with transfer learning is the most effective approach, with accuracy and ROC-AUC scores of 0.86 and 0.93, indicating that a Quellaveco porphyry zircon CL image can be ranked higher than a batholith zircon with 93% probability. Visualising model layer outputs demonstrates that the CNN models can recognise crystal edges, zoning and mineral inclusions. We trial implementing trained CNN models as unsupervised feature extractors, which can empirically quantify crystal textures and morphology. Therefore, deep learning provides a powerful tool for the extraction of petrographic information from minerals which can be applied to constrain provenance in detrital studies.
Morphodynamics of the Shi-ting River after Wenchuan Earthquake: Effects of in-channel weirs and fine sediment supply on river incision
Authors: Lin Yongpeng , An Chenge , Czapiga Matthew , Hassan Marwan , Parker Gary , Fu Xudong
Published: February 2023

Since the 2008 Wenchuan (Ms. 8.0) earthquake, the Shi‑ting River in Sichuan Province, China has suffered massive bed incision, with the largest incision depth being more than 20 m in 7 years. Potential reasons include: breaks in sediment connectivity due to widespread in-channel weirs; the supply of fine sediment after the earthquake; intensive sand mining, etc. In this study, we simulate the combined role of in-channel weirs and fine sediment supply in determining the massive bed incision in the Shi-ting River. A one-dimensional river morphodynamic model is implemented. The simulated results show that the in-channel weirs can lead to bed incision and bed coarsening in the downstream channel. For a weir with a height of 5 m, the maximum incision depth is about 5 m, and the extent of downstream incision is no more than 20 km within 20 years. The supply of fine sediment can enhance the downstream channel incision, as the weir preferentially traps coarse sediment but passes the fine sediment downstream. However, a combination of in-channel weirs and the fine sediment supply cannot explain the dramatic incision (20 m in 7 years) as observed in the Shi-ting River. This suggests that the mining of gravel and sand had a significant role in driving channel degradation.
Upper Mantle Structure in the NE Sino-Korean Craton Based on Nuclear Explosion Seismic Data
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Thybo Hans , Artemieva Irina M. , Xu Tao , Bai Zhiming
Published: February 2023

We interpret the crustal and upper mantle structure along ~2500 km long seismic profiles in the northeasternpart of the Sino-Korean Craton (SKC). The seismic data with high signal-to-noise ratio were acquired with a nuclearexplosion in North Korea as source. Seismic sections show several phases including Moho reflections (PmP)and their surface multiple (PmPPmP), upper mantle refractions (P), primary reflections (PxP, PL, P410), exceptionallystrong multiple reflections from the Moho (PmPPxP), and upper mantle scattering phases, which wemodel by ray-tracing and synthetic seismograms for a 1-D fine-scale velocity model. The observations require athin crust (30 km) with a very low average crustal velocity (ca. 6.15 km/s) and exceptionally strong velocity contrastat the Moho discontinuity, which can be explained by a thin Moho transition zone (< 5 km thick) withstrong horizontal anisotropy. We speculate that this anisotropy was induced by lower crustal flow during delaminationdripping. An intra-lithospheric discontinuity (ILD) at ~75 km depth with positive velocity contrast isprobably caused by the phase transformation from spinel to garnet. Delayed first arrivals followed by a longwave train of scattered phases of up to 4 s duration are observed in the 800–1300 km offset range, which aremodelled by continuous stochastic velocity fluctuations in a low-velocity zone (LVZ) below the Mid-LithosphericDiscontinuity (MLD) between 120 and 190 km depth. The average velocity of this LVZ is about 8.05 km/s, whichis much lower than the IASP91 standard model. This LVZ is most likely caused by rocks which are either partiallymolten or close to the solidus, which explains both low velocity and the heterogeneous structure.
The relative contribution of initial condition versus atmospheric forcing in 10-day forecasts of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Liguori Giovanni , Nadia Pinardi , Hasan Ghani Mahmud
Published: February 2023

