bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simulation Study of Factors Influencing Respiratory Variations in Blood Flow with Special Reference to the Effects of the Phase Delay Between the Respiratory and Cardiac Cycles
Authors: Amoore John N. , Santamore William P.
Published: March 2007

Respiratory variations in blood flow are initiated by the changing pressures within the intrathoracic and abdominal cavities, thereby altering the pressure gradients for blood flow into and out of the thoracic cavity. The respiratory venous return variations alter the right ventricular volume which directly affects left ventricular function through ventricular interdependence. Variations in right ventricular output affect, after transmission through the pulmonary circulation, left atrial inflow and hence left ventricular (LV) output. LV output is also directly affected by respiratory variations in the pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the systemic circulation. Any respiration-induced variations in the haemodynamic impedance to blood flow (collapse of the great veins, variations in pulmonary vascular impedance) will also contrib ute to flow variations. The heart rate changes with respiration affecting heart chamber filling and output.

The wide variety of factors contributing to respira tory blood flow variations complicates its analysis. However, by enabling the individual factors to be separately considered, model studies provide a convenient method of analysing the effects of the different factors involved.
Plowshares: An Emergency Management Training Simulation
Authors: Petty Mikel D. , Slepow Mary P. , Horsley Michele
Published: March 2007

The Plowshares project is applying military constructive simulation technology to training for emergency management. The U. S. Army's Janus combat simulation model was enhanced to support emergency management scenarios that include hurricanes, fires, and chemical spills. The enhanced Janus software, known as TERRA, has been used in a county Emergency Operations Center to provide the stimulus for training events structured as command post exercises. The first phase of the project culminated in a demon stration exercise using the TERRA system at the Orange County Florida Emergency Operations Center. In that demonstration Emergency Operations Center and response agency personnel responded to a hurricane and its subsequent tornadoes, fires, and rubble. This paper describes the overall Plowshares project, the hurricane, tornado, and fire models used in TERRA, and the methods for using TERRA to train emergency managers.
KNOBSAR: A Knowledge Based System Prototype for Robot Assisted Urban Search and Rescue
Authors: Blitch Major John G. , Maurer Ruth
Published: March 2007

Few disasters inspire more compassion for victims and families than those involving structural collapse situations. Media audiences also sympathize, however, with heroic rescue personnel who are faced with a tremendously complex, hazardous, and often frustrating task environment. Rescue activities in the aftermath of recent earthquakes and bombings indicate a tremendous need for greater access to denied areas within any crisis site involving collapsed structures. Recent developments in the remote inspection industry show great potential for employment of small robotic micro- rover systems in expanded roles for Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). Similar progress in computer science research indicates an increasing role for simulation oriented modeling and intelligent decision support tools in USAR resource management procedures.

This paper discusses key issues in the application of robotic systems to Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) activities and discusses ongoing development of a knowledge based system for efficient management of automated search assets.
Function Generation in Real-Time Simulation
Authors: Lin Kuo-Chi , Bowen Zhang
Published: March 2007

The calculation of multivariable functions from data tables often constitutes a major portion of the overall computational requirements associated with the simulation of dynamic systems. This paper discusses a new approach that uses off-line computation to prepare modified data tables which then execute more rapidly during the on-line, real-time computation, Two practical examples, a six-degree-of-fteedom missile simulation program and a six-degree-of- freedom aircraft simulation program, are used to demonstrate the new approach, in which the frame times are reduced by 19% and 11%, respectively.
Modeling and Simulation of a Hierarchical, Distributed, Dynamic Inventory Management Scheme
Authors: Chen Ling-Rong , Ghosh Sumit
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a Hierarchical, Distributed, Dynamic, Inventory management (HDDI) scheme. HDDI introduces the concept of emergency replenishment, wherein a retail unit is permitted to request the transfer of items from another retail unit in the neighborhood when, despite an outstanding reorder request from the warehouse, the demand continues to rapidly deplete the inventory level and the latter falls below an emergency threshold value. To be effective, with today's rapid price changes and fast-paced consumer demand, the cost function in HDDI is dynamic, i.e., reevaluated with current system parameters whenever the inventory level falls below the threshold. For fast results, the overall inventory management computation is distrubuted among all of the retail units. HDDI is modeled for a few representative inventory management networks, simulated on 17+ SUN workstations for stochastically generated demand functions and for different sets of values of the key parameters, and the performance results are reported.
Dynamic Simulation Modeling of an Inspection-Based Software Lifecycle Process
Authors: Madachy Raymond , Khoshnevis Behrokh
Published: March 2007

