bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Regulation of Manipulators Using Only Position Measurements
Authors: Colbaugh R. , Glass K. , Barany E.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the motion-control problem for uncertain robot manipulators in the case where only joint-position mea surements are available, and proposes an adaptive controller as a solution to this problem. The proposed control strategy is general and computationally effrcient, requires very little infor mation regarding the manipulator model or the payload, and ensures that the position-regulation error possesses desirable convergence properties: semiglobal asymptotic convergence if no external disturbances are present, and semiglobal con vergence to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of zero in the presence of bounded disturbances. It is shown that the adaptive controller can be modified to provide accurate trajectory track ing control through the introduction of feedforrvard elements in the control law. The adaptive regulation and tracking schemes have been implemented in laboratory experiments with an IMI Zebra Zero manipulator. These experiments demonstrate that accurate and robust motion control can be achieved by using the proposed approach.
Collision Avoidance in Multiple-Redundant Manipulators
Authors: Sezgin U. , Seneviratne L.D. , Earles S.W.E.
Published: March 2007

A new objective function is introduced to solve the under- specified inverse-kinematic problem of multiple-redundant manipulators. The objective function, Maximum Distance Criterion (MXDC), is based on the sum of the distances be tween key points along each of the manipulator kinematic structures. These points are called configuration control points (CCP), and are selected to represent sufficiently the manipula tor's configuration in Cartesian space. The objective function is used as a global criterion in multiple-redundant arm-joint con figuration optimization, enabling safe joint configurations to be determined while the robots are tracking desired end-effector trajectories. MXDC is tested using computer simulations, and compared with other existing criteria for optimizing multiple- redundant manipulator configurations. The proper selection of a set of configuration control points is vitally important in the application of MXDC. This is investigated in a series of simu lation examples, and qualitative guidelines for choosing CCP are presented.
A Note on "Hand-Eye Calibration"
Authors: Hanqi Zhuang
Published: March 2007

Hand-eye calibration determines the geometric relationship between a robot hand and a hand-mounted sensor. In Horaud and Dornaika (1995), many contributions are made to the the oretical and experimental development of hand-eye calibration. Nevertheless, some of the authors' views deserve further discus sion, with respect to the limitations and merits of the classical and the new formulations.
Towards a Global Anthropology
Authors: Ekholm Kasja , Friedman Jonathan
Published: March 2007

The original version of this article was published in 1980 in a book edited by H. Wesseling and L. Bussé (History and Development, 1980). This is a revised version, for which the authors have also written a new introduction.
The Structure of Judges 2.6-16.31
Authors: Williams Jay G.
Published: March 2007

The Book of Judges, far from being the product of a series of clumsy editors who simply arranged independent blocks of material, is carefully constructed according to the cycle of the solar year. Each of the twelve judges can be identified with a different tribe and each tribe with a month. Although the stories of Samson may be the most telling example, all the stories of the judges relate to the seasons of the year and their festivals. The cycle is carefully balanced according to geographical location and maternal origin of the respective tribes. The role of women (in particular, Deborah, Jephthah's daughter, and Delilah) seems to mirror the role of the earth in the agricultural cycle. Although such a cyclical interpretation of Judges does not belie the historicity of the stories, it puts the historiography of Judges in a radically new perspective.
The Social Location of the Deuteronomists: a Sociological Study of Factional Politics in Late Pre-Exilic Judah
Authors: Dutcher-Walls Patricia
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the problem of the provenance and location of the Deuteronomistic History is examined from the perspective of the social location of the carriers of the Deuteronomistic tradition. After reviewing a sociological model of power politics in ancient aristocratic states, the paper studies six chapters from 2 Kings and Jeremiah to highlight relevant social data. These data indicate that the social location of the Deuteronomistic circle lay in the heart of the power structure with its struggles in Judah's closing years. Further, they locate the Deuteronomists as a coalition of elite professional groups, groups joined in a political alliance so necessary for power in the factionalized politics of the court and temple.
Life's Storms and Structural Unity in Qoheleth 11.1-12.8
Authors: Fredericks Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether a structural combination of one of the most exegeti cally challenging sections in Ecclesiastes (11.7-12.8) with a section that has received less attention (11.1-6) might produce a better reading and understanding of both. Such a combination is suggested by the unity of 11.1-12.8 which is shown through its themes and certain rhetorical devices. Qoheleth's many bridging apparatuses that connect 11.1-12.8 help form a speech: enjoy life now while you can, and such enjoyment should not avoid wise labor.
Eli's Seat: the Transition From Priest To Prophet in i sAmuel 1-4
Authors: Spina Frank Anthony
Published: March 2007

