bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the pharmacological potential of Coelogyne suaveolens: An investigation of its diverse pharmacological activities by in vivo and computational studies
Authors: Eva Taslima Akter , Mamurat Husnum , Rahat Md. Habibul Hasan , Hossen S. M. Moazzem
Published: December 2023

The medicinal potential of Coelogyne suaveolens, a traditional medicinal plant, was investigated through in vivo and molecular docking studies. The ethyl acetate fraction of the plant's acetonic extract was subjected to various bioactivity tests to assess its analgesic, anxiolytic, and sedative effects on Swiss albino mice. Furthermore, we used GCMS to identify the bioactive chemicals in the extract's ethyl acetate fraction. The root and bulb extracts demonstrated significant analgesic activity in acetic acid‐induced writhing, hot plate, and tail immersion tests in a dose‐dependent manner when compared to the control. Again, the extract exhibited moderate anxiolytic activity in the elevated plus maze test at a dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight, while the root extract showed significant anxiolytic activity in the hole board test at the same dosage. Significant sedative activity was observed in the hole cross, open field, and rotarod tests at a dosage of 400 mg/kg. According to molecular docking studies, the extract has the potential to serve as an analgesic medication by reducing the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Overall, the findings suggest that C. suaveolens has substantial therapeutic potential for the development of novel treatments for pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders.
Isolation of phenolic compounds from eco‐friendly white bee propolis: Antioxidant, wound‐healing, and anti‐Alzheimer effects
Authors: Necip Adem , Demirtas Ibrahim , Tayhan Seçil Erden , Işık Mesut , Bilgin Sema , Turan İsmail Furkan , İpek Yaşar , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: December 2023

This study presents the first findings regarding extraction, isolation, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant activity. The oral mucosal wound‐healing process was investigated using propolis water extract (PWE) incubation with gingival fibroblast cells and concluded that propolis was effective on the oral mucosal wound‐healing pattern compared to untreated controls. Additionally, phenolic compounds (fraxetin, apigenin, galangin, pinobanksin, chrysin, etc.) were isolated from propolis, and their chemical structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant and anti‐Alzheimer potential activities of PWE and some isolated compounds were screened and revealing their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values ranging from 0.45 ± 0.01 to 1.15 ± 0.03 mM, as well as remarkable free‐radical scavenging and metal reduction capacities. The results suggest that these compounds and PWE can be used as therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant properties and inhibitory potential on AChE. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes since its wound‐healing effect is promising.
Magnitude and trends in inequalities in healthcare‐seeking behavior for pneumonia and mortality rate among under‐five children in Bangladesh: Evidence from nationwide cross‐sectional survey 2007 to 2017
Authors: Kundu Satyajit , Nizum Md Wahidur Rahman , Fayeza Fahmida , Chowdhury Syed Sharaf Ahmed , Bakchi Jhantu , Sharif Azaz Bin
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

Bangladesh did not have enough evidence on the current estimates and trend in inequities in the under‐five mortality rate (U5MR). There is also a shortage of evidence on trends and inequalities in healthcare‐seeking for pneumonia among under‐five children (U5C) in Bangladesh. Hence, this study investigated the inequalities in U5MR and health care seeking for pneumonia in U5C through socioeconomic and geographic disparities in Bangladesh between 2007 and 2017.

Methods

Data from 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017 Bangladesh Demographic and Health surveys were analyzed using the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software by World Health Organization (WHO). The data on U5MR and healthcare‐seeking for pneumonia were first disaggregated into five equity dimensions: wealth status, education, child sex, place of residence, and administrative divisions. Second, using summary metrics such as difference (D), population attributable risk (PAR), ratio (R), and population attributable fraction (PAF), inequalities were assessed.

Results

The U5MR declined from 73.9 deaths per 1000 live births in 2007 to 48.6 deaths in 2017, while the prevalence of healthcare‐seeking for pneumonia in U5C fluctuated over time (34.6% in 2007, 35.4% in 2011, 42.0% in 2014, and 39.8% in 2017). Profound socioeconomic and geographic disparities in U5MR and the prevalence of healthcare‐seeking for pneumonia in U5C favored the wealthy, educated, and urban residents. At the same time, the Sylhet division showed the worst situation for U5MR. There were also sex‐related disparities in U5MR (PAR = −4.5, 95% confidence interval: −5.3 to −3.7) with higher risk among male children than females.

