bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No‐reference video quality assessment method based on spatio‐temporal features using the ELM algorithm
Authors: da Silva Wyllian Bezerra , Mikowski Alexandre , Casali Rafael Machado
Published: January 2020

This work presents an application of the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm based on a single‐hidden layer feedforward neural network for no‐reference video quality assessment. The present research introduces an augmented version of ELM through simple stop criteria, which proved the effectiveness of the video quality assessment method. The authors present empirical studies using LIVE video data base show that the proposed method delivers accuracy (Pearson's correlation coefficient) and monotonicity (Spearman's correlation coefficient) with subjective scores against no‐reference, Joint Photographic Experts Group No‐Reference, metric and full‐reference metrics, for instance, peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, structural similarity (SSIM) and multi‐scale‐SSIM indexes, and the proposed method is suitable for quality monitoring of video transmission and reception system.
Swift distance transformed belief propagation using a novel dynamic label pruning method
Authors: Ayoobi Hamed , Rezaeian Mehdi
Published: January 2020

Loopy belief propagation (LBP) suffers from high computational time, specifically when each node in the Markov random field (MRF) model has lots of labels. In this study, a swift distance transformed belief propagation (SDT‐BP) method is proposed. SDT‐BP employs an efficient dynamic label pruning approach together with distance transformation to boost the running time of the LBP. The proposed dynamic label pruning approach is independent of any specific message scheduling. The resultant solution's energy is less than Priority‐BP. Furthermore, SDT‐BP guarantees convergence in fewer numbers of iterations. The direct combination of distance transformed belief propagation (DT‐BP) with the dynamic label pruning in Priority‐BP has O(KTNlog N) computational complexity. However, the proposed method results in O(KTN) complexity. Where N is the number of nodes, K is the number of labels for each node, and T is the number of iterations. The authors conduct several experiments on image inpainting case studies, to evaluate this method. According to this analysis, DT‐BP faces nearly 90% speedup by preserving the energy of the solution at almost the same level. Furthermore, this method can be utilised in any MRF model where its distance function is transformable, i.e. in various image processing and computer vision problems.
DRGAN: a deep residual generative adversarial network for PET image reconstruction
Authors: Du Qianqian , Qiang Yan , Yang Wenkai , Wang Yanfei , Ma Yong , Zia Muhammad Bilal
Published: January 2020

Positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction from low‐count projection data and physical effects is challenging because the inverse problem is ill‐posed and the resultant image is usually noisy. Recently, generative adversarial networks (GANs) have also shown their superior performance in many computer vision tasks and attracted growing interests in medical imaging. In this work, the authors proposed a novel model [deep residual generative adversarial network (DRGAN)] based on GANs for the reduction of streaking artefacts and the improvement of PET image quality. An innovative feature of the proposed method is that the authors trained a generator to produce ‘residual PET map’ (RPM) for image representation, rather than generate PET images directly. DRGAN used two discriminators (critics) to enforce anatomically realistic PET images and RPM. To better boost the contextual information, the authors designed residual dense connections followed with pixel shuffle operations (RDPS blocks) that encourage feature reuse and prevent losing resolution. Both simulation data and real clinical PET data are used to evaluate the proposed method. Compared with other state‐of‐the‐art methods, the quantification results show that DRGAN can achieve better performance in bias–variance trade‐off and provide comparable image quality. Their results were rigorously evaluated by one radiologist at the Shanxi Cancer Hospital.
Design and implementation of high efficient dual control modular resonant converter for DC microgrid
Authors: Reddy Vijaya Vardhan , Suryawanshi Hiralal Murlidhar , Talapur Girish Gowd , Nachankar Pratik P. , Ballal Makarand Sudhakar
Published: January 2020

A modular structured 12‐kW resonant converter with effective zero voltage switching (ZVS) is proposed to integrate renewable energy lower voltage source to the microgrid. In this study, duty cycle control is adopted until ZVS fails and thereafter, sequential and parallel adjustment of duty cycle and the switching frequency is proposed for effective output voltage regulation. The proposed control logic ensures ZVS and output voltage regulation over wide load range even at very light loads compared to conventional control methods. Further, it maintains very high system efficiency with narrow range of frequency operation. Hence, it is easy to implement using a conventional digital controller. To minimise ripple current, each of the four converters is provided with phase delayed gate pulses under the proposed control scheme. This study presents an optimal design of the tank circuit elements assimilating high permeable powder cores to reduce magnetic loss and operation with IGBT switches at an optimum point to reduce conduction loss for enhanced system efficiency. A 12‐kW, 400–1600 V developed prototype is tested and experimental results are discussed.
Damping control of high‐frequency resonance based on voltage feedforward for voltage source converter under a parallel compensated grid
Authors: Pang Bo , Nian Heng , Wu Chao , Blaabjerg Frede
Published: January 2020

