bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organ-Tissue Level Model of Resting Energy Expenditure Across Mammals: New Insights into Kleiber's Law
Authors: Wang ZiMian , Zhang Junyi , Ying Zhiliang , Heymsfield Steven B.
Published: September 2012

Background. Kleiber’s law describes the quantitative association between whole-body resting energy expenditure (REE, in kcal/d) and body mass (M, in kg) across mature mammals as REE =70.0×M0.75. The basis of this empirical function is uncertain.
Objectives. The study objective was to establish an organ-tissue level REE model across mammals and to explore the body composition and physiologic basis of Kleiber’s law.
Design. We evaluated the hypothesis that REE in mature mammals can be predicted by a combination of two variables: the mass of individual organs/tissues and their corresponding specific resting metabolic rates. Data on the mass of organs with high metabolic rate (i.e., liver, brain, heart, and kidneys) for 111 species ranging in body mass from 0.0075 (shrew) to 6650 kg (elephant) were obtained from a literature review.
Results. REEp predicted by the organ-tissue level model was correlated with body mass (correlation r=0.9975) and resulted in the function REEp=66.33×M0.754, with a coefficient and scaling exponent, respectively, close to 70.0 and 0.75 (P>0.05) as observed by Kleiber. There were no differences between REEp and REEk calculated by Kleiber’s law; REEp was correlated (r=0.9994) with REEk. The mass-specific REEp, that is, (REE/M)p, was correlated with body mass (r=0.9779) with a scaling exponent −0.246, close to −0.25 as observed with Kleiber’s law. Conclusion. Our findings provide new insights into the organ/tissue energetic components of Kleiber’s law. The observed large rise in REE and lowering of REE/M from shrew to elephant can be explained by corresponding changes in organ/tissue mass and associated specific metabolic rate.
Toward Speech and Nonverbal Behaviors Integration for Humanoid Robot
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Xiaodan
Published: September 2012

It is essential to integrate speeches and nonverbal behaviors for a humanoid robot in human-robot interaction. This paper presents an approach using multi-object genetic algorithm to match the speeches and behaviors automatically. Firstly, with humanoid robot's emotion status, we construct a hierarchical structure to link voice characteristics and nonverbal behaviors. Secondly, these behaviors corresponding to speeches are matched and integrated into an action sequence based on genetic algorithm, so the robot can consistently speak and perform emotional behaviors. Our approach takes advantage of relevant knowledge described by psychologists and nonverbal communication. And from experiment results, our ultimate goal, implementing an affective robot to act and speak with partners vividly and fluently, could be achieved.
A New Fuzzy Inference Technique for Singleton Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems
Authors: Kwak Hwan-Joo , Kim Dong-Won , Park Gwi-Tae
Published: September 2012

A new fuzzy inference technique is presented to replace the conventional fuzzy inference process of type-2 fuzzy logic systems. Because conventional type-2 fuzzy logic systems demand a large amount of memory, they cannot be used by most embedded systems, which do not have enough memory space. To overcome this problem, a new fuzzy inference technique for singleton type-2 fuzzy logic systems is presented in this paper which designs mapping functions from input variables to firing sets and brings out the firing sets directly without using as much memory.
Exploiting Child-Robot Aesthetic Interaction for a Social Robot
Authors: Lee Jae-Joon , Kim Dae-Won , Kang Bo-Yeong
Published: September 2012

A social robot interacts and communicates with humans by using the embodied knowledge gained from interactions with its social environment. In recent years, emotion has emerged as a popular concept for designing social robots. Several studies on social robots reported an increase in robot sociability through emotional imitative interactions between the robot and humans. In this paper conventional emotional interactions are extended by exploiting the aesthetic theories that the sociability of a social robot can be markedly enhanced through aesthetic imitative interactions such as “playful acts”. We applied these aesthetic interactions to child-robot interaction. Children imitate the emotional behaviours of a robot through aesthetic interactions; they play with the robot by mimicking its emotional facial expressions. From the tests, we see that aesthetic judgment is more influential than emotions in playful interactions between children and the robot; the aesthetic imitative interactions would reinforce the positive social relationships of children and enhance their social adaptability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first social robot study to investigate child-robot interaction on the basis of aesthetics.
Real-Time Navigation of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots under Velocity Vector Control
Authors: Zhang Zi-Hui , Xiong Yue-Shan , Fan Pei , Liu Yue , Cheng Matis
Published: September 2012

In this paper, linear navigation law is studied in depth and we suggest an efficient, practical and simple approach for nonholonomic mobile robot navigation under velocity vector control based on the linear navigation law. First of all, an obstacle is equivalent to a velocity vector when detected by a robot's sensory system according to the relative distant and relative direction between the robot and the obstacle. Then the vector sum of all obstacles' equivalent velocity vectors (OEVVs) and the linear navigation velocity vector (LNVV) derived from the linear navigation law drives the robot to reach the desired goal position without colliding with any obstacle in the robot's workspace. Furthermore, during the process of driving the mobile robot under the resultant velocity vector, a set of strategies for velocity and acceleration constraints (VAC) is devised to make kinematic behaviours of the mobile robot more practical. Finally, to validate the effectiveness and superiority, extensive simulation results with no obstacles, a single obstacle and multiple obstacles are provided.
The premetric approach to electromagnetism in the 'waves are not vectors' debate
Authors: Bossavit A.
Published: September 2012

