bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Adherence to Voluntary Quality Standards for Experience Goods
Authors: Winfree Jason
Published: May 2016

Since many types of food are experience goods and have a collective reputation, the food industry has various minimum quality standards. However, in the food industry, sometimes not all firms adhere to the standard, and consumers do not always distinguish between compliant and non-compliant firms. This paper finds that when there is only partial compliance, having a food quality standard or increasing compliance for the standard does not always increase profits for the firms adhering to the standard, even though average industry quality increases. Potential solutions to the free riding problem are analyzed.
Studies on anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties ofLactobacillus rhamnosusin experimental animal models
Authors: Amdekar Sarika , Singh Vinod
Published: May 2016

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, constant use of NSAID may lead to some side effects like gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding and renal disorders. This study evaluates analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities ofLactobacillus rhamnosusin female Wistar rats.

Methods: Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug for comparison.L. rhamnosus, drugs and vehicle were administered orally. Acetic acid-induced writhing test and carrageenan-induced paw edema model were used for evaluation. Paw edema and number of writhes were measured subsequently. Pro-inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were estimated in serum after 24 h.

Results: Results showed thatL. rhamnosussignificantly decreased the paw thickness at t=24 h by 28.66 % while drug decreased by 19.33 %. Also,L. rhamnosustreatment and standard drug showed a protection of 66.66 % and 41.66 %, respectively.L. rhamnosusand diclofenac sodium treatment significantly down-regulated pro-inflammatory and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines at p<0.0001. Overall, protection provided byL. rhamnosuswas more pronounced in comparison to diclofenac sodium.

Conclusions: The present study clearly suggests thatL. rhamnosussuppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema after second phase and decreased the acetic acid-induced writhings. It ameliorated the inflammatory pathways by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, additional clinical investigations are needed to prove the efficacy ofL. rhamnosusin treatment/management of inflammatory joint diseases.
Genetic differentiation of the Korean striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius (Muridae, Rodentia), based on microsatellite polymorphism
Authors: Jo Yeong-Seok , Kim Han-Na , Baccus John T. , Jung Jongwoo
Published: May 2016

The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) is one of the most common mammals in Korea, however, limited research has focused on the population structure and biogeography of this mouse throughout Korea. In addition, the taxonomic status of the species remains unresolved. The objectives of our study were to address the inadequacies in understanding the population structure, biogeography, and taxonomic status of A. agrarius. We collected 160 samples from 13 localities throughout the South Korean Peninsula, two nearby islands and two remote islands. We used five microsatellite loci and estimated genetic diversity measures and populations divergence estimates (i.e. F
ST and R
ST) to address the objectives. Except for populations on the two remote islands, Jeju and Heuksan, the populations on the peninsula and nearby islands indicated low F
ST and R
ST values. The population structure based on microsatellite loci supported only one subspecies opposing three subspecies reported previously on the Korean Peninsula and nearby islands. However, populations on Jeju Island and Heuksan Island showed subspecific differences from each other and the populations on the Korean Peninsula and nearby islands. The information reported on the population genetics of the striped field mouse in Korea will allow resolving the taxonomy and biogeography of this species.
Fekete–Szegö problem for some starlike functions related to shell-like curves
Authors: Raina Ravinder Krishna , Sokół Janusz
Published: May 2016

In this note, we investigate the Fekete-Szegö problem for a class 𝓢𝒽 of functions f analytic in the open unit disc Δ = {z: |z| < 1} (and which is related to a shell-like curve associated with Fibonacci numbers) satisfying the conditions that

f
(
0
)
=
0
,
  

f
′

(
0
)
=
1
  
and
  

z

f
′

(
z
)

f
(
z
)

≺

1
+

τ
2

z
2

1
−
τ
z
−

τ
2

z
2

 
(
z
∈
Δ
)
,

$$f(0) = 0,\qquad f'(0) = 1\qquad {\text{and}}\qquad \frac{{zf'(z)}}{{f(z)}} \prec \frac{{1 + {\tau ^2}{z^2}}}{{1 - \tau z - {\tau ^2}{z^2}}}\quad (z \in \Delta ),$$

where ≺ denotes the subordination and the number

τ
=
(
1
−

5

)
/
2

$\tau = (1 - \sqrt 5 )/2$

is such that |τ| fulfils the golden section of the segment [0,1].
Inclusion properties for classes of analytic functions associated with conic domains
Authors: Dziok Jacek
Published: May 2016

In the paper we define classes of functions associated with conic domains. Some characterizations and inclusion properties of these classes of functions are given.
Some inequalities of trigonometric approximation in weighted Orlicz spaces
Authors: Akgün Ramazan
Published: May 2016

In the present work, we proved a refined direct theorem and an exact inverse theorem of trigonometric approximation in Orlicz spaces with weights satisfying some Muckenhoupt’s A

p
condition. As a consequence, refined Marchaud inequality and its inverse are obtained.
Global stability of an SEI model for plant diseases
Authors: Chen Yuming , Yang Junyuan
Published: May 2016

