bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Modification of The HPM for The Duffing Equation With High Nonlinearity
Authors: Khdir Ahmed
Published: November 2018

In this work we introduce a new modification of the homotopy perturbation method for solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The technique is based on the blending of the Chebyshev pseudo-spectral methods and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The method is tested by solving the strongly nonlinear Duffing equation for undamped oscillators. Comparison is made between the proposed technique, the standard HPM, an earlier modification of the HPM and the numerical solutions to demonstrate the high accuracy, applicability and validity of the present approach.
Cosmological Consequences with Randers Conformal of Finsler space
Authors: Pandey Arunesh , Mishra R K
Published: November 2018

In this paper we study an anisotropic model of space â€“ time with Finslerian metric. The observed anisotropy of the microwave background radiation is incorporated in the Finslerian metric of space time.
On Mechanics of Light Propagation in Free Space with Final Temperature
Authors: Ivanov M. Ja. , Mamaev V.K.
Published: November 2018

Features of electromagnetic waves propagation of light range are considered in free space with final temperature 2.725K. The presence in space of temperature (and final density) allows justification to introduce the longitudinal component of electromagnetic field. A modified theory of electromagnetic waves propagation in free space is offered. Â Exact solutions of the nonlinear equations system in the presence of electric and gasdynamic interaction are obtained. Some of demonstrated exact solutions have a nature of continues and decretive spectrum.
Natural Radioactivity Measurement in Soil Samples From The New Kufa University Location, Iraq
Authors: Majeed Heiyam Najy , Hasan Ali . K.
Published: November 2018

Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city on of the most important cities in Iraqi country it was chosen as the cultural Islamic capital for 2012 by the Islamic world ,Kufa university will be played big role of liability, cultural and education efficacies, this city had been exposed to artillery bombard expand along different areas in 1991 and 2003 in our research we try to test the studying area to know The total absorbed dose rate and the most possible hazards for this reasons the study was done. The natural radiation of thirty two samples of soil which collected randomly in June 2012 from the new Kufa University location were measured using Na(Tl) detection. The mean values activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K was (25.73±11.23 , 3.72±0.81 and 165.16±9.39 ) Bq kg-1 respectively . The highest value of the Radium equivalent activity was (30.870) Bq.kg–1 in (S2) which mean that all the soil samples values lower than (370Bq kg-1) the world average . External and internal hazard and gamma activity concentration (representative level index) indexes were lower than unity for all samples . The average value of absorbed dose rate calculated from activity concentration of 238U , 232Th and 40K was (20.553) nGy h-1 this value coincident to recommended. Annual effective dose in (?Sv/y) varies from (36.912) (?Sv/y) in (S15) to (15.460) (?Sv/y) in (S8) , all the soil samples have the annual effective dose less than the world average 460 (?Sv/y). The results can be consider as base values for distribution of natural radionuclides in the region and will be used as references information to assess any changed in the radioactive background level due to geological processes.
Ammonia Gas Sensing Characteristics of Spin Coated Polyaniline Films
Authors: Bavane Ravindra Kumar G. , Mahajan Ashok M. , Shirsat Mahendra D. , Gore Ratnakar B.
Published: November 2018

The conductive layer of emeraldine base polyaniline (PANI) thin film coated on silicon has successfully tested for ammonia. The bulk PANI powder was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium peroxidisulfate in an acidic medium and dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) for coating the thin film on Silicon using spin coater. FTIR, UVvisible, and SEM were used to characterize the PANI thin film. The electrical conductivity of the PANI films has been studied by measuring the change in electrical conductivity by Four Probe Set up on exposure to ammonia gas (NH3) at different concentrations from 100 ppm to 500 ppm. margin.
The Uncertainty Principle Derived by The Finite Transmission Speed of Light and Information
Authors: Chiarelli Piero
Published: November 2018

This work shows that in the frame of the stochastic generalization of the quantum hydrodynamic analogy (QHA) the uncertainty principle is fully compatible with the postulate of finite transmission speed of light and information. The theory shows that the measurement process performed in the large scale classical limit in presence of background noise, cannot have a duration smaller than the time need to the light to travel the distance up to which the quantum non-local interaction extend itself. The product of the minimum measuring time multiplied by the variance of energy fluctuation due to presence of stochastic noise shows to lead to the minimum uncertainty principle. The paper also shows that the uncertainty relations can be also derived if applied to the indetermination of position and momentum of a particle of mass m in a quantum fluctuating environment.
Photoacoustic Imaging: Hybrid Technology for Small Animals Holding Potentials Translatable for Clinical applications
Authors: Berritto Daniela , Iacobellis Francesca , Belfiore Maria Paola , La Porta Michele , Grassi Roberto
Published: November 2018

Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging modality that exploits the photoacoustic effect to combine the high contrast of optical imaging with the spatial resolution and penetration depth of ultrasound. A key feature of PA imaging methods is that they exploit optical contrast but employ US detection principles. The PA effect offers a way to take advantage of the ability of light to penetrate into the body and let us defeat light diffusion by using US waves to â€œseeâ€ the penetrating light. The main advantage of this hybrid approach is that the optical properties of biological tissue, including high contrast and spectral specificity, are encoded in an ultrasound signal. Resolutions of better than 1 mm can be obtained at depths measured in centimeters (up to 7) and not in millimeters, depending on the laser wavelength and transducer frequency used, opening up entirely new regimens of â€œoptical imaging.â€ From a clinical standpoint, PA imaging is complementary in nature and synergetic with US and a combined US and PA imaging system can be easily implemented due to the presence of a shared detector and associated electronics. Furthermore, such a system will be readily accepted by clinicians familiar with US imaging.
Determination of Radon and Uranium Concentrations in Soil Samples Iraqi Cities
Authors: Hady Majeed Heiyam Najy
Published: November 2018

In this investigation the concentrations of radon and uranium levels in 180 soil samples distributed in 18 cities inÂ  Iraqi Country have been measured using long term technique for alpha particles emission with solid state nuclear track detecror type CR-39 .

The maximum concentrations of radon was (261.54Bqm-3) in soil sample No. (18) : Basra city , while the minimum activity was (86.80 Bqm-3) in soil sample No. (6): Salahaddin city. The uranium concentrations in the same cities have been measured in (ppm) unit the maximum concentration was (0.0201) in soil sample No. (18):Basra city , while the minimum activity was (0.0067) in soil sample No. (6):Salahaddin city.

Â The variable values of radon and uranium concentrations may be mentioned that Iraq cities have variable geologies ,despite the limitation of existing data the observational and experimental data presented here is the first investigation and study provided a basis for the radon and uranium map in whole Iraq.
Investigation The Weather Effects on The Sound Absorption Coefficients in Cinjar City
Authors: A. Abbad Dr. Rafea
Published: November 2018

In this work , the absorption coefficients A? had determined for different acoustic source by the air atmosphere for one day in Cinjar city, based on an analytical method which employed on several empirical equations that taking in consideration the various meteorological conditions in which the climate elements changed in additional to frequencies sources .The results shows the atmospheric absorption is sensitive to the composition of air , particularly to the wide varying concentration of water vapor and temperature where the air temperature play and frequency variation are dominate that controlling the values of A? .
A Solution of Fractional Laplace's Equation by Modified Separation of Variables
Authors: Pishkoo Amir , Darus Maslina , Tamizi Fatemeh
Published: November 2018

This paper applies the Modified separation of variables method (MSV) suggested by Pishkoo and Darus towards obtaining a solution for fractional Laplace's equation. The closed form expression for potential function is formulated in terms of Meijer's G-functions (MGFs). Moreover, the relationship between fractional dimension and parameters of Meijer’s G-function for spherical Laplacian in R, for radial functions is derived.
Regression Analysis of Sunspot Numbers for the Solar Cycle 24 in Comparison to Previous Three Cycles
Authors: Halder Debojyoti
Published: November 2018

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun which appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. Sunspot populations usually rise fast but fall more slowly when observed for any particular solar cycle. The sunspot numbers for the current cycle 24 and the previous three cycles have been plotted for duration of first four years for each of them. It appears that the value of peak sunspot number for solar cycle 24 is smaller than the three preceding cycles. When regression analysis is made it exhibits a trend of slow rising phase of the cycle 24 compared to previous three cycles. Our analysis further shows that cycle 24 is approaching to a longer-period but with smaller occurrences of sunspot number.
The Linkage of the Different Distinct Great Volcanic Eruptions of the Thera (Santorini) in the Range (1700Ã·1450 Â±14) BC and the Related Subsequent Intensifications of the Global Seismicity and Volcanic Activity in the End of the 19TH Century and
Authors: Simonenko Sergey V.
Published: November 2018

The article presents the development of the cosmic geophysics (representing the deterministic thermohydrogravidynamic theory based on the authorâ€™s generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics)Â  by taking into account the non-stationary energy gravitational influences on the Earth of the Sun (owing to the gravitational interaction of the Sun with the outer large planets) along with the non-stationary energy gravitational influences of the system Sun-Moon, the Venus, the Mars and the Jupiter.Â  The author presents the evidence of the founded ranges of the fundamental global seismotectonic,Â  volcanic and climatic periodicities () years and Â () years (determined by the combined predominant non-stationary energy gravitational influences on the Earth of the system Sun-Moon, the Venus, the Mars,Â  the Jupiter and the Sun owing to the gravitational interactions of the Sun with the Jupiter and the Saturn) based on the established links between the different distinct great eruptions of the Thera (Santorini) in the range (1700Ã·1450 Â±14) BC and the subsequent intensifications of the global seismicity and volcanic activity in the end of the 19thÂ  century and in the beginning of the 20th century, in the end of the 20th century, and in the beginning of the 21st century AD.
Calculation the Cross Sections for 6Li(Î±,p)9Be Reaction by Reverse Reaction
Authors: Mahmood Hady Firas
Published: November 2018

