bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic and phenotypic frequency distribution of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in over 3200 Han Chinese
Authors: He Li , Chen Shaojun , Li Jingao , Xie Xiaoxue , Huang Lihua , Kuang Yun , Xu Kangwei , Huang Wanxia , Zhao Yanling , Yang Guoping , Guo Chengxian
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This retrospective study analyzed the polymorphisms and phenotypic frequencies of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in a Han Chinese population.

Methods

Tests for polymorphisms of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were performed in over 3000 (3099‐3931) samples using an Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencer. Following the guidance of the PharmGKB and PharmVar databases, the polymorphisms of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were transformed into phenotypes, which included ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), rapid metabolizers (RMs), normal metabolizers (NMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs).

Results

A total of 3122 samples were tested for polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and the overall polymorphism frequency was found to be 8.8%; the phenotypic frequency for CYP2C9 was 91.2% NMs, 8.23% IMs and 0.16%, PMs. The overall polymorphism frequency of CYP2C19 was tested in 3099 samples and found to be 60.1%; the phenotypic frequency for CYP2C19 was 39.9% NMs, with 1.06% RMs, 45.62% IMs and 13.42% PMs. The overall polymorphism frequency of CYP2D6 was tested in 3931 samples and found to be 88.04%; the phenotypic frequency of CYP2D6 was 95.43% NMs, 3.35% IMs and 0.52% PMs. Using 2690 samples, the polymorphisms and phenotypic distributions of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were examined simultaneously. We found that 96.36% of the samples contained mutations while 66.51% corresponded with phenotypic changes.

Conclusions

Polymorphisms and phenotypic changes of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 are relatively frequent in the Han Chinese population. Thus, preemptive pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 should be recommended prior to dosing substrate drugs.
NsiR1, a small RNA with multiple copies, modulates heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Brenes‐Álvarez Manuel , Minguet Marina , Vioque Agustín , Muro‐Pastor Alicia M.
Published: May 2020

Upon nitrogen starvation, filamentous cyanobacteria develop heterocysts, specialized cells devoted to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Differentiation of heterocyst at semi‐regular intervals along the filaments requires complex structural and functional changes that are under the control of the master transcriptional regulator HetR. NsiR1 (nitrogen stress‐induced RNA 1) is a HetR‐dependent non‐coding RNA that is expressed specifically in heterocysts from a very early stage of differentiation. In the genome of Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 there are 12 tandem copies of nsiR1 (nsiR1.1 to nsiR1.12), seven of them with identical sequence (nsiR1.3 to nsiR1.9) and the others slightly divergent. nsiR1.1 is transcribed antisense to the 5′ UTR of hetF, a gene required for heterocyst development. Here, we show that binding of NsiR1.1 inhibits translation of the hetF mRNA by inducing structural changes in its 5′ UTR. Altered levels of NsiR1 result in different phenotypic alterations including enlarged cell size and delayed heterocyst development that could be related to a reduced amount of HetF.
Reflexive renovation and the future of household sustainability: The role of media and imagination in household consumption
Authors: Hunter Shae
Published: May 2020

Recent scholarship illustrates the significant role media content plays in shaping home renovation outcomes, suggesting additional focus on the media–renovation dynamic is warranted in the face of increasing household consumption. Examining the reflexive characteristics of media‐engaged practices in renovation reveals the ways in which future household consumption practices are imagined and materially scripted during the design and construction phases of home renovation. Understanding these activities has the potential to contribute to the environmental sustainability of homes. The prolific nature of Australian home renovation activity is evident in the AU$33.3 billion spent annually and the diverse and widespread engagement with renovation media by homeowners. Television programmes, magazine content, websites, and apps reflect socio‐cultural trends towards large floor areas and additional energy‐intensive devices. Based on in‐depth interviews with 22 home renovators across Victoria, Australia, this article examines how media script the spatial and material dimensions of homes during renovation. Drawing on a social practices understanding of social life in households, the article uses the concept of reflexivity in renovation practices to show how renovators engage with media when reimagining their homes during renovations, subsequently shaping future practices and sustainability outcomes. Analysis demonstrates that features such as butler's pantries, back decks, and upgrades in appliances are in part scripted by the imagination–media dynamic. An argument is made for renovation media content to include a sustainability dimension in keeping with the key aspirations of homeowners—socially acceptable, aesthetically pleasing, financially efficient, and thermally comfortable homes.
Nano essential oils against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Abdel‐Raheem Mohamed , ALghamdi Huda A. , Reyad Naglaa F.
Published: May 2020

