bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STANDARD AND NON-STANDARD QUANTUM MODELS: A NON-COMMUTATIVE VERSION OF THE CLASSICAL SYSTEM OF SU(2) AND SU(1,1) ARISING FROM QUANTUM OPTICS
Authors: FUJII KAZUYUKI
Published: October 2005

This is a challenging paper that includes some reviews and new results.

Since the non-commutative version of the classical system based on the compact group SU(2) has been constructed in (quant-ph/0502174) by making use of Jaynes–Commings model and so-called quantum diagonalization method in (quant-ph/0502147), we construct a non-commutative version of the classical system based on the non-compact group SU(1,1) by modifying the compact case.

In this model the Hamiltonian is not hermite but pseudo hermite, which causes a big difference between the two models. For example, in the classical representation theory of SU(1,1), unitary representations are infinite dimensional from the starting point. Therefore, to develop a unitary theory of non-commutative system of SU(1,1) we need an infinite number of non-commutative systems, which means a kind of second non-commutativization. This is a very hard and interesting problem.

We develop a corresponding theory though it is not always enough, and present some challenging problems concerning how classical properties can be extended to the non-commutative case.

This paper is arranged for the convenience of readers as the first subsection is based on the standard model (SU(2) system) and the next one is based on the non-standard model (SU(1,1) system). This contrast may make the similarities and differences between the standard and non-standard models clearer.
PRE-MULTISYMPLECTIC CONSTRAINT ALGORITHM FOR FIELD THEORIES
Authors: DE LEÓN MANUEL , MARÍN-SOLANO JESÚS , MARRERO JUAN CARLOS , MUÑOZ-LECANDA MIGUEL C. , ROMÁN-ROY NARCISO
Published: October 2005

We present a geometric algorithm for obtaining consistent solutions to systems of partial differential equations, mainly arising from singular covariant first-order classical field theories. This algorithm gives an intrinsic description of all the constraint submanifolds.

The field equations are stated geometrically, either representing their solutions by integrable connections or, what is equivalent, by certain kinds of integrable m-vector fields. First, we consider the problem of finding connections or multivector fields solutions to the field equations in a general framework: a pre-multisymplectic fiber bundle (which will be identified with the first-order jet bundle and the multi-momentum bundle when Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field theories are considered). Then, the problem is stated and solved in a linear context, and a pointwise application of the results leads to the algorithm for the general case. In a second step, the integrability of the solutions is also studied.

Finally, the method is applied to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field theories and, for the former, the problem of finding holonomic solutions is also analyzed.
BRST-ANTIFIELD QUANTIZATION: A SHORT REVIEW
Authors: FUSTER ANDREA , HENNEAUX MARC , MAAS AXEL
Published: October 2005

Most of the known models describing the fundamental interactions have a gauge freedom. In the standard path integral, it is necessary to "fix the gauge" in order to avoid integrating over unphysical degrees of freedom. Gauge independence might then become a tricky issue, especially when the structure of the gauge symmetries is intricate. In the modern approach to this question, it is the BRST invariance that effectively implements the gauge invariance. This set of lectures briefly reviews some key ideas underlying the BRST-antifield formalism, which yields a systematic procedure to path-integrate any type of gauge system, while (usually) manifestly preserving space–time covariance. The quantized theory possesses a global invariance under the so-called BRST transformation, which is nilpotent of order two. The cohomology of the BRST differential is the central element that controls the physics. Its relationship with the observables is sketched and explained. How anomalies appear in the "quantum master equation" of the antifield formalism is also discussed. These notes are based on the lectures given by MH at the 10th Saalburg Summer School on Modern Theoretical Methods from the 30th of August to the 10th of September, 2004 in Wolfersdorf, Germany and were prepared by AF and AM. The exercises which were discussed at the school are also included.
REDUCTION OF LIE ALGEBROID STRUCTURES
Authors: CARIÑENA JOSÉ F. , NUNES DA COSTA JOANA M. , SANTOS PATRÍCIA
Published: October 2005

Based on the ideas of Marsden–Ratiu, a reduction method for Lie algebroids is developed in such a way that the canonical projection onto the reduced Lie algebroid is a homomorphism of Lie algebroids. A relation between Poisson reduction and Lie algebroid reduction is established. Reduction of Lie algebroids with symmetry is also studied using this method.
A RELATION BETWEEN THE ZEROS OF TWO DIFFERENT L-FUNCTIONS WHICH HAVE AN EULER PRODUCT AND FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
Authors: SUZUKI MASATOSHI
Published: October 2005

As automorphic L-functions or Artin L-functions, several classes of L-functions have Euler products and functional equations. In this paper we study the zeros of L-functions which have Euler products and functional equations. We show that there exists a relation between the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and the zeros of such L-functions. As a special case of our results, we find relations between the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and the zeros of automorphic L-functions attached to elliptic modular forms or the zeros of Rankin–Selberg L-functions attached to two elliptic modular forms.
CARDIAC REGENERATION: Repopulating the Heart
Authors: Rubart Michael , Field Loren J.
Published: October 2005

