bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Revolving Prison Door for Drug-Involved Offenders: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Harrison Lana D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of drugs in increasing the incarcerated population in the United States. Research is increasingly demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment for incarcerated populations in reducing recidivism and drug use, especially treatment in a therapeutic community (TC). Transitional services that include TC treatment in a work release setting greatly reduce recidivism and relapse, as do aftercare services. Although treatment options are increasing in prisons, there are many more who could benefit from treatment than receive it. Much remains unknown about how to best reach drug-involved offenders to stop the revolving door of drug addiction and incarceration. This article touches on many relevant areas ripe for further research.
Schools, Youth, and Justice
Authors: Pink William T.
Published: March 2007

This article posits that using the literature on school effectiveness as a basis for creating effective schools, holds the most promise for developing an efficient and cost-effective delinquency prevention strategy. It is argued that typical organizational and instructional practices of schools, maintain a two-trajectory system of education that ill-prepares low trajectory youth for success in school and the out-of-school world, and thus creates the conditions that generate troublesome and delinquent behavior. A detailed strategy for creating effective schools is presented that is grounded in the notion of using collaborative group decision making to develop specific plans for local school improvement. It is argued that effective schools, orchestrated with changes in the occupational arena, will reduce the flow of juveniles into the justice system.
Evaluating How Well Your Classification System is Operating: A Practical Approach
Authors: Austin James
Published: March 2007

With the wide adoption by many states of objective prison classification systems, there has been an associated expectation among prison officials that these new systems would foster improved prison operations and reductions in prison violence. However, this has not always been the case. Failure to realize these expectations can be more accurately traced to improperly designed or implemented classification systems rather than the validity of these systems as originally designed. This article applies the lessons of one state (California) to propose a methodology for evaluating how well designed a particular model is and if implementation is occurring as intended. Referred to as “process evaluation,” this approach is intended to assist prison officials to “fine tune” their classification systems and establish a method for accurately monitoring the most critical aspects of prison operations.
The Current State of Differential Association Theory
Authors: Matsueda Ross L.
Published: March 2007

With his theory of differential association, Sutherland attempted to identify universal mechanisms that explain the genesis of crime regardless of the specific concrete structural, social, and individual conditions involved. In this article, I discuss the development of the theory and then assess its strengths and weaknesses. After finding Kornhauser's (1978) influential critique of differential association theory to be oversimplified and misguided, I review recent empirical tests. I argue that the theory appears supported, but requires additional research to specify the concrete content of its abstract principles. Such respecification will improve the theory's predictions, empirical tests, and implications for public policy. I conclude by proposing several avenues for theoretical and empirical research.
The New Intensive Supervision Movement
Authors: Clear Todd R. , Hardyman Patricia L.
Published: March 2007

In the face of severe institutional crowding across the United States, the 1980s has seen a revitalization of probation and parole through reliance on intensive supervision programs (ISPs). The ISPs of the 1980s are different from their predecessors of two decades earlier. Experiences with the new ISP movement identifies four areas of concern: stated goals may be difficult to achieve, confusion exists in the identification of appropriate target groups, supervision methods may be inappropriate to some clients, and the operating contexts are sometimes hostile to the ISP movement.
Comparing Intensive and Regular Supervision for High-Risk Probationers: Early Results from an Experiment in California
Authors: Petersilia Joan , Turner Susan
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the six-month outcomes of a randomized experiment testing the effects of Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs) in three California Counties (Contra Costa, Ventura, and Los Angeles). The findings show that ISP officers were able to intensify the monitoring of ISP offenders but were less successful at increasing services (e.g., counseling, employment) provided to clients. The program outcomes in Los Angeles and Contra Costa show that offenders on ISP were significantly more likely than their counterparts on regular probation to incur technical violations but were not more likely to incur new arrests or incarcerations. In Ventura, in which the control program was a different type of ISP, no differences were evident in any outcome measure. The article discusses the implications of these findings for the future of Intensive Supervision programs.
Revitalizing the Drug Decriminalization Debate
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: March 2007

In spite of some skepticism regarding their efficacy, strategies that rely on expanded criminalization and law enforcement activities have been at the forefront of U.S. drug control policy within the last decade. In this “get-tough” climate, the drug decriminalization debate has withered. Called for in this article is a revitalization of the debate. To this end, drug decriminalization arguments are categorized and reviewed. Arguments that emphasize citizens' rights are distinguished from those that utilize a “least harm” approach. Suggestions for further considerations in the criminalization/decriminalization debate are offered.
AIDS Risk among Intravenous Drug-Using Offenders
Authors: Magura Stephen , Rosenblum Andrew , Joseph Herman
Published: March 2007

