bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proceedings before the Referring Court after a Reference has been Made
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 9 provides an account of the steps that a national court may take after having made a preliminary reference. Making a preliminary reference does not imply that the case before the national court is transferred to the Court of Justice. On the contrary, the main proceedings remain pending before the referring court and that court thus retains jurisdiction to take any procedural measures which it is empowered to take under national law. A decision to make a preliminary reference may also be appealed to a superior national court, but, as a main rule, the superior court cannot overturn the lower court’s decision to make a preliminary reference. A national court may also order interim relief under EU law in connection with a preliminary reference. In this respect, the national court must consider the conditions for granting interim relief: (i) doubt as to the validity (fumus boni iuris), (ii) urgency, and (iii) balancing of the interests.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 10 contains an analysis of the procedure before the Court of Justice and discusses how written and oral observations may be presented. The chapter examines and explains the following stages: (i) translation of the reference into all the official languages, and the subsequent publication of a summary of the reference in the Official Journal of the European Union, (ii) notification of the reference to the parties to the main proceedings, the Member States, the EU institutions, the EFTA Surveillance Authority, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein as well as, in some cases, other third countries, (iii) submission of written observations, (iv) translation of the written observations into French (working language of the Court of Justice) and appointment of a Judge-Rapporteur Advocates General, (v) notification of the written observations in their original language, in French and in the language of the case, (vi) drawing up of a Preliminary Report (rapport préalable), (vii) oral procedure, (viii) deliberation and voting by the judges and preparation of the judgment, and (ix) translation of the judgment.
The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: May 2021

Chapter 12 considers the binding effect of a preliminary ruling. The chapter deals with the effects of a preliminary ruling on the main proceedings, it examines the effect of the ruling on cases other than the one that has given rise to the preliminary reference. It also discusses the legal significance of the Advocate General’s Opinion, and it analyses the temporal effect of a preliminary ruling. Finally, the question of the interpretation and revision of a preliminary ruling is dealt with.
A Mere Skeleton of the Sciences? Amalia Holst’s Critique of Basedow and Campe
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter I examine Amalia Holst’s critique of Johann Bernhard Basedow’s and Joachim Heinrich Campe’s strongly gendered views of education. After a brief overview of the influential Rousseauvian background, I turn to Basedow’s remarks about girls’ education in his Methodenbuch (1770) and Campe’s position as presented in his Väterlicher Rath für meine Tochter (1789). I then assess the strength of Holst’s criticisms of both authors’ positions, showing where they hit (as well as occasionally miss) their intended targets. I conclude with a brief evaluation of Holst’s own alternative pedagogical theory, arguing that while in some ways it represents a clear advance over earlier Enlightenment views, in other ways it does not.
Mutational mechanisms and evolvability
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Well-studied cases of programmed DNA rearrangements, e.g., somatic recombination in the emergence of specific antibodies, suggest a rubric for specially evolved mutation systems: they amplify the rates of specific types of mutations (by orders of magnitude), subject to specific modulation, using dedicated parts, with the favored types of mutations being used repeatedly. Chapter 5 focuses on six types of systems that generate mutational diversity in a focused manner, often in an ecological context that makes sense of such a specialized feature, e.g., immune evasion or phage-host coevolution: cassette shuffling, phase variation (switching), CRISPR-Cas defenses, inversion shufflons, diversity-generating retro-elements, and mating-type switching. The emergence and influence of these systems relates to the concept of evolvability, here expressed in terms of three types of claims: evolvability as fact (E1), evolvability as explanans (E2), and evolvability as explanandum (E3).
Randomness as Irrelevance
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin
Published: May 2021

Under the neo-Darwinian theory, selection is the potter and variation is the clay: peculiarities or regularities of variation may emerge from internal causes, but these are ultimately irrelevant, because selection governs the outcome of evolution. Chapter 6 addresses this sense of “randomness” as irrelevance or unimportance, featuring (1) an analogical-metaphysical argument in which mutation is equated with raw materials or fuel, or is said to act at the “wrong level” to be an evolutionary cause; (2) direct empirical arguments; (3) mechanistic claims, e.g., claims about the ability of the “gene pool” to maintain variation, or of selection to be creative; (4) methodological claims to the effect that selection is amenable to study, but not mutation; and (5) an explanatory claim to the effect that mutation, though perhaps influential, only affects the boring parts of evolution. Appendix D provides quotations on the theme of unimportance.
Some False Step
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

