bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY GAINED BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA DURING THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO 2-KETOGLUCONATE
Authors: Campbell J. J. R. , Ramakrishnan T. , Linnes A. G. , Eagles B. A.
Published: February 2010

Cell extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were shown to oxidize glucose with the accumulation of 2-ketogluconate. The theoretical amount of oxygen was taken up during the reaction and no added hydrogen acceptors were necessary. With glucose as substrate these extracts did not form high energy phosphate nor did they reduce diphosphopyridine nucleotide or triphosphopyridine nucleotide. Almost identical amounts of growth were obtained when limiting equimolar amounts of glucose, gluconate, or 2-ketogluconate were compared as sole sources of carbon. It was concluded that P. aeruginosa 9027 does not gain energy during the oxidative steps glucose –→ gluconate –→ 2-ketogluconate.
NOTE ON THE PARASITIC GROWTH-PHASE OF TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM IN HAIRS
Authors: Blank F. , Telner P.
Published: February 2010

Hairs removed from the beard of a man with pustular folliculitis were found to be infected by Trichophyton rubrum. Three different parasitic patterns could be distinguished: (a) the hair was surrounded by a loose network of septate hyphae, (b) the hair was encircled by this loose network of septate hyphae and the cuticle invaded by large arthrospores, or (c) septate, branching hyphae alone were found inside the hair-shaft. These three endo-ectothrix pictures constitute only transitory forms of the ultimate endothrix parasitic growth-phase of T. rubrum which was not reached in this case.
THE LABELLING OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE WITH IODINE-131
Authors: Logan J. E. , Griffiths B. W.
Published: February 2010

The method of Francis, Mulligan, and Wormall for the labelling of proteins with iodine-131 has been modified for use with pertussis vaccine. A vaccine suitably labelled for in vivo experiments has been produced as a result of this modification.
ENZYMES RELATED TO CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Shu P. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of uredospores of wheat stem rust contained enzymes that with the addition of triphosphopyridine nucleotide can oxidize mannose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate, to pentose-5-phosphates, and the latter are converted to sedoheptuIose-7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate through the transketolase reaction. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide linked α-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose isomerase, and aldolase activities were also detected. However, transaldolase activity was not found in the spore preparation. These findings support the idea that the glucose-6-phosphate oxidation pathway is actively involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of rust fungi.
PROPAGATION OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Fahey J. E. , Crawley J. F.
Published: February 2010

Two strains of infectious bronchitis virus were propagated serially in stationary flask cultures of chick embryo tissues. Both strains of virus could be grown in tube cultures of chick embryo tissues. Virus was produced by the cells for approximately one month without any evidence of damage to the cells. The strains tested could also be propagated in monkey kidney tissue cultures but not the L strain of cells. In monkey kidney cultures, virus was produced continuously for over one month without apparent damage to the cells.
THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: I. EFFECT OF CERTAIN METABOLITES AND INHIBITORS
Authors: Miller J. J. , Halpern Clara
Published: February 2010

Cells of bakers' yeast harvested from a chemically-defined medium were placed in buffer for sporulation experiments and in Wickerham's yeast nitrogen base for growth experiments. The metabolites were included in these two solutions in concentrations up to 1% usually, and growth and sporulation were compared under conditions as nearly equivalent as possible. Optimum sporulation was observed in 0.033–0.1% glucose, 1% pyruvate, 0.033% ethanol, 0.033% acetaldehyde, and 0.33% acetate. Optimum growth in one day occurred in 1% glucose, 1% pyruvate, 0.1–0.33% ethanol, 0.0033% acetaldehyde, and 0.033% acetate. Very few asci were found in 0.33% glucose or in 1% ethanol, but cells transferred to buffer after one day in such solutions sporulated well. The addition of 0.33% glucose or 1% ethanol to 0.3% acetate suppressed sporulation. In 0.1% acetaldehyde no sporulation or growth was evident, with or without the addition of 0.3% acetate. Acetoin, 2,3-butylene glycol, and ethylene glycol had no marked effect on sporulation and growth. Sporulation and growth were inhibited by 7 × 10−4M fluoroacetate with 0.3% acetate or 0.3% ethanol as the carbon source. Inhibition was much greater when the acetate concentration was decreased to 0.03%. Sporulation in glucose was inhibited by fluoroacetate, while growth in glucose was little affected. With acetate as the carbon source, sporulation was more sensitive than growth to urethane, while the reverse was found with azide, malachite green, cyanide, and dinitrophenol. The two processes seemed about equally sensitive to arsenite, p-nitrophenol, and malonic acid. Most of the asci that formed in glucose solutions were two-spored. In acetate, ethanol, and pyruvate three- and four-spored asci usually predominated, except in the weaker concentrations.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF MORPHOGENESIS IN FUNGI: 5. EFFECT OF SELENITE AND TELLURITE ON CELLULAR DIVISION OF YEASTLIKE FUNGI
Authors: Nickerson W. J. , Taber W. A. , Falcone G.
Published: February 2010

