bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Heart-Rate Data to Training Quantification: A Comparison of 3 Methods of Training-Intensity Analysis
Authors: Sylta Øystein , Tønnessen Espen , Seiler Stephen
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

The authors directly compared 3 frequently used methods of heart-rate-based training-intensity-distribution (TID) quantification in a large sample of training sessions performed by elite endurance athletes.

Methods:

Twenty-nine elite cross-country skiers (16 male, 13 female; 25 ± 4 y; 70 ± 11 kg; 76 ± 7 mL · min−1 · kg−1 VO2max) conducted 570 training sessions during a ~14-d altitude-training camp. Three analysis methods were used: time in zone (TIZ), session goal (SG), and a hybrid session-goal/time-in-zone (SG/TIZ) approach. The proportion of training in zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 was quantified using total training time or frequency of sessions, and simple conversion factors across different methods were calculated.

Results:

Comparing the TIZ and SG/TIZ methods, 96.1% and 95.5%, respectively, of total training time was spent in zone 1 (P < .001), with 2.9%/3.6% and 1.1%/0.8% in zones 2/3 (P < .001). Using SG, this corresponded to 86.6% zone 1 and 11.1%/2.4% zone 2/3 sessions. Estimated conversion factors from TIZ or SG/TIZ to SG and vice versa were 0.9/1.1, respectively, in the low-intensity training range (zone 1) and 3.0/0.33 in the high-intensity training range (zones 2 and 3).

Conclusions:

This study provides a direct comparison and practical conversion factors across studies employing different methods of TID quantification associated with the most common heart-rate-based analysis methods.
The Velocity and Energy Profiles of Elite Cross-Country Skiers Executing Downhill Turns With Different Radii
Authors: Sandbakk Øyvind , Sandbakk Silvana Bucher , Supej Matej , Holmberg Hans-Christer
Published: January 2014

This study examined the influence of turn radius on velocity and energy profiles when skidding and step turning during more and less effective downhill turns while cross-country skiing. Thirteen elite female cross-country skiers performed single turns with a 9- or 12-m radius using the skidding technique and a 12- or 15-m radius with step turning. Mechanical parameters were monitored using a real-time kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System and video analysis. Step turning was more effective during all phases of a turn, leading to higher velocities than skidding (P < .05). With both techniques, a greater radius was associated with higher velocity (P < .05), but the quality of turning, as assessed on the basis of energy characteristics, was the same. More effective skidding turns involved more pronounced deceleration early in the turn and maintenance of higher velocity thereafter, while more effective step turning involved lower energy dissipation during the latter half of the turn. In conclusion, the single-turn analysis employed here reveals differences in the various techniques chosen by elite cross-country skiers when executing downhill turns of varying radii and can be used to assess the quality of such turns.
Same Citius, Altius, Fortius … More Women, Crashes, and McTwists?
Authors: Seiler Stephen
Published: January 2014

Almost half of the record 98 events being held at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games were either not held 20 years ago at Lillehammer or have been substantially modified. The Olympics as a global sports event are not stationary but must adapt and evolve in response to changing demands, just as the remarkable athletes who are competing do. While the Winter Olympics program has steadily grown since Chamonix in 1924, the rate of development has greatly accelerated in the last 20 years. Three factors seem to be instrumental. First, the Winter Olympics program has become more gender balanced. Female hockey teams are battling for gold, and this year women will compete in ski jumping for the first time. Most Winter Olympics sports have equal numbers of events for men and women today, although female participation still lags somewhat behind. Second, many traditional events have been modified by sport-governing bodies toward a more “TV friendly” format. Time-trial starts have been replaced by mass or group starts. “Sprint” and team events have been added to spice up traditional sports like cross-country skiing and speed skating. Finally “extreme” sports like half-pipe and ski-cross have crossed over from the X Games to the Olympics, with some arguing that the Olympics need these popular sports more than the X Games sports need the Olympics. All of these changes create new research questions for sport scientists who are also willing to adapt and evolve.
Bacterial Vesicles in the Ocean
Authors: Scanlan David
Published: January 2014

Vesicles released by phytoplankton may play key roles in carbon cycling, viral defense, and gene transfer.

[Also see Report by

Biller
et al.

]
Development of a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Assay To Detect IgG Antibodies against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Kumari Sangeeta , Crim Roberta Lynne , Kulkarni Ashwin , Audet Susette A. , Mdluli Thembi , Murata Haruhiko , Beeler Judy A.
Published: January 2014

The nucleoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-N) is immunogenic and elicits an IgG response following infection. The RSV-N gene was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pREN2, and the expressed luciferase-tagged protein (Ruc-N) detected anti-RSV-N-specific IgG antibodies using a high-throughput immunoprecipitation method (the luciferase immunoprecipitation system [LIPS]-NRSVassay). The specificity of the assay was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and monospecific pre- and postimmunization rabbit antisera. Blood serum samples from chimpanzees and humans with proven/probable RSV infection were also tested. The pre- and postimmunization serum samples from rabbits given human metapneumovirus (HMPV) or measles virus were negative when tested by the LIPS-NRSVassay, while antisera obtained after immunization with either the RSV-A or RSV-B strain gave positive signals in a dose-dependent manner. RSV-N MAb 858-3 gave a positive signal in the LIPS-NRSVassay, while MAbs against other paramyxovirus nucleoproteins or RSV-F or RSV-G did not. Serum samples from chimpanzees simultaneously immunized with vaccinia-RSV-F and vaccinia-RSV-G recombinant viruses were negative in the LIPS-NRSVassay; however, anti-RSV-N IgG responses were detected following subsequent RSV challenge. Seven of the 12 infants who were seronegative at 9 months of age had detectable anti-RSV-N antibodies when they were retested at 15 to 18 months of age. The LIPS-NRSVassay detects specific anti-RSV-N IgG responses that may be used as a biomarker of RSV infection.
Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Trivalent, Formalin-Inactivated Shigella Whole-Cell Vaccine
Authors: Kaminski R. W. , Wu M. , Turbyfill K. R. , Clarkson K. , Tai B. , Bourgeois A. L. , Van De Verg L. L. , Walker R. I. , Oaks E. V.
Published: January 2014

Studies were undertaken to manufacture a multivalentShigellainactivated whole-cell vaccine that is safe, effective, and inexpensive. By using several formalin concentrations, temperatures, and incubation periods, an optimized set of inactivation conditions was established forShigella flexneri2a,S. sonnei, andS. flexneri3a to produce inactivated whole cells expressing a full repertoire of Ipa proteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inactivation conditions selected were treatment with 0.2% formalin (S. flexneri2a and 3a) or 0.6% formalin (S. sonnei) for 48 h at 25°C. Vaccine formulations prepared under different inactivation conditions, in different doses (10E5, 10E7, and 10E9 cells), and with or without the inclusion of double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) were evaluated in mice. Two intranasal immunizations with ≥10E7 inactivated whole cells resulted in high levels of anti-Invaplex and moderate levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA in serum and in lung and intestinal wash samples. Addition of dmLT to the vaccine formulations did not significantly enhance humoral immunogenicity. Minimal humoral responses for IpaB, IpaC, or IpaD were detected after immunization with inactivated wholeShigellacells regardless of the vaccine inactivation conditions. In guinea pigs, monovalent formulations ofS. flexneri2a of 3a orS. sonneiconsisting of 10E8, 10E9, or 10E10 cells were protective in a keratoconjunctivitis assay. A trivalent formulation provided protection against all three serotypes (S. flexneri2a,P= 0.018;S. flexneri3a,P= 0.04;S. sonnei,P< 0.0001). The inactivatedShigellawhole-cell vaccine approach incorporates an uncomplicated manufacturing process that is compatible with multivalency and the future development of a broadly protectiveShigellavaccine.
Influenza H7N9 and H9N2 Viruses: Coexistence in Poultry Linked to Human H7N9 Infection and Genome Characteristics
Authors: Yu Xinfen , Jin Tao , Cui Yujun , Pu Xiaoying , Li Jun , Xu Jin , Liu Guang , Jia Huijue , Liu Dan , Song Shili , Yu Yang , Xie Li , Huang Renjie , Ding Hua , Kou Yu , Zhou Yinyan , Wang Yayu , Xu Xun , Yin Ye , Wang Jian , Guo Chenyi , Yang Xianwei , Hu Liangping , Wu Xiaopeng , Wang Hailong , Liu Jun , Zhao Guoqiu , Zhou Jiyong , Pan Jingcao , Gao George F. , Yang Ruifu , Wang Jun
Published: January 2014

Avian influenza virus A of the novel H7N9 reassortant subtype was recently found to cause severe human respiratory infections in China. Live poultry markets were suspected locations of the human H7N9 infection sources, based on the cases' exposure histories and sequence similarities between viral isolates. To explore the role of live poultry markets in the origin of the novel H7N9 virus, we systematically examined poultry and environmental specimens from local markets and farms in Hangzhou, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) as well as high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). RT-PCR identified specimens positive for the H7 and N9 genomic segments in all of the 12 poultry markets epidemiologically linked to 10 human H7N9 cases. Chickens, ducks, and environmental specimens from the markets contained heavily mixed subtypes, including H7, N9, H9, and N2 and sometimes H5 and N1. The idea of the coexistence of H7N9 and H9N2 subtypes in chickens was further supported by metagenomic sequencing. In contrast, human H7N9 infection cases (
n
= 31) were all negative for H9N2 virus according to real-time RT-PCR. The six internal segments were indistinguishable for the H7N9 and H9N2 viruses. The H9, N2, and internal-segment sequences were very close to the sequence of the H9N2 virus circulating in chickens in China recently. Our results provide direct evidence that H9N2 strains coexisted with the novel human-pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus in epidemiologically linked live poultry markets. Avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus and continues to do so.

