bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dihydrotestosterone inhibits arylsulfatase B and Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK)‐3 leading to enhanced Wnt signaling in prostate epithelium in response to stromal Wnt3A
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sumit , Feferman Leo , Tobacman Joanne K.
Published: February 2019

Background

In tissue microarrays, immunostaining of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N‐acetylgalactosamine‐4‐sulfatase) was less in recurrent prostate cancers and in cancers with higher Gleason scores. In cultured prostate stem cells, decline in ARSB increased Wnt signaling through effects on Dickkopf Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitor (DKK)3. The effects of androgen exposure on ARSB and the impact of decline in ARSB on Wnt signaling in prostate tissue were unknown.

Methods

Epithelial and stromal tissues from malignant and normal human prostate were obtained by laser capture microdissection. mRNA expression of ARSB, galactose‐6‐sulfate‐sulfatase (GALNS) and Wnt‐signaling targets was determined by QPCR. Non‐malignant human epithelial and stromal prostate cells were grown in tissue culture, including two‐cell layer cultures. ARSB was silenced by specific siRNA, and epithelial cells were treated with stromal spent media following treatment with IWP‐2, an inhibitor of Wnt secretion, and by exogenous recombinant human Wnt3A. Promoter methylation was detected using specific DKK3 and ARSB promoter primers. The effects of DHT and of ARSB overexpression on DKK expression were determined. Cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU incorporation.

Results

Normal stroma showed higher expression of vimentin, ARSB, and Wnt3A than epithelium. Normal epithelium had higher expression of E‐cadherin, galactose 6‐sulfate‐sulfatase (GALNS), and DKK3 than stroma. In malignant epithelium, expression of ARSB and DKK3 declined, and expression of GALNS and Wnt signaling targets increased. In cultured prostate epithelial cells, Wnt‐mediated signaling was greatest when ARSB was silenced and cells were exposed to exogenous Wnt3A. Exposure to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased ARSB and DKK3 promoter rmethylation, and effects of DHT on DKK3 expression were reversed when ARSB was overexpressed.

Conclusions

Androgen‐induced declines in ARSB and DKK3 may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis by sustained activation of Wnt signaling in prostate epithelium in response to stromal Wnt3A.
All‐atom structure ensembles of islet amyloid polypeptides determined by enhanced sampling and experiment data restraints
Authors: Su Xinyue , Wang Ke , Liu Na , Chen Jiawen , Li Yong , Duan Mojie
Published: February 2019

Exploring the accurate structure ensembles are critical to understand the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). As a well‐known IDP, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) plays important roles in the development of human type II diabetes (T2D). The toxicity of human IAPP (hIAPP) is induced by the amyloidosis of the peptide, however, its aggregation mechanism remains ambiguous. The characterization of structure ensemble of hIAPP, as well as the differences between hIAPP and its non‐amyloidogenic homologous such as rat IAPP (rIAPP), would greatly help to illuminate the amyloidosis mechanism of IAPP. In this study, the atomic structure ensembles of hIAPP and rIAPP were characterized by all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with enhanced sampling technology and experiment data restraints. The obtained structure ensembles were firstly compared with those determined by the conventional MD (cMD) and enhanced sampling without experiment data restraints. The results showed that the enhanced sampling and experiment data restraints would improve the simulation accuracy. The transient N‐terminal α‐helix structures were adopted by the sub‐states of both hIAPP and rIAPP, however, the C‐terminal helical structures were only present on hIAPP. The hydrophobic residues in the amyloid‐core region of hIAPP are exposed to the solvent. The structure ensemble differences between hIAPP and rIAPP revealed in this work provide potential explain to the amyloidogenic mechanism and would be helpful for the design of drugs to combat T2D.
Safety is about doing the right thing
Authors: Fu Gui , Chen Ping , Zhao Ziqi , Li Ren
Published: February 2019

There have been more and more accidents in the world. Since 1919, numerous accident causation theories (models) have been proposed. However, due to the complexity of previous accident causation models, it cannot avoid accidents effectively. The liners cannot understand the logical relationship between these causations and apply them in practice. The author and the group think that one of the methods used in preventing accidents is to enable people to remember the cause of an accident (namely, human errors) and do the right thing. We offer 24Model (human‐thinking, simple and easy‐applying) to conduct people to do the right thing for avoiding the accidents. While using the 24Model to explicitly analyze the causes of accidents and then store them in a database in split fields, the statistical law governing accident causation can be deduced. To prevent accidents, Gui Fu and the group call for open data of accident causations for the future preventions. The accumulation and sharing of safety knowledge could promote the safety behaviors, and thus create a safety culture that safety is about doing the right thing. Keypoints: (a) The three kinds and source of unsafe acts directly triggering accidents and disasters are described. (b) The model is a simple, but comprehensive, analytical framework for integrating the findings from accidents. (c) The model can be used to analysis the causes of accidents, form a logical body of accident causes and store them in a database in split fields to enable people to remember and know them. Precis: The unsafe acts arise from the lack of cognition and assessment on hazardous situations, such situations can be improved by reinforcing the safety knowledge of the employees to identify hazards. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog: e12044 2019
Influence of Microwave Excitation‐Power on the Narrow Negative Magnetoresistance Effect Around B = 0 T in the Ultra‐High Mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES
Authors: Samaraweera Rasanga L. , Gunawardana Binuka , Kriisa Annika , Nanayakkara Tharanga , Munasinghe Rasadi , Reichl Christian , Wegscheider Werner , Mani Ramesh G.
Published: February 2019

