bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GOVERNAMENTALIZANDO O EMPREENDEDORISMO DE SI: COMO AS "PSICOCIÊNCIAS" FOMENTAM A PRODUÇÃO DO HOMO ŒCONOMICUS
Authors: Ornelas Rosa Pablo , Puzio Marcelo
Published: February 2019

Esse artigo é resultado de discussões teóricas e, portanto, sem estudo empírico,desenvolvidas por ambos os autores junto ao Núcleo de Estudos sobre Biopoder e Práticas de Subjetivação,vinculado a Faculdade Sagrada Família – FASF, que vão ao encontro das abordagens foucaultianas realizadas por Nikolas Rose sobre a emergente racionalidade neoliberal estadunidense que, ao se amparar no campo da administração empresarial, acaba governamentalizando a população a partir de tecnologias de poder legitimadas pelas chamadas “psico ciências”.Segundo os autores, a produção dessa nova govern amentalidade não ocorre exclusivamente através de poderes opressores e disciplinares, mas também por meio do investimento nos selfs que perpassam a inserção de tecnologias psicológicas amparadas em um conjunto de ações programadas, que agem sob a forma de tarefas, programas, auto análises,rastreamento de potenciais e gerenciamentos,incidindo concomitantemente sobre os indivíduos e sobre a população. Ao pressupor que a governamentalização dessa racionalidade neoliberal estadunidense abarca certas tecnologias de poder perpassadas pelas “psico-ciências” foi possível constatar a emergência de práticas de subjetivação que fomentam a produção de um homo œconomicus, que age e pensa sempre em termos de ganhos, baseados no “empreendedorismo de si” e no marketing pessoal, conforme apontou Michel Foucault em suas aulas no Còllege de France intituladas Segurança, Território, População e Nascimento da Biopolítica.
TRAJETÓRIA DOS ARGUMENTOS SOBRE AS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS: DA MARCHA ZUMBI DOS PALMARES À CONFERÊNCIA DE DURBAN
Authors: Aparecida de Almeida Viritiana , Rosário de Souza Nelson
Published: February 2019

Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo a permanência e modificação de argumentos sobre as ações afirmativas. O objetivo é analisar tal permanência e modificação observando três momentos: a Marcha Zumbi dos Palmares, em 1995, o Seminário das Ações Afirmativas em Brasília, em 1996 e a Conferência de Durban, em 2001. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo sobre a fala de personagens importantes relacionados ao tema.
EXPERIÊNCIA DE CAMPO: CLANDESTINOS DE VOLTA PARA CASA, AMARGA ODISSEIA INACABADA
Authors: Bourkia Abderrahim
Published: February 2019

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ENTENDENDO O LICENCIAMENTO AMBIENTAL NO ÂMBITO DAS CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS: LICENCIAMENTO AMBIENTAL NA SOCIOLOGIA
Authors: Silva Sandes Fabiano
Published: February 2019

Licenciamento Ambiental é um processo histórico institucionalizado e atributo exclusivo do Estado que se apoia num conjunto de normas, garantindo c erto padrão de desenvolvimento humano, social e práticas de preservação ambiental. Esse processo é garantido por uma gestão ambiental do órgão de regulação do Estado, neste caso, Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos - INEMA, que é o mediador de conflitos e interesses entre os atores sociais que agem sobre o meio físico-natural e do espaço geográfico. Entendendo o processo de licenciamento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais e o histórico da gestão pública, os critérios socioeconômicos são executados segundo motivações sociopolíticas, econômicas e ambientais oriundo do conhecimento científico da sociologia ambiental e de inspeção empírica da realidade social, na qual o empreendimento está imerso em dada comunidade específica, devendo buscar uma ecoeficiência. Portanto, o estudo das relações organizacionais e o processo de implementação do licenciamento ambiental no âmbito das Ciências Sociais requer o esclarecimento do histórico de decisões e seus elos perdidos dentro da gestão pública, bem como das suas barganhas, havendo a necessidade do equilíbrio do bom licenciamento e as adequações a situação do analista ambiental que licencia o empreendimento.
ENTRE O CHÃO DE FÁBRICA E A SALA PRESIDENCIAL A PRIMEIRA COOPERATIVA INDUSTRIAL DO PARANÁ
Authors: A. Stollmeier Luara , Braga Junior Walmir , Porcel Débora
Published: February 2019

