bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the lancelets of West Africa.
Authors: Webb J. E.
Published: August 2010

During 1948–1952 a large number of small terrestial mammals were collected in connexion with Scrub‐Typhus investigations.

Simple standard data of weight and state of fertility of these animals were kept, and the results are summarized in table 15.

With a few exceptions, the sex ratio approximated to equality. Of the exceptions, most could be shown to be due to bias in collecting. In a few species particularly associated with man, however, there was an apparent loss of males in the higher weight groups, suggesting a higher death rate among males. In the house mouse, Mus musculus, however, there was an excess of males.

Males showed a distinct annual variation in the fertility and weight of testes. Forest rats showed an increase in fertility during the middle of the year, but the house shrew, Suncus murinus, showed a cycle of reverse phase. The variation did not appear to be great enough to affect breeding.

The mean weight of the males at the onset of fertility was calculated from the regression of percentage‐fertile on body‐weight, with scales suitably adjusted.

Females showed a slight annual variation in pregnancy rate too slight to delimit any breeding seasons. The mean weight at onset of pregnancy was similarly estimated.

The numbers of embryos were recorded and used to calculate a mean embryo number. Combined with the pregnancy rates this gave an estimate of the reproduction rate.
Data on the reproduction of some Malayan mammals.
Authors: Harrison J. L.
Published: August 2010

1. During 1948–1952 a large number of small terrestial mammals were collected in connexion with Scrub‐Typhus investigations.

2. Simple standard data of weight and state of fertility of these animals were kept, and the results are summarized in table 15.

3. With a few exceptions, the sex ratio approximated to equality. Of the exceptions, most could be shown to be due to bias in collecting. In a few species particularly associated with man, however, there was an apparent loss of males in the higher weight groups, suggesting a higher death rate among males. In the house mouse, Mus musculus, however, there was an excess of males.

4. Males showed a distinct annual variation in the fertility and weight of testes. Forest rats showed an increase in fertility during the middle of the year, but the house shrew, Suncus murinus, showed a cycle of reverse phase. The variation did not appear to be great enough to affect breeding.

5. The mean weight of the males at the onset of fertility was calculated from the regression of percentage‐fertile on body‐weight, with scales suitably adjusted.

6. Females showed a slight annual variation in pregnancy rate too slight to delimit any breeding seasons. The mean weight at onset of pregnancy was similarly estimated.

7. The numbers of embryos were recorded and used to calculate a mean embryo number. Combined with the pregnancy rates this gave an estimate of the reproduction rate.
A new type of web spun by spiders of the genusUlesaniswith the description of two new species
Authors: Marples B. J. , Mattaews L. Harrison
Published: August 2010

Summary

A new type of spring web, spun by spiders of the genusUlesanisof the Theridiidae, is described. It consists of a straight or Y‐shaped sticky thread. The spider holds one end of the thread in one foot and sits on a twig. When prey is caught it releases the twig and allows the thread to go slack. This behaviour affords a close parallel to the single‐thread cribellated web ofMiagrammopes.Two new species ofUlesanis, U. pukeiwa and U. puketoru, are described from New Zealand, and they are compared with other Australasian and Pacific species.
The mouth‐parts of the Down‐looker fly, Rhagio (=Leptis) scolopacea (L.) Diptera, Rhagionidae)
Authors: Bletchly J. D. , Varley G. C.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A detailed account is given of the anatomy of the mouth‐parts of Rhagio scolopacea (L.) (Rhagionidae) and some comparisons made with earlier studies of Scopeuma stercoraria (L.) (Cordyluridae) and Empis livida (L.) (Empididae). The probable movements and functions of the mouth‐parts are deduced and the morphological adaptations to these discussed and compared in a similar manner. Rhagio shows no predatory adaptations and is possibly a nectar feeder. Homologies are traced including that of the maxilla and a general discussion on homology, with special relation to particular problems in these three species, is included.
THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES: CANIDAE
Authors: EWER R. F.
Published: August 2010

The whole of the fossil canid material at present available from the Transvaal caves has been examined. Canis terblanchei (Broom) is considered to be a valid species, but the type specimen does not come from the Kromdraai deposit, as Broom originally stated. This species has not been found at any of the three main deposits, but at least one additional specimen lias been found at the site known as Coopers.

A new species, Canis brevirostris, is described from the Sterkfontein type site. This species does not resemble either of the living South African jackals, and it has not been found at Swartkrans or Kromdraai.

A large number of specimens, including material from all the three main sites, is considered to belong to a form differing only slightly from the living Canis mesomelas. Although the material may be somewhat heterogeneous it has not been found possible to sub‐divide it, and all the specimens have been referred to a subspecies of the living form which has been named Canis mesomelas pappos.

The position of Canis antiquus (Broom) remains undecided.

