bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future of Management
Authors: Dam Andre van
Published: September 2016

This article attempts to foresee the role of managers in the 1980s. The future challenge for business and other leaders is in fitting the corporate problem perspective into a society which will no longer draw sharp borderlines between private and public enterprises. Managers will have to set an atmosphere where collective objectives allow for a symbiotic relationship between the private and public sectors; for manager and employees will be tacitly assuming that leadership reaches beyond the corporation. Neither the competitive nature of the marketplace nor the proprietory character of research and development will hinder this co-operation.

The paper predicts that such an interdependency between the two sectors will involve a diffusion of power and reversal of the classical shape of management hierarchy. This reversal, however, will not imply any loss of agility or flexibility. If sound business decisions are to add up to purposeful social decisions, the corporate purpose must be perceived by the public as being as much in their interest as in the private interest.

Four fields of endeavour, where management can most readily demonstrate its genuine concern for a rewarding societal role and where a symbiotic relationships with the public sector can flourish, have been selected for detailed discussion1 employment, technology, advertising, and profits.
Self-Medication Practices: An Exploratory Study*
Authors: Gupta Subroto Sen , Misra Sasi
Published: September 2016

This study identifies diseases which are commonly selftreated, people's sources of information about drugs, differential credibility attributed to these information sources, degree of perceived risks in self-medication, and predispositional differences among people in the adoption of various risk reducing methods.

Ninety adults from three localities of Ahmedabad were interviewed with the help of a structured interview schedule. The results showed that (a) head ache is selftreated by almost all, (b) some diseases fall in the “gray area” wherein about half the people treat themselves and the other half consult a doctor, (c) elders in the family rank next to the doctor who commands the highest credibility, (d) risk reduction is achieved primarily by buying a medicine that was recommended earlier by the doctor and/or by satisfaction derived from previous usage, and (e) those who express concern over minor ailments and health adopt a variety of risk reducing methods and respond well to advertisements. In addition, implications of the findings for possible marketing action have been discussed.
Organizational Levels and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Saiyadain Mirza S-
Published: September 2016

This study was designed to examine the relationship between organizational levels and job satisfaction while controlling for some methodological and conceptual sources of contradiction in the literature. Data were collected on 84 employees from four organizationally adjacent levels from the same unit of an organization. PNSQ andJSI questionnaries were administered. The results suggest homogeneity of satisfaction scores among the four levels on all components of PNSQ except social. The results are explained in terms of ecological constraints.
Leaders, Power, and Personality
Authors: Kakar Sudhir
Published: September 2016

Interest in personalities of political leaders has been a persistent phenomenon throughout history. With the emergence of leaders such as Mao and Lenin, Gandhi and Nehru, and Hitler and Idi Amin, the question whether these leaders were really insignificant for the historical events they initiated and the policies they shaped for their countries has assumed significance. Sudhir Kakar reviews two recent publications on this fascinating subject. Zaleznik Abraham; and de Vries, Manfred Kets, Power and the Corporate Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975). McClelland, David C., Power: The Inner Experience (New York: Irvington, 1975).
Who Gains from Achievement Motivation Training?
Authors: Varga Karoly
Published: September 2016

This paper evaluates the impact of achievement motivation training programmes in Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Poland, A careful study of reports on these programmes in several cultures indicates that not all who undergo training are equally benefited. The author has attempted to find an intervening variable which may explain who benefit and why.
Manpower Planning?
Authors: Jhunjhunwalla Bharat
Published: September 2016

Any developing economy needs an accurate estimate of the trained manpower requirement for planning the education system to meet these requirements. Reviewing three recent publications on this crucial problem which is engaging the attention of Indian planners, Bharat Jhunjhunwalla stresses that the problem has both cultural and political dimensions and that the Indian planners should become aware of the structural parameters determining the developmental process.

Committee on Education and Total Employment Constituted by the Forum of Education, Educated Unemployment in India: Challenge and Responses (New Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation, 1972).

Dhar. T.N., The Politics of Manpower Planning (Calcutta: Minerva, 1974).

