bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Belowground stressors and long-term seagrass declines in a historically degraded seagrass ecosystem after improved water quality
Authors: Fraser Matthew W. , Kendrick Gary A.
Published: October 2017

Continued seagrass declines in ecosystems with improved water quality may be driven by sediment stressors. One of the most cited examples of a seagrass ecosystem with declines is Cockburn Sound, Western Australia, where 75% of seagrasses (2169 ha) were lost in the 1960s–1980s due to poor water quality. Water quality has subsequently improved in Cockburn Sound, yet shoot density declines continue in some areas. Here, we investigated if sediment stressors (sulfide intrusion and heavy metals) contributed to decliningPosidonia sinuosashoot densities in Cockburn Sound. Seagrass δ34S were depleted at sites with a history of seagrass declines, indicating seagrasses at these sites were under sulfide stress. Heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu and Cd) in sediments and seagrasses did not show clear patterns with shoot density or biomass, and largely decreased from similar measurements in the late 1970s. However, seagrass cadmium concentrations were negatively correlated to seagrass biomass and shoot density. High cadmium concentrations interfere with sulfur metabolism in terrestrial plants, but impacts on seagrasses remain to be explored. Given that sulfide intrusion can prevent recolonization and drive seagrass declines, management plans in degraded seagrass ecosystems should include management of sediment stressors and water quality to provide comprehensive management.
Placental trophoblast debris mediated feto-maternal signalling via small RNA delivery: implications for preeclampsia
Authors: Wei Jia , Blenkiron Cherie , Tsai Peter , James Joanna L. , Chen Qi , Stone Peter R. , Chamley Lawrence W.
Published: October 2017

To profile the small RNA cargo carried by trophoblast debris derived from the placenta during normal and preeclamptic pregnancies and to determine whether trophoblast debris can deliver its small RNAs to endothelial cells with functional consequences. We confirmed that trophoblast debris can deliver its small RNAs contents to recipient endothelial cells during the co-culture. Next generation sequencing was employed to profile the small RNA contents in both normotensive and preeclamptic trophoblast debris. We identified 1278 mature miRNAs and 2646 non-miRNA small RNA fragments contained. Differential expression analysis identified 16 miRNAs (including miR-145), 5 tRNA fragments from 3 different tRNAs, 13 snRNA fragments and 85 rRNA fragments that were present in different levels between preeclamptic and normotensive trophoblast debris. We loaded a miR-145 mimic into normotensive trophoblast debris via transfection of placental explants from which the debris was derived and found the miR-145 loaded debris induced transcriptomic changes in endothelial cells similar to those induced by preeclamptic trophoblast debris. Trophoblast debris deported into maternal circulation can deliver its small RNA contents to maternal cells thereby contributing to feto-maternal communication. Small RNAs that are dysregulated in preeclamptic trophoblast debris might contribute to the endothelial cell activation which is a hallmark of preeclampsia.
Teaching to make stone tools: new experimental evidence supporting a technological hypothesis for the origins of language
Authors: Lombao D. , Guardiola M. , Mosquera M.
Published: October 2017

The relationship between lithic technology, learning and language is a topic of growing interest in human evolution studies, and has therefore been the subject of numerous scientific papers in recent years. To evaluate the role of language in the social transmission of lithic technology, we designed and developed an experimental protocol through which we compared the acquisition of knapping skills in thirty non-experts in the early stages of learning, by means of three mechanisms of social transmission: imitation-emulation, gestural communication, and verbal communication. All the apprentice knappers carried out the experimental task with blanks that were equal in shape and size, and were requested to replicate what the expert knapper was doing: the alternating method, a sufficiently simple, but systematic technique for detaching flakes from a core. We analysed each participant’s actions, including those of the master knapper, the final products (flakes and cores), and the knapping sequences, by analysing the refits. Our results show that the apprentices improved their knapping skills in teaching conditions -both gestural and verbal communication-, and specially through the latter. In conclusion, our study supports the hypothesis of co-evolution between lithic technology and social learning, which could have favoured the emergence of verbal language.
Microstructure and properties of deposited metal for SUPER304H steel
Authors: Yanchang QI. , Zhiquan WU. , Xin Zhang , Chengyong MA.
Published: October 2017

The microstructure and properties of Super304H weld joints were developed and studied. The Creq and Nieq composition points of the deposited metal were all located in the austenite region. The quantity and size of the Nb-phase in the deposited metal with 0.28wt.% Nb were lower than tnat in the other two deposited metals. The phases were mainly γ and Nb(C, N). The content of Nb(C, N) phases in the deposited metal with the 0.6 wt.% Nb content was approximately 2.2 times of the deposited metal with the 0.28 wt.% Nb content. The Nb-phases in the deposited metal with 0.28 wt.% Nb content were lower in quantity, weaker in the strengthening effect, of lower yield strength and lower in size than that the deposited metal with the 0.6 wt.% Nb content.
Roles of dopamine neurons in mediating the prediction error in aversive learning in insects
Authors: Terao Kanta , Mizunami Makoto
Published: October 2017