A plea for the introduction, in advanced electromagnetics courses, of some basic differential geometric notions:  covectors,  differential forms, Hodge operators.  The main advantages of this evolution should be felt in computational electromagnetism.  It may also shed some new light on the concept of material isotropy.
"Cut wires grating – single longitudinal wire" planar metastructure to achieve microwave magnetic resonance in a single wire
Authors: Kraftmakher G. , Butylkin V.
Published: September 2012

Here we present metastructures containing cut-wire grating and a single longitudinal cut-wire orthogonal to grating’s wires. Experimental investigations at microwaves show these structures can provide strong magnetic resonant response of a single nonmagnetic cut-wire in dependence on configuration and sizes in the case when metastructures are oriented along the direction of wave propagation and cut-wires of grating are parallel to the electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave. It is suggested a concept of magnetic response based on antiparallel resonant currents excited by magnetic field of surface polaritons in many spatial LC-circuits created from cut-wire pairs of a grating and section of longitudinal cut-wire. Three separately observed resonant effects connected with grating, LC-circuits and with longitudinal cut-wire have been identified applying measurements in waveguides, cutoff waveguides and free space. To tune and mark resonance split cut-wires are loaded with varactor diodes.
Prostate Cancer Mortality in Men Aged 70 Years Who Recently Underwent Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening
Authors: Chung Dana H. , Caverly Tanner J. , Schipper Matthew J. , Hofer Timothy P. , Gulati Roman , Rose Brent S. , Caram Megan E. V. , Tsao Phoebe A. , Stensland Kristian D. , Elliott David , Saini Sameer D. , Bryant Alex K.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Continuing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening after age 70 years might benefit men at high risk of prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) or metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa), but the relative value of clinical factors (race and ethnicity, competing mortality, and PSA history) in identifying men at higher vs lower risk is unknown.

Objective

To examine the value of PSA levels, race and ethnicity, and competing mortality in risk stratification for PCSM and mPCa in men after age 70 years.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, clinical data of all men receiving health care through the Veterans Health Administration who turned age 70 years between 2008 and 2020 and had a normal screening PSA value between age 65 and 69 years (<4 ng/mL [baseline PSA]) and no prior history of prostate cancer or biopsy were examined. The data cutoff date was December 26, 2023.

Exposure

The most recent screening PSA value from age 65 to 69 years, self-reported race and ethnicity, and competing mortality risk derived from a machine learning model.

Main Outcome and Measures

The 10-year absolute risk of PCSM and mPCa were determined using regression modeling.

Results

The cohort included 921 609 men who turned 70 years between 2008 and 2020; 11% of whom self-reported as Black and 82% as White race. Between age 65 and 70 years, 45% of patients had a baseline PSA of less than 1.00 ng/mL, and 32% had a baseline PSA of 1.00 to 1.99 ng/mL. Most patients (87%) continued to undergo screening past age 70 years, with little variation by competing mortality risk or race and ethnicity. The 10-year cumulative incidence of PCSM was 0.26% overall, and 95% of men had a 10-year risk less than 0.73%. Higher baseline PSA level between age 65 and 69 years was associated with 10-year PCSM risk (0.79% for 3.00-3.99 ng/mL vs 0.10% for 0.20-0.99 ng/mL), race and ethnicity (0.36% for Black vs 0.25% for White), and competing mortality (0.24% for the highest quintile vs 0.21% for the lowest quintile). Similar results were found for mPCa. Low PSA (0.20-0.99 ng/mL) was associated with very low PCSM and mPCa risk, even among Black men in the healthiest quintile of competing mortality risk (10-year PCSM risk, 0.08% [95% CI, 0.01%-0.44%]; 10-year mPCa risk 0.24% [95% CI, 0.10%-0.52%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, the findings suggest that most men receiving care through the VHA continue PSA screening after age 70 years despite low absolute 10-year PCSM risks. The PSA values from age 65 to 69 years may be highly informative for adverse prostate cancer outcomes after age 70 years, with a PSA less than 1 ng/mL associated with a very low risk of long-term PCSM and mPCa.
2D Kagome Materials: Theoretical Insights, Experimental Realizations, and Electronic Structures
Authors: Zhang Zhongqin , Dai Jiaqi , Wang Cong , Zhu Hua , Pang Fei , Cheng Zhihai , Ji Wei
Published: February 2025

In recent years, kagome materials have attracted significant attention due to their rich emergent phenomena arising from the quantum interplay of geometry, topology, spin, and correlations. However, in the search for kagome materials, it has been found that bulk compounds with electronic properties related to the kagome lattice are relatively scarce, primarily due to the hybridization of kagome layers with adjacent layers. Therefore, researchers have shown increasing interest in the discovery and construction of 2D kagome materials, aiming to achieve clean kagome bands near the Fermi level in monolayer or few‐layer systems. Substantial advancements have already been made in this area. In this review, the current progress is summarized in the construction and development of 2D kagome materials. The geometric and electronic structures of the kagome lattice model begin by introducing its variants, followed by discussions on the experimental realizations and electronic structure characterizations of 2D kagome materials. Finally, an outlook is provided on the future developments of 2D kagome materials.
Blood‐Triggering Phase Transformational Hydrogel for Endovascular Embolization
Authors: Liu Menghui , Sun Yang , Zhou Yitong , Chen Yanlv , He Chuandong , Zhao Qing , Yan Leye , He Jianan , Guo Jingpei , Liu Kecheng , Li Yongchao , Lin JiaYuan , Liao Weihua , Shan Hong , Peng Xin
Published: February 2025

