bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW PENERAPAN REGULASI ICH Q3D DAN PENGARUHNYA BAGI INDUSTRI FARMASI INDONESIA
Authors: Pamolango Steven A. , Musfiroh Ida
Published: July 2019

REVIEWPENERAPAN REGULASI ICH Q3D DAN PENGARUHNYA BAGI INDUSTRI FARMASI INDONESIA Steven A. Pamolango1), Ida Musfiroh1)1)Program Studi Profesi ApotekerFakultas Farmasi, Universitas PadjadjaranJalan Raya Bandung – Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor 45363Email : stevenpamolango@gmail.com  ABSTRACT Regulation issued by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) in ICH Q3D makes the pharmaceutical industry need to consider the assessment of the impurity factors on the drug products they produce. The elemental impurity assessments have been based only on the heavy metal test, but ICH Q3D assessments requires specific method for each elemental impurity. To quantify the amount of the elemental impurities require a special instrument, The United State Pharmacopeia (USP) suggests the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) as instrument in its tests. Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control as the regulatory agency has not issued a special regulation related to the elemental impurities but some pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia who export their products to ICH member countries have conducted the risk assessment of elemental impurities especially the pharmaceutical companies with Foreign Investment. Keywords : ICH Q3D, Elemental Impurities, Analysis Method, Risk Assessment.  ABSTRAK Peraturan yang dikeluarkan The International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) dalam ICH Q3D membuat industri farmasi perlu menerapkan penilaian resiko terhadap unsur pengotor pada produk obat yang mereka produksi. Sebelumnya, penilaian unsur pengotor selama ini hanya berdasarkan pengujian terhadap logam berat namun ICH Q3D mewajibkan pengujian spesifik untuk tiap unsur pengotor. Upaya untuk mengetahui unsur pengotor yang merupakan unsur logam memerlukan instrument khusus, dan pada United State Pharmacopeia (USP) menyarankan penggunaan Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sebagai instrumen dalam pengujiannya. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia sebagai instansi regulatory saat ini belum mengeluarkan regulasi khusus terkait unsur pengotor namun beberapa perusahaan farmasi di Indonesia yang melakukan proses ekspor produknya ke negara anggota ICH telah melakukan kajian resiko unsur pengotor terutama perusahaan farmasi dengan Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA). Kata Kunci : ICH Q3D, Unsur Pengotor, Metode Analisis. Kajian Resiko.
BIODIVERSITAS KERANG OYSTER (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) DI DAERAH INTERTIDAL HALMAHERA BARAT, MALUKU UTARA
Authors: Silulu Pieter F , Boneka Farnis B , Mamangkey Gustaf F.
Published: July 2019

BIODIVERSITAS KERANG OYSTER (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) DI DAERAH INTERTIDAL HALMAHERA BARAT, MALUKU UTARA Biodiversity of Oyster (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the Intertidal of West Halmahera, North Maluku Pieter F Silulu2, Farnis B Boneka3, Gustaf F. Mamangkey3   ABSTRACT   Biodiversity in coastal areas, whether in the form of genetic, species or ecosystem diversity is a valuable asset for supporting development in Indonesia. This study aimed to figure out the types of oyster, species abundance, diversity and dominant species in the intertidal area of the West coast of Halmahera. Aktivitiy studies conducted in March - Jun 2012 at three sites using belt transects method. The analysis showed abundant species Isognomon isognomon is with density between 0.080 to 0.283 ind/m2, diversity in the category are marked with an index value in the range of 1.109 to 1.644. Six families of oyster constans were found 8 species, namely Isognomon isognomon, Saccostrea cucullata, Saccostrea sp, Chama limbula, Hyotissa hyotis, Malleus malleus, Spondylus versicolor, Pinctada margaritifera.. Keywords : biodiversity, oyster, intertidal, West Halmahera   ABSTRAK Keanekaragaman hayati di wilayah pesisir, baik dalam bentuk keanekaragaman genetik, spesies maupun ekosistem merupakan aset yang sangat berharga untuk menunjang pembangunan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji jenis-jenis oyster, kelimpahan spesies, keanekara-gaman dan dominan spesies di daerah intertidal pantai Halmahera Barat. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Juni 2012 di tiga stasiun penelitian dengan menggunakan metode transek pita. Hasil analisis menujukkan spesies Isognomon isognomon paling melimpah dengan kepadatan antara 0,080 – 0,283 ind/m2, keanekaragaman dalam kategori sedang ditandai dengan nilai indeks pada kisaran 1,109 – 1,644. Jenis oyster yang ditemukan 8 jenis yang tergolong dalam 6 famili, yakni Isognomon isognomon, Saccostrea cucullata, Saccostrea sp, Chama limbula, Hyotissa hyotis, Malleus malleus, Spondylus versicolor, Pinctada margaritifera   Kata kunci : keanekaragaman, oyster, intertidal, Halamahera Barat   1 Bagian dari skripsi 2 Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan FPIK-UNSRAT 3 Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Lift Net Fisheries an it’s Continuity In Local Fishermen Community In North Sulawesi Province (Case study in Labuan Uki Bolaang Mongondow)
Authors: Lasabuda Ridwan , Lumingas Lawrence J. L. , Mantiri Rose O. S. E
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan aktivitas kehidupan komunitas nelayan tangkap lokal yang beroperasi di kawasan teluk Labuan Uki, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow (pesisir Utara  perairan  Sulawesi Utara, Laut Sulawesi). Dalam rangka mengungkap permasalahan yang dialami oleh nelayan  lokal teluk Labuan Uki, metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey, jenis studi kasus, dimana informasi dari responden (nelayan lokal teluk Labuan Uki)  dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara, pengamatan dan observasi.  Sedangkan metode analisis untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian yaitu analisis deskriptif. Adapun hasil yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah : 1) bagaimana  kondisi sosial ekonomi  nelayan lokal Teluk Labuan Uki, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow; 2) tingkat produktivitas alat dan peralatan tangkap yang digunakan, serta jenis ikan tangkapan; 3) Mengetahui sistem pemasaran dan pengolahan hasil tangkapan ikan nelayan lokal Teluk Labuan Uki, kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow.   Keyword : nelayan lokal, alat tangkap bagan, teluk labuan uki   ABSTRACT This study was done to investigate the socio-economical conditions of the local fishermen of Labuan Uki Bay , Bolaang Mongondow ; productivity of tools and fishing equipment used and the type of fish catches and marketing systems, and processing of the catch . The method used in this study was a survey method , type of case study , which collected information from respondents using questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Methods of analysis to answer the research purpose was descriptive analysis. The results showed that socio-economical conditions of local fishermen of  Labuan Uki Bay were still low , where the majority of their houses were huts and made of wood ; the largest percentage of low educational level of elementary and secondary school . Fishing gear used was “bagan” boat with a length of between 7-18 m, using an engine of 5.5 OD ( katinting ), and a net of 4.5 to 10 m depth, run by one person, usually done by the owner . The average of catching period was 12 hours per trip, starting from 18.00 PM until 06.00 AM, while the majority of fish caught were anchovy ( Stelopohorus spp ) . In peak season , the catch reaches 100 bowls ( 10 bowls = 1 kg ) per trip , while in the bad and  transitional season ranged from  5 to 40 bowls per trip. Anchovy catches were dried using sun heat and placed on a rack , processed products were then sold to middlemen ( tibo - tibo ) at a price of Rp 15,000 per kg . There were some processed through boiling and then dried with a tool , and sold at Rp . 35.000 per kg . Keyword : local fishermen , “bagan” fishing gear, Labuan Uki Bay
Profile of Mangrove Ecosystem in Bahoi Village North Minahasa Regency
Authors: Dien Audy M. H. , Rembet Unstain N. W. J. , Wantasen Adnan S.
Published: July 2019

