bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work hardening and inherent plastic instability of nanocrystalline metals
Authors: Kurmanaeva L. , Ivanisenko Yu. , Markmann J. , Yang K. , Fecht H.‐J. , Weissmüller J.
Published: April 2010

We report an investigation of the mechanical behaviour of nanocrystalline (nc) Pd and Pd90Au10 with mean grain size around 14 nm. All specimens were brittle in tension and ductile in compression. We analyze the parameters that control a material's potential for ductility in tension, namely strain hardening exponent, n, and strain rate sensitivity, m. The results reveal low values, n ≈ m ≈ 0.05. This constitutive behavior is known to promote plastic instability and, hence, rapid fracture in tension. Therefore, our results suggest that a tendency for localized deformation is an inherent feature of nc materials. It appears that the limited ductility of nc materials in tension is not related to microstructural flaws, but is a consequence of the concomitant low values of n and m. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvatochromic shift of the π → π* transition in all‐trans, cis‐13, cis‐11, cis‐9, and cis‐7 retinal isomers induced by water and methanol
Authors: López‐Castillo Alejandro , Borin Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2010

The solvatochromic shift of the lowest singlet π → π* electronic transition in the all‐trans, cis‐13, cis‐11, cis‐9, and cis‐7 retinal isomers were computed under the influence of water, methanol, and benzene solvents. Excitation energies were calculated in gas phase and in solution. The calculations in solution were performed considering the sequential Monte Carlo (MC) /Quantum Mechanical approach. The MC simulations were performed considering the full retinal isomer molecules and 900 water molecules, 900 methanol, or 400 benzene ones. The OPLS/AA parametrization was chosen for retinal, methanol, and benzene molecules and the SPC model was used for water one. From the MC calculations 100 independent configurations were selected, with 100 solvent molecules in thermodynamical equilibrium at T = 298.15 K. Average point‐charges were obtained from those independent configurations for water, methanol, and benzene solvent. TDDFT and CASSCF//CASPT2 methodologies were used to compute the vertical excitation energy of the retinal isomers in different environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Goal‐oriented customization of software cockpits
Authors: Heidrich Jens , Münch Jürgen
Published: April 2010

Software cockpits, also known as Software Project Control Centers, support the management and controlling of software and system development projects and provide means for quantitative, measurement‐based project control. Currently, many companies are developing simple control dashboards that are mainly based on Spreadsheet applications. Alternatively, they use solutions providing a fixed set of project control functionalities that cannot be sufficiently customized to their specific needs and goals. Specula is a systematic approach for defining reusable, customizable control components and instantiating them according to different organizational goals and characteristics based on the Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) and the Goal Question Metric (GQM) approach. This article gives an overview of the Specula approach, including the basic conceptual model, goal‐oriented composition of control centers based on explicitly stated measurement goals and a conceptual architecture supporting the approach. Related approaches are discussed, a practical usage example is given, and evaluation results from using Specula as part of industrial case studies are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sequential Expression of CD40 and Icam2 Defines Progressive Steps in the Formation of Blood Precursors from the Mesoderm Germ Layer
Authors: Pearson Stella , Lancrin Christophe , Lacaud Georges , Kouskoff Valerie
Published: April 2010

During embryogenesis, the hematopoietic program is specified from the mesodermal germ layer through the formation of hemangioblast. This precursor gives rise to a hemogenic endothelium that later on matures to generate primitive and definitive hematopoietic precursors. A lack of specific cell surface markers to identify cells with discrete developmental potential is a major hurdle in the quest to further understand the cellular and molecular program governing blood formation. In the present study, we identify CD40 and Icam2, two markers typically associated with the adult immunological compartment, as expressed at the earliest stages of blood specification both in vitro and in vivo. Using in vitro serum-free culture conditions that support the efficient and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells, we show that the sequential expression of CD40 and Icam2 delineate a transition in the acquisition of the blood potential from hemangioblast to hemogenic endothelium leading to the formation of primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitors. CD40 is transiently expressed at the onset of blood development and marks first the hemangioblast then the hemogenic endothelium but is no longer expressed on fully committed hematopoietic precursors within the fetal liver. In contrast, Icam2 is first expressed on the hemogenic endothelium and its expression persists on fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors. Taken together, our data identify novel cell surface markers allowing us to further refine our understanding of the events marking progressive hematopoietic commitment from the mesoderm germ layer.
The CD10 Enzyme Is a Key Player to Identify and Regulate Human Mammary Stem Cells
Authors: Bachelard-Cascales Elodie , Chapellier Marion , Delay Emmanuel , Pochon Gaetan , Voeltzel Thibault , Puisieux Alain , Caron de Fromentel Claude , Maguer-Satta Véronique
Published: April 2010

