bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Abu-Helalah Munir , Al-Mnayyis Asma’a , Alzoubi Hamed , Al-Abdallah Ruba , Jdaitawi Hussein , Nafi Omar , Abu-Sal Kamel , Altawalbeh Alaa , Khlaifat Alia , Al-Zayadneh Enas , Almaaitah Ihsan , Borghol Ibrahim , Batarseh Fadi , Okkeh Omar , Dalal Abdallah , Alhendi Ahmad , Almaaitah Mohammad , Al-Lahham Adnan , Gazo Mahmoud , Abu Ekteish Faisal , Elnasser Ziad
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Jordan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are not included in the national vaccination program. Due to the current availability of several PCVs, including PCV-10, PCV-13, and PCV-15, along with PCV-20, currently undergoing pediatric approvals globally, the decision to introduce PCVs and their selection should be based on valid local data on the common serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the frequency of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children aged below 5 years hospitalized with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, during the study’s duration in representative areas of Jordan. Serotyping for culture-positive cases was based on the capsular reaction test, known as the Quellung reaction. qPCR was conducted on the blood samples of patients with lobar pneumonia identified via X-ray or on cerebrospinal fluid for those with a positive latex agglutination test for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Results: This study was based on the analysis of the serotypes of 1015 Streptococcus pneumoniae cases among children younger than the age of 5: 1006 cases with pneumonia, 6 cases with meningitis, and 3 cases with septicemia. Only 23 culture-positive cases were identified in comparison to 992 lobar pneumonia cases, which were PCR-positive but culture-negative, with a PCR positivity rate of 92%. Serotypes 6B, 6A, 14, and 19F were the most common serotypes identified in this study, with prevalence rates of 16.45%, 13.60%, 12.12%, and 8.18%, respectively. PCV-10, PCV-13, PCV-15, and PCV-20 coverage rates were 45.32%, 61.87%, 64.14%, and 68.47%, respectively. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest prospective study from the Middle East and one of the largest studies worldwide showing the serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. It reveals the urgency for the introduction of a PCV vaccination in Jordan, utilizing recently developed vaccines with a broader serotype coverage.
Adaptive Robust Terminal Sliding Mode Control with Integral Backstepping Synthesized Method for Autonomous Ground Vehicle Control
Authors: Taghavifar Hamid , Mohammadzadeh Ardashir
Published: August 2023

Autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) operating in complex environments face the challenge of accurately following desired paths while accounting for uncertainties, external disturbances, and initial conditions, necessitating robust and adaptive control strategies. This paper addresses the critical path-tracking task in AGVs through a novel control framework for multilevel speed AGVs, considering both structured and unstructured uncertainties. The control system introduced in this study utilizes a nonlinear adaptive approach by integrating integral backstepping with terminal sliding mode control (IBTSMC). By incorporating integral action, IBTSMC continuously adjusts the control input to minimize tracking errors, improving tracking performance. The hybridization of the terminal sliding mode method enables finite time convergence, robustness, and a chatter-free response with reduced sensitivity to initial conditions. Furthermore, adaptive control compensators are developed to ensure robustness against unknown but bounded external disturbances. The Lyapunov stability theorem is employed to guarantee the global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system and the convergence of tracking errors to the origin within finite time. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, high-fidelity cosimulations are conducted using CarSim and MATLAB. Comparative analysis is performed with other methods reported in the literature. The results confirm that the proposed controller demonstrates competitive effectiveness in path-tracking tasks and exhibits strong efficiency under various road conditions, parametric uncertainties, and unknown disturbances.
Comparative Genomics of Staphylococcus rostri, an Undescribed Bacterium Isolated from Dairy Mastitis
Authors: Kløve Desiree Corvera , Farre Michael , Strube Mikael Lenz , Astrup Lærke Boye
Published: August 2023

This study characterizes 81 S. rostri isolates from bovine mastitis (of which 80 were subclinical). The isolates were first identified as S. microti by MALDI-TOF MS, but later whole genome sequencing analysis allowed reclassification as S. rostri. The isolates were derived from 52 cows and nine dairy herds in Denmark. To describe the pathogenicity of S. rostri, we used whole genome sequencing to infer the distribution of genes associated with virulence, antibiotic resistance, and mobile genetic elements. Also, we performed a core-genome phylogeny analysis to study the genetic relatedness among the isolates. All 81 isolates expressed the same virulence profile comprising two putative virulence genes, clpP and clpC. Three isolates carried a resistance gene encoding streptomycin (str) or lincomycin (lnuA) resistance. The distribution of plasmids suggested the detected antibiotic resistance genes to be plasmid-mediated. Phages were abundant among the isolates, and the single isolate from clinical mastitis acquired a phage disparate from the rest, which potentially could be involved with virulence in S. rostri. The core genome phylogeny revealed a strong genetic intra-herd conservation, which indicates the source of introduction being herd-specific and might further imply the ability of S. rostri to adapt to the bovine niche and spread from cow-to-cow in a contagious manner. With this study, we aim to acquaint clinicians and professionals with the existence of S. rostri which might have been overlooked so far.
A Comprehensive Review on Metallic Trace Elements Toxicity in Fishes and Potential Remedial Measures
Authors: Naz Saima , Chatha Ahmad Manan Mustafa , Téllez-Isaías Guillermo , Ullah Shakeeb , Ullah Qudrat , Khan Muhammad Zahoor , Shah Muhammad Kamal , Abbas Ghulam , Kiran Azka , Mushtaq Rubina , Ahmad Baseer , Kari Zulhisyam Abdul
Published: August 2023

