bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांशः आत्मनिर्भर भारत की दिशा में राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के दिशा निर्देश
Authors:   शोध छात्र, शिक्षा विभाग, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय, दिल्ली।, शर्मा श्री मयंक , रंजन प्रो. आशीष ,   आचार्य, शिक्षा विभाग, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय, दिल्ली।, शर्मा प्रो. ज्योति ,   आचार्य, कलस्टर इनोवेशन सेन्टर, शिक्षा विभाग, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय, दिल्ली।
Published: November 2024

भारत के माननीय प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेंद्र मोदी (12 मई, 2020) ने ‘‘आत्मनिर्भर भारत‘‘ के लिए आह्वान किया, जिसमें इसके पांच स्तंभों में से एक स्तंभ के रूप में जीवंत जनसांख्यिकी के महत्व पर जोर दिया गया। भारत वर्तमान में एक युवा आबादी से संपन्न देश है, जिसके नागरिक नवीन विचारों और उद्यमशीलता की भावना से ओत-प्रोत है। भारत अपने जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश का लाभ उठाने के लिए आश्वस्त है। आँकड़ों के अनुसार, वर्ष 2022 में, 65 प्रतिशत से अधिक आबादी की आयु 35 वर्ष से कम है, और आधे से अधिक आबादी 15-59 वर्ष के कामकाजी आयु वर्ग में आते हैं। यह जनसांख्यिकीय लाभ एक बहुमूल्य कार्यबल प्रदान करता है जो भारत के आर्थिक विकास में निर्णायक भूमिका अदा कर सकता है। हालांकि, इन लाभों को अधिकतम करने हेतु, गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा, कौशल विकास और आलोचनात्मक सोच क्षमताओं को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कुशल संरचनाओं और तंत्रों को स्थापित करना आवश्यक है। भारत ने अमृतकाल में कदम रखा है, जो हमारे युवाओं के लिए अपनी क्षमताओं का लाभ उठाने और भारत को विकसित राष्ट्र में बदलने का एक सुनहरा अवसर है। इसलिए, यह महत्वपूर्ण हो जाता है कि हम प्रगति के रास्ते में युवाओं के सामने आने वाली सभी बाधाओं को दूर करने का प्रयास करें। अवसरों के साथ रचनात्मकता आत्मनिर्भरता की दिशा में प्रयासों को तेज करने के लिए एक आदर्श मंच प्रदान करेगी।
भारत में शिक्षा क्षेत्र में नीतियों और उपलब्धियों का आकलन
Authors:   प्रोफेसर, राजनीतिक विभाग, शहीद भगत सिंह काॅलेज, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय।, झा प्रवीण कुमार , राय विनायक ,   एम काॅम, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय।, . संगीता ,   राजनीतिक विभाग, शहीद भगत सिंह काॅलेज, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय।
Published: November 2024

आज सरकार के सामने सबसे बड़ी चुनौती यह है कि “हमारी आबादी के बड़े हिस्से को शिक्षा और स्वास्थ्य जैसी आवश्यक सार्वजनिक सेवाएं एवं सुविधाएं कैसे प्रदान की जाएं जो वर्तमान में इन सेवाओं से वंचित हैं।” शिक्षा वह महत्वपूर्ण कारक है जो गरीबों को विकास प्रक्रिया में भाग लेने के लिए सशक्त बनाने की क्षमता रखती है। यह स्पष्ट है क्योंकि शिक्षा ही विकास-सुधार का मूल निर्धारक कारक है। यह, एक ओर, मानव क्षमता को विकसित करने में मदद करता है, दूसरी ओर सक्षम लोगों को विकसित करने में मदद करता है। आज नागरिकों को राष्ट्र के विकास के कार्य में सक्रिय भूमिका निभानी होगी। सरकार इन मापदंडों के तहत स्थितियों को ऊपर उठाने के लिए नई और अभिनव योजनाएं बना रही है और संसाधनों का आवंटन कर रही है लेकिन क्या वह लक्ष्य हासिल करने में सफल रही है? आज क्या हम वर्तमान सामाजिक परिस्थितियों को ध्यान में रखते हुए स्वयं को विकसित कह सकते हैं? देश में कुछ हद तक आर्थिक और सामाजिक प्रगति तो हुई है लेकिन क्षेत्रवार, जातिगत और लिंगवार में समान रूप से प्रगति नहीं हुई है। इस लेख का उद्देश्य शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में बनाई गई नीतियों और उनके कार्यान्वयन का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन करना है ताकि इसकी सीमित सफलता के कारण और भविष्य में हमारे बेहतर स्थिति (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर विकासात्मक पैमाने पर) के लिए प्रयोग किए जा सकने वाले विकल्पों का पता लगाया जा सके।
डॉ. अम्बेडकर की समावेशी समाज की संकल्पना: एक विश्लेषण
Authors:   शोधार्थी, राजनीति विज्ञान विभाग, महात्मा गाँधी केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय, मोतिहारी (बिहार)।, चौधरी विजय शंकर , मौर्य देवेंद्र ,   शोधार्थी, गाँधी एवं शांति अध्ययन विभाग, महात्मा गाँधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हिंदी विश्वविद्यालय, वर्धा (महाराष्ट्र)।
Published: November 2024