As relações que comportam os processos produtivos passaram por grandes modificações desde a década de oitenta - marcada pela reestruturação produtiva e fabril, integração no mercado de fornecedores chineses e, particularmente, a implantação do plano real. As reminiscências das estruturações anteriores se reconfiguraram em torno de um contexto marcado também por fatores internos de produção e administração, compondo novos modelos industriais que caracterizam alternativas capazes de enfrentar paradigmas clássicos do capital, entretanto, estabelecidos sob a mesma lógica de sua reprodução, como é o caso da Cooperbotões.
DETERMINANTES DO SUCESSO EDUCACIONAL: REFLEXÕES TEÓRICAS SOBRE AS POSSIBILIDADES DE SUCESSO ESCOLAR EM CONTEXTOS DE DESVANTAGEM SOCIAL
Authors: Castro Vanessa Gomes de
Published: February 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os possíveis determinantes do sucesso escolar entre os indivíduos em posição social de desvantagem. A posição social tornou-se um importante indicador nas pesquisas em sociologia da educação a partir dos anos sessenta, quando diversos estudos nos Estados Unidos e Europa revelaram incontestáveis associações estatísticas entre os níveis de acesso à escola  e os grupos sociais (BARBOSA, 2009). Assim, busca-se confrontar os argumentos das teorias do capital humano, teorias reprodutivistas, teorias neoweberianas e pesquisas empíricas realizadas no Brasil sobre as desigualdades perante o ensino, em relação as possibilidades de sucesso escolar em contextos de desvantagem social.
O DESCOBRIDOR E REDESCOBRIDOR DO BRASIL NOS ANOS DE 1930: ANÁLISE DA VISÃO DE GILBERTO FREYRE E SÉRGIO B. DE HOLANDA
Authors: Pinto Juliany Helen das Graças
Published: February 2019

Este artigo pretende compreender o que foi o Brasil nos anos de 1930 através dos textos clássicos de Gilberto Freyre e Sergio Buarque de Holanda. Para tanto, primeiro será apresentada a biografia e as principais influências teóricas dos autores; em seguida, um resumo dos principais objetivos de “Casa Grande e Senzala” e “Raízes do Brasil”; por último, quais as semelhanças e diferenças da tese defendida pelos intelectuais. Por meio desta análise será possível certificar que Freyre tinha uma visão contemplativa do Brasil ao contrário de Holanda que possuía uma visão propositiva.
The Perceptions of Information Literacy by Students in English Language Departments: A Comparative Study
Authors: Tosuncuoglu Irfan , Küçükler Halil
Published: February 2019

Information literacy is a fundamental component of the educational process. One of the most essential considerationsinvolved in the course of providing effective education to students, is the need to instil in them the need to be awareof the information and facts that most impact their own lives and the societies in which they live. Informationliteracy includes accessing the essential pieces of information that are necessary for the purpose of functioning as afully informed adult in a democratic society. When these statements are considered within the scope of education andforeign or second language teaching, it is apparent that teachers need to be information literates since they are theones who transfer information or show the way towards it. In order to find out the Information literacy levels of thestudents of two state universities in Turkey, a survey was conducted in the study. The participants were the studentsof the English Language and Literature departments of these universities. As one of universities prefers to remainanonymous, we called them University1 and 2 in the study. University 1 had 50 participants and University 2 had 47,so there were a total of 97 participants in the survey. Descriptive research design was used in this research. The twouniversities were compared, from the point of view of information literacy awareness in the study, and somedifferences were found. For further studies, many more universities can be included in order to obtain a more generaland common conclusions.
Yes, Another Handbook and Why You Might Want to Read This One
Authors: Langrall Cynthia W.
Published: February 2019

In today's world, data and statistical information permeate our lives, making it imperative that we educate students to be statistically literate. Statistical literacy is the ability to read and interpret statistical information to make informed decisions about events under conditions of uncertainty. Recently, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) published a document, Catalyzing Change in High School Mathematics: Initiating Critical Conversations (2018), in which it proposed statistics as one of four essential content domains in secondary school mathematics and acknowledged quantitative literacy—the ability to reason both statistically and numerically—as a crucial life skill for all students. For a number of years, statistics has been an important content strand across grade levels in the school mathematics curricula of many countries. Thus, it is understandable that students and even teachers might perceive statistics simply as another topic in mathematics.
Adaptation of gestation or egg-laying in species depends on the amount of internal heat generated in digesting the food
Authors: Marasakatla Karunakar
Published: February 2019

Anatomically and physiologically, the reproductive process of gestation or egg-laying, and dietary habits in vertebrates appear to be distinct processes. An in-depth analysis of the dietary habits of vertebrates reveals that the gestation or egg-laying characteristic in these species is tightly coupled with the digestive process. Once the food has been ingested, it is then broken down to the molecular level to be absorbed into the body. The amount of energy required to digest the food depends upon the amount and composition of the food material that was ingested. The denser (ex. bones and muscle) and bigger the size of the food bits ingested, the higher the amount of energy required to break down the material - that in turn requires higher amount of gastrointestinal acids. Where there is higher amount of energy is consumed, there will be an excess amount of heat gets generated. Because of the proximity of uterus to digestive system, a layer develops around the embryo to protect it from this heat. Therefore, it appears that the higher amount of heat generated in digesting the food results in egg-laying characteristic in species such as birds and reptiles, which ingest large chunks of raw meat. Rest of the vertebrates adapted to gestation due to chewing the food into small pieces before ingesting which generates less internal heat in digestion. Species, which generate higher amount of internal heat in digestion, adapted to ectothermic nature such as reptiles. And the species, which generate less amount of internal heat, adapted to endothermic nature such as mammals. Birds are endothermic but they would have been ectothermic if there were no insulating feathers.
Fiber fractions, multielemental and isotopic composition of a tropical C4 grass grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Abdalla Filho Adibe L. , Costa Junior Geovani T. , Lima Paulo M.T. , Soltangheisi Amin , Abdalla Adibe L. , Ghini Raquel , Piccolo Marisa C.
Published: February 2019

Background

Brazil has the largest commercial herd of ruminants with approximately 211 million head, representing 15% of world’s beef production, in an area of 170 million hectares of grasslands, mostly cultivated with Brachiaria spp. Although nutrient reduction due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has already been verified in important crops, studies evaluating its effects on fiber fractions and elemental composition of this grass genus are still scarce. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of elevated CO2 on forage quality can elucidate the interaction between forage and livestock production and possible adaptations for a climate change scenario. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations on biomass production, morphological characteristics, fiber fractions, and elemental composition of Brachiaria decumbens (cv. Basilisk).