We propose an SEI epidemic model for plant diseases, which incorporates disease latency, disease-caused removal, and constant recruitment in both susceptible and exposed classes. Because of the recruitment and disease-caused removal, the total population is varying. It is shown that the model only has an endemic equilibrium and the equilibrium is globally stable.
Processing of polycaprolactone and hydroxyapatite to fabricate graded electrospun composites for tendon-bone interface regeneration
Authors: Bayrak Ece , Ozcan Burak , Erisken Cevat
Published: May 2016

The process of electrospinning is utilized with different approaches including conventional electrospinning, extrusion electrospinning, and electroblowing to form nanofibrous meshes and composites. Here, we report on the quality and properties of spatially graded polycaprolactone (PCL) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) composite meshes fabricated with multiple-spinneret electrospinning. The composite meshes were characterized in terms of the amount of spatially allocated nHA concentration across the mesh, fiber diameter, porosity, pore size, and hydrophilicity of meshes. Results show that linearly and continuously varying nHA concentration distribution, i.e. graded structure, can be accomplished across the mesh thickness using multiple-spinneret electrospinning, which is in accordance with the change of mineral concentration observed in native tendon-bone interface. Furthermore, incorporation of nanoparticles into nanofibers led to increased fiber diameter as depicted by a shift in fiber diameter distribution, a significant increase in mean fiber diameter from 361±9 nm to 459±21 nm, and an increase in contact angle from 120.01±2.77° to 115.24±1.17°. These findings suggest that the composite meshes formed in this study could serve as model systems to be used as scaffolds in tendon-bone tissue engineering application in particular, and for other tissue-tissue interfaces in a broader context.
Cell wall material strain hardening on dynamic responses of closed-cell foams
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Wang Zhihua , Zhao Longmao
Published: May 2016

The paper focuses on the effects of the cell wall material strain hardening on the mechanical behavior of closed-cell foams subjected to the constant velocity loading. Three-dimensional Voronoi models were established to present the closed-cell foams, and the simulations were performed by employing Ls-dyna 971. The investigation found that the cell wall strain hardening could postpone the onset of the localized collapse bands and retard deformation mode transformation. Strain hardening convergence phenomenon was observed in the closed-cell foams; increasing the impact velocity could weaken the effect of the material strain hardening. The crushing stress at both impact and stationary sides were analyzed in detail. The material strain hardening could always enhance the plastic energy dissipation. Furthermore, the strain hardening convergence was also observed in the plateau stress at the impact side and plastic energy dissipation but not in the densification strain and the plateau at the stationary side.
Enhanced catalytic performance of β-FeOOH by coupling with single-walled carbon nanotubes in a visible-light-Fenton-like process
Authors: Fang Di , Yu Yaqun , Xu Zhihui , Liang Jiangru , Zhou Lixiang
Published: May 2016

Carbon nanotubes/akaganeite composite photocatalysts (CNTs/β-FeOOH) with different weight addition ratios of CNTs have been synthesized by a very simple hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope were used to characterize the composite photocatalysts. This study investigates the oxidative degradation of methyl orange, a probe contaminant, by a heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like process over the prepared composite photocatalysts. The CNTs/β-FeOOH composites exhibit remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of methyl orange in water under visible light irradiation as compared with bare β-FeOOH. The added CNTs have triple crucial roles in the promotion of photocatalytic activity of β-FeOOH. One is to trap electrons and effectively hinder recombination of the photoexcited carriers. Two is to act as a dispersing support to control the particle size of β-FeOOH in the CNTs/β-FeOOH composites. Three is to enhance the visible light absorption intensity. Finally, the catalytic mechanism of CNTs/β-FeOOH composite is proposed.
Fire protection design for composite lattice sandwich structure
Authors: Wang ChangXian , Chen Mingji , Yao Kai , Zhu Xiaolei , Fang Daining
Published: May 2016

Composite lattice structures are of considerable mechanical property and multifunctional design flexibility. However, the relatively low operating temperature of polymer composite prevents its application in high temperature or fire-proofing structures. Here, we propose a type of lightweight composite lattice sandwich structure that is capable of fire proofing as well as load bearing. In our design, the composite lattice sandwich structure is filled with heat insulation materials to interdict the thermal radiation and convection between its two facesheets. The top facesheet of the structure is covered with intumescent coating to isolate fire. Moreover, thermoresistant resin or flame retardant is adopted in manufacturing the top facesheet to improve its thermoresistance. A design procedure has been developed for such kind of fire-proofing structure, by which the material and geometry of the structure can be determined according to the fire-proofing effect. It was demonstrated by experiment that a 30-mm-thick structure, designed by the present procedure, was able to isolate 945°C fire load on the exposed surface for 3600 s, keeping the unexposed surface temperature rise below 139°C.
The isotypic family of the diarsenates MM′As2O7 (M = Sr, Ba; M′ = Cd, Hg)
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: May 2016

