bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epistemic Reflection and Transcendental Proof
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

After initial enthusiasm sparked by Professor Strawson ‘s The Bounds of Sense , Kant ‘s transcendental arguments have been sharply criticized by analytic commentators. Barry Stroud has observed that ‘it is not easy to incorporate the depth and power of Kant ‘s transcendental deduction into present-day philosophical attitudes and preconceptions ‘. However, this may be less a problem with Kant ‘s transcendental proofs than with our understanding of them. Instead of incorporating Kant ‘s transcendental proofs into present-day philosophical attitudes, it may be more illuminating to reconsider some of our current philosophical attitudes in order to under-stand and benefit from Kant ‘s transcendental proofs.
How are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?*
Authors: Boghossian Paul
Published: November 2023

Epistemic relativism has the contemporary academy in its grip. Not merely in the United States, but seemingly everywhere, most scholars working in the humanities and the social sciences seem to subscribe to some form of it. Even where the label is repudiated, the view is embraced. Sometimes the relativism in question concerns truth, sometimes justification. The core impulse appears to be a relativism about knowledge. The suspicion is widespread that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, set- ting need not count as knowledge in another.
Etymology and History: For a Study of ‘Medical Language’ in Indo-European
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

‘The desire to use linguistic facts to reconstruct prehistoric events is old’ (Morpurgo Davies 1998: 174). And it persists. In her vivid and thought-provoking history of nineteenth-century linguistics Anna Davies shows how attitudes to language-based history-writing, or ‘linguistic palaeontology’, changed significantly from the confidence of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries, so as to yield in the last part of the nineteenth century a much more cautious approach to the notion of reconstructing Indo-European culture on the basis of reconstructed lexical items. It is tempting to see something of a mirror image of this nineteenth-century trend at the end of the twentieth century.
The Attitude of the Athenian State towards the Attic Dialect in the Classical Era
Authors: Crespo Emilio
Published: November 2023

In a magnificent article, Anna Morpurgo Davies has studied the way in which the classical Greeks regarded their own dialects (Morpurgo Davies 1993; cf. 1987). The article compiles data which indicate that ‘in Attica then the dialect was an object of pride’ (1993: 264), and it goes on to describe, in as much detail as the scant remaining evidence allows, the attitude of the Spartans, the Boeotians, and the inhabitants of Oropus towards their dialects. Most of the sources and data refer to the attitudes of individuals, and only a few to those of states.The present contribution, whose sole merit lies in attempting to continue along the same path, aims to gather and present data on the attitude of the Athenian state towards the Attic dialect in the classical epoch, and to formulate a hypothesis that might account for the observed facts.
On Some Greek nt-Formations
Authors: nt-Formations On Some Greek
Published: November 2023

In the revised version of my Ph.D. thesis I followed the claim made by members of the Erlangen School and, most notably, Helmut Rix that in PIE nt-participles built on athematic non-Narten root presents or root aorists simply inflected the hysterokinetic way, i.e. added the e-grade variant of the suffix *-ent-to the zero grade of the verbal root in the strong cases, and the zero grade of the suffix *-nt-to the very same zero grade of the root in the weak cases (Peters 1980: 2‡4–5).1Reasonable as such a view might seem at first sight, since it is capable of explaining why it is the zero grade of the root that regularly shows up in nt -participles of a non-Narten pedigree,2 I abandoned it immediately upon the publication of my monograph, and this was mostly due to a careful (re)reading of Anna Morpurgo’s seminal
Dal nome comune al nome divino, proprio e locale: il caso di taskuin anatolico
Authors: Poetto Massimo
Published: November 2023

