bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) Survey to Solve Water Drought Problem at Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
Authors: Suryadi A , Batara  , Amir S N
Published: June 2019

Water drought become serious problem during dry season for rice field at Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) surveys have been conducted in order to locate and delineate groundwater resources by distribution of subsurface resistivity. The survey of ERI was carried out using ABEM Terrameter SAS 400 and ABEM Selector ES10-64 with pole-dipole configuration of electrode. At the same time, Induced Polarization (IP) survey also carried out to support the result of ERI. There are three line profiles with 400 m length and 5 m electrode spacing named PS1, KRBG2 and BB3. From three line profiles, two of them show that the distribution of low resistivity value (20 – 500 Ωm) are located at depth ranging from 20 to 70 m. The low resistivity values are associated with water saturated zone. This result was supported by IP’s results that show at that particular depth the value of chargeability ranging 0 to 4 ms. Meanwhile, line profile BB3 indicate low resistivity value (0.5 – 500 Ωm) but the chargeability value are high (10 – 75 ms) interpreted as clay layer.
Synthesization and characterization of chlorhexidine/calcium phosphate/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) bone cement
Authors: Daud N M , Tapsir Z , Idris A , Nasution A K , Saidin S
Published: June 2019

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) elements are important for bone growth and bone remodeling process while chlorhexidine (CHX) is mainly used as an antiseptic due to its broad antibacterial effects. In this study, CaP nanoparticles were synthesized by a wet chemical route from the precursors of calcium hydroxide (CaOH) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA polymer was incorporated into the mixture of CaP, acted as a matrix binder to form bone cement composite. Different concentrations of CHX (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) were then added into the CaP/PLGA mixtures (CHX/CaP/PLGA bone cements). The bone cements were then characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD and SEM analyses. The CHX was successfully incorporated into the bone cements, indicated by the appearance of aromatic amine and alkane C–H stretching vibrations which contributed by the ring and long hydrocarbon chain of CHX. The XRD spectra of bone cements showed poorly crystalline phase of apatite. A porous structure of bone cements was also observed with the dispersion of CaP nanoparticles over the PLGA. The CHX/CaP/PLGA bone cement is intended for bone resorption and bone infection applications that require further exploration on its capability to act as bone cement.
Optimization of Bioactive Metabolite Production From Fusarium oxysporum LBKURCC41
Authors: Marlinda S , Teruna H Y , Pratiwi N W , Ardhi A , Saryono
Published: June 2019

Fusarium oxysporum is one of endophyte microbes isolated from dahlia tuber (Dahlia variabilis) which has the ability to produce secondary metabolites. In this research, optimization of chemichal and physical fermentation conditions were carried out. Corn, potato, and sweet potato with particle size of 80 mesh were used as corbon sources to produce secondary metabolite for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days respectively with ethyl acetate was used to extract secondary metabolites. The assessment of antimicrobial activity was then performed against Candida albican, Escherichia coli and Staphylacoccus aureus. A serial of metabolite concentrations 5.7 mg/ml, 3.8 mg/ml, and 1.9 mg/ml were used. The optimum inhibition against microbial pathogen growth was corn for 15 day fementation (C15). The inhibition zone against Candida albicans, E.coli, and S. aureus were 7.62±0.32, 14.15±0.09, and 15.24±0.24 mm respectively at 5.7 mg/ml metabolite concentration. The result of metabolites screening showed overall extract secondary metabolites comprised terpenoid group. The separation of the active ingredients was performed using both Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy and High Performance Liquid Chromatoghraphy (HPLC) depicted 4 component.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria and Actinomycetes Isolated from Wilting Banana Plants (Musa Sp.)
Authors: Saryono  , Finna P. , Usman P. , Wahyu P. N. , Aulia A.
Published: June 2019

In Indonesia, wilting disease in banana due toFusariumhas spread in several areas. In addition, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes are also known to cause the disease. In this research, isolation and identification of bacteria and actinomysetes causing the wilting of rot and rhizosphere were done. Identification used several stages of biochemical tests. There were 40 bacterial isolates with 9 generas, which werePseudomonassp.,Xanthomonassp.,Caulobactersp.,Erwiniasp.,Eschericiasp.,Ralstoniasp.,Neisseriasp.,Staphylococcussp., andProteussp. Whilst 18 isolates of actinomycetes were obtained with 7 generas, includingNocardiasp.,Actinobiosporasp.,Nocardiopsissp.,Streptomycessp.,Streptoverticilliumsp.,Streptosporangiumsp., andMicrobisporasp.
Modeling and Experimental of the Mechanical Behavior of Seat Cushion for Wheelchair Users
Authors: Bui H-T. , Nguyen L-V. , Debray K. , Tao Q-B. , Lestriez P.
Published: June 2019