In addition to the photo‐excited zero‐resistance states and radiation‐induced magnetoresistance oscillations, which can be observed in the high‐quality GaAs/AlGaAs two‐dimensional electron system (2DES), magnetotransport studies of this 2DES also exhibit interesting dark magnetoresistance effects. Here, a narrow negative magnetoresistance (MR) effect that appears around zero field, and spans over about −0.02 T ≤ B ≤ 0.02 T is examined. This experimental work aims to study the influence of microwave (MW) photo‐excitation on this narrow negative‐MR effect in high‐mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES. Experimental data exhibit that the observed negative magnetoresistance effect disappears with increasing MW power. For example, the change in magnetoresistance (ΔRxx) due to the narrow negative‐MR effect drops by ≈50% upon increasing the source power up to about 8 mW. Further analysis shows that the zero‐field resistance monotonically increases with increasing the power, suggesting that electron heating due to the energy absorbed from the radiation field accounts for the observed quenching of the narrow negative‐MR effect.
Estimates of entrainment in closed cellular marine stratocumulus clouds from the MAGIC field campaign
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Mechem David B. , Cadeddu Maria P. , Eloranta Edwin W. , Jensen Michael P. , Nordeen Michele L. , Smith William L.
Published: February 2019

Entrainment of warm, dry air from above the boundary layer into the cloud layer has a significant impact on stratocumulus clouds in the marine boundary layer. During the MAGIC field campaign, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility was deployed aboard a container ship that made regular transects between Los Angeles, California and Honolulu, Hawaii. Observations made during MAGIC transects were collocated with observations from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES‐15) and European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) reanalysis model. From these data, hourly estimates of entrainment velocities in closed cellular stratocumulus cloud conditions were calculated from the mixed‐layer mass budget equation, modified to accommodate observations sampled from a moving platform. The technique is demonstrated using observations collected during Leg 15A (46 h) and then extended to 178 h of data. The average entrainment velocity was 7.83 ± 5.23 mm/s, and the average large‐scale vertical air motion at cloud top (obtained from reanalysis) was −2.56 ± 3.31 mm/s. The vertical air motion at cloud top was positive (upward) during 36 h (∼20%) with a mean of 2.68 mm/s. Entrainment velocity is highly variable and on average the MAGIC observations show no dependence of entrainment velocity on longitude or any pronounced diurnal cycle. When binned by inversion strength, the mean entrainment velocity and mean large‐scale vertical air motion mirrored each other, with both exhibiting substantial variability. Collectively, our results suggest a mean entrainment‐velocity behaviour associated with the background state, with large changes in entrainment velocity forced by strong variability in internal boundary‐layer properties like turbulence, radiation, and inversion strength. This cautions against using climatological mean estimates of entrainment velocities or neglecting instances with upward large‐scale vertical air motion.
Use of visible spectrum sUAS photography for land cover classification at nest sites of a declining bird species (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Kamm Matthew , Reed J. Michael
Published: February 2019

Photography with small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) offers opportunities for researchers to better understand habitat selection in wildlife, especially for species that select habitat from an aerial perspective (e.g., many bird species). The growing number of commercial sUAS being flown by recreational users represents a potentially valuable source of data for documenting and studying wildlife habitat. We used a commercially available quadcopter sUAS with a visible spectrum camera to classify habitat for American Kestrels (Falco sparverius; Aves), as well as to evaluate aspects of image processing and postprocessing relevant to a simple habitat analysis using citizen science photography. We investigated inter–observer repeatability of habitat classification, effectiveness of cross‐image classification and Gaussian filtering, and sensitivity to classification resolution. We photographed vegetation around nests from both 25 m and 50 m above takeoff elevation, and analyzed images via maximum likelihood supervised classification. Our results indicate that commercial off‐the‐shelf sUAS photography can distinguish between grass, herbaceous, woody, bare ground, and human‐modified cover classes with good (kappa > 0.6) or strong (kappa > 0.8) accuracy using a 0.25 m2 minimum patch size for aggregation. There was inter‐subject variability in designating training samples, but high repeatability of supervised classification accuracy. Gaussian filtering reduced classification accuracy, while coarser classification resolution out‐performed finer resolution due to “speckling noise.” Image self‐classification significantly outperformed cross‐image classification. Mean classification accuracy metrics (kappa values) across different photo heights differed little, but, importantly, the rank order of images differed noticeably.
A Combination of Intrathecal and Intramuscular Application of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Partly Reduces the Activation of Necroptosis in the Spinal Cord of SOD1G93A Rats
Authors: Řehořová Monika , Vargová Ingrid , Forostyak Serhiy , Vacková Irena , Turnovcová Karolína , Kupcová Skalníková Helena , Vodička Petr , Kubinová Šárka , Syková Eva , Jendelová Pavla
Published: February 2019

