bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Methods to Predict Residual Astigmatism After Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Abulafia Adi , Hill Warren E. , Franchina Maria , Barrett Graham D.
Published: October 2015

PURPOSE:

To evaluate and compare the accuracy of three toric intraocular lens (IOL) calculators using keratometry measurements derived from the anterior corneal curvature and direct measurements of the posterior corneal curvature.

METHODS:

Postoperative corneal astigmatism was measured by the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) and Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany). The data were processed by the Alcon, Holladay, and Barrett toric IOL calculators. The error in predicted residual astigmatism (PredRA) was calculated by subtracting the PredRA from the postoperative subjective refraction by vector analysis.

RESULTS:

The centroid errors in PredRA were against-the-rule (ATR) with the Alcon (0.56 diopters [D]) and Holladay (0.55 D) toric calculators using the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) measurements. The centroid errors in PredRA were lower when Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) measurements were used (0.38 D, ATR). The Barrett toric calculator using the IOLMaster measurements had the lowest centroid errors in PredRA (0.02 D,
P
< .001) and achieved the most accurate results: 75.8% and 92.9% of eyes were within 0.50 and 0.75 D of the PredRA, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The prediction of the postoperative astigmatic outcome can be improved by using appropriate methods of adjustment for posterior corneal astigmatism.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(10):699–706.]
Three-Year Follow-up of Hyperopic LASIK Using a 500-Hz Excimer Laser System
Authors: Plaza-Puche Ana B. , Yebana Pilar , Arba-Mosquera Samuel , Alió Jorge L.
Published: October 2015

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the long-term visual, refractive, and corneal aberrometric outcomes and regression of the achieved correction of hyperopia with a sixth-generation excimer laser.

METHODS:

This retrospective, consecutive, observational case series study comprised 86 eyes of 44 patients who underwent LASIK to correct hyperopia with a postoperative follow-up of 3 years. LASIK procedures were performed using the sixth-generation Amaris excimer laser (Schwind eye-tech-solutions GmbH and Co., Kleinostheim, Germany). Visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal topography, and aberrometry were evaluated in the follow-up.

RESULTS:

Three years postoperatively, 65 eyes (76%) had an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better. Five eyes (6.2%) lost one or more lines of corrected distance visual acuity. Sixty eyes (70%) had a spherical equivalent within ±0.50 diopters (D). There was regression of 0.47 D between 3 and 36 months postoperatively. Statistically significant differences were found in spherical equivalent between 3 and 36 months (
P
< .01), but no differences were observed between 12 and 36 months (
P
= .08). A flattening of 0.16 D was observed between 3 and 36 months after surgery in the mean simulated keratometry. A significant increase of root mean square spherical-like, coma-like, and higher-order aberrations (
P
< .01) were observed postoperatively. Twenty-five eyes (29%) required re-treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Treatment of hyperopia using the sixth-generation Amaris excimer laser provides good results in terms of efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes after 3 years. The refractive stability shows a significant regression in the first 12 months after surgery with more stable results from 12 months postoperatively.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(10):674–681.]
Estudio del comportamiento frente a la corrosión de soldaduras de aleación de magnesio mediante técnicas gravimétricas
Authors: Segarra José A. , Calderón Borja , Portolés Antonio
Published: October 2015

En este artículo se ha investigado el comportamiento frente a la corrosión en medios acuosos salinos de chapas soldadas de aleación AZ31 mediante técnicas gravimétricas y ensayo en cámara de niebla salina. Las muestras estudiadas han sido soldadas mediante soldadura TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) y con diferentes materiales de aporte. En el estudio se ha empleado microscopía óptica para analizar la microestructura. Los ensayos de gravimetría y los ensayos de niebla salina indican que el empleo de materiales de aporte más nobles para soldar las muestras evitando la disminución del contenido en aluminio en los cordones, no implica un mejor comportamiento frente a la corrosión.
Ubuntu, koinonia and diakonia, a way to reconciliation in South Africa?
Authors: Breed Gert , Semenya Kwena
Published: October 2015

This article seeks to contribute to the process of reconciliation in South Africa. This is achieved by firstly exploring the meaning of ubuntu as a common culture or religion under a large percentage of South Africa’s people over the borders of language and other cultural values. In the second part of the article two concepts that play a major role in Christianity are explored, namely koinonia and diakonia. Again a large percentage of South Africans believe that the Bible is the Word of God in which the right way of living is described. A comparison is made between the core values of ubuntu and the way of living that emerges from the use of the two concepts of koinonia and diakonia in the New Testament. A way that can contribute to reconciliation is suggested from this comparison.
Hemel en hel
Authors: Geyser-Fouche Ananda
Published: October 2015

