bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzymes in Synergy: Bacteria Specific Molecular Probe for Locoregional Imaging of Urinary Tract Infection in vivo
Authors: Xin Evelias Yan Hui , Kwek Germain , An Xiaoyu , Sun Caixia , Liu Songhan , Qing Ng Shuang , Lingesh Shonya , Jiang Lai , Liu Gang , Xing Bengang
Published: June 2024

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) is a leading cause for urinary tract infections (UTI), accounting for 70–90 % of community or hospital‐acquired bacterial infections owing to high recurrence, imprecision in diagnosis and management, and increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Current methods for clinical UPECs detection still rely on labor‐intensive urine cultures that impede rapid and accurate diagnosis for timely UTI therapeutic management. Herein, we developed a first‐in‐class near‐infrared (NIR) UPECs fluorescent probe (NO−AH) capable of specifically targeting UPECs through its collaborative response to bacterial enzymes, enabling locoregional imaging of UTIs both in vitro and in vivo. Our NO−AH probe incorporates a dual protease activatable moiety, which first reacts with OmpT, an endopeptidase abundantly present on the outer membrane of UPECs, releasing an intermediate amino acid residue conjugated with a NIR hemicyanine fluorophore. Such liberated fragment would be subsequently recognized by aminopeptidase (APN) within the periplasm of UPECs, activating localized fluorescence for precise imaging of UTIs in complex living environments. The peculiar specificity and selectivity of NO−AH, facilitated by the collaborative action of bacterial enzymes, features a timely and accurate identification of UPECs‐infected UTIs, which could overcome misdiagnosis in conventional urine tests, thus opening new avenues towards reliable UTI diagnosis and personalized antimicrobial therapy management.
Preparation of N‐doped Co/NC‐CeO2‐hmta by pyrolysis of Co‐Ce‐Salen/hmta toward hydrogenation of nitroarenes under N2H4
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Jawad , Lu Xue , Liang Liye , Li Guangming
Published: June 2024

Since catalytic chemoselective reduction of corresponding nitroarenes is a significant route to produce functionalized anilines, developing inexpensive and highly active catalyst is imperia. Herein, the Co‐Ce‐H2salen‐hmta composite was first prepared by grinded completely the mixture of Co‐H2Salen and hexamethylenetetramine (hmta) in 1:1 mol ratio in a mortar. The 3d–4f hetero‐metal Co‐Ce‐H2salen coordination polymer acted as a support precursor and hmta provided the nitrogen source. Then, a target catalyst of Co/NC‐CeO2‐hmta were afforded by pyrolysis of Co‐Ce‐H2salen‐hmta composite at 800°C in the presence of argon atmosphere. When the target catalyst of Co/NC‐CeO2‐hmta and reference catalysts were applied for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes under N2H4, the target catalyst of Co/NC‐CeO2‐hmta exhibited better performance than reference catalysts in terms of conversion, yield, selectivity, and recyclability. Spectral analysis suggested that the high catalytic performance of a target catalyst of Co/NC‐CeO2‐hmta were attributed to highly dispersed metallic Co0, rich oxygen vacancies, and nitrogen‐doped carbon matrix.
Synthesis, In vitro and In silico Studies of Novel Bis‐triazolopyridopyrimidines from Curcumin Analogues as Potential Aromatase Agents
Authors: Gomha Sobhi M. , El‐Sayed Abdel‐Aziz A. A. , Zaki Magdi E. A. , Alrehaily Abdulwahed , Elbadawy Hossein M. , Al‐Shahri Ahmad bin Ali , Alsenani Saleh Rashed , Abouzied Amr S.
Published: June 2024

Breast cancer remains a major global health issue, particularly affecting women and contributing significantly to mortality rates. Current treatments for estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancers, such as aromatase inhibitors, are effective but often come with side effects and resistance issues. This study addresses these gaps by targeting aromatase, an enzyme crucial for estrogen synthesis, which plays a pivotal role in breast cancer progression. The innovative approach involves synthesizing novel bis‐triazolopyridopyrimidines, designed to leverage the combined pharmacological benefits of pyridopyrimidine and 1,2,4‐triazole structures, known for their potent aromatase inhibition and anti‐cancer properties. These compounds were synthesized and characterized using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MS spectral analyses, and their anticancer efficacy was evaluated through MTT assays against MCF‐7 breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Molecular docking analyses revealed strong binding energies with aromatase, particularly for compounds 5 b, 5 c, 10 a, and 10 b, indicating their potential as effective aromatase inhibitors. The study highlights these compounds as promising candidates for further development as therapeutic agents against breast cancer.
Combined sepsis‐ and renal dysfunction‐induced hypoglycaemia in an older patient taking cibenzoline
Authors: Iha Tatsuki , Watanabe Ayako , Saeki Misa , Itoh Ayaka , Kashiwabara Yuka , Fujiwara Akiko , Momo Kenji
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

An 86‐year‐old geriatric patient with sepsis presented cibenzoline‐induced hypoglycaemia, although within the boundary range of cibenzoline blood concentration.

