bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications of Monsoon Research: Opportunities to Inform Decision Making and Reduce Regional Vulnerability
Authors: Ray Andrea J. , Garfin Gregg M. , Wilder Margaret , Vásquez-León Marcela , Lenart Melanie , Comrie Andrew C.
Published: May 2007

This article presents ongoing efforts to understand interactions between the North American monsoon and society in order to develop applications for monsoon research in a highly complex, multicultural, and binational region. The North American monsoon is an annual precipitation regime that begins in early June in Mexico and progresses northward to the southwestern United States. The region includes stakeholders in large urban complexes, productive agricultural areas, and sparsely populated arid and semiarid ecosystems. The political, cultural, and socioeconomic divisions between the United States and Mexico create a broad range of sensitivities to climate variability as well as capacities to use forecasts and other information to cope with climate.

This paper highlights methodologies to link climate science with society and to analyze opportunities for monsoon science to benefit society in four sectors: natural hazards management, agriculture, public health, and water management. A list of stakeholder needs and a calendar of decisions is synthesized to help scientists link user needs to potential forecasts and products. To ensure usability of forecasts and other research products, iterative scientist–stakeholder interactions, through integrated assessments, are recommended. These knowledge-exchange interactions can improve the capacity for stakeholders to use forecasts thoughtfully and inform the development of research, and for the research community to obtain feedback on climate-related products and receive insights to guide research direction. It is expected that integrated assessments can capitalize on the opportunities for monsoon science to inform decision making and, in the best instances, reduce regional climate vulnerabilities and enhance regional sustainability.
Validation of Scores From a Measure of Teachers' Efficacy Toward Standards-Aligned Classroom Assessment
Authors: Wolfe Edward W. , Viger Steven G. , Jarvinen Denis W. , Linksman Jay
Published: May 2007

As large-scale accountability testing becomes more refined, statewide standards are being created so that teachers and students can create learning and assessment targets that are aligned with statewide testing systems. An important hurdle in assisting teachers in their efforts to create standards-aligned classroom assessments is creating feelings of comfort and confidence in the teachers as they learn the relevant skills. Hence, an important component of a professional development program designed to foster these skills in teachers is an instrument that provides measures that provide useful information for planning development activities for the teachers. This article summarizes a validation study of scores from the Teacher Assessment Efficacy Scale. The analyses indicated support for the six dimensions around which the items were developed, that subscales' scores exhibit adequate reliabilities, and that gains are realized in ways that one would expect when teachers engage in professional development activities designed to increase their proficiencies in creating standards-aligned classroom assessments.
Biomechanical Analysis of an Isolated Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using an Autogenous Semitendinosus Graft
Authors: Coobs Benjamin R. , LaPrade Robert F. , Griffith Chad J. , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: May 2007

Background

The fibular collateral ligament is the primary stabilizer to varus instability of the knee. Untreated fibular collateral ligament injuries can lead to residual knee instability and can increase the risk of concurrent cruciate ligament reconstruction graft failures. Anatomic reconstructions of the fibular collateral ligament have not been biomechanically validated.

Purpose

To describe an anatomic fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus graft and to test the hypothesis that using this reconstruction technique to treat an isolated fibular collateral ligament injury will restore the knee to near normal stability.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Ten nonpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were biomechanically subjected to a 10 N·m varus moment and 5 N·m external and internal rotation torques at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Testing was performed with an intact and sectioned fibular collateral ligament, and also after an anatomic reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament with an autogenous semitendinosus graft. Motion changes were assessed with a 6 degree of freedom electromagnetic motion analysis system.

Results

After sectioning, we found significant increases in varus rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. After reconstruction, there were significant decreases in motion in varus rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0°, 15°, and 30° of knee flexion. In addition, we observed a full recovery of knee stability in varus rotation at 0°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0° and 30° of knee flexion.

Conclusion

An anatomic fibular collateral ligament reconstruction restores varus, external, and internal rotation to near normal stability in a knee with an isolated fibular collateral ligament injury.

