bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling transverse micro flow in dry fiber placement preforms
Authors: Rimmel Oliver , May David
Published: November 2019

Dry fiber placement has a large potential for manufacturing preforms for primary-load components at minimum scrap rate and fiber crimp. Yet, challenging impregnation behavior due to low permeability of these preforms during liquid composite molding imposes a need for further research to optimize preform structure for higher permeability. For full understanding of flow behavior within these preforms, flow has to be considered on micro scale (in between single fibers), on meso scale (in between single rovings or strands), and on macro scale (on scale of parts to be manufactured). While macro and meso scale can be measured in experiments or derived from filling times in real processes, micro scale is usually not easily assessable and accessible for standard textile materials. Analytical approaches are limited to regular fiber arrangements (square and hexagonal) that are strongly differing from real arrangements. The present work deals with application of a numerical solver to random fiber arrangements to determine micro permeability transverse to the fiber orientation, for later use in meso- and macro-scaled models. As a premise for reliable calculation, guidelines for boundary conditions as well as size and resolution of the representative volume element are elaborated in the course of this work. Calculated out-of-plane micro permeabilities are subsequently compared to real experiments and show good accordance. The influence of binder particles on micro permeability has not yet been conclusively clarified.
Introduction to the Special Edition of the Review of Black Political Economy on Revisiting the Kerner Commission Report
Authors: Gooden Susan T. , Myers Samuel L.
Published: November 2019

Revisiting the work of the Kerner Commission after 50 years offers the opportunity to explore two unresolved research and policy issues. First, many of the racial disparities that promoted widespread disorder and violent protests in 1967-1968 remain today. Second, there is the embarrassment of not having any African American researchers on the technical staff examining the causes and consequences of racial disparities in economic outcomes. This special edition of the Review of Black Political Economy ( RBPE), with generous support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, explores these two themes.
Endangered elements, critical raw materials and conflict minerals
Authors: Rhodes Christopher J
Published: November 2019

Amid present concerns over a potential scarcity of critical elements and raw materials that are essential for modern technology, including those for low-carbon energy production, a survey of the present situation, and how it may unfold both in the immediate and the longer term, appears warranted. For elements such as indium, current recycling rates are woefully low, and although a far more effective recycling programme is necessary for most materials, it is likely that a full-scale inauguration of a global renewable energy system will require substitution of many scarcer elements by more Earth-abundant material alternatives. Currently, however, it is fossil fuels that are needed to process them, and many putative Earth-abundant material technologies are insufficiently close to the level of commercial viability required to begin to supplant their fossil fuel equivalents “necessarily rapidly and at scale”. As part of a significant expansion of renewable energy production, it will be necessary to recycle elements from wind turbines and solar panels (especially thin-film cells). The interconnected nature of particular materials, for example, cadmium, gallium, germanium, indium and tellurium, all mainly being recovered from the production of zinc, aluminium and copper, and helium from natural gas, means that the availability of such ‘hitchhiker’ elements is a function of the reserve size and production rate of the primary (or ‘attractor’) material. Even for those elements that are relatively abundant on Earth, limitations in their production rates/supply may well be experienced on a timescale of decades, and so a more efficient (reduced) use of them, coupled with effective collection and recycling strategies, should be embarked upon urgently.
Novel design of integrated thermal functional garment for primary dysmenorrhea relief: The study and customizable application development of thermal conductive woven fabric
Authors: Zhao Yuanfang , Li Li
Published: November 2019

Thermal garments applied with thermal woven technology especially targeted to relieve primary dysmenorrhea (PD) can hardly be found in the current commercial market. This study had successfully designed, fabricated and studied seven types of thermal conductive woven fabrics woven with two different kinds of silver-coated conductive yarns in three structures, three weft densities and three weft conductive yarn design arrangements, thereby developing a customizable application–an integrated thermal functional garment for PD relief. Appearance, mass, thickness, air permeability, water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, maximum heat flux, electrical resistance, heating temperature and power efficiency were evaluated to guide the development of an application prototype. On the basis of the results, an optimized design and fabrication were conducted to create a practical and customizable thermal functional garment for PD with successful relief, which can be well industrialized and fill in the commercial gap in the future.
Multi-color measurement of printed fabric using the hyperspectral imaging system
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Wu Junkai , Hu Xudong , Zhang Xinen
Published: November 2019

