bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogen evasion strategies for the major histocompatibility complex class I assembly pathway
Authors: Antoniou Antony N. , Powis Simon J.
Published: February 2008

Summary Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind and present short antigenic peptides from endogenously or exogenously derived sources to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), with recognition of a foreign peptide normally targeting the cell for lysis. It is generally thought that the high level of MHC polymorphism, which is concentrated mostly within the peptide‐binding groove, is driven by the ‘evolutionary arms race’ against pathogens. Many pathogens have developed novel and intriguing mechanisms for evading the continuous sampling of the intracellular and intercellular environments by MHC molecules, none more so than viruses. The characterization of immunoevasion mechanisms has improved our understanding of MHC biology. This review will highlight our current understanding of the MHC class I biosynthetic pathway and how it has been exploited by pathogens, especially viruses, to potentially evade CTL recognition.
Characterization of immune functions in TRAF4‐deficient mice
Authors: Cherfils‐Vicini Julien , Vingert Benoit , Varin Audrey , Tartour Eric , Fridman Wolf‐Herman , Sautès‐Fridman Catherine , Régnier Catherine H. , Cremer Isabelle
Published: February 2008

Tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a member of the TRAF family of proteins which are cytoplasmic adaptor molecules strongly implicated in multiple immune functions. A previous investigation of TRAF4 biological functions by gene targeting in mice has shown a role for TRAF4 in embryonic development and neurulation in vivo. However, unlike other TRAF family members, the role of TRAF4 in the immune system is still unknown. To address this question, we performed an extensive characterization of the immune development and immune functions of TRAF4‐deficient mice. Our analyses did not reveal any defects in development of T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, and no defects in reactive oxygen species production and phagocytosis by neutrophils. Cellular and humoral responses against T‐cell‐dependent antigens were normal, as was dendritic cell maturation in response to microbial components and antigen uptake by dendritic cells. However, we demonstrated that dendritic cells from TRAF4‐deficient mice exhibited reduced migration both in transwell experiments and in vivo. These results suggest that TRAF4 is not strictly required for immune development and functions but could participate in immune functions by facilitating immune cell migration.
Developing a dynamic project learning and cross‐project learning capability: synthesizing two perspectives
Authors: Newell Sue , Edelman Linda F.
Published: February 2008

Driven by the complexity of new products and services, project work has become increasingly common in all types of organizations. However, research on project learning suggests that often project teams do not meet their stated objectives and, moreover, there is limited organizational learning from the experiences of project work. We use the dynamic capabilities framework to argue that building a dynamic project learning capability is useful for organizations that make extensive use of projects. We use both survey and interview data to discuss the key ways in which such a dynamic capability can be built. Our survey data demonstrate the importance of documenting project learning, but our interview data show that teams are often remiss at documenting their learning. The results from the two different approaches are synthesized using Boland & Tenkasi’s notions of perspective‐making and perspective‐taking. Importantly, combining the results from the two sets of data suggests that organizations need to emphasize the benefits from project reviews and documentation and explore ways in which the documents produced can be made more useful as boundary objects to encourage the sharing of learning across projects.
Knowledge transfer in globally distributed teams: the role of transactive memory
Authors: Oshri Ilan , Van Fenema Paul , Kotlarsky Julia
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the role of transactive memory in enabling knowledge transfer between globally distributed teams. While the information systems literature has recently acknowledged the role transactive memory plays in improving knowledge processes and performance in colocated teams, little is known about its contribution to distributed teams. To contribute to filling this gap, knowledge‐transfer challenges and processes between onsite and offshore teams were studied at TATA Consultancy Services. In particular, the paper describes the transfer of knowledge between onsite and offshore teams through encoding, storing and retrieving processes. An in‐depth case study of globally distributed software development projects was carried out, and a qualitative, interpretive approach was adopted. The analysis of the case suggests that in order to overcome differences derived from the local contexts of the onsite and offshore teams (e.g. different work routines, methodologies and skills), some specific mechanisms supporting the development of codified and personalized ‘directories’ were introduced. These include the standardization of templates and methodologies across the remote sites as well as frequent teleconferencing sessions and occasional short visits. These mechanisms contributed to the development of the notion of ‘who knows what’ across onsite and offshore teams despite the challenges associated with globally distributed teams, and supported the transfer of knowledge between onsite and offshore teams. The paper concludes by offering theoretical and practical implications.
Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and virtualness on knowledge sharing in teams
Authors: Staples D. Sandy , Webster Jane
Published: February 2008

