bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bandgap Engineering and Signature of Ferromagnetism in Ti1−xMnxO2­ Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles: A Valence Band Study
Authors: Prajapati Brijmohan , Roy Somnath , Sharma Subhash , Joshi Amish G. , Chatterjee S. , Ghosh Anup K.
Published: January 2019

Diluted magnetic semiconductor Ti1−xMnxO2­ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol–gel technique. Phase purity, structural, micro‐structural, and vibrational properties of the samples have been studied by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. UV–Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy clearly indicate the tuning of bandgap and appearance of different defect states (oxygen vacancies) with Mn‐doping, respectively. Chemical states and surface stoichiometry of the samples have been probed by X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Shifting of binding energy of Ti2p toward lower value and appearance of Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+confirm Mn doping into TiO2 and also indicate that Mn‐doping reduces the number of oxygen vacancies in the system. Valence band studies have been done by XPS and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) valence band spectra. Combined result of valence band spectra and optical data reveals shortening of HOMO–LUMO gap with increasing Mn‐concentration. Room temperature ferromagnetism, originating from oxygen vacancies, has been explained on the basis of the bound magnetic polaron (BMP) model. Resistivity measurements have been conducted to examine the semiconducting behavior and to study the electrical conduction mechanism. It is revealed that the thermally activated conduction (Arrhenius) mechanism is valid in the high temperature region whereas Mott's variable‐range hopping (VRH) mechanism is applicable in low temperature region.
The interconversion of δ2H values of collagen between thermal conversion reactor configurations
Authors: Reynard Linda M. , Ryan Saskia E. , Tuross Noreen
Published: January 2019

Rationale

Different thermal conversion reactor packings result in distinct δ2H values in nitrogen‐containing materials, such as bone collagen. An older ‘traditional’ glassy carbon packing method causes incomplete conversion of N‐containing samples into H2 gas, resulting in altered δ2H values compared with the complete conversion of hydrogen obtained with a chromium‐packed reactor. Given that δ2H values from collagen are gaining importance in palaeoecological and archaeological studies, a determination of the relationship between δ2H values produced with a glassy‐carbon‐packed and a chromium‐packed reactor is needed.

Methods

We obtained δ2H values (normalized on the VSMOW‐SLAP scale) from both glassy‐carbon‐packed (GP) and chromium‐packed (Cr) reactor configurations from bone collagen (n = 231) from a variety of archaeological sites, using a High‐Temperature Conversion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) coupled to a Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results

δ2H values from both methods are linearly correlated (r2 = 0.934) and yield the following interconversion equation, δ2H(Cr) = 1.054 δ2H(GP) + 11.6‰ (95% conf. slope 1.020–1.090, intercept 10.6–12.6), and a mean difference of δ2H(Cr) – δ2H(GP) = 10.1‰ (1 sd 5.2, 1 se 0.3, n = 231).

Conclusions

We recommend adopting this interconversion between δ2H values produced with a glassy‐carbon‐packed and chromium‐packed reactor for bone collagen only, with appropriate propagation of uncertainty.
Gain insight into potential impact of proposed changes to Title IX regs
Authors: Teeter Derek
Published: January 2019

The U.S. Department of Education recently released its long‐awaited proposal for new Title IX regulations governing institutional response to reports of sexual harassment and sexual assault. As widely anticipated, the proposed regulations effectively reverse many elements of the Obama administration's Title IX guidance and impose new mandates for live hearings and cross‐­examination that will require an overhaul of institutional processes for resolving complaints against students. The proposed regulations, which were published in the Federal Register on Nov. 29, 2018, are open for public comment for a period of 60 days before being finalized.
Consider implementing 5 key strategies to help single parents succeed in higher ed
Authors: Costa Karen
Published: January 2019

A 2017 report from the Institute for Women's Policy Research evaluated the status of single mothers in college. Key findings were that single mothers are a rapidly growing population, women of color are more likely to be single parents, and single mothers are particularly at risk for attrition.
Discover new paths for effective collaboration with campus career center staff, initiatives
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: January 2019

When Will Simpkins, Ed.D., was a college student, he never set foot in the campus career center, and didn't know what they did or even where they were located, even though he held roles as a resident assistant and an orientation leader. His lack of interaction with the career center probably represents much of the student population on many campuses today, said Simpkins, based on his research combined with his 15‐year career working in career centers, and his role as an external reviewer for career centers of public and private colleges and universities. He's now vice president for student affairs at Metropolitan State University of Denver.
Did university violate woman's right to privacy?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: January 2019

The plaintiff, a former girlfriend of the University of Wisconsin‐Madison's head basketball coach, sent an email in February 2015 to the chancellor, expressing concerns about the coach. She wrote that the coach was manipulative and deceptive, and that he shouldn't be coaching and mentoring young men. She asked the university to prevent the coach from being abusive toward women, having a negative impact on student‐athletes, and violating university rules.
Analysis of combined incident and prevalent cohort data under a proportional mean residual life model
Authors: Lee Chi Hyun , Ning Jing , Kryscio Richard J. , Shen Yu
Published: January 2019

