bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous Lipid Dose and Incidence of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Takagi Jane
Published: June 2009

Experimental data have implicated intravenous lipids as being immunosuppressive, yet evidence that lipids are associated with an increase in clinically documented infections is sparse. A prospective trial conducted in patients with hematologic malignancies who were undergoing bone marrow transplantation compared the incidence of bacteremia and fungemia during the first month after the transplant. Patients (n = 512) were randomly assigned to receive 6–8% (low dose) or 25–30% (standard dose) of total daily energy as a 20% lipid emulsion. An adaptive randomization scheme stratified for treatments that might influence infection outcome (hematopoietic growth factors, fluconazole, graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis with steroids, pentoxifylline, intravenous immunoglobulin, and total body irradiation). The transplant type (autologous, related family donor, or unrelated donor) did not differ in distribution between treatment groups. Of the evaluable patients (n = 482), 55 patients in the standard‐dose lipid group developed bacteremia or fungemia compared with 54 in the low‐dose lipid group. The log‐rank test comparing the time to first infection found no association between the incidence of bacteremia or fungemia and intravenous lipid (P = 0.95). Similar results were found when analyzed as intent‐to‐treat (P = 0.98), when bacterial or fungal infections at all sites were included (P = 0.94), and when the observation period was extended to 60 d (P = 0.58 for blood infections, P = 0.77 for infections at all sites). These data indicate that moderate amounts of intravenous lipid rich in linoleic acid are not associated with an increased incidence of bacterial or fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation and receiving total parenteral nutrition.
Placement of Vascular Access Devices for Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Buckley Clifford J. , Lee Shirley D.
Published: June 2009

In the past 30 years, substantial progress has been made in the development of devices and catheters used for central venous vascular access. Temporary, semipermanent, and totally implantable access systems have each undergone multiple design revisions to improve their ease of insertion, durability, and potential for complication. This article provides methodology for the insertion of central venous access systems currently used for parenteral nutrition. The article also discusses the more common complications of these access devices and makes recommendations for management.
Vascular Access Devices: One Institution's Teaching Experiences
Authors: Winkler Marion F. , Watkins Christine Koelzer , Albina Jorge E.
Published: June 2009

Selection, care, and management of vascular access devices (VADs) are important components of the nutrition support curriculum. The objectives, content material, learning activities, and evaluation methods used by one hospital's nutrition support service to train dietetic interns, medical students, nurses, and surgical and medical interns and residents are described. An algorithm for selection of VADs and suggested readings for this topic are also presented.
Reimbursement for Vascular Access Devices for TPN: Making Sense of the Dollars
Authors: Goff Karen
Published: June 2009

Parenteral nutrition has been a standard of care for nearly 30 years for patients who are unable to maintain adequate nutritional status by oral or enteral routes. Clinicians have witnessed many advances and changes in this modality during these 3 decades. As clinical changes have occurred, so too have changes in reimbursement. This article explains the current methods of reimbursement for total parenteral nutrition and outlines future changes.
Merit Aid in North Carolina
Authors: Ness Erik C. , Mistretta Molly A.
Published: June 2009

Since the adoption of Georgia’s HOPE (Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally) scholarship program, seven additional Southeastern states have adopted similar merit-based financial aid programs, most of which are also funded by state lotteries. This study examines why North Carolina after adopting a state lottery in 2005 did not allocate its proceeds for a merit scholarship program. This in-depth case study considers the explanatory power of a revised multiple streams model and the integrated diffusion model by analyzing data collected through elite interviews and archival documents. The study findings suggest that internal determinants, such as North Carolina’s educational and economic context, trumped regional diffusion trends and that the multiple stream model’s “black box” influences, such as political tactics and gamesmanship, provide the most conceptually compelling explanation for why merit aid became a “nonevent” in North Carolina. Indeed, by considering decisions and nondecisions, researchers may capture a broader array of state-level characteristics that influence policy adoption.
Using Islam as Political Ideology
Authors: Gülalp Haldun
Published: June 2009

Questioning the classical secularization thesis, this article addresses the use of Islam as political ideology in Turkey and attempts to identify the historical conditions under which this role has varied. More generally, assessing the internal tensions of post-colonial nationalism, the article places the recent popularity of religious politics within the context of challenges raised against the global project of modernization. The article argues that while 19th-century Islamism in Turkey was a prelude to the project of westernization, present-day Islamism is a manifestation of the predicament of this project.
Writing Women's bOdies On the Palimpsest of Islamic History
Authors: Ouedghiri Meryem
Published: June 2009

