bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RARE EARTH ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN SHETLAND STEATITE ‐ CONSEQUENCES FOR ARTIFACT PROVENANCING STUDIES
Authors: MOFFAT D. , BUTTLER S. J.
Published: August 2007

An attempt has been made to relate steatite artifacts to the source of rock from which they were manufactured, using the distribution patterns of rare earth elements. Radiochemical‐ and instrumental‐neutron activation analyses of Shetland steatites suggest that the use of rare earth elements in artifact provenancing may be unreliable. Concentrations of rare earth elements in many Shetland steatites are too low to be measured reliably by a cost effective method. The relative importance of primary igneous and secondary metasomatic processes in controlling steatite rare earth element geochemistry is discussed and geological arguments against the existence of unique rare earth ‘fingerprints’ for steatite are presented.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 3
Authors: GOWLETT J. A. J. , HALL E. T. , HEDGES R. E. M. , PERRY C.
Published: August 2007

This third list of accelerator dates includes material dated in the same period as datelist 2 (Gillespięet al. 1985) and subsequently. The dates have been achieved by the same methods as described there.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 4
Authors: GOWLETT J. A. J. , HEDGES R. E. M. , LAW I. A. , Perry C.
Published: August 2007

The fourth list of dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF MORTARS FROM ANCIENT GREEK PALACES
Authors: ZOURIDAKIS N. , SALIEGE J. F. , PERSON A. , FILIPPAKIS S. E.
Published: August 2007

This study deals with radiocarbon dating of lime mortars which were used as supports for Mycenaean and Minoan paintings. The 14C dates are. on the whole, compatible with the historical data. and thus show that a large proportion of the Mycenaean surficial coatings can be dated by the radiocarbon method. However. in order to determine the age of the mortars accurately. it is necessary to evaluate the amount of sedimentary carbonate which may have been added to them. It is shown here that the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of lime mortars are significant indicators that such a mixing actually took place.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SOME ANCIENT GLASSES FROM BOHEMIA
Authors: FRÁNA J. , MAŠTALKA A. , VENCLOVÁ N.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the results of NAA analysis of 43 samples of archaeological glass (Bronze Age to Roman period) found in Bohemia (with the exception of one comparative sample of Mediterranean origin). A detailed description of the method used is given. The applicability of this type of analysis to prehistoric glass from the technical point of view and the validity of its results for historical studies is tested. In general, the method succeeded in distinguishing major clusters of glass. as recognized by means of prehistoric studies, though without showing more intensively the expected differences within these clusters.
OBSIDIAN HYDRATION DATING: AN IMPROVED OPTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE WIDTH OF THE HYDRATION RIM
Authors: STEVENSON C. M. , FREEBORN W. PHELPS , SCHEETZ B. E.
Published: August 2007

A simple optical method is described that will enhance the color contrast between the outer birefringent hydration rind and the inner unhydrated core on obsidian thin sections used for hydration dating. The technique utilizes a gypsum nccessory plate. The gypsum plate rotates all incoming light by 550nm causing the black isotropic core of the nhsidian to become transparent first‐order pink and interacting with the transmitted light from the birefringent rind, by either addition or subtraction. to produce a second‐order blue or a first‐order yellow color.
THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION OF ANCIENT STRUCK COINS
Authors: GOULPEAU L. P. , LANOS P. , LANGOUET L.
Published: August 2007

Magnetic and other measurements are reported for the Guehenno II Gallo‐Roman hoard (56‐France) which, amongst several thousand Tetricus antoniniani, contains 275 coins struck with the same dies. The orientation of the remanent magnetization is systematically directed outwards from the obverse confirming the identity of the anvil die with the obverse. The magnetization vector is statistically distributed around the vertical axis giving no indication of the geomagnetic inclination at the time of striking. Consequently ancient struck coins cannot be used for dating. The origin of the remanent magnetization was also investigated.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS APPLIED TO SPECTROCHEMICAL DATA OF EUROPEAN MEDIAEVAL STAINED GLASSES
Authors: RAURET G. , CASASSAS E. , RIUS F. X. , MUÑOZ M.
Published: August 2007

Cluster analysis has been applied to the spectrochemical data obtained in the analysis of some mediaeval glass fragments. Differences have been observed between Catalan glasses and all European glasses, and also between European glasses from different countries. To distinguish geographical origin sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium have been shown to be adequate.
THE EFFECT OF PURIFICATION AND FIRING OF CLAYS ON TRACE ELEMENT PROVENANCE STUDIES
Authors: KILIKOGLOU V. , MANIATIS Y. , GRIMANIS A. P.
Published: August 2007

The effect of purifying, mixing and firing of clays on trace element concentration was systematically investigated using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Eight different clays from two sites in Crete were used together with sherds found around several kilns near the sites. Trace element analysis showed that the extent to which the concentration changes after purification and firing depends on the initial particle size and chemistry of the clay. The calcite concentration plays an essential role in this. An application is made using roof tiles found at the excavation of the ancient city of Pella in Macedonia.
THE MATERIALS OF HOYSALA TEMPLES AND SCULPTURES: A PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: NEWMAN R.
Published: August 2007

