bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organelle proteomics experimental designs and analysis
Authors: Gatto Laurent , Vizcaíno Juan Antonio , Hermjakob Henning , Huber Wolfgang , Lilley Kathryn S.
Published: September 2010

In biology, localisation is function: knowledge of the localisation of proteins is of paramount importance to assess and study their function. This supports the need for reliable protein sub‐cellular localisation assignment. Concomitant with recent technological advances in organelle proteomics, there is a requirement for more rigorous experimental and analysis design planning and description. In this review, we present an overview of current experimental designs in qualitative and quantitative organelle proteomics as well as associated data analysis. We also consider the major benefits associated with careful description and dissemination of the experiment and analysis designs, namely (i) comparison and optimisation of experimental designs and analysis pipelines, (ii) data validation, (iii) reproducible research, (iv) efficient repository submission and retrieval and (v) meta analysis. Formalisation of experimental design and analysis work flows is of direct benefit for the organelle proteomics researchers and will result in providing organelle localisation data of highest quality for the wider research community.
Structural modeling of histone methyltransferase complex Set1C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using constraint‐based docking
Authors: Tuukkanen Anne , Huang Bingding , Henschel Andreas , Stewart Francis , Schroeder Michael
Published: September 2010

Set1C is a histone methyltransferase playing an important role in yeast gene regulation. Modeling the structure of this eight‐subunit protein complex is an important open problem to further elucidate its functional mechanism. Recently, there has been progress in modeling of larger complexes using constraints to restrict the combinatorial explosion in binary docking of subunits. Here, we model the subunits of Set1C and develop a constraint‐based docking approach, which uses high‐quality protein interaction as well as functional data to guide and constrain the combinatorial assembly procedure. We obtained 22 final models. The core complex consisting of the subunits Set1, Bre2, Sdc1 and Swd2 is conformationally conserved in over half of the models, thus, giving high confidence. We characterize these high‐confidence and the lower confidence interfaces and discuss implications for the function of Set1C.
Ensuring treatment fidelity in a multi‐site behavioral intervention study: implementing NIH behavior change consortium recommendations in the SMART trial
Authors: Robb Sheri L. , Burns Debra S. , Docherty Sharron L. , Haase Joan E.
Published: September 2010

The Stories and Music for Adolescent/Young Adult Resilience during Transplant (SMART) study (R01NR008583; U10CA098543; U10CA095861) is an ongoing multi‐site Children's Oncology Group randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of a therapeutic music video intervention for adolescents/young adults (11–24 years of age) with cancer undergoing stem cell transplant. Treatment fidelity strategies from our trial are consistent with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Behavior Change Consortium Treatment Fidelity Workgroup (BCC) recommendations and provide a successful working model for treatment fidelity implementation in a large, multi‐site behavioral intervention study. In this paper, we summarize 20 specific treatment fidelity strategies used in the SMART trial and how these strategies correspond with NIH BCC recommendations in five specific areas: (1) study design, (2) training providers, (3) delivery of treatment, (4) receipt of treatment, and (5) enactment of treatment skills. Increased use and reporting of treatment fidelity procedures is essential in advancing the reliability and validity of behavioral intervention research. The SMART trial provides a strong model for the application of fidelity strategies to improve scientific findings and addresses the absence of published literature, illustrating the application of BCC recommendations in behavioral intervention studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐terminal engineering of amyloid‐β‐binding Affibody molecules yields improved chemical synthesis and higher binding affinity
Authors: Lindgren Joel , Wahlström Anna , Danielsson Jens , Markova Natalia , Ekblad Caroline , Gräslund Astrid , Abrahmsén Lars , Karlström Amelie Eriksson , Wärmländer Sebastian K.T.S.
Published: September 2010

The aggregation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides is believed to be a major factor in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Molecules binding with high affinity and selectivity to Aβ‐peptides are important tools for investigating the aggregation process. An Aβ‐binding Affibody molecule, ZAβ3, has earlier been selected by phage display and shown to bind Aβ(1–40) with nanomolar affinity and to inhibit Aβ‐peptide aggregation. In this study, we create truncated functional versions of the ZAβ3 Affibody molecule better suited for chemical synthesis production. Engineered Affibody molecules of different length were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis and allowed to form covalently linked homodimers by S‐S‐bridges. The N‐terminally truncated Affibody molecules ZAβ3(12–58), ZAβ3(15–58), and ZAβ3(18–58) were produced in considerably higher synthetic yield than the corresponding full‐length molecule ZAβ3(1–58). Circular dichroism spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance‐based biosensor analysis showed that the shortest Affibody molecule, ZAβ3(18–58), exhibited complete loss of binding to the Aβ(1–40)‐peptide, while the ZAβ3(12–58) and ZAβ3(15–58) Affibody molecules both displayed approximately one order of magnitude higher binding affinity to the Aβ(1–40)‐peptide compared to the full‐length Affibody molecule. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the structure of Aβ(1–40) in complex with the truncated Affibody dimers is very similar to the previously published solution structure of the Aβ(1–40)‐peptide in complex with the full‐length ZAβ3 Affibody molecule. This indicates that the N‐terminally truncated Affibody molecules ZAβ3(12–58) and ZAβ3(15–58) are highly promising for further engineering and future use as binding agents to monomeric Aβ(1–40).
Urinary estrogen metabolites and prostate cancer risk: A pilot study
Authors: Kosti Ourania , Xu Xia , Veenstra Timothy D. , Hsing Ann W. , Chu Lisa W. , Goldman Lenka , Bebu Ionut , Collins Sean , Dritschilo Anatoly , Lynch John H. , Goldman Radoslav
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND

The high incidence of and few identified risk factors for prostate cancer underscore the need to further evaluate markers of prostate carcinogenesis. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate urinary estrogen metabolites as a biomarker of prostate cancer risk.