The Nun Study, a longitudinal study to examine risk factors for the progression of dementia, consists of subjects who were already diagnosed with dementia (ie, prevalent cohort) and those who do not have dementia (ie, incident cohort) at study enrollment. When assessing the risk factors' effects on the survival time from dementia diagnosis until death, utilizing data from both cohorts supports more efficient statistical inference because the two cohorts provide valuable complementary information. A major challenge in analyzing the combined cohort data is that the prevalent cases are not representative of the target population. Moreover, the dates of dementia diagnosis are not ascertained for the prevalent cohort in the Nun Study. Hence, the survival time for the prevalent cohort is only partially observed from study enrollment until death or censoring, with the time from dementia diagnosis to study enrollment missing. In this paper, we propose an efficient estimation method that uses both incident and prevalent cohorts under the proportional mean residual life model. By assuming proportionality of the mean residual life time with covariates in the incident cohort, we can utilize the natural relationship between the mean residual life function and the hazard function of the survival time measured from enrollment until death for the prevalent cohort. We evaluate the efficiency gain from using the combined cohort data through simulations and demonstrate that the proposed method is valid and efficient.
Highly Efficient, Combinatorial and Catalyst‐Free Approach for the Synthesis of 2‐Benzylidenehydrazono‐3‐phenyl‐4‐thiazolidinone‐5‐acetates in Ethanol
Authors: Jangale Asha D. , Dalal Dipak S.
Published: January 2019

We have designed a sustainable, catalyst‐free, combinatorial protocol for the synthesis of highly functionalized thiazolidinone acetate derivatives via multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, N‐phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide and dimethoxyacetylenedicarboxylate in the ethanol. A consecutive one pot two step environmentally benign procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 2‐Benzylidenehydrazono‐3‐Phenyl‐4‐Thiazolidinone‐5‐Acetate derivatives by adopting regioselective thermal annulation with the operational simplicity with isolation of pure products without using chromatographic purification.
A Quantitative and Rapid Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by Recyclable Zeolite Imidazole Frameworks
Authors: Kumar Nandigama Satish , Reddy Marri Sameer , Kumar S. Tirumala Santosh , Bheeram Vema Reddy , Mukkamala Saratchandra Babu , Rao L. Chandrasekhara
Published: January 2019

We here report a comparative study on catalytic application of ZIF‐8 and ZIF‐67 for the Knoevenagel condensation of diverse isatins/indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxalin‐11‐nones with malononitrile, quantitatively. Good to excellent yields of product in analytically pure form were isolated without using column chromatography. The presented method was successfully scaled up to gram scale and the catalyst was reused up to 4 successive cycles without considerable loss in its catalytic efficiency.
pH‐Dependent Interaction of Four Different Bile Salts with POPG Liposomes Studied by Dynamic Light Scattering and Second Harmonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Kintali Srinivasarao , Varshney Gopal Kishor , Das Kaustuv
Published: January 2019

In recent years the role of bile salts in colorectal cancer has been gaining importance. In addition, it has been observed that for diseases associated with gastrointestinal tract, the pH becomes slightly acidic. In this report we have investigated the pH dependent bile acid – bile salt transformation on the integrity and permeability of phosphatidyl glycerol (POPG) liposomes by dynamic light scattering and interfacial second harmonic generation spectroscopy. Using four different bile salts whose chemical properties vary widely we have observed that in their neutral form (i.e bile acids) they are able to alter the POPG membrane properties significantly higher compared to their ionic (i. e. bile salts) form. Our results indicate that out of the four bile salts, Sodium Deoxycholate and Sodium Cholate have the potential to damage membranes in the colon as their pKa is closer to the pH measured in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, one of the pathways of bile salt induced cytotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract, may occur due to the potential membrane damaging action of these bile salts at acidic pH.
Multifunctional Silicon–Carbon Nanohybrids Simultaneously Featuring Bright Fluorescence, High Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity
Authors: Hu Guyue , Song Bin , Jiang Airui , Chu Binbin , Shen Xiaobin , Tang Jiali , Su Yuanyuan , He Yao
Published: January 2019

In this work, a class of multifunctional silicon–carbon nanohybrids (designated as SiCNs), which simultaneously possess aqueous dispersibility, bright fluorescence (photoluminescence quantum yield [PLQY]: ≈28%), as well as high antibacterial and wound healing activity, is presented. Taking advantage of these unique merits, cell distribution and pharmacological behavior of the SiCNs is first investigated through tracking their strong and stable fluorescence. The high bacteria inhibition ability (≈82.9% killing rate toward S. aureus) and hemostatic effects (shorten the bleeding time from ≈60 to ≈15 s) of the resultant SiCNs are then demonstrated. Moreover, the wound closure promotion activity (10% lead in wound contraction) is systematically demonstrated in vivo, which is especially suitable for wound healing applications. The results suggest the SiCNs as a new kind of high‐performance multifunctional nanoagents suitable for various biological and biomedical utilizations.
Variability of temperature dependences of the retention of strongly polar compounds under ZIC‐HILIC liquid chromatographic mechanism
Authors: Tanase Maria , Bacalum Elena , David Victor
Published: January 2019

