bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Glycolipids
Authors: Goodby J. W. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Fukumoto Kenta
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Highly Efficient Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Garabatos‐Perera J. R. , Saez‐Diaz R. I.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Phosphaalkynes: Building Blocks for Novel Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Lynam Jason M.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Calix[n]arenes as Protein Sensors
Authors: Coleman Anthony W. , Perret Florent , Moussa Aly , Dupin Maryline , Guo Yuping , Perron Hervi
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Nitrenes from Sulfonimidamides
Authors: Rashatasakhan Paitoon , Harmata Michael
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress Toward Catalyzed Antiselective Mannich‐Type Reactions
Authors: West Diana C.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tryptathionine Bridges in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: May Jonathan P. , Perrin David M.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cell shape regulates collagen type I expression in human tendon fibroblasts
Authors: Li Fang , Li Bin , Wang Qing‐Ming , Wang James H‐C.
Published: January 2008

Understanding the relationship between cell shape and cellular function is important for study of cell biology in general and for regulation of cell phenotype in tissue engineering in particular. In this study, microcontact printing technique was used to create cell‐adhesive rectangular and circular islands. The rectangular islands had three aspect ratios: 19.6, 4.9, and 2.2, respectively, whereas circular islands had a diameter of 50 μm. Both rectangular and circular islands had the same area of 1960 μm2. In culture, we found that human tendon fibroblasts (HTFs) assumed the shapes of these islands. Quantitative immunofluorescence measurement showed that more elongated cells expressed higher collagen type I than did less stretched cells even though cell spreading area was the same. This suggests that HTFs, which assume an elongated shape in vivo, have optimal morphology in terms of expression of collagen type I, which is a major component of normal tendons. Using immunohistochemistry along with cell traction force microscopy (CTFM), we further found that these HTFs with different shapes exhibited variations in actin cytoskeletal structure, spatial arrangement of focal adhesions, and spatial distribution and magnitude of cell traction forces. The changes in the actin cytoskeletal structure, focal adhesion distributions, and traction forces in cells with different shapes may be responsible for altered collagen expression, as they are known to be involved in cellular mechanotransduction. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study: Cyclophosphamide
Authors: McCarroll Nancy , Keshava Nagalakshmi , Cimino Michael , Chu Margaret , Dearfield Kerry , Keshava Channa , Kligerman Andrew , Owen Russell , Protzel Alberto , Putzrath Resha , Schoeny Rita
Published: January 2008

In response to the 2005 revised US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Cancer Guidelines, a Risk Assessment Forum's Technical Panel has devised a strategy in which genetic toxicology data combined with other information are assessed to determine whether a carcinogen operates through a mutagenic mode of action (MOA). This information is necessary for EPA to decide whether age‐dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs) should be applied to the cancer risk assessment. A decision tree has been developed as a part of this approach and outlines the critical steps for analyzing a compound for carcinogenicity through a mutagenic MOA (e.g., data analysis, determination of mutagenicity in animals and in humans). Agents, showing mutagenicity in animals and humans, proceed through the Agency's framework analysis for MOAs. Cyclophosphamide (CP), an antineoplastic agent, which is carcinogenic in animals and humans and mutagenic in vitro and in vivo, was selected as a case study to illustrate how the framework analysis would be applied to prove that a carcinogen operates through a mutagenic MOA. Consistent positive results have been seen for mutagenic activity in numerous in vitro assays, in animals (mice, rats, and hamsters) and in humans. Accordingly, CP was processed through the framework analysis and key steps leading to tumor formation were identified as follows: metabolism of the parent compound to alkylating metabolites, DNA damage followed by induction of multiple adverse genetic events, cell proliferation, and bladder tumors. Genetic changes in rats (sister chromatid exchanges at 0.62 mg/kg) can commence within 30 min and in cancer patients, chromosome aberrations at 35 mg/kg are seen by 1 hr, well within the timeframe and tumorigenic dose range for early events. Supporting evidence is also found for cell proliferation, indicating that mutagenicity, associated with cytotoxicity, leads to a proliferative response, which occurs early (48 hr) in the process of tumor induction. Overall, the weight of evidence evaluation supports CP acting through a mutagenic MOA. In addition, no data were found that an alternative MOA might be operative. Therefore, the cancer guidelines recommend a linear extrapolation for the risk assessment. Additionally, data exist showing that CP induces mutagenicity in fetal blood and in the peripheral blood of pediatric patients; thus, the ADAFs would be applied. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from aqueous solutions
Authors: Long Xiang‐Li , Cheng Hua , Xin Zhi‐Ling , Xiao Wen‐De , Li Wei , Yuan Wei‐Kang
Published: January 2008