In this study light elements 6Li , 9Be , 10Be for 6Li(Î± , p)9Be reaction with proton energy from ( 27.5) MeV to ( 67.5 ) MeVwith threshold energy (2.3626) MeV are used according to the available data of reaction cross sections. The Q-value isequale (2.125MeV) and parity of ( 9Be =3/2+) ,(B =3+) and (Li = 1+) for the ground state .The more recent cross sectionsdata of 6Li(Î±,p)9Be reaction is reproduced in fine steps and by using (Matlab-7.6-2008a) program and get the equationfrom 3-degree for plotted. We deduced that the high probability to produced 9Be by bombard 6Li by alpha particle
Observations for the Role of Flux rope Eruption in a Geoeffective Solar Flare
Authors: Aslam A.M
Published: November 2018

On September 24, 2011 a solar flare of M 7.1 class was released from the Sun. The flare was observed by most of the space and ground based observatories in various wavebands. We have carried out a study of this flare to understand its causes on Sun and impact on earth. The flare was released from NOAA active region AR 11302 at 12:33 UT. Although the region had already produced many M class flares and one X- class flare before this flare, the magnetic configuration was not relaxed and still continued to evolve as seen from HMI observations. From the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) multi-wavelength (131 Ã…, 171 Ã…, 304 Ã… and 1600Ã…) observations we identified that a rapidly rising flux rope triggered the flare although HMI observations revealed that magnetic configuration did not undergo a much pronounced change. The flare was associated with a halo Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) as recorded by LASCO/SOHO Observations. The flare associated CME was effective in causing an intense geomagnetic storm with minimum Dst index -103 nT. A radio burst of type II was also recorded by the WAVES/WIND. In the present study attempt is made to study the nature of coupling between solar transients and geospace.
PREPARATION, DIELECTRIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr2O3 /PVC NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS
Authors: Hassena A. , El-Sayeda S. , Morsic W.M. , Sayedb A.M. El
Published: November 2018

Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method and mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples revealed that the crystal structure of Cr2O3 is rhombohedral with space symmetry group. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the Cr2O3 nanoparticles are well dispersed on the surface of the PVC films. The dielectric permittivity (e'), and ac conductivity (Ïƒac) of pure PVC increased with adding Cr2O3 due to the formation of conductive three-dimensional networks throughout the nanocomposite films and interfacial polarizations. The optical energy band gap (Eg) of the films decreases with increasing Cr2O3 content. The refractive index dispersion of the nanocomposite films obeys the single oscillator model. The dispersion parameters are changed by incorporation of Cr2O3. The optical properties of PVC are influenced by addition of Cr2O3 nanoparticles.
Simulation of An Asymmetric TM Metamaterial Waveguide Absorber
Authors: Mousa Hana Mohammed
Published: November 2018

This paper tackles the simulation of an asymmetric Â TM mode absorption Â in a lossy metamaterial (left-handed) slab (LHM) sandwiched between a lossy substrate and coverd by a losseless dielectric cladding. The asymmetry solutions of the eigen value equation describeÂ  lossy â€“guided modes with complex â€“valued propagation constants .Â  The dispersion relations , normalized field and the longitudinal attenuationÂ  were numerically solved for a given set of parameters: frequency range; filmâ€™s thicknesses; and TM mode order. I found out that high order modes which are guided in thinner films are generally have more loss of power than low-order modes since the mode attenuation along z-axis increases to negative values by the mode's order increase and the film thickness decrease . Moreover, Â LHM , atÂ  incident wavelength =1.9, refractive index=andÂ  at thickness , Â Â guides the power betterÂ  thanÂ  RHMÂ  or metal one. This LHMÂ Â  is appropriate for solar cell applications. For arbitrary LHM, at frequency band of wavelengt(600, 700 to 1200 )nm, Â the best absorption is attained at longer wavelengths and for lower order modes at wider films.
The influence of negatively charged heavy ions on Alfven waves in a cometary environment
Authors: Chandu Venugopal , G Sreekala , Sebastian Sijo , Michael Manesh , Willington Neethu Theresa , Abraham Noble P , Renuka G
Published: November 2018

Alfven waves are important in a wide variety of areas like astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas. In cometary environments, waves in the hydromagnetic range of frequencies are excited predominantly by heavy ions. We, therefore, study the stability of Alfven waves in a plasma of hydrogen ions, positively and negatively charged oxygen ions and electrons. Each species has been modeled by drifting distributions in the direction parallel to the magnetic field; in the perpendicular direction the distribution isÂ  simulated with a loss cone type distribution obtained through the subtraction of two Maxwellian distributions with different temperatures.Â  We find that for frequencies Â ( andÂ  Â being respectively the Doppler shifted and hydrogen ion gyro-frequencies ), the peak growthÂ  rateÂ  increases with increasing negatively charged oxygen ion densities. On the other hand, for frequenciesÂ  Â (being the oxygen ion gyro-frequencies) the region of wave growth increases with increasing negatively charged oxygen ion densities.
Homomorphisms and derivations on Câˆ—-ternary algebras associated with a generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equation
Authors: Kim Soo Hwan , Kim Seong Sik , Rassias John Michael
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of Câˆ—-ternary homomorphisms and Câˆ—-ternary derivations on Câˆ—-ternary algebras associated with the generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equationfor all xi; xj âˆˆ X where n âˆˆ Z+ is a fixed integer with n â‰¥ 3.ABSTRACTIn this paper, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of âˆ*-ternary homomorphisms and âˆ*-ternary derivations onâˆ*-ternary algebras associated with the generalized Cauchy-Jensen type additive functional equation for allÂ  where Â is a fixed integer with
FIELD INDUCED STUDIES IN CARBON NANOTUBES DOPED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL MIXTURE
Authors: Malik Praveen
Published: November 2018