An 86‐year‐old geriatric patient taking cibenzoline for ametropic hypertrophic cardiac tendinopathy was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of sepsis. Upon admission, blood cibenzoline levels of 400.1 ng/mL were observed. Antibiotic therapy was initiated and cibenzoline was discontinued. On Day 16, cibenzoline was administered orally at a reduced dose of 50 mg/day. Several days after restarting cibenzoline, the patient developed hypoglycaemia (64 mg/dL), prompting the administration of 20% glucose. The present case demonstrates a rational timeline for cibenzoline administration, considering the patient's renal dysfunction and sepsis. Clinicians should exercise caution when managing older patients with severe infections who are receiving cibenzoline, and should consider the possibility of blood glucose fluctuations regardless of cibenzoline blood levels. Further research is warranted to better understand and address the potential side effects of cibenzoline administration in geriatric populations.
Primary adrenal mantle cell lymphoma mimicking a non‐functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma
Authors: Seyed Toutounchi Kia , Jabbaripour Sarmadian Amirreza , Vahedi Amir , Rasihashemi Seyed Ziaeddin
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Patients presenting with abdominal pain and retroperitoneal mass in radiographic images may be in the early stages of primary adrenal mantle cell lymphoma, which requires histological studies for a definite diagnosis.

This report presents a 37‐year‐old woman complaining of ambiguous abdominal pain, with imaging findings revealing a retroperitoneal abdominal mass on the left side of the aorta, and a possible diagnosis of non‐functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Total laparoscopic excision was performed. Surprisingly, histological examinations revealed features in favor of mantle cell lymphoma.
Severe finger necrosis in antisynthetase syndrome with positive anti‐OJ antibodies
Authors: Horiuchi Yugo , Hashimoto Kenichi , Yoshida Ryochi , Sekizawa Akinori , Kubota Akatsuki , Maeda Meiko , Toda Tatsushi , Tanaka Yuji
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

In a patient with anti‐aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibody and anti‐OJ antibody syndrome, interventions likes warming, prostaglandins, and antiplatelets failed. However, prednisolone pulse treatment rapidly halted disease progression. Patients with mild interstitial pneumonia, myositis, and extremity necrosis should be promptly considered for anti‐synthetase syndrome and receive immunosuppression after ruling out other causes.

Anti‐aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (ARS) autoantibodies are myositis‐specific, and patients who test positive for ARS and have common clinical features are usually diagnosed with antisynthetase antibody syndrome (antisynthetase syndrome). Anti‐ARS antibodies include histidyl‐tRNA synthetase‐1 (Jo‐1), anti‐threonyl (PL‐7), anti‐alanyl (PL‐12), anti‐glycyl (EJ), anti‐asparaginyl (KS), anti‐tyrosyl (Ha), and anti‐phenylalanyl (Zo) tRNA synthetases. Among these, anti–isoleucyl tRNA synthetase (OJ) autoantibodies are extremely rare, and patients with these are frequently complicated by interstitial pneumonia. We report the case of an older man with ARS antibody syndrome who tested positive for anti‐OJ and anti‐Sjögren's‐syndrome‐related antigen A (Ro‐52) antibodies. He had muscle weakness due to myositis and unparalleled rapid and severe finger necrosis. Pulsed prednisolone effectively treated the myositis symptoms and terminated the progression of finger necrosis.
Mycobacterium genavense infections in immunocompromised patients with HIV: A clinical case report
Authors: Manshadi Seyed Ali Dehghan , Rezaei Mitra , Moradi Maryam , Hemmatian Marjan
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

It is essential to consider non‐tuberculosis mycobacterium in HIV‐positive patients with fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, and splenomegaly.

Mycobacterium genavense is an opportunistic slow‐growing nontuberculous mycobacterium in patients with immunocompromised backgrounds, especially HIV‐positive patients. In this study, we present two cases of Mycobacterium genovese infection in HIV‐positive patients with a good clinical response to accurate treatment.
Porous alumina‐based ceramics with very low thermal conductivity prepared by the starch consolidation route
Authors: Alzukaimi Julian , Jabrah Rafi
Published: June 2024

Alumina‐based porous ceramics were fabricated via the starch consolidation casting route, using titanium oxide as a sintering additive. Alumina‐titania‐starch slurries with starch contents of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% relative to the alumina‐titania system were prepared. Titania was added to the slurries in proportions of 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%, relative to alumina. The effects of starch and titania contents in the green bodies on the linear and volumetric shrinkage, as well as the total and open porosities of the sintered alumina product, were investigated. The effect of titania addition on mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the obtained porous alumina ceramics was studied. Microstructure and pores morphology were characterized by SEM. The alumina‐based ceramics obtained had external porosities that varied between 54 and 76 vol%. Thermal conductivities as low as 0.06–0.1 W/m.K were achieved and the volume electrical resistivity ranged from 3.6 to 600 GΩ·m, while compressive strengths up to 2.8 MPa for a titania ratio of 1 wt% were attained.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) As Hydrogen Storage Materials At Near‐Ambient Temperature
Authors: Sutton Ashley L. , Mardel James I. , Hill Matthew R.
Published: June 2024

