bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genes Involved in the Enamel Development Are Associated with Calcium and Phosphorus Level in Saliva
Authors: Küchler Erika Calvano , Pecharki Giovana Daniela , Castro Myrella Lescio , Ramos Junia , Barbosa Jr. Fernando , Brancher João Armando , Vieira Alexandre Rezende , Gerlach Raquel Fernanda , Trevilatto Paula Cristina
Published: April 2017

Saliva components play a crucial role in the integrity of the dental enamel and in caries susceptibility. The saliva characteristics are controlled by many factors, including genetic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between the genetic variations in genes expressed in enamel development with calcium and phosphorus levels in saliva. We collected 276 unrelated 12-year-old children from private and public schools. Saliva was collected for DNA extraction from oral cells and for measurement of calcium and phosphorus. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry determined calcium and phosphorus levels in whole saliva. Fifteen genetic variations in 9 genes were analyzed. The genotype was determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions. Data were analyzed using Plink with an alpha of 5%. Genetic variations in AMELX, AMNB and ESRRB were associated with the calcium level in saliva (p < 0.05). A borderline association was observed in ENAM allele distribution shown with phosphate level in saliva (p = 0.049). In conclusion, our results are the first to report that genetic variations contribute to calcium and phosphorus levels in saliva.
Clinical and Endoscopic Features of Gastrointestinal Kaposi Sarcoma: A Single-Center Portuguese Experience over the Last Decade
Authors: Carmo Joana , Chaves Marques Susana , Bispo Miguel , Pinto Daniel , Chagas Cristina
Published: April 2017

Background: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement by KS is a rare endoscopic finding, scarcely characterized in the literature. Objective: To characterize clinical and endoscopic features of patients with GI KS. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study of GI KS cases confirmed by immunohistochemistry in the last decade (2006-2015). The following variables were analyzed: demographic data; clinical data (extraintestinal involvement, symptoms, presence and stage of HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy); endoscopic data; stage-stratified therapeutic approach; and mortality (at 3 and 6 months). Results: Thirteen patients with GI KS were identified: 77% were men, the mean age was 55 years, and 62% of them were Native Africans. In most cases (n = 10, 77%), KS was associated with HIV. A total of 90% of the HIV patients had a CD4+ count of <200/μL (C3, CDC classification), and 80% of them had KS as the initial manifestation of HIV infection. Thirty percent of the cases had other AIDS-defining illnesses, and only 20% received antiretroviral therapy. In the remaining 3 patients (23%), KS was associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Most patients (85%) had cutaneous lesions and 15% lung involvement. In most cases (85%), the lesions were diagnosed in the upper digestive tract in asymptomatic patients (7 stomach; 2 stomach and duodenum; 2 esophagus). Colonic involvement occurred in 2 patients presenting with hematochezia. Nearly half of the patients had more than 3 endoscopic lesions and the most frequent morphologic type was polypoid/nodular (62%). Treatment was based on antiretroviral therapy or reduction of immunosuppression and in 39% of the patients on administration of doxorubicin. Survival at 3 and 6 months was 46 and 39%, respectively. Conclusion: GI KS is mostly found in nontreated, stage 3, HIV patients, and particularly in men from areas where HHV-8 is endemic. Involvement of the upper digestive tract is often asymptomatic. The endoscopic appearance is variable and these patients have a poor prognosis.
Bilateral Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Comparisons between First and Second Eyes
Authors: Chew Jamie K. , Zhu Meidong , Broadhead Geoffrey K. , Luo Kehui , Hong Thomas , Chang Andrew A.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: To compare 12-month outcomes and clinical presentations between first and second eyes of patients who developed neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in both eyes and received ranibizumab intravitreal therapy (IVT). Methods: This is a retrospective case series of 45 patients undergoing IVT for unilateral nAMD who subsequently developed second-eye nAMD. At each visit, both eyes underwent visual acuity (VA) measurement and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: In second eyes, 53% were asymptomatic at baseline, with OCT retinal fluid as the only sign of nAMD among 33% of patients. In eyes with baseline VA >6/9, 82% of second treated eyes maintained this vision versus 12% of first eyes (p = 0.05). At 12 months, 70% of second eyes were fluid free versus 41% of first eyes (p = 0.02). Conclusions: A large proportion of patients are asymptomatic at diagnosis of second-eye nAMD. Early intervention following earlier detection of nAMD in the second eye may lead to improved clinical outcomes.
Tracheostomy, Extubation, Reintubation: Airway Management Decisions in Intubated Stroke Patients
Authors: Steidl Corinna , Boesel Julian , Suntrup-Krueger Sonja , Schoenenberger Silvia , Al-Suwaidan Faisal , Warnecke Tobias , Minnerup Jens , Dziewas Rainer
Published: April 2017