The retentions of 13 strongly polar compounds (aminocids; dipeptides, drugs, and other biologically active species) were studied for two SeQuant ZIC‐HILIC (Merck) stationary phases containing a zwitterionic sulfobetaine moiety covalently attached to porous silica (3.5 and 5 μm particle size). Methanol and acetonitrile were used as organic components in the mobile phase composition, whose aqueous phase consisted in buffers of various controled pH values based on acetate‐acetic acid. This study shows various dependences of the retention on the absolute column temperature, some being obeyed to van't Hoff dependence, while others not following this rule. The values of standard enthalpy for the transfer of the analyte from mobile phase to the stationary phase were calculated from linear van't Hoff plots, which were below 10 kJ/mol. From the polynomial regression applied to the experimental retention data that not obeyed to a linear fit, the value of absolute temperature was calculated that corresponds to a maximum retention for studied compounds.
Protein Methyltransferase Inhibition Decreases Endocrine Specification Through the Upregulation of Aldh1b1 Expression
Authors: Giannios Ioannis , Serafimidis Ioannis , Anastasiou Vivian , Pezzolla Daniela , Lesche Mathias , Andree Cordula , Bickle Marc , Gavalas Anthony
Published: January 2019

Understanding the mechanisms that promote the specification of pancreas progenitors and regulate their self-renewal and differentiation will help to maintain and expand pancreas progenitor cells derived from human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells. This will improve the efficiency of current differentiation protocols of hPS cells into β-cells and bring such cells closer to clinical applications for the therapy of diabetes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1b1 (Aldh1b1) is a mitochondrial enzyme expressed specifically in progenitor cells during mouse pancreas development, and we have shown that its functional inactivation leads to accelerated differentiation and deficient β-cells. In this report, we aimed to identify small molecule inducers of Aldh1b1 expression taking advantage of a mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell Aldh1b1 lacZ reporter line and a pancreas differentiation protocol directing mES cells into pancreatic progenitors. We identified AMI-5, a protein methyltransferase inhibitor, as an Aldh1b1 inducer and showed that it can maintain Aldh1b1 expression in embryonic pancreas explants. This led to a selective reduction in endocrine specification. This effect was due to a downregulation of Ngn3, and it was mediated through Aldh1b1 since the effect was abolished in Aldh1b1 null pancreata. The findings implicated methyltransferase activity in the regulation of endocrine differentiation and showed that methyltransferases can act through specific regulators during pancreas differentiation. Stem Cells  2019;37:640–651
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Regulate Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cell-1 Expression and the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Su Vincent Yi-Fong , Yang Kuang-Yao , Chiou Shih-Hwa , Chen Nien-Jung , Mo Min-Hsiang , Lin Chi-Shiuan , Wang Chin-Tien
Published: January 2019

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can attenuate the pathological severity and neutrophil migration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). However, interactions that may occur between iPSCs and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family of proteins remain unclear. In this study, murine iPSCs (miPSCs) were delivered via tail vein injection to wild type, TREM-1 knockout (KO), and TREM-2 KO C57BL/6 mice 4 hours after an intratracheal delivery of LPS. Twenty-four hours later, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were collected to perform histology, immunohistochemistry, neutrophil counts, Western blot assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Neutrophils were also isolated from the bone marrow to perform in vitro migration assays. In the lung tissues collected, LPS increased the expression of TREM-1 and TREM-2, with the TREM-2 KO mice expressing more TREM-1 than the wild-type mice. The TREM-2 KO mice also exhibited greater severity of LPS-induced ALI, enhanced neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues, and a higher ratio of phosphorylated p38 to total p38 (p-p38/p38) in neutrophils. The p-p38/p38 ratio and the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and certain proinflammatory cytokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β) were increased in whole lung extracts following LPS-induced ALI, and these levels were even more in LPS-treated TREM-2 KO mice. These effects were reduced when miPSCs were administered. Thus, the results of this study suggest that miPSCs attenuate the role of neutrophils in lung inflammation and injury induced by LPS by reducing their expression of TREM-1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Stem Cells  2019;37:631–639
Are Contradictions Believable?
Authors: Weiss Yale ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2019

A number of philosophers deny that contradictions can be believed. Are they correct? In this note, I showthat even in quite weak logics, on pain of inconsistency, if there are false beliefs, either there are propositions which are true but unbelievable or contradictions are believable. Since the antecedent clearly holds, I offer some considerations in favor of the latter disjunct. Objections and variants of the main argument are considered.
Zn‐rich Zincides of the Ternary System Ca–Mg–Zn: Synthesis, Crystal structure, Chemical Bonding
Authors: Köhler Katharina , Röhr Caroline
Published: January 2019