When a voltage source converter (VSC) connects to a parallel compensated grid, high‐frequency resonance (HFR) is a subsistent issue that exists in the interconnected system. HFR will introduce a significantly high‐frequency voltage component at the point of common coupling, thereby the performance of the VSC system can be deteriorated seriously. For improving the operation of the VSC system under the parallel compensated grid, this study proposes an HFR damping strategy based on a voltage feedforward control to reshape the impedance of grid connected VSC. The VSC system with the proposed control strategy can damp HFR in a wide high‐frequency range without employing the frequency detection and introducing the differential elements so that the negative influence caused by the high‐frequency noise can be avoided. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are given to verify the effectiveness and availability of the proposed damping control strategy.
Dynamic Gamma Spectral Measurements of Primary Coolant and Piping at Various Operating Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Bronson Frazier L.
Published: January 2020

An on-going EPRI-supported project involves the use of a collimated CZT gamma spectroscopy detector for quantitative measurements of the gamma spectra from primary coolant piping at various times and locations at several operating NPPs. An automatic system − the Data Analyst − takes the spectra from the CZT, and analyzes it on a continuing repeating basis. Measurements are taken simultaneously covering different elapsed times; e.g. 10 minutes for viewing short dynamic events, and 10 hours for low detection limits. The detector is calibrated using the ISOCS mathematical efficiency calibration software, which allows the activity to be computed for a radioactive fluid inside the pipe, or radioactive surface contamination inside or outside the pipe. Measurements have been taken during the reactor shutdown cycle, during the startup cycle, and during continuous full power operations. Examples from these deployments and potential future uses for this technology are described.
Characterization of the gamma flux in a tangential channel of the CENM TRIGA MARK II research reactor
Authors: Gruel A. , Fourmentel D. , El Younoussi C. , El Bakkari B. , Boulaich Y. , Nacir B. , Lyoussi A.
Published: January 2020

The CNESTEN (National Center for Energy Sciences and Nuclear Technology, Morocco) operates a TRIGA Mark II reactor, which can reach a thermal maximum power at steady state of 2 MW. In reactors devoted to research and experiments, it is mandatory to characterize the neutron and photon fields in the irradiation positions. Together with a computational model of the core, it ensures the ability to reach the requested uncertainties when performing experiments, such as detectors testing, irradiation for hardening or nuclear data measurements.

The neutron field of different irradiation positions has been characterized by dosimetry techniques and compared to the MCNP full model of the reactor. Preliminary photon propagation calculations are also performed with this model, but up to now, no experimental validation of the results exists. The aim of the newly set collaboration between CEA and CNESTEN is to characterize the gamma field of these positions. The first position investigated is the part of the NB1 tangential channel closest to the core.

Among gamma measurements techniques, and according to the constraints arising from using this channel, it was chosen to use thermos- and optically stimulated luminescent detectors.

This paper presents the experiments carried out in September 2018 as well as their results. Three detectors types were used: TLD400 (CaF2:Mn), TLD700 (7LiF:Mg,Ti) and OSLD (Al2O3:C). Measurements were performed in several steps: background measurements, transient measurements (divergence phase + SCRAM), and irradiation at steady state. In the end, these measurements will provide a dose as well as a gamma flux value for this position.
In-beam tests of a PET demonstrator (LAPD) for hadrontherapy beam ballistic control: data comparison to Geant4 Monte-Carlo predictions
Authors: Binet Sébastien , Bongrand Arthur , Busato Emmanuel , Insa Christophe , Lambert Daniel , Magne Magali , Martin Franck , Montarou Gérard , Rozes Arnaud
Published: January 2020

This paper describes a small prototype of an in beam PET like detector, named ”Large Acceptance Pixelized Detector” (LAPD), developed to test technical concepts for the ion range control in the context of cancer treatments using proton or ion beams. The mechanical characteristics of this detector together with the read-out electronics are first presented. Then, results of a first experiment, performed on a 65 MeV proton beamline, are reported. Finally, we discuss the ability of Geant4 Monte-Carlo to reproduce the experimental data.
Production and Separation of Radioactive Ion Beams
Authors: Mazzocco Marco
Published: January 2020

Radioactive nuclei play an important role in many astrophysical scenarios,from the Big-Bang Nucleo-synthesis to the standard solar model, from quiescent burning to the most explosive events that can occur in our universe. A huge effort has been made for more than thirty years to construct facilities able to deliver beams of radioactive nuclei with increasing intensity and better quality. This contribution revises the different mechanisms and the separation techniques employed for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams.
Underground Nuclear Astrophysics: pushing direct measurements toward the Gamow window
Authors: Prati Paolo
Published: January 2020

The aim of experimental nuclear astrophysics is to provide information on the nuclear processes involved in astrophysical scenarios at the relevant energy range. However, the measurement of the cross section of nuclear reactions at low energies present formidable difficulties due to the very low reaction rates often overwhelmed by the background. Several approaches have been proposed and exploited to overcome such severe obstacles: in such frame, the idea to install a low energy - high intensity ion accelerator deep underground, to gain high luminosity while reducing the cosmic ray background, brought more than 25 years ago, to the pilot LUNA experiment. LUNA stands for Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics: in the cave under the Gran Sasso mountain (in Italy) first a 50 kV and then a 400 kV single-ended accelerator for protons and alphas were deployed and produced plenty of data mainly on reactions of the H-burning phase in stars. Recently, similar facilities have been installed and/or proposed in other underground laboratories in US and China. LUNA as well is going to make a big step forward, with a new machine in the MV range which will be able to provide intense beams of protons, alphas and carbon ions. The rationale of underground nuclear astrophysics will be presented together with the last updates on the ongoing research programs.
Study of the 22Ne(α , γ)26Mg reaction at LUNA
Authors: Masha Eliana ,   LUNA Collaboration
Published: January 2020

