bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Allylation of Racemic Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts
Authors: Wang Xubin , Wang Xiaoming , Han Zhaobin , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: December 2016

A palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allyl–allyl cross‐coupling of acetates of racemic Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts and allylB(pin) has been developed using a spiroketal‐based bis(phosphine) as the chiral ligand, thus affording a series of chiral 1,5‐dienes bearing a vinylic ester functionality in good yields, high branched regioselectivities, and uniformly excellent enantioselectivities (95–99 % ee). Further synthetic manipulations of the allylation products provided novel ways for rapid access to a range of chiral polycyclic lactones and polycyclic lactams, as well as the antidepressant drug (−)‐Paroxetine, in high optical purities.
Dibora[2]ferrocenophan: ein carbenstabilisiertes Diboren in einer gespannten cis‐Konfiguration
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Krummenacher Ivo , Lichtenberg Crispin , Mattock James D. , Schäfer Marius , Schmidt Uwe , Schneider Christoph , Steffenhagen Thomas , Ullrich Stefan , Vargas Alfredo
Published: December 2016

Ungesättigte Brücken, die in gespannten ansa‐Metallocenen zwei Cyclopentadienyl‐Einheiten miteinander verbinden, sind äußerst selten und auf Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Doppelbindungen beschränkt. Die Synthese und Isolierung eines gespannten Ferrocenophans mit einer ungesättigten Brücke aus zwei Boratomen, die isoelektronisch mit einer C=C‐Doppelbindung ist, wurde durch Reduktion eines carbenstabilisierten 1,1′‐Bis(dihalogenboryl)ferrocens erstmals verwirklicht. Spektroskopische und elektrochemische Messmethoden sowie DFT‐Rechnungen wurden angewendet, um den Einfluss der beispiellosen, gespannten cis‐Konfiguration auf die optischen und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften der carbenstabilisierten Diboren‐Einheit zu untersuchen. Erste Reaktivitätsstudien zeigen, dass das Dibora[2]ferrocenophan anfällig für die Spaltung der Bor‐Bor‐Doppelbindung ist.
Durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene stabilisierte Borylradikale
Authors: Silva Valverde Miguel F. , Schweyen Peter , Gisinger Daria , Bannenberg Thomas , Freytag Matthias , Kleeberg Christian , Tamm Matthias
Published: December 2016

Die Reaktion von 2‐(Trimethylsilyl)imidazoliumtriflat 9 mit Diarylborhalogeniden (4‐R‐C6H4)2BX (R=H, X=Br; R=CH3, X=Cl; R=CF3, X=Cl) führte zu den NHC‐stabilisierten Boreniumkationen 10 a–c. Cyclovoltammetrische Untersuchungen offenbarten eine lineare Korrelation zwischen den Hammett‐Parametern σp der para‐Substituenten und den Halbstufenpotentialen. Die chemische Reduktion mittels Decamethylcobaltocen, [(C5Me5)2Co], lieferte die entsprechenden Radikale 11 a–c; ihre Charakterisierung durch EPR‐Spektroskopie bestätigte den paramagnetischen Charakter von 11 a–c und ergab große Hyperfeinkopplungskonstanten zu den Bor‐Isotopen 11B und 10B, während die Delokalisierung des ungepaarten Elektrons in das NHC vernachlässigbar ist. DFT‐Berechnungen der Anteile der Spindichteverteilung zwischen dem Carben (NHC) und dem Borylfragment (BR2) offenbarte für 11 a–c ein Spindichteverhältnis (BR2 /NHC) von ca. 9:1, wodurch ihr eindeutiger Borylcharakter unterstrichen wird. Die Molekülstruktur der stabilsten Spezies 11 c wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
Dibora[2]ferrocenophane: A Carbene‐Stabilized Diborene in a Strained cis‐Configuration
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Krummenacher Ivo , Lichtenberg Crispin , Mattock James D. , Schäfer Marius , Schmidt Uwe , Schneider Christoph , Steffenhagen Thomas , Ullrich Stefan , Vargas Alfredo
Published: December 2016

Unsaturated bridges that link the two cyclopentadienyl ligands together in strained ansa metallocenes are rare and limited to carbon–carbon double bonds. The synthesis and isolation of a strained ferrocenophane containing an unsaturated two‐boron bridge, isoelectronic with a C=C double bond, was achieved by reduction of a carbene‐stabilized 1,1′‐bis(dihaloboryl)ferrocene. A combination of spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations was used to assess the influence of the unprecedented strained cis configuration on the optical and electrochemical properties of the carbene‐stabilized diborene unit. Initial reactivity studies show that the dibora[2]ferrocenophane is prone to boron–boron double bond cleavage reactions.
Stable Di‐ and Tri‐coordinated Carbon(II) Supported by an Electron‐Rich β‐Diketiminate Ligand
Authors: Regnier Vianney , Planet Yoan , Moore Curtis E. , Pecaut Jacques , Philouze Christian , Martin David
Published: December 2016