Concentrations of selenite and tellurite that are somewhat inhibitory to the growth of yeastlike fungi are shown to cause a variety of filament-producing organisms to grow exclusively in a yeast-phase condition. This effect is shown not to be a selective inhibition of the filamentous type of growth, but a promotion of cellular division. With subbacteriostatic concentrations of many antimicrobial agents it is well known that a filamentous type of microbial growth can be obtained owing to selective inhibition of cellular division, but this is believed to be the first instance in which antimicrobial agents have been shown to enhance division of normally filamentous cells. Analogies are drawn between the properties of sulphur-containing compounds and those with selenium or tellurium. Information is presented on the occurrence of a sulphur-rich protein in the cell wall of yeasts and on the occurrence of organically bound selenium in the cell wall of organisms grown on selenite.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE SOIL MICROFLORA
Authors: Katznelson H. , Stevenson I. L.
Published: February 2010

The metabolic activity of the soil microflora has been studied manometrically with intact soil at optimum moisture and in the presence of various substrates. It was found that casamino acids were oxidized rapidly after a preliminary lag period. Oxygen uptake with this substrate showed no marked variation when the moisture level of the soil was between 60 and 80% of its moisture holding capacity. Mixtures of various non-nitrogenous substrates such as hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, and organic acids yielded variable results. Uptake of oxygen by the soil in the presence of casamino acids was completely inhibited by dinitrophenol and azide. A marked decrease in respiratory activity in the soil was observed also when the reaction was lowered to pH 3.5 and 4.5. Considerable variation in gas exchange was obtained with soils which varied widely in fertility, organic matter, and nitrogen content.
THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE IN PSEUDOMONAS NIGRIFACIENS
Authors: Robinson J. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

All the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with the exception of oxalosuccinic acid decarboxylase, were detected in sonic extracts of the moderately halophilic bacterium Pseudomonas nigrifaciens. Several of the component enzymes of the cycle exhibited a slight salt requirement; activity of the others was reduced in the presence of added salt. These results are in contrast to the optimal salt requirement of the organism for growth (1.5 to 3.0% NaCl).Apart from the effects of salt on their activities, the component enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in P. nigrifaciens appear to be similar to those described from other sources.
PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS: I. THE EFFECT OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES, pH, AND INHIBITORS
Authors: Rabin Robert , Zimmerman Leonard N.
Published: February 2010

Some nutritive aspects of proteinase biosynthesis by non-proliferating cells of Streptococcus liquefaciens, strain 31, were investigated by substituting constituents in a basal medium containing casein, lactose, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, and salts. The casein of the medium could be replaced by a mixture of 12 "essential" amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, valine, serine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, cystine, lysine, tryptophane, and threonine), thus demonstrating that proteinase synthesis can occur in a medium devoid of protein. Proteinase biosynthesis appeared to depend upon an inordinately high concentration of arginine, required a fermentable carbohydrate, and occurred optimally at pH 6.3. Sodium fluoride and iodoacetate did not inhibit the proteinase activity but radically curbed its synthesis.
NODULATION RESPONSES OF TWO NEAR ISOGENIC LINES OF THE SOYBEAN
Authors: Clark Francis E.
Published: February 2010

Nodulation responses and certain other characteristics of a mutant soybean line highly recalcitrant to nodulation were compared with those of a nodulating sister line. Roots of the two lines were found to harbor equal numbers of rhizobia. Stem graftings to provide top growths of one line on roots of the other failed to alter the distinctive nodulation responses of rootstocks. Ascorbic acid contents in the two lines were identical, both in the tops and in the roots, although contents in tops greatly exceeded those found in roots. Chromatographic studies on the amino acids in seed hydrolyzates and in alcoholic extracts of seedlings showed no differences between the two lines either in kind or quantities of amino acids. In a survey of stock rhizobia for cultures effective on the nonnodulating line, bacteria were discovered which formed nodules on such soybeans growing in sand and nutrient solution. Isolates from these nodules again yielded effective nodulation on plants in sand culture, but gave no nodulation whatsoever on plants growing in soil. This negative response was confirmed in three different soils. Admixtures of soil and of miscellaneous materials with sand were employed to alter nodulation responses from those shown in sand cultures.
DECOMPOSITION OF CHLORO-SUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC ACIDS BY SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: Jensen H. L.
Published: February 2010

Three groups of bacteria capable of decomposing chloro-substituted aliphatic acids were isolated from soil by means of selective media. A group of Pseudomonas-like bacteria (A) decomposed monochloroacetate (and monobromoacetate) readily in media with yeast extract, peptone, or amino acids. They also decomposed α-monochloropropionate with moderate vigor, but had little effect on dichloro-acetate and -propionate, and none on trichloroacetate. A non-sporeforming bacterium of uncertain taxonomic position (B) was able to decompose trichloroacetate in media containing soil extract or vitamin B12, and also in basal medium when associated with vitamin B12-producing strains of Streptomyces. Dichloroacetate was only slightly attacked, and monochloroacetate and α-dichloropropionate not at all. A group of bacteria (C) apparently belonging to Agrobacterium decomposed α-dichloropropionate and dichloroacetate, but was less active towards α-monochloropropionate, and did not attack mono- and tri-chloroacetate. The organisms of groups B and C grew only feebly in ordinary media. The decomposition of monochloroacetate, trichloroacetate, and α-dichloropropionate in soil was accelerated by addition of cell suspensions of groups A, B, and C, respectively. The organisms seemed to be more active in the soil than in vitro.
CORRELATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL NUMBERS AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN A FIELD SOIL
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

