bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New sounds, old technology
Authors: VOORELT MARTIJN
Published: July 2002

Contrary to the hi-tech reputation of pop, the most innovative pop
musicians often use traditional, old-fashioned equipment, ignoring the
latest technological developments. Musical innovation tends to precede
technological innovation rather than the other way round. This article
presents a birds eye view of pop experimentalism, grouping a number of
influential or otherwise interesting examples into four main categories
based on the type of equipment that is subject to experimentation:
(i) abusing musical instruments, (ii) abusing amplification, (iii) abusing
effects and mixing equipment, and (iv) ‘pop concrète’, or experiments
involving tape montage techniques. The examples suggest that technological
innovation may be relatively unimportant to the most innovative and
musically adventurous pop musicians. Rather, they appear to need to
have established some kind of relationship with their equipment before
they find radically new ways of using it. Pop experiments involve the
critical use of well-established typical pop machinery. This places them
in an old tradition of artistic innovation.
Max and Tabula Vigilans: two programs for algorithmic and rule-based composition
Authors: MARCENARO ODILON
Published: July 2002

In this article I intend to investigate the differences and common factors between Max and Tabula Vigilans, two programs for rule-based and algorithmic composition. Before I begin this investigation, I will introduce both programs briefly.
Space in sound: sound of space
Authors: WORRALL DAVID
Published: July 2002

At a time when our sense of physical space is
being radically challenged and modified by new global communication
technologies, it seems not unusual that composers are taking a renewed
interest in it. We have begun to experiment with using the new technologies
available to us to move sound in space and create surround-sound environments.

For electroacoustic music and other soundscapes we have pan pots on our
mixing desks and in our synthesizers to radially position sounds between
loudspeakers, and reverberators to simulate the distance of sound sources
from the listener. Dolby Digital 5.1 (AC-3) and DTS were introduced as
competing standards for theatre sound recordings around 1992 and consumer
products are available in both formats. In addition, Digital Versatile Discs
(DVDs) are making sophisticated soundfield techniques such as Ambisonics
both practical and more accessible.

This article traces some of my own explorations in the use of
3-space for musical composition, examines the limitations of
basing structuring methodologies primarily on functional psychoacoustic
studies of hearing, and suggests alternative approaches based on an
understanding of 3-space from the work of the perceptual psychologist James
Gibson.
The role of speech synthesis in Requiem per una veu perduda
Authors: Miranda Eduardo Reck
Published: July 2002

Requiem per una veu perduda (Requiem for a lost voice in Catalan) is a piece
for mezzo-soprano with on-stage effects processing and recorded
electroacoustic material. The electroacoustic material consists mainly of
synthesised vocal sounds and the pitches for the mezzo-soprano part were
defined based upon the functioning of the speech synthesis methods
used. This paper outlines the basics of one of the speech synthesis methods
used to compose the piece and introduces the scheme for the definition of
the pitch material for the singing. The relationship between the speech
synthesis methods and the pitch material establishes the structural
foundations of the piece.
School Exclusion: Research into the Appeal Process
Authors: Harris Neville
Published: July 2002

This article discusses the main findings of a detailed study
of the operation of the appeal process in cases of
permanent exclusion in England and Wales carried out by
the author with Karen Eden (Research Fellow) in 1997–99.
The project, which involved the first comprehensive
research into this subject, was funded by the Nuffield
Foundation.
Methodological Issues in the Assessment of the Self-concept of Children
with
Down Syndrome
Authors: Begley Amanda , Lewis Ann
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the difficulties researchers are likely to
encounter
when assessing the self-concept of children with Down syndrome. It
describes four potentially appropriate assessment methods: projective
techniques, nonverbal and/or pictorial techniques, construct generation

techniques, and topological techniques. The paper concludes that
methods based on the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social

Acceptance (Harter & Pike, 1984) and personal construct psychology

offer the most appropriate means for assessing the self-concept of children

with Down syndrome.
Obsessional Compulsive Disorder in Adolescent
Populations: Experiences of Offering a Combined
Pharmacological–Psychological Approach
Authors: Williams Tim I. , Allsopp Mark
Published: July 2002

The use of a standardised protocol for the pharmacological (using
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors–SSRIs) and psychological
treatment of 10 consecutive adolescent patients with Obsessional
Compulsive Disorder is reported. The psychological treatment consisted of
exposure to the feared stimulus and cognitive behavioural treatment of
anxiety associated with this procedure. The results suggest that there are
benefits from both pharmacological and psychological treatments.
However, both treatments were difficult to implement. For the SSRIs,
some patients reported disinhibition of mood swings and behaviour. For
those patients who showed benefits from the pharmacological treatments,
there appeared to be a decrease in willingness to attempt psychological
methods. The psychological methods require considerable time, which
may not be available in clinics, and substantial effort by the patients.
RATE OF AND BIAS TO TECHNICAL CHANGE UNDER A REGIME OF
ALMOST HOMOGENEITY OF THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
Authors: Panik Michael J.
Published: July 2002