In this study, adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from aqueous solutions has been studied in a batch stirred cell. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of temperature, ammonia concentration, and activated carbon dose on ammonia adsorption. The experimental results manifest that the ammonia adsorption rate on activated carbon increases with its concentration in the aqueous solutions. Ammonia adsorption also increases with temperature. The ammonia removal from the solution increases as activated carbon mass increases. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models are found to provide a good fitting of the adsorption data, with r2 = 0.9749 and 0.9846, respectively. The adsorption capacity of ammonia obtained from the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model is found to be 17.19 mg g−1. The kinetic study shows that ammonia adsorption on the activated carbon is in good compliance with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters (▵G°, ▵H°, ▵S°) obtained indicate the endothermic nature of ammonia adsorption on activated carbon. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of women with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Stewart Maria‐Christina , Schiavo R. Steven , Herzog David B. , Franko Debra L.
Published: January 2008

Limited research indicates that public attitudes toward individuals with eating disorders are moderately negative. The present study examined specific forms of stigmatisation attributed to individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). Eighty female participants recruited from an undergraduate institution completed questionnaires assessing stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination of four target individuals: a woman with AN, depression, schizophrenia and mononucleosis. AN was considered to result more from lack of social support and biological factors than poor living habits. Characteristics attributed to targets were less positive for AN than the targets with schizophrenia and mononucleosis; participants reported greater discomfort interacting with the target with AN compared to the targets with depression and mononucleosis. Having actual contact with an individual with AN related to a positive predicted outcome of and comfort in interacting with the target with AN. Findings support the existence of stigma toward individuals with AN. Future research should examine means of reducing stigma. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Denial and concealment of eating disorders: a retrospective survey
Authors: Vandereycken Walter , Van Humbeeck Ina
Published: January 2008

Objective

To get an idea of how (ex‐)patients deal with the recognition of an emergent eating disorder.

Method

A retrospective survey was carried out via the websites of two organizations for (ex‐)patients with an eating disorder.

Results

The respondents (N = 401) reported a variety of attempts to conceal their eating disorder: excuses to avoid eating together, methods to give the false impression of having eaten, avoidance of being weighed and falsifying weight. Often these methods were described as a deliberate strategy. Information about possible health risks had little or no impact on most respondents, who were familiar with the notion of eating disorder but did not apply it to themselves. Many believed they would have recognized their eating disorder earlier if they had met a clinician who was familiar with this disorder.

Conclusion

Denial of illness together with concealment often reflects a deliberate refusal of self‐disclosure within a specific interpersonal context. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The assessment of the family of people with eating disorders
Authors: Treasure J. , Sepulveda A. R. , MacDonald P. , Whitaker W. , Lopez C. , Zabala M. , Kyriacou O. , Todd G.
Published: January 2008

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for eating disorders recommend that carers should be provided with information and support and that their needs should be considered if relevant. The aim of this paper is to describe how to structure an assessment of carers needs so that the family factors that can contribute to the maintenance of eating disorder symptoms are examined. We describe in detail the pattern of interpersonal reactions that can result when a family member has an eating disorder. Shared traits such as anxiety, compulsivity and abnormal eating behaviours contribute to some of the misperceptions, misunderstandings and confusion about the meaning of the eating disorder for family members. Unhelpful attributions can fuel a variety of emotional reactions (criticism, hostility, overprotection, guilt and shame). Gradually these forces cause family members to accommodate to the illness or be drawn in to enable some of the core symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Personality traits and self‐injurious behaviour in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Ahrén‐Moonga Jennie , Holmgren Sven , von Knorring Lars , af Klinteberg Britt
Published: January 2008

