bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Form and Function of Reconciliation in Primates
Authors: Silk Joan B.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Sociality is favored by natural selection because it enhances group members' access to valued resources or reduces their vulnerability to predators, but group living also generates conflict among group members. To enjoy the benefits of sociality, group living animals must somehow overcome the costs of conflict. Nonhuman primates have developed an effective mechanism for resolving conflicts: They participate in peaceful postconflict (PC) reunions with former opponents. These peaceful PC interactions are collectively labeled reconciliation. There is a broad consensus that peaceful contacts among former opponents relieve stressful effects of conflict and permit former opponents to interact peacefully. Primates may reconcile to obtain short-term objectives, such as access to desirable resources. Alternatively, reconciliation may preserve valuable relationships damaged by conflict. Some researchers view these explanations as complementary, but they generate different predictions about the patterning of reconciliation that can be partially tested with available data. There are good reasons to question the validity of the relationship-repair model, but it remains firmly entrenched in the reconciliation literature, perhaps because it fits our own folk model of how and why we resolve conflicts ourselves. It is possible that the function of reconciliation varies within the primate order, much as other aspects of cognitive abilities do.
Religion in South Asia
Authors: Veer Peter van der
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  This article examines the study of religions of South Asia, in particular of India, from the angle of postcolonial criticism. It argues that the study of state formation provides a crucial perspective for the unraveling of the multiple transformations of religion in the colonial and postcolonial public sphere. The colonial state cannot be studied in isolation from the global framework of imperial interactions between metropole and colony, in which colonial and national modernity is produced. Such a study depends on a postcolonial critique of the very category of “religion” while acknowledging the centrality of that category in colonial and postcolonial politics. The transformation of the public sphere in South Asia shows the increasing importance of religious movements and of the political use of religious images in new communication technologies. One of the most important trends in the present era is the attempt to create a homogenous religious community, not only within the national territorial space, but also in a transnational space. Such attempts offer a violent confrontation with “the Other,” however defined.
Youth and Cultural Practice
Authors: Bucholtz Mary
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  The study of youth played a central role in anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century, giving rise to a still-thriving cross-cultural approach to adolescence as a life stage. Yet the emphasis on adolescence as a staging ground for integration into the adult community often obscures young people's own cultural agency or frames it solely in relation to adult concerns. By contrast, sociology has long considered youth cultures as central objects of study, whether as deviant subcultures or as class-based sites of resistance. More recently, a third approach—an anthropology of youth—has begun to take shape, sparked by the stimuli of modernity and globalization and the ambivalent engagement of youth in local contexts. This broad and interdisciplinary approach revisits questions first raised in earlier sociological and anthropological frameworks, while introducing new issues that arise under current economic, political, and cultural conditions. The anthropology of youth is characterized by its attention to the agency of young people, its concern to document not just highly visible youth cultures but the entirety of youth cultural practice, and its interest in how identities emerge in new cultural formations that creatively combine elements of global capitalism, transnationalism, and local culture.
The Anthropology of Food and Eating
Authors: Mintz Sidney W. , Du Bois Christine M.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  The study of food and eating has a long history in anthropology, beginning in the nineteenth century with Garrick Mallery and William Robertson Smith. This review notes landmark studies prior to the 1980s, sketching the history of the subfield. We concentrate primarily, however, on works published after 1984. We contend that the study of food and eating is important both for its own sake since food is utterly essential to human existence (and often insufficiently available) and because the subfield has proved valuable for debating and advancing anthropological theory and research methods. Food studies have illuminated broad societal processes such as political-economic value-creation, symbolic value-creation, and the social construction of memory. Such studies have also proved an important arena for debating the relative merits of cultural and historical materialism vs. structuralist or symbolic explanations for human behavior, and for refining our understanding of variation in informants' responses to ethnographic questions. Seven subsections examine classic food ethnographies: single commodities and substances; food and social change; food insecurity; eating and ritual; eating and identities; and instructional materials. The richest, most extensive anthropological work among these subtopics has focused on food insecurity, eating and ritual, and eating and identities. For topics whose anthropological coverage has not been extensive (e.g., book-length studies of single commodities, or works on the industrialization of food systems), useful publications from sister disciplines—primarily sociology and history—are discussed.
DIE ENTWICKLUNG DER EPISTOLOGRAPHIE VOM FRÜHEN ISLAM BIS ZUM 4./10. JAHRHUNDERT
Authors: Hachmeier Klaus
Published: September 2002

From the 4th/10th century onwards, large numbers of letters (arab. rasā'il, the common distinction is between dīwānīyāt, "chancery letters", and ikhwānīyāt, "letters between friends") have survived to our time, both in letter collections and other works (e.g., literary anthologies). The survival of so many letters from the writers of the Buyid period stands in constrast to the earlier Islamic centuries from which relatively few letters have survived, although it had been customary among high-ranking scribes to collect and publish their letters from late Umayyad times onwards. This study examines how letters were treated: (a) in early works of literary criticism; (b) in the so-called adab al-kātib literature (scribe manuals); and (c) in literary anthologies (florilegia). In all three areas, it is possible to trace a growing "literarization" that resulted in the emergence of a so-called ornate prose style that came to dominate Arabic epistolography in the 4th/10th century.
A Nanostructured Hybrid Material Synthesized by the Intercalation of Porphyrin into Layered Titanoniobate
Authors: Tong Zhiwei , Shichi Tetsuya , Oshika Koji , Takagi Katsuhiko
Published: September 2002

