bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of Ferroelectric Single Crystals in the System LixNa1-xNbO3
Authors: Zhang P. L. , Zhong W. L. , Chen H. C. , Chen F. S. , Song Y. Y.
Published: March 2014

Relatively large size single crystals of Li
x
Na1-x
NbO3 were grown by Czochralski method. Three compositions of x=0.09, 0.12 and 0.16 have been studied by X-ray diffraction, dielectric measurement and ferroelectric hysteresis loops. At room temperature, the point group of crystal of x=0.09 is mm2 and that for x=0.12 and 0.16 is 4 mm. From the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and the hysteresis loops, the transition temperature T
c, Curie-Weiss temperature T
o, curie-Weiss constant C, spontaneous polarization P
s, coercive field E
c and the high field loss tangent tan δH were determined for each composition. The significant difference between T
c and T
0 indicates the first order character of the ferro-paraelectric phase transitions. Crystals with x=0.12 shows the largest P
s and the lowest E
c which is ascribed to the morphotropic phase transition near room temperature for this composition.
D.C Bias and Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant PZT Family ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Masuda Yoichiro , Baba Akira
Published: March 2014

D.C bias and frequency dependence of the dielectric constant of PLLZT10/53/47 (trigonal-tetragonal phase), 10/65/35 (trigonal-phase) and 10/40/60 (tetragonal phase) compositions have been investigated. The dielectric measurements were carried out 19°C and 100°C temperature in ferroelectric phase and several frequencies between 1 kHz and 1 MHz.
Ferroelectric 180° switching and 90° rotating domain model explain the dependence of dielectric constant on electric bias and frequency.
Compositions and Electrical Properties of Complex Bismuth Layer-Structured Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Takenaka Tadashi , Sakata Koichiro
Published: March 2014

Complex compounds of bismuth Layer-structured ferroelectrics were studied on dielectric and piezoelectric properties. The Curie temperature T
c of solid solution systems based on PbBi2Nb2O9 linearly increases as the tolerance factor t for perovskite-like units of the layer structure rapidly decreases according to the increase of the substitution ion for Pb. A substitution of (NaBi)1/2, for Pb in the solid solution Pb1-x
(NaBi)
x/2Bi2Nb2O9 (PNBN-100x) system gives the elevated T
c and the easy poling process. Na0.5Bi2.5Nb2O9 is a very high Curie temperature of 785°C. The coupling factor k
33 of the hot-forged PNBN-50 is about 20%.
Electrical Properties of a (Sr, Ca)TiO3 Base Ceramic Varistor
Authors: Kaino Daisuke , Funayama Junichi , Yamaoka Nobutatu
Published: March 2014

After the pressed materials were fired to produced a coarsegrained semiconductive ceramic and a diffusion treatment was made to get a boundary layer structure, the electrical properties were measured.
Dielectric Properties and Related Domain Structures of Aged PLZT 8/65/35
Authors: Tsuzuki Kaoru
Published: March 2014

A lessening of loss tan
δ and three types of dispersion by lowering the low frequency ε, for as-sintered, aged PLZT 8/65/35 are observed. These aging phenomena can be explained by the unpolar phase stabilization whthin a polar region <T

c
. Remarkable stabilization begins at ∼60°C. This concept was confirmed by the observation of polar microdomains. Average dimmensions of microdomain were ∼300 Å for polished-annealed samples and ∼100 Å for as-sintered ones.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Hot-Pressed Ba(La1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Yokosuka Masaru , Ochiai Tsutomu , Marutake Masakazu
Published: March 2014

Hot-pressed ceramics of the solid solution in the ternary systems xBa(La1/2Nb1/2)O3–(1-x)[Pb(Zr
y
Ti1-y
)O3] show excellent optical and electrooptical characteristics, comparable to PLZT. Linear and quadratic electrooptical coefficients, r

c
and R, are determined for more than ten specimens of various compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary between the tetragonal and the rhombohedral phases and maximum values of r

c
=10.73×10-10m/V and R=12.0×10-16 m2/V2 are observed.
Dielectric and electromechanical measurements along with X-ray analysis are also carried out to determine the phase diagram.
Electrooptic Kerr Effect in TiO2 and PbMoO4 Crystals
Authors: Maeda Masaki , Kato Akira , Ikeda Takuro
Published: March 2014

Some components of the electrooptic Kerr constants in rutile (TiO2) and PbMoO4 crystals have been determined by the interference method. In the measurement of rutile, analyses were made of the temporal response of interference light intensity and the Kerr effect was separated from the themal effect due to electric dissipation. Results were discussed from a viewpoint of the Kerr effect per oxygen-octahedron in comparison with those of various oxide crystals. An additional discussion was made on a Kerr contribution to the light deflection in coplanar-electrode arrangement in comparison with a thermal effect.
Photostrictive Actuator Using PLZT Ceramics
Authors: Uchino Kenji , Aizawa Motoya
Published: March 2014

Photostriction explainable by the superposition of the bulk photovoltaic effect and piezoelectricity has been investigated in the solid solution ceramics of (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3. Using the optimum composition PLZT(3/52/48), we have fabricated a photodriven relay as a trial photostrictive actuator. Though the response is rather slow, we have observed primitive relay function controllable by the optical irradiation.
Optical Modulation Using Mode Conversion from Surface Acoustic Wave to Bulk Wave
Authors: Toda Kohji , Watabe Kohji
Published: March 2014

