bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An oligonucleotide microarray for mouse imprinted genes profiling
Authors: Vigé A. , Gallou-Kabani C. , Gross M.S. , Fabre A. , Junien C. , Jais J.P.
Published: March 2006

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon unique to mammals that causes some genes to be expressed according to their parental origin. It results in developmental asymmetry in the function of the parental genomes. We describe here a method for the profiling of imprinted genes based on the development of a mouse imprinting microchip containing oligonucleotides corresponding to 493 genes, including most of the known imprinted genes (IG = 63), genes involved in epigenetic processes (EPI = 15), in metabolism (= 147), in obesity (= 10) and in neurotransmission (= 256) and housekeeping reference genes (= 2). This custom oligonucleotide microarray has been constructed to make data analysis and handling more manageable than pangenomic microarrays. As a proof of concept we present the differential expression of these 493 genes in different tissues (liver, placenta, embryo) of C57BL6/J mice fed different diets. Appropriate experimental strategies and statistical tools were defined at each step of the data analysis process with regard to the different sources of constraints. Data were confirmed by expression analyses based on quantitative real-time PCR. These oligochips should make it possible to increase our understanding of the involvement of imprinted genes in the timing of expression programs, tissue by tissue, stage by stage, in response to nutrients, lifestyles and other as yet unknown critical environmental factors in a variety of physiopathological situations, and in animals of different strains, ages and sexes. The use of oligonucleotides makes it possible to expand this microchip to include the increasing number of imprinted genes discovered.
A SAGE approach to identifying novel trans-acting factors involved in the X inactivation process
Authors: Bourdet A. , Ciaudo C. , Zakin L. , Elalouf J.-M. , Rusniok C. , Weissenbach J. , Avner P.
Published: March 2006

X chromosome inactivation ensures the dosage compensation of X-linked genes in XX females compared to their XY male counterpart. It is characterised by the specific recruitment of an inhibitory ribonucleoprotein complex involving the non-coding Xist RNA to the presumptive inactive X chromosome and associated chromatin modifications, which result in the transcriptional silencing of the X chromosome. As an approach to the identification of some of the potential molecular players in this process we have performed comparative transcriptional profiling of mouse 6.5-dpc (days post-coitum) female and male embryos using a modified SAGE (Serial analysis of gene expression) technique which allows the analysis of small quantities of biological material. At 6.5 dpc, a moment when random X inactivation of embryonic tissues has just been achieved, some two hundred transcripts that were significantly enriched in the female gastrula compared to its male counterpart could be identified. The validation of an association with the X inactivation process of a subset of these transcripts has been studied, ex vivo, in differentiating female and male ES cells and in female ES cells in which the establishment of X inactivation is interrupted through the post-transcriptional inhibition of Xist synthesis.
Leukocyte Infiltration of the Periarterial Space of the Lung after Allergen Provocation in a Rat Asthma Model
Authors: Schmiedl Andreas , Tschernig Thomas , Lührmann Anke , Pabst Reinhard
Published: March 2006

The periarterial space has recently been described and its physiological and pathophysiological role during inflammatory and allergic reactions has been reviewed. The present studies used a light-/electron-microscopic approach to characterize the periarterial space in an asthma model in Brown Norway rats. After repeated sensitization with ovalbumin and heat-killed Bordetella pertussis bacilli, airway challenge was carried out after 1 further week. Four or 24 h after challenge, rats were fixed by perfusion or instillation and processed for microscopy. Several periarterial capillaries and connective tissue characterized the tissue between small pulmonary arteries, bronchioles and alveolar septa. Additionally, a partly pronounced interstitial edema was seen independent of the kind of fixation. Not only small arteries but also arterioles and venules were partly surrounded by edematous fluid already visible by light microscopy. Within the connective tissue and within the periarterial fluid, numerous leukocytes, predominantly eosinophils, were found. However, leukocytes were detected only rarely in the vascular lumen. Only sporadically were eosinophils seen in the wall of small arteries or venules. Eosinophils transmigrating the endothelium of capillaries or arterioles were not visible 4 or 24 h after challenge. Thus, granulocytes transmigrate in the periarterial space very rapidly or even earlier than 4 h after challenge. The location of transmigration in the periarterial space needs further investigation.
Reevaluation of Routine Invasive Strategy versus Noninvasive Testing following Uncomplicated ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jaffe Ronen , Halon David A. , Ben Haim Simona , Shiran Avinoam , Gips Sarah , Karkabi Basheer , Front Avi , Goldstein Yaakov , Rubinshtein Ronen , Flugelman Moshe Y. , Lewis Basil S.
Published: March 2006

