bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliable Positioning and mmWave Communication via Multi-Point Connectivity
Authors: Kumar Dileep , Saloranta Jani , Kaleva Jarkko , Destino Giuseppe , Tölli Antti
Published: November 2018

One of the key elements of future 5G and beyond mobile technology is millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications, which is targeted to extreme high-data rate services. Furthermore, combining the possibility of a wideband signal transmission with the capability of pencil-beamforming, mmWave technology is key for accurate cellular-based positioning. However, it is also well-known that at the mmWave frequency band the radio channel is very sensitive to line-of-sight blockages giving rise to unstable connectivity and inefficient communication. In this paper, we tackle the blockage problem and propose a solution to increase the communication reliability by means of a coordinated multi-point reception. We also investigate the advantage of this solution in terms of positioning quality. More specifically, we describe a robust hybrid analog–digital receive beamforming strategy to combat the unavailability of dominant links. Numerical examples are provided to validate the efficiency of our proposed method.
The Influence of Marine Traffic on Particulate Matter (PM) Levels in the Region of Danish Straits, North and Baltic Seas
Authors: Firląg Szymon , Rogulski Mariusz , Badyda Artur
Published: November 2018

The aim of the study was to determine air pollution over the sea surface (North Sea and Baltic Sea) compared to the situation in ports, as well as to examine the impact of ships on the level of particulate matter (PM) concentration. The measurements, made during the two-week cruise of the tall ship Fryderyk Chopin, demonstrated that the principal source of PM emission over the sea surface are passing ships equipped with internal combustion engines, including quite numerous units powered by marine oil. The highest pollution levels were observed in locations distant from the coast, with increasing concentrations when other ships were approaching. During the cruise, at least two places were identified with increased PM concentration (18–28 μg/m3 for PM10 and 15–25 μg/m3 for PM2.5) caused by passing ships. The share of PM2.5 fraction in the general PM concentration in these places increased from 70–72% to 82–85%, which means that combustion emission dominated. In turn, measurements made in ports (Copenhagen and Kołobrzeg) showed lower levels of air pollution and indicated a typical variability of the PM concentrations characteristic for land areas. The results confirm the need for determining suitable solutions for sustainable sea transport.
Evaluating the Impacts of Integrated Pollution on Water Quality of the Trans-Boundary Neris (Viliya) River
Authors: Valentukevičienė Marina , Bagdžiūnaitė-Litvinaitienė Lina , Chadyšas Viktoras , Litvinaitis Andrius
Published: November 2018

The trans-boundary area between the Europe Union and other countries is highly susceptible to changes in water quality and variations in the potential pollution load that could influence its eco-systems significantly. The Neris (Viliya) River is one of the biggest surface water bodies in Lithuania and Belarus with an ecologically important area protected by international legislation. The study was aimed at evaluating the impacts of integrated pollution on water quality of the Neris River taking into account different storm-water flows and ecological scenarios. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative statistical evaluation was set up and calculation was done; different integrated pollution loads of the catchment area were estimated. The evaluation considered a decrease in river discharge due to changes in the regional storm-water flow and technological development that should lead to the growing covered surface and a reduction in the untreated storm-water flows. The obtained results indicated that, in the case of storm-water treatment, the total nitrate and phosphate concentrations will decrease, while in the cases of changes in combined suspended solid, the concentration of nutrients will decrease. Thus, a trans-boundary storm-water treatment plant of the Viliya River is required as it should eliminate pollution accumulation and restore its acceptable environmental status. A coordinated international project for the entire catchment of the Neris (Viliya) River based on the specifications and requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (EU 2000) should be developed and implemented. Subsequently, ecological river-use policies should be established at the international level, which should offer considerable perspectives for the sustainable development of the area.
CSR and Customer Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Customer Engagement
Authors: Abbas Moazzam , Gao Yongqiang , Shah Sayyed Sadaqat Hussain
Published: November 2018

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) image positively affects customer outcomes. Despite researchers’ interest in the investigation of company favoring outcomes still, there is a need to further examine the psychological mechanisms that generate these outcomes. Customer engagement (CE) is a state of mind that drives customer behavior. The role of CE has been fully ignored in CSR literature. We suggest that CSR engenders CE and examine the mediating role of CE between CSR and behavioral outcomes. A survey of 455 customers of banking services in Pakistan provided empirical evidence for hypothesis testing. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. We find that CSR image induces CE that gives rise to behavioral responses i.e., customer loyalty, word-of-mouth (WOM) and customer feedback. This is the first study to examine the impact of CSR on customer feedback and to investigate the mediating role of CE.
Fuzzy AHP Application for Supporting Contractors’ Bidding Decision
Authors: Leśniak Agnieszka , Kubek Daniel , Plebankiewicz Edyta , Zima Krzysztof , Belniak Stanisław
Published: November 2018