The diarsenates MM′As2O7 (M = Sr, Ba; M′ = Cd, Hg) were prepared under hydrothermal conditions (~200 °C, autogenous pressure), starting from As2O5 and the corresponding metal oxides or precursor compounds thereof in aqueous solutions. Structure analyses on the basis of single crystal X-ray data revealed the four structures to be isotypic. They are the first diarsenates to crystallize in the triclinic BaZnP2O7 structure type (space group P1̅, Z = 2, a ≈ 5.8 Å, b ≈ 7.3 Å, c ≈ 7.6 Å, α ≈ 101°, β ≈ 91°, γ ≈ 98°). All related MM′As2O7 diarsenates reported so far (M = Sr, Ba, Pb; M′ = Mg, Co, Cu, Zn) crystallize in the monoclinic α-Ca2P2O7 structure type (P21/n, Z = 4). Hence, the size of the divalent M′ cation determines which of the two structure types is adopted.
The new barium compound Ba4Al7+x
: formation and crystal structure
Authors: Prots Yurii , Lange Felix , Drathen Christina , Schmidt Marcus , Grin Yuri
Published: May 2016

Combining laboratory X-ray powder diffraction with in-situ high-temperature synchrotron experiments and differential scanning calorimetry, it has been shown that Ba21Al40, Ba3Al5, Ba7Al10 and Ba4Al5 decompose peritectically at 914, 826, 756, and 732°C, respectively. In addition, a new binary compound with the composition Ba4Al7+x
(x = 0.17) and the formation temperature of 841°C was found. The initial structural model (space group P63/mmc, a = 6.0807(1), c = 39.2828(8) Å) with four Ba and five Al crystallographic positions was developed. It is based on the intergrowth concept involving the neighboring Ba21Al40 and Ba3Al5 phases and the derived atomic arrangement is subsequently refined using X-ray diffraction data. The crystal structures of all phases in the Ba–Al system, except BaAl4, exhibit Kagomé nets of aluminum atoms resembling those observed for the B atoms in the Laves phases AB
2. In the crystal structure of Ba4Al7+x
, single Kagomé layers alternate with double slabs (MgZn2 motif) along [001] and are separated by Ba cations. Intergrowth features of Ba4Al7+x
are discussed together with the neighboring Ba–Al compounds and Sr5Al9.
Nematicidal effect of plumbagin on Caenorhabditis elegans: a model for testing a nematicidal drug
Authors: Chaweeborisuit Phantip , Suriyonplengsaeng Chinnawut , Suphamungmee Worawit , Sobhon Prasert , Meemon Krai
Published: May 2016

Plumbagin, (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a natural substance found in the roots of plant species in the genus Plumbago, has been used as a traditional medicine against many diseases. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model for testing the anthelmintic effect of plumbagin. The compound exhibited a nematicidal effect against all stages of C. elegans: L4 was least susceptible, while L1 was most susceptible to plumbagin with an LC50 of 220 and 156 μM, respectively. Plumbagin inhibited C. elegans development from L1 to adult stages with an IC50 of 235 μM, and body length was also reduced at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml. Brood sizes decreased from 203±6 to 43±6 and 18±3 eggs per hatch in plumbagin-treated worms at 10, 25, 50 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, plumbagin was lethal to strains resistant to the nematicides levamisole, albendazole, and ivermectin, indicating that it possesses a strong and unique nematicidal action. Plumbagin decreased the number of mitochondria in hypodermal and intestinal cells and body wall muscles and damaged the ultrastructure of these tissues. Taken together, plumbagin may be a new drug against parasitic nematodes.
Perturbations of Respiratory Rhythm and Pattern by Disrupting Synaptic Inhibition within Pre-Bötzinger and Bötzinger Complexes
Authors: Marchenko Vitaliy , Koizumi Hidehiko , Mosher Bryan , Koshiya Naohiro , Tariq Mohammad F. , Bezdudnaya Tatiana G. , Zhang Ruli , Molkov Yaroslav I. , Rybak Ilya A. , Smith Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2016

