bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient D‐Fructofuranosylation Catalyzed by Scandium(III) Triflate.
Authors: Yamanoi Takashi , Misawa Noriko , Watanabe Mikio
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Formal Synthesis of a Monoterpene Alkaloid, (‐)‐Incarvilline.
Authors: Honda Toshio , Kaneda Kyosuke
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pecrassipines A and B, Seco‐Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Phaeanthus crassipetalus
Authors: Awang Khalijah , Azziz Saripah Salbiah Syed Abd. , Hadi A. Hamid A. , Morita Hiroshi , Hirasawa Yusuke , Iizuka Toru , Litaudon Marc , Mukhtar Mat Ropi
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Secobatzelline B.
Authors: Shinkre Bidhan A. , Velu Sadanandan E.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhyncosides A—F, Phenolic Constituents from the Chinese Mangrove Plant Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala.
Authors: Bao Shuyun , Ding Yi , Deng Zhiwei , Proksch Peter , Lin Wenhan
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Neomarinone: Practical and Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of the Side Chain.
Authors: Suarez Rosa M. , Martinez M. Montserrat , Sarandeses Luis A. , Perez Sestelo Jose
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Suaveolindole: Establishment of Its Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Velthuisen Emile J. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of Cefdinir (V) and Its Polymorphic Form, an Antibacterial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Authors: Rao Korrapati V. V. Prasada , Dandala Ramesh , Sivakumaran Meenakshisunderam S. , Rani Ananta , Naidu Andra
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Diospongin A via an Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of (.+‐.)‐Tetrahydropyranol Derived from Prins Cyclization.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Padmavani B. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Venugopal Ch. , Rao A. Bhaskar
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antiinflammatory Activity of N‐[2‐(3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxylphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐thiazolidin‐3‐yl] ‐nicotinamide.
Authors: Kalia Rajiv , Rao Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna , Kutty Nampurath Gopalan
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reduction of Rare‐Earth Metal Halides with Unlike Metals — Woehler′s Metallothermic Reduction
Authors: Meyer Gerd
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand Reactions with Unsaturated Nickel—Group 6 Complexes
Authors: Brenner Eric , Chetcuti Michael J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Biodegradable Polyesters
Authors: Williams Charlotte K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromium Arene Complexes in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Rosillo Marta , Dominguez Gema , Perez‐Castells Javier
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptidomimetics via Copper‐Catalyzed Azide—Alkyne Cycloadditions
Authors: Angell Yu L. , Burgess Kevin
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acidic Behavior of Fluorinated Oganomercurials.
Authors: Taylor Thomas J. , Burress Charlotte N. , Gabbai Francois P.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrates as Synthetic Tools in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Boysen Mike M. K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From σ‐ to π‐Electrophilic Lewis Acids. Application to Selective Organic Transformations
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sulfur‐Containing Glycerophospholipids
Authors: Davy Jason A. , Wang Zhongyi , Notter Robert H. , Schwan Adrian L.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Homologation of Estrone or Estradiol: Appending a Carbon Substituent into the 3‐Hydroxyestra‐1,3,5‐triene Skeleton
Authors: Braune S. , Deb S. , Hase T. , Wahala K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Poison‐Frog Alkaloids and Their Pharmacological Effects at Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Toyooka Naoki , Tsuneki Hiroshi , Kobayashi Soushi , Zhou Dejun , Kawasaki Masashi , Kimura Ikuko , Sasaoka Toshiyasu , Nemoto Hideo
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Merrilactone A
Authors: Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Organosilicon Compounds with Functional Groups
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Zaikov G. , Tatrishvili T. , Mukbaniani N.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions of Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Lopez Fernando , Feringa Ben L.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal and Cofactor Insertion
Authors: Mendel Ralf R. , Smith Alison G. , Marquet Andree , Warren Martin J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of Enzymes and Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Cofactors
Authors: Holliday Gemma L. , Thornton Janet M. , Marquet Andree , Smith Alison G. , Rebeille Fabrice , Mendel Ralf , Schubert Heidi L. , Lawrence Andrew D. , Warren Martin J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Elucidating Biosynthetic Pathways for Vitamins and Cofactors
Authors: Webb Michael E. , Marquet Andree , Mendel Ralf R. , Rebeille Fabrice , Smith Alison G.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coenzyme Biosynthesis: Enzyme Mechanism, Structure and Inhibition
Authors: Scott Duncan E. , Ciulli Alessio , Abell Chris
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Type I Fatty Acid and Polyketide Synthases: A Tale of Two Megasynthases
Authors: Smith Stuart , Tsai Shiou‐Chuan
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptaibols of Trichoderma
Authors: Daniel Juliana F. de S. , Rodrigues Filho Edson
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Site Remediation and Groundwater Decontamination
Authors: Wang Lawrence K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Predicting Surface Phase Transitions from ab initio Based Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Stampfl Catherine
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Authors: DeMatteo Ronald P. , Gold Jason S. , Saran Lisa , Gönen Mithat , Liau Kui Hin , Maki Robert G. , Singer Samuel , Besmer Peter , Brennan Murray F. , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most frequent sarcoma of the intestinal tract and often shows constitutive activation of either the KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases because of gain‐of‐function mutation. Although the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic GIST depends on tumor mutation status, there have been conflicting reports on the prognostic importance of KIT mutation in primary GIST.

