bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Properties of 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic Acid (PDC) as a Stable Metabolic Intermediate of Lignin Isolated by Fractional Precipitation with Na+ Ion
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Bito Masami , Yamada Yoshiko , Katayama Yoshihiro , Noguchi Keiichi , Masai Eiji , Nakamura Masaya , Ohara Seiji , Shigehara Kiyotaka
Published: December 2007

A chemically stable metabolic intermediate of lignin, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), was isolated, and the molecular properties were comprehensively investigated by using thermal analysis, optical spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, and X-ray crystallography. UV absorption spectra of PDC did not show any solvent effects, whereas the fluorescence spectra displayed distinct solvatochromism. Despite the fairly good planarity of the PDC geometry, dual fluorescence was observed in some small donor number solvents. The emission behaviors are thought to be due to the significant twist between the pyrone ring and carboxylate substituents, found in the X-ray crystal structures of the Na+ complex. The crystal structure also showed the intermolecular, centrosymmetric short hydrogen bonding of the carboxylate moieties with an O···H···O distance of 0.2452 nm, which made it possible to assign the pKa values to the molecular structure. PDC was thermally stable and could be sublimed even at atmospheric pressure, offering the preparation possibility of ultra-thin films by vapor-deposition techniques. The fact that the chemically and thermally stable compound possessing many attractive functions, such as unique emission, facile sublimation, and strong acidity, resulting in exceptionally short intermolecular contacts, can be obtained from biomass on a large quantity will lead to establishment of carbon neutral system in future industry.
The Obstinate Passion of Foreign Exchange Professionals: Technical Analysis
Authors: Menkhoff Lukas , Taylor Mark P
Published: December 2007

Technical analysis involves the prediction of asset price movements from inductive analysis of past movements. We establish a number of stylized facts, including that technical analysis is widespread in the foreign exchange market and that it may be profitable. We then analyze four arguments that have been put forward to explain this: that the market may not be fully rational; that technical analysis may exploit the influence of official interventions; that it may be an efficient form of information processing; and that it may inform on nonfundamental influences. While each may have some validity, the latter is the most plausible.

As for the foreign exchange, it is almost as romantic as young love, and quite as resistant to formulae.
Interesting Questions in Freakonomics
Authors: DiNardo John
Published: December 2007

Freakonomics is more about “entertainment” than it is a serious attempt at popularization. Consequently, rather than conduct a comprehensive fact check, I use the book as a springboard for a broader inquiry into social science research and take issue with the book's surprising premise that “Economics is a science with excellent tools for gaining answers but a serious shortage of interesting questions.” Using examples from Freakonomics, I argue that some of the questions the book addresses are “uninteresting” because it is impossible to even imagine what a good answer would look like. I conclude with some thoughts about the role of economic theory in generating interesting questions and/or answers.
Alternative Origins to Interorganizational Trust: An Interdependence Perspective on the Shadow of the Past and the Shadow of the Future
Authors: Poppo Laura , Zhou Kevin Zheng , Ryu Sungmin
Published: December 2007

Despite the widespread acceptance of trust as an informal governance institution, our understanding of its origins is nascent. Our review of the literature identified two distinct explanations: Trust emerges from either a shadow of the past (i.e., prior history) or a shadow of the future (i.e., expectations of continuity). In this paper we develop and empirically examine a third perspective: The potential interdependence of these two explanations. Our results strongly endorse this third perspective. We find that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity. Consistent with this result, analyses further show that a longer prior history makes the effect of continuity on trust much stronger than a shorter prior history. We interpret these findings as suggesting: (1) the criticality and centrality of a shadow of the future (i.e., a forward-looking calculus) in generating trust in interorganizational exchanges and (2) that a shadow of the past plays a facilitating, albeit indirect, role in trust building. Our conceptual model also extends the conventional use of the transaction cost logic to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of continuity, and consequently, interorganizational trust. Our results also show, unexpectedly, that prior history has a direct negative effect on trust after specifying the mediating path of continuity. Our moderation analysis indicates when this effect occurs: When weak expectations of continuity exist, trust is lower for exchanges characterized by a longer prior history, suggesting a potential darkside of overembedded ties.
Managing the Impact of Employee Turnover on Performance: The Role of Process Conformance
Authors: Ton Zeynep , Huckman Robert S.
Published: December 2007

We examine the impact of employee turnover on operating performance in settings that require high levels of knowledge exploitation. Using 48 months of turnover data from U.S. stores of a major retail chain, we find that, on average, employee turnover is associated with decreased performance, as measured by profit margin and customer service. The effect of turnover on performance, however, is mitigated by the nature of management at the store level. The particular aspect of management on which we focus is process conformance—the extent to which managers aim to reduce variation in store operations in accordance with a set of prescribed standards for task performance. At high-process-conformance stores, managers use discipline in implementing standardized policies and procedures, whereas at low-process-conformance stores, managers tolerate deviations from these standards. We find that increasing turnover does not have a negative effect on store performance at high-process-conformance stores; at low-process-conformance stores, the negative effect of turnover is pronounced. Our results suggest that, in settings where performance depends on the repetition of known tasks, managers can reduce turnover's effect by imposing process discipline through standard operating procedures.
Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Personal Social Services
Authors: Ratcliffe Donald
Published: December 2007

Cost-benefit analysis has become increasingly important over the past ten years as an aid to government decision making in policy areas that have a major economic effect. Transport was one of the first areas in which cost-benefit analysis was employed. More recently, the use of cost-benefit analysis to aid investment decisions in local authority social service departments has been increasingly discussed. This paper proposes to examine the application of cost-benefit techniques in this relatively untried field of social services in light of experience gained from observation of cost-benefit’s role in the area of transport. The organisational contexts in which decisions are made are different, as are the criteria that have been applied in the two areas. Therefore, the application of cost-benefit techniques depends as much on an understanding of the area to which they are applied, as on competence in the handling of the techniques themselves.

