bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—On the Nature and Origin of Earthquake-Sounds
Authors: Datison Charles
Published: May 2009

The sound-phenomena accompanying earthquakes have not often been made the subject of special investigation; and, consequently, their value and significance may have been somewhat underrated. I believe that much remains to be done, that many observations must yet be made, before the problem of their origin can be regarded as completely solved; but the facts already known, seem to me sufficient to show that the inquiry is one full of interest and worthy of development beyond that here attempted.
I,—On Certain Affinities Between the Devonian Rocks of South Devon and the Metamorphio Schists
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

In submitting the following paper to the readers of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, I am conscious that some apology is needed for entering upon so difficult a subject. My position is as follows:—In 1879 the late Mr. E. B. Tawney joined me in the investigation of a series of detached blocks trawled from time to time by the Brixham fishermen. The character of certain of these stones having suggested to Mr. Tawney the idea that the schists of South Devon might possibly be of pre-Cambrian age, he visited the district in 1880, with the expectation of being the first to advance that hypothesis. The evidence of the schists themselves failed to satisfy Mr. Tawney on the point in question, and his premature death prevented his attacking the problem on a subsequent occasion, as he had hoped to be able to do.
II.—Permian in Devonshire
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

In the course of a visit to the Hunsruck district between Treves and Bingen in the spring of 1890, in company with Professor Gosselet, Mons. C. Barrois, Herr von Eeinach and Herr Grebe, I was struck by the resemblance displayed by the Permian quartz porphyry of the valley of the Nahe, between Birkenfeld and Bingen, to fragments contained in the breccias of Teignmouth. In discussing the South Devon section with the two gentlemen last named, on that occasion, they both gave it as their opinion that the lower beds of the Devon section might prove to be representatives of the Bothliegende.
I.—On the American Palæozoic Gasteropod, Trematonotus (Hall Emend. P. Fischer), and its Identification in Britain; with Description of a New Species
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Professor James Hall's discovery, in 1864, of his remarkable genus Trematonotus, in the Niagara rocks of North America, formed an interesting and valuable addition to his researches in conchological science.

The special features of this shell consist in its Bellerophontoid appearance, coupled with the presence of a single row of isolated perforations on the central part of the dorsal surface. It was somewhat erroneously regarded by its author as a sub-genus of Leveillia (Porcellia), though its unique characters would mark it as a distinct form, and probably more intimately related to the well-known Haliotis of our modern seas than to any other known shell.
II.—Did the Great Rivers of Siberia Flow Southwards and not Northwards in the Mammoth Age?
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

The question proposed in the heading to this paper seems a startling one. That the drainage of such a wide continental area as Northern Asia should have been entirely reversed at such a recent geological period as the Mammoth age, so that its present great drains, the Ob, the Yenissei and the Lena, did not exist at all, but their places were taken by other rivers pouring their waters, not into the Arctic basin, but into some great Mediterranean Sea in Central Asia, seems a paradox. It is nevertheless a conclusion which has been forcing itself upon me for a considerable time, and which I should like to be allowed to argue.
IV.—Palæolithic Implements from the Valley of the Axe
Authors: D'Urban W. S. M.
Published: May 2009

At Broom, in the parish of Hawkchurch, near Axminster, close to the River Axe, in the angle formed by the junction of a tributary brook with it, is a low hill, the summit of which is about 50 feet above the level of the rails of the London and South-Western Railway, which runs at its base. This hill consists of a mass of chert gravel intermingled with ferruginous clay of a yellow colour, and interstratified with seams of sandy clay, without shells or other animal-remains, as far as is at present known. There are a few much-rolled pebbles of quartz; of a hard dark-grey siliceous rock; and of chalk flints, mingled with the chert fragments, many of which are angular or subangular. It has been cut into for ballast for the railway, and about half has been removed in the last fifteen years, exposing a section of from 40 to 50 feet in depth. The bottom of the pit is on a level with the rails, which are a few feet above the river, and about 150 feet above the level of the sea, about six miles distant. The chert gravel was probably derived from the Greensand which caps the hills inclosing the valley.
I.—The Old Man of Hoy
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: May 2009

The tidal wave of travellers which, thanks to railroads and steamboats, pours northward over the country every summer, even as far as John o' Groat's, has hardly as yet risen much beyond that utmost shore. The tourist stops short at the Pentland Firth; indeed, when he reaches its bare treeless coast, and finds that there is really no traditional house at John o' Groat's (though a good inn, with careful host and kindly hostess, should tempt him to rest there a while), he is in a hurry to get back by daylight to the busy hum of men in the hyperborean city of Wick or Thurso, and as eager to flit southwards again next morning.
IV.—On the Preservation of Deposits of Incoherent Materials under Till or Boulder-clay
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

Those who maintain that Till or Boulder-clay has not only originated but accumulated underneath glacier-ice may sometimes have felt puzzled to account for the preservation of beds of more or less incoherent materials below a deposit which they have so many cogent reasons for believing to be a true moraine profonde.
I.—On a Collection of Pleistocene Mammals Dredged off the Eastern Coast
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

