bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception and Cognition
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

How do we see? This question has fascinated and perplexed philosophers and scientists for millennia. In visual perception, mind and world meet, when light reflected from objects enters the eyes and stimulates the nerves leading to activity in the brain near the back of the head. This neural activity yields conscious experiences of a world in three dimensions, clothed in colors, and immediately recognized as (say) ground, sky, grass, trees, and friends. The visual brain also produces nonconscious representations that interact with other brain systems for perception and cognition and that help to regulate our visually guided actions. But how does all of this really work? The answers concern the physiology, psychology, and philosophy of visual perception and cognition. Gary Hatfield’s essays address fundamental questions concerning, in Part I, the psychological processes underlying spatial perception and perception of objects; in Part II, psychological theories and metaphysical controversies about color perception and qualia; and, in Part III, the history and philosophy of theories of vision, including methodological controversies surrounding introspection and involving the relations between psychology and the fields of neuroscience and cognitive science. An introductory chapter provides a unified overview; an extensive reference list rounds out the volume.
The Sensory Core And The Medieval Foundations Of Early Modern Perceptual Theory
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the majority of theories of visual perception were built upon the view that during the process of vision there occur two conscious states with quite different phenomenal properties. The first state is a mental representation of the two-dimensional retinal image. The second is our experience of the “visual world” of objects distributed in depth. According to the then commonly accepted theory, the mental correlate of the retinal image is the truly immediate component of perception, and it provides the raw material from which the mind generates the three-dimensional visual world. Yet this retinal correlate — the “sensory core” of the perceptual process — typically goes unnoticed, and the percipient takes his experience of the three-dimensional visual world to be direct and unmediated.
Attention in Early Scientific Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Attention is a salient feature of human mentality, at least in its conscious manifestations. Yet attention became a central topic in psychology only recently by comparison with such areas as sensory perception, imagination, or memory. Descriptions of the chief characteristics of attention were built up from classical antiquity to the seventeenth century. But attention first became a chapter heading in standard psychology textbooks during the 1730s.
What Can the Mind Tell Us about the Brain? Psychology, Neurophysiology, And Constraint
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Philosophers have long speculated about the strong constraints that brain science will or should provide for any future possible psychological theories. Hempel (1935/1949) advocated replacing psychological language with physical language, which would be used to describe both behavior and brain states. Quine (1974) maintained that mentalistic talk could be tolerated in psychology only provisionally, as a means toward a full physiological or physical explanation of behavior. P. S. Churchland (1986) foresaw the replacement of “folk psychology” with neuroscientific descriptions. On the other side, Fodor (1974) has long plumped for the autonomy of psychology from neuroscience, by analogy with the (alleged) hardware-independence of computer programs.
Psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. It is characterised by swelling and inflammation in and around the joints as well as inflammation of the skin. While there is currently no cure for psoriatic arthritis, several new treatments are emerging that offer new hope to patients. In this guide for patients, the authors draw on their experience from one of the largest clinics in the world that is dedicated to understanding and managing patients with psoriatic arthritis, and highlight what is know about the causes and clinical features, along with the emotional impact that this condition has on peoples lives and how to manage it.
Prolegomenon to Future Revenge
Authors: Beall JC
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to lay out some background to the target phenomenon: the Liar and its revenge. The phenomenon is too big, and the literature (much) too vast, to give anything like a historical summary, or even an uncontroversial sketch of the geography. Accordingly, my aim is simply to lay out a few background ideas, in addition to briefly summarizing the contributed essays. I also try to avoid overlap with the individual chapters’ rehearsals of revenge (including standard references to historical theses, like ‘semantic self-sufficiency’), as the chapters do a nice job covering such material. Finally, because some of the ideas are presupposed by many of the chapters in this volume, a gentle sketch of Kripke’s ‘fixed point’ approach to truth is given in an appendix.
Solving the Paradoxes, Escaping Revenge
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: November 2023

It is ‘the received wisdom’ that any intuitively natural and consistent resolution of a class of semantic paradoxes immediately leads to other paradoxes just as bad as the first. This is often called the ‘revenge problem’. Some proponents of the received wisdom draw the conclusion that there is no hope of any natural treatment that puts all the paradoxes to rest: we must either live with the existence of paradoxes that we are unable to treat, or adopt artificial and ad hoc means to avoid them. Others (‘dialetheists’ ) argue that we can put the paradoxes to rest, but only by licensing the acceptance of some contradictions (presumably in a paraconsistent logic that prevents the contradictions from spreading every-where).
Basic Justification and the Moorean Response to the Skeptic
Authors: Silins Nicholas
Published: November 2023

