bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential influence of genome‐wide adaptive divergence on conservation translocation outcome in an isolated greater sage‐grouse population
Authors: Zimmerman Shawna J. , Aldridge Cameron L. , Schroeder Michael A. , Fike Jennifer A. , Cornman Robert Scott , Oyler‐McCance Sara J.
Published: April 2024

Conservation translocations are an important conservation tool commonly employed to augment declining or reestablish extirpated populations. One goal of augmentation is to increase genetic diversity and reduce the risk of inbreeding depression (i.e., genetic rescue). However, introducing individuals from significantly diverged populations risks disrupting coadapted traits and reducing local fitness (i.e., outbreeding depression). Genetic data are increasingly more accessible for wildlife species and can provide unique insight regarding the presence and retention of introduced genetic variation from augmentation as an indicator of effectiveness and adaptive similarity as an indicator of source and recipient population suitability. We used 2 genetic data sets to evaluate augmentation of isolated populations of greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the northwestern region of the species range (Washington, USA) and to retrospectively evaluate adaptive divergence among source and recipient populations. We developed 2 statistical models for microsatellite data to evaluate augmentation outcomes. We used one model to predict genetic diversity after augmentation and compared these predictions with observations of genetic change. We used the second model to quantify the amount of observed reproduction attributed to transplants (proof of population integration). We also characterized genome‐wide adaptive divergence among source and recipient populations. Observed genetic diversity (HO = 0.65) was higher in the recipient population than predicted had no augmentation occurred (HO = 0.58) but less than what was predicted by our model (HO = 0.75). The amount of shared genetic variation between the 2 geographically isolated resident populations increased, which is evidence of periodic gene flow previously assumed to be rare. Among candidate adaptive genes associated with elevated fixation index (FST) (143 genes) or local environmental variables (97 and 157 genes for each genotype–environment association method, respectively), we found clusters of genes with related functions that may influence the ability of transplants to use local resources and navigate unfamiliar environments and their reproductive potential, all possible reasons for low genetic retention from augmentation.
Assessment of the quality of online patient information resources for patients considering parastomal hernia treatment
Authors: Blackwell Sue , Clifford Scott , Pinkney Thomas , Thompson Dean , Mathers Jonathan
Published: April 2024

Aim

The aim was to examine the quality of online patient information resources for patients considering parastomal hernia treatment.

Methods

A Google search was conducted using lay search terms for patient facing sources on parastomal hernia. The quality of the content was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. Readability of written content was established using the Flesch–Kincaid score. Sources were also assessed against the essential content and process standards from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) framework for shared decision making support tools. Content analysis was also undertaken to explore what the sources covered and to identify any commonalities across the content.

Results

Fourteen sources were identified and assessed using the identified tools. The mean Flesch–Kincaid reading ease score was 43.61, suggesting that the information was difficult to read. The overall quality of the identified sources was low based on the pooled analysis of the DISCERN and Flesch–Kincaid scores, and when assessed against the criteria in the NICE standards framework for shared decision making tools. Content analysis identified eight categories encompassing 59 codes, which highlighted considerable variation between sources.

Conclusions

The current information available to patients considering parastomal hernia treatment is of low quality and often does not contain enough information on treatment options for patients to be able to make an informed decision about the best treatment for them. There is a need for high‐quality information, ideally co‐produced with patients, to provide patients with the necessary information to allow them to make informed decisions about their treatment options when faced with a symptomatic parastomal hernia.
Sociodemographic disparities in sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor use among US kidney transplant recipients: An observational study of real‐world pharmacy records
Authors: Lentine Krista L. , Miyata Kana N. , Lam Ngan N. , Joseph Corey , McAdams‐DeMarco Mara , Bae Sunjae , Chen Yusi , Caliskan Yasar , Sarabu Nagaraju , Dhindsa Sandeep , Xiao Huiling , Segev Dorry L. , Axelrod David A. , Schnitzler Mark A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Recent clinical trials demonstrate benefits of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with chronic kidney disease, but data on use in kidney transplant (KTx) recipients are limited.

Methods

We examined a novel database linking SRTR registry data for KTx recipients (2000–2021) with outpatient fill records from a large pharmaceutical claims warehouse (2015–2021). Adult (≥18 years) KTx recipients treated with SGLT2i were compared to those who received other noninsulin diabetes medications without SGLT2i. Characteristics associated with SGLT2i use were quantified by multivariable logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio, 95%LCLaOR95%UCL).

