bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism-Based Combination Treatment Dramatically Increases Therapeutic Efficacy in Murine Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
Authors: Hawkins-Salsbury Jacqueline A. , Shea Lauren , Jiang Xuntian , Hunter Daniel A. , Guzman A. Miguel , Reddy Adarsh S. , Qin Elizabeth Y. , Li Yedda , Gray Steven J. , Ory Daniel S. , Sands Mark S.
Published: April 2015

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency in galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity. In the absence of GALC activity, the cytotoxic lipid, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), accumulates in the CNS and peripheral nervous system. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are particularly sensitive to psychosine, thus leading to a demyelinating phenotype. Although hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation provides modest benefit in both presymptomatic children and the murine model (Twitcher), there is no cure for GLD. In addition, GLD has been relatively refractory to virtually every experimental therapy attempted. Here, Twitcher mice were simultaneously treated with CNS-directed gene therapy, substrate reduction therapy, and bone marrow transplantation to target the primary pathogenic mechanism (GALC deficiency) and two secondary consequences of GALC deficiency (psychosine accumulation and neuroinflammation). Simultaneously treating multiple pathogenic targets resulted in an unprecedented increase in life span with improved motor function, persistent GALC expression, nearly normal psychosine levels, and decreased neuroinflammation. Treating the primary pathogenic mechanism and secondary targets will likely improve therapeutic efficacy for other LSDs with complex pathological and clinical presentations.
Nuclear Receptors License Phagocytosis by Trem2+Myeloid Cells in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Savage Julie C. , Jay Taylor , Goduni Elanda , Quigley Caitlin , Mariani Monica M. , Malm Tarja , Ransohoff Richard M. , Lamb Bruce T. , Landreth Gary E.
Published: April 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a robust inflammatory response elicited by the accumulation and subsequent deposition of amyloid (Aβ) within the brain. The brain's immune cells migrate to and invest their processes within Aβ plaques but are unable to efficiently phagocytose and clear plaques from the brain. Previous studies have shown that treatment of myeloid cells with nuclear receptor agonists increases expression of phagocytosis-related genes. In this study, we elucidate a novel mechanism by which nuclear receptors act to enhance phagocytosis in the AD brain. Treatment of murine models of AD with agonists of the nuclear receptors PPARγ, PPARδ, LXR, and RXR stimulated microglial phagocytosisin vitroand rapidly induced the expression of the phagocytic receptors Axl and MerTK. In murine models of AD, we found that plaque-associated macrophages expressed Axl and MerTK and treatment of the cells with an RXR agonist further induced their expression, coincident with the rapid reduction in plaque burden. Further characterization of MerTK+/Axl+macrophages revealed that they also expressed the phagocytic receptor TREM2 and high levels of CD45, consistent with a peripheral origin of these cells. Importantly, in anex vivoslice assay, nuclear receptor agonist treatment reversed the AD-related suppression of phagocytosis through a MerTK-dependent mechanism. Thus, nuclear receptor agonists increase MerTK and Axl expression on plaque-associated immune cells, consequently licensing their phagocytic activity and promoting plaque clearance.
The Carpentier-Edwards Classic and Physio Mitral Annuloplasty Rings: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Shahin Ghada M. M. , Heijden Geert J. M. G. van der , Bots Michiel L. , Cramer Maarten-Jan , Jaarsma Wybren , Gadellaa Jose C. A. , Rivire Aart Brutel de la , Swieten Henry A. van
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate clinical and echocardiographic outcomes for the semi-flexible Carpentier-Edwards Physio and the rigid Classic mitral annuloplasty ring. Methods: Ninety-six patients were randomized for either a Classic (n = 53) or a Physio (n = 43) ring from October 1995 through July 1997. Mean follow-up was 5.1 years (range .1-6.6). We included standard patient characteristics at baseline and during follow-up. Analyses were adjusted for age and gender, and for factors that differed across groups at baseline. In 2002, echocardiography was performed in 74% of the survivors. Results: We found a 16% difference in mortality: 14% in the Physio group (n = 6) and 30% in the Classic group (n = 16) (adjusted P = .41). Life table analysis shows that the absolute risk of death after 30 months is lower in the Physio group. Intra-operative repair failure occurred in 3 patients (6%) of the Classic group, and in 4 (9%) of the Physio group, resulting in mitral valve replacement. Late failure occurred in 1 patient (2%) in the Classic group, and in 4 (9%) in the Physio group. At follow-up, left ventricular function did not differ across groups (ejection fraction 45% and 48% (adjusted P = .65)). The combined NYHA class III-IV had improved for the Classic group in 42% and for the Physio group in 34%. Conclusion: Although the 16% difference in mortality did not reach statistical significance, it is considered clinically important. No differences in morbidity, valve function, and left ventricular function were found. Further research to explain the difference in mortality is required.
NeurosporaHeterokaryons with Complementary Duplications and Deficiencies in Their Constituent Nuclei Provide an Approach to Identify Nucleus-Limited Genes
Authors: Giri Dev Ashish , Rekha S , Kasbekar Durgadas P
Published: April 2015