Printed fabrics usually have multiple colors and intricate patterns, which make it difficult to directly measure the colors of the printed fabrics with a traditional spectrophotometer. However, a hyperspectral imaging system (HIS) can measure multiple colors since it acquires the spectral reflectance of a continuous band at every point of the fabric. For multiple-color printed fabrics, color segmentation is also very important. In this paper, color measurement of printed fabrics using the HIS was implemented; an algorithm which combines the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm and the density peaks clustering (DPC) algorithm was then proposed to automatically determine the number of colors on the printed fabric and accurately segment the color regions for measurement. Firstly, the SOM algorithm was used to identify the main clusters, the DPC algorithm with Silhouette Index was then used to identify the optimal number of colors and merge the clusters. Experimental results show that this algorithm not only automatically determines the optimal number of colors for printed fabric and achieves accurate color segmentation, but requires less time for execution.
Compact cities and economic productivity in Mexico
Authors: Monkkonen Paavo , Montejano Jorge , Guerra Erick , Caudillo Camilo
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the contingent nature of agglomeration economies. Existing empirical evidence that compact cities are more productive is mostly from countries and regions with highly productive service sectors, such as the USA or Europe. We hypothesise that this relationship will differ in countries where land-intensive manufacturing activities are more productive than services. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using data from the 100 largest cities in Mexico in 1990, 2000 and 2010. Under a number of specifications, we find that the most common measures of urban compactness are, in fact, negatively associated with economic productivity. This holds even when instrumenting urban spatial structure with the underlying geology of urban areas. The findings suggest a need for greater attention to national economic structure in the study of agglomeration economies, and that policy agendas focused on compact urbanisation take account of the needs of the manufacturing sector.
Speculative homemaking: Women’s labour, class mobility and the affect of homeownership in South Korea
Authors: Choo Hae Yeon
Published: November 2019

Since the 1960s, urban South Korea has seen a series of real estate booms characterised by a huge surge in the construction of apartment complexes and skyrocketing housing prices. In this environment, many South Koreans have begun to view their homes as a source of profit-making. Through in-depth interviews, I examine how women in South Korea have emerged as agents of this urban transformation by engaging in ‘speculative homemaking’, an activity that merges the domestic work of household management with the work of real estate speculation. This article investigates how South Korean women’s gendered practices are embedded in the larger landscape of women’s work for class mobility and reproduction, highlighting class-divergent pathways to homeownership that are propelled by distinct affect – fear, anxiety and ease. Demonstrating how speculative logic pervades the domestic and the everyday, this article foregrounds the significance of gendered labour and affect for the study of urban processes and class formation.
Unravelling the Centrality of Tenure Security in Determining Resettlement Packages for Oil Refinery Displaced Persons in Uganda’s Albertine Graben
Authors: Mugagga Frank , Byakagaba Patrick , Tibakunirwa Leonida
Published: November 2019

This paper investigates the role of tenure security in defining resettlement packages for oil refinery displaced communities of the Kabaale parish. The parish is located in the Buseruka sub-county, Hoima district in western Uganda. Descriptive and explorative designs employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to enlist data from 48 displaced households as well as key informants. Customary land tenure is not fully acknowledged as legitimate, and thus customary landowners were not fairly treated as compared to those whose land was formally registered under freehold tenure. It was found that women and other secondary land rights owners were unfairly treated in the resettlement packages. We concluded that customary tenure security ought to be enhanced through the acquisition of certificates of customary ownership and that local communities should be sensitised to respect women’s land rights.
Revisiting Decentralising Organisations at Chilika Fishery
Authors: Baral Kabita
Published: November 2019

In India, since the 1990s, the state has formed numerous locally situated organisations for decentralising governance of natural resources (DGNR). However, these organisations largely remain ineffective in addressing resource issues at the local scale, devolution, and participatory governance. Fishery at Chilika lagoon located in the eastern coast of Odisha, India is not any exception. While the state continues to experiment with different forms of local resource governing organisations, the current article investigates two such DGNR organisations, that is, the Chilika Development Authority and Primary Fishery Cooperative located at Chilika to understand varied issues faced by Chilika fisheries. The article argues that contemporary natural resource governing organisational arrangements at Chilika limit decentralisation, which in practice becomes a mere reduction in the scale of territorial extension.
Are Chinese Cities Oversized?
Authors: Shen Daidai , Thill Jean-Claude , Sun Jiuwen
Published: November 2019

In this article, the socioeconomic determinants on urban population in China are empirically investigated with a theoretical equilibrium model for city size. While much of the research on urban size focuses on the impact of agglomeration economies based on “optimal city size” theory, this model is eschewed in our research due to its theoretical paradox in the real world, and we turn instead toward an intermediate solution proposed by Camagni, Capello, and Caragliu. This equilibrium model is estimated on a sample of 111 prefectural cities in China with multiple regression and artificial neural networks. Empirical results have shown that the model explains the variance in the data very well, and all the determinants have significant impacts on Chinese city sizes. Although sample cities have reached their equilibrium sizes as a whole, there is substantially unbalanced distribution of population within the urban system, with a strong contingent of cities that are either squarely too large or too small.
Reflections: Starting an Otolaryngology Medical Student Interest Group
Authors: Hu Amanda
Published: November 2019