Results

Among 18 988 KTx recipients treated with noninsulin diabetes agents in the study period, 2224 filled an SGLT2i. Mean time from KTx to prescription was 6.7 years for SGLT2i versus 4.7 years for non‐SGLT2i medications. SGLT2i use was more common in Asian adults (aOR, 1.091.311.58) and those aged > 30–59 years (compared with 18–30 years) or with BMI > 35 kg/m2 (aOR, 1.191.411.67), and trended higher with self‐pay status. SGLT2i use was lower among KTx recipients who were women (aOR, .79.87.96), Black (aOR, .77.881.00) and other (aOR, .52.751.07) race, publicly insured (aOR, .82.921.03), or with less than college education (aOR, .78.87.96), and trended lower in those age 75 years and older. SGLT2i use in KTx patients increased dramatically in 2019–2021 (aOR, 5.015.636.33 vs. prior years).

Conclusion

SGLT2i use is increasing in KTx recipients but varies with factors including race, education, and insurance. While ongoing study is needed to define risks and benefits of SGLT2i use in KTx patients, attention should also focus on reducing treatment disparities related to sociodemographic traits.
Recurrent inverse necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis
Authors: Ibraheim Marina Kristy , Storey Leslie , North Jeffrey P.
Published: April 2024

Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis (NICF) is a rare type of necrotizing folliculitis. The disease typically manifests as folliculocentric papules arising in a seborrheic distribution. Only 23 cases exist in the literature. Most reported cases have arisen spontaneously, but a small number of drug‐induced cases in the setting of epidermal‐derived growth factor, vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor, or PD‐1 inhibitor therapy have been reported. Colonization by bacteria and/or yeast occurs frequently. The etiology remains unknown, but some suggest a complex interplay with an aberrant microbiome, sebaceous gland dysfunction, and perturbed EGFR signaling in follicular infundibula. Histopathologic findings include rupture of follicular epithelium, neutrophilic inflammation, and nodular cup‐shaped crystal deposits. We present a case of spontaneous, recurrent NICF in an inverse pattern in the inguinal region.
Who matters and why? The contributions of different sources of social support to doctoral students' academic engagement
Authors: Cao Fei , Li Huan , Chen Xin , You Yanwei , Xue Yan
Published: April 2024

Social support is a crucial factor in the academic engagement of doctoral students, which is vital to their overall success. While past studies have mostly focused on the support from doctoral supervisors, support from other significant groups, including institutions, peers and families, has been largely neglected, and even no study has investigated their contributions to doctoral students' development. Drawing from the job demands‐resources model, this study investigated the contributions of different sources (institutions, supervisors, peers and families) of social support to doctoral students' academic engagement. It further examined the mediating role of grit within these relationships. A sample of 472 doctoral students across various disciplines from 10 universities in mainland China responded to an online survey. Results showed that institutional support and supervisory support positively predicted doctoral students' academic engagement, while peer support and family support did not significantly predict academic engagement. Furthermore, grit was found to mediate the relationship between support from institutions and supervisors and academic engagement. Practical implications for higher education institutions, doctoral supervisors and programs are discussed.
Association of diabetes mellitus with dementia‐ and non‐dementia‐related mortality amongst women: a secondary competing risks analysis of the California Teachers Study
Authors: Morgan Cathleen , Annegers Bradon , Taylor Matthew K. , Shuger Fox Sara , Titcomb Tyler J.
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose

The prevalence of dementia is rapidly increasing. Attempts to further understand modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus (DM) are urgently needed to inform public health policies for prevention. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the relationship between DM and risk of dementia and non‐dementia mortality amongst women in the California Teachers Study prospective cohort.

Methods

Women (n = 124,509) aged 22–104 years at baseline were included. DM was ascertained from self‐reported questionnaires and hospital‐linked records. Dementia‐related deaths were ascertained from state and national records. Competing risk regression models were used to estimate cause‐specific hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of DM with dementia‐ and non‐dementia‐related mortality.

Results

There were 10,511 total DM cases and 3625 deaths due to dementia over a mean of 21.3 years of follow‐up. Fully adjusted cause‐specific hazard ratios of the association with DM were 2.26 (2.01, 2.55) for dementia‐related and 1.97 (1.89, 2.05) for the competing risk of non‐dementia‐related mortality. This association was strongest amongst participants with incident DM, younger age at baseline and higher alcohol consumption or who were overweight.

Conclusions

In the California Teachers Study, women with DM had increased risk of mortality due to both dementia and non‐dementia causes; however, the risk of mortality due to dementia was elevated compared to non‐dementia causes only amongst participants with incident DM.
Complete denture palatal rugae design impact on satisfaction and quality of life
Authors: Abu‐Awwad Motasum , Bustani Mohammad , Alkababji Mohammad , Majdalawi Farah , Salim Nesreen A. , AL‐Omiri Mahmoud K.
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To compare the impact of three complete denture palatal rugae designs on participants' satisfaction and oral‐health‐related quality of life.

Background

Complete dentures palatal rugea are usually polished to a smooth finish, which can affect the patient's adaptation. Roughening or keeping an opening in the rugae area to replicate the natural sensation of the palatal rugae has been suggested but lacks clinical evidence.

