bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health and custody: a follow on study
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to report the findings of a small scale indicative research project. The project explores the assessment of detained persons in police custody by Forensic Physicians (FP).

Design/methodology/approach

A range of information was collected in every case where custody staff had identified a mental health concern and requested an FP assessment. As well as information about demographic factors, this would include questions regarding any links that the individuals had with community‐based mental health services. As well as this information, anonymous custody records and force adverse incident records for the month were examined.

Findings

In the month of the project, 59 FP assessments were requested. Only six members of this group had any contact with community‐based mental health services: two with a social worker, two with a CPN and two with a psychiatrist. Of this group, three had not been in contact with mental health services for over a month.

Research limitations/implications

The size of the cohort and variety of arrangements for providing nursing and social care support in custody settings may limit the generalisation of the findings.

Practical implications

This study highlights that there is a group of individuals whose mental health causes concern to the police in a custody environment. In this study, the overwhelming majority of the group have no contact with mental health services. The research supports the recommendations of the Bradley Review for wider health care provision in custody settings.

Originality/value

The paper highlights that fully effective community mental health services need to consider police custody settings as a key point for intervention.
APS investigation across four types of elder maltreatment
Authors: Jackson Shelly L. , Hafemeister Thomas L.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Little empirical attention has been given to adult protective services (APS) investigations and the clients involved in those investigations. The purpose of this study was to explore aspects of the APS investigation of and response to reported elder maltreatment, the perceptions of elderly victims and their refusal of services, and to compare findings by the type of maltreatment involved (financial exploitation, physical abuse, neglect, and hybrid financial exploitation).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from two sources over a two‐year period: in‐depth interviews with 71 APS caseworkers and 55 of the corresponding elderly victims who experienced substantiated elder maltreatment; and a statewide database that contained 2,142 substantiated cases of elder abuse.

Findings

Many aspects of the APS investigation and response differed by the type of maltreatment involved. While elderly victims were generally cooperative and satisfied with the APS intervention, 38 percent would have preferred APS not to investigate their case. Elderly clients responded differentially to offers of assistance, depending on the type of abuse involved, with victims of physical abuse most likely to refuse services.

Research limitations/implications

Future research will want to understand why elderly victims refuse services in order to develop appropriate interventions.

Practical implications

New approaches may be required for intervening in physical abuse cases, including collaborations between APS and domestic violence advocates and the inclusion of services for perpetrators.

Originality/value

This is the first large‐scale study to examine elderly victims' refusal of services, further enhanced by the analysis of refusal of services by type of abuse, thereby revealing a group of victims for which changes in intervention strategies may be necessary.
Outcomes following adult safeguarding alerts: a critical analysis of key factors
Authors: Fyson Rachel , Kitson Deborah
Published: April 2012

Purpose

This paper seeks to report some of the findings from an evaluation of adult safeguarding in one English local authority. The evaluation was commissioned in the context of concern regarding the number of safeguarding investigations that resulted in inconclusive outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

All adult social care teams in the local authority were asked to complete a short pro forma about the five most recent adult safeguarding alerts that they had managed to completion. Data collected included: characteristics of the alleged victim and alleged perpetrator; details of the professionals involved; whether or not a safeguarding plan meeting/case conference was held; and the outcome of any investigation. Respondents were also asked to comment on factors that they perceived to have helped or hindered the investigation.

Findings

Findings suggest that a significant number of variables influence the likelihood of cases resulting in a conclusive outcome. These variables included not only the characteristics of alleged victims, but also elements of safeguarding practice – including inter‐agency co‐operation, social workers' pre‐existing knowledge of the alleged victim, and the convening of safeguarding plan meetings. A failure to actively involve alleged victims in the safeguarding process was also noted.

Research limitations/implications

This is a relatively small sample from a single local authority.

Originality/value

This is the first study to provide qualitative evidence about the factors which influence the success or otherwise of adult safeguarding practice. The findings are likely to be of value to professionals working in adult safeguarding who are seeking to understand “what works” in managing investigations following safeguarding alerts.
Corporate governance and environmental reporting: an Australian study
Authors: Kathy Rao Kathyayini , Tilt Carol A. , Lester Laurence H.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between environmental reporting and corporate governance attributes of companies in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopts a quantitative analysis approach. It examines the 2008 annual reports of the largest 100 Australian firms listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) to determine the amount of environmental reporting – these data are compared with various corporate governance measures.

