bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric electrostatic environment around spacecraft in weakly streaming plasmas
Authors: Miyake Y. , Nishimura Y. , Kasaba Y.
Published: July 2015

The double‐probe electric field measurements in drifting plasmas are subject to spurious effects caused by asymmetric electrostatic structure near scientific spacecraft. Some in situ observations just outside the plasmasphere detected spurious electric fields due to such environmental asymmetry even in subsonic ion flows across the magnetic field line. We have performed three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations, which allow us to include long and extremely thin wire booms as well as a spacecraft chassis, and investigated an electrostatic environment that accounts for the observations. The present simulations reveal that even subsonic ion flows can produce an appreciable potential difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the spacecraft, and the potential difference would be detected as a spurious field of a few mV/m. The necessary condition for the spurious field is a relatively high (a few tens of V) spacecraft potential, and also the spacecraft potential hump needs to be expanded by thin wire booms biased at the spacecraft potential. The analysis also reveals that the presence of a heavy ion flow and a field‐aligned ion upflow can further enhance the spurious field up to 5 mV/m.
Dynamics of an assembly of rigid ice floes
Authors: Rabatel Matthias , Labbé Stéphane , Weiss Jérôme
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we present a model describing the dynamics of a population of ice floes with arbitrary shapes and sizes, which are exposed to atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. The granular model presented is based on simplified momentum equations for ice floe motion between collisions and on the resolution of linear complementarity problems to deal with ice floe collisions. Between collisions, the motion of an individual ice floe satisfies the linear and angular momentum conservation equations, with classical formula applied to account for atmospheric and oceanic skin drag. To deal with collisions, before they lead to interpenetration, we included a linear complementarity problem based on the Signorini condition and Coulombs law. The nature of the contact is described through a constant coefficient of friction μ, as well as a coefficient of restitution
describing the loss of kinetic energy during the collision. In the present version of our model, this coefficient is fixed. The model was validated using data obtained from the motion of interacting artificial wood floes in a test basin. The results of simulations comprising few hundreds of ice floes of various shapes and sizes, exposed to different forcing scenarios, and under different configurations, are also discussed. They show that the progressive clustering of ice floes as the result of kinetic energy dissipation during collisions is well captured, and suggest a collisional regimes of floe dispersion at small scales, different from a large‐scale regime essentially driven by wind forcing.
Separating the influence of projected changes in air temperature and wind on patterns of sea level change and ocean heat content
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Yang Duo , Gregory Jonathan M. , Spence Paul , Myers Paul G.
Published: July 2015

We present ocean model sensitivity experiments aimed at separating the influence of the projected changes in the “thermal” (near‐surface air temperature) and “wind” (near‐surface winds) forcing on the patterns of sea level and ocean heat content. In the North Atlantic, the distribution of sea level change is more due to the “thermal” forcing, whereas it is more due to the “wind” forcing in the North Pacific; in the Southern Ocean, the “thermal” and “wind” forcing have a comparable influence. In the ocean adjacent to Antarctica the “thermal” forcing leads to an inflow of warmer waters on the continental shelves, which is somewhat attenuated by the “wind” forcing. The structure of the vertically integrated heat uptake is set by different processes at low and high latitudes: at low latitudes it is dominated by the heat transport convergence, whereas at high latitudes it represents a small residual of changes in the surface flux and advection of heat. The structure of the horizontally integrated heat content tendency is set by the increase of downward heat flux by the mean circulation and comparable decrease of upward heat flux by the subgrid‐scale processes; the upward eddy heat flux decreases and increases by almost the same magnitude in response to, respectively, the “thermal” and “wind” forcing. Regionally, the surface heat loss and deep convection weaken in the Labrador Sea, but intensify in the Greenland Sea in the region of sea ice retreat. The enhanced heat flux anomaly in the subpolar Atlantic is mainly caused by the “thermal” forcing.
Architecture and structural evolution of an early Little Ice Age terminal moraine at the surge‐type glacier Múlajökull, Iceland
Authors: Benediktsson Ívar Örn , Schomacker Anders , Johnson Mark D. , Geiger Alessa J. , Ingólfsson Ólafur , Guðmundsdóttir Esther Ruth
Published: July 2015

The internal architecture and structural evolution of the Arnarfellsmúlar terminal moraine at Múlajökull, a surge‐type glacier in central Iceland, is described in order to demonstrate submarginal and proglacial glaciotectonic processes during glacier surging, as well as constraining the age of the maximum extent of the glacier. The moraine is 4–7 m high, 50–100 m wide, and composed of a highly deformed sequence of loess, peat, and tephra that is draped by till up to the crest. The internal architecture is dominated by steep, high‐amplitude overturned folds and thrusts in the crest zone but open, low‐amplitude folds on the distal slope. Section balancing suggests a basal detachment (décollement) depth of 1.4 m and a total horizontal shortening of around 59%. This implies that the glacier coupled to the foreland about 70 m up glacier from its terminal position to initiate the formation of the moraine. The structural evolution is polyphase in that the formation commenced with low‐amplitude open folding of the foreland, followed by overfolding and piggyback thrusting. Radiocarbon dating and analysis of tephra layers, along with historical references, indicate that the most likely time of moraine formation was between A.D. 1717 and 1760, which suggests that Múlajökull had its Little Ice Age maximum and most extensive surge earlier than many other surge‐type glaciers in Iceland.
Effects of episodic flooding on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Han Guangxuan , Chu Xiaojing , Xing Qinghui , Li Dejun , Yu Junbao , Luo Yiqi , Wang Guangmei , Mao Peili , Rafique Rashad
Published: July 2015