METHODS.

A total of 127 patients were studied who presented to our institution from 1983 to 2002 with localized primary GIST and underwent complete gross surgical resection of disease. The majority of tumors originated in the stomach (58%) or small intestine (28%). By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing, a KIT mutation was found in 71% of patients and a PDGFRA mutation in 6%.

RESULTS.

After a median follow‐up of 4.7 years, recurrence‐free survival was 83%, 75%, and 63% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis recurrence was predicted by ≥5 mitoses/50 high‐power fields, tumor size ≥10 cm, and tumor location (with patients having small bowel GIST doing the worst). In particular, a high mitotic rate conferred a hazard rate of 14.6 (95% confidence interval, 6.5–32.4). Specific KIT mutations had prognostic importance by univariate but not multivariate analysis. Patients with KIT exon 11 point mutations and insertions had a favorable prognosis. Those with KIT exon 9 mutations or KIT exon 11 deletions involving amino acid W557 and/or K558 had a higher rate of recurrence, whereas patients without a tyrosine kinase mutation had intermediate outcome.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the absence of therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, recurrence in completely resected primary GIST is independently predicted by mitotic rate, tumor size, and tumor location. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival for patients with lymph node‐positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lavaf Amir , Genden Eric M. , Cesaretti Jamie A. , Packer Stuart , Kao Johnny
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

Although adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is often recommended for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), its effect on overall or cancer‐specific survival has not been clearly demonstrated. In the current study, the frequency and effect of adjuvant RT on overall survival was investigated in patients with resected lymph node‐positive head and neck cancer.

METHODS.

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients were selected with lymph node‐positive HNSCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer and SEER stage 3/4) who were treated either with surgery alone or surgery and RT and were diagnosed between 1988 and 2001. A total of 8795 patients who met the inclusion criteria for analysis comprised the study population, with a median follow‐up of 4.3 years for patients still alive at the time of last follow‒up.

RESULTS.

Adjuvant RT was utilized in 84% of patients. Adjuvant RT improved the 5‐year overall survival (43.2% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 41.9–44.4%] for surgery + RT vs 33.4% [95% CI, 30.7–36.0%] for surgery alone; P < .001) and cancer‐specific survival (50.9% for surgery + RT vs 42.1% for surgery) on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant RT (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71–0.86 [P < .001]) remained a significant predictor of improved survival. The significant benefit of radiation on overall survival was noted for lymph node‐positive patients with both primary tumors localized to the involved organ (HR of 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71–0.94 [P = .007]) and more locally invasive primary tumors (HR of 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68–0.87 [P < .001]).

CONCLUSIONS.

In what to the authors' knowledge is the largest reported analysis of adjuvant RT in patients with locally advanced HNSCC published to date, adjuvant RT resulted in an approximately 10% absolute increase in 5‐year cancer‐specific survival and overall survival for patients with lymph node‐positive HNSCC compared with surgery alone. Despite combined surgery and adjuvant RT, outcomes in this high‐risk population remain suboptimal, emphasizing the need for continued investigation of innovative treatment approaches. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Multimarker phenotype predicts adverse survival in patients with lymph node‐negative colorectal cancer
Authors: Zlobec Inti , Minoo Parham , Baumhoer Daniel , Baker Kristi , Terracciano Luigi , Jass Jeremy R. , Lugli Alessandro
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

The heterogeneity of stage II colon cancer underlines the need for identifying high‐risk, lymph node‐negative patients. The objective of this study was to define a multimarker prognostic model of 5‐year survival in patients with lymph node‐negative, mismatch repair (MMR)‐proficient colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS.