▪ Abstract  Many forms of pediatric and adult heart disease result from a deficiency in cardiomyocyte number. Through repopulation of the heart with new cardiomyocytes (that is, induction of regenerative cardiac growth), cardiac disease potentially can be reversed, provided that the newly formed myocytes structurally and functionally integrate in the preexisting myocardium. A number of approaches have been utilized to effect regenerative growth of the myocardium in experimental animals. These include interventions aimed at enhancing the ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate in response to cardiac injury, as well as transplantation of cardiomyocytes or myogenic stem cells into diseased hearts. Here we review efforts to induce myocardial regeneration. We also provide a critical review of techniques currently used to assess cardiac regeneration and functional integration of de novo cardiomyocytes.
Increasing donor age adversely impacts beneficial effects of bone marrow but not smooth muscle myocardial cell therapy
Authors: Zhang Hao , Fazel Shafie , Tian Hai , Mickle Donald A. G. , Weisel Richard D. , Fujii Takeshiro , Li Ren-Ke
Published: October 2005

We evaluated the impact of donor age on the efficacy of myocardial cellular therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Characteristics of smooth muscle cells (SMC), bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), and skeletal muscle cells (SKMCs) from young, adult, and old rats were compared in vitro. Three weeks after coronary ligation, 3.5 million SMCs ( n = 11) or MSCs ( n = 9) from old syngenic rats or culture medium ( n = 6) were injected into the ischemic region. Five weeks after implantation, cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and the Langendorff apparatus. In the in vitro study, the numbers and proliferation of MSCs from fresh bone marrow and SKMCs from fresh tissue but not SMCs were markedly diminished in old animals ( P < 0.05 both groups). SKMCs from old animals did not reach confluence. After treatment with 5-azacytidine (azacitidine), the myogenic potential of old MSCs was decreased compared with young MSCs. In the in vivo study, both SMC and MSC transplantation induced significant angiogenesis compared with media injections ( P < 0.05 both groups). Transplantation of SMCs but not MSCs prevented scar thinning ( P = 0.03) and improved ejection fraction and fractional shortening ( P < 0.05). Load-independent indices of cardiac function in a Langendorff preparation confirmed improved function in the aged SMC group ( P = 0.01) but not in the MSC group compared with the control group. In conclusion, donor age adversely impacts the efficacy of cellular therapy for myocardial regeneration and is cell-type dependent. SMCs from old donors retain their ability to improve cardiac function after implantation into ischemic myocardium.
Ex vivo electroporation as a potent new strategy for nonviral gene transfer into autologous vein grafts
Authors: Yamaoka Terutoshi , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Komori Kimihiro , Baba Hiromitsu , Matsumoto Takuya , Onohara Toshihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: October 2005

Gene transfer to vein grafts has therapeutic potential to prevent late graft failure; however, certain issues, including efficacy and safety, have hindered the clinical application of this treatment modality. Here, we report the successful and efficient gene transfer of plasmid DNA via ex vivo electroporation into veins as well as into vein grafts. Two approaches were used: one involved transluminal in situ gene transfer using a T-shaped electrode (the “Lu” method), and the other was an adventitial ex vivo approach using an electroporation cuvette followed by vein grafting (the “Ad” method). The Lu method was carried out at 10 V, with optimal gene transfer efficiency in the in situ jugular veins of rabbits, and transgene expression was observed primarily in endothelial cells. However, when these veins were grafted into the arterial circulation, no luciferase activity was detected; this effect was probably due to the elimination of the gene-transferred cells as a result of endothelial denudation. In contrast, optimal and satisfactory gene transfer was obtained with the vein grafts subjected to the Ad method at 30 V, and transgene expression was seen primarily in adventitial fibroblasts. Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase cDNA to the vein graft via the Ad method successfully limited the extent of intimal hyperplasia, even under hyperlipidemic conditions, at 4 wk after grafting. We thus propose that the Ad method via ex vivo electroporation may provide a novel, safe, and clinically available technique for nonviral gene transfer to sufficiently prevent late graft failure.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme regulates bradykinin receptor gene expression
Authors: Ignjacev-Lazich Ivana , Kintsurashvili Ekaterina , Johns Conrado , Vitseva Olga , Duka Arvi , Shenouda Sherene , Gavras Irene , Gavras Haralambos
Published: October 2005

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a membrane-bound peptidyl dipeptidase known to act on a variety of peptide substrates in the extracellular space. Its most notable functions are the formation of angiotensin II and the degradation of bradykinin. In the current experiments, we found that exogenous ACE added to vascular smooth muscle cell culture strongly induces and upregulates the genes of bradykinin receptors B1and B2. This transcriptional regulatory property of ACE was shown to be unrelated to its known enzymatic properties. Indeed, ACE at 3.75 μg/ml added in the culture medium of vascular smooth muscle cells was found to cause marked upregulation of the mRNA expression of the genes for the B1and B2receptors of bradykinin by 22- and 11-fold, respectively. This phenomenon was not altered by the addition of specific angiotensin II antagonists for the AT1or AT2receptors. Moreover, the ACE inhibitor captopril, which inhibited ACE enzymatic activity, did not block its effect at the bradykinin receptor gene transcription level. Expression of both receptor genes was completely abolished by actinomycin D. Furthermore, transcriptional upregulation was inhibited by curcumin, suggesting involvement of different transcriptional factors in this phenomenon. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed increase in NF-κB and activator protein-1 protein binding for consensus sequences, between ACE-treated cells versus untreated cells. The data indicate a novel biological function of the ACE unrelated to its well-known enzymatic function as a peptidyl dipeptidase.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester possesses potent cardioprotective effects in a rabbit model of acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Tan Jiangning , Ma Zhizhong , Han Ling , Du Ruyu , Zhao Liming , Wei Xing , Hou Dongming , Johnstone Brian H. , Farlow Martin R. , Du Yansheng
Published: October 2005