The cushions assistance to the pressure ulcers (PUs) prevention has like objective to improve wheelchair users by decreasing the effects of pressure between the both surfaces. Innovating honeycomb cushion (HC) containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) which has many advantages was studied using a biomechanical and digital model for simulation. We used the finite element method (FEM) for the cushion simulation and modelization. This method led to the structural decomposition of the cushion in the aim to evaluate his mechanical behavior. This comportment was simulated numerically by FEM on cell of the cushion, then on the whole cushion. The tests of compression carried out with the electromechanical press (INSTRON 33R4204 machine) on HC permitted to determine curves related to his mechanical behavior. The result helps the comparison with the numerical model developed in this study. This result permits to study the distribution of pressure, shearing, friction and the microclimate which are sources of PUs through HC. The idea following this work is to optimize the HC in the aim to present a new product satisfying the needs for wheelchair users. The design of HC for prevention assistance of the scabs in only one layer is possible and present many advantages: optimization of the manufacturing process, improved ventilation, facilitated cleaning and decreasing cost.
Evaluation of Glutathione Production Method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kresnowati MTAP , Ikhsan NA , Nursa’adah RS , Santoso NN , Susanto YW
Published: June 2019

Industrial interest of glutathione, as a pure substance or accumulated in yeast, has been prominent as a result of various applications of glutathione in food and pharmaceutical industries. Glutathione production by fermentation process is easier and more economical compare to production by chemical and enzymatic reaction. This study aims to evaluate environmental condition to the fermentation process producing glutathione in three different strategies. In the following work, stress conditions and cysteine addition coupled with fed-batch fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITBCC R58 for glutathione accumulation have been investigated. Stress conditions applied on this study included temperature shift from 30 to 50°C and 27°C, pH shift from 5 to 1.2 and 8.8, and osmotic stress by addition NaCl to the solution. Another strategy was to add cysteine as one of glutathione precursors into the fermentation medium. Later, the oxidative state of glutathione harvested was also checked. Osmotic stress showed the best result amongst stress variations applied on this work, however combined cysteine addition with fed-batch fermentation stood out as the best strategy in this study. In all experiments, oxidized-state glutathione was identified, indicating the need of a specific method development to harvest glutathione in reduced state.
Mathematical modelling of paddy drying using fluidized bed dryer
Authors: Suherman S , Susanto E E
Published: June 2019

Several mathematical models have been developed to illustrate the drying process of crops, and one of them is thin-layer modelling. However, there are still limited information about mathematical modelling in paddy drying. In this paper, thin layer modelling of paddy drying curve on drying using fluidized bed dryer is presented. The drying paddy was done with drying temperature variations of 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C. The initial paddy moisture content is 33 % dry basis. The drying process was done for 1,5 hours. Paddy moisture was measured every 10 minutes using grain moisture meter. The thin layer models used are Newton, Page, Modified Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Two-term, and Wang and Singh models. Model fittings were done using MATLAB 2015 software by sum square error minimization. Experimental results showed that Modified Page model gave the best results, evidenced by the highest average R2 value of 0.9949 and lowest average RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) value of 0.0631, followed by Page model and Henderson and Pabis model. The plotting of MR (Moisture Ratio) and time at five drying temperatures showed that effective diffusivity (Deff) value ranged from 1.0334 x 10−8 m2/s to 2.1983 x 10−8 m2/s and the value increases as drying temperature increases. The plotting results of ln Deff and 1/T (absolute temperature) showed that the value of diffusivity factor (Do) is 8.5293 x 10−6 m2/s and activation energy (Ea) is 18.11 kJ/mol.
Modification of Sago Starch for Edible Coating
Authors: Sondari D
Published: June 2019

The edible coating film was prepared using native sago starch and modified sago starch with acetylation. The effects of acetic anhydride (7.5%, 15%, 30%, and 45% w/w) on swelling properties of wheat starch granules, amylose content, lipids content, protein content, a degree of substitution, percent acetylation, and gelatinization temperature were investigated. Modified sago starch and native starch were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). As a result, modified sago starch containing 45% w/w acetic anhydride have a degree of substitution 0.12 with acetylation 45%. All modified starch granules exhibited higher amylose content compared to native starch. Higher amylose contents inhibit the extensive granule swelling power, so swelling power decreased while increased amylose content. Edible coating film used were starch concentration 5.0% w/w, and glycerol content 1.0% v/v. Edible coating film made from native and modified sago starch have been studied to hydrophobicity, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), water vapor absorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Minerals Improvement of Soy Milk by Addition of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera) Extract
Authors: Rachmaniah O , Kusumahati S , Ningrum E O , Kurniawansyah F , Zulaikah S , Ni’mah H , Soeprapto S , Soeprijanto S
Published: June 2019

Soy milk is a traditional beverage widely consumed in Asian countries, one of which is Indonesian. Soy milk has a balanced nutrient combination which is more or less similar to cow milk, excluding its vitamins (vitamins A and B2) and minerals (K, P, and Na). Behind its limitation, soy milk is free of cholesterol, lactose, gluten, and rich of phytochemical compounds. Soy milk has been consumed as an alternative to milk for people with lactose-intolerant problem, and for vegetarian as well. Therefore, a fortified soy milk using water extract of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaves was developed. A water extract of pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) was also added to minimize the strong aroma of leaves/sepat from the M. oleifera extract and to appeal the appetite. Hedonic ranking test as an organoleptic testing method was conducted to identify consumer preferences. The test revealed the soy milk with low addition of leaves M. oleifera extract (0.26 g/L) is correspondents’ more preferable options than higher concentration of extract, i.e. 0.50 and 0.74 g/L. Minerals contents of Ca and Fe were increased to 9% and 32%, respectively, with the addition of 0.26 g/L of the extract. Unfortunately, no vitamins B and C were detected in all variables of added extract concentrations to soy milk.
Defatted Rice Bran a Byproduct of Oil Extraction with Ultrasonic Method for Protein Supplement in Cassava-Flour Biscuits
Authors: Nugrahani R A , Fithriyah N H , Nelfiyanti
Published: June 2019