This paper proposes the author’s model based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to improve the efficiency of contractor bidding decisions. The essence of the AHP method is to make pairwise comparisons of available options against all evaluation criteria. The results of these comparisons are recorded in a square matrix in which symmetrical elements are reciprocal. In the expert opinion, a 9-step, bipolar verbal scale was used so that the symmetry of the response was maintained. For contractors from countries where the tendering system is commonly used, the choice of the right tender in which to participate influences their image, financial condition, and their aspiration to succeed. The bid/no bid decision depends on numerous factors associated with the company itself, the environment, and the project concerning the tender. When facing tough competition, contractors search for a solution which increases their chances of winning the tender. The proposed model was based on factors selected by Polish contractors. The original element of the model involves 4 original criteria and 15 sub-criteria for the assessment of investment decision projects to the selection of the most advantageous contract, i.e., the contractor’s participation in the bid. For verbal evaluations describing the criteria, symmetric triangular fuzzy numbers were assigned. The authors performed an extended analysis method combined with FAHP in the model. Fuzzy evaluations underwent elaborate analysis, the aim of which was to specify the synthetic priority weights for each criterion. As a result of the application of the method, to prove that the model works, an example from the Polish construction market was presented in which a bid/no bid decision about four possible tenders was to be taken. Despite the considered example applying to Polish conditions, the proposed model can be used also in other countries. The authors’ rationale is to produce new and more flexible methodologies in order to realistically model a variety of concrete decision problems.
Characterization of HIV-2 Protease Structure by Studying Its Asymmetry at the Different Levels of Protein Description
Authors: Ollitrault Guillaume , Fartek Sandrine , Descamps Diane , Camproux Anne-Claude , Visseaux Benoît , Regad Leslie
Published: November 2018

HIV-2 protease (PR2) is a homodimer, which is an important target in the treatment of the HIV-2 infection. In this study, we developed an in silico protocol to analyze and characterize the asymmetry of the unbound PR2 structure using three levels of protein description by comparing the conformation, accessibility, and flexibility of each residue in the two PR2 chains. Our results showed that 65% of PR2 residues have at least one of the three studied asymmetries (structural, accessibility, or flexibility) with 10 positions presenting the three asymmetries in the same time. In addition, we noted that structural and flexibility asymmetries are linked indicating that the structural asymmetry of some positions result from their large flexibility. By comparing the structural asymmetry of the crystallographic and energetically minimized structures of the unbound PR2, we confirmed that the structural asymmetry of unbound PR2 is an intrinsic property of this protein with an important role for the PR2 deformation upon ligand binding. This analysis also allowed locating asymmetries corresponding to crystallization artefacts. This study provides insight that will help to better understand the structural deformations of PR2 and to identify key positions for ligand binding.
La valeur de la théorie de l’« abus de droit »
Authors: Tullio Loredana
Published: November 2018

L’ «abus de droit » opère au-delà de la moralité ou socialité. Il est illustré par l’auteur avec l’étude du profil fonctionnel : en d’autres termes, l’ «abus de droit » est entendu comme «exercice » du droit réalisé selon des modalités «diverses » ou «contraires » à sa fonction (exercice «contre fonctionnel » ou «anti fonctionnel » ). C’est par l’analyse des effets que l’on est en mesure de vérifier s’il y a ou non déviation des connexions fonctionnelles entre «le pouvoir d’autonomie conféré au sujet et l’acte de l’exercice d’un tel pouvoir » ; s’il y a ou non l’existence d’une conduite abusive. L’analyse n’est pas limitée, donc, à un moment fixe de l’existence de la situation subjective ; il est nécessaire de procéder à la qualification de l’ensemble des comportements tenus concrètement par le sujet. Cette perspective d’enquête entend offrir la possibilité de distinguer facilement — entre le vaste amoncellement de conduites humaines — celles qualifiables d’ «exercice du droit » de celles qui constituent «le non-exercice » de celui-ci (ou mieux : «exercice abusif » ). En synthèse, il est possible de reconnaître que l’abus ne constitue ni une formule de conservation ni un expédiant de la technique juridique. Il «est une notion qui ne s’éteint pas avec la configuration de limites au pouvoir mais dans les liaisons à la plus grande fonction de la situation générale dont le pouvoir est l’expression » . Abuser du droit devrait alors signifier couvrir avec une apparence de droit un acte qu’il aurait le devoir de ne pas réaliser.
Local Strategies for Economic Survival in Touristically Volatile Times: An Indonesian Case Study of Microvendors, Gendered Cultural Practices, and Resilience
Authors: Adams Kathleen M.
Published: November 2018

This article utilizes a qualitative ethnographic approach to examine the economic survival strategies pursued by Indonesian souvenir artisans and handicraft microvendors in touristically turbulent times. Resilience-oriented approaches have offered promising frameworks for understanding
regions', destinations', and communities' capacities to adjust and adapt to challenges: this article complements these broader approaches by offering a fine-grained analysis of individual strategies for finding creative solutions to the economic challenges thrust upon them. My approach melds
a constructivist approach accentuating local peoples' creative responses with gender-aware and practice-oriented approaches. These findings draw from data collected over three decades of ethnographic research in the Toraja highlands of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FEATURES OF FORESTS ON FOREST LANDSCAPE AESTHETIC VALUE – EXAMPLE OF SE POLAND
Authors: Dudek Tomasz
Published: November 2018