Background and Aims: While current guidelines recommend a selective invasive approach after low-risk ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by thrombolysis, based on noninvasive identification of patients with residual or inducible myocardial ischemia, in many instances physicians employ a strategy of routine angiography. The present study was undertaken to reexamine the correlation between noninvasive testing and coronary angiography in patients recovering from uncomplicated STEMI with regard to detection and management of residual infarct artery stenosis and to identify patients with multivessel (MVD) or high-risk coronary disease. Methods: We prospectively performed predischarge exercise testing (ETT) and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) prior to routine predischarge coronary angiography in 83/276 consecutive STEMI patients, who after treatment with initial and early thrombolysis, were defined as low risk by ACC/AHA risk classification. Results: ETT was positive for myocardial ischemia in 11/43 (26%) patients with single-vessel disease (SVD) and 11/22 (50%) patients with MVD, but normal or nondiagnostic in the remainder. MPS revealed significant reversible perfusion defects in 13/40 (32%) patients with SVD and 13/22 (59%) patients with MVD. A selective strategy of ETT followed by MPS for nondiagnostic ETT missed residual infarct-related artery stenosis and/or MVD in 31/81 (38%) of the cohort. Among patients who may not otherwise have been referred for angiography, severe (≧70%) residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery was present in 56% and MVD in 16%. Conclusions: Early predischarge ETT and/or MPS had limited sensitivity for the detection of coronary disease in low-risk post-STEMI patients. The study supports a simpler strategy of routine coronary angiography in most patients after low-risk STEMI.
Comparison of Warfarin versus Aspirin for the Prevention of Recurrent Stroke or Death: Subgroup Analyses from the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study
Authors: Sacco Ralph L. , Prabhakaran Shyam , Thompson J.L.P. , Murphy Amy , Sciacca Robert R. , Levin Bruce , Mohr J.-P.
Published: March 2006

Background and Purpose: We performed a combination of prespecified and exploratory subgroup analyses to detect any treatment differences among various baseline subgroups in the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS) cohort. Methods: The WARSS compared the efficacy of adjusted-dose warfarin (INR 1.4–2.8) to aspirin (325 mg/day) for recurrent ischemic stroke or death within 2 years. The effect of warfarin and aspirin was compared among prespecified and exploratory subgroups with respect to sociodemographic and vascular risk factors, stroke subtype, arterial territory, and infarct topography. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing warfarin to aspirin were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Differences in hazard ratios were tested using interaction terms. Results: No treatment differences between warfarin and aspirin were found across multiple prespecified subgroups. In a multivariate model, warfarin was associated with greater hazard among patients with moderate stroke severity (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.005–2.64, p = 0.047) and a greater benefit among those with posterior circulation location without brainstem infarction (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33–0.88, p = 0.013). In post-hoc analyses of the cryptogenic subgroup, warfarin was associated with worse outcomes among patients with moderate stroke severity and better outcomes among those without baseline hypertension or with posterior circulation infarcts sparing the brainstem. Conclusions: In the WARSS, the majority of subgroup analyses showed no benefit of warfarin over aspirin. Warfarin benefit was limited to brainstem-sparing posterior circulation infarcts and select cryptogenic stroke subgroups. Pending future clinical trial evidence to the contrary, antiplatelets are recommended for survivors of noncardioembolic stroke.
Mutations and Polymorphisms in Genes Affecting Hemostasis Proteins and Homocysteine Metabolism in Children with Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Komitopoulou A. , Platokouki H. , Kapsimali Z. , Pergantou H. , Adamtziki E. , Aronis S.
Published: March 2006

Background: The pathogenesis of thrombosis in childhood seems to be multifactorial implicating genetic and environmental factors. Aim: To compare the distributions of mutations/polymorphisms in genes affecting hemostasis (factor V Leiden – FVL, FV H1298R-FVR2, FII 20210A, b-Fib 455G>A, FXIII V34L, PAI-1 4G, HPA-1b) or homocysteine metabolism (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C) among 90 children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and 103 controls, and to associate the carriage of these mutations/polymorphisms with their corresponding proteins in children with AIS. Results: AIS was more frequent in boys (p < 0.01). No studied mutation/polymorphism was found to be a risk factor for AIS, except for FVL [odds ratio 4.2 (95% CI 1.5–12.1)], the presence of which was even higher in 31 children with congenital AIS [odds ratio 6.82 (95% CI 2.0–22.8)]. FVL carriers had an odds ratio of 5.76 (95% CI 1.6–6.4) when FVR2 was absent. In thrombosed children, activated protein C resistance, prothrombin and fibrinogen levels were higher in the presence of FVL, FII20210A or b-Fib 455G→A, respectively. Double heterozygotes in both MTHFR C677T and A1298T or homozygotes in one had significantly elevated homocysteine levels. Conclusion: Except for FVL, no definite conclusion could be reached regarding the involvement of the studied mutations/polymorphisms in childhood AIS.
Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Hemorrhage in Young Adults: A Hospital-Based Study
Authors: Chen Yi-Chun , Wu Yih-Ru , Hsu Wen-Chuin , Chen Chiung-Mei , Lee Tsong-Hai , Chen Sien-Tsong
Published: March 2006