Complexes of the ubiquitous β‐diketiminates (NacNac) ligands have been reported with most elements of the periodic table, including Group 14 Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. The striking absence of carbon representatives has been attributed to the extreme electrophilicity of the putative C‐NacNac adducts. An electron enriched 2,4‐(dimethylamino)diketiminato backbone is described, which allowed for the synthesis and isolation of such stable pyrimidin‐1,3‐diium and pyrimidinium‐2‐ylidene salts. Structural and preliminary reactivity studies are reported, including an air‐stable gold complex. An unforeseen original class of stable N‐heterocyclic carbenes and, more generally, the potential of electron‐rich NacNac patterns for taming highly electrophilic centers are showcased.
Shared Sequences from Network Therapy with Adolescents Only the therapist Finds Meaningful
Authors: Lidbom Per Arne , Bøe Tore Dag , Kristoffersen Kjell , Ulland Dagfinn , Seikkula Jaakko
Published: December 2016

As part of a larger research project, this qualitative study explores sequences from six network therapy sessions. We focused on these sequences because only the therapists found them to be meaningful; the other participants did not think they were significant. The aim of this study was to explore the therapists’ inner dialogues, the degree to which these inner dialogues consist of professional and personal voices, and what this means for the dialogical process. We used a multi‐perspective methodology that combines video recordings of network therapy sessions, participants’ interviews, and text analysis. We found that the outer dialogue and the therapists’ inner dialogues are strongly related to each other and that both personal experiences and professional knowledge are present in an implicit way, which helps the therapist to be present in the dialogical process both as a person and as a professional. We also found that when the outer dialogue is very emotional, the therapist moves away from the outer dialogue and becomes more present in their inner dialogues.
Vascular Canals in Permanent Hyaline Cartilage: Development, Corrosion of Nonmineralized Cartilage Matrix, and Removal of Matrix Degradation Products
Authors: Gabner Simone , Häusler Gabriele , Böck Peter
Published: December 2016

Core areas in voluminous pieces of permanent cartilage are metabolically supplied via vascular canals (VCs). We studied cartilage corrosion and removal of matrix degradation products during the development of VCs in nose and rib cartilage of piglets. Conventional staining methods were used for glycosaminoglycans, immunohistochemistry was performed to demonstrate collagens types I and II, laminin, Ki‐67, von Willebrand factor, VEGF, macrophage marker MAC387, S‐100 protein, MMPs ‐2,‐9,‐13,‐14, and their inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2. VCs derived from connective tissue buds that bulged into cartilage matrix (“perichondrial papillae”, PPs). Matrix was corroded at the tips of PPs or resulting VCs. Connective tissue stromata in PPs and VCs comprised an axial afferent blood vessel, peripherally located wide capillaries, fibroblasts, newly synthesized matrix, and residues of corroded cartilage matrix (collagen type II, acidic proteoglycans). Multinucleated chondroclasts were absent, and monocytes/macrophages were not seen outside the blood vessels. Vanishing acidity characterized areas of extracellular matrix degradation (“preresorptive layers”), from where the dismantled matrix components diffused out. Leached‐out material stained in an identical manner to intact cartilage matrix. It was detected in the stroma and inside capillaries and associated downstream veins. We conclude that the delicate VCs are excavated by endothelial sprouts and fibroblasts, whilst chondroclasts are specialized to remove high volumes of mineralized cartilage. VCs leading into permanent cartilage can be formed by corrosion or inclusion, but most VCs comprise segments that have developed in either of these ways. Anat Rec, 300:1067–1082, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case study on Bioeconomy Campus, Central Finland
Authors: Ylimartimo Anneli
Published: December 2016

This paper studies the development path, assets, and challenges of an initiative for a bioeconomy innovation ecosystem located in a sparsely populated rural area. The case studied is the Bioeconomy Campus in northern Central Finland. Central Finland was one of the European bioregions whose bioeconomy was analyzed from the clustering point of view by the FP7 project BERST ‐ BioEconomy Regional Strategy Toolkit (2013–2015). In this paper, the role of the Bioeconomy Campus in the Finnish research, development, and innovation (RDI) system is described and the development path of the campus is studied in the context of the BERST results from Central Finland. The cluster analyses in BERST were based on information about bioeconomy clusters located mostly in densely populated central European areas with big industries. The potential of the Bioeconomy Campus to further develop and to promote smart growth in the surrounding rural environment is discussed by comparing the findings of this case study with the BERST results and with some results presented in literature on clusters and innovation ecosystems. The main aim of the comparison is to get indication of the relevance and usefulness of this type of down‐scaling for further exploitation of BERST results. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Associations Between Delay Discounting and Risk‐Related Behaviors, Traits, Attitudes, and Outcomes
Authors: Mishra Sandeep , Lalumière Martin L.
Published: December 2016