One of the components in rice bran is oil, which is mainly used for cooking. Because of its high uses, there is also an increase in the supply of the defatted rice bran. Currently, it is used generally as a supplement for livestock feed. Thus, there is a need to diversify their applications to increase protein content in other food sources. The objective of this study is to extract rice bran oil with ultrasonic method, characterize defatted rice bran, and as a supplement in cassava flour biscuits. The method of this research is the stabilization of rice bran by roasting for 10 minutes, extractions of rice bran with n-hexane solvent: 1:4; 1:5, 1:6; 1:7; 1:8, 10-minute ultrasonic technique to remove the oil content, and protein analyses of defatted rice bran. Defatted rice bran is used as supplement for cassava flour biscuits. Simple organoleptic tests were conducted based on respondents’ preference. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between rice bran: solvent ratios and protein contents in defatted rice bran. The highest protein content was found at 18.31% in rice bran: solvent ratio 1: 5. The most preferred by respondents in its application for cassava flour biscuits was 13.6%.
Iodization of Local Salt Based on Purification Technique using Saturated Brine Washing Method
Authors: Widjaja T , Altway A , Gunardi I , Pudjiastuti L , Nury D F , Nabila A F , Prasetyawati N , Saifulloh M , Noviyanto
Published: June 2019

Based on Indonesia National Standards (SNI), Indonesian local-salt is currently unavailable to produce high-quality salt. This study was aimed to investigate the purification process of local salt that has been carried out by local salt farmers in Sumenep, Madura Island, Indonesia and to determine the highest level of NaCl content from local salt using a washing method to make iodized salt. Purification process involves washing technique using a nearly saturated brine. The research was conducted in various particle-size (10-20 mesh and 20-35 mesh), salt/brine ratio (1:20, 1:40, 1:60), duration (10, 30, 60 minutes) and stirring speed (100, 200, 300 rpm). The highest NaCl content of 94.45 % was obtained at the washing process using the salt of 20-35 mesh at 1:60 ratio with washing time of 30 minutes at a speed of 100 rpm. The result of the process shows a decrease of Calcium and Magnesium levels by 95.56 %. In iodization process, the determination of the highest NaCl concentration was carried out using washing brine method and spray mixing injection was also done to develop a stable salt formulation. The optimum stability of KIO3 in salt was observed as a function of time.
Synthesis of nickel – hydroxyapatite by electrochemical method
Authors: Nur A , Jumari A , Budiman A W , Wicaksono A H , Nurohmah A R , Nazriati N , Fajaroh F
Published: June 2019

The electrochemical method in two chambers with the bipolar membrane has been used to produce the nickel – hydroxyapatite particle. Hydroxyapatite is used as the supported catalyst for nickel catalyst. In this work, in-situ electrochemical synthesis in two chambers with bipolar membrane has been used in the formation of nickel-hydroxyapatite. A simple electrolysis cell from acrylic was used. The anode and the cathode were set parallel with a distance of 3 cm and immersed in the solution at a depth of 2 cm. The anode and the cathode were connected to a DC power supply. The particle was produced in the electrolysis cell. In the anode chamber, the pH solution decreases for the time of electrolysis while in the cathode chamber the pH solution increases. The nickel – hydroxyapatite particle is formed in the cathode chamber. There is no particle in the anode chamber. At the lower current density, the first formed is brushite. At the higher current density, brushite converts to HA. The higher current density the greater the chances of HA formation. The increase in the initial concentration of NiCl2 accelerates the increase of the pH of the electrolysis solution.
Formation of Carbon Fibres From Polymer Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Acetylene Black using Electrospinning Method
Authors: Yuniar R A , Widiyastuti W , Setyawan H , Purwaningsih H , Machmudah S , Anggoro D
Published: June 2019

Carbon fibres are important materials due to their excellent properties. Carbon fibres were formed by blending Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and a high conductivity material of Acetylene black (AB). Electrospinning technique was used to fabricate PVA and AB solutions in demineralized water. Electrospinning is an efficient technique for the formation of polymer nanofibers. The effects of solution concentration and AB contents on morphological appearance and diameter of those as-spun fibres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Iodine treatment on the fabricated PVA/AB composite was successfully achieved in order to build up the carbonization process and retained their original fibrous structure. The mass of iodinated nanofibers at 80 °C for 24 h increased about 130 %. The mechanism of iodine uptake by electrospun PVA/AB fibres have been obtained by thermal behaviour and its morphological characteristics. It was found that iodine treatment played an important role in changing the morphological structure during the carbonization process. With the iodine treatment of PVA/AB precursor fibres successfully converted into thin carbon fibres and SEM analysis confirmed that the diameter of fibres was about 290 nm. The resulted pure fibres and iodine treatments show guarantee for production carbon fibres.
Nano Carbon Produced by Advanced Mild Hydrothermal Process of Oil Palm Biomass for Supercapacitor Material
Authors: Larasati T D , Prakoso T , Rizkiana J , Devianto H , Widiatmoko P , Nurdin I
Published: June 2019