A dynamic simulation model of an inspection-based software lifecycle process has been developed to support quantitative process evaluation. It can be used in project planning and management, and aid in process improvement. The model serves to examine the effects of inspection practices on cost, schedule, and quality throughout the lifecycle. It uses system dynamics to model the interrelated flows of tasks, errors, and personnel throughout different development phases and is calibrated to industrial data. It demonstrates the effects of performing inspections and other managerial policies. The dynamic effects are tracked throughout the time history of a project to show resource usage, task completions and defect trends per phase. Cumulative metrics and development tradeoffs for decision making are also presented. Several types of validation tests are performed against industrial data, existing theory and other prediction models. The results indicate a valid model that can be used for process evaluation and project planning, and serve as a framework for incorporating other dynamic process factors.
Implementing Monitoring and Zooming in a Heterogeneous Distributed Jet Engine Simulation
Authors: Afjeh Abdollah A. , Homer Patrick T. , Lewandowski Henry , Reed John A. , Schlichting Richard D.
Published: March 2007

The NASA Numerical Propulsion System Simulation project explores the use of computer simulation to facilitate the design of new jet engines. Several key issues raised in this research are being examined in an NPSS-related research project: zooming, monitoring and control, and support for heterogeneity. The design and implementation of a distributed simulation executive that addresses each of these issues is described. In this work, the strategy of zooming, which allows codes that model at different levels of fidelity to be integrated within a single simulation, is applied to the fan component of a turbofan propulsion system. A prototype monitoring and control system provides continuous updates on the progress of the simulation and a platform for experimenting with active control techniques. An inter connection system provides a transparent means of connecting the heterogeneous systems that comprise the prototype.
Generating Large Data Sets for Simulation of Electronics Manufacturing
Authors: Ping Zhang  , Pick James B.
Published: March 2007

Very often the data sets needed for large-scale system simulation and testing aren't available. Even when it's possible to collect and use the real-world data, they're not always suitable. In some situations, only a small portion of the data sets is actually needed for system testing. In others, the sets may involve many data variables and extensive data elements in each data variable, creating high complexity and difficulty. This is especially true in manufac turing production planning, where many fac tors must be considered, and the scope of the data sets is often very large. Here we introduce the procedure and methods we developed for generating large data sets in manufacturing using Monte Carlo techniques combined with the Extended Entity Relationship modeling method. We introduce an approach that can deal with complicated relationships and order ing among random variates. We generate the data sets for an IBM electronics manufactur ing facility. We examine use of the sets to test an information visualization system for pro duction planning. We discuss the goals of ran dom sample generation and the verification of the generation of the random variates.
Time Management in The High Level Architecture
Authors: Fujimoto Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Time management is required in simulations to ensure that temporal aspects of the system un der investigation are correctly reproduced by the simulation model. This paper describes the time management services that have been de fined in the High Level Architecture. The need for time management services is discussed, as well as design rationales that lead to the current definition of the HLA time management ser vices. These services are described, highlighting information that must flow between federates and the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) software in order to efficiently implement time manage ment algorithms.
An Interactive Multimedia Training Simulator for Responding to Bomb Threats
Authors: Chung Christopher A. , Huda Abu
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an interactive multimedia simulator for bomb threat training that was de veloped in Authorware 4.0. The objective of this project is to improve the nation's capability to respond to bomb threats. The simulator provides realistic training on receiving and responding to a variety of bomb threats that might not other wise be possible due to time, cost, or operational constraints. The use of the simulator was found to be statistically significantly more effective than both classroom training alone and class room training with a practical exercise. Qualita tive feedback indicates that the simulator makes learning about bomb threats more interesting and effective. The development of this project was funded under a grant from the Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Science and Technology.
Conservative Parallel Simulation of a Large Number of Processes
Authors: Naroska Edwin , Schwiegelshohn Uwe
Published: March 2007

In this paper we evaluate parallel simulation based on conservative parallel discrete-event simulation algorithtms. We focus on optimization techniques for simulation models consisting of a large set of elements or processes. One of the main problems during simulation of these large models is the synchronization of elements located on the same processor. While advanced algo rithms are often very time consuming, simple methods fail to exploit the parallelism within the model. Here we describe methods which exploit the parallelism within a model while adding only moderate overhead to the simulation. Finally, we present some simulation results based on our methods.
Simulation Analysis of Order and Kanban Sequencing Rules in a Kanban-Controlled Flow Shop
Authors: Aytug Haldun
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simulation study of several customer order and kanban sequencing/selection rules in a kanban-controlled flow shop. Kanbans are used to authorize production within a work center and withdrawals from previous work cen ters. In addition to single queue sequencing rules such as first-come, first-served (FCFS) and shortest processing time first (SPT), a set ofmul tiple queue selection rules are defined for produc tion kanbans. Furthermore, assuming that the orders wait in separate queues determined by part type, single queue sequencing rules are ap plied to customer orders within each queue. A simulation model is developed to investigate the effect of kanban-order sequencing rule combina tions on performance measures such as mean order cycle time, lateness, and tardiness. The re sults indicate that the shortest processing time first-smallest order quantity combination (SPT- SOQ) is the best operating policy.
An Embedded System's Design Verification Using Object-Oriented Simulation
Authors: Cunning Steve J. , Schulz Stephan , Rozenblit Jerzy W.
Published: March 2007