Although great achievements have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms contributing to acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, an effective pharmacological therapy to protect cardiac tissues from serious damage associated with acute myocardial infarction, coronary arterial bypass grafting surgery, or acute coronary syndromes has not been developed. We examined the in vivo cardioprotective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural product with potent anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. CAPE was systemically delivered to rabbits either 60 min before or 30 min after surgically inducing I/R injury. Infarct dimensions in the area at risk were reduced by >2-fold ( P < 0.01) with CAPE treatment at either period. Accordingly, serum levels of normally cytosolic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase (CK), MB isoenzyme of CK, and cardiac-specific troponin I were markedly reduced in both CAPE treatment groups ( P < 0.05) compared with the vehicle-treated control group. CAPE-treated tissues displayed significantly less cell death ( P < 0.05), which was in part due to inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and reduced DNA fragmentation often associated with caspase 3 activation ( P < 0.05). In addition, CAPE directly blocked calcium-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Finally, the levels of inflammatory proteins IL-1β and TNF-α expressed in the area at risk were significantly reduced with CAPE treatment ( P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that CAPE has potent cardioprotective effects against I/R injury, which are mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of inflammatory and cell death responses. Importantly, protection is conferred when CAPE is systemically administered after the onset of ischemia, thus demonstrating potential efficacy in the clinical scenario.
Renal medullary tissue oxygenation is dependent on both cortical and medullary blood flow
Authors: O'Connor Paul M. , Kett Michelle M. , Anderson Warwick P. , Evans Roger G.
Published: October 2005

The aim of the current study was to determine whether renal medullary oxygenation is independent of the level of cortical blood flow by testing responses to stimuli that selectively reduce blood flow in either the cortex or medulla. In anesthetized rabbits, renal arterial infusion of [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]-vasopressin selectively reduced medullary perfusion and Po2 (−54 ± 24 and −50 ± 10%, respectively) but did not significantly affect cortical perfusion or tissue oxygenation. In contrast, stimulation of the renal nerves resulted in renal cortical ischemia with reductions in total renal blood flow (−76 ± 3% at 4 Hz), cortical perfusion (−57 ± 17%), and cortical Po2 (−44 ± 12%). Medullary tissue Po2 was reduced by −70 ± 5% at 4 Hz, despite medullary perfusion being unaffected and distal tubular sodium reabsorption being reduced (by −83.3 ± 1.2% from baseline). In anesthetized rats, in which renal perfusion pressure was maintained with an aortic constrictor, intravenous infusion of ANG II (0.5–5 μg·kg−1·min−1) dose dependently reduced cortical perfusion (up to −65 ± 3%; P < 0.001) and cortical Po2 (up to −57 ± 4%; P < 0.05). However, medullary perfusion was only significantly reduced at the highest dose (5 μg·kg−1·min−1; by 29 ± 6%). Medullary perfusion was not reduced by 1 μg·kg−1·min−1 ANG II, but medullary Po2 was significantly reduced (−12 ± 4%). Thus, although cortical and medullary blood flow may be independently regulated, medullary oxygenation may be compromised during moderate to severe cortical ischemia even when medullary blood flow is maintained.
Suboptimal feedback control of TCP flows in computer network using random early discard (RED) mechanism
Authors: Ahmed N. U. , Li Cheng
Published: October 2005

We consider a dynamic model that simulates the interaction of TCP
sources with active queue management system (AQM). We propose a
modified version of an earlier dynamic model called RED. This is
governed by a system of stochastic differential equations driven
by a doubly stochastic point process with intensity as the
control. The feedback control law proposed observes the router
(queue) status and controls the intensity by sending congestion
signals (warnings) to the sources for adjustment of their
transmission rates. The (feedback) control laws used are of
polynomial type (including linear) with adjustable coefficients.
They are optimized by use of genetic algorithm (GA) and random
recursive search (RRS) technique. The numerical results
demonstrate that the proposed model and the method can improve the
system performance significantly.
Collaborative power management in WPANs using rational controllers: a case study
Authors: Flinn J. , Kabamba P. T. , Lin W.-C. , Meerkov S. M. , Tang C. Y.
Published: October 2005

