bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Death of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
Spores on Selected Lander Capsule Surfaces
Authors: Paik W. W. , Sherry E. J. , Stern J. A.
Published: December 2020

Dry-heat sterilization of planetary lander capsules requires a knowledge of the thermal resistivity of microorganisms in the environment to which they will be subjected during sterilization of the space hardware. The dry-heat resistance of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
spores on various lander capsule materials was determined at 125 C. Eight surface materials were evaluated, including a reference material, stainless steel. Survivor curves were computed, and decimal reduction times (D values) were obtained by a linear regression analysis. In four tests on stainless steel, the average value of D at 125 C was 17.07 min. The D values for the other seven materials tested ranged from 18.64 min on magnesium surfaces to 20.83 min on conversion-coated magnesium. Of the materials evaluated, the results indicate that there is only a significant difference in the thermal resistance of
B. subtilis
var.
niger
spores on conversion-coated magnesium and conversion-coated aluminum from that on the reference material, stainless steel. The differences in D values for all the test surfaces may be the result of variations in test procedures rather than the effect of the surfaces on the thermal resistivity of the spores.
Comparison of Methods for Tuberculosis Bacteriology
Authors: Krasnow I. , Wayne Lawrence G.
Published: December 2020

To improve efficiency of isolation of tubercle bacilli from clinical specimens, the following recommendations are presented. (i) Employ multiple specimens consisting of a combination of morning sputums for the early detection of positives, along with 24-hr sputum pools for the greatest total yield of positives. (ii) When timing is rigorously controlled, Zephiran-trisodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide-acetylcysteine are comparable, but if timing cannot rigidly be controlled, employ the Zephiran-trisodium phosphate digestion procedure to allow the greatest freedom in exposure time with the lowest kill rate to tubercle bacilli. (iii) Employ both an agar medium incubated in 5% CO
2
, for the early detection of positives as well as positives in the presence of contaminants, and an egg medium, preferably with CO
2
, to increase the yield of positives.
Incidence of
Escherichia coli
in Black Walnut Meats
Authors: Meyer Melvin T. , Vaughn Reese H.
Published: December 2020

Examination of commercially shelled black walnut meats showed inconsistent numbers of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and
Escherichia coli
; variation occurred among different meat sizes and within each meat size. The incidence of
E. coli
on meats of commercially hulled black walnuts depended on the physical condition of the nuts. Apparently tightly sealed ones contained only a few or none, whereas those with visibly separated sutures and spoiled meats yielded the most. This contamination was in part correlated to a hulling operation. Large numbers of
E. coli
on the husk of the walnuts contaminated the hulling water, subsequently also contaminating the meats by way of separated sutures. Chlorination of the hulling wash water was ineffective. Attempts were made to decontaminate the walnut meats without subsequent deleterious changes in flavor or texture. A treatment in coconut oil at 100 C followed by removal of excess surface oil by centrifugation was best.
Country Cured Ham as a Possible Source of Aflatoxin
Authors: Strzelecki Edward , Lillard H. S. , Ayres J. C.
Published: December 2020

Of 10 fungi isolated from a heavily molded country cured ham, 4 were identified as toxigenic strains of
Aspergillus flavus
.
Some Morphological Types of Bacteriophages in Bovine Rumen Contents
Authors: Paynter M. J. B. , Ewert D. L. , Chalupa W.
Published: December 2020

Six morphological types of bacteriophage were found in bovine rumen contents. Minimal total phage count was 5 × 10
7
per ml of rumen fluid.
Incidence of
Clostridium botulinum
Type E in Alaskan Salmon
Authors: Houghtby Gary A. , Kaysner Charles A.
Published: December 2020

The incidence of
Clostridium botulinum
type E in salmon captured in the coastal waters and rivers of Alaska during the 1968 commercial fishing season was determined.
Production of Aflatoxins by
Aspergillus flavus
Cultured on Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: Pattee Harold E.
Published: December 2020

Under favorable growth conditions,
Aspergillus flavus
can produce aflatoxins on flue-cured tobacco leaves.
Improved Growth Medium For Group A Streptococci
Authors: Vincent William F. , Lisiewski Kathleen J.
Published: December 2020

The addition of yeast extract and the use of shaking increase cell crop yield of group A streptococci grown in Todd-Hewitt broth 4 to 5 times that normally obtained.
Sporulation of
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
Authors: Hsu Edward J. , Ordal Z. John
Published: December 2020

Good sporulation was induced in batch culture using carbon sources that have in common the effect of reducing growth rate.
Practical Physiological Schema for the Identification of
Herellea vaginicola
and its Differentiation from Similar Organisms
Authors: Samuels Sally B. , Pittman Bertie , Cherry William B.
Published: December 2020

A seven-test schema is presented that will identify
Herellea vaginicola
and differentiate it from
Mima, Moraxella
, and other gram-negative organisms whose biochemical reactions are similar to those of
Herellea
. Of 133 cultures examined, 49 were
Herellea
strains accurately identified by this schema: 34 of the 49 cultures were the capsular type strains of
Herellea
and 15 strains were from a group of 53 ATCC cultures listed under several different taxons. The remaining 84 non-
Herellea
cultures yielded 4 (4.7%) false positive identifications for
Herellea
; two were from a selected group of organisms (EO-1) whose taxonomic position is undetermined and two were
Klebsiella ozaenae
. Since neither of these groups is frequently encountered in clinical specimens, from a practical viewpoint they present no particular problem in the identification of
Herellea
. We recommend the use of the seven tests as described in this paper as a routine procedure for the identification of
H. vaginicola
.
Conditions for the Production of L-Asparaginase 2 by Coliform Bacteria
Authors: Bilimoria M. H.
Published: December 2020