The study was designed to examine the relationship between features of forests and the quality of forest landscapes, and to determine the strength of effect of the features in the aesthetic value of the landscape. The methodology applied to assess forest landscapes took into account the following features: forest site humidity, age of forest, terrain slope, site index of stands, species composition of the tree layer, under-story cover, colour and composition, mosaic-like, as well as horizontal structure of the tree stands. The study was conducted in temperate forests located in Central-Eastern Europe – more precisely – in south-eastern Poland. In the investigated area the dominating tree species are: Pinus sylvestris L., Abies alba Mill., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus L. They cover 42.2%, 20.8%, 20.4% and 6.5% of the total forest area, respectively. The findings show that nearly 1% of the area of the examined forests within the relevant territory are characterized with very high landscape value, over 67% with high, 31% with medium, and less than 0.5% with low landscape value. A strong relationship occurs between terrain slope vs. aesthetic quality of landscape as well as forest site humidity vs. aesthetic quality of landscape. Weak effect was observed for site index of stands vs. aesthetic quality of landscape, and moderate relationship was identified in the case of the remaining features. The findings show the strength of relationship between the features of forests and the aesthetic quality of landscapes, consequently providing a tool for forest managers to develop attractive forest landscapes in selected areas.
SPATIAL ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE DAILY PRECIPITATION USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION BY USING TOPOGRAPHIC AND WIND SPEED VARIABLES IN TROPICAL CLIMATE
Authors: Anees Mohd Talha , Abdullah Khiruddin , Nawawi M. N. M. , Rahman Nik Norulaini Nik Ab , Piah Abd. Rahni Mt. , Syakir M. I. , Khan Mohammad Muqtada Ali , Omar Abdul Kadir Mohd.
Published: November 2018

Complex topography and wind characteristics play important roles in rising air masses and in daily spatial distribution of the precipitations in complex region. As a result, its spatial discontinuity and behaviour in complex areas can affect the spatial distribution of precipitation. In this work, a two-fold concept was used to consider both spatial discontinuity and topographic and wind speed in average daily spatial precipitation estimation using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) in tropical climates. First, wet and dry days were identified by the two methods. Then the two models based on MLR (Model 1 and Model 2) were applied on wet days to estimate the precipitation using selected predictor variables. The models were applied for month wise, season wise and year wise daily averages separately during the study period. The study reveals that, Model 1 has been found to be the best in terms of categorical statistics, R2 values, bias and special distribution patterns. However, it was found that sets of different predictor variables dominates in different months, seasons and years. Furthermore, necessities of other data for further enhancement of the results were suggested.
The Stellar Membership of the Taurus Star-forming Region*
Authors: Luhman K. L.
Published: November 2018

The high-precision astrometry from the second data release of the Gaia mission has made it possible to greatly improve the census of members of nearby clusters and associations. I have applied the Gaia data to the Taurus star-forming region, refining the sample of known members and identifying candidates for undiscovered members. The resulting samples of members and candidates provide the best constraints to date on the distribution of ages and the initial mass function (IMF) in Taurus. Several studies over the last 30 years have proposed the existence of a population of older stars (≳10 Myr) that is associated with the Taurus clouds. The data from Gaia demonstrate that such a population does not exist. Meanwhile, previous IMF estimates for small fields surrounding the Taurus aggregates have exhibited a surplus of K7–M0 stars (0.7–0.8 M
⊙) relative to star-forming clusters such as IC 348 and the Orion Nebula Cluster. However, that difference disappears when the new census of the entire region is considered, which should be complete for spectral types earlier than M6–M7 at A

J
 < 1. Thus, there is little variation in the stellar IMF across the 3–4 orders of magnitude in stellar density that are present in nearby star-forming regions. Finally, I note that the proper motions of two previously known members, KPNO 15 and 2MASS J04355209 + 2255039, indicate that they may have been ejected from the same location within the L1536 cloud ∼7200 years ago.
Searching for Subsecond Stellar Variability with Wide-field Star Trails and Deep Learning
Authors: Thomas David , Kahn Steven M.
Published: November 2018

We present a method that enables wide-field ground-based telescopes to scan the sky for subsecond stellar variability. The method has operational and image processing components. The operational component takes star trail images. Each trail serves as a light curve for its corresponding source and facilitates subexposure photometry. We train a deep neural network to identify stellar variability in wide-field star trail images. We use the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Photon Simulator to generate simulated star trail images and include transient bursts as a proxy for variability. The network identifies transient bursts on timescales down to 10 ms. We argue that there are multiple fields of astrophysics that can be advanced by the unique combination of time resolution and observing throughput that our method offers.
Fast and Slow Paths to Quiescence: Ages and Sizes of 400 Quiescent Galaxies from the LEGA-C Survey
Authors: Wu 吳柏 Po-Feng 鋒 , Wel Arjen van der , Bezanson Rachel , Gallazzi Anna , Pacifici Camilla , Straatman Caroline M. S. , Barišić Ivana , Bell Eric F. , Chauke Priscilla , Houdt Josha van , Franx Marijn , Muzzin Adam , Sobral David , Wild Vivienne
Published: November 2018

