bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Melbourne: digital connectivity and international students’ experience of locality
Authors: Martin Fran , Rizvi Fazal
Published: August 2014

Recent scholarship across a range of disciplines has sought to understand how people’s relationship with place is increasingly produced by their interactions with digital entertainment and communications media. This scholarship has pointed to the capacity of social media to foster new ways of experiencing locality, culture and belonging, including for mobile populations and transnational communities. In this article, we draw upon original qualitative research to explore how international students in Australian higher education from China and India use local and transnational media to experience, thus produce, Melbourne as a place. We show how for this generation of international students their senses of both home and Australia are fragmented, deterritorialized and syncretic, woven in and through each other, as the Australia that they inhabit is fundamentally conditioned by the fluctuating mediated co-presence of home, derived from the simultaneity offered by digital media. Such a proposal goes beyond arguments about media’s role in the pluralization and hybridization of places, suggesting a more fundamental transformation in the very meaning of place itself as a result of the experiential ubiquity of transnational media connections.
Mediatization: key concept or conceptual bandwagon?
Authors: Deacon David , Stanyer James
Published: August 2014

Mediatization is emerging as an influential new concept that places the media at the centre of all kinds of important cultural, political and social developments. However, it has so far attracted little critical evaluation. In this article the authors identify three areas of concern, namely, how causal processes are thought about, how historical change is understood, and how concepts are designed. It is hoped this article will generate critical debate and reflection to prevent the term from being applied so inconsistently and indiscriminately that it becomes a ‘concept of no difference’.
The role of the internet in testimony: the case of the ‘Forgotten Australians’
Authors: Adkins Barbara , Hancox Donna
Published: August 2014

This article examines the case of the Forgotten Australians as an opportunity to examine the role of the internet in the presentation of testimony. ‘Forgotten Australians’ are a group who suffered abuse and neglect after being removed from their parents – either in Australia or in the UK – and placed in Church- and State-run institutions in Australia between 1930 and 1970. The campaign by this profoundly marginalized group coincided with the decade in which the opportunities of Web 2.0 were seen to be diffusing throughout different social groups, and were considered a tool for social inclusion. We outline a conceptual framework that positions the role of the internet as an environment in which the difficult relationships between painful past experiences and contemporary injunctions to remember them, are negotiated. We then apply this framework to the analysis of case examples of posts and interaction on websites with web 2.0 functionality: YouTube and the National Museum of Australia. The analysis points to commonalities and differences in the agency of the internet in these two contexts, arguing that in both cases the websites provided support for the development of a testimony-like narrative and the claiming, sharing and acknowledgement of loss.
The shared pasts of solitary readers in China: connecting web use and changing political understanding through reading histories
Authors: Wu Angela Xiao
Published: August 2014

This article complicates our understanding of the cultural and political impact of the internet in non-liberal societies by foregrounding people’s socially constituted reading practices across print and cyberspace. It places internet use in the context of both social and personal reading histories, as well as in the evolving cultural field across media. I examine the reading practices of 26 Chinese individuals, who developed alternative political understandings through their internet use. Their alternative views, I found, emerged not just through their engagement with the web but as a result of a longer history. Their distinct web use patterns have roots in their pre-internet reading practices. A specific reading disposition for ‘self-development’ may have led to their continuing divergence to niche reading materials as the domestic cultural field diversified. This reading disposition, I argue, prepares people to later engage with the internet in ways that facilitate changes in their political understandings.
Family structure transitions and early childhood development in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Jennifer Chun-Li , Chiang Tung-liang
Published: August 2014

Taiwan has over the past three decades been experiencing demographic changes that may pose important concerns for children’s quality of life. This study examines the relationships and potential pathways between family structure transitions and early childhood development. Our analysis is based on 19,499 children from the 2005 birth cohort who completed three follow-up surveys (at 6, 18, and 36 months of age). Using multiple regressions, we found that children who consistently lived with single parents or who experienced their parents’ divorce/separation did poorer in both cognitive and socioemotional development than those in stable married families. Significance testing for mediation by bootstrapping revealed that the disparities could be explained by the family’s exposure to income poverty, psychosocial functioning and/or parenting quality. It is important to look more deeply into sociocultural factors in future investigations.
Postnatal Ovary Development in the Rat
Authors: Picut Catherine A. , Dixon Darlene , Simons Michelle L. , Stump Donald G. , Parker George A. , Remick Amera K.
Published: August 2014