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We compared the effect of repeated intrathecal applications of hMSC or their conditioned medium (CondM) using lumbar puncture or injection into the muscle (quadriceps femoris), or a combination of both applications in symptomatic SOD1G93A rats. We further assessed the effect of the treatment on three major cell death pathways (necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy) in the spinal cord tissue. All the animals were behaviorally tested (grip strength test, Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) test, and rotarod), and the tissue was analyzed immunohistochemically, by qPCR and Western blot. All symptomatic SOD1 rats treated with hMSC had a significantly increased lifespan, improved motor activity and reduced number of Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells. Moreover, a combined hMSC delivery increased motor neuron survival, maintained neuromuscular junctions in quadriceps femoris and substantially reduced the levels of proteins involved in necroptosis (Rip1, mixed lineage kinase-like protein, cl-casp8), apoptosis (cl-casp 9) and autophagy (beclin 1). Furthermore, astrogliosis and elevated levels of Connexin 43 were decreased after combined hMSC treatment. The repeated application of CondM, or intramuscular injections alone, improved motor activity; however, this improvement was not supported by changes at the molecular level. Our results provide new evidence that a combination of repeated intrathecal and intramuscular hMSC applications protects motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions, not only through a reduction of apoptosis and autophagy but also through the necroptosis pathway, which is significantly involved in cell death in rodent SOD1G93A model of ALS. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:535–547
Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction: Sustainable Solutions via Single‐Atom Catalysts Supported on 2D Materials
Authors: Kwon Ki Chang , Suh Jun Min , Varma Rajender S. , Shokouhimehr Mohammadreza , Jang Ho Won
Published: February 2019

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have been garnering attention recently due to their excellent performance in significant catalytic reactions such as oxidation, water gas shift, and hydrogenation reactions. Unlike traditional nanocatalysts, the catalytic performance of SACs is highly dependent on the scale of catalysts, low‐coordination nature, and interaction between the catalysts and support materials. The size of metal particles is a key factor in determining the performance of the catalysts as the specific activity per metal atom usually increases with decreasing size of metal particles; the small size of metal particles serves as the catalytically active sites. Furthermore, the support materials should have not only an extremely large surface area to host a lot of catalysts in their structures, but also the ability to capture the catalysts appropriately. 2D materials, which have a high specific surface‐to‐volume ratio and van der Waals forces to capture catalysts, have been considered good support materials. A detailed discussion on the preparation, characterization, and catalytic performance, especially for water splitting and carbon dioxide utilization reactions using SACs supported on 2D materials, is provided; the main advantages of SACs and the associated challenges for improving their catalytic performance are highlighted.
Concise Review: Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia
Authors: Haenseler Walther , Rajendran Lawrence
Published: February 2019

Inflammation of the brain and the consequential immunological responses play pivotal roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the brain, have also emerged as key players in neuroinflammation. As primary human microglia from living subjects are normally not accessible to researchers, there is a pressing need for an alternative source of authentic human microglia which allows modeling of neurodegeneration in vitro. Several protocols for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia have recently been developed and provide unlimited access to patient-derived material. In this present study, we give an overview of iPSC-derived microglia models in monoculture and coculture systems, their advantages and limitations, and how they have already been used for disease phenotyping. Furthermore, we outline some of the gene engineering tools to generate isogenic controls, the creation of gene knockout iPSC lines, as well as covering reporter cell lines, which could help to elucidate complex cell interaction mechanisms in the microglia/neuron coculture system, for example, microglia-induced synapse loss. Finally, we deliberate on how said cocultures could aid in personalized drug screening to identify patient-specific therapies against neurodegeneration. Stem Cells  2019;37:724–730
The type database at Göttingen (GOET) — a virtual herbarium online
Authors: Schmull Michaela , Heinrichs Jochen , Baier Roland , Ullrich Dagmar , Wagenitz Gerhard , Groth Henk , Hourticolon Sibylle , Gradstein Robbert S.
Published: February 2019

The type collection database of the herbarium of the University of Göttingen (GOET), containing about 8000 type specimens of vascular plants and bryophytes, is now accessible online at http://www.gwdg.de/~sysbot/Typen/default.htm. The website provides data and interactive photographs (habit, detail, and label) of each type specimen. The type database was transferred from Microsoft Access to Oracle and deployed on the web using the Oracle Designer. Two web applications were developed: one only for data queries, the other with an additional option for data editing (entry, update). Data editing by authorised persons is possible from any computer with internet access.
Laccase removal of 2‐chlorophenol and sulfamethoxazole in municipal wastewater
Authors: Haugland J. Oliver , Kinney Kerry A. , Johnson William H. , Camino Marina Montserrat Atilano , Whitman Christian P. , Lawler Desmond F.
Published: February 2019