Episodic flooding due to intense rainfall events is characteristic in many wetlands, which may modify wetland‐atmosphere exchange of CO2. However, the degree to which episodic flooding affects net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) is poorly documented in supratidal wetlands of coastal zone, where rainfall‐driven episodic flooding often occurs. To address this issue, the ecosystem CO2 fluxes were continuously measured using the eddy covariance technique for 4 years (2010–2013) in a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Our results showed that over the growing season, the daily average uptake in the supratidal wetland was −1.4, −1.3, −1.0, and −1.3 g C m−2 d−1 for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. On the annual scale, the supratidal wetland functioned as a strong sink for atmospheric CO2, with the annual NEE of −223, −164, and −247 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The mean diurnal pattern of NEE exhibited a smaller range of variation before episodic flooding than after it. Episodic flooding reduced the average daytime net CO2 uptake and the maximum rates of photosynthesis. In addition, flooding clearly suppressed the nighttime CO2 release from the wetland but increased its temperature sensitivity. Therefore, effects of episodic flooding on the direction and magnitude of NEE should be considered when predicting the ecosystem responses to future climate change in supratidal wetlands.
Virus‐Inspired Mimics Based on Dendritic Lipopeptides for Efficient Tumor‐Specific Infection and Systemic Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Xiao , Xu Xianghui , Li Yunkun , Li Yachao , Zhong Dan , He Yiyan , Gu Zhongwei
Published: July 2015

Herein, multifunctional mimics of viral architectures and infections self‐assembled from tailor‐made dendritic lipopeptides for programmed targeted drug delivery are reported. These viral mimics not only have virus‐like components and nanostructures, but also possess virus‐like infections to solid tumor and tumor cells. Encouragingly, the viral mimics provide the following distinguished features for tumor‐specific systemic delivery: i) stealthy surface to resist protein interactions and prolong circulation time in blood, ii) well‐defined nanostructure for passive targeting to solid tumor site, iii) charge‐tunable shielding for tumor extracellular pH targeting, iv) receptor‐mediated targeting to enhance tumor‐specific uptake, and v) supramolecular lysine‐rich architectures mimicking viral subcellular targeting for efficient endosomal escape and nuclear delivery. This bioinspired design make in vivo tumor suppression by drug‐loaded viral mimics against BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumor greatly exceed the positive control group (more than three times). More importantly, viral mimics hold great potentials to reduce side effects and decrease tumor metastasis after systemic administration.
Ligand Effect and Control of E‐ and Z‐Selectivity in the Silver‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Bromooxazolines
Authors: Wong Valerie H. L. , White Andrew J. P. , Hor T. S. Andy , Hii King Kuok (Mimi)
Published: July 2015

The stereospecific intramolecular hydroamination of alkynyl trichloroacetimidates catalyzed by bis(pyridyl)silver(I) complexes to form 1,3‐oxazolines and oxazines has been investigated in greater detail. The rate of the reaction is profoundly influenced by the electronic character of the pyridyl ligand; leading to optimized conditions whereby reactions can be completed at ambient temperature with catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol%, while maintaining stereoselectivity towards the (Z)‐isomer. Further investigations into establishing the role of the ligand, and the synthesis of (E)‐isomer, are also presented.

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An Efficient Protocol for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation Using Low Palladium Concentrations and a Palladium(II) Precatalyst
Authors: Marziale Alexander N. , Duquette Douglas C. , Craig Robert A. , Kim Kelly E. , Liniger Marc , Numajiri Yoshitaka , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: July 2015

Enantioselective catalytic allylic alkylation for the synthesis of 2‐alkyl‐2‐allylcycloalkanones and 3,3‐disubstituted pyrrolidinones, piperidinones and piperazinones has been previously reported by our laboratory. The efficient construction of chiral all‐carbon quaternary centers by allylic alkylation was previously achieved with a catalyst derived in situ from zero‐valent palladium sources and chiral phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands. We now report an improved reaction protocol with broad applicability among different substrate classes in industry‐compatible reaction media using loadings of palladium(II) acetate as low as 0.075 mol% and the readily available chiral PHOX ligands. The novel and highly efficient procedure enables facile scale‐up of the reaction in an economical and sustainable fashion.

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Simplified Preparation of Trialkylvinylsilanes via the Silyl‐Heck Reaction Utilizing a Second Generation Catalyst
Authors: McAtee Jesse R. , Krause Sarah B. , Watson Donald A.
Published: July 2015

Recently we reported a second generation ligand, bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)(tert‐butyl)phosphine, for the preparation of allylsilanes using the silyl‐Heck reaction. We now show that this new ligand also provides superior reactivity in the preparation of vinylsilanes from styrene derivatives. For the first time, this new ligand provides exceptionally high yields of trialkylvinylsilanes using the widely available palladium pre‐catalyst, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) [Pd2(dba)3]. Finally, we demonstrate that this new catalyst system is able to form more highly decorated all‐carbon substituted vinylsilanes that have been shown to possess superior reactivity in oxidation and cross‐coupling reactions.