METHODS

Using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method, urinary concentrations of 15 estrogen metabolites were determined in 77 prostate cancer cases, 77 healthy controls, and 37 subjects who had no evidence of prostate cancer after a prostate biopsy.

RESULTS

We observed an inverse association between the urinary 16‐ketoestradiol (16‐KE2) and 17‐epiestriol (17‐epiE3)—metabolites with high estrogenic activity—and prostate cancer risk. Men in the lowest quartile of 16‐KE2, had a 4.6‐fold risk of prostate cancer (OR = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.34–15.99), compared with those in the highest quartile.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed modest differences in estrogen metabolite concentrations between prostate cancer patients and subjects without cancer. Larger studies with both androgen and estrogen measurements are needed to confirm these results to clarify further whether estrogen metabolites are independent biomarkers for prostate cancer risk and whether androgen/estrogen imbalance influences prostate cancer risk. Prostate 77:507–516, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of lead‐free Ba1−xLaxTi1−xFexO3 ceramics
Authors: Chaabane H. , Abdelmoula N. , Khemakhem H. , Simon A. , Michau D. , Maglione M.
Published: September 2010

Perovskite types Ba1−xLaxTi1−xFexO3 (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) ceramics have been prepared through a solid‐state reaction route. The room‐temperature X‐ray diffraction study suggests that all the compositions have single phase. A broad dielectric anomaly coupled with the shift of dielectric maxima toward a higher temperature with increasing frequency indicates the relaxor‐type behavior in some ceramics. The relaxor ceramics obtained obey the Vogel–Fulcher law. The partial replacement of Ba2+ by La3+ and Ti4+ by Fe3+ shows a remarkable decrease of TC. The P–E hysteresis measurement proves the ferroelectric character of these compounds. The piezoelectric constant d31 of about 33.7 pC N−1 was observed for Ba0.95La0.05Ti0.95Fe0.05O3 ceramic.
Effect of iron contamination on grain boundary states at a direct silicon bonded (110)/(100) interface
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Yu Xuegong , Lei Dong , Yang Deren , Rozgonyi George
Published: September 2010

The effect of iron contamination on the electrical property of a (110)/(100) interfacial grain boundary (GB) in a p‐type direct‐silicon‐bonded wafer has been investigated by current–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics. It is found that iron contamination can change the charge property of this “model” GB. Based on proper physical modeling, it is found that compared to a “clean” grain boundary, iron contamination can significantly increase the density of GB states, and the corresponding GB neutral level has also been modified. These results show us a clear physical picture of Fe contamination influencing the GB states. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Basis set convergence of potential energy surfaces: Ground electronic state of H2 and H
Authors: Velilla Luis , Paniagua Miguel , Aguado Alfredo
Published: September 2010

The convergence behavior of the total energy with the increase of the basis set is analyzed in two‐electron systems, H2 and H , where the source of error is the basis set truncation. Extrapolation of total energy to the complete basis set limit is carried out with the exponential and inverse cubic power (or higher order) functional forms, as a function of the cardinal number X that describes the correlation consistent basis sets, used in this work. The ability of the different extrapolation schemes to generate accurate potential energy curves or surfaces, over a wide range of geometries, is examined, following the criteria outlined by Halkier et al. (Chem Phys Lett, 1999, 310, 385). Comparison with the most accurate potential energy curve and surface for the ground electronic state of H2 (X1Σ) and H (1A′), respectively, shows that a simple two point extrapolation with the quintuple and sextuple zeta correlation‐consistent basis sets results yields to practically “spectroscopic accuracy.” To assess the precision of the extrapolated potential energy surfaces, several properties are compared with the most accurate ones. As an example, the vibrational energies obtained with the extrapolated energies have an error of only a few tenths of a cm−1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Cascade macroinvertebrate assemblages for in‐stream flow criteria and biomonitoring of tropical mountain streams
Authors: Shoda M. E. , Gorbach K. R. , Benbow M. E. , Burky A. J.
Published: September 2010