In associative learning in mammals, it is widely accepted that the discrepancy, or error, between actual and predicted reward determines whether learning occurs. The prediction error theory has been proposed to account for the finding of a blocking phenomenon, in which pairing of a stimulus X with an unconditioned stimulus (US) could block subsequent association of a second stimulus Y to the US when the two stimuli were paired in compound with the same US. Evidence for this theory, however, has been imperfect since blocking can also be accounted for by competitive theories. We recently reported blocking in classical conditioning of an odor with water reward in crickets. We also reported an “auto-blocking” phenomenon in appetitive learning, which supported the prediction error theory and rejected alternative theories. The presence of auto-blocking also suggested that octopamine neurons mediate reward prediction error signals. Here we show that blocking and auto-blocking occur in aversive learning to associate an odor with salt water (US) in crickets, and our results suggest that dopamine neurons mediate aversive prediction error signals. We conclude that the prediction error theory is applicable to both appetitive learning and aversive learning in insects.
Converting of CO2 into low-molecular-weight organic compounds with the TiO2/ZrO2 composites under solar irradiation
Authors: Moriya Ichiro
Published: October 2017

The preparation of a specially modified titanium dioxide/zirconium oxide (TiO2/ZrO2) composite and its subsequent application using a unique method are described. Specifically, after the whole surface of the composite was covered with a very thin layer of water, solar light was irradiated onto it. This method is unique because the reduction of CO2 was performed in air (gas phase). The light source was real solar light. In this study, novel composites comprising nanometre-sized TiO2 and micrometre-sized zirconium oxide (ZrO2) increased the amount of reduced CO2. And, suitable weight ratio of TiO2/ZrO2 was 6/4-5/5. Thin water layer on the composite offered catalytic-reaction medium, and, catalytic-reaction cite existed at interface of TiO2 and ZrO2 particles, and, this reaction was catalytic reaction enhanced by photocatalytic effect. A large amount of reduced products (maximum: approximately 300 μmol/(g·300 s) of formaldehyde and methanol)was obtained under only 300 s of irradiation of solar light.
Investigation of thermal energy transport interface of hybrid graphene-carbon nanotube/polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Feng , Liu Xuyang , Hu Ning , Ning Huiming , Atobe Satoshi , Yan Cheng , Mo Fuhao , Fu Shaoyun , Zhang Jianyu , Wang Yu , Mu Xiaojing
Published: October 2017

It is well known the thermal properties of three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid graphene (GR)-carbon nanotube (CNT) structures are not superior to that of the individual GR and CNT, however, the 3-D hybrid GR-CNT structures can effectively improve the thermal properties of polymer matrix. Therefore, understanding the thermal energy transport in the interface between polymer matrix and 3-D hybrid GR-CNT structure is essential. Here, the enhancement mechanism of interfacial thermal transport of hybrid GR-CNT structure was explored by applying non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. Three different types of hybrid GR-CNT structures were built. The influences of CNT radius and CNT type for the hybrid GR-CNT on the interfacial thermal properties were also analyzed. Computational results show that among the three different types of hybrid GR-CNT structures, the Model-I, i.e., the covalent bond hybrid GR-CNT structures are of the best interfacial thermal properties. Meanwhile, the CNT radius of hybrid GR-CNT structure has a great influence on the interfacial thermal properties.
Characterization of an industry-grade CMOS camera well suited for single molecule localization microscopy – high performance super-resolution at low cost
Authors: Diekmann Robin , Till Katharina , Müller Marcel , Simonis Matthias , Schüttpelz Mark , Huser Thomas
Published: October 2017

Many commercial as well as custom-built fluorescence microscopes use scientific-grade cameras that represent a substantial share of the instrument’s cost. This holds particularly true for super-resolution localization microscopy where high demands are placed especially on the detector with respect to sensitivity, noise, and also image acquisition speed. Here, we present and carefully characterize an industry-grade CMOS camera as a cost-efficient alternative to commonly used scientific cameras. Direct experimental comparison of these two detector types shows widely similar performance for imaging by single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). Furthermore, high image acquisition speeds are demonstrated for the CMOS detector by ultra-fast SMLM imaging.
Molecular Insights into Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Multidrug Resistant Enteric Pathogens isolated from India
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Bag Satyabrata , Ghosh Tarini Shankar , Dey Prasanta , Dayal Mayanka , Saha Bipasa , Verma Jyoti , Pant Archana , Saxena Shruti , Desigamani Anbumani , Rana Preety , Kumar Dhirendra , Sharma Naresh C. , Hanpude Pranita , Maiti Tushar K. , Mukhopadhyay Asish K. , Bhadra Rupak K. , Nair G. Balakrish , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Das Bhabatosh
Published: October 2017

Emergence of antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacteria has created a serious global health crisis and threatens the effectiveness of most, if not all, antibiotics commonly used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. There is a dearth of detailed studies on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in India. Here, we have isolated and examined AMR patterns of 654 enteric pathogens and investigated complete genome sequences of isolates from six representative genera, which in aggregate encode resistance against 22 antibiotics representing nine distinct drug classes. This study revealed that ~97% isolates are resistant against ≥2 antibiotics, ~24% isolates are resistant against ≥10 antibiotics and ~3% isolates are resistant against ≥15 antibiotics. Analyses of whole genome sequences of six extensive drug resistant enteric pathogens revealed presence of multiple mobile genetic elements, which are physically linked with resistance traits. These elements are therefore appearing to be responsible for disseminating drug resistance among bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. The present study provides insights into the linkages between the resistance patterns to certain antibiotics and their usage in India. The findings would be useful to understand the genetics of resistance traits and severity of and difficulty in tackling AMR enteric pathogens.
Knockout of OsNramp5 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system produces low Cd-accumulating indica rice without compromising yield
Authors: Tang Li , Mao Bigang , Li Yaokui , Lv Qiming , Zhang LiPing , Chen Caiyan , He Hanjie , Wang Weiping , Zeng Xiongfeng , Shao Ye , Pan Yinlin , Hu Yuanyi , Peng Yan , Fu Xiqin , Li Hongqing , Xia Shitou , Zhao Bingran
Published: October 2017

