bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Grades Assigned by Graduate Teaching Assistants in Physical Education
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R. , Tucker Larry A.
Published: August 2011

To determine possible predictors of grades assigned by graduate teaching assistants in physical education service programs, average grade assignments of 20 assistants for one quarter, collected over 2 yr., were compared with demographic data, teaching experience, GRE scores, total score on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and teachers' ratings. Bivariate correlations indicated that the average grade assigned by assistants was related significantly to sex, marital status, and global self-concept; however, age, teaching experience in public schools, total GRE scores, and students' ratings of teachers' effectiveness were not related significantly to the mean grades assigned to students.
Stressor and Coping Response Inventories for Children
Authors: Elwood Sandra W.
Published: August 2011

Inventories of stressful situations (daily hassles and major events) and coping responses were developed from open-ended discussions about stress and coping conducted in Grades 4 and 7. Item content and format were designed to elicit a child's perception of the experienced stress rather than an adult's perception of the child's experience. Inventories showed strong content, concurrent, and construct validity. Testing across a 2-wk. interval showed strong reliability for the report of major events; items with weak reliability were eliminated. As expected, reliability for hassles occurring during different weeks was weaker, in particular for Grade 4 children. The relation between experienced stress in an individual situation and total stress was stronger for daily hassles than major events. The choices of coping response by children in both grades showed high reliability.
Depression and Health Behavior of Adolescents
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Hawkins Wesley E. , Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between two sets of variables, symptoms of depression and health behaviors of adolescents. Analysis using canonical correlation produced two significant canonical variates. Results suggest that addressing symptoms of negative mental health in adolescents may be an important step toward facilitating positive health behaviors in this age group.
Time-Concentrated Instruction as an Immediate Risk to Self-Actualization
Authors: Peterson-Cooney Lorrie
Published: August 2011

Time-concentrated group instruction in self-actualization may increase the immediate risk of diminished self-actualization by introducing an environment which encourages cohesion to the group rather than loyalty to self. This is the conclusion reached in a study of a course in Gestalt Therapy which emphasized self-actualization through self-awareness. Comparison of students enrolled in a time-concentrated summer course ( n = 42) or a time-distributed regular-term course with the same instructor ( n = 78) showed summer students had significantly less desirable scores than regular term students on five subscales of the Personal Orientation Inventory while also significantly decreasing the total number of subscales falling in the actualized ranges.
Short Forms of the Mexican Version of the WISC—R in the Identification of Gifted Students
Authors: Wheaton Peter J. , Vandergriff Arvil F.
Published: August 2011

The WISC—RM subtest scores of 63 second and third graders of Superior and Very Superior abilities in the public schools of the Federal District of Mexico were analyzed to assess which short forms most effectively predict Full Scale IQs. The Similarities—Picture Arrangement (S—PA) dyad, and the Similarities—Vocabulary—Picture Arrangement (S—V—PA), and Vocabulary—Block Design—Picture Arrangement (V—BD—PA) triads were the best over-all predictors of Full Scale IQ. The best single short-form combination appears to be Similarities—Vocabulary—Picture Arrangement (S—V—PA).
Relation of Depression to Anger and Hostility Constructs
Authors: Biaggio Mary Kay , Godwin William H.
Published: August 2011

To understand better the relationship between depression and various constructs of anger and hostility, 112 university students were administered the MMPI Depression scale, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, the Overcontrolled Hostility Scale, the Anger Expression Scale, and the State-Trait Anger Scale. Among depressed subjects there was a more intense experience of hostility, particularly inwardly directed hostility, and a diminished sense of control over anger or a disinclination to manage anger.
“Knowing” the World within the Skin: A Remark on Skinner's Behavioral Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: August 2011

Skinner argues that we know our private world less accurately than we know the world around us because the verbal community cannot directly reinforce knowledge (or discriminations) about private events. This paper examined Skinner's argument and suggests that it is true by necessity and that the argument is, probably, a case of verbal behavior in the forms of tacting and guessing.
Factor Analysis of a Multiple-Choice Format for Job Satisfaction
Authors: Gregson Terry
Published: August 2011