IMPORTANCE
Our results suggest that avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus, a novel reassortant avian influenza virus A subtype, and continues to do so. The finding helps shed light on how the H7N9 virus emerged, spread, and transmitted to humans. It is of considerable interest for assessing the risk of the possible emergence of novel reassortant viruses with enhanced transmissibility to humans.
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the hard palate
Authors: Wanjari Sangeeta Panjab , Wanjari Panjab Vitthalrao , Patidar Kalpana A , Parwani Rajkumar N
Published: January 2014

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma (PCC) is an uncommon malignant tumour of the salivary gland, sometimes involving the minor salivary gland. Previously this entity was classified as an atypical type of adenocarcinoma, malignant papillary cystadenoma, low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma or mucus producing adenopapillary carcinoma. PCC is a glandular tumour with an indolent biological behaviour characterised by cysts and papillary endophytic projections. We report two cases of PCC involving the minor salivary gland of the hard palate. Both the patients presented with a swelling in the palate with difficulty in chewing. MRI revealed an extensively destructive lesion involving hard palate, alveolar ridge and maxillary antrum. Clinical and radiological features suggested the malignant nature of the lesion. Histopathology of incisional biopsy revealed tumour proliferation in a multicystic pattern, with extensive papillary proliferation. Diverse and cellular cytomorphology, and cellular and nuclear pleomorphism with few mitotic figures were the prominent features. Both the lesions were confirmed as PCC.
Disease manifestations ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in Arctic Canada: using epidemiology to address community concerns
Authors: Cheung Justin , Goodman Karen J , Girgis Safwat , Bailey Robert , Morse John , Fedorak Richard N , Geary Janis , Fagan-Garcia Katharine , van Zanten Sander Veldhuyzen ,   the CANHelp Working Group
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Helicobacter pyloriinfection, linked to gastric cancer, is responsible for a large worldwide disease burden.H pyloriprevalence and gastric cancer rates are elevated among indigenous Arctic communities, but implementation of prevention strategies is hampered by insufficient information. Some communities in northern Canada have advocated forH pyloriprevention research. As a first step, community-driven research was undertaken to describe theH pylori-associated disease burden in concerned communities.

Design

Participants in this cross-sectional study completed a clinical interview and gastroscopy with gastric biopsies taken for histopathological examination in February 2008.

Setting

Study procedures were carried out at the health centre in Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada (population ∼600).

Participants

All residents of Aklavik were invited to complete a clinical interview and gastroscopy; 194 (58% female participants; 91% Aboriginal; age range 10–80 years) completed gastroscopy and had gastric biopsies taken.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

This analysis estimates the prevalence of gastric abnormalities detected by endoscopy and histopathology, and associations of demographic and clinical variables withH pyloriprevalence.

Results

Among 194 participants with evaluable gastric biopsies, 66% wereH pylori-positive on histology. AmongH pylori-positive participants, prevalence was 94% for acute gastritis, 100% for chronic gastritis, 21% for gastric atrophy and 11% for intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, while chronic inflammation severity was mild in 9%, moderate in 47% and severe in 43%. In a multivariable model,H pyloriprevalence was inversely associated with previous gastroscopy, previousH pyloritherapy and aspirin use, and was positively associated with alcohol consumption.

Conclusions

In this population,H pylori-associated gastric histopathology shows a pattern compatible with elevated risk of gastric cancer. These findings demonstrate that local concern about health risks fromH pyloriis warranted and provide an example of how epidemiological research can address health priorities identified by communities.
Clinical risk factors for underlying gastrointestinal malignancy in iron deficiency anaemia: the IDIOM study
Authors: Silva Angel Castro , Sheppard Zoe A , Surgenor Susan L , Williams Elizabeth J , Thomas Peter W , Snook Jonathon A
Published: January 2014

Objective

Ten percent of adults presenting with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) have underlying cancer. This analysis – theIronDeficiency as anIndicatorOfMalignancy (IDIOM) study – was undertaken to assess whether five simple clinical parameters can usefully predict the likelihood of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy on subsequent investigation of patients with IDA.

Design

Retrospective observational study, with multivariable analysis of the predictive value of sex, age, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean red cell volume (MCV) and iron studies for the risk of underlying GI malignancy.

Setting

District General Hospital IDA clinic.

Patients

720 adults with confirmed IDA.

Results

Sex, age and Hb were strongly associated with the risk of GI malignancy—the parsimonious model including only these variables yielded ORs of 4.0 (95% CI 2.3 to 7.0) for males compared with females; 3.3 (95% CI 1.7 to 6.4) for age >70 years compared with ≤70 years; and 5.3 (95% CI 2.4 to 11.7) for a Hb of ≤91.4 g/L compared with ≥111.5 g/L. Combining these risk factors identified a subgroup (12% of the study population) at particularly low risk (<2% likelihood), and a second subgroup (16% of the study population) at especially high risk (>20% likelihood) of underlying GI malignancy.