Hydrogen may play a critical role in our efforts to de‐carbonize by 2050. However, there remain technical challenges in the storage and transport of hydrogen. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown significant promise for hydrogen storage at cryogenic temperatures. A material that can meet the US department of energy (DOE) ultimate goal of 6.5 wt. % for gravimetric performance and 50 g/L for volumetric storage at near‐ambient temperatures would unlock hydrogen as a future fuel source for on‐board applications. Metal‐organic frameworks typically have low heat of adsorptions (i. e. 4–7 kJ/mol), whereas for storing significant quantities of hydrogen at near‐ambient temperatures, 15–25 kJ/mol is likely required. In this review we explore the current methods used (i. e., open‐metal sites, alkali dopants and hydrogen spillover) for promoting strong adsorption within MOFs. Further we discuss MOF‐based materials with respect to the technical aspects of deliverable capacity, kinetics and stability.
Norbornadiene‐Quadricyclane Photoswitches with Enhanced Solar Spectrum Match
Authors: Aslam Adil S. , Muhammad Lidiya M. , Erbs Hillers‐Bendtsen Andreas , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper
Published: June 2024

Herein, we report monomeric and dimeric norbornadiene‐quadricyclane molecular photoswitch systems intended for molecular solar thermal applications. A series of six new norbornadiene derivatives conjugated with benzothiadiazole as the acceptor unit and dithiafulvene as the donor unit were synthesized and fully characterized. The photoswitches were evaluated by experimentally and theoretically measuring optical absorption profiles and thermal conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene. Computational insight by density functional theory calculations at the M06‐2X/def2‐SVPD level of theory provided geometries, storage energies, UV‐vis absorption spectra, and HOMO‐LUMO levels that are used to describe the function of the molecular systems. The studied molecules exhibit absorption onset ranging from 416 nm to 595 nm due to a systemic change in their donor‐acceptor character. This approach was advantageous due to the introduction of benzothiadiazole and the dimeric nature of molecular structures. The best‐performing system has a half‐life of 3 days with quantum yields over 50 %.
Probing the Electron Accepting Ability of Phosphaphenalenes
Authors: Zhao Peng , Liang Qiuming , Hu Chaopeng , Jiang Ya‐Fei , Chang Xiao‐Yong , Wang Lili , Mei Yanbo , Duan Zheng
Published: June 2024

Phosphaphenalenes, extended π conjugates with the incorporation of phosphorus, are attractive avenues towards molecular materials for the applications in organic electronics, but their electron accepting ability have not been investigated. Herein we present systematic studies on the reductive behavior of a representative phosphaphenalene and its oxide by chemical and electrochemical methods. The chemical reduction of the phosphaphenalene by alkali metals reveals the facile P−C bond cleavage to form phosphaphenalenide anion, which functions as a transfer block for structure modification on the phosphorus atom. In contrast, the pentavalent P‐oxide reacts with one or two equivalents of elemental sodium to form stable radical anion and dianion salts, respectively.
N, O Co‐Doping Enhanced Adsorption of Chloramphenicol for Highly Efficient and Robust Electrocatalytic Hydrodechlorination
Authors: Cheng Xue‐Feng , Cao Qiang , Liu Qing , Zhang Hao‐Yu , Xu Qing‐Feng , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: June 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Electrocatalysis technology can effectively promote the hydrodechlorination of chloramphenicol (CAP) to reduce the bio‐toxicity. However, there are still some challenges such as low degradation rate and poor stability. Here, we prepared porous N, O co‐doped carbon supported Pd nanoparticles composites (Pd NPs/NO‐C) for electrocatalytic degradation of CAP. The doping of N and O not only effectively enhanced the interaction between substrate and CAP, promoting the mass transfer process, but also enhanced the anchoring effect on Pd nanoparticles, avoiding the occurrence of aggregation. The prepared composites achieved removal efficiency of CAP over 99% within 1 h, and the rate constant was as high as 6.72 h–1, outperforming previous reported electrocatalysts. Additionally, Pd NPs/NO‐C composites showed a wide range of pH tolerance, excellent ion interference resistance and long‐term stability. Our work unravels the importance of mass transfer processes in solution to electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination and provides new research ideas for catalysts design.
The impact of different fixatives on immunostaining of lung adenocarcinomas in pleural effusion cell blocks
Authors: Mansour Mohammed S. I. , Pettersson Louise , Seidal Tomas , Strömberg Ulf , Mager Ulrich , Ali Lana , Kumbaric Sana , Hejny Kim , Taheri‐Eilagh Fereshteh , Mufti Joudy , Nakdali Dawla , Brunnström Hans
Published: June 2024

Background

Cell blocks (CBs) are widely used for biomarker analyses such as immunostaining. Although immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues is standardized, there are multiple preparation methods and fixatives for cytology. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different common fixatives on the immunoreactivity of pleural effusion CBs with metastatic lung adenocarcinomas.