This study examined the factor structure of a modified 30-question multiple-choice format for job satisfaction based on the Job Descriptive Index. The five-factor varimax factor analytic solution was the same as that obtained by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin (1969) for the original Job Descriptive Index. The measure of reliability was high. The results indicated that researchers can use a shorter multiple-choice format of job satisfaction based on the Job Descriptive Index without interfering with the dimensionality.
Historical Items in the MMPI: Note on Evaluating Treatment Outcomes for a Criminal Population
Authors: Scapinello Ken F. , Blanchard Ray
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the possibility that the sometimes reported absence of significant differences in the MMPI scores of a criminal population with and without treatment could be attributed partly to the unsuitability of the MMPI as a measure of change. Specifically, it was hypothesized that a large proportion of items used to diagnose criminality refer to completed and irrevocable past events and are therefore insensitive to changes brought about by treatment. Results were generally supportive of the hypothesis. Implications for evaluation and interpretation of findings were discussed.
Facilitativeness in Small Groups: A Process-Oriented Study Using Lag Sequential Analysis
Authors: Hawks Irene Kaminsky
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the interaction patterns between leaders and members of small groups over time. The interactions were coded self- or other-directed and facilitative or nonfacilitative to open communication. There were a total of 3,174 interactions scored by trained raters from 20 videotapes collected from 5 groups. Lag Sequential Analysis was used to assess the influence of the leaders' communication on members' communication over a period of several interactions. When leaders were facilitative and directed their communication to the group, members were significantly more facilitative than when leaders referred to themselves and/or expressed nonfacilitative communication. The leaders' influence persisted over time.
Validity of the Megargee-Bohn MMPI Typology with Women Incarcerated in a State Prison
Authors: Smith Lynda B. , Silber David E. , Karp Stephen A.
Published: August 2011

This report describes a study of the validity of typing inmates from their MMPI scores using the system developed by Megargee and Bohn. The subjects were female inmates of a state prison. The typology was not a strong predictor of either current or subsequent prison behaviors as derived from inmate records. When the various types were ordered for degree of deviance, however, the resulting validity of the typology appeared to increase. As currently used, the typology appears of limited usefulness with female prisoners of state institutions.
Type-A Behavior and Calcium Consumption by College Students
Authors: Mohan Philip J.
Published: August 2011

The daily calcium intake of Type A (21 men, 49 women) and Type B (37 men, 95 women) college students was compared. No difference appeared between these groups, although men exhibited significantly higher daily milk and calcium consumption than women, contrary to earlier studies. The implications of this finding for further research were briefly discussed.
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Scores of Psychiatric Outpatients by Age and Sex
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Wurtz Philip J. , Fouty H. Edward , Burdick Bruce M.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to estimate the correlations of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale with age and sex in a psychiatric outpatient sample. 378 male and 671 female clients of 13 to 89 yr. of age completed the scale as part of their admission to an outpatient psychiatric clinic. The scores were classified according to sex and age (in 10-yr. groups). Analysis showed some statistically significant differences according to age and sex, but the magnitude of those differences was small. Comparison of these data with a previously published set of data from a nonpsychiatric sample showed, as would be expected, the psychiatric group scored consistently higher.
Assessment of Criterion-Related Validity of the Leadership Skills Inventory
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to assess criterion-related validity of the Leadership Skills Inventory. The student subjects were 113 girls and boys (Grades 6–11) who had recently completed a 1-wk. Leadership Studies Program. Adult subjects were 55 community leaders who were chosen by a panel to represent arts, business, government, professions, and civic activities. Both groups completed the inventory. Mean self-rating for the children who had completed the training leadership was higher than mean self-rating of adults. Results are consistent with the criterion-related validity of the instrument.
Ethnic Identity among Sansei and Yonsei Church-Affiliated Youth in Los Angeles and Honolulu
Authors: Wooden Wayne S. , Leon Joseph J. , Toshima Michelle T.
Published: August 2011

A comparative study of 112 Japanese-American Sansei and Yonsei youth in Los Angeles, California, and Honolulu, Hawaii—drawn from the rosters of youth active in Japanese-American church organizations—found no over-all differences by location, generation, or sex. Some significant differences, however, were noted for specific items. Of particular note are the shared (and continued) traditional values of these Los Angeles and Honolulu church-going Japanese-American youth.
Chronic Pain, Physical Symptoms, and Type a Behavior in Young Adults
Authors: Workman Edward A. , La Via Mariano F.
Published: August 2011

7 subjects (mean age of 27 yr.) who complained of chronic pain symptoms were compared to seven age- and sex-matched controls on the following variables: number of physical symptoms, Type A tendency (Glazer Stress Control scores), and over-all stress (Social Readjustment Rating Scale scores). The pain subjects showed significantly more physical symptoms and greater Type A tendencies than controls but did not differ on over-all stress.
Impulsivity in Felons and Unwed Mothers
Authors: Royse David , Wiehe Vernon R.
Published: August 2011