Hydrogels exhibit potential as embolic agents; however, external stimuli for gelation in vessels are difficult to operate or have poor biocompatibility, and shear‐thinning hydrogels are under the risk of being washed away. Herein, a blood‐triggering phase transformational hydrogel for endovascular embolization is reported. First, quaternized chitosan (QCS), tannic acid (TA) and iohexol (I) solutions are mixed to prepare a radiopaque and injectable QCS/TA/I (QTI) hydrogel. Upon contacting blood, Na+ in blood can form coordination bonds with gel network to increase cross‐linking densities, resulting in phase transformation from a soft and injectable hydrogel to a casted and stiffened QTI‐blood hydrogel without any other operation. Moreover, the injection force and complete transformation time of the QTI hydrogels as well as the mechanical properties of their derived hydrogels are adjustable, which is helpful for customizing embolic agents according to different lesions. In animal experiments, QTI hydrogel has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in embolizing renal artery and ruptured femoral artery in rabbits, as well as the renal artery, profunda femoral artery (≈4 mm in diameter), and retia mirabilia with plexiform structure in pigs. This work not only develops a novel liquid embolic agent but also reveals a new strategy for blood‐triggering phase transformation.
Organic Semiconductor‐Based Polarized Photodetectors for Next‐Generation Optoelectronics
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wu Xianshuo , Wang Zhaofeng , Sun Lingjie , Ren Yiwen , Liu Ying , Li Rongjin , Ding Ran , Wei Yuping , Yang Fangxu , Feng Jing , Hu Wenping
Published: February 2025

When light interacts with diverse media via reflection, transmission, and scattering, its polarization state alters, encoding the spectral information specific to the object's features. With advancements in the smart era, polarization detection is progressing toward miniaturization, integration, and enhanced multifunctionality, where polarization‐sensitive active layers are pivotal. Organic semiconductors—featuring chemically tailored photoelectric properties and precisely engineered optical anisotropy, as well as cost‐effectiveness and flexibility—emerge as promising candidates for next‐generation polarized‐light detection. This review highlights the cutting‐edge progress of organic‐semiconductor–based photodetectors in polarization‐sensitive detection. Beginning with a brief introduction to polarization detection, it then summarizes recent developments in organic materials sensitive to linear and circular polarization light, specifically focusing on organic single crystals and aligned conjugated polymers for linear polarization detection; chiral small molecules, chiral conjugated polymers, and chiral supramolecules for circular polarization detection. Advanced applications of these materials, including polarization imaging, biomimetic vision, and information encryption are subsequently discussed. The review concludes by highlighting the prevailing challenges and outlining future research directions essential for advancing high‐performance, integrated polarization‐sensitive photodetectors in this rapidly evolving field.
Molecular Engineering of Organic Electrode Materials for Beyond Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Yunling , Ye Hualin , Li Yanguang
Published: February 2025

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), known for their high energy density and long cycle life, have become indispensable in everyday applications. Unfortunately, the increasing demand for LIBs raises concerns about the sustainability of lithium resources. Non‐lithium metal‐ion batteries have therefore garnered significant attention due to their abundant resources and potential cost advantages. Yet, their widespread adoption is hindered by the limited availability of high‐performance cathode materials. Organic electrode materials (OEMs) have emerged as promising candidates, owing to their structural diversity and tunability, allowing them to accommodate large cations. Despite their potential, most OEMs suffer from unsatisfactory cyclability, poor rate performance, and low energy density. This review summarizes recent advancements in improving the electrochemical performance of OEMs, focusing on molecular engineering approaches to mitigate their dissolution, and to enhance their conductivity and energy density. The charge storage mechanism and current challenges associated with OEMs  are first discussed. Various molecular engineering strategies designed to address these challenges are then explored, including linkage engineering to improve cycle stability and electronic engineering to enhance rate performance and energy density. Finally, insights are provided about the future development of OEMs in next‐generation battery technologies beyond LIBs.
Recent Advances in Membrane Synthesis by Interfacial Polymerization for Pervaporation
Authors: Jiang Lei , Luo Tingting , Yuan Shushan , Wang Yue , Xiao Xin , Wang Ruoxin , Sun Hao , Wang Huanting , Jin Pengrui , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: February 2025

The development of advanced composite membranes for pervaporation (PV) via interfacial polymerization (IP) has attracted increasing interest for various chemical separations. These membranes achieve precise separation via the construction of a cross‐linked membrane structure, thereby surpassing the challenging trade‐off between the permeation flux and separation factor. This review provides a comprehensive review of IPs in solvent dehydration, biofuel recovery, and desalination in PV technology. The fundamentals of the PV process are introduced, including the essential performance parameters and transport mechanisms. A comprehensive analysis of optimization is subsequently performed on the basis of the membrane structure. Attention is given to the preparation of selective layers and interlayers, along with potential optimization strategies, encompassing monomer modification, the integration of nanomaterials, and emerging interlayer materials, with the goal of determining proper conditions for maintaining optimal permeability and selectivity. Further discussion focuses on emerging IP strategies, such as employing metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and porous organic cages as building blocks. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis evaluates performance across diverse applications, such as solvent dehydration, biofuel recovery, organic–organic separation, and desalination. The discussion also highlights unresolved scientific and technical challenges, aiming to inspire advancements in next‐generation PV membranes.
Diverse Metal Ion Polyelectrolytes as Hole Transport Layers for Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shoukat Faiza , Lee Seongbeom , Lee Jin Hee , Khan Yeasin , Walker Bright , Park Sung Heum , Seo Jung Hwa
Published: February 2025

