bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new native plant in the neighborhood: effects on plant–pollinator networks, pollination, and plant reproductive success
Authors: Hernández‐Castellano Carlos , Rodrigo Anselm , Gómez José María , Stefanescu Constantí , Calleja Juan Antonio , Reverté Sara , Bosch Jordi
Published: March 2020

Ecological communities are dynamic entities subjected to extinction/colonization events. Because species are connected through complex interaction networks, the arrival of a new species is likely to affect various species across the community, as observed in plant biological invasions. However, plant invasions usually represent extreme scenarios in which the community is strongly dominated by the alien species, confounding the effects of a change in species composition with a massive increase in floral resource availability. Our study addresses changes in plant community composition involving native species, a common phenomenon under the current climate change scenario in which plants are modifying their distribution ranges. We experimentally manipulated patches of a natural scrubland community by introducing a native plant (henceforth colonizing plant). To avoid introducing a disproportionate amount of floral resources we adjusted the number of flowers of the colonizing plant to the amount of floral resources locally available in each patch. We had two objectives: (1) to analyse the effects of the arrival of a new plant on the pollinator community, the rearrangement of plant–pollinator interactions and the structure of the plant–pollinator network; (2) to evaluate potential consequences for pollination and the reproductive success of resident plant species. The colonizing plant acted as a magnet species, attracting bumble bees and facilitating interactions to other plants through spill‐over. The introduction of the colonizing plant also affected the structure of plant–pollinator networks (colonized networks were more generalized and more nested than control networks) and modified the arrangement of plant and pollinator species into modules. Ultimately, these changes resulted in higher heterospecific (but not conspecific) pollen deposition and had contrasting effects on the reproductive success of two resident plant species (higher fruit set and lower seed set, respectively). Our study shows that relationships between plants and pollinators are rapidly rearranged in response to novel situations (even when the new plant is not overly dominant), with important functional consequences on pollination and plant reproductive success. Our study establishes a link between network structure and pollination and plant reproductive success, which may be mediated by differences among pollinator species in foraging behavior.
Emerging dynamics of public participation in climate governance: A case study of solar energy application in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Huang Ping , Castán Broto Vanesa , Westman Linda Katrin
Published: March 2020

Climate governance scholars have recognized the role of public participation in improving the outcomes of climate action. Nevertheless, increasing advocacy of environmental authoritarianism in the narratives of climate governance questions the need for and legitimacy of public participation. This study uncovers the emerging dynamics of climate participation in Chinese communities through a case of the implementation of solar energy. Our research challenges the general impression of nonparticipation in climate governance in China and argues that participation is taking a less visible form that we call “defensive participation.” Defensive participation occurs when communities mobilize to defend their interests. Just as other forms of public participation, defensive participation can play important roles in improving policy outcomes and accountability. More nuanced theoretical and empirical accounts of public participation in climate governance will improve current understandings of climate governance in China.
Thermophysical analysis of three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid
Authors: Oyelakin Ibukun S. , Lalramneihmawii PC , Mondal Sabyasachi , Nandy Samir K. , Sibanda Precious
Published: March 2020

In this article, we use the Buongiorno model to study the three‐dimensional tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow over a stretched sheet. The study investigates the impact of velocity slip on the flow and heat transfer features in a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid. For a better fit with experimental observations. We assume that the nanoparticle mass flux at the boundary is zero as opposed to a prescribed concentration at the surface. Using appropriate transformations, we reduce the partial differential equations that describe the momentum, energy, and concentration transport to ordinary differential equations. Numerical solutions of the equations are obtained using the spectral method. Graphical illustration of the physical influence of various parameters on the flow features, the skin friction coefficient, and the local Nusselt number is given. The results indicate, that particle Brownian motion has a negligible impact on the rate of heat transfer. The impact of the modified Weissenberg number, a measure of the ratio of elastic to viscous forces, causes a reduction in the fluid velocity. The results are shown to be good agreement with those in related studies in the literature.
The IKKβ‐USP30‐ACLY Axis Controls Lipogenesis and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Gu Li , Zhu Yahui , Lin Xi , Lu Bingjun , Zhou Xinyi , Zhou Feng , Zhao Qiu , Prochownik Edward V. , Li Youjun
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer‐related death that develops as a consequence of obesity, cirrhosis, and chronic hepatitis. However, the pathways along which these changes occur remain incompletely understood.

Approach and Results

In this study, we show that the deubiquitinase USP30 is abundant in HCCs that arise in mice maintained on high‐fat diets. IKKβ phosphorylated and stabilized USP30, which promoted USP30 to deubiquitinate ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). IKKβ also directly phosphorylated ACLY and facilitated the interaction between USP30 and ACLY and the latter’s deubiquitination. In HCCs arising in DEN/CCl4‐treated mice, USP30 deletion attenuated lipogenesis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis regardless of diet. The combination of ACLY inhibitor and programmed death ligand 1 antibody largely suppressed chemical‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The IKKβ‐USP30‐ACLY axis was also found to be up‐regulated in human HCCs.

