bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalysis and Phenomenology
Authors: Csordas Thomas J.
Published: February 2012

If psychoanalysis and phenomenology are thoroughgoing, comprehensive, and complementary accounts of subjectivity, anthropological analyses of subjectivity can benefit from them both as well as from the dialogue between them. In the first part of this article I present and elaborate a preliminary outline of conceptual correspondences between phenomenology and psychoanalysis. These are pairs of ideas that seem intuitively to “go together” on either a parallel level of analysis or in terms of the role they play within the broader intellectual movement. In the second part I call attention to a preexisting body of work that explores the relation between psychoanalysis and phenomenology. This is work in phenomenological or existential psychiatry that developed sometimes as a synthesis of the two fields, and sometimes as a critique of and alternative to psychoanalysis. I conclude by suggesting that anthropology is a field sufficiently fertile for such a cross‐pollinated mode of thinking to take root. [anthropology, subjectivity, psychoanalysis, phenomenology]
Relationship between salivary antioxidant capacity and phases of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Kawamoto A. , Sugano N. , Motohashi M. , Matsumoto S. , Ito K.
Published: February 2012

Kawamoto A, Sugano N, Motohashi M, Matsumoto S, Ito K. Relationship between salivary antioxidant capacity and phases of the menstrual cycle. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 593–598. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Reactive oxygen species and free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Previous studies have shown that the stage of the menstrual cycle is associated with the levels of gingival inflammation and discomfort. This study examined changes in salivary antioxidant activities, clinical parameters and bacterial levels during the menstrual cycle.

Material and Methods:  The study group consisted of 16 women with periodontitis and 12 healthy women. Clinical and bacterial measurements were performed for all subjects during the ovulatory and follicular phases.

Results:  Salivary antioxidant activity during the ovulatory phase was significantly lower than during the follicular phase in the women with periodontitis. The antioxidant activity in all subjects during the ovulatory phase was negatively correlated with Prevotella intermedia (r = −0.430; p = 0.023) and total bacterial counts (r = −0.496; p = 0.007); however, these correlations were not significant for subjects in the follicular phase.

Conclusion:  This study showed that salivary antioxidant capacity decreased, while bleeding on probing and P. intermedia increased, over the course of the menstrual cycle in women with periodontitis. Antioxidant capacity could be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Distinct Role of Subcomplexes of the COPI Coat in the Regulation of ArfGAP2 Activity
Authors: Pevzner Irit , Strating Jeroen , Lifshitz Lena , Parnis Anna , Glaser Fabian , Herrmann Alexia , Brügger Britta , Wieland Felix , Cassel Dan
Published: February 2012

COPI vesicles serve for transport of proteins and membrane lipids in the early secretory pathway. Their coat protein (coatomer) is a heptameric complex that is recruited to the Golgi by the small GTPase Arf1. Although recruited en bloc, coatomer can be viewed as a stable assembly of an adaptin‐like tetrameric subcomplex (CM4) and a trimeric ‘cage’ subcomplex (CM3). Following recruitment, coatomer stimulates ArfGAP‐dependent GTP hydrolysis on Arf1. Here, we employed recombinant coatomer subcomplexes to study the role of coatomer components in the regulation of ArfGAP2, an ArfGAP whose activity is strictly coatomer‐dependent. Within CM4, we define a novel hydrophobic pocket for ArfGAP2 interaction on the appendage domain of γ1‐COP. The CM4 subcomplex (but not CM3) is recruited to membranes through Arf1 and can subsequently recruit ArfGAP2. Neither CM3 nor CM4 in itself is effective in stimulating ArfGAP2 activity, but stimulation is regained when both subcomplexes are present. Our findings point to a distinct role of each of the two coatomer subcomplexes in the regulation of ArfGAP2‐dependent GTP hydrolysis on Arf1, where the CM4 subcomplex functions in GAP recruitment, while, similarly to the COPII system, the cage‐like CM3 subcomplex stimulates the catalytic reaction.
Impact of Bone Harvesting Techniques on Cell Viability and the Release of Growth Factors of Autografts
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Gruber Reinhard , Hedbom Erik , Saulacic Nikola , Zhang Yufeng , Sculean Anton , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Buser Daniel
Published: February 2012

Background: Autogenous bone grafts obtained by different harvesting techniques behave differently during the process of graft consolidation; the underlying reasons are however not fully understood. One theory is that harvesting techniques have an impact on the number and activity of the transplanted cells which contribute to the process of graft consolidation.

Materials and Methods: To test this assumption, porcine bone grafts were harvested with four different surgical procedures: bone mill, piezosurgery, bone drilling (bone slurry), and bone scraper. After determining cell viability, the release of molecules affecting bone formation and resorption was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay. The mitogenic and osteogenic activity of the conditioned media was evaluated in a bioassay with isolated bone cells.

Results: Cell viability and the release of molecules affecting bone formation were higher in samples harvested by bone mill and bone scraper when compared with samples prepared by bone drilling and piezosurgery. The harvesting procedure also affected gene expression, for example, bone mill and bone scraper samples revealed significantly higher expression of growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor compared with the two other modalities. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression was lowest in bone scraper samples.