This work investigates the role of metal ion‐doped (Cs+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) PEDOT:PSS films as hole transport layers (HTLs) in quasi‐2D perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). These HTLs lead to enhanced device performance through reduced defect density, improved hole mobility, and prolonged photoluminescence lifetime. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) reveals structural modifications in CsPbBr3 films, with enhanced crystallinity resulting from the elimination of excess long‐chain cations. Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrate the influence of metal doping on surface coverage and nanoscale roughness. Time‐resolved photoluminescence (TR‐PL) analysis confirms reduced nonradiative recombination, supporting improved film quality. Devices with Ni:PEDOT:PSS exhibit the highest external quantum efficiency, while Cs:PEDOT:PSS and Cu:PEDOT:PSS offer enhanced stability, achieving significantly longer operational lifetimes. These findings highlight the potential of metal‐doped PEDOT:PSS in optimizing the structural, optical, and electrical properties of perovskite materials, paving the way for more stable and efficient PeLEDs.
Fibroblast Activation Protein Acts as a Biomarker for Monitoring ECM Remodeling During Aortic Aneurysm via 68Ga‐FAPI‐04 PET Imaging
Authors: Hu Chengkai , Tan Hui , Zhang Yuchong , Cao Genmao , Wu Chenye , Lin Peng , Qiu Shouji , Mo Fandi , Wang Enci , Li Shiyi , Yuan Tong , Li Zheyun , Fu Weiguo , Cheng Dengfeng , Lai Hao , Chen Xiaoyuan , Wang Lixin
Published: February 2025

Traditional imaging modalities used to monitor the diameter of aortic aneurysms (AAs) often fail to follow pathological progression. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a key regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, plays a pivotal role in aortic disease. However, its expression in the aortic wall during aneurysm progression and its potential correlation with disease severity remains unexplored. Here, utilizing histology the levels of FAP are higher in the aortic wall of patients with AA compared to healthy controls. In three distinct animal models of AA, a progressive increase in FAP expression, coincides with the advancement of ECM remodeling. Notably, the levels of 68Ga‐FAPI‐04 uptake in a rabbit model of abdominal AA (AAA) is positively correlated with aortic dilation (r = 0.84, p < 0.01), and the histological examination further confirmed that regions of high 68Ga‐FAPI‐04 uptake exhibited both increased FAP expression and more severe pathological changes. The 68Ga‐FAPI‐04 imaging in AA patients showed that the radiotracer specifically accumulated in the aortic walls of persistently dilated AA. These findings suggest that 68Ga‐FAPI‐04 positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging, by visualizing FAP localization, allows for a non‐invasive approach to potentially monitor ECM remodeling during the AA progression.
Advances in Electrical Materials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Yao Yubin , Cui Xi , Ding Shenglong , Wang Ketao , Zhang Mingzhu
Published: February 2025

Severe bone and cartilage defects caused by trauma are challenging to treat, often resulting in poor outcomes. An endogenous electric field (EnEF) is crucial for bone regeneration, making electrical materials a promising therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of bioelectric signals in bone and cartilage cells, alongside recent advancements in electrical biomaterials, with particular emphasis on nanogenerators, piezoelectric materials, triboelectric scaffolds, and zwitterionic hydrogels. It further investigates the impact of these electrical biomaterials on bone and cartilage regeneration, as well as the applications of both endogenous and exogenous electrical stimulation (ES) and the mechanisms underlying ES‐induced cellular and molecular responses. Finally, the review underscores future directions for ES systems in tissue engineering, emphasizing the critical importance of integrating structural integrity, mechanical properties, and electrical signal delivery into intelligent implantable scaffolds.
Laser‐Induced Graphene from Commercial Inks and Dyes
Authors: Dallinger Alexander , Camerini Rachel , Parlanti Paola , Gemmi Mauro , Sankaran Sreenadh Thaikkattu , Galliani Marina , Kunert Birgit , Giorgi Rodorico , Greco Francesco
Published: February 2025

Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) has been so far obtained from polymer precursors and proposed for numerous applications, including various types of sensors and energy storage solutions. This study examines a radically different class of new precursors for LIG, distinct from polymers: inks and dyes. The identification of specific organic dyes present in commercial markers demonstrates that the aromatic structure, in conjunction with high thermal stability (residual weight > 20% at 800°C), are key factors for laser‐induced pyrolysis. Eosin Y is identified as an excellent LIG precursor, comparable with well‐known polyimide. The unique properties of dyes allow for dispersion in various media, such as acrylic binder. A dye concentration of 0.75 mol L−1 in acrylic binder results in a conductivity of 34 ± 20 S cm−1 for LIG. The composition and microstructure of LIG from dyes are thoroughly characterized, revealing peculiar features. A versatile “Paint & Scribe” methodology is introduced, enabling to integrate LIG tracks onto any wettable surface, and in particular onto printed and flexible electronics. A process for obtaining freestanding and transferrable LIG is demonstrated by dissolving acrylic paint in acetone and floating LIG in water. This advancement offers novel avenues for diverse applications that necessitate a transfer process of LIG.
Subsurface Oxygen Vacancy Mediated Surface Reconstruction and Depolarization of Ferroelectric BaTiO3 (001) Surface
Authors: Jeong Jeehun , Hwang Jaejin , Xing Yaolong , Wang Zhipeng , Lee Jaekwang , Oh Sang Ho
Published: February 2025

