bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stressors and Coping Styles of the Collegiate Athletes of PUP
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Mallari Nicolas
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to determine the stressors and coping styles of the collegiate athletes of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The study was undertaken during the first semester, school year 2015-2016. Moreover, it attempted to establish significant difference in the stressors and coping styles of the respondents when they were grouped according to their personal dimensions. The descriptive survey method was used in the study. The Student Profile Checklist was employed to obtain personal profile of the respondents. Perceived Stressors Checklist which includes such variables as financial, physical, academic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental stressors and the Cope inventory were utilized to measure the stressors and coping styles of the athlete-respondents respectively. Statistical treatments such as weighted mean, one-way ANOvA, and t-test were employed in analyzing the data of the study. The participants were 90 collegiate-students of the university who were randomly selected from seven athletic events. Results showed that the athlete-respondents rated academic as well as environmental stressors as the sources of their stress. On the other hand, the athlete-respondents manage their stressors by using positive reinterpretation coping, religious coping, etc. There is a significant difference in the stressors of the respondents when they were grouped according to their personal dimensions. Likewise, the athlete-respondents differed in their coping styles when grouped according to gender, age, and family monthly income status.
Out of the Streets: Aided Self-Help Housing and Poverty Alleviation through the Townhomes Project of Taguig City
Authors:   Ateneo de Manila University, Caballero Kritzman
Published: January 2025

Poverty is a pervasive problem confronting the developing world. it is so
systemic that many types of government interventions have failed in addressing the phenomenon. Measuring poverty does not pertain to pure economics alone but rather it incorporates other dimensions of human reality as part and parcel of this debilitating human condition. it has restricted the potentialities of many individuals to pursue their ends and aspirations. The exponential growth of contemporary cities generates greater costs for people. Poor families from the rural areas migrate and often look for better opportunities in metropolitan areas where most of the resources are available. in the Philippines, most rural dwellers are heavily concentrated in Metro Manila. To lessen this, the government has provided the “Balik Probinsya” or Back to the Province Program, to lessen the overcrowding in cities. The research employed both the qualitative and quantitative method using the descriptive type of research. Using both methods provided the robustness and reliability of the data gathered. The research was intended to find out if a correlation exists between the participation of beneficiaries of the selected community and their self-rated poverty alleviation.
Primitive Accumulation in China: A Continuing Process
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Villar Paulo Benedicto
Published: January 2025

This paper utilizes Marx’s concept of primitive accumulation as a major
process influencing China’s historic, social and economic development. Coupling this is the idea that migration is as an integral part of this process (Standing, 1981:192). Migration from the rural to the urban is essentially validating the changes done by primitive accumulation in the countryside and inadvertently transforms the urban and rural landscape that has created poles of development in the eastern region of China. Historicizing the processes as well as looking into the factors that accelerate, decelerate, and hinder primitive accumulation and migration would better our understanding of Chinese development and its trajectories. These processes are then contextualized in the historic changes initiated in China in the late 1980’s that gradually affected their forces and relations of production and are situating a continuing process in the current times such as the Western Development Program enacted at the turn of the twentieth century that is still revolutionizing social relations in other regions of China. Generating from these points are observations for discussion and conclusions.
Culture Metaphor as a Discourse in Public Management: The Case of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sebastian Raul Roland
Published: January 2025

This research aimed to ascertain the organizational culture of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. Using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), the researcher profiled and assessed the current and the desired culture of the University. Moreover, the Competing Values Framework which is divided into four quadrants wherein each quadrant represents a particular culture type was used by the researcher to analyse the result of the OCAI. The four culture types are as follows; clan which exhibits collegiality and flexibility among members; hierarchy which has high regard to structure and control, both culture types are internally focused; adhocracy which promotes independence and flexibility; and market which focuses on the attainment of the organization’s goals and objectives. The last two culture types are externally focused. This framework provided the researcher an in-depth understanding on the underlying basic assumptions and competing value orientations in the
University. The result of the study shows that the dominant current and preferred culture type in the University is the clan culture. The result also suggests that there is no immediate need to change the current cultural values of the PUP community.
That Thing Called Love, And The Thing Called Fat
Authors: Subramanian Prerna
Published: January 2025

This paper discusses three spoken word poems which have narratives of people who talk of different realms, manifestations, and experiences of fat shaming. Fat-shaming has become an increasingly acknowledged world-wide issue due to the increased importance of media-represented thin bodies and the qualitative judgement that is passed on the same. Fat bodies are relegated to the margins and are excluded from dominant narratives or included through stereotyped, trivialised images. These poems are about identifying these bodies as fat and narrativizing their struggle to find a space in the arena of romantic and sexual relationships. The paper takes into account videos of performances as tools to understand politics of identity, and also analyse the medium of the performance along with the content. The paper discusses the genre of spoken-word poetry and its relation to identity and personal narratives, going on to analyse the poems distinctively through the lens of fat politics and identity, and spoken word.
Los delitos contra el medio ambiente
Authors: Silva Sánchez Jesús María , Montaner Fernández Raquel
Published: January 2025