The major components of the mammary ductal tree are an inner layer of luminal cells, an outer layer of myoepithelial cells, and a basement membrane that separates the ducts from the underlying stroma. Cells in the outer layer express CD10, a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that regulates the growth of the ductal tree during mammary gland development. To define the steps in the human mammary lineage at which CD10 acts, we have developed an in vitro assay for human mammary lineage progression. We show that sorting for CD10 and EpCAM cleanly separates progenitors from differentiated luminal cells and that the CD10-high EpCAM-low population is enriched for early common progenitor and mammosphere-forming cells. We also show that sorting for CD10 enriches sphere-forming cells from other tissue types, suggesting that it may provide a simple tool to identify stem or progenitor populations in tissues for which lineage studies are not currently possible. We demonstrate that the protease activity of CD10 and the adhesion function of β1-integrin are required to prevent differentiation of mammary progenitors. Taken together, our data suggest that integrin-mediated contact with the basement membrane and cleavage of signaling factors by CD10 are key elements in the niche that maintains the progenitor and stem cell pools in the mammary lineage.
Electron‐beam irradiation of blends of polypropylene with recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Ismail H. , Galpaya D. , Ahmad Z.
Published: April 2010

One‐mm thick sheets were prepared from blends of polypropylene and recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (rNBR) with different blend ratios. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was used as a co‐agent. Electron‐beam‐initiated cross‐linking of the sheets was carried out at a dose of 40 kGy, and 3 phr of TMPTA based on the weight of rNBR was used. Properties such as tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, swelling percentage in oil, and morphology were studied. The results showed that the tensile properties had been improved by irradiation. The studies of swelling in oil revealed a higher cross‐link density in the irradiated blends compared to that in nonirradiated blends at similar blend ratios. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed better adhesion between the phases and rough failure surfaces with a large number of tear lines which indicated a higher energy requirement for the failure of irradiated blends compared to that for nonirradiated blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the thermal and mechanical properties of medium density polyethylene matrix nanocomposites produced by a mechanical milling method
Authors: Noroozi M. , Zebarjad S.M.
Published: April 2010

Medium‐density polyethylene/multiwall carbon nanotube (MDPE/MWCNT) nanocomposites were produced by a mechanical milling method using a high‐energy ball mill. The MDPE and MWCNTs were added to the ball mill at a constant 20:1 weight ratio of ball/powders and milled for 10 h to obtain polyethylene matrix nanocomposites reinforced with 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 weight percent of MWCNTs. To clarify the role of both MWCNT content and milling time on the morphology of MDPE, some nanocomposite samples were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope. To evaluate the role of milling on the microstructure of the nanocomposites, very thin films of MDPE/MWCNTs were prepared and studied by transmission electron microscopy. Thermal behavior of these nanocomposites was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Standard tensile samples were produced by compression molding. The dependence of the tensile properties of MDPE on both milling time and MWCNT content was studied by using a tensile test. The results of the microscopic evaluations showed that the milling process could be a suitable method for producing MDPE/MWCNT nanocomposites. The addition of carbon nanotubes to MDPE caused a change in its morphology at constant milling parameters. The results of the DSC tests showed that the crystallization temperature of MDPE increased as MWCNTs were added, although no dependency was observed as milling time increased. Crystallization index changed from 50 to 55% as MWCNT content increased from 0 to 5%. The results of the tensile tests showed that both the Young's modulus and the yield strength of MDPE increased as MWCNTs were added. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of molecular weight on the dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of anionically polymerized polyamide 6 containing nanofiber
Authors: Ahmadi Shervin , Morshedian Jalil , Hashemi Seyeed Ali
Published: April 2010

Anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactam leads to the formation of polyamide 6 (PA6). This reaction takes place at a significantly faster rate and gives a narrower molecular‐weight distribution than those obtained with other techniques. Because of this advantage, anionic polymerization of PA6 during melting was investigated in this work. In an internal mixer, PA6 was prepared via the melt polymerization of ε‐caprolactam as monomer with sodium caprolactam as a catalyst and hexamethylene diisocyanate as an activator. The effects of various concentrations of catalyst and activator on the rate of reaction and the amount of residual monomer were determined. Also, the physical and mechanical properties of PA6 prepared in this way and commercial PA6 prepared via hydrolytic processing were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, as well as tensile, impact, and rheological tests. The experimental results showed that the composition which included 3% of catalyst and 3% of activator gave better properties than the other formulations. These conditions led to the lowest residual monomer content and better mechanical properties, as well. Another novel aspect of this investigation was nanofiber formation during the melt polymerization. The nanofibers had lower molecular weights than the matrix and thus created a special crystal structure different from that of the matrix. Mechanical property measurements showed that PA6 prepared by using this technique and the aforementioned formulation was similar to the commercial PA6. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
A computational micro‐sphere model applied to the simulation of phase‐transformations
Authors: Ostwald R. , Bartel T. , Menzel A.
Published: April 2010

We present an efficient model for the simulation of polycrystalline materials undergoing solid to solid phase transformations. As a basis, we use a one‐dimensional, thermodynamically consistent phase‐transformation model. This model is embedded into a micro‐sphere formulation in order to simulate three‐dimensional boundary value problems. To solve the underlying evolution equations, we use a newly developed explicit integration scheme which could be proved to be unconditionally A‐stable. Besides the investigation of homogeneous deformation states, representative finite element examples are discussed. It is shown that the model nicely reflects the overall behaviour.
Characterisation of the interaction of colicin A with its co‐receptor TolA
Authors: Hecht Oliver , Zhang Ying , Li Chan , Penfold Christopher N. , James Richard , Moore Geoffrey R.
Published: April 2010