Kidder, David E, Education and Manpower Planning in India (Bombay: Progressive Corporation, 1973).
Gratification, Metamotivation, and Maslow
Authors: Agrawal K. G. , Sharma B. R.
Published: September 2016

Many writers have criticized Maslow's need hierarchy theory since it lacks empirical evidence. An attempt has been made in this paper to verify Maslow's theory with the hypotheses that (1) needs do not form a hierarchical pattern; (2) even if a pattern exists, the shape is not that of a pyramid; (3) relatively better-off people care for lower order needs; and (4) differences in deficiency of needs would be insignificant. The results indicate that needs follow a descending pattern and that Maslow's theory has little empirical support.
Financing Minor Irrigation Projects: A Decision Theoretic Framework to Tackle Uncertainties
Authors: Srivastava U.K. , Oza Nikhil M.
Published: September 2016

Minor irrigation schemes have been assigned an important role in irrigation development in the Fifth Five-Year Plan. Financial institutions such as the Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation and banks have stepped up loan disbursements to finance the construction of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells, and tubewells. One of the constraints in lending for minor irrigation schemes has been the uncertainty in the recovery of loans owing to failed wells. The authors of this paper provide a decision theoretic framework to tackle this uncertainty. The framework consists of (1) alternatives, (2) possible events which can take place in case of each alternative, (3) possibilities associated with each event, and (4) a defined criterion of choice. The interactions between various elements are illustrated with two examples based on data from Mehsana district in Gujarat.
Dynamics of Student Activism'
Authors: Mehta Prayag
Published: September 2016

Student unrest was rampant on the Indian, campuses in the sixties and several studies have been published which probe into the socio-economic background of the student leaders, attitudes and value patterns among students, and leadership styles. Reviewing three works on this subject, Dr. Mehta stresses that student activism in developing countries stems from economic difficulties and that it indicates a desire to reform the educational system to bring it in line with socio-economic aspirations. Ross, Aileen D., Student Unrest in India: A Comparative Approach (Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press, 1969). Altbach, Philip G. (ed.), Turmoil and Transition: Higher Education and Student Politics in India (New York: Basic Books, 1968). Shinde, A. B., Political Consciousness among College Students (Bombay: Thackers, 1972).
Culture and Organization Designing: Proactive or Reactive Strategy?
Authors: Pareek Udai
Published: September 2016

How should systems for organizations be designed? Should they take into account the culture of the organization and the society or not? lshwar Dayal (1976) had argued that systems should be designed to suit the culture. In this note, Professor Pareek contends that designing various systems in the organization to suit the culture would leave the organization where it is since change can be very effectively introduced through work organizations. After listing the steps to be taken and the pitfalls likely to be encountered while introducing a proactive strategy, the author stresses the importance of careful planning.
The Role of Transnationals in Sustainable Economic Growth
Authors: Dam Andre van
Published: September 2016

While waste is inherent in human nature, ecological constraints, scarcities, and the North-South gaps require that it be curtailed substantially. Citing many examples in varied settings, Andre van Dam believes that transnational corporations are eminently suited to play an important role in waste management.
Mobilizing Interventions for Rural Development: A Comparative Study
Authors: Moulik T.K.
Published: September 2016

Active association and willing cooperation of the people are essential ingredients for the success of rural development programmes. In the earlier part of this two part study,* the author had discussed in depth two intervention techniques (the harmony model and the conflict model) for mobilizing rural masses. In this concluding part, the author analyses techniques employed in rural development programmes of China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Tanzania, and India. He discerns five common dimensions between the harmony and conflict models and finds that the latter model is most suitable for bringing about structural interventions.
Management of Non-Renewable Resources: The Case of Bombay High
Authors: Ganapathy R.S.
Published: September 2016

Oil, because of its easy availability, ease in handling, and sufficiently low price, has dominated the energy front in the recent decades. The Arab-Israeli conflict of 1973, however, triggered off an energy crisis and India, like other developing countries, suffered the most owing to increased prices it had to pay for the imported crude. The discovery of oil fields off the western coast has improved the prospects of India becoming self reliant on oil. This article assesses the implications of various policy options open to the Government of India in Bombay High.
Planning Managers' Roles: An Operational Framework
Authors: Camillas John C.
Published: September 2016

What is the role of the planning manager? Should he effectively “influence ... through active participation?” Or, should he “implement better systems?” Literature abounds on the possible roles a corporate planning manager can play. After making a survey of the practices and perceptions in industry, the author suggests a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of planning managers and stresses the importance of clear definition of roles.
International Marketing
Authors: Mohan Manendra
Published: September 2016

The concept and practice of internationa I marketing needs to undergo a radical reorientation if it has to play its proper role in the eighties and beyond. An obvious challenge at the present juncture comes from the resurgence of protectionism in industrial nations. The frontiers of international marketing should be widened to harness the potential of emergent semi-industrial nations.

Books Reviewed

Cateora, Philip R.; and Hess, John M., International Marketing (Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, 1975).

Fayerweather, John, International Marketing (New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, 1976).

Majaro, Simon, International Marketing: A Strategic Approach to World Markets (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1977).

Miracle, Gordon E.; and Albaum. Gerald S., International Marketing Management (Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, 1970).