Histopathologic examination of the immature ovary is a required end point on juvenile toxicity studies and female pubertal and thyroid function assays. To aid in this evaluation and interpretation of the immature ovary, the characteristic histologic features of rat ovary through the developmental periods are described. These histologic features are correlated with published changes in neuroendocrine profiles as the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis matures. During the neonatal stage (postnatal day [PND] 0–7), ovarian follicle development is independent of pituitary gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] or follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), and follicles remain preantral. Antral development of “atypical” follicles occurs in the early infantile period (PND 8–14) when the ovary becomes responsive to pituitary gonadotropins. In the late infantile period (PND 15–20), the zona pellucida appears, the hilus forms, and antral follicles mature by losing their “atypical” appearance. The juvenile stage (PND 21–32) is the stage when atresia of medullary follicles occurs corresponding to a nadir in FSH levels. In the peripubertal period (PND 33–37), atresia subsides as FSH levels rebound, and LH begins its bimodal surge pattern leading to ovulation. This report will provide pathologists with baseline morphologic and endocrinologic information to aid in identification and interpretation of xenobiotic effects in the ovary of the prepubertal rat.
Preemptive Submucosal Infiltration with Ropivacaine for Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Li Li , Feng Jie , Xie Shu‐hua , Geng Li‐cheng
Published: August 2014

Objective

To evaluate the preemptive analgesic effect of submucosal infiltration of ropivacaine for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Comprehensive clinical center and academic hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Fifty consecutive male patients scheduled for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were divided randomly into group A and group B. In group A, 4 mL of 0.33% ropivacaine and normal saline with epinephrine was preincisionally injected under the mucosa on both sides of the tonsillar fossa, soft palate, and the lower part of palatoglossal arch, whereas the upper and middle parts of the palatoglossal arch and the upper part of the palatopharyngeal arch were infiltrated with 2 mL of the same mixture. In group B, an identical volume of normal saline with epinephrine was administered. In both groups, postoperative pain was initially controlled by intravenous morphine titration until patient‐controlled analgesia with morphine could be used. Cumulative patient‐controlled analgesic morphine consumption; visual analog scale scores at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively at rest and during swallowing; and opioid‐related adverse effects were recorded.

Results

The visual analog score was lower at rest during the 48‐hour postoperative period and during swallowing within the first 12 hours for group A versus group B (P <. 05). Patients in group A required 44.1%, 38.2%, and 41.1% less morphine during the first 24 hours, 24 hours to 48 hours, and 48 hours postoperatively, respectively, and fewer patients experienced nausea, vomiting, and pruritus (P <. 05).

Conclusion

Preemptive submucosal infiltration with 0.33% ropivacaine effectively controlled pain after uvulopalato‐pharyngoplasty.
The idea is not enough: The role of self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between pull entrepreneurship and founder passion – a research note
Authors: Dalborg Cecilia , Wincent Joakim
Published: August 2014

This research note demonstrates that self-efficacy is important for understanding why an attractive idea may lead an entrepreneur to develop passion. Drawing upon a survey of 103 respondents, we find that self-efficacy mediates the influence of pull entrepreneurship on founder passion suggesting that being pulled toward opportunities to start a business is not directly required for entrepreneurial passion to develop. Instead, pull entrepreneurship increases self-efficacy and assists the individual to develop the skills typical of an entrepreneur. This instills individual self-efficacy beliefs, which in turn are prerequisites for passion to grow. As such, this research uncovers a skill-based explanation of how founder passion develops.
Thickness of soft tissue of lower extremities measured with magnetic resonance imaging as a new indicator for staging unilateral secondary lower extremity lymphedema
Authors: Li Yulai , Lu Qing , Chen Tian-wu , Yao Yuan , Zhao Zizhou , Li Yang , Xu Jianrong , Hu Jiani , Haacke Mark
Published: August 2014

Background

Chronic progressive swelling of the lower extremity due to secondary lower extremity lymphedema (LEL) can affect a patient’s quality of life, both physically and psychologically. A feasible and reproducible method for detecting and staging LEL will facilitate decision-making about appropriate management strategies.

Purpose

To determine whether the thickness of the soft tissues of the lower extremities, measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), could stage unilateral secondary LEL.

Material and Methods

Seventy-two women with unilateral LEL and 22 participants without LEL underwent lower extremity MRI after treatment of uterine malignancies. LEL was classified clinically as stage 0, 1, 2, or 3. On fat-suppressed T2-weighted mid-axial images of calves and thighs, the total thickness of the soft tissue (TT), muscle thickness (MT), subcutaneous tissue thickness (STT), and the differences in TT (DTT), MT (DMT), and STT (DSTT) values and corresponding measurements in the contralateral lower extremity, were obtained and analyzed statistically for staging LEL.

Results

There was a trend for the TT and STT of the affected calf and thigh to increase with increasing LEL stage. These parameters were strongly and moderately correlated with LEL stage, respectively ( P < 0.001). Both the DTT and DSTT of the calves or thighs were strongly correlated with LEL stage ( P < 0.001). Among the parameters, the DSTT of the calves could best stage LEL, with an area under the receiver operating curve of more than 0.89.

