bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Echinobase: a resource to support the echinoderm research community
Authors: Telmer Cheryl A , Karimi Kamran , Chess Macie M , Agalakov Sergei , Arshinoff Bradley I , Lotay Vaneet , Wang Dong Zhuo , Chu Stanley , Pells Troy J , Vize Peter D , Hinman Veronica F , Ettensohn Charles A
Published: January 2024

Echinobase (www.echinobase.org) is a model organism knowledgebase serving as a resource for the community that studies echinoderms, a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes sea urchins and sea stars. Echinoderms have been important experimental models for over 100 years and continue to make important contributions to environmental, evolutionary, and developmental studies, including research on developmental gene regulatory networks. As a centralized resource, Echinobase hosts genomes and collects functional genomic data, reagents, literature, and other information for the community. This third-generation site is based on the Xenbase knowledgebase design and utilizes gene-centric pages to minimize the time and effort required to access genomic information. Summary gene pages display gene symbols and names, functional data, links to the JBrowse genome browser, and orthology to other organisms and reagents, and tabs from the Summary gene page contain more detailed information concerning mRNAs, proteins, diseases, and protein–protein interactions. The gene pages also display 1:1 orthologs between the fully supported species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin), Lytechinus variegatus (green sea urchin), Patiria miniata (bat star), and Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns sea star). JBrowse tracks are available for visualization of functional genomic data from both fully supported species and the partially supported species Anneissia japonica (feather star), Asterias rubens (sugar star), and L. pictus (painted sea urchin). Echinobase serves a vital role by providing researchers with annotated genomes including orthology, functional genomic data aligned to the genomes, and curated reagents and data. The Echinoderm Anatomical Ontology provides a framework for standardizing developmental data across the phylum, and knowledgebase content is formatted to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable by the research community.
Detectability analysis of very low frequency earthquakes: methods and application in Nankai using F-net and DONET broad-band seismometers
Authors: Takemura Shunsuke , Baba Satoru , Yabe Suguru , Yamashita Yusuke , Shiomi Katsuhiko , Matsuzawa Takanori
Published: January 2024

For a more quantitative discussion of slow earthquake activity, we evaluated the detectable limits of very low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs), which are seismic slow earthquakes observed in very low-frequency (< 0.05 Hz) bands in the Nankai subduction zone. We performed numerical simulations using a local 3-D model and used the observed noise level of permanent broad-band seismometers. First, we investigated the effects of the source-time functions on the maximum amplitudes of the VLFE signals at a certain station. The maximum amplitudes of the VLFE signals were controlled by the VLFE moment rate. The detectable limit of VLFEs at each source location can be defined as the lowest moment rate of detectable VLFEs, which radiate signals larger than the noise levels of any component at ≥ 3 stations. For inland seismometers only, the detectable limits of VLFEs at deep (30–40 km) and shallow (≤ 10 km) depths were 1012–1012.3 and 1012.7 N·m s−1, respectively. Due to the geometrical spreading of VLFE signals and large noise levels in horizontal components, offshore seismometers improved the detectability of shallow VLFEs in regions where seismometers were densely deployed. Based on our detectability and published catalogues, shallow slow earthquakes are less active south-southwest off the Kii Peninsula, where geodetic studies expect mechanical coupling.
Development of a single-visit protocol for the management of pregnancy of unknown location following in vitro fertilization: a retrospective study
Authors: Dooley W M , de Braud L V , Wong M , Platts S , Ross J A , Jurkovic D
Published: January 2024

STUDY QUESTION

Can women with pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) following in vitro fertilization (IVF) be risk-stratified regarding the subsequent need for medical intervention, based on their demographic characteristics and the results of serum biochemistry at the initial visit?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The ratio of serum hCG to number of days from conception (hCG/C) or the initial serum hCG level at ≥5 weeks’ gestation could be used to estimate the risk of women presenting with PUL following IVF and needing medical intervention during their follow-up.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

In women with uncertain conception dates presenting with PUL, a single serum hCG measurement cannot be used to predict the final pregnancy outcomes, thus, serial levels are mandatory to establish a correct diagnosis. Serum progesterone levels can help to risk-stratify women at their initial visit but are not accurate in those taking progesterone supplementation, such as women pregnant following IVF.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This was a retrospective study carried out at two specialist early pregnancy assessment units between May 2008 and January 2021. A total of 224 women met the criteria for inclusion, but 14 women did not complete the follow-up and were excluded from the study.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

We selected women who had an IVF pregnancy and presented with PUL at ≥5 weeks’ gestation.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

A total of 30/210 (14.0%, 95% CI 9.9–19.8) women initially diagnosed with PUL required surgical intervention. The hCG/C was significantly higher in the group of women requiring an intervention compared to those who did not (P = 0.003), with an odds ratio of 3.65 (95% CI 1.49–8.89, P = 0.004). A hCG/C <4.0 was associated with a 1.9% risk of intervention, which accounted for 25.7% of the study population. A similar result was obtained by substituting hCG/C <4.0 with an initial hCG level <100 IU/l, which was associated with 2.0% risk of intervention, and accounted for 23.8% of the study population (P > 0.05)