Of the many private collections of vertebrate fossils found on or off the coast of the Eastern counties, none surpass in palæontological and also in geological interest the fine collection made with much zeal and care by Mr. J. J. Owles, of Yarmouth, inasmuch as the larger portion of the specimens are exclusively the remains of Postglacial Mammals, and were brought up in the fishermen’s dredge, either from, or in close proximity to the well-known Dogger Bank, thus proving conclusively the existence of submerged Pleistocene or Postglacial land lying off the Eastern coast in the North Sea. Prof. Boyd Dawkins is the only author, as far as I am at present aware, who has made any reference to this really valuable series of remains, and then only incidentally in his memoir, “On the Distribution of Postglacial Mammals.”
V.—Palæontological Notes
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

1. Dentalium ingens, de Koninck, and D. ornatum, de Kon. (Descrip. Animaux Foss., pp. 317 and 318, t. 22, f. 2 and 3).— The first of these species has been often recorded from Scotch Carboniferous rocks, but, so far as I am aware, the second is new not only to Scotland, but in British Carboniferous rocks generally. Specimens were forwarded to Prof. L. G. de Koninck, M.D., who was kind enough to confirm my determination. Our specimens of both the above species show the growth striæ of the shell to have been waved, like the septa of some Orthoceratites, consequently I presume the anterior apertures would be similar. In Prof. de Koninck's figures the striæ are oblique, and the anterior aperture is described as oblique. D. ingens is from the shale above the Skateraw Limestone (L. Carb. Limestone Group) at East Barns, near Dunbar, and D. ornatum from shale above the Roscobie Limestone at Roscobie.
I.—Description of a New Genus of Trilobites, Onycopyge Liversidgei, from the Silurian of New South Wales
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

A New and interesting species of Trilobite having lately been obtained by Professor A. Liversidge, F.C.S., F.G.S., of the University of Sydney, in the Silurian rocks of Bombala, New South Wales, and forwarded to my colleague, Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., with a series of other Palæozoic fossils, from Australia, it has been obligingly placed in my hands for description.
III.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes.—North Wales Rocks
Authors: Tawney E. B.
Published: May 2009

In the following notes we propose to collect descriptions of some of the igneous rocks on N. Wales founded on the collections made by the late Prof. Sedgwick many years ago. It is hoped that it may be of interest to readers of this Magazine, as many students turning their attention to rocks find a want of information in text-books concerning precise localities in Britain for the occurrence of many interesting types. Following Sedgwick's steps may help them partly to what they require, while the microscopical analyses appended will doubtless prove an aid to beginners, besides being a definite record, as far as it goes, of some types of Welsh rocks.
III.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The following appear to be well-marked varieties of Microconchus pusillus.

1a.—Spirorbis (Micro.) pusillus, Martin, var. simplex, var. nov. (Plate VII. Fig. 8.)

Var. char.—The coil of the tube is open, lax, and imperfect, representing only a portion of the more developed coil; surface striæ very fine.
IV.—On the Unconformability of the Keuper and Bunter
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: May 2009

The following instance of the unconformability of the Keuper and Bunter divisions of the Trias, which came under my notice during the construction of the Great Northern Derbyshire Extension line in the year 1877, is deserving of notice, not only from its decided rarity, but also from its exceptional clearness.
II.—Note on the Genus Caunopora, of Phillips
Authors: Roemer Ferd.
Published: May 2009

Under the name of Caunopora placenta Prof. Phillips described a fossil which is very common in the Devonian Limestone of South Devon, and which Mr. Lonsdale had described before as Coscinopora placenta. It forms amorphous or spheroidal masses composed of thin concentric laminæ, and perforated by small flexuous or vermiform tubuli.
III.—On some Bones of the Lynx from Teesdale, obtained by Mr. James Backhouse of York
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

The evidence relating to the habitation in England at some distant period of a species of the section of the genus Felis represented by the Lynx, rests, up to the present time, upon a portion of a skull and a ramus of a mandible, which were discovered in a cavernous fissure in rocks of Permian age, in Pleasley Vale, Derbyshire. They were found by Dr. Ransom, who communicated an interesting paper descriptive of the fissure and its contents, to the British Association Meeting held at Nottingham in 1866, and the fragments were then referred to the Lynx of Northern Asia (Felis cervaria). Subsequently they were examined by Professor Boyd Dawkins, who, after carefully comparing the skull, jaw, and teeth, with the corresponding parts of other species of Lynxes, and also taking into consideration its geographical range, says, “that they may be referred with equal justice to the Lynx of Norway and Sweden” (Felis borealis).
IV.—Influence of Earth Movements on the Geological Strucuture of the British Isles
Authors: Teall J. J. Harris
Published: May 2009