This paper utilizes the concept of almost
homogeneity to obtain a generalization of the elasticity of
factor substitution. From this, an expression for the bias
to technical change is derived that explicitly includes the
individual degrees of input homogeneity. It is shown that
the relative values of these homogeneity parameters can
affect the magnitude and direction of the factor-saving bias
to technical change. These parameters also influence the
size of the residual or unexplained component of aggregate
output growth.
Spermidine-Binding Proteins. Purification and Expression Analysis in Maize
Authors: Tassoni Annalisa , Napier Richard M. , Franceschetti Marina , Venis Michael A. , Bagni Nello
Published: July 2002

Polyamine-binding proteins have been identified in a wide range of organisms, including mammals, yeasts, and bacteria. In this work, we have investigated specific spermidine binding to plant membrane proteins purified from microsomes of etiolated maize (Zea mays) coleoptiles. In the final purification step, specific spermidine-binding activity (K  d6.02 10−7  m) was eluted from a HiTrapQ fast-protein liquid chromatography column at about 0.25 mNaCl, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the most active fraction showed a major polypeptide of about 60 kD and another copurifying 18-kD protein. Competition experiments, performed on HiTrapQ active fractions, confirmed the specificity of the binding. Upon Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, spermidine binding was associated almost exclusively with the 18-kD protein. On the basis of the N-terminal sequences, degenerate oligonucleotide probes were designed and used to isolate, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction, cDNA fragments of about 1 kb for the 60-kD protein, and 0.9 kb for the 18-kD protein. Northern-blot analysis performed on etiolated coleoptiles and different tissues from 10-d-old maize plants indicated the presence of two different mRNAs of 1.7 and 0.7 kb. Southern-blot analysis indicated that the genes encoding the 60- and 18-kD proteins are probably derived from differential processing of the same precursor mRNA. Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against these proteins, affinity purification and dot-blot experiments detected analogous membrane proteins in monocot and dicot plants.
Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Detects Changes in Protein Secondary Structure Associated with Desiccation Tolerance in Developing Maize Embryos1
Authors: Wolkers Willem F. , Bochicchio Adriana , Selvaggi Giuseppe , Hoekstra Folkert A.
Published: July 2002

Isolated immature maize (Zea mays L.) embryos have been shown to acquire tolerance to rapid drying between 22 and 25 d after pollination (DAP) and to slow drying from 18 DAP onward. To investigate adaptations in protein profile in association with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in isolated, immature maize embryos, we applied in situ Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. In fresh, viable, 20- and 25-DAP embryo axes, the shapes of the different amide-I bands were identical, and this was maintained after flash drying. On rapid drying, the 20-DAP axes had a reduced relative proportion of α-helical protein structure and lost viability. Rapidly dried 25-DAP embryos germinated (74%) and had a protein profile similar to the fresh control axes. On slow drying, the α-helical contribution in both the 20- and 25-DAP embryo axes increased compared with that in the fresh control axes, and survival of desiccation was high. The protein profile in dry, mature axes resembled that after slow drying of the immature axes. Rapid drying resulted in an almost complete loss of membrane integrity in the 20-DAP embryo axes and much less so in the 25-DAP axes. After slow drying, low plasma membrane permeability ensued in both the 20- and 25-DAP axes. We conclude that slow drying of excised, immature embryos leads to an increased proportion of α-helical protein structures in their axes, which coincides with additional tolerance of desiccation stress.
Allele-Dependent Barley Grain β-Amylase Activity1
Authors: Erkkilä Maria J. , Leah Robert , Ahokas Hannu , Cameron-Mills Verena
Published: July 2002

The wild ancestor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgaresubsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) A. & Gr. (H. spontaneum), is a source of wide genetic diversity, including traits that are important for malting quality. A high β-amylase trait was previously identified in H. spontaneum strains from Israel, and transferred into the backcross progeny of a cross with the domesticated barley cv Adorra. We have used Southern-blot analysis andβ-amy1 gene characterization to demonstrate that the high β-amylase trait in the backcross line is co-inherited with theβ-amy1 gene from the H. spontaneumparent. We have analyzed the β-amy1 gene organization in various domesticated and wild-type barley strains and identified three distinct β-amy1 alleles. Two of theseβ-amy1 alleles were present in modern barley, one of which was specifically found in good malting barley cultivars. The third allele, linked with high grain β-amylase activity, was found only in a H.spontaneum strain from the Judean foothills in Israel. The sequences of three isolatedβ-amy1 alleles are compared. The involvement of specific intron III sequences, in particular a 126-bp palindromic insertion, in the allele-dependent expression of β-amylase activity in barley grain is proposed.
Adventitious Root Growth and Cell-Cycle Induction in Deepwater Rice1
Authors: Lorbiecke René , Sauter Margret
Published: July 2002