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) doped nematic liquid crystal (NLC) mixture of varying concentrations of CNTs in 0.0, 0.2 and0.5 wt./wt.% ratios have been prepared and studied. The effect of electric field on current behavior and optical propertiesin pure NLC and CNTs-NLC mixtures has been investigated. Dispersion of CNTs in NLC mixture increases the currentnearly 3 times. The lower concentration of CNTs leads to better optical responses
The Magnetocaloric Properties of Gd5Si4 Alloy Prepared by the New Method
Authors: Larimi Z. Momeni
Published: November 2018

We report on a new method for preparation the magnetocaloric alloy Gd5Si4. By mechanical alloying under argonatmosphere and then melting sample by arc furnace, we produced the Gd5Si4 alloy. The structure and magnetothermalproperties of the alloy have been investigated with the help of powder X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements.This compound crystallized in the orthorhombic structure with space group pnma. In X-ray powder diffraction pattern, aminor orthorhombic GdSi2 phase was observed as a second phase. For this compound, the second order phase transitionwas observed. The maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change of the Gd5Si4 compound at 348K was found to be -10J/(kg K) in an applied field of 0.5T.
Estimation of monthly global solar radiation in Buenos Aires: preliminary analysis
Authors: Lakkis Susan G. , Lavorato Mario , Canziani Pablo O.
Published: November 2018

Six existing models and one proposed approach for estimating global solar radiation were tested in Buenos Aires using commonly measured meteorological data as temperature and sunshine hours covering the years 2010-2013. Statistical predictors as mean bias error, root mean square, mean percentage error, slope and regression coefficients were used as validation criteria. The variability explained (R2), slope and MPE indicated that the higher precision could be excepted when sunshine hours are used as predictor. The new proposed approach explained almost 99% of the RG variability with deviation of less than Â± 0.1 MJm-2day-1 and with the MPE smallest value below 1 %. The well known Ã…ngstrÃ¶m-Prescott methods, first and third order, was also found to perform for the measured data with high accuracy (R2=0.97-0.99) but with slightly higher MBE values (0.17-0.18 MJm-2day-1). The results pointed out that the third order Ã…ngstrÃ¶m type correlation did not improve the estimation accuracy of solar radiation given the highest range of deviation and mean percentage error obtained.Â  Where the sunshine hours were not available, the formulae including temperature data might be considered as an alternative although the methods displayed larger deviation and tended to overestimate the solar radiation behavior.
Confirming the Signal Integrity in Transmission of Digital Signals on Microstrip Straight Circuits via the Eye Diagrams
Authors: JimÃ©nez Alejandro DueÃ±as , HernÃ¡ndez Francisco JimÃ©nez
Published: November 2018

Because of the high volume of processing, transmission, and information storage, electronic systems presently requires faster clock speeds tosynchronizethe integrated circuits. Presently the â€œspeedsâ€ on the connections of a printed circuit board (PCB) are in the order of the GHz. At these frequencies the behavior of the interconnects are more like that of a transmission line, and hence distortion, delay, and phase shift- effects caused by phenomena like cross talk, ringing and over shot are present and may be undesirable for the performance of a circuit or system.Some of these phrases were extracted from the chapter eight of book â€œ2-D Electromagnetic Simulation of Passive Microstrip Circuitsâ€ from the corresponding author of this paper.
An Elemental Analysis of Different CD-R discs
Authors: Pishkoo Amir
Published: November 2018

In this study Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) as reliable and non-destructive techniques has been applied to compare thickness, major and trace elements of different brands of CD-R discs. Three elements, namely Ag, Ba, and Ti were found to be the major elements.
ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRON-CYCLOTRON WAVES WITH AC FIELD IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE
Authors: Kaur Rajbir , Pandey R.S. , Kumar S. , Tomar B.S.
Published: November 2018

In this paper the effect of externally injected beam of cold electrons on electromagnetic electron-cyclotron (EMEC) waves in the magnetosphere has been discussed. The investigation is conducted using the methodology of characteristic solution and considering kappa distribution function in the presence of AC field.Â  The objective of present study is to examine the variation in growth rate of EMEC waves when temperature anisotropy, magnitude of AC field and number density of energetic particles varies. It is inferred that EMEC waves grow more significantly when propagating oblique to magnetic field direction rather than parallel to magnetic field direction. Also that as the temperature anisotropy and number density of background plasma increases, growth rate of EMEC waves increases.
VISUAL DESIGN TOOL FOR ELECTROSTATIC LELSES
Authors: Al-Obaidi Hassan Nouri , Al-Azawy Ali A. Rashead
Published: November 2018