La sua rispondenza al termine comune (UZU)tasku-(anim.), che designa un componente anatomico, risulta immediata. Quest’ultimo vocabolo compare in due rituali magici eteo-luvi del milieu kizzuwatneo, KUB 9. 4 I e nel parallelo KUB 9. 34 II—come ta-as-ku-us, nom. sg. (9. 4 I 12, 29/9. 34 II 30, con UZU); gen. sg. ta-as-ku-wa-[as] (9. 4 I 28); dat. sg. ta-as-ku-i(9. 4 I 12)/UZUta-as-ku-wa-ia (9. 34 II 30)—in cui una se rie di parti del corpo d’un montone viene disposta, a scopo terapeutico, sui corrispettivi organi d’un paziente.
The Classical Approach to Categorization
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 contrasted two very diﬀerent approaches to colour categorization in language. On the one hand, one can appeal to the physical continuity of colour space in support of the view that it is the language system itself that arbitrarily cuts up the colour space into discrete categories. Alternatively, one may focus on the role played by non-linguistic factors (perceptual and environmental) in the structuring of colour categories. But whichever stand-point one sympathizes with, it is clear that one can hardly base a theory of linguistic categorization on the evidence of, at most, a dozen or so lexical items in a given language. Even the most convinced structuralist must concede that a physical continuum, which contains no natural breaks for categorization (as is the case with three-dimensional colour space), is probably the exception rather than the rule. Conversely, there are going to be very few categories that have such an obviously physiological and neurological base as colours. Berlin and Kay (1969: 13) themselves observe that colour terms, and perhaps also words for some other perceptual domains like taste, smell, and noise, might be atypical of language as a whole.
Polysemy, or: How many meanings does a word really have?
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of Chapter 6 I deﬁned polysemy as the ‘association of two or more related senses with a single linguistic form’. A number of problems lurk behind this seemingly straightforward deﬁnition, and the apparently clear-cut phenomenon which it describes. One of these we have already touched on, namely, the question whether two diﬀerent uses of a word exemplify two distinct senses, or contextual modulations of one and the same sense. Since the degree of distinctiveness of diﬀerent uses is a gradient notion, the question how many senses a word has may not have a clear-cut answer. A related question concerns the knowledge that a speaker of a language needs to have in order to be able to use a word appropriately. Does the knowledge of a word’s meaning take the form of a fairly general, or ‘schematic’ representation, with contextualized senses being derived on the basis of what the speaker takes to be conceptually plausible, in a given situation? Or could it be the case that at least some of the contextually elaborated senses are separately stored by the speaker? In this chapter, I present some arguments in favour of the latter possibility. I begin, however, with the question of compositionality, and the ways in which our treatment of polysemy impinges on our understanding of compositionality.
Grammatical Categories
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

The prototype model of categories was developed in the early 1970s in response to evidence concerning the way people categorize things in their environment. Important landmarks in this research were Labov’s studies of the categorization of household receptacles, Berlin and Kay’s ﬁndings on colour categories, and the work of Rosch and her associates, which reﬁned and extended the insights of Berlin and Kay.There were, from the outset, two orientations that prototype research could take. The direction of cognitive psychology (cf. Smith and Medin 1981) was to focus on the way concepts are structured and represented in the mind. Alternatively, research on categorization could be channelled into linguistics. Here the emphasis came to be placed, not on concepts per se, but on the meanings of linguistic expressions. The two orientations are closely inter-twined. As we saw in the discussion of hedges (Section 4.4), linguistic data and the psychologist’s experimental ﬁndings mutually complement each other. Indeed, one of the main sources of evidence for conceptual structure is linguistic; conversely, any reasonable account of linguistic semantics needs to make reference to the conceptual structures which linguistic forms conventionally symbolize.
Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

In reviewing the evidence for the prototype structure of grammatical cate-gories, we saw in Chapter 11 that members of a grammatical category do not necessarily exhibit a common set of syntactic properties. Not every noun can be inserted with equal facility into the possessor slot of the possessive construction, not every transitive verb has a passive counterpart, and so on. Possibility of occurrence in a construction is a matter of gradience, some items being readily available, others being totally excluded, with, in between, a range of items whose use is dubious or sporadic. As a consequence, constructions, no less than other kinds of linguistic objects, need to be regarded as prototype categories, with some instantiations counting as better examples of the construction than others. The main body of this chapter examines the prototype structure of some selected English constructions. First, however, it is necessary to say a few words about the notion of construction within cognitive linguistics, and why we need to recognize constructions in the ﬁrst place.
Introduction
Authors: Fischer Olga
Published: November 2023

The main aim of this volume is to consider a number of important issues in morphosyntactic change by comparing and contrasting two major approaches in this area: the formal, generative (Principles and Parameters, henceforth P&P) approach and the (mainly functional) grammaticalization approach.
Conflict and reconciliation: two theories compared
Authors: Fischer Olga
Published: November 2023

Both grammaticalization and the various generative models, among which is the P&P approach, are seen as ‘theories’ by their practitioners. In spite of this, Newmeyer (1998: 240) states that ‘grammaticalization is not a theory’. It may therefore be appropriate, before we compare the two approaches that are the subject of study in this volume, to consider what is meant by ‘theory’.
What Do the Expressions of the Passions Tell Us?
Authors: Shapiro Lisa
Published: November 2023

In this essay I examine Descartes’s treatment of the expressions of the passions. Descartes takes our emotions to be made manifest by what he terms ‘the external signs of the passions’-that is,’the actions of the eyes and face, changes in color, trembling, languor, fainting, laughter, tears, groans and sighs’(Passions a.II2;AT xi. 4u).There is a puzzle in under-standing just how these manifestations can be signs of the passions. While it seems clear that our expressions signify our passions in virtue of the body’s relation to the soul-they are expressions of the passionsof the soul after all-what is not clear ishow our emotive expressions gain content. I aim to work through this puzzle here.
False Enemies: Malebranche, Leibniz, and the Best of All Possible Worlds
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: November 2023