Three times in 1 Samuel (1.9; 4.13, 18) Eli the priest is described sitting on the seat ( 'al hakkisse'). Robert Polzin has argued that these references depict Eli as a royal figure. His failure predicts Israel's subsequent failed kingship. While agreeing that the use of kisse' in this story is suggestive, Eli should be seen as a priestly figure who illegitimately occupied the kisse' that according to DH is reserved for Israel's ideal king (Deut. 17.18), a Davidide (2 Sam. 7.13). Thus, every incident in which Eli sits in the kisse' portrays the priest negatively. When he falls from the kisse', he is literally and metaphorically deposed from being Israel's priest and leader. His place—but not the kisse'—is then taken by a prophet whom Eli had initially groomed to be a priest: Samuel. This prophet played a strategic role in David's eventual occupation of the kisse'.
Beastly Speech: Intertextuality, Balaam's Ass and the Garden of Eden
Authors: Savran G.
Published: March 2007

The anomalous feature of animal speech in Gen. 3 and in Num. 22 is only the most obvious point in common between the two texts. The serpent and the she-ass play complementary roles in relation to the human actors in the stories, and a comparison of their functions reveals further similarities. Both the garden story and the Balaam narrative focus on the themes of blessing and curse, vision and understanding, and obedience/disobedience to God. The intertextual relationship between the stories uncovered in this analysis sheds light on larger patterns of inner-biblical interpretation within the Pentateuch.
The Asherah, the Menorah and the Sacred Tree
Authors: Taylor Joan E.
Published: March 2007

Asherim were the cultic representations of the goddess Asherah found in association with mass ebôt at Canaanite high places. They are usually thought to have been wooden objects. However, new evidence may indicate that asherim were in fact living trees, cut and pruned into a particular cultic form. They were therefore both natural and artificial, both planted and made. If asherim were living trees they would have been fitting symbols for a goddess who personified the life principle. The shape of the Temple menorah, which appeared like a cut and pruned almond tree, may have been based on the form of an asherah, perhaps one associated in particular with Bethel.
War, Folklore and the Mystery of a Disappearing Book
Authors: Mitchell Gordon
Published: March 2007

During the First World War Hermann Gunkel wrote a study of ancient Israelite attitudes to warfare. The reader is introduced to a wild, warlike people, fighting for survival. Instead of folktale as the interpretative key he draws on real experiences of war. In the years that followed, German scholarship came to see war sagas as having their origins in the cult. Gunkel's book would have been out of place in this intellectual atmosphere. Another reason for the subsequent neglect of this study is that its occasional reference to contemporary experience of warfare could have been an embarrassment to his scholarly successors.
Allegory and Historicism
Authors: Barr James
Published: March 2007

This essay is a reply to the 'Critical Reflections' of B.S. Childs (JSOT 46 [1990], pp. 3-9) on J. Barr, 'The Literal, the Allegorical, and Modem Biblical Scholarship' (JSOT 44 [1989], pp. 3-17). It argues that Childs's account of modem critical scholarship as dominated by the heritage of the Enlightenment is itself historicistic in method and is thus in serious contradiction with his own serious opposition to historicism when it is applied to the Bible.
The Literary Structure of Leviticus
Authors: Smith Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

Noting that the scholarly consensus regarding the structure of Leviticus depends on the increasingly disputed theory of a pre-existent Holiness Code, this essay revisits the question from a literary-critical perspective. Leviticus is found to be divided by genre into seven major units, which are alternating sections of law and narrative. The narratives (chs. 8-10; 16; and 24.10-23) allude to one another and serve as structural indicators for the developing thought of the legal sections. These deal consecutively with sacrifices (chs. 1-7), cleanness (chs. 11-15), holiness (17.1-24.9) and redemption (chs. 25-27).
'Our Holy and Beautiful House': When and Why Was 1 Kings 6-8 Written?
Authors: Tomes Roger
Published: March 2007

The reason for the existence of a detailed description of Solomon's temple in 1 Kings 6-8 is not self-evident. There is a pnma facie case that it was written while the temple was still standing. Comparison with other accounts of temples suggests that the main interest was architectural and aesthetic. If 1 Kgs 6-8 is taken as a whole, the most likely time for it to have been written was between 597 and 587 BCE, while the temple was still standing but seriously threatened. This is the situation in Jeremiah 27-28. The description of the temple reminds Judah of what it is in danger of losing through disobedience, and Solomon's prayer reminds God of the place of the temple in his relationship with his people.
Yahweh : the God of Sun?
Authors: Wiggins Steve A.
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to demonstrate that many unwarranted assumptions have been made regarding the identification of Yahweh with the sun. Four primary areas of evidence used to argue for solar-Yahwism are re-examined. The first area of evidence is archaeological finds; these are noted as being often ambiguous. The second piece of evidence is the alleged solar alignment of Solomon's temple. The third set of evidence comes from theophoric names with solar elements which are of limited information for ancient religion. Biblical passages which refer to Yahweh and the sun are the fourth area explored. Alternative explanations are offered for each passage.
'Let My People Go!' Emancipation, Revelation, and Scribal Activity in Jeremiah 34.8-14
Authors: Chavel Simeon
Published: March 2007