The paper focusses on three interdependent problems of particular importance to the use of cost-benefit analysis in the personal social services—the boundary problem (specifying the relevant factors); the valuation problem; and the problem of accounting for the benefits of adaptability.
Multi-Occupied Housing Standards: the application of discretionary powers by local authorities
Authors: Crook A. D. H.
Published: December 2007

The paper describes how local authorities use discretionary powers to enforce standards in houses in multiple occupation and examines the case for mandatory duties. Evidence is presented about substandard conditions in multi-occupied houses and their changing place in the housing market. The results of a recent survey showing increasing, planned use of discretionary powers are discussed. The case for mandatory enforcement of standards is examined in the light of this evidence, academic literature about administrative discretion and the politics of the policy itself. Recommendations are made for changes to legislation and practice.
Charging for Public Library Services
Authors: Bailey Stephen J.
Published: December 2007

In February 1988, the UK government published a consultative document Financing our Public library Service: four subjects for debate (Cm 324, HMSQ). Whilst the government is committed to the continued provision of a free basic public library service to individuals, the Green Paper seeks to promote discussion about the increased use of library charges. This paper is an attempt to widen the debate, taking not just a financial/economic focus but also providing a review of the long-lived and rather extensive debate within the librarianship profession itself.
The Employment Lottery: risk and social security benefits
Authors: Millar Jane , Cooke Kenneth , McLaughlin Eithne
Published: December 2007

Income support policy towards unemployed families is based on certain assumptions about financial incentives and how these affect behaviour. In order to examine how unemployed people actually perceive financial incentives 55 unemployed families were interviewed in depth about their perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. The families were willing to accept fairly low wages but the main barrier to taking a low-paid job and supplementing wages with means-tested benefits was the uncertainty and risk this was perceived to involve, in particular during the period of the transition from unemployment to work. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the final section.
Differential Accumulation: wealth, inheritance and housing policy reconsidered
Authors: Forrest Ray , Murie Alan
Published: December 2007

As home ownership in the UK has grown and matured, aspects of wealth and inheritance have become an important dimension of housing debates. In political and policy discussion it has been claimed that a higher level of home ownership will produce a more democratic pattern of wealth holdings and will have significant intergenerational effects as regards wealth transfers. In sociological and social policy debates, wealth in the form of owner occupied dwellings is seen as a major developing social divide between the haves and have nots with important implications for the social structure of the UK. This paper reviews the available evidence and argues that the pattern of wealth accumulation and transfer is likely to be socially and spatially uneven, that the pattern will vary overtime and that eventual outcomes are more complex and less predictable than some previous analyses have allowed.
HO/RT1Culture: Cultivating Police Use of Home Office Road Traffic 1 Form to Identify Active Serious Offenders
Authors: Roach Jason
Published: December 2007

Self-selection policing is the term given to the identification of serious active offenders by dint of their commission of more minor infractions. The paper explores the feasibility of using the non-production of documentation as required after the issue of an instruction to do so (form HO/RT1) as a way of identifying active, serious offenders. Such non-producers (no shows):

were more likely to have recorded offence histories on the Police National Computer (PNC); had offence histories comprising two or more offences, significantly more than offending ‘shows’; had offended more recently than offending ‘shows’; were found to have an offence history including serious offences; typically offended after HO/RT1 issue, demonstrating that their offending was more current than historical.

The implications of these results for operational policing are contended to be substantial, and are discussed.
Sources of Variation of Commonly Measured Serum Analytes in 6 Asian Cities and Consideration of Common Reference Intervals
Authors: Ichihara Kiyoshi , Itoh Yoshihisa , Lam Christopher W K , Poon Priscilla M K , Kim Jeong-Ho , Kyono Hiroshi , Chandrawening Naning , Muliaty Dewi ,   Science Committee for the Asian-Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
Published: December 2007

Background: In a previous study to determine the feasibility of common reference intervals in Asia, we found significant differences among populations from 6 cities. In this study, we attempted to define the sources of these differences.

Methods: We enrolled 580 healthy volunteers (279 men, 301 women, 20–62 years old), after a selection process that was based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and used a lifestyle questionnaire. All sera were obtained at a basal state and frozen at −80 °C until the collective assay was done. We measured 21 basic chemical analytes and 10 serum proteins.

Results: We used 3-level nested ANOVA to separate the variation (SD) into between-city (SD-city), between-sex (SD-sex), between-age (SD-age), and between-individual (SD-indiv) components. SD-indiv corresponds to one-quarter of the “pure” reference interval obtained after removing variations due to city, sex, and age. The SD-sex to SD-indiv ratio was >0.8 for creatinine, urate, retinol-binding protein, and transthyretin. We observed high SD-city to SD-indiv ratios, ranging from 0.4 to 0.7, for 11 analytes including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), electrolytes, IgG, and complement components and SD-age to SD-indiv ratios >0.4 for LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated several other relevant sources of variation, including body mass index, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking, although their contributions were generally smaller than those for sex, region, or age.

