bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Analysis of a Thermo-Viscoelastic Half-Space due to Thermal Shock in Temperature-Rate-Dependent Thermoelasticity
Authors: Kumar S. , Sikka J. S. , Choudhary S.
Published: May 2016

The present paper is aimed at studying the effects of viscosity and time on the propagation of thermoelastic waves in a homogeneous and isotropic three-dimensional medium whose surface is acted upon by a thermal load under the purview of temperature-rate-dependent thermoelasticity. The normal mode analysis technique has been employed to solve the resulting non-dimensional coupled field equations and hence the exact expressions for displacement component, stress, temperature field and strain are obtained. The problem is further illustrated by computing the numerical values of the field variables for a copper- like material and depicting them graphically. Numerical results predict finite speed of propagation for thermoelastic waves.
Applications of the Alexander Ideals to the Isomorphism Problem for Families of Groups
Authors: Hung Do Viet , Khoi Vu The
Published: May 2016

In this paper we use the Alexander ideals of groups to solve the isomorphism problem for the Baumslag–Solitar groups and a family of parafree groups introduced by Baumslag and Cleary.
Elite Capture
Authors: Mattingly Daniel C.
Published: May 2016

Political decentralization is often argued to strengthen political accountability by bringing government closer to the people. Social and civic institutions at the local level, such as lineage associations, temples, churches, or social clubs, can make it easier for citizens to monitor officials and hold them accountable. This article argues that strong social institutions also empower local elites who may use their informal influence to control their group and capture rents. Drawing on evidence from case studies of Chinese villages, the article shows that lineage group leaders who become village officials use their combination of social and political authority to confiscate villagers’ land. Evidence from a survey experiment suggests that endorsement of a land confiscation plan by lineage elites elicits greater compliance with property seizures. A national survey indicates that when a lineage leader becomes a village cadre, it is associated with a 14 to 20 percent increase in the likelihood of a land expropriation. The findings demonstrate how informal institutions and local civil society can be tools of top-down political control.
G-NETWORKS OF UNRELIABLE NODES
Authors: Fourneau Jean-Michel
Published: May 2016

We study G-networks with positive and negative customers and signals. We consider two types of signals: they can make a subnetwork of queues operational or down. As signals are sent by queues after a customer service completion, one can model the availability of a sub-network of queues controlled by another network of queues. We prove that under classical assumptions for G-networks and assumptions on the rerouting probabilities when a subnetwork is not operational, the steady-state distribution, if it exists, has a product form steady state distribution. Some examples are given.
The mathematics of varistors
Authors: CIMATTI GIOVANNI
Published: May 2016

A three-dimensional model of the varistor device is proposed. The thermal and electric conductivity of the material are taken to depend, in addition to the electric potential, on the temperature. Two theorems of existence and uniqueness of solutions for the boundary-value problem which determine the potential and the temperature inside the device are proposed. Levy–Caccioppoli global inversion theorem is used for the proof.
Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study
Authors: Huseinovic E , Winkvist A , Slimani N , Park MK , Freisling H , Boeing H , Buckland G , Schwingshackl L , Weiderpass E , Rostgaard-Hansen AL , Tjønneland A , Affret A , Boutron-Ruault MC , Fagherazzi G , Katzke V , Kühn T , Naska A , Orfanos P , Trichopoulou A , Pala V , Palli D , Ricceri F , Santucci de Magistris M , Tumino R , Engeset D , Enget T , Skeie G , Barricarte A , Bonet CB , Chirlaque MD , Amiano P , Quirós JR , Sánchez MJ , Dias JA , Drake I , Wennberg M , Boer JMA , Ocké MC , Verschuren WMM , Lassale C , Perez-Cornago A , Riboli E , Ward H , Forslund H Bertéus
Published: May 2016

Objective

To characterize meal patterns across ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study.

Design

Cross-sectional study utilizing dietary data collected through a standardized 24 h diet recall during 1995–2000. Eleven predefined intake occasions across a 24 h period were assessed during the interview. In the present descriptive report, meal patterns were analysed in terms of daily number of intake occasions, the proportion reporting each intake occasion and the energy contributions from each intake occasion.

Setting

Twenty-seven centres across ten European countries.

Subjects

Women (64 %) and men (36 %) aged 35–74 years (n 36 020).

Results

Pronounced differences in meal patterns emerged both across centres within the same country and across different countries, with a trend for fewer intake occasions per day in Mediterranean countries compared with central and northern Europe. Differences were also found for daily energy intake provided by lunch, with 38–43 % for women and 41–45 % for men within Mediterranean countries compared with 16–27 % for women and 20–26 % for men in central and northern European countries. Likewise, a south–north gradient was found for daily energy intake from snacks, with 13–20 % (women) and 10–17 % (men) in Mediterranean countries compared with 24–34 % (women) and 23–35 % (men) in central/northern Europe.

