bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dennis Richard
Published: January 2010

To contemporaries the nineteenth century was 'the age of great cities'. As early as 1851 over half the population of England and Wales could be classified as 'urban'. In the first full-length treatment of nineteenth-century urbanism from a geographical perspective, Richard Dennia focuses on the industrial towns and cities of Lancashire, Yorkshire, the Midlands and South Wales, that epitomised the spirit of the new age. In recent years urban historians and geographers have produced a wide range of detailed studies, both of particular cities and of specific aspects of nineteenth-century urban society, including the housing system, local government, public transport, class structure, residential segregation and social and geographical mobility. Dr Dennis offers a critical review of this research, integrated with his own original study of mobility, social interaction and community in the West Yorkshire town of Huddersfield.
Karl Popper
Authors: O'Hear Anthony
Published: January 2010

Few philosophers in this century have had either Karl Popper's range or his influence, inside and outside philosophy. This collection of essays by fifteen distinguished philosophers, several of whom have been closely associated with Popper and his work, provides a timely assessment of Popper's contributions in a number of key areas: the methodology and philosophy of science; probability and determinism; quantum theory; biology; the theory of evolution; and the theory and practice of politics. The volume offers the specialist and the general reader alike fresh insights into the life and work of one of the twentieth century's most original thinkers.
Chimpanzee Material Culture
Authors: McGrew William C.
Published: January 2010

The chimpanzee, of all other living species, is our closest relation, with whom we last shared a common ancestor about 5 million years ago. These African apes make and use a rich and varied kit of tools, and of the primates they are the only consistent and habitual tool-users and tool-makers. Chimpanzees meet the criteria of culture as originally defined for human beings by socio-cultural anthropologists. They show sex differences in using tools to obtain and to process a variety of plant and animal foods. The technological gap between chimpanzees and human societies that live by foraging (hunter-gatherers) is surprisingly narrow, at least for food-getting. Different communities of wild chimpanzees have different tool-kits, and not all of this regional and local variation can be explained by the demands of the physical and biotic environments in which they live. Some differences are likely to be customs based on socially derived and symbolically encoded traditions. Chimpanzees serve as heuristic, referential models for the reconstruction of cultural evolution in apes and humans from a common ancestor. However, chimpanzees are not humans, and key differences exist between them, though many of these apparent contrasts remain to be explored empirically and theoretically.
Elements of Pharmacology
Authors: Bentley Peter J.
Published: January 2010

Written primarily for students of medicine, pharmacy, and pharmacology, this introductory book provides a concise summary of the principles that underlie the science of pharmacology. It presents the basic concepts required for understanding the use, mechanisms of action, toxicity and side effects, and therapeutic application of drugs in man. Thus the book may also be of interest to medical practitioners and to biological and medical scientists. Among topics covered are the sources of drugs, the way they are administered and dealt with in the body, as well as concepts about the nature of their actions. The last include their chemical interactions with components of cells and the manner in which these lead to therapeutically desirable as well as undesirable and even toxic effects. In addition, clinically related subjects, such as drug interactions, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects are discussed. The development and testing of new drugs are also described. For easy reference, at the back of the book there is a glossary of drugs named in the text.
Action Semantics
Authors: Mosses Peter D.
Published: January 2010

Action Semantics is a novel approach to the formal description of programming languages. Its abstractness is at an intermediate level, between that of denotational and operational semantics. Action Semantics has considerable pragmatic advantages over all previous approaches, in its comprehensibility and accessibility, and especially in the usefulness of its semantic descriptions of realistic programming languages. In this volume, Dr Peter Mosses gives a thorough introduction to action semantics, and provides substantial illustrations of its use. Graduates of computer science or maths who have an interest in the semantics of programming languages will find Action Semantics a most helpful book.
The General Theory of Transformational Growth
Authors: Nell Edward J.
Published: January 2010

For the last century, economic analysis has been wedded to the idea of equilibrium, in spite of the evident fact that most economic relationships are in flux. The theory of transformational growth in this work replaces equilibrium with history. The role of the market is not to allocate resources, but to generate innovations, which are 'selected' by competition in an evolutionary process. These innovations in turn change the way markets work and how they adjust, thus creating new problems and new kinds of pressures to innovate. Different historical periods can be distinguished with a new one perhaps on the horizon. In each a distinctive style of technology prevails, associated with corresponding institutions and patterns of market behavior. The core relationships provide the foundations for a theory of monetary circulation, which makes possible a revised Keynesian approach, based on Classical foundations.
The Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries
Authors: Bolgar R. R.
Published: January 2010

Since its first publication in 1954, The Classical Heritage has become established as a classic introduction to cultural and intellectual history from the Carolingian age to the end of the Renaissance.
Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography
Authors: Marincola John
Published: January 2010