Methods

A total of 12 octagonal rings with 10 m diameter were distributed in a seven-ha coffee plantation and inside each of them, two plots of 0.25 m2 were seeded with B. decumbens (cv. Basilisk) in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment facility. Six rings were kept under natural conditions (≈390 μmol mol−1 CO2; Control) and other six under pure CO2 flux to achieve a higher concentration (≈550 μmol mol−1 CO2; Elevated CO2). After 30 months under contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentration, grass samples were collected, and then splitted into two portions: in the first, whole forage was kept intact and in the second portion, the leaf, true stem, inflorescence and senescence fractions were manually separated to determine their proportions (%). All samples were then analyzed to determine the fiber fractions (NDF, hemicellulose, ADF, cellulose, and Lignin), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents and N isotopic composition.

Results

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration did not influence biomass productivity, average height, leaf, stem, senescence and inflorescence proportions, and fiber fractions (p > 0.05). Calcium content of the leaf and senescence portion of B. decumbens were reduced under elevated atmospheric CO2 (p < 0.05). Despite no effect on total C and N (p > 0.05), lower C:N ratio was observed in the whole forage grown under elevated CO2 (p < 0.05). The isotopic composition was also affected by elevated CO2, with higher values of δ15N in the leaf and stem portions of B. decumbens (p < 0.05).

Discussion

Productivity and fiber fractions of B. decumbens were not influenced by CO2 enrichment. However, elevated CO2 resulted in decreased forage Ca content which could affect livestock production under a climate change scenario.
Farmers’ Improved Breadfruit Awareness and Adoption Status in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Enibe D. O.
Published: February 2019

This study analysed improved breadfruit (Treculia africana) awareness and adoption situation in Southeast Nigeria. It examined farmers’ budded breadfruit awareness and adoption status and their willingness to adopt the innovation. The study also identified the reasons why farmers do not adopt the crop’s new varieties. Two hundred and sixty respondents (260) spread in thirteen (13) communities of Anambra and Enugu States were randomly selected and interviewed using survey questionnaire. Data collected were verified in an in-depth interview (II) and two Focus group discussions (FGD). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results show that: adoption status (20.47%) of its improved varieties was low while majority of the farmers were willing to adopt (88%). The study also found the major reasons why the farmers have not adopted the crop’s improved varieties. The result concludes that farmers are greatly in need of improved breadfruit varieties and that the crop requires favourable policy interventions. The paper recommends policy interventions for the crop’s conservation, awareness creation and provision of its improved varieties to farmers at affordable prices.
Analytical Study of the Difference Equation xn+1 = xnxn-6 / xn-5 (±1 – xnxn-6)
Authors: Sanbo Abdualrazaq , Elsayed Elsayed M. , Alzahrani Faris
Published: February 2019

This paper is devoted to find the form of the solutions of a rational difference equations with arbitrary positive real initial conditions. Specific form of the solutions of two special cases of this equation are given.
ESTUDO PROSPECTIVO E TECNOLÓGICO DA GERAÇÃO DE SYNGAS UTILIZANDO CATALISADORES
Authors: Guimarães Munique Gonçalves , Ghesti Grace Ferreira , Ferreira Camila Lisdalia Dantas
Published: February 2019

Com a crescente conscientização sobre o aquecimento global, o aumento do preço e escassez dos combustíveis, é necessário pesquisar e desenvolver fontes de energia alternativas. Uma possível fonte substituta é a biomassa, que apresenta grande quantidade de energia que é perdida durante o processo de decomposição. O biogás é fonte de energia abundante, não poluidora, barata e que não compete por espaço com outras culturas e nem com a produção alimentícia. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo prospectivo que retrate o estágio das pesquisas na área. Foram eleitas as seguintes combinações de palavras para o estudo: “biogas”, “syngas” e “syngas and cataly*”.O trabalho concluiu que as pesquisas sobre syngas e catálise apresentam baixa maturidade e que existe bastante espaço para desenvolvimento tecnológico nessa área incentivado, muita vezes, por políticas públicas específicas em diversos países.
PESQUISA EXPLORATÓRIA DAS PATENTES DE MÉTODOS DE DIAGNÓSTICO DA LEISHMANIA CHAGASI
Authors: Lira Carolina Carvalho dos Santos , Maranhão Ana Carolina Pontes de Miranda , Balliano Tatiane Luciano , Soletti João Inácio , Escodro Pierre Barnabé
Published: February 2019

