bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic impact of medication error: a systematic review
Authors: Walsh Elaine K. , Hansen Christina Raae , Sahm Laura J. , Kearney Patricia M. , Doherty Edel , Bradley Colin P.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Medication error is a significant source of morbidity and mortality among patients. Clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence are required for the implementation of quality of care interventions. Reduction of error‐related cost is a key potential benefit of interventions addressing medication error. The aim of this review was to describe and quantify the economic burden associated with medication error.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL, EconLit, ABI/INFORM, Business Source Complete were searched. Studies published 2004–2016 assessing the economic impact of medication error were included. Cost values were expressed in Euro 2015. A narrative synthesis was performed.

Results

A total of 4572 articles were identified from database searching, and 16 were included in the review. One study met all applicable quality criteria. Fifteen studies expressed economic impact in monetary terms. Mean cost per error per study ranged from €2.58 to €111 727.08. Healthcare costs were used to measure economic impact in 15 of the included studies with one study measuring litigation costs. Four studies included costs incurred in primary care with the remaining 12 measuring hospital costs. Five studies looked at general medication error in a general population with 11 studies reporting the economic impact of an individual type of medication error or error within a specific patient population.

Conclusions

Considerable variability existed between studies in terms of financial cost, patients, settings and errors included. Many were of poor quality. Assessment of economic impact was conducted predominantly in the hospital setting with little assessment of primary care impact. Limited parameters were used to establish economic impact. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size of the reference sample in a case‐augmented study
Authors: Ghosh Palash , Dewanji Anup
Published: March 2017

The case‐augmented study, in which a case sample is augmented with a reference (random) sample from the source population with only covariates information known, is becoming popular in different areas of applied science such as pharmacovigilance, ecology, and econometrics. In general, the case sample is available from some source (for example, hospital database, case registry, etc.); however, the reference sample is required to be drawn from the corresponding source population. The required minimum size of the reference sample is an important issue in this regard. In this work, we address the minimum sample size calculation and discuss related issues. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and ethylene polymerization of 8‐(fluorenylarylimino)‐5,6,7‐trihydroquinolylnickel chlorides: Tailoring polyethylenes by adjusting fluorenyl position and adduct Et2Zn
Authors: Zeng Yanning , Mahmood Qaiser , Hao Xiang , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: March 2017

A series of 8‐(arylimino)‐5,6,7‐trihydroquinolines ligand pendant fluorenyl group at N‐aryl ring, and their nickel complexes (Ni1 − Ni5) have been prepared and characterized. Once activated with Et2AlCl, the complexes Ni1, Ni2, and Ni3 bearing ligands from para‐fluorenylaniline produced unimodal polyethylenes; on the contrary complexes Ni4 and Ni5 gave bimodal polyethylenes due to steric influence of ligands from ortho‐fluorenyl anilines. With a increment of Et2Zn/Ni4 ratio from 0 to 400, the distinct bimodel polyethylenes were obtained with molecular weights shifted from 14.3 to 57.6 kg·mol−1; apart shiftment to higher molecular weights, the portion of low molecular weight decreased along with higher portion of high molecular weight. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1910–1919
Rice Autonomous Harvesting: Operation Framework
Authors: Kurita Hiroki , Iida Michihisa , Cho Wonjae , Suguri Masahiko
Published: March 2017

This paper reports on an operation framework for autonomous rice harvesting. We developed an integrated algorithm for robotic operation and cooperation with farmworkers to automate each subsection of the harvesting and unloading process and of the processes that bridge them (homing and restarting). The algorithm was installed into a head‐feeding combine robot. The robot followed a target path based on its absolute position and orientation, planning a counterclockwise spiral path in a rectangular paddy field, and returned to a position close to a farm road when its grain tank was filled to a specified level. The grain unloading operation was automated using a machine vision system. As the restarting process (return to harvesting) was also automated, the combine robot was able to harvest a rectangular field autonomously by cyclically repeating the harvesting, homing, unloading, and restarting operations. Under field conditions, the robot was able to follow the target path within tolerable lateral and azimuth errors while harvesting rice successfully, and to unload the harvested grain into a wagon without spillage. The root mean square error of the lateral and azimuth errors during harvesting were 0.04 m and 2.6°, respectively. In the homing operation, the robot returned to a given line within ± 0.1 m and aligned its heading to the direction of the line within ± 4°. The robot recognized the arbitrarily parked wagon and positioned its auger spout at the target point with a respective horizontal and vertical accuracy of ± 0.2 m and ± 0.3 m. Harvesting time accounted for 50%–60% of the entire robotic operation. Homing scheduling and dispatch control for the wagon were found to be of importance for developing a more efficient robotic operation.
Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Chitosan as a Sustainable Component for Proton Conductivity Management in PEMs
Authors: Ressam Ibtissam , Krins Natacha , Laberty‐Robert Christel , Selmane Mohamed , Lahcini Mohammed , Raihane Mustapha , Kadib Abdelkrim El , Perrot Hubert , Sel Ozlem
Published: March 2017