Methods

This prospective study included 24 malignant pleural effusions from different patients with lung adenocarcinoma. From each case, four identical CBs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, PreservCyt, CytoLyt, and CytoRich Red (only 17 of the cases), respectively. Samples containing <100 malignant cells were excluded. All CBs were stained with thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1; clones 8G7G3/1 and SPT24), napsin A, claudin 4, CEA, CK7, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; clones BS14, Ber‐Ep4, and MOC‐31). The fraction and intensity of stained cells were evaluated.

Results

Of the investigated markers, a significant difference in staining proportion was seen for TTF‐1 clone 8G7G3/1 and EpCAM clone MOC‐31, especially with cases being negative in CytoLyt (33.3% and 83.3% positive, respectively) and PreservCyt (62.5% and 83.3%) whereas being positive in CytoRich Red (76.5% and 94.1%) and formalin (both 95.8%). A significantly weaker intensity of staining was seen for all alcohol‐based fixatives compared to formalin for TTF‐1 clone 8G7G3/1, napsin A, and EpCAM clone MOC‐31, whereas EpCAM clone Ber‐Ep4 was significantly weaker only in PreservCyt compared with formalin.

Conclusions

Immunocytochemical expression and concordance with formalin‐fixed CBs differ depending on the used fixative as well as the antibody and clone, warranting investigation of the reliability of each biomarker for non–formalin‐fixed cytology.
Direct Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel by Deoxygenation and Isomerization of Triglycerides Over Bifunctional Ir−ReOx/SAPO‐11 Catalyst
Authors: Praikaew Wanichaya , Chuseang Jirawat , Prameswari Jedy , Ratchahat Sakhon , Chaiwat Weerawut , Koo‐Amornpattana Wanida , Assabumrungrat Suttichai , Lin Yu‐Chuan , Srifa Atthapon
Published: June 2024

Catalytic thermochemical conversion offers a sustainable method to upgrade oil‐based feedstocks into highly valuable biofuel, aligning with the modern biorefinery concept. Herein, a series of IrRe/SAPO‐11 catalysts with different Ir to Re molar ratios compared to reference Ir/SAPO‐11 and Re/SAPO‐11 catalysts was prepared using a wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were used for the direct production of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) via efficient hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization of triglycerides. The catalyst screening confirmed that the optimum IrRe/SAPO‐11 catalyst, with an equivalent Ir to Re molar ratio, exhibited the highest hydrodeoxygenation activity under milder operation conditions than the conditions used in previous studies. Increasing the reaction temperature up to 330 °C enhanced the formation of iso‐alkanes in the liquid product, achieving a freezing point of −31.4 °C without additional cold flow improvers. Furthermore, a long‐term stability experiment demonstrated that the developed Ir−Re system exhibited exceptional performance over 150 h. This excellent catalytic activity and stability of the bifunctional IrRe/SAPO‐11 catalyst was owing to its suitable interface between metallic and oxide sites, mixed mesoporous structures, reduced catalyst size, and increased Lewis acid ratio, as confirmed by our comprehensive characterizations.
Clarifying Glycerol Electrooxidation Studies on Pd‐Based Catalysts: Insights Into Catalytic Performance and Practical Challenges
Authors: Zanata Cinthia R. , Alencar Leticia M. , Santos Alexandre B. , Souza Victor H. R. , Camara Giuseppe A. , Martins Cauê A.
Published: June 2024

Escalating biodiesel production led to a surplus of glycerol, prompting its exploration as a valuable resource in industrial applications. Electrochemical systems have been studied, specifically employing noble metal catalysts like palladium for glycerol electrooxidation. Despite numerous studies on Pd‐based catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation, a comprehensive analysis addressing critical questions related to the economic feasibility, global sourcing of Pd, and the thematic cohesion of publications in this field is lacking. Moreover, a standardized framework for comparing the results of various studies is absent, hindering progress on glycerol technologies. This critical overview navigates the evolution of Pd‐based catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation, examining catalytic activity, stability, and potential applications. It critically addresses the geographical sources of Pd, the motivation behind glycerol technology exploration, thematic coherence in existing publications, and the meaningful comparison of results. It correlates the use of Pd‐based catalysts with the natural source of Pd and the origin of glycerol derived from biodiesel. The proposed standardized approach for comparing electrochemical parameters and establishing experimental protocols provides a foundation for meaningful study comparisons. This critical overview underscores the need to address fundamental questions to accelerate the transition of glycerol technologies from laboratories to practical applications.
Slice admission control in 5G cloud radio access network using deep reinforcement learning: A survey
Authors: Khani Mohsen , Jamali Shahram , Sohrabi Mohammad Karim , Sadr Mohammad Mohsen , Ghaffari Ali
Published: June 2024