Conclusion

These results indicate that improving disadvantaged women, such as the poor, uneducated, and rural inhabitants, who exhibit disproportionate disparities in U5MR and healthcare‐seeking behavior is important. To reduce childhood mortality, it is essential to improve healthcare‐seeking for pneumonia among U5C. Facilitating women for better education and economic encompasses would help reducing disparity.
How do credit ratings affect corporate investment efficiency?
Authors: Xiao Di , Yu Xinyu
Published: December 2023

This study examines the impact of credit ratings on the efficiency of firms' investments. Using a large sample of US firms, we find a positive relationship between the existence of credit ratings and investment efficiency. The cross‐sectional analyses show the positive relationship is more pronounced for firms with greater information asymmetry and weaker corporate governance. Our results are robust to different methods to address potential endogeneity concerns, alternative measures of key variables, and the inclusion of additional control variables. Overall, the findings support the notion that credit rating agencies enhance information transparency and external monitoring, thereby allowing rated firms to promote investment efficiency. The findings contribute to our understanding of the significant role played by credit rating agencies in shaping firms' investment behaviour and efficiency.
Deep learning based Glaucoma Network Classification (GNC) using retinal images
Authors: Kiyani Iqra Ashraf , Shehryar Tehmina , Khalid Samina , Jamil Uzma , Muzaffar Syed Adeel
Published: December 2023

The proposed deep learning framework for glaucoma classification addresses critical challenges of limited data and computational costs. Employing data augmentation and normalization techniques, the three‐stage model, utilizing InceptionV3 and ResNet50, achieves high training (99.3% ‐ 99.8%) and testing accuracy (91.6% ‐ 92.12%) on a dataset comprising 16,328 images from fused public datasets. This outperforms existing automated models. The approach leverages transfer learning and convolutional neural networks, showcasing its potential for accurate and timely glaucoma diagnosis. However, ongoing validation on diverse datasets and ethical considerations regarding fairness and transparency in medical applications remain essential. The model's reliability suggests its promising role in aiding early glaucoma detection, potentially averting irreversible vision impairment.
Computational investigation of pyrazinamide drugs and its transition metal complexes using aDFTapproach
Authors: Khan Muhammad Sanwal , Maha Nasir , Riaz Maira , Yasmin Tahira , Irfan Ahmad , Basra Muhammad Asim Raza
Published: December 2023

Pyrazinamide, an antituberculosis but documented toxic drug, is subjected to computational investigation along with the metal complexes via a DFT approach to predict the structure–activity and structure‐toxicity relationship. 6‐31G(d,p) basis set was used for Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Co, while the SDD basis set was applied to Cu, Cr, Cd, and Hg. Several reactivity parameters and charge distribution were calculated and the reactivity profile was estimated. The complexes were found to be soft and polarizable which could be responsible for their binding with bacterial targets to inhibit their growth. In contrast, pyrazinamide which is found to be hard among all is susceptible to being toxic. Moreover, the electronegative nature of the complexes can endow them with a better antibacterial effect. Since metal complexes have been found to be less toxic and more biologically interactive by computational methods, they can be employed as potent drugs for the cure of tuberculosis.
MIBlood‐EV: Minimal information to enhance the quality and reproducibility of blood extracellular vesicle research
Authors: Lucien Fabrice , Gustafson Dakota , Lenassi Metka , Li Bo , Teske Jacob J. , Boilard Eric , von Hohenberg Katharina Clemm , Falcón‐Perez Juan Manual , Gualerzi Alice , Reale Antonia , Jones Jennifer C. , Lässer Cecilia , Lawson Charlotte , Nazarenko Irina , O'Driscoll Lorraine , Pink Ryan , Siljander Pia R‐M , Soekmadji Carolina , Hendrix An , Welsh Joshua A , Witwer Kenneth W. , Nieuwland Rienk
Published: December 2023

Blood is the most commonly used body fluid for extracellular vesicle (EV) research. The composition of a blood sample and its derivatives (i.e., plasma and serum) are not only donor‐dependent but also influenced by collection and preparation protocols. Since there are hundreds of pre‐analytical protocols and over forty variables, the development of standard operating procedures for EV research is very challenging. To improve the reproducibility of blood EV research, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) Blood EV Task Force proposes standardized reporting of (i) the applied blood collection and preparation protocol and (ii) the quality of the prepared plasma and serum samples. Gathering detailed information will provide insight into the performance of the protocols and more effectively identify potential confounders in the prepared plasma and serum samples. To collect this information, the ISEV Blood EV Task Force created the Minimal Information for Blood EV research (MIBlood‐EV), a tool to record and report information about pre‐analytical protocols used for plasma and serum preparation as well as assays used to assess the quality of these preparations. This tool does not require modifications of established local pre‐analytical protocols and can be easily implemented to enhance existing databases thereby enabling evidence‐based optimization of pre‐analytical protocols through meta‐analysis. Taken together, insight into the quality of prepared plasma and serum samples will (i) improve the quality of biobanks for EV research, (ii) guide the exchange of plasma and serum samples between biobanks and laboratories, (iii) facilitate inter‐laboratory comparative EV studies, and (iv) improve the peer review process.
Activation of toll‐like receptor 4/nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling by triggering a receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 promotes alveolar macrophage M1 polarization and exacerbates septic acute lung injury
Authors: Liao Qingwu , Su Xiaojuan , Tao Zhengang , Li Zheng , Wang Huilin , Yuan Ying
Published: December 2023

Background

Septic acute lung injury (ALI) is a life‐threatening condition commonly occurring in the intensive care unit. Inflammation is considered as the basic pathological response of septic ALI. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that regulates the inflammatory response. However, the role of TREM1 in septic ALI has not yet been reported.

