bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Von der digitalen Transformation zur digitalen Unternehmensführung
Authors: Schellinger Jochen , Tokarski Kim Oliver , Kissling-Näf Ingrid
Published: November 2019

Der Metatrend „Digitalisierung“ und die mit ihm einhergehende digitale Transformation gesellschaftlicher und ökonomischer Strukturen und Prozesse stellen eine zentrale Herausforderung für die Unternehmensentwicklung dar. Fundamentale Änderungen der Strukturen und Prozesse der Leistungserstellung, andersartige und neue Leistungsangebote und veränderte Kundenbeziehungen erfordern eine grundlegende Erweiterung der Führungsperspektive in Richtung einer „digitalen Unternehmensführung“. Für deren funktionale Handlungsfelder ist für die Zukunft von einer weitreichenden und kontinuierlichen Erhöhung des Digitialisierungsgrads auszugehen. Die Beiträge aus den untersuchten Bereichen Führung und Organisation, Human Resource Management, Marketing und Finanzwirtschaft werden zusammengefasst. Sie zeigen das große Gestaltungsspektrum der digitalen Unternehmensführung exemplarisch auf und geben konkrete Hinweise für Problemlösungen in der Unternehmenspraxis.
Das Potenzial von Smart Contracts an einem Beispiel aus der Finanzbranche – Smart Rating
Authors: Furrer Vincent , Deck Klaus-Georg
Published: November 2019

Dieser Beitrag stellt die Grundsätze von auf Smart Contracts und der Blockchain-Technologie basierenden Rating-Verfahren zur Bonitätsbewertung vor. Es werden die technologischen Grundlagen von Blockchain und Smart Contracts erläutert und diskutiert, inwieweit die Finanzbranche im Bereich des Ratings von dieser Technologie profitieren kann. Zunächst werden die Probleme traditioneller Ratingverfahren und deren Akteure thematisiert und anschließend Lösungsansätze aufgezeigt, um diese zu überwinden. Damit zeigt dieser außerhalb der traditionellen Bankdienstleistungen befindliche Anwendungsfall, dass mit der Blockchain-Technologie neue Potenziale für Geschäftsmodelle entstehen, die etablierte Prozesse grundlegend verändern und damit ein weiteres Mosaik zur Disruption der Finanzbranche darstellen können.
Augmented Reality als Entscheidungshilfe beim Möbelkauf
Authors: Aemmer David , Bigler Jonas , Birkhofer Marco , Brechbühler Pešková Marie , Harder Deane
Published: November 2019

Diese Studie untersucht den Einfluss von Augmented Reality (AR) auf den Kaufentscheidungsprozess beim Möbelkauf. Ziel der Studie waren konkrete, handlungsleitende und wissenschaftlich fundierte Erkenntnisse für die Praxis im Umgang mit der digitalen Transformation. Dafür wurde der Einfluss einer AR-App in der Möbelbranche untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die AR-App ihren Nutzern eine wertvolle Unterstützung im Kaufentscheidungsprozess bietet. Die App funktioniert jedoch nicht als eigenständiger Kanal, sondern entfaltet ihren Nutzen nur im Zusammenspiel mit den bisherigen Kanälen und Hilfsmitteln. Insbesondere der Austausch mit Dritten bietet deutliches Entwicklungspotenzial und Chancen, die Customer Experience weiter zu verbessern. Einen klaren Kundenmehrwert würde eine händlerübergreifende AR-App bieten. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf ergibt sich aus den Rückkoppelungseffekten zwischen veränderter Kundeninteraktion und Technologieentwicklung.
Social Influencer
Authors: von Rotz Jonas , Tokarski Kim Oliver
Published: November 2019

Visuelle Kommunikation gewinnt im Zusammenhang mit der Digitalisierung immer mehr an Bedeutung. So erfolgt die Kommunikation auf Social-Media-Plattformen wie Facebook, Instagram und YouTube fast nur noch mittels Bild- und Videosprache. Social Influencer nutzen diese Kommunikationsweise, um sich auf den genannten Kanälen eine große Community aufzubauen. Dabei entsteht ein Beziehungsverhältnis zwischen Social Influencer und Empfängern. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, welche Faktoren dazu führen, dass Social Influencer „Communities“ von mehreren Tausend bis Millionen Menschen aufbauen können, von diesen als Vorbilder und Meinungsmacher angesehen werden und dass dabei ein Beziehungsverhältnis entsteht.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Social Influencer mittels aktivierender Wirkung des Gesagten die „Interaktion“ fördern. Durch eine selbstoffenbarende und wertschätzende Wirkung wird ein Storytelling realisiert, die Authentizität und Glaubwürdigkeit erhöht und die Entstehung einer Beziehung gefördert. Die Gestik, erhöhte Sprechlautstärke und das schnelle Sprechtempo sorgen dabei beim Empfänger für eine kompetent und glaubwürdig wirkende Erscheinung des Social Influencers, während die Mimik „Freude“ Glücksgefühle beim Adressaten auslöst. Die Ergebnisse liefern somit qualitativ-explorative Erkenntnisse über Stile von Social Influencern und deren Umsetzung auf dem Social-Media-Kanal YouTube. Sie bieten Ansätze zur Erklärung des Beziehungsverhältnisses zwischen YouTuber und Community.
Plattformbasierte Dienstleistungen
Authors: Weissenfeld Katinka , Dungga Angelina , Frecè Jan
Published: November 2019