The interplay between surface reconstruction and depolarization of ferroelectric oxide surfaces is strongly influenced by oxygen vacancies (VO). Using in‐situ atomic‐resolution electron microscopy imaging and spectroscopy techniques, it is directly observed that a clean BaTiO3 (001) surface stabilizes into (2 × 1) BaO‐terminated reconstruction during vacuum annealing. This surface reconstruction is achieved with accommodating BaO deficiency and incorporates TiOx adunits. The cooperative atomic rumpling in both the surface and subsurface layers, arranged in a tail‐to‐tail configuration, is stabilized by planar accumulation of VO in the subsurface TiO2 layer. This reduces the net polarization of surface unit cells, contributing to overall depolarization. Under this atomic rumpling, the polarization‐down (P↓) state is energetically favored over the polarization‐up (P↑) state, as the P↓ state requires less atomic relaxation in the bulk layers to achieve dipole inversion at the subsurface. The energetic preference for VO in the subsurface TiO2 layer of the P↓ state is confirmed through calculations of VO formation energy and the energy barrier for surface‐to‐subsurface migration. These findings reveal that the presence of VO in the subsurface layer lifts the degeneracy in the double‐well potential between the P↓ and P↑ states in BaTiO3 (001).
Electrostatic Co‐Assembly of Cyanine Pair for Augmented Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Huang Haiqiao , Wu Yingnan , He Xin , Liu Yahang , Zhu Jing‐Hui , Gu Mingrui , Zhou Danhong , Long Saran , Chen Yahui , Wang Lei , Li Mingle , Chen Xiaoqiang , Peng Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

Molecular phototheranostic dyes are of eminent interest for oncological diagnosis and imaging‐guided phototherapy. However, it remains challenging to develop photosensitizers (PSs) that simultaneously integrate high‐contrast photoacoustic imaging and efficient therapeutic capabilities. In this work, a supramolecular strategy is employed to construct a molecular pair phototheranostic agent via the direct self‐assembly of two cyanines, C5TNa (anionic) and Cy‐Et (cationic). The Coulombic interactions between C5TNa and Cy‐Et facilitate the formation of a complementary cyanine pair (C5T‐ET) and the creation of supramolecular CT‐J‐type aggregates in water. This complementary cyanine pair (C5T‐ET) results in completely quenched fluorescence and significantly enhances nonradiative deactivation (≈22 ps), leading to a 3.3‐fold increase in photothermal conversion efficiency and a 7.1‐fold enhancement in photoacoustic response compared to indocyanine green (ICG). As a result, the J‐type aggregate cyanine pair (C5T‐ET) demonstrates high photoacoustic imaging capability and remarkable antitumor phototheranostic efficacy in vivo, highlighting its potential for clinical applications. This work provides strong experimental evidence for the superior performance of the complementary cyanine pair (C5T‐ET) in enhancing photosensitization and photoacoustic response. It is believed that this strategy will propel the advancement of controllable dye J‐aggregates and contribute to the practical implementation of photoacoustic imaging and phototherapy in vivo.
Constructing Compact Hybrid Buffer Interface via Ion Agglomeration Zone Electrolyte for Stable Zn Metal Battery
Authors: Chen Yefei , He Weidong , Zhao Kangning , Luo Xingyun , Zhang Jiafeng , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: February 2025

The development of aqueous Zn batteries is plagued by longevity limited at practical condition, due to the unstable electrode‐electrolyte interface. Here, this work designs an extended‐scale ion agglomeration zone (EIAZ) electrolyte to obtain anion combined with cation structures and reduce water activity. The electrolyte nanostructure features nanometer‐scale depleted water zones in which ion pairs are densely packed together to form EIAZ, which facilitates compact hybrid buffer interface formed via a collective ion transmission process and ionic co‐opetition relationship. The convergence and densification models of buffer interface for Zn surface is the result of cations adaptive adsorption that mitigates the concentration polarization of interfacial Zn2+ and prevents water contact with electrodes, constituting an indispensable premise for stabilizing both anode and cathode interface. Moreover, unique electrolyte nanostructure achieves Zn crystallographic optimization and fast interfacial reaction kinetics, generating ultralong cycling stability of 5500 h. Therefore, zinc‐organic batteries can exert outstanding stability for over 3000 cycles and 1000 cycles under high current (10 A g‒1) and high mass loading (14 mg cm−2). Impressively, pouch cell shows an excellent capacity retention of 99.8% with 26.1 mAh after 250 cycles. This study offers a novel perspective for designing electrolyte nanostructures and electrode interfaces for high‐performance Zn batteries.
Can reducing administrative burdens increase benefit amounts? Evidence from SNAP simplified reporting
Authors: Fannin W. Clay
Published: February 2025