Introgression is the transfer of genes or genomic regions from one species into another via hybridization and back-crosses. We have introgressed four translocations (EB4, IBj5, UK14-1, and B362i) from Neurospora crassa into N. tetrasperma. This enabled us to construct two general types of heterokaryons with mat-A and mat-a nuclei of different genotypes: one type is [T + N] (with one translocation nucleus and one normal sequence nucleus), and the other is [Dp + Df] (with one nucleus carrying a duplication of the translocation region and the other being deleted for the translocation region). Self-crossing these heterokaryons again produced [T + N] and [Dp + Df] progeny. From conidia (vegetative spores) produced by the heterokaryotic mycelia, we obtained self-fertile (heterokaryotic) and self-sterile (homokaryotic) derivative strains. [T + N] heterokaryons produced homokaryotic conidial derivatives of both mating types, but [Dp + Df] heterokaryons produced viable conidial homokaryons of only the mating type of the Dp nucleus. All four [T + N] heterokaryons and three [Dp + Df] heterokaryons produced both self-sterile and self-fertile conidial derivatives, but the [Dp(B362i) + Df(B362i)] heterokaryons produced only self-sterile ones. Conceivably, the Df(B362i) nuclei may be deleted for a nucleus-limited gene required for efficient mitosis or nuclear division, and whose deficit is not complemented by the neighboring Dp(B362i) nuclei. A cross involving Dp(EB4) showed repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Because RIP can occur in self-crosses of [Dp + Df] but not [T + N] heterokaryons, RIP alteration of a translocated segment would depend on the relative numbers of [Dp + Df] vs. [T + N] ancestors.
Successful use of Kinesio tape to treat an acute muscle haematoma
Authors: Hopper David
Published: April 2015

A 73-year-old woman presented with recent onset significant spontaneous bruising. She also had a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and was undergoing investigations for biochemical hyperthyroidism. A diagnosis of acquired haemophilia A was confirmed with laboratory testing in addition to thyrotoxic Graves’ disease. She had significant bruising of her left thigh and restricted mobility of the left leg. A significant left vastus lateralis haematoma was diagnosed by ultrasound scan. A course of FEIBA (Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity) was commenced and physiotherapy input provided. Kinesio tape was applied to the thigh using a lymphatic drainage technique with the aim of reducing swelling and bruising. Eight days after the initial application of tape, bruising had significantly reduced and her range of movement had returned to normal. This case history demonstrates how kinesio tape may be used as a useful adjunct to standard therapy.
Health-related quality of life of partners of adults with haemophilia
Authors: Mackensen Sylvia von , Lindvall Karin , Elmståhl Sölve , Berntorp Erik
Published: April 2015

Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in haemophilia is important in order to provide information for clinical decision-making and to verify the impact of haemophilia on patients and their partners. A crosssectional single-centre study was performed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden of the disease on partners of adult patients with haemophilia. Self-reported outcomes were completed by partners and patients (SF-36, VAS of Interference); partners also completed the Caregivers’ Burden Scale. A total of 108 of 150 eligible partners of adults with haemophilia (72%) participated. Mean age for partners was 44.7 years (range 20-79) and for patients 47.1 years (range 20-81). The majority of couples were married (65.7%). Couples reported being together a mean of 19.8 years and had, on average, 1.7 children. Partners of haemophilia patients across all severities reported lower HRQoL in the ‘emotional role’ domain of SF-36 (P=<0.041), with highest impairments observed among partners of moderately affected patients. Partners reported significantly less interference with daily life compared to patients (P<0.001). In general, partners reported low burden of haemophilia in the Caregivers’ Burden Scale; ‘emotional involvement’ was the greatest burden in the mild and moderate group; while in the severe group ‘general strain’ was the greatest burden. Partners of severe haemophilia patients on prophylaxis reported, in general, good HRQoL and low burden of the disease. Partners of moderate patients reported decreased HRQoL and higher burden. Our findings may be of importance for the care of the ageing person with haemophilia (PWH).
Analytic Solutions of Shear Lag on Steel-Concrete Composite T‐girder under Simple Bending
Authors: Haigen Cheng , Weichao Jiang
Published: April 2015

The composite T-girders include concrete flange plates and steel beams, which are connected by shear
connectors. The longitudinal stress about concrete plate is due to non-uniform distribution on cross section because of the
shear lag effect. A differential equation of longitudinal forces at transverse section flange and cantilever flange is
separately established according to the strain compatibility and the force equilibrium conditions about a composite T-girder.
The method of separation of variables is used to solve the differential equation about the simply supported
composite T-girder. The shear lag coefficient is detrmined by the ratio between stress calculated by this method and stress
odetrmined by elementary beam theory. An example of such calculation is given to approve its applicability.
Based on Damage Mechanics of Ladle Crane Dynamic Reliability
Research
Authors: Qu Xiaogang , Xu Gening , Fan Xiaoning
Published: April 2015