The pre-Bötzinger (pre-BötC) and Bötzinger (BötC) complexes are the brainstem compartments containing interneurons considered to be critically involved in generating respiratory rhythm and motor pattern in mammals. Current models postulate that both generation of the rhythm and coordination of the inspiratory-expiratory pattern involve inhibitory synaptic interactions within and between these regions. Both regions contain glycinergic and GABAergic neurons, and rhythmically active neurons in these regions receive appropriately coordinated phasic inhibition necessary for generation of the normal three-phase respiratory pattern. However, recent experiments attempting to disrupt glycinergic and GABAergic postsynaptic inhibition in the pre-BötC and BötC in adult ratsin vivohave questioned the critical role of synaptic inhibition in these regions, as well as the importance of the BötC, which contradicts previous physiological and pharmacological studies. To further evaluate the roles of synaptic inhibition and the BötC, we bilaterally microinjected the GABAAreceptor antagonist gabazine and glycinergic receptor antagonist strychnine into the pre-BötC or BötC in anesthetized adult ratsin vivoand in perfusedin situbrainstem–spinal cord preparations from juvenile rats. Muscimol was microinjected to suppress neuronal activity in the pre-BötC or BötC. In both preparations, disrupting inhibition within pre-BötC or BötC caused major site-specific perturbations of the rhythm and disrupted the three-phase motor pattern, in some experiments terminating rhythmic motor output. Suppressing BötC activity also potently disturbed the rhythm and motor pattern. We conclude that inhibitory circuit interactions within and between the pre-BötC and BötC critically regulate rhythmogenesis and are required for normal respiratory motor pattern generation.
Evaluación del enfoque intercultural bilingüe en educación primaria indígena: Estudio de caso en la región indígena Los Altos, Chiapas
Authors: Viveros-Márquez José
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the EIB (Bilingual Intercultural approach, by its acronym in Spanish) in an elementary indigenous school located in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. This school is characterized by the cultural and linguistic diversity represented by the integration of teachers, students and parents of tseltal and tsotsil origin. We use the evaluation model CIPP (context, input, process and product) and complemented it with school ethnography, using semi-structured interviews (director and supervisor), participant observation (classroom sessions), focus group interviews to teachers and parents and a sociolinguistic questionnaire to students. The theoretical framework retrieves the core theoretical elements of the EIB, by reviewing and analysing bilingual education, bilingual bicultural education (biculturalism), pedagogical interculturalism and the intercultural bilingual approach. The main findings of this study show that, in practice, intercultural bilingual indigenous education has not transcended the bilingual dimension (the indigenous language teaching). Interculturalism is not yet clearly integrated in the speech nor in the educational practice of the studied school. The EIB implementation is still limited and responds to sociocultural, linguistic, political, educational and teacher training conditions that characterize the local educational context and are not favorable to enhance the effective implementation of the EIB in the primary school.
Trabajo colaborativo en ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje: Algunas reflexiones y perspectivas estudiantiles
Authors: Mora-Vicariol Francisco , Hooper-Simpson Carlene
Published: May 2016

The collaborative work in virtual learning environments becomes more relevant at a time when technology is used intensively. This paper shows the results of research conducted at the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) in Costa Rica, about students’ perceptions around the concept and implications of collaborative work in two online courses provided by Dirección de Extensión Universitaria (Dirextu). The aim of this study is to establish the difference between collaborative work and group work as well as knowing the tools that can be used to promote this type of activity in virtual learning environments. The methodology used for this article applied a survey to two groups of students, each belonging to two different virtual courses of the Dirección de Extensión Universitaria (Dirextu). This study was based on quantitative research and applied an instrument with open and closed questions. The analysis process of the results was performed with the help of tables and figures (graphs). Finally, the study exposes a series of conclusions and recommendations among which we highlight the following: students do like collaborative activities because they diversify the teaching modes and improve the learning styles.
Educación emocional: El elemento perdido de la justicia social
Authors: Barrantes-Elizondo Lena
Published: May 2016

This essay aims to demonstrate how social injustice becomes a side effect of the lack of an emotional educational program in the education system. The discussion focuses in the necessity of channeling emotional abilities since early ages and making the four basic dominions of the emotional ability: self-awareness, self-government, social coexistence and relationships management, part of the common knowledge. The emotional ability is a necessary element for both current and future education. This ability is a fundamental piece in the society puzzle, it constitutes a key element in a fair complex human coexistence where individuals learn to govern over their emotions through strategies since their childhood. On the other hand, the need to acquire a deeper knowledge of oneself emotions is highlighted, as well as identifying the emotions of others, develop the ability to regulate our own negative emotions, the ability to create positive emotions and the ability to self motivate in order to adopt a positive attitude towards life. Among the main conclusions, these can be cited: the socio-emotional abilities become a basic aspect of human development; an educational program that seeks to approach this ability requires more than a list of values and attitudes; in order to get out of this a systematic answer, clearly set objectives, contents, mediating activities and evaluation strategies are required.
El patio iluminado, de Manuel Mujica Láinez. Modelización de un análisis integral del discurso
Authors: González Daniela Soledad
Published: May 2016

For a complete understanding of a text, it must be addressed in an integrated way, linking the various levels of analysis and using various linguistic disciplines to explain it. In this paper, the text El patio iluminado, by Manuel Mujica Lainez, is analyzed considering the following aspects: graphic superstructure, semantic superstructure, pragmatic macrostructure, microstructure, propositional level, register, speech acts, explicatures, implicatures, rhetorical procedures, politeness strategies and polyphony. The aim of this paper is to provide an integrated textual analysis model to teachers –especially to those of superior level– to be used when explaining issues related to Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis.
An Investigation of Cohesion and Rhetorical Moves in Thesis Abstracts
Authors: Luthfiyah L , Alek A , Fahriany F
Published: May 2016