Delay discounting—preference for immediate, smaller rewards over distal, larger rewards—has been argued to be part of the “generality of deviance”, which describes the co‐occurrence of various forms of impulsive and risky behaviors among individuals. Some studies have linked laboratory‐measured delay discounting to behaviors, traits, attitudes, and outcomes associated with risk, but these associations have been inconsistent. Furthermore, many of these studies have been conducted with exclusively undergraduate samples, or in samples offering low statistical power. In a large community sample (n = 328) diverse in age and socioeconomic status, we examined associations between two measures of behavioral delay discounting (single‐shot and canonical k‐parameter estimation) and behavioral risk‐taking, personality traits associated with risk, domain‐specific risk attitudes, gambling and problem gambling, antisocial behavior, and criminal outcomes. In addition, we explored whether a novel response time latency measure of delay discounting explained variance in these risk‐related outcomes. Results indicated that behavioral delay discounting was consistently associated with all variables related to impulse control: high trait impulsivity, low trait self‐control, risk‐averse attitudes toward financial investment, risk‐prone attitudes toward gambling and health/safety risks, gambling and problem gambling, antisocial conduct, and criminal outcomes. Latency‐measured delay discounting was inconsistently associated with behavioral delay discounting and risk‐related measures. Together, results suggest that delay discounting is associated with poor impulse control consistent with a generality of deviance account. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quenching of electronically excited N2 molecules and Tb3+/Eu3+ ions by polyatomic sulfur‐containing gases upon triboluminescence of inorganic lanthanide salts
Authors: Sharipov G. L. , Tukhbatullin A. A. , Bagautdinova A. R.
Published: December 2016

The triboluminescence of Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O and Tb2(SO4)3·8H2O crystals in an atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (SO2) or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was studied. Quenching of the gaseous (emitter N2) and solid‐state (emitter Ln3+) components of the triboluminescence (TL) emission spectrum was seen when compared with the TL spectra of the crystals in air. One reason for the quenching is a reduction in the effective charge both on the crystal surface and in micro‐cracks under an SO2 or SF6 atmosphere, leading to a decrease in the probability of electrical breakdown and a reduction in electric field strength responsible for the electroluminescence excitation of lanthanide ions in TL. In an SO2 atmosphere, there is an additional mode of quenching, as confirmed by quenching of the crystal photoluminescence (emitter Ln3+). It is supposed that this quenching is due to an exchange of energy on electronic excitation of the lanthanide ions to the vibrational sublevels of the SO2 molecules adsorbed on the crystal surface. Another additional channel of TL quenching originates from non‐radiative transfer of excitation energy during collisions between the *N2 and SO2 molecules in the gaseous phase.
Decision making for upgrading or downgrading a CRT device regarding ethical, medical, and economic issues
Authors: Kallergis E. M. , Simantirakis E. N. , Nakou E. S. , Vardas P. E.
Published: December 2016

There are limited data about the management of patients presenting for elective generator replacements in the setting of previously implanted implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices that are nearing end of life. Over a patient's life span, clinical situations evolve and previously present conditions that merited CRT implantation may change. The individual patient's clinical status and concomitant illnesses may evolve so that considerations may include not only replacement of the pulse generator but also potentially changing the type of device [e.g., downgrading CRT‐defibrillator (CRT‐D) to CRT‐pacemaker (CRT‐P) or ICD or upgrading of CRT‐P to CRT‐D]. Moreover, the clinical evidence for CRT‐D/CRT‐P placement may evolve over time, with ongoing research and availability of new trial data. In this review we discuss the ethical, medical, and financial implications related to CRT generator replacements and the need for additional clinical trials to better understand which patients should undergo downgrading or upgrading.

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How to follow a patient with heart failure and a biventricular device
Authors: Theofilogiannakos E. K. , Vassilikos V. P.
Published: December 2016

Cardiac resynchronization therapy is the gold standard therapy for patients with moderate to severe heart failure symptoms on optimal medical treatment, with left ventricular ejection fraction <35% and broad QRS (>120 msec). However, one‐third of them do not respond to CRT (defines as no any functional/symptomatic improvement and/or without left ventricular reverse remodeling). Some patients might potentially be responders if manages properly and for this reason, patient after CRT implantation should be followed up regularly. Given that a CRT patient is mainly a heart failure patient, follow up should not be focused only on device interrogation but it is essential to optimize the overall heart failure of the patient. This paper reviews the stages of an outpatient follow up of a CRT patient focusing primarily on the nonresponders management.

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Advanced atrioventricular block with a very prolonged ventricular asystole detected four hours after placement of an impantable loop recorder
Authors: Korantzopoulos P. , Ntalas I. V. , Papafaklis M. I. , Goudevenos J. A.
Published: December 2016

In this report, we present a 42‐year‐old woman without structural heart disease who underwent an implantable loop recorder implantation for recurrent syncopal episodes during the past 12 years. Four hours after implantation, the patient suffered sudden loss of consciousness while sitting on her bed in the ward. Interestingly, interrogation of the device revealed an episode of advanced atrioventricular block with a very prolonged ventricular asystole of 25 sec. We also provide a concise overview of the literature regarding the implantable loop recorder use in recurrent unexplained syncope as well as regarding idiopathic advanced atrioventricular block.
Successful treatment of severe baclofen toxicosis initially refractory to conventional treatment
Authors: Fox Christine M. , Daly Meredith L.
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

After ingesting a dose of baclofen thought to be lethal, a patient with severe neurologic signs was successfully managed despite initially being refractory to treatment. Patients with persistent neurologic abnormalities may still have an excellent prognosis despite lack of initial response. Additionally, we present a potential case of benzodiazepine withdrawal.
Like Father, Like Daughter—inherited cutis aplasia occurring in a family with Marfan syndrome: a case report
Authors: Islam Yasmin Florence Khodeja , Williams Charles A. , Schoch Jennifer Jane , Andrews Israel David
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

