bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Open Future
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: September 2021

In The Open Future: Why Future Contingents are All False, Patrick Todd launches a sustained defense of a radical interpretation of the doctrine of the open future, one according to which all claims about undetermined aspects of the future are simply false. Todd argues that this theory is metaphysically more parsimonious than its rivals, and that objections to its logical and practical coherence are much overblown. Todd shows how proponents of this view can maintain classical logic, and argues that the view has substantial advantages over Ockhamist, supervaluationist, and relativist alternatives. Todd draws inspiration from theories of “neg-raising” in linguistics, from debates about omniscience within the philosophy of religion, and defends a crucial comparison between his account of future contingents and certain more familiar theories of counterfactuals. Further, Todd defends his theory of the open future from the charges that it cannot make sense of our practices of betting, makes our credences regarding future contingents unintelligible, and is at odds with proper norms of assertion. In the end, in Todd’s classical open future, we have a compelling new solution to the longstanding “problem of future contingents”.
The Open Future, Classical Style
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the author defends his view against the core complaint that it invalidates what has been called “Will Excluded Middle” (either it will be that p or it will be that ~p), and an associated principle that has recently been called “Scopelessness”. According to scopelessness, will is “scopeless” with respect to negation; there is no semantic distinction between ~Willp and Will~p. In this chapter, it is argued that the data that seems to support scopelessness is adequately explained by the thesis that will is “neg-raising predicate”. In normal contexts, “No one should do that” certainly pragmatically implies “Everyone shouldn’t do that”—but the former sentence does not semantically entail the latter; this is, in part, to say that should is a neg-raiser. In general, the author defends the crucial scope distinction between ~Willp and Will~p, and responds to several objections to this view.
Omniscience and the Future
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the author discusses what A.N. Prior called “The Formalities of Omniscience”, and shows how the proponent of the view that future contingents are all false can maintain a simple, plausible conception of omniscience—one according to which p is logically equivalent to God believes p. The author introduces and motivates this intuitive equivalence, which he relies on at various points in the chapters to come. If we combine the current view with traditional theism, the result is a version of what has recently been called “open theism”. The author further argues that other open future views cannot maintain this simple view, and that this constitutes at least some reason to prefer his own view. In particular, other open future views must either (a) deny the intuitive equivalence in question, or (b) maintain that God’s mind is sometimes indeterminate.
Party Primaries and Women’s Representation in Ghana
Authors: Bauer Gretchen , Darkwah Akosua K.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 asks how women fare during candidate selection within institutionalized parties. The chapter provides a unique analysis of the persistent barriers women are likely to face as aspirants in countries that lack legislative gender-based quotas. Focusing on Ghana’s two national parties, the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party, Bauer and Darkwah examine how the adoption of seemingly more inclusive and transparent primary processes affects women’s likelihood of being selected as party candidates. Drawing on qualitative interviews with party elites, women aspirants, and candidates, they find that women in Ghana report serious concerns with potential violence and harassment. In addition, they show that financial constraints pose a barrier for women aspirants and that party efforts to overcome these constraints through fee reductions and subsidies are largely insufficient.
Media Representation of Women Parliamentary Candidates in Africa
Authors: Coffie Amanda , Medie Peace A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 focuses on how women candidates are portrayed in the media. The chapter analyzes the coverage of women candidates in Ghana’s Daily Graphic, one of the country’s largest newspapers, during the December 2016 general election. Studies of how the media cover women politicians are quite rare in Africa. In this study, Coffie and Medie find that women candidates do not face bias in the quantity or quality of media coverage. Instead, women candidates are somewhat more likely to be covered by the Daily Graphic and articles on women are slightly longer than articles on men. Moreover, the coverage of women is not disproportionately focused on women’s issues, nor is it disproportionately negative and focused on women’s appearance. To explain these surprising findings, Coffie and Medie draw on interviews with reporters and elected women representatives.
Jim Crow in Uniform
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 examines the military’s black-white boundaries in the context of troops’ training and stateside service during World War II. These boundaries, the handiwork above all of military officers and leaders, wended their way through nearly every aspect of military life, creating a dense and powerful structure of white domination and black subordination—or in the words of one wartime commentator, “Jim Crow in Uniform.” In the eyes of its creators, this version of Jim Crow was necessary both to win a war for freedom overseas and to shore up faltering white supremacy at home, faltering in part because of the military’s own unwitting actions. As with its civilian cousin, Jim Crow in uniform generated extensive protest, which managed to blur a small but important number of black-white lines. The number would have been higher had protesters not faced formidable opposition in the White House, in Congress, in the courts, and among military leaders.
Spectral Design in Music
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the emergence of the spectrum as structural concern in music composition, performance and production. The earliest signs of such developments are traced to the beginning of the 20th century, in the musical revolutions of that era. This is followed by the developments in audio technology, which brought to the fore the spectral qualities of sound. Post-war electronic music and computer music are shown to have played a decisive part in the conquering of the spectrum by composers. The latter part of the chapter discusses two case studies of spectral music writing.
Epilogue
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

