bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Premorbid child and family functioning as predictors of post‐concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Yeates Keith Owen , Taylor H. Gerry , Rusin Jerome , Bangert Barbara , Dietrich Ann , Nuss Kathryn , Wright Martha
Published: June 2011

Study aim

This study sought to determine whether premorbid child and family functioning accounts for or moderates group differences in post‐concussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood.

Methods

This prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruited 8‐ to 15‐year‐old children, 186 with mild TBI and 99 with orthopedic injuries (OI), from consecutive emergency department admissions. Parents and children rated post‐concussive symptoms within 3 weeks of injury and at 1, 3, and 12 months post injury. Parents also provided retrospective ratings of pre‐injury symptoms, as well as of premorbid child behavioral adjustment, overall family functioning, and other stressors and resources in the family environment.

Results

Children with mild TBI reported more post‐concussive symptoms than those with OI, as did their parents, although premorbid child behavioral adjustment and symptoms also were significant predictors of post‐concussive symptoms. Group differences in somatic symptoms as reported by parents were more pronounced among children from families that were higher functioning and had more environmental resources.

Discussion

Mild TBI during childhood results in more post‐concussive symptoms than OI, even after children's premorbid adjustment is taken into account. Counter to expectations, post‐concussive symptoms following mild TBI may actually be more apparent among children from higher‐functioning families with greater resources.
EXPOSURE, MUTILATION, AND RIOT: VIOLENCE AT THE SCALAE GEMONIAE IN EARLY IMPERIAL ROME
Authors: BARRY WILLIAM D.
Published: June 2011

Beginning in the reign of Augustus or Tiberius, corpses of criminals condemned and executed by the state were exposed on the Scalae Gemoniae, a flight of stairs located in the northern corner of the Forum Romanum. As one modern commentator has observed, the ritual of execution in which these stairs played a critical role reflected more generally the suppression of popular participation in the judicial processes that accompanied the last century of the Republic and the emergence of the Principate. As has long been noted, however, the Stairs were also the site of well-attested instances of collective violence, in particular protests during Cn. Calpurnius Piso's trial in the senate in AD 20, violence surrounding the fall of Sejanus in AD 31, and the popular violence and warfare of AD 69.
Sensitivity analysis of an early egg production predictive model in broiler breeders based on dietary nutrient intake
Authors: FARIDI A. , MOTTAGHITALAB M. , AHMADI H.
Published: June 2011

Neural networks (NNs), especially the group method of data handling-type NN (GMDH-type NN), are new tools in modelling growth and production in poultry systems. In the present study, the GMDH-type NN was used to model early egg production (EEP, eggs/bird) in Ross 308 broiler breeders (BBs) from 24 to 29 weeks of age based on their dietary energy and nutrient intake. The selected input variables were intake levels of metabolizable energy (ME; MJ/bird/day), crude protein (CP; g/bird/day), methionine (Met; g/bird/day), and lysine (Lys; g/bird/day). A sensitivity analysis (SA) technique was utilized to evaluate the relative importance of input variables on model output. The GMDH-type NN revealed a high ability in the modelling of EEP based on the input variables investigated. The SA results indicated that the models developed showed most sensitivity to dietary intake of Met, followed by dietary intake of Lys, ME and CP, respectively. The maximum sensitivity of each input variable was considered as the optimum value for maximizing EEP in BB. The suggested optimum values for dietary nutrient intake were as follows: 1·9–2·1 MJ/bird/day for ME, 23 g/bird/day for CP, 0·65–0·8 g/bird/day for Met and 1·4–1·5 g/bird/day for Lys.
Control of barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals by insecticide seed and foliar spray treatments
Authors: KENNEDY T. F. , CONNERY J.
Published: June 2011

The control of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and its aphid vectors in minimum tillage (MT) and conventionally tilled (CT) winter barley by insecticide seed and foliar spray treatments was investigated in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Similar investigations were undertaken on winter wheat in 2004, 2005 and 2006. Aphids numbers in autumn and BYDV in spring on barley and wheat were significantly lower on MT relative to CT crops, in two of the six seasons. An insecticide spray at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 25 significantly reduced aphids and virus in both MT and CT crops in three of the six seasons of the study. An additional spray at GS 22 provided no benefit. Aphids were significantly fewer in three of the six seasons on crops grown from insecticide treated seeds, relative to untreated seeds. Both MT and CT barley sprayed at GS 25 had significantly fewer aphids than the seed treatment in one of the three seasons. Seed-treated MT and CT barley had significantly less BYDV than controls but significantly more than crops sprayed at GS 25. CT wheat grown from insecticide-treated seed had significantly less BYDV than controls. Overall, CT barley grown from insecticide-treated seed had 6-fold more BYDV than the sprayed crop, while untreated barley had 22-fold more than the spray treatment. In MT barley, the comparable values were 3- and 10-fold respectively. BYDV was almost exclusively the MAV strain. The grain yield for insecticide-sprayed CT barley was significantly greater in two of three seasons than that for untreated plots. In general, MT and CT barley receiving an insecticide spray had greater grain yield than barley grown from insecticide-treated seed, with differences being significant in one of three seasons. It is concluded that BYDV in MT and CT cereals is better controlled by applying a pyrethroid insecticide spray between GS 23 and 25, in autumn, than by treating the seed with a nitroguanidine-type insecticide. In MT crops, a single spray between GS 23 and 25 will give effective control of MAV-type BYDV.
The Medieval Cult of St Agatha of Catania and the Consolidation of Christian Sicily
Authors: OLDFIELD PAUL
Published: June 2011

