bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histone Deacetylases and Cardiometabolic Diseases
Authors: Yiew Kan Hui , Chatterjee Tapan K. , Hui David Y. , Weintraub Neal L.
Published: July 2015

Cardiometabolic disease, emerging as a worldwide epidemic, is a combination of metabolic derangements leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Genetic and environmental factors are linked through epigenetic mechanisms to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Post-translational modifications of histone tails, including acetylation and deacetylation, epigenetically alter chromatin structure and dictate cell-specific gene expression patterns. The histone deacetylase family comprises 18 members that regulate gene expression by altering the acetylation status of nucleosomal histones and by functioning as nuclear transcriptional corepressors. Histone deacetylases regulate key aspects of metabolism, inflammation, and vascular function pertinent to cardiometabolic disease in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Histone deacetylases also likely play a role in the metabolic memory of diabetes mellitus, an important clinical aspect of the disease. Understanding the molecular, cellular, and physiological functions of histone deacetylases in cardiometabolic disease is expected to provide insight into disease pathogenesis, risk factor control, and therapeutic development.
Reproductive activity of Adenomera aff. hylaedactyla (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in a coastal area of Brazil
Authors: Borges-Leite Maria J. , Rodrigues João F.M. , Gondim Patrícia M. , Borges-Nojosa Diva M.
Published: July 2015

We conducted studies on the reproductive ecology of an undescribed species, here referred to asAdenomeraaff.hylaedactyla, in São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará, Brazil. Active sampling took place over a whole year, while searches for underground chambers were also made every two weeks during one reproductive season. The reproductive pattern was seasonal, with breeding occurring only in wetter months (January to May) and peak activity in April and mainly at night. Calling activity of males was influenced by air humidity, temperature and rainfall. The species showed a reproductive pattern consistent with that described for the genusAdenomera, whose main features of reproduction are underground chambers and foam nests.Adenomeraaff.hylaedactylahas no aquatic stage of tadpole development, consistent with reproductive mode 32, which encompases foam nest construction in subterranean chambers and complete development of endotrophic tadpoles in the chambers. These natural history data not only contribute to the understanding of reproductive strategies in anurans, but also provide information for developing effective conservation strategies.
The effect of male-male competition and ornament size on mean and variance of courtship intensity towards heterospecific and conspecific females
Authors: Keränen Inka , Kahilainen Aapo , Kotiaho Janne S. , Kuitunen Katja
Published: July 2015

Discrimination between hetero- and conspecifics is the elementary choice an individual performs when searching for potential mates. The level of selectivity and strength of species discrimination is modified by variance in the quality of females, level of the male’s reproductive investment, mate search costs, and the competitive environment. The effect of the competitive environment on both species discrimination and conspecific mate choice has seldom been studied simultaneously. We experimentally manipulated territorial competition ofCalopteryx splendensdamselfly males in the wild, and asked two questions. First, does increased competition influence the territorial males’ responses towards introduced heterospecificC. virgofemales. The effect of the size of the territorial males’ sexual ornaments (wing spot) on their responses towards females was also investigated. Second, does increased competition influence the territorial males’ response towards conspecific females? The effect of the size of the territorial males ornament was again investigated. The mean level of response towards heterospecific females did not change between the control (i.e., no competitors presented) and the competition (i.e., two competitors presented) treatments, but the variance of responses towards heterospecifics was greater in the competition treatment. The territorial males’ responses towards conspecific females did not change between control and competition treatments. These results indicate individual differences in the behavior of males towards heterospecifics when territorial competition was experienced. The observed pattern of discrimination might be adaptive when overall reproductive success is considered.
Problem behaviour of black bears (Ursus americanus) in central Ontario: the effects of hunting and natural food availability
Authors: Hamr Josef , Popp Jesse N. , Brown Dorthy L. , Mallory Frank F.
Published: July 2015

Problem bear behaviour in residential areas often results in human anxiety and potential injury, bear mortality and demographic instability. Identifying and understanding factors related to problem bear activity and encounters is important for developing successful management strategies. Indices of natural bear forage availability and hunting pressure were related to problem bear activity in central Ontario. Data were collected 5 years before and 5 years after the cancellation of a spring bear hunt, providing a unique opportunity to study the effect of management policy on problem behaviour. Problem bear activity indices increased significantly following the closure of the spring hunt. Natural food availability from the previous year was found to be highly correlated with early season problem bear activity indices; however, natural food availability during the same year was not significantly related to early or late season problem activity rates. This demonstrates that multiple potential causal agents of problem bear behaviour need to be considered when developing management strategies.
New species of Cerambycinae from the Neotropical Region, and nomen novum for Anelaphus maculatus Galileo, Martins, and Santos-Silva, 2014 (Elaphidiini)
Authors: GALILEO MARIA HELENA M. , MARTINS UBIRAJARA R. , SANTOS-SILVA ANTONIO
Published: July 2015