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Sibling effects on nutritional status: Intersections of cooperation and competition across development
Authors: Helfrecht Courtney , Meehan Courtney L.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Examination of sibling effects on nutritional status is complicated by siblings being both alloparents and resource competitors, as well as the extensive changes children undergo across development. To evaluate sibling nutritional effects with consideration of these opposing roles, we use an evolutionary framework rooted in human ontogeny and cooperative breeding.

Methods

Anthropometric data were collected from 113 Ngandu horticulturalist children (birth‐<18 years old).We generated weight‐for‐age (WAZ), height‐for‐age (HAZ), and BMI‐for‐age (BMIZ) z‐scores. Nutritional status across developmental risk periods (<2.5, 2.5‐<5, 5‐<10, and ≥10 years) was assessed using one‐way ANOVAs. OLS regression was used to examine interactions between presence of siblings and risk periods.

Results

A considerable percentage of Ngandu children are suffering from stunting, underweight, or caloric deficiencies, but many fall within healthy ranges for WAZ (65%), HAZ (60%), and BMIZ (88%). Siblings have significant impacts on children's nutritional status, but their impacts vary by risk period. In general, older siblings (≥5 years old) have positive effects on their same‐aged siblings, while younger siblings (<5) negatively affect those between 2.5 and <10 years old.

Conclusions

Closely aged siblings do not always represent competitors. In this ecocultural context, those aged ≥5 years old appear to cooperate to improve their siblings' nutritional status. By evaluating the effects of siblings during specific risk periods, we offer a strategy to untangle the intersections of cooperation and competition. Our results add to the growing body of evidence showing benefits to allocare and further demonstrate that even children target their assistance toward vulnerable periods in development. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:159–170, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential impact of consanguineous marriages on autosomal recessive diseases in Tunisia
Authors: Ben Halim Nizar , Hsouna Sana , Lasram Khaled , Rejeb Insaf , Walha Asma , Talmoudi Faten , Messai Habib , Sabrine Ben Brick Ahlem , Ouragini Houyem , Cherif Wafa , Nagara Majdi , Rhouma Faten Ben , Chouchene Ibtissem , Ouechtati Farah , Bouyacoub Yosra , Ben Rekaya Mariem , Messaoud Olfa , Ben Ammar Slim , El Matri Leila , Tebib Neji , Ben Dridi Marie F. , Mokni Mourad , Amouri Ahlem , Kefi Rym , Abdelhak Sonia
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Consanguinity is common in Tunisia. However, little information exists on its impact on recessive disorders. In this study, we evaluate the impact of consanguineous marriages on the occurrence of some specific autosomal recessive disorders and consider how other factors, such as population substructure and mutation frequency, may be of equal importance in disease prevalence.

Methods

Consanguinity profiles were retrospectively studied among 425 Tunisian patients suffering from autosomal recessive xeroderma pigmentosum, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa, Gaucher disease, Fanconi anemia, glycogenosis type I, and ichthyosis, and compared to those of a healthy control sample.

Results

Consanguinity was observed in 341 cases (64.94%). Consanguinity rates per disease were 75.63, 63.64, 60.64, 61.29, 57.89, 73.33, and 51.28%, respectively. First‐cousin marriages were the most common form of consanguinity (48.94%) with the percentages of 55.46, 45.46, 47.87, 48.39, 45.61, 56.66, and 35.90%, respectively. A very high level of geographic endogamy was also observed (93.92%), with the values by disease ranging between 75.86 and 96.64%. We observed an overall excess risk associated to consanguinity of nearly sevenfold which was proportional to the number of affected siblings and the frequency of disease allele in the family. Consanguinity was significantly associated with the first five cited diseases (odds ratio = 24.41, 15.17, 7.5, 5.53, and 5.07, respectively). However, no meaningful effects were reported among the remaining diseases.

Conclusions

This study reveals a variation in the excess risk linked to consanguinity according to the type of disorder, suggesting the potential of cryptic population substructure to contribute to disease incidence in populations with complex social structure like Tunisia. It also emphasizes the role of other health and demographic aspects such as mutation frequency and reproductive replacement in diseases etiology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:171–180, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent advances and migration issues in biodegradable polymers from renewable sources for food packaging
Authors: Scarfato Paola , Di Maio Luciano , Incarnato Loredana
Published: July 2015

In recent years, consumer demand for environmental sustainability and legislative actions has pushed the plastic packaging industry toward biobased plastics. However, despite the advantages related to their ecofriendly nature, the commercial large‐scale application of biobased polymers as substitutes for conventional petroleum‐derived plastic as packaging materials have been limited up to this point because they show limitations in their processability and material properties performances, especially in terms of their diffusion‐barrier properties to small molecules; these are critical for food‐contact uses. The main strategies used to overcome these issues involve blending with other biopolymers and/or the addition of other substances, such as microfillers, nanofillers, and plasticizers. In this review, we report on the most recent advances and emerging technologies in food‐packaging applications that have potential commercial interest and are based on selected biodegradable polymers from renewable sources. Our particular focus is on issues related to food–packaging interactions and the possible consequent migration of substances. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42597.
Ultraviolet resistance modification of poly(p‐phenylene‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) and poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) fibers with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Mao Yahong , Zhou Wanli , Xu Jianjun
Published: July 2015