Of 28 coliforms, five strains of
Escherichia coli
were particularly active in elaborating L-asparaginase 2, the form of the enzyme useful in the treatment of some forms of cancer. Since it is advantageous to start purification of the enzyme from highly active cells, cultural conditions necessary for good growth and high enzyme yield have been studied. Gentle aeration proved suitable for good growth as well as high enzyme content. Stationary cultures gave poor growth, whereas vigorous aeration gave good growth but resulted in a marked decrease in the enzyme content of the cells. L-Asparaginase 2 has been purified about 40-fold by a combination of ammonium sulfate and ethyl alcohol precipitations.
Microbial Production of Xylitol from Glucose
Authors: Onishi Hiroshi , Suzuki Toshiyuki
Published: December 2020

A microbiological method is described for the production of xylitol, which is used as a sugar substitute for diabetics. A sequential fermentation process yielded 9.0 g of xylitol from 77.5 g of glucose via D-arabitol and D-xylulose.
Candida guilliermondii
var.
soya
(ATCC 20216) consumed 5.1 g of D-xylulose and produced 2.8 g of xylitol per 100 ml. Pentitol production from D-xylulose by yeasts was divided into three types: I, yeast-produced xylitol; II, yeast-produced D-arabitol; and III, yeast-produced xylitol and D-arabitol. D-Xylulose, but not glucose, was dissimilated to xylitol by yeasts under aerobic conditions.
Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B, and C in Various Media
Authors: Reiser R. F. , Weiss K. F.
Published: December 2020

The effect of initial
p
H and of length of incubation time at 37 C in four different growth media on the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C was determined. A starting
p
H of 6.8 gave higher yields of enterotoxins B and C than either
p
H 6.0 or 5.3. The production of enterotoxin A was, however, not materially affected by the low initial
p
H of 5.3. Prolonged incubation (48 to 72 hr) resulted only occasionally in higher yields of enterotoxin. The effect of the media on the amount of enterotoxin produced is considerable. Difco Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) was inferior to either Fisher BHI, 4% NZ Amine (NAK), or 3% NAK plus 3% protein hydrolysate powder at the three initial
p
H values, regardless of length of incubation time. The slight effect of the low starting
p
H on the production of enterotoxin A is being further investigated.
Applicability of Aeration and Delayed Addition of Selenite to the Isolation of Salmonellae
Authors: Alford John A. , Knight Nancy L.
Published: December 2020

The effect of aeration combined with the delayed addition of selenite on the lag period of several strains of salmonellae and other enterobacteria is reported. A procedure has been developed involving shaking of the sample in a basal medium for 4 hr at 37 C, adding selenite and cystine, and continuing shaking for 20 hr. Confirmation by selective plating, biochemical tests, and serology gave results comparable to the standard lactose pre-enrichment method with the saving of 24 hr and elimination of one set of media. Confirmation by fluorescent-antibody tests showed that fewer positive fluorescent stains were obtained from the aerated procedure than from the lactose pre-enrichment procedure. Precautions in the application of this procedure are discussed.
Observation of Microorganisms in Soil and Other Natural Habitats
Authors: Casida L. E.
Published: December 2020

A procedure is described for visually observing and following the activities and interactions of bacteria, actinomyctes, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and plant roots in masses of soil. Specific microscope components and objectives are used, and the numerical apertures are adjusted such that light diffraction colors are produced to allow differentiation of the various biological entities and their habitat materials. Strains or other alterations in the organisms and their habitat are not employed, and time-lapse photography can be used to follow the activities of soil microorganisms and plant roots. As a result of the use of this technique, it is apparent that in situ indigenous soil microorganisms differ from similar organisms grown in the laboratory, but that, under the proper conditions, the state of the organism in either habitat can be altered to match that which occurs in the contrasting habitat.
Biochemical Changes in Serum of Pure and Mixed
Streptococcus faecalis
and
Bacillus subtilis
Infections in Rats
Authors: Mitruka B. M. , Jonas A. M.
Published: December 2020

Rats inoculated with
Streptococcus faecalis
developed endocarditis and demonstrated a 6- to 30-fold increase in aldolase, isocitric dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, and lactic dehydrogenase. The animals infected with
Bacillus subtilis
did not develop overt disease nor significant increases in enzyme activities, but viable organisms were recovered at 2 weeks. Rats inoculated with mixed culture of these organisms showed a 2- to 10-fold increase of enzyme activities without evidence of pathological anatomic changes. Both organisms were recovered at necropsy. The total protein and glycoproteins followed the patterns of enzyme activities. There were major changes in alpha
1
, alpha
2
, and beta globulins and glycoglobuulins at the early stages of infection. The protein-bound hexose changes coincided with the severity of
S. faecalis
infection, but were at normal levels after 72 hr of infection of
B. subtilis
and
S. faecalis
mixed infections. The results indicate that
B. subtilis
infection modified the pathogenicity of
S. faecalis
and by an unknown mechanism affected protein and glycoprotein production in serum of experimental rats.
Microbial Transformation of Terpenoids. I. Indentification of Metabolites Produced by a Pseudomonad from Citronellal and Citral
Authors: Joglekar S. S. , Dhavlikar R. S.
Published: December 2020

