bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International financial reporting standards (IFRS) as a change agent in Ukraine
Authors: Yang Jessica Hong , Kakabadse Nada , Lozovskyi Dmytro
Published: December 2016

The study aims to examine the perception of key actors regarding the costs and benefits that result from adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Ukraine. Design/Methodology/Approach – The authors conducted a questionnaire survey in order to identify perceptions of financial managers of Ukrainian listed firms regarding the benefits and the costs associated with transition to IFRS. Our results showed that IFRS implementation impacts on internal reporting quality, the relationship with customers, creditors and shareholders, the access to international markets and external financing. It also indicated that financial managers have serious concerns about implementation costs related to the introduction of IFRS. These costs relate to training, instruction on IFRS adoption and translation of current IFRS, changes in software systems, double purpose accounting and deadlines for IFRS adoption and consulting services. Whilst this research has established a general model that consists of six factors, affecting IFRS relevance to Ukraine, the extent of interrelations between these factors is not clear. Thus, it may be of a great interest for future research to explore this issue in more detail and, in particular, conduct empirical research to determine the extent of interdependency between six factors in the model. The results and conclusions of this research can be of a great interest to policy makers and business practitioners since all public companies in Ukraine are obliged to adopt IFRS from 2012. It might be of interest to conduct this research on results of mandatory implementation of IFRS in Ukraine while taking into account the circumstances that suggested almost no relevance of the international accounting standards to the country at the moment of their application. This is the first metrical study that discusses the relevance of IFRS to Ukraine’s national needs.
Poverty, governance and economic growth
Authors: Karim Kefi Mohamed , Zouhaier Hadhek , Adel Ben Hamed
Published: December 2016

The objective of this paper is to study the effect of governance and poverty on economic growth of a set of eight developing countries during the period 2000-2009, using a dynamic and static panel data model and a simultaneous equations model. The key findings generated from these three empirical tests stipulate a negative effect of governance on poverty and a positive effect of political instability and corruption on poverty.
Cost estimation of the future harvest as agricultural loan collateral
Authors: Vnukova Nataliya
Published: December 2016

The aim of this work is to attempt developing recommendations which may improve the overall banking technique of future cropping cost estimating.
Objectives that have been set to achieve this aim are: to analyze alternative techniques of future cropping cost estimating; to perform calculation according to the selected techniques for 10 agricultural companies from different regions of Ukraine; to compare the techniques by means of hierarchy analysis method
Understanding operational risk capital approximations: First and second orders
Authors: Peters Gareth , Targino Rodrigo , Shevchenko Pavel
Published: December 2016

We set the context for capital approximation within the framework of the Basel II / III regulatory capital accords. This is particularly topical as the Basel III accord is shortly due to take effect. In this regard, we provide a summary of the role of capital adequacy in the new accord, highlighting along the way the significant loss events that have been attributed to the Operational Risk class that was introduced in the Basel II and III accords. Then we provide a semi-tutorial discussion on the modelling aspects of capital estimation under a Loss Distributional Approach (LDA). Our emphasis is to focuss on the important loss processes with regard to those that contribute most to capital, the so called “high consequence, low frequency" loss processes. This leads us to provide a tutorial overview of heavy tailed loss process modelling in OpRisk under Basel III, with discussion on the implications of such tail assumptions for the severity model in an LDA
structure. This provides practitioners with a clear understanding of the features that they may wish to consider when developing OpRisk severity models in practice. From this discussion on heavy tailed severity models, we then develop an understanding of the impact such models have on the right tail asymptotics of the compound loss process and we provide detailed presentation of what are known as first and second order tail approximations for the resulting heavy tailed loss process. From this we develop a tutorial on three key families of risk measures and their equivalent second order asymptotic approximations: Value-at-Risk (Basel III industry standard); Expected Shortfall (ES) and the Spectral Risk Measure. These then form the capital approximations. We then provide a few example case studies to illustrate the accuracy of these asymptotic captial approximations, the rate of the convergence of the assymptotic result as a function of the LDA frequency and severity model parameters, the sensitivity of the capital approximation to the model parameters and the sensitivity to model miss-specification.
Where does the money go? A peregrination of government spending in South Africa
Authors: Mpofu Raphael
Published: December 2016