Conclusion: We observed unacceptably large regional differences in measured values of some analytes even after adjustment for age, sex, and lifestyle variables. Genetic and environmental factors may account for the residual differences.
Finding an alternative: Music programming in US college radio
Authors: Wall Tim
Published: December 2007

Radio stations based at universities make up only about 11 of all over-the-air stations in the United States of America, but college radio is often presented as offering an alternative in music radio to the for-profit stations that dominate the airwaves. College stations are now seen as a key means of promoting indie rock. This article traces the development of university-based radio stations in the United States, and reports on a five-year study of music programming in three stations based in Boston and New York, to examine their claim to alternativeness. The paper concludes that the stations do use different forms of music programming, that the programming extends well beyond the scope of indie rock and that the current notions of alternativeness utilised by station staff have their roots in the development of the sector from the 1920s onwards.
Four steps in innovative radio broadcasting: From QuickTime to podcasting
Authors: Menduni Enrico
Published: December 2007

Is podcasting the future of radio? Is podcasting that missing link connecting radio and the Net that Internet radio stations were not able to establish? Is podcasting a revolutionary or a transitory cultural trend? Furthermore, is podcasting a way towards a more democratic audio media
system or is it rather a new tool in the hands of the multinational recording industry? This article will explore these questions, providing an historical framework to the introduction of digital sound (from 1991 to 2007) and related social practices, distinguishing four main phases: the birth
of the popular use of digital music; Web radio; Music for free; the iPod and podcasting.
Data and grammar: Means and individuals
Authors: Den Dikken Marcel , Bernstein Judy B , Tortora Christina , Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: December 2007

1. Introduction

In the abstract of his target piece, Featherston states that ‘it is no longer tenable for syntactic theories to be constructed on the evidence of a single person's judgements’. In our commentary, we focus on this issue and on (what we perceive to be) Featherston's claims that individual speakers' judgments are intrinsically unreliable and ‘noisy’, that variation among individuals' judgments should be smoothed out by averaging the judgments of a large pool of informants, and that only this golden mean counts as genuine data. We argue that these claims are at odds with the basic premises of Chomskian linguistics, which is centered on the I-language of the individual speaker/hearer, not the E-language of the speech community. This is not to say that the way generative grammar approaches and accumulates its data is in no need of improvement: we will make some specific recommendations of our own to this end in the last section of our commentary.
Carrots – perfect as vegetables, but please not as a main dish
Authors: Fanselow Gisbert
Published: December 2007

0. One of the merits of generative syntax is that it has broadened the data base for syntactic research in a very profound way. There was, e.g., little (if any) discussion of the role syntax plays for anaphoric and pronominal binding before generative syntax came into being, and there was little or no knowledge about restrictions on the placement of elements into the left periphery of clauses, such as the island constraints of Ross (1967) or the crossover phenomena (Postal 1971). The pertinent facts were simply not known before generative grammar. The debate concerning the configurationality of German in the eighties of the last century is a further case in point; it led to the discovery of a multitude of facts about German syntax. This rapid and deep expansion of the empirical base of syntax was due to at least two factors: first, only highly predictive theories such as generative syntax can guide scientists as to where to look for interesting data, and the full acceptance of native speaker judgments as linguistic evidence yields an easy way of (dis-)confirming model assumptions – which was particularly important in times of limited corpus sizes and the absence of effective methods for searching in corpora.
As a matter of facts – comments on Featherston's sticks and carrots
Authors: Haider Hubert
Published: December 2007

It is easy to agree and equally easy to disagree with the two main positions of Sam Featherston, respectively, namely, that grammar theory would benefit from improving standards of data assessment, and, that syntactic well-formedness is inherently gradient rather than dichotomist. I subscribe to the first position and I see good grounds for not subscribing to the second claim. Since the two positions are dependent, denying the second has implications for accepting the first.
Commentary on Sam Featherston, ‘Data in generative grammar: The stick and the carrot‘
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J
Published: December 2007

Since Featherston (henceforth ‘F’) has labeled me as a ‘conservative supporter of generative practice’ (272), I would guess that he expects me to devote my commentary to a defense of this practice. My first thought was to invoke what in Anglo-American legal tradition is called the ‘tu quoque defense’, essentially the rebuttal that, guilty as I may be, ‘you did it too’. That turned out not to be a viable option, since, to my knowledge, F has not published in syntactic theory per se. I will therefore broaden my defense to one of ‘omnes quoque’. From the title of his paper to its conclusion F implies that there is something intrinsic to generative grammar that invites partisans of that framework to construct syntactic theories on the evidence of a single person's judgments. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The great bulk of publications in cognitive and functional linguistics follow the same practice. Of course, rhetorically many of the latter decry the use of linguists' own intuitions as data. For example, in his editor's introduction to an important collections of papers in cognitivefunctional linguistics, Tomasello 1998: xiii deplores the data that are used in generative grammar, which ‘are almost always disembodied sentences that analysts have made up ad hoc’. Yet only two contributors to the volume (Wallace Chafe and Paul Hopper) present segments of natural discourse, neither filling even a page of text. All of the other contributions employ examples constructed by the linguists themselves. It is quite difficult to find any work in cognitive linguistics (and functional linguists are only slightly better) that uses multiple informants. It seems almost disingenuous of F to fault generativists for what (for better or worse) is standard practice in the field, regardless of theoretical allegiance.
Reply
Authors: Featherston Sam
Published: December 2007