Over-all significantly higher mean scores on impulsiveness were found on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and on the nonplanning and motor subscales for two cohorts of 40 male felons and 40 unwed mothers than for a sample of 360 randomly selected adults. These results support Barratt's conceptualizations of impulsivity.
Relations of Coping Style and Illness Variables in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Alberts Michael S. , Lyons John S. , Anderson Richard H.
Published: August 2011

The relationships of illness variables (demographic, illness-quality, treatment, lifestyle, and interpersonal) to the eight coping styles as measured by the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory were investigated in 38 adult patients with ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, to identify coping styles important in managing this condition. Patients with ulcerative colitis were studied because this patient group has not demonstrated a characteristic personality profile and because the nature of the symptoms and disease pattern requires these patients to develop a long-standing coping style. Twelve significant correlations were found and explanations were proposed. The possibility that psychological treatment could alter illness variables and result in a more adaptive coping style was discussed with a suggestion for further investigation.
Evaluation of Teachers: Effects of “Outliers” on Instructors' Ratings
Authors: Shaughnessy Michael F. , Neely Renee
Published: August 2011

Evaluation of teachers and college instructors has been studied extensively. The literature covers many variables, methodologies, and instruments; however, sloppy and careless evaluation on the part of students has not yet been examined. The present paper describes an analysis of whether evaluations of instructors are affected by overly global ratings by students, be those ratings positive or negative.
Guilt in Alcoholics: An Evaluation of the Mosher Guilt Scales
Authors: Fehr Lawrence A.
Published: August 2011

The validity of the Mosher Guilt Scales was evaluated by comparing guilt scores of 25 adult males who had voluntarily placed themselves in an alcoholism treatment center with those of a control group of 25 adult males. It was hypothesized that the alcoholic group would demonstrate higher guilt than the control group as the presence of strong guilt feelings should lead one to seek to remove a major source of guilt such as excessive drinking. This hypothesis was substantiated by higher sex guilt and morality guilt in the alcoholic group than in the control group.
Reliability and Validity of the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale in a Predominantly Middle-Aged Sample
Authors: McCollum Eric E. , Schumm Walter R. , Russell Candyce S.
Published: August 2011

In a predominantly middle-aged sample of 182, the four items of the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Further evidence of construct validity was found, as well as limited discriminant validity. The scale was positively correlated with Edmonds's measure of marital conventionalization, and a pattern of unequal variance at different levels of social desirability was found.
Parental Social Cognition of Children's Social Status
Authors: Krantz Murray , Wade Carla
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between mothers' knowledge of their children's friendship preferences and their children's achievement of social status. Sociometric nominations for 52 girls and 50 boys in Grades 2 and 3 were used to determine children's social status and 57 mothers were interviewed for their “sociometric awareness” of their children's social status among peers. Both children's and maternal sociometric awareness were correlated positively with social acceptance and negatively with social rejection by peers. Mothers of “rejected” children were less aware of the positive friendship preferences of their children than mothers of children of more favored status.
Comparison between Two Self-Efficacy Scales in Maintenance of Smoking Cessation
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Frojan Maria Jesus , Lista Maria Jose
Published: August 2011

We compared the 1981 Self-efficacy scales of Diclemente and Condiotte and Lichtenstein for a sample of 29 Spanish smokers who participated in a stop-smoking program and throughout a 12-mo. follow-up. Analysis indicated the major predictive utility of the Confidence Questionnaire (self-efficacy) of Condiotte and Lichtenstein for rate of smoking and for smoking status.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XLIX. Moon Mechanisms and Myths: A Critical Appraisal of Explanations of Purported Lunar Effects on Human Behavior
Authors: Culver Roger , Rotton James , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

In this paper the explanations put forward by lunar advocates to account for a “lunar effect” on human behavior are critically appraised. The hypotheses considered are ozone, moonlight, gravity, tidal force, geomagnetism, electromagnetism, weather, ions, and ELF waves. It is concluded that none of these are sufficient to explain the alleged effects of the moon on human behavior. In view of (a) the lack of a satisfactory mechanism, (b) the lack of a reliable connection between lunar periodicities and human behavior, and (c) the generally negative results obtained in studies, it is suggested that the scientific community exercise great caution with regard to further studies claiming lunar effects on human behavior.
Dimensionality of Coping: Factor Stability Using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Luther David C. , Wiebe Frank A. , Adams Janet S.
Published: August 2011

