bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the acceptance of expert advice
Authors: van Swol Lyn M. , Sniezek Janet A.
Published: October 2005

This paper expands research on the judge advisor system (JAS) by examining advice utilization and trust. Experiment 1 examined five factors that could increase utilization of expert advice: judge's trust in the advisor, advisor confidence, advisor accuracy, judge's prior relationship with the advisor, and judge's power to set payment to the advisor. While judge's trust and advisor confidence correlated with the judge matching the advisor's advice, a stepwise regression found that of the five variables, advisor confidence was the only significant predictor of the judge matching the advisor. Experiment 2 examined trust without the role assignment to judge or advisor. While trust expressed in partner was not higher for the judge than the advisor in Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 trust in partner expressed by the low‐expertise dyad member was higher than trust expressed by the high‐expertise dyad member. Results from the two experiments are discussed in the context of Sniezek and Van Swol (2001).
Gender, mood state, and justice preference: Do mood states moderate gender‐based norms of justice?
Authors: Inness Michelle , Desmarais Serge , Day Arla
Published: October 2005

The present study extends research on distributive justice by investigating whether a person‘s mood state moderates the robust effects of gender norms on allocation decisions. One hundred and eighty undergraduates (90 men: 90 women) were asked to undergo a mood induction procedure in which they were randomly assigned to a positive, negative, or neutral mood condition, and to work on a task with either a male or female co‐worker (confederate). This resulted in a 2 (gender of participant) × 2 (gender of confederate) × 3 (positive vs. neutral vs. negative mood) between‐subjects factorial design. Following completion of the task, participants were informed that they did 60% of the work and their co‐worker did 40%. They were then asked to divide money between themselves and their co‐worker in a way that they considered fair. The analysis revealed a three‐way interaction in participants self‐payment whereby men in a negative mood, working with other men took more pay for themselves than did particpants in all other conditions. Specifically, 60% of the participants in this condition, allocated the payment either equitably or in a manner suggesting even greater self‐interest. These results support the view that gender effects are strongly influenced by the presence of other relevant contextual cues.
The phenomenology of empowerment in collective action
Authors: Drury John , Cocking Christopher , Beale Joseph , Hanson Charlotte , Rapley Faye
Published: October 2005

Recent research has hypothesized that empowerment can arise from collective action through collective self‐objectification (CSO), defined as action that actualizes participants' social identity against the power of dominant groups. Activists (N=37) described several experiences that made them feel empowered (and disempowered). Among the various explanations they offered for these feelings, the most prominent were CSO, unity, and support (or their absence). CSO was also predictive of reports of positive emotion, although unity was the best predictor of reports of further involvement. Overall, the study suggests that actualizing one's social identity through collective action has personal as well as political significance.
Parental bonding and depressive affect: The mediating role of coping resources
Authors: Matheson Kimberly , Kelly Owen , Cole Barbara , Tannenbaum Beth , Dodd Charlene , Anisman Hymie
Published: October 2005

Ordinarily, when stressors are encountered, a cascade of cognitive and behavioural responses is evoked that serves to protect the individual from compromised well‐being. When coping resources or skills are limited or ineffective, then psychological disturbances, such as depression, may ensue (Paykel, 2001). Although any number of factors could account for variations of stress resilience, this paper argues that early life experiences and relationships, and particularly those with parents or primary caregivers, may contribute to the development of appropriate styles of coping, which, in turn, influence affective responses in the face of stressors encountered in adulthood.
More than talk: Relations between emotion understanding and positive behaviour in toddlers
Authors: Ensor Rosie. , Hughes Claire.
Published: October 2005

Background.Associations between positive behaviour, emotion understanding and verbal ability have been reported in studies of preschoolers (Cassidy, Werner, Rourke, Zubernis, & Balaraman, 2003), but have yet to be investigated in younger children.

Methods.In this study the performance of 36 toddlers (17 boys and 19 girls; mean age = 29 months,SD= 3.9 months) on standardized verbal ability assessments and four simple tests of emotion understanding was examined in relation to three measures of positive behaviour: maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire;Goodman, 1997), and video‐based coding of the toddlers in 20‐minutes dyadic play with (i) mothers and (ii) familiar peers.

Results.Relations between the three measures of positive behaviour were rather modest, and only significant for the association between maternal ratings and observed positive behaviours with peers. Maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour were significantly correlated with performance on the emotion‐understanding tasks, even when age effects were controlled. Together, emotion understanding and verbal ability explained over half the variance in maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour; unique predictive effects were significant for emotion understanding but not verbal ability. Further, emotion understanding mediated the relationship between verbal ability and mothers' ratings of prosocial behaviour.