In the twelfth century the cult of St Agatha of Catania was revived on the island of Sicily. This article explores the development of the cult within the wider process of the re-Christianisation of an island which had, in the previous century, been removed from Muslim control by Norman conquerors. It demonstrates that the revival of St Agatha's cult occurred through its connection to powerful political circles and to a range of emergent communication networks. The increasing renown of this shrine centre contributed to Sicily's integration into the Latin Christian world, and countered suspicious external perceptions of the island.
Worm therapy: for or against?
Authors: Pritchard D.
Published: June 2011

This article succinctly reviews the weight of evidence supporting worm therapy, and asks the question whether the evidence is sufficient to support the use of parasitic worms as investigational medicinal products.
Is it oncologically safe to leave the ipsilateral submandibular gland during neck dissection for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?
Authors: Ebrahim A K , Loock J W , Afrogheh A , Hille J
Published: June 2011

Aim:

To investigate the incidence of metastasis to the submandibular gland in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated histological reports of neck dissections for upper respiratory tract carcinoma (performed 2002–2009), recording: primary tumour site, tumour–node–metastasis stage, level Ib involvement, previous radiotherapy, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, extracapsular spread, and the presence of malignant disease in the submandibular gland.

Results:

We evaluated 107 cases. The most common primary site was the oral cavity (49 per cent) followed by the supraglottis (21 per cent), glottis (14 per cent), oropharynx (9 per cent) and hypopharynx (6 per cent). Forty-eight per cent of patients had advanced local disease, with 21 per cent at tumour stage 3 and 27 per cent at tumour stage 4. Fifty-six per cent had cervical lymph node metastasis, and 8 per cent received pre-operative radiotherapy. Forty-eight per cent had perineural invasion, 46 per cent lymphovascular spread, 27 per cent extracapsular spread and 8 per cent level Ib metastasis. Only one patient had submandibular gland involvement, due to direct spread (a case with prior radiotherapy and macroscopic submandibular gland involvement evident peri-operatively).

Conclusion:

Submandibular gland metastasis from head and neck primary squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare. Preservation of the ipsilateral submandibular gland during neck dissection is oncologically safe, except in patients with prior surgery or radiotherapy, or a primary tumour in close relation to the gland.
What's in a compound?
Authors: SPENCER ANDREW
Published: June 2011

The Oxford Handbook of Compoundingsurveys a variety of theoretical and descriptive issues, presenting overviews of compounding in a number of frameworks and sketches of compounding in a number of languages. Much of the book deals with Germanic noun–noun compounding. I take up some of the theoretical questions raised surrounding such constructions, in particular, the notion of attributive modification in noun-headed compounds. I focus on two issues. The first is the semantic relation between the head noun and its nominal modifier. Several authors repeat the argument that there is a small(-ish) fixed number of general semantic relations in noun–noun compounds (‘Lees's solution’), but I argue that the correct way to look at such compounds is what I call ‘Downing's solution’, in which we assume that the relation is specified pragmatically, and hence could be any relation at all. The second issue is the way that adjectives modify nouns inside compounds. Although there are languages in which compounded adjectives modify just as they do in phrases (Chukchee, Arleplog Swedish), in general the adjective has a classifier role and not that of a compositional attributive modifier. Thus, even if an English (or German) adjective–noun compound looks compositional, it isn't.
Do adults adjust their socio-economic status identity in later life
Authors: CORNMAN JENNIFER C. , GOLDMAN NOREEN , COLLINS AMY LOVE , GLEI DANA A. , HURNG BAAI-SHYUN , WEINSTEIN MAXINE
Published: June 2011

Previous research shows that socio-economic status (SES) identity, also referred to as perceived or subjective social status, is shaped by objective measures of status, socio-cultural influences and psychological attributes and predicts current and future wellbeing. Prior studies, however, have not examined whether older adults reassess their SES identity over time. In this study, we use two assessments of subjective social status measured six years apart in a sample of older Taiwanese adults to: (a) determine the degree to which respondents adjust their perceptions of social rank; and (b) identify the characteristics of individuals who are most likely to revise their assessments. We find that many older Taiwanese adults reassess their SES identity, but most respondents show small to moderate levels of change. Females, more highly educated respondents, and those who have a positive economic outlook tend to revise their subjective social status upward relative to their respective counterparts; those who become widowed during the period adjust their rankings downward compared with those who do not become widowed. These findings suggest that SES identity may be dynamic, highlighting the importance of collecting information on SES identity at multiple points in the lifecourse.
Stepping into my shoes: generativity as a mediator of the relationship between business owners' age and family succession
Authors: ZACHER HANNES , SCHMITT ANTJE , GIELNIK MICHAEL M.
Published: June 2011