Based on the damage mechanics theory, summarized a new dynamic reliability calculation method with
explicit physical meaning, which is used for researching structural dynamic reliability on cyclic stress. By using of the
model of stress-strength interference, ignoring the effects of erosion and aging on the strength degradation, only consider
that the change of damage leads to the effective stress increasing. Take the intensity as a random variable, view stress as a
random variable which was changed with the times of loading, combine physical experiments and simulation with
sampling, analog the dynamic reliability curve of the casting crane hook on the beam with the change of loading times.
Analyze the changing trends of dynamic reliability under the condition of different distribution parameters of cross
section at the 420 °C. The results suggested that the reliability showing a downward trend when the life is about 85%, the
dynamic reliability curve has a typical bathtub curve of the latter two steps.
Synthesis, structure and biological properties of active spirohydantoin derivatives
Authors: Lazic Anita , Valentic Natasa , Trisovic Nemanja , Petrovic Slobodan , Uscumlic Gordana
Published: April 2015

Spirohidantoins represent an pharmacologically important class of
heterocycles since many derivatives have been recognized that display
interesting activities against a wide range of biological targets. First
synthesis of cycloalkanespiro-5-hydantoins was performed by Bucherer and Lieb
1934 by the reaction of cycloalkanone, potassium cyanide and
ammonium-carbonate at reflux in a mixture of ethanol and water. QSAR
(Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) studies showed that a wide
range of biological activities of spirohydantoin derivatives strongly depend
upon their structure. This paper describes different methods of synthesis of
spirohydantoin derivatives, their physico-chemical properties and biological
activity. It emphasizes the importance of cycloalkanespiro-5-hydantoins with
anticonvulsant, antiproliferative, antipsychotic, antimicrobial and
antiinflammatory properties as well as their importance in the treatment of
diabetes. Numerous spirohydantoin compounds exhibit physiological activity
such as serotonin and fibrinogen antagonist, inhibitors of the glycine
binding site of the NMDA receptor also, antagonist of leukocyte cell
adhesion, acting as allosteric inhibitors of the protein-protein
interactions. Some spirohydantoin derivatives have been identified as
antitumor agents. Their activity depends on the substituent presented at
position N-3 of the hydantoin ring and increases in order alkene > ester >
ether. Besides that, compounds that contain two electron withdrawing groups
(e.g. fluorine or chlorine) on the third and fourth position of the phenyl
ring are better antitumor agents than compounds with a single electron
withdrawing group.
Infer, Predict, and Assure: Accounting Opportunities in Data Analytics
Authors: Schneider Gary P. , Dai Jun , Janvrin Diane J. , Ajayi Kemi , Raschke Robyn L.
Published: April 2015

SYNOPSIS

The business use of data analytics is growing rapidly in the accounting environment. Similar to many new systems that involve accounting information, data analytics has fundamentally changed task processes, particularly those tasks that provide inference, prediction, and assurance to decision-makers. Thus, accounting researchers and practitioners must consider data analytics and its impact on accounting practice in their work. This paper uses the organizing principles from Mauldin and Ruchala's (1999) meta-theory of accounting information systems (AIS) to identify current data analytics use, examine how data analytics impacts the accounting environment, and discuss challenges and research opportunities.
Existence of a Colonizing Staphylococcus aureus Strain Isolated in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Messad Nourreddine , Prajsnar Tomasz K. , Lina Gerard , O’Callaghan David , Foster Simon J. , Renshaw Steve A. , Skaar Eric P. , Bes Michèle , Dunyach-Remy Catherine , Vandenesch François , Sotto Albert , Lavigne Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2015

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium capable of causing a wide range of severe diseases when it gains access to underlying tissues. Paradoxically, S. aureus is a common inhabitant of the skin microflora and colonizes the nares and other human mucosa. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic basis for the differences in the pathogenic versus colonizing potential of S. aureus isolated from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). By performing optical map comparisons of a collection of S. aureus strains isolated from DFUs, we brought to light a prophage present in noninfecting bacteria. The phage, namely ROSA-like, was localized in a hotspot region ΦNM2 near the locus isd, the iron surface determinant system. The integrated phage significantly reduces the virulence of the strain and increases the biofilm formation. DFUs seem to be a specific niche of this colonizing strain. The ROSA-like phage represents the first description of a mobile element present mainly in S. aureus isolated from DFUs, which modulates the relationship of the bacteria with its human host. This phage appears to attenuate bacterial virulence and promote colonization.
Thrust Joint Manipulation Curricula in First-Professional Physical Therapy Education: 2012 Update
Authors: Noteboom J. Timothy , Little Christian , Boissonnault William
Published: April 2015

Study Design

Descriptive online observational survey.

Objectives

To identify the extent of thrust joint manipulation (TJM) integration into first-professional physical therapy program curricula.