Palm oil waste is an abundant biomass resource in Indonesia that is not well utilized as a raw material for producing high value-added materials. One product that is possible to be manufactured from oil palm biomass is activated nano carbon. Characteristics of high porosity and good conductivity will lead the activated nano carbon suitable as an electrode of supercapacitor material. Preparation of activated nano carbon is conducted by two main steps namely carbonization and activation. In this research, carbonization is done by hydrothermal process while activation is done by physico-chemical activation. This study focused on manufacturing activated nano carbon from empty fruit bunches of oil palm with hydrothermal carbonization for supercapacitor applications. The activation of mesopore area of the carbon has been taken place by using ZnCl2 and CaCl2 as a chemical activating agent during the hydrothermal process. The activated nano carbon produced from empty fruit bunches has a surface area of 41-1571 m2/g and a pore size of 2.0–6.8 nm. In this study activated nano carbon is used as a working electrode in symmetric hybrid supercapacitor.
Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite bodies through dip-coating method
Authors: Fadli A , Saputra E , Komalasari  , Arosyidin
Published: June 2019

Porous hydroxyapatite have been attracting considerable attention for bone surgery. Relatively low mechanical strength of porous hydroxyapatite hampers its application for permanent bone implant. The aim of this work was to study the effect of chitosan concentration and time of coating on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of porous hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites prepared using dip coating technique. Firstly, chitosan powder was dissolved into acetic acid with a concentration of 0.50 %, 0.75 % and 1.00 % (w/v). Subsequently the porous hydroxyapatite bodies were coated with chitosan using dip-coating method at dip time during 30, 45, 60 min. The composites bodies were dried in room temperature for 24 h. The hydroxyapatite/chitosan bodies with compressive strength in the range of 1.52 - 4.05 MPa, porosity of 75 – 78 %, pore size of 22.8 - 26.61 μm, and density of 0.71 - 0.78 g/cm3 were obtained. The increase of chitosan concentration from 0.50 % to 0.75 % can decrease the porosity from 78 % to 76 % and pore size from 28.25 μm become 22.88 μm. The compressive strength of the composites increased with the coating time.
Technology selection of LNG receiving terminals in Gresik, East Java
Authors: Wicaksono R , Sudibandriyo M
Published: June 2019

Java, the centre of industry in Indonesia, needs fuel gas supplies to maintain production continuity. The addition of gas infrastructures in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) receiving terminals can be an alternative to secure gas supplies. Such a terminal is planned to be built in Gresik, East Java. This paper aims to examine the most appropriate technology for LNG receiving terminals to be built in East Java by considering both technical and economic aspects. In this research, LNG receiving technology was selected based on the terminal location and selection of the regasification technology using the method Analytic Hierarchy Process. Moreover, economic and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Research findings suggest the land-based LNG receiving terminal with regasification technology in the form of shell and tube vaporizers as the most suitable LNG receiving terminal in Gresik, East Java. Land-based LNG receiving terminal establishment in Gresik, East Java is feasible as regasification costs 0.468 USD/MMBTU, the Net Present Value (NPV) amounts to 31943500 USD, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) reaches 19.25%, the Benefit-Cost (BC) Ratio equals 1.23, and the Payback Period (PBP) is 3.4 years. The throughput required by the power plant generates the greatest sensitivity to IRR.
Cooking ability of Manihot esculenta crantz as new pulp raw material with Eucalyptus and Acacia mangium wood comparison using kraft pulping method
Authors: Irawan B , Ardina V , Prajitno D H , Roesyadi A
Published: June 2019

This research used manihot esculenta crantz of 8-10 months old, eucalyptus and acacia mangium wood of 5-year-old. The active alkali (AA) charge variations of 16% to 20% with 1% intervals. The sample position of composition of manihot esculenta crantz wood was 0-22 cm above ground level. The density of manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium were 480 g/cm3, 483 g/cm3 and 499 g/cm3, respectively. Base on FTIR analysis, have the same dominant functional groups. The average total yield manihot esculenta crantz were lower than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 12.422% and 24.92% respectively and screen yield manihot esculenta crantz were lower than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 13.678% and 26.85% respectively. Each AA charge increase of 1% in manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium can decrease the total yield by 0.635%, 0.803% and 1.14%, the screen yield decreased by 0.543%, 0.563% and 2.196% respectively. The mean of KaNo difference of manihot esculenta crantz higher than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 7.038 and 5.236 respectively. Each 1% increase in AA charge may decrease the average KaNo of manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium were 7.693%, 3.778% and 6.628% also decreased viscosity by 3.70%, 2.99% and 0.974% respectively.
Testing Instrument For Water Quality and Drinking Water Using Oxidation and Electromagnetic Methods (Case Study: Local Water Company at Bangka Barat)
Authors: Luvita V , Darmayanti N T E , Zaid G , Setyarini D
Published: June 2019