Metallic trace elements toxicity has been associated with a wide range of morphological abnormalities in fish, both in natural aquatic ecosystems and controlled environments. The bioaccumulation of metallic trace elements can have devastating effects on several aspects of fish health, encompassing physiological, reproductive, behavioural, and developmental functions. Considering the significant risks posed by metallic trace elements-induced toxicity to fish populations, this review aims to investigate the deleterious effects of prevalent metallic trace elements toxicants, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu), on the neurological, reproductive, embryonic, and tissue systems of fish. Employing diverse search engines and relevant keywords, an extensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies pertaining to metallic trace elements toxicity and its adverse consequences on fish and their organs was conducted. The findings indicate that Cd was the most prevalent metallic trace elements in aquatic environments, exerting the most severe impacts on various fish organs and systems, followed by Cu and Pb. Moreover, it was observed that different metals exhibited varying degrees and types of effects on fish. Given the profound adverse effects of metallic trace elements contamination in water, immediate measures need to be taken to mitigate water pollution stemming from the discharge of waste containing metallic trace elements from agricultural, industrial, and domestic water usage. This study also compares the most common methods for treating metallic trace elements contamination in water.
Importance and Barriers of Establishing Educational/Training Programs in Electric Vehicles/Hybrid-Electric Vehicles in Jordan
Authors: Saleet Hanan , Aldamsah Alaa , Banikhaled Mohamad , Abu-Baker Ayman , Damseh Rebhi A. , Al-Smadi Ma’moun , Mostafa Ahmad , Adaileh Wael , Alahmer Ali , Al-Salaymeh Ahmed , Al Twassi Sara , AlBeek Rasha , Hassouneh Kholoud
Published: August 2023

Jordan has set priority plans to mitigate climate change impacts, where Jordan moves towards low emissions by promoting the Electric Vehicle and Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (EV/HEV) market. Therefore, there will be a pressing need for professionals in the field of maintenance and design of EV/HEVs. Accordingly, surveys were conducted to address the market needs in Jordan. The surveys targeted main stakeholders from different geographical locations in Jordan. This study was concerned with project partners, Academic staff, and students from eight universities located in Balqa’a, Irbid, Al-Karak, Tafilah, and the capital city Amman. The responses obtained are from 8, 140, and 799 project partners, academic staff, and students, respectively. The results, including surveys on teaching and training facilities, are analyzed and discussed. In conclusion, this study presents a crucial foundation for three specialized diploma programs (vocational diploma, technical diploma, and higher diploma) and a bachelor program tailored to Jordan’s EV/HEV market needs. Through a deliberate alignment of the curriculum with the evolving demands of the EV/HEV sector, the diploma programs will foster graduates who hold the essential knowledge and skills to excel in this rapidly expanding field. Furthermore, the programs address the distinct competencies and expertise that the local market requires, ensuring that graduates are well prepared to meet industry needs. The significance of this work serves as a bridge between academia and the market, resulting in graduates who possess the knowledge and skills, that are highly sought after by prospective employers.
Charles de L’ Écluse: Master of Descriptive Botany / Charles de L’ Écluse – « Le prince des descripteurs »
Authors:   Université Chrétienne « Dimitrie Cantemir », Bucares, Damian Elena
Published: August 2023

Charles de l’Écluse (Carolus Clusius, 1526 – 1609) was one of the first and foremost descriptive botanists who turned the description of plants into a true art. He was also responsible for introducing several hitherto unknown plants. Like other Renaissance personalities, he had many scientific interests. He studied law, he earned a doctorate in medicine from Montpellier, but his leading passion was botany. He chiefly focused on plants with medicinal properties in order that people benefited from his research. His best-known works are: Rariorum plantarum historia: Fungorum in Pannoniis observatarum brevia historia…, a remarkable pioneering mycological study containing highly accurate descriptions illustrated by over thousand engravings, in which he attempts at re-classifying the species according to affinities, an in-folio edition published in the Christophe Plantin’s printing house in Anvers in 1601, and Exoticorum libri decem : quibus animaliium, plantarum, aromatum, aliorumque peregrinorum fructuum historiae describuntur, another in folio edition published by the same printer in Anvers in 1605. The two editions of Clusius’s complete works of botany and natural history most often consulted by specialists are also preserved in the collections of the library of the Romanian Academy in Cluj-Napoca. We are proud to posses them and we believe it is not only our duty, but also our pleasure to treasure and introduce them to the public.
Poema et Stemma Principis Ioannis Mattei Bassarabæ: A Possible Source of Romanian Heraldic Terminology?
Authors:   Library of the Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Piticari Alexandru-Daniel
Published: August 2023