This book is a study of the various claims to authority made by the ancient Greek and Roman historians throughout their histories and is the first to examine all aspects of the historian's self-presentation. It shows how each historian claimed veracity by imitating, modifying, and manipulating the traditions established by his predecessors. Beginning with a discussion of the tension between individuality and imitation, it then categorises and analyses the recurring style used to establish the historian's authority: how he came to write history; the qualifications he brought to the task; the inquiries and efforts he made in his research; and his claims to possess a reliable character. By detailing how each historian used the tradition to claim and maintain his own authority, the book contributes to a better understanding of the complex nature of ancient historiography.
The Electrical Resistivity of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Rossiter Paul L.
Published: January 2010

Now in paperback, this comprehensive book is the first text devoted to the problem of understanding the electrical properties of metals and alloys. Dr Rossiter, well-known for his work on the electrical resistivity of alloys, has written a book which blends results and theory, but does not rely on a strong grounding in quantum mechanics. After an introduction to the basic ideas, the concepts of atomic and magnetic correlations and their microstructural consequences are explained. Later chapters then deal with the effects of such correlations on electrical resistivity. Examples and applications of the concepts derived are given in discrete sections, allowing the uninterrupted development of theory for each specific problem, and enhancing the value of the book for a wide range of readers from theoretical and experimental solid state physicists to metallurgists and materials scientists. Anyone with an interest in the electrical conduction process or in the application of resistivity measurements to the study of alloy configuration will find this essential reading.
Human Demography and Disease
Authors: Scott Susan , Duncan C. J.
Published: January 2010

Human Demography and Disease offers an interdisciplinary and integrated perspective on the relationship between historical populations and the dynamics of epidemiological processes. It brings the techniques of time-series analysis and computer matrix modelling to historical demography and geography to extract detailed information concerning the oscillations in births, deaths, migrations and epidemics from parish registers and other data series and to build mathematical models of the population cycles. This book presents a new way of studying pre-industrial communities and explores the subtle, and hitherto undetected effects of fluctuating nutritional levels on mortality patterns and the dynamics of infectious diseases. It will be of interest to researchers, teachers and students in the fields of demography, anthropology, historical geography, social history, population biology and epidemiology.
Ethics and Politics
Authors: MacIntyre Alasdair
Published: January 2010

Alasdair MacIntyre is one of the most creative and important philosophers working today. This volume presents a selection of his classic essays on ethics and politics collected together for the first time, focussing particularly on the themes of moral disagreement, moral dilemmas, and truthfulness and its importance. The essays range widely in scope, from Aristotle and Aquinas and what we need to learn from them, to our contemporary economic and social structures and the threat which they pose to the realization of the forms of ethical life. They will appeal to a wide range of readers across philosophy and especially in moral philosophy, political philosophy, and theology.
Bitter Harvest
Authors: Dickinson Matthew J.
Published: January 2010

Bitter Harvest identifies the principles governing Franklin Roosevelt's development and use of a presidential staff system and offers a theory explaining why those principles proved so effective. Dickinson argues that presidents institutionalize staff to acquire the information and expertise necessary to better predict the likely impact their specific bargaining choices will have on the end results they desire. Once institutionalized, however, presidential staff must be managed. Roosevelt's use of competitive administrative techniques minimized his staff management costs, while his institutionalization of nonpartisan staff agencies provided him with needed information. Matthew Dickinson's research suggests that FDR's principles could be used today to manage the White House staff-dominated institutional presidency upon which most of his presidential successors have relied.
China and India in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Sharma Shalendra D.
Published: January 2010

The rise of China and India is the story of our times. The unprecedented expansion of their economic and power capabilities raises profound questions for scholars and policymakers. What forces propelled these two Asian giants into global pacesetters, and what does their emergence mean for the United States and the world? With intimate detail, Shalendra D. Sharma's China and India in the Age of Globalization explores how the interplay of socio-historical, political, and economic forces has transformed these once poor agrarian societies into economic powerhouses. This book examines the challenges both countries face and what each must do to strike the balance between reaping the opportunities and mitigating the risks. For the United States, assisting a rising China to become a responsible global stakeholder and fostering peace and stability in the volatile subcontinent will be paramount in the coming years.
Hidden Unity in Nature's Laws
Authors: Taylor John C.
Published: January 2010

As physics has progressed through the ages it has succeeded in explaining more and more diverse phenomena with fewer and fewer underlying principles. This lucid and wide-ranging book explains how this understanding has developed by periodically uncovering unexpected 'hidden unities' in nature. The author deftly steers the reader on a fascinating path which goes to the heart of physics - the search and discovery of elegant laws which unify and simplify our understanding of the intricate Universe in which we live. Starting with the Ancient Greeks, the author traces the development of major concepts in physics right up to the present day. Throughout, the presentation is crisp and informative and only a minimum of mathematics is used. Any reader with a background in mathematics or physics will find this book a fascinating insight into the development of our fundamental understanding of the world, and the apparent simplicity underlying it.
Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960
Authors: Lamb Charles M.
Published: January 2010