Arab women writers' new turn to Islamic history is informed by burgeoning Islamic fundamentalist movements throughout the Arab-Muslim world, and the continuous threat they pose to women's struggles for rights. In the view of women writers, the fundamentalist narrative's strongest claims for legitimacy are penned on the female body in an ongoing process that has contained women, muted their voices, and screened out their agency. Arab women have thus set on the perilous task of rewriting Islamic history. Unlayering the palimpsest of the fundamentalist narrative, engaging its ambiguities, activating its silences, interrogating its in-between(s), and filling in its blanks, women's writings make available numerous visions of female-ness, and a whole cosmology of female struggles that have been consciously overshadowed by male texts. The female body, as an object of writing, is transfigured into a subject writing its own text(s), thus repositioning women's role as shapers of history and makers of culture. Providing a critical appraisal of Fatima Mernissi's and Assia Djebar's works, this article analyzes the many discursive strategies used to refigure the body as a site from which and for which women can intervene to create multifaceted spaces of oppositional agency and political empowerment.
Secular Knowledge Versus Islamic Knowledge and Uncritical Intellectuality
Authors: Ur-Rehman Saeed
Published: June 2009

This article examines the politics of Islamic postcolonial Occidentalism as a response to the secularizing influence of western modernity. By taking the work of Ziauddin Sardar, a Pakistani-British intellectual, as an example of Occidentalist Islamic thought, I have attempted to problematize the binaristic division of the world into two neat categories: the secular West and Islamized Islam. Sardar's reactionary ideas have been contrasted with the work of secular Muslim scholars such as Pervez Hoodbhoy, Fatima Mernissi and Eqbal Ahmad. The article seeks to foreground the secular and critical traditions within Islamic societies, which are often repressed by obscurantist and reactionary intellectuals. The main argument of the article is that a valid critique of Islam is not always Eurocentric in its origin.
Redefining Secularism in Postcolonial Contexts
Authors: Kolluri Satish , Mir Ali
Published: June 2009

The article raises the problematic of translation of the political doctrine of secularism in postcolonial contexts and the inherent challenges in articulating secular subjectivities that are trapped in the discourses of modernity, nationalism, fundamentalism and religion. Acknowledging that the diverse interpretations of secularism have produced more debate than consensus in postcolonial nations such as India, the authors seek to interrogate critically the relevance of secularism without sacrificing its long-term value for religiously plural societies that are presently witness to the rise of religious fundamentalism.
Examining Indigenous Rights to Culture in North America
Authors: Greaves Tom
Published: June 2009

Indian tribal groups in the United States and Canada are vigorously asserting cultural ownership of the content of cultures with which they identify, ownership rights that allow them to prevent others from appropriating that content, or to use it only with conditions. Additionally, they assert the right to their own cultural futures, to practice an evolving cultural form with sufficient natural and fiscal resources to be viable, and the right to be treated respectfully by the dominant society. These rights claims take various forms, and have encountered varying levels of success. Five types of rights assertions are reviewed here.
Defining a Right to Culture, and Some Alternatives
Authors: Winthrop Robert
Published: June 2009

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that `Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community'. As this suggests, the notion of cultural rights is both intuitively appealing and analytically vague. Assertions of cultural rights have gained prominence in both national and international policy contexts. This article considers some of the conceptual challenges, including a potential bias towards reification and traditionalism and the inherently contestable character of claims based on cultural rights. It also suggests a threshold test for identifying violations of cultural rights, and presents some alternatives to a rights-based framework for advancing cultural issues within public policy.
Cultural Integrity in Non-Traditional Societies
Authors: Vasquez Miguel
Published: June 2009

Discussions concerning the impacts of current neo-liberal economic policies on `endangered people' have focused on `traditional' cultures and the `extinction of experience' from loss of cultural knowledge. There is little consideration of non-traditional societies and their efforts to maintain collective socioeconomic rights outside of the western, individualist, neo-liberal development paradigm. Cuba presents one example of a society successful on many counts in providing human services, especially in the areas of public health and education, that are unavailable for millions throughout Latin America. Cubans provide an alternative vision for them and many impoverished people in the Third World, who now face threats from pressures for global neo-liberalism. This article explores the implications of the `extinction of experience' for collective cultural and economic rights under threat from modern corporate consolidation of global economic power, consumerism, and the presumed `failure of socialism'.
Global Discourses on the Local Terrain
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: June 2009

