bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development Scale Analysis for Coal Derived Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) under China Energy Security
Authors: Gao Dan , Li Zheng , Jiang Dong Fang , Ma Lin Wei , Liu Pei , Hu San Gao
Published: October 2011

Natural gas plays an important role in industry, transportation and electric power. The first of all problems to solve is to ensure energy security while meeting the demand for gas. Through analyzing the connotation and the frame of energy security, it clears about the significant of the security of energy and gas supply in China, and sets up the benefits and losses model of natural gas, analyzes the loss of economic cost and the obtained economic benefits based on the process of SNG to protect natural gas security. By analyzing the case, the results show that there exists a most advantage point between the loss of economic cost and the obtained economic benefits in the process of natural gas security, China could develop SNG scale of 50 billion cubic meters production by the end of 2030, at this time, it will get the maximum net income of nearly 5 billion RMB. In addition, the results show that the two most important parameters which influence the profits and losses are energy consumption GDP elasticity coefficient and the nature gas price in the process of SNG guaranteeing natural gas security.
Study on Sorbents Used for Hot Gas Desulfurization
Authors: Fei Hong Jia , Yang Guo Hua
Published: October 2011

This paper highlights currently excellent metal oxides used for hot gas desulfurization (HGD). Due to the different desulfurization properties, iron oxide and calcium oxide based sorbents are normally used for primary desulfurization while zinc oxide, copper oxide and manganese oxide based sorbents are often devoted to fine desulfurization. However, pure sorbents inevitably have some limitations and so, mixed oxides combining the properties of various metals like zinc ferrite and zinc titanate which get extensive concern are also introduced in this paper.
Characterization of Fractured Reservoir and Anisotropy Parameters Calculation of Permeability Tensor
Authors: Ren Li Xin , Wu Xiao Dong , Wu Jun Lai , Yan Rong Kun
Published: October 2011

Fracture as the main seepage channels influence the deployment of well patterns and development effects in many kinds of reservoirs because of its strong permeability anisotropy. In this paper, we describe the fracture characterization of fractured reservoir with geometry parameters and establish the analytical models of full anisotropic permeability tensor by using the parallel plate model and tensor theory. Research shows that fracture aperture and density are the mainly two factors that have big impacts on equivalent fracture permeability and its anisotropy. The changes of fracture aperture, fracture density, fracture opening or closure not only alter the magnitude of fracture permeability, but also change the directions of the principal permeability of fractures.
Research on Control Strategy of Supercapacitors Energy Storage System
Authors: Yang Fan , Xue Hua , Wang Yu Fei
Published: October 2011

Supercapacitors have characteristics of high power density, long life, and quick charging and discharging. DC-DC converter can be used for changing, processing and regulating the power. Supercapacitors energy storage system consisted of supercapacitors and DC-DC converter can be widely used in distributed power generation system to the stability of dc bus voltage and the improvement of the power quality. For simulation, the mathematical models of DC-DC converters and supercapacitors are developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The sliding mode controller of the supercapacitors energy storage is presented, and the simulation results verify the control method is feasible．
Design and Application for Electric Vehicle Battery Swap Station
Authors: Zhang Ru Tong , Niu Rong Yi , Yang Yang , Yang Fang
Published: October 2011

This thesis proposes the construction of the electric vehicle battery-swap station after a comparision of energy supply models between battery swap and charging and fast charging. Electric vehicle battery-swap station can be divided into several parts: power supply system,charging system,battery rack, battery-swap system, monitoring system and station power supply system and so forth. In addition, this thesis makes a specific illustration to the battery charging system and battery-swap system. Finally, the application and future development of electric vehicle battery-swap station is conferred in this thesis.
An Efficient Metal Conductor Paste/Nanoporous Carbon Composite Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Shun Jian , Luo Yu Feng , Zhong Wei , Qiao Guan Jun
Published: October 2011

A novel counter electrode has been fabricated at low temperature using nanoporous carbon (NC) with about 35 nm pore size as based catalysis materials and silver conductor paste (SCP) as connecting adhesive. The efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) employing this SCP/NC electrode reaches to 5.91%, which is 15% higher than that of DSCs with NC electrode. The improved efficiency is attributed to the enhancement in the fill factor and the short circuit photocurrent density. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that all of charge transfer resistance, ohmic serial resistance and Nernst diffusion impedance of SCP/NC electrode decrease compared with NC electrode. Especially, the efficiency of 5.91% is comparable to that of DSCs with Pt electrode.
Discuss Charging-Discharging and Sale Technology of the Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yang Yong Biao , Ding Xiao Hua , Zhu Jin Da
Published: October 2011

Development of EV is an important means which optimize chinese energy supply structure and break security strategy of energy.As the state increasing subsidy strength and constructing large-scale charging infrastructure for EV,EV is expected to become an important means of transport,and in the future EV is becoming to an important mobile storage unit in smart grid, playing the dual role of energy comsume and energy storage. Combination of domestic charging infrastructure and charge mode, discuss the charge and discharging and sale of electric technology for EV, which provide some reference for business model of the charging infrastructure,proposed to help the orderly charging and discharging for EV, realize win-win situation for power grid and the user.
Comparison of Domestic and Foreign Automobile Low-Carbon Technologies
Authors: Liu Heng Chen , Zeng Wei Hua
Published: October 2011