A decline in applicants for otolaryngology residency spots has been reported. Several possible factors include the lack of exposure to otolaryngology, the lack of role models, work‐life balance, and the competitiveness of otolaryngology as a deterrent. Our institution started a medical student interest group to address several of these factors. Key stakeholders who were engaged in this process included medical students, otolaryngology residents, and faculty members. Sustainability of the interest group was investigated with funding and succession planning. Early exposure to otolaryngology through shadowing in the operating room and research projects were initiated with a database on a website. Logistics of starting a club and organizing a clinical skills session were discussed. Awareness of our specialty and branding of the interest group as otolaryngology versus ear, nose, and throat were debated. Starting a medical student interest group in otolaryngology may be an excellent way to foster interest in our specialty.
Book review: Sumanyu Satpathy, Will to Argue: Studies in Late Colonial and Postcolonial Controversies
Authors: Sarangi Asha
Published: November 2019

Sumanyu Satpathy, Will to Argue: Studies in Late Colonial and Postcolonial Controversies, Primus Books, Delhi, 2017, 222 pp., ₹850.
A national study of the causes, consequences and amelioration of adverse events in the use of MRI, CT, and conventional radiography in Norway
Authors: Bose Åshild M , Khan Bukholm Ida R , Bukholm Geir , Geitung Jonn Terje
Published: November 2019

Background

Rapid technological developments, increased complexity, and increased demand have made patient safety a challenge in radiology.

Purpose

To uncover the causes and consequences behind patient injury compensation claims in the use of MRI, CT, and conventional X-ray examinations, and to determine the system factors that need to be focused on in order to prevent these events.

Material and Methods

This descriptive cross-sectional study uses data acquired from The Norwegian System of Patient Injury Compensation. A total of 240 cases from 2012–2016 were included.

Results

According to our study, the main factors contributing to patient injury compensation claims in radiology were false-negative findings (48.7%), misinterpretation (13.1%), and “satisfaction of search” (12%). Another source of error was routines (8.7%), mainly where the patient should have been (further) examined using another modality. Other causes were related to communication (7.6%), procedures (2.9%), technical factors (2.5%), organizational and management factors (1.5%), competence (0.7%), location of the lesion (0.7%), patient factors (0.7%), false-positive findings (0.4%), and work environment (0.4%). These events led to delayed diagnosis and/or treatment in the range of 0–3650 days.

Conclusion

Errors of perception (false negative and “satisfaction of search”) and cognitive errors (misinterpretation) were the main reasons behind patient injury compensation claims in radiology. We suggest that a combination of double-reading, specialization, increased collaboration between professionals, as well as a reduction of unnecessary examinations should be considered to reduce adverse events in radiology.
Learning Progress in a Chinese Order of Stroke Game: The Effects of Intrinsic Cognitive Load and Gameplay Interest Mediated by Flow Experience
Authors: Hong Jon-Chao , Hwang Ming-Yueh , Tai Kai-Hsin , Lin Pei-Hsin , Lin Pei-Chun
Published: November 2019

When learning to write Chinese characters, it is essential for students to learn and maintain the correct order of the strokes. Chinese teachers often use computer-supported drill and practice to develop students' ability to write in the correct order, but such devices are rarely designed to stimulate learners' memory-manipulation in cognitive processes. To enhance the effect of the stimuli, a computer game called Chinese order of strokes was designed for students to practice their sensorimotor skill by providing a different color (i.e., red) to evoke learners' memory-manipulation cognitive processes. To understand the effect of this game, third-grade students from an elementary school in Taipei were invited to play Chinese order of strokes, and the correlates between their intrinsic cognitive load, gameplay interest, and flow experience were examined. The results showed that intrinsic cognitive load was negatively related to gameplay interest and flow, gameplay interest was positively related to flow, and flow was positively related to learning progress. The results imply that teachers can utilize a digital Chinese order of strokes to implement characters based on their own teaching materials and to facilitate the students' learning of the correct order of strokes.
Prediction of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Tokatly Latzer Itay , Blumovich Amit , Sagi Liora , Uliel-Sibony Shimrit , Fattal-Valevski Aviva
Published: November 2019