Having lost the war politically, with the independence of Guinea and the recognition of Guinean state by dozens of countries, Estado Novo was entering into a crisis of legitimacy. Members of the Portuguese military forces formed the Movement of Armed Forces, who lead the popular uprising against Marcelo Caetano on April 1974. The end of Estado Novo was not an automatic confirmation of the end of colonialism. But independence was inevitable. By the end of 1975, Portugal was no longer a colonial empire in Africa. Against Cabral’s desire, independence did bring the unity between Cope Verdeans and Guineans. Whereas Cape Verde was governed by an all- Cape Verdean government, Guinea had a few Cape Verdean in its government. The coup d’etat led by Nino Vieira against Cabral’s bother Luís Cabral has been considered the second death of Cabral.
Introduction
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents an overview of the popular music literature that has addressed the music of Queen. It is argued that authors have previously been limited in their analysis of Queen’s style because of lacking methodological frameworks. Having introduced and established the concept of idiolect, a specific distinction is drawn between compositional strategies and sonic patterns, which account for the different types of shared characteristics across the band’s output. These ideas are supported through the application of Wittgenstein’s model of ‘family resemblance’, suggesting that some tracks share more resemblances with others, yet they remain part of, and contribute to the overall ‘family’ of Queen’s output. This approach to idiolect is extended to consider how individual tracks are also connected to wider styles, thereby establishing the wider dual framework for subsequent analyses.
Artistic Craft and Crafted Artistry
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents three common strategies that account for the structures of Queen’s songs: conventional templates (such as AABA or Verse-Chorus), conventional templates with added material (such as Verse-Chorus with two bridge sections), and episodic (irregular sequence of multiple sections). These types of forms appear in relatively equal measure and with relative consistency across Queen’s output. Beyond these strategies, it is argued that Queen’s approach to form may be understood as balancing ‘artistic’ and ‘craft’ techniques, drawing on Covach’s analysis of The Beatles. Songs with simple structures are often imbued with modulations or other rich harmonic devices; songs with more complex structures still retain a strong sense of tonal security and phrase regularity. Queen is thus positioned in the middle of pop and progressive compositional aesthetics from the 1970s.
Brian May and Roger Taylor
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the vocal techniques of Brian May and Roger Taylor in their limited roles as lead singers of Queen. May’s distinct techniques revolve around imprecise pitching inflections, variable vibrato, and a thinner tone in the upper register, all of which connote a sense of untrained naturalness. Taylor’s singing is marked by a wide vibrato, frequent use of vocal distortion, and rhythmic delivery that does not conform to the metrical grid. His singing style is one that connotes improvisation and performance freedom. It is argued that the two singers’ approaches align well with strands of rock authenticity as established by Allan Moore—May with folk-rock singers, such as Dylan or Springsteen; Taylor with hard rock and blues-derived singers, such as Plant or Hendrix.
The Material of Race
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

While the Lopez family struggled in Philadelphia, Sarah Brandon went east to London to attend a high-end Sephardic school. London presented Sarah with a new world of opportunities and connections. As in Philadelphia, many members of London’s Sephardic community had connections with Barbados, hence there was no hiding her past as a slave. Yet through friendship, trade ties, and money, Sarah Brandon made that past moot. Her most precious heirloom was part of the new self she constructed: an ivory miniature of herself painted in watercolor, beautiful and wide-eyed in a white empire-waist dress, her hair lifted in a Grecian knot. The portrait was an intimate gift to the man she would marry—Joshua Moses, a handsome and well-connected Jew from Philadelphia and New York. Ivories were a love token, but Sarah and Joshua’s marriage would also unite two major merchant families and change Sarah’s future, again.
Feverish Love
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