Background: Both delayed and premature extubation increase complication rate, the need for tracheostomy (TT), the duration of intensive care unit stay, and mortality. In this study, we therefore investigated factors associated with primary TT and predictors for extubation failure (EF) in a sample of severely affected ventilated stroke patients. Methods: One hundred eighty five intubated stroke patients were prospectively analyzed in this observational study. Patients not meeting predefined clinical and respiratory extubation criteria received a TT. All other patients were extubated and followed up for the need of reintubation. Characteristics of patients with and without extubation attempt were examined. Additionally, within the group of extubated patients, subgroups of successfully vs. unsuccessfully extubated patients were compared. Clinical factors associated with reintubation, including a previously established semi-quantitative airway score, were determined and predictors of EF were assessed. Results: Ninety-eight of 185 patients (53%) were primarily extubated; EF rate was 37% (36 patients). Eighty-seven (47%) were tracheostomized without a prior extubation attempt. Primarily tracheostomized patients had more severe strokes, which were more often hemorrhagic, presented with a lower level of consciousness, needed neurosurgical intervention more often, had a higher rate of obesity, and were more frequently intubated because of suspicion of compromised protective reflexes. EF was independently predicted by prior neurosurgical treatment and low airway management scores. No differences were found for the ability to follow simple commands and classical weaning criteria. Conclusion: Airway management decisions in intubated stroke patients represent a clinical challenge. Classical weaning criteria and parameters reflecting the patient's state of consciousness are not reliably predictive of extubation success. Criteria more closely related to airway safety and secretion handling may provide the most relevant information and should therefore be assessed by specific clinical scoring systems.
Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Hemodialysis Patients: Prevalence, Disease Prediction and Prognosis
Authors: Antlanger Marlies , Aschauer Stefan , Kopecky Chantal , Hecking Manfred , Kovarik Johannes J. , Werzowa Johannes , Mascherbauer Julia , Genser Bernd , Säemann Marcus D. , Bonderman Diana
Published: April 2017

Background/Aims: Heart failure (HF) is a main cause of mortality of hemodialysis (HD) patients. While HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is known to only affect a minority of patients, little is known about the prevalence, associations with clinical characteristics and prognosis of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: We included 105 maintenance HD patients from the Medical University of Vienna into this prospective single-center cohort study and determined the prevalence of HFpEF (per the 2013 criteria of the European Society of Cardiology) and HFrEF (EF <45%), using standardized post-HD transthoracic echocardiography. We also assessed clinical, laboratory and volume status parameters (by bioimpedance spectroscopy). These parameters served to calculate prediction models for both disease entities, while clinical outcomes (frequency of cardiovascular hospitalizations and/or cardiac death) were assessed prospectively over 27±4 months of follow-up. Results: All but 4 patients (96%) had evidence of diastolic dysfunction. 70% of the entire cohort fulfilled HF criteria (81% HFpEF, 19% HFrEF). Age, female sex, body mass index, blood pressure and dialysis vintage were predictive of HFpEF (sensitivity 86%, specificity 63%; AUC 0.87), while age, female sex, NT pro-BNP, history of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation were predictive of HFrEF (sensitivity 85%, specificity 90%; AUC 0.95). Compared to patients without HF, those with HFpEF and HFrEF had a higher risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular reason and/or cardiac death (adjusted HR 4.31, 95% CI 0.46-40.03; adjusted HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.08-9.75, respectively). Conclusion: Diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF are highly prevalent in HD patients while HFrEF only affects a minority. Distinct patient-specific characteristics predict diagnosis of either entity with good accuracy.
A day-flashing Photinus firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from central Panamá: an emergent shift to predator-free space?
Authors: Vencl Fredric V. , Luan Xin , Fu Xinhua , Maroja Luana S.
Published: April 2017

Fireflies in the genus Photinus are well regarded for their luminescent nocturnal courtship displays. Here we report on a new firefly species, Photinus interdius, which is remarkable for its fully diurnal and luminescent courtship protocol. Males slowly flew near the ground searching for receptive females and emitted 800 ms, bright yellow light flashes at 3–4-s intervals. Male flights occurred as early as 13:10 and ceased before 18:00. We sequenced two mitochondrial loci and one genomic locus and combined these with those from 99 specimens representing 45 Photinus and 25 related firefly species. Bayesian inference resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny that placed this new species as the closest relative of, but basal to the Photinus clade. We propose that the adaptive significance of this extraordinary temporal shift in courtship niche is the outcome of a selective landscape that has optimized the trade-off between reduced predation risk and ease of mate-localization.
Two new species of Jungiella (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) from the Palaearctic Region
Authors: OMELKOVÁ MARKÉTA , JEŽEK JAN
Published: April 2017