Conclusion

The DSTT of the calves could be recommended as an informative indicator for staging LEL.
Does Change in Hostility Predict Sexual Recidivism?
Authors: Pettersen Cathrine , Nunes Kevin L. , Woods Mandie , Maimone Sacha , Hermann Chantal A. , Looman Jan , Spape Jessica
Published: August 2014

The purpose of the study was to examine whether scores on a widely used measure of hostility—the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI)—and change on this measure predicted sexual recidivism in a sample of 120 adult male incarcerated sexual offenders. Pre- and posttreatment scores, simple difference scores, and clinically significant change were examined. The majority of participants had functional scores on the BDHI prior to treatment. Of those who had dysfunctional pretreatment scores, the majority remained unchanged. Higher posttreatment scores on the Assault and Verbal Hostility subscales significantly predicted sexual recidivism. The remaining pre- and posttreatment scores as well as change scores and classifications did not significantly predict sexual recidivism. Our findings suggest that the Assault and Verbal Hostility subscales may be useful for predicting sexual recidivism but were not clearly consistent with the notion that the BDHI assesses a dynamic risk factor(s) for sexual recidivism. Due to a number of limitations of the current study, however, more rigorous research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Geography and post-phenomenology
Authors: Ash James , Simpson Paul
Published: August 2014

This paper examines geography’s engagements with phenomenology. Tracing phenomenology’s influence, from early humanist reflections on the lifeworld to non-representational theories of practice, the paper identifies the emergence of a distinct post-phenomenological way of thinking. However, there is currently no clear articulation of what differentiates post-phenomenology from phenomenology as a set of theories or ideas, nor is there a clear set of trajectories along which such difference can be pursued further. In response to this, the paper outlines three key elements that differentiate phenomenology from post-phenomenology and that require further exploration. First is a rethinking of intentionality as an emergent relation with the world, rather than an a priori condition of experience. Second is a recognition that objects have an autonomous existence outside of the ways they appear to or are used by human beings. Third is a reconsideration of our relations with alterity, taking this as central to the constitution of phenomenological experience given our irreducible being-with the world. Unpacking these differences, the paper offers some suggestions as to how post-phenomenology contributes to the broader discipline of human geography.
Inaccessible Andean sites reveal human-induced weathering in grazed soils
Authors: Heitkamp Felix , Sylvester Steven P. , Kessler Michael , Sylvester Mitsy D.P.V. , Jungkunst Hermann F.
Published: August 2014

Human activity affects properties and development of ecosystems across the globe, to such a degree that it is now challenging to get baseline values for undisturbed ecosystems. This is especially true for soil development, which is potentially affected by land-use history and holds a legacy of past human interventions. Therefore, it is still largely unknown for most ecozones how soil would have developed ‘naturally’. Here, we show undisturbed soil development, i.e. the processes of weathering and accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), by comparing pristine with grazed sites in the high Andes (4500 m) of southern Peru. We located study plots on a large ledge (0.2 km2) that is only accessible with mountaineering equipment. Plots with pristine vegetation were compared to rangeland plots that were presumably under relatively constant grazing management for at least four millennia. Vegetation change, induced by grazing management, led to lower vegetation cover of the soil, thereby increasing soil surface temperatures and soil acidification. Both factors increased weathering in rangeland soils. Formation of pedogenic oxides with high surface area explained preservation of SOM, with positive feedback to acidification. Higher contents of pyrophosphate extractable Fe and Al oxides indicated the importance of organo-mineral associations for SOM stabilization on rangeland sites, which are likely responsible for a higher degree of humification. This higher degree of humification induced melanization (darker colour) of the rangeland soils which, together with sparse vegetation cover, also feeds back to soil temperature. With this work, we present a conceptual framework of positive feedback links between human-induced vegetation change, soil development and accumulation of SOM, which is only possible due to the unique baseline values of a pristine ecosystem. Using ‘inaccessibility’ as a tool to quantify human impact in future interdisciplinary studies may push research forward on evaluating anthropogenic impact on Earth’s ecosystems.
A Brief Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) Assessment to Evaluate Concussions
Authors: Mucha Anne , Collins Michael W. , Elbin R.J. , Furman Joseph M. , Troutman-Enseki Cara , DeWolf Ryan M. , Marchetti Greg , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Vestibular and ocular motor impairments and symptoms have been documented in patients with sport-related concussions. However, there is no current brief clinical screen to assess and monitor these issues.

Purpose:

To describe and provide initial data for the internal consistency and validity of a brief clinical screening tool for vestibular and ocular motor impairments and symptoms after sport-related concussions.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Sixty-four patients, aged 13.9 ± 2.5 years and seen approximately 5.5 ± 4.0 days after a sport-related concussion, and 78 controls were administered the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment, which included 5 domains: (1) smooth pursuit, (2) horizontal and vertical saccades, (3) near point of convergence (NPC) distance, (4) horizontal vestibular ocular reflex (VOR), and (5) visual motion sensitivity (VMS). Participants were also administered the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS).