Octa‐ammonium chloride salt of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was synthesized by a hydrolysis reaction and introduced into poly(p‐phenylene‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) (p‐POD) and poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibers by a finishing method to enhance the UV resistance. The effects of the POSS concentration, treatment temperature, and time on the tensile strength of the fibers were investigated. The surface morphology, mechanical properties, crystallinity, degree of orientation of fibers, and intrinsic viscosity of the polymer solution were characterized in detail. The results indicate that the tensile strength retention and intrinsic viscosity retention of the fibers treated with POSS were much higher than those of the untreated fibers after the same accelerated irradiation time; this demonstrated that this treatment method was feasible. We also found that the efficacy of the protection provided by POSS was more beneficial to p‐POD than PPTA because of the different structure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42643.
Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic water‐borne polycarbonate‐based polyurethane dispersions and cast films
Authors: Serkis Magdalena , Poręba Rafał , Hodan Jiří , Kredatusová Jana , Špírková Milena
Published: July 2015

Stable water‐borne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were prepared from bifunctional aliphatic polycarbonate‐based macrodiol, 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA), 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane, 1,4‐butanediol (BD), and triethylamine. Water‐borne dispersion particles are thus solely formed from self‐assembled linear PU chains. Both PUDs and PUD‐based films were characterized with regards to the concentration of DMPA (ionic species content) and BD (hard‐segment content). Average particle size of PUDs decreased and their long‐term stability increased with increasing DMPA and decreasing BD concentration. Functional properties of cast films made from PUDs are substantially influenced by the character of the original colloidal particle dispersions. The swelling behavior of the films, their surface morphology, and mechanical properties are more influenced by DMPA than BD contents. At DMPA concentrations higher than 0.2 mmol g−1of the solid mass of polyurethane, distinct self‐organization of individual nanoparticles into fibril‐like structures was detected by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PU films made from PUD containing high BD as well as high DMPA concentrations have the best utility properties namely sufficient tensile properties and a very low swelling ability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42672.
Nitrite Oxidation with Copper–Cobalt Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes Doped Conducting Polymer PEDOT Composite
Authors: Wang Junjie , Xu Guiyun , Wang Wei , Xu Shenghao , Luo Xiliang
Published: July 2015

Copper–cobalt bimetal nanoparticles (Cu−Co) have been electrochemically prepared on glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs), which were electrodeposited with conducting polymer nanocomposites of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Owing to their good conductivity, high mechanical strength, and large surface area, the PEDOT/CNTs composites offered excellent substrates for the electrochemical deposition of Cu−Co nanoparticles. As a result of their nanostructure and the synergic effect between Cu and Co, the Cu−Co/PEDOT/CNTs composites exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of nitrite. Under optimized conditions, the nanocomposite‐modified electrodes had a fast response time within 2 s and a linear range from 0.5 to 430 μm for the detection of nitrite, with a detection limit of 60 nm. Moreover, the Cu−Co/PEDOT/CNTs composites were highly stable, and the prepared nitrite sensors could retain more than 96 % of their initial response after 30 days.
How People with Low and High Graph Literacy Process Health Graphs: Evidence from Eye‐tracking
Authors: Okan Yasmina , Galesic Mirta , Garcia‐Retamero Rocio
Published: July 2015

Graphs facilitate the communication of important quantitative information, often serving as effective decision support tools. Yet, graphs are not equally useful for all individuals, as people differ substantially in their graph literacy—the ability to understand graphically presented information. Although some features of graphs can be interpreted using spatial‐to‐conceptual mappings that can be established by adults and children with no graphing experience (e.g., “higher bars equal larger quantities”), other features are linked to arbitrary graph conventions (e.g., axes labels and scales). In two experiments, we examined differences in the processes underlying the comprehension of graphs presenting medical information in individuals with low and high graph literacy. Participants' eye movements were recorded while they interpreted graphs in which information in conventional features was incongruent with that conveyed by spatial features. Results revealed that participants with low graph literacy more often relied on misleading spatial‐to‐conceptual mappings and misinterpreted the data depicted. Higher graph literacy was often associated with more time spent viewing the conventional features containing essential information for accurate interpretations. This suggests that individuals with high graph literacy are better able to identify the task‐relevant information in graphs, and thus attend to the relevant features to a larger extent. Theoretical, methodological, and prescriptive implications for customization of decision‐support systems are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poor sleep during the periconceptional period increases risk for neural tube defects in offspring
Authors: Li Zhiwen , Zhang Le , Jin Lei , Ye Rongwei , Raynes‐Greenow Camille , Ren Aiguo
Published: July 2015

Background

Poor sleep has been studied in relation to various diseases. Few studies have investigated the effect of poor sleep on birth defects.

Methods

We examined the association of maternal poor sleep during periconceptional period and the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring based on a large case–control study in northern China. The subjects included 629 NTD cases and 858 normal controls investigated between 2002 and 2007. Maternal sleep status was collected by health workers within first week after delivery. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of NTDs in association with poor sleep.

Results

The proportion of mothers with frequent poor sleep (≥4 days/week on average) was markedly higher in NTDs group (5.9%) than in control group (1.2%). In the multivariate analysis, frequent poor sleep was significantly associated with an increased risk of total NTDs (adjusted OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.9–8.8) and spina bifida subtype (adjusted OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.8–14.5). Frequent poor sleep showed a significant interaction with body mass index (BMI). Relative to women who reported poor sleep <4 days/week and with BMI < 24, frequent poor sleep showed a markedly higher increased risk of NTDs among overweight or obese women (adjusted OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 1.4–97.6) than women with BMI < 24 (adjusted OR, 2.5; 95% CI,1.1–5.9).