Jeremiah 34.8-14 reports how the citizens of Jerusalem joined Zedekiah in covenant of mass manumission, only to re-enslave those they had just liberated. The texts of both the covenant and Jeremiah's consequent rebuke contain a number of exegetical difficulties, including awkward syntax, and an inaccurate citation of the law of manu mission in Deut. 15.12. This essay seeks to engage these difficulties as products of inner-biblical exegesis, specifically, as signs of ongoing deliberate scribal reworking that, among other things, drew upon Lev. 25.39, 46b and Neh. 5.1-13. This approach has the benefit of illuminating a variety of scribal techniques, while demonstrating the range of scribal concerns, from textual to social.
The Myth of Primogeniture and Impartible Inheritance in Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Hayami Akira
Published: March 2007

The stereotype of the Japanese family system, centered on the ie, characterizes it as one in which succession follows a rule of primogeniture, and inheritance is impartible. But examination of population registers—the shumon aratame-cho ( SAC) —covering the village of Nishijo from 1773 to 1869 suggests that patterns of succession and inheritance were not fixed, butfluid. After addressing the question of defects in the SAC, the author discusses succession, the establishment of branch families, and household extinction. He shows that the successor was by no means alway the eldest son, and that women frequently headed households, especially when their husbands departed temporarily as migrants. Analysis of the division of landed property between households at the time of fission shows, first, that it was partible, and second, that the size of the portions was often nearly equal. The rate of household extinction differed by class, being greater in the lower ones, whose members favored maximizing a household's income by sending members off for employment over maintaining its continuity over generations. The relationship between upper-class branching and lower-class migration established a structure of interclass mobility which may have reduced social tension. This paper suggests the diversity of social patterns in preindustrial Japan and challenges the argument that customs of impartible inheritance contributed to Japan's industrialization by limiting population growth.
Marriage Formation and Domestic Industry: Occupational Endogamy in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, 1697-1764
Authors: Houston R.A.
Published: March 2007

This article on Kilmarnock marriage patterns deals, with levels of occupational endogamy at marriage among different sections of the society of the parish of Kilmarnock in Ayrshire during the eighteenth century. It is aimed at the current debate on the social implications of proto-industrialization, and questions certain assumptions in the theories of Medick and others about the novel importance of joint contributions to family budgets.
Marriage and Divorce in Twentieth-Century Belgian Cohorts
Authors: Schoen Robert , Baj John , Woodrow Karen
Published: March 2007

Marital status life tables follow a birth cohort through life and the marital statuses of Never Married, Presently Married, Widowed, and Divorced, reflecting observed marriage, divorce, and mortality and providing a detailed description of the cohort's lifetime experience. The present paper examines sum mary measures from such tables for male and female Belgian cohorts born 1888-1945. The results indicate that Belgium has followed the general Western trend toward more and earlier marriages and a higher level of divorce. Nonethe less, traditional aspects remain, as Belgian males have a high proportion never marrying, and overall levels of divorce are still comparatively low.
Household Composition in Appalachian Kentucky in 1900
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Porter Julia D.
Published: March 2007

Household and family have been acknowledged as particularly impor tant institutions in southern Appalachia, yet little research has examined this component of the region's social organization prior to industrialization. In this study, data from the 1900 U. S. population census are used to compare household composition in two Appalachian Kentucky communities: one rural, nonin dustrial; and the other urban, industrial. Significant differences are found in the household composition of the two communities, even when migration status is controlled. The results suggest that the Appalachian region is a fertile area for research on the effects of rural industrializaton on social organization.
Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)
Authors: Balmori Diana
Published: March 2007

This essay views nineteenth-century Latin American politics through the lens of kinship deemphasizing individuals, political organizations, and in stitutions. Politics is observed through the activities of families and the family itself is seen as the fundamental enterprise rather than the family hacienda (landed estate) or commercial exporting business. With this perspective, the family can be seen expanding from an urban enterprise to an urban-rural one; extending its authority through political posts obtained in the city (military com manders, justices of the peace in areas of their rural estates). The spatial com ponents of political power—local to regional to national—are also revealed by observing families as they attempt through marriage, political office, and trans portation investments to extend their reach to a national level.
Interaction Between the Household and the Kin Group in the Eastern European Past: Posing the Problem
Authors: Plakans Andrejs
Published: March 2007