Laccases were studied for their ability to remove two compounds, 2‐chlorophenol and sulfamethoxazole, in batch studies, both in buffered solutions and in wastewater samples from different points in a municipal water resource recovery facility. Two enzymes with and without a mediator (acetosyringone) were investigated: a commercial product derived from Myceliphthora thermophile and a laboratory‐generated enzyme mix derived from Tramates versicolor. The chlorophenol was removed rapidly by the commercial enzyme in the presence of acetosyringone, but the primary products were coupling complexes of the reactants. Excellent removal was achieved without acetosyringone by the natural enzyme mix. Sulfamethoxazole was poorly removed in all laboratory‐generated chemically buffered solutions, but was very well removed, without the addition of mediators, in secondary effluent suspensions from a municipal water resource recovery facility. Mechanistic studies are still required, but the results suggest that treatment via direct addition of enzymes is feasible to remove recalcitrant compounds in municipal wastewater.
Muon-electron scattering at NLO
Authors: Alacevich Massimo , Carloni Calame Carlo M. , Chiesa Mauro , Montagna Guido , Nicrosini Oreste , Piccinini Fulvio
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We consider the process of muon-electron elastic scattering, which has been proposed as an ideal framework to measure the running of the electromagnetic coupling constant at space-like momenta and determine the leading-order hadronic contribution to the muon g−2 (MUonE experiment). We compute the next-to-leading (NLO) contributions due to QED and purely weak corrections and implement them into a fully differential Monte Carlo event generator, which is available for first experimental studies. We show representative phenomenological results of interest for the MUonE experiment and examine in detail the impact of the various sources of radiative corrections under different selection criteria, in order to study the dependence of the NLO contributions on the applied cuts. The study represents the first step towards the realisation of a high-precision Monte Carlo code necessary for data analysis.
Expanding the black hole interior: partially entangled thermal states in SYK
Authors: Goel Akash , Lam Ho Tat , Turiaci Gustavo J. , Verlinde Herman
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We introduce a family of partially entangled thermal states in the SYK model that interpolates between the thermo-field double state and a pure (product) state. The states are prepared by a euclidean path integral describing the evolution over two euclidean time segments separated by a local scaling operator

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

. We argue that the holographic dual of this class of states consists of two black holes with their interior regions connected via a domain wall, described by the worldline of a massive particle. We compute the size of the interior region and the entanglement entropy as a function of the scale dimension of

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

and the temperature of each black hole. We argue that the one-sided bulk reconstruction can access the interior region of the black hole.
Hair cannabinoid concentrations in emergency patients with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome
Authors: Albert Khala , Sivilotti Marco L.A. , Gareri Joey , Day Andrew , Ruberto Aaron J. , Hookey Lawrence C.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome is characterized by bouts of protracted vomiting in regular users of cannabis. We wondered whether this poorly understood condition is idiosyncratic, like motion sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum, or the predictable dose-response effect of prolonged heavy use.

Methods

Adults with an emergency department visit diagnosed as cannabis hyperemesis syndrome, near-daily use of cannabis for ≥6 months, and ≥2 episodes of severe vomiting in the previous year were age- and sex-matched to two control groups: RU controls (recreational users without vomiting), and ED controls (patients in the emergency department for an unrelated condition). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in scalp hair were compared for subjects with positive urine THC.

Results

We obtained satisfactory hair samples from 46 subjects with positive urine THC: 16 cases (age 26.8 ± 9.2 years; 69% male), 16 RU controls and 14 ED controls. Hair cannabinoid concentrations were similar between all three groups (e.g. cases THC 220 [median; IQR 100,730] pg/mg hair, RU controls 150 [71,320] and ED controls 270 [120,560]). Only the THC:CBN ratio was different between groups, with a 2.6-fold (95%CI 1.3,5.7) lower age- and sex-adjusted ratio in cases than RU controls. Hair cannabidiol concentrations were often unquantifiably low in all subjects.

Conclusions

Similar hair cannabinoid concentrations in recreational users with and without hyperemesis suggest that heavy use is necessary but not sufficient for hyperemesis cannabis. Our results underline the high prevalence of chronic heavy cannabis use in emergency department patients and our limited understanding of this plant's adverse effects.
Local unstable entropies of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms
Authors: WU WEISHENG
Published: February 2019

Consider a $C^{1}$-partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism $f:M\rightarrow M$. Following the ideas in establishing the local variational principle for topological dynamical systems, we introduce the notions of local unstable metric entropies (and local unstable topological entropy) relative to a Borel cover ${\mathcal{U}}$ of $M$. It is shown that they coincide with the unstable metric entropy (and unstable topological entropy, respectively), when ${\mathcal{U}}$ is an open cover with small diameter. We also define the unstable tail entropy in the sense of Bowen and the unstable topological conditional entropy in the sense of Misiurewicz, and demonstrate that both of them vanish. Some generalizations of these results to the case of unstable pressure are also investigated.
Effectiveness of daily chlorhexidine bathing for reducing gram-negative infections: A meta-analysis
Authors: Patel Aditi , Parikh Parth , Dunn Aaron N. , Otter Jonathan A. , Thota Priyaleela , Fraser Thomas G. , Donskey Curtis J. , Deshpande Abhishek
Published: February 2019