This paper describes current auto industry's advanced low-carbon technologies at home and abroad, including engine emission reduction technologies, efficient transmission and drive technologies, alternative energy technologies and electric energy-saving technologies. By comparing these technologies, we can discovery key low-carbon technologies of automobile needed to focus on. China's automotive technological accumulation is much less than advanced countries. Not only free technical competition between the domestic auto companies is demanded, joint development is also needed. Automobile enterprises should cooperate in innovation to improve the country's overall innovation in the automotive industry level.
Research on Interactive Coordinated Control System for V2G Application
Authors: Chen Li Juan , Xu Xiao Hui , Yin Zhi
Published: October 2011

The objective of study on the interactive coordinated control system (ICCS) is to meet the demand of V2G (Vehicle-to-grid) application. The interactive manners and contents of V2G are analyzed. And the requirements of the ICCS are proposed from several aspects, including functionality, interactive information and interactive terminal. The research may provide guidance for the two-way power and information interaction of future large-scale V2G applications.
Unit Commitment Incorporating Wind Generators Considering Emission Reduction
Authors: Zhang Xiao Hua , Zhao Jin Quan , Chen Xing Ying
Published: October 2011

The rise of environmental protection and the progressive exhaustion of traditional fossil energy sources have increased the interest in integrating renewable energy sources into existing power systems. The energy saving and emission reduction is of most importance. Wind energy could be one of the most promising renewable energy sources. However, the intermittency and unpredictability of wind power generation creates difficulty in control of frequency and generation scheduling. Many problems will arise in the renewable energy based hybrid power system. In this paper, a fuzzy unit commitment model including wind generators is presented. Primary energy consumption, gas emission and the risk of wind are synthetically considered. Through defining membership function, the deterministic problem is transformed into the fuzzy problem. Then it is reformulated into the nonlinear problem by means of the maximum-minimum fuzzy satisfaction. Improved Genetic Algorithms (IGA) is used to solve the fuzzy optimization problem. The simulation results of a 10-unit system demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible. It can compromise between the primary energy consumption and the risk according to the decision-maker’s will. It provides valuable information in both operational and planning problems in the future.
The Design of Energy-Efficient Lighting Controller Based on AC-PWM Control Technology
Authors: Liu Song , Jiang Lian Zhi
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces a voltage regulator controll technology using AC–chopping method (AC-PWM), and applies it to the design of energy-efficient lighting controller. The power circuit, principle, control scheme and how to design of the lighting controller are described. The lighting controller proved to be low cost, low weight, low volume, high precision of output voltage, high rate of electric energy- efficient and its output wave be sinusoid approximately.
Field Emission Properies of CNTs Treated by Helium Plasma
Authors: Xue Shao Lin , Wu Shu Xian , Huang Ran , Jiang Zi Xin , Fang Jian Fang
Published: October 2011

This paper presented a novel post-treatment method of He plasma,which could effectively improve the field emission characteristics of screen-printed CNTs cathodes. Notable changes in the surface morphologies of screen-printed CNTs cathodes were investigated by scanning electron micro scope (SEM) as the f unction of treatment by He plasma.The results showed the post-treated CNTs cathodes hold lower turn-on electric field,higher field emission current density,more emission sites,and better uniformity than those of untreated ones.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of an Alternating Conjugated Copolymer Composed of 2,5-Divinyl-3,4-Dialkylthiophene and 2,6-Pyridine
Authors: Wang Xue Mei
Published: October 2011

An alternating conjugated copolymer composed of 2,5-divinyl-3,4-dialkylthiophene and 2,6-pyridine was synthesized by Heck coupling approach. The regioregular poly(3, 4-dialkylthiophene) was prepared by McCullough for the comparing research. The obtained polymers were evaluated with 1H NMR, FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). The results indicate that the polymers depict outstanding thermal stabilities, low band gaps, and high PL quantum efficiency, and they might be excellent polymeric materials for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, and so on.
Source Discrimination of Heavy Metals in the Inland River Sediment in Suzhou City, Anhui Province: Multivariate Statistical Approaches
Authors: Li Zhi Chun , Gui He Rong , Sun Lin Hua , Mei Jing Liang
Published: October 2011

Heavy metal concentrations of the sediment from an inland river in Suzhou city, northern Anhui Province were determined, and the index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo) was calculated for evaluating the extent of heavy metals contamination. The results showed that the contents of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb are higher than those of the background values, and the Igeo data indicates that these metals can be subdivided into three kinds, un-pollution (Cr and As), slight pollution (Pb) and moderate pollution (Cu and Zn). Multivariate statistical approaches were applied for source discrimination of heavy metals. The multivariate statistical approaches drew the final conclusion: (1) Cluster I consisted with Cu and Pb is greatly impacted by the traffic emissions, corresponding to the PC1; (2) the high accumulation of Zn and As in Cluster II mainly derived from the pollutant emissions in industry area, representing the PC2; (3) Cluster III (only Cr) is considered to be controlled by the parent materials of soils and shows the character of PC3; (4)The high contamination of Cluster I and II are related to the human activities, the government should pay attention to the environment in the area.
Spatial Analysis based on ESDA-GIS for Evolvement of Economic Disparities in the Economic Belt along Lan-Xin Railway
Authors: Bai Yong Ping , Huang Yong Bin , Yang Jing
Published: October 2011