When trying to identify the polemical target of Discours de métaphysique § 3,where Leibniz rebuts the thesis of those who ‘believe that God could have made things better’, editors and commentators are unanimous in identifying Malebranche as the author who would have sustained that God could have done better than He did with the creation of this world. This conviction is not shaken by the doubts which might arise from the variants in the text, which these same editors accurately note and which seem quickly to lead one in a completely different direction. ‘Nor can I approve the opinion of certain moderns’ writes Leibniz in the final version of the Discours, correcting an earlier version which reads: ‘nor can I approve the opinion of certain scholastics’. And again: ‘I also believe that a great many passages from Sacred Scripture and the holy fathers will be found favoring my opinion, but scarcely any will be found favoring the opinion of these moderns. ’This time the ‘moderns’ substitutes for the ‘new scholastics’ from the previous version. In the final version of the Discours,Leibniz has rendered his critique more general, alluding to all those in recent times who held that God could have created a better world.
Family
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

It would be difficult to understand the decline and fragmentation of the family without first taking a broad look at the way conceptions of the family have changed. Experts on the family have recently come to regard the definition of ‘family’ as a serious problem and to propose a surprising variety of possibilities. There are, of course, valid sociological distinctions to be made, for example, between the extended and the nuclear family, as well as legal distinctions, for example, between the adoptive and the natural family, but the process of drawing distinctions in these areas appears to have moved from recognizing straightforward differences based on matters of fact to legitimizing more controversial categories, including wholly unrelated groups, simply by choosing to call them families.
Arcesilaus: Socratic and Sceptic
Authors: Cooper John M
Published: November 2023

At least since the time of Cicero the interpretation of what we call Academic scepticism has been uncertain and subject to dispute. For us today the central disputed question, or related set of questions, concerns the relationship between the philosophical views of the Academics, and their argumentative practices— from the time of Arcesilaus, when Plato’s Academy First‘went sceptical’,1 down through his successors Carneades and Clitomachus in the late second century— to the self-styled Pyrrhonism inaugurated by Aenesidemus in the Firsthalf of the Firstcentury.
Introduction
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

The text known as the Hippiatrica is the principal monument which remains of technical literature in Greek devoted to the care and healing of the horse. Compiled probably in the fifth or sixth century ad by an unknown editor out of excerpts from seven Late Antique veterinary manuals, the Hippiatrica is a vast work of reference organized ailment-by-ailment and author-by-author, ending with lists of recipes for drugs. The text is preserved in five recensions, in twenty-two manuscripts (containing twenty-five copies) which range in date from the tenth century to the sixteenth.
Eumelus
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

Eumelus is probably the earliest of the hippiatric authors in the compilation, but can only be dated in relation to Apsyrtus, who made use of his work. Eumelus’ treatise appears to be the earliest text in Greek to have been devoted solely to the veterinary treatment of horses and cows; however, it does not represent an innovation, but rather an offshoot from the tradition of agricul-tural manuals in Greek and Latin. Striking instances of word-for-word cor-respondence with Columella, Pelagonius, and Anatolius illustrate Eumelus’ dependence upon the agricultural tradition, and imply that he copied his source or sources without much alteration.
Apsyrtus
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

It is no accident that Apsyrtus’ treatise was chosen to be the foundation of the Hippiatrica. Not only is it the most extensive work on horse-medicine in Greek, but its relation both to earlier and to later firiters makes his treatise the axis, so to speak, through which nearly all surviving Greek and Latin veterinary texts are linked. Although its content is based upon firitten agricultural and medical tradition, Apsyrtus interacts with those traditions, citing his predecessors with criticism or with praise, and adding discoveries of his own.
The Compilation and Evolution of the Hippiatrica
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

The text of the Hippiatrica contains no clear indication of the circumstances in which it was compiled. When, where, or why; by whom, at whose command: all these questions are left unanswered. The compiler appears to have done his job discreetly, leaving no signature in the text—unless such a signature has been lost in the process of transmission.
Serial Verb Constructions in Goemai
Authors: Hellwig Birgit
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses serial verb constructions in Goemai, a West Chadic language (Afroasiatic, Chadic, West Chadic A, Angas-Goemai, Southern Branch) spoken in the Jos Plateau area of Central Nigeria. Although serialization is not a typical feature of Chadic languages, it is sometimes argued that many present-day deictic particles, spatial prepositions, and directional verbal extensions can be traced back to the serialization of motion verbs (Frajzyngier 1987a, 1987b, 1987c). The motivation for this type of serialization is said to lie in the semantics of Chadic verbs and prepositions: while parameters such as source, goal, or path are commonly lexicalized in verbs, prepositions do not differentiate between them. That is, in order to indicate the directionality of any event, the verb coding the main event has to combine with a motion verb, for example in the form of a serial structure. Alternatively, serialization may have originated from language contact: so far, it is only attested in present-day Chadic languages that are spoken in contact areas. For example, in the Jos Plateau area, long-term contact has led to the establishment of a Sprach-bund in which Chadic and Benue-Congo languages share numerous lexical and grammatical features —including serialization (Gerhardt and Wolff 1977; Hoffmann 1970; Jungraithmayr 1963b). These two scenarios —retention of serial structures from proto-Chadic and contact-induced development —arenot necessarily mutually exclusive.
Outline of Metaphysics
Authors: Hampshire Stuart
Published: November 2023