The interest in different aspects of personality and the neuropsychological basis for behaviour in eating disorder patients has increased over the last decade. The present study aims at exploring personality traits, self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) and suicide attempts in a group of severely ill eating disorder patients. Patients with eating disorders (N = 38) and age‐matched controls (N = 67) were examined concerning self‐reported personality traits by means of the Karolinska scales of personality (KSP). Psychosocial history and SIB was collected from medical records. Depression was rated by means of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results indicated significantly higher anxiety‐related and detachment traits in both anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients and higher hostility in BN patients than controls. No specific personality traits could be defined as typical for self‐injurious or suicidal behaviour. The AN group was lower than the BN group on scales measuring impulsivity, guilt and anxiety. Furthermore, presence of SIB and suicide attempts was more frequent among the BN patients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Increased expression of the γ‐secretase components presenilin‐1 and nicastrin in activated astrocytes and microglia following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Nadler Yasmine , Alexandrovich Alexander , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Hartmann Tobias , Rao Kosagi S. Jagannatha , Shohami Esther , Stein Reuven
Published: January 2008

γ‐Secretase is an aspartyl protease composed of four proteins: presenilin (PS), nicastrin (Nct), APH1, and PEN2. These proteins assemble into a membrane complex that cleaves a variety of substrates within the transmembrane domain. The γ‐secretase cleavage products play an important role in various biological processes such as embryonic development and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major role of γ‐secretase in brain pathology has been linked to AD and to the production of the amyloid β‐peptide. However, little is known about the possible role of γ‐secretase following acute brain insult. Here we examined by immunostaining the expression patterns of two γ‐secretase components, PS1 and Nct, in three paradigms of brain insult in mice: closed head injury, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS, and brain stabbing. Our results show that in naïve and sham‐injured brains expression of PS1 and Nct is restricted mainly to neurons. However, following insult, the expression of both proteins is also observed in nonneuronal cells, consisting of activated astrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, the proteins are coexpressed within the same astrocytes and microglia, implying that these cells exhibit an enhanced γ‐secretase activity following brain damage. In view of the important role played by astrocytes and microglia in brain disorders, our findings suggest that γ‐secretase may participate in brain damage and repair processes by regulating astrocyte and microglia activation and/or function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes produce interferon‐alpha and CXCL10, but not IL‐6 or CXCL8, in aicardi‐Goutières syndrome
Authors: Van Heteren Jane T. , Rozenberg Flore , Aronica Eleonora , Troost Dirk , Lebon Pierre , Kuijpers Taco W.
Published: January 2008

Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome (AGS) presents as a severe autosomal recessively inherited neurological brain disease. Clinical and neurological manifestations closely resemble those of congenital viral infection and are generally attributed to a perturbation of innate immunity including a long lasting lymphocytosis and production of interferon‐alpha (IFNα) in the central nervous system. To clarify the innate immune response evoked in these diseases, we used a 30‐mer multiplexed luminex system to measure multiple cytokines and growth factors in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with AGS and viral meningitis or encephalitis, and febrile controls in whom infection could not be substantiated. In addition to the previously described IFNα, both AGS and viral diseases were characterized by expression of CXCL10 and CCL2. In contrast to AGS, viral infection resulted in high levels of IL‐6 and CXCL8 in the CNS. Postmortem immunohistochemical staining of brain sections showed that in both AGS and viral CNS infection, astrocytes were responsible for the production of cytokines and not the infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, our data indicate that astrocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for the production of IFNα and CXCL10 in AGS. Whereas IFNα is assumed to be involved in the neurodegeneration, calcifications and seizures in AGS, CXCL10 may act as the chemoattractant responsible for the influx of activated lymphocytes into the brain. The lack of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and CXCL8 in AGS suggest that the neuroinflammatory reaction in this disease is distinct from viral disease. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibronectin/integrin system is involved in P2X4receptor upregulation in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain after nerve injury
Authors: Tsuda Makoto , Toyomitsu Emika , Komatsu Takayuki , Masuda Takahiro , Kunifusa Emiko , Nasu‐Tada Kaoru , Koizumi Schuichi , Yamamoto Kimiko , Ando Joji , Inoue Kazuhide
Published: January 2008