My focus will be on two questions about Moore’s justification to believe the premises and the conclusion of the argument above. At stake is what makes it possible for our experiences to justify our beliefs, and what makes it possible for us to be justified in disbelieving skeptical hypotheses about our experiences.
Wisdom In Heraclitus
Authors: Long Alex
Published: November 2023

Heraclitus frequently draws attention to a hidden connection between opposites, and his examples are richly varied. In some fragments the connection lies in mutual succession (B 57, 88); else-where it is to be found in a single thing which is characterized by opposite properties or gives rise to opposite results (B 59, 60, 61, 67).1 These fragments have long been read as not merely terse observations but instances of a general principle: the unity of (or in) opposites. The mere variety of Heraclitus’ examples suggests that he thought the phenomenon ubiquitous, and on occasion he apparently generalizes about a divergent ‘connection’ (B 51) and claims that all things are unified (B 10, 50). And so he has been credited with the thesis that every unity embodies an opposition and that every pair of opposites is connected.
Anaxagoras On Perception, Pleasure, And Pain
Authors: Warren James
Published: November 2023

Although he is known primarily for his thesis of universal mixture and his use of Nous as some kind of cosmogonic principle, Anaxagoras also overed more detailed accounts of various topics in natural philosophy. Like many other early natural philosophers, he gave an account of humans’ interaction with the world via the powers of perception.
Substantial Universals In Aristotle’ S Categories
Authors: Perin Casey
Published: November 2023

Aristotle in the Categories, but not elsewhere, presents the distinction between individual substances such as Socrates or Bu-cephalus and their species and genera as the distinction between primary (πρwται)andsecondary(εVτεραι) substances (2A11–19).1 The distinction between primary and secondary substances, in turn, is a distinction between substances that are particulars and substances that are universals.
Aristotle’ S Poetics Without Katharsis, Fear, Or Pity
Authors: Veloso Claudio William
Published: November 2023

There is no room for katharsis in the definition of tragedy as it occurs in chapter 6 of Aristotle’s Poetics. The passage is corrupt. At least three scholars—Petrus#evski, Freire, and Scott—have shown that intervention in the text is justifled and necessary, and I have already argued this case elsewhere.1 I take it for granted here that κaθαρςις in line 1449B28 cannot remain. Instead, I ask (1) whether it is a matter of simple elimination or whether some other word should replace it; (2) what portion of the text should be considered corrupt; and, most important, (3) why.
Aspasius On Nicomachean Ethics 7 : An Ancient Example Of ‘ Higher Criticism’?
Authors: Natali Carlo
Published: November 2023

Presumably it is even necessary, given that there are unimpeded activities of each state, and happiness is the activity of all of them or of one of them, that this activity, provided that it is unimpeded, is most desirable; but this is pleasure. (1153B9–12)
Galen’ S Teleology And Functional Explanation
Authors: Schiefsky Mark
Published: November 2023

The importance of functional analysis in contemporary biology and social science is widely recognized. By functional analysis I mean an approach in which the parts of a complex system are studied in order to determine their contribution to the continued existence or operation of the system as a whole. Thus we may say that the function of the heart in an organism is to circulate the blood, and in doing so we identify the contribution of the heart to the organism’s continued existence. When we cite the function of an organ such as the heart to explain its presence or its distinctive structure we are giving a functional explanation, and such an explanation will involve teleological language.
Truth Conditions: The Event Theory
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall propose a new semantic theory of conditionals, concentrating on the expressions ‘if ‘, ‘unless ‘, ‘only if ‘, and ‘even if ‘, and guided by the syntactic and semantic evidence assembled in Chapter I. I intend a ‘semantic theory of ‘ these expressions in the sense of a systematic assignment of truth conditions to sentences containing them. Such an assignment is to do at least three things:

account for such sentences ‘ felt implications and other intuitive semantical properties, (l1) explain some of the ways in which their truth values depend upon context, and (c) accord with noteworthy aspects of their surface-syntactic behavior as sketched in Chapter l.
An Unbeautiful but Less Easily Refutable Theory of‘ Even If‘
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

A first counterexample is discussed at some length by Bennett: the use of‘ even‘ as an intensifier of comparatives, as in (1) Bill is even taller than John. (1) of course has several readings on which it fits our analysis and Bennett‘ s alike (those in which it means that even John is shorter than Bill, that among Bill‘ s accomplishments is even managing to be taller than John, etc.). But (I) can and would often mean that although John is tall, Bill is taller. Bennett argues convincingly that this ambiguity is not a focus ambiguity like the others-notice that on the comparative-intensifying reading,‘ even‘ cannot be made a tag, as in
Introduction
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: November 2023

