Quantum calculation of the influence of trivalent praseodymium ions doping on the magneto-optical properties of terbium gallium garnet crystal
Authors: Cai Wei , Xu You-An , Yang Zhi-Yong ,   Armament Launch Theory and Technology Key Discipline Laboratory of China, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi′an 710025, China,   Science and Technology on Electro-optic Control Laboratory, Luoyang 471000, China
Published: December 2020

<sec>Compared with those materials with superior magneto-optical properties, such as YIG, Ce:YIG and Ba<sub>3</sub>Tb(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, pure terbium gallium garnet (TGG) crystal has comparative low Verdet constant and cannot meet the requirements of some high-power devices. Doping Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions in TGG crystal can remarkably enhance its magneto-optical properties and expand its application scope, but there are still lack of systematic theoretical calculations to clarify this phenomenon. Based on the quantum theory, this paper presents the influence of doping Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions on the magneto-optical performance and the corresponding quantitative calculation results. Firstly, taking various effects on Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions and Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions in the crystal into consideration, the Hamiltonian is modeled and discussed in detail. The secular equations are solved by applying the perturbation method, and then the energy level shifts and wave functions of the Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions and Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions are worked out, where the spin-orbit coupling, crystal field, effective field and super-exchange interaction between the two types of ions are considered. Furthermore, the transition dipole moments of Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions and Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions from the 4f ground state to higher level 5d, together with the distribution probability at each energy level and the average magnetic moment, are resolved. Finally, the Verdet constants and magnetic susceptibilities of pure TGG crystal and Pr:TGG crystal are calculated and compared with each other. Moreover, the relationship between the Verdet constant of Pr:TGG crystal and the Pr<sup>3+</sup>-doping amount is derived. The results show that the Faraday rotation angle caused by Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions is larger than that of Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions, meanwhile, the strong super-exchange between Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions and Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions causes further splitting of the 4f energy level, resulting in a significant increasement of the Verdet constant of the Pr:TGG crystal, which reaches 313.4 rad/m·T, 191.2 rad/m·T and 60.4 rad/m·T at the wavelengths of 532 nm, 632.8 nm and 1064 nm, respectively. In addition, doping Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions inside the crystal improves the internal effective magnetic moment, which can reach 9.92 μ<sub>B</sub> at 10 K. At the same time, the magnetic susceptibility increases, while the temperature interdependency decreases. The linear relationship between the reciprocal of magnetic susceptibility and temperature reduces from 4.41/K to 3.92/K. </sec><sec>The Verdet constant of the Pr:TGG crystal is linear with the amount of Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions doping. When the contents of Tb<sup>3+</sup> ions and Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions inside the crystal are equal, the maximum value is reached, which is about 2913.4 rad/m·T. The calculation results in this paper are in good agreement with the existing experimental data.</sec>