Conclusions.These findings highlight the importance of emotion understanding as a proximal influence on very early prosocial behaviour.
Exploring the correlates of impaired non‐word repetition in Down syndrome
Authors: Cairns Peter. , Jarrold Christopher.
Published: October 2005

Non‐word repetition, in which participants hear and repeat unfamiliar verbal stimuli, is thought to provide a particularly sensitive measure of verbal short‐term memory capacity. However, performance on this task can also be constrained by hearing and speech production skills, and by an individuals' linguistic knowledge. This study examined real word and non‐word repetition in a sample of 18 children and adolescents with Down syndrome, and compared their performance to that of a control group of 18 typically developing children in order to determine the extent of any impairment in repetition performance in Down syndrome, and the correlates of performance in each group. Individuals with Down syndrome were impaired in repetition performance, although both groups showed similar benefits of linguistic knowledge on repetition accuracy. An analysis of the correlates of non‐word repetition revealed a double dissociation between the patterns of associations seen in the two groups. Among typically developing individuals, non‐word repetition was related to an independent measure of verbal short‐term memory but not to vocabulary knowledge. However, among individuals with Down syndrome, performance was related to vocabulary knowledge but not verbal short‐term memory span. This contrast is consistent with the view that impairment to verbal short‐term memory prevents this system from fully supporting non‐word repetition in Down syndrome.
The relation of job control with job strains: A comparison of multiple data sources
Authors: Liu Cong , E. Spector Paul , M. Jex Steve
Published: October 2005

This study represents a secondary analysis of existing data that were used inSpector and Jex's (1991)paper. The self‐report and rater‐report job‐stress data were identical to those used in the study bySpector and Jex (1991). To gain a greater insight into the connections between the objective work environment and employees' job strains, this study added the job‐stress data from a newly developed objective data source – the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. We found that an O*NET stressor was related to physical and behavioural strains. There is something in the objective environment that plays a role in employees' physical well‐being and behaviour. Objectively measured stressors, however, were unrelated to psychological strains. Explanations were given to the lack of the relationship. Based on these findings, we suspect that there may be somewhat different factors at work for each type of strain.
The importance of traits and abilities in supervisors' hirability decisions as a function of method of assessment
Authors: Lievens Filip , Highhouse Scott , De Corte Wilfried
Published: October 2005

Past research on the importance of traits and abilities in supervisors' hirability decisions has ignored the influence of the selection method used to derive information about these traits and abilities. In this study, experienced retail store supervisors (N=163) rated job applicant profiles that were described on the Big Five and General Mental Ability (GMA) personality dimensions. Contrary to past studies, the supervisors were also informed about the method of assessment used (paper‐and‐pencil test vs. unstructured interview). Hierarchical linear modelling analyses showed that the importance attached to extraversion and GMA was significantly moderated by the selection method, with extraversion and GMA decreasing in importance when store supervisors knew that scores on extraversion and GMA were derived from a paper‐and‐pencil test as opposed to from an unstructured interview. Store supervisors with more selection‐related experience also attached more importance to GMA. Results are discussed in relation to the practice–science gap and the extant literature on perceptions of selection procedures.
A longitudinal and multi‐source test of the work–family conflict and job satisfaction relationship
Authors: A. Grandey Alicia , L. Cordeiro Bryanne , C. Crouter Ann
Published: October 2005

Job satisfaction is one of the most frequently studied outcomes in the work–family conflict literature. This study extends the previous research examining the unique effects of work interfering with family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW) on job satisfaction by (1) controlling for family, personal, and job characteristics of dual‐earner couples, (2) employing cross‐sectional and longitudinal methods, and (3) predicting job satisfaction with a spousal rating of the target's WIF. Consistent with previous research, WIF was related to job satisfaction cross‐sectionally for men and women, and this effect existed beyond negative mood, job autonomy and monotony, and FIW. When predicting a change in job satisfaction a year later, and when using spouse rating of the target's WIF, WIF was predictive of women's job satisfaction but not men's, which is consistent with gender role theory. The fact that WIF predicted job satisfaction for women beyond affective and job characteristic variables, over time, and with non‐self reported measures, provides more confidence in this directional relationship than could previously be assumed. Societal and managerial implications are discussed.
Big Five validity: Aggregation method matters
Authors: Warr Peter , Bartram Dave , Brown Anna
Published: October 2005

Correlations between Big Five personality factors and other variables have been examined in three different ways: direct scoring of items within a factor, application of a composite score formula, and taking the average of single‐scale correlations. Those methods were shown to yield consistently different outcomes in four sets of data from sales‐people and managers. Factor correlations with job performance were greatest for direct scoring, and were reduced by half when scale correlations were averaged. The insertion of previously suggested estimates into the composite score formula yielded intermediate correlations with performance. It is necessary to interpret summary accounts of correlations with a compound construct in the light of the aggregation method employed.
The application of the transtheoretical model to offender populations: Some critical issues
Authors: Casey Sharon , Day Andrew , Howells Kevin
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Over the past two decades, the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change has become perhaps the most widely used model of behaviour change in the treatment of addictive and/or problem behaviours. More recently, the stages of change component of the TTM has been adopted for use in forensic settings. This paper aims to review the application of the TTM model to offender populations.