We present the case of a newborn with co‐occurrence of Marfan syndrome and aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and a family history significant for Marfan syndrome and ACC in the father. This case details a previously unreported mutation in Marfan syndrome and describes a novel coinheritance of Marfan syndrome and ACC.
Therapeutic plasma exchange: a second‐line treatment for brodifacoum poisoning following an anaphylactoid reaction to vitamin K
Authors: Deng Ying , Qiu Li
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

Vitamin K1 is the first‐line therapy to brodifacoum poisoning. Anaphylactoid reactions may occur anytime during intravenous administration of vitamin K1 injection. Vitamin K1 must be ceased when anaphylactoid reactions emerge, and therapeutic plasma exchange could be a second‐line option.
In Situ Growth of Sn‐Doped Ni3S2 Nanosheets on Ni Foam as High‐Performance Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yu Jing , Ma Fei‐Xiang , Du Yue , Wang Pan‐Pan , Xu Cheng‐Yan , Zhen Liang
Published: December 2016

Nickel sulfides have been widely employed as high‐performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with high activity and low cost, and their performance could be tremendously promoted by elaborate design. Herein, we report a simple solvothermal route for the in situ growth of a three‐dimensional network structure of Sn‐doped Ni3S2, assembled by using ultrathin nanosheets on Ni foam. The ultrathin nanosheets with thicknesses of approximately 5–9 nm could provide more exposed active edges and a shorter electron transfer path. The Sn‐doped sample exhibited efficient and durable electrocatalytic HER activity both in acid and alkaline conditions, much better than that of undoped Ni3S2 nanorods. Nyquist plots indicated that the electrochemical impendence reduced with the introduction of elemental Sn, which was another critical factor for the enhanced catalytic performance.
Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis
Authors: Yuill Elizabeth M. , Baker Lane A.
Published: December 2016

This MiniReview details the evolution and present state of combined electrochemical (EC) and atmospheric pressure sampling/ionization mass spectrometric (MS) techniques, with an emphasis on biologically relevant investigations. Particular attention is paid to how innate EC processes can be exploited to gain additional information about an analyte, and how these effects influence experimental design. A general overview of EC‐MS techniques underscores the complementary nature of the two techniques.
Preparation of high quality Microgranulate CrO3 based on green process design
Authors: Cui Wenwen , Li Ping , Chen Yongan , Liu Chuang , Zhang Hailin , Wang Shulei , Wang Hongyan , Zheng Shili , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2016

A mild crystallization process was proposed to prepare chromium trioxide (CrO3) by reaction between K2Cr2O7 and HNO3 aqueous solutions. Through ICP, XRPD, SEM, and EDS analysis, key factors and mechanisms that influenced the preparation of CrO3 were studied. Large spherical particles of CrO3 (d50 ≥ 300 µm) with high purity (CrO3 ≥ 0.99 g/g, K ≤ 2 mg/g) were prepared when the initial concentration of K2Cr2O7 was kept at 80 g/100 mL HNO3, the acid feeding rate and the cooling rate were set at 1 mL · min−1 and 0.1 °C · min−1, respectively, and the direct recovery of Cr6+ was up to more than 95 %. Kinetic analysis indicated that low nucleation rate and high growth rate would favour the increase of CrO3 particle size in this process. As a high‐valued byproduct, Cr(VI)‐free KNO3 was further prepared with the designed crystallization steps. Additionally, green characteristics of the process were also discussed.
A Mild and Rapid Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Sulfonyl Enoates from Sodium Sulfinates and Propargyl Esters
Authors: Jiang Jun , Zou Huaxu , Yi Niannian , Wang Ruijia , Zhang Hao , Lan Lixin , Xiang Jiannan
Published: December 2016

Water‐promoted sulfonylation of propargyl esters leading to highly regioselective and stereoselective formation of (Z)‐β‐sulfonyl enoates in excellent yields, by a simple, mild, rapid and environmentally benign reaction procedure is reported.
Metal NHC Complexes with Naphthalimide Ligands as DNA‐Interacting Antiproliferative Agents
Authors: Streciwilk Wojciech , Terenzi Alessio , Misgeld Rainer , Frias Corazon , Jones Peter G. , Prokop Aram , Keppler Bernhard K. , Ott Ingo
Published: December 2016

Naphthalimide‐based N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of the type [(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)(NHC)RhCl)] (4 a–c), [(p‐cymene)(NHC)RuCl2)] (5 a–c), and [(NHC)CuBr] (6 a–c) were synthesized and investigated as antiproliferative agents that target DNA. The cytotoxic effects were largely driven by the naphthalimide structure, which is a DNA‐intercalating moiety. Regarding the metal center, the highest activities were observed with the rhodium complexes, and cytotoxic activity was significantly lower for the ruthenium derivatives. The stable coordination of the NHC ligands of selected complexes 4 b and 5 b in solution was confirmed, and their DNA binding properties were studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism. Stable intercalative binding into the DNA for all selected naphthalimide‐based complexes is indicated by high DNA binding constants. Particularly efficient binding was observed in the case of the rhodium complex 4 b. More detailed biological studies on 4 b showed promising activities against multidrug‐resistant Nalm‐6 cells and confirmed an important role for mitochondrial pathways in 4 b‐induced apoptosis.
The organization of frequency and binaural cues in the gerbil inferior colliculus
Authors: Graña Gilberto David , Hutson Kendall A. , Badea Alexandra , Pappa Andrew , Scott William , Fitzpatrick Douglas C.
Published: December 2016