Heaven and hell. Any conversation on ‘heaven and hell’ is nothing else but a conversation about ‘life after death’. To understand the concept of heaven, earth and hell as described in the biblical context and surrounding cultures, it is important to understand their concept of the cosmos and creation. Different perspectives of the universe lead to different ideas about life after death. Apocalyptic thoughts brought new perspectives to the understanding of life after death. All these different views can only be understood within the context in which they developed. Due to scientific results, the perception of the cosmos changed, urging us today to interpret ancient models metaphorically.
Predictive Risk Factors in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Aktun Lebriz Hale , Yorgunlar Betul , Karaca Nilay , Akpak Yaşam Kemal
Published: October 2015

Objective

This study aims to investigate predictive risk factors in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Patients and Methods

A total of 256 pregnant women who underwent 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during 24–28 weeks of pregnancy were included according to the World Health Organization criteria. Demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, parity, family history of diabetes, body weight before pregnancy, and body weight at the diagnosis of GDM, were recorded. Fasting insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values at the time of diagnosis were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: those requiring insulin treatment (insulin group, n = 89) and those receiving diet therapy (diet group, n = 167) during pregnancy according to the American Diabetes Association recommendations.

Results

A total of 34.76% of the pregnant women with GDM required insulin treatment. The mean age of these patients was significantly higher compared to the diet group (34.9 ± 0.6 years vs. 31.9 ± 0.6 years; P = 0.004). Body mass index before pregnancy was also significantly higher in the insulin group than that in the diet group (32 ± 0.9 kg/m2 vs. 29 ± 0.7 kg/m2; P = 0.004). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) during OGTT was 105.6 ± 2.1 mg/dL and 96.7 ± 1.1 mg/dL in the insulin group and diet group, respectively ( P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose during OGTT between the groups ( P = 0.069), while plasma glucose at two hours was 161.1 ± 6.8 mg/dL in the insulin group and 145.1 ± 3.7 mg/dL in the diet group ( P = 0.027). At the time of diagnosis, HbA1c values were significantly higher in the insulin group compared to the diet group (5.3 ± 0.1 vs. 4.9 ± 0.1; P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in FBG and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance values between the groups ( P = 0.908, P = 0.073).

Conclusion

Our study results suggest that age, family history of diabetes, body weight before pregnancy, FBG, and HbA1c values are predictors for the necessity of insulin treatment.
Exploring the Gray Areas: Senior Gamblers' Perceptions Of What Is and What Isn't Gambling
Authors: Tira Connie , Jackson Alun Conrad
Published: October 2015

The basis of any health promotion or harm minimization initiative is effective engagement of the target audience. However, because “gambling” can be interpreted in a variety of ways, service providers, such as community educators and clinical practitioners, cannot always assume a shared understanding of the meaning of gambling with their clients. This paper aims to help reduce such discrepancies by highlighting conditions in which gambling is usually viewed as gambling by those engaged in the behavior and by describing scenarios that may be more ambiguous. Such awareness can help service providers to maximize engagement efforts while minimizing the stigma typically associated with gambling. Findings are based on secondary analyses of a study that examined pathways leading to late-life problematic gambling by using a grounded theory method. The results suggest that rational decision making may be compromised in otherwise nonvulnerable individuals.
Bayesian Averaging vs. Dynamic Factor Models for Forecasting Economic Aggregates with Tendency Survey Data
Authors: Bialowolski Piotr , Kuszewski Tomasz , Witkowski Bartosz
Published: October 2015

The article compares forecast quality from two atheoretical models. Neither method assumed a priori causality and forecasts were generated without additional assumptions about regressors. Tendency survey data was used within the Bayesian averaging of classical estimates (BACE) framework and dynamic factor models (DFM). Two methods for regressor selection were applied within the BACE framework: frequentist averaging (BA) and frequentist (BF) with a collinearity-corrected version of the latter (BFC). Since models yielded multiple forecasts for each period, an approach to combine them was implemented. Results were assessed using in- and out-of-sample prediction errors. Although results did not vary significantly, best performance was observed from Bayesian models adopting the frequentist approach. Forecast of the unemployment rate were generated with the highest precision, followed by rate of GDP growth and CPI. It can be concluded that although these methods are atheoretical, they provide reasonable forecast accuracy, no worse to that expected from structural models. A further advantage to this approach is that much of the forecast procedure can be automated and much influence from subjective decisions avoided.
Monetary Policy in the New Normal
Authors: Bayoumi Tamim , Dell'Ariccia Giovanni , Habermeier Karl , Mancini Griffoli Tommaso , Valencia Fabian
Published: October 2015