Background: The causes of basal ganglia-thalamic hemorrhage in the young are not well established. Therefore, its clinical profile, etiology, and risk factors were studied. Methods: Retrospectively, collected data were evaluated using the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Gender differences occurred in the clinical profile, risk factors, and etiological spectrum. Large hematoma, Glasgow Coma Scale ≤10 on admission, and the need for surgical intervention occurred significantly more frequently in males. The etiologies included vascular anomaly in 13 of 247 enrollees (5.3%), hypertension (80.2%), alcoholism/cigarette smoking (4.9%), medical problems (8.5%), and cryptogenic causes (5.3%). Conclusion: The need for aggressive investigation is suggested in normotensive patients, especially in females and those aged below 30 years.
Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity Is Preserved in a Population-Based Sample of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: van Oers C.A.M.M. , Manschot S.M. , van Huffelen A.C. , Kappelle L.J. , Biessels G.J.
Published: March 2006

Background and Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with an increased risk of stroke. DM2 is also associated with cognitive impairments. Vascular dysfunction, such as impaired cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVR), may be a determinant of these changes, but previous studies on CVR in DM2 have provided variable results in selected populations of patients. We aimed to examine CVR in a population-based sample of DM2 patients. Methods: The CO2 reactivity of the middle cerebral artery was examined using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in 81 DM2 patients and 38 controls. In DM2 patients CVR was correlated with diabetic parameters, vascular risk factors and cognitive functioning.Results: CVR was similar in patients and controls (51 vs. 49%). Within the DM2 group, there was no statistically significant relationship between CVR and DM duration, HbA1c, albuminuria, blood pressure, intima-media thickness and cognition. CVR tended to be lower in diabetic patients with retinopathy [46 vs. 55%, mean difference: –7.9 (confidence interval –18.0, 2.2)]. Conclusion: We conclude that CVR is not impaired in unselected patients with DM2 and probably does not, therefore, play a major role in the aetiology of cognitive impairment.
Effect of Early and Delayed Recanalization on Infarct Pattern in Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Humpich Marek , Singer Oliver C. , du Mesnil de Rochemont Richard , Foerch Christian , Lanfermann Heiner , Neumann-Haefelin Tobias
Published: March 2006

Background: To investigate the effect of early (<6 h) versus delayed (>6 h) recanalization on infarct pattern in acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Methods: 35 patients with acute MCA occlusion (M1 segment; symptom onset <6 h) were analyzed. Stroke MRI was performed immediately after admission (day 0), and on days 1 and 7. In addition, vessel status was assessed within 6 h, at 24 h and on day 7. Patients were grouped according to early (≤6 h, n = 10), delayed (6–24 h, n = 8) or no recanalization within 24 h (n = 17). Infarct patterns between the three subgroups were compared on normalized day 1 diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data. Lesion plots were generated for the three subgroups depicting voxel by voxel the relative frequency of infarction. Results: Lesion growth was significantly larger in the group without recanalization (125 ± 100 cm3; mean ± SD) compared to patients with early (41 ± 42 cm3; p = 0.02) or delayed (47 ± 45 cm3; p < 0.05) recanalization. The analysis of infarct patterns revealed extensive sparing of peripheral cortical regions in both the early and delayed recanalization groups compared to the persistent occlusion group. In the early/delayed recanalization groups, cortical involvement was often limited to the central MCA territory (i.e. insular region and adjacent cortex, in addition to the basal ganglia). The final infarct volume was 80 ± 71 cm3 in patients with early, 93 ± 62 cm3 in those with delayed, and 194 ± 156 cm3 in those without recanalization. Conclusions: Delayed recanalization significantly limits DWI lesion expansion in patients with proximal MCA occlusion and selectively saves peripheral cortical regions. Collateral supply to the peripheral MCA territory may be sufficient for an extended period of time.
Pattern of Antibiotic Therapy and Clinical Outcome in Acute Generalized Peritonitis in Semi-Urban and Rural Nigerians
Authors: Adesunkanmi A.R.K. , Badmus T.A.
Published: March 2006

To determine the pattern of antibiotic therapy and clinical outcome a prospective survey of all patients operated on for acute generalized peritonitis was undertaken. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1, and the mean age was 27.6 ± 18.3 years. Operative findings were typhoid ilea perforation in 75 (38.1%), complicated acute intestinal obstruction in 44 (22.3%), complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis in 34 (17.3%), peptic ulcer perforation in 18 (9%) and traumatic intestinal injury in 11 (5.6%), representing the majority of the patients. A combination of chloramphenicol, gentamicin and metronidazole was given to 80 (40.6%), ampiclox, gentamicin and metronidazole to 72 (36.5%), ampiclox and gentamicin to 21 (10.6%) and other combinations to 5. A single antibiotic was administered in 13 (6.6%), that is clavulanate-amoxicillin, ampiclox, and cefuroxime. Antibiotics were changed in 37 patients (18.8%): to amoxicillin-clavulanate in 13, cefuroxime in 11, ceftriazone in 7, cefuroxime and metronidazole in 4 and amoxicillin-clavulanate and metronidazole in 2 patients. Postoperative complications were mainly wound infection in 105 (42.6%), wound dehiscence in 33 (16.7%), residual intra-abdominal sepsis in 19 (9.6%), residual intra-abdominal abscess in 17 (8.6%), postoperative chest infection in 14 (7%), incisional hernia in 11 (5.6%), anaemia in 6, faecal fistula in 5 and there was a mortality of 15.7%.
Activating Transcription Factor 3 Is Estrogen-Responsive in utero and Upregulated during Sexual Differentiation
Authors: Liu Benchun , Agras Koray , Willingham Emily , Vilela Marcelo L.B. , Baskin Laurence S.
Published: March 2006

