bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous blood glucose monitoring: does it really affect diabetic control?
Authors: Ng JM , Patel J , Gibson H , Jennings PE
Published: September 2008

There remains uncertainty concerning the use of continuous blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) systems in the assessment and management of diabetes control.

We examined 42 consecutive patients who attended a district hospital over a two‐year period and had CBGM performed to determine if the data obtained had benefited patient care.

There was an easily identifiable pattern in the 72‐hour glycaemic trend in 25 patients. Out of this number, 15 patients had nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The average follow‐up time was seven months, whilst the total daily dose of insulin administered per day fell insignificantly from 55.7 initially to 55.4 units/24hr. HbA1c improved marginally over this time in all patients, reducing from 8.88% to 8.55%.

CBGM offers a marginal advantage over home blood glucose monitoring where glycaemic patterns are poorly understood. However, from our observations, the use of CBGM independently in the management of glycaemic control in diabetes is, overall, ineffective, but it may be useful in the identification of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Defence mechanisms in schizophrenia
Authors: Shaw Richard J. , Geurse Maria K. , Steiner Hans
Published: September 2008

Aim In this study, the aim was to conduct an empirical study of the nature of defence mechanisms in a group of subjects with schizophrenia.

Methods Forty‐four clinically stable, medicated subjects with schizophrenia completed the Response Evaluation Measure (REM‐71), a self‐report measure used to assess defence mechanisms, and were rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) to assess severity of psychopathology. Responses on the REM‐71 were compared with 136 age and gender‐matched control subjects.

Results Subjects with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to endorse the use of immature but not mature defence mechanisms when compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). There was no relationship between responses on the REM‐71 and the BPRS. Test–retest reliability of the REM‐71 was supported by findings that responses by subjects with schizophrenia were unchanged when reassessed after a two‐week time interval.

Conclusions Clinically stable subjects with schizophrenia are found to endorse the use of immature defence mechanisms that have been found to have associations with negative outcomes, including in the area of mood, self‐efficacy and quality of life. Defence style may be an important mediator of psychosocial outcomes, and knowledge of specific defence patterns may have important clinical implications for both prognosis and treatment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality disorders in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Simonsen Erik , Haahr Ulrik , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Friis Svein , Johannessen Jan Olav , Larsen Tor K. , Melle Ingrid , Opjordsmoen Stein , Rund Bjørn Rishovd , McGlashan Thomas , Vaglum Per
Published: September 2008

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of personality disorders in the early course of first‐episode psychosis and their likely presence in the premorbid period. Fifty‐five patients were enrolled at baseline and premorbid function was evaluated by the Premorbid Adjustment Scale. Thirty‐three of these of the patients were assessed at two‐year follow‐up for comorbid personality disorders by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders and by the self‐report instrument Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐II. Half of the patients met the criteria of two or more personality disorders, while one‐third of the patients did not fulfil the criteria for any personality disorder. The schizoid and the avoidant were the most frequent personality disorders and both were associated with social withdrawal during childhood and adolescence. The limitation of the study is the small sample, the retrospective assessment and a 40% attrition rate. The strengths are that it is a clinical epidemiological sample of first‐episode psychotic patients and that different but complimentary measures of the personality disorders were used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Features and applications of blue‐native and clear‐native electrophoresis
Authors: Wittig Ilka , Schägger Hermann
Published: September 2008

1‐D native electrophoresis is used for the separation of individual proteins, protein complexes, and supercomplexes. Stable and labile protein–protein interactions can be identified depending on detergent and buffer conditions. 1‐D native gels are immediately applicable for in‐gel detection of fluorescent‐labeled proteins and for in‐gel catalytic activity assays. 1‐D native gels and blots are used to determine native mass and oligomeric state of membrane proteins. Protein extracts from 1‐D native gels are used for generation of antibodies, for proteomic work, and for advanced structural investigations. 2‐D separation of subunits of protein complexes by SDS‐PAGE is mostly used for immunological and proteomic studies. Following the discussion of these general features, specific applications of native electrophoresis techniques in various research fields are highlighted: immunological and receptor studies, biogenesis and assembly of membrane protein complexes, protein import into organelles, dynamics of proteasomes, proteome and subproteome investigations, the identification and quantification of mitochondrial alterations in apoptosis, carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and the vast variety of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.
Plasma membrane proteome in Arabidopsis and rice
Authors: Komatsu Setsuko
Published: September 2008

Plant cells contain many membrane systems that are specially adapted to perform particular functions. In plant cells, the processing of signals that are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stressors occurs in the plasma membrane. Therefore, characterization of the plasma membrane proteome can provide new insights into the functions of various plant membrane systems. Plant plasma membrane proteomics can also provide valuable information for plant‐specific biological investigations. Despite recent advances in preparative and analytical techniques for plant plasma membrane proteins, the characterization of these proteins, particularly the hydrophobic ones, remains challenging. In this review, plant plasma membrane proteomics data compiled from the literature on Arabidopsis thaliana are presented. Initial attempts to determine the physiological significance of some proteins identified from plasma membrane proteomics in rice and other plants are also described from the results of our research.
Biotinylation reagents for the study of cell surface proteins
Authors: Elia Giuliano
Published: September 2008