Epilepsy is estimated to exist in approximately 40% of individuals with cerebral palsy; however, the specific features that make it drug resistant are not well defined. The main aim of this study was to determine the clinical risk factors that could predict drug-resistant epilepsy, in children with cerebral palsy. The study was performed via a retrospective chart review, analyzing clinical parameters of 118 children with cerebral palsy with either drug-resistant epilepsy or controlled epilepsy, between the years 2013 and 2018. We established a predictive model for drug-resistant epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy that is simple to apply in clinical settings and composed of the additive effect of a low Apgar score at 5 minutes, neonatal seizures, focal-onset epilepsy, and focal slowing on electroencephalogram (EEG; area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.840). Early prediction of drug-resistant epilepsy may benefit to achieve better seizure control in children with cerebral palsy.
Non-Peruvian teacher attrition in Lima’s international school sector: Power, agency and identity
Authors: Everitt William
Published: November 2019

This research is an enquiry into non-Peruvian teacher turnover in Lima’s international school sector. The findings are based on interviews conducted in November 2017 with educators employed in this field. Drawing its theoretical basis from phenomenology, the investigation adopts a case-study methodology. Through the lenses of power and agency, interview analysis focuses on schools’ leadership policies and styles together with teachers’ ideas regarding their own identities and professional status. In terms of teachers’ experiences, agency and school administrations, the findings testify to a wide variety of conditions in this sector. The outcomes support claims made within existing published research for the interdependency of teacher agency, professional identity and organisational structures. While highlighting the link between teacher agency and job satisfaction, this research supports the view that leadership is a major factor influencing teacher turnover rates.
Humidity variations spanning the ‘Little Ice Age’ from an upland lake in southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Tingwei , Yang Xiaoqiang , Chen Qiong , Toney Jaime L , Zhou Qixian , Gao Huahong
Published: November 2019

A number of archives that span the past ~2000 years suggest that recent variability in hydroclimatic conditions that are influenced by the Asian monsoon in China are unusual in the longer term context. However, the lack of high-resolution precipitation records over this period hampered our ability to characterize and constrain the forcing mechanism(s) of the recent humidity variations. Here, we present the ratio of hematite to goethite (Hm/Gt) derived from the semiquantitative evaluation of the diffuse reflectance spectroscopic analysis as a reliable and effective precipitation proxy to reconstruct the humidity variations during the past 1400 years deduced from Tengchongqinghai Lake sediments, southwestern China. Hm/Gt varied synchronously with variations of Chinese temperature reconstructed from the historical documents and sunspot activity index over the past 1400 years. Critical periodicities of ~450 and ~250 years show that solar activity is the dominant control on precipitation change on centennial scales. However, the relationship determined from Hm/Gt in this study contradicts the stalagmite δ18O interpretations from different regions of China, which exhibit a more complex precipitation pattern that is influenced by the strength of westerly jet in addition to the Asian monsoon. The increased westerly jet during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) caused a humid climate in southern China and dry conditions in northern and western China.
Philip De la Cour (1710–1785), a Jewish Physician in eighteenth-century London and Bath
Authors: Collins Kenneth
Published: November 2019

Portugal exiled its Jews in 1497. In 1536, the Portuguese Inquisition began to persecute Jews who continued to practice their religion in secret. It became difficult for the secret Jews to leave Portugal, but small communities of emigres grew up around Europe, especially in London, Amsterdam and Salonica (Thessaloniki), and beyond. As the Portuguese Inquisition became more active in the early decades of the eighteenth-century, Jews, who had been accustomed to practising their religion in secret, while outwardly conforming to Catholicism, were again sought out for persecution. Philip De la Cour's parents escaped from Portugal and arrived in London around 1707 and his eventful life in London and Bath illustrates many of the aspects of eighteenth-century Jewish medical life.
Stable prevalence of faecal immunochemical test positivity over time in Italy
Authors: Zorzi Manuel , Battagello Jessica , Rugge Massimo
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The prevalence of guaiac faecal occult blood positivity among participants aged 50 in the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme showed a significant increase from 2007 to 2017. As a comparison, we examined the trend in the prevalence of faecal immunochemical test (FIT) positivity among participants aged 50 in the colorectal cancer screening programme of the Veneto region (north-east Italy) from 2006 to 2018.

Methods

The target population includes residents aged 50–69, who are invited to repeat the FIT every two years. The screening programme uses the OC-Hemodia latex agglutination test, with a cut-off for positivity of 20 µg of haemoglobin per g of faeces.

Results

Based on 182,275 FITs performed on participants aged 50, overall FIT positivity was 3.6% in 2006 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1–4.2) and 3.7% (95% CI: 3.4–3.9) in 2018, showing no significant trend ( p = 0.19). The prevalence of positive test results was higher in males throughout the study period. No gradient was seen for men (2006 = 4.4%, 95% CI: 3.6–5.3; 2018 = 4.2%, 95% CI: 3.9–4.6; p = 0.10) or women (2006 = 2.8%, 95% CI: 2.1–3.5; 2018 = 3.2%, 95% CI: 2.9–3.5; p = 0.84).