Conclusions

We found distinct differences in meal patterns with marked diversity for intake frequency and lunch and snack consumption between Mediterranean and central/northern European countries. Monitoring of meal patterns across various cultures and populations could provide critical context to the research efforts to characterize relationships between dietary intake and health.
China’s Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme: a type of health insurance or a type of health cooperative?
Authors: Wang Fang , Liang Yuan
Published: May 2016

The Cooperative Medical Scheme (CMS) was popular in rural China in the 1960s and 1970s, having garnered praise from the World Bank and World Health Organization as an unprecedented example of a successful health care model in a low-income developing country. However, the CMS almost collapsed in the 1980s. Based on its historical origins and main activities, we think the CMS functioned as a health cooperative rather than a health insurance scheme. Perhaps, however, the importance to the CMS of cooperation between institutions has been overestimated. Overlooked, yet equally important, has been the cooperation between health workers and farmers to target health-related risk factors associated with agricultural work and ways of life. The ‘cooperative’ character of the CMS includes two aspects: cooperative institutions and cooperative behaviour. Although the CMS collapsed in China, similar schemes are flourishing elsewhere in the world. In the future, in-depth analysis of these schemes is required.
The Political Economy of Support for Sharia: Evidence from the Russian North Caucasus
Authors: Dzutsati Valery , Siroky David , Dzutsev Khasan
Published: May 2016

Many scholars have argued that orthodox Muslims harbor attitudes that are more economically communitarian and politically illiberal, since individuals are seen as embedded within a larger community that places a premium on social order. Yet most studies have ignored the potential of Islam as an ideological platform for political reformers. Religion in general and Islam in particular has mostly been treated as a predictor rather than a derivative of political-economic preferences. This article suggests that, in the absence of credible secular political ideologies and representative political mechanisms, reformist-minded individuals are likely to use religion as a political platform for change. When Muslims are a minority in a repressive non-Muslim society, Islamic orthodoxy can serve as a political platform for politically and economically liberal forces. We test these conjectures with original micro-level data from the Russian North Caucasus and find strong support for them.
Hypersampsones S–W, new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum sampsonii
Authors: Tian Wen-Jing , Qiu Yu-Qin , Jin Xiao-Jie , Chen Hai-Feng , Yao Xiao-Jun , Dai Yi , Yao Xin-Sheng
Published: May 2016

Five new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (1–5) with a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane skeleton, along with five known analogues (6–10), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii.
Quantification of selected volatile organic compounds in human urine by gas chromatography selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-SRI-TOF-MS) coupled with head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)
Authors: Mochalski Paweł , Unterkofler Karl
Published: May 2016

Selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry with NO+as the reagent ion in conjunction with gas chromatography and head-space solid-phase microextraction was used to determine 16 volatiles in human urine.
Cuboctahedron-based indium–organic frameworks for gas sorption and selective cation exchange
Authors: Yu Panpan , Li Qipeng , Hu Yue , Liu Nannan , Zhang Lijie , Su Kongzhao , Qian Jinjie , Huang Shaoming , Hong Maochun
Published: May 2016

InOF-9is an anionic indium–organic framework, which exhibits excellent gas sorption capacity through supercritical carbon dioxide activation process and selectively encapsulates guest methylene blue cations.
Probing the correlations between the defects in metal–organic frameworks and their catalytic activity by an epoxide ring-opening reaction
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Klet Rachel C. , Hupp Joseph T. , Farha Omar
Published: May 2016

The number of defects in a series of Zr/Hf-MOFs was found to correlate quantitatively with their catalytic activity.
New boron based salts for lithium-ion batteries using conjugated ligands
Authors: Jankowski P. , Wieczorek W. , Johansson P.
Published: May 2016

A new lithium salt design concept, based on anions combining a central boron atom and conjugated ligands, is presented.
Fabrication and characterization of continuous silver nanofiber/polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNF/PVP) core–shell nanofibers using the coaxial electrospinning process
Authors: Gebeyehu Molla Bahiru , Chang Yu-Hao , Abay Angaw Kelemework , Chang Shao-Yen , Lee Jiunn-Yih , Wu Chang-Mou , Chiang Tai-Chin , Murakami Ri-Ichi
Published: May 2016

Core–shell silver nanofiber/polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNF/PVP) nanofibers have been successfully fabricated via an efficient coaxial-spinneret electrospinning method with a vertical configuration using PVP and AgNO3 as precursor solutions.
Development of hydrophilic magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers by directly coating onto Fe3O4 with a water-miscible functional monomer and application in a solid-phase extraction procedure for iridoid glycosides
Authors: Ji Wenhua , Zhang Mingming , Liu Wei , Wang Xingmin , Duan Wenjuan , Xie Hongkai , Wang Xiao
Published: May 2016

Development of hydrophilic magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers by directly coating onto Fe3O4 with a water-miscible functional monomer and application in a solid-phase extraction procedure for iridoid glycosides.
Synthesis of copper–silver bimetallic nanopowders for a biomedical approach; study of their antibacterial properties
Authors: Rousse Céline , Josse Jérôme , Mancier Valérie , Levi Samuel , Gangloff Sophie C. , Fricoteaux Patrick
Published: May 2016