Objective:

Multiple studies have demonstrated that daily chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing is associated with a significant reduction in infections caused by gram-positive pathogens. However, there are limited data on the effectiveness of daily CHG bathing on gram-negative infections. The aim of this study was to determine whether daily CHG bathing is effective in reducing the rate of gram-negative infections in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Design:

We searched MEDLINE and 3 other databases for original studies comparing daily bathing with and without CHG. Two investigators extracted data independently on baseline characteristics, study design, form and concentration of CHG, incidence, and outcomes related to gram-negative infections. Data were combined using a random-effects model and pooled relative risk ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived.

Results:

In total, 15 studies (n = 34,895 patients) met inclusion criteria. Daily CHG bathing was not significantly associated with a lower risk of gram-negative infections compared with controls (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.73–1.08; P = .24). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that daily CHG bathing was not effective for reducing the risk of gram-negative infections caused by Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, or Pseudomonas spp.

Conclusions:

The use of daily CHG bathing was not associated with a lower risk of gram-negative infections. Further, better designed trials with adequate power and with gram-negative infections as the primary end point are needed.
A cross-sectional, face-to-face, community survey of mental health and deprivation in post-recession Ireland: a rising tide lifts all boats?
Authors: Sorin G. M. , Darker C. , Whiston L. , O’Callaghan A. , Barry J. M. , Kelly B. D.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess community mental health in suburban Dublin in 2018, 5 years after Ireland’s economic recession ended.

Methods

A cross-sectional, face-to-face, household survey was conducted in a random cluster sample of 351 households in Tallaght, a deprived suburb of Dublin.

Results

A majority of respondents (61.3%) reported stress over the previous 12 months, with a higher rate in areas of high (66.9%) compared to lower deprivation (55.5%). Deprivation was not related to rates of loneliness (20.2%), feeling depressed (20.2%), loss of interest (19.7%) or anxiety (22.5%). Mean score for positive mental health (59.3/100, with a higher score indicating better mental health) was lower than that reported in a national sample in 2007 (68/100); positive mental health was associated with not living with a person with chronic illness, self-identifying as ‘non-Irish’ and greater age. Mean score for psychological distress (76.7/100, with a higher score indicating less distress) was also lower than that in 2007 (82/100); less psychological distress was associated with not living with a person with chronic illness or disability, greater age and identifying as non-Irish. The rate of ‘probable mental illness’ over the previous 4 weeks (13.1%) was higher than in 2007 (7%).

Conclusions

Our findings emphasise the high prevalence of stress, especially in deprived suburban areas; the centrality of carer burden in determining mental wellbeing; and associations between positive mental health on the one hand and greater age and identifying as non-Irish on the other.
On the arrangement of tidal turbines in rough and oscillatory channel flow
Authors: Bonar P. A. J. , Chen L. , Schnabl A. M. , Venugopal V. , Borthwick A. G. L. , Adcock T. A. A.
Published: February 2019

Fast tidal streams are a promising source of clean, predictable power, but the task of arranging tidal turbines for maximum power capture is complicated. Actuator disc models, such as the two-scale actuator disc theory, have proven useful in seeking optimal turbine arrangements, yet these models assume flows that are frictionless and steady, and thus quite unlike the channel flow conditions that actual tidal turbines experience. In this paper, we use numerical methods to relax these assumptions and explore how optimal turbine arrangements change as the flow transitions from frictionless and steady to rough and oscillatory. In so doing, we show that, under certain conditions, the assumption of quasi-steady flow in models of tidal turbines may neglect leading-order physics. When the ratio of drag to inertial forces in the unexploited channel is very low, for instance, the optimal turbine arrangements are found to be quite different, and the potential for enhanced power capture is found to be much greater than predicted by two-scale actuator disc theory.
Vitamin B12and folate status in Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans
Authors: Gallego-Narbón Angélica , Zapatera Belén , Barrios Laura , Vaquero M. Pilar
Published: February 2019