Immunohistochemistry for 13 tumor markers was performed on 587 lymph node‐negative, MMR‐proficient CRC samples by using a tissue microarray. Immunoreactivity was evaluated semiquantitatively. A receiver‐operating characteristic‐based approach was used to detect clinically relevant tumor markers and to determine cutoff scores for tumor positivity. Univariate and multivariate analyses stratified by pathologic T3 (pT3) or pT4 tumor classification were performed.

RESULTS.

In univariate analysis, the absence of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (P < .001), loss of p27 (P = .006), positive urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression (P = .002), and positive uPA receptor (uPAR) expression (P = .037) were associated with an adverse prognosis. In multivariate analysis, CD8 (P = .001), p27 (P = .031), and uPA (P = .014) were independent prognostic factors. The multimarker phenotype of negative CD8, loss of p27, and positive uPA expression led to significantly worse survival compared with all other combinations of these features. Stratified by pT3 or pT4 stage, CD8 (P = .006) and uPA (P = .011) had independent prognostic value. Combined CD8 negativity and uPA positivity led to a more adverse prognosis in both patients with pT3 tumors and patients with pT4 tumors (P < .001). No difference was observed in the length of survival between patients with pT3 tumors who had CD8 negativity and uPA positivity and patients with pT4 tumors (P = .267).

CONCLUSIONS.

The multimarker phenotype of the absence of CD8+ TILs, loss of p27, and positive uPA expression was predictive of an adverse prognosis in patients with lymph node‐negative, MMR‐proficient CRC. The current findings suggested that a subgroup of patients with high‐risk, lymph node‐negative pT3 tumors should be considered for adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cellular and subcellular localization of Kir2.1 subunits in neurons and glia in piriform cortex with implications for K+ spatial buffering
Authors: Howe Mark W. , Feig Sherry L. , Osting Susan M.K. , Haberly Lewis B.
Published: December 2007

Potassium channels of the Kir2 family are widely expressed in neurons and glia, where they form strong inwardly rectifying channels. Existing functional hypotheses for these channels in neurons are based on the weak outward conductance, whereas the leading hypothesis for glia, that they promote potassium spatial buffering, is based on inward conductance. Although the spatial buffering hypothesis has been confirmed for Müller glia in retina, many aspects of Kir2 channels that will be required for understanding their functional roles in neurons and other forms of glia have received little or no study. Particularly striking is the paucity of data regarding their cellular and subcellular localization. We address this gap for Kir2.1‐containing channels by using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The analysis was of piriform cortex, a highly epileptogenic area of cerebral cortex, where pyramidal cells have K+‐selective strong inward rectification like that observed in Müller cells, where Kir2.1 is the dominant Kir2 subunit. Pyramidal cells in adult piriform cortex also lack Ih, the mixed Na+‐K+ current that mediates a slower form of strong inward rectification in large pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus. The experiments demonstrated surface expression of Kir2.1‐containing channels in astrocytes and in multiple populations of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. Findings for astrocytes were not consistent with predictions for K+ spatial buffering over substantial distance. However, findings for pyramidal cells suggest that they could be a conduit for spatially buffering K+ when it is highly elevated during seizure. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:877–893, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification, developmental expression, and functions of bursicon in the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta
Authors: Dai Li , Dewey Elizabeth M. , Zitnan Dusan , Luo Ching‐Wei , Honegger Hans‐Willi , Adams Michael E.
Published: December 2007

During posteclosion, insects undergo sequential processes of wing expansion and cuticle tanning. Bursicon, a highly conserved neurohormone implicated in regulation of these processes, was characterized recently as a heterodimeric cystine knot protein in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report the predicted precursor sequences of bursicon subunits (Masburs and Maspburs) in the moth Manduca sexta. Distinct developmental patterns of mRNA transcript and subunit‐specific protein labeling of burs and pburs as well as crustacean cardioactive peptide in neurons of the ventral nervous system were observed in pharate larval, pupal, and adult stages. A subset of bursicon neurons located in thoracic ganglia of larvae expresses ecdysis‐triggering hormone (ETH) receptors, suggesting that they are direct targets of ETH. Projections of bursicon neurons within the CNS and to neurohemal secretory sites are consistent with both central signaling and circulatory hormone functions. Intrinsic cells of the corpora cardiaca contain pburs transcripts and pburs‐like immunoreactivity, whereas burs transcripts and burs‐like immunoreactivity were absent in these cells. Recombinant bursicon induces both wing expansion and tanning, whereas synthetic eclosion hormone induces only wing expansion. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:759–774, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regenerating motor bridge axons refine connections and synapse on lumbar motoneurons to bypass chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Campos Lucas W. , Chakrabarty Samit , Haque Raqeeb , Martin John H.
Published: December 2007

