bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrically injected near-infrared light emission from single InN nanowire p-i-n diode
Authors: Le Binh Huy , Zhao Songrui , Tran Nhung Hong , Mi Zetian
Published: December 2014

We report on the achievement of electroluminescence emission of single InN p-i-n nanowire devices. InN p-i-n nanowire structures were grown directly on Si substrate by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and subsequently transferred to foreign substrate for the fabrication of single nanowire light emitting diodes. Electroluminescence emission with a peak energy of 0.71 eV (1.75 μm) was observed at 77 K. The measurement of near-bandgap electroluminescence provides unambiguous evidence for the achievement of p-type conduction of InN.
An analysis of the tourism industry's management responses to political crises in Thailand.
Authors: Kanlayanasukho V.
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines (1) the characteristics of political crises; (2) the effects of political crises on tourism organizations; and (3) the implementation of a crisis management response by tourism stakeholders. By analysing the tourism industry's management responses to political crises in Thailand, this chapter identifies effective operational responses by tour operators based in tourism-generating countries when a crisis occurs in a tourism destination. It is emphasized that reliable information and effective communication is vital in managing such crisis. It is recommended that businesses obtain inside information from trusted sources. Moreover, simple clear messages to customers are important.
Disentangling the effects of climate, abundance, and size on the distribution of marine fish: an example based on four stocks from the Northeast US shelf
Authors: Bell Richard J. , Richardson David E. , Hare Jonathan A. , Lynch Patrick D. , Fratantoni Paula S.
Published: December 2014

Climate change and fishing can have major impacts on the distribution of natural marine resources. Climate change alters the distribution of suitable habitat, forcing organisms to shift their range or attempt to survive under suboptimal conditions. Fishing reduces the abundance of marine populations and truncates their age structure leading to range contractions or shifts. Along the east coast of the United States, there have been major changes in fish populations due to the impacts of fishing and subsequent regulations, as well as changes in the climate. Black sea bass, scup, summer flounder, and winter flounder are important commercial and recreational species, which utilize inshore and offshore waters on the northeast shelf. We examined the distributions of the four species with the Northeast Fisheries Science Center trawl surveys to determine if the along-shelf centres of biomass had changed over time and if the changes were attributed to changes in temperature or fishing pressure through changes in abundance and length structure. Black sea bass, scup, and summer flounder exhibited significant poleward shifts in distributions in at least one season while the Southern New England/Mid-Atlantic Bight stock of winter flounder did not shift. Generalized additive modelling indicated that the changes in the centres of biomass for black sea bass and scup in spring were related to climate, while the change in the distribution of summer flounder was largely attributed to a decrease in fishing pressure and an expansion of the length–age structure. While the changes in ocean temperatures will have major impacts on the distribution of marine taxa, the effects of fishing can be of equivalent magnitude and on a more immediate time scale. It is important for management to take all factors into consideration when developing regulations for natural marine resources.
Discovery of recombining plasma in the supernova remnant 3C 391
Authors: Sato Tamotsu , Koyama Katsuji , Takahashi Tadayuki , Odaka Hirokazu , Nakashima Shinya
Published: December 2014

Recent X-ray study of middle-aged supernova remnants (SNRs) reveals strong radiative recombination continua (RRCs) associated with overionized plasmas, which origin still remains uncertain. We report a discovery of an RRC in the middle-aged SNR 3C 391. If the X-ray spectrum is fitted with a two-temperature plasma model in collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE), residuals of a Si xiv Lyα line at 2.006 keV, a S xvi Lyα line at 2.623 keV and the edge of a RRC of Si xiii at 2.666 keV are found. In fact, the X-ray spectrum is well described by the composite model consisting of the CIE plasma and a recombining plasma (RP). The abundance pattern suggests that the RP is due to ejecta from core-collapse supernova of the progenitor mass of about 15 M⊙. There is no significant difference of the recombining parameters between the south-east region and the north-west region surrounded by dense molecular clouds. We also find a hint of a Fe i Kα line at 6.4 keV (2.4 σ detection) from the south-east region of the SNR.
Widespread polycistronic transcripts in mushroom-forming fungi revealed by single-molecule long-read mRNA sequencing
Authors: Gordon Sean P. , Tseng Elizabeth , Salamov Asaf , Zhang Jiwei , Meng Xiandong , Zhao Zhiying , Kang Dongwan , Underwood Jason , Grigoriev Igor V. , Figueroa Melania , Schilling Jonathan S. , Chen Feng , Wang Zhong
Published: December 2014