A mandibular fragment from Swartkrans is provisionally referred to Vulpes pulcher Broom.
SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MILK TEETH OF THE CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA
Authors: ASHTON E. H.
Published: August 2010

Comparisons have been made between fifty‐eight dimensions of the milk teeth of (a) the male and female chimpanzee, (b) the male and female gorilla.

There is no evidence that the milk teeth of the male chimpanzee differ in size from those of the female.

The milk teeth of the male gorilla are, on the average, 3 per cent bigger than those of the female.

These differences appear before the hormonal factors responsible for the pubertal growth spurt become operative, and may be controlled genetically.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE POST‐ABDOMEN OF CAMPTOCERCUS (CRUSTACEA: CLADOCERA)
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

Camptocercus lilljeborgi has a long, extremely motile post‐abdomen. The movements of the post‐abdomen keep the carapace free from epibionts, keep the food groove between the thoracic limbs clear, and may be of use in escaping from certain small predators. There is a complex joint between the abdomen and post‐abdomen. The muscles moving the post‐abdomen are described and homologized with those of Eurycercus lamellatus and Daphnia magna.
REPRODUCTION IN THE ORKNEY VOLE (MICROTUS ORCADENSIS), UNDER A SIX‐HOUR DAY‐LENGTH AND OTHER CONDITIONS
Authors: MARSHALL A. J. , WILKINSON O.
Published: August 2010

There is no significant difference between the reproduction rates of laboratory populations of Orkney Island Voles (Microtus orcadensis) existing under (a) winter day‐length (six hours) and (b) London summer day‐lengths (fifteen hours to fifteen hours twenty‐eight minutes) if abundant food is provided at ordinary such summer temperatures.

These data, and other considerations discussed, suggest that, as in birds, environmental factors other than photoperiodicity alone, probably govern the sexual cycle of some mammals.

A grouped arrangement of interstitial cells essentially similar to that occurring in birds is described. As spermatogenesis proceeds these cells expend their cholesterol‐positive lipids as do those of birds.

The seminiferous tubules do not undergo a post‐nuptial metamorphosis. Even when males are kept alone in total darkness the germ‐cells retain their integrity and do not metamorphose as do those of passerine birds under semidark conditions.
REACTIONS TO SHAPE IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS LAMARCK
Authors: BOYCOTT B. B. , YOUNG J. Z.
Published: August 2010

Octopuses readily learn not to attack a crab shown with a square of one size, while continuing to attack a crab shown with a larger or a smaller square.

They can also learn to attack when a square of one size is shown, food being given as reward, but not to attack squares of other sizes if the attack results in a shock.

An octopus can learn to attack a square of 4 cm. but to avoid squares of 2 and 8 cm.

A square of 4 cm. presented at half the usual distance is not confused with a square of 8 cm.

By the same method it was shown that octopuses can make distinet reactions to certain figures that differ only in shape but not in area and length of outline, for instance rectangles and squares, or rectangles turned up at the ends, which differ in extent in vertical and horizontal directions.

They can also make distinct reactions to a rectangle according to whether it is shown vertically or horizontally, or to a square shown in various orientations in relation to gravity.

The accuracy of forecasting becomes less as an octopus is presented with situations that are more nearly similar.

Distinct reactions were also set up to crosses and squares and, less accurately, to figures with internal differences.

No clearly distinct responses could be set up to a square and a circle.

Octopuses trained to give distinct reactions to two different figures give the appropriate reaction to smaller figures, except when the differences are slight.

Change of other attributes of the situation, for example by moving to another tank, may disturb the animal's performance but does not destroy the memories.

After anaesthesia with urethane there is a period in which attacks are not made on either figure (though crabs are normally taken). Later, response to the positive figure returns but the negative is not attacked. The memories have therefore survived the treatment. Anaesthesia produces greater disturbance of performance if the two situations are nearly alike or involve attacking the larger rather than the smaller of two figures.

After removal of the vertical lobes octopuses continued to attack the figure that had been associated with food. They showed some attacks on a “negative” figure but when shocks were given they again ceased to attack this figure.

The animals without vertical lobes were unable to retain memories preventing attack on crabs from which shocks had been received (Boycott & Young, 1955 b). The vertical lobes are therefore necessary for the reversal of well‐established memories, such as that leading to attacks upon crabs. They play a part in setting up memories that prevent attack upon previously unknown figures but are not essential for the retention of such memories.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE SMALL MAMMALS, APODEMUS, CLETHRIONOMYS AND MICROTUS
Authors: BROWN L. E.
Published: August 2010

By means of trapping experiments, the times of activity of Apodemus Glethrionomys and Microtus were studied in the field mainly in areas where populations had been marked. The results serve to compare field observations with data already published from controlled laboratory experiments.

Apodemus and Clethrionomys, living in the same habitat, showed a wellmarked nocturnal‐diurnal rhythm. In both species their twenty‐four hour cycle had its peak around dusk and dawn. Except that there was no two hour period of complete inactivity at Silwood, results in the autumn and winter for Apodemus were similar to those of Elton, Ford, Baker & Gardner (1931). A peak at dusk was followed by a lull and then by a secondary peak persisting until dawn. In the spring and summer, however, when the hours of darkness were short there was no pronounced second peak at dawn.