Methods

This randomised crossover trial included participants with complete dentures randomly allocated to six sequences. Each sequence alternated between polished, roughened, and open rugae designs. Participants evaluated general and domain‐specific satisfaction (eating, taste, speaking, phonetics, and ease of cleaning) on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. They also completed the Oral Health Impact Profile for Edentulous Patients (OHIP‐EDENT) and indicated their preferred design at the end. Repeated‐measure ANOVA compared satisfaction, and one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's test compared OHIP‐EDENT scores.

Results

Forty‐two participants were randomised. Seven dropped out. General satisfaction ratings were comparable for the polished (Mean = 80.2, SD = 19.7) and roughened designs (Mean = 79.5, SD = 20.2). However, the open design had a significantly lower satisfaction rating (Mean = 41.1, SD = 32.2). OHIP‐EDENT scores for the open design (Mean = 44.9, SD = 17.5) were significantly worse than those for the polished (Mean = 36.1, SD = 12.7) and roughened designs (Mean = 36.2, SD = 13.3). Two‐thirds of the participants chose the polished design. One‐third chose the roughened design; of those, 83% were first‐time denture wearers.

Conclusions

Complete dentures with polished and roughened rugae designs were perceived similarly. Both designs could be recommended based on the patient's preference. However, the open design should be avoided due to negative perception.
Evaluation of a daily facial massage on perceived sleep quality and well‐being: A pilot study
Authors: Porcheron Aurélie , Latreille Julie , Sauvet Fabien , Bardel Marie‐Héloise
Published: April 2024

Objective

Sleep disorders are widespread and constitute a major public health risk. The present study thus aims to investigate the effect of a facial cosmetic self‐massage daily routine on women's sleep and well‐being.

Methods

The present pilot study was conducted on 62 middle‐aged women declaring daily tiredness and sleep troubles. We examined the effect of a regular facial cosmetic self‐massage routine on sleep patterns, daytime sleepiness, and well‐being over the course of 2 months.

Results

After 1 and 2 months, our results show improved sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI – −20.2% after 2 months), reduced daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS, −31.2% after 2 months), and increased well‐being measures. The number of participants with abnormal sleep (PSQI >5) decreased over the course of the experiment as well, from 71.9% to 49.2% at the end of the 2 months [odds ratio 95% CI for decrease: 0.38 (0.18–0.81)]. Similarly, the number of participants with excessive daytime sleepiness (>10 on the ESS) decreased over the course of the study from 44.3% to 21% after 1 month [95% CI: 0.33 (0.15–0.73)] and to 16.1% after 2 months [95% CI: 0.24 (0.10–0.56)].

Conclusions

These results suggest that a facial cosmetic self‐massage routine may improve sleep patterns and is likely to be a useful addition to a standard sleep hygiene routine.
The effect of health literacy‐grounded web‐based education on nutrition and exercise behaviours in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dülger Hanifi , Ayaz‐Alkaya Sultan
Published: April 2024

Aim

The research was conducted to measure the effect of health literacy‐grounded web‐based education program on health literacy, nutrition and exercise behaviours in adolescents.

Background

The increasing prevalence of obesity in adolescents is explained by a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet. Health literacy is essential for adolescents to maintain their healthy behaviours.

Methods

The research was conducted as a parallel group randomized controlled trial. The study was completed by 114 adolescents (experimental = 42, control = 72). The Personal Information Form, the Health Literacy Scale for School‐Age Children and the Nutrition and Exercise Subscales were used to collect data. A web‐based education program was implemented. Two‐way mixed design ANOVA with Bonferroni test was used to examine the group, time and group * time interaction of the measurements.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding health literacy level, nutrition and exercise behaviours pre‐test mean scores (p > 0.05). In the post‐test, the mean scores of health literacy and nutrition behaviours in the experimental group were higher than the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in exercise behaviours (p > 0.05). The power and effect size in mean scores changes for health literacy (99.8%, η2 = 0.039) and nutrition (99.8%, η2 = 0.039) were moderate.

Conclusion

The study concluded that health literacy‐grounded web‐based education program increased the health literacy levels of adolescents and improved their nutritional behaviours; however, there was no sufficient change in exercise behaviours.
Formal support and service needs of family caregivers of adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities in India
Authors: Murthy Sumithra , Parker Harris Sarah , Hsieh Kelly
Published: April 2024

Background

Despite the enactment of disability laws/policies in India, research shows that caregivers of adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities experience inadequate formal supports/services due to dissemination barriers and lack of awareness about them. To address discrepancy between caregivers' support needs and the professionals' understanding of their needs, the study proposed to conduct a caregiver needs assessment so that culturally‐tailored programs are developed.