The Ethics is divided into five parts, of which the first is entitled Concerning God. The Definitions, Axioms and Propositions with which the book begins must not be regarded, in spite of the geometrical arrangement, solely as the ultimate premises from which the later propositions are deduced; and no one should allow himself to be discouraged from reading further because he cannot understand or accept the very first definitions and propositions of this first part.
Knowledge and Intellect
Authors: Hampshire Stuart
Published: November 2023

I will first recapitulate in order to place Spinoza’s theory of knowledge in the framework of his metaphysics. Descartes had conceived reality as divided into the two causally independent compartments of Thought and Extension. Within the world of thought he conceived a human mind as ‘a created thinking substance’ (substantia cogitans creata); an individual mind is a ‘thinking thing’ (ens cogitans).
Appendix: Life
Authors: Hampshire Stuart
Published: November 2023

Apart from the small remnant of his correspondence, there are three sources for the story of Spinoza’s life: the editor’s short preface to his posthumous works, a short and inaccurate contemporary biography ascribed to Lucas, and a longer and later life by Colerus, based on testimony and reminiscence at second hand. Spinoza deliberately effaced his own personality and wished his philosophy to stand alone.
Skepticism and Toleration: The Case of Montaigne
Authors: Curley E M
Published: November 2023

In The Essays of Montaigne, Richard Sayce writes that Montaigne presents in an acute form the dichotomy of post-Renaissance Europe, between Christian religion and classical culture ... In him classical humanism, relativism, scepticism, indifference, combine to produce his most positive contribution to religious thought, the toleration which released western man from at least one source of savagery and fanaticism.
Cause and Reason: Is There an Occasionalist Structure to Malebranche’s Philosophy
Authors: Bardout Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2023

Contrary to Descartes or Spinoza, Malebranche, much like Leibniz, does not begin from a unique starting point, such as the cogito or Natura Naturans. Rather, there seems to be a variety of legitimate means of entry into his system, as the composition and the internal structure of his works attest. Thus, De la recherche de la verite starts with an analysis of the faculties of the mind in order to determine with respect to each of them what are the causes of error, while the Traite de la nature et de la grace begins by examining the modalities of divine action in the natural world, in order subsequently to study the world of grace and its laws. If the Conversations chretiennes establish, first, the impotence of the human being without God, the development of the Meditations chretiennes and the Entretiens sur la metaphysique are organized according to the definition and the primacy of a metaphysics understood as a ‘general science’ or doctrine of the principles of knowledge, for the sake of considering, finally, the ‘particular sciences’ that are subordinate to this general science.
Problems in the History of Fictionalism
Authors: Rosen Gideon
Published: November 2023

To a first approximation, fictionalism about a region of discourse is defined by three basic contrasts: As against the instrumentalist or the non-cognitivist, the fictionalist maintains that claims made within the discourse are genuine representations of how things stand, and that they are therefore normally capable of truth and falsity. As against one sort of reductionist, the fictionalist maintains that the language of the discourse is to be interpreted ‘at face value’. Claims made within the discourse genuinely imply what they are most naturally taken to imply. So if the theory seems to say, for example, that every person has a guardian angel in heaven, then the theory is true only if the angels in heaven really exist.
Metaphor and Prop Oriented Make-Believe
Authors: L.Walton Kendall
Published: November 2023

Dolls and hobby horses are valuable for their contributions to make-believe. The same is true of paintings and novels. These and other props stimulate our imaginations and provide for exciting or pleasurable or interesting engagements with fictional worlds. A doll, in itself just a bundle of rags or a piece of moulded plastic, comes alive in a game of make-believe, providing the participant with a (fictional) baby. What in real life is a mere stick enables a child fictionally to ride around on a horse, the better to chase bandits or stray cattle. Paint on canvas and print on paper lead us into exciting worlds of mystery, romance, and adventure and guide our travels through them.
Fictionalist Attitudes about Fictional Matters
Authors: Nolan Daniel
Published: November 2023

A pressing problem for many non-realist theories concerning various specific subject matters is the challenge of making sense of our ordinary propositional attitude claims related to the subject in question. Famously in the case of ethics, to take one example, we have in ordinary language prima facie ascriptions of beliefs and desires involving moral properties and relationships. In the case, for instance, of’Jason believes that Kylie is virtuous’, we appear to have a belief which takes Kylie to be a certain way. If Jason desires that Kylie acts as she ought, he appears to have a desire which has as its content that Kylie perform actions of a certain sort (that is, the actions that she ought to perform).
Visual Conceptual Art
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: November 2023