Results:

Sixty-one percent of patients reported symptom provocation after at least 1 VOMS item. All VOMS items were positively correlated to the PCSS total symptom score. The VOR (odds ratio [OR], 3.89; P < .001) and VMS (OR, 3.37; P < .01) components of the VOMS were most predictive of being in the concussed group. An NPC distance ≥5 cm and any VOMS item symptom score ≥2 resulted in an increase in the probability of correctly identifying concussed patients of 38% and 50%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curves supported a model including the VOR, VMS, NPC distance, and ln(age) that resulted in a high predicted probability (area under the curve = 0.89) for identifying concussed patients.

Conclusion:

The VOMS demonstrated internal consistency as well as sensitivity in identifying patients with concussions. The current findings provide preliminary support for the utility of the VOMS as a brief vestibular/ocular motor screen after sport-related concussions. The VOMS may augment current assessment tools and may serve as a single component of a comprehensive approach to the assessment of concussions.
Anatomy of the Anterior Root Attachments of the Medial and Lateral Menisci
Authors: LaPrade Christopher M. , Ellman Michael B. , Rasmussen Matthew T. , James Evan W. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: August 2014

Background:

While the biomechanical importance of the meniscal roots has been demonstrated, the anatomy of the anterior meniscal roots remains largely unknown. Defining the quantitative anatomy of the anterior meniscal root attachments is essential for developing improved diagnostic and surgical techniques.

Hypothesis:

The anterior medial (AM) and anterior lateral (AL) meniscal roots could be quantitatively defined relative to open and arthroscopic surgical landmarks.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Twelve nonpaired human cadaveric knees were used (average age, 51.3 years). A coordinate measuring device quantified the anatomic relationships of the AM and AL root attachments to open and arthroscopic surgical landmarks. The tibial attachments of both anterior roots were defined and quantified by categorizing the fibers of the root as either central, dense attachments or peripheral, supplemental attachments.

Results:

The center of the tibial tuberosity and the medial tibial eminence apex were 27.0 mm lateral and distal and 27.5 mm posterior to the center of the AM root, respectively. The center of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the lateral tibial eminence apex were 5.0 mm posteromedial and 14.4 mm posterolateral to the center of the AL root, respectively. The AM root attachment had a mean area of 110.4 mm2 (95% CI, 92.2-128.5) with a central attachment of 56.3 mm2 (95% CI, 46.9-65.8). The AL root attachment had a mean area of 140.7 mm2 (95% CI, 121.6-159.8) and inserted deeply beneath the ACL in all specimens. The overlap of the ACL on the AL root averaged 88.9 mm2 (95% CI, 63.3-114.6), comprising 63.2% of the AL root attachment.

Conclusion:

The anterior meniscal roots were identified in relation to pertinent open and arthroscopic landmarks. The extended overlap between the AL root and ACL attachment revealed a more intimate tibial attachment relationship than previously recognized.

Clinical Relevance:

Quantitative descriptions of the anterior meniscal roots elucidate the relationship between the root attachments and pertinent surgical landmarks. In addition, the supplemental attachments of both menisci may contribute to native meniscal function, and further investigation is recommended.
Leaching for recovery of copper from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: Influence of ash properties and metal speciation
Authors: Lassesson Henric , Fedje Karin Karlfeldt , Steenari Britt-Marie
Published: August 2014

Recovery of metals occurring in significant amounts in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, such as copper, could offer several advantages: a decreased amount of potentially mobile metal compounds going to landfill, saving of natural resources and a monetary value. A combination of leaching and solvent extraction may constitute a feasible recovery path for metals from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. However, it has been shown that the initial dissolution and leaching is a limiting step in such a recovery process. The work described in this article was focused on elucidating physical and chemical differences between two ash samples with the aim of explaining the differences in copper release from these samples in two leaching methods. The results showed that the chemical speciation is an important factor affecting the release of copper. The occurrence of copper as phosphate or silicate will hinder leaching, while sulphate and chloride will facilitate leaching.
How to assess solid waste management in armed conflicts? A new methodology applied to the Gaza Strip, Palestine
Authors: Caniato Marco , Vaccari Mentore
Published: August 2014