The inferior colliculus (IC) is the common target of separate pathways that transmit different types of auditory information. Beyond tonotopy, little is known about the organization of response properties within the 3‐dimensional layout of the auditory midbrain in most species. Through study of interaural time difference (ITD) processing, the functional properties of neurons can be readily characterized and related to specific pathways. To characterize the representation of ITDs relative to the frequency and hodological organization of the IC, the properties of neurons were recorded and the sites recovered histologically. Subdivisions of the IC were identified based on cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. The results were plotted within a framework formed by an MRI atlas of the gerbil brain. The central nucleus was composed of two parts, and lateral and dorsal cortical areas were identified. The lateral part of the central nucleus had the highest CO activity in the IC and a high proportion of neurons sensitive to ITDs. The medial portion had lower CO activity and fewer ITD‐sensitive neurons. A common tonotopy with a dorsolateral to ventromedial gradient of low to high frequencies spanned the two regions. The distribution of physiological responses was in close agreement with known patterns of ascending inputs. An understanding of the 3‐dimensional organization of the IC is needed to specify how the single tonotopic representation in the IC central nucleus leads to the multiple tonotopic representations in core areas of the auditory cortex.
Detection and prevention of spam over Internet telephony in Voice over Internet Protocol networks using Markov chain with incremental SVM
Authors: Vennila G. , Manikandan M. S. K. , Suresh M. N.
Published: December 2016

This paper is mainly focused on the detection and prevention of the spammers such as telemarketing callers in Voice over Internet Protocol networks. The existing spam over Internet telephony (SPIT) detection mechanisms use call characteristics features such as reputation rate, call rejection rate, and user feedback that might increase the computation overhead and communication overhead. In this paper, a 2‐tier model is proposed and implemented for detecting, preventing, and mitigating SPIT callers. The 2‐tier model consists of a Markov chain (MC) and an incremental support vector machine (ISVM). The MC, in the first tier, detects the telemarketing callers, whereas the ISVM classifier in the second tier segregates these callers from the legitimate users. Also, the ISVM gradually mitigates the arrival of telemarketing callers at the recipient side. The performance of the proposed MC‐ISVM classifier is tested using an experimental test bed, and the results show that the 2‐tier model reports a promising blockage probability rate of 0.9 against spammers with a false positive rate of less than 0.01.
Is xenodontine snake reproduction shaped by ancestry, more than by ecology?
Authors: Bellini Gisela P. , Arzamendia Vanesa , Giraudo Alejandro R.
Published: December 2016

One of the current challenges of evolutionary ecology is to understand the effects of phylogenetic history (PH) and/or ecological factors (EF) on the life‐history traits of the species. Here, the effects of environment and phylogeny are tested for the first time on the reproductive biology of South American xenodontine snakes. We studied 60% of the tribes of this endemic and most representative clade in a temperate region of South America. A comparative method (canonical phylogenetic ordination—CPO) was used to find the relative contributions of EF and PH upon life‐history aspects of snakes, comparing the reproductive mode, mean fecundity, reproductive potential, and frequency of nearly 1,000 specimens. CPO analysis showed that PH or ancestry explained most of the variation in reproduction, whereas EF explained little of this variation. The reproductive traits under study are suggested to have a strong phylogenetic signal in this clade, the ancestry playing a big role in reproduction. The EF also influenced the reproduction of South American xenodontines, although to a lesser extent. Our finding provides new evidence of how the evolutionary history is embodied in the traits of living species.
Calling at the highway: The spatiotemporal constraint of road noise on Pacific chorus frog communication
Authors: Nelson Danielle V. , Klinck Holger , Carbaugh‐Rutland Alexander , Mathis Codey L. , Morzillo Anita T. , Garcia Tiffany S.
Published: December 2016

Loss of acoustic habitat due to anthropogenic noise is a key environmental stressor for vocal amphibian species, a taxonomic group that is experiencing global population declines. The Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) is the most common vocal species of the Pacific Northwest and can occupy human‐dominated habitat types, including agricultural and urban wetlands. This species is exposed to anthropogenic noise, which can interfere with vocalizations during the breeding season. We hypothesized that Pacific chorus frogs would alter the spatial and temporal structure of their breeding vocalizations in response to road noise, a widespread anthropogenic stressor. We compared Pacific chorus frog call structure and ambient road noise levels along a gradient of road noise exposures in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We used both passive acoustic monitoring and directional recordings to determine source level (i.e., amplitude or volume), dominant frequency (i.e., pitch), call duration, and call rate of individual frogs and to quantify ambient road noise levels. Pacific chorus frogs were unable to change their vocalizations to compensate for road noise. A model of the active space and time (“spatiotemporal communication”) over which a Pacific chorus frog vocalization could be heard revealed that in high‐noise habitats, spatiotemporal communication was drastically reduced for an individual. This may have implications for the reproductive success of this species, which relies on specific call repertoires to portray relative fitness and attract mates. Using the acoustic call parameters defined by this study (frequency, source level, call rate, and call duration), we developed a simplified model of acoustic communication space–time for this species. This model can be used in combination with models that determine the insertion loss for various acoustic barriers to define the impact of anthropogenic noise on the radius of communication in threatened species. Additionally, this model can be applied to other vocal taxonomic groups provided the necessary acoustic parameters are determined, including the frequency parameters and perception thresholds. Reduction in acoustic habitat by anthropogenic noise may emerge as a compounding environmental stressor for an already sensitive taxonomic group.
Global ecological success of Thalassoma fishes in extreme coral reef habitats
Authors: Fulton Christopher J. , Wainwright Peter C. , Hoey Andrew S. , Bellwood David R.
Published: December 2016