The 22Ne( α , γ)26Mg reaction competes with the 22Ne(α, n)25Mg reac-tion which is the main source of neutrons for the s-process in low-mass Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) and massive stars. The 22Ne( α , γ)26Mg reaction rateis affected by a high uncertainty mainly due to the poorly constrained 395 keVresonance which has been studied only indirectly leading to a wide range of pos-sible values for its resonance strength (10-14 - 10-9 eV). The present study represents the direct measurement of the 395 keV resonance of the 22Ne( α , γ)26Mgreaction at LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics), located at Gran Sasso National Laboratory. Here, the experimental campaigns, setupand some very preliminary results are presented.
Revisiting the Analysis of the Isochronous Mass Measurements of Uranium Fission Fragments at the ESR
Authors: Sidhu R. S. , Chen R. J. , Litvinov Yu. A , Zhang Y. H. ,   FRS-ESR Collaboration
Published: January 2020

The re-analysis of experimental data on mass measurements of ura- nium fission products obtained at the ESR in 2002 is discussed. State-of-the-art data analysis procedures developed for such measurements are employed.
Prävalenz von Komorbiditäten bei Lymphödem-Erkrankungen
Authors: Reißhauer Anett , Schuester Leon , Kling Annelies , Liebl Max Emanuel
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund Komorbiditäten sind Erkrankungen, die nebeneinander auftreten, entweder voneinander unabhängig oder als Folgeerkrankung einer Indexerkrankung. Bekannte Ursachen oder Risikofaktoren für Lymphödeme (LÖ) sind u. a. maligne Erkrankungen und ihre Behandlung, Adipositas, chronisch-venöse Insuffizienz und das Lipödem. Bekannte Folgeerkrankungen sind u. a. Erysipele sowie Haut- und Nagelpilzerkrankungen. Ziel ist die Erhebung der Prävalenz von Komorbiditäten bei Lymphödem-Erkrankungen.

Methoden Retrospektive Analyse von 457 konsekutiven Fällen der Sprechstunde für Lymphödem-Erkrankungen der Hochschulambulanz einer Universitätsklinik hinsichtlich der Prävalenz von Komorbiditäten.

Ergebnisse n = 391 Fälle kamen zur Auswertung, getrennt nach Ödem-Genese, darunter n = 51 primäre Lymphödeme (pL) (Verdacht und gesichert, davon 8 gesicherte syndromale Erkrankungen) und n = 340 sekundäre Lymphödeme (sL). Das Geschlechterverhältnis in der Stichprobe war 9:1 (w:m). Während die pL-Patienten einen BMI vergleichbar der altersentsprechenden Referenzgruppe der Allgemeinbevölkerung aufwiesen, zeigten Patienten mit sL einen durchschnittlichen BMI von 33,8 und einen Anteil von 64 % adipöser Patienten (21 % mit BMI über 40). Die Prävalenz rezidivierender Erysipele war mit 7,8 bzw. 7,9 % zwischen pL und sL vergleichbar häufig. Weitere Prävalenzen wie Diagnosen aus dem muskuloskelettalen Bereich (ICD-Kapitel XIII/„M“) zeigten sich in der Stichprobe in altersgerechter Verteilung. Eine besonders hohe Prävalenz zeigten in der Gruppe der sL Schilddrüsenerkrankungen (30 %), dabei überwiegend die Schilddrüsenunterfunktion.

Diskussion Nur z. T. können das Patientenalter und Geschlecht die Prävalenzen der Komorbiditäten erklären. Auffällig beim sekundären LÖ ist die Prävalenz der Adipositas, die als Kofaktor bei der Entstehung und als aggravierender Faktor bekannt ist. Von Interesse ist auch die vergleichbare Prävalenz von Erysipelen zwischen den primären und sekundären Lymphödemen. Offenbar spielt die Genese des LÖ für die Entstehung eines Erysipels keine Rolle. Bislang kaum beschrieben, aber höchst auffällig, ist die hohe Prävalenz von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen, insbesondere der Hypothyreose, bei sekundären LÖ.
Blastomycosis
Authors: Schwartz Ilan S. , Kauffman Carol A.
Published: January 2020