The study looked at the relationship between GDP per capita and health expenditure per capita as well as that of GDP per capita and education expenditure per capita in South Africa between 1994 and 2012. Adolph Wagner’s “Law” proposes that a state will increase its government expenditure relatively to the national income (Henrekson, 1993). Any change in the amount of health expenditure will influence the per capita health expenditure in a country. In this study, using the Human Development Index (HDI) as the yardstick for Quality of Life (QoL), the concepts of Standard of Living (SoL) and per capita income were examined closely in relation to the role of government in its public expenditure programmes and how these programmes in turn influenced QoL. In particular, the role of government expenditure on health and education seems to signify the commitment of a government in improving the HDI or QoL. Using data on government expenditure in South, the relationships amongst these variables were examined. Since Quality of Life is related to health expenditure per capita, then QoL too should change as government health expenditure increases. The same is expected of an increase in education expenditure. From the study results, it is clear that total tax revenue has increased sharply since 2000 and at a much faster rate than its contribution to GDP but the government deficit has also burgeoned in tandem with government revenue collection as if in tango. The reality is that government expenditure has increased sharply since 1993 but has this been directed at QoL? Public service protests tell a different story. The departments of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs and the Police seem to be receiving the largest revenue votes, raising the question of whether there is real value added and whether this expenditure is warrantied in terms of SoL.
Supranational institutions as central stakeholders during eurozone debt crisis in 2008-2012
Authors: Veebel Viljar , Hurt Ulrika , Markus Raul
Published: December 2016

The financial crisis in the Eurozone is combining several new interdisciplinary debates. Has the financial crisis been caused by the decisions of the political actors or rather by complicated economic dilemmas? In what way have the different social stakeholders acted during the years of the crisis and which of the groups have had biggest influence in different stages of the crisis? Why and how national political elites have lost their dominant position in crisis management and which were the cornerstones of this power transition process and what role have the supranational institutions like the European Commission and the European Central Bank played during the crisis? Accordingly, the main goal of the article is to define crucial events and stakeholders in Eurozone crisis solution process by using empirical process tracking and narrative analysis as research methods. This article will also look on the possible interests and future actions of the Eurozone stakeholders based on the last four years´ experience. It will also be inquired into how and why national political elites and citizens delegated their democratic competences and powers to non-electable institutions during Eurozone crisis.
Public investment versus private investment: The case of Zambia
Authors: Makuyana Garikai , Odhiambo Nicholas M.
Published: December 2016

This paper highlights the growth dynamics of public and private investment in Zambia from 1964 to 2011. The evolution of the two components of investment in Zambia has been a product of market intervention and market-based policies. Initially, after its independence in 1964, the perpetuated market economy limited public investment growth to the basic infrastructural provision – for the first three years. However, the 1967 Mulungushi and the 1968 Matero nationalisation programmes brought about rapid expansion in public investment, especially from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. The market-based reforms that have been implemented in Zambia from 1991 have promoted private investment leadership – thereby, allowing public investment growth in economic activities that have complemented the private sector growth. Although private investment has grown to a position of economic dominance in Zambia, like many developing countries, the country still faces some challenges. These include inadequate and poor infrastructure, the high cost of human capital, cumbersome administrative procedures, and the high cost of financial capital.
Competitive intelligence as an important contributor to the growth of banks: A Zimbabwean perspective
Authors: Maune Alexander
Published: December 2016

This paper explores how competitive intelligence has been an important contributor of growth in banks in Zimbabwe and how the banks are making use of competitive intelligence for such growth. The paper used a descriptive cross-sectional research methodology. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Purposive and stratified sampling methods were used. The paper found that most Zimbabwean banks have undertaken competitive intelligence in one way or another for strategic planning and better understanding the competitive business environment and competitors. The findings from this research will assist the entire banking sector and will be of great academic value.
Examining possible relationship between carbon finance availability and growth of wind energy
Authors: Ngwakwe Collins
Published: December 2016

This paper evaluates the possible relationship between carbon fund availability and the growth of wind energy. This has become apposite considering global quest for renewable energies as a veritable option for carbon reduction and sustainable development. Whilst some extant literature blames delay in climate policy as an obstacle to green energy, others regard carbon finance availability as a booster to renewable energy. Raging argument is that similar to any other investment, renewable energy finance availability may mar or catalyse growth in renewable energy. Consequently, in this paper, a conceptual overview of carbon finance and renewable energy is undertaken and a test of the relationship between the World Bank carbon finance availability and wind energy growth is conducted. The result indicates a significant positive relationship between World Bank carbon financing and global growth in wind energy. The paper thus concludes that aside from policy options, renewable energy financing seems to be a contributory catalyst that may spur improvement in global renewable energy. The paper highlights that achieving green economic development in developing countries would depend, not only on climate policies alone, but also on sustainable financing. Hence government and private sources of funding is very desirable in achieving global green economic development, most importantly, for developing economies. The paper thus offers a research agenda on awareness creating for local and international sources of green energy for developing countries.
An audit of employee commitment to enable leaders to manage organisational talent
Authors: Ledimo Ophillia , Martins Nico
Published: December 2016

