bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which Genocide Matters the Most? An Intersectionality Analysis of the Canadian Museum of Human Rights
Authors: Hankivsky Olena , Dhamoon Rita Kaur
Published: February 2014

Abstract.The Canadian Museum of Human Rights, scheduled to open in 2014, is envisioned as a place to learn about the struggle for human rights in Canada and internationally. Yet the museum has faced controversy because of the centrality of the Holocaust in the overall human rights story, prompting other groups whose nations and populations have experienced genocide to make demands that the museum provide equal treatment of other national and international atrocities. Through a feminist intersectionality lens, we examine this “Oppression Olympics,” whereby groups compete for the mantle of the most oppressed, as a case study of the problem with hierarchies of difference. Drawing on intersectionality theory, we ultimately provide an alternative lens and policy direction to the apparent impasse between competing communities.

Résumé.Le Musée canadien pour les droits de la personne, dont l'ouverture est prévue en 2014, est envisagé comme un lieu d'apprentissage sur la lutte pour les droits humains au Canada et dans le monde. Cependant, le Musée a suscité la controverse en raison de l'accent qu'il met sur l'Holocauste dans l'histoire générale des droits de la personne, et il a incité d'autres groupes dont les nations et les populations ont connu le génocide à demander un traitement équitable d'autres atrocités nationales et internationales. Sous l'angle de l'intersectionnalité féministe, nous examinons ces « Jeux olympiques de l'oppression », dans lesquels des groupes concourent pour le titre de plus opprimé, comme une étude de cas du problème des hiérarchies de la différence. En s'appuyant sur la théorie intersectionnelle, nous fournissons une optique et une orientation politique alternative pour aborder l'impasse apparente entre des communautés concurrentes.
ERRATUM: Riding the Orange Wave: Leadership, Values, Issues, and the 2011 Canadian Election
Authors: Fournier P. , Cutler F. , Soroka S. , Stolle D. , Bélanger É
Published: February 2014

In the original publication of ‘Riding the Orange Wave: Leadership, Values, Issues and the 2011 Canadian Election’ (published online January 10, 2014), an error appeared. The caption for Figure 1 appears incorrectly; it should read, “Campaign Dynamics of Vote Intensions.” The publisher regrets this error.
Discussion of ‘Silicified serpentinite – a residuum of a Tertiary palaeo-weathering surface in the United Arab Emirates’
Authors: Butt C. R. M.
Published: February 2014

C. R. M. Butt comments: In their recent paper, Lacinska & Styles (2013) described in detail the geological setting, mineralogy and petrology of ‘silicified serpentinite’ in the Hajar Mountains, United Arab Emirates (UAE). They note that their ‘silicified serpentinite’ is essentially the same unit as ‘birbirite’ and other informally named quartz-rich outcrops that overlie ultramafic rocks in this and other regions. Some authors have suggested such silicification to be hydrothermal in origin, but it is now generally accepted to be due to weathering. Lacinska & Styles (2013) concluded that ‘silicified serpentinite’ is a silcrete; this is correct, but it is a purely descriptive term and, without qualification, has no specific genetic implications other than being silica-cemented regolith (Butt & Zeegers, 1992; Eggleton, 2001). The materials illustrated are more correctly termed a silicified saprolite as they preserve the fabric of the protolith.
African Law in Action
Authors: Mancuso Salvatore
Published: February 2014

This article discusses the issue of the effectiveness of law in Africa, looking at it from a perspective different from those commonly used in dealing with this theme. It proposes an analysis of the interactions between traditional, religious and official law in the course of the historical development of African law through the lens of the stratigraphic method. The analysis takes into consideration the different legal layers that have been posed upon each other. The work focuses on areas of law that are not commonly considered in this regard; in addition, the discourse is conducted using examples taken from jurisdictions that are not normally present in debates on African law. This implies the use of references that are not commonly encountered in African legal literature, together with some from the most important and renowned authors.
Representing foreign workers in the private security industry: a South African perspective on trade union engagement
Authors: Gordon Steven , Maharaj Brij
Published: February 2014

In recent years South African cities have become home to a large number of undocumented migrant workers. If trade unions do not organise undocumented migrant workers, it opens up such workers to exploitation and maltreatment by employers, thereby creating a split labour market that undermines the entire labour movement. This article focuses on the responses of the national trade union movement in the private security sector to the presence of undocumented workers at the grassroots level. Using a case study approach, we find that the pressures of labour market informalisation in the industry prompt unions to seek to maintain and advance their position from their traditional support base of citizen workers rather than attempt to include new groups. The failure to engage is reinforced by anti-immigrant attitudes which link foreigners with problems in the industry such as low wages and portrays such workers as co-conspirators rather than comrades. While justice and solidarity have always been the foundation of trade unionism in South Africa, the movement is in danger of failing this test if the current situation in terms of the exclusion of undocumented foreign workers persists.
Gender perspectives on decentralisation and service users’ participation in rural Tanzania
Authors: Masanyiwa Zacharia S. , Niehof Anke , Termeer Catrien J.A.M.
Published: February 2014