The feeding cycle of Clethrionomys appeared to be of about two hours duration. As many as 34‐9 per cent of the males and 22‐9 per cent of the females visited traps at each two hourly trapping period in any one day. The twenty‐four hour rhythm of Clethrionomys had, as well as peak activity near dusk and dawn, a further peak in the afternoon. However, when the daylight hours were long, evening activity had often subsided sometime before dusk. In areas where Apodemus and Clethrionomys were both present there were larger catches of the species that had first chance of entry, even when the number of the traps appeared to be excessive. Only a few persistent trap visitors among Apodemus broke their strictly nocturnal habit, such animals being normally only a small percentage of the total population (Brown, 1954). Apodemus took some weeks to range into unoccupied grassland, but once there remained until forced out by high Microtus populations.

Field experiments on Microtus at Silwood confirmed laboratory tests made by Davis (1933). The animal showed a well marked peak of activity at dusk and dawn associated with its twenty‐four hour rhythm. It was active both day and night, showing a feeding rhythm of about two hours, but with more activity during the night than during the day.

Except for periods of prolonged frost the three species showed some activity in all weathers. Rainfall might delay appearance above ground or send more animals into the traps for shelter. In heavy rain activity continued to be normal under shelter, but was much reduced in exposed positions.

Factors affecting peak activity including experiments on internal physiological rhythms have been considered. Discussion includes also the possible influence of:‐availability of insect food, refection, naturally increased water supplies morning and evening and the avoidance of periods when predatory activity is facilitated, as for example on moonlight nights.
LONGEVITY AND MORTALITY OF IRISH WOLFHOUNDS
Authors: COMFORT A. , MATTHEWS L. HARRISON
Published: August 2010

Life tables and survival curves have been constructed from kennel records of 189 Irish wolfhounds.

The maximum recorded ages in months were males 126, females 161, and the mean ages at death of animals surviving to one year were: males 495±0–94 years and females 6–59±0–95 years.

The viability of bitches was higher at all ages than that of dogs. There was a particularly heavy mortality of dogs in the third year of life.

The influence of large size and of inbreeding depression on the longevity of the breed is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUCCAL GLANDS OF LAMPREYS (PETROMYZONIDAE)
Authors: BAXTER E. W.
Published: August 2010

The buccal glands of lampreys develop during metamorphosis and occur in the adults of both the parasitic and non‐parasitic species.

Their form varies little in sexually mature lampreys.

In the young feeding stages of the sea‐lampreys the glands are relatively much larger and appear to be more active than in the sexually mature adults of the same species.

The secretion of the buccal glands is shown to prevent the clotting of blood even when the secretion is obtained from the glands of non‐parasitic lampreys.

The significance of this is discussed and it is suggested that the nonparasitic lampreys are neotenous forms living in a restricted environment, but which have not lost the anatomical features possessed by their parasitic relatives.
THE CILIARY FEEDING MECHANISMS OFLINGULA UNGUIS(L.) (BRACHIOPODA)
Authors: CHUANG S. H.
Published: August 2010

Large living specimens of Lingula unguis (L.) were collected below lowwater mark of neap‐tides in the Johore Strait, Singapore.

The location of the inhalant and exhalant water currents, the subdivision of the mantle chamber into one median exhalant and two lateral inhalant chambers, and the mode of formation of the water currents by ciliary action are described.

The structure, and also the ciliary feeding and cleansing mechanisms, of the brachia and of the cirri are described.

The frontal cilia on the adlabial cirri are arranged in five adjacent antagonistic longitudinal tracts. Three tracts beat towards the brachial groove and alternate with two tracts beating in the opposite direction. The frontal cilia on the ablabial cirri are arranged in three tracts, a median tract beating towards the brachial groove flanked by tracts beating away from it. The lateral tracts on both series of cirri beat transversely across the cirri from the frontal surface towards the abfrontal surface; the abfrontal tracts beat distally.

Lingula unguis is adapted for life on sheltered muddy beaches in its mode of feeding. Small quantities of fine particles are accepted, larger quantities of finely divided matter and coarse particles are rejected. To a considerable extent Lingula selects water‐borne particles, which are not bound into mucous threads until they reach the safety of the brachial groove.

Food particles were collected (a) along the outer margins of the brachial fold, (b) on those frontal tracts of both adlabial and ablabial cirri, that beat towards the brachial groove, and (c) by mass movement of water‐borne particles into the brachial groove. All food particles accepted into the brachial groove were carried to the mouth. Due to different conditions in Werent parts of the inhalant stream of water, groups of cirri may operate in unison to effect the acceptance of food particles in one part of a brachium while at the same time other cirri cause the rejection of material.