Safe clean water, especially for consumption purposes, is needed by the humans. Various regulations on water safety standards have been developed and implemented by each country, including Indonesia Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 concerning Water Quality Requirements; SNI 01-3553 2006 on Drinking Water in Packaging and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82/2001 on the Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution. Some parameters of physics, chemistry, biology and radioactivity are the benchmarks of water security. Raw water treatment for clean water and drinking water has been done using oxidation and electromagnetic methods. Both of these methods have been tested in local water company (PDAM) at Bangka Barat which has problems with high organic content, the amount of heavy metal content Fe and Mn that exceeds the threshold above normal and high acidity level. Test results after processing show physical and chemical parameters that meet the criteria of water quality and drinking water requirements in accordance with regulations set by the government. Other important things besides meeting the health requirements are also the quality assurance of the measuring instrument used to test the physical and chemical parameters. This measurement traceable to International System of Units through Research Centre of Metrology-Indonesian Institute of Science.
Process Dynamic and Control for Nonconventional Column/Rectifier Configuration with Aspen Hysys v10.0
Authors: Hikmadiyar R A , Sutikno J P , Handogo R , Azizah Z , Hisyam A
Published: June 2019

Nonconventional column/rectifier configuration is the new alternate design for the sequence multicomponent separation of three or more products. It can accomplish an efficient energy. There are two columns, the first is the rectifier and the second is the main, the vapor sidestream is taken out from the location under the feed tray of the main column then fed to the rectifier column and the liquid that from the bottom of the rectifier column is turned back to the main column. In order to completely understand the dynamic behavior of complex process of this configuration, process dynamic and control of it has to be studied intensively. The implementation of it is demethanizer and deethanizer column. The configuration has been simulated for dynamic by using Aspen Hysys v10.0. The results show that the graph of rejecting disturbance from all controllers of the main column need more attention especially for inventory control i.e. level controller for reflux drum, sump level reboiler and pressure controller for condenser. The overshoot for level controller of reflux drum of main column is 10% from set points. The better algorithm of tuning is required. The results of this studied could provide guidance for composition controller of this configuration.
Evaluation of COD Removal using Dielectric Barrier Discharge to Produce Biogas from POME
Authors: Hazmi A. , Emeraldi P. , Hamid M.I M.I. , Desmiarti R.
Published: June 2019

Evaluation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system to produce biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated in a batch experiment. The residence time was set at 1 hour. The batch experiments were observed with voltage variation at 10, 15, 20 and 25 kV. It was found that the COD removal was measured at 22.47% to 44.94% with the applied voltage was set at 10-25 kV, respectively. The results also shown that the maximum yields of hydrogen and methane by the system were 7.94 and 1.78 mL/mL of POME, respectively that were obtained at an applied voltage of 25 kV.
Hydrocarbon Biofuel Production by Hydrocracking Process with Nickel-Iron Supported on HZSM-5 Catalyst
Authors: Al-Muttaqii M , Kurniawansyah F , Prajitno D H , Roesyadi A
Published: June 2019

The production of hydrocarbon biofuel from coconut oil can substitute for fossil fuels to reduce the environmental issues. Hydrocracking is an effective method that can convert vegetable oil into biofuel using catalyst. In this experiment, nickel-iron was combined with HZSM-5 catalyst to produce biofuel. Hydrocracking of coconut oil was carried out in a batch reactor over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst at a temperature of 350 and 400 °C for 2 h. Liquid hydrocarbon biofuel product was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on GC-MS analysis, processing at the temperature of 350 °C produced sample containing 72.56% carboxylic acids. When the temperature increased to 400 °C, the carboxylic acids decreased rapidly from 72.56% to 24.83%. Analysis results suggested that increase of temperature promoted to the increase of desirable content, hydrocarbon compounds. At the same like, it also suppressed formation of undesirable compounds: acids, ketones, phenols, alcohols, and esters. Overall, synthesized catalyst in this study improved production of n-paraffin compounds such as (tridecane (n-C13), tetradecane (n-C14) and pentadecane (n-C15)) as high 71.85%.
Production of Bioethanol from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Talas Liar) by Hydrolysis Process
Authors: Praputri E , Sundari E
Published: June 2019

Wild taro tubers (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Var. Antiquorum) contain 70-80% (wt%) of starch, thus serve as potential feedstock for glucose production, providing raw materials for bioethanol production. The tubers used in this study was collected from Padang city, Indonesia. The aim of this research was to find the optimum of bioethanol yield through variation of acid catalyst (HCl, H2SO4and HClO4), acid concentration (0,00 N; 0,05 N; 0,10 N; 0,15 N; 0,20 N), enzyme (α-amylase, glucoamylase), enzyme volume (0.308 ml; 0.74 ml), hydrolysis time (1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours), and fermentation time (48 hours,72 hours, 96 hours, 122 hours, 144 hours).At varied acid catalyst usage, the highest glucose content (27.54%) was obtained by using HClO4acid with a concentration of 0.10 N and the lowest glucose level of 16.64% was obtained from the usage of H2SO4acid with a concentration of 0.10 N in the hydrolysis process with temperature of 120°C for 45 minutes. The highest bioethanol content as 19.10% was obtained at the time of fermentation of 96 hours with the usage of Sacharomyces cerevisiae enzyme.The highest glucose content of 20.35% was obtained by using glucoamylase enzyme of 0.308 ml.
The Effects of Diethyl Carbonate in Light Naphtha Blending to Utilize New Energy Resource
Authors: Anugraha R P , Tetrisyanda R , Altway A , Wibawa G
Published: June 2019