Increasing participation in decision-making processes by service users is one of the objectives of decentralisation reforms in Tanzania. The argument is that decentralisation enhances participation by all sections of the community, and by women in particular, and results in decisions that better reflect local needs. This paper examines the impact of decentralisation reforms on service users' participation for delivery of water and health services in rural Tanzania, using a gender perspective and principal-agent theory. The paper investigates how decentralisation has fostered spaces for participation and how men and women use these spaces, and identifies factors that constrain or encourage women's participation. It shows that decentralisation reforms have created spaces for service users' participation at the local level. Participation in these spaces, however, differs between men and women, and is influenced by the socio-cultural norms within the household and community. Men have gained more leverage than women to exercise their agency as principals. Women's participation is contributing to addressing practical gender needs, but strategic gender needs have been less adequately addressed because gendered power relations have been largely untouched by the reforms.
‘The way to a man's heart is through his gut microbiota’ – dietary pro- and prebiotics for the management of cardiovascular risk
Authors: Tuohy Kieran M. , Fava Francesca , Viola Roberto
Published: February 2014

The human gut microbiota has been identified as a possible novel CVD risk factor. This review aims to summarise recent insights connecting human gut microbiome activities with CVD and how such activities may be modulated by diet. Aberrant gut microbiota profiles have been associated with obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Transfer of microbiota from obese animals induces metabolic disease and obesity in germ-free animals. Conversely, transfer of pathogen-free microbiota from lean healthy human donors to patients with metabolic disease can increase insulin sensitivity. Not only are aberrant microbiota profiles associated with metabolic disease, but the flux of metabolites derived from gut microbial metabolism of choline, phosphatidylcholine andl-carnitine has been shown to contribute directly to CVD pathology, providing one explanation for increased disease risk of eating too much red meat. Diet, especially high intake of fermentable fibres and plant polyphenols, appears to regulate microbial activities within the gut, supporting regulatory guidelines encouraging increased consumption of whole-plant foods (fruit, vegetables and whole-grain cereals), and providing the scientific rationale for the design of efficacious prebiotics. Similarly, recent human studies with carefully selected probiotic strains show that ingestion of viable microorganisms with the ability to hydrolyse bile salts can lower blood cholesterol, a recognised risk factor in CVD. Taken together such observations raise the intriguing possibility that gut microbiome modulation by whole-plant foods, probiotics and prebiotics may be at the base of healthy eating pyramids advised by regulatory agencies across the globe. In conclusion, dietary strategies which modulate the gut microbiota or their metabolic activities are emerging as efficacious tools for reducing CVD risk and indicate that indeed, the way to a healthy heart may be through a healthy gut microbiota.
Masculinity, Poverty and Work: The Multiple Constructions of Work among Working Poor Men
Authors: STRIER RONI , SIGAD LAURA , EISIKOVITS ZVI , BUCHBINDER ELI
Published: February 2014

This article explores the impact of poverty on working men in light of the great diversity of the working poor population. Grounded upon a social constructivist theoretical framework and a comparative qualitative study of the working poor in Israel, this article examines the construction of ‘waged work’ among low income, Israeli working men. To illuminate the complex intersection of masculinity, poverty and waged work with ethnic and cultural categories, this unique study examines four different groups of Israeli citizens, corresponding to the main sub-groups of the Israeli population: secular, ultra-Orthodox, and immigrant Jews and Arab Israeli citizens.

The article has five sections. The literature review briefly introduces the intersection of masculinity, poverty and waged work, presents some background about the social construction of masculinity in the local context and concludes with a short review of the definition of ‘working poor’. The context section explains concisely the background of this study, including the uniqueness of the Israeli labour market and some short references to the different sub-groups in the study. The methodology section specifies the theoretical framework, and the data gathering and analysis methods. The findings section presents an analysis of emerging themes. Finally, the discussion elaborates on the interrelation between masculinity, poverty and waged work in light of the great diversity among the working poor and the uniqueness of the Israeli labour market.
Mobility and out-of-home activities of older people living in suburban environments: ‘Because I'm a driver, I don't have a problem'
Authors: ZEITLER ELISABETH , BUYS LAURIE
Published: February 2014

Governments are challenged by the need to ensure that ageing populations stay active and engaged as they age. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the role of mobility in older people's engagement in out-of-home activities, and to identify the experiences they have within their communities. This research investigates the use of transportation by older people and its implications for their out-of-home activities within suburban environments. The qualitative, mixed-method approach employs data collection methods which include a daily travel diary (including a questionnaire), Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking and semi-structured interviews with older people living in suburban environments in Brisbane, Australia. Results show that older people are mobile throughout the city, and their car provides them with that opportunity to access desired destinations. This ability to drive allows older people to live independently and to assist others who do not drive, particularly where transport alternatives are not as accessible. The ability to transport goods and other people is a significant advantage of the private car over other transport options. People with no access to private transportation who live in low-density environments are disadvantaged when it comes to participation within the community. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between transportation and participation within the community environment, to assist policy makers and city and transportation planners to develop strategies for age-friendly environments within the community.
Animal Minds and Neuroimaging
Authors: BULLER TOM
Published: February 2014

As Colin Allen has argued, discussions between science and ethics about the mentality and moral status of nonhuman animals often stall on account of the fact that the properties that ethics presents as evidence of animal mentality and moral status, namely consciousness and sentience, are not observable “scientifically respectable” properties. In order to further discussion between science and ethics, it seems, therefore, that we need to identify properties that would satisfy both domains.