Conclusions

This study identifies an IKKβ‐USP30‐ACLY axis that plays an essential and wide‐spread role in tumor metabolism and may be a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
Human mast cells exhibit an individualized pattern of antimicrobial responses
Authors: Garcia‐Rodriguez Karen M. , Bahri Rajia , Sattentau Clara , Roberts Ian S. , Goenka Anu , Bulfone‐Paus Silvia
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Mast cells (MCs) are tissue‐resident immune cells implicated in antibacterial responses. These include chemokine secretion, degranulation, and the release of mast cell‐extracellular traps, which are primarily dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our study investigated whether human mast cells (hMCs) develop individual response patterns to bacteria located at different tissue sites: Escherichia coli (gut commensal), Listeria monocytogenes (foodborne intracellular pathogen), Staphylococcus aureus (skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (upper respiratory tract commensal and lung pathogen).

Methods

After live bacteria exposure, hMCs were analyzed by a combined flow cytometry assay for degranulation, ROS production, DNA externalization, and for β‐hexosaminidase, chemokine, and prostaglandin release.

Results

L. monocytogenes induced hMC degranulation, IL‐8 and MCP‐1 release coupled with DNA externalization in a novel hMC ROS independent manner. In contrast, S. pneumoniae caused ROS production without DNA release and degranulation. E. coli induced low levels of hMC degranulation combined with interleukin 8 and MCP‐1 secretion and in the absence of ROS and DNA externalization. Finally, S. aureus induced hMCs prostaglandin D2 release and DNA release selectively. Our findings demonstrate a novel hMC phenomenon of DNA externalization independent of ROS production. We also showed that ROS production, degranulation, DNA externalization, and mediator secretion occur as independent immune reactions in hMCs upon bacterial encounter and that hMCs contribute to bacterial clearance.

Conclusions

Thus, hMCs exhibit a highly individualized pattern of immune response possibly to meet tissue requirements and regulate bacteria coexistence vs defense.
Burden of asthma exacerbations and health care utilization in pediatric patients with asthma in the US and England
Authors: Gokhale Mugdha , Hattori Takako , Evitt Lee , Lenney Warren , Nordstrom Beth , Collins Jenna , Schultze Anna , Van Dyke Melissa K.
Published: March 2020

Background

Data on asthma burden in pediatric patients are limited; this real‐world study investigated exacerbation frequency and health care resource utilization (HCRU) in pediatric asthma patients from the US and England.

Methods

Data from pediatric patients (aged 6‐17 years) in the Optum claims database (US) or Clinical Practice Research Datalink with linkage to Hospital Episode Statistics (England) were analyzed. Patients were categorized into four hierarchical groups: treated asthma (patients with ≥1 baseline asthma medication), severe asthma (plus Global Initiative for Asthma Step 4/5), severe refractory asthma ([SRA] plus ≥2 baseline severe asthma exacerbations), and eosinophilic SRA (SRA plus blood eosinophil count ≥150 cells/µL). Exacerbation frequency and HCRU during the 12 months postindex were described.

Results

Of 151 549 treated asthma patients in the US, 18 086 had severe asthma, 2099 SRA, and 109 eosinophilic SRA. There were 32 893 treated asthma patients in England, of whom 2711 had severe asthma, 265 SRA, and 8 eosinophilic SRA. In the 12 months postindex, ≥1 exacerbation occurred in 12.4% and 10.8% of patients with severe asthma, and 32.6% and 42.6% with SRA in the US and England, respectively. The proportions of patients with ≥1 asthma hospitalization in the 30 days after the first asthma exacerbation were 2.7% and 4.4% (treated), 3.5% and 8.2% (severe asthma), and 6.0% and 16.8% (SRA) in the US and England, respectively.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into current asthma management practices in the US and England and indicates that some patients with severe disease have an unmet need for effective management.
Image analysis by fast improved radial harmonic‐Fourier moments algorithm
Authors: He Bing , Cui Jiangtao , Peng Yanguo , Yang Tengfei
Published: March 2020

Radial harmonic‐Fourier moments (RHFMs) are popular for image reconstruction and invariant pattern recognition due to their properties of translation, scaling and rotation invariant. RHFMs possess lower computation complexity as compared to Zernike moments and Bessel‐Fourier moments. However, they always suffer from discontinuity, numerical instability near the center of image, and reconstruction error, especially have a rise for higher order of moments. In this paper, an improvement of radial harmonic‐Fourier moments (IRHFMs) is proposed for effectively avoiding the above‐mentioned problems.In this paper, a 2D fast Fourier transform algorithm also is applied to the image matrix to obtain the IRHFMs. Simulation experimental results demonstrate the proposed IRHFMs perform better than traditional RHFMs and other classic orthogonal moments including the latest image moments, for example, polar harmonic Fourier moments in terms of the image reconstruction capability and rotation invariant recognition accuracy in noise‐free and noisy conditions.
Reviewing and understanding the stability mechanism of halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhang Cai‐Xin , Shen Tao , Guo Dan , Tang Li‐Ming , Yang Kaike , Deng Hui‐Xiong
Published: March 2020