This first chapter argues that the philosophy of pessimism is well grounded, quite independent of any particular religious orientation. At its core, the philosophy of pessimism simply offers (on the whole) dismal predictions about what nearly all of us can expect to experience in our private lives and interpersonal relationships, about the welfare of our fellow creatures, about the character of our social institutions and global politics, and about our prospects for progress on these matters in the future. The collective evidence for this view drawn from the plight of animals, the natural dispositions of human persons, our checkered history of social and political institutions, the world’s religions and wisdom traditions, and humanity’s achievements in art, literature, music, and philosophy is clear and compelling. Moreover, the chapter argues that this pessimism is overdetermined and even more austere for the Christian who takes the doctrines of the Fall and Original Sin seriously. Yet the good news for the Christian is that this philosophy of pessimism can be tempered by reasons for optimism—reasons which furnish a hope for salvation and also a hope that before every tear is wiped away, the groans of creation and the sufferings of its creatures will have properly inspired us to cooperate with God in the process of Atonement. Finally, special attention is given to the Felix Culpa theodicy as a further source of optimism for the Christian.
Action and social spaces in typical development and in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Candini Michela , Pellegrino Giuseppe di , Frassinetti Francesca
Published: May 2021

Research in neuroscience reveals that the brain constructs multiple representations of space. Here, we primarily focus on interpersonal representation—i.e. the region of space immediately surrounding our body, in which we interact with other people, in individuals with a deficit of social interaction, such as autism. We review results from several studies, revealing that autism affects the interpersonal space regulation, influencing both its size (permeability) and its changes depending on social interaction (plasticity). Indeed, individuals with autism prefer larger or shorter interpersonal space compared to healthy controls, thereby indicating a deficit of interpersonal space permeability. Furthermore, individuals with autism fail to modify their interpersonal space following a brief cooperative interaction with an unfamiliar adult, suggesting a deficit in interpersonal space plasticity. Interestingly, the deficit observed in interpersonal space plasticity depends on the person’s perspective and reflects the severity of social impairment. Finally, the link between social competence, action, and space is addressed, showing that autism affects social-interpersonal space, but not action-peripersonal space.
“I Belong to Basel”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

As an old man, Barth began writing a so far unpublished autobiography, which he started with describing the life of his ancestors up to his grandparents’ generation. His examination of his own roots is revealing. Different autobiographical texts as well as documents from their funeral tell us about his parents. His father was a professor for New Testament and Church History, addressing in his books also laypeople. Karl Barth later confessed how important his father was for his own relationship to theology, but that he also distanced himself from his father’s theological attitude. Barth’s relationship to his mother was filled with tensions. Barth grew up with four siblings in Basel and Bern. In school, he didn’t like mathematics and natural science, but was fond of history and literature.
“The Need for Thinking Further”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

Barth moved to the theological faculty of Münster in 1925 where he had an easier relationship with his colleagues than in Göttingen. While at the beginning he again suffered under the burdens of teaching, he gradually came to enjoy it. In Münster, Barth began work on a new cycle on dogmatics and published it in 1927 as “Christian Dogmatics in Outline” considering it as “the attempt of a beginner in this area.” He made friends with many Catholics and met the Catholic philosopher of religion Erich Przywara for the first time. Barth traveled nationally and internationally for lectures which gave him a large following, which would subsequently become important for his role as a leading figure in the German Church Struggle.
“A Swissman in the Middle of Germany”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

In the summer semester of 1930, Barth moved to Bonn. He was soon drawn into a conflict with German nationalists about the German pacifist and theologian Günther Dehn, whom Barth defended. A few months after Adolf Hitler’s appointment as Reich Chancellor in 1933, Barth wrote Theological Existence Today!, declaring that church and theology constitute a boundary for every state, even a totalitarian one. At the same time, Barth’s domestic situation grew more difficult, leading him to consider divorce. In 1934 Barth co-authored the Barmen Theological Declaration of the Confessing Church. Barth didn’t conform with even minor regulations at the university and refused to swear the loyalty oath to Hitler without an addendum. This led to Barth’s suspension as professor, followed by a disciplinary criminal process, in which Barth protested that Hitler was treated as a second God. The process led to Barth’s compulsory retirement in 1935.
Sensation and the Grammar of Life
Authors: Cumhaill Clare Mac , Wiseman Rachael
Published: May 2021