The proposed SDN would take stock of the current debate on the shape that monetary policy should take after the crisis. It revisits the pros and cons of expanding the objectives of monetary policy, the merits of turning unconventional policies into conventional ones, how to make monetary policy frameworks more resilient to the risk of being constrained by the zero-lower bound going forward, and the institutional challenges to preserve central bank independence with regards to monetary policy, while allowing adequate government oversight over central banks’ new responsibilities. It will draw policy conclusions where consensus has been reached, and highlight the areas where more work is needed to get more granular policy advice.
Controlled meteorological (CMET) balloon profiling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer around Spitsbergen compared to a mesoscale model
Authors: Roberts T. J. , Dütsch M. , Hole L. R. , Voss P. B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Observations from CMET (Controlled Meteorological) balloons are analyzed in combination with mesoscale model simulations to provide insights into tropospheric meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity, wind-speed) around Svalbard, European High Arctic. Five Controlled Meteorological (CMET) balloons were launched from Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard over 5–12 May 2011, and measured vertical atmospheric profiles above Spitsbergen Island and over coastal areas to both the east and west. One notable CMET flight achieved a suite of 18 continuous soundings that probed the Arctic marine boundary layer over a period of more than 10 h. The CMET profiles are compared to simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using nested grids and three different boundary layer schemes. Variability between the three model schemes was typically smaller than the discrepancies between the model runs and the observations. Over Spitsbergen, the CMET flights identified temperature inversions and low-level jets (LLJ) that were not captured by the model. Nevertheless, the model largely reproduced time-series obtained from the Ny-Ålesund meteorological station, with exception of surface winds during the LLJ. Over sea-ice east of Svalbard the model underestimated potential temperature and overestimated wind-speed compared to the CMET observations. This is most likely due to the full sea-ice coverage assumed by the model, and consequent underestimation of ocean–atmosphere exchange in the presence of leads or fractional coverage. The suite of continuous CMET soundings over a sea-ice free region to the northwest of Svalbard are analysed spatially and temporally, and compared to the model. The observed along-flight daytime increase in relative humidity is interpreted in terms of the diurnal cycle, and in the context of marine and terrestrial air-mass influences. Analysis of the balloon trajectory during the CMET soundings identifies strong wind-shear, with a low-level channeled flow. The study highlights the challenges of modelling the Arctic atmosphere, especially in coastal zones with varying topography, sea-ice and surface conditions. In this context, CMET balloons provide a valuable technology for profiling the free atmosphere and boundary layer in remote regions where few other observations are available for model validation.
A new method of measuring aerosol optical properties from digital twilight photographs
Authors: Saito M. , Iwabuchi H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. An optimal-estimation algorithm for inferring aerosol optical properties from digital twilight photographs is proposed. The sensitivity of atmospheric components and surface characteristics to brightness and color of twilight sky is investigated, and the results suggest that tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol optical thickness (AOT) are sensitive to condition of the twilight sky. The coarse–fine particle volume ratio is moderately sensitive to the sky condition near the horizon under a clean-atmosphere condition. A radiative transfer model that takes into account a spherical-shell atmosphere, refraction, and multiple scattering is used as a forward model. Error analysis shows that the tropospheric and stratospheric AOT can be retrieved without significant bias. Comparisons with results from other ground-based instruments exhibit reasonable agreement on AOT. A case study suggests that the AOT retrieval method can be applied to atmospheric conditions with varying aerosol vertical profiles and vertically inhomogeneous species in the troposphere.
Potential and limitations of finite element modelling in assessing structural integrity of coralline algae under future global change
Authors: Melbourne L. A. , Griffin J. , Schmidt D. N. , Rayfield E. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Coralline algae are important habitat formers found on all rocky shores. While the impact of future ocean acidification on the physiological performance of the species has been well studied, little research has focused on potential changes in structural integrity in response to climate change. A previous study using 2-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) suggested increased vulnerability to fracture (by wave action or boring) in algae grown under high CO2 conditions. To assess how realistically 2-D simplified models represent structural performance, a series of increasingly biologically accurate 3-D FE models that represent different aspects of coralline algal growth were developed. Simplified geometric 3-D models of the genus Lithothamnion were compared to models created from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the same genus. The biologically accurate model and the simplified geometric model representing individual cells had similar average stresses and stress distributions, emphasising the importance of the cell walls in dissipating the stress throughout the structure. In contrast models without the accurate representation of the cell geometry resulted in larger stress and strain results. Our more complex 3-D model reiterated the potential of climate change to diminish the structural integrity of the organism. This suggests that under future environmental conditions the weakening of the coralline algal skeleton along with increased external pressures (wave and bioerosion) may negatively influence the ability for coralline algae to maintain a habitat able to sustain high levels of biodiversity.
Palaeo plant diversity in subtropical Africa – ecological assessment of a conceptual model of climate–vegetation interaction
Authors: Groner V. P. , Claussen M. , Reick C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We critically reassess a conceptual model here, dealing with the potential effect of plant diversity on climate–vegetation feedback, and we provide an improved version adjusted to plant types that prevailed during the African Humid Period (AHP). Our work contributes to the understanding of the timing and abruptness of vegetation decline at the end of the AHP, investigated by various working groups during the past 2 decades using a wide range of model and palaeo-proxy reconstruction approaches. While some studies indicated an abrupt collapse of vegetation at the end of the AHP, others suggested a gradual decline. Claussen et al. (2013) introduced a new aspect in the discussion, proposing that plant diversity in terms of moisture requirements could affect the strength of climate–vegetation feedback. In a conceptual model study, the authors illustrated that high plant diversity could stabilize an ecosystem, whereas a reduction in plant diversity might allow for an abrupt regime shift under gradually changing environmental conditions. In the light of recently published pollen data and the current state of ecological literature, the conceptual model by Claussen et al. (2013) reproduces the main features of different plant types interacting together with climate, but it does not capture the reconstructed diversity of AHP vegetation. Especially tropical gallery forest taxa, indirectly linked to local precipitation, are not appropriately represented. With a new model version adjusted to AHP vegetation, we can simulate a diverse mosaic-like environment as reconstructed from pollen, and we observe a stabilizing effect of high functional diversity on vegetation cover and precipitation. Sensitivity studies with different combinations of plant types highlight the importance of plant composition on system stability, and the stabilizing or destabilizing potential a single plant type may inherit. The model's simplicity limits its application; however, it provides a useful tool to study the roles of real plant types in an ecosystem and their combined climate–vegetation feedback under changing precipitation regimes.
Modelling sediment clasts transport during landscape evolution
Authors: Carretier S. , Martinod P. , Reich M. , Godderis Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Over thousands to millions of years, the landscape evolution is predicted by models based on fluxes of eroded, transported and deposited material. The laws describing these fluxes, corresponding to averages over many years, are difficult to prove with the available data. On the other hand, sediment dynamics are often tackled by studying the distribution of certain grain properties in the field (e.g. heavy metals, detrial zircons, 10Be in gravel, magnetic tracers, etc.). There is a gap between landscape evolution models based on fluxes and these field data on individual clasts, which prevent the latter from being used to calibrate the former. Here we propose an algorithm coupling the landscape evolution with mobile clasts. Our landscape evolution model predicts local erosion, deposition and transfer fluxes resulting from hillslope and river processes. Clasts of any size are initially spread in the basement and are detached, moved and deposited according to probabilities using these fluxes. Several river and hillslope laws are studied. Although the resulting mean transport rate of the clasts does not depend on the time step or the model cell size, our approach is limited by the fact that their scattering rate is cell-size dependent. Nevertheless, both their mean transport rate and the shape of the scattering-time curves fit the predictions. Different erosion-transport laws generate different clast movements. These differences show that studying the tracers in the field may provide a way to establish these laws on the hillslopes and in the rivers. Possible applications include the interpretation of cosmogenic nuclides in individual gravel deposits, provenance analyses, placers, sediment coarsening or fining, the relationship between magnetic tracers in rivers and the river planform, and the tracing of weathered sediment.
Shifting media imaginaries of the Web
Authors: Lesage Frédérik , Rinfret Louis
Published: October 2015