The extraordinarily stable, non‐covalent interaction between avidin and biotin is one of the most commonly exploited tools in chemistry and biology. Methods for derivatization with biotin of a variety of molecules (in particular, proteins) have been introduced, in order to allow their efficient recovery, immobilization and detection with avidin‐based reagents. The field has evolved very rapidly and the applications have become more and more sophisticated. Cell surface protein studies have enormously benefited from refinements of this technology. It is now possible to specifically biotinylate one single membrane protein or to fish out a membrane receptor bound to its ligand. The release of biotinylated molecules from the avidin‐based reagents, however, may still represent a major problem, due to the stability of the complex. This review will examine the biotin–avidin technology for the study of cell surface proteins, discussing reagents and techniques as well as examples of applications in quantitative proteomics.
Proteomics of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes
Authors: Distler Anne M. , Kerner Janos , Hoppel Charles L.
Published: September 2008

For the proteomic study of mitochondrial membranes, documented high quality mitochondrial preparations are a necessity to ensure proper localization. Despite the state‐of‐the‐art technologies currently in use, there is no single technique that can be used for all studies of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Herein, we use examples to highlight solubilization techniques, different chromatographic methods, and developments in gel electrophoresis for proteomic analysis of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Blue‐native gel electrophoresis has been successful not only for dissection of the inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation system, but also for the components of the outer membrane such as those involved in protein import. Identification of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and nitration of mitochondrial membrane proteins has been greatly improved by the use of affinity techniques. However, understanding of the biological effect of these modifications is an area for further exploration. The rapid development of proteomic methods for both identification and quantitation, especially for modifications, will greatly impact the understanding of the mitochondrial membrane proteome.
Proteomics of membrane receptors and signaling
Authors: Kabbani Nadine
Published: September 2008

Receptors represent an abundant class of integral membrane proteins that transmit information on various types of signals within the cell. Assemblages of receptors and their interacting proteins (receptor complexes) have emerged as important units of signal transduction for various types of receptors including G protein coupled, ligand‐gated ion channel, and receptor tyrosine kinase. This review aims to summarize the major approaches and findings of receptor proteomics. Isolation and characterization of receptor complexes from cells has become common using the methods of immunoaffinity‐, ligand‐, and tag‐based chromatography followed by MS for the analysis of enriched receptor preparations. In addition, tools such as stable isotope labeling have contributed to understanding quantitative properties and PTMs to receptors and their interacting proteins. As data from studies on receptor–protein interactions considerably expands, complementary approaches such as bioinformatics and computational biology will undoubtedly play a significant role in defining cellular and network functions for various types of receptor complexes. Findings from receptor proteomics may also shed light on the mechanism of action for pharmacological drugs and can be of value in understanding molecular pathologies of disease states.
Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics
Authors: Tan Sandra , Tan Hwee Tong , Chung Maxey C. M.
Published: September 2008

Biological membranes form an essential barrier between living cells and their external environments, as well as serve to compartmentalize intracellular organelles within eukaryotes. The latter includes membranes that envelope the nucleus, the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria, membrane cisternae complex of the ER, Golgi apparatus, as well as lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Depending on their localizations in the whole organism and also within the cell, these membranes have different, highly specialized functions. Although 30% of naturally occurring proteins are predicted to be embedded in biological membranes, membrane proteomics is traditionally understudied due to difficulties in solubilizing, separating, and identifying membrane proteins. Given the importance of membrane proteins in the various cellular processes listed in this review, as well as the roles they play in diseases and their potential as drug targets, it is imperative that this class of proteins be better studied. With the recent advancement in technology, it is expected that some of the difficulties in membrane proteomics will be overcome, yielding new data on membrane proteins.
Intercomparison of Inversion Algorithms for Particle‐Sizing Using Mie Scattering
Authors: Riefler Norbert , Wriedt Thomas
Published: September 2008

The applicability of different inversion algorithms to retrieve a size distribution of particles in air from light scattering is examined. The investigation is focused on an optical measurement setup with an elliptical mirror as the main optical element. In order to evaluate the capabilities of the individual inversion methods, light scattering by spherical particles is simulated in the size ranges of 0.1 – 10 μm and 0.05 – 1 μm. The distribution of the particle diameters is modeled with three different parametric functions, i.e., RRSB, logarithmic‐normal and a more specific distribution from an ultrasonic nebulizer. Different kinds of noise, e.g., additive and/or multiplicative, are applied in different levels to the simulated scattering measurement to include real physical measurement conditions. The convergence properties of the scattering simulation are investigated with respect to the number of size classes, and thus, information concerning the size resolution required to simulate a measurement for a given particle size distribution is obtained. Further parameters of interest are the minimum angular resolution of the measurements, the number of size classes of the retrieved particle size distribution and the measured polarization of the scattered light.
The interface between biomarker discovery and clinical validation: The tar pit of the protein biomarker pipeline
Authors: Paulovich Amanda G. , Whiteaker Jeffrey R. , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Wang Pei
Published: September 2008