Using a suite of initial-condition (IC) ensemble forecasting experiments for the Mediterranean Sea, we assess the relative contribution of initial conditions versus atmospheric forcing in 10-day forecasts. Each ensemble member is forced at the surface by ECMWF fields and forecasts the same 10-day period starting from a different initial condition, which is taken from an ocean analysis estimate of the preceding 10-day period. This IC-time-shifted ensemble scheme allows us to explore the forecast dependency from both the IC and the atmospheric forcing (i.e., ECMWF).  Generally, the surface forcing dominates the forecast trajectory at the surface, leading to an inter-member spread that decreases with time. There are also cases in which the initial spread at the surface increases with time, indicating the dominant role of the uncertainty in the IC. While much less common, there are specific times and regions in which the initial condition determines the forecast trajectory during multiple days, indicating that certain oceanic structures are intrinsically more predictable. The identification of these highly-predictable oceanic states might prove extremely valuable in predicting the uncertainty in the forecast.
GREEN MOVE project: Utilization of waste rocks and mine tailings in building B-layer after soil relocation
Authors: Scibilia Elena , Odrzygóźdź Olga , Sogn Trine , Aasly Kurt
Published: February 2023

Well-developed soil is the starting point for good cultivated land, which is a prerequisite for food production. For many years there has been a decline in cultivated areas in Norway and in recent years we have seen an increasing conflict between the conservation of topsoil and the reduction of areas for use for development and infrastructure. Although there are political goals to increase cultivated areas, the reality is that more and more productive land is disappearing. There is little land available that enables the cultivation of food grains, and 35% of the remaining arable land is bog, which is not desirable to cultivate due to the effects on the environment.The GREEN MOVE project aims at creating methods to maintain cultivated land by sustainably moving soils from the infrastructure affected sites and reconstructing agricultural soils to alternative locations avoiding important conflicting societal interests. The project aims at proposing an informed and strategic approach to a highly ambivalent issue that may enable both sustainable development of important infrastructure as well as preservation of valuable soil resources.One of the objectives in the GREEN MOVE project is to evaluate the potential of utilizing crushed waste rocks and other mine tailings to improve subsoil properties at new locations securing agronomic plant production. To do it we need to build knowledge on how to determine the potential of utilizing crushed waste rock and other mine tailings to improve the susoil layers.Selected waste rock materials from ongoing infrastructure projects (e.g. tunnel masses) and waste rock material from Norwegian mining industry will be characterized by use of XRD, XRF and SEM to analyze mineral content and surface characteristics. Grained rock fractions of < 2mm will then be used in simple column leaching experiments in the laboratory to determine lability of chemical components from the waste rock materials. The potential weathering rate of the different waste rock materials will also be explored in the laboratory when exposed to and being in equilibrium with still water and weak organic acids (mimicking plant root exudates). The grained fraction < 2 mm of selected waste rock materials will then be mixed by soil and/or peat and used as growth medium for plants in simple greenhouse experiments as well as in field soil lysimeters. The most promising waste rock materials will finally be used to build up soil B-horizons in field experiments with agronomic plant production. In the soil B horizon the waste mineral material will be mixed by soil and/or organic matter. Prior to the field experiments a careful selection of texture classes of the waste rocks needs to be done to secure the soil porosity, pore size distribution, permeability and water holding capacity. In the field experiments soil quality parameters and yield will be measured. 
Groundwater modelling based on physics-informed neural networks
Authors: Fang Qidong , Pianosi Francesca , Rahman A S M Mostaquimur
Published: February 2023

Groundwater is the world's largest accessible source of fresh water and plays an indispensable role in the global water cycle. Groundwater supports irrigation, supplies drinking water, and sustains baseflows to the surface expression of groundwater (e.g. rivers, ponds, wetlands). Simulations using physical numerical models are computationally expensive due to the heterogeneity of the actual groundwater flow and the complex initial and boundary conditions. Several surrogate models for reducing the computational burden have been proposed, however, they usually do not follow physics law. In this study, we intend to combine machine learning methods to analyse the feasibility of physics-informed neural networks (PINN) in groundwater modelling and propose a PINN groundwater model for the simulation of groundwater flow to improve computational efficiency while restricted to the physics law.
Carbon farming schemes throughout Europe, an overall inventory and analysis
Authors: Smit Bert , van der Kolk Jennie
Published: February 2023