We are sometimes urged to see artworks, movements, and styles as connected by narrative. A strong formulation of this view has it that these narratives play a role in determining what is to count as art; something is art partly in virtue of the narratives that link it to already established members of the kind (see e.g. Carroll 1993). But we need not accept the strong view in order to think that art historical narratives are important for our understanding of the particular works they connect. For such narratives provide answers to questions about how the works in question came to be made, and understanding a work of art is not separable from understanding its making (Currie 1989).
Conceptual Art and Knowledge
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: November 2023

Art need not, and often does not, set out to have aesthetic value. This seems true, most of all, of conceptual art; some conceptual artists even produce artworks that, as David Davies has said, ‘seem designed to repel rather than seduce one who approaches them with an aesthetic intent’. But if art does not have aesthetic value, then what other kind of artistic value might it aspire to? One possibility is cognitive value, and many conceptual artists (often precisely those who eschew aesthetic value) do claim to produce works with significant cognitive value; roughly speaking, they hold that we can gain substantial knowledge from their artworks.
Calendar And Chronology 1686-1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen
Published: November 2023

Dr O[wen] W[ynne] to Sir William Trumbull in Paris, enclosing something he may already have seen; ‘a hundred only were printed and given to the hand which ordered it. You will easily guess this is much valued by some men who run away with it as the opinion of the late King because found in his closet and handwriting, though it seems to be but that of some other d[elivere]d to the King .. .’ [Italics in cipher. Trumbull XXIII, 3] HMC s 75 (Downshire I), 95-6 Whitehall Warrant to Thomas Atterbury, messenger, to go to Walsingham, Norfolk, and take into custody for examination by Sir Roger I.:Estrange or the Earl of Sunderland a person suspected of involvement in the late rebellion on notice from Sir Christopher Calthorp.
The Fallacy of Epistemicism
Authors: Cargile James
Published: November 2023

There exists an infinite series, the natural numbers, such that any property which is possessed by 0 and by the successor of any number that has it, is possessed by all the numbers. This is equivalent to the Least Number Principle(LNP): for all m and n,m<n,If mhas a propterty F and n does not, then is an i,m≤n, uch that i is F and i + 1 is not—a ‘‘breakpoint’’ in the series for F. Some of us believe we can see that this is true by the light of pure reason. The ancient Sophists made light of this ‘light’. It seems that LNP has instances that are absurd. 1 may name an obvious pile of sand. Removing one grain seems to make no difference to being a pile. There must of course be some difference if we are to have separate entries. But you cannot have a pile of sand if one grain removal (without also spreading out the rest or some such trick) results in not having such a pile. And yet n removals leave, not a pile, but only one grain. LNP seems to entail some removal must have made a difference after all, contrary to ‘‘common sense’’.
Scepticism, Rationalism, and Externalism
Authors: Weatherson Brian
Published: November 2023

This paper is about three of the most prominent debates in modern epistemology. The conclusion is that three prima-facie appealing posi-tions in these debates cannot be held simultaneously. The first debate is scepticism vs. anti-scepticism. My conclusions apply to most kinds of debates between sceptics and their opponents, but I will focus on the inductive sceptic, who claims we cannot come to know what will happen in the future by induction. This is a fairly weak kind of scepticism, and I suspect many philosophers who are generally anti- sceptical are attracted by this kind of scepticism. Still, even this kind of scepticism is quite unintuitive. I am pretty sure I know (1) on the basis of induction.
Perspectives, Fictions, Errors, Play
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In a climate in which the idea of ‘fictionalism’ as a philosophy of this or that is flourishing, it is natural to salute Nietzsche as an honourable ancestor. For Nietzsche’s work is shot through with references to the fictions which in his view make up at least a part of the machinery with which the mind copes with its world. The notion of fictions stands alongside the three other words in my title, in apparent amity— at least, it often seems to be a lottery whether Nietzsche will announce any particular one of them as the key to some diagnosis of our situation, or some recommendation for the men of the future.
Methodology
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

The lawyer Justinian Pagitt was a punctilious dancer. Not a little troubled by the thought that choreographies are easily forgotten if not continually practised, he noted in his Liber Miscellaneorum (1633): ‘Write the marks for the stepps in every daunce under the notes of the tune, as the words are in songs.’ Based on such statements, and on the circulation of dance repertoire in manuscript and print, critics propose that dance was learnt by doing and writing in early Stuart England. This is a possibility. (A dual approach based on text and movement is certainly adopted in modern classes of early dance repertoire where students watch and imitate an instructor; note-taking or the consultation of a written or printed choreography may occur.) Yet no evidence confirms note-taking during masque rehearsals.
Theatre Dances
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