Terpstra, Vern, International Marketing (Illinois: Dryden Press, 1972).
Dimensions of Welfare in Coal Industry
Authors: Garewal K S.
Published: September 2016

Coal industry in India has paid very little attention to the social welfare of miners, especially in view of the hazardous nature of mining, unhygienic working conditions, mining accidents. and isolation from community life. Nationalization of the industry in 1973 has brought about a major change in operating philosophy, and employees' welfare has been accorded top priority. This paper discusses some of the activities undertaken in that direction.
Disciplinary Enquiries in Industry: Law, Process, and Decision–Making
Authors: Menon C.D.
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the legal issues involved in conducting disciplinary enquiries in industry and outlines the process of conducting such enquiries. It highlights the shift of emphasis from holding proper enquiries in the strict legal sense and postulates that punishment of a workman found guilty of misconduct has moved into the sphere of collective bargaining.
Relative Efficiency of Ancillary and Small Scale Units
Authors: Shaligram K.R.
Published: September 2016

Ancillary units are small firms manufacturing and supplying intermediate goods, typically to large firms. Several policy measures are under consideration to raise the output of the ancillary industry to the level of 15 per cent of the value of output of the large scale industry by 1985. The underlying assumption appears to be that the ancillary status enhances the prospect for the viability of the small firm. This paper examines whether ancillary units perform better than small scale units (small manufacturers of end products) under the conditions prevailing in India. The findings reveal no significant difference in the mean performance of the two classes of small firms. It also draws implications for policymakers and management from the findings.
Human Relations and Management: Nigerian Experience
Authors: Ani E. Okereke
Published: September 2016

This paper highlights some of the factors that hinder good human relations in Nigeria's work situation. These are bad examples from top officers, ineffective performance arising from overstaying in top positions, and poor supervision. It recommends better supervision, promoting capable officers irrespective of actual requirements, and rotation of headships of ministries and corporations. A readjustment in salary structures and the narrowing of the gap between the highly paid and the lowly paid are other recommendations.
Does Futurology Have A Future in India?
Authors: Sambrani Shreekant , Dholakia Nikhilesh
Published: September 2016

A population growth rate of around 2 per cent per annum being the one certainty of India's future, predictions have varied between Malthusian nightmares and blissful utopias. The methods used for arriving at these conclusions have been just as varied in their rigour and data base. One sustained effort aspiring to a degree of seriousness has been the Second India Studies. In this review article, Shreekant Sambrani and Nikhilesh Dholakia examine the studies individually and as a whole for their analytical utility and policy prescriptions. They also look into the institutional setting of the country, particularly the roles and the biases of the elites and their influence on decision-making. This leads them to posit certain propositions regarding the place and utility of futurological studies in developing societies.

Books Reviewed

Ambannavar, J. P., Second India Studies: Population, 1975.

Chaturvedi, M. C., Second India Studies: Water, 1976.

Ezekiel. H., Second India Studies: Industry, 1975.

-----, Second India Studies: Overview, 1978.

----; and Pavaskar, M. G., Second India Studies: Services, 1976.

Mehta, F.A., Second India Studies: Economy, 1976.

Parikh, K.S., Second India Studies: Energy, 1976.

Rao, V.M., Second India Studies: Food, 1975.

(all published by Macmillan Company of India, New Delhi.)
Transfer of Technology: A New Challenge
Authors: Dam Andre van
Published: September 2016

This note discusses recent trends in collaboration among developing countries and points that in the 1980s a similar phenomenon might take place among developed countries because of relative scarcities of raw materials, including petroleum and natural gas.
Managing versus Doing in Government
Authors: Kulkarni M.N.
Published: September 2016

It is argued that a large number of public field personnel in India have been associated with doing rather than managing jobs. There is need for conceptualizing the doing and managing tasks and clearly focusing on different types of tasks which involve a high degree of managerial skills and those which do not. Unfortunately, non-realization of this distinction between doing and managing jobs in government has led to wrong selection, training, and placement of public personnel. One is not sure whether public service systems need more of man agers than doers or a varying proportion of both.
Effect of (Sexual Illustrations on Brand–Products Recall
Authors: Mehta Subhash C. , Bhagwat Nitin , Bhargava Pravin , Vohra Atul
Published: September 2016

Following trends in the western world, Indian marketers have of late resorted to using sex appeal in advertisements. This study was conducted to test a few hypotheses relating to brand recall by broadening the concept of brand recall. Advertisements representing sexual and non-sexual illustrations were used. The study reveals that more correct recalls were made for advertisements containing a non sexual scene than for those with female illustrations of varying suggestiveness. When recall is the primary objective of advertising, human illustrations are more effective than landscapes.
National Energy Policy: The Fossil Resources Position
Authors: Dasgupta S.M. , Murthy K.K.
Published: September 2016