Peer-to-Peer-Dienstleistungsplattformen (P2P-Plattformen) stellen eine besondere Form von Dienstleistungsplattformen dar, die z. B. Geschäftsmodelle der Sharing Economy in seiner heutigen Form ermöglichen. Als Reaktion auf den aktuell herrschenden Begriffsdschungel rund um Sharing Economy und Dienstleistungsplattformen im Allgemeinen werden zunächst Begrifflichkeiten geklärt, bevor Aspekte des gesellschaftlichen Wandels diskutiert werden. Aufgrund iterativer Wechselwirkungen zwischen Sozialstrukturen und sozialen Akteuren werden die technischen, sozialen, ökologischen und ökonomischen Aspekte des gesellschaftlichen Wandels sowohl als Folge als auch als Vorbedingungen für das Aufkommen von P2P-Plattformen betrachtet. Abschließend werden in einem dritten Teil Chancen und Herausforderungen diskutiert, die sich aktuell und zukünftig durch P2P-Plattformen für die Gesellschaft ergeben. Dabei ist festzustellen, dass viele Aspekte sowohl Chancen als auch Herausforderungen mit sich bringen, die entsprechend abzuwägen sind.
Big Data Analytics
Authors: Baumann Flurina Fiona , Brunner Nadine Belinda , Tokarski Kim Oliver
Published: November 2019

Die Datenmengen vervielfachen sich in der heutigen Zeit konstant, was zum Begriff Big Data geführt hat. Durch diese Datenmengen entsteht ein neues Potenzial, Fragen zu beantworten. Eine dieser Fragestellungen, welche mithilfe von Big Data untersucht werden kann, ist, inwiefern die Social-Media-Daten die Veränderung von Börsenkursen voraussagen können. Diese Studie untersucht die prädiktive Fähigkeit von Twitter-Nachrichten im Zusammenhang mit einem Technologieunternehmen und dessen Börsenkurs anhand von zwei Anwendungsfällen. Konkret wird anhand der Twitter-Nachrichten mithilfe einer Sentimentanalyse die Stimmung der Twitter-Nutzer mit den Veränderungen des Börsenkurses verglichen. Diese Analyse wird anhand der Technologieunternehmen Facebook und Amazon vorgenommen. In einem ersten Schritt wird untersucht, ob eine Beziehung zwischen den Twitter-Sentiments und dem Börsenkurs besteht. In einem zweiten Schritt, ob die Twitter-Sentiments eine Voraussagekraft für die Veränderung des Börsenkurses haben. Die Auswertung zeigt bei beiden Unternehmen eine positive Korrelation der Twitter-Sentiments und des Börsenkurses auf. Weiter konnte mithilfe der Granger-Analyse eine signifikante Voraussagekraft der Twitter-Sentiments für die Börsenkurse beider Unternehmen ermittelt werden. Die Twitter-Sentiments können die Börsenkurse 13 h voraussagen.
Localized thermal states and negative energy
Authors: Rosso Felipe
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We construct localized states defined in a ball or the half-space of a conformal field theory (CFT) in Minkowski that are thermal with respect to the local modular flow. We compute their energy density at arbitrary temperature for a variety of CFTs, and find values for which it is negative and divergent at the boundary. Despite this singular behavior we show that the energy measured by an observer is consistent with the bounds present in the literature. For holographic CFTs these states are captured by hyperbolic black holes in anti-de Sitter, where the negative energy in field theory amounts to the well known negative mass of the black hole. As a byproduct, we show that the Casini-Huerta-Myers proof of the Ryu-Takayangi holographic entanglement formula for the vacuum reduced to a ball can be naturally extended to include half-space regions.
Continuum limit Tonks-Girardeau matrix elements. Part I. The ground state and the uniform density state
Authors: Evslin Jarah , Mohammed Hosam , Liu Hui , Zhou Yao
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The Tonks-Girardeau model is a quantum mechanical model of N impenetrable bosons in 1+1 dimensions. A Vandermonde determinant provides the exact N -particle wave function of the ground state, or equivalently the matrix elements with respect to position eigenstates. We consider the large N limit of these matrix elements. We present a binning prescription which calculates the leading terms of the matrix elements in a time which is independent of N, and so is suitable for this limit. In this sense, it allows one to solve for the ground state of a strongly coupled continuum quantum field theory in the field eigenstate basis. As examples, we calculate the matrix elements with respect to states with uniform density and also states consisting of two regions with distinct densities.
Strong coupling universality at large N for pure CFT thermodynamics in 2+1 dimensions
Authors: DeWolfe Oliver , Romatschke Paul
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Pure CFTs have vanishing β-function at any value of the coupling. One example of a pure CFT is the O(N) Wess-Zumino model in 2+1 dimensions in the large N limit. This model can be analytically solved at finite temperature for any value of the coupling, and we find that its entropy density at strong coupling is exactly equal to

$$ \frac{31}{35} $$

31
35

of the non-interacting Stefan-Boltzmann result. We show that a large class of theories with equal numbers of N-component fermions and bosons, supersymmetric or not, for a large class of interactions, exhibit the same universal ratio. For unequal numbers of fermions and bosons we find that the strong-weak thermodynamic ratio is bounded to lie in between

$$ \frac{4}{5} $$

4
5

and 1.
Sup-norms of eigenfunctions in the level aspect for compact arithmetic surfaces
Authors: Saha Abhishek
Published: November 2019