Talcxhlorite schist is the material commonly used by the sculptors and builders of the Hoysala dynasty, which ruled i n the western part of India south of the Deccan from the eleventh to the mid‐fourteenth century. Forty‐one samples from seven Hoysala sites were examined by petrographic microscopy and electron beam microprobe analysis. Although it is difficult to distinguish between some of the rocks from the different sites. many contain minerals that can be valuable in distinguishing between different possible quarry sources.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 7
Authors: HEDGES R. E. M. , HOUSLEY R. A. , LAW I. A. , PERRY C.
Published: August 2007

The seventh list of dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator.
RESEARCH NOTES AND APPLICATION REPORTS ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION MAPS IN FOSSIL BONES
Authors: WILLIAMS C. T. , POTTS P. J.
Published: August 2007

The combined application of fission track analysis and neutron activation‐induced β‐autoradiography to map the trace element distributions of scandium, cobalt, uranium and rare earth elements in fossil bone samples from East Africa is described. Both uranium and the rare earth elements are incorporated into bone apatite during fossilisation, whereas scandium and cobalt occur additionally in any iron‐manganese minerals precipitated in pore spaces within the bone cortex. The distribution of uranium is different from that of the rare earth elements in the fossil bone cortices; it enters fossil bone more rapidly and is sensitive to changes in the redox potential of the palaeogroundwater.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 8
Authors: HEDGES R. E. M. , HOUSLEY R. A. , LAW I. A. , PERRY C. , HENDY E.
Published: August 2007

The eighth list of dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator.
ISLAMIC GLASS WEIGHTS AND STAMPS: ANALYSIS USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
Authors: GRATUZE B. , BARRANDON J.‐N.
Published: August 2007

A non‐destructive bulk analytical method based on instrumental neutron activation techniques was developed to study Islamic glass weights and stamps. Three different successive irradiations are necessary. A calibration method and a calculation program have been developed in order to correct both the different observed interferences and geometrical factors. A good relationship was formed between the chronological classification of the objects and the compositional groups.
A THERMAL METHOD FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: BELLERBY T. J. , NOEL M. , BRANIGAN K.
Published: August 2007

Interaction of archaeological features with the secular variation in surface heat flux generates an anomalous ground temperature distribution which can form the basis for a shallow geophysical prospecting tool. Earlier studies have concentrated on recording surface temperature disturbances via aerial thermography but these results can be biased towards minor variations in vegetation, albedo. and microclimate. A more promising approach is to record temperatures at a depth of 20cm using a simple probe. Anomalies at this depth arise from the interaction of objects with the annual heat‐flux cycle and other long‐term temperature variations. The amplitude, shape, and phase of anomalies have been modelled, together with the nature and magnitude of other, unwanted causes of ground temperature variation. Field equipment and data processing techniques for the direct‐contact approach to thermal prospection have undergone trails in the U.K. at Verulamium and Fountains Abbey.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE ‐ PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: TITE M. S.
Published: August 2007

This paper is the text of the inaugural lecture given by the author in the Ashmolean Museum Lecture Theatre on 23 October 1990 following his appointment in October 1989 to the Edward Hall Chair of Archaeological Science, at the University of Oxford
PREHISTORIC ANTIGORITE PROCUREMENT IN CYPRUS
Authors: HANCOCK R. G. V. , FOX W. A.
Published: August 2007

The Canadian Palaipaphos Survey Project in the Paphos district of south‐western Cyprus investigated extensive areas of the Esouzas, Xero, and Dhiarizos River valleys, locating hundreds of archaeological sites spanning the nine millennia from the aceramic Neolithic period to the recent era (Rupp et al. s1984 and 1986). Antigorite artefacts were recovered from Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlements. A number of geological sources have been proposed for the material from which these artefacts were manufactured. The results of neutron activation analyses of archaeological and geological specimens suggest that the Troodos ophiolite/Kouris River secondary deposits were the primary source of antigorite for the prehistoric populations of the study area. Extreme care must be taken when analysing antigorite samples to avoid material with grey‐black magnetite‐rich inclusions. since these have radically different trace element chemistries from the pure antigorite.
AN ARCHAEOMETRIC STUDY OF MEDIEVAL GLASS FROM THE FIRST BULGARIAN CAPITAL, PLISKA (NINTH TO TENTH CENTURY AD)
Authors: DJINGOVA R. , KULEFF I.
Published: August 2007

Glass finds from the first Bulgarian capital, Pliska, have been analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The analytical data, together with previous results from analysis of glass samples from the second Bulgarian capital, Preslav, were subjected to cluster and discriminant analysis. The local origin of part of the analysed samples was proven and some conclusions about the technology of production were possible.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF BIRD BOWLS AND RELATED ARCHAIC CERAMICS FROM MILETUS
Authors: KERSCHNER M. , MOMMSEN H. , BEIER T. , HEIMERMANN D. , HEIN A.
Published: August 2007