The households of traditional eastern Europe were frequently complex, containing a variety of kin beyond the members of the head's conjugal family unit. In these households, the domain of family roles was fused with the domain of kin roles. The interaction between the household and the kin group therefore means, in these coresidential units, the interaction of different role domains, and to understand this interaction we have to know more about the nature of each domain and more about how roles were enacted. This appears to be the next step in micro-level structural research for Eastern Europe.
OUR MOTHERS'GRIEF: Racial Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families
Authors: Dill Bonnie Thornton
Published: March 2007

This article examines the nature and social organization of reproductive labor in the family among African-American, Chinese, and Mexican-American women in the United States during the nineteenth century. A brief description of reproductive labor of white families in colonial America is used as a point of contrast for examining reproductive labor among groups of racial ethnic women. The article pays special attention to the ways in which racial ethnic women's work in maintaining the family becomes a source of resistance to the cultural assaults of the dominant society. The concept of reproductive labor, when applied to women of color, must be modified to account for the fact that labor in the productive sphere was required to achieve even minimal levels of family subistence. Thus, in an historical era when the family roles of middle-class whites had been reshaped by industrialization, driving this group of women into a cult of domesticity, racial ethnic women were struggling with the "double day. "
DOWRY, NORMS, AND HOUSEHOLD FORMATION: A Case Study From North Portugal
Authors: Osswald Helena
Published: March 2007

The study uses a data base of 28 parishes in northern Portugal at the begin ning of the seventeenth century to analyze the situation of young couples in terms of household composition, residential patterns, and inheritance rules. These matters are linked to cultural factors such as marital and generational relations and an attempt is made to explain the functioning of the conjugal fund and the roles of family members independent of the social and economic characteristics of the couples.
Out of Wedlock Childbearing in an Ante-Bellum Southern County
Authors: Newcomer Susan
Published: March 2007

Bastardy bonds and 1850 census data from Wake County, North Carolina are used to examine the extent of out-of-wedlock childbearing in that county. Women who bore children out of wedlock lived in female headed households, and the fathers were more likely to be well-off heads of households. The same women recurred in the bonds, as did some of the same men. Rates of white out-of-wedlock births were found not to differ greatly from those of 1970.
Land, Kinship, and Consanguineous Marriage in Italy From the Seventeenth To the Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Merzario Raul
Published: March 2007

Marriage between consanguineous kin was a common feature of many areas of Italy from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. These took place-with dispensation- both within the broad confines of Church proscriptions on kin marriages and just beyond those confines. In some cases, economic and demographic changes during this period led to increases in such kin marriages, a pattern attributed to the economic strategies of families. Marriages between kin not only served to keep family patrimonies intact over the generations, but often led to hamlets or neighborhoods composed of extended kin.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children-Revised: Parent Form
Authors: Ball C.T. , Pelco L.E. , Havill V. , Reed-Victor E.
Published: March 2007

Temperament refers to the biologically rooted, individual differences in behavioral tendencies that present early in life and are relatively sta ble across situations and over time. Tempera ment has been shown to relate to adult per sonality characteristics and to predict behav ioral problems during childhood and into adulthood. The Temperament Assessment Battery for Children-Revised: Parent Form (TABC-R:PF) was developed by Martin (1998) to measure temperament characteristics of children aged 3 to 7 years. The factor structure of this instrument was evaluated using EFA and CFA of mothers' ratings of 266 typically developing children. The results indicated that a four-factor temperament model (Inhibition, Negative Emotionality, Activity Level, and Task Persistence) based on 27 items provided the best fit for the data. The internal consistency of these factors was found to be acceptable (Cronbach's α = .73 to .86).
The WISC-R and Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-2: a Comparative Study
Authors: Coleman Maggie , Jorgenson Christabel , Evans Margaret Kohel
Published: March 2007