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

A limitation of our study is that it is retrospective in nature, and as such, we were reliant on existing data.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

A previous study in women with PUL after spontaneous conception found that a 2% intervention rate was considered low enough to eliminate the need for close follow-up and serial blood tests. Using the same 2% cut-off, a quarter of women with PUL after IVF could also avoid attending for further visits and investigations.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No external funding was required for this study. No conflicts of interest are required to be declared.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.
Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Autophagy via Toll-like Receptor 4 and Drives M2 Polarization in Macrophages
Authors: Zheng Qing , Li Zhi , Zhou Yu , Li Yuru , Gong Meiliang , Sun Heqiang , Deng Xinli , Ma Yueyun
Published: January 2024

Background

Tuberculosis (TB), predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, remains a prominent global health challenge. Macrophages are the frontline defense against MTB, relying on autophagy for intracellular bacterial clearance. However, MTB can combat and evade autophagy, and it influences macrophage polarization, facilitating immune evasion and promoting infection. We previously found that heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) inhibits autophagy in A549 cells; however, its role in macrophage autophagy and polarization remains unclear.

Methods

Bacterial cultures, cell cultures, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, macrophage infection assays, siRNA knockdown, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to investigate HBHA's impact on macrophages and its relevance in Mycobacterium infection.

Results

HBHA inhibited macrophage autophagy. Expression of recombinant HBHA in Mycobacterium smegmatis (rMS-HBHA) inhibited autophagy, promoting bacterial survival within macrophages. Conversely, HBHA knockout in the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) mutant (BCG-ΔHBHA) activated autophagy and reduced bacterial survival. Mechanistic investigations revealed that HBHA may inhibit macrophage autophagy through the Toll-like receptor 4–dependent PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, HBHA induced macrophage M2 polarization.

Conclusions

Mycobacterium may exploit HBHA to suppress the antimicrobial immune response in macrophages, facilitating intracellular survival and immune evasion through autophagy inhibition and M2 polarization induction. Our findings may help identify novel therapeutic targets and develop more effective treatments against MTB infection.
Speaking Volumes: Introducing the UNGA Speech Corpus
Authors: Turco Linnea R
Published: January 2024

Many theoretical conclusions core to the study of international politics rely on having access to, and understanding, the rhetoric of international actors. One important development in advancing the empirical study of international relations (IR) theory, therefore, is the availability of machine-analyzable speech data. A collection of fine-grained textual representations of states’ speeches in the context of an important international organization, such as the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), is needed to understand the ideas, preferences, and values that states put forth in their statements. An especially promising use for such a corpus of texts would be to measure states’ preferences based on their statements. In an effort to add to the burgeoning field of text-as-data in IR, I present the UNGA Speech Corpus, a collection of over 34,000 speeches delivered by states in the UNGA from 1993 to 2018. I use it to improve on recent work that links text to preferences in IR by combining a structural topic model with locally trained word embeddings to estimate the policy positions of states on specific topics. I then show how these “topic scores” can help scholars to improve their analyses of exigent international issues, such as global climate change governance.
The Inflationary Impact of a Large Devaluation across the Income Distribution: The Case of Egypt in 2016
Authors: Alazzawi Shireen , Hlasny Vladimir
Published: January 2024

Large-scale currency devaluations often result in rapid inflation, disproportionately affecting households with lower incomes, as they typically allocate a higher portion of their expenses to tradable goods. In this study, we examine cost-of-living changes of households across the income distribution in a relatively highly regulated, modest-inequality economy—Egypt—following the November 2016 devaluation of the Egyptian Pound when it depreciated by approximately 50%. We model the exchange rate pass through to domestic prices of various commodities, and the consumption responses by distinct economic groups, using true cost-of-living indices. We first quantify the exchange-rate pass-through to commodity prices, and then introduce a readily applicable methodology based on minimal data requirements to study the distributional implications for households’ cost of living and welfare, taking substitution effects and changes in preferences into consideration. Our findings reveal that over 30% of the rise in the cost of living of the average household was due to the devaluation, raising the amount of compensating variation necessary to keep households at their 2015 real welfare levels by 30% to 40% compared to the counterfactual scenario absent devaluation. These effects were more pronounced for some regions and among the poorest households. These disparities in welfare effects underscore the importance of designing and implementing targeted transfers to mitigate the negative impact of similar devaluations.
Comparison of phenomic profiles in the All of Us Research Program against the US general population and the UK Biobank
Authors: Zeng Chenjie , Schlueter David J , Tran Tam C , Babbar Anav , Cassini Thomas , Bastarache Lisa A , Denny Josh C
Published: January 2024

Importance

Knowledge gained from cohort studies has dramatically advanced both public and precision health. The All of Us Research Program seeks to enroll 1 million diverse participants who share multiple sources of data, providing unique opportunities for research. It is important to understand the phenomic profiles of its participants to conduct research in this cohort.

Objectives

More than 280 000 participants have shared their electronic health records (EHRs) in the All of Us Research Program. We aim to understand the phenomic profiles of this cohort through comparisons with those in the US general population and a well-established nation-wide cohort, UK Biobank, and to test whether association results of selected commonly studied diseases in the All of Us cohort were comparable to those in UK Biobank.

