bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Three‐Dimensional Oxide/Oxide Composite after Long‐Term Thermal Exposure
Authors: Sun Xun , Tian Zhenghao , Liu Haitao , Jiang Ru , Jiang Yanfeng
Published: March 2024

Herein, a three‐dimensional (3D) oxide fiber reinforced oxide matrix (oxide/oxide) composite is fabricated via slurry infiltration and sintering process. Subsequently, the effects of thermal aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3D oxide/oxide composite at 900 and 1100 °C are investigated. Experimental results indicate that the thermal aging affects the matrix microstructures and fiber/matrix interface. The elastic modulus of the matrix and interfacial shear strength increases with aging temperature and time. Aging treatment at 900 °C for 100 and 300 h results in a moderate decrease in the flexural strength and fracture toughness but improves the delamination resistance, whereas that at 1100 °C for 100 h lead to a significant decrease in the flexural strength and fracture toughness. The changes in mechanical properties might be attributed to matrix densification and enhanced interfacial bonding.
Efficient Generation of Skin Organoids from Pluripotent Cells via Defined Extracellular Matrix Cues and Morphogen Gradients in a Spindle‐Shaped Microfluidic Device
Authors: Quílez Cristina , Jeon Eun Y. , Pappalardo Alberto , Pathak Pooja , Abaci Hasan E.
Published: March 2024

Pluripotent stem cell‐derived skin organoids (PSOs) emerge as a developmental skin model that is self‐organized into multiple components, such as hair follicles. Despite their impressive complexity, PSOs are currently generated in the absence of 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) signals and have several major limitations, including an inverted anatomy (e.g., epidermis inside/dermis outside). In this work, a method is established to generate PSOs effectively in a chemically‐defined 3D ECM environment. After examining various dermal ECM molecules, it is found that PSOs generated in collagen ‐type I (COLI) supplemented with laminin 511 (LAM511) exhibit increased growth compared to conventional free‐floating conditions, but fail to induce complete skin differentiation due in part to necrosis. This problem is addressed by generating the PSOs in a 3D bioprinted spindle‐shaped hydrogel device, which constrains organoid growth longitudinally. This culture system significantly reduces organoid necrosis and leads to a twofold increase in keratinocyte differentiation and an eightfold increase in hair follicle formation. Finally, the system is adapted as a microfluidic device to create asymmetrical gradients of differentiation factors and improves the spatial organization of dermal and epidermal cells. This study highlights the pivotal role of ECM and morphogen gradients in promoting and spatially‐controlling skin differentiation in the PSO framework.
Advantages of laparoscopic segmentectomy of the liver using ICG fluorescent navigation by the negative staining method: A comparison with open procedure
Authors: Araki Kenichiro , Watanabe Akira , Harimoto Norifumi , Igrashi Takamichi , Tsukagoshi Mariko , Ishii Norihiro , Kawai Shunsuke , Hagiwara Kei , Hoshino Kouki , Shirabe Ken
Published: March 2024

Aim

Laparoscopic segmentectomy (LS) using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation with negative staining method has potential for performing accurate and safe anatomical excision. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of LS using ICG fluorescence navigation compared with open segmentectomy (OS).

Methods

Eighty‐seven patients who underwent anatomical segmentectomies were evaluated for OS (n = 44) and LS (n = 43). The Glissonean pedicle approach was performed using either extra‐ or intrahepatic method, depending on the location of segment in LS. After clamping pedicle, negative staining method was performed. Liver transection was done along intersegmental plane visualizing by overlay mode of ICG camera. Surgical outcomes were compared between two groups. Correlation between predicted resecting liver volume (PRLV) calculated using volumetry and actual resected liver volume (ARLV) was assessed in two groups.

Results

Patients who underwent LS showed better outcomes in operative time, blood loss, and length of hospital stay. There were significantly fewer Grade II and Grade III or higher postoperative complications in LS group. Both values of AST (p < 0.001) and ALT (p < 0.001) on postoperative day 1 were significantly lower in LS group than in OS group. PRLV and ARLV were more strongly correlated in LS (r = 0.896) than in OS (r = 0.773). The difference between PRLV and ARLV was significantly lower in LS group than in OS group (p = 0.022), and this trend was particularly noticeable in posterosuperior segment (p = 0.008) than in anterolateral segment (p = 0.811).

Conclusion

LS using ICG navigation allows precise resection and may contribute to safer short‐term outcomes than OS, particularly in posterosuperior segment.
Changing hemostatic management in post‐partum hemorrhage
Authors: Rigouzzo Agnès , Froissant Pierre‐Antoine , Louvet Nicolas
Published: March 2024

Early and fast assessment of hemostasis during postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is essential to allow early characterization of coagulopathy, estimate bleeding severity and improve outcome. During PPH, fibrinogen decrease occurs earlier than other coagulation factors deficiency and hypofibrinogenemia is an early marker of PPH severity of progression. With good evidence in the context of PPH, point‐of‐care viscoelastic (VET) hemostatic assays have been shown to provide rapid assessment of hemostatic disorders, low fibrinogen levels, and allow VET‐guided fibrinogen replacement. Further studies are needed to define the thresholds for the other coagulation parameters.
Optimizing Intermediate Adsorption over PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Bimetallene for Boosted Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Zhou Yuanbo , Zhang Lifang , Zhu Zebin , Wang Mengfan , Li Najun , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin , Lu Jianmei
Published: March 2024