Conclusion: These data can provide a scientific basis to better understand the impact of harvesting techniques on the number and activity of transplanted cells, which might contribute to the therapeutic outcome of the augmentation procedure.
Congruency of Stereo Lithographically Produced Surgical Guide Bases Made from the Same CBCT File: A Pilot Study
Authors: Stumpel Lambert J.
Published: February 2012

Purpose: This is a pilot study evaluating the effect of the algorithms and production processes of four commercial manufacturers of stereolithographically produced surgical guide.

Materials and Methods: A singular Dicom file was used to produce six distinct duplicate dentures, which function as the base for surgical guides. The duplicate dentures were repeatedly fitted (n = 10) into an impression of the occlusal surface of the original scan appliance. The gaps between the incisal edge of teeth #8 and #9 and the corresponding imprints in the vinyl polysiloxane impression were photographed, digitally recorded, and measured in a blinded fashion.

Results: Nobel Biocare mean was 0.56 mm (range 0.49–0.65), I‐dent mean was 0.57 mm (range 0.31–0.74), Materialise II mean was 1.12 mm (range 0.90–1.40), Blue Sky Bio II mean was 1.13 mm (range 0.93–1.35), Materialise I mean was 1.43 mm (range 1.21–1.86), and Blue Sky Bio I mean was 2.17 mm (range 2.06–2.34). The difference between the fit of the Nobel Biocare and the I‐dent guide bases and the guide bases from Materialise and Blue Sky Bio is statistically significant (p < .05).

Conclusion: The algorithms and production processes of the different manufactures do influence the congruency outcome of the produced surgical guide bases. Within the limits of this study, we were unable to produce a perfect fit, although some duplicate dentures showed minimal errors. The implications of the discrepancies need further study.
Soft Tissue Preservation and Pink Aesthetics around Single Immediate Implant Restorations: A 1‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo , Cleymaet Roberto
Published: February 2012

Purpose: (1) To document soft tissue aspects using a specific protocol for immediate implant treatment (IIT) following single‐tooth removal; (2) to evaluate whether this protocol allows preservation of pink aesthetics as objectively assessed.

Materials and Methods: Patients with a thick gingival biotype and intact buccal bone wall upon extraction of a single tooth in the aesthetic zone (15–25) were consecutively treated. The protocol included flapless extraction and implant surgery, socket grafting, immediate nonocclusal loading with a screw‐retained provisional crown, and replacement by a permanent crown 6 months thereafter. The outcome was assessed after 3, 6, and 12 months. Cases demonstrating major alveolar process remodeling and/or advanced midfacial recession (>1 mm) at 3 months were additionally treated with a connective tissue graft (CTG). The emergence profile of the provisional crown was replicated for all permanent crowns.

Results: Twenty‐two patients (12 men, 10 women; mean age 50) were treated after tooth extraction for nonperiodontal reasons using a novel bone condensing implant with variable‐thread design, conical connection, and platform switch (NobelActive®, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden). One implant failed and mean marginal bone loss was 0.1 mm (p = .059). Temporary mesial papilla reduction occurred, whereas distal papilla reduction was permanent (mean 0.5 mm; p = .001). At 3 months, five cases demonstrated major alveolar process remodeling and two advanced midfacial recession. Hence, slight initial decline in the pink esthetic score (PES) (p = .053) was observed. CTG resulted in a steady improvement of the PES after 3 months (p ≤ .037). At 12 months, pink aesthetics (mean PES 12.15) was comparable to the preoperative status (mean PES 11.86; p = .293). Distal papillae had significantly deteriorated (p = .020) in this time span, whereas midfacial contour had significantly improved (p = .005).

Conclusions: Preservation of pink aesthetics is possible following IIT. However, to achieve that, CTG may be necessary in about one‐third of the patients. Major alveolar process remodeling is the main reason for additional treatment.
Immediate Nonfunctional Loading of NobelPerfect Implants in the Anterior Dental Arch in Private Practice – 5‐Year Data
Authors: Noelken Robert , Kunkel Martin , Jung Britta A , Wagner Wilfried
Published: February 2012

Background: The concept of scalloped implants to maintain the natural contour of the alveolar ridge has been a source of controversy for many years.

Purpose: This study examined the long‐term clinical performance of the scalloped NobelPerfect implant in a one‐stage procedure (immediate loading in the esthetic zone).

Materials and Methods: In 20 patients, immediate prosthetic restorations were placed on 31 NobelPerfect implants in a private practice and followed for up to 78 months. Twenty‐one implants were placed immediately after extraction, seven implants were placed after osseous consolidation of the extraction sockets, and three implants were placed secondary to extended alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. All implants were provisionalized on the day of implant placement and adjusted to clear all contacts in centric occlusion and during eccentric movements. Outcome variables were success rates, marginal bone levels, and pink esthetic score (PES) assessed per implant.

Results: One implant failed after 1.4 months. Five patients with six implants in total were scored in the 5‐year follow‐up as dropouts. Mean follow‐up period of remaining 24 implants was 65 months (range, 55–78 months). Cumulative success rates according to the criteria specified by Smith and Zarb were 96.8%. Marginal bone levels averaged 1.1 mm above the first thread. Mean PES ratings were 10.5 (range, 3–13).