Una de las consecuencias de la entrada en vigor de la Ley Orgánica 5/2010, de 22 de junio, es la modificación de la regulación de los delitos contra los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente. 
FIBRE QUALITIES OF BOLLS DEVELOPED UNDER DIFFERENT DAY AND NIGHT TEMPERATURES IN VARIOUS PAKISTANI COTTON VARIETIES AND MUTANT STRAINS
Authors: Bandesha A. A. , Aslam M. , Ishaque W. , Haq M. A.
Published: January 2025

Four commercial cotton varieties NIAB-78, B-557, SLH-41, MNH-93 and four advanced mutants strains N-82, L-21, L-25 and M-626 were used to study the effect of temperature on fibre quality during boll developing stage. The results showed that varieties differed significantly in all fibre quality parameters. There was significant increase in fibre length under medium temperature range while significant increase in fibre strength and highly significant increase in Micronaire values and maturity index under high temperature conditions. The medium temperature range (24.5 to 30.6ï‚°C) seemed to be ideal for cotton fibre development.
COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTION OF FUTURE POSITIONS IN TRAJECTORY TRACKING OF AN OBJECT BY DC DRIVES
Authors: Zia-ul-Haque Qazi S.M. , Jadoon N. R.
Published: January 2025

Trajectory tracking means to follow the path or trajectory of a moving object. Trajectory tracking finds application in various fields of war and peace. The location of the object can be represented by its rectangular as well as spherical coordinates. The system performing the task was a prototype model of an anti aircraft gun. To point the target by the gun we needed to track only the two spherical coordinates of its position i.e. the angle of azimuth and the vertical angle. To be in coherence with the object, the knowledge of future position was required in advance. However it was not possible to have this knowledge. Good estimates of the future positions could be made from the knowledge of motion so far of the object, thus a good estimation technique was required. The estimation techniques used here included conventional numerical techniques and modern adaptive filtering techniques as well. The paper is based only upon the results of estimation techniques applied. For discussion, only the results for the angle of azimuth are used in the paper. Conventional numerical techniques were found suitable when the object to be tracked moves with smaller degree of non-linearity in its motion and at the transients in terms of error magnitude but are poorer in terms of computing time and steady state error reduction. The adaptive filtering techniques on the other hand are poorer in transient error magnitude but are good in terms of computing time and steady state error reduction.
QUALITY ASSURANCE OF VARI-SOURCE HIGH DOSE RATE (HDR) BRACHYTHERAPY- REMOTE AFTER LOADER AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF VARI-SOURCE HDR- BRACHYTHERAPY: NORI, ISLAMABAD EXPERIENCE
Authors: Ahmad N. , Mahmood H. , Jafri S.R. A.
Published: January 2025

A quality control of Vari-Source high dose rate (HDR) remote after loading brachytherapy machine was carried out and the cost effectiveness of HDR brachytherapy machine was also evaluated considering the cost of ten Iridium-192 wire sources at Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, Pakistan. A total number of 253 intracavitary insertions were done in 98 patients from October 1996 to May 2001. The results of the quality control tests performed during 1996 to 2001 were within the acceptable limits. The cost effectiveness of Vari-Source HDR brachytherapy machine was also evaluated. The average cost per patient was calculated as US$ 491. Small number of patients was treated as the machine was used for gynecologic malignancies only. The objective was to assess the quality control status of HDR brachytherapy machine on patient treatment day, source exchange day and periodic day (monthly basis). It was found that the cost per patient can be minimized if other type of cancer patients are also treated on Vari-Source HDR machine.
DEVELOPMENT OF NON â€“DESTRUCIVE TESTING (NDT) TECHNOLOGY IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Khan Asghar Ali
Published: January 2025

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques are being extensively used to improve and maintain the quality of manufactured goods as well as for proper maintenance of industrial plants and equipment. Typical industries that benefit most include Aerospace, Chemical, Heavy Mechanical Fabrication, Conventional and Nuclear Power Generation, Automobiles, Oil and Gas, Shipbuilding, Foundries, and Armaments, etc. As the name implies, with these techniques an industrial product is inspected mostly for defects in its structure without destroying it. Among the most widely used NDT techniques for the detection of internal defects are Radiographic and Ultrasonic Testing. For surface and just below the surface defects Magnetic Particle Testing, Penetrant Testing and Eddy Current Testing are commonly used. In addition to these, there are some NDT methods which have specific applications. These include Acoustic Emission, Thermal and Infrared Testing, Microwave Testing, Computer Tomography, Strain Gauging, Leak Testing and Holography, etc. This paper describes various phases through which the development of NDT technology passed and its present state of the art. It started with the undertaking of a nuclear technology programme and has matured along with it. As it stands we are fully competent to undertake various essential activities related to this technology, namely, (i) Training and certification of NDT personnel at various levels. (ii) Provision of NDT services to various industrial sectors including nuclear power during manufacture, fabrication, pre-service inspection (PSI) and in-service inspection (ISI).
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN PROFICIENCY TEST EXERCISES
Authors: Waheed S. , Rahman A. , Siddique N. , Zaidi J. H. , Ahmad S.
Published: January 2025