Let D be an indefinite quaternion division algebra over $${{\mathbb {Q}}}$$Q. We approach the problem of bounding the sup-norms of automorphic forms $$\phi $$ϕ on $$D^\times ({{\mathbb {A}}})$$D×(A) that belong to irreducible automorphic representations and transform via characters of unit groups of orders of D. We obtain a non-trivial upper bound for $$\Vert \phi \Vert _\infty $$‖ϕ‖∞ in the level aspect that is valid for arbitrary orders. This generalizes and strengthens previously known upper bounds for $$\Vert \phi \Vert _\infty $$‖ϕ‖∞ in the setting of newforms for Eichler orders. In the special case when the index of the order in a maximal order is a squarefull integer N, our result specializes to $$\Vert \phi \Vert _\infty \ll _{\pi _\infty , \epsilon } N^{1/3 + \epsilon } \Vert \phi \Vert _2$$‖ϕ‖∞≪π∞,ϵN1/3+ϵ‖ϕ‖2. A key application of our result is to automorphic forms $$\phi $$ϕ which correspond at the ramified primes to either minimal vectors, in the sense of Hu et al. (Commun Math Helv, to appear) or p-adic microlocal lifts, in the sense of Nelson in “Microlocal lifts and and quantum unique ergodicity on $$\mathrm{GL}_2({{\mathbb {Q}}}_{p})$$GL2(Qp)” (Algebra Number Theory 12(9):2033–2064, 2018). For such forms, our bound specializes to $$\Vert \phi \Vert _\infty \ll _{ \epsilon } C^{\frac{1}{6} + \epsilon }\Vert \phi \Vert _2$$‖ϕ‖∞≪ϵC16+ϵ‖ϕ‖2 where C is the conductor of the representation $$\pi $$π generated by $$\phi $$ϕ. This improves upon the previously known local bound$$\Vert \phi \Vert _\infty \ll _{\lambda , \epsilon } C^{\frac{1}{4} + \epsilon }\Vert \phi \Vert _2$$‖ϕ‖∞≪λ,ϵC14+ϵ‖ϕ‖2 in these cases.
The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update
Authors: Richters Anke , Aben Katja K. H. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. L. M.
Published: November 2019

Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancer types in the world, with approximately 550,000 new cases annually. The highest burden of bladder cancer is currently falling on most developed communities across the globe. But with an anticipated shift in world demographics with growing and aging populations mainly on the African continent, and important shifts in exposure to different risk factors across the world, this is likely to change over the next decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the current incidence, mortality, prevalence, survival, risk factors and costs of bladder cancer worldwide.
A new mathematical framework for atmospheric blocking events
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Gritsun Andrey
Published: November 2019

We use a simple yet Earth-like hemispheric atmospheric model to propose a new framework for the mathematical properties of blocking events. Using finite-time Lyapunov exponents, we show that the occurrence of blockings is associated with conditions featuring anomalously high instability. Longer-lived blockings are very rare and have typically higher instability. In the case of Atlantic blockings, predictability is especially reduced at the onset and decay of the blocking event, while a relative increase of predictability is found in the mature phase. The opposite holds for Pacific blockings, for which predictability is lowest in the mature phase. Blockings are realised when the trajectory of the system is in the neighbourhood of a specific class of unstable periodic orbits (UPOs), natural modes of variability that cover the attractor the system. UPOs corresponding to blockings have, indeed, a higher degree of instability compared to UPOs associated with zonal flow. Our results provide a rigorous justification for the classical Markov chains-based analysis of transitions between weather regimes. The analysis of UPOs elucidates that the model features a very severe violation of hyperbolicity, due to the presence of a substantial variability in the number of unstable dimensions, which explains why atmospheric states can differ a lot in term of their predictability. Additionally, such a variability explains the need for performing data assimilation in a state space that includes not only the unstable and neutral subspaces, but also some stable modes. The lack of robustness associated with the violation of hyperbolicity might be a basic cause contributing to the difficulty in representing blockings in numerical models and in predicting how their statistics will change as a result of climate change. This corresponds to fundamental issues limiting our ability to construct very accurate numerical models of the atmosphere, in term of predictability of the both the first and of the second kind in the sense of Lorenz.
Post-bariatric surgery lab tests: are they excessive and redundant?
Authors: Menser Terri , Muniz Castro Jose , Lopez Adriana , Jones Stephen L. , Kash Bita A. , Sherman Vadim , Tariq Nabil
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Following bariatric surgery, ongoing postoperative testing is required to measure nutritional deficiencies; the purpose of this study was to quantify the prevalence of these nutritional deficiencies based on two-year follow-up tests at recommended time points.

Methods and procedures

A retrospective data analysis was conducted of all laboratory tests for bariatric patients who underwent surgery between May 2016 and January 2018 with available lab data (n = 397). Results for nine different nutritional labs were categorized into six recommended postoperative time periods based on time elapsed since the procedure date. Binary variables were created for each laboratory result to calculate descriptive statistics of abnormalities for each lab test over time and used in the individual GEE logistic regression models. Grouped logistic regression examined the total nutritional deficiencies of the nine combined nutrients considering total available labs.