The emergence of 5G networks has increased the demand for network resources, making efficient resource management crucial. Slice admission control (SAC) is a process that governs the creation and allocation of virtualized network environments, known as “network slices,” which can be tailored to meet specific user requirements. However, traditional SAC methods face dynamic and heterogeneous challenges in wireless networks, especially in cloud radio access networks (C‐RANs). To address this issue, machine learning (ML) techniques, particularly deep reinforcement learning (DRL), have been proposed as powerful tools for optimizing SAC. DRL‐based approaches enable SAC systems to learn from previous interactions with the network environment and dynamically adapt to changing network conditions. This review article comprehensively explains the current state‐of‐the‐art DRL‐based SAC, focusing on C‐RANs. The article identifies key challenges and future research directions and highlights the potential benefits of using DRL for SAC, including improved network performance and efficiency. However, deploying these systems in real‐world scenarios presents several challenges and trade‐offs that need to be carefully considered. Further research and development are required to address these challenges and ensure the successful deployment of DRL‐based SAC systems in wireless networks.
Treed Gaussian processes for animal movement modeling
Authors: Rieber Camille J. , Hefley Trevor J. , Haukos David A.
Published: June 2024

Wildlife telemetry data may be used to answer a diverse range of questions relevant to wildlife ecology and management. One challenge to modeling telemetry data is that animal movement often varies greatly in pattern over time, and current continuous‐time modeling approaches to handle such nonstationarity require bespoke and often complex models that may pose barriers to practitioner implementation. We demonstrate a novel application of treed Gaussian process (TGP) modeling, a Bayesian machine learning approach that automatically captures the nonstationarity and abrupt transitions present in animal movement. The machine learning formulation of TGPs enables modeling to be nearly automated, while their Bayesian formulation allows for the derivation of movement descriptors with associated uncertainty measures. We demonstrate the use of an existing R package to implement TGPs using the familiar Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We then use estimated movement trajectories to derive movement descriptors that can be compared across individuals and populations. We applied the TGP model to a case study of lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) to demonstrate the benefits of TGP modeling and compared distance traveled and residence times across lesser prairie‐chicken individuals and populations. For broad usability, we outline all steps necessary for practitioners to specify relevant movement descriptors (e.g., turn angles, speed, contact points) and apply TGP modeling and trajectory comparison to their own telemetry datasets. Combining the predictive power of machine learning and the statistical inference of Bayesian methods to model movement trajectories allows for the estimation of statistically comparable movement descriptors from telemetry studies. Our use of an accessible R package allows practitioners to model trajectories and estimate movement descriptors, facilitating the use of telemetry data to answer applied management questions.
Adaptive responses to habitat change: Theory and tests with field experiments
Authors: Morris Douglas W.
Published: June 2024

Habitat loss and change are often implicated as the primary causes of species extinction. Although any population can be instantly imperiled by catastrophe, most habitat loss occurs gradually, thus enabling affected individuals an adaptive advantage to occupy the best of their dwindling opportunities. I demonstrate how to infer the advantage between two habitats for any density and frequency‐dependent strategy of habitat selection. I explore the concept of an Adaptive Dispersal Strategy Landscape to reveal the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy separately for ideal‐free and ideal preemptive habitat selectors. Both solutions reveal an initially counterintuitive expectation that individuals living at high density gain insufficient adaptive advantage to disperse from a deteriorating habitat. Adaptive dispersal is constrained at high density because habitats of better quality are fully occupied. I test the theory with measures of movement and foraging in crossover experiments on a seminatural population of meadow voles. The experiment allowed the voles to choose among patches and between enclosures in which I differentially manipulated food and shelter. Although photographs from an infrared camera documented voles venturing from one habitat to the other, none became resident. Voles preferentially foraged in the richer of the two enclosures, even when I reversed treatments, and they foraged more in patches protected by mulched straw. The adaptive advantage of dispersal using a surrogate fitness proxy based on the voles' giving‐up densities mirrored that generated by theory. The convergence between theory and experiment yields much‐needed insight into our ability to test, predict, and hopefully resolve, the ecological, evolutionary, and conservation consequences of habitat loss.
Commentators as prosumers: A legal perspective on their futures
Authors: Sivetc Liudmila
Published: June 2024

Internet technologies have empowered commentators to participate in information production. This phenomenon has been studied as citizen journalism and media convergence. However, one perspective has remained underdeveloped: commentators are empowered as prosumers who are neither consumers nor producers. Commentators prosume comments for themselves and their communities rather than for sale. Therefore, in terms of Toffler, prosumers can raise the Sector A economy, which is typical of agricultural society, and which is overshadowed by the market or the Sector B economy in industrial society. This article highlights prosumers' freedom to post lawful comments and the implications for this freedom coming from moderation standards imposed in the EU by the European Court of Human Rights and the Digital Services Act. The analysis led to the construction of three models of information production/prosumption and the anticipatin of their futures. The article concludes by suggesting how prosumers' freedom to post lawful comments and moderators' control over comments prosumption can be balanced better from a legal perspective.
Constructing fine‐grained spatiotemporal neonatal functional atlases with spectral functional network learning
Authors: Wen Xuyun , Zhao Yunxi , Chen Geng , Zhang Han , Zhang Daoqiang
Published: June 2024