Leaders in motor manufacturing companies are faced with the challenge of talent attraction, development and retention due to constant changes in manufacturing technology. Yet, these leaders are expected to recruit, train and retain specialist skills due to the highly specialised nature of their manufacturing business processes. Another threat faced by these leaders is the loss of skilled talent to their competitors. These challenges have, therefore, created the need to audit employee commitment in a manufacturing organisation in order to enable leaders to initiate talent management practices. It is against this background that this paper poses the question: What is the nature of organisational commitment of manufacturing employees for leaders to be able to manage talent? This question was addressed through a quantitative study of organisational commitment dimensions. The main objective of this study was to audit the organisational commitment dimensions (as measured by Meyer and Allen’s Organizational Commitment Scale) within a manufacturing organisation. The data was collected using a survey on a random sample size of N=371, all of whom were employees of a South African motor manufacturing organisation. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences between organisational commitment dimensions namely; affective, normative and continuance commitments. These findings provide valuable information to assist leaders to propose talent management interventions vital for organisational talent attraction, development and retention
Towards integrating environmental performance in divisional performance measurement
Authors: Ngwakwe Collins
Published: December 2016

This paper suggests an integration of environmental performance measurement (EPM) into conventional divisional financial performance measures as a catalyst to enhance managers’ drive toward cleaner production and sustainable development. The approach is conceptual and normative; and using a hypothetical firm, it suggests a model to integrate environmental performance measure as an ancillary to conventional divisional financial performance measures. Vroom’s motivation theory and other literature evidence indicate that corporate goals are achievable in an environment where managers’ efforts are recognised and thus rewarded. Consequently the paper suggests that environmentally motivated managers are important to propel corporate sustainability strategy toward desired corporate environmental governance and sustainable economic development. Thus this suggested approach modestly adds to existing environmental management accounting (EMA) theory and literature. It is hoped that this paper may provide an agenda for further research toward a practical application of the suggested method in a firm.
Planning of road construction projects with a view to stimulating economic growth and development
Authors: Pienaar Wessel
Published: December 2016

This paper provides an outline of how the economic evaluation and selection of road construction projects can be complemented by social evaluation with a view to achieving a more equitable welfare distribution within a developing country. The article commences by elaborating on the general economic benefits that can arise from investment in economically justified road infrastructure. The different classes of non-road-user beneficiaries are idenified and discussed. The operational characteristics of road transport that are conducive to the stimulation of economic activity are identified and described. The present inequality of income distribution in South Africa is dealt with briefly, followed by a discussion and analysis on the use of equity weights in project evaluation to help bring about a more equitable welfare distribution
Financial statements and the discharging of financial accountability of ordinary public schools in South Africa
Authors: Doussy Frank , Doussy Elza
Published: December 2016

The Schools Act, 84 of 1996 (section 42(b)), requires that all public schools in South Africa, “as soon as practical, but not later than three months after the end of each financial year, draw up annual financial statements”. These schools must further submit audited financial statements to the Department of Education within six months after the school’s year end (section 43) and according to section 43(6), “at the request of an interested person, the governing body must make the records referred to in section 42, and the audited or examined financial statements referred to in this section, available for inspection”. The compilation, auditing and submission of these statements are therefore legally required and are compulsory for all schools.
The study aims firstly to establish whether schools in South Africa comply with the current legislative prescripts and accounting and auditing practices, and secondly to identify possible problem areas in this regard.
Competitive intelligence: An exploratory literature review of its positioning
Authors: Maune Alexander
Published: December 2016

This article is a qualitative-exploratory literature review. The primary concern of the author is to explore the positioning of the competitive intelligence function within organisations so as to establish the best positioning. To ensure reliability of the literary exploration, only peer-reviewed journal articles were used. The findings of this article will make it possible to generalise about the best position of the competitive intelligence function and to develop some valuable propositions for future studies. The findings show that there is no single criterion on which to base the positioning of the competitive intelligence function within organisations. This article will assist business managers to understand and improve their positioning of the competitive intelligence function. This article has therefore academic value
Importance of Routine Histopathological Examination of Gallbladder Specimen in Detecting Incidental Malignancies
Authors: Tiwari Archana , Rai Ramji , Jain Surendra Kumar
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common cancer of biliary tree and the 5th most common gastrointestinal malignancy.  An early diagnosis is essential as this malignancy progresses silently with a late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Epidemiological studies have identified striking geographic and ethnic variation with high occurrence in Southeast Asia, yet low elsewhere in the world. Gallbladder carcinoma, in 15-30% of patients, show  no preoperative  or intraoperative evidence and are detected only on histopathological examination. They are called as incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC). The objective of this study was to find out the occurrence of IGBC in cholecystectomy specimens received in our histopathology laboratory and to analyze their clinico-pathological features.