Anscombe’s published writings, lectures, and notes on sensation offer material for a sophisticated critique of philosophical theories of perception and a novel analysis of the concept of sensation. Her philosophy of perception begins with the traditional question, ‘What are the objects of sensation?’, but the response is a grammatical rather than ontological enquiry. What, she asks, are the characteristics of the grammatical object of sensation verbs? Anscombe’s answer is: sensation verbs take ‘intentional objects’, where an ‘intentional object’ is a description which has the characteristics of the concept of intention—characteristics elucidated in detail in her Intention. This allows Anscombe to reject two opposing positions—that the objects of sensation are sense data, and that they are ordinary objects. Both views, she argues, fail to recognize the grammatical fact that verbs of sensation take intentional objects. This chapter sets out Anscombe’s analysis and outlines the case for a grammatical methodology. Along the way, it will be shown that Anscombe’s philosophy of perception should not be read as forerunning contemporary representationalism.
An Unheard of Thing
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the objectives and logistics behind the massacre of nine noblemen at Saint-Leu-d’Esserent on 28 May 1358, the first incident in what became the Jacquerie. This attack was carefully planned and enacted by a geographically diverse group who came together for that purpose. It was not a spontaneous uprising in that village by its normal population. Strategic interests linked to the military and political predicament of Paris clearly motivated the attack: the nobles killed included the nephew of one of the murdered marshals, and his entourage was probably headed for Creil, a fortress allowing the Dauphin to block the Oise River. This attack may have been carried out on the villagers’ own initiative, rather than at Marcel’s order. Close relations between town and countryside meant that there were many opportunities for cooperation, and villagers were certainly aware of the situation in Paris. But whether anyone envisaged the confrontation at Saint-Leu as the opening salvo in a massive, inter-regional uprising is unclear, especially as rural revolts were still uncommon. Rather, the events in Saint-Leu-d’Esserent and environs may have been conceived as a limited operation to accomplish a particular aim, which took on a different character afterward.
Good Love and Hard Words
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

This chapter opens with the murder of Étienne Marcel and the fall of Paris to the Dauphin at the end of August, and focuses on how the crown and its subjects negotiated the social and emotional—as well as the legal and political—consequences of the Jacquerie. While the crown began by enacting spectacularly harsh penalties against its enemies in Paris, it almost immediately moved to a policy of forgiveness and reconciliation. After publicly executing prominent reformers, the crown issued general pardons to those who participated in the Parisians’ treachery, the Jacquerie, and the Counter-Jacquerie. This was both a practical necessity and an astute political move that allowed the crown to place itself above the fray and to impose its own interpretation of events. But as the subsequent proliferation of individualized pardons and lawsuits show, subjects’ own stories were more varied, demonstrating different ways of thinking about the revolt. Long-running lawsuits and the failure even of extra-judicial agreements reveal enduring barriers to reconciling people to the past, as well as to one another. Relations between some individuals remained emotionally fraught, roiled by anger and anxiety for decades after the revolt, manifesting in the exchange of ‘hard words’ and homicidal quarrels.
Modern Applications of Graph Theory
Authors: Zverovich Vadim
Published: May 2021

This book discusses many modern, cutting-edge applications of graph theory, such as traffic networks and Braess’ paradox, navigable networks and optimal routing for emergency response, backbone/dominating sets in wireless sensor networks, placement of electric vehicle charging stations, pedestrian safety and graph-theoretic methods in molecular epidemiology. Because of the rapid growth of research in this field, the focus of the book is on the up-to-date development of the aforementioned applications. The book will be ideal for researchers, engineers, transport planners and emergency response specialists who are interested in the recent development of graph theory applications. Moreover, this book can be used as teaching material for postgraduate students because, in addition to up-to-date descriptions of the applications, it includes exercises and their solutions. Some of the exercises mimic practical, real-life situations. Advanced students in graph theory, computer science or molecular epidemiology may use the problems and research methods presented in this book to develop their final-year projects, master’s theses or doctoral dissertations; however, to use the information effectively, special knowledge of graph theory would be required.
Establishing Measurement Invariance across Time within an Accelerated Longitudinal Design
Authors: Pampaka Maria
Published: May 2021