An in-jail sample of intravenous drug users was interviewed to determine types and frequencies of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk behaviors, correlates of risk behavior, and the barriers to risk reduction. Almost all were daily injectors and dually addicted to heroin and cocaine. Most continue to share drug injection equipment without effective cleaning and few use condoms regularly. Higher nondrug criminality was related to several measures of AIDS risk and addiction history. Subjects' expectations of not relapsing to intravenous drug use and of avoiding AIDS after release from jail seemed unrealistic. Negative attitudes toward methadone maintenance were prevalent.
Lawyers in the Children's Court: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Naffine Ngaire , Wundersitz Joy
Published: March 2007

Using South Australia as a case study, this article examines the role and the impact of the lawyer in the children's court. It suggests that the failure of English and American researchers to find a consistently significant role for the children's lawyer may be a function of the narrowness of their focus: on the formal court process rather than on the informal processes of justice that precede the court hearing. It concludes that in South Australia, lawyers are most influential when bargaining a plea on behalf of their clients. It is in this area of discretionary justice that the young defendant may experience both the best and the worst effects of legal representation.
Crime and Incarceration: Some Comparative Findings from the 1980s
Authors: Ekland-Olson Sheldon , Kelly William R. , Eisenberg Michael
Published: March 2007

Incarceration, crime, and unemployment rates from Texas, California, and the United States during the 1970s and 1980s are examined to explore the link between incarceration policies and crime rates. Comparing Texas and California, despite different incarceration policies in the 1980s, there are few differences in violent crime rate trends. By contrast, in the late 1980s, property crimes increased in Texas and decreased in California. These state-rate differences across types of crime parallel findings across four successive parolee cohorts in Texas, where increases in repetitious property offending patterns were noted, and repetitious violent offending remained stable. Variations in incarceration rates and economic conditions are noted as explanatory factors.
Responding to Crimes of Violence Against Women: Gender Differences Versus Organizational Imperatives
Authors: Buzawa Eve , Austin Thomas L. , Buzawa Carl G.
Published: March 2007

Whether the police response to domestic assault differs from how they handle incidents involving strangers continues to be a topic of debate and research. Based on a 1-year sample of cases from a midwestern city, the hypothesis that an inverse relationship characterized the association between level of intimacy and arrest was tested. Notwithstanding relevant elements of probable cause such as the presence of weapons, witnesses, injury, and the offender, the results confirmed the hypothesis.
Police Handling of Domestic and Nondomestic Assault Calls: Is There a Case for Discrimination?
Authors: Feder Lynette
Published: March 2007

Even before domestic violence was studied, research on the police decision to arrest revealed the importance of the victim/offender relationship. Since then, domestic violence has attracted increased attention. More recent studies consistently find low rates of arrest when police respond to domestic assault, supporting the belief that police underenforce the laws against domestic violence. However, without comparison to nondomestic assault incidents, there can be no meaningful discussion on disparity. Accordingly, this study compared police handling of domestic and nondomestic assaults in one jurisdiction and found evidence that police are not responding less vigorously to domestic assault calls.
Juvenile Curfews and the Courts: Judicial Response to a Not-So-New Crime Control Strategy
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Bennett Katherine
Published: March 2007

There is widespread sentiment that juvenile crime is out of control. Although this perception is incorrect, it has led to a number of changes in how juvenile offenders are dealt with, such as increased use of waiver to adult court and more frequent use of confinement as a sanction. This article examines the constitutionality of juvenile curfews, another currently popular response to the supposed juvenile crime wave. Because the Supreme Court has not provided guidance on this issue, the authors examine recent lower court decisions and discuss the legal implications of juvenile curfew laws.
Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Examining the Effect of Executions on Murder in Texas
Authors: Sorensen Jon , Wrinkle Robert , Brewer Victoria , Marquart James
Published: March 2007

This study tested the deterrence hypothesis in Texas, the most active execution jurisdiction during the modern era. Using monthly observations during 1984 through 1997, both the general relationship between executions and murder rates and the specific relationship between executions and felony murder rates were examined. An initial bivariate relationship between executions and murder rates proved to be spurious when appropriate control variables were included in regression models. Within a context so ideally suited for finding any potential deterrent effects, this study confirmed the results of previous ones that failed to find any evidence of deterrence resulting from capital punishment.
Negotiating the Constraints of Gender Binarism: Intersexuals' Challenge to Gender Categorization
Authors: Preves Sharon Elaine
Published: March 2007