 

Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Histopathology, Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital during a period of two years from May 2014 to April 2016. The study included 800 cases of cholecystectomized Gall bladder specimens.

 

Result: Ninety seven percent of the specimens (n=776) revealed benign pathology. Malignancy was detected incidentally in 8 cases (1.25%). The mean age of patients with incidental Gall bladder carcinoma was 69 years (SD=4.1) and F:M ratio was 9:1. Out of 10 incidental malignancies, cholelithiesis was found in 8 (80%) cases. Fundus was the most common location (n=5, 50%) and focal fragile necrotic area was most common (n=3, 30%) gross morphology. On pathological staging, all the incidentally detected malignancies (n=10) were found to be in surgically resectable stages.

 

Conclusion: IGBC was found in 1.25% of the gallbladder specimen. Detailed gross and histopathological examination of gallbladder specimen is mandatory for every cholecystectomy specimen, even for benign diseases, to detect incidental carcinoma at potentially curable stage.
Urban space as an image of the socio-economic context in contemporary cities
Authors: Brkljac Dijana , Milinkovic Aleksandra , Krkljes Milena
Published: December 2016

From the very beginning of urban settlements, cities have had a very clear
expression, because urban elements bear with them the symbolism and messages
tied to relevant points in history, changes in function, characters etc.
These messages, carried through a range of urban elements, have been changing
in respect to lifestyles, which, ever since the rise of capitalism,
predominantly meant with respect to economic conditions. Such a free-market
impact has become particularly evident in the light of contemporary
totalitarian capitalism that has equated urban space with commercial and
exhibition space, thus moulding it into an urban market. This paper is
intended as a critical review dealing with the analysis of urban spaces in
respect to urban image creation, all in relation to relevant socio-economic
influences and conditionalities. It also considers new symbolic meanings to
the existing urban form, which affect urban life and its inhabitants.
Characterization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides T3, water kefir grains isolate
Authors: Miljkovic Miona , Davidovic Sladjana , Kralj Slavko , Siler-Marinkovic Slavica , Rajilic-Stojanovic Mirjana , Dimitrijevic-Brankovic Suzana
Published: December 2016

The production of dextransucrase (DS) by Leuconostoc mesenteroides T3, novel isolate from water kefir grain, was studied and optimized. Bacterial supernatant reached activity of 3.1 U/ml when the culture was grown at 23 ?C and under static culture condition using classical Tsuchiya medium for DS production. The increase of sucrose concentration to 7% led to an increase of DS activity by 52% compared to the control. Medium with 2% beef extract and 1% yeast extract resulted in 4.52 U/ml, which was 47% higher than in the control (with 2% yeast extract). Finally, the increase of K2HPO4 concentration from 2 to 3% resulted in the increased enzyme activity by 28%. Enzyme purified by polyethylene glycol 400 fractionation displayed maximum activity at 30?C and pH 5.4. Zymogram analysis confirmed the presence of DS of approximately 180 kDa. The addition of divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Co2+ led to a minor increase of DS activity, while the addition of Mn2+ was the most prominent with 73% increase. These findings classify dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides T3 as promising candidate for production of dextran, which has numerous applications in various industries.
The remainder term of Gauss-Radau quadrature rule with single and double end point
Authors: Mihic Ljubica
Published: December 2016

The remainder term of quadrature formula can be represented as a contour integral with a complex kernel. We study the kernel on elliptic contours for Gauss?Radau quadrature formula with the Chebyshev weight function of the second kind with double and single end point. Starting from the explicit expression of the corresponding kernel, derived by Gautschi and Li, we determine the locations on the ellipses where the maximum modulus of the kernel is attained.
William Boyd—The Commonplace and the Books
Authors: Carr Ian
Published: December 2016

William Boyd (1885-1979) is the best known figure in the history of Canadian pathology. He was professor of pathology in three Canadian universities and is remembered chiefly because of the number and success of his textbooks. The common belief is that the success of Boyd's books was due largely to their lively style, for pathology books are often dull. From his student days, and during the most productive years of his life, Boyd kept a commonplace book in which he wrote in longhand selections from what he had read. The book came to light during research towards a biography of Boyd. Since it is possible that the keeping of the commonplace book may have influenced Boyd's later style, and thus the success of his books, this article records and examines his commonplace book and notes the presence of unusually vivid language in his textbooks.
Some Issues to Be Considered in the Writing of Biography
Authors: Riegler Natalie
Published: December 2016