Conclusions

In a FIT-based colorectal cancer screening programme in Italy, the test positivity over time was stable. Our findings suggest that the interpretation of faecal haemoglobin levels may not be geographically transferable.
Agentic Denial: How Athletic Teams Sustain Divergent Structures During Concussion Events
Authors: Zanin Alaina C. , Kamrath Jessica K. , Corman Steven R.
Published: November 2019

This study reveals how athletic health care teams, embedded within large bureaucratic organizations and complex social systems, negotiate and sustain multiple divergent structures. An iterative analysis of 69 in-depth interviews with National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes’ certified athletic trainers (ATCs) and coaches from four high-contact sports (i.e., women’s lacrosse, men’s wrestling, men’s soccer, and men’s football) revealed that team members coconstructed and negotiated multiple conflicting structures during concussion events. The divergent macro-, meso-, and micro-level structures include (a) formal versus hidden authority structures, (b) prevention versus inevitability discourse, (c) assigned versus enacted roles, and (d) authentic versus inauthentic injury performance. The analysis also revealed how a specific speech act, termed agentic denial, enabled members to obscure their agency within concussion events. Theoretical implications and practical recommendations are discussed.
The Practical Effects of Measurement Invariance: Gender Invariance in Two Big Five Personality Measures
Authors: Ock Jisoo , McAbee Samuel T. , Mulfinger Evan , Oswald Frederick L.
Published: November 2019

The essence of measurement invariance (MI) analysis is to test the assumption that observed scores on a scale accurately reflect respondents’ standings on a measured construct. Based on exploratory structural equation modeling, the current study examines gender-based MI in two Big Five measures of personality: the Mini-IPIP, and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) facet scales. We report results for MI based on both model fit indices and a practical significance index that quantifies the extent of noninvariance (i.e., dMACS). From the latter, we partition the observed group mean differences in scale scores into construct-irrelevant group differences versus construct-relevant group differences. In measures of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism across instruments, results supported metric invariance but not scalar invariance. That said, findings of statistical noninvariance were generally small in terms of practical effects, although some notable variability in the effects was evident. Overall, the current results provide evidence regarding gender-based MI of Big Five personality measures that are more detailed than that provided in past work. More generally, this study also provides useful guidance for future researchers investigating both the statistical and practical significance of measurement invariance.
Frequency of appropriate lab monitoring of oral chemotherapy in an outpatient setting
Authors: N Heck Jessica , A Null Aaron
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study is to understand the frequency of appropriate laboratory monitoring of oral chemotherapy at the Eastern Colorado Health Care System (ECHCS) compared to recommendations set forth in the 2012 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Guidance on Dispensing and Monitoring of Oral Chemotherapy.

Methods

This study is a retrospective chart review of patients who have received a subset of oral chemotherapy drugs at ECHCS. Patients 18 to 89 years of age with an active cancer diagnosis who initiated therapy at ECHCS between September 1, 2010 and August 31, 2014 were included in the study. Initial and subsequent prescription fill dates, appropriate labs as defined by VHA guidance and baseline and follow-up lab monitoring dates, and appropriate labs as defined by VHA guidance were collected for up to 12 cycles of chemotherapy per patient. Baseline labs were defined as within three months of the first prescription fill date, and follow-up labs were defined as within seven days of subsequent prescription fill dates.

Results

Results are presented as complete, partial, or incomplete and as attempt or no attempt at monitoring according to the VHA guidance recommendations. There was 100% attempt at laboratory monitoring at baseline; however, there was a decline in attempt and complete follow-up monitoring overall as well as for drugs that require special monitoring.

Conclusion

Based on recommendations from the 2012 VHA Guidance on Dispensing and Monitoring Oral Chemotherapy, data presented here demonstrate that ECHCS could benefit from improved lab monitoring in order to ensure safe and effective use of oral chemotherapies. These results provide a unique opportunity to consider the potential role of clinical pharmacists in monitoring and management of patients receiving oral chemotherapies as well as patient and provider education regarding the importance of appropriate lab monitoring.
Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police in 34 Countries: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Han Sungil , Hwang EuiGab , Nobles Matt R. , Basham Sherah L. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: November 2019

This study examines predictors of immigrants’ confidence in the police at the individual and national levels, based on the instrumental and expressive frameworks. Using the World Value Survey, the study analyzes data from 5,746 immigrants across 34 nations. Generalized multilevel mixed-effects models are utilized to test the effects of individual-level attributes and national-level structural indicators. Immigrants with a citizenship of the resident nation report higher confidence in the police. Neighborhood security, neighborhood trust, and perceived community membership influence immigrants’ confidence in the police. The national-level indicators, including diversity of the nation’s population and discriminatory culture, were significantly related to confidence in the police. In a society with a variety of nationalities and a more discriminatory culture, immigrants report more confidence in the police. Ensuring neighborhood security and improving social capital, such as institutional trust, are important for building confidence in the police.
Direct fluid–structure coupling analysis of reciprocating series seals in hydropneumatic suspension
Authors: Zhang Shouyuan
Published: November 2019