[Despite] Cavell’s philosophical and literary gifts [The Claim of Reason] as it stands is a misshapen, undisciplined amalgam of illsorted parts . . . [It] is a worthwhile book, but it could have been much better had it been pruned of dead-wood and over-exuberant foliage.
LF and Natural Logic
Authors: Ludlow Peter
Published: November 2023

During the twentieth century, the focus of work in logic was principally on the developmentoflogicalcalculithatbearlittleapparentrelationtothestructureof natural language. That is, the syntactic forms postulated for purposes of logical reasoning (for example, the logical forms of the propositional and predicate calculi) do not obviously resemble the forms postulated within current grammatical theory. This apparent mismatch between logical form and grammatical form is ordinarily taken as an unsurprising consequence of the fact that, since Frege and Russell, one of the central goals of logic has been to help clarify (if not establish) the foundations of mathematics. Mathematics aside, however, it has also been held that natural language is a rather poor medium in which to couch logical reasoning, since natural language is ambiguous, vague, etc.
Logical Form and the Relational Conception of Belief
Authors: Matthews Robert J
Published: November 2023

Many, if not most, philosophers embrace a relational conception of the attitudes. On that conception, propositional attitude ascriptions of the form x believes (desires, etc.} that S assert that the referent of x stands in a particular relation, namely, the relation of belief (desire, etc.), to an entity that is the referent of the that-clause that S, and that entity is the object of the attitude, i.e., what the possessor believes (desires, etc.).
Protagorean Relativisms
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

In the first part of the Theaetetus (151 e–186 e), Plato considers three theses: Theaetetus’ claim that knowledge is perception (T) (151 e 1–3); Protagoras’ measure doctrine (P), according to which ‘man is the measure of all things, of those that are that they are, and of those that are not that they are not’ (Tht. 152 a 2–4);1 and Heracleitus’ claim (H) that ‘all things change, like streams’ (160 d 7–8).2 These theses are not considered in isolation; on the contrary, Plato takes them to be intimately connected. There is considerable dispute, however, both about the precise content of each of the theses and about how they are connected (both in fact and in Plato’s view). These two disputes are related. For we can know how the three theses are connected only if we know what each of them says.
Separation
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

At Metaphysics M 4, 1078b30–1, and M 9, 1086b32–b5, Aristotle says that Plato, but not Socrates, separated (echōrise, 1086b4) forms2 or universals; at 1086b6–7 he says that separation is responsible for the difficulties in Plato’s theory of forms. What exactly is separation? Did Plato, but not Socrates, separate forms? And if so, is this for the reasons Aristotle suggests? Is Aristotle right to find separation so objectionable?
Psychic Pregnancy and Platonic Epistemology
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C C
Published: November 2023

It requires much care and knowledge to carry and nurture a child in the womb and to bring it to birth. A pig and a dog were arguing about successful delivery, when the dog said that she alone among the four-footed creatures delivers quickly. The pig answered, ‘But know when you say this that you give birth to blind offspring.’ The story shows that matters are judged not in terms of their spe<‘d, but in terms of their perfection.
The Functions of the Concept of Physis in Aristotle’S Metaphysics
Authors: Buchheim Thomas
Published: November 2023

There are obvious, and prima facie convincing, objections to the claim that the concept of ,j,Vai, plays a central rok in Aristotle’s Metaphysics; and they are surely the reason that no study of this concept in the Metaphysic,exists: first, ,f,Ua,, is a cause of movement, whereas the Metaphysics asks about the ‘unmoved’ aspect of reality. Second, everything which exists in the context of and due to ,j,Uoi, is material, while the central analyses of the metaphysics are devoted to the form of things, which is without matter, and is, according to Aristotle, their ‘primary substance’.
The Context Principle
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

It was once a common part of mathematical practice to introduce terms for new entities by means of contextual definition. Thus negative numbers might have been introduced by means of the equation, -m + m O; and the point at infinity might have been introduced by the condition that r < ∝ for any real number r. Such definitions seem to hold out the hope that one might be justified in taking there to be certain entities simply upon the basis of a stipulation.
Is ‘Natural Kind’ a Natural Kind Term?
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

The traditional home for the concept of a natural kind in biology is of course taxonomy, the sorting of organisms into a nested hierarchy of kinds. Many taxonomists and most philosophers of biology now deny that it is possible to sort organisms into natural kinds. Many do not think that biological taxonomy sorts them into kinds at all, but rather identifies them as parts of historical individuals. But at any rate if the species, genera, and so on of biological taxonomy are kinds at all, there are various respects in which they fall short of the traditional requirements of naturalness. The members of biological taxa lack essential properties that make them members of a particular kind: any properties specific enough to belong only to members of the kind cannot be assumed to belong to all members of the kind. And if there are laws applying to members of biological taxa, they are laws of very minor and local importance and, in view of the preceding point, at best probabilistic.
The Ends of the Sciences
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