MINT‐7888982: TolA (uniprotkb:P19934), TolB (uniprotkb:P0A855) and Col‐A (uniprotkb:P04480) physically interact (MI:0915) by nuclear magnetic resonance (MI:0077)
Breastfeeding Among Chinese Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Donaldson Heather , Kratzer Jennifer , Okutoro‐Ketter Susannah , Tung Pearl
Published: April 2010

X.W.C. is a 37‐year‐old gravida 3, para 1011 at 39 weeks and 6/7 days' gestation. She has no medical problems. Her obstetric history revealed that she had a normal spontaneous vaginal birth of a 4000‐g live infant male 12 years earlier in China. By her account, the infant had been exclusively bottle‐fed. Her primary language is Mandarin. Her prenatal course was mostly uncomplicated. She had a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test, but a chest radiograph was negative for tuberculosis. She also had a condyloma that was ruled safe for vaginal birth, and a pronounced rectocele and cystocele that were to be followed postpartum. During each of the first 10 prenatal visits, X.W.C. was handed a pamphlet with facts about the benefits of breastfeeding. Toward the end of her prenatal course, she was asked what method of infant feeding she preferred, and she indicated that she would try breastfeeding.

Shortly after being admitted to the labor unit she was given Pitocin to augment her labor because she presented with prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) at term. Two hours later, she had a normal spontaneous vaginal birth of a live 3515‐g female newborn; her 1‐and 5‐minute Apgar scores were 9 and 9, respectively. The baby was placed on the mother's abdomen and warmed and dried. After the delivery of the placenta, and after a second‐degree laceration was repaired, she was asked if she would like to breastfeed or bottle‐feed. She hesitated for a moment before answering that she would like to try both. Her husband then looked at X.W.C. and asked if that would be the best thing for them. Sensing her husband's wishes and possibly having discussed feeding methods with him beforehand, X.W.C. then took a minute before telling the nurse that she had changed her mind—she wanted to bottle‐feed. On her first day postpartum, she and her baby were both doing well. Her baby was by her side, and she was exclusively bottle‐feeding.
The Europeanization of social movements in the Czech Republic: The EU and local women’s groups
Authors: Císař Ondřej , Vráblíková Kateřina
Published: April 2010

The goal of this paper is to analyse the impact the EU has had on Czech women’s groups since the1990s. Drawing on both Europeanization and social movement theories, the first section defines the theoretical framework of the paper. The second section is focused on the impact of changes in the funding of women’s groups which, since the end of the1990s, have relied more than before on European funding. The third section analyses the shift in the political context and the domestic political opportunity structure in the Czech Republic that has occurred in connection with the accession process. The fourth section analyzes transnational cooperation for which new opportunities have appeared with the EU’s eastward expansion. The paper concludes by summarizing its main findings.
The Late Paleozoic geodynamics of the West Transbaikalian segment of the Central Asian fold belt
Authors: Mazukabzov A.M. , Donskaya T.V. , Gladkochub D.P. , Paderin I.P.
Published: April 2010

New data testifying to Late Paleozoic tectonometamorphic processes at the West Transbaikalian segment of the Central Asian Fold Belt have been obtained. Zircon dating (SHRIMP-II) of highly metamorphosed rocks showed that the processes took place at 295.3 ± 1.6 Ma. Based on these data, the Late Paleozoic ages of granitoids of the Angara–Vitim areal pluton (340–280 Ma) and some dike complexes in Transbaikalia (300–280 Ma), and the Late Paleozoic age of some carbonate-terrigenous strata dated earlier to the Early Paleozoic, we have substantiated the significant role of Hercynian tectogenesis in the consolidation of the regional continental crust. We have also shown that the Late Paleozoic endogenous events and accompanying sedimentation processes were related to the geodynamic conditions governed by the changing parameters of the subsidence of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic subduction slab beneath the Siberian continent. Changes in the slope and rate of the slab subsidence resulted in A-subduction conditions in the distal part of the suprasubduction plate, which led to the formation of accretion-collisional orogen and the Angara–Vitim areal pluton.
Strike-slip tectonics and subalkaline mafic magmatism in the Early Paleozoic collisional system of the western Baikal region
Authors: Fedorovsky V.S. , Sklyarov E.V. , Izokh A.E. , Kotov A.B. , Lavrenchuk A.V. , Mazukabzov A.M.
Published: April 2010

We discuss strike-slip tectonics as the key agent in the formation of the Early Paleozoic (Caledonian) collisional system of the western Baikal region. This tectonic setting implies existence of local syncompressional extension, with the ensuing conditions for mantle drainage and magmatism. Lower-middle crust collisional complexes exposed in the Olkhon area of the western Baikal region provide a record of synmetamorphic subalkaline-mafic magmatism associated with the early synorogenic collapse of the Olkhon collisional system, a part of the Central Asian collisional-accretionary belt.
Granitoids of the Tyrma–Bureya complex in the northern Bureya–Jiamusi superterrane of the Central Asian fold belt: age and geodynamic setting
Authors: Sorokin A.A. , Kotov A.B. , Sal’nikova E.B. , Kudryashov N.M. , Anisimova I.V. , Yakovleva S.Z. , Fedoseenko A.M.
Published: April 2010

