bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Type 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass in older adults
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Soo , Park Kyung‐Sun , Kim Moon‐Jong , Kim Soo‐Kyung , Cho Yong‐Wook , Park Seok Won
Published: January 2014

Aims

Our aim was to clarify the association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of low muscle mass in older adults.

Methods

In the present study, 414 adults aged 65 years or older (144 patients with type 2 diabetes and 270 control participants) were included. Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Low muscle mass was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height2 (ASM/Ht2) or appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight (ASM/Wt) of <2 SD below the sex‐specific normal mean of the young reference group, or <lower 20th percentile of total body skeletal muscle mass/weight (TSM/Wt) from control participants.

Results

Older men with type 2 diabetes showed significantly lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass than those without diabetes (19.5 ± 3.5 kg vs 21.0 ± 2.8 kg, P < 0.001). The prevalence of low muscle mass was consistently higher in older men with diabetes than those without diabetes defined by ASM/Ht2 (57.6% vs 41.5%, P = 0.040), ASM/Wt (23.7% vs 12.3%, P = 0.046) and TSM/Wt (49.2% vs 20.0%, P < 0.001). In older women with diabetes, the prevalence of low muscle mass was higher than those without diabetes by ASM/Wt (25.9% vs 15.0%, P = 0.044) and TSM/Wt (32.9% vs 20.0%, P = 0.030), but not by ASM/Ht2 (7.1% vs 8.6%, P = 0.685). The risk of low muscle mass was approximately two‐ to fourfold higher in older adults with type 2 diabetes, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, current smoking and other risk factors.

Conclusions

In Korean older adults, type 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 115–121.
Epidemiology of sarcopenia among community‐dwelling older adults in Taiwan: A pooled analysis for a broader adoption of sarcopenia assessments
Authors: Wu I‐Chien , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Hsiung Chao A. , Wang Ching‐Yi , Wu Chih‐Hsing , Chan Ding‐Cheng Derrick , Li Tsai‐Chung , Lin Wen‐Yuan , Huang Kuo‐Chin , Chen Ching‐Yu , Hsu Chih‐Cheng ,   Sarcopenia and Translational Aging Research in Taiwan (START) Team
Published: January 2014

Aim

To develop cut‐off points of muscle mass, gait speed and handgrip strength; and to examine the prevalence of sarcopenia, and the relationship between sarcopenia stages and functional limitations and disability by using these cut‐off points.

Methods

We pooled individual participant data of 2867 community‐dwelling older adults from five cohort studies. We defined the cut‐off point of a muscle mass index (ASM/ht2) as the values of two standard deviations below the sex‐specific means of a young population or as the 20th percentile of the sex‐specific distribution in our study population. The gait speed and handgrip strength cut‐off points were defined as the 20th percentile of their population distributions. We also measured functional limitations, using the Short Physical Performance Battery, and the number of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living difficulties.

Results

We identified the cut‐off points of ASM/ht2, gait speed and handgrip strength. By applying these cut‐off points to our study population, the prevalence of sarcopenia varied from 3.9% (2.5% in women and 5.4% in men) to 7.3% (6.5% in women and 8.2% in men). A higher sarcopenia stage was independently associated with a lower summary performance score, as well as more activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living difficulties (P < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions

The prevalence of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults is comparable with those in other populations. A dose–response relationship exists between sarcopenia stages and functional limitations/disability. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People consensus definition using these cut‐off points is suitable for determining sarcopenia cases in the elderly population of Taiwan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 52–60.
Development of a simple screening test for sarcopenia in older adults
Authors: Ishii Shinya , Tanaka Tomoki , Shibasaki Koji , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Kikutani Takeshi , Higashiguchi Takashi , Obuchi Shuichi P , Ishikawa‐Takata Kazuko , Hirano Hirohiko , Kawai Hisashi , Tsuji Tetsuo , Iijima Katsuya
Published: January 2014

Aim

To develop a simple screening test to identify older adults at high risk for sarcopenia.

Methods

We studied 1971 functionally independent, community‐dwelling adults aged 65 years or older randomly selected from the resident register of Kashiwa city, Chiba, Japan. Data collection was carried out between September and November 2012. Sarcopenia was defined based on low muscle mass measured by bioimpedance analysis and either low muscle strength characterized by handgrip or low physical performance characterized by slow gait speed.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia was 14.2% in men and 22.1% in women. After the variable selection procedure, the final model to estimate the probability of sarcopenia included three variables: age, grip strength and calf circumference. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, a measure of discrimination, of the final model was 0.939 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.918–0.958 for men, and 0.909 with 95% CI of 0.887–0.931 for women. We created a score chart for each sex based on the final model. When the sum of sensitivity and specificity was maximized, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for sarcopenia were 84.9%, 88.2%, 54.4%, and 97.2% for men, 75.5%, 92.0%, 72.8%, and 93.0% for women, respectively.