One of the most fundamental assets of natural polysaccharides is their water storage capacity. Analogically, materials able to regulate water hydration in energetic systems (e.x.: fuel‐cells) are of paramount interest. In light of this key characteristic, chitosan, an aminocarbohydrate derived from shellfish waste, was structurally conjugated using sulfosuccinic acid to afford CS‐SO3H. The resulting polymeric material appears well suitable for enhancing proton conduction and tuning the hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance of the proton exchange membranes (PEM). Consequently, Nafion membrane modified with CS‐SO3H presented σH+ values almost 2 times higher than that of pristine Nafion at every % RH level exposed (30 °C ‐ 80 °C and 30% ‐ 90%). The σH+ enhancement is in agreement with the lower activation energy indicating that the proton transport is facilitated in the presence of ‐SO3H modified chitosan. We have found indications that –SO3H modified chitosan polymer, as a sustainable additive to Nafion is able to control the proton conduction mechanism and keep the activation energy for proton conduction at lower values as compared to pristine Nafion.
Exciton Coupling of Phenylalanine Reveals Conformational Changes of Cationic Peptides
Authors: Bortolini Christian , Liu Lei , Hoffmann Søren V. , Jones Nykola C. , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Dong Mingdong
Published: March 2017

Circular dichroism (CD) is a versatile tool to investigate the secondary structure of proteins. Conventionally, CD signals in the far‐UV region are primarily attributed to peptide bond absorption; likewise aromatic residue analysis has typically only focussed on the near‐UV absorption characteristics. However, crucial information that is contained in electronic transitions occurring in the far‐UV has not been fully exploited to date, despite the significant potential offered by such measurements to yield a window into protein structure and self‐assembly under native conditions. In this work, we strive towards a quantitative interpretation of CD spectra by detailing the contributions of aromatic chromophores in the far‐UV and accurately describing unfolded states of charged amino acid side chains. To this end, we probe conformational changes of cationic peptides, which impact on their antimicrobial activity, as a function of pH and we show that the emerging far‐UV signatures yield information on phenylalanine exciton coupling. This work thus furthers our understanding of the folding mechanisms of cationic peptides, which are considered to be molecules of key interest in the context of overcoming antimicrobial resistance.
Self‐Assembly and Fluorescence Properties of [60]Fullerene‐Pentacene Monoadducts
Authors: Kubo Kentaro , Tajima Tomoyuki , Shirai Hitoshi , Nishihama Takuya , Takaguchi Yutaka
Published: March 2017

The highly soluble [60]fullerene‐pentacene monoadducts 2 a and 2 b were synthesized by a Diels‐Alder reaction between [60]fullerene and pentacene derivatives. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of 2 a revealed an attractive intermolecular interaction between [60]fullerene moiety of one molecule and the pentacene arms of an adjacent molecule, resulting in the formation of head‐to‐tail dimers in solution. This self‐association behavior of 2 a and 2 b was also observed by 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy in chloroform. Both the excitation and emission wavelengths can be modulated via the concentration of 2 a and 2 b.
A Mild, Convenient and Efficient Sodium Nitrite Mediated Hydrolysis of α‐Halo Ketones to Corresponding α‐Hydroxy Ketones
Authors: Ghorpade Archana K. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: March 2017

A novel, concise and efficient method for conversion of α‐halo ketones into α‐hydroxy ketones using sodium nitrite in dimethylformamide(DMF) as solvent has been developed. This transformation is believed to proceed viain situ generation of alkyl nitrite intermediatesfollowed by hydrolysis to form α‐hydroxy ketones. The salient features of this protocol are mild reaction conditions, short reaction time and very good to excellent yields.
Amberlite IRA 402(OH) Mediated Green Synthesis of Novel Benzothiazole–quinoline Conjugates as Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Chhabra Mohit , Babu Lavanya Thilak , Mondal Ashaparna , Sun Hongyan , Paira Priyankar
Published: March 2017

We have introduced Amberlite IRA 402(OH) mediated green synthesis of benzothiazolyl quinoline based fluorescent scaffolds (6a–l) for cancer theranostic application. Compounds 6 b (8‐[2‐(2‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐phenoxy)‐ethoxy]‐5,7‐dibromoquinoline),6 d (8‐[2‐(2‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐phenoxy)‐ethoxy]‐5‐chloro‐7‐iodoquinoline) and6 g (8‐[2‐(2‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐phenoxy)‐propoxy]‐5‐chloroquinolin ‐e) demonstrated more or comparable cytotoxicity tocisplatin against all the tested cancer cell lines. Most of the synthesized compounds are 3–25 folds more selective in cancer cell line than normal fibroblast (MRC‐5 or HEK‐293). It was also evident that compound 6 a (8‐[2‐(2‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐phenoxy)‐ethoxy]‐quinoline) can be utilized as cancer theranostic agent since it has good quantum yield in water, significant cellular uptake, high potency and selectivity in all the cancer cell lines.
Pushing SmI2 Reactions towards the Limit‐ Entropy Driven Reduction of a Benzene Ring
Authors: Maity Sandeepan , Hoz Shmaryahu
Published: March 2017

In order to reduce a benzene ring, alkali metals or similar strong reducing agents are needed. We have found that SmI2, which is considered to be a relatively mild reagent, can also perform this task. This is achieved by attaching a side arm of either ethanolamine or ethylenediamine to a benzene ring. These side arms strongly coordinate to SmI2, holding it in close vicinity to the benzene ring. As a result, the probability of electron transfer from the SmI2 to the benzene ring is significantly increased. However, at the same time, this proximity also enhances the rate of the back electron transfer. In order to slow the rate of this step, small amounts of water and Et3N were added to the reaction mixture. The two typical products of the classical Birch reduction of benzene were obtained with a yield as high as 95 %. This method was also applied to the corresponding chlorobenzene and methylbenzoate where the reactions were much enhanced but functionality reduction prevailed over ring reduction. It is remarkable that going from a termolecular to a unimolecular reaction is more effective than excitation of the SmI2 around 600 nm which is equivalent to ca. 47 kcal/mol.
Selective Oxidation of Allyl Alcohol to Acrylic Acid in Base‐Free Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kim Minsu , Lee Hyunjoo
Published: March 2017