भारतीय संविधान के शिल्पकार डॉ. बी. आर. अम्बेडकर का राजनीतिक और आर्थिक प्रणाली को लेकर एक समावेशी दृष्टिकोण था, जो समाज के प्रत्येक वर्ग को इसके अंतर्गत शामिल करने एवं सशक्त करने पर जोर देता है। उनका मानना था कि राजनीतिक और आर्थिक लोकतंत्र आदर्श समाज के दो अनिवार्य घटक हैं, और दोनों एक दूसरे के पूरक हैं। उनका दृढ़ मत था कि आर्थिक समानता के बिना राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता अपने उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त नहीं कर पायेगी। डॉ. अम्बेडकर एक ऐसी राजनीतिक प्रणाली में विश्वास करते थे जहाँ प्रत्येक नागरिक के पास अपने देश में निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेने और योगदान करने के समान अवसर उपलब्ध हों। उन्होंने सार्वभौमिक वयस्क मताधिकार के महत्व पर जोर दिया, जो यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि प्रत्येक नागरिक को अपनी जाति, नस्ल, लिंग या आर्थिक स्थिति की परवाह किए बिना स्वतंत्र मतदान करने का अधिकार हो। समाज के वंचित तबको को निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया में प्रतिनिधित्व देने के लिए आरक्षण की व्यवस्था की वकालत की। डॉ. अम्बेडकर एक ऐसी आर्थिक प्रणाली के समर्थक थे जो संपत्तियों और संसाधनों के समान वितरण की व्यवस्था समाज के सभी वर्गों के लिए सुनिश्चित करती है। उनका मानना था कि संसाधनों और उत्पादन के साधनों तक पहुँच सामाजिक या आर्थिक स्थिति के बजाय योग्यता पर आधारित होनी चाहिए। उन्होंने पूँजीपतियों के विकल्प के रूप में सहकारी समितियों के गठन की भी वकालत की, जिससे कामगारों को उत्पादन उपकरण और मशीनरी प्राप्त करने में सुगमता हो सके और साथ ही निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया में वे अपनी बात रख सके । अगर हम वर्तमान में देखे तो डॉ बी. आर. अम्बेडकर जिस राजनीतिक लोकतन्त्र की बात कर रहे थे उसे हमारे सविंधान में सार्वभौमिक वयस्क मताधिकार और चुनाव लड़ने की अनुमति प्रदान कर उसको प्राप्त करने की कोशिश की गई है और निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया में समाज के वंचित तबकों को प्रतिनिधित्व देने के लिए लोकसभा, विधानसभा एवं स्थानीय स्वशासन के स्तर पर आरक्षण की व्यवस्था प्रदान की र्गइ है । अगर आर्थिक समानता की देखें तो जिस तरह से देश में सम्पतियों का असमान वितरण हो रहा है और चुनावी प्रक्रिया में पूंजी का दखल बढ़ रहा है, वह कहीं न कहीं अम्बेडकर के राजनीतिक और आर्थिक समता पर आधारित लोकतांत्रिक एवं समतामूलक समाज की स्थापना के लिए एक चुनौती उत्पन्न कर रही है । प्रस्तुत आलेख डॉ. अम्बेडकर के राजनैतिक और आर्थिक समावेशी समाज के परिप्रेक्ष्य और संदर्भो पर आधारित चिंतन को व्याख्यायित करता है ।
राजस्थान में ग्रामीण पर्यटन के माध्यम से समावेशी सामाज का दर्शन
Authors:   पी.एच.डी. शोधार्थी, राजनीति विज्ञान विभाग, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय।, मीणा शिव कुमार
Published: November 2024

राजस्थान के ग्रामीण परिवेश में ग्रामीण पर्यटन अपेक्षाकृत एक नया पक्ष है। राजस्थान में ग्रामीण पर्यटन समावेशी समाज का महत्वपूर्ण औजार बना है। ‘‘राज्य में विभिन्न जातीय संघटन व सांस्कृतिक स्वरूपों के समूह है। यहाँ भील, मीणा, डामोर, गरासिया जनजातियाँ विद्यमान है।’’ (भार्गव, 2011, 101) यह जनजातियाँ मुख्य रूप से बांसवाड़ा, डूंगरपुर, उदयपुर, प्रतापगढ़, सिरोही व बरन जिलों में स्थापित है। इन जनजातियों का विकास करना अति महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि यह सामाजिक व दैनिक जीवनचर्या से बिल्कुल कटे हुए है। ग्रामीण पर्यटन के माध्यम से इनके सामाजिक व आर्थिक स्तर को उठाया जा सकता है। यह जनजातीय लोग ग्रामीण पर्यटन के माध्यम से विभिन्न क्षेत्रों के लोगों से संपर्क में आएंगे, जिससे उनके सोचने समझने के दायरे में विस्तार होगा। आज विश्व के लोग इन जनजातियों के भोजन, सांस्कृतिक, वेशभूषा, हस्तशिल्प, त्यौहार आदि के प्रति आकर्षित हो रहे है। इससे ग्रामीण पर्यटन को बढ़ावा मिलता है, वहीं दूसरी तरफ ग्रामीण जनजातीय लोगों का विकास होता है। इन जनजातियों के बीच ग्रामीण पर्यटन को लेकर रूचि बढे़ और वह इसमें भाग लें। इसके लिए सरकार व स्वयं सेवी संगठनों को बड़ी भूमिका निभानी चाहिए, ताकि जनजातीय लोगों को अपने जीवन स्तर को ऊपर उठाने में सहायता मिलें। इस शोध में ग्रामीण पर्यटन द्वारा राजस्थान के ग्रामीण समावेश पर चर्चा की गई है। यह अध्ययन पुस्तकों, जर्नल, रिपोर्ट व जनगणना 2011 आदि से प्राप्त आंकड़ों पर आधारित है।
Urban Local Body in Mizoram: A Study and Analysis of The First Lunglei Municipal Council (LMC) Election
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government, J. Buana College, Lunglei, Mizoram, India, Vanlalhmangaihsanga R. , Lalremsiami C. ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Mamit College, Mamit, Mizoram, India
Published: November 2024