Conclusions: Survival rates, marginal bone levels, and esthetic results suggest proof of principle for the preservation of the interproximal bony lamella with a scalloped implant design in long‐term data.
Design, recombinant expression and convenient A‐chain N‐terminal europium‐labelling of a fully active human relaxin‐3 analogue
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Jie , Luo Xiao , Song Ge , Wang Xin‐Yi , Shao Xiao‐Xia , Guo Zhan‐Yun
Published: February 2012

Relaxin‐3 (also known as INSL7) is a recently identified neuropeptide belonging to the insulin/relaxin superfamily. It plays a putative role in the regulation of food intake, in the stress response and in reproduction by activating the G‐protein‐coupled receptor, RXFP3. In a previous study, we prepared 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA)/Eu3+‐labelled human relaxin‐3 as a tracer for the study of ligand–receptor interactions, which necessitated a complicated site‐specific labelling strategy because human relaxin‐3 contains four primary amine moieties, all of which react with the primary amine‐specific modification reagent. To simplify the labelling procedure, in the present study we created an easily labelled, recombinant analogue of human relaxin‐3 with only one primary amine moiety at the A‐chain N‐terminus. The analogue retained full activity and could be easily labelled by various functional probes at the A‐chain N‐terminus. The DOTA/Eu3+‐labelled analogue retained high binding affinity for its cognate receptor, RXFP3, and thus represents a useful, nonradioactive and stable tracer for studying the interaction of RXFP3 with various natural or synthetic ligands. This new analogue is also a suitable template for the design of other relaxin‐3 analogues that can be easily labelled with the DOTA/Eu3+ moiety and used to study binding activity and interactions with various RXFP3 analogues in the future.
Venous thromboembolism in emergency department patients with rigid immobilization for lower leg injury: Incidence and risk factors
Authors: Meek Robert , Tong Roger Lien‐Kien
Published: February 2012

Objectives: To determine the incidence and risk factors for symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults who are discharged from the ED with rigid immobilization for lower limb injury.

Methods: Eligible patients presenting between 1 December 2008 and 31 December 2010 were identified retrospectively from the Southern Health ED (Monash Medical Centre, Dandenong Hospital, Casey Hospital, all located in Melbourne, Australia) information system. Age, sex, diagnosis, type of splint and other defined potential VTE risk factors were recorded. VTE was confirmed from archived diagnostic imaging or hospital re‐attendance records. Patients presenting between 1 October 2010 and 31 December 2010 were contacted to detect VTE diagnosed and treated outside of Southern Health. VTE incidence is reported, and comparison of risk factors performed.

Results: VTE was initially confirmed in 33 of 1231 patients (2.7%, 95% confidence interval 1.9–3.7). VTE was reported by 3 of 174 in the contacted subgroup (1.7%, 0.4–4.6). Applying this ‘missed rate’ to the whole sample, the estimated VTE incidence is between 3.1% and 7.1%. Multivariate risk factor analysis found VTE risk to increase with age and a diagnosis of Achilles tendon rupture.

Conclusion: The estimated VTE incidence was between 3% and 7% in this ED population with age and diagnosis of Achilles tendon rupture increasing risk. Prospective research to more accurately determine incidence, severity and risk stratification is required before firm recommendations on the likely risk versus benefit profile of thromboprophylaxis can be made for this population.
HOW MANY JUDGES SHOULD ONE USE FOR SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS?
Authors: HEYMANN H. , MACHADO B. , TORRI L. , ROBINSON A.L.
Published: February 2012

There are widely divergent opinions on the number of judges required for sensory descriptive analysis (DA) with some authors saying 6 and others up to 15. Yet, there are very little data to support these numbers. Therefore, the data from three DA studies with between 14 and 22 trained judges, evaluating between 8 and 30 different red wines in triplicate using between 20 and 30 descriptors, were re‐analyzed using randomly selected subsets of assessors. The results were compared using analyses of variance, multifactor analysis and Tucker‐1 analyses. The results showed some variability in the minimum number of panelists that gave a stable result, but, in general, at least 8 and preferably 10 seems sufficient.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

These results are comforting because clearly the standard 8–12 judges fell within the grouping. This information could be important for timing and cost constraints.
Flow patterns and sediment deposition in rectangular shallow reservoirs
Authors: Dufresne Matthieu , Dewals Benjamin , Erpicum Sébastien , Archambeau Pierre , Pirotton Michel
Published: February 2012

This work involves the experimental investigation of flow patterns, preferential regions of deposition and trapping efficiency in rectangular shallow reservoirs. The main flow patterns that can be encountered in rectangular shallow reservoirs are described: symmetrical flows without any reattachment point (S0), asymmetrical flows with one reattachment point (A1) and asymmetrical flows with two reattachment points (A2). The influence of geometrical and hydraulic parameters on reattachment lengths is intensively investigated. A shape parameter is introduced to classify symmetrical and asymmetrical flows. For each flow pattern, the preferential regions of deposition are studied. To conclude, a number of practical recommendations are given. Reservoirs with a shape parameter lower than 6.2 limit sediment deposition. Reservoirs with a shape parameter greater than 6.8 are favourable for sediment deposition. Finally, perspectives for maximizing and minimizing deposition are given, respectively by exploiting the great trapping potential of the flow pattern A1 and the poor trapping potential of the flow pattern S0.
Rate of introduction of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in different poultry production sectors in the Netherlands
Authors: Gonzales Jose L. , Stegeman Jan A. , Koch Guus , de Wit Sjaak J. , Elbers Armin R. W.
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Gonzales et al. (2012) Rate of introduction of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in different poultry production sectors in the Netherlands. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2012.00348.x.