Finding sustainable and renewable energy to replace traditional fossil fuel is critical for reducing greenhouse gas emission and avoiding environment pollution. Solar cells that convert energy of sunlight into electricity offer a viable route for solving this issue. At present, halide perovskites are the most potential candidate materials for solar cell with considerable power conversion efficiency, whereas their stability remains a challenge. In this work, we summarize four different key factors that influence the stability of halide perovskites: (a) effect of environmental moisture on the degradation of halide perovskites. The performance of halide perovskite solar cells is reduced due to hydrated crystal hinders the diffusion of photo‐generated carriers, which can be solved by materials encapsulation technique; (b) photo‐induced instability. Through uncovering the underlying physical mechanism, we note that materials engineering or novel device structure can extend the working life of halide perovskites under continuous light exposure; (c) thermal stability. Halide perovskites are rapidly degraded into PbI2 and volatile substances as heating due to lower formation energy, whereas hybrid perovskite is little changed; (d) electric field effect in the degradation of halide perovskites. The electric field impacts significantly on the carrier separation, changes direction of photo‐induced currents and generates switchable photovoltaic effect. For each key factor, we have shown in detail the underlying physical mechanisms and discussed the strategies to overcome this stability difficulty. We expect this review from both theoretical and experimental points of view can be beneficial for development of perovskite solar cell materials and promotes practical applications.

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Full band Monte Carlo simulation of AlInAsSb digital alloys
Authors: Zheng Jiyuan , Ahmed Sheikh Z. , Yuan Yuan , Jones Andrew , Tan Yaohua , Rockwell Ann K. , March Stephen D. , Bank Seth R. , Ghosh Avik W. , Campbell Joe C.
Published: March 2020

Avalanche photodiodes fabricated from AlInAsSb grown as a digital alloy exhibit low excess noise. In this article, we investigate the band structure‐related mechanisms that influence impact ionization. Band‐structures calculated using an empirical tight‐binding method and Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the mini‐gaps in the conduction band do not inhibit electron impact ionization. Good agreement between the full band Monte Carlo simulations and measured noise characteristics is demonstrated.

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How to choose a point‐of‐care testing for troponin
Authors: Lin Ya‐hui , Zhang Yang , Liu Yu‐tao , Cui Kai , Kang Jin‐suo , Zhou Zhou
Published: March 2020

Background

Point‐of‐care (POC) cTn assays are needed when the central laboratory is unable to provide timely results to the emergency department. Many POC devices are available. The prospect of choosing them is daunting. In order to provide a quick decision‐making reference for POC cTn device selection comparing them to the central laboratory, seven POC devices commonly employed by emergency department were evaluated.

Methods

Firstly, we reviewed all devices package inserts. Secondly, we evaluated several POC cTn assays for imprecision, linearity, and correlation with central laboratory assays according to CLSI EP protocols. The linear regression analyses were performed only for the detectable concentrations. Five cTnI devices (Alere Triage, BioMerieux Vidas, Mitsubishi Pathfast, ReLIA TZ‐301, and Radiometer AQT90) were evaluated against a contemporary cTnI assay (Beckman Access II Accu TnI). Two cTnT assays (Radiometer AQT90 and Roche Cobas h232) were compared to a high‐sensitivity (hs) cTnT method (Roche Cobas e601).

Results

For cTn levels around the 99th percentile upper reference limits (URLs) of the comparator assays, imprecision could not be assessed for the Alere, BioMerieux, and Cobas h232 as they gave undetectable readings due to a lack of assay sensitivity. Imprecision (CV) was unacceptably high for the ReLIA (33.3%). On account of this precision metric, these four assays were deemed unsuitable. Regression analyses showed acceptable linearity for all the POC devices. The correlation coefficients for ReLIA, BioMerieux, Cobas h232, and Radiometer cTnT were >0.95. Unlike the cTnT devices, the cTnI assays employ different capture and detection antibodies leading to non‐commutable results. The POC cTn results were concordant with their comparator—Radiometer cTnT 90%, Pathfast cTnI 85%, and Radiometer cTnI 75%.

Conclusion

Our study provides the procedure and essential data to guide selection of a POC cTn device. Of the point‐of‐care devices, methods evaluated Radiometer AQT90 (cTnI and cTnT) and Pathfast might be considered.
Mentalizing stigma: Reflective functioning as a protective factor against depression and anxiety in transgender and gender‐nonconforming people
Authors: Scandurra Cristiano , Dolce Pasquale , Vitelli Roberto , Esposito Giovanna , Testa Rylan J. , Balsam Kimberly F. , Bochicchio Vincenzo
Published: March 2020

Objective

The current study examined the role of internalized transphobia (IT) as a mediator between gender‐related rejection and mental health, and reflective functioning (or mentalization) as a resilience factor moderating the relationship between both rejection and IT with mental health.