Blastomycosis is a serious fungal disease of humans and other mammals caused by environmentally acquired infection with geographically restricted, thermally dimorphic fungi belonging to the genus Blastomyces. The genetic and geographic diversity of these pathogens is greater than previously appreciated. In addition to Blastomyces dermatitidis and the cryptic species Blastomyces gilchristii, which cause blastomycosis in mid-western and various eastern areas of North America, atypical blastomycosis is occasionally caused by Blastomyces helicus in western parts of North America and Blastomyces percursus in Africa. Blastomycosis is acquired by inhalation of the conidia that are produced in the mold phase; in the lungs, temperature-dependent transformation occurs to the yeast phase. In this form, the organism is phagocytized by macrophages and can spread hematogenously to various organs causing disseminated infection. Pulmonary disease is most common and varies from mild, self-limited infection to severe, potentially fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome. Disseminated infection is manifested primarily by skin lesions, but many other organs can be involved. Diagnosis is established by growth of the organism in culture; however, a tentative diagnosis can be made quickly by histopathological identification of the classic yeast form in tissues or by finding Blastomyces antigen in urine or serum. Blastomycosis is treated initially with amphotericin B when the disease is severe, involves the central nervous system, or the host is immunosuppressed. Itraconazole is recommended for primary therapy in mild-to-moderate infection and for step-down therapy after initial amphotericin B treatment. Voriconazole and posaconazole can be used for patients in whom itraconazole is not tolerated.
Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Kimes Kathryn E. , Kasule Sabirah N. , Blair Janis E.
Published: January 2020

Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the geographically restricted dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides. Coccidioidomycosis occurs endemically in the southwestern and western United States, mainly in focused regions of Arizona and California where the incidence is highest, and in Central and South America. Patients with impaired immunity, especially those with impaired cellular immunity, are at higher risk of severe and disseminated disease. In this review, we describe the fungal ecology and mycology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and normal immune defenses to Coccidioides as well as address current concepts in diagnosis, treatment, and continued care of patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. We also present and answer our most frequently asked questions regarding patients with primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
Detection and Remediation of Misidentification Errors in Radiology Examination Ordering
Authors: Sheehan Scott E. , Safdar Nasia , Singh Hardeep , Sittig Dean F. , Bruno Michael A. , Keller Kelli , Kinnard Samantha , Brunner Michael C.
Published: January 2020

Background Despite progress in patient safety, misidentification errors in radiology such as ordering imaging on the wrong anatomic side persist. If undetected, these errors can cause patient harm for multiple reasons, in addition to producing erroneous electronic health records (EHR) data.

Objectives We describe the pilot testing of a quality improvement methodology using electronic trigger tools and preimaging checklists to detect “wrong-side” misidentification errors in radiology examination ordering, and to measure staff adherence to departmental policy in error remediation.

Methods We retrospectively applied and compared two methods for the detection of “wrong-side” misidentification errors among a cohort of all imaging studies ordered during a 1-year period (June 1, 2015–May 31, 2016) at our tertiary care hospital. Our methods included: (1) manual review of internal quality improvement spreadsheet records arising from the prospective performance of preimaging safety checklists, and (2) automated error detection via the development and validation of an electronic trigger tool which identified discrepant side indications within EHR imaging orders.

Results Our combined methods detected misidentification errors in 6.5/1,000 of study cohort imaging orders. Our trigger tool retrospectively identified substantially more misidentification errors than were detected prospectively during preimaging checklist performance, with a high positive predictive value (PPV: 88.4%, 95% confidence interval: 85.4–91.4). However, two third of errors detected during checklist performance were not detected by the trigger tool, and checklist-detected errors were more often appropriately resolved (p < 0.00001, 95% confidence interval: 2.0–6.9; odds ratio: 3.6).

Conclusion Our trigger tool enabled the detection of substantially more imaging ordering misidentification errors than preimaging safety checklists alone, with a high PPV. Many errors were only detected by the preimaging checklist; however, suggesting that additional trigger tools may need to be developed and used in conjunction with checklist-based methods to ensure patient safety.
Methods for Estimating Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth in Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Razak Abdul , Faden Maher
Published: January 2020

Objective To systematically review the methods for estimating endotracheal tube (ETT) insertion depth in neonates.

Study Design Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). RCTs comparing two or more different methods to estimate ETT insertion depth were included. Two co-authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. The primary outcome includes the proportion of optimally placed ETT tips identified on chest X-ray.

Results Eight RCTs evaluating seven different estimation methods were included. Trials varied defining the optimal position of the ETT tip. Overall, the percentage of optimal position ranged from 8.8 to 93%. The weight, gestation nomogram, and vocal cord estimation methods resulted in malpositioning of ETT tips in more than half of infants ≤30 weeks' gestational age. The rates of optimal ETT tip placement with the digital palpation method differ between moderately (83–93%; two RCTs) and extremely (47%; one RCT) preterm infants. Meta-analysis showed no difference between weight-based and digital palpation methods (relative risk = 0.88; 95% confidence interval = 0.75–1.04; three RCTs; participants = 205; I 2 = 0%; quality of evidence, low).

