bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solidarity and tension between age‐groups in the United States: challenge for an aging America in the 21st century
Authors: Silverstein M. , Parrott T. , Angelinni J.J. , Cook F.L.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we argue that intergenerational tensions in the United States reflect a strategy for serving the aged that stresses the underlying values of individualism and self‐reliance. Using national survey data, we examine the extent to which Americans' view of public responsibility for the aged has shifted between the mid‐1980s and late‐1990s, a period characterized by the intensification of “generational” politics, as well as a growing hostility toward “big government.” We consider four factors that may be responsible for the escalation of intergenerational tensions as they are manifest in the erosion of public support for programs and policies serving the elderly: (1) Declining intergenerational solidarity with the aged; (2) Increasing concerns over age‐inequity in public programs; (3) Increasing concerns over resource‐inequity in public programs; and (4) Increasing opposition tobig government. Results indicate that the public has generally grown more apprehensive about the value and costs of government programs serving both the elderly and the poor. Yet, the fact that Social Security enjoys far more support than social programs serving the poor suggests that the elderly are perceived as more deserving of their benefits than other dependent groups in society. The public also appears increasingly reluctant to redistribute old age benefits according to need. Age‐group contrasts revealed little evidence of direct tension between the generations. The results suggest that growing distrust of government and reluctance to help the poor has indirectly fueled opposition to public spending on the older population. Proposed changes to programs and policies affecting the elderly will need to take into account the ambivalence felt by many Americans toward a government they expect to make good on its promise to care for all older citizens, but to use fewer resources in doing so.
Taiwan's path to national health insurance (1950–1995)
Authors: Hye Kyung Son Annette
Published: March 2003

This study explores the evolution of statutory health insurance in the Republic of China on Taiwan from its inception in 1950 through to the inauguration of the National Health Insurance Programme in 1995. The main focus of the study is the timings of the adoption of the different statutory health insurance schemes targeted to the various segments of the population. It is argued that Taiwan's adoption of Labour Insurance for workers in 1950 could be best explained by the country's specific historical circumstance. The then‐ruling Nationalist government was keen to build up Taiwan as a showcase for the whole of China. The inauguration of the National Health Insurance Programme in 1995 was predominantly subjected to the Nationalist government's adjustment to its changing political position.
Participant‐Centered Evaluation of Job Training Programmes for the Economically Disadvantages: A US Case Study
Authors: Bertaux Nancy
Published: March 2003

This article reports results from a US case study utilising participant‐centred evaluations of government training programmes for the econ‐omically disadvantaged. The study concludes that when qualitative evidence such as open‐ended, face‐to‐face interviews with participants are added to the quantitative evaluation techniques currently used, significantly new or different insights can be gained for policy‐making purposes.
Management development within the construction industry: building on success?
Authors: Shipton Helen , Shackleton Viv
Published: March 2003

This article explores the notion that the workplace is a learning environment, and that the line manager is a key player determining its effectiveness. The work discusses how performance management systems may be used to clarify expectations made of line managers with regard to employee development. The work, in addition, suggests that line manager people management expertise may be a factor inhibiting workplace development for subordinates, and makes a number of suggestions about how to prepare the line manager for effective employee development.

Key issues are illustrated by reference to a case study example. The case demonstrates that a high profile management development programme within a major international organisation failed to meet all objectives because of the unwillingness of the line management team to participate in the development of subordinates back in the workplace.
Implementing on‐the‐job training: critical success factors
Authors: J. van Zolingen Simone , Streumer Jan N. , De Jong Rolinda , R. van der Klink Marcel
Published: March 2003

Post Offices Inc. in The Netherlands has developed and implemented a new instruction model for the training of desk employees. The quality of the new instruction model was assessed by means of the evaluation model of Jacobs and Jones for on‐the‐job training. It is concluded that the implementation of the training model has not been completely successful. Critical success factors, such as the performance of the mentors as well as the quality of the self‐study material, have to be improved. Mentors are expected to serve as a behavioural model, to provide feedback, arrange an adequate environment for self‐study, motivate trainees for self‐study and evaluate trainees’ progress on a regular basis. This study shows that mentors must be fully convinced of the benefit of a new instructional model, if not, the implementation will not be successful. Besides, the study shows that the quality of the self‐study material depends very much on the similarity between the knowledge needed in work and the knowledge presented in the self‐study material.
Comparative study of cognitive styles in Egypt, Greece, Hong Kong and the UK
Authors: Savvas Michael , El‐Kot Ghada , Sadler‐Smith Eugene
Published: March 2003