Phenotypic adaptations can allow organisms to relax abiotic selection and facilitate their ecological success in challenging habitats, yet we have relatively little data for the prevalence of this phenomenon at macroecological scales. Using data on the relative abundance of coral reef wrasses and parrotfishes (f. Labridae) spread across three ocean basins and the Red Sea, we reveal the consistent global dominance of extreme wave‐swept habitats by fishes in the genus Thalassoma, with abundances up to 15 times higher than any other labrid. A key locomotor modification—a winged pectoral fin that facilitates efficient underwater flight in high‐flow environments—is likely to have underpinned this global success, as numerical dominance by Thalassoma was contingent upon the presence of high‐intensity wave energy. The ecological success of the most abundant species also varied with species richness and the presence of congeneric competitors. While several fish taxa have independently evolved winged pectoral fins, Thalassoma appears to have combined efficient high‐speed swimming (to relax abiotic selection) with trophic versatility (to maximize exploitation of rich resources) to exploit and dominate extreme coral reef habitats around the world.
Effects of temperature on transcriptome and cuticular hydrocarbon expression in ecologically differentiated populations of desert Drosophila
Authors: Etges William J. , de Oliveira Cássia C. , Rajpurohit Subhash , Gibbs Allen G.
Published: December 2016

We assessed the effects of temperature differences on gene expression using whole‐transcriptome microarrays and cuticular hydrocarbon variation in populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. Four populations from Baja California and mainland Mexico and Arizona were each reared on two different host cacti, reared to sexual maturity on laboratory media, and adults were exposed for 12 hr to 15, 25, or 35°C. Temperature differences influenced the expression of 3,294 genes, while population differences and host plants affected >2,400 each in adult flies. Enriched, functionally related groups of genes whose expression changed at high temperatures included heat response genes, as well as genes affecting chromatin structure. Gene expression differences between mainland and peninsular populations included genes involved in metabolism of secondary compounds, mitochondrial activity, and tRNA synthases. Flies reared on the ancestral host plant, pitaya agria cactus, showed upregulation of genes involved in metabolism, while flies reared on organ pipe cactus had higher expression of DNA repair and chromatin remodeling genes. Population × environment (G × E) interactions had widespread effects on the transcriptome where population × temperature interactions affected the expression of >5,000 orthologs, and there were >4,000 orthologs that showed temperature × host plant interactions. Adults exposed to 35°C had lower amounts of most cuticular hydrocarbons than those exposed to 15 or 25°C, including abundant unsaturated alkadienes. For insects adapted to different host plants and climatic regimes, our results suggest that temperature shifts associated with climate change have large and significant effects on transcriptomes of genetically differentiated natural populations.
The Structural Chemistry of Stable High‐Spin Nitrosyl–Iron(II) Compounds with Aminecarboxylato Co‐Ligands in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Aas Bianca M. , Klüfers Peter
Published: December 2016

Four crystalline nitrosyl–iron compounds of the {FeNO}7(S = 3/2) type with aminecarboxylato co‐ligands were prepared from aqueous solutions of iron(II) sulfate, an equimolar amount of one of the co‐ligands ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetate (edda), nitrilotriacetate (nta), N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetate (bhedda) or ethylenediamine‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetate (edta) and gaseous nitric oxide. The hemihydrate [Fe(edda)(H2O)(NO)]·0.5H2O (1·0.5H2O), a hydrated coordination polymer [{Fe(H2O)4}{Fe(NO)(nta)}2]n/n·2H2O = [Fe(H2O)4(2)2]n/n·2H2O with [Fe(NO)(nta)]– (2) monoanions, the solvent‐free complex [Fe(bhedda)(NO)] (3) and another coordination polymer [Fe(H2O)2{Fe(NO)(Hedta)}2]n/n = [Fe(H2O)2(4)2]n/n with [Fe(Hedta)(NO)]– (4) monoanions were investigated by crystallography and IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Structural peculiarities, such as a tilt of the NO ligand toward the O atom of a neighbouring carboxylato ligand, were analysed by DFT calculations. The stability of the aqueous solutions of the target compounds against inert‐gas stripping was related to the low amount of the less stable aqua complex [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+ in the aqueous equilibria in addition to the intrinsic stability of the species.
Residual slip of sliding blocks induced by near‐fault ground motions
Authors: Meza Fajardo Kristel C. , Papageorgiou Apostolos S.
Published: December 2016