Background  Targeted risk‐based surveillance of poultry types (PT) with different risks of introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIv) infection may improve the sensitivity of surveillance.

Objective  To quantify the rate of introduction of LPAIv infections in different PT.

Methods  Data from the Dutch LPAIv surveillance programme (2007–2010) were analysed using a generalised linear mixed and spatial model.

Results  Outdoor‐layer, turkey, duck‐breeder and meat‐duck, farms had a 11, 8, 24 and 13 times higher rate of introduction of LPAIv than indoor‐layer farms, respectively.

Conclusion  Differences in the rate of introduction of LPAIv could be used to (re)design a targeted risk‐based surveillance programme.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene polymorphisms are associated with treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: ZHONG Y. , FENG J. , CHEN B. , CHENG L. , LI Y. , QIAN J. , DING J. , GAO F. , XIA G.
Published: February 2012

Introduction:  In the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, STAT3 is one of the most prominent prognosis factors for cancer and leukemia. STAT3 activation might promote cellular transformation and therefore have an important role in human tumors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between STAT3 polymorphisms and treatment response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the Chinese population.

Methods:  Three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in 130 patients with AML. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and assayed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS).

Results:  The results of response to chemotherapy showed that there were strong relationships between unfavorable cytogenetics, partial remission (and even no remission), and GG genotype frequency in rs9909659 (P = 0.01 and 0.03). Patients younger than 45 years were associated significantly with GA/AA genotype (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:  The results of this study suggest that the GG genotype in rs9909659 might confer increased resistance to standard chemotherapy.
Mantle cell lymphoma of the hard palate: a series of 4 cases
Authors: Fitzpatrick S.G. , Al‐Quran S.Z. , Fetner A.E. , Kuklan R.M. , Cohen D.M. , Bhattacharyya I.
Published: February 2012

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare variant of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that has been infrequently reported in the oral cavity. This type of lymphoma is distinct in that it carries a poorer prognosis than other forms of B‐cell NHL with similar morphology. Four new cases of MCL occurring on the hard palate are presented, including two cases that were aberrantly negative for CD5. The clinical features, histological and immunohistological features, genetics, prognosis, and treatment for this entity are reviewed along with a summary of 12 other previously reported cases of MCL occurring in the oral cavity.
An unusual presentation of a dental abscess
Authors: Att M.
Published: February 2012

Dentoalveolar abscesses are common squeal to microorganisms reaching the periapical area of a tooth. If the infection remains localised, it may drain intraorally through a sinus. If the infection spreads, fascial planes determine the path that the bacteria will follow and may result in cellulites affecting different tissue spaces in the head and neck. Either way, diagnosis is usually straight forward.

In very rare situations, these abscesses can present in an unusual way and can be diagnostically misleading. In addition, they may cause more serious conditions such as necrotising fasciitis, which is an uncommon, progressive, destructive soft tissue infection caused by a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Other serious consequences of dental abscesses depending on their anatomical location are cavernous sinus thrombosis, osteomyelitis, and Ludwig's angina.
Evolution in biodiversity policy – current gaps and future needs
Authors: Santamaría Luis , Méndez Pablo F.
Published: February 2012

The intensity and speed of human alterations to the planet’s ecosystems are yielding our static, ahistorical view of biodiversity obsolete. Human actions frequently trigger fast evolutionary responses, affect extant genetic variation and result in the establishment of new communities and co‐evolutionary networks for which we lack past analogues. Contemporary evolution interplays with ecological changes to determine the response of organisms and ecosystems to anthropogenic pressures. Examples on wild species include responses to harvest (e.g. fisheries, hunting, angling), habitat loss and fragmentation (e.g. genetic effects of isolation), biotic exchange (e.g. evolutionary responses to control measures), climate change (e.g. local adaptation and its interplay with dispersal processes) and the responses of endangered species to conservation measures. A review of international and EU biodiversity policies showed numerous opportunities for the integration of evolutionary knowledge, with the realistic prospect of improving their efficacy. Such opportunities should be extended to other sectoral policies of direct relevance for biodiversity – notably nature conservation, fisheries, agriculture, water resources, spatial planning and climate change. These avenues for improvement are, however, challenged by the low level of enforcement of biodiversity policies, linked to the nonbinding nature of most biodiversity‐policy documents, and the decreasing representation of biodiversity in EU’s research policy.
Can interbreeding of wild and artificially propagated animals be prevented by using broodstock selected for a divergent life history?
Authors: Seamons Todd R. , Hauser Lorenz , Naish Kerry A. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: February 2012