The commenting authors have provided thoughtful contributions which I read with pleasure. All of them lend their weight to the call for work in synax to improve its empirical practice and apply a little more rigour in its treatment of data. The contributors also differ from my own positions in a number of ways, but most clearly on the issue of the theoretical construct grammaticality. They debate the virtues of my adoption of a gradient model of well-formedness, and discuss whether and to what extent the findings of empirical studies can bear upon the issue, an important topic for workers in the field to explore if work is to become more empirically adequate. Since the aim of my article was to stimulate debate, these differences can only be welcome, since they provide the reader with a direct comparison. The goal of this volume will have been achieved if each reader first, notes the degree of consensus on the issue of the reform of practice in syntactic theory, and second, is able to weigh up the differentpositions adopted on the way forward.
Microstructure Evolution in Zr Alloys during Irradiation: Dose, Dose Rate, and Impurity Dependence
Authors: Griffiths M.
Published: December 2007

The performance of zirconium alloys in BWR, PWR, and PHWR nuclear reactors is dependent on the microstructure. Accordingly, the characterization of the microstructure is an integral part of any study conducted to develop models for in-reactor performance. Although the as-fabricated microstructure (texture, grain size, dislocation density, and phase or precipitate distribution) determines the basic physical properties of a given component, there are changes that occur during irradiation that can have a significant effect on these properties. Microstructures that illustrate specific features of the radiation damage that forms in Zr alloys will be illustrated and discussed in terms of the dose, dose rate, and impurity factors that are applicable.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Related to Occupational Health Problems among Garment Workers in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Parimalam Paramasivam , Kamalamma Narayani , Ganguli Anind Kumar
Published: December 2007

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Related to Occupational Health Problems among Garment Workers in Tamil Nadu, India: Paramasivam Parimalam, et al. Department of Family Resource Management, Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India—The garment manufacturing process is a labour intensive task. The workers in this are employed in three different sections namely cutting, stitching and finishing. As these workers perform repetitive tasks throughout the workday, they face several work related problems. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of health problems among garment workers and their attitudes and practices to prevent the same. In a cross‐sectional study (n=216) the workers employed in the three sections had high levels of knowledge of the health problems, but the knowledge of personal protective equipment differed by section. More than one half of the workers in all the sections were aware of the benefits of personal protective equipment (PPE), but only a few workers in the cutting section were using PPE. There was a wide gap between their knowledge level and practice with protective devices.
Cancer of the Nasal Cavity in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Benoit Margo McKenna , Bhattacharyya Neil , Faquin William , Cunningham Michael
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to investigate the clinical manifestations and diagnostic range of malignant entities presenting as a nasal mass in the pediatric population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted at a specialty hospital and a tertiary care university hospital. Patients aged between birth and 18 years and diagnosed with a malignancy that arose within the nasal cavity between the years 1991 and 2006 were included. This institution-specific patient group was compared with a similar cohort of patients extracted from the national Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. The main outcome measures were the incidence, presentation, and diagnoses of nasal cancer presenting in this population.

RESULTS. Sixteen patients with nasal malignancies presented institutionally in the defined pediatric age group. Patient age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 7 months to 17 years, with a slight male predominance. The main presenting symptoms were unilateral nasal congestion and ophthalmologic complaints. The median time from presentation to diagnosis was 7 weeks; patients who presented with nonspecific complaints, such as nasal obstruction, headache, and fatigue, were given a diagnosis, on average, later than those who presented with focal manifestations. Nationwide, 47 patients were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. In both subject groups, the most common diagnoses were rhabdomyosarcoma (37.5% institutionally and 23% in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results group) and esthesioneuroblastoma (25% institutionally and 28% Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results). In the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results cohort, the overall mean survival rate was 188 months.

CONCLUSIONS. Nasal cancer in the pediatric population often presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms, and a high index of suspicion is necessary for a timely diagnosis. Soft tissue sarcomas are expectedly common. The relative high frequency of esthesioneuroblastoma is particularly noteworthy.
A tényleges párolgás és a talaj vízkészlet becslése tenyészidőszakban
Authors: Ács Ferenc , Breuer Hajnalka , Szász Gábor
Published: December 2007

Jelen közlemény a párolgás és a talaj vízkészlet
magyarországi mezoklimatoló-giai jellemzőinek elemzésével foglalkozik. Az
elemzést egy módosított Thornth-waite-féle (T__
A talajok P-ellátottságának agronómiai és környezetvédelmi jellemzése
Authors: Osztoics Erzsébet , Csathó Péter , Sárdi Katalin , Radimszky László
Published: December 2007