In the course of a study on the role of magnesium in polar zincides of the heavier alkaline‐earth elements, three intermetallic phases of the ternary system Ca–Mg–Zn were synthesized from melts of the elements and their structures were determined by means of single‐crystal X‐ray data. Starting from the binary zincide CaZn11, the phase width of the BaCd11‐type structure reaches up to the fully ordered stoichiometric compound CaMgZn10 [tI48, space group I41/amd, a = 1082.66(6), c = 688.95(5) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0239]. The new compound CaMgZn5 (oP28, space group Pnma, a = 867.48(3), b = 530.37(5), c = 1104.45(9) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0385) crystallizes in the CeCu6‐type structure, exhibits no Mg/Zn phase width and has no binary border equivalent in the system Ca–Mg–Zn. Similar to the situation in CaMgZn10, one M position of the aristotype has a slightly larger coordination sphere (CN = 14) and is accordingly occupied by the larger Mg atoms. The third phase, Ca2+xMg6–x–yZn15+y (hP92, space group P63/mmc, a = 1476.00(5), c = 881.01(4) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0399 for Ca2.67Mg5.18Zn15.15) forms the hexagonal Sm3Mg13Zn30‐type structure also known as μ‐MgZnRE or S phase. A small phase width (x = 0–0.67; y = 0–0.58) is due to the slightly variable Ca or Zn content of the two Mg positions. The structure is described as an intergrowth of the hexagonal MgZn2 Laves phase and the CaZn2 structure (KHg2‐type). All compounds exhibit strong Zn–Zn and polar Mg–Zn covalent bonds, which are visible in the calculated electron density maps. Their structures are thus herein described using the full space tilings of [Zn4] and [MgZn3] tetrahedra, which are fused to polyanions consisting of tetrahedra stars, icosahedra segments etc. and the large (CN = 18–22) Ca cation coordination polyhedra. Pseudo bandgaps apparent in the tDOS are compatible with the narrow v.e./M ranges observed for other isotypic members of the three structure types.
AdS2 holography: mind the cap
Authors: Bena Iosif , Heidmann Pierre , Turton David
Published: January 2019

Abstract

AdS2 plays an extremely important role in black-hole physics. We construct several infinite families of supergravity solutions that are asymptotically AdS2 in the UV, and terminate in the IR with a cap that is singular in two dimensions but smooth in ten dimensions. These solutions break conformal invariance, and should correspond to supersymmetric ground states of a holographically dual CFT1. We solve the free massless scalar wave equation on a family of these solutions, finding towers of finite-energy normalizable bound-state excitations. We discuss the intriguing possibility that these excitations correspond to time-dependent excitations of the dual CFT1, which would imply that this CFT1 is dynamical rather than topological, and hence cannot have a conformally invariant ground state.
Reappraisal of Prognostic Impact of Tumor SUVmax by 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Yoh Tomoaki , Seo Satoru , Morino Koshiro , Fuji Hiroaki , Ikeno Yoshinobu , Ishii Takamichi , Taura Kojiro , Nakamoto Yuji , Higashi Tatsuya , Kaido Toshimi , Uemoto Shinji
Published: January 2019

Background

We previously reported that tumor standardized uptake value (SUVmax) by 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was a potential predictor in patients undergoing surgery for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). However, the prognostic value of SUVmax in the era of multidisciplinary strategy has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to reappraise the prognostic value of tumor SUVmax in patients undergoing surgery for ICC.

Methods

Data from 82 consecutive ICC patients, who underwent 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT and subsequent surgery between 2006 and 2017, were retrieved from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Adjuvant strategy was administrated during this study period in our center.

Results

Tumor SUVmax was associated with tumor size (p = 0.002) and tumor number (p = 0.005), but not associated with T and N stage classified by American Joint Committee on Cancer‐classification system, and other tumor factors. According to the tumor SUVmax cut‐off values of 8.0 based on the minimum p value approach, actuarial 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates in patients undergoing upfront surgery for ICC were significantly stratified at 54.7% versus 26.0% (low vs. high tumor SUVmax group, p = 0.008). The actuarial 3‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were also significantly stratified at 41.0% versus 18.3% (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that tumor SUVmax retained its significance on OS (p = 0.039) as well as DFS (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Even in the era of multidisciplinary strategy, high tumor SUVmax still represents poor prognosis in patients undergoing surgery for ICC. These patients, therefore, would probably be required more effective strategies.
A selective genome-guided method for environmental Burkholderia isolation
Authors: Haeckl F P Jake , Baldim João L , Iskakova Dasha , Kurita Kenji L , Soares Marisi G , Linington Roger G
Published: January 2019

The genus Burkholderia is an emerging source of novel natural products chemistry, yet to date few methods exist for the selective isolation of strains of this genus from the environment. More broadly, tools to efficiently design selection media for any given genus would be of significant value to the natural products and microbiology communities. Using a modification of the recently published SMART protocol, we have developed a two-stage isolation protocol for strains from the genus Burkholderia. This method uses a combination of selective agar isolation media and multiplexed PCR profiling to derive Burkholderia strains from environmental samples with 95% efficiency. Creation of this new method paves the way for the systematic exploration of natural products chemistry from this important genus and offers new insight into potential methods for selective isolation method development for other priority genera.
The temporal association between emotional clarity and depression symptoms in adolescents
Authors: Blöte Anke W. , Westenberg P. Michiel
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Low emotional clarity, that is, problems in understanding and identifying one's own emotions, is generally seen as related to depression. Most empirical studies on this topic focused on the link between low levels of emotional clarity predicting depression problems, fewer studies on depression symptoms predicting low emotional clarity. All studies were restricted to unidirectional associations. The present study evaluated the reciprocal associations between emotional clarity and depression symptoms. Additionally, we tested the role of rumination as a mediator of the links between depression symptoms and emotional clarity.