Findings

Analysis found a significant positive relationship between the extent of environmental reporting and the proportions of independent and female directors on a board. The analysis did not, however, support a negative relationship between the extent of environmental reporting and institutional investors and board size as has been previously predicted, rather, it showed a positive relationship.

Originality/value

This paper offers insights to both regulators and company strategists. Regulators such as the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) could consider expanding its Corporate Governance Council guidelines to include consideration of the environment, which is increasingly considered to be an important aspect of corporate social responsibility, and one of the responsibilities of the board of directors. In addition, for companies which include a commitment to the environment in their mission and strategies, it suggests consideration of the impact of board structure and composition is important as both of these are shown to have a significant effect on the amount of environmental information disclosed by companies.
Performance, valuation and capital structure: survey of family firms
Authors: Matias Gama Ana Paula , Manuel Mendes Galvão Jorge
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Most countries often have public companies with large controlling owners, typically a family. This empirical evidence aims to contrast with the classical view of the largest dispersed firm presented by Berle and Means and challenge the findings by Bhattacharya and Ravikumar, who predict that the shares held by families will decrease if an efficient financial market is put in place. Therefore, family firms represent an important group in the stock market today. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the family as a controlling owner on firms' performance, valuation and capital structure.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews the current literature related to how family (taking into account specific governance characteristics such as family ownership, family control and family management) affects firms' performance and value.

Findings

The literature review showed that founder family control and professional (outside) management increase performance, whereas excess control via control enhancing mechanisms (such as dual class shares and pyramidal structures) and descendent management produce both lower valuation and performance. This evidence suggests that families have the incentives and the power to systematically expropriate wealth from minority shareholders.

Originality/value

Previous research shows that family firms on average perform better than non‐family firms. But this is a non‐linear relation due the fact that the relationship between family ownership and performance cannot be identified without distinguishing between control and cash‐flow rights. Thus, the literature review as a whole emphasizes that the incentives for the controlling shareholder to engage in expropriation are a function of the institutional framework in which the firm operates. So, for further research, it is important to investigate how family firms perform in different corporate governance systems. A policy implication is the necessity to improve minority shareholders' protection from the risk of expropriation by large shareholders.
Still a fine mess? Local government and the NHS 1962 to 2012
Authors: Wistow Gerald
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to take “a long view” of initiatives taken to promote integration between local government and the NHS with the objective of seeking to understand why they have achieved consistently disappointing results.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper's analysis is based on an historical overview drawn from official documents and empirical research from the time of the creation of the NHS in 1948. It primarily focuses on the principles shaping the separate but parallel reorganisations of 1974 and their continuing influence up to and including the current White Paper “Liberating the NHS”, and the Health and Social Care Bill.

Findings

The fundamental sources of integration barriers today lie in the foundational principles of basing their responsibilities on the skills of providers rather than the needs of service users and their organisational forms on separation rather than interdependence, with national uniformity driving the NHS and local diversity local authorities. In addition, frameworks for integration have been established on a paradigm of seeking to build bridges at the margins of organisations rather than seeking to interweave their mainstream systems and processes.

Research limitations/implications

Future empirical research will be necessary to establish whether the currently proposed arrangements for integration do, in fact, experience the same limited results as previous ones.

Practical implications

Local and national strategies for improving integration should be reviewed in the light of the understandings set out here and local frameworks should seek to align and integrate mainstream systems and processes as far as possible. A thorough and dispassionate analysis should be conducted of whether a free‐standing, single purpose, national organisation still provides the most appropriate structure for delivering health services in light of changing needs, care models, and resources.

Originality/value

The paper offers a distinctive analysis of the possible causes of disappointing outcomes from successive attempts to improve integration. If accepted, it could lead to a radically different approach, first to integration and, ultimately, to the nature of the NHS and local government.
Renewable energy in the Pacific Island countries: resources, policies and issues
Authors: Singh Anirudh
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that are responsible for the slow development of the renewable energy sector in the Pacific Island countries (PICs), and suggest ways of overcoming them.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares the energy situation in Australia and Germany to that in the PICs, and the state of energy development in the PICs to its African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) counterparts.