A bacterium capable of utilizing citronellal or citral as the sole source of carbon and energy has been isolated from soil by the enrichment culture technique. It metabolizes citronellal to citronellic acid (65%), citronellol (0.6%), dihydrocitronellol (0.6%), menthol (0.75%), and 3,7-dimethyl-1,7-octane diol (1.7%). The metabolites of citral were geranic acid (62%), 6-methyl-5-heptanoic acid (0.5%), 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid (1%), and 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethyl-6-octen-2-one (0.75%).
Piggy-Back Microtransfer Technique
Authors: Catalano Louis W. , Fuccillo David A. , Sever John L.
Published: December 2020

A new microtransfer technique is described which uses a modified, V-bottom, disposable, 96-cup plastic plate that permits serial dilutions and direct rapid transfer to a recipient micro cell culture plate.
Algal Flocculation with Synthetic Organic Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Tenney Mark W. , Echelberger Wayne F. , Schuessler Ronald G. , Pavoni Joseph L.
Published: December 2020

The feasibility of removing algae from water and wastewater by chemical flocculation techniques was investigated. Mixed cultures of algae were obtained from both continuous- and batch-fed laboratory reactors. Representative cationic, anionic, and nonionic synthetic organic polyelectrolytes were used as flocculants. Under the experimental conditions, chemically induced algal flocculation occurred with the addition of cationic polyelectrolyte, but not with anionic or nonionic polymers, although attachment of all polyelectrolyte species to the algal surface is shown. The mechanism of chemically induced algal flocculation is interpreted in terms of bridging phenomena between the discrete algal cells and the linearly extended polymer chains, forming a three-dimensional matrix that is capable of subsiding under quiescent conditions. The degree of flocculation is shown to be a direct function of the extent of polymer coverage of the active sites on the algal surface, although to induce flocculation by this method requires that the algal surface charge must concurrently be reduced to a level at which the extended polymers can bridge the minimal distance of separation imposed by electrostatic repulsion. The influence of
p
H, algal concentration, and algal growth phase on the requisite cationic flocculant dose is also reported.
Production of Nucleic Acid-Related Substances by Fermentative Processes. XXVIII. Accumulation of 5′ Inosinic Acid by a Manganese-Insensitive Mutant of
Brevibacterium ammoniagenes
Authors: Furuya Akira , Abe Shigeo , Kinoshita Shukuo
Published: December 2020

A manganese-insensitive mutant, KY 13105, of
Brevibacterium ammoniagenes
which accumulates considerable amounts of 5′ inosinic acid (IMP) in the presence of 100 to 1,000 μg of Mn
2+
per liter was obtained from an IMP-producing mutant of a manganese-sensitive strain, KY 13102. The effects of Mn
2+
at 0 to 30 μg/liter on IMP accumulation by KY 13105 were similar to those by KY 13102. However, the accumulation of IMP by KY 13105 was not affected by 100 to 1,000 μg of Mn
2+
per liter, showing a clear difference from KY 13102. The accumulation of IMP by KY 13105 was always accompanied by cellular morphological changes irrespective of Mn
2+
concentration. In the presence of Mn
2+
, factors which affect IMP accumulation by KY 13105 were examined. Most of the nutrients tested stimulated IMP accumulation at a relatively low concentration (2 g/liter). Iron, calcium, and zinc were found to be essential for IMP accumulation and were independent of Mn
2+
. Biotin regulated the growth but not the accumulation of IMP. Under limited or surplus amounts of Mn
2+
, the dynamics of IMP fermentation were followed. Under both conditions, the fermentations proceeded in a similar way. The morphological changes were found to be closely related to IMP accumulation.
Survival of Human Pathogens in Composted Sewage
Authors: Wiley B. Beauford , Westerberg Stephen C.
Published: December 2020

Studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of an aerobic composter in destroying pathogens that may possibly be present in raw sewage sludge. Experiments conducted in this study were designed to determine whether or not selected indicator organisms (i.e.,
Salmonella newport
, poliovirus type 1,
Ascaris lumbricoides
ova, and
Candida albicans
) could survive the composting process. The results of the assay showed that after 43 hr of composting, no viable indicator organisms could be detected. The poliovirus type I was the most sensitive, being inactivated within the first hour, whereas
C. albicans
was the most resistant, requiring more than 28 hr of composting for its inactivation. The data from this study indicated that aerobic composting of sewage sludge would destroy the indicator pathogens when a temperature of 60 to 70 C is maintained for a period of 3 days.
Interaction of Staphylococcal Alpha Toxin and the Estrogenic Hormone Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Yotis William , Savov Zlatko
Published: December 2020

Previous work in this laboratory showed that diethylstilbestrol was capable of suppressing induced furunculosis in rabbits. The present study indicates that the synthetic estrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol which is used for acne, estrogen deficiency, cancer, and other disorders, can reduce the cytolytic action of staphylococcal alpha toxin. The cytotoxic action of purified alpha toxin for tissue cultures was evaluated by use of such parameters as total and viable cell counts, glucose, and protein determination, and cytopathic effects (CPE) in the presence and absence of steroids. To 3-day-old primary rabbit baby kidney tissue cultures, 1 to 5 μg of diethylstilbestrol per ml was added; growth of tissue cultures in Eagles medium was continued till the 6th day, and then one tissue cytopathic dose per milliliter of alpha toxin was added, and the subsequent fate of tissue cultures was assayed. Such cultures yielded higher total and viable cell counts, utilized more glucose, and contained more protein than the control cultures. In control cultures, CPE was observed on the 3rd hr after the addition of alpha toxin, and it was complete in 24 hr, whereas in tissue cultures treated with diethylstilbestrol, the CPE was significantly reduced. The data presented in this study made possible the availability of a suppressor of the cytolytic action of alpha toxin and might be useful in assaying the action of alpha toxin in an in vitro inexpensive test system.
Isolation of Ether-Resistant Enteroviruses from Sewage: Methodology
Authors: Duff Michael F.
Published: December 2020