Materials and Methods

We included participants with EHRs in All of Us and participants with health records from UK Biobank. The estimates of prevalence of diseases in the US general population were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study. We conducted phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) of 9 commonly studied diseases in both cohorts.

Results

This study included 287 012 participants from the All of Us EHR cohort and 502 477 participants from the UK Biobank. A total of 314 diseases curated by the GBD were evaluated in All of Us, 80.9% (N = 254) of which were more common in All of Us than in the US general population [prevalence ratio (PR) >1.1, P < 2 × 10−5]. Among 2515 diseases and phenotypes evaluated in both All of Us and UK Biobank, 85.6% (N = 2152) were more common in All of Us (PR >1.1, P < 2 × 10−5). The Pearson correlation coefficients of effect sizes from PheWAS between All of Us and UK Biobank were 0.61, 0.50, 0.60, 0.57, 0.40, 0.53, 0.46, 0.47, and 0.24 for ischemic heart diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, colorectal cancer, lower back pain, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and cystic fibrosis, respectively.

Discussion

Despite the differences in prevalence of diseases in All of Us compared to the US general population or the UK Biobank, our study supports that All of Us can facilitate rapid investigation of a broad range of diseases.

Conclusion

Most diseases were more common in All of Us than in the general US population or the UK Biobank. Results of disease-disease association tests from All of Us are comparable to those estimated in another well-studied national cohort.
Bub1 suppresses inflammatory arthritis–associated bone loss in mice through inhibition of TNFα–mediated osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Yoshida Shuhei , Ikedo Aoi , Yanagihara Yuta , Sakaue Tomohisa , Saeki Noritaka , Imai Yuuki
Published: January 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis, bone and cartilage destruction, and increased fracture risk with bone loss. Although disease–modifying antirheumatic drugs have dramatically improved clinical outcomes, these therapies are not universally effective in all patients because of the heterogeneity of RA pathogenesis. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis, including associated bone loss, in order to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we found that Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1) was highly expressed in RA patients’ synovium and murine ankle tissue with arthritis. As CD45+CD11b+ myeloid cells are a Bub1 highly expressing population among synovial cells in mice, myeloid cell–specific Bub1 conditional knockout (Bub1ΔLysM) mice were generated. Bub1ΔLysM mice exhibited reduced femoral bone mineral density when compared with control (Ctrl) mice under K/BxN serum–transfer arthritis, with no significant differences in joint inflammation or bone erosion based on a semi–quantitative erosion score and histological analysis. Bone histomorphometry revealed that femoral bone mass of Bub1ΔLysM under arthritis was reduced by increased osteoclastic bone resorption. RNA-seq and subsequent Gene Set Enrichment Analysis demonstrated a significantly enriched nuclear factor-kappa B pathway among upregulated genes in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)–stimulated bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMMs) obtained from Bub1ΔLysM mice. Indeed, osteoclastogenesis using BMMs derived from Bub1ΔLysM was enhanced by RANKL and tumor necrosis factor-α or RANKL and IL-1β treatment compared with Ctrl. Finally, osteoclastogenesis was increased by Bub1 inhibitor BAY1816032 treatment in BMMs derived from wildtype mice. These data suggest that Bub1 expressed in macrophages plays a protective role against inflammatory arthritis–associated bone loss through inhibition of inflammation–mediated osteoclastogenesis.
An 18-day, 3 °C cold treatment effectively kills Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.)
Authors: Brown Samuel D J , Bellvé André M , Santos Karina , Baldassarre Cristian E , Mansfield Emma , Bilgi Vineeta , Urlacher Elodie M G , Devitt Jessica C , Jamieson Lisa E
Published: January 2024

A series of experiments were carried out to develop a phytosanitary disinfestation protocol to kill Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly, Diptera: Tephritidae) in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang and A.R. Ferguson) and ‘Zesy002’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Experiments on 4 immature life stages (eggs and 3 larval instars) with treatment durations of between 5 and 18 days showed that third instars were the most tolerant to temperatures around 3 °C, with the lethal time to 99.9968% (probit 9) mortality (LT99.9968) estimated to be 17.3 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4–18.2). Larvae reared and treated in ‘Zesy002’ were significantly more susceptible to cold treatment than those reared in ‘Hayward’. A large-scale trial testing a disinfestation protocol of 3 ± 0.5 °C for 18 days treated over 500,000 third-instar C. capitata with no survivors. These results demonstrate that a cold treatment of 3.5 °C or below for 18 days induces C. capitata mortality in kiwifruit at a rate that exceeds 99.9968% with a degree of confidence greater than 99%.
Evaluation of fumigant toxicity of cyclohexanone to 5 species of insect pests
Authors: Liu Yong-Biao
Published: January 2024