Relaxing administrative burdens can boost enrollment in benefit programs. However, administrative burdens can influence other outcomes of interest. Simplified reporting is a state policy option that reduces the amount of information Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients must report between certifications. Using SNAP Quality Control data, I find that simplified reporting meaningfully and robustly reduced SNAP payment error rates and increased SNAP benefits. The results imply that easing certain administrative burdens can, not only stimulate program uptake, but also increase benefit levels.
Unlocking Enhanced Catalysis Stability in Acidic Oxygen Evolution: Structural Insights for PEM Applications under High‐Current Density
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Yi , Yin Hang , Dang Cong‐Cong , Nie Hong , Huang Zhi‐Xiong , Zheng Shuo‐Hang , Du Miao , Gu Zhen‐Yi , Cao Jun‐Ming , Wu Xing‐Long
Published: February 2025

In proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that demonstrate high current density and stability are essential. Herein, we synthesized La‐doped RuO2 (La‐RuO2@TM) nanorod composite catalysts in situ on titanium mesh (TM) using a one‐step low‐temperature pyrolysis method. La‐RuO2@TM displays excellent catalytic performance (1.533 V at 100 mA cm−2) and remarkable stability, showing no significant degradation in performance over 450 hours of operation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the formation of the La‐O−Ru local structure modulates the adsorption strength of reaction intermediates, alleviates metal (Ru) leaching, and reduces oxygen loss, significantly enhancing the material‘s durability in acidic OER. The PEM electrolyzer utilizing La‐RuO2@TM operates at 1.815 V with a current density of 1.0 A cm−2, maintaining stable performance for 120 h at 60 °C. This study offers valuable insights for designing efficient and durable acidic OER catalysts.
Effect of Shell Thickness on the Catalytic Performance of Co@SiO2 Core‐Shell Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Wang Xin , Chen Tao , Li Zhenhua
Published: February 2025

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is an essential strategy for mitigating the energy crisis, combating climate change, and promoting sustainable development. Supported cobalt‐based catalysts exhibit significant activity in FTS, but their product selectivity requires further optimization. In this paper, Co@SiO2 catalysts with core‐shell structure were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The effect of the SiO2 shell thickness on the catalytic performance of FTS was explored by varying the amount of ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) added with stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Among them, the catalyst CS3 achieved the greatest number of cobalt active sites, the highest CO conversion (77.2%), and C5+ selectivity (84.3%) with a high C5‐C11 proportion in the C5+ product. Characterizations of the catalysts were performed to examine their morphology and physicochemical properties. It was observed that the dispersion of cobalt species improved with increasing shell thickness within a certain range, promoting the reduction of cobalt species. However, the formation of Si‐OH groups because of the hydrolysis of excess TEOS clogged catalyst pores, consequently diminishing the catalytic activity in FTS. Compared with the CS3‐PVP0 catalyst without stabilizer PVP added, the catalyst CS3 with PVP added exhibited obvious ordered morphology, making CO conversion significantly enhanced. This is attributed to the role of inert carbon in PVP, which not only boosts the reducibility of cobalt species but also enhances the surface hydrophobicity of the mesoporous SiO2 material.
Development of Biocatalysts Based on Candida Antarctica B Lipase Immobilized Onto Crosslinked Porous Polymers Containing Varied Monomeric Compositions
Authors: Torquato Ezaine. C. C. , Santos Michelle M. , Cipolatti Eliane P. , Manoel Evelin A. , Iulianelli Gisele C. V. , Pinto Martina C. C. , Pinto Rafael L. , Marques Mônica R. C. , Pinto José Carlos , Guimarães Denise M. F. , Costa Luciana C.
Published: February 2025

Crosslinked polymer particles can be used successfully as support for enzyme immobilization. For this reason, the relationship between the particle morphology and immobilization parameters is investigated in the present manuscript. Particularly, this study focuses on the preparation of biocatalysts using lipase from Candida antarctica B (Cal‐B) and crosslinked polymers made from divinylbenzene (DVB) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Several monomers were utilized in this process, including methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (Sty), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), methacrylic acid (MA), vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), and 2‐vinylpyridine (Vpy). Many of these monomers were used to synthesize biocatalysts for the first time. The highest immobilization yields were achieved using Sty‐DVB, MA‐DVB, and DVB supports, which presented high surface areas and pore diameters. Among the developed biocatalysts, CalB‐MMA‐DVB, which presented a specific area of 320.9 m2/g, presented the highest esterification activity of 1410 ± 176 U/g bio−1. In contrast, biocatalysts manufactured with polymer particles with smaller specific areas but containing polar monomers, such as Cal‐B‐MA‐EDGMA, Cal‐B‐GMA‐EDGMA, Cal‐B‐Vpy‐DVB, and Cal‐B‐VBC‐EDGMA, presented higher hydrolytic activities (HA). Cal‐B‐VBC‐EDGMA achieved a catalytic constant (Kcat) of 73.48 × 102 s−1.
Regiodivergent Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Acyloxy Acrylates Through Catalyst‐driven Migrations From α‐Diazo‐β‐acyloxy Esters
Authors: Diogo Gabriela M. , Moro Pedro A. M. , Port Vinicius C. , Jacobs Amanda K. , Caramori Giovanni F. , Sa Marcus M.
Published: February 2025