Rice grain with excessive cadmium (Cd) is a major source of dietary Cd intake and a serious threat to health for people who consume rice as a staple food. The development of elite rice cultivars with consistently low Cd content is challenging for conventional breeding approaches, and new strategies urgently need to be developed. Here, we report the development of new indica rice lines with low Cd accumulation and no transgenes by knocking out the metal transporter gene OsNramp5 using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Hydroponic culture showed that Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of osnramp5 mutants were dramatically decreased, resulting in rescue of impaired growth in high Cd condition. Cd-contaminated paddy field trials demonstrated that Cd concentration in osnramp5 grains was consistently less than 0.05 mg/kg, in contrast to high Cd concentrations from 0.33 mg/kg to 2.90 mg/kg in grains of Huazhan (the wild-type indica rice). In particular, the plant yield was not significantly affected in osnramp5 mutants. Furthermore, we developed promising hybrid rice lines with extremely low Cd content in grains. Our work supplies a practical approach to developing Cd pollution-safe indica rice cultivars that minimizes Cd contamination risk in grains.
Variation of the bone forming ability with the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate bone substitutes
Authors: Duan Rongquan , Barbieri Davide , Luo Xiaoman , Weng Jie , Bao Chongyun , de Bruijn Joost D. , Yuan Huipin
Published: October 2017

The submicron-scaled surface structure triggers osteoinduction in CaPsviamechanotransduction, rather than protein adsorption, surface mineralization and calcium ion release.
Supramolecular coordination polymers using a close to ‘V-shaped’ fluorescent 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base scaffold
Authors: Shanmugaraju Sankarasekaran , Hawes Chris S. , Savyasachi Aramballi J. , Blasco Salvador , Kitchen Jonathan A. , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur
Published: October 2017

A novel 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide derived Tröger's base ligand L has been synthesised and subsequently used in the formation of two new supramolecular coordination polymers TB-Co-CP and TB-Cd-CP.
C–H and H–H activation at a di-titanium centre
Authors: Tsoureas Nikolaos , Green Jennifer C. , Cloke F. Geoffrey N.
Published: October 2017

An NHC promotes intramolecular C–H activation in bis(pentalene)dititanium; this process is reversed by the addition of hydrogen, forming a dihydride.
Role of spin–orbit interaction on the nonlinear optical response of CsPbCO3F using DFT
Authors: Narsimha Rao E. , Vaitheeswaran G. , Reshak Ali H. , Auluck S.
Published: October 2017

We explore the effect of spin–orbit interaction (SOI) on the electronic and optical properties of CsPbCO3F using the full potential linear augmented plane wave method with the density functional theory (DFT) approach.
Dependence of topological and optical properties on surface-terminated groups in two-dimensional molybdenum dinitride and tungsten dinitride nanosheets
Authors: Ebrahimian Ali , Dadsetani Mehrdad
Published: October 2017

Usingab initiomethods, the topological and optical properties of surface-functionalized XN2sheets (X = Mo, W) were investigated.
ortho-Cycloalkyl substitutedN,N′-diaryliminoacenaphthene-Ni(ii) catalysts for polyethylene elastomers; exploring ring size and temperature effects
Authors: Suo Hongyi , Oleynik Irina V. , Huang Chuanbing , Oleynik Ivan I. , Solan Gregory A. , Ma Yanping , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen-Hua
Published: October 2017

Hyperbranched PEs are accessible using a nickel catalyst incorporating ano-cycloalkyl group. In terms of catalytic activity: cyclooct. > cyclopent. > cyclohex.
Two metal–organic frameworks based on a flexible benzimidazole carboxylic acid ligand: selective gas sorption and luminescence
Authors: Zhang Fang , Hou Lei , Zhang Wenyan , Yan Yangtian , Wu Yunlong , Yang Ruifeng , Cao Feng , Wang Yao-Yu
Published: October 2017

Two new 3D frameworks with a novel (3,4,7)-connected trinodal net and (3,6)-connected binodal net were obtained by using a flexible ligand, showing significant adsorption selectivity for CO2 over CH4 as well as strong luminescence.
Structure and dynamics of heterometallic clusters derived from addition of metal carbonyl fragments to the unsaturated hydride [W2Cp2(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(NO)2]
Authors: Angeles Alvarez M. , Esther García M. , García-Vivó Daniel , Ruiz Miguel A. , Toyos Adrián
Published: October 2017