Deepwater rice (Oryza sativa) is adapted to survive conditions of severe flooding over extended periods of time. During such periods adventitious roots develop to provide water, nutrients, and anchorage. In the present study the growth of adventitious roots was induced by treatment with ethylene but not auxin, cytokinin, or gibberellin. Root elongation was enhanced between 8 and 10 h after submergence. The population of cells in the S phase and expression of the S-phase-specific histone H3 gene increased within 4 to 6 h. Within 6 to 8 h the G2-phase population increased. Cell-cycle activation was accompanied by sequential induction of a cdc2-activating kinase homolog, R2, of two cdc2 genes, cdc2Os-1and cdc2Os-2, and of three cyclin genes,cycA1;3, cycB2;1, andcycB2;2, but only induction of the R2 gene expression preceded the induction of the S phase, possibly contributing to cell-cycle regulation in the G1 phase. Both cdc2 genes were expressed at slightly higher levels during DNA replication. Transcripts of the A-type cyclin accumulated during the S and G2 phases, and transcripts of the B-type cyclins accumulated during the G2 phase. Cyclin expression was induced at all nodes with a similar time course, suggesting that ethylene acts systemically and that root primordia respond to ethylene at an early developmental stage.
Patterns of Starchy Endosperm Acidification and Protease Gene Expression in Wheat Grains following Germination1
Authors: Domı́nguez Fernando , Cejudo Francisco J.
Published: July 2002

Cereal aleurone responses to gibberellic acid (GA3) include activation of synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes and acidification of the external medium. We have studied the effect of the pH of the incubation medium on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) aleurone cells to GA3. De-embryonated half grains show the capacity for GA3-activated medium acidification when incubation is carried out at pH 6.0 to 7.0 but not at lower pHs. In addition, the activating effect of GA3 on the expression of carboxypeptidase III and thiol protease genes is more efficient when the hormone treatment is carried out at neutral pH. In situ pH staining showed that starchy endosperm acidification takes place upon imbibition and advances from the embryo to the distal part of the grain. In situ hybridization experiments showed a similar pattern of expression of a carboxypeptidase III gene, which is up-regulated by GA3 in aleurone cells. However, aleurone gene expression precedes starchy endosperm acidification. These findings imply that in vivo GA perception by the aleurone layer takes place at neutral pH and suggest that the acidification of the starchy endosperm is regulated by GA3 in germinated wheat grains.
Successive Use of Non-Host Plant Proteinase Inhibitors Required for Effective Inhibition of Helicoverpa armigera Gut Proteinases and Larval Growth
Authors: Harsulkar Abhay M. , Giri Ashok P. , Patankar Aparna G. , Gupta Vidya S. , Sainani Mohini N. , Ranjekar Prabhakar K. , Deshpande Vasanti V.
Published: July 2002

We report on the efficacy of proteinase inhibitors (PIs) from three host plants (chickpea [Cicer arietinum], pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan], and cotton [Gossypium arboreum]) and three non-host (groundnut [Arachis hypogea], winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus], and potato [Solanum tuberosum]) in retarding the growth ofHelicoverpa armigera larvae, a devastating pest of important crop plants. Enzyme assays and electrophoretic analysis of interaction of H. armigera gut proteinases (HGPs) with PIs revealed that non-host PIs inhibited HGP activity efficiently whereas host PIs were ineffective. In the electrophoretic assay, trypsin inhibitor activity bands were detected in all of the host and non-host plants, but HGP inhibitor activity bands were present only in non-host plants (except cotton in the host plant group). H. armigera larvae reared on a diet containing non-host PIs showed growth retardation, a reduction in total and trypsin-like proteinase activity, and the production of inhibitor-insensitive proteinases. Electrophoretic analysis of PI-induced HGP showed differential regulation of proteinase isoforms. Interestingly, HGP activity induced in response to dietary potato PI-II was inhibited by winged bean PIs. The optimized combination of potato PI-II and winged bean PIs identified in the present study and their proposed successive use has potential in developing H. armigera-resistant transgenic plants.
Salicylic Acid Mediated by the Oxidative Burst Is a Key Molecule in Local and Systemic Responses of Cotton Challenged by an Avirulent Race of Xanthomonas campestris pvmalvacearum
Authors: Martinez Christelle , Baccou Jean-Claude , Bresson Estelle , Baissac Yves , Daniel Jean-François , Jalloul Aı̈da , Montillet Jean-Luc , Geiger Jean-Paul , Assigbetsé Komi , Nicole Michel
Published: July 2002