Clinical Significance

An anatomic reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament with an autogenous semitendinosus graft is a viable option to treat nonrepairable acute or chronic fibular collateral ligament tears in patients with varus instability.
Use of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Strategies in Health Self-Regulation
Authors: Ziegelmann Jochen P. , Lippke Sonia
Published: May 2007

Purpose: This study investigated the interplay of exercise strategy use (i.e., strategies of selection, optimization, and compensation) and perceived loss of exercise resources in individuals prescribed to engage in physical exercise. Method: Specifically, 368 individuals (18 to 80 years) were assessed during orthopedic rehabilitation and 6 and 12 months thereafter. Exercise, orthopedic outcome, and subjective well-being served as indicators of successful development. Results: There was no evidence for an interaction of age and strategy use. There was also no support for an interaction between resource loss and strategy use but rather for a mediating role of strategy use between resource loss and exercise. The effect of strategy use on orthopedic outcome and subjective well-being was mediated by exercise. Discussion: Strategy use seems to be beneficial for exercise regardless of age. In addition, strategy use seems to enhance resources and is not only associated with exercise but also with orthopedic outcome and subjective well-being.
Vibration Control of Structural Systems using MR dampers and a `Modified' Sliding Mode Control Technique
Authors: Neelakantan Vijay A. , Washington Gregory N.
Published: May 2007

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are easily controlled by appropriately regulating the current through an electromagnet producing the necessary magnetic field across the fluid; thus they can be utilized in applying advanced nonlinear control strategies aimed at vibration suppression problems. Since most MR dampers are passive (i.e., they are dissipative and do not produce motion) modern nonlinear control schemes must be significantly modified before they can be employed. This study presents the theoretical development of a modified nonlinear control methodology for MR dampers applied to typical vibration control problems. The methodology is applied to single and multiple DOF systems. The case when only one measurement sensor is used in a quarter-car model is also analyzed using a classical observer design. Simulated and experimental results show the effectiveness of the methodology in controlling the vibration of a general vibratory system.
the realism and sex type of four- to five-year-old children's occupational aspirations
Authors: Care Esther , Deans Jan , Brown Robert
Published: May 2007

Research on career development has focused primarily on adolescents and adults. However, in Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise (2002) it is proposed that career aspirations originate in the preschool years and that the earliest work aspirations of children are sex typed in relation to the activities of same sex adults. This article investigates young children's career development in the context of Gottfredson's stage theory. Eighty-four children attending a kindergarten/early learning centre for four- to five-year-old children exhibited sex typing of their aspirations, with the vast majority nominating real occupational roles as opposed to fantasy ones, as aspirations for adult life. The pattern of boys' and girls' aspirations differentially support Gottfredson's proposals. Questions are raised concerning the stability of patterns of aspirations in terms of sex type in a changing society.
what are nurseries for?
Authors: Elfer Peter
Published: May 2007

Communities in the UK are seeing a sustained shift in the balance of care of babies and the youngest children from families to nurseries, with a particular emphasis being placed on early learning. Yet a basic question of whether nurseries should be modelled on the intimacy and spontaneity of family interactions or the more professional and planned interactions of school has remained largely unaddressed. The assumption has been that the multiple tasks now expected of nursery, including education, child care, health promotion, family support and child protection, can be integrated together, and much attention has been given to this. Much less attention has been given to the way different staff respond to these different conceptions of roles and tasks and how they interact with the personal and professional priorities and concerns of the staff themselves.

Using the conceptual framework of `primary task' taken from the organization studies literature, the article explores the interplay of these different and competing tasks through an intensive nursery case study. The article concludes that recognition and understanding of both professional and personal tasks and how they align or conflict is important to our understanding of the behaviours and responses of children and adults in the nursery system.
The unexpected effect of cyclosporin A on CD56+CD16− and CD56+CD16+ natural killer cell subpopulations
Authors: Wang Hongbo , Grzywacz Bartosz , Sukovich David , McCullar Valarie , Cao Qing , Lee Alisa B. , Blazar Bruce R. , Cornfield David N. , Miller Jeffrey S. , Verneris Michael R.
Published: May 2007

Cyclosporin A (CSA) is commonly used to prevent graft-versus-host disease. The influence of CSA on T-cell function has been extensively investigated; however, the effect of CSA on natural killer (NK) cells is less understood. NK cells were cultured with IL-2 and IL-15 with and without CSA for 1 week. Compared with controls, CSA-treated cultures showed fewer CD56+CD16+KIR+ NK cells and a reciprocal increase in CD56+CD16−KIR− cells. These changes were due mainly to a reduced proliferation of the CD56dim NK-cell subpopulation and a relative resistance of CD56bright NK cells to CSA. Following coculture with K562 targets, CSA-exposed NK cells differed from controls and lacked Ca2+ oscillations, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) dephosphorylation, and NFAT nuclear translocation. NK cells cultured in CSA retained cytotoxicity against K562, Raji, and KIR ligand-expressing lymphoblastoid cells. NK cells cultured in CSA showed increases in NKp30 and reductions in NKp44 and NKG2D. Following IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation, CSA-treated NK cells showed more IFN-γ–producing cells. Using in vitro NK-cell differentiation, progenitor cells gave rise to more CD56+KIR− NK cells in the presence of CSA than controls. Collectively, these studies show that CSA influences NK-cell function and phenotype, which may have important implications for graft-versus-leukemia effects.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-9, a Local Regulator of Ovarian Function
Authors: Drummond Ann E. , Tellbach Marianne , Dyson Mitzi , Findlay Jock K.
Published: May 2007

Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is widely expressed in embryos and fetuses and has been shown to be involved in male sex determination, testicular cord formation, and Sertoli cell differentiation. Given its male gender bias, the ovary has not been reported to express FGF9, nor has a role in ovarian function been explored. We report here that FGF9 mRNA and protein are present in the rat ovary and provide evidence that supports a role for FGF9 in ovarian progesterone production. FGF9 mRNA levels as determined by real-time PCR were high in 4-d-old rat ovaries, thereafter declining and stabilizing at levels approximately 30% of d 4 levels at d 12–25. Levels of FGF9 mRNA in the ovary were significantly higher than that present in adult testis, at all ages studied. The FGF9 receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3 mRNAs were present in postnatal and immature rat ovary and appeared to be constitutively expressed. FGF9 protein was localized to theca, stromal cells, and corpora lutea and FGFR2 and FGFR3 proteins to granulosa cells, theca cells, oocytes, and corpora lutea, by immunohistochemistry. Follicular differentiation induced by gonadotropin treatment reduced the expression of FGF9 mRNA by immature rat ovaries, whereas the estrogen-stimulated development of large preantral follicles had no significant effect. In vitro, FGF9 stimulated progesterone production by granulosa cells beyond that elicited by a maximally stimulating dose of FSH. When the granulosa cells were pretreated with FSH to induce LH receptors, FGF9 was found not to be as potent as LH in stimulating progesterone production, nor did it enhance LH-stimulated production. The combined treatments of FSH/FGF9 and FSH/LH, however, were most effective at stimulating progesterone production by these differentiated granulosa cells. Analyses of steroidogenic regulatory proteins indicate that steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and P450 side chain cleavage mRNA levels were enhanced by FGF9, providing a mechanism of action for the increased progesterone synthesis. In summary, the data are consistent with a paracrine role for FGF9 in the ovary.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Attenuates Chronic Overexpression of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Stimulation of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase and Cardiac Remodeling
Authors: Stas Sameer , Whaley-Connell Adam , Habibi Javad , Appesh Lama , Hayden Melvin R. , Karuparthi Poorna R. , Qazi Mahnaz , Morris E. Matthew , Cooper Shawna A. , Link C. Daniel , Stump Craig , Hay Meredith , Ferrario Carlos , Sowers James R.
Published: May 2007

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system contributes to cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, and left ventricular dysfunction. Angiotensin II and aldosterone (corticosterone in rodents) together generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which likely facilitate this hypertrophy and remodeling. This investigation sought to determine whether cardiac oxidative stress and cellular remodeling could be attenuated by in vivo mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade in a rodent model of the chronically elevated tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the transgenic TG (mRen2) 27 rat (Ren2). The Ren2 overexpresses the mouse renin transgene with resultant hypertension, insulin resistance, proteinuria, and cardiovascular damage. Young (6- to 7-wk-old) male Ren2 and age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with spironolactone or placebo for 3 wk. Heart tissue ROS, immunohistochemical analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine, and NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunits (gp91phox recently renamed NOX2, p22phox, Rac1, NOX1, and NOX4) were measured. Structural changes were assessed with cine-magnetic resonance imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and light microscopy. Significant increases in Ren2 septal wall thickness (cine-magnetic resonance imaging) were accompanied by perivascular fibrosis, increased mitochondria, and other ultrastructural changes visible by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although there was no significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, significant improvements were seen with MR blockade on ROS formation and NOX subunits (each P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that MR blockade, independent of systolic blood pressure reduction, improves cardiac oxidative stress-induced structural and functional changes, which are driven, in part, by angiotensin type 1 receptor-mediated increases in NOX.
A New Rat Model Exhibiting Both Ovarian and Metabolic Characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Mannerås Louise , Cajander Stefan , Holmäng Agneta , Seleskovic Zamira , Lystig Theodore , Lönn Malin , Stener-Victorin Elisabet
Published: May 2007