The authors investigated generativity – the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation – as a mediator of the relationship between family business owners' age and succession in family businesses. Data came from 155 family business owners in Germany from different industries between the ages of 26 and 83 years. Results showed that age was positively related to generativity, and that generativity, in turn, positively influenced an objective measure of family succession. Generativity fully mediated the positive relationship between age and family succession. The findings suggest that generativity is an important psycho-social construct for understanding ageing, careers and succession in family business settings.
Further study of a fourth-order elliptic equation with negative exponent
Authors: Guo Zongming , Liu Zhongyuan
Published: June 2011

We continue to study the nonlinear fourth-order problem TΔu – DΔ2u = λ/(L + u)2, –L < u < 0 in Ω, u = 0, Δu = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω ⊂ ℝN is a bounded smooth domain and λ > 0 is a parameter. When N = 2 and Ω is a convex domain, we know that there is λc > 0 such that for λ ∊ (0, λc) the problem possesses at least two regular solutions. We will see that the convexity assumption on Ω can be removed, i.e. the main results are still true for a general bounded smooth domain Ω. The main technique in the proofs of this paper is the blow-up argument, and the main difficulty is the analysis of touch-down behaviour.
Remarks on the existence, uniqueness and semi-explicit solvability of systems of autonomous partial differential equations in divergence form with constant boundary conditions
Authors: Cimatti Giovanni
Published: June 2011

A method is proposed for reducing autonomous nonlinear boundary-value problems of partial differential equations with a particular structure and constant boundary conditions to the simple problem

This requires the solution of a non-standard two-point system of ordinary differential equations. Some applications are also presented for classical problems of mathematical physics.
Single-point blow-up for a doubly degenerate parabolic equation with nonlinear source
Authors: Mu Chunlai , Zeng Rong
Published: June 2011

This paper deals with the positive solution to the doubly degenerate equation

where σ > 0, m > 1, β > m(1 + σ). We prove single-point blow-up for a large class of radial decreasing solutions. Furthermore, the upper and lower estimates of the blow-up solution near the single blow-up point are obtained.
Kant on Property Rights and the State
Authors: Hodgson Louis-Philippe
Published: June 2011

The central claim of Kant's political philosophy is that rational agents sharing a territory can justifiably be forced to live under a state; they have, in Kant's words, aduty of rightto leave the state of nature. Perhaps something along these lines is entailed by any theory of state legitimacy, but the point raises special difficulties for Kant. He believes that rational agents have aright to freedom; that is, he believes that a rational agent's external freedom - her ability to set and pursue ends for herself without being subject to the choices of others - can justifiably be restricted only for the sake of external freedom itself. To establish that human beings can be forced to join a civil condition, it will therefore not do to show that the state promotes security, prosperity or any other such value: Kant has to show that human beings living side by side need a state to befree.
‘Nachschrift eines Freundes’: Kant on Language, Friendship and the Concept of a People
Authors: Shell Susan
Published: June 2011

Kant's brief ‘Postscript of a Friend’ serves as a peculiar coda to his life work. The last of Kant's writing to be published during his lifetime, it is both a friendly endorsement of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke's newly competedLithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian Dictionaryand a plea in Kant's own name for the preservation of minority languages, Lithuanian in particular. This support for minority languages has no visible precedent in his earlier writings, in which national, civic and linguistic identities and associated loyalties tend to overlap. Indeed, Kant's understanding of the commonwealth as nation-state seems predicated on the fact or myth of ethnic and linguistic unity and homogeneity. The same apparent lack of precedent also applies to theNachschrift's singling out as a people of peculiar civic merit of the Lithuanians, who are not otherwise mentioned in any of Kant's published or unpublished writings. The work thus raises an obvious question: why does Kant devote his last published work (and declining powers) to a topic and cause in which he does not seem to have taken much earlier interest?
Kant and the Supreme Proprietor: A Response
Authors: Lang Anthony F.
Published: June 2011

Theories of global justice range from the utilitarian philosophy of Peter Singer to the institutional design arguments of Thomas Pogge. These works have grappled with a wide range of issues, but almost all of them have been driven by the recognition of two core problems: the huge numbers of people mired in poverty and the increasing levels of inequality. Much of this literature begins with these two problems and then proposes schemes to resolve them. This problem-solving approach to the issue of global poverty and inequality has tended to avoid engagements with figures in the history of political thought. One thinker who has certainly inspired much of this literature, either explicitly or implicitly, is Immanuel Kant. With his rigorous method, systemic structure of metaphysics and morality, and celebration of Enlightenment reason over staid authority structures, Kant presents a model for how to undertake rational arguments in response to moral dilemmas.
Zangwill, Moderate Formalism, and Another Look at Kant's Aesthetic
Authors: Dowling Christopher
Published: June 2011