Critiques of sex/gender categorization have recently garnered significant attention, with particular emphasis on the limits of gender binarism. As an extension of this critique, I explore the social categories of sex/gender and the implications of intersexuality (hermaphroditism) as a viable and newly emerging sex/gender category. Intersex is incongruent with the predominant binary understanding of sex and gender, and thus generates the potential for social stigma and identity confusion. In the 1950s, American psychologists developed recommendations for infant sex assignment to ensure unambiguous sexual development to preclude such trauma. Recently, several groups and individuals began questioning the ethics and effectiveness of medical intervention on intersexed children. In an effort to gain empirical understanding of intersexuals' experiences and perspectives, I conducted in-depth life history interviews with 37 North American intersex adults. Similar to other research on marginality and identity, my work demonstrates that medicalization is experienced as alienating and shaming, and that individuals actively engage in forming a positive self-concept to overcome such stigmatization. Here I report the findings and implications of this research and the social challenges created by limiting sex/gender categorization.
Caste as Census Category: Implications for Sociology
Authors: Sundar Nandini
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the inclusion of ascriptive categories like race, ethnicity or caste in national censuses has become a matter of considerable debate. This article focuses on the Indian debate over the inclusion of caste in the 2001 census, in the light of three broad questions: whether official classifications merely reflect or actively transform social identities; who benefits from certain classifications; and the implications of such official classifications for sociology. Supporters of caste enumeration argue that census categories merely reflect existing divisions and that it is necessary to link caste identity with inequality. Opponents point to the past experience of mobilization around officially recognized identities and the consequent dangers of both distorted data and increased social tensions. This article argues that while official classifications are important determinants of identity, they are not the sole factor. Ultimately the challenge is to ensure that the right use is made of such statistics.
Medicine, Disability and Family in an Affluent Arab Society: The Case of Zahira Qetub
Authors: Gallagher Eugene B. , Stratton Terry
Published: March 2007

Modern medicine has a global reach. Although medicine is always directed clinically to individual patients with varied family connections in a particular cultural setting, the knowledge and technology of medicine are abstract and scientific, diffusing easily across national boundaries. The migration of medical personnel, primarily from poor to rich countries, is another aspect of the diffusion that has received little attention in current discourses on globalization. These themes are prominent in a sociomedical analysis of the case of Zahira Qetub, a young girl in an affluent Arab nation who, born with a severe congenital defect, eventually developed end-stage renal disease. She received technologically sophisticated treatment from many expatriate physicians at a teaching hospital. However, the difficulties of her illness, disability and treatment generated tensions between her, her family and the medical staff.
The Worldization of Violence and Injustice
Authors: Tavares-dos-Santos José Vicente
Published: March 2007

In this new 21st century, en route towards the worldization of society, a number of social issues of global scope are emerging, and some of them interfere with the institutionalization of democracy. These new global social issues express themselves in the world's societies, in articulate fashion but with specific variations: they are complex problems because several dimensions of social life have come to be harshly questioned, among them social ties among people. Accordingly, forms of violence acquire new dimensions and have spread throughout society. There is a multiplicity of types of social norms, a multiplicity of forms of violence presenting themselves to contemporary societies - ecological violence, social exclusion, violence between genders, racisms, school violence - and all come together in a process of disintegration of citizenship. The emergence of a concept of citizen security in the worldization perspective assumes the social construction of a democratic, non-violent, and multiculturalist police force, based on a return to the goal of policing as a contribution to governability imbued with concern for the emancipatory practices of the groups of citizens in their daily lives. It would then become possible to imagine the construction of a transnational or world citizenship, characterized by institutional creation and by the spread and communication of social, legal, police, and symbolic practices of an innovative nature and planetary scope.
Ethical Challenges for the Social Sciences on the Threshold of the 21st Century
Authors: Vessuri Hebe
Published: March 2007