Based on the index of per capita GDP, spatial-time distribution pattern and spatial interaction types of economic disparities in the economic belt along Lan-Xin Railway during 2000 to 2009 have been examined by the method of combination with spatial autocorrelation analysis and traditional statistic analysis. The conclusions are as follows: the absolute disparity of per capita GDP for administrative counties is increasing constantly, while the economic concentration of those research units fluctuate towards decline and the economic disparities along the Gansu part of Lan-Xin Railway accounts for the largest part of the whole economic belt along Lan-Xin Railway, where the disparities of intra-Gansu grows bigger and that of the inter-regions is getting smaller. The higher level developed counties mainly locate in northern slope of TianShan Mountain, and the western part of Hexi Corridor which covers from Zhangye to Jiayuguan along the Lan-Xin Railway, and those high level counties cluster at intervals; while, the lower level developed counties mainly concentrates in the central part of Gansu province, the eastern part of Hexi Corridor and the eastern part of Qinghai province, and it is obvious to find the trend to agglomerate beside the TianShan Mountain as to the rapid growth counties. The spatial interaction within research units is weak, while the northern slope economic belt and southern slope industries belt of TianShan Mountain which takes the Urumqi as the core city keep great economic growth condition; the central part of Gansu province and the eastern part of Qinghai province is not developed very well and that of the polar cities which are Lanzhou and Xining respectively have a little radiation effect to lead and foster the neighboring counties economic.
Biocement: Green Building- and Energy-Saving Material
Authors: Chu Jian , Ivanov Volodymyr , Stabnikov Viktor , He Jia , Li Bing , Naemi Maryam
Published: October 2011

Cement and chemical grouts have often been used for soil strengthening. However, high cost, energy consumption, and harm to environment restrict their applications. Biocement could be a new green building- material and energy-saving material. Biocement is a mixture of enzymes or microbial biomass with inorganic chemicals, which can be produced from cheap raw materials. Supply of biocementing solution to the porous soil or mixing of dry biocement with clayey soil initiate biocementation of soil due to specific enzymatic activity. Different microorganisms and enzymes can be used for production of biocement.
Preparation and Characterization of Fluorinated Epoxy Resin Emulsion for Waterborne Coatings
Authors: Guo Wen Lu , Zhou Hong Chun , Lu Han Qing , Hu Wei
Published: October 2011

Under the action of initiator(BPO), the α-methyl acrylic acid (α-MAA), butyl hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and other monomers are graft copolymerized into epoxy molecular. By adding N, N-dimethyl ethanolamine, fluorine-containing water-based epoxy resin emulsion can be prepared. By orthogonal experiments, the amount of acrylic monomer, BPO dosage, grafting temperature and other optimum conditions can be determined. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization confirms acrylic monomers successfully grafted to the epoxy resin molecules. The study focuses on the effect of different content of HFMA on modified emulsion particle size and contact angle of coating. The results shows that the introduction of HFMA monomer made the smallest average particle size of emulsion low to 165 nm, and the contact angle against water is increased by 20°. After determining the conventional and environmental performance of the emulsion, the results shows that this preparation of epoxy resin emulsion can fully meet the requirements of waterborne coatings.
Mechanical Properties Analysis of Steel-Timber Combined Member
Authors: Pan Fu Ting , Kou Lei , Wang Cheng Yu
Published: October 2011

Steel-timber combined member is a new kind of structural member composed of steel core and timber facing with bolt joint.This paper established the finite element analysis models of cantilever beam, and the finite element models were analyzed by the finite element package ANSYS considering the material and geometrically nonlinear.The results were compared with experimental results.Good mechanical properties were verified with comparison between data abtained from the test and calculated results.
Analysis of Optimum Valve Timing Based on Diesel Engine Comprehensive Performance
Authors: Wang Ming Ming , Li Ren Xian
Published: October 2011

In order to investigate the effect of variable valve timing on engine power performance, fuel economy performance and emission performance quantitatively, proceed to optimize it, a high speed diese Specific Fuel Consumption, quantity of NOx and Soot, mass of fresh charge were calculated by 3-D CFD method l engine contains variable valve timing system (VVT) was researched. The effective power, at 6 speeds conditions which valve timing parameters were modulated. A method of calculating CRG was suggested. The results indicate that exhaust advance angle has a little impact on sweep and emission performance, but a big impact on ventilation losses. The optimum exhaust advance angle should be increased as engine speed rises. Increasing intake lag angle in low engine speed could increase coefficient of charge, thereby increase power performance and fuel economy performance. Comprehensive performance could be increased by decreasing intake delay angle under high speed.
Assessment on Efficiency of Environmental Pollution Control in Hebei Province Based on DEA Model
Authors: Ji Wei Zhuo , Liu Ying Hui , Liu Dan Dan
Published: October 2011