This paper addresses the issue of battery power conservation in
wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Specifically, we consider
a WPAN, which contains a processor and a disk drive, and develop a
collaborative power management technique, which minimizes the
total WPAN power consumption. Our approach is based on the theory
of rational behavior, which leads to a collaborative architecture
where devices in the WPAN are equipped with cooperating rational
controllers (RCs). Using, as an example, the Intel 80200 XScale
processor and the Hitachi 1 GB microdrive, we show that
collaborative power management using RCs offers substantial power
saving compared to selfish operation, where each device attempts
to minimize only its own power consumption.
The investigation of the transient regimes in the nonlinear systems by the generalized classical method
Authors: Abbasov T. , Bahadir A. R.
Published: October 2005

This paper presents the use of the generalized classical method
(GCM) for solving linear and nonlinear differential equations.
This method is based on the differential transformation (DT)
technique. In the GCM, the solution of the nonlinear transient
regimes in the physical processes can be written as a functional
series with unknown coefficients. The series can be chosen to
satisfy the initial and boundary conditions which represent
the properties of the physical process. The unknown coefficients
of the series are determined from the differential transformation
of the nonlinear differential equation of the system. Therefore,
the approximate solution of the nonlinear differential equation
can be obtained as a closed‐form series.

The validity and efficiency of the GCM is shown using some
transient regime problems in the electromechanics processes. The
numerical results obtained by the present method are compared with
the analytical solutions of the equations. It is shown that the
results are found to be in good agreement with each other.
B‐spline collocation methods for numerical solutions of the Burgers′ equation
Authors: Dağ İdris , Irk Dursun , Şahin Ali
Published: October 2005

Both time‐ and space‐splitted Burgers′ equations are solved
numerically. Cubic B‐spline collocation method is applied to the
time‐splitted Burgers′ equation. Quadratic B‐spline collocation
method is used to get numerical solution of the space‐splitted
Burgers′ equation. The results of both schemes are compared for
some test problems.
A note on start‐up, plane Couette flow involving second‐grade fluids
Authors: Jordan P. M.
Published: October 2005

We point out and correct several errors that appear in a recently
published paper on transient flows of second‐grade fluids.
Solution of nonlinear Volterra‐Hammerstein integral equations via single‐term Walsh series method
Authors: Sepehrian B. , Razzaghi M.
Published: October 2005

Single‐term Walsh series are developed to approximate the
solutions of nonlinear Volterra‐Hammerstein integral
equations. Properties of single‐term Walsh series are presented
and are utilized to reduce the computation of integral
equations to some algebraic equations. The method is
computationally attractive, and applications are demonstrated
through illustrative examples.
Heat transfer analysis on rotating flow of a second‐grade fluid past a porous plate with variable suction
Authors: Hayat T. , Abbas Zaheer , Asghar S.
Published: October 2005

We deal with the study of momentum and heat transfer
characteristics in a second‐grade rotating flow past a porous
plate. The analysis is performed when the suction velocity normal
to the plate, as well as the external flow velocity, varies
periodically with time. The plate is assumed at a higher
temperature than the fluid. Analytic solutions for velocity, skin
friction, and temperature are derived. The effects of various
parameters of physical interest on the velocity, skin friction,
and temperature are shown and discussed in detail.
Three‐dimensional wave polynomials
Authors: Maciąg Artur
Published: October 2005

We demonstrate a specific power series expansion technique to
solve the three‐dimensional homogeneous and
inhomogeneous wave equations. As solving functions, so‐called wave
polynomials are used. The presented method is useful for a finite
body of certain shape. Recurrent formulas to improve efficiency
are obtained for the wave polynomials and their derivatives in a
Cartesian, spherical, and cylindrical coordinate system. Formulas
for a particular solution of the inhomogeneous wave equation are
derived. The accuracy of the method is discussed and some typical
examples are shown.
Diversity of Gastric Carcinogenesis
Authors: Kaminishi Michio
Published: October 2005

Gastric cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence of this disease has been gradually decreasing. The diversity of gastric cancer is well known. However, the mechanism underlying this diversity is still unknown. We have performed experimental and clinical studies on gastric carcinogenesis. These results suggest that the variety in the type and extent of inflammation in the stomach, and the different response to inflammation are responsible for the diversity in gastric carcinogenesis. This concept is supported by clinical and experimental evidence that eradication of Helicobacter pylori diminishes the incidence of gastric cancer and that PPAR gamma ligand, a modulator of inflammation and cell differentiation, prevents gastric carcinogenesis.
The Molecular Signature of Metastases of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Budhu Anuradha S. , Zipser Brian , Forgues Marshonna , Ye Qing-Hai , Sun Zongtang , Wang Xin W.
Published: October 2005

The current metastasis paradigm suggests that the primary tumor starts off benign but over time slowly acquires changes that provide a few rare cells within the tumor the ability to metastasize. However, this concept has been challenged by several recent studies using the microarray-based approach. We have recently found that the molecular signature of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very similar to that of their corresponding metastases, while it differs significantly in primary HCCs with or without metastasis. Similar findings are also evident in primary cancers of the lung, breast, and prostate. Such a signature can be used to predict the prognosis of HCC patients. Moreover, there are significant differences in the gene expression profiles of liver parenchyma among HCC patients with or without intrahepatic metastases. These findings imply that many of the metastasis-promoting genes are embedded in the primary tumors and that the ability to metastasize may be an inherent quality of the tumor from the beginning. In addition, the condition of liver parenchyma may dictate the intrahepatic metastasis potential, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the degree of viral-hepatitis-mediated liver damage or possibly the genetic makeup of individuals may play an important role in metastasis.
Mechanisms for the Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer: The Role of Prostaglandin E2
Authors: Backlund Michael G. , Mann Jason R. , DuBois Raymond N.
Published: October 2005