We analyze the stellar age indicators (D
n
4000 and EW(Hδ)) and sizes of 467 quiescent galaxies with M
* ≥ 1010
M
⊙ at z ∼ 0.7 drawn from DR2 of the LEGA-C survey. Interpreting index variations in terms of equivalent single stellar population age, we find that the median stellar population is younger for larger galaxies at fixed stellar mass. The effect is significant, yet small; the ages of the larger and smaller subsets differ by only <500 Myr, much less than the age variation among individual galaxies (∼1.5 Gyr). At the same time, post-starburst galaxies—those that experienced recent and rapid quenching events—are much smaller than expected based on the global correlation between age and size of normal quiescent galaxies. These coexisting trends unify seemingly contradictory results in the literature; the complex correlations between size and age indicators revealed by our large sample of galaxies with high-quality spectra suggest that there are multiple evolutionary pathways to quiescence. Regardless of the specific physical mechanisms responsible for the cessation of star formation in massive galaxies, the large scatter in D
n
4000 and EW(Hδ) immediately implies that galaxies follow a large variety of evolutionary pathways. On the one hand, we see evidence for a process that slowly shuts off star formation and transforms star-forming galaxies to quiescent galaxies without necessarily changing their structures. On the other hand, there is likely a mechanism that rapidly quenches galaxies, an event that coincides with dramatic structural changes, producing post-starburst galaxies that can be smaller than their progenitors.
Accurate OH Maser Positions. II. The Galactic Center Region
Authors: Qiao Hai-Hua , Walsh Andrew J. , Breen Shari L. , Gómez José F. , Dawson J. R. , Imai Hiroshi , Ellingsen Simon P. , Green James A. , Shen Zhi-Qiang
Published: November 2018

We present high spatial resolution observations of ground-state OH masers achieved using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). These observations were conducted toward 171 pointing centers where OH maser candidates were identified previously in the Southern Parkes Large-Area Survey in Hydroxyl toward the Galactic center region between Galactic longitudes of 355◦ and 5◦ and Galactic latitudes of −2° and +2°. We detect maser emission toward 162 target fields and suggest that six out of nine nondetections are due to intrinsic variability. Due to the superior spatial resolution of the follow-up ATCA observations, we have identified 356 OH maser sites in the 162 target fields with maser detections. Almost half (161 of 356) of these maser sites have been detected for the first time in these observations. After comparing the positions of these 356 maser sites to the literature, we find that 269 (76%) sites are associated with evolved stars (two of which are PNe), 31 (9%) are associated with star formation, and four are associated with supernova remnants; we were unable to determine the origin of the remaining 52 (15%) sites. Unlike the pilot region, the infrared colors of evolved star sites with symmetric maser profiles in the 1612 MHz transition do not show obvious differences compared with those of evolved star sites with asymmetric maser profiles.
Transformation et dialectique chez Marx
Authors: Jorland Gérard
Published: November 2018

Cette étude tend à montrer que l’œuvre de Marx procède d’une intuition ontologique, à savoir que tout est transformation (Verwandlung). Il est alors possible de montrer que les trois tomes du Capital reviennent à une série articulée de transformations. Marx pense ces transformations en termes syllogistiques hégéliens. Cette formulation syllogistique permet de comprendre, premièrement, que la dernière de ces transformations, la transformation des valeurs en prix de production, soit restée incomplète bien que Marx en eût conscience ; deuxièmement, que la publication du Capital soit restée inachevée du vivant de Marx ; troisièmement, que le socialisme ait été un échec économique.
Marx et l’avenir du capitalisme
Authors: Robelin Jean
Published: November 2018

Marx a conçu différents scénarios sur l’avenir du capitalisme, en décrivant cet avenir comme une actualisation de plus en plus fidèle de l’essence du capitalisme. Si ce système social est une production privée médiée par le marché, on s’attendrait donc à ce que le capitalisme marche vers toujours plus de privatisation, toujours plus de marché. Le néolibéralisme serait l’avenir du capitalisme. Certains textes vont dans ce sens. Mais la dialectique de la concurrence induit un schéma inverse : la concentration capitaliste conduit à la formation de monopoles et à l’intervention de l’État. Ce schéma étaye le catastrophisme de Marx qui condamne le capitalisme à sa chute et il fait du capitalisme d’État la transition vers ce que la vulgate nommera socialisme, qui s’incarne dans une économie organisée, transparente.
L’anthropologie des passions chez Ricœur : un apport à la réflexion éthique sur le statut prépondérant de l’économie à notre époque
Authors: Contreras Tasso Beatriz
Published: November 2018