In this article I examine the mentality and moral status of nonhuman animals from the perspective of neuroethics. By adopting this perspective, we can see how advances in neuroimaging regarding (1) research into the neurobiology of pain, (2) “brain reading,” and (3) the minimally conscious state may enable us to identify properties that help bridge the gap between science and ethics, and hence help further the debate about the mentality and moral status of nonhuman animals.
Playing God
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA , HÄYRY MATTI , LAING LAURENCE
Published: February 2014

This article describes and introduces a new innovative tool for bioethics education: a rock opera on the ethics of genetics written by two academics and a drummer legend. The origin of the idea, the characters and their development, and the themes and approaches as well as initial responses to the music and the show are described, and the various educational usages are explored.
On the Diameters of Commuting Graphs Arising from Random Skew-Symmetric Matrices
Authors: HEGARTY PETER , ZHELEZOV DMITRII
Published: February 2014

We present a two-parameter family $(G_{m,k})_{m, k \in \mathbb{N}_{\geq 2}}$, of finite, non-abelian random groups and propose that, for each fixed k, as m → ∞ the commuting graph of Gm,k is almost surely connected and of diameter k. We present heuristic arguments in favour of this conjecture, following the lines of classical arguments for the Erdős–Rényi random graph. As well as being of independent interest, our groups would, if our conjecture is true, provide a large family of counterexamples to the conjecture of Iranmanesh and Jafarzadeh that the commuting graph of a finite group, if connected, must have a bounded diameter. Simulations of our model yielded explicit examples of groups whose commuting graphs have all diameters from 2 up to 10.
Intra-operative arrhythmia predicts post-operative arrhythmia and the need for temporary pacing wires
Authors: Piggott Kurt , Nehgme Rodrigo , Decampli William , Pourmoghadam Kamal , Fakioglu Harun , Blanco Carlos
Published: February 2014

Objective: Protocols for the placement of temporary pacing wires vary among institutions. Our current protocol is to selectively place temporary pacing wires in those patients who develop haemodynamically significant intra-operative arrhythmia. We wished to identify how effective our current protocol is at identifying who will develop post-operative arrhythmia and need temporary pacing wires. Methods: The charts of 880 patients over 8 years who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass were reviewed to find patients who developed intra-operative arrhythmia, had temporary pacing wires placed, and whether or not they developed post-operative arrhythmia and required utilisation of the pacing wires. Results: A total of 87 (9.9%) out of 880 patients who required cardiopulmonary bypass over 8 years had intra-operative arrhythmia and had temporary pacing wires placed. Of these, 59 (67.8%) had post-operative arrhythmia and utilised the pacing wires, whereas 28 (32.2%) did not have post-operative arrhythmia or utilise the pacing wires. In all, seven patients who did not have intra-operative arrhythmia or temporary pacing wires placed developed post-operative arrhythmia. Conclusion: Intra-operative arrhythmia is predictive of post-operative arrhythmia (70.2%) and our protocol is a sensitive means of identifying those who will develop post-operative arrhythmia (89.3%).
Fibromyxoid excrescence of the aortic valve that manifested after catheterisation and required resection
Authors: Hayabuchi Yasunobu , Sakata Miho , Kagami Shoji
Published: February 2014

A 2-year-old boy developed fibromyxoid excrescence of the aortic valve 2 years after balloon dilatation for simple coarctation. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a mobile mass on the non-coronary cusp of the aortic valve. Definitive diagnosis was achieved after operative resection. This pathology was attributed to injury during catheter manipulation. Catheterised patients should be followed up carefully to avoid missing morphological changes.
Early Diagnosis and Treatment of a Posttraumatic Pseudoaneurysm/Dissection of the Innominate Artery
Authors: Azarcon Fernando , Ghaleb Melhelm
Published: February 2014

A 25-year-old male developed a traumatic intimo-medial dissection and saccular pseudoaneurysm at the origin of the innominate artery following a motorcycle accident. On physical examination there was no perceivable trauma to the chest. In addition, there were no clinical symptoms that suggested this serious injury. The patient was managed with successful stent-graft placement on an elective basis.