This exploratory paper sets out a conceptual model for investigating how media imaginaries of the Web shape its design and use over time. We draw from the work of scholars who have devised models for the study of techno-social imaginaries of information and communication technologies, including Patrice Flichy and Robin Mansell. Based on these works, we devise a case study of contrasting media imaginaries of the Web by drawing on textual analysis of statements made by Tim Berners-Lee over more than two decades. Through our analysis of these statements, we show how differing views on the role of creativity — and how it is represented by people and technologies ‘behind the screen’ and ‘in front of the screen’ — lead to competing visions of the past, present, and future of the Web. We conclude with suggestions for some future research questions emerging from this study.
A new model to explore non-profit social media use for advocacy and civic engagement
Authors: Chapman David , Miller-Stevens Katrina , Morris John C , O'Hallarn Brendan
Published: October 2015

Non-profit organizations are actively using social media platforms as a way to deliver information to end users, yet little is known of the internal processes these organizations follow to implement this tool. We present a case study of one non-profit organization, Blue Star Families, Inc., that is actively engaged in advocacy and civic engagement. We offer a new model to explore non-profit organizations’ use of social media platforms by building on previous models and frameworks developed to explore the use of social media in the public, private, and non-profit sectors.
Following the Joneses: FOMO and conspicuous sociality
Authors: Reagle Joseph
Published: October 2015