In recent years Nick Zangwill has gone a long way in championing a moderate aesthetic formalism in an attempt to accommodate those objects that many of us call beautiful despite their lack of any formal beauty. While there is some dispute in the literature about the extent to which Kant can be interpreted as an aesthetic formalist, the appeal of his famous distinction between free and dependent beauty should present a fairly natural ally for Zangwill's project. Indeed, such an alliance has been expressed by Zangwill, who first reaches for this ‘invaluable but misunderstood and underappreciated distinction’ in his ‘Feasible aesthetic formalism’ (1999: 613). Here, Zangwill claims that this essential distinction can be cut loose from Kant's terminology and views about aesthetic judgement. More recently he expresses more strongly that ‘Kant was also a moderate formalist, who opposes extreme formalism when he distinguished free and dependent beauty in §16 of theCritique of Judgement’ (2005: 186n). Yet, a decade on from the initial suggestion, there has been little further exploration or elucidation of this move, or indeed this potential characterization of Kant's aesthetics. It is the aim of this paper to begin to address that deficiency by identifying the extent to which a moderate formalist position is available in Kant's aesthetic. I will suggest that Kant's account does not require substantial modification in order to cast him as a moderate formalist. Taking the time to isolate the plausible grounds for characterizing Kant's aesthetic in this way, this discussion will enable us to explore some of the rival interpretations of his work such that we may also identify the kind of Kantian the moderate formalist is likely to be.
The Social Science of Democracy?
Authors: Munger Michael
Published: June 2011

Alexis de Tocqueville, the First Social Scientist. By Jon Elster. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 212p. $80.00 cloth, $22.99 paper.

Alexis de Tocqueville is surely one of the most widely cited, discussed, and celebrated political theorists in the world. Jon Elster's book,Alexis de Tocqueville: the First Social Scientistproceeds from a provocative premise: that Tocqueville's major works were lacking in “system” and were “hugely incoherent,” and that Tocqeuville himself “was not a major political thinker” (xi). Elster argues that instead Tocqueville ought to be viewed as a penetrating historical sociologist and an exemplary social scientist who might well be considered the first true social scientist. Elster's argument is important for at least two reasons: first, because it offers a striking and challenging reading of Tocqueville; and second, because it expands on Elster's own contributions in the philosophy of social science, and develops interesting understandings of “causal mechanisms,” methodological individualism, and social explanation more generally. As Elster writes in his Introduction, “the main task of this book is to argue for the relevance of Tocqueville for social science in the twenty-first century (p. 5).” The purpose of this Perspectives symposium is to assess Elster's argument in broad terms. What are the strengths and limits of Elster's reading of Tocqueville? How ought we to assess Elster's understanding of Tocqueville's deficiencies as a “political theorist?” What is the relevance of Tocqueville for contemporary social science? And, most importantly, what are the challenges and possible trajectories facing social science in the twenty-first century, and to what extent does Elster's essay point us in the right direction?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Response to Slater review ofCompetitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War
Authors: Levitsky Steven , Way Lucan A.
Published: June 2011

Dan Slater offers thoughtful and incisive comments. We respond here to three of his points. The first is that by limiting our study to the post–Cold War period, we convert it into a “period piece,” akin to studies of fascist and communist regimes. Although this may be true, a historically bounded analysis is essential because of the changing character of the international environment. World historical time powerfully shapes regime outcomes. The prospects for democracy and authoritarianism during the Cold War, which was marked by global superpower rivalry, differed dramatically from those during periods of Western liberal hegemony. During the Cold War, for example, nearly all military coups ushered in authoritarian rule; after 1989, nearly 70 percent of coups led to multiparty elections In 1989, single-party rule predominated in Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa; five years later, it had disappeared.
Response to Joshua Dunn's review ofOur Schools Suck: Students Talk Back to a Segregated Nation on the Failures of Urban Education
Authors: Alonso Gaston
Published: June 2011

Joshua Dunn's thoughtful review raises methodological and substantive issues that require clarification. According to Dunn, my coauthors and I “contend” that students' “statements” criticizing their lack of academic drive or that of their peers “show how students have ‘internalized’ the perspective of scholars such as Patterson.” This is evidence, he contends, that we “tend not to treat young people as ‘experts’ of their lives” when they failed to support our critique of the “culture of failure” thesis. However, we make no such contention. Moreover, his critique misrepresents our ethnographic approach. While researchers who conduct interviews as part of their methods often report statements by public officials and others to support their arguments, as ethnographers we engaged in an interpretative task.
Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP's Fight Against AIDS. By Deborah B. Gould. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009. 536p. $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper.
Authors: de la Dehesa Rafael
Published: June 2011