The agenda for twentieth-century philosophy of science was set in the 1920s in Vienna and Berlin, as a group of thinkers who were to transform the character of English-language philosophy responded to the contrast they perceived between the grand achievements of physical inquiry and the inconclusive meanderings of many discussions in philosophy and in the human sciences. Their original ambition was to fashion a scalpel that could be used in intellectual surgery, to slice away statements that transcended the bounds of meaningful discourse or that could not be accepted with intellectual integrity.
Money and the Soul
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: November 2023

When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles that have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession—as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life—will be recognized for what it is ... one of those ... semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease.
On Aims and Methods of Cognitive Ethology (with Marc Bekoff)
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

In 1963 Niko Tinbergen published a paper, “On Aims and Methods of Ethology”, dedicated to his friend Konrad Lorenz. This essay is a landmark in the development of ethology. Here Tinbergen defines ethology as “the biological study of behavior” and seeks to demonstrate the “close affinity between Ethology and the rest of Biology” (p. 411). Building on Huxley (1942), Tinbergen identifies four major problems of ethology: causation, survival value, evolution, and ontogeny. Concern with these problems, under different names (mechanism, adaptation, phylogeny, and development), has dominated the study of animal behaviour during the last half century.
On the Ethics of the Use of Animals in Science (with Tom Regan)
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

As you read this, animals are being killed, burned, radiated, blinded, immobilized, and shocked. They are being locked and strapped into the Noble Collip drum, tossed about at the rate of 40 revolutions per minute and thrust against the iron projections that line the drum. This procedure crushes bones, destroys tissues, smashes teeth, and ruptures internal organs. Right now, somewhere, animals are in isolation, deprived of all social contact, while others are in alien environments, manipulated into cannibalizing members of their own species. It is not just a few animals at issue. In the year 1978 alone, about 200 million animals were used for scientific purposes, about 64 million of these in the United States. This number includes 400,000 dogs, 200,000 cats, and 30,000 apes and monkeys. From anyone’s point of view, these are disagreeable facts, but some will say they are the concern of scientists only. We who are not scientists cannot get off the hook so easily, however.
Experimenting on Animals: A Reconsideration
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

We live in a world that is morally horrific by almost anyone’s standards. In the Third World millions of people suffer from malnutrition, and due to inefficiency, stupidity, or venality many of them will literally starve to death. Even those of us fortunate enough to live in affluent countries are threatened daily with annihilation. Through madness or miscalculation, Reagan or Gorbachev could turn the entire planet into a fiery oven. The survivors would have nothing to look forward to but slow death in a nuclear winter.
Ethics and the Study of Animal Cognition (with Marc Bekoff)
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

In the heyday of logical empiricism (c.1930-60 ), science was seen as the purest of human activities. There was a single thing that was “the scientific method”; observations were distinct from and unaffected by theoretical commitments; theories were “sets of sentences” that made no essential reference to knowers; explanation and prediction were regarded as formal relations between sentences that in principle could be made mechanical; and all of this theorizing, explaining, and predicting was thought to be uncontaminated by values.
Afterward: Child of the Sixties
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

It is presumptuous for a philosopher to write an autobiography. What a philosopher has to offer is coherent claims and cogent arguments, and these have little to do with personal circumstances. For claims and arguments, except perhaps those involving words such as ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘here’, and ‘now’, are neutral with respect to person, place, and time. Sometimes that is what I believe. But despite this, I often find myself turning first to the “notes on contributors” sections of books and journals. However, when I do this a certain ambivalence sometimes bubbles to the surface. On the one hand I often feel frustrated when I can find nothing about Jane Doe’s background, education, and professional position.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip , Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

‘In Defence of Folk Psychology’ (Jackson and Pettit) makes a case in support of the claim that our ordinary way of thinking about human beings, crediting them with beliefs and desires, is fundamentally sound. Folk psychology will prove defensible so long as we can provide convincing support for two claims: first, that it is sufficient for people to have folk-psychological beliefs and desires that they are sometimes in states that satisfy certain conditions; and second, that people are sometimes in states that do satisfy those conditions. We argue that the functional conception of intentional states like belief and desire gives us a persuasive version of the first claim00ADit gives us an attractive account of what it takes for there to be beliefs and desires00ADand that it provides reason for thinking both that the second claim is compelling and that it would be likely to prove compelling even if we were in possession of a completed neuroscience.
Some Content is Narrow
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