Background

The most recent survey of TJM curricula was published in 2004, with a wide variation in faculty responses noted. Since that time, faculty resources have been developed and TJM language in “A Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education” from the American Physical Therapy Association has been updated, leaving the current status of TJM education in curricula unknown.

Methods

Faculty from 205 accredited physical therapy programs were invited to participate in an anonymous 35-item electronic survey during the summer of 2012.

Results

Seventy-two percent of programs responded to the survey, with 99% of programs teaching TJM and 97% of faculty believing TJM to be an entry-level skill. Cervical spine TJM is still being taught at a lower rate than techniques for other body regions. Faculty deemed 91% and 77% of students, respectively, at or above entry-level competency for implementing TJM in their clinical practice upon graduation. Most respondents indicated that increased utilization of TJM during clinical affiliations (78%) and lab hours (78%) would be beneficial to the student's knowledge/application of TJM.

Conclusion

The utilization of TJM and faculty perceptions in first-professional physical therapy programs in the United States have evolved over the past decade. With TJM content more fully integrated into educational curricula, programs can now look to refine teaching strategies that enhance learning outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(6):471–476. Epub 21 Apr 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5273
MOOCs From the Viewpoint of the Learner
Authors: Wiebe Eric , Thompson Isaac , Behrend Tara
Published: April 2015

This response to Perna et al. provides an alternate approach to research on massive open online courses (MOOCs). We argue that a student-centered, theory-driven conceptualization and methodological approaches allow us to move beyond descriptive statistics and into a deeper understanding of MOOC learners. Examples using a teacher development MOOC are presented.
Non-Calorimetric Determination of the Adsorption Heat of Volatile Organic Compounds under Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Korrir Abdelhamid , Kasmi Achraf , Assebban Mhamed , Souikny Ahmed , Haffane Soukaina , Achak Ouafae , Chafik Tarik
Published: April 2015

Avoiding strong chemical bonding, as indicated by lower heat of adsorption value, is among the selection criteria for Volatile Organic Compounds adsorbents. In this work, we highlight a non-calorimetric approach to estimating the energy of adsorption and desorption based on measurement of involved amounts, under dynamic conditions, with gaseous Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The collected data were used for obtaining adsorption heat values through the application of three different methods, namely, isosteric, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and temperature-programmed adsorption equilibrium (TPAE). The resulting values were compared and discussed with the scope of turning determination of the heat of adsorption with non-calorimetric methods into a relevant decision making tool for designing cost-effective and safe operating of adsorption facilities.
Catalytic Oxidation of Propene over Pd Catalysts Supported on CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and M/Al2O3 Oxides (M = Ce, Ti, Fe, Mn)
Authors: Gil Sonia , Garcia-Vargas Jesus , Liotta Leonarda , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Ousmane Mohamed , Retailleau Laurence , Giroir-Fendler Anne
Published: April 2015

In the following work, the catalytic behavior of Pd catalysts prepared using different oxides as support (Al2O3, CeO2 and TiO2) in the catalytic combustion of propene, in low concentration in excess of oxygen, to mimic the conditions of catalytic decomposition of a volatile organic compound of hydrocarbon-type is reported. In addition, the influence of different promoters (Ce, Ti, Fe and Mn) when added to a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was analyzed. Catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method and were characterized by ICP-OES, N2 adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Catalyst prepared using CeO2 as the support was less easily reducible, due to the stabilization effect of CeO2 over the palladium oxides. Small PdO particles and, therefore, high Pd dispersion were observed for all of the catalysts, as confirmed by XRD and TEM. The addition of Ce to the Pd/Al2O3 catalysts increased the metal-support interaction and the formation of highly-dispersed Pd species. The addition of Ce and Fe improved the catalytic behavior of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst; however, the addition of Mn and Ti decreased the catalytic activity in the propene oxidation. Pd/TiO2 showed the highest catalytic activity, probably due to the high capacity of this catalyst to reoxidize Pd into PdO, as has been found in the temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) experiments.
Silica Supported Platinum Catalysts for Total Oxidation of the Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Naphthalene: An Investigation of Metal Loading and Calcination Temperature
Authors: Sellick David , Morgan David , Taylor Stuart
Published: April 2015

A range of catalysts comprising of platinum supported on silica, prepared by an impregnation method, have been studied for the total oxidation of naphthalene, which is a representative Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. The influence of platinum loading and calcination temperature on oxidation activity was evaluated. Increasing the platinum loading up to 2.5 wt.% increased the catalyst activity, whilst a 5.0 wt.% catalyst was slightly less active. The catalyst containing the optimum 2.5 wt.% loading was most active after calcination in air at 550 °C. Characterisation by carbon monoxide chemisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that low platinum dispersion to form large platinum particles, in combination with platinum in metallic and oxidised states was important for high catalyst activity. Catalyst performance improved after initial use in repeat cycles, whilst there was slight deactivation after prolonged time-on-stream.
Nearshore Tests of the Tidal Compensation System for Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converters
Authors: Castellucci Valeria , Abrahamsson Johan , Kamf Tobias , Waters Rafael
Published: April 2015