The ability for the embedded system designer model and simulate proposed designs prior to implementation is increasingly valuable in today's competitive market place. Simulation- based design is a methodology that uses the vir tual prototype as a means of producing consis tent and reduced design time. This paper presents this approach in the context of an auto motive embedded system application. Struc tural models are used to capture design knowl edge and define the space of possible design alternatives. The Discrete Event Specification (DEVS) formalism is used to develop behavioral models which can be simulated. Results are ob tained through experimental frames which are used to define the scope of simulation. These re sults allow the designers to confirm that the proposed design solution meets the system re quirements and constraints.
An Integrated Simulation Environment for Parallel and Distributed System Prototying
Authors: George Alan D. , Fogarty Ryan B. , Markwell Jeff S. , Miars Michael D.
Published: March 2007

The process of designing parallel and distributed computer systems requires predicting performance in response to given workloads. The scope and inter action of applications, operating systems, communi cation networks, processors, and other hardware and software lead to substantial system complexity. De velopment of virtual prototypes in lieu of physical prototypes can result in tremendous savings, espe cially when created in concert with a powerful model development tool. When high-fidelity models of par allel architectures are coupled with workloads gener ated from real parallel application code in an execu tion-driven simulation, the result is a potent design and analysis tool for parallel hardware and software alike. This paper introduces the concepts, mechanisms, and results of an Integrated Simulation Environment (ISE) that makes possible the rapid virtual prototyping and profiling of legacy and prototype parallel process ing algorithms, architectures, and systems using a networked cluster of workstations. Performance re sults of virtual prototypes in ISE are shown to faith fully represent those of an equivalent hardware con figuration, and the benefits of ISE for predicted per formance comparisons are illustrated by a case study.
Office and service1
Authors: Neundorfer L.
Published: March 2007

L'auteur considère tout d'abord l'Eglise en tant que groupe social; il précise le lien qui unit les membres et circonscrit la fonction du prêtre et le rôle des offices dans la communauté chrétienne.

D'autre part, il considère la société actuelle, très industrialisée, dans laquelle les différents services pren nent de plus en plus d'importance. Face à la société actuelle, l'Eglise n'apparaît-elle pas comme une institution vieillie, dépassée ? Quelle espèce de service peut-elle offrir à l'homme moderne ? L'aide spirituelle apparaît de plus en plus nécessaire; l'Eglise ne se borne pas, dans certains cas déterminés, à donner à ses membres une aide spirituelle à caractère individuel. mais elle offre une assistance continuelle qui guide la vie de chacun dans la communauté.

Contrairement au besoin continuel de changement qui se manifeste dans tous les domaines de la vie profane, le chrétien d'aujourd'hui ne se lasse pas de la répé tition des offices auxquels il participe chaque diman che. Cette continuité lui apparaît comme un signe de stabilité. Il se sent à l'abri dans la communauté. C'est dans cette perspective qu'il faut concevoir le rôle de l'Eglise dans la société moderne.
Catéchèse objective, catéchèse culturelle et catéchèse enseignée
Authors: Lemieux Raymond
Published: March 2007

In the public schools in the diocese of Quebec, catechetical education is integrated into the school programme as a whole and given by titular professors., These manifest a general benevolence in this regard but we may ask ourselves if this is not rather the reflection of a cultural situation where religion occupies a privileged position than the desire for an objective transmission of the catechetical message. A certain number of indications allow this problem to be specified: the teaching of catechism is considered « useful », little liberty is felt in its regard. It has little connection with the christian community, is mostly notional, and the motivations of the beliefs supporting it are largely anthropocentric. From the picture thus given, we may forward the hypothesis that the « taught catechism » in the milieu studied is more forcefully inspired by a cultural standard setting into motion the religious notions of the milieu than by an objective standard seeking a specific transmission of the christian message.
Pour une sociologie des « idéations collectives n
Authors: Desroche Henri
Published: March 2007

The author rejects the form of sociology which reduces the objectives of religion simply to the products of quite other factors. In the first part of his work he deals with the col~ lective formation of ideas and with the theology of the world of the imagination ; he sees here the possibility of a dialogue between, Sociology and Theology. The next stage of his argument — entitled « collective formation of ideas and the sociology of consciousness » — demonstrates that there is such a close and constant relationship between these, two concepts that they should not be separated. A sociology. of collective consciousness is also a sociology of social facts. Normally «Realsoziologie » studies the forces of making for cohesion and « Bewusstseinssoziologie » those making for disintegration.