A Leishmaniose Visceral é uma zoonose causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum chagasi e está presente em regiões tropicais do mundo todo. Essa doença é transmitida por um mosquito flebótomo e apresenta-se principalmente em áreas de agrupamentos humanos e em populações subdesenvolvidas, embora possa apresentar-se tanto em zonas rurais quanto peri-urbanas. O diagnóstico da Leishmaniose Visceral dá-se principalmente por exames sorológicos, porém alguns países vêm desenvolvendo os próprios métodos de diagnóstico e patenteando essas descobertas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma pesquisa exploratória das patentes destes métodos de diagnóstico, bem como descrever os principais países que buscam novas formas de diagnosticar e erradicar essa doença de sua população.
Convergent evolution of the Cys decarboxylases involved in aminovinyl‐cysteine (AviCys) biosynthesis
Authors: Mo Tianlu , Yuan Hong , Wang Fangting , Ma Suze , Wang Jinxiu , Li Ting , Liu Guangfeng , Yu Shaoning , Tan Xiangshi , Ding Wei , Zhang Qi
Published: February 2019

S‐[(Z)‐2‐aminovinyl]‐d‐cysteine (AviCys) is a unique motif found in several classes of ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Biosynthesis of AviCys requires flavin‐dependent Cys decarboxylases, which are highly divergent among different RiPP classes. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of the cypemycin decarboxylase CypD. We show that CypD is structurally highly similar to lanthipeptide decarboxylases despite the absence of sequence similarities between them. We further show that Cys decarboxylases from four RiPP classes have evolved independently and form two major clusters. These results reveal the convergent evolution of AviCys biosynthesis and suggest that all the flavin‐dependent Cys decarboxylases likely have a similar Rossmann fold despite their sequence divergences.
Regioselective Syntheses of 1,2‐Benzothiazine 1‐Imines by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulation Reactions of Sulfondiimines
Authors: Bohmann Rebekka Anna , Schöbel Jan‐Hendrik , Unoh Yuto , Miura Masahiro , Bolm Carsten
Published: February 2019

Unprecedented 1,2‐benzothiazine 1‐imines have been prepared from sulfondiimines by regioselective rhodium‐catalyzed annulation reactions with diazo keto esters and α‐substituted (pseudo)halo acetophenones as coupling partners. A representative product was characterized by single crystal X‐ray structure analysis, and the applicability of the resulting three‐dimensional heterocycles to Buchwald‐Hartwig‐type amination reactions is shown.

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Au Clusters Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis with Uniquely Reversing Cartilage/Bone Destruction
Authors: Gao Fuping , Yuan Qing , Cai Pengju , Gao Liang , Zhao Lina , Liu Meiqing , Yao Yawen , Chai Zhifang , Gao Xueyun
Published: February 2019

Super‐small nanoclusters may intrinsically trigger specific molecular pathway for disease treatment in vitro/vivo. To prove the hypothesis the super‐small nanoclusters, e.g., Au clusters, are directly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in vitro/vivo. RA is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the inflammation of joints and the unreversible destruction of the cartilage/bone. Au clusters significantly suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced proinflammatory mediator production in the murine macrophage cell line by inhibiting the signaling pathways that regulate the major proinflammatory mediator genes. In preclinical rat RA studies, Au clusters strongly prevent type II collagen‐induced rat RA without systemic side effects. Compared with the clinical first‐line anchored anti‐RA drug, methotrexate, Au clusters equally inhibit inflammation in vivo. Type II collagen‐induced rat RA is characterized with the destruction of cartilage/bone; treatment with Au clusters reverses the destruction of cartilage/bone to its normal state. This is because Au clusters directly inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast differentiation and function through the downregulation of osteoclast‐specific genetic marker expression. However the methotrexate almost has no positive effect for this key issue in rat RA therapy. These data prove that the super‐small nanoclusters, e.g., Au clusters, could be a novel candidate nanodrug for RA treatment.
The genetic basis of Turner syndrome aortopathy
Authors: Corbitt Holly , Gutierrez Jacob , Silberbach Michael , Maslen Cheryl L.
Published: February 2019

Our goal is to identify the genetic underpinnings of bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathy in Turner syndrome. We performed whole exome sequencing on 188 Turner syndrome study subjects from the GenTAC registry. A gene‐based burden test, SKAT‐O, was used to evaluate the data using bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic dimension z‐scores as covariates. This revealed that TIMP3 was associated with BAV and increased aortic dimensions at exome‐wide significance. It had been previously shown that genes on chromosome Xp contribute to aortopathy when hemizygous. Our analysis of Xp genes revealed that hemizygosity for TIMP1, a functionally redundant paralogue of TIMP3, increased the odds of having BAV aortopathy compared to individuals with more than one TIMP1 copy. The combinatorial effect of a single copy of TIMP1 and TIMP3 risk alleles synergistically increased the risk for BAV aortopathy to nearly 13‐fold. TIMP1 and TIMP3 are tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) which are involved in development of the aortic valve and protection from thoracic aneurysms. We propose that the combination of TIMP1 haploinsufficiency and deleterious variants in TIMP3 significantly increases the risk of BAV aortopathy in Turner syndrome, and suggest that TIMP1 hemizygosity may play a role in euploid male aortic disease.
Isolated teeth from La Ferrassie: Reassessment of the old collections, new remains, and their implications
Authors: Becam Gaël , Verna Christine , Gómez‐Robles Aida , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier , Albessard Lou , Arnaud Julie , Frelat Mélanie A. , Madelaine S. , Schwab Catherine , Souday Caroline , Turq Alain , Balzeau Antoine
Published: February 2019

Objectives

We provide the description and comparative analysis of six new teeth from the site of La Ferrassie. Our goal is to discuss their taxonomic attribution, and to provide an updated inventory of Neandertal and modern human remains from La Ferrassie in their associated archeological context.