Published in 1985, the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-2, (DTLA-2) is used widely in schools with students who are experiencing learning prob lems. This study investigated the relationship of the DTLA-2 to the WISC-R with a sample of referred students. Correlation coefficients between the three subscales of the WISC-R and the overall score of the DTLA-2 were high; however, a sig nificant difference between means for those scores also was found. Significant differences between DTLA-2 composite scores for attention and motor skills also were found with this group, a finding that the authors interpret as accurately describ ing the sample. Practitioners are cautioned against using the DTLA-2 overall score as the sole criterion for special education placement until fur ther research can be conducted. While additional studies also are needed to establish the reliability and validity of the composites, the DTLA-2 ap pears promising as an instrument for assessing in traindividual differences.
Wppsi-r aDministration, Clerical, and Scoring Errors By Student Examiners
Authors: LoBello Steven G. , Holley Grable
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the most frequent clerical and scoring errors made by student examiners who administer the WPPSI-R. Besides reporting the various types of errors made, a further goal was to document the impact of these errors on the obtained IQ values. Also, because WPPSI-R items taken by a particular child may be partially determined by that child's age, an analysis of these errors by age group was performed.
Addendum to "Direct Determination of the Biot Number in Oven Heating Tests"
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published. Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Company, Incor porated.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology
Authors: Hartzell Gordon E. , Grand Arthur F. , Switzer Walter G.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the potential use of the guinea pig as an animal model in conducting combustion toxicology experiments in which lethality is the end point. The guinea pig was found to be approximately three times as sensitive as the rat upon exposure to hydrogen chloride, presumably due to its tendency for bronchoconstriction. Compared to the rat, the guinea pig was relatively in sensitive to carbon monoxide. Lethal effects of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride showed additivity only at relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide. The lethal toxic potency of hydrogen cyanide was about the same for both the rat and the guinea pig. Based on comparisons of available toxicity data for humans and nonhuman primates, it was concluded that the rat is the better model when lethality studies are used. However, it is uncertain which animal model would be better when sublethal exposures, particularly to irritants, are considered.
Principal Contributions of Coolie Verner To a Discipline of Adult Education
Authors: Dickinson Gary
Published: March 2007

This article reviews some of the contributions of Coolie Verner to the development of a discipline of adult education. Three types of contribu tions are focused upon: defining adult education as a discipline and field, classifying the processes of adult education, and studying adult education as an innovation which can be diffused and adopted. Verner's writings in those areas are summarized and analyzed and their influence on adult education is assessed.
Incentive Plans: Short-Term Design Issues
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

Short-term incentives, those that cover a year or less, are designed to provide the flexibility in pay needed to reward level of performance appropriately.
Long-Term Incentives for the Foreign-Based Executive
Authors: Brooks Brian J.
Published: March 2007

The author outlines some problems faced by multinational companies seeking offer equal long-term incentive plans to U.S.- and non-U.S.-based executives, and proposes some alternative solutions.
A Tax Dilemma Revisited: To "Grandfather" Retirement Plan Distributions, or Not
Authors: Renninger Marilyn K.
Published: March 2007

IRS temporary and proposed regulations on the 15 % excise tax imposed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 have complicated the decision for executives who are eligible to elect to "grandfather" retirement plan distributions.
Managing Healthcare Costs, Part 2: Coping with Mental Health
Authors: Billet Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

The key to managing mental healthcare costs is a careful analysis of utilization and cost patterns of such benefits and a revamping of the medical plan to more efficiently meet employees' needs.
The Board Speaks Out: In Brief
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

Some major problems and interesting developments affecting compensation and benefits were examined by the Compensation and Benefits Review Advisory Board members who attended the 1989 board meeting.
Employee Stock Ownership Plans After the 1989 Tax Law: Valuation Issues
Authors: Brockardt James , Reilly Robert
Published: March 2007

Despite the 1989 Tax Law's new restrictions on the tax advantages of employee stock ownership plans, such plans continue to provide many financial advantages for private and public corporations
Skill-Based Pay Case Number 2: N orthern Telecom
Authors: Leblanc Peter V.
Published: March 2007

A skill-based pay system for field technicians and engineers is proving successful in helping Northern Telecom to achieve its number one objective: improving customer satisfaction.
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans: Funded or Unfunded?
Authors: Macdonald William L.
Published: March 2007

When deciding whether or not to fund a nonqualified retirement plan, management must weigh the corporate funding objections of cash flow, profit and loss, and desired security for benefits.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation: A Close Look
Authors: Lightfoot Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Recent tax law changes have increased the value of nonqualified deferred compensation plans as a recruiting, retaining, and rewarding tool for key executives.
National Gainsharing Study: The Importance of Industry Differences
Authors: Markham Steven E. , Scott K. Dow , Little Beverly L.
Published: March 2007

This survey of gainsharing plans across industries leads to the conclusion that there are major differences in the degree to which gainsharing is used in various sectors of the U.S. economy.
Evaluating Dental Insurance Packages
Authors: McQuiggan William B.
Published: March 2007

Because dental benefits differ in many ways from medical benefits, benefits managers must look at potential plans from a different viewpoint.
The FLSA Overtime Provision
Authors: Martin Christopher L. , Newman Jerry M.
Published: March 2007

An alternative to the traditional overtime-pay scheme can save a company substantially in direct-labor costs. It's legal under the Fair Labor Standards Act—but it's not trouble-free.
Workers Compensation
Authors: Morgenstern Marlene L.
Published: March 2007

Companies can take action to stem out-of-control workers compensation costs.
The New Variable Pay Programs: How Some Succeed, Why Some Don't
Authors: Gross Steven E. , Bacher Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2007