The hybridization of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphin (TMPyP4+) into layered titanoniobate (KTiNbO5), and its structure were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, IR, and polarized and diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopic investigations. The porphyrin molecules incorporated within the intercalation hybrid compound obtained through an intermediary PrNH3+-TiNbO5 hybrid were found to be oriented with a tilt of 46° in a stacked alignment.
Novel Alkali Metal Ionic Liquids: N-Ethylimidazolium Alkali Metal Sulfates
Authors: Ogihara Wataru , Yoshizawa Masahiro , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: September 2002

Novel ionic liquids containing alkali metal ions as component were prepared by the neutralization of N-ethylimidazole with various kinds of hydrogensulfates (MHSO4; M=Li, Na, or K). All salts were obtained as transparent viscous liquids at room temperature. These ionic liquids showed ionic conductivity higher than 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, reflecting low glass transition temperature of below −60 °C. This is the first report on alkali metal salts which are inherently liquid state at room temperature.
Fabrication of Nano-structure by Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Yamamoto Hiromasa , Oshima Koichiro , Mouri Emiko , Matsuoka Hideki
Published: September 2002

A dip-pen nanolithography was applied to Diels–Alder reaction and fabricated nano-lines made of organic molecules.
Use of α-Allyloxy-α-trimethylsiloxyacetate for Reductive Imino Aldol Reaction Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide: A Rapid Access to β-Amino-α-hydroxy Esters
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Sahara Tetsuya
Published: September 2002

Under the influence of titanium tetraiodide the reductive imino aldol reaction of α-allyloxy-α-trimethylsiloxyacetate proceeded with imines to give β-amino-α-hydroxy esters in good yields.
Inhibiting Effects of Trace Amounts of Lanthanum Ion on the Dissolution of Calcite: A Comparative Study on Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs
Authors: Kamiya Natsumi , Kagi Hiroyuki , Notsu Kenji , Tsuno Hiroshi , Akagi Tasuku
Published: September 2002

A significant inhibiting effect was observed on the dissolution of calcite by addition of 5 μM lanthanum ion to the solution, whereas no inhibition was observed both for aragonite and vaterite under the same conditions. In situ AFM (atomic force microscopy) images suggested that micro-precipitates depositing at the step site of calcite inhibited the dissolution in the lanthanum-doped solution. The solubility-calculation for the given solution was consistent with lanthanum carbonate being the micro-precipitate.
Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Ni(II)-Binaphthyldiimine Complexes
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Kakehi Akikazu , Mitsuda Masashi
Published: September 2002

Ni(II)-N,N′-Bis(2-quinolylmethylene)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine complex was found to be an efficient chiral Lewis acid catalyst for asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions (endo: up to 94% ee) between cyclopentadiene (1) and 3-alkenoyl-2-oxazolidinones (2). In the presence of Ni(II) catalyst (1 mol%), the reaction between cyclopentadiene and 3-acryloyl-2-oxazolidinone proceeded smoothly (85% yield) at −40 °C with high enantioselectivity (endo: 90% ee).
Control of the Production Amount and Polymorphism of Calcium Carbonate by Biomimetic Mineralization
Authors: Shimomura Noriyuki , Ohkubo Naoki , Ichikawa Kazuhiko
Published: September 2002

The cooperation between carbonic anhydrase (CA) or some biomimetic zinc model compound as a catalyst for the conversion from CO2 to HCO3− and poly(l-aspartate) as calcium ion recognition sites induced the aragonite formation of calcium carbonate. The higher CA-arising activity promoted the calcium carbonate production amount.
InCl3-Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Thiols
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V S , Baishya Gakul
Published: September 2002

Epoxides react smoothly with thiols in the presence of 10 mol% InCl3 under very mild conditions to afford the corresponding β-hydroxy sulfides in high yields with high regioselectivity. Similar yields and selectivity are also obtained with catalytic amount of indium triflate under these reaction conditions.
Charge Transfer Assisted Ferromagnetic Coupling Observed in an Ion-Radical Salt of a Cross-Cyclophane TTF-Based Donor
Authors: Izuoka Akira , Tanabe Jun , Sugawara Tadashi , Kudo Tomoyuki , Saito Tomohiro , Kawada Yuzo
Published: September 2002

The ferromagnetic interaction was observed in a conducting ion-radical salt of a TTF-based cross-cyclophane type dimeric donor.
Selenothiophosphinic Acid Salts: Efficient Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Kimura Tsutomu , Miwa Akihiro , Kurachi Daisuke , Kato Shinzi
Published: September 2002