This study presents convergent support for the use of five empirically constructed factors from the “Ways of Coping Questionnaire.” Five coping factors were congruent with the factors reported in a study conducted by Folkman and Lazarus in 1985. The results support a concept of coping as defined by the factors, for student populations. Researchers need to explore different coping contexts to facilitate research and increase our knowledge of coping processes.
Cross-Validation of Modal Responses on the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study
Authors: Graybill Daniel , Williams Paula G. , Peterson Steven P.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether the modal responses used to determine the Group Conformity Rating on the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration Study were valid for another sample of comparable size to the standardization sample. Subjects were 245 children in Grades 1 through 6. The modal responses were cross-validated for 19 of the 24 items. Further examinations of the validity of the Group Conformity Rating may be improved if only those items which were cross-validated are used.
Anxiety, Conflict, and Perception of Everyday Decisions
Authors: Shiloh Shoshana , Melamed Shuvit
Published: August 2011

Decision is usually defined in situational terms—the existence of alternatives for action. The present study explored an interactional definition of decision, which takes into account also the perception of conflict in the situation by the decision-maker. 46 subjects were asked to recall all decisions they made during the previous day and were assessed for trait-anxiety and perception of conflicts in everyday situations. The higher the trait-anxiety, the more conflicts were perceived in everyday situations and the more decisions reported on a prior day. The correlation between trait anxiety and reported decisions was mediated by the perception of conflict.
Diurnal Changes on the California Personality Inventory on Work and Leisure Days
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M.
Published: August 2011

15 adults took the Socialization, Responsibility, Well Being, and Good Impression scales from the California Personality Inventory three times each day on two workdays and two leisure days. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon, and in the evening while relaxing before going to bed. They were instructed to answer the questions each time as though they had never seen them before. Analysis showed that, as previously on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, scores on the California Personality Inventory showed diurnal changes and large individual differences in amount of change. Presumed centrality of personality aspects measured had little effect. People changed more on workdays. Therefore, both time of day and context should be taken into account when interpreting personality tests, and the tests given several times to obtain a profile of the person. For both applied and theoretical reasons, diurnal changes and factors influencing individual differences need to be studied further.
Investigating the Construct Validity of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
Authors: Wallbrown Fred H. , Carmin Cheryl N. , Barnett Robert W.
Published: August 2011

A Wherry and Wherry hierarchical factor solution was obtained on intercorrelations among the 10 subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery of Jackson to test its construct validity. Subtest scores were obtained for 300 adult male felons referred to a receiving and diagnostic center for evaluations. The findings provide considerable support for construct validity. A general ( g)-factor was defined by strong positive loadings from all 10 subtests and accounted for about 46% of the total subtest variance. A verbal educational factor was defined by positive loadings from the five verbal subtests and accounted for 16% of the total variance in the verbal subtests. A spatial-perceptual factor was defined by positive loadings from all five performance subtests and accounted for 13% of the total variance in the performance subtests.
Common and Distinctive Therapeutic Change Processes in Client-Centered, Rational-Emotive, and Experiential Psychotherapies
Authors: Mahrer Alvin R. , Nadler Wayne P. , Stalikas Anastassios , Schachter Howard M. , Sterner Irit
Published: August 2011

A 12-fold category system of therapeutic change processes was applied to 10 sessions of client-centered, rational-emotive, and experiential psychotherapies conducted by exemplars of each approach. By analyzing the results within and across each category and approach, the findings indicated therapeutic change processes common across the approaches and subsets distinctive to each approach.
Teaching Adolescent Psychology Using Popular Song Lyrics
Authors: Napoletano Margo A.
Published: August 2011

11 popular songs were evaluated by 14 students enrolled in a section of adolescent psychology. Songs were selected for their potential to illustrate psychological concepts, such as, identity crisis, psychotic behavior, and personal fable. After lecture on a particular topic, a song relevant to that topic was played and discussed. Lyrics that illustrated certain concepts were identified. Students evaluated each song for its effectiveness in aiding their understanding of concepts. End-of-semester evaluations indicated increased scores on measures of critical thinking and comprehension of subject matter, which would suggest continued use of songs is appropriate.
Contributions of Animal Studies of Response Prevention (Flooding) to Human Exposure Therapy
Authors: Baum Morrie
Published: August 2011

The behavioral technique of response prevention (flooding, exposure therapy, implosive therapy) is reviewed. Contributions of animal studies of avoidance-extinction to therapy of human phobic disorders are discussed. These include the delineation of the importance of treatment duration and the facilitative effects of distraction during treatment. Animal studies showing certain pharmaceutical and hormonal agents increase treatment efficiency are reviewed, suggesting improvements in human therapy.
Smokeless Tobacco on Campus
Authors: Lopez Linda C.
Published: August 2011