The present paper aims to examine the origins of the Urban Local Body (ULB) in the state of Mizoram. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of the development and electoral processes pertaining to the Urban Local Body (ULB) in the state. The research further examines a comparative analysis of voting behaviour in various rural local body elections and the first Lunglei Municipal Council (LMC) election. Additionally, the paper examines the electoral performance of major political parties in the first Lunglei Municipal Council (LMC) election.
Developing Sidewalk Assessment Tool: Towards Evaluation of Pedestrian Environment in Urban Areas
Authors:   Associate Professor, M.K.S.S’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture, Bambawale Avanti , Lata Kusum ,   Associate Professor (Urban & Regional Planning), Centre for Urban Studies, IIPA., Kashyap Anurag ,   Principal, M.K.S.S’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture.
Published: November 2024

Streets are one of the important means of transportation where sidewalks are one of their integral parts of which pedestrians are prime users. To plan for qualitative environment for pedestrians, existing sidewalk situations need to be assessed. In western countries several tools and models are developed for evaluation of sidewalks. However, most of these tools have neglected the importance of considering pedestrians’ perception in assessing Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) of sidewalks. A more accurate and sensitive tool would incorporate and account for the planning or improving of existing pedestrian environments in any city. The aim is to develop sidewalk assessment tool for evaluation of existing sidewalk environment from level of pedestrians’ satisfaction. This tool will help the municipal authorities to identify the sidewalk attributes that need to be measured, how to measure them and, finally, incorporating them into an appropriate assessment framework. The result of the study is interpreted in terms of Pedestrian Satisfaction Index defining PLOS and it contributes in identifying shortcomings of sidewalk attributes from pedestrians’ perspective.
Underlying Causes of Urban Fire with a Case Study of Anaj Mandi Fire, Delhi, India
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Indraprastha College for Women, University of Delhi, India., Sanu Shubham Kumar , Sharma Vishwa Raj ,   Professor, Department of Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, India.
Published: November 2024

Fire is one of the crucial resources that helps human beings to satisfy their basic needs, but its transformation from a resource to a disaster inflicts a great negative impact. The occurrence of fire incidences in highly densely populated urban centres like Delhi is very common and repetitive. Anaj Mandi fire disaster of December 2019 was very devastating as more than 45 people lost their lives. Further, thousands of people’s lives and livelihood got impacted adversely. The immediate cause was a short circuit in the electric meter, but there were numerous other factors that directly or indirectly helped in the development of the Anaj Mandi fire. In this research work, it has been highlighted how various institutions, communities, owners, locals and individuals were responsible for this. This work provides a comprehensive view of how intentionally or unintentionally any disaster takes place due to the lack of amenableness of the responsible population.
Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis; Pemanfaatan Teknologi CRISPR-CAS9 Untuk Pengobatan Penyakit Huntington’s
Authors: Sari Meliana , Kasasiah Ahsanal
Published: November 2024

A Systematic Literature Review: Utilization of CRISPR-CAS9 Technology for Treating Huntington's Disease
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG triple expansion (>36) in the first exon of the HTT gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Advances in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, provide new hope for correcting the genetic mutations underlying HD. This review article aims to review the potential and effectiveness of CRISPR-Cas9 technology as a therapeutic tool for HD. The writing method used was Systematic Literature Review, with literature searches conducted using three databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. This study reviewed several studies that used in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate the impact of HTT gene editing on mutant huntingtin protein expression and HD symptoms. Results showed that CRISPR-Cas9 can effectively reduce mutant huntingtin protein expression, reduce neuronal toxicity, and improve motor symptoms in mouse models of HD. Although these results are promising, further studies are needed to optimize the safety and effectiveness of using CRISPR-Cas9 in genetic therapy for HD.
Huntington’s Disease (HD) adalah kelainan neurodegeneratif yang disebabkan oleh ekspansi tripel CAG (>36) pada ekson pertama gen HTT yang mengkode protein huntingtin. Kemajuan teknologi pengeditan gen, seperti CRISPR-Cas9, memberikan harapan baru untuk mengoreksi mutasi genetik yang mendasari HD. Review artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau potensi dan efektivitas teknologi CRISPR-Cas9 sebagai alat terapi untuk HD. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review, dengan pencarian studi literatur dilakukan menggunakan tiga basis data: PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan SpringerLink. Penelitian ini mengkaji beberapa studi yang menggunakan model in vivo dan in vitro untuk mengevaluasi dampak pengeditan gen HTT terhadap ekspresi protein huntingtin mutan dan gejala HD. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa CRISPR-Cas9 dapat secara efektif mengurangi ekspresi protein huntingtin mutan, mengurangi toksisitas neuronal, dan memperbaiki gejala motorik pada model tikus HD. Meskipun hasil ini menjanjikan, penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan keamanan dan efektivitas penggunaan CRISPR-Cas9 dalam terapi genetik untuk HD.
Sinergitas Efek Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun SirsaK (Annona muricata Linn) Dengan Doksorubisin Pada Sel Kanker Payudara MCF-7
Authors: Lukman  , Aswad Hijral , Lestari Desy Ayu , Paluseri Andi
Published: November 2024