This study aimed at investigating cohesion and rhetorical moves in thesis abstracts of English Education students. This study employed a qualitative research design in which 10 abstracts were chosen as samples. The cohesion is analyzed based on Halliday's and Hasan's  concept while rhetorical moves are analyzed based on Swales' and Feak's framework. The results show that all cohesive devices are used except substitution. Among those devices, reference is the most frequently used. The results also show that some cohesive devices are used incorrectly. As a result, seven abstracts (70%) are still in medium category of cohesion level while three abstracts (30%) are in high category of cohesion level. Furthermore, 7 abstracts are organized in different move patterns which do not follow the Swales' and Feak's framework. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that most of the abstract samples achieve medium category level of cohesion, and the rhetorical moves in most of the abstracts samples are not organized well. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v2i2.3086
A Study of Avoidance Strategy of Face Threat of Native Speaker and Non-Native Speaker by Using Goffman’s Face-Work Theory
Authors: Pandarangga Salmon
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze the avoidance strategy of face threat by English native speaker and non-native speaker who learnt other language e.g. English. This study used Irving Goffman’s face-work theory and its relation to avoidance face threat as a framework. 2 participants (one Australian and one Indonesian) took part in this study. Both participants were interviewed in English language in English speaking environment for about 30 minutes each. The participants were asked to tell about their hobbies with some open-ended questions. This study focused on spoken sentences produced by both interviewees that indicated avoidance of face threat. The findings revealed that the native speaker and non-native speaker reacted differently to avoid face threat. In addition, they also had their own strategy to avoid the face threat. This study concluded that different cultures significantly contributed to the strategy of avoidance of face threat. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v2i2.3087
Reviewing the Curriculum of an English Department of A Private University in Indonesia
Authors: Silalahi Rentauli Mariah
Published: May 2016

Curriculum is a very important guideline as any teacher should have to develop syllabuses, lesson plans, and teaching materials. This study aims at evaluating the current curriculum of the English department of one of the private universities in Indonesia, Sisingamangaraja University (pseudonym); a teacher training college. This study is trying to look at the content of the curriculum to  meet the criteria of a good curriculum. The documented data used were collected from the Head of the University’s English department. Further,  the author also conducted interviews to the Head of the English department and some of the English department’s current students. It is expected that the outcome of this study will bring some recommendations to the institution necessary to improve the studied curriculum and it is not unlikely that the recommendations can also be useful for English teachers elsewhere. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v2i2.3088
The Effectiveness of Mindmapping in Improving Students’ Writing Skill Viewed from Their IQ
Authors: Suyanto Adi
Published: May 2016

This research aims to know whether the mindmapping technique is more effective than the modeling technique in teaching writing, whether the writing skill of the students having high Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is better than that of those having low IQ in learning English, and whether there is an interaction between teaching techniques and students IQ in teaching writing. The research was carried out at SMPN 1 Prambon Nganjuk East Java using experimental method. The subject of the research was each 36 students of the seventh grade 9 and the seventh grade 8. The experimental class used mind-mapping technique and the control class used modeling technique. The data was analyzed by the data using ANOVA or analysis of variance and Tukey test. The findings revealed that: (1) the mind-mapping technique was  effectivein improving students’ writing skill (2) the writing skill of the students having high IQ is better than that of those having low IQ; and (3) there is an interaction between teaching techniques and students’ IQ. Therefore mind-mapping technique is an effective technique to improve the students’ writing skill. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v2i2.3089
The Effects of Mind Mapping (MP) and Pre-Questioning (PQ) on the Students’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Maslakhatin M
Published: May 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mind mapping and pre-questioning on the students’ reading comprehension and on  the students’ reading comprehension levels: literal comprehension, inferential comprehension, evaluation, and appreciation. This study was a quasi-experimental design, which involved 52 senior high school students of the eleventh grade in Surabaya. Mind mapping was used for the experimental group and pre-questioning was for the control group. The instrument was 25 item reading comprehension test incorporating the four reading comprehension levels based on Barrett taxonomy.  Independent Sample t-test and Manova test were used to analyze the data, which results revealed that there was no significant difference between the students who received mind mapping and those who received pre-questioning in their overall reading comprehension and in their literal comprehension, evaluation, and appreciation level. However, there was a significant difference between the students who received mind mapping and those who received pre-questioning in their inferential comprehension. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v2i2.3090
Bank Capital Pressures, Loan Substitutability, and Nonfinancial Employment
Authors: Lee Seung Jung , Stebunovs Viktors
Published: May 2016

We exploit the cross-state, cross-time variation in bank tangible capital ratios-brought about by bank branch deregulation on a state-by-state basis-to identify the effects of bank capital pressures on employment and firm dynamics during two waves of changes in bank capital regulation. We show that stronger capital pressures temporarily slowed down growth in employment in industries that depend on external finance, retarding growth in the average size of firms rather than in the number of firms. Such effects were particularly strong for smaller firms that may not have had access to national capital and bank loan markets. Our findings indicate that a tightening of capital requirements may have significant real effects, in part because of the lack of substitutes for bank loans.
Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development – A Developing Countries’ Study
Authors: Bhanumurthy K. V. , Sinha Manoj Kumar
Published: May 2016