In this paper we present the results of a chemical investigation by neutron activation analysis of sherds of different kinds of bird kotylai, bird bowls and related wares excavated in Kalabaktepe, a hill of the ancient city of Miletus. A new archaeological classification of this well‐known group of Archaic ceramics of eastern Greece is presented. A number of kiln wasters of misfired vessels from Kalabaktepe revealed a characteristic local pattern. This pattern helped to clarify the provenance of some of the bird bowls classified archaeologically as of orientalizing type: they have been made in Miletus. But bird kotylai and bird bowls in the 'standard fabric’as well as other archaeologically related vessels show a different chemical pattern of unknown provenance.
QUANTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIPID IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SAMPLING POTSHERDS FOR ORGANIC RESIDUE ANALYSIS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF VESSEL USE
Authors: CHARTERS S. , EVERSHED R. P. , GOAD L. J. , LEYDEN A. , BLINKHORN P. W. , DENHAM V.
Published: August 2007

Organic residue analysis has been performed on 62 reconstructed vessels from a single archaeological site (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). In order to establish regions of lipid accumulation within a vessel, sherds were sampled from different parts of a vessel, for example base, body and rim, and submitted to lipid extraction procedures. The techniques of high‐temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were then used to analyse the sherd lipid extracts. The quantitative results obtained show differential accumulation and preservation of lipid in various parts of the same vessel. This latter observation has serious implications for the sampling of potsherds for organic residue analysis. Furthermore, the amount of absorbed lipid varies quite considerably between vessel types. On this basis, a new method is proposed for classifying vessel use by comparing the concentration of lipid present in different parts of individual vessels.
Developmental regulation of yolk protein gene expression in Anastrepha suspensa
Authors: Handler Alfred M.
Published: August 2007

A partial cDNA clone for the 48,000 dalton yolk polypeptide gene from Anastrepha suspensa was isolated from a cDNA expression library using a yolk polypeptide antibody probe and hybridization to the Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein 1 gene. The sequenced DNA has greatest homology to the yolk protein genes from Ceratitis capitata, D. Melanogaster, and Calliphora erythrocephala and, similar to these genes, shares amino acid sequence domains with those from lipases. RNA hybridization studies indicated that the yolk protein gene expression is completely female‐specific and limited to the ovaries, without apparent regulation by 20‐hydroxyecdysone or juvenile hormone. This is in contrast to an earlier study which suggested, based on immunological probes, that a very low level of yolk protein synthesis occurred in fat body and was not sex‐specific. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 36:25–35, 1997.Published 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
LASER ARGON DATING AND GEOLOGICAL PROVENANCING OF A STONE AXE FROM THE STONEHENGE ENVIRONS*
Authors: KELLEY S. , WILLIAMS‐THORPE O. , THORPE R. S.
Published: August 2007

The recently‐developed laser microprobe 40argon‐39 argon technique has been used to give a geological date for a rhyolitic tuff stone axe fragment from the Stonehenge environs. The method requires only milligramme‐sized samples and gives dates of sufficient accuracy to aid in provenancing artefacts to sources, as well as information on the heating history of samples. The axe sample is of Lower Carboniferous date (341 ± 5 Ma) and this limits possible sources to outcrops within the Scottish Midland Valley and small altered exposures in Dartmoor. X‐ray fluorescence analysis of the axe suggests the Scottish Midland Valley as the more likely source. The laser argon analysis also shows that the implement had not been heated in antiquity. Laser argon‐argon dating can, therefore, be a useful tool in artefact study.
INTERREGIONAL CONTACTS BETWEEN TELL EN‐NASBEH AND LITTORAL PHILISTINE CENTRES IN CANAAN DURING EARLY IRON AGE I*
Authors: GUNNEWEG J. , ASARO F. , MICHEL H. V. , PERLMAN I.
Published: August 2007

Philistine bichrome ware from Tell en‐Nasbeh, an Israelite village in the hill country, has been characterized by instrumental neutron activation analysis. A group of pottery stylistically indistinguishable from wares made in Philistia is shown to be of local origin, while other sherds match kiln wasters found in the littoral Philistine city of Ashdod. These findings attest to complex and reciprocal interregional contacts between the Philistines and the Israelites during the eleventh to twelfth centuries BC.
X‐RAY MICROANALYSIS OF ANCIENT GLASSY MATERIALS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE TECHNIQUES*
Authors: VERITÀ M. , BASSO R. , WYPYSKI M. T. , KOESTLER R. J.
Published: August 2007

Sensitivity, precision and accuracy of quantitative microanalysis of major, minor and trace elements present in ancient glasses by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) is compared to that by wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS). Although there are certain problems with EDS due to peak overlaps and background noise, the precision and minimum detection limits of EDS for most of the important elements in ancient glasses were found to compare favourably to those of WDS. Both EDS and WDS, when quantified by comparison to glass standards, can produce reliable results which are adequate for most technological questions.
THE BLACK INLAY DECORATION ON A MYCENAEAN BRONZE DAGGER*
Authors: PHOTOS E. , JONES R. E. , PAPADOPOULOS TH.
Published: August 2007