This paper provides an indepth analysis of the problems India is facing in the energy front. After studying the worldwide distribution of fossil fuels and the present and future consumption patterns, it analyses the options facing the policy-maker. The authors are of the opinion that India is one of the few countries which will face no difficult energy-induced economic problems in the next twenty-five years.
Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Industrial Workers
Authors: Sharma Baldev R.
Published: September 2016

This paper makes an indepth analysis of some important factors which are significantly associated with job satisfaction. The sample for the study was drawn from eight well-known industrial organizations. The findings reveal that each independent variable is positively related not only to job satisfaction but also to every one of the other independent variables. While income and occupational aspirations are not positively related to job satisfaction recruitment policy of the firm significantly affected it.
Business Schools and Management Education in the World: Present and Future
Authors: Hansen Harry L.
Published: September 2016

This paper reports some of the trends that are likely to emerge in management education. In the past, curricula in management schools were developed when a disturbedreactive environment was prevailing. In the eighties, the need, is to introduce courses in environment scanning, communicating and negotiating with external pressure groups, etc. The aim of a business school, now and in the future, should be to develop in the manager the ability to face new facts and problems.
Exclusive Dealing: Indian Experience
Authors: Verma D.P.S.
Published: September 2016

In their attempt to increase sales, profit, and market power, manufacturers and suppliers often resort to certain marketing practices which limit the freedom of distributors and restrict competition in the market. One such restrictive trade practice is exclusive dealing, whereby the manufacturer or supplier requires the distributor to exclusively deal in the goods manufactured or supplied by the former. This paper seeks to analyse and evaluate the statutory provisions for regulation of exclusive dealing and the attempt of the MRTP Commission to curb exclusive dealing. An attempt has been made to ascertain the current thinking of the M RTP Commission and the Supreme Court on exclusive dealing.
Producer Behaviour, Market Structure, and Technology in Indian Dairy Industry
Authors: Shah Tushaar
Published: September 2016

This paper develops the hypothesis that modern dairy cooperatives are able to generate a sizable surplus which is not the conventional producer's surplus. Besides examining the relevance of this surplus to the problem of two‐axis pricing of milk, the author also discusses, in some detail, the impact of this surplus on the economics of a typical feeder balancing dairy.
Corporate Debt Financing
Authors: Garg S.C.
Published: September 2016

This paper studies the role of specialized financial institutions in financing debt capital. These institutions provide well over two‐third of the total cost of projects. The author believes that they should concentrate on providing finance to only the priority sector and capital intensive projects. They should also finance state-level development organizations.
The Short-Run Price Behaviour of Securities: Some Evidence on Efficiency of Indian Capital Market
Authors: Barua S.K.
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the serial independence of shortrun changes in the prices of securities and the stock market mdex to establish the efficiency of the Indian capital markets in assimilating information. Common statistical techniques have been used to test the hypothesis of serial independence of these changes. While the securities showed independence of price changes, the changes in the market index exhibited statistically significant serial dependence. Despite this difference in the behaviour of individual securities and the index it is argued that the Indian capital market is efficient in incorporating information in the price structure of securities.
Motivation Across Three Job Levels
Authors: Lal Madhu , Bhardwaj Gopa
Published: September 2016

An empirical test of Herzberg's two factor theory was carried out on three levels of workers, using the questionnaire method. Each employee was administered a questionnaire consisting of seven motivator and nine hygiene factors. The results partially supported the Herzberg theory. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction were found to be unipolar dimensions. Both motivators and hygienes influenced the feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between low level blue-collar workers and low level white-collar workers on satisfaction, and a non-significant difference between high level bluecollar workers and low level white-collar workers.
Hierarchical analysis to solve problems of complex systems: Application to an irrigation system
Authors: Mohanty R.P.
Published: September 2016

Finding optimal solutions to the problems of complex systems is very difficult. Hierarchical analysis, involving the breaking down of a complex problem into a series of sub-problems. finding optimal solutions of each, and then securing an overall, integrated solution. is an useful technique that can be applied to a wide variety of problems and systems. The paper describes various bases for disaggregating complex problems, and the application of a two-level hierarchical analysis involving linear programming to estimate the seasonal demand for water for optimizing the productivity of an irrigation command area. The limitations of the study. as well as the potential applications of the technique to a variety of problems ranging from organizational development to the development of multi-purpose reservoir systems, are indicated.
Basic health services programme The Nigerian experience
Authors: Lambo E.
Published: September 2016