A keszthelyi Ramann-féle barna erdőtalajon (homokos vályog)
és a szent-györgyvölgyi pszeudoglejes barna erdőtalajon (agyagos vályog)
beállított szabadföldi P-hatás és -utóhatás kísérletben korábban 10 évig tartó
intenzív P-műtrá-gyázással három P-szintet (P
0
, P
1
, P
2
)
alakítottak ki. 30 évvel a P-trágyázás befejezése után a három P-szint szántott
rétegéből 4 ismétlésben tenyészedény-kísérletet állítottunk be annak
vizsgálatára, hogy a hagyo-mányos talaj P-teszt módszerek alkalmasak-e a
mezőgazdasági eredetű P-terhelés környezeti kockázatának becslésére. Ezért a
tenyészedény-kísérletben minden régi P-szinten az abszolút és NK-kontroll
mellett további három új P-kezelést (100, 500 és 1000 mg P
2
O
5
·kg
-1
)
alkalmaztunk. A jelzőnönény fiatalkori tavaszi árpa volt. A kísérlet bontása
után összefüggésvizsgálatot végeztünk az agronómiai célú talaj P-vizsgálatokkal
mért talaj P-tartalmak (AL-, Olsen-, Bray1-, CaCl
2-
, H
2
O-,
továbbá a vizsgált FeO- és oxalát módszerek) egymás közötti, valamint a
bokrosodáskori tavaszi árpa hajtástömege és P-koncentrációja között. Mind a
hajtás tömege, mind a hajtás P-koncentrációja alapján meghatározott agronómiai
optimumok (3. táblázat) mindkét talajon jóval kisebbek voltak a környezeti
kockázat ugrásszerű megnövekedésével járó kritikus talaj P-koncentrációknál (5.
táblázat), azaz a kritikus környezetvédelmi talaj-P értékénél. Ez utóbbit a
talajok Olsen-, Bray1-, H
2
O-, FeO- és oxalát módszerekkel mért
P-tartalma és a talaj CaCl
2
-P tartalma közötti összefüggést leíró
lineáris egyenletek töréspontja adta. A kritikus környezetvédelmi P-értékek
nagyon eltérőek voltak az alkalmazott P-meghatározási módszertől függően, de
értéküket –az Olsen és oxalát módszerek kivételével –a vizsgált két talaj
tulajdonsága nem befolyásolta. A külföldi irodalomhoz hasonlóan eredményeink
megerősítik, hogy a talajok CaCl
2
-oldható P-tartalma és a
gyakorlatban az oxalát módszernél jobban elterjedt Olsen módszerrel mért
P-tartalom közötti összefüggés alkalmas és hasznos mérőszám lehet a foszfor
környezetvédelmi vizsgálatában. _9
Meszezés és műtrágyázás hatása a talajra és növényre a 44 éves nyírlugosi tartamkísérletben
Authors: Kádár Imre , Márton László , Németh Tamás , Szemes Imre
Published: December 2007

A nyírlugosi meszezési és műtrágyázási tartamkísérletben
végzett vizsgálataink alapján az alábbi főbb tanulságok fogalmazhatók meg:–A
tartós N-műtrágyázás nyomán a trágyázatlan kontrollon mért 4,3 pH(KCl) 3,5-re
süllyedt, míg az 1 t/ha/év CaCO
3
-adagolás eredményeképpen 6,4-re
emelkedett a szántott rétegben. Ugyanitt a kicserélhető Ca
2+
0,13-ról
2,18 me/100 g értékre nőtt. Ezzel szemben az Al
3+
0,68-ról 0,40-re,
míg a Fe
2+
0,43-ról 0,15 me/100 g értékre süllyedt. A meszezés
eredményeképpen a talaj kationcserélő kapacitása (T-érték) 3,3-ról 3,6–3,8-ra,
a kicserélhető bázisok összege (S-érték) 0,4-ről 2,5 me/100 g-ra, a
bázistelítettség pedig 12%-ról 69%-ra változott.–Az NH
4
-acetát+EDTA-oldható
elemtartalmak szintén jellemezték a műtrá-gyázás és a meszezés, ill.
talajsavanyodás hatását. Az erősen savanyú talajon mért Ca 87-ről a meszezés
nyomán 767 mg/kg mennyiségre, a Mg 18-ról a Mg-trágyázással 97-re, a Mn 8-ról
36-ra, a Sr 0,4-ről 2,7-re, a Co 0,15-ről 0,53-ra, valamint a Ni 0,10-ról 0,19
mg/kg-ra emelkedett.–A trágyahatások időfüggők. A kísérlet első 10 évében
(1963–1972) érdemi trágyahatásokat, ill. terméstöbbleteket csak a N-trágyázás
okozott. A második évtizedben (1973–1982) a N-hatások fokozatosan lecsökkentek
a trágyázatlan kontroll szintjére. Trágyahatásokat kalászosoknál az együttes
NP, kapásnövényeknél az NP-kezelések mutattak. A harmadik évtizedben
(1983–1992) a napraforgó és a dohány már meghálálta az NPKCaMg elemek pótlását.
A negyedik évtizedben (1993–2002) a tritikále monokultúra termésmaximumai is az
NPKCaMg-kezeléshez kötődtek. Az utóbbi években (2003–2006 között) az
egyoldalúan 100–150 kg/ha/év N-adaggal kezelt talajokon a tritikále gyakorlatilag
kipusztult, a talaj extrém módon elsavanyodott és tápelemekben elszegényedett.
A talajtermékenység megőrizhető, ha biztosítjuk a feltalajban a 120–150 mg/kg
AL-P
2
O
5
- és AL-K
2
O-tartalmat, ill. 1 t/ha/év
körüli dolomitport alkalmazva fenntartjuk az 5,5–6,0 pH(KCl) értéket és a
megfelelő N-trágyázásról is gondoskodunk.–A tritikále szalma- és szemtermésében
nőtt a N, K, P, Mn, Zn és Co elemek mennyisége a kicsi termést adó és erősen
savanyú N
3
-kezelésben, míg a Ca, Sr és Mo koncentrációi
lecsökkentek. A m_e
A talaj forróvíz-oldható C-frakciójának vizsgálata trágyázási tartamkísérletben
Authors: Bankó László , Hoffmann Sándor , Debreczeni Katalin
Published: December 2007