Background/Aims: Synthetic estrogens induce hypospadias, an anomaly of genital tubercle/urethral development. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which is estrogen-responsive in vitro, is upregulated in hypospadiac human tissue. We used a mouse model of steroid-dependent genital tubercle development to elucidate the ontogeny of ATF3 expression and the developmental response of ATF3 in vivo to estrogen exposure. Methods: We used quantitative RT-PCR to assess ontogenic expression of ATF3 and its response to estrogen treatment in utero. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the protein. Results: Quantitative RT-PCR showed that ATF3 mRNA is upregulated in all estrogen-exposed fetal genital tubercles compared to controls (p = 0.024), including specifically in males exposed in utero (p = 0.049). Additionally, its expression increases significantly during the period of sexual differentiation in both sexes and significantly correlates with female development (p = 0.004), a phenomenon that appears to be attributable to higher levels at birth in females. The protein localizes in the nucleus, as expected. Conclusions: ATF3 is estrogen-responsive in vivo. The response of ATF3 to estrogenic stimulation in utero at an earlier stage may contribute to urethral abnormalities observed in estrogen-exposed male fetuses, although it is likely not the only gene involved, which supports the general understanding that hypospadias is subject to multifactorial influences. ATF3 may therefore be an appropriate gene for further investigations in an endocrine context.
Calcium Supplementation Increases Bone Mass in GH-Deficient Prepubertal Children during GH Replacement
Authors: Zamboni G. , Antoniazzi F. , Lauriola S. , Bertoldo F. , Tatò L.
Published: March 2006

Background/aims: Since GH plays an important role in bone mineralization, and several studies demonstrated the positive influence of a higher calcium intake on bone mass, we studied the effect of calcium supplementation in GHD children during GH therapy. Methods: 28 prepubertal GHD children, 5.0–9.9 years old, were assigned to two groups: group A (n = 14; 7 females) treated with GH, and group B (n = 14; 7 females) treated with GH + calcium gluconolactate and carbonate (1 g calcium/day per os). Auxological parameters, total bone mineral content (TBMC) and density (TBMD), leg BMC and BMD, lumbar BMD, fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LTM), blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC) and urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) were determined at the start of therapy and after 1 and 2 years of treatment. Results: During the 2 years of the study, TBMC, TBMD, leg BMC and BMD (but not lumbar BMD) increased in both groups of patients, however after 2 years of treatment they were significantly higher in the calcium-supplemented group B than in group A (p < 0.05, for all parameters). At the start of therapy, in both groups of patients percentage FM was higher and total and leg LTM lower than in controls (p < 0.05 for each parameter). Thereafter, FM decreased and LTM increased and after 2 years they were both different from baseline (p < 0.05). After 2 years of treatment, leg BMC and BMD were more positively correlated with regional leg LTM in patients of group B (r = 0.834 and r = 0.827, respectively; p < 0.001) than in patients of group A (r = 0.617 and r = 0.637, respectively; p < 0.05). 25-OHD and PTH levels were in the normal range in all patients at the start and during treatment. OC levels were lower and urinary NTx levels higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05 for both parameters), either at the start and after 1 year of treatment. After 2 years of treatment, OC levels were significantly higher than at the start of the study (p < 0.05) in both groups of patients, but they were higher in group B than in group A (p < 0.05); on the contrary, urinary Ntx levels were lower in group B than in group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In GHD children, treated with GH, calcium supplementation improved bone mass; it may aid in reaching better peak bone mass and in protecting weight-bearing bones, usually completed in childhood to maximum levels, from risk of osteoporosis and fractures later in life.
Ultrasound-Guided Laser Thermal Ablation for Parathyroid Adenomas: Analysis of Three Cases with a Three-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Adda G. , Scillitani A. , Epaminonda P. , Di Lembo S. , Motta F. , Cecconi P. , Vecchi G. , Arosio M. , Chiodini I.
Published: March 2006