Self-reports on smokeless tobacco consumption were obtained from 438 students attending a small Midwestern liberal arts college. While use among 249 female students was negligible, 9% of 189 male respondents reported routine use of smokeless tobacco products.
Effects of the Scamper Technique on Anxiety and Creative Thinking of Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Mijares-Colmenares Brizeida E. , Masten William G. , Underwood Joe R.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the effect of the Scamper technique on creative thinking and trait-anxiety of 27 junior high students. Effect size was large for flexibility and medium for trait anxiety which suggests Scamper may be useful to improve flexibility and reduce trait-anxiety.
Love African Style: A Comparison of Sex Differences in Love-Attitudes of East African University Students
Authors: Philbrick Joseph L.
Published: August 2011

On the Munro-Adams Love-Attitude Scale, 25 men and 25 women, enrolled at Makerere University, had nonsignificantly different scores despite their coming from different disciplines and subcultural groups. Scores were more moderate in this endorsement than were the American normative group.
Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-Year Critical Review
Authors: Martens R. , Kelly I. W. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: August 2011

This review examines 21 studies for which data relating to lunar periodicities and birth have been analyzed. There is insufficient evidence to support such a relationship. Most studies have reported negative results, and the positive studies contradict each other.
Effect of Word Familiarity on Long-Term Recency
Authors: Sato Koichi
Published: August 2011

This experiment examined the effect of word familiarity on recency effects in two paradigms, the immediate recency effect in the immediate free-recall paradigm and the long-term recency effect in the continuous-distractor paradigm. Subjects studied word lists. In the immediate free-recall condition, words were presented continuously, and subjects were asked for free recall immediately after presentation of each list. In the continuous-distractor condition, each word was followed by a summation task of 30 sec. After the last summation task for each list, subjects were asked for free recall. Familiarity influenced immediate recency and long-term recency in the same way. This result suggests that the same mechanisms underlie immediate recency and long-term recency effect
Stepwise Regression in Social and Psychological Research
Authors: Henderson Douglas A. , Denison Daniel R.
Published: August 2011

Researchers often invoke stepwise ordinary least squares regression to explain, predict or classify practical problems or theoretical constructs in psychological and social research. Unfortunately, this statistical technique is used without proper consideration for its inherent theoretical and practical limitations, a problem expected to grow even more serious with the proliferation of statistical packages for use on personal computers. Use of stepwise regression in social and psychological research is reconsidered here. Explanations of forward selection, backward elimination and combination stepwise procedures are provided; limitations of the technique, statistical and practical, are then addressed. Analysis shows that most of the current applications of stepwise regression should be rejected, or at least tempered with strong qualification to inference.
A Behavioral Quantal Theory of Brain Function: An Alternative to Lashley's Continuity Theory of Mass Action
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: August 2011

A behavioral quantal theory of brain function is formulated on the basis of a newly discovered step-wise relationship invariably present among the findings of three experiments by Tsai, et al. on the effects of (1) cerebral decortication, (2) cranial x-radiation, as well as (3) insulin, mettazol, and electroconvulsive shocks upon white rats' adaptive behavior during their learning of successive habit reversals and one-trial reversal problems. Confirmatory results from earlier investigators who studied effects of various current strengths of ECS upon learning and retention of various maze habits are also cited in support of the behavioral quantal theory of brain function which is proposed here as a close-up, more refined alternative to Lashley's continuity theory of mass action.
Fear of Success: Influence of Sex, Year, and Program in College
Authors: Santucci Rebecca , Terzian Donna , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

133 students' scores on fear of success were analyzed for influence of sex, year in college, and college program using Zuckerman and Allison's (1970) 7-point fear of success scale. As hypothesized, women scored higher on fear of success than men. However, contrary to expectations, freshmen scored higher on fear of success than seniors. No effects for college program were found. This research further explicates the decrease in scores on fear of success that have been found over the past decade. The continued use of objective methods of studying fear of success is encouraged
Psychologists and Alcoholic Women
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

Alcoholism among women often has been treated using a model based on research with alcoholic men. Women react differently to alcohol than men both physiologically and psychologically and their drinking patterns are different from men's. Treatment facilities for alcoholism have not been as available for women as for men and treatment must be individualized for the differences between men and women problem drinkers and for the differences among alcoholic women.
The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale: A Replication Study on Reliability, Validity and Prediction
Authors: de Jonghe Jos F. M. , Baneke Joost J.
Published: August 2011

In replicating the findings of Gabrys, et al. (1985), the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale discriminated between depressed and nondepressed patients in a day-clinic population. There is, however, considerably more overlap in group scores which makes prediction difficult for the individual case. The influence of sex on the Zung total score, indicating women score higher than men, requires consideration be given to matching experimental groups.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XIV. Comments on a Recent Study of Courtly Love
Authors: Murstein Bernard I.
Published: August 2011