La pensée éthique et anthropologique de Paul Ricœur fournit des éléments qui permettent de retrouver et d’assurer un échange équilibré entre les trois passions fondamentales de l’homme, le pouvoir, l’avoir et le valoir, et par le fait même, entre le politique, l’économique et l’éthique. Notre hypothèse de lecture est que le rôle d’articulation assigné par Ricœur à la dimension éthique, comme point d’intersection de l’économie et de la politique, pourrait apporter un nouveau dynamisme à la réflexion philosophique, pour penser le phénomène actuel de l’exaltation de la variable économique, comme facteur déterminant unique de la réalisation de la vie humaine. Pour faire cette analyse, nous reprenons l’idée développée par Ricœur dans Histoire et Vérité en 1955 du « paradoxe politique », dû à sa fécondité pour penser, analogiquement, le « paradoxe économique » qui reposerait sur une autonomisation excessive de la rationalité économique menant à une exaltation disproportionnée de la passion de l’avoir, dans ses rapports à celles du pouvoir (politique) et du valoir (éthique).
Rues de Busan et d’ailleurs. Partie 2 : Rues et lieux
Authors: Gilloch Graeme , Ryu Ji-Seok
Published: November 2018

Cet article fait partie d’une recherche en cours pionnière dans la mise en place de rythmanalyse de la ville portuaire de Busan en Corée du Sud. Ici la réflexion se base sur les aspects méthodologiques de la rythmanalyse et de son application au travail sur le terrain. Prenant la rythmanalyse comme un mode/une pratique expérimentale et incarnée pour saisir les flux et les modèles d’expérience urbaine quotidienne, nous présentons certaines de nos découvertes comme une série d’aperçus fragmentaires et des moments rassemblés sous les doubles rubriques de « rues » et de « lieux ». Notre exploration kaléidoscopique des sites et des espaces quotidiens de la ville prend place dans une pléthore de lieux divers et disparates.
Práticas de literacia no ensino superior: as percepções dos alunos sobre escrita nas disciplinas
Authors: Sousa Otília Costa , Costa-Pereira Teresa Alexandra
Published: November 2018

A escrita académica tem suscitado muito interesse nos últimos tempos. A escrita nas disciplinas tem sido menos estudada, ainda que tenha um papel crucial na avaliação e na aprendizagem. No presente estudo investigam-se, numa abordagem design-based research, o ensino da escrita e as suas potencialidades na construção de conhecimentos disciplinares, com enfoque centrado nas vivências dos estudantes. Este estudo integra-se num projeto de investigação mais vasto sobre leitura, escrita e aprendizagem no currículo, numa instituição pública de formação de professores, em Portugal. Pretende-se (i) refletir sobre práticas de ensino aprendizagem no ensino superior, (ii) analisar as perceções dos estudantes sobre as atividades de escrita no curso e (iii) apresentar as reflexões dos estudantes sobre as aprendizagens realizadas. Descrevem-se as atividades realizadas durante um semestre numa disciplina de licenciatura e analisam-se criticamente as reflexões dos estudantes sobre as suas aprendizagens. Os resultados sugerem que o envolvimento dos estudantes em tarefas complexas é propiciador de aprendizagens de conteúdos e de competências. A planificação e revisão textuais são práticas comuns e o feedback é tido como importante. A escrita de um artigo é encarada pelos estudantes como instrumento de aprendizagem de escrita, de conteúdos da disciplina e de integração de conteúdos de outras disciplinas. Conclui-se que é relevante desenvolver práticas de literacia no ensino superior.
Additional frost heave testing of Caen silt
Authors:   Hardy Associates Ltd.
Published: November 2018

Preliminary measurements of segregation potential were made on two
samples of Caen silt similar to that used in experiments at the pipeline
test facility in Caen. The measurements conducted under conditions of
varying pressure and thermal gradient show a lower frost susceptability
than similar studies of the Calgary silt although the data shows
considerably more scatter.
Washability study of subbituminous coal from Forestburg Collieries ltd, Alberta
Authors: Humeniuk O , Rozenhart C
Published: November 2018

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Recent innovations in coke making using non-coking coals with binders processed from bitumens
Authors: Belinko K , Ciavaglia L A , Nandi B N
Published: November 2018

Binders from various sources, including Canadian bitumen pitch, petroleum pitch and coal tar pitch were assessed on a comparative basis using an inert rich, partially oxidized coal. Dilatation tests and Free Swelling Index indicated that the residual material
from thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen was by far superior than the pitch from the original feedstock, and gave the greatest improvement in the rheological properties of the coal of the various binders tested. This suggested that thermal hydrocracking is a desirable process in producing a
binder from bitumen. Optical microscopic examinations of the semi-cokes indicated that the binder obtained from thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen had a distinct advantage over the other binders as it is able to penetrate the porous structure of semi-fusinite and fusinite. The ability of a
binder to penetrate pores within coal macerals appears to be related to the size of the mesophase formed during carbonization.
Évaluation des charbons marchands canadiens : Nouvelle-Écosse et Nouveau-Brunswick - 1975
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: November 2018

Les auteurs donnent les résultats des analyses chimiques et physiques d'échantillons provenent des exploitations minières de la Nouvelle-Écosse et du Nouveau-Brunswick. Les échantillons ont été prélevés en 1974 et en
1975 par les Laboratoires de recherches sur l'énergie. Ils sont représentatifs de la production journalière des charbons préparés pour la vente, sur le carreau des mines et dans les lavoirs ou des charbons livrés aux centrales thermiques.
Effect of paramagnetic relaxation reagent concentration on the nuclear overhauser enhancement and on the use of gated proton decoupling in quantitative carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Ozubko R S
Published: November 2018