In the formation of a country three more or less distinct geological operations are concerned:—a. Rock formation; b. Earth movements; c. Denudation. In the case of our own country, to which the present paper more especially refers, these three operations have succeeded each other again and again; so that a very complicated structure is the result. The earth movements and denudations of one period have been interfered with by those of subsequent periods, and any attempt to trace the exact steps by which the evolution of the British Isles has been effected is therefore attended with very great difficulty.
II.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

It is not proposed to discuss the merits of the generic name applied to a group of Univalves so characteristic of and so abundant in the Jurassic rocks. Melania, Eulima, and Chemnitzia have each of them served in turn, and in adopting Chemnitzia after D'Orbigny, the late Dr. S. P. Woodward observed that the “Melaniœ” of the Secondary rocks are provisionally referred to this genus. Pictet and Campiche include the Chemnitziœ and Phasianellœ of the Oolites in one genus Psendomelania, thus preserving to a certain extent the old generic appellation.
V.—The Lherzolite of Ariége
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The rock Lherzolite has been described by Prof. Zirkel in his valuable Beiträge zur Geologischen Kentniss der Pyrenäen (Zeitschrift der Deutsch. Geol. Gesel., vol. xix. p. 68), but is generally passed over with the briefest mention or entirely omitted in English works on Geology. Even in Cotta's “Rocks Classified and Described” it is barely noticed, and the word is left out in the index. On this account, and seeing that, so far as I am aware, no description of its microscopic structure has yet been published, a notice, embodying the results of Prof. Zirkel's paper, and of a brief visit of my own to this not very accessible locality, may be useful to students.
VI.—Considerations on the Flotation of Icebergs
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

In all our text-books of Geology, the action of floating Ice is referred to as an agent of great power in producing physical changes. Its two chief forms are those of Coast Ice and Icebergs. Much has been written about the latter of these, but about the former very little. In the Geological Magazine, July, 1876, in an article on Ice and Ice-work in Newfoundland, I endeavoured to show that the greater agent of the two was Coast Ice, a view which has been subsequently strengthened by observations on the Coast of Finland. In this paper I had occasion to refer to the laxity with which the conditions under which Icebergs float have been spoken about. Thus, in Jukes and Geikie's Text-Book of Geology, p. 416, we are told that because “about eight times more ice of an iceberg is below water than above,” therefore “a mass which rises 300 feet above the waves has its bottom 2400 below them.”
II.—Notice of the Discovery of Upper Devonian Fossils in the Shales of Torbay
Authors: Lee John Edward
Published: May 2009

In the present state of our knowledge of the Devonian formation, it seems highly desirable, if possible, to correlate any of the beds in Devonshire with those of this wide-spread formation on the Continent.
I.—Further Contributions to British Carboniferous Palæontology
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for July, 1874, I gave a description and figures of this species, and also that of a shell I referred with some hesitation to Aviculopecten ellipticus, Phillips, closely resembling the forms referred to P. Sowerbii, but differing in the form of the ears, which are after the normal type of the Pectinidœ, and not connate, with a re-entering angle between them, as in P. Sowerbii.
III.—On the Succession and Classification of the Beds between the Chalk and the Lower Boulder-clay in the Neighbourhood of Cromer
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

By the permission of the Director-General of the Geological Survey I am enabled to publish a short account of the results arrived at during a detailed examination of the cliffs between Weybourn and Mundesley on the coast of Norfolk.
IV.—Further Contributions to British Carboniferous Palæontology
Authors: Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

Sp. Chars.—Tooth bidentioulated with a re-entering angle between the denticles; sides sloping down to the lateral angles; anterior profile convex; posterior profile concave. The most prominent portion of the anterior surface is at the centre of the inferior margin of the crown, where it becomes bowed-out, whence the surface gradually recedes to the cutting edge of the crown on the one hand, and more rapidly towards the root on the other.
V.—On the so-called “Permian” and the New Red Sandstone Formations
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

On the 6th March, 1874, I communicated a paper on the “Geology of the Neighbourhood of Nottingham” to the Geologists' Association, which was subsequently printed in extenso in their Proceedings. Up to that time I believe the definition laid down by the Government Survey, and imported into text-books, of the distinction between the so-called Permian and the New Red Sandstone formations had not been called in question very prominently. Like other students of geology, I myself accepted in good faith the dictum as to a great break existing between the two formations, indicating, of course, an enormous period of time.
VI.—On Professor Hull's Carboniferous Classification
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

In a paper read before the Geological Society of London, Prof. Hull proposes, as generally applicable to the whole of Great Britain and Ireland, a new classification of the Carboniferous rocks, as follows:
VII.—Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks of British Columbia and Chile. Relation of Volcanic and Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Dawson George M.
Published: May 2009

In Chile and adjacent regions of South America, Mr. Darwin, in his “Geological Observations,” has described a great series of Mesozoic rocks, which he calls the “porphyritic formation,” and which shows an interesting resemblance to certain rocks in British Columbia. These I had provisionally designated in my report in connexion with the Geological Survey of Canada for 1875, as the Porphyrite series, without at the time remembering Mr. Darwin's name for the Chilian rocks. Many of Mr. Darwin's descriptions of the rocks of Chile would apply word for word to those of British Columbia, where the formation would also appear to bear a somewhat similar relation to the Cascade or Coast Range, which that of Chile does to the Cordillera.
III.—The Northampton Ironstone Beds in Lincolnshire
Authors: Macdakin
Published: May 2009