Cognitive style has been described as consistent individual differences in the organising and processing of information. It is has been argued that it is an important factor in managerial learning and cognition. A number of authors have suggested that groups from different national cultures are likely to exhibit style differences and that this has important implications for management training and development. In the present study, which employed closely matched samples of business and management undergraduates from Egypt, Greece and the UK, there were no statistically significant differences in style. However, in post‐graduate samples from Egypt, Hong Kong and the UK that were less closely matched, statistically significant differences were observed. Comparison of these data with those from other studies suggests that amongst under‐graduates from a variety of national cultures there do not appear to be significant differences in style. Among post‐graduates and managers the picture that emerges was more equivocal and the extent to which any observed differences are artefacts of sampling and method remains unclear. The implications of the findings for style theory and management education, training and development are discussed.
International Best Practice, Enabling Frameworks and the Policy Process: A South African Case Study
Authors: Tomlinson Richard
Published: March 2003

In this article I analyse urban policies and policy processes that serve the needs of low–income groups in South Africa. I show how conceptions of international best practice and indicators of best practice have shaped the formulation of urban policy in the country, in particular, examining how the government has set out to address housing and municipal services backlogs. In addition, I demonstrate the key role of international development agencies and globe–hopping consulting firms and academics in helping to interpret how international best practice might be locally applied. These points are demonstrated with a case study of municipal services partnerships and the role played by the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development and their consultants in bringing them into being. Lastly, I debate the potential for locally differentiated policies outside the realm of best practice.

Cet article analyse les politiques urbaines et les processus politiques qui servent les besoins des groupes à faible revenu en Afrique du Sud. Il montre comment les idées de ‘meilleure pratique internationale‘ et les indicateurs normatifs afférents ont influencé la formulation de la politique urbaine dans le pays, notamment en examinant comment le gouvernement a cherchéà traiter les demandes en instance de logement et de services municipaux. De plus, il expose la contribution essentielle des agences de développement internationales et des sociétés de conseil et intellectuels globe–trotters quand il s’agit d’interpréter l’application locale d’une meilleure pratique internationale. Ces aspects sont démontrés par une étude de cas de partenariats de services municipaux, soulignant le rôle joué par la Banque mondiale et l’Agence am?ricaine pour le développement international et leurs consultants dans la mise en place de ces opérations. Enfin, l’article aborde le potentiel de politiques différenciées au plan local, hors du champ des meilleures pratiques.
The Labour Market Absorption of CIS Immigrants to Israel: 1989–1994
Authors: Beenstock Michael , Ben Menahem Yitzhak
Published: March 2003

The labour market absorption in the 1990s of some 600,000 immigrants from the ex‐USSR has, on the whole, been a major success. The rate of unemployment among immigrants who came in 1990 has converged on the rate of unemployment for native Israelis. However, concern has been focused on the low rates of occupational retention and the waste of human capital that this implies. We use three micro data sets to investigate the absorption dynamics of CIS immigrants in the Israeli labour market in the 1990s.

Our findings suggest that the employment absorption process is steady, if slow. The Labour Force Survey suggests that “academics” experience positive duration dependence during the first four years in Israel. Vocational training did not appear to promote employment absorption. However, Hebrew training has a beneficial effect on employment absorption. We caution against the interpretation of occupational mismatch as being identical with the waste of human capital. It takes a long time until owners of human capital can fully adapt it to their new milieu.
Resurgent Irish Immigration to the US in the 1980s and early 1990s: A Socio‐demographic Profile
Authors: Lobo A.P. , Salvo J.J.
Published: March 2003

Irish immigration to the US has been motivated traditionally by a lack of employment opportunities at home. With the passage of the US Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, however, Irish immigrants were no longer explicitly favoured. Family reunification became the primary path of entry, which worked against the Irish who had lost their immediate generational link with US residents.

During the severe Irish recession of 1980–85 a resurgence in Irish outflows resulted in a large undocumented Irish population in the US. Most of this population was later legalized as a result of special legislation that targeted the Irish. There have been concerns in Ireland that the outflow in the 1980s, unlike prior flows, included a high proportion of skilled persons, leading some to characterize the outflow as a “new wave”.

This article uses US immigration data to assess how the occupational characteristics of recent Irish immigrants compare with prior immigrant cohorts and also examines how Irish immigrants are incorporated into the US economy.

Recent Irish immigrants to the US spanned the occupational spectrum: accountants, engineers, nurses and other professionals found a booming job market in the most advanced sectors of the US economy, while less skilled immigrants found jobs in the informal economy. While the number of entering Irish professionals increased, flows of the less skilled increased even more dramatically, resulting in an overall decline in the occupational selectivity of Irish immigrants.