Experiments were conducted to determine whether polio type 1 (Mahoney and coxsackie A8 viruses adsorb onto cotton fibers of sewer swabs. Negative results were obtained. It has been shown that viruses may exist in sewage as free virus particles or as bound (adsorbed) virus particles. The sewer-swab method of sampling is superior because it filters out the bound virus over several days; when collected, it represents a catch (grab) sample at that particular time which may or may not contain free virus. A simple method for the preparation of sewage inocula for virus isolations is described which samples the bound virus fraction. Only ether-resistant viruses can be isolated, and an ultracentrifuge is not required. By this method, an isolation rate between 60 and 80% of positive sewer swabs can be achieved. Corresponding figures of 84 and 96% were achieved by concentration of sewer-swab eluates with an ultracentrifuge. Quantitative studies showed that the virus concentration in raw sewage can be as high as one infectious particle per 0.5 ml.
Aflatoxigenic Isolates of
Aspergillus flavus
from Pecans
Authors: Lillard H. S. , Hanlin R. T. , Lillard D. A.
Published: December 2020

Of 120 isolates of the
Aspergillus flavus
group from pecans used in bakery products, 85 were shown to produce aflatoxin on yeast extract sucrose medium. Extracts from moldy sections of raw pecans obtained commercially at the retail level showed aflatoxin-like spots on thin-layer chromatography. Cooked (autoclaved) pecans inoculated with toxigenic isolates of
A. flavus
were also good substrates for aflatoxin production.
Differentiation of
Serratia
from
Enterobacter
on the Basis of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase Production
Authors: Durand Andrea M. , Blazevic Donna J.
Published: December 2020

Precoated cellulose thin-layer chromatograms were used to detect the production of guanosine 5′-phosphate from guanosine and
p
-nitrophenylphosphate by whole-cell preparations. One-hundred per cent of
Serratia
(163 strains) and 84% of
E. liquefaciens
(15 of 18 strains) produced the nucleotide. All other
Enterobacter
(23 strains),
Klebsiella
(10 strains), and
E. coli
(10 strains) were negative for the production of this nucleotide. The entire test procedure could be carried out in 4 hr. It is proposed that
E. liquefaciens
is more closely related to
Serratia
than
Enterobacter
and that reclassification of these organisms should be investigated.
Semisynthetic Coumermycins: Structure-Activity Relationships
Authors: Price K. E. , Chisholm D. R. , Godfrey J. C. , Misiek M. , Gourevitch A.
Published: December 2020

The relative antimicrobial activity of a large series of semisynthetic coumermycins has been determined. Most of the derivatives, which were 3-substituted-4-hydroxy-8-methyl-7-[3-O-(5-methyl-2-pyrrolylcarbonyl) noviosyloxy] coumarins, had an in vitro antibacterial spectrum similar to that of the parent compound, coumermycin A
1
, but were generally less potent in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Derivatives with an alkylcarboxamido, arylcarboxamido, or arylsulfonamido group in the 3 position had considerably greater in vitro activity than those possessing an amino-, aryl-, or alkyureido substituent. Efficacy in
Staphylcoccous aureus
Smith infections of mice was greater for those compounds with branched-chain alkylcarboxamido, unsubstituted, mono- or disubstituted aryl- and heteroaryl-carboxamido groups than for derivatives having an
n
-alkylcarboxamido, aralkyl-carboxamido, arylsulfonamido, or trisubstituted arylcarboxamido substituent. Significant in vitro activity against
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and other gram-negative species was restricted to those compounds having a 3-(3-
n
-alkyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl-carboxamido) group. Only the
n
-hexyl homologue demonstrated in vivo activity in a
K. pneumoniae
infection. Many derivatives were two- to threefold more active than coumermycin A
1
in orally treated mouse infections, despite the fact that their MIC values were considerably higher. This result was undoubtedly a reflection of the markedly greater oral absorbability possessed by many of the derivatives. Although peak oral mouse blood levels of some compounds were > 25 times higher than those of coumermycin A
1
, their toxicity for the host was no greater. In addition, the semisynthetic coumermycins caused much less local irritation than coumermycin A
1
when administered parenterally.
Microbiological Aspects of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
Authors: Kereluk K. , Gammon R. A. , Lloyd R. S.
Published: December 2020

An investigation determined the effects of environmental moisture content or water activity (Aw), exposure humidity, and sterilant concentration on the resistance of microbial spores. Decimal reduction values [expressed as
D
values at 54.4 C-specified concentration (milligrams per liter) of ethylene oxide] were determined from spore destruction curves of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
dried on hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic surfaces. Four groups of spore preparations were preconditioned in one of four Aw environments (<0.1, 0.1, 0.5, 0.95) for 2 weeks or longer and were exposed to 500 mg of ethylene oxide per liter at 54.4 ± 3 C and 10, 50, and 95% relative humidity in a specially designed thermochemical death rate apparatus. A fifth group did not receive any preconditioning treatment and was exposed immediately after preparation, in the same apparatus at the same temperature, to ethylene oxide concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,200 mg/liter and relative humidities of 15, 30, 50, 60, and 90%. The resistance of the spores on both types of surfaces to ethylene oxide increased proportionately with the Aw of the conditioning environment. The study also showed that moisture in the exposure system was not as critical a variable as the ethylene oxide concentration. The spore destruction rates, irrespective of the carrier types at all concentrations and at different humidities, varied little from one another. The decimal reduction values were reduced as the ethylene oxide concentration increased, and no optimal exposure humidity concentration was observed.
Microbiological Aspects of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
Authors: Kereluk K. , Gammon R. A. , Lloyd R. S.
Published: December 2020