Bacterial numbers, estimated by the plate method, and carbon dioxide were significantly correlated (r = 0.50–0.69) in field soil during 1955, in an experiment designed to test the effects of straw and crop residues on soil conditions. Differences in moisture, temperature, and soil treatment did not interfere with the correlation.
MICROBIOLOGICAL FORMATION OF VITAMIN B12: II. SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN B12-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CLAMS
Authors: Southcott B. A. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: February 2010

Vitamin B122occurred in certain seaweeds and this vitamin and other cobalamins were demonstrated regularly in marine invertebrates. A Bacillus and a Micrococcus isolated from fresh clams were selected for detailed study on the basis of their pronounced ability to form cobalamins, and because they appeared to be typical of the bacterial flora of these invertebrates. The Bacillus formed vitamin B12and other cobalamins, and this activity was stimulated by addition of Factor B and of certain purines or benziminazoles to the medium. With both organisms, 6-nitrobenziminazole proved particularly effective in stimulating formation of both vitamin B12and of other cobalamins, and Factor B stimulated this activity. Formation of cobalamins was associated with a marked decrease in Factor B. The cobalamins were associated with the bacterial cells, and no cobalamin synthesis by washed cell suspensions in phosphate buffer was observed.
MICROORGANISMS IN THE RUMEN OF CATTLE FED A CONSTANT RATION
Authors: Hungate R. E.
Published: February 2010

Direct microscopic and culture counts were made on samples of rumen contents obtained by stomach tube from each of 25 cows at monthly intervals during 3 months. The ration was timothy hay plus various amounts of cottonseed meal, rolled barley, and salt. No correlation between different rations and differences in the microbiota could be detected. Streptococcus bovis was identified by its rapid growth in the feed medium and showed counts ranging between 2 × 105and 1.4 × 108. Most animals showed a S. bovis count between 1 and 20 million with an average of about 10 million per milliliter. The characteristics of some rumen strains are described. The cellulose-digesting bacteria were referable to four chief groups and the numbers of each were recorded. The cellulolytic cocci varied in almost every character studied. Two types were distinguished as representing the greatest divergence. Ruminococcus albus n. sp. differs from R. flavefaciens in being Gram-negative, forming little or no yellow pigment, and producing no succinic acid. A cellulose-digesting sporeformer, Clostridium lochheadii n. sp., was found in many of the samples. It was extremely active in digesting cellulose, exceeding in this respect the species of anaerobic cellulose digesters previously isolated. Spores were formed in abundance but rapidly disintegrated and many strains were lost before subculture. Clostridium longisporum n. sp. was encountered during the investigation and is described.
THE INHIBITION OF KETO ACID OXIDATION BY PYOCYANINE
Authors: Campbell J. J. R. , MacQuillan A. M. , Eagles B. A. , Smith R. A.
Published: February 2010

When tested against Pseudomonas fluorescens, pyocyanine was found to stop the oxidation of a number of substrates at the keto acid level. This inhibition could be reversed by the addition of divalent cations. Of these, magnesium was most effective. The pigment was found to be similarly effective against the oxidations of Proteus vulgaris. Whole cells of Escherichia coli were not affected by the dye, whereas cell extracts were, indicating that the dye did not penetrate the cell membrane.
FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVAL OF LYOPHILIZED FUNGAL SPORES AND CELLS
Authors: Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

Spores of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Penicillium, and Pestalotia, budding vegetative cells of Ustilago, and uredospores of Puccinia graminis, P. helianthi, and Melampsora lini were lyophilized using several techniques and various conditions. The best percentage survival of the lyophilized spores and cells was obtained when the initial freezing of the spore suspensions was just low enough to keep the suspension solid until evaporative freezing conditions were reached. Freezing to very low temperatures was unnecessary. Conditions permitting fast warming of the frozen suspension resulted in increased survival. A preliminary degassing treatment greatly enhanced percentage germination, as did the conditioning of the spores in a moist atmosphere immediately after the opening of the tubes for revival of the organisms.
LECITHINASE PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)
Authors: Kushner Donn J. , Heimpel A. M.
Published: February 2010

Strains of Bacillus cereus pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, produce an enzyme that breaks down purified egg lecithin and the phospholipids of egg yolk and insect tissue. A study, using specific chemical techniques to measure lecithinase activity, of the relation between lecithinase production and pathogenicity supports an earlier postulate that lecithinase plays a role in the pathogenicity of B. cereus for the larch sawfly.
PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS: II. PURINE, PYRIMIDINE, AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Hartman R. E. , Zimmerman L. N. , Rabin R.
Published: February 2010