Acrylic acid, which is an important chemical with various downstream applications, is currently produced from petroleum. A new pathway for producing acrylic acid using a more sustainable and environmentally friendly method has been actively pursued, especially starting from biomass‐derived glycerol. In this work, selective oxidation of allyl alcohol, which can be produced from glycerol with >99 % yield without catalyst, into acrylic acid was investigated using only water, allyl alcohol, and catalyst under a pressurized oxygen condition. Among various metal catalysts, Pd showed the highest activity for acrylic acid production. Oxidation, hydration, and hydrogenation pathways were observed at the same time. When Pd nanoparticle catalysts were used, the catalyst capped with starch produced hydrogenated species of propanal and propionic acid less with a high yield for acrylic acid. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen pressure, and the amount of reactant and catalyst were evaluated.
Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback in Developmental Multilingual Writing Classes
Authors: Kurzer Kendon
Published: March 2017

This study investigated the role of dynamic written corrective feedback (DWCF; Evans, Hartshorn, McCollum, & Wolfersberger, 2010; Hartshorn & Evans, 2015; Hartshorn et al., 2010), a mode of providing specific, targeted, and individualized grammar feedback in developmental English as a second language (ESL) writing classes (pre–first year composition) at a large western U.S. research university. Via a quasi‐experimental design investigating DWCF at three different levels of developmental ESL writing classes across three terms with 325 student participants, results of this study suggest that multilingual students become better at self‐editing and have more accurate timed writing paragraphs after taking classes that supplement grammar instruction using DWCF than those who take classes with only traditional grammar instruction. Specific error categories were investigated (global, local, and mechanical, per Bates, Lane, & Lange, 1993), with largely significant results across all error types at each language level, indicating that DWCF may be an effective pedagogical intervention to improve linguistic accuracy.
Effects of analcime zeolite synthesized from local pottery stone as nucleating agent on crystallization behaviors and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Chuayjuljit Saowaroj , Larpkasemsuk Amnouy , Chaiwutthinan Phasawat , Kashima Dujreutai Pongkao , Boonmahitthisud Anyaporn
Published: March 2017

This study reported the synthesis of analcime zeolite (AN‐zeolite) from a local pottery stone via hydrothermal method using 2 M NaOH at 120°C for 8 h in a Teflon‐lined stainless steel autoclave. The as‐synthesized AN‐zeolite was characterized for its phase composition, morphology, and particle size using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering analysis, respectively. Subsequently, the AN‐zeolite was used as a nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The prepared nucleated iPP was analyzed for its crystallization behaviors (by XRD, polarized optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), mechanical properties (impact strength and tensile properties), and morphology. It was found that the AN‐zeolite can induce to form a mass of α‐crystal and only a little β‐crystal in the iPP, along with the significant increase in the nuclei content, crystallization rate, and crystallization temperature, but a substantial decrease in the spherulite size. In addition, the incorporation of an appropriate amount of the AN‐zeolite into the iPP caused an increase in the impact strength (at 1.25 wt% optimal), tensile strength (at 1.25 wt% optimal), and Young's modulus (at 2 wt% optimal), but a deterioration of the elongation at break with increasing AN‐zeolite content compared with the neat iPP. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:E85–E95, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
BeamDyn: a high‐fidelity wind turbine blade solver in the FAST modular framework
Authors: Wang Qi , Sprague Michael A. , Jonkman Jason , Johnson Nick , Jonkman Bonnie
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a numerical implementation of the geometrically exact beam theory based on the Legendre‐spectral‐finite‐element (LSFE) method. The displacement‐based geometrically exact beam theory is presented, and the special treatment of three‐dimensional rotation parameters is reviewed. An LSFE is a high‐order finite element with nodes located at the Gauss–Legendre–Lobatto points. These elements can be an order of magnitude more computationally efficient than low‐order finite elements for a given accuracy level. The new module, BeamDyn, is implemented in the FAST modularization framework for dynamic simulation of highly flexible composite‐material wind turbine blades within the FAST aeroelastic engineering model. The framework allows for fully interactive simulations of turbine blades in operating conditions. Numerical examples are provided to validate BeamDyn and examine the LSFE performance as well as the coupling algorithm in the FAST modularization framework. BeamDyn can also be used as a stand‐alone high‐fidelity beam tool. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ Alkylation of 4,4′‐Vinylenedipyridine for Inorganic‐Organic Iodides/Iodidomercurates
Authors: Cui Jian‐Qiu , Guo Tian‐Shuo , Chu Kai‐Bin , Wu Chao , Yang Gang , Song Jun‐Ling , Zhang Chi
Published: March 2017