Methods

Cell viability was tested using the MTT assay. TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and flow cytometry were used for apoptosis. The level of protein was detected using western blot analysis. The levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β were assessed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The lactate dehydrogenase content was assessed using the assay kit. Myeloperoxidase activity was determined using an assay. Histology of lung tissue was further analyzed through hematoxylin–eosin staining.

Results

We found that TREM1 knockdown by transfection with si‐TREM1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cell apoptosis of alveolar macrophage cell line MH‐S. The LPS stimulation caused M1 polarization of MH‐S cells, which could be reversed by TREM1 knockdown. In vivo assays proved that si‐TREM1 injection improved lung injury and inflammation of cecal ligation and puncture‐induced ALI in mice. In addition, TREM1 knockdown suppressed the activation of toll‐like receptor 4/nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling, implying the involvement of TLR4 in the effects of TREM1 in response to LPS stimulation.

Conclusions

This study examined the proinflammatory role of TREM1 in septic ALI and its regulatory effect on alveolar macrophage polarization. These results suggest that TREM1 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of ALI.
Prevalence of homelessness among hospitalized patients: A point‐in‐time survey
Authors: Mistry Neelam , Knoeckel Julie , McBeth Lauren , Johnson Amanda , Bredenberg Erin , Raffel Katie , Cunningham John , Sarcone Ellen , Misky Gregory , Stella Sarah A.
Published: December 2023

Although homelessness is associated with increased acute healthcare utilization and poorer health outcomes, the prevalence of homelessness and housing insecurity in hospitalized patients is poorly characterized. We conducted an in‐person survey to determine the prevalence of housing insecurity and homelessness among hospitalized patients at two hospitals in metropolitan Denver in conjunction with the Housing and Urban Development point‐in‐time count on January 24, 2022. Of the 271 surveyed patients, 79 (29.2%) reported experiencing either housing insecurity (17.3%) or homelessness (11.8%). Of those experiencing housing insecurity or homelessness, 69.6% reported chronic health conditions, 55.7% reported multiple hospitalizations in the preceding year, 38% reported mental health concerns and 39.2% reported substance use. The prevalence of homelessness among a hospitalized patient population was over 20‐fold higher than community prevalence estimates. Housing insecurity also impacted a substantial proportion of hospitalized patients and was associated with high rates of co‐morbid conditions.
Sliding Wear Behavior of Pineapple Leaf/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites
Authors: Takle Balasaheb , Munde Yashwant , Shinde Avinash , Deore Vishal , Irulappasamy Siva
Published: December 2023

In this work, the effect of the kind of reinforcement on the sliding wear performance of a polyester matrix composite reinforced with glass fiber and pineapple leaf fiber is investigated. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effects of the type of reinforcement on the sliding wear performance of a polyester matrix composite reinforced with glass fiber and pineapple leaf fiber. By using hot press molding and the 30% weight fraction of fiber reinforcement, polyester composites with four distinct compositions—PPP, GGG, PGP, and GPG—have been created. These composites' dry sliding wear experiment is carried out using a Pin on Disc wear testing device. The following parameters are used in experiments: a track radius of 50 mm, a sliding distance (SD) of 500 m, an applied load of 50, 70, or 90 N, and a sliding velocity of 3.14, 4.71, or 6.28 m s−1. For dedicated (PPP, GGG) and hybrid (PGP, GPG) polyester composites, the effects of load, sliding velocity (SV), and wear rate (WR) are studied. At 50 N and 3.14 m s−1 the COF for PPP and GGG dedicated composites is 0.68 and 0.70, respectively, whereas for PGP and GPG hybrid composites, it is 0.41 and 0.64. The PGP/GPG hybrid composites have a minimal wear rate of 3.34e‐8 m3 s−1 and are 80% more effective than dedicated composites. Utilizing the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, regression models are created to optimize the influence of various parameters, such as load, sliding velocity, and composition. Results of confirmation tests show excellent agreement with predictions generated using the developed mathematical model.
Effects of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on Delamination in CFRP and Optimization Using Response Surface Modeling
Authors: Chandran P Sarath , Kumar Nishanth S. , Narayanan Pebble , Pratheepan Prithviraj Chengot , Reghunath Rakesh , Pilla Unnikrishnan Thekkeparambil Gopalaswamy
Published: December 2023

Carbon fiber composites recently have captured the attention of many for their wide array of properties surpassing those of traditional metals. Carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic (CFRP) has several excellent properties like a high strength‐to‐weight ratio, better chemical resistance, and other strength characteristics. But one problem affecting the use of CFRP is its delamination. This occurs during drilling holes for various operations. It is a known fact that the aircraft industry is one such industry very much dependent on such drilling operations. Failures such as fiber rupture, surface irregularities, micro‐crack formation, and deformations around drilling regions are commonly encountered during the machining of CFRP composite. This research has studied the effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles on delamination in the drilling of CFRP composite. Carbon fiber is manufactured using a vacuum bag process. The optimum conditions for the drilling process are found by using response surface modeling (RSM) which leads to minimum delamination in CFRP fabricated.
Cannabidiol Inhibits IgE‐Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation and Anaphylaxis in Mice
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Lee Dohyeon , Kim Hyun‐Woo , Park Byung‐Hyun , Lim Changjin , Bae Eun Ju
Published: December 2023

Scope

Cannabidiol (CBD), the most abundant non‐psychoactive constituent of the plant Cannabis sativa, is known to possess immune modulatory properties. This study investigates the effects of CBD on mast cell degranulation in human and mouse primary mast cells and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice.