This book examines national fair housing policy from 1960 through 2000 in the context of the American presidency and the country's segregated suburban housing market. It argues that a principal reason for suburban housing segregation lies in Richard Nixon's 1971 fair housing policy, which directed Federal agencies not to place pressure on suburbs to accept low-income housing. After exploring the role played by Lyndon Johnson in the initiation and passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, Nixon's politics of suburban segregation is contrasted to the politics of suburban integration espoused by his HUD secretary, George Romney. Nixon's fair housing legacy is then traced through each presidential administration from Gerald Ford to Bill Clinton and detected in the decisions of Nixon's Federal Court appointees.
Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights
Authors: Gould Carol C.
Published: January 2010

In her 2004 book Carol Gould addresses the fundamental issue of democratizing globalization, that is to say of finding ways to open transnational institutions and communities to democratic participation by those widely affected by their decisions. The book develops a framework for expanding participation in crossborder decisions, arguing for a broader understanding of human rights and introducing a new role for the ideas of care and solidarity at a distance. Reinterpreting the idea of universality to accommodate a multiplicity of cultural perspectives, the author takes up a number of applied issues, including the persistence of racism, cultural rights, women's human rights, the democratic management of firms, the use of the Internet to enhance political participation, and the importance of empathy and genuine democracy in understanding terrorism and responding to it. Accessibly written with a minimum of technical jargon this is a major contribution to political philosophy.
Greasing the Wheels
Authors: Evans Diana
Published: January 2010

Pork barrel projects would surely rank near the top of most observers' lists of Congress's most widely despised products. Yet, political leaders in Congress and the President often trade pork for votes to pass legislation that serves broad national purposes, giving members of Congress pork barrel projects in return for their votes on general interest legislation. It is a practice that succeeds at a cost, but it is a cost that many political leaders are willing to pay in order to enact the broader public policies that they favor. There is an irony in this: pork barrel benefits, the most reviled of Congress's legislative products, are used by policy coalition leaders to produce the type of policy that is most admired - general interest legislation. This book makes the case that buying votes with pork is one way in which Congress solves its well-known collective action problem.
The Cultured Chimpanzee
Authors: McGrew W. C.
Published: January 2010

Short of inventing a time machine, we will never see our extinct forebears in action and be able to determine directly how human behaviour and culture has developed. However, we can learn from our closest living relatives, the African great apes. The Cultured Chimpanzee explores the astonishing variation in chimpanzee behaviour across their range, which cannot be explained by individual learning, genetic or environmental influences. It promotes the view that this rich diversity in social life and material culture reflects social learning of traditions, and more closely resembles cultural variety in humans than the simpler behaviour of other animal species. This stimulating book shows that the field of cultural primatology may therefore help us to reconstruct the cultural evolution of Homo sapiens from earlier forms, and that it is essential for anthropologists, archaeologists and zoologists to work together to develop a stronger understanding of human and primate cultural evolution.
Games in Economic Development
Authors: Wydick Bruce
Published: January 2010

Games in Economic Development examines the roots of poverty and prosperity through the lens of elementary game theory, illustrating how patterns of human interaction can lead to vicious cycles of poverty as well as virtuous cycles of prosperity. This book shows how both social norms and carefully designed institutions can help shape the 'rules of the game', making better outcomes in a game possible for everyone involved. The book is entertaining to read, it can be accessed with little background in development economics or game theory. Its chapters explore games in natural resource use; education; coping with risk; borrowing and lending; technology adoption; governance and corruption; civil conflict; international trade; and the importance of networks, religion, and identity, illustrating concepts with numerous anecdotes from recent world events. Comes complete with an appendix, explaining the basic ideas in game theory used in the book.
Gender and the Constitution
Authors: Irving Helen
Published: January 2010

We live in an era of constitution-making. New constitutions are appearing in historically unprecedented numbers, following regime change in some countries, or a commitment to modernization in others. No democratic constitution today can fail to recognize or provide for gender equality. Constitution-makers need to understand the gendered character of all constitutions, and to recognize the differential impact on women of constitutional provisions, even where these appear gender-neutral. This book confronts what needs to be considered in writing a constitution when gender equity and agency are goals. It examines principles of constitutionalism, constitutional jurisprudence, and history. Its goal is to establish a framework for a 'gender audit' of both new and existing constitutions. It eschews a simple focus on rights and examines constitutional language, interpretation, structures and distribution of power, rules of citizenship, processes of representation, and the constitutional recognition of international and customary law. It discusses equality rights and reproductive rights as distinct issues for constitutional design.
Jesus as Teacher
Authors: Perkins Pheme
Published: January 2010

Professor Perkins compares Jesus with other types of teachers in his day: philosophers, interpreters of the law, prophets, and visionaries. Jesus is characterized as a charismatic teacher and prophet who addressed his message to all people, as opposed to the elite groups taught in formal schools in ancient times. Readers are shown how Jesus used parables, proverbs, and legal and prophetic sayings to challenge the imagination and to allow his listeners to discover his message. The book contains detailed analyses of many Gospel passages and covers themes of particular prominence in Jesus' teaching, including justice, wealth, forgiveness and love.
Feminism and Christian Ethics
Authors: Frank Parsons Susan
Published: January 2010