We analyzed the production of reactive oxygen species, the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), and peroxidase activity during the incompatible interaction between cotyledons of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv Reba B50/Xanthomonas campestris pvmalvacearum (Xcm) race 18. SA was detected in petioles of cotyledons 6 h after infection and 24 h post inoculation in cotyledons and untreated leaves. The first peak of SA occurred 3 h after generation of superoxide (O2  ·−), and was inhibited by infiltration of catalase. Peroxidase activity and accumulation of SA increased in petioles of cotyledons and leaves following H2O2 infiltration of cotyledons from 0.85 to 1 mm. Infiltration of 2 mm SA increased peroxidase activity in treated cotyledons and in the first leaves, but most of the infiltrated SA was rapidly conjugated within the cotyledons. When increasing concentrations of SA were infiltrated 2.5 h post inoculation at the beginning of the oxidative burst, the activity of the apoplastic cationic O2  ·−-generating peroxidase decreased in a dose-dependent manner. We have shown that during the cotton hypersensitive response to Xcm, H2O2 is required for local and systemic accumulation of SA, which may locally control the generation of O2  ·−. Detaching cotyledons at intervals after inoculation demonstrated that the signal leading to systemic accumulation of SA was emitted around 3 h post inoculation, and was associated with the oxidative burst. SA produced 6 h post infection at HR sites was not the primary mobile signal diffusing systemically from infected cotyledons.
Permeability and Channel-Mediated Transport of Boric Acid across Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Squash Roots
Authors: Dordas Christos , Chrispeels Maarten J. , Brown Patrick H.
Published: July 2002

Boron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and the boron content of plants differs greatly, but the mechanism(s) of its uptake into cells is not known. Boron is present in the soil solution as boric acid and it is in this form that it enters the roots. We determined the boron permeability coefficient of purified plasma membrane vesicles obtained from squash (Cucurbita pepo) roots and found it to be 3 × 10−7 ±1.4 × 10−8 cm s−1, six times higher than the permeability of microsomal vesicles. Boric acid permeation of the plasma membrane vesicles was partially inhibited (30%–39%) by mercuric chloride and phloretin, a non-specific channel blocker. The inhibition by mercuric chloride was readily reversible by 2-mercaptoethanol. The energy of activation for boron transport into the plasma membrane vesicles was 10.2 kcal mol−1. Together these data indicate that boron enters plant cells in part by passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and in part through proteinaceous channels. Expression of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) PIP1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes resulted in a 30% increase in the boron permeability of the oocytes. Other MIPs tested (PIP3, MLM1, and GlpF) did not have this effect. We postulate that certain MIPs, like those that have recently been shown to transport small neutral solutes, may also be the channels through which boron enters plant cells.
Release of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (Superoxide Radicals, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Hydroxyl Radicals) and Peroxidase in Germinating Radish Seeds Controlled by Light, Gibberellin, and Abscisic Acid
Authors: Schopfer Peter , Plachy Claudia , Frahry Gitta
Published: July 2002

Germination of radish (Raphanus sativus cv Eterna) seeds can be inhibited by far-red light (high-irradiance reaction of phytochrome) or abscisic acid (ABA). Gibberellic acid (GA3) restores full germination under far-red light. This experimental system was used to investigate the release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) by seed coats and embryos during germination, utilizing the apoplastic oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin to fluorescent 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein as an in vivo assay. Germination in darkness is accompanied by a steep rise in ROI release originating from the seed coat (living aleurone layer) as well as the embryo. At the same time as the inhibition of germination, far-red light and ABA inhibit ROI release in both seed parts and GA3 reverses this inhibition when initiating germination under far-red light. During the later stage of germination the seed coat also releases peroxidase with a time course affected by far-red light, ABA, and GA3. The participation of superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals in ROI metabolism was demonstrated with specific in vivo assays. ROI production by germinating seeds represents an active, developmentally controlled physiological function, presumably for protecting the emerging seedling against attack by pathogens.
The Biological Functions of Glutathione Revisited in Arabidopsis Transgenic Plants with Altered Glutathione Levels
Authors: Xiang Chengbin , Werner Bonnie L. , Christensen E'Lise M. , Oliver David J.
Published: July 2002

A functional analysis of the role of glutathione in protecting plants from environmental stress was undertaken by studying Arabidopsis that had been genetically modified to have altered glutathione levels. The steady-state glutathione concentration in Arabidopsis plants was modified by expressing the cDNA for γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (GSH1) in both the sense and antisense orientation. The resulting plants had glutathione levels that ranged between 3% and 200% of the level in wild-type plants. Arabidopsis plants with low glutathione levels were hypersensitive to Cd due to the limited capacity of these plants to make phytochelatins. Plants with the lowest levels of reduced glutathione (10% of wild type) were sensitive to as little as 5 μm Cd, whereas those with 50% wild-type levels required higher Cd concentrations to inhibit growth. Elevating glutathione levels did not increase metal resistance. It is interesting that the plants with low glutathione levels were also less able to accumulate anthocyanins supporting a role for glutathione S-transferases for anthocyanin formation or for the vacuolar localization and therefore accumulation of these compounds. Plants with less than 5% of wild-type glutathione levels were smaller and more sensitive to environmental stress but otherwise grew normally.
Hybrid library development at the University of Haifa Library
Authors: de Marcas Jair , Branse Yosef , Golan Yael , Igra Iris
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of the hybrid library at the University of Haifa Library. This is an attempt to integrate disparate library resources such as the OPAC, online and networked databases, and electronic journals into a united system. Instead of separate terminals and workstations, access to library resources is facilitated through one Web interface allowing horizontal as well as vertical navigation. Additionally, linking from the library catalogue was realized. This article focuses on the goals, technology, and implementation of this scheme. The pilot project was a success, although a number of problems were detected. As a result, all workstations are being converted to the new framework.
How young people make career decisions
Authors: Hodkinson Phil
Published: July 2002