The early stages of human development are increasingly acknowledged as pivotal in laying the groundwork for subsequent behavioral and cognitive development. Spatiotemporal (4D) brain functional atlases are important in elucidating the development of human brain functions. However, the scarcity of such atlases for early life stages stems from two primary challenges: (1) the significant noise in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that complicates the generation of high‐quality atlases for each age group, and (2) the rapid and complex changes in the early human brain that hinder the maintenance of temporal consistency in 4D atlases. This study tackles these challenges by integrating low‐rank tensor learning with spectral embedding, thereby proposing a novel, data‐driven 4D functional atlas generation framework based on spectral functional network learning (SFNL). This method utilizes low‐rank tensor learning to capture common functional connectivity (FC) patterns across different ages, thus optimizing FCs for each age group to improve the temporal consistency of functional networks. Incorporating spectral embedding aids in mitigating potential noise in FC networks derived from fMRI data by reconstructing networks in the spectral space. Utilizing SFNL‐generated functional networks enables the creation of consistent and highly qualified spatiotemporal functional atlases. The framework was applied to the developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) dataset, generating the first neonatal 4D functional atlases with fine‐grained temporal and spatial resolutions. Experimental evaluations focusing on functional homogeneity, reliability, and temporal consistency demonstrated the superiority of our framework compared to existing methods for constructing 4D atlases. Additionally, network analysis experiments, including individual identification, functional systems development, and local efficiency assessments, further corroborate the efficacy and robustness of the generated atlases. The 4D atlases and related codes will be made publicly accessible (https://github.com/zhaoyunxi/neonate-atlases).
Training labor and treatment behavior: Evidence from physician residency programs
Authors: Rabideau Brendan , Richards Michael R. , Whaley Christopher M.
Published: June 2024

Public and private investments in physician human capital support a healthcare workforce to provide future medical services nationwide. Yet, little is known about how introducing training labor influences hospitals' provision of care. We leverage all‐payer data and emergency medicine (EM) and obstetrics (OBGYN) residency program debuts to estimate local access and treatment intensity effects. We find that the introduction of EM programs coincides with less treatment intensity and suggestive increases in throughput. OBGYN programs adopt the pre‐existing surgical tendencies of the hospital but may also relax some capacity constraints—allowing the marginal mother to avoid a riskier nearby hospital.
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression on Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells is an EBV‐independent major determinant of microenvironment composition in classic Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Müller‐Meinhard Berit , Seifert Nicole , Grund Johanna , Reinke Sarah , Yalcin Fatih , Kaul Helen , Borchmann Sven , von Tresckow Bastian , Borchmann Peter , Plütschow Annette , Richter Julia , Engert Andreas , Altenbuchinger Michael , Bröckelmann Paul J. , Klapper Wolfram
Published: June 2024

Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells (HRSCs) in classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) frequently lack expression of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA‐I), considered to hamper activation of cytotoxic T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we demonstrate HLA‐I expression on HRSCs to be a strong determinant of TME composition whereas expression of HLA‐II was associated with only minor differential gene expression in the TME. In HLA‐I‐positive HL the HRSC content and expression of CCL17/TARC in HRSCs are low, independent of the presence of Epstein–Barr virus in HRSCs. Additionally, HLA‐I‐positive HL shows a high content of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. However, an increased expression of the inhibitory immune checkpoint LAG3 on CD8+ T cells in close proximity to HRSCs is observed. Suggesting interference with cytotoxic activity, we observed an absence of clonally expanded T cells in the TME. While HLA‐I‐positive HL is not associated with an unfavorable clinical course in our cohorts, they share features with the recently described H2 subtype of HL. Given the major differences in TME composition, immune checkpoint inhibitors may differ in their mechanism of action in HLA‐I‐positive compared to HLA‐I‐negative HL.
Lingering challenges in malaria elimination efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa: Insights and potential solutions
Authors: Lawal Lukman , Buhari Ahmad Oyindamola , Jaji Tawakalitu Abdulateef , Alatare Abdulrahman Salaudeen , Adeyemo Abdulmalik Opeyemi , Olumoh Aishat Oluwakemi , Yusuff Yusuff Adesoji , Osborn Gabriel , Mogaji Abdulazeez Biodun , Adoto Bello Hussein , Ibrahim Nafisa Gbemisola , Saliu Waliyullahi Oluwafemi , Abdul‐Rahman Toufik
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Between 2000 and 2015, significant gains were recorded in reducing the global burden of malaria due to enhanced global collaboration and increased funding. However, progress has stagnated post‐2015, and the COVID‐19 pandemic seems to have reversed some of these gains, necessitating a critical reevaluation of interventions. This paper aims to analyze the setbacks and offer recommendations for advancement in malaria control and prevention in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

We conducted searches on Google Scholar, PubMed, and relevant organization websites to identify relevant studies on malaria control and prevention and associated challenges in sub‐Saharan Africa from 2015 to the present. Additionally, studies on individual sub‐Saharan African countries were reviewed to ensure comprehensiveness. Data from selected studies were extracted and analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach to offer a concise overview of the evidence.

Findings

We observe that the halt in progress of malaria control in sub‐Saharan Africa has deep roots in socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors. These challenges are exacerbated by the population explosion in the region, low coverage of interventions due to funding deficits and incessant crises, and the degradation of the efficacy of existing malaria commodities.