Metal carbonyl fragments may insert or add to the title complex, and even replace the hydride ligand to give heterometallic clusters.
1,2,3-Selenadiazole-driven single family MSNCs of CdSe
Authors: Jadhav Aditi A. , Khanna Pawan K.
Published: October 2017

Different 1,2,3-selenadiazoles derivatives were instantly prepared by hand grinding of the reactants via a solventless process and tested for their ability to act as a source of selenium used for synthesis of CdSe magic sized nanoclusters (MSNCs) in the size range of below 2 nm.
Azetidine-derived dinuclear zinc catalyzed asymmetric phospha-Michael addition of dialkyl phosphite to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Shao Na , Li Feng-Zhen , Yang Xiao-Chao , Wang Min-Can
Published: October 2017

The asymmetric phospha-Michael addition of dialkyl phosphite to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by using an azetidine-derived dinuclear zinc catalyst was described.
Metal-free oxidative para-acylation of unprotected anilines with N-heteroarylmethanes
Authors: Liu Min , Chen Xue , Chen Tieqiao , Xu Qing , Yin Shuang-Feng
Published: October 2017

A selective oxidative para-acylation of unprotected anilines with methyl groups in N-heteroarylmethanes was achieved.
Correction: Multiple noncovalent interaction constructed polymeric supramolecular crystals: recognition of butyl viologen by para-dicyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril and α,α′,δ,δ′-tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril
Authors: Xiao Zhi-You , Lin Rui-Lian , Tao Zhu , Liu Qing-Yun , Liu Jing-Xin , Xiao Xin
Published: October 2017

Correction for ‘Multiple noncovalent interaction constructed polymeric supramolecular crystals: recognition of butyl viologen by para-dicyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril and α,α′,δ,δ′-tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril’ by Zhi-You Xiao et al., Org. Chem. Front., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00708f.
TiO2nanotubes enriched with calcium, phosphorous and zinc: promising bio-selective functional surfaces for osseointegrated titanium implants
Authors: Alves S. A. , Ribeiro A. R. , Gemini-Piperni S. , Silva R. C. , Saraiva A. M. , Leite P. E. , Perez G. , Oliveira S. M. , Araujo J. R. , Archanjo B. S. , Rodrigues M. E. , Henriques M. , Celis J.-P. , Shokuhfar T. , Borojevic R. , Granjeiro J. M. , Rocha L. A.
Published: October 2017

TiO2nanotubes enriched with Ca, P, and Zn by reverse polarization anodization, are promising bio-selective functional structures for osseointegrated titanium implants.
A hybrid electromagnetic and leaf-shaped polytetrafluoroethylene triboelectric with an arc-shaped brace structure for energy harvesting
Authors: Huang Run , Zhu Jianxiong
Published: October 2017

We present a hybrid electromagnetic generator (EMG) and leaf-shaped polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with an arc-shaped brace structure for mechanical energy harvesting.
Fused multifunctionalized isoindole-1,3-diones via the coupled oxidation of imidazoles and tetraynes
Authors: Hu Qiong , Li Lidong , Yin Fei , Zhang Hao , Hu Yadong , Liu Baohua , Hu Yimin
Published: October 2017

The facile synthesis of fused multifunctionalized isoindole-1,3-diones by a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder domino reaction of various substituted tetraynes and imidazole derivatives is reported.
Surface tension sensor meshes for rapid alcohol quantification
Authors: Falde E. J. , Wang J. , Grinstaff M. W.
Published: October 2017

Electrospun polymeric sensor arrays detect alcohol content in wine via changes in surface tension.
Prediction of supercritical carbon dioxide solubility in polymers based on hybrid artificial intelligence method integrated with the diffusion theory
Authors: Mengshan Li , Liang Liu , Xingyuan Huang , Hesheng Liu , Bingsheng Chen , Lixin Guan , Yan Wu
Published: October 2017

A solubility prediction model based on a hybrid artificial intelligence method integrated with diffusion theory is proposed.
Fabrication of free-standing membranes with tunable pore structures based on the combination of electrospinning and self-assembly of block copolymers
Authors: Zhou Meimei , Wu Yi-nan , Luo Pingping , Lyu Jiqiang , Mu Dengrui , Li Aowen , Li Fengting , Li Guangtao
Published: October 2017

Polydopamine could improve interface performance of composite membranes with tunable structures which were developed by combining electrospinning and BCP self-assembly.
Enhanced enzymatic andex situbiodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in solutions usingAlcanivorax borkumensisenzymes in the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped reduced graphene oxide as a bacterial growth enhancer
Authors: Nekouei Farzin , Nekouei Shahram
Published: October 2017

This manuscript offers a biochemical insight into how the novel strainA. borkumensiscan grow effectively on metal-free carbonaceous materials in the presence of hexadecane and BTEX hydrocarbon samples.
Thin MoS2nanosheets grafted MOFs-derived porous Co–N–C flakes grown on electrospun carbon nanofibers as self-supported bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting
Authors: Ji Dongxiao , Peng Shengjie , Fan Li , Li Linlin , Qin Xiaohong , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2017

A thin MoS2nanosheets grafted MOF derived Co–N–C flake grown on electrospun carbon nanofiber film was designed and mass-produced. The material exhibited superior bifunctional catalytic activity for overall water splitting.
Janus nanostructures formed by mesoporous silica coating Au nanorods for near-infrared chemo–photothermal therapy
Authors: Fang Lin , Wang Weiqi , Liu Yang , Xie Zhigang , Chen Li
Published: October 2017