Synergistic Effect Of Combination Of Soursop Leaf Extract (Annona Muricata Linn) With Doxorubicin On Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Doxorubicin is the first line of cancer treatment but has very serious side effects such as hair loss, kidney damage and liver function abnormalities. One strategy to reduce these side effects is to combine doxorubicin with medicinal plants with anti-cancer properties such as soursop leaves (Anona muricata Linn). The aim of this research is to determine the synergistic effect of the combination of soursop leaf extract with doxorubicin to inhibit the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Soursop leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol while the anti-cancer test used the MTT method. The results of the study showed that soursop leaf extract had anti-cancer properties with IC25 and IC50 respectively being 29.36 ± 1.16 and 58.75 ± 2.35 µg/mL while doxorubicin was 1.34 ± 0.04 and 2. 76 ± 0.03 µg/mL. The combination of soursop leaf extract and doxorubicin showed a value of 0.8-1.0 (moderate synergistic). So it can be concluded that the combination of soursop leaf extract and doxorubicin shows a synergistic effect.
Doksorubisin merupakan lini pertama pengobatan penyakit kanker akan tetapi memiliki efek samping sangat serius seperti kerontokan rambut, kerusakan ginjal dan kelainan fungsi hati. Salah satu strategi untuk mengurangi efek samping tersebut dengan mengombinasikan doksorubisin dengan tanaman obat berkhasiat anti kanker seperti daun sirsak (Anona muricata Linn). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek sinergitas kombinasi ekstrak daun A. muricata dengan doksorubisin untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara MCF-7. Daun A. muricata diekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Aktivitas anti kanker diuji menggunakan metode MTT. Uji sinergitas dilakukan dengan mengombinasikan antara IC25 dan IC50 dari ekstrak daun A. muricata dengan doksorubisin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun A. muricata berkhasiat sebagai anti kanker dengan nilai IC25 dan IC50 secara berturut-turut adalah 29,36 ± 1,16 dan 58,75 ± 2,35 µg/mL dibandingkan dengan doksorubisin sebesar 1,34 ± 0,04 dan 2,76 ± 0,03 µg/mL. Kombinasi antara ekstrak etanol daun A. muricata dengan doksorubisin menunjukkan nilai 0,8 - 1,0 (sinergis sedang). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi antara ekstrak etanol daun A. muricata dengan doksorubisin menunjukkan efek yang sinergis
Nested Neural Networks: A Novel Approach to Flexible and Deep Learning Architectures
Authors: Hozez Yaniv
Published: November 2024

It’s easy to get lost in the complexities of sentences like, “Never will I have been in a place whose experiences will have been teaching me how amazing life really is till the beginning of every one of those marvelous whole new advenchallenges for more than 20 years of life by the end of my military service.” These kinds of nested and layered statements are not just the domain of advanced grammar—they have a parallel in cutting-edge technology as well. This paper introduces a novel neural network architecture, termed Nested Neural Networks (NNN), that incorporates nested layers within a more complex overarching structure. Much like the layered conditions in Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive tenses, NNNs utilize ‘nested’ conditions to bring flexibility and depth to data processing. This structure captures complex relationships, achieving high performance, computational efficiency, and generalization across tasks, much as understanding the nested clauses of a sentence can reveal deeper meanings. Our experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate NNNs’ ability to handle intricate data patterns with enhanced memory efficiency and training adaptability, often outperforming traditional models. This fascinating intersection between language and machine learning showcases the powerful potential of structured complexity, whether in communication or computation.
The Discontinuity of the Virtual Toward the Non-Living and the Living
Authors: Bazac Ana
Published: November 2024

Rather focusing on problems than solving them, the goal of this paper is to unlock the philosophical meanings of the difference between the three domains announced in the title. But it is made as a joke: the preliminary part is too big, however not superfluous for the main one that deals just with the problem of the discontinuity of the virtual. Thus, after a nevertheless summary resolution of the helpful concepts, it starts within an objectivist scientific key, and it once more arrives at the methodological idea inherited from old that the names calling the three domains are concepts. But they describe something, irrespective of their ambiguity.

As a result, the features of the three domains appear not only as ideas, as historical developments of the philosophical and scientific reflections upon them, but also as structural intertwining, grades and “amplitudes” and ruptures _within _the domains themselves, in a dialectic that challenges the concepts of continuity and discontinuity. This entire process aimed at extricating the characteristics is at the same time one that invites a review of the definitions of the three domains: and first of all, the criteria of definitions. Obviously, the more problematic domain is the virtual, and it is captured through an entwined couple constituted of an empirical notion and a philosophical concept, _joy of life_ and _plenitude_. And here is the surprise: the virtual as a specific non-living reality derives its peculiarity from that of AI as a virtual rational being.
Integrating Afterlife Beliefs of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism Through the Cyclic Universe Model: A Multidisciplinary Approach with Practical Implications for Mental Health and Caregiving Professions
Authors: Brodziak Andrzej , Jendrzejczyk Barbara
Published: November 2024

This manuscript explores the intersections of belief systems regarding the afterlife within Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism, analyzing their compatibility through the lens of cosmological theories, particularly the cyclic universe model. By addressing historical and contemporary perspectives on the nature of belief, it examines religious tenets and spiritual values from an existential, moral, and cosmological standpoint. Drawing from Spinoza’s philosophy and the concept of a cyclic universe, the authors propose a conceptual reconciliation of religious doctrines, suggesting that different religions emphasize distinct phases of an eternal cosmic cycle. The article further evaluates practical implications, highlighting how familiarity with these reconciled beliefs can alleviate existential anxieties, enhance community cohesion, and foster personal growth. This work is particularly relevant for professionals in end-of-life care, as it provides insights into integrating diverse spiritual beliefs to support well-being.
USA a evropská bezpečnost
Authors: Jenonne Walkerová
Published: November 2024

The USA and European Security
Stav a perspektivy východního rozšiřování Evropské unie
Authors: Jan Staňkovský
Published: November 2024

Status and Perspectives of the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union
Konec dvojznačnosti – otevřené odpovědi na otevřené otázky v česko-německém vztahu
Authors: Antje Vollmerová
Published: November 2024