Two new species of Jungiella Vaillant, 1972 are described: Jungiella janiki sp. nov. from the Bílé Karpaty PLA (Czech Republic) and J. syriaca sp. nov. from the Province Al Lathiqiyeh (Syria). Differential diagnoses for males are included and morphological characters illustrated. A catalogue of 37 species of Jungiella known so far is presented.
The taxonomic placement of three fossil Fundulus species and the timing of divergence within the North American topminnows (Teleostei: Fundulidae)
Authors: GHEDOTTI MICHAEL J. , DAVIS MATTHEW P.
Published: April 2017

The fossils species †Fundulus detillae, †F. lariversi, and †F. nevadensis from localities in the western United States are represented by well-preserved material with date estimations. We combined morphological data for these fossil taxa with morphological and DNA-sequence data to conduct a phylogenetic analysis and a tip-based divergence-time estimation for the family Fundulidae. The resultant phylogeny is largely concordant with the prior total-evidence phylogeny. The fossil species do not form a monophyletic group, and do not represent a discrete western radiation of Fundulus as previously proposed. The genus Fundulus diverged into subgeneric clades likely in the Eocene or Oligocene (mean age 34.6 mya, 53–23 mya), and all subgeneric and most species-group clades had evolved by the middle Miocene. †Fundulus lariversi is a member of subgenus Fundulus in which all extant species are found only in eastern North America, demonstrating that fundulids had a complicated biogeographic history. We confirmed †Fundulus detillae as a member of the subgenus Plancterus. †F. nevadensis is not classified in a subgenus but likely is related to the subgenera Plancterus and Wileyichthys.
Association of the Poleward Shift of East Asian Subtropical Upper-Level Jet with Frequent Tropical Cyclone Activities over the Western North Pacific in Summer
Authors: Chen Xian , Zhong Zhong , Lu Wei
Published: April 2017

The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset and the tropical cyclone (TC) best-track dataset from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo Typhoon Center were employed in the present study to investigate the possible linkage of the meridional displacement of the East Asian subtropical upper-level jet (EASJ) with the TC activity over the western North Pacific (WNP). Results indicate that summertime frequent TC activities would create the poleward shift of the EASJ through a stimulated Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern as well as the changed large-scale meridional temperature gradient. On the contrary, in the inactive TC years, the EASJ is often located more southward than normal with an enhanced intensity. Therefore, TC activities over the WNP are closely related to the location and intensity of the EASJ in summer at the interannual time scale.
Mesoscale Vertical Motions near Nocturnal Convection Initiation in PECAN
Authors: Trier Stanley B. , Wilson James W. , Ahijevych David A. , Sobash Ryan A.
Published: April 2017

Radiosonde measurements from the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) 2015 field campaign are used to diagnose mesoscale vertical motions near nocturnal convection initiation (CI). These CI events occur in distinctly different environments including ones with 1) strong forcing for ascent associated with a synoptic cold front and midtropospheric short wave, 2) nocturnal low-level jets interacting with weaker quasi-stationary fronts, or 3) the absence of a surface front or boundary altogether. Radiosonde-derived vertical motion profiles in each of these CI environments are characterized by low- to midtropospheric ascent. The representativeness of these vertical motion profiles is supported by distributions of corresponding mesoscale averages from model-produced 0–6-h ensemble forecasts. Thermodynamic data from radiosondes are then analyzed along with selected model ensemble members to elucidate the role of the vertical motions on subsequent CI. In a case with strong forcing for mesoscale ascent, vertical motions facilitated CI by reducing convection inhibition (CIN). However, in the majority of cases, weaker but persistent vertical motions contributed to the development of elevated, approximately saturated layers with lapse rates greater than moist adiabatic. Such layers have negligible CIN and, thereby, the capacity to support CI even without strong finescale triggering mechanisms in the environment. This aspect may distinguish much central U.S. nocturnal CI from typical daytime CI. The elevated unstable layers occur in disparate large-scale environments, but a common aspect of their development is mesoscale ascent in the presence of warm advection, which results in upward transports of moisture (contributing to local increases of moist static energy) with adiabatic cooling above.
Representativeness of Tuberculosis Genotyping Surveillance in the United States, 2009–2010
Authors: Shak Emma B. , France Anne Marie , Cowan Lauren , Starks Angela M. , Grant Juliana
Published: April 2017

Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates contributes to tuberculosis (TB) control through detection of possible outbreaks. However, 20% of U.S. cases do not have an isolate for testing, and 10% of cases with isolates do not have a genotype reported. TB outbreaks in populations with incomplete genotyping data might be missed by genotyping-based outbreak detection. Therefore, we assessed the representativeness of TB genotyping data by comparing characteristics of cases reported during January 1, 2009–December 31, 2010, that had a genotype result with those cases that did not. Of 22,476 cases, 14,922 (66%) had a genotype result. Cases without genotype results were more likely to be patients >19 years of age, with unknown HIV status, of female sex, U.S.-born, and with no recent history of homelessness or substance abuse. Although cases with a genotype result are largely representative of all reported U.S. TB cases, outbreak detection methods that rely solely on genotyping data may underestimate TB transmission among certain groups.
Policy, Systems, and Environmental Approaches to Obesity Prevention: Translating and Disseminating Evidence from Practice
Authors: Leeman Jennifer , Aycock Nancy , Paxton-Aiken Amy , Lowe-Wilson Abby , Sommers Janice , Farris Rosanne , Thompson Diane , Ammerman Alice
Published: April 2017