Conclusion Commonly used estimation methods for ETT tip placement are inaccurate and unreliable. Further research is required to improve the accuracy of estimation methods and also to identify the usefulness of the digital palpation method in large clinical trials.
Solid-State Fluorescence Enhancement of Bromine-Substituted Trans-Enaminone Derivatives
Authors: Li Hua , Shu Haiyang , Wang Xin , Wu Xiaofu , Tian Hongkun , Tong Hui , Wang Lixiang
Published: January 2020

Halogen bonding, as a kind of intermolecular interaction, has rarely been used to tune solid-state emission properties of luminescent materials, especially fluorescent materials. Herein, three trans-enaminone (TE) derivatives (nonbrominated TE, monobrominated BrTE, and tribrominated Br3TE) with aggregation-induced emission property have been designed and synthesized. Two types of BrTE crystals (BrTE-B and BrTE-G) with different fluorescence properties were obtained. It was observed that their solid-state fluorescence has been enhanced by the formation of halogen bonding. In particular, the crystal BrTE-G containing Br…π interactions exhibits a fluorescence quantum yield (9.6%) nearly sevenfold higher than BrTE-B, the crystal without halogen bonding (1.4%), and fivefold higher than the nonbrominated TE derivative (2.1%). By careful inspection of the single-crystal data and theoretical calculations, the high fluorescence quantum yield of BrTE-G appears to be due to halogen-bonding interactions as well as multiple stronger intermolecular interactions which may restrain molecular motions, leading to the reduced nonradiative decay rate and the enhanced radiative decay rate. Additionally, increasing the number of bromine substituents may further promote the radiative decay rate, explaining therefore the higher fluorescence quantum yield (12.5%) of Br3TE.
Redesign high-performance flexible thermoelectrics: From mathematical algorithm to artificial cracks
Authors: Zhou Yi , Guo Zuteng , He Jiaqing
Published: January 2020

This work presents a high-performance flexible thermoelectric device (f-TED) by rationally introducing the mathematical algorithm cyclotomic rule into flat-to-flexible inorganic/organic hybrid device design. Artificial cracks and selected substrate-cutting are integrated to realize full flexibility with 0–360° bending angle and low contact resistance. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations as well as contact resistance models indicate and verify the high energy efficiency and power output of the f-TED under various temperature differences and artificial cracks. Noticeably, 19.6 mW/cm2 power density and ∼3% power conversion efficiency are achieved at near room temperature (53 K temperature difference) for the bismuth telluride f-TED with a 360° bending angle. These results offer feasibility to use the f-TED for energy generation and thermal management of heat source/sink with different surface curvature, especially in self-powered wearable mechatronics and flexible chip cooling in the Internet of Things.
Integral Cross Sections for Electron–Zinc Scattering over a Broad Energy Range (0.01–5000 eV)
Authors: McEachran R. P. , Marinković B. P. , García G. , White R. D. , Stokes P. W. , Jones D. B. , Brunger M. J.
Published: January 2020

We report results from the application of our optical potential and relativistic optical potential methods to electron–zinc scattering. The energy range of this study was 0.01–5000 eV, with original results for the summed discrete electronic-state integral excitation cross sections and total ionization cross sections being presented here. When combined with our earlier elastic scattering data [Marinković et al., Phys. Rev. A 99, 062702 (2019)], and the quite limited experimental and theoretical results for those processes from other groups, we critically assemble a recommended integral cross section database for electron–zinc scattering. Electron transport coefficients are subsequently calculated for reduced electric fields ranging from 0.1 to 1000 Td, using a multiterm solution of Boltzmann’s equation. Some differences with corresponding results from the earlier study of White et al. [J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 3185 (2004)] were noted, indicating in part the necessity of having accurate and complete cross section data, over a wide energy regime, when undertaking such transport simulations.
Electron and phonon transport anisotropy of ZnO at and above room temperature
Authors: Liang Xin , Wang Changan
Published: January 2020

Due to the lack of experimental evidence, it is not clearly known if the charge and heat transport of ZnO exhibit noticeable anisotropy at and above room temperature. Here, we measure the charge and heat transport properties of strongly crystallographically textured ZnO polycrystals at and above room temperature, up to 750 K. Our observations reveal a remarkable difference of the electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, and electron mobility between the ZnO c-axis and ab-plane directions. The origin of electron transport anisotropy is discussed. We experimentally show that the lattice thermal conductivity for the c-axis direction can be at least 20% larger than that for the ab-plane direction, and the anisotropy ratio is only weakly dependent on temperature, which qualitatively agrees well with our first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our DFT calculations also reveal that the heat transport difference between the c-axis and ab-plane directions is due to the anisotropy in phonon group velocities and Umklapp phonon scattering rates. The present work fills in the knowledge gap about ZnO. These findings can provide important implications for designing ZnO crystals to optimize the material or device performance in numerous applications where charge and/or heat transport properties are important.
Understanding the effects of water on oxide catalyst surfaces
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: January 2020

Researchers elucidate the interactions between water vapor and vanadium oxide, a material with applications in electronics and heterogeneous catalysis.
Optimisation of phosphorus fertilisation promotes biomass and phosphorus nutrient accumulation, partitioning and translocation in three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes
Authors: Chen Bolang , Wang Qinghui , Ye Zupeng , Stiles Shane , Feng Gu
Published: January 2020