The reciprocating piston seals are crucial parts in hydraulic system, which are widely used in aerospace and military industry. A direct fluid–structure coupling method with high efficiency is proposed for solving the transient Elaso-Hydrodynamic-Lubrication problem in float piston series seal system of hydropneumatic suspension. The method is validated by theory solution of a simple pad-bearing film model. Detailed three-dimensional fluid–structure coupling model of the seal system is built using finite element discretization. Rubber material tests are carried out to obtain parameters of the third-order Ogden constitutive model for the O-ring seal. The sealing performance and friction force of the complicated series seal system are analyzed with direct fluid–structure dynamic coupling simulation in high pressure and high speeds conditions. The critical speed from mixed lubrication to full film lubrication is obtained. The fluid velocity and pressure distribution in the sealing gap along axial direction is compared. The outlet volume flux leakage in different piston speeds and inlet pressures is calculated to evaluate the sealing performance. The friction force experiment for the float piston system is carried out in various speeds. The friction force from direct fluid–structure interface simulation coincides well with the test result.
Racial sovereignty
Authors: Nisancioglu Kerem
Published: November 2019

This article explores how International Relations (IR) might better conceptualise and analyse an underexplored but constitutive relationship between race and sovereignty. I begin with a critical analysis of the ‘orthodox account’ of sovereignty which, I argue, produces an analytical and historical separation of race and sovereignty by: (1) abstracting from histories of colonial dispossession; (2) treating racism as a resolved issue in IR. Against the orthodox account, I develop the idea of ‘racial sovereignty’ as a mode of analysis which can: (1) overcome the historical abstractions in the orthodox account; (2) disclose the ongoing significance of racism in international politics. I make this argument in three moves. Firstly, I present a history of the 17th century struggle between ‘settlers’ and ‘natives’ over the colonisation of Virginia. This history, I argue, discloses the centrality of dispossession and racialisation in the attendant attempts of English settlers to establish sovereignty in the Americas. Secondly, by engaging with criticisms of ‘recognition’ found in the anticolonial tradition, I argue that the Virginian experience is not simply of historical interest or localised importance but helps us better understand racism as ongoing and structural. I then demonstrate how contemporary assertions of sovereignty in the context of Brexit disclose a set of otherwise concealed colonial and racialised relations. I conclude with the claim that interrogations of racial sovereignty are not solely of historical interest but are of political significance for our understanding of the world today.
On improvisation as dreaming and the therapist’s authentic use of self in music therapy
Authors: Lawes Martin
Published: November 2019

This article discusses the Music Therapist’s authentic use of self in improvisation-based music therapy to involve the therapist’s ability to ‘dream in music’. The topic is explored with reference to the work of psychoanalyst Thomas Ogden and illustrated with clinical examples from work with an adolescent with autism. The author describes the music-based dreaming through which it was possible to establish a musical connection with the client for the first time that enabled the client’s music and process to evolve as it had not previously. The thinking presented has links with Winnicott’s ideas about play, creativity and psychotherapy; with Stern’s ideas about implicit relational knowing, intersubjectivity and affect attunement; and with theorising about transference and counter-transference in music therapy. The article develops a theory of dreaming in music that highlights the importance of the therapist’s ability to work with the creativity of the unconscious, trusting the music that emerges from within.
Perceiving demographic diversity as a threat: Divergent effects of multiculturalism and polyculturalism
Authors: Osborn Hannah J. , Sosa Nicholas , Rios Kimberly
Published: November 2019

The growing racial/ethnic diversity in the United States can be perceived as threatening to White Americans. The present work examines how interethnic ideologies—different ways of framing ethnic diversity—moderate perceptions of threat and political conservatism among White Americans exposed to a passage about the US becoming a “majority-minority” nation. Across 3 studies, we found divergent effects of multiculturalism and polyculturalism within the context of growing diversity. Priming multiculturalism increased perceived threats to the ingroup’s power and status, which in turn led to greater endorsement of conservative political views (Studies 1 and 3) and warmer feelings toward a conservative political figure (i.e., Donald Trump; Studies 2 and 3); however, these relationships were attenuated and sometimes reversed among participants primed with polyculturalism. We discuss implications for how interethnic ideologies influence White Americans’ threatened responses to increasing diversity.
Experiential brand loyalty: Towards an extended conceptualisation of consumer allegiance to brands
Authors: Obiegbu Chinedu James , Larsen Gretchen , Ellis Nick
Published: November 2019