Findings

The paper finds that policy frameworks are important pre‐requisites to the development of renewable energy. In addition, the absence of a science and technology base in the PICs is a serious impediment to the development of the renewable energy sector in these countries. It is found that the PICs are lagging behind in policy frameworks and institutional capacity building requirements as compared to other ACP countries.

Practical implications

Policy frameworks must be established as an essential pre‐requisite to the development of renewable energy in the PICs. In addition, ways and means must be found to address the lack of proper attitudes amongst decision‐makers to the value of a science base in development.

Originality/value

The paper identifies the underlying impediments to the rapid development of the renewable energy sector in the PICs, and suggests what could contribute to the lack of an appropriate science base that is considered as a requirement to development.
New renewable energy sources, green energy development and climate change
Authors: Mohanty Manoranjan
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to examine the renewable energy resources for enhancing a green energy development in the face of energy crisis and climate change, and to explore the prospects for “new” renewable energy sources and the green energy initiatives taken in the Pacific Island countries (PICs).

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collated from a wide variety of sources including policy documents, road maps, reports, research articles on renewable and green energy sources. The methodology adopted was primarily a qualitative one based on a “content analysis”.

Findings

The findings reveal that increasing emphases have been given recently to “new” renewable and green energy sources in the Pacific Island countries as mitigation and adaptation strategies to fuel crisis and climate change. PICs have taken a wide range of green energy initiatives including “biomass”, solar, wind and other non‐traditional renewable energy sources and bio‐fuels development. Prospects for coconut, copra and palm‐oil based bio‐fuels do exist in many PICs. Opportunities for ethanol bio‐fuels also exist especially in Fiji.

Practical implications

Renewable and green energy sources are of practical implications to PICs. There is, however, a greater need for framing sound energy policies by the PICs.

Originality/value

The author has brought out clear linkages between climate change and green energy development and analyzed the importance of new renewable energy sources, especially in PICs. The paper has higher policy relevance and it is of great value in the context of sustainable energy development in PICs.
The potential of PV installations in SIDS – an example in the island of Barbados
Authors: Rogers Thomas , Chmutina Ksenia , Leo Moseley L.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

This paper reviews the current status of photovoltaics on the island of Barbados, including experiences to date, and discusses the future directions with a view to sharing the experience gained with other small island developing states (SIDS).

Design/methodology/approach

As with many SIDS Barbados is heavily reliant on fossil fuels to meet their electricity generation needs (currently 98 per cent of total electricity generation). The paper outlines how solar PV sits within the existing energy structure for the island of Barbados and reflects on the experience gained from the success of its solar thermal hot water heating industry.

Findings

This paper estimates the installed capacity of photovoltaic solar systems on Barbados was estimated to be around 200 kWp in 2010 (0.18 per cent of the average electricity demand, not including the load factor of the PV systems).

Practical implications

With an average daily solar radiation of 5.7 kWh/m2, the potential of the resource is clear to see, with solar PV being capable of substantially contributing to the island's energy mix and saving valuable foreign exchange.

Originality/value

Concerning the increasing role of solar PV in the energy mix for Barbados, substantial barriers are still observed. The paper has tried to identify these barriers and has provided a detailed overview of the energy sector and solar thermal success in Barbados.
Tax consequences for investors in fraudulent enterprises – update
Authors: Lorence Roger D.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to update investors who have incurred losses from fraudulent enterprises since the publication of Lorence's “Tax consequences for investors in hedge fund frauds”. The critical development is that taxpayers who filed in reliance on the so‐called “safe harbor” provided by the Internal Revenue Service have denied themselves the full benefits otherwise afforded under the law.

Design/methodology/approach

This technical paper describes developments applicable to claiming tax losses for fraudulent investments and fraud (i.e. conversion) of accounts at broker‐dealers. The paper describes the most tax‐effective method for defrauded investors to recoup a portion of their loss through tax refunds and tax losses.

Findings

Given the continuing incidence of financial frauds, once a fraud has been discovered, the defrauded investor must act promptly to claim the most beneficial tax treatment.