As discourses of human and cultural rights have become increasingly globalized, indigenous groups have progressively adopted them in their struggles for greater legal recognition within the state and/or autonomy from state control. The formulation of their rights claims in terms of cultural identities—i.e. `indigenous rights'—has strategic value for promoting their goals in the context of the globalization of human rights, but how such formulations are understood by local actors, as well as the effects these formulations have on social and cultural norms in local contexts, is perhaps less clear. This article considers how local understandings and identities are shaped by engagement with the networks of actors and legal regimes associated with cultural rights. The Chiapas case suggests that there are simultaneous and contradictory processes of cultural homogenization and the generation of increased cultural diversity at work in this engagement, and also raises some questions generated by the inherent definitional contradictions regarding what constitutes Indianness globally, nationally, and locally.
Taming `wild' capitalism
Authors: Bruner M. Lane
Published: June 2009

As a fundamental premise in the rhetoric of free trade, the equation of free markets and democracy was particularly evident in Russia's transformation from a centralized economy to a market economy. During the battle over the new constitution in 1993, Boris Yeltsin and his supporters associated economic liberalization and democracy in successfully maintaining public support for their otherwise unpopular policies. However, that transition ultimately resulted in the takeover of the natural and financial wealth of the country by a criminal business elite and the widespread impoverishment of average Russian citizens. The Russian case exemplifies how the oversimplified discursive equation of free markets and democracy underemphasizes the crucial social role state institutions must play in order for peaceful market democracies to thrive.
Understanding the new management ideology: a transdisciplinary contribution from critical discourse analysis and new sociology of capitalism
Authors: Chiapello Eve , Fairclough Norman
Published: June 2009

Our aim in this article is to explore how one might approach the language of new capitalism working in a transdisciplinary way, bringing together new sociology of capitalism (Chiapello) and critical discourse analysis (Fairclough). We focus upon `new management ideology', and in particular on a recent book by a highly influential management `guru' (Rosabeth Moss Kanter). The article begins with a discussion of new management ideology based particularly upon the work of Boltanski and Chiapello, followed by an outline of the version of critical discourse analysis we draw upon, and an analysis of a number of extracts from the book. In the conclusion we consider the implications of the analysis for transdisciplinary research.
Globalization discourse: a view from the East
Authors: Flowerdew John
Published: June 2009

This article presents an analysis of the discourse of globalization from the perspective of Hong Kong. The analysis first discusses the concept of globalization, as portrayed by various scholars. Second, the relationship between Hong Kong and globalization is examined. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the theme of globalization as presented by the Special Hong Kong Administrative Region Chief Executive, Tung Chee Hwa. The article critically analyses a speech delivered by Tung in London in October 2000, which highlights the SAR government's measures to address the challenges posed by globalization and its ability in capitalizing on the assumed benefits of the global phenomenon. The textual analysis shows that globalization is discursively constructed as immutable and that it is the role of the government to manage the consequences of globalization. A range of discursive strategies is identified in the realization of this discursive construction.
The Standoff — what is unsaid? A pragmatic analysis of the conditional marker `if '
Authors: Cheng Maria
Published: June 2009

News leaves many things unsaid; as in diplomatic discourse or political discourse, frequent use is made of `implicatures' (Grice, 1975), in order to suggest information not explicitly expressed in the text. These inferences are usually based on particular beliefs, opinions and knowledge of some concrete situation. This article attempts to explore the stances, intentions and ideologies of the United States and China that underlie news stories of the spy-plane event that occurred in April 2001. For this, 94 news stories from a US online medium (CNN.com) and 15 from a Chinese online medium (ChinaOnline.com) during the 12-day period between the air collision and the return of the 24 US crew members (1—12 April 2001) were selected and analyzed. By interpreting utterances containing the if-clause + the situational context, the implicature of `uncertainty' is revealed through one of the key pragmatic implicatures that is linked to the conditional marker `if '.
Discriminatory news discourse: some Hong Kong data
Authors: Flowerdew John , Li David C.S. , Tran Sarah
Published: June 2009

This article analyses the discriminatory discursive practices of one leading liberal Hong Kong newspaper, the South China Morning Post, with a view to examining to what extent they mirror those found in the literature (which to date has focused primarily on Europe). The data for the study consist of 80 articles concerning one news event, Chinese Mainlanders claiming the right-of-abode in Hong Kong during the period 30 January 1999 to 19 August 2000. A review of the rather diffuse literature leads to the development of a composite taxonomy of discriminatory discursive practices. The Hong Kong data are then tested against this taxonomy. Examples of all of the strategies in the taxonomy are found to be present in the Hong Kong data, with certain local variations due to the particular situation of Hong Kong. The findings are all the more striking because the people who are the focus of the discrimination are from the same ethnic and linguistic background. In contrast to the news stories, a comparison with the editorials on the right-of-abode issue in the South China Morning Post reveals a much more liberal tone in the latter. This raises the question as to whether it is the news stories or the editorials that represent the true institutional ideology of this influential Hong Kong newspaper.
Conflicting discourses, shifting ideologies: pharmaceutical, `alternative' and feminist emancipatory texts on the menopause
Authors: Coupland Justine , Williams Angie
Published: June 2009