In a rare consensus, early modern theorists shared the belief that the more animated and gesticulatory a performance, the more histrionic and undignified it was. As such views occur in many sources regardless of period and region, they probably respond to a deep-rooted understanding of a ‘dignified’ ‘slow’ movement category in Western culture. The idea pervades not only dance tracts of the fifteenth century, sixteenth-century conduct books, and anti-theatrical treatises, but also the iconography of medieval and Renaissance rulers (preferably depicted motionless), where we may distinguish between imperious gestus and histrionic gesticulatio .¹
Discipline or Pleasure?
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

What was early dance like before choreographers started writing about it? Many dance historians hold that it afforded innocent pleasure whose origins are now lost in the mists of time. Round dancing belonged to the catalogue of egalitarian, ‘participatory’, and ‘improvisational’ medieval pastimes, untainted by taxonomy. Later, however, Renaissance and Baroque choreographers deprived the dancing individual of jouissance . No longer ‘mimesis’ in which action and spirit were one, courtly performance turned into mere ‘mimicry’. The gestures of the elite, we learn, were ‘suppressed’ as dancing ‘moved out of the oral tradition and, progressively codified... and transcribed, into literate culture’.
Introduction
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

I will now attempt to make a general and faithful perambulation of learning, with an inquiry what parts there of lie fresh and waste, and not improved and converted by the industry of man; to the end that such a plot made and recorded to memory may both minister light to any public designation, and also serve to excite voluntary endeavours.
Practical Knowledge and the Poetics of Geometry
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to decide between the two definitions of mathematics; the one by its method, that of drawing necessary conclusions; the other by its aim and subject matter, as the study of hypothetical states of things. The former makes or seems to make the deduction of the consequences of hypotheses the sole business of the mathematician as such. But it cannot be denied that immense genius has been exercised in the mere framing of . . . general hypotheses . . . Perhaps the answer should be that, in the first place, whatever exercise of intellect may be called for in applying mathematics to a question not propounded in mathematical form [it] is certainly not pure mathematical thought; and in the second place, that the mere creation of a hypothesis may be a grand work of poietic genius, but cannot be said to be scientific, inasmuch as that which it produces is neither true nor false, and therefore is not knowledge.
Sir Philip Sidney and the Practical Imagination
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

When the question of the construction of a port at Ostia came up for discussion, had not the orator to state his views? And yet it was a subject requiring the technical knowledge of the architect... Will he not deal with measurements and figures? And yet we must admit that they form part of mathematics. For my part I hold that practically all subjects are under certain circumstances liable to come up for treatment by the orator.
Noun, Foot, and Measured Line
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

A Line is a right consecutive imagination in length, beginning at a poynt, and endeth also at a point, but it hath no bredth.( Sebastiano Serlio, The Five Books of Architecture, 1611)Since Bacon, the recurring dream of the scientist has been not simply of comprehensive classification and taxonomy, nor of technological mastery over the world and its objects, but a dream of mimesis: a dream of representing natural phenomena, accurately and in the fullness of their objectivity, in the service of theoretical abstraction, reason, and absolute law.
Theatre as a Spatial Art
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

Maisenfiledrame? S ‘il a, chez l ‘auteur, sa fulgurante origine, c ‘est à lui de capter cette foudre et d ‘organiser, à partir de l ‘illumination qui montre le vide, une architecture verbale—c ‘est-à-diregrammaticale et cérémoniale— indiquant sournoisement que de ce vide s ‘arrache une
The Topographic Stage
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

My intent is not here to prosecute at large the Plotting of Grounds, being a thing handled by others, treating of Surveying, but. I shall crave leave todigresse a little to shew this use of it, as briefly as I may. make a Booke in along Octavo, and. having taken and set down your notes in the Field on theleft sides or Pages of your Booke.
Dramatic Form and the Projective Intelligence
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

O no, these are too nice observations... we should enjoy the same licence, or free power, to illustrate and heighten our invention as [the Ancients] did; and not bee tyed to those strict and regular formes, which the niceness of a few (who are nothing but forme) would thrust upon us.
Ben Jonson ‘s Scenography
Authors: Turner Henry S
Published: November 2023

the writers of these dayes are other thing not only their manners, but their natures are inverted; and nothing remayning with them of the dignitie of Poet, but the abused name, which every Scribe usurps: that now, especially in dramatick, or (as they terme it) stage-poetrie, nothing but ribaldry, profanation, blasphemy, all licence of offence to god, and man, is practis ‘d.
Introduction
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