DEA technique is widely used for efficiency evaluation of Decision Making Unit (DMU) with multiple inputs and outputs. This paper applies DEA model to the study of the efficiency of environmental pollution treatment in 8 provinces including Hebei and neighboring or Maritime Provinces. The results show that the efficiency of Efficiency of Environmental Pollution Control in Hebei Province is not high. Environmental pollution improvement in Hebei Province still needs to be expanded.
Experimental Research on Pressure Drop to Optimize Twisted Strips with Holes in Tubes of Condensers
Authors: Peng De Qi , Zhou Ya Jie , Wang Wei Qiang , Yu Tian Lan , Yu Huan , Yi Jian Ye
Published: October 2011

In order to reduce the pressure drop increase caused by self-rotating plastic twisted-strips in heat transfer tubes of vacuum condensers in thermal power plant, the twisted strips structure is optimized. There are holes distributed in twisted strip uniformly. The holes diameter and interval are optimized through experimental research. The results show that when holes diameter is less than 6mm, holes can reduce the pressure drop increase at low flow velocity while the pressure drop with holes is greater than that without holes at high flow velocity. The holes diameter is 4~5mm when the pressure drop is the lowest. The pressure drop with holes is always larger than that without holes when holes diameter is more than 6mm. The pressure drop will increase as holes interval decreases at high flow velocity, while it will reduce at low flow velocity.
Analytical Approach to Time-Fractional Partial Differential Equations in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Chen Xue Hui , Wei Liang , Zheng Lian Cun , Zhang Xin Xin
Published: October 2011

The generalized differential transform method is implemented for solving time-fractional partial differential equations in fluid mechanics. This method is based on the two-dimensional differential transform method (DTM) and generalized Taylor’s formula. Results obtained by using the scheme presented here agree well with the numerical results presented elsewhere. The results reveal the method is feasible and convenient for handling approximate solutions of time-fractional partial differential equations.
Electrochemical Insight into Cycle Stability of Organic Electrolyte Supercapacitors
Authors: Jia Zheng , Liu Dao Qing , Yang Si Yuan
Published: October 2011

Two types of activated carbons were produced by chemical activation respectively with and without pre-carbonization procedure, and were used in organic electrolyte supercapacitors. Galvanostatic charge and discharge results show that voltage upper limit and activated carbon type obviously influence the cycle stability of the capacitors. And cyclic voltammograms reveal the better capacitive behavior and cycle stability of the activated carbon produced with carbonization procedure implying the correlation between these two factors. While Nyquist plots disclose the tendency of equivalent circuit component parameters and electrode processes with cycling.
Photovoltaic Planning with Considering its Probabilistic Output in Distribution System
Authors: Sun Li Fang , Xu Yu Qin , Zhang Li , Guo Kang , Yue Jian Fang
Published: October 2011

A large number of PVs can produce security and economic influence for distribution system, for its probabilistic and intermittent output. The solar radiation which PV component receives is easily influenced by clouds. The clearness index can reflect this. So a PV output stochastic model is built based on clearness index. In this paper the probabilistic output of PVs and loads are both considered and expressed by stochastic variables. A random expectation model has been built considering annual saved environment cost. The objective function is the minimum expected value of annual investment and operation cost. The operation constraints are to ensure the reliability and economy of power system. The solution algorithm is PSO combining with probabilistic power flow. Qualification rates of bus voltage and line power flow are examined after planning. At last the calculation example manifests this planning model can get good result under the condition of reflexing the probabilistic output of PVs and randomness of power loads.
Ag Catalyst on Ordered Mesoporous Carbon with High Electro-Oxidation Activity for Formaldehyde
Authors: Kong Ling Bin , Wang Xiao Wei , Wang Ru Tao , Luo Yong Chun , Kang Long
Published: October 2011

Ag nanoparticles have been fabricated on the surface of CMK-3 mesoporous carbon through an immersion-electrodeposition (IE) technique. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that it was a facile approach to electrochemically prepare nano-sized Ag clusters. Electrochemical experiments showed that Ag nanoproducts were efficient electrocatalysts for anodic oxidation of formaldehyde in alkaline solutions, and as the reduced of the potential value, the electrocatalytic peak current density for the formaldehyde electro-oxidation reaction was increased gradually. Also, the electrocatalytic activity of Ag/CMK-3 nanocatalysts for formaldehyde electro-oxidation is higher than that of Ag/XC-72 nanocatalysts. These findings represented a significant step toward the implementation of individual Ag/CMK-3 nanocatalysts as anodic materials in fuel cells and sensors.
Efficiency Analysis on Low Temperature Energy Conversion System Based on Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Yu Ting , Ma Chong Fang , Yu Jian
Published: October 2011