All national development plans of Nigeria in the past have stressed that the health care delivery system should be changed from its curative bias to a preventive bias because many of the diseases in the country are preventable. Nevertheless, they were "not able to achieve much success. In the current development plan, however, measures have been taken to correct some of the weakness of the earlier plans. The paper discusses these efforts to develop a health care delivery system in the country. Some of the factors to be considered in order to achieve Treasonable success are discussed in this paper. An optimization-simulation study of a rural health centre indicates the considerable improvements that can be brought about by a proper allocation of the personnel to the various activities and by appropriate changes in operating policies.
Lessons from Antyodaya for the integrated rural development
Authors: Khanna Inderjit , Subramanian Ashok
Published: September 2016

The paper reviews Antyodaya the programme of the Government of Rajasthan to raise the income of the poorest citizens. The analysis is based on a survey of 50 beneficiaries. The involvement of the village community in identifying the beneficiaries was a notable feature of the programme. However, like many such programmes, in this one too, quantitative targetry overshadowed solid achievement and the goal of economic self-reliance for the poorest. The implications of the Antyodaya experience for the Integrated Rural Development Programme of the Government of India, involving an annual expenditure of over a billion rupees, are sketched, and some suggestions for its more effective management made.
Analysis of congestion in a university outpatient centre
Authors: Lambo E.
Published: September 2016

The application of queueing theory to alleviate a serious congestion problem in a University Outpatient Clinic is described in this paper. The primary objective of the application was to determine, using minimization of cost (both waiting and service) as the measure of performance, the optimal number of servers that should be at the patient-personnel encounter points which had major bottlenecks. The recommendations were implemented, resulting in a substantial reduction of waiting time for patients.
Frontiers of management research abroad
Authors: Rangarajan T.
Published: September 2016

“The whole in a nutshell ! ” That is Frontiers of management research abroad. To expose Indian readers. to management research abroad we present in this feature jargon free summaries of recent research published in some of the world's leading management journals. These capsule summaries would, we hope, induce the enthusiastic readers to still wider reading. And also,to contribute to this feature themselves.

Readers are requested to give detailed information regarding the article condensed such as its publication details, etc., to Professor Samir Barua.
Book Reviews
Authors: Khanna Inderjit
Published: September 2016

Vikalpa welcomes readers to contribute reviews of books of particular relevance to management issues in developing societies. Please send your contributions to Professor Rushikesh Maru.
Backward ideation technique for generating new product ideas
Authors: Mascarenhas O.A. , S. J.
Published: September 2016

This paper reviews briefly new product idea generating techniques, and suggests another one, the backward ideation technique, that starts from existing successful or unsuccessful brands, and works its way backward, in looking for synergistic ideas andgaps that can offer new market opportunity for new brands and products.

This technique is illustrated using two consumer products, toothpaste and footwear, the first with a smaller set of competing brands, the second with a multitude of types and varieties. In both cases it is found that the backward ideation technique affords a comprehensive coverage of the attribute space of each product, and provides a shortcut for arriving at new product designs and brands via new synergistic gaps unearthed in the process of backward ideation.
Project formulation for rural development: The gap between ideal and real
Authors: Hooja Rakesh
Published: September 2016

An examination of project formulation for rural development in Rajasthan reveals a wide gulf between the ideal and the real. Some reasons for this gap are discussed as also some suggestions for bridging this gap.
Human resources management Japanese style: An experience
Authors: Rao T.V.
Published: September 2016

Based on a visit of the author to Matsushita Industrial Corporation Sdn. Bhd., a series of discussions with the executives of the organization, and observations of the plant operations, the philosophy and the practices followed therein are outlined briefly.
Accelerated depreciation, minimum taxable profits, and the value of the company
Authors: Swamy Dalip S.
Published: September 2016

The effect of accelerated depreciation and minimum taxable profits, introduced in a recent Indian budget, on the value of the firm and on the tendency for making capital intensive investments is examined.
Effective change strategies for public enterprises: Lessons from turnaround cases
Authors: Brown L. David
Published: September 2016

The paper describes two alternative organizational change paradigms which have gained currency in the West, namely, strategic management and organization development. It highlights the distinctive characteristics of public enterprises, especially those operating in developing countries. It examines and analyses several turnaround cases of public enterprise in India and Sri Lanka to develop hypotheses on sequencing of events in a turnaround, leadership skills needed for turnaround, management of external interface of the enterprise, and determinants of mobilization of internal resources for turnaround. The paper identifies some systemic, self-sustaining effects of both sickness and turnaround; the way enterprise leadership can convert the liabilities of public enterprises into assets; and the necessity for changing leadership styles in the different phases of a turnaround. It concludes that strategic management and organizational development models of change may be inadequate as models for changing public enterprises, and a fuller model of planned change for public enterprises may emerge by considering turnaround strategies.
Impact of culture on organizational design
Authors: Reddy K. Pratap
Published: September 2016