The power production of the linear generator wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University is affected by variations of mean sea level. The reason is that these variations change the distance between the point absorber located on the surface and the linear generator located on the seabed. This shifts the average position of the translator with respect to the center of the stator, thereby reducing the generator output power. A device mounted on the point absorber that compensates for tides of small range by regulating the length of the connection line between the buoy at the surface and the linear generator has been constructed and tested. This paper describes the electro-mechanical, measurement, communication and control systems installed on the buoy and shows the results obtained before its connection to the generator. The adjustment of the line was achieved through a linear actuator, which shortens the line during low tides and vice versa. The motor that drives the mechanical device was activated remotely via SMS. The measurement system that was mounted on the buoy consisted of current and voltage sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges and inductive and laser sensors. The data collected were transferred via Internet to a Dropbox server. As described within the paper, after the calibration of the sensors, the buoy was assembled and tested in the waters of Lysekil harbor, a few kilometers from the Uppsala University research site. Moreover, the performance of the sensors, the motion of the mechanical device, the power consumption, the current control strategy and the communication system are discussed.
Exploratory Assessment of a Company’s Due Diligence System against the EU Timber Regulation: A Case Study from Northwestern Russia
Authors: Trishkin Maxim , Lopatin Eugene , Karjalainen Timo
Published: April 2015

This study uses a company’s due diligence system (DDS) as an operational tool to ensure the origin of wood coming from northwestern Russia. The company exports a majority of its wood products to European Union (EU) countries, and its DDS consists of a statement of origin, geographical information, and field verification audits. Its DDS is assessed against the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR). Enforcement of the EUTR began in March 2013 and is compulsory for all companies importing wood-based material from outside the EU. The DDS must contain three key components: access to information on operator’s supply of timber or timber products placed on the market, a risk assessment, and a risk mitigation method. The workflow of the conformity assessment must include a literature review, statistical and field data collection, and further analysis of the requirements. Although enforcement of the EUTR began almost two years ago, there is little research on its implementation. This DDS system showed high functionality of its existing components corresponding with the general requirements of the standards developed by the Nature Ecology and People Consult (NepCon), a non-profit organization recognized as the monitoring organization by the European Commission. This wood origin system also meets the requirements of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification system, while maintaining full harmonization with the EUTR legislation. However, major obstacles persist in implementation of legislation by EU member states, in terms of interpretation of requirements, prosecutions and fines, and the role of third-party evidence.
An Investigation into the Lifestyle, Health Habits and Risk Factors of Young Adults
Authors: Al-Nakeeb Yahya , Lyons Mark , Dodd Lorna , Al-Nuaim Anwar
Published: April 2015

This project examined the lifestyle, health habits and risk factors of young adults at Qatar University. It explored the clustering and differences in dietary habits, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) amongst male and female students, both Qatari and non-Qatari. Seven hundred thirty two students aged 18–25 years completed a self-reported questionnaire and an objective measure of BMI. Males and females had a high prevalence of being overweight and obesity and low levels of PA, according to well-established international standards. Three clusters were identified based on the students’ lifestyle and dietary habits. Cluster 1 (high risk factors) included those who engaged the least in healthy dietary practices and consumed the most unhealthy foods, participated in less PA and had the highest BMI. Cluster 2 (moderate risk factors) included those with considerably more habits falling into the moderate category, engagement in the most PA, the least TV and computer viewing time and had the lowest BMI. Cluster 3 (low risk factors) included those who engaged the most with the four healthy dietary practices, the least with the four unhealthy dietary practices and participated in moderate PA per week. This project provides valuable data that could be used by policy makers to address issues concerning student’s health.
BMI, Overweight Status and Obesity Adjusted by Various Factors in All Age Groups in the Population of a City in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Ataíde Lima Raquel , De Carvalho Pereira Danielle , Pordeus Luna Rafaella , Gonçalves Maria , De Lima Roberto , Filho Malaquias , Filizola Rosália , De Moraes Ronei , Asciutti Luiza , Costa Maria
Published: April 2015