Conclusion

Maternal frequent poor sleep during the periconceptional period may increase the risk for all NTDs and spina bifida. The association appears to be independent of some lifestyle factors that are closely associated with sleep quality. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:780–786, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Using Ammonium Hydroxide and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
Authors: Park Mi Young , Kim Youn Jung , Choi Sang Mun , Oh Sang Ha , Kim Young Jun , Lim Woo Taik , An Jihyun , Choi Sik Young
Published: July 2015

High purity hydroxyapatite was synthesized with ammonium hydroxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) through a hydrothermal synthesis process, using calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid as the precursors for calcium and phosphorus. The newly synthesized hydroxyapatite was characterized by the techniques of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis system (TG/DTA), electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectrometer. The results achieved from the above analyses demonstrated that pure crystalline hydroxyapatite can successfully be produced by using ammonium hydroxide and EDTA through the hydrothermal method. SEM revealed that the hydroxyapatite particles consisted of crystallized dandelion‐like structures with an average size of about approximately 10 µm. The Ca/P molar ratio of synthesized hydroxyapatite was determined as 1.66, which is almost close to the stoichiometric ratio (1.67) that is expected for a pure hydroxyapatite phase. TG/DTA indicated that there was almost no weight loss by the temperature change and confirmed that it was an ultra pure substance. XRD and FTIR results indicated that hydroxyapatite could be decomposed into tricalcium phosphate as the calcinations temperature increased to 900 °C.
SNAr Reactions of 1‐Halo‐2,4‐dinitrobenzenes with Alkali‐Metal Ethoxides: Differential Stabilization of Ground State and Transition State Determines Alkali‐Metal Ion Catalysis or Inhibition
Authors: Yang Kiyull , Kim Min‐Young , Um Ik‐Hwan
Published: July 2015

A kinetic study on SNAr reactions of 1‐halo‐2,4‐dinitrobenzenes (6a–6d) with alkali‐metal ethoxides (EtOM; M = Li, Na, K and 18‐crown‐6‐ether‐complexed K) is reported. The plots of pseudo‐first‐order rate constant (kobsd) vs. [EtOM] curve upward or downward depending on the size of M+ ions. The reactions are catalyzed or inhibited by the M+ ions, e.g., the large K+ ion complexed by 18‐crown‐6‐ether (18C6) acts as a catalyst while the small Li+ and Na+ ions behave as an inhibitor. Reactivity of 6a–6d toward EtOM decreases linearly as the halide ion becomes less basic regardless of the size of M+ ions, indicating that expulsion of the leaving group occurs after the rate‐determining step (RDS). Thus, the reactions have been proposed to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with formation of a Meisenheimer complex being the RDS. Computational studies using B3LYP density functional theory have revealed that Mulliken charge density of the electrophilic center decreases as the halogen atom becomes less electronegative. Thus, it has been concluded that the SNAr reactivity of 6a–6d toward EtOM is governed by electrophilicity of the reaction center but not by nucleofugality of the leaving group. A π‐complexed transition‐state structure has been proposed to account for the experimental and computational results.
Efficient Synthesis of Chiral Binaphthol Aldehyde with Phenyl Ether Linkage for Enantioselective Extraction of Amino Acids
Authors: Choi Misun , Jun Moo‐Jin , Kim Kwan Mook
Published: July 2015

A binaphthol aldehyde with phenyl ether linkage, compound 2, has been synthesized starting from binaphthol‐3‐carboxylic acid. The axially chiral binaphthol ring was racemized during the synthesis due to high temperatures required in O‐phenylation reaction. The enantiomerically pure form of 2 was obtained from the resolution of the diastereomeric imine of 2. Optically pure compound (S)‐2 was applied to the enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction of amino acid between CH2Cl2
and aqueous layers. The stereoselectivities, that is, d/l ratio of the amino acid extracted, ranged from 3.57 to 11.1. One carbon was absent in compound (S)‐2 compared to the compound (S)‐1 with benzyl ether linkage, which differentiated the conformations of their imines formed with amino acids.
Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescence Properties of Two Copper(II) Complexes Constructed by Rigid Bis(triazole) and Nitrogen‐containing Carboxylic Acid Ligands
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Xiao , Li Zuo‐Xi , Yu Baoyi , Van Hecke Kristof , Cui Guang‐Hua
Published: July 2015

Two new copper(II) complexes with the formulas [Cu(btb)(pydc)(H2O)]n
(1) and [Cu(btb)0.5(nph)(H2O)]n
(2) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by employing a rigid bis(triazole) ligand (btb = 4,4′‐bis(1,2,4‐triazolyl‐1‐yl)‐biphenyl) and two carboxylic acids mixed ligands (H2pydc = pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid and H2nph = 3‐nitrophthalic acid). The copper atoms present different environments, with a tetragonal pyramidal geometry in 1 and octahedral configuration in 2. Complex 1 displays a dinuclear cluster, which is further packed into a 2D supramolecular layer by classical OH · · · O hydrogen bonds. Complex 2 possesses a trinodal 3,4,4‐connected 3D framework with a rare sqc69 topology. In addition, thermal stability and luminescence property were investigated.
Effect of a Surface Area and a d‐Band Oxidation State on the Activity and Stability of RuOx Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kim Tae‐Jun , Park Shin‐Ae , Chang Seohyoung , Chun Ho‐hwan , Kim Yong‐Tae
Published: July 2015