Outward FDI is considered as a developed countries phenomenon. However FDI outflows from developing countries particularly Asian countries such as China and India have been growing over the past few decades. The paper focuses on outward FDI from developing countries in terms of outflows and outward stock. The paper studies the impact of socio-economic variables such as infrastructure, human capital, labour, market, trade openness, resources etc. on FDI outflows from developing countries. With the help of Principal Component Analysis, we construct a set of six composite indices, namely, human resource, infrastructure, labour, market, trade openness and resource, as determinants of OFDI. We use a Panel Regression approach both in terms of OFDI stock and flow, for the period 1990-2009. Outward FDI flows from developing countries do not show a significant pattern. FDI outward stock from developing countries represents stable patterns. It shows that steadily this is growing at 4.4 percent per annum, although the initial level is low. Top ten countries show a significant growth rate of 8 percent per annum, in the case of outward stock. Infrastructure is the only single variable whose elasticity is slightly over one in the case of top ten countries and is highly significant. Therefore, the FDI outflow is going from those countries amongst developing countries that have a significant infrastructure base.
Are Indian Forward Spot Markets Rational Forecasts of Future Spot Rates
Authors: Kalsie Anjala , Goyal Anil Kumar
Published: May 2016

The objective of the paper is to test the theory that forward spot markets are rational forecasts of future spot rates by studying data from Indian exchange markets over various forecast horizons ranging from one to twelve months. The time period is from August 2008 to 31 December 2013. The study found that there is high degree of correlation between the expected value of future spot rates calculated on the basis of Interest Rate Parity theory and the actual spot rate at the time of expiry of the derivative contract. The results of regression analysis shows that the actual spot rate at the time of expiry of the derivative contract is determined by the expected value of future spot rates, calculated on the basis of Interest Rate Parity theory. The empirical exercise also shows that the interest rate parity theorem helps in determining INR USD exchange rate (the future expected spot rate).
EFL Acquisition External Problems and Difficulties: An Investigative Interview to Examine Saudi Students' Thoughts and Feelings
Authors: Alaraj Mamoon M.
Published: May 2016

This study aimed to explore and discover how Saudi students feel and think about English as a Foreign Language (EFL) acquisition and its problems and difficulties. It also aimed at sorting out the most common external EFL problems and difficulties that made most of them fail to successfully acquire English language. A sample of 300 male students was randomly chosen from level one students in their foundation year at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Those students recently graduated from secondary schools spread all over the country and so they represented the different regions of the country. Data for this study was obtained from interviews. The results of the interviews showed that students had an actual desire to learn English. The EFL external problems and difficulties were categorized into a set of four main groups: (1) Insufficient exposure to and practice of language in real life situations, (2) Teachers’ lack of seriousness and training, (3) Lack of motivation and (4) Inappropriate textbooks. This study can help English teachers, supervisors, curriculum designers and education policy-makers in Saudi Arabia overcome these problems and difficulties.
A Comparison of Vocabulary Learning Strategies among Elementary Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Kashani Shohreh , Shafiee Sajad
Published: May 2016

A multitude of factors are involved in learning a second language, among which knowing ample vocabulary plays a crucial role. Despite many efforts for vocabulary learning, one of the first problems of foreign language learners, especially Iranian EFL learners, is how to commit lots of foreign words to memory. The present study aimed to compare three vocabulary learning strategies (flashcard strategy, sentence writing method, and vocabulary notebook strategy) with the traditional way of vocabulary learning (repetition) among Iranian elementary EFL learners to find out which one was the most efficient approach to vocabulary learning and best increased long-term retention of meaning. To do this end, four groups (three experimental groups and one control group) were chosen to take part in the experiment. The groups were all homogenized in the wake of administering a vocabulary pretest, and then each of the experimental groups was exposed to its pertinent treatment. After the completion of the experiment, and in the light of a vocabulary posttest, the results showed that there existed differences among the four strategies in terms of vocabulary learning and retention. In terms of vocabulary learning, the difference among the four groups was significant, but the difference on posttest which examined the long-term retention of the new vocabularies was not statistically significant. The study revealed that flash card strategy was the best strategy for vocabulary learning process among elementary level learners.
An Analysis of Phonetic Formation in English Euphemism
Authors: Deng Fei
Published: May 2016

In daily life, people often use euphemistic terms or expressions to replace those unpleasant, rude, and offensive things or taboo subjects, to make them sound more considerate and implicit. With the rapid development of science and the progress of human civilization, euphemism, as one of the most important components in English language, is a lubricant in linguistic communication and has the tendency of multiplying. This paper discusses the phonetic formation of English euphemism as well as its characteristics and significances. The detailed analysis of phonetic formation of euphemism can help people use euphemism more flexibly in daily life and promote the efficiency and quality of communication.
Digital Storytelling Approach in a Multimedia Feature Writing Course
Authors: Tang Shaofeng
Published: May 2016