An efficient synthesis of selenothiophosphinic acid salts is achieved by reacting selenothiophosphinic acid S-(2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl esters with ammonium or alkali metal fluorides. The X-ray structure analysis of the potassium 18-crown-6 selenothiophosphinic acid salt shows that the salt is monomeric. Alkylation of the salts proceeds at the selenium atom whereas acylation occurs at the sulfur atom.
Mononuclear to Tetranuclear Structural Transformation in Vanadyl Complexes of 3-Hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic Acid (H2hpic)
Authors: Yano Shigenobu , Nakai Misaki , Sekiguchi Fumi , Obata Makoto , Kato Masako , Shiro Motoo , Kinoshita Isamu , Mikuriya Masahiro , Sakurai Hiromu , Orvig Chris
Published: September 2002

Reaction of vanadyl sulfate with 3-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid (H2hpic) affords two chargeless complexes, [VO(Hhpic-O,O)(Hhpic-O,N)(H2O)]·3H2O (1) and unprecedented cyclic tetranuclear complex [(VO)4(μ-(hpic-O,O′,N))(H2O)4]·8H2O (2), which were characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The unique structural transformation between complexes 1 and 2 was found.
Anomalous Increase in Photocurrent Density for Quasi-solid Dye Sensitized Solar Cells by Addition of Tetra(bromomethyl)benzene
Authors: Mikoshiba Satoshi , Murai Shinji , Sumino Hiroyasu , Hayase Shuzi
Published: September 2002

Anomalous phenomena on gel electrolytes for quasi-dye sensitized solar cells are reported. Performances for gel electrolytes usually decrease with an increase in the amount of gelators. When tetra(bromomethyl)benzene providing three dimensional ionomer gel electrolytes is used, photocurrents increase with an increase in the amount of the gelator. This may be explained partially by decrease in interfacial resistances between gel electrolytes and electrodes.
Rational Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Heterometallic-Heterochalcogenido Cubane-Type Clusters [(Cp*M)2(MoOCl2){MoCl2(dmf)}(μ3-S)2(μ3-Se)2] (M=Rh, Ir)
Authors: Seino Hidetake , Hidai Masanobu , Mizobe Yasushi
Published: September 2002

Reactions of [{MoO(dmf)3}2(μ2-S)2]I2 with [(Cp*MCl)2(μ2-SeH)2] (M=Rh, Ir) in the presence of NMe4Cl gave mixed-metal sulfido-selenido clusters [(Cp*M)2(MoOCl2){MoCl2(dmf)}(μ3-S)2(μ3-Se)2], whose cubane-type core structures have been demonstrated in detail by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis and Structure of a Molecular Metal Wheel, an Octanuclear Silver(I) Cluster Formed by Racemic 2-Mercaptopropionic Acid and Triphenylphosphine Ligands
Authors: Nomiya Kenji , Yokoyama Hironari , Noguchi Ryusuke , Machida Kazuya
Published: September 2002

The molecular structure of [H4Ag8(2-mpa)6(PPh3)6]·EtOH 1 (2-H2mpa=a racemic form of 2-mercaptopropionic acid), prepared by a 1:5 molar-ratio reaction of polymeric [Ag(2-Hmpa)]n  2 suspended in EtOH with PPh3 in CHCl3, was a wheel-type octanuclear silver(I) cluster; the rim of the wheel was constructed with the outside six Ag(μ3-S)2P units and the axle was formed by the central two Ag(μ3-S)3 units with Ag–Ag separation, 3.122 Å.
Facile Synthetic Approach to Functionalized 4,5-Disubstituted Norbornene Monomers
Authors: Wynne James H , Lloyd Christopher T , Cozzens Robert F
Published: September 2002

Manipulation of a single Diels-Alder adduct employing a Ritter-type reaction affords a variety of diamido norbornene monomers. These monomers serve as excellent substrates for ring opening metathesis polymerization to afford functionalized polymers. Subsequent reduction of the amide monomers readily affords the corresponding diaminomethyl norbornenes. The functionalities reported were selected to afford maximum coordination ability, thereby facilitating the incorporation of metallic species and allowing for control of solubility by varying the N-alkyl pendant groups.
Removal of Nitrate in Water by Hydrogenation with a Noble Metal-Free Ni-Base Catalyst
Authors: Mikami Ikko , Okuhara Toshio
Published: September 2002

Porous Ni catalyst modified with a small amount of Zr was found to be highly active for hydrogenation of nitrate (200 ppm) in water at 333 K. This is the first example of noble metal-free catalyst effective for this reaction.
Self-assembly of Donor and Acceptor π-Conjugated Molecules via Complexation with γ-Cyclodextrin to Give a Pseudorotaxane Type Macromolecular Adduct with an Expanded π-Conjugation System
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: September 2002

A macromolecular adduct was prepared by double-threading of donor type and acceptor type π-conjugated guest molecules into γ-cyclodextrin. According to the adduct formation, the UV-vis of the guest molecules showed a large bathochromic shift of 150 nm, suggesting formation of a new type of effectively expanded π-conjugation system. Other data supported this view.
Enhancement of N Concentration in ZnO Codoped with Be and N Atoms
Authors: Sanmyo Masahiro , Kobayashi Kenkichiro , Tomita Yasumasa
Published: September 2002