Proteinase biosynthesis by Streptococcus liquefaciens, strain 31, may be obtained from an entirely synthetic medium. Adenine and uracil seem to satisfy best the purine and pyrimidine requirement while pyridoxal and riboflavin is the combination of vitamins that leads to maximal enzyme biosynthesis. Biotin and folic acid together, or thiamine, have an inhibitory effect on enzyme synthesis. The amino acid requirements for optimum activity are unaffected by the reduced number of vitamins and nitrogen bases present in the final medium as compared to the initial medium. A reduction in the number of vitamins (to pyridoxal and riboflavin), however, showed that only adenine and uracil gave the best response to the purine and pyrimidine demands for biosynthesis; prior to this, in the presence of a complete vitamin pool, several combinations of nitrogen bases yielded equal enzymatic activity. When proteinase synthesis is plotted against time, enzyme formation ceases at about 3 hours. The shape of the curve indicates a straight-line relationship after an initial lag period of 90 minutes.
SCREENING OF CARBOHYDRATES FOR SPORULATION OF BACILLI IN FLUID MEDIUM
Authors: Majumder S. K. , Padma M. C.
Published: February 2010

Carbohydrates that are used in fermentation media were screened for sporogenic activities on Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and B. megaterium. Out of the 15 carbohydrates tested, d-xylose (0.5%) in nutrient broth exerted maximum sporogenic stimulation on the test organisms. In shake culture experiment with B. subtilis the sporogenic action of xylose was evident even during the active multiplication of the organism in the medium.
OBSERVATIONS ON MICROBIAL FRUCTOSANS AND FRUCTOSANASES
Authors: Loewenberg Jakob R. , Reese Elwyn T.
Published: February 2010

A previously unreported fructosan of Acetobacter acetigenum was characterized as similar to that of Bacillus subtilis-pumilus, a 2,6-levan. A fructosan of the fungus Aspergillus sydowi was characterized as similar to inulin, a 2,1-fructosan. Fructosanases were produced that are specific for either 2,1- or 2,6-linked fructosans. The identification of the fructosans is based on (a) the specificity of the fructosanases, (b) the rate of movement of fructosan-hydrolyzate products on chromatograms, and (c) the presence of detectable amounts of glucose.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR RHIZOBIOPHAGES ACTIVE AGAINST RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
Authors: Parker D. T. , Allen O. N.
Published: February 2010

Four phage isolates for strains of Rhizobium meliloti were obtained from sewage and held soil and purified by standard techniques. Plaque sizes ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 mm. The titers of these phages remained unchanged after 24 months' storage at 0° and 4 °C. None of the phages lysed all of the 38 strains of R. meliloti tested, although 29 of these strains were lysed by one of the phages. Of 292 other strains of rhizobia isolated from 108 species of 50 leguminous genera, one of the phages lysed six strains, another, five strains, while the other two phages did not lyse any. None of the phages lysed any of the 40 strains of Agrobaderium and Chromobaderium species tested. Inactivation rates of the four phages by their homologous antisera were linear up to 90% inactivation. Cross-reactions with heterologous antisera showed weak serological relationships between some of the phages. The latent periods of growth ranged from 80 to 90 minutes to 170–180 minutes. Burst sizes of rhizobia infected by the four phages ranged from 80 to 317 particles per bacterium after an adsorption period of 60 minutes at 30 °C. The optimum pH range was 6.4–7.8. Thermal death points in broth were 51 °C, 53 °C, 61 °C, and 70 °C, respectively, for the four phages.
THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF A REACTION PRODUCT OF CYSTEINE AND IRON IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Hinton Norman A. , Konowalchuk J.
Published: February 2010

An unusual form of colloidal sulphur is precipitated when dilute solutions of cysteine hydrochloride and ferric ammonium citrate are mixed and autoclaved. The intravenous injection of this relatively insoluble particulate material is associated with a retardation in the progress of tuberculosis in guinea pigs and rabbits, and a change in the histology of the tubercle to a more proliferative and less destructive form. A considerable therapeutic effect is seen when infected rabbits are treated with a combination of streptomycin and this form of colloidal sulphur.
THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF THE NUCLEI IN SPORES AND GROWING HYPHAE OF MUCORALES: II. PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS
Authors: Robinow C. F.
Published: February 2010

Nuclei of the sporangiospores of seven strains and the growing hyphae of five strains of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been examined in fixed and stained preparations. One strain was found to have unusually large nuclei and has been studied in detail. The nuclei in the sporangiospores consist of Feulgenpositive granules and short filaments in a diffuse matrix. In the ordinary strains the nuclei occur in a narrow range of sizes with their largest diameters around 2 microns. In the spores of the unusual culture the nuclei are of several sizes and many have diameters around 4 and 5 microns.Similar differences are found between the nuclei in growing mycelia. The nuclei in hyphae resemble those of Mucor hiemalis. They consist of a shell of tightly packed granules and filaments of chromatin curving around a relatively large nucleolus. The nuclei divide by elongation followed by constriction. The nucleolus divides at the same time and in the same way and half of it passes to each sister nucleus. The possibility is discussed that the strain with the large nuclei may have had its origin in a spore formed by a germinating zygote and containing both haploid and diploid nuclei. The nuclei of the unusual culture, first examined 3 years ago, have preserved their large size through many cycles of vegetative propagation.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOIL BACTERIUM WHICH DECOMPOSES 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
Authors: Bell G. R.
Published: February 2010