Methods and results

Mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells and human cord‐blood derived mast cells are generated. CBD suppressed antigen‐stimulated mast cell degranulation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Mechanistically, CBD inhibited both the phosphorylation of FcεRI downstream signaling molecules and calcium mobilization in mast cells, while exerting no effect on FcεRI expression and IgE binding to FcεRI. These suppressive effects are preserved in the mast cells that are depleted of type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, as well as in the presence of CB1 agonist, CB2 agonist, CB1 inverse agonist, and CB2 inverse agonist. CBD also inhibited the development of mast cells in a long‐term culture. The intraperitoneal administration of CBD suppressed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice as evidenced by a reduction in ear swelling and decrease in the number of degranulated mast cells.

Conclusion

Based on these results, the administration of CBD is a new therapeutic intervention in mast cell‐associated anaphylactic diseases.
DEM filtration modelling for granular materials: Comparative analysis of dry and wet approaches
Authors: Abdallah Ali , Vincens Eric , Magoariec Hélène , Picault Christophe
Published: December 2023

A detailed study comparing two – dry and wet – numerical approaches to model filtration processes at stake in actual granular filters is presented using the discrete element method (DEM). In the first approach, the migration of fines is provided by gravitational forces, while in the second, hydrodynamic forces induce their movement. Numerical filtration tests were performed on granular filters involving materials with different gradings and porosities. The study demonstrated that the wet filtration approach generates higher tortuosity due to the possibility for fines to deviate from direct paths towards more open sideways. It leads to a lower coefficient of retention for the filter than if it were characterised using a dry filtration approach. However, the intensity of this feature greatly depends on the grading and the porosity of the granular filter. Finally, an enhanced dry filtration model designated as the “equivalent cyclic wet filtration model” is presented, which better mimics the results obtained through the preferable wet filtration model compared to the original dry filtration model. This new model constitutes a valuable alternative tool for studies of filtration properties in granular materials.
UK Medical Cannabis Registry: An analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ittiphakorn Pim , Erridge Simon , Holvey Carl , Coomber Ross , Rucker James J. , Sodergren Mikael H.
Published: December 2023

Aim

This study aims to analyze the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and safety outcomes in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients treated with cannabis‐based medicinal products (CBMPs).

Methods

Patients were identified from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Primary outcomes were changes in the following patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months from baseline: EQ‐5D‐5L index value, generalized anxiety disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) questionnaire, and the single‐item sleep quality score (SQS). Secondary outcomes assessed the incidence of adverse events. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.050.

Results

Sixty‐eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Significant improvements were identified in general HRQoL assessed by EQ‐5D‐5L index value at 1, 3, and 6 months (p < 0.050). Improvements were also identified in GAD‐7 and SQS scores at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (p < 0.010). 61 (89.71%) adverse events were recorded by 11 (16.18%) participants, of which most were moderate (n = 26, 38.24%).

Conclusion

An association between CBMP treatment and improvements in anxiety, sleep quality, and general HRQoL was observed in patients with ADHD. Treatment was well tolerated at 12 months. Results must be interpreted with caution as a causative effect cannot be proven. These results, however, do provide additional support for future evaluation within randomized controlled trials.
Preparation of silver‐coated thermally expandable microspheres and their application in antistatic polyacrylate foam materials
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Ma Janxin , Zhang Chen , Ma Yuhong , Wang Hui , Zou Wei
Published: December 2023

In order to prevent electrostatic discharge from affecting the normal operation of organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays, this study has devised a novel method to produce antistatic polyacrylate foam materials. First, the surface of thermally expandable microspheres (EMs) was functionalized using hydroxylamine, followed by chemical silver coating on the microsphere surfaces to create a highly conductive silver layer, and achieved ester‐based functionalization of silver‐coated EMs. Subsequently, they were introduced into polyacrylate foam, where the silver layer on the microsphere's surface was used to construct an electrostatic discharge pathway, endowing the foam material with excellent antistatic properties. SEM and EDS were employed to confirm the formation of uniform and dense silver layers on microsphere surfaces. The optimal amount of silver nitrate has been determined. Through SEM observations of foam materials' cross‐sections, it was determined that ester‐based functionalization enhanced the dispersion of silver‐coated EMs, facilitating the formation of uniform foam pores. The volume resistivity of silver‐coated EMs was measured at 1.38 Ω·cm. The surface resistivity of the modified polyacrylate foam decreased by seven orders of magnitude to 1.2 × 105 Ω, demonstrating excellent antistatic performance. This holds significant importance for the development of novel foams with antistatic performance.
Experimental and simulative investigation on the mechanical behavior of GFRP T‐joints subjected to low‐velocity‐impact and post‐impact tensile loading
Authors: Jin Xin , Zhang Jifeng , Li Mingjie , Wu Ye
Published: December 2023