The Ironstone Beds of Oolitic age in Lincolnshire have, during the last four years, yielded not only large quantities of brown hæmatite iron-ore, but some very interesting sections and borings, comprising thirty-one of the latter between four and seven miles to the south of Lincoln, and several extensive openings showing that the beds are much richer at this distance from Lincoln, but that they become very siliceous and pass into a ferruginous sand above Normanton about eighteen miles to the south.
IV.—The Geology of Sumatra
Authors: Verbeek M. R. D. M.
Published: May 2009

The Geological Panorama, Plate XIV., prepared by M. R. D. M. Verbeek, is in further illustration of his Memoir “On the Geology of Central Sumatra,” in the Geol. Mag. 1875, New Series, Dec. II. Vol. II. (No. 136), pp. 477–486; and it gives a view, from north to south, of a most interesting part of the Highlands of Padang, namely the Oembilien Coal-field.
VII.—On the Junction of the Limestone and Culm-measures near Chudleigh
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

In the course of an examination of the district around Chudleigh during the year 1875, I was led to consider that there is a passage from the Devonian Limestone into the Culm-measures, and that all the appearances which have been accepted as indicating unconformability may be easily accounted for by a fault with a considerable hade.
VIII.—Geology of the Isle of Man
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In my former note I adduced the reasons which make me confident that the conglomerates of the south of the Isle of Man, which have been hitherto classed as Devonian, are not Devonian, but are later than the Carboniferous Period. I will now turn to the problem of what they really are. It is a well-known fact that in the Isle of Man the Secondary and Tertiary rocks are wholly absent. This is the view of all those who have examined the island, and is in fact perfectly palpable. The series of older rocks terminates with the upper layers of the Carboniferous Limestone; above this there are nothing but deposits of Quaternary Age. The red conglomerate to which I have referred contains no trace of any Secondary or Tertiary fossils, nor is there the smallest ground for believing that it belongs to either of those series. Does it then belong to the Quaternary beds? This conclusion is inevitable, and, as we shall see, is an exceedingly interesting one.
II.—On the Nomenclature of Saurocephalus lanciformis of the British Cretaceous Deposits: with Description of a New Species (S. Woodwardii)
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

Dr. Mantell, in his classical work, the “Fossils of the South Downs,” figured two large compressed and lanciform teeth preserved in his collection and obtained from the Chalk at Lewes, as respectively the teeth, of an unknown fish and of a species of Squalus. Similar teeth, and from the same collection, were subsequently figured and described by Prof. Louis Agassiz, who, from external characters chiefly, considered them to have belonged to a Sphyrænoid fish, and he referred them to an American species founded by Dr. Harlan upon portions of jaws with teeth in situ found in a Cretaceous deposit in the State of New Jersey, but described by him as remains of a Saurian, and to which he gave the name of Saurocephalus lanciformis. At the time when Agassiz referred these teeth to Harlan's species, and determined their ichthyic character, he had not seen the American fossils; but he states that these conclusions were subsequently confirmed by Prof. Owen's description and drawings of the microscopic structure, and of teeth of the natural size of the Saurocephalus lanciformis, Harl., in his “Odontography,” p. 130, pl. 55. But Prof. Owen's researches were made upon a genuine tooth of the American fossil sent to him by Dr. Harlan, and not upon an English specimen.
V.—Palæontological Notes
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

1. Arbusculites argentea, P. Murray (Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1831, vol. xi. p. 147).—Under the title, “Account of the Arbusculites argentea, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Inverteil, near to Kirkcaldy, in Fifeshire,” a curious paper was published in 1831, by Dr. P. Murray, of Scarborough. The organisms are described as “very delicate vermiform bodies, in fragments of different lengths, shining with metallic lustre, neither articulated nor cellular, and resembling broken bits of silver wire.” The author adds, “It would appear to have been an attached Mollusc, dichotomous at first, but afterwards sending out lateral branches, moderately tapering, and with very distant and obscure (if any) articulations, grooved longitudinally, and composed of a bright silvery cortical case, and a solid axis of carbonate of lime. … It differs decidedly from the Crinoidal animals, which are regularly articulated; and varies nearly in the same degree from the Corallines, etc., by not displaying the cellular structure characteristic of that family.” Dr. Murray ultimately places this fossil amongst the Corallines, selecting for it a provisional resting-place in the third order of the first class of Lamouroux.
VII.—On the Wealden Entomostraca
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