Deborah Gould's volume is a beautifully written account of direct-action AIDS activism in the United States from its emergence in the mid-1980s through its decline in the early 1990s. The story of ACT UP, the central focus of the work, illuminates the complex history of both the AIDS epidemic and the political dynamics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities at a key moment of transition. Founded during the conservative backlash of the Reagan era and active through the conservative turn in LGBT politics of the early Clinton years (with the prioritization of questions like military service), the group's confrontational tactics, radical discourse, and political successes prove something of an anomaly. Explaining this anomaly is Gould's central concern, and in doing so, she offers a compelling argument for the importance of addressing affect and emotion in the study of social movements, providing a carefully nuanced conceptual framework to do so.
Response to Rafael de la Dehesa's review of Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP's Fight Against AIDS
Authors: Gould Deborah B.
Published: June 2011

It is a pleasure to respond to such a thoughtful and insightful review of Moving Politics. Let me begin with Rafael de la Dehesa's suggestion that I may have overstated my challenge to the political opportunity model of social movement emergence. In arguing for the importance of bringing emotion into our analyses, I state that the task is not to consider feelings in isolation but rather as they articulate with more frequently studied factors that shape activism and movements, including political opportunities. Because feelings always play out in contexts, attention to them necessitates attention to the larger contexts in and through which they emerge and operate. In my view, one of the crucial insights that scholars in the political opportunity tradition make is that the larger political environment is a critical factor in movement emergence; we disagree, I believe, in our understandings of how that external context matters. The model's emphasis on the necessity of opening political opportunities for movement emergence, conveyed in its proponents' programmatic statements and suggested by the model's very name, precludes instances when movements arise in the face of tightly constricting opportunities, as occurred in the case of the AIDS movement. Even if, as de la Dehesa suggests, we were to understand ACT UP's emergence as an example of an existing movement shifting to more confrontational tactics in the face of institutional intransigence, the political opportunity model still comes up short: when the AIDS movement emerged in the early 1980s, AIDS and lesbian and gay activists faced tightly constricted opportunities. In light of the model's limitations, and after sorting through mountains of empirical material that revealed a dramatic shift in the prevailing emotional habitus in lesbian and gay communities during the period of ACT UP's emergence, it seemed like a focus on emotion would help illuminate how the external political environment affects movement processes.
Queering the Public Sphere in Mexico and Brazil: Sexual Rights Movements in Emerging Democracies. By Rafael de la Dehesa. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. 320p. $84.95 cloth, $23.95 paper.
Authors: Gould Deborah B.
Published: June 2011

Rafael de la Dehesa has written an empirically rich and analytically nuanced book that explores the rise and development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activist engagements with the state in Brazil and Mexico. The two cases are ideal for comparative analysis: Movements in both countries emerged under semiauthoritarian regimes and operated as their countries transitioned to democracy, but the paths they took show striking differences, allowing de la Dehesa to argue forcefully for the importance of the local and the contingent as activists navigate the national and transnational fields in which they are embedded. As the concept of embeddedness warrants, even while pointing toward the importance of the particular and the agentic, de la Dehesa carefully shows as well how constrained, and enabled, activists were by the multiple fields in which they operated. Queering the Public Sphere in Mexico and Brazil, then, successfully charts an analytical course that recognizes the powerful but nontotalizing nature of institutions, economic forces, and discourses.
After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State
Authors: Lynch Marc
Published: June 2011

The uprisings which swept across the Arab world beginning in December 2010 pose a serious challenge to many of the core findings of the political science literature focused on the durability of the authoritarian Middle Eastern state. The impact of social media on contentious politics represents one of the many areas which will require significant new thinking. The dramatic change in the information environment over the last decade has changed individual competencies, the ability to organize for collective action, and the transmission of information from the local to the international level. It has also strengthened some of the core competencies of authoritarian states even as it has undermined others. The long term evolution of a new kind of public sphere may matter more than immediate political outcomes, however. Rigorous testing of competing hypotheses about the impact of the new social media will require not only conceptual development but also the use of new kinds of data analysis not traditionally adopted in Middle East area studies.
Therapeutic arteriogenesis in peripheral arterial disease: combining intervention and passive training
Authors: Bondke Persson  , Buschmann  , Lindhorst  , Troidl  , Langhoff  , Schulte  , Buschmann
Published: June 2011