A new Achromobacter species which decomposed 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), apparently to small molecules, was isolated from a soil treated with successive closes of the herbicide. The organism grew poorly or not at all on common laboratory media in the presence or absence of 2,4-D. Investigation of its carbon, nitrogen, mineral, and vitamin requirements in agar containing 2,4-D showed that the best growth stimulants were the dicarboxylic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, bicarbonate, formate, urea, and L-histidine. Calcium or magnesium and probably iron were required for maximum growth. Some aryloxy acids, phenolic compounds, and an ester were tested for their ability to replace 2,4-D as growth substrate or to inhibit growth in the presence of 2, 4-D, and it was found that the ethyl ester of 2,4-D and chlorophenolic substances were most toxic. Only 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and less readily, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, and resorcinol could substitute for 2,4-D. Good cell multiplication and herbicide decomposition were obtained in an aerated mineral salts medium containing 2,4-D, yeast extract, and 0.005 ML-malic acid. Maximum growth (ca. 109cells/ml.) occurred in 4 to 5 days and 2,4-D decomposition was essentially complete in 6 to 7 days. Resting cells were able to oxidize 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and to release 94% of the 2,4-D chlorine as chloride. High concentrations of yeast extract caused growing cells to accumulate 2,4-DCP.
THE STRUCTURE AND MODE OF DIVISION OF THE NUCLEI IN THE YEAST CELLS AND MYCELIUM OF BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
Authors: Bakerspigel A.
Published: February 2010

The nuclei in the yeast cells and mycelium of Blastomyces dermatitidis were studied in the living state and in fixed preparations stained by various techniques. Yeast cells and mycelium are multinucleate. Interdivisional and recently divided nuclei migrate into the yeast buds. Nuclear migration also occurs from one cell to another via the pores in the septa of elongated yeast cells and mycelium. Interdivisional nuclei in yeast cells and mycelium are composed of a spherical Feulgen-negative central body enveloped by granular Feulgen-positive chromatin. A nuclear membrane has not been observed surrounding living or stained nuclei either in yeast cells or mycelium. During nuclear division the chromatin condenses, then elongates, and finally pulls apart to form two sister nuclei. The role played by the central body during nuclear division is obscure. However, it was noted that during the division of the chromatin the central body did not divide but became progressively smaller and apparently disintegrated in the cytoplasm. New central bodies are formed in recently divided nuclei. Mitotic figures such as a spindle or a metaphase plate have not been observed in any living or stained preparations. Complexes of chromosome-like elements were noted in some hyphae, possibly those associated with conidial-bearing stalks. Counts made of such "chromosomes" in several of these complexes revealed a minimum number of six and a maximum of eight.
THE USE OF AGARASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS ATLANTICA IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF AGAR IN MARINE ALGAE (RHODOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Yaphe W.
Published: February 2010

An extracellular hydrolase, specific for agar, was prepared from Pseudomonas atlantica. This enzyme hydrolyzed commercial American Difco agar, New Zealand Davis agar, and extracts from Gelidium cartilagineum, G. coulteri, G. pristoides, Pterocladia pyramidale, Gracilaria confervoides, and Suhria vittata. Extracts from algae which contain carrageenin as structural polysaccharide were not hydrolyzed. The products of enzymic hydrolysis were sugars with Rgalactoso of 1.35, 0.75, 0.32, 0.12, 0.07. These sugars constituted a homologous series of oligosaccharides of which neoagarobiose was the basic unit.
DÉTECTION MICROSCOPIQUE DE LA FLUORESCENCE PRIMAIRE CHEZ LES BACTÉRIES
Authors: de Repentigny J. , Sonea S.
Published: February 2010

Thirty-one bacterial species showed a yellow primary fluorescence (auto-fluorescence) which could be observed visually with a commercial fluorescence microscope and recorded on photographic emulsions.The present work emphasizes the importance of this natural property for the study of bacteria, either for taxonomic purposes or as a preliminary step when using fluorochromes. The lack of an easy and reliable technique for detecting the existence of primary fluorescence in bacteria is probably the reason why very little work has been done in this field. Nothing is quoted about this property of bacteria in most textbooks of bacteriology.We deliberately left over the apparently related subject of the well-known macroscopic fluorescence of some Pseudomonas, Azotomonas, and Azotobacter cultures which is associated with diffusible pigments equally present inside and outside the bacteria. The aim of our study was the detection of the primary fluorescence of the bacterial cell itself.In order to examine and photograph the primary fluorescence of bacteria with greater accuracy, two important improvements in technique were introduced (a) elimination of fluorescent particles, present in all the culture media which we used, by the simple expedient of growing the bacteria on cellophane, (b) increased reliability of black and white microphotographs through the use of the bright-field condenser. By using the old and usual method of fluorescence microscopy with the dark-field condenser and ultraviolet rays, it is not always possible to determine on black and white photomicrographs whether or not a given bacterium is fluorescent. With the latter setup the images can be produced not only by the visible light emitted by the fluorescent bacteria but also by the unfiltered rays which eventually pass through the system of filters during long exposures. To overcome this difficulty, we now use the bright-field condenser with ultraviolet or blue rays and the appropriate selective filters. The specimens are best prepared as dry smears, covered with an Euphos selective filter (cover glass) using no immersion liquid. This combination is more likely to give reliable information on the presence or absence of fluorescence.
THE EFFECT OF SALMINE ON BACTERIA
Authors: Brock Thomas D.
Published: February 2010