Copper–silver nanopowders (NPs) are synthesized using a combination of sonoelectrodeposition for the inner core and galvanic replacement reaction for the outer shell.
Theoretical investigations toward the [3 + 2]-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrones with vinyldiazoacetates catalyzed by Rh2(R-TPCP)4: mechanism and enantioselectivity
Authors: Ma Ling-Ling , Wang Wan , Wang Gui-Chang
Published: May 2016

The mechanism of Rh2(R-TPCP)4-catalyzed [3 + 2]-dipolar cycloadditions between vinyldiazoacetate and nitrone to form 2,5-dihydroisoxazole has been studied by ONIOM methodology calculations including density functional theory and PM6 theory.
Nitrogen and sulfur self-doped porous carbon from brussel sprouts as electrode materials for high stable supercapacitors
Authors: Li Jiangfeng , Zan Guangtao , Wu Qingsheng
Published: May 2016

Brussel sprout-derived activated carbon materials synthesized through the activation of KOH as electrode material for electrochemical capacitor shows a good rate capability.
Ru-Catalyzed highly site-selective C–H bond arylation of 9-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole
Authors: Harsha Vardhan Reddy K. , Kumar R. Uday , Reddy V. Prakash , Satish G. , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Nageswar Y. V. D.
Published: May 2016

We describe an efficient ruthenium-catalyzed C–H bond ortho-arylation of 9-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole using boronic acids. This methodology exhibits excellent and high site-selectivity, functional group tolerance and gave the desired product in moderate to good yields.
Gel-type polymer separator with higher thermal stability and effective overcharge protection of 4.2 V for secondary lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Ni Wei , Yang Dan , Cheng Jianli , Li Xiaodong , Guan Qun , Wang Bin
Published: May 2016

A gel-type electrolyte separator for effective overcharge protection with enhanced thermal stability and electrochemical safety may provide an alternative solution for safe operation of Li-ion batteries.
Solid solution of a zeolite and a framework-bound OSDA-containing molecular sieve
Authors: Lee Jun Kyu , Lee Jeong Hwan , Ahn Nak Ho , Cho Kwang Ho , Hong Suk Bong
Published: May 2016

The first solid-solution of a zeolite and a FOMS has been demonstrated and the overall results of this work strongly suggest that other families of zeolite–FOMS solid solutions can in principle exist.
Structural and Na-ion conduction characteristics of Na3PSxSe4−x
Authors: Bo Shou-Hang , Wang Yan , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: May 2016

Fast Na-ion diffusion in Na3PSxSe4−x may not be causally related with the symmetry of the polymorph, but with compositional variations.
Three‐winding transformer based asymmetrical dual active bridge converter
Authors: Jakka Venkat Nag Someswar Rao , Shukla Anshuman , Demetriades Georgios
Published: May 2016

A three‐winding transformer based asymmetrical dual active bridge (TWT‐ADAB) isolated dc–dc converter is proposed in this study. The converter comprises of three stages: primary, isolation, and secondary. The primary stage consists of an H‐bridge converter, the isolation stage consists of a three‐winding transformer with one primary and two secondary windings, and the secondary stage consists of a bridge converter having three legs and six active switches. The load current is shared equally by the secondary windings of the transformer resulting in reduced currents through switches of the secondary converter. Therefore, the turn‐off losses of these switches get reduced. Further, zero voltage switching turn‐on can be achieved for all switches of the TWT‐ADAB converter to reduce the switching losses. A detailed analysis of the modelling and control of the proposed TWT‐ADAB converter is presented. The theoretical analysis is verified using the simulation and experimental results. These demonstrated results show that the proposed TWT‐ADAB converter offers wider ranges of the output voltages and powers and higher efficiency as compared with the existing dual bridge isolated dc–dc converters. Therefore, it can be an eminent structure for high‐power isolated dc–dc power conversion applications.
Angle of arrival‐based target localisation with low Earth orbit satellite observer
Authors: Norouzi Yaser , Kashani Elham Sadat , Ajorloo Abdollah
Published: May 2016

In triangulation (or angle of arrival) target localisation method, the surface of the Earth is approximated by a flat plate. This approximation, while acceptable for low‐altitude observers (such as unmanned aerial vehicles), is not a correct model for high‐altitude observers (such as low Earth orbit – LEO satellites). In this study, the authors have discussed triangulation method using a LEO satellite observer over a spherical surface and have shown that, using spherical trigonometry and singular value decomposition (SVD), a straight forward solution can be found for target localisation problem. Also, error bound is discussed and analysed using both SVD as well as simulation.
Integrating dual antennas with hybrid dual circular 32‐quadrature amplitude modulation to increase the coverage area for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Adam Mason , Hope Martin , Takruri‐Rizk Haifa
Published: May 2016