AzarconF, GhalebM. Early diagnosis and treatment of a posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm/dissection of the innominate artery. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3.
Using SMS Reminders in Psychology Clinics: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Clough Bonnie A. , Casey Leanne M.
Published: February 2014

Background:As healthcare services become progressively more stretched, there is increasing discussion of ways in which technological adjuncts may be used to deliver more cost-efficient services. Before widespread implementation, however, the use of these adjuncts requires proper scrutiny of their effects on psychological practice.Aims:This research examined the effectiveness of SMS reminders on client appointment attendance and dropout in a psychological treatment setting. It was predicted that the reminders would result in increased initial appointment attendance, increased total appointment attendance, and decreased client dropout.Method:A randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of SMS appointment reminders (two levels: present or absent) on client attendance (three levels: attended, rescheduled, or did not attend) and dropout (two levels: completed treatment or terminate early). Participants (N= 140) at an outpatient psychology clinic were randomly allocated to either receive an SMS appointment reminder one day before their scheduled appointment, or to receive no reminder.Results:No significant differences were found between the SMS and no SMS conditions in relation to appointment attendance. There were more client dropouts in the SMS compared to the no SMS condition.Conclusions:The SMS appointment reminders were not effective at increasing appointment attendance. The current research suggests that there is more to client non-attendance in psychological settings than the simple forgetting of appointments. Technological adjuncts may be useful in increasing the cost-efficiency of current services; however, this research highlights the importance of understanding the effects of technology before widespread implementation.
Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Concept and Diagnostic Entity in Need of Input from Neuropsychology
Authors: Bondi Mark W. , Smith Glenn E.
Published: February 2014

This virtual issue consists of studies previously published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society and selected on the basis of their content related to one of the most highly researched concepts in behavioral neurology and neuropsychology over the past decade: mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The reliance on cognitive screening measures, staging-based rating scales, and limited neuropsychological testing in diagnosing MCI across most research studies may miss individuals with subtle cognitive declines or mis-diagnose MCI in those who are otherwise cognitively normal on a broader neuropsychological battery of tests. The assembled articles highlight the perils of relying on these conventional criteria for MCI diagnosis and reveal how the reliability of diagnosis is improved when sound neuropsychological approaches are adopted. When these requirements are met, we illustrate with a second series of articles that neuropsychological measures associate strongly with biomarkers and often reflect pathology beyond or instead of typical AD distributions. The final set of articles reveal that people with MCI demonstrate mild but identifiable functional difficulties, and a challenge for neuropsychology is how to incorporate this information to better define MCI and distinguish it from early dementia. Neuropsychology is uniquely positioned to improve upon the state of the science in MCI research and practice by providing critically important empirical information on the specific cognitive domains affected by the predominant neurodegenerative disorders of late life as well as on the diagnostic decision-making strategies used in studies. When such efforts to more comprehensively assess neuropsychological functions are undertaken, better characterizations of spared and impaired cognitive and functional abilities result and lead to more convincing associations with other biomarkers as well as to prediction of clinical outcomes. (JINS, 2014, 20, 129–134)
Inactivation and Ultrastructure Analysis ofBacillus spp. andClostridium perfringensSpores
Authors: Brantner Christine A. , Hannah Ryan M. , Burans James P. , Pope Robert K.
Published: February 2014

Bacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. It is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1–21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (EM) examination outside of containment laboratories. Prolonged exposure to chemical fixatives, however, can alter the ultrastructure of spores for EM analyses. This study was undertaken to determine the minimum amount of time required to inactivate/sterilize and fix spore preparations from several bacterial species using a universal fixative solution for EM that maintains the ultrastructural integrity of the spores. We show that a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde with 1% glutaraldehyde inactivated spore preparations ofBacillus anthracis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus thuringiensis, andClostridium perfringensin 30 min, andBacillus subtilisin 240 min. These results suggest that this fixative solution can be used to inactivate and fix spores from several major groups of bacterial spore formers after 240 min, enabling the fixed preparations to be removed from biocontainment and safely analyzed by EM outside of biocontainment.
Do antidepressants prolong the QT interval?
Authors: Nosè M. , Barbui C.
Published: February 2014

According to a recent cross-sectional study, some antidepressants, including amitriptyline, citalopram and escitalopram, are associated with QTc prolongation. However, the magnitude of this association is relatively small, and the clinical implications uncertain. In this article, the main strengths and weaknesses of this cross-sectional study are briefly analysed alongside recent warnings issued by regulatory authorities. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
C677T Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Plasma Homocysteine Levels among Thai Vegans and Omnivores
Authors: Kajanachumpol Saowanee , Atamasirikul Kalayanee , Tantibhedhyangkul Phieuvit
Published: February 2014

Hyperhomocysteinemia among vegetarians and vegans is caused mostly by vitamin B12 deficiency. A C-to-T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene results in a thermolabile MTHFR, which may affect homocysteine (Hcy) levels. The importance of this gene mutation among populations depends on the T allele frequency. Blood Hcy, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, and MTHFR C677T mutation status were determined in 109 vegans and 86 omnivores aged 30 - 50 years. The vegans had significantly higher Hcy levels than the omnivores, geometric means (95 % CI) 19.2 (17.0 - 21.7) µmol/L vs. 8.53 (8.12 - 8.95) µmol/L, p < 0.001. A C-to-T mutation in the vegans increased plasma Hcy, albeit insignificantly; geometric means 18.2 µmol/L, 20.4 µmol/L, and 30.0 µmol/L respectively in CC, CT, and TT MTHFR genotypes. There was also a significant decrease in serum folate; geometric means 12.1 ng/mL, 9.33 ng/mL, and 7.20 ng/mL respectively, in the CC, CT, and TT mutants, p = 0.006, and particularly, in the TT mutant compared with the CC wild type, 7.20 ng/mL vs. 12.1 ng/mL, p = 0.023. These findings were not seen in the omnivores. It was concluded that hyperhomocysteinemia is prevalent among Thai vegans due to vitamin B12 deficiency. C-to-T MTHFR mutation contributes only modestly to the hyperhomocysteinemia.
Presence of Glyceraldehyde-Derived Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Liver of Insulin-Resistant Mice
Authors: Ebata Yu , Takino Junichi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Sakabe Tomohiko , Ikeda Yoshito , Hama Susumu , Kogure Kentaro , Takeuchi Masayoshi , Shiota Goshi
Published: February 2014