This article synthesises the experiential and meaning-based dimensions of loyalty to extend the brand loyalty canon. The experientially loyal consumer is defined as one who is sufficiently invested in a brand to find personal symbolic meanings in the act of consuming that brand and engage around these meanings, individually or within the context of communities of similarly engaged consumers in the pursuit of identity projects. Drawing on a particular type of consumer that epitomises experiential loyalty – the fan, the features of this new conceptualisation are highlighted. The foundations of ‘experiential brand loyalty’ in consumer research are identified and examined. The concept of experiential brand loyalty is articulated and set alongside existing research as a complementary position that bridges the gap between brand loyalty and experiential consumption literatures. Implications are drawn for future research and marketing practice.
Numerical studies on aerodynamics of high-speed railway train subjected to strong crosswind
Authors: Wang Xu , Qian Yuanhao , Chen Zengshun , Zhou Xiao , Li Huaqiang , Huang Hailin
Published: November 2019

Under the action of strong crosswind, the aerodynamic behavior of a rail vehicle at high speed will be changed significantly, which could directly affect the safe operation of the vehicle. With the help of the shape of train used in China, the aerodynamic characteristics of trains with scale of 1:1 is investigated using computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation method, which consists of the variation of aerodynamics force and moment with wind yaw angle, wind speed, train speed, and nose shape. After an initial validation against Baker’s results from wind tunnel test, the numerical model is then used to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the trains. The numerical results indicate that lift coefficient of the M train is slightly higher than TMC1 and TMC2 trains. Regardless of aerodynamics force coefficients, TMC1 reaches the maximum at a yaw angle of 75°. Aerodynamics force coefficient increases with both wind speed and train speed, but the change of which is not linear. Comparing aerodynamic force with different geometric dimensions of train nose, it is shown that height–width ratio is insensitive to side force and rolling moment, but sensitive to lift force from the yaw angle 0°–90°. The side force coefficient, as we most concern, is less than other results, when the length–width ratio is 1 and height–width is 0.87.
Law and Humanities: A Field Without a Canon
Authors: Ramshaw Sara
Published: November 2019

This short Commentary imagines law and humanities not as a “canon” per se, but as a “field without a canon”; or a canon that resists canonization. Arts-based practices utilized in legal research and teaching expose the law and humanities “canon” to its dual (and somewhat contradictory) nature: ever straining toward a preestablished archive, it must also leap ahead fearlessly to properly defy disciplinary boundaries and move the field beyond siloed thinking, which is one of the preliminary aims of law and humanities scholarship and pedagogy. Arts-based practices consist not of a stable collection of set texts but instead signify a process of experimentation that is ever in flux and alive to possibility. It is this process of discovering new arts-based practices that ensures law and humanities remains a vibrant, yet ever-changing, field for years to come. To that end, this Commentary surveys a sampling of outsider approaches to law and humanities scholarship and pedagogy, those more concerned with process than product, and which are coming from outside of or beyond the more traditionally conceived canon of law and humanities. These approaches fall into two broad categories: (1) arts-based scholarly legal practices and (2) arts-based legal pedagogical practices. A uniting feature of both these approaches is that they are being undertaken and explored by Canadian legal scholars at a small law school on Vancouver Island on the West Coast of Canada, namely the University of Victoria Faculty of Law, where there is an impressive number of faculty members using arts-based practices in their research and teaching.
State-of-the-art review of athletic wearable technology: What 113 strength and conditioning coaches and athletic trainers from the USA said about technology in sports
Authors: Luczak Tony , Burch Reuben , Lewis Edwin , Chander Harish , Ball John
Published: November 2019

Wearables are a multi-billion-dollar business with more growth expected. Wearable technology is fully entrenched at multiple levels of athletic competition, especially at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and professional levels where these solutions are used to gain competitive advantages by assessing health and performance of elite athletes. However, through the National Science Foundation (NSF) Innovation Corps (I-Corps) training experience, a different story emerged based on pilot interviews from coaches and trainers regarding the lack of trust in wearables, and how the technology falls short of measuring what practitioners need. An NSF I-Corps project was funded to interview over 100 strength and conditioning coaches (S&CCs) and athletic trainers (ATs) regarding the current state of wearables at the NCAA and professional levels. Through 113 unstructured interviews, a conceptual map of relationships amongst themes and sub-themes regarding wearable technology emerged through the grouping of responses into meaning units (MUs). Interview findings revealed that discussions by S&CCs and ATs regarding wearables could be grouped into themes tied to (a) the organizational environment, (b) the athlete, and (c) the analyst or data scientist. Through this project, key findings and lessons learned were aggregated into sub-themes including: the sports ecosystem and organizational structure, brand development, recruiting, compliance and gamification of athletes, baselining movement and injury mitigation, internal and external loads, “return tos,” and quantifying performance. These findings can be used by practitioners to understand general technology practices and where to close the gap between what is available versus what is needed.
Lack of elevation and external rotation in the shoulder: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty combined with latissimus dorsi transfer to the humerus versus the greater tuberosity
Authors: Zafra Manuel , Uceda Pilar , Muñoz Francisco , Ruiz-Bonilla Carmen , Font Pilar
Published: November 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare clinical outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) combined with latissimus dorsi transfer by modified L’Episcopo (Group I) versus the greater tuberosity (Group II) in patients with lack of elevation and external rotation in the shoulder.