Arguments. The application of the TTM to offenders raises a number of issues regarding the process of behaviour change for offenders attending treatment programmes. It is argued that while the TTM has been designed to account for high frequency behaviour (e.g. smoking, alcohol misuse), offending behaviour may be less frequent and the process of change less cyclical. Moreover, it is suggested that the most important issue in a treatment context is the proper integration of the TTM constructs. There have been few empirical tests of this aspect of the model.

Conclusion. While the TTM may have some value in explaining how rehabilitation programmes help offenders to change their behaviour, the stages of change construct is, by itself, unlikely to adequately explain the process by which offenders desist from offending.
An examination of the impact of community‐based rehabilitation on the offending behaviour of male domestic violence offenders and the characteristics associated with recidivism
Authors: Bowen Erica , Gilchrist Elizabeth A. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of completing a community‐based rehabilitation programme on both the rate of domestic violence reoffending, and time to first post‐treatment offence within an 11‐month follow‐up period. In addition, the pre‐treatment psychological, demographic, and offending history characteristics of recidivists were examined.

Methods. Prior to attending West Midlands Probation Area's Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programme (DVPP), 86 male offenders completed a battery of six psychometric tests. The tests were the Novaco Anger Scale, Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating, Abusive Behaviour Inventory, Interpersonal Dependency Inventory, Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale and Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Post‐treatment reoffending was identified from police contact data.

Results. Of the 86 offenders who started the DVPP, 21% were alleged to have reoffended within an 11‐month post‐treatment period. Completing the programme was not significantly associated with either alleged reoffending, or time to first alleged incident. The identified treatment effect size was small (w=0.20). It was found that higher interpersonal dependency and more frequent contact with the police in the 24 months prior to attending the programme for theft and violent domestic violence predicted post‐treatment domestic violence offending.

Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the programme did not significantly reduce the rate of alleged reoffending among programme completers, or the time to first post‐treatment offence reported to the police. However, the results suggest that those offenders who were alleged to have reoffended may represent a distinct offender subgroup. These results are discussed with reference to client treatment matching and the move towards nationally accredited rehabilitation programmes in the UK.
A need for emotionally intelligent policy: Linking tax evasion with higher education funding
Authors: Ahmed Eliza , Braithwaite Valerie
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The current study addresses the issue of discontent at a personal and policy level with higher education and its funding, and its relation to tax compliance among a graduate population. It examines the thesis that discontent with the provision and funding of higher education plays a significant role in lowering tax compliance through the mediational role of shame management and dissociation from authority.

Method. Data are taken from the graduates' hopes, visions, and actions survey based on a sample of 447 Australian graduates who recently received their tertiary degrees.

Results.  Path analysis provides support for the central thesis but also shows additional direct links between (1) dissatisfaction (with university studies) and tax evasion, and (2) having an income‐contingent university debt to repay and tax evasion.

Conclusions. This study demonstrates the ways in which the legitimacy of the tax system and the legitimacy of higher education policy are interconnected. Criticisms of government departments acting in tunnel‐visioned ways with regard to the consequences of their actions are magnified in light of the findings of this paper. People take out their frustrations with one part of the government system (higher education funding and service provision) on other parts of the government system (taxation). Communication between these different parts is imperative for effective policy development and implementation.
Victimization of mentally ill patients living in the community: Is it a life‐style issue?
Authors: Wood Jane , Edwards Kim
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Although criminal victimization of mentally ill patients has been researched, what little work there is focuses on in‐patient samples. This study aimed to compare crimes against mentally ill patients living in the community with crimes against students who have a high life‐style risk of victimization.

Methods. The samples were selected via community‐based mental health services and a university population. A group of 40 mentally ill patients and 80 students reported experiences of victimization in the previous 12 months and attitudes towards the police.

Results. Female mentally ill patients reported the highest victimization, but both male and female patients reported more victimization than did students. Mentally ill patients also held more negative opinions of the police.

Conclusions. The results show that mentally ill patients experience more victimization when compared with the victimization experiences of a similar life‐style risk group. Discussion focuses on the implications for mentally ill patients living in the community, the support networks available to them, and relations between the police and mentally ill patients.
Book Review
Authors: McGuire James
Published: October 2005

Forensic psychology: Concepts, debates and practice

Edited by Joanna R. Adler Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 2004, Paperback, £18.99, ISBN 1‐84392‐009‐3
Do psychological factors predict occurrence of influenza‐like symptoms in vaccinated elderly residents of a sheltered home?
Authors: Gidron Yori. , Hassid Avishag. , Yisrael Hemda. , Biderman Aya.
Published: October 2005

Objectives A previously shown relation between psychological factors and the occurrence of flu has not been tested in elderly people, who are at the greatest risk of mortality from flu complications. This study examined whether psychological factors predict the occurrence of influenza‐like symptoms (ILS) in elderly residents.