Rejection mechanisms include (1) dislodgment of particles already entangled on the frontal surface by strong adverse water currents, (2) themass movement of water‐borne particles away from the brachial groove, (3) the shutting of the brachial groove by the brachial fold, and (4) the rejectionof large objects by muscular movements of the cirri.

The ciliary cleansing mechanisms of the mantle and of the body wall are described.

Comparisons are made with Crania and with Neothyris.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE WEAVERFINCH QUELEA QUELEA (LINNAEUS) IN EAST AFRICA
Authors: DISNEY H. J. DE S. , MARSHALL A. J.
Published: August 2010

The Sudan Dioch (Quelea quelea) occurs in flocks sometimes numbering more than one million. It possesses an internal sexual cycle essentially like that of temperate zone passerines but it breeds only after rainfall and irrespective of the swing of the sun in Tanganyika.

No proof is available that rainfall as such stimulates the seasonal reactivation of the gonads but these are already in an advanced state of maturation at the time of nest‐building towards the end of the wet season. The males are by then in full, vivid nuptial dress.

It is possible that ovulation depends partly upon the rain‐induced, seasonal appearance of the fresh green grass invariably used in nest‐building and almost certainly upon the assumption of breeding plumage by the male. The male constructs a perpendicular nest‐ring of fresh green grass and displays thereon to a female. Copulation occurs on or near the ring, after which the final stages of nest‐building are completed. Meanwhile, ovulation occurs.

Successful reproduction partly depends firstly on the presence of vast quantities of insects (used to feed the young during the first five days of life) and next on green grass seeds with which nestlings are subsequently fed. Only after “good rains” do such conditions persist. Breeding sites are frequently abandoned after nests have been built and while the males are at the height of spermatogenesis.

In Tanganyika, an average of only 2–8 eggs per nest is laid.

Factors conducive to the prodigious reproductive success of Q. quelea may include the following:

It is probably capable of breeding at the age of nine months, and twice in one year if environmental conditions are propitious.

Even if it fails to reproduce during a curtailed wet season in one area, its extreme mobility may allow it to breed elsewhere and certainly during the second season of rainfall some months later.“Stationary” xerophilous species must wait for rain to come to them: the Dioch can go to the rain.

Although the food requirements of the young are rigidly (and pluvially) circumscribed, adults can live on dry seeds which are more widely available. The species is sufficiently mobile to be able to reach water somewhere and so escape large‐scale mortality in times of drought. The young, though of course nidicolous, can look after themselves within twenty days of hatching.

Predators are few. The species is rigidly colonial in nesting, roosting and even in food gathering. It is therefore at all times mutually protective.
A NEW FOSSIL MASTACOMYS (MURIDAE) AND A REVISION OF THE GENUS
Authors: RIDE W. D. L.
Published: August 2010

The genus Mastacomys consists of two species, M. fuscus Thomas and M. wombeyensis, a new fossil species from the Burramys parvus breccia of the Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales.

M. fuscus consists of three subspecies, M. fuscus fuscus the modem Tasmanian form, M. fuscus brazenori the modern mainland form (Victoria), and M. fuscus mordicus which is here restricted to the ?Pleistocene form from South Australia.

Fossil Mastacomys from the Wellington Caves, New South Wales, is not separable from M. fuscus, and within M. fuscus it is subspecifically indeterminable.

The cusp pattern of the molars of M. wombeyensis is not ancestral to that of M. fuscus.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DIPURENA (HYDROZOA, CORYNIDAE)
Authors: VANNUCCI M.
Published: August 2010

A new hydroid, resembling the hydroid of Cladonema radiatum in possessing only an oral whorl of capitate tentacles and an aboral whorl of reduced filiform tentacles, was reared in aquaria at São Paulo, Brazil. Its medusa was reared and proved to be a new species of medusa of the genus Dipurena, here described as D. reesi. Keys are provided to separate this from other known species, and some observations on the biology of the species are made.
A HEBRIDEAN BREEDING COLONY OF GREY SEALS, HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (FAB.), WITH COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE GREY SEALS OF RAMSEY ISLAND, PEMBROKESHIRE
Authors: Hewer H. R.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the various phases of breeding behaviour of both cows and bulls on the island of Shillay, Outer Hebrides. Attention is drawn to unique features of combat between the bulls both before and after taking up territorial positions. The influence of the terrain available upon the behaviour of the seals of all ages is emphasised and comparisons made with other Scottish and Welsh colonies. An attempt is made to draw up a Life‐table compatible with the known vital statistics. The more serious gaps in our knowledge of the population dynamics of this species are noted.
MORPHOLOGY AND AFFINITIES OF ENTOZOA AND ENDOPHYTA OF THE NAKED MOLE RAT HETEROCEPHALUS GLABER
Authors: PORTER ANNIE
Published: August 2010

The morphology and affinities of the Entozoa (Protozoa), Spirilla, Treponemata and Endophyta found in captive Heterocephalus glaber from Somaliland and Kenya are described and illustrated.