The sharing of knowledge within teams is critical to team functioning. However, working with team members who are in different locations (i.e. in virtual teams) may introduce communication challenges and reduce opportunities for rich interactions, potentially affecting knowledge sharing and its outcomes. Therefore, using questionnaire‐based data, this study examined the potential effects of different aspects of virtuality on a knowledge‐sharing model. Social exchange theory was used to develop a model relating trust to knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing to team effectiveness. The moderating effects of virtuality and task interdependence on these relationships were examined. A strong positive relationship was found between trust and knowledge sharing for all types of teams (local, hybrid and distributed), but the relationship was stronger when task interdependence was low, supporting the position that trust is more critical in weak structural situations. Knowledge sharing was positively associated with team effectiveness outcomes; however, this relationship was moderated by team imbalance and hybrid structures, such that the relationship between sharing and effectiveness was weaker. Organizations should therefore avoid creating unbalanced or hybrid virtual teams.
Multi‐contextuality in boundary‐spanning practices
Authors: Lindgren Rikard , Andersson Magnus , Henfridsson Ola
Published: February 2008

The capability to establish boundary‐spanning practices within and across organizations has for long been recognized as a key strategic resource. As organizations are becoming distributed and dynamic, they will be increasingly populated by multiple functional, geographical, hierarchical and professional boundaries. The inherent complexity of such settings makes it difficult for organizations to leverage their boundary‐spanning practices. Information technology (IT) systems have been hailed as a critical enabler of boundary spanning. However, there is little knowledge on how organizations are affected by the introduction of different types of IT systems. Building on an interpretive case study of Swedish transport organizations, this paper explores consequences of sensor technology for boundary spanning. The paper contributes with an understanding of what coexisting use contexts mean for boundary‐spanning practices. A theoretical implication is that such multi‐contextuality requires an integrative view on boundary spanning that combines insights from the organizational innovation and work practice literatures.
Dental caries experience and association to risk indicators of remote rural populations
Authors: COOK SEAN L. , MARTINEZ‐MIER E. ANGELES , DEAN JEFFREY A. , WEDDELL JAMES A. , SANDERS BRIAN J. , EGGERTSSON HAFSTEINN , OFNER SUSAN , YODER KAREN
Published: February 2008

Background.  Dental caries continues to be the most common infectious disease of childhood; however, it is no longer pandemic, but endemic in specific sectors of populations. Therefore, it is important to identify and target patients at risk of developing caries in order to develop specific preventive measures.

Aim.  This study aims to test dental caries risk indicators for significant associations with caries severity.

Design.  Five separate, small, isolated rural villages in Mexico with varying degrees of caries prevalence were selected for this observational study. A total of 248 children were examined. Risk indicators were assessed via questionnaire and water and salt fluoride analysis. Caries severity was measured by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS‐I).

Results.  Prevalence of caries ranged from 95% to 100% for the five villages. Mean total DMFS (decayed, missing, or filled surfaces–permanent teeth) and dmfs (decayed, missing, or filled surfaces–primary teeth) scores ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 and from 11.3 to 16.9, respectively. Multivariable models showed age and drinking soda between meals to be significantly associated with DMFS, and drinking juice and being female were significantly associated with dmfs.

Conclusion.  DMFS and dmfs were high in each village, significantly different between villages, and associated with specific risk indicators.
Comparison of two methods of dental age estimation in 7–15‐year‐old Malays
Authors: MANI SHANI ANN , NAING LIN , JOHN JACOB , SAMSUDIN ABDUL RANI
Published: February 2008

Background. Numerous methods of age estimation have been proposed. The Demirjian method is the most frequently used, which was first applied in a French Canadian population in 1973. The Willems method is a modification of the above and was applied in a Belgian population in 2002.

Objectives.  The objectives of this study were to test the applicability of the two methods, namely Demirjian and Willems, for age estimation in a Malay population, and to find the correlation between body mass index and the difference between the dental age and the chronological age.

Materials and Methods.  A cross‐sectional study involving 214 boys and 214 girls, selected by a simple stratified random sampling method was carried out. The orthopantomograph was used to score the seven left mandibular teeth, and the calculated maturity score was used to obtain the Demirjian dental age. Willems dental age was estimated using the tables proposed in the Willems method.

Results.  The Demirjian method overestimated the age by 0.75 and 0.61 years, while the Willems method overestimated the age by 0.55 and 0.41 years among boys and girls, respectively. In boys, the body mass index was significantly correlated to the difference in age using the Willems method.

Conclusion.  Further modification of either method is indicated for dental age estimation among the Malay population.
Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale
Authors: ARAPOSTATHIS KONSTANTINOS N. , COOLIDGE TRILBY , EMMANOUIL DIMITRIS , KOTSANOS NIKOLAOS
Published: February 2008

Background. The Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS–DS) is a commonly used questionnaire which measures children's dental fear.

Objective. The aim of this study was to gather data to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Greek version of the CFSS–DS.

Methods. A sample of 260 children aged 4–12 completed the Greek version of the CFSS–DS while in the waiting room of a paediatric dentist. The dentist, who was unaware of the children's scores, rated the children's behaviour during the dental appointment using the Frankl scale. Children who returned for a second dental appointment during the study period completed the CFSS–DS a second time.