In the EJP Soil project ‘Road4Schemes’ (WP2), we have been working on an inventory of carbon farming schemes throughout Europe. This resulted in a list of 175 schemes, of which some however were located outside the EU. These schemes differed a lot in several characteristics, summarised in six overall themes: 1) documentation available, 2) Payment / Buyers Information, 3) MRV, 4) Safeguards for the society and the environment, 5) Transparency, and 6) Attractiveness. Each of the partner countries in the project selected 1-5 schemes from their national inventory, that they found promising in the light of the expected framework for Carbon Farming that would be outlined by the European Commission in December 2022 (which they actually did). The schemes selected were analysed using the method of a SWOT-analysis. In the SWOT-methodology Strengths and Weaknesses of each scheme were identified using a questionnaire with questions that covered the six themes listed. These questions already included the Opportunities and Threats that were expected to come up from the framework that was announced by the EC. For each theme a score 1, 2 or 3 was given, 1 indicating a very poor quality of that specific theme, 2 presenting an average quality and a score of 3 was given when the theme was (almost) perfectly addressed in the way the scheme had been organised. Each scheme in the SWOT-analysis received six scores in total and an overall score was calculated as the unweighted average of these six scores. The results of this method revealed large differences in quality between the schemes in the inventory. [1] Looking deeper into the results showed us, that a number of ‘overall methodologies’ for carbon farming including making schemes result-based and taking care of proper payments for the farmers can be discerned, that can serve as a basis for designing more or less perfect archetype carbon farming schemes.At the EGU-session, we would like to present the methods and results of this study and discuss the relevance and consequences of these results for the way existing carbon farming schemes should be improved or future schemes should be designed.
[1] However, quite a number of schemes were still in a pilot phase and not all information was already available of decided upon. That may be partly a matter of time.
On the role of secondary instabilities for symmetrically unstable fronts in the surface mixed layer
Authors: Czeschel Lars , Pein Joshua
Published: February 2023

Symmetric instability (SI) plays an important role in the energy transfer from geostrophically balanced fronts to turbulent kinetic energy in the oceanic surface mixed layer.  SI can occur when the potential vorticity (PV) takes the opposite sign of the Coriolis parameter. Due to the “impermeability” of PV, the averaged PV  in a volume bounded by two outcropping isopycnals in the mixed layer can only be changed by PV fluxes through the surface or from the stratified interior.  Much attention is paid to PV fluxes at the surface caused by momentum and buoyancy fluxes. Here, we concentrate on the PV flux from the stratified interior which plays an important role in stabilising a symmetrically unstable front. Large Eddy simulations are used to study the impact of secondary Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities  on the PV fluxes and the associated restratification of the mixed layer. Sensitivities to grid resolution show that a resolution of ~1m is needed to resolve the full influence of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities on the evolution of SI. Ideas for parameterising their effects will be discussed.
Quantitative assessment of the tradeoffs between conventional “hard” civil infrastructure and nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation
Authors: Ray Patrick , Tracy Jacob
Published: February 2023

The fundamental water resources problem to be solved in adaptation to climate change is increasing rainfall variability: generally, flood peaks are increasing, and dry-season water availability is decreasing. Large, centralized adaptation strategies such as reservoirs impounded behind tall dams typically perform well at both attenuation of flood peaks, and augmentation of dry season flows. They come with substantial costs, however, in terms of capital cost outlays and damages to local ecological and human environments. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United States (US) Government, the European Union, the United Nations, and many other institutions and agencies are currently advocating for the adoption of “nature-based solutions” (NbS), which are believed able to reduce adverse climate change impacts at community scale, while supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS to provide the intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. This talk presents a preliminary assessment of climate change vulnerabilities for the Chimanimani biosphere reserve in Zimbabwe, and an evaluation of the tradeoffs between conventional “hard” civil infrastructure and decentralized NbS.
Influence of atmospheric dust on the equatorial Atlantic Variability
Authors: Vallès-Casanova Ignasi , Adam Ori , Martín-Rey Marta
Published: February 2023