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NO3RR) is a promising and eco‐friendly strategy for ammonia production. However, the sluggish kinetics of the eight‐electron transfer process and poor mechanistic understanding strongly impedes its application. To unveil the internal laws, herein, a library of Pd‐based bimetallene with various transition metal dopants (PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)) are screened to learn their structure–activity relationship towards NO3RR. The ultra‐thin structure of metallene greatly facilitates the exposure of active sites, and the transition metals dopants break the electronic balance and upshift its d‐band center, thus optimizing intermediates adsorption. The anisotropic electronic characteristics of these transition metals make the NO3RR activity in the order of PdCu>PdCo≈PdFe>PdNi>Pd, and a record‐high NH3 yield rate of 295 mg h−1 mgcat−1 along with Faradaic efficiency of 90.9 % is achieved in neutral electrolyte on PdCu bimetallene. Detailed studies further reveal that the moderate N‐species (*NO3 and *NO2) adsorption ability, enhanced *NO activation, and reduced HER activity facilitate the NH3 production. We believe our results will give a systematic guidance to the future design of NO3RR catalysts.
Characterization of extruded films based on poly (butylene succinate) blends to utilize a partially degraded poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)
Authors: Conceição Pietro Carlos Gonçalves , Lemos Paulo Vitor França , Santana Jamile Santos , Correia Paulo Romano Cruz , Cardoso Lucas Guimarães , de Jesus Assis Denílson , da Rocha Lucimar Pacheco Gomes , Marcelino Henrique Rodrigues , de Souza Ferreira Ederlan , da Silva Jania Betânia Alves , de Souza Carolina Oliveira
Published: March 2024

Polymer blends can improve material processability and can be used to extrude partially degraded materials, such as expired poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT), which cannot be normally extruded. Therefore, in this study, the extrudability of PBAT that has passed its expiration date was restored by blending it with poly (butylene succinate) (PBS). Various polymer blends were extruded and characterized to achieve high‐efficiency extrusion. The carbonyl indices in partially degraded PBAT and the corresponding control sample detailed the effects of 98 months of aging on molecular properties. The semicrystalline structure consisted of a mixed ordered arrangement of PBS and PBAT chains dispersed in an amorphous matrix. The microscopic images of the surfaces of the polymer films revealed defects and roughness, followed by an increase in the PBAT concentration in blends. Changes in mechanical properties and water vapor permeability correlated with the PBAT concentration in the blends. To avoid polymer loss, we reported a simple method for using PBAT that has passed its expiration date and cannot be extruded. The results revealed that the polymer films could be used in the packaging industry, especially in food and agricultural sectors.
New urban habitat for endangered humpback whales: San Francisco Bay
Authors: Markowitz Tim M. , Keener William , Webber Marc A. , Payne Allison R. , Lane Rebekah S. , Fahlbusch James A. , Calambokidis John
Published: March 2024

As populations of large whales recover from whaling, species that forage and breed in coastal waters, including the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), increasingly overlap with human activities. This represents a potential hazard in locations worldwide subject to intensive vessel traffic, including New York, Panama City and Brisbane.

Historically, humpback whales were not considered part of San Francisco Bay's fauna, except for a few ‘lost’ whales that wandered into the estuary.

An unprecedented influx of humpback whales into highly urbanized San Francisco Bay began in 2016. Research efforts in 2016–2018 from vessels and shore resulted in 496 photo‐identification records plus 319 visual sightings. Sixty‐one individuals were photo‐identified, of which 80% (n = 49) used the bay on multiple days (range = 2 to 39), and 34% (n = 21) were resighted in successive years.

Whales photographed in San Francisco Bay were found to belong to distinct population segments listed as endangered and threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

Whales moved in and out of the bay seasonally (April–November). Habitat use patterns indicated movements farther into San Francisco Bay correlated positively with high tides.

Humpback whales were visually observed lunge feeding on northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) at the surface. Analysis of dive patterns by three tagged whales confirmed subsurface feeding when surface feeding was not apparent.