Results. The mean CFSS–DS score was 24.80 (standard deviation = 9.17). Age and gender were not related to mean scores. Invasiveness of dental treatment was not related to mean scores. Children who were most uncooperative/fearful on the Frankl had the highest mean scores (Kruskal–Wallis χ2 = 9.48; d.f. = 2;P = 0.009). The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.85, and the test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation) was 0.74.

Conclusions. The Greek version of the CFSS–DS appears to be reliable and valid. Further samples should include school samples, to include children who may not go to the dentist.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Triantis Kostas A. , Ladle Richard J.
Published: February 2008

Aim MacArthur and Wilson’s dynamic equilibrium model of island biogeography provides a powerful framework for understanding the ecological processes acting on insular populations. However, their model is known to be less successful when applied to systems and processes operating on evolutionary and geological timescales. Here, we present a general dynamic model (GDM) of oceanic island biogeography that aims to provide a general explanation of biodiversity patterns through describing the relationships between fundamental biogeographical processes – speciation, immigration, extinction – through time and in relation to island ontogeny.

Location Analyses are presented for the Azores, Canaries, Galápagos, Marquesas and Hawaii.

Methods We develop a theoretical argument from first principles using a series of graphical models to convey key properties and mechanisms involved in the GDM. Based on the premises (1) that emergent properties of island biotas are a function of rates of immigration, speciation and extinction, (2) that evolutionary dynamics predominate in large, remote islands, and (3) that oceanic islands are relatively short‐lived landmasses showing a characteristic humped trend in carrying capacity (via island area, topographic variation, etc.) over their life span, we derive a series of predictions concerning biotic properties of oceanic islands. We test a subset of these predictions using regression analyses based largely on data sets for native species and single‐island endemics (SIEs) for particular taxa from each archipelago, and using maximum island age estimates from the literature. The empirical analyses test the power of a simple model of diversity derived from the GDM: the log(Area) + Time + Time2model (ATT2), relative to other simpler time and area models, using several diversity metrics.

Results The ATT2model provides a more satisfactory explanation than the alternative models evaluated (for example the standard diversity–area models) in that it fits a higher proportion of the data sets tested, although it is not always the most parsimonious solution.

Main conclusions The theoretical model developed herein is based on the key dynamic biological processes (migration, speciation, extinction) combined with a simple but general representation of the life cycle of oceanic islands, providing a framework for explaining patterns of biodiversity, endemism and diversification on a range of oceanic archipelagos. The properties and predictions derived from the model are shown to be broadly supported (1) by the empirical analyses presented, and (2) with reference to previous phylogenetic, ecological and geological studies.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of triple test in second‐trimester maternal serum screening for Down’s syndrome: an experience from Taiwan with decreasing birth rate but increasing population of old pregnant women
Authors: Hwa Hsiao‐Lin , Yen Ming‐Fang , Lin Chen‐Li , Ko Tsang‐Ming , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi
Published: February 2008

Objectives  We intended to assess the cost‐effectiveness of adding unconjugated oestriol (uE3) in maternal serum screening for Down’s syndrome in Taiwan, where there is a decreasing birth rate but an increasing trend of old women having pregnancies.

Methods  We used logistic regressions to estimate the risk of Down’s syndrome with maternal age and different combinations of biomarkers. Cost‐effectiveness analysis was presented in terms of the average and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios. Sensitivity analyses with different parameters were performed.

Results  Given a cut‐off point of 1:270 for the confirmation of Down’s syndrome with amniocentesis, the average cost per case averted for maternal age above 35 years only, double test [alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)] and triple test (AFP, hCG and uE3) were estimated as $14 561, $42 367 and $37 424. The additional costs per case averted for double test and triple test (compared with maternal age above 35 years) were $135 950 and $77 394, respectively. The additional cost per case averted for triple test was $15 199 compared with double test.

Conclusions  The performance of triple test is not only more effective in detecting Down’s syndrome cases but also more cost‐effective than double test in this study.
Natural history and effectiveness of early detection of Parkinson’s disease: results from two community‐based programmes in Taiwan (KCIS no. 11)
Authors: Liou Horng‐Huei , Wu Chia‐Yun , Chiu Yueh‐Hsia , Yen Amy Ming‐Fang , Chen Rong‐Chi , Chen Ta‐Fu , Chen Chih‐Chuan , Hwang Yuarn‐Chung , Wen Ying‐Rong , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi
Published: February 2008

Objectives  The natural course of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as measured on the Hoehn‐Yahr (H‐Y) scale, and the impact that early detection would have on prognosis for those with the disease, has barely been addressed since the introduction of L‐dopa. This study aimed to elucidate the natural history of PD and effectiveness of early detection in reducing advanced disability and mortality.

Method  A total of 21 362 participants aged 40 years or older were invited to two community‐based programmes for the early detection of PD. The step‐by‐step annual progression rates from H‐Y stage I to stage IV or V, and cumulative survival rates, by the H‐Y scale, were estimated and applied to simulated data to assess the impact of different screening intervals upon stage at diagnosis and subsequent survival.