Method

A strengths‐based mixed methods needs assessment was conducted with a convenience sample of 100 caregivers in Hyderabad, India. One hundred caregivers completed the survey and 15 caregivers participated in semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Caregivers needed more and improved formal supports/services, particularly from the government. Caregivers faced systemic and attitudinal barriers, and personal impediments to accessing them. Needs differed by care recipients' intellectual disability level, gender, and intellectual disability related conditions.

Conclusions

Researchers, service providers and policymakers need to adopt innovative strategies to improve formal supports/services access.
Contribution of static and dynamic balance skills to activities of daily living in children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Endo Soma , Asano Daiki , Asai Hitoshi
Published: April 2024

Background

Static and dynamic balance skills can be related to the activities of daily living (ADL) in children with non‐syndromic intellectual disabilities, and the type of balance skills affecting ADL can differ depending on the domain of ADL (self‐care, mobility, and social function).

Methods

The ADL capabilities of 66 children with intellectual disabilities were assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and were examined in relation to static and dynamic balance skills.

Results

Significant positive correlations were found between the one‐leg standing and PEDI (r = .841 for self‐care, r = .700 for mobility, and r = .760 for social function). Our analysis showed that static balance skills affected self‐care, dynamic balance skills affected mobility, and intelligence quotient affected social function.

Conclusions

Improving balance skills is important for enhancing ADL capabilities, and the type of balance skills that need enhancement vary based on the domain of ADL.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring profiles in Asia
Authors: Widyantoro Bambang , Nailes Jennifer M. , Sukonthasarn Apichard , Soenarta Arieska Ann ,   HOPE Asia Network
Published: April 2024

High blood pressure (BP) remains a major health problem globally, with a proportion of hypertension‐mediated organ damage (HMOD) increasing worldwide including in Asia region. Cardiovascular (CV), cerebral and kidney diseases related to hypertension were reported to be closely associated with morning surge and nocturnal hypertension—a subset of BP variability—which can be detected by out‐of‐office BP measurement. Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and Home BP monitoring (HBPM) have been recommended by major guidelines to be used in the evaluation of BP variability and outcomes’ prediction of hypertension patients. However, an interesting profile of ABPM in Asia has been reported and hypothesized to correlate with different outcomes. This review will focus on the current recommendation of ABPM use by the guidelines, the major different profiles of ABPM in Asia as compared to Western countries according to clinical indications, and the challenges in implementing optimal use of ABPM in Asian countries based on available evidence.
Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to dietary salt intake and the acceptability of salt substitute among the Australian culturally and linguistically diverse community: An online survey
Authors: Yu Jie , Houston Lauren , Gianacas Chris , Lee Vivian , Fletcher Robert A. , Chen Angela Xun‐Nan , Arnott Clare
Published: April 2024

The Australian culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities may be at higher risk of salt intake than recommended given the use of a combination of discretionary sources and exposure to processed foods within a western country. This survey aimed to understand the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward dietary salt and the acceptability of salt substitutes in the CALD communities. An online cross‐sectional survey was conducted among adults who self‐reported being a part of a CALD community, which was defined as non‐Indigenous cultural groups in Australia having cultural or linguistic connections with their overseas place of birth, ancestry or ethnic origin, religion, preferred language or language spoken at home. A total of 218 respondents opened the survey link. A total of 196 completed the entire survey. The majority of respondents (162, 83%) were aware that high salt intake causes serious health problems. Altogether 134 (69%) respondents were aware that there is a recommended amount for daily salt consumption although only 59 (44%) knew precise recommendations as <5 g salt per day. Around one quarter of the respondents rarely or never looked for ‟low in salt’’ or ‟reduced salt’’ messages on food labels when shopping. Over half specified they always or often added salt during cooking or preparing foods in the household. Almost 4 in 5 CALD respondents were willing to reduce their salt intake for health and 3 in 4 were open to trying a salt substitute. Further research into the utility of a salt substitute intervention in the Australian CALD community is warranted.
Learning‐by‐doing and contract choice
Authors: Greer Katja
Published: April 2024

This study examines vertical agreements that occur when suppliers experience learning‐by‐doing, which makes them more productive over time and poses a competitive threat to their rivals. Consequently, a dominant supplier arranges payments that reference the rival good. This study contributes to the existing literature by showing that the dominant supplier chooses specific contracts to reap optimal benefit from its rival's efficiency gains. These contracts restrict the rival, harm consumers, and reduce welfare when the rival is exceptionally efficient or expects significant improvements through learning‐by‐doing. Therefore, this study emphasizes the significance of foreseeable innovations and their implications in antitrust proceedings.
Feeding ecology of Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner, 1882) (Characiformes: Characidae) in streams in the eastern Amazon: Environmental factors and body size
Authors: Barros Helusa Kyara Silva , Barbosa Thiago Augusto Pedroso , Prudente Bruno da Silveira
Published: April 2024