The application of “omics” technologies to biological samples generates hundreds to thousands of biomarker candidates; however, a discouragingly small number make it through the pipeline to clinical use. This is in large part due to the incredible mismatch between the large numbers of biomarker candidates and the paucity of reliable assays and methods for validation studies. We desperately need a pipeline that relieves this bottleneck between biomarker discovery and validation. This paper reviews the requirements for technologies to adequately credential biomarker candidates for costly clinical validation and proposes methods and systems to verify biomarker candidates. Models involving pooling of clinical samples, where appropriate, are discussed. We conclude that current proteomic technologies are on the cusp of significantly affecting translation of molecular diagnostics into the clinic.
An autoregressive linear mixed effects model for the analysis of longitudinal data which include dropouts and show profiles approaching asymptotes
Authors: Funatogawa Takashi , Funatogawa Ikuko , Takeuchi Masahiro
Published: September 2008

We are interested in longitudinal data of a continuous response that show profiles with an initial sharp change and approaching asymptotes for each patient, and many patients drop out with a reason related to the response. In this paper, we focus on a model that assumes a dropout process is missing at random (MAR). In this dropout process, we can obtain consistent maximum likelihood estimators as long as both the mean and covariance structures are correctly specified. However, parsimonious covariance structures for the profiles approaching asymptotes are unclear. An autoregressive linear mixed effects model can express the profile with random individual asymptotes. We show that this model provides a new parsimonious covariance structure. The covariance structure at steady state is compound symmetry and the other elements of the covariance depend on the measurement points. In simulation studies, the estimate of the asymptote is unbiased in MAR dropouts, but biased in non‐ignorable dropouts. We also applied this model to actual schizophrenia trial data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for incomplete longitudinal multivariate ordinal data
Authors: Liu Li C.
Published: September 2008

In studies where multiple outcome items are repeatedly measured over time, missing data often occur. A longitudinal item response theory model is proposed for analysis of multivariate ordinal outcomes that are repeatedly measured. Under the MAR assumption, this model accommodates missing data at any level (missing item at any time point and/or missing time point). It allows for multiple random subject effects and the estimation of item discrimination parameters for the multiple outcome items. The covariates in the model can be at any level. Assuming either a probit or logistic response function, maximum marginal likelihood estimation is described utilizing multidimensional Gauss–Hermite quadrature for integration of the random effects. An iterative Fisher‐scoring solution, which provides standard errors for all model parameters, is used. A data set from a longitudinal prevention study is used to motivate the application of the proposed model. In this study, multiple ordinal items of health behavior are repeatedly measured over time. Because of a planned missing design, subjects answered only two‐third of all items at a given point. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A metric‐based approach to identifying refactoring opportunities for merging code clones in a Java software system
Authors: Higo Yoshiki , Kusumoto Shinji , Inoue Katsuro
Published: September 2008

A code clone is a code fragment that has other code fragments identical or similar to it in the source code. The presence of code clones is generally regarded as one factor that makes software maintenance more difficult. For example, if a code fragment with code clones is modified, it is necessary to consider whether each of the other code clones has to be modified as well. Removing code clones is one way of avoiding problems that arise due to the presence of code clones. This makes the source code more maintainable and more comprehensible. This paper proposes a set of metrics that suggest how code clones can be refactored. As well, the tool Aries, which automatically computes these metrics, is presented. The tool gives metrics that are indicators for certain refactoring methods rather than suggesting the refactoring methods themselves. The tool performs only lightweight source code analysis; hence, it can be applied to a large number of code lines. This paper also describes a case study that illustrates how this tool can be used. Based on the results of this case study, it can be concluded that this method can efficiently merge code clones. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYP51: A Major Drug Target in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily
Authors: Lepesheva Galina I. , Hargrove Tatyana Y. , Kleshchenko Yuliya , Nes W. David , Villalta Fernando , Waterman Michael R.
Published: September 2008