Few comprehensive studies on stream assessment and biomonitoring have been conducted in tropical, freshwater watersheds. Currently under threat from climate change, urbanization and increasing freshwater demands, there is a need for innovative approaches to tropical watershed assessment and management. This study investigated cascade habitat macroinvertebrate communities among four tropical mountain streams with the goal of enhancing future efforts to identify flow biocriteria for watersheds of Polynesia. Cascade macroinvertebrate communities were compared between streams of differing size and magnitude of flow removal to evaluate the biological effects of water withdrawal on benthic communities. Two cascade microhabitats, identified as torrenticolous and amphibious, were evaluated for macroinvertebrate community differences and presence of native taxa among watersheds. Cascade habitat in general was reduced, by as much as 98%, in downstream reaches, having a significant impact on the stream ecosystem physical template important for native stream communities. In addition, two‐way ANOVA results revealed no main effects, but significant interactions of watershed size and flow removal on mean macroinvertebrate density for torrenticolous microhabitats; however, the opposite was true for the amphibious microhabitat. Diversity was significantly higher under undiverted flow conditions (t = 4.21, df = 272, p = 0.0004) and in torrenticolous microhabitats (t = 3.86, df = 272, p < 0.0001) over the entire study period. The amphibious microhabitat was composed of 39% native taxa, while the torrenticolous microhabitat contained <7%. This study provides new options for biomonitoring of native populations in Polynesian watersheds. Further studies that support the development of in‐stream flow criteria to preserve cascades are important to understanding the role of this habitat in tropical stream ecosystem function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Generalized Central Atom for Metallurgical Slags and High Alloyed Steel Grades
Authors: Lehmann J. , Zhang L.
Published: September 2010

The Cell model developed at ArcelorMittal Global R&D Maizières Process (formerly IRSID) during the 80's was the first comprehensive thermodynamic model for metallurgical slags. A more recent development in this domain, conducted jointly by ArcelorMittal Global R&D Maizières Process and CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, is the Generalized Central Atom model. This model is a generalization of the Central Atom model proposed in the 1970's by Lupis and co‐workers for modelling solid steel, which has now been extended to cover molten oxides and alloys. Recent work has shown how this model could greatly improve the performances of the Cell model for slags and how promising its application to liquid steel is, especially for high alloyed grades or segregated solutions.
Carbon Transfer in the Lower Zone of a Blast Furnace
Authors: Monaghan B. J. , Chapman Michael W. , Nightingale Sharon A.
Published: September 2010

In this paper results from an investigation focused on coke/iron reactions occurring in the hearth of a blast furnace, below the slag layer, are presented. In this region, as coke dissolves in the iron there is the potential for a mineral layer to form and persist at the coke/iron interface and inhibit the rate of coke dissolution. Key findings of the investigation include that the composition of the mineral layer was principally composed of oxides of aluminium and calcium, present as various calcium aluminates and that the morphology of the layer profoundly affected the rate of carbon transfer. Follow‐up up studies on the kinetics of carbon transfer focussed on how the wetting and interfacial characteristics of iron on the calcium aluminates would affect iron penetration of the mineral layer are also reported and discussed as was a new material, called coke analogue, that could be used in the study of real industrial coke. Analysis of the wetting behaviour of liquid iron on alumina and the calcium aluminates investigated indicated that iron wetting of the mineral layer was not a key parameter in coke dissolution in iron for the coke composition studied. The brief details given for the coke analogue indicated that it did replicate coke dissolution behaviour in iron, though more experimental work is required to fully understand and exploit the potential of this material.
Surface Structure of Wustite observed using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Watanabe T. , Kitamura K. , Yamashita T. , Nagata K.
Published: September 2010

The surface structure of polycrystalline wustite was observed by means of scanning tunnel microscopy (STM). Wustite (Fe1‐xO) samples were prepared from oxidation of iron plates under different oxygen partial pressures. The non‐stoichiometry numbers (1‐x) of Fe1‐xO were 0.912, 0.901 and 0.887, respectively. Fe1‐xO surface is composed of many terraces like stairs. The planes are covered with mesh. The mesh size is about 1.3 nm, corresponding to the double lattice constant of Fe1‐xO, and independent of x. There are some depressions in the mesh randomly distributed and the mesh around the depressions is deformed.
Surface Oxidation of Steel Powder
Authors: Grinder O.
Published: September 2010

Powder metallurgical production of fully dense steel such as high‐speed steel, tool steel and stainless steel is of large industrial importance. The process route is as follows: melting – inert gas atomization – encapsulation – hot isostatic pressing and subsequently often also hot forming. Final products comprise near‐net‐shape components, billets and semi‐finished parts e.g. rods. The mechanical and functional properties of the PM steels are often superior to those of conventional manufactured steels over casting + forging with the same chemical composition. The properties of the PM‐steels are highly dependant on their oxide contents. There are three types of oxides in PM‐steels: exogenous and endogenous slag inclusions and oxides originating from surface oxidation of the atomized particles. The negative effect from the inclusions on the properties of the PM‐steels is dependant on their origin. The exogenous inclusions are normally highly detrimental while the endogenous inclusions are harmless. Surface oxides are harmful when present in larger amounts.