Current research presents a visual-computational tool to design and investigate round electrostatic lenses in sense of analysis procedure. The finite elements methods is adopted to find the electrostatic potential in the lens region. Laplaceâ€™s equation is first replaced by a certain functional which physically represent the electric energy stored in the electric field. This functional is then minimized at each mesh point with respect to the nearest eight ones. This minimization process is proved to be entirely equivalent to solving Laplaceâ€™s equation. The requirement that the functional being minimized is then yields a set of nine point equations which inter relate the potentials at adjacent mesh points. Finally this set of equations is solved to find the electrostatic potential at each mesh point in the region of the lens under consideration. The procedure steps mention above are coded to program written in visual basic. Hence an interface tool for analyzing and designing electrostatic lenses has been built up. Designing results proved that the introduced tools has an excellent outputs in comparison with the others written in not visual programming languages. Furthermore it easier for researchers and designer to use such a tool over their counterpart ones.
1.3mW 1550nm Er-DOPED SUPER FLUORESCENT FIBER SOURCE FOR MISSILE FIBER OPTICS GYROSCOPE
Authors: Rao P Nageswara , Shrivastava S K
Published: November 2018

Single - axis missile fiber optic gyroscope requires a light source Â with a band width> 10 nm and Â output powerÂ  > 0.5 mW Â .The commercial FOGsÂ Â Â  weighÂ Â  200-250gms withÂ  a physical size of 100mmX100mmX50mm..The type of light source for missile fiber optic gyroscope is selected by operating wavelength, wavelength stability with temperature, volume and physical size. Incase of space fiber gyroscopes,Â  the source should be insensitive to high energy radiation like proton and gamma radiations as well. Large bandwidth light source contributes to small bias drift by gyroscope. A small volume and light weight Single Pass Backward Signal Er3+Â  doped Super-fluorescent Fiber source was developed using only four commercially available components for use inÂ  missile single axis fiber optic gyroscope .The bandwidth and output power of the source are 30. 507nm and1.318mW Â respectively. We presented the experimental results along with non-flattened ASE spectrum. The packed super-fluorescent fiber Â source Â Â has Â Â aÂ  volumeÂ  of 100mm X 100mm X 25mm Â and a weight of 150 grams which to our knowledge the Â smallest Â in volume and light in weight ever reported.
The build of nonlinear quantum mechancs and variations of feature of microscopic particles as well as their experimental affirmation
Authors: Feng Pang Xiao
Published: November 2018

We establish the nonlinear quantum mechanics due to difficulties and problems of original quantum mechanics, in which microscopic particles have only a wave feature, not corpuscle feature, which are completely not consistent with experimental results and traditional concept of particle. In this theory the microscopic particles are no longer a wave, but localized and have a wave-corpuscle duality, which are represented by the following facts, the solutions of dynamic equation describing the particles have a wave-corpuscle duality, namely it consists of a mass center with constant size and carrier wave, is localized and stable and has a determinant mass, momentum and energy, which obey also generally conservation laws of motion, their motions meet both the Hamilton equation, Euler-Lagrange equation and Newton-type equation, their collision satisfies also the classical rule of collision of macroscopic particles, the uncertainty of their position and momentum is denoted by the minimum principle of uncertainty. Meanwhile the microscopic particles in this theory can both propagate in solitary wave with certain frequency and amplitude and generate reflection and transmission at the interfaces, thus they have also a wave feature, which but are different from linear and KdV solitary waveâ€™s. Therefore the nonlinear quantum mechanics changes thoroughly the natures of microscopic particles due to the nonlinear interactions. In this investigation we gave systematically and completely the distinctions and variations between linear and nonlinear quantum mechanics, including the significances and representations of wave function and mechanical quantities, superposition principle of wave function, property of microscopic particle, eigenvalue problem, uncertainty relation and the methods solving the dynamic equations, from which we found nonlinear quantum mechanics is fully new and different from linear quantum mechanics. Finally, we verify further the correctness of properties of microscopic particles described by nonlinear quantum mechanics using the experimental results of light soliton in fiber and water soliton, which are described by same nonlinear SchrÃ¶dinger equation. Thus we affirm that nonlinear quantum mechanics is correct and useful, it can be used to study the real properties of microscopic particles in physical systems.
Influence of annealing temperature on the electrical, structural and surface morphology properties of Au/Cr Schottky contacts on n-type InP
Authors: Reddy M Bhaskar
Published: November 2018

The influence of rapid thermal annealing on the electrical and structural properties of Au/Cr/n-InP Schottky diode havebeen investigated by the current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-raydiffraction (XRD) measurements. The Schottky barrier height (SBH) and ideality factor (n) of the as-deposited Au/Cr/n-InPSchottky diode are 0.51 eV (I-V)/0.64 eV (C-V) and 1.81, respectively. When the contact is annealed at 200 oC in N2atmosphere for 1min, a maximum SBH (0.71 eV (I-V)/0.81 eV (C-V)) and low ideality factor (1.15) are achieved for theAu/Cr/n-InP Schottky diode. However, after annealing at 300 oC, the SBH slightly decreases to 0.58 eV (I-V)/0.69 eV (CV),and ideality factor increases to 1.45, respectively. The SBHs obtained from the Norde and Cheungâ€™s methods areclosely matched with those obtained from the I-V method. Results show that the optimum annealing temperature for theAu/Cr/n-InP Schottky diode is 200 Â°C. Further, the discrepancy between SBHs calculated from I-V and C-V methods isalso discussed. Moreover, the energy distribution of interface state density is estimated from forward bias I-Vcharacteristics at different annealing temperatures. AES and XRD studies reveal that the formation of indium (In) phasesat Au/Cr and InP interface may be the cause for the increase in SBH after annealing at 200 oC. The AFM results show thatthe overall surface morphology of Au/Cr Schottky contacts is considerably smooth at elevated tempratures.
First application of total skin electron beam therapy for Mycosis Fungoids in Iran
Authors: Banaee Nooshin , Nedaie Hassan Ali , Andalib Bahram , Samei Mahmood , Hassani Hosein , Tizmaghz Zohreh
Published: November 2018