Genes in prokaryotic genomes are often arranged into clusters and co-transcribed into polycistronic RNAs. Isolated examples of polycistronic RNAs were also reported in some eukaryotes but their presence was generally considered rare. Here we developed a long-read sequencing strategy to identify polycistronic transcripts in several mushroom forming fungal species includingPlicaturopsis crispa, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolorand Gloeophyllum trabeum1. We found genome-wide prevalence of polycistronic transcription in these Agaricomycetes, and it involves up to 8% of the transcribed genes. Unlike polycistronic mRNAs in prokaryotes, these co-transcribed genes are also independently transcribed, and upstream transcription may interfere downstream transcription. Further comparative genomic analysis indicates that polycistronic transcription is likely a feature unique to these fungi. In addition, we also systematically demonstrated that short-read assembly is insufficient for mRNA isoform discovery, especially for isoform-rich loci. In summary, our study revealed, for the first time, the genome prevalence of polycistronic transcription in a subset of fungi. Futhermore, our long-read sequencing approach combined with bioinformatics pipeline is a generic powerful tool for precise characterization of complex transcriptomes.
Diffuse multiple scattering
Authors: Nisbet A. G. A. , Beutier G. , Fabrizi F. , Moser B. , Collins S. P.
Published: December 2014

A new form of diffraction lines has been identified, similar to Rutherford, Kikuchi and Kossel lines. This paper highlights some of the properties of these lines and shows how they can be used to eliminate the need for sample/source matching in Lonsdale's triple convergent line method in lattice-parameter determination.
The Effectiveness of Leader Visits during the 2010 British General Election Campaign
Authors: Middleton Alia
Published: December 2014

Research Highlights and Abstract

This article shows

The impact of leader visits on local results in general election campaigns. The importance of party leaders in contemporary election campaigns. That leader visits impact vote share but not turnout. The extent to which incumbency plays an important part in leader visit effectiveness.

The leaders of the three largest political parties in the UK spent a significant proportion of the 2010 general election campaign touring constituencies. However, the potential impact of such visits upon local party vote share and constituency turnout has remained relatively unstudied. This article, using original data collected in 2010, is the first to examine leader visits during UK election campaigns. The constituencies visited are typically marginal, and while Gordon Brown mostly limited his visits to Labour-held constituencies, the leaders of the other two parties ran more expansionist visit strategies. Exploring the ability of leader visits to affect turnout and vote share, the analysis shows that visits made no impact on local turnout, but the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats received a boost in vote share in constituencies when their leaders visited. Disaggregating this further, these boosts were received primarily in seats held by Labour prior to the election.
Assembling and Spilling‐Over: Towards an ‘Ethnography of Cement' in a Palestinian Refugee Camp
Authors: Abourahme Nasser
Published: December 2014

Camps as objects of study are all but moored in the juridico‐political and the ‘structure versus agency' binary. This article attempts to move beyond this paradigmatic frame towards a reading of the camp as a material assemblage that brings subjects and objects, people and things into mutually constitutive relations. In one Palestinian refugee camp it ‘ethnographically' tracks the most mundane, but ubiquitous, element there is: cement. If the Palestinian camp is subject to a foundational—and quintessentially modern—separation between the material and the representational, then cement, as the medium of a certain temporal dynamism in built life, is the point of this separation's excess. Cement, as both aesthetic and thing, mediates camp life in entirely unintended ways, breaching topological boundaries, spilling quotidian life—in all its uncategorized mess—into the political, and generating tension between the temporary and the permanent, return and the built. It is precisely in these tensions that refugee subjectivity takes shape; never simply as the directed actions of sovereign actors, but always as an everyday ‘negotiation' of the in‐between space of the spillover—this cleft between discursive subject positions and the vitality of built life itself. Camp form, here, is not derivative of legal structure, but an ever‐moving relationship between temporality and materiality.
Post‐Childe, Post‐Wirth: Response to Smith, Ur and Feinman
Authors: Taylor Peter J.
Published: December 2014

This is a reply to a critique of Jane Jacobs' ‘cities first' thesis with respect to agricultural origins. The critique's basic premise is that the archaeological record regarding the development of agriculture precedes the earliest cities and therefore the thesis is empirically refuted. Accepting this archaeological record for agriculture, the dispute centres on the archaeological record for city origins. Substituting a process definition of cities—city‐ness—for a ‘thing' definition (e.g. monumentality), this reply opens up pre‐Mesopotamian possibilities for city networks while conceding the difficulty in empirically obtaining evidence in earlier periods. Thus Jacobs' thesis cannot be absolutely refuted, and an exciting agenda for urban research emerges for archaeologists and social scientists.
Predictive Microbiology Coupled with Gas (O2/CO2) Transfer in Food/Packaging Systems: How to Develop an Efficient Decision Support Tool for Food Packaging Dimensioning
Authors: Chaix Estelle , Couvert Olivier , Guillaume Carole , Gontard Nathalie , Guillard Valerie
Published: December 2014