End of Ambiguity – Open Answers to Open Questions in Czech-German Relations
Proč vznikají aliance?
Authors: Petr Drulák
Published: November 2024

Why are Alliances Formed?
Diplomacie
Authors: Milan Štembera
Published: November 2024

Henry Kissinger: Diplomacie. Simon & Schuster, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo,Singapore 1994, 912 stran, ISBN 0-671-71366-3.
Výzvy environmentální bezpečnosti na konci 20. století
Authors: Radek Khol
Published: November 2024

Challenges of Environmental Security in the End of 20th Century
Sociální tržní hospodářství ve Spolkové republice Německo – koncepce a její uplatnění v praxi
Authors: Jaroslava Plšková
Published: November 2024

The Social Market Economy in Germany – Concept and Its Application in Practice
Vznik Československa v roce 1918
Authors: Milan Štembera
Published: November 2024

Antonín Klimek, Helena Nováčková, Milada Polišenská, Ivan Sťovíček (eds.): The Formation of Czechoslovakia, 1918. Documents of Czechoslovak Foreign Policy. Institute of International Relations, Prague 1994, 439 pages, ISBN 80-85864-07-X
Německá zahraniční politika
Authors: Jaroslav Šauer
Published: November 2024

Karl Kaiser and Hanns W. Maull (eds.): Germany's New Foreign Policy. Volume 1 - Foundations. Research Institute of the German Society for Foreign Policy. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1994, 206 + XXV pages, ISBN 3-486-56064-6.
PENGARUH KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL TERHADAP KEAKTIFAN BELAJAR SISWA DI MTSN 1 BENGKALIS
Authors: Lestari Putri , Risnawati  , Nasir Za'ba
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The main issue in this study is emotional intelligence and learning activity, the purpose of this study is to find out whether the emotional intelligence in students has an influence or no influence on student learning activity, the method used in this study is descriptive quantitative research with an associative approach, associative research is research that tests the presence or absence of relationships or influences between variables with other variables,  The results of this study showed that after testing with the help of the SPSS program, a Sig. result of 0.000 was obtained (can be seen in Table 1). Based on decision-making, it can be concluded that variable x has an effect on variable y. This means that emotional intelligence affects student learning activity.
Isu pokok pada penelitian ini adalah kecerdasan emosional, keaktifan belajar, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah kecerdasan emosional yang ada pada diri siswa ada pengaruh atau tidak ada pengaruh terhadap keaktifan belajar siswa, metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan asosiatif, penelitian asosiatif adalah penelitian yang menguji ada tidaknya hubungan atau pengaruh antara variabel dengan variabel lainnya, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan bantuan program spss didapatkan hasil Sig. yaitu 0.000 (dapat dilihat pada tabel 1). Berdasarkan dasar pengambilan keputusan dapat disimpulkan bahwa variabel x berpengaruh terhadap variabel y. Artinya kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh terhadap keaktifan belajar siswa.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, active learning
PEMANFAATAN KONTEN FIQIH PADA MEDIA SOSIAL TIKTOK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Tarlin Elsavia Priyanggi Cahyani , Sulaikho Siti
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTThis research involves fifth-grade students at MI Al-Azhar Sambong Dukuh, Jombang. It is known that TikTok social media is used to measure how well students can utilize this media in Fiqh learning. The material is explained in the creative, innovative, and inspirational fiqh content on TikTok. The method used in this research is a Mixed Method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods. This research is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and mixing qualitative and quantitative methods in one study or a series of studies to understand the existing problems. This study collects primary and secondary data, processes the collected data, analyzes the materials, and draws conclusions. The goal of this research is to improve the learning of Fiqh material through video content on TikTok social media so that the Fiqh material can be conveyed effectively.
Penelitian ini menggunakan objek peserta didik kelas V di MI Al-Azhar Sambong Dukuh, Jombang. Diketahui, media sosial tiktok digunakan untuk mengukur sejauh mana peserta didik dapat memanfaatkan media tersebut dalam pembelajaran Fiqih. Materi yang dijelaskan dalam konten fiqih yang kreatif, inovatif dan inspiratif pada media sosial tiktok. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan Mixed Method atau menggabungkan dua metode penelitian, yaitu kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian mixed method ini merupakan suatu tahapan proses dalam mengumpulkan, menganalisis dan menggabungkan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif kedalam satu penelitin atau serangkaian penelitian untuk memahami permasalahan yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatan pembelajaran materi Fiqih melalui konten video di media sosial tiktok, sehingga materi Fiqih dapat tersampaikan dengan baik.
Keywords: Students, TikTok Social Media, Fiqh
PENGEMBANGAN HOTS BERBASIS NEUROSAINS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PAI
Authors: Sidah Siti Nur , Suyadi Suyadi
Published: November 2024

For centuries, teachers have grown the brains of students witho rofession whose job is to change the brain every day. So it would be urgent if Islamic Religious Learning is linked with the science of the brain, through the development of neuroscience in Islamic education, because it is not the environment that changes students, but the motivation and character of the students themselves that can change behavior and even the environment, it can even be permanent. This research is a library research that uses content analysis as a technique in analyzing data. The results are relevant to tracing the traces of the mind and brain in the Qur'an.
IMPLEMENTASI KMA 183 DALAM PENYAJIAN MATERI BAHASA ARAB BERBASIS E-LEARNING DI MAN 1 KABUPATEN GORONTALO
Authors: Ali Ibadurrahman , Jundi Muhammad , Zikran Adam Muhammad , Laubaha Siti Aliyya , Kadir Suleman D.
Published: November 2024