Physiological cannibalism by Balantidium sp. on Trichomonas muris, as a means of restoring its nucleoprotein removed by the rodent is described.

The possible evolution of some of the Entozoa and Endophyta from free life to parasitism in insects such as termites is considered. The change from the free‐living habit to cold‐blooded and hot‐blooded animals would have involved great plasticity and adaptability on the part of the organisms concerned but might have led to their gradual establishment in hot‐blooded vertebrates.
THE COURTSHIP AND MATING OF THE SCORPION, OPISTHOPHTHALMUS LATIMANUS
Authors: ALEXANDER ANNE J.
Published: August 2010

The courtship and mating of the scorpion, Opisthophthalmus latimanus, are described.

In normal courtship the male initially grasps the female with his claws and then grips her chelicerae with his own, relinquishing his hold upon her pedipalps.

In this position the animals perform a “promenade à deux”. It is suggested that one function of the “promenade” is concerned with obtaining a clear area suitable for the deposition of a spermatophore.

The male deposits a spermatophore on the ground and pulls the female over it, so that part of the spermatophore enters her genital aperture. The pair then remain still for about five minutes; then they break apart.

The events accompanying unsuccessful courtship are described and suggestions are made as to the origin or significance of certain aspects of the behaviour pattern.

The similarity between the mechanism of insemination of this scorpion and the pseudoscorpions is considered.
THE FEEDING MECHANISM OF SOME FRESHWATER CYCLOPOID COPEPODS
Authors: FRYER G.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the feeding mechanism of some freshwater cyclopoid copepods.

Chance encounter appears to play an important part in the finding of food in both carnivorous and herbivorous species, but the chemoreceptor organs apparently utilized by the herbivores to discriminate between edible and inedible particles may help to some extent in food seeking.

The structure, arrangement, and method of operation of the various mouthparts are described, and the raptatory method of feeding of the cyclopoids is demonstrated.

The route taken by the cyclopoids towards a parasitic mode of life is considered from a functional standpoint.

The phylogeny of the Cyclopoida and Calanoida is discussed. A carnivorous diet is considered to be the primitive diet of the Cyclopoida. A change from a carnivorous to an algal diet may have been of considerable importance in the adaptive radiation of the group.
THE STOMACH IN THE FILIBRANCHIA AND PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIA
Authors: PURCHON R. D.
Published: August 2010

The internal structure and the ciliary sorting mechanisms of the stomach are described for representatives of twelve families of Filibranchia and Pseudolamellibranchia.

The variable structural features of the stomach are examined individually, and it is shown that only one of these is suitable for use as a diagnostic in assigning the stomachs of these lamellibranchs to a limited number of types. This feature is the form of the major typhlosole.

The major typhlosole may sweep smoothly from the orifice of the mid‐gut to that of the left pouch, accompanied on its course by the ciliated rejection tract of the intestinal groove. Alternatively a long slender tongue may pass forwards from the major typhlosole and penetrate deeply into the food‐sorting caecum, this tongue being accompanied by a similar extension of the intestinal groove. No intermediate condition was found, and on this basis the stomachs in eight families were assigned to Type III, in which the major typhlosole possesses such a tongue. These families are the Arcidae, Glycimeridae, Limopsidae, Pinnidae, Vulsellidae, Pteriidae, Mytilidae and Ostreidae.

It is considered that the evolution of a tongue of the major typhlosole, extending into the food‐sorting caecum, could not have occurred independently on two or more occasions, nor is it likely that such a tongue, once having been formed, could have been lost independently on two or more occasions. It is concluded, therefore, that the above mentioned eight families constitute the end products of one phylogeny of lamellibranchs.

In the remaining four families, the Trigoniidae, Limidae, Pectinidae and Anomiidae, the major typhlosole lacks a tongue. The stomachs in these four families are assigned to Type IV, and attention is drawn to the fact that in many Eulamellibranch families the internal structure of the stomach is similar.

It is suggested that evolution of the structure and function of the interior of the stomach has played an important part in the adaptive radiation of the Lamellibranchia.

It is reiterated that the Protobranchia constitute a phylogeny which is distinct from all other lamellibranchia and that it is undesirable to link the Protobranchia with the Arcacea to form the order Taxodonta.
THE FEEDING MECHANISM OF MESIDOTEA ENTOMON (LINN.) (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA)
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

The mouthparts of Mesidotea entomon are briefly described.

Observations on living animals show that this species is capable of locating and capturing active animals, both on the surface of the substratum and below the surface.

The feeding mechanisms of Mesidotea and Chiridotea are compared; it is suggested that the rhythmic packing action of the gnathopods in Chiridotea is a compensation for the lack of a molar process on the mandibles.