To determine the effect of the concentration of the paramagnetic relaxation reagent chromium (tris)acetylacetonate [Cr(acac)3] when used in quantitative carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), the spectrum of pyrene, a compound with extreme
values of spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE), was studied. The NOE, line broadening and shifting of the five pyrene resonances were determined for up to 0.3 M Cr(acac)3. The quaternary and protonated carbons displayed different NOE's until all were
completely quenched with the Cr(acac)3 greater than 0.25 M. Employing this Cr(acac)3 concentration in quantitative NMR analyses eliminated errors due to differing NOE's, but led to considerable line broadening and shifting. The use of lower Cr(acac)3 concentrations in these analyses, such as the
commonly reported 0.05 - 0.15 M, necessitates the joint use of gated proton decoupling to eliminate the NOE differences which still exist at these concentrations.
The effect of atomization variables on heat transfer from liquid fuel flames
Authors: Salari S , Gmell K , Tulloch B , Marthelur R , Brown T
D
Published: November 2018

Steam use as an atomizing fluid in oil combustion in the steel industry can be optimized to offer a significant. energy saving. Current use, between 4 and 5 lbs steam per gallon of oil, may be capable of reduction by a factor of two without any sacrifice in flame
characteristics. Studies of spray dynamics show that the control of droplet size (and hence flame characteristics) can be achieved by modifying fuel viscosity, fuel surface tension, atomizing fluid density and the relative velocity between fuel and atomizing fluid. This paper presents the background
to a F.E.R.A. study that has been commissioned to demonstrate the effect of these variables on heat transfer from the flame generated by an industrial burner.
Upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils by the CANMET hydrocracking process runs 79-cg-84 to 90 Cold Lake vacuum residuum long term operation part ii - results and analysis
Authors: Breslauer H H E , Ranganathan R , Patmore D J , Belinko K , Khulbe C
P , Pruden B B , Logie R
B
Published: November 2018

An attempt was made to study for a long term operability and coke deposition 60-day long experiment using Cold Lake Vacuum Residuum. The experiment was stopped due to irreversible changes in the reactor bed after 38 days of operation. Operation up to the incident
that initiated the shutdown was smooth, with no clear trend to indicate any problems. A conceptual model was developed that included the accumulation of the solids in the reactor and the accumulation of metals and coke precursors on coal or coal ash particles. The accumulation of material over an
extended period led to the reactor material being at a critical state with respect to agglomeration and catalysis characteristics. Solids analyses over the experimental period and a reactor inventory at shutdown are discussed to elucidate the nature of the reaction bed.
Pilot-scale combustion evaluation of thermal Line Creek coal from Fernie, British Columbia
Authors: Prokopuk R , Banks G N , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Line Creek coal was assessed as a boiler fuel. Chemical and petrographic analyses confirm combustion trials which indicate that coal blends containing a maximum of 501 Line Creek coal could be burned acceptably in large boiler
furnaces. The coal blends handled and pulverized easily, ignited readily and produced stable flames. The coal ashes were friable and did not present slagging problems on high-temperature boiler surfaces. The coal's potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. The coal blends produced
moderate levels of nitric oxides and sulphur oxide emissions were considerably less than current allowable North American guidelines. The resistivity of the fly ash (about 10 12 ohm-cm at 01 combustibles) indicated that electrostatic precipitation collection will be more difficult than for higher
sulphur coals. The combustion, fouling and emission characteristics of the coal blends were similar in most respects to those of the bituminous reference coal.
Properties of reactor solids accumulated during hydrocracking of bitumen and heavy oils
Authors: Belinko K , Ranganathan R , Patmore D J , Petruk W , Harris D
C , Tscheng J , Logie R
B , Khulbe C P
Published: November 2018

Reactor solids were characterized in terms of their particle size distribution, densities and chemical composition. Samples analyzed included the toluene-insoluble residue collected from (i) heavy end products recovered from the system's hot receiver (ii) reactor
samples withdrawn from sampling ports located at different positions along the length of the reactor while the plant was fully on stream (iii) reactor dump samples collected on completion of the run and (iv) portions of the additive bed remaining in the reactor as solid plugs. Results from run
series with Cold Lake bitumen, Lloydminster heavy oil and Boscan (Venezuela) heavy oil are reported. A conceptual model describing the behaviour of the CANMET additive under hydrocracking conditions is presented based on optical and scanning electron microscopic investigations of reactor solids.
Problems encountered in interpreting results are discussed and a comprehensive research program aimed at fully characterizing reactor solids is recommended.
High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for type analysis of hydrocarbons in synthetic fuel naphtha
Authors: Beshai J E , George A E
Published: November 2018