Method

This online study included 203 Italian transgender and gender‐nonconforming (TGNC) individuals ranged in age from 18 to 66 years old (M = 30.70; standard deviation = 10.79). Moderated‐mediation analysis was performed using a structural equation modeling approach.

Results

Both rejection and IT were positively associated with mental health, and IT mediated the relationship between rejection and mental health. Mentalization moderated the relationship between rejection and IT with mental health. The indirect effect of rejection on mental health through IT was moderated by mentalization.

Conclusions

Findings highlight psychological paths that may inform individual‐ and group‐level mentalization‐based interventions to reduce minority stress in TGNC individuals.
Exploring parent–child agreement on reports of exposure to community violence: Utilizing a latent profile approach
Authors: Ward Jazzmyn S. , Banerjee Meeta
Published: March 2020

Exposure to community violence (ECV) has a number of implications for children including poor mental health functioning, impaired cognition, memory, learning, and school performance (Edlynn et al, 2008 Am. J. Orthopsychiat., 78, 249–258; Gardner et al., 1996, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 64, 602–609). Discrepancies in child and parent reports of the child's ECV may exacerbate these adverse effects (Hill & Jones, 1997 J. Natl Med. Assoc., 89, 270–276). This study aimed to categorize dyads based on the agreement in reports of ECV. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify ethnic differences within these groups in addition to mental health issues. Four profiles, based on average exposure to violence, emerged: Low exposure (LE), moderate exposure, high exposure, and severe exposure. Ethnic differences among these profiles indicate ethnic minorities are less likely to belong to the LE profile and more likely to represent the other profiles. There were differences among profiles based on mental health functioning.
Catalytic ozonation treatment of biochemically treated leachate from municipal waste solid using Ti–Mn oxide‐coated stainless steel mesh catalyst
Authors: Huang Xiaoxue , Quan Xuejun , Zhu Shu , Cheng Wen , Cheng Chen , Qiu Facheng , Cheng Zhiliang
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Landfill leachate is a kind of complex organic wastewater, the discharge standard of which is difficult to meet after traditional biochemical treatment. In this work, a Ti–Mn stainless steel corrugated wire mesh (SSCWM) catalyst was prepared by the sol–gel method, which was used for the catalytic ozonation of biochemically treated leachate.

RESULTS

The catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The data showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of the leachate by ozone alone, SSCWM/O3, Ti–SSCWM/O3 and Ti–Mn/SSCWM/O3 system reached 55.06%, 64.44%, 68.97% and 78.43%, respectively. The catalytic effect of different layers of Ti–Mn oxide‐coated SSCWM catalyst showed that two catalytic layers had the best activity of COD removal efficiency, reaching 87.17%, and the final COD reached the national emission standard (<100 mg L−1). At the same time, the results of fluorescence spectrum and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis confirmed this point. The stability of the catalyst decreased with the increase in usage times, and the final COD removal efficiency was 73.91% after six cycles of use. To understand the reason for catalyst deactivation, the adsorbed organic matter on the catalyst surface was determined by GC‐MS analysis. In addition, COD removal of the catalyst can be increased to 80.55% after in situ regeneration of the mesh catalyst by a sequential cleaning process consisting of alkali–acid–hydrogen peroxide–ethanol–water.

CONCLUSION

In short, application of the mesh catalyst in catalytic ozonation can be considered as a promising method for wastewater treatment, because of avoidance of solid–liquid separation and easy regeneration of catalytic activity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Ethnic disparities in the frequency of cancer reported in family histories
Authors: Maves Heather , Flodman Pamela , Nathan Deepika , Smith Moyra
Published: March 2020