This study was carried out in mangrove forest of Bahoi, Likupang district, North Minahasa regency. It was aimed at knowing the ecological condition of the mangrove forest. Study stations were selected by determining representatives from each zonation and site condition. Results showed that mangrove species in Bahoi was dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrical, and Sonneratia alba, with the highest density in station 1 shown by Rhizophora apiculata, 0.65 ind/m2, then station 2 and 3 by  R. Mucronata, 0.93 and 0,63 ind/m2, respectively.  The highest total density was recorded in station 2, 1.85 ind/40 m2, then station 1, 1.78 ind/40 m2, and station 3, 1.35 ind/40 m2, respectively. As conclusion, the ecological condition of mangrove ecosystem in Bahoi was categorized as good, and aware to be beneficial for the local community in ecological function as abrasion prevention and living environment of the aquatic biota and in economic function from ecotourism aspect, so that it was right to be managed in the form of ecotourism management. Keywords : Mangrove,  Profile, Bahoi Village ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan mangrove desa Bahoi, Kecamatan Likupang, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.  Tujuan penelitian, untuk mengetahui kondisi ekologis ekosistem mangrove. Penentuan lokasi stasiun pengamatan dilakukan dengan menentukan perwakilan dari setiap zonasi dan kondisi lokasi sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi jenis mangrove di desa Bahoi didominasi oleh Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrical, dan Sonneratia alba, dengan kerapatan jenis tertinggi di stasiun 1 diperlihatkan oleh  Rhizophora apiculata (0,65 ind/m2), kemudian pada stasiun 2 dan 3 oleh  R. mucronata (0,93; 0,63 ind/m2).  Kerapatan total tertinggi ditemukan pada stasiun 2, 1.85 ind/40 m2, diikuti oleh stasiun 1 (1.78 ind/40 m2), dan stasiun 3 (1.35 ind/40 m2). Sebagai kesimpulan, kondisi ekologi ekosistem mangrove di Desa Bahoi dikategorikan baik, dan  disadari bermanfaat bagi masyarakat dalam fungsi ekologis sebagai pencegah abrasi dan  tempat hidup biota perairan, serta fungsi ekonomisnya dalam aspek ekowisata, sehingga tepat untuk dikelola dengan bentuk pengelolaan ekowisata.   1 Staf Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2 Staf Pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Unsrat
Secondary Metaboliti of Gorgonia, Paramuricea clavata
Authors: Reo Albert R. , Berhimpon Siegfried , Montolalu Roike
Published: July 2019

Gorgonians are important organisms living around coral reefs. They have high abundance and very important ecological role. They can be found in shalow to deep sea. Gorgonians belong to octoral taxon rarely studied either their taxonomy or other aspects. Some studies have informed that gorgonians can produce secondary metabolites as anti-bacteria. These belong to terpenoid, alkaloid, and steroid groups. The objective of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, through several analytical steps, i.e. extraction, partition, chromatograpgy, and spectroscopy.  Extraction was done through 5 phases of maceration and then continued with partition, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The secondary metabolites detected in ethyl acetate solvent, such as flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and saponin, were the same as those in n-hexane solvent, while not all these compounds were detected in methanol solvent.Steroid was found in all gorgonian samples extracted in all solvent materials used in this study. Triterpenoid was also detected in gorgonian skin and axial extract using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Saponin was detected in all gorgonian extract, except the axial extract using ethyl acetate solvent. Keywords: Secondary metabolite, Gorgonia, anti-bacteria.   Abstrak Gorgonia merupakan organisme penting yang hidup di sekitar terumbu karang. Hewan ini memiliki kelimpahan besar dan peranan ekologis yang sangat ppenting. Organisme ini dapat ditemukan di perairan dangkal sampai laut dalam. Gorgonia termasuk taksa octokoralia yang jarang diteliti baik taksonominya maupun aspek-aspek lain. Beberapa penelitian telah menginformasikan bahwa gorgonia dapat menghasilkan metablit sekunder sebagai anti-baketri. Senyawa-senyawa ini termask golongan terpenoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan metabolit sekunder gorgonia (Paramuricea clavata) melalui beberapa tahap analisis, yaitu  ekstraksi, partisi, kromatografi, dan spektroskopi.  Ekstraksi dilakukan melalui 5 tahap maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan partisi, kromatografi, dan spectroskopy. Metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi pada larutan ethil asetat, seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin adalah sama dengan pada pelarut n-heksan, sedangkan tidak semua senyawa ini terdeteksi pada pelarut metanol. Steroid ditemukan pada semua sampel gorgonia yang diekstrak dalam semua bahan pelarut yang digunakan pada penelitian ini. Triterpenoid terdeteksi pada ekstrak kulit dan aksial  gorgonia yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat, n-hexane, dan methanol. Saponin terdeteksi pada semua ekstrak gorgonia, kecuali ekstrak axial yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat.
Phytoplankton Species Diversity in The Manado Bay River's Mouths
Authors: Indradewa I Gede Bagus , Mantiri Rose O.S.E , Tamanampo Jan F.W.S.
Published: July 2019