Organizational structure has been the focus of many studies in recent years. In most of these studies, the impact of culture on organizational structure is not considered. The paper argues that cultural values of the members of an organization influence its structure significantly, and this has been discussed in the Indian context. Implications of cultural impact on organizational structure for developing countries are indicated.
Organizations as agents of social change
Authors: D'Souza Keith C.
Published: September 2016

Organizations have an important role to play as agents of social change and developement, particularly in developing countries in which changes in social conditions are often prerequisites for growth. This paper suggests a framework for conceptualizing the social role of organizations. Four archetypes of organizational management policy orientations—“commercial,” “entrepreneurial,” “philanthropic,” and “missionary”—are derived based on two underlying dimensions of altruism and social change orientation. The determinants of these two dimensions, the conditions favouring the emergence of each archetype and its management and design aspects are discussed. Each archetype may be relevant to a society under particular environmental conditions.
Problems of state public enterprises: A Karnataka study
Authors: Ramu S. Shiva
Published: September 2016

This study identifies the perceptions of middle⁄senior level managers of state enterprises in Karnataka about the problems faced by their organizations. Data have been collected from 81 managers of 23 companies, who completed a questionnaire with a structured and an open-ended component. The critical problems seem to be unfit deputations to top level positions, interference from the controlling ministry, lack ofadequate autonomy to managers in personnel decisions as well as such internal factors as unfair workload and poor coordination. It was also found that there is some difference in problem profiles between central and state enterprises. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Complaint management
Authors: Ramnarayan S.
Published: September 2016

The paper examines how employees articulate and take action on their work-related complaints and with what effects. Two kinds of issues are distinguished and examined in a sample of employees from five American organizations— individual issues, generally falling within existing conflict-handling procedures, and policy issues, which fall outside these procedures. The individual complaints tend to reflect difficulties with supervisors and work groups. The policy complaints are associated with general disagreement with organizational goals and policies. Steps taken by employees and the eventual resolution of employee issues are also examined. Steps associated with successful resolution are reported, as well as some consequences of unsuccessful resolution.
Innovative management
Authors: Bhatt Anil
Published: September 2016

Innovative management features brief accounts of novel, off-beat management. These are accounts of creatively managed organizations or of innovative handling of management issues. As for the others, we invite contributions and comments from readers for this feature too.

Vikalpa has published many accounts of corporate turnarounds. This, however, is an account of how an institution on the decline, devastated by a natural calamity, was rejuvenated by a kind of leadership all too rare in the developing world, especially in the institutional, non-commercial sector. A combination of circumstances—bureaucratic structure, governmental control, pay scales below the corporate sector, lack of competition or countervailing power, and other factors seem to cause institutional decline that a developing society can ill afford. The present study provides an insightinto how forceful leadership can reverse this trend.
The concept and practice of scanning and appraisal of the external environment
Authors: Dixit Mukund R.
Published: September 2016

This article traces the processes of scanning and appraisal of the external environment as practised by large corporations—both domestic and multinational—operating in India. The sample consists of 18 domestic and 6 multinational companies. Data were gathered from senior managers involved in corporate planning of these companies. As a prelude to presentation of results of research, relevant literature survey is given highlighting similar research done elsewhere. Thereafter, the dynamics of environmental scanning processes are described in adequate detail. The concluding section describes the host of constraints the corporate environmental scanner faces and the ways of overcoming them.
What can we expect from the Japanese?
Authors: Durlabhji S.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the general characteristics of Japanese managment in such areas as employment policies, industrial relations, work organization, operational management/and strategy. Given the growing possibilities of Japanese investment in India, these characteristics should help potential Indian corporate partners to assess their compatibility with the Japanese mode of management.
Welfare of unorganized workers: The case of central welfare organization
Authors: Mehta Prayag
Published: September 2016

Statutory funds have been created in India to provide welfare facilities with a view to improve the quality of life of unorganized and scattered workers like those in.mica, iron ore, and manganese ore mines and the beedi industry. These funds are administered by country-wide welfare organizations with several zonal offices. The paper presents case studies of organization and management of sectoral programmes like health, water supply, housing, and education. These suggest a mis-match between the structure and administrative practices and the goals of the programme~ The welfare activities were also not in accordance with the national health policy. The study suggests the need for organizational changes, bureaucratic reorientation, training of personnel, and changes in the approach and content of the various welfare programmes.
Developing computer professionals: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Bhatnagar S. C. , Patel Nitin R.
Published: September 2016