Conclusions

The presence of sarcopenia could be detected using three easily obtainable variables with high accuracy. The screening test we developed could help identify functionally independent older adults with sarcopenia who are good candidates for intervention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 93–101.
Sarcopenia, and its association with cardiometabolic and functional characteristics in Taiwan: Results from I‐Lan Longitudinal Aging Study
Authors: Liu Li‐Kuo , Lee Wei‐Ju , Chen Liang‐Yu , Hwang An‐Chun , Lin Ming‐Hsien , Peng Li‐Ning , Chen Liang‐Kung
Published: January 2014

Aim

Sarcopenia is a well‐recognized geriatric syndrome, which is associated with a variety of adverse outcomes. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associative clinical characteristics in Taiwan.

Methods

Data of the I‐Lan Longitudinal Aging Study (ILAS) were retrieved for this study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria, and comparisons of demographic characteristics, physical performance, body composition, cardiometabolic profiles and functionality indicators were carried out.

Results

Overall, data of 1008 participants (mean age 65.2 ± 9.3 years, male 50.6%) were retrieved for analysis. The cut‐off value of relative appendicular skeletal muscle was 7.0 kg/m2 for men and 5.9 kg/m2 for women. Sarcopenia was significantly related to low body mass index, smaller waist circumference, poor nutrition and poor cognition. The mean carotid intima‐media thickness and cardiometabolic parameters showed no statistically significant findings.

Conclusions

The present paper showed the epidemiology of sarcopenia, and the strong connection to functionality indicators. However, sarcopenia was not associated with cardiometabolic risk or carotid intima media thickness in the present study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 36–45.
Age‐associated decline of muscle mass, grip strength and gait speed: A 4‐year longitudinal study of 3018 community‐dwelling older Chinese
Authors: Auyeung Tung Wai , Lee Shun Wah Jenny , Leung Jason , Kwok Timothy , Woo Jean
Published: January 2014

Aims

Studies about sarcopenia in Asia are fewer, and started later than in Europe and America. We attempted to examine the decline in muscle mass, grip strength and gait speed in a cohort of older Chinese prospectively over 4 years.

Methods

We recruited 4000 community‐living Chinese older than 64 years, and measured their appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, grip strength, and gait speed at baseline and after 2 years. Muscle mass and gait speed were additionally measured after 4 years.

Results

After 4 years, 3018 participants completed all the measurements. The annualized decline in grip strength (−0.798 kg/year vs −1.239 kg/year) and gait speed (−0.019 m/s/year vs – 0.025 m/s/year) was faster in women than in men. Muscle mass was relatively preserved in comparison with grip strength and gait speed. The percentage loss of ASM in 4 years was −1.59% and −2.02% in men and women, respectively. The percentage decline in gait speed after 4 years was −8.2% in men and −9.0% in women. However, the decline in grip strength was more rapid, particularly in women, which was −10.0% in 2 years and less so in men, −3.85% in 2 years.

Conclusion

Compared with black people and white people, the older Chinese have less muscle mass, weaker grip strength and slower gait speed. Although the rate of loss of ASM was modest, the decline in gait speed was rapid and the decline in grip strength was particularly fast in older Chinese women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 76–84.
Age‐related changes in skeletal muscle mass among community‐dwelling Japanese: A 12‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Shimokata Hiroshi , Ando Fujiko , Yuki Atsumu , Otsuka Rei
Published: January 2014

Aim

The present study aimed to evaluate age‐related changes in skeletal muscle mass among community‐dwelling middle‐aged and elderly Japanese.

Methods

This 12‐year longitudinal study of a community‐dwelling population in Japan included 15 948 examinations of 1962 men and 1990 women. We assessed appendicular muscle mass (AMM) using dual X‐ray absorptiometry and calculated the skeletal muscle index (SMI) using the AMM divided by height squared (kg/m2). Low muscle mass was defined as muscle mass minus two standard deviations below the mean for young healthy adults. Leg extension power (watts) was measured as an index of muscle function. Longitudinal data of skeletal muscle mass were analyzed using a general linear mixed‐effect model.

Results

The prevalence of low muscle mass at the first wave of examinations was 27.1% in men and 16.4% in women. Longitudinal analysis showed that skeletal muscle mass decreased with aging during the 12‐year study period except in middle‐aged men, and to a greater extent in elderly men (P for trend, <0.001). Skeletal muscle mass decreased slightly, but significantly, in women. Although a cross‐sectional analysis showed that SMI did not differ with age in women, leg extension power per leg muscle mass and grip strength per arm muscle mass as indices of muscle quality were significantly lower in older women (P for trend, <0.001 for both).

Conclusion

Age‐related decreases in muscle mass were trivial, especially in women, but the quality of muscle decreased with aging in both sexes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 1): 85–92.
ROS1 expression and translocations in non‐small‐cell lung cancer: clinicopathological analysis of 1478 cases
Authors: Warth Arne , Muley Thomas , Dienemann Hendrik , Goeppert Benjamin , Stenzinger Albrecht , Schnabel Philipp A , Schirmacher Peter , Penzel Roland , Weichert Wilko
Published: January 2014

Aims

Molecular characterization of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has revealed multiple druggable mutations for targeted therapies. Recently, chromosomal rearrangements involving c‐ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) were identified, and patients seem to benefit from crizotinib treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC with ROS1 expression and translocation.