ZnO films containing Be and N atoms have been prepared by sputtering of a target of ZnO with Be metal sheets in N2 atmosphere. The length of c-axis of ZnO film is shortened with an increase of the Be concentration. The concentration of N atoms in a sputtered ZnO film is estimated to be 7.1%, which is about twice that of Be atoms.
Direct Entropy Calculation of Liquid Water Using Acceptance Ratios
Authors: Hong Seung Do , Jang Du-Jeon
Published: September 2002

The excess entropy has been calculated directly employing acceptance ratios during a single Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulation. Very stable excess entropies have been obtained for both water and hard-dumbbell fluids. The upper and lower limits of the cell volumes are suggested as well.
Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Ionic Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Kubo Wataru , Makimoto Youhei , Kitamura Takayuki , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo
Published: September 2002

A quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell fabricated with ionic polymer electrolyte showed a 3.8% conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 (100 mW cm−2) irradiation, and long-term stability without any sealing.
Esterification of Surface Modified Silver Nanoparticles with n-Butanol
Authors: Tominaga Junya , Sato Seiichi , Yao Hiroshi , Kimura Keisaku
Published: September 2002

Surface modified nanometer-sized silver particles with mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) are crystallized in the size range of few micron-meter. The esterification of carboxylic acid of MSA on the surface of particles is performed with n-butanol, enabling phase transfer from water to organic phase. The yield of esterification was found to be more than 90%.
Mercaptopropyl Al–Mg phyllosilicate: Synthesis and Characterization by XRD, IR, and NMR
Authors: Jaber Maguy , Miehe-Brendle Jocelyne , Dred Ronan Le
Published: September 2002

Adsorbent material with a layered structure was obtained at room temperature. The synthesis involves the reaction of three ethanolic solutions (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, aluminum acetylacetonate and magnesium nitrate). This is the first example of organophyllosilicate having Al in the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. The presence of thiol functions in the framework was confirmed by FT-IR.
Intergenerational Inequality: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Erikson Robert , Goldthorpe John H
Published: September 2002

When economists are concerned with the inheritance of inequality, they typically focus on the intergenerational transmission of income or wealth.

In contrast, sociologists are more likely to analyze intergenerational mobility between (and immobility in) different class positions.
Economic Reforms in India Since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?
Authors: Ahluwalia Montek S
Published: September 2002

Opinions on the causes of India's growth deceleration vary. World economic growth was slower in the second half of the 1990s, and that would have had some dampening effect, but India's dependence on the world economy is not large enough for this to account for the slowdown. Critics of liberalization have blamed the slowdown on the effect of trade policy reforms on domestic industry. However, the opposite view is that the slowdown is due not to the effects of reforms, but rather to the failure to implement the reforms effectively. This in turn is often attributed to India's gradualist approach to reform, which has meant a frustratingly slow pace of implementation. However, even a gradualist pace should be able to achieve significant policy changes over ten years. This paper examines India's experience with gradualist reforms from this perspective.
Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
Authors: Datt Gaurav , Ravallion Martin
Published: September 2002

Has poverty continued to fall with growth in India in the 1990s, or has the nature of the growth process changed, such that the poor have been left behind? This paper tries to answer those questions. We do not attempt to assess the impact of India's macroeconomic reforms of the 1990s on poverty, since this would require identification of the counterfactual of what would have been experienced in the 1990s without the reforms. Rather, our aim is to describe what has happened to poverty in India in the 1990s. In the course of the discussion, we will learn about the proximate causes of changes in India's poverty rate. Moreover, although this discussion is India-specific, it illustrates themes that are often encountered in the analysis of poverty in low-income economies, including difficult issues of survey design and comparability and the proximate factors underlying the responsiveness of poverty to economic growth.
The Central Role of Entrepreneurs in Transition Economies
Authors: McMillan John , Woodruff Christopher
Published: September 2002

The authors summarize entrepreneurial patterns in the transition economies, particularly Russia, China, Poland and Vietnam. Markets developed spontaneously in every transition country, but they were built at varying speeds. Some governments impeded the entrepreneurs' self-help by creating conditions that made it hard for informal contracting to work; others created an environment that was conducive to self-help. The spontaneous emergence of markets, furthermore, has its limits. As firms' activities became more complex, they came to need formal institutions. Some governments fostered entrepreneurship by building market-supporting infrastructure; others did not.

The authors argue that the success or failure of a transition economy can be traced in large part to the performance of its entrepreneurs.
Recommendations for Further Reading
Authors: Saffran Bernard
Published: September 2002

This section will list readings that may be especially useful to teachers of undergraduate economics, as well as other articles that are of broader cultural interest. In general, the articles chosen will be expository or integrative and not focus on original research. They may include survey articles, discussion of related subjects in which economists might have an interest or analyses of economics from other perspectives. If you write or read an appropriate article, please send a copy of the article (and possibly a few sentences describing it) to Bernard Saffran, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Department of Economics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081.
Molecular electronic structure of subphthalocyanine macrocycles
Authors: FERRO V. R. , POVEDA L. A. , GONZÁLEZ-JONTE R. H. , DE LA VEGA J. M. GARCIA , TORRES T. , REY B. DEL
Published: September 2002