One way to defend narrow content is to produce a sentence of the form ‘S believes that P’, and show that this sentence is true of S if and only if it is true of any duplicate from the skin in, any doppelganger, of S. Notoriously, this is hard to do. Twin Earth examples are pervasive.’ Another way to defend narrow content is to show that only a narrow notion can play the causal explanatory role we require of content in a properly scientific psychology or cognitive science. Notoriously, this is hard to do. The considerations00ADmethodological solipsism, the principle of autonomy, or whatever00ADinvoked to show that a broad notion of content cannot play the required causal explanatory role are open to serious objection.2 More-over, this approach is not an argument for the existence of narrow content as such. It is an argument that content had better be narrow.
Ethical Particularism and Patterns
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip , Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

Information couched in descriptive terms plays a major role in determining our moral judgements. Perhaps we learn that an action involves breaking a promise and respond by forming the view that it is wrong. Later we learn that it was necessary to break the promise in order to save a life, and retract our earlier judgement and decide that the action was right. Later still we learn that, although a life was saved, many more were lost as result of the promise00ADbreaking and we return to our original judgement. Here we have a simple example of the role of descriptive information in leading us to a moral judgement, and of how our judgement may change as more descriptive information comes to hand.
Practical Unreason
Authors: Pettit Philip , Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

The philosophical literature on failures of practical reason generally takes categories of failure recognized in common-sense morality and in the philosophical tradition-weakness of will, compulsion, wantonness, and the like-and offers a reconstruction of what is involved in such failures. The approach is deferential; it casts philosophy in the role of underlabourer to received wisdom. In this essay we explore a methodologically bolder approach to practical irrationality. We start with a distinction between intentional and deliberative perspectives on the explanation of action and we try to show how it can be used to generate a systematic taxonomy of the different types of failure that we may expect to find in practical reason.
Freedom in Belief and Desire
Authors: Pettit Philip , Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

People ordinarily suppose that there are certain things they ought to believe and certain things they ought not to believe. In supposing this to be so, they make corresponding assumptions about their belief-forming capacities. They assume that they are generally responsive to what they think they ought to believe in the things they actually come to believe. In much the same sense, people ordinarily suppose that there are certain things they ought to desire and do and they make corresponding assumptions about their capacities to form desires and act on them. We chart these assumptions and argue that they entail that people are responsible and free on two fronts: they are free and responsible believers, and free and responsible desirers.
Biofunctions: Two Paradigms
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: November 2023

Applications to biological systems of Robert Cummins’s notion of ‘function’ from his classic paper ‘Functional Analysis’ (Cummins 1975) and of my notion ‘proper function’ from Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories (LTOBC) (Millikan 1984) are discussed and compared. Neither notion is fully determinate in its application to life forms, always cutting decisively between ‘functions’ of the designated kind and ‘mere effects’. Nor do we need a notion of function in biology that is fully deter-minate in this way. The dimensions of indeterminacy for both concepts are explored.
The Rational and the Real: Some Doubts about the Programme of ‘Rational Analysis’*
Authors: LOWE E J
Published: November 2023

This paper is a critique of Nick Chater and Mike Oaksford’s attempt to apply the programme of ‘rational analysis’ to human cognitive behaviour and, more particularly, challenges their claim that ‘everyday’ rationality is based on ‘formal’ rationality. I begin with some critical remarks about the way in which they distinguish between ‘everyday’ and ‘formal’ rationality and then explore a possible relationship between the two which they over- look but which is suggested by some remarks of John Locke’s. Next I raise some doubts about the programme of ‘rational analysis’ itself and about the parallels which Chater and Oaksford claim to see between their explanation of everyday rationality and the use of optimality models in evolutionary biology.
The Stag-God of the Countryside and Related Problems
Authors: Hawkins J D
Published: November 2023

The Hittite Hieroglyphic signs registered by Laroche in LesHieéroglyphes hittites(1960), nos. 461–3, form an entangled nexus of problems. Fortunately the steady accumulation of new examples permits here as elsewhere gradual progress in our understanding. My attempt in this article to sort out these signs and their usages does lead to some revisions, alterations, and additions to Laroche’s HHnos. 461–3, which are presented at the end 6). This is a small oering to Anna Morpurgo Davies in gratitude for our many years of profitable collaboration on these inscriptions. Unlike most of my papers, this one will not have been scrutinized by her before publication, so I can only hope that she does not find too many points requiring revision.
The Improvability Of Eudaimonia In The Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Heinaman Robert
Published: November 2023