A rapid method has been developed which provides type distribution analysis of the saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction (1.b.p.-200 °C). The method employs a dual-column HPLC system of n-Porasil and diamine bonded phase
sorbents with n-hexane as a mobile phase. A complete characterization takes 20 min and requires only 2.5 of sample. The results are not dependent upon interpretation by the analyst as in the Standard Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption (FIA) method. The method is more suitable for naphthas from
synthetic fuels because they usually contain considerably higher amounts of olefinic hydrocarbons. Separations are repeatable and the separated fractions are suitable for further analysis. The method could also be automated and the results reported in a printout. Several naphtha samples produced by
the hydrocracking of Cold Lake bitumen and Lloydminster and Boscan heavy oils under various operating conditions were analyzed.
Pilot-scale combustion trials with line creek coal phase ii: fluid bed combustor trials
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Line Creek coal has been burnt successfully in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) for a total of 75 h of steady-state operation. Both overbed and in-bed feed modes were employed and the effect on carbon carryover was measured. Bed operating conditions
were varied within the ranges appropriate to current bubbling-bed technology. It is concluded that Line Creek coal can be successfully burned in a conventional, bubbling-bed AFBC provided that bed temperatures of 1000 to 1100°C are employed and superfical fluidizing velocities are limited to
about 2.5 m/s. Under these conditions combustion efficiency is likely to lie between 90 and 95% in a once-through system, but can likely be increased to at least 97% by fly ash recycle. NOx emissions tend to increase at high bed temperatures but are not likely to exceed 250 ppm in the flue
gases. One test of approximately 24 h duration was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous operation without degradation of the bed material.
Pilot-scale combustion evaluation of three Blackfoot thermal coals from the Gleichen area of Alberta
Authors: Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Lee G K , Banks G N
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of three Blackfoot coals was assessed as a boiler fuel. Chemical and petrographic analyses were confirmed by combustion trials which indicated that the two sub-bituminous coals could be burned acceptably in large boiler furnaces.
Although reactive, the lignitic coal, which was high in ash and low in calorific value, required one third oil support to produce a stable flame in the pilot-scale boiler. All of the coals handled and pulverized easily when predried and the ash deposits, being friable, did not slag or foul
high-temperature boiler surfaces; the potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. These coals produced moderate levels of nitric oxides and sulpur oxide emissions were less than current allowable North American guidelines. The resistivity of the fly ash (about 109 to 10 11 ohm-cm under
typical operating conditions) indicated that electrostatic precipitation will be more difficult than for higher sulphur coals.
Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts in the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: effects of the presence of Na and F on their composition and performance
Authors: Boorman P M , Kriz J F , Brown J R , Ternan M
Published: November 2018

A series of catalysts was prepared using different procedures to incorporate sodium and fluoride into the Co-Mo/Al 2o3 system. A bench-scale high pressure continuous-flow system was used for reactivity tests. The experimental results have shown that sodium is an
inhibitor and fluoride is a promoter for the hydrodesulphurization of bitumen derived from the Athabasca Oil Sands. The fluoride ion was considered to enhance the catalyst Bronsted acidity and therefore cracking of carbon-carbon bonds. This could improve the access to the catalyst of sterically
hindered sulphur atoms in the bitumen. The slower rate of catalyst deactivation when molybdenum and cobalt were added to the catalyst before the first calcining step was attributed to the greater interaction of the molybdenum with the alumina. This would decrease the number of bare alumina sites
which may be prime candidates for coke formation. It would also decrease sintering tendencies in Mos 2 crystallites.
Upgrading of Cold Lake vacuum bottom at 0.2 LHSV (run 82-CG-26-28) with 1 wt % additive
Authors: Ng F T T , Liu D D S , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

The CANMET process was found to be effective for the upgrading of Cold Lake Vacuum Bottoms with 1 wt % additive (MB 502, - 200 mesh) at 0.2 LHSV. Preliminary experiments indicated that the increased gas rate had little effect on pitch
conversion.
Reductions in So2 emissions from pulverized coal-flames by additions of dolomite, limestone and calcium chloride
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

A three component blend of one US and two Canadian coals, provided by Ontario Hydro from Nanticoke Generating Station, was burned in a pulverized-coal-fired research boiler to determine the effectiveness of dolomite and limestone additions both alone and in
combination with liquid calcium chloride in reducing sulphur dioxide emissions. The addition of 0.24 kg dolomite per kg of the dry Nanticoke coal blend resulted in an SO2 reduction of 45%, corresponding to an emission rate of 0.542 g SO2 per NJ of fuel. This compares with an emission rate of
1.05 g SO2 per MJ of fuel for burning the untreated Nanticoke coal blend. The addition of calcium chloride to the Nanticoke coal blend with 0.24 kg dolomite per kg coal resulted in a 77% reduction in SO2 emissions or an emission rate of 0.285 g SO2 per MJ fuel. Similar, but slightly higher
emission rates were obtained when limestone was substituted for dolomite. The Nanticoke coal blend, when mixed with dolomite or limestone, had acceptable ignition and flame stability and burned with combustion efficiencies greater than 99%. The particulate loading in the flue gas increased as
the amount of dolomite or limestone was increased, but the addition of calcium chloride to the dolomite or limestone fuel mixes increased the propensity of the coal ash to adhere to convective heat transfer surfaces and resulted in a decrease in the observed particulate loading of the flue
gas.
Characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in bitumen, heavy oil fractions boiling above 350°C by g.c.-m.s.
Authors: Poirier M A , Das B S
Published: November 2018