Conclusions

Three simple and objective clinical parameters can be combined to provide a clinically useful cancer risk stratification model for subjects with IDA. This may assist with patient counselling and the prioritisation of investigational resources.
Automorphic equivalence of linear algebras
Authors: Tsurkov A.
Published: January 2014

This research is motivated by universal algebraic geometry. We consider in universal algebraic geometry the some variety of universal algebras Θ and algebras H ∈ Θ from this variety. One of the central question of the theory is the following: When do two algebras have the same geometry? What does it mean that the two algebras have the same geometry? The notion of geometric equivalence of algebras gives a sort of answer to this question. Algebras H1 and H2 are called geometrically equivalent if and only if the H1-closed sets coincide with the H2-closed sets. The notion of automorphic equivalence is a generalization of the first notion. Algebras H1 and H2 are called automorphically equivalent if and only if the H1-closed sets coincide with the H2-closed sets after some "changing of coordinates". We can detect the difference between geometric and automorphic equivalence of algebras of the variety Θ by researching of the automorphisms of the category Θ0 of the finitely generated free algebras of the variety Θ. By [5] the automorphic equivalence of algebras provided by inner automorphism coincide with the geometric equivalence. So the various differences between geometric and automorphic equivalence of algebras can be found in the variety Θ if the factor group 𝔄/𝔜 is big. Here 𝔄 is the group of all automorphisms of the category Θ0, 𝔜 is a normal subgroup of all inner automorphisms of the category Θ0. In [6] the variety of all Lie algebras and the variety of all associative algebras over the infinite field k were studied. If the field k has not nontrivial automorphisms then group 𝔄/𝔜 in the first case is trivial and in the second case has order 2. We consider in this paper the variety of all linear algebras over the infinite field k. We prove that group 𝔄/𝔜 is isomorphic to the group (U(kS2)/U(k{e}))λ Aut k, where S2 is the symmetric group of the set which has 2 elements, U(kS2) is the group of all invertible elements of the group algebra kS2, e ∈ S2, U(k{e}) is a group of all invertible elements of the subalgebra k{e}, Aut k is the group of all automorphisms of the field k. So even the field k has not nontrivial automorphisms the group 𝔄/𝔜 is infinite. This kind of result is obtained for the first time. The example of two linear algebras which are automorphically equivalent but not geometrically equivalent is presented in the last section of this paper. This kind of example is also obtained for the first time.
Solid phase synthesis and structural characterization of an oxo-molybdenum(V) porphyrin: triplet state ESR spectrum of μ-oxo bridged molybdenum(V) dimer
Authors: Nandi Goutam , Sarkar Sabyasachi
Published: January 2014

The solid state synthesis of molybdenum porphyrin using [ Mo ( NO )2( py )2( Cl )2] as the metal source and H 2 TPP (5,10,15,20-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin) in 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid melt is described. Complex [ Mo V O ( TPP )(3,5- DNB )] (1) (3,5-DNB = 3,5-dinitrobenzoate ion) is isolated in almost quantitative yield. 1 is characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, electronic, FT-IR spectroscopy, and by magnetic moment measurements. 1 in basic alumina column on elution with DCM/Ethyl acetate as solvent hydrolyzed to μ-oxo bridged dimeric molybdenum(V) complex [{ Mo V ( O )( TPP )}2 O ] (2). 2 shows a interesting triplet state ESR spectrum in the solid state with half field signal suggesting two independent Mo ( V ) centers in the complex.
Dynamic-clamp analysis of wild-type human Nav1.7 and erythromelalgia mutant channel L858H
Authors: Vasylyev Dmytro V. , Han Chongyang , Zhao Peng , Dib-Hajj Sulayman , Waxman Stephen G.
Published: January 2014

The link between sodium channel Nav1.7 and pain has been strengthened by identification of gain-of-function mutations in patients with inherited erythromelalgia (IEM), a genetic model of neuropathic pain in humans. A firm mechanistic link to nociceptor dysfunction has been precluded because assessments of the effect of the mutations on nociceptor function have thus far depended on electrophysiological recordings from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons transfected with wild-type (WT) or mutant Nav1.7 channels, which do not permit accurate calibration of the level of Nav1.7 channel expression. Here, we report an analysis of the function of WT Nav1.7 and IEM L858H mutation within small DRG neurons using dynamic-clamp. We describe the functional relationship between current threshold for action potential generation and the level of WT Nav1.7 conductance in primary nociceptive neurons and demonstrate the basis for hyperexcitability at physiologically relevant levels of L858H channel conductance. We demonstrate that the L858H mutation, when modeled using dynamic-clamp at physiological levels within DRG neurons, produces a dramatically enhanced persistent current, resulting in 27-fold amplification of net sodium influx during subthreshold depolarizations and even greater amplification during interspike intervals, which provide a mechanistic basis for reduced current threshold and enhanced action potential firing probability. These results show, for the first time, a linear correlation between the level of Nav1.7 conductance and current threshold in DRG neurons. Our observations demonstrate changes in sodium influx that provide a mechanistic link between the altered biophysical properties of a mutant Nav1.7 channel and nociceptor hyperexcitability underlying the pain phenotype in IEM.
Comparison of the contractile responses to irregular and regular trains of stimuli during microstimulation of single human motor axons
Authors: Leitch Michael , Macefield Vaughan G.
Published: January 2014