Methods and results

We screened 1478 NSCLCs with a ROS1‐specific antibody, and tested positive cases with FISH. All positive cases were analysed for associated clinicopathological characteristics, including survival and molecular tumour composition. Sixty‐eight cases (4.6%) showed ROS1 immunoreactivity, and ROS1 translocations were confirmed in nine cases (0.6%). ROS1 expression was predominantly found in female adenocarcinoma patients, in patients with low T stages, and in association with TTF1 and napsin expression, and certain histomorphological adenocarcinoma patterns (lepidic, acinar, and solid). ROS1 translocations occurred in conjunction with other driver mutations (EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF). ROS1 expression was found to be a stage‐independent predictor of favourable survival.

Conclusions

ROS1 translocations are rare events in resected NSCLCs from Caucasian patients. Immunohistochemical screening for ROS1 expression and clinicopathological parameters, including female sex, early tumour stages, adenocarcinomas with TTF1 and/or napsin expression, and a distinct histomorphological growth pattern, strongly facilitate case enrichment. Molecularly driven multistep concepts might not be optimal for case selection.
Allergic reaction to the tetracycline component of Ledermix paste: a case report
Authors: Kaufman A. Y. , Solomonov M. , Galieva D. , Abbott P. V.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Allergy to materials used during root canal treatment is well recognized in the endodontic literature. However, allergy to Ledermix paste, a compound containing triamcinolone (a corticosteroid) and demeclocycline (a tetracycline antibiotic), has not been reported apart from one very recent case in a Letter to the Editor of a journal. The aim of this report is to describe a proven allergic reaction to tetracycline following the use of Ledermix paste as a root canal medicament.

A 33‐year‐old female patient undergoing root canal retreatment of her right mandibular second premolar tooth experienced symptoms of type 1 allergy following the placement of an intracanal medicament containing a mixture of Ledermix paste and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Signs of the type 1 allergy included urticaria, pruritus all over the body, general malaise and fever. These all subsided after removing and flushing out the Ledermix paste–Ca(OH)2 mixture and redressing the root canal with Ca(OH)2 alone. Allergic scratch tests were performed, and these confirmed that the patient was allergic to tetracycline, one of the components of Ledermix paste.
WHEN DOES DETERMINACY IMPLY EXPECTATIONAL STABILITY?
Authors: BULLARD JAMES , EUSEPI STEFANO
Published: January 2014

Since the introduction of rational expectations, there have been issues with multiple equilibria and equilibrium selection. We study the connections between determinacy of rational expectations equilibrium and learnability of that equilibrium in a general class of purely forward‐looking models. Our framework is sufficiently flexible to encompass lags in agents' information and either finite horizon or infinite horizon approaches to learning. We are able to isolate conditions under which determinacy does and does not imply learnability and also conditions under which long‐horizon forecasts make a clear difference for learnability. Finally, we apply our result to a relatively general New Keynesian model.
EVOLUTION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN POST‐SECONDARY HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS: COLLEGE MAJORS
Authors: GEMICI AHU , WISWALL MATTHEW
Published: January 2014

Although women in the United States now complete more college degrees than men, the distribution of college majors among college graduates remains unequal, with women about two‐thirds as likely as men to major in business or science. We develop and estimate a dynamic, overlapping generations model of human capital investments and labor supply. We allow for specific college major choices, instead of aggregating these choices to the education level. Results show that changes in skill prices, higher schooling costs, and gender‐specific changes in home value were each important to the long‐term trends.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NONOPTIMAL DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM MODELS
Authors: FENG ZHIGANG , MIAO JIANJUN , PERALTA‐ALVA ADRIAN , SANTOS MANUEL S.
Published: January 2014

In this article, we propose a recursive equilibrium algorithm for the numerical simulation of nonoptimal dynamic economies. This algorithm builds upon a convergent operator over an expanded set of state variables. The fixed point of this operator defines the set of all Markovian equilibria. We study approximation properties of the operator. We also apply our recursive equilibrium algorithm to various models with heterogeneous agents, incomplete financial markets, endogenous and exogenous borrowing constraints, taxes, and money.
GROWTH, RENEWABLES, AND THE OPTIMAL CARBON TAX
Authors: VAN DER PLOEG FREDERICK , WITHAGEN CEES
Published: January 2014

Optimal climate policy is investigated in a Ramsey growth model of the global economy with exhaustible oil reserves, an infinitely elastic supply of renewables, stock‐dependent oil extraction costs, and convex climate damages. Four regimes can occur, depending on the initial social cost of oil being larger or smaller than that of renewables and depending on the initial oil stock being large or small. We also offer some policy simulations for the first and second regime, which illustrate that with a lower discount rate more oil is left in situ and renewables are phased in more quickly. We identify the conditions under which the optimal carbon tax rises or decreases. Subsidizing renewables (without a carbon tax) induces more oil to be left in situ and a quicker phasing in of renewables, but oil is depleted more rapidly initially. The net effect on global warming is ambiguous.
Chemotherapeutic and targeted biological agents for metastatic bladder cancer: A comprehensive review
Authors: Sio Terence T , Ko Jocelyn , Gudena Vinay K , Verma Nitin , Chaudhary Uzair B
Published: January 2014