The 1980–85 Irish recession has been followed by robust growth for more than a decade. Ireland is now experiencing a net inflow of persons, including many Irish professionals returning from the US. However, Ireland continues to experience a net outflow of the young and less skilled which may once again result in a large undocumented Irish presence in the US.
The Effect of Regional Inequalities on Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Israel and Japan
Authors: Portnov Boris A.
Published: March 2003

This article posits three main questions:

– Is there a general “mechanism” through which disparities in regional development affect patterns of cross‐district migration?

– Which aspects of regional inequalities (climate, employment, housingavailability, etc.) have the most profound effect on rates and directionof inter‐area migration?

– Which planning policies and strategies are conducive to increasing the migration attractiveness of peripheral development regions?

In an attempt to answer these questions, the 1985‐1995 statistical data fortwo relatively small and densely populated countries – Israel and Japan – are used.

A general model of the factors affecting cross‐district migration is suggested, and analysis‐of‐variance is used to explain the factors influencing rate of cross‐area migration in the two countries.

Although these countries differ substantially in respect to population sizeand local development, they appear to exhibit considerable similarities ingeneral patterns of cross‐district migration.

Since the late 1980s, the attractiveness of core regions in both countries has tended to decline, while that of peripheral areas appeared to grow. It is argued that this resemblance of migration patterns is related to a similarbalance of employment and housing availability in different geographicareas.
The Colour of Poverty: A Study of the Poverty of Ethnic and Immigrant Groups in Canada
Authors: Kazemipur Abdolmohammad , Halli Shiva S.
Published: March 2003

Research on immigrants' socio‐economic performances in Canada has produced mixed results. One reason for this has been the fact that many studies have used measures that rely on average performance of immigrants, and also treat immigrants as a homogeneous group. Also, some measures of economic performance are unnecessarily complicated.

The present article argues that this practice masks the diversity of experiences that exist among immigrants. In particular, it is argued that indices based on average income do not adequately reveal the status of low income immigrants.

Using poverty status as an indicator of economic performance, the study xamines and compares different groups of immigrants, in terms of their ethnic origin, period of immigration, age at immigration, and their geo‐graphical location in Canada.
Illegality of International Population Movements in Poland
Authors: Okólski Marek
Published: March 2003

Until the beginning of the 1990s Poland did not receive foreign migrants. Thereafter, the situation changed dramatically. A large part of the inflow proved to be illegal migrants, many of whom were in transit to Western Europe. Although these movements gradually declined in the second half of the decade, some became increasingly identified with relatively sophisticated smuggling of people. Foreigners smuggled from the South to the West, together with the international criminal networks assisting them, became typical of the migratory movements of people in Central and Eastern Europe during the 1990s. This article seeks to describe illegal migration from the perspective of Poland, a country often perceived as a major transit area in the smuggling of persons to Western Europe. The conclusions draw on the findings of several surveys recently carried out in Poland. Basic concepts related to illegal migration are defined and juxtaposed, and various myths and stereotypes concerning it that most often stem from the paucity of empirical evidence are examined. Finally, the trends observed in Poland are interpreted within the larger context of contemporary European migration.
Adopted Children in the Labour Market — Discrimination or Unobserved Characteristics?
Authors: Rooth Dan‐Olof
Published: March 2003

Detecting ethnic discrimination in the labour market using individual data is aggravated by individual ethnic‐specific characteristics that are unobserved by the researcher. In an attempt to estimate the effect of skin colour on the probability of being employed (vs, unemployed), the labour market success of foreign‐born adopted individuals is compared with that of natives. Specifically, the unexplained differences in the probability of being employed between natives and adoptees is investigated using Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition methodology. It is found that adoptees with dissimilar looks to natives fare worse in the labour market, measured as a lower probability of being employed, than natives, and that these differences can be attributed to an unexplained difference rather than a difference in characteristics observed by the researcher. Also, such large differences are not found for adoptees with a similar appearance to natives. Hence, we cannot exclude the possibility that skin colour discrimination exists in the labour market.
The Impact of Long–term Visitor Migration on Projections of Australia’s Population
Authors: McDonald Peter , Kippen Rebecca
Published: March 2003

In 1999 and 2000, net long–term visitor migration to Australia exceeded net permanent migration for the first time. A shift in Australia’s migration entry from permanent settlers to long–term visitors has many implications. This paper focuses on the longer–term demographic impacts of this change.