Two strategies have been proposed to avoid negative genetic effects of artificially propagated individuals on wild populations: (i) integration of wild and captive populations to minimize domestication selection and (ii) segregation of released individuals from the wild population to minimize interbreeding. We tested the efficacy of the strategy of segregation by divergent life history in a steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, system, where hatchery fish were selected to spawn months earlier than the indigenous wild population. The proportion of wild ancestry smolts and adults declined by 10–20% over the three generations since the hatchery program began. Up to 80% of the naturally produced steelhead in any given year were hatchery/wild hybrids. Regression model selection analysis showed that the proportion of hatchery ancestry smolts was lower in years when stream discharge was high, suggesting a negative effect of flow on reproductive success of early‐spawning hatchery fish. Furthermore, proportions of hybrid smolts and adults were higher in years when the number of naturally spawning hatchery‐produced adults was higher. Divergent life history failed to prevent interbreeding when physical isolation was ineffective, an inadequacy that is likely to prevail in many other situations.
A Multiinstitutional, Multidisciplinary Model for Developing and Teaching Translational Research in Health Disparities
Authors: Estape Estela , de Laurido Lourdes E. Soto , Shaheen Magda , Quarshie Alexander , Frontera Walter , Mays Mary Helen , Harrigan Rosanne , White Richard
Published: February 2012

We acknowledge the support of: Aracelis Huertas and Rafaela Berrios, HiREC project manager and MSc/CRECD Administrative Coordinator, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico in the planning of the Summit activities; Dr. Glorisa Canino, Dr. Carmen Zorrilla and Dr. Delia Camacho, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Dr. Richard Greene from the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Dr. Marielena Lara‐Greenberg, the RAND Corporation for their contribution to the course fundamentals. We also would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Ofili and Dr. John Murray, Morehouse and Meharry CRECD directors for their support to this initiative; NIH leaders, Dr. Sidney McNairy, Dr. Krishan Arora, Dr. Carol Merchant and Dr. Nathan Stinson for their enthusiasm and trust in this project; and Professor Carlos Ortiz, Director of the UPR‐MSC SoHP Office of Informatics and Educational Resources for accepting the leadership of the new Distance Learning Networking Group. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the NIH cofunders of the CRECD program for their support of the development of infrastructure and researcher development through this important initiative: National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the RMATRIX grant 1 U54 RR026136‐01A1 Jerris Hedges PI.
Frege's Changing Conception of Number
Authors: KLEMENT KEVIN C.
Published: February 2012

I trace changes to Frege's understanding of numbers, arguing in particular that the view of arithmetic based in geometry developed at the end of his life (1924–1925) was not as radical a deviation from his views during the logicist period as some have suggested. Indeed, by looking at his earlier views regarding the connection between numbers and second‐level concepts, his understanding of extensions of concepts, and the changes to his views, firstly, in between Grundlagen and Grundgesetze, and, later, after learning of Russell's paradox, this position is a natural position for him to have retreated to, when properly understood.
Does Propositional Seeing Entail Propositional Knowledge?
Authors: FRENCH CRAIG
Published: February 2012

In a 2010 article Turri puts forward some powerful considerations which suggest that Williamson's view of knowledge as the most general factive mental state is false. Turri claims that this view is false since it is false that if S sees that p, then S knows that p. Turri argues that there are cases in which (A) S sees that p but (B) S does not know that p. In response I offer linguistic evidence to suppose that in propositional contexts “see” does not have the sort of meaning (a purely perceptual meaning) which would sustain Turri's claims about the cases he offers (specifically, the (A) verdicts).
Elastic and Seismic Properties of Dabie‐Sulu Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Qian WANG , Shaocheng JI , Shengsi SUN , SALISBURY Matthew H. , KERN Hartmut
Published: February 2012

Lamé modulus (λ) and shear modulus (μ) are among the most important, intrinsic, elastic constants of rocks. Using λ and μ could be much more advantageous than using P‐ and S‐wave velocities (Vp and Vs). Here we quantified these equivalent isotropic elastic moduli for 115 representative rocks from the ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of the Dabie‐Sulu erogenic belt (China) and their variations with pressure (P), temperature (T), density (p), Vp, Vs and minera logical composition. Both moduli increase nonlinearly and linearly with increasing pressure at low (<200–300 MPa) and high (>200–300 MPa) pressures, respectively. In the regime of high pressures, λ and μ decrease quasi‐linearly with increasing temperature with temperature derivatives dλ/dT and dμ/dT generally in the range of –10 × 10–3 to –1 × 10–3 GPa/°C. Dehydration of water‐bearing minerals such as serpentine in peridotites and chlorite in retrograde eclogites results in an abrupt drop in λ while μ remains almost unchanged. In λ‐ρ, μ‐ρ and λ‐μ plots, the main categories of UHP rocks can be characterized. Serpentinization leads to significant decreases in μ and λ as serpentine has extremely low values of λ, μ and ρ. Eclogites, common mafic rocks (mafic gneiss, metagabbro and amphibolite), and felsic rocks (orthogneiss and paragneiss) have high, moderate and low μ and λ values, respectively. For pyroxenes and olivines, λ increases but μ decreases with increasing Fe/Mg ratios. For plagioclase feldspars, both λ and μ exhibit a significant positive correlation with anorthite content. SiO2‐rich felsic rocks and quartzites are deviated remarkably from the general trend lines of the acid‐intermediate‐mafic rocks in Vs‐ρ, μ‐ρ, λ‐Vp, λ‐Vs and μ‐λ diagrams because quartz has extremely low λ (∼8.1 GPa) and p (2.65 g/cm3) but moderate μ (44.4 GPa) values. Increasing the contents of garnet, rutile, ilmenite and magnetite results in a significant increase in the λ and μ values of the UHP metamorphic rocks. However, either λ or μ is insensitive to the compositional variations for pyralspite (pyrope‐almandine‐spessartine) solution series. The results provide potentially improved constraints on characterization of crustal composition based on the elastic properties of rocks and in situ seismic data from deep continental roots.
Mineralogical Evidence for Regional Metamorphism Overprinted by Contact Metamorphism
Authors: JAMSHIDI BADR Mahboobeh , MASOUDI Fariborz , COLLINS Alan S. , SORBI Ali
Published: February 2012