To investigate the failure mechanism of the composite T‐joints subjected to low‐velocity‐impact (LVI) loading varying impact locations, a methodology composed of improved conventional vacuum‐assisted resin infusion (VARI) and LVI testing based on ASTM D 7136 is developed and employed. Moreover, the simulation is conducted to mainly reveal the damage evolution of interlaminar delamination between web and web/skin laminate based on surface‐based cohesive behavior in the commercial software of Abaqus 2020. Further, the effect of LVI loading with various distances from the web laminate to the impact location on the mechanical property and failure mode of the composite T‐joints are presented and discussed as well. By comparison, larger vertical cracks and higher residual tensile strength are found in the T‐joints impacting the corner. However, the T‐joints with the impact point near the corner have lower residual tensile strength and suffer more interlaminar delamination in the interface between web and skin, which is the most critical position of failure.

Highlights

GFRP T‐joints are manufactured by the vacuum‐assisted resin infusion process with a newly designed mold.

The damage evolution in low‐velocity‐impact tests is presented via the quasi‐static tests and finite element simulation.

Larger vertical cracks and higher residual tensile strength are found in the T‐joints impacting the corner.

The T‐joints with the impact point near the corner have lower residual tensile strength.

Interlaminar delamination in the interface between web and skin is the most critical factor of tensile failure.
High‐strength unidirectional cellulose long filament‐reinforced polymer composite for structural engineering applications
Authors: Agumba Dickens O. , Pham Duc Hoa , Kim Jaehwan
Published: December 2023

Green polymer composites that are strong and stiff are desirable across various engineering fields to replace synthetic plastics, hence meeting the requirements for net zero demands. Nanocellulose, a natural and abundant biopolymer, is a promising candidate for the engineering and designing of novel composites with strengths surpassing petroleum‐based derivatives. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of a high‐strength, environmentally friendly and hydrophobic biocomposite using a lignin‐based resin and wet‐spun unidirectional cellulose long filaments (CLFs) as reinforcements. The wet‐spun CLFs were knit in the conformation of unidirectional mats and infused with the green hydrogen‐bonded lignin resin to form the prepreg. The unidirectional prepreg was densified using hot pressing whereby the synergistic effect of heat and pressure and the post‐curing process impacted the biocomposite with unique, fascinating features, including excellent flexural strength (389.9 MPa), modulus (38.5 GPa), hydrophobicity (101.0°), antioxidant properties (93.1%), and superior thermal stability. Our design strategy dispenses new insights into engineering lightweight and strong cellulosic materials that can substitute unsustainable plastics used across various engineering fields. Future aspects of this biocomposite include structural and automotive engineering.

Highlights

All‐green and sustainable unidirectional polymer biocomposite is fabricated.

The biocomposite achieves higher strength and modulus than that of plastics.

It has outstanding thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and antioxidant properties.

The biocomposite is suitable for the replacement of synthetic plastics.
Gender differential in choices of crop variety traits and climate‐smart cropping systems: Insights from sorghum and millet farmers in drought‐prone areas of Malawi
Authors: Zimba Sibongile , Dougill Andrew , Chanza Charity , Boesch Christine , Kepinski Stefan
Published: December 2023

Societal Impact Statement

There has been limited research regarding the roles of gender and social networks in climate adaptation in African agriculture. The study examines how gender and climate risk awareness influence sorghum and pearl millet farmers' varietal trait and cropping system choices in Malawi. The findings reveal gender disparities in choices of crop variety characteristics. For male farmers, decisions on variety traits are primarily guided by quantity and economic benefits, while women focus on post‐harvest quality and grain handling attributes. This work provides insights for developing gender‐responsive crop varieties and climate‐smart cropping practices tailored to societal needs and relations.

Climate‐resilient crop varieties and cropping systems are required to manage climate variability and to adapt to the increasing climate risks across Africa. Integrating gender perspectives on cropping technologies will assist in accelerating crop adaptation programs. Here, we focus on understanding gender‐differentiated trait preferences and decision‐making on cropping practices of sorghum and pearl millet producers in southern Malawi.

The study employs a convergent mixed research methods design in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted.

Our analysis reveals clear gender differences and preferences in crop traits and cropping systems. Male farmers prefer traits based on economic gains, notably yield and grain size. Female farmers target characteristics based on both agronomic and post‐harvest grain characteristics to ensure the sustainability of household food intake. We also identify gender inequalities in decision‐making regarding crop production practices and preferential access to knowledge in favor of male farmers.