Objective: In Brazil, demographic, socioeconomic and epidemiological changes over time have led to a transition in nutritional standards, resulting in a gradual reduction of malnutrition and an increased prevalence of overweight and obese individuals, similar to the situation in developed countries in previous decades. This study assessed the body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of an overweight status and obesity, adjusted for various factors, in a population in northeastern Brazil including all age groups. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study using single sampling procedure composed of levels. Given the heterogeneity of the variable “income” and the relationship between income, prevalence of diseases and nutrition, a stratified sampling on blocks in the first level was used. In this, city districts were classified by income into 10 strata, according to information obtained from IBGE. A systematic sampling was applied on randomly selected blocks in order to choose the residences that would be part of the sample (second level), including 1165 participants from all age groups. Results and Discussion: The prevalence of an overweight status or obesity was adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables. When the Chi-square test was applied, a relationship was observed between the prevalence of an overweight status or obesity and the age group, gender, educational level and income of the participants. Regarding lifestyle parameters, only smoking was associated with the prevalence of an overweight status or obesity, in both adults and in the total sample. The results for the following groups were significant (p < 0.05): the age group from 20 to 59 years, when the individual presented an educational level greater than or equal to high school; and the age group ≥ 60 years, when the individual was female. It is noteworthy that educational level and being female were significant in adjusting for the total population as major factors influencing an increased BMI, followed by the variables physical activity and family income. Conclusions: The adjusted results justify the adoption of intervention and prevention policies to combat these clinical conditions for the study population as a whole, particularly directed toward adults with higher education level as well as elderly females.
Rehabilitation Living Lab in the Mall Community of Practice: Learning Together to Improve Rehabilitation, Participation and Social Inclusion for People Living with Disabilities
Authors: Mazer Barbara , Kairy Dahlia , Guindon Andréanne , Girard Michel , Swaine Bonnie , Kehayia Eva , Labbé Delphine
Published: April 2015

Communities of practice (CoP) can facilitate collaboration between people who share a common interest, but do not usually work together. A CoP was initiated and developed including stakeholders from clinical, research, community and governmental backgrounds involved in a large multidisciplinary and multi-sectorial project: the Rehabilitation Living Lab in a Mall (RehabMaLL). This study aimed to evaluate the structure, process and outcomes of this CoP. A single case-study, using mixed-methods, evaluated the RehabMaLL CoP initiative after one year, based on Donabedian’s conceptual evaluation model. Forty-three participants took part in the RehabMaLL CoP with 60.5% (n = 26) participating at least once on the online platform where 234 comments were posted. Four in-person meetings were held. Members expressed satisfaction regarding the opportunity to share knowledge with people from diverse backgrounds and the usefulness of the CoP for the RehabMaLL project. Collaboration led to concrete outcomes, such as a sensitization activity and a research project. Common challenges included lack of time and difficulty finding common objectives. A CoP can be a useful strategy to facilitate knowledge sharing on disability issues. Future research is necessary to determine strategies of increasing knowledge creation between members.
Reconciling Experiment and Theory in the Use of Aryl-Extended Calix[4]pyrrole Receptors for the Experimental Quantification of Chloride–π Interactions in Solution
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Quiñonero David , Frontera Antonio , Ballester Pablo
Published: April 2015

In this manuscript we consider from a theoretical point of view the recently reported experimental quantification of anion–π interactions (the attractive force between electron deficient aromatic rings and anions) in solution using aryl extended calix[4]pyrrole receptors as model systems. Experimentally, two series of calix[4]pyrrole receptors functionalized, respectively, with two and four aryl rings at the meso positions, were used to assess the strength of chloride–π interactions in acetonitrile solution. As a result of these studies the contribution of each individual chloride–π interaction was quantified to be very small (<1 kcal/mol). This result is in contrast with the values derived from most theoretical calculations. Herein we report a theoretical study using high-level density functional theory (DFT) calculations that provides a plausible explanation for the observed disagreement between theory and experiment. The study reveals the existence of molecular interactions between solvent molecules and the aromatic walls of the receptors that strongly modulate the chloride–π interaction. In addition, the obtained theoretical results also suggest that the chloride-calix[4]pyrrole complex used as reference to dissect experimentally the contribution of the chloride–π interactions to the total binding energy for both the two and four-wall aryl-extended calix[4]pyrrole model systems is probably not ideal.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Low Prevalence of Germline XPA Mutations in a Brazilian XP Population
Authors: Santiago Karina , França de Nóbrega Amanda , Rocha Rafael , Rogatto Silvia , Achatz Maria
Published: April 2015

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by DNA repair defects that cause photophobia, sunlight-induced cancers, and neurodegeneration. Prevalence of germline mutations in the nucleotide excision repair gene XPA vary significantly in different populations. No Brazilian patients have been reported to carry a germline mutation in this gene. In this study, the germline mutational status of XPA was determined in Brazilian patients exhibiting major clinical features of XP syndrome. The study was conducted on 27 unrelated patients from select Brazilian families. A biallelic inactivating transition mutation c.619C>T (p.Arg207Ter) was identified in only one patient with a history of neurological impairment and mild skin abnormalities. These findings suggest that XP syndrome is rarely associated with inherited disease-causing XPA mutations in the Brazilian population. Additionally, this report demonstrates the effectiveness of genotype-phenotype correlation as a valuable tool to guide direct genetic screening.
Economically Viable Components from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in a Biorefinery Concept
Authors: Johansson Eva , Prade Thomas , Angelidaki Irini , Svensson Sven-Erik , Newson William , Gunnarsson Ingólfur , Hovmalm Helena
Published: April 2015