This study was designed to observe whether disparities exist between ethnicities in reporting a family history of cancer in a cancer genetic counseling clinic. Four hundred sixty‐nine pedigrees collected between 2015 to 2017 from a cancer clinic at the University of California, Irvine, were analyzed. Pedigrees were separated by ethnicity into the following categories: non‐Hispanic White, Hispanic, Asian, or Ashkenazi Jewish. The number of first‐ and second‐degree relatives was calculated for each pedigree, and the total number of relatives reported with cancer. The total reported with cancer was divided by total number of relatives to derive a percentage of cancer reporting for each pedigree. The percentages of cancer reporting were analyzed using column proportions, nonparametric tests, and a Poisson regression. Cancer reporting in first‐ and second‐degree relatives was highest among non‐Hispanic Whites and Ashkenazi Jewish individuals, with median percentages of 22% and 27%, respectively. The median percentage of cancer reporting in first‐ and second‐degree relatives in both Hispanics and Asians was 10%. Cancer reporting medians were significantly lower in Hispanics and Asians when compared to non‐Hispanic Whites and Ashkenazi Jewish individuals (p < .001). Ethnicity was a significant factor for predicting the number of relatives reported to have cancer when analyzed with a Poisson regression. This study concluded that cancer is reported less frequently in families when the proband and their families are Hispanic or Asian. Hispanics and Asians have lower cancer incidence rates; however, incidence rates alone may not explain the reporting disparity observed. Hence, family cancer histories in minority populations may be truncated. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this disparity when assessing cancer risks so appropriate modifications can be made accordingly for recommended cancer screening and/or cancer genetic testing. Further efforts are warranted to disseminate information to minority populations about the value of family health history regarding cancer risk assessment.
A novel UBE2A mutation in a Chinese family with X‐linked intellectual disability
Authors: Jia Weimin , Hu Qi , Wu Yanling , Wang Jiarui , Liu Zhenxing , Zhang Xianqin
Published: March 2020

Background

X‐linked intellectual disability type Nascimento, also known as UBE2A deficiency syndrome, is an intellectual disability syndrome characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, speech impairment, genital anomalies and skin abnormalities. The syndrome is caused by mutations of the UBE2A gene, or larger deletions of Xq24 encompassing UBE2A.

Methods

We report the case of a 19‐year‐old male with UBE2A deficiency syndrome, who showed severe intellectual disability and seizures. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to identify the disease‐causing mutations in this patient.

Results

A novel hemizygous missense UBE2A mutation (c.TAT245TGT, p.Tyr82Cys) was identified in our patient. The heterozygous missense UBE2A mutation was identified in his mother, although not in his father or sister.

Conclusions

The present study identified a novel UBE2A mutation in a patient with severe intellectual disability and seizures. Our findings expand the mutational spectrum of the UBE2A gene.
Selective synthesis of L‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐alpha‐methylphenylalanine via copper‐mediated 18F‐fluorination of (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salt
Authors: Yamaguchi Aiko , Hanaoka Hirofumi , Higuchi Tetsuya , Tsushima Yoshito
Published: March 2020

L‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐alpha‐methylphenylalanine (2‐[18F]FAMP) is a promising amino acid tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, yet the low production yield of direct electrophilic radiofluorination with [18F]F2 necessitates further optimization of the radiolabeling process. This paper describes a two‐step preparation method for L‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐alpha‐methylphenylalanine (2‐[18F]FAMP) starting from [18F]fluoride. The (Mesityl)(L‐alpha‐methylphenylalanine)‐2‐iodonium tetrafluoroborate precursors with various protecting groups were prepared. The copper‐mediated 18F‐fluorination of the iodonium salt precursors successfully produced 2‐[18F]FAMP. The highest radio chemical conversion of 57.6% was noted with N‐Piv‐protected (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salt in the presence of 5 equivalent of Cu (OTf)2. Subsequent deprotection with 57% hydrogen iodide produced 2‐[18F]FAMP within 120 min in 21.4 ± 11.7% overall radiochemical yield with >95% radiochemical purity and an enantiomeric excess >99%. The obtained 2‐[18F]FAMP showed comparable biodistribution profiles in normal mice with that of the carrier‐added 2‐[18F]FAMP. These results indicate that usefulness of copper mediated 18F‐fluorination for the production of 2‐[18F]FAMP, which would facilitate clinical translation of the promising tumor specific amino acid tracer. Individual facilities could adopt either production method based on radioactivity demand and equipment availability.
Deep Learning Based on MRI for Differentiation of Low‐ and High‐Grade in Low‐Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Yijun , Chang Marcello , Wang Robin , Xi Ianto Lin , Chang Ken , Huang Raymond Y , Vallières Martin , Habibollahi Peiman , Dagli Mandeep S. , Palmer Matthew , Zhang Paul J. , Silva Alvin C. , Yang Li , Soulen Michael C. , Zhang Zishu , Bai Harrison X. , Stavropoulos S. William
Published: March 2020

Background

Pretreatment determination of renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness may help to guide clinical decision‐making.

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of residual convolutional neural network using routine MRI in differentiating low‐grade (grade I–II) from high‐grade (grade III–IV) in stage I and II renal cell carcinoma.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

In all, 376 patients with 430 renal cell carcinoma lesions from 2008–2019 in a multicenter cohort were acquired. The 353 Fuhrman‐graded renal cell carcinomas were divided into a training, validation, and test set with a 7:2:1 split. The 77 WHO/ISUP graded renal cell carcinomas were used as a separate WHO/ISUP test set.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T and 3.0T/T2‐weighted and T1 contrast‐enhanced sequences.