Carcinoma of the colon or rectum represents one of the most common malignancies worldwide with a higher prevalence in industrialized regions. Epidemiologic studies of individuals taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown a significant reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality compared to those individuals not receiving these agents. NSAIDs inhibit the enzymatic activity of both isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), while COX-2-selective inhibitors have shown some efficacy in reducing polyp formation. COX-2-derived bioactive lipids, including the primary prostaglandin (PG) generated in colorectal tumors, PGE2, are known to stimulate cell migration, proliferation and tumor-associated neovascularization while inhibiting cell death. Here we briefly review the role of NSAIDs in preventing CRC, as well as the proposed mechanism by which a COX-2-derived PG, PGE2, promotes colon cancer.
Review of the Innate Immune Response in Acne vulgaris: Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Acne Triggers Inflammatory Cytokine Responses
Authors: Kim Jenny
Published: October 2005

Acne vulgaris is a common disorder that affects 40–50 million people in the USA alone. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial, including hormonal, microbiological and immunological mechanisms. One of the factors that contributes to the pathogenesis of acne is Propionibacterium acnes; yet, the molecular mechanism by which P. acnes induces inflammation is not known. Recent studies have demonstrated that microbial agents trigger cytokine responses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns conserved among microorganisms and elicit immune responses. We investigated whether TLR2 mediates P. acnes-induced cytokine production in acne. Using transfectant cells we found that TLR2 was sufficient for NF-ĸB activation in response to P. acnes. In addition, peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, TLR6 knockout and TLR1 knockout mice, but not TLR2 knockout mice, produced IL-6 in response to P. acnes.P. acnes induced activation of IL-12 and IL-8 production by primary human monocytes, and this cytokine production was inhibited by anti-TLR2-blocking antibody. Finally, in acne lesions, TLR2 was expressed on the cell surface of macrophages surrounding pilosebaceous follicles. These data suggest that P. acnes triggers inflammatory cytokine responses in acne by activation of TLR2. As such, TLR2 may provide a novel target for the treatment of this common skin disease.
Neuroendocrine System of the Skin
Authors: Slominski Andrzej
Published: October 2005

Evidence is accumulating that the skin can serve as a peripheral neuroendocrine organ. The skin neuroendocrine activities are predominantly independent of regulation from the central level (which controls classical hormone secretion) but are rather regulated by local cutaneous factors. These endocrine factors would represent an exquisite regulatory layer addressed at restricting maximally the effect of noxious agents in the skin to preserve local and consequently global homeostasis.
Cutaneous Adverse Events of Biological Therapy for Psoriasis: Review of the Literature
Authors: Thielen A.M. , Kuenzli S. , Saurat J.-H.
Published: October 2005

The use of biological agents is expanding worldwide as a new treatment alternative for chronic inflammatory diseases including more recently skin diseases, especially psoriasis. Although frequently observed, the knowledge about acute and chronic dermatological adverse events is limited, and potential pathogenic mechanisms still have to be identified. Exact diagnosis is required considering that dermatological adverse events raise a decisional challenge about potential treatment discontinuation. The object of this publication is to present an overview of the dermatological adverse events of these new treatment alternatives.
Erosive Pustular Dermatosis of the Scalp: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mastroianni A. , Cota C. , Ardigò M. , Minutilli E. , Berardesca E.
Published: October 2005

Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) is a rare entity characterized by pustular, erosive and crusted lesions of the scalp with progressive scarring alopecia. The aetiology is unknown, but predisposing factors have been reported such as trauma, skin grafting, prolonged exposure to UV light of a bald scalp as well as co-existence of auto-immune diseases. Laboratory data, bacteriological and mycological investigations and histopathology are generally not diagnostic. A 45-year-old Caucasian man with 1-year-old pustular, erosive and crusted lesions on his bald scalp was seen. Laboratory data, including auto-immunity, bacteriological and mycological investigations were negative. Histopathology was not diagnostic showing a diffuse polymorphous infiltrate involving the dermis. A diagnosis of EPDS was made. The patient was treated with topical and systemic antibiotics and steroids as well as oral nimesulide with no or partial response. Consequently, isotretinoin (0.75 mg/kg/day) was started obtaining complete resolution in few months. No relapse after 1 year of follow-up was seen. EPDS represents a distinct disease with a history of relapsing and unsatisfactory response to common treatments. Systemic retinoids may be considered as a potentially resolutive choice.
Localized Unilateral Hyperhidrosis and Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Case Report of a New Association
Authors: Bulbul Baskan Emel , Karli Necdet , Baykara Mehmet , Çikman Semra , Tunali Şükran
Published: October 2005