This research discusses the implementation of the curriculum of the Minister of Religion Decree (KMA) number 183 in 2019 in presenting Arabic learning material based on e-learning in MAN 1 Gorontalo District. The purpose of this study is to explain and describe the implementation of the KMA curriculum number 183 in 2019 in presenting e-learning-based material. In this study, using a descriptive qualitative method, which emphasizes data processing in the form of words that are factual with a research focus on Arabic learning material for class XII even semester. The results of this study indicate that the presentation of Arabic language material in MAN 1 Gorontalo District is in accordance with the criteria for presenting the National Education Standards Board (BSNP) and KMA number 183 in 2019 by implementing the aspects of attitudes, knowledge, and skills through e-learning.
ANALISIS KITAB WADZA`IF AL-MUTA’ALLIM: STUDI RELEVANSI NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DENGAN MATERI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: FAHMI MUCH. MAFTUHUL , RAHMATULLAH RAHMATULLAH
Published: November 2024

Various moral problems, identity crises, and social deviations along with the advancement of Science and Technology have become a challenge for modern educators in Indonesia. This phenomenon encourages researchers to explore the values of character education in the book Wadza`if al-Muta'allim by KH. Zainal Abidin Munawwir. This study also analyzes the relevance of these values to the material of Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia based on Permendikbud no. 37 of 2018. The method used by the researcher is a qualitative research type of library research with a descriptive qualitative approach and using content analysis techniques. Researchers managed to find two research results: first, it was found that there were 3 (three) parts of the values of character education in the book of Wadza`if al-Muta'allim, namely: wadza`if al-muta'allim at-tholab era, adab al- muta'allim ma'a ustadzihi, and wadza`if al-muta'allim wa a'maluhu waqta talaqqi ad-dirasah.
COVID-19’s Effect on Indian MSMEs: Insights from Stakeholders
Authors: Ahmad Alam , Akram Hafiz Wasim , Akhtar Samreen , Choudhary Pooja , Kumar Neeraj
Published: November 2024

Indian MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) sector, an invaluable employment generator with a cluster of more than 63 million enterprises, is deeply dented by the noxious coronavirus. The second most significant sector of the Indian economy regarding employment creation is in jeopardy after the Covid-19. The sudden abject degradation of performance and eventual threat to the existence of MSME not only captivates the attention but also sets in disquietude in mind to fathom the inherent causes of this fragility and excogitate the ways and means of saving them. Against this background, proper diagnosis of the effect of Covid-19 on MSMEs is inevitable. The analysis is based on Qualitative as well as secondary data. Qualitative data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with 48 MSME stakeholders selected by Judgmental Sampling. The research finds significant challenges before MSME that must be tackled to salvage the industry from an imminent existential threat. The paper recommends the adoption of Industry-4.0 and the closure of gaps identified in the paper to give saving breath to the financially beleaguered and faltering sector. During the last few years, Covid-19 has grabbed literature positioning galore, but they are not specific to Indian MSME. This study is an attempt to gauge the obstacles, measures and gaps faced by Indian MSME post COVID scenario.
Microbial Spectrum, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Prevalence of MDR/XDR Pathogens in Medical Device-Associated Infections
Authors: Harshavardhan Mummaka , Sakhavalkar Prashant , Bhaskar Attarde Viren
Published: November 2024

Background: Medical device-associated infections (MDAIs) are a major healthcare concern due to their high morbidity, mortality, and rising prevalence of MDR and XDR bacteria. This study examined the microbiological composition, antimicrobial susceptibility, and prevalence of MDR/XDR infections in MDAI patients at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pune.
Methods: One-year retrospective research included 100 MDAI patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on microbial isolates from blood, urine, and wound swabs according to CLSI standards. The prevalence of MDR and XDR pathogens was determined.
Results: Escherichia coli (30%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%) caused most infections, while Staphylococcus aureus (25%) was the most common Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 40% of the isolates were MDR and 15% were XDR. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest resistance rate (70%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Conclusion: The study shows that MDAIs are dominated by MDR and XDR infections, mainly Gram-negative bacteria, making therapy difficult. These findings highlight the critical need for improved infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and regular surveillance to address medical device-associated resistance infections.
Keywords: Medical device infections, multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant organisms, antimicrobial susceptibility, microbiological profile, healthcare-associated infections.
Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Iranian Version of the Voice Symptom Scale
Authors:   Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mohammadi Dehbokr Siavash , Torabinezhad Farhad ,   Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Ghorbani Ali ,   Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mohamadi Reyhane ,   Department of Rehabilitation Management, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Kamali Mohammad ,   Department of Rehabilitation Management, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Habibi Amirali ,   Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: This research aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the voice symptom scale (VoiSS) questionnaire. We also sought to determine the best cut-off point to classify high-risk populations into controls (participants) and dysphonic patients. Methods: The study was conducted in 3 main steps. The translation process was carried out by a pair of Iranian bilingual speech-language pathologists along with an expert panel. For the validity study, the questionnaire was administered to 268 cases that were suspected of dysphonia. Finally, to assess the reliability, the questionnaire was completed twice in 2 weeks by 40 dysphonia patients. To normalize data generation 107 individuals without dysphonia completed the P-VoiSS, after that the cutoff value of the P-VoiSS was calculated. Results: Cronbach’s α was estimated at 0.914, and for impairment, emotional, and physical domains, it was 0.877, 0.926, and 0.725, respectively. We also estimated intra-cluster correlation (ICC) of 0.984 indicating high reproducibility of the Persian VoiSS questionnaire. The estimated intra-cluster correlation (ICC) for subscale was 0.962 for impairment, 0.989 for emotional, and 0.952 for physical domains. The Mean±SD score of the questionnaire for the healthy group was 10.1±5.9, while it was statistically higher in dysphonia patients (44.1±20.6). The statistical difference was observed in the subscales of the questionnaire between healthy and dysphonia groups (P<0.05). The exploratory factor analysis determined that the Persian VoiSS has three subtest/latent factors like the original form. We also estimate the best cut-point at 20.5. Conclusion: The Persian adaptation of VoiSS is a dependable and effective tool that can be utilized for screening high-risk populations.
Effect of acupressure on sleep quality among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review
Authors:   Razi Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Taheri Hatkehlouei Seyed Ali , Sandanasamy Stephanie ,   Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia, Okamoto Yu ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Tojinkai Hospital, Kyoto, Japan, McFarlane Philip ,   Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Heidari Gorji Ali Morad ,   Educational Development Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Published: November 2024