Design A prospective correlation design was used.

Method Our sample included 70 elderly residents of a sheltered home (mean age 83.0 years) who were vaccinated against influenza and assessed for background, biomedical factors (e.g. number of illnesses) and psychological factors (e.g. hostility, depression, life‐events, and social support). The occurrence of ILS during 2 subsequent winter months was evaluated by a nurse blind to patients' psychological data, according to explicit valid criteria and physicians' notes.

Results Seventeen patients (24.3%) developed ILS. Number of medications, little physical activity, hostility, depression, and little social support significantly predicted ILS. In a multivariate analysis, only number of drugs (relative risk, RR: 1.54; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.06–2.22) and hostility (RR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.00–1.38) significantly and independently predicted occurrence of ILS.

Conclusions Psychological factors (particularly hostility) predict occurrence of ILS in an elderly sample. Possible behavioural and immunological mechanisms linking hostility to development of ILS are discussed. These findings add to the literature on psychological factors and flu, and may have implications for the prediction and prevention of flu in elderly people.
Childhood IQ and social factors on smoking behaviour, lung function and smoking‐related outcomes in adulthood: Linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies
Authors: Taylor Michelle D. , Hart Carole L. , Smith George Davey , Starr John M. , Hole David J. , Whalley Lawrence J. , Wilson Valerie. , Deary Ian J.
Published: October 2005

Objective To investigate the associations of childhood IQ and adult social factors, and smoking behaviour, lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1), and smoking‐related outcomes in adulthood.

Design Retrospective cohort study.

Method Participants were from the Midspan prospective studies conducted on Scottish adults in the 1970s. The sample consisted of 938 Midspan participants born in 1921 who were successfully matched with their cognitive ability test results on the Scottish Mental Survey 1932.

Results Structural equation modelling showed that age 11 IQ was not directly associated with smoking consumption, but that IQ and adult social class had indirect effects on smoking consumption via deprivation category. The influence of IQ on FEV1 was partly indirect via social class. Gender influenced smoking consumption and also IQ and social class. There was a 21% higher risk of having a smoking‐related hospital admission, cancer, or death during 25 years of follow‐up for each standard deviation disadvantage in IQ. Adjustment for adult social class, deprivation category, and smoking reduced the association to 10%.

Conclusion Childhood IQ was associated with social factors which influenced lung function in adulthood, but was not associated directly with smoking consumption. In future studies, it is important to consider other pathways which may account for variance in the link between childhood IQ and health in later life.
The use and reporting of cluster analysis in health psychology: A review
Authors: Clatworthy Jane. , Buick Deanna. , Hankins Matthew. , Weinman John. , Horne Robert.
Published: October 2005

Purpose Cluster analysis is a collection of relatively simple descriptive statistical techniques with potential value in health psychology, addressing both theoretical and practical problems. There are many methods of cluster analysis from which to choose, with no clear guidelines to aid researchers. In the absence of guidelines it is likely that methods already reported by published researchers will be adopted, and so clear reporting of statistical methodology, while always important, is particularly crucial with cluster analysis. The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate the reporting of cluster analysis in health psychology publications.

Methods Electronic searches of 18 health psychology journals identified 59 articles using cluster analysis published between 1984 and 2002. Articles were submitted to systematic evaluation against published criteria for the reporting of cluster analysis.

Results Just 27% of the papers reviewed met all five criteria, although 61% met at least four. Details of the similarity measure and the computer program used were most frequently omitted. Furthermore, while researchers usually reported the procedures employed to determine the number of clusters and to validate the clusters, these procedures were often lacking in rigour, and were reported in insufficient detail for replication.

Conclusions The reporting of cluster analysis was found to be generally unsatisfactory, with many studies failing to provide enough information to allow replication or the evaluation of the quality of the research. Clear guidelines for conducting and reporting cluster analyses in health psychology are needed.
Narratives of development, experiences of risk: Adult women's perspectives on relationships and safer sex
Authors: Watson Wendy K. , Bell Nancy J.
Published: October 2005

Mid‐life women are increasingly at risk for HIV/AIDS, yet relatively few studies have targeted this age group. In this study, we explored views of relationships and safer sex practices among eight well‐educated, single, heterosexual adult women through in‐depth interviews and supplemental questionnaires. The women viewed themselves as competent, responsible, and mature in terms of their relationship and sexual choices. However, their actual sexual practices, and reasons given for these practices, were similar to those of adolescents and of inner‐city women living in high‐risk environments. Findings are significant in highlighting the power and importance of relationship factors, especially trust, as these relate to safer sex practices and prevention initiatives.
Variability in lay perceptions of depression: A vignette study
Authors: Heim Derek , Smallwood Jonathan , Davies John B.
Published: October 2005