Feminists are aware of the diversity of thinking within their own tradition, and of the different approaches to moral questions in which that is manifest. This book describes and analyses that diversity by distinguishing three distinct paradigms of moral reasoning to be found within feminism. Using the writings of feminists, the major strengths and weaknesses of each theory are considered, so that creative dialogue between them can be encouraged. Three common themes are drawn out - which are also on the agenda of new developments in philosophical and Christian ethics: the search for an appropriate universalism, the possibility of a redemptive community and the development of a new humanism. Feminists may be encouraged, through this account of their considerable scholarship in ethical thinking, to contribute to these changes with their special concern for the lives and the fulfilment of women.
Insurance Risk and Ruin
Authors: Dickson David C. M.
Published: January 2010

Based on the author's experience of teaching final-year actuarial students in Britain and Australia, and suitable for a first course in insurance risk theory, this book focuses on the two major areas of risk theory - aggregate claims distributions and ruin theory. For aggregate claims distributions, detailed descriptions are given of recursive techniques that can be used in the individual and collective risk models. For the collective model, different classes of counting distribution are discussed, and recursion schemes for probability functions and moments presented. For the individual model, the three most commonly applied techniques are discussed and illustrated. Care has been taken to make the book accessible to readers who have a solid understanding of the basic tools of probability theory. Numerous worked examples are included in the text and each chapter concludes with exercises, which have answers in the book and full solutions available for instructors from www.cambridge.org/9780521846400.
The Films of Joseph Losey
Authors: Palmer James , Riley Michael
Published: January 2010

The Films of Joseph Losey examines the career of the expatriot director through a close analysis of five of his most important and challenging films. When his leftist politics made him a target of the House Committee on Unamerican Activities in 1951, the blacklisted Losey left America and continued his film career in England. Concerned mainly with the use and abuse of power inherent in intimate relationships, Losey also examined these issues as manifested in institutions and social classes. The book also examines Losey's close working relationships with playwright/screenwriter Harold Pinter and actor Dirk Bogarde, his experimental form of storytelling, the psychological complexity of characters acting as narrator of their own stories, and the intricate handling of time in the structure of his films. Close studies of King and Country, The Servant, Accident, The Go-Between, and The Romantic Englishwoman confirm Losey's stature as a director of powerful and compelling films of both moral importance and great formal complexity.
The Films of Paul Morrissey
Authors: Yacowar Maurice
Published: January 2010

The Films of Paul Morrissey is the first appraisal of one of the major figures of American independent cinema. An innovator in the narrative cinema that emerged from Andy Warhol's Factory, Morrissey, as established in this study, was also the force who shaped the most important films that have up till now been attributed to Warhol. The director's experiments in the use of non-professional actors, controversial subject matter, and language are demonstrated through analysis of his most accomplished achievements, including Mixed Blood, 40 Deuce, and Spike of Bensonhurst. The Films of Paul Morrissey furthermore reveals the director's challenge to the moral, social and political values of contemporary liberalism.
Frames of Deceit
Authors: Johnson Peter
Published: January 2010

Frames of Deceit is a philosophical investigation of the nature of trust in public and private life. It examines how trust originates, how it is challenged, and how it is recovered when moral and political imperfections collide. In politics, rulers may be called upon to act badly for the sake of a political good, and in private life intimate attachments are formed in which the costs of betrayal are high. This book asks how trust is tested by human goods, moral character and power relations. It explores whether an individual's experience of betrayal differs totally from that of a community when it loses and then seeks to recover a vital public trust. Although this is a work of political philosophy it is distinctive in examining three literary texts - Sophocles' Philoctetes, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, and Zola's Thérése Raquin - in order to deepen our understanding of the place of trust in morality and politics.
Geometric Partial Differential Equations and Image Analysis
Authors: Sapiro Guillermo
Published: January 2010

This book provides an introduction to the use of geometric partial differential equations in image processing and computer vision. This research area brings a number of new concepts into the field, providing a very fundamental and formal approach to image processing. State-of-the-art practical results in a large number of real problems are achieved with the techniques described in this book. Applications covered include image segmentation, shape analysis, image enhancement, and tracking. This book will be a useful resource for researchers and practitioners. It is intended to provide information for people investigating new solutions to image processing problems as well as for people searching for existent advanced solutions.
Political Ideology in the Arab World
Authors: Browers Michaelle L.
Published: January 2010