Total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) is internationally considered as a treatment modality for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma for either curative purpose or palliative care. The first attempt to apply TSEBT in Iran took place at department of clinical oncology of Rock Center of Karaj. Irradiation was done by precise linear accelerator (ELEKTA) and was performed in the standing position of patient. To evaluate the treatment reliability and determination of physical characteristics of the clinical electron fields, specific measurements were done using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The results revealed that TSEBT can be routinely used by providing accurate dosimetric measurements to get homogenous dose coverage.
Neutron dose evaluation of Elekta Linac at two energies (10 & 18 MV) by MCNP code and comparison with experimental measurements
Authors: Shagholi Negin , Ali Hassan , Sadeghi Mahdi , Shahvar Arjang , Darestani Hoda , Nooshin Banaee , Mohammadi Kheirolah
Published: November 2018

Medical linear accelerators, besides the clinically high energy electron and photon beams, produce other secondary particles such as neutrons which escalate the delivered dose. In this study the neutron dose at 10 and 18MV Elekta linac was obtained by using TLD600 and TLD700 as well as Monte Carlo simulation. For neutron dose assessment in 2020 cm2 field, TLDs were calibrated at first. Gamma calibration was performed with 10 and 18 MV linac and neutron calibration was done with 241Am-Be neutron source. For simulation, MCNPX code was used then calculated neutron dose equivalent was compared with measurement data. Neutron dose equivalent at 18 MV was measured by using TLDs on the phantom surface and depths of 1, 2, 3.3, 4, 5 and 6 cm. Neutron dose at depths of less than 3.3cm was zero and maximized at the depth of 4 cm (44.39 mSvGy-1), whereas calculation resultedÂ  in the maximum of 2.32 mSvGy-1 at the same depth. Neutron dose at 10 MV was measured by using TLDs on the phantom surface and depths of 1, 2, 2.5, 3.3, 4 and 5 cm. No photoneutron dose was observed at depths of less than 3.3cm and the maximum was at 4cm equal to 5.44mSvGy-1, however, the calculated data showed the maximum of 0.077mSvGy-1 at the same depth. The comparison between measured photo neutron dose and calculated data along the beam axis in different depths, shows that the measurement data were much more than the calculated data, so it seems that TLD600 and TLD700 pairs are not suitable dosimeters for neutron dosimetry in linac central axis due to high photon flux, whereas MCNPX Monte Carlo techniques still remain a valuable tool for photonuclear dose studies.
Evaluation and comparison of dosimetric parameters in PTV for prostate cancer via step and shoot IMRT and 3DCRT
Authors: K Shirani , A Nedaie H , N Banaee , H Hassani , F Samiei , F Hajilooei
Published: November 2018

The aim of radiation therapy treatment planning is to achieve an optimal balance between delivering a high dose to target volume and a low dose to healthy tissues. The integral dose, conformity and homogeneity indexes, hence, are the important guidance for predicting the radiation effects and choosing the optimal treatment plan. The goal of this study is to compare and investigate the aforementioned parameters in 3DCRT vs. IMRT plan. In order to evaluate dosimetric parameters, data from five patients with prostate cancer, planned by IMRT and 3DCRT were obtained. Prescribed doses for IMRT procedure and 3DCRT were 80Gy and 70 Gy, respectively. Also, the target coverage was achieved with 95% of the prescribed dose to 95% of the PTV in 3DCRT and 95% of the prescribed dose to 98% of the PTV in IMRT method. A total of thirty IMRT and 3DCRT plans were performed for evaluation of dosimetric parameters (for each patient both treatment plans, step and shoot IMRT and 3DCRT with 6, 10 and 18MV energies) were done. The integral dose was calculated as the mean- dose times the volume of the structure. The mean integral dose (ID) received by rectum for 3DCRT was almost 1.01% greater than IMRT while in bladder mean value of ID for IMRT was approximately 1.68% higher than 3DCRT. For PTV in IMRT the ID of target volume had the biggest value (1.14%) compared to that of 3DCRT. Dose conformity in PTV volume in S.A.S and 3DCRT was almost equal. The same outcome was achieved in homogeneity index. The results of this study shows that IMRT method leads to adequate target dose coverage while the prescribed dose for this modality is higher than 3DCRT. IMRT has the ability of increasing the maximum dose to tumor region and improves conformity and homogeneity indexes in target volume and also reduces dose to OAR.
The proposition that x = v t leads to a contradiction with Special Relativity
Authors: Suleiman Ramzi
Published: November 2018