In New York, Sarah and Joshua found their lives fluctuating wildly between joy and death, with death always seeming to win in the end. Although Sarah and her husband had been careful to inoculate their children against smallpox, there was no vaccine for yellow fever, which ravaged the city in 1819, 1821, and 1823. Yellow fever was one of the most dreaded diseases in early America: death rates were high, and the time between infection and death was short. One person who didn’t survive the plague years was Sarah’s mother. Yet mixed with the terror, there were blessings: Sarah gave birth to ten children in ten years, and, in 1823, her brother Isaac married Joshua Moses’s sister, Lavinia. Lavinia, too, would bring forth new life: a boy, then a girl. And while Sarah escaped the fevers, childbirth would claim both her and Lavinia between 1828 and 1829.
Introduction
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this introductory chapter I present a general overview of how prominent scholars have defined the terms free, freedom, slave and slavery. The exposé culminates in the unsatisfactory result that there are huge problems in finding a general and by all accepted definition for all of these terms. The discussion results in a conclusion that for a useful definition one has to include an economic, a social, as well as a cultural dimension.
Scandinavian Slavery
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this short chapter I discuss sources – leaving aside the large provincial law material – that explicitly mentions slaves, and I use some medieval Swedish wills to illustrate individuals and how they have beed freed by their masters.
Where Did the Slaves Come From?
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

The questions is, where did the Scandinavian slaves come from? Against a background in the Classic slavery, a spinal reflex would be to assume slaves were taken due to war. This does not fit with Scandinavian thraldom. Instead there are several sources to consider: captives from raiding; thralls born into slavery in the household; people being sentenced to (time limited?) slavery for some criminal activity or to pay off a debt; by voluntary submission, giving oneself over to thraldom, so-called gæf-thraldom.
The Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Thraldom
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

The beginning of slavery in Scandinavia is impossible to fathom. We have to settle with some hypotheses, one being that it was introduced after contacts with the Roman world, another that we had some kind of slavery already in the Bronze (perhaps even the Stone) Age, although it is difficult to comprehend how such kind of dependency could function in a hunter-gatherer society. As for the end of slavery, we are somewhat better equipped with sources. Thraldom seems to successively fade out in Scandinavian society in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and for Sweden the year 1335 has been considered a final date. Unfree thralls where turned into (half-free) rent-paying tenants.
The Allies Do Not Come; the Italians Withdraw 1943
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the outcomes of the Allied victories at Stalingrad and in North Africa at the end of 1942. It analyses the expected assault on 'Fortress Europe', interest in the Balkans, and the mood in the peninsula. The chapter also discusses Yugoslavia's partisans safe base — the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Along with pro-Allied anti-communist armed groups, they became a concern for the Germans, who wanted to destroy all native enemies, real and potential, before an Anglo-American landing. The chapter then takes a look at Germany's preparations for the imminent Italian withdrawal and the fear of an Allied attack. It also claims that Italy's economic position in the NDH had been weak from the start and its zone was the poorest. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the Italian withdrawal and how the Germans had to take over responsibility for the whole of south-east Europe.
Power
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores ambition for power in politics and the workplace. Control over others can be advantageous in its own right and also in the wealth and recognition that it often confers. Although most politicians link their need for power to the service of public interests, the evidence often suggests otherwise. Drawing on prominent examples, such as Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, John McCain, and Donald Trump, and those who served them, the chapter explores how prioritizing power can subvert principle and the institutional checks necessary to prevent abuse. By contrast, examples such as Nelson Mandela show how those who use power to empower others can serve the highest ideals of social justice. Power in the workplace can also serve stakeholder and societal interests, but it is too often sabotaged by egoistic interests, needs for control, and bullying behaviors. The chapter concludes with strategies to increase accountability for abusive conduct.
Gender
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the way that gender influences and blocks ambition. Despite recent progress, women still are grossly underrepresented at the top and overrepresented at the bottom in measures of power and economic reward. In explaining these disparities, research suggests that while women may be more ambivalent about ambition than men and ambitious for somewhat different things, the primary explanation for their different achievements lies elsewhere: in gender bias, stereotypes, and socialization patterns; and in inequalities in family responsibilities and inadequacies in workplace policies. Discussion focuses on the special obstacles to ambition for women of color, women leaders, and women politicians. Gender differences in mentors, sponsors, and allies and in the incidence of sexual harassment and online abuse compound the problems. These inequalities are not only unjust for individuals, but they also impair organizational performance. The chapter closes with strategies for ambitious women and for organizations seeking greater equity, diversity, and inclusion.
How Should Learning through STEM and Music Be Assessed?
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