The experiences of a handful of major companies show that certain business conditions make success with variable pay much more likely.
Who Uses Skill-Based Pay, and Why
Authors: Lawler Edward E. , Ledford Gerald E. , Lei Chang
Published: March 2007

Skill-based pay may be an advantageous option for companies that face intense competitive pressure, that are downsizing, or that encourage employee involvement.
The New Variable Pay: Key Design Issues
Authors: Schuster Jay R. , Zingheim Patricia K.
Published: March 2007

New variable pay accomplishes a wide range of objectives better than base pay and indirect pay because of its flexibility and responsiveness to organization goals and its ability to grant rewards that link employees to organizational success.
Case Study: Want to Dramatically Lower Health Care Cost Increases? Link Benefits to Contributions to Company Success
Authors: Bennett Linda
Published: March 2007

A benefits plan that rewards employee management of health provides an alternative to employer management of care.
Critical Keys to Competency-Based Pay
Authors: Cofsky Kathryn M.
Published: March 2007

A performance-oriented compensation strategy can be highly effective— if it is aligned with your organization's structure, work culture, and goals.
Communicating Your 401 (k)
Authors: Williams Ellie
Published: March 2007

Given basic components and the right trainer, it's easy to create a 401 (k) training program customized to your needs, time, and budget.
Aligning Pay With Business Strategies and Cultural Values
Authors: Turnasella Ted
Published: March 2007

Pay is a "red phone." When it rings, employees want to find out who is on the other end and what is being said. The goal is to wire the red phone to company strategy.
Case Studies
Authors: Hewitt Associates
Published: March 2007

How four companies are redefining the employment relationship through innovative changes in compensation and benefits.
The Board's Perspective
Authors: Morgenstern Marlene L.
Published: March 2007

In a far-ranging discussion last Fall, Compensation & Benefit Review's Advisory Board explored the effects of organizational changes on the employment relationship and the challenges and opportunities these changes represent for human resource specialists.
"Feedback Pay"
Authors: Buyniski Theodore R.
Published: March 2007

Companies must design compensation systems that actively support and improve their work processes.
Exploring Three Pay Transition Tools
Authors: Zingheim Patricia K. , Schuster Jay R.
Published: March 2007

These pay transition tools are both powerful and dangerous—here are concrete guidelines to help you change the message pay delivers to align rewards with the direction of the company.
Caught Between Demographics and the Deficit
Authors: Cole Gerald , Taylor Marjorie N.
Published: March 2007

Employers face the prospect of disgruntled, aging baby boomers hanging on because they can't afford to retire. But there are ways to avoid this scenario.
An Explication of the Philosophical Assumptions of the Roy Adaptation Model
Authors: Roy Sister Callista
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the philosophical assumptions for theorizing and re search based on the Roy adaptation model of nursing are explicated. The common philosophical heritage of nursing and the author's perspec tive of the discipline are examined. Some highlights of the developments of the Roy adaptation model are reviewed. Eight assumptions about the adapting person in society are articulated, derived from the theorist's nursing heritage, perspective of the discipline, and specific life values. The philosophical assumptions are categorized by the general principles of humanism and veritivity, a term coined to connote the richness of rootedness in an absolute truth. This principle is compared to rational ism and relativism as two other world views. The author describes how veritivity as a world view leads to the values of conviction, commitment, and caring based on the value of the individual in society in the context of the purposefulness of all of human existence.
Philosophical Sources of Nursin Theory
Authors: Sarter Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the philosophical roots of four contemporary nursing theories, Rogers' science of unitary human beings, Newman's theory of expanding consciousness, Watson's theory of caring, and Parse's theory of man-living-health. It is shown that these theories share many common philosophical views, but also maintain some significant differences. With the purpose of contributing to the development of a single metaparadigm for nursing, the following commonly shared themes are identified as forming an appropriate philosophical foundation for the discipline: process, evolution of consciousness, self-transcendence, open systems, harmony, relativity of space-time, pattern, and holism. Views of causality show some divergence between Watson and the other three theorists. Also of particular interest is the finding that Eastern philoso phy has provided an important influence, both direct and indirect, on nursing theory. It is recommended that further philosophical exploration of Indian and Chinese world views be conducted and that the above metaparadigmatic themes be more fully developed in future nursing theory development.
The Relentless Drive to be Ever Thinner: A Study Using the Phenomenological Method
Authors: Santopinto Marc D.A.
Published: March 2007