The cytochrome P540 (CYP) superfamily currently includes about 9,000 proteins forming more than 800 families. The enzymes catalyze monooxygenation of a vast array of compounds and play essentially two roles. They provide biodefense (detoxification of xenobiotics, antibiotic production) and participate in biosynthesis of important endogenous molecules, particularly steroids. Based on these two roles, sterol 14|*alpha*|‐demethylases (CYP51) belong to the second group of P450s. The CYP51 family, however, is very special as its members preserve strict functional conservation in enzyme activity in all biological kingdoms. At amino acid identity across the kingdoms as low as 25–30%, they all catalyze essentially the same three‐step reaction of oxidative removal of the 14|*alpha*|‐methyl group from the lanostane frame. This reaction is the required step in sterol biosynthesis of pathogenic microbes. We have shown that specific inhibition of protozoan CYP51 can potentially provide treatment for human trypanosomiases. Three sets of CYP51 inhibitors tested in vitro and in trypanosomal cells in this study include azoles [best results being 50% cell growth inhibition at <1 and at 1.3 μM for Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) and Trypanosoma brucei (TB), respectively], non‐azole compounds (50% TC cell growth inhibition at 5 μM) and substrate analogs of the 14|*alpha*|‐demethylase reaction. 32‐Methylene cyclopropyl lanost‐7‐enol exhibited selectivity toward TC with 50% cell growth inhibition at 3 μM.
Identification of Glycoproteins from Mouse Skin Tumors and Plasma
Authors: Tian Yuan , Kelly-Spratt Karen S. , Kemp Christopher J. , Zhang Hui
Published: September 2008

Introduction

Plasma has been the focus of testing different proteomic technologies for the identification of biomarkers due to its ready accessibility. However, it is not clear if direct proteomic analysis of plasma can be used to discover new marker proteins from tumors that are associated with tumor progression. In this paper, we reported that such proteins can be detected in plasma in a chemical-induced skin cancer model in mice.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed glycoproteins from both benign papillomas and malignant carcinomas from mice using our recently developed platform, solid-phase extraction of glycopeptides and mass spectrometry, and identified 463 unique N-linked glycosites from 318 unique glycoproteins. These include most known extracellular proteins that have been reported to play roles in skin cancer development such as thrombospondin, cathepsins, epidermal growth factor receptor, cell adhesion molecules, cadherins, integrins, tuberin, fibulin, and TGFβ receptor. We further investigated whether these tumor proteins could be detected in plasma from tumor-bearing mice using isotope labeling and 2D liquid chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Results and Discussion

Two tumor glycoproteins, Tenascin-C and Arylsulfatase B, were identified and quantified successfully in plasma from tumor bearing mice. This result indicates that analysis of tumor-associated proteins in tumors and plasma by a method using glycopeptide capture, isotopic labeling, and mass spectrometry can be used as a discovery tool to identify candidate tumor proteins that may be detected in plasma.
Cancer Site-Specific Isoforms of ENOX2 (tNOX), A Cancer-Specific Cell Surface Oxidase
Authors: Hostetler Brandon , Weston Nicole , Kim Chinpal , Morré Dorothy M. , Morré D. James
Published: September 2008

Introduction

All neoplastic cells express one or more members of a unique family of tumor-associated cell surface ubiquinone (NADH) oxidase proteins with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity (ENOX2 or tNOX proteins) that are characteristically blocked by quinone site inhibitors with anti-cancer activity.

Methods

Analyses using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with detection on western blots using a pan ENOX2 recombinant antibody revealed unique ENOX2 isoforms or unique combinations of isoforms of differing molecular weights and/or isoelectric points in sera of patients with cancers of different cellular or tissue origins.

Results and Discussion

Isoform presence provides for broad-range cancer detection. The specific patterns and molecular weights of the isoforms present allows for identification of the cell type and/or tissue of origin of the neoplasm. ENOX2 isoform presence and relative amounts are largely independent of stage but may be proportional to tumor burden to provide indications of response to therapy and disease progression.
The Potentials of Glycomics in Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Kam Richard K. T. , Poon Terence C. W.
Published: September 2008

Introduction

Glycans have unique characteristics that are significantly different from nucleic acids and proteins in terms of biosynthesis, structures, and functions. Moreover, their isomeric nature and the complex linkages between residues have made glycan analysis a challenging task. Disease development and progression are usually associated with alternations in glycosylation on tissue proteins and/or blood proteins. Glycans released from tissue/blood proteins hence provide a valuable source of biomarkers. In this postgenome era, glycomics is an emerging research field. Glycome refers to a repertoire of glycans in a tissue/cell type, while glycomics is the study of glycome. In the past few years, attempts have been made to develop novel methodologies for quantitative glycomic profiling and to identify potential glycobiomarkers. It can be foreseen that glycomics holds the promise for biomarker discovery. This review provides an overview of the unique features of glycans and the historical applications of such features to biomarker discovery.

Future Prospective

The concept of glycomics and its recent advancement and future prospective in biomarker research are reviewed. Above all, there is no doubt that glycomics is gaining momentum in biomarker research.
Myocardial collagen metabolism in failing hearts before and during cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Umar Soban , Bax Jeroen J. , Klok Margreet , van Bommel Rutger J. , Hessel Marleen H.M. , den Adel Brigit , Bleeker Gabe B. , Henneman Maureen M. , Atsma Douwe E. , van der Wall Ernst E. , Schalij Martin J. , van der Laarse Arnoud
Published: September 2008

Background:

In patients with heart failure cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) leads to reverse ventricular remodelling.