Methods

For the main analyses, data of 230 Dutch participants (Mage = 13.40, SD = 2.24; 48% girls) over three time points of a 5‐year longitudinal study were used. Depression symptoms, emotional clarity, and rumination were self‐reported. Cross‐lagged panel analysis was used to test a model of reciprocal associations between depression symptoms and emotional clarity against models of unidirectional associations. The role of rumination as mediator and sex as moderator in the links between depression symptoms and emotional clarity were evaluated in separate analyses on a subsample (n = 151).

Results & conclusions

A model of reciprocal associations where depression symptoms and low emotional clarity predict relatively high scores of the other over time offered a good representation of the data. Rumination mediated the link between depression symptoms predicting prospective emotional clarity for both sexes. These findings suggest a vicious cycle between depression symptoms and low emotional clarity. We discuss possible implications of these results for the treatment of depression in youth.
The photo archive as laboratory. Art history, photography, and materiality
Authors: Caraffa Costanza
Published: January 2019

Librarians, archivists, and curators today meet unique challenges when facing huge numbers of photographs accumulated in their institutions. Coming to terms with these masses in a responsible way means to reflect on cataloguing and digitization standards able to record their (material) complexity. It also means to constantly justify a series of investments: in cataloguing and digitization projects, but also in storage space, restoration, archival and conservation materials, not to speak of human resources. It means, ultimately, to reflect on the systems of value that one decides to apply while dealing with these holdings: the dematerialization rhetoric that often goes hand-in-hand with digitization campaigns tends to increase their fragility, on the other side we are confronted more and more often with the ‘contemporary repackaging of erstwhile ephemeral and disposable photographic prints' that acquire a new ‘archival value’.1In this short essay I will focus on these systems of value. My aim is to offer some methodological tools to deal with documentary photographs in art historical institutions. These instruments derive from the intersection of photographic and archival theories and practices that shaped my experience as Head of the Photothek at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, Max Planck Institute, for more than a decade.
Streamwise streaks induced by bedload diffusion
Authors: Abramian Anaïs , Devauchelle Olivier , Lajeunesse Eric
Published: January 2019

A fluid flowing over a granular bed can move its superficial grains, and eventually deform it by erosion and deposition. This coupling generates a beautiful variety of patterns, such as ripples, bars and streamwise streaks. Here, we investigate the latter, sometimes called ‘sand ridges’ or ‘sand ribbons’. We perturb a sediment bed with sinusoidal streaks, the crests of which are aligned with the flow. We find that, when their wavelength is much larger than the flow depth, bedload diffusion brings mobile grains from troughs, where they are more numerous, to crests. Surprisingly, gravity can only counter this destabilising mechanism when sediment transport is intense enough. Relaxing the long-wavelength approximation, we find that the cross-stream diffusion of momentum mitigates the influence of the bed perturbation on the flow, and even reverses it for short wavelengths. Viscosity thus opposes the diffusion of entrained grains to select the most unstable wavelength. This instability might turn single-thread alluvial rivers into braided channels.
A THEORY OF PAIRS FOR NON-VALUATIONAL STRUCTURES
Authors: BAR-YEHUDA ELITZUR , HASSON ASSAF , PETERZIL YA’ACOV
Published: January 2019

Given a weakly o-minimal structure${\cal M}$and its o-minimal completion$\bar{{\cal M}}$, we first associate to$\bar{{\cal M}}$a canonical language and then prove thatTh$\left( {\cal M} \right)$determines$Th\left( {\bar{{\cal M}}} \right)$. We then investigate the theory of the pair$\left( {\bar{{\cal M}},{\cal M}} \right)$in the spirit of the theory of dense pairs of o-minimal structures, and prove, among other results, that it is near model complete, and every definable open subset of${\bar{M}^n}$is already definable in$\bar{{\cal M}}$.

We give an example of a weakly o-minimal structure interpreting$\bar{{\cal M}}$and show that it is not elementarily equivalent to any reduct of an o-minimal trace.
Predictive value of hyoid cephalometrics for retroglossal obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Hei R Y , Qin J , Li S H
Published: January 2019

Objective

To examine the diagnostic value of hyoid cephalometrics in predicting retroglossal obstruction severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome.

Methods

Ninety-six obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome patients diagnosed by polysomnography were recruited. Polysomnography was repeated with a nasopharyngeal tube after eliminating rhinal and palatopharyngeal obstruction. Cervical vertebra lateral films and hyoid cephalometric measurements were obtained, including the distances of the hyoid to the: mental tubercle, prevertebral plane, mental tubercle coronal plane and mental tubercle horizontal plane.

Results

The apnoea-hypopnoea index for nasopharyngeal tube polysomnography was significantly correlated with distances from the hyoid to: prevertebral plane (r = 0.350), coronal plane (r = 0.477), horizontal plane (r = 0.529) and mental tubercle (r = 0.560). It was strongly correlated with the hyoid to mental tubercle distance/hyoid to prevertebral plane distance value (r = 0.683), and (hyoid to coronal plane distance plus hyoid to horizontal plane distance)/hyoid to prevertebral plane distance value (r = 0.675).