The chapter provides a review of the potential value of accelerated longitudinal designs (ALD) for research, through (i) a systematic literature review, and (ii) an original investigation showing in particular the importance of evaluation of measurement invariance. It empirically draws on a large-scale UK study with a substantial aim to map teaching practices with students’ learning outcomes (including dispositions) in mathematics during secondary school. The focus here is on the methodological implications of combining the separate cohorts of students’ outcomes into a longitudinal model of progression for the whole secondary school trajectory and in particular the measurement methods involved to make this possible. Other challenges are also explored in the context of a comprehensive procedure that covers the validation of the construct of mathematics disposition and subsequent multilevel modelling to account for the complex longitudinal design.
Monastic Nomocanons II
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 builds on the discussion of Chapter 5, taking a closer look at the content and material character of the monastic nomocanons produced under Norman rule. It observes that the manuscripts can be divided into three broad categories in which text and aesthetics are closely aligned: ‘traditional’ monastic nomocanons of the Southwest (i.e. Calabria, Lucania, Sicily); ‘deluxe’ nomocanons of Rossano and Messina; and two nomocanons produced by St Nicholas of Casole in the Salento. The traditional nomocanons are characterised by archaic textual content (primarily the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles) and simple, old-fashioned Italo-Greek ornamental styles. By contrast, the ‘deluxe’ nomocanons of Rossano and Messina were based on an eleventh-century Byzantine model imported in the early twelfth century by St Bartholomew of Simeri, even mimicking the Perlschrift calligraphy and Blüttenblat style of art. Like the traditional nomocanons, the deluxe manuscripts were evidently intended for use as practical reference guides. The Casulan manuscripts, for their part, demonstrate a unique connection to twelfth-century Byzantium, containing Aristenos’ commentary on the Synopsis of Canons (c. 1130) and a unique witness to Arsenios of Philotheou’s (different) Synopsis of Canons. The Casulan nomocanons represent a more didactic turn, in which canon law is used more as a source for teaching correct religious practice than as the basis of a formal juridical system.
The Salentine Group
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 9 addresses a group of nomocanons produced in the Salento peninsula between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. These manuscripts stand out from the others in the book, as they were not produced for monasteries, bishops, or lay judges, but for the secular clergy and parish priests of the Salento. The chapter explores their distinctive aesthetic style and material characteristics, which are highly consistent across the group but noticeably different from those of other Italo-Greek nomocanons. It also discusses their textual content, pointing out that the manuscripts contain lengthy appendices consisting of texts that would have been of particular interest to Salentine Greek clergy of the late Middle Ages, covering subjects like clerical marriage and Lenten fasting. These were all topics on which the Greek church diverged from the Latin, and it seems that the texts were included as a way to defend the Greeks’ distinctive religious practices. The chapter also highlights a fascinating marginal abbreviation that occurs in multiple Salentine nomocanons, ‘Against the Latins’, which was used by scribes and readers to highlight canons that were felt to be especially useful in this effort.
Standing Up for Justice
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This book discusses international criminal justice. While many books on this topic have focused on crimes and procedures, this book deals with process and the judicial function, the rule of law and the principle of fairness in trying atrocity crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. It studies judicial independence and impartiality in international criminal courts, shedding light on the mystery of judicial decision-making and deliberations. Notably, the book addresses the controversial subjects of acquittals and the early release of prisoners. While acquittals are often seen as a failure of international justice, the book argues that legal principle must come before any extraneous purpose, however desirable that purpose may be. Finally, the book looks at the challenges facing the future of international justice and accountability.
The Fake News about Fake News
Authors: Coady David
Published: May 2021

It is widely believed that we are facing a problem, caused by something called ‘fake news’. Governments and other powerful institutions around the world have adopted a variety of measures to restrict the reporting and dissemination of claims they deem to be fake news. Many of these measures are clear breaches of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This chapter arsgues that, contrary to common opinion, there is no new or growing problem of fake news. There is instead a new and growing problem caused by the term ‘fake news’. Although this term has no fixed meaning it does have a fixed function. It functions to restrict permissible public speech and opinion in ways that serve the interests of powerful people and institutions.
Conspiracy Theories and Evidential Self-Insulation
Authors: Napolitano M. Giulia
Published: May 2021

What are conspiracy theories? And what, if anything, is epistemically wrong with them? This chapter offers an account on which conspiracy theories are a unique way of holding a belief in a conspiracy. Specifically, conspiracy theories are taken to be self-insulating beliefs in conspiracies. On this view, conspiracy theorists have their conspiratorial beliefs in a way that is immune to revision by counter-evidence. It is argued that conspiracy theories are always irrational. Although conspiracy theories involve an expectation to encounter some seemingly disconfirming evidence (allegedly planted by the conspirators), resistance to all counter-evidence cannot be justified on these grounds.
Trust No One?
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Cohnitz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Conspiracy theorists are typically sceptical about the trustworthiness of central governmental institutions. Some philosophers have argued that, therefore, conspiracy theorists in general play an important role in modern democracies. Their scepticism may lead to the exposure of actual governmental conspiracies and strengthens institutions of open societies that control the different branches of government. This chapter argues that this optimism is misplaced. Belief in false conspiracy theories doesn’t make one interested in strong controlling institutions. On the contrary, it is not surprising that the conspiracy theorists who voted people like Trump into office don’t mind at all when the president questions the very legitimacy of such institutions.
‘V2’ and clitic placement
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