We have previously shown that activation of the ATP‐gated ion channel subtype P2X4receptors (P2X4Rs) in the spinal cord, the expression of which is upregulated in microglia after nerve injury, is necessary for producing neuropathic pain. The upregulation of P2X4Rs in microglia is, therefore, a key process in neuropathic pain, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find a fibronectin/integrin‐dependent mechanism in the upregulation of P2X4Rs. Microglia cultured on dishes coated with fibronectin, an extracellular matrix molecule, expressed a higher level of P2X4R protein when compared with those cultured on control dishes. The increase was suppressed by echistatin, a peptide that selectively blocks β1and β3‐containing integrins, and with a function‐blocking antibody of β1integrin. Inin vivostudies, the upregulation of P2X4Rs in the spinal cord after spinal nerve injury was significantly suppressed by intrathecal administration of echistatin. Tactile allodynia in response to nerve injury and intrathecal administration of ATP‐ and fibronectin‐stimulated microglia was inhibited by echistatin. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of fibronectin in normal rats increased the level of P2X4R protein in the spinal cord and produced tactile allodynia. Moreover, the fibronectin‐induced allodynia was not observed in mice lacking P2X4R. Taken together with the results of our previous study showing an increase in the spinal fibronectin level after nerve injury, the present results suggest that the fibronectin/integrin system participates in the upregulation of P2X4R expression after nerve injury and subsequent neuropathic pain. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postsynaptic dopamine D3 receptor modulation of evoked IPSCs via GABAA receptor endocytosis in rat hippocampus
Authors: Swant Jarod , Stramiello Michael , Wagner John J.
Published: January 2008

Dopamine is known to be an important modulator of learning and memory processes, but its mechanisms of action at the cellular level are diverse and are not fully characterized. In the hippocampus, pharmacologically isolated monosynaptic IPSCs were measured using the whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recording technique. Both electrically evoked and spontaneous miniature GABAA receptor currents were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices obtained from mature rats in the presence of the D3‐selective agonist PD128907. The activation of D3 receptors inhibited synaptic GABAergic input without affecting presynaptic function or passive membrane properties. Inhibition of IPSCs evoked from stratum radiatum occurred via regulation of dynamin‐dependent trafficking of the GABAA receptor, as inclusion of dynamin inhibitory peptide (50 μM) in the recording solution prevented the inhibitory effects of PD128907 (1 μM). This effect of D3 receptor activation could be prevented by intracellular application of either an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKI, 20 μM) or an activator of protein kinase A (8‐OH‐cAMP, 50 μM). Neither synchronous IPSCs evoked from the stratum oriens nor asynchronous miniature IPSCs recorded from the stratum radiatum were affected by D3 agonist. The induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) of the extracellular field response in both the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens demonstrated that only potentiation in the stratum radiatum was significantly enhanced by PD128907 (1 μM). Our results suggest that the activation of D3 receptors can modulate GABAA receptor endocytosis in the hippocampus in a lamina specific manner, and thereby alter the efficacy of GABAergic transmission in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region through a postsynaptic mechanism of action. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotopic variation in the lake water balance at the Yamdruk‐tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tian Lide , Liu Zhongfang , Gong Tongliang , Yin Changliang , Yu Wusheng , Yao Tandong
Published: January 2008

The use of stable isotopes is a practical tool in the study of the lake water budget. This is an one way to study the hydrological cycle in the large numbers of inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, in which the isotope record of the sediment is believed to reflect the climatic and environmental changes. The monitoring of stable isotopes of the precipitation, river and lake waters during 2004 in the inland Yamdruk‐tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, reveals the lake water δ18O is over 10‰ higher than the local precipitation. This high difference indicates strong isotope enrichment due to lake water evaporation. The simulation results based on the isotope technique show that the present lake water δ18O level corresponds to an average relative humidity of around 54–58% during evaporation, which is very close to the instrumental observation. The simulation results also show that the inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau have a strong adjustability to the isotope shift of input water δ18O. On average, the isotope component in the inland lake water is to a large extent controlled by the local relative humidity, and can also be impacted by a shift of the local precipitation isotope component. This is probably responsible for the large consistence in the isotope component in the extensive inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Kuparuk River, arctic Alaska
Authors: McNamara James P. , Kane Douglas L. , Hobbie John E. , Kling George W.
Published: January 2008