The present study aimed to characterize the diet of Moenkhausia collettii and investigate possible changes due to environmental variations and its body size in streams in the eastern Amazon. The specimens were sampled monthly between April 2019 and March 2020. They were measured for standard length (SL) and total mass (Tm) and eviscerated for analysis of stomach contents. Food items were identified and grouped into categories. Dietary aspects such as food importance index (AI%), trophic niche width, and stomach repletion index (SRI%) were evaluated. Furthermore, generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to evaluate the relation between diet and the SL, as well as between diet and the environmental variables of streams. A total of 355 specimens with SL ranging from 11.06 to 46.03 mm and weight ranging from 0.020 to 2.373 g were evaluated. Out of the 355 stomachs analysed, 88 contained material in an advanced stage of decomposition and 12 were empty. The diet of M. collettii was considered omnivorous, with a tendency toward insectivory. Formicidae was the most important category in the diet of the species, followed by immature Diptera and plant material. The GLMs showed a relationship between the diet and a set of environmental variables such as dissolved oxygen, conductivity, flow, width, depth, wood, leaf bank, and SL. The trophic niche width and feeding intensity increased with the length of the species, as well as in the period of higher precipitation, reinforcing trophic opportunism for M. collettii. Therefore, new studies that combine the traditional method of stomach content analysis, the use of stable isotopes, as well as ecomorphological attributes, are crucial for a profound understanding of the trophic ecology of the ichthyofauna in the face of natural changes occurring in their environment.
CEO's early‐life famine experience and tunneling: Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Shihua , Han Xu , Reda Ali
Published: April 2024

The Great Chinese Famine is considered one of the most traumatic events recorded in human history and has a long‐lasting influence on the survivors' behaviors. Previous studies have linked the CEOs' early‐life experiences to corporate decisions and managerial behaviors, but does experience affect corporate governance? We investigate the impact of the CEO's early‐life famine experience on tunneling using a data set consisting of 11,573 firm‐year observations from the Chinese manufacturing companies publishing A‐shares on the main board from 2006 to 2016. We find that companies run by CEOs who experienced the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961) in their early life are less likely to collude with controlling shareholders to expropriate minority shareholders than those who did not suffer the hardships of famine. We further make mediation tests to confirm two channels: risk aversion and empathy for poverty. The overall findings align with the view of imprinting theory: CEOs' experiences of adverse events in their early life have a lasting impact on their later‐life behaviors.
‘Vote the Assholes Out’: How Value Congruence Work Aligns Stakeholders for Corporate Activism
Authors: Buchanan Sean , Mohammadnejad Shourkaei Mojtaba , Dyck Bruno
Published: April 2024

Recent research has pointed to value congruence between a firm and its stakeholders as a key driver of corporate socio‐political activism. However, this ‘stakeholder alignment’ model of corporate activism does not adequately explain how firms foster value congruence with their stakeholders. Drawing from an inductive study of Patagonia, Inc., we develop a social‐symbolic work perspective of stakeholder alignment for corporate activism by introducing the concept of ‘value congruence work’. Our findings demonstrate how attractional value congruence work aims to draw in stakeholders with similar values to engage with the firm, and co‐evolutionary value congruence work facilitates different forms of learning to sustain alignment between a firm and its stakeholders. Our findings offer new insights for research on corporate socio‐political activism and values work in organizations.
Development of a Scale to Measure Tolerance Toward Diverse Others1
Authors: Maeda Kaede , Hashimoto Hirofumi
Published: April 2024

Opportunities to interact with people from different cultures and languages have increased as society has become more globalized. Hence, it has become increasingly important for people living in today's international society to accept and try to build trusting relationships with those who may perceive the world differently. This study aimed to develop a scale to measure people's tolerant attitudes toward diverse others (hereafter, tolerance toward diverse others). Furthermore, after confirming the newly developed scale's reliability and validity, we used it to examine its associations with general trust and cultural interdependent self‐construal. Albeit exploratively, we then discuss the relationships among these variables. Our results showed that scores on the newly developed Tolerance of Diverse Others Scale were positively correlated with scores on the General Trust Scale and also with scores on tolerance‐related items in the World Values Survey. Furthermore, the harmony‐seeking aspect of cultural interdependent self‐construal was positively correlated with tolerance toward diverse others, while the rejection‐avoidance aspect was negatively correlated, although the positive correlation between harmony seeking and rejection avoidance was shown. We discuss what the results suggest about Japanese individuals' perceptions of diverse others.
TRIPS‐PLUS provisions in the economic partnership agreements with the EU: The CARIFORUM's experience and lessons for West Africa
Authors: Ogbodo Juliet A.
Published: April 2024