In conventional projections of Australia’s population, particular levels of annual net overseas migration are assumed and there is an implicit assumption that these levels represent permanent migration. The question addressed in this paper is: if permanent residents and temporary residents of Australia are treated as two separate populations, does this change the outcomes of population projections?

The paper uses a new projection model that divides the Australian population into these two components. Each population is projected separately with provision for movement from the visitor population to the permanent population. Visitors who do not convert to permanent residence are “tagged” with their expected year of departure and are taken out of the population in that year. They are also assumed to have a zero birth rate (because any births they have will leave with them).

A conventional population projection based on 1999 levels of annual net overseas migration (88,000) results in an Australian population of around 25 million in 2050. In contrast, a “standard” projection, which is also based on 1999 migration levels, but considers permanent movements (50,000 net annually) and long–term visitor movements (125,000 annual arrivals) separately results in a population of 23 million by 2050.

Other projections are carried out in which specified net migration targets are met through varying either the level of net permanent–resident migration, the level of long–term visitor arrivals, or the rate of conversion of long–term visitors to permanent residence.

The central conclusion of the study is that dividing the Australian population into two parts, permanent residents and long–term visitors, and projecting them separately into the future makes a considerable difference to the results of population projections.
International Migration and Labour Flexibility in the Context of NAFTA
Authors: Canales Alejandro I
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present a frame of reference for analysing the possible impact of economic integration under NAFTA on the size, composition and forms of migration between Mexico and the United States. Our argument is that the source of any possible impact on migration ought not to be sought in NAFTA but in the underlying processes of change in production operations. In particular, we contend that the new forms of migration are indicative of structural changes related to changes in labour market dynamics caused by the various forms of labour flexibility introduced in both Mexico and the United States. Both the neoliberal policy implemented in Mexico and economic restructuring in the United States have facilitated the reconfiguration of the two countries' trade relations in a context of more integrated economic and industrial relations. In this regard, labour force mobility within the bloc will depend not so much on the integration process in itself as on the linkage between work processes and labour markets in each economy and in the bloc as a whole.
International Migration, Social Science, and Public Policy
Authors: Urzúa Raúl
Published: March 2003

This article identifies a number of challenges the social sciences will have to face in order to play a broader role in formulating international migration policies. This new role is subject to two major processes: globalisation and the universal acceptance of human rights. Both processes affect policy options, albeit from different perspectives. Recent research findings have confirmed that there is no direct link between poverty and South‐North migration, despite the fact that many policy recommendations are based on this premise. The article suggests that the contradiction between policy recommendations and research findings is due to the weight of economic theory in migration policy. Yet economics does not take into account the complex nature of social, political and cultural factors that also influence migrants' motivations and migration processes. Recent efforts to formulate multi‐disciplinary theories should, it is suggested, help devise more effective policies. Channels of communication will need to be improved between knowledge‐producers and policy‐makers. The article also recommends distinguishing between a conceptual and an instrumental use of knowledge.
Taxing choices: issues in the assignment of taxes in federations
Authors: Dahlby Bev
Published: March 2003

This article examines the tax assignment question ‐ what level of government should levy taxes and what tax bases should they use? The general principles and specific recommendations of the ‘consensus’ position on tax assignment are reviewed. Some of the problems with the consensus view are discussed, including its top‐down benevolent government perspective, its lack of emphasis on accountability, and its failure to acknowledge the problems that are created by the joint occupancy of tax fields. Data are presented indicating that there is wide variation in the levels of taxation and in the tax bases used by subnational governments in eight federations. It is argued that globalisation may strengthen the relative tax powers of state and local governments, while at the same time increasing the public's willingness to pay for education and infrastructure, public services which are provided by subnational governments in many federations.
Prospects for partnership among African cities
Authors: Mbodj El Hadj
Published: March 2003

Partnership has become so hackneyed a term that the question may be legitimately asked whether it is a fruitful concept or a mere slogan. Whatever the case, it corresponds to a threefold need: to link different but complementary sectors; to rethink cooperation from a different perspective; and to democratise relations between those involved in development. In order to analyse the prospects for partnership among African towns and cities, it is important to take into account, as fully as possible, the conditions specific to each society under review. The example of the partnership between the Université Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar, the urban community of Dakar, and the Association of Mayors of Senegal might usefully be extended to the cities of West Africa as a whole.
Local initiatives and poverty reduction in urban areas: the example of Yeumbeul in Senegal
Authors: Soumaré Mohamed
Published: March 2003