We show that gender norms and climate risk knowledge influence farmers' decision‐making in selecting crop traits and practices, as well as accessibility to resources. Gendered inequality in decision‐making goes beyond cropping practices to socially constructed rules of resource accessibility and restricted mobility. We conclude that efforts to improve crop adaptation and resilience to climate change in vulnerable dryland regions must pay greater attention to the processes and relations between gender and climate change knowledge bases.
Effect of thermal conditioning on the initiation threshold of secondary high‐explosives
Authors: Maiti Amitesh , Shaw William L. , Clarke Samantha M. , Fox Christie , Ke Lucia A. , Cheung William N. , Burton Mark A. , Kosiba Graham D. , Grant Christian D. , Gee Richard H.
Published: December 2023

While most performance metrics of high‐explosive (HE) based devices like detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and energy output are expected to degrade over time, the evolution of initiation threshold appears less clear, with claims of both increasing and decreasing trends in threshold having been made in the literature. This work analyzes D‐optimally designed sequential binary test data for a few thermally conditioned porous‐powder and polymer‐bonded HE initiator systems using a Bayesian likelihood method employing the probit regression model. We find that in most cases the initiation threshold decreases (i. e., sensitivity increases) upon accelerated thermal conditioning. However, such results are nuanced and influenced by factors like the contact area of initiating stimulus, HE characteristics like density and specific surface area, as well as possible thermally induced changes to other materials and interfaces involved.
KMT2D preferentially binds mRNAs of the genes it regulates, suggesting a role in RNA processing
Authors: Amin Harem Muhamad , Abukhairan Rawan , Szabo Beata , Jacksi Mevan , Varady Gyorgy , Lozsa Rita , Schad Eva , Tantos Agnes
Published: December 2023

Histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) perform vital roles in cellular life by controlling gene expression programs through the posttranslational modification of histone tails. Since many of them are intimately involved in the development of different diseases, including several cancers, understanding the molecular mechanisms that control their target recognition and activity is vital for the treatment and prevention of such conditions. RNA binding has been shown to be an important regulatory factor in the function of several HKMTs, such as the yeast Set1 and the human Ezh2. Moreover, many HKMTs are capable of RNA binding in the absence of a canonical RNA binding domain. Here, we explored the RNA binding capacity of KMT2D, one of the major H3K4 monomethyl transferases in enhancers, using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. We identified a broad range of coding and non‐coding RNAs associated with KMT2D and confirmed their binding through RNA immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR. We also showed that a separated RNA binding region within KMT2D is capable of binding a similar RNA pool, but differences in the binding specificity indicate the existence of other regulatory elements in the sequence of KMT2D. Analysis of the bound mRNAs revealed that KMT2D preferentially binds co‐transcriptionally to the mRNAs of the genes under its control, while also interacting with super enhancer‐ and splicing‐related non‐coding RNAs. These observations, together with the nuclear colocalization of KMT2D with differentially phosphorylated forms of RNA Polymerase II suggest a so far unexplored role of KMT2D in the RNA processing of the nascent transcripts.
Comparison of structural networks across homologous proteins
Authors: Prabantu Vasam Manjveekar , Gadiyaram Vasundhara , Vishveshwara Saraswathi , Srinivasan Narayanaswamy
Published: December 2023

Protein sequence determines its structure and function. The indirect relationship between protein function and structure lies deep‐rooted in the structural topology that has evolved into performing optimal function. The evolution of structure and its interconnectivity has been conventionally studied by comparing the root means square deviation between protein structures at the backbone level. Two factors that are necessary for the quantitative comparison of non‐covalent interactions are (a) explicit inclusion of the coordinates of side‐chain atoms and (b) consideration of multiple structures from the conformational landscape to account for structural variability. We have recently addressed these fundamental issues by investigating the alteration of inter‐residue interactions across an ensemble of protein structure networks through a graph spectral approach. In this study, we have developed a rigorous method to compare the structure networks of homologous proteins, with a wide range of sequence identity percentages. A range of dissimilarity measures that show the extent of change in the network across homologous structures are generated, which also includes the comparison of the protein structure variability. We discuss in detail, scenarios where the variation of structure is not accompanied by loss or gain of the overall network and its vice versa. The sequence‐based phylogeny among the homologs is also compared with the lineage obtained from information from such a robust structure comparison. In summary, we can obtain a quantitative comparison score for the structure networks of homologous proteins, which also enables us to study the evolution of protein function based on the variation of their topologies.
Co‐created in vivo pharmacology practical classes using the novel organism Lumbriculus variegatus
Authors: Carriere Julanta J. , Davies Nia A. , Cunningham Margaret R. , Wallace Melisa J. , Seeley Aidan
Published: December 2023