A special experimental technique was developed to study surface oxidation of powders. Large emphasis was also focused on sampling to enable that the oxygen determination was representative of the bulk powder. The results thus obtained gave most important information on when and how the atomized powder was oxidized during the process. Furthermore, a new methodology was developed based on the experimental results. It is now used world‐wide for quality control of atomized steel powders. This method enables the distinction between exogenous + endogenous inclusions and surface oxides.
Interfacial Reaction between Refractory Materials and Metallurgical Slags containing Fluoride
Authors: Park J.H. , Suk M.O. , Jung I.‐H. , Guo M. , Blanpain B.
Published: September 2010

Interfacial reaction between refractory materials such as zirconia, magnesia and doloma brick, and the metallurgical slags of the CaO‐SiO2‐MgO‐CaF2 system with varying CaF2 content were investigated at high temperatures using various methodologies with static and dynamic modes. To figure out the corrosion mechanism due to interfacial reaction with the slag, the slag characteristics were examined in terms of flow temperature and viscosity and the corroded interface of zirconia, magnesia and doloma refractories were analyzed by SEM‐EDS and EPMA. With an addition of CaF2, three different layers were formed at the interface between slag and zirconia refractory. Furthermore, the corrosion of zirconia refractory was found to be accelerated with an increase of CaF2 which facilitated the dissolution of intermediate compounds. The penetration of slag through the grain boundaries of MgO refractory is enhanced by increasing the content of CaF2 due to an increase in the fluidity of slag in the dynamic mode. On the other hand, in the static condition, a dense Ca2SiO4 layer is formed at the hot face of magnesia‐doloma refractory due to a reaction between silica in slag and lime in doloma, resulting in the protection of direct corrosion of refractory brick. However, the thickness of C2S layer decreases with increasing content of CaF2 due to an increase in fluidity of slag.
Carbothermal Solid State Reduction of Stable Metal Oxides
Authors: Ostrovski O. , Zhang G. , Kononov R. , Dewan M.A.R. , Li J.
Published: September 2010

The paper considers carbothermal solid state reduction of manganese, titanium and aluminium oxides in argon, helium and hydrogen. The difference in reduction in helium and argon was reflected by different diffusion coefficients of gaseous reactants and products, which are much higher in helium than in argon. When carbothermal reduction took place in hydrogen, it was involved in the reduction process by reducing oxides to suboxides and forming methane.

Manganese and titanium oxides were reduced to carbide Mn7C3 and oxycarbide Ti(OxC1‐x) correspondingly, while products of alumina reduction included carbide Al4C3 and vapours of Al and Al2O, which were re‐oxidised to Al4O4C outside the reactor and deposited in the lower temperature zone. Gas atmosphere had a profound effect on the extent and rate of reduction. This effect was different in reduction of different oxides. Reduction of manganese oxides was the fastest in hydrogen, and faster in helium than in argon. Reduction of titania in argon and helium proceeded with about the same rate and was much faster in hydrogen than in the inert atmospheres. The rate and extent of alumina reduction in hydrogen and helium were higher than in argon, although no significant difference was observed in alumina reduction in hydrogen and helium. This reflects differences in reduction mechanisms, which are discussed in the paper.
Chasing “Shadows”: Discovering the Subtleties of Sestamibi Scans to Facilitate Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Neychev Vladimir K. , Kouniavsky Guennadi , Shiue Zita , Udall Don N. , Somervell Helina , Umbricht Christopher B. , Zeiger Martha A.
Published: September 2010

Background

With the advent of sestamibi scans, high‐resolution ultrasonography (US), and intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) is considered the standard of care for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Preoperative imaging, however, can be negative more than 20% of the time.

Methods

We chose to examine one surgeon’s experience with patients who presented with PHPT and negative or indeterminate preoperative imaging from July 1993 to September 2009. A retrospective review of a parathyroid surgery database and patient records was conducted to collect the following information: patient age and sex; calcium and PTH levels; sestamibi and US results; and operative reports. Each sestamibi scan had been re‐reviewed preoperatively by the surgeon with a nuclear medicine physician. The study cohort included patients with negative or indeterminate sestamibi results and a negative or no US report in which the surgeon was able to identify a “shadow” or subtlety on sestamibi and plan an MIP.

Results

A total of 126 patients had a negative or indeterminate sestamibi scan and a negative or no US report. “Shadows” or subtleties were found in 18 of 44 (41%) of the cases with a negative sestamibi and in 62 of 82 (76%) of cases with an indeterminate sestamibi scan. For these 80 cases a MIP was planned. In all, 7 of 80 (9%) were converted to a bilateral exploration. The remaining 46 patients underwent a planned bilateral exploration. Cure rates were comparable: 99% in the study group compared to 97% in the group who underwent a planned or converted bilateral exploration.