Solvothermal reactions of HgI2, 4,4′‐vinylenedipyridine, and HI in alcoholic solution (methanol, ethanol, or pentanol) gave rise to a family of organic‐inorganic hybrid complexes, formulated as [C14H16N2][I4]2– (1), [C16H20N2][HgI4] (2), and [C22H32N2][HgI4]4 (3). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that all three compounds are discrete structures, including the inorganic anion [I4]2– or [HgI4]2– and an organic cation, where the resulting organic cations were generated in situ alkylation reactions of 4,4′‐vinylenedipyridine with alcohols, with cleavage of the alcoholic C–O bond followed by a one‐step in situ N‐alkylation reaction of 4,4′‐vinylenedipyridine in acidic HI solution. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), 1H NMR and 13C NMR, energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDS), IR, as well as UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the complexes.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Pyrochlore‐Type Eu2Ta2(O,N)7+δ
Authors: Anke Björn , Hund Sophie , Lorent Christian , Janka Oliver , Block Theresa , Pöttgen Rainer , Lerch Martin
Published: March 2017

Pyrochlore‐type Eu2Ta2(O,N)7+δ phases were prepared by reaction of ammonia with an amorphous europium tantalum oxide precursor. 151Eu Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements point to the presence of exclusively Eu3+. For phase‐pure samples (X‐ray powder diffraction), the nitrogen content varies between 1.0 and 1.8 wt %, leading to compositions in the range Eu2Ta2O7.1N0.6 – Eu2Ta2O6.5N1.0. Pyrochlore‐type phases are structurally derived from the fluorite type with 1/8 of the anions missing, resulting in an ideal composition A2B2X7. In Eu2Ta2(O,N)7+δ the excess anions partly occupy these vacancies. The prepared phases are colorless with a direct optical bandgap of 4.3 eV and they show the typical Van Vleck paramagnetic behavior known for trivalent Eu atoms.
Thermodynamic Association Behaviors of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) with Poly(4‐vinylpyridine N‐oxide) (PVPNO) at Different pH Values and Ionic Strengths
Authors: Wang Hao , Fan Yaxun , Wang Yilin
Published: March 2017

The interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with poly(4‐vinylpyridine N‐oxide) (PVPNO) at different pH values and ionic strengths has been studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry, electrical conductivity and turbidity measurements. The solution pH significantly effects the formation of the PVPNO/SDS complex. At pH 1.5, the polymer PVPNO is a strong polycation, and the binding is dominated by electrostatic 1:1 charge neutralization with the anionic surfactant. At pH 6 and 8, the electrostatic attraction between SDS and PVPNO is weak, and the hydrophobic interaction becomes stronger. The effect of salt concentration on the interaction of SDS and PVPNO depends on the competition between the increase of interaction and the screening of interaction. This study based on the thermodynamic process gained deep insight into the effects of pH value and ionic strength on the interaction mechanism of surfactant with polyelectrolyte. We also constructed a simple model for the interaction of PVPNO and SDS system in different solution regions.
Brain rhythm attractor breakdown in Alzheimer's disease: Functional and pathologic implications
Authors: Karageorgiou Elissaios , Vossel Keith A.
Published: March 2017

This perspective binds emerging evidence on the bidirectional relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and sleep disorders through a model of brain rhythm attractor breakdown. This approach explains behavioral‐cognitive changes in AD across the sleep‐wake cycle and supports a causal association between early brainstem tau pathology and subsequent cortical amyloid β accumulation. Specifically, early tau dysregulation within brainstem‐hypothalamic nuclei leads to breakdown of sleep‐wake attractor networks, with patients displaying an attenuated range of behavioral and electrophysiological activity patterns, a “twilight zone” of constant activity between deep rest and full alertness. This constant cortical activity promotes activity‐dependent amyloid β accumulation in brain areas that modulate their activity across sleep‐wake states, especially the medial prefrontal cortex. In addition, the accompanying breakdown of hippocampal–medial prefrontal cortex interplay across sleep stages could explain deficient memory consolidation through dysregulation of synaptic plasticity. Clinical implications include the potential therapeutic benefit of attractor consolidation (e.g., slow‐wave sleep enhancers) in delaying AD progression.
Alzheimer's disease: The next frontier—Special Report 2017
Authors: Karlawish Jason , Jack Clifford R. , Rocca Walter A. , Snyder Heather M. , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: March 2017

In the history of medicine, one means to progress is when we make the decision that our assumptions and definitions of disease are no longer consistent with the scientific evidence, and no longer serve our health care needs. The arc of scientific progress is now requiring a change in how we diagnose Alzheimer's disease. Both the National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association (NIA‐AA) 2011 workgroup and the International Work Group (IWG) have proposed guidelines that use detectable measures of biological changes in the brain, commonly known as biological markers, or biomarkers, as part of the diagnosis. This Special Report examines how the development and validation of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers—including those detectable in the blood or cerebral spinal fluid, or through neuroimaging—is a top research priority. This has the potential to markedly change how we diagnose Alzheimer's disease and, as a result, how we count the number of people with this disease. As research advances a biomarker‐based method for diagnosis and treatment at the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, we envision a future in which Alzheimer's disease is placed in the same category as other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes, which can be readily identified with biomarkers and treated before irrevocable disability occurs.
Effect of intelligence on consumers' responsiveness to a pro‐environmental tax: Evidence from large‐scale data on car acquisitions of male consumers
Authors: Aspara Jaakko , Luo Xueming , Dhar Ravi
Published: March 2017