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder associated with ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance. However, its etiology is unclear, and its management is often unsatisfactory or requires a diversified approach. Here, we describe a new rat PCOS model, the first to exhibit both ovarian and metabolic characteristics of the syndrome. Female rats received the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the aromatase inhibitor letrozole by continuous administration, beginning before puberty, to activate androgen receptors. Adult DHT rats had irregular cycles, polycystic ovaries characterized by cysts formed from atretic follicles, and a diminished granulosa layer. They also displayed metabolic features, including increased body weight, increased body fat, and enlarged mesenteric adipocytes, as well as elevated leptin levels and insulin resistance. All letrozole rats were anovulatory and developed polycystic ovaries with structural changes strikingly similar to those in human PCOS. Our findings suggest that the formation of a “hyperplastic” theca interna reflects the inclusion of luteinized granulosa cells in the cyst wall rather than true hyperplasia. We conclude that the letrozole model is suitable for studies of the ovarian features of human PCOS, while the DHT model is suitable for studies of both ovarian and metabolic features of the syndrome.
Matrix Metalloprotease Activity Is an Essential Link Between Mechanical Stimulus and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior
Authors: Kasper Grit , Glaeser Juliane D. , Geissler Sven , Ode Andrea , Tuischer Jens , Matziolis Georg , Perka Carsten , Duda Georg N.
Published: May 2007

Progenitor cells are involved in the regeneration of the musculoskeletal system, which is known to be influenced by mechanical boundary conditions. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and tissue-specific inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are crucial for matrix remodelling processes that occur during regeneration of bone and other tissues. This study has therefore investigated whether MMP activity affects mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) behavior and how MMP activity is influenced by the mechanical stimulation of these cells. Broad spectrum inhibition of MMPs altered the migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Expression analysis detected MMP-2, -3, -10, -11, -13, and -14, as well as TIMP-2, in MSCs at the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanical stimulation of MSCs led to an upregulation of their extracellular gelatinolytic activity, which was consistent with the increased protein levels seen for MMP-2, -3, -13, and TIMP-2. However, mRNA expression levels of MMPs/TIMPs showed no changes in response to mechanical stimulation, indicating an involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory processes such as alterations in MMP secretion or activation. One potential regulatory molecule might be the furin protease. Specific inhibition of MMP-2, -3, and -13 showed MMP-13 to be involved in osteogenic differentiation. The results of this study suggest that MSC function is controlled by MMP activity, which in turn is regulated by mechanical stimulation of cells. Thus, MMP/TIMP balance seems to play an essential role in transferring mechanical signals into MSC function.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Finding Fluorescent Needles in the Cardiac Haystack: Tracking Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Quantum Dots for Quantitative In Vivo Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Rosen Amy B. , Kelly Damon J. , Schuldt Adam J. T. , Lu Jia , Potapova Irina A. , Doronin Sergey V. , Robichaud Kyle J. , Robinson Richard B. , Rosen Michael R. , Brink Peter R. , Gaudette Glenn R. , Cohen Ira S.
Published: May 2007

Stem cells show promise for repair of damaged cardiac tissue. Little is known with certainty, however, about the distribution of these cells once introduced in vivo. Previous attempts at tracking delivered stem cells have been hampered by the autofluorescence of host tissue and limitations of existing labeling techniques. We have developed a novel loading approach to stably label human mesenchymal stem cells with quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles. We report the optimization and validation of this long-term tracking technique and highlight several important biological applications by delivering labeled cells to the mammalian heart. The bright QD crystals illuminate exogenous stem cells in histologic sections for at least 8 weeks following delivery and permit, for the first time, the complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the locations of all stem cells following injection into the heart.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Haematological, Blood and Rumen Chemistry Changes in Lambs Following Supplementation with Se-yeast
Authors: Faixová Z. , Faix Š. , Leng Ľ. , Váczi P. , Maková Z. , Szabóová R.
Published: May 2007

The effects of feed supplementation with organic form of selenium (Se) on ruminal enzyme activities (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP and GDH), blood enzyme activity (GPx), serum enzyme activities (LDH, CK) and haematological indicators were examined in lambs. Ten animals were divided into two groups and fed experimental diets for 3 months. The first group received a basic diet (BD) providing a daily intake 50.6 μg of Se only. The diet for the second group consisted of BD supplemented with selenium 0.3 mg kg-1 DM in the form of Se-enriched yeast and giving a total daily intake 278 μg of Se per animal. Lambs of the second group which were fed additional Se had increased concentrations of Se in plasma (P < 0.001), greater activity of blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P < 0.001) and lower activity of creatine kinase (CK) (P < 0.05) in serum. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.001) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (P < 0.001) in ruminal fluid were found to be significantly higher in Se-yeast group of lamb compared with the group given BD with no differences for Se concentration in ruminal fluid and ALT, AST and GGT activities. Total erythrocyte count and osmotic resistance of red blood cells were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in selenium-supplemented animals. White blood cell count was increased in lambs given BD (P < 0.05). It was concluded that Se supplementation can influence ruminal enzyme activities and cell membrane resistance of lambs.
Effect of Simulated Microgravity on Metabolite Concentrations in the Muscles and Liver of Developing Japanese Quail Chicks
Authors: Škrobánek P. , Baranovská M. , Šárniková B. , Juráni M.
Published: May 2007