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Kuparuk River in arctic Alaska were characterized in a 3‐year study using routine samples near the mouth of the river at the Arctic Ocean, synoptic whole‐river surveys, and temporally intense sampling during storms in three headwater basins. The Lower Kuparuk River has low nitrate concentrations (mean [NO3]‐N] = 17 µg l−1 ± 1·6 SE) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN, mean [N] = 31 µg l−1 ± 1·2 SE) compared with rivers in more temperate environments. Organic forms constituted on average 90% of the N exported to the Arctic Ocean, and high ratios of dissolved organic N (DON) to total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations (mean 0·92) likely result from waterlogged soils formed by reduced infiltration due to permafrost and low hydrologic gradients. Annual export of TDN, DON, and particulate N averaged 52 kg km−2, 48 kg km−2, and 4·1 kg km−2 respectively. During snowmelt, the high volume of runoff typically results in the highest nutrient loads of the year, although high discharge during summer storms can result in substantial nutrient loading over short periods of time. Differences in seasonal flow regime (snowmelt versus rain) and storm‐driven variation in discharge appear to be more important for determining nutrient concentrations than is the spatial variation in processes along the transect from headwaters towards the ocean. Both the temporal variation in nitrate:DIN ratios of headwater streams and the spatial variation in nitrate:DIN between larger sub‐basins and smaller headwater catchments is likely controlled by shifts in nitrification and soil anoxia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal changes in radiation and evaporation implied from the diurnal distribution of rainfall in the Lower Mekong
Authors: Tsujimoto Kumiko , Masumoto Takao , Mitsuno Toru
Published: January 2008

Solar radiation is an important input to many empirical equations for estimating evaporation, which in turn plays an important role in the hydrologic cycle in the Lower Mekong River Basin due to the high evaporation potential of the tropical monsoon climate. Few proper meteorological data exist for the Lower Mekong River Basin, however, and the region's meteorological conditions, including seasonal variation in radiation and evaporation, have not been clarified. In this study, ground‐based hourly hydrometeorological data were collected at three observation stations located in different land‐use types (urban district, paddy area, and lake) in the Lower Mekong River Basin. These data were analysed to investigate the seasonal variation in radiation and evaporation related to the diurnal distribution of rainfall. Contrary to common expectations, our results showed that rainy and dry seasons had nearly the same amount of solar radiation in the Lower Mekong River Basin because (1) rainy seasons had a relatively larger amount of extraterrestrial radiation; (2) no rain fell on nearly half of the days during rainy seasons; and (3) the amount of solar radiation on rainy days reached 88% of that on non‐rainy days. The third factor was attributed to the high frequency of evening rainfall. Furthermore, this rainfall–radiation relationship meant that rainy seasons had a large amount of net radiation due to the low reduction ratio of solar radiation and an increase in long‐wave incoming radiation. Accordingly, rainy seasons had a high evaporation potential. Moreover, for the rain‐fed rice paddies that prevail in this region, sufficient radiation during the rainy season would be a great advantage for rice growing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual streamflow modelling with asymmetric distribution function
Authors: Sarlak Nermin
Published: January 2008

Classical autoregressive models (AR) have been used for forecasting streamflow data in spite of restrictive assumptions, such as the normality assumption for innovations. The main reason for making this assumption is the difficulties faced in finding model parameters for non‐normal distribution functions. However, the modified maximum likelihood (MML) procedure used for estimating autoregressive model parameters assumes a non‐normally distributed residual series. The aim in this study is to compare the performance of the AR(1) model with asymmetric innovations with that of the classical autoregressive model for hydrological annual data. The models considered are applied to annual streamflow data obtained from two streamflow gauging stations in Kızılırmak Basin, Turkey. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian dynamic modelling for nonstationary hydroclimatic time series forecasting along with uncertainty quantification
Authors: Kumar D. Nagesh , Maity Rajib
Published: January 2008

Forecasting of hydrologic time series, with the quantification of uncertainty, is an important tool for adaptive water resources management. Nonstationarity, caused by climate forcing and other factors, such as change in physical properties of catchment (urbanization, vegetation change, etc.), makes the forecasting task too difficult to model by traditional Box–Jenkins approaches. In this paper, the potential of the Bayesian dynamic modelling approach is investigated through an application to forecast a nonstationary hydroclimatic time series using relevant climate index information. The target is the time series of the volume of Devil's Lake, located in North Dakota, USA, for which it was proved difficult to forecast and quantify the associated uncertainty by traditional methods. Two different Bayesian dynamic modelling approaches are discussed, namely, a constant model and a dynamic regression model (DRM). The constant model uses the information of past observed values of the same time series, whereas the DRM utilizes the information from a causal time series as an exogenous input. Noting that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index appears to co‐vary with the time series of Devil's Lake annual volume, its use as an exogenous predictor is explored in the case study. The results of both the Bayesian dynamic models are compared with those from the traditional Box–Jenkins time series modelling approach. Although, in this particular case study, it is observed that the DRM performs marginally better than traditional models, the major strength of Bayesian dynamic models lies in the quantification of prediction uncertainty, which is of great value in hydrology, particularly under the recent climate change scenario. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms
Authors: Mohan S. , Vijayalakshmi D. P.
Published: January 2008

In rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental study of water table recharge by seepage losses from a ditch with intermittent flow
Authors: Dagès C. , Voltz M. , Lacas J. G. , Huttel O. , Negro S. , Louchart X.
Published: January 2008

Farmed catchments in the Mediterranean area often exhibit dense networks of ditches which are also preferential zones of water table recharge, and thereby of groundwater contamination. This study presents an experimental analysis of seepage losses and related groundwater recharge patterns during a typical Mediterranean runoff event at the scale of a ditch located above a shallow water table. The objectives were (i) to evaluate the patterns of water table recharge by seepage in a ditch, (ii) to study the main flow processes occurring during recharge, and (iii) to estimate solute propagation in case of contaminated flow in the ditch.

The field observation indicated three major points. Firstly, they showed that seepage losses during a runoff event in a ditch can rapidly lead to a significant recharge of a shallow water table. Secondly, the recharge induces a groundwater mound much larger than the event plume. The infiltrated water and the accompanying solutes remained in the vicinity of the ditch. The patterns of groundwater recharge and contamination appeared very different. Lastly, both unsaturated and saturated‐piston flow processes were observed which suggests that a variably‐saturated flow modelling approach ought to be used to simulate the ditch‐water shallow table interaction. Finally, the study indicates that the patterns of water table recharge and contamination in Mediterranean catchments with dense ditches network vary largely in space and time, and will require dense monitoring networks to estimate the evolution of the average contamination levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial patterns of simulated transpiration response to climate variability in a snow dominated mountain ecosystem
Authors: Christensen Lindsey , Tague Christina L. , Baron Jill S.
Published: January 2008

Transpiration is an important component of soil water storage and stream‐flow and is linked with ecosystem productivity, species distribution, and ecosystem health. In mountain environments, complex topography creates heterogeneity in key controls on transpiration as well as logistical challenges for collecting representative measurements. In these settings, ecosystem models can be used to account for variation in space and time of the dominant controls on transpiration and provide estimates of transpiration patterns and their sensitivity to climate variability and change. The Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model was used to assess elevational differences in sensitivity of transpiration rates to the spatiotemporal variability of climate variables across the Upper Merced River watershed, Yosemite Valley, California, USA. At the basin scale, predicted annual transpiration was lowest in driest and wettest years, and greatest in moderate precipitation years (R2 = 0·32 and 0·29, based on polynomial regression of maximum snow depth and annual precipitation, respectively). At finer spatial scales, responsiveness of transpiration rates to climate differed along an elevational gradient. Low elevations (1200–1800 m) showed little interannual variation in transpiration due to topographically controlled high soil moistures along the river corridor. Annual conifer stand transpiration at intermediate elevations (1800–2150 m) responded more strongly to precipitation, resulting in a unimodal relationship between transpiration and precipitation where highest transpiration occurred during moderate precipitation levels, regardless of annual air temperatures. Higher elevations (2150–2600 m) maintained this trend, but air temperature sensitivities were greater. At these elevations, snowfall provides enough moisture for growth, and increased temperatures influenced transpiration. Transpiration at the highest elevations (2600–4000 m) showed strong sensitivity to air temperature, little sensitivity to precipitation. Model results suggest elevational differences in vegetation water use and sensitivity to climate were significant and will likely play a key role in controlling responses and vulnerability of Sierra Nevada ecosystems to climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of water resources in the Mahanadi River Basin, India under projected climate conditions
Authors: Asokan Shilpa M. , Dutta Dushmanta
Published: January 2008