Moral philosophy has turned increasingly to topics in moral psychology and the theory of normativity in recent years. But there are very different ways of approaching both of these clusters of issues. Some philosophers treat moral psychology as a largely empirical domain, dedicated to the description and explanation of human thought, emotion, and behavior, through methods that are broadly continuous with those of the sciences. The moral psychologist, on this conception, tries to get clear about what people are like as a matter of fact, ignoring for these purposes normative questions about how people ought to behave or what it would be valuable for them to do.
Max Black’s Objection to Mind–Body Identity
Authors: Block Ned
Published: November 2023

In his famous article advocating mind–body identity, J. J. C. Smart (1959) considered an objection (Objection 3) that he says he thought was first put to him by Max Black. He says ‘‘it is the most subtle of any of those I have considered, and the one which I am least confident of having satisfactorily met’’. This argument, the ‘‘Property Dualism Argument,’’ as it is often called, turns on much the same issue as Frank Jackson’s (1982, 1986) ‘‘Knowledge Argument’’, or so I will argue. This chapter is aimed at elaborating and rebutting the Property Dualism Argument (or rather a family of Property Dualism Arguments) and drawing some connections to the Knowledge Argument. I will also be examining John Perry’s (2001) book which discusses both Max Black’s argument and the Knowledge Argument, and some arguments drawn from Stephen White’s (1983) paper on the topic and some arguments inspired by unpublished papers by White.
Ballooning parrots and semi-lunar germs
Authors: Read Andrew F
Published: November 2023

Pillow talk first introduced me to The Selfish Gene. I remember the scene quite vividly, perhaps because of the weather. Sun was streaming into the room and it was exceptionally warm; in New Zealand’s southernmost university town, such mornings were rare. I was a second year zoology undergraduate and my then girlfriend was majoring in English literature. I was a great deal more interested in her than in literature, but on this particular morning she told me about a weird biology book she’d had as a set text. I was surprised that a biology book would appear in a literature course, but she said that it was used to discuss the role of metaphor and then said, I believe without irony, that the author proposed that genes had emotions. We both laughed at this lunacy, and I suggested that she should read a sensible evolutionary thinker like Stephen Jay Gould.
Selfish Genes and Information Flow
Authors: Deutsch David
Published: November 2023

Along with countless other people, I had been labouring under some significant misconceptions before I relearned the theory of evolution from Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene. Many of my own interests have concerned information flow— how information gets from one place to another and how it changes from one form into another. I did not always think of it in these terms at the time, but, for example, one of the fields in which I have worked is the ‘parallel-universes’ interpretation of quantum theory. It says that the universe that we see around us is part of a much larger structure, the ‘multiverse’, which contains many such universes, some like ours, some different. And I became convinced of this theory essentially by regarding the world as a system of information flow: if one analyses this flow under quantum theory, it turns out to consist of vast numbers of sub-flows that are nearly autonomous.
A Fellow Humanist
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Dawkins is a brilliant writer and speaker on science. His grasp of the subject and his use of vivid analogies can explain scientific concepts and make them clear even for the non-scientist. I think, for example, of his recent discussion on Radio four with Jonathan Miller on extended phenotypes. of many examples in his writings I refer to his explanation of ‘intermediates’ and why creationists are confused in calling for evidence that, by definition, could never be produced in the form they seek.1 Then there is his sense of excitement at what has been or might be intellectually explained whilst his passion for scientific truth can arouse interest in even the most unscientific mind. If pupils at school were taught science by teachers with some of these gifts, the role and status of science in our society today would be very different.
Every Indication of Inadvertent Solicitude
Authors: Pullman Philip
Published: November 2023

I think it’s fair to guess that most of Richard Dawkins’ many readers are not using The Selfish Gene and its successors as textbooks to help them pass science exams. That he is a highly distinguished scientist is not in question, but many scientists have achieved great distinction—and indeed written textbooks— without once writing a popular best-seller. Nor is it likely that a large part of his readership has mistaken their nature, and gone to his books in search of evidence that Charles Darwin, contrary to popular belief, was a secret member of the Templars and spent his life tracing the blood-line of Jesus Christ by means of the secret code embedded in the shells of Galapagos tortoises.
Resisting the Buck-Passing Account of Value
Authors: Va¨yrynen Pekka
Published: November 2023

T. M. Scanlon’s ‘‘buck-passing account’’ of value continues a long tradition of analyzing value in terms of non-evaluative normative notions. Buckpassers about value hold (speaking roughly for now) that to be valuable is nothing more or other than to have other properties that provide reasons for certain positive responses— namely, certain ‘‘pro-attitudes’’ and/or actions expressive of them— to the bearers of those properties. This is to pass the normative ‘‘buck’’ from value onto other properties: the reasons to favor valuable things are provided not by their value but by the properties that make them valuable (Scanlon, 1998: 97). To illustrate, as the prospects of reaching Mordor turn bleak and Frodo Baggins’s spirit falters, Samwise Gamgee tries to lift Frodo’s mood with an evaluative claim: ‘‘There’s some good in this world, and it’s worth fighting for.’’ According to the format of analysis favored by buck-passers, the fact that something is worth fighting for would just be the fact that it has other properties that provide

reasons to fight for it. In this paper, I first clarify my target by addressing questions about buck-passers’ format of value analysis, and about its scope in particular. I then build a resistance front to the buck-passing account of value by raising problems for its various forms.
Principles of Systematic Lexicography
Authors: Apresjan Juri D
Published: November 2023