This article uses a close pragmatic analysis to examine three discourses of the menopause, each with identifiably different health and lifespan ideologies, each used to further its own set of economic and/or political agendas. We argue that these texts have potentially powerful influential effects on women's interpretations of their own `change of life'. Discourse 1 (the `pharmaceutical' discourse) is represented by pharmaceutical brochures, which construct the menopause as medical `pathology' caused by physiological decrement and generally advocate correcting or suppressing symptoms by `treatment' with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Discourse 2 (the `alternative' therapy discourse) as represented in popular printed media texts, rejects both subjection to medical/pharmaceutical intervention, and many of the claims made for HRT, and recommends that women take personal and active `control' by using `natural' remedies and making lifestyle adjustments. Although in ideological conflict, both these discourses are arguably ageist in their reproduction of negative perceptions of menopause. Discourse 3 (the emancipatory feminist discourse) reconstructs the menopause as a positively significant rite of passage — a time of re-evaluation and new-found freedom. Like Discourse 2, feminist discourse rejects the medicalization of menopause and the claims Discourse 1 makes for HRT. But, in addition, Discourse 3 rejects the dominant medical view of the cultural meaning of menopause, with the end of menstruation entextualized as gain, rather than loss, and redefines female midlife as a time of new freedom, wisdom and personal insight.
Accountability in action: the accomplishment of gender, race and class in a meeting of the University of California Board of Regents
Authors: West Candace , Fenstermaker Sarah
Published: June 2009

In this article, we analyze the proceedings of a meeting that terminated affirmative action policies at the University of California. Employin our recent theoretical reformulation of difference as an accomplishment, we explore participants' means of doing gender, race and class in these deliberations. In discussing our findings, we call attention to their relevance for `formal' and critical discourse analysis.
The Overseas Exchange of Human Rights Jurisprudence: The U.S. Supreme Court in the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Hallo de Wolf Antenor , Wallace Donald H.
Published: June 2009

A recent study indicated that even though courts around the world have long looked to the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court (USSC) for guidance, a diminishing number of foreign courts are citing the writings of American justices. By contrast, foreign courts in developed democracies often cite the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). However, this study did not specifically examine citations by the ECtHR of USSC decisions. The use by the ECtHR of law of other jurisdictions is now relatively commonplace. This article discusses the use of the individual rights decisions of the USSC by the ECtHR. Included is a discussion of the methodology used by the ECtHR and an analysis of decisions citing USSC decisions where the government loses. This examination adds to the literature on the evolving relationship between domestic institutions and legal norms from extra-jurisdictional sources.
Self-Organized Distributed Sensor Network Entity Tracking
Authors: Brooks R.R. , Griffin C. , Friedlander D.S.
Published: June 2009

The sensor network paradigm uses multiple autonomous sensor nodes to cooperatively construct an ad hoc computational entity. The authors have implemented applications using this approach with a network of sensor prototypes. In the paper, entity tracking is described as a two-tier process: ( i) clusters of nodes locally estimate parameters used in entity tracking (i.e. time, class, position, and heading), and ( ii) local parameter association forms inter-cluster tracks. Ad hoc routing primitives are used. This supports self-organization at all levels. Derivations of entity tracking applications are given along with preliminary results.
Tasking Distributed Sensor Networks
Authors: Jones Mark T. , Mehrotra Shashank , Park Jae H.
Published: June 2009

Distributed wireless sensor networks provide significant new capabilities for automatically collecting and analyzing data from physical environments. Such sensor networks gather and analyze data in response to queries posed by users of the network. By using more sensor nodes than is strictly necessary to cover an area, these sensor networks can provide reliable information, tolerate many types of faults, and have a long effective lifetime. Like most wireless systems, however, these sensor networks must effectively manage power consumption to achieve a satisfactory system lifetime. Power management at the node level, including low power hardware and power aware operating systems, can provide significant savings in power consumption. In this paper, we present algorithms for managing power at the distributed system level, rather than just at the individual node level. These distributed algorithms determine which set of sensor nodes will be tasked with a given user query and which sensor nodes will remain in an idle state conserving power. The goal of the algorithms is to extend the effective service time of the entire network. In this paper, we give a theoretical analysis of these algorithms along with extensive simulation results.
Source Localization and Tracking of a Wideband Source Using a Randomly Distributed Beamforming Sensor Array
Authors: Chen J.C. , Yao K. , Tung T.L. , Reed C.W. , Chen D.
Published: June 2009