Studies on the nutritional status of vegetarians in Spain are lacking. Prevention of vitamin B12deficiency is the main concern, as dietary sources are of animal origin. The present study aimed to evaluate vitamin B12and folate status of Spanish vegetarians using classical markers and functional markers. Participants were adult and healthy lacto-ovo vegetarians (forty-nine subjects) and vegans (fifty-four subjects) who underwent blood analyses and completed a FFQ. Serum vitamin B12, homocysteine (Hcy), methylmalonic acid (MMA), erythrocyte folate and haematological parameters were determined. The effects of the type of plant-based diet, and the intake of supplements and foods were studied by a FFQ. Mean erythrocyte folate was 1704 (sd609) nmol/l. Clinical or subclinical vitamin B12deficiency was detected in 11 % of the subjects (MMA>271 nmol/l) and 33 % of the participants showed hyperhomocysteinaemia (Hcy>15 µmol/l). Regarding plant-based diet type, significantly higher Hcy was observed in lacto-ovo vegetarians compared with vegans (P = 0·019). Moreover, use of vitamin B12supplements involved an improvement of vitamin B12status but further increase in erythrocyte folate (P = 0·024). Consumption of yoghurts was weakly associated with serum vitamin B12adequacy (P = 0·049) and that of eggs with lower Hcy (P = 0·030). In conclusion, Spanish vegetarians present high folate status but vitamin B12subclinical deficiency was demonstrated using functional markers. The lack of influence of dietary sources on functional markers and the strong effect of vitamin B12supplement intake emphasise the need of cobalamin supplementation in both lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans.
Relational Resilience: Intimate and Romantic Relationship Experiences of Women with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Mizock Lauren , La Mar Kat , DeMartini Lynne , Stringer Janette
Published: February 2019

The present qualitative study was conducted with 20 women with serious mental illness (SMI) in order to better characterise their romantic and intimate relationship experiences. Grounded theory methodology directed the identification of intimate and romantic relationships themes for women with SMI, which included the following:function matching, pathologising problems, symptom interference, dating deal breakers, sexual foreclosure, dating deprioritised,andrelational resilience strategies.Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
ALGEBRAS OF GENERALIZED DIHEDRAL TYPE
Authors: ERDMANN KARIN , SKOWROŃSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: February 2019

We provide a complete classification of all algebras of generalized dihedral type, which are natural generalizations of algebras which occurred in the study of blocks of group algebras with dihedral defect groups. This gives a description by quivers and relations coming from surface triangulations.
An iterative approach to an arbitrarily short-wavelength solver in global gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Mishchenko Alexey , Hatzky Roman , Sonnendrücker Eric , Kleiber Ralf , Könies Axel
Published: February 2019

An iterative formulation of an arbitrarily short-wavelength solver for global gyrokinetic simulations is suggested. The solver is verified against solutions of the dispersion relation. It can be used to treat the nonlinear polarisation density which is important at the plasma edge. In the linear case, the solver is shown to be computationally efficient.
Differences in susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to metal pyrithiones, their degradation compounds and organotin antifouling biocides
Authors: Ohji Madoka , Harino Hiroya , Langston William John
Published: February 2019

The susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to copper pyrithione (CuPT2), zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and their degradation product is described and toxicities of these relatively new antifouling biocides compared with those of their harmful organotin (OT) predecessors, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT). These biocides were added to agar at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l−1and coastal seawater including indigenous bacteria added to each batch of agar solution. The number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was measured after 7 days culture. Relative CFU (as a percentage of control) was more than 80% at a concentration of 0.01 mg l−1of each compound, except for TBT. Relative CFU decreased as a function of dose of each biocide, although concentration-dependent changes in rate of CFU were relatively low during exposure to degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, pyridineN-oxide (PO) and pyridine-2-sulphonic acid (PSA). Based on comparisons of EC50, TBT was the most bacterio-toxic of the tested compounds (0.2 mg l−1), marginally more so than CuPT2(0.3 mg l−1). Interestingly, EC50values of degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, 2-mercaptopyridineN-oxide (HPT) and 2,2′-dithio-bispyridineN-oxide (PT2) were 0.8 and 0.5 mg l−1, respectively, lower than that of the parent chemical, ZnPT2(1.4 mg l−1). The EC50of PT2was also lower than that of TPT (0.7 mg l−1), implying higher toxicity. Given the overlapping toxicity ranges, these results suggest that marine bacterial communities experience comparably high susceptibility to metal PTs and OTs during their life history.
Disaster linguicism: Linguistic minorities in disasters
Authors: Uekusa Shinya
Published: February 2019

Language is a means of communication but it functions as much more than this in social life. In emergencies and disasters, it can also be a matter of life and death. Language barriers and effective communication in disaster contexts (i.e. distributing critical disaster information and warnings) are the central concern in current disaster research, practice, and policy. However, based on the data drawn from qualitative interviews with linguistic minority immigrants and refugees in Canterbury, New Zealand and Miyagi, Japan, I argue that linguistic minorities confront unique disaster vulnerability partly due to linguicism—language-based discrimination at multiple levels. As linguicism is often compounded by racism, it is not properly addressed and analyzed, using the framework of language ideology and power. This article therefore introduces the concept of disaster linguicism, employing Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic violence, to explore linguistic minorities’ complex disaster experiences in the 2010–2011 Canterbury and Tohoku disasters. (Disaster linguicism, language barriers, language ideologies)*
Design and Evaluation of a Soft Assistive Lower Limb Exoskeleton
Authors: Di Natali Christian , Poliero Tommaso , Sposito Matteo , Graf Eveline , Bauer Christoph , Pauli Carole , Bottenberg Eliza , De Eyto Adam , O’Sullivan Leonard , Hidalgo Andrés F. , Scherly Daniel , Stadler Konrad S. , Caldwell Darwin G. , Ortiz Jesús
Published: February 2019