Six new species and one new genus are described: Criodion spinosum sp. nov. (Cerambycini), from Bolivia; Eburodacrys wappesi sp. nov. and Eburodacrys skillmani sp. nov. (Eburiini), from Bolivia; Eupempelus rileyorum sp. nov. (Heteropsini) from Panama; Sphalloeme mexicana sp. nov. (Oemini), from Mexico; Wappesoeme camiri sp. nov., new genus (Oemini), from Bolivia. Wappesoeme, Eburodacrys wappesi, E. skillmani, Eupempelus rileyorum, and Criodion spinosum are included in previously published keys. Anelaphus erakyra nomen novum for A. maculatus Galileo et al., 2014 is established.
A new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) egg parasitoid of Parides ascanius (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), a threatened species from Brazil
Authors: ALMEIDA GILBERTO DE SOUZA SOARES DE , LOIÁCONO MARTA SUSANA , MARGARÍA CECILIA BEATRIZ , MONTEIRO RICARDO FERREIRA
Published: July 2015

Telenomus parides Loiácono et Margaría sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on specimens reared from the eggs of Parides ascanius (Cramer). Parides ascanius is a threatened papilionid, which is endemic to the restingas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The new Telenomus species is gregarious endoparasitoid and belongs to the Telenomus californicus species complex.
The different meanings of the nomen Amphibia: a correction
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN
Published: July 2015

I recently published a survey of the different meanings of the nomen Amphibia in taxonomic publications since 1758 (Dubois 2015). The ‘meaning’ of a nomen in zoological nomenclature depends on the system used for the allocation of nomina to taxa, and several such systems can be used (see e.g. Dubois 2006a–b). In the paper at stake, I used the ‘orostensional nomenclatural system’ (OONS) for class-series nomenclature. In this system, a class-series nomen—i.e., a nomen above the rank superfamily, therefore one whose taxonomic allocation is not regulated by the Code (Anonymous 1999)—applies, in a given classification, to the most inclusive class-series taxon that includes all its originally expressly included nominal genera (conucleogenera) and excludes all its originally expressly excluded nominal genera (alienogenera)—if such a taxon indeed exists in this classification. However, if one a least of the alienogenera is now part of the most inclusive taxon including all the conucleogenera, the nomen cannot be taxonomically allocated and qualifies as an anaptonym in the classification used as reference (Dubois 2006a–b, 2011), although it may not be so under another taxonomic frame.
Experimental Corpus of the Lithuanian Local Dialect of Punsk in Poland. Examples of the Lexical and Semantic Annotation
Authors: Roszko Danuta
Published: July 2015

Experimental Corpus of the Lithuanian Local Dialect of Punsk in Poland. Examples of the Lexical and Semantic AnnotationIn the article the author describes the experimental corpus of the Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk in Poland (ECorp-of-Punsk). It is the first corpus of this type for the Lithuanian local dialect. The corpus consists of three subcorpora. The first one (referred to as fundamental) contains utterances given by Lithuanians in the local dialect, the second one – utterances given by Lithuanians in Polish, the third one – aligned Polish-dialectal texts.  The texts recorded in the years 1986–2012 have been included in the Ecorp-of-Punsk resources.
Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian Languages
Authors: Sosnowski Wojciech
Published: July 2015

Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian LanguagesMany studies in contemporary linguistics focus on investigating politeness and rudeness in language. This paper, however, has not been intended as a contrastive study of the phenomena in question. Language politeness and rudeness are conveyed by means of expressions of politeness and rudeness which are perceived as entrenched and recurring in specific situations. These expressions convey the expected meaning of politeness and rudeness accepted in the model of social behaviour. If one uses the explicative method such expressions could be reduced to the following formula ‘I inform you that I follow a verbal conduct defined as polite’. Owing to the emergence of parallel corpora of particular languages, it is nowadays easier to collect data for research on forms of address as well as on expressions of politeness in the first half of the 21st century. Investigating the meaning of forms of address, which are part of linguistic repertoire used to express politeness and rudeness should be regarded as an interesting area of research. It is the consequence of the increasing importance of intercultural communication, expansion of international cooperation, and formation of new standards of interpersonal communication aimed at achieving mutual understanding without resorting to violence. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no bilingual dictionaries which would include practical rules for using forms of address. Moreover, dictionaries (especially bilingual ones) also do not list classifiers of politeness, which becomes a shortcoming as regards the purposes of translation and teaching foreign languages. The aforementioned problems apply to print as well as computer dictionaries. A reliable list of forms of address and their meaning may become helpful in intercultural communication. It would be also important to create a Contemporary Dictionary of Expressions of Politeness and Rudeness in a paper as well as a computer version.
Dlaczego mężczyzna się żeni, a kobieta wychodzi za mąż? (zarys ewolucji pola semantycznego leksemu małżeństwo w języku polskim)
Authors: Siatkowska Ewa
Published: July 2015