We consider the array signal processing aspect of a power efficient self-organized and synchronized wireless sensor network for source detection, signal enhancement, localization, and identification. The beamforming and source localization are the most computationally intensive operations in the network. In this paper, we introduce a class of computationally efficient source localization algorithms. The novel source localization estimators also include the speed of propagation estimation since it is often unknown. For a more robust solution, a parametric source tracking algorithm is developed based on a linear track assumption. We also derive the Cramér-Rao bound for source localization and speed of propagation estimations using a randomly distributed sensor array. A blind beamforming approach, which enhances the strongest signal while attenuating other interferences, using only the measured data is presented. The maximum power collection criterion is used to obtain array weights from the dominant eigenvector of the sample correlation matrix. In many practical scenarios, the locations of some of the sensors may be unknown or non-stationary. From three or more source locations and source distances, we formulate a least-squares estimator for the unknown sensor location. Systematic evaluations via simulations show the proposed algorithms are effective and efficient with respect to the Cramér-Rao bound. The proposed algorithms are also shown to be effective in the examples using measured data.
Scalable Information-Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for Ad Hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks
Authors: Chu Maurice , Haussecker Horst , Feng Zhao
Published: June 2009

This paper describes two novel techniques, information-driven sensor querying (IDSQ) and constrained anisotropic diffusion routing (CADR), for energy-efficient data querying and routing in ad hoc sensor networks for a range of collaborative signal processing tasks. The key idea is to introduce an information utility measure to select which sensors to query and to dynamically guide data routing. This allows us to maximize information gain while minimizing detection latency and bandwidth consumption for tasks such as localization and tracking. Our simulation results have demonstrated that the information-driven querying and routing techniques are more energy efficient, have lower detection latency, and provide anytime algorithms to mitigate risks of link/node failures.
High Performance Sensor Integration in Distributed Sensor Networks Using Mobile Agents
Authors: Hairong Qi  , Xiaoling Wang  , Sitharama Iyengar S. , Chakrabarty Krishnendu
Published: June 2009

The recent change of emphasis from high performance parallel computing to high performance parallel/distributed computing has called for new techniques in distributed problem solving. Mobile agent, as a new computing paradigm, breaks the barrier of traditional client/server model and provides a more efficient solution to distributed computing. In the mobile-agent-based paradigm, data stay at the local site, while the execution code is moved to the data sites. In this paper, we describe the deployment of mobile agent in Distributed Sensor Networks (DSNs). Mobile agent is used to integrate pre-processed data located at local sensor nodes. We take target classification as an example to illustrate how mobile-agent-based DSN (MADSN) supports high performance distributed integration.
Statistical and Information-Theoretic Methods for Self-Organization and Fusion of Multimodal, Networked Sensors
Authors: Fisher John W. , Wainwright Martin J. , Sudderth Erik B. , Willsky Alan S.
Published: June 2009

The appeal of distributed sensing and computation is matched by the formidable challenges it presents in terms of estimation and communication. Applications range from military surveillance to collaborative office environments. Despite the attractiveness of exploiting networks of low-power and low-cost sensors, how to do so is a difficult problem. In this paper, we adopt a statistical viewpoint of such networks, and identify three key challenges. The first is to develop principled methods for low-level fusion of sensors measuring different modalities. We discuss an information-theoretic approach to sensor fusion, and present experimental results using audio and video data. The core component of this method is the learning of a nonparametric joint statistical model for the sensing modes. Secondly, we discuss how one might apply such a sensor fusion algorithm to acquire the relative geometry of a network of sensors using passively-sensed data. Specifically, we show how the fusion method previously developed can be used to find correspondences between pairs of long-baseline sensors. Finding such correspondences is, in general, the starting point for recovering the geometry. Finally, we discuss two iterative algorithms for performing inference on graphical models with cycles. Such models provide a flexible framework for constructing globally consistent statistical models from a set of local interactions. Importantly, the algorithms that we present allow information to be transmitted and processed in a distributed manner.
Empowerment and Resistance Strategies of Working Women in Turkey
Authors: Cindog lu Dilek , Toktaş Şule
Published: June 2009

This article deals with the empowerment and resistance strategies used by working women in Turkey. In order to explore the ways in which gender ideologies are produced and resisted, a very specific group of women were studied using life history and focus group interviews. The interviews were conducted with women who had graduated between 1960 and 1970 from Girls' Institutes. The Girls' Institutes were all-female high schools and the curriculum of these institutes was particularly geared towards modern domestic, or homemaking skills. However, despite the notion of producing modern women for the domestic sphere, most of the graduates have chosen to work outside their homes. Of these working women some have remained single, some have not had children. These outcomes present a paradox. The article focuses on the resolution of these paradoxes, the power and resistance manoeuvres that women employ and their relationship to the processes of modernization and westernization in Turkey.
A Movement Moves . . . Is There a Women's Movement in England Today?
Authors: Nash Kate
Published: June 2009