Results  The average duration in stages I, II and III was estimated as 2.83, 6.62 and 1.41 years, respectively. The average delay time before deteriorating into H‐Y stage III was 9.45 year. Application of these parameters to simulated model predicted a 36% (95% CI: 28–39%), 26% (95% CI: 20–32%) and 19% (95% CI: 13–24%) reduction in death for annual, 5‐yearly and 10‐yearly screening programmes, respectively.

Conclusion  The present study recommended a 5‐yearly screening programme, with 74% of PD cases prevented from progressing to H‐Y stage III or worse within 10 years of diagnosis, and leading to a corresponding 26% reduction in mortality.
Prevalence of self‐reported risk factors for medication misadventure among older people in general practice
Authors: Pit Sabrina W. , Byles Julie E. , Cockburn Jill
Published: February 2008

Objective  To describe the prevalence of risk factors for medication misadventures among older people in general practice.

Design  Descriptive cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting  General practices, New South Wales, Australia.

Participants  Twenty general practitioners in 16 practices recruited 849 practice attendees aged 65 years and over.

Outcome measure  Risk factors for medication misadventures.

Results  Almost all participants (95%) had used at least one medication for more than 6 months. More than half of the participants had more than one doctor involved in their care (59%), had three or more health conditions (57%), or used five or more medicines (54%). With regard to potential adverse drug reactions, in the last month 39% of participants experienced difficulties sleeping, one‐third felt drowsy or dizzy (34%), and about a quarter had a skin rash (28%), leaked urine (27%), had stomach problems (22%) or had been constipated (22%). The most common compliance problems were experiencing side effects (14%) and having difficulties opening bottles or packets/applying the medicine (10%).

Conclusion  Risk factors for medication misadventure remain a substantial problem among older people. A Medication Risk Assessment Form completed by patients can be used as an aid to increase general practitioners’ awareness of a variety of problem areas associated with medication use in a compact way, and could be used as part of a system for medication review to determine whether actions are required to improve quality use of medicines.
The effect of lack of insurance, poverty and paediatrician supply on immunization rates among children 19–35 months of age in the United States
Authors: Becton James L. , Cheng Lee , Nieman Linda Z.
Published: February 2008

Rational, aims and objectives  Previous studies found that the increasing number of paediatricians in the United States was associated with improved childhood immunization coverage, while the increasing poverty level and the lack of health insurance reduced access to health care. We evaluated whether changes in the number of paediatricians, poverty level and health insurance affected national childhood immunization coverage in the state levels of the United States.

Methods  Data were collected primarily from the US National Immunization Surveys, series 4:3:1:3:3 from years 1995 and 2003. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the relationships among variables.

Results  Over 8 years studied, immunization coverage increased for children aged 19–35 months from 52.3% to 79.8% in the 50 states. The average number of paediatricians per 1000 births increased 28.7% while the percentage of children without health insurance declined 15.6%, and the percentage of children who lived in poverty level declined 17.3%. In 1995, the states with higher immunization coverage were associated with higher numbers of paediatricians [odds ratio (OR), 32.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.96–179.77]. In 2003, the higher numbers of paediatricians still played a role in the increased immunization coverage (OR, 4.69; 95% CI, 1.01–21.78); however, the higher rate of uninsured children in 2003 had an even greater effect upon immunization coverage. Compared with states with lower rates of uninsured children, states with intermediate and higher rates of uninsured children had sixfold (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.81) and 16‐fold (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01–0.40) decreased childhood immunization coverage, respectively.

Conclusion  Between 1995 and 2003 in the United States, the lack of health insurance became more prominent than the supply of paediatricians in affecting immunization coverage for children aged 19–35 months. Future improvements in insurance coverage for children will likely lead to greater immunization coverage.
Quality of life and symptom attribution in long‐term colon cancer survivors
Authors: Phipps Etienne , Braitman Leonard E. , Stites Shana , Leighton John C.
Published: February 2008

Aims and objectives  This study investigates how long‐term colon cancer survivors evaluate their health, functional status and quality of life, and whether there are differences based on age, gender or ethnicity.

Methods  Thirty long‐term survivors of at least stage I colon cancer were interviewed in person between December 2004 and May 2005. The interview protocol included the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form, Quality of Life – Cancer Survivor, and study‐specific questions that asked about physical and non‐physical problems they attributed to colon cancer.

Results  Substantial percentages of survivors attributed their problems with lack of energy (83%), sexual functioning (67%), bowel problems (63%), poor body image (47%) and emotional problems (40%) to having had colon cancer. Of those problems attributed to colon cancer, sexual functioning and pain were given the highest severity rankings by survivors. The majority of long‐term colon cancer survivors reported distress regarding future diagnostic tests, a second cancer, and spread of cancer. Women reported greater problems completing daily activities as a result of physical problems (P = 0.003) and more pain (P = 0.07) than men. African Americans appear to report marginally better overall quality of life (P = 0.07) and psychological well‐being than whites (P = 0.07).