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is the biggest pest of various palm species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the essential oils of purslane, mustard and castor (bulk and nano) on R. ferrugineus and to evaluate the oviposition deterrent effect to prevent new infestations. Prepared concentrations of essential oils (bulk and nano) were tested for their impact on R. ferrugineus larvae, pupae and adults. The most effective oil was purslane oil (bulk and nano), followed by mustard and the least effective was castor. The percent mortality of larvae was 75.2, 45.3 and 17.9% (bulk phase) and 92.5, 84.4 and 65.5% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The percent mortality of adults was 67.2, 40.0 and 15.6% (bulk phase) and 83.5, 72.9 and 60.0% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The number of eggs laid decreased with increasing concentration of the tested oils. Purslane essential oil showed good impact on R. ferrugineus larvae and adults followed by mustard and castor oils as bulk and as nano.
Brain cavernous hemangioma mimicking radiation‐induced necrosis in a patient with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Takamori Shinkichi , Seto Takashi , Jinnouchi Mikako , Matsubara Taichi , Haratake Naoki , Miura Naoko , Toyozawa Ryo , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Takenoyama Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2020

In patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is one of the standard therapies for those suffering with intracranial metastatic NSCLC. Radiation‐induced necrosis (RIN) sometimes occurs as the result of the delayed effects of SRT. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of RIN typically shows hypointense and hyperintense lesions on T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, respectively. We herein report a patient with a growing brain cystic lesion mimicking RIN adjacent to a post‐radiation brain metastasis from NSCLC harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement. The patient underwent surgical resection of the brain tumor because of the symptoms. The pathological diagnosis was cavernous hemangioma, and the pathological findings were an encapsulated nodular mass composed of dilated, cavernous vascular spaces with no residual tumor or recurrence. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility for the development of a brain cavernous hemangioma following SRT in NSCLC patients.
Anatomy of a dinosaur—Clarification of vertebrae in vertebrate anatomy
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Depalma Robert A. , Burnham David A. , Martin Larry
Published: May 2020

The flat‐end surfaces of dinosaur vertebral centra led to the presumption that intervertebral discs occupied the space between their vertebrae. A set of fused hadrosaur vertebrae allowed that hypothesis to be tested. The Tyrannosaurus rex responsible for this pathology did not escape unscathed. It left behind a tooth crown that had fractured. Fragments of that tooth were scattered through the intervertebral space, evidencing that there was no solid structure to impede its movement. That eliminates the possibility of an intervertebral disc and instead proves the presence of an articular space, similar to that in modern reptiles, but at variance to what is noted in birds. While avian cervical vertebral centra appear to be separated by diarthrodial joints, the preponderance of their thoracic vertebral centra is not separated by synovial joints.
Expression of follistatin is associated with egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens
Authors: Wasti Sanjeev , Sah Nirvay , Kuehu Donna L. , Kim Yong S. , Jha Rajesh , Mishra Birendra
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study was to examine the expression profiles of follistatin (FST) and its associated molecules (MSTN, INHA, INHBB, INHBA, ACVR2A, and ACVR2B) in the oviduct of laying hens at 3 hr and 20 hr post‐ovulation (p.o., n = 5; 35 weeks old), molting (n = 5; 60 weeks old), and non‐laying (n = 4; 35–60 weeks old) hens and also to localize the FST by using immunohistochemistry assay. Expression of FST was significantly higher (p < .05), and MSTN was lower in the uterus of laying hens around 15–20 hr p.o. (during eggshell formation), however, their expressions in the magnum remain unchanged across different physiological stages of hens. FST was mainly expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the uterine tissues, and their expression intensity was highest in laying hens during the eggshell mineralization. There was a relatively increased expression of INHA in the magnum of laying hens around 3 hr p.o. as compared to non‐laying and molting hens. At the same time (3 hr p.o.), there was a significant (p < .05) decrease in the expression of the INHBB, ACVR2A, and ACV2B. These results indicate that follistatin may regulate the differentiation of uterine luminal and glandular epithelium during eggshell biomineralization.
Can tramadol really induce hyponatraemia? A pharmacovigilance study
Authors: de Canecaude Claire , Rousseau Vanessa , Chebane Leila , Lafaurie Margaux , Durrieu Geneviève , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: May 2020

Several papers have described hyponatraemia with tramadol. However, in most reports, several confounding factors can be found. We used the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®) to investigate if tramadol alone could be associated with hyponatraemia. All 1992–2019 ICSRs (individual case safety reports) with the preferred term (PT) “hyponatraemia” and tramadol were included. Two disproportionality analyses were performed: (1) after inclusion of all reports, and (2) after exclusion of concomitant hyponatraemic drugs. Results are expressed as reporting odds ratios (ROR; 95% CI) and information component (IC). Of 19 747 604 ICSRs, 225 575 were included. A significant association was found between tramadol use and reports of hyponatraemia (ROR = 1.49 [1.39–1.60], IC = 0.57 [IC025 = 0.47]). After exclusion of hyponatraemic drugs, the previously found association disappeared. The study failed to find any pharmacovigilance signal of hyponatraemia with tramadol alone. We suggest that reports of hyponatraemia with tramadol can be explained principally by other underlying causes of hyponatraemia, especially other concomitant hyponatraemic drugs.
Serious game in introductory psychology for professional awareness: Optimal learner control and authenticity
Authors: Hummel Hans G. K. , Nadolski Rob J. , Eshuis Jannes , Slootmaker Aad , Storm Jeroen
Published: May 2020