The first poem dedicated to the coat of arms of the country was written by Udriște Năsturel (a Romanian scholar and prince Matei Basarab’s brother-in-law). The poem is part of the Slavonic Euchologion of 1635, which was issued on the printing press brought by Matei Basarab from the Ukrainian area and set up in Câmpulung-Muscel. Udriște Năsturel composed the versified emblazonment based on a coat of arms identical to the armorial bearing found in The Nomocanon from Govora (1640) and in the Gospel with Teachings (1644). The author used personification to describe the coat of arms in verses. For the first time in the history of Romanian heraldry and old Romanian literature, he used a series of terms that one could name “heraldic”. Whilst Udriște Năsturel’s work demanded the mundane attention of his readers, as Dan Cernovodeanu considered, it also set a precedent. Thus, many chroniclers and writers from Wallachia and Moldavia of the 17th - 19th centuries would follow his pattern and would compose their own poetry dedicated to coats of arms.
Relations entre la croissance économique et les fluctuations cycliques
Authors: Kaldor Nicholas
Published: August 2023

Relations between economic growth and cyclical fluctuations

Cyclical fluctuations have always been considered inherent to the dynamics of growth. Cf. Schumpeter ; but his theory is more descriptive than analytical. It is possible, however, to build a cyclical model that is static in that it fluctuates about a constant mean. But this model bears no similarity with the real world in which the most striking fact about the trade cycle is that each successive boom and slump is higher than the previous one. A trend or random shocks may be incorporated into our model without fundamentally modifying its cyclical character. A trend may, for instance, be attributed to population growth or rising productivity. Bui from the point of view of the théory of economic growth this is unsatisfactory : the trend itself remains unexplained ; it is merely postulated. Technical progress and population growth are as much the result as the condition of economic growth. The classics saw in capital accumulation and saving the ultimate causes of growth. But they too are really only aspects of it.

In fact it is the length and amplitude of boom periods which seem to shape the secular rate of growth. An economy, in which entrepreneurs are bold and fundamentally sanguine and are frequently tempted by high profits to indulge in «unhealthy» over expansion during the upswing, is most likely to have a high rate of growth. Higher unstable expectations lead to powerful booms which break through the existing economic structure and bear the economy to ever higher levels. Each successive trough will also be higher, thus providing higher starting points for the next upswing. Conversely a timid, prudent entrepreneurial spirit will cause only moderate cycles and hence a slow rale of growth. Thus Schumpeter’s dynamic entrepreneur plays an essential part in both cyclical fluctuations and secular growth.

A note on static models of the cycle follows the article.
Oscillation et croissance
Authors: Guitton Henri
Published: August 2023

Oscillation and growth.

The world economy exhibits both a trend and oscillations. These phenomena have traditionally been dissociated and studied separately. The trend-oscillation dichotomy has given rise to an exogenous-endogenous dichotomy, a long-term — short-term dichotomy and a strudural-conjundural dichotomy.

The cycle dissociated from its trend is, to use Kaldor's expression, a static cycle. It derives from physics and has given rise to many models with either an implicit oscillator (Aftalion, Hawtrey) or an explicit one (Kaldor, Samuelson, Metzler). All show that a trendless cycle is possible.

The trend without cycles is the older approach : Smith, Ricardo, Malthus considered secular movements fundamental, oscillations negligible. The trend may, first, merely be expressed as an annual rale of growth (Harrod’s growth coefficient) based on observable data. It is, secondly, a phenomenon to be explained : growth is governed by increasing population and productivity, and institutional rigidities.

The 'Kondratieff wave is however a problem case in the trend-oscillation dichotomy : is it due to exogenous (or structural ) causes, or endogenous (or confunclural) ones ? The dissociation of trend and cycle is, in fact, dangerous ; they must be studied jointly. Two approaches are possible. According to the first, growth is a succession of open cycles, i. e. is generated by cyclical forces. According to the second, cycles are a by-product of growth (Harrod's and Domar’s view) ; it is well-known that a change in the rale of growth of one series can change the direction of another : a crisis is thus equated to a change in the rale of growth. (An intermediate case is Hicks's model : cycles are sandwiched between a rising floor and ceiling. But these limits, as Goodwin has shown, remain unexplained).

The first approach (cycles determining growth) is by far the most frequently adopted. The second approach should now be developed. This would entail, in particular, the study of economic structures — a vague term which needs expliciting — the importance of which has been stressed by Akerman.
L'adaptation de l'offre à la demande de travail
Authors: Sellier François
Published: August 2023

The adaptation of the supply of labour to the demand.

For the classics the market for jobs was not a relevant subject for study. For them the problem was that of the supply of and demand for labour i. e. the problem of population changes. In the long run the supply of work adapts itself to the demand. For Keynes the problem was that of the determination of the level of the supply of jobs, particularly when it was lower than the supply of labour.