Aim:

To evaluate whether myocardial collagen metabolism in patients with heart failure is implicated in adverse ventricular remodelling and response to CRT.

Methods:

Collagen synthesis and degradation were assessed from the concentrations of aminoterminal propeptides of type I and type III collagen (PINP and PIIINP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), respectively, in serum of 64 patients with heart failure before and after 6 months of CRT. Forty‐six patients (72%) showed a > 10% reduction in LV end‐systolic volume at follow‐up and were classified as responders to CRT, the other 18 patients (28%) were classified as non‐responders.

Results:

Responders demonstrated a mean (±SEM) increase of serum PINP and PIIINP during follow‐up, from 32.9±2.2 to 46.7±4.0 μg/L (p<0.001) and from 4.59±0.24 to 5.13±0.36 μg/L (p<0.05), respectively. In non‐responders, serum PINP and PIIINP remained unchanged during follow‐up. At baseline, responders had significantly lower serum PINP than non‐responders (32.9±2.2 vs. 41.8±4.3 μg/L; p<0.05).

ICTP levels of responders at baseline tended to be higher than in non‐responders (3.54±0.56 vs. 2.08±0.37 μg/L, p=ns), and in both groups ICTP levels did not change upon CRT.

Conclusion:

Reverse LV remodelling following CRT is associated with increased collagen synthesis rate in the first 6 months of follow‐up.
Design of the Heart failure Endpoint evaluation of AII‐Antagonist Losartan (HEAAL) study in patients intolerant to ACE‐inhibitor
Authors: Konstam Marvin A. , Poole‐Wilson Philip A. , Dickstein Kenneth , Drexler Helmut , Justice Steven J. , Komajda Michel , Malbecq William , Martinez Felipe A. , Neaton James D. , Riegger Gunter A.J. , Guptha Soneil
Published: September 2008

Background:

In patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, angiotensin receptor blockers have been found to reduce mortality and morbidity and to prevent or reverse left ventricular remodelling, compared to optimized background treatment. In light of these data, The Heart failure Endpoint evaluation of Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (HEAAL) study was developed to determine whether losartan 150 mg is superior to losartan 50 mg (antihypertensive dose) in reducing morbidity and mortality among patients with symptomatic heart failure who are intolerant of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitors.

Aims/methods:

To compare the effect of high and moderate doses of losartan on the primary endpoint of all‐cause mortality and hospitalisation due to heart failure in patients (n=3834) with symptomatic heart failure and an ejection fraction ≤40% who are intolerant of ACE‐inhibitor treatment.

Results:

This paper presents the rationale, trial design, and baseline characteristics of the study population. The study, which completed recruitment on 31 March 2005, is event‐driven and is estimated to accrue the target of 1710 adjudicated primary events during the latter half of 2008.

Conclusions:

The results of HEAAL should facilitate selection of an optimal dosing regimen for losartan in patients with symptomatic heart failure who are intolerant of ACE‐inhibitors.
How many response levels do children distinguish on faces scales for pain assessment?
Authors: Decruynaere Céline , Thonnard Jean‐Louis , Plaghki Léon
Published: September 2008

Faces scales are one of the most commonly used instruments to assess pain intensity in children. Most available faces scales present five to seven faces. The present research was conducted to investigate the ability of 4‐ to 7‐year‐old children to distinguish the response categories of different faces scales. In the first study, 121 children were asked to rate painful situations on a 3‐ and a 6‐level faces scale commencing with a smiling ‘no pain’ face. Children were divided into two age groups (4–5 and 6–7 years). Investigations of the category functioning were performed with a rating scale Rasch model for each age group. Results revealed the low performances of the 6‐level faces scale as compared to the 3‐level faces scale and also the difficulty children experienced in scoring the imaginary painfulness of items. Consequently, a second study was conducted. In this second study, 76 children were asked to rate pictures depicting painful situations on a 3‐level faces scale beginning with a neutral ‘no pain’ face. Results of this second study confirmed an improvement in the ability to distinguish the three response categories with age. The 4–5 year‐old children could only distinguish two response categories and the 6–7 year‐old children were able to discern the three levels of the 3‐level faces scale. In conclusion, young children do not distinguish as many faces as proposed by the majority of available faces scales. These results strongly recommend a reduction in the number of response levels of faces scales for pain assessment in children.
Young multiethnic women's attitudes toward the HPV vaccine and HPV vaccination
Authors: Wong Li Ping
Published: September 2008

Objective

To investigate the acceptability of the HPV vaccine among a multiethnic sample of young women in Malaysia.