In medieval Romance, as well as in present-day western Ibero-Romance, enclisis and proclisis alternate in finite main positive clauses. Such alternations are usually subsumed under the so-called Tobler-Mussafia law, which has been subject to several reformulations in order to relate clitic placement to other syntactic properties. This chapter shows that the hypothesis linking enclisis and verb movement is ultimately correct, although the examples supporting the hypothesis are relatively rare, the correlation between enclisis and verb movement is a bit more complicated than assumed in part of the literature, and no formal machinery proposed so far accounts adequately for clitic placement. This chapter endorses Benincà’s (1995, 2006) hypothesis, according to which the verb moves in two steps, yielding, respectively, subject inversion and V2 orders, when the verb targets a lower position in the left periphery, and enclisis, when the verb climbs higher.
Deriving enclisis in ‘V1’ clauses
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

The chapter deals with the syntax of early Romance clauses exhibiting enclisis, which usually occurs when the verb occupies the first position in the clause (V1) or is immediately preceded by topics. This chapter accounts for enclisis/V1 within languages that exhibit properties of V2 systems. The analysis is based on two hypotheses: (i) V2 results from a Criterion that triggers fronting of an XP to the Operator/Focus position; and (ii) V1 and enclisis result when no XP is fronted and, instead, the inflected verb is merged in the Operator/Focus position via Long Head Movement (Lema and Rivero’s 1991). When the verb performs Long Head Movement, clitics cannot undergo incorporationd into the verb and enclisis results. Besides enclisis, the above analysis provides a better account of other phenomena such as the syntax of focus expletives, Stylistic Fronting, mesoclisis, and fragment answers.
Conclusions
Authors: Pescarini Diego
Published: May 2021

My intentions in writing this book were (i) to collect phenomena and put them in logical/chronological order and (ii) to engage with the analysis of some (syntactic) phenomena that yield variation across space and time such as enclisis/proclisis alternations, clitic climbing, and cluster formation. Concluding remarks are organized in two lists. The first mainly restates known empirical conclusions, refines previous analyses, or establishes very general theoretical anchors that may provide some guidelines for future research. The second focuses on more specific conclusions relating to generative theorizing.
Covariant Physics
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

This book is an introduction to the modern methods of the general theory of relativity, tensor calculus, space time geometry, the classical theory of fields, and a variety of theoretical physics oriented topics rarely discussed at the level of the intended reader (mid-college physics major). It does so from the point of view of the so-called principle of covariance; a symmetry that underlies most of physics, including such familiar branches as Newtonian mechanics and electricity and magnetism. The book is written from a minimalist perspective, providing the reader with only the most basic of notions; just enough to be able to read, and hopefully comprehend, modern research papers on these subjects. In addition, it provides a (hopefully short) preparation for the student to be able to conduct research in a variety of topics in theoretical physics; with particular emphasis on physics in curved spacetime backgrounds. The hope is that students with a minimal mathematical background in calculus and only some introductory courses in physics may be able to study this book and benefit from it.
Hearkening Unto Joshua, 1901‒1909
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses Roosevelt’s domestic policies and his personal family life as president. His 1901 dinner with black educator Booker T. Washington and his 1902 settling of a coal strike endeared him to reformers. In 1904 he won election in his own right. As a tolerant Protestant, Roosevelt appointed the first Jew to a cabinet position in 1906, supported the Mormon senator Reed Smoot, and defended the Unitarianism of his hand-picked successor William Howard Taft. At the same time he faced backlash for attempting to remove “In God We Trust” from the national coinage. Theodore and Edith Roosevelt also raised their children in the Christian faith and quietly encouraged their devotion.
Chronicling a Blood-spattered Isle
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

This chapter implements the general model of violence on case studies from the history of medieval Iceland, especially the Battle of Helgastaðir (1220) and other episodes from the life of Guðmundr Arason, Bishop of Hólar (r.1203–37). It also establishes how structural analysis of sagas—using the concepts of récit, histoire, and uchronia—nuances the picture of history reconstructed from such sources, tracing the transformation of occurrences (what happened) into events (experienced manifestations of meaning). Guðmundar saga A, the main textual source consulted here, demonstrates how uchronia, the ideology of the past, enabled texts to function autonomously of authorial intent: uchronic texts may reveal truths their authors were ignorant of, let alone truths they wished to suppress. By unpacking the ways brute force inflects both the historical social contests recorded in the saga and the narrative tensions of the recording process itself, this chapter highlights the necessity of examining violence in terms of a complex negotiation of power, signification, and risk. In the course of this investigation, various details of medieval Icelandic history are filled in, deepening and qualifying the general portrayal offered in the Introduction. Readers with little background in Icelandic history are familiarized with the contours of this history, while experts find some of its truisms (such as the categorical distinction between farmers and chieftains, or the supposed uniqueness of Iceland in high medieval Europe) re-examined
Violence, Naturally
Authors: Falk Oren
Published: May 2021