Originality/value

This paper builds on the findings of a prior study of the area to update investors on the latest developments in tax treatment of theft losses.
FinCEN issues final rules relating to money services business (MSB) definitions
Authors: Santangelo Betty , Mosher Donald J. , Friedman William I. , Truax Matthew P.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to explain FinCEN's money services business rule (MSB Rule) revising the regulations that apply to MSBs.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper details the principal revisions in the new MSB Rule, including an amended definition of an MSB, an activity threshold, and applicability of the rule to foreign‐located MSBs, money transmitters, dealers in foreign exchange, check cashiers, and issuers of travelers' checks as defined in the rule.

Findings

The final rule clarifies which activities subject a person to the Bank Secrecy Act's rules pertaining to MSBs and subjects certain foreign‐located MSBs with a US presence to US rules.

Originality/value

The paper provides practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
Large trader reporting FAQs
Authors: Sacks Russell D. , Blankenship Michael J.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide frequently asked questions and answers in connection with the large trader reporting system.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains the large trader rule and filing requirements, including the application of the rule to non‐US entities; definitions, including Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) definition of a “large trader”, a “NMS security”, and “person” for purposes of the rule; filing requirements; and the likely impact of broker‐dealers.

Findings

Certain broker‐dealers and entities that meet a trading threshold of aggregate transactions in NMS securities that equal or exceed two million shares or $20m during any calendar day, or 20 million shares or $200m during any calendar month, must file a Form 13H with the SEC.

Practical implications

The rule requires attention to an entity's trading levels, and requires making a filing with the SEC upon meeting certain activity levels.

Originality/value

The paper presents practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers and compliance officers.
Inquiry‐based learning case studies for Computing and Computing Forensic students
Authors: Campbell Jackie
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the use of specifically‐developed, inquiry‐based learning materials for Computing and Forensic Computing students. Small applications have been developed which require investigation in order to de‐bug code, analyse data issues and discover “illegal” behaviour. The applications are based around industry case studies and are functioning systems. They have been designed with a view to supporting the teaching, learning and assessment within the database curriculum at Leeds Metropolitan University. The students are required to use investigative methods to discover and address the issues. Additionally, the exercises are intended to give experience of industrial work such as evaluation, testing and de‐bugging of software.

Design/methodology/approach

The applications were designed and developed by final year Computing students as part of their final year project. They were required to identify appropriate methodologies and techniques. The team “adopted”, developed and further evaluated the applications with a view to using them in teaching.

Findings

The initial feedback is that students like the exercises; they initially may not realize there is anything “wrong” with the applications and enjoy discovery of issues. The exercises have raised their awareness of data quality, data integrity and improved their confidence to question results from reports and queries.

Originality/value

The intention is to build a “bank” of learning objects which mimic real computing and computing‐forensic tasks.
Adapting math instruction to support prospective elementary teachers
Authors: LeSage Ann
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Elementary teachers' understanding of mathematics is a significant contributor to student success with mathematics. Consequently, teacher educators are frequently charged with the responsibility of supporting the development of prospective elementary teachers' mathematics content knowledge as they re‐learn concepts in ways they are required to teach. The purpose of this paper is to describe one teacher educator's efforts to support prospective elementary teachers' tenuous understanding of rational numbers.

Design/methodology/approach

Given the variety of factors influencing the development of teacher knowledge, a mixed method research design was utilized. Research participants were prospective elementary teachers enrolled in a nine‐week elective course who agreed to participate in the study (n=40); while the control group were prospective elementary teachers not enrolled in the elective course (n=35).

Findings

The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to improve prospective teachers' conceptual understanding of mathematics by providing additional short‐term support, such as an elective course and/or web‐based video clips. However, the program intervention can only build upon the existing knowledge that prospective teachers bring when they begin their Bachelor of Education programs.