The use of San Francisco Bay and adjacent waters by recovering populations of humpback whales exacerbates the potential for collisions with vessels, entanglement in fishing gear, and harassment by recreational vessels. The most pressing conservation concern is the risk of ship strikes, observed where humpback whales occur near active seaports.
Frustrated Lewis Pair‐Type Reactivity of Intermolecular Rare‐Earth Aryloxide and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Olefin Combinations
Authors: Guan Yiwen , Chang Kejian , Su Yujie , Xu Xian , Xu Xin
Published: March 2024

This work reports the cooperative reactivity of rare‐earth aryloxide complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or N‐heterocyclic olefin (NHO), showcasing their synergistic effect on the activation of H2 and diverse organic substrates. Reactions of RE(OAr)3 (RE=La, Sm, and Y; Ar=2,6‐tBu2−C6H3) with unsaturated NHC ItBu (:C[N(R)CH]2, R=tBu) isolated abnormally bound RE metal NHC complexes RE/aNHC. In contrast, no metal‐NHO adducts were formed when RE(OAr)3 were treated with NHO (R2C=C[N(R)C(R)]2, R=CH3). Both RE/aNHC and RE/NHO Lewis pairs enabled cooperative H2 activation. Furthermore, RE(OAr)3 were found to catalyze the hydrogenation of the exocyclic C=C double bond of NHO under mild conditions. Moreover, treatment of the La/aNHC complex with benzaldehyde produced a La/C4 1,2‐addition product. The La/NHO Lewis pair could react with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane and α, β‐conjugated imine, affording an isocyanotrimethylsilyl lanthanum amide complex and a La/C 1,4‐addition product, respectively.
Zum Tragverhalten von mechanischen Verbindungsmitteln in Stahl‐Holz‐Verbunddecken
Authors: Krinitzki Christopher , Hartz Christian
Published: March 2024

Im Kontext der nachhaltigen Tragwerksplanung wird am Lehrstuhl Tragkonstruktionen der TU Dortmund aktuell an einer Stahl‐Holz‐Verbunddecke (SHV) geforscht. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Deckensystems hängt neben den verwendeten Materialien insbesondere von der konstruktiven Durchbildung der Verbundfuge ab. Demnach wurden zu Beginn der Forschungsarbeiten verschiedene Fugenkonfigurationen mit reversiblen mechanischen Verbindungsmitteln experimentell untersucht. Im Zuge der durchgeführten Abscherversuche konnten die Vorzüge von senkrecht zur Holzfaser eingebrachten Holzschrauben (HS) im Vergleich zu selbstbohrenden Blechbohrschrauben (BS) sowie geneigt eingebrachten Holzschrauben festgestellt werden. Die senkrecht installierten Holzschrauben wiesen eine vergleichsweise hohe Verbundsteifigkeit sowie einen ausgeprägt duktilen Versagensmechanismus bei gleichzeitig geringem Montageaufwand auf. Dementsprechend werden in zukünftigen versuchstechnischen Untersuchungen zur Erfassung des Biegetragverhaltens der Stahl‐Holz‐Verbunddecke überwiegend senkrecht eingebrachte Holzschrauben zur Sicherstellung des Verbunds vorgesehen.
Iranian adaptation of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ): Validity, reliability, discriminant ability, and sex invariance
Authors: Asgarizadeh Ahmad , Ghanbari Saeed
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Epistemic trust, or trust in transmitted knowledge, has been proposed as a critical factor in psychopathology and psychotherapy. This study aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ) in Iran.

Method

Data were collected from 906 participants. Along with the ETMCQ, measures of mentalizing, mindfulness, perspective‐taking, attachment, emotion dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to determine factorial structure.

Results

The ESEM model showed an acceptable fit and outperformed the confirmatory model. A 14‐item version of the ETMCQ was retained after examining item performance. Our findings also established criterion‐related validity for mistrust and credulity, an acceptable internal consistency for credulity, discriminant power for mistrust and credulity in detecting positive screens for borderline personality disorder, and measurement invariance across sexes.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence for the cross‐cultural applicability of the ETMCQ. Nonetheless, the validity of the trust and internal consistency of the mistrust subscale require particular attention in future research.
Integration of rapid bioburden testing into production quality management systems and process control
Authors: Ramos Irina , Najera Michelle , Schaefer Gene
Published: March 2024

The move to integrated continuous bioprocessing (ICB), while providing a means for process intensification, can put added strain on process analytics when conventional methods are used. For instance, traditional microbial methods provide minimal value to ICB processes given that the time required for data to become available is much longer than a typical full cycle of the manufacturing process. Although rapid microbial detection has been in discussion for over 30 years, it is still not routinely deployed in commercial biopharmaceutical manufacturing. One contributing factor is the ability to integrate this technology into a process control strategy and existing quality systems. An understanding of the capability of microbial detection technology available today can be leveraged to implement a control strategy for bioburden monitoring in real time for process intermediates. One key tenet of this proposed control strategy is the use of a “two‐tiered approach” wherein a fast (but possibly less sensitive) test is used to monitor the process and trigger further action for a second, longer duration test which is used to confirm and quantify the presence of bioburden and identify the organism. This approach, presented here alongside several case studies for microbial monitoring, can have broader application for other process analytical technologies where fit for purpose methods could be employed to establish process control alongside real time continuous processes.
Leveraging bioanalytical characterization of fractionated monoclonal antibody pools to identify aggregation‐prone and less filterable proteoforms during virus filtration
Authors: Isu Solomon , Vinskus Lilia , Silva Derek , Cunningham Kristina , Elich Thomas , Greenhalgh Patricia , Sokolnicki Adam , Raghunath Bala
Published: March 2024