In medieval Iceland, to be human was to be violent, but the converse was equally true: to be violent was to be human. The preceding chapters explore hostilities within communities and between them; this chapter, an excursion into eco-history, carries the examination of Norse violence beyond species boundaries. The sagas, realistic accounts of a society clinging by its fingernails to a volcanic outcrop at the edge of the Arctic, are remarkably reluctant to address the perils posed by the natural environment. To explain this anomaly, this chapter contrasts the sagas’ silence about Nature both with their own fixation on human violence and with the attitudes towards natural phenomena in adjacent genres, mainly hagiography and annals. Representation supplemented practice; humanizing violence in the sagas allowed Icelanders to exercise a measure of control over risks from beyond the social world, risks they could do little about in reality. That such representation flies so boldly in the face of facts highlights the symbiosis between violence and uchronia: forcing their world to make sense required Icelanders to convert real natural hazards into uchronic accounts of human physical nastiness
Lorenz Heidenreich (1480–1557) and Oswald Pergener (1490s–1546)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The first chapter gives an overview of the Reformation in the six towns and shows how the lack of a political centre led to continual compromise. The size and economic importance varied greatly in the six towns, resulting in different patterns of reform, including Zwinglianism, popular preaching, and convents which survived the Reformation. The chapter asks when religious change turned into ‘the introduction of Lutheranism’, showing that the six towns took individualistic and unique paths towards establishing the Reformation. The biographical focal points for this chapter are Lorenz Heidenreich (1460–1557) and Oswald Pergener (1490s–1546). Heidenreich was a Wittenberg-educated Lutheran preacher, yet there is no indication that any problems existed between him and a group of Zwinglians in the town. The presence of the Zwinglians shows how, especially in the early phase of the Reformation, the towns of the Lusatian League differed significantly in their religious outlook.
Andreas Günther (1502–1570)
Authors: Christ Martin
Published: May 2021

The third chapter approaches the continuities and breaks in urban governments of the Lusatian towns through the last Catholic mayor of Kamenz, Andreas Günther (1502–1570). He illustrates that the complexities of the towns meant that Catholics continued to be influential long after the introduction of Lutheranism. Günther was involved in negotiations with the king of Bohemia and retained his position as an important urban actor for his whole life. The chapter draws attention to the distinctive nature of the Lusatian towns, showing how they functioned and how they differed from other urban centres. The emergence of Lutheran preachers as central actors changed the towns, as did political events in Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. These complexities make Upper Lusatia one of the most fascinating areas in this period.
The Oxford Latin Syntax
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: May 2021

Volume II of the Oxford Latin Syntax deals with the syntax and pragmatics of complex sentences in Latin and other topics that transcend the simple clause (which is the content of Volume I). The volume starts with a chapter on subordination in general, followed by chapters on subordinate clauses that function as argument or as satellite in their sentence. Separate chapters are devoted to subordinate clauses governed by nouns and adjectives and to relative clauses. In addition there are chapters on coordination, comparison, secondary predicates, information structure of clauses and sentences including the use of emphatic particles, word order, and various discourse phenomena such as sentence connection. As in Volume I, the description of the Latin material is based upon texts from roughly 200 bc to ad 450. The Latin texts that are discussed are provided with an English translation. Supplements contain further examples to illustrate the main text. The grammatical framework used is mainly that of Functional Grammar but the description is accessible for readers without a modern linguistic background.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase TaMKK5 mediates immunity via the TaMKK5–TaMPK3–TaERF3 module
Authors: Wang Kai , Shao Zhengyu , Guo Feilong , Wang Ke , Zhang Zengyan
Published: May 2021