Insulin resistance is a fundamental feature of metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome. The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is increased in patients with hyperglycemia, which results in the loss of protein function. Therefore, considerable attention has been paid to the pathological significance of AGEs in diseases associated with insulin resistance. We previously demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) ameliorated insulin resistance in mice that were fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet. However, it is unclear whether the HFHFr diet increases the production of AGEs in the liver, and whether ATRA affects this production. In the present study, we investigated the production of glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGEs) in the liver of HFHFr diet-induced insulin-resistant mice using an antibody against Glycer-AGEs. We noted a remarkable formation of Glycer-AGEs with estimated molecular weights of approximately 265, 282, and 312 kDa in the liver of the insulin-resistant mice; however, the production of Glycer-AGEs was limited in the control. In accordance with previous observations, these Glycer-AGEs in mice disappeared after treatment with ATRA. These results suggest that hepatic Glycer-AGEs can be useful markers for the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of insulin resistance and may play a pathological role in the development of insulin resistance.
Vitamin D, an Essential Nutrient with Versatile Functions in Nearly all Organs
Authors: Stöcklin Elisabeth , Eggersdorfer Manfred
Published: February 2014

For decades, vitamin D has been known to be essential in the development, function, and maintenance of healthy bones through the regulation of calcium homeostasis throughout life. Sufficient vitamin D prevents the occurrence of rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. The adequate nutritional intake of vitamin D and calcium are the basis for the prevention and management of osteoporosis, a disease producing brittle bones that are prone to fractures. Vitamin D has been implicated in the regulation of neuromuscular function and in reducing the risk of falls, a major cause of bone fractures. Thus vitamin D may be a central component of musculoskeletal health through its beneficial effects on muscle function and bone stability. The action of vitamin D by the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], however, is not limited to its endocrine function in bone metabolism. The active metabolite behaves as a hormone and binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) present in nearly all tissues of the human body. In addition, the 1-alpha-hydroxylase enzyme is present not only in the kidney but also in many other organs. Both vitamin and enzyme exert their biological effects via paracrine/autocrine actions related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and the immune system. Thus vitamin D may show favorable effects in many organs and play a significant role in the maintenance of general health.
The Challenge of Setting Appropriate Intake Recommendations for Vitamin E: Considerations on Status and Functionality to Define Nutrient Requirements
Authors: Péter Szabolcs , Moser Ulrich , Pilz Stefan , Eggersdorfer Manfred , Weber Peter
Published: February 2014

The main function of vitamin E is to protect against scavenging of reactive oxygen species; it is the primary protective agent against lipid peroxidation. Overt vitamin E deficiency is present only in patients with severe malnutrition and certain chronic diseases. The latest Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin E is based on the correlation between hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte lysis and plasma α-tocopherol concentrations (Institute of Medicine, United States), or the prevention of lipid peroxidation (National Nutrition Societies of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, D-A-CH). According to the current recommendations, the reference plasma concentration for vitamin E is 12 - 46 µmol/L (daily intake of 15 - 30 mg α-tocopherol equivalents). Epidemiological studies suggest a beneficial effect of vitamin E on cardiovascular health at a plasma concentration of 30 µmol/L (a daily intake of ~ 50 IU). Vitamin E is also an important micronutrient for maintaining the immune system, especially in the elderly. A workshop was organized with the main objective to propose a concept for developing markers of status, functionality, and health in the field of nutritional research, in order to define desirable vitamin E requirements in healthy individuals.
Taking Stock – What Is Known About Suicide in Sri Lanka
Authors: Pearson Melissa , Zwi Anthony B. , Rouse Amanda K. , Fernando Ravindra , Buckley Nicholas A. , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: February 2014