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The combustion of Hat Creek coaly waste in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustor
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Hat Creek coaly waste, containing 44% ash and 17% moisture, was burnt in an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor at combustion efficiencies over 97%. Efficiencies up to 99% were achieved when feeding the coaly waste in-bed rather than overbed. The
ash from the coaly waste, which produced a "B" type powder according to Geldart's classification, allowed the bed to operate in the bubbling and slugging regimes over fluidizing velocities ranging from 1 to 2.5 m/s. By optimizing carbon burn-out with bed temperatures and coal feed arrangement, a
high proportion of the alumina in the clay was removed in an acid recoverable form.
Additive preparation unit, a proposal
Authors: Skubnik M
Published: November 2018

The additive product is a mixture of monohydrate ferrous sulphate and subbituminous coal. The product iron content ranges from 4 to 20% wt and the standard particle size is 75 x O um. The proposed additive preparation unit is comprised of equipment allowing
for further development and production of 125 kg batches of wet impregnated or dry mixed products. The wet impregnation process uses a vacuum pan dryer for water removal from heptahydrate-coal-water pastes. The dry mixing process blends commercial pulverized monohydrate with pulverized dry coal.
Alternatively, the pulverized monohydrate is prepared from heptahydrate in the pan dryer and subsequently ground in a fluid energy mill. Replacement of the fluid energy mill with a Szego Mill would only be advantageous if a Lavalin process incorporates this mill into its hot oil grinding/ drying
process. The unit would cost $186,000 and could be operational by the middle of July 1983.
Combustion evaluation of washed Blackfoot coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of washed Blackfoot coal was assessed as a boiler fuel in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermal analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal, which handled and pulverized easily,
ignited readily to produce bright stable flames. The ash deposits formed a glassy coating on the high temperature refractory- lined boiler surfaces but the deposits on the superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The potential of the coal for
low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of sulphur dioxide were marginal with respect to the current Canadian national emission guidelines, but the nitric oxide emission rates were above these guidelines. The intermediate resistivity of the fly ash indicated that the electrostatic
precipitator performance would probably be acceptable. The overall combustion performance was considered to be good, although this blended-beneficiated coal showed a higher propensity for ash slagging than the unbeneficiated coal blends of the previous trials.
Combustion evaluation of washed Quintette coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of washed Quintette coal was assessed as a boiler fuel in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal, which handled and pulverized
easily, ignited readily to produce bright stable flames. The ash deposits formed a fused sinter deposit on the high temperature refractory-lined boiler surfaces, but the deposits on the water-wall and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The potential
of the coal for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of sulphur dioxide were marginal with respect to the current Canadian national emission guidelines, but the nitric oxide emission rates were well above these guidelines. The overall combustion performance of this washed Quintette coal
was considered to be acceptable, although the combustion characteristics were not substantially improved over those of the unbeneficiated coal in the previous trials.
The CANMET co-processing R&D program - an executive summary
Authors: Kelly J F
Published: November 2018

This report attempts to provide a semi-technical overview of the current status of the CANMET research program on the co-processing of coal and oil mixtures. Most of the accomplishments to date have been with respect to co-processing viewed as an extension of
CANMET hydrocracking, but using much greater coal concentrations in the slurry feed. Under this mode of operation, it has been demonstrated experimentally that the overall product slate does not change with the addition of coal to the feed in concentrations of up to 25 wt % on a moisture and
ash-free (maf) basis. For concentrations greater than 25 wt % maf, a coal/oil synergism which leads to the production of more total liquid during co-processing . than that obtainable from hydrocracking an equivalent amount of coal-free oil has recently been observed. The reasons for this
synergism are not fully understood and much more experimental work is needed, including further confirmation. However, its technical and economic significance gives great impetus to the research and development program. Compared to conventional coal liquefaction processes, co-processing has been
shown to produce three times the total liquid yield. This is based on reactors of equivalent size, processing the same coal and the same amount of total slurry feed and is primarily a result of the elimination of the downstream process-derived recycle solvent. The weight of distillate produced per
unit weight of hydrogen consumed (hydrogen consumption efficiency) has also been shown to be much greater for co-processing compared to coal liquefaction. In fact, co-processing hydrogen consumption efficiencies are better than those of the more advanced two-stage coal liquefaction processes now
under development.
An XPS examination of asphaltenes "ESCA-1 and ESCA-2" submitted by Dr. F. Ng
Authors: Brown J R , Galbraith L
Published: November 2018

Two asphaltene samples provided by the Synthetic Fuels Research Laboratory (SFRL) were chemically analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
An XPS examination of three pyrite powders
Authors: Brown J R , Galbraith L
Published: November 2018

The surface composition and surface chemistry of three pyrite ore powders, submitted by the "Separation and Characterization Section" of HPRL were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).