The black inlay decoration with superb marine, hunting and other scenes on Mycenaean bronze daggers and silver cups has often been referred to in the literature as niello—a mixture of sulphides of copper, silver or lead—despite the absence of any systematic analysis of these precious metal artefacts. This paper presents semi‐quantitative surface analyses of an example of black inlay on a Mycenaean dagger, now in the Archaeological Museum at Patras in Greece. Using non‐destructive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, it has been established that, contrary to the traditionally‐held view, the black inlay is a copper‐gold alloy with some silver and possibly small amounts of tin.
THE CHRONOLOGY OF GROUPS OF DIES FOR LARGE ISSUES OF ANCIENT COINS USING MAHALANOBIS DISTANCES*
Authors: CARTER G. F. , POWELL R. R.
Published: August 2007

Discriminant analyses of distances and angles obtained from 25 coins struck by P. Crepusius in 82 BC permitted the correct chronology for five groups of closely‐related dies to be obtained by the method of Carter and Frurip. Twenty distances and 15 angles were measured on 10 x projections of the coins which represented five groups of dies separated in time from each other. The use of all or many variables gave poorer results than the use of five to ten variables having a high ‘figure of merit’, defined as the maximum range of mean values for a given variable in the five groups of dies divided by the mean standard deviation of the variable in the five groups. It is recommended that chronologies of ancient coins be determined from Mahalanobis distances by using only variables of relatively high figure of merit.
COMPLETION OF THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY TO LOCATE THE VALLUM AT VINDOBALA, HADRIAN'S WALL*
Authors: GOULTY N. R. , HUDSON A. L.
Published: August 2007

The vallum is a major earthwork along the south side of Hadrian's Wall. All surface traces of it have been obliterated over a 500‐m‐long stretch past the fort of Vindobala at Rudchester, Northumberland. To the west of the fort, the vallum's course had previously been delineated by running shear‐wave seismic refraction lines to obtain depth profiles of rockhead. We have now run more seismic refraction lines, using both shear waves and compressional waves, to the south‐west and south of the fort, and thereby located the complete course of the vallum at Vindobala. The seismic refraction technique is successful at this site because the glacial drift cover is thin, so the vallum ditch was cut down into bedrock. During the second phase of seismic work, compressional waves gave better results than shear waves. Previously, test profiles using compressional waves had failed to locate the vallum ditch west of the fort where the surface elevation is lower; we now interpret that failure as being due to a shallow water table within the drift, which would have eliminated the compressional‐wave velocity anomaly. Although the vallum does not pre‐date the fort at Vindobala, its asymmetrical course around the fort suggests that it may already have been under construction to the west when the decision to build the fort was taken.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY OF SOILS USING A SLINGRAM ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICE IN MEDIUM FREQUENCY RANGE*
Authors: TABBAGH A.
Published: August 2007

The simultaneous measurement of different physical properties of the soil with a single apparatus can be of value in archaeological prospecting. This paper establishes, from theoretical calculation, that the use of the medium frequency range allows the determination of the soil permittivity as well as of the soil conductivity with a Slingram electromagnetic device.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF CARBONIZED RESIDUES FROM SUBARCTIC CANADIAN PREHISTORIC POTTERY
Authors: SHERRIFF B. L. , TISDALE M. A. , SAYER B. G. , SCHWARCZ H. P. , KNYF M.
Published: August 2007

Late prehistoric pottery is found in abundance at archaeological sites around Southern Indian Lake. Black residues, found on the two dominant vessel forms, flat plates and round pots, are presumed to be the remains of prehistoric meals. 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS NMR) and13C and15 N isotopic ratios and C/N ratios are used to reconstruct prehistoric diet and to shed light on possible uses for the plates. Samples of foods were cooked in clay pots, on a wood fire, to simulate the conditions of burning that could have produced the residue. Decomposition of carbohydrates, protein, and fat during cooking is studied with 13C CPMAS NMR, and the effect of cooking on isotopic and C/N ratios documented. Predominantly fish and fat were cooked in the pots, whereas the residues from plates contain a greater proportion of fat and could have been used as frying pans or possibly as fat‐burning lamps placed on the ashes of a wood fire.
A MAGNETIC SURVEY OVER LA MAJA, AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN NORTHERN SPAIN
Authors: CHÁVEZ R. E. , HERNÁNDEZ M. C. , HERRERA J. , CÁMARA M. E.
Published: August 2007

A Roman archaeological site in northern Spain (La Maja, province of La Rioja) includes pottery workshops, part of an important ceramic industry that developed from about the first century BC to the first century AD. A geophysical study was planned to determine the extent of the industrial complex in the vicinity of an excavated kiln. Magnetic observations were done on a grid of 30 × 36m, with a sampling interval of 1m. Two dipolar‐shaped anomalies were found: one in the north‐east and the other in the south‐west of the area. Low‐pass and band‐pass filters were used in the Fourier domain to enhance the characteristics of the magnetic data and to remove noise and undesirable shallow features. Three‐dimensional polygonal prisms were used to model the magnetic anomalies based on palaeomagnetic measurements performed over an uncovered kiln that helped to constrain the induced and remanent parameters of the magnetizing fields.
A COMPARISON OF INVERSE FILTERING AND MULTIPLE SOURCE WERNER DECONVOLUTION FOR MODEL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: TSOKAS G. N. , HANSEN R. O.
Published: August 2007