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential class of biotherapeutics. A platform process is used for mAb development to ensure clinically safe and stable molecules. Regulatory authorities ensure that mAb production processes include sufficient viral clearance steps to achieve less than one virus particle per million doses of product. Virus filtration is used for size‐based removal of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses during downstream processing of mAbs. Process development in mAb purification relies on empirical approaches and often includes adsorptive prefiltration to mitigate virus filter fouling. Opportunities for molecular‐level prediction of mAb filterability are needed to plug the existing knowledge gap in downstream processing. A molecular‐level approach to understanding the factors influencing mAb filterability may reduce process development time, material loss, and processing costs due to oversized virus filters. In this work, pH step gradient fractionation was applied on polished bulk mAb feed to obtain concentrated pools of fractionated mAb variants. Biophysical properties and quality attributes of fractionated pools, including oligomeric state (size), isoelectric point profile, diffusion interaction parameters, and glycoform profile, were determined using bioanalytical methods. Filterability (loading and throughput) of fractionated pools were evaluated. Statistical methods were used to obtain correlations between quality attributes of mAb fractions and filterability on the Viresolve Pro virus filter.
Stable Isotope Tracer Technique and Network Pharmacology to Reveal Antidepressant Targets and Active Components of Xiaoyao San
Authors: Tian Junsheng , Wang Xianxian , Wu Wenze , Zhao Yunhao , Ling‐hu Ting , Qin Xuemei
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the research of mitochondrial dysfunction in depression has drawn the focus of researchers. Our research group previously found that Xiaoyao San (XYS) has improved the mitochondrial structure and the blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in the hippocampal tissue of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. However, the specific targets and active components of XYS remain unclear, and the potential to improve hippocampal mitochondrial TCA cycle disorder was also unexplored. In this research, a strategy to combine stable isotope‐resolved metabolomics (SIRM), network pharmacology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to explore the potential, targets of action, and active components of XYS to improve hippocampal mitochondrial TCA cycle disorder of CUMS rats. The results of TEM showed that the ultrastructure of hippocampal mitochondria could be improved by XYS. A combination of SIRM and molecular docking showed that pyruvate carboxylase (PC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were targets of XYS to improve TCA cycle disorder. In addition, troxerutin was found to be the most potential active component of XYS to improve TCA cycle disorder. The above research results can provide new insights for the development of antidepressant drugs.
Discovery of 6‐Acylamino/Sulfonamido Benzoxazolone with IL‐6 Inhibitory Activity as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ge Rui , Song Jiaqi , Cao Zhen , Ban Shurong , Tang Li , Li Qing‐shan
Published: March 2024

Ulcerative colitis has been widely concerned for its persistent upward trend, and the sustained overproduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 remains a crucial factor in the development of UC. Therefore, the identification of new effective drugs to block inflammatory responses is an urgent and viable therapeutic strategy for UC. In our research, twenty‐three 6‐acylamino/sulfonamido benzoxazolone derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for anti‐inflammatory activity against NO and IL‐6 production in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that most of the target compounds were capable of reducing the overexpression of NO and IL‐6 to a certain degree. For the most active compounds 3i, 3j and 3 l, the inhibitory activities were superior or equivalent to those of the positive drug celecoxib with a dose‐dependent relationship. Furthermore, animal experiments revealed that active derivatives 3i, 3j and 3 l exhibited definitive therapeutical effect on DSS induced ulcerative colitis in mice by mitigating weight loss and DAI score while decreasing levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 and IFN‐γ, simultaneously increasing production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐10. In addition, compounds 3i, 3j and 3 l could also inhibit the oxidative stress to alleviate ulcerative colitis by decreasing MDA and MPO levels. These finding demonstrated that compounds 3i, 3j and 3 l hold significant potential as novel therapeutic agents for ulcerative colitis.
Selective Partial Reduction of Nitroarenes to the Hydrazoarene Catalyzed by Amine‐Modified Ordered Mesoporous Silica Immobilized Ionic Liquid (OMSIIL) Stabilised RuNPs
Authors: Doherty S. , Knight J. G. , Alharbi A. A. , Wills C. , Dixon C. , Cheng C. , Russo Abegão F. , Chamberlain T. W. , Yan H. , Griffiths A. , Bourne R. A. , Collins S. M. , Wu K.‐J. , Alshaikh. H.
Published: March 2024