The Soursat metamorphic complex (SMC) in northwestern Iran is part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt. The complex is composed of different metamorphic and plutonic rocks, but is dominated by metapelites composed of garnet, staurolite, kyanite, fibrolite, cordierite, and andalusite. Porphyroblasts in schists have the same fabric, and three stages of schistosity are present. The internal schistosity (Sn) inclusion trails are also offset by conjugate sets of extensional schistosity (Sn+1) and a second (Sn+2) that crenulates (Sn+1). Polyphase metamorphisms are present in the complex. Garnet, staurolite, kyanite, and fibrolite assemblage preserves conditions during the M1 metamorphic event. This assemblage yields a P–t estimate of 645±11°C and 6.5±0.5 kbar. Other samples of the central part of SMC contain cordierite and andalusite (M2) overgrowth that yields a P–t estimate of 532±33°C and 2.1±1.1 kbar.
Molar‐Tooth Structure from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Lingyuan, Yanshan Region, North China, and Geological Implications
Authors: Hongwei KUANG , Yongqing LIU , Nan PENG , Shunshe LUO , Jiahua LI , Chao CEN , Mingpei CHEN
Published: February 2012

Although its origin has not yet reached a consensus so far, MTS (Molar‐Tooth Structure) has been documented for more than 100 years. Current study reports a discovery of MTS from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Lingyuan, Yanshan Region, North China, and the features and geological implications of MTS are further discussed. Here, straitigraphic horizons of MTS's occurrences show that it was mainly located within the top part of the Wumishan Formation, i.e., limestone unit. Four kinds of morphology of MTS, i.e., fine fusiform, debris, ribbon, ptigmatic and nodular (irregular), were recognized and thought to be highly related to the sedimentary environments and facies. Geochemistry of MTS including oxides, trace elements and C, O and Sr isotopes indicates that the horizons of MTS‐bearing is of higher Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios, lower positive δ13C and highly negative δ18O values than the adjacent stratigraphic levels of rare MTS. Lithology, morphology and geochemistry of MTS in the Wumishan Formation suggest that MTS occurs mainly in shallow subtidal near the storm wave base, which is typically characterized by warm temperature, oversaturated calcium carbonate seawater and high organic productivity. Furthermore, occasional enrichment of algae bacteria here is more favorable for the calcification of calcium oozes and catalytic for MTS. C isotope composition of the Wumishan Formation and MTS of this study is well correlated with that of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup, North America and Riphean, Siberia, suggesting that MTS acts as a sedimentary record responding to global changes and is a perfect indicator in Precambrian stratigraphic correlation worldwide.
The Surface Rupture Zone and Coseismic Deformation Produced by the Yutian Ms7.3 Earthquake of 21 March 2008, Xinjiang
Authors: Xinjian SHAN , Chunyan QU , Chisheng WANG , Guifang ZHANG , Guohong ZHANG , Xiaogang SONG , Liming GUO , Yunhua LIU
Published: February 2012

On 21 March 2008, a Ms7.3 earthquake occurred at Quickbird, Yutian County, Xinjiang. We attempt to reveal the features of the causative fault of this shock and its coseismic deformation field. Our work is based on analysis and interpretation to high‐resolution satellite images as well as differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D‐InSAR) data from the satellite Envisat SAR, coupled with seismicity, focal mechanism solutions and active tectonics in this region. The result shows that the 40 km‐long, nearly NS trending surface rupture zone by this event lies on a range‐front alluvial platform in Qira County. It is characterized by distinct linear traces and simple structure with 1–3‐m‐wide individual seams and maximum 6.5 m width of a collapse fracture. Along the rupture zone many secondary fractures and fault‐bounded blocks are seen, exhibiting remarkable extension. The coseismic deformation affected a large area 100 × 100 km2. D‐InSAR analysis indicates that the interferometric deformation field is dominated by extensional faulting with a small strike‐slip component. Along the causative fault, the western wall fell down and the eastern wall, that is the active unit, rose up, both with westerly vergence. Because of the big deformation gradients near the seismogenic fault, no interference fringes are seen on images, and what can be determined is a vertical displacement 70 cm or more between the two fault walls. According to the epicenter and differential occurrence times from the National Earthquake Information Center, China Earthquake Network Center, Harvard and USGS, it is suggested that the seismic fault ruptured from north to south.
Collection and recording of radiological information for forensic purposes
Authors: Forrest AS
Published: February 2012