The relentless drive to be thinner is an experience lived by many individuals in the present sociohistorical context. Since fundamental questions concerning the structure of this lived experience remain un answered in the literature, theory-based approaches to nursing practice have yet to be conceptualized for these individuals. The investigator was unable to find even a single nursing study related to the target phenom enon. The present study addresses the foundational question: What is it like to live the experience of the relentless drive to be ever thinner? Retrospective written and verbal accounts from two women who had lived this experience were analyzed using the Giorgi modification of the phenomenological method. The central finding of this study was: The relentless drive to be ever thinner is a persistent struggle toward an imaged self lived through withdrawing-engaging. This theoretical prop osition was found to be congruent with Parse's theory of nursing. The study findings suggest directions for innovative nursing practice and support Parse's theory as a useful perspective for the investigation of health experiences.
Parse's Research Methodology with an Illustration of the Lived Experience of Hope
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

Research traditions unique to the discipline of nursing are beginning to grow; there are now several extant research methodologies unique to nursing science. This paper sets forth one nursing research methodology and discusses the relationship of ontologies to methodologies in building research traditions. The nursing methodology presented here evolved from the theory of man-living-health. It is a hypothesis-generating qual itative methodology congruent with the ontology. Although there are many similarities with qualitative methodologies used in other disci plines, this method focuses on lived experience of health and leads specifically to the concepts of the nursing theory in the analysis process. The entities for study are universal lived experiences of health as defined in the man-living-health theory. The focus is on the study of the human being's participative experience in cocreating health. The processes of the method, participant selection, dialogical engagement, extraction- synthesis, and heuristic interpretation are described in detail, as are implications for refinement of the method. The report of a research study using this emerging method in uncovering the structure of the lived experience of hope is included.
Expressing Health Through Lifestyle Patterns
Authors: Pender Nola J.
Published: March 2007

Few concepts have received more attention from health professionals and the public during the last decade than health. This is largely due to the emergence of disease prevention and health promotion as global priorities. Unfortunately, the nature of health as a positive life process is poorly understood. Theoretical formulations of health often lack spec ificity and existing measures almost without exception reflect a narrow clinical perspective of health as the absence of disease. The purpose of this paper is to propose a system for classifying expressions of health of persons in their entirety and to suggest related indicators of high-level health.
The Struggle of the Diagnosed Terminally III Person to Maintain Hope
Authors: Hall Beverly A.
Published: March 2007

Clinical, empirical, and subjective data are used to explore the concept of hope as it is lived by persons who are diagnosed as terminally ill. Interviews with 11 men who were in stage 2 (asymptomatic) HIV disease explicate the form that hope takes and its role in promoting health when a person must cope with a serious diagnosis. Other research and ideas about hope and dying are presented and a critique is presented of both these ideas and current nursing practice.
Dominant Class Culture and Legitimation: Female Volunteer Directors
Authors: Covelli Lucille
Published: March 2007

Female volunteer directors are largely drawn from affluent professional and corpo rate families. Their role in the reproduction of the upper class has been overlooked by studies of class culture and class legitimation. This study argues that women who take on community leadership roles (volunteer directorships in particular) are motivated to do so because of class cultural incentives: noblesse oblige, duty to community and prestige. These combine with incentives for personal achievement in ways which, at once, serve to reproduce upper class prerogatives for community leadership roles and maintain the volunteer board status quo.
Patterns of Institutional Relations in the Welfare State: Public Mandates and the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Gronbjerg Kirsten A.
Published: March 2007

Patterns of institutional relations in the American welfare state are shaped by two major driving forces in American society: (1) the execution of public mandates with its dependency on nonprofit and other nongovernmental service providers, and (2) by the intrusion and dominance of the American capitalist system. These two driving forces combine to produce four patterns of nonprofit-public interactions: Cooperation, characterized by public sector dependence on the nonprofit sector and the absence of a strong proprietary sector; Accommodation, characterized by public sector dependence on the nonprofit sector and the presence of a strong proprietary sector; Competition, characterized by the absence of a strong proprietary sector and the absence of public sector dependence on nonprofit service providers; and Sym biosis, characterized by absence of public sector dependence on nonprofit service providers and the presence of strong proprietary actors. The theoretical model is derived from an examination of public-nonprofit interactions in several different service sectors in Chicago. The paper traces the historical emergence of these four patterns in Chicago, using child care, health, education, and the housing and community development areas to demonstrate the patterns and the processes by which they developed.
Privacy and Confidentiality as Obstacles to Interweaving Formal and Informal Social Care: The Boundaries of the Private Realm
Authors: Bulmer Martin
Published: March 2007