Wireless sensor network's (WSN's) and wireless personal area network technologies continue to develop rapidly with integration into numerous applications. The ever increasing demands on these systems require that radio transceivers extend their coverage area and adopt more efficient algorithms to full fill the requirements of new applications. In this study, a unique application of multiple‐input multiple‐output technology is applied to the application of WSN's in order to dynamically extend range and thus overall coverage area. The scheme incorporates multiple antennas with dual circular 32‐quadrature amplitude modulation for multi‐band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based systems in order to increase the wireless communication range. Simulations results are then presented that show a significant improvement in the system performance in terms of the bit error rate and also signal‐to‐noise power ratio.
Load‐balanced energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Siavoshi Saman , Kavian Yousef S. , Sharif Hamid
Published: May 2016

This paper introduces an innovative clustering protocol of load balancing which divides the whole network to the virtual circle with variable radiuses. The authors’ protocol uses an innovative architecture in intra cluster communication. In this protocol, radius of each virtual circle and the size of each cluster will increase with the increasing distance from the base station, in such way that cluster size of each circle will be different with the clusters of the other circles. In each cluster, leader nodes are responsible for collecting and compressing data from their ordinary neighbour nodes and sending them to head cluster. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol increases network lifetime in comparison with protocols LEACH, TCAC and DSBCA by 73, 52 and 21%, respectively. It also makes energy efficiency and load balancing across the network.
Combining population genetics (DNA) with historical linguistics
Authors: Schwegler Armin
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the African provenience of some of Latin America’s Black inhabitants and to demonstrate how recent advances in research have made it possible to determine their ancestors’ origin with a high degree of specificity. To that end, the ancestry of two specific (and admittedly unusual) communities will be examined from a linguistic perspective: (1) the maroon village of Palenque (Colombia), and (2) ritual “families” of Palo Monte (Cuba). Part 2 of this chapter then sets these findings in dialogue with the latest investigations regarding the population genetics (DNA) of Palenque and over 40 sub-Saharan ethnolinguistic communities. The combined results of this interdisciplinary DNA and linguistic research point to a monogenetic hypothesis that places Bakongo slaves from a small region (Mayombe, also known as Yombe) in Western Central Africa at the center of Palenque’s and Palo Monte’s foundational story.
Vowel raising and social networks in Michoacán
Authors: Barajas Jennifer
Published: May 2016

I present an acoustic analysis of variable vowel raising in rural Mexican Spanish. This process involves the mid vowels, /e/ and /o/, in unstressed post-tonic positions and their variable realizations as [e, i] or [o, u], respectively. I perform a sociophonetic analysis using the formant values of the relevant vowels and then examine the influence of social networks on this phenomenon. This study represents the first systematic description of vowel raising in the region. Additionally, I use social factors, such as time spent in and out of the community, to create social networks that capture subtle social differences. The results show more /e/ than /o/ raising and less raising overall for participants who have more interactions outside of Michoacán.
Writing-in-interaction
Authors: Mondada Lorenza , Svinhufvud Kimmo
Published: May 2016

This article, introducing the special issue, aims at sketching the emerging field of studies on writing-in-interaction within an ethnomethodological (EM) and conversation analytic (CA) perspective. It does so by situating research carried out in this perspective within the existing literature and by offering some larger input on how the field could be developed. Writing-in-interaction is here approached by considering writing in social interaction as a multimodal phenomenon, with a special emphasis on handwriting. The paper presents current studies and further possible developments of writing in interaction, including the detailed analysis of video fragments. It shows how it is possible to finely analyze the moment-by-moment organization of writing as a multimodal social practice, demonstrating its embodied projectability, its material and multimodal graphic achievement, and its embeddedness in sequential organization and in multiactivity.
Street-level bureaucracy revisited
Authors: Monteiro David
Published: May 2016

In social work practice, keeping records of encounters with clients is a routinized practice for documenting cases. This paper focuses on the specific task of obtaining the prospective clients’ correct address for filling in a standardized personal report form. My analysis focuses in the way both the client(s) and the social worker cooperatively orient to the practice of writing addresses, showing how this apparently simple task is multimodally implemented within interaction, and how it can generate some complications and expansions. A special focus will be devoted to difficulties encountered by clients to give their address in an adequate way, as well as to the transformation of this activity from an individual to a collective task.
Nodding and note-taking
Authors: Svinhufvud Kimmo
Published: May 2016

The paper studies the activity of note-taking in interactions between a university student counselor and an undergraduate student. The study is based on authentic videotaped discussions recorded in a Finnish university. The study concentrates on sequences consisting of a question, an answer, and the taking of notes. The aim of the paper is to present a detailed multimodal analysis on how the note-taker moves from not writing to writing and how nodding is used in both receiving the answer and indicating the transition from listening to taking down notes. Listening and note-taking are seen as a dual involvement depending partially on the same embodied resources, especially the gaze and bodily orientation. The shift from listening to note-taking often is indicated with a pronounced writing initial nod.
Gaining access to another participant’s writing in the classroom
Authors: Jakonen Teppo
Published: May 2016