According to U–Pb dating, the granitoids of the Tyrma–Bureya complex in the northern Bureya–Jiamusi superterrane of the Central Asian fold belt are not of Paleozoic, as previously thought, but of Mesozoic age (Nizhnyaya Stoiba massif, 218 ± 2 Ma; Talakan and Ust’-Dikan massifs, 185 ± 1 Ma). They formed at the early stages of collision between the North Asian and Sino-Korean cratons and the intervening Amur superterrane.
Evaluation of the Use of Different Solvents to Extract the Four Main Components of Yinqiaosan and Their In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on Influenza‐A Virus
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Hao Oumei , Wang Wenli , Ying Xixiang , Wang Huailiang
Published: April 2010

High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector was used to quantitatively determine the amount of caffeoylquinic acid, arctium lappa glycoside, aurantiamarin and forsythin present in five solvent extracts (water, 30% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol) of Yinqiaosan (YQS). The calibration curves of the four components were linear (r2 > 0.998) over the concentration range of 0.9–151.5 μg/mL. This method showed good repeatability with relative standard deviations of less than 2.9% and mean recoveries of 91.3–100.5%. We established the relative amounts of each of the four main ingredients in YQS for all five solvent extracts. The direct inhibitory effects of the five YQS extracts on influenza‐A virus in vitro and the therapeutic effects on infected embryonated hen eggs were evaluated. YQS extracted in 50% ethanol and used at concentrations of 500mg/mL and 250mg/mL exerted the greatest therapeutic effect in infected embryonated hen eggs and was significantly superior to ribavirin (p < 0.05). Therefore, the 50% ethanol extract of YQS seems to be the most effective for the inhibition of influenza‐A virus. Based on these results, further studies are warranted to evaluate the use of YQS extracts as a possible therapy for influenza.
Intravenous Thiamylal and Local Anesthetic Infiltration for Pediatric Facial Repair Procedures Performed in Emergency Departments
Authors: Lin Ching‐Kuo , Lau Yu‐Wa , Chan Hon‐Man , Wang Fu‐Yuan , Lin Tzeng‐Jih , Cheng Kuang‐I , Feng Yu‐Tung , Hung Chung‐Long
Published: April 2010

Thiamylal is widely used for procedural sedation in emergency departments (ED); however, there are limited safety data for doses of thiamylal > 5 mg/kg in children. We investigated whether intravenous thiamylal in combination with local anesthetics is safe and effective for pediatric procedural sedation in the ED and to identify the association between increasing doses thiamylal and adverse events. Between July 2004 and June 2008, 227 children who underwent procedural sedation met the inclusion criteria, including 105 males (46.3%) and 122 females (53.7%). Facial laceration was the most common indication for procedural sedation. All children received an intravenous injection of thiamylal, with a loading dose of 5 mg/kg. Eighty‐one children (35.7%) received a supplemental dose of 2.5 mg/kg thiamylal because of inadequate sedation. Of these, 27 (11.9%) received a second supplemental dose of 2.5 mg/kg because of inadequate sedation. Sixty‐six patients (29.1%) experienced 75 mild and self‐resolving adverse events, and most of which (15/75; 20%) were drowsiness. Four (1.8%) patients experienced oxygen saturation below 96%, which was related to the supplemental dose of thiamylal (p = 0.002). No children suffered from any lasting or potentially serious complications. Our results indicate that intravenous thiamylal in combination with local anesthetic infiltration is a well tolerated for therapeutic procedures in the ED. Thiamylal offers rapid onset of sedation without compromising the patient's cardiorespiratory function during pediatric procedural sedation.
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Complicated With ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Hsu Po‐Chao , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Su Ho‐Ming , Lin Zu‐Yau , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung
Published: April 2010

Acute pancreatitis complicated with acute myocardial infarction has rarely been reported and the precise mechanisms of myocardial injury remain unclear. We report a 49‐year‐old man presenting with epigastralgia who had been hospitalized for acute necrotizing pancreatitis, and who subsequently developed ST elevation myocardial infarction. The patient eventually died because of severe heart failure and complications of progressive necrotizing pancreatitis. Although a standard management protocol for these patients has not yet been developed, administration of thrombolytic agents may cause severe complications based on the limited case reports already published. We suggest that coronary angiography and further interventions such as angioplasty and possibly stenting should be performed in these cases.
Hyper‐IgE Syndrome With Epstein‐Barr Virus Associated Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma of Skin
Authors: Chang Cheng‐Huang , Hsu Yung‐Hsiang
Published: April 2010