Biorefinery applications are receiving growing interest due to climatic and waste disposal issues and lack of petroleum resources. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is suitable for biorefinery applications due to high biomass production and limited cultivation requirements. This paper focuses on the potential of Jerusalem artichoke as a biorefinery crop and the most viable products in such a case. The carbohydrates in the tubers were found to have potential for production of platform chemicals, e.g., succinic acid. However, economic analysis showed that production of platform chemicals as a single product was too expensive to be competitive with petrochemically produced sugars. Therefore, production of several products from the same crop is a must. Additional products are protein based ones from tubers and leaves and biogas from residues, although both are of low value and amount. High bioactive activity was found in the young leaves of the crop, and the sesquiterpene lactones are of specific interest, as other compounds from this group have shown inhibitory effects on several human diseases. Thus, future focus should be on understanding the usefulness of small molecules, to develop methods for their extraction and purification and to further develop sustainable and viable methods for the production of platform chemicals.
Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Marupudi Neena , Mittal Sandeep
Published: April 2015

Hyponatremia is the most common, clinically-significant electrolyte abnormality seen in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Controversy continues to exist regarding both the cause and treatment of hyponatremia in this patient population. Lack of timely diagnosis and/or providing inadequate or inappropriate treatment can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. We review recent literature on hyponatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage and present currently recommended protocols for diagnosis and management.
The Heptameric SmAP1 and SmAP2 Proteins of the Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus Solfataricus Bind to Common and Distinct RNA Targets
Authors: Märtens Birgit , Bezerra Gustavo , Kreuter Mathias , Grishkovskaya Irina , Manica Andrea , Arkhipova Valentina , Djinovic-Carugo Kristina , Bläsi Udo
Published: April 2015

Sm and Sm-like proteins represent an evolutionarily conserved family with key roles in RNA metabolism. Sm-based regulation is diverse and can range in scope from eukaryotic mRNA splicing to bacterial quorum sensing, with at least one step in these processes being mediated by an RNA-associated molecular assembly built on Sm proteins. Despite the availability of several 3D-structures of Sm-like archaeal proteins (SmAPs), their function has remained elusive. The aim of this study was to shed light on the function of SmAP1 and SmAP2 of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (Sso). Using co-purification followed by RNASeq different classes of non-coding RNAs and mRNAs were identified that co-purified either with both paralogues or solely with Sso-SmAP1 or Sso-SmAP2. The large number of associated intron-containing tRNAs and tRNA/rRNA modifying RNAs may suggest a role of the two Sso-SmAPs in tRNA/rRNA processing. Moreover, the 3D structure of Sso-SmAP2 was elucidated. Like Sso-SmAP1, Sso-SmAP2 forms homoheptamers. The binding of both proteins to distinct RNA substrates is discussed in terms of surface conservation, structural differences in the RNA binding sites and differences in the electrostatic surface potential of the two Sso-SmAP proteins. Taken together, this study may hint to common and different functions of both Sso-SmAPs in Sso RNA metabolism.
Modification of pH Conferring Virucidal Activity on Dental Alginates
Authors: Nallamuthu Navina , Braden Michael , Oxford John , Williams David , Patel Mangala
Published: April 2015

To formulate an alginate dental impression material with virucidal properties, experimental alginate dental impression materials were developed and the formulations adjusted in order to study the effect on pH profiles during setting. Commercially available materials served as a comparison. Eight experimental materials were tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). Changing the amount of magnesium oxide (MgO) used in the experimental formulations had a marked effect on pH. Increasing MgO concentration corresponded with increased pH values. All experimental materials brought about viral log reductions ranging between 0.5 and 4.0 over a period of 4 h. The material with the lowest pH was the most effective. The current work highlights the very important role of MgO in controlling pH profiles. This knowledge has been applied to the formulation of experimental alginates; where materials with pH values of approximately 4.2–4.4 are able to achieve a significant log reduction when assayed against HSV-1.
Crystal Quality and Light Output Power of GaN-Based LEDs Grown on Concave Patterned Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Wu YewChung , Isabel A. , Zheng Jian-Hsuan , Lin Bo-Wen , Li Jhen-Hong , Lin Chia-Chen
Published: April 2015

The crystal quality and light output power of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on concave patterned sapphire substrate (CPSS) were investigated. It was found that the crystal quality of GaN-based LEDs grown on CPSS improved with the decrease of the pattern space (percentage of c-plane). However, when the pattern space decreased to 0.41 μm (S0.41-GaN), the GaN crystallinity dropped. On the other hand, the light output power of GaN-based LEDs was increased with the decrease of the pattern space due to the change of the light extraction efficiency.
Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D Regulation of T cells
Authors: Cantorna Margherita , Snyder Lindsay , Lin Yang-Ding , Yang Linlin
Published: April 2015