Materials and methods

We use external and internal anatomy, classic morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics. The teeth from La Ferrassie are compared to several samples of contemporary Neandertals and upper Paleolithic modern humans and to recent modern humans.

Results

Three specimens are classified as Neandertals, two as modern humans, and one remains unclassified.

Discussion

Based on the previously known fossil samples and the new teeth reported here, there are currently a minimum of four adult and five immature Neandertal individuals coming from the “Grand Abri” and a minimum of two modern human adult individuals: one from “Grand Abri” and one from “Grotte.” It is noteworthy that the spatial distribution of the recovered Neandertal remains is not restricted to the area where the LF1–LF 8 were found but now covers the full extension of the excavated area. Moreover, while both Neandertal and modern human occupations have yielded isolated human remains, the partial‐to‐complete skeletons only belong to Neandertals. These considerations open new perspectives for the understanding of the occupation and use of the La Ferrassie site.
Genome‐wide analysis of DNA methylation in relation to socioeconomic status during development and early adulthood
Authors: McDade Thomas W. , Ryan Calen P. , Jones Meaghan J. , Hoke Morgan K. , Borja Judith , Miller Gregory E. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Kobor Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a powerful determinant of health, but the underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. This study investigates whether levels of DNA methylation at CpG sites across the genome are associated with SES in a cohort of young adults in the Philippines.

Methods

DNA methylation was assayed with the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip, in leukocytes from 489 participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (mean age = 20.9 years). SES was measured in infancy/childhood and adulthood, and was based on composite measures of income, assets, and education. Genome‐wide analysis of variable probes identified CpG sites significantly associated with SES after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis was used to identify biological pathways associated with these sites.

Results

A total of 2,546 CpG sites, across 1,537 annotated genes, were differentially methylated in association with SES. In comparison with high SES, low SES was associated with increased methylation at 1,777 sites, and decreased methylation at 769 sites. Functional enrichment analysis identified over‐representation of biological pathways related to immune function, skeletal development, and development of the nervous system.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic status predicts DNA methylation at a large number of CpG sites across the genome. The scope of these associations is commensurate with the wide range of biological systems and health outcomes that are shaped by SES, and these findings suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role.
Dearomatization of 3‐Nitroindoles by a Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2] Annulation Reaction
Authors: Li Kaizhi , Gonçalves Théo P. , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Lu Yixin
Published: February 2019

The dearomatization of 3‐nitroindoles through a chiral‐phosphine‐mediated [3+2] annulation reaction is described. This method makes use of readily available 3‐nitroindoles as an aromatic feedstock and rapidly delivers a wide range of cyclopentaindoline alkaloid scaffolds in a highly enantioselective manner. Notably, phosphine‐triggered cyclization has not been utilized previously in a dearomatization process.
Development and Validation of an 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography–Based Tool for the Evaluation of Joint Counts and Disease Activity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lee Sang Jin , Jeong Ju Hye , Lee Chang‐Hee , Ahn Byeong‐Cheol , Eun Jung Su , Kim Na Ri , Kang Jong Whan , Nam Eon Jeong , Kang Young Mo
Published: February 2019

Objective

Clinical joint count assessment is important for detecting synovitis but its reliability is a subject of controversy. This study was undertaken to assess the correlation of positron emission tomography (PET)–derived parameters in 68 joints with disease activity and to compare the reliability of joint counts between PET with computed tomography (CT) and clinical assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We enrolled 91 patients with active RA (69 in a development group and 22 in a validation group) who underwent concurrent 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG)–PET‐CT and clinical disease activity evaluation. PET‐derived parameters were compared with disease activity assessed using clinical joint count parameters. A Disease Activity Score (DAS) using counts of PET‐positive joints was developed, and then validation studies were performed in an independent group.

Results

The number of PET‐positive joints (of 28 and 68 joints) was significantly correlated with the swollen joint count (SJC) and tender joint count (TJC) and the DAS in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28‐ESR). Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of PET for the affected joint counts were excellent. Interobserver reliability between nuclear medicine physicians and rheumatologists was good for the SJC and TJC in both 28 joints and 68 joints. After multivariate analyses, including ESR and patient's global assessment of disease activity (PtGA) in addition to PET‐derived parameters, the PET/DAS was derived as (0.063 × number of PET‐positive joints in 28 joints) + (0.011 × ESR) + (0.030 × PtGA). A significant correlation between the PET/DAS and the DAS28‐ESR was confirmed in the validation group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

PET‐CT could serve as a sensitive and reliable method in the evaluation of disease activity in RA patients, and may be applicable as a research tool, particularly in clinical trials.
Safety and Efficacy of Belimumab Plus Standard Therapy for Up to Thirteen Years in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. , Ginzler Ellen M. , Merrill Joan T. , Furie Richard A. , Stohl William , Chatham W. Winn , Weinstein Arthur , McKay James D. , McCune W. Joseph , Petri Michelle , Fettiplace James , Roth David A. , Ji Beulah , Heath Amy
Published: February 2019

Objective

To investigate the long‐term safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) belimumab plus standard of care (SOC) therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with active, autoantibody‐positive SLE.