Ruthenium nanoparticles stabilised by an amine‐modified Ordered Mesoporous Silica Immobilized Ionic Liquid (OMSIIL) are efficient catalysts for the partial reduction of nitrobenzene to hydrazobenzene with 100 % selectivity as well as the complete reduction to aniline. High selectivity for the partial reduction of nitrobenzene to hydrazobenzene was obtained when the reaction was conducted in ethanol with 0.5 mol% catalyst and NaBH4 as the hydrogen donor whereas aniline was obtained as the sole product in water when dimethylamine borane (DMAB) was used as the hydrogen donor. Interestingly, while a range of electron poor nitroarenes were reduced to the corresponding hydrazoarene with high selectivities and good conversions, nitroarenes substituted with electron donating groups resulted in complete reduction to the aniline. Composition‐time profiles suggest that reductions conducted in ethanol with sodium borohydride occur via the condensation pathway while those conducted in water using dimethylamine borane as the hydrogen source may well go via the direct pathway. This is the first example of the selective reduction of nitrobenzene to hydrazobenzene using a ruthenium nanoparticle‐based catalyst and the initial TOF of 320 mol nitrobenzene converted mol Ru−1 h−1 for the partial reduction of nitrobenzene to hydrazobenzene is markedly higher than previous literature reports. A study of the catalyst performance as a function of the surface modification revealed that each component has a direct and dramatic effect on the efficacy as RuNPs stabilised by COK‐12 modified with imidazolium‐based ionic liquid and a primary amine gave the highest conversion while selective removal of either component or replacement of the primary amine with a tertiary amine resulted in a marked reduction in efficiency.
Recent Progress of the Application of Electropolymerization in Batteries and Supercapacitors: Specific Design of Functions in Electrodes
Authors: Lin Shengxuan , Wu Qingping , Lu Yan
Published: March 2024

Electrochemical energy storage devices play a vital role in human life, and the requirements for their sustainability and environmental friendliness have been increasing in recent years. Electropolymerization, as a convenient method for polymer synthesis, has attracted increasing attentions in applications in the field of energy storage and conversion. It is not only commonly employed for the fabrication of various self‐supporting electrodes, but also is one of the most promising preparation strategies for organic electrode materials, internal interlayers within electrodes, functional protective layers, and current collector surface modifications. Previously published works have confirmed that the introduction of electropolymerization can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of various energy storage devices. However, there are still challenges in the universality of the synthesis route, in‐depth understanding of interface chemical behavior, and scaled‐up production. This mini review summarizes the main components in electropolymerization, material synthesis mechanisms, and their application principles in batteries and supercapacitors. Additionally, the current challenges and future development directions of electropolymerization have been discussed, offering some perspectives for further exploration.
7Li NMR Spectroscopy: A Tool for Determining Dimerization Constants and Averaged Dimerization Constants of the Monomer/Dimer Equilibrium of Hierarchical Helicates
Authors: Krückel Tobias , Schauerte Steffen , Ke Jinbo , Schlottmann Marcel , Bausch Sandra , Chen Xiaofei , Räuber Christoph , Almeida Silva Igor d'Anciães , Wiegand Thomas , Albrecht Markus
Published: March 2024

7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study hierarchically assembled helicates of the form Li[Li3L6Ti2]. Internally bound and external lithium ions can be well distinguished by solution‐ or solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and dimerization constants of the monomer/dimer equilibrium can be easily determined in solution. Averaged dimerization constants can be estimated in case of statistical mixtures of helicates formed from mixtures of ligands.
Comparison of continuous 24‑hour and 14‑day ECG monitoring for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope
Authors: Chen Wei‐Cheng , Wu Yu‐Lin , Hsu Yu‐Cheng , Hsu Jen‐Te , Tseng Hung‐Pin , Chen Chao‐Chin , Chiang Meng‐Hsiu , Hsiao Ju‐Feng , Chin See‐Khong , Huang Ying‐Li , Lei Meng‐Huan
Published: March 2024

Background

Previous studies show that using 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) or 24‐h ECG monitor for the detection of cardiac arrhythmia events in patients with stroke or syncope is ineffective.

Hypothesis

The 14‐day continuous ECG patch has higher detection rates of arrhythmias compared with conventional 24‐h ECG monitoring in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study of patients with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke or syncope received a 24‐h ECG monitoring and 14‐day continuous cardiac monitoring patch and the arrhythmia events were measured.

Results

This study enrolled 83 patients with ischemic stroke or syncope. The detection rate of composite cardiac arrhythmias was significantly higher for the 14‐day ECG patch than 24‐h Holter monitor (69.9% vs. 21.7%, p = .006). In patients with ischemic stroke, the detection rates of cardiac arrhythmias were 63.4% for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 7% for ventricular tachycardia (VT), 5.6% for atrial fibrillation (AF), 4.2% for atrioventricular block (AVB), and 1.4% for pause by 14‐day ECG patch, respectively. The significant difference in arrhythmic detection rates were found for SVT (45.8%), AF (6%), pause (1.2%), AVB (2.4%), and VT (9.6%) by 14‐day ECG patch but not by 24‐h Holter monitor in patients with ischemic stroke or syncope.