The American Cancer Society estimates that 73 510 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed and 15 000 deaths will result this year. The paper summarizes the clinical evidence for the use of platinum‐based, non‐platinum‐based and new targeted biological agents, while reporting the future directions in the treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. For cisplatin‐base regimens, the combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (M‐VAC) has been the mainstream treatment for both advanced and metastatic bladder cancers. It showed significant improvement in the complete response rate and overall survival time in comparison with single‐agent cisplatin. For cisplatin‐ineligible patients, namely patients with renal impairment, symptomatic cardiac disease and poor performance status, alternative therapies consisting of paclitaxel, gemcitabine and carboplatin were shown to be of benefit. Pemetrexed and vinflunine have also shown effectiveness, with small but demonstrable overall survival benefits. Gemcitabine‐based doublet therapies (combined with paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, oxaliplatin or epirubicin) have all been shown to be effective and well‐tolerated. Several new targeted therapies, such as gefetinib, sorafenib and lapatinib, have received attention in recent years; however, their effectiveness as single agents in a relapse setting have not been optimal and more studies are warranted.
Successful treatment of Erdheim–Chester disease with combination of interleukin‐1‐targeting drugs and high‐dose glucocorticoids
Authors: Darstein F. , Kirschey S. , Heckl S. , Rahman F. , Schwarting A. , Schuchmann M. , Galle P. R. , Zimmermann T.
Published: January 2014

Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histocytic disorder. We report a case of a 45‐year‐old male ECD patient with severe clinical manifestation (urinary obstruction due to retroperitoneal mass with hydronephrosis, involvement of long bones) and central nervous system involvement (hemiparesis, aphasia and diabetes insipidus). Diagnosis was confirmed by typical clinical, radiological and histological findings. Under immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and interleukin‐1A receptor antagonist (Anakinra, Kineret, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden), a rapid improvement of the patients' symptoms and condition was observed. This is the first report of a successful combination therapy of Anakinra and glucocorticoids. Furthermore, current literature about ECD and treatment options are discussed.
Embedding research in clinical practice: differences in attitudes to research participation among clinicians in a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Paget S. P. , Lilischkis K. J. , Morrow A. M. , Caldwell P. H. Y.
Published: January 2014

Despite a drive to increase research in healthcare settings, clinician participation in research remains infrequent. This paper describes an online survey comparing attitudes with research participation among clinicians (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals) at an Australian tertiary children's hospital. Differences between professional groups support the existence of different professional cultures surrounding research, suggesting that multiple strategies are required to improve participation in research.
Children's Perceptions of Choice in Relation to their Play at Home, in the School Playground and at The Out‐of‐School Club
Authors: King Pete , Howard Justine
Published: January 2014

Choice is often presented as a defining feature of play and it has been argued that a perception of choice contributes to the developmental potential of play. This paper investigates children's self‐recorded levels of choice during play across three contexts—the home, the school playground and the out‐of‐school club. Children recorded their play activities across contexts using a structured diary technique. Findings based on 401 reported play episodes indicated that choice varied across contexts, according to the number of children involved and whether or not an adult was present. The findings are discussed in relation to theory, policy and professional practice.
Production of diaspores at the landscape level regulates local colonization: an experiment with a spore‐dispersed moss
Authors: Lönnell Niklas , Jonsson Bengt Gunnar , Hylander Kristoffer
Published: January 2014

Effective dispersal is crucial to species inhabiting transient substrates in order for them to be able to persist in a landscape. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, lichens and fungi all have wind‐dispersed small diaspores and can be efficiently dispersed if their diaspores reach air masses above canopy height. However, empirical data on dispersal over landscape scales are scarce. We investigated how the colonization of an acrocarpous clay‐inhabiting pioneer moss, Discelium nudum, varied between sites that differed in connectivity to potential dispersal sources at spatial scales from 1 to 20 km in a region in northern Sweden. We recorded the colonization on ˜25 introduced clay heaps at each of 14 experimental sites some months after the dispersal period. The colonization rate ranged from 0–82% and had a statistically significant relationship with a proxy for potential habitats (amount of clay‐dominated soil) in a buffer of 20 km radius surrounding the experimental sites (and also weakly with the amount of substrate in a 10 km buffer). There were no significant relationships between colonization rate and connectivity at smaller scales (1 and 5 km). We made a rough estimate of the number of spores available for dispersal in a landscape, given the amount of clay‐dominated soil, by recording the number of Discelium nudum colonies in two 25 × 25 km landscapes. The estimated available spore numbers in the different 20 km buffers were of the same order of magnitude as the deposition densities at the experimental sites calculated from the colonization rates. The results suggest that the spores of species with scattered occurrences and small diaspores (25 μm) in open landscapes can be deposited over extensive areas, at rates high enough to drive colonization patterns. This also implies that regional connectivity may be more important than local connectivity for these kinds of species.
Host diversity drives parasite diversity: meta‐analytical insights into patterns and causal mechanisms
Authors: Kamiya Tsukushi , O’Dwyer Katie , Nakagawa Shinichi , Poulin Robert
Published: January 2014