Background: In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) the therapeutical choice is surgery. In patients with high surgical and anesthetic risks, ultrasound-guided laser ablation (LTA) of parathyroid adenoma has been reported to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) hypersecretion without relevant side effects. No data are available from patients followed for >6 months. We report our 3-year follow-up experience with LTA in 3 patients affected by pHPT due to a parathyroid tumor. Methods: LTA was performed under color-Doppler ultrasound guidance with a continuous pulse at 2 W (total treatment duration: 300 s in each session; total energy: 1,200 J in two sessions). Results: In the first patient who refused to undergo the second LTA session, calcium, PTH levels and parathyroid lesion volume showed a slight reduction, returning to baseline values in a month. In the second patient, no modification of parathyroid lesion was obtained even if calcium levels temporarily normalized. In the third patient, LTA led to normalization of calcium and PTH levels and to a 99% reduction of parathyroid volume. Conclusion: After LTA procedures the long-term disease remission of pHPT is achievable in a minority of patients. Data from larger samples are needed to verify the usefulness of this procedure.
Occupational Determinants of Cryptogenic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Tondel Martin , Lindh Jonas , Jönsson Pia , Vrethem Magnus , Persson Bodil
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The aim was to investigate different occupational and leisure time exposures as determinants for cryptogenic polyneuropathy. Methods: A case-referent study was conducted in Sweden including 232 cases of cryptogenic polyneuropathy 40–79 years of age at diagnosis who were enrolled from the out-patient neurology departments of 3 hospitals. From the population register 853 referents were randomly selected. Information on occupational and leisure time exposure was obtained from a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 71% for cases and for referents. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and logistic regression odds ratios (LORs) were calculated for exposures with 5 or more exposed cases and referents taken together. The reference category was defined as individuals unexposed to any of the occupational or leisure time risk factors in the questionnaire. Results: As expected, male sex and increasing age were significant determinants for cryptogenic polyneuropathy. Occupational exposures in men to Stoddard solvent, petrol exhausts, herbicides or hand and foot vibrations generated significantly increased CORs. LORs >3.50 were found in men for occupational exposure to sulphur dioxide, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, herbicides and in women for occupational exposure to lead, nitrous oxide and insecticides. Only solvent exposure in leisure time remained significant in the regression analysis indicating that not only occupational exposures were of importance. Interactions between occupational and leisure time exposure were seen for several agents. Conclusions: Several known determinants for polyneuropathy, from animal studies and case reports, were confirmed. New determinants were also indicated, i.e. sulphur dioxide, xylene and methyl ethyl ketone.
Prevalence of Epilepsy in a Rural District of Central Lao PDR
Authors: Tran Duc-Si , Odermatt Peter , Le Thi-Oanh , Huc Pierre , Druet-Cabanac Michel , Barennes Hubert , Strobel Michel , Preux Pierre-Marie
Published: March 2006

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of epilepsy in a rural district of Lao PDR and to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of the disease. Methods: Door-to-door screening was performed on the entire population of 8 randomly selected villages in the Hinheub district, using an internationally validated and standardized questionnaire. Additional passive case detection was performed through village key informants. Suspected epilepsy patients identified by the questionnaire were revisited and examined by an experienced neurologist on two follow-up visits. The confirmation of epilepsy was based only on an in-depth clinical examination. Electroencephalograms were performed at the district health care center. Results: In the 8 villages, 277 suspected cases of epilepsy were identified among 4,310 interviewed subjects; 194 of whom (70%) underwent a clinical examination by a neurologist during the first visit while 65 of 83 remaining suspected cases were seen on the second confirmation visit. Twenty-seven persons with epilepsy were identified. Six additional patients were diagnosed in 219 self-referred subjects. An overall prevalence of 7.7 cases of epilepsy per thousand inhabitants was calculated (95% CI 5.3–10.7). Generalized epilepsy (21 cases, 63.6%) was commoner than partial epilepsy (9 cases, 27.3%). The remaining 3 cases (9.1%) were not-classifiable as either generalized or partial. EEG abnormal findings were found in 12 of the 24 patients (50.0%) who had an EEG registration. Conclusions: This is the first study in Lao PDR to estimate the prevalence of epilepsy. Compared to Western countries it shows a pattern towards a higher prevalence.
Changes in Gene Expression during Wolffian Duct Development
Authors: Hannema Sabine E. , Print Cristin G. , Charnock-Jones D. Stephen , Coleman Nick , Hughes Ieuan A.
Published: March 2006

Background: Wolffian ducts (WDs) are the embryonic precursors of the male reproductive tract. Their development is induced by testosterone, which interacts with the androgen receptor (AR). The molecular pathways underlying androgen-dependent WD development are largely unknown. We aimed to identify AR target genes important in this process. Methods: RNA was isolated from rat WDs at E17.5 and E20.5. Affymetrix GeneChip expression arrays were used to identify transcripts up- or downregulated more than 2-fold. Regulation of seven transcripts was confirmed using quantitative PCR. Results: Transcripts from 76 known genes were regulated, including modulators of insulin-like growth factor and transforming growth factor-βsignalling. By controlling these modulators, androgens may indirectly affect growth factor signalling pathways important in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and organ development. Caveolin-1, also upregulated, may play a role in modifying as well as mediating AR signalling. Differentiation of WD epithelium and smooth muscle, innervation and extracellular matrix synthesis were reflected in regulation of other transcripts. Several genes were previously suggested to be regulated by androgens or contained functional or putative androgen/glucocorticoid response elements, indicating they may be direct targets of androgen signalling. Conclusion: Our results suggest novel cohorts of signals that may contribute to androgen-dependent WD development and provide hypotheses that can be tested by future studies.
Antagonistic Activity of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) on Dopaminergic Modulation: Apomorphine-Induced Stereotypic Behavior in Mice
Authors: Deshpande Chandrashekhar , Dhir Ashish , Kulkarni S.K.
Published: March 2006