I argue that the proliferation of the term FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) and its siblings (FOBO, FODA, MOMO, FODO) can be understood as envy-related anxiety about missed experiences (fear of missing out) and belonging (fear of being left out). Beyond feelings, people who speak of FOMO also speak of it as a behavior, most often as a compulsivity (related to what I characterize as conspicuous sociality) and as an illness to be remedied. And although FOMO is often seen as a recent phenomenon, I argue it is a continuation of a centuries-old concern and discourse about media-prompted envy and anxiety (i.e., “keeping up with the Joneses” and neurasthenia).
Synchronized Music: The Influence of Pantomime on Moving Pictures
Authors: Anderson Gillian B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. By focusing on pantomime and cinema music and on synchronization and timing practices, this article aims to change the idea that synchronized sound only arrived with the talking film. It compares the musical synchronization in D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation with that in the filmed pantomime Histoire d’un Pierrot, and in an effort to identify other possible models for Griffith’s synchronization practices, traces the history of pantomime and pantomime ballet music in America from 1891 to 1916. Pavlova’s pantomime ballets and Max Reinhardt’s pantomime Sumurun emerge as potential models for Griffith and composer Joseph Carl Breil. Cabiria and Rothapfel’s presentation practices are also considered. To establish why Griffith may have emphasized pantomime in his publicity for The Birth of a Nation, the similarities in the developmental trajectory for cinema and pantomime are described, establishing for America what had been established for Europe by Carlo Picardi in “Pierrot at the Cinema.” A number of examples of stop watches being used to synchronize the music with the picture are documented, and the synchronization practices of Camille Saint- Saëns, Pietro Mascagni, Henry Gilbert, Louis Silvers, Joseph Carl Breil, and Mortimer Wilson are described. Finally, it is suggested that nondiegetic music is an archeological relic of cinema music’s origins in pantomime, where it did and still does have a hailing function, calling attention to the gestures, actions, facial expressions, and body language of the players and as such plays a much more important role in a moving picture’s plot development than has heretofore been acknowledged.
“Autobiografías en miniatura”. Apuntes y reflexiones sobre la correspondencia infantil
Authors: Blass Verónica Sierra
Published: October 2015

No es que las cartas fueran ni hayan sido el único medio de expresión del “yo” de la infancia, pero sí que han constituido durante siglos el género de escritura más empleado por parte de los niños para dejar rastro de sí. Este artículo pretende ser una reflexión general sobre la correspondencia infantil, centrándose especialmente en el papel de la carta como configuradora de la identidad y en su uso pedagógico, institucionalizado en las escuelas entre mediados del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. Por otro lado, se repasan los usos que los niños han hecho de la escritura epistolar a lo largo de la historia, así como las funciones principales que las cartas vinieron a cumplir en sus vidas, según sus tipologías y fines. Finalmente, se señalan las principales características de la correspondencia infantil, que es esencial tener en cuenta cuando se convierte a las cartas escritas por niños en objeto de estudio. Palabras clave: Historia de la Cultura Escrita; Época Contemporánea; Correspondencia; Infancia.
Por uma concepção mais ampla de Estado
Authors: Cardozo José Carlos da Silva
Published: October 2015

Resenha da obra: BOURDIEU, Pierre. Sobre o Estado: cursos no Collège de France (1989-1992). Tradução Rosa Freire d’Aguiar. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2014, 573 p.
Evidentiary Review of Screening Infants for Autism
Authors: Jones Mary Kay , Lauver Lori
Published: October 2015

Autism is a severe developmental disorder that affects a child’s communication, social, and repetitive behaviors. Typically a child will be diagnosed with autism around the age of three. Identifying an autistic child younger than three can be performed at the child’s well visits, through the evaluation of the child’s developmental milestones. Multiple screening tools have been developed and used to facilitate the identification of developmental milestones. Currently these tools used are for children aged 18 months and older. There is a need to identify a screening tool or tools to be used for infants, (i.e., under 18 months of age) who fail to achieve developmental milestones. The goal of this evidentiary review is to explore the screening tools for infants between the ages of 9 and 18 months.
Language and Communicative Functions as well as Verbal Fluency in Children with High-Functioning Autism
Authors: Borkowska Aneta Rita
Published: October 2015

The study was designed to investigate selected aspects of language and communicative functions as well as verbal fluency in children with HFA. The study group comprised 51 children, aged 10-12, including 23 subjects diagnosed with High-Functioning Autism, with normal IQ and able to communicate verbally, as well as a group of 28 controls. The applied tools included RHLB-PL Battery, a verbal fluency task and WISC-R Vocabulary subtest. The findings show significantly varied profiles of the investigated functions in the group of children with HFA. In comparison with their peers, they have greater difficulties drawing logical conclusions from stories. They find it difficult to grasp humour conveyed by linguistic expression and by metaphors, presented with the use of both linguistic materials and drawings. They have lower capacitates for understanding prosodic (emotional and language) aspects of utterances addressed to them. It has been established that they are able to correctly understand isolated words and recognize their designates despite the present distractors. No generalized deficits have been found in the subjects’ verbal fluency. In comparison to the controls, the children with HFA generated similar number of words matching the phonemic criterion. Furthermore, their performance showed no perseverations, and comparably frequent clustering and switching. Lexicon matching the semantic criterion was more difficult to access for the children with HFA than for the controls. Children with HFA had difficulties in defining familiar words.
An Anxious Alliance
Authors: Williams Kaiton
Published: October 2015