The response of a rigid block supported on a horizontally moving foundation through a dry‐friction contact is investigated to near‐fault ground motions. Such motions can be thought of as consisting of a coherent component (‘pulse’) and an incoherent component, which can be described as a band‐limited ‘random noise’. The equation of motion of this strongly nonlinear system is reduced to a normalized form that reveals important parameters of the problem such as the critical acceleration ratio. The response of the sliding block to a set of uniformly processed near‐fault motions, covering a sufficiently wide range of magnitudes, is evaluated numerically for selected discrete values of the acceleration ratio. For each value of the critical acceleration ratio, the numerically computed residual slips are fitted with a Weibull (Gumbel type III) extreme value probability distribution. This allows the establishment of regression equations that describe accurately design sliding curves corresponding to various levels of non‐exceedance probability. The analysis reveals that the coherent component of motion contributes significantly to the response of the sliding block. Furthermore, the relevant acceleration in specifying the critical acceleration ratio is the (normalized) amplitude, αH_pulse, of the pulse and not the (normalized) amplitude of the incoherent component αH. Finally, the incoherent component is described quantitatively in terms of the root‐mean‐square acceleration aRMS, and an attempt is made to understand its influence on the response of the sliding block. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalyzed synthesis of functionalized vinylphosphonates in water
Authors: Seingeot Adeline , Charmasson Yolande , Attolini Mireille , Maffei Michel
Published: December 2016

The reaction between diethyl(α‐acetoxymethyl)vinylphosphonate 1 and nitrogen‐ or sulfur‐based nucleophiles occurs easily at room temperature in water as a solvent in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo [2.2.1]octane (DABCO) as an organocatalyst. This simple procedure enables the synthesis of nitrogen‐ and sulfur substituted vinylphosphonates, and also allows a convenient use of water‐soluble salts as nucleophiles.
PREDICTORS OF INFANT AND TODDLER BLACK BOYS’ EARLY LEARNING: SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES AND MINIMIZING RISKS
Authors: Iruka Iheoma U.
Published: December 2016

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS‐B) data set (U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, 2001), this study examined child, family, and community factors in the early years (infant and toddler years) to predict the cognitive and language outcomes for preschool‐age Black boys in relation to Black girls and White boys. Findings indicate that Black children face many challenges, with Black boys experiencing less sensitive parenting as compared to their peers. We live in a highly complex, racialized environment. While there are universal indicators that predict children's preschool outcomes such as strong social positioning and positive parenting, there are, in addition, some indicators that are more beneficial for Black boys’ early development, including a stable, less urban home environment with parents engaging in “tough love.”
Regulation of mitotic spindle orientation during epidermal stratification
Authors: Xie Wei , Zhou Jun
Published: December 2016

The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that serves as a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and prevents water loss. Epidermal stratification is tightly controlled during embryogenesis. Progenitor cells in the developing epidermis undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to balance the growth of the skin surface area against the generation of differentiated cell layers. Therefore, understanding the relationship between oriented divisions of progenitor cells and the development and stratification of the epidermis is of paramount importance in the field of skin biology and pathology. We provide here an integrated view of recent studies implicating that improper orientation of the mitotic spindle contributes to disorders associated with abnormal epidermal stratification and suggesting that spindle orientation could serve as a potential therapeutic target in skin diseases.
Dlx3 and GCM‐1 functionally coordinate the regulation of placental growth factor in human trophoblast‐derived cells
Authors: Li Sha , Roberson Mark S.
Published: December 2016

Placental growth factor (PGF) is abundantly expressed by trophoblast cells within human placentae and is important for trophoblast development and placental vascularization. Circulating maternal serum levels of PGF are dynamically upregulated across gestation in normal pregnancies, whereas low circulating levels and placental production of PGF have been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and other gestational diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of regulating PGF expression in the human placenta remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that transcription factors Distal‐less 3 (DLX3) and Glial cell missing‐1 (GCM1) were both sufficient and required for PGF expression in human trophoblast‐derived cells by overexpression and knockdown approaches. Surprisingly, while DLX3 and GCM1 were both positive regulators of PGF, co‐overexpression of DLX3 and GCM1 led to an antagonist effect on PGF expression on the endogenous gene and a luciferase reporter. Further, deletion and site‐directed mutagenesis studies identified a novel regulatory element on the PGF promoter mediating both DLX3‐ and GCM1‐dependent PGF expression. This regulatory region was also found to be essential for the basal activity of the PGF promoter. Finally, Chromatin‐immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed colocalization of DLX3 and GCM1 at the identified regulatory region on the PGF promoter. Taken together, our studies provide important insights into intrinsic regulation of human placental PGF expression through the functional coordination of DLX3 and GCM1, and are likely to further the understanding of pathogenesis of PGF dysregulation in preeclampsia and other disease conditions.
Phenotypic assays for analyses of pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Pesl Martin , Pribyl Jan , Caluori Guido , Cmiel Vratislav , Acimovic Ivana , Jelinkova Sarka , Dvorak Petr , Starek Zdenek , Skladal Petr , Rotrekl Vladimir
Published: December 2016

Stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) hold great hopes for myocardium regeneration because of their ability to produce functional cardiac cells in large quantities. They also hold promise in dissecting the molecular principles involved in heart diseases and also in drug development, owing to their ability to model the diseases using patient‐specific human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)–derived CMs. The CM properties essential for the desired applications are frequently evaluated through morphologic and genotypic screenings. Even though these characterizations are necessary, they cannot in principle guarantee the CM functionality and their drug response. The CM functional characteristics can be quantified by phenotype assays, including electrophysiological, optical, and/or mechanical approaches implemented in the past decades, especially when used to investigate responses of the CMs to known stimuli (eg, adrenergic stimulation). Such methods can be used to indirectly determine the electrochemomechanics of the cardiac excitation‐contraction coupling, which determines important functional properties of the hPSC‐derived CMs, such as their differentiation efficacy, their maturation level, and their functionality. In this work, we aim to systematically review the techniques and methodologies implemented in the phenotype characterization of hPSC‐derived CMs. Further, we introduce a novel approach combining atomic force microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and external electrophysiology through microelectrode arrays. We demonstrate that this novel method can be used to gain unique information on the complex excitation‐contraction coupling dynamics of the hPSC‐derived CMs.
In vitro and in vivo studies of the native isolates of nematophagous fungi from China against the larvae of trichostrongylides
Authors: Wang Bo‐Bo , Wang Feng‐Hui , Xu Qiang , Wang Kang‐Ying , Xue Yu‐Jia , Ren Rui , Zeng Jia‐Qing , Liu Yang , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Wang Hai‐Yu , Cai Bin , Cai Kui‐Zheng , Cao Xin
Published: December 2016

To screen potential nematophagous fungi candidates for the biological control of parasitic nematodes in livestock, in vitro and in vivo studies of the native isolates of nematophagous fungi against the larvae of trichostrongylides were conducted. The in vitro predatory activity of 16 native nematophagous fungal isolates on the larvae of trichostrongylides in sheep feces was assessed. In the ten isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans, the reduction percentage for the infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis ranged from 57.21 to 99.83%, and that of Haemonchus contortus ranged from 62.12 to 99.88%. The analysis of the same assay on five isolates of Arthrobotrys superba and one isolate of A. cookedickinson (Monacrosporium cystosporum) showed comparable results with those for D. flagrans. To determine the excretion time of fungal isolates in feces after oral administration, D. flagrans (SDH035) were studied in vivo in sheep and rabbits. Results showed that the tested fungal isolates existed in sheep feces from 12 to 72 h after fungal treatment, and the fungal excretion in rabbit feces occurred at 4 h, reached a peak at 10 h, and declined gradually 18 h after oral administration. All the native fungal isolates were assessed after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. Treatment with isolates of D. flagrans significantly reduced the number of developing larvae in the feces, and the efficacies ranged from 55.15 to 98.82%. One out of the five isolates of A. superba and A. cookedickinson (BS002) survived after passing through the gastrointestinal tract, and the L3 reduction rates were 83.79 and 81.33%, respectively. Results of the present study provide information about the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi from China on the L3 of trichostrongylides and their ability to pass through the gastrointestinal tract before administering them for biocontrol.
An Integrated Process‐Related Risk Management Approach to Proactive Threat and Opportunity Handling: A Framework and Rule Language
Authors: Kim Jinwoo , Lee Jinyoun , Lee Jooseok , Choi Injun
Published: December 2016

Managing risk in business processes has been a subject of active research in the past few years. The current uncertain global business environment especially requires organizations to adopt more effective risk management approaches that properly cope with both negative and positive impacts from risk in business process execution. This study introduces a process‐related risk management approach that can support comprehensive and proactive risk management during the runtime stage of business processes. First, it analyzes the behavioral requirements for proactive management of process‐related risk. Second, it suggests a framework that enables timely risk monitoring and treatment. Third, it offers a rule language as an implementation model for systematic support of the proposed risk management approach. Finally, it presents an architecture and prototype system to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework and rule language. This approach overcomes the limitations of existing risk management approaches by identifying all necessary activities, as well as when and where they must be applied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PPI‐G4 Glycodendrimers Upregulate TRAIL‐Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Franiak‐Pietryga Ida , Ostrowska Kinga , Maciejewski Henryk , Appelhans Dietmar , Misiewicz Małgorzata , Ziemba Barbara , Bednarek Michał , Bryszewska Maria , Borowiec Maciej
Published: December 2016

Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western world, it remains incurable with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an antitumor candidate in cancer therapy. This study examines the proapoptotic effects of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) glycodendrimers modified with the maltotriose residues (PPI‐G4‐OS‐Mal‐III and PPI‐G4‐DS‐Mal‐III) on the TNF family in CLL cells. The combination of an understanding of the signaling pathways associated with CLL and the development of a molecular profiling is a key issue for the design of personalized approaches to therapy. Gene expression is determined with two‐color microarray 8 × 60K. The findings indicate that PPI‐G4‐OS/DS‐Mal‐III affect gene expression from the TRAIL apoptotic pathway and exert a strong effect on CLL cells comparable with fludarabine. Dendrimer‐targeted technology may well prove to bridge the gap between the ineffective treatment of today and the effective personalized therapy of the future.

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