Most urban areas have today reached a stage where the essential need is to come up with lasting remedies for their dilapidated facilities, intra–urban disparities, and the spread of urban poverty. This article offers a brief analysis of the particular approach to poverty reduction adopted by several civil society organisations in Yeumbeul, a deprived neighbourhood on the outskirts of Dakar in Senegal.
From massacre to the genocidal process
Authors: Sémelin Jacques
Published: March 2003

Since the time of Raphael Lemkin's work, genocide studies have been conducted primarily at the intersection of law and social science. As a result, the term ‘genocide’ has frequently been employed in a normative sense, leading to considerable conceptual difficulties and debate. How can such problems be overcome? This article comes down firmly in favour of moving away from a legal approach to genocide studies. It recommends the use of non‐normative vocabulary based on the concept of ‘massacre’, this term being suggested as a reference lexical unit. It also puts forward the more general expression ‘destruction process’, whose most dramatic form is massacre. Massacre is not an act of actual ‘madness’ but the response to what the author calls ‘delusional rationality’. In that respect, he distinguishes between two destruction strategies: one aimed at a group's subjugation and the other at its eradication. It is in the latter case that one can refer to a genocidal process. This article thus considers that genocide should not be defined as a static concept but viewed rather as a particular dynamic of civilian destruction, being the product of both its perpetrators' will and of favourable circumstances.
The Future of Retirement Protection in Southeast Asia
Authors: Asher Mukul G.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the formal retirement protection systems in five economically successful, rapidly industrializing, and globalized economies of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It finds that while there are major differences in the formal retirement protection systems of the five countries in terms of coverage; contribution rates; scope and nature of preretirement schemes; investment patterns, practices and performance; replacement rates; administrative and compliance efficiency; and regulatory structures, the main common feature (with the exception of the Philippines) is aversion to social insurance and predominant reliance on individual provision through publicly mandated and managed provident funds. While these systems do minimize the fiscal burden on the State and thereby help maintain international competitiveness, they provide socially inadequate levels of retirement protection and are weak in ensuring efficiency of the saving‐investment process. Moreover, several design and institutional features prevent full realization of many of the advantages of the provident funds found in these countries. They may, therefore, benefit by following the worldwide pension reform debate more closely, particularly concerning design and institutional and regulatory structures for mandatory defined‐contribution schemes.
Self‐Employed People in the United Kingdom: Included or Excluded?
Authors: Corden Anne
Published: March 2003

Within the United Kingdom social security scheme, self‐employed people remain excluded from some of the most valuable benefits, yet there is some evidence to suggest underuse of benefits to which they do have access. There are administrative problems in dealing with applications for benefit from self‐employed people, and there is considerable undercollection of the National Insurance contributions that are due. Self‐employed people in the United Kingdom are not well provided for through private pensions and insurance. The author draws on her recent research, and argues that a fundamental review of social security for self‐employed people in the United Kingdom is overdue.
On the convergence of social protection systems in the European Union
Authors: Cornelisse Peter A. , Goudswaard Kees P.
Published: March 2003

Member States of the European Union are autonomous when it comes to the design of their social protection systems. However, they are committed by a recommendation accepted by the European Council addressing the convergence of social protection objectives and policies. Besides, convergence of social protection systems is expected to come about as a result of economic integration. In this paper we examine whether such convergence has occurred during the past decades, using data on replacement rates and social expenditure ratios. We find a rather strong trend of relative convergence and, only during the past two decades, an absolute convergence of social indicators in the EU. But there are only weak signs that these trends are the result of European integration.
Managed care and traditional insurance: Comparing quality of care
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: March 2003

The article compares quality of care under the traditional “fee–for–service” system with that given by “managed care” providers in the United States. Outcomes have been mixed, with most studies reporting on one hand a decline in the propensity of patients of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to seek treatment and, on the other, lower patient satisfaction. The quality of care has not deteriorated, however, except in the case of that given to vulnerable patients.
Steuerreform 2000 – Entlastungswirkungen und Investitionsanreize für Personenunternehmen gemessen an Alternativen
Authors: Börstinghaus Volker , Weinelt Andrea
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the tax reliefs and the investment incentives for partnerships that can be expected from the current tax reform in Germany. We therefore compare the enacted law with concepts that have been submitted by the socalled „Bruehler Commission“. After a brief description of the different alternatives our analysis continues with the calculation and evaluation of average and marginal tax rates for selected income groups. As a result it is argued that the alternative proposals lead to unequally distributed tax reliefs between different income groups and generate weaker investment incentives. Thus we support the enacted law.
Effects of self‐efficacy on adjustment to college
Authors: Hirose Eiko Ikeda , Wada Sayuri , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