The amount of low temperature heat resources is very huge, efficient utilization that energy is very important issue for improving energy efficiency, saving energy and protecting environment. Due to the small available energy of low temperature heat source, how to improve thermodynamic efficiency is the key problem. In this paper, the thermodynamic model of low temperature thermal power conversion system based on organic Rankine cycle was described firstly. Turbine, single screw and piston expanders were briefly described. R123, R245fa and R134a were chose as working fluid because of quite different critical temperature. Based on this model, the influence of thermodynamic property of organic working fluid on the efficiency of low temperature thermal power conversion system was discussed. The calculating result showed that R123 is the best choice if no considering the impact of expander types and that R245fa is the best choice if considering the impact of expander. This conclusion indicated that it is very important to investigate the match relationship between working fluid and expander. Moreover, single screw expander was proved to be more suitable than turbine and piston expanders for low temperature heat power conversion system.
The Relationship between China Highway Transportation and Regional Economic Development
Authors: Fei Shen
Published: October 2011

The relationship among highway transportation, regional economic and social development is a mutual adaptation and coordinated development, that is, the development of highway transportation system adapts to the needs of regional economy, society to freeway transportation, in order to promote the sustainable development of society. This article makes a deep analysis of the role of highway traffic transportation to economic and social development, points out requirements of economic, and social development to the highway transportation in the different development stages of a country, and puts forward strategic advice for sustainable development of China highway transportation.
Optimum Design of Piston Stroke and Cylinder Diameter for HPD Diesel Engine
Authors: You Guo Dong , Su Tie Xiong , Xu Chun Long , Xu Lu , Xu Jun Feng
Published: October 2011

Based on the load and heat radiation area are directly influenced by the ratio of piston stroke to cylinder diameter (S/D).An optimized mathematical model is established, with the minimal heat radiation area as the object function and the S/D value as the variable. The optimum results are calculated by using the an Improved differential evolution algorithm method based on 1Stopt.The result shows that this method is of better convergence, high calculation efficiency and consistent with MTU890.
Effect of Gas Pressure on Optical Properties of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Deposited on SiC Substrates
Authors: Wu Nan Chun , Xia Yi Ben , Tan Shou Hong , Wang Lin Jun
Published: October 2011

With use of electron-assisted chemical vapor deposition technology, nanocrystalline diamond films were deposited on SiC ceramics substrates at various gas pressure ( 0.5 ~ 2 kPa ). Effect of the gas pressure on optical properties of the nanocrystalline diamond films was studied. Raman scattering spectra were measured. Photoluminescence spectra were investigated in the range of 420 ~ 680 nm. Spectroscopic ellipsometry were analyzed from the near IR to the UV region ( 1.5 ~ 5.0 eV ). Results show that, when the gas pressure increased from 0.5 to 2 kPa, Raman scattering intensity of diamond increase and D/G ratio decrease; when the gas pressure was 0.5kPa and 2kPa, there is not any PL peak, however, there is a stronger PL peak at 485 nm when the gas pressure was 1kPa; extinctive coefficient k for the nanocrystalline diamond films deposited at 1kPa increase obviously with increase of photo energy.
Research on the Stability Affected by Digital Process of SPWM Inverter
Authors: Shan Hong Tao , Kang Yong , Kong Xue Juan , Zhang Yu
Published: October 2011

Digital controlled SPWM inverter has become main-stream in development of SPWM inverter control strategy. But the traditional PID control strategy realized in digital control can’t achieve better performance than in analog control. Process of the zero-order hold & one-step-delay control were researched the effect of zero-order hold & one-step-delay control on the stability of digital control SPWM inverter with quantitative analysis in this paper. Finally relevant simulations and experiments were verified the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Preparation of Spherical FePO4 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xi , Zhang Jun Xi , Zhang Shi Ming , Yan Li Cheng , Mei Ying , Geng Gi
Published: October 2011

The spherical FePO4 was prepared by a novel co-precipitation process followed by spray drying method, using Fe (NO3)3•9H2O, NH4H2PO4, NH3•H2O and polyvinyl alcohol. The pH value plays a pivotal role in determining the morphology of spherical particles; the sample, obtained at pH=3, was found to have the ideal spherical particles and electrochemical property. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed the phase transition of FePO4 with calcining temperature, amorphous FePO4 can exhibit better performance than the crystalline phase. Electrochemical behavior of spherical FePO4 was studied by the charge-discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that this process is a promising method to prepare spherical FePO4cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Heat Pumps for Energy Saving of Building Hot Water Supply
Authors: Luo Qing Hai , Zuo Zheng
Published: October 2011

This paper analyzes the energy consumption of hot water supply in buildings and the insurmountable shortcoming of low energy efficiency of conventional water heaters, and investigates the progress and problems of developing heat pump water heaters. It is pointed out that developing of heat pump water heaters is one of the efficient approaches to improve the energy efficiency of hot water supply.
Research of Wind Speed and Wind Power Forecasting
Authors: Zheng Xiao Xia , Yang Fu
Published: October 2011