Community care provides a setting in which both public, formal social care and private, informal, social care have the potential to complement one another in meeting the needs of dependent persons. The theoretical implications of "interweav ing" formal and informal care are considered in the light of concerns about privacy and confidentiality which may limit such potential collaboration. The obstacles to those working in welfare agencies tapping informal networks are highlighted. Em pirical evidence from the study of neighbors and neighborhood care is presented to show that drawing boundaries around a private sphere belonging to the self and the family is universal and that various defences are erected against gossip and the local sharing of personal information. The implications of such privacy concerns for interweaving are considered in terms of balance theory, the substitutability of carers, the circumstances in which information may be shared with third parties, the use of natural leaders, and problems of professional responsibility. The need to rethink the boundaries of the private realm is suggested.
An Examination of Volunteering among Members of a Fraternal Benefit Society Employing the ISSTAL and General Activity Models
Authors: Busching William
Published: March 2007

Three groups of members of a fraternal benefit society were analyzed in terms of their volunteering behaviors using D.H. Smith's (1972) ISSTAL and General Activity Models. The ISSTAL Model was found to be helpful in delineating relationships between variables. Overall, our findings supported the General Activity Model, with some exceptions.
Voluntary Associations, the Homeless and Hard-to-Serve Populations-Perspectives from Organizational Theory
Authors: Vosburgh William W.
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the role volunteers play and might be expected to play in provision for the homeless and other populations which resist involvement and providing personal information as features of being helped, selected perspectives from organi zational literature are used to: (1) pose the dilemma presented to service providers and programs by these populations; and (2) seek organizational models which might prove appropriate for serving them. Seeking "solutions" in conventional, large-scale programming runs into the dilemma that detailed information flows from the client are necessary to assure accountability, undergird evaluative efforts or even to provide professional service on the one hand, and that unwillingness to provide such information or to comply with routines is a common characteristic of many components of the homeless population on the other. Because the homeless are composed of a number of unlike subpopulations, a typology is suggested to arrange them according to characteristics relevant to the kinds of service organization which might prove effective. The typology is based on whether the service system can provide needed services and whether the client can accept them as provided. Also, general organizational types for conventional service delivery are drawn from Mintzberg and Hasenfeld and English. The idea of mediating institutions which serve to bring the activities of large-scale institutions to a human scale for individu als and to insulate them from undesired involvement with the general society is explored. Forms of organizational experience which might provide models for deal ing with the hard-to-serve are sought in classical charities, counterculture organi zations and providers of emergency services. Hard-to-serve populations emerge as an especially important arena for the efforts of volunteers for a number of reasons: (1) the needs of the clients are concrete and essential and detailed training is not necessary to help them; (2) help is essential to immediate physical survival and must go on whatever the fortunes of more abstract program or policy efforts, making them attractive to those volunteers who prefer direct contact with people helped; (3) because the organizations involved tend to be small, heterogeneous and localized, activity within them presents a broad range of auspices and work appealing to a number of motivations; (4) there is often a direct connection to religious and other institutional areas of the volunteer's life; and (5) because the organizations are small and the activities direct, results are immediately perceptible.
A Volunteer's Guide to Working with the Homeless
Authors: Abbott Ann A.
Published: March 2007

This guide should prepare volunteers to more effectively cope with the challenges presented by the homeless. It provides an overall picture of what it means to be homeless, guidelines for relating and assessing this population, and basic self- protection techniques.
The Task Force Model: A Successful Needs Assessment Method for Rural Populations
Authors: Macduff Nancy
Published: March 2007

The problem of homeless people is not confined to urban areas. Volunteer organiza tions in rural areas are experiencing an increase in the demand for services. This study examines a needs assessment method to help volunteer organizations engage in collaborative planning. It specifically addresses the advantages of the Task Force Model in a rural setting and describes design changes in the needs assessment technique that were utilized to reduce the disadvantages.
Sociability and Patterns of Participation: Implications for Social Service Policy
Authors: Auslander Gail K. , Litwin Howard
Published: March 2007

In policy circles, a response to meeting human needs through social networks and voluntary organizations is increasingly viewed as a substitute for publicly provided services. While prior research suggests that participation in these two types of voluntary activity may be related, the relationship is little understood. A secondary analysis of national survey data was carried out using bivariate and multivariate techniques to ascertain the relationship between indicators of voluntary organiza tion participation and close personal ties, as well as certain demographic charac teristics. Findings suggest that persons with a greater number of close personal ties will also participate in more voluntary organizations. Implications for policymaking are discussed.
Volunteerism Inside Complex Organizations: Off-Duty Hospital Personnel in a Disaster
Authors: Stallings Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Although volunteering in times of crisis has received considerable attention, most studies focus either on emergent groups or on volun tary associations like the Red Cross, and studies of voluntary action within the type of organization referred to as bureaucracy are rare. This paper reports findings from a multivariate statistical analysis of off-duty personnel who reported to work voluntarily at a short-term general hospital treating victims of a major disaster in a metropolitan area. Logistic regression was used to estimate a model that explains differences between employees who participated voluntarily and those who did not participate.