Introductory Psychology courses in Higher Education lack application of knowledge in solving work‐based problems. We develop and study mini‐games that support a more active and experiential way of learning to increase professional awareness. This paper describes the instructional design and the factors under study: learner control and authenticity. We compared professional awareness and perceived authenticity for the old (without game, n = 130) and new course (with game, n = 197) by administering pre‐ and post‐questionnaires. Participants were allocated to game variants, differing in freedom of assignment order (less or more learner control) and number of sources available (less or more authentic). We computer logged their game actions, and asked them additional questions about gameplay that concerned aspects like motivation, flow, performance, learnability and usability. Both courses improved professional awareness (knowledge gains of 4% for the old and 12% for the new course), but only in the new course with mini‐games this was significant. Students evaluated gameplay and their content as “more than sufficient” to “good.” A free order of assignments was found to produce more effective (in‐game) performance, and the provision of more sources was found to improve learnability, authentic learning and appreciations of gameplay.
lncRNA Oip5‐as1 attenuates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by sponging miR‐29a to activate the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1α pathway
Authors: Niu Xiaowei , Pu Shuangshuang , Ling Chun , Xu Jizhe , Wang Jing , Sun Shaobo , Yao Yali , Zhang Zheng
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MI/R injury are unclear. This study investigated the role of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) Oip5‐as1 in regulating mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis during MI/R injury.

Materials and methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to MI/R induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion. H9c2 cells were incubated under oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions to mimic in vivo MI/R. RT‐qPCR and Western blot were used to evaluate gene and protein levels. CCK‐8 assay, biochemical assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to assess the function of Oip5‐as1. The dual‐luciferase gene reporter assay and RIP assay were conducted as needed.

Results

Oip5‐as1 expression was downregulated in the hearts of rats with MI/R and in H9c2 cells treated with OGD/R. Oip5‐as1 overexpression alleviated reactive oxygen species‐driven mitochondrial injury and consequently decreased apoptosis in MI/R rats and H9c2 cells exposed to OGD/R. Mechanistically, Oip5‐as1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA of miR‐29a and thus decreased its expression. Inhibition of miR‐29a reduced the oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by OGD/R. Overexpression of miR‐29a reversed the anti‐apoptotic effect of Oip5‐as1 in H9c2 cells treated with OGD/R. Further experiments identified SIRT1 as a downstream target of miR‐29a. Oip5‐as1 upregulated SIRT1 expression and activated the AMPK/PGC1α pathway by targeting miR‐29a, thus reducing the apoptosis triggered by OGD/R. However, these effects were reversed by a selective SIRT1 inhibitor, EX527.

Conclusions

Oip5‐as1 suppresses miR‐29a leading to activation of the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1α pathway, which attenuates mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis during MI/R injury. Our findings thus provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of MI/R injury.
Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse
Authors: Durham Andy E. , Clarke Brenton R. , Potier Julie F. N. , Hammarstrand Robert , Malone George L.
Published: May 2020

Background

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is commonly investigated using plasma ACTH concentrations but problems exist with currently available diagnostic thresholds.

Objectives

To derive temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for equine plasma ACTH concentration to be used alongside clinical judgement in each individual week of the year and appropriate for the degree of clinical suspicion in any given case. Furthermore, to apply these thresholds to compare the prevalence of high and low ACTH in two subgroups of animals with high and low clinical suspicion of PPID.

Study design

A retrospective population study examining a large laboratory database of equine plasma ACTH concentrations using an indirect approach to calculate diagnostic thresholds.

Methods

Logs of plasma ACTH concentrations from 75 892 individual horses were examined using robust L2 estimation of mixtures of two normal distributions in categories of each week and month of the year. Thresholds dividing the two populations of high‐ACTH and low‐ACTH horses were then established at different levels of sensitivity and specificity and compared with clinical subgroups of horses divided based on reported clinical signs, as having high (n = 4036) or low (n = 3022) clinical suspicion of PPID.

Results

For most of the year there were small interweek differences in diagnostic thresholds. However, from mid‐June to early‐December diagnostic thresholds showed greater interweek variability, reaching a maximum in late September and early October. Grouping of high‐ and low‐ACTH compared favourably with grouping based on clinical signs.

Main limitations

Given the multiple sources of diagnostic samples, pre‐analytical data could not be fully verified.

Conclusions

Diagnostic thresholds for equine plasma ACTH vary through the year. It is especially important to consider the temporally specific threshold between June and December. Different clinical thresholds can be used depending on the case circumstances and whether a false‐positive or false‐negative diagnosis is deemed least desirable.
Training in health coaching skills for health professionals who work with people with progressive neurological conditions: A realist evaluation
Authors: Davies Freya , Wood Fiona , Bullock Alison , Wallace Carolyn , Edwards Adrian
Published: May 2020

Background

Supporting people to self‐manage their long‐term conditions is a UK policy priority. Health coaching is one approach health professionals can use to provide such support. There has been little research done on how to train clinicians in health coaching or how to target training to settings where it may be most effective.