The research was conducted in four rivermouths surrounding city of Manado. The first location is Bahu rivermouth, second location is Sario rivermouth, third location is Jengki rivermouth and the fourth location is Bailang rivermouth. Objectives of this study were to reveal the composition of phytoplankton and its ecological indices in those four rivermouths.Method used was considered as descriptive and explorative study. Plankton net with 60 µm mesh size used for samples collection. The volume of water on the cod end was 50 ml which then  brought into the laboratory for further identification and density calculation.Fourtyfive in total of phytoplankton species identified on those four rivermouths comprise of 23 marine species and 22 freshwater species. The highest density value (5.99 individu/l) was found in Jengki rivermouth while the lowest found in Bahu rivermouth (0.65 individu/l). Those four rivermouths have diversity index ranging from 0.94 to 2.03 that considered high. This index value shows that there is no dominant species recorded in the study areasKeyword: Phytoplankton, Rivermounth, Manado bay AbstrakPenelitian ini dilaksanakan di empat muara sungai yang terdapat pada Kota Manado. Lokasi pertama di muara sungai Bahu, lokasi kedua di muara sungai Sario, lokasi ketiga di muara Sungai Jengki dan lokasi keempat di muara sungai Bailang. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui jenis-jenis fitoplankton di keempat muara sungai di Kota Manado kawasan Teluk Manado dan mengetahui kepadatan spesies dan indeks ekologis fitoplankton di keempat muara sungai tersebut.            Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan eksploratif. Sampling plankton menggunakan plankton net ukuran 60 µm. Air yang tersaring dan tertampung di cod end  sebanyak 50 ml kemudian diidentifikasi dan dihitung kepadatannya.Diperoleh 45 spesies fitoplankton di empat muara tersebut terbagi atas 23 spesies air laut dan 22 spesies air tawar, dengan kepadatan tertinggi sebesar 5,99 ind/l yang terdapat pada muara Jengki dan kepadatan terendah sebesar 0,65 ind/l terdapat pada muara Bahu. Keempat muara tersebut memiliki indeks keanekaragaman 0,94-2,03 yang berarti memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman yang tinggi. Angka ini juga menunjukan bahwa pada daerah ini tidak ada spesies yang terlalu mendominansi suatu wilayah.Kata kunci: Fitoplankton, Muara sungai, Teluk Manado
Fluktuasi hasil dan upaya tangkapan ikan pelagis dengan pukat cincin (small purse seine) yang berpangkalan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Tumumpa Kota Manado
Authors: Obimaru Cornelius , Labaro Ivor L. , Manoppo Lefrand
Published: July 2019

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui komposisi dan fluktuasi hasil tangkapan pukat cincin dan mengetahui tingkat upaya pemanfaatan ikan pelagis dengan pukat cincin yang mendaratkan hasil tangkapan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Tumumpa, Kota Manado.Penelitian ini didasarkan pada metode survei dengan pendekatan secara deskriftif.Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data hasil tangkapan pukat cincin selama 5 tahun terakhir, melalui wawancara dengan nelayan dan petugas setempat, serta data yang tercatat di PPP Tumumpa. Selanjutnya data tersebut dianalisis dengan menggunakan perhitungan CPUE untuk mengetahui upaya pemanfaatan sumberdaya oleh alat tangkap pukat cincin. Hasil tangkapan yang didaratkan di PPP Tumumpa umumnya adalah ikan pelagis yang terdiri dari ikan layang (Decapterus sp), cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis), tongkol (Euthynus affinis), baby tuna  (Thunnus sp) dan selar (Selaroides leptolepis).Jenis hasil tangkapan tertinggi adalah ikan cakalang sebesar 23.334 ton, diikuti oleh ikan layang sebesar 11.330 ton, tongkol 4.912 ton, baby tuna 3.725 ton, dan yang  terendah adalah ikan selar hanya sebesar 166 ton. Tingkat upaya penangkapan selama 5 tahun menunjukkan tren negatif atau menurun setiap tahun.  Hasil tangkapan ikan layang, selar dan baby tuna menunjukkan tren negatif atau menurun setiap tahun, yang mengindikasikan bahwa ketiga jenis ikan tersebut mengarah ke tangkap lebih (overfished) atau tingkat eksploitasinya membahayakan kelestarian sumberdaya.
Kajian pola arus di daerah penangkapan bagan apung di Desa Tateli Weru
Authors: Tulengen Donny , Kalangi Patrice N.I. , Patty Wilhelmina
Published: July 2019