Keszthelyen, Ramann-féle barna erdőtalajon 1963-ban, 4
ismétléssel, 15 kezeléssel, 98 m²-es parcellákon, két vetésforgóval
beállított szerves- és műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 41. és 43. éve között vizsgáltuk
a kezelések hatására beállt talajtermékenységbeli változásokat. Az
istállótrágyázás és azonos N-hatóanyag-tartalmú műtrágya-, valamint a
szárleszántásos-kezeléseknek a terméseredményekre, a talaj szerves szén- (TOC)
és a forróvíz-oldható szénmennyiségére (HWC) gyakorolt hatását elemeztük a
kiválasztott kezelések szántott rétegéből vett talajminták alapján. A termőhely
talaja homokos vályog. A szántott réteg humusztartalma: 1,5%, a pH értéke: 7,3,
agyagtartalma: 22%, felvehető foszforral gyengén, káliummal közepesen ellátott.
A hosszú évtizedekig tartó szabadföldi kísérletek alkalmasak a
talajtermékenység változásának nyomon követésére. A termékenységet legjobban a
termés mutatja meg. A talajtermékenységre a humusz mennyisége is utal, azonban,
az önmagában nem vezet nagy terméshez. A talaj szerves anyagában bekövetkező
változások lassúak, a trend csak hosszú idő után mutatható ki. A HWC
meghatározása megoldást kínál. A változás irányultsága jóval azelőtt jelezhető,
mielőtt az a TOC-t érintené. Főbb eredményeink és következtetéseink:–A HWC a
TOC könnyen bomló frakciója (3,3%-a), amit a közöttük kimutatott szignifikáns,
szoros korreláció is igazol (r = 0,816, p < 0,05). –A jelentős mennyiségű
szerves input eredményeként az istállótrágyázás 29%-kal, a szerves-kezelések
összességében 19%-kal magasabb HWC-t jelentettek az NPK-hatóanyagú
műtrágyakezelésekhez képest. –A talajok a HWC mérésével
szervesanyag-ellátottsági szintekre oszthatók. A 200 mg/kg alsó határ a talaj
termékenységének kimerülésére, a 400 mg/kg felső határ nagy mennyiségű könnyen
bomló szerves anyag jelenlétére mutat rá. A magas HWC-érték a humusz
gyarapodására, az alacsony a csökkenésére utal. A kontrollkezelés 200 mg/kg
körüli HWC-tartalommal jellemezhető, míg a 400 mg/kg értéket egyedül a 3#/2-kezelés
éri el.–Műtrágyázással a talaj humusztartalma szinten tartható, szerves anyag
leszántásával viszont növelhető. A műtrágyázás 4, az istállótrágyázás 15, a szármaradvány-leszántás
25%-kal magasabb TOC kialakulását eredményezte a talaj természetes termékenységét
képviselő kontrollkezeléshez képest.–A szerves anyag egy részét az ásványi
szemcsék fizikailag védik a mikrobiális lebontástól. Az átlagban 1%-os értéket
adó TOC-nál magasabb értékhez a nagy szerves inputtal járó 70 és 105 t/ha/5 év
adagú istállótrágyázás és a szárleszántásos kezelések vezettek. A 22%-os
agyagtartalomhoz 2% TOC-mennyiség képviselne jó ellátottsági értéket, így a TOC
duplájára növelhető._8
A hegsérvek hálóval történő rekonstrukcióját követő késői szövődmény: a pseudocysta-képződésr
Authors: Sahin-Tóth Gábor , Halász Tamás , Viczián Csaba , Oláh Tibor
Published: December 2007

Absztrakt

Bevezetés: A háló alkalmazásával végzett rekonstrukciók egyre gyakoribbak a különféle sérvek ellátásánál, beleértve a posztoperatív sérveket is. A hálós sérvműtétek esetén a leggyakoribb szövődmény a seroma-, haematoma- és abscessusképződés. Korábban irodalmi ritkaságnak számított a késői posztoperatív időszakban megjelenő fibrosus cystás elváltozás, azonban több klinikai tanulmány, valamint saját tapasztalatunk is arra enged következtetni, hogy ez gyakoribb elváltozás, és esetleges jelentkezésével számolnunk kell.

Beteganyag: 2001. január 01. és 2005. december 31. között 148 esetben végeztünk háló beültetésével hasfali rekonstrukciót hegsérv miatt. Késői szövődményként 4–25 hónap után 5 esetben észleltük pseudocysta kialakulását onlay behelyezett polipropilén hálót követően. A cystafal széles excisióját követően betegeink szövődménymentesen gyógyultak.