Coupling gas transfer with predictive microbiology is essential to rationally design modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) strategies to ensure and guarantee food safety. Nowadays, these strategies are generally empirically built and over‑sized since packaging material with high barrier properties is often chosen by default even if such a high level of protection is not systematically required. Protection strategies could be improved using rational sizing based on quantitative analysis and mathematical modeling of mass transfer. This paper aims at reviewing the current knowledge available for developing such a tool and the further research needed. First there is a special focus on oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility and diffusivity parameters, which are absolutely indispensable to accurately model mass transfer in MAP systems. Next, the current knowledge of the effect of O2/CO2 on the growth of microorganisms is explored with an emphasis on predictive microbiology. The last part points out the main bottlenecks and further research needed to be carried out in order to develop an efficient MAP modeling tool for food safety coupling O2/CO2 transfer and predictive microbiology.
Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet
Authors: Schaafsma Gertjan , Slavin Joanne L.
Published: December 2014

This paper reviews the physicochemical properties and nutritional significance of inulin fructans (oligofructose and inulin). These compounds are naturally present in a large number of food crops and serve in our diet as dietary fiber. Inulin fructans can be isolated and purified from the chicory root and used as ingredients in a large range of foods to improve structure and/or taste and to increase the intake of dietary fiber. Inulin fructans have a low caloric value, are safe, and generally well tolerated up to a level of 20 g/d. They exert a range of effects, which can be differentiated into direct effects on the gut and the intestinal flora and indirect systemic effects. Direct effects on the gut include prebiotic (bifidogenic) effects, improvement of bowel habits and bowel function in constipated subjects, increased colonic absorption of minerals (Ca and Mg), and secretion of satiety hormones. Indirect effects are on blood lipids, bone mineral content, the immune system, and energy homeostasis. These issues are discussed and it is argued that promising avenues for research are particularly in the areas of energy homeostasis and systemic low‐grade inflammation in relation to changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
Problems and solutions for seabird bycatch in trawl fisheries
Authors: Wanless R. M. , Maree B. A.
Published: December 2014

Read the Feature Paper: Significant reductions in mortality of threatened seabirds in a South African trawl fishery and the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Minimizing seabird by‐catch in industrial fisheries; Challenges in seabird by‐catch mitigation
Intrapartum management of twin pregnancies: are uncomplicated monochorionic pregnancies more at risk of complications than dichorionic pregnancies?
Authors: Garabedian Charles , Poulain Chloe , Duhamel Alain , Subtil Damien , Houfflin‐Debarge Veronique , Deruelle Philippe
Published: December 2014

Objective

To analyze mode of delivery and neonatal morbidity according to chorionicity in a hospital birth center with a policy of vaginal delivery for twins.

Study design

Retrospective analysis over a 13‐year period.

Setting

Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital, Lille, France.

Population

In all, 1009 twin pregnancies were included, divided into 171 uncomplicated monochorionic pregnancies (17%) and 838 dichorionic pregnancies (83%).

Methods

We compared the monochorionic and the dichorionic populations.

Main outcome measures

Rate of cesarean section and neonatal outcome (umbilical artery pH, Apgar score and neonatal complications).

Results

The rate of cesarean sections was 45.7% with no difference found based on chorionicity. The reasons for elective cesarean section were mainly noncephalic presentation, which was more frequent in dichorionic than in monochorionic (48.8% vs. 37.2%, p = 0.025) pregnancies. Birthweight was lower in monochorionic twins (2249 ± 469 g vs. 2329 ± 478 g, p = 0.045). The rate of umbilical artery cord blood values with a pH < 7.10 was similar in monochorionic and dichorionic pregnancies. There was no difference in neonatal complications between the two groups.

Conclusion

Monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies had similar delivery outcomes. The neonatal outcome for twin 2 was not different between monochorionic and dichorionic pregnancies. Vaginal birth could be offered to women with twin pregnancies regardless of chorionicity.
Third wave, third sector: A comparative provincial analysis of the governance of third sector relations
Authors: Elson Peter R.
Published: December 2014

Across Canada, provincial governments are engaged in a “third wave” of consultations, policy dialogues, and policy alignment strategies with the third sector. Unexplored to date is how provincial governments internally administer their third sector file. This internal configuration could have important implications for internal adherence to cross‐cutting policy mandates as well as third sector policy implementation and bilateral collaboration agreements. This is a new point of analysis for public administrators and third sector intermediary organizations alike. This comparative analysis of network governance structures in eight provincial governments reveals that some structures are more compatible with policy alignment and implementation than others.
Multicultural health care? Cultural accommodation in non‐devoted policy sectors
Authors: Reeve Iain
Published: December 2014

As developed states have faced increasing ethnocultural diversity, debates have arisen over what tools the state has at its disposal to help create peaceful, tolerant, and cohesive diverse societies. This research note has two purposes. First, it builds on existing theoretical research on multicultural policies to propose a typology of multicultural policies from non‐devoted immigration or multicultural ministries. Second, it argues that there is space for policies aimed to accommodate and recognize immigrants and ethnocultural minorities in health care policy and – by extension – other policy areas. Such initiatives would both improve the quality of service for immigrants, ethnocultural minorities, and majority group Canadians and greatly enhance the likelihood of recognition and comprehensive integration of minorities.
The rights and wrongs of robotics: Ethics and robots in public organizations
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth
Published: December 2014