Salah satu faktor yang harus diketahui dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan, adalah parameter oseanografi, dan arus merupakan parameter yang banyak mendapat perhatian. Akan tetapi data mengenai arus permukaan perairan Desa Tateli Weru khususnya di daerah pengoperasian bagan apung belum tersedia, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat pergerakan arus permukaan saat pasang dan surut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan arah dan kecepatan arus pasut, serta  memetakan pola arus pasut sekitar daerah penangkapan bagan apung di perairan desa Tateli Weru. Secara spesifik pengukuran arus dilakukan dengan menggunakan cara Eularian, sedangkan untuk mengukur pasut menggunakan cara pengamatan langsung pada palem pasut.
Analisis kebijakan pemberdayaan masyarakat perikanan tangkap di Kota Manado
Authors: Ticoalu David E.B.S. , Reppie Emil , Telleng Aglius T.R.
Published: July 2019

Masyarakat pesisir, termasuk nelayan di Kota Manado, telah banyak menerima bantuan lewat program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir, tetapi hasilnya masih jauh dari yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, dipandang perlu mengkaji kebijakan pemerintah dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir di Kota Manado. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengkaji penerapan hukum dan perundang-undangan dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan metode survei pada masyarakat pesisir di Kota Manado mulai bulan November 2012 sampai Januari 2013. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengisi daftar pertanyaan, observasi dan telaah dokumen;  analisis data menggunakan perangkat lunak Decision Plus. Analisis SMART menunjukkan bahwa skor keputusan dalam proses pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir ditentukan oleh empat komponen atribut, yaitu norma pelaku usaha perikanan, umpan balik, penyuluhan hukum dan sosialisasi. Hal ini juga didukung oleh hasil analisis hirarki. Analisis kontribusi menyatakan bahwa pemerintah dan masyarakat lebih dominan pada variabel pengawasan dan variabel moral; sebaliknya masyarakat dan pemerintah lebih dominan pada variabel sanksi.
Kesesuaian ukuran soma pajeko dan kapalnya di Labuan Uki Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow
Authors: Paputungan Ramlan , Katiandagho Elof M. , Sompie Meta S.
Published: July 2019

Perikanan “soma pajeko” (pukat cincin) sudah cukup lama ada di Sulawesi Utara. Di Labuan Uki Kecamatan Lolak Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow terdapat alat tangkap soma pajeko sebanyak 35 unit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kesesuaian ukuran panjang kantong dengan panjang jaring, panjang jaring dengan lebar jaring (nilai k), panjang kapal, lebar kapal dan dalam kapal, serta panjang kantong dengan panjang kapal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panjang kantong soma pajeko  berkisar antara 10,50 dan 20,25 m. Panjang kantong tersebut tidak mencapai 20 % dari panjang keseluruhan alat tangkap. Nilai kesesuaian k panjang dan lebar jaring berkisar antara 0,19 dan 0,28 berada dalam kisaran k standar. Perbandingan antara panjang kapal, lebar kapal, serta dalam kapal adalah L/B 4,78–6,25, L/D 13,5–21,3, dan B/D  2,4–4,4. Nilai-nilai perbandingan tersebut tidak sesuai dengan standar.  Perbandingan panjang kantong dan panjang kapal berkisar antara 0,66 dan 0,93 dan tidak sesuai dengan standar perbandingan.
Musim penangkapan ikan julung-julung (Hemirhampus sp.) dengan soma giop di Desa Leleoto Kecamatan Tobelo Selatan Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Maluku Utara
Authors: Hibata Yubelina , Kayadoe Mariana E. , Reppie Emil
Published: July 2019

Ikan julung-julung (Hemirhamphus sp.) merupakan salah satu sumberdaya perikanan ekonomis penting yang dihasilkan dari perairan pantai Desa Leleoto Kecamatan Tobelo Maluku Utara. Sumberdaya ini tergolong ikan pelagis yang hidup di perairan pantai cenderung oseanis, dan hanya terlihat bergerombol di sekitar perairan karang ketika akan memijah. Alat tangkap yang umum digunakan oleh nelayan untuk menangkap ikan julung-julung adalah soma giop roa, sejenis pukat cincin ukuran kecil. Tetapi informasi ilmiah tentang musim penangkapan ikan julung-julung belum banyak tersedia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis musim penangkapan ikan julung-julung dan mengetahui kontribusi ekonomi tangkapan julung-julung bagi nelayan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif yang didasarkan pada studi kasus; teknik pengumpulan data dikerjakan dengan cara mengisi daftar pertanyaan, wawancara, pencatatan, pengamatan langsung dan partisipasi aktif. Musim penangkapan ikan julung-julung dianalisis dengan membandingkan hasil tangkapan per satuan upaya bulanan dengan rata-rata hasil tangkapan per satuan upaya total pada tahun tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa musim penangkapan ikan julung-julung di perairan pantai Desa Leleoto bervariasi setiap tahunnya, tetapi secara umum dapat dibagi ke dalam dua fase utama, yaitu fase pertama terjadi pada bulan Februari dan Maret; dan fase kedua terjadi sekitar bulan November. Kontribusi ekonomi hasil tangkapan julung-julung terhadap nelayan, terutama masanae belum cukup baik.
Evaluasi dampak perikanan tangkap terhadap sumber daya ikan dan lingkungan di Teluk Amurang Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan
Authors: Mamoto Waty Ch. , Labaro Ivor L. , Reppie Emil
Published: July 2019