Negotiation for the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and six African, Caribbean and Pacific (APC) regions has been ongoing for over a decade. These negotiations are at different phases in the seven APC regions and have faced significant challenges, hindering ratification in most of them. However, the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) is the first regional group to have completed the process. It is currently implementing the EPA. Most significantly, CARIFORUM is the only region to have negotiated and ratified a comprehensive EPA that goes beyond trade in goods to include other elements such as services and intellectual property. This paper seeks to understand why CARIFORUM opted for a comprehensive EPA with the EU. Keeping in mind the downsides of intellectual property (IP) globalization, it fleshes out lessons, particularly on IP rights, that West African countries, and other non‐Caribbean ACP regions, can draw from the CARIFORUM's experience to adequately equip themselves in anticipation of negotiations with the EU for their EPAs.
Functional screening of the Arabidopsis 2C protein phosphatases family identifies PP2C15 as a negative regulator of plant immunity by targeting BRI1‐associated receptor kinase 1
Authors: Diao Zhihong , Yang Rongqian , Wang Yizhu , Cui Junmei , Li Junhao , Wu Qiqi , Zhang Yaxin , Yu Xiaosong , Gong Benqiang , Huang Yan , Yu Guozhi , Yao Huipeng , Guo Jinya , Zhang Huaiyu , Shen Jinbo , Gust Andrea A. , Cai Yi
Published: April 2024

Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6‐interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well‐known co‐receptor of plasma membrane‐localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1‐mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000‐seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild‐type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.
The internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence polymorphism brings updates to tsetse species distribution in the northern Cameroon: Importance in planning efficient vector control
Authors: Feudjio Soffack Steve , Melachio Tanekou Tito Tresor , Farikou Oumarou , Kame Ngasse Ginette Irma , Tchami Mbagnia Mureille Carole , Wondji Murielle , Wondji Charles S. , Abd‐Alla Adly M. M. , Geiger Anne , Simo Gustave , Njiokou Flobert
Published: April 2024

Vector control remains one of the best strategies to prevent the transmission of trypanosome infections in humans and livestock and, thus, a good way to achieve the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis and animal African trypanosomiasis. A key prerequisite for the success of any vector control strategy is the accurate identification and correct mapping of tsetse species. In this work, we updated the tsetse fly species identification and distribution in many geographical areas in Cameroon. Tsetse flies were captured from six localities in Cameroon, and their species were morphologically identified. Thereafter, DNA was extracted from legs of each tsetse fly and the length polymorphism of internal transcribed spacer‐1 (ITS1) region of each fly was investigated using PCR. ITS1 DNA fragments of each tsetse species were sequenced. The sequences obtained were analysed and compared to those available in GenBank. This enabled to confirm/infirm results of the morphologic identification and then, to establish the phylogenetic relationships between tsetse species. Morphologic features allowed to clearly distinguish all the tsetse species captured in the South Region of Cameroon, that is, Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. pallicera, G. caliginea and G. nigrofusca. In the northern area, G. morsitans submorsitans could also be distinguished from G. palpalis palpalis, G. tachinoides and G. fuscipes, but these three later could not be distinguished with routine morphological characters. The ITS1 length polymorphism was high among most of the studied species and allowed to identify the following similar species with a single PCR, that is, G. palpalis palpalis with 241 or 242 bp and G. tachinoides with 221 or 222 bp, G. fuscipes with 236 or 237 bp. We also updated the old distribution of tsetse species in the areas assessed, highlighting the presence of G. palpalis palpalis instead of G. fuscipes in Mbakaou, or in sympatry with G. morsitans submorsitans in Dodeo (northern Cameroon). This study confirms the presence of G. palpalis palpalis in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon. It highlights the limits of using morphological criteria to differentiate some tsetse species. Molecular tools based on the polymorphism of ITS1 of tsetse flies can differentiate tsetse species through a simple PCR before downstream analyses or vector control planning.
Targeting the EGFR pathway: An alternative strategy for the treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex?
Authors: Schachenhofer Julia , Gruber Victoria‐Elisabeth , Fehrer Stefanie Valerie , Haider Carmen , Glatter Sarah , Liszewska Ewa , Höftberger Romana , Aronica Eleonora , Rössler Karl , Jaworski Jacek , Scholl Theresa , Feucht Martha
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is caused by variants in TSC1/TSC2, leading to constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1. Therapy with everolimus has been approved for TSC, but variations in success are frequent. Recently, caudal late interneuron progenitor (CLIP) cells were identified as a common origin of the TSC brain pathologies such as subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA) and cortical tubers (CT). Further, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with afatinib, which is expressed in CLIP cells, reduces cell growth in cerebral TSC organoids. However, investigation of clinical patient‐derived data is lacking.

Aims

Observation of EGFR expression in SEGA, CT and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) 2B human brain specimen and investigation of whether its inhibition could be a potential therapeutic intervention for these patients.