Mesoporous silica was partly coated on AuNRs (Janus AuNRs@mSiO2) as a hyperthermia and drug delivery platform for chemo–photothermal therapy.
Spectral analysis of four surprisingly similar hot hydrogen-rich subdwarf O stars
Authors: Latour M. , Chayer P. , Green E. M. , Irrgang A. , Fontaine G.
Published: October 2017

Context. Post-extreme horizontal branch stars (post-EHB) are helium-shell burning objects evolving away from the EHB and contracting directly towards the white dwarf regime. While the stars forming the EHB have been extensively studied in the past, their hotter and more evolved progeny are not so well characterized.

Aims. We perform a comprehensive spectroscopic analysis of four such bright sdO stars, namely Feige 34, Feige 67, AGK+81°266, and LS II+18°9, among which the first three are used as standard stars for flux calibration. Our goal is to determine their atmospheric parameters, chemical properties, and evolutionary status to better understand this class of stars that are en route to become white dwarfs.

Methods. We used non-local thermodynamic equilibrium model atmospheres in combination with high quality optical and UV spectra. Photometric data were also used to compute the spectroscopic distances of our stars and to characterize the companion responsible for the infrared excess of Feige 34.

Results. The four bright sdO stars have very similar atmospheric parameters with Teff between 60 000 and 63 000 K and log g (cm s-2) in the range 5.9 to 6.1. This places these objects right on the theoretical post-EHB evolutionary tracks. The UV spectra are dominated by strong iron and nickel lines and suggest abundances that are enriched with respect to those of the Sun by factors of 25 and 60. On the other hand, the lighter elements, C, N, O, Mg, Si, P, and S are depleted. The stars have very similar abundances, although AGK+81°266 shows differences in its light element abundances. For instance, the helium abundance of this object is 10 times lower than that observed in the other three stars. All our stars show UV spectral lines that require additional line broadening that is consistent with a rotational velocity of about 25 km s-1. The infrared excess of Feige 34 is well reproduced by a M0 main-sequence companion and the surface area ratio of the two stars suggests that the system is a physical binary. However, the lack of radial velocity variations points towards a low inclination and/or long orbital period. Spectroscopic and Hipparcos distances are in good agreement for our three brightest stars.

Conclusions. We performed a spectroscopic analysis of four hot sdO stars that are very similar in terms of atmospheric parameters and chemical compositions. The rotation velocities of our stars are significantly higher than what is observed in their immediate progenitors on the EHB, suggesting that angular momentum may be conserved as the stars evolve away from the EHB.
Open Anterior Skull Base Reconstruction: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Iloreta Alfred , Miles Brett , Inman Jared , Kwon Daniel
Published: October 2017

Skull base extirpative and reconstructive surgery has undergone significant changes due to technological and operative advances. While endoscopic resection and reconstruction will continue to advance skull base surgery for the foreseeable future, traditional open surgical approaches and reconstructive techniques are still contemporarily employed as best practices in certain tumors or patient-specific anatomical cases. Skull base surgeons should strive to maintain a working knowledge and technical skill set to manage these challenging cases where endoscopic techniques have previously failed, are insufficient from anatomical constraints, or tumor biology with margin control supersedes the more minimally invasive approach. This review focuses on the reconstructive techniques available to the open skull base surgeon as an adjunct to the endoscopic reconstructive options. Anatomic considerations, factors relating to the defect or patient, reconstructive options of nonvascular grafts, local and regional flaps, and free tissue transfer are outlined using the literature and author's experience. Future directions in virtual surgical planning and emerging technologies will continue to enhance open and endoscopic skull base surgeon's preparation, performance, and outcomes in this continually developing interdisciplinary field.
Skull Base Trauma: Clinical Considerations in Evaluation and Diagnosis and Review of Management Techniques and Surgical Approaches
Authors: Farnoosh Soroush , Kellman Robert , Tatum Sherard , Feldman Jacob
Published: October 2017

Traumatic injuries to the skull base can involve critical neurovascular structures and present with symptoms and signs that must be recognized by physicians tasked with management of trauma patients. This article provides a review of skull base anatomy and outlines demographic features in skull base trauma. The manifestations of various skull base injuries, including CSF leaks, facial paralysis, anosmia, and cranial nerve injury, are discussed, as are appropriate diagnostic and radiographic testing in patients with such injuries. While conservative management is sometimes appropriate in skull base trauma, surgical access to the skull base for reconstruction of traumatic injuries may be required. A variety of specific surgical approaches to the anterior cranial fossa are discussed, including the classic anterior craniofacial approach as well as less invasive and newer endoscope-assisted approaches to the traumatized skull base.
Globalisierung und Public Health
Authors: Razum Oliver , Zeeb Hajo
Published: October 2017