Megbeszélés: A pseudocysta-képződés etiológiája nem tisztázott, de valószínűsíthető az összefüggés seroma, illetve haematoma kialakulásával, annak ellenére, hogy ezeket az elváltozásokat a közvetlen posztoperatív szakban betegeinknél nem észleltük. Nem bizonyítható az sem, hogy a háló tulajdonsága, illetve beültetésének módja hatással van-e a fibrosus cysta kialakulására. Kiemelendő, hogy az onlay hálós sérvrekonstrukcióknak ezen késői szövődménye csak egy ismételt műtéttel gyógyítható. A pseudocysta-képződés megelőzhetőnek tűnik a sublay és minimálisan invazív technikák szélesebb körű alkalmazásával.
Beérkezett könyvek
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: December 2007

BögreZsuzsanna(szerk.): Élettörténet a társadalomtudományokban. Pázmány Kiadó, Budapest,
2007Szegedy-MaszákMihályés
ZákányTóthPéter
(szerk.): Nemzeti művelődések az egységesülő
világban. Ráció Kiadó, Budapest, 2007HervéChneiweiss: Neurosciences
et neuroéthique, des cerveaux libres et heureux. Alvi, Párizs, 2006StevenPinker: The stuff of thought. Language as a window into human nature.Vi_5
A feltételes állítás kísérleti vizsgálata: mégis van benne logika?
Authors: Veszelka András
Published: December 2007

Az absztrakt feltételes állítás kísérleti vizsgálatában
összesen 4 feladatot és 3 tagadástípust használnak, vagyis 12 lehetséges
elrendezést. Mindhárom tagadásra csak választásos feladatban állnak megfelelően
rendelkezésre adatok, ebben a tanulmányban elvégzem a hiányzó kísérleteket.
Mivel elméleti okokból bikondicionális válaszokat vártam_,
A mozgásfelismerés és a nyelv kapcsolata
Authors: Kemény Ferenc
Published: December 2007

Majmok agyában található egy olyan neuroncsoport, amely
bizonyos mozgások kivitelezésekor és megfigyelésekor is aktív. Ez a
tükörneuron-rendszer. Ez a funkció megtalálható az emberben is. A tü­kör­neuronok
az emberi agy_,
A szorongás és a védekező magatartás kogni­tív neuropszichológiai mechanizmusai I.
Authors: Kállai János
Published: December 2007

A szorongásos zavarok különböző pszichoterápiás módszerekkel
eredményesen kezelhetők. A kezelési útmutatók, az egyénre szabott diagnosztika
és ellátás mellett, a gyógyszeres és pszichoterápiás kezelés kombinációját
javasolják. A lelki zavarok kezelésének bemeneti és kimeneti paraméterei,
minőségi és mennyiségi összetevői_,
Beszélőfelismerés - neurológiai háttér és pszichológiai modellek
Authors: Bőhm Tamás Mihály
Published: December 2007

Beszédük alapján fel tudjuk ismerni családtagjainkat,
ismerőseinket. Ez azért lehetséges, mert a beszéd a nyelvi üzeneten kívül a
beszélő személyére utaló nem nyelvi információt is tartalmaz. Ebben a tanulmŕ,
Crescimento, partição de matéria seca e retenção de Na+, K+ e Cl- em dois genótipos de sorgo irrigados com águas salinas
Authors: Aquino Alexandre José Silva de , Lacerda Claudivan Feitosa de , Bezerra Marlos Alves , Gomes Filho Enéas , Costa Raimundo Nonato Távora
Published: December 2007

Os mecanismos de tolerância à salinidade são complexos e dependem de mudanças fisiológicas e anatômicas que ocorrem na planta inteira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a retenção de íons, o crescimento e a partição de matéria seca em dois genótipos de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] irrigados com água com crescentes níveis de salinidade. Sementes selecionadas foram germinadas em vasos com 12 kg de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura arenosa em condições de casa de vegetação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, composto por dois genótipos (CSF 18, sensível, e CSF 20, tolerante) e cinco concentrações de sais na água de irrigação, correspondentes às condutividades elétricas (CEa) de 0,5 (controle), 2,0, 4,0, 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1, com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos tratamentos (concentrações de sais) teve início aos cinco dias após a emergência, e a coleta das plantas foi realizada aos 44 dias depois do início dos tratamentos. Foram determinadas a produção e a partição de matéria seca, bem como a distribuição das raízes nos vasos e os teores de íons (Na+, K+ e Cl-) nas diversas partes da planta. A salinidade reduziu a área foliar e a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes; a redução no crescimento da parte aérea foi maior no genótipo CSF 18. A salinidade alterou a partição de fotoassimilados de forma similar nos dois genótipos, resultando em aumento na proporção entre fontes e drenos, o que pode contribuir para a aclimatação das plantas ao estresse salino. As plantas de sorgo mostraram eficiente mecanismo de retenção de Na+, prevenindo seu acúmulo nos tecidos foliares. Esse mecanismo, no entanto, provocou diminuição na suculência foliar. Os teores foliares de K+ e a retenção de Na+ nos colmos foram maiores no genótipo CSF 20 (tolerante).
Relações entre o conhecimento de agricultores e de pedólogos sobre solos: estudo de caso em Rio Pardo de Minas, MG
Authors: Correia João Roberto , Anjos Lúcia Helena Cunha dos , Lima Antonio Carlos Souza , Neves Delma Pessanha , Toledo Luciano de Oliveira , Calderano Filho Braz , Shinzato Edgar
Published: December 2007