Cyclohexanone is a major precursor for nylon production and is also used as a pesticide solvent. In this study, cyclohexanone was evaluated as a fumigant against rice weevil adults, confused flour beetle adults, western flower thrips larvae and adults, spotted wing drosophila adults, and subterranean termite workers. Cyclohexanone fumigation was effective against all 5 insects, and there were considerable variations in susceptibility to cyclohexanone fumigation among the 5 species. At 20 °C, complete control of spotted wing drosophila adults was achieved in 1-h fumigation with 25 μl/l of cyclohexanone and complete control of eastern subterranean termite workers was achieved in 3-h fumigations with 50 μl/l dose of cyclohexanone. Stored-product insects confused flour beetle, and rice weevil adults were more tolerant to cyclohexanone fumigation. Fumigations of 24 h with 75 μl/l dose of cyclohexanone caused 100% mortality of rice weevil adults and 98% mortality of confused flower beetle adults. Even at a 100 μl/l dose, the 24-h fumigations did not achieve 100% mortality of confused flour beetle adults. At 5 °C, complete control of western flower thrips was achieved in 3- and 6-h fumigations with 100 and 50 μl/l doses of cyclohexanone, respectively. Cyclohexanone vapor concentrations were measured using cyclohexanone detector tubes. Vapor concentrations were far below the expected saturation concentration indicating that most cyclohexanone did not exist as vapor in fumigation chambers. The results of effective control of all 5 insect species suggest that cyclohexanone has the potential to be used as a fumigant for postharvest pest control.
Extended curettage for tumour-induced osteomalacia in the bone
Authors: Okajima Koichi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Ito Nobuaki , Kato Hajime , Ishibashi Yuki , Zhang Liuzhe , Tsuda Yusuke , Tanaka Sakae
Published: January 2024

Background

extended curettage is generally used to treat infiltrative bone tumours. However, the extent of the curettage performed in previous studies remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of extended curettage for bone tumour-induced osteomalacia.

Methods

we included 12 patients with tumour-induced osteomalacia who underwent extended curettage at our hospital between 2000 and 2022. Extended curettage was applied in cases where tumour resection could cause functional impairment or necessitate complex reconstruction. We investigated patients’ clinical and oncological outcomes.

Results

patients had a mean age of 55 (24–81) years, and the median follow-up duration after surgery was 3.9 (1.0–14.0) years. The causative tumours were located in the pelvis and lumbar spine. Imaging revealed the tumours to be of the sclerotic, intertrabecular, lytic and mixed types. Intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy was used in 10 patients. Extended curettage with high-speed burring and adjuvant therapy with cauterization using an electric scalpel and ethanol resulted in a remission rate of 83%; no recurrence or metastasis was observed in cases of early postoperative biochemical remission. In cases where the causative tumour was at the lumbar spine and ischium close to the acetabulum, no postoperative biochemical remission was observed, and conservative treatment was continued. Except for one patient with a tumour in the lumbar spine, all patients could walk without a cane.

Conclusions

extended curettage for bone tumour-induced osteomalacia is oncologically and functionally favourable, especially in cases where resection of the causative tumour could cause functional impairment or necessitate complex reconstruction.
Exploring various measures of the area under the curve for the assessment of dose-proportionality and estimation of bioavailability
Authors: Brocks Dion R , Minthorn Elisabeth A , Davies Brian E
Published: January 2024

Objective

In pharmacokinetics, the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) extrapolated to infinity (AUC0−∞) is the preferred metric but it is not always possible to have a reliable estimate of the terminal phase half-life. Here we sought to explore the accuracy of three different area measures to accurately identify dose proportionality and bioavailability.

Methods

One to three compartment model simulations with different doses for dose-proportionality or different rates and/or extents of bioavailability. Area measures evaluated were AUC0−∞, to the last quantifiable concentration (AUCtlast), and to a common time value (AUCt’).

Results

Under linear pharmacokinetics, AUCt’ provided the most accurate measure of dose proportionality. Except for the one compartment model where AUC0−∞ provided the best predictor of the true measure, there was no clear advantage to the use of either of the three measures of AUC.

Conclusion

With uncertainty about the terminal phase half-life, the use of AUCt’ can be a very useful and even the preferred measure of exposure for use in assessing proportionality in exposure between doses. The choice of AUC measure in bioavailability is less clear and may depend on compartmental nature of the drug, and study parameters including assay sensitivity and sampling protocols.
Behind the mask: can HARMONI@ELT detect biosignatures in the reflected light of Proxima b?
Authors: Vaughan Sophia R , Birkby Jayne L , Thatte Niranjan , Carlotti Alexis , Houllé Mathis , Pereira-Santaella Miguel , Clarke Fraser , Vigan Arthur , Lin Zifan , Kaltenegger Lisa
Published: January 2024