This study examined the effects of self‐efficacy on adjustment to college among 1385 Japanese college students. The College Adjustment Self‐Efficacy Scale (CASES) was constructed in order to evaluate the degree of confidence in the skills necessary for college adjustment. Three subscales were identified in the CASES: judgmental ability based on objective information, self‐controlled persistence of activity, and self‐adjustment in human relations. There were slight gender differences in the first and the third subscales. The CASES subscale scores were compared between well and poorly adjusted students in each college major. Differences in the score patterns of well adjusted students were compared across 13 college majors. The implications for academic career counseling are discussed.
Effects of decision‐making on reactions to an evaluational stressor
Authors: Sunaga Noriaki
Published: March 2003

The present study tested the hypothesis that an opportunity to make decisions enhances perceived control. This hypothesis predicts that decision‐making will reduce the adverse effects of stress. Subjects worked on an intellectual task and their stress reactions were assessed using subjective and behavioral measures. Decision‐making improved the highly anxious subjects' persistence with the task. This finding supports the hypothesis. However, less anxious subjects persisted less after being allowed to make decisions. Several explanations positing possible cognitive and motivational processes of the less anxious subjects are offered.
A preliminary study of the comfort of paced respiration
Authors: Sawada Yukihiro
Published: March 2003

In order to obtain basal information about what type of externally paced respiration is comfortable, 25 male and 25 female undergraduate students were asked to practice self‐paced respiration. After a 1‐min rehearsal following instructions on comfortable self‐paced respiration, subjects carried out 2 min of self‐paced respiration and rated their level of comfort on a scale of 1–5. This was repeated (up to a maximum of seven times) until the subject recorded a high rating. Results indicated that self‐paced respiration was most comfortable, irrespective of sex, when a respiratory pattern was attained of half the respiratory rate and nearly twice the tidal volume of the trainee's resting condition. Although respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate were indicative of a decrease in cardiac vagal activity and end‐tidal PCO2 was suggestive of a reduction in anxiety, these effects were small. The results have implications for the utilization of externally paced respiration.
Priming effects on musical chord identification: Facilitation or disruption?
Authors: Arao Hiroshi , Gyoba Jiro
Published: March 2003

The present study examined whether priming effects on chord identification are facilitative or disruptive, by employing a control (no‐prime) condition in addition to a related‐prime condition and an unrelated‐prime condition. According to the activation hypothesis, which predicts a facilitative effect of musically related chords, responses are expected to be faster in the related‐prime condition than in the control condition. In contrast, according to the schema hypothesis, which supposes a disruptive effect of musically unrelated chords, responses are expected to be slower in the unrelated‐prime condition than in the control condition. No facilitative effect was found in the related‐prime condition, whereas a marked disruptive effect was found in the unrelated‐prime condition. The disruptive effect was more pronounced in the major‐chord condition than in the minor‐chord condition, and more salient at an interonset interval of 1 s than at 3 s or 7 s. These results are interpreted in terms of the schema hypothesis.
The effect of on‐ or off‐line extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus on a second‐order conditioned response in rats
Authors: Kaneshige Kota , Nakajima Sadahiko , Imada Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

In a water‐licking experiment with rats, the effects of the extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus (CS1) on the suppression of licking established for a second‐order conditioned stimulus (CS2) were explored. Extinction of the first‐order conditioned response (CR1) attenuated the conditioned suppression induced by CS2 when the rats had been allowed to lick water during the CR1 extinction phase. However, if water had been unavailable during the CR1 extinction phase, suppression by CS2 was not affected. The latter result is consistent with other studies of rats' conditioned suppression and suggests that the underlying mechanism of second‐order conditioning in this experiment is a connection between CS2 and the response elicited by CS1 rather than a CS2‐CS1 connection. The former result was interpreted as the CR1 extinction phase encouraging the rats to lick water despite the fear elicited by CS1, and thus, in testing, they licked despite the fear elicited by CS2.
William James’ Theory of Emotions: Filling in the Picture
Authors: Barbalet J. M.
Published: March 2003

The theory of emotion developed by William James has been subject to four criticisms. First, it is held that Jamesian emotion is without function, that it plays no role in cognition and behavior. Second, that James ignores the role of experience in emotion. Third, that James overstated the role of physical processes in emotion. Fourth, that James’ theory of emotion has been experimentally demonstrated to be false. A fifth point, less an explicit criticism than an assumption, holds that James has nothing to offer a social psychology of emotions. It will be shown in this paper that not one of these criticisms of James' theory of emotion can be sustianed.
For Bourdieu, Against Alexander: Reality and Reduction
Authors: Potter Garry
Published: March 2003