Some conceptual and statistical issues in need of being addressed are described for the 1988 work of Rechtien and Fiedler published in this journal. Suggestions for research are mentioned.
Self-Reported Expected Effects of Alcohol by Nonalcoholic Adult Men and Women
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

150 Swedish men and women were asked about their alcohol-related expectancies by letting them state the three most probable effects they expected for themselves and for others from drinking alcohol. The three effects were to be rank-ordered. Answers were classified into 11 different categories and the emerging picture indicated that both men and women expected mostly positive effects both for themselves and for others. Results were discussed by comparing the present results with those from other descriptive studies concluding that previous findings were largely confirmed. Theoretical and methodological points of view were also discussed.
Motivational Effect of Well Dressed Teachers on College Students Who are Academically Deficient
Authors: Allegrone Paul L.
Published: August 2011

The importance of the teacher as a role model has not been listed on students' evaluation of instruction at a local community college, but research has shown that this is a concern for the motivation of first-year deficiency-level college students. This study surveyed students in deficiency-level classes on whether their motivation to learn is improved by having a well-dressed teacher (superficial role model). Both day and night students were not significantly motivated by the described teacher's dress. Night students were, however, significantly more motivated by the teacher's qualities (including dress) than were day students.
Time Orientation: Past, Present, and Future Perceptions
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Schade Jennifer , Furo Louise , Reichler Arne , Brickman Clifford
Published: August 2011

A survey was conducted to assess people's time orientation or where they spend most of their thinking time: past, present or future. 100 women were also asked about their expectations for the quality of life in 20 co 30 yr. and about the odds of a large-scale nuclear war within 30 yr. Respondents thought almost twice as much about the present and future as the past. They rated the quality of life in 20 to 30 yr. as being the same as or slightly better than now. A nuclear war within 30 yr. was considered possible; religious orientation had a strong effect. No significant relationship was found between time orientation and future expectations.
Birth Seasonality in Developmentally Disabled Children
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2011

26 children with diagnoses of autism and 22 children with diagnoses of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared on the variable of winter birth. Analyses showed that autistic children had a higher proportion of winter births than schizophrenic children. These findings are related to other research linking winter birth to negative-syndrome adult schizophrenia.
Combatant Medics as Selective Conscientious Objectors—Morally or Politically Motivated Behavior? An Israeli Example from the War in Lebanon
Authors: Linn Ruth
Published: August 2011

According to Cohen, soldiers' refusal to take part in an ongoing war out of their “cry of conscience” might be direct or indirect in form, and morally or politically motivated. The dominant group among a sample of 36 Israeli selective conscientious objectors during the first year of the war in Lebanon (June 1982-June 1985) were combatant medics. Were their motives moral ones? The following paper delineates the motives of this group of moral actors.
Sex Differences in Career Development: Locus of Control and Career Commitment Effects
Authors: Bishop Ronald C. , Solomon Esther
Published: August 2011

In this research attitudes and behavioral dispositions of men and women in two age groups that may correspond to different career stages were compared. Locus of control and career commitment were studied using a sample of 293 full-time employed MBA students. Analysis supported the hypothesis that older men would have a more internal locus of control than older women who would be more external. No other differences were found. Explanations and implications of the findings for sex differences in career development are discussed.
Deprivation/Enhancement Fantasy Patterns in Children
Authors: Stearns Margaret E. , Graybill Daniel
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have shown that females tell stories that change from negative experiences (deprivation) to positive experiences (enhancement) and males tell stories that change in the opposite direction. The current study examines this phenomenon in children using a different story-telling procedure. Results were not consistent with those of previous studies.
Depression and Attributions for Problems and Solutions in College Students
Authors: Endlich Eric
Published: August 2011

50 adult clients at college counseling centers completed scales measuring depression, attributions for their primary problem and its expected improvement, and locus of control. Subjects who were more depressed made relatively internal and stable attributions for their primary problems, were less likely to believe they would improve, and expressed more belief in the importance of chance and powerful others. As a group, subjects tended to view their improvement as more internal and controllable than the cause of their problems. The results suggest that knowledge of clients' attributions for their problems could prove relevant to the treatment of depression.
Somatotype and Type A Behavior in College-Age Adults
Authors: Quinn Timothy J. , Wilson Bradley R. A.
Published: August 2011

To study the relation between body build and the Type A behavior pattern, 194 college students were given the Jenkins Activity Survey as a measure of Type A behavior, Factor S (speed and impatience), and Factor H (hard driving and competitive) and the Heath-Carter somatotype method to measure body build. Subjects were grouped as endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs, or balanced. Two-way analyses of variance showed that, on raw and percentile Type A scores for Factor S, mesomorphs rated significantly higher than the other body builds and nonsignificantly on Type A and Factor H scores.
The Wonderlic Personnel Test: Reliability and Validity in an Academic Setting
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