The position of the social sciences vis-a-vis society and scientificity is revisited. Throughout the 20th century the idea that all peoples in the world are part of a single humankind made a painful progress. Its legacy includes a record of great illusions and of a tragic balance, marked by the unprecedented growth of the capacity of social intervention as a consequence of scientific-technical advancement. The capacity of critique, of imagining new worlds, the construction of utopias, all activities to which a good portion of the social sciences contributed significantly, have been largely abandoned, while a blind faith has been increasingly granted to the instrumental rationality of technoscience. An inconsistent ethical background affects modern societies, with negative effects also upon the social sciences and their interpretive and heuristic functions. To the classical interrogations about who investigates and how (tools, methodologies, behaviours), recently a third one has grown more important: what for, for whom (relevance). In connection with modalities of social control, the notion of expertise is being rediscussed, in some cases in a radical manner by lay activism and the incorporation of lay experts in the process of decision-making.
A Challenge for Political Sociology: The Rise of Far-Right Parties in Contemporary Western Europe
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: March 2007

The increased success of far-right parties in contemporary Western Europe presents a dual challenge for political sociology. Empirically, it confounds the freezing hypothesis of Lipset and Rokkan as well as the postmaterialist theories of Ignazi, Inglehart and Minkenberg. Theoretically, it points to the limitations of an overconcentration on voter alignments in political sociology. A comparative study of far-right parties in Western Europe (especially France, Italy and Great Britain) demonstrates the separate importance of leadership, competition within political niches and the partisan segmentation of society. The sociology of political parties need not abandon the study of voter alignments, but it should broaden its focus by recognizing that parties play an active role in their own success.
PPBS versus Conventional Budgeting in a Simulated Educational Organization
Authors: Scurrah Martin J. , Shani Moshe
Published: March 2007

An experiment involving the introduction of two different budgeting methods into a simulated educational organization was carried out using internal and external change agents. It was hypothesized that there would be more intraindividual conflict in faculty groups using a PPBS approach than in groups using a conventional budgeting approach; that there would be more interindividual conflict in faculty groups usinga conventional budgeting approach than in groups using a PPBS approach; and that there would be no difference in the average ratings of budgets prepared by groups using the conventional or the PPBS budgeting techniques. The first and third hypotheses were not confirmed; the second hypothesis was confirmed. An overall view of conflict in the budgeting process is suggested and the implications of the apparent superiority of the PPBS approach reviewed.
Exceptional and Innovative Programs in Educational Leadership
Authors: Jackson Barbara L. , Kelley Carolyn
Published: March 2007

Educational administrator preparation programs have received criticism for inadequate program quality. Despite these criticisms, there are a number of programs and features of programs that are both innovative and exceptional. This article reviews standards of practice and examples of strong preparation programs for school and district administrators. Common to all of the programs is a clear vision that drives programmatic decisions and provides students with opportunities to connect to the knowledge base through carefully designed field experiences integrated into the academic program.
Program Self-Evaluation for Continuous Improvement
Authors: Glasman Naftaly , Cibulka James , Ashby Dianne
Published: March 2007

This article is designed to help educational leaders and university faculty who prepare them become aware of the increasing need to view the self-evaluation of leadership preparation programs as a pivotal new starting point in efforts to improve schools. An effective self-evaluation will lead to better preparation programs and, with other conditions, to better subsequent practice. The article begins with an outline of incentives and disincentives for proceeding with self-evaluation. It continues with highlights of inner structural changes required for initiating self-evaluation. The rest of the article offers a selfevaluation model that includes the use of outcome-based standards. The evaluation design is presented step-by-step and in great detail, including evaluation questions, evaluation criteria, evaluation data, and data collection procedures and analyses, as well as faculty and student roles in each step of the process. The model is offered as an example rather than as a dictum, a debate opener rather than a debate summarizer.
The Effect of Collective Bargaining on Teacher Pay: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Lipsky David B.
Published: March 2007

This analysis examines the effect of collective bargaining on teacher pay in the light of an early theory of teacher bargaining power. Trends in the salaries of teachers are discussed, and the methodology and results of major studies are critically analyzed. The problems with existing research are noted and suggestions for researchers and all partisans are presented.
Isolation and Alienation in Elementary Schools
Authors: Zielinski Arlene E , Hoy Wayne K
Published: March 2007

This study of objective isolation and subjective alienation of elementary school teachers builds on prior investigations. It extends the findings on alienation in the work place, and the researchers found a high degree of isolation and alienation in the elementary school setting. In addition, limited interaction and a paucity of informal influence structures at the elementary school level were indicated by the analyses of the study.
A Case Study of Teacher Role Enactment in an Urban Elementary School
Authors: Brieschke Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Roles carried out by 26 teachers in a large, urban elementary school were explored within a conceptualization of the organization as a streetlevel bureaucracy. The interpretations and responses to the organizational characteristics of the school were analyzed, centering on four major task areas of teaching: disciplining students, teaching the curriculum, assigning homework, and promoting students. The range of behavior in carrying out these tasks of the teaching role was developed into a typology of three distinct modes of role enactment.
Beyond Pragmatism and Positivism
Authors: Hodgkinson Christopher
Published: March 2007