Projections show that there will be an acute shortage of computer professionals over the Seventh Plan period. There is need for stepping up both the quantity and quality of education of computer professionals. The authors assess the nature of the gap between supply and demand highlighting challenges and opportunities for educationists, policy makers, and computer professionals in using computers to increase productivity of capital and software exports.
Trusteeship in Practice: the Mehasana Experiment
Authors: Boda Tulsi
Published: September 2016

Innovative management features brief accounts of creatively managed organizations or of innovative handling of management issues. Readers' contributions are welcome.
Stress-Resistant Executives: The Hardy Personality
Authors: Singh Ramadhar
Published: September 2016

Frontiers of management research abroad presents results of recent research done abroad on a selected topic.

Readers are welcome to suggest titles of articles which they would like to be covered by this feature.
Improving Efficiency and Ensuring Impartiality of the Police Force
Authors: Valecha G K , Venkataraman Subha
Published: September 2016

As the Indian Police force assumes an increasingly important role in the life of the nation, it conies under rigorous scrutiny and harsh criticism. What are its weaknesses and strengths? How can the weaknesses be remedied and strengths reinforced?

In this article, G K Valecha and Subha Venkataraman, who have conducted a questionnaire‐survey of Inspector Generals and Deputy Inspector Generals, present the perceptions of these highranking police officers and some prescriptions.

Discipline, job security, and esprit de corps are the three major strengths identified and corruption, political interference, and poor interaction within the force, the three weaknesses. Delinking police from politics, encouraging participation, recognizing merit in promotion, and improving motivation are suggested as measures to be adopted to improve efficiency and ensure impartiality of the police force.
Consumerism: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta
Published: September 2016

Consumer movement in our country is gaining momentum in the recent past. A number of consumer centres have come up all over the country, mostly educationoriented while some are action-based. Joyeeta Gupta describes these and draws the implications of the rising consumer awareness for the managers, for the policy-makers, and for the consumers themselves.
Financial Reporting System for Producers' Cooperatives: A New Framework
Authors: Seetharaman S.P. , Srinivasan G.
Published: September 2016

The cooperative form of venture is gaining popularity as an avenue of socioeconomic development. A cooperative differs from a joint stock company in that it is an enterprise which has two aspects, institutional aspect and the business aspect, both equally important. The financial reporting system currently followed by the cooperatives does not do justice to both these aspects since it treats members of a cooperative as mere vendors. S P Seetharaman and G Srinivasan argue in this article that the members should be treated as divisions of the enterprise. They recommend a new framework for financial reporting system for producers' cooperatives which treats members as divisions, and thus presents a more accurate and comprehensive picture of cooperative's performance.
Inefficiency of the Indian Capital Market
Authors: Barua S K , Raghunathan V
Published: September 2016

Efficient pricing of securities and maintenance of parity between risk and return are absolutely essential for a well-functioning capital market. In this paper, S K Barua and V Raghunathan discuss a clear case of observed inefficiency in the Indian capital market. They show, taking the case of Reliance, that an investor can earn returns incommensurate with the degree of risk assumed by operating on rights issues of shares and convertible debentures simultaneously in forward and cash markets. Although the government policy of granting a low premium on rights shares and convertible debentures aids inefficiency, the market is also to be blamed since it is unable to adjust quickly the prices of securities so that the returns earned are in line with the risks assumed.
Computerization in Banks: Implications for Organizational Development
Authors: Saha Kakoli
Published: September 2016

Computerization of the workplace is beginning to gather momentum in India. The capabilities of computers�what computers can do for us—are discussed at length, but the effects of computers—what they do to us—are not aired so widely. If full benefits of computerization are to be realized, the way computers affect employees needs to be understood and tackled. In this article, Kakoli Saha shows how mechanization affects workers and draws implications of computerization for organizational development, taking the case of the introduction of electronic accounting machines in banks.
Myths and Realities about Leasing
Authors: Pandey I M
Published: September 2016

Leasing—an instrument for financing investments has picked up momentum in our country in the 1980s. A number of large-sized companies has already entered the leasing scene. There are, however, a number of myths and misconceptions about leasing.

I M Pandey dispels some of these myths, clarifies the real advantages of leasing, and shows with an illustration how a lease should be evaluated. He evaluates the cash flow consequences of a lease using two methods—the Equivalent Loan and Net Advantage of Leasing.
Cultural Assumptions that Influence the Implementation of Communication Technologies
Authors: Contractor Noshir S , Fulk Janet , Monge Peter R , Singhal Arvind
Published: September 2016

The authors describe the role that cultural assumptions play in the transfer of new communication technologies between the West and third world countries. They contrast Great Britain, West Germany, and India on five value orientations along which cultures vary: regard for human nature, relationship of man to nature, time orientation, orientation towards activity, and types of relations between people.