This systematic review investigated the impact of acupressure on sleep quality among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Major electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched from the earliest records to November 1, 2023, using relevant Medical Subject Headings such as "acupressure", "sleep", and "cardiac surgical procedures". Additionally, Iranian databases like Iranmedex were consulted. The quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical assessment checklist. A total of four studies involving 262 patients were included, with 60.37% being male and 53.82% assigned to the intervention group. Participants had an average age of 58.56 years (SD=8.68). The average study duration was approximately 45 weeks with a 6-day follow-up, and the typical intervention duration was 14.25 minutes. In all studies, interventions were effective in increasing sleep quality. The findings indicated that acupressure administered by healthcare professionals, such as nurses, could enhance sleep quality. The recommendation suggests that healthcare managers and policymakers create an environment in healthcare settings, that enabling nurses and other professionals to employ acupressure, thereby improving the sleep quality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Effects of divorce on nurses' performance in patient care
Authors:   Department of Mental Health Nursing, Nirmala College of Nursing, Kerala, India, James Arun , Thomas Jomon ,   Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Anushree College of Nursing, Jabalpur, India, Paul Meenu ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Anushree College of Nursing, Jabalpur, India, Khairwar Gangotri ,   Department of Community Health Nursing, Regional Institute of Nursing, Itanagar, India, Ushakiran Devi Konthoujam ,   Jabalpur Public College of Nursing, Jabalpur, India, John Tintu ,   Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing Nirmala Medical Centre, Kerala, India
Published: November 2024

Divorce is a life-altering event that affects individuals and their professional lives [1]. For nurses who work in a highly demanding and emotionally charged environment, the impact of divorce can be particularly significant. Nurses are expected to maintain high levels of compassion, patience, and emotional stability while caring for patients. However, the emotional turmoil and stress that come with divorce may interfere with their ability to perform effectively at work. This article explores how divorce can affect nurses' performance, focusing on emotional, psychological, and physical aspects and strategies for coping and support [2]. One of the most immediate effects of divorce on a nurse's performance is the emotional toll it takes. Divorce can lead to feelings of sadness, anger, anxiety, and frustration, which may carry over into the workplace. Nurses, who are typically responsible for providing emotional support to their patients, may find it challenging to maintain a compassionate demeanor when experiencing emotional distress in their personal lives. This emotional strain can lead to burnout, reduced empathy, and a lack of patient engagement, negatively affecting the quality of care provided [3, 4]. The emotional stress of divorce can also contribute to communication breakdowns in the workplace. Effective communication is crucial for nurses to collaborate with other healthcare professionals and ensure patient safety. When emotionally overwhelmed, nurses may become more irritable, less focused, and prone to misunderstandings, leading to mistakes or conflicts with colleagues
Lebenslaufentscheidungen und Berufsorientierung von Jugendlichen in ländlich-peripheren Räumen
Authors: Schametat Jan
Published: November 2024

Räumliche Disparitäten haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Lebenslaufentscheidungen von Jugendlichen. Insbesondere in peripheren Regionen entsteht im Rahmen biographischer Orientierungsprozesse eine zusätzliche Herausforderung durch die Bearbeitung von Wohnortentscheidungen. Im Rahmen einer Strukturgleichungsanalyse werden die Einflüsse von Umweltfaktoren und individuellen Faktoren auf die Berufswahl und Wohnortentscheidung erklärt. Die Befunde fordern eine stärker relational ausgerichtete lebensweltorientierte Unterstützung jugendlicher Orientierungsprozesse ein.
Implementation of the Use of Instagram @gramatika_arab in Developing Arabic Language Skills for Students of Arabic Language Education of UIN Sunan Kalijaga
Authors: Nisai Lu'luun , Shalgham Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: November 2024

Instagram is one of social media equipped with various features and used as a medium of information and communication. One of its functions is to make it easier for Arabic learners to access Instagram accounts that provide several audio-visual-based Arabic content. This research is a qualitative content analysis with Instagram @gramatika_arab as the subject. Data sources in this study consist of primary data sourced from Instagram @gramatika_arab and secondary data in the form of several scientific journals relevant to this study. The data collection method used is the documentation method while data analysis is carried out during the research. The results showed that Instagram @gramatika_arab become one of the accounts providing audio-visual based Arabic content that is widely accessed by Arabic language learners, especially for students of state islamic universities in Indonesia. It is even accessed by several other countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Morocco. Content in the form of Arabic quizzes, pamphlets, and handwriting can attract and facilitate Arabic learners in understanding the material. In addition, Arabic language learners can easily access these contents anytime and anywhere.
ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA MAKNA LAGU "GALA BUNGA MATAHARI" KARYA SAL PRIADI
Authors: Husnusyifa Annisa , Mujianto Haryadi
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini menganalisis lirik lagu "Gala Bunga Matahari" karya Sal Priadi menggunakan pendekatan semiotika Roland Barthes. Musik sebagai bahasa universal memungkinkan penyampaian pesan emosional dan ide yang mendalam melalui liriknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tanda-tanda dalam lirik lagu, serta menganalisis makna denotatif, konotatif, dan mitos dari tanda-tanda tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif interpretatif, melibatkan teknik studi dokumentasi untuk mengumpulkan data. Analisis semiotika Barthes digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tanda-tanda, serta mengeksplorasi makna literal dan simbolisnya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bunga matahari, bahasa tumbuhan, dan air susu berfungsi sebagai simbol yang kaya makna, menyampaikan tema kerinduan, harapan, dan keinginan untuk bertemu kembali. Simbolisme ini memperkaya pemahaman tentang narasi emosional dalam lagu dan menciptakan resonansi dengan pendengar. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan mendalam mengenai makna lirik lagu "Gala Bunga Matahari" dan kontribusinya terhadap studi musik dan sastra.
Continental-scale empirical evidence for relationships between fire response strategies and fire frequency
Authors: Yang Sophie , Ooi Mark , Falster Daniel , Cornwell William
Published: November 2024