The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is on the rise in an aging population, significantly affecting quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Besides medical treatment and surgical or interventional revascularization, supervised exercise programs are a primary treatment modality for PAD. Training may significantly increase pain-free walking time (+ 180 %) while avoiding the associated complications of (repeated) invasive revascularization. Training effects rely on an improvement of risk factor management, muscle function, economy of movement, hemorheology, vascular growth and collateral vessel growth. Exercise training upregulates pulsatile fluid shear stress on the vascular endothelium, prompting an improvement of endothelial function (eNOS, NO) and an outgrowth of preexistent collaterals (arteriogenesis) to functional conductance arteries outside the ischemic area at risk. However, the necessary intense minimum training intervals compromise patient compliance, and the impaired functional status of many PAD patients limits active exercise training. Strategies are necessary to a) increase training compliance, b) make the benefits of exercise training available to patients unable to exercise actively and c) therapeutically enhance the adaptive growth of biological bypasses (arteriogenesis). A modified form of passive exercise training derived from enhanced external counterpulsation (low-pressure ECP) which was originally developed for the therapy of heart failure, may prove to be an option for this group of patients. Therefore, this review article suggests a tailored combination therapy, consisting of a facilitating revascularization procedure to restore arterial inflow, succeeded by supervised exercise training, which has yielded promising therapeutic results in clinical trials. Further studies, using appropriate imaging methods and controls, are under way to (a) establish the efficacy of low-pressure EECP in PAD patients and (b) to directly correlate training-induced improvements of collateral flow to the functional improvements seen with exercise training.
Patterns of extracranial involvement in newly diagnosed giant cell arteritis assessed by physical examination, colour coded duplex sonography and FDG-PET
Authors: Förster  , Tato  , Weiss  , Czihal  , Rominger  , Bartenstein  , Hacker  , Hoffmann
Published: June 2011

Background: The clinical spectrum of giant cell arteritis (GCA) varies from classical temporal arteritis (TA) to generalized large vessel GCA (LV-GCA) and fever of unknown origin (FUO). Extent and distribution of extracranial involvement in these different presentations of GCA is not well known, and its detection may depend on the choice of vascular imaging. Patients and methods: In 24 patients with newly diagnosed GCA we systematically evaluated the presence and distribution of extracranial involvement by physical examination, duplex sonography (DS), and FDG-PET. Analysis of FDG-PET results was performed in comparison with 18 age-matched control-subjects scanned for oncological indications. Results: Initial clinical diagnosis was TA in 11 patients, LV-GCA in 8 patients, and FUO in 5 patients. Clinically detectable arterial obstruction was present in 2 patients (18 %) with TA (only upper extremity), all patients with LV-GCA (upper and lower extremities) and no patient with FUO. Upper and/or lower limb large vessel vasculitis was detectable by DS in 45 % of the patients with TA and in 100 % of the patients with LV-GCA or FUO. FDG-PET confirmed upper extremity involvement in all affected patients, but had a very low specificity for lower limb involvement due to concomitant arteriosclerosis in these elderly patients. Aortitis was detectable by FDG-PET in 27 % of patients with TA and 75 - 80 % of patients with LV-GCA or FUO. Conclusions: The combination of thorough clinical examination and DS is able to detect symptomatic as well as asymptomatic large vessel involvement in a large proportion of patients with newly diagnosed GCA. Distribution and manifestation of large vessel involvement differs between classical TA and LVGCA or FUO. FDG-PET provided only limited additional information and did not change the clinical diagnosis in any patient.
Endovascular repair of a spontaneous ilio-iliac fistula presenting as pulmonary embolism
Authors: Melas  , Saratzis  , Abbas  , Sarris  , Saratzis  , Lazaridis  , Kiskinis
Published: June 2011

Spontaneous rupture of a common iliac artery aneurysm into the common iliac vein is a rare phenomenon. We report the case of a 68 year old man admitted with acute cardiac failure and massive pulmonary embolism as a complication of a spontaneous ilio-iliac fistula, secondary to aneurysmal rupture. The aneurysm was successfully excluded using an aorto-uni-iliac stent graft. No complications were noted at 9 months follow-up. Arteriovenous fistulae should be considered in patients with aortic or iliac aneurysms who develop a pulmonary embolism or symptoms of venous congestion. Endovascular repair of these pathologies is a feasible therapeutic option; however long term results remain unknown.
A genetic screen identifies BRCA2 and PALB2 as key regulators of G2 checkpoint maintenance
Authors: Menzel Tobias , Nähse‐Kumpf Viola , Kousholt Arne Nedergaard , Klein Ditte Kjærsgaard , Lund‐Andersen Christin , Lees Michael , Johansen Jens Vilstrup , Syljuåsen Randi G , Sørensen Claus Storgaard
Published: June 2011

To identify key connections between DNA‐damage repair and checkpoint pathways, we performed RNA interference screens for regulators of the ionizing radiation‐induced G2 checkpoint, and we identified the breast cancer gene BRCA2. The checkpoint was also abrogated following depletion of PALB2, an interaction partner of BRCA2. BRCA2 and PALB2 depletion led to premature checkpoint abrogation and earlier activation of the AURORA A–PLK1 checkpoint‐recovery pathway. These results indicate that the breast cancer tumour suppressors and homologous recombination repair proteins BRCA2 and PALB2 are main regulators of G2 checkpoint maintenance following DNA‐damage.
The diversity of cyanomyovirus populations along a North–South Atlantic Ocean transect
Authors: Jameson Eleanor , Mann Nicholas H , Joint Ian , Sambles Christine , Mühling Martin
Published: June 2011