Sharp eyespot disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, seriously threatens production of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Despite considerable advances in understanding the mechanisms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in innate immunity in model plant species, the roles of MAPK cascades in wheat are unknown. In this study, we identified a wheat MAPK kinase TaMKK5, located on chromosome 6B, and deciphered its functional role in the innate immune responses to R. cerealis attack. The TaMKK5-6B transcript level was elevated after R. cerealis infection and was higher in resistant wheat genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Overexpressing TaMKK5-6B increased resistance to sharp eyespot and upregulated the expression of multiple defense-related genes in wheat, including the MAPK gene TaMPK3, the ethylene response factor gene TaERF3, the calcium-dependent protein kinase gene TaCPK7-D, the glutathione s-transferase-1 gene TaGST1, Defensin, and Chitinase 2, while TaMKK5 knock-down compromised the resistance and repressed the expression of these defense-related genes. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and phosphorylation assays showed that TaMKK5 physically interacted with TaMPK3, and phosphorylated and activated TaMPK3, and that TaMPK3 interacted with and phosphorylated TaERF3. The TaMKK5–TaMPK3 cascade modulates the expression of TaGST1, Defensin, and Chitinase 2 through TaERF3. Collectively, TaMKK5 mediates resistance to sharp eyespot through the TaMKK5–TaMPK3–TaERF3 module and by upregulating the expression of defense-related genes in wheat. This study provides insights into the role of the wheat MAPK cascades in innate immunity. TaMKK5-6B is a promising gene for breeding wheat cultivars that are resistant to sharp eyespot.
Fighting COVID-19 in the United States with Federalism and Other Constitutional and Statutory Authority
Authors: Cigler Beverly A
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic challenges a workable American federalism. The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reserves plenary responsibilities to states for promoting health and well-being; but states and their local governments suffer from a significant lack of resources and interjurisdictional competition during major emergencies. In this article, I argue that a president has significant constitutional and statutory authority for pandemic preparedness and, by law, is responsible for leading a coordinated national response necessary to a pandemic. The article outlines the constitutional and statutory authorities available to President Trump and assesses how he used those powers to address the pandemic. It is argued that early, decisive national coordinative systems for containing and mitigating the virus; testing, tracing, contacting, and isolation protocols; data collection standardization; procurement and distribution of supplies; and planning vaccine eligibility and distribution could have reduced the state and local government disadvantages early in the pandemic, saving lives and boosting the economy.
Vulnerabilities in ‘local moral worlds’: COVID-19 provincial social work interventions
Authors: Kahambing Jan Gresil S
Published: May 2021

Intending to contextualize vulnerabilities at the local level during COVID-19, this article reports an investigation of the social workers’ interventions done in a Philippine province. Social workers as frontliners report on (i) the shift of interventions before and during COVID-19, (ii) the most vulnerable sector in their assigned areas, (iii) the problems in working out their field interventions, (iv) the emergence of creative programs and (v) key information to better improve or to have a more sustainable set of interventions in the long run.
Moral Hazard during the Housing Boom: Evidence from Private Mortgage Insurance
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Keys Benjamin J
Published: May 2021

We provide novel evidence of misaligned incentives fueling a portion of the 2000s mortgage boom. We document that private mortgage insurance (PMI) companies expanded insurance issuance on high-risk mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac at the tail end of the housing boom, without changing pricing and despite knowledge of heightened housing risk. The expansion of PMI facilitated an unprecedented increase in Fannie and Freddie’s risky purchases, extending the mortgage boom into 2007 and precipitating their collapse. We argue that this unraveling reflects a general moral hazard problem in insurance, coupled with misaligned incentives in the government-backed mortgage market.
How Did Depositors Respond to COVID-19?
Authors: Levine Ross , Lin Chen , Tai Mingzhu , Xie Wensi
Published: May 2021

Why did banks experience massive deposit inflows during the pandemic? We discover that deposit interest rates at bank branches in counties with higher COVID-19 infection rates fell by more than rates at branches—even branches of the same bank—in counties with lower infection rates. Credit drawdowns, national policies, such as the Payment Protection Program, and a flight-to-safety do not account for these cross-branch changes in deposit rates. Evidence suggests that higher local COVID-19 infection rates are associated with households’ greater anxiety about future job and income losses, anxiety that induces households to reduce spending and increase deposits.
Learning on the Fly: Thoughts on Birding and Nursing During a Pandemic
Authors: Paradisi Julianna
Published: May 2021

Updated several times a week with posts by a wide variety of authors, AJN's blog Off the Charts allows us to provide more timely—and often more personal—perspectives on professional, policy, and clinical issues. Best of the Blog is a regular column to draw the attention of AJN readers to posts we think deserve a wider audience. To read more, please visit: www.ajnoffthecharts.com.
Transition from Acute to Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2021

According to this study:

Transition from acute to chronic low back pain was common and associated with higher risk of developing chronic low back pain and early care that wasn't concordant with current practice guidelines.
Risk Factors for Suicide in Prison are Identified
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2021

According to this study:

Demographic, criminological, clinical, and institutional risk factors associated with suicide in prison have been identified.
The Effect of Intrapartum Oxygen Supplementation on Category II Fetal Monitoring
Authors: Raghuraman Nandini , López Julia D. , Carter Ebony B. , Stout Molly J. , Macones George A. , Tuuli Methodius G. , Cahill Alison G.
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:905.e1–905.e7)