Modern analysis considers that the supply of jobs depends on a series of factors of which the wage rate is not the most important. But the classics were right in linking the supply of labour to the state of the population. Consequently, the solution of the problem of the equalization of the supply of and demand for labour depends upon two stes of relatively independent factors. The adaptation of the two elements depends upon the state of technical progress and the lenght of the working week, the two factors being related. But this conclusion renders the concept of a labour market extremely imprecise.

Structural unemployment is an example of a fundamental lack of adaptation of the supply of jobs to the population. The examples of the United Kingdom between the two wars, modern Italy and the United States in the 19th century illustrate the relationship between this type of unemployment and the level of investment.

A study of the adaptation of the supply of labour in the short period brings out the high level of elasticity which affects certain marginal groups (adolescents, older workers and women).

Finally, the importance of non-salaried employment cannot be divorced from a study of the state of employment as a whole.
Profit, croissance et stagnation en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Cameron R. E.
Published: August 2023

Profit, growth and stagnation in france in the nineteenth century.

The slower rate of growth of total and per capita income in France, despite the country’s money advantages between 1815 and 1914 than in any other industrial country calls for some explanation.

The author uses a theoretical framework built on the concepts of supply and demand analysis, or the theory of relative prices, supplemented by income and employment theory, in order to examine this problem in economic growth.

As regards profit and the uses of investible funds it would seem that the failure to invest in french industry, despite abundant funds, was the determining factor. This may be explained to some extent by the growth of demand for final products which the author analyses in detail considering demographic factors and spending habits. The supply and cost of production must also be considered to see whether, capital being abundant, the supply of other factors was deficient whilst labour supply does not seem to have been a broke on production, France did suffer from many natural handicaps such as the supply of coal.

Finally, the author is led to envisage the handicap for the growth of french industry of a number of political and social factors.
L'épargne et les profits des entreprises dans l'hypothèse du " revenu permanent "
Authors: Fisher Malcolm R.
Published: August 2023

Business savings and profits in the light of the «permanent income» hypothesis.

The problem analysed its the way in which entrepreneurs arrive at decisions relating to dividend policy , using the Friedman hypothesis regarding the consumption-saving decisions of individuals the author adapts it to the dividend decisions of entrepreneurs. The hypotheses thus framed are submitted to empirical verification in the light of the experience of United States corporations.

It appears that there is a two-way relationship between investment and profit retention. Profit prospects coupled with plans to invest will for established companies , promote greater relative profits retention. This effect could usefully be incorporated in macro-economic models. However , it would be an error to forget that permanent profits in different industries do not grow at the same rate and there is, therefore, no necessary correlation between the rale of growth of national income and that of retained profits.
La théorie probabiliste de Carnap et son application aux problèmes de l’économétrie
Authors: Tintner Gerhard
Published: August 2023

Carnap's theory makes possible a more thorough discussion of the problem of induction and of certain problems in mathematical statistics. Carnap distinguishes inductive, or hypothetical, probabilities and empirical or statistical probabilities. His theory of inductive probability, which is based on modern mathematical logic, opens up considerable possibilities for its application in mathematical statistics and econometrics.
Stabilité et progrès : les problèmes de la pauvreté
Authors: Viner Jacob ,   Association internationale des sciences économiques
Published: August 2023

Stability and progress :

the poorer countries’ problem

Although the conditions prevailing in underdeveloped countries differ widely it is possible to formulate a certain number of general propositions concerning them. The causes of poverty in these countries may be related to internal handicaps or be the result of external factors.

The most evident cause of regional poverty is a regional scarcity of productive resources relative to population. In the poorer countries, labour is always abundant relative to natural resources and, for most of them, labour is abundant relative to national resources. Another obstacle to development may be found in the impact of inflation and the inability of poorer countries to control it. The low level of incomes rather than a low propensity to save by prohibiting saving on a large scale, also puts a brake on development. Other obstacles which have been described in the literature, such as unequal income distribution, disguised unemployment and high interest rates merit however, critical examination before they are accepted.

As regards external handicaps to development, it is clear that the commercial policies of developed countries can impose hardships on poorer countries. The contention that the terms of trade move against primary producers cannot, however, be accepted without qualification. The same holds for the monopoly effects of industrial countries, the so-called demonstration effect, and the influence of external economies in demands for tariff protection.

A factor which causes instability in the poorer countries is their dependence on the export of a few basic commodities and the fluctuations in the prices of these products. Stabilization in the developed countries rather than commodity schemes is the most promising solution for this problem.

Among the positive factors favouring economic progress in the poorer countries are the availability of the cumulative stock of knowledge of the richer countries and the latter’s contribution to the development of poorer countries. Provided the population problem can be solved, economic progress is a realisable goal for the underdeveloped countries.
L'offre de crédit
Authors: Gambino Amedeo
Published: August 2023

The supply of loanable funds

What are the factors which determine the supply of loanable funds ? In what respects does the latter differ from the supply of savings ? The supply of funds depends not only on the volume of saving but also upon the extent to which savings are mobilized and the successive links between credits granted and received. These two factors are decisive for a divergence between the supply of saving and the supply of loanable funds.