Localized unilateral hyperhidrosis (LUH) is an uncommon but well-defined special form of localized hyperhidrosis with diverse causes. It often occurs within a sharply demarcated area on the face or upper extremities. Here, we report a case of LUH in a 16-year-old male with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and review related data in the literature. The association of this rare entity and NF1 has not yet been described. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin A injection provided a good clinical response with symptomatic relief.
Intracranial Navigation Using a Novel Device for Endoscope Fixation and Targeting: Technical Innovation
Authors: Selden Nathan R. , Durham Susan R. , Anderson Gregory J. , Braner Dana A.V.
Published: October 2005

Intracranial endoscopy involves point-to-point navigation: first, in the introduction of the endoscope into a cerebrospinal fluid-containing space and, second, in the identification of a target structure. We report testing and preliminary clinical use of a device for the direct cranial fixation and point-to-point neuronavigation of a rigid ventricular endoscope. An 18-month-old female child presented with rapidly progressive macrocephaly, developmental delay and left hemiparesis. Neuroimaging revealed a large suprasellar cyst and obstructive hydrocephalus. We adapted a ball-stem device with an endoscopic working channel for direct cranial fixation over a burr hole. This device was successfully used in conjunction with MR-based neuronavigation to fenestrate the cyst. Seven months after the operation her developmental delay, macrocephaly and hemiparesis resolved. This device may be particularly effective in cases of small ventricles, ambiguous intra-ventricular landmarks, and in children too young for head-holder immobilization.
Anterior Sacral Meningocele: Excision by the Abdominal Approach
Authors: Tuzun Yusuf , Izci Yusuf , Polat Kamil Yalçın
Published: October 2005

Anterior sacral meningocele is a unilocular or multilocular extension of the dura mater and arachnoid out of the sacral spinal canal into the retroperitoneal and infraperitoneal space. It contains CSF, which in some of the reported cases has been discolored (slightly yellow), and has had an elevated protein content. Surgery with sacral laminectomy and surgery by the transabdominal approach are the treatment options for this malformation. We report a case of a 16-year-old female patient having a large anterior sacral meningocele. She underwent surgical treatment by the abdominal approach, and the meningocele sac was excised. We presented the clinical and radiological features of our patient and discussed them with reference to the literature.
Asymptomatic Syringomyelia in the Course of Medulloblastoma
Authors: Hamlat Abderrahmane , Le Strat Anne , Boisselier Pierre , Brassier Gilles , Carsin-Nicol Beatrice
Published: October 2005

Syringomyelia is frequently associated with Chiari malformation or one of many otherpathological conditions. Its co-occurrence with medulloblastoma is rare, and to our knowledge, only 4 patients have been reported, although some reports have documented on syringomyelia associated with intracranial processes or intramedullary tumor. The authors describe an unusual case of asymptomatic thoracic syringomyelia complicated by an intrasyringal hemorrhage in a child with medulloblastoma. This report illustrates that, although unusual, syringomyelia is a potential complication in the natural history of medulloblastoma, and the authors consider the possible pathogenesis of syrinx enlargement.
Temporary Anterior Cervical Plating in a Child with Traumatic Cervical Ligamentous Instability
Authors: Özer Ercan , Yücesoy Kemal , Kalemci Orhan
Published: October 2005

Application of anterior cervical plates in children is problematic because of the growing spine, and thus has been reported only rarely in the medical literature. In this case report, a 7-year-old with traumatic C2–3 and C3–4 ligamentous instability was treated surgically by limited-duration anterior cervical plating. The plate was removed in a second operation, as the osseous union occurred 1 year after the primary operation. Limited-duration anterior cervical plating is an alternative for stabilization operations of the growing cervical spine in children.
Surfactant Proteins in Innate Host Defense of the Lung
Authors: Whitsett Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2005

Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) are members of the collectin family of host defense proteins that are expressed in epithelial cells lining the lung. SP-A and SP-D interact with surfactant lipids in complex ways to determine the structure of tubular myelin, and the ratio of surfactant subfractions that, in turn, influences surfactant uptake and metabolism, respectively. SP-A and SP-D play critical roles in host defense of the lung against diverse viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. The collectins bind to the surfaces of microbes via carbohydrate-dependent interaction, aggregating, opsonizing, and enhancing clearance of the organisms by alveolar macrophages in the lung. Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D play dual roles in pulmonary homeostasis, determining the structure of alveolar lipids and mediating the innate host defense system of the lung.
IGF-1 and Retinopathy of Prematurity in the Preterm Infant
Authors: Smith Lois E.H.
Published: October 2005

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be a major cause of blindness in children. Although ablation of the retina reduces the incidence of blindness by suppressing the neovascular phase of ROP, the visual outcomes after treatment are often poor. Preventive therapy is required and will likely come from a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Objectives: To study the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both the proliferative phase of ROP (phase II) and in the early phase when blood vessels are lost. Methods: Using both a mouse model of ROP and clinical studies the relationship between IGF-1, VEGF and both vessel loss and vessels proliferation in the retina was studied. Results: IGF-1 is required for maximum VEGF activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation and survival pathways. IGF-1 levels are deficient after premature birth, setting the stage for retinal vascular loss and ROP. Conclusions: Restoration of IGF-1 to levels found in utero may help prevent ROP.
‘Straightening-Reinforcing’ Technique for Congenital Curvature and Peyronie’s Disease
Authors: Mantovani Franco , Patelli Emilio , Castelnuovo Chiara , Nicola Massimiliano
Published: October 2005