Hypodynamy is the most frequently used ground-based model to study the negative consequences of microgravity on an animal organism. The objective of the current experiment was to examine the influence of hypodynamy on the growth and development of the breast muscle, thigh muscles and liver in female Japanese quail chicks from 3 to 56 d of age. Samples of muscles and liver were obtained at 1, 14, 28, 42 and 56 d; the variables studied were: weight (g), relative weight (%), dry matter (mg/g) and content of total proteins, total lipids and glycogen (mg/g). The actual weight of breast muscle, thigh muscles and liver gradually increased with age of quail in both groups. However, the experimental birds exposed to hypodynamy showed a reduction in growth relative to age-matched control. At the end of testing, the body weight of the hypodynamy group was significantly lesser than that of control (P < 0.05). The control birds had also significantly heavier breast muscle than those of experimental group. Similarly, the dry matter and total lipid content in both muscles and liver of control group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the differences in the content of total protein and glycogen in muscles and liver of both groups were not significant at the end of experiment. These results provide further evidence that, although hypodynamy affects the examined variables of selected skeletal muscles and liver, the female Japanese quail is able to develop under conditions of simulated weightlessness.
Octapeptide Polymorphism Analysis of Slovak Autochtonous Cattle Breeds
Authors: Tkáčiková Ľ. , Vorálek R. , Filipčik P. , Sr. I. Mikula
Published: May 2007

Octapeptide repeats are 24 bp long repeat segments in the PrP gene that may be present in different species in a different number of repetitions. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of this polymorphism in the PrP gene of two Slovak autochtonous cattle breeds, namely Slovak spotted cattle (n = 89) and Slovak Pinzgau (n = 195). In the study's cohort of animals, repletion numbers 6 and 5 were found for the octapeptide repeats. We found 6/6 homozygous animals to be most prevalent (96.1%); the remaining animals were 5/6 heterozygous (3.9%). We did not observe any 5/5 homozygous animals in the studied group. This analysis included only a small group of animals. However, the results suggest that animals with six octapeptide repeats are dominant in these Slovak cattle breeds.
Simultaneous Determination of Plasma Cortisol by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Radioimmunoassay Methods in Fish
Authors: Blahová J. , Dobšíková R. , Svobodová Z. , Kaláb P.
Published: May 2007

The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Radioimmunoassay (RIA) analytical methods in the determination of blood plasma cortisol level of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Cortisol, the most potent glucocorticoid, is widely used as an indicator of stress. The monitoring of plasma cortisol concentration was performed during the test focused on stress response caused by handling and long-distance transport of common carp. The samples were collected before, during and after transport. The correlation between blood cortisol level in fish measured by HPLC and RIA was determined using 66 samples. The correlation was HPLC = 0.9454 RIA + 0.40676 and correlation coefficient was 0.815. From the presented results it can be concluded that both methods (RIA and HPLC) can be used for the determination of plasma (serum) cortisol level.
Comparison of Findings from Oblique Radiographs of the Raised Limb with Those of the Weight-bearing Limb for Selected Diseases of the Equine Digit
Authors: Šterc J. , Crháková T.
Published: May 2007

In the present study, the radiographic examination of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints was performed in 43 randomly selected horses. A total of 86 forelimbs were examined. On the forelimbs, dorsolateral-palmaromedial, and dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique views were performed. The oblique views were performed on raised limbs placed in a navicular block and on weight-bearing limbs placed on a pedestal made at the equine clinic. In total, 688 dorsolateral-palmaromedial and dorsomedial-palmarolateral views were taken. During the evaluation of the radiographs we focused on the detection of signs of degenerative joint disease of the distal and proximal iterphalangeal joints, and the detection of new bone formation in the phalanx regions, not associated with a disease of the distal or proximal interphalangeal joints. Based on the radiographic signs visible on these views, we diagnosed 9 cases of degenerative joint disease of the distal intraphalangeal joint, 13 cases of the degenerative joint disease of the proximal intraphalangeal joint and 21 cases of new bone formation in the phalanx regions. These signs were observed in 253 of 688 oblique views. Positive radiographic findings of the above-mentioned disorders were shown on 127 oblique views of the raised limb placed in the navicular block and 126 oblique views of the weight-bearing limb placed on the pedestal we made. When 128 oblique views of the weight-bearing limb (placed on the pedestal) were compared with those of the raised limb (in the navicular block), there were different radiographic findings in three cases only. The differences in detection rates of radiographic signs between different type views showed no statistical significance (p ≥ 0.05). Therefore we assume that the pedestal we made can be routinely used for the radiographic examination of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints on DL-PM and DM-PL oblique views, as part of pre-purchase examination or diagnosis of lameness.
Trilostane Treatment of Canine Alopecia X in an American Pit Bull Terrier
Authors: Kolevská J. , Brunclík V. , Bartošová L. , Svoboda M.
Published: May 2007