Conclusion

Obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome patients with longer hyoid to mental tubercle distances, and/or more inferior and posterior hyoid bone position, are more prone to retroglossal stenosis and obstruction. Hyoid cephalometrics are valuable for predicting retroglossal obstruction severity.
Diabetes, undernutrition, migration and indigenous communities: tuberculosis in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Rashak H. A. , Sánchez-Pérez H. J. , Abdelbary B. E. , Bencomo-Alerm A. , Enriquez-Ríos N. , Gómez-Velasco A. , Colorado A. , Castellanos-Joya M. , Rahbar M. H. , Restrepo B. I.
Published: January 2019

We investigated the distribution of comorbidities among adult tuberculosis (TB) patients in Chiapas, the poorest Mexican state, with a high presence of indigenous population, and a corridor for migrants from Latin America. Secondary analysis on 5508 new adult TB patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 revealed that the most prevalent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (DM; 19.1%) and undernutrition (14.4%). The prevalence of DM in these TB patients was significantly higher among middle aged (41–64 years) compared with older adults (⩾65 years) (38.6% vs. 23.2%; P < 0.0001). The prevalence of undernutrition was lower among those with DM, and higher in communities with high indigenous presence. Immigrants only comprised 2% of all TB cases, but were more likely to have unfavourable TB treatment outcomes (treatment failure, death and default) when compared with those born in Chiapas (29.5% vs. 11.1%; P < 0.05). Unfavourable TB outcomes were also more prevalent among the TB patients with undernutrition, HIV or older age, but not DM (P < 0.05). Our study in Chiapas illustrates the challenges of other regions worldwide where social (e.g. indigenous origin, poverty, migration) and host factors (DM, undernutrition, HIV, older age) are associated with TB. Further understanding of these critical factors will guide local policy makers and health providers to improve TB management.
Political connections and stock returns: evidence from the Boulangist campaign, 1888–1889
Authors: Ortiz-Serrano Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2019

The decade of the 1880s was a turbulent period for the French Third Republic. Corruption scandals that discredited republican parties and a lacklustre economic performance after the Paris Bourse crash of 1882 gave rise to widespread public disenchantment with the republican political elites. The rise of the Boulangist movement was the most representative example of this disillusionment. In 1887, Georges Boulanger, an army general and former minister of war, began orchestrating a populist mass campaign against the ruling republicans and the parliamentary regime. His political agitation, supported by a heterogeneous coalition of socialists, radicals and royalists, reached a climax in January 1889, when, after winning a Paris by-election, he had an opportunity to stage a coup d’état, which did not materialise. To understand whether French investors perceived the Boulangist campaign as a real threat to their interests, I use an original dataset of daily stock prices to analyse the effect of the January 1889 by-election on the value of politically connected firms listed on the Paris Bourse. The results show that firms with links to the republican parties experienced positive cumulative abnormal returns after Boulanger's refusal to stage the coup, while there was no effect on firms connected to the royalist parties or with no political ties. These findings suggest that French investors reacted positively to the prospective subsiding of the Boulangist movement.
Rapid development of pulmonary hypertension during treatment of paediatric cancer
Authors: Aggarwal Manish , Schuettpelz Laura , Kolodziej Julie , Grady R. Mark
Published: January 2019

Paediatric pulmonary hypertension has been described as a secondary complication of multiple diseases and their treatment. Limited information exists about the relationship between pulmonary hypertension and cancer in children. A review of charts was performed in all patients treated for cancer and developed pulmonary hypertension. A total of four patients developed pulmonary hypertension during treatment of cancer. All patients had solid tumors, had echocardiographic evidence of elevated right ventricular pressures, and required intensive care stays. Treatment courses included inhaled and oral pulmonary vasodilators along with systemic steroids. Each had normalisation of echocardiograms and resolution of pulmonary symptoms. Prompt diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and treatment with pulmonary vasodilators and steroids are considered important measures followed by chemotherapy and radiation regimens.
Transient left bundle branch block and left ventricular dysfunction in a patient with NLRP1-associated autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis syndrome
Authors: Garrelfs Mark R. , Hoppenreijs Esther , Tanke Ronald B.
Published: January 2019