Objective

To develop theories to describe how training health professionals in health coaching works, for whom and in what circumstances, with a focus on those working with people with progressive neurological conditions.

Design

Realist evaluation using mixed methods (participant observation, pre‐ and post‐training questionnaires, and telephone interviews with participants and trainers). Realist data analysis used to develop and refine theories.

Intervention

Two 1‐day face‐to‐face training sessions in health coaching with 11 weeks between first and second days.

Setting and participants

Twenty health‐care professionals who work with people with neurological conditions in the UK, two training facilitators.

Results

Four theories were developed using context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations to describe how training triggers critical reflection; builds knowledge, skills and confidence; how participants evaluate the relevance of the training; and their experiences of implementing the training. Some participants reported a major shift in practice, and others implemented the training in more limited ways.

Discussion

Fully embracing the role of coach is difficult for health professionals working in positions and settings where their clinical expertise appears most highly valued.

Conclusions

Training should address the practicality of using coaching approaches within existing roles, while organizations should consider their role in facilitating implementation.
Introduction: New Dynamics of Chinese Migration to Europe
Authors: Thunø Mette , Li Minghuan
Published: May 2020

This introduction provides a presentation of the articles in this special issue by framing the contributions in the context of new dynamics related to Chinese migration studies and the ongoing discussions of the impact of China’s powerful economic position. The articles offer new empirical insights to develop new understandings of recent migration and mobilities between China and Europe. By focusing on the changing socio‐economic composition of Chinese migrants in Europe towards highly skilled professionals and investors, changes in Chinese entrepreneurship, increasing Chinese political engagement and activism, and new migration from Europe to China by Chinese descendants, these contributions reflect the importance of developing new theories to better grasp the causes and effects of China’s new global economic and political position for Chinese migration. The selected articles identify promising directions for future work on the global discussions of the impact of China as a diaspora state and ensuing policy implications.
RETRACTED: Twist1 accelerates tumour vasculogenic mimicry by inhibiting Claudin15 expression in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Danfang , Sun Baocun , Zhao Xiulan , Sun Huizhi , An Jindan , Lin Xian , Zhu Dongwang , Zhao Xueming , Wang Xudong , Liu Fang , Zhang Yanhui , Liu Jiameng , Gu Qiang , Dong Xueyi , Qiu Zhiqiang , Liu Zhiyong , Qi Hong , Che Na , Li Jing , Cheng Runfen , Zheng Xu
Published: May 2020

The up‐regulation of EMT regulator Twist1 has been implicated in vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in human triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Twist1 targets the Claudin15 promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Claudin family members are related with TNBC. However, the relationship between Claudin15 and VM formation is not clear. In this study, we first found that Claudin15 expression was frequently down‐regulated in human TNBC, and Claudin15 down‐regulation was significantly associated with VM and Twist1 nuclear expression. Claudin15 down‐regulation correlated with shorter survival compared with high levels. Claudin15 silence significantly enhanced cell motility, invasiveness and VM formation in the non‐TNBC MCF‐7 cells. Conversely, an up‐regulation of Claudin15 remarkably reduced TNBC MDA‐MB‐231 cell migration, invasion and VM formation. We also showed that down‐regulation of Claudin15 was Twist1‐dependent, and Twist1 repressed Claudin15 promoter activity. Furthermore, GeneChip analyses of mammary glands of Claudin15‐deficient mice indicated that Claudin18 and Jun might be downstream factors of Twist1‐Claudin15. Our results suggest that Twist1 induced VM through Claudin15 suppression in TNBC, and Twist1 inhibition of Claudin15 might involve Claudin18 and Jun expression.
Expression, function and clinical application of stanniocalcin‐1 in cancer
Authors: Zhao Fangyu , Yang Gang , Feng Mengyu , Cao Zhe , Liu Yueze , Qiu Jiangdong , You Lei , Zheng Lianfang , Zhang Taiping , Zhao Yupei
Published: May 2020

The glycoprotein stanniocalcin‐1 functions as a regulatory endocrine hormone that maintains the balance of calcium and phosphorus in bony fish and as a paracrine/autocrine factor involved in many physiological/pathological processes in humans, including carcinogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of (a) the possible mechanisms through which STC1 affects the malignant properties of cancer, (b) transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation pathways of STC1 and (c) the potential clinical relevance of STC1 as a cancer biomarker and even a therapeutic target in the future. Exploring the role of STC1 in cancer development may provide a better understanding of the tumorigenesis process in humans and may facilitate finding an effective therapeutic method against cancer.
MiR‐126a‐5p limits the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice and decreases ADAMTS‐4 expression
Authors: Li Lei , Ma Wei , Pan Shuang , Li Yongqi , Wang Han , Wang Biao , Khalil Raouf A.
Published: May 2020