Limited information is available on accumulation, distribution, and remobilisation of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under the interaction of nutrient management and genotype. We conducted a 2-year field experiment to study the impacts of phosphorus (P) treatments (0, 16.5, 33, 66, 132 and 198 kg P ha–1) on growth and P absorption, allocation and remobilisation in three cotton genotypes. At maturity, the maximum DM and P content allocation to seeds were 20.7% and 62.3%, respectively. Compared with the anthesis stage, leaf DM and P content at maturity significantly decreased by 46.3% and 73.6%, respectively; thus, seed P content was mainly contributed by leaves. Compared with the control (nil P), optimal P fertilisation (33–66 kg P ha–1) increased leaf DM and P content at anthesis by 21.2% and 40.8%, promoted P translocation from leaves to seeds by 43%, and improved lint yield at maturity by 22.8%. At anthesis and maturity, the DM and P content of the entire plant, and lint and seed yields were higher in genotypes XLZ57 and XLZ19 than in XLZ13. Suitable P doses increase DM and P accumulation and yield, and improve source–sink relationships of DM and P in cotton.
Sum frequency generation, calculation of absolute intensities, comparison with experiments, and two-field relaxation-based derivation
Authors: Niu Kai , Marcus Rudolph A.
Published: January 2020

Significance

The water surface structures, where a dangling OH bond plays a role in catalysis, can be studied by the sum frequency generation (SFG) experimentally and theoretically. The dangling OH bond region of the SFG is investigated using the classical molecular dynamics simulation for the ssp, sps, and ppp combinations of the different electric field polarizations. Reasonable agreement with no adjustable parameters within a factor of 1.3 is obtained with the experimental single-term SFG polarization combinations ssp and sps. The comparison of the calculated absolute SFG intensities with the experimental values provides a test of the various approximations in the literature, such as the values used in some cases for the two polarizability derivatives of a surface OH.
Designing a hybrid electrode toward high energy density with a staged Li
+
and PF
6
−
deintercalation/intercalation mechanism
Authors: Hao Junnan , Yang Fuhua , Zhang Shilin , He Hanna , Xia Guanglin , Liu Yajie , Didier Christophe , Liu Tongchao , Pang Wei Kong , Peterson Vanessa K. , Lu Jun , Guo Zaiping
Published: January 2020

Significance

The limited energy density, lifespan, and high cost of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) drive the development of new-type affordable batteries. As a green and cheap alternative, dual-graphite batteries (DGBs) have received much attention recently; however, they have been criticized for low capacity, electrode durability, and “real” energy density. Here, we designed hybrid LiFePO
4
(LFP)/graphite electrodes that operate with a staged deintercalation/intercalation of the Li
+
and PF
6
−
mechanism. Introducing graphite into LFP not only accelerates the electrochemical performance of LFP but also unlocks the electrolyte role by providing active sites for PF
6
−
intercalation. This work provides insights to optimize the current LIB technology by full utilization of individual components, including electrolyte.
Sequential ubiquitination of NLRP3 by RNF125 and Cbl-b limits inflammasome activation and endotoxemia
Authors: Tang Juan , Tu Sha , Lin Guoxin , Guo Hui , Yan Chengkai , Liu Qingjun , Huang Ling , Tang Na , Xiao Yizhi , Pope R. Marshall , Rajaram Murugesan V.S. , Amer Amal O. , Ahmer Brian M. , Gunn John S. , Wozniak Daniel J. , Tao Lijian , Coppola Vincenzo , Zhang Liwen , Langdon Wallace Y. , Torrelles Jordi B. , Lipkowitz Stanley , Zhang Jian
Published: January 2020

Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the development of endotoxemia. The importance of negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is essential for preventing endotoxemia induced by a sub-lethal dose of LPS via a caspase-11/NLRP3–dependent manner. Further studies show that NLRP3 undergoes both K63- and K48-linked polyubiquitination. Cbl-b binds to the K63-ubiquitin chains attached to the NLRP3 leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) via its ubiquitin-associated region (UBA) and then targets NLRP3 at K496 for K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. We also identify RNF125 as an additional E3 ubiquitin ligase that initiates K63-linked ubiquitination of the NLRP3 LRR domain. Therefore, NLRP3 is sequentially ubiquitinated by K63- and K48-linked ubiquitination, thus keeping the NLRP3 inflammasomes in check and restraining endotoxemia.
Hexagonal arrangement of phospholipids in bilayer membranes*
Authors: Chen Xiao-Wei , Yuan Ming-Xia , Guo Han , Zhu Zhi
Published: January 2020

The phospholipid membrane plays a key role in myriad biological processes and phenomena, and the arrangement structure of membrane determines its function. However, the molecular arrangement structure of phospholipids in cell membranes is difficult to detect experimentally. On the basis of molecular dynamic simulations both in a non-destructive way and at native environment, we observed and confirmed that the phospholipids self-assemble to a hexagonal arrangement structure under physiological conditions. The underlying mechanism was revealed to be that there are hexagonal arrangement regions with a lower free energy around each lipid molecule. The findings potentially advance the understanding of biological functions of phospholipid bilayers.
Controlling paths of high-order harmonic generation by orthogonal two-color fields*
Authors: Ma Ze-Hui , Zhang Cai-Ping , Ma Jun-Lin , Miao Xiang-Yang
Published: January 2020