To restore motor control after spinal cord injury requires reconnecting the brain with spinal motor circuits below the lesion. A bridge around the injury is an important alternative to promoting axon regeneration through the injury. Previously, we reported a novel motor bridge in rats. The thirteenth thoracic nerve was detached from the muscle it innervates and the cut end implanted caudally into the lumbar gray matter where motor bridge axons regenerate. In this study, we first determined that regenerating bridge axons project to spinal motor circuits. Stable projections were present in ventral motor laminae of the cord, including putative synapses directly on motoneurons, 2 months after insertion in the intact cord. At this time, earlier‐forming dorsal horn projections were mostly eliminated. Regenerating axons were effective in evoking leg motor activity as early as 2 weeks. We next determined that bridge axons could regenerate caudal to a chronic injury. We hemisected the spinal cord at L2 and inserted the bridge nerve 1 month later at L5 and found ventral laminae projections similar to those in intact animals, including onto motoneurons directly. Finally, we determined that the bridge circuit could be activated by neural pathways rostral to its origin. For spinally hemisected animals, we electrically stimulated the rostral spinal cord and recorded evoked potentials from the bridge and, in turn, motor responses in the sciatic nerve. Our findings suggests that bridge motoneurons could be used by descending motor pathways as premotor interneurons to transmit neural signals to bypass a chronic spinal injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:838–850, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and physiological definition of the motor cortex of the marmoset monkey
Authors: Burman Kathleen J. , Palmer Susan M. , Gamberini Michela , Spitzer Matthew W. , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: December 2007

We used a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques to define the primary motor cortex (M1) of the marmoset monkey and its relationship to adjacent cortical fields. Area M1, defined as a region containing a representation of the entire body and showing the highest excitability to intracortical microstimulation, is architecturally heterogeneous: it encompasses both the caudal part of the densely myelinated “gigantopyramidal” cortex (field 4) and a lateral region, corresponding to the face representation, which is less myelinated and has smaller layer 5 pyramidal cells (field 4c). Rostral to M1 is a field that is strongly reminiscent of field 4 in terms of cyto‐ and myeloarchitecture but that in the marmoset is poorly responsive to microstimulation. Anatomical tracing experiments revealed that this rostral field is interconnected with visual areas of the posterior parietal cortex, whereas M1 itself has no such connections. For these reasons, we considered this field to be best described as part of the dorsal premotor cortex and adopted the designation 6Dc. Histological criteria were used to define other fields adjacent to M1, including medial and ventral subdivisions of the premotor cortex (fields 6M and 6V) and the rostral somatosensory field (area 3a), as well as a rostral subdivision of the dorsal premotor area (field 6Dr). These results suggest a basic plan underlying the histological organization of the caudal frontal cortex in different simian species, which has been elaborated during the evolution of larger species of primate by creation of further morphological and functional subdivisions. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:860–876, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular dynamics of photoreceptor synapse formation in the developing chick retina
Authors: Wahlin Karl J. , Moreira Ernesto F. , Huang Hu , Yu Nancy , Adler Ruben
Published: December 2007