Some electronics experts believe that robots, like present‐day computers, will be commonplace. A diverse assortment of robots, with varying purposes, capacities, forms, and sizes, is emerging with significant implications for the policy, service and regulatory responsibilities of government. This paper explores three public policy fields – aging, health care and defence – where the use of robotics is already substantial or where it is projected to grow substantially and where significant ethical issues exist or are anticipated. Applying ethical theories to the use of robotics is difficult. In the near‐term, the focus should be on the ethical standards and behaviour of those designing, manufacturing, programming and operating robots. Several key topics in contemporary public sector ethics, including personal moral responsibility, privacy and accountability, are central to the emerging field of robot ethics. This suggests developing an ethics regime for robotics and examining the need for laws and regulations governing its use.
Effects of amniotic membrane extract on primary human corneal epithelial and limbal cells
Authors: Dudok David V , Nagdee Imraan , Cheung Kevin , Liu Hong , Vedovelli Luca , Ghinelli Emiliano , Kenyon Kenneth , Parapuram Sunil , Hutnik Cindy M
Published: December 2014

Background

To assess the effects of amniotic membrane extract (AMX) on cellular activity of primary human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells under mechanical and oxidative stress, and on human limbal cells under oxidative stress.

Methods

Corneal mechanical stress was simulated with a linear scratch in confluent HCE cell plates, then incubated with 0.1% AMX for 48 and 72 h. Subjecting HCE cultures to 0.5 mmol/L tertiary‐butylhydroperoxide for 1 h simulated an oxidative stress. 0.1% AMX‐treated cultures were compared with controls at 24 and 48 h using cellular viability assay, along with 12‐h AMX pretreatment and human limbal cell comparisons.

Results

Mechanical stress on HCE cultures revealed a statistically significant distance ratio at 48 and 72 h in favour of 0.1% AMX‐treated cultures (P = 0.021 and 0.035, respectively). Oxidative stress did not reveal any significant difference in cellular viability of AMX‐treated versus control cultures. Twelve hour AMX pre‐treatment prior to oxidative stress revealed a significant difference after 24 h from oxidative injury (73.3% AMX vs. 66.0% control, P = 0.035), but not after 48 h. Human limbal cells demonstrated significantly improved oxidative viability compared with HCE cells, with (91.0% vs. 82.0% control, P = 0.017) and without 0.1% AMX pre‐treatment (91.2% vs. 83.7% control, P = 0.019).

Conclusions

HCE cells treated with AMX healed faster after mechanical insult, suggesting a potential benefit in acute corneal injuries. Under oxidative stress, human limbal cells, a more proliferative cell type, showed superior viability compared with HCE cells.
Obesity and symptoms of depression among adults in selected countries of the Middle East: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abou Abbas L. , Salameh P. , Nasser W. , Nasser Z. , Godin I.
Published: December 2014

Although obesity has been widely recognized for its consequences on physical health, its psychological burden in the adult populations in the Middle East remains unclear. This meta‐analysis synthesized data from observational studies to investigate the association between obesity and depression among adult populations in Middle Eastern countries. Five bibliographical electronic databases were searched for studies published up to April 2014. Pooled meta‐analytic estimates were derived using the random‐effect models. Three case‐control studies and five cross‐sectional studies were identified. Meta‐analysis showed significant positive associations between obesity and depression across study designs, with an overall effect of odds ratio 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.11–1.44). The association between obesity and depression was more marked in women than men although that difference was not statistically significant. Other subgroup analysis showed that none of the potential factors including the assessment for obesity or depression, confounder control and study quality had a modification effect on the studied association. Meta‐analysis of eight observational studies from five countries in the Middle East suggests an evidence of a positive association between obesity and depression among adult populations, which appeared to be more marked among women. Future research should examine the causal pathways between obesity and depression.
Multimedia educational tools for cognitive surgical skill acquisition in open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shariff U. , Kullar N. , Haray P. N. , Dorudi S. , Balasubramanian S. P.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Conventional teaching in surgical training programmes is constrained by time and cost, and has room for improvement. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a multimedia educational tool developed for an index colorectal surgical procedure (anterior resection) in teaching and assessment of cognitive skills and to evaluate its acceptability amongst general surgical trainees.

Method

Multimedia educational tools in open and laparoscopic anterior resection were developed by filming multiple operations which were edited into procedural steps and substeps and then integrated onto interactive navigational platforms using Adobe® Flash® Professional CS5 10.1. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on general surgical trainees to evaluate the effectiveness of online multimedia in comparison with conventional ‘study day’ teaching for the acquisition of cognitive skills. All trainees were assessed before and after the study period. Trainees in the multimedia group evaluated the tools by completing a survey.

Results

Fifty‐nine trainees were randomized but 27% dropped out, leaving 43 trainees randomized to the multimedia group (n = 25) and study day group (n = 18) who were available for analysis. Posttest scores improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.01). The change in scores (mean ± SD) in the multimedia group was not significantly different from the study day group (6.02 ± 5.12 and 5.31 ± 3.42, respectively; P = 0.61). Twenty‐five trainees completed the evaluation survey and experienced an improvement in their decision making (67%) and in factual and anatomical knowledge (88%); 96% agreed that the multimedia tool was a useful additional educational resource.