This paper describes the case of a one-year-old female American Pit Bull Terrier, presented with the history of progressive baldness. The initial clinical signs were demonstrated by symmetric, primarily non-pruritic alopecia that began in the perineal, genital, and ventral abdominal regions and propagated cranially to the thorax and to the neck. Based on physical and dermatological examination, laboratory findings, and results of skin biopsy, a hormone-responsive dermatosis was diagnosed. Once hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism were ruled out, with the help of hormonal tests, the diagnosis was specified as alopecia X. The first treatment option recommended for the patient and subsequently completed was ovariohysterectomy. After three months, the owner reported improvement; the dog was almost covered with hair. The patient was presented again six months later, showing almost the same dermatological symptoms, which, however, were of a more striking character than before ovariohysterectomy. Again a series of hormonal tests was carried out. Considering the elevated basal and post-adrenocorticothropin stimulation progesterone concentrations, the final aetiology of the disease was determined as an adrenal sex hormone imbalance. Therefore trilostan therapy was initiated. The trilostan dosage of 8 mg/kg/day was divided and given 2 times daily. This treatment led to complete hair regrowth in the dog within four months. No adverse effects associated with trilostane were recognized.
A Grounded Theory Study of Socializing Men into Nursing
Authors: Larocco Susan A.
Published: May 2007

This study explores the process that led to the male nurse's decision to become a nurse and to remain a nurse. Grounded theory methods were used to generate a descriptive theory of socialization of men into nursing. Data were collected by individual, semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 20 male Registered Nurses (RNs), residing in Massachusetts, with 1 to 35 years of experience as RNs. Analysis was conducted throughout the data collection period. A constant comparative approach was used until saturation of the categories appeared. MaxQDA, a qualitative software package, was used to assist with data management and analysis. A basic social process, socializing men into nursing, emerged from the data. The basic social process comprises a trajectory of four stages, which encompass the path that men travel to become and remain nurses. These stages occur in a linear manner. The first stage is prior to considering nursing. This is followed by choosing nursing, becoming a nurse, and ends with being a nurse. This study has implications for policy development that will influence the recruitment and retention of men in nursing.
A Review of Research on Masculinity Ideologies Using the Male Role Norms Inventory
Authors: Levant Ronald F. , Richmond Katherine
Published: May 2007

Within the past twenty five years, the new psychology of men has pioneered advancements in understanding and conceptualizing gender role expectations using the Gender Role Strain Paradigm. Gender ideology, an individual's in-ternalization of cultural belief systems regarding gender role norms, is the core construct of the Gender Role Strain Paradigm. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive summary of findings from research on masculinity ideologies using the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI) conducted over the past 15 years. A review of data on the psychometric properties of the MRNI, along with cross-cultural and cross-national analyses will be presented, as will the relationship between traditional ideologies and other constructs. The article concludes with suggested directions for future research and practice using the MRNI.
Conversation at the Erotic Oasis
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Polley Neva-Marie
Published: May 2007

Scholarly investigations of men's same-sex anonymous sexual encounters have traditionally focused on identifying such behaviors as deviant and/or dangers to public health. Scholars have examined the structure and processes of such interactions, and typically presented the cruising process as one characterized by silence and a reliance on non-verbal communications. Drawing on law enforcement and court documents pertaining to a sample of 127 cases of men arrested for cruising activities, this study highlights the role that verbal exchanges and conversation play in such endeavors. Findings reveal that silence is not a contextual norm and conversation serves multiple purposes in the activities of men seeking men for anonymous, public-location sexual activities.
Masculinities in Teen Magazines: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Prusank Diane T.
Published: May 2007

This essay extends the research on portrayals of intimate relationships and men's studies. The essay argues that the ability of popular teen magazines to continuously present monolithic images of traditional young women in the face of social change is enabled by representations of young men who are fusions of the sensitive, emotionally expressive and respectful “new man” with the naturally/inherently socially, emotionally and physically dominant man. The hegemonic images of these men who are presented as both amorphous and omnipresent is contrasted with the images of the more pure version of the new men presented in these same magazines. The strategies used within these magazines contribute to a culture where teen girls are both in awe and in fear of their teen boy counterparts and focused on the personal rather than the social and political.
Epistemological Perspectives on Concepts of Gender and Masculinity/Masculinities
Authors: Roussel Jean-François , Downs Christian
Published: May 2007