Hyper‐IgE syndrome, also known as Job's syndrome, is a rare primary immunodeficiency that was first described in 1966. This syndrome is associated with an increased risk for malignancies. Here, we report an 18‐year‐old woman who was frequently hospitalized since childhood because of recurrent pneumonia and urinary tract infection. Multiple erythematous papules and nodules with ulceration were found on her face and right forearm. A skin biopsy showed angiocentric and angiodestructive atypical lymphoid infiltration. In situ hybridization revealed latent Epstein‐ Barr virus‐infected lymphoid cells. Accordingly, this indicates that Epstein‐Barr virus infection may have induced the extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma in this patient with hyper‐IgE syndrome.
Ministerial Selection and Intraparty Organization in the Contemporary British Parliament
Authors: KAM CHRISTOPHER , BIANCO WILLIAM T. , SENED ITAI , SMYTH REGINA
Published: April 2010

This article promotes a characterization of intraparty politics that explains how rank- and-file party members control the delegation of power to their cabinet ministers and shadow cabinet ministers. Using the uncovered set as a solution concept and a measure of party members' collective preferences, we explore the hypothesis that backbenchers' preferences constrain the ministerial selection process in a manner that mitigates agency problems. Specifically, promotion is distributed preferentially to members whose own policy preferences are proximate to the uncovered set of all party members' preferences. Our analysis of ministerial appointments in the contemporary British Parliament supports this view. For both the Labour and Conservative parties, front bench appointments are more sensitive to the collective preferences of backbenchers in each party as measured by the party uncovered set than to the preferences of the parties' leaders.
Bilateral narrow duplication of the internal auditory canal
Authors: Coelho L O M , Ono S E , Neto A Carvalho , Polanski J F , Buschle M
Published: April 2010

Aim:

To demonstrate diagnostic imaging of an extremely rare presentation of bilateral narrow duplication of the internal auditory canal.

Case report:

An adolescent boy with profound sensorineural hearing loss presented for hearing rehabilitation. Imaging studies (i.e. multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) clearly demonstrated bilateral duplication of the internal auditory canals, with narrowing of the lower canals, unilateral cochlear and vestibular dysplasia, bilateral superior semicircular canal malformation, and bilateral absence of the posterior semicircular canals.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is only the third such case described in the literature. Considering that the vestibulocochlear nerve has been unable to be demonstrated in almost all cases of duplicated internal auditory canal (unilateral and bilateral), our case supports the hypothesis that vestibulocochlear nerve aplasia or hypoplasia leads to internal auditory canal stenosis. We consider this rare presentation of bilateral narrow duplication of the internal auditory canal to represent a contraindication for cochlear implantation.
DAVID DREW: TRIBUTES & MEMORIES (I)
Authors: Kemp Ian , Goehr Alexander , Neighbour Oliver , Miller Karl , Wood Hugh , Matthews David , Maconie Robin , Payne Anthony
Published: April 2010

In 1953 or thereabouts a London concert was announced containing the British première of Pierrot Lunaire, an epoch-making work as appeared to be the case from every book on music history I had been able to lay my hands on. So I got the score from the Pendlebury Library in the Cambridge Music School and duly became fascinated and perplexed. I then had a visit from David Drew, an undergraduate one year ahead of me. He had also wanted to see the score and had asked Charles Cudworth, the Pendelbury Librarian, how he could get in touch with the person who had taken it out. This was how I got to know David.
DAVID DREW: TRIBUTES & MEMORIES (III)
Authors: Skempton Howard , McBurney Gerard , Busch Regina , Ward Gillian , Walsh Stephen , Kowalke Kim , Taylor Mark R.
Published: April 2010

When I heard the shocking news of David's death, I thought of favourite pieces of writing, the pick of which would be his Preface to the paperback edition of the first two books of Stravinsky's Conversations with Robert Craft. Plucking this cherished volume from the shelves and glancing at David's text, I was struck by the following line: ‘The true craftsman must at some point be a fanatic (and the fanatic who is a bad craftsman is an impostor or a lunatic)’. David may have been writing about Stravinsky, the ‘great Poet’ of the fable which tops and tails his Preface, but he could no less aptly have been referring to himself. To describe David's fanaticism and craftsmanship as complementary, or reciprocal, is hardly adequate: their relationship was symbiotic. Each spurred on the other and the coupling was extraordinarily fertile.
Digital Technologies and Traditional Cultural Expressions: A Positive Look at a Difficult Relationship
Authors: Burri Mira
Published: April 2010

Digital technologies have often been perceived as imperilling traditional cultural expressions (TCE). This angst has interlinked technical and sociocultural dimensions. On the technical side, it is related to the affordances of digital media that allow instantaneous access to information without real location constraints, data transport at the speed of light and effortless reproduction of the original without any loss of quality. In a sociocultural context, digital technologies have been regarded as the epitome of globalization forces—not only driving and deepening the process of globalization itself but also spreading its effects. The present article examines the validity of these claims and sketches a number of ways in which digital technologies may act as benevolent factors. It illustrates in particular that some digital technologies can be instrumentalized to protect TCE forms, reflecting more appropriately the specificities of TCE as a complex process of creation of identity and culture. The article also seeks to reveal that digital technologies—and more specifically the Internet and the World Wide Web—have had a profound impact on the ways cultural content is created, disseminated, accessed and consumed. It is argued that this environment may have generated various opportunities for better accommodating TCE, especially in their dynamic sense of human creativity.
AERONET, airborne HSRL, and CALIPSO aerosol retrievals compared and combined: A case study
Authors: McPherson Christopher J. , Reagan John A. , Schafer Joel , Giles David , Ferrare Rich , Hair John , Hostetler Chris
Published: April 2010