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious vascular disease featured by inflammatory infiltration in aortic wall, aortic dilatation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is implicated in AAA progress. By profiling miRNA expression in mouse AAA tissues and control aortas, we noted that miR‐126a‐5p was down‐regulated by 18‐fold in AAA samples, which was further validated with real‐time qPCR. This study was performed to investigate miR‐126a‐5p's role in AAA formation. In vivo, a 28‐d infusion of 1 μg/kg/min Angiotensin (Ang) II was used to induce AAA formation in Apoe‐/‐ mice. MiR‐126a‐5p (20 mg/kg; MIMAT0000137) or negative control (NC) agomirs were intravenously injected to mice on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post‐Ang II infusion. Our data showed that miR‐126a‐5p overexpression significantly improved the survival and reduced aortic dilatation in Ang II‐infused mice. Elastic fragment and ECM degradation induced by Ang II were also ameliorated by miR‐126a‐5p. A strong up‐regulation of ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 (ADAMTS‐4), a secreted proteinase that regulates matrix degradation, was observed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of aortic tunica media, which was inhibited by miR‐126a‐5p. Dual‐luciferase results demonstrated ADAMTS‐4 as a new and valid target for miR‐126a‐5p. In vitro, human aortic SMCs (hASMCs) were stimulated by Ang II. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments further confirmed that miR‐126‐5p prevented Ang II‐induced ECM degradation, and reduced ADAMTS‐4 expression in hASMCs. In summary, our work demonstrates that miR‐126a‐5p limits experimental AAA formation and reduces ADAMTS‐4 expression in abdominal aortas.
Characterization of patients with diabetes who were incidentally found to be glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody‐positive by bridging‐type enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Kawasaki Eiji , Fukuyama Takahiro , Uchida Aira , Sagara Yoko , Tamai Hidekazu , Nakano Yuko , Tojikubo Masayuki , Hiromatsu Yuji , Koga Nobuhiko
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to characterize diabetic patients incidentally found to be positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) in general practice. Using bridging‐type enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, we screened 1,040 patients with phenotypic type 2 diabetes for GADA, finding 25 (2.4%) to be positive. However, on retesting, with a median interval of 19 days, 44% of GADA‐positive patients turned negative (Disappearing Group). The mean age at diabetes onset was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and GADA titers at first determination were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the Disappearing Group compared with the Persistent Positive Group. On initial screening, all patients in the Disappearing Group had GADA titers of <6.5 U/mL. The current study showed that a portion of phenotypic type 2 diabetic patients incidentally identified as GADA‐positive were falsely positive, and that to avoid the misclassification, remeasurement of GADA is essential in cases showing very low titers.
Different pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in two subtypes of primary aldosteronism: Aldosterone‐producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Okazaki‐Hada Mikiko , Moriya Ayako , Nagao Mototsugu , Oikawa Shinichi , Fukuda Izumi , Sugihara Hitoshi
Published: May 2020

Aims/Introduction

An increased risk of diabetes mellitus has been reported in primary aldosteronism, but the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance between the primary aldosteronism subtypes remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate glucose metabolism in oral glucose tolerance test between aldosterone‐producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, and characterize patients with improved glucose intolerance after primary aldosteronism treatment.

Materials and Methods

Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in 116 patients who were diagnosed with primary aldosteronism and received adrenal venous sampling for subtyping. Oral glucose tolerance test was re‐evaluated after starting the treatment of primary aldosteronism for those who had glucose intolerance before the treatment.

Results

A total of 46.4% and 52.3% of patients with aldosterone‐producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, respectively, were diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. The insulinogenic index was significantly lower in aldosterone‐producing adenoma than in idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (P = 0.045), whereas the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index was significantly higher in aldosterone‐producing adenoma than in idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (P = 0.022). After the treatment of primary aldosteronism, glucose intolerance was improved in 66.6% and 45.8% of aldosterone‐producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, respectively. The presence of obesity and central obesity were significantly lower in patients who improved glucose intolerance after the treatment of primary aldosteronism as compared with those not improved (P = 0.013 and P = 0.033, respectively).

Conclusions

Insulin secretion impairment and insulin resistance play pathogenic roles for glucose intolerance in aldosterone‐producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, respectively. In addition, primary aldosteronism treatments can ameliorate glucose intolerance more effectively in patients without obesity and/or central obesity.
Expanding the spectrum of SPTLC1‐related disorders beyond hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: A novel case of the distinct “S331 syndrome”
Authors: Rossi Fabiana , Bruno Giorgia , Fratta Mario , Colavito Davide , Casertano Sara , Sampaolo Simone , Oliva Mariano , Puoti Gianfranco
Published: May 2020