To reduce obesity prevalence, public health practitioners are intervening to change health behaviors as well as the policies, systems, and environments (PSEs) that support healthy behaviors. Although the number of recommended PSE intervention strategies continues to grow, limited guidance is available on how to implement those strategies in practice. This article describes the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Training and Research Translation's (Center TRT's) approach to reviewing, translating, and disseminating practitioner-developed interventions, with the goal of providing more practical guidance on how to implement PSE intervention strategies in real-world practice. As of August 2014, Center TRT had disseminated 30 practice-based PSE interventions. This article provides an overview of Center TRT's process for reviewing, translating, and disseminating practice-based interventions and offers key lessons learned during the nine years that Center TRT has engaged in this work.
Assessing the Practices of Population-Based Birth Defects Surveillance Programs Using the CDC Strategic Framework, 2012
Authors: Mai Cara T. , Correa Adolfo , Kirby Russell S. , Rosenberg Deborah , Petros Michael , Fagen Michael C.
Published: April 2017

Objective.

We assessed the practices of U.S. population-based birth defects surveillance programs in addressing current and emergent public health needs.

Methods.

Using the CDC Strategic Framework considerations for public health surveillance (i.e., lexicon and standards, legal authority, technological advances, workforce, and analytic capacity), during 2012 and 2013, we conducted a survey of all U.S. operational birth defects programs ( n=43) soliciting information on legal authorities, case definition and clinical information collected, types of data sources, and workforce staffing. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews with nine program directors to further understand how programs are addressing current and emergent needs.

Results.

Three-quarters of birth defects surveillance programs used national guidelines for case definition. Most birth defects surveillance programs (86%) had a legislative mandate to conduct surveillance, and many relied on a range of prenatal, postnatal, public health, and pediatric data sources for case ascertainment. Programs reported that the transition from paper to electronic formats was altering the information collected, offering an opportunity for remote access to improve timeliness for case review and verification. Programs also reported the growth of pooled, multistate data collaborations as a positive development. Needs identified included ongoing workforce development to improve information technology and analytic skills, more emphasis on data utility and birth defects-specific standards for health information exchange, and support to develop channels for sharing ideas on data interpretation and dissemination.

Conclusion.

The CDC Strategic Framework provided a useful tool to determine the birth defects surveillance areas with positive developments, such as multistate collaborative epidemiologic studies, and areas for improvement, such as preparation for health information exchanges and workforce database and analytic skills. Our findings may inform strategic deliberations for enhancing the effectiveness of birth defects surveillance programs.
The Changing Rural-agrarian Dominance: A Conceptual Excursus
Authors: Gupta Priyanshu , Thakur Manish
Published: April 2017

Based on a review of extant literature, this article entreats for thorough-going empirical investigation of rural-agrarian dominance in the context of the fundamental transformation of the ‘village’ from the spatial habitat of the traditionally ‘dominant’ to the ‘waiting room’ for the aspiring and the despairing. 1 Against the backdrop of the cultural devaluation of agriculture as an unrewarding profession and the village as the dark underbelly of a shining India, it underlines the need to revisit the conventional political economy models of rural-agrarian dominance. We argue that the triad of caste, land and political power does not exhaust the emergent constituents of rural-agrarian dominance. The aspirational surge towards middle-classisation, even among the village dominants, has unleashed forces and processes whose ramifications have to be meticulously thought through. The three-class dominant social coalition model prevalent in the political economy literature largely fails to take into account the inherent dynamism of the village dominants and their deep-seated propensity for middle-classisation.
From Jat-Jati to Janjati: Demands for Recognition as Scheduled Tribe and Claims of Indigeneity in Darjeeling
Authors: Chhetri Nilamber
Published: April 2017

Drawing from the empirical study conducted in Darjeeling, this article discusses the recent demands made by different ethnic groups and their associations for recognition as scheduled tribes (STs) in India. The article explores the historical process through which identities were constituted in Darjeeling and also examines their transformation in subsequent years. The article discusses the discursive strategies adopted by ethnic associations to frame their identities as primitive tribal and indigenous group of the Darjeeling in contemporary time. It highlights how such demands by ethnic groups indicate a growing concern for political empowerment and a perennial quest to reaffirm their belongingness to the nation state.
Book Review: Sampat Kale, Grassroots Development Initiatives in India: Rights Based Approach to Development and Advocacy
Authors: Jose Boban K.
Published: April 2017