The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of salmine on various bacteria have been studied. Salmine has more bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative bacteria. It is bactericidal in water but not in broth, and this bactericidal action occurs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown that salmine causes agglutination of washed suspensions of certain bacteria and this agglutination is not correlated directly with the Gram stain. Salmine causes an increase in the turbidity of washed cells of all bacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and differs in this respect from the solutes sodium chloride and glucose, which affect only Gram-negative species.A comparison has been made of the effects of salmine and polymyxin and it has been concluded that salmine may also act by attachment to the bacterial surface.
THE OXIDATION OF ETHANOL AND ACETATE IN SOILS
Authors: Stevenson I. L. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

The oxidation of ethanol and acetate by the soil microflora has been studied manometrically in intact soil. Ethanol was oxidized to acetate without a preliminary lag period. The rate of oxidation of this substrate remained relatively constant for one soil but varied markedly with soils of different fertility levels. Acetate was also oxidized directly in soils but oxygen consumption stopped far below the theoretical level for complete oxidation. Uptake of oxygen by soil in the presence of acetate was greatly enhanced by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol suggesting that a significant amount of acetate may be assimilated oxidatively.
EFFECT OF AMINO ACIDS ON UTILIZATION OF SODIUM CASEINATE BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS AND STREPTOCOCCUS ZYMOGENES
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Streptococcus zymogenes and a strain of Streptococcus liquefaciens grew in a medium containing 10 amino acids and the latter organism was shown to produce an active proteinase in this medium. In the presence of glutamine and sodium caseinate, only five amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and valine) were required for growth. Under these conditions proteinase activity was barely demonstrable so that casein apparently was unable to induce proteinase synthesis to the same extent as were the five amino acids.
OXIDATION OF COMPOUNDS IN THE KREBS CYCLE BY PULLULARIA PULLULANS
Authors: Clark D. S. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

Studies with intact cells and cell-free extracts of Pullularia pullulans showed that the organism has the necessary enzymes for oxidizing most of the compounds of the Krebs cycle. The rates of oxidation of substrates by intact cells were studied in relation to the age of the cells, the concentration of substrate, the concentration of buffer, and the pH of the reaction medium. Cells grown for 36 hours oxidized a greater number of substrates than did those grown in less or greater intervals. Cells grown for 6 and 18 hours had adaptive enzymes for the oxidation of acetate. The respiratory activity of the 36-hour-old cells was generally greater in 0.0143 M concentration of substrate than in lower or higher concentrations; it was not affected by changes in concentration of buffer. With cells at pH 6.8, acetate and ethyl alcohol were oxidized as rapidly as glucose; oxalacetate and pyruvate were oxidized at rates of more than one-half and one-third, respectively, that of glucose; alpha-ketoglutarate, fumarate, cis-aconitate, and succinate were slowly oxidized; and citrate, isocitrate, and malate were not oxidized. At pH 3.0, the cells oxidized most of the substrates more rapidly than they did at pH 6.8, but they did not oxidize citrate, cis-aconitate, nor isocitrate. The organism oxidized malonate, and its enzymatic activity apparently was not inhibited by that compound.Cell extracts oxidized alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate, fumarate, malate, and succinate. TPN stimulated the oxidation of citrate and the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase. DPN stimulated the oxidation of malate. Moreover, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase was inhibited by malonate. The results suggest that the metabolism of P. pullulans is by means of the reactions of the Krebs cycle.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF p-NITROBENZOIC ACID
Authors: Durham Norman N.
Published: February 2010

Para-nitrobenzoic acid may serve as an oxidizable substrate in addition to other metabolic functions in microorganisms. A strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens is capable of using this compound as a sole source of organic carbon and nitrogen for aerobic growth. The enzyme responsible for the oxidation of p-nitrobenzoic acid is adaptive in nature. Experimental results with living, irradiated, and dried-cell preparations indicate that p-aminobenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and protocatechuic acid are intermediates in the oxidative scheme and the sequence of appearance is in this order. Several other compounds were studied but could not be implicated in the scheme. The nitro group apparently is reduced in vivo to the corresponding amino form. The amino group is then removed as ammonia. By analogy, intermediates in the metabolic scheme of organo nitro compounds might well elucidate the pathway of nitrate reduction.
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS INFECTION OF MICE AS A MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF LATENT VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Hotchin J. E. , Cinits M.
Published: February 2010

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has been used to set up a model of a latent virus infection in mice. It has been shown to be possible to induce reproducible virus infections in mice which remain completely symptom-free in spite of levels of viral growth equal to those found in the sick animal, by the inoculation of mice within a few hours of birth. This is a convenient method of producing a latent infection in the mice. The effect of the age of the mice at the time of intracerebral inoculation was studied with respect to the pattern of disease produced. Several methods were tried without success in order to induce overt disease in the latently infected animals. The virus did not cause any demonstrable cytopathogenic effect on mouse tissue and several other types of animal tissue. A slight cytopathogenic effect was observed in a strain of human cells in vitro. Virus persisted for weeks in some of the tissue cultures, without damaging the tissue but with the production of active virus. The bearing of the results obtained is discussed in relationship to current concepts of latent virus infection and particularly immunological tolerance. A concept of a special variety of latency is introduced and the name "vital" infection suggested for this.
LACTOBACILLI IN EDMONTON DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: Hill D. A. , Thornton H. R.
Published: February 2010