During voluntary contractions, human motoneurons discharge with a physiological variability of ∼20%. However, studies that have measured the contractile responses to microstimulation of single motor axons have used regular trains of stimuli with no variability. We tested the hypothesis that irregular (physiological) trains of stimuli produce greater contractile responses than regular (nonphysiological) trains of identical mean frequency but zero variability. High-impedance tungsten microelectrodes were inserted into the common peroneal nerve and guided into fascicles supplying a toe extensor muscle. Selective microstimulation was achieved for 14 single motor axons. Contractile responses were measured via an angular displacement transducer over the relevant toe. After the responses to regular trains of 10 stimuli extending from 2 to 100 Hz were recorded, irregular trains of 10 stimuli, based on the interspike intervals recorded from single motor units during voluntary contractions, were delivered. Finally, the stimulation sequences were repeated following a 2-min period of continuous stimulation at 10 Hz to induce muscle fatigue. Regular trains of stimuli generated a sigmoidal increase in displacement with frequency, whereas irregular trains, emulating the firing of volitionally driven motoneurons, displayed significantly greater responses over the same frequency range (8–24 Hz). This was maintained even in the presence of fatigue. We conclude that physiological discharge variability, which incorporates short and long interspike intervals, offers an advantage to the neuromuscular system by allowing motor units to operate on a higher level of the contraction-frequency curve and taking advantage of catch-like properties in skeletal muscle.
The Group Inverse of the Combinations of Two Idempotent Operators
Authors: Wang Shunqin , Deng Chunyuan
Published: January 2014

We present some inverses and group inverses results for linear combinations of two idempotents and their products.
Rating and Ranking the Role of Bibliometrics and Webometrics in Nursing and Midwifery
Authors: Davidson Patricia M. , Newton Phillip J. , Ferguson Caleb , Daly John , Elliott Doug , Homer Caroline , Duffield Christine , Jackson Debra
Published: January 2014

Background. Bibliometrics are an essential aspect of measuring academic and organizational performance.Aim. This review seeks to describe methods for measuring bibliometrics, identify the strengths and limitations of methodologies, outline strategies for interpretation, summarise evaluation of nursing and midwifery performance, identify implications for metric of evaluation, and specify the implications for nursing and midwifery and implications of social networking for bibliometrics and measures of individual performance.Method. A review of electronic databases CINAHL, Medline, and Scopus was undertaken using search terms such as bibliometrics, nursing, and midwifery. The reference lists of retrieved articles and Internet sources and social media platforms were also examined.Results. A number of well-established, formal ways of assessment have been identified, includingh- andc-indices. Changes in publication practices and the use of the Internet have challenged traditional metrics of influence. Moreover, measuring impact beyond citation metrics is an increasing focus, with social media representing newer ways of establishing performance and impact.Conclusions. Even though a number of measures exist, no single bibliometric measure is perfect. Therefore, multiple approaches to evaluation are recommended. However, bibliometric approaches should not be the only measures upon which academic and scholarly performance are evaluated.
Surgical and Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Combination Syndrome
Authors: Carlino Paolo , Pettini Francesco , Cantore Stefania , Ballini Andrea , Grassi Felice Roberto , Pepe Valentina
Published: January 2014

The aim of this report is to analyze the clinical symptoms, ethologic factors, and prosthetic rehabilitation in a case of Combination Syndrome (CS). The treatment of CS can be conventional or surgical, with or without the bone reconstruction of maxilla. The correct prosthetic treatment helps this kind of patients to restore the physiologic occlusion plane to allow a correct masticatory and aesthetic function. Management of this kind of patients can be a challenge for a dental practitioner.
The Relationship between the Stochastic Maximum Principle and the Dynamic Programming in Singular Control of Jump Diffusions
Authors: Chighoub Farid , Mezerdi Brahim
Published: January 2014

The main objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between the stochastic maximum principle (SMP in short) and dynamic programming principle (DPP in short), for singular control problems of jump diffusions. First, we establish necessary as well as sufficient conditions for optimality by using
the stochastic calculus of jump diffusions and some properties of singular controls. Then, we give, under smoothness conditions, a useful verification theorem and we show that the solution of the adjoint equation coincides with the spatial gradient of the value function, evaluated along the optimal trajectory of the state equation. Finally, using these theoretical results, we solve explicitly an example, on optimal harvesting strategy, for a geometric Brownian motion with jumps.
Global Stability of a Host-Vector Model for Pine Wilt Disease with Nonlinear Incidence Rate
Authors: Lee Kwang Sung , Lashari Abid Ali
Published: January 2014

Based on classical epidemic models, this paper considers a deterministic epidemic model for the spread of the pine wilt disease which has vector mediated transmission. The analysis of the model shows that its dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction numberR0. Using a Lyapunov function and a LaSalle's invariant set theorem, we proved the global asymptotical stability of the disease-free equilibrium. We find that ifR0≤1, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and the disease will be eliminated. IfR0>1, a unique endemic equilibrium exists and is shown to be globally asymptotically stable, under certain restrictions on the parameter values, using the geometric approach method for global stability, due to Li and Muldowney and the disease persists at the endemic equilibrium state if it initially exists.
Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Disparities in New Mexico
Authors: Hoffman Richard M. , Espey David K. , Rhyne Robert L. , Gonzales Melissa , Rajput Ashwani , Mishra Shiraz I. , Stone S. Noell , Wiggins Charles L.
Published: January 2014