This conclusion does not imply abandoning the real factors of saving and investment in the classical concept of the supply of loanable funds. But it is necessary to consider the ways in which savings are transformed in order to become négociable.

It follows that the rate of interest can be conceived of as the price of credit although changes in the volume of credit need not be accompanied by interest changes.
Taux relatifs de profit
Authors: Downie J.
Published: August 2023

On relative rates of profit

Two main approaches to profit theory may be distinguished. The first uses static equilibrium analysis and appeals largely to ethical considerations. The second emphasises economic growth and deals with investment, full employment and growth rates. But neither is concerned specifically with the distribution of profits between industries. The author seeks to apply macro-economic concepts ot this problem in micro-economics.

It would seem that there exists a constant relation between total profits and total investments. But this does not mean that the rate of investment is determined by the rale of profit. What happens in practice is that differences in profit rates are due to differences in the rale of growth of demand. Prices would then be fixed to take account of investment needs.
Fluctuations et croissance économique en France (1820-1952)
Authors: Hart Albert Gailord
Published: August 2023

Economic growth and fluctuations in France

1820-1952

This study sets out to analyse the growth of the french economy over a period of 130 years by presenting, as far as available statistical material allows, continuous, or comparable time series. The major task has been to construct satisfactory indices for the pre-1914 period. The material already published by the I.S.E.A. has been used, but the author has endeavoured to give deflated total production figures.

Various cross-checks have also been provided by the addition of the available statistical material for certain sectors of economic activity. In particular, time series on coal production and imports, iron and steel output and transports, both inland and maritime, have been constructed.

The author considers two types of trend-production capacity and output. The concept of productive capacity is applied here for the first time to long-term trends derived from french pre-1914 data.

Finally, the author considers the political implications of the fact that, down to 1913, and, to some extent until 1930, despite marked instability in output, increases in production were sufficient to give all social groups, in each generation, an increased real volume of consumption. On the contrary, from 1930 to 1952, an increase in total output was not available and, as a result, one social group could only increase its consumption at the expense of others.
Le paradoxe de l’information
Authors: Drèze Jacques H.
Published: August 2023

It is often useful , for an understanding of the effects of uncertainly upon decisions, to ask how the situation would be modified if the uncertainly disappeared through the provision of supplementary information. Marshak and others, who have developed a technique for handling this problem by imputing a «value » to such information, have argued that this value can never be negative. The author argues that this conclusion needs to be modified. Supplementary information has a dual incidence upon decisions : it not only permits greater flexibility of action, but also modifies the possible field of action — in particular, information makes it impossible to gamble upon the event with which the information deals, or to negotiate upon the basis of uncertainly about that event. This second aspect of information, it is argued, introduces an opportunity-cost which needs to be taken into account along with the value of information, and the algebraic sum of the two could well be negative.
De la décision unique a la décision séquentielle
Authors: Malinvaud Edmond
Published: August 2023

The economist first approaching decision-theory might expect to gel from it rules of action directly applicable to such questions as investment programming or economic policy. But he would find the theory much too simple to handle actual situations and might well consider that the simplifications used involved abstraction from fundamental aspects of the problem.

The author argues that this situation can be explained in part by the fact that time is not explicitly introduced into models concerned with the rationality of choice criteria. But most decisions concern the future : an economic policy, e.g., can only be fully realised over a period of months or years. The article therefore explicitly introduces a temporal factor into the study of the principle of decision-taking. Models are first developed to demonstrate the nature of choice when the future is certain and when it is uncertain. The author then introduces the possibility of sequential decisions (i.e. decisions taken over a period rather than at a point in time), and considers the significance of this (and of such corollaries as the fact that statistical estimation is a decision problem) for his model.
La Programmation régionale en Espagne
Authors: Hermida H. R.
Published: August 2023

The author first discusses the role of regional programming as a part of national programming, then turns to actual regional programming in Spain. The antecedents of the present programmes (the Hydrographic Confederation , the 1933 national Hydraulic Works Plan, the Provincial plans and the studies of national economic development) are described and discussed. Present studies of regional programming are then considered : the author comments upon the preliminary provincial surveys and utilises Professor Perroux's concept of economic regions to discuss the programming studies of the Duero and S.E. regions that are already under way.
General equilibrium analysis of US-EEC-Japanese trade and trade distorting policies : A model and some initial findings
Authors: Whalley John
Published: August 2023

This paper describes a large scale general equilibrium international trade model of the US, Japan and the (9 member) EEC and reports some initial results obtained on the trade restricting impacts of tariff and selected non-tariff barriers to world trade. Thirty-three commodities in each trading bloc are considered along with domestic production and demand patterns ; tariff and non-tariff barriers enter as ad valorem charges on imported products. The approach allows the effects of tariff and non-tariff barriers (including domestic taxation and subsidy policies) to be analyzed not only on trading patterns, but also on the allocation of productive factors by industry, welfare levels of consuming groups, and domestic income distributions. The numerical solution of the model uses recently developed computational techniques which determine competitive equilibria for international trade general equilibrium models. Use of the model to analyze policy issues in international trade, such as the tariff-cutting proposals in the Tokyo round, will follow.
Commerce entre grandes firmes ou commerce entre nations ?
Authors: Perroux François
Published: August 2023

Our problem is related to the inability of standard equilibrium theory to explain present time economic relations both in a closed and open economy. Therefore, another general interpretation of economic life is wanted.