Sampat Kale, Grassroots Development Initiatives in India: Rights Based Approach to Development and Advocacy. Delhi: Aakar Books, 2016, x + 186 pp., ₹475 (hardback), ISBN 978-93-5002-355-6.
Development of disperse dyes polypropylene fiber and process parameter optimization Part II: Dyeable polypropylene fiber production and melt spinning process parameter optimization
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey , Lan Wei-Lun , Dong Ming-Yan , Chen Shih-Hsiung , Lin Fang-Sian
Published: April 2017

The industry uses color masterbatch mixing process and spinning for dope dyeing. There are color mending and color passivation appearance problems, and the process is inapplicable to functional apparel textiles. In this study, dyeable modified polypropylene (PP) fabric with disperse dye will be developed. The modified polyester material and PP for compounding processing with a compatibilizer will be used to make chips and the quality engineering method will be applied to analyze the optimum spinning process parameters. The fabric will be used to validate the dye washing fastness and light fastness in order to implement the dyeability of PP modified disperse dye. The optimum processing parameters to develop dyeable PP fiber will be studied. The modified materials are made into fiber by melt spinning, and the fuzzy C means technique is combined with the stem cells algorithm to design and analyze the processing parameters for the quality characteristics of tensile strength and elongation. The optimum fully drawn yarn is made. The tensile strength of the fiber of optimum parameter design is 3.66 g/d, higher than the 3.36 g/d of the pure PP fiber; the elongation is 38.65%, higher than the 36.66% of pure PP fiber, meaning the optimization method could improve the characteristics in melt spinning process, and conform with the standards of the textile industry. The fiber derived from the optimum parameters is woven into fabric for the disperse dyeing test and the validation of washing fastness shows the washing fastness is Level 3–4, meaning that the developed modified PP fabric has good dye-uptake and fastness.
Estimating the Impact of Measurement Differences Introduced by Efforts to Reach a Balanced Response among Non-Western Minorities
Authors: Kappelhof Johannes W. S. , De Leeuw Edith D.
Published: April 2017

This study investigates the impact of different modes and tailor-made response enhancing measures (TMREM)—such as bilingual interviewers with a shared ethnic background and translated questionnaires—on the measurement of substantive variables in surveys among minority ethnic groups in the Netherlands. It also provides insight into the ability to detect mode measurement effects of a recently developed method for disentangling mode measurement and mode selection effects, as well as into the tenability of the assumptions underlying this method. The data used in this study come from a large-scale survey design experiment among the four largest non-Western minority ethnic groups in the Netherlands comparing single-mode computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and sequential computer-assisted web interviewing, computer-assisted telephone interviewing, and CAPI-MM. The number and intensity of the TMREM varied among the four ethnic groups. The results show that mode measurement effects occur among all ethnic groups and are the result of a combination of the presence or absence of an interviewer and TMREM. Mode measurement effects occur more often on sociocultural questions, but also, on occasion, on more sociostructural or background questions. The method used to disentangle mode measurement and mode selection effects can be applied to detect mode measurement effects, but one should be cautious in interpreting them. Implausible mode measurement effects can be caused by the violation of the assumptions underlying this method.
Trait Perception Accuracy and Acquaintance Within Groups: Tracking Accuracy Development
Authors: Brown Jill A. , Bernieri Frank
Published: April 2017

Previous work on trait perception has evaluated accuracy at discrete stages of relationships (e.g., strangers, best friends). A relatively limited body of literature has investigated changes in accuracy as acquaintance within a dyad or group increases. Small groups of initially unacquainted individuals spent more than 30 hr participating in a wide range of activities designed to represent common interpersonal contexts (e.g., eating, traveling). We calculated how accurately each participant judged others in their group on the big five traits across three distinct points within the acquaintance process: zero acquaintance, after a getting-to-know-you conversation, and after 10 weeks of interaction and activity. Judgments of all five traits exhibited accuracy above chance levels after 10 weeks. An examination of the trait rating stability revealed that much of the revision in judgments occurred not over the course of the 10-week relationship as suspected, but between zero acquaintance and the getting-to-know-you conversation.
Item Response Theory Models for Ipsative Tests With Multidimensional Pairwise Comparison Items
Authors: Wang Wen-Chung , Qiu Xue-Lan , Chen Chia-Wen , Ro Sage , Jin Kuan-Yu
Published: April 2017