Light naphtha is not reliable used as automotive fuel because of its low octane number (RON) and high vapor pressure. To utilize light naphtha as fuel, blending process may be used to obtain usable gasoline fuel. Diethyl carbonate (DEC) can be used as blending agent with light naphtha because its high octane number and low vapor pressure. Therefore in this work, the vapor pressure and octane number (RON) of DEC–light naphtha blends were measured to study the effect of DEC in light naphtha blending. The vapor pressure measurements show that vapor pressure of DEC–light naphtha blends decreased while the DEC fraction increased. The pseudo binary analysis approachment was used to correlate the vapor pressure experimental data and predict the vapor pressure of light naphtha + DEC blends. The Wilson and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model are giving good correlation and prediction result with average absolute deviation (AAD) less than 1.3% meanwhile the Hildebrand & Scatchard model give quietly poor result with AAD value of 4.4%. The RON measurements show that the RON values of the blends increased while the DEC fraction increased. The DEC is successfully used as blending agent into light naphtha with 30% v/v optimum fraction.
Production of Diethyl Ether Over Cr-Co/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Marbun M J , Kurniawansyah F , Prajitno D H , Roesyadi A
Published: June 2019

Diethyl ether (DEE) is an important chemical in practical application. This substances actually very interesting to be object of study because its can be substitute the fuel oil such gasoline from the fossil. Its mean that DEE is one of alternative sources of energy. In this study the production of DEE was based on ethanol dehydration over a granule Cr-Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The reaction was conducted in a fixed bed reactor at range temperature of 100 to 200º C and atmospheric pressure. Un nitrogen gas is fed in reactor to push the ethanol vapor. Sampling the product of reaction is taken after the condition is steady state. The catalyst was analyzed by the BET and XRD method and the result indicated that the prepared catalyst has surface area of 162,840 m2/g with pore diameter of 0,3178 cc/g. The ethanol conversion under the variable condition attaints of 93.122% of and DEE yield is 0.34%.
A Superstructure Based Enviro-Economic Optimization for Production Strategy of Oil Palm Derivatives
Authors: Taqwa S A , Purwanto W W
Published: June 2019

Indonesia is one of the largest palm oil producers in the world. Palm oil has a wide range of derivative products that have higher values than in the upstream oil palm products. Indonesia still exports mostly crude palm oil rather than its derivatives. The objective of this research is to obtain the best strategy of developing downstream palm oil industry by considering the total price and greenhouse gas emission. Economic objective function is the total selling price of all products and environmental objective measured by the total greenhouse gas emissions. Multi-objective optimization is based on State-Task Network superstructure with fixed variable of product selling price, emission factor, conversion factor, national demand and global demand of the products. Multi-objective optimization is carried out using GAMS with Cplex 12.6.3 solver. The total selling price obtained amounted to 51.67 billion USD and total GHG emissions generated were 88.05 million tons CO2e. The selected production pathway is the production of 54 palm oil derivatives products to meet domestic needs and 21 of them can be exported (1 FFB derivative product, 4 CPO derivative products, 1 POME derivative product, 4 EFB derivative products, 2 PKS derivative products, and 9 Palm Kernel derivative products).
Activation of Coconut Shell - Randu Wood Biochar and Its Use as Heterogeneous Catalyst Support for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Pradana Y S , Rochim N , Mukaffa H S , Satriawan H B , Hidayat A , Budiman A
Published: June 2019

In the last decade, biodiesel has been considered as one of attractive biofuels in function of replacing fossil-based diesel fuel and concerning on reduction of greenhouse gas release. For biodiesel production, the use of heterogeneous catalyst is a challenge to minimize problems related to the use of homogeneous catalyst. One of potential heterogeneous catalyst is activated carbon-based catalyst. This study investigated the effect of activating agents (hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid), its concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 N) and activation time (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 h) on iodine number of activated biochar (from coconut shell and Randu wood). The results showed that the highest iodine number (749.14 mg/g) was obtained from coconut shell biochar activated by sulfuric acid at concentration of 2 N and activation time of 6 h. Moreover, BET analysis of the best activated biochar resulted 30.88 m2/gcat of surface area, 3.26 x 10−2 cm3/g of total pore volume and 2.11 nm of average pore radius. The performance test of this potassium-impregnated activated biochar in batch transesterification reaction (palm oil-methanol) presented 29.44 % of biodiesel conversion.
Microwave Assisted Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Effect of Wave Distance Sources, Power, Time and Acid Concentration
Authors: Madinah I , Sarah M
Published: June 2019