Conclusions

A 14‐day ECG patch can be used on patients with ischemic stroke or syncope for the early detection of AF or other cardiac arrhythmia events. The patch can be helpful for physicians in planning medical or mechanical interventions of patients with ischemic stroke and occult AF.
The Emergence of a Polar Nematic Phase: A Chemist's Insight into the Ferroelectric Nematic Phase
Authors: Cruickshank Ewan
Published: March 2024

The discovery of a new polar nematic phase; the ferroelectric nematic, has generated a great deal of excitement in the field of liquid crystals. To date there have been around 150 materials reported exhibiting the ferroelectric nematic phase, in general, following three key archetypal structures with these compounds known as RM734, DIO and UUQU‐4N. In this review, the relationship between the molecular structure and the stability of the ferroelectric nematic, NF, phase will be described from a chemist's perspective. This will look to highlight the wide variety of functionalities which have been incorporated into these archetypal structures and how these changes influence the transition temperatures of the mesophases present. The NF phase appears to be stabilised particularly by reducing the length of terminal alkyl chains present and adding fluorines laterally along the length of the molecular backbone. This review will look to introduce the background of the ferroelectric nematic phase before then showing the molecular structures of a range of materials which exhibit the phase, describing their structure–property relationships and therefore giving an up–to–date account of the literature for this fascinating new mesophase.
Clinical Pharmacology Perspective on Development of Adeno‐Associated Virus Vector‐Based Retina Gene Therapy
Authors: Ford Jennifer Lynn , Karatza Eleni , Mody Hardik , Nagaraja Shastri Prathap , Khajeh Pour Sana , Yang Tong‐Yuan , Swanson Michael , Chao Daniel , Devineni Damayanthi
Published: March 2024

Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector‐based gene therapy is an innovative modality being increasingly investigated to treat diseases by modifying or replacing defective genes or expressing therapeutic entities. With its unique anatomic and physiological characteristics, the eye constitutes a very attractive target for gene therapy. Specifically, the ocular space is easily accessible and is generally considered “immune‐privileged” with a low risk of systemic side effects following local drug administration. As retina cells have limited cellular turnover, a one‐time gene delivery has the potential to provide long‐term transgene expression. Despite the initial success with voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna), the first approved retina gene therapy, there are still challenges to be overcome for successful clinical development of these products and scientific questions to be answered. The current review paper aims to integrate published experience learned thus far for AAV‐based retina gene therapy related to preclinical to clinical translation; first‐in‐human dose selection; relevant bioanalytical assays and strategies; clinical development considerations including trial design, biodistribution and vector shedding, immunogenicity, transgene expression, and pediatric populations; opportunities for model‐informed drug development; and regulatory perspectives. The information presented herein is intended to serve as a guide to inform the clinical development strategy for retina gene therapy with a focus on clinical pharmacology.
IoT energy efficiency routing protocol using FHO‐based clustering and improved CSO model‐based routing in MANET
Authors: Sanshi Shridhar , N Karthik , Vatambeti Ramesh
Published: March 2024

Many protocols, services, and electrical devices with built‐in sensors have been developed in response to the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of autonomous mobile nodes that can form an ad hoc network in the absence of any pre‐existing infrastructure. System performance may suffer due to the changeable topology of MANETs. Since most mobile hosts operate on limited battery power, energy consumption poses the biggest challenge for MANETs. Both network lifetime and throughput improve when energy usage is reduced. However, existing approaches perform poorly in terms of energy efficiency. Scalability becomes a significant issue in large‐scale networks as they grow, leading to overhead associated with routing updates and maintenance that can become unmanageable. This article employs a MANET routing protocol combined with an energy conservation strategy. The clustering hierarchy is used in MANETs to maximize the network's lifespan, considering its limited energy resources. In the MANET communication process, the cluster head (CH) is selected using Fire Hawk Optimization (FHO). When choosing nodes to act as a cluster for an extended period, CH election factors in connectivity, mobility, and remaining energy. This process is achieved using an optimized version of the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, utilizing Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICSO). In comparison to existing protocols and optimization techniques, the proposed method offers an extended network lifespan ranging from 90 to 160 h and reduced energy consumption of 80 to 110 J, as indicated by the implementation results.
Hypoxia expedites the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by promoting the CPT1A‐mediated fatty acid oxidative pathway
Authors: Liang Zhou , He Hongsheng , Zhang Bing , Kai Zhentian , Zong Liang
Published: March 2024

Hypoxia has been reported to promote the proliferation and migration of thyroid cancer, while the special mechanism was still unclear. HIF‐1α/carnitine palmitoyl‐transferase 1A (CPT1A) was found to be associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) but the biological role of CPT1A in PTC was not explored. The effects of hypoxia and carnitine palmitoyl‐transferase 1A (CPT1A) expression on PTC cells were determined by cell counting kit‐8 assay, detection of oxidative stress, inflammation response and mitochondrial membrane motential (MMP). Oil Red O staining and the detection of free fatty acids were performed to assess the status of lipid metabolism. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess cell apoptosis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis were applied to investigate the expressions of CPT1A and HIF‐1α and the molecules involved cell function. The expressions of CPT1A and HIF‐1α were significantly increased in PTC cells with or without hypoxia treatment. CPT1A overexpression or silencing promoted or inhibited cell viability, and hypoxia further repressed cell viability. In addition, CPT1A overexpression alleviates hypoxia‐induced increased oxidative stress, inflammation response and elevated MMP. CPT1A overexpression enhanced palmitic acid‐induced decreased cell growth, enhanced the metabolic capacity of free fatty acid and suppressed cell apoptosis. Animal experiments showed that CPT1A overexpression promoted PTC tumor growth, reduced lipid deposition, oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as enhancing cell function indicators. However, CPT1A silencing showed the opposite effects both in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia induces the high expression of HIF‐1α/CPT1A, thereby reprogramming the lipid metabolism of PTC cells for adapting the hypoxia environment, meanwhile inhibiting the cell damage and apoptosis caused by oxidative stress.
Momentary appearance focused self‐concept is associated with dietary restraint and binge eating in female university students: An experience sampling study
Authors: Nicoletta Juliana , Mosco Rose , Enouy Sarah , Tabri Nassim
Published: March 2024