Methods

The study was designed as a multicenter, open‐label, continuation study of IV belimumab given every 4 weeks in conjunction with SOC therapy in patients with SLE who completed a phase II, double‐blind study. Adverse events (AEs) and laboratory data were monitored from the first belimumab dose (in either study) until 24 weeks after the final dose. Efficacy assessments included SLE Responder Index (SRI) and flare index scores (each assessed at 16‐week intervals) and glucocorticoid use (assessed at 4‐week intervals).

Results

Of the 476 patients in the parent study, 298 (62.6%) entered the continuation study, of whom 96 (32.2%) remained in the study. Patients received belimumab for up to 13 years (median duration of exposure 3,334.0 days [range 260–4,332 days], total belimumab exposure 2,294 patient‐years, median number of infusions 115.5 [range 7–155]). The percentage of patients with AEs each year remained stable or decreased. Normal serum IgG levels were maintained in the majority of patients over the study, and the rate of infections remained stable. The percentage of patients who achieved an SRI response increased from 32.8% (year 1) to 75.6% of those remaining on treatment at year 12. The glucocorticoid dose was decreased in patients who had been receiving >7.5 mg/day at baseline.

Conclusion

This study is the longest to date to assess belimumab treatment in patients with SLE in clinical trials. Belimumab was well tolerated with no new safety concerns, and efficacy was maintained in patients who continued the study. For patients who initially exhibited a satisfactory response to belimumab, the treatment continues to be well tolerated and provides long‐term disease control.
Psychometric Evaluation of Social Cognitive Measures for Adults with Autism
Authors: Morrison Kerrianne E. , Pinkham Amy E. , Kelsven Skylar , Ludwig Kelsey , Penn David L. , Sasson Noah J.
Published: February 2019

Although social cognition is frequently identified as a target in clinical trials and psychosocial interventions for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), these efforts are hampered by a lack of consensus and validation of social cognitive measures. The current study provides psychometric evaluation of 11 frequently used measures encompassing different subdomains of social cognition. Adults with autism (N = 103) and typically developing controls (N = 95) completed 11 commonly used social cognitive tasks spanning the domains of emotion processing, social perception, and mentalizing/theory of mind. We examined each measure's internal reliability and sensitivity to group differences, how performance related to general intellectual ability, and alignment of measures with a proposed two‐factor structure of social cognition in ASD. Controls outperformed the ASD group on 8 of the 11 social cognitive tasks, with the largest group differences occurring on two mentalizing measures, The awareness of social inference task (TASIT) and hinting task. In ASD, all tasks demonstrated strong internal consistency and avoided ceiling and floor effects. Social cognitive performance was also related to, but not redundant with, intellectual functioning. We also found support for a two‐factor structure of social cognition, with basic social perception and emotional processing aligning into a lower‐order social perception factor, while mentalizing tasks aligned into a higher‐order social appraisal factor. In sum, eight tasks showed adequate to strong psychometric properties. The psychometric data, effect size estimates, and correlations between measures reported here can be used for study planning for social cognitive interventions in autism. Autism Research 2019, 12: 766–778. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We examined 11 tasks that measure how adults with autism perceive and interpret social information. Eight of the tasks were reliable and showed lower performance in adults with autism compared to typically‐developing controls. Task performance was related to but distinguishable from IQ. These measures evaluated here may be useful in assessing the effectiveness of interventions and treatments to improve social abilities in adults with autism.
The costs of sugar production from different feedstocks and processing technologies
Authors: Cheng Ming‐Hsun , Huang Haibo , Dien Bruce S. , Singh Vijay
Published: February 2019

Sugar production is essential for the production of foods, biochemicals, and biofuels via biochemical or catalytic routes. Sugar‐containing crops, and starch‐based and cellulosic feedstocks are resources for sugar production via juice extraction, starch saccharification, and pretreatment and hydrolysis, respectively. Technologies have been developed to attain a high sugar yield; however, production costs are a major consideration in commercializing newly developed approaches to the production of sugars. In this review, the fixed capital and production costs of sugar produced from first‐ and second‐generation crops are summarized. As expected, first‐generation crops provide the lowest fixed capital costs, ranging from 0.01 to 0.13 $ kg−1 feedstock, and have production costs ranging from 0.22 to 0.55 $ kg−1 sugar. For cellulosic crops, because of their recalcitrant structure and complex processing, the fixed capital and production costs are higher, ranging from 0.02 to 1.10 $ kg−1 feedstock and 0.10 to 3.37 $ kg−1 sugar, respectively. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual antithrombotic therapy in PCI: Potential harm in routine adoption
Authors: Sardar Partha , Dawn Abbott J.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Randomized clinical trials support the use of dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT) in PCI patients but outcomes in clinical practice are unclear.

In this observational study of patients at high risk for thromboembolism and bleeding, routine use of a P2Y12 inhibitor alone compared with DAPT with OAC was associated with a significantly higher risk of ischemic events without a lower risk of bleeding.