A method for optical modulation is described by using a leaky surface acoustic wave device. The Rayleigh wave excited by an interdigital transducer is converted to a londitudinal mode at a liquid-solid boundary after propagating on the substrate material. The ultrasound radiated into water operates as a diffraction grating. Experimental results as an optical modulator using the ultrasonic grating are given with its basic properties for a combination of a He–Ne 0.63 µm laser and water as an acousto-optic material, under the diffraction condition of Raman-Nath type. The amplitude modulation of the optical beam is also demonstrated.
Relay Using Multilayer Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Mitsuhashi Sadayuki , Wakamatsu Kazutoshi , Aihara Yoshiki , Okihara Naoto
Published: March 2014

This paper describes a quite new type piezoelectric relay of low power consumption and ultra slim shape, using a high efficiency multilayer piezoelectric actuator.
Properties of Amorphous PbTiO3 Prepared by a Sputtering Deposition
Authors: Kitabatake Makoto , Wasa Kiyotaka
Published: March 2014

Amorphous PbTiO3 films were prepared by a sputtering deposition. The film deposited on a substrate at 200°C was amorphous. The amorphous PbTiO3 changed to perovskite PbTiO3 when it was annealed above the crystallization temperature (520°C). When the amorphous PbTiO3 was annealed below the crystallization temperature, it partially crystallized and contained pyrochjore and perovskite crystallites. It is considered that the perovskite PbTiO3 crystallites, which grow in the sputtering-deposited amorphous PbTiO3 film, are in a “stress-free state” below the crystallization temperature.
The Progress of Research on Exoelectron Emission and Applications in Japan
Authors: Kawanishi Masaharu
Published: March 2014

This is the first time that the International Symposium on Exoelectron Emission and Applications has been held in Osaka, Japan. Japanese research on exoelectron emission has certainly been spreading and growing from the standpoint not only of basic solid-state or surface science but also of technical applications. A brief review of this progress is presented.
Exoelectron Emission During First Order Phase Changes of Alkali Nitrites and Nitrates
Authors: Górecki Czesław , Górecki Tadeusz
Published: March 2014

Results of experimental investigations of the photosimulated EEE accompanying polymorphic phase changes and melting of alkali nitrites and nitrates are reported for the first time. The measurements of the temperature dependences of the intensity of photostimulated EEE from reagent grade powder materials were performed in air at atmospheric pressure, the exoelectrons being detected with an open air point counter with saturated ethanol quenching vapour. The DTA control measurements were performed at the same heating rate using reagent grade Al2O3 as a reference. A comparison of the results of the DTA and EEE measurements shows clearly that both the polymorphic phase transitions and melting of the investigated materials are accompanied by jumps or peaks of the EEE intensity, thus enabling the detection of the solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions in inorganic salts by the EEE technique.
Physical and Magnetic Properties and the Kinetics of Exoelectron Emission (EEE) from Metallic Glasses Containing Elements from the Group of Transition Metals (Fe, Co, Ni)
Authors: Sujak B. , Duś-Sitek M. , Olszowski Z. , Wysłocki B.
Published: March 2014

An amorphous alloy (Co85.2Fe3.19Mn2.38Mo1.53Si5.01B2.69) was examined by thermostimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) and X-ray diffraction. The work dealt with the effect of hydriding, its desorption on the kinetics of TSEE, and the relaxation processes related to the presence and penetration of hydrogen through the amorphous alloy.
The Influence of Experimental Parameters on Exoemission under UHV Conditions
Authors: Gołek F. , Sujak B.
Published: March 2014

The surface cleanness of equipment and the parameters regarding electron-beam excitation are discussed as factors having significant influence on the shape of observed TSSE spectra. Attempts to explain problems involving the reproducibility of TSEE peaks are given. Also, improvements in UHV preparation for securing clean surfaces are discussed.
Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission of Plasma-Sprayed Zirconia Coatings
Authors: Iwamoto Nobuya , Makino Yukio , Endo Shigeki
Published: March 2014

The thermally stimulated exoelectron emissions from plasma-sprayed and X-ray irradiated zirconia coatings were studied and TSEE glow peaks were detected at 200 and 320°C. It is thought that the TSEE is caused by metastable tetragonal zirconia obtained by plasma spraying.
TSEE and OSEE from Laser-Evaporated BeO Thin Films
Authors: Mitrikov M. , Dimitrov D. , Metev S.
Published: March 2014

A laser evaporation technique has been applied to preparation of BeO thin films, and some results on the preparation conditions have been obtained. TSEE and OSEE from the films thus produced have been studied to clarify their emissive and dosimetric properties (sensitivity, dose linearity, fading) used as exodosemeters.
Photostimulated Exoelectron Emission (PSEE) during Tensile Deformation of Aluminum Single Crystal
Authors: Shinata Yutaka , Saito Yasutoshi
Published: March 2014