Kegiatan perikanan tradisional di wilayah pesisir Teluk Amurang sering dianggap sebagai salah satu faktor yang mengakibatkan perubahan ekosistem perairan. Oleh karena itu, perlu mengevaluasi proses penangkapan ikan dari setiap alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh nelayan lokal. Sehingga tujuan penelitian ialah mengevaluasi dampak alat tangkap terhadap sumber daya perikanan dan habitatnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode survei dengan pengamatan langsung terhadap proses penangkapan ikan; untuk mengetahui kerusakan fisik bentik akibat alat tangkap, adanya by-catch atau discard dan keragaman komposisi ikan hasil tangkapan. Alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh nelayan di perairan Teluk Amurang terdiri dari 8 jenis, yaitu pancing dasar, pancing noru, soma paka, pukat pantai, sero tancap, jala lempar, bubu dan panah ikan; sedangkan jenis ikan yang umum tertangkap terdiri dari 15 jenis. Hampir semua jenis alat tangkap (75%) berpeluang memberikan dampak terhadap sumber daya ikan dan habitat lingkungan perairan di Teluk Amurang. Perlu menyeleksi, memodifikasi dan mengembangkan alat tangkap dan teknik pengoperasiannya ke arah yang lebih bertanggung jawab. Kegiatan perikanan tradisional di wilayah pesisir Teluk Amurang sering dianggap sebagai salah satu faktor yang mengakibatkan perubahan ekosistem perairan. Oleh karena itu, perlu mengevaluasi proses penangkapan ikan dari setiap alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh nelayan lokal. Sehingga tujuan penelitian ialah mengevaluasi dampak alat tangkap terhadap sumber daya perikanan dan habitatnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode survei dengan pengamatan langsung terhadap proses penangkapan ikan; untuk mengetahui kerusakan fisik bentik akibat alat tangkap, adanya by-catch atau discard dan keragaman komposisi ikan hasil tangkapan. Alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh nelayan di perairan Teluk Amurang terdiri dari 8 jenis, yaitu pancing dasar, pancing noru, soma paka, pukat pantai, sero tancap, jala lempar, bubu dan panah ikan; sedangkan jenis ikan yang umum tertangkap terdiri dari 15 jenis. Hampir semua jenis alat tangkap (75%) berpeluang memberikan dampak terhadap sumber daya ikan dan habitat lingkungan perairan di Teluk Amurang. Perlu menyeleksi, memodifikasi dan mengembangkan alat tangkap dan teknik pengoperasiannya ke arah yang lebih bertanggung jawab.
Pengaruh warna umpan pada hasil tangkapan pancing tonda di perairan Teluk Manado Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Imbir Fycki Fendi , Patty Wilhelmina , Wenno Johny
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT Fishery potential in Manado Bay, especially capture fisheries is quite large; but fishing activities that carried out by fishermen are still relatively in small scale; which is dominated by various types of hook and line, and small purse seine. Trolling is a traditional fishing gear that commonly used by fishermen in Manado Bay to catch pelagic fish species with artificial bait. This research aimed to study the effect of artificial bait color on the catch of trolling; and to identify the fish species. This research was conducted in January 2015 based on the experimental method. Two types of artificial bait colors were used, i.e. blue and pink; artificial bait was made of silk fibers. Catch data collected using small boats Pelang types, with 2 units of trolling line; operated during daylight from the morning (06:00 Wita) until the afternoon (18:00 Wita), data recorded every 2 hours for two days; and the data were analyzed using t-test. The catch of trolling line consists of Auxis thazard (0.2 kg), Selar sp (0.1 kg) and Katsuwonus pelamis (1.54 kg). Results of the analysis showed that the use of blue artificial bait on trolling caught more fish than that of pink artificial bait. Keywords: trolling line, artificial bait, Manado Bay ABSTRAK Produksi perikanan di Teluk Manado terutama perikanan tangkap cukup besar; tetapi kegiatan perikanan yang dilakukan oleh nelayan adalah masih tergolong skala kecil; yang didominasi oleh berbagai jenis pancing dan pukat cincin kecil. Pancing tonda merupakan alat tangkap ikan tradisional yang umum dioperasikan oleh nelayan di Teluk Manado untuk menangkap jenis-jenis ikan pelagis dengan umpan buatan. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk untuk mempelajari pengaruh warna umpan buatan terhadap hasil tangkapan pancing tonda; dan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis ikan yang tertangkap. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2015 yang menggunakan metode eksperimental. Dua jenis warna umpan buatan yang digunakan, yaitu biru dan merah muda terbuat dari serat sutera. Data tangkapan dikumpulkan menggunakan 1 unit perahu tipe pelang dan 2 unit pancing tonda; dioperasikan sejak pagi hari (pukul 06.00 Wita) hingga sore hari (pukul 18:00 Wita), pencatatan data setiap 2 jam. selama dua hari; data dianalisis dengan uji t. Hasil tangkapan pancing tonda terdiri dari Auxis thazard dengan berat rata-rata 0.2 kg, Selar sp (0,1 kg) dan Katsuwonus pelamis (1.54 kg). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan umpan buatan warna biru pada pancing tonda memberikan hasil tangkapan yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan umpan buatan warna merah muda. Kata-kata kunci: pancing tonda, umpan buatan, Teluk Manado
Ketaatan kapal pukat cincin yang berpangkalan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Bitung terhadap wilayah penangkapan ikan yang ditetapkan menggunakan data Vessel Monitoring System
Authors: Febriansyah Ade Pramana , Luasunaung Alfret , Dien Heffry V.
Published: July 2019