The administration of maternal oxygenation (O2) is a commonly used resuscitation technique for fetuses with category II electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) patterns. In cases of recurrent fetal decelerations, the goal of maternal O2 supplementation is to increase fetal oxygenation.
Lack of Effect of Short-Term DHEA Supplementation on the Perimenopausal Ovary
Authors: Luna Selva L. , Brown Donald I. , Kohama Steven G. , Urbanski Henryk F.
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Biol Reprod 2020;103:1209–1216)

Circulating levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester (DHEAS) undergo marked age-associated decline and by the time a woman reaches menopause their levels may be less than half that observed in young adulthood. DHEA supplementation has been shown to improve oocyte quality in women with diminished ovarian function and has beneficial effects in individuals responding poorly in infertility clinics and women over the age of 40.
Withdrawing Approval of Makena—A Proposal From the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Authors: Chang Christina Y. , Nguyen Christine P. , Wesley Barbara , Guo Jia , Johnson Laura Lee , Joffe Hylton V.
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2020;383:e131(1)–e131(4))

Makena (hydroxyprogesterone caproate injection) is currently the only drug on the market for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth (PTB). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for this drug in 2011.
Static and Dynamic Pain Sensitivity in Adults With Persistent Low Back Pain
Authors: Simon Corey B. , Lentz Trevor A. , Ellis Lindsay , Bishop Mark D. , Fillingim Roger B. , Riley Joseph L. , George Steven Z.
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

Despite its impact, individual factors associated with persistent low back pain (LBP) remain poorly understood. This study investigated static and dynamic pain sensitivity in adults with persistent LBP versus pain-free controls; and investigated associations between pain sensitivity and 3 clinical pain measures: recalled, resting, and movement-evoked pain (MEP).

Materials and Methods:

A lifespan sample of 60 adults with persistent LBP and 30 age-matched/sex-matched controls completed 4 laboratory sessions. Static pain sensitivity (pressure pain threshold [PPT], heat pain threshold) and dynamic pain sensitivity (heat pain aftersensations [AS], temporal summation [TS] of second heat pain) were measured. Demographic and clinical factors collected were education, global cognition, and perceived health. Resting and recalled pain were measured via questionnaire, and MEP via the Back Performance Scale.

Results:

LBP participants demonstrated lower PPT remotely (hand; F
1,84=5.34, P=0.024) and locally (low back; F
1,84=9.55, P=0.003) and also had higher AS (F
1,84=6.01, P=0.016). Neither static nor dynamic pain sensitivity were associated with recalled pain (P>0.05). However, static pain sensitivity (local PPT) explained an additional 9% variance in resting pain, while dynamic pain sensitivity (AS, TS) explained an additional 10% to 12% variance in MEP.

Discussion:

This study characterized pain sensitivity measures among individuals with persistent LBP and suggests static pain sensitivity plays a larger role in resting pain while dynamic pain sensitivity plays a larger role in MEP. Future studies will confirm these relationships and elucidate the extent to which changes in static or dynamic pain sensitivity predict or mediate clinical pain among adults with persistent LBP.
Sickle Cell Disease and Pain
Authors: Ramsay Zachary , Bartlett Rachel , Ali Amza , Grant Justin , Gordon-Strachan Georgiana , Asnani Monika
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

Acute pain is the main complication of sickle cell disease. Chronic pain (CP) and neuropathic pain (NP) may also be experienced, but have not been formally described in Jamaican patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine their prevalence and characteristics, and to determine the common pain locations and modalities of management.

Materials and Methods:

All well individuals with sickle cell disease patients 14 years and older, not pregnant and without a history of clinical stroke were consecutively recruited. Anthropometric measurements, hematology studies, an analgesia checklist, and the Adult Sickle Cell Quality of Life Measurement Information System questionnaire were completed. The painDETECT questionnaire was completed to describe NP and pain patterns—from which CP was defined.

Results:

There were 257 patients in total, with 55.6% being females; the mean age of the patients was 31.7±12 years, and 75% had the SS genotype. Almost all patients (92.6%) had had an acute pain crisis in their lifetime and 72.4% in the last year. The mean severity at last attack was 6.8±3.1 on a scale of 0 to 10. The prevalences of CP and NP were 21.5% and 17.9%, respectively. Female sex, the presence of current leg ulcers, and the use of a strong opioid in the last 4 weeks produced higher odds of NP, whereas older age, milder genotypes, and daily analgesic use had the highest odds of CP. Opioids were used by 40.1% of the patients in the previous 4 weeks, whereas nonpharmacological treatments such as physiotherapy was less used, but reported to be very effective.

Discussion:

CP and NP should be assessed during routine care of sickle cell pain so that targeted therapies can be applied.