I Send as a Supplement to my last communication the subjoined Synoptical view of the species of Wealden Entomostraca, treated of in the March Number of the Geol. Mag., trusting it may prove acceptable to both collectors and systematists.
I.—On a New and Undescribed Macrouran Decapod Crustacean, from the Lower Lias, Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, etc.
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In my third Report “on the structure and classification of the fossil Crustacea,” presented on the Geological Section of the of the British Association, at their Meeting in Dundee, 1867, I stated that a new Crustacean had been obtained, in 1858, by Sir Philip Grey-Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, by whose kindness it is now preserved in the British Museum: and also that another specimen, from the Lower Lias of Somersetshire, belonging evidently to the same species, had subsequently been found by Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S., at Bath. The specimen from Barrow-on-Soar (the impression and counterpart of which is contained in two blocks of Blue Lias Stone) exhibits on the surface of the slabs, the entire carapace, the eye, antennæ, the five ambulatory thoracic feet; but in this specimen the abdominal somites and caudal appendages are entirely wanting. (See PI. VII. Fig. 1.)
I.—Notes on some Arctic Silurian or Devonian (?) Fossils from Beechey Island, brought home by the S.Y. “Pandora” in 1875, and from Port Dundas, Lancaster Sound, by an earlier Expedition in 1853
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Thomas Crowther Brown, of Further Barton, Cirencester, for placing in my hands some time since certain Arctic Corals (brought home in 1853 or 1854), for illustration, to be afterwards deposited in the Geological Department of the British Museum. Some time previously I had also received a small but interesting series of specimens from Beechey Island, collected by Dr. A. Horner, the Medical Officer to the S.Y. “Pandora” (Captain Sir Allen Young), and by the Artist to the Expedition, G. R. De Wilde, Esq.; these latter were collected in August, 1875.
I.—Discovery of the Remains of a Fossil Crab (Decapoda-Brachyura) in the Coal-Measures of the Environs of Mons, Belgium
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

M. A. Preudhomme de Borre, the Conservator of the, Royal Museum of Natural History in Brussels, having received, some time since, from M. Persenaire, the impression and counterpart of the abdomen of a small Crustacean discovered in the Coal-shales at the ‘Belle-et-Bonne’ Colliery, near Mons, he submitted it to the inspection of the Entomological Society of Brussels at their Monthly Meeting on 5th June, 1875.
II.—The General History of the Cephalopoda, Recent and Fossil
Authors: Crane Agnes
Published: May 2009

Many of the living forms of Cephalopodous molluscs are now, thanks to the Brighton Aquarium, familiar to us all; and, as the habits and characteristics of the squids, octopods, and cuttles have been duly recorded by Mr. Henry Lee in his amusing book on “The Octopus,” published in 1875, I shall here restrict myself to those points in the structure of the living forms which bear upon the history of the class as a whole, giving merely those anatomical details which are absolutely indispensable for a right comprehension of the nature and affinities of the numerous fossil and extinct members of the order. I may, however, observe, en passant, that the existence of a certain sub-stratum of truth in the old stories of giant Cephalopods was ably proved by Mr. Saville Kent, in the “Popular Science Review,” for 1874, and that specimens have been more recently cast ashore in Trinity and Logie Bays, on the coast of Newfoundland, that may fairly claim to be of enormous dimensions. Thus, in a truly formidable calamary, or squid, the tentacular arms measured 30 feet, the largest suckers being one inch in diameter, the shorter (or pedal) arms were 11 feet long, and the body was 10 feet. Professor Verrill has also described a huge cuttle, estimating the total length at 40 feet, the large tentacles were 26 feet long, with a maximum circumference of 16 inches at their union to the body. A new genus of calamary, allied to the Architeuthis of Steenstrup, with arms measuring over 23 feet, was discovered on the island of St. Paul, in the Indian Ocean, by M. Charles Vélain, the naturalist attached to the French Expedition for the observation of the transit of Venus, at that station. The size attained by some of the fossil species will be noted in the sequel.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Marine Shells in the Boulder-clay at Beidlington and elsewhere on the Yorkshire Coast
Authors: Lamplugh J.
Published: May 2009

In 1874, whilst searching in the Boulder-clays south of Bridlington, on the Yorkshire Coast, for transported fossils, I was greatly surprised to find a few water-worn fragments of shells dispersed through the clay at the base of the cliff, inasmuch as all the writers on this subject agree in assigning to the Yorkshire Clays “no contemporaneous shells whatever,” that is to say, no shells actually coeval with the deposition of the clay.
II.—Notes on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Aberystwyth
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

In England and Wales there is scarcely any area whose geological structure is so little known as the neighbourhood of Aberystwyth. Every year a stream of geologists passes through the northern parts of the Principality, through the varied old-volcanic districts of Snowdon and Cader Idris, and the rich collecting grounds of the Berwyns: and another such stream takes its course to the southern borders along the far west Pembrokeshire coasts, being guided by the careful work of Dr. Hicks. The border counties too are in many places attractive enough, for there it was that Murchison first saw the order of the Silurian rocks, and there also the best-preserved fossils are found. Llandeilo, Builth, Woolhope, May Hill, Malvern, and Wenlock have long yielded rich harvests to palæontologists.
VI.—On Meyeria Willettii, a New Macrourous Crustacean from the Chalk of Sussex
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The genus Meyeria was established by Prof. M'Coy, in 1849, for the reception of certain Crustaceans from the Gault and Greensand, found at Speeton, Yorkshire, and at Atherfield, in the Isle of Wight. A new form has been most obligingly sent to me for examination by Henry Willett, Esq., F.G.S.; and this being in a more perfect state of preservation than any heretofore obtained, enables me to refer to the same species about eight other remains from the Chalk preserved in the British Museum and including the carapace figured on pl. xxxviii. fig. 8 of Dixon's Geology of Sussex.
II.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