This paper describes a study investigating lay perceptions of depression in terms of perceived severity. Students (N=128) were presented with vignettes describing individuals with symptoms of depression based on DSM‐IV. The descriptions were varied in terms of gender, social status, and a self‐referent manner of communicating depressive symptomatology. Participants were asked to rate the degree to which vignette characters were thought to be depressed on a Likert‐type scale. Results indicate that a non‐self‐referent style of communicating depressive symptoms by female vignette characters was seen as an indication of elevated levels of depression, and these findings are discussed with reference to the literature.
The evolutionary psychology of eating disorders: Female competition for mates or for status?
Authors: Faer Lisa Marie , Hendriks Alexandra , Abed Riadh T. , Figueredo Aurelio José
Published: October 2005

The relationship between eating disorders and female intrasexual competition (ISC) was studied. More specifically, it was predicted that Female ISC for mates would be the strongest predictor of bulimia, and that, in contrast, Female ISC for status would be the strongest predictor of anorexia nervosa. A group of 202 undergraduate women, attending the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, participated in this study. These respondents completed surveys that contained the following measures: the Female competition for mates scale, the Female competition for status scale, the General Competitiveness Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and an additional measure specific to Anorexia. The internal consistencies of the measures were computed using Cronbach's alpha, and the measures were found to have adequate measurement reliability. Correlations were computed and a structural equation model was constructed for all the subscales within the measures. The resulting model demonstrated that ISC for mates was ultimately the driving factor that contributed to Female competition for status, General competitiveness, Perfectionism, Body dissatisfaction, Drive for thinness, and both Bulimia and Anorexia. Contrary to initial expectations, the results supported a mostly spurious causal relationship between Female competition for status and anorexia, with the only indirect causal effect being through the influence of perfectionism, which was uniquely on anorexia and not on bulimia. The role of perceived personal and Ideal partner mate value was also explored. Although they were strongly positively related to each other, these were shown to have nearly equal and opposite effects on body dissatisfaction.
Q-Switched Laser Sampling of Copper—Zinc Alloys
Authors: Baldwin Jon M.
Published: October 2005

A more detailed knowledge than is presently available of laser beam—target material interactions is required if pulsed lasers are to be used with maximum effectiveness as analytical sampling devices. To this end, the Q-switched laser sampling of copper—zinc alloys has been investigated. Both vapor and liquid metal were produced in the sampling process. Observations of the crater dimensions and appearance showed that ablation of molten metal was the predominant material removal mode. It was demonstrated that the melting step was thermally equilibrated. Vaporization proceeded via a sequence of events wherein the vapor composition was independent of laser parameters, and could be predicted from the liquid—solid equilibrium diagram for the copper—zinc system. The effect of laser sampling on a subsequent chemical analysis is illustrated.
Infrared and Electronic Spectra of Rare Earth Perovskites: Ortho-Chromites, -Manganites and -Ferrites
Authors: Rao G. V. Subba , Rao C. N. R. , Ferraro J. R.
Published: October 2005

The electronic and ir spectra of rare earth perovskites of the general formula LnZO3, where Ln is the rare earth ion or yttrium and Z is Cr, Mn, or Fe, have been studied in detail. The results have been discussed in terms of crystallography, magnetic properties, covalency of Ln—O and Z—O bonds, and Goodenough's one electron energy diagrams. In all these compounds the rare earth ions do not markedly affect the electronic transitions of the transition metal ions; the 3 d electrons clearly exhibit localized behavior. Both the electronic and ir spectra of the LnZO3 perovskites are comparable to the spectra of the corresponding transition metal sesquioxides, Z2O3.
Depolarization Ratio Measurements in Raman Spectrometry
Authors: Allemand Charly D.
Published: October 2005

The determination of depolarization ratios can be made accurately with a laser Raman spectrometer, and the precision of the measurements is more a function of the sample than of instrumental performance. Therefore the discussion of depolarization measurements will commence with a brief analysis of the fundamentals of Raman emission from the sample. Thereafter the discussion will take into account the influence of the spectrograph on depolarization measurements. The conclusions to be drawn from the considerations, together with the application of well known optical laws, will permit optimum conditions to be defined for accurate depolarization measurements. Finally, a review of eight different experimental methods proposed and suggested conditions for their use will be given.
Optical Spectra of Phenazine, 5,10-Dihydrophenazine, and the Phenazhydrins
Authors: Wheaton G. A. , Stoel L. J. , Stevens N. B. , Frank C. W.
Published: October 2005