Finally, in a, passage entitled « collective formation of ideas and the anthropology of dreams », the author makes a strong plea for a sociological approach to Utopian dream worlds, or to the dreams which make up such a world, or for a sociology of the world of the imagination, as suggested by R. Bastide.
Le Catholicisme populaire en Amérique Latine (1)
Authors: Rebeiro de oliveira Pedro A.
Published: March 2007

This article, a by-product of a research project, starts off with a critique of available typologies of Latin American Catholicism, Pin, Buntig, Camargo, Azevedo, Comblin, Rolin and others have made indisputable contributions to the socio logy of Catholicism, but their typologies are still deficient. In emphasizing the multiplicity of forms that Catholicism takes, they play down its unity. It is not the writer's intention to produce a new typology. Any typology is finally tied down to the observer's frame of reference : while it can describe phenomena, it gets us no nearer to their explanation. A different approach to the study is here proposed, one which takes into account both the unity and the polymorphism of Catholic religiosity.

The author achieves this by putting forward the notion of constellation of acts, i.e. that set of acts which establish the same type of relationships between man and the sacred. He analyzes direct and mediated relationships, as well as their effects on the pattern of Catholic practice. This leads to a definition of popular Catholicism that is cast in terms of the individual's relationship with the sacred, thus by passing the Church.
Univers mental et stratégie des évêques
Authors: Mormont Marc , Mougenot Catherine , Ruquoy Danielle
Published: March 2007

This article proposes the analysis of a religious discourse from the sociological point of view, employing the aid of linguistic methods. To this end, the document « Declaration on Abortion by the Bishops of Belgium » was chosen, since it is situated in a precise conjuncture. With this in mind, it constitutes a document from wich it is possible to draw the social, especially political, implications. From the perspective in which we place ourselves, we aim to point out in the text on the one hand the representations which are contained therein and which the authors are striving to make shared, and on the manner in which it is said. We are centering particularly on the proposed images of womanhood and of abortion, and on the rapports between the Bishops and the public opinion and more generally the political field.
War and religion in a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Zahn Gordon C.
Published: March 2007

L'auteur examine la variété des relations qui peuvent exister entre la guerre et la religion. Il considère en particulier le cas du christianisme.

Le christianisme primitif exclut toute possibilité de com portement guerrier pour le croyant. Cependant, avec la con version de Constantin, une nouvelle perspective se développa au sujet de la violence et de la guerre. Elle culmina dans les formulations théologiques de la « juste guerre » qui per mirent au chrétien de « faire son devoir » de citoyen tout en épargnant sa « conscience ». Dès ce moment, la tradition du pacifisme chrétien fut assumée par les seules minorités religieuses « hérétiques » ou « dissidentes ». Ce n'est qu'au XXe siècle, au cours de l'entre-deux guerres que resurgirent les signes précurseurs d'un nouveau pacifisme chrétien. La montée du nazisme et la seconde guerre mondiale interrompit cet élan mais ne parvint pas néanmoins à l'arrêter. Il s'affirma d'autant plus fort après cette pose.

L'auteur prend en considération trois des composantes socio logiques du problème religion-guerre : 1) la question de la référence aux valeurs, 2) la question des relations entre les institutions ecclésiale et étatique, 3) la question du contrôle social et de ses fonctions à l'intérieur des institutions.

Il esquisse, pour clôturer, une réflexion sur l'impact que les sciences humaines pourraient avoir dans ce domaine où s'entrecroisent les intérêts religieux et sociaux.
Religious Beliefs and Practices in Relation to Peace and Justice
Authors: Eckhardt William
Published: March 2007

Sur la base des écrits sacrés des grandes religions, on pourrait s'attendre à voir les comportements religieux associés à des attitudes favorables à la paix, l'égalité, la liberté, l'amour et d'autres valeurs semblables. Cependant, les résultats des études réalisées depuis quarante ans, ne confirment pas cette hypothèse. Au contraire, ces études suggèrent de façon vigoureuse que les adeptes les plus « orhodoxes » de ces religions font preuve de soumission et de conformisme plutôt que de compassion.

Les changements d'attitudes au sein du christianisme à l'égard de la guerre au cours de ce siècle suggèrent que la relation entre religiosité et militarisme est fonction du type de relation qui existe entre les Eglises et l'Etat. Ceci résulterait surtout du fait que les Eglises stimulent avant tout la con formité de leurs membres. Puisque la conformité ecclésiale contribue tout à la fois aux comportements violents et à la violence structurelle, il serait nécessaire que les Eglises favorisent le non conformisme et la non violence si elles veulent contribuer effectivement à l'avènement de la paix et de la justice dans le monde.
Work-Related Consequences of Influence, Respect, and Solidarity in Two Law Enforcement Agencies
Authors: Miller Jon , Fry Lincoln J.
Published: March 2007