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, digital storytelling has been widely applied in education. This article argues that digital storytelling is a multimedia narrative form which involves critical thinking and creative abilities. These two elements are very important in multimedia feature writing. This article analyzes the application of digital storytelling approach in a multimedia feature writing course through a literature review and a case study. It concludes that the process of completing a digital storytelling project develops students’ creativity and critical thinking. Thus, the digital storytelling approach can be seen as a positive applicable approach in a multimedia feature writing course.
O Estado Democrático e o Direito Fundamental de Greve dos Docentes do Estado do Paraná: Um Estudo de Caso
Authors: Wolowski Matheus Ribeiro de Oliveira , Silva Leda Maria Messias da
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho visa abordar o direito de greve como forma de autodefesa e direito fundamental do trabalhador, de modo a promover a democracia nos conflitos e necessidades sociais. Igualmente, busca-se realizar uma análise crítica acerca da greve no âmbito público e privado, voltando-se o olhar para a greve dos educadores no Estado do Paraná e a postura do governo estadual ante o exercício do direito de greve dos professores, como estudo de caso. Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, com análise de um caso concreto. O método utilizado é o indutivo, no qual, por meio da observação de questões particulares, extraem-se conclusões gerais. Espera-se verificar se houve ou não afronta ao Estado democrático de Direito e ao direito fundamental de greve, no tema, objeto do estudo.
Reflexões sobre a Discricionariedade Judicial a partir do Positivismo Jurídico Inclusivo, de Wilfrid Waluchow Contrapondo-se à Concepção Dworkiniana
Authors: Verbicaro Loiane Prado , Freitas Pauliane Da Silva
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a discricionariedade judicial a partir da teoria de Ronald Dworkin, que nega a existência daquela, mesmo diante de casos difíceis. Como contraponto, o trabalho apresenta a visão do positivismo renovado de Wilfrid Waluchow, que reafirma a existência e desejabilidade dessa discricionariedade nos casos complexos. A investigação propõe-se a analisar a definição sobre os sentidos de discricionariedade, atribuídos pela filosofia do direito, e o seu uso pelos referidos autores e apresentar reformulações teóricas do positivismo inclusivo e as falhas da teoria interpretativista, especialmente em relação ao juiz Hércules e à existência da única resposta correta.
O Respeito aos Direitos do Apenado, em Relação ao Trabalho e à Educação, no Estado do Pará: Estudo de Caso Realizado no Presídio Estadual Metropolitano II (PEM II)
Authors: Bitar Marilze Ribeiro , Rodrigues Alexandre Manuel Lopes
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar se os direitos do apenado, em relação ao trabalho e à educação, encontram-se resguardados no Estado do Pará, em particular no Presídio Estadual Metropolitano II, com vista a manter a dignidade da pessoa humana e o possível incentivo à sua ressocialização. O método de abordagem utilizado foi o dialético, com a revisão da literatura, e como método de procedimento a pesquisa documental, o estudo de caso e a pesquisa-ação, com a análise dos dados por meio da pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa. Como resultado, observou-se que o cumprimento da pena, no que tange à educação e ao trabalho, não é desenvolvido de acordo com o preceituado na Lei de Execução Penal. Conclui-se que os estabelecimentos penais possuem, como problema mais grave a enfrentar, a ocupação muito acima das vagas existentes, em sua maior parte por presos provisórios, sendo requerido o aprimoramento da assistência educacional e do trabalho ofertado ao apenado.
Environment and social psychology: A good nexus
Authors: Mohan Brij
Published: May 2016

On the cusp of growth and development, humanity confronts a crisis of confidence. Dualities of success and catastrophes abound. A deadly drought in Texas, followed by devastating floods in Austin and Dallas, Texas is not a freaky natural calamity. Human complicity is both hidden and underrated. Paradox of boom and gloom characterize the crisis of biodiversity compounded by environmental injustice.
Gastrointestinal Complications of Refeeding in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Trees Nathalia Marie
Published: May 2016

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complicated and life-threatening mental illness. Restoration of weight and nutrition rehabilitation are key elements for the treatment of AN. However, gastrointestinal (GI) complications often develop due to eating disorder behaviors, concomitant malnutrition, and during the refeeding process. These problems may give rise to significant medical complications and contribute to increased difficulties with refeeding and weight restoration. This review aims to describe common GI complications in AN including delayed gastric emptying, gastric dilatation, superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, refeeding hepatitis, and refeeding syndrome. Recommendations for clinicians refeeding a patient with AN are provided. Knowledge of these GI manifestations is required for correct management and successful nutritional rehabilitation of patients with AN.
Conhecimentos ou competências: o que transmitir?
Authors: Duru-Bellat Marie
Published: May 2016