Proxima b is a rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone of the nearest star system and a key test case in the search for extraterrestrial life. Here, we investigate the characterization of a potential Earth-like atmosphere around Proxima b in reflected light via molecule mapping, combining high-resolution spectroscopy (HRS) and high contrast imaging, using the first-generation integral field spectrograph, High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (HARMONI), on the 39-m Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). We simulate comprehensive observations of Proxima b at an assumed 45° inclination using HARMONI’s High Contrast Adaptive Optics mode, with spatial resolution $\sim 8 \,\rm mas$ ($3.88 \,\rm mas$ spaxel−1) and spectral resolving power R ≃ 17 000 between 1.538–$1.678\,\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$, containing the spectral features of water, carbon dioxide, and methane. Tellurics, stellar features, and additional noise sources are included, and removed using established molecule mapping techniques. We find that HARMONI’s current focal plane mask (FPM) is too large and obscures the orbit of Proxima b and thus explore smaller and offset FPMs to yield a detection. An $\rm {S/N}=5$ detection of Proxima b’s reflected light, suitable for atmospheric characterization, is possible with such modifications, requiring a minimum of 20 h, but ideally at least 30 h of integration time. We highlight that such detections do not scale with the photon noise, hence suitably detailed simulations of future instruments for the ELTs are needed to fully understand their ability to perform HRS observations of exoplanet atmospheres. Alterations to the HARMONI FPM design are feasible at this stage, but must be considered in context of other science cases.
A study of extreme C iii]1908 & [O iii]88/[C ii]157 emission in Pox 186: implications for JWST+ALMA (FUV + FIR) studies of distant galaxies
Authors: Kumari Nimisha , Smit Renske , Leitherer Claus , Witstok Joris , Irwin Mike J , Sirianni Marco , Aloisi Alessandra
Published: January 2024

Carbon spectral features are ubiquitous in the ultraviolet (UV) and far-infrared (FIR) spectra of the reionization-era galaxies. We probe the ionized carbon content of a dwarf galaxy Pox 186 using the UV, optical, mid-infrared, and FIR data taken with Hubble, Gemini, Spitzer, and Herschel, respectively. This local (z ∼ 0.0040705) galaxy is likely an analogue of reionization-era galaxies, as revealed by its extreme FIR emission line ratio, [O iii] $88 \,\mu \mathrm{m}$/[C ii] $157 \,\mu \mathrm{m}$ (>10). The UV spectra reveal extreme C iii] λλ1907, 1909 emission with the strongest equivalent width (EW) = 35.85 ± 0.73 Å detected so far in the local (z ∼ 0) Universe, a relatively strong C iv λλ1548, 1550 emission with EW = 7.95 ± 0.45 Å, but no He ii λ1640 detection. Several scenarios are explored to explain the high EW of carbon lines, including high effective temperature, high carbon-to-oxygen ratio, slope, and upper mass of top-heavy initial mass function, hard ionizing radiation, and in-homogeneous dust distribution. Both C iii] and C iv line profiles are broadened with respect to the O iii] λ1666 emission line. Each emission line of C iv λλ1548, 1550 shows the most distinct double-peak structure ever detected, which we model via two scenarios, firstly a double-peaked profile that might emerge from resonant scattering and secondly, a single nebular emission line along with a weaker interstellar absorption. The study demonstrates that galaxies with extreme FIR properties may also show extreme UV properties, hence paving a promising avenue of using FIR+UV in the local (via Hubble+Herschel/SOFIA) and distant (via JWST + ALMA) Universe for unveiling the mysteries of the reionization-era.
The reionizing bubble size distribution around galaxies
Authors: Lu Ting-Yi , Mason Charlotte A , Hutter Anne , Mesinger Andrei , Qin Yuxiang , Stark Daniel P , Endsley Ryan
Published: January 2024

Lyman-alpha (Ly α) emission from galaxies is currently our most promising probe for constraining when and how reionization began, and thus when the first galaxies formed. At z > 7, the majority of galaxies detected with Ly α are in candidate overdensities. Here, we quantify the probability of these galaxies residing in large ionized bubbles. We create (1.6 Gpc)3 intergalactic medium (IGM) simulations: sufficient volume to robustly measure bubble size distributions around UV-bright galaxies and rare overdensities. We find ${M_{\small UV}}\lesssim -16$ galaxies and overdensities are ≳10–1000 × more likely to trace ionized bubbles compared to randomly selected positions. The brightest galaxies and strongest overdensities have bubble size distributions with highest characteristic size and least scatter. We compare two models: gradual reionization driven by numerous UV-faint galaxies versus rapid reionization by rarer brighter galaxies, producing larger bubbles at fixed neutral fraction. We demonstrate that recently observed z ∼ 7 overdensities are highly likely to trace large ionized bubbles, corroborated by their high Ly α detection rates. However, Ly α detections at z ≈ 8.7 in EGS and z = 10.6 in GN-z11 are unlikely to trace large bubbles in our fiducial model – 11 and 7 per cent probability of >1 proper Mpc bubbles, respectively. Ly α detections at such high redshifts could be explained by: a less neutral IGM than previously expected; larger ionized regions at fixed neutral fraction; or if intrinsic Ly α flux is unusually strong in these galaxies. We discuss how to test these scenarios with JWST and prospects for upcoming wide-area surveys to distinguish between reionization models.
Severe and fatal interstitial lung disease induced by gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a case report
Authors: Haag Edwin Kelly , Adjadé Ganiou , Dawood Héba , El Fadli Mohammed , Essadi Ismail , Belbaraka Rhizlane
Published: January 2024