Wearable devices are fast evolving to address mobility and autonomy needs of elderly people who would benefit from physical assistance. Recent developments in soft robotics provide important opportunities to develop soft exoskeletons (also called exosuits) to enable both physical assistance and improved usability and acceptance for users. The XoSoft EU project has developed a modular soft lower limb exoskeleton to assist people with low mobility impairments. In this paper, we present the design of a soft modular lower limb exoskeleton to improve person’s mobility, contributing to independence and enhancing quality of life. The novelty of this work is the integration of quasi-passive elements in a soft exoskeleton. The exoskeleton provides mechanical assistance for subjects with low mobility impairments reducing energy requirements between 10% and 20%. Investigation of different control strategies based on gait segmentation and actuation elements is presented. A first hip–knee unilateral prototype is described, developed, and its performance assessed on a post-stroke patient for straight walking. The study presents an analysis of the human–exoskeleton energy patterns by way of the task-based biological power generation. The resultant assistance, in terms of power, was 10.9% ± 2.2% for hip actuation and 9.3% ± 3.5% for knee actuation. The control strategy improved the gait and postural patterns by increasing joint angles and foot clearance at specific phases of the walking cycle.
Visual sequential processing and language ability in children who are deaf or hard of hearing
Authors: GREMP Michelle A. , DEOCAMPO Joanne A. , WALK Anne M. , CONWAY Christopher M.
Published: February 2019

This study investigated the role of sequential processing in spoken language outcomes for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH), ages 5;3–11;4, by comparing them to children with typical hearing (TH), ages 6;3–9;7, on sequential learning and memory tasks involving easily nameable and difficult-to-name visual stimuli. Children who are DHH performed more poorly on easily nameable sequencing tasks, which positively predicted receptive vocabulary scores. Results suggest sequential learning and memory may underlie delayed language skills of many children who are DHH. Implications for language development in children who are DHH are discussed.
Novel word learning at 21 months predicts receptive vocabulary outcomes in later childhood
Authors: RAJAN Vinaya , KONISHI Haruka , RIDGE Katherine , HOUSTON Derek M. , GOLINKOFF Roberta Michnick , HIRSH-PASEK Kathy , EASTMAN Nancy , SCHWARTZ Richard G.
Published: February 2019

Several aspects of early language skills, including parent-report measures of vocabulary, phoneme discrimination, speech segmentation, and speed of lexical access predict later childhood language outcomes. To date, no studies have examined the long-term predictive validity of novel word learning. We examined whether individual differences in novel word learning at 21 months predict later childhood receptive vocabulary outcomes rather than generalized cognitive abilities. Twenty-eight 21-month-olds were taught novel words using a modified version of the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm. Seventeen children (range 7–10 years) returned to participate in a longitudinal follow-up. Novel word learning in infancy uniquely accounted for 22% of the variance in childhood receptive vocabulary but did not predict later childhood visuospatial ability or non-verbal IQ. These results suggest that the ability to associate novel sound patterns to novel objects, an index of theprocessof word learning, may be especially important for long-term language mastery.
RITUAL Y JERARQUÍA DURANTE EL GOBIERNO DE K’IHNICH BAHLAM CHAPAHT DE TONINA: LOS MONUMENTOS 181 Y 182
Authors: Sánchez Gamboa Ángel A. , Sheseña Alejandro , Krempel Guido , Yadeún Angulo Juan
Published: February 2019

El gobierno de K'ihnich Bahlam Chapaht corresponde a uno de los más longevos de todos los gobernantes conocidos de Tonina. Con excepción de su nacimiento y entronización, conocidos por referencias retrospectivas muy reiteradas, es poco lo que se conoce de su vida. Sin embargo, gracias al recientemente restaurado Monumento 181 y al altar identificado como Monumento 182, hemos logrado reconstruir pormenores adicionales de su gobierno. En el presente ensayo, presentamos nuevos datos sobre ritualidad y jerarquía político-religiosa en Tonina durante el reinado de K'ihnich Bahlam Chapaht resultado del análisis de estos dos monumentos.
LAW-DETERMINATION AS GROUNDING: A COMMON GROUNDING FRAMEWORK FOR JURISPRUDENCE
Authors: Chilovi Samuele , Pavlakos George
Published: February 2019

Law being a derivative feature of reality, it exists in virtue of more fundamental things, upon which it depends. This raises the question of what is the relation of dependence that holds between law and its more basic determinants. The primary aim of this paper is to argue that grounding is that relation. We first make a positive case for this claim, and then we defend it from the potential objection that the relevant relation is rather rational determination.1Against this challenge, we argue that the apparent objection is really no objection, for on its best understanding, rational determination turns out to actually be grounding. Finally, we clarify the framework for theories on law-determination that results from embracing our view; by way of illustration, we offer a ground-theoretic interpretation of Hartian positivism and show how it can defuse an influential challenge to simple positivist accounts of law.
Handling missing data in an FFQ: multiple imputation and nutrient intake estimates
Authors: Ichikawa Mari , Hosono Akihiro , Tamai Yuya , Watanabe Miki , Shibata Kiyoshi , Tsujimura Shoko , Oka Kyoko , Fujita Hitomi , Okamoto Naoko , Kamiya Mayumi , Kondo Fumi , Wakabayashi Ryozo , Noguchi Taiji , Isomura Tatsuya , Imaeda Nahomi , Goto Chiho , Yamada Tamaki , Suzuki Sadao
Published: February 2019

Objective

We aimed to examine missing data in FFQ and to assess the effects on estimating dietary intake by comparing between multiple imputation and zero imputation.