Forensic odontology is the application of dental expertise to legal issues. Commonly, it involves the comparison of dental records of a missing person with a deceased individual for the purposes of forensic personal identification, either in a single case, or as part of the response to an event involving multiple simultaneous fatalities (Disaster Victim Identification, or DVI). It may also involve studies to determine the age of an individual, which may be required as part of a forensic identification process, or for another legal purpose such as the determination of legal responsibility, or in connection with immigration.

This report examines the types of radiological information currently used in such forensic studies, and discusses how this information may be accessed or recorded, as well as the techniques that are commonly applied to the radiological data to reach a satisfactory outcome for application in forensic casework.
Application of cone beam computed tomography for assessment of the temporomandibular joints
Authors: Barghan S , Tetradis S , Mallya SM
Published: February 2012

Radiographic examination is essential for the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The goals of TMJ radiography are to evaluate cortical and trabecular architecture of the bony structures and confirm their integrity, to assess the extent and monitor progression of osseous changes, and to evaluate the response to treatment. Accurate evaluation of the TMJ by conventional radiography is limited by structure superimposition. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides high‐resolution multiplanar images and delivers substantially lower radiation dose, compared with multislice CT. CBCT allows examination of TMJ anatomy without superimposition and distortion to facilitate analysis of bone morphology, joint space and dynamic function in all three dimensions. This article will describe the role of CBCT imaging for the assessment of the TMJ osseous structures and present typical appearances of common pathological conditions of the TMJ.
Skin toxicities and survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib
Authors: Otsuka Taiga , Eguchi Yuichiro , Kawazoe Seiji , Yanagita Kimihiko , Ario Keisuke , Kitahara Kenji , Kawasoe Hiroaki , Kato Hiroyuki , Mizuta Toshihiko ,   the Saga Liver Cancer Study Group
Published: February 2012

Aim:  Sorafenib is the first small molecule with significant clinical activity for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, intolerable adverse events are sometimes observed. On the other hand, it has been reported that some toxicities of molecular targeted drugs, such as skin toxicities and arterial hypertension, are correlated with good clinical outcomes in other cancers.

Methods:  We identified the correlations between adverse events and prognosis for sorafenib therapy in all patients with HCC treated at the institutions of the Saga Liver Cancer Study Group. The toxicities were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0.

Results:  Ninety‐four patients received sorafenib until August 2010. The overall incidence of treatment‐related adverse events was 98% of patients. Skin toxicities, including palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, rash, pruritus and alopecia, were the most common adverse events and were observed in 58 patients (62%). Hypertension was observed in 23 patients (24%). The median survival time was 12.5 months among the total patients. The patients with skin toxicities showed significantly longer survival than the patients without these toxicities (hazard ratio, 0.449; 95% confidence interval, 0.256–0.786; P = 0.005). Hypertension had no correlation with survival. Skin toxicities were also significant prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.522; 95% confidence interval, 0.274–0.997; P = 0.049), along with Child–Pugh class and α‐fetoprotein level. The median development time for skin toxicities was 21 days.

Conclusion:  Skin toxicities occur commonly at the early phase in patients treated with sorafenib, and could be a promising surrogate marker for the treatment outcome.
Risk factors for superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in Thoroughbred racehorses in hurdle starts in the UK (2001–2009)
Authors: REARDON R. J. M. , BODEN L. A. , MELLOR D. J. , LOVE S. , NEWTON J. R. , STIRK A. J. , PARKIN T. D. H.
Published: February 2012

Reasons for performing study:Superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendinopathy is a common injury in Thoroughbred horses racing over hurdles. Identification of risk factors may allow the introduction of measures to minimise the incidence of this injury.

Objective:To identify risk factors for SDF tendinopathy in Thoroughbred horses in hurdle races in the UK.

Methods:Potential risk factors for SDF tendinopathy were studied between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2009 using a retrospective cohort study design with 1031 case starts and 168,637 control starts. Potential risk factors were screened using univariable logistic regression prior to multivariable model building.

Results:In the final multivariable model, 20 statistically significant risk factors were identified. Variables found to be associated with increased odds of SDF tendinopathy included: firmer going; increased horse age at first race; having had a previous SDFT injury; and racing in the summer compared to other seasons. Variables found to be associated with decreased odds included: being trained by a more successful trainer; and having raced more frequently in the preceding 9–12 months.

Conclusions:This study identified multiple risk factors associated with SDF tendinopathy, some of which are difficult to explain with the current data source. Factors resulting in increased cumulative horse and tendon fatigue (increased years in racing; carrying increased weight; and racing over longer distances), firm ground, and the presence of previous tendon injury should be considered when attempting to reduce the likelihood of sustaining SDF tendinopathy.