Inverse filtering and multiple source Werner deconvolution are tested on synthetic data produced by models which simulate features that occur commonly in archaeological exploration. Inverse filtering produces patterns which reflect the magnetization and lateral extent of the subterranean bodies and which are located at their centres. Multiple source Werner deconvolution locates the corners of the bodies with adequate accuracy. Both schemes can provide significant aid in interpreting magnetic data acquired for archaeological exploration.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF AD 1660–1930 EUROPEAN COPPER‐COLOURED BLUE GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: KENYON I. , HANCOCK R. G. V. , AUFREITER S.
Published: August 2007

Blue glass trade beads from well‐dated late seventeenth‐ to early twentieth‐century sites and collections have been analysed non‐destructively by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The beads display enough variations in their elemental contents to allow us to characterize the different chemistries. The implication of these results is that similar chemical analyses of blue beads from undated archaeological sites may be used to help date the sites, since each bead chemistry has a specific earliest period.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF PAPER SAMPLES DATING FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: ATTANASIO D. , CAPITANI D. , FEDERICI C. , SEGRE A. L.
Published: August 2007

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to detect paramagnetic impurities in differently degraded antique sheets of unprinted paper. Impurities consist primarily of transition metal ions (Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+) present in different environments and symmetries. Organic radicals, common in modern, wood pulp paper, are absent in these antique samples made from rags. Fe3+ is the largest impurity (from 300 to 700 ppm). Mn2+ is also present but its concentration does not exceed 50ppm. Cu2+ has been detected in about one‐third of the samples. Coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance data, these results describe degradation as an hydrolytic process leading to a net increase of amorphous cellulose and to a decrease of bound water. Copper and rhombic iron appear to act as efficient degradation catalysts, whereas the presence of octahedral iron is almost irrelevant.
TEPHRA SAMPLES FROM MOCHLOS AND THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL IMPLICATION FOR NEOPALATIAL CRETE
Authors: SOLES J. S. , TAYLOR S. R. , VITALIANO C. J.
Published: August 2007

Five deposits of Santorini tephra have been found in the excavations currently under way at the site of Mochlos which lies on the north coast of Crete about 140 km to the south of Santorini. This paper provides refractive index and trace element analyses for the largest of these deposits, examines the stratigraphy of all five deposits, and notes the chronological implication of this stratigraphy for the Late Minoan IB period, the floruit of Minoan civilization.
THE RED INK OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Authors: NIR‐EL Y. , BROSHI M.
Published: August 2007

The red ink on four fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls was analysed by X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction. The red pigment was identified as mercury sulfide (HgS), cinnabar. The significant archaeological and historical aspects of this finding are discussed.
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT COPPER ALLOYS: EMPIRICAL VALUES FOR PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Authors: LUTZ J. , PERNICKA E.
Published: August 2007

Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses are compared with neutron activation as well as atomic absorption analyses of ancient copper‐based alloys in order to examine their accuracy and to estimate realistic values for precision and sensitivity of EDXRF. The results show that it is possible to obtain reliable data of the surface composition of objects non‐destructively. Better results for bulk composition are usually obtained with drill samples where the sensitivity of the method is at least competitive with atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame atomization.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF CRETACEOUS AMBER
Authors: LAMBERT J. B. , JOHNSON S. C. , POINAR G. O.
Published: August 2007

Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been examined under high resolution conditions for 31 samples of fossil resin that have been dated to the Cretaceous period. Samples from Alaska, Canada, parts of the United States, Greenland, France, Switzerland, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel have very similar spectra, consistent with a common, geographically dispersed palaeobotanical source. Samples within this large group exhibit a variation in spectral linewidth that is consistent with differences in sample age or maturity. A single Triassic sample from Bavaria shows the same spectral patterns but greater linewidths, indicating that it probably had a similar palaeobotanical source.
REVIEW OF EXHIBITION
Authors: Evans MARK L.
Published: August 2007

‘Prague around 1600 ‐ Art and Culture at the Court of Rudolph II’: exhibition at the Villa Hugel, Essen, 10 June ‐ 30 October 1988 and at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, 24 November 1988 ‐ 26 February 1989
REVIEWS OF EXHIBITIONS
Authors: Haldane DUNCAN , Gent LUCY , Llewellyn NIGEL , Sumner ANN
Published: August 2007

‘Suleyman the Magnificent’: British Museum, London, 18 February‐30 May 1988

‘Mr. Cartwright's Pictures: A Seventeenth Century Collection’: Dulwich Picture Gallery, 25 November 1987‐28 February 1988

‘Armada 1588–1988’: an exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 20 April‐4 September 1988 and at the Ulster Museum, Botanic Gardens, Belfast, 12 October 1988‐8 January 1989 Organized by Stephen Deuchar; catalogue by M. J. Rodriguez‐Salgada et al. (Penguin Books) ISBN 0–14‐010301‐5.