Conclusions

With careful preoperative re‐review of a negative or indeterminate sestamibi scan and the identification of subtleties in patients with a negative preoperative US scan, a successful MIP can be performed 91% of the time with a 98% cure rate.
Vegetation coverage, species richness, and dune stability in the southern part of Gurbantünggüt Desert
Authors: Song Yuyang , Zhou Chaobin , Zhang Wenhui
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the relationship between vegetation coverage, species richness, and environmental factors, and also analyzed the relationship between vegetation coverage, species richness, and dune stability in different terrains, in the southern part of Gurbantünggüt Desert in China. The results showed that the order of vegetation coverage and species richness was greatest in middle areas, followed by the eastern areas, with the western areas being sparse. On a large scale, precipitation from April to June determined the amount of vegetation coverage. On a small scale, vegetation coverage was influenced by the type of terrain and the water and salt content in soils. Species richness of vegetation was determined by soil water and salt content on both the large and small scales. There were also remarkable differences in relative wind erosion among the different terrains and their order was: crest, slope, and inter‐dune in descending order. The correlations between wind erosion and vegetation coverage and species richness were influenced by the type of terrain. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between wind erosion and vegetation coverage and species richness in dune slopes and crests. There was, however, no significant correlation between wind erosion and vegetation coverage and species richness in inter‐dune sites. Vegetation coverage was the dominant factor influencing wind erosion in both slopes and crests. Species richness may have an impact on wind erosion through vegetation coverage in both slopes and crests. These results suggest that the effect of terrain type should be fully considered during the establishment of vegetation cover in the desert.
Predictors of Successful Outcomes in First Web Space Contracture Release
Authors: Masden Derek L. , Higgins James P.
Published: September 2010

Background

The success of a first web space contracture release is dependent on the individual parameters of thumb movement. Examining these parameters individually, it is possible to predict which components are important for providing successful outcomes.

Methods

We identified all patients who underwent a first web space contracture release over 7 years. Patients were examined for the following: radial abduction—abduction of the thumb in the plane of the hand; palmar abduction—abduction of the thumb 90° to the plane of the hand; and opposition—distance between first and fifth palmar digital crease. Measurements were compared between affected and unaffected hands, and correlations between components and patients' Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores were determined.

Results

Thirty-nine patients underwent release of a first web space contracture; 11 agreed to participate. Opposition distance was significantly greater in the affected hand than in the unaffected hand. Grip strength was significantly lower in the affected hand. There were no significant differences in the radial or palmer abduction angles between hands. There was a moderate relationship between opposition distance and DASH score. There was no relationship between DASH and the other physical measurements.

Conclusions

It is possible to obtain normal radial and palmar abduction angles after first web space release; however, success is not dependent on these absolute angles of abduction. Success of a release is related to the amount of opposition obtained, and it is difficult to achieve equivalent opposition to the unaffected hand. Grip strength and opposition remain decreased following contracture release.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Se3 Nanostructures
Authors: Kadel K , Kumari Latha , Li WZ , Huang Jian Yu , Provencio Paula P
Published: September 2010

Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanostructures were synthesized via solvothermal method. The crystallinity of the as-synthesized sample has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, which shows the formation of rhombohedral Bi2Se3. Electron microscopy examination indicates that the Bi2Se3 nanoparticles have hexagonal flake-like shape. The effect of the synthesis temperature on the morphology of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures has also been investigated. It is found that the particle size increases with the synthesis temperature. Thermoelectric properties of the Bi2Se3 nanostructures were also measured, and the maximum value of dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of 0.096 was obtained at 523 K.
Evaluating Esters Derived from Mustard Oil (Sinapis alba) as Potential Diesel Additives
Authors: Issariyakul Titipong , Dalai Ajay K. , Desai Prabhat
Published: September 2010

Biodiesel was produced from mustard oil utilizing transesterification with methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol to evaluate the characteristics of mustard biodiesel as an additive to regular diesel. Mustard oil was transesterified with alcohol at 6:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, using KOH as a catalyst at 1 wt%. The maximum ester content achieved by this method was only 66%. Distillation was then used to purify the ester, raising the ester content to 99.8%. Alternatively, mustard oil methyl ester (MME) can be mixed with esters derived from canola oil or soybean oil to achieve an ASTM quality biodiesel. Biodiesel derived from mustard showed great potential as lubricity additive for regular diesel fuel. With an addition of 1% MME, lubricity of diesel fuel was improved by 43.7%. It is also found that methyl ester is the best lubricity additive among all esters (methyl‐, ethyl‐, propyl‐, and butyl‐ester). MME can be used at −16 °C without freezing whereas monounsaturated compounds (oleic, eicosenoic, and erucic esters) largely present in esters derived from mustard oil can tolerate −42 to −58 °C. Monounsaturated esters derived from higher alcohols such as butyl alcohol demonstrated a superior low temperature tolerance (−58 °C) as compared to that derived from lower alcohol such as methyl alcohol (−42 °C).
Identification of a plant gene encoding glutamate/aspartate‐prephenate aminotransferase: The last homeless enzyme of aromatic amino acids biosynthesis
Authors: Graindorge Matthieu , Giustini Cécile , Jacomin Anne Claire , Kraut Alexandra , Curien Gilles , Matringe Michel
Published: September 2010

In all organisms synthesising phenylalanine and/or tyrosine via arogenate, a prephenate aminotransferase is required for the transamination of prephenate into arogenate. The identity of the gene encoding this enzyme in the organisms where this activity occurs is still unknown. Glutamate/aspartate‐prephenate aminotransferase (PAT) is thus the last homeless enzyme in the aromatic amino acids pathway. We report on the purification, mass spectrometry identification and biochemical characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana prephenate aminotransferase. Our data revealed that this activity is housed by the prokaryotic‐type plastidic aspartate aminotransferase (At2g22250). This represents the first identification of a gene encoding PAT.
Determinants of sleep patterns in healthy Japanese 5‐year‐old children
Authors: Iwata Sachiko , Iwata Osuke , Iemura Akiko , Iwasaki Mizue , Matsuishi Toyojiro
Published: September 2010

Background

Early childhood is an important period for the development of sleep patterns; studies of sleep patterns in young preschool children may help elucidate the mechanism of associated mental/physical conditions and later sleep problems.