The possible importance of mandibular structure in the classification of the Glyptonotinae is stressed.
AN UNUSUAL RECORD OF THREE SPECIES OF WHALE BEING RESTRICTED TO POOLS IN ANTARCTIC SEA‐ICE
Authors: TAYLOR R. J. F.
Published: August 2010

During the winter in the Crown Prince Gustav Channel in Graham Land, ice tends to form at the northerly end first, thus isolating pools of open water. The pools normally freeze some two months later; but in 1955 this unusual pattern of sea‐ice formation cut off nearly 200 whales from the open sea. Originally there were 120 Lesser Rorquals Balaenoptera acutorostrata, sixty Killer Whales Orcinus orca and one Berardius arnuxi. The activity of the whales prevented the pools freezing completely, but there was marked crowding and some unusual photographs were taken.

All the Killer Whales and many Lesser Rorquals disappeared after four months. They may have died or travelled 65 kilometres under the ice to open water. The latter is more likely. However some twenty Lesser Rorquals stayed by the pools for six months and latterly very little if any food can have been available.

The single species of Berardius was shot at by Argentine soldiers and presumably killed.

It is suggested that the initial concentration of whales and also of seals may have been due to a large concentration of plankton.
STRIDULATION AND ITS ANALYSIS IN CERTAIN GEOCORISAE (HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA)
Authors: HASKELL P. T.
Published: August 2010

The stridulation of the bugs Coranus subapterous, Kleidocerys ericae, Kleidocerys resedae, Piesma quadrata and Sehirus bicolor was recorded on magnetic tape and analysed oscillographically.

The sounds emitted by Coranus subapterus were elicited only by tactile stimulation, and were irregular in waveform and frequency, varying in and between individuals. It is suggested that stridulation in this insect is a defence reflex.

In the remaining bugs the sounds were characterized by being of a pulse modulated type, and where one insect emitted more than one type of sound, these were distinguishable by differing pulse repetition frequencies. The structure of the various types of stridulation in the four insects is demonstrated by oscillograms.

In the four species stridulation was spontaneous, although tactile stimuli could also elicit sound emission in the two species of Kleidocerys. In Piesma, and probably in both other genera, stridulation only occurred in sexually mature adults. In Piesma and Kleidocerys both sexes emitted the same song, while in Sehirus the males emitted three songs and the females probably a single song of their own.

Behaviour associated with the stridulation is described and the hypothesis that the sounds are related to aggregation and sexual behaviour is discussed.
VARIATION IN ARENICOLA MARINA (L.) AND THE STATUS OF ARENICOLA GLACIALIS MURDOCH (POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of ninety‐four anomalous specimens of A. marina, collected from the Firth of Clyde (sixty‐six specimens) and the Firth of Forth (twenty‐eight specimens).

More than half of the specimens show anomalies of segment number. The commonest is the presence of an incomplete extra (twentieth) segment at the base of the tail. The highest segment number is twenty with an incomplete twenty‐first; the lowest is eighteen of which the last is incomplete.

About 7 per cent of the natural population shows anomalies of segment number.

Variation in segment number may be caused in more than one way. It is not generally correlated with other anomalies, but there is a group of worms with eighteen segments and several other peculiarities, suggesting a genetic condition with manifold effects.

The collection also includes the following anomalies: vestigial gills on segment vi associated with headward displacement of the hearts through one segment; a nephridium opening on segment iii; a nephridium opening on segment x; absence of the usual hindmost pair of nephridia opening on ix; three oesophageal glands.

Fourteen specimens of A. glacialis from Point Barrow, Alaska, were examined. Two had vestigial gills on segment vi with headward displacement of the hearts. The more representative specimens differed from typical A. marina only (a) in lacking segments xviii and xix, and (b) in a forward displacement of the level at which the inner end of the dorsal septal vessel (branchial efferent) moves from the dorsal to the subintestinal vessel. The latter displacement occasionally occurs in A. marina. Several of the anomalous A. marina showed departures from the typical condition that were at least as striking at those of A. glacialis.

It is suggested that A. glacialis should be given subspecific status as A. marina glacialis Murdoch.

A. marina then includes three subspecies differing in segment number and geographical distribution. These are: A. m. marina (L.) Nineteen trunk segments. North Atlantic, north of about 40°, the neighbouring parts of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, the northern part of the western Mediterranean; probably also in cold water on the Pacific Coast of North America.

A. m. schantarica Zachs. Eighteen trunk segments. Sea of Okhotsk.

A. m. glacialis Murdoch. Seventeen trunk segments. Point Barrow, Bernard Harbour (N.W. Territories), Bering Strait.

There is evidence that A.m. marina tends to separate into much smaller local populations with some degree of genetic differentiation.
SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO BROOD‐SIZE IN TITS
Authors: LACK DAVID , GIBB JOHN , OWEN D. F.
Published: August 2010

In most years the mean weight of nestling Great and Blue Tits was lower in larger than smaller broods, but it was similar in 1948, when food was exceptionally abundant.

In most years, the commonest clutch of the Great Tit was nine or ten, and the average number of young surviving per brood was highest from broods of nine or ten. But in 1947 and 1948, when food was unusually abundant, clutches were unusually large and survival was as high from broods of above average size as from those of average size. The results for the Blue Tit seemed similar.