This article questions the epistemology implied in the enunciation of the concept of masculinity, whether singular or plural. How are we to understand the epistemology underlying such a theory? In present time it seems that epistemological theorization about such problems is often neglected and Men's Studies prefer a more applied orientation. However, the specificity of Men's Studies as a disciplinary field largely depends of the way they can ground their task in face of other disciplines, especially Women Studies. We propose an understanding of the concept of masculinity/ies in reference to the discursive stance of Men's Studies theorists. From there, we focus on the dualism implied in the dominant concept of masculinity in Men's Studies. We try to envisage what happens when this dominant dualistic epistemological stance is challenged by the conceptions of knowledge and natural body emanating from the so-called science and religion dialogue.
The National Niemann–Pick C1 disease database: Report of clinical features and health problems
Authors: Garver William S. , Francis Gordon A. , Jelinek David , Shepherd Glen , Flynn James , Castro Graciela , Walsh Vockley Cate , Coppock Donald L. , Pettit Kathleen M. , Heidenreich Randy A. , Meaney F. John
Published: May 2007

Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by neonatal jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, vertical gaze palsy, ataxia, dystonia, and progressive neurodegeneration. The present study provides basic clinical and health information from the National Niemann–Pick C1 disease database that was obtained using a clinical questionnaire of 83 questions mailed to families affected by NPC1 disease living in the United States. The study was conducted over a 1‐year period, during which time parents/caregivers and physicians completed the clinical questionnaire. Sixty‐four percent (87/136) of the questionnaires were returned, with 53% and 47% representing male and female NPC1 patients, respectively. The average age of diagnosis for NPC1 disease was 10.4 years, with one‐half of patients being diagnosed before the age of 6.9 years. The average age of death for NPC1 disease was 16.2 years, with one‐half of patients dying before the age of 12.5 years. A common clinical symptom reported at birth was neonatal jaundice (52%), followed by enlargement of the spleen (36%) and liver (31%); ascites (19%) and neonatal hypotonia (6%) were much less frequent. With respect to developmental difficulties, the most common findings included clumsiness (87%), learning difficulties (87%), ataxia (83%), dysphagia (80%), and vertical gaze palsy (81%). Together, these findings confirm and extend previous reports investigating the clinical features associated with NPC1 disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial unilateral deafness and delayed endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Dodson Kelley M. , Kamei Tamio , Sismanis Aristides , Nance Walter E.
Published: May 2007

Delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH) is a unique disorder characterized by fluctuating otologic symptoms in the setting of preexisting unilateral deafness. The symptoms include aural fullness, fluctuating hearing, and/or episodes of vertigo similar to those observed in Meniere disease and may occur ipsilateral or contralateral to the previously deafened ear. In most reported cases, the unilateral deafness has been a profound sensorineural hearing loss with a sudden onset that has been variously attributed to bacterial or viral labyrinthitis, acoustic or cranial trauma, otosclerosis, and congenital CMV infection. Familial occurrence of the syndrome has not previously been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe two possible familial instances of delayed DEH. These patients raise the possibility that genetic factors may sometimes be the cause of this unusual syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar affective disorder associated with 11q24.2 disruption—A second report
Authors: Reardon William , Dunlop Adam , Holden Simon T. , Blennerhassett Richard
Published: May 2007

A recent report identified bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de novo deletion 11q24.2. We record a further instance involving this cytogenetic region and bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a balanced translocation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup‐shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation—New MCA/MR syndrome in two affected sibs and a mildly affected mother?
Authors: Wieczorek Dagmar , Shaw‐Smith Charles , Kohlhase Jürgen , Schmitt Wolfgang , Buiting Karin , Coffey Alison , Howard Eleanor , Hehr Ute , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele
Published: May 2007

The previously undescribed combination of esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of the zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup‐shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation was diagnosed in two siblings of different sexes, with the brother being more severely affected. The mother presented with zygomatic arch hypoplasia of the right side only. We discuss major differential diagnoses: Goldenhar, Feingold, CHARGE, and Treacher Collins syndromes show a few overlapping clinical features, but these diagnoses are unlikely as the clinical findings are unusual for Goldenhar syndrome and mutational screening of the MYCN, the CHD7, and the TCOF1 genes did not reveal any abnormalities. Autosomal recessive oto–facial syndrome, hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis, and Ozkan syndromes were clinically excluded. A microdeletion 22q11.2 was excluded by FISH analysis, a microdeletion 2p23‐p24 by microsatellite analyses, a subtelomeric chromosomal aberration by MLPA, and a small genomic deletion/duplication by CGH array. As X‐inactivation studies did not show skewed X‐inactivation in the mother, we consider X‐chromosomal recessive inheritance of this condition less likely. We discuss autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity or mosaicism in the mother as the likely genetic mechanism in this new multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy for the kinetic study of the in situ solution free‐radical copolymerization of styrene and ethyl acrylate
Authors: Abdollahi Mahdi , Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Ziaee Farshid
Published: May 2007