Methods

Brain specimens of 23 SEGAs, 6 CTs, 20 FCD2Bs and 17 controls were analysed via immunohistochemistry to characterise EGFR expression, cell proliferation (via Mib1) and mTOR signalling. In a cell‐based assay using primary patient‐derived cells (CT n = 1, FCD2B n = 1 and SEGA n = 4), the effects of afatinib and everolimus on cell proliferation and cell viability were observed.

Results

EGFR overexpression was observed in histological sections of SEGA, CT and FCD2B patients. Both everolimus and afatinib decreased the proliferation and viability in primary SEGA, tuber and FCD2B cells.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that EGFR suppression might be an effective alternative treatment option for SEGAs and tubers, as well as other mTOR‐associated malformations of cortical development, including FCD2B.
Long‐term outcome following magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound unilateral thalamotomy for medication‐refractory essential tremor
Authors: Ito Hisashi , Yamamoto Kazuaki , Fukutake Shigeru , Kamei Tetsumasa , Yamaguchi Toshio , Taira Takaomi
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate the long‐term outcome 5 years after transcranial magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) thalamotomy for essential tremor (ET), following our interim reports.

Methods

This was a prospective and open‐labeled study involving a single center. Ten medication‐refractory ET patients (8 men and 2 women, aged 67.1 ± 17.5 years, all right‐handed) underwent left MRgFUS Vim thalamotomy. They were assessed using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) and the overall health and quality of life (QOL) scale of the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST). Additionally, we assessed safety issues during the study period.

Results

Right‐hand tremor improved immediately after the procedure in all patients. The right‐hand CRST score remained significantly improved by 60.2% and 33.5% from baseline at both 1‐ and 5‐years post‐treatment, respectively (both p < 0.05). On the other hand, the left‐hand CRST score and the overall QOL score of QUEST showed no improvement. Adverse events during and immediately after the procedure were mild and reversible. We observed no delayed adverse events.

Conclusion

MRgFUS unilateral Vim thalamotomy is adopted as one of the therapeutic options for intractable ET. Further investigation of the methodology for accurate targeting and sonication is important to improve long‐term outcomes involving a larger number of patients. In addition, not only unilateral but also bilateral Vim thalamotomy may be necessary to achieve a better quality of life.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine correlates with indicators of prethrombotic state in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Du Zhaona , Jiang Wenbo , Yu Chengyun , Zhang Ming , Xia Wei
Published: April 2024

Objective

The mechanism of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in thrombosis in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is still unclear. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between ADMA and indicators of prethrombotic state in NVAF patients and to analyze the predictive role of ADMA in NVAF thrombosis.

Methods

A total of 192 NVAF patients were continuously selected from January 2023 to October 2023. Plasma ADMA levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. P‐selectin (P‐sel), von Willebrand factor (vWF), D‐dimer (D‐D), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by the nitrate reductase assay for plasma nitrite/nitrate, then the Griess method (Shanghai Hailian Biotechnology Co., Shanghai, China) was used to calculate plasma NO levels.

Results

In our study, ADMA levels were significantly elevated and positively correlated with P‐sel, vWF, D‐D, and PAI‐1, whereas NO levels were significantly negatively correlated with these prethrombotic factors in NVAF. Furthermore, multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that ADMA and LA diameter were independent predictors of high thrombosis risk (CHA2DS2‐VASc ≥2 score) in patients with NVAF.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that ADMA correlated with the prethrombotic state in NVAF and that reduction of ADMA levels in NVAF patients may be a novel therapeutic strategy for thrombosis risk reduction.
SlCRCa is a key D‐class gene controlling ovule fate determination in tomato
Authors: Wu Junqing , Li Pengxue , Zhu Danyang , Ma Haochuan , Li Meng , Lai Yixuan , Peng Yuxin , Li Haixiao , Li Shuang , Wei Jinbo , Bian Xinxin , Rahman Abidur , Wu Shuang
Published: April 2024

Cell fate determination and primordium initiation on the placental surface are two key events for ovule formation in seed plants, which directly affect ovule density and seed yield. Despite ovules form in the marginal meristematic tissues of the carpels, angiosperm carpels evolved after the ovules. It is not clear how the development of the ovules and carpels is coordinated in angiosperms. In this study, we identify the S. lycopersicum CRABS CLAW (CRC) homologue SlCRCa as an essential determinant of ovule fate. We find that SlCRCa is not only expressed in the placental surface and ovule primordia but also functions as a D‐class gene to block carpel fate and promote ovule fate in the placental surface. Loss of function of SlCRCa causes homeotic transformation of the ovules to carpels. In addition, we find low levels of the S. lycopersicum AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) homologue (SlANT2) favour the ovule initiation, whereas high levels of SlANT2 promote placental carpelization. SlCRCa forms heterodimer with tomato INNER NO OUTER (INO) and AGAMOUS (AG) orthologues, SlINO and TOMATO AGAMOUS1 (TAG1), to repress SlANT2 expression during the ovule initiation. Our study confirms that angiosperm basal ovule cells indeed retain certain carpel properties and provides mechanistic insights into the ovule initiation.
Early and late outcomes of congenital biliary dilatation in pediatric patients
Authors: Takahashi Yoshiaki , Kobayashi Takashi , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Arai Yuhki , Ohyama Toshiyuki , Yokota Naoki , Sugai Yu , Takano Shoichi
Published: April 2024