Arab nationalism and Islamism have been the two most potent ideological forces in the Arab region across the twentieth century. Over the last two decades, however, an accommodation of sorts has been developing between liberals, socialists and Islamists, to protest unpopular foreign and domestic policies, such as those aimed at cooperation with Israel or the war in Iraq. By examining the writings of Arab nationalist, socialist and Islamist intellectuals, and through numerous interviews with political participants from different persuasions, Michaelle Browers traces these developments from the 'Arab age of ideology', as it has been called, through an 'age of ideological transformation', demonstrating clearly how the recent flow of ideas from one group to another have their roots in the past. Political Ideology in the Arab World assesses the impact of ideological changes on Egypt's Kifaya! [Enough!] movement and Yemen's joint meeting parties.
Contesting the Corporation
Authors: Fleming Peter , Spicer André
Published: January 2010

In an age when large corporations dominate the economic and political landscape, it is tempting to think that their power goes largely unchecked. Originally published in 2007, Contesting the Corporation counters this view by showing that today's corporations are driven by political struggle, power plays and attempts to resist control. Building on a wide range of theoretical sources, Fleming and Spicer present an analysis of the different ways in which power operates within the modern workplace. They begin by building a theoretical perspective that synthesizes previous investigations of power and resistance, identifying struggle as a key concept. Each chapter illustrates a different dimension of workplace struggle through an array of original empirical studies relating to sexuality, cynicism, new social movements and new-wave trade unionism. The book concludes by demonstrating that social justice claims underlie even the most innocuous forms of resistance, helping to transform some of the largest modern corporations.
At the Origins of Neo-Liberalism: The Free Economy and the Strong State, 1930–1947
Authors: JACKSON BEN
Published: January 2010

It is often suggested that the earliest theorists of neo-liberalism first entered public controversy in the 1930s and 1940s to dispel the illusion that the welfare state represented a stable middle way between capitalism and socialism. This article argues that this is an anachronistic account of the origins of neo-liberalism, since the earliest exponents of neo-liberal doctrine focused on socialist central planning rather than the welfare state as their chief adversary and even sought to accommodate certain elements of the welfare state agenda within their market liberalism. In their early work, neo-liberal theorists were suspicious of nineteenth-century liberalism and capitalism; emphasized the value commitments that they shared with progressive liberals and socialists; and endorsed significant state regulation and redistribution as essential to the maintenance of a free society. Neo-liberals of the 1930s and 1940s therefore believed that the legitimation of the market, and the individual liberty best secured by the market, had to be accomplished via an expansion of state capacity and a clear admission that earlier market liberals had been wrong to advocate laissez-faire.
URBAN HISTORY AND MODERNITY IN CENTRAL EUROPE
Authors: KLAUTKE EGBERT
Published: January 2010

This historiographical review discusses recent literature on cities in modern Central Europe – mainly on Berlin and Vienna – which reflects the great variety of approaches to urban history and underlines the importance of urban history for the study of modernity. The history of urbanization was a central event in the history of modernity. Especially in the Central European capitals of Berlin and Vienna, where modernization and urban growth started later and then advanced more quickly than in West European cities, all aspects of social, political, economic, and cultural modernity and its consequences can be observed in detail.
SOME FURTHER CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN RICHARD BAXTER AND KATHERINE GELL
Authors: CONDIE KEITH
Published: January 2010

The puritan pastor and writer, Richard Baxter, and a member of a prominent Derbyshire family, Katherine Gell, exchanged a series of letters between 1655 and 1658. This article highlights the existence of three further items of correspondence in this exchange, located in the Derbyshire Record Office, hitherto believed not to be extant. The additional three letters are all penned by Baxter and include his replies to her first two epistles (dated 28 July 1655 and 4 September 1655) as well as a reply to a non-extant Gell letter (dated 31 July 1658). The correspondence provides valuable insights into Baxter's pastoral methods and the nature of puritan piety. The first two items draw attention to the importance of the dimension of duty within Baxter's pastoral agenda; while expressed in a context of warmth and encouragement, he believes that Gell will find a measure of resolution to her spiritual struggles by careful attention to the obligations of Christian living. The third letter, written some years later, after Baxter has discovered that Gell suffers from melancholia, is couched in a gentler tone and reveals a more reciprocal dimension to their relationship.
BATTLE EXHAUSTION: THE DILEMMA OF PSYCHIATRIC CASUALTIES IN NORMANDY, JUNE–AUGUST 1944
Authors: JONES EDGAR , IRONSIDE STEPHEN
Published: January 2010

During the Second World War, controversy surrounded not the inevitability of psychiatric casualties but the extent to which they could be minimized by selection, training, morale, and leadership. By early 1944, when planning for the D-Day landings was advanced, the problem of the psychiatric battle casualty was considered manageable by careful preparation and clinical understanding. The campaign to liberate Europe offered the newly formed Directorate of Army Psychiatry an opportunity to demonstrate its effectiveness. Psychiatric services were deployed to Normandy to maximize the return of front-line troops to duty. Commanders, however, entertained doubts about the value of military psychiatrists. By offering a sanctioned escape route from battle, some believed that their mere presence undermined the fighting spirit of combat troops. The records of 32 General (Psychiatric) Hospital have been analysed to discover categories of troops most vulnerable to breakdown and to assess the impact of front-line treatments. Infantry soldiers, those most likely to be killed, were disproportionately represented amongst admissions. Senior non-commissioned officers were also at elevated risk of breakdown, some being war weary from earlier campaigns. Probably 36 per cent of admissions returned to combatant duty, and 53 per cent were evacuated to the UK. The scale of psychiatric casualties revealed failures in pre-deployment screening.
THE EARL OF EGLINTON, SCOTTISH CONSERVATISM, AND THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE VINDICATION OF SCOTTISH RIGHTS
Authors: TYRRELL ALEX
Published: January 2010