Results

Multiple lab tests indicated a very low frequency of abnormalities (e.g., Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Copper, and Folate). Many of the nine included nutritional labs had an average deficiency of less than 10% across all time points. The grouped logistic model found preoperative nutritional deficiency to be predictive of postoperative nutritional deficiency (OR 3.70, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found the vast majority of routine lab test results to be normal at multiple time points. Current practice can add up to significant lab expenses over time. The frequency of postoperative testing in this population may be redundant and of very little value. Unnecessary follow-up laboratory testing costs the patients and the health care system in both time and resources. Patients with preoperative deficiencies appear to be at higher risk for nutritional deficiencies when compared to bariatric surgery patients that did not have preoperative nutritional deficiencies. Future research should focus on defining cost effective postoperative lab testing guidelines for at risk bariatric patients.
Left residuated lattices induced by lattices with a unary operation
Authors: Chajda Ivan , Länger Helmut
Published: November 2019

In a previous paper, the authors defined two binary term operations in orthomodular lattices such that an orthomodular lattice can be organized by means of them into a left residuated lattice. It is a natural question if these operations serve in this way also for more general lattices than the orthomodular ones. In our present paper, we involve two conditions formulated as simple identities in two variables under which this is really the case. Hence, we obtain a variety of lattices with a unary operation which contains exactly those lattices with a unary operation which can be converted into a left residuated lattice by use of the above mentioned operations. It turns out that every lattice in this variety is in fact a bounded one and the unary operation is a complementation. Finally, we use a similar technique by using simpler terms and identities motivated by Boolean algebras.
Asylum-seeking children with resignation syndrome: catatonia or traumatic withdrawal syndrome?
Authors: von Knorring Anne-Liis , Hultcrantz Elisabeth
Published: November 2019

In the beginning of the 2000s, an increasing number of asylum-seeking children in Sweden fell into a stuporous condition. In the present study, we report 46 consecutive children with the most severe form of this illness where the children were unable to give any response at all, did not react to pain, cold or touching, could not be supported to sit or stand on their feet, could not do anything when requested, and in most cases had enuresis/encopresis. A minority of the children came from war zones (n = 8, 17.4%). A majority belonged to an ethnic or religious minority (n = 32, 69.6%) in their homeland and almost all were persecuted (n = 43, 93.5%). All had either experienced violence themselves or had witnessed or heard about violence against close family members. The age of onset of the first symptom of illness for boys was 11.2 years [CI 9.6–12.8], for girls 11.8 yrs.[CI 10.4–13.2], and the age for falling into stupor for boys was 12.9 years [CI 11.6–14.1] years and was the same for girls, 12.9 years [CI 11.6–14.2] years. Girls tended to have depression before entering the stuporous condition, while the boys tended to have PTSD first (Chi-square = 3.73, p = 0.054). A majority of the children had one (n = 13, 28.3%) or both parents (n = 14, 30.4%) suffering from mental or severe physical disorder. It is discussed whether the presented condition is a separate entity or if the syndrome should be regarded as a variant of catatonia, and whether benzodiazepines should be tried.
Versatile biotechnological applications of amylosucrase, a novel glucosyltransferase
Authors: Seo Dong-Ho , Yoo Sang-Ho , Choi Seung-Jun , Kim Young-Rok , Park Cheon-Seok
Published: November 2019

Amylosucrase (AS; EC 2.4.1.4) is an enzyme that has great potential in the biotechnology and food industries, due to its multifunctional enzyme activities. It can synthesize α-1,4-glucans, like amylose, from sucrose as a sole substrate, but importantly, it can also utilize various other molecules as acceptors. In addition, AS produces sucrose isomers such as turanose and trehalulose. It also efficiently synthesizes modified starch with increased ratios of slow digestive starch and resistant starch, and glucosylated functional compounds with increased water solubility and stability. Furthermore, AS produces turnaose more efficiently than other carbohydrate-active enzymes. Amylose synthesized by AS forms microparticles and these can be utilized as biocompatible materials with various bio-applications, including drug delivery, chromatography, and bioanalytical sciences. This review not only compares the gene and enzyme characteristics of microbial AS, studied to date, but also focuses on the applications of AS in the biotechnology and food industries.
It’s Not About Ethical Dilemmas: A Survey of Bavarian Veterinary Officers’ Opinions on Moral Challenges and an e-Learning Ethics Course
Authors: Dürnberger Christian
Published: November 2019

The presented survey focused on moral challenges of Bavarian veterinary officers in their daily work and their expectations of an (e-learning) ethics module in their training program. The results suggest that Bavarian veterinary officers are confronted with morally challenging situations. However, they do not describe these challenges as dilemmas in which the veterinary officers do not know what the moral right choice would be. They are rather convinced to know what they should do from an ethical point of view but see difficulties with the realization as the crucial moral challenge of their profession. The participants in the study do not only expect ethics to help them to find a morally justified way of dealing with moral challenges, but also to gain a better understanding of essential conflicts. In regard to a possible e-learning course on ethics, most veterinary officers were skeptical or highly critical because, from their perspective, ethics needs personal exchange, promoting a dialogue with colleagues, and this is best possible in a classroom-based seminar. Therefore, according to the participants in the survey, if e-learning tools are used, this should only be in combination with classroom-based events.
A Social Desirability Item Response Theory Model: Retrieve–Deceive–Transfer
Authors: Leng Cheng-Han , Huang Hung-Yu , Yao Grace
Published: November 2019