Methods

A qualitative study of 40 young women aged between 13 and 27 years recruited into 7 focus groups to discuss their knowledge of HPV infection, and their attitudes toward and acceptance of the HPV vaccine. The women were divided into Malay, Chinese, and Indian groups to allow for comparison among ethnicities.

Results

Poor knowledge about HPV did not influence the HPV vaccine's acceptability. Although participants were in favor of the vaccine, the majority preferred to delay vaccination because it is newly introduced, they did not perceive themselves to be at risk of HPV infection, or because of cost factors. Concerns were raised regarding the vaccine's safety, the potential to be perceived as promiscuous and sexually active, and whether the vaccine was halal.

Conclusion

Promotion of the HPV vaccine should take account of social and cultural acceptability. The findings will help develop strategies for effective vaccination initiatives in a multiethnic and multireligious Asian society.
Climatic implications of latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene mammalian sympatries in eastern Washington state, USA
Authors: Lyman R. Lee
Published: September 2008

For more than fifty years it has been known that mammalian faunas of late-Pleistocene age are taxonomically unique and lack modern analogs. It has long been thought that nonanalog mammalian faunas are limited in North America to areas east of the Rocky Mountains and that late-Pleistocene mammalian faunas in the west were modern in taxonomic composition. A late-Pleistocene fauna from Marmes Rockshelter in southeastern Washington State has no modern analog and defines an area of maximum sympatry that indicates significantly cooler summers than are found in the area today. An earliest Holocene fauna from Marmes Rockshelter defines an area of maximum sympatry, including the site area, but contains a single tentatively identified taxon that may indicate slightly cooler than modern summers.
Paleoenvironment of Jawa basalt plateau, Jordan, inferred from calcite speleothems from a lava tube
Authors: Frumkin Amos , Bar-Matthews Miryam , Vaks Anton
Published: September 2008

This paper explores the environmental conditions that faced the people of ancient Jawa during the Holocene, as well as previous prehistoric periods of the mid-late Pleistocene. Calcite speleothems in a lava tube are dated using the U-Th method, to marine oxygen isotope stage 7 from ∼ 250 to 240 ka and from ∼ 230 to ∼ 220 ka; and the stage 5/4 transition between ∼ 80 and 70 ka. The available evidence indicates general aridity of the Black Desert during most of the mid-late Quaternary, punctuated by short wetter periods, when the Mediterranean cyclonic systems intensified and penetrated the north Arabian Desert. These Mediterranean systems had a longer and more intense effect on the desert fringe closer to the Mediterranean and only rarely penetrated the Black Desert of Jawa. The results do not exclude some increase of rainfall which did not change water availability dramatically during the warm Holocene. The ancient Jawa city appears to have depended on technological ability to build elaborate runoff-collection systems, which became the prime condition for success.
A late Quaternary pollen sequence from Mfabeni Peatland, South Africa: Reconstructing forest history in Maputaland
Authors: Finch Jemma M. , Hill Trevor R.
Published: September 2008

This paper documents a continuous ∼ 44,000-yr pollen record derived from the Mfabeni Peatland on the Maputaland Coastal Plain. A detailed fossil pollen analysis indicates the existence of extensive Podocarpus-abundant coastal forests before ∼ 33,000 cal yr BP. The onset of wetter local conditions after this time is inferred from forest retreat and the development of swampy conditions. Conditions during the last glacial maximum (∼ 21,000 cal yr BP) are inferred to have been colder and drier than the present, as evidenced by forest retreat and replacement of swampy reed/sedge communities by dry grassland. Forest growth and expansion during the Holocene Altithermal (∼ 8000–6000 cal yr BP) indicates warm, relatively moist conditions. Previous records from Maputaland have suggested a northward migration of Podocarpus forest during the late Holocene. However, we interpret a mid-Holocene decline in Podocarpus at Mfabeni as evidence of deforestation. Forest clearance during the mid-Holocene is supported by the appearance of Morella serrata, suggesting a shift towards more open grassland/savanna, possibly due to burning. These signals of human impact are coupled with an increase in Acacia, indicative of the development of secondary forest and hence disturbance.
A review of current defeasible reasoning implementations
Authors: BRYANT DANIEL , KRAUSE PAUL
Published: September 2008

This article surveys existing practical implementations of both defeasible and argumentation-based reasoning engines and associated literature. We aim to summarize the current state of the art in the research area, show that there are many similiarities and connections between the various implementations and also highlight the differences regarding evaluation goals and strategies. An important goal of this paper is to argue for the need for well-designed empirical evaluations, as well as formal complexity analysis, in order to justify the practical applicability of a reasoning engine. There are indeed many challenges to be faced in developing implementations of argumentation. Not least of these is the inherent computational complexity of the formal models. We cover some of the ways these challenges have been addressed, and provide pointers for future directions in realizing the goal of practical argumentation.
Comparing two context-driven approaches for representation of human tactical behavior
Authors: GONZALEZ AVELINO J. , BRÉZILLON PATRICK
Published: September 2008