• Theory suggests that the dominance of resprouting and seeding, two key mechanisms through which plants persist with recurrent fire, both depend on other traits and vary with fire regime. However, these patterns remain largely untested over broad scales. • We analysed the relationships between average fire frequency, derived from MODIS satellite data, and resprouting and seeding strategies respectively, for approximately 10,000 woody and herbaceous species in Australia. We tested whether leaf economics traits differed among these strategies. • Probability of resprouting probability exhibits a monotonic increase with fire frequency for woody plants; for herbaceous plants a hump-shaped relationship is observed. Probability of seeding exhibits a hump shape with fire frequency in woody plants. In herbaceous plants, probability of resprouting was associated with higher leaf mass per area (LMA), and probability of seeding with lower LMA. A broader range of leaf investment strategies occurred in woody plants. • Our findings provide the largest empirical support to date for theory connecting fire response strategy to fire frequency. Woody seeders appear constrained by immaturity and senescence risk. Herbaceous and woody seeders showed different placements along the leaf economics spectrum, suggesting an important interaction between growth form and growth rate for seeders.
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN-SUBURBAN 5G COVERAGE PREDICTIONS
Authors: Tiamiyu Osuolale Abdramon , Akande Hakeem Babalola , Abass Fatima Olamide
Published: November 2024

In today's world, the demand for robust and faster network connectivity and data speeds has become paramount. Though the transition to 5G technology is a significant advancement that promises unparalleled speeds, reduced latency, and enhanced connectivity crucial for modern applications, the current situation reveals persistent challenges in achieving these ideals across diverse environments. There are disparities between predicted and actual network performance metrics such as throughput, latency, coverage gaps, and inconsistencies in QoS (quality of service). The study aims to analyze the existing 5G coverage predictions and model a similar network scenario on MATLAB for optimization of the 5G network.
The Effect of Women’s Role on Board, ESG Performance, and Tax Avoidance
Authors: Sambuaga Elfina Astrella , Felicia Donia
Published: November 2024

This research examines the impact of board gender diversity on tax avoidance, with ESG performance as an intervening variable. Using 87 non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with ESG scores from Thomson-Reuters ASSET4 during the 2017-2019 period, the study reveals that board gender diversity significantly influences tax avoidance, indicating that diversity does not improve tax compliance. The male-dominated boards in Indonesia limit the effectiveness of monitoring corporate activities, including tax avoidance. Additionally, gender diversity negatively affects ESG performance, suggesting that the small number of women on boards diminishes efforts to enhance sustainability. ESG performance does not mediate the relationship between gender diversity and tax avoidance, though it can reduce tax avoidance when transparency in ESG reporting is increased. Limitations include a small sample size and data restricted to the 2017-2019. Future studies could explore alternative tax avoidance measures and other corporate governance factors.
ANALISIS PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PERAWAT YANG MELAKUKAN TINDAKAN MEDIS DALAM KEADAAN DARURAT ATAS DASAR LIMPAHAN DOKTER
Authors: Suryanti Reny , Susilo Avrilya Iqoranny
Published: November 2024

Perawat dalam menjalankan tugasnya sering melakukan tindakan medis yang bukan kompetensinya, sehingga membutuhkan perlindungan hukum khususnya dalam keadaan darurat. Perlindungan hukum merupakan hak perawat dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan, diatur dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU No.36 Tahun 2009. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap tindakan medis perawat atas dasar limpahan dokter dan mengapa perlu perlindungan hukum bagi perawat yang melakukan tindakan medis dalam keadaan darurat. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan yuridis-empiris serta menggunakan paradigma Post-Positivisme. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUD Kota Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukan bahwa perlindungan hukum perawat yang melakukan tindakan medis dalam keadaan darurat atas dasar limpahan dokter, dilindungi hukum bagi perawat yang ada Surat Tanda Registrasi, Surat Izin Kerja dan bekerja sesuai dengan kompetensi, standar pelayanan, standar profesi dan standar operasional prosedur. Serta pembelaan dan pendampingan selama perawat tersebut terdaftar sebagai anggota PPNI dan didampingi pengacara. Perlunya perlindungan hukum bagi perawat yang melakukan tindakan medis dalam keadaan darurat adalah karena adanya kesenjangan antara das sein dengan das sollen. Yang dilindungi secara hukum adalah ketika melakukan tindakan medis atas limpahan dokter, atas dasar kemanusiaan perawat harus melakukan tindakan medis dalam keadaan darurat meskipun tanpa adanya limpahan dari dokter, karena perawat dalam praktiknya dihadapkan pada situasi harus melakukan tindakan medis dengan pertimbangan kemanusiaan.