The following communication is a reply to an article written by Colin W. Evers which appeared in this journal in the fall of 1985. It is the intention of this continuing dialogue to advance the course of a developing philosophy of administration and to sharpen areas of agreement and disagreement for further refinement.
Instructional Leadership at the District Level: A Closer Look at Autonomy and Control
Authors: Floden Robert E. , Porter Andrew C. , Alford Linda E. , Freeman Donald J. , Irwin Susan , Schmidt William H. , Schwille John R.
Published: March 2007

Results from a multistate study illustrate a new perspective on district instructional leadership, a perspective that moves beyond the autonomy-control dichotomy. For fourth-grade mathematics, districts seem to have vague intentions to direct instructional content but no strategy for doing so. Districts do not develop teachers' capacities for making content choices, but neither do they make systematic use of the tools available to persuade teachers to adopt district content priorities. Few districts deserve criticism for oppressive content control, but few seriously support teacher autonomy.
Toward A Critical Constructivist Approach to School Administration: Invisibility, Legitimation, and the Study of Non-Events
Authors: Anderson Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article advocates a critical constructivist approach to educational administration that combines the explanatory power of constructivist social theory with the insights of critical theory. The author argues that "meaning management" is a primary role of school administrators and that, because of the legitimation of dominant constructions of organizational and social reality many social phenomena have been rendered invisible. The author further argues that researchers in the field of educational administration continue to perpetuate functionalist paradigms with a heavy management! control perspective and research methods incapable of capturing the sense-making processes of social actors and the subtle ways in which dominant social constructions are accomplished in schools and school districts. The article establishes the need for research accounts that explore the school administrator's legitimation role, describes a mediation model that provides access to the invisible ways dominant social constructions are accomplished and sustained through the mobilization and management of meaning, and concludes with implications for research and practice.
The Administrator in Fiction: Using the Novel to Teach Educational Administration
Authors: Brieschke Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how the interpretation of literature can be a form of critical inquiry into administrative processes. Cynthia Ozick's The Cannibal Galaxy, a short novel about the principal of a private midwestern elementary school, is used to explore the interactions between a variety of literary theories and educational administration. Revealed in this discussion are the multiple interpretive meanings that students construct from their own experiential struggles in interaction with the text. The aesthetic form of the novel with its multiple valid interpretations is presentted as a powerful teaching tool for administrative preparation. The article also addresses the practical considerations of forging a synthesis of scholarly and practical issues in the new arena of administrative humanities.
Effects of the Use of Management Strategies on Stress Levels of High School Principals in the United States
Authors: Tanner C. Kenneth , Schnittjer Carl J. , Atkins Truman T.
Published: March 2007

A national sample of &8) high school principals shared their knowledge and provided their perceptions regarding personal use of time management techniques and the levels of stress they experienced. The purpose of this study was to challenge the long-held assumption that the use of popular time management techniques (viewed as management functions classified as planning, organizing, directing, controlling, communicating, and decision making) influences levels of stress. Singular and composite correlations (based on stepwise multiple regression analysis) indicated at best a negligible relationship between the use of time management techniques and stress. Although the application of time management techniques enumerated in this study may affect a principal's stress level in an individual case, generally, little impact on stress may be expected Thus this study contravenes the explicit connection between time management and stress that is promoted as an administrative practice among high school principals.
Reflection: An Instructional Strategy in Educational Administration
Authors: Hart Ann Weaver
Published: March 2007

Although much talk abounds about the importance of change leadership and problem solving for professionals, little systematic alteration of professional preparation programs is accompanying criticisms of professional education. This article reports the results of an ongoing study of instructional reform in educational administration. A design studio for instructional leadership required students to apply content knowledge acquired in their traditional course of study to school problems and defend their proposed actions. Students confronted the difficulties of reflective practice under pressure to act. In the studio, they were held accountable for projecting outcomes and defending their actions as administrators to their future peers and superiors. The study results reveal some outcomes of changes in course structures grounded in cognitive theories of adult learning and action. They affirm the importance of research on the cognitive processes of problem solving and reflection and questioning techniques that stimulate their effectiveness. The results present a complex, yet realistic, view of changes in professional preparation and general university study that can enhance parallel attempts to improve professional practice and carry learning into life. Such changes provide options for reform within courses currently taught and of entire conceptual structures underlying university degree programs in the professions.
Institutional Effects of Strategic Efforts at Community Enrichment
Authors: Mawhinney Hanne B.
Published: March 2007