This chapter gives guidance on how STEM and Music should be assessed in the classroom for any grade-level band. When we find new opportunities to integrate content, we find new opportunities to align standards, and thus assess learning based on those standards in a new or improved way. By forming assessment through standards-based research and development, when paired with high-quality rubric formation, STEM and Music can be made even into more of an authentic integration. Reading this chapter will assist with seeing how instructional plan assessments are developed and how teachers can develop their own assessments for any projects that are inspired or assisted with the materials in this overall book.
How Can I Integrate STEM with Music?
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

This chapter demonstrates each of the sixteen components used in creating an instructional plan for a lesson that integrates STEM with Music. Each component is placed and developed in a particular way to achieve efficiency in the reading and executing of the overall instructional plan. These components consist of Lesson Title, Duration, Lesson Description, Listing Integration of Contents, Cognitive Demand Using Bloom’s Taxonomy, Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, 21st-Century Skills, Content Standards and Arts Standards: Assessed vs. Addressed, Key Vocabulary, Arts Concepts Based on the National Core Arts Standards, Materials, Essential Questions, Lesson Sequence and Corresponding Assessments, Summary Activity, Extension Activity, and Adaptations for Grade-Level Bands (K–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–12). All foundational information and concepts presented in previous chapters are illustrated in the presentation of a sample lesson, Wearable Circuits for Piano Performance: Sustain Pedal.
Instructional Plans: Grades 6–8
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 presents four instructional plans that are geared toward grades 6–8. Instructional plans consist of planning necessities, standard alignment, alignment to philosophies approached in earlier chapters, as well as instructional procedures and assessments. Adaptations for other grade-level bands as well as potential extensions are available for each plan. This chapter includes the following instructional plans: Building a Fretboard, Piezoelectricity Experiments, Composing Music Using Coding, and Performing Music Using Coding. In Building a Fretboard, students will calculate the location of each fret on a fretboard and build a scaled model. In Piezoelectricity Experiments, students will engage in found-sound exploration using crystals that convert kinetic energy into audible electric energy. In Composing Music Using Coding, students will make connections between coding and traditional music composition. In Performing Music Using Coding, students will make connections between coding and music performance.
Popular Movies and Technology
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

People’s aesthetic appreciation for any art is bound to the craft of its artists, and that craft is deeply affected by the technology available. Movies have evolved through a long series of venues and technological advances—theaters to shrinking personal devices; roll film with sprockets added; increased frame rates; the standardizations with added sound; experiments with color, aspect ratios, and contrast; and the move to a digital format. This chapter traces these and the consequent psychological improvements in viewer engagement that they fostered—for example, the creation of motion also created aversive flicker, but flicker was then diminished by increasing frame rates and was eliminated by digital delivery. Sound had profound effects, among other things creating a temporary deglobalization of cinema. Color increased discriminability and punctuated the change of scenes. And increased aspect ratios more firmly stimulated people’s systems of balance and the feeling of presence.
Mise-en-Cadre
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

Mise-en-cadre means “placed within the frame.” Filmmakers have exploited the use of screen positions over the course of whole movies. This chapter presents examples of how luminance, motion, and clutter are distributed across movies. In each case, the center of the screen is most important. It has the most light, the most motion, and the least amount of clutter in the frame, and this is where viewers have a strong tendency to look when watching a movie. The chapter then explains shot scale, a measure of the size of characters in the image, and notes that filmmakers strongly tend to place their characters’ faces at or near midscreen, regardless of scale, reinforcing the gaze tendencies of viewers. Moreover, when they do not, filmmakers follow the focal content of one shot with the screen placement of the focal content of the next shot.
An Interlude on Shots and Cultural Change
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