Wind power has entered a rapid progress stage. Due to the intermittency of wind energy and the non-linearity of power system, there exist many uncertain variables which should be considered in the wind power prediction. Accurate wind power forecastings are beneficial for wind plant operators, utility operators, and utility customers. The current forecasting methods include persistence method, physical method, statistical method, and the comprehensive one combing all the other methods. This paper provides a detail review on wind speed and wind power forecasting methods based on recent available published papers. Several forecasting models were discussed and a lot of researchers on the models, which have their own characteristics, were presented. An overview of comparative analysis of wind forecasting time scales is discussed as well.
Research on Remanufacturing Industrial Cluster Promoting Sustainable Development of Regional Economy
Authors: Sima Qing , Wang Yu Bo
Published: October 2011

In the last three decades of rapid economic growth since the reform and opening-up, the traditional manufacturing mode of “high investment, high consumption, high pollution” along with unilateral pursuit of fast-growth of GDP makes resources and environmental problems emerged. Via high-tech, remanufacturing industry which is based on circular economy revitalizes waste products, dramatically improves the efficiency of resources utilization and reduces pollution in the manufacturing process, leading the transformation of economic development pattern. It is a kind of promising strategical industry in the sustainable development of regional economy. With the guidance of industrial cluster theory, it will create a new growth pole for regional economic development through vigorously developing remanufacturing industry, forming industrial clusters and remanufacturing industrial zones with regional and industrial characteristics and perfecting relevant laws and regulations and strengthening the industrial chain.
Feasibility Study on Combined Heat and Power with Different Distributed Generation Technologies for Various Commercial Buildings
Authors: Ruan Ying Jun , Liu Qing Rong , Zhou Wei Guo
Published: October 2011

This paper has examined the energy consumption characteristics for six different buildings including apartments, offices, commercial buildings, hospitals, hotels and educational facilities. Then 50000m2 development site for respective building’s type has been assumed as case study to evaluate the introduction effect of Combined Heat and Power (CHP). All kinds of CHP systems with different distributed generation technologies including Gas Turbine (GT), Gas Engine (GE), Diesel Engine (DE), Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC), have been simulated by using HEATMAP, CHP system analysis software. And their primary energy utilization efficiency, energy saving ratio and CO2 reduction ratio have evaluated and compared respectively. The results can be summarized as follows: various buildings have their special heat to power ratio characteristics. Matching the heat to power ratio demanded from an individual building with that supplied from a CHP system is very important. It is necessary to select a reasonable distributed generation technologies according to the load characteristics of various buildings. Distributed generation technologies with high energy generating efficiency and low heat to power ratio, like SOFC and PEFC is more reasonable selection for Building Combined Heat and Power (BCHP). CHP system is an attractive option for hotels, hospitals and apartments. The users can achieve high energy saving and environmental benefit by introducing a CHP systems. In others buildings, especially like commercial buildings and offices, the introduction of CHP system is unreasonable.
New Automatic Solar Tracker with High Precision
Authors: Sui Tian Ju , Wang Zhi Bo , Yao Kai Yuan , Li Tian Qi , Zhu Hua
Published: October 2011

A new solar tracker is designed and tested. The solar tracker is an all-weather solar machine aiming at the sun automatically with high precision. An embedded CPU is used as the control unit, calculating the position of the sun according to geography. Two light intensity detecting chips are used; one of them is to measure the ambient light intensity while the other is to check whether the tracker is directed to the sun well. The result of the first chip determines whether the second chip will be put into use. In this way it is guaranteed that the tracker operates well either with sufficient ambient light or not. Two step motors are used to drive the solar energy collector. The solar tracker has been produced and tested, showing satisfying tracking effect.
Identification Research about Low Permeable Water Flooded Layer in West of Daqing
Authors: Zhang Shan Ze , Cai Min , Wang Chao
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A is a typical low permeable oilfield in surrounding region of west daqing, the major target layer is Saertu formation,which posseses characteristics of reservoir thin, poor physical property and more containing mud and calcium, in addition, conventional logging respons characteristic is not obvious in flooded layer, leading to distinguish it more difficult. To solve this problem, the paper researches it from the mechanism of electric conduction, and classified establishes explaining plate about flooded layer, at the same time taking into account logging boundedness, which makes use of results about logging and dynamic flooded analysis to replenish and correct logging explaining result in flooded layer. We establish synthetical explaining method. Using this method, the coincidence rate of flooded layer explaining result achieves 75%.
A Simple Analysis of the Influence on Power Quality from Grid Photovoltaic Power Generation System
Authors: Li Yan Qing , Wang Fu Ju , Yang Man Man
Published: October 2011

As the increasing proportion of photovoltaic power generation in power grid, the influence from grid photovoltaic power generation to power quality is more and more significant. This paper analyzes the reasons of voltage fluctuation, voltage flicker and harmonics aroused by the photovoltaic energy grid, and summarizes the effects to other power quality index from photovoltaic energy grid. Then it puts forward the improvement actions, which has certain directive significance to the grid planning on photovoltaic power generation.
Study on Optimized Conditions of Cellulose Degradation of Bermuda Grass
Authors: Liu Jun Hong , Dou Ming , Zhou Li Xiao , Xie Kang
Published: October 2011