Conclusion

Sub‐Saharan Africa is at a crossroads in its fight against malaria. Promising new frontiers such as malaria vaccines, preventive monoclonal antibodies, new‐generation insecticide‐treated nets, and potentially artificial intelligence‐driven technologies offer hope in advancing malaria control and prevention in the region. Through commitment and collaboration, leveraging these opportunities can help surmount challenges and ultimately eliminate malaria in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Spatial distribution of rainfall–runoff characteristics and peak lag time in high‐relief meso‐scale mountain catchments where observations are scarce
Authors: Hajika Takafumi , Yamakawa Yosuke , Uchida Taro
Published: June 2024

Clarifying the relationship between rainfall and runoff characteristics in mountainous areas is crucial to improving flood and sediment disaster prediction. This study investigates that relationship, focusing on meso‐scale catchments of 1–10 km2 in high‐relief mountainous regions where conventional observational data are limited. Such research requires observations in multiple adjoining watersheds due to the variability of runoff patterns in mountainous river systems. However, observations are challenging in meso‐scale catchments due to equipment loss in rivers. This study included seven observation sites with catchment areas of 0.16–9.01 km2 and relative elevations exceeding 1000 m within the Higashigochi River basin, a sub‐branch of the Oi River basin in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Water level gauges were strategically installed at each of these locations to prevent loss. Peak lag time (the time difference between the rainfall and water level peaks), which is crucial to flood hydrograph definition and disaster preparedness, was assessed. The results indicate a general trend of increasing peak lag time with larger catchment area, although spatial heterogeneity was observed at small sites. This finding aligns with prior studies in meso‐scale catchments within mountainous regions with relative elevations of 450 m or less, suggesting that in such meso‐scale catchments, larger catchment area tends to result in longer peak lag times, regardless of topographic undulation. Overall, the impact of topographic undulations on peak lag time appears surprisingly modest, indicating that catchment area plays a more significant role in determining peak lag time. The observed heterogeneity of peak lag time could be attributable to the influence of bedrock groundwater discharge.
Model‐based estimates for operant selection
Authors: Borgstede Matthias , Anselme Patrick
Published: June 2024

We present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance‐based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance‐based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.
Sleep in the East African root rat, Tachyoryctes splendens
Authors: Kruger Jean‐Leigh , Bhagwandin Adhil , Katandukila Jestina V. , Bennett Nigel C. , Manger Paul R.
Published: June 2024

The present study reports the results of an electrophysiological analysis of sleep in the East African root rat, Tachyoryctes splendens, belonging to the rodent subfamily Spalacinae. Telemetric electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic recordings, with associated video recording, on three root rats over a continuous 72 h period (12 h light/12 h dark cycle) were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the East African root rat has a total sleep time (TST) of 8.9 h per day. Despite this relatively short total sleep time in comparison to fossorial rodents, nonrapid eye movement (non‐REM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states showed similar physiological signatures to that observed in other rodents and no unusual sleep states were observed. REM occupied 19.7% of TST, which is within the range observed in other rodents. The root rats were extremely active during the dark period, and appeared to spend much of the light period in quiet wake while maintaining vigilance (as determined from both EEG recordings and behavioral observation). These recordings were made under normocapnic environmental conditions, which contrasts with the hypercapnic environment of their natural burrows.
Genetic bias in repeated evolution of pigment loss in cave populations of the Asellus aquaticus species complex
Authors: Fišer Žiga , Whitehorn Hana , Furness Tia , Trontelj Peter , Protas Meredith
Published: June 2024

Similar phenotypes can evolve repeatedly under the same evolutionary pressures. A compelling example is the evolution of pigment loss and eye loss in cave‐dwelling animals. While specific genomic regions or genes associated with these phenotypes have been identified in model species, it remains uncertain whether a bias towards particular genetic mechanisms exists. An isopod crustacean, Asellus aquaticus, is an ideal model organism to investigate this phenomenon. It inhabits surface freshwaters throughout Europe but has colonized groundwater on multiple independent occasions and evolved several cave populations with distinct ecomorphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that three different cave populations utilized common genetic regions, potentially the same genes, in the evolution of pigment and eye loss. Expanding on this, we conducted analysis on two additional cave populations, distinct either phylogenetically or biogeographically from those previously examined. We generated F2 hybrids from cave × surface crosses and tested phenotype‐genotype associations, as well as conducted complementation tests by crossing individuals from different cave populations. Our findings revealed that pigment loss and orange eye pigment in additional cave populations were associated with the same genomic regions as observed in the three previously tested cave populations. Moreover, the lack of complementation across all cross combinations suggests that the same gene likely drives pigment loss. These results substantiate a genetic bias in the recurrent evolution of pigment loss in this model system. Future investigations should focus on the cause behind this bias, possibly arising from allele recruitment from ancestral surface populations' genetic variation or advantageous allele effects via pleiotropy.
Changes in acceptability, consideration, intention, and uptake of direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests in the Netherlands from 2017 to 2022
Authors: Leerschool Anna Roos , Wesselius Anke , Kokole Daša , Zeegers Maurice P.
Published: June 2024