Inclusist interpreters of Aristotle’s account of eudaimonia in the Nicomachean Ethics maintain that he regards it as a collection of intrinsic goods that contains more than virtuous activity. To support their view, they often appeal to Aristotle’s requirement(s) at NE 1. 7 that eudaimonia must be self-sufficient (1097b14-16) and most worthy of choice without being added to other goods (1097b16-20). The self-sufficiency requirement says that on its own happiness makes life worth choosing and lacking in (or needing) nothing. Many inclusivists take this to imply comprehensivismthe belief that eudaimonia consists of all goods-since if it lacked any good eudaimonia would be lacking in something. And, given that a greater collection of goods is always more worthy of choice than a smaller collection of goods (1097b19-20), the requirement that eudaimonia be most worthy of choice is also understood to imply that eudaimonia is a collection of all goods. For if any good were missing, then eudaimonia with that extra good would be, impossibly, more worthy of choice than eudaimonia. The ‘non-improvers’ conclude that eudaimonia is not improvable, and therefore it must include all goods. This paper deals with the ‘most choiceworthy’ requirement (ignoring the question of its relation to self-sufficiency).
Ethics And Politics In Aristotle: A Discussion of Richard Kraut, Aristotle: Political Philosophy
Authors: Taylor C C W
Published: November 2023

This book is one in a series of new studies of major social and political thinkers, which aim to present accessible, historically based introductions to their thought, together with reassessments of their central ideas and arguments and assessments of their continuing relevance to current political debate. (I paraphrase the description on the back cover.) In its task of introduction and critical reassessment it seems to me to succeed admirably. It provides the newcomer with exactly the kind of accessible yet authoritative introduction to Aristotle’s political thought which the series aims at, and in its critical reassessments of his doctrines raises many issues of interest to the specialist (some of them touched on below). On the matter of relevance to contemporary political debate I am more sceptical; though Kraut states in his preface that one of his ambitions is to present Aristotle ‘in a way that shows how he speaks to the politics of our own time’ (viii), in fact the book has very little to say about relevance to contemporary issues. I do not regard that in itself as a defect, since I think that Aristotle’s political theory is so firmly entrenched in a historical situation radically different from that of the modern world that he has in fact very little relevance to modern political problems. Rather my criticism is that in paying lip-service to an unattainable ideal of contemporary relevance Kraut unintentionally plays down the extent of the distance between Aristotle’s socio-political world and ours.
Can Desires Provide Reasons for Action?
Authors: Chang Ruth
Published: November 2023

On a widely accepted story of human agency, all reasons for acting, intending, and desiring are provided by the fact that the agent wants something or would want it under certain conditions. My reason for going to the store, for example, is provided by the fact that I want to buy some ice cream, and my reason for wanting to buy some ice cream is provided by the fact that J want to eat some.1 According to these ‘desire00ADbased’ accounts, all practical reasons are grounded in the present desires of the agent; justification has its source in the fact that I do or would want it.
Enticing Reasons
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In this paper I consider the possibility of a general distinction between two sorts of reason: those that entice and those that are, as I will later say, more ‘peremptory’ in style. The main idea here is that some reasons are obviously in the business of more or less telling us what to do though this way of putting the point will turn out not to be quite right, and I use it here only to help you see what I am getting at; moral reasons are an obvious case in point, but many reasons of prudence do the same (the reasons for having your brakes checked are peremptory, in my sense).
Disengaging Reason
Authors: Frankfurt Harry
Published: November 2023

The philosophical thought of Joseph Raz is characterized by provocatively creative insight, remarkable analytical penetration, refreshingly humane judgement, and a steady and far reaching logical grasp. These have enabled him to develop comprehensive and compelling structures of theory and argument. Moreover, Raz is especially notable among those who are deeply concerned with the issues to which he has devoted his efforts, in that he is so far from being an ideologue. In articulating and elaborating his moral and social vision, he is never moralistic or sentimental. On the contrary, he is guided invariably by a severe and selfless commitment to the most austere ideals of objectivity and of reason.
Egalitarianism, Choice00ADSensitivity, and Accommodation
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2023

Many contemporary liberal egalitarians construe egalitarianism to require resource distributions that are designed to be insensitive to features of people that are due to luck but sensitive to their choices. While many disagree about how to interpret this aim, there is a surprising degree of consensus among egalitarians and many non00ADegalitarians that a fair distributive scheme would require individuals to internalize the costs of their voluntary choices. Many egalitarians not only contend that egalitarianism is fully compatible with respect for freedom and 11utonomy, but further regard the concern to ensure conditions of equal freedom as an important motivation behind egalitarianism and its emphasis on choice00ADsensitivity.
What is it to Wrong Someone? A Puzzle about Justice
Authors: Thompson Michael
Published: November 2023