It is widely recognized that RuO2
is the best electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting in acidic media. In this study, we investigated the effect of a surface area and a d‐band oxidation state on the activity and the stability of RuO
x

electrocatalysts for OER. We synthesized RuO
x

thin film on glassy carbon electrode by the radio frequency magnetic sputtering and controlled the deposition temperature to vary the surface morphology and the electronic structure. In particular, we obtained a precise d‐band valence structure by using the synchrotron beam. A higher surface area and a more stable Ru4+ state were obtained at a lower deposition temperature owing to a smaller grain size and a lower oxidation state, respectively. As a result, the order of activity and stability is clearly consistent with that of surface area and stable Ru4+ state (RuO
x

 > RuO
x
200 > RuO
x
400 > RuO
x
600). Hence, we suggest that the surface area and the Ru d‐band oxidation state should be carefully controlled in the synthesis process in order to enhance the activity and the stability of RuO
x

electrocatalysts for OER.
Identification and Antifeedant Activities of Limonoids from Azadirachta indica
Authors: Yan Yu‐Xin , Liu Jie‐Qing , Wang Hong‐Wei , Chen Jin‐Xiong , Chen Jian‐Chao , Chen Li , Zhou Lin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: July 2015

Four new limonoids, azadiraindins A–D (1–4, resp.), together with seven known analogs, were isolated from the MeOH extract of Azadirachta indica. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses, and the relative configuration of 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The compounds isolated in comparatively large amount were evaluated for their antifeedant activities against Plutella xylostella; the antifeedant rate of 10 was 90.6% and the corrected mortality of 8 was 79.2%.
Anthelmintic Effects of the Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill., Apiaceae) against Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Wakabayashi Kamila A. L. , de Melo Nathalya I. , Aguiar Daniela P. , de Oliveira Pollyanna F. , Groppo Milton , da Silva Filho Ademar A. , Rodrigues Vanderlei , Cunha Wilson R. , Tavares Denise C. , Magalhães Lizandra G. , Crotti Antônio E. M.
Published: July 2015

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), known as fennel, is a widespread aromatic herbaceous plant, and its essential oil is used as additive in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and perfume industries. The in vitro antischistosomal activity and cytotoxic effects against V79 cells of the essential oil of F. vulgare cultivated in southeastern Brazil (FV‐EO) was investigated. The FV‐EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. (E)‐Anethole (69.8%) and limonene (22.5%) were identified as the major constituents. Its anthelmintic activity against Schistosoma mansoni was evaluated at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml, and it was found to be active against adult S. mansoni worms, although it was less effective than the positive control praziquantel (PZQ) in terms of separation of the coupled pairs, mortality, and decreased motor activity. However, FV‐EO elicited an interesting dose‐dependent reduction in the number of S. mansoni eggs. On their own, (E)‐anethole and the limonene enantiomers were much less effective than FV‐EO and PZQ. An XTT‐cytotoxicity‐based assay evidenced no FV‐EO cytotoxicity against V79 cells. In summary, FV‐EO displayed moderate in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult S. mansoni worms, exerted remarkable inhibitory effects on the egg development, and was of low toxicity.
A Novel Jaspine BCeramide Hybrid Modulates Sphingolipid Metabolism
Authors: Garcia Virginie , Le Faouder Pauline , Dupuy Aude , Levade Thierry , Ballereau Stéphanie , Génisson Yves
Published: July 2015

A new sphingolipid hybrid molecule was designed to assemble, within a tail‐to‐tail double‐chain structure, the ceramide hydrophilic moiety and the tetrahydrofuran pharmacophore of jaspine B, a natural product known to interfere with sphingolipid metabolism. This compound was prepared through acylation of sphingosine with a jaspine B derivative bearing a COOH group in the terminal position of the aliphatic backbone. This new hybrid molecule was evaluated for its capacities to affect melanoma cell viability and sphingolipid metabolism. While retaining the cytotoxicity of ceramide itself, this compound was shown to lower the sphingomyelin cellular levels and significantly enhance the production of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, thus representing a novel sphingolipid metabolism modulator.
Polygonifoliol, a New Tirucallane Triterpene from the Latex of the Seaside Sandmat Euphorbia polygonifolia
Authors: Giner José‐Luis , Schroeder Timothy N.
Published: July 2015

The genus Euphorbia contains over 2000 species which exhibit a considerable diversity of di‐ and triterpenes in their latex. The North American species Euphorbia polygonifolia is a low growing plant of Atlantic and Great Lake beaches. The composition of its free and esterified triterpene alcohols was determined by HPLC and 1H‐NMR analyses. An unreported triterpene alcohol was found as 2.6% and 10.3% of the free and esterified fractions, respectively. The structure of the new triterpene alcohol was determined using HMBC, and its configurational assignment was secured by acid‐catalyzed isomerization to isotirucallol. The new compound, polygonifoliol, was shown to be Δ12‐isotirucallol.
Pyrin–PSTPIP1 colocalises at the leading edge during cell migration
Authors: Akkaya‐Ulum Yeliz Z. , Balci‐Peynircioglu Banu , Purali Nuhan , Yilmaz Engin
Published: July 2015