Originality/value

For prospective teachers with a limited foundation in mathematics (e.g. less than four secondary school mathematics courses), short‐term support may be insufficient to compensate for their nebulous understanding of rational numbers. Based on this finding, one‐year Bachelor of Education programs might consider, either: including Grade 12 mathematics as a pre‐requisite for elementary teacher applicants; or mandating enrolment in a full‐year math content course similar to the elective course described in this paper.
Educational visualizations in 3D collaborative virtual environments: a methodology
Authors: Fominykh Mikhail , Prasolova‐Førland Ekaterina
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) have become increasingly popular in educational settings and the role of 3D content is becoming more and more important. Still, there are many challenges in this area, such as lack of empirical studies that provide design for educational activities in 3D CVEs and lack of norms of how to support and assess learning in with such technology. The purpose of this paper is to address these challenges by discussing the use of a 3D CVE in a university course for three years and suggesting practical guidelines based on the data from observations.

Design/methodology/approach

The main research question of the discussion in this paper is: How to facilitate learning by means of educational visualizations in 3D CVEs? The authors discuss data from several explorative case studies conducted within the Cooperation Technology course at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. In these case studies, the authors focused on a particular type of collaborative work with 3D content – educational visualizations. Groups of students were asked to build creative visualizations of a certain topic (e.g. a research project or a curriculum topic) and present the construction to the public. The data were collected from the direct observation of students' activities online, virtual artefacts, such as chat log and 3D constructions, and users' feedback in a form of group essays or blogs.

Findings

Following the analysis of these data, the authors introduce an original methodology for facilitating collaborative work with 3D content in an educational context and provide a characterization framework – Typology of 3D Content and Visualization Means, which can be used together with the methodology for analysing constructions in 3D CVEs. Constructionism and social constructivism were used as a theoretical grounding.

Research limitations/implications

Although the research method applied has certain limitations related to the settings of the conducted studies, such as observing the same course each year and impossibility of having a control group, this research still provides important insights, as it identifies overall tendencies in conducting educational activities in 3D CVEs.

Practical implications

The suggested methodology was developed for teachers, instructors, and technicians. It can be used as a guideline for organizing educational activities using collaborative work with 3D content.

Originality/value

Results of the authors' research indicate that the methodology suggested in the paper benefits structuring and planning of educational visualizations in 3D CVEs. It can be considered as a contribution to the field, as it helps to fill the gap in practical guidelines for the advanced use of 3D CVEs in educational settings.
Entrepreneurial orientations of business students and entrepreneurs
Authors: Elenurm Tiit
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the implications of different entrepreneurial orientations on business start‐up and development challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

This research reflects surveys of 1,075 experienced entrepreneurs and business and entrepreneurship students in Estonia during the years 2005‐2010. An additional method is action learning and reflections of training focused on recognising new business opportunities during the economic crises.

Findings

Combinations of co‐creative and innovative entrepreneurial orientations are more popular than the imitative entrepreneurial orientation. There is, however, an essential contradiction between stressing the principles of co‐creative orientation at the first stages of business opportunity identification and taking a more individualistic approach to innovation at later stages of the business development process and implementing the related changes. Potential entrepreneurs developing radically new innovative ideas in emerging economies should assess more realistically their existing core competences and search for opportunities to improve their competence base through cross‐border networking.

Research limitations/implications

Surveys that apply the self‐assessment tool do not comprise a representative sample of all Estonian entrepreneurs. These surveys have been conducted in training settings and support self‐development of trainees. Research results can be used for differentiating entrepreneurship training and education. An important opportunity for entrepreneurship education in the context of organisational change is to support the cross‐border exchange of entrepreneurial ideas between “blue ocean dreamers”, who sometimes lack entrepreneurship experience, and more experienced entrepreneurs, who may be trapped in some regionally‐limited business in a highly competitive domestic market.

Originality/value

The results of the research explain why entrepreneurship training has to take into consideration differences between imitative, individually innovative and co‐creative entrepreneurs.
Literature review of stock market integration: a global perspective
Authors: Sharma Anil , Seth Neha
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to organize and take stock of the present situation of research on stock market integration by reviewing the available literature, to provide quick and easy access for future researchers. Another objective of the present study is to classify the literature and to provide the comprehensive bibliography on stock market integration and to analyse the findings and results of the studies taken into consideration for review.

Design/methodology/approach

A range of sources were searched to review the past literature on stock market integration and out of thousands of papers, 100 research papers form the sample for the present study. These 100 research papers are classified on the basis of various variables to know the status of research on the same topic.