Popular culture has promoted a myth about why shot durations in movies have grown shorter during the past 50 years. The myth states that this is due to culturally shortened attention spans. There is no evidence for this urban legend. What there is strong evidence for, however, is people’s increased ability to extract visual information from displays of all kinds. IQs have increased throughout the world for at least a century, and the greatest increases have occurred for visual thinking and reasoning. This is called the Flynn effect. If people can discern images faster, filmmakers should have shortened shots. Moreover, the cultural adaptation to watching edited video invokes a concept from Michael Baxandall—the period eye. Imported to movies, viewers today are better able to see and discern visual information compared with viewers of a previous era. Examples are discussed from computer graphics.
Shots and Sound
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter categorizes all shots in two dozen movies and places them into 15 categories for the purpose of exploring the reasons for the shortened shot durations from the 1950s to the present day. Evidence shows that all classes of shots have become briefer, as might be predicted from the Flynn effect. This suggests that people, as viewers, have indeed gotten faster at extracting visual information. Similarly, it is also clear that contemporary filmmakers rely on viewers’ memory more than in the past. This is demonstrated by shortening shot durations and tightening shot scales when the movie returns to a given locale, a given character, or a given time frame. The chapter also examines the more recent impact of the long take. In addition, it explores the efficacies of sound, particularly music, as it covers the shots of movies. These include enhancing continuity, controlling and flavoring mood, foreshadowing action, and reinforcing memories.
A Star is Born
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with a small group of conspirators of a communist cell that were attending the Eighth Conference of the Zagreb party organization. It mentions Josip Broz as the organizing secretary of the Zagreb party organization who openly presented the struggle that was initiated and controlled by Moscow. Later, Broz will become a famous statesman known as Marshal Tito. The chapter discusses the communist strategy after the October Revolution, in which protagonists of the conflict were Joseph Stalin and eight other members of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). It also refers to Comrade Trotsky, the “prophet of the revolution” and Stalin's chief antagonist, who thinks that all revolutionaries in the world should be supported, including the Chinese communists who were inciting the Shanghai proletariat to rise up in arms.
The Combat Cell
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Marshal Tito's return from Russia in November 1919, during which he led a group of twenty-five prisoners of war (POW) to Yugoslavia via Stettin and Vienna. It recounts how the Romanian army, supported by the Serbian army, crushed the Hungarian communist uprising and overthrew the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It also highlights Tito's demonstrations against the “Obznana” (Proclamation), a decree promulgated in December 1920 to protect the state, which puts the Communist Party outside the law. The chapter explains how the Belgrade Socialists, who held their Second Congress in Vukovar in April 1920, formally dropped the “Socialist Workers” label and became the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It investigates the formation of the Independent Workers' Party of Yugoslavia, a division in the Communist Party after the “Obznana.”
The Bombing Plot Trial
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with a description of Jovan Mališić Martinović, the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), who Marshal Tito perceived as a person without real revolutionary enthusiasm. It discusses the “Bombing Plot Trial” against Tito, which took place in Zagreb in November 1928. It also cites the state prosecutor of the trial Dr Ivo Marokini, who speculated that Tito had used the trial and the sensational press coverage for his own promotion. The chapter talks about the suspicion on Matija Brezović, the secretary of the Central Committee of the League of the Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (SKOJ), of being a police spy. It recalls how Tito's rivals and redundant fellow-travelers disappeared in Russia or fell into the hands of the police, of which only Brezović got away unscathed.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Marshal Tito's encounter with Jewish painter and journalist Moša Pijade in the penitentiary in Maribor where he was sent to serve his jail term. It recounts how Pijade would become Tito's most reliable man and his most capable administrator, marking the beginning of the famous Tito-style cadre selection. It also highlights Tito's creation of his own apparatus within the apparatus, a secret group of henchmen within the global communist empire. The chapter elaborates Pijade's role as a consigliere, who carried out the most delicate missions, such as politically liquidating rivals and commanding troops and entire provinces in wartime. Pijade wrote the Yugoslav Constitution, led the highest-ranking diplomatic delegations, and was the deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Federal Assembly.
Queen of Hearts
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts Marshal Tito's release from prison in the ancient Frankopan Tower of the Croatian town of Ogulin in the spring of 1934, and how he was still an actor in the global revolution on the European continent. It describes how the Great Depression was in full swing and that fascism had triumphed in Europe after Tito's release. It also highlights how Tito, on the orders of the Comintern and the representative of its Executive Committee, organized and led the Zagreb demonstrations which were supposed to destabilize King Alexander Karađorđević's regime. The chapter examines Moscow's intention for Yugoslavia to collapse as it would create a national front-style coalition of left-wing, bourgeois, and anti-fascist movements within the nations constituting the composite kingdom. It refers to the Yugoslavian king's abolishment of the constitution and Parliament so as to assume power for himself, which proclaimed an ideology of integral Yugoslavianism.
T. T.