Vitamin D is a direct and indirect regulator of T cells. The mechanisms by which vitamin D directly regulates T cells are reviewed and new primary data on the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) on human invariant natural killer (iNK)T cells is presented. The in vivo effects of vitamin D on murine T cells include inhibition of T cell proliferation, inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-17 and induction of IL-4. Experiments in mice demonstrate that the effectiveness of 1,25(OH)2D requires NKT cells, IL-10, the IL-10R and IL-4. Comparisons of mouse and human T cells show that 1,25(OH)2D inhibits IL-17 and IFN-γ, and induces T regulatory cells and IL-4. IL-4 was induced by 1,25(OH)2D in mouse and human iNKT cells. Activation for 72h was required for optimal expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in human and mouse T and iNKT cells. In addition, T cells are potential autocrine sources of 1,25(OH)2D but again only 48–72h after activation. Together the data support the late effects of vitamin D on diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis where reducing IL-17 and IFN-γ, while inducing IL-4 and IL-10, would be beneficial.
Ginseng Berry Extract Supplementation Improves Age-Related Decline of Insulin Signaling in Mice
Authors: Seo Eunhui , Kim Sunmi , Lee Sang , Oh Byung-Chul , Jun Hee-Sook
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng berry extract on insulin sensitivity and associated molecular mechanisms in aged mice. C57BL/6 mice (15 months old) were maintained on a regular diet (CON) or a regular diet supplemented with 0.05% ginseng berry extract (GBD) for 24 or 32 weeks. GBD-fed mice showed significantly lower serum insulin levels (p = 0.016) and insulin resistance scores (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.012), suggesting that GBD improved insulin sensitivity. Pancreatic islet hypertrophy was also ameliorated in GBD-fed mice (p = 0.007). Protein levels of tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (p = 0.047), and protein kinase B (AKT) (p = 0.037), were up-regulated in the muscle of insulin-injected GBD-fed mice compared with CON-fed mice. The expressions of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) (p = 0.036) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p = 0.032), which are known as aging- and insulin resistance-related genes, were also increased in the muscle of GBD-fed mice. We conclude that ginseng berry extract consumption might increase activation of IRS-1 and AKT, contributing to the improvement of insulin sensitivity in aged mice.
Interactions between Obesity-Related Copy Number Variants and Dietary Behaviors in Childhood Obesity
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Li Zhenli , Wang Hao , Yang Min , Liang Li , Fu Junfen , Wang Chunling , Ling Jie , Zhang Yan , Zhang Shuai , Xu Yuyang , Zhu Yimin , Lai Maode
Published: April 2015

Copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated as an important genetic marker of obesity, and gene-environment interaction has been found to modulate risk of obesity. To evaluate the associations between CNVs and childhood obesity, as well as the interactions between CNVs and dietary behaviors, we recruited 534 obese children and 508 controls from six cities in China and six candidate CNVs were screened through published genome-wide studies (GWAS) on childhood obesity. We found three loci (10q11.22, 4q25 and 11q11) to be significantly associated with obesity after false discovery rate (FDR) correction (all the p ≤ 0.05). Cumulative effect of the three positive loci was measured by the genetic risk score (GRS), showing a significant relationship with the risk of obesity (Ptrend < 0.001). The OR of obesity increased to 21.38 (95% CI = 21.19–21.55) among the 10q11.22 deletion carriers who had meat-based diets, indicating prominent multiplicative interaction (MI) between deletions of 10q11.22 and preference for a meat-based diet. Simultaneous deletions of 5q13.2 and duplications of 6q14.1 had significant MI with a preference for salty foods. Our results suggested that CNVs may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of childhood obesity, and the CNV-diet interactions modulate the risk of obesity.
Effect of Artificial Weathering on PLA/Nanocomposite Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Chávez-Montes Wendy , González-Sánchez Guillermo , López-Martínez Erika , De Lira-Gómez Patricia , Ballinas-Casarrubias Lourdes , Flores-Gallardo Sergio
Published: April 2015

The reduction of polylactide acid (PLA) molecular weight for amorphous and semicrystalline grade nanocomposites with 5 wt% load of organomodified montmorillonite Cloisite30B (C30B) was investigated in periods of up to 360 h under artificial weathering. A correlation between artificial and natural weathering was established. The nanocomposites were prepared by mixing the C30B in PLA matrix using two stages of extrusion followed by injection molding. In addition, we also studied materials without C30B in PLA matrix prepared by a single stage of injection, as well as with two stages of extrusion followed by injection, in order to assess thermal effects. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope) were used to determine the layer dispersion of the C30B within the PLA. An increase in the interlayer spacing of a sandwich structure corresponding to a partial exfoliation of the C30B was found, leading to the creation of small particles at nanoscale of one (1.29 nm) to eight (11.76 nm) platelets. Also, GPC (Gel permeation chromatography) was used to evaluate the molecular weight decay of neat PLA and its nanocomposites due to thermal processing and subsequent artificial weathering exposure. From thermal processing, a more significant decrease of polydispersity in amorphous PLA than in semicrystalline PLA counterparts could be observed. First order fitting of molecular weight decay of samples versus time of exposure under artificial weathering was found for all materials tested. It was observed that the addition of clay favored PLA degradation in amorphous PLA, in comparison with semicrystalline PLA in both thermal processing and artificial weathering. Moreover, a possible effect of C30B interactions with PLA chains under artificial weathering could be postulated.