Conclusion  The majority of long‐term colon cancer survivors with resected colon cancer and disease‐free for 5 years reported problems with low energy, sexual functioning and bowel problems.
What determines the management of anxiety disorders and its improvement?
Authors: Smolders Mirrian , Laurant Miranda , Van Wamel Anneke , Grol Richard , Wensing Michel
Published: February 2008

Introduction  Although anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, lack of correct diagnosis and related concerns about treatment are serious clinical problems. Several factors affect, positively or negatively, management of anxiety and its improvement. A literature review and thematic analysis was executed to obtain an overview of the types of determinants of anxiety care and its improvement.

Methods  Literature was identified from electronic database searching (January 1995–March 2006), contact with authors of studies, and searching of websites of organizations concerned with mental health. By using a template analysis approach, a set of strong themes relating to determinants of anxiety care and its improvement was identified.

Results  The 15 eligible studies identified 43 factors that impeded or facilitated optimal anxiety care and its improvement. Individual characteristics of both patients (n = 13) and professionals (n = 6) were most frequently reported as determinants of anxiety care and its improvement. A considerable number of factors were related to the organizational context (n = 12), such as practice type and location. Some factors related to the social context (n = 4), the economic context (n = 2), or to the innovation itself (n = 6) were identified.

Conclusion  The findings show that there is a multitude of barriers and facilitators to optimal anxiety care and its improvement. Some determinants are modifiable, and thus responsive to interventions. Examples are collaboration within and between organizations, financial resources and assignment of both an opinion leader and responsible staff. The quality of anxiety care can be improved by systematically designing innovation strategies which are tailored to a selection of the determinants identified in this study.
Guidelines for the management of venous leg ulcers: a gap analysis
Authors: Van Hecke Ann , Grypdonck Maria , Defloor Tom
Published: February 2008

Background and aim Since 1998, many leg ulcer practice guidelines were developed. The aim of this paper is to describe the methodological and clinical content quality of those guidelines.

Methods PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and websites known for publishing or collecting clinical practice guidelines were explored from 1998 up to June 2006. Reference lists of all identified guidelines were reviewed for other guidelines to be included. Guidelines were eligible if they were written in English, Dutch, French or German, if the scope was the treatment of venous leg ulcers, if the guideline was systematically developed and if the steps in guideline development were reported clearly. Seven guidelines were critically appraised.

Results The venous leg ulcer guidelines were clearly based on evidence. The stakeholder involvement varied during the development process. Especially patients’ perspectives were often not considered. There was no uniform method used to weigh the evidence. Limited attention was given to pain and lifestyle advice recommendations. A paucity of information on compliance, quality of life, organizational aspects of care and economic evaluation data was given. Most of the guidelines failed to consider the issues of dissemination and implementation. Revisions of the guidelines for leg ulcer treatment were often not available.

Conclusion and implications for future guideline developers It is recommended that leg ulcer guidelines should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach and patient involvement is necessary. Extensive background information and the formulation of the rationale are needed. The development of an implementation guide that addresses the barriers particular to the adoption of guidelines for leg ulcer treatment could support the process of implementation. Recommendations on pain, lifestyle advice, compliance and other quality‐of‐life issues should be incorporated in guidelines for leg ulcer treatment.
Reaching a consensus on management practices and vaccine development targets for mitigation of infectious diarrhoea among deployed US military forces
Authors: Riddle Mark S. , Tribble David R.
Published: February 2008

Rationale, aims and objectives  This study is part of a research effort to identify and quantify factors related to the cost‐effectiveness of a vaccine acquisition strategy to reduce the burden of infectious diarrhoea on US military personnel deployed overseas. Where evidence is lacking in the scientific literature, or considerable uncertainty exists, it is often necessary to develop best estimates with ranges of certainty. To this end, a modified ‘Delphi’ survey technique to obtain the best estimates for uncertain parameters including clinical care‐seeking behaviour for acute diarrhoea, routine diarrhoea management in a deployed setting, and vaccine development time frames and costs were developed from a diverse panel of experts.

Methods  The study was conducted in three survey iterations. During each iteration, participants were contacted and given 2–3 weeks to complete a web‐based survey designed to ascertain estimates, ranges of variability, and level of certainty for these estimates.

Results  In all, 25 of 43 solicited experts agreed to participate in the study. These included three (12%) experts who identified themselves primarily as being currently involved in Vaccine Industry, six (24%) Academic/Military Diarrheal Vaccine Development, five (20%) Military Product Acquisition, five (20%) Military Preventive Medicine, two (8%) Tropical/Travel Medicine and four (16%) Military Clinical Infectious Disease. Management practices in deployed military populations (for both provider and self‐treatment) were consistent with recently published literature. Similar target time frames for vaccine licensure were established for Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella and Norovirus of around 9–11 years. Targets for vaccine efficacy appear to be lower than currently licensed travel vaccines (60–80%), and there was consensus on more conservative adverse event rates.