Prior conversation analytic studies have shown that writing is a multifaceted activity, one that is accomplished in different participation configurations and through different practices of text production. A key factor that organises writing is whether participants jointly produce one text or write their own texts individually. While this choice is sometimes institutionally regulated (e.g. when counsellors take notes only for themselves), in some settings participants can manage the ‘jointness’ of writing. This article explores such management by examining how students seek and gain access to another student’s writing during individual writing tasks. The multimodal analysis focuses on sequences where students consult or share task answer formulations with each other, showing some routine ways — verbal and embodied — of negotiating such access. The focal sequences are a site of moral negotiation about where the borderline between individual and social lies, which manifests itself through different ways of seeking and granting (or blocking) access.
Virtual-tissue computer simulations define the roles of cell adhesion and proliferation in the onset of kidney cystic disease
Authors: Belmonte Julio M. , Clendenon Sherry G. , Oliveira Guilherme M. , Swat Maciej H. , Greene Evan V. , Jeyaraman Srividhya , Glazier James A. , Bacallao Robert L.
Published: May 2016

In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), cysts accumulate and progressively impair renal function. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes are causally linked to ADPKD, but how these mutations drive cell behaviors that underlie ADPKD pathogenesis is unknown. Human ADPKD cysts frequently express cadherin-8 (cad8), and expression of cad8 ectopically in vitro suffices to initiate cystogenesis. To explore cell behavioral mechanisms of cad8-driven cyst initiation, we developed a virtual-tissue computer model. Our simulations predicted that either reduced cell–cell adhesion or reduced contact inhibition of proliferation triggers cyst induction. To reproduce the full range of cyst morphologies observed in vivo, changes in both cell adhesion and proliferation are required. However, only loss-of-adhesion simulations produced morphologies matching in vitro cad8-induced cysts. Conversely, the saccular cysts described by others arise predominantly by decreased contact inhibition, that is, increased proliferation. In vitro experiments confirmed that cell–cell adhesion was reduced and proliferation was increased by ectopic cad8 expression. We conclude that adhesion loss due to cadherin type switching in ADPKD suffices to drive cystogenesis. Thus, control of cadherin type switching provides a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Coordinate action of distinct sequence elements localizes checkpoint kinase Hsl1 to the septin collar at the bud neck inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Finnigan Gregory C. , Sterling Sarah M. , Duvalyan Angela , Liao Elizabeth N. , Sargsyan Aspram , Garcia Galo , Nogales Eva , Thorner Jeremy
Published: May 2016

Passage through the eukaryotic cell cycle requires processes that are tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Surveillance mechanisms (checkpoints) exert quality control and impose order on the timing and organization of downstream events by impeding cell cycle progression until the necessary components are available and undamaged and have acted in the proper sequence. In budding yeast, a checkpoint exists that does not allow timely execution of the G2/M transition unless and until a collar of septin filaments has properly assembled at the bud neck, which is the site where subsequent cytokinesis will occur. An essential component of this checkpoint is the large (1518-residue) protein kinase Hsl1, which localizes to the bud neck only if the septin collar has been correctly formed. Hsl1 reportedly interacts with particular septins; however, the precise molecular determinants in Hsl1 responsible for its recruitment to this cellular location during G2 have not been elucidated. We performed a comprehensive mutational dissection and accompanying image analysis to identify the sequence elements within Hsl1 responsible for its localization to the septins at the bud neck. Unexpectedly, we found that this targeting is multipartite. A segment of the central region of Hsl1 (residues 611–950), composed of two tandem, semiredundant but distinct septin-associating elements, is necessary and sufficient for binding to septin filaments both in vitro and in vivo. However, in addition to 611–950, efficient localization of Hsl1 to the septin collar in the cell obligatorily requires generalized targeting to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane, a function normally provided by the C-terminal phosphatidylserine-binding KA1 domain (residues 1379–1518) in Hsl1 but that can be replaced by other, heterologous phosphatidylserine-binding sequences.
Meno’s Paradox and the Prior Knowledge Requirement
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines Plato’s presentation of Meno’s Paradox in the Meno and Aristotle’s reference to it in Posterior Analytics 1.1. It also discusses a crucial claim closely connected to the puzzle: the Prior Knowledge Requirement for intellectual learning. Meno 80d4–e5 is examined, and the differences and similarities between Meno’s puzzle and Socrates’s dilemma are discussed. Some key terms and concepts in Aristotle’s theory of knowledge and learning are then defined, including ‘learning’ (mathēsis) and ‘knowledge’ (gnōsis). The connection between the general concept of knowledge (gnōsis) and its different species (including scientific knowledge (epistēmē)) is also examined. The chapter ends with an account of the instance of Meno’s Paradox in Posterior Analytics 1.1.
Inquiry in APo 2.2
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: May 2016