In this study, a new item response theory model is developed to account for situations in which respondents overreport or underreport their actual opinions on a positive or negativeissue. Such behavior is supposed to be a result of deception and transfer mechanisms. In the proposed model, this behavior is simulated by incorporating a deception term into a multidimensional rating scale model, followed by multiplication by a transfer term, with the two operations performed by an indicator function and a transition matrix separately. The proposed model is presented in a Bayesian framework approximated by Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. Through a series of simulations, the parameters of the proposed model are recovered accurately. The methodology is also implemented within an online experimental study to demonstrate the methodology’s application.
A Phenomenological Analysis of Freckling in Directional Solidification of Ni-Base Superalloy: The Role of Edge and Curvature in Casting Components
Authors: Ma D. X. , Dong Z. H. , Wang F. , Dong H. B.
Published: November 2019

The geometrical factor in freckle formation has rarely been taken into account. In this work, freckle formation in superalloy components is examined. It is found that freckle formation is subject to the effects of the edge and curvature. In polygonal casting sections, freckles are formed preferably on the convex edges. In the components with a curved contour, freckles are exclusively formed on the outward-curving surface having positive curvature.
The study of the effect of fault transmissibility on the reservoir production using reservoir simulation—Cornea Field, Western Australia
Authors: Abdullah Nurafiqah , Hasan Nurul , Saeid Nawaf , Mohyaldinn Mysara Eissa , Zahran El-Said Mamdouh Mahmoud
Published: November 2019

The focused area in this study is in the Cornea Field located in the Yampi Shelf, north-eastern Browse Basin, Australia. The field was stated to be an elongated unfaulted drape anticline over highly eroded basement. From the literature and seismic data, faults die at the basement in the Cornea Field. Therefore, no faults were considered previously. The tectonic activity was not apparent in the area with only deformation by gravitational movements and compaction in the basement zone. However, fault might present in the reservoir and seal depth as time passed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to simulate the Cornea field with faults, to determine the effect of fault transmissibility on oil production. The study shows that the fault permeability and fault displacement thickness ratio have a close relationship with fault transmissibility. The fault transmissibility increases when fault permeability and fault displacement thickness ratio increase. Transmissibility multiplier was also considered in this study. The fault transmissibility increases with the increase in transmissibility multiplier, thus the oil production. This study contributes to the gap present in the research of the Cornea Field with fault structure, where it is important to consider fault existence during exploration and production.
Correction to: Moth-eye Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Films for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Min-cheol , Jang Segeun , Choi Jiwoo , Kang Seong Min , Choi Mansoo
Published: November 2019

In the original publication, the equal contribution information was not available in first page of the article.
PROPORTIONATE MAIMING: THE ORIGINS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S PROVISIONS FOR FACIAL DISFIGUREMENT IN BILL 64
Authors: Cock Emily
Published: November 2019

In 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed the use of nose-cutting to punish women convicted of specific offences, and the use of retaliation (lex talionis) for anyone who deliberately disfigured another person. These punishments were intended to replace the death penalty for these crimes, and as such formed part of Jefferson's attempt to rationalise the Virginian law code in line with eighteenth-century reform principles. Jefferson drew on British laws from the Anglo-Saxon period to the Coventry Act for his bill, but his proposals contrast strikingly with British movements away from corporal marking as punishment used against their own citizens. This article examines the origins and fates of equivalent crimes and punishments in the law codes Jefferson examined, and compares the legal and wider connotations of facial appearance and disfigurement that made these proposals coherent in Virginia when they had long ceased elsewhere. Tracing examples and discussion of these intersecting cases will greatly increase our understanding of Jefferson's proposals, and the relationships between facial difference, stigma and disability in eighteenth-century America.
POLITICISING CHERNOBYL: WALES AND NUCLEAR POWER DURING THE 1980s
Authors: Martin Seán Aeron , Wiliam Mari Elin
Published: November 2019

The Chernobyl disaster of 1986 had international repercussions, as nuclear fallout, and accompanying fear, traversed well beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. In Britain, raised radioactivity levels caused some upland regions, such as north-west Wales, to become subject to restrictions on the sale of livestock, which created upheaval for the agricultural community, leading to an uncharacteristic outburst of protest from farmers who were unhappy with the government's response to the crisis. Concurrently, nuclear sceptics in Wales attempted to politicise the tragedy in the Ukraine to underline the dangers of nuclear power, dovetailing the accident with the looming perils of Wales's domestic nuclear industry. In exploring these issues, this paper contributes to a growing body of work on ‘British nuclear cultures’, moving away from its generally urban focus by examining a Welsh rural case study. This approach also circumvents the well-trodden historiographical narrative surrounding the politics of nuclear warfare by highlighting debates arising from civil nuclear power. Crucially, the work demonstrates how looking at the modern Welsh past through the prism of a transnational nuclear event such as the Chernobyl catastrophe shows that the history of twentieth-century Wales is enriched by moving beyond the stereotypically ‘Welsh’ industrial shibboleths of the south Wales coalfield and the slate mines of north Wales.
HOW NATURAL IS NATURAL? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WILDLIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN BRITAIN
Authors: Williamson Tom
Published: November 2019

This article explores some of the ways in which historians can, and should, engage with current debates about the environment. What we often think of as ‘natural’ habitats in Britain – heaths, ancient woodland, meadows and the like – are largely anthropogenic in character, and much of our most familiar wildlife, from rabbits to poppies, are alien introductions. The environments we cherish are neither natural nor timeless, but are enmeshed in human histories: even the kinds of tree most commonly found in the countryside are the consequence of human choice. The ways in which the environment was shaped by past management systems – to produce fuel, as much as food – are briefly explored; and the rise of ‘rewilding’ as a fashionable approach to nature conservation is examined, including its practical and philosophical limitations and its potential impacts on the conservation of cultural landscapes.
The Complex Ritual Dynamics of Individual and Group Experience in the Temple, as Imagined in the Mishnah
Authors: Cohn Naftali S.
Published: November 2019