Pointing out the widely differing assumptions in implementation research in the West and the third world, the authors argue that successful transfer of communication technologies depends upon a match between the cultural values of the third world country implementing the technology and the assumptions inherent in the technology itself and the implementation process for that technology.
How to Manage Loitering around the Workplace?
Authors: Amsa P.
Published: September 2016

Loitering or unauthorized absence of employees from their place of work is a common phenomenon today in Indian organizations, particularly public sector organizations. What strategies should the manager adopt to contain this problem?

Based on an empirical study of loomshed workers of nine textile mills, Amsa observes that loitering was primarily a group phenomenon and was related to the culture of the organization. He suggests that managers should verify if the problem is real or imaginary, decide how serious the problem is, and identify the shared beliefs, values, and norms among the workers in order to shape them in the desired direction which would help reduce loitering.
A Model for Managing Innovation in Banks
Authors: Bhatnagar Deepti
Published: September 2016

Considering the critical role of nationalized banks in India's economic transformation, there is a need to replace the present piecemeal approach to innovation by a systemic approach similar to that underlying the setting-up of R & D departments in manufacturing organizations.

In this article, Deepti Bhatnagar proposes a model consisting of three stages with a corporate unit to continuously scan for ideas. The three stages of the model are the idea generation stage, the development stage, and the implementation stage. She delineates, for each stage, personnel and structural requirements and suggests mechanisms for minimizing resistance to change.
Problems and Challenges in Wool Development
Authors: Moulik T K
Published: September 2016

Uneconomic returns from sheep rearing have forced many sheep rearers to sell their sheep and take up other occupations. Despite a growing demand for wool, especially quality wool, there is general apathy among sheep rearers towards wool production because of the unremunerative prices for domestic wool and large scale imports.

To overcome many of the problems confronting the sheep rearers and wool industry, a Wool Development Board is expected to be soon set up. In this article T K Moulik discusses the challenges before the Board and the ways to overcome them.
Can Universities Continue to Relegate Financial Administration to the Background?
Authors: Rao K V , Prasad G , Kiranmayi Y S
Published: September 2016

Many of our universities are in deep financial crisis. They have viewed financial management as ways of getting funds from state governments and the University Grants Commission.

K V Rao, G Prasad, and Y S Kiranmayi analyse the situation and make recommendations to universities, state governments, and the University Grants Commission on how to carry out the finance function more effectively.
Captive Power Generation : What are the Economics ?
Authors: Ranganathan V , Mall Damodar
Published: September 2016

Galloping demand for power and mounting constraints in its generation have forced electricity boards all over the country to impose power cuts. User industries have been forced to go for captive power plants to tide over the situation.

In this article, V Ranganathan and Damodar Mall compare captive power and grid power costs in Karnataka. At the observed low utilization of between 6 and 20 per cent, captive power cost is Rs 1.95 while grid power cost is only 31 paise per KWH. The authors argue that the user industries should pursue the options of cooperative generation of power or become a financing partner with the electricity boards for assured and reliable power supply.
Public Enterprise Sector and Development: Lessons from International Experience
Authors: Bhatt V V
Published: September 2016

Improving the performance of the public enterprise sector is critical for continued development, since it already accounts for a large share in domestic capital formation, industrial investment, and output in most developing countries. Unlike in the past, net resource inflows into less developed countries will cease, if not reverse, because of interest payment and debt repayments. International experience shows that for public enterprises to perform as effective and efficient instruments of development certain preconditions have to be fulfilled.

Dr Bhatt describes in this “Perspectives” piece what these are and what decision-making and learning mechanisms have to be institutionalized in the political and administrative apparatus to meet the challenge of continued development in the difficult environment ahead.
Will‐to‐Yoga and Quality of Work Life Revisited
Authors: Chakraborty S K
Published: September 2016

Vikalpa published in April-June 1986 an article by S K Chakraborty titled “Will‐to‐Yoga: Key to Better Quality of Work Life.”

Several readers responded to this article. Their responses were published in the “Letters to the Editor” columns of subsequent issues while three were featured under “Ideas and Experiences” in the January-March 1987 issue.

Professor Chakraborty could reply to only one letter, which was carried in the October-December 1986 issue. In view of the number of concerns that was raised, Vikalpa requested Professor S K Chakraborty to identify all the issues and clarify his own position on them. A brief summary of his original article and his analysis of the issues raised are presented here.