This paper describes an investigation that compared Context-based Reasoning (CxBR) and Contextual Graphs (CxG), two well-known context-driven approaches used to represent human intelligence and decision-making. The specific objective of this investigation was to compare and contrast both approaches to increase the readers’ understanding of each approach. We also identify which, if any, excels in a particular area, and to look for potential synergism between them. This comparison is presented according to 10 different criteria, with some indication of which one excels at each particular facet of performance. We focus the comparison on how each would represent human tactical behavior, either in a simulation or in the real world. Conceptually, these two context-driven approaches are not at the same representational level. This could provide an opportunity in the future to combine them synergistically.
User-centered evaluation of adaptive and adaptable systems: a literature review
Authors: VAN VELSEN LEX , VAN DER GEEST THEA , KLAASSEN ROB , STEEHOUDER MICHAËL
Published: September 2008

This literature review focuses on user-centered evaluation (UCE) studies of adaptive and adaptable systems. Usability, perceived usefulness and appropriateness of adaptation are the three most commonly assessed variables. Questionnaires appeared to be the most popular method, followed by interviews and data log analysis. The quality of most questionnaires was questionable, and the reporting of interviews and think-aloud protocols was found to be shallow. Furthermore, data logs need triangulation in order to be useful. The reports encountered lack empirical value. The article models the iterative design process for adaptive and adaptable systems, linked to the goals of UCE: supporting decisions, detecting problems and verifying quality. This model summarizes the variables to be assessed at each stage of the process and the relevant methods to assess them.
Value creation: the future of knowledge management
Authors: VORAKULPIPAT CHALEE , REZGUI YACINE
Published: September 2008

Absract

The paper provides a review of knowledge management (KM) literature with a focus on recent value creation trends of the KM discipline. The review spans a large spectrum of KM research ranging from the ‘soft’ (socio-organizational) to technical dimensions of KM, published in the academic and trade literature. An interpretive stance is adopted so as to provide a holistic understanding and interpretation of organizational KM research and models. Value creation is grounded in the appropriate combination of human network, social capital, intellectual capital, and technology assets, facilitated by a culture of change. It is argued that to be effective organizations need not only to negotiate their migration from a knowledge sharing to a knowledge creation culture, but also to create sustained organizational and societal values. The latter form the foundation of the proposed ‘knowledge value creation’ concept and represent key organizational and societal challenges faced by modern organizations.
The developmental components of the ventricles: their significance in congenital cardiac malformations
Authors: de la Cruz Maria V. , Gómez Concepción Sánchez , Cayre Raul
Published: August 2008

Our experiments using in vivo labeling techniques in the chick embryo heart have demonstrated that the straight tube heart is constituted exclusively by the primordium of the trabeculated portion of the right and left ventricles. There are, therefore, no primitive cardiac cavities. Furthermore, in the stage of looping, two new ventricular components appear, namely, the inlet and the outlet. This new information on the normal development of the heart is important in order to understand both the anatomy of the normal heart and the development of congenital malformations. Due to the fact that the straight tube heart is constituted exclusively by the primordiums of the ventricular trabeculated portions the anatomic identification of the ventricles should be made on the basis of their apical trabeculated regions. The appearance of the components of the inlet and the outlet during the process of looping is the reason for the similarity in the congenital pathology of both regions, namely, a common arterial trunk and atrioventricular septal defect with common orifice. Because the trabeculated portions of the ventricles are the oldest developmental components, they form the basis on which malformations of the inlet or the outlet, or both, are superimposed.
Imperforate Ebstein's malformation in atrioventricular septal defect
Authors: Seo Jeong-Wook , Jung Woo Hee , Park Yong Won
Published: August 2008

Anatomic data are presented of a female abortus with the unusual combination of Ebstein's malformation and atrioventricular septal defect with right isomerism of the atrial appendages, left-hand ventricular topology and discordant ventriculoarterial connection. The common atrioventricular orifice was guarded by an effectively common valve, the right half being guarded by a well-formed three-leaflet valve, but the posterior and left lateral wall of the orifice being deficient of valvar leaflet tissue. The right ventricular inlet was a blind chamber, an imperforate dimple being seen which was surrounded by valvar remnants. The apical trabecular and outlet components of the right ventricle communicated with the left ventricle through an outlet ventricular septal defect in front of the anterosuperior leaflet of the atrioventricular valve, giving the potential clinically for the lesion to be misdiagnosed as double inlet left ventricle.
The morphologic substrates for pediatric arrhythmias
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Ho Siew Yen
Published: August 2008