Much has been published by scholars on the writing of biographies and at least one journal, Biography, is dedicated to the subject. I hesitate to add to the growing literature, but, finding myself on the verge of writing a second biography, I will address briefly, from the perspective of a nurse historian, five concerns arising in this genre: the need for women’s stories, the synthesis of biography with history, the necessary basic elements, the interpretation of data, and credibility. In so doing, this effort may contribute, in the words of Sara Alpern and her colleagues, “to the ongoing discussion of the nature and practice” of biography and “assist others in their own projects.” My experience and knowledge in combining history with biography has been focused on women, including a recent doctoral dissertation on the work and networks of Jean Gunn, Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto General Hospital, 1913–41.
The Passing of the Night Watch: Night Nursing Reform in the London Teaching Hospitals, 1856–90
Authors: Helmstadter Carol
Published: December 2016

At the beginning of the nineteenth century a separate team of women called the “night watch” was responsible for the night nursing in the London teaching hospitals. Rough, uneducated, and frequently the “scrubbers,” or charwomen, who cleaned the halls and stairways in the hospitals in the daytime, the night watchers came to be closely identified with Dickens’s Sarah Gamp. As the century progressed, the expanding capabilities of the new academic medicine forced an improvement in the standard of nursing. The difficulty in finding clinically experienced nurses who were willing to work nights at an affordable price, however, made it possible for the night watchers to remain in the new professionally organized hospital long after such unskilled and undisciplined workers had been phased out of other areas of the late Victorian workforce. By the end of the century when hospitals began rotating partially trained probationer, or student, nurses onto nights, the night watchers finally disappeared from the teaching hospitals.
Who's in Charge Here? The General Hospital School of Nursing, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1903-30
Authors: White Linda
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the effect of the political economy of the General Hospital, St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the development of the General Hospital School of Nursing from 1903 to 1930. The General Hospital was the only government-funded hospital in Newfoundland providing health care for the entire colony of 124,000 people. The School of Nursing was the only nurses’ training program in Newfoundland until 1929 when a second school opened.

Two conflicting personalities who played an important role in the development of nursing at these institutions were Mgry Southcott, Superintendent of Nurses from 1903 to 1916, and Lawrence Keegan, Medical Superintendent of the hospital. The resulting tension between these two people led to a major crisis at the hospital in 1914 with the government instigatin a Royal Commission to examine the struggle between the nurses and the a d ministration (doctors and government officials) over who had the ower and authority to determine the nurses' role and status within the hospita p . After a year of investigation, the Royal Commission agreed with Keegan's view and subsequently organized the hospital along new lines. Southcott was fired and a new, more compliant nurse put in her place. The second period, 1916 to 1930, saw the reconunendations of the Royal Commission implemented, including establishment of a Board of Covemors to run the hospital on a more businesslike footing.
A Life Apart: The Experience of Women and the Asylum Practice of Charles Doherty at British Columbia’s Provincial Hospital for the Insane, 1905–15
Authors: Kelm M.E
Published: December 2016

Much of the study completed on psychiatry’s treatment of women, has, understandably, focused on periods when the profession was particularly interested in female insanity. This article examines the asylum lives of women when their treatment was not of particular interest. During the 10-year period that Dr. Charles Edward Doherty was head of British Columbia’s Provincial Hospital for the Insane, women were excluded from the reforms that characterized his tenure. Instead, women’s experiences were shaped largely by the care of nurses and the atmosphere of the ward itself. On the ward, nurses and patients interacted to interpret asylum policy. In the absence of directed intervention, the informal psychiatry of ward life is clearly visible through the case files of patients, and is shown to be as shaped by patient resistance, compliance, and influence as it was by the dictates of the medical superintendent.
The Decline in Family Care for the Aged in Nineteenth-Century Ontario: Fact or Fiction
Authors: Montigny Edgar-André
Published: December 2016

Two myths exist concerning the care of the aged in the past. The first purports that the aged were cared for by their families and that public assistance for the aged destroyed familial responsibility towards the elderly. In response to this contention, a second myth, which argues that the aged were not cared for by relatives, highlights the sufferings of abandoned and destitute aged people in institutions. In nineteenth-century Ontario, while the aged were not always cared for by kin, they were rarely willingly abandoned by their families. Evidence from diaries, letters, and institutional records indicates that families regularly provided whatever amount of care their resources would allow. However, financial restrictions, or the illness or senility of an aged person, often made it impossible for a family to cope with the demands this care entailed. When this occurred, many families institutionalized their aged in a House of Industry or an Asylum. While families have been blamed for subjecting the aged to the harsh conditions of these institutions, in most instances, they did so out of necessity and not by choice. It was the lack of public assistance and adequate facilities for the care of the aged, and not the irresponsibility of families, which caused the suffering which was so common among the aged poor during the last century.
“Your Daughter and I Are Not likely to Quarrel”: Notes on a Dispute between Joseph Workman and William Lyon Mackenzie
Authors: Raible Chris
Published: December 2016