Controlling paths of high-order harmonic generation from

H
2
+

is theoretically investigated by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation based on the Born–Oppenheimer approximation in orthogonal two-color fields. Our simulations show that the change of harmonic emission paths is dependent on time-dependent distribution of electrons. Compared with one-dimensional linearly polarized long wavelength laser, multiple returns are suppressed and short paths are dominant in the process of harmonic emission by two-dimensional orthogonal ω/2ω laser fields. Furthermore, not only are multiple returns weaken, but also the harmonic emission varies from twice to once in an optical cycle by orthogonal ω/1.5ω laser fields. Combining the time–frequency distributions and the time-dependent electron wave packets probability density, the mechanism of controlling paths is further explained. As a result, a 68-as isolated attosecond pulse is obtained by superposing a proper range of the harmonics.
Spatial distribution of urban greenspace in response to urban development from a multi-scale perspective
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Weiqi , Wang Jia , Yu Wenjuan
Published: January 2020

Urban expansion and renewal are one of the major drivers affecting urban landscapes worldwide. Considerable research has been conducted to understand how urban greenspace (UG) changes in response to urbanization at various scales from individual patches to landscapes. However, most of these studies have been conducted at a single scale, and little is known from a multiple scale perspective. Here, we present a multi-scale analytical framework to quantify the spatial pattern of greenspace and its change by integrating rank-size distribution, urban–rural gradient analysis and hotspots analysis. We applied this framework to nine major Chinese cities using 2.5 m resolution Advanced Land Observation Satellite and Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre imagery captured in 2005 and 2010. We found the multi-scale assessment provides integrated and synthesized information about the dynamics of UG that would otherwise be missed. First, the hotspots analysis revealed dramatic change in UG for all the nine cities, and such change tended to be spatially clustered. Second, the spatial heterogeneity of UG decreased from 2005 to 2010 for all the cities as a result of the increase of UG in urban core areas and loss of UG in the urban periphery, resulting in landscape homogenization along the urban–rural gradient. Third, substantial loss of UG co-occurred with densification of urban land development, indicating potential adverse impacts of compact city on urban greenery. Infill development became dominant, with percentage ranging from 52.7% in Shanghai to 90.6% in Nanjing, resulting in more compact urban form. This study underscores the importance of a multi-scale perspective on understanding the spatial distribution of UG and its change, and its response to urban development.
Research on Detection of Gunshot Residues on Textile by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Miaomiao Zhang , Jian Zhang , Dayu Bi
Published: January 2020

The different chemical components of gunshot residues and the corresponding carrier medium give rise to different spectroscopic features. By utilising this property, infrared spectroscopic imaging is employed to detect the gunshot residues on the surfaces of different textiles. Compared to traditional imaging methods, this technique produces higher-contrast images. Factors such as the composition of gunpowder, material burned, surface property of the carrier medium, range of excitation light, and starting and ending wavelengths are analysed. This research offers a novel idea for the detection of gunshot residues.
Power-switching beyond silicon: features of GaN devices
Authors: Liu Yonghan
Published: January 2020

The generation, transmission, and use of electric power require different forms of power conversion. The commonly used electronic circuits for power conversion utilize switching techniques and, consequently, are referred to as switch-mode power electronic circuits. Two types of semiconductor-based switches are widely used in these circuits: two-terminal rectifiers (diodes) and three-terminal controlled switches (transistors). Currently, many integrated circuit devices use Silicon as the main substrate, because silicon is easy to purify and crystallize. Moreover, it is cheaper than nearly most of other semiconductor material. Silicon becomes main semiconductor material in today’s developments of power-switching. However, silicon’s energy gap is not large enough, which is the limitation of realizing more functions. With the requirement of new material to break the boundary of material limitation, the third-generation semiconductor rise up. This article will discuss the ideal requirements of power switching and how these requirements were realized by GaN through the method of deriving equations. Meanwhile, comparing with advantages of GaN, this paper will point out the silicon’s shortages. Finally, discussing reasons why GaN did not substitute Si then become the main semiconductor material among diodes or transistors.
China’s Energy Consumption and Economic Growth under the Constraints of Carbon Emissions
Authors: chang-lin Ji , yi-ning Liu , Ya-ning Zhang
Published: January 2020

This paper was based on the provincial unbalanced panel data of 31 administrative regions in China from 2005 to 2016, investigated the effects of carbon emission constraints and economic growth on China’s energy consumption, energy consumption structure and energy policy changes. The empirical results showed that a higher level of economic development would increase regional carbon emissions. Active energy policy and consumption structure adjustment will have a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emissions. This study provided micro-theoretical support for the optimization of regional energy consumption structural adjustment strategy, spatial prediction of emission reduction, and resolving the balance between energy supply and demand. It was helpful for local governments to analyze the energy consumption situation and the overall structural change trend according to the energy consumption structure. It could further tap the energy-saving potential of the region and formulate reasonable long-term development strategies.
Development of Fe3O4-modified-carboxylic MWCNTs for extraction and determination of pigments in beverage
Authors: Feng Zufei , Li Sijin , Lu Yan , Zhao Yingjuan , Zhai Xinyue
Published: January 2020