‘Parliament and the Glorious Revolution 1688–1988’: Banqueting House, London, 1 July‐1 October 1988 Accompanying leaflet by Neil Kirk, ‘Parliament and the Glorious Revolution 1688–1988’(HMSO) ISBN 0–1170‐1‐3919; list of exhibits by H. S. Cobb and D. J. Johnson published by House of Lords Records Office.
The negative dialectic of Lorenzo Valla: a study in the pathology of opposition
Authors: Blanchard W. Scott
Published: August 2007

Quis unquam de scientia quapiam atque arte composuit, quin superiores reprehenderet? Alioouin que causa scibendi foret. nisi aliorum aut errataaut omissa aut redundantia castigandi? (Valla, Letter to Juan Serra, 1440)
REVIEWS OF EXHIBITIONS
Authors: Brown Beverly Louise
Published: August 2007

Garofalo e Dosso: Ricerche sul Polittico Costabili, edited by Luisa Ciammitti, Marsilio, Venice, 1998, 159 pp. with 72 colour pis and numerous b & w illus
Role of the Proteasome in Ethanol‐Induced Liver Pathology
Authors: Donohue Terrence M. , Cederbaum Arthur I. , French Samuel W. , Barve Shirish , Gao Bin , Osna Natalia A.
Published: August 2007

The ubiquitin‐proteasome system has come to be known as a vital constituent of mammalian cells. The proteasome is a large nonlysosomal enzyme that acts in concert with an 8.5 kDa polypeptide called ubiquitin and a series of conjugating enzymes, known as E1, E2 and E3, that covalently bind multiple ubiquitin moieties in a polyubiquitin chain to protein substrates in a process called ubiquitylation. The latter process targets protein substrates for unfolding and degradation by the 26S proteasome. This enzyme system specifically recognizes and degrades polyubiquitylated proteins, many of which are key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and antigen presentation. The 26S proteasome contains a cylinder‐shaped 20S catalytic core that, itself, degrades proteins in an ATP‐ and ubiquitin‐independent manner. The 20S form is actually the predominant enzyme form in mammalian cells. Proteolysis by the constitutive 20S proteasome is vital in removing oxidized, misfolded and otherwise modified proteins. Such degradation is critical as a means of cellular detoxification, as intracellular accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins is potentially lethal. Studies have shown that inhibition of proteasome activity can lead to cell death. Ethanol and its metabolism cause partial inhibition of the proteasome. This leads to a number of pleiotropic effects that can affect a variety of cellular processes. This critical review describes important aspects of ethanol metabolism and its influence on the proteasome. The review will summarize recent findings on: (1) the interactions between the proteasome and the ethanol metabolizing enzyme, CYP2E1; (2) the dynamics of proteasome inhibition by ethanol in animal models and cultured cells; (3) ethanol‐elicited suppression of proteasome activity and its effect on signal transduction; (4) The role of proteasome inhibition in cytokine production by liver cells; and (5) ethanol elicited suppression of peptide hydrolysis and the potential effects on antigen presentation. While the principal focus is on alcohol‐induced liver injury, the authors foresee that the findings presented in this review will prompt further research on the role of this proteolytic system in other tissues injured by excessive alcohol consumption.
JRI, JF,and the Internet: Coauthors, New Authors, and Empirical Research
Authors: Butler Richard J.
Published: August 2007

Abstract

This article examines how the Internet has changed the work of academic researchers and addresses the question of how expanded Internet usage has affected Journal of Risk and Insurance (JRI) and Journal of Finance (JF) articles, including the shift to empirical research, joint authorship, and new authorship. Internet availability significantly increased joint authorship overall (more for JF than for JRI), shifting upwards a strong secular trend toward working with other researchers. Another big impact of the Internet has been to increase the number of new authors (more for JRI than for JF).
Endoventricular Patch Reconstruction in Large Ischemic Wall‐Motion Abnormalities
Authors: Dor V. , Sabatier M. , Montiglio F. , Coste P. , Donato M. Di
Published: August 2007

Abstract Endoventricular patch plasty (EVPP) has been used since 1984 to rebuild the left ventricle. The global experience of our group includes more than 835 cases. Large wall‐motion abnormalities were detected by the center line method when > 60% of the circumference of the left ventricle was asynergic. In this series, 269 patients had an ejection fraction c 30%. Surgery for repair of large wall‐motion abnormalities was conducted on the arrested heart with insertion within the left ventricle of a patch rebuilding the contractile area while leaving a residual volume between 50 and 70 cc/m2 of body surface. The global results of the technique of EVPP are analyzed on the last 700 operated patients. Three series of patients with large wall‐motion abnormalities were examined. We conclude that this technique is appropriate in advanced stages of ischemic disease as an alternative to cardiac transplant. At an operative risk of approximately 12%, improvement is obtained in 80% of cases.
Partial Maze Procedure Is Effective Treatment for Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Valve Disease
Authors: Takami Yoshiyuki , Yasuura Kenzo , Takagi Yasushi , Ohara Yasuhisa , Watanabe Takashi , Usui Akihiko , Masumoto Hiroshi , Sakai Yoshimasa , Teranishi Katsuhito
Published: August 2007