There are many problems faced by the Indonesian government in managing the territorial waters of the country, and one of which is Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU Fishing). Therefore, the Indonesian government has begun to implement a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) using satellites and equipment transmitter placed on fishing vessels in order to easily control and monitor the fishing vessel movements or activities based on the ship position observed on Fisheries Monitoring Centre. Top of Form This study was aimed to evaluate the compliance of purse seiners based on the VMS and to map the movements and activities of purse seiner during their fishing operations. This research was conducted at the Regional Monitoring Centre (RMC) room of Marine and Fisheries Resources Monitoring Base in Bitung from January to March 2016 using a descriptive method. The number of vessels observed in this study was 7. The data analysis of Tracking VMS based on Regional Fisheries Management of the Republic of Indonesia (WPP NRI) showed that 87% purse seiner did not obey the rules of fishing ground establishment. Nevertheless, based on Sea Map issued by the Department of Navy Hydro Oceanography commonly used by fishermen, all the boat skippers did not break the rules. Keywords: Purse seiner, obedience, vessel monitoring system ABSTRAK Banyak masalah yang dihadapi pemerintah Indonesia dalam mengelola wilayah perairan negara, dan salah satunya adalah masalah Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU Fishing). Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Indonesia mulai menerapkan Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) yang menggunakan satelit dan peralatan transmitter yang ditempatkan pada kapal perikanan guna mempermudah pengawasan dan pemantauan terhadap pergerakan atau aktifitas kapal ikan, berdasarkan posisi kapal yang terpantau di Pusat Pemantauan Kapal Perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kepatuhan kapal pukat cincin berdasarkan VMS; dan memetakan pergerakan dan aktifitas kapal pukat cincin selama beroperasi di laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di ruangan Regional Monitoring Centre (RMC) Pangkalan Pengawasan Sumberdaya Kelautan dan Perikanan Bitung selama bulan Januari  sampai Maret 2016 dan dikerjakan dengan metode deskriptif. Jumlah kapal yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah 7 buah.  Hasil analisis data VMS berdasarkan Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia (WPP NRI), maka 87% kapal pukat cincin tidak taat terhadap aturan mengenai wilayah penangkapan. Namun demikian, berdasarkan Peta Laut terbitan Dinas Hidro Oseanografi TNI-AL yang lazim dipakai oleh nelayan, semua nakhoda kapal pukat cincin tidak melanggar peraturan mengenai wilayah penangkapan. Kata-kata kunci: Kapal pukat cincin, ketaatan, vessel monitoring system
Strapping band sebagai asesori pada jaring insang dasar untuk meningkatkan hasil tangkapan (Strapping band as accessories in bottom gill net to increase catches)
Authors: Paransa Isrojaty Johanes , . Sudirman , Reppie Emil
Published: July 2019

This study was aimed at analyzing the use of strapping band on the fish catch of bottom gill net. It was carried out by installing strapping bands on the sinker line with interval distance of 30 cm. 50 cm. and 90 cm, respectively. The traditional bottom gill net was used as control treatment. Fishing operations were conducted for 10 trips. Results showed that fish catches consisted of 12 species. The use of different strapping band distances obtained 109 individuals of fish for 30 cm distance, 76 individuals for 60 cm, and 45 individuals for 90 cm, respectively. Nevertheless, an optimal distance determination of the strapping band needs to be done in order to maximize the catch.Keywords: bottom gill net, strapping band, demersal fish ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis penggunaan strapping band terhadap hasil tangkapan pada jaring insang dasar. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengoperasikan jaring insang dasar yang telah dipasang strapping band dan jaring insang dasar sebagai kontrol. Jarak antar strapping band masing-masing adalah 30 cm, 60 cm, dan 90 cm. Operasi penangkapan dilakukan sebanyak 10 trip dengan hasil tangkapan terdiri dari 12 spesies ikan dasar. Penggunaan jarak strapping band masing-masing memperoleh hasil tangkapan sebanyak 109 ekor untuk jarak 30 cm, 76 ekor untuk jarak 60 cm dan 45 ekor untuk jarak 90 cm. Meskipun demikian, penentuan jarak yang optimal untuk penempatan strapping band perlu dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan hasil tangkapan.Kata-kata Kunci: jaring insang, strapping band, ikan dasar.
Speckle Interferometry at SOAR in 2018
Authors: Tokovinin Andrei , Mason Brian D. , Mendez Rene A. , Horch Elliott P. , Briceño Cesar
Published: July 2019

The results of speckle interferometric observations at the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope (SOAR) in 2018 are given, totaling 3097 measurements of 2427 resolved pairs with separations from 11 mas to 5.″9 (median 0.″15, magnitude difference up to 7 mag) and nonresolutions of 624 targets. This work continues our long-term speckle program. Its main goal is to monitor orbital motion of close binaries, including members of high-order hierarchies and Hipparcos pairs in the solar neighborhood. Also, pre-main-sequence stars in the Orion OB1 association were surveyed, resolving 26 out of 118 targets. In addition, we report the discovery of 35 new companions among field visual multiples (some of which are likely optical) and first-time resolutions of another 31 pairs. By combining the measurements given here with the published ones, we computed 76 orbits for the first time and updated orbital elements of 34 visual binaries. Their periods range from 0.65 to 1100 yr, and their quality varies from first tentative solutions of grade 5 to accurate elements of grades 1 and 2. Finally, a list of 53 spurious pairs discovered by various techniques and unresolved at SOAR is given.
Thermal Emission from the Uranian Ring System
Authors: Molter Edward M. , Pater Imke de , Roman Michael T. , Fletcher Leigh N.
Published: July 2019

The narrow main rings of Uranus are composed of almost exclusively centimeter- to meter-sized particles, with a very small or nonexistent dust component; however, the filling factor, composition, thickness, mass, and detailed particle size distribution of these rings remain poorly constrained. Using millimeter (1.3–3.1 mm) imaging from the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array and mid-infrared (18.7 μm) imaging from the Very Large Telescope VISIR instrument, we observed the thermal component of the Uranian ring system for the first time. The ϵ ring is detected strongly and can be seen by eye in the images; the other main rings are visible in a radial (azimuthally averaged) profile at millimeter wavelengths. A simple thermal model similar to the Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model (NEATM) of near-Earth asteroids is applied to the ϵ ring to determine a ring particle temperature of 77.3 ± 1.8 K. The observed temperature is higher than expected for fast-rotating ring particles viewed at our observing geometry, meaning that the data favor a model in which the thermal inertia of the ring particles is low and/or their rotation rate is slow. The ϵ ring displays a factor of 2–3 brightness difference between periapsis and apoapsis, with 49.1% ± 2.2% of sightlines through the ring striking a particle. These observations are consistent with optical and near-infrared reflected light observations, confirming the hypothesis that micron-sized dust is not present in the ring system.
HD 1397b: A Transiting Warm Giant Planet Orbiting A V = 7.8 mag Subgiant Star Discovered by TESS
Authors: Brahm Rafael , Espinoza Néstor , Jordán Andrés , Henning Thomas , Sarkis Paula , Jones Matías I. , Díaz Matías R. , Jenkins James S. , Vanzi Leonardo , Zapata Abner , Petrovich Cristobal , Kossakowski Diana , Rabus Markus , Rojas Felipe , Torres Pascal
Published: July 2019