A set of mutations in the MEditerranean FeVer (MEFV) gene causes familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), the most common auto‐inflammatory disease. The gene encodes a protein named pyrin, which appears to play an important role in inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, pyrin, which is expressed in neutrophils, has been reported to interact with proline–serine–threonine phosphatase‐interacting protein 1 (PSTPIP1) and actin proteins. However, the relations between pyrin and PSTPIP1 during the cell migration have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we constructed a cell migration assay method using HL‐60 cells. Pyrin–PSTPIP1 interactions were analysed by immunofluorescence staining in control, differentiated and differentiated‐stimulated HL‐60 cells. In stimulated cells, pyrin‐polymerised actin, PSTPIP1‐polymerised actin and pyrin–PSTPIP1 were found to be colocalised. Pyrin has been shown to be colocalised with actin and PSTPIP1 at the leading edge of the migrating cell. For the first time, PSTPIP1 was found to interact with dynamic actin and pyrin at the site of polarisation.
How do culture media influence in vitro perivascular cell behavior?
Authors: Huber Birgit , Volz Ann‐Cathrin , Kluger Petra Juliane
Published: July 2015

Perivascular cells are multilineage cells located around the vessel wall and important for wall stabilization. In this study, we evaluated a stem cell media and a perivascular cell‐specific media for the culture of primary perivascular cells regarding their cell morphology, doubling time, stem cell properties, and expression of cell type‐specific markers. When the two cell culture media were compared to each other, perivascular cells cultured in the stem cell medium had a more elongated morphology and a faster doubling rate and cells cultured in the pericyte medium had a more typical morphology, with several filopodia, and a slower doubling rate. To evaluate stem cell properties, perivascular cells, CD146−cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. It was seen that perivascular cells, as well as CD146−cells and MSCs, cultured in stem cell medium showed greater differentiation than cells cultured in pericyte‐specific medium. The expression of pericyte‐specific markers CD146, neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β), myosin, and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) could be found in both pericyte cultures, as well as to varying amounts in CD146−cells, MSCs, and endothelial cells. The here presented work shows that perivascular cells can adapt to their in vitro environment and cell culture conditions influence cell functionality, such as doubling rate or differentiation behavior. Pericyte‐specific markers were shown to be expressed also from cells other than perivascular cells. We can further conclude that CD146+perivascular cells are inhomogeneous cell population probably containing stem cell subpopulations, which are located perivascular around capillaries.
ChemInform Abstract: Reasonable Diffraction Data from “Bad” Crystals: Structure Elucidation of Ge3Sb2Te5Se and (GeTe)2.38(Sb2Te3) (Sb2)1.23 Using Microfocused Synchrotron Beams.
Authors: Urban Philipp , Rosenthal Tobias , Schenk Ludwig , Vaughan Gavin B. M. , Oeckler Oliver
Published: July 2015

Ge3Sb2Te5Se (I) is prepared by heating the elements in a molar ratio of Ge:Sb:Te:Se = 7:2:5:5 (SiO2 glass ampule, 950 °C, 1 h; annealing at 400 °C, 4 d) followed by chemical vapor transport using I2 as transport agent (evacuated silica tubes, 428→378 °C, 42 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistic Geometrical and Electronic Features in the Intermetallic Phases Ca2AgM2, Ca2MgM2, and Ca2GaM2 (M: Pd, Pt).
Authors: Ponou Simeon , Miller Gordon J.
Published: July 2015

The six new title compounds are prepared by melting stoichiometric amounts of the elements (Ta ampoules in evacuated silica tubes; 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Large Negative Thermal Expansion and Anomalous Behavior on Compression in Cubic ReO3‐Type AIIBIVF6: CaZrF6 and CaHfF6.
Authors: Hancock Justin C. , Chapman Karena W. , Halder Gregory J. , Morelock Cody R. , Kaplan Benjamin S. , Gallington Leighanne C. , Bongiorno Angelo , Han Chu , Zhou Si , Wilkinson Angus P.
Published: July 2015

CaZrF6 (I), CaHfF6 (II), and CoZrF6 (III) are prepared by solid state reaction of CaF2 (CoF2) and ZrF4 (HfF4) in equimolar amounts (Cu or Ni tube in evacuated quartz tubes, 750 °C (I) or 850 °C (II, III), 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Arc‐Melting to Narrow the Bandgap of Oxide Semiconductors.
Authors: Ou Gang , Li Dongke , Pan Wei , Zhang Qinghua , Xu Ben , Gu Lin , Nan Cewen , Wu Hui
Published: July 2015

The band gaps of oxide semiconductors including Cu2O, ZnO, Y2O3, ZrO2, Nb2O5, In2O3, SnO2, GeO2, and WO3 are reduced significantly after rapid arc‐melting followed by cooling to room temperature within a few seconds.
ChemInform Abstract: TiNb6O17: A New Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Lin Chunfu , Wang Guizhen , Lin Shiwei , Li Jianbao , Lu Li
Published: July 2015

TiNb6O17 is prepared by calcination of TiO2 and Nb2O3 in the molar ratio Nb:Ti = 6:1 (1200 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis of Cd(NH3)2 [B3O5(NH3)]2: Pioneering the Way to the Substance Class of Ammine Borates.
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Ciaghi Nina , Schauperl Michael , Wurst Klaus , Liedl Klaus R. , Huppertz Hubert
Published: July 2015

Cd(NH3)2 [B3O5(NH3)]2 is prepared by high‐pressure reaction of a 1:3:4 molar mixture of CdO, B2O3, and 28% aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of the New Sulfido Ferrate Cs7[FeS2]2 [Fe2S3]2.
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Roehr Caroline
Published: July 2015