The evolution of semantic field of marriageBased on historical and linguistic material, the article presents the evolution of marriage as institution in Poland from the pagan age until the present day, focusing above all on the function of gender roles ascribed to man and woman in this context. A recent rapid increase in changes can be observed in the Polish language. Some elements of vocabulary semantically associated with marriage have fallen into oblivion; some have been preserved as so-called “historical archaisms”, i.e. words commonly known yet not used; others have changed their meaning or emotional tone (sometimes both). Words of unaltered meaning (alterations in the form were left unexamined as they are not significant for the problems discussed in the article) are relatively few. A study of their environmental and generational frequency both in the past and at present should be conducted, impossible to be included in the article. The article is limited to the presentation of facts, leaving the assessment thereof to the readers.
Między znaczeniem leksykalnym a walencją – próba opracowania metody ekstrakcji ekwiwalentów na podstawie korpusu równoległego
Authors: Kaczmarska Elżbieta , Rosen Alexandr
Published: July 2015

Between lexical meaning and valency – towards a method for extracting equivalents based on a parallel corpus Some entries in translation dictionaries (even in those for closely related languages) offer multiple target equivalents with disparate meanings even when the meaning of the source word is not considered ambiguous within the source language. The translator’s task of choosing the best fitting text unit is made even more difficult by sparse exemplification and missing or sketchy valency information. Using a parallel corpus, we explore to what extent valency (seen in a broad sense both as a syntactic and semantic property) can help to cope with a few difficult cases of Czech psych verbs in relation to Polish and how the lexical caps can be filled. Next, we compare the manually compiled lists of translation equivalents in context, annotated and sorted by their valency properties, with results of an automatic method, using word-to-word alignments in a lemmatised parallel corpus to build a list of equivalent pairs, annotated by their frequency. We conclude that valency is an important (though not omnipotent) discriminant for the choice of the target equivalent and that the list of translation pairs extracted automatically from a parallel corpus can be a useful supplement to a standard translation dictionary.
„No i co z tego”. O dyskusji wokół "Kamieni na szaniec" Aleksandra Kamińskiego z Bożeną Keff, Magdą Szcześniak, Tomaszem Tomasikiem i Błażejem Warkockim rozmawia Anna Zawadzka
Authors: Zawadzka Anna
Published: July 2015

“So what?” Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik & Błażej Warkocki in a conversation with Anna ZawadzkaIn April 2013, the Polish Press Agency published an article in which Elżbieta Janicka proposed a new interpretations of Stones on the barricades. She claimed i.a.: ”Since we are deliberating, placed in a ho-mophobic culture, where questioning someone’s heterosexual orientation is not an observation but a de­lation, I would compare Zośka and Rudy to Achilles and Patroclus, a pair of legendary warriors. […] I think that this is one of the most beautiful texts about love knowing no limits, whereas all we know about the main characters’ relations testifies to the unheard power and depth of this feeling”. Those words caused an avalanche of reactions, starting from polemics with Janicka or libels on her to violence threats against the scholar. In this conversation, Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik, Błażej Warkocki and Anna Zawadzka are discussing Janicka’s proposition (developed in her book Festung Warschau, published prior to the quoted text) to interpret Stones on the barricades as a text also on a romantic relationship between two men. They analyse social and political causes of the “scandal”, induced by the Polish mainstream media together with a part of the Polish academic milieu. This conversation took place in May 2013. „No i co z tego”. O dyskusji wokół Kamieni na szaniec Aleksandra Kamińskiego z Bożeną Keff, Magdą Szcześniak, Tomaszem Tomasikiem i Błażejem Warkockim rozmawia Anna ZawadzkaW kwietniu 2013 roku Polska Agencja Prasowa opublikowała artykuł, w którym Elżbieta Janicka proponowała nowe interpretacje Kamieni na szaniec. Janicka mówiła m.in.: „Ponieważ rozmawiamy w kulturze homofobicznej, gdzie zakwestionowanie czyjejś heteroseksualnej orientacji nie jest konstatacją, lecz denuncjacją, porównałabym Zośkę i Rudego do Achillesa i Patroklesa, pary legendarnych wojowników. [...] Uważam, że to jeden z najpiękniejszych tekstów o miłości nieznającej granic, zaś cała wiedza na temat relacji bohaterów świadczy o niespotykanej sile i głębi tego uczucia”. Słowa te wywołały lawinę reakcji: od polemik z Janicką, przez paszkwile na nią, po groźby przemocy wobec niej. W niniejszej rozmowie Bożena Keff, Magda Szcześniak, Tomasz Tomasik, Błażej Warkocki i Anna Zawadzka dyskutują o propozycji Janickiej (rozwiniętej we wcześniejszej wobec cytowanego tekstu książce Elżbiety Janickiej Festung Warschau), by interpretować Kamienie na szaniec jako tekst także o romantycznej relacji między mężczyznami, oraz analizują społeczne i polityczne przyczyny „skandalu”, jaki wokół wywiadu z Janicką wywołały polskie media głównego nurtu oraz część polskiego środowiska akademickiego. Rozmowa odbyła się w maju 2013 roku.
Megalomania narodowa w ujęciu twórców polskich początku XX wieku
Authors: Wrzesińska Katarzyna
Published: July 2015