Viruses that infect the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus have the potential to impact the growth, productivity, diversity and abundance of their hosts. In this study, changes in the microdiversity of cyanomyoviruses were investigated in 10 environmental samples taken along a North–South Atlantic Ocean transect using a myoviral-specific PCR-sequencing approach. Phylogenetic analyses of 630 viral g20 clones from this study, with 786 published g20 sequences, revealed that myoviral populations in the Atlantic Ocean had higher diversity than previously reported, with several novel putative g20 clades. Some of these clades were detected throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Multivariate statistical analyses did not reveal any significant correlations between myoviral diversity and environmental parameters, although myoviral diversity appeared to be lowest in samples collected from the north and south of the transect where Prochlorococcus diversity was also lowest. The results were correlated to the abundance and diversity of the co-occurring Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus populations, but revealed no significant correlations to either of the two potential host genera. This study provides evidence that cyanophages have extremely high and variable diversity and are distributed over large areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
Age‐Dependent Inverse Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Obesity in Japanese Men
Authors: Wakabayashi Ichiro
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to determine whether age influences the relationship between alcohol drinking and obesity. Japanese men receiving periodic health checkups (20–70 years old, n = 36,121) were divided into non‐, light (<22 g ethanol/day), moderate (≥22 and <44 g ethanol/day), and heavy (≥44 g ethanol/day) drinkers. Relationships between alcohol intake and obesity‐related indices were compared among the quartiles of age. BMI was lower in light and moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, and these differences were more prominent in the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age than in the higher quartiles. In the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age, waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio were significantly smaller and lower, respectively, in light and moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, and these differences were less prominent in the 3rd quartile and were not found in the 4th quartile. In the 1st and 2nd quartiles of age, odds ratios vs. nondrinkers for large waist circumference were significantly low (P < 0.01) in light drinkers (1st quartile: 0.64 (0.54–0.75); 2nd quartile: 0.69 (0.60–0.80)) and moderate drinkers (1st quartile: 0.69 (0.61–0.78); 2nd quartile: 0.84 (0.76–0.93)), whereas the odds ratio was significantly low (P < 0.05) only in light drinkers in the 3rd quartile (0.84 (0.73–0.97)) and was not significant in any drinker groups of the 4th quartile. The results suggest that alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk of obesity in Japanese men and this association is more prominent in younger men than in older men.
Serum γ‐Glutamyltransferase: Independent Predictor of Risk of Diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, and Coronary Disease
Authors: Onat Altan , Can Günay , örnek Ender , Çiçek Gökhan , Ayhan Erkan , Doğan Yüksel
Published: June 2011

Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) is associated with oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis. The extent to which its value in determining incident cardiometabolic risk (coronary heart disease (CHD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension and type 2 diabetes) is independent of obesity needs to be further explored in ethnicities. After appropriate exclusions, a cohort of 1,667 adults of a general population (age 52 ±11 years) was evaluated prospectively at 4 year's follow‐up using partly Cox proportional hazard regressions. GGT activity was measured kinetically, and values were log‐transformed for analyses. MetS was identified by Adult Treatment Panel‐III criteria modified for male abdominal obesity. Median (interquartile range) GGT activity was 24.9 (17.0; 35.05) U/l in men, 17.0 (12.3; 24.0) U/l in women. In linear regression analysis, while smoking status was not associated, (male) sex, sex‐dependent age, alcohol usage, BMI, fasting triglycerides and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were significant independent determinants of circulating GGT. Each 1‐s.d. increment in (= 0.53 ln GGT) GGT activity significantly predicted in each sex incident hypertension (hazard ratio (HR) 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10; 1.31)), and similarly MetS, after adjustment for age, alcohol usage, smoking status, BMI and menopause. Strongest independent association existed with diabetes (HR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1; 1.5)) whereas GGT activity tended to marginally predict CHD independent of total bilirubin but not of BMI. Higher serum total bilirubin levels were protective against CHD risk in women. We conclude that elevated serum GGT confers, additively to BMI, risk of hypertension, MetS, and type 2 diabetes but only mediates adiposity against CHD risk.
Leadership in Teaching: Using Student Perspectives on Administration, Supervision and Private Practice
Authors: Emm Mary J. , Cecconi Christine P.
Published: June 2011

Clinical supervision is recognized as a distinctive area of practice and expertise, yet professional preparation in this area remains inadequate. This paper presents functional information describing the development and implementation of an experimental course on administration, supervision, and private practice, based on graduate student perceptions and preferences for course content and types of learning activities. Current pedagogical trends for universal design in learning and fostering student engagement were emphasized, including problem-based and collaborative learning. Results suggest that students were highly pleased with course content, interactive and group activities, as well as with assessment procedures used.
Student Peer Mentoring: A Tool for Clinical Educators
Authors: Rentschler Gary J. , Gasior Rachel M.
Published: June 2011