Quantum chemical calculations at semiempirical (MNDO methods) and ab initio (6-31G and STO-3G basis ses) levels have been performed on boron(III) subphthalocyanines 1-10. Theoretical calculations predict a cone-shaped structure for these compounds independently of the kind of peripheral substitution and even of compositional changes in the central region of the macrocycle (for example, substitution of the boron atom by two hydrogens). The theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with previous X-ray determinations.
Agresion: Un enfoque psicobiologico
Authors: Salvador Alicia
Published: September 2002

by J. Martín Ramírez. Valencia, Spain: Promolibro, 2000, 203 pp.
The effect of religiosity and ethnic origin on direct and indirect aggression among males and females: Some Israeli findings
Authors: Landau Simha F. , Björkqvist Kaj , Lagerspetz Kirsti M.J. , Österman Karin , Gideon Lior
Published: September 2002

Israeli society is characterized by significant internal divisions. Two of the most salient of these divisions within the Jewish population relate to (1) religiosity (religious vs. secular Jews) and (2) ethnic origin (Eastern [Asian and North African] vs. Western [European and American]). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of these social divisions on aggressive behavior and victimization to aggression among Israeli children. Three types of aggressive behavior (physical, verbal, and indirect) were investigated by means of peer estimation. The sample (N = 630) was composed of three age groups (8‐, 11‐, and 15‐year‐olds). The findings indicate that in general, secular respondents scored higher on aggressive behavior and victimization than their religious counterparts, and respondents of Eastern origin scored higher than those of Israeli or Western origin. The effect of both religiosity and ethnic origin was stronger among girls than among boys. Ethnic origin had no effect on any of the boys’ measures but did affect these measures among girls. Among boys, religiosity affected verbal and indirect aggression and victimization. Among girls, indirect aggression and victimization, as well as victimization to physical aggression, were affected by religiosity. As to the effect of age, similar to previous studies, in all types of aggression and victimization, the 11‐year‐olds scored highest and the 15‐year‐olds scored lowest. Differences between the three types of aggression and victimization, as well as various interactions between the variables, are reported. The results are discussed within the wider context of the role of religiosity and ethnic origin in Israeli society. Aggr. Behav. 28:281–298, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on morphology and mechanical properties of EPDM‐g‐VOS/LLDPE blends for engineering applications
Authors: Kumar M. Suresh Chandra , Alagar M.
Published: September 2002

A new type of vinyloxyaminosilane (VOS) grafted ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM‐g‐VOS) has been synthesized in a Haake Rheocord‐90, torque rheometer. Using EPDM‐g‐VOS the blends of linear low density polyethylene (EPDM‐g‐VOS/LLDPE) with varying percentage compositions were prepared in a two‐roll mixing mill. The morphology of the EPDM‐g‐VOS/LLDPE blends was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The morphology of the blends indicated a two‐phase structure in which the minor phase is dispersed as domains in the major continuous phase. However, at 50 wt% both EPDM‐g‐VOS and LLDPE exist as continuous phases and generate co‐continuous morphology. The effect of blend ratio and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) concentration on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, and hardness have been investigated. It was ascertained that the mechanical properties of blends increase with increase of LLDPE content and DCP concentration. An attempt has been made in this investigation to correlate the variation of mechanical properties with morphology of the blend. Data from reprocessability studies of the blends indicate that these blends can be recycled and reprocessed several times without appreciable loss of their mechanical characteristics. Data on mechanical characteristics indicate that these blends can be used for engineering applications with better performance than ungrafted EPDM. The EPDM‐g‐VOS/LLDPE blends developed in the present work may find applications in the field of automobiles and medium high voltage cable insulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 201–213, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10019
Simulation of injection‐compression molding process, Part 3: Effect of process conditions on part birefringence
Authors: Chen Shia‐Chung , Chen Yung‐Cheng , Peng Hsin‐Shu , Huang Lei‐Ti
Published: September 2002

Simulations of the injection‐compression molding (ICM) process based on a Leonov viscoelastic fluid model has been employed to study the effects of processing conditions on the birefringence development and distribution in injection‐compression molded parts. A numerical algorithm combined with a modified control‐volume/finite‐element method is developed to predict the melt front advancement and the distributions of pressure, temperature, and flow velocity dynamically during the injection melt‐filling, compression melt‐filling, and postfilling stages of the entire process. Part birefringence was then calculated from residual stresses following the thermal‐mechanical history of the entire molding process. Simulations of a disk part under different process conditions including compression speed, switch time from injection to compression, compression stroke, packing pressure, and postfilling time were performed to understand their effects on birefringence variation. The simulated results were also compared with those required by conventional injection molding (CIM). It has been found that an ICM part shows a significant reduction of part birefringence near the gate area as compared with CIM parts. However, ICM parts exhibit higher birefringence values near the rim of the disk. The minimum birefringence occurs around the location where injection is switched over to compression. Although longer postfilling time and higher packing pressure result in higher birefringence values, their effects are not very significant. On the other hand, higher compression speed, larger compression stroke, and shorter switch time exhibit greater effects on the increase of part birefringence. Flow‐induced residual stress is the major origin of birefringence formation in the present case. The simulated birefringence for both ICM and CIM parts show good coincidence with those obtained from measurements by using a digital photoelasticity technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 177–187, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10024
Adolescent work patterns and work‐related injury incidence in rural Minnesota
Authors: Parker David L. , Merchant Deborah , Munshi Kaizad
Published: September 2002

Background

Although there have been many studies on working youth in the United States, we have noted none which have provided a broad picture of adolescent work practices in a rural community.