Materials and methods

Eighteen patients participated in the study. They were placed randomly into two groups of nine patients in each group. The results were evaluated prior to surgery and at the end follow-up.

Results

The average follow-up was 33.2 months. The mean ASES scores improved from 13 points to 79 in Group I and from 15 to 73 in Group II. The mean Constant shoulder scores improved from 19 to 66 in Group I and from 18 to 67 in Group II. Mean active elevation increased from 59° to 147° in Group I and from 58° to 148° in Group II. The mean external rotation scores increased from −43° to 7° in Group I and from −41° to 23° in Group II.

Conclusion

Comparing clinical outcomes and active elevation, there were no significant differences. The latissimus dorsi transfer to the greater tuberosity provided greater external rotation than did the modified L’Episcopo transfer.
The accuracy of computed tomography for clavicle non-union evaluation
Authors: Nicholson Jamie A , Fox B , Dhir R , Simpson AHRW , Robinson CM
Published: November 2019

Background

The primary aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of CT scanning when evaluating non-union of the clavicle.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all CT scans undertaken for suspected nonunion of midshaft clavicle fractures over a 10-year period. The influence of scan timing, callus and patient characteristics was evaluated.

Results

One hundred eighty-four CT scans were analysed. No patient was incorrectly diagnosed with union ( n = 85). Ninety-nine scans were reported as non-union with inadequate bridging callus, 19 of which were united at operation or on repeat CT imaging and represented delayed unions. Atrophic callus was found in 57 patients and all of which had a confirmed non-union (positive predictive value 100%). A hypertrophic callus was found in 42 patients, all of the delayed unions were found in this group (positive predictive value for non-union 55%, p < 0.001). CT compared to radiographs showed greater inter-observer agreement for union (weighted kappa 0.75 vs. 0.50 respectively). Overall, CT is 100% sensitive and 81.7% specific for non-union diagnosis.

Discussion

CT has excellent accuracy to determine clavicle union but approximately one in five suspected non-unions went onto unite. Hypertrophic callus finding resulted in a delayed union in approximately half of the cases in our study.
The 22-Item Sinonasal Outcome Test as a Tool for the Assessment of Quality of Life and Symptom Control in Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Husain Qasim , Hoehle Lloyd , Phillips Katie , Caradonna David S. , Gray Stacey T. , Sedaghat Ahmad R.
Published: November 2019

Background

The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure for chronic rhinosinusitis and in many circumstances is used in rhinology/otolaryngology clinics to assess sinonasal symptoms in general when a formal diagnosis is not established, although with little support for such usage.

Objective

To assess the utility of the SNOT-22 as a reflection of quality of life (QOL) and symptom control for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Retrospective review of 353 patients with persistent AR. Each patient completed a SNOT-22, 5-item EuroQol general health-related QOL (EQ-5D) questionnaire (from which the visual analog scale [VAS] was used), and Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT). In addition, 95 patients also completed these questionnaires 1 to 12 months later.

Results

The SNOT-22 was negatively correlated with the EuroQol 5-dimensional visual analog scale (EQ-5D VAS; r = −.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.53 to −0.36, P < .001) and RCAT ( r = −.62, 95% CI: −0.68 to −0.55, P < .001), with excellent internal consistency. The SNOT-22 demonstrated responsiveness, with mean change of −5.8 (95% CI: −8.9 to −2.6, P < .001) from pre- to posttreatment. The change in SNOT-22 over the treatment period was correlated with change in EQ-5D VAS ( r = −.28, 95% CI: −0.46 to −0.07, P = .008) and RCAT ( r = −.56, 95% CI: −0.69 to −0.41, P < .001). The minimal clinically important difference was calculated to be between 6 and 11.

Conclusion

The SNOT-22 has utility to assess QOL and symptom control in AR, and it is both reliable and responsive in its application to patients with AR. The SNOT-22 may therefore be a convenient and versatile tool in the clinical assessment of patients with AR.