Im Zeitalter der Globalisierung sind die wenigsten Gesundheitsprobleme nur „lokal“ in ihrer Entstehung. Übertragbare Erkrankungen und der Klimawandel machen nicht an den Grenzen von Nationalstaaten halt und lassen sich daher auch nicht wirksam nur innerhalb eines Landes kontrollieren. Aber auch Verhaltensweisen wie Rauchen und Ernährung, die sich auf die Gesundheit auswirken, werden im Zuge der Globalisierung durch internationale Unternehmen und überstaatliche Politiken beeinflusst. Dementsprechend muss auch Public-Health-Strategien und Maßnahmen entwickeln, die nicht nur innerhalb eines Nationalstaats ansetzen und wirken. Vielmehr ist auch für Public Health in Deutschland heute eine Global-Public-Health-Perspektive unverzichtbar.
Mundgesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit geistiger Behinderung und psychoemotionalen Störungen aus Niedersachsen und Thüringen
Authors: Schüler Ina , Dziwak Marco , Schmied Kirsten , Lehmann Thomas , Heinrich-Weltzien Roswitha
Published: October 2017

Ziel Ziel der Studie war die vergleichende Beurteilung der Mundgesundheit von 6–16-jährigen Niedersächsischen (NI) und Thüringer (TH) Schülern mit geistigen Behinderungen (GB) und psychoemotionalen Störungen (PES).

Methodik Bei 571 TH Schülern mit GB sowie 118 NI Schülern mit GB und 80 mit PES erfolgte eine Erfassung von Kariesbefall, odontogenen Infektionen, Fissurenversiegelungen (FV) und Parodontalgesundheit. Die Daten wurden mittels altersadjustierter linearer und binär-logistischer Regressionsanalyse verglichen.

Ergebnisse Schüler mit PES vereinten die höchste Kariesprävalenz und den höchsten Kariesbefall in beiden Dentitionen sowie die höchste Prävalenz odontogener Infektionen im Milchgebiss. Bei 6–11-Jährigen mit GB unterschied sich die Häufigkeit odontogener Infektionen nicht wesentlich zwischen Thüringen und Niedersachsen. 6–11-jährige NI Schüler mit PES hatten ein mehr als 2-faches Risiko an Karies zu erkranken bzw. odontogene Infektionen zu entwickeln als Gleichaltrige mit GB. Der Sanierungsgrad von NI Schülern mit PES war in beiden Dentitionen und Altersgruppen besser als von Schülern mit GB. Die TH Schüler mit GB wiesen in beiden Dentitionen einen geringeren Kariesbefall und einen höheren Sanierungsgrad auf als die NI Schüler. Im Vergleich zu gesunden Altersgefährten sind Schüler mit GB oder PES in beiden Dentitionen häufiger und schwerer von Karies betroffen. Sie hatten einen geringeren Sanierungsgrad und waren seltener mit FV versorgt.

Schlussfolgerung Schüler mit PES oder GB haben einen unbefriedigenden Mundgesundheitsstatus und stellen zahnmedizinische Risikogruppen dar, wobei Schüler mit PES stärker von Karies und odontogenen Infektionen betroffen sind. Der Sanierungsgrad von Schülern mit GB ist im Vergleich zu Schülern mit PES und gesunden Altersgefährten unzureichend und signalisiert die Benachteiligung dieser vulnerablen Patientengruppen.
Globale Gesundheitspolitik ist mehr als Gefahrenabwehr
Authors: Holst Jens , Razum Oliver
Published: October 2017

Globale Gesundheit steht zunehmend auf der internationalen politischen Tagesordnung und wird zum Thema bei länderübergreifenden Foren wie den G7- und G20-Gipfeltreffen. Dieser Trend ist ebenso überfällig wie begrüßenswert, auch wenn Reichweite und Inhalte der Diskussion eher beschränkt bleiben. Um die Gesundheit der Menschen weltweit zu erhalten und zu verbessern, erfordert globale öffentliche Gesundheitsfürsorge ein koordiniertes und kohärentes Vorgehen. Die Fähigkeit zum Umgang mit Epidemien ist sicherlich notwendig, betrifft aber nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt von globaler Gesundheit und wird solange unzureichend bleiben, wie die sozialen und gesundheitssystembedingten Ursachen fortbestehen. Die One-Health-Strategie ist ein wichtiger Ansatz im Kampf gegen Antibiotikaresistenzen. Ohne Lösung der entscheidenden ökonomischen Determinanten wird sich das Problem aber nicht überwinden lassen. Gesundheitssystemstärkung, das dritte größere globale Gesundheitsthema, erfordert eine tragfähige Mischung ausreichender Finanzierung, Infrastruktur, Fachkräften und gesellschaftlichen Faktoren, um den Zugang zu Gesundheit auf alle Menschen auszuweiten. Alle beabsichtigten und wünschenswerten Verbesserungen der globalen Gesundheit erfordern komplexe Querschnittsansätze, wenn sie wirksam und nachhaltig sein sollen; die bisher von den politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen vorgelegten Schritte sind eher klein und gehen nicht die wesentlichen Ursachen an. Globale Gesundheit muss mehr sein als das Herumflicken an Symptomen.
TOSCA, EXSCEL, DEVOTE, DEPICT und inTandem3
Authors: Schikora Stephanie
Published: October 2017