Statistical correlations of biodiversity patterns across multiple trophic levels have received considerable attention in various types of interacting assemblages, forging a universal understanding of patterns and processes in free‐living communities. Host–parasite interactions present an ideal model system for studying congruence of species richness among taxa as obligate parasites are strongly dependent upon the availability of their hosts for survival and reproduction while also having a tight coevolutionary relationship with their hosts. The present meta‐analysis examined 38 case studies on the relationship between species richness of hosts and parasites, and is the first attempt to provide insights into the patterns and causal mechanisms of parasite biodiversity at the community level using meta‐regression models. We tested the distinct role of resource (i.e. host) availability and evolutionary co‐variation on the association between biodiversity of hosts and parasites, while spatial scale of studies was expected to influence the extent of this association. Our results demonstrate that species richness of parasites is tightly correlated with that of their hosts with a strong average effect size (r= 0.55) through both host availability and evolutionary co‐variation. However, we found no effect of the spatial scale of studies, nor of any of the other predictor variables considered, on the correlation. Our findings highlight the tight ecological and evolutionary association between host and parasite species richness and reinforce the fact that host–parasite interactions provide an ideal system to explore congruence of biodiversity patterns across multiple trophic levels.
Bottom–up regulates top–down: the effects of hybridization of grass endophytes on an aphid herbivore and its generalist predator
Authors: Saari Susanna , Richter Scott , Robbins Melissa , Faeth Stanley H.
Published: January 2014

The ecological consequences of hybridization of microbial symbionts are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hybridization of microbial symbionts of plants can negatively affect performance of herbivores and their natural enemies. In addition, we studied the effects of hybridization of these symbionts on feeding preference of herbivores and their natural enemies. We used Arizona fescue as the host‐plant, Neotyphodium endophytes as symbionts, the bird cherry–oat aphid as the herbivore and the pink spotted ladybird beetle as the predator in controlled experiments. Neither endophyte infection (infected or not infected) nor hybrid status (hybrid and non‐hybrid infection) affected aphid reproduction, proportion of winged forms in the aphid populations, aphid host‐plant preference or body mass of the ladybirds. However, development of ladybird larvae was delayed when fed with aphids grown on hybrid (H+) endophyte infected grasses compared to larvae fed with aphids from non‐hybrid (NH+) infected grasses, non‐hybrid, endophyte‐removed grasses (NH−) and hybrid, endophyte‐removed (H−) grasses. Furthermore, adult beetles were more likely to choose all other types of grasses harboring aphids rather than H+ infected grasses. In addition, development of ladybirds was delayed when fed with aphids from naturally uninfected (E−) grasses compared to ladybirds that were fed with aphids from NH+ and NH− grasses. Our results suggest that hybridization of microbial symbionts may negatively affect generalist predators such as the pink spotted ladybird and protect herbivores like the bird cherry–oat aphids from predation even though the direct effects on herbivores are not evident.
Ferroelectric Transition and Low‐Temperature Dielectric Relaxations in Filled Tungsten Bronzes
Authors: Zhu Xiao Li , Li Kun , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: January 2014

A comprehensive review on the latest development of the ferroelectric transition and low‐temperature dielectric relaxations of filled tungsten bronze ceramics are presented together with some new issues. In the filled tungsten bronze ceramics M6−pRpTi2+pNb8−pO30 (p = 1, 2; M = Ba or Sr; R = rare earth or Bi), a ferroelectric transition is generally indicated together with up to three low‐temperature dielectric relaxations. The ferroelectric transition is determined as 4/mmm → 4 mm, and the low‐temperature dielectric relaxations are deeply concerned with the structure modulations due to the order/disorder of ions in A1 and A2 sites, their random cross occupancy, and the order/disorder of B‐site ions. Both the ferroelectric transition and low‐temperature dielectric relaxations are dominated by the composition and radius difference between A1‐ and A2‐site ions, ∆r. The normal ferroelectric transition might be expected if the ratio of the biggest ion and second big ion is 2:1, otherwise the diffuse or relaxor ferroelectric is expected. Meanwhile, the larger ∆r generally results in the normal ferroelectric, and the smaller ∆r will lead to the diffuse or relaxor ferroelectric. Moreover, the effects of A sites order/disorder and the random cross occupancy of A‐site ions are primary, and the effects of B‐site ordering/disordering are secondary. The right ratio of 2:1 for A2‐ and A1‐site ions and the large ∆r should be the guidelines for designing the possible multiferroic tungsten bronzes.
Footprints of past intensive diversification and structuring in the genus Zelkova (Ulmaceae) in south‐western Eurasia
Authors: Christe Camille , Kozlowski Gregor , Frey David , Bétrisey Sébastien , Maharramova Elmira , Garfì Giuseppe , Pirintsos Stergios , Naciri Yamama
Published: January 2014

Aim

To elucidate the phylogeographical patterns in three Cenozoic relict species: Zelkova sicula, Z. abelicea and Z. carpinifolia (Ulmaceae).