Photostimulated exoelectron emission (PSEE) from aluminum single crystals during tensile deformation was measured with a picoammeter in air and in a vacuum. The PSEE intensity is discussed in relation to surface consitioning and crystal orientation. The integrated surface areas of slip steps formed by tensile deformations were calculated and the values were compared with the experimental data.
The PSEE intensity during tensile deformation increased with a progression of the elongation. However the rates of the increases differed depending on the surface conditioning and crystal orientation. The intensity in a vacuum was larger than that in air, but the relative change during deformation was nearly equal in both conditions. The PSEE intensity was proportional to the integrated surface area of slip steps for every orientation.
Electrical-Charge and Exoemission Study of Some Ionic Crystals during Plastic Deformation
Authors: Pierszkała Andrzej , Piróg Mieczysław
Published: March 2014

The exoemission of electrons and electric charge on the surfaces of samples have been investigated during the plastic deformation of NaCl, KCl, KBr and KI crystals containing color centers. Samples were cleaved along the cleavage planes to form perpendicular parallelepipeds and compressed in the <001 > direction. Electric charges appeared on the surfaces of deformed samples due to a movement of dislocations. During the first phase of the deformation process, the charge was always negative; and in the second stage it was usually positive. It has been established that an exoemission of electrons takes place only when the surface of a sample is negatively charged.
Investigation of the TSEE of Various Oxides and Sulfates
Authors: Oonishi Hajimu , Nishiuchi Kenichi , Yamashita Tadaoki , Kawanishi Masaharu
Published: March 2014

The TSEE of various oxides and sulfates were investigated in order to obtain a highly sensitive material for radiation dosimetry. As a result, BeO heated above 165°C in O2 or air, and Na- or Li-doped BeO heated above 140°C were found to have the best sensitivities to radiation. The materials which showed sensitivities nearly as high as BeO were MgO, Al2O3, WO3, PbO, CaSO4, SrSO4 and BaSO4.
Parameters Affecting the TSEE of BeO Dosemeters
Authors: Scharmann A. , Kriegseis W.
Published: March 2014

BeO has been used for TSEE dosemeters over two decades. Its exoelectron properties are not uniform. The paper reviews bulk and surface properties of importance for exoelectron emission and dosimetric applications.
Connected TSEE/OSEE Readouts of BeO Thin-Film Dosemeters
Authors: Lesz J. , Scharmann A. , Holzapfel G.
Published: March 2014

The commonly used TSEE readout for β- or X-irradiated BeO thinfilm dosemeters was complemented by OSEE readouts using blue (<500 nm) and green (>500 nm) light beams which caused different OSEE decay characteristics. By TSEE a dose range between 10-5 Gy and 10 Gy and by OSEE, a dose range between 10-3 Gy and 104 Gy could be covered. This means that the dose-measuring capacity of BeO thin-film dosemeters linearly comprises 9 orders of magnitude between the low-dose threshold and high-dose saturation. A relation between TSEE and OSEE signals was established by thermal bleaching experiments.
Electronic Characteristics of a Mono-Point TSEE/ OSEE Geiger Counter
Authors: Lesz J. , Holzapfel G.
Published: March 2014

The characteristics (dead-time and recovery-time) of a mono-point TSEE/OSEE Geiger counter were investigated using electronic pulse sampling techniques. After a dead-time of 12 µs, the recovery of the counting efficiency and a restoration of the initial electric field distribution occurred at time between 25 and 80 µs.
Laser-Stimulated Exoelectron Emission
Authors: Bräunlich Peter , Kelly Paul
Published: March 2014

Laser-stimulated exoelectron emission is discussed as a new technique to measure the electron affinity, the electron concentration in the conduction band, and the relaxation time of free electrons in exicted states. A simple theory is presented and applied to NaCl exposed to CO2-laser photons of 10.6 µm wavelength during a thermally stimulated relaxation experiment.
Exoemission for Biomaterials Research
Authors: Davies J. E.
Published: March 2014

Interfacial reactivity is of fundamental interest in understanding the biological response to ceramic biomaterials. There is considerable evidence that cell behaviour is influenced by the surface charge of solid substrata. This discussive paper attempts to establish conceptual links between the types of charge-carrier emission measurements performed in exoemission experiments, the reactivity of solid surfaces at the solid/liquid interface and the possible relationships between such measurements and biological response.
Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission (TSEE) and ESCA Study of Au and Ni Exposed to Ar, O2, N2 and C2H5OH Vapor Plasmas
Authors: Momose Yoshihiro , Noguchi Masahiro , Kumada Toshiyuki , Sakai Akimitsu
Published: March 2014

The interactions of Au with Ar and O2 plasmas, and of Ni with O2, N2 and C2H5OH vapor plasmas have been studied by TSEE and XPS. The TSEE was strongly influenced by the amount of oxygen incorporated at metal surfaces due to the effects of the plasmas, and was suppressed by the oxygen incorporated in excess. With Au samples, Ar plasma produced a TSEE peak at about 170°C and O2 plasma two peaks at about 180–190°C and 120°C; O2 plasma gave a much weaker emission than the Ar plasma. Au samples exposed to the plasmas gave XPS spectra of Au, C, O, Al and Si. The incorporation of Si and Al may be attributable to the plasma reactor. The TSEE was closely correlated with the composition ratio of O/Si, resulting in a maximum at the value of O/Si=0.4. With Ni samples, a TSEE peak appeared at about 177°C independently of the plasma atmospheres. The peak intensity was satisfactorily correlated with the ratios of O/Ni and O/C, giving a maximum at the values of O/Ni=8 and O/C=1.
Polarization Aspects of the EEE Phenomenon
Authors: Gorgiladze B. G. , Dolidze G. M.
Published: March 2014