Northern tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean is exposed to large plumes of atmospheric dust mostly from Saharan dust outbreaks. The scattering and absorbing radiation in the dust air layer modifies the air column temperature. These temperature changes strongly impact the atmospheric wind forcing and deep atmospheric convection resulting in changes in the latitudinal position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the distribution of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA). In this study, we analyze the interaction between the interannual variability of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) and SSTA in the equatorial Atlantic in the period 1996-2020. Observational results show that AOD-induced SSTA in the north tropical Atlantic may impact the equatorial Atlantic variability by different mechanisms such as an intensification of cross-equatorial winds and the excitation of oceanic waves. In particular, the AOD in NTA in boreal winter/spring seems to impact on the onset, intensity and spatial configuration of the Atlantic Zonal Mode, also known as Atlantic Niño. Our findings suggest that atmospheric dust can be a potential precursor for equatorial Atlantic Variability. 
Effect of spatially correlated disorder on solute dispersion and mixing in partially saturated porous media
Authors: Saeibehrouzi Ali , Denissenko Petr , Abolfathi Soroush , Holtzman Ran
Published: February 2023

The transport of solute particles is common in many natural and engineering processes, such as nutrition/contamination transport in subsurface systems or underground carbon dioxide sequestration.  While most of the available investigations concentrate on single-phase scenarios, more often, multiple fluids coexist, denoted frequently as unsaturated conditions. Here, and by means of direct numerical simulation, the effect of spatially correlated disorder in pore size is examined for two-phase displacement in viscous fingering regime. Following the stabilisation of fluids interface (steady-state condition), the solute solution is introduced into the invading phase with lower viscosity. Simulation results indicate that the spatial disorder impacts solute migration through the invading phase saturation and tortuosity of velocity streamlines. A bimodal variation can be seen from the histogram of probability of pore-scale Peclet number with zones being mostly dominated by either advection or diffusion. In addition, there exists a transition region with an interplay between both advective and diffusive mechanisms. The creation of trapped regions focuses the flow into preferential pathways, resulting in a higher dispersion coefficient. This, on the other side, forms a concentration gradient transverse to the direction of flow, directing solute solution through diffusivity from preferential pathways to low-velocity zones.
Seasonal and spatial variation in 13C signature of emitted methane and pore water methane in northern mires
Authors: Rinne Janne , Li Xuefei , Łakomiec Patryk , Vestin Patrik , Weslien Per , Kelly Julia , Kohl Lukas , Ström Lena , Vesala Timo , Klemedtsson Leif
Published: February 2023

Methane emission from northern mires shows typically strong spatial and seasonal variations. These variations have been assigned to e.g. differences in methane production due to variation in substrate input, transport pathways, methane oxidation in aerobic peat layers, and temperature variations. Stable isotope signatures of the emitted methane and methane in pore water can help us to constrain our hypotheses of these variations.We have measured δ13C of methane emission in Mycklemossen mire in Sweden by automated chamber system for two years. We also have measured δ13C of methane in pore water in three depths in Siikaneva mire in Finland by an automated diffusion tube system for one seasonal cycle. At both sites ecosystem scale δ13C of emitted methane was measured using nocturnal boundary layer accumulation (NBLA) approach.We observed systematic spatial variation in δ13C of emitted methane at Mycklemossen site, which mostly indicated the importance of substrate availability in explaining the spatial variability. At Siikaneva we observe systematic differences in the depth distribution of δ13C of pore water methane. Interestingly, this distribution is different in summer and winter.  The ecosystem scale δ13C of emitted methane derived by chambers and NBLA approach very close to each other. We will discuss the observations, their implications, and future integration of the data and new measurement. 
Crustal Structure of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya
Authors: Mitra Supriyo , Sharma Swati , Powali Debarchan , Priestley Keith , Wanchoo Sunil
Published: February 2023