Normalized performance for individual participating laboratories in a proficiency test exercise for the determination of radionuclides in mushroom reference material were assigned through three quality indicators. Relative bias, z- scores and u-test scores were calculated for the data on 134Cs, 137Cs and 40K submitted by laboratories representing six different countries. Data received for these radionuclides were statistically evaluated to obtain consensus mean values of 4.4 Bq/kg, 2899 Bq/kg and 1136 Bq/kg for 134Cs, 137Cs and 40K respectively at a confidence intervals (at a significance level of 0.05). The target values for the standard deviation (Ïƒ) calculated for this exercise are 18.9%, 6.9%, 9.9% for 134Cs, 137Cs and 40K, respectively, and have been assigned on the basis of the reproducibility standard deviation. Due to the small data sets for each radionuclide the limiting value for the u-test parameter was taken as 1.95 to determine if a result passes the test.
MEASUREMENT OF HAFNIUM AND ZIRCONIUM IN ZIRCONIUM ORES: OUTCOME OF A NATIONAL INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISE, ZH-A
Authors: Siddique N. , Waheed S. , Rahman A. , Ahmad S. , Qureshi I. H.
Published: January 2025

A case study is presented in this paper in which a Zirconium pilot plant was set up for the production of zirconium for the cladding of fuel rods. Hafnium occurs in combination with zirconium and is a neutron absorber. Therefore, its concentration has to be kept within tolerance limits and monitored throughout the production process. Five Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) laboratories using different techniques measured the concentrations of Zr and Hf with a wide range of results, i.e. more than three times the standard deviation. Therefore, a national intercomparison exercise, ZH-A was conducted to remove discrepancies and improve analytical procedures in the measurement of hafnium and zirconium in zirconium ores. The ZH-A series of reference samples, prepared at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), were used for this purpose. It was observed that the measurement errors decrease with an increase in Hf concentration (~298 ppm to 1.75%) for all techniques used in this exercise. This was especially significant for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Measurement errors for Hf using AAS are also the highest. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) was found to be the most reliable of all the tested techniques for the measurement of both Hf and Zr in zirconium ores due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.
REACTIVITIES OF SOME ALDOSES TOWARDS IODINE IN ALKALINE AQUEOUS MEDIUM
Authors: Azmat R. , Nizami S. S.
Published: January 2025

The kinetics studies of oxidation of some reducing sugars by aqueous alkaline solution of iodine investigated. Results demonstrated that iodine in the presence of alkali converted into hypoiodous acid which was effective oxidizing species. Reaction between iodine and sugars was slowest reaction. The rate of oxidation of sugars was affected by change in pH of the medium and maximum at pH 11.4 where the concentration of hypoiodous acid was maximum which oxidized the sugars into respective acids. The rate of oxidation followed first order kinetics with respect to substrate and obeyed zero order kinetics with that of iodine. Change in ionic strength of the medium showed no effect on the rate of oxidation indicating that reaction occured between molecular species and there was no ionic species present in the rate determining step. Reaction was affected by the change in temperature and value of energy of activation corresponding to glucose, galactose, D-mannose and L-arabinose were 10.16 kJ/mol, 12.17 kJ/mol, 14.00 kJ/mol and 20.22 kJ/mol respectively.
MINERAL DIETARY STATUS OF SOME EXISTING DOMESTIC WHEAT GENOTYPES
Authors: Imtiaz M. , Khan P. , Depar N. , Siddiqui S. H. , Memon M. Y. , Aslam M. , Shah K. H. , Naqvi M. H. , Babar H.
Published: January 2025

Mineral elements like Cu, Fe and Zn are very crucial for human health and play a key role in various biochemical processes. The daily dietary requirement of a young adult ranges from 10-60 mg for Fe, 2-3 mg for Cu and 15 mg per day for Zn. Intake less than these values can slower physiological processes. The information on the reserves of these elements in staple foods like wheat is scarce. The present study was undertaken to collect such information for wheat and 78 genotypes were analyzed for these nutrients. The results revealed that Zn concentration in seed ranged between 30.4 to 55.5 Î¼g g-1 in 31 genotypes, from 21.08 to 29.8 in 37 genotype and from 12.72 to 19.08 in 10 genotypes. Of the different genotypes, 38 were recorded as poor in Zn and ranged from 0.41 to 1.06 Î¼g Zn/seed. Rests of the genotypes were either medium or rich in Zn. Considerable variations in Fe and Cu concentrations were also observed in seed of different genotypes. Iron concentration ranged from 13.03 to 52.43 Î¼g g-1 while Cu concentration averaged between 2.66 and 6.10 Î¼g g-1.
ANALYTIC SOLUTION FOR PIPE FLOW OF AN OLDROYD 8-CONSTANT FLUID
Authors: Sajid M.
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the pipe flow of an Oldroyd 8-constant fluid. The governing nonlinear equations are first modelled and then solved analytically by utilizing homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the developed series solution is established. The influence of the important parameters of interest is seen on velocity.
MODIFICATION OF THE NDOSEQ CODE IN THE LIGHT OF ICRP-60 RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Ashfaq A. , Ullah Mati , Ullah Mati
Published: January 2025