National megalomania in Polish reflection in the early 20th centuryIn the early 20th century, a number of Polish thinkers betrayed a mentality in which was deeply rooted the notion of the Polish nation’s unique character. These thinkers also expressed a conviction that Poles had a special mission both in Europe in general and towards other European nations. The signs of the intellectual elite’s national megalomania were reflected in Polish journalistic writings in the final period of World War I and the initial period of regained independence shortly after it.The article analyzes the views of selected thinkers: the philosopher W. Lutosławski, the journalist and literary critic A. Górski, the publicist A. Chołoniewski, and the historian J.K. Kochanowski. All of them believed in an optimistic picture of Polish history and emphasized the significance of the Polish mission in an ethical dimension understood as a desire to establish European order based both on respect towards the individual and at the same time on national diversity. This attitude was clearly based on Romantic thought – a historiosophy tinted with mesianism. All these authors dealt with the same themes from Polish history, treating them as a justification of their attitudes (such as: the Republic of Nobility as an embodiment of the ideal of freedom, Poland as an intermediary between the East and the West, as well as the propagator of Christian civilization in the East; the prominent role of Poles among the Slavic peoples, the importance of Catholicism). All in all, they created a mythologized vision of the Polish Republic in order to integrate the Polish society and mobilize it to act. This stream of glorification of the Polish statehood met with severe criticism after Poland regained its independence. S. Zakrzewski, F. Bujak, J.S. Bystroń, Bocheński brothers and others protested against falsifying the history of Poland.
Instytucjonalizacja ruchu polskiego na Ukrainie w latach 1988–1991
Authors: Rudnicki Sergiusz
Published: July 2015

The institutionalization of the Polish movement in Ukraine, 1988–1991For a long time the Polish minority in Ukraine was unable to fulfill its religious, cultural, educational, and political needs because of the Soviet communist regime. All institutions were controlled by the Communist Party and state security organs. Nevertheless, the process of the rebirth of Polish institutions and organizations began in 1989 via the former channels of the communist apparatus which was prepared to allow limited concessions. Thus the process was from above and not from below, from the center to the periphery, according to the former command political system. It relied on former organisations, mostly Towarzystwo Łączności i Związków Kulturalnych z Zagranicą.However, the ethnic mobilization of the Polish minority in Ukraine proceeded faster than the equivalent process embracing the Ukrainians themselves, who fought also for sovereignty for the nation. The article describes in detail the phases of forming the Polish organizations for which Polskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe was a precursor, and its forms of activity, later imitated by other social organizations, such as Polish language courses, festivals and competitions, folk dancing, travel to Poland.
Sytuacja imigrantów muzułmańskich w wybranych państwach Europy Zachodniej
Authors: Stankiewicz Wojciech
Published: July 2015

The situation of Muslim immigrants in certain West European countriesThe article argues that the significant mobility of Muslim minorities in France, Germany and the United Kingdom resulted from an increasing need to improve the economic life of immigrants, family reunification, and the possibility of getting permanent residence through marriage with permanent residents of the mentioned countries. The situation of Muslim immigrants in the host country is regulated by individual state and European union law. Each country establishes its own laws concerning social and religious life and the possibility of obtaining citizenship. Muslim populations acquire legal status and uphold the law of the host country, often defending themselves against ill-treatment by referring to abuses in criminal cases.The integration of Muslim immigrants with Europeans has numerous difficulties as a result of cultural and religious differences. Immigrants tend to live in their own tight grouping, often isolating themselves from the society of the host country. The Muslim community will exceed 20% of population over the next 40 years. Europe will become a continent with a significant Muslim minority. This will contribute not only to major demographic changes but also cultural, economic, political and social ones in Europe in the future.
Reference points of European identity: conceptualizing identity beyond the nation-state
Authors: Kohler Manfred
Published: July 2015

Reference points of European identity: conceptualizing  identity beyond the nation-stateThis article formulates and introduces a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of collective (state) identities, especially European identity here. This conceptual framework shall give impetus to conduct new and comprehensive research on collective (state) identities in and beyond the nation-state. It has the advantage of being applicable to all kinds of collective identities – from simple private associations, complex nation-states and supra- or trans- national political systems like that of the European Union. Punkty odniesienia tożsamości europejskiej: konceptualizacja tożsamości poza obrębem państwa narodowegoNiniejszy artykuł formułuje i wprowadza szerokie ramy pojęciowe dla wszechstronnego zrozumienia natury i charakteru tożsamości zbiorowych (państwowych), szczególnie zaś tożsamości europejskiej. Owe ramy pojęciowe powinny stworzyć impuls dla podjęcia nowych, kompleksowych studiów nad tożsamościami zbiorowościowymi (państwowymi) zarówno w obrębie państwa narodowego, jak i poza nim. Zaletą przedstawionego w artykule ujęcia jest to, że możliwe jest jego zastosowanie w odniesieniu do jak najbardziej zróżnicowanych tożsamości – od prostych prywatnych stowarzyszeń przez złożone państwa narodowe do ponad- i międzynarodowych systemów politycznych, takich jak Unia Europejska.
Tantryczne ciało rosyjskiego prezydenta – oświecony umysł czyngisydów. Polityka i nacjonalizm w buddyzmie buriat/mongolskim
Authors: Szmyt Zbigniew
Published: July 2015