Conclusion

Multimedia tools are effective for the acquisition of cognitive skills in colorectal surgery and are well accepted as an educational resource.
ON THE DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATIONAL CORRUPTION: THE CASE OF UKRAINE
Authors: Shaw Philip , Katsaiti Marina‐Selini , Pecoraro Brandon
Published: December 2014

This article utilizes a unique data set to examine the relationship between a group of potential explanatory variables and educational corruption in Ukraine. Our corruption controls include bribing on exams, on term papers, for credit, and for university admission. We use a robust nonparametric approach in order to estimate the probability of bribing across the four different categories. This approach is shown to be robust to a variety of different types of endogeneity often encountered under commonly assumed parametric specifications. Our main findings indicate that corruption perceptions, past bribing behavior, and the perceived criminality of bribery are significant factors for all four categories of bribery. From a policy perspective, we argue that when bribe control enforcement is difficult, anti‐corruption education programs targeting social perceptions of corruption could be appropriate. (JEL K42, J16, C14)
797. BULBOPHYLLUM AMBROSIA
Authors: Gale Stephan W. , Kumar Pankaj , Fischer Gunter A.
Published: December 2014

The epiphytic orchid Bulbophyllum ambrosia bears solitary, sweet‐smelling, nectariferous flowers that attract honeybees in considerable numbers, but it is self‐incompatible, making fruit‐set in the wild infrequent. Even so, the species is relatively abundant throughout its range in Asia. The species is described and illustrated and its taxonomic history, ecology and cultivation are discussed.
798. DORSTENIA CHRISTENHUSZII
Authors: Fay Michael F. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M.
Published: December 2014

Dorstenia christenhuszii M.W. Chase & M.F. Fay is described and illustrated. Details of its discovery and distribution and suggestions for its relationships and cultivation are provided.
800. PRIMULA COELATA, WITH A REVISION OF PRIMULA SECTION BULLATAE
Authors: Eveleigh Pamela , Nielsen Jens M. , Rankin David W. H.
Published: December 2014

Primula coelata Stapf is illustrated and a full description and typification are provided. Rediscovery of Primula bullata Franch. and P. bracteata Franch. in their type localities and analysis of herbarium specimens, living plants, historical documents and photographic data for the whole of Primula L. section Bullatae Pax have clarified the relationships between taxa. The whole section is revised. P. bracteata is restricted to plants conforming to Franchet's original concept, and becomes a variety of P. bullata, along with vars. bullata and forrestii. P. coelata is shown to be a valid name for one mat‐forming species, the other one being P. rockii. P. henrici, with a cushion habit, has been reinstated as a distinct species.
Life stage‐dependent effects of experimental heat waves on an insect herbivore
Authors: CHIU MING‐CHIH , KUO JING‐JR , KUO MEI‐HWA
Published: December 2014

1. Worldwide concern about the consequences of climate change has prompted efforts to understand and predict the responses of populations to changes in temperature.

2. A heat wave can adversely affect organisms, may affect different life stages differently, and could decrease populations. In this study, green peach aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] nymphs, reproductive adults, and late‐reproductive adults were exposed to a heat wave, defined as 5 °C above the control temperature regime for five consecutive days.

3. The negative effects of experimental warming on development, reproduction, and survival negatively affected population growth. Nymphs and reproductive adults were more severely impacted than late‐reproductive adults.

4. Experiments designed to mimic temperature regimes can assess the direct effects of climate change on individuals and populations. Our study highlights the importance of assessing the life stage‐specific responses to heat stress.
Performance of undergraduate dental students on ICDAS clinical caries detection after different learning strategies
Authors: Luz P. B. , Stringhini C. H. , Otto B. R. , Port A. L. F. , Zaleski V. , Oliveira R. S. , Pereira J. T. , Lussi A. , Rodrigues J. A.
Published: December 2014

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a digital learning tool on undergraduate dental students' performance in detecting dental caries using ICDAS.

Methods

An experimental digital learning tool (DLT) was created using digital photographs of sound and carious teeth. Thirty‐nine students were divided into three groups (n = 13) and each assessed 12 randomly allocated patients before and after learning strategies: G1, ICDAS e‐learning program; G2, ICDAS e‐learning program plus DLT; G3, no learning strategy. Students (n = 32) reassessed patients 2 weeks after training.

Results

Comparing before and after the learning strategies, any difference in the values of specificity and area under the ROC curve for all groups was found. Sensitivity was statistically significantly higher for G1 and G2. Comparing the groups, G2 showed a significant increase in sensitivity at the D2 and D3 thresholds. Spearman's correlations with the gold standard before and after the learning strategy were 0.60 and 0.61 for G1, 0.57 and 0.63 for G2, and 0.54 and 0.54 for G3, respectively. The Wilcoxon test showed a statistically significant difference between the values obtained before and after learning strategies for G1 and G2.