Objective

Appearance focused self‐concept (i.e., overvaluing the importance of appearance for self‐definition and self‐worth) is theorized to predict dietary restraint and binge eating in the short‐term (e.g., daily life). Yet, no research has examined whether appearance focused self‐concept increases within‐persons during a day and if such increases are linked to greater dietary restraint and binge eating for that day. We addressed this gap in knowledge.

Method

Sixty‐three female university students completed four items from the Beliefs About Appearance Scale as a measure of appearance focused self‐concept six times per day (9 am, 11 am, 1 pm, 3 pm, 5 pm, and 7 pm) for 14 days. Daily at 9 pm, they completed measures of dietary restraint and binge eating for that day.

Results

Analyzing data from 555 days, latent growth curve analyses revealed a small‐to‐moderate linear increase in appearance focused self‐concept from 9 am to 3 pm that plateaued from 3 to 7 pm. A more rapid linear increase in appearance focused self‐concept from 9 am to 3 pm was associated with greater binge‐eating frequency during that day, but not with dietary restraint. The findings were observed when adjusting for between‐day appearance focused self‐concept at 9 am, which was positively associated with dietary restraint and binge‐eating frequency.

Discussion

Findings are discussed in relation to research on appearance focused self‐concept as a risk factor for disordered eating. Findings are also discussed in relation to how sociocultural factors may increase appearance focused self‐concept over time. Future research should delve into the within‐day dynamic interplay between appearance focused self‐concept and disordered eating.

Public significance

Our study revealed a noteworthy increase in the importance women attach to their appearance over the course of a day, correlating with increased binge eating during that day. Additionally, heightened appearance importance at the onset of a day was associated with more dietary restraint and binge eating during that day. These findings suggest a shorter timescale for the connection between appearance importance and disordered eating than previously understood.
Timing matters in (mis)identifying moderators and mediators of digital interventions for eating disorders: Commentary on McClure et al. (2023)
Authors: Schleider Jessica L. , Smith Arielle C. , Graham Andrea K.
Published: March 2024

This commentary addresses the challenges in identifying consistent moderators and mediators of psychological treatments for eating disorders (EDs), as highlighted by McClure et al. (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2023) in their systematic review. Specifically, we discuss the often‐overlooked importance of temporal context (when an intervention is delivered), alongside sociodemographic and symptom type (for whom an intervention is delivered), in understanding and optimizing treatment engagement and effectiveness. We outline how individuals' fluctuating levels of motivation and receptivity across different “pivotal moments” in the help‐seeking process—including initial outreach and self‐screening, ongoing care engagement, and post‐discharge—can dynamically impact interventions' relevance and impacts. We also overview how Just‐In‐Time Adaptive Interventions in digital mental health interventions can be harnessed to simultaneously consider “when” and “for whom” ED interventions can exert the greatest benefits. We conclude with several recommendations for conducting ED intervention and implementation research that integrate timing into support delivery and study design, enabling a deeper understanding of not just how and for whom, but when, ED interventions can be most effective.
Prevalence and prognostic impact of bone disease in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Verheyen Nicolas , Schmid Johannes , Kolesnik Ewald , Schwegel Nora , Späth Johannes , Kattnig Lydia , Riepl Hermann , Zach David , Santner Viktoria , Höller Viktoria , Pilz Stefan , Tomaschitz Andreas , Fuchsjäger Michael , Fahrleitner‐Pammer Astrid , Dimai Hans Peter , Obermayer‐Pietsch Barbara , Fruhwald Friedrich , Scherr Daniel , Zirlik Andreas , von Lewinski Dirk , Ablasser Klemens
Published: March 2024

Aims

Chronic heart failure is associated with a bone‐catabolic state and increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Prospective studies investigating the clinical relevance of bone disease in heart failure are lacking. We aimed to assess the prevalence and prognostic impact of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures (VFs) in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods and results

Symptomatic outpatients with chronic heart failure and a previous diagnosis of overtly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% on stable, optimal HFrEF therapy and left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% at enrolment were included into a prospective single‐centre study. Osteoporosis was determined with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and defined as a T‐score ≤ 2.5 at any site. VFs were assessed using X‐ray of both thoracic and lumbar spine applying the semiquantitative Genant score. We enrolled 205 patients (22% women), with a median age of 66 (IQR 58–74) years. Median left ventricular ejection fraction was 37 (IQR 30–43) % and median N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide was 964 (IQR 363–2173) pg/mL. Osteoporosis, as defined by bone mineral density, and at least one VF were prevalent in 31 (15%) and 29 patients (14%). Osteoporosis or VF were present in 55 patients (27%) and 5 patients (2%) had both osteoporosis and a VF. During a median follow‐up of 4.7 (IQR 4.0–5.3) years, 18 patients (9%) died due to cardiovascular (CV) cause, and 46 patients (22%) had a worsening heart failure (WHF) hospitalization. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, presence of VF independently predicted CV death (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.04–7.65, P = 0.042), WHF hospitalizations (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.18–4.82, P = 0.015), and a composite endpoint of CV death and WHF hospitalizations (HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.23–4.82, P = 0.011). Osteoporosis was not significantly associated with CV events.