The synthetic versatility of α‐diazo‐β‐acyloxy esters to selectively undergo metal‐catalyzed 2,3‐acyloxy or 1,2‐hydride migration was evaluated. The type of migration was controlled by the catalyst, with rhodium(II) and copper(II) delivering α‐acyloxy acrylates from 2,3‐acyloxy migration, while silver(I) catalyzed the formation of regioisomeric β‐acyloxy acrylates through 1,2‐hydride migration. In addition to the good yields observed for 2,3‐acyloxy migrations (56‐95%), the reactions exhibited remarkable chemo‐, regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The E:Z ratio was found to be excellent for Rh (20:1 or higher in most cases) and moderate to good for Cu (6‐13:1 favoring E‐isomer). In the case of Ag‐catalyzed 1,2‐hydride migration, the yield (60‐93%) and diastereoselectivity (7:1 to > 20:1 favoring Z isomer) for β‐acyloxy acrylates were also high, although the competitive formation of regioisomeric α‐acyloxy acrylate was detected in minor amounts. Furthermore, both 1,2‐hydride and 2,3‐acyloxy migrations showed tolerance to functional groups, which were successfully explored in subsequent post‐functionalization processes to access heterocyclic nuclei of pharmacological relevance. We also investigated the rhodium‐catalyzed 2,3‐acyloxy migration, with the support of computational chemistry, to unravel this reaction mechanism and to explain the factors influencing migratory assistance and diastereoselectivity.
Business Strategies for Sustainable Development: Leveraging Industry 5.0 and Circular Pharmaceutical Supply Chains to Overcome Medicine Waste
Authors: Agrawal Anguja , Sharma Aasha , Sarkar Bishal Dey
Published: February 2025

Industry 5.0 (I5.0) presents opportunities for streamlining processes, reducing waste, improving resource utilization, and enabling real‐time monitoring and decision‐making in the supply chain. This study proposes a strategy for information‐sharing among pharmaceutical supply chain partners, leveraging I5.0 technologies and circular economy strategies like redistribution of unused medicine to reduce waste. This will enable real‐time demand data sharing throughout the SC, tracking the expiration date, disposal, and redistribution of returned products. The study identifies 10 drivers for the adoption of I5.0 and the circular pharmaceutical supply chain (CPSC) to reduce medicine waste applying a Technology‐Organization‐Environment (TOE) framework in consultation with pharmaceutical supply chain professionals, analyzing their relationships using the Decision‐Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The findings reveal that “recognition of the significance of I5.0” and “government‐supportive policies for circular supply chain and I5.0” are the most influential cause drivers, exerting significant influence on other drivers. Policies such as tax reductions, funding opportunities, and the development of robust digital infrastructure are essential to accelerate adoption. The findings highlight that strengthening these drivers will enhance the adoption of I5.0 and CPSC, thereby reducing medicine waste. This study contributes to the literature in several significant ways by integrating I5.0 and circular supply chain strategies within the pharmaceutical sector to reduce medicine waste, addressing a critical research gap. The proposed framework supports practitioners, policymakers, and industry associations in formulating strategies for adopting I5.0 and CPSC, enabling the reduction of medicine waste and contributing to sustainable development by aligning with environmental goals.
Structural Study of DNA in Simulated Crowded Fluids
Authors: El-Morched Mariam , Vanloon Jesse , Wiens Frank , Harroun Thad , Yan Hongbin
Published: February 2025

This work studied the structure and hybridization properties of DNA in simulated crowded media containing polyethylene glycol 10,000 and sucrose. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism revealed that the overall CD profiles of a 21‐mer and a d(CG)9 duplex remain similar in the simulated crowded fluids compared with those in Tris buffer, but the amplitude ratios of individual maxima and minima vary with the concentration of DNA and the media, suggesting possible conformational changes. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, this work confirmed that hairpin and duplex formations are not affected by the crowding condition. On the other hand, the duplex dynamics is affected by the crowding condition, where strand exchanges were promoted by the presence of PEG, but unaffected by sucrose.
Case of severe thrombocytopenia with recurrent extensive deep vein thrombosis due to antiphospholipid syndrome, management challenge
Authors: Al Hariri Bassem , Ali Gaydaa Ali Ahmed , Ali Arwa Elfatih Mohamed , MohamedAli Mohamed Elfatih , Poolakundan Feroz Jenner , Sharif Muhammad , Illahi Memon Noor
Published: February 2025

Key Clinical Message

Severe thrombocytopenia in secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) presents a significant management challenge. This case highlights the complexity of managing APS‐related thrombocytopenia, requiring a nuanced approach to balancing bleeding and thrombotic risks. Intravenous immunoglobulin, followed by a short course of steroids, successfully increased platelet counts without adverse bleeding or thrombotic events. Initiating therapeutic anticoagulation with Warfarin was delayed until platelet counts exceeded 50 × 10^3/μL, emphasizing the cautious approach required in such cases to mitigate thrombotic risks while avoiding bleeding complications.
Insights for the Hydrogen‐Mediated Deoxydehydration (DODH) with Cp*ReO3 and Alkene Extrusion of Related Re(V)‐Diolates
Authors: Stöckl Yannick , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schaub Thomas
Published: February 2025