The tantric body of the Russian president – chingisids’ enlightened mind. Politics and nationalism in Buryat / Mongolian BuddhismThis paper is devoted to the role of Buddhism in the construction of ethnonational identity in Buryatia and Mongolia. On the case of the phenomenon of deification of Russian presidents by Buryat lamas I have analyzed: historically conditioned compounds of Buddhism and politics of the Mongolian groups, the role of Buddhism in ethnic mobilization in Buryatia and Mongolia after the fall of Communism and features of ethnonational model of Buddhism in two neighboring regions. In post-socialist period Buddhism was involved in ethnonational political projects. As a result, an attempt was taken to restore the monastic model of Buddhism, which had functioned in the pre-revolutionary period. Local peculiarities of Mongolian Buddhism were reinforced in order to produce the difference between the (national) Mongolian/Buryat and tibetan Buddhism. In Buryatia, Buddhism became a distinctive element used for ethnic differentiation of Buryats – in opposition to the Orthodox Russians. In Mongolia, traditionalist position of Buddhism was opposed in some way to Christianity, the various factions of which are distributed together with “agendas of modernity” from Western countries. In tantric union with the president Buryat lamas produce harmony between two national identities: Russian – civic and Buryat – ethnonational. Deification of the state power and giving it the attributes of loving femininity is a practice obliging the authority to generosity, which is attributed to the White tara. It is a strategy of the weak, who agree to a game of domination, but they try to define its rules themselves. Looking more broadly it can be said that the Buryats as a national community appeared just as a result of this fusion with the Russian power. Because of this they were separated from the pre-national family of Mongolian peoples. Mongols, for similar purposes use Chingis khan identified with the Buddhist form of Vajrapani. As a result, nationalist narrative is set to famous past, but uses the ‘eternal’ values, achieves harmony of all its elements.
A Linearized Prognostic Cloud Scheme in NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation Tools
Authors: Holdaway Daniel , Errico Ronald , Gelaro Ronald , Kim Jong G. , Mahajan Rahul
Published: July 2015

A linearized prognostic cloud scheme has been developed to accompany the linearized convection scheme recently implemented in NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation tools. The linearization, developed from the nonlinear cloud scheme, treats cloud variables prognostically so they are subject to linearized advection, diffusion, generation, and evaporation. Four linearized cloud variables are modeled, the ice and water phases of clouds generated by large-scale condensation and, separately, by detraining convection. For each species the scheme models their sources, sublimation, evaporation, and autoconversion. Large-scale, anvil and convective species of precipitation are modeled and evaporated. The cloud scheme exhibits linearity and realistic perturbation growth, except around the generation of clouds through large-scale condensation. Discontinuities and steep gradients are widely used here and severe problems occur in the calculation of cloud fraction. For data assimilation applications this poor behavior is controlled by replacing this part of the scheme with a perturbation model. For observation impacts, where efficiency is less of a concern, a filtering is developed that examines the Jacobian. The replacement scheme is only invoked if Jacobian elements or eigenvalues violate a series of tuned constants. The linearized prognostic cloud scheme is tested by comparing the linear and nonlinear perturbation trajectories for 6-, 12-, and 24-h forecast times. The tangent linear model performs well and perturbations of clouds are well captured for the lead times of interest.
Reassessing the Use of Inner-Core Hot Towers to Predict Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification*
Authors: Zhuge Xiao-Yong , Ming Jie , Wang Yuan
Published: July 2015

The hot tower (HT) in the inner core plays an important role in tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI). With the help of Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) data and the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme dataset, the potential of HTs in operational RI prediction is reassessed in this study. The stand-alone HT-based RI prediction scheme showed little skill in the northern Atlantic (NA) and eastern and central Pacific (ECP), but yielded skill scores of >0.3 in the southern Indian Ocean (SI) and western North Pacific (WNP) basins. The inaccurate predictions are due to four scenarios: 1) RI events may have already begun prior to the TRMM overpass. 2) RI events are driven by non-HT factors. 3) The HT has already dissipated or has not occurred at the TRMM overpass time. 4) Large false alarms result from the unfavorable environment. When the HT was used in conjunction with the TC’s previous 12-h intensity change, the potential intensity, the percentage area from 50 to 200 km of cloud-top brightness temperatures lower than −10°C, and the 850–200-hPa vertical shear magnitude with the vortex removed, the predictive skill score in the SI was 0.56. This score was comparable to that of the RI index scheme, which is considered the most advanced RI prediction method. When the HT information was combined with the aforementioned four environmental factors in the NA, ECP, South Pacific, and WNP, the skill scores were 0.23, 0.32, 0.42, and 0.42, respectively.
Managing the Unknowable
Authors: Huang Laura , Pearce Jone L.
Published: July 2015