After the availability of additional data, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised the Quality Factors for neutrons and instead has recommended radiation weighting factors (WR) in their Report No. ICRP-60. These recommendations have serious consequences for many operational neutron dosimetry services. The ICRP-60 recommendations include the reduction in dose limits from 50 mSv to 20 mSv per year, change in the quality factors and the dose estimation in some circumstances down to a few mSv per year. The overall effect of the ICRP-60 recommendations is to reduce the detection threshold in order to account for the reduction in the effective equivalent dose. We have studied the impact of ICRP-60 recommendations on the response of CR-39 based fast neutron dosimeter and have modified the computer code NDOSEQ in the light of ICRP 60 recommendations. The NDOSEQ Code simulates the dose equivalent response of the electrochemically etched CR-39 detector to fast neutron in the energy range of 70 keV to 20 MeV for up to five hydrogenous front radiators.
KINETIC AND ACTIVATION PARAMETERS FOR THE REDUCTION OF DIPHENYLBENZIDINE WITH ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Perveen Abida , Naqvi I. I.
Published: January 2025

In order to get an insight into the activation parameters, rate of the reaction between ascorbic acid (ASC) and diphenylbenzidine (DPBD) was studied. The reactants were mixed in four different ratios (1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25) and the rate was determined at temperatures of 15oC, 20oC, 25oC and 30oC by measuring absorbance of the violet solution (DPBD) at ï¬max = 570 nm. Diphenylbenzidine (DPBD) was prepared by mixing diphenylamine and cerium (IV) sulfate tetrahydrate solutions in a ratio of 1:2. The pseudo first order rate constants, kobs , thus obtained was used to calculate the second order rate constant, kÂ´ = kobs / [DPBD] . The activation energy of the reaction was determined using Arrhenius equation and was found to be 30.00 Â± 0.56 kJ mol-1. Other activation parameters, Î”Sâ‰  and Î”Hâ‰ , were calculated from the slope and intercept of Eyring equation obtained from a plot of ln (kÂ´/T) against inverse temperature, (1/T). Entropy of activation Î”Sâ‰  has been found to be â€“ 99Â±0.05 J mol-1 K-1 and that Î”Hâ‰  was 28.00Â±0.34 kJ mol-1.
REACTIONS INDUCED BY ANTIPROTONS â€“ A REVIEW
Authors: Rana M. A. , Shahzad M. I. , Manzoor S. , Sher G.
Published: January 2025

Antiproton interactions with target atoms, its annihilation with a proton or a neutron inside nuclei and decays of excited nuclei formed after antiproton annihilation in them are reviewed here briefly, but comprehensively. Various models describing interactions of antiprotons with matter are examined carefully. Experimental data of antiproton annihilation cross section with nucleons (protons and neutrons), pion emission following annihilation and their interaction with the nucleus, excitation energy of the nucleus and light particle emission for nuclei from 12C to 238U is compiled from the literature and analyzed. Moreover, data sets about antiproton-induced fission of nuclei from 209Bi to 238U and heavy quark pair production are also reviewed. Use of antiprotons for bioapplications is discussed. Results reviewed here make a picture of antiproton annihilation in target nuclei including essential details.
EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY LEVELS ON LIFE PARAMETERS OF MICROTERMES UNICOLOR SNYDER (ISOPTERA: TERMITIDAE) FOR COLONY FORMATION UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Sattar A. , Salihah Z. , Naeem R.
Published: January 2025

Effect of different relative humidity levels on the observable events i.e construction of copularium, oviposition period, eggs laid per female, eggs hatching, incubation period, development of workers, development of pre-soldier, and longevity of reproductive of Microtermes unicolor were studied in the laboratory at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar, Pakistan. Seventy seven pairs of the fungus growing termite M. unicolor were collected from the swarming and incipient colonies were established in the laboratory at 31, 45, 51, 63, 76 and 92% relative humidity levels in controlled temperature at 27 + 2 0C. Maximum (413) eggs laid per female, maximum hatching of eggs (14.28%), minimum incubation period (21 days), minimum 49 and 47 days for worker and soldier formation respectively, and maximum survival (130 days) were recorded on the 92% R.H. It was found that 92% R.H. was the best in all respects of termite activities. On other relative humidity levels, the primary reproductive survived only for a period of 2 to 3 weeks as well as the eggs laid by them remained unhatched.
APPLICATION OF PCA FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES
Authors: Rahman S. , Waheed S.
Published: January 2025

Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied as a powerful tool to identify the possible correlations of different elements and patterns in large collection of blood samples. PCA has been successfully applied to analytical data of Cu, Cd, Li, Mg, Pb and Zn for their possible correlations with each other in 500 blood samples of healthy human subjects. The graphical representation of scores has been used to conceive the relative disparity in large collection of blood samples, while the loadings have been used to explain their any possible relationship among elements. Loadings show a direct correlation between Pb and Cd and negative correlation between Cu and Zn in the blood samples.The scores suggest 12 samples as outliers. These samples were rejected from the normal blood samples. However, the scores of the rejected blood samples indicate no defined correlation between Pb and Cd and inverse correlation between Cu â€“Zn, Mg -Cd and Cd - Li.
GRID COMPUTING IN PAKISTAN: OPENING TO LARGE HADRON COLLIDER EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Batool N. , Osman A. , Mahmood A. , Rana M. A.
Published: January 2025

A grid computing facility was developed at sister institutes Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) in collaboration with Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Computing Grid during early years of the present decade. The Grid facility â€œPAKGRID-LCG2â€ as one of the grid node in Pakistan was developed employing mainly local means and is capable of supporting local and international research and computational tasks in the domain of LHC Computing Grid. Functional status of the facility is presented in terms of number of jobs performed. The facility developed provides a forum to local researchers in the field of high energy physics to participate in the LHC experiments and related activities at European particle physics research laboratory (CERN), which is one of the best physics laboratories in the world. It also provides a platform of an emerging computing technology (CT).
PHYSICO - CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF KARACHI COASTAL WATER
Authors: Mashiatullah A. , Qureshi R. M. , Javed T. , Ahmad N. , Khalid F.
Published: January 2025

Physiochemical and biological techniques have been applied to investigate Karachi Coastal water pollution due to Layari and Malir rivers, which mainly carry Karachi Metropolitan domestic and industrial wastewater. In Manora channel, which receives domestic sewage through Layari river, pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) of seawater were less in low tide conditions as compared to high tide condition, and except for Manora Lighthouse all sampling stations exhibit E.C. below normal values of seawater, indicating fair proportion of Layari river water mixing in seawater. Coliform contamination ranged from 156 â€“ 542 per 100 ml ( high tide) and 132- 974 per 100 ml (low tide) with increased levels observed in sampling sites close to Layari river outfall zone. Along Southeast coast, a decrease in EC was recorded at Ghizri area and Ibrahim Haideri fish harbour in low tide which indicated Malir river water input. Coliform bacterial counts at these locations were also above WHO guidelines for seawater bathing. pH and electrical conductivity values of Northwest coastal water indicated that this coast is marginally polluted. The study revealed that Karachi Metropolitan domestic sewage and industrial effluents are main source of coastal water pollution.
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH VERTICAL CYLINDER IN STATIONARY FLUID
Authors: Arshad M. , Inayat M. H. , Chughtai I. R.
Published: January 2025

Natural convection heat transfer has been experimentally investigated for high Raleigh number by placing the cylindrical heating element in stationary water. The uniform heat flux has been applied to large L/D ratio in this experiment. The thermal behavior of this heating element has been found in good agreement with the existing information. The temperature distribution along the surface of heating element with respect to the time was recorded. The experimental result showed that the surface temperature of the water in narrow annular space heat sink increases more than that in wide annular space heat sink with respect to time. The heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and Raleigh number have been presented for experimental data and the corresponding relation is developed.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WIND POWER FOR FUTURE ENERGY SUPPLIES IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Farooque M. , Javed M. T. , Waheed K. , Khan N. A.
Published: January 2025

Due to rapid modernization the energy resources are depleting rapidly throughout the world while the energy demand is rising steadily. The crude oil price has soared upto $140.0 per barrel that has triggered the use of renewable energy recourses. Pakistan particular is the most energy deficient country where a shortfall of as high as 4500 MW is recorded in the recent year. The Renewable Energy Technologies (RETâ€™s) are important and had gained the prime importance these days with specific focus on solar and wind power. This paper highlights the challenges and opportunities for wind power in Pakistan. The wind potential in different areas has been explored, including a vital area of about 9700 km2 in Sindh. Wind power is a new energy resource in Pakistanâ€™s history, uptil now main resources are Fossil Fuel contributing 65%, hydel 33% and nuclear only 2% respectively. Wind is an environment friendly resource and its appreciable contribution will be achieved in future. Paper analyses the present energy scenario through wind power in Pakistan and leads to future progress in order to secure energy security in the country.
FIELD-INDUCED TRANSPORT FOR INTERNAL AND INTERFACE SEGREGATION IN MULTIPHASE POLYMER FLOW SYSTEMS
Authors: Khan M. B.
Published: January 2025