On 4 August 2007 a unique opportunity for the intercomparison of aerosol retrievals occurred as part of the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and Twilight Zone (CATZ) campaign in the Washington, D. C., urban complex. During the course of the experiment, several Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Cimel Sun photometers were deployed along the CALIPSO track, together with NASA Langley Research Center's airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) instrument flying overhead. A series of daytime coincident measurements was made by the various instruments, permitting a number of important opportunities for the intercomparison of the various instrumental measurements of aerosols as well as evaluation of the Constrained Ratio Aerosol Model‐fit (CRAM) technique for aerosol retrievals from elastic backscatter lidar. The results from the intercomparison are discussed as an illustrative case study in sensor combination and aerosol retrieval methodology.
Estimating glaciation temperature of deep convective clouds with remote sensing data
Authors: Yuan Tianle , Martins J. Vanderlei , Li Zhanqing , Remer Lorraine A.
Published: April 2010

Major uncertainties exist for observing and modeling ice content inside deep convective clouds (DCC). One of the difficulties has been the lack of characterization of vertical profiles of cloud hydrometeor phase. Here we propose a technique to estimate the DCC glaciation temperature using passive remote sensing data. It is based on a conceptual model of vertical hydrometeor size profiles inside DCCs. Estimates from the technique agree well with our general understanding of the problem. Furthermore, the link between vertical profiles of cloud particle size and hydrometeor thermodynamic phase is confirmed by a 3‐D cloud retrieval technique. The technique is applied to aircraft measurements of cloud side reflectance and the result was compared favorably with an independent retrieval of thermodynamic phase based on different refractive indices at 2.13μm and 2.25μm. Possible applications of the technique are discussed.
Carbon and nitrogen fluxes associated with the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon sp. in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Ploug Helle , Musat Niculina , Adam Birgit , Moraru Christina L , Lavik Gaute , Vagner Tomas , Bergman Birgitta , Kuypers Marcel M M
Published: April 2010

Carbon and nitrogen fluxes in Aphanizomenon sp. colonies in the Baltic Sea were measured using a combination of microsensors, stable isotopes, mass spectrometry, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS). Cell numbers varied between 956 and 33 000 in colonies ranging in volume between 1.4 × 10−4 and 230 × 10−4 mm−3. The high cell content and their productivity resulted in steep O2 gradients at the colony–water interface as measured with an O2 microsensor. Colonies were highly autotrophic communities with few heterotrophic bacteria attached to the filaments. Volumetric gross photosynthesis in colonies was 78 nmol O2 mm−3 h−1. Net photosynthesis was 64 nmol O2 mm−3 h−1, and dark respiration was on average 15 nmol O2 mm−3 h−1 or 16% of gross photosynthesis. These volumetric photosynthesis rates belong to the highest measured in aquatic systems. The average cell-specific net carbon-fixation rate was 38 and 40 fmol C cell−1 h−1 measured by microsensors and by using stable isotopes in combination with mass spectrometry and nanoSIMS, respectively. In light, the net C:N fixation ratio of individual cells was 7.3±3.4. Transfer of fixed N2 from heterocysts to vegetative cells was fast, but up to 35% of the gross N2 fixation in light was released as ammonium into the surrounding water. Calculations based on a daily cycle showed a net C:N fixation ratio of 5.3. Only 16% of the bulk N2 fixation in dark was detected in Aphanizomenon sp. Hence, other organisms appeared to dominate N2 fixation and NH4+ release during darkness.
The Spanish Generic Market: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: de la Cuerda Ángel Luis Rodríguez
Published: April 2010

A decade after generic medicines were first introduced in Spain there are now 187 active ingredients in the market and the government has approved 5.105 generic medicines. The sector enjoyed continued growth until 2008, when it slowed down (growth was only 2.4 per cent). The market share of generics is low compared to most European countries — 14 per cent by volume and 6.5 per cent by value whereas in northern European countries generics account for between 35 and 45 per cent of the market or more, but new government policies may help to stimulate generic utilization. On balance these first 10 years have been very positive but generics face various challenges, including the methods used to calculate price reductions in the current Reference Pricing System, the changes introduced to the prescription system by active ingredient and court challenges on certain expiring pharmaceutical product patents.
Anisotropy of the electrical transport properties in a Ni2MnGa single crystal: Experiment and theory
Authors: Zeng Min , Cai Meng-Qiu , Or Siu Wing , Chan Helen Lai Wa
Published: April 2010