A partir do pressuposto de que é central definir o que se julga bom e necessário de transmitir aos alunos, a autora reflete sobre a questão curricular a partir do debate de uma antiga polêmica: deve-se priorizar a transmissão de competências ou saberes aos alunos? É retomada a discussão da noção de competências e sua entrada na escola, o advento dos sistemas de avaliação calcados em competências e as dificuldades em sua operacionalização, as questões que o trabalho com a noção em debate podem suscitar aos educadores, e a existência do que chama de uma “ditadura do útil”.
Brincar na escola: caminhos e escolhas
Authors: Leite Ana Maria , Medeiros Maria Lúcia
Published: May 2016

Este artigo busca conceituar a brincadeira como uma importante linguagem expressiva das crianças. Pretende refletir sobre alguns impasses encontrados entre discursos e práticas nas escolas de educação infantil em torno dessa temática. Aponta, também, a urgência da reflexão sobre as práticas para a garantia do direito ao brincar, indicando a formação lúdica do educador como um caminho possível para essa reflexão.
A concepção e o delineamento deste caminho assentam-se em reflexões e experiências acumuladas ao longo do desenvolvimento das ações do projeto Brincar: educação infantil, desenvolvido pelo Cenpec em parceria com a Fundação Volkswagen.
Projeto Paralapracá: uma experiência de formação de formadores e (trans)formação da educação infantil
Authors: Marcilio Maria Thereza , Samia Mônica Martins
Published: May 2016

Este relato de experiência visa compartilhar o percurso e alguns resultados do projeto Paralapracá, desenvolvido desde 2010 em dez municípios da região Nordeste, com o objetivo de contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade do atendimento às crianças que frequentam a educação infantil, por meio de duas linhas de ação: formação continuada e acesso a materiais de qualidade. A formação é realizada a partir de eixos considerados centrais para o currículo deste segmento e se destina aos coordenadores pedagógicos, por serem os profissionais responsáveis pela formação dos professores. Suas bases são as dimensões pessoal, profissional e institucional, as práticas pedagógicas como objeto de reflexão, os saberes e a cultura locais como fundamentais no currículo, e o compromisso com o desenvolvimento da autonomia dos profissionais e com o fortalecimento de políticas públicas voltadas para este segmento.
Formação continuada, para quê?
Authors: Chieff Meyri Venci , Reginato Maria José
Published: May 2016

A partir da descrição de quatro experiências de formação continuada de professores de redes públicas de ensino das quais as autoras participaram como formadoras, são identificadas algumas condições comuns que podem ser reconhecidas como responsáveis pela boa avaliação das experiências. As condições propostas são: prioridade na política educacional, adesão dos professores, participação nas decisões, envolvimento de expressivo número de profissionais e de diferentes instâncias do sistema, mudança nas condições de trabalho dos professores, formação contínua e sistemática com, no mínimo, dois anos de duração, prática dos profissionais como conteúdo da formação, movimento metodológico, lócus da formação, acompanhamento pelo sistema e avaliação contínua.
Effect Of Macroeconomic Variables On Stock Market Returns For Four Emerging Economies: Brazil, Russia, India, And China
Authors: Gay Robert D.
Published: May 2016

The relationship between share prices and macroeconomic variables is well documented for the United States and other major economies.  However, what is the relationship between share prices and economic activity in emerging economies?  The goal of this study is to investigate the time-series relationship between stock market index prices and the macroeconomic variables of exchange rate and oil price for Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) using the Box-Jenkins ARIMA model.  Although no significant relationship was found between respective exchange rate and oil price on the stock market index prices of either BRIC country, this may be due to the influence other domestic and international macroeconomic factors on stock market returns, warranting further research.  Also, there was no significant relationship found between present and past stock market returns, suggesting the markets of Brazil, Russia, India, and China exhibit the weak-form of market efficiency.
The Effect Of Internal Control Weakness On Investment Efficiency
Authors: Jaehong Lee , Eunjung Cho , Hyunjung Choi
Published: May 2016

This paper examines whether material weakness in internal accounting control is negatively associated with investment efficiency in Korea. Since internal accounting control weakness drives poor accounting quality and poor accounting quality exacerbates information asymmetry between firms and outside capital suppliers, managerial investment cannot be monitored effectively which result in over- and/or under- investment. Since internal accounting system is closely related to corporate governance, weak internal accounting control is often associated with poor corporate governance, and this control environment makes it hard to monitor managerial opportunistic behavior, causing abnormal investment such as over- and/or under- investment.  We find that firms with internal accounting control weakness tend to make over- and under- investment. We also find the number of weakness in internal accounting control is negatively related to investment efficiency. In addition, three types of qualified review opinion - overall company level weakness, account-specific weakness and disclaimer review opinion due to scope limitation - are differentially affected to investment efficiency; disclaimer review opinion is present the most severe problem in internal accounting control that drives over- and under- investment. Our findings suggest weak internal accounting control provides poor monitoring to manager and cannot restrain managerial inefficient investment decision.