The free‐radical copolymerization of styrene and ethyl acrylate in benzene‐d6 as the solvent in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70°C was studied by online 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the copolymer at different reaction times was calculated from the conversion of the monomers to the copolymer, and then the reactivity ratios of styrene and ethyl acrylate were determined at both low and high conversions. Data for the overall monomer conversion versus the time were used to estimate the ratio kpkt−0.5 for different compositions of the initial feed (kp is the propagation rate constant, and kt is the termination rate constant). kpk increased with an increasing molar fraction of ethyl acrylate in the initial feed. The monomer mixture and copolymer compositions versus the overall monomer conversion were calculated with the data of 1H‐NMR spectra. The incorporation of the styrene monomer into the copolymer structure was more favored than that of the ethyl acrylate monomer. Reducing the molar fraction of styrene in the initial feed intensified this. Drawing the molar fraction of styrene (or ethyl acrylate) in the copolymer chains versus that in the initial feed showed a tendency of the system toward random copolymerization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane urea acrylates: Effects of the hard segments structure
Authors: Oprea Stefan
Published: May 2007

A series of poly(ester‐urethane‐urea) acrylates were synthesized using poly(ethylene adipate) diol (PEA), 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), different diamines and acrylic acid. On the basis of IR, stress–strain, thermogravimetric, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements of their cured materials, relations between their structure and physical properties were investigated systematically. The properties were compared with a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) elastomer in which the variable was the diamine modification. The mechanical analysis indicated that, when the short chain of diamine was used, the strength and strain at break of the polymer was enhanced. The thermal stability and the glass transition of PUA increased with increased of diamine chain. The crosslinking process depresses crystallization of the soft segments and can be used to obtain protective films and finishing materials for the leather industry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A novel method for preparing composites of PDMS/PS core–shell emulsion and polystyrene
Authors: Hu Chunling , Zhang Yumin , Li Wei , Gu Qiang
Published: May 2007

A novel and simple method for preparing composites of PDMS/PS core–shell emulsion and polystyrene was reported. This method was based on emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization. The relationship between the process of core–shell emulsion breaking and electrolyte concentration was studied by spectrophotometry. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that polydimethylsiloxane soft particles were dispersed uniformly in the composites. Diameters of the composite beads ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mm, which could be controlled by adjusting the amount of hydroxyapatite. At last, the properties of the latex film including water absorption ratio, contact angle, pendulum hardness and transparency were tested. The results showed that the content of emulsion obvious affected the properties. During the process of emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization, the contact angle of the latex films ascended to 106.06° and the transmission ratio at 500 nm decreased to 0.3 with the increasing of core–shell emulsion. Whereas, the absorption and pendulum hardness fell to 0.37% and 322 S, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of nanoparticle size and size‐distribution on mechanical behavior of filled amorphous thermoplastic polymers
Authors: Kausch H. H. , Michler G. H.
Published: May 2007

Different types of polymer nanocomposites on the base of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, and polycarbonate with alumina and SiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have been studied. Miniaturized, microdimensional samples were used, enabling a good control of morphology and distribution of particles by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Special preparation techniques had been applied, which resulted in a very good dispersion of the nanoparticles. Using these materials with really nanosized particles of a few 10nm in size the effect on toughness enhancement could be studied without agglomerates as they often appear in the generally used large samples. Micromechanical mechanisms were studied in detail by TEM and SEM investigations of deformed samples. A “nanoparticle modulated crazing” could be detected as a toughness enhancing effect. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Kulturen des Experiments
Authors: Rheinberger Hans‐Jörg
Published: May 2007

Cultures of Experiment. – It is generally accepted that the development of modern science is rooted in experiment. Yet for a long time, experimentation did not occupy a prominent role in history of science. With the practical turn in science studies, this has begun to change. This paper is concerned with cultures of experiment. In the first part, a suggestion is made as to how the concept of experimental culture can be used to go beyond a history of disciplines. In the second part, a particular experimental culture in the life sciences is looked at more closely. A survey is given on the changing forms of in vitro experimentation, that is, on analyzing biological functions in a test tube.