Conclusions  These data should prove useful to researchers and policy makers working in the area of vaccine acquisition for the US military and provide continued information on the gap in optimal travellers’ diarrhoea management practices in a deployed setting.
Prediction of breast cancer and lymph node metastatic status with tumour markers using logistic regression models
Authors: Hwa Hsiao‐Lin , Kuo Wen‐Hong , Chang Li‐Yun , Wang Ming‐Yang , Tung Tao‐Hsin , Chang King‐Jen , Hsieh Fon‐Jou
Published: February 2008

Aims  Early detection of breast cancer can improve disease mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of serum biomarkers in the detection of primary breast cancer and lymph node metastatic status.

Methods  Serum samples were obtained from 55 female patients with breast cancer and 39 women without breast cancer. For these subjects, clinicopathological data were collected and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, breast cancer‐specific cancer antigen 15.3 (CA15‐3), tissue polypeptide‐specific antigen (TPS), soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) were assayed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between biomarkers and breast cancer, as well as lymph node metastatic status.

Results  For breast cancer prediction, the serum level of TPS had the best predictive value, with a sensitivity of 80% at an optimal cut‐off value of 69.1 U L−1. The combination of TPS, CA15‐3 and IGFBP‐3 with logistic regression model increased the sensitivity to 85%. For lymph node metastasis prediction, the serum level of sIL‐2R had the best predictive value, with a sensitivity of 66% at an optimal cut‐off value of 286 U mL−1. The combination of sIL‐2R and TPS with logistic regression model increased the sensitivity to 69%.

Conclusion  TPS may be useful in the detection of primary breast cancer, while sIL‐2R may be useful in lymph node metastasis prediction. The combination of more than one biomarker with logistic regression model can improve the predictive sensitivity.
Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary heart disease patients in three countries
Authors: Martin Colin R. , Thompson David R. , Barth Jürgen
Published: February 2008

Background  Depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) is associated with a poorer prognosis. Therefore, the screening for psychological distress is strongly recommended in cardiac care and rehabilitation. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a widely used screening tool that has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for mental disorders. The factor structure of the HADS was investigated in CHD populations across three countries (Germany, Hong Kong, United Kingdom).

Methods  In total, HADS data from 1793 patients with CHD were explored using confirmatory factor analysis to establish the underlying factor structure of the instrument.

Results  Three‐factor models were found to offer a superior fit to the data compared with two‐factor (anxiety and depression) models in all countries. The anxiety items can be separated in a factor labelled autonomic anxiety and negative affectivity.

Conclusions  The HADS offers good possibilities to detect distressed patients with somatic illnesses, but the construct validity of the originally proposed two factors (depression, anxiety) remains unclear. In outcome studies, more precise scales should be used to reduce measurement errors based on the scales used.
Pressure ulcer risk screening in hospitals and nursing homes with a general nursing assessment tool: evaluation of the care dependency scale
Authors: Mertens Elke I. , Halfens Ruud J. G. , Dietz Ekkehart , Scheufele Ramona , Dassen Theo
Published: February 2008

Rationale  In view of an increasing necessity for systematic assessments, nursing practice would benefit from a simplification of assessment procedures. These assessments should be scientifically based.

Aims  To evaluate the possibility of assessing pressure ulcer risk as well as care dependency simultaneously with a standardized instrument for nursing homes and hospitals.

Methods  Care dependency was measured with the Care Dependency Scale (CDS). The quantitative analyses were accomplished with data from a cross‐sectional study that was performed in 2005 in 39 German nursing homes and 37 hospitals with a total of more than 10 000 participants. The scale's construct validity was calculated with Pearson's r, and predictive validity was evaluated by computing sensitivity and specificity values and the area under the curve (AUC). Item‐level analyses included calculations of odds ratios, relative risks and logistic regression analyses.

Results  Construct validity of the CDS was r = 0.79 (P < 0.01) in nursing homes and r = 0.89 (P < 0.01) in hospitals. AUC was 0.80 in hospitals and 0.65 in nursing homes. Analyses on item level identified ‘mobility’ as a key item in both settings and additional differing key items for nursing homes and hospitals.