Methods

Six high schools in rural Minnesota were evaluated for adolescent work practices. Schools ranged in size from 173 to 525 students in grades 9 through 12. A 20 page self‐administered survey examining work practices was administered to students.

Results

A total of 2,250 students completed the survey, representing 92% of the student body. Twenty‐eight percent of students lived on a farm. Approximately 45% of the male students and slightly more than 21% of the females were involved in farm work. Only 2.6% of students were injured during this 8‐month time period in farm‐related activities, and 5.1% were injured doing non‐farm work. Many students reported working long hours.

Conclusions

Work represents a serious problem for rural youth. These data are significant in the context of national policy discussion concerning the failure of the Fair Labor Standards Act to regulate the agricultural environment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:134–141, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Causes, nature, and outcomes of work‐related injuries to adolescents working at farm and non‐farm jobs in rural Minnesota
Authors: Munshi Kaizad , Parker David L. , Bannerman‐Thompson Hansen , Merchant Deborah
Published: September 2002

Background

Although there are many studies on working adolescents, information on youth who simultaneously hold jobs on both a farm and in other sectors of the economy is lacking.

Methods

Six high schools in rural Minnesota were evaluated for adolescent work practices and injury incidence. A 20‐page self‐administered survey was administered to students.

Results

A total of 2,250 students completed the survey, representing 92% of the student body. Students that simultaneously hold both farm and non‐farm jobs have a significantly higher proportion of injuries. However, annual injury rates are highest for those working in non‐farm only (26.7/100 full‐time equivalents, FTEs) or farm only (25.9/100 FTEs) employment when compared with those working simultaneously in farm and non‐farm jobs (21.9/100 FTEs).

Conclusions

Many rural students employed simultaneously on farm and non‐farm jobs work long hours and are at significant risk of work‐related injury. The annual injury rates we estimated are higher than those reported in previous studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:142–149, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory health of automobile workers and exposures to metal‐working fluid aerosols: Lung spirometry
Authors: Eisen Ellen A. , Smith Thomas J. , Kriebel David , Woskie Susan R. , Myers Douglas J. , Kennedy Susan M. , Shalat Stuart , Monson Richard R.
Published: September 2002

Background

Despite substantial evidence that workers exposed to metal‐working fluids (MWF) have increased respiratory morbidity, the few studies of chronic effects on lung function have not been conclusive.

Methods

Lung spirometry was measured and both current and past exposures to metal‐working fluid (MWF) aerosols were estimated in this cross‐sectional cohort of 1,811 male automobile workers. Satisfactory exposure data were available for 1,745 (96%): 239 assemblers (never‐exposed to MWF), 487 assemblers (previously exposed), 352 machinists currently exposed to straight oils, 441 to soluble oils, and 226 to synthetic fluids. Operations were classified as either grinding or non‐grinding machining.

Results

Current exposure was not found to be associated with either forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or forced ventilatory capacity (FVC). Nor was past exposure to water‐based fluids (soluble or synthetic MWF) related to pulmonary function. Past exposure to straight oils, however, was significantly associated with FVC. This association was more obvious among older workers and among workers who had never transferred from MWF exposed jobs to assembly.

Conclusions

The magnitude of the association between FVC and lifetime exposure to straight MWF was slightly larger than the estimated cigarette effect, suggesting that the impact of an additional year of exposure to 1 mg/m3 of mineral oil particulate in the thoracic particle size range, has the same impact on FVC as smoking one pack per day for one more year. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:443–453, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prospective study of lung function among boilermaker construction workers exposed to combustion particulates
Authors: Hauser Russ , Eisen Ellen A. , Pothier Lucille , Christiani David C.
Published: September 2002

Background

Given the evidence of both acute cross‐shift and short‐term decrements in lung function in boilermaker construction workers following occupational exposure to combustion particulates, we sought to determine whether exposure is associated with an annual loss in lung function.

Methods

As part of an ongoing investigation, we conducted a 2‐year longitudinal study of lung function among 118 boilermakers. Exposure was assessed with a work history questionnaire. Spirometry measurements were performed annually.

Results

We found an association between annual FEV1 and hours worked at a gas‐fired plant during the previous year, β = − 9.8 mls/100 hours worked (95% CI: − 16.0, − 3.5) after adjustment for age, baseline FEV1 and cigarette smoking status. The adjusted association between FEV1 and “ever” worked at a gas‐fired plant was  − 99.7 mls (95% CI: − 154.8, − 44.5). There was also evidence of a negative association between FEV1 and “ever” worked and hours worked at oil and coal‐fired plants.