Background.Previous analyses indicated that New Mexican Hispanics and American Indians (AI) did not experience the declining colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates observed among non-Hispanic whites (NHW). We evaluated more recent data to determine whether racial/ethnic differences persisted.Methods.We used New Mexico Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data from 1995 to 2009 to calculate age-specific incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates overall and by tumor stage. We calculated mortality rates using National Center for Health Statistics’ data. We used joinpoint regression to determine annual percentage change (APC) in age-adjusted incidence rates. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity and gender.Results.Incidence rates continued declining in NHW (APC −1.45% men, −1.06% women), while nonsignificantly increasing for AI (1.67% men, 1.26% women) and Hispanic women (0.24%). The APC initially increased in Hispanic men through 2001 (3.33%,P=0.06), before declining (−3.10%,P=0.003). Incidence rates declined in NHW and Hispanics aged 75 and older. Incidence rates for distant-stage cancer remained stable for all groups. Mortality rates declined significantly in NHW and Hispanics.Conclusions.Racial/ethnic disparities in CRC persist in New Mexico. Incidence differences could be related to risk factors or access to screening; mortality differences could be due to patterns of care for screening or treatment.
Shedding Light on a New Treatment for Diabetic Wound Healing: A Review on Phototherapy
Authors: Houreld Nicolette N.
Published: January 2014

Impaired wound healing is a common complication associated with diabetes with complex pathophysiological underlying mechanisms and often necessitates amputation. With the advancement in laser technology, irradiation of these wounds with low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) or phototherapy, has shown a vast improvement in wound healing. At the correct laser parameters, LILI has shown to increase migration, viability, and proliferation of diabetic cellsin vitro; there is a stimulatory effect on the mitochondria with a resulting increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, LILI also has an anti-inflammatory and protective effect on these cells. In light of the ever present threat of diabetic foot ulcers, infection, and amputation, new improved therapies and the fortification of wound healing research deserves better prioritization. In this review we look at the complications associated with diabetic wound healing and the effect of laser irradiation bothin vitroandin vivoin diabetic wound healing.
Serum Adiponectin Level in Diabetic Patients with and withoutHelicobacter pyloriInfection: Is There Any Difference?
Authors: Vafaeimanesh Jamshid , Heidari Akram , Effatpanah Marzieh , Parham Mahmoud
Published: January 2014

Background.Increased insulin resistance is an extragastrointestinal manifestation ofHelicobacter pylori(HP) infection. HP changes the level of inflammatory markers and cytokines and changes the adipocyte function by altering the adiponectin level. Given the high prevalence of HP and diabetes in our society, we evaluated the association between HP and serum adiponectin level. In this cross-sectional study, 211 diabetic patients under treatment other than insulin were studied. These patients were divided into two groups of HP+ and HP− based on their HP IgG antibody serology and their blood adiponectin levels were measured. Data was analyzed using independentt-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test.Results.Seventy-two patients with an average age of51.56±8.34years were HP− and 139 patients with an average age of50.35±9.01years were HP+. The mean serum adiponectin level in HP− and HP+ groups was4.54±5.43and5.64±3.88 ng/mL, respectively. Insulin resistance degree was significantly higher in HP+ group (HP− =3.160±3.327versus HP+ =4.484±3.781,P=0.013) but no significant difference was found between the mean serum adiponectin level in HP− and HP+ groups (P=0.140).Conclusions.Although the insulin resistance degree was significantly higher in HP+ diabetic patients, no significant relationship was found between HP infection and serum levels of adiponectin.
Antihypercholesterolemic and Antioxidative Potential of an Extract of the Plant, Piper betle, and Its Active Constituent, Eugenol, in Triton WR‐1339‐Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Experimental Rats
Authors: Venkadeswaran Karuppasamy , Muralidharan Arumugam Ramachandran , Annadurai Thangaraj , Ruban Vasanthakumar Vasantha , Sundararajan Mahalingam , Anandhi Ramalingam , Thomas Philip A. , Geraldine Pitchairaj
Published: January 2014

Hypercholesterolemia is a dominant risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the putative antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative properties of an ethanolic extract of Piper betle and of its active constituent, eugenol, were evaluated in experimental hypercholesterolemia induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR‐1339 (300 mg/kg b.wt) in Wistar rats. Saline‐treated hypercholesterolemic rats revealed significantly higher mean blood/serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and of serum hepatic marker enzymes; in addition, significantly lower mean serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and significantly lower mean activities of enzymatic antioxidants and nonenzymatic antioxidants were noted in hepatic tissue samples from saline‐treated hypercholesterolemic rats, compared to controls. However, in hypercholesterolemic rats receiving the Piper betle extract (500 mg/kg b.wt) or eugenol (5 mg/kg b.wt) for seven days orally, all these parameters were significantly better than those in saline‐treated hypercholesterolemic rats. The hypercholesterolemia‐ameliorating effect was better defined in eugenol‐treated than in Piper betle extract‐treated rats, being as effective as that of the standard lipid‐lowering drug, lovastatin (10 mg/kg b.wt). These results suggest that eugenol, an active constituent of the Piper betle extract, possesses antihypercholesterolemic and other activities in experimental hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats.
Study on Electrohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor Instability with Heat and Mass Transfer
Authors: Awasthi Mukesh Kumar , Srivastava Vineet K.
Published: January 2014