This article lays out a path for an institutional analysis of strategic interventions for collaboration. The analysis is informed by recent theorizing on structures and strategies for collaboration and by the insights of the new institutionalism found in recent work by organizational theorists. The article uses a framework of institutional propositions to guide an analysis of the strategic efforts to promote community collaborative effort to enhance the life chances of students, efforts that are evolving in one Canadian high school from the perspective of school leaders in the initiative. The article extends existing theoretical conceptions of school-community relations through analysis of the institutional effects of these strategic efforts at collaboration.
Social and Cultural Influences on Schooling: A Commentary on the UCEA Knowledge Base Project, Domain I
Authors: Lomotey Kofi
Published: March 2007

In 1994, the University Councilfor Educational Administration (UCEA) published the first part of its knowledge base in educational administration. The council set forth to establish 7 domain overviews, to compile key articles and bibliographies, and to create taxonomies and case studies. In the domain overview for social and cultural influences on schooling, the authors argue that (a) illegitimate forms of exclusion provide the foundation of the social and cultural influences on schools; (b) the focus needs to be on the creation of a true democracy; (c) schools are local national and public entities; and (d) efforts should be directed at alleviating the disenfranchisement of students in schools. Implications for practice include the fact that teacher and administrator training programs should pay closer attention to the failure to prepare educators to deal with diverse student bodies. The work on the disenfranchisement of large numbers of students in schools needs to be summarized, synthesized, and reviewed. Also those graduate programs in educational administration that have been successful in enrolling, graduating, and placing members of traditionally underrepresented groups need to be studied Finally, urban schools should be given greater attention in research and policy efforts.
Using Film to Teach Leadership in Educational Administration
Authors: English Fenwick W. , Steffy Betty E.
Published: March 2007

As a field, educational administration has long been permeated by views that ignore human interiority in favor of impersonal structures and forces at work in schools. Contemporary concerns with moral leadership have served to reveal the limitations of behaviorism in dealing with the topic because morality is determined by inner beliefs and values. Abundant film and video archives offer a rich and inexpensive repository of depictions of leaders from a variety of occupations and ages and can restore to the study of leadership the balance between inner perspective and the impact on followers. The advantages of film/video as a powerful teaching tool are presented along with a discussion of their use in graduate curricula. A partial list of 10 useful films portraying multicultural leaders, male and female, is described for possible use in the graduate classroom.
Ella Flagg Young: Pioneer of Democratic School Administration
Authors: Webb L. Dean , McCarthy Martha M.
Published: March 2007

Ella Flagg Young was the first woman superintendent of a large city school system (Chicago, 1909-1915) and the first woman president of the National Education Association (1910). She was a professor of pedagogy and a colleague of John Dewey at the University of Chicago. Dewey called her the “wisest person in school matters with whom he had come in contact in any way.” Young pioneered practices in what has come to be known as democratic school administration and was among the first to organize school councils to give teachers a greater voice in the administration of schools. She was also a major contributor to the literature of dissent from the “cult of efficiency” that followed the widespread adoption in school administration of the principles of scientific management. Through a critical review of primary and secondary sources, this work examines this remarkable woman's half-century of involvement in American education.
Exploratory Analyses of the Latent Structure of Anxiety among Older Adults
Authors: Lowe Patricia A. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

Responses to the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-Elderly Version (AMAS-E) of 458 older individuals, ranging in age from 60 to 100 years with 5 to 16 years of education, were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis. Using the method of principal axis factoring with promax rotation, a four-factor solution—three anxiety factors and one lie scale factor—was produced. The emergence of a three-factor structure of anxiety (Worry/Stress, Fear of Aging, and Physiological) is consistent with current multidimensional theories of anxiety and lends support to the construct validity of the AMAS-E. Internal consistency data are reported, and implications for interpretation are discussed.
An Examination of Measurement Characteristics and Factorial Validity of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale
Authors: Newton Rae R. , Connelly Cynthia Donaldson , Landsverk John A.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated descriptive statistics for and factor validity of scores on the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) based on the responses of 295 high-risk postpartum women. The CTS2 yielded results for this sample similar to results obtained from a sample of college students in a previous study. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analytic results indicated that a five-factor model, specifying factors of Negotiation, Minor Psychological Aggression, Severe Psychological Aggression, Minor Physical Assault, and Severe Physical Assault, yielded better fit statistics than a three-factor model that combined the minor and severe scales within the domains of psychological aggression and physical assault.
A Revised Definition for Suppressor Variables: a Guide To Their Identification and Interpretation
Authors: Conger Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