Gemcitabine is a cytotoxic drug commonly used in the treatment of several types of cancer. While gemcitabine is generally considered safe and effective, it can cause some side effects, including pulmonary toxicity. Interstitial lung disease is a rare but potentially serious event. We report a case of a 63-year-old patient with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. She received Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on day 1, and day 8, and presented on day 15 of the first cycle with respiratory distress rapidly aggravating. Clinical and radiological findings were concordant with interstitial lung disease. Management consisted of high doses of corticosteroids and oxygen therapy. There was no clinical improvement and the patient passed away after a few days. Despite its low incidence, gemcitabine-induced interstitial lung disease may be responsible for a fatal clinical picture. Clinicians must be aware of this possibility and address respiratory symptoms as soon as possible.
Toxicological evaluation of a pumpkin-derived pectin preparation: in vitro genotoxicity studies and a 13-week oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Kleijn Anne F , Mutter Margien , Akingbasote James A , Meetro Jwar , Simon Ryan R , Muntendam Pieter , Frommhagen Matthias , Schols Henk A
Published: January 2024

The safety of a rhamnogalacturonan-I-enriched pectin extract (G3P-01) from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata var. Dickinson) was evaluated for use as an ingredient in food and dietary supplements. G3P-01 was tested in a battery of genetic toxicity studies including reverse mutagenicity and in vitro micronucleus assay. In addition, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and orally dosed with G3P-01 incorporated in animal diet at concentrations of 0, 9000, 18,000, and 36,000 ppm daily for 13-weeks (n=10/sex/group) in line with OECD guidelines (TG 408). The results of the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and micronucleus assay in TK6 cells demonstrated a lack of genotoxicity. The 13-week oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated that the test article, G3P-01 was well tolerated; there were no mortalities and no adverse effects on clinical, gross pathology, hematology, blood chemistry, and histological evaluation of the essential organs of the animals. The present study demonstrates that G3P-01 is non-genotoxic and is safe when ingested in diet at concentrations up to 36, 000 ppm. The subchronic no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for G3P-01 was concluded to be 36,000 ppm, equivalent to 1,899 and 2,361 mg/kg/day for male and female rats respectively.
Efficacy and safety of EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) versus laparoscopic-assisted ERCP: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gangwani Manesh Kumar , Haghbin Hossein , Priyanka Fnu , Hadi Yousaf , Dahiya Dushyant Singh , Kamal Faisal , Lee-Smith Wade , Nawras Ali , Aziz Muhammad , Adler Douglas G.
Published: January 2024

The altered anatomy in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) makes conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) a technically challenging procedure. EUS–directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) and laparoscopic-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP) are alternative modalities used with comparable efficacy and adverse events in such patients. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing EDGE and LA-ERCP to assess the efficacy and safety in patients with RYGB. We conducted a comprehensive literature search from inception to July 7, 2022, on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases using the core concepts of EDGE and LA-ERCP. We excluded case reports, case series (<10 patients), and review articles. Relative risk (RR) was calculated when comparing dichotomous variables, whereas mean difference was calculated for continuous outcomes. A 95% confidence interval (CI) and P values (<0.05 considered significant) were also generated. The search strategy yielded a total of 55 articles. We finalized 4 studies with total 192 patients (75 EDGE and 117 LA-ERCP). The rates of technical success were not significantly different for LA-ERCP and EDGE (RR, 0.994; 95% CI, 0.939–1.051; P = 0.830, I
2 = 0%) Similarly, no difference in adverse events was noted between the 2 groups (RR, 1.216; 95% CI, 0.561–2.634; P = 0.620, I
2 = 10.67%). Shorter procedure time was noted for EDGE compared with the LA-ERCP group (mean difference, 91.53 min; 95% CI, 69.911–113.157 min; P < 0.001, I
2 = 8.32%). EDGE and LA-ERCP are comparable in terms of efficacy and safety. In addition, EDGE has overall lower procedural time. Our study suggests that EDGE should be considered as a first-line therapy if expertise available.
Revolution of hands-on model for interventional EUS: How to make a training model
Authors: Chantarojanasiri Tanyaporn , Siripun Aroon , Pinyotheppratarn Ratchamon , Kongkam Pradermchai , Pausawasdi Nonthalee , Ratanachu-ek Thawee
Published: January 2024

EUS interventions have an increasing role in the treatment for hepatobiliary-pancreatic diseases. However, the procedure itself is not frequently performed, needs expertise, and carries a high risk of complications. With these limitations, the hands-on practice model is very important for the endoscopist in training for EUS intervention. There have been various hands-on models for EUS interventions, ranging from in vivo living pig model to all-synthetic model. Although a living model provides realistic sensation, the preparation is complex and increases concerns for zoonotic issues. All-synthetic models are easier to prepare and store but not realistic and still need the room for improvement. Hybrid ex vivo model is more widely available and provides various training procedures but still needs special preparation for the porcine tissue.
The current status and challenges of perioperative management of patients with a BMI of greater than or equal to 50 kg/m2 undergoing bariatric surgery in China: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Authors: Yang Ningli , Hua Hongxia , Liu Shaozhuang , Zhang Songhai , Zhao Xiangwen , Zhang Peng , Zhang Pin , Wang Yong , Shen Jiajia , Lin Shibo , Guan Wei , Liang Hui
Published: January 2024

Background:

Performing bariatric surgery on patients with a BMI of over 50 kg/m2 is challenging. This study aimed to explore the status and challenges related to the perioperative management of such patients in China.