Jeffrey Alexander argues that despite Bourdieu’s considerable achievements ultimately his work is reductionist and determinist. He further argues that though Bourdieu is a middle range theorist he is implicitly realist in his meta‐theoretical assumptions. This article accepts these conclusions but argues that Bourdieu’s meta‐theoretical realism is a virtue rather than a vice and that the manner in which he is a reductionist and determinist necessitate a re‐thinking of what is meant by these notions. Alexander uses Bourdieu’s concept of habitus to demon‐strate a fundamental contradiction in Bourdieu’s theorising. According to him habitus presents us with the oxymoron of unconscious strategisation. This article uses a discussion of habitus in order to demonstrate that in its relationship with the concept of field it instead produces a practical resolution of long standing theoretical problems concerning structural determination and human agency. It is also argued that these problems are resolved at the meta‐theoretical level in the form of critical realist ontology and that it is Alexander’s misunderstandings on this level which cause him to fail to appreciate the significance of Bourdieu’s achievements.
Right to Die or Duty to Live? The Problem of Euthanasia
Authors: Gray William
Published: March 2003

Argument about euthanasia in Australia intensified following the world’s first legal euthanasia death of Bob Dent under the Northern Territory’s short‐lived Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995. This paper takes stock of the implacably opposed positions on euthanasia following Bob Dent’s death, which provides a focus for the controversy, and identifies the key doctrines which separate adversaries in the euthanasia debate and their associated incommensurable intuitions.
The Misuse of Kant in the Debate about a Market for Human Body Parts
Authors: Gerrand Nicole
Published: March 2003

Passages from the writings of Immanuel Kant concerning how a person should treat her body are often cited in the present‐day debate about a market for human body parts. In this paper, I demonstrate that this has been a misuse of Kant because unlike those who cite him, Kant was not primarily concerned with prohibiting the sale of body parts. In the first section, I argue that once these particular passages are understood against the background of Kant’s moral philosophy, they indicate he had much broader concerns relating to the correct moral relationship a rational person should have with her body. In the second section, I examine Stephen Munzer’s unusually detailed analysis of these passages, but conclude that like those who have provided less detailed analyses, he also fails fully to understand the rationale for Kant’s various prescriptions and prohibitions concerning the treatment of human body parts, and in doing so misrepresents Kant’s position.
The Sustainability Ethic: Political, Not Just Moral
Authors: Goodwin Robert E.
Published: March 2003

Sustainable practices are commended to us both out of prudential regard for our own future and out of principled concern for the ‘right to life’ of endangered species, ecosystems and ways of life and for intergenerational justice among our own kind. The larger point of the ‘sustainability ethic’ might be more political, however. Insisting that any practice we adopt now must be sustainable into the indefinite future constitutes an institutional check preventing us from taking unfair advantage of our privileged temporal position vis‐a‐vis our successors.
Equality, Envy, and the Sense of Injustice
Authors: Norman Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to defend the value of equality against the accusation that it is an expression of irrational and disreputable feelings of envy of those who are better off. It draws on Rawls’ account of the sense of justice to suggest that resentment of inequalities may be a proper resentment of injustice. The case of resentment of ‘free riders’ is taken as one plausible example of a justified resentment of those who benefit unfairly from a scheme of cooperation. Further examples then link the case of the free rider to other cases of unjust inequalities which are the appropriate objects of resentment and indignation.
Drugs, Morality and the Law
Authors: Smith Paul
Published: March 2003

Arguments for and against the legal prohibition of drugs are surveyed. Various kinds of argument are identified and analysed: arguments against prohibition from a moral right to personal liberty; utilitarian and contractualist arguments for a right to personal liberty; arguments for prohibition from liberty–limiting principles (the harm principle, legal paternalism, legal moralism, Kantian duties to oneself, legal perfectionism, traditional conservatism, and communitarianism); utilitarian argument for prohibition; utilitarian argument against prohibition. It is concluded that none of the arguments for drug prohibition is convincing.
Addressing Disadvantage and the Human Good
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This paper sets out a framework in which we can distinguish between four types of redistributive attention to the disadvantaged: compensation; personal enhancement; targeted resource enhancement; and status enhancement. It is argued that in certain cases many of us will have strong intuitions in favour or against one or more strategies for addressing disadvantage, and it is further argued that in such cases it is likely that our reactions are based on assumptions about the human good. Hence the two issues — addressing disadvantage and the human good — shed light on one another [1].
Strategies for the Convivial City: A New Agenda for Education for the Built Environment
Authors: Miles Malcom
Published: March 2003