Future randomized trials and observational analyses of large registries are needed to select the ideal patient population for DAT.
Every TAVR deserves a cardiac implantable electronic device specialist
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Kern Morton J.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

TAVR patients given pacemakers operating in mandatory DDD mode had more ventricular pacing, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality compared with AAI‐DDD or VVI modes.

AV conduction disturbances are often transient after TAVR. Minimizing ventricular pacing where possible avoids the risk of pacemaker‐induced cardiomyopathy.

Pacemaker specialists should be consulted for any TAVR patient with mild rhythm abnormalities given the high incidence of AV block.
Percutaneous PDA closure with Amplatzer AVP ll and ADO ll AS devices
Authors: Lucas Victor Sam
Published: February 2019

Key Points

AVP ll and ADO ll AS devices are effective and safe for percutaneous PDA closure.

Residual shunt and serious complications are uncommon

Mild LPA stenosis and device embolization are the most frequent complications reported.
HAS‐BLED for predicting transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement outcomes: Enough to tamponade the problem?
Authors: Chen Billy , Dean Larry S.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

As indications for TAVR expand, there is a need for predictive models of procedural complications.

Application of the HAS‐BLED score demonstrated patient comorbidities that contribute to increased bleeding events and mortality.

Further adequately powered studies will be needed to validate the HAS‐BLED score for use in the TAVR population or further elucidate important risk factor to incorporate into future predictive risk models.
Covered stents: A 25‐year odyssey
Authors: Patel Nachiket J. , Heuser Richard R.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The concept of the PTFE‐covered stent was introduced 25 years ago in the treatment of an aneurysmal vein graft.

The study by Pavani et al. represents the largest cohort of patients treated with covered stents for Ellis type 3 perforations.

Covered stents are effective in treating coronary perforations and remain an invaluable tool in the cardiac catheterization lab.
Branch pulmonary artery stenting in children by using premounted stents: Can we benefit from slenderization?
Authors: Parekh Dhaval R. , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Children with branch pulmonary artery stenosis represent a challenging cohort for stenting

Premounted stent implantation provides immediate obstruction relief and hemodynamic improvement in infants

Planned stent intervention is required to account for somatic growth and next stage palliation in children

Continued slenderization of adult coronary and peripheral interventions, stent technology, and delivery systems may allow for more durable solutions in light of patient size
Treating saphenous vein graft lesions: Drug‐eluting stents are not the answer!
Authors: Hall Allison B. , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Saphenous vein graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary intervention carries high rates of acute (no reflow and periprocedural myocardial infarction) and long‐term (restenosis and re‐occlusion) complications.

Long‐term follow‐up from the two largest trials of drug‐eluting vs. bare metal stents in SVG lesions (The Drug‐Eluting Stents vs. Bare Metal Stents In Saphenous Vein graft Angioplasty and Is Drug‐Eluting‐Stenting Associated with Improved Results in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts? Trial) definitely show no difference between the two stent types, suggesting that bare metal stents should be preferred given lower cost.

Since SVG stenting remains associated with high failure rates, alternative treatment strategies, such as intervention of the corresponding native coronary artery lesions, may represent the future direction of the field.
Roadmap for the radial: Should we stop for directions?
Authors: Lall Sumeet K. , Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Regimented use of radial artery angiography prior to ST‐segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) intervention may improve complication rates and can be associated with improved procedural success, procedural time, and reduction in access‐site bleeding.

Routine radial artery angiography may improve procedural quality without increase in procedural time or contrast use.

Regardless of whether universal or selective radial angiography is best practice, angiography is an important tool to use for efficient radial access.
Positioning of self‐expanding transcatheter valve prostheses
Authors: Khan Asaad , Dangas George
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The anatomic interplay between aortic valve, ascending aorta, left ventricular outflow tract and peripheral vasculature play a major role in determining device related outcomes in transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Factors such as the alignment angle (prosthesis—ascending aorta), pre‐dilatation, operating team experience and chronic kidney disease may play a role in valve displacement.

Careful analysis of all imaging modalities while sizing and selecting a valve type, and attention to newer deployment techniques may improve outcomes.
PCI on a tear: Not all perforations need coverage
Authors: Patel Nachiket J. , Heuser Richard R.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Coronary perforations are a potentially lethal complication of PCI requiring prompt treatment.

The study by Rosseel et al demonstrates no difference in 5‐year outcomes in patients with large coronary perforations treated with and without covered stents.

Covered stents are effective in treating coronary perforations and are invaluable in the cardiac catheterization lab.
A catheter‐based bariatric procedure: Wishful thinking or an intriguing concept
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Left gastric artery embolization acutely lowers ghrelin levels and is associated with modest weight loss sustainable for 1 year in morbidly obese patients.

The procedure is relative quick, free of access complications when done via the radial artery, but long‐term sequelae and the durability of ischemic injury to the fundus of the stomach is uncertain.

Present reports provide pilot and proof‐of‐concept data that should fashion further study, but application to routine practice today is premature.
I do not want to go to the hospital again
Authors: Butman Samuel M. , Paris Raelene
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Readmission after myocardial infarction is not uncommon.

The likely readmission patient is by and large predictable.