Hydrolysis of EFB’s fiber was carried out using sulfuric acid in two series reactors each operates under microwave irradiation. First reactor operates at various microwave power level (medium, medium high and high), irradiation time (5, 7.5 and 10 minutes) and acid concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) while the second reactor operates at constant time using similar combination of power and acid concentration. This study placed reactor A next to the waveguide, while the reactor B on the opposite position. Microwave energy emmited from magnetron into cavity through the waveguide. This study evaluated effect of wave distance source on temperature and glucose yield in both reactors. Effect of microwave power, irradiation time and acid concentration and their relationship with glucose and temperature were investigated. Overall, increment of time and power increased yield of glucose at first hydrolysis using sulfuric acid of 0.5%. Glucose yielded from reactor A usually higher as compared to reactor B. Increment acid concentration reduced the yield except the one with high power irradiation. This study observed that second stage hydrolysis had no significant contribution to add the yield.
An improvement study of biodiesel production from rice bran via non-catalytic in-situ transesterification using a subcritical water-methanol mixture
Authors: Yasmin M , Alfaty F D , Pradipta H S , Rachimoellah M , Zullaikah S
Published: June 2019

A non-catalytic in-situ transesterification of biodiesel production from rice bran using subcritical water-methanol mixture was found to be unaffected by initial moisture and free fatty acids (FFA) contents. The method has been known as environmentally friendly conversion since no catalyst was used. Acid catalyst has an important role in in-situ transesterification due to their ability to accelerate the oil extraction from the bran and the reaction rate. In this study, CO2 as pressurizing gas was added into subcritical water methanol mixture to increased yield and content of biodiesel. Effect of different operation pressure (P = 40-100 bar) at subcritical water methanol mixture (T = 200°C) and reaction time of 180 min on the yield and content of biodiesel were investigated. Rice bran with initial FFA content of 40.42 % has been subjected into hydrothermal reactor together with water methanol mixture to produce rice bran oil (RBO)-based biodiesel. The more CO2 as pressurizing gas was added into the hydrothermal reactor, the more yield and content of biodiesel were obtained. The highest yield and content of biodiesel of 98.00±1.41% and 83.93%, respectively, were produced under P = 100 bar.
Production and Characterization of The Basic Soaps Obtained by Double Decomposition and Direct Process of Palm Stearin Oils
Authors: Neonufa G F , Pratiwi M , Purwadi R , Prakoso T , Soerawidjaja T H , Elizabeth L
Published: June 2019

The direct and double decomposition process of palm stearin oil were evaluated for the production of basic soaps as a decarboxylation feedstock to drop-in fuel produce. The metals proposed for the saponification reaction was magnesium which has a high-basicity and is a low-cost metal. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy profile of the Mg(OH)–stearin basic soaps obtained by both direct and double decomposition processes showed hydrocarbon groups such as alkanes and alkene, without the oxygenate groups. The basic soap products generated by the double decomposition process showed better basicity level which was determined based on the IR spectrum intensity, especially of the -OH group. The type of saponification process used in the resulted basic soaps can provide a different effect on the generated basic soaps characteristic.
Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum L oil using Microwave with Calcium Carbonate catalyst
Authors: Qadariyah L , Ansori A , Wibowo S A , Muchammad R S C , Bhuana D S , Mahfud M
Published: June 2019

Biodiesel has become a promising renewable energy resource in recent years due mainly to the fluctuating global oil prices. Calophyllum inophyllum L seed has fairly high oil content of about 40-73 % by weight, thus, making it a great potential as raw material for producing biodiesel. This paper aims to study the effect of the microwave irradiation for biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum L oil when solid CaCO3 catalysts made from waste eggshells and synthetic were employed. Furthermore, the effects of operating conditions, including reaction time, microwave power, and amount of catalyst loading were also investigated. The initial step to produce Calophyllum inophyllum L biodiesel was degumming process, followed by the esterification and trans-esterification, respectively. The catalysts used are CaCO3 synthetic and eggshell. The results of production biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum L oil give the highest yield of 65.36 % when performed with the microwave power of 300 Watt, 1 % eggshell catalyst and the reaction time of 10 minutes. Therefore, Calophyllum inophyllum L shown as potential biodiesel feedstock.
Biodiesel Production from Microalgae with Trans-esterification Method Using Microwave
Authors: Qadariyah L , Mujaddid F , Bhuana D S , Mahfud M
Published: June 2019

Microalgae has a highly potential to be biodiesel fuel due to its high lipid content. The research used Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae refer to high lipid content (approximately 68%). The objectives of this research are to study edible oil extraction process from Nannochloropsis oculata, to study the effect of microwave on biodiesel yield using KOH catalyst, time reaction as well as catalyst percentage. The trans-esterification process was carried out on microwave with lipid molar-methanol comparison of 1:10, microwave power, reaction time and catalyst composition were also varied. It was found that the addition of co-solvent (addition n-hexane) seems to give the best result in terms of yield, i.e. 54.19%, which was obtained at a 600-watt microwave power, reaction time of 40 min, and 2.5% catalyst concentration. The fatty acid consists of several major constituents, such as palmitic acid 84.81%, oleic acid 12.41% stearic acid 1.87% and linoleat 0.88%. It can be concluded from the study that the in-situ trans-esterification process is such an efficient method due to the short reaction time, less energy consumption and relatively efficient owing to the combined extraction and trans-esterification steps.
Extraction of Natural Dye from Ketapang Leaf (Terminalia catappa) for Coloring Textile Materials
Authors: Faisal RM , Chafidz A
Published: June 2019