The primary aim of this paper is to illustrate how certain processing variables influence the polymer structure and the extent of segregation in various flow geometries. A pronounced distinction is made between â€œdiffusionâ€ and â€œfieldinduced segregationâ€. As opposed to diffusion in the classical sense, field-driven transport occurs against the concentration gradient. It is demonstrated that the application of an appropriate lateral field generates transversal migration of suspended material and, in certain cases, the segment domains in the â€œmatrixâ€ polymer. In particular, the potential of shear fields to generate locally segregated flow structures, which might be preserved during the fabrication procedure, has been assessed. Even though one finds a surprisingly large variety of driving forces available for lateral transport, the efficacy of highly specific processes resides in the novel application of boundary conditions. Convectionpromoted shear transport has been investigated as a relevant example with an initial condition which specifies a crossflow velocity component in an existing shear field. The investigation reveals that migratory transport in polymer processing channels has the potential to generate localized changes in the polymer morphology and structure, apart from affecting phase-redistribution of additive species on a more global scale. Experimental evidence on the phasefractionation of poly-dispersed polyethylene and thermosetting polyurethane (PU) clearly demonstrates the phenomenon. The paper describe a new interface segregation system employing convection promoted field-induced transport for use in the thermoset reaction injection molding and other related polymer production processes. The proposed design mitigates the primary limitations of ordinary diffusion and other conventional external field migration system. The basic design concept is described and the key performance parameters are evaluated using established methods. An analytical model describes the time and space evaluation of the transverse concentration profile in the system and the results are compared with the experimental findings.
COMPARATIVE PARAMETRIC NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF MATERIALS USED AS LINERS IN THE EXPLOSIVELY FORMED PROJECTILES (EFPs)
Authors: Hussain G. , Sanaullah K.
Published: January 2025

A conventional shaped charge comprises a conical metal liner projecting a hyper velocity jet of metal that is able to penetrate to great depths into steel armour. However, misalignment problems exist in tandem with jet break up and spewing particles that greatly diminish its penetration power. An EFP, on the other hand, has a liner in the shape of a geometrical recess. The force of the blast molds the liner into a number of configurations, depending on the geometry and the explosive detonation characteristics. This paper presents comparative parametric numerical simulations of materials used as liners in the explosively formed projectiles EFPs. Numerical simulations are carried out using AUTODYN 2D hydrocode to study effects of linerâ€™s materials on the shape, velocity, traveled distance, time, pressure, internal energy, temperature, yield stress, divergence or stability, density, compression, and length to diameter (L/D) ratio of EFPs. These parameters are estimated at the instants of maximum as well as at stable velocities. The parametric study reveals that aluminum has maximum velocity in shortest time among the liner materials. From this reason, it was concluded effective standoff was greater for aluminum than more denser metals. Maximum velocity and traveled distance of Tantalum EFP is found to be minimum which may be due to low thermal softening exponent and larger hardening exponent. The simulated yield stress and pressure developed in the Fe EFP reaches at maximum. The L/D ratio for Copper is found to be maximum which supports maximum penetration. From the stability point of view, 1006 MS is found to be the most reliable liner material due to minimum divergence. Generally all liner materials have similar effects of all parameters like pressure, internal energy, temperature, yield stress, divergence or stability, density, compression at the instants of maximum as well as at stable velocities except L/D ratio of EFPs. At the instant of maximum velocity, L/D ratio of Ta and AL EFPs have minimum and maximum L/D ratio respectively whereas Fe and Cu EFPs have minimum and maximum L/D ratio respectively. The velocity attenuation laws for liner materials from maximum to stable velocities are determined and plotted. The EFPs observed at maximum velocities are profilic except tantalum which shows a straight profile one due to higher density. The velocity attenuation laws show material for which maximum and stabilized velocity come earlier than other materials whereas tantalum is the linerâ€™s material for which maximum and stabilized velocity take more time than other materials due to lower and higher densities respectively.
FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY
Authors: Khan J. R. , Rehman W. , Tahir M. S.
Published: January 2025

In this article, the flexibility analysis of a food processing industry (sugar) is carried out. The system is analysed under different operating conditions and its effect on output quality examined. If the overall system, design and operation, did not achieve the specific product quality (of sugar); the design was rendered as incompetent to achieve this objective. However, for certain regions of its operation, the design was able to meet the quality criteria as desired; in which case it was found to be in approach of the objective. Based upon this characterization, those values of feasible region were found where product specification could be achieved by the design. This region was then explored further to find optimum value of flexibility that can be achieved in case of variation in feed composition. The paper can be looked as a starting work in applying flexibility analysis approach to complex food processes where environmental uncertainties are common; such as in multi-purpose multi-product plants. When coupled with a suitable control, this technique can help to achieve optimum profit advantages to any batch industry. Monte Carlo Simulation is carried out to explore different regions of feasible operation and increase flexibility from 0.00865 to 0.08686 (an order of 10). This technique has helped to quantify flexibility and improve regions of feasible operation of a sugary industry and increase its profitability. This approach can be used to other food processing, pharmaceutical and batch type industries.
PREPARATION OF CARBON SUPPORTED NICKEL CATALYST AND ITS ADSORPTION BEHAVIOUR FOR COPPER FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Yamin T. , Ansari M. S. , Ahmed R. , Chaudhary M. M.
Published: January 2025