Few Great Tits have late broods, and, as compared with normal broods, the clutches are smaller, the young weigh less, have higher losses in the nest and survive much less well after leaving the nest. Much the same holds for the Blue Tit.

These findings accord with the view that the normal breeding season of the Great and Blue Tits is that when they can raise most young, and that their clutch size is in general adapted to the number of young that they can raise.
PROTEMNODON PARMA(WATERHOUSE) AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF RELATED WALLABIES (PROTEMNODON, THYLOQALE, ANDSETONIX)
Authors: RIDE W. D. L.
Published: August 2010

The rare and possibly extinct wallaby,Protemnodon parma(Waterhouse), is redescribed and a list is given of all known material; most of which has been examined by the author.

Gould's mention of Illawarra, New South Wales, as being the area in which he had observedP. parma, is taken to be a restriction of the type locality.

Comparisons are made betweenP. parmaand the speciesP. dorsalis, P. eugeniiandP. billardieriand it is concluded thatP. parmaandP. dorsalisare closely related. Certain apparent structural differences in the teeth are shown to be correlated with difference in skull size.

It is concluded that there are three genera of wallabies:Protemnodon, ThylogaleandSetonixand that these genera must be defined on characters other than size of the contained individuals because previous authors, using this criterion, have confused the natural relationships of the forms.

Thylogaleis defined in the terms of Gray's original definition;P. parma P. eugeniiandP. billardieriare excluded from this genus.

It is suggested thatProtemnodonmay be polyphyletic in that the forms contained therein are merely at a common functional stage in evolution and are therefore not necessarily related.

The monotypic genusSetonixis considered, and the possibility that it should be included in Potoroinae is discussed. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence for such a step to be taken but that the position requires further examination.
PIGMENTED AREAS IN THE UTERUS OF THE ARCTIC FOX ALOPEX LAGOPUS INNVITUS MERRIAM
Authors: McEWEN EOIN H. , SCOTT ALEXANDER
Published: August 2010

Dark macroscopic pigmented areas were present in the uterus of the Arctic Fox.

The pigment was intracellular and granular, and was concentrated in the basal layer of the endometrium. It was found to consist of haemosiderin together with a lipid component. The pigmented areas, former placental sites, remained in some cases up to ten months after parturition.

It is suggested that the number of pigmented areas gives a measure of the number of implantations present during the previous season.
THE BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOLESTES UGANDAE STEEL & HOWE (COLEOPTERA, CUCUJIDAE), A PEST OF STORED PRODUCTS IN AFRICA
Authors: LEFKOVITCH L. P.
Published: August 2010

Cryptolestes ugandae is a pest of cereals and groundnuts and is at present confined to East and West Africa.

To assess the possibility of its becoming a serious pest, the rates of development, mortality and reproduction have been studied in the laboratory at various constant temperatures and humidities.

Development was most rapid at 30°C., 90 per cent r.h. and developmental mortality was least at 25°C.‐27·5°C., 90 per cent r.h.

Males on emergence were heavier than females under most conditions and their weight was more affected by temperature than that of females, being heaviest at intermediate temperatures and high humidities.

Crowding of larvae caused a marked increase in their developmental period.

The intrinsic rates of increase were calculated from the experimental results; at its quickest a population could double its numbers in seven‐and‐a‐half days.

Because of its relatively high humidity requirements, C. ugandae is unlikely to became as widespread a pest as C. minutus or C. ferrugineus.
SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIFORM MICROSPORIDIA PROM CRUSTACEA AND INSECTA
Authors: FANTHAM THE LATE PROFESSOR H. B. , PORTER ANNIE
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of some bacteriform Microsporidia from certain Crustacea and Insecta in Canada and in England is recorded.

The numbers of hosts examined and those that were infected with Pyrotheca incurvata, Octosporea muscae damesticae, Toxoglugea, Spiroglugea and Telomyxa spp. innom., are tabulated.

Descriptions of the bacteriform Microsporidia are given and illustrated. Differential diagnoses are given as far as possible.

The effects of the parasites on the hosts and their distribution within the hosts are set forth.

The lethal potentialities of the Microsporidia are indicated both in natural infections and by experimental ones.

The economic importance and possible applications of these bacteriform Microsporidia are considered.
A RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MASTICATION AND SWALLOWING IN THE DOMESTIC RABBIT: ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (L)
Authors: ARDRAN G. M. , KEMP F. H. , RIDE W. D. L.
Published: August 2010

An analysis has been made of the movements of biting, chewing and swallowing in the domestic rabbit. Techniques employed were dissection, direct observation of rabbits feeding, cinematography, still radiography and cineradiography.

During biting the lower jaw moves forwards so that the anterior and the lower incisors come together edge to edge. This observation casts doubt on Wood's theory that the lower incisor of the lagomorph is the lower homo‐logue of the posterior upper incisor.