The optical properties of phenazine, 5,10-dihydrophenazine, 1: 1 phenazhydrin, and 3: 1 phenazhydrin have been investigated, and ir, uv, and diffuse reflectance spectra are reported. The ir data indicate that the structures of the phenazhydrins resemble those of the parent compounds. The uv spectrum of 5,10-dihydrophenazine has a Λmax at 350 nm, which is not in agreement with a previously reported value of 325 nm. Absorption spectra of the reduced phenazine were also obtained via diffuse reflectance and a subtraction technique. Absorption in the visible region which is not present in the solution spectra is observed in the diffuse reflectance spectra of the phenazhydrins. The optical spectra of the four related compounds are collectively presented and discussed.
A Spark Emission Method for Hydrogen Containing Compounds Adsorbed on Aluminum Surfaces
Authors: Loseke W. A. , Grove E. L. , Marks G. , White L. A.
Published: October 2005

The presence of hydrogen containing compounds as surface contaminants is the main source of porosity or weld defects in the welding of aluminum. In this study on the relationship of surface contamination to weld quality, the objective was to obtain a value that was indicative of the level of contamination that contributed to weld bead porosity. Of the analytical techniques evaluated, a helium—argon shielded high-voltage spark technique using the H-6563-Å line was the most reliable. A special glass-walled, controlled-atmosphere chamber was designed. The upper 1/8 in. tungsten electrode was off center in order to use two lower electrodes. The lower electrodes, a 1/8 in. diam tungsten electrode and a 1 × 1 1/4 × 1/4 in. thick aluminum sample block, were mounted on a synchronous driven rotating stage. This arrangement permitted the sparking of a 225° arc of sample surface in a fixed time. Following cleanup and after loading, the procedure consisted of a 20-min purge, a 1-min W—W spark, a 1-min W—Al spark, and a second 1-min W—W spark. The W—W sparking periods establish chamber background with respect to hydrogen. The H-6563-Å line served as the analytical line and Ar-6752-Å served as the internal standard line. The average of the H/Ar blanks was compared to the sample ratio. There was good correlation between intensity ratio values and weld defect data.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Substituted Cyclic Ureas
Authors: Soignet D. M. , Boudreaux G. J. , Berni R. J. , Gonzales E. J.
Published: October 2005

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of selected substituted cyclic ethyleneureas and cyclic propyleneureas have been studied. The spectral effects produced by substitution on the parent ring compound are discussed.
Equipment for High-Pressure Infrared Measurements
Authors: Fang C. S. , Fox J. V. , Mauk C. E. , Prengle H. W.
Published: October 2005

Since vibrational frequency shifts in liquids, produced by solvents and/or high liquid densities, are relatively small, precision equipment and techniques must be used. Design and operation of modified equipment, including a long path grating monochromator, a pressuring system and cells for pressures up to 5000–10 000 atm are described. A static measurement technique, involving precise positioning of the grating and read out of the transmittance on a digital voltmeter, followed by computer processing of the series of points which describe the absorption peak to determine the v˜0, are also described. Experimental data on C=C vibration on cis-pentene-2 are presented to illustrate results.
Electrodes for Trace Impurity Analysis and Determination of Traces in Gallium
Authors: Wang M. S.
Published: October 2005

Electrodes of several graphite makers have been evaluated and compared for weight consistency and impurities for the purpose of developing techniques to determine trace impurities in material which can take advantage of preferential volatilization. A technique suitable for pre-arcing graphite electrodes in an argon atmosphere has been developed for minimizing the impurity background in the electrode cup so that ultra-trace determination is possible. The purified and selected electrodes are used in development of a spectrochemical method for determining trace impurities in gallium metal. The technique takes advantage of strong preferential volatilization of the metals in a dc arc with sequential exposures used for improvement of signal-to-noise ratio. A new sampling technique and standardization method are discussed. Special problems related to the analysis of gallium are investigated, and analytical results are shown.
Demountable Excitation Unit for Cathodoluminescent Spectroscopy
Authors: Anderson E. E. , Weaver J. L.
Published: October 2005

A unit is described for studying cathodoluminescent emission from phosphor powders and small single crystals. Measurements of spectra, rise and decay times, luminance, and power efficiencies as a function of sample temperature are possible. Details of the vacuum system, gun assembly, and electronics are discussed. Some representative data showing system performance are presented.
n–π* Electronic Emission and Absorption Spectra of o-Fluorobenzaldehyde in Vapor Phase
Authors: Srivastava M. P. , Singh I. S.
Published: October 2005