Conclusions

Use of the DLT after the ICDAS e‐learning program tended to increase the sensitivity of ICDAS used by undergraduate dental students. The DLT appeared to improve dental students' ability to use ICDAS.
Is the nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) related to the accumulated forage mass?
Authors: Scheneiter J. O. , Camarasa J. , Carrete J. R. , Amendola C.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this work was to investigate whether neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) are related to tall fescue accumulated forage mass (AFM) and to assess the relevance of environmental variables to predict the nutritive value of tall fescue swards. Three experiments were carried out in Pergamino, Argentina. To obtain swards with different amounts of AFM, two N levels and two irrigation regimes were applied in the spring after sowing and the autumn of the next year. In spring and autumn, AFM, NDF and DMD were measured every 10–12 days. In spring, NDF increased from 503 to 604 g kg−1, DMD decreased from 684 to 558 g kg−1 and AFM increased from 0·64 to 2·82 t DM ha−1. In autumn, NDF decreased from 543 to 442 g kg−1, DMD increased from 591 to 681 g kg−1 and AFM increased from 0·35 to 1·10 t DM ha−1. The results show that the nutritive value of tall fescue through the year is not related to the accumulation of dry matter of the sward. Nutritive value is determined by the reproductive stage in late spring and early summer, the fate of photosynthates at different times of the year and the synthesis of non‐digestible compounds.
Intensive weight loss combining flexible dialysis with a personalized, ad libitum, coach‐assisted diet program. A “pilot” case series
Authors: Vigotti Federica Neve , Teta Luigi , Pia Anna , Mirasole Sara , Guzzo Gabriella , Giuffrida Domenica , Capizzi Irene , Avagnina Paolo , Ippolito Davide , Piccoli Giorgina Barbara
Published: December 2014

Obesity is a growing problem on dialysis. The best approach to weight loss has not been established. The risks of malnutrition may offset the advantages of weight loss. Personalized hemodialysis schedules, with an incremental approach, are gaining interest; to date, no studies have explored its potential in allowing weight loss. This case series reports on combining flexible, incremental hemodialysis, and intensive weight loss. Setting: a small Dialysis Unit, following incremental personalized schedules (2–6 sessions/week, depending on residual function), tailored to an equivalent renal clearance >12 mL/min. Four obese and two overweigh patients (5 male, 1 female; age: 40–63 years; body mass index [BMI] 31.1 kg/m2) were enrolled in a coach‐assisted weight loss program, with an “ad libitum” approach (3–6 foods/day chosen on the basis of their glycemic index and glycemic load). The diet consists of 8 weeks of rapid weight loss followed by 8–12 weeks of maintenance; both phases can be repeated. This study measures weight loss, side effects, and patients' opinions. Over 12–30 months, all patients lost weight (median −10.3 kg [5.7–20], median ΔBMI–3.2). Serum albumin (pre‐diet 3.78; post‐diet 3.83 g/dL), hemoglobin (pre‐diet 11; post‐diet 11.2 g/dL), and acid–base balance (HCO3 pre‐diet: 23.3; post‐diet: 23.4 mmol/L) remained stable, with decreasing needs for erythropoietin and citrate or bicarbonate supplements. Calcium‐phosphate‐parathyroid hormone (PTH) balance improved (PTH‐pre 576; post 286 pg/mL). Three out of 4 hypertensive patients discontinued, 1 decreased antihypertensives. None experienced severe side effects. Patient satisfaction was high (9 on a 0–10 analog scale). Personalized, incremental hemodialysis schedules allow patient enrollment in intensive personalized weight loss programs, with promising results.
Design ethnography in information systems
Authors: Baskerville Richard L. , Myers Michael D.
Published: December 2014

Until recently, most ethnographic research in information systems has been based on the traditional anthropological model of ethnography. In this traditional model of ethnography, one of the most important data‐gathering techniques is participant observation. The ethnographer observes and participates but does not actively seek to change the situation. In recent years, however, a new type of ethnographic research has emerged – one that can be called design ethnography. Design ethnography is where the researcher goes beyond observation and actively engages with people in the field. Our view is that design ethnography has much potential for research in information systems. It is a new form of engaged scholarship that bridges the gap between ethnographic research and design science research.
The Effect on Fertility of the 2003–2011 War in Iraq
Authors: Cetorelli Valeria
Published: December 2014

This article provides the first detailed account of recent fertility trends in Iraq, with a particular focus on the changes resulting from the 2003–2011 war and the factors underlying them. The study is based on retrospective birth history data from the 2006 and 2011 Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (I‐MICS). Estimates from the two surveys indicate that total fertility remained stable from 1997 to 2010, at about 4.5 children per woman. However, examination of the age patterns of fertility reveals an abrupt shift in the timing of births, with adolescent fertility rising by over 30 percent soon after the onset of the war. A decomposition analysis shows that the rise in early childbearing is due to an increased prevalence of early marriage among less‐educated women. The prevalence of early marriage and childbearing among women with secondary or higher education is relatively low and has not increased after 2003.
Blurring Boundaries? Immigration and Exogamous Marriages in Hong Kong
Authors: Pong Suet‐ling , Post David , Ou Dongshu , Fok Maggie S.Y.
Published: December 2014