The correlations between the TSEE, TSCD and TSC processes for X-ray irradiated LiF single crystals were experimentally studied. It was established that the TSEE spectra of LiF are dominated by dipole and ionic-polarization processes. Kinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of experimental data. The possibilities of the participation of cation vacancies in the processes of electron emission are discussed.
Vorticity Measuring Apparatus Using Reciprocal Ultrasonic Transmission Method
Authors: Motooka Seiichi , Liu Maokai , Okujima Motoyoshi
Published: March 2014

The authors devised a method to measure vorticity by using the ultrasonic pulse. With this method, measurement was made of the sum total of sound propagation time in the flow direction easy and opposite to the circulating direction of the vortex. The vorticity was then calculated by subtracting the propagation time of the easy flow from that of opposite flow. Taking practical use into consideration, a trial vorticity measuring apparatus was built and its experimentally examined effectiveness was shown by acceptable results.
Temperature Compensated Doppler Flowmeter for Small Diameter Pipe
Authors: Tanisawa Shigeru , Hirose Haruo
Published: March 2014

The paper describes a reduction method of errors caused by changes in the sound velocity and the ultrasonic beam angle of the Doppler flowmeter. Firstly, a correcting method with sound velocity sensor is presented to show that the sound velocity error is effectively reduced. Secondly, the method is compared with the conventional Doppler method, and the various errors resulting from temperature change are discussed. It is concluded that it is possible to compensate sound velocity change in the Doppler method. The sound velocity sensor for the compensation is found to have small errors by its angle misalignment.
Evaluation of Ultrasonic Attenuation of Scattering Medium with Its Tomogram
Authors: Soetanto Kawan , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Okujima Motoyoshi , Tanaka Motonao
Published: March 2014

We have proposed a technique for measuring the ultrasonic attenuation constant of tissues in vivo, using a linear-scanned B-mode tomogram which is widely employed in abdominal diagnosis. In this technique, the attenuation constant of a tissue can be estimated by measuring its attenuation related to a reference scattering phantom with known attenuation constant. The merits of this technique are independent of the sensitivity time control (STC) and almost free of the beam focussing. This paper outlines the technique.
Acoustic Boundary Waves Propagating along a Thin Layer between Two Bonded Substrates
Authors: Irino Toshio , Shimizu Yasutaka
Published: March 2014

The characteristics of boundary waves propagating along a thin layer between two bonded substrates were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The structures are PZT/ADHESIVE/PZT and PZT/ADHESIVE/GLASS. It was found that the propagation loss of the devices is greater than theoretical results because of a non-uniform adhesive layer. Therefore, the two substrates must be carefully and accurately bonded to decrease the propagation loss.
Design of SAW Dispersive Delay Lines for a FDM-TDM Transform Processor Based on Chirp Z Transform
Authors: Kodama Toshikazu , Morishita Shigefumi , Yasuhara Yoshihiko , Sato Hiroaki
Published: March 2014

A design method of SAW dispersive delay lines suitable for a FDM-TDM transform processor with small time-band-width product is described. Experimental results of a constructed processor show a -25 dB interference level, which is close to the designed value. In comparison to established digital fast Fourier transform (FFT) processors, the analog SAW processor demonstrated here offers wideband (60 MHz), real time operation and vastly reduced power consumption (20 W) at the expense of limited accuracy and dynamic range.
Propagation Characteristics of SH–Waves in Piezoelectric Ceramic Plates
Authors: Mizutani Koichi , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

Propagation characteristics of shear horizontal (SH) waves in a piezoelectric ceramic plate have been investigated as a function of the product of the frequency F and the substrate thickness D. The distribution of displacement in the zeroth-order symmetrical and antisymmetrial modes is illustrated for various F
D values. Calculated dispersion curves and electromechanical coupling constant values are well consistent with the experimental results obtained in five kinds of SH-wave devices.
Ultrasonic Treatment Applied to High Quality Lift-Off Technique
Authors: Ueki Mineo , Mimura Yoshiaki
Published: March 2014

The removal of undesired edge residue is examined in an ultrasonic bath for a lift-off process. The removal efficiency depends on the ultrasonic frequency and has a maximum at 100∼200 kHz. This is attributed to the sound pressure of 105∼106 Pa, which is caused by the large amplitude of higher harmonic components. The repeated stress generated by the sound pressure due to ultrasonic waves completely removes the edge residue. Cavitations do not seem to play an important role in removing the edge residue.
Off-Centric Concave Transducer for Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Chubachi Noriyoshi , Kushibiki Jun-ichi , Sugawara Yasuhiro
Published: March 2014

An off-centric concave transducer is proposed, the focusing principle of which is based on an idea of allotment of focusing functions to transducer and lens. A converging wave with small aperture angle generated from a concave transducer is changed into one with larger aperture angle by refration of the lens. It is theoretically revealed that no aberration of the focusing beam can occur with various substrate materials. Excellent focusing performance is demonstrated at 200 MHz with the off-centric concave transducer fabricated in a fused-quartz substrate whose velocity is smaller than that of a sapphire substrate.
Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffraction by Deep Bulk Acoustic Waves for Use in Optic Spectrum Analyser
Authors: Hashimoto Ken-ya , Toyoda Masahiro , Yamaguchi Masatsune , Kogo Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