Although the popularity of direct‐to‐consumer genetic tests (DTC‐GT) for disease‐related purposes increased, concerns persist whether consumers make well‐informed decisions about their purchase. To better target pre‐ and post‐test information materials, this study aims to determine the characteristics of people interested in undergoing DTC‐GT. In addition, it aims to determine changes in acceptability, consideration, intention, and uptake of DTC‐GT since 2017. An online cross‐sectional survey was conducted in April 2022 with a representative sample of the Dutch adult population. Ordinal regression models and chi‐squared tests were used to determine factors associated with DTC‐GT acceptability, consideration and intention, and changes in outcomes since 2017, respectively. Of the 907 included respondents, 19.3% found DTC‐GT acceptable, 29.4% considered taking a DTC‐GT in the future, 6.2% intended to take a test within the coming year, and 0.9% had already tested. High education was associated with lower acceptability, consideration, intention, and higher awareness. Respondents with a chronic disease were less likely to find DTC‐GT acceptable. Higher consideration was associated with having a partner, adopted/stepchildren, and lower age. Compared to 2017, in 2022 more respondents found DTC‐GT totally unacceptable, while more considered testing, and fewer ruled out taking a test both in the next year and the future. Education status may play an important role in people's acceptability, consideration, intention, and awareness of disease‐related DTC‐GT in the Netherlands. Easy‐to‐understand public information materials should be promoted and guidance is needed to help with decision‐making and result interpretation. Future research should focus on the best way to provide responsible guidance.
Diagnosis and stabilisation of familial chylomicronemia syndrome in two infants presenting with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Heath Oliver , Allender Brooke , Smith Joel , Savva Elena , Spencer Lucy , Bannister Elizabeth G. , Brown Natasha J. , Evans Maureen S. , Kiss Sharmila , Rozen Thomas H. , Yaplito‐Lee Joy
Published: June 2024

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare disorder of triglyceride (TG) metabolism caused by loss of function variants in one of five known canonical genes involved in chylomicron lipolysis and clearance—LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1, and GPIHBP1. Pathogenic variants in LPL, which encodes the hydrolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase, account for over 80%–90% of cases. FCS may present in infancy with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis and is challenging to manage both acutely and in the long‐term. Here, we report our experience managing two unrelated infants consecutively diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis caused by LPL deficiency. Both had elevated TGs at presentation (205 and 30 mmol/L, respectively) and molecular genetic testing confirmed each infant carried a different homozygous pathogenic variant in the LPL gene, specifically, c.987C>A (p.Tyr329Ter) and c.632C>A (p.Thr211Lys). The more severely affected infant had cutaneous xanthomata, lipemia retinalis and lipemic plasma at presentation, and required management in an intensive care setting. Acute stabilisation was achieved using insulin and heparin infusions together with the iterative implementation of a fat‐restricted diet, low in long chain triglycerides (LCT) and supplemented with medium chain triglycerides (MCT). In both cases, provision of adequate caloric intake (~110–120 kcal/kg/day) was also found to be important for a sustained TG reduction during the acute phase of management. In summary, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose FCS in infants with hypertriglyceridemia‐induced acute pancreatitis, management of which can be challenging, highlighting the need for more evidence‐based recommendations.
Morphological adaptation of the tongue of okapi (Okapia johnstoni Artiodactyla, Giraffidae)—Anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure
Authors: Goździewska‐Harłajczuk Karolina , Hamouzová Pavla , Klećkowska‐Nawrot Joanna , Čížek Petr
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the okapi, and to compare the results with other ruminants including browsers, intermediates and grazers. The material was collected post‐mortem from two animals from a Zoological Garden. The structure of the okapi tongue, focusing of the shape of the tongue, lingual surface, its papillae and lingual glands, was examined using gross morphology, light and polarized microscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The okapi tongue was characterized by dark pigmentation on the lingual dorsum (except lingual torus) and on the whole ventral surface. Two types of filiform papillae were observed, with additional, even 6–8 projections at their base. The round fungiform papillae were present at a higher density, up to 16/cm2, on the ventro‐lateral area of the lingual apex. Round and elongate vallate papillae were arranged in two parallel lines between the body and root of the tongue. Numerous taste buds were detected within the epithelium of their vallum, while fungiform papillae had sparse taste buds. A lack of foliate papillae was noted. Very small conical papillae, some lenticular in shape, were present on the lingual torus. Thick collagen type I fibers were dominant over collagen type III fibers in the connective tissue of the lingual papillae. The mucous acini units were dominant among lingual glands, indicating that the secretion of okapi lingual glands was mostly mucous. In many aspects, the tongue of okapi resembles the tongue of other ruminants. The specific lingual shape and lingual surface, together with the lingual glands, support the processing of plant food, such as young and soft leaves. Although okapi tongue is characterized by smaller conical papillae compared to other ruminants, its high number of vallate papillae is similar that found in other browsers, intermediate and grazers. Thus the number of gustatory papillae rather indicates that this feature is not related to the type of feeding.