Spores of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
, dried on nonhygroscopic and hygroscopic surfaces, were enclosed in one of four thicknesses of low-density polyethylene film (2, 4, 6, and 20 mils). The surfaces were then placed in a specially designed thermochemical death rate apparatus and exposed to an ethylene oxide concentration of 600 mg/liter (at 54.4 C) and 50% relative humidity. Survival data, including both spore survivor curves and decimal reduction values (expressed as
D
values at 54.4 C-600 mg of ethylene oxide per liter), demonstrated similar survivor patterns when the
B. subtilis
var.
niger
spores were enclosed in low-density polyethylene films 2, 4, and 6 mils thick. A comparison of these patterns with those of spores enclosed in glassine and subjected to identical exposure conditions revealed only slight variations. The use of 20-mil polyethylene film greatly increased the time required to kill
B. subtilis
var.
niger
spores under the exposure conditions.
Flow Chart for Safety Testing Monkey Kidney Cell Suspensions Used in Vaccine Production
Authors: Harrison V. R.
Published: December 2020

A flow chart is presented depicting procedures employed for the detection of bacteria and adventitious agents in monkey kidney cell suspensions used for vaccine production.
Undescribed Serotype of
Salmonella: Salmonella enteritidis
ser. Lovelace
Authors: Bartes Sylvia F. , Martin William J.
Published: December 2020

A new serotype of
Salmonella
is described. Culture 1505-68, serotype
13,22,36:l, v:1,5
, was recovered from the stool of a female patient and designated
Salmonella enteritidis
ser. Lovelace.
Effect of Added Moisture on the Heat Resistance of
Salmonella anatum
in Milk Chocolate
Authors: Barrile Judith C. , Cone J. Frank
Published: December 2020

The heat resistance of
Salmonella anatum
in milk chocolate at a processing temperature (71 C) was greatly decreased by adding 1 to 4% moisture.
Improved Methodology for Isolating Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Tresner H. D. , Hayes Jean A.
Published: December 2020

Polyurethane foam cylinders and a replica-stamp technique were used for plating soil samples. This in conjunction with the addition of NaCl to the isolation medium substantially increased the variety of isolates recovered.
Growth of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Human Diploid Cell Strain WI-38
Authors: Reitman Morton , Green Leonard
Published: December 2020

We demonstrated that Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus replicated in and adapted rapidly to human diploid cell strain WI-38. Peak titers of approximately 10
9.8
mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses were obtained at low passage levels in Eagles basal medium supplemented with calf serum. VEE virus replicated poorly in serum-free medium. Propagation of VEE virus was accompanied by the production of hemagglutinin and cytopathogenic effects.
Inhibition of Autoagglutination of
Moraxella bovis
by 10% Magnesium Chloride
Authors: Pugh George. W. , Hughes David E.
Published: December 2020

A 10% solution of magnesium chloride was used to uniformly disperse
Moraxella bovis
, an organism that autoagglutinates in most liquid media. The magnesium chloride did not affect the viability or morphology of this organism.
Pathogenicity of
Salmonella gallinarum
After Metabolic Injury by Freezing
Authors: Sorrells K. M. , Speck M. L. , Warren J. A.
Published: December 2020

Freezing (−75 C) and storage (−20 C) of a cell suspension of
Salmonella gallinarum
resulted in a heterogeneous population of dead, metabolically injured, and unharmed cells. Injured cells constituted as much as 40% of those surviving freezing and storage for 1 day. Replica plating of frozen and thawed cells indicated metabolic injury was repairable and not a stable mutation. Penicillin was used to increase the ratio of injured to uninjured cells from a frozen and thawed cell suspension. Pathogenicity was evaluated by observing per cent mortality after injecting injured or uninjured cells into separate sets of chicks. Mortality differences between wholly uninjured and predominantly injured populations were small and consistent (5% level) with a hypothesis of no difference.
Cross-Agglutination Reaction in
Candida albicans
and Enteric Bacilli
Authors: Gettner Seyedeh , Rezai Hamid R.
Published: December 2020

Cross-reactivity between
Candida albicans
and representative
Enterobacteriaceae
was investigated by agglutination methods. It was observed that
anti-Candida
serum reacted to certain groups of salmonellae and shigellae. The only antiserum against the enteric bacilli that reacted with
Candida
was
Salmonella
C
1
. When anti-
Candida
serum was adsorbed with
C. albicans
or
S. montevideo
, all the activity was removed. However, when the anti-
Salmonella
serum was adsorbed with the antigens,
Salmonella
adsorbed the whole antibody activity, whereas
Candida
removed only its corresponding antibody.
Susceptibility of Genital Mycoplasmas to Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Braun Peter , Klein Jerome O. , Kass Edward H.
Published: December 2020