After recalling some very well known phenomena incompatible with perfect competition, we emphasize two features of international life : 1) the relative weight of large firms in international trade, 2) the “nationality effect” underlined by P. J. Buckley, J. H. Dunning and R. D. Pearce in a recent article where, in a statistical analysis of the 642 largest firms in the world, they find that nationality is correlated with profit rate. Is this because of the excellency of investors’ choice or because of economic and social externalities in a given national space ?

The incompatibility of monopolistic and oligopolistic competi¬ tion with a theory of general equilibrium is currently admitted. We believe the new theory of the active units (Les Unités actives, unités actives et mathématiques nouvelles, François Perroux, Dunod, 1975) should be taken into account. Active units are capable to modify their environment at their own advantage. They engender their economic spaces (trade, investment, information). Such economic spaces are eventually to be applied to territorial spaces. The method allows a new analysis of economic asymétries related to : a) the irreversibility of time and b) the unequalities of economic agents and units. The growing interest for structural models (J. N. Bhagwati) is connected to the importance, of fixed capital and to the complexity of organizations in industrialized economies. Numerous applications are drawn from the analysis :

-in the short-run the propulsion effect of large and strong economic structures, — in the middle-run, the structural ascen¬ dencies, — and finally, the complex set of dominances by the super-powers. The standard theory seems to improve if one puts it into the frame of an integrative theory of general equilibrium.
Équilibres avec rationnement dans un modèle macroéconomique avec décision d’investissement endogène
Authors: Hénin Pierre-Yves
Published: August 2023

The paper copes with the consequences of introducing endo¬ genous investment decisions in Barro — Grossman — Benassy — Malirivaud’s Model, while much of current work considers only an ad hoc investment fonction, defined indepantently of the regime. The model provides definition and illustrations for the concepts of KS (for Keynes — Stackelberg) and KC (for Keynes — Coumot) equilibria. It is shown that fix-price equilibria of the Keynésian unemployment and the repressed inflation types are more inefficient than usual second best solutions of welfare economics.
La dégradation entropique et la destinée prométhéenne de la technologie humaine
Authors: Georgescu-Roegen Nicholas
Published: August 2023

According to thermodynamics the standard conception of the economic process as a self-contained, self-sustaining circular flow between “production” and “consumption” is utterly inept. Available energy can be used once only. But thermodynamics does not take account of the fact that matter, too, degrades entropically. A new law of thermodynamics (the fourth) proclaims the impossibility of perpetual motion based on the complete recycling of matter. Even in an open system, a viable technology must be Promethean, i.e., it must produce a net flow of matter-energy while reproducing its material scafold. Thus far there have been only two Promethean innoventions : the mastery of fire and the conversion of heat into motion. The technological future of humanity depends on the coming of a Prometheus III provided that homo sapiens sapiens could be wise as well.
La Monnaie dans le circuit ou le voile déchiré
Authors: Parguez Alain
Published: August 2023

Pour comprendre la monnaie, il faut renoncer au circuit classique pour lui substituer le circuit dynamique. Dans ce circuit, la monnaie est purement endogène car elle trouve sa cause dans l’investissement qui permet aux entreprises d'anticiper les dépenses futures des ménages ou des autres entreprises. Le système bancaire ne contrôle pas la quantité de monnaie. Il peut contrôler le niveau du taux d’intérêt, causant ainsi la déformation spéculative du circuit. Un modèle général de ce circuit explique la formation des profits par la dépense d’investissement.
Réflexions sur la compatibilité des approches ricardiennes et keynésiennes du fonctionnement de l’activité économique
Authors: Arena Richard
Published: August 2023

L’objet de cet article consiste dans la formulation d’une représentation du fonctionnement de l’activité économique qui tente de combiner une partie des héritages ricardien et keynésien. Celle-ci suppose d’abord l’existence d’une période d’analyse comprenant trois phases dont la succession décrit la hiérarchie temporelle et logique des principales opérations d’une économie de production pure : l’anticipation, la production et l’échange. L’approche des deux premières de ces phases propose une interprétation et un mode d’articulation particuliers du principe keynésien de la demande effective et de la théorie classique de la production. L’approche de la phase de l’échange suppose possible l’occurrence de demandes contraintes et de déficits d’écoulement, impliquent la nécessité macroéconomique de transferts de monnaie circulatoire. Le recensement des limites inhérentes à la représentation décrite met en évidence l’intérêt de l’intégration de la circulation financière et du concept de monnaie-fonds au sein d’une économie de production et d’échange pure.