Conclusions

These data suggest an association between annual lung function loss and working at gas, coal and oil‐fired plants. Further follow‐up of this cohort of boilermakers is in progress. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:454–462, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy outcome following exposure to shortwaves among female physiotherapists in Israel
Authors: Lerman Yehuda , Jacubovich Ruben , Green Manfred S.
Published: September 2002

Background

The findings of the few epidemiological studies on the possible association between shortwave diathermy use by pregnant physiotherapists and adverse pregnancy outcome are inconsistent. We investigated such an association among physiotherapists in Israel.

Methods

Individualized data on exposure to shortwaves, ultrasound, and heavy lifting were collected by questionnaires and telephone interviews.

Results

The 434 studied women included 930 pregnancies: 175 ended in spontaneous abortions, 45 had fetal malformations, 47 were delivered prematurely, and 33 infants had low birth weight. The remaining 630 normal pregnancies comprised the control group. Univariate analysis showed that exposure to shortwaves was associated with a significantly increased odds ratio (O.R.) for congenital malformations (O.R. 2.24, CI 1.27–4.83, P = .006) and low birth weight (O.R. 2.99, CI 1.32–6,79, P = .006). This effect increased in a dose‐related manner. After controlling for potential confounding variables, only low birth weight reached statistical significance (O.R. 2.75, CI 1.07–7.04, P = .03). From the potentially confounding variables tested, febrile disease during pregnancy was found to be significantly associated with low birth weight (O.R. 3.37, CI 1.38–8.25, P = .01).

Conclusions

The findings of our study suggest that shortwaves have potentially harmful effects on pregnancy outcome, specifically low birth weight. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:499–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RE: MTBE misclassified
Authors: Mirer Franklin E.
Published: September 2002

Dr. Mehlman's commentary on the decision not to list methyl‐tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in the NTP 9th Report on Carcinogens correctly raises process questions, but also leads back to the public health fundamentals of motor fuel toxicity. I was a voter in the minority for listing MTBE, and also a peer reviewer for the revised criteria for listing substances some years ago. Dr. Mehlman's commentary brings to light a prime example of "Houdini Risk Assessments", risk assessments which make the risk disappear and, therefore, allow industry to escape preventive measures.
RE: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:275–282
Authors: Bailey William J.
Published: September 2002

In the March 2000 issue of the Journal, Gennaro et al. present data on lung tumors among Italian oil refinery workers as part of their analysis showing that refinery maintenance workers have a higher risk of lung tumors compared to several different internal and external reference groups. I wish to comment on several aspects of the study which to me raise questions about the choice of the internal reference group, as well as the data presented on maintenance workers.
RE: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:275–282.II. Reply to William J. Bailey's letter to the editor
Authors: Gennaro Valerio , Montanaro Fabio , Ceppi Marcello , Fontana Vincenzo , Perrotta Alessandra , Puntoni Riccardo , Finkelstein Murray M. , Silvano Stefania
Published: September 2002

We are quite suprised by this request for explanation, since we think that our previous papers [Gennaro et al., 1994, 1995, 2000] already answered the questions raised. At the same time, we are pleased to have the opportunity to provide AJIM readers with additional information about how we have tried to demonstrate and explain the causal relationship between lung cancer and asbestos exposure among workers employed in the oil refinery industry, a relationship that, for various reasons, the epidemiologists of oil corporations do not see.
Availability and quality of industry and occupation information in the Massachusetts cancer registry
Authors: Levy Jens , Brooks Daniel , Davis Letitia
Published: September 2002

Background

Industry and occupation (I/O) data from state cancer registries can be useful in generating and evaluating hypotheses about occupational cancer risks. The quality of these data is uncertain.

Methods

We reviewed medical records on 1,020 cases from the Massachusetts Cancer Registry (MCR). We compared the presence and detail of I/O data from this dedicated record review (DRR) with routine reporting to the MCR in order to evaluate the potential to increase the availability of I/O data.

Results

Compared to routine reporting, the DRR increased the percentage of codable I/O data from 63.6 to 80.4%. The DRR also provided more detail in existing codes in 15.4% of cases. Other sections of the medical record in addition to the face sheet and sections of the record from the period before cancer diagnosis were important sources of additional information. Duration and timing of the corresponding I/O information were rarely recorded.

Conclusions

The nearly one‐third (32%) of records that had some improvement in I/O information with a dedicated review indicates considerable opportunity to improve the utility of this resource. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:98–106, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probable case of Binder syndrome in a skeleton from Quarai, New Mexico
Authors: Mulhern Dawn M.
Published: September 2002

Binder syndrome (maxillonasal dysplasia) is a not uncommon disorder reported in the clinical literature and is characterized by hypoplastic development of the midface. An extensive review of the paleopathology literature did not reveal any examples of Binder syndrome. In this paper, a probable case of Binder syndrome in a female skeleton, 16–17 years at age of death, from Quarai, New Mexico (ca. AD 1375–1450) is presented. This case was identified during standard documentation prior to repatriation at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