In the two-predictor situation it is shown that traditional and negative suppressors increase the predictive value of a standard predictor beyond that suggested by the predictor's zero order validity. This effect of suppression is used to provide a revised definition of suppression and completely accounts for traditional and negative suppression. The revised definition, in conjunction with a two factor model, is shown to lead to a previously undetected type of suppression (reciprocal suppression) which occurs when predictors with positive zero order validities are negatively correlated with one another. In terms of the definition and parameters of the model, limits are determined in which the types of suppression can occur. Furthermore, it is shown how suppressors can be identified in multiple regression equations and a procedure is given for interpreting whether the variables are contributing directly (by predicting relevant variance in the criterion) or indirectly (by removing irrelevant variance in another predictor) or both.
Approximations to Item Parameters of Mental Test Models and Their Uses1
Authors: Urry Vern W.
Published: March 2007

Equations were derived to enable the graphic approximation of the item parameters of the stochastic mental test models, i.e., the generalized normal ogive and logistic models. The item parameters for the models are discriminatory power ( ai), difficulty ( bi), and lower asymptote of the item characteristic curve ( ci) where the item characteristic curve (ICC) is the regression of the binary item on latent ability. In brief, c i can be approximated through visual inspection of the left-hand (lower) asymptote of the proportion passing the item plotted against the total test score minus the particular item. Thereafter, a graph appropriate to the approximate ci can be consulted to convert an ordinary item-total test point-biserial correlation and proportion passing the item into approximations of item discriminatory power ( ai) and item difficulty ( bi). Suggested uses for the approximations were to provide a basis for screening items for tailored testing, to enable a determination as to the appropriateness of a set of items for tailored testing, and to provide starting values for parameter estimation in maximum likelihood procedures. The conditions and assumptions necessary for an effective application of the method were delineated. Recent empirical results which bear on the properties of the approximations were examined. An investigation was suggested to evaluate a further possible use of the approximations that of their direct applicability in tailored testing procedures. The generated graphs may also be helpful pedagogically in appreciating the relationships between conventional and mental test model parameters.
Male and Female Achievement Orientation and Intellectual Responsibility: a British Validation Study
Authors: Reid Ivan , Cohen Louis
Published: March 2007

A sample of 168 British teacher education students, similarly qualified academically but variously choosing degree and nondegree college programs, completed anglicized versions of the Mehrabian Achievement Orientation Scale and a modified Crandall Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale. The Crandall Scale differentiated between degree and nondegree course students in both male and female samples. The Mehrabian scale differentiated between degree and nondegree course students in the female sample only. The results are discussed in the light of cultural and institutional differences between British and American students.
A Model for Determining the Validity of Faculty Ratings of University Administrator Effectiveness
Authors: Klein Gary D. , Denham Carolyn H.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to investigate the validity of an instrument designed to measure university administrator effectiveness and to serve as a model for other validity studies of administrator rating scales. School deans and department chairmen were evaluated by their respective faculty members.

It was reasoned that administrators would possess individual differences in effectiveness and that a valid test instrument would indicate such differences. Results showed significant differences among administrators on each factor (p < .01). Significant and high correlations should be expected between the original instrument requiring closed-ended responses and an alternative instrument requiring open-ended responses. All correlations were greater than .82 (p < .001).
A Program System for the Estimation of Characteristics of the Test Score Distribution Resulting From Test Items with Given Statistics
Authors: Schroeder Lee L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a program system which was developed for the purpose of making estimates about the nature of the distribution of test scores which will result from an administration of a test composed of items on which estimates of item-difficulty and discrimination are available. In developing these estimates, the test constructor is free to make assumptions about the nature of the group of examinees and the number of examinees to be tested. It is expected that test developers will find this program system useful in the test development process.
A Computer Program for Calculating an Index of Interobserver Reliability From Timeseries Data
Authors: Thornton Billy W. , Croskey Frank L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe a method of indexing interobserver reliability from data relating to mutually exclusive nominal categories. The computer program to be described computes estimates of reliability from nominal data collected in a time interval manner. A specified critical time interval, the order of the responses, and the number of responses are important factors in computing the amount of agreement between judges.
The Development and Validation of the Student Opinion Inventory Factor Scales
Authors: Perney Jan
Published: March 2007