Recent studies on the development of the heart6have increased markedly our appreciation of the disposition of the specialized conduction tissues, showing how some rests of tissues in unexpected locations are remnants of a well organized system found throughout avian and mammalian species. These studies also help us to account more logically for the distribution of the conduction tissues in congenitally malformed hearts. On the basis of our overall studies, therefore, combined with these recent advances, we are able to understand the normal and abnormal disposition of the conduction tissues. These understandings then permit us to offer explanations for those arrhythmias which have a “natural” basis, such as the grossly abnormal patterns found in hearts with isomerism of the atrial appendages or univentricular atrioventricular connection, and the accessory pathways found in the setting of ventricular preexcitation. We are also able to understand the changes affecting these tissues as part of acquired disease, such as the fibrosis of the long atrioventricular bundles found in atrioventricular septal defect and corrected transposition and the immunologic damage underscoring congenitally complete heart block in infants of mothers with collagen disease. We are only beginning to explore the possibility that abnormalities of the myocardiutn itself, or the fibrous tissue matrix, can also underscore the existence of abnormal rhythms. With all this knowledge, it is to be hoped that, in the future, we will see far fewer of those arrhythmias which have an “unnatural” basis, such as those related to direct surgical damage to the conduction tissues and their arterial supply, or those produced by abnormal loading conditions which are themselves the consequence of congenital malformations. Although we have learned, and applied, a great deal, there is still much to be done before we unravel all the secrets of the causes of arrhythmias in childhood.
M-mode, cross-sectional and color flow Doppler echocardiographic findings in acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Ty Edison T , Ortiz Edgardo E.
Published: August 2008

M-mode, cross-sectional and color flow Doppler echocardiography were performed in 28 patients with acute rheumatic fever. The patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of carditis and congestive heart failure. Abnormal echocardiographic findings were found in 25 patients (89%), including five with no carditis. M mode echocardiography showed significant cardiac enlargement in all patients with carditis, and in two patients with no carditis. The myocardial contractility, as based on ejection fraction and fractional shortening, was normal in all patients except one. Prolapse of the leaflets of the mitral valve (57%) and increased echogenicity of the leaflets of the mitral valve (36%) were the most common findings seen on cross-sectional echocardiography. Pericardial effusion was seen in six patients (21%), all with heart failure. Color flow and Doppler echocardiography showed that mitral regurgitation, which was seen in 24 patients (86%), was the most common finding. Aortic regurgitation was found in 17 patients (60%). The presence of congestive heart failure in patients with carditis was related to the severity of the valvar regurgitation and the number of valves involved. Echocardiographic evidence of rheumatic involvement of the heart may be observed even in the absence of clinical signs of carditis.
Coil embolization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries as an emergency in infants and children
Authors: Vairo Ugo , Ballerini Luigi , di Carlo Duccio , Pasquini Luciano , Di Donato Roberto , Marcelletti Carlo
Published: August 2008

Embolization of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries by coils introduced via catheterization is a well-established procedure for the control of excessively high pulmonary blood flow in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis or atresia. Under special circumstances, this procedure can be life-saving. Between October 1987 and February 1992, four patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia and one patient with pulmonary stenosis rather than atresia underwent transcatheter embolization of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries as an emergency. Their ages ranged from 41 days to 13 years, with a mean of 45 months. Two patients had recently undergone surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot while one had been palliated by enlarging the right ventricular outflow tract without closing the ventricular septal defect. All three had been dependent on mechanical ventilation in the postoperative period with signs of pulmonary congestion or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Eight embolizations were attempted with 0.025 or 0.038 inch coils; seven collateral arteries were completely occluded and one was partially occluded. Thirteen coils were used in total. The systemic saturation rose in one postsurgical patient, with radiological evidence of decreased pulmonary congestion and regression of hemorrhage. In the other cases, the systemic saturation was unchanged. Peak pulmonary arterial pressures dropped in two patients but remained unchanged in three. Our experience suggests that embolization of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries can be beneficial in critical patients, thus avoiding the risks of surgical reexploration.
Neonatal postductal coarctation of the aorta—Doppler characteristics of aortic and ductal blood flow
Authors: Cullen Seamus , Champion Michael , Redington Andrew
Published: August 2008

Doppler echocardiography revealed a characteristic pattern of flow in four neonates with postductal coarctation of the aorta. There was a continuous left-to-right shunt at the level of the patent arterial duct with simultaneous measurement of a large gradient across the site of coarctation with a pandiastolic gradient and prolonged pressure half-time. Infusions of prostaglandin produced no hemodynamic improvement, and urgent surgical correction was performed.
Residual patency of the arterial duct subsequent to surgical ligation
Authors: Zucker Nili , Qureshi Shakeel A. , Baker Edward J. , Deverall Philip B. , Tynan Michael
Published: August 2008

Clinical and Doppler echocardiography were performed in 65 patients who had undergone ligation of the arterial duct between January 1978 and December 1991. Of the patients, 12 (18%) patients had residual patency as demonstrated by color Doppler, while three (4.6%) of these had continuous murmurs. There was no association between residual patency and the age at surgery, the weight at surgery or the follow-up interval.