This short note posits the indisputable physical law prescribing that distance = velocity x time, and shows that this proposition contradicts Special Relativity, such that the above proposition is correct and Special Relativity is incorrect, or vice versa.
A Review of Conformal Field Theory in 2D
Authors: Nigam Rahul
Published: November 2018

In this review we study the elementary structure of Conformal Field Theory in which is a recipe for further studies of critical behavior of various systems in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. We briefly review CFT in dimensions which plays a prominent role for example in the well-known duality AdS/CFT in string theory where the CFT lives on the AdS boundary. We also describe the mapping of the theory from the cylinder to a complex plane which will help us gain an insight into the process of radial quantization and radial ordering. Finally we will develop the representation of the Virasoro algebra which is the well-known "Verma module".Â Â
A STUDY OF COMPOUND PARTICLES IN EMULSION
Authors: Ahmad Tufail
Published: November 2018

An attempt is made to study the compound particles by taking black and shower particles together. Average compound particle multiplicity is found to vary linearly with heavily ionizing particle multiplicity but with black particle multiplicity it does not show a linear dependence. Dispersion of the compound multiplicity distribution has also been studied. The ratio of the mean number of compound particles to its dispersion for different target sizes has been calculated.
Effects of MHD and wall properties on the peristaltic transport of a Carreau fluid through porous medium
Authors: Salih Dheia , M. Abdulhadi Ahmed M. Abdulhadi
Published: November 2018

This work concerns the peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid model through porous medium under combined effects of MHD and wall properties. The assumptions of Reynolds number and long wavelength is investigated. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave. The perturbation series in terms of the Weissenberg number (We <1) was used to obtain explicit forms for velocity field and stream function. The effects of thermal conductivity, Grashof number, Darcy number, magnet, rigidity, stiffness of the wall and viscous damping force parameters on velocity, temperature and stream function have been studied.
MAGNETIC FIELD, PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES IN A GaAs 9.0 P 1.0 QUANTUM DOT
Authors: PETER A. JOHN , Vinolin Ada
Published: November 2018

Simultaneous effects of magnetic field, pressure and temperature on the exciton binding energies are found in a 9.0 1.0 6.0 4.0 GaAs P / GaAs P quantum dot. Numerical calculations are carried out taking into consideration of spatial confinement effect. The cylindrical system is taken in the present problem with the strain effects. The electronic properties and the optical properties are found with the combined effects of magnetic field strength, hydrostatic pressure and temperature values. The exciton binding energies and the nonlinear optical properties are carried out taking into consideration of geometrical confinement and the external perturbations.Compact density approach is employed to obtain the nonlinear optical properties. The optical rectification coefficient is obtained with the photon energy in the presence of pressure, temperature and external magnetic field strength. Pressure and temperature dependence on nonlinear opticalÂ susceptibilities of generation of second and third order harmonics as a function of incident photon energy are brought out in the influence of magnetic field strength. The result shows that the electronic and nonlinear optical properties are significantly modified by the applications of external perturbations in a 9.0 1.0 6.0 4.0 GaAs P / GaAs P quantum dot.
EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON SOLITON MEDIATED CHARGE TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Brizhik Larissa S.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we analyze biological effects produced by magnetic fields in order to elucidate the physical mechanisms, which can produce them. We show that there is a chierarchy of such mechanisms and that the mutual interplay between them can result in the synergetic outcome. In particular, we analyze the biological effects of magnetic fields on soliton mediated charge transport in the redox processes in living organisms. Such solitons are described by nonlinear systems of equations and represent electrons that are self-trapped in alpha-helical polypeptides due to the moderately strong electron-lattice interaction. They represent a particular type of disssipativeless large polarons in low-dimensional systems. We show that the effective mass of solitons in the is different from the mass of free electrons, and that there is a resonant effect of the magnetic fields on the dynamics of solitons, and, hence, on charge transport that accompanies photosynthesis and respiration. These effects can result in non-thermal resonant effects of magnetic fields on redox processes in particular, and on the metabolism of the organism in general. This can explain physical mechanisms of therapies based on applying magnetic fields.
Image comparisons among analysis, simulation and experimental solutions about stress distribution in rings loaded by multiple symmetrical radial forces
Authors: Sun Yica , Jiao Yongshu , Peng Wang , Dongqing Pang
Published: November 2018

The theorem of energy valley state and a particular solution of Airy biharmonic equation will be used in the stress analysis in the rings loaded by the multiple- fold symmetrical forces to obtain stresses formulas. The varied stress graphs have been plotted with these formulas and FEM, revealing their periods of symmetry of forces.
Search of Astrophysical results with LIGO from the Science runs S1 to S5
Authors: Naseer Iqbal , SHOWKAT MONGA , Zahir Shah
Published: November 2018