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) encompass a group of peripheral nervous system disorders characterized by remarkable heterogeneity from a clinical and genetic point of view. Mutations in SPTLC1 gene are responsible for HSAN type IA, which usually starts from the second to fourth decade with axonal neuropathy, sensory loss, painless distal ulcerations, and mild autonomic features, while motor involvement usually occur later as disease progresses. Beyond the classic presentation of HSAN type IA, an exceedingly rare distinct phenotype related to SPTLC1 mutations at residue serine 331 (S331) has recently been reported, characterized by earlier onset, prominent muscular atrophy, growth retardation, oculo‐skeletal abnormalities, and possible respiratory complications. In this report, we describe clinical, instrumental, and genetic aspects of a 13‐year‐old Sri Lankan male carrying the rare de novo p.S331Y heterozygous mutation in SPTLC1 gene found by whole exome sequencing. Patient's phenotype partly overlaps with the first case previously reported, however with some additional features not described before. This work represent the second report about this rare mutation and our findings strongly reinforce the hypothesis of a clearly distinct “S331 syndrome”, thus expanding the spectrum of SPTLC1‐related disorders.
Assessment of cows milk‐related symptom scoring awareness tool in young Turkish children
Authors: Selbuz Suna Kaymak , Altuntaş Cansu , Kansu Aydan , Kırsaçlıoğlu Ceyda Tuna , Kuloğlu Zarife , İlarslan Nisa Eda Çullas , Doğulu Neslihan , Günay Fatih , Topçu Seda , Ulukol Betül
Published: May 2020

Background

The diagnosis of cows milk protein allergy (CMPA) is not always easy. Cow's Milk‐related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) has been developed to raise the awareness of CMPA among the primary health‐care providers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity of CoMiSS as a diagnostic approach of CMPA in infants in our country.

Methods

Infants with a CoMiSS of more than 12 points were included. An elimination diet was implemented in these infants for 4 weeks, and CoMiSS was reapplied. Infants with a reduction of ≥3 points in CoMiSS were considered responsive to the elimination diet, and an open oral challenge test was performed. Infants with symptom recurrence were diagnosed with CMPA.

Results

The study included 168 infants. When they were included in the study, the first CoMiSS score was 13.6 ± 1.9. After the elimination diet, the number of responsive infants was 154 (91.7%). Of the infants, 91 (54.2%) were diagnosed with CMPA with positive challenge. The majority of the patients diagnosed with CMPA presented with gastrointestinal and/or dermatological symptoms (80.3%). Positive family history of allergy was more prevalent in CMPA(+) infants (P < 0.001). The mean atopic dermatitis score was higher in CMPA(+) infants (P = 0.001). Eosinophilia and cows milk‐specific IgE (CM‐sIgE) positivity were more prevalent in infants with CMPA (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

CoMiSS is a valuable tool to evaluate CMPA in primary care. The presence of multiple symptoms, especially skin involvement, helps to recognise infants with CMPA. Family history and eosinophilia also support the diagnosis of CMPA.
Patterns of mortality among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the Canadian province of Manitoba
Authors: Shooshtari Shahin , Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Balogh Robert , McIsaac Michael , Stankiewicz Elizabeth , Dik Natalia , Burchill Charles
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The goals of this study were to examine and compare (a) the annual adult mortality rates and (b) the most commonly reported underlying causes of death between a cohort of Manitobans with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and a matched comparison group without IDD.

Methods

Using linked health and nonhealth administrative data, a cohort of Manitoba adults with IDD, aged 25–99 years in 2012, was identified. Each person in the study cohort was matched with three persons without IDD based on age, sex, region of residence, and morbidity level. The two groups were followed for three years (2013–2015). Crude annual adult mortality rates and avoidable premature mortality rates were calculated. The leading causes of death over the 3‐year study period were tabulated by ICD‐10 chapter. Coding of the underlying causes of death was reviewed.

Results

The crude annual mortality rates for Manitoba adults with IDD were 1.8–2.4 times higher than those for the matched comparison group and remained stable over time. Disparities in mortality rates for the IDD cohort relative to the matched comparison group decreased with increasing age. No significant sex differences were found. The leading causes of death among the IDD cohort were diseases of the circulatory system, cancer, and diseases of the respiratory system. Avoidable premature deaths were 2.3–3.3 times more prevalent among Manitoba adults with IDD compared to the matched comparison group. An IDD diagnostic code was reported as cause of death in 2.11% of cases.

Conclusions

The excess mortality among adults with IDD should be monitored in Manitoba and all other jurisdictions and attention paid to the causes of death and their coding.
Excavations of giant armadillos alter environmental conditions and provide new resources for a range of animals
Authors: Di Blanco Y. E. , Desbiez A. L. J. , di Francescantonio D. , Di Bitetti M. S.
Published: May 2020