Although career decision making by young people is of central
importance in current training policy in Britain, there has been little
recent research into how career decisions are made. Summarizes some of
the findings from one such study, in the context of one of the training
credits pilot schemes. Based on these findings, describes a complex
process of pragmatically rational decision making by young people. This
is at odds with the technically rational assumptions that underpin much
current education and training policy. Shows assumptions that good
quality guidance and better information can help most young people to
make “correct” career decisions when they leave school to be
fallacious. Suggests that policies need to recognize that changes of
mind and of career direction are normal for many young people. We need
to work out ways of dealing with this reality, rather than trying to
avoid it.
The hidden organisational costs of using non‐standard employment
Authors: Allan Cameron
Published: July 2002

The growth of non‐standard or atypical forms of employment, such as part‐time, casual work and so on, represents one of the most dramatic changes in the structure of employment in Australia and other countries since the late 1970s. Management employment strategies have been identified as a major causal factor in the expansion of non‐standard employment. Employers are increasingly using these atypical forms of employment as a means of lowering direct labour costs. Argues, however, that there are a number of hidden costs involved in using non‐standard employment that are not commonly taken into consideration. Highlights the negative effects atypical employment can have on work relations, and the motivation of employees, based on a detailed hospital case study and other evidence. Argues that atypical labour may serve to undermine quality standards and the attainment of business strategies.
An energy‐conserving planar finite beam element for dynamics of flexible mechanisms
Authors: Stander Nielen , Stein Erwin
Published: July 2002

Using examples of flexible mechanisms, demonstrates that while the Newmark method is unstable for nonlinear dynamics, time step refinement could in some cases lead to even earlier onset of instability in the form of a blown‐up response. As a remedy, develops a plane finite beam element based on the Simo‐Vu Quoc formulation for dynamics and integrates it with an energy‐conserving midpoint time‐stepping rule for solving problems in nonlinear dynamics. Shows that this combination produces a consistently stable and accurate dynamic analysis method even for large time steps.
On the dynamic effects of explicit FEM in sheet metal forming analysis
Authors: Chung W.J. , Cho J.W. , Belytschko T.
Published: July 2002

This study is concerned with dynamic effects when we use explicit FEM for sheet metal forming analysis. Since sheet metal forming is a quasi‐static process, time scaling and mass scaling techniques have been widely used in order to save computation time. However, to define suitable scale factor still requires several trials. In this study, an internal energy error estimate which indicates accumulated incremental errors due to dynamic effects is suggested. This estimate is applied to each subdomain to consider the locality of deformation. Draw bending problem is analyzed to show the effectiveness of the suggested method. An analytic solution is derived for simplified draw bending to compare with the computed results. The cause of stress error in this problem is investigated and the method to reduce the stress error is suggested. Finally, the suggested method is applied to S‐rail benchmark test.
Convexity studies of two anisotropic yield criteria in principal stress space
Authors: Pankaj  , Arif Mohammed , Kaushik Surendra K.
Published: July 2002

Two anisotropic yield criteria, that employ quadratic stress functions and have been extensively used for the elastoplastic analysis of composite materials, are considered. Proposed by Hoffman and by Sun, both these criteria have been formulated using nine parameters. With appropriate choice of parameters they reduce to the well‐known isotropic von Mises criterion and the anisotropic Hill criterion. This paper investigates the convexity, which is an essential condition for any plasticity model, for these criteria in the principal stress space. In each case two orthogonal sections ‐ deviatoric and volumetric ‐ are used to study the shapes of the ensuing curves. Illustrative three‐dimensional plots are included. It is concluded that, while simple interrelationships between the parameters ensure convexity of the Hoffman criterion, conditions for the Sun criterion are quite stringent.
Promoting entrepreneurship as a career option ‐ the graduate enterprise programme
Authors: Fletcher Margaret
Published: July 2002

This paper presents findings of a research study carried out to review the outcomes of the Scottish Graduate Enterprise Programme (GEP). Two hundred and forty‐five graduates participated in the nine GEP business start up courses from 1983 to 1991. They came from a range of academic institutions and disciplines. At least a half have started a business at some point, we found 69 (50 per cent) of those traced were in business, almost half were female. They did not tend to come from entrepreneurial backgrounds, though most had previous work experience. They had considered a range of career options. They started up with low amounts of capital and found finance a constraint, although a range of other problems were identified. On average the businesses have shown growth in capital, turnover, profits and number of employees. They rated their business performance high on quality standards, innovation and competitiveness, though average on sales and profit performance. The Graduate Enterprise Programme helped those with sufficient motivation, to gain the ability to convert their idea into a business. We conclude with recommendations, based on the experiences of the Graduate Enterprise programme, for supporting graduates to create their own businesses.
Finite element analysis of saturation effects in a squirrel cage electrical machine
Authors: Demenko Andrzej , Nowak Lech
Published: July 2002