Location

Sicily, Crete and Transcaucasia.

Methods

Two chloroplast loci (trnH–psbA and trnL) and the nuclear ribosomal markers ITS1 and ITS2 were sequenced for 154 samples collected from 14 populations of Z. abelicea, 16 populations of Z. carpinifolia, and the two known populations of Z. sicula. We obtained georeferenced data, calculated median joining networks and carried out diversity analyses. A few ex situ samples collected from botanical gardens, of the East Asian species Zelkova serrata, Z. schneideriana and Z. sinica, were also analysed for comparative purposes.

Results

High levels of variability were found in the chloroplast markers within Z. carpinifolia (15 haplotypes) and Z. abelicea (33 haplotypes), in association with strong phylogeographical structure. Conversely, Z. sicula was characterized by low diversity, with each population exhibiting a single haplotype. Lower variability was found for ITS1 and ITS2 within Z. carpinifolia and Z. abelicea (13 and 7 ribotypes per species, respectively), with Z. carpinifolia showing a high proportion of populations with no intragenomic polymorphism. In the triploid and clonal Z. sicula, all individuals displayed intragenomic polymorphism and seven ribotypes were identified.

Main conclusions

The chloroplast diversity of Z. abelicea and Z. carpinifolia suggests a very ancient history of diversification and structuring, with footprints of past expansions and more recent bottlenecks. Zelkova sicula has had a history of severe isolation and is likely to be of hybrid origin.
3D‐CAD effects on creative design performance of different spatial abilities students
Authors: Chang Y.
Published: January 2014

Students' creativity is an important focus globally and is interrelated with students' spatial abilities. Additionally, three‐dimensional computer‐assisted drawing (3D‐CAD) overcomes barriers to spatial expression during the creative design process. Does 3D‐CAD affect students' creative abilities? The purpose of this study was to explore the auxiliary effects of 3D‐CAD applications on students' creative design capabilities and on students with different spatial abilities. A total of 349 students from a public senior high school in Taoyuan County, Taiwan, participated in the study. The study used a non‐equivalent pretest and post‐test quasi‐experimental design. The key results from the study include the following: (1) students' spatial abilities were moderately correlated with their creative performance, especially their functional creativity; (2) the 3D‐CAD applications enhanced students' creative performance, particularly with regard to aesthetics; and (3) in 3D‐CAD applications, students with better spatial abilities were superior to those with relatively poor spatial abilities with regard to creative performance. Additionally, the effect sizes of novelty and aesthetics were stronger than that of functionality.
CD34+VEGFR‐3+ progenitor cells have a potential to differentiate towards lymphatic endothelial cells
Authors: Tan Yu‐zhen , Wang Hai‐jie , Zhang Mei‐hua , Quan Zhe , Li Ting , He Qi‐zhi
Published: January 2014

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in postnatal neovascularization. However, it is poorly understood whether EPCs contribute to lymphangiogenesis. Here, we assessed differentiation of a novel population of EPCs towards lymphatic endothelial cells and their lymphatic formation. CD34+VEGFR‐3+ EPCs were isolated from mononuclear cells of human cord blood by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. These cells expressed CD133 and displayed the phenotype of the endothelial cells. Cell colonies appeared at 7–10 days after incubation. The cells of the colonies grew rapidly and could be repeatedly subcultured. After induction with VEGF‐C for 2 weeks, CD34+VEGFR‐3+ EPCs could differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells expressing specific markers 5′‐nucleotidase, LYVE‐1 and Prox‐1. The cells also expressed hyaluronan receptor CD44. The differentiated cells had properties of proliferation, migration and formation of lymphatic capillary‐like structures in three‐dimensional collagen gel and Matrigel. VEGF‐C enhanced VEGFR‐3 mRNA expression. After interfering with VEGFR‐3 siRNA, the effects of VEGF‐C were diminished. These results demonstrate that there is a population of CD34+VEGFR‐3+ EPCs with lymphatic potential in human cord blood. VEGF‐C/VEGFR‐3 signalling pathway mediates differentiation of CD34+VEGFR‐3+ EPCs towards lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis. Cord blood‐derived CD34+VEGFR‐3+ EPCs may be a reliable source in transplantation therapy for lymphatic regenerative diseases.
Causes of male sexual trait divergence in introduced populations of guppies
Authors: Lindholm A. K. , Head M. L. , Brooks R. C. , Rollins L. A. , Ingleby F. C. , Zajitschek S. R. K.
Published: January 2014