We report the discovery of a transiting planet first identified as a candidate in Sector 1 of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and then confirmed with precision radial velocities. HD 1397b has a mass of

, a radius of

, and orbits its bright host star (V = 7.8 mag) with an orbital period of

d on a moderately eccentric orbit (

). With a mass of

, a radius of

, and an age of

Gyr, the solar-metallicity host star has already departed from the main sequence. We find evidence in the radial velocity measurements of a secondary signal with a longer period. We attribute it to the rotational modulation of stellar activity, but a long-term radial velocity monitoring would be necessary to discard if this signal is produced by a second planet in the system. The HD 1397 system is among the brightest ones currently known to host a transiting planet, which will make it possible to perform detailed follow-up observations in order to characterize the properties of giant planets orbiting evolved stars.
The Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background from Core-dominated Radio Galaxies
Authors: Stecker Floyd W. , Shrader Chris R. , Malkan Matthew. A.
Published: July 2019

Recent radio surveys have discovered a large number of low-luminosity core-dominated radio galaxies that are much more abundant than those at higher luminosities. These objects will be too faint in γ-rays to be detected individually by Fermi. Nevertheless, they may contribute significantly to the unresolved extragalactic γ-ray background. We consider here the possible contribution of these core-dominated radio galaxies to the diffuse extragalactic γ-ray background. Using published data available for all 45 of the radio galaxies listed as detected counterparts in the Fermi FL8Y source list update to the 3FGL catalog, we have searched for radio maps that can resolve the core flux from the total source flux. Using high-resolution radio maps we were able to obtain core fluxes for virtually every source. We then derived a relation between core radio flux and γ-ray flux that we extrapolated to sources with low radio luminosities that are known to be highly core-dominated. We then employed a very recent determination of the luminosity function for core-dominated radio galaxies in order to obtain the contribution of all possible γ-ray-emitting radio galaxies to the unresolved extragalactic γ-ray background. We find this contribution to be possibly non-negligible, 4%–18% of the unresolved γ-ray background observed using the Fermi-LAT telescope.
Alfvén Wave-driven Wind from RGB and AGB Stars
Authors: Yasuda Yuki , Suzuki Takeru K. , Kozasa Takashi
Published: July 2019

We develop a magnetohydrodynamical model of Alfvén wave-driven wind in open magnetic flux tubes piercing the stellar surface of red giant branch (RGB) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, and investigate the physical properties of the winds. The model simulations are carried out along the evolutionary tracks of stars with initial mass in the range of 1.5–3.0 M
⊙ and initial metallicity Z
ini = 0.02. Setting the surface magnetic field strength to 1 G, we find that the wind during the evolution of the star can be classified into the following four types: the first is wind with velocity higher than 80 km s−1 in the RGB and early AGB (E-AGB) phases, the second is wind with outflow velocity less than 10 km s−1 seen around the tip of the RGB or in the E-AGB phase, the third is the unstable wind in the E-AGB and thermally pulsing AGB (TP-AGB) phases, and the fourth is the stable massive and slow wind with mass-loss rate higher than 10−7
M
⊙ yr−1 and outflow velocity lower than 20 km s−1 in the TP-AGB phase. The mass-loss rates in the first and second types of wind are two or three orders of magnitude lower than the values evaluated by an empirical formula. The presence of a massive and slow wind of the fourth type suggests the possibility that the massive outflow observed in TP-AGB stars could be attributed to Alfvén wave-driven wind.
The Synchrotron Emission Pattern of Intrabinary Shocks
Authors: Kandel D. , Romani Roger W. , An Hongjun
Published: July 2019

We model millisecond pulsar winds colliding with radiatively driven companion winds in black widow and redback systems. For the redbacks, the geometry of this intrabinary shock (IBS) is quite sensitive to the expected equatorial concentration in the pulsar outflow. We thus analytically extend IBS thin-shock models to

pulsar winds. We compute the synchrotron emission from such shocks, including the buildup and cooling of the particle population as it accelerates along the IBS. For reasonable parameters, this IBS flux dominates the binary emission in the X-ray band. The modeling shows subtle variation in spectrum across the IBS peak, accessible to sensitive X-ray studies. As example applications, we fit archival CXO/XMM data from the black widow pulsar J1959+2048 and the redback PSR J2339–0533, finding that the model reproduces well the orbital light-curve profiles and energy spectra. The results show a very hard injected electron spectrum, indicating likely dominance by reconnection. The light-curve fitting is sensitive to the geometric parameters, including the very important orbital inclination i. Coupled with optical fits of the companion star, such IBS X-ray light-curve modeling can strongly constrain the binary geometry and the energetics of the millisecond pulsar wind.
Classification of Broad Absorption Line Quasars with a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Guo Zhiyuan , Martini Paul
Published: July 2019