The skull of this individual (381243) exhibits unusual facial features, including an underdeveloped midface, flattened glabella, absent nasal spine, and apparent alveolar prognathism, in addition to a vertebral anomaly. All of these characteristics are consistent with skeletal dysmorphologies associated with Binder syndrome. Measurements of the Quarai skull are compared with published data on Binder patients and normal control groups in order to quantify the nature of the observed morphology. Univariate analysis of craniometric/cephalometric data provides further support for a diagnosis of Binder syndrome, as critical measurements on the Quarai skull are consistent with those reported in Binder patients and significantly different from those reported for normal control groups. In addition to presenting a probable prehistoric case of Binder syndrome, this paper demonstrates the applicability of using direct comparisons of clinical data to help identify unusual conditions in skeletal remains. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:371–377, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population variation in second metacarpal sexual size dimorphism
Authors: Lazenby Richard A.
Published: September 2002

This paper contrasts levels of sexual size dimorphism in second metacarpal osteometric and geometric morphology in two bioculturally distinctive populations: 19th century Euro‐Canadian settlers, and proto/historic central Canadian Inuit. Significant within‐group sexual size dimorphism is found for all variables, though few show significant interpopulation differences. However, in every case the Euro‐Canadian sample is more dimorphic than the Inuit sample. Notably, differences reside in geometric measures (total area, Imax) sensitive to variation in functional strain, and thus are interpretable in light of proximate causal models, i.e., activity profiles distinct from generalized mode of subsistence. Other proximate factors, such as nutritional stress acting to diminish Inuit sexual size dimorphism, may also play a role. However, models often cited to explain dimorphism, such as marriage practice (e.g., polygyny) or division of labor situated in mode of subsistence, do not. The higher sexual size dimorphism in the 19th century settler sample belies the notion that technological progress inevitably leads to reduced dimorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:378–384, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of exposure to dibutyltin dichloride on sperm density, viability and morphology in male mice
Authors: Ananie Dushimiyimana , Huang Yuyao
Published: September 2002

Experiments on the effects of 0.025–0.40 µg of dibutyltin dichloride (DBTCl) per kilogram body weight (kg bw), on sperm density, viability and morphology in mature mice were conducted by daily intraperitoneal injection for 7 days at 22 ± 2 °C and 12 h light–dark cycle conditions. The results demonstrated that DBTCl exhibited strong toxicity on sperm quality. Dosed with ≥ 0.05 µg DBTCl/kg bw groups, the testes weight, sperm density and the rate of survival of sperm decreased, whereas the rate of sperm abnormalities increased significantly. In addition, treatment with 0.05 µg DBTCl/kg bw resulted in increasing rate of sperm head abnormalities, whereas administration at 0.20 and 0.40 µg DBTCl/kg bw significantly increased the rate of sperm tail abnormalities. In the group treated at ≥ 0.10 µg DBTCl/kg bw, the mice body weights decreased. It appeared there was a noticeable dose–response relationship between DBTCl and the parameters studied. ED50 values (7 days) of DBTCl for survival rate of sperm and density were 0.17 µg/kg bw and 0.19 µg/kg bw respectively. The present study provides a possibility for early diagnostic indicators and methods for sperm quality induced by organotin compounds (DBTCl) in mammals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides with molecular oxygen mediated by rhodium(III)–dimethylsulfoxide complexes
Authors: Srivastava Radhey S.
Published: September 2002

A rhodium–dimethylsulfoxide‐promoted catalytic oxidation of a thioether to sulfoxide is studied. Screening of different rhodium complexes reveals moderate to excellent catalytic properties for the oxidation of thioethers using molecular oxygen as an oxidant. The scope of this reaction is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast and clean dechlorination of alkyl and aryl (poly)chlorides catalysed by bimetallic Ni–Al clusters in the presence of t‐BuOH
Authors: Jurvilliers Xavier , Schneider Raphaël , Fort Yves , Ghanbaja Jaafar
Published: September 2002

The dechlorination of alkyl and aryl (poly)chlorides is rapid and complete upon treatment with a new reduction system consisting of NaH as reagent, Ni–Al clusters as catalyst and t‐BuOH as catalytic co‐factor. The high efficiency of this combination is presumed to be due to the stabilization of the subnanometre nickel particles formed during reduction by the in‐situ‐generated alkoxide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry studies of organolead compounds
Authors: Ostah N. , Lawson G.
Published: September 2002

The mass spectra of alkyl‐, aryl‐ and chlorinated ‐alkyl, aryl organolead compounds were investigated. Positive and negative ion mass spectra of these compounds were recorded using conventional electron impact conditions. In common with the analogous tetraalkyltin and tetraalkylgermanium compounds, tetrabutyllead produced no negative ion spectra under these conditions. The spectra were also examined by tandem mass spectrometry in order to establish reaction mechanisms for these compounds. Fragmentation patterns of seven organolead compounds, based on precursor–product ion relationships, are proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization‐single quadrupole mass spectrometry for determining arsenic compounds in biological samples
Authors: Francesconi Kevin A.
Published: September 2002

Recent work on the determination of arsenic compounds in biological samples using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization‐single quadrupole mass spectrometry is reviewed. Specific examples include the quantification of arsenosugars in algae, confirmation of novel arsenic metabolites from marine microbes and in human urine, and the structural elucidation of two new arsenic compounds in marine animals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.