Background: Suicide is and has been a major public health problem in Sri Lanka and has generated a wide range of literature. Aims: This review aimed to systematically appraise what is known about suicide in Sri Lanka. The patterns and content of articles were examined and recommendations for further research proposed. Method: The paper describes the systematic search, retrieval, and quality assessment of studies. Thematic analysis techniques were applied to the full text of the articles to explore the range and extent of issues covered. Results: Local authors generated a large body of evidence of the problem in early studies. The importance of the method of suicide, suicidal intention, and the high incidence of suicide were identified as key foci for publications. Neglected areas have been policy and health service research, gender analysis, and contextual issues. Conclusion: The literature reviewed has produced a broad understanding of the clinical factors, size of the problem, and social aspects. However, there remains limited evidence of prevention, risk factors, health services, and policy. A wide range of solutions have been proposed, but only regulation of pesticides and improved medical management proved to be effective to date.
Innate and adaptive type 2 immune cell responses in genetically controlled resistance to intestinal helminth infection
Authors: Filbey Kara J , Grainger John R , Smith Katherine A , Boon Louis , van Rooijen Nico , Harcus Yvonne , Jenkins Stephen , Hewitson James P , Maizels Rick M
Published: February 2014

The nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus is an excellent model for intestinal helminth parasitism. Infection in mice persists for varying lengths of time in different inbred strains, with CBA and C57BL/6 mice being fully susceptible, BALB/c partially so and SJL able to expel worms within 2–3 weeks of infection. We find that resistance correlates not only with the adaptive Th2 response, including IL‐10 but with activation of innate lymphoid cell and macrophage populations. In addition, the titer and specificity range of the serum antibody response is maximal in resistant mice. In susceptible strains, Th2 responses were found to be counterbalanced by IFN‐γ‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but these are not solely responsible for susceptibility as mice deficient in either CD8+ T cells or IFN‐γ remain unable to expel the parasites. Foxp3+ Treg numbers were comparable in all strains, but in the most resistant SJL strain, this population does not upregulate CD103 in infection, and in the lamina propria the frequency of Foxp3+CD103+ T cells is significantly lower than in susceptible mice. The more resistant SJL and BALB/c mice develop macrophage‐rich IL‐4Rα‐dependent Type 2 granulomas around intestinal sites of larval invasion, and expression of alternative activation markers Arginase‐1, Ch3L3 (Ym1) and RELM‐α within the intestine and the peritoneal lavage was also strongly correlated with helminth elimination in these strains. Clodronate depletion of phagocytic cells compromises resistance of BALB/c mice and slows expulsion in the SJL strain. Thus, Type 2 immunity involves IL‐4Rα‐dependent innate cells including but not limited to a phagocyte population, the latter likely involving the action of specific antibodies.
Differential methylation of the TRPA1 promoter in pain sensitivity
Authors: Bell J.T. , Loomis A.K. , Butcher L.M. , Gao F. , Zhang B. , Hyde C.L. , Sun J. , Wu H. , Ward K. , Harris J. , Scollen S. , Davies M.N. , Schalkwyk L.C. , Mill J. ,   The MuTHER Consortium, Ahmadi Kourosh R. , Ainali Chrysanthi , Barrett Amy , Bataille Veronique , Bell Jordana T. , Buil Alfonso , Deloukas Panos , Dermitzakis Emmanoil T. , Dimas Antigone S. , Durbin Richard , Glass Daniel , Grundberg Elin , Hassanali Neelam , Hedman Asa K. , Ingle Catherine , Knowles David , Krestyaninova Maria , Lindgren Cecilia M. , Lowe Christopher E. , McCarthy Mark I. , Meduri Eshwar , di Meglio Paola , Min Josine L. , Montgomery Stephen B. , Nestle Frank O. , Nica Alexandra C. , Nisbet James , O’Rahilly Stephen , Parts Leopold , Potter Simon , Sekowska Magdalena , Shin So-Youn , Small Kerrin S. , Soranzo Nicole , Spector Tim D. , Surdulescu Gabriela , Travers Mary E. , Tsaprouni Loukia , Tsoka Sophia , Wilk Alicja , Yang Tsun-Po , Zondervan Krina T. , Williams F.M.K. , Li N. , Deloukas P. , Beck S. , McMahon S.B. , Wang J. , John S.L. , Spector T.D.
Published: February 2014

Chronic pain is a global public health problem, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we examine genome-wide DNA methylation, first in 50 identical twins discordant for heat pain sensitivity and then in 50 further unrelated individuals. Whole-blood DNA methylation was characterized at 5.2 million loci by MeDIP sequencing and assessed longitudinally to identify differentially methylated regions associated with high or low pain sensitivity (pain DMRs). Nine meta-analysis pain DMRs show robust evidence for association (false discovery rate 5%) with the strongest signal in the pain gene TRPA1 (P=1.2 × 10−13). Several pain DMRs show longitudinal stability consistent with susceptibility effects, have similar methylation levels in the brain and altered expression in the skin. Our approach identifies epigenetic changes in both novel and established candidate genes that provide molecular insights into pain and may generalize to other complex traits.
Viral plaque analysis on a wide field-of-view, time-lapse, on-chip imaging platform
Authors: Han Chao , Yang Changhuei
Published: February 2014

An ePetri platform that can automatically recognize plaques and dynamically track plaque growth at the individual cell death level.
The effect of pyridine modification of Ni–DOBDC on CO2 capture under humid conditions
Authors: Bae Youn-Sang , Liu Jian , Wilmer Christopher E. , Sun Hahnbi , Dickey Allison N. , Kim Min Bum , Benin Annabelle I. , Willis Richard R. , Barpaga Dushyant , LeVan M. Douglas , Snurr Randall Q.
Published: February 2014