Les résultats obtenus permettent de mieux situer les différences qui existent entre la théorie néo-marginaliste de l’équilibre et le fonds commun des approches ricardienne et keynésienne ; ils modifient également la perception traditionnelle des relations entre ces deux dernières approches, en montrant que le problème posé par cette perception doit être redéfini dans des termes nouveaux.
Prix et quantités : le cas des productions jointes
Authors: Duménil Gérard , Lévy Dominique
Published: August 2023

Ce travail est le dernier d’une série de trois articles consacrés aux propriétés des modèles de productions jointes. Dans un premier temps sont données les conditions d’existence de différents types de croissance (croissance homothétique ou non homothétique, équilibrée ou non équilibrée) et d’efficience de ces croissances. On dresse ensuite un bilan d’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans les trois articles en insistant sur la symétrie formelle des propriétés concernant le domaine des prix et celui des quantités. De ce point de vue, les remarquables propriétés d’interdépendance du modèle de J. Von Neumann n’apparaissent que comme l’expression des hypothèses tout à fait particulières de ce modèle.
La théorie de la captation
Authors: Soubeyran Antoine
Published: August 2023

La théorie de la Captation est un essai sur l’origine et sur la formation dynamique des revenus qui étudie les crises de reproduction et les conflits de répartition d’un Système économique. Elle pose la question : «Qui prend quoi à qui, comment, et pourquoi ?» Plus particulièrement, elle recherche le maximum de ce qu’une unité économique peut prendre à son Environnement Extérieur direct et indirect sans empêcher la reproduction d’une autre unité économique. Capter c’est, en mouvement, prendre aux uns plus que ce que l’on a dû céder aux autres, pour acquérir. La théorie de la Captation fournit une grille de lecture synthétique des différentes théories de la Répartition et des Crises, peu idéologique, car elle adopte tour à tour le point de vue de chacun, en opposant chaque agent j aux agents autres que j.
A value for a class of cooperative L-games with side payments
Authors: Schleicher Heinz
Published: August 2023

The assumption of equally «intelligent» and entrepreneurial players of classical cooperative n-person game theory (with side payments) is abandoned. One supposes that a particular player, the entrepreneur, begins the coalition formation process. This lack of symmetry among players leads to a particular class of games, called L-games, where the domain of the characteristic function is restricted. Then a value is defined on this restricted characteristic function which has, besides its intuitive content, nice properties (Pareto optimality, individual and group rationality, zero payoff to dummies, monotonicity).
Structural decomposition of multipliers in input-output or social accounting matrix analysis
Authors: Crama Yves , Defourny Jacques , Gazon Jules
Published: August 2023

Cette note fournit une démonstration algébrique du «théorème de l’influence», lequel permet une décomposition particulièrement intéressante des multiplicateurs obtenus par l’analyse input-output ou par l’analyse de matrices sociales comptables. Ce théorème a été établi par R. Lantner (1974) et démontré par J. Gazon (1976) dans le cadre de leur analyse structurale.
Contraintes écologiques, équilibres et activités humaines
Authors: Labeyrie Vincent
Published: August 2023

Par définition, l’approche écologique est évolutionniste et systémique ; mais en fait elle est souvent mécaniste ; il en est ainsi avec l’utilisation du concept d’équilibre. La caractérisation des aspects fondamentaux de l’écosphère souligne la contradiction entre une conception fixiste, typologiste et statique et la dynamique réelle des écosystèmes. Dans ce contexte écologique, l’impact des activités humaines peut être réduit par l’augmentation du nombre de degrés de liberté due au développement de la technologie.
Towards an entropie theory of economy and ecology. Beyond the mechanistic equilibrium approach
Authors: Yoshiro Tamanoi , Tsuchida Atsushi , Murota Takeshi
Published: August 2023

Lorsqu’il s’agit d’intégrer les contraintes écologiques dans l’économie humaine, le recours à la notion fondamentale d’entropie est nécessaire. Après avoir corrigé les fausses interprétations de cette notion, nous expliquons ce qu’est le système vivant. Ensuite nous examinons l’efficacité du cycle d’eau nécessaire à l’établissement du système écologique contenant l’être humain, en tenant compte de la proposition démontrée par Sadi Carnot.
Optimisation des programmes et taux d’actualisation de l’Etat
Authors: Thédié J.
Published: August 2023

L’auteur recherche les règles d’optimisation d’un programme d’investissement public, sous contrainte financière puis d’un ensemble de programmes annuels successifs. Il définit à cet effet un algo- rithme dans lequel interviennent comme éléments clés le taux d’actualisation de l’Etat et le coût d’opportunité du capital. Il examine également l’incidence du progrès technique et de l’acquisition progressive d’informations. Il montre que toutes les opérations, même marginales, d’un programme doivent comporter une surrentabilité. Cela le conduit à remettre en cause les taux d’actualisation habituellement pratiqués qui, par méconnaissance de ces règles et notions, seraient fixés à un niveau trop élevé.
Le débat sur le «motif de financements» de J.M. Keynes
Authors: Graziani Augusto
Published: August 2023