The susceptibility of 11 T-strains, 12 strains of
Mycoplasma hominis
, and a single strain of
M. fermentans
to 15 antimicrobial agents was determined by study of inhibition of metabolic activity in a broth dilution system. All three species were inhibited by tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin, and were relatively resistant to cephalothin, cephaloridine, polymyxin, vancomycin, and ampicillin. Three antimicrobial agents had significant differential effects on these species. Erythromycin was more active against T-strains than against
M. hominis
or
M. fermentans.
Lincomycin, clindamycin, and nitrofurantoin had greater activity against
M. hominis
and
M. fermentans
than against T-strains. The activity of the drugs tested was generally uniform over a wide range of inocula. The effect of
p
H and the difference between minimal inhibiting and minimal mycoplasmacidal concentrations of the drugs tested were consistent with expectations based on the effects of these drugs on bacteria.
Miniature Cell Culture Systems for Use in Field Isolation of Viruses: Cell Stability and Sensitivity to Selected Laboratory-Propagated Viruses During Storage in Miniaturized Environments
Authors: Deig E. Frank , Rie Ivo P. , Watkins Harry M. S.
Published: December 2020

Cell cultures were miniaturized in 1-dr vials or in capillary tubes (100 by 3 mm) and examined for their capacity to maintain normal gross morphology and sensitivity to infection by viruses during storage under a variety of conditions. The purpose of these studies was to determine the feasibility of using such cultures in the field during epidemiological investigations. From the results of this work it was concluded that such a feasibility exists.
Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Disinfectants
Authors: Wright Herbert S.
Published: December 2020

Twenty-four chemical disinfectants considered to be viricidal were tested. Ten disinfectants were not viricidal for vesicular stomatitis virus within 10 min at 20 C when an LD
50
titer of 10
8.5
virus units per 0.1 ml were to be inactivated. Quantitative inactivation experiments were done with acid, alkaline, and a substituted phenolic disinfectant to determine the kinetics of the virus inactivation. Substituted phenolic disinfectants, halogens, and cresylic and hydrochloric acids were viricidal. Basic compounds such as lye and sodium metasilicate were not viricidal.
Recovery of Anaerobic Microorganisms from Clinical Specimens in Prereduced Media Versus Recovery by Routine Clinical Laboratory Methods
Authors: McMinn M. Talmage , Crawford James J.
Published: December 2020

Prereduced anaerobically sterilized culture media, used with rigid adherence to the cultivation techniques described by Moore and his associates, were capable of recovering more than twice the number of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens than could be recovered by the conventional use of fluid thioglycolate medium and of blood-agar plates incubated anaerobically with hydrogen generation packets. No loss of clinical isolates was encountered with the more sensitive methods; however many of the isolates recovered only in prereduced media would not grow when placed into thioglycolate medium. A representative anaerobic isolate placed into aerobic transport broth was unable to survive beyond 30 min. Methods employing prereduced media were not difficult to master and were feasible for clinical laboratory use. Evidence implicating the gingival crevice flora as an important possible source of anaerobic bacteria that become involved in systemic infections was considered.
Effects of Pesticides on Nitrite Oxidation by
Nitrobacter agilis
Authors: Winely C. L. , Clemente C. L. San
Published: December 2020

The influence of pesticides on the growth of
Nitrobacter agilis
in aerated cultures and on the respiration of
N. agilis
cell suspensions and cell-free extracts was studied. Two pesticides, aldrin and simazine, were not inhibitory to growth of
Nitrobacter
, but five compounds [isopropyl
N
-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC), chlordane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (
p
-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD), heptachlor, and lindane] prevented growth when added to the medium at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. Whereas CIPC and eptam prevented nitrite oxidation by cell suspensions, the addition of DDD and lindane resulted in only partial inhibition of the oxidation. Heptachlor and chlordane also caused only partial inhibition of oxidation, but were more toxic with cell-free extract nitrite oxidase. None of the pesticides inhibited the nitrate reductase activity of cell-free extracts, but most caused some repression of cytochrome
c
oxidase activity. Heptachlor was the most deleterious compound.
Accumulation of
Escherichia coli
by the Northern Quahaug
Authors: Cabelli V. J. , Heffernan W. P.
Published: December 2020

The uptake of
Escherichia coli
by the quahaug,
Mercenaria mercenaria
, was studied to obtain an insight into the environmental parameters significant to the accumulation of bacterial pathogens by shellfish growing in polluted waters and into the kinetics of the uptake process. Experimental uptake was achieved by placing the animals in a flowing water system in which the contamination level of the water and its temperature and salinity could be controlled. Data from periodic assays of individual animals suggested that accumulation of the bacteria by the quahaug proceeds to an equilibrium level which is a function of
E. coli
content of the water and its overall particulate matter. Accumulation takes place in the digestive gland and, to a lesser extent, in the siphon of the animal.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Minocycline and Effect of Agar Medium Utilized in Its Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Washington J. A. , Yu Pauline K. W. , Martin William Joseph
Published: December 2020

The in vitro activity of minocycline against 1,028 bacterial strains was determined in parallel in Mueller Hinton Agar and Trypticase Soy Agar. The broad antibacterial effect of minocycline against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli is confirmed. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for gram-positive bacteria in Mueller Hinton Agar were at least twofold less than in Trypticase Soy Agar. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative bacilli in Mueller Hinton Agar were usually fourfold less than in Trypticase Soy Agar.
Mycoplasma
Recovery from the Male Genitourinary Tract: Voided Urine Versus the Urethral Swab
Authors: Gregory J. E. , Cundy K. R.
Published: December 2020