When the mishnaic authors narrated the Temple rituals of the past, they made choices in how to imagine the nuanced dynamics of actors, spaces, objects, and actions that make up the ritual enactments. These choices point to their understanding of how Temple ritual worked and what it accomplished. Taking an unusual feature of many of the Mishnah's Temple-ritual narratives—the shifting back and forth between singular and plural, or, between individual and group—as a starting point, this article argues that for the rabbis of the Mishnah, Temple ritual bound together every Israelite with the collective whole, while simultaneously allowing for individuality. Moreover, it created a sense of solidarity and belonging within multiple levels of Jewish collective life—the whole people, the local city or town, and the lineal groupings of Israelite, Levite, and priest. Similarities to mishnaic rules about prayer-centered rituals, moreover, suggest that the rabbis believed these functions of ritual continued even in the absence of the Temple.
ר' יוסף אנג'לט ותורת השמיטות: בין חוג הרמב"ן לזוהר
Authors: אסולין שפרה
Published: November 2019

תורת השמיטות היא אחד מן הסודות האזוטריים המרכזיים והשנויים במחלוקת בתולדות הקבלה. תורה אסכטולוגית זו מציבה תפיסת זמן מחזורית שפעימותיה הקוסמיות קוצבות את קיומו של העולם ומעמידות אותו על שבע שמיטות, שבעה מחזורים קוסמיים בני שבעת אלפים שנה, שביניהם חורבן המתחולל בכל אלף שביעי, עד ליובל הגדול, שנת החמישים אלף, שבו עתידה ההוויה כולה להיבלע ולשוב למקורה.
Casual Racism in Victorian Literature
Authors: Betensky Carolyn
Published: November 2019

The first time a casually racist reference crops up in the Victorian texts I teach, I tell my students that the presence of slurs and stereotypes in Victorian literature reflects the prevalence of racism in Victorian society. I give them some historical context for the racism whenever possible and smile stoically. Yes, I say, that expression in the novel I've made you purchase and that I'm encouraging you to find fascinatingisindeed racist. Let's talk about how racist it is and why! The second time an explicitly racist reference crops up, we refer to the previous conversation. The third time it does, we look meaningfully at each other and shake our heads. The fourth time it does, we don't even mention it. We learn, like the Victorians, to take it for granted.
Übersicht zu Risikofaktoren für Cybermobbing-Viktimisierung im Kindes- und Jugendalter und Empfehlungen für die Präventionsarbeit
Authors: Petras Ira-Katharina , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. >Cybermobbing führt bei den Opfern zu ernsthaften psychischen und sozialen Auswirkungen. Ziel des systematischen Reviews ist es daher, den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Risikofaktoren für Cybermobbing-Viktimisierung im Kindes- und Jugendalter darzustellen. Es werden empirische Quer- und Längsschnittstudien, die sich mit entsprechenden Risikofaktoren beschäftigen, aus Zeitschriften mit Peer-Review-Verfahren berücksichtigt. Die Vielzahl der risikoerhöhenden Merkmale kann in personen-, umwelt- und medienbezogene Risikofaktoren untergliedert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kinder, die bereits in der Schule oder im Internet gemobbt wurden, das höchste Risiko für Cybermobbing-Viktimisierung aufweisen. Insgesamt steigt das Risiko mit zunehmendem Alter an. Mädchen sind unter Berücksichtigung inhaltlicher Aspekte der Mediennutzung eher Cybermobbing-Opfer als Jungen. Familiäre und schulische Faktoren sowie negative Einflüsse sozialer Beziehungen können ebenso risikoerhöhend wirken. Eine häufige soziale Internetnutzung sowie riskantes Online-Verhalten stellen medienbezogene Risikofaktoren dar. Erste Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittstudie weisen darauf hin, dass die Art der Nutzung und deren Inhalte wichtiger sind, als die Nutzungsdauer und -häufigkeit. Von den 35 identifizierten Risikofaktoren stammen nur 14 aus Längsschnittstudien, wodurch für die verbleibenden 21 Merkmale in zukünftigen Verlaufsstudien geklärt werden muss, ob es sich tatsächlich um Faktoren handelt, die der Cybermobbing-Viktimisierung vorausgehen. Aus den Ergebnissen der analysierten Längsschnittstudien werden kind-, eltern- und schulbezogene Ansatzpunkte für Präventionsmaßnahmen aufgezeigt.
Zur Wirksamkeit des Präventions- und Fördertools „Emotionale Kompetenzen im Vorschulalter fördern (EMK-F)“
Authors: Gust Nicole , Petermann Franz , Ulrich Franziska
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde die Wirksamkeit des Präventions- und Fördertools „Emotionale Kompetenzen im Vorschulalter fördern (EMK-F)“ in Bezug auf die Verbesserung des Emotionswissens, der prosozialen Lösungen und der Empathie bei Drei- bis Sechsjährigen untersucht. Darüber hinaus bewerteten die pädagogischen Fachkräfte das EMK-F hinsichtlich Praktikabilität und Akzeptanz. Die Analysen basieren auf den Daten von N = 124 Kinder (Kontrollgruppe: n = 65) aus neun Kindergärten. Durch die standardisierten und altersangemessenen Verfahren EMK 3 – 6 und SET 3 – 5 wurden die emotionalen Kompetenzen und der Wortschatz der Kinder erfasst. Kinder der Fördergruppe zeigten im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe einen signifikanten Zuwachs im Emotionswissen. Die Fachkräfte bewerteten das EMK-F überwiegend positiv. Die Implikationen der Ergebnisse und die methodischen Einschränkungen der Studie werden diskutiert.
Tsunami Resonance and Spatial Pattern of Natural Oscillation Modes With Multiple Resonators
Authors: Aranguiz R. , Catalán P. A. , Cecioni C. , Bellotti G. , Henriquez P. , González J.
Published: November 2019