Background

This study aimed to reveal the early and late postoperative complications and outcomes after surgery for congenital biliary dilatation (CBD) by reviewing cases over the past 40 years.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 59 patients with CBD who underwent radical surgery for complications and outcomes, based on medical records. Early complications were defined as those requiring treatment within 5 years of the initial operation. Late complications were defined as those treated more than 5 years later.

Results

The median age at the first surgery was 37 months. Regarding biliary reconstruction, 54 of the 59 patients (91.5%) underwent hepaticojejunostomy. Although three patients underwent cholecystoduodenostomy and one patient underwent hepaticoduodenostomy, all were converted to hepaticojejunostomy after a median of 12.5 years. One patient developed synchronous biliary carcinoma and underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Early complications occurred in seven patients with 10 events (surgical site infection, n = 3 bile leakage, n = 3; ileus, n = 3; bile duct obstruction, n = 1 and intussusception, n = 1). Late complications occurred in nine patients with 12 events (ileus, n = 3; anastomotic stricture, n = 3; hepatolithiasis, n = 3; asynchronous biliary carcinoma, n = 2; pancreatolithiasis, n = 1). Two of the three patients with hepatolithiasis underwent hepatectomy refractory to the endoscopic approach. Two patients developed asynchronous biliary carcinoma at 34 and 13 years after last operation; both ultimately died of the carcinoma. Only 35 patients (61.4%) underwent a follow‐up examination. A total of 11 female patients (45.8%) eventually married, and all successfully gave birth.

Conclusion

Although the long‐term prognosis is excellent with complete cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy, we emphasize the importance of long‐term follow‐up.
Handling of human milk to prevent acquired cytomegalovirus infection in Japanese neonatal intensive care units: The first nationwide survey
Authors: Saito Kana , Tanaka Kosuke , Nakagawa Ryota , Ozawa Junichi , Haga Mitsuhiro , Miyahara Naoyuki , Kabe Kazuhiko , Namba Fumihiko
Published: April 2024

Background

Human milk (HM) has been proven to provide immunological and nutritional advantages to neonates; however, acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can be associated with raw HM. In Japan, there are no standardized guidelines concerning HM handling. This cross‐sectional survey was performed to reveal specific trends in HM handling in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Japan.

Methods

A questionnaire was sent to 255 NICUs participating in the Japanese Neonatologist Association in May 2020. It involved HM handling practices, such as maternal screening, pasteurization, storage, and the workforce.

Results

Of 255 NICUs, 174 (67.8%) responded to the survey. Maternal CMV screening was carried out in 37 units (22.2%), and CMV inactivation in HM was performed in 44 units (26.5%). For CMV inactivation, a freeze‐thawing method was employed in about 90% of units. In 70% of units providing CMV inactivation, CMV inactivation was conducted regardless of bodyweight and corrected gestational age of infants until the infants' discharge. Acquired CMV infection in preterm neonates was observed in 43 units (25.7%) in the survey period.

Conclusion

A wide range of HM handling practices are used in Japanese NICUs. A national guideline for handling HM in NICUs should be created to promote the infection control of CMV.
Structure–property relationship in functionalized azobenzene photoswitches and their supramolecular behavior
Authors: Grewal Surbhi , Srivastava Anjali , Singh Sapna , Venkataramani Sugumar
Published: April 2024

Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and supramolecular behavior of 30 structurally diverse photoresponsive azobenzene molecular systems. To establish structure–property relationships, azobenzenes appended with N‐picolinyl and/or N‐benzyl groups tethered directly through carboxamides or via triazolylmethyl carboxamide linkages were explored. We have evaluated the photoswitching characteristics and thermal stability of the Z isomers through systematic studies. All the targets were also screened for their aggregation behavior and supramolecular aspects. Among all the derivatives, a few carboxamide‐based systems formed microcrystals upon aggregation, showing light responsiveness. In contrast, the derivatives tethered via triazolylmethyl carboxamide linkage exhibited hydrogel formation with excellent water‐absorbing capacity. All supramolecular aspects of the morphology of the microcrystal and hydrogel states and their stimuli‐responsiveness have been studied using spectroscopy and various microscopic techniques.