Co‐creation within higher education emphasizes learner empowerment to promote collaboration between the students and staff, enabling students to become active participants in their learning process and the construction of resources with academic staff. Concurrently, a diminishing number of higher education institutions offer in vivo practical classes, resulting in an in vivo skills shortage. To address this, and to actively engage students in their own learning, we describe the co‐creation of a student‐led drug trial using Lumbriculus variegatus. Under blinded conditions, final‐year undergraduate biomedical science students, under the tutelage of academic staff and fellow students, were involved in the co‐creation of an in vivo practical class to determine the effects of histamine and histamine receptor inverse agonists mepyramine and loratadine. Throughout this process, undergraduate‐ and masters‐level students played key roles in every aspect of practical delivery and data analysis. Herein, students demonstrated the test compounds, both in isolation and in combination, resulted in reduced stereotypical movements of L. variegatus (p < .05, n ≥ 6). 15% of students in the class responded to a feedback survey (n = 8) after the class. Students reported the class provided “real life” insights into in vivo research and enabled the development of hands‐on skills which would be useful in applying in their future careers. All students reported that they enjoyed the class with 25% (n = 2) reporting concerns about animal use in research, enabling useful discussions about animals in research. Moreover, these student‐led in vivo trials add to the pharmacological knowledge of L. variegatus promoting education‐led research.
Refining Al–20Si Alloy by Appending Trace Sr–Sc–Ce Nanoparticles and Ultrasonic Vibration Processing
Authors: Lei Jiping , Lei Bowen , Zhang Kai , Liu Guanlin , Liu Yuanyuan
Published: December 2023

In this study, Al–20Si alloy is modified by appending trace Sr–Sc–Ce nanoparticles and ultrasonic vibration processing (UVP). The consequences indicate that its microstructure is significantly refined and its mechanical characteristics are improved. The effect of the favorable refinements is achieved by appending 0.2% Sr–0.15% Sc–0.3% Ce and performing UVP. The primary Si is the minimum, the grain roundness coefficient and the strength of extension are the maximum, and the spheroidizing effect of α‐Al is the best. The elongation and hardness are the highest when 0.4% Ce is appended. The research consequences afford a reasonable process scheme for manufacturing high‐quality wear‐resistant material of the automotive and aerospace industries.
Poisson's Ratio of Convex and Re‐Entrant Cubic Lattices Based on Tetrakaidecahedron Cells
Authors: Wang Yikai , Stone Donald S. , Lakes Roderic S.
Published: December 2023

Cubic lattices based on tetrakaidecahedron cells with re‐entrant ribs are designed and fabricated via additive manufacturing. Poisson's ratio decreased to a negative value as the re‐entrant angle was made smaller. Poisson's ratio decreased as ribs were made more slender. Lattices with convex tetrakaidecahedron (truncated octahedron) cells had a Poisson's ratio near 0.5 in agreement with theory. Rib slenderness had minimal effect on Poisson's ratio in contrast to the re‐entrant lattices.
Impact of no‐till, crop rotation, cover crop, and drainage on soil physical and hydraulic properties
Authors: Saha Ajoy Kumar , McMaine John T. , Trooien Todd , Sexton Peter , Graham Christopher
Published: December 2023

Conservation agriculture and associated soil health practices potentially enhance soil resilience by improving the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and processes. This study assessed the impact of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] and no‐till [NT]); crop rotation: 2‐year corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.), 3‐year corn–soybean–oat (Avena sativa L.), and 4‐year corn–soybean–oat–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]; cover crops (cover crop [CC] and no cover crop [NC]); and drainage (tile drainage [TD] and without drainage [ND]) on soil organic matter (SOM), bulk density, wet aggregate stability (WAS), and field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs). Soil samples were collected over 2 years apart from five depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm) and analyzed for SOM, bulk density, and WAS. In‐situ infiltration tests were conducted in each plot to determine field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity. This study showed that NT practice significantly increased SOM by 5.4%, WAS by 7.7%, and bulk density by 6.7% within 0–10 cm soil profile but decreased Kfs by 47.6% compared to CT through increased bulk density in the topsoil. NT increased SOM for every soil depth and, similarly, increased WAS for every depth but only statistically significant increases occurred at 0–10 cm and 60–90 cm. Further, higher crop diversity decreased bulk density and increased WAS. Nine years of CC and six years of tile drainage practices had no significant effect on SOM, bulk density, WAS, and Kfs.
Long‐term compost use and high frequency low concentration fertigation reduce N2O emissions from a California almond orchard
Authors: Nichols Patrick K. , Smart David R. , Abu‐Najm Majdi , Brown Patrick , Harter Thomas , Steenwerth Kerri L.
Published: December 2023