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying photoreceptor synaptogenesis are poorly understood. Furthermore, a detailed picture of the molecular composition of photoreceptor synapses, or their subtypes, is not yet available, nor do we know what differences, if any, exist among those subtypes. To address these questions, we investigated temporal and spatial patterns of expression and assembly of photoreceptor presynaptic components during chick embryo retinal development and early posthatched life by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), dissociated retinal cells, laser‐capture microdissection (LCM), immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Immunocytochemistry in tissue sections and dissociated cells showed many similarities and few differences in the synaptic composition of rods and cone subtypes, which, however, were found to project to different strata within the outer plexiform layer. A striking finding was the precise timetable of expression of synaptic genes and proteins during synaptogenesis. Although mRNAs for some synaptic molecules appeared as early as embryonic day (ED) 5–8 (the time of inner retina synaptogenesis), others were undetectable before the time of onset of photoreceptor synaptogenesis on ED13, including CAST, rim2, synapsin‐2, syntaxin‐3, synaptotagmin, glutamate receptors ‐1, ‐4, and ‐5, homer‐1 and ‐2, and tenascin‐R. Most synaptic proteins in photoreceptors followed a similar sequence of expression: they were negative or weakly positive before ED13, appeared in inner segments between ED13 and ED15, became subsequently detectable in perinuclear and axonal regions, and by ED18 were assembled into synaptic terminals and became undetectable in the inner segments. The identity of the signals that regulate the coordinated expression of these synaptic components remains to be investigated. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:822–837, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of nitric oxidergic neurons in the alimentary tract of the snail Helix pomatia L.: Histochemical and physiological study
Authors: Serfözö Zoltán , Szentmiklósi A. József , Elekes Károly
Published: December 2007

By using NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and NO pharmacology, we investigated the distribution and possible function of NOS‐containing neurons in different units of the alimentary tract of the snail, Helix pomatia. Discrete populations of neurons in the buccal ganglia displayed NADPH‐d reactivity. NADPH‐d‐reactive and NOS‐immunoreactive (NOS‐IR) neurons were present in the caecum, and labeled fibers were found to innervate the circular muscles of the proesophagus and caecum and to form axosomatic connections with neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexi of the caecum. A 65‐kDa protein was found to be nNOS‐IR in the caecum protein extract. The majority of the NADPH‐d‐reactive neurons also displayed FMRFamide immunoreactivity, whereas a mutual innervation by NADPH‐diaphorase‐reactive and catch‐relaxing peptide (CARP)‐IR neurons was observed in the caecum. Application of NO‐donors [glyceryl trinitrate, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] evoked a dose‐dependent increase in tension, frequency, and amplitude of the spontaneous muscle contractions of the proesophagus and caecum. Contractions could be blocked by applying the NO scavenger 2‐phenyl‐4,4,5,5,‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide. FMRFamide evoked a response of the caecum similar to that with NO, and its simultaneous application was additive. Preincubation with CARP blocked the increase of tension evoked by SNP, whereas Mytilus inhibitory peptide (MIP) decreased the rhythmic contractions induced by the NO donor. Our findings indicate that NO is an important signal molecule in the feeding system of Helix, involved, partially in cooperation with different molluscan neuropeptides, in the regulation of both neuronal and muscular activities. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:801–821, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved atomic meshes
Authors: Esperança Claudio , de Oliveira Antonio Alberto Fernandes , Cavalcanti Paulo Roma
Published: December 2007

This work describes several improvements over the technique known asatomic meshesintroduced by Hale (Tenth International Meshing Roundtable, Newport Beach, CA, 2001), which aims at producing numerical meshes from image data ‘directly’, i.e. bypassing any image segmentation step. We propose two modifications to Hale's original idea: (1) a procedure whereby atoms are initially projected onto perceived features, and (2) the introduction of a Laplacian component to the formulation of the energy field governing atom movement. These aim at improving the adaptation of the mesh to the image while producing better‐shaped triangles. True to Hale's idea, no image segmentation is ever tried, but since the atom placement and movement criteria are more sensitive to image borders, experiments indicate that the resulting meshes tend to conform more closely to the image features. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial Characteristics and Satisfaction with Healthcare Following Transplantation
Authors: Vachon Mélanie , Achille Marie , Barama Azemi
Published: December 2007

Background

To live with an organ transplant is to live with aspects of acute and chronic illness, including fear, uncertainty, change, and frequent contact with the healthcare system. Previous research highlighted the problem that patients who live with a chronic condition such as transplantation are very dissatisfi ed with their healthcare. The two goals of the present study were: (1) to identify the level of satisfaction with healthcare experienced by patients with type 1 diabetes who had received either a single kidney or a pancreas and kidney transplant; and (2) to identify sociodemographic, medical, and psychosocial characteristics related to satisfaction with healthcare in this population.

Methods

Forty‐seven patients with type 1 diabetes recruited at Notre‐Dame Hospital who had received either a kidney (n = 22) or a pancreas‐kidney (n = 25) transplant completed a mail survey. A cluster analysis was performed in order to determine the levels and profi les of satisfaction of the patients.