This chapter closely examines Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2.2. It discusses Aristotle’s claim that when one searches for any of the four objects of inquiry introduced in Posterior Analytics 2.1 (‘the fact that’, ‘the reason why’, ‘if it is’, ‘what it is’), one is (ideally) seeking a ‘middle term’ (i.e., a cause). The distinction made in the previous chapter between subject- and attribute-focused inquiries is examined in light of Aristotle’s claim about the middle term. A further distinction is drawn between two types of essence for which one might seek: causally complex essences (of the form A–C because of B), which belong to demonstrable attributes; and causally simple essences (of the form GD1…Dn), which belong to ‘subject-kinds’ (i.e., species and genera). The chapter also discusses an instance of Meno’s Paradox that arises from Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2.2.
Did Rapid Smallholder-Led Agricultural Growth Fail to Reduce Rural Poverty? Making Sense of Malawi’s Poverty Puzzle
Authors: Pauw Karl , Beck Ulrik , Mussa Richard
Published: May 2016

Poverty reduction is a primary development goal in Malawi. While a variety of policy interventions and strategies have sought to reduce poverty, the most significant policy intervention in recent years has been the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP). FISP provides heavily subsidized fertilizer and other farm inputs to poor smallholders. Although the programme is primarily designed to address food security through increasing maize yields, its significant burden on public resources has meant that the programme’s wider impact on growth and poverty reduction has also been closely scrutinized as it is believed to crowd out other government interventions. Malawi’s recent growth performance has been remarkable. Official national accounts data reveal strong growth across all economic sectors during 2005–11. However, the authors find that the extreme poverty rate has increased marginally, suggesting that the most vulnerable continue to be excluded from the benefits of economic policy and growth.
Utility-Consistent Poverty in Madagascar, 2001–10
Authors: Stifel David , Razafimanantena Tiaray , Rakotomanana Faly
Published: May 2016

Arndt and Simler’s utility-consistent approach to calculating poverty lines is used to analyse poverty in Madagascar in 2001, 2005, and 2010. Because two major political crises occurred between the survey periods, the snapshots of national poverty rising from 57.8 per cent in 2001 to 59.1 per cent in 2005, and to 61.7 per cent in 2010, are not necessarily indicative of a trend of persistently rising poverty. Complementary data indicate that in the time periods between the shocks, the well-being of the poor improved. This evidence suggests that poverty estimates for Madagascar from nationally representative household surveys are more a reflection of repeated short-term shocks than of long-term trends due to slow recovery from these shocks.
Growth and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Mahrt Kristi , Nanivazo Malokele
Published: May 2016

After years of economic decline, conflict, and instability, the Democratic Republic of Congo achieved rapid economic growth in the 2000s along with a reduction in rural consumption poverty. This chapter evaluates the extent to which recent growth has been accompanied by improvements in multidimensional child welfare using Arndt et al.’s first-order dominance approach applied to Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys. Though results do not indicate broad-based welfare advancement at the national, urban, or rural levels, they do suggest progress within individual provinces. The authors provide a broader understanding of welfare in the DRC through an analysis of the distribution and evolution of multidimensional welfare for the eleven provinces, beginning with a review of growth and consumption poverty trends. Despite improving economic conditions, high positive growth has not yet translated to corresponding reductions in consumption poverty and the majority of the population remains in a fragile position.
Unacknowledged Legislators
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter introduces the figure of the poet as lawgiver by focusing initially on Shelley’s famous definition of poets as ‘unacknowledged legislators of the World’ in his Defence of Poetry (1821). Following discussion of Thomas Love Peacock’s essay on ‘The Four Ages of Poetry’, to which the Defence is a reply, the chapter analyses Shelley’s arguments in detail. It then looks back to Plato’s views on the public role of the poet, especially in his Republic and the Laws, and forward to Adrienne Rich’s account of poets as ‘unacknowledged legislators’ within a twenty-first-century context. This is followed by discussion of the fundamental tension—already present in the ancient Greek concept of the nomos and implicit in the ambiguity of the English term ‘lawgiver’—between the poet as Moses, who receives and communicates the Law, and the poet as Orpheus, who creates order and ‘lawfulness’.
The Poet as Lawgiver in Post-Revolutionary France
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

Against the broader picture of ‘unacknowledged legislators’ outlined in Chapter 1 the focus now narrows onto the role of poet as lawgiver in post-revolutionary France. This chapter considers in detail the critical work of Paul Bénichou (1908–2001), whose classic, multi-volume account of the writer as lay priest in French Romanticism is summarized and critiqued. This is followed by discussion of other critical accounts of the poet in nineteenth-century France: most notably that of José-Luis Diaz, author of L’Écrivain imaginaire (2007), whose approach directly challenges that of Bénichou, but also those of Claude Abastado (1979) and Jacques Rancière (1998). The chapter closes by setting out the objectives of the present study.
The Lawgiver as Novelist
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