Coronary interventions appear to reduce the rate of readmissions.
Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: It's not like the aortic valve
Authors: Parekh Dhaval R. , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The Edwards Sapien S3 demonstrated clinical and technical feasibility in this cohort undergoing percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation.

Traversing the tricuspid apparatus with an unsheathed delivery system continues to pose a risk for tricuspid valve injury.

Future design innovations need to accommodate for large outflow tracts without adjacent aortic or coronary compression and allow for safe device delivery with minimal trauma to the tricuspid apparatus.
Acid‐Promoted Hydroformylative Synthesis of Alcohol with Carbon Dioxide by Heterobimetallic Ruthenium‐Cobalt Catalytic System
Authors: Zhang Xuehua , Tian Xinxin , Shen Chaoren , Xia Chungu , He Lin
Published: February 2019

The acid‐aided heterobimetallic ruthenium‐cobalt catalytic system for the reductive hydroformylation with carbon dioxide was established. Various alkenes, including waste from biomass and petroleum industry, could be upgraded to valuable alcohols with this protocol. Acid‐promoted reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS), thereby accelerating the hydroformylative synthesis of alcohol. The theoretical computations revealed that acid promoted RWGS by facilitating the dehydroxylation of ruthenium hydroxy carbonyl intermediate.
Effects of the Synthesis Method and Promoter Content on Bismuth‐Modified Platinum Catalysts in the Electro‐oxidation of Glycerol and Formic Acid
Authors: Ning Xiaomei , Zhou Xiaosong , Luo Jin , Ma Lin , Xu Xuyao , Zhan Liang
Published: February 2019

Bismuth has an important promotion effect on the catalytic performance of Pt‐catalyzed oxidation reactions. Herein, the catalyst structure, Bi content, and catalytic performance of Bi‐modified Pt catalysts in the electro‐oxidation of glycerol and formic acid were researched to unravel the essential promotion role of Bi. The Bi‐modification methods included the loading, adsorption, and electrodeposition of Bi on Pt. The electrodeposited Bi‐modified Pt had the best performance among the three methods. In a certain range, the lower electrodeposition potential of Bi resulted in a higher Bi content on the Pt catalyst and better performance. The activity of the Pt catalyst with Bi deposited at −0.15 V was 8.5 times and 27 times that of the monometallic Pt catalyst in the electro‐oxidation of glycerol and formic acid, respectively. The selective distribution of Bi adjacent to Pt and a higher percentage of Bi hydroxide were favorable for the catalytic performance.
Hexacoordinated Tetrel‐Bonded Complexes between TF4 (T=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and NCH: Competition between σ‐ and π‐Holes
Authors: Michalczyk Mariusz , Zierkiewicz Wiktor , Wysokiński Rafał , Scheiner Steve
Published: February 2019

In order to accommodate the approach of two NCH bases, a tetrahedral TF4 molecule (T=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) distorts into an octahedral structure in which the two bases can be situated either cis or trans to one another. The square planar geometry of TF4, associated with the trans arrangement of the bases, is higher in energy than its see‐saw structure that corresponds to the cis trimer. On the other hand, the square geometry offers an unobstructed path of the bases to the π‐holes above and below the tetrel atom and hence enjoys a higher interaction energy than is the case for the σ‐holes approached by the bases in the cis arrangement. When these two effects are combined, the total binding energies are more exothermic for the cis than for the trans complexes. This preference amounts to some 3 kcal mol−1 for Sn and Pb, but is amplified for the smaller tetrel atoms.
Bispecific Antibodies in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Duell Johannes , Lammers Philip E. , Djuretic Ivana , Chunyk Allison G. , Alekar Shilpa , Jacobs Ira , Gill Saar
Published: February 2019

Monoclonal antibody therapies are an important approach for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but typically show low single‐agent activity. Bispecific antibodies, however, redirect immune cells to the tumor for subsequent lysis, and preclinical and accruing clinical data support single‐agent efficacy of these agents in hematologic malignancies, presaging an exciting era in the development of novel bispecific formats. This review discusses recent developments in this area, highlighting the challenges in delivering effective immunotherapies for patients.
Drug–Drug Interactions of Infectious Disease Treatments in Low‐Income Countries: A Neglected Topic?
Authors: McFeely Savannah J. , Yu Jingjing , Zhao Ping , Hershenson Susan , Kern Steven , Ragueneau‐Majlessi Isabelle , Hartman Dan
Published: February 2019

Despite recent advances in recognizing and reducing the risk of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) in developed countries, there are still significant challenges in managing DDIs in low‐income countries (LICs) worldwide. In the treatment of major infectious diseases in these regions, multiple factors contribute to ineffective management of DDIs that lead to loss of efficacy or increased risk of adverse events to patients. Some of these difficulties, however, can be overcome. This review aims to evaluate the inherent complexities of DDI management in LICs from pharmacological standpoints and illustrate the unique barriers to effective management of DDIs, such as the challenges of co‐infection and treatment settings. A better understanding of comprehensive drug‐related properties, population‐specific attributes, such as physiological changes associated with infectious diseases, and the use of modeling and simulation techniques are discussed, as they can facilitate the implementation of optimal treatments for infectious diseases at the individual patient level.