Objectives: We report an initial randomised study on surgical techniques with subsequent intensive application of our procedure. Materials and Methods: We modified Ebbehoj-Metz technique by a ‘straightening-reinforcing’ (S-R) double stitch: the first performs the plication, the second tightens it, thus preventing tension during erection. This is different to the simple Ebbehoj-Metz stitch that only provides plication but, as it does not provide reinforcement, does not prevent recurrence. From 1995 to 2000 78 plications were performed: 60 for congenital curvatures (age range 18–32 years) and 18 for Peyronie’s disease (PD; age range 36–58 years). During the first 3 years, i.e. between 1995 and 1998, patients were randomised to S-R plication (20 congenital and 5 PD) and Nesbit procedure (20 congenital and 5 PD), for a total number of 50 patients (40 congenital and 10 PD). The last 28 patients, operated between 1998 and 2000, were assigned exclusively to S-R plication. We delayed study publication in favour of an adequate follow-up. Results: No patient reported a decrease in erectile function and all reported easy vaginal penetration within 3 months. In 60% of the patients undergoing the Nesbit technique, restoration of a fully satisfactory coital activity was delayed because of pain during erection; 35% of all patients had some problems with the coronal suture which disappeared 1 month after the operation, and 15% reported decreased sensibility of the glans. Recurrence rate was not significant for all patients of all groups, even if 3 PD patients of the S-R plication group and 1 PD patient of the Nesbit group received no benefit from the operation. Conclusion: S-R plication is not better than the Nesbit procedure. However, for low degrees of penile bending, both congenital and acquired, we do not think it strictly necessary to perform the more invasive Nesbit operation (requiring opening of Buck’s fascia, detachment of the neurovascular dorsal bundle or urethra and albuginea excision). Modified plication may be a minimally invasive and effective treatment suitable for most curvatures treated in day clinics and under local anaesthesia.
Prostate Biopsy Outcome Using 29 mm Cutting Length
Authors: Fink K.G. , Hutarew G. , Pytel A. , Schmeller N.T.
Published: October 2005

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the prostate biopsy outcome by using either standard or extended cutting length of the needles. Material and Methods: A total of 74 consecutive prostates from radical prostatectomy were used. Two sextant biopsies were performed ex vivo. We developed a precise simulation of a transrectal biopsy procedure using ultrasound for guiding the needle. In the first set of biopsies an 18-gauge tru cut needle with 19 mm cutting length, powered by a automatic biopsy gun was used. In the second set a single use gun with an 18-gauge end-cutting needle and 29 mm cutting length was used. Results: In the set of sextant biopsies using 19 mm cutting length 49 (66%) carcinomas were found. In the set of sextant biopsies using 29 mm cutting length 58 (78%) of the tumors were detected. 24 (32%) prostates showed tumor in the transition zones, but there was no transition-zone-only cancer in this study. Nevertheless taking longer cores led to an improvement in prostate cancer detection of 18%. Conclusions: In this ex vivo settingthe use of 29 mm cutting length for prostate biopsy led to an significant improvement in cancer detection. As we found the end-cutting needle not suitable for use in the patient, these results support the idea to develop a longer tru cut needle and corresponding gun for further clinical investigations.
Testicular Biopsy during Orchidopexy Procedure: Does It Have an Adverse Effect on Fertility?
Authors: İskit Serdar H. , Tuğtepe Halil , Tugay Melih , Kıyan Gürsu , Kotiloğlu Esin , Dağlı Tolga E.
Published: October 2005

Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the gonadal biopsy procedure on fertility and histology of the experimentally created undescended testis. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar-Albino rat litters were divided into three groups. In the first two groups, undescended testes were obtained by dividing the right gubernaculum in the first 48 h and the third group constituted the sham group. When the rats were 30 days old, orchidopexy was performed in the first group (O), whereas orchidopexy and testicular biopsy were performed in the second group (OB). After the fertility study all rats were sacrificed at week 11 and testicular weights, mean seminiferous tubular diameters (MSTD) and mean testicular biopsy scores (MTBS) were measured. Results:One testis in the O group and three testes in the OB group were atrophied and these rats were excluded from the study. Testicular weights, MSTD and MTBS values of the operated side in the O and OB groups were lower than those in the sham group. There was a statistically significant difference between the MSTD values of the ipsilateral testes in the OB group and sham group (p < 0.05). MTBS values of the ipsilateral testes in the O and OB groups were <8. There was no difference in all parameters in the contralateral testes between all groups (p > 0.05). All the evaluated rats were fertile. While there was no difference in number of fetuses and fertility scores between the O and OB group, however, the differences were significant between each of these groups and the sham group (p < 0.05). Conclusion:Testicular biopsy in the unilateral undescended testis model results in limited histological changes without affecting the fertility.
Does Lidocaine Ointment Addition Increase Fluoxetine Efficacy in the Same Group of Patients with Premature Ejaculation?
Authors: Metin Ahmet , Kayıgil Önder , Ahmed S.İftekhar
Published: October 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of fluoxetine alone and fluoxetine + lidocaine ointment in the same patient group with premature ejaculation (PE). Material and Methods: 78 patients with PE were given 20 mg fluoxetine by an ‘as-needed treatment’ 4 h before planned sexual activity for a period of 3 months. They were then told to add local lidocaine ointment to fluoxetine 30 min before sexual activity for an additional 3 months for most of their sexual attempts. They were asked to note their PE grades and intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) scores by stopwatch technique before and after each treatment modality; the results were compared statistically afterwards. Results: Of 46 patients who completed the study, the mean pretreatment, fluoxetine alone and fluoxetine + lidocaine ointment treatment PE grades and IELT scores were found to be 6.52 ± 1.42 and 2.58 ± 0.49, 3.21 ± 1.86 and 1.28 ± 0.71, 2.17 ± 1.56 and 1.04 ± 0.72, respectively, showing a decrease in PE grades and IELT scores in combined therapy. On an individual patient basis, the total significant and moderate improvement rate of combined therapy was found to be 86.9%. Failure was observed in 6 (13.1%) patients. Conclusion: The effective treatment with fluoxetine + lidocaine ointment offers the advantage of an ‘as-needed treatment’ in PE with minimal side effects and can be used as one of the first-line alternatives in the treatment of PE.
Epididymoorchitis due to Brucellosis in Central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Yetkin Meltem Arzu , Erdinc Fatma Sebnem , Bulut Cemal , Tulek Necla
Published: October 2005