The problem of urban sustainability will concern many disciplines during the first decade of the 21st century. One aspect of this will be an urgent reappraisal of notions of ‘the city’ in face of the crises of urban living represented in popular culture and substantiated by actuality; another, a search for alternative models of what urban professional practice, and urban settlement, might be, such as ‘action planning’ or ‘new genre public art’, or the Open City at Ritoque, Chile, or the village of New Qurna designed by Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy. A possible third aspect may be a multi‐disciplinary approach underpinned by critical attitudes to the professional ideologies of planners, architects, designers and artists.

Urban forms are produced historically through processes of planning and design; a number of possible futures are thus open. Whilst the dominant conceptualisation of ‘the city’ reflects the dominant values and structures of power in a society, these values and structures, like the model of a city, are contestable. Education has, then, a responsibility to interrogate received notions of both urban form and the methodologies through which it is produced. This paper asks how education might construct design as a critical practice, how imagination might reconfigure notions of ‘the city’.
Video: A Method of Delivering Student Feedback
Authors: Cruikshank Iona
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of the use of video as a method of delivering feedback to students taking certain practical art and design modules, as part of their first degree programmes at De Montfort University. Initially tested within Lens Based Media photographic modules, the results were such that video was considered to enhance a feedback process that referred to visual imagery, as well as offering students comparative feedback on their own performance. Further tests were undertaken, with an Interior Design module, to investigate the effectiveness of video in assessment procedures that included both two and three dimensional work. Insights are also given into various perceived improvements that this use of video can offer art and design education. These include the freeing up of staff time for individual tuition and creative work, a rapid speed of turnaround between assessment and distribution of the feedback to students, and a method of alleviating problems associated with the storage of student work.
Autonomy to Accountability: Changing Hegemonies in Australian Arts Education
Authors: Emery Lee
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the changing role of Australian art teachers in the period 1966 to 1997. Four transition periods of change are identified beginning with 1966 to 1978 when, in the absence of any written state or national level curriculum documents, art teachers were autonomous professionals responsible for their own curriculum planning and classroom methodology. The second period 1978–1989 saw the writing of many state and national level documents which attempted to articulate clear goals and directions for art education, however due to lack of funding each of these had little far reaching impact. In the third period, 1989 to the present day, art teachers seem to see themselves as being totally accountable to ‘the system’. The increase in accountability measures relating to externally imposed learning outcomes for students, more systematic assessment procedures and changes to employment terms and conditions has meant that many teachers seem demoralised and disempowered rather than autonomous and empowered. The author adopts Michael Fullan’s view that the (art) teacher of the future must become a change agent with four particular skills: personal vision‐building skills; a critical sense of inquiry; mastery of skills; and the ability to engage in collaboration.
Institutional Art Education: Curriculum, Teacher and Learner
Authors: Swift John
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree to which institutional structures and their rationales affect educational opportunity in art. The meaning of educational opportunity is explored to disentangle individual learning which is negotiated within it. Curriculum is limited in its effectiveness unless it is accompanied by appropriate teaching where silent voices may be made audible. A swing of power in knowledge, methods, or skills from a teacher or curriculum‐centred to a traditional learner‐centred approach is insufficient. Individualised learning, leading to personal empowerment, is seen in the construction of self‐belief that allows the learner to question the tenets of the teacher, the institution, and the politics of education, i.e., to see the system not in order to succeed within it, but in order to question its validity. The paper is in four sections – contexts and problems, art and curriculum, art and teaching, and individual learning.
Secondary School Art Teachers' Concepts of Teaching in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Bick Har
Published: March 2003

Recently, there has been considerable concern among art educators and cultural policy makers to promote art education in Hong Kong. The launch of the new curriculum of a discipline‐based character in 1996 generated debate in the art education circle of Hong Kong. There were diverse opinions on the rationale for teaching art. Concern was expressed about the present constraints of art teaching related to teachers' ability and school administration poses another important issue that seems to inhibit further developments. This paper reports part of the findings of a study on art teachers' concepts of teaching. It explores the concepts of about 20 secondary art teachers in Hong Kong. Several categories of teaching are derived from interviews: aesthetic development, moral development, intellectual development, expression and therapy, and intellectual and aesthetic development. A scheme is developed which can be used to analyze teachers' concepts as education in or through art on a continuum from subject to learner centred.