Assessment

The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the final model were assessed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and precision‐recall curve were plotted to measure the performance of the binary classifier. A confusion matrix was drawn to show the true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative of the model.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney U‐test for continuous data and the chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical data were used to compare the difference of clinicopathologic characteristics between the low‐ and high‐grade groups. The adjusted Wald method was used to calculate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

Results

The final deep‐learning model achieved a test accuracy of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.73–0.96), sensitivity of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.74–0.96), and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.73–0.96) in the Fuhrman test set and a test accuracy of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73–0.90), sensitivity of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84–0.97), and specificity of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68–0.86) in the WHO/ISUP test set.

Data Conclusion

Deep learning can noninvasively predict the histological grade of stage I and II renal cell carcinoma using conventional MRI in a multiinstitutional dataset with high accuracy.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Simultaneous Mapping of T1 and T2 Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting in a Cohort of Healthy Subjects at 1.5T
Authors: Hamilton Jesse I. , Pahwa Shivani , Adedigba Joseph , Frankel Samuel , O'Connor Gregory , Thomas Rahul , Walker Jonathan R. , Killinc Ozden , Lo Wei‐Ching , Batesole Joshua , Margevicius Seunghee , Griswold Mark , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Gulani Vikas , Seiberlich Nicole
Published: March 2020

Background

Cardiac MR fingerprinting (cMRF) is a novel technique for simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping.

Purpose

To compare T1/T2 measurements, repeatability, and map quality between cMRF and standard mapping techniques in healthy subjects.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

In all, 58 subjects (ages 18–60).

Field Strength/Sequence

cMRF, modified Look–Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI), and T2‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) at 1.5T.

Assessment

T1/T2 values were measured in 16 myocardial segments at apical, medial, and basal slice positions. Test–retest and intrareader repeatability were assessed for the medial slice. cMRF and conventional mapping sequences were compared using ordinal and two alternative forced choice (2AFC) ratings.

Statistical Tests

Paired t‐tests, Bland–Altman analyses, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), linear regression, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and binomial tests.

Results

Average T1 measurements were: basal 1007.4±96.5 msec (cMRF), 990.0±45.3 msec (MOLLI); medial 995.0±101.7 msec (cMRF), 995.6±59.7 msec (MOLLI); apical 1006.6±111.2 msec (cMRF); and 981.6±87.6 msec (MOLLI). Average T2 measurements were: basal 40.9±7.0 msec (cMRF), 46.1±3.5 msec (bSSFP); medial 41.0±6.4 msec (cMRF), 47.4±4.1 msec (bSSFP); apical 43.5±6.7 msec (cMRF), 48.0±4.0 msec (bSSFP). A statistically significant bias (cMRF T1 larger than MOLLI T1) was observed in basal (17.4 msec) and apical (25.0 msec) slices. For T2, a statistically significant bias (cMRF lower than bSSFP) was observed for basal (–5.2 msec), medial (–6.3 msec), and apical (–4.5 msec) slices. Precision was lower for cMRF—the average of the standard deviation measured within each slice was 102 msec for cMRF vs. 61 msec for MOLLI T1, and 6.4 msec for cMRF vs. 4.0 msec for bSSFP T2. cMRF and conventional techniques had similar test–retest repeatability as quantified by ICC (0.87 cMRF vs. 0.84 MOLLI for T1; 0.85 cMRF vs. 0.85 bSSFP for T2). In the ordinal image quality comparison, cMRF maps scored higher than conventional sequences for both T1 (all five features) and T2 (four features).

Data Conclusion

This work reports on myocardial T1/T2 measurements in healthy subjects using cMRF and standard mapping sequences. cMRF had slightly lower precision, similar test–retest and intrareader repeatability, and higher scores for map quality.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1044–1052.
Organ‐protective effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID‐19
Authors: Cheng Hao , Wang Yan , Wang Gui‐Qiang
Published: March 2020

This article reviews the correlation between angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and severe risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and the possible mechanisms. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS ACE‐Ang II‐AT1R regulatory axis and the ACE2‐Ang 1‐7‐MasR counter‐regulatory axis play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in humans. ACE2 is widely distributed in the heart, kidneys, lungs, and testes. ACE2 antagonizes the activation of the classical RAS system and protects against organ damage, protecting against hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Similar to SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 also uses the ACE2 receptor to invade human alveolar epithelial cells. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical high‐mortality disease, and ACE2 has a protective effect on this type of acute lung injury. Current research shows that the poor prognosis of patients with COVID‐19 is related to factors such as sex (male), age (>60 years), underlying diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), secondary ARDS, and other relevant factors. Because of these protective effects of ACE2 on chronic underlying diseases and ARDS, the development of spike protein‐based vaccine and drugs enhancing ACE2 activity may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID‐19 in the future.
The effect of bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation for refractory ventricular tachycardia in ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Miki Yuko , Sasaki Takehito , Okazaki Yoshinori , Inoue Mitsuho , Niijima Katsura , Motoda Hiroyuki , Take Yutaka , Minami Kentaro , Niwamae Nogiku , Kamiyoshihara Mitsuhiro , Nakamura Kohki , Naito Shigeto
Published: March 2020