Males from different populations of the same species often differ in their sexually selected traits. Variation in sexually selected traits can be attributed to sexual selection if phenotypic divergence matches the direction of sexual selection gradients among populations. However, phenotypic divergence of sexually selected traits may also be influenced by other factors, such as natural selection and genetic constraints. Here, we document differences in male sexual traits among six introduced Australian populations of guppies and untangle the forces driving divergence in these sexually selected traits. Using an experimental approach, we found that male size, area of orange coloration, number of sperm per ejaculate and linear sexual selection gradients for male traits differed among populations. Within populations, a large mismatch between the direction of selection and male traits suggests that constraints may be important in preventing male traits from evolving in the direction of selection. Among populations, however, variation in sexual selection explained more than half of the differences in trait variation, suggesting that, despite within‐population constraints, sexual selection has contributed to population divergence of male traits. Differences in sexual traits were also associated with predation risk and neutral genetic distance. Our study highlights the importance of sexual selection in trait divergence in introduced populations, despite the presence of constraining factors such as predation risk and evolutionary history.
Multilevel Modeling of Item Position Effects
Authors: Albano Anthony D.
Published: January 2014

In many testing programs it is assumed that the context or position in which an item is administered does not have a differential effect on examinee responses to the item. Violations of this assumption may bias item response theory estimates of item and person parameters. This study examines the potentially biasing effects of item position. A hierarchical generalized linear model is formulated for estimating item‐position effects. The model is demonstrated using data from a pilot administration of the GRE wherein the same items appeared in different positions across the test form. Methods for detecting and assessing position effects are discussed, as are applications of the model in the contexts of test development and item analysis.
Survival of Naturally Occurring Campylobacter in Refrigerated and Frozen Rinsate From a Broiler Carcass – a Research Note
Authors: Cox N.A. , Richardson L.J. , Berrang M.E. , Rigsby L.L. , Buhr R.J. , Plumblee J.R. , Fedorka‐Cray P.J.
Published: January 2014

Each of the 10 carcasses were rinsed and tested for Campylobacter. Each rinse was subdivided into twelve 25‐mL aliquots, without cryoprotectant. Six were stored at 4C and six at −23C. At 4‐month intervals, one aliquot from each was streaked onto Campy‐Cefex plates and then 5 mL added to 45 mL of Bolton's (B) or 45 mL of Tecra (T) broth; after 48 h at 42C, both enrichments were streaked onto Campy‐Cefex plates. At 4 months (4C), 0 of 10, seven of 10 and three of 10 were positive by direct streak, B and T, respectively, while 0 of 10, one of 10 and four of 10 were positive by direct streak, B and T, respectively, at −23C. At 4 months, all 4C samples were negative, while two of 10 frozen samples were positive in both B and T after 8 months and one of 10 in B at 12, 16 and 20 months. Foods contaminated with Campylobacter may still pose a health hazard after long‐term freezing.

Practical Applications

In this study, naturally occurring Campylobacter were able to survive in the rinsate of commercially processed broiler carcasses without the use of a cryoprotectant. The Campylobacter isolate was identified as a nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant strain of Campylobacter jejuni. Survival and periodic recovery were demonstrated after 20 months of frozen storage in broiler carcass rinsate alone. Therefore, naturally contaminated uncooked frozen poultry may pose a potential health hazard.
The role of anxiety, depression, and psychological stress on the clinical status of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus
Authors: Gavic Lidia , Cigic Livia , Biocina Lukenda Dolores , Gruden Vladimir , Gruden Pokupec Josipa Sanja
Published: January 2014

Background

In spite of all the efforts, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and oral lichen planus (OLP) still have unexplained etiology.

The role of anxiety, depression, and psychological stress in occurrence and intensity of symptoms in RAS and OLP patients has been investigated in this study.

Methods

A total of 110 patients with RAS in the acute phase and 112 patients with OLP also in acute phase participated in this study. All patients filled out questionnaires related to the primary disease (RAS/OLP) after which they took the following psychological tests: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ).

Results

According to multiple regression analysis, in patients with RAS, the highest correlation was found between results of the pain intensity and STAI test (β= 0.66; p < 0.000). In the patients with OLP, the highest correlation was found between the level of hyperkeratosis and WCQ test (β = 0.53; P < 0.000), inflammation and results of BDI test (β = 0.33; P < 0.002), and results of dynia test and STAI test (β = 0.31; P < 0.004).

Conclusions

In this study, a high correlation between anxiety, depression, and psychological stress with symptoms of RAS and OLP has been observed.
Chemopreventive effect of Mentha piperita on dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and formaldehyde‐induced tongue carcinogenesis in mice (histological and immunohistochemical study)
Authors: Kasem Rehab F. , Hegazy Radwa H. , Arafa Mona A. A. , AbdelMohsen Mona M.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of chemicals or dietary components to block, inhibit, or reverse the development of cancer in normal or pre‐neoplastic tissue. Mentha extract (ME) has antioxidant and antiperoxidant properties. This study was held to investigate the protective and anticancer effect of Mentha leaves aqueous extract on oral epithelium of mice tongues.

Design

A total of 80 Egyptian albino mice were divided into three groups. Group I served as control (not subjected to any kind of treatment), and groups II and III were subjected to two‐stage chemical carcinogenesis through topical application of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) followed by formaldehyde on dorsal and ventral surfaces of tongues for 9 weeks. Mentha leaves extract was administrated to group III at the same time of cancer induction. Histological changes were assessed in H&E sections at 3‐week intervals. The anticarcinogenic effect of Mentha piperita was tested using immunostain with anticaspase antibody.