Aim and methods

The aim of this study was to investigate intrinsic and extrinsic independent variables associated with sleep patterns in preschool children using actigraphy. Forty‐eight 5‐year‐old children from two types of nurseries, which accommodate children with (Type A) or without (Type B) in‐home caregivers, were invited to undergo a 7‐day actigraphic sleep study.

Results

Compared with weekdays, both sleep onset time and sleep end time were later on weekends (28 and 17 min later in average, respectively). On weekdays, cultural lessons were associated with a later sleep onset time (22 min later); female gender, sports lessons and fixed bathing times were related with an earlier sleep end time (17, 21 and 17 min earlier, respectively); sports lessons were also associated with higher sleep efficiency (3.7% higher). During weekends, unfixed bedtimes and daytime naps were related with a later sleep onset time (73 and 54 min later, respectively); male gender, Type A nursery and daytime naps were associated with a later sleep end time (33, 37 and 34 min later, respectively); sports lessons were associated with higher sleep efficiency (3.6% higher).

Conclusions

Our current findings suggested that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as gender, child care, lifestyle and after‐nursery lessons, influence the establishment of sleep patterns in young preschool children. Further investigation of these independent variables may help establish a strategy for predicting and preventing sleep disorders later in life.
High sugar consumption and poor nutrient intake among drug addicts in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Sæland M. , Haugen M. , Eriksen F.-L. , Wandel M. , Smehaugen A. , Böhmer T. , Oshaug A.
Published: September 2010

Poor dietary habits among drug addicts represent health hazards. However, very few studies have focused on dietary intake as an independent health risk factor in relation to this group. The objective of the present study was to examine the dietary habits of drug addicts living on the fringes of an affluent society. The study focused on food access, food preferences, intake of energy and nutrients, and related nutrient blood concentrations. The respondent group consisted of 123 male and seventy-two female drug addicts, who participated in a cross-sectional study that included a 24 h dietary recall, blood samples, anthropometrical measurements and a semi-structured interview concerning food access and preferences. Daily energy intake varied from 0 to 37 MJ. Food received from charitable sources and friends/family had a higher nutrient density than food bought by the respondents. Added sugar accounted for 30 % of the energy intake, which was mirrored in biomarkers. Sugar and sugar-sweetened food items were preferred by 61 % of the respondents. Of the respondents, 32 % had a TAG concentration above the reference values, while 35 % had a cholesterol concentration beneath the reference values. An elevated serum Cu concentration indicated inflammation among the respondents. Further research on problems related to the diets of drug addicts should focus on dietary habits and aim to uncover connections that may reinforce inebriation and addiction.
A new thrombospondin-related anonymous protein homologue inNeospora caninum(NcMIC2-like1)
Authors: PEREIRA L. M. , CANDIDO-SILVA J. A. , DE VRIES E. , YATSUDA A. P.
Published: September 2010

Neospora caninumis an Apicomplexan protozoan that has the dog as a definitive host and cattle (among other animals) as intermediate hosts. It causes encephalopathy in dogs and abortion in cows, with significant loss in worldwide livestock. As any Apicomplexan, the parasite invades the cells using proteins contained in the phylum-specific organelles, like the micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules. The aim of this study was the characterization of a homologue (denominated NcMIC2-like1) ofN. caninumthrombospondin-related anonymous protein (NcMIC2), a micronemal protein previously shown to be involved in the attachment and connection with the intracellular motor responsible for the active process of invasion. A polyclonal antiserum raised against the recombinant NcMIC2-like1 functional core (thrombospondin and integrin domains) recognized the native form of NcMIC2-like1, inhibited thein vitroinvasion process and localized NcMIC2-like1 at the apical complex of the parasite by confocal immunofluorescence, indicating its micronemal localization. The new molecule, NcMIC2-like1, has features that differentiates it from NcMIC2 in a substantial way to be considered a homologue†.
Parasites of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.): implications for reproductive potential and invasion success
Authors: ZETLMEISL C. , HERMANN J. , PETNEY T. , GLENNER H. , GRIFFITHS C. , TARASCHEWSKI H.
Published: September 2010