This essay presents a multi-year autoethnographic perspective on the use of personal fitness and self-tracking technologies to lose weight. In doing so, it examines the rich and contradictory relationships with ourselves and our world that are generated around these systems, and argues that the efforts to gain control and understanding of one's self through them need not be read as a capitulation to rationalizing forces, or the embrace of utopian ideals, but as an ongoing negotiation of the boundaries and meanings of self within an anxious alliance of knowledge, bodies, devices, and data. I discuss how my widening inquiry into these tools and practices took me from a solitary practice and into a community of fellow travellers, and from the pursuit of a single body goal into a continually renewing project of personal possibility.
Creating Friction: Infrastructuring Civic Engagement in Everyday Life
Authors: Korn Matthias , Voida Amy
Published: October 2015

This paper introduces the theoretical lens of the everyday to intersect and extend the emerging bodies of research on contestational design and infrastructures of civic engagement. Our analysis of social theories of everyday life suggests a design space that distinguishes ‘privileged moments’ of civic engagement from a more holistic understanding of the everyday as ‘product-residue.’ We analyze various efforts that researchers have undertaken to design infrastructures of civic engagement along two axes: the everyday-ness of the engagement fostered (from ‘privileged moments’ to ‘product-residue’) and the underlying paradigm of political participation (from consensus to contestation). Our analysis reveals the dearth and promise of infrastructures that create friction— provoking contestation through use that is embedded in the everyday life of citizens. Ultimately, this paper is a call to action for designers to create friction. 
Not The Internet, but This Internet: How Othernets Illuminate Our Feudal Internet
Authors: Dourish Paul
Published: October 2015

What is the Internet like, and how do we know? Less tendentiously, how can we make general statements about the Internet without reference to alternatives that help us to understand what the space of network design possibilities might be? This paper presents a series of cases of network alternatives which provide a vantage point from which to reflect upon the ways that the Internet does or does not uphold both its own design goals and our collective imaginings of what it does and how. The goal is to provide a framework for understanding how technologies embody promises, and how these both come to evolve. 
Designed in Shenzhen: Shanzhai Manufacturing and Maker Entrepreneurs
Authors: Lindtner Silvia , Greenspan Anna , Li David
Published: October 2015

We draw from long-term research in Shenzhen, a manufacturing hub in the South of China, to critically examine the role of participation in the contemporary discourse around maker culture. In lowering the barriers of technological production, “making” is being envisioned as a new site of entrepreneurship, economic growth and innovation. Our research shows how the city of Shenzhen is figuring as a key site in implementing this vision. In this paper, we explore the “making of Shenzhen” as the “Silicon Valley for hardware.” We examine, in particular, how maker-entrepreneurs are drawn to processes of design and open sharing central to the manufacturing culture of Shenzhen, challenging conceptual binaries of design as a creative process versus manufacturing as its numb execution. Drawing from the legacy of participatory design and critical computing, the paper examines the social, material, and economic conditions that underlie the growing relationship between contemporary maker culture and the concomitant remake of Shenzhen. 
Double Binds and Double Blinds: Evaluation Tactics in Critically Oriented HCI
Authors: Khovanskaya Vera , Baumer Eric P. S. , Sengers Phoebe
Published: October 2015

Critically oriented researchers within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) have fruitfully intersected design and critical analysis to engage users and designers in reflection on underlying values, assumptions and dominant practices in technology. To successfully integrate this work within the HCI community, critically oriented researchers have tactically engaged with dominant practices within HCI in the design and evaluation of their work. This paper draws attention to the ways that tactical engagement with aspects of HCI evaluation methodology shapes and bears consequences for critically oriented research. We reflect on three of our own experiences evaluating critically oriented designs and trace challenges that we faced to the ways that sensibilities about generalizable knowledge are manifested in HCI evaluation methodology. Drawing from our own experiences, as well as other influential critically oriented design projects in HCI, we articulate some of the trade-offs involved in consciously adopting or not adopting certain normative aspects of HCI evaluation. We argue that some forms of this engagement can hamstring researchers from pursuing their intended research goals and have consequences beyond specific research projects to affect the normative discourse in the field as a whole.
Human-computer interaction as science
Authors: Reeves Stuart
Published: October 2015

The human-computer interaction (HCI) has had a long and troublesome relationship to the role of ‘science’. HCI’s status as an academic object in terms of coherence and adequacy is often in question—leading to desires for establishing a true scientific discipline. In this paper I explore formative cognitive science influences on HCI, through the impact of early work on the design of input devices. The paper discusses a core idea that I argue has animated much HCI research since: the notion of scientific design spaces. In evaluating this concept, I disassemble the broader ‘picture of science’ in HCI and its role in constructing a disciplinary order for the increasingly diverse and overlapping research communities that contribute in some way to what we call ‘HCI’. In concluding I explore notions of rigour and debates around how we might reassess HCI’s disciplinarity.
Computing and the Common. Hints of a new utopia in Participatory Design
Authors: Teli Maurizio
Published: October 2015