We have developed a new methodology for assessing solid waste management in a situation of armed conflict. This methodology is composed of six phases with specific activities, and suggested methods and tools. The collection, haulage, and disposal of waste in low- and middle-income countries is so complicated and expensive task for municipalities, owing to several challenges involved, that some waste is left in illegal dumps. Armed conflicts bring further constraints, such as instability, the sudden increase in violence, and difficulty in supplying equipment and spare parts: planning is very difficult and several projects aimed at improving the situation have failed. The methodology was validated in the Gaza Strip, where the geopolitical situation heavily affects natural resources. We collected information in a holistic way, crosschecked, and discussed it with local experts, practitioners, and authorities. We estimated that in 2011 only 1300 tonne day−1 were transported to the three disposal sites, out of a production exceeding 1700. Recycling was very limited, while the composting capacity was 3.5 tonnes day−1, but increasing. We carefully assessed system elements and their interaction. We identified the challenges, and developed possible solutions to increase system effectiveness and robustness. The case study demonstrated that our methodology is flexible and adaptable to the context, thus it could be applied in other areas to improve the humanitarian response in similar situations.
Dealing with emerging waste streams: Used tyre assessment in Thailand using material flow analysis
Authors: Jacob Paul , Kashyap Prakriti , Suparat Tasawan , Visvanathan Chettiyappan
Published: August 2014

Increasing urbanisation and automobile use have given rise to an increase in global tyre waste generation. A tyre becomes waste once it wears out and is no longer fit for its original purpose, and is thus in its end-of-life state. Unlike in developed countries, where waste tyre management has already become a significant issue, it is rarely a priority waste stream in developing countries. Hence, a large quantity of waste tyres ends up either in the open environment or in landfill. In Thailand, waste tyre management is in its infancy, with increased tyre production and wider use of vehicles, but low levels of recycling, leaving scope for more appropriate policies, plans and strategies to increase waste tyre recycling. This article describes the journey of waste tyres in Thailand in terms of recycling and recovery, and disposal. Material flow analysis was used as a tool to quantify the flows and accumulation of waste tyres in Thailand in 2012. The study revealed that, in Thailand in 2012, waste tyre management was still biased towards destructive technologies (48.9%), rather than material recovery involving rubber reclamation, retreading tyres and whole and shredded tyre applications (6.7%). Despite having both economic and environmental benefits, 44.4% of used tyres in 2012 were dumped in the open environment, and the remaining 0.05% in landfills.
Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of informal sector in urban China
Authors: Linzner Roland , Salhofer Stefan
Published: August 2014

The informal sector is active in the collection, processing and trading of recyclable materials in urban China. Formal waste management organisations have established pilot schemes for source separation of recyclables, but this strategy is still in its infancy. The amounts of recyclables informally picked out of the municipal solid waste stream are unknown as informal waste workers do not record their activities. This article estimates the size and significance of the current informal recycling system with a focus on the collection of recyclables. A majority of the reviewed literature detects that official data is displaying mainly ‘municipal solid waste collected and transported’, whereas less information is available on ‘real’ waste generation rates at the source. Based on a literature review the variables, the ‘number of informal waste workers involved in collection activities’, the ‘amounts collected daily per informal collector’ and the ‘number of working days’ are used to estimate yearly recyclable amounts that are informally diverted from municipal solid waste. The results show an interval of approximately 0.56%–0.93% of the urban population or 3.3–5.6 million people involved in informal waste collection and recycling activities in urban China. This is the equivalent to estimated informal recycling rates of approximately 17–38w/w% of the municipal solid waste generated. Despite some uncertainties in these assessments, it can be concluded that a significant share of recyclables is collected and processed by informal waste workers.
Monitoring and characterization of compost obtained from household waste and pine sawdust in a facultative reactor by conventional and spectroscopic analyses
Authors: de Campos Sandro Xavier , Resseti Rolan Roney , Zittel Rosimara
Published: August 2014

This study proposes a new facultative reactor configuration for the treatment of organic household waste and pine sawdust. The process was monitored and the compost characterized by conventional (temperature, moisture, pH, ash content and ratio C/N) conjugated with spectroscopic analyses (ultraviolet (UV)/visible (Vis) and infrared (IR)) and germination index. The spectroscopy results revealed enrichment of carbon–carbon unsaturation structures and a degradation of the aliphatic structures. The results showed that stability of the final product was reached after 90 days and that the compost obtained presents substantial richness of stabilized organic matter and an absence of toxicity, so it may be considered as an organic fertilizer. Finally, this study led to the conclusion that the reactor proposed can be a promising technology for the management of organic household waste and sawdust.
An assessment of the current municipal solid waste management system in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Masood Maryam , Barlow Claire Y , Wilson David C
Published: August 2014

The current status of solid waste management in Lahore, a metropolitan city of Pakistan, is reviewed in this article using an existing approach, the UN-Habitat city profile. This involves a systematic quantitative and qualitative assessment of physical components and governance features of the current waste management system. A material flow diagram (MFD) is developed, which allows visualisation of the current waste management system with all related inputs and outputs. This study shows that in the current system, waste collection and transportation is the main focus, however the collection coverage is only about 68%. There is no controlled or even semi-controlled waste disposal facility in Lahore. There is no official recycling system in the city. It is estimated that currently ~27% of waste by weight is being recycled through the informal sector. Making use of the organic content of the waste, a composting facility is operative in the city, producing 47,230 tonnes year-1 of organic compost. Lahore does not perform very well in governance features. Inclusivity of users and providers of the waste management system is low in the city, as not all stakeholders are consulted in the decision making processes. Waste management costs US$20 per tonne of waste, where the main focus is only on waste collection, and the current user fees are much lower than the actual costs. This study recommends that recycling should be promoted by increasing public awareness and integrating the informal sector to make the current system sustainable and financially viable.
Estimation of Body Composition Depends on Applied Device in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Haverkort Elizabeth B. , Binnekade Jan M. , de van der Schueren Marian A. E. , Gouma Dirk J. , de Haan Rob J.
Published: August 2014

Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method used to estimate body compartments such as fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Two BIA devices, a single‐frequency BIA (SF‐BIA) device and a bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) approach, were compared to evaluate their reliability and to study whether their estimations resulted in similar classifications of body composition. Materials and Methods: In a prospective observational study, body composition was estimated by SF‐BIA and BIS in 123 adult patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery. Measurement agreement for the continuous variables FFM and FM were analyzed by using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the mean differences, and their limits of agreement. Measurement differences were also visualized by Bland‐Altman plots. For the dichotomized FFM index (FFMI) and FM index (FMI), interobserver agreement was calculated using Cohen κ statistics; the McNemar test was performed to compare the paired proportions. Results: Agreement for the continuous variables was almost perfect for FM (.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], .80–.90) and substantial for FFM (.78; 95% CI, .70–.84). For the dichotomous variables, the agreement was substantial for FMI (.67; 95% CI, .51–.83) and slight for FFMI (.19; 95% CI, .01–.37). BIS classified a larger proportion having a low FFMI and a high FMI. Conclusion: There were good ICCs between SF‐BIA and BIS for FFM and FM. However, the mean differences were substantial, whereas the classification of body composition based on FFMI and FMI was influenced by the device. Therefore, BIA devices are not interchangeable.
The Contribution of Perceived Labor Transparency and Perceived Corporate Giving to Brand Equity in the Footwear Industry
Authors: Kang Jiyun , Hustvedt Gwendolyn
Published: August 2014

While interest in the footwear industry in strengthening brand relationships with customers using corporate social responsibility (CSR) has increased, the effects of CSR on brand equity are undetermined. This research examines how consumers’ subjective evaluations of CSR efforts affect customer-based brand equity. A total of 909 responses were used to empirically test the role of consumers’ perception on a brand’s effort to be transparent and honest about labor condition (perceived brand transparency) as well as consumers’ perception about the brand’s charitable activities (perceived corporate giving) in building its brand equity. Results showed that both brand perceived transparency and perceived corporative giving directly affect brand equity and also indirectly contribute to increasing brand equity mediated by brand attitude and brand trust. However, perceived brand transparency has a significantly stronger direct impact on brand attitude and brand trust than perceived corporate giving does. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Customer Needs and Customer Satisfaction Analysis in a Textile Dyeing Process
Authors: Jeyaraj K. L. , Muralidharan C. , Senthilvelan T. , Deshmukh S. G.
Published: August 2014

Selection of potential critical quality attributes for customer’s satisfaction with considerations of producer’s capacity necessitates logical prioritization of customer needs. A few major challenges remain unaddressed for customer need analysis, such as quantitative measure of customer satisfaction, decision support, and capacity assessment of the producers. This paper presents a customer preference analysis for customer need and satisfaction, following the basic principles of traditional Kano model. This customer preference analysis quantifies the customer need and customer satisfaction. It adopts the customer preference indices for measuring customer's satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The relative weight of the potential critical quality attributes are calculated based the customer preference indices. The management makes sure their capacity to provide this satisfactory preference to the customers. The overall customer preference analysis framework addresses the customer need analysis from a broader scenario, such that the customizable potential critical quality attributes can be better managed at the experimental design planning.
A Review of Paroxetine for the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms
Authors: Slaton Rachel M. , Champion Megan N. , Palmore Kayla B.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Studies in recent years have exposed concerns about the safety of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in menopausal women. Numerous studies have examined the use of antidepressants for relief of VMS. Despite recommendations to deny approval of paroxetine mesylate (Brisdelle™) for the treatment of VMS, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently granted it approval for this indication.

Objective:

To evaluate all published literature examining use of paroxetine salts (mesylate and hydrochloride) in the treatment of menopausal VMS.

Methods:

Both PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) were searched using the keywords hot flashes, vasomotor symptoms, menopause, and paroxetine. In PubMed, MeSH terms were used for paroxetine, menopause, and hot flashes. Searches were limited to humans, English language, and clinical trial design. The references for each study identified in this search process were examined in order to locate any additional relevant articles.

Results:

Compared with placebo, paroxetine salts offer a modest benefit in the treatment of menopausal VMS reducing the frequency and severity of weekly hot flashes.