Population densities of lactobacilli in 11 market milks and nine churning creams were estimated by the use of selective and enrichment techniques. The incidence of these organisms was low in the milks and only slightly higher in the creams. Circumstantial evidence suggests that non-sterile utensils are the major source during milk production. There was no indication that lactobacilli are important in these two dairy products in this area. The counts of lactobacilli were unexpectedly low during the curing and storage of two of the five Cheddar cheese under scrutiny and these organisms were very unevenly distributed throughout the cheese. The relation of lactobacilli to cheese grade was not revealed in this study. A total of 136 isolates from the quantitative plates were classified according to the scheme of Davis and all were considered to be Lactobacillus casei. Of these, 114 cultures fell into one or other of Davis's L. casei varieties A, B, and C, while 22 isolates were not classifiable as to variety. The nebulosity of the status of L. plantarum as distinct from L. casei is discussed.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF GRANULOSIS VIRUSES IN INSECTS
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

A histopathological study of granulosis virus diseases of the spruce budworm, Chorisloneura fumiferana Clem., the larch budworm, Eucosma griseana Hbn., and the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae Linn., has shown that the viruses may infect fat, hypodermal, tracheal matrix, and blood cells. The viruses multiply and develop within the cytoplasm of these cells appearing first as spheres and then as rods. Finally each rod becomes occluded by protein to form a "granule".
SYNTHESIS OF ASPARTIC ACID BY LACTOBACILLUS ARABINOSUS
Authors: MacDonald James C.
Published: February 2010

Lactobacillus arabinosus was grown on a complex synthetic medium and the synthesis of aspartic acid studied using the tracer compounds carbon dioxide-C14, glucose-6-C14, glucose-2-C14, or ammonium chloride-N15. The β-carboxyl carbon of aspartic acid was derived to a major extent or solely from carbon dioxide-C14and no radioactivity was found in the α-carboxyl. Approximately half of the β-carbon atoms of aspartic acid were derived from carbon 6 of glucose and half of the α-carbon atoms from carbon 2 of glucose. The amino group of aspartic acid was derived to only a minor extent from ammonium chloride-N15and the isotope concentration was the same as that found in glutamic acid. The results indicate that aspartic acid is formed by the carboxylation of two three-carbon fragments derived from glucose, followed by transamination.Malic acid or oxalacetic acid added to the medium was not used to a significant extent in the synthesis of aspartic acid. The addition of aspartic acid to the medium caused a net decrease in the amount of aspartic acid synthesized, and the effect was more marked in low-biotin medium.
SOIL EXTRACT IN SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: James Norman
Published: February 2010

Soil extract contains unidentified growth factors not present in other materials. In this study the extract was considered critically in so far as various treatments affect numbers of bacteria developing on soil-extract agar. Dilution of the extract to 1/10th concentration produced lower counts in most soils. Calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate, used as precipitants, failed to produce more or clearer extracts. Unheated extract provided the nutritional requirements for a considerable fraction of the bacteria in soil, but not for as large a fraction as did heated extract. Dried extract produced lower counts than did freshly prepared extract. The addition of 0.02% dipotassium acid phosphate to soil extract increased counts significantly. The use of the proportion of soil and water that gave the amount of extract desired, without the addition of water after filtration, produced the maximum amount of extractives from the amount of soil used.
THE EFFECTS OF PROTAMINE AND HISTONE ON ENTEROBACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O. , Klumpp D. J.
Published: February 2010

The effects of protamine and histone, basic simple proteins, on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides were studied, utilizing the enterobacterial hemolysis test as indicator system. The latter is based on the fact that these antigens become readily attached to sheep erythrocytes and thus endow the latter with a new serologic specificity. As a result, hemolysis occurs upon the addition of homologous bacterial antibodies and guinea pig complement. It was found that protamine inhibits enterobacterial hemolysis by interaction with the antigen and prevention of attachment of the antigen to red blood cells. Protamine in like concentrations does not inhibit hemolysis of lipopolysaccharide-modihed red blood cells, nor docs it affect red blood cells directly. The inhibitory effect of protamine is abolished by trypsin treatment of the lipopolysaccharide–protamine mixtures. Histone, too, inhibits enterobacterial hemolysis. Its mode of action, however, is different from that of protamine, in so far as treatment of red blood cells with histone prior to lipopolysaccharide modification causes inhibition of hemolysis, conceivably because this protein either blocks red blood cell receptors or otherwise interferes with subsequent hemolysis. Furthermore, histone–lipopolysaccharide complex becomes attached to erythrocytes; specific hemolysis ensues after treatment of the latter with trypsin. The results of this investigation are discussed with particular reference to their bearing upon the biologic activities of lipopolysaccharides, namely, cell affinity, toxicity, pyrogenicity, and alteration of host resistance, notably via the properdin system.
THE ANTIALGAL ACTIVITY OF ACTI-DIONE
Authors: Zehnder Alfons , Hughes Elwyn O.
Published: February 2010