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the successful coup in Mitrovica prison, where “differentiation” was carried out and the “Petkovites” had been temporarily subdued. It discusses the outbreak of the Second World War, which finds Marshal Tito on the Baltic Sea and on his way to the Soviet Union. It also analyzes Tito's new assignment on establishing a strictly subversive organization intended to prepare the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for armed engagements behind enemy lines. The chapter talks about the elimination of differences between the political and intelligence network and the subversive military network as the they had been integrated on the same operational axis. It recounts the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact after Tito left Moscow.
Mickey Mouse in War School
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the Fifth Land Conference in 1940, which, after the Eighth Zagreb Conference, was the next pivotal moment in Marshal Tito's political career. It explores the question of whether the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) could finally hold a congress, like any other exotic communist party in the far corners of the world. It also looks at Tito's intention to merge the Communist Party of Slovenia, the Communist Party of Croatia, and the CPY due to his own political motives and unlimited ambitions. The chapter mentions Franz Honner who founded the underground Austrian Communist Party in 1940 after meeting Tito in Split. It elaborates how Tito would go on to retain a substantial influence on the Italian party and politics for the rest of his life.
A Spy Nest in Dedinje
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the situation in occupied Zagreb, which had become uncomfortable for the chief of the communist network, although the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was still valid. It talks about how the capital of the quisling Independent State of Croatia became a mousetrap for communists. It also refers to Joseph Stalin's strict insistence on a policy of caution and neutrality, hoping that he would avoid or delay the war with the Germans. The chapter recounts the day the Soviet Union was attacked on 22 June 1941, wherein all radio stations in Hitler's “Fortress Europe” aired The Internationale as a sign to start arresting communists. It mentions Svetozar “Tempo” Vukmanović, a party organizer from Montenegro in charge of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's printing machines in Senjak, who gave his account of the Dedinje meeting.
Los Cuatro Generales
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Marshal Tito's power in the secret sphere that was based on the revolutionary cadres from the Spanish Civil War. It describes Tito's own four Spanish generals, namely Enrique Líster Forján, Juan Modesto, Antonio Cordon, and José Manuel Tagüeña Lacorte. It also talks about General Líster, who was born in Cuba but went to the Soviet Union to receive military training in 1932. The chapter discusses Moscow's accusation that Tito was repatriating important cadres after the defeat of the Republican army and about 440,000 people crossed the Pyrenees. It explains that the 1944 Churchill–Stalin Agreement sealed the fate of revolution in Europe as the Soviet leader ordered all the guerrillas to demobilize.
A Psychodrama in Tito’s White Palace
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Marshal Tito's assembly of the Fifth Plenum of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) in Belgrade on 26 November 1954, several days before departing to India. It mentions Joseph Stalin's death, Yugoslavia's receipt of huge amounts of Western financial and military support, Milovan Đilas's elimination, and Nikita Khrushchev's “indecent proposal” to Tito. It also explains how Khrushchev was misperceived by Yugoslav diplomats as a neo-Stalinist, while bureaucrat Georgy Malenkov was believed to be the man of change. The chapter analyzes Tito's explanation as to why discretion was required for the Soviet representatives in Belgrade as they were considered radioactive at that time by the Yugoslavs. It describes Yugoslavia in 1950 as the poorest and most backward country in Europe.
The Double Conspiracy
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Nikita Khrushchev's project of peaceful destalinization, which failed in Budapest. It refers to Imre Nagy, an old Comintern cadre who became Hungarian prime minister for the second time and minister of agriculture in the provisional national front government of Béla Miklós by the end of the war. It also mentions the communists that formed a coalition government with the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers, and Civic Party (FKgP) after they won 57 percent of the vote at the first postwar elections held in 1945. The chapter discusses the appointment of László Rajk as minister of interior by communists, which was in line with Joseph Stalin's national front recipe. It reviews Rajk's founding of the party-controlled secret police AVO (Magyar Államrendőrség Államvédelmi Osztálya) and his reputation as a brutal Stalinist.
A Defeat in the Himalayas
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts the end of the Cuban Crisis on 21 November 1962 as the US navy lifted the naval blockade when Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles and nuclear warheads from the island. It talks about the secret agreement that the United States signed for the removal of the one hundre PGM-19 Jupiter ballistic missiles from their air bases in Gioia del Colle near Bari, Italy, and Çiğli near İzmir, Turkey. It also refers to Marshal Tito's initiative on the policy of Third World interventionism, which Khrushchev had accepted and imposed on his Stalinist comrades. The chapter investigates the nature of Tito's engagement in Moscow and of the real effects of the Yugoslav apparatus that acted as the Soviet Union's vanguard in the Third World. It discusses Tito's secret empire, which used long-proved cadres with impressive experience and constituted an elite political-diplomatic–intelligence network with global reach.
Enter the Dragon
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers Mikhail Suslov as the most effective and successful propaganda machine in the history of mankind that the Soviet Union produced. It details how Leonid Brezhnev left the entire ideological sphere to his party ideologue because their views on the basic political course of the regime and the strategy of the Soviet state were identical. It also discusses Brezhnev's restoration of Soviet military supremacy in the world and the tightening of control over society while ensuring continued domination over the Eastern Bloc countries. The chapter explains how Brezhnev left an indelible imprint on the Soviet politics after Joseph Stalin and analyzes why Yugoslavs perceived him as their main enemy. It recounts Marshal Zhukov's provision of army support for Nikita Khrushchev's silent coup, while the members of the “anti-party group” were sent to irrelevant positions in backwater places.
Corporations, Conflict Prevention, and Resolution in Colombia
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