Results

Descriptive analyses indicated that patients seemed to have a fairly good overall level of satisfaction with healthcare. Cluster analysis yield two profi les of satisfaction among the patients: a profi le of high satisfaction and a profi le of moderate satisfaction. High satisfaction with healthcare was associated with better psychosocial adjustment and less psychological distress.

Conclusions

Satisfaction with healthcare following transplantation by patients with type 1 diabetes seems to be associated with psychosocial adjustment and psychological status. Even if these results need to be verifi ed with a larger sample, they might encourage healthcare practitioners to pay special attention to patients whose satisfaction with healthcare is low because this attitude seems to be part of patients' global psychosocial status.
English and Spanish versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire: Measurement equivalence across ethnicity and clinical status
Authors: Warren Cortney S. , Cepeda‐Benito Antonio , Gleaves David H. , Moreno Silvia , Rodriguez Sonia , Fernandez Mari Carmen , Fingeret Michelle Cororve , Pearson Crystal A.
Published: December 2007

Objective:

We evaluated the psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of various forms of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) (Cooper et al., Int J Eat Disord, 6, 485‐494, 1987) in American and Spanish women with and without an eating disorder diagnosis.

Method:

Participants included four groups of women: Euro‐American (n = 505), Hispanic‐American (n = 151), and Spanish (n = 445) females without an eating disorder and Spanish women being treated for an eating disorder (n = 177).

Results:

Single and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors tested the data for configural and metric invariance. Goodness‐of‐fit statistics indicated that the original and all alternate forms of the BSQ fit the data well across groups. Most factor loadings were similar across groups. We also developed a 10‐item version that appeared to be invariant across groups.

Conclusion:

Results strongly support configural invariance and offer some support for metric invariance. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide Catalyzed Three‐Component Mannich‐Type Reactions
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Parvin Tasneem , Choudhury Lokman H.
Published: December 2007

Bromodimethylsulfonium bromide catalyzes Mannich‐type reactions of a variety of aldimines, generated in situ from aldehydes and anilines, with enolizable ketones or diethyl malonate in three‐component reactions to afford the corresponding β‐amino carbonyl compounds. The salient features of this protocol are: shorter reaction times, simplicity of the procedure, good to excellent yields, avoidance of aqueous workup and column‐chromatographic separations, and high stereoselectivities.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of a Series of Hydrophobic Piperidones and Bispidones
Authors: Barnes Nicholas A. , Brooker Alan T. , Godfrey Stephen M. , Mallender Phillip R. , Pritchard Robin G. , Sadler Mark
Published: December 2007

A series of dipyridin‐2‐yl‐substituted piperidones with alkyl chains of variable length [CH3(CH2)n–], n = 0, 5, 11, 17, have been synthesised. The piperidones are all crystalline materials and exist in the solid state as the enol tautomers, which are stabilised by hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding accounts for the crystallinity of these materials, despite the presence of long alkyl chains, and extensive hydrophobic regions are observed in the extended structures of some of these molecules. A series of twelve bispidones have been synthesised from their piperidone precursors by a condensation reaction with N,N‐disubstituted diamines, H2N(CH2)2NR2 (R = Me, Et, iPr). Solid‐state structures have been obtained for three of these bispidones, all of which display a double‐chair conformation. The structures show a high degree of preorganisation for metal coordination, and hence are suitable candidates for coordination complexes, where these bispidones are capable of acting as pentadenate ligands.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Efficient Copper(I)‐Catalyzed C–S Cross Coupling of Thiols with Aryl Halides in Water
Authors: Rout Laxmidhar , Saha Prasenjit , Jammi Suribabu , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: December 2007

CuI efficiently catalyzes the C–S cross coupling of thiols with aryl halides in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide in water. The reactions with aryl thiols that have electron‐withdrawing and ‐donating substituents are comparable and afford C–S cross‐coupling products in high yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
On the response of yielding seismically isolated structures
Authors: Kikuchi Masaru , Black Cameron J. , Aiken Ian D.
Published: December 2007