Nickel catalysts have numerous industrial applications in hydrocarbon chemistry, hydrogenation of oil, fuel cells and many other areas. Addition of nickel to platinum supported on carbon increases the catalytic activity of platinum significantly for fuel cells. Graphite carbon of 100-mesh size was used for the preparation of nickel catalyst. Graphite was given acid treatments and dried. Nickel solution was added under an inert atmosphere, heated at 200o C and dried under vacuum at 100o C overweight. Method for the preparation of the catalyst is described. Copper is an pollutant and is also used in catalysts. Its adsorption on catalyst can be used for the evaluation of catalytic activity of catalyst and also for removal purposes. Adsorption behaviour of copper on the nickel catalysts was studied, Effect of pH, shaking time, loading capacity and adsorbent weight was investigated. The data was tested for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubininâ€“ Radushkevich adsorption isotherms. The monolayer sorption capacity and adsorption constant related to the Langmuir isotherm are (65Â±2)x10-5 mol g-1 and (12.3 Â±0.6)x 104 L. mol â€“1 . The Freundlich constant 1/n and Cm are found to be 0.32Â±0.2 and 0.12 Â±0.02 mmol g-1 respectively. The mean free energy of copper adsorption on catalyst is 14.7 Â± 0.3 kJ mol â€“1 which indicates chemical sorption. The effect of temperature was studied and thermodynamic parameters Î”H, Î”S and Î”G were evaluated and found to be 34 Â± 1 kJ mol â€“1, 123 Â± 3 J mol â€“1 K â€“1 and â€“2.7 Â± 0.1 kJ mol â€“1 for the adsorption of copper on nickel catalyst. The positive values of enthalpy (Î”H) and entropy (Î”S) and negative value of Gibbs free energy (Î”G) indicate the endothermic, entropy driven and spontaneous nature of sorption. Coating of nickel on graphite increases its catalytic activity significantly.
Sporadic Goitre Prevalence and its Association with Iodine Deficiency in Drinking Water of Plain Areas of Hyderabad and Adjoining Areas, Pakistan
Authors: Rafi M. , Naz S. , Chaudhry M. M.
Published: January 2025

The enlargement of thyroid gland which is located in the human neck is known as goitre. When the supply of iodine to the thyroid gland is inadequate for the formation of sufficient quantities of thyroid hormones, goitre appears. In the present study prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of goitre in Hyderabad city and adjoining areas has been studied. The important findings of this study are summarized as follows: Females were seen to be more prone to develop goitre than males, with an overall female to male ratio of 5:1. In both sexes, the prevalence of goitre was the maximum in 15-25 year age group. Family history was positive in 22.45% cases. Of the goitre patients 77.22% belonged to Hyderabad city and 84.85% were sedentary by occupation. Goitre was more prevalent in surface water drinkers (80.75%) than in ground water consumers (19.25%), in the consumers of mine salt (67.54%) than that of sea salt (32.46%). The screening of goitre patients by blood chemistry revealed that 5.17% and 2.50% cases had hyperthyroid and hypothyroid respectively. Nodular non-toxic goitre was found in 6.71% cases, nodular toxic in 0.28% cases and solid adenoma/cyst in 24.41% cases were found. It seemed essential to examine iodine concentration in water of this area to ascertain whether the iodine deficiency is the cause of sporadic goitre. Iodine concentration in water is usually taken as an index of the iodine intake, therefore 100 water samples were collected and analyzed by ion selective electrode method. Water analysis results showed that iodine contents are within permissible limit i.e. not lower than 3Âµg/L. This indicates that iodine deficiency in water of study area is not an isolated epidemiological phenomenon for goitre genesis.
Seismic Damage Assessment and Retrofitting of Hybrid Structure
Authors: Inderyas O. , Ilyas U. , Farooq S. H. , Ajwad A. , Khadim N.
Published: January 2025

Pakistan is highly seismically prone country, which faced devastated earthquakes in history. The hybrid structures are very common in northern areas of Pakistan and their behavior under seismic event is very critical. The Seismic response of hybrid buildings is different from other structural systems as there is discontinuity, both in the lateral and vertical load transfer mechanisms. To assess the seismic damage of hybrid building for zone 2B and 3, the pushover analysis was carried out on a 6 story sample building with its 4 bottom stories of reinforced concrete frame and top two stories of steel frames for a maximum drift of 2.5%. Pushover analysis was performed using commercial software SAP2000 v15 and critical seismic deficiencies were determined. Basing on the identified deficiencies in stiffness as well as the ductility a comprehensive retrofit design was carried out. The hybrid building was retrofitted with shear walls and steel brace to remove the deficiencies in stiffness and ductility. After retrofitting pushover analysis was again carried out to determine the efficacy of retrofit design. The results revealed that retrofit intervention significantly improved the seismic performance of the hybrid building and increased the stiffness / lateral capacity by 47% and 42% respectively. Moreover, lateral displacements was also reduced by 37% and 42% by adding shear walls and braces respectively. The research outcome will help the local engineers and designers to properly retrofit the existing buildings in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
Mass Attenuation Coefficients of IAEA Soil Standards at Different Gamma-ray Energies
Authors: Shah S. A. , Wasim M.
Published: January 2025