The paper describes acousto-optic Bragg diffraction by an IDT-launched, frequency-steered deep bulk acoustic wave (DBAW) beam, for use in an optic spectrum analyser (OSA). It was shown both theoretically and experimentally that the Bragg-diffracted light beam forms an image on a straight line on a projection screen, the change in the image position being almost proportional to DBAW frequencies. This behaviour is conveniently applied to an OSA system using a line CCD image sensor. It was also shown that an increased bandwidth could be realised by giving an incident light beam a proper amount of tilt against the DBAW beam.
A Laser Scanner Using Stacked Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuator
Authors: Okuda Makoto , Wakita Naomasa , Ohya Kanji , Banno Hisao , Hattori Shuzo
Published: March 2014

A laser scanner using the displacement of two stacked piezo-electric ceramic actuators (Piezo-Stacks) has been developed. This scanner is capable of simultaneously scanning both X and Y axes up to 4.0 mrad at frequencies as high as 1.0 kHz. Possible uses include automated precise positioning of optics and lasers for LSI applications.
Frequency Modulation of Optical Beam Using Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating
Authors: Urabe Heijiro , Watabe Kohji , Toda Kohji
Published: March 2014

A technique for frequency modulation of an optical beam is described which uses an ultrasonic diffraction grating realized by a mode conversion from a surface acoustic wave on a piezoelectric plate to a longitudinal wave in water. The peak position of the first-order diffracted optical beam varies linearly with the frequency of an electrical signal applied to an interdigital transducer. Experimental results are given for a combination of a He–Ne laser and a Z-Y LiNbO3 surface wave device. An observed relation between the frequency shift and the amplitude of the modulation signal is linear
in a wide frequency range beyond 150 kHz.
Monolithic Bimorph with Internal Electrodes
Authors: Ogawa Toshio , Ando Akira , Wakino Kikuo
Published: March 2014

Monolithic bimorphs with internal electrodes which are composed of two, three and four layers were made from the high d
31 material of a modified Pb(Ti, Zr)O3. The new bimorphs utilized unstiffened mode and were used as large-displacement transducers under low D
C bias. Those bimorphs with four layers generate displacement of up to 0.6 mm at a voltage of 30 V with 4 msec response. The force induced by the D
C bias was in proportion to the bias. Hysteresis of the displacement became smaller by introducing an intermediate layer or internal Pd electrodes.
Ultrasonic Velocity Fluctuation in Muscle
Authors: Matsuda Takashi
Published: March 2014

Ultrasonic velocity fluctuations were measured in frog sartorius muscle during isometric contraction and relaxation by the time-to-amplitude conversion method. Spectrum analysis of the fluctuations indicated that the velocity fluctuation increases in isometrically contracting muscle in the frequency range of 10–30 Hz. Acoustic emission from muscle was also searched for in connection with the velocity fluctuations.
Magnetophonon Resonance in InxGa1-xAs (x=0.53)
Authors: Sugimasa Tetsuya , Yamasaki Takeshi , Hazama Hiroaki , Imachi Tadashi , Hamaguchi Chihiro
Published: March 2014

Magnetophonon resonance effect of the transverse magnetoresistance is studied in In
x
Ga1-x
As (x=0.53) using a magnetic field modulation technique at temperatures from 40 to 300 K. The resonance arises from GaAs-like phonons at higher temperatures and two mode resonance due to GaAs-like phonons and InAs-like phonons is observed at low temperatures. Band edge effective mass is determined to be 0.0409m
0 at 77 K and 0.0388m
0 at 300 K.
Attenuation of the Surface Acoustic Soliton by Surface Roughness
Authors: Sakuma Tetsuro , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: March 2014

Based on the theory of the surface acoustic (SA) soliton presented previously, we investigate the attenuation of the SA soliton in the presence of surface roughness. With the aid of the reductive perturbation method, we have finally obtained a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a damping term whose coefficient involves the attenuation rate of the surface-phonons due to the surface roughness.
Application of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy to Ferroelectric Phase Transition of VDF/TrFE Copolymer
Authors: Okabe Hirotaka , Taki Seiji , Shichijyo Shiro , Matsushige Kazumi , Takemura Tetuo
Published: March 2014

An ultrasonic spectroscopic measuring system for higher temperature use was constructed by utilizing PVDF transducers and polyimide buffers. The system was successfully applied to simultaneous observation of the changes in
ultrasonic velocity and absorption in a wide frequency range upon the ferroelectric phase transition of a VDF/TrFE copolymer (54 VDF mol%). The results revealed that the absorption becomes the highest and the velocity shows a sharp bend around the transition temperature of about 66°C. Further, frequency dispersion was observed for the degree of absorption and the temperature change in velocities.
Acoustic Domain for Characteristics Control of Amorphous Semiconductor
Authors: Tokunaga Yoshiaki , Katsuda Hiratoshi , Aiba Susumu , Isniguro Masakazu
Published: March 2014

Acoustic domain is used to control the characteristics of amorphous semiconductor. Strong energy fluxes in an acoustic domain are injected into melt-quenched amorphous As2S3; the characteristics change is studied by the Brillouin scattering technique and X-ray diffraction. It is found that as frequency goes higher, a larger characteristics change is observed. 200×104 domain injections cause a similar effect to that due to furnace annealing at 180°C for 1 hour.
Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Scanning Method Using a Circular-Array Transducer
Authors: Maekawa Takaaki , Jitsumori Akio , Inari Takahiko
Published: March 2014