Biomass plays unprecedented role in energy structure, whose study focuses on technology reform, the study on exploring raw material is limited. This paper, taking the usual Bermuda grass as objective, analyzes conditions of cellulose degradation. It comes to the conclusion that reducing sugar gets to 15.99% under conditions as follows: density of hydrochloric acid of 1.0% , ratio of solid and liquid of 110, reaction temperature of 120 C and reaction time of 60 minutes.
Stereo Monitoring and Analysis on Wind Energy Source in Chongqing
Authors: Chen Yan Ying , You Yang Sheng , Gao Yang Hua , Du Qin , Tang Yun Hui
Published: October 2011

In this paper, sequential 12 months’ wind data was used which is obtained from professional observing towers and meteorological stations in Chongqing. Wind energy source was calculated and analyzed. The results of calculation and analysis based on stereo monitoring data to wind resource in Chongqing showed as following: (1) Data of meteorological stations can be used to accurately evaluate wind energy source in Chongqing; (2) There are developable wind energy source at present technology level in Chongqing; (3) Vertical profile of wind speed fitted power exponent relationship.
Spray Wall-Impingement from a Single Hole Nozzle under Common Rail Condition
Authors: Wang Zhan Cheng , Du Hui Yong , Liu Jian Xin , Han Liang , Liu Song
Published: October 2011

In the middle and small scale diesel engine, the interaction between the spray wall-impingement and air motion plays a fundamental role on the mixture formation process, it also greatly inﬂuences the combustion process and the exhaust emissions. An experimental setup for spray impingement visualization has been made in this paper, the influences of common rail pressure and variable inclination angles on spray impingement are investigated. The experimental results show that the splashing volume increases according to the increasing common rail pressure, and the better atomization is achieved. As for variable inclination angle of spray, the upstream of impingement spray decreases and the downstream increases with the increase of inclination of the wall, the change of entrainment is hardly detected, but the overall splashing volume increases slightly.
Investigations of Surface Tension of Binary Nanofluids
Authors: Yang Liu , Du Kai
Published: October 2011

In this paper, several types of binary nanofluids were prepared by mixing TiN, SiC, carbon black nanoparticles with emulsifier OP-10, and Al2O3 nanoparticles with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), to ammonia-water solution, respectively. The influences of ammonia, nanoparticles, and surfactant on the surface tension of the binary nanofluids are investigated by using a QBZY-1 digital surface tensiometer. The results show that the surface tensions of ammonia water decrease approximately linearly with the increase of ammonia content. For the nanofluid (TiN, SiC) without surfactant, the nanoparticles can softly reduce the surface tension of the binary nanofluids. While for the nanofluid (Al2O3, carbon black) containning surfactant, the existences of surfactant greatly reduce the surface tension of the binary nanofluids. When the content of surfactant is lower than critical micelle concentration(CMC), adding nanoparticles can increase the surface tension of the fluids, which may be caused by the decrease of the “free” surfactant content induced by the adsorption of surfactant on the surface of nanoparticles.
Impact of Large Wind Farms with DFIG on Power System Transient Stability
Authors: Bian Xiao Yan , Li Guang Yue , Fu Yang
Published: October 2011

It’s a new challenge to power system stability with large wind farm’s integration. Taking the wind farm which consist of GE1.5MW double fed induction generators that has been modeled in the software PSS/E as the research object, The difference between the impact of wind farm and conventional generators integrated to grid in power system transient progress is analyzed. Besides, the impact on transient progress of increasing wind farm penetration and differnet interconnection with wind farm to power system is investigated.
Preparation of Modified Expanded Graphite by KOH
Authors: Yang Ming , Zhao Ying Hua , Zhang Ying Chen , Li Deng Xin
Published: October 2011

A new material on adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) was introduced in this paper. EG was modified by soaking in KOH. MEG (modified expanded graphite) was characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The removal rate of Pb(Ⅱ) rose to 92.23% from 59.14% on MEG . And the adsorption quantity came up to 46.3869mg/g from 31.9662mg/g. All above shows that MEG has better adsorption performance.
Study on CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins on Iron Catalysts
Authors: Wang Cheng Xue , Wang Xiang Bo
Published: October 2011

Fe-Cu-K2O-La2O3 catalysts were prepared by special impregnation on the SiO2, ZrO2 and SiO2-ZrO2. Some factors of influence on catalytic activity were researched,such as the content of active component Cu and La, calcination temperature, reaction temperature and space velocity. The structures and physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD and TEM. When the SiO2-ZrO2 play the role of carrier , Fe:Cu:K:La = 100:15:7:7:250:250, the calcination temperature is 773K, the reaction temperature is 613K and space velocity is 2400ml • h-1 • g-1(cat), the catalyst shows the best catalytic activity , if the reaction pressure is 0.1 Mpa , and the molar ratio of H2 to CO2 is 3 . The conversion of CO2 is more than 64%. Light olefin’s selectivity is more than 25%.
Studies on Thermal Performance of Closed Type Parabolic Trough Solar Collector
Authors: Qiu Zhong Zhu , Li Peng , Gong Shao Lin , Wang Ye , Guo Wen Wen , He Jia
Published: October 2011