Using compost as an agricultural amendment offers a means to reduce organic waste, as mandated in the US state of California (SB 1383). Compost can improve soil physical characteristics and soil carbon content by increasing soil organic matter. We examined the effect of compost application (7‐year duration) on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, inorganic nitrogen (N) pools, soil temperature and water content, bulk density, and total carbon (C) and N content. The orchard was composed of Nonpareil cultivars interplanted with Aldrich and Carmel cultivars, all grafted on Nemaguard peach rootstock [Prunus persica (L.) Bratsch]. Its soil was Oakdale sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, active, thermic Mollic Haploxeralf). Delivering nutrients through the irrigation system, the orchard was fertigated 14 times with urea ammonium nitrate or calcium ammonium nitrate, using high frequency and low concentration (HFLC) fertigation applications (total 195 kg N ha−1). Soil without compost (No Compost) tended to have higher N2O fluxes (up to 2.75‐fold) than soil with compost (Compost). Cumulative measured N2O emissions (i.e., sum of nine sampling events) from Compost were half that from No Compost. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, total C, and N tended to be greater in Compost, and bulk density tended to be lower in Compost than No Compost. No relationships between N2O emissions and soil temperature, volumetric water content, water‐filled pore space, and inorganic N pools occurred in either treatment. Our findings indicate that long‐term applications of compost in perennial crops, in combination with an HFLC nutrient management program, could reduce losses of N as N2O to the atmosphere.
Hollow Core–Shell Bismuth Based Al‐Doped Silica Materials for Powerful Co‐Sequestration of Radioactive I2 and CH3I
Authors: Tian Zhenjiang , Hao Yuxun , Chee Tien‐Shee , Cai He , Zhu Lin , Duan Tao , Xiao Chengliang
Published: December 2023

Developing pure inorganic materials capable of efficiently co‐removing radioactive I2 and CH3I has always been a major challenge. Bismuth‐based materials (BBMs) have garnered considerable attention due to their impressive I2 sorption capacity at high‐temperature and cost‐effectiveness. However, solely relying on bismuth components falls short in effectively removing CH3I and has not been systematically studied. Herein, a series of hollow mesoporous core–shell bifunctional materials with adjustable shell thickness and Si/Al ratio by using silica‐coated Bi2O3 as a hard template and through simple alkaline‐etching and CTAB‐assisted surface coassembly methods (Bi@Al/SiO2) is successfully synthesized. By meticulously controlling the thickness of the shell layer and precisely tuning of the Si/Al ratio composition, the synthesis of BBMs capable of co‐removing radioactive I2 and CH3I for the first time, demonstrating remarkable sorption capacities of 533.1 and 421.5 mg g−1, respectively is achieved. Both experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that the incorporation of acid sites within the shell layer is a key factor in achieving effective CH3I sorption. This innovative structural design of sorbent enables exceptional co‐removal capabilities for both I2 and CH3I. Furthermore, the core–shell structure enhances the retention of captured iodine within the sorbents, which may further prevent potential leakage.
Building Organic–Inorganic Robust Interphases from Deep Eutectic Solution for Highly Stable Mg Metal Anode in Conventional Electrolyte
Authors: Zhou Xuejun , Li Guyue , Yu Yifan , Lei Meng , Chen Keyi , Li Chilin
Published: December 2023

Magnesium metal batteries (MMBs) currently face challenges suffering from severe Mg metal passivation and extremely high overpotential in conventional electrolytes. Herein, a strategy of using a low‐cost deep eutectic solution (DES) is proposed to modify Mg anode with the monolithic and compact coating of a MgCl2‐Al‐MgCl2 sandwich structure, enabling the stable and reversible Mg plating–stripping behavior. An organic/nanocrystal hybrid interphase is in‐situ built through a facile Mg‐Al displacement reaction between aluminum‐chloro clusters and Mg in AlCl3/Et3NHCl solution, and it can effectively minimize the adverse interfacial passivation reaction and surface diffusion barrier, affording the high ion‐conduction and electronic insulation. This DES‐assisted method guarantees a highly reversible cycling of Mg metal anode (over 5000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 and 400 h at 2.0 mAh cm−2) in Mg(TFSI)2/DME electrolyte with the improved interfacial kinetics and low overpotential. Even at a much higher current density of 1 mA cm−2, the overpotential only undergoes a slight increase from 0.2 V (at 0.1 mA cm−2) to 0.23 V. The corresponding full cells with CuS and phenanthraquinone cathodes deliver satisfactory cyclic performance. The DES modification strategy provides a new solution to the design of robust and conductive solid electrolyte interphase for achieving high‐voltage and durable MMBs.
“Just attaching a face”: Engaging local refugee communities in preservice teacher education focused on students with immigrant/refugee backgrounds
Authors: Wessels Stephanie , Catalano Theresa , Reeves Jenelle , Leonard Alison E. , Ganesan Uma , Barbici‐Wagner Alessia , Gallardo Consuelo
Published: December 2023

This arts‐practice research study explores what happens when preservice high school teachers (aka teacher‐learners) and local refugee communities engage in the co‐creation of art together via an arts‐and community‐based project. Grounded in social justice teacher education, the researchers conducted a 2‐week workshop in which participants included preservice high school teachers and local Yazidi community members who explored art in a museum together, spent time getting to know each other and their backgrounds, and re‐created some of their stories in the form of dance. Findings reveal a variety of ways in which the workshops helped teacher‐learners develop interculturality, increase understanding of migration, become more caring educators, and make personal connections that allowed them to disrupt stereotypes. In addition, the study includes the voices of Yazidi community members and what they want teachers to know about working with refugee children.