Conclusions  The CDS is a well‐functioning tool for pressure ulcer risk detection in hospitals. For this purpose, the most appropriate cut‐off point is 69 while special regard is given to the items ‘continence’, ‘mobility’ and ‘hygiene’. In nursing homes the usefulness of the CDS for pressure ulcer risk detection is limited. Here, the most appropriate cut‐off point is 41 and attention is given to the items ‘mobility’, ‘getting (un)dressed’, ‘hygiene’ and ‘avoidance of danger’.
Detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L
Authors: Shivappa R B , Savan R , Kono T , Sakai M , Emmenegger E , Kurath G , Levine J F
Published: February 2008

Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdovirus associated with systemic illness and mortality in cyprinids. Several diagnostic tests are available for detection of SVCV. However, most of these tests are time consuming and are not well adapted for field‐based diagnostics. In this study, a diagnostic tool for SVCV detection based on reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) has been developed. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein (G) gene of SVCV North Carolina (NC) isolate, four sets (each set containing two outer and two inner) of primers were designed. Temperature and time conditions were optimized to 65 °C and 60 min, respectively, for LAMP and RT‐LAMP using one primer set. In vitro specificity was evaluated using four different strains of fish rhabdoviruses and RT‐LAMP was found to be specific to SVCV. Serial dilutions of SVCV NC isolate was used to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of RT‐LAMP. Sensitivity of the assays was similar to RT‐PCR and detected SVCV even at the lowest dilution of 101 TCID50 mL−1. The ability of RT‐LAMP to detect SVCV from infected carp was also tested and the assay detected SVCV from all infected fish. The isothermal temperature requirements, high specificity and sensitivity, and short incubation time of the RT‐LAMP assay make it an excellent choice as a field diagnostic test for SVCV.
Changes in epidemiological patterns of sea lice infestation on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland between 1996 and 2006
Authors: Lees F , Gettinby G , Revie C W
Published: February 2008

Analyses of a unique database containing sea lice records over an 11 year period provide evidence of changing infestation patterns in Scotland. The data, collected from more than 50 commercial Atlantic salmon farms, indicate that both species of sea lice commonly found in Scotland, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, have declined on farms over the past decade. Reductions for both species have been particularly marked since 2001 when more effective veterinary medicines became available. Treatment data were also available in the database and these show a growing trend towards the use of the in‐feed medication emamectin benzoate (Slice®), particularly in the first year of the salmon production cycle. However, this trend towards single product use has not been sustained in 2006, the latest year for which data are available. There is some evidence of region to region variation within Scotland with the Western Isles experiencing higher levels of infestation. However, compared to the levels observed between 1996 and 2000, all regions have benefited from reduced lice infestation, with the overall pattern showing a particular reduction in the second and third quarters of the second year of production.
Proteomic analysis of the sarcosine‐insoluble outer membrane fraction of Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Liu G Y , Nie P , Zhang J , Li N
Published: February 2008

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of bacteria are key molecules interacting with the host environment. Flavobacterium columnare, a pathogen‐causing columnaris disease of fish worldwide, was studied in order to understand the composition of its OMPs. The sarcosine‐insoluble membrane fraction of the OMPs was analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) in combination with reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (RP‐HPLC MS/MS). Thirty‐six proteins were identified, including proteins involved in cell wall/membrane biogenesis, specific transport of various nutrients and in essential metabolism. The present study is the first report on the OMPs of F. columnare, and may serve as the basis for understanding the pathogenesis of the bacterium.
Molecular typing of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from fish
Authors: Olivares‐Fuster O , Klesius P H , Evans J , Arias C R
Published: February 2008

The genetic variability among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from fish was characterized using single‐stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the intergenic spacer region (ISR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. A total of 46 S. agalactiae cultures isolated from different fish species and geographic origins as well as related reference strains were included in the study. ISR‐SSCP divided the S. agalactiae isolates analysed into five distinct genotypes. Genotype 1 grouped all Kuwait isolates while genotype 4 clustered the majority of non‐Kuwait isolates (USA, Brazil and Honduras). AFLP analysis offered a higher resolution level by dividing the isolates into 13 different genotypes. Two different AFLP profiles were identified within the Kuwait isolates. When data from both ISR‐SSCP and AFLP were combined through a multidimensional analysis (MDS), a good correlation between geographical origin and genotypes was observed. Both AFLP and ISR‐SSCP revealed genetic differences between S. agalactiae isolates from fish. While AFLP offered a higher resolution, ISR‐SSCP also provided valid information being a simpler and faster method.
Development of a diagnostic PCR to detectNeoparamoeba perurans, agent of amoebic gill disease
Authors: Young N D , Dyková I , Nowak B F , Morrison R N
Published: February 2008

The recent description ofNeoparamoeba peruransas an aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) advanced our understanding of the condition and has forced a re‐evaluation of methods used for the diagnosis of AGD. Currently, there are no tools available that are both specific forN. peruransand suitable for a routine diagnostic procedure. Therefore, in this study we describe an assay to detectN. perurans. The assay, which utilizes PCR to amplify theN. perurans18S rRNA gene, was shown to be specific and highly sensitive.Neoparamoeba peruranswas detected in both gill samples and primary isolates of non‐cultured gill‐derived amoebae obtained during necropsy or biopsy from AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarL. The PCR‐based assay provides a simple, flexible tool that will be a useful addition to the diagnostic repertoire for AGD. It may also be used for the genotypic screening of trophozoites during culture and could facilitate further epidemiological and ecological studies of AGD.
Transients of Giggenbach’s ‘Na‐K‐Mg‐Ca Geoindicators’ preceding the 27 October 2004, Mw = 6.0 earthquake in Vrancea area (Romania)
Authors: Mitrofan Horia , Marin Constantin , Zugrăvescu Dorel , Tudorache Alin , Beşu?iu Lucian , Radu Mihaela
Published: February 2008