Colombia, having recently emerged from the longest ongoing civil war in the Western Hemisphere, offers evidence of the transformative effect of an emerging active private sector. As the country transitions through the challenges of disarmament and reintegration of rebel troops, private companies are also helping to build peace- and not just with their marketing campaigns. Through hiring practices, infrastructure projects, and economic investments, the private sector often helps “fill the gaps” where governments are unwilling or unable to provide needed goods and services. At the same time, their strong position at the negotiating table may have prolonged the conflict. This chapter explores the role of corporations in Colombia’s peace process.
Advanced Sultanism: A Category Emerges
Authors: Davidson Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

The first of two summary discussions, this chapter begins by assessing the extent to which MBS and MBZ’s regimes converge or diverge with other examples of contemporary sultanism. With regard to convergence, it notes: their political patronage networks; their dominance over economic affairs; the extent to which their extended families have served as surrogates for ruling parties; their tightening up of almost all civil society and media organizations; their increasing control over military forces and security services (including the development of more potent praetorian guards); the apparently non-ideological nature of their regimes; and—with some caveats—their erection of personal charismatic façades. With regard to divergence, it notes: Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s relatively well-performing health and education systems; their advances in women’s access to education and health; their fairly positive economic development indicators; their strong global economic integration; and what seems to have been a genuine reduction in corruption. Seeking to explain these divergences, the chapter suggests that Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s rentier state legacies combined with their continuing use of Western and other advanced economy consultants are key to understanding MBS and MBZ’s more ‘advanced’ strain of sultanism. In this context, ‘advanced sultanism’ is posited as an important new sub-set of contemporary sultanism.
Family and Early Years
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes Venizelos's family life and connections, and his early upbringing. His mother Styliani was illiterate, from Therisso, a mountain village in western Crete involved in Cretan uprisings against the Ottomans. His father Kyriakos was a Greek nationalist tested by quarrels with Ottoman authorities and successive exiles in Greece, during which he acquired Greek nationality. They had four daughters, one disabled boy, and Eleftherios (Lefteris) Venizelos. the only healthy boy of the family. The 1866 uprising, in which the destruction of Arkadi monastery aroused sympathy in liberal quarters of Western Europe (Victor Hugo), forced the family to leave for the Greek islands, Kythera then Syros. This was Venizelos's first exile in a lifetime of travel. His education began on Syros and continued in Chania, where his father established a glass and china shop. He carried his impressions of the Cretan landscape and soundscape with him throughout his life: a 'yearning for Crete'.
Apprentice in Law and Journalism
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The death of Kyriakos left Venizelos head of the family. The granting by the Ottomans of the Halepa pact and the development of civil society created conditions in which, with help from Mitsotakis, he could exploit openings in the law and journalism, and eventually politics. With young friends he took over Mitsotakis's journal White Mountains (lefka ori), in which he commented on political issues concerning Crete, Greece, Turkey and the Balkans. In parallel he developed his legal practice, representing clients from all confessions. He stood for restraint in the pursuit of union with Greece, recognizing the need for Crete to move in step with Greece. He argued in his journalism for responsibility in public life, meaning an end to rousfeti (corruption) and the abuse of the freedoms introduced by the Halepa pact. He developed early a political philosophy based on the general interest.
Cretan Autonomy
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter describes the transition between disturbances in Crete and Greek-Turkish war in Thessaly, and the birth of Cretan autonomy with the arrival of Prince George of Greece as High Commissioner of the Powers. The autonomy was still not 'full and genuine' (Venizelos's phrase) and union (enosis) was still distant. In this transition Venizelos was engaged in consulting widely in Crete and at revolutionary assemblies, first arguing for early union (which put him in danger at an assembly at Archanes) then accepting that autonomy was the right answer, to be strengthened progressively until union became feasible. The main players at this stage were Venizelos, the Cretan elder statesman Sfakianakis and the representatives of the Powers. Their common interest was to agree a settlement that would restore peace and good government including in the interior of the island, and assure the protection of the Muslim minority. Ottoman official involvement in Crete, already diminished, was virtually ended when after a bloody disturbance in Iraklio, the British insisted on the departure of Ottoman troops. Prince George was appointed by the Powers and arrived, to jubilation of the Christians, in December 1998, welcomed by Venizelos. This was a new and hopeful start.
Managing the Insurgency
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