In my first communication on the Carnivora I gave, at the commencement, a list of all the species said to have been found in on thethe “ Forest Bed,” and then at the end a corrected list. The same course will be followed in the present instance, so as to show at a glance, those species which have been removed and those which have been added to the list.
IV.—An Account of Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes which have taken place in Iceland within Historical Times
Authors: Thoroddsen Thorvaldr
Published: May 2009

Few spots on the face of the globe of the extent of Iceland could be mentioned where, within the same space, an equal number of volcanos could be found. In that island, too, many volcanic eruptions have occurred, which have been, perhaps, of greater magnitude than any others recorded as having taken place anywhere else on the earth. And yet the volcanos of Iceland are but imperfectly known, and, with the exception of two or three, not one of the rest has ever been scientifically examined. Hence the fact, that geological manuals so frequently contain most erroneous statements concerning this subject. A general uncertainty prevails as to how many volcanos have actually been in a state of eruption within historical times; dates are dealt with in a confused manner; and frequently mountains come to figure as volcanos which have never shown any signs of eruptive activity.
III.—Notes on the Tourmaline of the White Granite of Meldon, Dartmoor
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

This “remarkable variety of granite” was briefly described by Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, F.E.S., in his “British Petrography” (1888), p. 316, and an interesting account was given in a footnote of the process by which the author was able to identify the topaz found in the rock.
VI.—On the Mode of Occurrence of Gold in the Transvaal Goldfield
Authors: Dunn E. J.
Published: May 2009

I venture to submit the subjoined account of the mode of occurrence of gold in certain localities in the Transvaal Gold-field, in the hope that it may prove of interest to some of your readers.
II.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Two species, or at least two well-marked varieties of one species, occur in the lower beds of the Inferior Oolite of Yorkshire, which cannot be referred to Actœonina, but which are provisionally placed under Actœon. The type is the well-known Auricula Sedgvici, Phil., characteristic of the Dogger, though far from common, and almost impossible to obtain in a perfectly satisfactory state. Hence the chief difficulty.
V.—On the Successive Stages of Slaty Cleavage
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Since a “shear” is mathematically the same as a compression in one direction with a compensating expansion in a direction atright angles to it, the consideration whether slaty cleavage can be ascribed to movements of this character resolves itself into the question whether the cleaved rocks have or have not suffered a total diminution of bulk. The most convenient way of treating thequestion is by discussing, as I did in my former paper (p. 15), the form of the “ellipsoid of distortion.” The ellipsoid produced by a pure shear would be one of three unequal axes, of which the second or mean axis would be a geometric mean between the other two: whereas, if the expansion did not compensate the compression, the second axis would be greater than this geometric mean, and if the expansion were slight, the second and greatest axes would be nearly equal. The facts seem to accord with the latter supposition, and the diminution of bulk thus indicated agrees with what might be a priori expected.
III.—On the Geological History of the Cornish Serpentinous Rocks
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: May 2009

The remarks by Professor Bonney on Dr. Sterry Hunt's recently published “Geological History of Serpentines,” which appeared in the September Number of the Geological Magazine, open up a very wide question—a question which broadly divides the nonchemical from the chemical geologists and petrologists. Dr. Sterry Hunt is well able to take care of himself in this discussion, and certainly I have no present desire to take part in it except so far as it relates to the Cornish areas, some of which are therein referred to. These I have especially studied, and with respect to them I feel bound to say that I find myself able entirely to agree with the conclusions of Dr. Sterry Hunt.
VI.—On “Wingless Birds,” Fossil and Recent; and a Few Words on Birds as a Class
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Before offering a short account of the Struthious, or Ostrich-like Birds, commonly called “Wingless Birds,”I propose to say a few words about Birdsas a class. Every one who has paid attention to the anatomy Birds has been struck by the marvellous uniformity of the Class.