Tsunami resonance and coupled oscillation of shelf and bays modes has been reported to be important in tsunami wave amplification. The main objective of this work is to study the spatial pattern of natural oscillation modes and to analyze the influence of several resonators on the coast of the central Chile, which has a complex morphology with several bays, submarine canyons, and a wide continental shelf. First, natural oscillation modes were computed by means of modal analysis of local and regional domains. Second, a dense network of tide gauges and pressure sensors was analyzed to obtain background spectra inside bays. Third, tsunami spectra were computed from both tsunami records and numerical simulations. The results show that the use of modal analysis and background and tsunami spectra is effective for identifying natural oscillation modes. In addition, a dense network of tide gauges is useful to validate the spatial pattern of these natural modes. It was observed that larger resonators and the shelf are important in coupling oscillation with local bays, such that large amplification can be observed. Finally, this analysis allowed the diverse effects of 2010 and 2011 tsunamis in the bays of central Chile to be explained, making it possible to better address tsunami mitigation measures and the preparedness of coastal communities.
The Convection Connection: How Ocean Feedbacks Affect Tropical Mean Moisture and MJO Propagation
Authors: DeMott Charlotte A. , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Tseng Wan‐Ling , Burt Melissa A. , Gao Yingxia , Randall David A.
Published: November 2019

The response of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) to ocean feedbacks is studied with coupled and uncoupled simulations of four general circulation models (GCMs). Monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) from each coupled model is prescribed to its respective uncoupled simulation, to ensure identical SST mean‐state and low‐frequency variability between simulation pairs. Consistent with previous studies, coupling improves each model's ability to propagate MJO convection beyond the Maritime Continent. Analysis of the MJO moist static energy budget reveals that improved MJO eastward propagation in all four coupled models arises from enhanced meridional advection of column water vapor (CWV). Despite the identical mean‐state SST in each coupled and uncoupled simulation pair, coupling increases mean‐state CWV near the equator, sharpening equatorward moisture gradients and enhancing meridional moisture advection and MJO propagation. CWV composites during MJO and non‐MJO periods demonstrate that the MJO itself does not cause enhanced moisture gradients. Instead, analysis of low‐level subgrid‐scale moistening conditioned by rainfall rate (R) and SST anomaly reveals that coupling enhances low‐level convective moistening forR> 5 mm day−1; this enhancement is most prominent near the equator. The low‐level moistening process varies among the four models, which we interpret in terms of their ocean model configurations, cumulus parameterizations, and sensitivities of convection to column relative humidity.
Modeling Organic Carbon Accumulation Rates and Residence Times in Coastal Vegetated Ecosystems
Authors: Belshe E. Fay , Sanjuan Jose , Leiva‐Dueñas Carmen , Piñeiro‐Juncal Nerea , Serrano Oscar , Lavery Paul , Mateo Miguel Angel
Published: November 2019

Coastal vegetated “blue carbon” ecosystems can store large quantities of organic carbon (OC) within their soils; however, the importance of these sinks for climate change mitigation depends on the OC accumulation rate (CAR) and residence time. Here we evaluate how two modeling approaches, a Bayesian age‐depth model alone or in combination with a two‐pool OC model, aid in our understanding of the time lines of OC within seagrass soils. Fitting these models to data from Posidonia oceanica soil cores, we show that age‐depth models provided reasonable CAR estimates but resulted in a 22% higher estimation of OC burial rates when ephemeral rhizosphere OC was not subtracted. This illustrates the need to standardize CAR estimation to match the research target and time frames under consideration. Using a two‐pool model in tandem with an age‐depth model also yielded reasonable, albeit lower, CAR estimates with lower estimate uncertainty, which increased our ability to detect among‐site differences and seascape‐level trends. Moreover, the two‐pool model provided several other useful soil OC diagnostics, including OC inputs, decay rates, and transit times. At our sites, soil OC decayed quite slowly both within fast cycling (0.028 ± 0.014 yr−1) and slow cycling (0.0007 ± 0.0003 yr−1) soil pools, resulting in OC taking between 146 and 825 yr to transit the soil system. Further, an estimated 85% to 93% of OC inputs enter slow‐cycling soil pools, with transit times ranging from 891 to 3,115 yr, substantiating the importance of P. oceanica soils as natural, long‐term OC sinks.
Overcoming resolution limits with quantum sensing
Authors: Gefen T. , Rotem A. , Retzker A.
Published: November 2019

The field of quantum sensing explores the use of quantum phenomena to measure a broad range of physical quantities, of both static and time-dependent types. While for static signals the main figure of merit is sensitivity, for time dependent signals it is spectral resolution, i.e. the ability to resolve two different frequencies. Here we study this problem, and develop new superresolution methods that rely on quantum features. We first formulate a general criterion for superresolution in quantum problems. Inspired by this, we show that quantum detectors can resolve two frequencies from incoherent segments of the signal, irrespective of their separation, in contrast to what is known about classical detection schemes. The main idea behind these methods is to overcome the vanishing distinguishability in resolution problems by nullifying the projection noise.
Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Parthasarathy Aishwarya , Tang Cheng , Herikstad Roger , Cheong Loong Fah , Yen Shih-Cheng , Libedinsky Camilo
Published: November 2019