We developed a new two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasonic scanning method using a circular-array transducer in which numbers of small piezoelectric elements are arranged in a circle. By computer simulation, it was proved that the circular-array had higher signal-to-noise ratio and made more uniform scanning in space than a matrix-array. The results of experiments for generation of an ultrasonic beam and 2-D imaging using a trial transducer confirmed directivity of the transducer and possibility of three-dimensional (3-D) imaging by the circular-array transducer.
Calculation of the Directivity Pattern of a Cylindrical Shell Transducer with Syntactic Foam
Authors: Hachiya Hiroyuki , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Okujima Motoyoshi
Published: March 2014

Underwater sound transducers are often employed under high hydro-pressure. To realize a transducer with the desired directivity in the deep sea, we devise a new transducer construction in which a high-sound-speed material called syntactic foam is attached to a sensitive cylindrical element. To predict the directivity of the transducer, we give a calculation method of the directivity pattern by finite element analysis considering an infinite space. Numerical calculated results agree well with measured directivity patterns, and realization of a transducer with desired directivity is found to be possible.
Multiple hydrological attractors under stochastic daily forcing: 1. Can multiple attractors exist?
Authors: Peterson T. J. , Western A. W.
Published: March 2014

Including positive feedbacks in hydrological models has recently been shown to result in complex behavior with multiple steady states. When a large disturbance, say a major drought, is simulated within such models the hydrology changes. Once the disturbance ends the hydrology does not return to that prior to the disturbance, but rather, persists within an alternate state. These multiple steady states (henceforth attractors) exist for a single model parameterization and cause the system to have a finite resilience to such transient disturbances. A limitation of past hydrological resilience studies is that multiple attractors have been identified using mean annual or mean monthly forcing. Considering that most hydrological fluxes are subject to significant forcing stochasticity and do not operate at such large timescales, it remains an open question whether multiple hydrological attractors can exist when a catchment is subject to stochastic daily forcing. This question is the focus of this paper and it needs to be addressed prior to searching for multiple hydrological attractors in the field. To investigate this, a previously developed semidistributed hillslope ecohydrological model was adopted which exhibited multiple steady states under average monthly climate forcing. In this paper, the ecohydrological model was used to explore if feedbacks between the vegetation and a saline water table result in two attractors existing under daily stochastic forcing. The attractors and the threshold between them (henceforth repellor) were quantified using a new limit cycle continuation technique that upscaled climate forcing from daily to monthly (model and limit cycle code is freely available). The method was used to determine the values of saturated lateral hydraulic conductivity at which multiple attractors exist. These estimates were then assessed against time‐integration estimates, which they agreed with. Overall, multiple attractors were found to exist under stochastic daily forcing. However, changing the climate forcing from monthly to daily did significantly reduce the parameter range over which two attractors existed. This suggests fewer catchments may have multiple attractors than previously considered.
Is the Dupuit assumption suitable for predicting the groundwater seepage area in hillslopes?
Authors: Bresciani E. , Davy P. , de Dreuzy J.‐R.
Published: March 2014

Many physically based hydrological/hydrogeological models used for predicting groundwater seepage areas, including topography‐based index models such as TOPMODEL, rely on the Dupuit assumption. To ensure the sound use of these simplified models, knowledge of the conditions under which they provide a reasonable approximation is critical. In this study, a Dupuit solution for the seepage length in hillslope cross sections is tested against a full‐depth solution of saturated groundwater flow. In homogeneous hillslopes with horizontal impervious base and constant‐slope topography, the comparison reveals that the validity of the Dupuit solution depends not only on the ratio of depth to hillslope length d/L (as might be expected), but also on the ratio of hydraulic conductivity to recharge K/R and on the topographic slope s. The validity of the Dupuit solution is shown to be in fact a unique function of another ratio, the ratio of depth to seepage length d/LS. For d/LS < 0.2, the relative difference between the two solutions is quite small (<14% for the wide range of parameter values tested), whereas for d/LS > 0.2, it increases dramatically. In practice, this criterion can be used to test the validity of Dupuit solutions. When d/LS increases beyond that cutoff, the ratio of seepage length to hillslope length LS/L given by the full‐depth solution tends toward a nonzero asymptotic value. This asymptotic value is shown to be controlled by (and in many cases equal to) the parameter R/(sK). Generalization of the findings to cases featuring heterogeneity, nonhorizontal impervious base and variable‐slope topography is discussed.
Feedbacks between managed irrigation and water availability: Diagnosing temporal and spatial patterns using an integrated hydrologic model
Authors: Condon Laura E. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: March 2014