Chapters 8 and 9 examine Staël’s engagement with the novel as an effective medium for a new literature of thought and show how the novel in its turn became a vehicle for her new thinking about poetry. Following brief discussion of her earlier narratives and her views on fiction in general, this chapter analyses how in Delphine Staël presents the central love relationship as a conflict between ‘enthusiasm’ and ‘opinion’: on the one hand, a positive thinking characteristic of women and the Revolution that sets generosity and compassion above self and reputation; on the other, a deference to public opinion characteristic of men and the Ancien Régime. Within society as currently constituted, each proves destructive: the latter necessarily, the former because society is blind to its merits—a conclusion the reader is led to share through empathy with a heroine of artistic sensibility who is a gifted singer.
Poetry as Self-Legislation
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This account of Staël’s enthusiasm concludes with a brief examination of Dix années d’exil, in which Italy and Germany are joined by Russia within the benign symbolic geography of Staël’s quasi-Napoleonic—and anti-Napoleonic—cultural incursions into foreign European countries. This is followed by a more general conclusion concerning Staël’s overall views on public freedom and private independence and on her lifelong conviction that change should not be imposed on individuals from above and without. Rather, individuals should be led from within—by writer-lawgivers—to seek change of their own volition. In pursuit of this programme of ‘self-legislation’, poetry can serve as the guardian and refuge of our spiritual selves, at once stimulating and preserving that state of enthusiasm in which we are all invested with a sense of universal harmony and a belief in the possibility of a heaven on earth.
Poets and Their Enemies
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines Stello (1832), Vigny’s prose work about the place of poets in society; his prose drama Chatterton (1834–5); and De Mademoiselle Sédaine et de la propriété littéraire (1841), one of a number of open letters he sent or drafted to parliamentary representatives about the law of copyright and the financial situation of writers. Common to all these texts is Vigny’s perception of a fundamental enmity between poets and society. Stello demonstrates how this enmity obtains whatever the prevailing system of government: those in power fear the alternative legislation of poetry. In the case of the English poet Chatterton such enmity manifests itself as a stand-off between capitalism and art. In some of these open letters Vigny compares poetry to an elixir: both the means to a quasi-alchemical transformation of human experience and a distillation that grants eternal youth to ideas as they are transmitted to posterity.
Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Path-Dependent Patterns of Action
Authors: Pentland Brian T. , Jung Eun Ju
Published: May 2016

While routines are usually seen as a stabilizing aspect of the social world, recent history offers some examples of revolutionary change in areas where information and communication technologies are involved. Even when the technology stays the same, patterns of action can change and propagate very rapidly. This chapter builds on the evolutionary framework introduced by W. Brian Arthur (2009) to explain rapid, dramatic evolution of patterns of action. The framework emphasizes the importance of deliberate recombination, rather than random variation, as the primary engine of evolutionary change. The authors use this framework to help explain why some contexts may be subject to bursts of new routines, while others are relatively stable.
Relational Power, Personhood, and Organizations
Authors: Mesle C. Robert
Published: May 2016

Power is usually conceived as unilateral, as the ability to affect without being affected. Instead, this chapter proposes that we conceive of power as relational. Relational power may be seen as including three elements: the ability to be actively and intentionally open to the world around us; the capacity to create ourselves out of relationships with others; and the ability to sustain internal relationships, to influence others by having first been influenced by them. The concept of relational power arises directly from the process relational vision of reality and personhood in contrast to the traditional concept of the world as composed of self-existent and unchanging substances. Organizations founded on unilateral power undermine full personhood and community, while organizations which embody relational power lead to richer lives and more creative relationships.
Impact of Telephone-Based Care Coordination on Use of Cessation Medications Posthospital Discharge: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tague Caleb , Richter Kimber P. , Cox Lisa S. , Keighley John , Hutcheson Tresza , Fitzgerald Sharon A. , Ellerbeck Edward F.
Published: May 2016

Introduction:

Smokers benefit from ongoing cessation support upon leaving the hospital and returning to their home environment. This study examined the impact of telephone-delivered care coordination on utilization of and adherence to cessation pharmacotherapy after hospital discharge.

Methods:

Inpatient smokers (n = 606) were randomized to receive counseling with care coordination (CCC) or counseling alone (C) for smoking cessation. Both groups received written materials and telephone-based cessation counseling during hospitalization and postdischarge. CCC recipients received help in selecting, obtaining, and refilling affordable pharmacotherapy prescriptions during and after hospitalization. Study outcomes included self-reported utilization, duration of use, and type of medication during the 3 months postdischarge.

Results:

Of the 487 (80%) of participants completing 3-month follow-up, 211 (43.3%) reported using cessation pharmacotherapy postdischarge; this did not differ by study arm (CCC: 44.7%, C: 42.0%,p = .55). Use of pharmacotherapy postdischarge was associated with smoking at least 20 cigarettes/day at baseline (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–2.19) and receipt of pharmacotherapy during hospitalization (OR: 4.00; 95% CI: 2.39–6.89). Smokers with Medicaid (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32–4.02) or other insurance (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.01–2.86) were more likely to use pharmacotherapy postdischarge than those with no health care coverage. Less than one in four (23.8% of CCC; 22.2% of C) continued pharmacotherapy beyond 4 weeks.