Conclusion:

Paroxetine (mesylate or hydrochloride) is an effective alternative to HRT for the reduction in VMS in menopausal women. Future head-to-head studies with active medications are needed in order to identify the best algorithm of treatment for this condition.
Intrapleural Antimicrobial Irrigation for Postpneumonectomy Empyema in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Torbic Heather , Glasser Nicole , Rostas Sara E. , Alquwaizani Mohammed , Hacobian Gaspar
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

Postpneumonectomy empyema (PPE) is a possible complication after a pneumonectomy in patients with lung cancer. The use of intrapleural (IP) antibiotic irrigation to treat infections in the pleural space may be indicated after systemic antimicrobial therapy, and drainage of the pleural space has been insufficient.

Methods:

Adult patients ≥18 years old who received IP antibiotic irrigation between 2006 and 2011 were included. Demographic data, past medical history, surgical procedure, systemic antibiotics, and culture data were collected. Additionally, the IP antibiotic administered, the dose, and how it was prepared and administered were collected.

Results:

A total of 18 patients were evaluated in this retrospective descriptive analysis. The majority of patients underwent an extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP; 72%). Most patients received systemic antibiotics before IP antibiotic administration (95%). Vancomycin was the most common antibiotic used for both systemic therapy (100%) and IP irrigation (94%). The median number of IP antibiotic doses received per patient was 5.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-9). Recurrence of PPE within 6 months of initial PPE resolution occurred in 28% of patients. Intrapleural antibiotic irrigation was well tolerated in all patients.

Conclusion:

Vancomycin is most commonly used for IP antibiotic irrigation at our institution after patients have undergone a thoracic surgery, which was most commonly an EPP.
Impact of Pharmacist Involvement in Early Identification and Enrollment in Patient Assistance Programs on CMV Outcomes in Transplantation
Authors: Byrns Jennifer S. , Pilch Nicole W. , Taber David J.
Published: August 2014

Background:

No data exist evaluating the utilization of patient assistance programs (PAPs) on cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related outcomes.

Objective:

To determine whether early identification and enrollment in PAPs can prevent CMV-related events.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of patients at risk of CMV reactivation who received kidney and/or pancreas transplants. Two groups were evaluated with patients receiving oral valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis through enrollment in PAPs or oral acyclovir with preemptive CMV monitoring. Primary outcomes include the incidence of CMV infection. Secondary outcomes include a cost benefit analysis, incidence of rejection, patient/graft survival, and time to CMV infection.

Results:

There were 97 patients identified; valganciclovir through PAPs (n = 39) and preemptive CMV quantitative nucleic acid testing monitoring (n = 58). The incidence of CMV viremia was lower in the PAP group (12.8% vs 36.2%, respectively; P = .021). There were no significant differences in CMV syndrome/disease, acute rejection, graft loss, or death between the groups. The time to CMV infection was shorter in the preemptive group. Cost benefit analysis found that hiring a full time pharmacy employee for enrolling patients in PAPs was cost beneficial for the institution/health care system.

Conclusion:

Early identification and enrollment of patients in PAPs reduces the incidence of CMV viremia. Pharmacists play a crucial role in this process.
Impact of an Online Educational Program on Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge of Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Bykhovsky Margarita , Meier Mary Frances K. , Mager Natalie A. DiPietro
Published: August 2014

Purpose: Pharmacy students must receive adequate training regarding folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). Pharmacy students’ knowledge should be evaluated and effective methods utilized to improve it, if needed. The objective of this study was to assess baseline knowledge among third-year students in a 0-6 Doctor of Pharmacy program and to evaluate the impact of an online educational video. Methods: Baseline knowledge was assessed by a pretest adapted with permission from the March of Dimes (MOD). Students watched a 30-minute MOD video and completed a posttest. Nine months later, students completed a longitudinal posttest. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in the percentage of correct responses to each question. Results: A total of 133 (90.5%) students completed the educational program and 105 (78.9%) completed the longitudinal test. Statistically significant improvements in knowledge from baseline were seen for 9 of 10 questions on the posttest and for 6 of 10 questions on the longitudinal test. Conclusion: Online videos are tools to teach pharmacy students key information regarding folic acid and NTD; however, material should be reinforced in experiential education as well. Counseling women of childbearing potential about folic acid fulfills an important public health need.
Language Concordance as a Determinant of Patient Outcomes in a Pharmacist-Managed Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Clinic
Authors: Gonzalvo Jasmine D. , Sharaya Nora H.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Published literature reveals that health care disparities exist due to race, gender, and language, although this has not been confirmed in a pharmacist-managed patient population.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to examine the association of language concordance and clinical outcomes in a comparison of English-speaking (ES) and Spanish-speaking (SS) patients in a pharmacist-managed cardiovascular risk reduction clinic (CVRRC).