The members of two law enforcement agencies (n's = 78 and 159) participated in an organizational survey that linked perceptions of social exchange processes to subjective evaluations of work. It was found that members' evaluations of the distributions of influence, respect, and solidarity, all measured by a modified control graph technique, leave definite traces in measures ofjob satisfaction and work strain. However, predictions about how these relationships would differ with rank and from one organization to the other were not always clearly confirmed. A surprise in the analysis was the evidence of a bias among the rank andfile in favor ofparticipatory decision-making.
Career Continuity and Retirement Plans of Men and Women Physicians
Authors: Quadagno Jill S.
Published: March 2007

Three related assumptions concerning the relationship of u omen to work and retirement shown to be prevalent in the literature were examined among a sample of practicing phy sicians between the ages of 55 and 70. None of them were shown to be valid assumptions for this particular sample. It was demonstrated that older male and female physicians were equally likely to have had irregular work histories. For men these were due to historical circumstances, such as war, whereas the career interruptions of women were related to their basic social identity as wives and mothers. It was also shown that both male andfemale physicians derive their ideas about the meaning of work from the medical culture which defines intrinsic rewards as most satisfying. This, in turn, affects the ability to make realistic plans for retirement, since being active and being dedicated are both values that conflict with assumptions ph ysicians make about retirement. Becker's definition of the concept of commitment was reexamined, and an attempt was made to clarify the relationship between career continuity and commitment.
Preserving Wool Fabric Properties During Dyeing Using Some Maleic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Liao Q. , Brady P.R. , Pailthorpe M.T.
Published: March 2007

The protective effects on wool dyeing of three compounds containing activated double bonds are studied and compared with some commercially available products. Wool fabric is dyed under different conditions with Kiton Fast Blue CR 200 in the presence of N-(trifluorophenyl) maleamic acid, N-(1-naphthyl) maleimide, N-(trifluorophenyl) male imide, Irgasol HTW NEW, and Miralan HTP. The consequences of the treatments are evaluated in terms of tensile strength, permanent set, and hygral expansion of the fabric samples. Optimal values of temperature, pH, and concentration of protective agent are determined for minimal changes in fabric physical properties during dyeing. The results show that two different chemical mechanisms can be used to explain changes to the physical properties that occur during the wool dyeing process.
Relationship Between Measurements of Air Permeability by Two Machines
Authors: Landsberg M.I. , Winston Gerald
Published: March 2007

In this paper is described the derivation of the empirical relationship between two commonly used instruments for determining air permeability—namely, the Frazier and Gurley machines. In addition, the limitations of each of the devices are discussed as well as the number of specimens necessary for testing. The correlation has also been determined by consideration of physical constants and pressure differentials, using the empirical data obtained on the Frazier and Gurley instruments operating at a pressure of 0.5 and 1.26 inches of water, respectively. The equations derived were log YF = log 533.0 — 1.02 log X G, based upon the empirical data alone, and log YF = log 507.5 — log XG when the physical constants of the machines were considered.
The Median as a Typical Value for Walker Yarn Abrader Data
Authors: Tanenhaus Seaman J.
Published: March 2007

The data obtained on the Walker yarn abrader in the determination of abrasion-resistance of yarns form frequency distributions which are decidedly positively skewed. The mean of such distributions, being affected by the extremes, tends to be atypical. The modal class is too broad for pre cise differentiation and the first breaks are too variable to be of use. The median, which is independent of the ex treme values, is more representative. Furthermore, by com puting the average median of several sets of yarns rather than determining the lot median, a saving of time of approxi mately 50 percent is effected.
Blending Cottons Differing Widely in Maturity
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Louis Gain L. , Sands Jack E.
Published: March 2007

This investigation compares properties of a Type 128 sheeting woven with yarns spun from a blend of fihers differing widely in fiber fineness with comparable properties of a similar sheeting woven with yarns spun from a control cotton of the same average fineness. The data demonstrate that blending fine with coarse fibers in proportions of 60% to 40% does not detrimentally affect the important physical properties of grey, bleached, and bleached and dyed fabrics. Commercial acceptability evaluations showed that, in general, marketable bleached materials can be manufactured from a blend of extremely fine and coarse fibers. The dyed fabrics were not generally commercially acceptable due to nep imperfections. These findings, which showed that cotton fibers differing extremely in fineness can be utilized successfully when blended properly, revealed that the generally accepted opinion of unsatisfactory processing performance of blends containing fibers of widely different finenesses may be due to the inadequacy of present blending systems and methods rather than the properties of the fibers.
Lightfastness and Surface Activity of Dyes : The Effect of Alkylation and of Sulfonation
Authors: Giles C.H. , Baxter G. , Black W.A. , Macaulay N. , Rahman S.M.K.
Published: March 2007

The systematic changes in lightfastness produced by alteration of surface activity in dyes are described.

Several series of dyes of the sulfonated anthraquinone, sulfonated and unsulfonated azo, azomethin, and merocyanine classes have been irradiated in transparent films and their fading rates and characteristic fading (CF) curves determmed.