Among the various neurotransmitter systems implicated in the mechanism of action of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the relationship between the dopaminergic system and ascorbic acid is not particularly clear. Ascorbic acid is speculated to have an antagonistic effect on dopaminergic modulation. With this background in mind, in the present study we have seen the effect of ascorbic acid per se and in combination with typical and atypical antipsychotic agents against apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior in mice. Male Laka mice weighing 20–25 g were used in the present study. Apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior was used as an animal model. Various dopaminergic modulators were used. Ascorbic acid dose-dependently inhibited stereotypic behavior produced by apomorphine in mice. It potentiated the antipsychotic activity of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg i.p.), a typical antipsychotic agent. When administered along with atypical antipsychotics, clozapine (1–2 mg/kg i.p.), sulpiride (10–20 mg/kg i.p.) and risperidone (0.0025 mg/kg i.p.), ascorbic acid also potentiated their activity. Also when given along with SCH-23390, a selective D1 antagonist, an additive effect was observed. Ascorbic acid also inhibited the supersensitization response of apomorphine on reserpinization (2 mg/kg i.p.). Interestingly, at a lower dose (100 mg/kg i.p.), ascorbic acid potentiated the dopaminergic activity of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) and BHT-920 (0.25 mg/kg i.p.). However, when given concomitantly with SKF-38393, it failed to alter the response of SKF-38393. The data substantiate the hypothesis that ascorbic acid potentiated the activity of typical as well as atypical antipsychotics and that the effect of ascorbic acid on the dopaminergic system is markedly dose dependent; a low dose (100 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated the dopaminergic action while higher doses (400–1,600 mg/kg i.p.) blocked it.
Albumin Stimulation of Eosinophil Migration Involves PI3-Kinases and Is Associated with Diminished Eosinophil CD49d and CD49f Expression
Authors: Lampinen Maria , Håkansson Lena Douhan , Venge Per
Published: March 2006

Background: Albumin is known to induce chemokinesis and facilitate chemotaxis of human granulocytes in the Boyden chamber assay, but its mechanisms of action remain obscure. We have previously found that IL-2 inhibits albumin-stimulated eosinophil migration. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms behind the effects of albumin and IL-2 on the migration of human eosinophils. Methods: Purified eosinophils were preincubated with inhibitors of signal transduction molecules before incubation with or without albumin and IL-2. The migration assay was performed in a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber. The effect of albumin and IL-2 on cell size and on the surface expression of adhesion molecules was studied with flow cytometry. Results: Albumin-stimulated migration was inhibited by the PI3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002, but not by the PKC inhibitor RO-31-8220. IL-2 had no effect after preincubation with wortmannin or LY-294002. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of IL-2 remained after preincubation with RO-31-8220. Albumin increased the cell size as measured by forward scatter, and the expression of CD49d and CD49f decreased after incubation with albumin. IL-2 affected neither the expression of adhesion molecules nor the forward scatter. Conclusions: The stimulation of eosinophil migration by albumin is mediated by PI3-kinase, and the increase in cell size caused by albumin indicates activation of the cells. Decreased expression of CD49d and CD49f by albumin may diminish the adhesiveness of the cells, which in turn may facilitate migration. These are novel findings that indicate an active role for albumin in eosinophil migration.
Recommendation to Develop Strategies to Increase the Number of ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients With Timely Access to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors:   The American Heart Association’s Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Advisory Working Group, Jacobs Alice K. , Antman Elliott M. , Ellrodt Gray , Faxon David P. , Gregory Tammy , Mensah George A. , Moyer Peter , Ornato Joseph , Peterson Eric D. , Sadwin Larry , Smith Sidney C.
Published: March 2006

Although evidence suggests that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy in the majority of patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), only a minority of patients with STEMI are treated with primary PCI, and of those, only a minority receive the treatment within the recommended 90 minutes after entry into the medical system. Market research conducted by the American Heart Association revealed that those involved in the care of patients with STEMI recognize the multiple barriers that prevent the prompt delivery of primary PCI and agree that it is necessary to develop systems or centers of care that will allow STEMI patients to benefit from primary PCI. The American Heart Association will convene a group of stakeholders (representing the interests of patients, physicians, emergency medical systems, community hospitals, tertiary hospitals, and payers) and quality-of-care and outcomes experts to identify the gaps between the existing and ideal delivery of care for STEMI patients, as well as the requisite policy implications. Working within a framework of guiding principles, the group will recommend strategies to increase the number of STEMI patients with timely access to primary PCI.
Views of College Students on Pit Bull "Ownership": New Providence, The Bahamas
Authors: Burrows Tyrone , Fielding William
Published: March 2006