This article uses micro‐data from the Hong Kong census since 1991 to report trends in the integration of Chinese residents who were born either in Colonial Hong Kong or in Mainland China. We focus on marital exogamy by nativity for women aged 25–34. From 1991 to 2011, we found an increasing likelihood for Hong Kong native men and Mainland women to be married to one another. This increase reflects cross‐border marriages. Such exogamous marriages were associated with a lower degree of educational homogamy, since Hong Kong‐born men tend to be more educated than their Mainland spouses. They are also older than their immigrant wives. Implications for social distance between natives and immigrants in this context of exogamous marriages are discussed.
Captain George Henry Lane‐Fox Pitt‐Rivers and the Prehistory of the IUSSP
Authors: MacKellar Landis , Hart Bradley W.
Published: December 2014

Captain George Henry Lane‐Fox Pitt‐Rivers, Secretary General of the International Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems (IUSIPP, 1928–ca. 1942), the precursor of today's International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP, 1947–present), was a central figure in population science during the 1930s. With his pro‐Nazi activism, anti‐Semitism, Red‐baiting, and failure to leave any intellectual mark of consequence, he is an idiosyncratic and in some ways unattractive subject. However, an examination of Pitt‐Rivers's role as Secretary General reveals a wealth of information about the IUSIPP as it lurched toward collapse. It casts light, as well, on the struggle for scientific legitimacy between eugenic racialists and reformers in the 1930s, a struggle in which he played a controversial and divisive role. Using a combination of newly discovered and old archival material, this article traces Pitt‐Rivers's involvement with the Union, the British eugenics establishment, Nazi population science, and far‐right British politics during this turbulent decade when demography emerged as an international discipline.
Accounting for Recent Fertility Swings in Cuba
Authors: Díaz‐Briquets Sergio
Published: December 2014

In 2006, Cuba's TFR had declined to 1.39, a level nearly comparable to those found in ultra‐low‐fertility but far richer European and Asian countries. Given the vast economic differences, Cuba's very low fertility was anomalous. Since 2006, and in tandem with what has occurred in many other low‐fertility countries, the Cuban TFR has increased. This article contends that the TFR increase largely was a response to improvements in the welfare of individual households—and thus, in their financial ability to have children. These improvements were the result of considerable permanent and temporary labor emigration, which together with US and Cuban policy changes, led to a surge in remittances and contributed to easing Cuba's perennial housing shortage.
Aqueous Solution–Gel Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Thin Films with Long‐Range Order
Authors: Wen Liping , Hu Lin , Shen Jie , Qi Yanyuan , Zhou Jing , Chen Wen
Published: December 2014

In the present research, the Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BMN) thin films with high 1:2 long‐range order (LRO) were prepared by an entire aqueous solution–gel route and a heat treatment at low temperature. The BMN precursor solutions used for spin‐coating consist of tri‐metal ions citrate complexes, which are formed through the combination of three single citrate complexes with NH4+ acting as crosslinks. The metal‐coordinated bonds of the citrate complexes can be easily broken by heat treatment, which can result in the crystallization of BMN films at low annealing temperature. The crystalline structure and LRO degree of BMN films were also investigated. It is shown that the LRO degrees increase with the increase in annealing temperature. The dielectric constant increases and the dielectric loss decreases with the annealing temperature up to 750°C due to the improvement of the film densification and the LRO degree. The further increase in annealing temperature slightly decreases the dielectric constant and increases the dielectric loss due to the appearance of large aggregates. It is shown that the charge carriers mainly contribute to the dielectric response below 100 KHz, while the dipolar response starts to take effect for the frequency higher than 100 KHz.
Network Rearrangement in AgI‐Doped GeTe4 Glasses
Authors: Jóvári Pál , Cui Shuo , Nazabal Virginie , Kaban Ivan , Beuneu Brigitte , Dussauze Marc , Boussard‐Plédel Catherine , Bureau Bruno
Published: December 2014

The structure of (GeTe4)1−x(AgI)x (x = 0.15 and 0.25) glasses has been investigated by X‐ray and neutron diffraction as well as extended X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy. Large‐scale structural models have been obtained by fitting simultaneously the experimental datasets in the framework of the reverse Monte Carlo simulation technique (RMC). Short‐range order parameters have been calculated and compared with that of GeTe4. Doping with AgI affects the structure of the host GeTe4 matrix in two ways. First, while Te is essentially twofold coordinated in GeTe4, its coordination number is as high as ~2.9 ± 0.3 for x = 0.25. The change is mainly due to the increased fraction of Te–Te bonds. Second, Ge atoms remain fourfold coordinated but the tetrahedral symmetry is distorted due to the elongation of some Ge–Te bonds. The incorporation of AgI in the GeTe4‐based host covalent matrix and the Te coordination increase explains the enhanced thermal stability of (GeTe4)1−x(AgI)x in the supercooled liquid‐state hindering the crystallization of Te found in case of GeTe4 glass.
When past meets present: the relationship between website‐induced nostalgia and well‐being
Authors: Cox Cathy R. , Kersten Mike , Routledge Clay , Brown Erin M. , Van Enkevort Erin A.
Published: December 2014