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was undertaken to collect hemoglobin A1C, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for patients enrolled in the CVRRC from July 2010 and August 2012. A 2-sample t-test was utilized to compare these outcomes between ES and SS patients.

Results:

A total of 9 SS patients and 62 ES patients were included. No statistically significant differences were found between ES and SS patients in this language-concordant, pharmacist-managed clinic setting.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that similar clinical outcomes between ES and SS patients may be achieved with the ability of pharmacists to speak the same language as their patients.
What Is the Appropriate Duration of High-Dose Atorvastatin Therapy Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Authors: Goriacko Pavel , Andersen Matthew , Fazylov Roman , Plakogiannis Roda
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

To determine the optimal duration of high-intensity atorvastatin therapy post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

A literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE database (1966-October 2013) and employing the search terms “atorvastatin OR statins AND myocardial infarction OR acute coronary syndromes.” Clinical trials in the English language with available abstracts were used to identify potential data sources. Four major trials evaluating atorvastatin 80 mg daily after an ACS were identified. The duration of follow-up ranged from 16 weeks to a median of 4.9 years. High-dose atorvastatin regimens were associated with a reduction in coronary events but also with higher rates of drug discontinuation due to adverse reactions. The benefit of high-dose atorvastatin has been sustained for at least 5 years.

Conclusion:

After an ACS, high-dose atorvastatin should be continued for at least 5 years. High-dose atorvastatin demonstrated a reduction in coronary events but dose reductions and higher discontinuation rates were also noted.
Evaluation of a Pharmacy-Managed Pharmacokinetic Dosing Program
Authors: Meyenburg Lyndsi K. , Crannage Andrew J. , Murphy Julie A. , Korobey Matthew J.
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pharmacy-managed pharmacokinetic dosing program on appropriate dosing of famotidine, enoxaparin, and ketorolac.

Methods:

A large community teaching hospital implemented a pharmacy-managed pharmacokinetic dosing program for famotidine, enoxaparin, and ketorolac. Subjects were included if they received famotidine and had a creatinine clearance (CrCl) of <50 mL/min; received therapeutic enoxaparin and had a CrCl of <30 mL/min; or received ketorolac and had a CrCl <30 mL/min, age > 65 years or weight <50 kg.

Results:

One hundred and forty-six patients were included in the preimplementation group (famotidine [n = 50], enoxaparin [n = 46], and ketorolac [n = 50]) and 143 patients were included in the postimplementation group (famotidine [n = 50], enoxaparin [n = 43], and ketorolac [n = 50]). In all, 66% of patients were dosed appropriately in the preimplementation group (famotidine 28%, enoxaparin 85%, and ketorolac 86%) compared to 94% in the postimplementation group (famotidine 92%, enoxaparin 95%, and ketorolac 94%), P < .001.

Conclusion:

Implementation of a pharmacy-managed pharmacokinetic dosing program significantly improved appropriate dosing of famotidine, enoxaparin, and ketorolac. These findings could justify expansion of pharmacist autonomy through institution–approved, pharmacy-managed programs for other medications to improve appropriate dosing. Analyses specifically evaluating patient-oriented or financial outcomes may provide additional support for expansion.
Development and Psychometric Testing of Two Tools to Assess Nurse Practitioners’ Provision of Spiritual Care
Authors: Vincensi Barbara Baele , Burkhart Lisa
Published: August 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of two tools measuring the frequency nurse practitioners (NPs) assess for spiritual need and provide spiritual interventions. Spiritual care provided by NPs has the potential to improve health indicators without increasing costs. Design: Survey design Methods: Concept analysis of the literature supported each item developed for the new assessment and intervention tools. Content validity was tested with six subject matter experts using Lawshe’s method of content validity ratios (CVR). Inter-item correlations further supported convergent and divergent validity of the items with 133 practicing NPs. Cronbach’s alpha supported internal consistency of the tools and subscales. Findings: CVR analysis provided data supporting revision of the original tools. Convergent and divergent validity were also supported for each item. Both the assessment and intervention tools had high Cronbach’s alpha’s that met the required 0.70 for the entire scale and subscales. Conclusions: Both tools and their subscales showed evidence of validity and reliability. Continued research to refine the tools is needed. Implications: The tools can be valuable for assessing NP practice regarding spiritual care within relationship-based and patient centered care.
More micro than meta? Competing concepts of metagovernance in the European Union
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: August 2014

Interactive and state-centric relational governance scholars disagree about the concept of metagovernance. Contestation relates to who can metagovern, the processes that can steer policy networks and the extent of autonomy held by non-state actors. This article uses data generated from interviews with policy officials and document analysis to examine the validity of these competing claims in relation to a European crisis management network. The findings validate both conceptualisations in terms of the minutia of network governance but they also question their value as a proxy for understanding how the European Union has affected the policymaking authority of the nation-state.