This paper reports the finding of the first, known study of a Caribbean community's views on pit bulls. College students (375) provided their perceptions on a number of issues related to pit bull guardianship ("ownership"). Age, sex, and dog-owning status influenced some of their views. They saw pit bulls as being different from other dogs, but not all supported banning pit bulls. Some results reinforced the stereotypes associated with pit bull ownership: Most pit bull owners were under 19 years of age, and older respondents were more likely than younger ones to support a ban on pit bulls. Why different subgroups of respondents held their views would be a useful avenue for future research.
Unraveling the Methods of Childhood and Adolescent Cruelty to Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Tallichet Suzanne , Hensley Christopher , Singer Stephen
Published: March 2006

Studies investigating the specific methods for committing nonhuman animal cruelty have only begun to expose the complexities of this particular form of violence. This study used a sample of 261 male inmates surveyed at both medium- and maximum-security prisons. The study examined the influence of demographic attributes (race, education, and residence while growing up). It also examined situational factors (was the abuse committed alone, did abuser try to conceal the act, was abuser upset by the abuse, what was the perpetrator's age at initial animal cruelty, how frequent was the animal abuse?) and specific methods of animal cruelty (shooting, drowning, hitting or kicking, choking, burning, sex). Regression analyses revealed that white inmates tended to shoot animals more frequently than did non-whites and were less likely to be upset or cover up their actions. Respondents who had sex with animals were more likely to have acted alone and to conceal their cruelty toward animals. However, we failed to find support for a potential link between childhood and adolescent animal cruelty methods and later violence against humans.
The Making of the "First Dog": President Warren G. Harding and Laddie Boy
Authors: Pycior Helena
Published: March 2006

This paper traces the history of the cultural icon of the "First Dog" of the United States back to the administration of President Warren G. Harding (1921-1923). It briefly explores technological and socio-cultural factors—including the early-twentieth-century cult of human and nonhuman celebrities—that laid a basis for the acceptance of Laddie Boy, Harding's Airedale terrier, as the third member of the First Family and a celebrity in his own right. Following Laddie Boy, First Dogs would greet and entertain visitors to the White House, pose for the press, make public appearances, and "talk." While recognizing that Laddie Boy's personality was essential to his success at the White House, the paper also documents the steps taken by President Harding, his wife Florence Kling Harding, and the American press to establish Laddie Boy as the First Dog of the land. The paper argues that the construction of the cultural icon of the First Dog was not simply a political ploy to humanize the President but more a calculated attempt by President Harding to further animal welfare.
The Under-representation of African American Employees in Animal Welfare Organizations in the United States
Authors: Brown Sue-Ellen
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this research was to document the alleged underrepresentation of African Americans employed in U.S. nonhuman animal welfare organizations. A telephone survey of 32 animal welfare organizations yielded responses from 13 with 1,584 employees. Almost all organizations were reluctant to respond. Of the 13 organizations responding, 62% (N = 8) had no African American employees. African Americans made up 4% (N = 63) of the total number of employees with only 0.8% (N = 12) at the top levels (officials, managers, and professionals). African Americans never made up more than 7% of the employees in their respective organization. This paper discusses a model of, and resources for, successful diversity building in nonprofit organizations.
Privatisation Policies and Postprivatisation Control Devices in India's Higher Education: Evidence From a Regional Study and Implications for Developing Countries
Authors: Narayana M. R.
Published: March 2006

This article focuses on economic analysis of privatisation policies and postprivatisation control devices in India's higher education. As a case study, the experiences of Karnataka State in collegiate education under general higher education are emphasised. A change in public financing, rather than a shift of public ownership and management to private sector, is the most dominant feature of privatisation policies. The impact of privatisation is estimated in terms of fiscal effect, price effect, and effects on quality, equity, and affordability. To overcome the negative effects of privatisation policies, the need for postprivatisation control devices are argued, and a few policy devices are suggested. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development experiences in postprivatisation control devices for manufacturing and infrastructure privatisation are shown to have relevance for both privatisation and globalisation of higher education services, especially in view of bringing education services for negotiations under the World Trade Organisation's General Agreement on Trade in Services.
Coping With Demand: Managing International Student Numbers at New Zealand Universities
Authors: Smith Leanne M. , Rae Allan N.
Published: March 2006

Export education in New Zealand dates from the 1950s, with international students coming to study through the Commonwealth Colombo Plan. There has been a dramatic increase of international students studying in New Zealand. This research asks the questions: Are New Zealand public universities having to manage the international student numbers they face? If so, by what processes are they managing the numbers, and to what target number or percentages are these New Zealand education institutions aspiring? Selected for the study were the eight public universities in New Zealand. Of all respondents, seven have a target or quota of international students at their institution, ranging from 12% to 20% of the total enrolment. New Zealand public universities, although recognising the important contribution international students make to revenue streams and the internationalisation of their institution, saw it as important to consider other objectives and to manage international student numbers.
The Right to Education in a Globalized World
Authors: Lindahl Ronald
Published: March 2006

This article explores the fundamental issues related to education as a human right, particularly in the context of rapid globalization. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations’ 1959 Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights all declare education to be a fundamental human right. Further discussion has continued at the Education for All conferences held in Thailand in 1990 and Senegal in 2000 as well as in the International Commission on Education for the 21st Century's report to the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. However, there is no consistent definition of what amounts, qualities, forms, and content of education meet the minimum requirements to fulfill that right. In a globalized world, this issue becomes even more complex. Questions arise as to who should provide education, for whom, how, with what content, and under what conditions.
The search for authenticity
Authors: Campbell Alex
Published: March 2006