Electrical transport properties in ferromagnetic shape memory Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal have been investigated both in experiment and theory by analyzing electrical resistivity along different crystallographic directions during heating. The experimental results show a clear first-order martensitic transformation and a large anisotropic resistivity (AR) of 23.7% at the tetragonal martensitic phase. The theoretical conductivity (σ=1/ρ), estimated using first-principles calculations combined with classical Boltzman transport theory, proves essential crystallographic anisotropic resistivity (AR=31%) in the martensitic phase and agrees well with experimental results. The AR in the martensitic phase is reveled to mainly originate from the splitting of the minority-spin Ni 3d and Ga 4p states near the Fermi level and hence reconstruction of the minority-spin Fermi surface upon martensitic transformation.
Magnetic and magnetothermodynamic properties of Ho5Si4
Authors: Singh Niraj K. , Paudyal Durga , Pecharsky V. K. , Gschneidner K. A.
Published: April 2010

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ho5Si4 have been investigated. The compound undergoes a second order ferromagnetic transition at 76 K (TC) and a spin reorientation transition at about 15 K. The temperature dependencies of heat capacity data measured in various magnetic fields corroborate the second order ferromagnetic character of the transition at TC. For a field change (ΔH) of 50 kOe, the maximum values of isothermal magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) and adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) are −14.8 J kg−1 K−1 (114 mJ/cm3 K) and 6.1 K, respectively. From the first principles calculations the TC of Ho5Si4 is estimated to be 78 K and the maximum value of ΔSM is estimated to be −12.6 J kg−1 K−1 for ΔH=50 kOe.
The effect of partial substitution of Ge for Ga on the elastic and magnetoelastic properties of Fe–Ga alloys
Authors: Petculescu G. , Mandru A. O. , Yuhasz W. M. , Lograsso T. A. , Wun-Fogle M. , Restorff J. B. , Clark A. E. , Hathaway K. B.
Published: April 2010

Both components of the tetragonal magnetoelastic constant b1: the saturation magnetostriction, λγ,2=(3/2)λ100, and the magnetic-field saturated shear elasticity, c′=(c11−c12)/2, were investigated over a wide temperature range for the magnetostrictive Fe1−x−yGaxGey alloys, (x+y≅0.125, 0.185, and 0.245; x/y≅1 and 3). The magnetostriction was measured from 77 to 425 K using standard strain gage techniques. Both shear elastic constants (c′ and c44) were measured from 5 to 300 K using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Six alloy compositions were prepared to cover three important regions: (I) the disordered solute α-Fe region, (II) a richer solute region containing both disordered and ordered phases, and (III) a rich solute region containing ordered multiphases. Our observations reveal that, when the data is presented versus the total electron/atom (e/a) ratio, the above regions for both the ternary and binary alloys are in almost perfect alignment. Following this analysis, we find that the magnetoelastic coupling, b1, peaks for both the binary and the ternary alloys at e/a∼1.35. The values of c′ as well as of λγ,2 in region I of the ternary alloys, when plotted versus e/a, fall appropriately between the binary limits.
Nanostructuring in Ge by self-ion implantation
Authors: Romano L. , Impellizzeri G. , Tomasello M. V. , Giannazzo F. , Spinella C. , Grimaldi M. G.
Published: April 2010

We report here a detailed study about the formation and self-organization of nanoscale structures during ion beam implantation at room temperature of 300 keV Ge+ in Ge as a function of the ion fluence in the range between 1×1014 to 4×1016 cm−2. “Microexplosions” characterize the morphology of the swelled material; a random cellular structure consisting of cells surrounded by amorphous Ge ripples has been observed and studied in details by combining atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.
Lead-free potassium bismuth titanate thin film with complex Aurivillius layer structure
Authors: Cheng Z. X. , Wang X. L. , Zhao H. Y. , Kimura H.
Published: April 2010

A ferroelectric thin film of Aurivillius phase K0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 (KBT) with a complex bismuth layer-structure was fabricated using the pulsed laser deposition method. The thin film grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate shows a strong c-axis orientation, as revealed by x-ray diffraction results, and platelike growth of grains. A Pt/KBT/Pt capacitor shows a maximum polarization of about 20 μC/cm2. In addition, the capacitor also shows good fatigue resistance, with a decrease of 14.5% in the remanent polarization after 107 switching cycles. This Aurivillius phase with four layers of TiO6 octahedra in its unit cell has a band gap of 3.6 eV, which is greater than that of Bi4Ti3O12.
Magnetic and transport properties in ordered arrays of permalloy antidots and thin films
Authors: Confalonieri G. A. Badini , Pirota K. R. , Vazquez M. , Nemes N. M. , Garcia-Hernandez M. , Knobel M. , Batallan F.
Published: April 2010

The magnetotransport behaviors of two types of permalloy nanostructures, thin films and antidots, are presented and discussed. Antidots samples were prepared by sputtering a Ni80Fe20 layer on top of a nanoporous alumina membrane. A counterpart continuous thin film grown on a continuous Si substrate was also prepared. The magnetoresistance (MR) was measured both as a function of the external applied magnetic field and of the angular orientation, and thus compared with the magnetization curves. The introduction of antidots is found to reduce the anisotropic MR and the angular dependence of the MR, simultaneously increasing the coercive field of the samples. The influence of the sample geometry on the perpendicular MR behavior is reported and discussed.
Magneto-optics of InAs/GaSb superlattices
Authors: Haugan H. J. , Ullrich B. , Elhamri S. , Szmulowicz F. , Brown G. J. , Tung L. C. , Wang Y. J.
Published: April 2010