Findings

This paper classifies the past literature on stock markets integration and finds that the research work on the same area has been increased during the recent time period, especially from 2005 to 2010 and coverage of stock market integration across emerging economies has increased in recent years. The study revealed many other findings also.

Originality/value

The present paper provides the collection, classification and comprehensive bibliography on stock market integration, which may be helpful for academicians, practitioners and future researchers when studying the existing research work, as well as for considering future researches on the same subject area.
Challenges faced by the hospitality industry in India: an introduction
Authors: Jauhari Vinnie , Rishi Meghna
Published: April 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce the theme issue and the reasons for focusing on the strategic question: “What are the challenges faced by the hospitality industry in India?”

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides an introduction to the scope of the global hospitality industry and the key issues and challenges, especially as they relate to the industry's development in India.

Findings

The paper profiles the approach adopted by theme issue contributors and their respective contributions to addressing the strategic question.

Practical implications

The theme issue draws extensively on roundtable discussions with senior level practitioners so as to balance the analysis drawn from published sources.

Originality/value

India's hospitality industry is developing rapidly and yet there is limited data relating to these developments. This theme issue draws extensively on practitioner inputs and published sources to provide an authoritative contribution that addresses the Indian context and additionally explores the implications for other developing economies.
Issues and concerns in technology decisions: the hotel operator's perspective
Authors: Singh Anjana , Munjal Sandeep
Published: April 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the challenges in adopting and executing technology within the hospitality industry in India. The paper recognizes the upcoming trends and their impact on the expansion of the industry. Technology plays an integral role in strategic decision making, yet the service industry has only been able to utilize the technology superficially but has not been able to integrate its functions with other business operations. This paper seeks to explore the issues in taking on and implementing new technologies in the hotel organization globally and in India.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal interviews were conducted with general managers of global chains of hotel organizations in India to gain an insight into the challenges faced by the hotels globally and at the unit level in adopting and applying the technologies in their business operations. The research also provides information on future trends in technology that might lead towards the enhancement of the service delivery process.

Findings

This research helps in identifying the key internal and external challenges that the hospitality industry faces in adopting new innovative strategic IT solutions, hence leading to reluctance towards investment in IT. This research further amalgamates the key findings and presents a framework titled “Strategic importance of technology and challenges for hospitality industry”.

Practical implications

The paper recommends practical solutions for policy makers and practitioners that can be applied globally.

Originality/value

The research addresses the real life problems impacting the hospitality industry across the globe and has collected inputs from hotel experts or executives of international chains in India.
Improving environmental performance through innovative commercial leasing
Authors: Roussac A. Craig , Bright Susan
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate, by reference to practical examples, how leases of commercial buildings can be more responsive to environmental issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains how difficult it is within the structure and content of conventional leases to reduce the environmental impact of the tenanted commercial built environment. It explores the interplay between the content and structure of commercial leases and the behaviour of building owners, managers, tenants and occupants, illustrated through the experiences of a large Australian‐based commercial office building owner/operator.

Findings

With reference to practical examples it shows how conventional leases stifle innovation and illustrates the difficulties in drafting leases that enable a responsive approach to building management to be adopted. It shows how more fundamental changes that align and reward owners and tenants for working together for mutual benefit are required.

Practical implications

The paper presents a number of “model clauses” for encouraging best environmental practices and concludes with a suite of recommendations.

Originality/value

Although there have been conversations about green leases in recent years, there is little detailed evidence of their use in the marketplace. This paper remedies that deficiency by taking a case study approach that: illustrates the opportunities and difficulties in negotiating green leases; and shows how attempts to provide innovative building management can be hindered or supported by lease terms.
The challenge of self‐regulation in commercial property leasing: a study of lease codes in the UK
Authors: Hughes Cathy , Crosby Neil
Published: April 2012

Purpose

UK Government policy to address perceived market failure in commercial property leasing has largely been pursued through industry self‐regulation. Yet, it is proving difficult to assess whether self‐regulation on leasing has been a “success”, or even to determine how to evaluate this. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for this and a clearer understanding of self‐regulation in commercial leasing.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review suggests key criteria to explain the (in)effectiveness of self‐regulation. UK lease codes are analysed in the light of this literature, drawing on previous research carried out by the authors on the operation of these codes.