On the first day of March in 1857, William Lyon Mackenzie stormed out of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum in Toronto—he was a very angry man. Anger was nothing new to Mackenzie. He was a passionate person; all his life he had felt strongly about almost everything. A Scot who had emigrated to Upper Canada in 1820, founded a controversial newspaper in 1824, and served as a Legislative Assemblyman and as Toronto’s first mayor, Mackenzie, was most famous—or infamous, depending upon one’s point of view—as leader of the ill-fated 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion. After 12 years as a refugee in the United States, Mackenzie returned to Toronto in 1850, was re-elected to Parliament the next year, and started up another newspaper—Mackenzie’s Weekly Message. He had thus resumed his former role of caustic government critic, albeit this time with no suggestion of rebellion.
Keep Your Labels Off My Mind! or “Now I Am Going to Pretend I Am Crazy but Dont Be a Bit Alarmed”: Psychiatric History from the Patients’ Perspectives
Authors: Reaume Geoffrey
Published: December 2016

Why should historians of medicine, or historians anywhere, be interested in looking at the history of psychiatry from the perspectives of those deemed to be mad by their contemporaries? The answer should be obvious: to try to give a voice to those who have been and continue to be among the most marginalized members of society, while also attempting to redress the balance in a field where much of the scholarship has been written from the perspective of observers rather than the observed. In recent years a number of studies have helped to shed more light on what life was like for people considered insane, and greater attention is being devoted to uncovering their long-neglected voices.
Charles H. Best, the Canadian Red Cross Society, and Canada’s First National Blood Donation Program
Authors: Kapp Richard W.
Published: December 2016

This article examines how Canada’s first national blood donation program originated during World War II. It focuses on the genesis of Charles H. Best’s serum project at the University of Toronto, and the federal government’s decision in 1940 to sponsor it as the nation’s most viable blood banking option. While Best’s personal initiatives were crucial, his project’s success was also a resuit of the larger scientific, political, and institutional circumstances of Canadian medicine.

The article also analyzes why the federal government gave responsibility for blood collection to the Canadian Red Cross Society. It shows how the organization's traditional association with military medicine, its more recent involvement with community health services (including blood transfusion), and its flexible national structure suited it for this task. Moreover, Ottawa's willingness to assign this role to a volunteer agency was an indication of the structural deficiencies in Canada's primitive health-care system.

The decisions of 1940 flowed from the immediate wartime pressures and individual initiatives. They reflected as well the deeper scientific, institutional, and cultural realities of the time.
Physiotherapy’s Quest for Professional Status in Ontario, 1950-80
Authors: Heap Ruby
Published: December 2016

Physiotherapy is part of the new female-dominated paramedical occupations which have witnessed considerable growth in Canada since World War II. This article examines the main dimensions of physiotherapy’s professionalizing drive in Ontario between 1950 and 1980. It discusses the leadership’s continuing efforts to make physiotherapy a self-regulated profession, efforts which will be seriously challenged by the provincial government’s growing intervention in the health sector in the 1970s. It also examines physiotherapy’s involvement in boundary disputes with the medical profession and chiropractic. Finally, the article explores the influence of gender on physiotherapy’s professionalizing efforts, providing insights on the means women health practitioners have used to gain professional status and on the limits and constraints that their gender may have posed to the achievement of their goal.
Le livre médical au sein du corps de santé canadien aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Lessard Rénald
Published: December 2016

À partir des inventaires après décès, des ex-libris et des inventaires de bibliothèques institutionnelles, cette étude montre que le livre médical, objet importé d’Europe, est peu présent, aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, parmi la population en général mais pénètre graduellement au sein du corps médical canadien. Cette croissance témoigne d’une professionnalisation accrue du corps de santé et de l’institutionnalisation du savoir médical.
Direction pour la guérison du Mal de la Baie st. Paul: La première publication médicale canadienne
Authors: Lessard Rénald
Published: December 2016

Vers 1775, une maladie inquiétante fait son apparition au Canada. Similaire au « sibbens » écossais, elle serait une forme particulière de syphilis non vénérienne facilement transmissible. En quelques années, cette maladie connue sous le nom de mal de la baie Saint-Paul se répand dans la majorité des paroisses canadiennes où elle touche surtout les Canadiens français ruraux. Les Loyalistes en seraient exempts et les villes seraient peu frappées.
La contre-épreuve expérimentale chez Claude Bernard: le cas de la destruction du pancréas
Authors: Romo Ana Cecilia Rodríguez De
Published: December 2016