Groundwater‐fed irrigation has been shown to deplete groundwater storage, decrease surface water runoff, and increase evapotranspiration. Here we simulate soil moisture‐dependent groundwater‐fed irrigation with an integrated hydrologic model. This allows for direct consideration of feedbacks between irrigation demand and groundwater depth. Special attention is paid to system dynamics in order to characterized spatial variability in irrigation demand and response to increased irrigation stress. A total of 80 years of simulation are completed for the Little Washita Basin in Southwestern Oklahoma, USA spanning a range of agricultural development scenarios and management practices. Results show regionally aggregated irrigation impacts consistent with other studies. However, here a spectral analysis reveals that groundwater‐fed irrigation also amplifies the annual streamflow cycle while dampening longer‐term cyclical behavior with increased irrigation during climatological dry periods. Feedbacks between the managed and natural system are clearly observed with respect to both irrigation demand and utilization when water table depths are within a critical range. Although the model domain is heterogeneous with respect to both surface and subsurface parameters, relationships between irrigation demand, water table depth, and irrigation utilization are consistent across space and between scenarios. Still, significant local heterogeneities are observed both with respect to transient behavior and response to stress. Spatial analysis of transient behavior shows that farms with groundwater depths within a critical depth range are most sensitive to management changes. Differences in behavior highlight the importance of groundwater's role in system dynamics in addition to water availability.
25th Anniversary Article: Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials
Authors: Huang Xiao , Tan Chaoliang , Yin Zongyou , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2014

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), receive a lot of attention, because of their intriguing properties and wide applications in catalysis, energy‐storage devices, electronics, optoelectronics, and so on. To further enhance the performance of their application, these 2D nanomaterials are hybridized with other functional nanostructures. In this review, the latest studies of 2D nanomaterial‐based hybrid nanostructures are discussed, focusing on their preparation methods, properties, and applications.
Implementing family health history risk stratification in primary care: Impact of guideline criteria on populations and resource demand
Authors: Orlando Lori A. , Wu R. Ryanne , Beadles Chris , Himmel Tiffany , Buchanan Adam H. , Powell Karen P. , Hauser Elizabeth R. , Henrich Vincent C. , Ginsburg Geoffrey S.
Published: March 2014

The Genomic Medicine Model aims to facilitate patient engagement, patient/provider education of genomics/personalized medicine, and uptake of risk‐stratified evidence‐based prevention guidelines using MeTree, a patient‐facing family health history (FHH) collection and clinical decision support (CDS) program. Here we report the number of increased risk (above population‐level risk) patients identified for breast/ovarian cancer, colon cancer, hereditary syndrome risk, and thrombosis; the prevalence of FHH elements triggering increased‐risk status; and the resources needed to manage their risk. Study design: hybrid implementation‐effectiveness study of adults with upcoming well‐visits in 2 primary care practices in Greensboro, NC. Participants: 1,184, mean age = 58.8, female = 58% (N = 694), non‐white = 20% (N = 215). Increased Risk: 44% (N = 523). Recommendations: genetic counseling = 26% (N = 308), breast MRI = 0.8% (N = 10), breast chemoprophylaxis = 5% (N = 58), early/frequent colonoscopies = 19% (N = 221), ovarian cancer screening referral = 1% (N = 14), thrombosis testing/counseling = 2.4% (N = 71). FHH elements: 8 FHH elements lead to 37.3% of the increased risk categorizations (by frequency): first‐degree‐relative (FDR) with polyps age ≥60 (7.1%, N = 85), three relatives with Lynch‐related cancers (5.4%, N = 65), FDR with polyps age <60 (5.1%, N = 61), three relatives on same side of family with same cancer (4.9%, N = 59), Gail score ≥1.66% (4.9%, N = 58), two relatives with breast cancer (one ≤age 50) (4.1%, N = 49), one relative with breast cancer ≤age 40 (4.1%, N = 48), FDR with colon cancer age ≥60 (1.7%, N = 20). MeTree identifies a high percentage of individuals in the general primary care population needing non‐routine risk management/prevention for the selected conditions. Implementing risk‐stratification in primary care will likely increase demand for related‐resources, particularly colon screening and GC. Understanding the prevalence of FHH elements helps predict resource needs and may aid in guideline development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Investigation of the semicircular canal variation in the Krapina Neandertals
Authors: Hill Cheryl A. , Radovčić Jakov , Frayer David W.
Published: March 2014

Previous studies comparing bony labyrinth morphology in geographically‐dispersed samples of Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) showed that Neandertals generally have smaller semicircular canals than modern H. sapiens (Hublin et al., ; Spoor et al., ; Glantz et al., ). Here we analyze the morphology of a single group of Neandertal specimens from one locale, the Krapina site, to determine the intraspecific variation in Neandertal semicircular canal sizes. Dimensions of the semicircular canals were collected from computed tomography scans of nine temporal bones. With the rare exception, the dimensions of the semicircular canals in the Krapina sample are similar to those previously reported across a geographically‐dispersed sample of Neandertals, further supporting previous studies that suggest low levels of variation in the semicircular canals for Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:302–306, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
President's page
Authors: Bruce Harry
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Recognizing the start of his year as ASIS&T president, Harry Bruce contemplates the ongoing challenges of the Association, particularly its steady decline in membership over two decades. Bruce's primary focus for 2014 is to coordinate efforts within the organization to reverse the trend and rebuild membership. Membership efforts will be targeted at attracting international members, forming institutional affiliations and retaining both past professional members and graduating student members. With the continued expansion and burgeoning applications of information science and technology, the need for a supportive professional association is more pressing than ever. The task facing ASIS&T is to enhance the benefits of membership and nurture member participation engagement.
ASIS&T board approves Asia Pacific chapter
Authors: Levine Emil
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