Findings

Lease codes appear to be failing as an effective system of self‐regulation. While there are influential market actors championing them, the fragmentation of the leasing process lessens this influence. The structures are not there to ensure implementation, monitor compliance and record views of affected stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications

This work adds to the literature on self‐regulation in general, and provides an insight into its operation in a previously unexplored industry. Research is needed into the experience of other countries in regulating the property industry by voluntary means.

Social implications

There are institutional limitations to self‐regulation within the property industry. This has implications for policy makers in considering the advantages and limitation of using a voluntary solution to achieve policy aims within the commercial leasing market.

Originality/value

This paper provides a first step in considering the lease codes in the wider context of industry self‐regulation and is relevant to policy makers and industry bodies.
The internationalisation of Malaysian‐based multinational banks
Authors: Zamberi Ahmad Syed
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Given the importance of understanding the dynamics of the internationalisation and expansion process, it is surprising that – in reviewing the extensive literature – that little attention has been paid to service organisations. This paper attempts to shed light on business strategies and the international entry modes of the services sector in general, and the area of banking which form a significant and substantive proportion of global trade. Therefore, this paper aims to address this omission by exploring the behaviour of Malaysian multinational financial and banking service industries in their international expansion in terms of their motivation, mode of entry strategies, selection of target markets, and their strategic thrusts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper follows an exploratory approach utilising qualitative multiple case studies. Empirical data are presented from case study of four large Malaysian‐based multinational commercial banks through interviews with managers from the banks' headquarters as well as managers responsible for and/or engaged in the development and implementation of international marketing strategies.

Findings

It is inferred that Malaysian multinational commercial banks are entering foreign markets, employing a foreign direct investment entry mode, by creating branches and representative offices, and in some cases by acquiring part of the share or the whole capital of existing local financial institutions. These expansions have been motivated by several factors related to both their domestic markets (push factors: government initiatives, small size, low and limited growth) and the attractiveness of their target markets (pull factors/location advantages: high market growth, low to moderate levels of competition).

Research limitations/implications

The case study has inherently limited the capacity to offer generalisations concerning other service companies.

Practical implications

This paper is rich in its practical implications. As this study was concerned with the practical experience and behaviour of Malaysian‐based multinational banks on their choice of entry modes and organisational forms when internationalising, Malaysian banking and marketing practitioners can use the analysis and results as a means of comparing their current tactical and strategy foreign entry behaviour with that of other internationalising banks.

Originality/value

The paper offers new insights into the emergence and international expansion of Malaysian‐based multinational commercial banks, and sheds light on the internationalisation process associated with services per se.
The effectiveness of the ASBO – a practitioner perspective
Authors: Kirby Stuart , Edmondson Ann
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Academics, politicians and the media have debated the merits of the Anti‐Social Behaviour Order (ASBO) for over a decade. Much of this discussion has been associated with negative connotations and there are currently government proposals to abolish the order in favour of a Crime Prevention Injunction (CPI). This study seeks to provide a practitioner perspective to further inform this debate.

Design/methodology/approach

Using qualitative analysis, the research examines 36 ASBOs administered within a policing division in the North West of England. It supplements these findings with qualitative data that harvest the views of practitioners involved in the application and enforcement of these orders.

Findings

The study shows that practitioners view the ASBO as an effective tool in managing and reducing antisocial behaviour. In doing so it questions the interpretation of other research findings and provides timely and relevant information that should be considered prior to the implementation of any change to current practice.

Research limitations/implications

The data relate to one Police Division in the North West of England and caution must be acknowledged when considering how representative they are across the rest of the UK.

Originality/value

A practitioner perspective has been lacking from the debate concerning the ASBO. These data provide a fresh perception on its use and benefits.
Financial institutions' social responsibility in developing countries
Authors: Onyango Ogola Fredrick
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing the social responsibility (SR) of financial institutions (FIs) in developing countries (DCs), especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), with regard to their contribution to development.

Design/methodology/approach

The connection between finance and economic development can be studied at the macro or general level of “financial systems” or at the micro or institutional (organizational) level of “financial institutions”. This paper will focus on the micro level of FIs. The author used the work of Sen as a reference to approach the concept of development, and Sherraden's “Asset‐building policies” combined with Cabraalet al.'s “microfinance ideals” as a strategy to implement the broad developmental agenda proposed by Sen in the field of SR of FI.