Brucellosis may involve many organs and tissues. Epididymoorchitis is a focal genitourinary complication of human brucellosis. In this study, we describe our experience with the diagnosis, treatment, and final outcomes of 17 patients with epididymoorchitis out of 186 male patients with brucellosis between March 1999 and December 2003. The rate of epididymoorchitisdue to brucellosiswas 9.1%. All subjects complained about swollen, painful testicles. The duration of their complaint varied between 1 week and 2 months. Both testis and epididymis were involved in 15 patients and 2 had bilateral involvement. The patients were treated with medical treatment and a complete resolution was achieved in all of them. Patients with Brucella infection occasionally manifest genitourinary complications. Clinicians, especially those serving in endemic areas or serving patients coming from endemic areas, should consider the likelihood of brucellosis as a cause of epididymoorchitis.
Morphological Responses of the Rabbit Testis to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury due to Torsion
Authors: Anim J.T. , Kehinde E.O. , Prasad Asa , Varghese R.
Published: October 2005

Objective: To investigate the morphological effects of free radical injury on spermatogenic cells in both testes of the rabbit experimental model of testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: The left testes of 8 peripubertal NZW rabbits (3–6 months) were subjected to 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min of ischemia by applying a clamp to the spermatic cord, followed by reperfusion. Another set of 8 rabbits was subjected to 60 min of ischemia and administered antioxidants (acetylsalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, allopurinol, quercetin, superoxide dismutase) before reperfusion. Both testes of 4 animals per group were harvested at 24 h and the remaining 4 at 3 months. Johnsen scores for spermatogenic activity and other changes were assessed histologically and these were compared with testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), a measure of free radical damage, assayed on testicular homogenates using the thiobarbiturate method. Results: In the 24-hour reperfusion group, apoptotic bodies and giant cells were more prominent in the seminiferous tubules of the left testes compared to the right, and were maximal after 90 min. In the 3-month reperfusion group, giant cells were absent, and apoptotic bodies were reduced in both testes. Testicular MDA showed an increase only in the left testes in the 24-hour reperfusion group, while the 3-month group showed increased MDA levels in both testes, but more on the left. The Johnsen score fell only to 8.0 in the left testes in the 24-hour reperfusion group, but dropped to 2.3 in the 3-month reperfusion group. Only in the 3-month reperfusion group, did antioxidant-treated animals show a fall in Johnsen scores in the left testes, regardless of the type of antioxidant. Conclusion: These findings confirm a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in damage to spermatogenic cells in both the ipsilateral and contralateral testes following torsion, with longer term effects in the torted testis. Currently available antioxidants do not provide any significant long-term protection against morphological damage to the testis by ROS generated in testicular torsion.
TAP 2 Gene Msp-I Polymorphism Might Be Associated with Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease
Authors: Huang Sheng-Hsien , Chen Rong-Hsing , Wan Lei , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Chen Wen-Chi
Published: October 2005

Introduction: Inflammation might be one of the causes of stone disease. The function of the transporter associated with antigen-processing protein (TAP) is related to immune response and inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between stone disease and 5 polymorphic sites of the TAP gene (TAP1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 2–3). Materials and Methods: We compared the frequencies of 5 polymorphisms in the TAP gene between 208 patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stone and 210 healthy controls. The polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis. Results: Significant differences in the frequency of the polymorphism at the TAP2-2 site were detected between normal individuals and calcium stone disease patients (p < 0.0001). The distribution of the genotype AA homozygote was higher in stone patients (33.3%) than in the control group (16.3%). The odds ratio for the A allele compared with the G allele was 2.097 (95% CI 1.571–2.802). Conclusions: We conclude that the TAP2-2 MspI polymorphism might be associated with calcium stone disease.