The linear analysis of Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the interface between two viscous and dielectric fluids in the presence of a tangential electric field has been carried out when there is heat and mass transfer across the interface. In our earlier work, the viscous potential flow analysis of Rayleigh-Taylor instability in presence of tangential electric field was studied. Here, we use another irrotational theory in which the discontinuities in the irrotational tangential velocity and shear stress are eliminated in the global energy balance. Stability criterion is given by critical value of applied electric field as well as critical wave number. Various graphs have been drawn to show the effect of various physical parameters such as electric field, heat transfer coefficient, and vapour fraction on the stability of the system. It has been observed that heat transfer and electric field both have stabilizing effect on the stability of the system.
Ginseng Total Saponins Reverse Corticosterone‐Induced Changes in Depression‐Like Behavior and Hippocampal Plasticity‐Related Proteins by Interfering with GSK‐3β‐CREB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Lin , Dai Jianguo , Wang Zhongli , Zhang Huiyu , Huang Yufang , Zhao Yunan
Published: January 2014

This study aimed to explore the antidepressant mechanisms of ginseng total saponins (GTS) in the corticosterone‐induced mouse depression model. In Experiment 1, GTS (50, 25, and 12.5 mg kg−1 d−1, intragastrically) were given for 3 weeks. In Experiment 2, the same doses of GTS were administrated after each corticosterone (20 mg kg−1 d−1, subcutaneously) injection for 22 days. In both experiments, mice underwent a forced swimming test and a tail suspension test on day 20 and day 21, respectively, and were sacrificed on day 22. Results of Experiment 1 revealed that GTS (50 and 25 mg kg−1 d−1) exhibited antidepressant activity and not statistically altered hippocampal protein levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurofilament light chain (NF‐L). Results of Experiment 2 showed that GTS (50 and 25 mg kg−1 d−1) ameliorated depression‐like behavior without normalizing hypercortisolism. The GTS treatments reversed the corticosterone‐induced changes in mRNA levels of BDNF and NF‐L, and protein levels of BDNF NF‐L, phosphor‐cAMP response element‐binding protein (Ser133), and phosphor‐glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (Ser9) in the hippocampus. These findings imply that the effect of GTS on corticosterone‐induced depression‐like behavior may be mediated partly through interfering with hippocampal GSK‐3β‐CREB signaling pathway and reversing decrease of some plasticity‐related proteins.
Power Allocation in Nonselfish Symbiotic Cognitive Relaying with Partial Channel State Information
Authors: Gong Peng , Ren Kai , Kim Duk Kyung
Published: January 2014

We first address the problem of power allocation at cognitive users (CUs) to maximize the throughput of a nonselfish symbiotic cognitive radio scheme, in which the CUs may assist the data transmission of primary users (PUs) via nonorthogonal amplify-and-forward (AF) cognitive relaying and obtain an incentive time for their own data transmission in a nonselfish manner. Then, an optimal power allocation algorithm is proposed based on the full channel state information (CSI) among PUs, CUs, and base station (BS). In order to reduce the feedback overhead, another power allocation algorithm is devised based only on the partial CSI, that is, the CSI of BS-PU and the CSI of BS-CUs. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the optimal power allocation algorithm, the power allocation algorithm with only the partial CSI can achieve a similar performance with a smaller channel feedback overhead.
Drug Interaction between Sirolimus and Ranolazine in a Kidney Transplant Patient
Authors: Masters Joanna C. , Shah Mita M. , Feist Ashley A.
Published: January 2014

Purpose. The case of a kidney transplant recipient who experienced a probable drug interaction between sirolimus and ranolazine is reported.Summary. The narrow therapeutic window of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients requires close monitoring for potential drug-drug interactions. The patient, a 57-year-old Caucasian male kidney transplant recipient, was stable for years on sirolimus as his primary immunosuppressive agent and had a history of chronic angina, for which he was prescribed ranolazine. Upon addition and dose escalation of ranolazine, whole blood sirolimus levels more than tripled, rising to immeasurably high concentrations. After holding sirolimus on multiple occasions and reducing dosage more than 50%, blood levels returned to therapeutic range, while continuing ranolazine.Conclusion. Since ranolazine is a documented P-GP and CYP3A inhibitor, and sirolimus a known substrate for both pathways, it is proposed that ranolazine inhibition of P-GP and CYP3A4 contributed to the significant elevation in sirolimus exposure. No alternative causes for the rise in sirolimus exposure were found, and assessment with the Drug Interaction Probability Scale finds this interaction to be probable. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for this interaction to cause elevated sirolimus exposure and subsequent increase in clinical effect or toxicity, in this case overimmunosuppression.
Unified Common Fixed Point Theorems for a Hybrid Pair of Mappings via an Implicit Relation Involving Altering Distance Function
Authors: Chauhan Sunny , Khan Muhammad Alamgir , Kadelburg Zoran , Imdad Mohammad
Published: January 2014