A study of
Mycoplasma
recovery from the genitourinary tract was made on a group of 50 males attending a venereal disease clinic. The purpose of the investigation was to compare recovery rates of mycoplasma from two types of clinical specimens—the urethral swab and voided urine. The total number of positive cultures did not differ significantly when either the swab or urine was used;
Mycoplasma hominis
type 1 was the only taxonomic species isolated, either alone or mixed with T-strain mycoplasma. Recovery rates of the two types from both the swab and the urine did not differ significantly. Age did not relate to the presence of mycoplasma in the group studied.
Effects of N
2
-O
2
and CO
2
-O
2
Tensions on Growth of Fungi Isolated from Damaged Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: Yang H. , Lucas G. B.
Published: December 2020

Ten fungi,
Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. ruber, A. repens, A. amstelodami, Alternaria tenuis, Penicillium brevi-compactum, Cladosporium herbarum
, and
Chaetomium dolicotrichum
, were isolated from moldy flue-cured tobacco and grown in various mixtures of N
2
-O
2
or CO
2
-O
2
. A 1 to 5% concentration of O
2
in an N
2
atmosphere caused the greatest change in growth of the nine species, and a 10 to 20% concentration of O
2
for
A. flavus
. All species, except
A. amstelodami
and
A. ruber
, grew faster in air than in mixtures containing 10% O
2
. High O
2
concentrations generally inhibited furrow production in the mycelial mats. In an atmosphere of 5 to 40% O
2
in the N
2
atmosphere, furrows formed in mycelial mats between 5 and 40% O
2
in the species except for
A. ruber, A. repens
, and
A. amstelodami
, which produced none in any concentration. As O
2
decreased below 20%, spore production was progressively decreased, colony color faded to white, and cleistothecia formation was suppressed. In CO
2
-O
2
mixtures radial growth of all species increased with each quantitative decrease of CO
2
. All species except
A. niger
grew faster in air than in 10% CO
2
. In contrast to N
2
-O
2
mixtures, the fungi formed furrows, sporulation and cleistothecial formation were suppressed, and colony color changed to white in higher O
2
concentrations.
Selective Medium for
Moraxella nonliquefaciens
Authors: van Bijsterveld O. P. , Winkler K. C.
Published: December 2020

A medium is described which selectively inhibits most bacteria from the normal flora of the conjunctiva, the lid-margin, and the upper respiratory tract but permits growth of
Moraxella nonliquefaciens, M. liquefaciens
, and the less fastidious strains of
M. lacunata
. The selective conditions are obtained with thiostrepton, tyrothricin, and sodium nalidixinate as inhibitors. Incubation under increased CO
2
pressure increased the number of primary isolations.
M. nonliquefaciens
was isolated on the selective medium twice as many times as on other media.
Effect of Formalin, β-Propiolactone, Merthiolate, and Ultraviolet Light Upon Influenza Virus Infectivity, Chicken Cell Agglutination, Hemagglutination, and Antigenicity
Authors: Goldstein Mark A. , Tauraso Nicola M.
Published: December 2020

Four strains of influenza virus were treated with Formalin, Merthiolate, Merthiolate and Formalin, ultraviolet light, and β-propiolactone (BPL) for 18, 48, and 72 hr. Infectivity, chicken cell agglutination (CCA), hemagglutination (HA), and antigenicity determinations were made. Except for Merthiolate, each method of inactivation was equally effective in reducing infectivity. Loss of infectivity was related to length of treatment. CCA determinations were higher for all treated groups except for BPL-treated samples; these had lower determinations. BPL treatment also lowered the HA titer. Antigenicity was lessened by BPL treatment and by Merthiolate and Formalin treatment. Generally, the length of inactivation up to 72 hr did not affect CCA, HA, or antigenicity determinations. For the most part, there was no significant differences in the reactivity of the four strains.
Hydrolysis of Conjugated Bile Acids by Cell-Free Extracts from Aerobic Bacteria
Authors: Yesair David W. , Himmelfarb Philip
Published: December 2020

By means of an aerobic enrichment culture technique, several bacteria that hydrolyze conjugated bile acids and modify the formed deconjugates were isolated from feces of man, rat, and chicken and from soil. Hydrolase activity was intracellular and extractable, and the yield of the enzymes was increased by adding the conjugated bile acids to the culture media. The hydrolase from bacterium of human origin was stable, having a
p
H optimum at about 7.0. All bile acid conjugates were hydrolyzed linearly as a function of time.
Herbicide Transformation
Authors: Lanzilotta R. P. , Pramer David
Published: December 2020

Replacement cultures liberated 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) from 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil). The kinetics of the conversion suggest a requirement for de novo enzyme synthesis, but the system was not influenced by chloramphenicol or puromycin. Enzyme activity was detected when acetanilide (
K
m
= 0.195 m
m
) was used to replace propanil as substrate. Fungal acylamidase (E.C. 3.5.1., an aryl acylamine amidohydrolase) was concentrated by salt precipitation and characterized. The
Fusarium solani
acylamidase exhibited an optimum at
p
H 7.5 to 9.0 and was inactivated in 10 min at 50 C. The enzyme was not sensitive to methyl-carbamate or organophosphate insecticides, but the herbicide, Ramrod (
N
-isopropyl-2-chloroacetanilide), acted as a competitive inhibitor of acetanilide hydrolysis (
K
i
= 0.167 m
m
). Hydrolysis rates were decreased by various
para
substitutions of acetanilide. Chloro substitution in the acyl moiety of acetanilide also reduced the rate of hydrolysis. 3,4-Dichloroacetanilide was less susceptible to enzyme action than acetanilide, but 3,4-dichloropropionanilide was hydrolyzed much more rapidly than propionanilide. The fungal acylamidase was highly specific for
N
-acetylarylamines. It did not catalyze hydrolysis of formanilide, butyranilide, dicryl, Karsil, fenuron, monuron, or isopropyl-
N
-phenylcarbamate. It appears to differ from acylamidases that have been isolated from rice, rat liver, chick kidney, and
Neurospora.
Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Prepared by Tween-Ether Extraction
Authors: Eckels Kenneth H. , Harrison Venton R. , Hetrick Frank M.
Published: December 2020