Based on total of 290 undergraduates, the split-half reliability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test was .87 and the Pearson correlation between test score and mean grade was .21. Implications are presented for the use of this test in an academic setting.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LIX. Rosalie Rayner Watson: The Mother of a Behaviorist's Sons
Authors: Duke Carla , Fried Stephen , Pliley Wilma , Walker Daley
Published: August 2011

Rosalie Rayner Watson (1899–1936), John Watson's second wife, assisted her husband in the development of applied behavioral psychology. Not only did Rayner Watson co-author the seminal paper on conditioned emotional reactions, she also assisted Watson in preparing the most popular child care book of the time. Curiously, in the only article under her sole authorship, Rayner Watson described behaviorism in the home somewhat negatively.
University Students' Support for Heterosexual Women with Aids
Authors: Allen Mary J. , Gutierrez Debbi Miller
Published: August 2011

Support for a woman heterosexual AIDS victim was examined among 237 university students, 54% female and 54% upper division, with a mean age of 23.7 yr. A questionnaire containing one of four scenarios (AIDS resulting from unsafe sex, unsafe drug use, sex with an unfaithful husband, or a blood transfusion) measured support by people's willingness to sign or circulate a petition supporting the victim's right to attend college classes. A five-way mixed-design analysis of variance showed that victims who took risks received less support, that respondents were more willing to sign than to circulate a petition, and, while men did not discriminate among the four scenarios, women were most likely to offer support to “innocent” victims who contracted AIDS without sexual behavior. In addition, respondents who knew someone with AIDS were more likely to sign the petition. AIDS, particularly when contracted through risky behavior, is a disease with social ramifications beyond its threat to public health.
Is Media Information That Smoking Causes Illness a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Authors: Grossarth-Maticek R. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2011

Of 528 men, those 72 who derived information from the media, showed a lower rate of survival, i.e., more deaths from cancer, coronary heart disease, etc. Stress increased by constant repetition of evil consequences of smoking might constitute a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Method Horst-Hilsch (HH) for the Transformation Problem in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Authors: Derflinger Gerhard , Kaiser Henry F
Published: August 2011

Four general approaches to the transformation problem in exploratory factor analysis are reviewed, with primary attention given to xerxes (hyperplanefitting) methods. The Kaiser-Cerny ( KC) Rule for dichotomizing row-normalized normal varimax loadings, for a given factor, into near-zero and non-near-zero elements is described at some length. The Method Horst-Hilsch ( HH) xerxes procedure is explored in detail. Some numerical examples and concluding remarks are appended.
Trait-Anxiety and Sense of Coherence: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Carmel Sara , Bernstein Judith
Published: August 2011

A study of trait-anxiety and sense of coherence on a group of medical students over 18 mo. shows that, although both characteristics are rather stable over time, the measure of sense of coherence is more sensitive to stressors than A-trait and is better predicted by A-trait than the opposite.
Personality Traits of High Ability Students Choosing One among Three Different Learning Environments
Authors: O'Brien George E.
Published: August 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to examine personality differences among science-oriented students of high ability who were studying in three different learning environments and a normative group. From 253 students in Grades 10 to 12 enrolled in The University of Iowa Summer Science Training Program data were collected. Personality was assessed by administering the California Psychological Inventory. Girls scored significantly higher on 8 scales (i.e., Dominance, Capacity for Status, Self-control, Social Presence, Self-acceptance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual Efficiency, and Psychological-mindedness) than the norm. Boys scored significantly higher on 5 scales (i.e., Dominance, Capacity for Status, Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, and Psychological-mindedness) than the norm. Both sex and learning environment significantly affected the students' scale scores. High School Rank did not affect scale scores. Differences between the sexes were greatest in the structured formal classroom setting where girls rated higher than boys on 5 scales (i.e., Capacity for Status, Tolerance, Socialization, Achievement via Independence, and Femininity).
Correlations of Scores of Maximum Security Inmates on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised
Authors: Carvajal Howard , Shaffer Cathy , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

29 men (15 white, 14 black) who were inmates at a maximum security penitentiary were given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised on which the full scale IQs correlated .80. This suggests the Peabody would serve as an effective screening test for this population.
Postdischarge Observations by Parents of Adolescent Patients Hospitalized for Acute Conditions
Authors: Denholm Carey J.
Published: August 2011