Every one who has paid attention to the anatomy of Birds has been struck by the marvellous uniformity of the Class. Embracing as it does almost countless numbers of species, these are found upon examination to pass insensibly, by the most delicate differences, the one into the other, so that it often is most difficult to distinguish genera and species.
I.—On a Specimen of Psephodus magnus, Agassiz, from the Carboniferous Limestone of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

In his “Tableau générale des Poissons Fossiles,” published in 1844, and appended to the first volume of his great work, Agassiz enumerates five species of his Carboniferous selachian genus Cochliodus, of which he only described one, the well-known C. contortus; the others, of which the names only were then published, being C. magnus, C. acutus, C. oblongus, and C. strtatus.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists. No. 7.
Authors: Jones Thomas Rupert
Published: May 2009

The commencement of the thirtieth year of the publication of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE appears to be an appropriate occasion to offer a short account of the life and work of one who for the first twelvemonths Edited, with Henry Woodward, this Journal, and has, ever since, been one of its most regular contributors.
II.—A New Trilobite from the Millstone Grit of North Yorkshire
Authors: King W. B. R.
Published: May 2009

The highest beds of the Carboniferous rocks of Wensleydale are found on the summit of Great Shunner Fell, which is situated on the watershed between Wensleydale and Swaledale, and forms the high ground to the west of the Buttertub Pass on the road between Hawes and Muker.
V.—Note on the Highland Border Series, near Aberfoyle
Authors: Jehu T. J.
Published: May 2009

The rocks of this series form an interrupted belt along the southern border of the Highlands from Stonehaven on the east to the island of Arran on the west, and they appear again on a more extensive scale in Ireland. In Scotland the series consists of cherts or jaspers and shales, sometimes associated with limestones and with some peculiar igneous rocks. The age of the series has been for years a matter of controversy. Many geologists have held that these rocks are of pre-Cambrian age, but Messrs. Peach & Horne in their volume on The Silurian Rocks of Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv., 1899) remarked on the close resemblance of the rocks of this belt to some of the Arenig rocks in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, and the belt has been marked on the Geological Survey maps as doubtfully Lower Silurian.
V.—The Wexford Gravels and their bearing on Interglacial Geology
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. , Hallissy T.
Published: May 2009

The shell-bearing gravels of the county of Wexford have become so well known on account of their fossil contents that the boulder-clays associated with them have received scanty recognition. Very diverse statements have been made in regard to thè position of the gravels in the succession of superficial deposits, and they have, frequently been confused with the 'marl' which was extolled by early writers upon agriculture. Nearly all the references to the manurial value of such materials in Co. Wexford refer to this marl, that is, to a shelly and calcareous boulder-clay. The gravels, however, have been commonly styled 'manure gravels' by geologists, and R. J. Griffith, as far back as 1836, distinctly states that the shells are sometimes so very numerous “that the gravel is raised for manure”.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Description.—Specimen from the Coralline Oolite of Pickering (Leckenby Collection).

Shell moderately elongate, conical, solid. Spire formed of an angle very nearly regular. The whorls are numerous and of moderate height. The posterior whorls in this specimen have suffered from abrasion. They are nearly flat, and the ornaments were apparently similar to those in the central part of the shell. The ornaments on the anterior whorls, if ever they existed, are for the most part obliterated, but the nodular character of the rim at the base of each whorl is still shown; these whorls are moderately excavated. The ornaments on the portions preserved in the centre are as follows. Each whorl is slightly depressed in the middle, and closely fitted on to the next by a raised nodular rim: that rim which is at the base of each whorl is by far the most nodular. Five transverse rows of granulations, the three centre ones being the strongest, fill up the space between the rims.
II.—On some Serpentines from the Rhætian Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The name serpentine has been applied by many authors with so much vagueness that it appears to me desirable to lose no opportunity of examining any rock bearing this title, and to record briefly the result. A considerable number of patches of serpentine, generally of limited extent, are laid down on Ritter von Hauer’s Map of the Eastern part of the Alps, some of which also appear on that of Professor Theobald (sheet xx. of the Federal Map of Switzerland). Several of these I was able to examine, sufficiently for my purpose, during a visit to the district last summer.
IV.—Analysis of Moa Egg-shell
Authors: Liversidge A.
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Julius von Haast, F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, for the specimen which is the subject of this note. The little packet of fragments was labelled Moa Hunter, Kitchen Midden Sandhills, near Moa Cave, Point Sumner, New Zealand.
IV.—Note on an Annelid Bed in the Gault or Kent
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

There is a peculiar band, full of Annelid borings, in the Gault of Kent, which does not appear to have been recorded in the papers on the Gault of Folkestone, by Mr. De Rance, in the Geol. Mag. 1868, Vol. V. p. 170, etc., and Mr. Price, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1874, vol. xxx. p. 344, etc. It may possibly, however, be one of the “hard bands” noticed in their sections, but not described in detail. In 1866 I collected some specimens of this Annelid Bed in a Gault pit, dug for brick- and tile-making, at Westwell Leacon, a mile and a half S.W. of Charing, Kent. It was about two inches thick, continuous across the pit, red in colour, with bluish pipings throughout in every direction; it was much harder than the blue clay above and below, and relatively heavy. There seemed to be only one band of it; and its fragments were picked out and thrown aside by the clay-diggers, who called it “Harper.”
IV.—On the Theory of the Erosion of Lake-Basins by Glaciers
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