Acti-dione inhibits the growth of Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae at concentrations of 50 p.p.m. or less, but much higher concentrations have no inhibiting effect on the development of Myxophyceae. At concentrations of 50 to 100 p.p.m., it has been successfully employed in the isolation of unialgal cultures of two species of Myxophyceae. Haematococcus lacustris, a species of Chlorophyceae, has the lowest tolerance to Acti-dione of any microorganism yet found. Acti-dione interferes with cell division of this species at very low concentrations (0.016 to 0.032 p.p.m.), but much higher concentrations are required to inhibit motility. The effect of Acti-dione may be algistatic or algicidal depending upon the concentration used, the duration of the exposure, the species concerned, and the cell density.
SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BCG AFTER THE EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS: THE POWER TO IRRITATE TISSUES, THE ABILITY TO PREPARE FOR AND TO EVOKE BAIL'S PHENOMENON, AND THE POWER TO SENSITIZE TO TUBERCULIN
Authors: Portelance V. , Frappier A.
Published: February 2010

Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis BCG was treated with lipid solvents according to Macheboeuf's method and five progressively more fully extracted bacillary residues were obtained. Electron-microscope examination, together with the biological properties studied, showed that a major transformation was brought about in the bacillary residues by methanol extraction. The biological properties of the residues were studied quantitatively in guinea pigs. The power to irritate tissues (i.e., to produce tuberculous-like lesions in tissues), the ability to prepare for and to evoke Bail's phenomenon (i.e., reaction to the intraperitoneal introduction of bacillary bodies in a sensitized guinea pig characterized by an immediate leucocytic response and death within a few hours), and the power to sensitize to tuberculin were directly proportional to the lipid contents of the bacillary bodies and decreased as the extraction progressed. The residues with the lower lipid contents were less irritant, less sensitizing, and less reactive. However, these properties never completely disappeared. The role of the lipids as related to the above properties of mycobacteria was thus indirectly established. With the doses and the routes of injection used, no obvious toxic effects in normal guinea pig were observed.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING HEMOLYSIS BY δ-LYSIN
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Little R. M.
Published: February 2010

The influence of a number of variables upon lysis of erythrocytes by staphylococcal δ-lysin has been examined. Hemolysis of human erythrocytes by δ-lysin has been found to be unaffected by the presence of α-lysin but is inhibited by a number of proteins, serum being the most active of those tested. Glucose, citrate, and magnesium ions were found to have no effect on hemolysis by δ-lysin. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte ghosts were inhibitory. Release of cell constituents during hemolysis is considered to be partly responsible for the change from a rapid to a slower rate of hemolysis in the early stages of the reaction.It was found that the extent of hemolysis of a 1% suspension of human erythrocytes is linearly related to lysin concentration provided lysis is not greater than 65% nor less than 30% of total hemolysis. A method of determining relative δ-lysin activity is described.
AN ASSAY PROCEDURE AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FACTOR IN YEAST AUTOLYSATE ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF ACETOBACTER GLUCONICUM STRAIN 2G
Authors: Goldman C. L. , Litsky W. , Mandel M. , Little H. N.
Published: February 2010

An assay procedure is described for an unknown factor in yeast autolysate essential for the growth of the assay organism, Acetobacter gluconicum strain 2G. The experimental evidence appears to suggest the following characteristics for the substance or substances in yeast autolysate: unaffected by acid or alkaline hydrolysis; more soluble in alcohol and acetone than chloroform; extractable by ethyl ether at pH 2.0, but not at pH 10; and growth-promoting activity is associated with material adsorbed by an anionic but not by a cationic resin. The evidence appears to indicate that the growth-promoting activity in yeast autolysate is associated with acidic substances.
THE OIL OF WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES: I. THE STEROL AND CAROTENES OF THE UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER
Authors: Hougen F. W. , Craig B. M. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

Uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici, race 15B, contain approximately 20% by weight of ether-extractable oil which was separated into fatty acid and unsaponifiable fractions. The latter contains a sterol which was isolated and identified as ergost-7-enol. An investigation of the carotenes has confirmed the presence of β - and γ-carotene as the major carotenoid components and further established the presence of the minor components, phytoene, lycopene, a cis-β-carotene, and a cis-γ-carotene.
THE TAXONOMY OF INSECT PATHOGENS RELATED TO BACILLUS CEREUS FRANKLAND AND FRANKLAND
Authors: Heimpel A. M. , Angus T. A.
Published: February 2010

The characteristics of seven crystal-forming Bacillus spp. are compared and an identification key is presented. It is concluded that the following changes in nomenclature are desirable: Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner becomes the type species Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis n. comb.; Bacillus sotto Ishiwata becomes Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto n. comb.; and Bacillus cereus var. alesti Toumanoff and Vago becomes Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti.Two new species, Bacillus entomocidus n. sp. and Bacillus finitimus n. sp., and a new variety, Bacillus entomocidus var. subtoxicus n. sp., are described.