The paper presents the outcomes of a study conducted to analyse water resources availability and demand in the Mahanadi River Basin in India under climate change conditions. Climate change impact analysis was carried out for the years 2000, 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100, for the months of September and April (representing wet and dry months), at a sub‐catchment level. A physically based distributed hydrologic model (DHM) was used for estimation of the present water availability. For future scenarios under climate change conditions, precipitation output of Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis General Circulation Model (CGCM2) was used as the input data for the DHM. The model results show that the highest increase in peak runoff (38%) in the Mahanadi River outlet will occur during September, for the period 2075–2100 and the maximum decrease in average runoff (32·5%) will be in April, for the period 2050–2075. The outcomes indicate that the Mahanadi River Basin is expected to experience progressively increasing intensities of flood in September and drought in April over the considered years. The sectors of domestic, irrigation and industry were considered for water demand estimation. The outcomes of the analysis on present water use indicated a high water abstraction by the irrigation sector. Future water demand shows an increasing trend until 2050, beyond which the demand will decrease owing to the assumed regulation of population explosion. From the simulated future water availability and projected water demand, water stress was computed. Among the six sub‐catchments, the sub‐catchment six shows the peak water demand. This study hence emphasizes on the need for re‐defining water management policies, by incorporating hydrological response of the basin to the long‐term climate change, which will help in developing appropriate flood and drought mitigation measures at the basin level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a regionalized Clark IUH model with limited hydrologic data availability
Authors: Seong Kee‐Won , Ball James E. , Lee Yong‐Hak
Published: January 2008

To aid prediction of the flow hydrograph in a basin with limited data, a practical approach to determining a regionalized Clark instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model is presented. The proposed model is described in terms of the synthetic time–area concentration curve, the concentration time, and a special regional similarity value that is valid in the whole basin. The latter was estimated from a Monte Carlo testing procedure based on the normal probability distribution of transformed regional similarity values composed of the time of concentration and the storage coefficient in gauged basins. The time–area concentration curve and the concentration time were calculated from a rational equation as in conventional methods. The method of transformation adopted was the Box–Cox power transformation, which is known to make non‐normal values resemble normal data. By introducing the regional similarity value into a Clark IUH, a statistically best estimate of IUH for given data conditions and its quantified degree of uncertainty were realized. The Wi River basin in Korea was used to test the applicability of the regionalized Clark IUH. The performance of the suggested methodology was evaluated by assuming an ungauged sub‐basin at the site. The results showed that the IUH model developed in this work was an effective tool, predicting a reliable hydrograph within the study area even though only limited data were available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of vertical profiles of leaf drying times after daytime rainfall within a Bornean tropical rainforest
Authors: Kume Tomonori , Manfroi Odair J , Suzuki Masakazu , Tanaka Katsunori , Kuraji Koichiro , Nakagawa Michiko , Komatsu Hikaru , Kumagai Tomo'omi
Published: January 2008

South‐east Asian Bornean tropical rainforests have large and complex canopy structures. To clarify how forest structure affects wet‐canopy evaporation, it is necessary to consider wet‐canopy evaporation processes within the forest canopy, such as vertical profiles of canopy drying time. In a previous study a method was proposed that utilizes sap flow measurements to estimate canopy drying time after rainfall (CDTobs) during daytime. In this present study, the method was applied to estimations of the vertical variations in CDTobs in 11 individual trees of various heights, ranging from 2·7 m to 53 m. The study derived vertical profiles and showed that the lengths of CDTobs in lower canopy trees were 2–4 h longer than those in the upper canopy trees. The new method for CDTobs profiles presented in this study, which is available for validation of multi‐layer biosphere‐atmospheric models, is a useful illustration for clarifying wet‐canopy evaporation processes in tropical rainforests. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term follow‐up of cervical abnormalities among women screened by HPV testing and cytology—Results from the Hammersmith study
Authors: Cuzick Jack , Szarewski Anne , Mesher David , Cadman Louise , Austin Janet , Perryman Karen , Ho Linda , Terry George , Sasieni Peter , Dina Roberto , Soutter William P.
Published: January 2008