Abstract The maze procedure may be performed in combination with valve operations to treat chronic atrial fibrillation associated with valve dysfunction. Although we initially used the modified Cox maze III procedure, a more limited partial maze procedure is now preferred because the left atrium might be considered as the electrical impetues for atrial fibrillation. In this study we compared the results of 30 patients (group I) who underwent the full biatrial modified Cox maze III and 20 (group II) patients the partial maze procedure. While the rates of restored sinus rhythm were the same in both groups at 6‐month follow‐up (I: 83.3%, vs II: 80%), the following advantages were noted in the patients undergoing the partial maze procedure: shorter operative times, lesser elevations of creatine phosphokinase, lower rate of blood transfusion, lower rate of junc‐tional rhythm soon after the operation, and a higher P wave in those patients with restored sinus rhythm. The effectiveness of the partial maze procedure seems equal to that of the biatrial modified Cox maze III procedure for atrial fibrillation associated with valve disease. The partial maze procedure is simple and less invasive, and thus might be applied more frequently as an additional procedure to valve operations without additional risk.
Mitral Valve Replacement in Patients After Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Elami Amir , Rudis Ehud , Merin Gideon
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Mitral valve replacement in patients who previously had undergone aortic valve replacement is a technical challenge. The rigid aortic prosthesis limits visualization of the anterior mitral annulus and placement of sutures. Methods: Reoperative mitral valve replacement was performed in five patients after aortic valve replacement. Two patients underwent resternotomy to allow verification of normal aortic prosthetic valve function. Anterolateral right thoracotomy was used for reentry in the remaining three patients. Exposure of the anterior mitral annulus was accomplished by initial traction on the intact anterior leaflet, with resection of this leaflet only after placement of sutures. Results: All patients survived the surgical procedure and are well 2 to 30 months after operation. In one patient it was impossible to open one cusp of the mitral prosthesis, nor was it possible to rotate the valve. The valve was reimplanted, but sutures were tied only after testing for full free cusp motion. Conclusions: When appropriate, right thoracotomy incision offers excellent exposure of the mitral valve with minimal dissection. Placement of sutures along the anterior portion of the annulus is facilitated by traction downwards on the anterior leaflet. Full range of motion of the prosthetic cusps should be verified before tying the sutures.
Approach to the Mitral Valve Through a Right Thoracotomy in Potentially Hazardous Reoperation
Authors: Prêtre René , Ye Qing , Zünd Gregor , Turina Marko I.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Repeat sternotomy for mitral valve surgery may be hazardous in some patients. A right thoracotomy avoids the densely scarred area beneath the sternum and provides adequate in‐line exposure of the mitral valve. Methods: Between 1994 and 1997, five patients were reoperated for a mitral valve or prosthesis dysfunction through a right thoracotomy. Indications were three second redo‐mitral valve surgeries and two first redo, once in a patient with an aortic prosthesis and once in a patient with patent aortocoronary grafts. The operation was performed without clamping the ascending aorta in moderate hypothermic (four patients) or normothermia (one patient). Results: Exposure of the mitral valve for replacement (four patients) or for repair of a paraprosthetic leak (one patient) was optimal in all patients. Resumption of cardiac function occurred rapidly after repair without specific support. Postoperative course was uncomplicated. Blood loss ranged from 300 to 700 mL. Patients were discharged from 7 to 12 days postoperatively. They are in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional Class I (four patients) and II (one patient), from 3 to 42 months postoperatively. Conclusion: Right thoracotomy provides a direct “in the line of vision” access to the mitral valve. Because complete de‐airing of the heart is difficult and respiratory function depressed after a right thoracotomy, this approach seems suitable when technical difficulties are expected in sternal reopening.
Results After Partial Left Ventriculectomy in a European Heart Failure Population
Authors: Konertz Wolfgang , Hotz Holger , Khoynezhad Ali , Zytowski Michael , Baumann Gert
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Forty‐nine consecutive patients undergoing partial left ventriculectomy (Batista) surgery between January 1995 and June 1998 were studied. Methods: Patient ages ranged from 12 to 85 years, and all patients were in New York Heart Association functional Class III or IV. Thirty‐three patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy, and 16 had idiopathic myopathy. Inclusion criteria were left ventricular end diastolic volume index of < 150 mL/m2, left ventricular ejection fraction of c 20%, or left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter of > 70 mm. Sixteen patients were transplant candidates. Partial left ventriculectomy and mitral valve repair by means of a Cosgrove annuloplasty ring plus the Alfieri repair constituted only part of the complex cardiac reconstruction in 38 patients. Results: Five patients died early and five patients died late between 3 and 30 months postoperatively. The actuarial l‐year survival rate was 81%. Twenty‐seven patients with coronary artery disease underwent one to five bypass grafts when appropriate. In addition, three patients received aortic valve replacement, four received tricuspid valve repair, two received mitral valve replacement, and two underwent dynamic cardiomyoplasty. Left ventricular (LV) diameter could be reduced from a preoperative mean of 71 to 56 mm postoperatively. LV ejection fraction increased to 36% postoperatively. Ninety percent of patients are in New York Heart Association functional Class I or II. Conclusions: Patients with end‐stage idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathies can be improved considerably with partial left ventriculectomy. Any cardiac comorbidity should be repaired simultaneously.
Perioperative Care in Left Ventricular Volume Reduction
Authors: Izzat Mohammad Bashar , Buckley Tom , Khaw Kim S. , Yim Anthony P. C. , Sanderson John E. , Angelini Gianni D.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: While the operative technique of left ventricular volume reduction (LVVR) is rapidly becoming standardized, the optimal perioperative management strategy is yet to be determined. We present our experience with the care of patients undergoing LVVR. Methods: LVVR was performed in 21 patients (mean age = 65.5 years) with congestive heart failure. Our management strategy was initially based on afterload reduction with sodium nitroprusside, but was later modified to include routine preoperative intra‐aortic balloon support, normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, antegrade intermittent warm blood cardioplegia, and postoperative support with phosphodiesterase‐III inhibitors. Hernodynamic manipulations are aimed to attain systemic vascular resistance between 600 and 800 dyne/sec per cm‐5 and the lowest mean blood pressure that is able to maintain satisfactory systemic perfusion. Postoperatively, aggressive antifailure medical therapy with a high dose of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, nitrates, and diuretics was initiated early and maintained indefinitely. Results: Using this approach, postoperative progress was characterized by hemodynamic stability. IABP support was used for 59.6 ± 9 hours following surgery, and inotropic support for 103 ± 12 hours. In our series there were four (19%) in‐hospital deaths, two of which were related to heart failure. Conclusion: The described approach is associated with an acceptable early outcome. However, further advances in myocardial protection methods and pharmacological and mechanical support techniques are necessary for a wider adoption of this procedure.
Intrapericardial Teratoma in a Newborn: A Case Report
Authors: Marianeschi Stefano M. , Seddio Francesco , Abella Raul F. , Colagrande Luisa , Iorio Fiore S. , Marcelletti Carlo F.
Published: August 2007