The gravitational wave detectors especially LIGO has attained its design sensitivity and up gradation has virtually reached near the completion. The gravitational wave search is in progress and hopefully result will be possible in due course of time.We discuss the recent attempts to detect various classes of signals which include un-modelled sub second burst of gravitational radiation like from core collapse supernoval and Î³-ray burst engine. A stochastic background of gravitational waves of cosmological origin would provide a new idea about early universe. We discuss current attempts to detect gravitational waves from these sources and know about future prospectus of these searches.
Theoretical Determination of Level Spins of Superdeformed Bands for Nuclei in the Mass Region A = 80 â€“ 104
Authors: Kotb Mahmoud , Khalaf A.M. , Abdelmageed K.E.
Published: November 2018

The bandhead spins of seventeen superdefomed bands in A = 80 â€“ 104 region (38Sr, 39Y, 40Zr, 41Nb,42Mo, 43Tc, 46Pd) have assigned by an indirect method. The dynamical moment of inertia J(2) as a function of rotational frequency Ñ’Ï‰ are extracted from Harris expansion and fitted to the experimental values by using a computer simulated search program. The calculated dynamic moment of inertia with the best optimized parameters are integrated to give the spins. The intrinsic aligned angular momentum (the integration constant) is assumed to be zero. The values of the spins resulting from our approach are consistent with all spin assignments of other approaches, and have been used to determine the kinematic moment of inertia J(1). The systematic variation of J (2) and J (1) with rotational frequency Ñ’Ï‰ is investigated, which turns out to be helpful in the spin prediction. Most SD bands in this mass region exhibits decreasing in J(1) and J(2) with increasing Ñ’Ï‰. The bandhead moment of inertia J0 which occur at J(2) = J (1) has been sensitive guideline parameter to spin proposition. The relationship between the Harris expansion three parameter model and the four parameter Bohr-Mottelson formula is derived.
Approximate Analytical Solution of Magnetohydrodynamics Compressible Boundary Layer flow with Pressure Gradient and suction/injection
Authors: S. B Sathyanarayana.
Published: November 2018

The aim of this work is to obtain exact analytical solution to the two dimensional laminar compressible boundary layer flow with an adverse pressure gradient in the presence of heat and mass transfer with MHD. The method applied is homotopy analysis method. It is shown that this solution agrees very well with numerical solution which is obtained by Runge-Kutta Merson method and results are shown graphically for different magnetic parameters.
DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLIDING ARC PLASMA REACTOR WITH ARGON/NITROGEN
Authors: Elaragi Gamal
Published: November 2018

Gliding Arc Discharge plasma has properties of both thermal and non-thermal plasma conditions. Gliding arc discharge plasma in the atmospheric pressure with argon/nitrogen and its characteristics are described. Some experimental results about alternating current gliding arc plasma generator have been obtained. It seems that the current density strongly depends on the gas, and increased with increasing discharge current and gas flow rate. Also, the discharge current of gliding arc Discharge plasma in Nitrogengas is greater than one in Argon gas because of Nitrogen gas need to higher breakdown voltage than Argon gas. The intensity of gliding arc discharge plasma increased with increasing the gas flow rate. In addition to the oscillograms of discharge current in each case of Argon & Nitrogen were obtained. Electron temperatures of Argon and Nitrogen plasma were calculated to be 22800 K, 8400 K. The characteristics of both Argon & Nitrogen gases in atmospheric pressure were investigated like current density, electron density with flow rates (5, 10, 20, and 40) Standard Cubic foot per Hour. All the experimental results were tabulated.
Cosmological Entropy and Seeking of Genesis of Time
Authors: Konduru Rakesh Teja
Published: November 2018

Influenced with symmetry of entropy and time in nature, we tried to invoke relation between entropy and time in space-time with new dimension. And also provided how Hubbleâ€™s constant related with entropy of universe. Discussed about how entropy of universe behaves at different temperatures and at different time values of universe. We showed that age of universe is equivalent to Hubbleâ€™s constant. And showed how naturally entropy arrives from the manipulations in gravity from Einsteinâ€™s equation â€œ00â€. And from these results we concluded that universe is isotropic, homogeneous with negative space curvature i.e. K= -1 but not flat K=0 (which doesnâ€™t explain acceleration and deceleration of universe). From these results of gravity, entropy, temperature and time we discussed the genesis of time. And proposed that at absolute zero temperature universe survives as a superconductor and that particular temperature is called as â€œCritical Absolute Temperature (TAB). And genesis of time occurs at first fluxon repulsion in the absolute zero temperature of universe.Â
COLD BEAM INJECTION IN RELATIVISTIC EMEC WAVE FOR KAPPA DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION WITH AC FIELD FOR MAGNETO-PLASMA
Authors: Kaur Rajbir , Pandey R.S. , Singh K.M. , Singh B.N. , Prasad Vijay
Published: November 2018

The effect of cold electron beam on electromagnetic electron cyclotron (EMEC) wave has been studied by using the unperturbed Lorentzian (Kappa) distribution in the magnetosphere for relativistic plasma. The dispersion relation is obtained by using the method of characteristic solutions and kinetic approach. An expression for the growth rate of a system has been calculated. It is inferred that in addition to the relativistic plasma obliquity and effect of cold electron beam modifies the growth rate and it also shifts the wave band significantly. The relativistic electrons by increasing the growth rate and widening the bandwidth may explain a wide frequency range of EMEC wave emissions in the magnetosphere.