This article re-evaluates the role and importance of the thirteenth earl of Eglinton as president of the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights (NAVSR). Departing from the established historiography, which depicts his career as a romantic absurdity because of his organization of a medieval tournament in 1839, it shows Eglinton to have been a political figure of substance, who played a significant role in public life during the mid-Victorian era. The article emphasizes the importance of ‘administrative devolution’ as a feature of long-term Conservative political thought and points to activities of Eglinton and his circle as an example of the need to give more weight to the importance of Conservatives in modern Scottish history.
Investigation of non-Newtonian behavior of dusty plasma liquid
Authors: GAVRIKOV A. V. , GORANSKAYA D. N. , IVANOV A. S. , PETROV O. F. , TIMIRKHANOV R. A. , VORONA N. A. , FORTOV V. E.
Published: January 2010

The paper presents experimental investigation of flow of dusty plasma medium formed by macroparticles in argon plasma. The dependences of the coefficient of shear viscosity of such liquid on the external force causing the flow of dusty plasma liquid and on the pressure of plasma-generating gas are studied. It is found that the viscosity of the dusty plasma medium decreases with increasing shear stress and increases with increasing pressure of buffer gas. An experimental investigation of the dynamics of macroparticles in an unperturbed liquid dusty plasma medium as a function of coupling parameter is performed; in so doing, formations of particles whose motion is correlated are observed in the region of high values of coupling parameter. It is assumed that the non-Newtonian pattern of dusty plasma liquid may be due to the emergence of crystal-like dusty plasma clusters in the ‘liquid’ phase. An experimental investigation of a crystalline dusty plasma structure under the effect of laser radiation is performed; in so doing, a macroscopic flow of the crystalline dusty plasma structure is observed under the effect of shear stress. The mechanism of formation and subsequent annihilation of edge misfit dislocations is observed and the threshold pattern of such flow is established; the threshold value of power of laser radiation is determined.
Thelotremoid lichen species recently described from Thailand: a re-evaluation
Authors: PAPONG Khwanruan , BOONPRAGOB Kansri , MANGOLD Armin , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: January 2010

Twenty-six species recently described from Thailand are revised. Eleven taxa are reduced to synonymy with previously described species, including Leptotrema phaeosporum var. vainiona Räsänen. The following new combinations are proposed: Chapsa calathiformis (Vain.) Lumbsch & Papong, C. laemensis (Homchantara & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong, Melanotrema melanophthalmum (Homchantara & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong, Ocellularia albocincta (Hale) Divakar & Mangold, O. guianensis (Sipman) Divakar & Mangold, O. khunantensis (Homchantara & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong, O. percolumellata (Sipman) Divakar & Mangold, O. subcalvescens (Nyl.) Divakar & Mangold and Ocellularia subgranulosa (Homchantara & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong.
Thelotrema hnatiukii, a new lichen species and other interesting Thelotremataceae from Aldabra, Indian Ocean
Authors: SIPMAN H. J. M.
Published: January 2010

The Thelotremataceae are represented on Aldabra by three species: Leucodecton compunctum, Thelotrema euphorbiae, and Thelotrema hniatukii. The latter is described here as new. It is closely related to T. euphorbiae and know so far only from Aldabra.
Los retos que afronta la comunicación en el mundo actual: distribución o coparticipación
Authors: Boiton-Malherbe Sylvie
Published: January 2010

La comunicación, convertida en técnica de la captación de los mensajes, es un concepto vago o cambiante que no puede clasificarse en ninguna disciplina única o uniforme. Rebasa los dominios en los que se la quiere confinar, de los campos de aplicación de las ciencias humanas a los ámbitos operacionales de la telemática. Después que etnólogos y sociólogos, lingüístas y especialistas en sistemas, cibernéticos y psiquiatras le asignaran los más diversos significados, la comunicación en sentido lato y como realidad cotidiana entró en su era operativa en la década de los ochenta con las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (NTIC).