Quasars that exhibit blueshifted, broad absorption lines (BAL QSOs) are an important probe of black hole feedback on galaxy evolution. Yet the presence of BALs is also a complication for large spectroscopic surveys that use quasars as cosmological probes because the BAL features can affect redshift measurements and contaminate information about the matter distribution in the Lyα forest. We present a new BAL QSO catalog for quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 14 (DR14). As the SDSS DR14 quasar catalog has over 500,000 quasars, we have developed an automated BAL classifier with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We trained our CNN classifier on the C iv
λ 1549 region of a sample of quasars with reliable human classifications, and compared the results to both a dedicated test sample and visual classifications from the earlier SDSS DR12 quasar catalog. Our CNN classifier correctly classifies over 98% of the BAL quasars in the DR12 catalog, which demonstrates comparable reliability to human classification. The disagreements are generally for quasars with lower signal-to-noise ratio spectra and/or weaker BAL features. Our new catalog includes the probability that each quasar is a BAL, the strength, blueshifts and velocity widths of the troughs, and similar information for any Si iv
λ 1398 BAL troughs that may be present. We find significant BAL features in 16.8% of all quasars with 1.57 < z < 5.56 in the SDSS DR14 quasar catalog.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Versus a Health Enhancement Program in the Treatment of Urge Urinary Incontinence in Older Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study
Authors: Felsted Katarina Friberg , Supiano Katherine P.
Published: July 2019

Current treatment practices for older adult women with urge urinary incontinence (UUI) remain insufficient and ineffective. A randomized controlled feasibility trial was developed to evaluate three determinants of research feasibility and three determinants of intervention feasibility when comparing mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) with a health enhancement program (HEP) in older adult women with UUI. Participants were recruited from the university health system, county senior centers, and community sites. Twenty-five postmenopausal women (mean age = 74 years) were randomized into MBSR treatment conditions or HEP comparison conditions for an 8-week intervention. Participants remained blinded to conditions. Research feasibility determinants were measured as
recruitment, retention,
and
treatment delivery
; intervention feasibility determinants were measured as
acceptability, tolerability
, and
client receipt/enactment
. Feasibility determinants established in the research literature as essential to intervention evaluation were recorded and evaluated throughout the current study. All six feasibility determinants confirmed positive results in the enrolled population. The use of MBSR and HEP as the active comparison to treat UUI in older adult women proved feasible in this trial. The results warrant the design of a larger-scale, multisite trial to study the efficacy of MBSR in treating UUI in older adult women.

Targets:

Older adult women with high incidence of UUI.

Intervention Description:

MBSR treatment conditions or HEP comparison conditions.

Mechanisms of Action:

Research and intervention feasibility determinants.

Outcomes:

The use of MBSR and HEP as the active comparison to treat UUI in older adult women proved feasible in this trial.

[
Research in Gerontological Nursing, 12
(6), 285–297.]
Application of Fuzzy FMEA to Perform an Extensive Risk Analysis in Maritime Transportation Engineering
Authors: Akyuz E
Published: July 2019

The nature of maritime transportation involves numerous hazards, which can lead to serious consequences for human life, marine environment and ship. Therefore, achieving a high level of safety is recognised as paramount in maritime industry (Akyuz, 2016). In order to achieve this purpose, this paper prompts a fuzzy based Failure Mode and Effects analysis (FMEA) to perform an extensive risk analysis in the maritime transportation industry. The method has capable of identifying potential failures and calculating risk priority number (RPN) by capturing nonlinear casual relationships between the failures. The proposed method is applied to hatch cover failures in operational aspects in bulk carrier ships since potential failures of hydraulic hatch covers have serious concerns for ship owners. Besides its theoretical insight, the paper has practical benefits to ship owners, superintendents as well as safety professionals by identifying potential failure and offering early corrective actions.
Complexation and physicochemical analysis of hydrophobic molecules of methyl jasmonate with Hydroxypropyl-β–Cyclodextrin
Authors: Valarini Junior Osvaldo , Barão Carlos Eduardo , Matiolli Graciette , Zanoelo Everton Fernando , Cardozo-Filho Lúcio , Moraes Flávio Faria de
Published: July 2019

In the present study, methyl jasmonate (MeJa) was included in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) by grinding (M1), freeze drying (M2), co-precipitation + freeze drying (M3) and by applying supercritical carbon dioxide (M4). FT-IR/ATR, FT-Raman, TGA, and DSC analyses of the complexation products confirmed that MeJa/HPβCD complexes were formed by the four different examined methods of inclusion. FT-IR/ATR supported the inclusion, mainly based on the reduction of intensity of absorption at the wavelength of maximum absorbance of free MeJa (1733 cm-1), which was 27.69 au before inclusion. From these results, M3 (2.29 au) and M4 (0.90 au) were the most efficient techniques for complexation. TGA, and DSC analyses pointed out that the complexes formed by the methods M3 and M4 had the least loss of mass below approximately 305°C (the temperature that free HPβCD starts to decompose thermally). Except for M1, the results of antioxidant activity (AA) based on the DPPH assay revealed that the AA of the inclusion compounds were higher than that of free MeJa (α = 0.05). The best methods in terms of AA and thermal stability of the formed inclusion compounds were M3 and M4.
Adsorption of Humic Acid from Aqueous Solution onto PAA Nanofiber: Thermodynamic Study
Authors: Zulfikar Muhammad Ali , Maulina D. , Setiyanto Henry , Nasir Muhamad
Published: July 2019

The potential of polyacrylic acid (PAA) nanofiber prepared by the electrospinning technique for the humic acid (HA) adsorption from aqueous solution was investigated. In this study, the adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temperatures in a batch system. From experiment it can be seen that the HA adsorption using PAA nanofiber increased with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic parameters data indicated that the HA adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic under the experimental conditions, with the Gibbs free energy (∆Go) in the range of 1.721-0.980 kJ mol-1, enthalpy (∆Ho) and entropy (∆So) of 7.24 kJ mol-1 and 18.52 J mol-1 K-1, respectively.