Materials and methods:

A prospective survey was designed to investigate the perioperative management of patients with a BMI of greater than or equal to 50 kg/m2 undergoing bariatric surgery in China. The questionnaire of our survey included general information, preoperative management measures, surgical procedures performed, technical details regarding anaesthesia, and postoperative management measures. A response from only one attending physician per bariatric centre was accepted.

Results:

Physicians from a total of 101 hospitals responded to the questionnaire, and the questionnaire data from 98 hospitals were complete. These centres had completed a total of 44 702 bariatric surgeries since the launch of such surgery to December 2021. A total of 3280 patients had a BMI exceeding 50 kg/m2. The preferred surgical procedures for patients with super obesity were sleeve gastrectomy by 62 centres, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by 11 centres, sleeve gastrectomy plus jejunojejunal bypass by 19 centres, one anastomosis gastric bypass by 1 centre, and duodenal switch by 1 centre. The most worrying issues were cardiopulmonary failure and difficulty in extubation. 91 centres believed that preoperative weight loss was beneficial. A low-calorie diet was the specific measure mainly implemented, only three centres considered using intragastric balloon placement. Postoperative management measures varied greatly.

Conclusion:

Bariatric surgery has seen rapid development. Chinese physicians show significant differences regarding the perioperative management for patients with a BMI of over 50 kg/m2. The perioperative risks of these patients remain relatively high, making further development of clinical pathways is necessary.
Three-dimensional printed mold for neovaginal cavity maintenance in vaginal agenesis: A case report
Authors: Lim Chul Kwon , Yang Jung Bo , Lee Jin Yu , Ha Joong Gyu , Choi Won Kyu , Kim Seung Hyun , Hwang In Taek
Published: January 2024

Rationale:

Vaginal agenesis is a congenital anomaly that causes physical and psychosocial problems for women. Many surgical procedures for neovaginal reconstruction have been described in the literature. Using an appropriate vaginal mold is crucial for a successful surgical outcome. Here, we present an effective solution for neovaginal cavity maintenance involving the use of a customized three-dimensional (3D) printed vaginal mold created using thermoplastic polyurethane material.

Patient concerns:

Here, we present a case of non-syndromic agenesis of the lower vagina in an 18-year-old girl and the postsurgical management.

Diagnosis:

After a thorough evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome or Müllerian agenesis.

Interventions:

After drainage of the pus during acute infection of a patient with vaginal agenesis, a condom and alginate were used to create a mold. The mold was then used to create a permanent, customized mold with a 3D printer.

Outcomes:

This report is the first to suggest using a 3D printer to create molds to maintain vaginal dilation after the creation of a neovagina.

Lessons:

This approach can be applied for patients with vaginal agenesis and stenosis and can be used as a novel method for maintaining the neovaginal structure without affecting the patient’s quality of life.
Predictive Insights Into Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Chronic Pancreatitis and Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Authors: Tanaka Tomoyuki , Kimura Takefumi , Wakabayashi Shun-ichi , Okamura Takuma , Shigeto Shohei , Tanaka Naoki , Kondo Shohei , Horiuchi Ichitaro , Kuraishi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Akira , Ashihara Norihiro , Kanai Keita , Nagaya Tadanobu , Watanabe Takayuki , Umemura Takeji
Published: January 2024

Objective

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a common manifestation of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). This study aimed to estimate the presence of EPI in patients with CP or AIP using alternative clinical markers.

Materials and Methods

A machine learning analysis employing a decision tree model was conducted on a retrospective training cohort comprising 57 patients with CP or AIP to identify EPI, defined as fecal elastase-1 levels less than 200 μg/g. The outcomes were then confirmed in a validation cohort of 26 patients.

Results

Thirty-nine patients (68%) exhibited EPI in the training cohort. The decision tree algorithm revealed body mass index (≤21.378 kg/m2) and total protein level (≤7.15 g/dL) as key variables for identifying EPI. The algorithm's performance was assessed using 5-fold cross-validation, yielding area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.890, 0.875, 0.750, 0.625, and 0.771, respectively. The results from the validation cohort closely replicated those in the training cohort.

Conclusions

Decision tree analysis revealed that EPI in patients with CP or AIP can be identified based on body mass index and total protein. These findings may help guide the implementation of appropriate treatments for EPI.
Orthopaedic Nurse Navigators and Total Joint Arthroplasty Preoperative Optimization
Authors: Kebeh Martha , Dlott Chloe C. , Kurek Donna , Morris Jensa C. , Johnson Charla B. , Wiznia Daniel H.
Published: January 2024