To a closed type parabolic trough solar collector, thermal performance was analyzed, a mathematical model was set up, and test-bed of collector to heat efficiency test was built. According to the experiment test data, the accuracy of the thermal mathematics model was validated. The results show that the model simulation accuracy is so higher that the model is reasonable and available.
Research on the Heat Transfer Characteristic of Boiler under Solar-Coal Complementary Electric Generation Condition
Authors: Gao Zheng Yang , Zhang Bo Wen , Xia Rui Qing , Feng Wen Hui , Wang Tian Long
Published: October 2011

Solar-coal complementary electric generation is a new way to utilize solar thermal, however, using solar thermal to replace the heat transfer of some heating surfaces will inevitably affects the stability and efficiency of boiler operation, and the running characteristics of the boiler will affects the utilization capacity of the solar thermal in turn. A 300MW unit thermal- circulation boiler has been studied. A research on calculation of heat transfer characteristic has been made. The influence of solar-energy utilization on heat transfer has been analyzed. Calculation and analysis indicate that using solar thermal to heat the feedwater can decrease coal consumption. 87.2% of the coal consumption decrement can be attributed to the replacement of coal by solar thermal, 12.8% of the coal consumption decrement is leaded by the boiler efficiency increment; Solar thermal should not be introduced into the boilers with low exhaust gas temperature and the boilers running at low load operation; Using solar thermal to heat the feedwater leads to decreasing spray water; Through the boiler calculation in this paper, the maximum solar thermal utilization capacity is 19.27MW.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Quaternary Cu2ZnSnSe4 Nanocrystals
Authors: Cao Yun , Wang Chun Rui , Hu Jun Qing
Published: October 2011

Quaternary compounds Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a promising candidates for low cost thin film solar cell with an optimal direct band-gap (0.85~1.65eV)and a high absorption coefficient (>104cm-1). In our study, we have been successfully synthesized Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystals in ethylenediamine solution through solvothermal method using CuCl, ZnCl2, SnCl4•5H2O and Se powers as reaction reagents.The result demonstrated that Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystals slightly polydispersed with most of the size of nanocrystals falling in the range 8-12 nm. Raman spectra of Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystals have a redshifts as the smaller size effect. Photoluminescence spectra of Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystals showed that one wide emission band with peak position around 1.40eV.
Study on Environment-Friendly Epoxy Emulsion Modified by Two Silane Coupling Agents
Authors: Guo Wen Lu , Lu Han Qing , Zhou Hong Chun , Hu Wei
Published: October 2011

The environment-friendly epoxy emulsion was synthesized by MAA, BA, St reacting as grafting monomer, while silane coupling agents played a role as functional monomer. Experimental results were characterized by Nano-particle size analyzer, EIS, UV-VIS spectrophotometer, FTIR and TGA. The results of Nano-particle size analyzer showed the average particle size lower than 300nm and emulsion had lowest water absorption when ω(KH560+KH550) was 7%. The results of EIS and UV-VIS spectrum showed the cured firm had the best corrosion resistance and weather resistance while n(KH560):n(KH550)=2:1. The results of FTIR showed the silane coupling agents had successfully grafted in the skeletal structure of epoxy molecules. The results of TGA showed the thermal stability were better than unmodified.
Kinetic Study of NO Oxidation over Pt/γ-Al2O3 and La0.8 Sr 0.2MnO3
Authors: Zhao Ying Xian , Xiao Lin
Published: October 2011

Catalytic oxidation of NO with O2 over Pt/-Al2O3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 was conducted with a tubular reactor in range of space time 0.090-0.720 second, inlet NO concentration 0.03-0.2 vol%, O2 concentration 2-10 vol% and at 473 K. Under the conditions of 0.720 s space time, 0.05 vol% NO and 5 vol% O2 concentrations, the steady-state conversion of NO oxidation over Pt/-Al2O3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 reached 22.4 and 90.5 %, respectively. A kinetic model consisting of 12 elementary reactions fits the experimental data adequately, indicated that the rate-limiting step of NO oxidation over Pt/-Al2O3 was the reaction between gaseous NO with dissociately adsorbed O, and over La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 was the desorption of product NO2.
New Countryside Construction and Sustainable Rural Settlement Development in China
Authors: Bao Wen
Published: October 2011

New countryside construction in China is a kind of macroeconomic development strategy aiming at sustainable rural settlement development. More attentions should be paid to caring for farmers’ future livelihoods in the process of sustainable rural settlement development. Based on the analyses and the complexity of China’s rural problems, the authors argue that new countryside construction in China will be an arduous task and a long road.
Resistance Mechanism of Microbial Fouling in Circulating Water to Bactericide
Authors: Sun Mo Jie , Shi Hong Dan , Zheng Sheng
Published: October 2011

Microorganisms in circulating water of power plant bring great harm to cooling water system. It not only affects the effect of heat transfer, but also would lead to corrosion of heat exchanger, in seriously would result in shutdown. Now the plant uses the bactericide to treat with the microbial fouling generally, and a variety of fungicides have been developed. However, the long-term usage of fungicide will make the bacteria appear resistance, which greatly limits the application of such measures. This paper overviewed different resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas, sulfate-reducing bacteria, iron bacteria and slime forming bacteria in the microbial fouling to bactericide and put forward some solutions.