Ya sea que se privilegie su sentido de «relación interpersonal» o el sentido derivado de información por los medios de comunicación, la comunicación es un fenómeno en el que hay tres elementos: el emisor, el receptor, el mensaje. Cualquiera que sea la importancia relativa de cada uno de esos elementos con respecto a los otros, se admite que la comunicación es, ante todo, distribución de datos, de informaciones, de conocimientos entre uno o varios emisores y uno o varios receptores. En las relaciones interpersonales, la puesta en común del mensaje en determinado momento crea la comunicación en el sentido etimológico de «comunicare» (poner en comunión), en el que está implícita la noción de coparticipación.
Una identidad global de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja
Authors: Mercier Michèle , Reid George
Published: January 2010

En 1987, el Consejo de Delegados, reconociendo la «solidaridad de imagen» existente entre los varios componentes del Movimiento en todo el mundo, invitó al CICR y a la Liga a explorar, con las Sociedades Nacionales, «nuevas vías para promocionar ante el público, de manera más sistemática y siempre que las circunstancias lo permitan, la imagen global del Movimiento, máas bien que la de sus componentes individuates».

En consecuencia, el CICR y la Liga instituyeron un grupo de trabajo de especialistas en comunicación para preparar propuestas al respecto. Se encargó un amplio trabajo de investigación, que realizaron, en particular, expertos externos reclutados por la Cruz Roja Norteamericana; se recibieron recomendaciones de 62 Sociedades Nacionales; en junio de 1989, el personal de información aprobó propuestas del mundo de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, en el Segundo Seminario de Comunicación, que tuvo lugar en Varna (Bulgaria); y, por último, en octubre de 1989, el Consejo de Delegados aprobó por unanimidad el «enfoque general de la comunicación», como consta en el informe del CICR y de la Liga sobre la «Política de Información del Movimiento».

Política de Información del Movimiento

La Política de Información es, esencialmente, un programa práctico para reforzar la capacidad del Movimiento de comunicar, a nivel internacional, un mensaje claro y consecuente. Se basa en un Programa de Identidad que:
1. Comunicación y difusión: La comunicación al servicio de la difusión
Authors: Filipinas Cruz Roja de , Angco Edilberto H.
Published: January 2010

La informatión y la difusión son parte integral de la actual estructura del Departamento de Relaciones Púublicas y Publicaciones de la Cruz Roja de Filipinas (CRF). Aunque relacionadas entre síi, ambas actividades cumplen funciones y objetivos distintos, que las diferencian. Un sistema semejante parece ideal para cualquier Sociedad National que, como la CRF, sea pequeñna y con escasos recursos humanos y económicos. Debido a las limitaciones presupuestarias, el jefe del Departamento de Relaciones Públicas y Publicaciones tiene que ocuparse de todo, excepto del ámbito de la difusión, que está a cargo de otra persona clave.

Programas y Servicios de información

En general, los programas y los servicios de información están centralizados en la sede national. Por ejemplo, cualquier plan de información o propuesta de alcance nacional tiene que ser primeramente aprobada por el Comité de Relaciones Públicas, cuyos miembros integran la Junta Directiva de la CRF, antes de ponerse en práctica a nivel de las 83 secciones. En las secciones, las tareas relativas a la información y la difusión están a cargo, generalmente, de los respectivos administradores, todos ellos con formatión específica al respecto. Muy a menudo, cuentan con la ayuda de calificados representantes de los diferentes servicios de la sección y de colegiales que son también miembros de la Cruz Roja de la Juventud.
3. Comunicacion, reclutamiento de miembros y búsqueda de fondos: La comunicación como medio para obtener fondos destinados a actividades humanitarias
Authors: Neerlandesa Cruz Roja , Vergeer Marcel P. L.
Published: January 2010

Si se pregunta a los holandeses en la calle el nombre de una organizatión sin fines de lucro, 93 de cada 100 personas responderán espontáneamente: la Cruz Roja Neerlandesa. Y si se pregunta a esas 93 personas cuál es su opinión sobre las actividades de la Cruz Roja, 92 de ellas responderán: «¡Muy buena!»

Me imagino que pensará usted que eso es «sensacional», es decir, que para la Cruz Roja Neerlandesa no supone casi esfuerzo alguno reunir fondos. «E1 dinero les llueve, por así decirlo».

Lamento decepcionarlo, pero no es así. Año tras año, la Cruz Roja Neerlandesa gasta unos 3,5 millones de florines para recaudar unos 90 millones de florines; es decir, 6% de su presupuesto anual.
4. Comunicacion y el público en general: La excelencia en la comunicación y el público en general
Authors: Norteamericana Cruz Roja , Stingle Ann , Good Bud
Published: January 2010

Si Henry Dunant no hubiera comprendido con toda claridad el valor de la buena comunicación nunca hubiera escrito Recuerdo de Solferino, un libro que movió la conciencia de las naciones a la acción. En Estados Unidos, Clara Barton, fundadora de la Cruz Roja Norteamericana, también era una comunicadora. A diferencia de muchos de sus coetáneos, mantenía buenas relaciones con la prensa, pues reconocía la importancia de la oportunidad, del interés humano del mensaje y de su repetición. Lo que transmitía al público era una imagen de firmeza y dedicación a la salvaguardia de los ideales humanitarios.
Política humanitaria y actividades operacionales del CICR
Authors: La Revista
Published: January 2010

La guerra que hace estragos actualmente en Oriente Medio muestra hasta qué punto el mundo ha comenzado una era de rupturas y de incertidumbres. Huelga decir que la actión humanitaria del CICR está profundamente afectada por esta situación. Particularmente sensible, por su índole y por su cometido, al estado de las relaciones Internacionales, el CICR debe hacer frente no sólo a los efectos inmediatos de los conflictos Internationales, sino también a las consecuencias humanitarias de conflictos internos y situaciones de disturbios, que perduran en numerosas zonas del mundo y que no necesitan por ello menos la presencia constante de los delegados de la Institución.