Using an inductive theory-development study, a field experiment, and a longitudinal field test, we examine early-stage entrepreneurial investment decision making under conditions of extreme uncertainty. Building on existing literature on decision making and risk in organizations, intuition, and theories of entrepreneurial financing, we test the effectiveness of angel investors’ criteria for making investment decisions. We found that angel investors’ decisions have several characteristics that have not been adequately captured in existing theory: angel investors have clear objectives—risking small stakes to find extraordinarily profitable investments, fully expecting to lose their entire investment in most cases—and they rely on a combination of expertise-based intuition and formal analysis in which intuition trumps analysis, contrary to reports in other investment contexts. We also found that their reported emphasis on assessments of the entrepreneur accurately predicts extraordinarily profitable venture success four years later. We develop this theory by examining situations in which uncertainty is so extreme that it qualifies as unknowable, using the term “gut feel” to describe their dynamic emotion-cognitions in which they blend analysis and intuition in ways that do not impair intuitive processes and that effectively predict extraordinarily profitable investments.
Epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacological interventions related to suicide deaths and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder: Part I of a report of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Schaffer Ayal , Isometsä Erkki T , Tondo Leonardo , Moreno Doris H , Sinyor Mark , Kessing Lars Vedel , Turecki Gustavo , Weizman Abraham , Azorin Jean-Michel , Ha Kyooseob , Reis Catherine , Cassidy Frederick , Goldstein Tina , Rihmer Zoltán , Beautrais Annette , Chou Yuan-Hwa , Diazgranados Nancy , Levitt Anthony J , Zarate Carlos A , Yatham Lakshmi
Published: July 2015

Objectives:

Bipolar disorder is associated with elevated risk of suicide attempts and deaths. Key aims of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide included examining the extant literature on epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacotherapy related to suicide attempts and deaths in bipolar disorder.

Methods:

Systematic review of studies from 1 January 1980 to 30 May 2014 examining suicide attempts or deaths in bipolar disorder, with a specific focus on the incidence and characterization of suicide attempts and deaths, genetic and non-genetic biological studies and pharmacotherapy studies specific to bipolar disorder. We conducted pooled, weighted analyses of suicide rates.

Results:

The pooled suicide rate in bipolar disorder is 164 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = [5, 324]). Sex-specific data on suicide rates identified a 1.7:1 ratio in men compared to women. People with bipolar disorder account for 3.4–14% of all suicide deaths, with self-poisoning and hanging being the most common methods. Epidemiological studies report that 23–26% of people with bipolar disorder attempt suicide, with higher rates in clinical samples. There are numerous genetic associations with suicide attempts and deaths in bipolar disorder, but few replication studies. Data on treatment with lithium or anticonvulsants are strongly suggestive for prevention of suicide attempts and deaths, but additional data are required before relative anti-suicide effects can be confirmed. There were limited data on potential anti-suicide effects of treatment with antipsychotics or antidepressants.

Conclusion:

This analysis identified a lower estimated suicide rate in bipolar disorder than what was previously published. Understanding the overall risk of suicide deaths and attempts, and the most common methods, are important building blocks to greater awareness and improved interventions for suicide prevention in bipolar disorder. Replication of genetic findings and stronger prospective data on treatment options are required before more decisive conclusions can be made regarding the neurobiology and specific treatment of suicide risk in bipolar disorder.
Faith and Healing – What Faith-Healing is About, with Special Reference to the Christian Tradition
Authors: Grundmann Christoffer H.
Published: July 2015

The comparatively new scientific discipline of epidemiology of religion studying the interplay of religion on health calls for a reconsideration of religious practices, one among which is faith-healing addressed here. This article gives first a brief analysis of the structure of exemplary faith-healing accounts across cultures, religions, and times. The second part looks at how medical professionals interpret faith-healings and the proceedings of the Medical Bureau at Lourdes, France, which screens claims of miraculous healings. The third section examines faith-healing in the biblical tradition, especially the healing ministry of Jesus and his Apostles, uncovering unexpected aspects of the issue. The final section identifies some basic epistemological challenges posed by faith-healing. Concluding that the role faith plays in healing is not to be reduced to its therapeutic aspects, it is argued that the trustworthiness and reliability of what one believes in, the content of faith, also matters significantly. While a superficial hope of the credulous might lead to despair (when despite all efforts healing does not come about), hope emerging from an awareness of the truly Ultimate enables coping with whatever the result might be.
Stratification of Time to First Citation for Articles Published in the Journal of Research in Music Education
Authors: Hancock Carl B.
Published: July 2015