You have, as we sometimes say, a duty ‘to Sylvia’ not to kill her. You ‘owe’ it to her not to kill her. Such language is perhaps a bit stiff, but we can put the same point more colloquially. We can say, for example, that in killing Sylvia you would wrong her: you would do wrong precisely ‘to’ her, or do wrong ‘by’ her. And, though it opens something of a Pandora’s box, we might reverse terms in the relation, saying, I think quite aptly, that Sylvia has a right, morally speaking, precisely a3ainst you. She has a right, namely, not to be killed by you, and a claim to something better.
Empedocles On The Ultimate Symmetry Of The World
Authors: Trėpanier Slmion
Published: November 2023

The modern study of Empedocles entered a new era in I999, with the publication by Alain Martin and Olivier Primavesi of a sensational new text, the Strasbourg papyrus. The papyrus, dated to the first or second century AD and assembled from many smaller pieces, comprises six continuous sections, of which four are of significant size. These sections, called ensembles by the editors, preserve a total of 74 full or partial new hexameter lines, while a further 20 coincide with lines previously known, leaving no doubts concerning the identification of the work as Empedoclean. The papyrus is also, to all evidence, a text of Empedocles, not a quotation, and is thus the first instance of direct textual transmission of that author.
Themistius And Spontaneous Generation In Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Authors: Henry Devin
Published: November 2023

At the outset of Generation of Animals Aristotle announces that the generation of living things is to be divided into two kinds, biogenetic and abiogenetic: Some animals are produced from the union of male and female, among such kinds as have male and female—for not all them have this division. Among the blooded kinds, in all but a few the male on the one hand and the female on the other are perfected. But among the bloodless, while some have male and female in such a way that they generate the same kind, others generate offspring that are not in fact the same kind: such are those that do not come from the union of living animals but from decaying earth and residues. (GA r. 1, 71518–26, trans. Balme with modifications)
Chrysippus’ Puzzle About Identity
Authors: Bowin John
Published: November 2023

Philo Of alexandria, in De aeternitate mundi 48 (SVF ii. 397), gives the following brief and notoriously cryptic account of a puzzle about personal identity created by the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus:
Sextus And External World Scepticism
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

In his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Hegel argues that ancient scepticism is more profound and all-encompassing than Cartesian scepticism and the scepticism of his day. Lately, however, several commentators have argued to the contrary that ancient scepticism is less all-encompassing than Cartesian and post-Cartesian scepticism. One way in which ancient scepticism is thought to
Introduction
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

The essays in this volume were written over a period of approximately fifteen years. The earliest of them were begun a few years after the publication of my book Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity (SK&Sl), and many of the themes that figure in these essays were already present in that earlier work. By the time I began writing these essays, however, my thinking had changed in important ways from that represented in SK&Sl. A brief account of some of the changes may help to orient the reader to the present work (which, however, assumes no familiarity with the earlier one).
Absent qualia are impossible - a reply to Block
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

In his recent paper “Are Absent Qualia Impossible?” (hereafter AAQI),1 Ned Block attempts to rebut an argument I gave for an affirmative answer to his title question in my paper, “Functionalism and Qualia” (hereafter F&Q).2 The issues raised by this controversy go far beyond the question of whether a particular argument of mine is successful. The question of what account we are to give of “qualia” (of the “qualitative” /”phenomenal “/”subjective”/”raw feel” aspects of the mental), or of what can and cannot sensibly be said about them, is one of the most central issues in the philosophy of mind.
Plutarch: Narrative And A Whole Life
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

Another ancient philosopher made memory constitute the self, Plutarch of Chaeroneia, the Middle Platonist of the 1st century ad. This is in the text that I described in chapter two as making the earliest connection I knew between self and narrative, and I there considered two different interpretations. Writing about tranquility, Plutarch says that in order to attain it we need to use our memories to weave our life into a unified whole.
Unity Of Self-Awareness
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

The idea of self-awareness will become important in chapters fifteen and sixteen, where I shall argue that much of our ethics and agency depends on the same person — and that includes ourselves —being the owner of different activities and experiences, and on our recognizing this. The recognition involves a sense of a unitary self. On the other side, I shall argue, parfit recognizes only a stream of psycho-physical events without an owner in anything except in name.
Could We Survive Through Time Going In A Circle?
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