In this statement, I draw upon the need of Participatory Design to engage with new utopias. I point to contemporary critical theories and to concurrent social conditions that make possible to identify the construction of the common as a possible utopia. In conclusion, I suggest that forms of community-based participatory design could be actual practices supporting such utopia. 
Making “World Machines”: Discourse, Design and Global Technologies for Greater-than-self Issues
Authors: Light Ann , Bardzell Jeff , Bardzell Shaowen , Cox Geoff , Fritsch Jonas , Hansen Lone Koefoed
Published: October 2015

The world machine is a new archetype for a socio-technical system drawing together a group of tools that combine computational powers with a social agenda of cross-world collaboration in resistance to dominant market rhetoric. Specifically, we look at how powers to connect, sense and infer can be combined and turned to crowd-sourcing public engagement with shared world issues - as an alternative to business-as-usual in the context of developing and deploying networked technology. We combine theoretical aspects of world machines, such as what a political entity of this kind might seek to do, and practical exercises that focus on design, with a view to exploring viability and examining what a related research agenda might involve. 
Charting the Next Decade for Value Sensitive Design
Authors: Friedman Batya , Hendry David G. , Huldtgren Alina , Jonker Catholijn , Van den Hoven Jeroen , Van Wynsberghe Aimee
Published: October 2015

In the 2010’s it is widely recognized by computer and information scientists, social scientists, designers, and philosophers of technology that the design of information systems is not value neutral [5-8,11]. Rather, such systems are value laden in part because societal values are major factors in shaping systems, and at the same time the design of the technology reinforces, restructures or uproots societal value structures. Of the many theories and methods to design for this phenomenon one continues to gain traction for its systematic and overarching consideration of values in the design process: Value Sensitive Design (VSD) [5-7]. The aim of this multidisciplinary workshop is to bring together scholars and practitioners interested in ways values can be made to bear upon design and to help continue to build a community by sharing experiences, insights, and criticism. 
La signification de la mission et des pensionnats indiens dans la revue Kerygma (1967-2004)
Authors: Capitaine Brieg
Published: October 2015

Fondée quelques années après le concile Vatican II, Kerygma aborde les problèmes concrets des missions indiennes et esquimaudes, de l’apostolat et des méthodes missionnaires. L’analyse du contenu de la revue entre 1967 et 2004 montre que la missiologie évolue à mesure que le mouvement d’affirmation politique autochtone se développe dans les années 1970 et que les pensionnats indiens se hissent au rang de trauma culturel. L’analyse du corpus nous permet d’introduire une plus grande nuance dans les relations entre les missionnaires et les Autochtones ; ceux-ci étant souvent perçus de manière monochrome comme des agents d’assimilation alors que leurs pratiques et leurs discours sont mouvants, sujets à controverses et beaucoup moins consensuels qu’il n’y paraît.
A genetically defined asymmetry underlies the inhibitory control of flexor–extensor locomotor movements
Authors: Britz Olivier , Zhang Jingming , Grossmann Katja S , Dyck Jason , Kim Jun C , Dymecki Susan , Gosgnach Simon , Goulding Martyn
Published: October 2015

V1 and V2b interneurons (INs) are essential for the production of an alternating flexor–extensor motor output. Using a tripartite genetic system to selectively ablate either V1 or V2b INs in the caudal spinal cord and assess their specific functions in awake behaving animals, we find that V1 and V2b INs function in an opposing manner to control flexor–extensor-driven movements. Ablation of V1 INs results in limb hyperflexion, suggesting that V1 IN-derived inhibition is needed for proper extension movements of the limb. The loss of V2b INs results in hindlimb hyperextension and a delay in the transition from stance phase to swing phase, demonstrating V2b INs are required for the timely initiation and execution of limb flexion movements. Our findings also reveal a bias in the innervation of flexor- and extensor-related motor neurons by V1 and V2b INs that likely contributes to their differential actions on flexion–extension movements.
Asymmetric division triggers cell-specific gene expression through coupled capture and stabilization of a phosphatase
Authors: Bradshaw Niels , Losick Richard
Published: October 2015

Formation of a division septum near a randomly chosen pole during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis creates unequal sized daughter cells with dissimilar programs of gene expression. An unanswered question is how polar septation activates a transcription factor (σF) selectively in the small cell. We present evidence that the upstream regulator of σF, the phosphatase SpoIIE, is compartmentalized in the small cell by transfer from the polar septum to the adjacent cell pole where SpoIIE is protected from proteolysis and activated. Polar recognition, protection from proteolysis, and stimulation of phosphatase activity are linked to oligomerization of SpoIIE. This mechanism for initiating cell-specific gene expression is independent of additional sporulation proteins; vegetative cells engineered to divide near a pole sequester SpoIIE and activate σF in small cells. Thus, a simple model explains how SpoIIE responds to a stochastically-generated cue to activate σF at the right time and in the right place.
Mehta’s Modification of Crawford’s Technique for Frontalis Sling Surgery With Silicone Rod
Authors: Mehta Anuj , Abrol Sangeeta , Garg Prerna
Published: October 2015