Self-attenuation correction is very important in gamma-ray spectrometry of large samples. This paper presents the measurement of mass attenuation coefficients for three IAEA soil samples (IAEA-447, IAEA-TEL-2011-03, and IAEA-TEL-2012-03). It has been shown that the transmission method is important when the chemical composition of a sample is not known. For samples with established chemical composition, NIST offers WinXCom which provides mass attenuation coefficients based on the photon interaction data. WinXCom was applied and mass attenuation coefficients for the world average soil and IC-2018-01 soil were estimated. The mass attenuation coefficients required for the self-attenuation correction of soil samples for the determination of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs have also been presented.
Development Operation and Characterization of Cesium Beam Atomic Clock
Authors: Imran M. , Ikram M. , Islam R. U. , Anwar M. , Tariq H. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2025

We report the development, operation and characterization procedure of the first ever Cesium AtomicBeam Clock in Pakistan. The importance of the National Time and Frequency standards is dulyhighlighted in the context of a developing country. The active program spans a time of about three yearsand the Ramsey Interferometric signals, i.e., the fundamental physical phenomenon, recorded recentlydepict a 25 kHz broad Rabi profile incorporating a much narrower Ramsey fringe having width of about800 Hz only clearly demonstrate a clean, smooth, stable and accurate operation of the clock.
Efficient Control Design for the Single Phase Grid Tie Inverter Using Wave Shape Coping Pulse Width Modulation Technique
Authors: Taj A. B. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2025

The aim of this paper is to achieve the efficient control design for a single phase grid tie inverter (GTI)using PROTEUS Professional software and its practical implementation. Unique thought is given to theway that, dissimilar to customary standalone inverters, GTI are required to satisfy the demandsassociated with each phase of the grid. Photovoltaic module and single-phase GTI both are tied togetherusing an inverter. In this paper we have got the reference voltage from the main grid using operationalamplifier, Wave Shape Coping Pulse Width Modulation (WSPWM) technique is applied withPIC16F877A microcontroller and IR2110 gate driver which drive the MOSFET IRF840 afterappropriate filtering and control the power supply to the grid with appropriate isolation. The functionaltesting of the single phase GTI has been performed successfully when DC-AC conversion occurs. Besidethe ability of GTI, its frequency and output voltage had consistent fluctuations due to the change infrequency and grid voltage. Another feature of the GTI is that if the power from electrical grid is zero,the inverter will stop the process of inversion and just supply zero voltage output at that time.Accordingly, quick shut down of DC-AC process of inversion happens if there arises a sudden dark outperiod. It is worth mentioning that the designed GTI cannot be operated without reference voltage of thegrid and connected directly to PV solar panels.
Radio Frequency Study of S-band Side Coupled Accelerating Structure
Authors: Aleem M. A. , Khan M. A. , Khalid R. , Mahmood I.
Published: January 2025

Currently, PINSTECH is developing S-band electron linear accelerator (LINAC) for medical applications. The side coupled accelerating structure (SCAS) was selected for electron acceleration process in the LINAC due to its compactness and high efficiency. The basic concept of SCAS was derived from the design of biperiodic chain of coupled cavities already published in the literature. This study focuses on the conceptual design realization and optimization of the structure through radio frequency (RF) simulations. COMSOL electromagnetic solver was used for the RF simulation work. The working frequency and excitation mode were selected as 2998 MHz and Ï€/2, respectively. The design process of SCAS is stepwise explained starting from unit section to the complete stack of unit sections. The coupling iris was optimized to transfer maximum RF power to the structure. The electric field profile on the axis of SCAS was successfully optimized to achieve the field flatness. Subsequently, the characteristic parameters were derived directly through post processing of the simulation results.
A review: Trends in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ahmed F. , Syed T. , Ashraf M. , Adeel S.
Published: January 2025

Additive manufacturing (AM), familiar as 3-D printing, is converting global manufacturing. AM technology is changing the dynamics of the design and production capability of the manufacturing industry. The continuous growth and the positive results demonstrate that additive manufacturing has a considerable place in the future of manufacturing. A large number of matters and materials can be printed because of the progression extremity in additive manufacturing technology (AMT). The returns of three-dimensional printing techniques will keep up to occur by ongoing research activities to minimize the restrictions that constraint the use of this technology. The flexibility of design customization and reduction in wastedge of material are the main advantages of AM. The capability to fabricate multifaceted compositions along with rapid fabrication of modes are also major paybacks of AM technology. Enhancement in accuracy is required to ensure the requirement of a finishing process. A study was conducted to review the strength of the products made through additive manufacturing processes. In addition, a broad-ranging review of the major 3D printing procedures/techniques and evolution towards their uses have been presented in this review. The advanced uses of AM in the field of aerospace industry, biological equipment, construction, buildings, and preventative structures are discussed. Advanced materials development includes polymer composites, metal and their alloys, ceramics and concrete was are also elaborated. In this study, we have considered the major operational challenges and the drawbacks of the layer-by-layer appearances in computer design. In general, this article provides an analysis of 3D printing, comprises of this technology, its advantages and limitations as a criterion for further growth/progress.