For Sue Atkins from an admirer Up till quite recently there has been a gap between lexicography and linguistic theory. More-over, in some quarters lexicography was looked down upon as a purely practical enterprise unworthy of scholarly interest. I am convinced, however, that sound lexicography can only be based on sound linguistic theory and that recent theoretical developments are of paramount importance for practical dictionary making. One of the most fascinating manifestations of a specific ‘world-view’ are the so-called obligatory meanings, i.e. meanings which a certain language forces its speakers to express no matter whether they are important for the essence of their messages or not. After F. Boas and R. Jakobson it has become customary to oppose grammatical and lexical meanings as obligatory and non-obligatory. Grammatical meanings, e.g. number in English substantives, are claimed to be obligatory in the sense that they must be expressed every time when the speaker uses the respective part of speech. For example, in the phrase Telephone is a useful invention the noun telephone is used in the singular, although quantity is absolutely immaterial for the essence of the speaker’s thought. What is actually spoken of is not the number of concrete objects but a certain technical way of conveying messages. By contrast, lexical meanings were presumed to be optional in the sense that they are expressed only when there is actual communicative need for them.
Recent Trends in English Pedagogical Lexicography
Authors: Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

I have to look in the dictionary to find out what a virgin is ... The dictionary says, Virgin, woman (usually a young woman) who is and remains in a state of inviolate chastity. Now I have to look up inviolate and chastity and all I can find here is that inviolate means not violated and chastity means chaste and that means pure from unlawful sexual intercourse. Now I have to look up intercourse and that leads to intromission ... I don’t know what that means and I’m too weary going from one word to another in this heavy dictionary ... and all because the people who wrote the dictionary don’t want the likes of me to know anything. Frank McCourt, Angela’s Ashes (1996), ch. XII, p. 333. The English monolingual learner’s dictionary (MLD) currently occupies one of the most fiercely competitive marketplaces in the publishing world. The number of serious players at the advanced-learner level has now – with the recent appearance of US and Australian titles – reached double figures. This makes it all the more surprising that Hornby’s Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary (ISED: 1942) and its Oxford successors had the field virtually to themselves for over 30 years. Since Hornby’s dictionary met its first real challenge, with the publication in 1978 of the first Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE1), the pace of change has been rapid – driven by a combination of theoretically-informed innovation, astonishing technological advances, and the creativity of dictionary-publishers in responding to the known and perceived needs of users.
Introduction
Authors: Portner Paul
Published: November 2023

This is a book about semantic theories of modality.

I am not too comfortable trying to define modality, but a definition provides a useful place to start: modality is the linguistic phenomenon whereby grammar allows one to say things about, or on the basis of, situations which need not be real. Let’s take an example: I say “You should see a doctor.” I am saying something about situations in which you see a doctor; in particular, I am saying that some of them are better than comparable situations in which you don’t see a doctor. Notice that what I say can be useful and true even though you do not see a doctor. Thus, what I say concerns situations which need not be real.
Ptilochronology
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to summarize the methods, conceptual issues and results of studies using the interpretation of feather growth rates as an index of nutritional condition in birds. The author has coined the term ptilochronology (literally, 'the study of feather time') to describe this technique, which relies on the fact that as a feather grows it produces visible growth bars. Both the technique and its conceptual foundations have been applied worldwide to numerous studies of avian evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. The author reviews this work, chronicles the various criticisms that have been made, and describes how these have influenced the development of ptilochronology. He goes on to suggest experimental methodologies and analytical techniques to safeguard against invalid results. A final chapter summarises this new technique's contribution to avian biology, and suggests potential applications and a future research agenda. An appendix details specific measurements and describes the methodology associated with ptilochronology. Ptilochronology provides a practical resource as well as a conceptual understanding of how this technique can be used to address important questions in avian biology. It will be of relevance and use to professional avian biologists and ornithologists as well as to graduate students of avian behavioural ecology, evolution and conservation.
Does any factor other than nutritional condition control feather growth?
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, I argued that reduced nutritional condition could be a sufficient cause of reduced feather growth rates. I now consider several projects that searched for other factors that could cause variation in feather growth rate. Knowing the impact of such factors might help us decide how freely we may invoke poor nutrition as the cause of narrower growth bars. Three relevant studies are available, a descriptive account of circannual rhythms and two manipulative laboratory studies, one addressed to ambient temperature or wind chill, and the other to follicle history.