Recent studies have shown that cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) is effective in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with structural heart disease. This case report aimed to highlight the effect of bilateral CSD in suppressing treatment‐resistant ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Meniscus tears accelerate joint space loss and lateral meniscal extrusion increases risk of knee arthroplasty in middle‐aged adults
Authors: Everhart Joshua S. , Magnussen Robert A. , Abouljoud Moneer M. , Regalado Luis E. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Flanigan David C.
Published: March 2020

We sought to use publicly available data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), a multicenter prospective cohort study, to determine the rate of joint space loss and likelihood of knee arthroplasty due to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐diagnosed meniscal tears or meniscal extrusion in middle‐aged adults with no to mild knee osteoarthritis. Participants (n = 2199; mean age, 60.2 years) with Kellgren‐Lawrence osteoarthritis grades 2 (mild) (48.7%) or 0 to 1 (none) (51.3%) underwent knee MRIs at enrollment and were followed radiographically for 8 years and for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for 9 years. Rate of joint space loss and risk of arthroplasty due to meniscal tears and/or extrusion were determined by multivariate modeling. Prevalence of baseline medial meniscus tears was 21.3% and lateral tears was 12.8%; 26.9% had medial meniscal extrusion (79.6%, <2 mm; 20.4%, +2 mm) and 5.4% had lateral extrusion (75.9%, <2 mm; 24.1%, +2 mm). Median medial joint space loss was 0.06 mm/y and lateral was 0.05 mm/y. Medial tears regardless of extrusion were associated with accelerated medial joint space loss (additional mean, 0.05 mm/y; P = .001). Lateral tears were associated with accelerated lateral joint space loss (additional 0.09 mm/y; P < .001) as was lateral extrusion (additional 0.10 mm/y; P < .001). The yearly incidence of knee arthroplasty was 0.5% without lateral extrusion, 1.5% with extrusion less than 2.0 mm, and 3.7% with extrusion greater than or equal to 2.0 mm. Both medial and lateral tears accelerate joint space loss in middle‐aged adults. Lateral meniscal extrusion further accelerates joint space loss and increases risk of progression to TKA within 9 years.
Composite score for prediction of 30‐day orthopedic surgery outcomes
Authors: Caplan Ian F. , Winter Eric , Glauser Gregory , Goodrich Stephen , McClintock Scott D. , Hume Eric L. , Malhotra Neil R.
Published: March 2020

The LACE+ (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, and Emergency department visits in the past 6 months) risk‐prediction tool has never been tested in an orthopedic surgery population. LACE+ may help physicians more effectively identify and support high‐risk orthopedics patients after hospital discharge. LACE+ scores were retrospectively calculated for all consecutive orthopedic surgery patients (n = 18 893) at a multi‐center health system over 3 years (2016‐2018). Coarsened exact matching was employed to create “matched” study groups with different LACE+ score quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). Outcomes were compared between quartiles. In all, 1444 patients were matched between Q1 and Q4 (n = 2888); 2079 patients between Q2 and Q4 (n = 4158); 3032 patients between Q3 and Q4 (n = 6064). Higher LACE+ scores significantly predicted 30D readmission risk for Q4 vs Q1 and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001). Larger LACE+ scores also significantly predicted 30D risk of ED visits for Q4 vs Q1, Q4 vs Q2, and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001). Increased LACE+ score also significantly predicted 30D risk of reoperation for Q4 vs Q1 (P = .018), Q4 vs Q2 (P < .001), and Q4 vs Q3 (P < .001).
Psychological functioning, coping styles and their relationship to appraisal of physical limitations following invasive surgical procedures for soft‐tissue sarcoma: A qualitative study
Authors: Košir Urška , Denis‐Larocque Gabrielle , Tsimicalis Argerie , Freeman Carolyn , Turcotte Robert E. , Cury Fabio , Alcindor Thierry , Goulding Krista
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives

This study explored psychological functioning and coping styles in adult patients with soft‐tissue sarcoma who underwent surgical procedures in a single expert sarcoma medical center in Canada.

Methods

This is a qualitative study with three formats of data collection. The interview guide was based on theoretical health‐related quality of life model. We began the investigation with 2 online and 2 in‐person focus groups. Four individual semistructured interviews were added to further explore emerging themes. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic networks approach.

Results

Twenty‐eight adults (13 female, 24‐75 years of age) participated. In the domain of psychological functioning we identified three main themes; changes in mood, worry, and body image concerns. In the domain of coping styles, we identified four adaptive coping styles; positive reframing and optimism, finding a purpose, being proactive, and using humor. Among the maladaptive coping styles, we found passive acceptance, and avoidance and denial.