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease are some of the most common risk factors for complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Preoperative optimization programs are dependent on nurse navigators for coordination of interventions that improve patients' health and surgical outcomes. This article uses information regarding the current practices for diabetes and cardiovascular disease management to provide recommendations for nurse navigators when managing these risk factors prior to TJA. We consulted nurse navigators and conducted a literature review to learn about strategies for addressing diabetes and cardiovascular disease in preoperative optimization programs. Nurse navigators can play a critical role in addressing these conditions by providing patient education and implementing preoperative optimization protocols that incorporate discussion regarding guidelines for diabetes and cardiovascular disease management prior to surgery. This article shares recommendations and resources for nurse navigators to help address diabetes and cardiovascular disease as part of preoperative optimization programs.
Evidence-Based Performance Measures for Reconstruction after Skin Cancer Resection: A Multidisciplinary Performance Measure Set
Authors: Chen Andrew , Ray Peter , Rogers Howard , Bialowas Christie , Butala Parag , Chen Michael , Daveluy Steven D. , Davidson Caryn , Faringer Paul , Guarda Helena , Kantor Jonathan , Kaweski Susan , Lawrence Naomi , Lickstein David , Lomax John , Parra Sylvia , Retson Nicholas , Suryadevara Amar , Smith Ryan , Tollefson Travis T. , Wisco Oliver J.
Published: January 2024

Background:

The American Society of Plastic Surgeons commissioned the multidisciplinary Performance Measure Development Work Group on Reconstruction after Skin Cancer Resection to identify and draft quality measures for the care of patients undergoing skin cancer reconstruction. Included stakeholders were the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the American Academy of Dermatology, the American Society of Dermatologic Surgery, the American College of Mohs Surgery, the American Society for Mohs Surgery, and a patient representative.

Methods:

Two outcome measures and five process measures were identified. The outcome measures included the following: (1) patient satisfaction with information provided by their surgeon before their facial procedure, and (2) postprocedural urgent care or emergency room use. The process measures focus on antibiotic stewardship, anticoagulation continuation and/or coordination of care, opioid avoidance, and verification of clear margins.

Results:

All measures in this report were approved by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Quality and Performance Measures Work Group and Executive Committee, and the stakeholder societies.

Conclusion:

The work group recommends the use of these measures for quality initiatives, Continuing Medical Education, Continuous Certification, Qualified Clinical Data Registry reporting, and national quality reporting programs.
Cerebral and Aortic Aneurysms in Electroconvulsive Therapy Patients
Authors: Ullrich Heiko , Sartorius Alexander , Karl Sebastian
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Theoretically, the procedural risk of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) could be increased in the presence of undetected aneurysms due to the hemodynamic changes associated with ECT. However, empirical evidence is limited to few individual case reports and case series.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of available evidence on ECT treatment in patients with intracranial aneurysms and untreated aortic aneurysms and we retrospectively analyzed data from 252 consecutive patients referred for ECT at the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of Siegen Hospital, Germany, who received magnetic resonance angiographies and abdominal sonographies as part of their routine pre-ECT workup.

Results

Of 252 patients referred for ECT, 5 (2.0%) were found to have an intracerebral aneurysm and 1 (0.4%) was found to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm. These cases are reported in detail together with 2 additional cases of aortic aneurysms from the Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. Electroconvulsive therapy was performed without complications in all 8 cases.

Conclusions

Aneurysms might occur in ECT patients at a similar rate as in the general population. The number of ECTs performed annually in mostly unscreened patients suggests that there might be a significant number of patients with undetected aneurysms in whom ECT is performed without reported complications.
Uncovering the mosaic evolution of the carnivoran skeletal system
Authors: Law Chris J. , Hlusko Leslea J. , Tseng Z. Jack
Published: January 2024

The diversity of vertebrate skeletons is often attributed to adaptations to distinct ecological factors such as diet, locomotion, and sensory environment. Although the adaptive evolution of skull, appendicular skeleton, and vertebral column is well studied in vertebrates, comprehensive investigations of all skeletal components simultaneously are rarely performed. Consequently, we know little of how modes of evolution differ among skeletal components. Here, we tested if ecological and phylogenetic effects led to distinct modes of evolution among the cranial, appendicular and vertebral regions in extant carnivoran skeletons. Using multivariate evolutionary models, we found mosaic evolution in which only the mandible, hindlimb and posterior (i.e. last thoracic and lumbar) vertebrae showed evidence of adaptation towards ecological regimes whereas the remaining skeletal components reflect clade-specific evolutionary shifts. We hypothesize that the decoupled evolution of individual skeletal components may have led to the origination of distinct adaptive zones and morphologies among extant carnivoran families that reflect phylogenetic hierarchies. Overall, our work highlights the importance of examining multiple skeletal components simultaneously in ecomorphological analyses. Ongoing work integrating the fossil and palaeoenvironmental record will further clarify deep-time drivers that govern the carnivoran diversity we see today and reveal the complexity of evolutionary processes in multicomponent systems.
Sir Alistair G. J. MacFarlane. 9 May 1931—2 November 2021
Authors: Glover FRS Keith , Maciejowski Jan , Postlethwaite Ian
Published: January 2024

Sir Alistair MacFarlane was a gifted engineer with a fascination for feedback control systems from his industrial experience on radar systems through to his university research on multivariable control system design. He managed to excel in both practical design and mathematical analysis. He was also exceptionally effective, charismatic and visionary in leadership positions at both Cambridge and Heriot-Watt universities.