The author examined the speed of research dissemination by determining the time elapsed from publication to first citation for 617 articles in the Journal of Research in Music Education ( JRME). Google Scholar was used to create a unique data set of 6,930 references originating from journals in the arts, education, music, and other fields. An original computer script linked the journal citations to individual articles and calculated the elapsed time from publication to first citation in journals dedicated to music and other disciplines. Kaplan-Meier estimators determined the cumulative failure function and probability of a first citation by year. Failure plots revealed citations to the articles originated more quickly from journals in music than from other fields, highlighting the importance of the JRME to music scholars and gradual influence on other fields. Cumulative first-citation proportions from music journals reached 50% in 4 years and 75% in 8 years. Cox proportional-hazards regression revealed multiauthored studies were cited more quickly after publication than single-author studies, and citation speed changed under different editorships. This study reinforces the importance of JRME to the dissemination of research results throughout the music profession and highlights a need to connect music research with other disciplines.
Individual Differences in Digital Badging: Do Learner Characteristics Matter?
Authors: Fanfarelli Joseph R. , McDaniel Rudy
Published: July 2015

Badge use has rapidly expanded in recent years and has benefited a variety of applications. However, a large portion of the research has applied a binary useful or not useful approach to badging. Few studies examine the characteristics of the user and the impact of those characteristics on the effectiveness of the badging system. This study takes preliminary steps toward that cause, examining the effectiveness of a badging system across two web-based university courses in relation to the individual differences of the learners. Individual differences are examined through the lens of Long–Dziuban reactive behavior types and traits. Results revealed differences in badge effectiveness that were dependent upon students’ Long–Dziuban categorization. Student engagement, intrinsic motivation, reflective and integrative learning, and higher order learning were the constructs most dependent upon categorization. Additional results and their implications are discussed within.
Effectively Training Community Supervision Officers
Authors: Chadwick Nick , Dewolf Angela , Serin Ralph
Published: July 2015

The development and implementation of training programs aimed at increasing community supervision officers’ use of core correctional practices served as the focus of this review. Studies that evaluated the effect that officer training had on offender outcome were included in the review. Based on 10 studies ( N = 8,335), this meta-analysis found that when offenders were supervised by officers who received training in core correctional practices, they demonstrated reductions in recidivism (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48) compared with those offenders supervised by the status quo. The results support further use of such training programs and emphasize the benefit to public safety as well as the fiscal savings that can result from sound implementation. However, this was an initial review, and further research is needed to confirm and extend these findings.
Development of a Temporal Bone Model for Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery
Authors: Dedmon Matthew M. , Kozin Elliott D. , Lee Daniel J.
Published: July 2015

Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES) is being increasingly used in chronic ear disease for cholesteatoma removal and middle ear reconstruction, reducing the need for a postauricular incision and mastoidectomy. However, TEES is a challenging technique even for the most experienced otologist, requiring one‐handed dissection using angled instrumentation. We have therefore developed a high‐fidelity dissection model incorporating key aspects of TEES and cholesteatoma removal to facilitate the acquisition of these skills. Artificial cholesteatoma was implanted into middle ear spaces of a human temporal bone via a facial recess approach. A pilot study was conducted whereby surgeons endoscopically elevated a tympanomeatal flap with artificial bleeding and removed artificial cholesteatoma with angled instrumentation. Surgeons were uniformly satisfied with the experience and felt it would translate into improved performance in the operating room. This study suggests that the TEES dissection model could become an integral tool in the training of emerging TEES techniques.
Hearing Outcomes after Revision Stapedectomy Managed with Total Ossicular Prostheses
Authors: Lupo J. Eric , Strickland Brian M. , House John W.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

(1) To describe the use of total ossicular prostheses (TOPs) in the setting of stapedectomy requiring an incus bypass procedure. (2) To analyze the short‐ and long‐term audiometric results of TOP utilization in the setting of stapedectomy for an incus bypass procedure.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary neurotologic referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Seventeen cases of TOP reconstruction after stapedectomy were performed due to advanced incus erosion. The cases were assessed for pre‐ and postoperative bone conduction and air conduction pure‐tone averages (PTAs; 0.5, 1, 2, 3 kHz), including high‐tone bone conduction (1, 2, 4 kHz), air‐bone gap, and speech discrimination scores. Hearing outcomes were measured: short‐term (3 weeks) and long‐term (average, 22 months).

Results

Among 17 ears undergoing revision stapedectomy managed with TOP reconstruction, the average number of previous revision attempts was 1.0 (SD, 1; range, 1‐5). The preoperative bone conduction PTA was 30.7 dB preoperatively, while the preoperative air conduction PTA was 64.3 dB. The mean postoperative air‐bone gap significantly decreased to 18.9 dB (SD, 12.7; range, 5‐46.25; P <. 003) with a mean follow‐up of 22.2 months (SD, 25.0; range, 0.75‐78). No significant decrement in high‐tone bone conduction PTA was observed (mean, 0 dB; SD, 12.8; range, –36.7 to 20; P =. 427); however, 1 ear revealed a severe decrease in PTA and speech discrimination score postoperatively. No further revisions were noted in follow‐up.