The present research examined whether social media websites increase feelings of nostalgia, and whether this nostalgic reverie promotes psychological and social health. Specifically, in comparison to control conditions, participants exposed to the websites Dear Old Love and Dear Photograph reported greater feelings of nostalgia (Studies 1–3), positive affect (Studies 1 and 3), life satisfaction (Study 1), and relationship need satisfaction (Study 2). Further, mediational analyses revealed that increased thoughts of nostalgia heightened subjective well‐being and social connectedness. Study 3 showed that the relationship between nostalgia and positive affect was specific to the Dear Photograph website and did not generalize to any website focused on close relationships. The implications of this research for nostalgia, internet use, and well‐being are further discussed.
Using Real Activities to Avoid Goodwill Impairment Losses: Evidence and Effect on Future Performance
Authors: Filip Andrei , Jeanjean Thomas , Paugam Luc
Published: December 2014

We examine whether managers postpone the recognition of goodwill impairment by manipulating cash flows and the consequences of such a strategy on future performance. According to SFAS 142, an impairment loss must be recognized if the reporting unit's total fair value to which goodwill has been allocated is less than its book value. A growing body of empirical evidence shows that managers delay the recognition of goodwill impairment in accounting books. However, past literature is silent on how managers convince various gatekeepers (e.g., auditors, financial analysts) that recognizing an impairment loss is unnecessary although it seems economically justified. SFAS 142 requires managers to forecast future cash flows to justify the decision to recognize, or not, an impairment loss. Therefore, we predict that managers manipulate upward current cash flows to support their choice to avoid reporting an impairment loss. We also test whether or not this real earnings management is detrimental to future performance. Based on a sample of US firms over the period 2003–2011, we document that firms suspected of postponing goodwill impairment losses exhibit significantly positive discretionary cash flows compared to various control groups. We also find that this real activities manipulation is detrimental to future performance.
Management of dentine hypersensitivity: efficacy of professionally and self‐administered agents
Authors: West Nicola X. , Seong Joon , Davies Maria
Published: December 2014

Context

The gold standard treatment modality for dentine hypersensitivity has not yet been established. This review examines the effectiveness of self and professionally applied treatments for the reduction in pain from dentine hypersensitivity.

Materials and Methods

Electronic (three databases) and hand searches were performed 14–21 July 2014 to identify randomized controlled trials for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.

Results

This systematic review provided numerous treatment modalities for dentine hypersensitivity. Eleven agents and 105 Randomized Controlled Trials were robust enough to be included. The studies varied considerably in design, observation period, active agents, formulation of the whole agent, negative and positive controls and comparator products investigated. The stimuli used were predominantly airblast and tactile or thermal. Due to the heterogeneity between the studies and lack of direct comparison between agents there was insufficient data to undertake a meta‐analysis to compare agents for meaningful conclusions. Best available evidence for each treatment agent has been documented as a narrative.

Conclusions

Treatments including stannous fluoride, arginine, calcium sodium phosphosilicate and strontium toothpaste appear to be clinically effective for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity compared to comparators and controls. There is limited evidence to confirm the relative effectiveness of individual professionally applied agents.
Annual Research Review: Optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness
Authors: Costello E. Jane , Maughan Barbara
Published: December 2014

Background

‘Optimal outcomes’ of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders may mean the best possible outcome, or the best considering a child's history. Most research into the outcomes of child and adolescent psychiatric disorder concentrates on the likelihood of adult illness and disability given an earlier history of psychopathology.

Methods

In this article, we review the research literature (based on a literature search using PubMed, RePORTand Google Advanced Scholar databases) on including optimal outcomes for young people with a history of anxiety, depression, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or substance use disorders in childhood or adolescence. We consider three types of risks that these children may run later in development: future episodes of the same disorder, future episodes of a different disorder, and functional impairment. The impact of treatment or preventative interventions on early adult functioning is briefly reviewed.

Results

We found that very few studies enabled us to answer our questions with certainty, but that in general about half of adults with a psychiatric history were disorder‐free and functioning quite well in their 20s or 30s. However, their chance of functioning well was less than that of adults without a psychiatric history, even in the absence of a current disorder.

Conclusions

Among adults who had a psychiatric disorder as a child or adolescent, about half can be expected to be disorder‐free as young adults, and of these about half will be free of significant difficulties in the areas of work, health, relationships, and crime. Optimal outcomes are predicted by a mixture of personal characteristics and environmental supports.