Researchers and policy‐makers are increasingly interested in the effects of pro‐environmental tax incentives on consumer responses. However, it is unknown whether consumers' responsiveness to pro‐environmental taxes depends on cognitive ability. We report a natural experiment study, in which a pro‐environmental tax was introduced in Finland, providing an economic benefit for cars with lower CO2 emissions. We examine 140,000 car acquisitions by male consumers, whose intelligence had been tested by Finnish Defense Forces. The results show that the CO2 emissions of cars acquired by consumers with higher intelligence dropped more after the introduction of the tax than the emissions of cars of consumers with lower intelligence. Specifically, intelligence had both a direct effect on responsiveness to the pro‐environmental tax, and an indirect effect via income. The effect was more pronounced for numeric intelligence than verbal and spatial logic intelligence and of equal size as that of income and other demographics. This implies that intelligence is an empirically as well as theoretically relevant variable to study as a moderator to choices that are simultaneously pro‐environmental and economical.
First experimental comparisons of laser-plasma interactions between spherical and cylindrical hohlraums at SGIII laser facility
Authors: Chen Yaohua , Li Zhichao , Xie Xufei , Zheng Chunyang , Zhai Chuanlei , Hao Liang , Yang Dong , Huo Wenyi , Ren Guoli , Liu Jie , Peng Xiaoshi , Xu Tao , Li Yulong , Li Sanwei , Yang Zhiwen , Guo Liang , Hou Lifei , Liu Yonggang , Wei Huiyue , Liu Xiangming , Cha Weiyi , Li Yukun , Deng Keli , Yuan Zheng , Zhan Xiayu , Zhang Haijun , Jiang Baibin , Zhang Wei , Du Kai , Deng Xuewei , Ding Yongkun , Wei Xiaofeng , Zheng Wanguo , Chen Xiaodong , He Xiantu , Lan Ke
Published: March 2017

We present our recent laser-plasmas instability (LPI) comparison experiment at the SGIII laser facility between the spherical and cylindrical hohlraums. Three kinds of filling are considered: vacuum, gas-filling with or without a capsule inside. A spherical hohlraum of 3.6 mm in diameter, and a cylindrical hohlraum of 2.4 mm × 4.3 mm are used. The capsule diameter is 0.96 mm. A flat-top laser pulse with 3 ns duration and up to 92.73 kJ energy is used. The experiment has shown that the LPI level in the spherical hohlraum is close to that of the outer beam in the cylindrical hohlraum, while much lower than that of the inner beam. The experiment is further simulated by using our 2-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code LARED-Integration, and the laser back-scattering fraction and the stimulated Raman scatter (SRS) spectrum are post-processed by the high efficiency code of laser interaction with plasmas HLIP. According to the simulation, the plasma waves are strongly damped and the SRS is mainly developed at the plasma conditions of electron density from 0.08 nc to 0.1 nc and electron temperature from 1.5 keV to 2.0 keV inside the hohlraums. However, obvious differences between the simulation and experiment are found, such as that the SRS back-scattering is underestimated, and the numerical SRS spectrum peaks at a larger wavelength and at a later time than the data. These differences indicate that the development of a 3D radiation hydrodynamic code, with more accurate physics models, is mandatory for spherical hohlraum study.
Warrant price responses to credit spread changes: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Schertler Andrea , Stoerch Saskia
Published: March 2017

We use a new approach to analyze the relationship between warrant prices and issuers’ credit spreads. This approach allows us to gain insights into whether issuers use their credit risk systematically to increase their profits. In a post‐Lehman sample, we find strong support for a systematic use since issuers decrease prices less after cred it spread increases than they increase prices after credit spread decreases. Credit spread decreases are accompanied by price increases on several successive days. This sluggish adjustment in prices can be explained by the fact that retail investors’ purchase decisions depend on product prices.
Heavy viable trajectories of controlled systems
Authors: Frankowska Halina , Aubin Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2017

We define and study the concept of
heavy
viable trajectories of a controlled system with feedbacks. Viable trajectories are trajectories satisfying at each instant given constraints on the state. The controls regulating viable trajectories evolve according a
set-valued feedback map
. Heavy viable trajectories are the ones which are associated to the controls in the feedback map whose velocity has at each instant minimal norm. We construct the differential equation governing the evolution of the controls associated to heavy viable trajectories and we prove their existence. These results are applied to exchange economies for finding heavy trajectories of a dynamical decentralized allocation mechanism explaining the evolution of prices.

Nous définissons le concept de trajectoire viable
lourde
d’un système contrôlé avec rétroaction. Les trajectoires viables sont celles qui obéissent à chaque instant à des contraintes pesant sur l’état du système. Les contrôles régulant les trajectoires viables évoluent selon une loi de rétroaction multivoque. Les trajectoires viables lourdes sont associées aux contrôles régulant les trajectoires viables dont la
norme de la vitesse est minimale
(parmi ceux régulant les trajectoires viables). Nous construisons les équations différentielles gouvernant les contrôles associés aux trajectoires viables lourdes et nous démontrons leur existence. Ces résultats sont appliqués aux économies d’échange pour obtenir les trajectoires viables lourdes d’un mécanisme d’allocations de ressources dynamique et décentralisé, ce qui peut expliquer l’évolution des prix.
The global Cauchy problem for the non linear Schrödinger equation revisited
Authors: Ginibre J. , Velo G.
Published: March 2017

We study the Cauchy problem for a class of non-linear Schrödinger equations. We prove the existence of global weak solutions by a compactness method and, under stronger assumptions, the uniqueness of those solutions, thereby generalizing previous results.