Presents a method for the finite element (FE) analysis of saturation effects in a squirrel‐ cage electrical machine. The proposed mathematical model includes the FE equations of the electromagnetic field, the equations which define the connection of windings, and the mechanical equation. Applies an approach based on a simultaneous solution of these equations, paying special attention to the movement simulation. Applies the time‐stepping method with a fixed grid, independent of the rotar position. In the method the motional effects are simulated by trigonometric interpolation of the results for the previous time step.
Cybernetics and creativity: the metaphor of Brownian motions
Authors: Chen Z.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the recent research interest in the relationship between cybernetics and creativity. Uses Brownian motion to review the metaphorical value of cybernetics. Points out that, although an examination from the cybernetics perspective is largely retrospective in nature, the lessons learned from this examination may provide interesting hindsight to guide our future creative activities.
Radiation‐natural convection interactions in partitioned cavities
Authors: Mezrhab A. , Bchir L.
Published: July 2002

The heat transfer by radiation and natural convection in a two‐dimensional, air‐filled square enclosure with a vertical partition of finite thickness and varying height was investigated numerically in the laminar regime. The horizontal end walls are assumed to be adiabatic, and the vertical walls are at different temperatures. Calculations are made by using a finite volume method and an efficient numerical procedure is introduced for calculating the view factors, with shadow effects included. The results indicate that the partition does not significantly modify the heat transfer rate through the cavity, especially at high Rayleigh numbers, provided that its height is less than 90 per cent of the cavity height. The effects of radiation on the velocity and the temperature fields and the overall heat transfer rates as a function of the widths of the vents, solid/fluid conductivity ratio and Rayleigh number are documented.
Security issues and concerns with the Internet
Authors: Forcht Karen A. , Fore Richard E.
Published: July 2002

Draws its topicality and relevance from the fact that not only is
the Internet widely publicized in all the media but also there are many
stories regarding problems with its security. Provides a primer on the
history, terminology, tools and common uses of the Internet. Identifies
the most prevalent threats to security posed by using the Internet and
discusses some of the traditional and emerging approaches to ensuring
the security and integrity of data on the Internet.
Stability Analysis of a Levitated Droplet by Using Floquet Multipliers
Authors: Ciocirlan Bogdan O. , Marghitu Dan B.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the analysis of the time evolution of a levitated droplet is proposed. The analysis is composed of two parts: in the first part, a nonlinear dynamics approach was considered to calculate quantities characterizing time series data such as attractor dimension or largest Lyapunov exponent. The number of degrees of freedom in the system was also assessed. Based on the results obtained in the first part, Floquet theory was applied in the second part of the analysis to investigate the stability of the system. Data acquired from a levitation instrument developed by Space Power Institute at Auburn University was used to perform the analysis. [S0739-3717(00)01903-6]
Through-Tool Coolant Drilling of Aluminum/SiC Metal Matrix Composite1
Authors: Barnes Stuart , Pashby Ian R.
Published: July 2002

Through-tool coolant was applied to the drilling of an aluminum/SiC MMC. Titanium nitride coated, solid carbide drills were used to investigate the effect of the coolant application method on the performance of the drilling operation. Holes were produced dry, with conventional coolant and with through-the tool coolant. The results provided strong evidence that the conventional application of coolant was having no beneficial effect on the cutting operation compared to dry drilling. However, through-tool cooling gave a significant improvement in performance in terms of tool wear, cutting forces, surface finish and the height of the burrs produced. [S0094-4289(00)02104-6]
Reliability of Welded Structures Containing Cracks in Heat-Affected Zones
Authors: Lanning David B. , Shen M.-H. Herman
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the reliability of a plate containing a semi-elliptical surface crack intersecting regions of dissimilar material properties. A weakest-link model is developed to express fracture toughness distributions in terms of effective crack lengths that account for the varying stress intensity factor along the crack front. The model is intended to aid in the development of fracture toughness distributions for cracks encountering local brittle zones (LBZ) in the heat-affected zones (HAZ) of welded joints, where lower-bound fracture toughness values have been measured in the laboratory when a significant portion of the crack front is intersecting the coarse-grained LBZs. An example reliability analysis is presented for a surface crack in a material containing alternating bands of two Weibull-distributed toughnesses. [S0892-7219(00)01203-6]
Globally Independent Coordinates for Real-Time Vehicle Simulation
Authors: Serban Radu , Haug Edward J.
Published: July 2002