A marked increase in surface activity of an ionic dye tends to decrease lighfastness in normal substrates. A smaller increase in surface-activity, e.g., by introduction of a short alkyl chain, usually increases lightfastness. The orientation and number of sulfonate groups affects lightfastness. A more even distribution of such groups or increase in their number in the dye molecule improves the fastness ; this rule appear, to apply to most acid wool dyes. The effect of normal aggregation of the dyes in the substrate upon their lightfastness is apparently in most cases sufficient to mask differences in their chemical reactivity, The lower the solubility of a dye in a film before setting. the higher is its lightfastness ; the higher the solubility, the lower the hghtfastness. When dyes are entirely molecularly dispersed, e.g., those in a homologous merocyanine series used here, in collodion, even quite marked changes in length of un attached alkyl chain have almost no effect on fastness.
Thermodynamic Properties of Dilute Solutions of Cellulose Derivatives
Authors: Moore W.R.
Published: March 2007

Values of the free energies, heats, and entropies of dilution are given for dilute solutions of cellulose acetates, cellulose nitrate, and ethyl cellulose in representative solvents. In a number of cases heats of dilution are positive and possibly related to the solubility parameter of the solvent. Entropies of dilution are less than those for comparable sys tems containing less polar, more flexible polymers. Values of the interaction parameter χ1 and the heat and entropy contributions, χh and χs, are calculated using the densities of the dry polymers. Some of the values of Xx appear to be unrealistic. Assumptions are made regarding solvation and the densities and volume fractions of the solvated polymers are estimated and used to obtain values of χ1,χh. and χvfor interaction between solvated polymer and solvent. Values of χsappear to be in better agreement with simpler lattice theories.
Structural Changes Brought About in the Jute Fiber by Micro-Organisms and their Enzymes
Authors: Basu S.N. , Ghose Rekha
Published: March 2007

In a study of the structural changes brought about in the jute fiber by fungal attack, generally a correlation was found between such change, on the one hand, and growth inside the lumen and fiber damage, on the other. Cracks across the fiber cells were a common feature, and complete breaks were sometimes found. External surface damage was never seen except in a few mill-damaged samples, although ultimate cells pre separated before attack showed such damage. Internal damage along the lumen was noted in samples which showed lumen growth, and sometimes even with species not growing within the fiber. Soil bacteria caused cracks across the cell, as well as internal and external corrosion. Damage caused by fungal culture filtrates was often different from and less intense than that in in vivo attack, although with preseparated Jute ulti mates complete dissolution was sometimes seen.
Physical Properties of Wool Fibers at Various Regains
Authors: Haly A.R. , Snaith J.W.
Published: March 2007

Length recovery vs time curves were obtained after release of wool fibers that had been held at 20% extension for various times, at various relative humidities, and at temperatures in the range 20° to 50° C. The forces in the fibers at all times prior to release were also measured. All changes in treatment prior to release led to changes in recovery, but many of the effects were small. Relative humidity remains the most important parameter. The activation energy of recovery was found to be approximately 650 cal mole.
Some Applications of Statistical Extreme Value Theory to Yarn Breakage
Authors: Slinger R.I.
Published: March 2007

Two of the statistical distributions used in evaluating the rupture of materials are ap plied to the breakage of a worsted yarn. The one, the Weibull distribution or third asymptotic distribution, is found to fit the observations better. From this it can be concluded that a power law holds between the average breaking strength and the length of yarn tested. The assumption of independence, on which the above distributions are based, is also tested.
Setting Cotton Fabric without Covalent Cross-Links
Authors: Marianne Karrholm E. , Asnes Harald
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the general concept of fabric setting is presented. Kesults of investi gations involving breaking and rebuilding of secondary valence forces in cotton with different alkali hydroxides and inorganic salts in water or organic solvent solutions are reported. The effect of wet setting treatments without covalent cross-linking on such mechanical properties of fabrics as stiffness and strength. wash-and-wear rating, and dimensional stabilization has been determined. Results from an industrial experiment with zinc chloride setting are also given.
Studies of the Surface Geometry of Fibers
Authors: Scheier Stanley C. , Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

An electromagnetic transducer, for scanning the surfaces of textile fibers and the associated electronic circuitry for measuring and recording geometric features of the surfaces are described. The steps taken to isolate the highly sensitive system from noise and other extraneous influences are briefly outlined. By means of a counter and an integrating circuit, two parameters characterizing the surface of a given length of fiber can be obtained: the number of asperities and the total height of the asperities in the selected length of fiber.