In the next two chapters, I shall ask whether survival of a different sort might be provided by natural instead of supernatural means, if time went round in a circle. And I shall also ask whether it is irrational to feel horror at the thought of not continuing to exist, or whether this represents a confusion. We usually think of time as a straight line, but could time go around in a circle? 1 How could that be imagined? Think of yourself as standing on an old-fashioned clock face at the position of 3 o ;clock. Then 12 o ;clock would be behind you, and yet it would also lie in front of you. You could think of 12 o ;clock as representing your birth. In that case, your birth would lie in two directions from you, both behind and in front. That would not mean that you had two births. There are not two 12 o ;clocks on the clock face. It is merely that your birth lies in two directions, in the past but also in the future.
Indonesia
Authors: Simpson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Indonesia is a developing nation with a massive population of over 200 million people distributed across a wide, east-west archipelago of many thousands of islands. Having been formed as a territorial unit only under Dutch colonial rule in fairly recent times, and being made up of hundreds of different ethnic groups speaking well over 200 distinct languages, Indonesia faced the enormous challenge of building a stable and coherent nation when it won its independence from the Dutch shortly after the conclusion of the Second World War. A significant component of twentieth-century attempts to create an over-arching Indonesian national identity has been the development and promotion of a unifying national language which would simultaneously bind the population together and serve as an effective tool for use in all official domains and education, though not necessarily displace the use of other mother tongues in more informal areas of communication. The results of many decades of effort to achieve these goals are commonly acknowledged as having been highly successful, and have led to the knowledge and acceptance of ‘Indonesian’ as the national language becoming progressively more widespread in the country, creating new generations of speakers who employ the language regularly in all formal domains of life and as a means of inter-ethnic communication, while making use of a second, regional or minority language for other, informal occurrences of speech. This chapter considers how the national language Indonesian/Bahasa Indonesia came into being and has been developed as a shared, modern, sophisticated vehicle of communication and potential symbol of emerging Indonesian identity, increasingly functioning as an important link among the population through the range of challenges and threats to the stability and unity of the state occurring since independence in 1949.
Properties and Powers
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2023

I suggest that anything has real being that is so constituted as to possess any sort of power either to affect anything else or to be affected, in however small a degree, by the most insignificant agent, though it be only once. I am proposing as a mark to distinguish real things that they are nothing but power.
Purging the Poetics
Authors: Scott Gregory
Published: November 2023

We say that the catharsis was, for Aristotle, the Final Cause of tragedy, and that the Final Cause was so fundamental to his analytical system that we need feel no surprise if it is incorporated without warning in his Definition.
The modal interpretation of algebraic quantum field theory
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

The modal interpretation is actually a family of interpretations sharing the feature that a system’s density operator constrains the possibilities for assigning definite values to its observables (Healey 1989, Dieks & Vermaas 1998). We start with a brief review of the basic idea behind these interpretations from an algebraic point of view (Zimba & Clifton 1998, Halvorson & Clifton 1999). Consider a ‘universe’ comprised of a quantum system U, with finitely many degrees of freedom, represented by a Hilbert space Hu = ®i Hi. At any given time, U will occupy a pure vector state x E Hu that determines a reduced density operator Ds on the Hilbert space Hi of any subsystem S U. Let B(Hs) de­
Generic Bell correlation between arbitrary local algebras in quantum field theory
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

There are many senses in which the phenomenon of Bell correlation, originally discovered and investigated in the context of elementary nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (Bell 1987, Clauser et al. 1969), is ‘generic’ in quantum field theory models. For example, it has been shown that every pair of commuting nonabelian von Neumann algebras possesses some normal state with maximal Bell correlation (Summers 1990; see also Landau 1987b). Moreover, in most standard quantum field models, all normal states are maximally Bell correlated across spacelike separated tangent wedges
Entanglement and open systems in algebraic quantum field theory
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

despite its conservative way of dealing with physical principles, algebraic QFT leads to a radical change of paradigm. Instead of the Newtonian view of a space­time filled with a material content one enters the reality of Leibniz created by relation (in particular inclusions) between ‘monads’ (~ the hyperfinite type III1 local van Neumann factors A( 0) which as single algebras are nearly void of physical meaning). The authors are extremely grateful to Paul Busch (for helpful discussions about operations), Jeremy Butterfield (for helping us to clarify our critique of Red­ head’s discussion of the operational implications of cyclicity), Reinhard Werner (for filling in for us the argument for Eqn (10)), Fred Kronz (for urging us to include the final two sentences of note 1), Michael Redhead (for reminding us of the facts cited in note 14), and an anonymous referee (for prompting our inclusion of note 4). R. K. C. also wishes to thank All Souls College, Oxford for support under a Visiting Fellowship.
No place for particles in relativistic quantum theories?
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

It is a widespread belief, at least within the physics community, that there is no relativistic quantum theory of (localizable) particles; and, thus, that the only relativistic quantum theory is a theory of fields. This belief has received much support in recent years in the form of rigorous no­go theorems by Malament (1996) and Hegerfeldt (1998a,b). In particular, Hegerfeldt shows that in a generic quantum theory (relativistic or non­relativistic), if there are states with localized particles, and if there is a lower bound on the system’s energy, then superluminal spreading of the wavefunction must occur. Similarly, Malament shows the inconsistency of a few intuitive desiderata for a relativistic quantum mechanics of (localizable) par­