The NLRP1-associated autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis syndrome is a rare novel autoinflammatory disorder. Cardiac involvement has not been previously reported. We present a 12-year-old girl with NLRP1-associated autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis syndrome who was diagnosed with severely impaired left ventricular function and complete left bundle branch block during an exacerbation of the disease. Cardiac dysfunction proved to be rapidly reversible after initiation of high-dose methylprednisolone.
Theta-Band Functional Connectivity and Single-Trial Cognitive Control in Sports-Related Concussion: Demonstration of Proof-of-Concept for a Potential Biomarker of Concussion
Authors: Smith Ezra E. , Allen John J.B.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:This report examined theta-band neurodynamics for potential biomarkers of brain health in athletes with concussion.Methods:Participants included college-age contact/collision athletes with (N=24) and without a history of concussion (N=16) in Study 1. Study 2 (N=10) examined changes over time in contact/collision athletes. There were two primary dependent variables: (1) theta-band phase-synchronization (e.g., functional connectivity) between medial and right-lateral electrodes; and (2) the within-subject correlation between synchronization strength on error trials and post-error reaction time (i.e., operationalization of cognitive control).Results:Head injury history was inversely related with medial-lateral connectivity. Head injury was also related to declines in a neurobehavioral measure of cognitive control (i.e., the single-trial relationship between connectivity and post-error slowing).Conclusions:Results align with a theory of connectivity-mediated cognitive control. Mild injuries undetectable by behavioral measures may still be apparent on direct measures of neural functioning. This report demonstrates that connectivity and cognitive control measures may be useful for tracking recovery from concussion. Theoretically relevant neuroscientific findings in healthy adults may have applications in patient populations, especially with regard to monitoring brain health. (JINS2019,25, 314–323)
LoadDef: A Python‐Based Toolkit to Model Elastic Deformation Caused by Surface Mass Loading on Spherically Symmetric Bodies
Authors: Martens Hilary R. , Rivera Luis , Simons Mark
Published: January 2019

Temporal variations of surface masses, such as the hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth, load the surfaces of planetary bodies causing temporal variations in deformation. Surface shear forces and gravitational fields also drive ongoing planetary deformation. Characterizing the spatiotemporal patterns of planetary deformation can constrain allowable models for the interior structure of a planetary body as well as for the distribution of surface and body forces. Pertinent applications include hydrology, glaciology, geodynamics, atmospheric science, and climatology. To address the diversity of emerging applications, we introduce a software suite called LoadDef that provides a collection of modular functions for modeling planetary deformation within a self‐consistent, Python‐based computational framework. Key features of LoadDef include computation of real‐valued potential, load, and shear Love numbers for self‐gravitating and spherically symmetric planetary models; computation of Love‐number partial derivatives with respect to planetary density and elastic structure; computation of displacement, gravity, tilt, and strain load Green's functions; and computation of three‐component surface displacements induced by surface mass loading. At a most basic level, only a planetary‐structure model and a mass‐load model must be supplied as input to LoadDef to utilize all the main features of the software. The end‐to‐end forward‐modeling capabilities for mass‐loading applications lay the foundation for sensitivity studies and geodetic tomography. LoadDef results have been validated with Global Navigation Satellite System observations and verified against independent software and published results. As a case study, we use LoadDef to predict the solid Earth's elastic response to ocean tidal loading across the western United States.
Satellite Observations of the Contrasting Response of Trees and Grasses to Variations in Water Availability
Authors: Walther Sophia , Duveiller Gregory , Jung Martin , Guanter Luis , Cescatti Alessandro , Camps‐Valls Gustau
Published: January 2019

Interannual variations in ecosystem primary productivity are dominated by water availability. Until recently, characterizing the photosynthetic response of different ecosystems to soil moisture anomalies was hampered by observational limitations. Here, we use a number of satellite‐based proxies for productivity, including spectral indices, sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and data‐driven estimates of gross primary production, to reevaluate the relationship between terrestrial photosynthesis and water. In contrast to nonwoody vegetation, we find a resilience of forested ecosystems to reduced soil moisture. Sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence and data‐driven gross primary production indicate an increase in photosynthesis as a result of the accompanying higher amounts of light and temperature despite lowered light‐use‐efficiency. Conversely, remote sensing indicators of greenness reach their detection limit and largely remain stable. Our study thus highlights the differential responses of ecosystems along a tree cover gradient and illustrates the importance of differentiating photosynthesis indicators from those of greenness for the monitoring and understanding of ecosystems.
Forest Drought Resistance at Large Geographic Scales
Authors: Brodrick P. G. , Anderegg L. D. L. , Asner G. P.
Published: January 2019

Forest conservation and carbon sequestration efforts are on the rise, yet the long‐term stability of these efforts under a changing climate remains unknown. We generate nearly three decades of remotely sensed canopy water content throughout California, which we use to determine patterns of drought stress. Linking these patterns of drought stress with meteorological variables enables us to quantify spatially explicit biophysical drought resistance in terms of magnitude and duration. These maps reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in drought resistance and demonstrate that almost all forests have less resistance to severe, persistent droughts. By identifying the spatial patterning of biophysical drought resistance, we quantify an important component of long‐term ecosystem stability that can be used for forest conservation, management, and policy decisions.
Microbial and Geochronologic Constraints on the Neogene Paleotopography of Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhuang Guangsheng , Zhang Yi Ge , Hourigan Jeremy , Ritts Bradley , Hren Michael , Hou Mingqiu , Wu Minghao , Kim Bumsoo
Published: January 2019