Peer mentoring has been shown to provide benefits in a variety of situations in several professions. To facilitate clinical learning in speech-language pathology, a clinical teaching paradigm utilizing student peer mentoring was constructed. The roles of the student mentor and the mentees are reported and the benefits of this paradigm are discussed. Student peer mentoring may be a useful tool in supporting marginal students in clinical learning.
The Role That Attention Plays in Language Processing
Authors: Kurland Jacquie
Published: June 2011

Although the mechanism of attention is not entirely understood, there is widespread agreement that attention is a limited capacity processing system that can flexibly allocate resources to modulate signal detection and response for controlled action. With respect to language processing, a complex combination of automatic and controlled processing mechanisms, attention plays an important role in mediating the selection of competing candidates so that, for example, the correct word can be activated. The present review summarizes current views on attention mechanisms, types of attention, the neuroscience of attention, and its presumed role in language processing.
Characterization of a low-pressure chlorine plasma column sustained by propagating surface waves using phase-sensitive microwave interferometry and trace-rare-gas optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Mattei S. , Boudreault O. , Khare R. , Stafford L. , Donnelly V. M.
Published: June 2011

Phase-sensitive microwave interferometry and trace-rare-gas optical emission spectroscopy were used to measure the line-integrated electron density, ne, and electron temperature, Te, in a high-density chlorine plasma sustained in a quartz discharge tube (inner diameter = 6 mm) by an electromagnetic surface wave at 2.45 GHz. For pressures in the 0.1–1 Torr range, ne decreased nearly linearly along the tube’s z-axis down to the critical density for surface wave propagation, where the plasma decayed abruptly. At lower pressures (< 50 mTorr), however, the plasma extended well beyond this critical point, after which ne decreased quasiexponentially toward the end of the plasma column. The length of this expansion region increased with decreasing pressure, going from ∼8 cm at 5 mTorr to ∼1 cm at 50 mTorr. Te was nearly independent of the axial position in the main plasma region and strongly decreased in the expansion region at lower pressures. The Cl2 percent dissociation, τD, obtained from the calibrated Cl2 (306 nm)-to-Xe (828 nm) emission ratio, displayed behavior similar to that of ne and Te. For example, at 5 mTorr, τD was close to 100% near the wave launcher and ∼70% at 0.5 cm from the end of the plasma column.
Measurements and modeling of Alfvén eigenmode induced fast ion transport and loss in DIII-D and ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Van Zeeland M. A. , Heidbrink W. W. , Fisher R. K. , García Muñoz M. , Kramer G. J. , Pace D. C. , White R. B. , Aekaeslompolo S. , Austin M. E. , Boom J. E. , Classen I. G. J. , da Graça S. , Geiger B. , Gorelenkova M. , Gorelenkov N. N. , Hyatt A. W. , Luhmann N. , Maraschek M. , McKee G. R. , Moyer R. A. , Muscatello C. M. , Nazikian R. , Park H. , Sharapov S. , Suttrop W. , Tardini G. , Tobias B. J. , Zhu Y. B. ,   DIII-D and ASDEX Upgrade Teams
Published: June 2011

Neutral beam injection into reversed magnetic shear DIII-D and ASDEX Upgrade plasmas produces a variety of Alfvénic activity including toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes and reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs). These modes are studied during the discharge current ramp phase when incomplete current penetration results in a high central safety factor and increased drive due to multiple higher order resonances. Scans of injected 80 keV neutral beam power on DIII-D showed a transition from classical to AE dominated fast ion transport and, as previously found, discharges with strong AE activity exhibit a deficit in neutron emission relative to classical predictions. By keeping beam power constant and delaying injection during the current ramp, AE activity was reduced or eliminated and a significant improvement in fast ion confinement observed. Similarly, experiments in ASDEX Upgrade using early 60 keV neutral beam injection drove multiple unstable RSAEs. Periods of strong RSAE activity are accompanied by a large (peak δSn/Sn≈60%) neutron deficit. Losses of beam ions modulated at AE frequencies were observed using large bandwidth energy and pitch resolving fast ion loss scintillator detectors and clearly identify their role in the process. Modeling of DIII-D loss measurements using guiding center following codes to track particles in the presence of ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) calculated AE structures (validated by comparison to experiment) is able to reproduce the dominant energy, pitch, and temporal evolution of these losses. While loss of both co and counter current fast ions occurs, simulations show that the dominant loss mechanism observed is the mode induced transition of counter-passing fast ions to lost trapped orbits. Modeling also reproduces a coherent signature of AE induced losses and it was found that these coherent losses scale proportionally with the amplitude; an additional incoherent contribution scales quadratically with the mode amplitude.