A nanomaterial comprising Fe3O4-modified-carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4-MWCNTs-COOH) was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Combined with HPLC-photodiode array detector (DAD), Fe3O4-MWCNTs-COOH was used to determine pigments in beverage. Some important parameters that could influence extraction efficiency were optimized. The results indicated that Fe3O4-MWCNTs-COOH combined with HPLC-DAD is a promising solid-phase extraction material for the sample pretreatment in the determination of pigments.
The approach to sustainable space mining: issues, challenges, and solutions
Authors: Xu Fengna
Published: January 2020

Harvesting and using space resources and energy has always been a dream of mankind for centuries as well as a popular topic for science fiction novels. In recent years, technological development makes space mining possible or even a reality in the near future. Accordingly, not only governments but also ambitious private actors are engaged in space mining activities. In addition to increasing investment, the USA and Luxembourg have erected their national space law to answer industrial needs. However, existing international law fails to address these activities in an effective manner, and many issues remain unresolved. Without further regulation, a laissez-faire approach would be detrimental to the growth of this nascent industry. Some challenges are likely to happen, such as conflicts between multiple States, inequalities in benefits sharing, and environment contamination. As a result, for promoting sustainable exploitation and use of space resources and energy, this article suggests some solutions, including: 1) guaranteeing legal certainty; 2) ensuring sufficient investment; 3) strengthening international cooperation; 4) promoting environment preservation and protection.
Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformer in Mine
Authors: Chen Lu , Wang Shudong , Fan Shiyong , Shi Haiyan , Zhang Liang
Published: January 2020

In view of the ambiguity of power system transformer faults in mines, the traditional gas analysis method cannot directly judge the possibility of fault occurrence based on gas concentration. A fault diagnosis method for mine transformers based on intuitionistic fuzzy Petri nets is proposed. The relationship between characteristic gas and fault is described by intuitionistic fuzzy set, and a new type of intuitive fault diagnosis model is established. The membership degree and non-affiliation degree are introduced into the model. The intuitionistic fuzzy inference algorithm is designed. By obtaining and processing the specific parameters such as the weight of the connecting arc and the threshold of the transition in the fault diagnosis model, the fault diagnosis process is transformed into the intuitionistic fuzzy inference process using the intuitionistic fuzzy Petri net. Finally, the membership degree and non-affiliation degree of each fault are obtained to judge the possibility of fault occurrence. It is verified by the fact that the above-mentioned mine transformer fault reasoning method can quickly judge the possibility of fault occurrence according to the concentration of gas.
Research Recommendations for Food Safety Testing Standard Sample System
Authors: Tianfei Dong
Published: January 2020

The research on the standard sample system for food safety testing is mainly to solve the problems of forward-looking, systematic and scientific in the development of food safety testing standard sample system. This research work combines the necessity of research and the analysis of the current research situation, classifies and constructs the standard samples in the food safety testing standard sample system, establishes the food safety testing standard sample system, and compiles the corresponding system table and system management. Besides we also give some suggestions on how to promote the improvement and improvement of the system, such as factors and technical requirements.
Study on effects of hot isostatic pressing process on microstructure and properties of CNTs/Al2009 composites
Authors: He X L , He T B , Tang P J , Wang X Y , Li P Y
Published: January 2020

The CNTs/Al2009 composite powders were prepared by cryogenic milling method and then the CNTs/Al2009 matrix composites were fabricated by hot extrusion process or hot isostatic pressing (HIP)/hot extrusion process. The effects of HIP process on microstructure and interface structure of CNTs/Al2009 composites were studied by X-ray diffraction, raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope. Finally, the effects of HIP process on the CNTs/2009Al composites were characterized by tensile strength at room temperature. The results showed that the cryogenic milling process could disperse 1.0 wt. % of CNTs into the aluminum matrix, and the composites prepared by HIP and hot extrusion process had uniform microstructure and excellent tensile properties at room temperature. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the 1.0 wt.% CNTs/Al2009 composites prepared by HIP and hot extrusion process were 560 MPa, 443.3 MPa and 10.2%, respectively. Hot isostatic pressing process had an important influence on the interfacial bonding strength of CNTs/Al2009 composites. The strength of the composite prepared by HIP and hot extrusion process was 20 MPa higher than that of direct hot extrusion process, and the elongation was basically the same. The main reason was that the high temperature and high pressure conditions of hot isostatic pressing process could promote the reaction of carbon and aluminum at the interface between CNTs and aluminum matrix, so that a few CNTs with severe damage and defects in some CNTs formed Al4C3 phase with aluminum, thereby improving two compatibility, and enhanced interface bonding.