The metal–organic framework Ni–DOBDC was modified with pyridine molecules to make the normally hydrophilic internal surface more hydrophobic.
High-k polymer–graphene oxide dielectrics for low-voltage flexible nonvolatile transistor memory devices
Authors: Chou Ying-Hsuan , Chiu Yu-Cheng , Chen Wen-Chang
Published: February 2014

A simple solution method to prepare PMAA–GO dielectrics is developed for flexible nonvolatile TIPS-pentacene-based OFET memory devices with high performance.
INHIBIT logic operations based on light-driven β-cyclodextrin pseudo[1]rotaxane with room temperature phosphorescence addresses
Authors: Cao Jingjing , Ma Xiang , Min Mingri , Cao Tiantian , Wu Shuaifan , Tian He
Published: February 2014

INHIBIT logic gates based on light-driven β-cyclodextrin pseudo[1]rotaxane were fabricated conveniently utilizing reversible ICD and RTP as output addresses respectively.
A first truly all-solid state organic electrochromic device based on polymeric ionic liquids
Authors: Shaplov Alexander S. , Ponkratov Denis O. , Aubert Pierre-Henri , Lozinskaya Elena I. , Plesse Cédric , Vidal Frédéric , Vygodskii Yakov S.
Published: February 2014

Utilization of polymeric ionic liquids in solvent-free electrochromic devices offers simple application of the latter in wide glazing and display production.
Chemical designs of functional photoactive molecular assemblies
Authors: Yan Qifan , Luo Zhouyang , Cai Kang , Ma Yuguo , Zhao Dahui
Published: February 2014

Molecular assemblies with defined structures capable of photo-induced electron transfer or photochemical reactions are reviewed, emphasizing their supramolecular features.
Syntheses, crystal structures and UV-visible absorption properties of five metal–organic frameworks constructed from terphenyl-2,5,2′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid and bis(imidazole) bridging ligands
Authors: Fan Liming , Zhang Xiutang , Zhang Wei , Ding Yuanshuai , Fan Weiliu , Sun Liming , Pang Yue , Zhao Xian
Published: February 2014

Five novel coordination polymers based on terphenyl-2,5,2′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid and bis(imidazole) bridging ligands.
Light-responsive three-dimensional microstructures composed of azobenzene-based palladium complexes
Authors: Han Mina , Hirade Tomohiro , Okui Yumi
Published: February 2014

We describe not only fleeting assembly of photoisomerizable azobenzene-based palladium complexes into microstructured crystalline architectures but also their light-responsive functions.
MnOx-modified ZnAl-LDOs as high-performance adsorbent for the removal of methyl orange
Authors: Zhang Yu Xin , Hao Xiao Dong , Wang Tian , Meng Yu Xin , Han Xu
Published: February 2014

In this work, MnOx modified ZnAl layered double oxides (M-LDO) nanocomposites were successfully prepared through an intercalation/reduction/calcination process. The as-prepared M-LDO adsorbents displayed excellent adsorption capacity and cycling stability for the removal of methyl orange.
Colossal pseudocapacitance in a high functionality–high surface area carbon anode doubles the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Li Zhi , Xu Zhanwei , Wang Huanlei , Ding Jia , Zahiri Beniamin , Holt Chris M. B. , Tan Xuehai , Mitlin David
Published: February 2014

A highly functionalized activated carbon with a colossal pseudocapacitance of more than 500 F g−1 was derived from biomass and used to boost the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor tremendously.
Stability of carbonaceous dust analogues and glycine under UV irradiation and electron bombardment
Authors: Maté Belén , Tanarro Isabel , Moreno Miguel A. , Jiménez-Redondo Miguel , Escribano Rafael , Herrero Víctor J.
Published: February 2014

The effect of UV photon (120–200 nm) and electron (2 keV) irradiation of analogues of interstellar carbonaceous dust and of glycine were investigated by means of IR spectroscopy. Films of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (HAC), taken as dust analogues, were found to be stable under UV photon and electron bombardment. High fluences of photons and electrons, of the order of 1019cm−2, were needed for a film depletion of a few percent. UV photons were energetically more effective than electrons for depletion and led to a certain dehydrogenation of the HAC samples, whereas electrons led seemingly to a gradual erosion with no appreciable changes in the hydrocarbon structure. The rates of change observed may be relevant over the lifetime of a diffuse cloud, but cannot account for the rapid changes in hydrocarbon IR bands during the evolution of some proto-planetary nebulae. Glycine samples under the same photon and electron fluxes decay at a much faster rate, but tend usually to an equilibrium value different from zero, especially at low temperatures. Reversible reactions re-forming glycine, or the build-up of less transparent products, could explain this behavior. CO2and methylamine were identified as UV photoproducts. Electron irradiation led to a gradual disappearance of the glycine layers, also with formation of CO2. No other reaction products were clearly identified. The thicker glycine layers (a few hundred nm) were not wholly depleted, but a film of the order of the electron penetration depth (80 nm), was totally destroyed with an electron fluence of ∼1 × 1018cm−2. A 60 nm ice layer on top of glycine provided only partial shielding from the 2 keV electrons. From an energetic point of view, 2 keV electrons are less efficient than UV photons and, according to literature data, much less efficient than MeV protons for the destruction of glycine. The use of keV electrons to simulate effects of cosmic rays on analogues of interstellar grains should be taken with care, due to the low penetration depths of electrons in many samples of interest.
Water at elevated temperatures (WET): reactant, catalyst, and solvent in the selective hydrolysis of protecting groups
Authors: Medina-Ramos Wilmarie , Mojica Mike A. , Cope Elizabeth D. , Hart Ryan J. , Pollet Pamela , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L.
Published: February 2014