Über 18 000 Teilnehmer konnten sich Mitte September in Lissabon auf dem Kongress der „European Association for the Study of Diabetes“ (EASD) aus erster Hand über zum Teil unerwartete Ergebnisse aktueller Studien informieren. Im Fokus standen dabei das kardiovaskuläre Nutzen-Risiko-Profil antidiabetischer Wirkstoffe, aber auch potenzielle neue Therapiestrategien für Patienten mit einem Typ-1-Diabetes.
KO of 5-InsP
7
kinase activity transforms the HCT116 colon cancer cell line into a hypermetabolic, growth-inhibited phenotype
Authors: Gu Chunfang , Nguyen Hoai-Nghia , Ganini Douglas , Chen Zhaowei , Jessen Henning J. , Gu Zhen , Wang Huanchen , Shears Stephen B.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Therapeutic improvements to human health can accrue from understanding the bidirectional relationship between cell signaling and bioenergetic homeostasis. Key players in this communication interface are inositol pyrophosphate cellular signals 5-InsP
7
and 1,5-InsP
8
, which are interconverted by diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases (PPIP5Ks). Here, an intestinal tumor cell line is used for CRISPR-based KO of PPIP5Ks, which eliminates 1,5-InsP
8
and raises 5-InsP
7
levels several fold.
PPIP5K
−/−
cells exhibit a growth-inhibited phenotype, indicating that PPIP5Ks are potential targets for tumor therapy.
PPIP5K
−/−
cells also have elevated levels of ATP because of increased mitochondrial biomass and accelerated rates of glycolysis. This hypermetabolic state is attributed to hitherto unsuspected functions for 1,5-InsP
8
in bioenergetic homeostasis, thereby suggesting that PPIP5Ks could offer approaches to treat metabolic diseases.
Bacteriorhodopsin-like channelrhodopsins: Alternative mechanism for control of cation conductance
Authors: Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Govorunova Elena G. , Li Hai , Spudich John L.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Two well-characterized carboxylate residues catalyze vectorial proton transport in rhodopsin proton pumps, such as bacteriorhodopsin. We report the mechanism of a type of rhodopsin, a channelrhodopsin unique in that it exploits the same residues to accomplish a completely different process: opening and closing of a cation channel. This finding promises leaps in our understanding of how evolution modifies shared protein scaffolds to create new protein chemistry in homologous membrane proteins. Moreover, algal channelrhodopsins have become widespread molecular tools to manipulate membrane potential in cells with light (optogenetics). The structurally distinct, independently evolved channelrhodopsins studied here open the possibility for discovery of optogenetic tools with new properties. Our results provide insights into the conductance mechanisms of these channelrhodopsins.
Stem cells: Aging and transcriptional fingerprints
Authors: Keyes Brice E. , Fuchs Elaine
Published: October 2017

Stem cells are imbued with unique qualities. They have the capacity to propagate themselves through symmetric divisions and to divide asymmetrically to engender new cells that can progress to differentiate into tissue-specific, terminal cell types. Armed with these qualities, stem cells in adult tissues are tasked with replacing decaying cells and regenerating tissue after injury to maintain optimal tissue function. With increasing age, stem cell functional abilities decline, resulting in reduced organ function and delays in tissue repair. Here, we review the effect of aging in five well-studied adult murine stem cell populations and explore age-related declines in stem cell function and their consequences for stem cell self-renewal, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Finally, we examine transcriptional changes that have been documented in aged stem cell populations and discuss new questions and future directions that this collection of data has uncovered.
Transcriptome Assessment of Erythema Migrans Skin Lesions in Patients With Early Lyme Disease Reveals Predominant Interferon Signaling
Authors: Marques Adriana , Schwartz Ira , Wormser Gary P , Wang Yanmei , Hornung Ronald L , Demirkale Cumhur Y , Munson Peter J , Turk Siu-Ping , Williams Carla , Lee Chyi-Chia Richard , Yang Jun , Petzke Mary M
Published: October 2017

Background

The most common clinical manifestation of early Lyme disease is the erythema migrans (EM) skin lesion that develops at the tick bite site typically between 7 and 14 days after infection with Borreliella burgdorferi. The host-pathogen interactions that occur in the skin may have a critical role in determining outcome of infection.

Methods

Gene arrays were used to characterize the global transcriptional alterations in skin biopsy samples of EM lesions from untreated adult patients with Lyme disease in comparison to controls.

Results

The transcriptional pattern in EM biopsies consisted of 254 differentially regulated genes (180 induced and 74 repressed) characterized by the induction of chemokines, cytokines, Toll-like receptors, antimicrobial peptides, monocytoid cell activation markers, and numerous genes annotated as interferon (IFN)-inducible. The IFN-inducible genes included 3 transcripts involved in tryptophan catabolism (IDO1, KMO, KYNU) that play a pivotal role in immune evasion by certain other microbial pathogens by driving the differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Conclusions

This is the first study to globally assess the human skin transcriptional response during early Lyme disease. Borreliella burgdorferi elicits a predominant IFN signature in the EM lesion, suggesting a potential mechanism for spirochetal dissemination via IDO1-mediated localized immunosuppression.
Clinical documentation variations and NLP system portability: a case study in asthma birth cohorts across institutions
Authors: Sohn Sunghwan , Wang Yanshan , Wi Chung-Il , Krusemark Elizabeth A , Ryu Euijung , Ali Mir H , Juhn Young J , Liu Hongfang
Published: October 2017

Objective

To assess clinical documentation variations across health care institutions using different electronic medical record systems and investigate how they affect natural language processing (NLP) system portability.