Les ouvrages de Keynes successifs à la Théorie Générale sont remarquables au point de vue de la théorie monétaire pour l’introduction du «motif de finance» dans la demande de monnaie. La plupart des auteurs qui ont analysé cet aspect de la théorie keynésienne ont cru pouvoir incorporer ce quatrième motif au motif de transactions. Dans cet article, on montre que le motif de finance ne peut pas être relié à la demande de monnaie comme demande d’un stock de fonds liquides, et que pour l’interpréter correctement il faut le placer dans un schéma complet du financement de l’économie, tel que l’on trouve dans les théories modernes du circuit monétaire.
Endogenous vs. Exogenous Coalition Formation
Authors: Bennett Elaine
Published: August 2023

L’article montre que lorsqu ’on veut prédire la formation des coalitions et la distribution des paiements, il faut tenir compte, dans chaque situation, de deux éléments essentiels. Ces éléments sont :

1. Les coalitions se forment-elles à partir des intérêts personnels de leurs acteurs ou sont-elles préspécifiées par la situation ? Ceci déterminera le choix de l’ensemble des états réalisable.

2. Quelle est la nature de la négociation qui peut être envisagée dans la situation donnée ? Ceci détermine le concept de solution approprié à l’ensemble des états donné.

Ce texte compare du point de vue des paiements et des coalitions formés, les prévisions basées sur les concepts traditionnels ou sur le concept d’aspiration des agents. Il montre que différentes solutions peuvent être proposées dans différentes situations.
La transformation des valeurs en prix non concurrentiels
Authors: Reati Angelo
Published: August 2023

L’article se propose de rendre plus réaliste l’explication des prix par les valeurs, en situant la «transformation» dans le cadre des structures de marché non concurrentielles. Le modèle utilisé est de type «Leontieff-Sraffa» avec taux de profit et salaires différenciés, d’après le degré de monopole des branches. L’opérateur linéaire qui «transforme» les valeurs en prix non concurrentiels est d’abord calculé pour un système avec capital circulant uniquement, ensuite en y incorporant le capital fixe.

On constate que les éléments liés aux structures de marché exercent une influence déterminante, modifiant les coefficients techniques de façon différenciée. Ce résultat est confirmé en procédant de façon alternative, par le calcul de l’écart en pourcentage entre les prix et les valeurs : on voit que les taux de profit et de salaire différenciés ont un rôle qui fait passer au deuxième plan celui de l’intensité capitalistique de la production.
Chômage classique et chômage keynésien : un prétexte aux politiques d’austérité
Authors: Lavoie Marc
Published: August 2023

Il est montré que le chômage classique n’existe que dans une économie où des rendements décroissants sont postulés. Dans le cas contraire, les profits et l’emploi croissent avec l’augmentation du salaire réel des travailleurs. Seules sont donc acceptables les politiques de relance puisque les coûts par unité sont décroissants tant que les entreprises disposent, comme c’est le cas habituellement, de vastes réserves de capacité.
Technology as an environment : a suggested interpretation
Authors: Amendola Mario , Gaffard Jean-Luc
Published: August 2023

In this paper, innovation is portrayed neither as the diffusion/absorption of a given technology into the prevailing economic structure, nor as the development of a new technology, from an initial impulse, in a particular environment, but as a process of creation of technology where technology no longer appears as a specific way (with its own physical counterpart) to solve a given problem, but rather as an environment characterized mainly by a labour resource capable of devising and implementing different solutions to different problems. The analysis is carried out with reference a) to a Neo-Austrian framework, which helps bringing to the fore both the role played by the labour resource in the process of innovation and the sequential character of the process itself, and b) to a monetary economy, in the sense that the sequences taking actually place in the economy depend strictly on the existence of money.
Austerity policies and the new right : recent UK experience
Authors: Arestis Philip , Skuse Frank
Published: August 2023

In this paper we examine the record of the Conservative administration over the period 1979-88. Having set out the general theoretical case advanced by “new classical” thought, with its emphasis on competition and Walrasian market clearing, we examine the specific content of the arguments of the UK “New Right” ; in particular, its concern with financial and price level stability, the reform of trade unions and the programme of privatization and deregulation. We consider the policies implemented by the governement, discerning a shift towards more overtly supply-side thinking after 1985 after the earlier emphasis on monetary control aimed at controlling inflation.

We conclude that the UK “New Right” cannot be considered as simply promoting the interests of capital in general or of finance capital in particular. It is seen more as a reaction against the Keynes-inspired interventionist policies of the post-1945 period and an attempt to restore a pre-Keynesian world, based upon an unquestioning belief in the efficiency and equity of market-based solutions.