Chikungunya virus vaccines prepared by Tween 80 and ether inactivation of virus grown in green monkey kidney cell cultures were shown to be as immunogenic as comparable Formalin-inactivated vaccines. Both types of vaccine stimulated hemagglutination-inhibiting, complement-fixing, and neutralizing antibody and afforded protection to mice against a live virus challenge. It was shown after Tween-ether treatment of chikungunya virus that the infectivity of the virus was lost and the hemagglutinin titer was increased. By characterization of the resultant hemagglutinin by sucrose and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation, it was found that the extracted particle was smaller in size and greater in density than the parent virus particle. Removal of lipid may account for the alterations in the physical characteristics of the infectious virus particle. Conditions for treatment of chikungunya virus with Tween and ether were found that preserved high titers of hemagglutinin as well as the immunogenicity of the virus preparations.
Passage of
Treponema pallidum
Through Membrane Filters of Various Pore Sizes
Authors: Chandler Francis W. , Clark John W.
Published: December 2020

The passage of
Treponema pallidum
through commercially available Millipore membrane filters of various pore sizes was examined. No microscopically detectable organisms passed through a filter with a pore diameter of 0.22 μm. As pore size was increased, progressively more organisms passed through. Motile organisms passed through filters to a greater extent than nonmotile ones; however, 22% of the motile and 50% of the nonmotile
T. pallidum
organisms did not pass through the largest pore diameter tested (14.0 μm). Filtration of
T. pallidum
suspensions through membrane filters may offer a way of separating the organisms from larger particles of debris which accompany their extraction from rabbit testicular syphilomas.
Germicidal Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Paper Contaminated with Mycobacteria
Authors: Huber T. W. , Reddick R. Anne , Kubica G. P.
Published: December 2020

An ultraviolet chamber for decontaminating single sheets of paper seeded with mycobacteria was investigated. The ultraviolet killing effect ranged from 50% for
Mycobacterium kansasii
to more than 99% for
M. tuberculosis.
Instability Effects in Diffusion Analyses of Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Van Natta J. P. , Wu B. J. , Chang T. S.
Published: December 2020

Diameter reductions accompanying preincubation, and funnel-shaped diffusion zones from agar wells, readily demonstrate chemical and physical instability of preparations in antimicrobial analyses.
Growth of
Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Pine Leo
Published: December 2020

A medium is described for the maintenance of the mycelial phases of
Histoplasma capsulatum
in their “original” condition of sporulation. A yeast phase medium is reemphasized, not only for conversion and support of the yeast phase, but as an indirect method of maintaining the mycelial characteristics as originally observed.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Streptomycin-Dependent Cholera Vibrios
Authors: Felsenfeld Oscar , Stegherr-Barrios Anna , Aldová Eva , Holmes James , Parrott Marshall W.
Published: December 2020

Streptomycin-dependent cholera vibrio strains were derived from Inaba, Ogawa, and NAG vibrios by the method of Mel. These phenotypes grew more slowly and attacked fermentable substances after a longer period of time than the streptomycin-sensitive parent strains. Rabbits injected with streptomycin-sensitive strains and their streptomycin-dependent forms showed homologous agglutinin production. Patas monkeys fed with 10
9
streptomycin-dependent strains shed them for 1 to 2 days without ill effect, whereas the same number of streptomycin-independent organisms caused disease. The possibility of the application of multiple doses of streptomycin-dependent organisms in oral immunization against cholera was considered.
Dehydrogenase Patterns in the Study of
Bacteroidaceae
Authors: Keudell Kenneth C. , Goldberg Herbert S.
Published: December 2020

Enzyme patterns were obtained by starch-gel electrophoresis of cell-free extracts from organisms in the family
Bacteroidaceae
. Esterases, phosphatases, and lactic and succinic dehydrogenases were detected but offered no possibility for classification purposes. Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were not detected. Zymograms of malic, glutamic, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases separated
Bacteroides
species from
Sphaerophorus
and
Fusobacterium
species. Malic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found in
Bacteroides
but not
Sphaerophorus
and
Fusobacterium.
These dehydrogenase zymograms placed three gram-negative, nonsporeforming anaerobic rod isolates with the
Bacteroides
species. A close correlation was found between the classification of
Bacteroidaceae
by zymogram analysis and a numerical taxonomy scheme previously published from this laboratory.
Description of
Oerskovia
gen. n. to Harbor Ørskov's Motile
Nocardia
Authors: Prauser H. , Lechevalier Mary P. , Lechevalier H.
Published: December 2020

The genus
Oerskovia
is proposed to harbor actinomycetes forming an extensively branched substrate mycelium which usually breaks up into motile elements. Cell wall preparations contain major amounts of lysine and galactose. Aspartic acid is often present in major amounts. Aerial mycelium is not formed. Gram reaction and catalase production are positive. The type species is
Oerskovia turbata
comb. n.