The European shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is one of the most successful marine invasive species. Its success has been in part attributed to the loss of parasites, rekindling an interest in host-parasite interactions and impacts on host fitness in this crab. In the present study, we investigated C. maenas populations from Europe, South Africa and Australia for parasites, and assessed their impact on the fitness of male crabs. For the shore crab, testes weight along with success in mating competition is traded off against other life-history traits. We therefore used this parameter as an indicator both for reproductive fitness and a possible resource trade-off in response to parasite infestation. In the native range, crabs infested with Sacculina carcini showed significantly lower testes weight than uninfected crabs. However, helminth parasites did not generally cause reduced testes weights. Crab populations from South Africa and Australia were either parasitized at very low prevalences, or were completely parasite free. However, no population level effect of this parasite release was reflected in testes weight. These findings do not support a severe fitness impact of helminth parasites on C. maenas, which questions the role of parasites on its population dynamics, both in the native area and for invasive success.
Participation of inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors inBufo arenarumoocyte activation
Authors: Ajmat M.T. , Bonilla F. , Zelarayán L. , Bühler M.I.
Published: September 2010

Calcium is considered the most important second messenger at fertilization. Transient release from intracellular stores is modulated through both agonist-gated channels, IP3Rs and RyRs, which can be found individually or together depending on the oocyte species. Using the four commonly used compounds (thimerosal, caffeine, heparin and ruthenium red), we investigated the existence and interdependence of both IP3Rs and RyRs in matureBufo arenarumoocytes. We found that caffeine, a well known specific RyRs agonist, was able to trigger oocyte activation in a dose-dependent manner. Microinjection of 10 mM caffeine showed 100% of oocytes exhibiting characteristic morphological criteria of egg activation. Ruthenium red, the specific RyR blocker, was able to inhibit oocyte activation induced either by sperm or caffeine. Our present findings provide the first reported evidence of the existence of RyR in frogs. We further explored the relationship between IP3Rs and RyRs inB. arenarumoocytes by exposing them to the agonists of one class after injecting a blocker of the other class of receptor. We found that thimerosal overcame the inhibitory effect of RyR on oocyte activation, indicating that IP3Rs function as independent receptors. In contrast, previous injection of heparin delayed caffeine-induced calcium release, revealing a relative dependence of RyRs on functional IP3Rs, probably through a CICR mechanism. Both receptors play a role in Ca2+release mechanisms although their relative contribution to the activation process is unclear.
Participation of MAPK, PKA and PP2A in the regulation of MPF activity inBufo arenarumoocytes
Authors: Toranzo G. Sánchez , Bonilla F. , Bühler M.C. Gramajo , Bühler M.I.
Published: September 2010

The objectives of the present paper were to study the involvement and possible interactions of both cAMP-PKA and protein phosphatases inBufo arenarumoocyte maturation and to determine if these pathways are independent or not of the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. Our results indicated that the inhibition of PKA by treatment with H-89, an inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of PKA, was capable of inducing GVBD in a dose-dependent manner by a pathway in which Cdc25 phosphatase but not the MAPK cascade is involved. The injection of 50 nl of H-89 10 μM produced GVBD percentages similar to those obtained with treatment with progesterone. In addition, the assays with okadaic acid (OA), a PP2A inhibitor, significantly enhanced the percentage of oocytes that resumed meiosis by a signal transducing pathway in which the activation of the MEK–MAPK pathway is necessary, but in which Cdc25 phosphatase was not involved. Treatment with H-89, was able to overcome the inhibitory effect of PKA on GVBD; however, the inhibition of Cdc25 activity with NaVO3was able to overcome the induction of GVBD by H-89. Although the connections between PKA and other signalling molecules that regulate oocytes maturation are still unclear, our results suggest that phosphatase Cdc25 may be the direct substrate of PKA. InXenopusoocytes it was proposed that PP2A, a major Ser/Thr phosphatase present, is a negative regulator of Cdc2 activation. However, inBufo arenarumoocytes, inhibition of Cdc25 with NaVO3did not inhibit OA-induced maturation, suggesting that the target of PP2A was not the Cdc25 phosphatase. MAPK activation has been reported to be essential inXenopusoocytes GVBD. InB. arenarumoocytes we demonstrated that the inhibition of MAPK by PD 98059 prevented the activation of MPF induced by OA, suggesting that the activation of the MAPK cascade produced an inhibition of Myt1 and, in consequence, the activation of MPF without participation of the Cdc25 phosphatase. Our results suggest that in incompetent oocytes ofB. arenarumtwo signal transduction pathways may be involved in the control of MPF activation: (1) the inhibition of phosphatase 2A that through the MEK–MAPK pathway regulates the activity of the Myt1; and (2) the inhibition of AMPc–PKA, which affects the activity of the Cdc25 phosphatase.
Representation of colour concepts in bilingual cognition: The case of Japanese blues
Authors: ATHANASOPOULOS PANOS , DAMJANOVIC LJUBICA , KRAJCIOVA ANDREA , SASAKI MIHO
Published: September 2010