There is re-emerging interest in adopting forced-choice items to address the issue of response bias in Likert-type items for noncognitive latent traits. Multidimensional pairwise comparison (MPC) items are commonly used forced-choice items. However, few studies have been aimed at developing item response theory models for MPC items owing to the challenges associated with ipsativity. Acknowledging that the absolute scales of latent traits are not identifiable in ipsative tests, this study developed a Rasch ipsative model for MPC items that has desirable measurement properties, yields a single utility value for each statement, and allows for comparing psychological differentiation between and within individuals. The simulation results showed a good parameter recovery for the new model with existing computer programs. This article provides an empirical example of an ipsative test on work style and behaviors.
Global Migration Governance
Authors: Crépeau François , Atak Idil
Published: April 2017

This article maps the global governance processes on migration and assesses whether the human rights of migrants are effectively included and mainstreamed therein. It is argued that the lack of a comprehensive framework for migration governance and the insufficient focus on the human rights dimension in migration management have led to serious human rights violations in the treatment of migrants and asylum seekers, and to a lack of oversight and accountability when these violations occur. The article commences with an examination of the legal and normative framework related to the three areas that have been the main objects of global migration governance: the refugee regime, international labour standards and transnational criminal law regarding human trafficking. It goes on to explore the complex institutional framework of global migration governance and how it has been mostly informal, ad hoc, non-binding and State-led. The article concludes with a discussion on the future perspectives for a human rights-centred approach in global migration governance. It is contended that there is a need to bring the migration dialogue inside the United Nations, as it already plays a key role in international cooperation, with human rights as one of its pillars.
Comparative Aspects of Nasal Airway Anatomy: Relevance to Inhalation Toxicology*1
Authors: Harkema Jack R.
Published: April 2017

The nose is a structurally and functionally complex organ. There are many conspicuous differences in the gross and microscopic anatomy of this organ among mammalian species. Because the nasal airways can be a target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important that toxicologic pathologists understand the normal nasal anatomy in laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation studies. In this brief review, species differences in gross anatomy, in nasal airway epithelia, and in the distribution and composition of the mucous secretory product are emphasized. In addition, the variance in surface epithelium throughout the nasal airway of one species is illustrated. The nasal surface epithelium varies in a) the types of cells present in various intranasal locations in the same species; b) the types of cells in different species in the same relative location; and c) the abundance and distribution of stored secretory product in different intranasal regions and in different species. This structural diversity translates into various functional differences and possibly into dissimilarities in the response to inhaled toxicants. Responsible estimates of risks of nasal toxicants to human health must be made with a knowledge of the differences and similarities of the structural components in human and animal nasal airways.
Morphological Assessment of Pathological Changes
Authors: Lewis David J.
Published: April 2017

Routine histological examination of the rat larynx, from inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, has been routinely performed in this laboratory for over 15 yr. This work has identified the larynx as an important target organ with a number of pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and environmental pollutants. The rat larynx contains 5 epithelial types: stratified squamous; low squamoid; respiratory; and 2 forms of pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium. Each epithelial type has a specific location within the relatively complex anatomical configuration of the larynx. The detection of induced changes requires a consistent, thorough and detailed histological examination in order to identify the often subtle changes in the distribution of these epithelial types. Induced lesions show distinct predilection sites, including the ventro-lateral regions anterior to the ventral pouch and the inner aspects of the arytenoid projections. Lesions commonly involve degeneration of the original epithelial cells with subsequent regeneration; hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. In more severe reactions, the larynx may illustrate epithelial ulceration with exudation. To some extent the changes commonly observed are dependent upon the duration of the study and the dose level employed, rather than the individual compound. Recovery or regression of induced changes is variable and dependent upon the time scale involved and severity or type of initial lesion.
Morphometric Assessment of Pulmonary Toxicity in the Rodent Lung
Authors: Hyde Dallas M. , Magliano David J. , Plopper Charles G.
Published: April 2017

An overview of the epithelial and interstitial composition of rat respiratory airways shows complexity and variability. Airway epithelium varies in 1) different airway levels; 2) the types and ultrastructure of cells present; and 3) the abundance, type, and composition of stored secretory product. Unbiased sampling of airways is done using airway microdissection with a specific binary numbering system for airway generation. Vertical sections of selected airways are used to sample epithelium and interstitium. We determine the ratios of the volume of epithelial or interstitial cells to the total epithelial or interstitial volume (Vv). The surface of the epithelial basal lamina to the total epithelial or interstitial volume (Sv) is determined using point and intersection counting with a cycloid grid. Using the selector method on serial plastic sections, we determine the number of epithelial or interstitial cells per volume (Nv) of total epithelium or interstitium. We calculate the number of epithelial or interstitial cells per surface of epithelial basal lamina (Ns) by dividing Nv by Sv where the volumes are the same compartment. We calculate average cell volumes (v̄) for specific epithelial and interstitial cells by dividing the absolute nuclear volume by the ratio of the nucleus to cell volume (Vv). By multiplying the average cell volume (v̄) by the ratio of organellar volume to cell volume (Vv), we calculate the average organellar volume per cell. These unbiased stereological approaches are critical in a quantitative evaluation of toxicological injury of rat tracheobronchial airways.
Biochemical and Cellular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Richards Roy J. , Masek Lisa C. , Brown Roger F. R.
Published: April 2017