This paper investigates the seismic response of yielding isolated structures. To establish a general understanding of the nonlinear response of seismically isolated structures, this study first investigates the nonlinear response of isolated structures subjected to steady‐state harmonic motion and nonlinear transient ground excitation. The response of both viscously damped and hysteretically damped isolation systems is investigated in three phases. Initially, basic insights are gained through simple nonlinear two degrees of freedom (2‐DOF) models subjected to harmonic motion of varying frequencies. Next, the transient response analysis of the nonlinear 2‐DOF model is investigated for a wide range of isolation system and superstructure properties. The results obtained from both approaches indicate that the yielding behavior of a structure on an isolation system is significantly different from that of the comparable fixed‐base structure. Finally, the response of the nonlinear 2‐DOF system model is compared with that of a 15‐story, three‐dimensional model. Based on the results of these analytical investigations, some important considerations for the design of seismically isolated structures are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating feelings related to the uncertainty about future health in utility measurement
Authors: Gandjour Afschin
Published: December 2007

The cost‐effectiveness of health‐care interventions is often evaluated using quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) as a measure of outcome. QALYs are valid representations of welfare only under the questionable assumption of additive independence of utility of health states across time periods. Therefore, some alternatives to QALYs have been proposed, among them healthy‐year equivalents (HYEs) (Med. Decis. Making 1989; 9(2):142–149) and a semi‐separable utility function (SSUF) (J. Health Econ. 2005; 24(1):33–54). This paper shows that HYEs using a single probability‐equivalent standard gamble (SG) question measure the same health construct as the SSUF, which uses a series of probability‐equivalent SG questions. The underlying assumption is that final health states are independent of initial health states. In contrast to the SSUF, however, HYEs are not bound by this assumption and also avoid propagating bias in the measurement of SG utilities from one question to the next. This paper also shows that both approaches can incorporate feelings related to the uncertainty about future health and capture them by using certainty equivalent questions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shyness and emotion‐processing skills in preschoolers: a 6‐month longitudinal study
Authors: Strand Paul S. , Cerna Sandra , Downs Andrew
Published: December 2007

The present study utilized a short‐term longitudinal research design to examine the hypothesis that shyness in preschoolers is differentially related to different aspects of emotion processing. Using teacher reports of shyness and performance measures of emotion processing, including (1) facial emotion recognition, (2) non‐facial emotion recognition, and (3) emotional perspective‐taking, we examined 337 Head Start attendees twice at a 24‐week interval. Results revealed significant concurrent and longitudinal relationships between shyness and facial emotion recognition, and either minimal or non‐existent relationships between shyness and the other aspects of emotion processing. Correlational analyses of concurrent assessments revealed that shyness predicted poorer facial emotion recognition scores for negative emotions (sad, angry, and afraid), but not a positive emotion (happy). Analyses of change over time, on the other hand, revealed that shyness predicted change in facial emotion recognition scores for all four measured emotions. Facial emotion recognition scores did not predict changes in shyness. Results are discussed with respect to expanding the scope of research on shyness and emotion processing to include time‐dependent studies that allow for the specification of developmental processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis B and C virus infection and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A population‐based study in China
Authors: Hsing Ann W. , Zhang Mingdong , Rashid Asif , McGlynn Katherine A. , Wang Bing‐Shen , Niwa Shelley , Ortiz‐Conde Betty A. , Goedert James J. , Fraumeni Joseph F. , O'Brien Thomas R. , Gao Yu‐Tang
Published: December 2007

Emerging data suggest that chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections may also play a role in extrahepatic bile duct cancers. To test the HBV hypothesis, we examined the relationship of HBV/HCV infection with risks of biliary tract cancer and biliary stones in a population‐based case‐control study conducted in Shanghai, China. Standard assays were used to detect HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti‐HBc) and hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) in sera from 417 patients with biliary tract cancers, 517 with biliary stones, and 762 healthy controls randomly selected from the population. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each disease type. HBsAg seroprevalence was 7.3% among population controls and 14.2% among patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer, resulting in a 2.4‐fold risk of extrahepatic bile duct cancer (95% CI 1.2–4.5). No association was found for cancers of the gallbladder (prevalence 8.2%) or the ampulla of Vater (6.1%), or for stones in the gallbladder (10.1%) or bile duct (9.3%). Further adjustment for education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes and gallstones did not materially change the results. Prevalence of HCV infection in this population was low (2%), limiting our ability to detect an association with biliary diseases. In Shanghai, an HBV endemic area, chronic HBV infection was associated with a 2.4‐fold risk of extrahepatic bile duct cancer. These results should be confirmed in other populations with varying risks of HBV and HCV infection. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.