Conclusions

In a prospective study, bone disease affected every fourth patient with HFrEF, and patients with VF at baseline had a two‐fold risk of subsequent CV death or WHF hospitalization. Prevalent bone disease, particularly VF, should be considered as a clinically relevant comorbidity in HFrEF.
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) caused abnormal lipid metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver: Insight from the gut microbiota–liver axis
Authors: Fu Bing , Ma Huawei , Yang Huici , Zheng Mengping , Zhang Junming , Li Yichao , Du Yihui , Wang Guangjun , Tian Jingjing , Zhang Kai , Xia Yun , Li Zhifei , Gong Wangbao , Li Hongyan , Xie Jun , Yang Huirong , Yu Ermeng
Published: March 2024

Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) has received attention from the food and animal feed industries as a sustainable, inexpensive, and versatile plant‐based protein source. However, long‐term consumption of broad bean, especially unprocessed ones, can lead to hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate how broad bean affected hepatic lipid metabolism and its underlying mechanisms, we conducted a multi‐omics analysis of crisp grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus C. et V) model with hepatic steatosis after feeding with single broad bean for 120 days. The glycolysis inhibition, increased de novo lipogenesis, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, and activation of oxidative stress were the key processes involved in broad bean‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Disturbances in intestinal flora caused by damage to the intestinal barrier and increased lipopolysaccharide caused by broad bean promoted hepatic lipid accumulation. Reduction of antinutritional factors and balanced diet offer potential strategies to mitigate the liver damage caused by broad bean consumption. Overall, our findings provided a theoretical basis for the wide application of broad bean as animal feeds.
Opportunities in emerging technologies for Southern Africa: How the Global South should adopt to take advantage?
Authors: Mateko Freeman Munisi
Published: March 2024

The manufacturing sector, energy sector, and mobility businesses can all benefit from the use of emerging technology. A crucial part of modernizing industries is utilizing emerging technologies. This research aimed to examine how the Global South can adopt and maximize emerging technology opportunities. The research was qualitative in nature, and the focus was on economies in the Global South. Random sampling to select 40 economies from the four continents that fall under the Global South which were Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the Arab Region, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Research articles on the subject matter were collected from Google Scholar and other online repositories. Document analysis was used under the data analysis section. This research aimed to examine how the Global South can adopt and maximize emerging technology opportunities. The research findings described challenges, such as poor technological policies, high prices, and taxation, a lack of financial resources, a lack of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and limited experts, digital illiteracy, and how illicit financial flows adversely affect the Global South's ability to tap into emerging technologies. In terms of policy recommendations, it was suggested that the Global South needs to design and implement robust ICT policies, mobilize financial resources, and invest in research and development. These policies must be implemented in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors to ensure meaningful benefits of using emerging technologies.
Analysis of cantharidin‐induced kidney injury and the protective mechanism of resveratrol in mice determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry‐based metabonomics
Authors: Xiao Yuanyuan , Liu Ruxia , Zhang Xiaoyue , Li Yaofeng , Peng Fang , Tang Wenchao
Published: March 2024

Cantharidin (CTD) is the main active component in the traditional Chinese medicine Mylabris and an effective anti‐tumor agent. However, it is relatively toxic and exhibits nephrotoxicity, which limits its clinical use. However, its toxic mechanism is not clear. The toxic effects of CTD exposure on the kidney and the protective effect of resveratrol (RES) were studied in a mouse model, by determination of serum biochemical and renal antioxidant indicators, histopathological and ultrastructural observation, and metabonomics. After CTD exposure, serum uric acid, creatinine, and tissue oxidative stress indicators increased, and the renal glomerular and tubular epithelial cells showed clear pathological damage. Ultrastructure observation revealed marked mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum dilation, and the presence of autophagy lysosomes in glomerular epithelial cells. RES ameliorated the renal injury induced by CTD. Metabonomics analysis indicated that CTD can induce apoptosis and oxidative damage in kidney cells, mainly by disrupting sphingolipid and glutathione metabolism, increasing sphingosine and sphingomyelin levels, and decreasing glutathione levels. RES counteracts these effects by regulating renal cell proliferation, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, by improving the levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), LysoPC, and lysophosphatidyl glycerol in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway, thereby reducing CTD‐induced nephrotoxicity. The mechanisms of CTD‐induced renal injury and the protective effect of RES were revealed by metabonomics, providing a basis for evaluating clinical treatment regimens to reduce CTD‐induced nephrotoxicity.