Several studies have shown that HPV testing is substantially more sensitive than cytology for primary cervical screening. However, less data exist concerning the duration of protection afforded by a negative HPV test compared to a normal cytological outcome. Here we report the long‐term findings from the Hammersmith study in women aged 35 or more. HPV testing by Hybrid Capture II was performed on all available samples from the baseline screening visit. Passive surveillance of subsequent cytology screening results for the 2,982 women in the study was undertaken using a national registry. Histological outcomes were sought for all women with abnormal smears. The primary outcome was duration of protection against histologically confirmed CIN2+ afforded by a negative HPV test compared to normal cytology. 2,516 women had at least one further smear at least 1 year after entry and 20 new cases of CIN2+ were identified during a median follow‐up of 6.4 years. Including disease identified at baseline, the risk of developing CIN2+ at 1, 5 and 9 years after a normal cytology was 0.33%, 0.83% and 2.20% respectively whereas it was 0.19%, 0.42% and 1.88% after a negative HPV test. HPV testing offered excellent protection from CIN2+ for at least 6 years after a negative test, whereas the protection from cytology began to wane after about 3 years. Substantially more CIN2+ lesions were found in the follow‐up period in those initially HPV positive compared to those HPV negative (HR = 6.52, p = 0.001), whereas there was little difference according to initial cytology (HR = 1.64, p = 0.51). © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus‐associated cancers in a South African black population: Results from a case–control study, 1995–2004
Authors: Stein Lara , Urban Margaret I. , O'Connell Dianne , Yu Xue Qin , Beral Valerie , Newton Rob , Ruff Paul , Donde Bernard , Hale Martin , Patel Moosa , Sitas Freddy
Published: February 2008

The effect of the evolving HIV epidemic on cancer has been sparsely documented in Africa. We report results on the risk of cancer associated with HIV‐1 infection using data from an ongoing study. A case–control analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (odds ratio, OR) of cancer types known to be AIDS defining: Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 333), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, n = 223) and cancers of the cervix (n = 1,586), and 11 cancer types possibly associated with HIV infection: Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 154), cancers of other anogenital organs (n = 157), squamous cell cancer of the skin (SCC, n = 70), oral cavity and pharynx (n = 319), liver (n = 83), stomach (n = 142), leukemia (n = 323), melanoma (n = 53), sarcomas other than Kaposi's (n = 93), myeloma (n = 189) and lung cancer (n = 363). The comparison group comprised 3,717 subjects with all other cancer types and 682 subjects with vascular disease. ORs were adjusted for age, sex (except cervical cancer), year of diagnosis, education and number of sexual partners. Significantly increased risks associated with HIV‐1 infection were found for HIV/AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma (OR = 47.1, 95% CI = 31.9–69.8), NHL (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 4.3–8.1) and cancer of the cervix (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3–2.0); Hodgkin's disease (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0–2.7), cancers of anogenital organs other than the cervix (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4–3.3) and SCC (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4–4.9) were also significantly increased. No significant associations were found between HIV and any of the other cancers examined. Risks for HIV‐related cancers are consistent with previous studies in Africa, and are lower when compared to those observed in developed countries. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting prostate cancer with HTI‐286, a synthetic analog of the marine sponge product hemiasterlin
Authors: Hadaschik Boris A. , Ettinger Susan , Sowery Richard D. , Zoubeidi Amina , Andersen Raymond J. , Roberge Michel , Gleave Martin E.
Published: January 2008

Therapeutic resistance is the underlying cause for most cancer deaths and a major problem associated with treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. HTI‐286, a fully synthetic analog of the natural tripeptide hemiasterlin, inhibits tubulin polymerization and circumvents transport‐based resistance to taxanes. In our study, we evaluated its inhibitory effects on human prostate cancer growth in vitro and in different in vivo models. Androgen‐dependent and androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell lines including a docetaxel‐refractory PC‐3 subline (PC‐3dR) were treated with HTI‐286. Transcriptional profiling was carried out to screen for changes in gene expression induced by HTI‐286 and compared to docetaxel. In vivo, nude mice with established PC‐3 or PC‐3dR xenografts were given HTI‐286 intravenously. Additionally, mice bearing hormone‐sensitive LNCaP tumors were treated with castration in combination with early or delayed HTI‐286 therapy. In all cell lines tested, HTI‐286 was a potent inhibitor of proliferation and induced marked increases in apoptosis. Despite similar transcriptomic changes regarding cell death and cell cycle regulating genes after exposure to HTI‐286 or docetaxel, array analysis revealed distinct molecular signatures for both compounds. Invivo, HTI‐286 significantly inhibited growth of PC‐3 and LNCaP xenografts and retained potency in PC‐3dR tumors. Simultaneous castration plus HTI‐286 therapy was superior to sequential treatment in the LNCaP model. In conclusion, HTI‐286 showed strong antitumor activity both in androgen‐dependent and androgen‐ independent tumors and may be a promising agent in second‐ line treatment strategies for patients suffering from docetaxel‐ refractory prostate cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.