Water at elevated temperatures (WET) can act simultaneously as reactant, solvent, and catalyst in reaction processes.
Metal-seeded growth of III–V semiconductor nanowires: towards gold-free synthesis
Authors: Dick Kimberly A. , Caroff Philippe
Published: February 2014

The progress towards developing gold-free bottom-up synthesis techniques for III–V semiconductor nanowires is reviewed. Three main categories of nanowire synthesis are discussed: selective-area epitaxy, self-seeding and foreign metal seeding, with main focus on the metal-seeded techniques.
A Mo nanoscrew formed by crystalline Mo grains with high conductivity and excellent field emission properties
Authors: Shen Yan , Xu Ningsheng , Deng Shaozhi , Zhang Yu , Liu Fei , Chen Jun
Published: February 2014

Mo nanoscrews formed by thermal vapor deposition exhibit high conductivity and excellent field emission properties.
Sm and Eu(iii) lanthanide triple helicate cages based on N,N′-methylene-bis(pyridin-4-one)
Authors: Shu Yu-Bo , Tang Xiao-Liang , Liu Wei-Sheng
Published: February 2014

Sm and Eu(iii) lanthanide triple helicate cages have two distinct metal environments, with the Sm(iii) complex exhibiting homochirality and an increase in sensitization.
Highly efficient aerobic oxidation of various amines using Pd3Pb intermetallic compounds as catalysts
Authors: Furukawa Shinya , Suga Akifusa , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: February 2014

Various amines including primary, secondary, benzylic, aliphatic and cyclic ones are converted into imines with high yields using the Pd3Pb/Al2O3 catalyst.
Control of the conformational dynamics of meso–meso vinylene-bridged Zn(ii) porphyrin dimers through diamine coordination
Authors: Son Minjung , Sung Young Mo , Tokuji Sumito , Fukui Norihito , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho
Published: February 2014

Two meso–meso vinylene-bridged Zn(ii) porphyrin dimers 1 and 2 were analyzed in terms of the control of their conformational dynamics induced by the rotation around the double bond bridge.
A photochemical method for determining plasma homocysteine with limited sample processing
Authors: Hakuna Lovemore , Escobedo Jorge O. , Lowry Mark , Barve Aabha , McCallum Naneki , Strongin Robert M.
Published: February 2014

The controlled photolytic formation of thiyl radicals allows for the selective detection of total homocysteine (tHcy) in plasma using a viologen after reduction and filtering.
Galactosylated biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone-co-phosphoester) random copolymer nanoparticles for potent hepatoma-targeting delivery of doxorubicin
Authors: Tao Yunfeng , He Jinlin , Zhang Mingzu , Hao Ying , Liu Jian , Ni Peihong
Published: February 2014

A novel biocompatible and biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone-co-phosphoester) random copolymer conjugated with galactosamine has been synthesized and used for hepatoma-targeting delivery of doxorubicin.
One-pot polymer brush synthesis via simultaneous isocyanate coupling chemistry and “grafting from” RAFT polymerization
Authors: Le-Masurier S. P. , Gody G. , Perrier S. , Granville A. M.
Published: February 2014

One-pot ‘grafting from’ of polystyrene on polydopamine particles was investigated using a newly developed carbonyl-azide reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent.
The Type, but Not the Amount, of Information Available Influences Toddlers' Fast Mapping and Retention of New Words
Authors: Brady Kathryn W. , Goodman Judith C.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The authors of this study examined whether the type and number of word-learning cues affect how children infer and retain word-meaning mappings and whether the use of these cues changes with age.

Method

Forty-eight 18- to 36-month-old children with typical language participated in a fast-mapping task in which 6 novel words were presented with 3 types of cues to the words' referents, either singly or in pairs. One day later, children were tested for retention of the novel words.

Results

By 24 months of age, children correctly inferred the referents of the novel words at a significant level. Children retained the meanings of words at a significant rate by 30 months of age. Children retained the first 3 of the 6 word-meaning mappings by 24 months of age. For both fast mapping and retention, the efficacy of different cue types changed with development, but children were equally successful whether the novel words were presented with 1 or 2 cues.

Conclusion

The type of information available to children at fast mapping affects their ability to both form and retain word-meaning associations. Providing children with more information in the form of paired cues had no effect on either fast mapping or retention.