High topography is the manifestation of the balance between deep and surficial erosional processes. Hence, reconstructions of paleotopography are critical for disentangling records of orogenesis and climate. Here we used a new approach by combining detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology and tetraether‐based paleothermometry to characterize the Neogene paleotopography of Northern Tibetan Plateau. Detrital zircon U‐Pb data reveal that the Qilian Shan has been uplifted, providing sediments to bounding basins since circa 15.8 Ma. The paleothermometry studies show warm temperatures for paleosols (<12.4–9.5 Ma and 3.7–2.0 Ma) and low temperatures for lacustrine facies (12.4 Ma and 9.5–3.7 Ma). We interpret the different temperatures to reflect the in situ production of tetraethers under warm temperatures within the basin (paleosols) versus terrestrial inputs from high and cold drainage to the paleolake (lacustrine facies). The study supports a topography with significant relief in the Northern Tibetan Plateau since 12.4 Ma.
New Hydrographic Measurements of the Upper Arctic Western Eurasian Basin in 2017 Reveal Fresher Mixed Layer and Shallower Warm Layer Than 2005–2012 Climatology
Authors: Athanase Marylou , Sennéchael Nathalie , Garric Gilles , Koenig Zoé , Boles Elisabeth , Provost Christine
Published: January 2019

In 2017, Ice Atmosphere Ocean Observing System autonomous drifting platforms provided extensive physical and biogeochemical data in the upper 350 m of the western Eurasian Basin through their 8‐month drift across the Amundsen Basin, the Gakkel Ridge, the Nansen Basin and western Fram Strait. Comparison with WOA13 climatology indicates a fresher surface layer and shallower warm layer in 2017 than in 2005–2012. The Ice Atmosphere Ocean Observing System 2017 data feature two halocline eddies in the Amundsen Basin and two Atlantic Water (AW) mesoscale structures in the Nansen Basin. Analysis of the global (1/12)° Mercator Ocean operational system suggests that the halocline eddies resulted from instabilities in the frontal zone between fresher Makarov waters and saltier Eurasian waters. This frontal region appears to have shifted further southeast in 2017 (near 88°N, 10°E) compared to 2005–2012. The operational system depicts the large AW structure in the Nansen Basin (140 km crossed as far as 83.7°N, 34.5°E) as an AW meander from the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, which turned into an anticyclonic eddy about a month after the platforms drifted away. The AW structure at 82.8°N, 3°W, northwest of the Yermak Plateau, corresponds to an AW recirculating branch detaching from the Yermak Plateau slope back toward Fram Strait.
Improving Land Surface Temperature Simulation in CoLM Over the Tibetan Plateau Through Fractional Vegetation Cover Derived From a Remotely Sensed Clumping Index and Model‐Simulated Leaf Area Index
Authors: Li Chengwei , Lu Hui , Leung L. Ruby , Yang Kun , Li Hongyi , Wang Wei , Han Menglei , Chen Yingying
Published: January 2019

Parameterizations of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) in land surface models have important effects on simulations of surface energy budget, especially in arid and semiarid regions. This study uses a FVC scheme in which FVC is derived from leaf area index and a remotely sensed clumping index. The performance of the new scheme (SMFVC) is evaluated against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) and in situ soil temperature observations, together with two other FVC schemes, a general FVC scheme (CTL) based on land cover map and a climatology‐based FVC scheme (RSFVC) that uses long‐term remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of MODIS. The three FVC schemes were implemented in the Common Land Model (CoLM) and applied in the Tibetan Plateau using the same forcing data and default parameters. Our results demonstrate that FVC schemes have significant influence on the CoLM performance: (1) the RSFVC and SMFVC schemes significantly reduce the LST biases found in CTL, particularly in grassland and during summer; (2) soil temperature evaluation by in situ observations from three networks on the Tibetan Plateau corroborates the LST results; and (3) the improvements are mainly related to representing temporal (seasonal) variability and subgrid heterogeneity of FVC, which improves surface albedo and surface energy balance. In other words, by including more vegetation characteristics, such as using a clumping index, land surface models may better simulate surface vegetation condition and further better represent the land surface energy budget over the Tibetan Plateau.
Scaling, Anisotropy, and Complexity in Near‐Surface Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Stiperski Ivana , Calaf Marc , Rotach Mathias W.
Published: January 2019

The development of a unified similarity scaling has so far failed over complex surfaces, as scaling studies show large deviations from the empirical formulations developed over flat and horizontally homogeneous terrain as well as large deviations between the different complex terrain data sets. However, a recent study of turbulence anisotropy for flat and horizontally homogeneous terrain has shown that separating the data according to the limiting states of anisotropy (isotropic, two‐component axisymmetric and one‐component turbulence) improves near‐surface scaling. In this paper we explore whether this finding can be extended to turbulence over inclined and horizontally heterogeneous surfaces by examining near‐surface scaling for 12 different data sets obtained over terrain ranging from flat to mountainous. Although these data sets show large deviations in scaling when all anisotropy types are examined together, the separation according to the limiting states of anisotropy significantly improves the collapse of data onto common scaling relations, indicating the possibility of a unified framework for turbulence scaling. A measure of turbulence complexity is developed, and the causes for the breakdown of scaling and the physical mechanisms behind the turbulence complexity encountered over complex terrain are identified and shown to be related to the distance to the isotropic state, prevalence of directional shear with height in mountainous terrain, and the deviations from isotropy in the inertial subrange.