Burrowing species can be considered important ecosystem engineers that increase landscape heterogeneity, create subterranean shelters and provide foraging opportunities. We measured and described different aspects of giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) excavations (size, age), and differences generated in relation to the surrounding environment (vegetation, humidity, temperature) in three sites of the Argentine Chaco Region. We used camera‐traps in two protected areas to monitor the use of burrows by other species and tested two primary and non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses: Giant armadillo burrows are used as thermal protection from temperature extremes and provide new foraging opportunities for other species. Greater litter cover and depth were recorded in giant armadillo burrows, and more bare ground in spoil piles, producing habitat heterogeneity. Burrows had higher humidity and more moderate temperatures, with lower temperatures during hot months and higher temperatures during cold months. Out of 48 vertebrate species recorded by camera‐traps, 27 taxa (17 mammals, 9 birds and one reptile) were recorded using burrows. White‐lipped peccaries (Tayassu peccari) and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) used burrows more frequently than other mammals. Medium‐sized carnivores such as Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy´s cat (Leopardus geoffroyii) tended to only investigate burrows, probably searching for prey. In no instances, animals other than giant armadillos were recorded staying inside burrows for more than a few seconds. Medium‐sized species interacted more frequently than large‐sized species, and smaller species used giant armadillo burrows less than larger ones, suggesting that the benefits provided by excavations to other species depend on their body weight. The probability of use of burrows decreases with time, suggesting that burrows provide a finite resource used opportunistically. Further reduction in the distribution of the giant armadillo is therefore likely to have effects on habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity, probably impacting the fitness of species that use their burrows as foraging sources.
Nutrition education in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia: A cluster randomized controlled study
Authors: Effendy Devi Savitri , Prangthip Pattaneeya , Soonthornworasiri Ngamphol , Winichagoon Pattanee , Kwanbunjan Karunee
Published: May 2020

This study evaluated the impact of a nutrition education intervention on child feeding practices and children's nutritional status. Using a randomized controlled trial, we conducted an intervention for 6 months among caregivers with children aged 6–17 months in two subdistricts of Kendari, SE Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In all, 22 integrated health posts were randomly assigned to an educational intervention or control group with 266 participants in both groups. Participants in the intervention group attended four nutrition classes and received a monthly home visit by cadres (community volunteers), whereas participants in the control group only received standard monthly health care at the health post. The primary study outcome was children's dietary diversity scores (DDSs). Mixed model analysis was conducted to examine the intervention effects on DDS and children's growth adjusting for clustering within subvillages. The study showed the educational intervention had a significant effect on children's DDS. Children in the intervention group had a larger DDS compared with children in the control group (Beta [mean difference] = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.66, P = 0.038). The intervention effect on height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ) could not be shown (Beta = 0.24, 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.56, P = 0.112). However, stunting prevalence remained stable in the intervention group but increased in the control group. These results indicated nutrition education delivered through nutrition classes combined with regular home visits by cadres as influencers provided a great potential to be adopted to complement other nutrition programmes in community health centres.
Spatiotemporal patterns of avian host–parasite interactions in the face of biogeographical range expansions
Authors: Bodawatta Kasun H. , Synek Petr , Bos Nick , Garcia‐del‐Rey Eduardo , Koane Bonny , Marki Petter Z. , Albrecht Tomáš , Lifjeld Jan , Poulsen Michael , Munclinger Pavel , Sam Katerina , Jønsson Knud A.
Published: May 2020

Exploration of interactions between hosts and parasitic symbionts is important for our understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of organisms. For example, host colonization of new geographical regions may alter levels of infections and parasite specificity, and even allow hosts to escape from co‐evolved parasites, consequently shaping spatial distributions and community structure of both host and parasite. Here we investigate the effect of host colonization of new regions and the elevational distribution of host–parasite associations between birds and their vector‐transmitted haemosporidian blood parasites in two geological and geographical settings: mountains of New Guinea and the Canary Islands. Our results demonstrate that bird communities in younger regions have significantly lower levels of parasitism compared to those of older regions. Furthermore, host–parasite network analyses demonstrate that blood parasites may respond differently after arriving to a new region, through adaptations that allow for either expanding (Canary Islands) or retaining (New Guinea) their host niches. The spatial prevalence patterns along elevational gradients differed in the two regions, suggesting that region‐specific biotic (e.g., host community) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature) govern prevalence patterns. Our findings suggest that the spatiotemporal range dynamics in host–parasite systems are driven by multiple factors, but that host and parasite community compositions and colonization histories are of particular importance.
Postmenopausal women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have more severe symptoms than premenopausal women with IBS
Authors: Lenhart Adrienne , Naliboff Bruce , Shih Wendy , Gupta Arpana , Tillisch Kirsten , Liu Cathy , Mayer Emeran A. , Chang Lin
Published: May 2020

Background

Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is more common in women, little is known about the role of hormonal changes and menopause in IBS. This study aimed to evaluate for differences in gastrointestinal (GI) and psychological symptoms between pre‐ and postmenopausal women with IBS compared to age‐matched men with IBS.

Methods

Patients with Rome‐positive IBS were identified. Premenopausal women were <45 years of age with regular menses. Postmenopausal women were ≥45 years without menses for at least 1 year. Younger men were <45 years, and older men were ≥45 years. Questionnaires measured severity of IBS symptoms, somatic symptoms, health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological symptoms. Multivariable linear or logistic regressions evaluating relationships between age and sex were performed.