On étudie le problème de Cauchy pour une classe d’équations de Schrödinger non linéaires. On démontre l’existence de solutions faibles globales par une méthode de compacité, et sous des hypothèses plus fortes, l’unicité de ces solutions, généralisant ainsi les résultats connus précédemment.
On minimal surfaces with free boundaries in given homotopy classes
Authors: Tolksdorf Peter
Published: March 2017

Let

S

be a smooth compact imbedded surface in

ℝ^{3}

and let

B

be the unit disc in

ℝ^{2}

. We consider the problem of finding a surface that minimizes area among all surfaces which have the topological type of a disc and which have boundaries in a given nontrivial homotopy class

H

of curves

γ: ∂B → S

. We show that

H

can be decomposed into finitely many homotopy classes

H_1, …, H_k

for which the problem is solvable.

Soit

S

une surface compacte régulière dans

ℝ^{3}

et soit

B

un disque dans

ℝ^{2}

. On étudie le problème de trouver une surface qui minimise la superficie entre les surfaces qui sont topologiquement équivalentes à un disque et qui ont des frontières dans une classe d’homotopie

H

nontriviale des courbes

γ: ∂B → S

. On prouve qu’on peut décomposer

H

dans des classes d’homotopie

H_1, H_2, …, H_k

non triviales pour lesquelles il existe une solution du problème étudié.
Critère d’existence de solutions positives pour des équations semi-linéaires non monotones
Authors: Baras Pierre , Pierre Michel
Published: March 2017

We give a necessary and sufficient condition on

f \in \mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathrm{U})

,

f ≥ 0

for the existence of a nonnegative solution for the equation

u\left(x\right) = \int _{\mathrm{U}}\mathrm{N}\left(x,y\right)j\left(u\left(y\right)\right)dy + f\left(x\right)\:\:\mathrm{a.e.}\:\:x \in \mathrm{U}.

Here

j

is a convex function from

[0, ∞[

into

[0, ∞[

and

\mathrm{N}

is a nonnegative kernel of

\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathrm{U} \times \mathrm{U})

. This equation contains as a special case elliptic and parabolic semilinear equations of nonmonotone type like, for instance

\left\{
\begin{align*}
&−\mathrm{\Delta }u = u^{\mathrm{\gamma }} + g\:&&\mathrm{on }\:\mathrm{\Omega },\:\:g \geq 0\:\mathrm{and}\:\mathrm{\gamma } > 1\:\mathrm{given} \\
&u \geq 0\quad u = 0\:\:&&\mathrm{on }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega }
\end{align*}
\right.

and its parabolic version. These examples are treated in detail. Necessary conditions in terms of

\mathrm{W}^{2,\:\mathrm{\gamma }′}

-capacity are also given.

On donne une condition nécessaire et suffisante sur

f \in \mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathrm{U})

,

f ≥ 0

, pour que l’équation

u\left(x\right) = \int _{\mathrm{U}}\mathrm{N}\left(x,y\right)j\left(u\left(y\right)\right)dy + f\left(x\right)\:\:\mathrm{p.p.}\:\:x \in \mathrm{U}

ait une solution positive; ici,

j

est une fonction convexe de

[0, ∞[

dans

[0, ∞[

et

\mathrm{N}

est un noyau positif de

\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathrm{U} \times \mathrm{U})

. Entrent dans ce cadre les équations semi-linéaires elliptiques et paraboliques non monotones avec non-linéarité convexe comme, par exemple, le problem

\left\{
\begin{align*}
&−\mathrm{\Delta }u = u^{\mathrm{\gamma }} + g\:
&&\mathrm{sur }\:\mathrm{\Omega },\:\:g \geq 0\:\mathrm{et}\:\mathrm{\gamma } > 1\:\text{donnés} \\
&u \geq 0\quad u = 0\:\:
&&\mathrm{sur }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega }
\end{align*}
\right.

et sa version parabolique. Les applications à ces exemples sont traitées en détail. Des conditions nécessaires en termes de

\mathrm{W}^{2,\:\mathrm{\gamma }′}

-capacité sont explicitées.
Solutions in the large for certain nonlinear parabolic systems
Authors: Hoff David , Smoller Joel
Published: March 2017

We prove the global existence of smooth solutions for certain systems of the form

u_t + f(u)_x = \mathrm Du_{xx}

. Here

u

and

f

are vectors and

\mathrm D

is a constant, positive matrix. We assume that the Cauchy data

u_0

satisfies

\left\|u_{0}−\bar u\right\|_{\mathrm{L}^{∞}\left(ℝ\right)} < r

, where

\bar u

is a fixed vector and

f

is defined in an

r

-ball about

\bar u

, and that

\left\|u_{0}−\bar u\right\|_{\mathrm{L}^{2}\left(ℝ\right)}

is sufficiently small. We show how our results apply to the equations of (nonisentropic) gas dynamics, and we include a result which shows that for the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible flow, smoothing of initial discontinuities must occur for the velocity and energy, but cannot occur for the density.