Potential relevance:The results will facilitate the development of strategies to improve the overall safety of horses in hurdle racing in the UK.
Fuel Flexibility in LM2500 and LM6000 Dry Low Emission Engines
Authors: Blouch John , Li Hejie , Mueller Mark , Hook Richard
Published: February 2012

The LM2500 and LM6000 dry-low-emissions aeroderivative gas turbine engines have been in commercial service for 15 years and have accumulated nearly 10 × 106 hours of commercial operation. The majority of these engines utilize pipeline quality natural gas predominantly comprised of methane. There is; however, increasing interest in nonstandard fuels that contain varying levels of higher hydrocarbon species and/or inert gases. This paper reports on the demonstrated operability of LM2500 and LM6000 DLE engines with nonstandard fuels. In particular, rig tests at engine conditions were performed to demonstrate the robustness of the dual-annular counter-rotating swirlers premixer design, relative to flameholding with fuels containing high ethane, propane, and N2 concentrations. These experiments, which test the ability of the hardware to shed a flame introduced into the premixing region, have been used to expand the quoting limits for LM2500 and LM6000 gas turbine engines to elevated C2+ levels. In addition, chemical kinetics analysis was performed to understand the effect of temperature, pressure, and fuel compositions on flameholding. Test data for different fuels and operating conditions were successfully correlated with Damkohler number.
Numerical Characterization of Aerodynamic Losses of Jet Arrays for Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Andreini Antonio , Da Soghe Riccardo
Published: February 2012

Jet array is an arrangement typically used to cool several gas turbine parts. Some examples of such applications can be found in the impingement cooled region of gas turbine airfoils or in the turbine blade tip clearances control of large aero-engines. In order to correctly evaluate the impinging jet mass flow rate, the characterization of holes discharge coefficient is a compulsory activity. In this work, an aerodynamic analysis of jet arrays for active clearance control was performed; the aim was the definition of a correlation for the discharge coefficient (Cd) of a generic hole of the array. The data were taken from a set of CFD RANS simulations, in which the behavior of the cooling system was investigated over a wide range of fluid-dynamics conditions. Furthermore, several different holes arrangements were investigated in significant detail, with the aim of evaluating the influence of the hole spacing on the discharge coefficient distribution. Tests were conducted by varying the jet Reynolds number in a wide range of effective engine operative conditions (Re = 2000-12,000, Pressure- Ratio = 1.01-1.6). To point out the reliability of the CFD analysis, some comparisons with experimental data, measured at the Department of Energy Engineering of the University of Florence, were drawn. An in-depth analysis of the numerical data set has underlined the opportunity of an efficient reduction through the mass velocity ratio of hole and feeding pipe: the dependence of the discharge coefficients from this parameter is roughly logarithmic.
An Adjustable Constant-Force Mechanism for Adaptive End-Effector Operations
Authors: Chen Yi-Ho , Lan Chao-Chieh
Published: February 2012

Force regulation is a challenging problem for robot end-effectors when interacting with an unknown environment. It often requires sophisticated sensors with computerized control. This paper presents an adjustable constant-force mechanism (ACFM) to passively regulate the contact force of a robot end-effector. The proposed ACFM combines the negative stiffness of a bistable mechanism and positive stiffness of a linear spring to generate a constant-force output. Through prestressing the linear spring, the constant-force magnitude can be adjusted to adapt to different working environments. The ACFM is a monolithic compliant mechanism that has no frictional wear and is capable of miniaturization. We propose a design formulation to find optimal mechanism configurations that produce the most constant-force. A resulting force to displacement curve and maximal stress curve can be easily manipulated to fit a different application requirement. Illustrated experiments show that an end-effector equipped with the ACFM can adapt to a surface of variable height, without additional motion programming. Since sensors and control effort are minimized, we expect this mechanism can provide a reliable alternative for robot end-effectors to interact friendly with an environment.
Complete Atlas Database of 2-DOF Kinematic Chains and Creative Design of Mechanisms
Authors: Ding Huafeng , Cao Wenao , Kecskeméthy Andrés , Huang Zhen
Published: February 2012

The creation of novel kinematic structures of mechanisms still represents a major challenge in the quest for developing new, innovative devices. In this setting, computer models that can automatically generate and visualize all possible independent structures in an intuitive manner prove to be valuable as a support in the creative process of the designer. This paper proposes an automatic approach for establishing the complete atlas database of 2-DOF kinematic chains and a systematic approach for the creative design of mechanisms based on such an atlas. First, the transformation of the kinematic structure into a graph-based representation is addressed. Then, an approach for the generation of all nonfractionated topological graphs of 2-DOF (degrees of freedom) kinematic chains using contracted graphs as well as a method for synthesizing all the fractionated topological graphs through the combination of corresponding 1-DOF kinematic chains are addressed. Based on these methods, the complete atlas database of 2-DOF kinematic chains up to 15 links is established in this paper for the first time. Using this complete database, a systematic approach for the creative design of mechanisms can be derived, as illustrated for the example of an 11-link 2-DOF rode tractor.