We use P-wave receiver function (P-RF) analysis of broadband teleseismic data recorded at twenty stations spanning the Jammu-Kishtwar Himalaya, Pir Panjal Ranges, Kashmir Valley, and Zanskar Ranges in Northwest Himalaya, to model the seismic velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle. Our network extends from the Shiwalik Himalaya (S) to the Tethyan Himalaya (N), across major Himalayan thrust systems and litho-tectonic units. We perform depth–Vp /Vs (H-K) stacking of P-RF, common conversion point (CCP) stacking along 2D profiles and joint inversion with surface wave dispersion data. H-K analysis reveals increasing average crustal thickness from the foreland (∼40 km) to the hinterland (∼65 km), with felsic- to-intermediate (Vp /Vs of 1.71–1.80) average crustal composition. In CCPs the Indian crust Moho is marked by a large positive impedance contrast boundary, and the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) by a negative phase, indicating a low velocity layer (LVL). The underthrust Indian crust (between the MHT and Moho) has an average thickness of ∼40 km and the Moho dips northward at ∼7–9◦ . Moho flexure (or possible off-set) are observed in across-arc profiles, beneath the Shiwalik Himalaya, Higher Himalaya and the Kishtwar window. The Moho is remarkably flat at ∼55 km beneath the Pir Panjal Ranges and the Kashmir Valley. North of the Kishtwar window (E) and Kashmir Valley (W) the Moho dips steeply underneath the Tethyan Himalaya/Zanskar Ranges from ∼55 km to ∼65 km. The MHT LVL is at a depth of ∼8 km beneath the Shiwalik Himalaya, and dips gradually northeast at ∼7–9◦ , to reach a depth of ∼25 km beneath the Higher Himalaya. The MHT is marked by a frontal ramp beneath the Kishtwar window (E) and north of the Kashmir Valley (W). The MKT, MBT and MCT are marked by LVLs which splay updip from the MHT. To study the 3D variation of the crustal structure, we grid the region into 0.1◦ square grids and jointly model the P-RFs within each grid with Rayleigh wave dispersion data, obtained from regional tomography. The 3D models obtained from this analysis provide variations in Vs and Moho depth. The Kashmir Valley and Zanskar Ranges are underlain by the highest average crustal Vs followed by the Pir-Panjal Ranges. These are also regions of the thickest crust. The Shiwalik Himalaya is underlain by the slowest average Vs , with lateral variations along the MKT, Reasi Thrust and the Kotli Thrust. These are also regions of thinnest crust (~40 km). A remarkable lower Vs region extends SW-NE from Jammu to the Kishtwar window, along the reentrants of the MHT, MBT and MCT. This marks a strong E-W lateral variation in crustal Vs , Moho depth and a possible lateral ramp on the MHT, also highlighted by small-to-moderate earthquake clusters.
Characterisation of UXO parameters through bacterial colony patterns and the Gray-Scott model
Authors: González Everardo , Kampmeier Mareike , Greinert Jens
Published: February 2023

Decomposition and dispersion of chemical components related to unexploded ordnance (UXO) pose a threat to marine ecosystems in the Baltic Sea. Recent surveys of munition dumpsites have shown spatial cooccurrence of individual UXO items and colonies of Beggiatoa-like bacteria. These colonies arise in patterns typical to a specific set of reaction-diffusion equations: the Gray-Scott model. In this work we describe the parameters of the Gray-Scott model and map the resulting bacterial patterns to the feed-rate of another (yet unknown) component. Furthermore we propose a set of assumptions, which, if met, would allow us to characterise and quantify the rate of corrosion, dissolution, or distribution of single UXO items by observing the signature patterns of their accompanying bacterial colonies.