To transform highly oxygenated molecules such as polyols from biomass into value‐added chemicals, the deoxygenation via the deoxydehydration (DODH) is a promising approach. We report the catalytic DODH of substrates from renewable resources using Cp*ReO3 (1 mol%, TON up to 32) as a catalyst and hydrogen as a reductant. Additionally, the synthesis of Re(V)‐diolates is described for tartrates, glycerol and erythritol derivatives. These Re(V)‐diolates were obtained in 35 – 53% yield and as mixtures of diastereomers. Their characterization was accomplished using 2D NMR, MS, IR and X‐ray diffraction. A NOESY study revealed an intermolecular exchange of glycerol moieties for the diolate complex. Further, alkene extrusion experiments allowed us to establish a reactivity order for a variety of substituents. The olefin extrusion was the fastest for tartrate units and the slowest for glycerol and erythritol diolates.
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA‐Binding Protein 2 (IGF2BP2) Promotes Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression by Regulating AR‐V7 mRNA Stability
Authors: Saini Taruna , Srivastava Devesh , Raut Rajnikant , Mishra Parul , Misra Ashish
Published: February 2025

Background

The emergence of constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variant AR‐V7 poses a formidable challenge in treating prostate cancer, as it lacks the ligand binding region targeted by androgen‐deprivation therapies such as enzalutamide and abiraterone. AR‐V7 is critical for castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) development and progression; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating its expression and biological function remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of IGF2BP2 in regulating AR‐V7 expression and CRPC progression.

Methods

To determine the clinical relevance of IGF2BP2 in CRPC, we analyzed the mRNA expression data for prostate cancer patients available in the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) Data Portal and cBioPortal. Next to investigate the role of IGF2BP2 in regulating AR‐V7 expression and enzalutamide resistance, we performed shRNA‐mediated IGF2BP2 knockdown and overexpression experiments followed by qRT‐PCR, immunoblot, colony‐formation, and MTT assays. Finally, we performed RIP‐qPCR, actinomycin‐D, and IGF2BP2 domain‐deletion analysis to study the mechanism by which IGF2BP2 regulates AR‐V7 stability, expression, and enzalutamide resistance in CRPC cells.

Results

Our analysis revealed that IGF2BP2 is upregulated in CRPC patients and its expression positively correlates with increasing Gleason score in patients with CRPC. We demonstrate that IGF2BP2 silencing leads to downregulation of AR‐V7 and its downstream target genes without affecting AR levels. Additionally, IGF2BP2 knockdown also enhances the sensitivity of CRPC cells to enzalutamide while overexpression increases AR‐V7 expression and confers increased resistance to enzalutamide. Mechanistically, our experiments demonstrate that IGF2BP2 binds to the intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) region of AR‐V7, thereby enhancing its mRNA stability. Furthermore, our domain‐deletion analysis pinpoints the role of KH3 and KH4 domains of IGF2BP2 in regulating AR‐V7 stability and enzalutamide resistance.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that IGF2BP2 plays a critical role in regulating AR‐V7 expression and stability, offering a novel target for developing therapeutic interventions for CRPC.
An Efficient Parallel Ordered Depth‐First Search Strategy for Directed Acyclic Graphs
Authors: Yan Chuqi , Huang Jianqiang
Published: February 2025

With the advent of the big data era, accelerating the parallelization of Depth‐First Search (DFS) has become pivotal for addressing the challenges posed by large‐scale datasets and complex problems in contemporary applications. To improve the parallel processing performance of DFS on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) while maintaining the orderliness of traversal outcomes, this paper introduces an efficient Parallel Ordered Depth‐First Search (PODFS). By leveraging the novel concepts of Clue Path, ParallelList, and the node attributes Level and Dis, PODFS achieves precise subgraph partitioning while preserving the ordered nature of parallel search results. After performing a one‐time preprocessing on a specific graph, the proposed algorithm enables more efficient global traversals, achieving a speedup ranging from 6× to 12× on various real‐world graph datasets while maintaining the orderedness of traversal results. These performance improvements are crucial for applications that require frequent, in‐depth graph searches with a strict need to preserve traversal order.
Synergistic Distributed CNN Model for Protein Classification With a Collaborative BSP Synchronization Based on LSTM Prediction
Authors: Assali Tasnim , Trabelsi Ayoub Zayneb , Ouni Sofiane
Published: February 2025

Recently, distributed deep learning has been introduced as the new highly computational solution that could handle huge amounts of data and reduce training time. Especially when handling high‐dimensional and complicated data, is very challenging, such as dealing with Genomics which is the most demanding in terms of data acquisition, storage, distribution, and analysis. However, Distributed deep learning has issues that need to be resolved. Focusing on the synchronization paradigm, BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) is the most used model. Even so, it is demanding in terms of time due to an exigent problem called the straggler, where all the workers need to wait for the slowest worker to synchronize. Therefore, in this article, we propose a collaborative BSP (Collab‐BSP) that aims to solve this issue by adopting LSTM for execution time prediction and implementing it with the Apache Spark environment. We proved the efficiency of our approach in reducing the waiting time and iteration time by 50% and 30%, respectively. Also, our approach demonstrated promising results while training a distributed CNN for protein classification with 98.82% accuracy and proved its capability to enhance distributed deep learning training.