Nous démontrons l’existence globale de solutions régulières pour certains systèmes de la forme

u_t + f(u)_x = \mathrm Du_{xx}

, où

u

et

f

sont des vecteurs et

\mathrm D

une matrice constante définie positive. Nous supposons que la donnée initiale

u_0

vérifie

\left\|u_{0}−\bar u\right\|_{∞} < r

où

\bar u

est fixé,

f

défini dans la boule de centre

\bar u

et de rayon

r

, et

\left\|u_{0}−\bar u\right\|_{2}

est suffisamment petit. Nous montrons ensuite comment nos résultats s’appliquent aux équations de la dynamique des gaz (cas non isentropique), et nous prouvons, en particulier, que pour les équations de Navier–Stokes pour les fluides compressibles, la régularisation des discontinuités initiales doit apparaître pour la vitesse et l’énergie, mais ne peut pas se produire pour la densité.
World War I and the American Constitution
Authors: Ross William G.
Published: March 2017

The First World War profoundly affected the American political system by transforming constitutional law and providing the predicate for the modern administrative state. In this groundbreaking study, William G. Ross examines the social, political, economic and legal forces that generated this rapid change. Ross explains how the war increased federal and state economic regulatory powers, transferred power from Congress to the President, and altered federalism by enhancing the powers of the federal government. He demonstrates how social changes generated by the war provided a catalyst for the expansion of personal liberties, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the rights of women, racial minorities, and industrial workers. Through a study of constitutional law, gender, race, economics, labor, the prohibition movement, international relations, civil liberties, and society, this book provides a major contribution to our understanding of the development of the American Constitution.
Open versus Closed
Authors: Johnston Christopher D. , Lavine Howard , Federico Christopher M.
Published: March 2017

Debates over redistribution, social insurance, and market regulation are central to American politics. Why do some citizens prefer a large role for government in the economic life of the nation while others wish to limit its reach? In Open versus Closed, the authors argue that these preferences are not always what they seem. They show how deep-seated personality traits underpinning the culture wars over race, immigration, law and order, sexuality, gender roles, and religion shape how citizens think about economics, binding cultural and economic inclinations together in unexpected ways. Integrating insights from both psychology and political science - and twenty years of observational and experimental data - the authors reveal the deeper motivations driving attitudes toward government. They find that for politically active citizens these attitudes are not driven by self-interest, but by a desire to express the traits and cultural commitments that define their identities.
Full-Duplex Communications and Networks
Authors: Song Lingyang , Wichman Risto , Li Yonghui , Han Zhu
Published: March 2017

Learn about the key technologies and understand the state of the art in research for full-duplex communication networks and systems with this comprehensive and interdisciplinary guide. Incorporating physical, MAC, network, and application layer perspectives, it explains the fundamental theories on which full-duplex communications are built, and lays out the techniques needed for network design, analysis and optimization. Techniques covered in detail include self-interference cancellation and signal processing algorithms, physical layer algorithms, methods for efficient resource allocation, and game theory. Potential applications and networking schemes are discussed, including full-duplex cognitive radio networks, cooperative networks, and heterogeneous networks. The first book to focus exclusively on full-duplex communications, this is an indispensable reference for both researchers and practitioners designing the next generation of wireless networks.
Conley–Zehnder index and bifurcation of fixed points of Hamiltonian maps
Authors: DENG YANXIA , XIA ZHIHONG
Published: March 2017

We study the bifurcations of fixed points of Hamiltonian maps and symplectic diffeomorphisms. We are particularly interested in the bifurcations where the Conley–Zehnder index of a fixed point changes. The main result is that when the Conley–Zehnder index of a fixed point increases (or decreases) by one or two, we observe that there are several bifurcation scenarios. Under some non-degeneracy conditions on the one-parameter family of maps, two, four or eight fixed points bifurcate from the original one. We give a relatively detailed analysis of the bifurcation in the two-dimensional case. We also show that higher-dimensional cases can be reduced to the two-dimensional case.
Pointwise multiple averages for systems with two commuting transformations
Authors: DONOSO SEBASTIÁN , SUN WENBO
Published: March 2017

We show that for every ergodic measure-preserving system $(X,{\mathcal{X}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707},S,T)$ with commuting transformations $S$ and $T$, the average $$\begin{eqnarray}\frac{1}{N^{3}}\mathop{\sum }_{i,j,k=0}^{N-1}f_{0}(S^{j}T^{k}x)f_{1}(S^{i+j}T^{k}x)f_{2}(S^{j}T^{i+k}x)\end{eqnarray}$$ converges for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-almost every $x\in X$ as $N\rightarrow \infty$ for all $f_{0},f_{1},f_{2}\in L^{\infty }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$. We also show that if $(X,{\mathcal{X}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707},S,T)$ is an ergodic measurable distal system, then the average $$\begin{eqnarray}\frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }_{i=0}^{N-1}f_{1}(S^{i}x)f_{2}(T^{i}x)\end{eqnarray}$$ converges for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-almost every $x\in X$ as $N\rightarrow \infty$ for all $f_{1},f_{2}\in L^{\infty }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$.
Women managing women: An holistic relational approach to managing relationships at work
Authors: Hurst Jane , Leberman Sarah , Edwards Margot
Published: March 2017

With women representing nearly half of the workforce in Western countries, it is likely that a woman will have a woman manager and/or employees at some point during her working life. In our research, we worked collaboratively with 13 New Zealand women to develop personal and organisational responses when hierarchical relationships between women become strained. We identified four interlinked strategies at the personal and organisational level: developing awareness of the existence and nature of the conflict, enhancing personal and relational skills such as confidence and communication, building support networks within and outside the organisation, and finding acceptance when change is needed. Taking a gendered relational perspective, we propose that responses to a strained relationship need to be considered within the broader personal, organisational, societal and temporal context within which the relationship is situated. Therefore, we propose a more holistic relational and context-focussed framework to create an environment more conducive to understanding and positive change.
Paternalistic leadership and employee creativity: A mediated moderation model
Authors: Wang Yating , Tang Chaoying , Naumann Stefanie E , Wang Yong
Published: March 2017