The Na, K, Mg and Ca contents of certain deep‐origin groundwater discharges have been used by Giggenbach (1988) to define a series of ‘geoindicators’, which may provide hints on the up‐flow depth of origin, on the duration of the fluid ascent to the ground surface and on the associated CO2 flux. On occurrence of a Mw = 6.0 Vrancea earthquake, significant fluctuations of Giggenbach’s geoindicators have been recorded in a saline spring, some 50 km away from the epicentre. A pre‐seismic overall anomaly was monitored for 1 year and a half, the sharpest variations occurring about 3 months before the earthquake. Processes controlling the geoindicator fluctuations assumedly took place at 7–8 km depth, while the earthquake hypocenter depth was about 100 km. This could be an evidence for a mechanical coupling still existing between the seismogenic body in the lithosphere and the overlying crust.
Evidence that Lake Cheko is not an impact crater
Authors: Collins G. S. , Artemieva N. , Wünnemann K. , Bland P. A. , Reimold W. U. , Koeberl C.
Published: February 2008

In a provocative paper Gasperini et al. (2007) suggest that Lake Cheko, a ∼300‐m‐wide lake situated a few kilometres downrange from the assumed epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska event, is an impact crater. In this response, we present several lines of observational evidence that contradicts the impact hypothesis for the lake’s origin: un‐crater‐like aspects of the lake morphology, the lack of impactor material in and around the lake, and the presence of apparently unaffected mature trees close to the lake. We also show that a tensile strength of 10–40 MPa is required for an asteroid fragment to traverse the Earth’s atmosphere and reach the surface intact and with sufficient velocity to excavate a crater the size of Lake Cheko. Inferred tensile strengths of large stony meteorites during atmospheric disruption are 10–100 times lower. We therefore conclude that Lake Cheko is highly unlikely to be an impact crater.
Lake Cheko and the Tunguska Event: impact or non‐impact?
Authors: Gasperini Luca , Bonatti Enrico , Longo Giuseppe
Published: February 2008

Several lines of evidence were presented in Gasperini et al. [Terra Nova (2007), vol. 19, pp. 245–251] suggesting that Lake Cheko, a small lake close to the alleged epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska Event, might be a secondary impact crater. Collins et al. [Terra Nova (2008), this volume] argue against this hypothesis. We reply here arguing in favour of an impact origin for Lake Cheko.
Tectonic control on diagenesis in a foreland basin: combined petrologic and thermochronologic approaches in the Grès d’Annot basin (Late Eocene–Early Oligocene, French–Italian external Alps)
Authors: Labaume P. , Jolivet M. , Souquière F. , Chauvet A.
Published: February 2008

Combined petrographic study and apatite fission track analysis (apatite FTA) across the Grès d’Annot basin document maximum temperatures reached by this turbiditic sandstone formation, from around 60 °C at the SW basin margin up to around 200 °C below the Penninic frontal thrust, in relation to burial below the front of Alpine nappes. Increasing diagenetic grade across the basin is primarily expressed by the development of silica transfer by pressure solution and correlated porosity loss. We infer the nappe thickness profile, from the nappe front in the SW up to around 8–10 km in the NE. Apatite FTA dates exhumation of the Grès d’Annot during the Late Miocene, in relation to thrusting of the underlying Argentera and Barrot Palaeozoic massifs. This study illustrates the influence of thrust front propagation on foreland basin diagenesis and exhumation, and highlights potential implications for the evolution of sediment reservoir properties in this context.
A Late Cenozoic age for long‐wavelength surface uplift of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
Authors: Babault Julien , Teixell Antonio , Arboleya Maria Luisa , Charroud Mohammed
Published: February 2008

The Atlas Mountains have been uplifted by two mechanisms: Cenozoic thickening of the crust and thinning of the mantle lithosphere due to a buoyant thermal anomaly, previously inferred by indirect criteria to have started some 15 Ma. Because crustal shortening‐related uplift and mantle‐related uplift affect the topography at different spatial scales, we use scattered direct surface evidence to clarify the palaeoelevation dynamics. Uplifted Messinian shallow marine sediments in the southern margin of the Saïss Basin and in the northern Middle Atlas, tilted Pliocene lacustrine deposits in the Saïss Basin and in the piedmont of the southern High Atlas and drainage‐network reorganization in the Saïss Basin underscore the long‐wavelength rock uplift of the Atlas domain of mantle origin. The low erosion of the aforementioned deposits indicates that such uplift is a true surface uplift that occurred in post‐Miocene times at a minimum rate ranging from 0.17 to 0.22 mm yr−1.