Results

The oral administration of ME reduced the appearance of dysplastic cellular changes with 61% and inhibited tumor incidence with 100%. Group I showed moderate‐to‐strong cytoplasmic caspase expression. At 6‐week interval, group II showed weak‐to‐moderate caspase expression, while sections from group III showed moderate‐to‐strong caspase expression. High significant statistical difference in the total score of caspase 3 expression was found between specimens obtained from animals sacrificed at 6 weeks in groups I, II, and III (P = 0.001**).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that Mentha piperita has inhibited the initiation and promotion of oral dysplastic lesions.
Histomorphologic characteristics of bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw
Authors: Koerdt Steffen , Dax Svenja , Grimaldi Hannes , Ristow Oliver , Kuebler Alexander C. , Reuther Tobias
Published: January 2014

Background

Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a known side effect of the therapy with bisphosphonates. No specific pathologic aspects or histological features are included in the most current definition. This study investigates characteristics of BRONJ with a special emphasis on histomorphologic aspects, evaluating the role of Actinomyces spp. as well as other disease‐promoting factors in a formal pathogenetic context.

Methods

We investigated 23 patients (14 female, nine male; mean age: 66 ± 11.8 years) who received bisphosphonates with a gender‐ /age‐matched control group. Tissue specimens were treated according to local standards and analyzed histologically.

Results

In 18 (78.3%) BRONJ cases, we found Actinomyces spp. colonies. Bone remodeling could be found in three specimens (13%). Eight specimens (34.8%) showed signs of epithelial proliferation. Analysis of dental treatment before the onset of BRONJ did not reveal significant differences (P > 0.20). In 10 patients (83%; P > 0.05) of the reported cases a relationship between dental treatment and the occurrence of a purulent bone necrosis could be observed. Statistically significant differences in thickness of trabeculae were detected between the two study groups (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the important influence of the osteoblast–osteoclast balance in a histomorphologic analysis. Together with cofactors, which are able to trigger the onset of BRONJ, a new pathogenesis model was developed.
Neutrophil‐tumor cell cannibalism in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sarode Sachin C. , Sarode Gargi S.
Published: January 2014

Background

Cannibalism was recognized as a phenomenon seen mainly with the tumor cells ingesting other tumor cells. Recent reports have shown tumor cell engulfing other cells (xeno‐cannibalism) as well, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and erythrocytes. But no such finding has been reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the literature till date.

Objective

Retrospective histopathological analysis of OSCC for identification of neutrophil‐tumor cell cannibalism (NTCC) and its correlation with clinico‐pathological parameters.

Methods

The hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections of 500 OSCC cases were thoroughly screened at high power magnification (400X) for NTCC. Cases showing only frank NTCC were selected. Cases were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using CD68 and lysozyme.

Results

Seven (1.4%) cases of OSCC which showed classical features of extreme NTCC on histopathological examination. Seventeen Cases (3.4%) showing occasional isolated NTCC were excluded. All the cases were poorly differentiated and showed cervical lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed mild (+) to moderate (++) positivity in tumor cells for CD68 and lysozyme markers.

Conclusion

NTCC in OSCC can predict the biological behavior and could serve as a useful prognostic marker in future. Tumor cell displaying macrophage phenotype and cell digestion could be mediated through lysosomal enzyme activity.
International Environmental Agreements under Endogenous Uncertainty
Authors: NKUIYA BRUNO , MARROUCH WALID , BAHEL ERIC
Published: January 2014

This paper explores the implications of the possibility of a shift in environmental damages on the participation in environmental treaties. Using a two‐period model where the probability of a regime shift increases in the first‐period pollution stock, we examine the issue of coalition formation under both fixed and dynamic membership. Our analysis suggests that endogenous uncertainty may increase participation. We find that full cooperation may be sustained, but only in the presence of endogenous uncertainty. Interestingly, when the shift in the environmental damage is large enough, the model provides a way to solve the “puzzle of small coalitions” found in the literature related to international environmental agreements. We also find that in period 1 (period 2) endogenous uncertainty leads to a lower (higher) pollution stock under dynamic membership as compared to the fixed membership case.
A Political Economy Model of Earnings Mobility and Redistribution Policy
Authors: ARAWATARI RYO , ONO TETSUO
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a politico‐economic model that includes a mutual link between life cycle earnings mobility and redistributive politics. The model demonstrates that when an economy features a high opportunity of upward mobility and high risk of downward mobility, it attains a unique equilibrium where unskilled, low‐income agents support a low redistribution because of the hope of upward mobility in future. In contrast, the economy attains multiple equilibria when mobility opportunity and risk are low: one is an unskilled‐majority equilibrium defined by low mobility and the other is a skilled‐majority equilibrium defined by high mobility. The paper gives a comparison between the political equilibrium and the social planner's allocation in terms of mobility, and shows that the skilled‐majority equilibrium realizes mobility close to the optimal one.