Findings

The study identified seven indicators for the social responsibility of financial institutions: low interest on loans; small loans; micro‐savings; income equality; marketing equality; geographical equality; and unbiased financial education. These groups of indicators reflect the different areas that are relevant for assessing the SR of FIs.

Research limitations/implications

Since this is a conceptual article, it lacks the empirical data to support theoretical conclusions. Through further research, operationalizing this model and testing it through surveys and in‐depth interviews can overcome these limitations.

Practical implications

With this framework, SR strategies of FIs operating in DCs and specifically in SSA may require a broader vision in their contribution to development. This is by viewing SR in development not only as a tool for economic growth but also as a tool for promoting equality and freedom through economic inclusion and consequently social inclusion.

Originality/value

The paper suggests how Sen's theory of development, Sherraden's theory of asset building and Cabraalet al.'s microfinance ideals can be merged in a framework to analyze the SR of FIs in DCs.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma
Authors: Requena Celia , Rubio Luis , Traves Victor , Sanmartín Onofre , Nagore Eduardo , Llombart Beatriz , Serra Carlos , Fernández‐Serra Antonio , Botella Rafael , Guillén Carlos
Published: April 2012

Requena C, Rubio L, Traves V, Sanmartín O, Nagore E, Llombart B, Serra C, Fernández‐Serra A, Botella R & Guillén C  (2012) Histopathology 61, 899–909

Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma

Aims:  The differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma can be extremely difficult, or even impossible. In recent years, many attempts have been made to find specific histopathological or immunohistochemical markers, although none has proved successful. Because the prognosis and treatment of each are very different, it is important to distinguish between these entities. We evaluated the ability of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay–designed to detect the copy number of the RREB1 (6p25), MYB (6q23) and CCND1 (11q13) genes and of centromere 6 (Cep 6)–in order to distinguish between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma.

Methods and results:  We evaluated 12 spitzoid melanomas and six Spitz naevi from our records. The diagnosis of both conditions was based on previously described histopathological criteria. We obtained valuable results for FISH in eight spitzoid melanomas and five Spitz naevi. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in seven of the eight spitzoid melanomas (FISH‐positive) and in none of the five Spitz naevi. The FISH‐negative spitzoid melanoma was the least typical in its group.

Conclusions:  FISH was able to distinguish between Spitz naevus and spitzoid melanoma, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 100%. Our findings suggest that FISH could prove a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between these entities.
NITROGEN FIXATION, HYDROGEN CYCLING, AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT KINETICS IN TRICHODESMIUM ERYTHRAEUM (CYANOBACTERIA) STRAIN IMS1011
Authors: Wilson Samuel T. , Kolber Zbigniew S. , Tozzi Sasha , Zehr Jonathan P. , Karl David M.
Published: April 2012

This study describes the relationships between dinitrogen (N2) fixation, dihydrogen (H2) production, and electron transport associated with photosynthesis and respiration in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenb. strain IMS101. The ratio of H2 produced:N2 fixed (H2:N2) was controlled by the light intensity and by the light spectral composition and was affected by the growth irradiance level. For Trichodesmium cells grown at 50 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, the rate of N2 fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction, saturated at light intensities of 200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1. In contrast, net H2 production continued to increase with light levels up to 1,000 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1. The H2:N2 ratios increased monotonically with irradiance, and the variable fluorescence measured using a fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) revealed that this increase was accompanied by a progressive reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool. Additions of 2,5‐dibromo‐3‐methyl‐6‐isopropyl‐p‐benzoquinone (DBMIB), an inhibitor of electron transport from PQ pool to PSI, diminished both N2 fixation and net H2 production, while the H2:N2 ratio increased with increasing level of PQ pool reduction. In the presence of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), nitrogenase activity declined but could be prolonged by increasing the light intensity and by removing the oxygen supply. These results on the coupling of N2 fixation and H2 cycling in Trichodesmium indicate how light intensity and light spectral quality of the open ocean can influence the H2:N2 ratio and modulate net H2 production.