Models of the dynamics of multibody systems generally result in a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAE). State-space methods for solving the DAE of motion are based on reduction of the DAE to ordinary differential equations (ODE), by means of local parameterizations of the constraint manifold that must be often modified during a simulation. In this paper it is shown that, for vehicle multibody systems, generalized coordinates that are dual to suspension and/or control forces in the model are independent for the entire range of motion of the system. Therefore, these additional coordinates, together with Cartesian coordinates describing the position and orientation of the chassis, form a set of globally independent coordinates. In addition to the immediate advantage of avoiding the computationally expensive redefinition of local parameterization in a state-space formulation, the existence of globally independent coordinates leads to efficient algorithms for recovery of dependent generalized coordinates. A topology based approach to identify efficient computational sequences is presented. Numerical examples with realistic vehicle handling models demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed approach, relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate formulation, yielding real-time for vehicle simulation. [S1050-0472(00)00404-9]
Proper Boundary Conditions for Infinitely Layered Orthotropic Media
Authors: Bonnaud E. L. , Neumeister J. M.
Published: July 2002

A stress analysis of a plane infinitely layered medium subjected to surface loadings is performed using Airy stress functions, integral transforms, and a revised transfer matrix approach. Proper boundary conditions at infinity are for the first time established, which reduces the problem size by one half. Methods and approximations are also presented to enable numerical treatment and to overcome difficulties inherent to such formulations. [S0021-8936(00)01103-X]
Effects of Housing Stiffness and Bearing Dimension on Engine Bearing Performance by Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis
Authors: Okamoto Yutaka , Hanahashi Minoru , Katagiri Takeshi
Published: July 2002

In modern higher power, compact and light weight automotive engines, bearing load is increasing and housing stiffness is decreasing. Consequently, the bearing performance is significantly influenced by elastic deformations of both the housing and the bearing. The effects of changing both the housing stiffness and the bearing dimension on bearing performance were studied by using the elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory on connecting rod bearings for diesel engines. [S0742-4787(11)00201-3]
A Hybrid Analysis Method for Vibration Signals Based on Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition Techniques
Authors: Samman Mahmod M.
Published: July 2002

A method for the automated interpretation of complex vibration signals is introduced. The method which combines techniques of pattern recognition and neural networks is illustrated using an example of detecting defects in concrete cylinders from impact test signals. Two neural nets were trained, one to detect defects and the other to predict the extent (or width) of defects. The first returned an accurate verdict 86 percent and 76 percent of the time when specimens were not defective and defective, respectively. For the second net, with the exception of the smallest defect, the actual width was within the range of the average plus or minus the standard deviation of the predicted width. Based on the results and limitations of this experimental test, the method appears to be capable of interpreting vibrations signals with reasonable accuracy.
Strain Rate Effects on the Fatigue Crack Growth of SA508 Cl.3 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel in High-Temperature Water Environment
Authors: Lee S. G. , Kim I. S.
Published: July 2002

Corrosion fatigue tests were performed in air saturated hot water to assess fatigue crack growth behavior of reactor pressure vessel steel at the LWR operating condition. The main test parameter was loading frequency. Crack growth rate was increased with decreasing frequency until a critical frequency. It was found through fractographic study that the enhancement of crack growth rate was environmentally assisted by the hydrogen embrittlement, since brittle striations and cleavagelike facets with microvoid were formed in the crack growth process. The strain rate effects on crack growth rate were investigated through da/dt versus dε/dt curves. At intermediate range, there is a transient point which corresponds to an onset of dynamic strain aging and abruptly increases the crack growth rate; above the transient point, small-size-particle-enhanced brittle cracks, while only large-size-particle-enhanced brittle cracks before the transient. From the fractography, it is suggested that EAC may be enhanced by specific strain rate, and that EAC may be related to interactions of hydrogen with oxide film and to Luders band movement with a high strain gradient at inclusion/matrix interface.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Air-Cooled Gas Turbine Plants
Authors: Khodak E. A. , Romakhova G. A.
Published: July 2002

At present high temperature, internally cooled gas turbines form the basis for the development of highly efficient plants for utility and industrial markets. Minimizing irreversibility of processes in all components of a gas turbine plant leads to greater plant efficiency. Turbine cooling, like all real processes, is an irreversible process and results in lost opportunity for producing work. Traditional tools based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics enable performance parameters of a plant to be evaluated, but they give no way of separating the losses due to cooling from the overall losses. This limitation arises from the fact that the two processes, expansion and cooling, go on simultaneously in the turbine. Part of the cooling losses are conventionally attributed to the turbine losses. This study was intended for the direct determination of lost work due to cooling. To this end, a cooled gas turbine plant has been treated as a work-producing thermodynamic system consisting of two systems that exchange heat with one another. The concepts of availability and exergy have been used in the analysis of such a system. The proposed approach is applicable to gas turbines with various types of cooling: open-air, closed-steam, and open-steam cooling. The open-air cooling technology has found the most wide application in current gas turbines. Using this type of cooling as an example, the potential of the developed method is shown. Losses and destructions of exergy in the conversion of the fuel exergy into work are illustrated by the exergy flow diagram.
The TransAlta High-Energy Piping Program—A Five-Year History
Authors: Cohn, Marvin J.
Published: July 2002