Maintenance of working memory is thought to involve the activity of prefrontal neuronal populations with strong recurrent connections. However, it was recently shown that distractors evoke a morphing of the prefrontal population code, even when memories are maintained throughout the delay. How can a morphing code maintain time-invariant memory information? We hypothesized that dynamic prefrontal activity contains time-invariant memory information within a subspace of neural activity. Using an optimization algorithm, we found a low-dimensional subspace that contains time-invariant memory information. This information was reduced in trials where the animals made errors in the task, and was also found in periods of the trial not used to find the subspace. A bump attractor model replicated these properties, and provided predictions that were confirmed in the neural data. Our results suggest that the high-dimensional responses of prefrontal cortex contain subspaces where different types of information can be simultaneously encoded with minimal interference.
The receptor-like kinase NIK1 targets FLS2/BAK1 immune complex and inversely modulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity
Authors: Li Bo , Ferreira Marco Aurélio , Huang Mengling , Camargos Luiz Fernando , Yu Xiao , Teixeira Ruan M. , Carpinetti Paola A. , Mendes Giselle C. , Gouveia-Mageste Bianca C. , Liu Chenglong , Pontes Claudia S. L. , Brustolini Otávio J. B. , Martins Laura G. C. , Melo Bruno P. , Duarte Christiane E. M. , Shan Libo , He Ping , Fontes Elizabeth P. B.
Published: November 2019

Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogens and defend themselves. Crosstalk may happen among receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways in the same host during simultaneous infection of different pathogens. However, the related function of the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in thwarting different pathogens remains elusive. Here, we report that NIK1, which positively regulates plant antiviral immunity, acts as an important negative regulator of antibacterial immunity. nik1 plants exhibit dwarfed morphology, enhanced disease resistance to bacteria and increased PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, which are restored by NIK1 reintroduction. Additionally, NIK1 negatively regulates the formation of the FLS2/BAK1 complex. The interaction between NIK1 and FLS2/BAK1 is enhanced upon flg22 perception, revealing a novel PTI regulatory mechanism by an RLK. Furthermore, flg22 perception induces NIK1 and RPL10A phosphorylation in vivo, activating antiviral signalling. The NIK1-mediated inverse modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity may allow bacteria and viruses to activate host immune responses against each other.
The transcription factor ERG regulates a low shear stress-induced anti-thrombotic pathway in the microvasculature
Authors: Peghaire C. , Dufton N. P. , Lang M. , Salles-Crawley I. I. , Ahnström J. , Kalna V. , Raimondi C. , Pericleous C. , Inuabasi L. , Kiseleva R. , Muzykantov V. R. , Mason J. C. , Birdsey G. M. , Randi A. M.
Published: November 2019

Endothelial cells actively maintain an anti-thrombotic environment; loss of this protective function may lead to thrombosis and systemic coagulopathy. The transcription factor ERG is essential to maintain endothelial homeostasis. Here, we show that inducible endothelial ERG deletion (ErgiEC-KO) in mice is associated with spontaneous thrombosis, hemorrhages and systemic coagulopathy. We find that ERG drives transcription of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM), as shown by reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. TM expression is regulated by shear stress (SS) via Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). In vitro, ERG regulates TM expression under low SS conditions, by facilitating KLF2 binding to the TM promoter. However, ERG is dispensable for TM expression in high SS conditions. In ErgiEC-KO mice, TM expression is decreased in liver and lung microvasculature exposed to low SS but not in blood vessels exposed to high SS. Our study identifies an endogenous, vascular bed-specific anticoagulant pathway in microvasculature exposed to low SS.
An anionic, endosome-escaping polymer to potentiate intracellular delivery of cationic peptides, biomacromolecules, and nanoparticles
Authors: Evans Brian C. , Fletcher R. Brock , Kilchrist Kameron V. , Dailing Eric A. , Mukalel Alvin J. , Colazo Juan M. , Oliver Matthew , Cheung-Flynn Joyce , Brophy Colleen M. , Tierney John W. , Isenberg Jeffrey S. , Hankenson Kurt D. , Ghimire Kedar , Lander Cynthia , Gersbach Charles A. , Duvall Craig L.
Published: November 2019

Peptides and biologics provide unique opportunities to modulate intracellular targets not druggable by conventional small molecules. Most peptides and biologics are fused with cationic uptake moieties or formulated into nanoparticles to facilitate delivery, but these systems typically lack potency due to low uptake and/or entrapment and degradation in endolysosomal compartments. Because most delivery reagents comprise cationic lipids or polymers, there is a lack of reagents specifically optimized to deliver cationic cargo. Herein, we demonstrate the utility of the cytocompatible polymer poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) to potentiate intracellular delivery of cationic biomacromolecules and nano-formulations. This approach demonstrates superior efficacy over all marketed peptide delivery reagents and enhances delivery of nucleic acids and gene editing ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) formulated with both commercially-available and our own custom-synthesized cationic polymer delivery reagents. These results demonstrate the broad potential of PPAA to serve as a platform reagent for the intracellular delivery of cationic cargo.