Conclusions:

Supplemental care coordination did not improve use of postdischarge pharmacotherapy beyond that of inpatient treatment and behavioral counseling. Insurance coverage and use of medications during the hospitalization are associated with higher use of evidence-based treatment postdischarge.

Implications:

Many hospitalized smokers do not receive the benefits of cessation pharmacotherapy postdischarge and telephone quitline programs often fail to help smokers procure pharmacotherapy. Thus, effective strategies are needed to improve utilization and adherence to evidence-based cessation therapies when smokers leave the hospital. We found that use of postdischarge pharmacotherapy was strongly associated with receipt of pharmacotherapy during the hospitalization and with the availability of insurance to cover the costs of treatment. Additional efforts to coordinate pharmacotherapy services did not improve either utilization or adherence to therapy.
The Role of MRI in the Follow-up of Women Undergoing Breast-conserving Therapy
Authors: Shah Chirag , Ahlawat Stuti , Khan Atif , Tendulkar Rahul D. , Wazer David E. , Shah Shilpi S. , Vicini Frank
Published: May 2016

Objectives:

Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) represents a standard of care in the management of breast cancer. However, unlike mastectomy, women treated with BCT require follow-up imaging of the treated breast as well as the contralateral breast as part of posttreatment surveillance. Traditionally, surveillance has consisted of clinical exams and mammograms. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a breast imaging technique utilized as part of high-risk screening programs as well as part of the initial diagnosis and workup of women considered for BCT. At this time, the role of MRI as part of follow-up for women treated with BCT remains unclear.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed to evaluate the role of MRI following BCT.

Results:

Although there is no randomized evidence supporting the routine use of MRI in surveillance post-BCT, a review of the literature demonstrates that MRI (1) has increased sensitivity as compared with mammography to detect recurrences, and (2) can help evaluate mammographic abnormalities before biopsy and/or surgery.

Conclusions:

In patients with higher risk of local recurrence, surveillance with MRI may represent an effective surveillance strategy though subgroups benefiting have not been identified nor has the impact on quality of life and cost been evaluated.
Cosmetic Cleansing Oil Absorption by Soft Contact Lenses in Dry and Wet Conditions
Authors: Tsukiyama Junko , Miyamoto Yuko , Kodama Aya , Fukuda Masahiko , Shimomura Yoshikazu
Published: May 2016

Objectives:

Previous reports showed that cosmetic cleansing oil for removing makeup, which contains mineral oil and surfactant, can deform some silicone hydrogel contact lenses (SHCLs) when applied directly to the lenses, although plasma-coated SHCLs (lotrafilcon A and B) were not affected. In the present study, we investigated hydrogel lenses and SHCLs in both wet and dry conditions.

Methods:

Several brands of hydrogel and SHCLs were immersed in a cleansing oil solution containing Sudan Black B for 5 min under wet and dry conditions. The lenses under the wet condition were simply picked up from the saline, whereas those under the dry condition were blotted with paper wipes. After immersing, the excess solution remaining on the lenses was removed by finger rubbing with a multipurpose solution. The lenses were then examined using a stereomicroscope, and their mean brightness was measured and compared.

Results:

The cosmetic cleansing oil was not absorbed by the hydrogel lenses under wet or dry conditions. However, four of seven brands of SHCLs absorbed the cosmetic cleansing oil under both conditions (dry and wet), whereas asmofilcon A absorbed it only under the dry condition. Lotrafilcon B and delefilcon A did not absorb cleansing oil even under the dry condition.

Conclusions:

Hydrogel lenses resist cosmetic cleansing oil. However, SHCLs have different degrees of resistance depending on the lens material. Some SHCLs absorbed cosmetic cleansing oil more under dry conditions than under wet conditions.
A Systematic Review of Tests Assessing Stroke Knowledge
Authors: Hou Wen-Hsuan , Hoffmann Tammy , Huang Yi-Jing , Wu Tzu-Yi , Chen Sheng-Shiung , Hsieh Ching-Lin
Published: May 2016

Background:

Accurate assessment of stroke knowledge (SK) is fundamental to the successful understanding of, monitoring of, and intervening to improve the SK of patients and the public.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review of the existing SK tests and appraise their conceptual basis, feasibility, and psychometric properties. We conducted 2-step searching of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus electronic databases from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014, to identify relevant SK tests for the appraisal.

Results:

Our study found 59 SK tests, out of a total of 93 articles, with full content available that had been referred to in the published literature. Ten of them had been used in more than 1 study, and 2 (the Stroke Knowledge Test and the Stroke Action Test) of them have had at least 1 of their psychometric properties validated. Only 1 test (the Stroke Knowledge Test) was developed using rigorous methodology, covers a wide range of concepts, and met all feasibility criteria; however, its limitations include no articulated conceptual basis, inadequate internal consistency reliability (α = .65), and lack of some validated psychometric properties.

Conclusions:

Our study revealed that current available tools are not sufficiently able to accurately and reliably assess SK to promote stroke prevention and management.

Clinical Implications:

This study highlights the attention of applying current SK tests and need for revising existing tests or developing a new test.