Conclusion

TOP reconstruction in the setting of previous revision stapedectomy with limited incudovestibular reconstructive options may lead to favorable hearing outcomes, but it carries an increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss.
Cochrane Corner
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil , Harvey Richard J. , Rosenfeld Richard M.
Published: July 2015

The “Cochrane Corner” is a section in the Journal that highlights systematic reviews relevant to otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, with invited commentary to aid clinical decision making. This installment features a pair of related Cochrane Reviews on surgical interventions for chronic rhinosinusitis, which identify only low‐quality evidence that is insufficient for definitive conclusions. The related expert commentary, however, should help clinicians make the best treatment decisions based on the studies and outcomes identified in these Cochrane Reviews.
Laryngeal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Authors: Ghosh Ritam , Dutta Rahul , Dubal Pariket M. , Park Richard Chan , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: July 2015

Objective

Laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma (LNEC) is a rare malignancy with various subtypes, each with different characteristics. Classification of these subtypes is used to delineate treatment and management, as most are clinically aggressive with poor prognosis. This study analyzes the characteristics and survival outcomes of LNEC using population‐based data.

Study Design

Analysis of a population‐based tumor registry.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973‐2011) was queried for LNEC cases. Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival.

Results

In total, 257 LNEC cases were extracted from the SEER database. Sixty‐three percent were male, and the mean age of diagnosis was 61.9 years. Most cases were located in the supraglottis (62.6%), were of the small cell carcinoma (52.9%) histologic subtype, and were grade IV (40.9%) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IV (59.4%). Surgery and radiotherapy were used as treatment modalities in 38.3% and 59.8% of patients, respectively. Overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) for all LNEC was 30.2%, with lower grade, lower AJCC stage, and treatment with surgery having higher 5‐year DSS.

Conclusions

LNEC often presents as an aggressive tumor at an advanced stage and has poor survival outcomes. Poor prognostic factors include high histologic grade, advanced stage disease, and not undergoing surgical resection. LNEC may be best treated depending on its histologic differentiation, with surgery being beneficial for early grade tumors while radiotherapy is inconclusive in its benefit for late‐stage disease.
Between Law and Customs: Normative Interconnections in Kabul's Tribunals
Authors: De Lauri Antonio
Published: July 2015

The Afghan normative scenario is composed of customary practices, shari’a principles, laws promulgated by the state and international law. Studies on this arsenal tend to give special attention to the coexistence and/or clashing of different sources of law, but they usually overlook the interrelations that are created through the merging of values, norms and socially recognised customary practices. In particular, little attention has been given to the role that customs play within the judicial structure. A dichotomous perspective has thus prevailed in the history of law in Afghanistan, where ‘formal justice’ is opposed to ‘informal justice’, and where there have been few attempts to observe how the merging of different normative reference systems engenders normative syncretisms and forms of negotiated justice. In this article, after examining the key transition points in the legal history of Afghanistan, I will attempt to show that there is an important customary component in the justice's implementation of Kabul's tribunals, its principal aim being to legitimise the work of judges. An analysis of the current situation, informed by ethnographic research conducted in Kabul beginning in 2005, cannot be understood without a historical retrospective that takes account of the important politico-legal changes that have taken place over the past hundred and fifty years, which have been punctuated by multiple reforms and tumultuous regime changes.
OMT, Then and Now
Authors: Greenwood Royston
Published: July 2015

This paper provides an overview comparison of how organization and managemnt theory was practised 40 years ago with how it is done today. We are a much larger and more international community and our work has advanced in many excellent ways. Howevoer, an important difference is the nature of expectations placed upon scholars – which has led to narrow lines of research and overly formulaic ways of presenting results.
Kingmakers or Cheerleaders? Party Power and the Causal Effects of Endorsements
Authors: Kousser Thad , Lucas Scott , Masket Seth , McGhee Eric
Published: July 2015

When parties make endorsements in primary elections, does the favored candidate receive a real boost in his or her vote share, or do parties simply pick the favorites who are already destined to win? To answer this question, we draw on two research designs aimed at isolating the causal effect of Democratic Party endorsements in California’s 2012 primary election. First, we conduct a survey experiment in which we randomly assign a party endorsement, holding all other aspects of a candidate’s background and policy positions constant. Second, we use a unique dataset to implement a regression discontinuity analysis of electoral trends by comparing the vote shares captured by candidates who barely won or barely lost the internal party endorsement contest. We find a constellation of evidence suggesting that endorsements do indeed matter, although this effect appears to be contingent upon the type of candidate and voter: endorsements matter most for candidates in their party’s mainstream, and for voters who identify with that party and for independents. The magnitude of their impact is dramatically smaller than might be estimated from research designs less attuned to recent advances in causal inference.