Claude Bernard accordait à la «contre-épreuve» un rô1e fondamental dans la médecine expérimentale. Il croyait qu’un phénomène ne pouvait pas se produire si on en éliminait la cause (contre-épreuve). C’est pourquoi la relation «preuve-contre-épreuve», s’impose comme le meilleur critère de la vérité expérimentale. En 1848, Claude Bernard découvrit que le suc pancréatique possède la capacité d’émulsionner et de saponifier les graisses. Cet article, basé sur les manuscrits originaux de l’auteur, montre que Bernard a démontré en 1851 que l’absence du suc pancréatique occasionnait l’arrêt de la digestion des graisses. Utilisant la «contre-épreuve», il détruisit le pancréas chez des chiens pour prouver d’une autre manière sa théorie de la fonction lipolytique du suc pancréatique.
“Very Truly and Undisturbedly Yours”: Joseph Workman and a Verdict of Malpractice against John Galbraith Hyde
Authors: Mitham Peter J
Published: December 2016

As superintendent of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum in Toronto from 1853 to 1875, Dr. Joseph Workman came in contact with most of the medical practitioners in Ontario. One of these was Dr. John Galbraith Hyde of Stratford, a fellow Ulsterman with whom Workman appears to have corresponded regularly. Hyde emigrated to Canada from County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1841, having received his license to practise medicine from the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons at Glasgow the previous year. In 1849, after practising for seven and a half years in various backwoods settlements throughout the London District, he settled at Stratford. The date of his first acquaintance with Workman is unknown, but Workman mentions having family in Stratford, and it is possible that the friendship arose during Workman's visits with them. It is also interesting to note that when Workman took charge of the asylum in Toronto, the bursar was a James McKirdy. The postmaster at Amiens (where Hyde spent his first year in Canada) also had this name, and it is conceivable that Hyde came to know Workman through this connection as well.
Doctors and Dying Declarations: The Role of the State in Abortion Regulation in British Columbia, 1917-37
Authors: Klausen Susanne
Published: December 2016

In Canada, the history of state regulation of abortion is underexamined, leaving the general impression that the state played a secondary role to that of the medical profession in attempting to enforce the federal anti-abortion law. Studies have focused on “regular” physicians as a regulator of abortion to such an extent that the state’s involvement in this process has been largely neglected or obscured. In contrast, this study highlights the actions taken by lower-level state agencies. namely, the Coroner’s Inquisition and municipal and provincial police, to enforce the federal abortion law in British Columbia.

The study examines the records of the inquests held into the deaths of 34 women from illegal abortion and offers three main observations. First, state agencies consistently sought information about abortionists and the circumstances surrounding the abortions from the women in hospital, their families, lovers, and doctors. Especially important is how authorities routinely attempted to extract dying declarations from the ill women. Second, while it is clear doctors participated in the investigative process, the records suggest they were often ambivalent or reluctant to do so. Finally, this study concludes that many of the actors involved in these events resisted the authorities’ attempts to enforce the law, some successfully, thereby effectively undermining state regulatory practices as a result.
Colonial Care: Medical Attendance among the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia
Authors: Twohig Peter L
Published: December 2016

In Nova Scotia before Confederation, medical care for native peoples formed an integral part of the fledgling Indian administration. As the colonial authorities became more involved in all aspects of native life, an opportunity for self-advancement was presented to doctors. Practitioners among the Mi'kmaq came from the emerging medical elite. This article argues that their service to the Mi'kmaq was part of a broader and widespread reform effort. Doctors not only delivered care to the Mi'kmaq, but they also served the needs of a colonial administration actively seeking to settle natives in reserve communities. The activities of doctors, however, did not go uncontested. This study illustrates the complex interaction among the native administration, the Mi'kmaq population, and a medical community struggling to organize.
Venereal Disease and Public Health Administration in Newfoundland in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Neary Peter
Published: December 2016

In the 1930s, venereal disease was identified in Newfoundland as a serious public health problem. Through The Health and Public Welfare Act, 1931, the country had a comprehensive regulatory system for dealing with VD, but in practice it lacked the resources to enforce the legislation. H. M. Mosdell, the key official involved, favored the opening of a lock hospital. Wartime conditions, especially the arrival of thousands of members of the Canadian and American armed forces, magnified the VD problem facing Newfoundland but facilitated new control measures. In 1943 a lock hospital was actually opened but the introduction of pencillin soon led to its closure.
The Right to the Best Medical Care: Dr. W. P. Warner and the Canadian Department of Veterans Affairs, 1945-55
Authors: Tremblay Mary
Published: December 2016