The electronic emission and absorption spectra of o-fluorobenzaldehyde have been studied. The emission spectrum recorded on a Fuess glass and a medium quartz spectrograph lies in the region 26 668–17 862 cm−1 and the absorption spectrum recorded on a Zeiss Q–24 medium quartz spectrograph lies in the region 30 995–24 610 cm−1. The O—O band has been observed at 26 337 cm−1. The C=O stretching frequency 1733 cm−1 in the ground state and 1355 cm−1 in the excited state is most intense and forms progressions of bands both in the emission and absorption spectra. The observed bands have been interpreted as combinations of the C=O stretching frequency and its multiples with other fundamentals. The transition involved is A‘–A’ ( n–π*).
Vibrational Fundamentals of CF3CH2X Molecules
Authors: Harnish D. F. , Hirschmann R. P.
Published: October 2005

The infrared spectra of CF3CH2F, CF3CH2Cl, CF3CH2Br, and CF3CH2I in the vapor and solid phase have been obtained, and normal coordinate calculations on the chlorine and bromine molecules have been carried out. From this study it has been possible to correct the previous assignments of vibrational fundamentals for these molecules.
Use of Complexing Agents as Solvents for Atomic Absorption Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Silicates
Authors: Govindaraju K.
Published: October 2005

A rapid atomic absorption method, using an air—acetylene flame, for the determination of calcium and magnesium is described. The sample is fused with a mixture of lithium and strontium borate and the ground fusion product is dissolved in dilute citric acid. Strontium and citric acid present in solution act as protecting agents and the interfering effect of the major constituents of silicate samples is thus eliminated. The use of organic acids (citric acid, EDTA) as solvents instead of inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3) has the advantage of increasing the absorption values of calcium and magnesium. The results of the analysis of several geochemical rock standards show good accuracy and reproducibility.
An Investigation of Close-Electrode Intensification in a dc Arc in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Petrakiev A. , Milanova R.
Published: October 2005

An investigation of the distribution of the intensity of spectral lines in the gap length of a copper dc arc of 7A, burning both with and without nonhomogenous magnetic field, will be described in this paper. The close-electrode intensification effect of spectral lines has been observed and its variation with the time of preliminary burning and the gap length has been investigated. It has been established that close-electrode intensification appears only with the ionic lines. An increase of the intensity of some spectral lines and certain variations in their distribution have been observed when the arc is burning in a magnetic field. The temperature range has been studied in its relationship to the gap length. The temperature around the cathode region is approximately 6500 K and that around the anode region is about 6000 K. The superposition of an external magnetic field contributes to an increase of the temperature of about 400 K. Some possibilities for the application of these effects in the case of spectral analytical determinations have been suggested.
Vibrational Intensities XXV: Some Systematic Errors in Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry of Liquid Samples
Authors: Fujiyama Tsunetake , Herrin John , Crawford Bryce L.
Published: October 2005

It is shown that the characteristic working parameters of infrared absorption spectrophotometry of liquids give rise to inevitable reflection and interference effects which grossly distort band shapes and integrated intensities and which seem to account for the long-observed and frustrating variability in apparent peak absorption coefficients.
Dilution as the Changing Parameter in Photometry
Authors: Shatkay Adam
Published: October 2005

The method of changing parameter in photometry has been introduced to allow the determination of a substance in the presence of a strongly interfering unknown matrix. The theory of this method is now discussed in detail. The discussion is illustrated by the case of the determination of calcium in a strongly interfering matrix of HCl and LaCl3, using an atomic absorption flame photometer. The derivations are, however, general enough to apply to any photometric method, and even to some nonphotometric methods having the same formal dependence on a changing parameter. It is shown that a changing parameter can be sensitive enough to prove the existence of interference, while not being sensitive enough to evaluate such an interference. It is also shown that even a very considerable interference can be difficult to detect and to evaluate.
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Frankel R. S. , Aitken D. W.
Published: October 2005

A review is given of recent developments in energy-dispersive x-ray emission spectroscopy, with the aim of providing both an introductory and usefully practical look at this innovative field. The review begins with the first principles of x-ray production and observation, including a brief comparison of the performance capabilities of different types of detectors, but then specializes to a major extent in solid state x-ray spectrometers, which have led to the most significant new developments and applications. Evidence is presented which suggests that we are nearing an asymptotic limit in the attainment of ever better resolution with these types of systems. Applications that have been made possible by significant improvements in system resolution are discussed, but in the context of the need for a realistic appraisal of over-all system requirements. The great advantages offered by the marriage of silicon x-ray spectrometers to scanning electron microscopes and electron microprobe analyzers are reviewed and illustrated.
A Controlled-Atmosphere Plasma Arc for Emission Spectrography of Nonmetal Elements
Authors: Heemstra Raymond J.
Published: October 2005