This review summarizes the manner in which a variety of agents may induce fibrogenic reactions in the lung. The extent of reaction is dependent on dose, time scale of exposure, and chemical reactivity. The regime of multiple dosing with chemicals or gases with recovery periods is important in disease progression. The means by which biochemists and histopathologists assess fibrosis, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods as related to subjectivity, quantitation, and speed of analysis are compared. The mechanisms which control the step from fibrogenesis (a potentially reversible reaction) to fibrosis (irreversible) may be linked to the maturation of collagen, calcification, or the formation of cross-linked protein masses. Attention is given to hydroxylysine cross-links in newly formed “fibrotic” collagen but focusses on γ-glutamyl-∊-lysyl cross-links formed by calcium-dependent transglutaminases. It is suggested that these enzymes, released by replacement epithelial cells, could be responsible for the formation of stabilized protein masses in the lung, thus contributing to a progressive fibrosis.
Running on empty
Authors: Tan Kenneth , Arriaga Ximena B. , Agnew Christopher R.
Published: April 2017

Commitment has often been used to examine why individuals unjustifiably persist in relationships that are lacking in or devoid of satisfaction. However, the practicality of using commitment to examine these situations has been questioned because of its substantial association with satisfaction. Across three studies, we created a measure of nonvoluntary dependence and investigated the validity and reliability of the Nonvoluntary Dependence Scale from an investment model perspective. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed evidence of a single factor and reliability analyses revealed good internal reliability for the measure. The new measure also evidenced desirable convergent and discriminant validity with respect to a number of existing individual- and relationship-level constructs. Consistent with hypotheses, nonvoluntary dependence was significantly associated with commitment level, investments, and alternatives but not with relationship satisfaction. Differences in nonvoluntary dependence were also found between individuals in aggressive versus nonaggressive relationships, with no differences found in commitment level. Implications regarding this new measure, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
‘Have you heard that young people are RECLAIMing their future?’: Towards a bold, ethical and hopeful politics of Brexit and beyond
Authors: Future Team , Pottinger Laura , Hall Sarah Marie
Published: April 2017

In this paper, co-authored with young people from Team Future, a youth-led campaign associated with Manchester charity RECLAIM, we provide insights into the recent EU referendum result in the UK and the process of decision-making according to young people. Reports following the vote for Brexit largely focused on the intergenerational differences in voting and the (distributional) injustices enacted by current generations in voting against the will of future generations. However, we argue that there were other forms of injustice at work. We start with the case for critiquing the referendum not only according to the outcome but also as a process, as an example of procedural injustice. We then go on to explore the purpose of Team Future for addressing this injustice, a campaign focused on political education for all and of a bold, ethical and hopeful politics of Brexit and beyond.
Virtually borderless: an examination of culture in virtual teaming
Authors: Symons John , Stenzel Claudia
Published: April 2017

Improvements in transportation and communication technology and a reduction in economic and political barriers are amongst the factors that are increasing globalisation. One consequence of globalisation is that it is encouraging the use of multinational teams. Coupled with the changing nature of work and continuous improvement in collaborative software, virtual working in multinational teams is growing in popularity as a cost-effective way of operating. The study of the human resource implications of this new and virtually borderless frontier of collaborative working is lagging behind the rapidly advancing technology.

This paper distils theory with recent research findings in virtual teaming. This is the term used to describe project teams working across time and space using electronic media. The authors contend that the key competencies in successful virtual teaming can be clustered under the headings of technology, leadership and culture. The paper explores the literature under these headings, focusing on culture and adding findings from research projects undertaken independently by the authors with ABB and IBM.1
The Shareholder Value Chain: Values, Vision and Shareholder Value Creation
Authors: Lichtenstein Scott , Dade Pat
Published: April 2017

Business now almost universally accepts that the primary management task is value creation. The impact of leaders’, directors' and executives' personal values in the value creation process has been largely ignored in the literature. This paper seeks to redress the current situation by proposing that the needs and values of leaders and executives drive the vision, goals and strategies to create shareholder value. Yet, while most directors and senior managers will be at ease with pushing the organisation farther and faster in the creation of new methods to create more shareholder value, this is creating dis-ease amongst other directors, executives and the organisations' operator who have different values. This disease potentially stymies leaders' and boards' ability to create more value for shareholders. By understanding the values dynamic and asking different questions, boards and leaders can motivate the culture to create more value. The objective of this paper is to build on previous executive values research by examining the impact of how the values of one executive value group translate into methods of creating shareholder value and proposing the linkage between leaders values and shareholder value.