There is a diversity of views among feminists who have been debating whether or not a women's movement exists in Britain today. In part this is due to the lack of a clear working definition of social movement. This article uses social movement theory to discuss the ambiguous signs that are taken to indicate either the movement's continuing existence or its disappearance: the growth of mainstream political organizations; a focus on `women' in cultural production; the `micro-politics' of everyday life (often enacted in the terms of `I'm not a feminist but . . .'). The article looks at the history of second-wave feminism in England using the two main schools of social movement theory: the `contentious politics' model focusing on organizations and formal political structures; and the `submerged networks' theory that takes solidarity, conflict and challenging dominant cultural codes to be central to social movements.
Creating Places for Women on the Internet
Authors: Rommes Els
Published: June 2009

Under what conditions do women create places for women on the Internet? And what kinds of difficulties do they meet if they try to do so? These questions are studied by comparing two groups of women involved in the design of (parts of) Amsterdam's digital city DDS. The female designers, who were involved as DDS was set up, did not want to pay attention to women's issues. This can be explained by looking at their position in feminist debates in Dutch society, their position in the organization of which they were a part and their personal identity. The second group of women, who were part of a women's organization, differed in all these respects. Thus, they had no problems in wanting to pay specific attention to women in DDS by building a `Women's Square'. The problems of this second group of women were caused by the late stage at which they entered the design process. The ideas on gender and technology of the initial group of women had by then solidified in the script of DDS, making it hard for the second group to design the Women's Square in the way they wanted it. In this article it is argued that designers, women's organizations and subsidizing organizations should stimulate women's groups to get involved in the design of new technology at an early stage. From this case study, one can conclude that leaving women's issues to individual female designers is not an effective strategy.
Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union
Authors: Booth Christine , Bennett Cinnamon
Published: June 2009

This article aims to make a contribution to the conceptualization of mainstreaming gender equality promoted by the European Union. It starts by exploring the historical periodization of equal opportunities delivery strategies and challenging the compartmentalization of these developments. It suggests that equality policies can better be conceptualized in terms of a `three-legged equality stool', which recognizes the interconnectiveness of three perspectives — the equal treatment perspective, the women's perspective and the gender perspective. The article argues that the gender perspective has been closely associated with strategies for mainstreaming gender equality, but that this association is misleading. As a result mainstreaming has remained a `fuzzy' concept, which in turn has led to many different styles and forms of practical implementation in European member states.
Taking Account of Male Dominance in Rape Law
Authors: Zeegers Nicolle
Published: June 2009

American legal scholar MacKinnon held that using consent as the legal criterion to draw the line between rape and intercourse would evade the issue of male dominance in heterosexual relations. Feminist lawyers in the Netherlands and England and Wales translated the insight that rape has to do with inequality between the sexes in alternative definitions of rape. They also struggled to get these alternative definitions incorporated in law. However, in the Netherlands as well as in England and Wales, feminist proposals to broaden the concept of coercion or non-consent to include submission met with serious obstacles from within the legal system. This article describes the process the feminist proposals to redefine coercion or non-consent in rape law went through in the Netherlands and in England and Wales. It tries to answer the following question: To what extent can the obstacles in this process of forming a broad definition of coercion be attributed to what MacKinnon called the inherent fallocentrism of law?
Peasants Against MNCs and the State: The Role of the Bergama Struggle in the Institutional Construction of the Gold-Mining Field in Turkey
Authors: Özen Şükrü , Özen Hayriye
Published: June 2009

In this article, we argue that the emergent literature that integrates the neo-institutional and social movement theories for a better understanding of institutional change offers a partial picture concerning the roles of the state and society in institutional wars due to its preoccupation with the liberal polities prevalent in the Anglo-Saxon countries. We suggest that the macro-institutional perspective that recognizes the influences of varied polities should be introduced to this emergent literature, if it is to provide a full picture. Incorporating the macro-institutional insights into the integrative approach, we examine a struggle between a group of protesters, a multinational gold-mining company and governmental actors regarding an environmental issue in Bergama, Turkey, where a statist polity mediates worldwide currents towards the neo-liberal order. The findings indicate that the Turkish state repressed the mobilizations against the neo-liberal construction of the mining field and reinforced the existing neo-liberal logic in the mining field through introducing a new regulatory framework. On the basis of the findings, we suggest that both the trajectory and consequences of institutional wars are influenced by the kind of polity in which they take place.
From Temples to Organizations: The Introduction and Packaging of Spirituality
Authors: Zaidman Nurit , Goldstein-Gidoni Ofra , Nehemya Iris
Published: June 2009