Um dos desafios para construção de modelos agrícolas que se referenciam pela sustentabilidade é a utilização de conhecimentos científicos adequados a singulares situações sociais. Para isso, é necessário considerar saberes acumulados por agricultores no espaço e no tempo. No caso do recurso 'solos', pouco desse saber é considerado no ensino em ciência do solo e nos trabalhos de pedologia. Por isso, a aplicação de tecnologias geradas com base no conhecimento científico é limitada quando destinada a grupos tradicionais, principalmente pela não-adequação às necessidades por eles reconhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma abordagem integrada entre os saberes de pedólogos e de agricultores, utilizando-se a hierarquização de ambientes no Cerrado pelos agricultores como ferramenta para compreender as bases sob as quais essa relação pode ocorrer. O estudo baseou-se em características ambientais e sociais da Comunidade Água Boa 2, em Rio Pardo de Minas (MG), onde, por trabalho de campo, foi possível analisar a terminologia local e, assim, descrever os ambientes, classificar as terras e constituir diálogos acerca do ambiente do Cerrado e dos solos.
Self-flowing underwater concrete mixtures
Authors: Yousri K. M.
Published: December 2007

The placement of conventional concrete mixtures in underwater construction results in a high percentage of material loss owing to washout of cement paste. The current paper presents the influence of antiwashout admixture (AWA) on various properties of concrete. Eleven self-flowing concrete (SFC) mixtures using type II cement were proportioned. A combination of low water–cement (w/c), high cement contents, AWAs, fly ash and silica fume were used to enhance the resistance of fresh concrete to washout. The concrete mixtures were proportioned to be highly flowable, self-levelling and cohesive. The w/c materials ratios ranged between 0·35 and 0·39, which corresponds to a typical underwater concrete mixture. The concrete mixtures were tested for slump, slump flow, washout resistance and compressive strength. The compressive strength of each concrete mixture cast under water was determined at 3, 7 and 28 days and compared with the compressive strength of the same concrete mixture cast under normal conditions (in air). Test results indicated that the use of an AWA facilitates the production of flowable concrete mixtures with the added benefit of lower washout loss. Concrete mixture proportioned using type II cement and fly ash at a 15% level of replacement was found to develop SFC that had better fresh and hardened properties and was more resistant to washout. The self-flowing underwater concretes developed 28-day compressive strengths ranging from 20 to 28 MPa.
Hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater filters under variable wetting and drying regimes
Authors: Hatt B.E. , Fletcher T.D. , Deletic A.
Published: December 2007

Biofiltration systems are an effective stormwater treatment technology. However, their robustness is yet to be tested, particularly their performance following extended dry periods. The hydraulic and treatment performance of five different non-vegetated, soil-based filters under varying periods of inundation and drying was assessed. The infiltration capacity of the filters decreased during wet periods and increased following dry periods, most probably due to swelling and shrinkage of the filter media. Treatment of sediment, heavy metals and phosphorus was not influenced by the wetting and drying regime. However, outflow concentrations of nitrogen were significantly higher upon re-wetting following extended dry periods compared with wet periods. This result has implications for current design practices, as these nitrogen pulses could negatively impact the ecological health of downstream receiving waters.
Assessment of alkylphenols in wastewater treatment: do we comply with new directives?
Authors: Janex-Habibi M.L. , Huyard A. , Esperanza M. , Bruchet A.
Published: December 2007

The fate of various alkylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment was studied at full scale in thirteen plants, selected in order to cover a wide range of treatment processes, sizes and countries. In-depth investigations consisted in the analysis of nonylphenols, short chained (n = 1, 2) but also long chained polyethoxylates in raw wastewaters, effluents, raw and treated sludges. The degradation of long chained polyethoxylates (APnEO) was shown, resulting in significant production of alkylphenols that concentrate in the sludges. Results show however that the pending Directive on spreading of sludge on land would be complied with in all cases. For the effluent, the EQS established within the WFD might not be satisfied in very critical situations where the dilution factor of the effluent in the river would be too small.
Computing with Functionals—Computability Theory or Computer Science?
Authors: Normann Dag
Published: December 2007

We review some of the history of the computability theory of functionals of higher types, and we will demonstrate how contributions from logic and theoretical computer science have shaped this still active subject.
Nonstandard Arithmetic and Reverse Mathematics
Authors: Keisler H. Jerome
Published: December 2007

We show that each of the five basic theories of second order arithmetic that play a central role in reverse mathematics has a natural counterpart in the language of nonstandard arithmetic. In the earlier paper [3] we introduced saturation principles in nonstandard arithmetic which are equivalent in strength to strong choice axioms in second order arithmetic. This paper studies principles which are equivalent in strength to weaker theories in second order arithmetic.
Classifying the Provably Total Functions of PA
Authors: Weiermann Andreas
Published: December 2007

We give a self-contained and streamlined version of the classification of the provably computable functions of PA. The emphasis is put on illuminating as well as seems possible the intrinsic computational character of the standard cut elimination process. The article is intended to be suitable for teaching purposes and just requires basic familiarity with PA and the ordinals below ε0. (Familiarity with a cut elimination theorem for a Gentzen or Tait calculus is helpful but not presupposed).
Gödel's Program Revisited Part I: The Turn to Phenomenology
Authors: Hauser Kai
Published: December 2007

Convinced that the classically undecidable problems of mathematics possess determinate truth values, Gödel issued a programmatic call to search for new axioms for their solution. The platonism underlying his belief in the determinateness of those questions in combination with his conception of intuition as a kind of perception have struck many of his readers as highly problematic. Following Gödel's own suggestion, this article explores ideas from phenomenology to specify a meaning for his mathematical realism that allows for a defensible epistemology.