Observations made on a sample of camel hair show, in terms of asperity count and total height, that the fiber surface has a quite uniform scale structure and a marked differential directional character. Two samples of Dacron,3 one contaming 2.0% and the other a negligible 0.1% TiO2 delusterant, were also examined. The former sample was found to have, on the average, from 3 to 7 times as many asperities on the fiber surface as the other had. The average asperity heights appeared to be less severly affected by the differences in the amounts of incorporated TiO2. The reproducibility of this method, as disclosed by the results on these two samples, is discussed.
Work Done in Pulling Fibers from the Cotton Seed under Impact Conditions in Relation to Fiber Properties and Ginning Behavior
Authors: Prakash Jai , Iyengar R.L.N.
Published: March 2007

The strength of attachment of the fiber to the seed has been pointed out to be an important parameter that may considerably affect the ginning behavior of a cotton variety. In order to simulate ginning conditions more appropriately, this property was determined by pulling out fibers from different regions of the seed with an impact tester. Fifteen Indian grown cottons belonging to different species were tested by examining fifty seeds from each species ; the percentage of seeds throwing out seed coat fragments was also counted. The relationships found to exist between mean work of pulling per fiber, on the one hand, and the energy consumed in ginning these varieties in a double- roller gin, the percentage of seeds throwing out seed coat fragments, and other fiber characters, on the other hand, are presented in this paper.
The High-Temperature Reaction between Formaldehyde and Cellulose
Authors: Klein Elias , Bingham B.E.M.
Published: March 2007

The examination of the kineties of the high-temperature reaction between formalde hyde and cellulose has shown that formaldehyde is consumed by two competitive proc esses. The main reaction between formaldehyde and the cellulose is a pseudo-first- order reaction with respect to formaldehyde concentration and a more complicated function of the catalyst concentration. Formaldehyde is also lost, concurrently, to the gas phase at a rate that is dependent on such experimental variables as surface area, air velocity, etc. By relating the behavior of typical catalysts for the reaction to their chemical properties, it has been shown that these have'a common property, identified as "Lewis acidity." This aprotic acidiy can be distinguished from "Bronsted acidity" by a dye adsorption test.
Spatial Factors in Reversible Cross-Linking of Cotton
Authors: Mack Charles H. , McGregor Howard H. , Hobart Stanley R.
Published: March 2007

A report is presented on the role of spatial environment of reaction sites in reversible cross-linking of cotton. The differences between systems in which cross links are in troduced by reaction with difunctional compounds and those in which cross links are formed by reacting substituent groups placed randomly on cellulose chains are discussed. The systems studied were mono- and difunctional dyes on cotton cellulose and acethy drazide disulfide on dialdehyde cotton. Using cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (cuene) insolubility as the criteria for cross-linking, it was'found that the paired placed reaction sites cross-linked more readily than did those placed in a random fashion on the cellulose chain.
Differential Distribution of Cross-Linking Agents in Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Shippee F.B. , Gagliardi D.D.
Published: March 2007

A new mechanism is proposed to impart improved wear life in 100% cotton fabrics by treating with cross-linking agents so as to effect a differential distribution of the cross- linking agent in the fabric, yarn. and fiber. The theoretical basis for this is considered and practical methods to achieve the differential distribution effect are reported. Results obtained from the laboratory application study cover both spread coatings with a knife-coater and spraying techniques. In addition to the mechanical methods of distribution cotitrol, several chemical approaches, such as resist methods and poisoning and also the achievement of effectiveness by heat migration with conventional saturation methods, are reported. Microscope studies. coupled with dye identification techniques, have established the existence of this new resin distribution system in several fabric structures and confirm that the desired differential effects have been obtained.

Physical property measurements show that crease resistance, crease retention, and wash/wear appearance comparable to conventional saturation methods with deferred cure cross-linking systems are obtained. Wear life, as measured by laboratory test methods, has been found to be markedly improved.
The Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Grosberg P. , Swani N.M.
Published: March 2007

Frictional forces play an important role in the flexural' behavior of a fabric by increasing its resistance to bending and impeding its recovery from deformations. It has been shown that the effect of frictional restraint is to introduce considerable deviations from the behavior of an elastic lamina. From an analysis of these deviations, a fairly accurate estimate of elastic bending rigidity and frictional restraint can be obtained separately, which gives reasonable explanation of the recovery characteristics of a fabric. The values of elastic bending rigidity and frictional. restraint, as given by two different methods of measuring stiffness are in good agreement which shows that, for a genuine comparisrm of results from different bending tests, the effect of frictional restraint cannot be ignored.