In the popular imagination skinhead identity has come to be inextricably connected to a white-racist identity. This article explores this tenet through an ethnographic exploration of an online skinhead newsgroup, a milieu where racial markings are seemingly absent. The empirical findings expose that ‘racism’ is read ambivalently by the newsgroup's skinheads. ‘Racism’ is not viewed as a constituting component of skinhead identity; however, there is widespread commitment to a ‘white identity’. This article concentrates on the processes which give rise to a digitalized (white) skinhead identity, (re)established online in and through textual performances. Narratives of whiteness articulated through the node of skinness, reveal the salience of racial bodies in the virtual world. However, the imagined relationship between skinheads and racism is not straightforward. The skinheads of this research do not enact an explicit discriminatory racism, but rather they imagine whiteness as a performative condition of skinness, a notion that necessitates a figurative (and literal) aggressive relation to ‘otherness’.
Exploring factors affecting the adoption and continuance of online games among college students in South Korea
Authors: Chang Byeng-Hee , Lee Seung-Eun , Kim Byoung-Sun
Published: March 2006

This study approached online games as an innovation and new medium with both Uses and Gratifications Perspective and Diffusion of Innovation Theory as theoretical frames. Based on a survey sample of Korean college students, this study investigated the differences in game adoption (1) between adopters (including continuers and discontinuers) and nonadopters (including potentials and resistors), (2) between continuers and discontinuers, and (3) between potentials and resistors of online games. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that demographic profiles and innovativeness were strong predictive constructs for predicting online game adoption.
Global primordialities: virtual identity politics in online Hindutva and online Dalit discourse
Authors: Chopra Rohit
Published: March 2006

This article analyzes the online representations of the identity politics discourse of the elite Hindu nationalist community and the subaltern Dalit community. The assumptions underlying assertions about Hindu and Dalit identity on select Hindu nationalist and Dalit websites are remarkably similar despite deep ideological differences between the two. Developments in the Indian technological and cultural fields in the 1990s have enabled the emergence of a new mode of representing collective identity (‘global primordiality’), which explains the resemblance between online Hindu nationalist and online Dalit discourse. The logic of global primordiality typically finds expression in cyberspace, where the realms of technology and culture intersect. The representational framework of global primordiality is shaped primarily by Hindu nationalists who also occupy a privileged position as elites in the Indian technological field. In its participation in cyberspace, Dalit discourse may tend to mirror this dominant mode of online representation, even as it remains opposed to Hindu nationalism.
Spatial conceptions of URLs: Tamil Eelam networks on the world wide web
Authors: Enteen Jillana
Published: March 2006

In its current state, the internet may be understood as a dynamic, shifting network of computers and other electronic signal receptors transmitting and/or receiving bits of digital information. Popular conceptions of the internet, however, depict this exchange of information as delimiting virtual space. Rather than recognizing the networks formed through online information exchange, the prevailing images of the internet and world wide web locate individuals, not to mention data, within spatial coordinates. Some websites use networking and exchange to describe how they disseminate data; Tamil Eelam online provides an example where spatial metaphors are eschewed and network figures highlighted. Virtual Tamil Eelam is not focused on geopolitical sites but rather on people in dispersion, as well as the spread of information regarding its history and virtual nation, in order to create recognition for state and national sovereignty.
Enhanced purification of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells using SLAM family receptors
Authors: Kim Injune , He Shenghui , Yilmaz Ömer H. , Kiel Mark J. , Morrison Sean J.
Published: March 2006

Although adult mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been purified to near homogeneity, it remains impossible to achieve this with fetal HSCs. Adult HSC purity recently has been enhanced using the SLAM family receptors CD150, CD244, and CD48. These markers are expressed at different stages of the hematopoiesis hierarchy, making it possible to highly purify adult HSCs as CD150+CD48–CD244– cells. We found that SLAM family receptors exhibited a similar expression pattern in fetal liver. Fetal liver HSCs were CD150+CD48–CD244–, and the vast majority of colony-forming progenitors were CD48+CD244–CD150– or CD48+CD244+CD150–, just as in adult bone marrow. SLAM family markers enhanced the purification of fetal liver HSCs. Whereas 1 (11%) of every 8.9 ThylowSca-1+lineage–Mac-1+ fetal liver cells gave long-term multilineage reconstitution in irradiated mice, 1 (18%) of every 5.7 CD150+CD48–CD41– cells and 1 (37%) of every 2.7 CD150+CD48–Sca-1+lineage–Mac-1+ fetal liver cells gave long-term multilineage reconstitution. These data emphasize the robustness with which SLAM family markers distinguish progenitors at different stages of the hematopoiesis hierarchy and enhance the purification of definitive HSCs from diverse contexts. Nonetheless, CD150, CD244, and CD48 are not pan-stem cell markers, as they were not detectably expressed by stem cells in the fetal or adult nervous system.