Our study extends the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employee creativity by identifying employee organizational identification as a mediator and employee perceived job security as a moderator. Results based on the data of 378 employees from a large bank in China indicated that employee perceived job security moderated the relationship between the morality component of paternalistic leadership and employee creativity. In addition, employee organizational identification mediated the relationship between the morality component of paternalistic leadership and employee creativity. We discuss implications for research on paternalistic leadership and employee creativity.
TEXTUAL NOTES ON CICERO'SPHILIPPICS
Authors: Dyck Andrew R.
Published: March 2017

(1) qua re flecte te, quaeso, et maiores tuos respice atque ita guberna rem publicam ut natum esse te ciues tui gaudeant: sine quo nec beatus nec c[l]arus nec †unctus† quisquam esse omni potest. (1.35)
ON THE STANLEY DEPTH AND SIZE OF MONOMIAL IDEALS
Authors: SEYED FAKHARI S. A.
Published: March 2017

Let $\mathbb{K}$ be a field and S = ${\mathbb{K}}$[x1, . . ., xn] be the polynomial ring in n variables over the field $\mathbb{K}$. For every monomial ideal I ⊂ S, we provide a recursive formula to determine a lower bound for the Stanley depth of S/I. We use this formula to prove the inequality sdepth(S/I) ≥ size(I) for a particular class of monomial ideals.
PURE-INJECTIVITY FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE
Authors: LÓPEZ-PERMOUTH S. R. , MASTROMATTEO J. , TOLOOEI Y. , UNGOR B.
Published: March 2017

The study of pure-injectivity is accessed from an alternative point of view. A module M is called pure-subinjective relative to a module N if for every pure extension K of N, every homomorphism N → M can be extended to a homomorphism K → M. The pure-subinjectivity domain of the module M is defined to be the class of modules N such that M is N-pure-subinjective. Basic properties of the notion of pure-subinjectivity are investigated. We obtain characterizations for various types of rings and modules, including absolutely pure (or, FP-injective) modules, von Neumann regular rings and (pure-) semisimple rings in terms of pure-subinjectivity domains. We also consider cotorsion modules, endomorphism rings of certain modules, and, for a module N, (pure) quotients of N-pure-subinjective modules.
Roman History
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: March 2017

This issue's crop of books presents a strikingly diverse and geographically mobile ancient world. In this review we will travel from Britain to Arabia, taking in southern Iberia and Judaea en route, as well as considering the highly topical theme of migration. These books offer some fascinating new insights into the ancient world, as well as suggesting some intriguing historical perspectives on some of the most pressing issues of our present time.
Visualizing phonetic segment frequencies with density-equalizing maps
Authors: Mielke Jeff
Published: March 2017

A method is demonstrated for creating density-equalizing maps of IPA consonant and vowel charts, where the size of a cell in the chart reflects information such as the crosslinguistic frequency of the consonant or vowel. Transforming the IPA charts in such a way allows the visualization of interactions between phonetic features. Density-equalizing maps are used to illustrate a range of facts about consonant and vowel inventories, including the frequency of consonants and vowels and the frequency of common diacritics, and to illustrate the frequency of deletion and epenthesis involving particular consonants and vowels. Solutions are proposed for issues involving genealogical sampling, counting pairs of very similar phones, and counting diacritics in relation to basic symbols.
Reduced optimism and a heightened neural response to everyday worries are specific to generalized anxiety disorder, and not seen in social anxiety
Authors: Blair K. S. , Otero M. , Teng C. , Geraci M. , Ernst M. , Blair R. J. R. , Pine D. S. , Grillon C.
Published: March 2017

Background

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are co-morbid and associated with similar neural disruptions during emotion regulation. In contrast, the lack of optimism examined here may be specific to GAD and could prove an important biomarker for that disorder.

Method

Unmedicated individuals with GAD (n = 18) and age-, intelligence quotient- and gender-matched SAD (n = 18) and healthy (n = 18) comparison individuals were scanned while contemplating likelihoods of high- and low-impact negative (e.g. heart attack; heartburn) or positive (e.g. winning lottery; hug) events occurring to themselves in the future.

Results

As expected, healthy subjects showed significant optimistic bias (OB); they considered themselves significantly less likely to experience future negative but significantly more likely to experience future positive events relative to others (p < 0.001). This was also seen in SAD, albeit at trend level for positive events (p < 0.001 and p < 0.10, respectively). However, GAD patients showed no OB for positive events (t17 = 0.82, n.s.) and showed significantly reduced neural modulation relative to the two other groups of regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and caudate to these events (p < 0.001 for all). The GAD group further differed from the other groups by showing increased neural responses to low-impact events in regions including the rostral mPFC (p < 0.05 for both).

Conclusions

The neural dysfunction identified here may represent a unique feature associated with reduced optimism and increased worry about everyday events in GAD. Consistent with this possibility, patients with SAD did not show such dysfunction. Future studies should consider if this dysfunction represents a biomarker for GAD.