The new parameter of frictional restraint can be readily measured and a knowledge of its value appears to be of considerable practical importance. It is a measure of the extent to which stresses in a fabric have relaxed and. therefore, indicates the degree of set imparted to a fabric as a result of a particular finishing treatment.
The Estimation of the Covalent Chlorotriazinyl Dye-Wool Interaction
Authors: Asquith Raymond B. , Kwok Wang-Fun , Orterburn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the various stripping methods used to assess fixation ratios of chlorotriaziny dyes. In th cases studied, acid pyridine was the most efficient and gave most satisfactory results in relation to theoretical studies of dye fixation.
X-Ray Diffraction, Thermal, and Physical Studies of Complexes of Cellulose with Secondary Diamines
Authors: Creely J.J. , Wade R.H. , French A.D.
Published: March 2007

The symmetrical dimethylethy lenediamine-cellulose complex was found to exist in a wet or "extended" form and a dry or "contracted" form. Each form is unstable if exposed to air. A relatively stable complex is formed between dimethy 1,3-propanediamine and cellulose. An x-ray study of the dimethyl 1,3-propanediamine-cellulose complex required doubling of the elementary monoclinic unit cell to account for all of the interferences observed. There is apparently a ratio of one diamine molecule to two anhydrogtucose units in these complexes. Three other diamines containing secondary amino groups did not form complexes with cellulose under the same conditions. Thermal analyses indicated that the complexes decompose in the range of the boiling points of the diamines with a small amount of diamine retained in the cellulose. Accelerated pyrolysis of the cellulosic portion of the complex is attributed to an absence of interchain hydrogen bonding
On the Finite Extension of a Viscoelastic Two-Ply Filament Yarn
Authors: Huang N.C.
Published: March 2007

The finite creep deformation of a two-ply filament yarn subjected to axial forces and twisting moments at both ends has been investigated. Each filament in the yarn is treated as a linearly viscoelastic slender curved rod. Analysis is based on the theory of finite deformation of slender curved rods. The extensional relaxation modulus of the filament is derived from a model of a three-element solid. Poisson's ratio is regarded as constant., Geometrical nonlinearity is introduced by reductions in the helical angle and cross section of the filament. Two problems have been considered— namely, the extension of a yarn with fixed ends, and the extension of a yarn with free ends. Effects of initial helical angle and of the superposition of a twisting moment on the axial extension of the yarn have also been included in the study.
Observations of Deformation and Failure Processes in Fiber-Loop Tests
Authors: Smith Steven C. , Lau Edmund K. , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2007

When tensile forces are applied to textile structures consisting of twisted, interwoven, interlooped, or entangled fibers, local deformations will often consist of a combination of tensile, bending, lateral compression and surface shearing, and unbending modes.

The static-loop test combines the first three of these deformation modes, the sliding or dynamic-loop test adds the last two modes and readily lends itself to fatigue testing. The current paper reports on observations of filament deformation and fracture incurred during both static and dynamic-loop tests in contrast to what occurs during straight tensile tests. The damage processes observed include: opening of tensile cracks at surface flaws, catastrophic tensile failure, fiber flattening, coupled shear bands due to axial compression, surface shingling due to extreme shearing, gross filament dis tortion due to ploughing, crack branching accompanied by longitudinal splitting, surface wear, abrasion, and cutting. As expected, fibers with different tensile properties exhibit different combinations of deformation and fracture modes; like wise, different modes are manifested in the same fiber when testing is conducted at room condition and in liquid nitrogen.
Chemical Composition of Cotton-Processing Dusts
Authors: Brown David F. , Wall James H. , Berni Ralph J. , Tripp Verne W.
Published: March 2007

Inorganic and proximate compositions were determined for total and fine (under 20 μm diameter) dusts from cotton gins, textile mills; oil mills, and cotton compresses. The ash content of fine dusts was higher than that in total dust samples but decreased with the stage of processing in textile mills and gins. Inorganic composition often differed exten sively and appeared to depend on the soil composition and growing location. Large differences in water solubility and protein content also were observed. The difference between total and fine cardroom dusts was primarily in fiber content. Numerically and gravimetrically, the vast majority of mineral particles and plant fragments in carding dust appeared to be under 20 μm diameter. Little difference was found in the relative ratios of inorganic elements and nonfiber plant fragments in total and fine gin dust samples. Differences in dust composition Were often greater from one gin, mill, or compress to another than those among samples obtained at different stages of processing within the same plant,
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Detergency
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2007

It is shown that the kinetic order n and the average soil-removal rate coefficient k of particulate soil detergency can be determined by measuring soil removal during a constant time interval Δ t as a function of soil content of the fabric. With iron oxide as the model soil on cotton poplin and polyester fabrics, the kinetic order was found to be 1.1. The rate coefficient k decreases with increasing washing time, causing a deviation from first-order kinetics.
Acylation of Cotton Fabric with Isopropenyl Stearatel
Authors: Silbert Leonard S. , Serota Samuel , Maerker Gerhard , Palm William E. , Phillips J.G.
Published: March 2007

Cellulose fabric is rapidly made water-repellent by direct acylation with isopropenyl stearate, which is representative of isopropenyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The esterification produced a material with minor change in tensile strength. Acylation by isopropenyl stearate (IPS) was accomplished by transfer of reagent to cloth followed by heat- curing in an acid-catalyzed reaction. The low levels of catalyst (0.05% by weight of IPS), short curing periods (7-60 s), and low heating temperatures (~180°C) provided conditions for chemical incorporation of a fatty acid at low levels of substitution (DS < 0.001).