A description is given of the development of the Student Opinion Inventory (SOI), an instrument designed to measure attitudes of students in secondary schools toward several aspects of their schools. The purposes of this investigation were to determine the concurrent validity of the SOI factor scales and to examine the reproducibility of the reliability estimates found in pilot studies of the instrument. Responses to the SOI from 367 students indicated that 5 of the 6 factor scales of the SOI possessed some concurrent validity. Furthermore, the obtained reliabilities of the factor scales were relatively high for attitudinal measures and closely reproduced reliability estimates established by the final pilot study of the instrument.
The Prediction of Success of Three Ethnic Groups in the Academic Components of a Nursing-Training Program At a Large Metropolitan Hospital
Authors: Haney Russell , Michael William B. , Martois John
Published: March 2007

Concerned with the prediction of success in the academic components of a nursing-training program conducted in a large metropolitan hospital, this study involved the determination of the relationship between each of 15 predictor variables (primarily reflecting cognitive abilities and studies skills) and each of 13 criterion measures representing course grades and scores on the National League for Nursing Achievement Tests. For each of 3 samples of 223 Caucasians, 73 Mexican-Americans, and 67 Negroes, validity coefficients of individual predictor variables and of composites of predictor variables were obtained along with an identification of rotated factors common to predictor variables and criterion measures. In general, higher validity coefficients both of individual predictor variables and of optimally weighted composites of these variables were obtained for the sample of Caucasians than for either one of the other two ethnic groups. A measure of reading vocabulary was the single most valid predictor variable for all three samples. For all three ethnic groups, similar factorial dimensions emerged to describe the interrelationships obtained among the predictor and criterion variables.
Utilization of Levels of Intellectual Ability as a Control Variable in Studies of Nonintellectual Factors in Academic Achievement
Authors: Morgan Ronald R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of using levels of intellectual ability as a control variable in studies of nonintellectual factors in academic achievement and to determine the utility of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as a supplement to academic aptitude test scores in the prediction of success in college. Through use of the combined methodologies of Goodstein and Heilbrun (1962) and Hakel (1966), scores for 135 males and 82 females on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as well as on the American College Testing Program (ACT) measure and grade-point averages were analyzed for the entire sample and for low, middle, and high ability groups. Partial correlation techniques with ACT scores held constant were employed. The results of the present study were not consistent; when compared with those reported by Goodstein and Heilbrun and Hakel they raised further doubt as to the status of the EPPS as a useful supplement to academic aptitude scores in predicting college achievement. In addition, the hypothesis that the relationship between personality and academic achievement would depend upon the general level of intellectual ability was not supported.
When Thurstone and Likert Agree—a Confounding of Methodologies
Authors: Goodstadt Michael S. , Magid Simmie
Published: March 2007

Failure to execute Thurstone Equal-Appearing Internal Scaling procedures led to an examination of the logic of these procedures and their relationship to Likert's Summated Ratings procedures. Evidence indicated that raters frequently confound Thurstone and Likert procedures, but this error is undetectable in a large number of cases. It was further demonstrated that detection of the confounding error depends upon the referent issue and the extremes of attitude held by raters.
Discriminant Analysis for Prediction of College Graduation
Authors: Neely Renee
Published: March 2007

Data from readily available admission applications were obtained for first-time entering freshmen and transfer students who initially had enrolled at the University of Northern Colorado during the fall quarter 1970. These data were used to predict membership into a class of students who (a) were graduated by the end of the traditional 4-year college career, (b) were still enrolled after the 4-year period, (c) were not enrolled the quarter following academic probation or suspension, or (d) left the university while in good academic standing. This study attempted to answer the following questions: (a) Could discriminant functions be developed which would allow for the correct classification of a student into one of the four categories of interest? (b) Which ones of the variables were the best discriminators between the groups? and (c) How efficient were the discriminant functions in this classification procedure? Results indicated that discriminant functions could be developed which accurately place 33% to 39% of the first-time entering students. The variables which were significant in the prediction differed for female freshmen, male freshmen, male transfers, and female transfers.