Dr. W. P. Warner was appointed as the first Director General of Treatment Services of the Canadian Department of Veterans Affairs, in March 1945. Prior to his appointment, Warner had been the Deputy Director General of Medical Services in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (RCAMC). During his 10 years as Director General, Warner dramatically re-organized Treatment Services to ensure the right of every disabled veteran to “the best medical care.” To meet this goal he drew on his experience in academic and military medicine and established new links between Canadian faculties of medicine and veterans medical services. Physicians, involved in diagnosis and treatment, were employed on a part-time basis and held university appointments. Postgraduate and undergraduate teaching programs for physicians and other health professions were established. Professional Consultants and Medical Advisory Committees were developed to provide advice on all aspects of medical care. Finally, medical research and new clinical investigative units were established in Canadian veterans’ hospitals. As a result of Warner’s new policies, academic medicine was placed in the forefront of veterans medical services and develop the first national mode1 for the integration of medical care, education, an research in Canada. Indeed, many current Canadian practices in medical care, education, and research can find some of their roots in the policies and programs of Treatment Services that began in 1945 under Warner’s leadership.
The Ethics of Farming-Out: Ideology, The State, and the Asylum in Nineteenth-Century Quebec
Authors: Moran James E
Published: December 2016

This article traces the development of the farming-out system of asylum provision which emerged in Quebec for the treatment and care of those who were considered to be insane. The kind of asylum provision that developed in Quebec was met with strong criticism by alienists elsewhere in Ontario, Britain and the United States who considered farming-out to be highly unethical. These criticisms were not lost on the state which tried to exercise increased control over the daily affairs of the asylum. But for much of the nineteenth century the state largely failed in these efforts. The community response to the rise of the farming-out system further complicated the role of the state in the management and control of insanity. I argue that the farming-out system is best considered as the product of complex relations between the state officials, alienists, and community members. This understanding of asylum development in Quebec has important implications for the study of nineteenth-century state formation.
Challenges Posed by Health Care Restructuring in Ontario
Authors: Heald Carolyn
Published: December 2016

In the flurry of activity surrounding health care restructuring—the hospital closures, the laying off of staff, the transfer of patients—rarely are the records given any consideration. Yet it is the records of an institution or activity that tell its history and ensure its memory into the future. This paper will address the challenges that health care restructuring pose in Ontario, though it will also consider the situation in Alberta which underwent similar health care restructuring in the mid-1990s. Although restructuring affects the whole health care system including private and psychiatric hospitals, chronic, and long-term care facilities, public hospitals are the primary focus since these institutions are the most visibly affected, and the ones with which the general public identifies the most.
Review of Christopher J. Rutty, A Circle of Care
Authors: Heaman E. A
Published: December 2016

Times are tough for many young scholars in these the 1990s. Universities are competing for graduate students and admitting them in unprecedentedly high numbers, but few jobs await these students when they walk out, five or six or seven years later, PhD in hand. Some do find academic posts, some find postdoctoral fellowships, and many take up jobs in publishing or computer industries. And some do contract work. For history graduates in particular, commissioned histories have been an important source of income in recent years, while for medical historians, hospitals and medical schools interested in their own institutional histories have put bread on the table for a number of us. Christopher J. Rutty, a recent PhD graduate of the University of Toronto was commissioned by St. Mary’s General Hospital (in Kitchener), to write a 75-year history of the hospital. I myself, also a recent graduate of the University of Toronto, am currently writing a commissioned history of St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School (in Paddington). What book review editor could resist? I have, thus, been invited to reflect on Dr. Rutty’s book and on the genre more generally; presumably Chris will have his turn if and when my own monograph is published.
Early Settlements in Newfoundland and the Scourge of Scurvy
Authors: Crellin J.K
Published: December 2016

Two important archeological investigations currently underway in the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, at Cupids (established 1610) and Ferryland (1621), help to focus questions on health and health care in early seventeenth-century English settlements. This review looks at one aspect only, the problem of scurvy and what treatments were tried. In adding to our understanding of early colonial settlements and on how new medicinal plants were “discovered,” the Newfoundland story reveals a considerable interest in local plants as substitutes for scurvy grass. Suggestions are offered on how they may have been chosen and the rationales behind their use.
Tribute to Charles Roland
Authors: Mitchinson Wendy
Published: December 2016

Charles Roland has done more to encourage the research and writing of Canadian medical history than any individual in this country. After practising medicine for a few years in rural Ontario, he took up the prestigious post of senior editor for the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). While in the United States he consolidated his attachment to medical history as Professor of the History of Medicine, Mayo Medical School from 1973–77, leaving that position to become the Jason A. Hannah Professor of the History of Medicine, McMaster University from 1977 to 1999. Since his return to Canada his career has revolved around the writing, teaching, and encouragement of medical history.