Abstract lntrapericardial teratomas are unusual tumors that often cause respiratory distress and might be lethal in the newborn. The purpose of this article is to present the clinical and pathological findings in a 12‐day‐old male successfully treated for a big intrapericardial teratoma. Given that the diameter of this tumor is generally related to the age at the time of diagnosis, the rarity of our case is the presence of a huge intrapericardial teratoma in a newborn. The surgical resection was lifesaving.
Idiopathic Saccular Aneurysm of the Azygos Vein
Authors: Sakaguchi Masayuki , Hanazaki Kazuhiro , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Koike Shoichiro , Shimizu Tadahiro , Kumeda Shigeyoshi , Amano Jun
Published: August 2007

Abstract Idiopathic saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein is a rare condition. We report the case of a 52‐year‐old man with saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein who underwent surgical resection. Preoperative dynamic computed tomography revealed strong and rapid enhancement of the chest mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a thoracic tumor with low signal intensity on the T1‐weighted image and coexistence of low and high signal intensity on the T2‐weighted image. lntraoperative findings showed cystic dilatation of the azygos vein. Although an accurate preoperative diagnosis of saccular azygos vein aneurysm is difficult, especially differential diagnosis between this anomaly and mediastinal tumors, a markedly enhanced mass shown by dynamic computed tomography was useful for the preoperative diagnosis of this anomaly.
Left Ventricular Volume Reduction and Reconstruction in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: García‐Rinaldi Raúl , Soltero Ernesto R. , Carballido Jorge , Mojica Joaquín , González‐Cruz Juan , Cosme Octavio , Glaeser Donald H.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Ischemic cardiomyopathy can be the result of large or small my‐ocardial infarctions or due to myocardial hibernation. Patients with an end‐systolic volume index >100 mL/m2 do not benefit from revascularization alone and require an operation that reduces ventricular volume. Various approaches to reduce ventricular volume have been described. We applied several of these techniques in patients with end‐stage ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: Forty eight patients with end‐stage ischemic cardiomyopathy (Class III‐IV) underwent left ventricular volume reduction operations with coronary revascularization and mitral valve repair or Alfieri valvoplasty. Fourteen patients underwent interpapil‐lary resections, 22 anterior resections, 4 posterior resections, 2 anterior and posterior resections, and 6 patients reduction of left ventricular volume with endocavitary patches. Results: All the techniques used improved left ventricular function. Analysis of mortality revealed that extensive resections (interpapillary, anterior, and posterior resection) had a 43% mortality. However, a limited resection or a ventricular reconstruction with an endocavitary patch had only a 12.5% mortality. When we changed our approach to a more conservative one, mortality was reduced from 26% the first 12 months to 13% in the last 15 months of the study. Conclusions: Ischemic cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis if the end‐systolic volume index exceeds 100 mL/m2. Various procedures exist to reduce left ventricular volume. Extensive ventricular resections improve ventricular function, but have a high mortality. This led us to use other methods of ventricular volume reduction such as more conservative resections combined with left ventricular reconstructions or ventricular volume reduction with endocavitary patches. Mortality was reduced significantly by this approach. The patients that survived have remained Class I‐II in a follow‐up that extends up to 30 months. Surgical therapy of Class III‐IV ischemic cardiomyopathy is feasible, but aggressive ventricular resections have a high mortality. We advocate a more reconstructive approach with limited or no ventricular resection.