Ciertamente, esta presencia del CICR se tradujo, estos últimos años, en un gran número de personas protegidas y asistidas, en programas de socorro y de asistencia médica en favor de numerosas víctimas civiles y militares de los conflictos. Esta labor nos complace, pero no debe ocultar las dificultades con que tropiezan los delegados, ante la ignorancia o el desconocimiento del derecho humanitario y la retahíla de infracciones cometidas, o ante la discrepancia que hay, a menudo, entre las intenciones de los Estados y su comportamiento sobre el terreno.
Homenaje a Frédéric Siordet
Authors: Borsitiger Melchior
Published: January 2010

El señor Frédéric Siordet, ex miembro del CICR y ex vicepresidente de la Institutión, falleció el 30 de enero de 1991. Con su muerte desaparece una de las grandes figuras del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja.

Su amigo Melchior Borsinger, ex delegado general del CICR para Europa y América del Norte, galardonado con la medulla Henry Dunant, rinde homenaje, en las líneas que siguen, a este gran servidor de la Cruz Roja. En ellas sabe expresar los sentimientos de admiratión y de afecto que comparten hoy todos los que, en el CICR o en el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, reconocieron y apreciaron la gran competencia y las cualidades de corazón y de espíritu de Frédéric Siordet.
Los Principios Fundamentales de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja: origen y desarrollo
Authors: Blonde Jean-Luc
Published: January 2010

Desde el comienzo, los miembros fundadores de lo que después sería el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja se dieron cuenta de que era necesario formular cierto número de principios esenciales, con el fin de guiarlo, garantizando al mismo tiempo su especificidad y su eficacia. La idea fundamental en la que se basa la labor de la Cruz Roja es la ayuda desinteresada en favor del ser humano que sufre, sin distinción, incluso si se trata de un enemigo.

Nacida en un campo de batalla, esta idea se expresa en las Resoluciones y los Propósitos de la Conferencia de octubre de 1863, así como en el artículo 6 del Convenio de Ginebra del 22 de agosto de 1864 que reza así: «los militares heridos o enfermos serán recogidos y cuidados, sea cual fuere la nación a que pertenezcan». Para hacer posible y eficaz este imperativo, en el Convenio de 1864 se concede a las ambulancias y al personal sanitario un nuevo estatuto, denominado en ese entonces neutralidad.
La Cruz Roja Suiza celebra sus 125 años (1866–1991) — Reflexiones sobre un aniversario
Authors: Bender Philippe
Published: January 2010

Más que el pretexto para una conmemoración a bombo y platillos, para una autocelebración de los méritos adquiridos, el 125º aniversario de la Cruz Roja Suiza debe ser la ocasión de una reflexión sobre la evolución que ha tenido la Institución, sobre su función en el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja y también sobre la particularidad de los vínculos que la unen con Suiza. Tentativa fructífera, que hará posible, según la fórmula del historiador Marc Ferro, «conservar el tiempo, después, hacerlo inteligible a los demás», pero que implica que quien la emprenda no trate de reconstruir el pasado arbitrariamente y evite caer en la hagiografía, so pretexto de estudiar una organización humanitaria. ¡Como si el desarrollo de la Cruz Roja Suiza estuviera libre de tensiones, de regresiones y de contradicciones, algunas veces mal superadas!
Los retos con que se enfrenta la Cruz Roja Suiza en el umbral del nuevo milenio
Authors: Sutter Kurt
Published: January 2010

Ciento veinticinco años después de su fundación, la Cruz Roja Suiza (CRS) sigue rentabilizando el hecho de que, en Suiza, perdura el recuerdo de la obra de Henry Dunant. En nuestro país, el 98% de la población adulta conoce la Cruz Roja. Ello redunda en beneficio de la CRS, aunque la mayoría de la gente no sepa distinguir las diferentes instituciones de la Cruz Roja y conozca poco lo que hace exactamente la CRS.

Ello no obstante, la CRS sigue disfrutando de una ventaja, ya que la mayor parte de la población da por sentado que la Cruz Roja es una buena e importante institutión.

Esta simpatía es una oportunidad y una obligatión para la CRS, porque esta base de confianza le permite obtener el respaldo y el apoyo tan necesarios para afrontar las futuras tareas humanitarias. Pero ello trae asimismo consigo, como anuncian los pronósticos para nuestro país, una serie de obligaciones para la CRS.