Evidence has been given which suggests that the anterior upper incisors are worn and shortened by movement of the lower incisors upwards and backwards against their wear surface during biting. The transverse movement of the lower incisors during the grinding phase of chewing wears the posterior upper incisors and also maintains the chisel edge on the tips of the lower incisors. No movements have been seen whereby the remainder of the wear surface of the lower incisors is abraded: from examination of the teeth it is suggested that the level of this surface is maintained by being passed forwards across the cutting edge of the anterior upper incisors.

During chewing the lower cheek teeth move from without inwards on the side on which chewing is taking place during the grinding phase.

It appears that the tongue is functionally divisible into three parts: the diastemal portion is concerned with the procuring and manipulation of food and its passage backwards to the cheek teeth; the intermediate portion, which has a dorsal shield and lies between the cheek teeth, is responsible for placing the food on the lower cheek teeth and keeping it to the side on which chewing is taking place and passing it progressively backwards; and the posterior portion situated behind the cheek teeth is associated with the soft palate in providing temporary storage for chewed material prior to swallowing, and with the soft palate and pharyngeal musculature in swallowing.

The tongue movements and swallowing mechanism in the rabbit are compared with those in man, lambs and kid goats.

A functional theory to explain the evolution of the long diastema is put forward.

Movements of the temporo‐mandibular joint are also considered.
GROWTH RATES AND AGES OF CRABEATER SEALS, LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS JACQUINOT & PUCHERAN
Authors: LAWS R. M.
Published: August 2010

The internal growth rings of the teeth of the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) are described and the annual pattern established.

By examination of near term foetuses, recently weaned pups, half‐year‐old, one‐year‐old and older animals the probable pattern of dentine deposition in the first year is established. The neonatal line is conspicuous; a line marking the time of weaning is present and also a line which probably represents the pup moult. The rate of dentine deposition is discussed and it is suggested that lactation extends over about five weeks.

Using ages determined from the growth rings in the canine teeth, an average growth curve for body length has been constructed and is compared with earlier estimates of the rate of growth in the first few years.

Evidence is given which suggests that the average neonatal length is 45 in. The sizes subsequently attained by the two sexes are similar, though the largest females tend to be slightly larger than the largest males. The mean body length of animals over twelve years old is 89 $2–36 in.

The question of the age at sexual maturity is re‐examined and it is concluded that in the female sexual maturity is usually attained at an age of a few months over two years.

The age distribution of the two samples of crabeater seals is discussed. The oldest animals in the material were 19 years old on the basis of dentine rings.
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE MALES OF TWO SPECIES OF GERBIL, TATERA BRANTSII (A. SMITH) AND TATERA AFRA (GRAY)
Authors: ALLANSON MARJORIE
Published: August 2010

Six hundred and twelve male gerbils, consisting of 357 specimens of Tatera afra and 255 of T. brantsii, were collected in South Africa in 1946. Seasonal changes in the reproductive organs and in the structure of the field population have been compared and contrasted in the two species. Growth of the young male to puberty has been studied in animals from the field and in four litters of T. afra reared in the laboratory.

The male T. brantsii tends to be heavier than the male T. afra, but is somewhat shorter. In both species the largest males exceeded the largest females in body weight and length, but there is no significant difference between the mean values of these measurements for the two sexes.

The testes have a greater actual and relative weight in T. afra than in T. brantsii. The reproductive tract is remarkably large for the size of the animal in both species, and in T. afra can reach 20‐7 per cent of the body weight.

The annual pattern of sexual activity in the males corresponds with that of the females in both species. In T. brantsii fecund males are found in all months of the year: in T. afra reproductive activity is intense from July to December, is slowing down in January and February, and ceases completely in March and April; in May and June there is preparation for the breeding season.

Male T. afra become sexually mature at six to eight weeks old if born in spring and early summer, at six to seven months old if born later in the season. In T. brantsii puberty is delayed during the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season. In both species the old animals (i.e. those over 150 mm. head‐body length) die out during the early summer and have disappeared from the field by the end of December, for none were caught in the first quarter of the year. It is estimated that T. afra have a possible life span of seventeen months and can experience two breeding seasons. It was not possible to estimate the length of life in T. brantsii owing to the spread of births over the year.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF MOERISIA LYONS1 BOULENGER, AND THE FAMILY MOERISIIDAE, WITH CAPITATE HYDROIDS
Authors: REES W. J.
Published: August 2010

The type material of Boulenger's Moerisia lyonsi has been examined, and the characteristics of the hydroid and its medusa have been compared with those of the lower corymorphines and with other species of the Moerisiidae.

An evaluation of the characters of the family reveal that its affinities lie with the suborder Capitata of the Anthomedusae (Athecata), and its nemato‐cyst armature, a tricnidome of stenoteles, desmonemes and atrichous haplonemes, confirms this.

A new superfamily, the Moerisioidea is created within the Capitata to take this family; its affinities he with the more primitive Tubularoidea.