Key Results

190 premenopausal women (mean age 30.25 years), 52 postmenopausal women (mean age 54.38 years), 190 men <45 years (mean age 30.45 years), and 52 men ≥45 years (mean age 53.37 years) were included. Postmenopausal IBS women had greater severity of IBS symptoms (P = .003) and worse physical HRQOL (P = .048) compared to premenopausal women. No differences were observed between age‐matched older and younger IBS men. Constipation increased with age for both sexes but was the principal IBS subtype in women only.

Conclusions and Inferences

Postmenopausal women with IBS have more severe IBS symptoms than premenopausal women, while no comparable age‐related changes were seen in IBS men. The modulatory effect of female sex hormones on brain‐gut interactions which affect visceral perception and GI function likely contributes to these findings.
A rice chloroplast‐localized ABC transporter ARG1 modulates cobalt and nickel homeostasis and contributes to photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Li Haixiu , Liu Yuan , Qin Huihui , Lin Xuelei , Tang Ding , Wu Zhengjing , Luo Wei , Shen Yi , Dong Fengqin , Wang Yaling , Feng Tingting , Wang Lili , Li Laiyun , Chen Doudou , Zhang Yi , Murray Jeremy D. , Chao Daiyin , Chong Kang , Cheng Zhukuan , Meng Zheng
Published: May 2020

Transport and homeostasis of transition metals in chloroplasts, which are accurately regulated to ensure supply and to prevent toxicity induced by these metals, are thus crucial for chloroplast function and photosynthetic performance. However, the mechanisms that maintain the balance of transition metals in chloroplasts remain largely unknown.

We have characterized analbino‐revertible green 1(arg1) rice mutant.ARG1encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein belonging to the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. Protoplast transfection and immunogold‐labelling assays showed that ARG1 is localized in the envelopes and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Measurements of metal contents, metal transport, physiological and transcriptome changes revealed that ARG1 modulates cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) transport and homeostasis in chloroplasts to prevent excessive Co and Ni from competing with essential metal cofactors in chlorophyll and metal‐binding proteins acting in photosynthesis. Natural allelic variation inARG1betweenindicaand temperatejaponicasubspecies of rice is coupled with their different capabilities for Co transport and Co content within chloroplasts. This variation underpins the different photosynthetic capabilities in these subspecies.

Our findings link the function of the ARG1 transporter to photosynthesis, and potentially facilitate breeding of rice cultivars with improved Co homeostasis and consequently improved photosynthetic performance.
Enclosure with augmented airflow to decrease risk of exposure to aerosolized pathogens including coronavirus during endotracheal intubation. Can the reduction in aerosolized particles be quantified?
Authors: Bryant Jason , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

As the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 or COVID‐19) has impacted hospital routines in recent weeks, recommendations to reduce healthcare worker infections are being developed.

Methods

We report preliminary experience with the efficacy of an enclosure with augmented airflow to decrease the risk of exposure to aerosolized pathogens during airway management including endotracheal intubation. A particle generator was used to test the efficacy of the reduction of aerosolized particles by measuring their concentration within the enclosure and in the environment.

Results

No reduction in the concentration of aerosolized particles was noted with the enclosure flap open, whether the interior suction was on or off. However, with the enclosure closed and no augmented airflow (suction off), the particle concentration decreased to 1.2% of baseline. The concentration decreased even further, to 0.8% of baseline with the enclosure closed with augmented airflow (suction on).

Discussion

Aerosolized particulate contamination in the operating room can be decreased using a clear plastic enclosure with minimal openings and augmented airflow. This may serve to decrease the exposure of healthcare providers to aerosolized pathogens.
Emergence delirium in children undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia
Authors: Jooma Zainub , Perrie Helen , Scribante Juan , Kleyenstuber Thomas
Published: May 2020

Background

Emergence delirium is a well‐described complication in pediatric anesthesia, occurring more often following short surgical procedures using volatile anesthetics with a rapid recovery profile. Dental extractions and conservation dentistry are commonly performed in children and are not painful postoperatively. The use of nerve blocks and local anesthetic infiltration intraoperatively limits nociception and obviates the need for opioids, allowing for more objective assessment of emergence delirium.

Aim

The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe the incidence of emergence delirium and the associated risk factors in children undergoing elective dental surgery under general anesthesia at a regional academic hospital in South Africa.

Methods

A prospective, descriptive study of healthy children aged 2‐6 years was undertaken. Patients were anesthetized using standardized protocols. Assessments included demographics of the child and caregiver, child anxiety at induction using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, intraoperative events, and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium score in the recovery room. Data were assessed for associations and correlations.

Results

Ninety‐one children with a mean age of 3.9 (SD = 0.9) years were included. Anxiety was present in 69.2% at induction and emergence delirium occurred in 51.6% of the patients. The mean (SD, range) Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium score in the patients without emergence delirium was 7 (2.65, 0‐9) and in patients with emergence delirium was 14 (2.52, 10‐18). Children with emergence delirium required more interventions in the recovery room but few required pharmacological treatment.

Conclusions

Emergence delirium occurs commonly after dental surgery, and the majority of the children presenting for dental surgery are anxious at induction. Children with emergence delirium require more interventions in the recovery room but few require pharmacological treatment.