It is now more than eleven years since I ventured to take a part in the discussion then raised by Professor Ramsay having lately published his celebrated theory of the Erosion of Lake-Basins by the lower ends of Glaciers, where they may have formerly expanded over a more level country, beyond the confines of their parent valleys. It appears to be admitted that a great many lakes lie in positions where it would be natural to suppose them so formed, if only glaciers could have possessed the crosive powers necessary for the purpose. The positions of the deeper parts of the lakes also accord well with the theory.
VI.—On the Discovery of Palæacis cuneata, Meek & Worthen, in Carboniferous Limestone near Henbury, Bristol
Authors: Perceval S. G.
Published: May 2009

The above form I found a year or two ago in the Encrinital Limestone forming the upper bed of the Lower Limestone Shales which occur on the south side of Combe Down (overlooking Combe House), near its western extremity. I have also traced it in an outcrop of the same limestone in the plantation on the north side of Kings-weston Down, near its western extremity. At both these localities the fossil is associated with Zaphrentis Phillipsi, a small coral which is characteristic of the bed. Palæacis probably also occurs in the corresponding beds exposed in the Avon section, and elsewhere; but though tolerably abundant, is not likely to be observed, on account of its small size, except where the rock is well weathered. The accompanying are sketches of two specimens from Combe Down which much resemble those figured in the Geol. Report of Illinois (Meek and Worthen), vol. ii. p. 262, plate 19, fig. 1 a, b, c.
I.—The Carrara Marbles. A Chapter in the History of Continental Geology
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

The celebrated statuary marbles of Carrara, which have of late I years been universally described as of Jurassic age, have quite recently been shown conclusively to belong to the Carboniferous series, and the steps which have led to the discovery form an instructive illustration of the difficulties which beset Alpine Geology. No one has a better right to relate the history of the classification of the rocks of the Apuan Alps than M. Coquand, and this he is now doing in a series of papers published in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of France. From the first of these we arrive at the following résumé of the various opinions which have been held-from time to time regarding the age of the statuary marbles.
V.—On Scottish Monograptidæ
Authors: Lapworth Chas
Published: May 2009

1. Succession of Silurian Rocks in the South of Scotland.—The oldest fossiliferous strata yet detected in the Silurian district of the South of Scotland are the dark Graptolitic shales forming the well-known Moffat Series. The total thickness of this group is under 600 feet, but it is nevertheless capable of separation into three very distinct palæontological divisions, each characterized by a large proportion of peculiar fossils. The first of these divisions is of Llandeilo age, the second represents a portion of the Bala formation of North Wales, and the third, or Birkhill division, appertains, at least in part, to the epoch of the Lower Llandovery.
IV.—Pebble Ridges
Authors: Mellard Reade T.
Published: May 2009

As a contribution to our knowledge of the formation of these very interesting “natural embankments of the sea,” I may point to a little bay in Anglesea, immediately westward of the Bryn Ddu Limestone quarries on the north-east coast of Anglesea, about two miles and a half westward of Puffin Island. This little bay is not more than about a furlong across, and may be roughly described as semicircular in form, lying nearly due west to east from point to point. From being in miniature as it were, the ridge can be readily studied, and it is very striking to see how, commencing in the westward as a beach, it gradually rises into a ridge having very steep sides. No less remarkable is the way in which the stones increase in size as the ridge does in height. At the west end it may be described as composed of Limestone pebbles, with here and there a boulder, while at the east end it is built up almost entirely of large limestone boulders and blocks, many containing from one to two cubic feet and some more. Intermixed there are boulders from the size of the closed hand and upwards. The larger blocks are sub-angular and rounded, and no doubt get gradually worn down smaller and rounder, until they become “boulders.” by being moved about, by the sea; but some on the other hand, being thrown over on to the back of the bank, cannot be further affected by the waves. In this ridge, as I have pointed out is the case with the Chesil Bank, the stones follow the law of the bank itself, the largest being collected to form the highest part of the bank, which in both occurs where the wave-action is most intense.
V.—Remarks on Mr. Burns's Paper on the Mechanics of Glaciers
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

I Fear I must express my ideas very indistinctly, seeing that I am so frequently misunderstood by my critics. Quite recently a well-known American astronomer, in reviewing my book, “Climate and Time,” devotes nearly a dozen pages to the refuting of views most of which I have never held. And in the July Number of the Geological Magazine I am sorry to find a repetition of the same thing.
III.—The Climate Controversy
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

No. 4.—The cause suggested under this head was the favourite theory of Sir Charles Lyell. That the existing climates are materially influenced by the distribution of land and water, and by the direction of the great ocean currents, physicists and geologists are agreed. It was the view, however, of Sir Charles, that these conditions were of themselves alone adequate to account for all changes of climate which the earth has undergone, though in his latest editions of the “Principles of Geology” he admitted that other causes have probably contributed. In this work he gave imaginary representations of such a distribution of land and water over the globe as, in his view, would produce the extreme of heat and the extreme of cold. In that intended to represent the extreme of heat, the land is all collected in low latitudes on either side of the Equator, so that the higher latitudes and polar regions are occupied entirely by the ocean; while in that intended to represent the extreme of cold, these conditions are reversed.