Single phase Cs7[FeS2]2 [Fe2S3]2 is prepared by heating stoichiometric amounts of Cs2S2, Fe, and S under Ar (corundum crucible in steel autoclave, 800 or 1000 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Powerful Tool for Acid Catalyzed Organic Addition and Substitution Reactions.
Authors: Turhanen Petri A. , Vepsaelaeinen Jouko J.
Published: July 2015

The system NaI/H+/Dowex 50W X8 is shown to be an efficient reagent to promote a series of acid‐catalyzed addition and substitution reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Highly Enantioselective, Direct Amination of Enecarbamates.
Authors: Dumoulin Audrey , Lalli Claudia , Retailleau Pascal , Masson Geraldine
Published: July 2015

The first enantioselective three‐component electrophilic amination of α‐substituted enecarbamates using chiral phosphoric acid as catalyst leading to α‐hydrazinoimines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C—C Bond Formation Through C(sp2)—O Cleavage in Aryl Esters.
Authors: Cornella Josep , Jackson Evan P. , Martin Ruben
Published: July 2015

The asymmetric C—C bond forming reaction utilizes aryl esters as C—O electrophiles and in situ generated prochiral ketone enolates.
ChemInform Abstract: A General, Scalable, Organocatalytic Nitro‐Michael Addition to Enones: Enantioselective Access to All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Gu Xiaodong , Dai Yuanyuan , Guo Tingting , Franchino Allegra , Dixon Darren J. , Ye Jinxing
Published: July 2015

A tert‐leucine‐derived chiral diamine efficiently catalyzes the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane to five, six‐, and seven‐membered β‐substituted cyclic enones furnishing the corresponding adducts with quaternary stereocenter in excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Allenoates: Regulation for the Selective Formation of Isomeric Allenyl or Alkynyl Aldol Adduct.
Authors: Bang Jiyun , Kim Hyuna , Kim Jihyun , Yu Chan‐Mo
Published: July 2015

Allenoates (III) and threo‐3‐butynoates (V) are highly stereoselectively obtained by aldol reaction of allenoate with various aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable BINOL—Quinine—Squaramide as a Highly Efficient Organocatalyst for α‐Amination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and α‐Cyanoacetates.
Authors: Gao Yongzhi , Liu Bin , Zhou Hai‐Bing , Wang Wei , Dong Chune
Published: July 2015

The asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of chiral amino acid derivatives in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99% e.e.) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)/Lewis Acid Triggered Ring‐Opening Coupling Reaction of Cyclopropenes with Nitriles.
Authors: Huang Huawen , Ji Xiaochen , Xiao Fuhong , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: July 2015

A ring‐opening coupling reaction of cyclopropane derivatives and nitriles gives γ‐amino ketones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Ether Derivatization via Two‐Step Protocol Comprized of Photochemical Ethereal C—H Bond Chlorination and Nucleophilic Substitution.
Authors: Kamijo Shin , Tao Keisuke , Takao Go , Murooka Hironori , Murafuji Toshihiro
Published: July 2015

The novel two‐step protocol allows the introduction of oxygen‐, sulfur‐, and carbon‐functionalities at the α‐position of various ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Direct 1,6‐ and 1,2‐Difunctionalization Triggered by Radical Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Huang Lin , Zheng Sheng‐Cai , Tan Bin , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: July 2015

The direct remote trifluoromethylation combined with an additional functionalization of 1‐alkenes furnishes valuable trifluoromethyl α‐hydroxycarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Selective Reduction of β‐Lactams: Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation Towards Important Pharmacological Building Blocks.
Authors: Bornschein Christoph , Lennox Alastair J. J. , Werkmeister Svenja , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2015

Tertiary β‐lactams are reduced using phenylsilane activated by rhodium‐catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: DABCO‐Based Ionic Liquids: Green and Efficient Catalysts with a Dual Catalytic Role for Aza‐Michael Addition.
Authors: Hou Hai‐Liang , Qiu Fang‐Li , Ying An‐Guo , Xu Song‐Lin
Published: July 2015

Aza‐Michael addition reactions of various cyclic alkyl amines and N‐heterocycles to α,β‐unsaturated compounds is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Driven Hydro‐/Deuterodefunctionalization of Anilines.
Authors: Majek Michal , Filace Fabiana , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: July 2015

A mild photo‐induced hydro‐deazotization of arenediazonium salts and studies on the mechanism of this reaction are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed C—H Cyanation of Arenes and Heteroarenes.
Authors: Li Jie , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2015

Optimized conditions A) are applied to a broad spectrum of title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Enabled meta‐C—H Activation Using a Transient Mediator.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Chen , Gong Wei , Fang Li‐Zhen , Zhu Ru‐Yi , Li Suhua , Engle Keary M. , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: July 2015

Norbornene is employed as a transient mediator to achieve meta‐selective C—H activation with a simple and common ortho‐directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Etherification of Hydroxyl Compounds to Methyl Ethers with 1,2‐Dimethoxyethane.
Authors: Che Penghua , Lu Fang , Si Xiaoqin , Xu Jie
Published: July 2015

1,2‐Dimethoxyethane is used for the first time as etherification agent for the acid‐catalyzed synthesis of methyl ethers of biomass‐derived hydroxyl compounds.