Fox’s Pentagon is the most commonly used technique for passing the Silicone rod in ptosis. In certain special conditions like predominantly lateral droop, it may not give optimal results. We have devised a new technique of passing the Silicone rod, which is a modification of Crawford’s technique. This new technique is very easy to perform with very good postoperative results. The advantages include control over the curvature of lid, a good postoperative lid crease, minimal lagophthalmos, no forehead scar and no central focal notching.
Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanics on Sao Tome: Paleosecular variation at the Equator and a comparison to its latitudinal dependence over the last 5 Myr
Authors: Opdyke N. D. , Kent D. V. , Foster D. A. , Huang K.
Published: October 2015

A collection was made in January 2009 of 10 oriented samples from each of 54 sites in lavas on Sao Tome Island (nominal location 0.3ºN, 6.5ºE). Some sites were affected by lightning leaving a total of 42 sites for analysis of paleosecular variation. Overall magnetic properties were excellent (highly stable magnetizations carried by pseudosingle domain magnetite). After principal component analysis of progressive alternating field demagnetization data for the samples, 22 sites had normal polarity magnetizations (D = 0. 6º, I = −8.3º, α95 = 4.3º, κ = 53.1) and 20 had reverse magnetizations (D = 176.0º, I = 4.2º, α95 = 7.3º, κ = 20.8); the directions are within 5° of antiparallel, yielding a positive reversal test. The combined data set of 42 site mean virtual geomagnetic poles converted to common (normal) polarity yields a pole position at 86.0°N, 211.5ºE, A95=3.1º. Ar/Ar and K/Ar dating reveals that these rocks are Miocene in age (∼5–11 Ma), old enough to allow northerly plate motion to help explain the slightly far‐sided pole position. The between‐site dispersion in virtual geomagnetic poles was estimated as the angular standard deviation, Sb, and equaled 11.4° with 95% confidence interval between 9.9° and 13.4°.
Planetary period oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: Examining the relationship between abrupt changes in behavior and solar wind‐induced magnetospheric compressions and expansions
Authors: Provan G. , Tao C. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Coates A. J.
Published: October 2015

We examine planetary period oscillations (PPOs) observed in Saturn's magnetospheric magnetic field data from the time of Saturn's equinox in 2009. In particular, we focus on the time period commencing February 2011, when the oscillations started to display sudden and unexpected changes in behavior at ~100–200 day intervals. These were characterized by large simultaneous changes in the amplitude of the northern and southern PPO systems, together with small changes in period and jumps in phase. Nine significant abrupt changes have been observed in the postequinox interval to date, commencing as the Sun started to emerge from a long extended solar minimum. We perform a statistical study to determine whether these modulations in PPO behavior were associated with changes in the solar and/or upstream solar wind conditions. We report that the upstream solar wind conditions show elevated values of solar wind dynamic pressure and density around the time of PPO behavioral transitions, as opposed to before and after these times. We suggest that abrupt changes in PPO behavior may be related to significant changes in the size of the Saturnian magnetosphere in response to varying solar wind conditions.
Genetic characteristics, clinical spectrum, and incidence of neonatal diabetes in the Emirate of AbuDhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Deeb Asma , Habeb Abdelhadi , Kaplan Walid , Attia Salima , Hadi Suha , Osman Amani , Al‐Jubeh Jamal , Flanagan Sarah , DeFranco Elisa , Ellard Sian
Published: October 2015

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) can be transient (TNDM) or permanent (PNDM). Data on NDM from the Gulf region are limited to few studies on PNDM.The objective of this study was to describe the genetic and clinical spectrum of NDM and estimate its incidence in AbuDhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirate (UAE). Patients were identified from the pediatric diabetes clinics and sequencing of known NDM genes was conducted in all families. Twenty‐five patients were identified. Incidence during 1985–2013 was 1:29,241 Live births. Twenty‐three out of twenty‐five had PNDM (incidence 1:31,900) and 2/25 had TNDM (incidence 1:350,903). Eleven out of twenty‐five had extra‐pancreatic features and three had pancreatic aplasia. The genetic cause was detected in 21/25 (84%). Of the PNDM patients, nine had recessive EIF2AK3 mutations, six had homozygous INS mutations, two with deletion of the PTF1A enhancer, one was heterozygous for KCNJ11 mutation, one harboured a novel ABCC8 variant, and 4/21 without mutations in all known PNDM genes. One TNDM patient had a 6q24 methylation defect and another was homozygous for the INS c‐331C>G mutation. This mutation also caused permanent diabetes with variable age of onset from birth to 18 years. The parents of a child with Wolcott–Rallison syndrome had a healthy girl following pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis. The child with KCNJ11 mutation was successfully switched from insulin to oral sulphonylurea. The incidence of PNDM in Abu Dhabi is among the highest in the world and its spectrum is different from Europe and USA. In our cohort, genetic testing has significant implications for the clinical management. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.