Previous studies demonstrate that lexical coding of colour influences categorical perception of colour, such that participants are more likely to rate two colours to be more similar if they belong to the same linguistic category (Roberson et al., 2000, 2005). Recent work shows changes in Greek–English bilinguals' perception of within and cross-category stimulus pairs as a function of the availability of the relevant colour terms in semantic memory, and the amount of time spent in the L2-speaking country (Athanasopoulos, 2009). The present paper extends Athanasopoulos' (2009) investigation by looking at cognitive processing of colour in Japanese–English bilinguals. Like Greek, Japanese contrasts with English in that it has an additional monolexemic term for ‘light blue’(mizuiro). The aim of the paper is to examine to what degree linguistic and extralinguistic variables modulate Japanese–English bilinguals' sensitivity to the blue/light blue distinction. Results showed that those bilinguals who used English more frequently distinguished blue and light blue stimulus pairs less well than those who used Japanese more frequently. These results suggest that bilingual cognition may be dynamic and flexible, as the degree to which it resembles that of either monolingual norm is, in this case, fundamentally a matter of frequency of language use.
Overweight and obesity among adolescents in Poland: gender and regional differences
Authors: Jodkowska Maria , Oblacinska Anna , Tabak Izabela
Published: September 2010

Objective

To examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Polish adolescents in 2005 using both the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and a national reference; to compare this to data collected in 1995; and to assess whether there were differences in overweight or obesity by gender and place of residence in 1995–2005.

Design

BMI was calculated from measured height and weight, collected in a cross-sectional study in five regions of Poland in 2005. Adolescents were categorised as normal, overweight or obese based on IOTF cut-off values, and by national weight for stature tables, where the 90th and 97th percentiles were used as cut-off values for overweight and obesity.

Setting

Population-based study set in Poland.

Subjects

A two-stage sampling method was used to recruit 8065 pupils (3980 boys and 4085 girls) aged 13–15 years.

Results

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12·5 % and 1·9 %, respectively. No significant gender differences were found, either in overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in 2005 had increased 2 % compared to 1995. Overweight and obesity among adolescents were not related to urban–rural residence, but there were significant regional differences.

Conclusions

Monitoring trends in overweight and obesity among adolescents in all regions of Poland using the same reference criteria is important. Since regional differences in overweight and obesity rates among adolescents were observed both in 1995 and 2005, future research should investigate the potential causes of these differences.
Associations between diet and (in)activity behaviours with overweight and obesity among 10–18-year-old Czech Republic adolescents
Authors: de Gouw Linda , Klepp Knut-Inge , Vignerová Jana , Lien Nanna , Steenhuis Ingrid HM , Wind Marianne
Published: September 2010

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of normal weight, overweight and obesity among 10–18-year-old Czech Republic adolescents and to assess the association between energy balance-related behaviours and overweight/obesity.

Design

Cross-sectional data from ‘The 6th Nation-wide Anthropological Survey of Children and Adolescents 2001 Czech Republic’ have been used.

Setting

Height and weight were objectively measured. Data on adolescents’ behaviours were assessed with self-reported questionnaires. Background variables were assessed by means of a parental questionnaire. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess behavioural risk factors of being overweight/obese.

Subjects

Data on 31 228 adolescents aged 10–18 years were included in the present study.

Results

The highest prevalence of being overweight or obese was found among boys and younger adolescents. Boys were more physically active, watched more television (TV) and used the computer more often than did girls. Being on a diet and skipping meals were positively associated with being overweight/obese, independent of gender. In boys (10–14 years old), inverse associations with being overweight/obese were found when being more physically active. Monitoring weight showed inverse relations with being overweight/obese in 15–18-year-old girls. Watching TV more than 7 h a week was positively associated with being overweight/obese in 15–18-year-old girls, and was found to be negatively associated in boys of the same age group.

Conclusions

These behaviours should be targeted when preventing overweight and obesity among Czech Republic adolescents. Studies using better measures of energy balance-related behaviours are needed.
Clustering of lifestyle factors and association with overweight in adolescents of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study
Authors: Landsberg Beate , Plachta-Danielzik Sandra , Lange Dominique , Johannsen Maike , Seiberl Jasmin , Müller Manfred James
Published: September 2010

Objective

To identify lifestyle clusters in adolescents and to characterize their association with overweight and obesity.

Design

Cross-sectional and longitudinal data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study.

Setting

Schools in Kiel, Germany.

Subjects and methods

Cross-sectional data of 1894 adolescents aged 14 years and 4-year longitudinal data of a subsample of 389 children aged 10 and 14 years. Self-reported data of physical activity, modes of commuting to school, media time, nutrition, alcohol consumption and smoking were used to identify lifestyle clusters with two-step cluster analysis. Obesity indices (height, weight, waist circumference and fat mass (FM)) were measured.

Results

Three lifestyle clusters were identified: a ‘low activity and low-risk behaviour’ cluster (cluster 1: n 740, 39·1 %); a ‘high media time and high-risk behaviour’ cluster (cluster 2: n 498, 26·3 %); and a ‘high activity and medium-risk behaviour’ cluster (cluster 3: n 656, 34·6 %). Strictly speaking, none of these clusters was considered to be markedly healthy. The prevalence of overweight and obesity tended to be lower in cluster 3 (15·9 %) than in clusters 1 (20·4 %) and 2 (20·5 %; P = 0·053). Longitudinally, 4-year changes in FM were found to be lowest in cluster 2, but the 4-year incidence rate of obesity was lowest in cluster 3.

Conclusions

Explicit healthy lifestyles do not exist, but an active lifestyle reduces the incidence of obesity. In adolescents, health promotion should take into account the diversity of lifestyles and address specific lifestyle clusters.