Materials and Methods

Birth cohorts from Mayo Clinic and Sanford Children’s Hospital (SCH) were used in this study (n = 298 for each). Documentation variations regarding asthma between the 2 cohorts were examined in various aspects: (1) overall corpus at the word level (ie, lexical variation), (2) topics and asthma-related concepts (ie, semantic variation), and (3) clinical note types (ie, process variation). We compared those statistics and explored NLP system portability for asthma ascertainment in 2 stages: prototype and refinement.

Results

There exist notable lexical variations (word-level similarity = 0.669) and process variations (differences in major note types containing asthma-related concepts). However, semantic-level corpora were relatively homogeneous (topic similarity = 0.944, asthma-related concept similarity = 0.971). The NLP system for asthma ascertainment had anF-score of 0.937 at Mayo, and produced 0.813 (prototype) and 0.908 (refinement) when applied at SCH.

Discussion

The criteria for asthma ascertainment are largely dependent on asthma-related concepts. Therefore, we believe that semantic similarity is important to estimate NLP system portability. As the Mayo Clinic and SCH corpora were relatively homogeneous at a semantic level, the NLP system, developed at Mayo Clinic, was imported to SCH successfully with proper adjustments to deal with the intrinsic corpus heterogeneity.
Declamation
Authors: Bernstein Neil W.
Published: October 2017

A declamation in the ancient Greco-Roman context refers to a speech in the character of a speaker before an imaginary law court on a fictional, mythical, or historical theme. The range of declamatory topics can be illustrated by examples such as Seneca’s Suasoria 6, in which a fictionalized Cicero considers whether to beg Mark Antony for his life; Lucian’s “The disowned son” (Abdicatus), on a son who studied medicine after being disowned but refused to cure his stepmother; and Choricius of Gaza’s Declamation 1 (10), in which Polydamas attempts to convince Priam that Achilles should be allowed to marry Polyxena. Practitioners declaimed in a variety of contexts. Both professional and amateur rhetors gave demonstration speeches before large audiences. Teachers produced model exercises and commentaries for the use of elite male students, for whom declamation represented an advanced phase of their rhetorical education. We possess a substantial corpus of Greek and Latin practice speeches, technical and pedagogical handbooks, and commentaries and working notes by practitioners and teachers that ranges from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine period. Nineteenth and 20th-century scholars paid little attention to declamation, and its contemporary study still remains relatively obscure. Part 1, consisting of the sections General Overviews and Essay Collections, accordingly begins with materials that may help orient the novice reader of declamation. Declamation has often been studied in the context of social history, principally family, education, and law. Literary scholars have examined this hybrid genre’s connection to other genres, such as New Comedy and the ancient novel. The article’s second part surveys the thematic studies involving declamation. Much scholarly effort still must be devoted to basic philological work: establishing reliable texts of declamation along with translations and commentaries. The article’s third part catalogs these fundamental research tools.
Disability and Disability Culture
Authors: Mackelprang Romel W. , Parrey Ryan
Published: October 2017

Social work has a rich history in working for the rights of people in society. The profession’s commitment to vulnerable and oppressed people and groups are codified in national and international ethical standards. Social justice and respecting the dignity and worth of people are core ethical principles. Social workers’ ethical responsibilities to clients include self-determination, cultural competence, and respect for diversity. Social workers have been at the forefront of social causes to improve the lives of individuals and groups as evidenced by the high regard that one of the profession’s founders, Jane Addams, a 1931 Nobel Peace Prize winner for her work on behalf of women, immigrants to the United States, peace activities, and involvement in the early years of the NAACP and ACLU. Addams’s work reflected her commitment to empowering diverse groups. She recognized that women, ethnic minorities, immigrants, and others were disadvantaged by society and not because of individual failings. Addams was an icon of human rights and valuing diversity, yet she was deeply ashamed of her disabilities. She deeply admired her father and recounts how she, “prayed with all my heart that the ugly, pigeon-toed little girl whose crooked back obliged her to walk with her head held very much to one side, would never be pointed out. . . as the daughter of this fine man,” lest she bring shame to him by his being associated with his “ugly duckling” daughter (Twenty years at hull house. Addams Publications, 1910. p. 3). Social work histories on Addams contain scant information and discussion about her disabilities. Had Addams lived today, she would have access to disabled role models and mentors within the disability community. And given her commitment to social justice, she would certainly be a disability rights advocate because she would have community and a context to operate in. This contribution to the social work body of literature elucidates a diversity approach to disability that includes disability pride, disability culture, and the contributions of disabled people in society. It builds on the literature such as the Oxford Bibliographies contribution of Rankin and colleagues (2015) in Social Work “Disabilities” that provides information for social workers to work with disabled people who are vulnerable and oppressed because of individual or social pathologies. It offers an alternative diversity-and-strengths-based definition of disability and disabled people in contrast to a “social problems” perspective. It provides resources in two broad-ranging areas of focus to help readers understand disability and disabled people as contributors to the diverse tapestry of society. The first entails academic and activist work in disability studies and the disability rights movement. The second includes cultural and artistic products constructed by disabled people that speak to disability as a socially organized phenomenon as well as a lived experience.