This article is based on a research of Israeli spiritual consultants and their interaction with local organizations. The incorporation of ideas of spirituality into the world of efficient management and organizations seem on the outset to be `unnatural'. We show that while this inherent contradiction does not disappear, spiritual consultants employ various ways to overcome the anticipated resistance and to make an impact. These ways include not only attentive processes of selection and reframing of ideas before introducing them to the new setting, but often enough also methods of concealing and lack of transparency in the consultants' interactions with managers and or employees. We use domestication, as a key analytical concept. In spite all the familiarization and disguising techniques, spiritual consultants do bring new ideas into the organizational context. Unlike conventional consultants, they set an emphasis on the individual's awareness of his or her body, thoughts and feelings at the moment and by that challenge management expectation that employees would conform to their jobs and roles. Finally, we argue that consultants create `noise' in terms of the ideas that they promote but most of them `keep order' in terms of the way they choose to deliver these ideas.
Robbie Williams
Authors: Brabazon Tara
Published: June 2009

This article presents a history of Robbie Williams. However, the meaning of that word — history — does not convey a seamless narrative of linear, normalizing truths of a great man. Instead, the recent past is fractured, severed and then quilted. Four keypads of culture are pressed. First, an exploration of boy bands is enacted, followed by a survey of masculinity theory, Generation X and dance culture. These four snatches of myth and memory are summoned to offer an innovative trajectory through an un(der) written history of the pop present.
Translocal spatiality
Authors: Ma Eric Kit-wai
Published: June 2009

•Instead of exploring the global/local logic of glocalization, this case study specifically concentrates on a form of local-to-local spatial dynamics. The spatial history of Hong Kong underground bandrooms is exploited to illustrate the translocal reproduction of spatiality. While the construction of this space was translocally inspired by music subculture from abroad, local spatiality absorbs transborder subcultural energies and re-channels them to become discursive resources for resisting local governmentality and the work-and-spend culture of transnational capitalistic discourse. Translocally inspired and locally accomplished, this underground site becomes a heterotopia in which very different spatial functions are set in juxtaposition. Beside inward heterotopian compression, it also connects outwardly to other translocal spaces of clubs, discos, hip-hop fashion shops and other localized spaces. This web of interconnected spaces provides and organizes the lifeworlds of a community of local graffitians, DJs and musicians, who mobilize transborder hip-hop and rock culture to construct and maintain a radically translocalized spatiality. •
Reading, writing and unruliness
Authors: Speed Lesley
Published: June 2009

•This article examines how the St Trinian's films (1954—1980) engage with shifts in the social organization of gender and class, while celebrating the defiance of social constraints on women. Focusing on the films' depiction of unruly female behaviour, the article addresses the historical and social dimensions of the films in relation to carnival, adolescence and education. The films express public responses to the increasing public significance of female youth, and celebrate the predominantly female environment of the girls' school. •
Remembering the `American century'
Authors: Grainge Paul
Published: June 2009

• Inthis article, I consider a series of Time special issues, published in 1998 and 1999, that tried to estimate the `people' and `person' of the 20th century. Reading the series politically, I argue that Time engaged in a process of historical summary and cultural remembrance that serviced Henry Luce's prophecy of an American century, but that also aestheticized a national value system claiming primacy within the current, and prospective, climate of contemporary globalization. The article makes two related arguments. First, it situates the series in the context of Time magazine's own, rather destabilized, position as a news source and shaper of public opinion. Second, it considers how the series develops a particular `common sense' about the meaning and memory of the century, measuring individuals according to their relative advancement of, or impediment to, Time's cardinal values of `free minds, free markets, free speech and free choice'. •
Change, continuity and cultural studies
Authors: Starfield Jane
Published: June 2009

• This article on a proposed undergraduate cultural studies curriculum at Vista University (Soweto, South Africa) reflects also on the potential of the subject to analyse and transform its social and educational contexts. Special attention is paid here to outlining the specific economic, political, social and cultural conditions of the national and institutional contexts for this proposed course. Then the aims and shape of the course itself is outlined. Course-planners hope that the course will provide a crucial and critical space for reflection upon and engagement both by teachers and students with the social and educational transformation of post-apartheid South Africa. The multi-generic epistemologies of cultural studies will, it is proposed, help counter discrete disciplinary teaching hardened under apartheid conditions and enable students to rethink culture and cultural policy. •
Banality, book publishing and the everyday life of cultural studies
Authors: Striphas Ted
Published: June 2009