Design

We used data from the Okazaki Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) study. A self-administered questionnaire including an FFQ was implemented at baseline (FFQ1) and 5-year follow-up (FFQ2). Missing values in FFQ2 were replaced by corresponding FFQ1 values, multiple imputation and zero imputation.

Setting

A methodological sub-study of the Okazaki J-MICC study.

Participants

Of a total of 7585 men and women aged 35–79 years at baseline, we analysed data for 5120 participants who answered all items in FFQ1 and at least 50% of items in FFQ2.

Results

Among 5120 participants, the proportion of missing data was 3·7%. The increasing number of missing food items in FFQ2 varied with personal characteristics. Missing food items not eaten often in FFQ2 were likely to represent zero intake in FFQ1. Most food items showed that the observed proportion of zero intake was likely to be similar to the probability that the missing value is zero intake. Compared with FFQ1 values, multiple imputation had smaller differences of total energy and nutrient estimates, except for alcohol, than zero imputation.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that missing values due to zero intake, namely missing not at random, in FFQ can be predicted reasonably well from observed data. Multiple imputation performed better than zero imputation for most nutrients and may be applied to FFQ data when missing is low.
Supporting local and regional food systems through intermediated markets: introduction to themed issues
Authors: Dimitri Carolyn , Oberholtzer Lydia , Pressman Andy , Welsh Rick
Published: February 2019

Intermediated markets account for two-thirds of local sales and are slowly gaining more attention. These marketing channels generally include all opportunities in the local supply chain that are not direct-to-consumer transactions, including sales to grocery stores, restaurants, regional aggregators such as food hubs, as well as schools, universities, hospitals and other institutions. The marketing chains are often regionally based and are shorter than the typical conventional food supply chain. These markets, like all other marketing opportunities, have their advantages and challenges for farmers. A set of nine papers in this themed issue explores a range of aspects of intermediated market channels, with some papers taking a broad view and others examining how farmers navigate specific markets. Together, the papers point to the potential that intermediated markets offer farmers interested in marketing their products locally and regionally, as well as reveal the entrepreneurial spirit that some of these market channels embody. While growth has been substantial and some successes evident, the papers also point to the challenges facing farmers who are trying to improve the economic situation of their farms.
A UNIFIED THEORY OF TRUTH AND PARADOX
Authors: ROSSI LORENZO
Published: February 2019

The sentences employed in semantic paradoxes display a wide range of semantic behaviours. However, the main theories of truth currently available either fail to provide a theory of paradox altogether, or can only account for some paradoxical phenomena by resorting to multiple interpretations of the language, as in (Kripke, 1975). In this article, I explore the wide range of semantic behaviours displayed by paradoxical sentences, and I develop a unified theory oftruth and paradox, that is a theory of truth that also provides a unified account of paradoxical sentences. The theory I propose here yields a threefold classification of paradoxical sentences—liar-like sentences, truth-teller–like sentences, and revenge sentences. Unlike existing treatments of semantic paradox, the theory put forward in this article yields a way of interpreting all three kinds of paradoxical sentences, as well as unparadoxical sentences, within a single model.
Performance of an intermediate soil cover for landfill sites
Authors: ZENG Yunmin , WANG Li'ao , XU Tengtun , SONG Xue , YANG Yanze
Published: February 2019

This study aimed to improve the performance of an intermediate covering of soils in landfill sites by using agents such as calcined lime, sawdust and polyacrylamide (PAM). Compressive strength, permeability and water-holding capacity of modified soils were measured, and the effects of regulating pH and pollutant removal in leachate were also investigated in a leaching experiment. The results indicate that three modifying agents could improve the compressive strength of an intermediate soil cover. The permeability of lime-treated soil increased as the amount of lime increased, while that of sawdust- and PAM-modified soil declined. Results from a leaching experiment show that lime- and sawdust-modified soils could improve leachate quality. The pH value of leachate from 5% lime-modified soils was 7.78, which is suitable for the metabolism of anaerobic microorganisms. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and volatile fatty acids in leachate permeating lime- and sawdust-modified intermediate cover was improved so that the pollution load of leachate was reduced. The water-holding capacities for 20% sawdust and 0.5% PAM-modified soils were 65.19% and 43.52%, respectively, which helps to maintain the optimum water content of landfill. The water-holding capacity of PAM-modified samples declined in alkaline soil. It is concluded that the combination of 5% sawdust, 5% lime and 90% soil would be optimal for an intermediate covering layer.