To estimate the weight percents of certain nonmetal elements in organic compounds found in petroleum reservoirs, the Bureau of Mines designed and constructed a controlled-atmosphere plasma arc which effectively excludes air from the plasma. Selected organic compounds that contained nonmetal elements were mixed with a solvent essentially free of those elements. The weight percents of the nonmetal elements were estimated from the produced diatomic spectral bands; results were reasonably accurate. Analytical working curves were prepared for nitrogen in the range from 15 to 450 µg for 100 mg samples using the analytical carbon-nitrogen band at 3883 Å and the internal standard carbon-carbon band at 3607 Å. Curves also were prepared for hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen that had limited sensitivity to detection. Another indicated application of this plasma arc is for characterization of high-boiling petroleum fractions in liquid chromatographic effluents. The rates at which diatomic species are produced and destroyed directly influence the intensity of each corresponding band spectrum.
Spectrographic Determination of Calcium in Latex of Natural Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis)
Authors: Ng S. K. , Hsia R. C. H. , Lai P. T.
Published: October 2005

A cathode layer dc arc method of determining microgram amounts of calcium in latex of Hevea brasiliensis is described. Using lithium carbonate and lanthanum sulphate as buffers, a working curve covering 0.032% to 10.0% Ca in ash of latex can be constructed with palladium as internal standard. Phosphate and silica suppress Ca emission but silica has a considerably greater effect. Of the four matrices examined, the composition with 44.7% K2O, 22.3% P2O5, and 13.4% MgO, which is most representative of the composition of latex ash, gives reproducible Ca values and these are in closest agreement with those obtained by atomic absorption. The spectrographic technique may be extended to simultaneously determine trace amounts of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si.
An Experimental Contribution to the Measurement of Optical Spectra by Scattered Transmission
Authors: Schmieder H. , Dornberger E. , Kanellakopulos B.
Published: October 2005

Teflon powder, compressed with the sample, is shown to have excellent properties for the measurement of spectra of polycrystalline actinide and lanthanide compounds by scattered transmission in the region from 350 to 2600 nm. In this way spectra can be obtained using samples which are extremely air and moisture sensitive. For example, the spectrum of pyrophoric tris- (cyclopentadienyl)-uranium (iii) has now been measured for the first time. The resolution, especially in the ir region, is better than obtained by reflection methods, as is shown using ferrocene samples.
Infrared Analysis of Ethylene Sulfite and sym-Dimethylethylene Sulfite
Authors: Dorris Kenneth L.
Published: October 2005

The ir spectra of ethylene and sym-dimethylethylene sulfite in the vapor, and dilute solutions in polar and nonpolar solvents have been recorded from 400 to 4000 cm−1. In addition, the far infrared spectra of these compounds have been recorded to 33 cm−1. In the liquid form, an equilibrium between two S = O conformations exists, while in the vapor state, only one conformer is observed. The S = O dipole in these sulfites is more sensitive to solvent than normal ketones and diphenyl sulphoxide and less dependent than dimethyl sulphoxide.
A Hot Wire Loop Atomizer for Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Bratzel M. P. , Dagnall R. M. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: October 2005

Samples containing Ag, Be, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Hg, Mg, Pb, Tl, and Zn are vaporized from a tungsten or platinum loop into an argon stream and excited by radiation from electrodeless discharge tubes to produce atomic fluorescence. The integrated atomic fluorescence signals are independent of loop material and loop temperature, and nearly independent of anion type, sample nature, and argon flow rate. The device may have use for fundamental studies for measurement of quantum yields as well as for applied studies of measuring nanogram to picogram quantities of volatile metals in small amounts of sample (about 2 µl needed for analysis). The loop and sheathing device are described.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Residual Oil for Vanadium
Authors: Flaherty John P. , Eldridge H. B.
Published: October 2005

Neutron activation analysis is investigated as a nondestructive method of analyzing large residual oil samples for vanadium content in the 20–2000 ppm range. For a flux of 108 neutrons/cm2 · sec, a 10 min analysis of a 3 g oil sample can yield concentration measurements that are reproducible to within a maximum deviation of 7% for a wide latitude of experimental conditions with no sample preparation. The adaption of neutron activation analysis herein investigated has several features that make it attractive as a means of on-line process control in petroleum cracking plants.
Therapist Competence in Cognitive-behavioural Therapies: Review of the Contemporary Empirical Evidence
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos
Published: October 2005

Therapist competence refers to the extent that a given treatment is conducted in accordance with the instructions or intentions of the respective treatment manual. Despite this relatively straightforward notion, existing research on cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) processes have been unsuccessful in defining and measuring this construct. This article reviews the contemporary empirical research on therapist competence in CBT, outlines the development and psychometric evaluation of the commonly used measures of therapist adherence, and discusses how competence has been linked to treatment outcomes. The psychometric evidence for existing measures is mixed, and in particular, there has been difficulty in the demonstration of adequate interrater reliability, even among identified experts in the field. New measures of therapist competence hold promise — most notably, in the separation of therapist adherence and competence constructs. The assessment of therapist adherence, therapist competence, and the role of supervisor ratings in the clinical context are also discussed.