ASIS&T has expanded its roster of chapters with the October 2013 approval of the Asia Pacific Chapter by the Board of Directors and Chapter Assembly. Early discussion of an Asia Pacific chapter started in 2012 among representatives from universities in Japan and Singapore and from ASIS&T, meeting at the Libraries in the Digital Age conference in Croatia. A presentation on ASIS&T was delivered at a subsequent conference in Thailand in July 2013. Like other chapters, the goals are to facilitate professional networking in the region, support professional development and association involvement and publicize the contributions of ASIS&T. The chapter chair is Dr. Songphan Choemprayong of Chulalongkorn Univerisity, Bangkok, Thailand, with Michael Olsson from the University of Technology in Sydney, Australia, designated as chair‐elect. Chapter members hail from India, Australia, Singapore, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines and other countries. With a Facebook page established, student chapters and a chapter webpage are under development.
This message will self‐destruct: The growing role of obscurity and self‐destructing data in digital communication
Authors: Kotfila Christopher
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

People have traditionally trusted that their private communications were beyond the reach of the public, until technology enabled massive data aggregation. Some information, even if it has been publicly available, is shrouded in “practical obscurity,” because the cost of retrieving it is excessive. But practical obscurity has been diluted by data recording, copying and easy dissemination. The tide is turning with emerging technologies incorporating self‐destruct functionalities that obliterate images, texts, videos and pdfs in a time period specified by the owner. While privacy advocates seek policies protecting information owners from the unintended effects of sharing, policy makers resist limiting industry expansion. Self‐destructing data may provide the solution, shifting control over digital communication back to owners.
Encryption and incrimination: The evolving status of encrypted drives
Authors: Oltmann Shannon M.
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Individuals use encryption to safeguard many valid and legal applications but also to hide illegal activity. Several legal cases have drawn the limits of self‐incrimination under the Fifth Amendment regarding providing passwords to access illegal information content, such as child pornography. The cases illustrate that certain knowledge of evidence amounts to a compelling need for access and that a subpoena for hard drive contents is more likely to succeed than requiring a witness to provide a password. Since known documents are not legally protected and biometric data can be compelled as evidence, there is no reason that known digital documents, biometric passwords, and by extension, alphanumeric passwords should not be compelled. Considering precedent and legal doctrine, individuals should resist giving law enforcement any passwords and be wary of sharing them. The question of encryption in criminal cases is under scrutiny and warrants citizens' concern.
Governmental internet information collection: Cookies placing personal privacy at risk
Authors: Gervais Norman
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The U.S. government has been lax in implementing website policies to protect personal privacy, and it actively uses cookies to track site visitors' activities. Collecting user information is prevalent across the web, with personal information frequently resold for marketing as well as illegitimate purposes. Government policy statements in 2000 and 2010 authorize cookie use on agency websites, acknowledging privacy concerns and requiring clear notice of cookie use and an opt‐out option. Though Internet users recognize the privacy risk of tracking, they fail to block cookies entirely on their computers. This lack of action may argue against any mandate for government to sharply curtail its use of cookies, but it should use technology solutions to minimize cookie use and maintain control over user information without sharing.
Does post‐9/11 equal post‐privacy?
Authors: Warwick Shelly
Published: March 2014

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The terrorist events of September 11, 2001, are commonly seen as a turning point, with security concerns justifying sacrificing a degree of privacy, but the tension between personal privacy and government need is longstanding. While the Supreme Court established the notion of a reasonable expectation of privacy, later legislation chipped away at it, from the Digital Telephony Act of 1994 to the PATRIOT Act of 2001. Under the guise of combatting terrorism, the PATRIOT Act authorizes increasing levels of intrusion and data gathering, enabled by continuing technology advances, data aggregation and people living their lives intertwined with the Internet. We are left with little reasonable expectation of privacy and a diminishing right to be left alone. Yet while individuals cannot count on personal privacy, the government engages in secretive information gathering on a massive scale. One may wonder whether privacy is an outdated concept and ask if we are more secure for giving it up.
Metabolic pathways of anthelmintic drug monepantel in sheep and in its parasite (Haemonchus contortus)
Authors: Stuchlíková Lucie , Jirásko Robert , Vokřál Ivan , Valát Martin , Lamka Jiří , Szotáková Barbora , Holčapek Michal , Skálová Lenka
Published: March 2014

Monepantel (MOP) is a new anthelmintic drug intended for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal roundworms (nematodes) infection and associated disease in sheep. The aim of our study was to find out metabolic pathways of MOP in sheep in vivo and in its parasite Haemonchus contortus ex vivo. MOP biotransformation in two H. contortus strains with different sensitivity to anthelmintics was also compared. Ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS) technique is used for the identification of MOP metabolites in ovine urine, faeces, and nematodes. MOP biotransformation study in sheep in vivo led to the identification of 13 MOP metabolites; 7 of them have not been described previously in in vitro study. The study of MOP biotransformation in H. contorus ex vivo reveals four MOP metabolites. The nitrile hydrolysis as a new biotransformation pathway in helminths ex vivo is reported here for the first time. Unlike sheep, H. contorus nematodes are not able to metabolize MOP via phase II biotransformation. Nematodes of resistant White river (WR) strain form more types of MOP metabolites than nematodes of sensitive inbred susceptible Edinburgh (ISE) strain. Based on obtained results, schemes of metabolic pathways of MOP in sheep and nematodes are proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.