The objective of the present work is to extract natural dye substances from Ketapang leaf. This leaf contains tannin substance that can be used as natural dye for textile materials. This natural dye is one of potential alternatives to the synthetic dyes because it is environmentally friendly and also Ketapang leaf is abundantly available, especially in Indonesia country. The brief detail of Ketapang leaf extraction process can be explained as follow: Ketapang leaf was soaked/immersed in distilled water for several periods (i.e. 4, 6, and 8 days) by using maceration method. From the experimental results, the optimal immersion time was reached at 6 days. The tannin content in the extract was also determined by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. To test the performance of this natural dye, textile material made of 100% cotton was immersed in tannin solution for 60 min, squeezed, and the color was raised with three different fixer solutions, i.e. alum (Al2(SO4)3, kapur tohor (CaO), and tunjung (FeSO4) 50 g/L for 60 min. The fabrics were then tested for color fastness using detergent washing method and rubbing method (with crockmeter test). The test results showed that the fabric with alum as the fixer exhibited the optimum result for fastness test.
Wet Extraction of γ-Oryzanol From Rice Bran
Authors: Zullaikah S , Pujiastuti Y A , Prihandini G , Rachimoellah M
Published: June 2019

γ-oryzanol is unique to rice bran oil (RBO) and it is known to be a potent hypocholesterolemic agent. Separation and isolation of γ-oryzanol from crude RBO is difficult due to complexity of components in crude RBO. Converting acylglycerides and FFA in RBO into FAME will concentrate bioactive compounds in the residue after FAME was removed from the RBO-based biodiesel. In this study, wet-extraction of bioactive compound from rice bran, γ-oryzanol, has been carried out using subcritical water-methanol mixture. The effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, water-methanol volume ratio and pressurizing gas type on the content and recovery of γ-oryzanol in crude RBO-based biodiesel have been investigated. It was found that the content and recovery of γ-oryzanol in RBO-based biodiesel increased with higher extraction temperature, longer extraction time and lower water concentration. The content of γ-oryzanol in RBO-based biodiesel was higher under N2atmosphere since CO2can acidify the solvent leading to hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol. The maximum γ-oryzanol content in RBO-based biodiesel was 2.16 % (corresponding to 2750 mg γ-oryzanol/kg rice bran) obtained after extraction for 7 h at 200 °C and 40 bar with water concentration of 50 % (v/v) under N2atmosphere.
Effect of Activated Alkanolamine for CO2 Absorption using Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor
Authors: Rahmawati Y. , Nurkhamidah S. , Susianto S. , Listiyana N.I. , Rahmatullah M.A. , Hardian I.M.
Published: June 2019

Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor (HFMC) technology has been widely developed as an alternative technology to separate CO2 gas. HFMC technology combines gas absorption process with absorbent and membrane technology. Membrane contactor technology has advantages than conventional technology such as larger gas-liquid contact area, smaller equipment, modularity, and gas-liquid flow rates adjusted independently. In this research, the CO2 absorption experiments was conducted for absorption process at 30°C temperature and various gas flow rate from 200 - 600 mL/min, feed gas of CO2 20%vol. flowed into shell side and the absorbents flowed in tube side of membrane contactor. Piperazine (PZ) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) as activators with 1%w/w concentration, added into methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) 30% w/w solution to form aqueous solutions of activated MDEA. The membrane material used in this experiment was hydrophobic polypropylene membrane. The effect of liquid flow rate and various activators used to get CO2 absorption flux and CO2 removal in HFMC. The results showed that the best of CO2 absorption process using activated alkanolamine was MDEA-PZ, where the highest flux value was 5.5x10−4 mole/m2.s and CO2 removal reached 96.9% at a gas flow rate of 600mL/min.
Comparison of Performance Characteristic Prediction of Sieve Tray with and without Down comer
Authors: Gondosurohardjo S , Altway A , Taufany F , Nurkhamidah S
Published: June 2019

A sieve tray is a type of tray that is widely used in separation in industry. While sieve tray without down comer, frequently called dual flow sieve tray is commonly used to increase the effective area, so it can increase tray capacity. Dual-flow sieve tray operations can be classified into two categories, it is froth and transition based on gas/vapour velocity, so that there are parts of holes that are only flown by gas/vapour and at the same time there are parts of holes that are only flushed with liquid. Performance characteristics studied include clear-liquid height, dry and wet pressure drop, efficiency, and entrainment. The study aims to compare performance characteristic of sieve tray with and without down comer. The sieve tray without down comers showed almost 50% higher capacity compared to the sieve tray with down comers. However, sieve tray without down comers has 40% lower pressure drop compared to that with down comers. The results can ensure that the trays performance prediction for 298 mm diameter with open area in the range of 77-80%, 5 mm diameter holes, 12.5 mm hole spacing and 35 cm tray spacing satisfying and optimistic can be utilized in the distillation process.