First, a theoretical background is provided. Next, the results of empirical research into executive values are briefly reviewed and combined with data and insights from proprietary market research to discuss how the needs and values of one executive value group impact on strategic leadership factors driving shareholder value creation methods. This is followed by proposing a conceptual framework illustrating the linkages between leaders' values and shareholder value creation with propositions. Conclusion and implications are drawn and finally limitations and areas for further research are provided.
Managing External Pressures through Corporate Diplomacy
Authors: Amann Wolfgang , Khan Shiban , Salzmann Oliver , Steger Ulrich , Lonescu-Somers Aileen
Published: April 2017

Today's corporations face many demands from a plethora of different stakeholders, which are often incongruous. While shareholders demand a decent return on their investment, employees demand safe and well-paid jobs, communities stress upon their tax revenues and public pressure groups call for more social and environmental responsibility. Corporations thus require a great deal of corporate diplomacy to prioritise and – where necessary and possible – reconcile these different demands. This paper describes a framework for managerial/corporate attitudes and external pressure levels. Four case studies illustrate varying attitudes towards corporate diplomacy determine the outcome of controversies over genetically modified food products.
How the alignment of business strategy and HR strategy can impact performance: A practical insight for managers
Authors: Christiansen Liza Castro , Higgs Malcolm
Published: April 2017

This paper explores how the alignment of HR strategy and business strategy relates to organisational performance. It addresses the core question, “Does the alignment of business strategy and HR strategy impact performance?”. Using Miles and Snow's theories of strategic typologies (defender, prospector and analyser) (Miles and Snow, 1978), strategic HR systems (Miles and Snow, 1984a) corresponding to these strategic types and dynamics of fit (tight fit, minimal fit and misfit) (Miles and Snow, 1994), the results of the current study found that organisational performance is best explained by the tight alignment and the minimal alignment of HR strategy and business strategy. One noteworthy result of the study is the viability of using a combination strategy where dimensions from two or more “pure” strategies in a typology can be combined and effectively implemented. Managers are recommended to develop a clear, internally consistent strategy for the firm, but at the same time, they should consider combining elements of different strategies to the extent that the firm's array of strategic resources permits them to do so.
Assessing the Impact of University Reputation on Stakeholder Intentions
Authors: Ressler Jamie , Abratt Russell
Published: April 2017

This article explores the concept of university reputation and its impact on stakeholder intentions. The authors seek a greater understanding of how different stakeholders perceive the reputation of universities. The literature dealing with identity, image and reputation is explored, as well as stakeholder theory, the measurement of reputation and various models of university reputation. The article concludes with a proposed model for testing the reputation of a university. A list of attributes that should be used to test stakeholder perceptions of university reputation is presented.
Measuring the Effect of Public Assistance Programs on Small Businesses' Performance a Multi-Dimensional Concept
Authors: Schayek Rami , Dvir Dov
Published: April 2017

Data gathered on small trade and service businesses that participated in a coaching project initiated by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor in Israel was used to assess the effect of public assistance programs on small businesses' performance. A multi-dimensional framework was developed and used for assessing performance of these organisations, using two models; a direct model (path analysis) and a Structural Equation Model (SEM). The public assistance program modus operandi was measured by five dimensions, specifying three entities of the program: the program (qualitative elements such as the consultant's capabilities and quantitative elements such as range of activities covered by the assistance program), the client (i.e. firm) and the program-client interaction. Except for one dimension (client implementation), all other four dimensions had a significant effect on business performance. According to the SEM model, the significant effect on performance was mainly due to the quantitative elements of the program.
The Influence of Organisational Culture on Strategic Supply Chain Relationship Success
Authors: Cadden Trevor , Humphreys Paul , Mchugh Marie
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this paper is to explore and develop the general proposition that organisational cultural compatibility between strategic supply chain partners results in improved performance outcomes for each participant in the chain. A theoretical framework is proposed of the relationship of differing organisational cultural elements (practices, values, behaviours and norms) to supply chain performance. A number of propositions are presented along with conclusions and suggestions for further research. This paper is one of the first to deconstruct differing organisational cultural elements and present a model linking them to a diverse range of strategic supply chain partner performance outcomes throughout the supply chain.
Multi-Perspective Performance Reporting Systems, Continuous Improvement Systems and Organisational Performance
Authors: Iselin Errol R. , Sands John , Mia Lokman
Published: April 2017

The use of multi-perspective performance reporting systems (MPRS) such as the balanced scorecard (BSC), is widespread. This study's motivation comes from the importance of these systems and the lack of knowledge about them. Continuous improvement systems (CIS) are another management innovation. CIS constantly look for ways to improve performance and are used in conjunction with performance reporting systems. The research objectives were to study MPRS users and discover whether the use of CIS improved organisational performance. It was found that the use of CIS by MPRS users was positively associated with performance. The implications of these findings for managers were considered.