Parents' observations of their adolescent at two points (75 at 3 days and 24 at 28 days) during recovery from hospitalization for an acute condition were made. Whereas the majority of comments described changes in mood and negative behavior during this process, examples of positive coping and adaptive behavior by adolescents following discharge were provided.
Academic Locus of Control, Type A Behavior, and College Absenteeism
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Hackburt Lucianne
Published: August 2011

Responses from 40 women and 56 men to the Academic Locus of Control Scale and the Framingham Type A Scale were unrelated to each other but correlated .49 and .55 and −.32 and −.37, respectively, with absences from class. Elimination of illness-related absences raised the correlations.
Self-Reported Expected Emotional Changes as a Function of Alcohol Intoxication by Alcoholic Men and Women
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

80 alcoholic men and women registered for counseling at different Swedish outpatient units volunteered to complete semantic differential scales related to emotional expected effects of alcohol intoxication. Analyses indicated that alcoholics expect large doses of alcohol to increase pleasure, dominance, and arousal. These results were discussed in comparison with the results from previous related studies with nonalcoholic samples.
The Importance of Ethnicity in the Development of Identity of Black Adolescents
Authors: Aries Elizabeth , Moorehead Kimberly
Published: August 2011

Ego-identity status was examined in 20 male and 20 female black junior and senior high school students. Ego-identity was assessed by a semistructured interview measuring questioning and commitment in the traditional areas of occupation, ideology (religion and politics), sexual-interpersonal attitudes and behavior, and the newly added area of ethnicity. The greatest questioning and commitment occurred in the area of ethnicity. Ethnicity was most predictive of over-all identity-status and was seen as most important to self-definition. The other area of central importance was occupation. While the ideological and sexual-interpersonal areas have been found in previous research to have central importance for white adolescents, they were found in this sample of black adolescents to show the lowest concordance with overall identity and to be cited as having least importance in self-definition. The lowest amount of questioning and commitment occurred in these areas.
Predictors of Fear of Academic Success among University Students
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

55 Australian university students completed the Fear of Academic Success Consequences Scale as well as separate measures of nine hypothesized predictors of fear of academic success, namely, age, sex, school and university academic performance, estimates of future academic success, independence from the views and opinions of others, academic motivation, and rated importance of doing well academically. All scale-predictor correlations were nonsignificant, except for age and external control. The results suggest the scale does not possess high construct validity among these students.
Sex-Role Orientation of College Students and Their Same-Sex Parents
Authors: Karylowski Jerzy J. , Bergeron William
Published: August 2011

The study examined similarities and differences between sex-role orientations of college students and their same-sex parents. College undergraduates filled out the Bem Sex-role Inventory twice: once to describe themselves and the second time to describe their same-sex parents. The inventory was also used to obtain parental self-reports. Compared to their perceptions of their same-sex parents, male students described themselves as more feminine and female students described themselves as more masculine. Also, male students described their fathers as less feminine and female students described their mothers as both less masculine and less feminine than the parents described themselves. Students' femininity scores correlated significantly with the parental femininity scores both actual and perceived, however, no consistent relationship was found for the masculinity scores. Androgynous students and students with the reversed sex-role orientation perceived their parents as androgynous and reversed, respectively.
Locus of Control and Anxiety in Children from Intact and Maritally Disrupted Families
Authors: St-Yves A. , Dompierre S. , Freeston M. H. , Jacques C. , Malo M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the associations of Locus of Control (Children Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale) with state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children) in 302 children aged 9 to 12 yr. No significant differences were found between the groups. No significant correlations were found between the anxiety measures and externality for the 31 children from maritally disrupted families, but significant positive Pearson correlations were found for the 271 children of intact families. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of under-reporting of marital disruption by children.
Prediction of Early Attrition from Couple Therapy
Authors: Davis Henry , Dhillon Ada M.
Published: August 2011

This study explored prediction of early attrition from couple therapy at a community agency. Using 16 therapist-derived predictors of failure to engage in therapy, multiple regression analysis suggested that common-law relationships and low nonmortgage debt predicted dropout among 45 couples. The results are discussed with reference to the literature on early termination.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXII. Carl Rogers' Naturalistic System of Ethics
Authors: DeCarvalho Roy José
Published: August 2011

This essay is an historical contribution to the current interest in values in the social sciences. It describes the humanistic system of ethics espoused by Carl Rogers (1902–1987) that in the 1960s fueled the establishment of a “third force” or humanistic movement in American psychology. This essay includes a biographical sketch of Rogers' views on values and examines how his belief in naturalism in ethics relates to his view on human nature. More specifically, it discusses the values implied in Rogerian client-centered therapy. It describes the values of the “fully functioning” person and deals with the concepts of authenticity and organismic awareness.