We investigate the optical and electrical properties of a series of InAs/GaSb superlattices (SLs) as a function of InAs layer width d, from 21 to 55 Å, with a fixed GaSb layer width of 24 Å, corresponding to SLs with the cutoff wavelengths between 4 and 19 μm. Since the higher electron mass in InAs/GaSb SLs than in mercury cadmium telluride should lead to lower photodiode tunneling currents, we also measured the cyclotron effective mass for a very long wavelength infrared design SLs. For d<40 Å, the SLs were p-type, with hole mobilities of approximately 8 000 cm2/V s. For a high mobility p-type sample no hole cyclotron resonance signal was detected. However, the SLs with d≥40 Å were n-type, with electron mobilities increasing from 865 to 6126 cm2/V s. Cyclotron resonance data on an n-type SL sample yielded an electron cyclotron mass of 0.068 m0, which is three times the InAs bulk value of 0.023 m0. The mass enhancement was only partially accounted for by conduction band nonparabolicity, based on our 8×8 envelope function calculation.
Low-frequency ac electro-flow-focusing microfluidic emulsification
Authors: He Peng , Kim Haejune , Luo Dawei , Marquez Manuel , Cheng Zhengdong
Published: April 2010

Applications of electric field, using either dc or high-frequency ac field, have shown many advantages in emulsification. We further develop this technique by a detailed study on low-frequency ac electro-flow-focusing (EFF) microfluidic emulsification. Counter-intuitively, the droplet size variation is not monotonic with the electric field, in contrary to the dc-EFF emulsification. This phenomenon originates from a relaxation oscillation of flow rate through the Taylor cone. Particularly, a continuous droplet size decrease was obtained at the voltage ramp-up stage. This emulsification process was modeled in analog to the accumulation and release of charges in an RC electric circuit with an adjustable resistor.
Response of buffalo spermatozoa to low temperatures during cryopreservation
Authors: Anzar M. , Rasul Z. , Ahmed T. A. , Ahmad N.
Published: April 2010

This is the first detailed report on the response of buffalo spermatozoa to low temperatures during freezing. The study determined the critical temperature zone for buffalo spermatozoa and developed a suitable freezing rate for this species. Semen from four Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls diluted in Tris-citric acid was frozen in a programmable freezer. Motion characteristics, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome morphology were determined at +4, 0, –5, –10, –20, –30, –40, –50, –80 and –196°C by removing semen straws from the freezer at exactly these temperatures and rewarming them at 37°C. The first statistical decline in sperm motility and lateral head displacement was observed at –40°C. For all other parameters, there was biphasic decline: for curvilinear velocity, at 0°C and –50°C; and for plasma membrane integrity and acrosome morphology, at –30°C and –50°C. In a second series of experiments, buffalo spermatozoa were frozen using slow (–10°C min–1), medium (–20°C min–1) or fast (–30°C min–1) freezing rates, between –10°C and –80°C. Freezing of buffalo spermatozoa at a rate of –30°C min–1 yielded higher post-thaw motion characteristics, plasma membrane integrity and normal acrosomes. In conclusion, different sperm characteristics respond differently at low temperatures and the freezing of buffalo spermatozoa at a higher rate ensures higher post-thaw semen quality.
Association of AR rs6152G/A gene polymorphism with susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women
Authors: Peng C. Y. , Long X. Y. , Lu G. X.
Published: April 2010

Hyperandrogenism is a central feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Androgens act via the androgen receptor (AR). The rs6152G/A AR gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with male pattern baldness (MPB), which is a common characteristic of males in PCOS families. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the rs6152G/A polymorphism and PCOS in Han Chinese women. The rs6152G/A AR gene polymorphism was screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 224 PCOS women and 223 control subjects from the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA in China. There was a significantly higher prevalence of genotypes containing the A allele in PCOS patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). Patients carrying the rs6152A allele had a 1.608-fold greater risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome compared with rs6152GG homozygotes (OR = 1.608, CI = 1.008–2.597, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the individuals carrying the rs6152A allele had significantly higher susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome than those that were GG homozygotes.
Communicating marine reserve science to diverse audiences
Authors: Grorud-Colvert Kirsten , Lester Sarah E. , Airamé Satie , Neeley Elizabeth , Gaines Steven D.
Published: April 2010

As human impacts cause ecosystem-wide changes in the oceans, the need to protect and restore marine resources has led to increasing calls for and establishment of marine reserves. Scientific information about marine reserves has multiplied over the last decade, providing useful knowledge about this tool for resource users, managers, policy makers, and the general public. This information must be conveyed to nonscientists in a nontechnical, credible, and neutral format, but most scientists are not trained to communicate in this style or to develop effective strategies for sharing their scientific knowledge. Here, we present a case study from California, in which communicating scientific information during the process to establish marine reserves in the Channel Islands and along the California mainland coast expanded into an international communication effort. We discuss how to develop a strategy for communicating marine reserve science to diverse audiences and highlight the influence that effective science communication can have in discussions about marine management.