In 1995, the High-Energy Piping Strategic Management Plan (HEPSMP) was initiated at TransAlta Utilities Corporation (TAU) for the three generating facilities. At that time, it was recognized that several of the piping systems were exhibiting signs of creep relaxation, with some hangers bottomed or topped out online and/or offline. Previous hanger adjustment attempts were not always adequate. The program workscope included: 1) hot and cold piping system walkdowns, 2) selection of high-priority girth weld inspection locations, 3) examination of critical weldments, 4) weld repairs where necessary, 5) adjustments or modifications of malfunctioning steam line hangers, and 6) recommended work for future scheduled outages. Prior to 1996, examination locations were limited to the traditional locations of the terminal points at the boiler and turbine, with reexaminations occurring at arbitrary intervals. Since the terminal points are not necessarily the most highly stressed welds causing service-related creep damage, service damage may not occur first at the pre-1996 examined locations. There was a need to maximize the safety and integrity of these lines by ensuring that the highest risk welds were identified and given the highest priority for examination. An engineering consulting company was selected to prioritize the highest risk weldments for each piping system. This risk-based methodology included the prediction and evaluation of actual sustained loads, thermal expansion loads, operating loads, multiaxial stresses, creep relaxation, and cumulative creep life exhaustion. The technical process included detailed piping system walkdowns and application of advanced analytical techniques to predict and rank creep/fatigue damage for each piping system. TAU has concluded that the program has met its objective of successfully prioritizing inspection locations. The approach has also resulted in reducing the scope and cost of reexaminations. Phases 1 and 2 evaluations and examinations have been completed for all units. Results of some of the important aspects of this program are provided as case history studies.
Optical Analysis of Pulse Combustion Using Shadowgraph and Planar CH-LIF Imaging Technique
Authors: Ishino Yojiro , Hasegawa Tatsuya , Yamaguchi Shigeki , Ohiwa Norio
Published: July 2002

Planar imaging of laser-induced fluorescence of CH radical is made to examine combustion processes in a valveless pulse combustor. An excimer-pumped dye laser tuned to a wavelength of 387 nm is used to excite the R1N″=6 line of (0,0) band of the B2Σ−−X2Π system of CH radical, and an image-intensified CCD camera system is used to detect the (0,1) band emission at around 435 nm. According to the CH-LIF images, it is found that the progress in combustion during a pulsation period is expressed by the enlargement and breakup of the earlobe-shaped flame front along the outline of a pair of large-scale eddies of fresh mixture.
The Control of Shroud Leakage Flows to Reduce Aerodynamic Losses in a Low Aspect Ratio, Shrouded Axial Flow Turbine
Authors: Wallis A. M. , Denton J. D. , Demargne A. A. J.
Published: July 2002

The losses generated by fluid leaking across the shrouds of turbine blade rows are known to form a significant proportion of the overall loss generated in low aspect ratio turbines. The use of shrouds to encase the tips of turbine blades has encouraged the development of many innovative sealing arrangements, all of which are intended to reduce the quantity of fluid (the leakage fraction) leaking across the shroud. Modern sealing arrangements have reduced leakage fractions considerably, meaning that further improvements can only be obtained by controlling the leakage flow in such a way so as to minimize the aerodynamic losses incurred by the extraction and re-injection of the leakage flow into the mainstream. There are few published experimental investigations on the interaction between mainstream and leakage flows to provide guidance on the best means of managing the leakage flows to do this. This paper describes the development and testing of a strategy to turn the fluid leaking over shrouded turbine rotor blade rows with the aim of reducing the aerodynamic losses associated with its re-injection into the mainstream flow. The intent was to extract work from the leakage flow in the process. A four stage research turbine was used to test in detail the sealing design resulting from this strategy. A reduction in brake efficiency of 3.5 percent was measured. Further investigation suggested that much of the increase in loss could be attributed to the presence of axial gaps upstream and downstream of the shroud cavity which facilitated the periodic ingress and egress of mainstream fluid into the shroud cavity under the influence of the rotor potential field. This process was exacerbated by reductions in the leakage fraction.
Stroh Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Linear Anisotropic Elastic Solids
Authors: Hwu Chyanbin , Wu J. Y. , Fan C. W. , Hsieh M. C.
Published: July 2002

A general solution satisfying the strain-displacement relation, the stress-strain laws and the equilibrium conditions has been obtained in Stroh formalism for the generalized two-dimensional anisotropic elasticity. The general solution contains three arbitrary complex functions which are the basis of the whole field stresses and deformations. By selecting these arbitrary functions to be linear or quadratic, and following the direct finite element formulation, a new finite element satisfying both the compatibility and equilibrium within each element is developed in this paper. A computer windows program is then coded by using the FORTRAN and Visual Basic languages. Two numerical examples are shown to illustrate the performance of this newly developed finite element. One is the uniform stress field problem, the other is the stress concentration problem.