• This article explores the institutionalization of cultural studies relative to changes taking place in North American universities and the global book publishing industry. Assuming that the publishing industry is a key site in which cultural studies gets negotiated and defined, I ask: what are the politics of publishing cultural studies? I argue that the demands of contemporary university life and current publishing practices potentially lend themselves to a banal and depoliticized, or worse yet a politically retrograde, `global' cultural studies, in which the important work of many scholars working outside the field's Anglophone centers ironically becomes marginalized. I conclude by exploring how those who practice and publish cultural studies might approach publishing projects in a manner more sensitive to the field's own global information flows. •
`Vigilant hospitality'
Authors: Thwaites Tony
Published: June 2009

• Information technology (IT) sees information as a fluid, to be stored, regulated and exchanged. This is a profoundly economic model, whose dreams are those of the marketplace — and now, university managers. But no teacher, of course, holds that teaching can be reduced to the movement of information from one point to another. Teaching is never quite absorbed into the models of IT. Where they meet, we do not have the utopia of the virtual classroom, at last freed from the strictures of timetables and the face-to-face; we have, rather, the grinding of two radically irreducible models. This has nothing to do with Luddism; on the contrary, it is the value and necessity of IT for us at present, as teachers. At a time when the tertiary sector's massive investment in IT is motivated in part by its own dream of the teacherless classroom, one of the pressing tasks for us may be simply to argue as rigorously as we can the structural necessity of our own position as teachers, without nostalgia or humanist sentimentality. •
A confusion of tongues
Authors: Descombes Vincent , Smith Henry M.
Published: June 2009

When we maintain that an anthropologist offers `thick descriptions' of the life of people, do we mean that it is in any way descriptive? Or, instead, that it is purely interpretative, like the creative reading of a text by a literary critic? According to Gilbert Ryle, who invented the term, a `thick description' is just a `thin description' made complex by the addition of adverbial information. According to Clifford Geertz, the anthropologist has no access to `thin descriptions', he deals with conflicting views and interpretations given by the participants of `social discourses' and has to address a permanent `confusion of tongues'. Contemporary use of this term appears to rest upon a hidden conflict between two philosophies of anthropology.
Parallel Trends, Persistent Diversity
Authors: Kautto Mikko , Kvist Jon
Published: June 2009

There exists a broad consensus among welfare state researchers that the welfare state has not been retrenched in any fundamental manner. Instead, a process of restructuring is unfolding in response to globalization, European integration and internal pressures. However, the question remains whether welfare state reform has led to convergence on the European scene. This article discusses the new literature on convergence and divergence from a Nordic perspective, and gives an account of how reforms affected the patterning of European welfare states towards the late-1990s. The article is based on key findings from a large empirical research project comparing welfare state adjustment and its consequences in several dimensions among Western European welfare states over the past two decades. It concludes that welfare state change has led to convergence in some areas, but above all, it has been characterized by parallel trends that can be identified in different welfare states. Such parallel trends in turn have meant persistent diversity among welfare regimes.
Public Health and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Correa Carlos M.
Published: June 2009

The recognition and enforcement of patents in developing countries has raised considerable controversy, particularly in relation to the implications of patents for access to drugs. Questions have arisen, among other issues, on the role of the public sector in discovering new drugs, the strategic use by the pharmaceutical industry of patents to protect not only new drugs, but also to block or delay competition. The difficulties that some developing countries have faced to use the flexibilities allowed by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement), such as parallel imports and compulsory licenses, have also highlighted the imbalances created by the extension of patent protection to developing countries under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.
Communists like us
Authors: Bonnett Alastair
Published: June 2009

This article offers a portrait of communism in the USSR as an ethnicized form of modernity; a form defined in relation to the idea of `the West'. First, I introduce the `racialized modernity' thesis and suggest that notions of race and racialization are neither adequate nor appropriate categories to apply to the reification of modernity in the USSR. I then turn to western views of Russia, emphasizing the role accorded to Russians of the `not quite European' Europeans. These two sections provide the background to a discussion of the development of an ethnopolitical form of communist modernity — a form in which the proletariat was simultaneously an ethnic and political category — which is introduced in the rest of the article. Section six is somewhat different, charting the abandonment of the communist vision. The so-called `return to Europe', although a supposedly stalled and certainly an ambiguous process, is presented here in terms of the reanimation of western and Russian myths of communism as a non-European `hiatus' in Russian history. Central to this process is the ethnic othering of communism through its representation as an Asian contamination of western tradition.