The object of this paper is to emphasize the role of a suitable implicit relation involving altering distance function which covers a multitude of contraction conditions in one go. By using this implicit relation, we prove a new coincidence and common fixed point theorem for a hybrid pair of occasionally coincidentally idempotent mappings in a metric space employing the common limit range property. Our main result improves and generalizes a host of previously known results. We also utilize suitable illustrative examples to substantiate the realized improvements in our results.
Study on Driver Visual Physiological Characteristics in Urban Traffic
Authors: Wang Fengyuan , Li Min , Fan Jieyu , Pan Fuquan
Published: January 2014

In the integrated traffic environment, human factor is always a main factor of the three elementary factors, besides the vehicle and road factor. The driver physiological and psychological characteristics have an important impact especially on traffic safety in urban road traffic conditions. Some typical traffic scenes in condition of urban road, such as light signal control at intersection, overtaking, and passing, are selected for condition analysis. An eye movement apparatus was used to obtain driver eye closure, blink frequency, and other visual physiological indicators in the traffic conditions of urban road. The regular patterns of driver visual characteristics in the corresponding scenes were analyzed in detail to provide data and theoretical support for the further research on traffic safety of urban environment from the viewpoint of driver psychology and behavior.
Experimental Research on Creep Characteristics of Nansha Soft Soil
Authors: Luo Qingzi , Chen Xiaoping
Published: January 2014

A series of tests were performed to investigate the creep characteristics of soil in interactive marine and terrestrial deposit of Pearl River Delta. The secondary consolidation test results show that the influence of consolidation pressure on coefficient of secondary consolidation is conditional, which is decided by the consolidation state. The ratio of coefficient of secondary consolidation and coefficient of compressibilityCa/Ccis almost a constant, and the value is 0.03. In the shear-box test, the direct sheer creep failure of soil is mainly controlled by shear stress rather than the accumulation of shear strain. The triaxial creep features are closely associated with the drainage conditions, and consolidation can weaken the effect of creep. When the soft soil has triaxial creep damage, the strain rate will increase sharply.
Prediction and Analysis of Surface Hydrophobic Residues in Tertiary Structure of Proteins
Authors: Malleshappa Gowder Shambhu , Chatterjee Jhinuk , Chaudhuri Tanusree , Paul Kusum
Published: January 2014

The analysis of protein structures provides plenty of information about the factors governing the folding and stability of proteins, the preferred amino acids in the protein environment, the location of the residues in the interior/surface of a protein and so forth. In general, hydrophobic residues such as Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, and Met tend to be buried in the interior and polar side chains exposed to solvent. The present work depends on sequence as well as structural information of the protein and aims to understand nature of hydrophobic residues on the protein surfaces. It is based on the nonredundant data set of 218 monomeric proteins. Solvent accessibility of each protein was determined using NACCESS software and then obtained the homologous sequences to understand how well solvent exposed and buried hydrophobic residues are evolutionarily conserved and assigned the confidence scores to hydrophobic residues to be buried or solvent exposed based on the information obtained from conservation score and knowledge of flanking regions of hydrophobic residues. In the absence of a three-dimensional structure, the ability to predict surface accessibility of hydrophobic residues directly from the sequence is of great help in choosing the sites of chemical modification or specific mutations and in the studies of protein stability and molecular interactions.
Late Presentation of Recurrent Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia following Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair due to Epicardial Injury
Authors: South Harry L. , Osoro Moses , Overly Tjuan
Published: January 2014

We report a 73-year-old male with late onset monomorphic ventricular tachycardia following mitral valve repair (MVR). Typically, injury to epicardial arteries following mitral valve repair/replacement presents immediately as ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, difficulty weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, worsening ECG changes, increasing cardiac biomarkers, or new wall motion abnormalities. Our case illustrates a “late complication” of a distorted circumflex artery following mitral valve repair and the importance of early diagnostic angiography and percutaneous intervention.
Contemporary view of the clinical relevance of magnesium homeostasis
Authors: Ayuk John , Gittoes Neil JL
Published: January 2014

Magnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the body and is essential for a wide variety of metabolically important reactions. Serum magnesium concentration is regulated by the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Hypomagnesaemia is relatively common, with an estimated prevalence in the general population ranging from 2.5 to 15%. It may result from inadequate magnesium intake, increased gastrointestinal or renal loss or redistribution from extracellular to intracellular space. Drug-induced hypomagnesaemia, particularly related to proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, is being increasingly recognized. Although most patients with hypomagnesaemia are asymptomatic, manifestations may include neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic features. Due to the kidney’s ability to increase fractional excretion to nearly 100% when the renal magnesium threshold is exceeded, clinically significant hypermagnesaemia is uncommon, generally occurring only in the setting of renal insufficiency and excessive magnesium intake. Symptoms include hypotension, nausea, facial flushing, ileus and flaccid muscle paralysis. In most cases, simply withdrawing exogenous magnesium is sufficient to restore normal magnesium concentrations, although occasionally administration of intravenous calcium or even dialysis may be required.