In this chapter the author describes the novel challenges Venizelos faced in managing the insurgency, which combined planning, procurement and supply, propaganda, diplomacy, man management, finance and administration. In matters of security he insisted on preservation of law and order in the areas controlled by the insurgency, limiting clashes with the gendarmerie so far as possible. Efforts on both sides to limit bloodshed show the insurgency to have been up to a point carefully managed so as to avoid matters getting out of hand and prejudicing relations with the Powers. The powers themselves differed in their approaches and found it hard to agree policies, Russia being closest to the prince. The British policy in the Iraklion area complicated efforts to spread the insurgency to the center of the island. As time passed nervous strains increased, and Venizelos's leadership was questioned by some of his closest colleagues, as his efforts took their toll and signs of his flexibility over the prime aim of union were suspected. Timing also was a concern since it would be difficult to hold the rank and file once winter came.
Ending the Insurgency
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

In summer and autumn 1905 the deadlock was broken, by a series of moves on the part of Venizelos, Howard and his colleagues, with help from Sfakianakis. Since there could be no concession of union, a solution had to be built around the need for internal reforms. The result was an agreed proposal that an International Commission of experts should visit Crete to report on administrative and economic reforms. This solution met the main needs of all parties except the prince, though the details concerning how to deal with gendarmes who had gone over to the insurgents, and the surrender of arms, were resolved only with difficulty. Venizelos saw the proposal as a justified step back from the insurgency's demand for full union to something in substance and practice close to union. In reaching this solution the prince, who had tried the patience of the consuls, was virtually shut out. The International Commission under the respected Edward Law swiftly formed its views in February 1906 and reported, recommending administrative and financial changes. Still more important, in a confidential letter Law stated that Union with Greece was the only viable solution for Crete. Venizelos's calculation that the commission would advance his agenda was thus justified.
Farewell to Crete
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Venizelos's reputation was by now panhellenic as a result of the Akrotiri uprising and still more the Therisso insurgency which showed he could confront a member of the royal family and move forward on the path towards union with Greece. He was still seen by the Greek royal family as dangerous, and he was suspect to established politicians in Athens such as Theotokis. During this period he made new and significant contacts: with the journalist and future academician Spyros Melas and with his future chief of security Pavlos Gyparis. His sentimental life changed, as after the death of his close collaborator Thanasis Vloum he entered on an intimate relationship with Vloum's widow Paraskevoula. As full union with Greece remained blocked, it may have seemed that given the right opportunity Athens would be a better field for his talents, and for pursuing union, than Crete.
The Language Question
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Another important debate in the constitutional revision was about the Greek language - Venizelos's aim being to find in time a single national language fit for all purposes. By 1911 the disputed status of katharevousa (the purist form of Greek used in education, the public services, legislation etc) and dimotiki (demotic Greek, the language of poetry and much literature) had become an acute issue. It was brought into the constitutional debate by the so-called language defenders who opposed the so-called 'hairy ones', the proponents of extreme forms of demotic, and wished to entrench katharevousa as the official language of the state. The debate spread as much heat as light. Venizelos was sympathetic to demotic Greek but used katharevousa in official contexts. His speech set out the issues well. He accepted that the language of Holy Writ should be protected by the constitution. He was forced to disappoint some of the demoticists, his natural allies, by accepting a clause in the new constitution stating that the official language of the state was the language of the constitution itself, and of legislation. The passion aroused in these debates derived from the integral connection of the national language with Greek national identity.
A Threat from Crete
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter starts with an account of Venizelos's early legislative program, giving substance to the slogan anorthosis (revival), my modernizing the political system, improving labor law, health provisions, bringing Greece's political economic and social systems close to western Europe through legislation, in which the Ministers of Justice and of Home Affairs played a big part. Following an acute assessment of Venizelos by Metaxas the chapter examines the threat to stability posed by the Cretan deputies' attempts in 1911-12 to enter the Greek parliament following the Greek general election of March 1912, which gave the Venizelists 150 out of 182 seats. Venizelos gave orders to keep the Cretans out, arguing that their action was provocative towards Turkey. Following a confrontation between the Cretan deputies and the military outside parliament, Venizelos found a temporary solution by suspending parliament until October. He reshaped his government with changes in some key ministries.