Conclusions

Psychological well‐being can be contingent on physical functioning and coping styles in adults with soft‐tissue sarcoma. Both psychological and physical function impact quality of life. Patients with more physical limitations, psychological distress and maladaptive coping styles should be monitored for their well‐being.
Effect of co‐administration of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma volatile oil on pharmacokinetic fate of xanthotoxol, oxypeucedanin hydrate, and byakangelicin from Angelicae Dahuricae Radix in rat
Authors: Shi Baimei , Liu Jianghong , Zhang Qian , Wang Shixiang , Jia Pu , Bian Liujiao , Zheng Xiaohui
Published: March 2020

A combination of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma has been widely used as the herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine to treat stroke, migraine, and epilepsy. However, the underlying synergistic mechanism of the herb pair remains unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma volatile oil on the pharmacokinetic parameters of xanthotoxol, oxypeucedanin hydrate, and byakangelicin from Angelicae Dahuricae Radix in rat, and in vitro absorption behavior of the three compounds using rat everted gut sac, in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion, and Caco‐2 cell monolayer models. The pharmacokinetic study exhibited clear changes in the key pharmacokinetic parameters of the three main coumarins through co‐administering with Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma volatile oil (50 mg/kg), the area under curve and the maximum plasma concentration of xanthotoxol increased 1.36 and 1.31 times; the area under curve, the maximum plasma concentration, mean residence time, half‐life of elimination, and the time to reach peak concentration of oxypeucedanin hydrate increased by 1.35, 1.18, 1.24, 1.19 and 1.49 times, respectively; the area under curve, mean residence time, half‐life of elimination, and time to reach peak concentration of byakangelicin climbed 1.29, 1.27, 1.37, and 1.28 times, respectively. The three coumarin components were absorbed well in the jejunum and ileum in the intestinal perfusion model, when co‐administered with Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma volatile oil (100 μg/mL). The in vivo and in vitro experiments showed good relevance and consistency. The results demonstrated that the three coumarin compounds from Angelicae Dahuricae Radix were absorbed through the active transportation, and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma volatile oil could promote the intestinal absorption and transport of these compounds by inhibiting P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)‐mediated efflux.
Investigating Facial Nerve Stimulation After Cochlear Implantation in Adult and Pediatric Recipients
Authors: Alzhrani Farid , Halawani Roa , Basodan Sundus , Hudeib Rawan
Published: March 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Facial nerve stimulation (FNS) can occur after cochlear implantation for a small number of recipients. This study aimed to investigate if a correlation exists between the variables involved in FNS.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort review.

Methods

There were 32 out of 1,100 cochlear implant recipients who experienced FNS in our clinic between 2010 and 2019. The following variables were recorded from a retrospective chart review: grade of FNS, onset of FNS, the number of channels stimulating FNS, and radiological findings of abnormalities in the inner ear. Statistical analyses were performed to identify a correlation between any of the variables involved. The techniques used to reduce FNS were analyzed.

Results

Eleven adult ears had progressive hearing loss, three had idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and one congenital SNHL. All pediatric ears were diagnosed with congenital SNHL, except for one ear with idiopathic sudden SNHL. The grade of FNS ranged from mild stimulation or slight motion in the eye, mouth, nasolabial, or forehead regions (n = 8) to total severe stimulation of the facial musculature and/or severe pain (n = 3). The onset of FNS occurred immediately after activation for nine ears, and up to 16 months later for the other subjects. A significant correlation was observed between the number of channels stimulating FNS, the grade of FNS, and the radiological findings of the inner ear. FNS was completely resolved for 30 ears and partially resolved for two ears.

Conclusions

FNS can occur any time after cochlear implantation and can affect both adult and pediatric. However, it can be effectively resolved using specific fitting techniques.

Level of Evidence

2c Laryngoscope, 131:374–379, 2021
Dermatologic Device Clearance Within the Food and Drug Administration's 510(k) Pathway
Authors: Ezaldein Harib H. , Hill Sheena T. , Merati Miesha , Suggs Amanda , Reichert Barbara , Scott Jeffrey F.
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives

Device innovation in dermatology is increasing. Medical devices identified as “substantially equivalent” to predicate ones by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may be exempt from premarket approval through the 510(k) pathway. The 510(k) pathway has been criticized for having less stringent clinical data requirements, and implications of dermatologic device clearance via this pathway are incompletely described. The objective of this study is to characterize dermatologic device clearance via the 510(k) pathway.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective review of the FDA's 510(k) database between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2018. Dermatologic devices were included based on product code and classified by the application. Approval pathways and decision characteristics were compared among dermatologic device categories.

Results

Of the 76,607 records screened, 4,637 met inclusion criteria. Laser/thermal devices comprised the largest category (64.2%), followed by wound (24.0%) and light‐based devices (5.8%). The majority of 510(k) pathway submissions were traditional (89.2%) compared with alternative (10.8%) submission types (P = 0.003). Devices that were deemed substantially equivalent without limitations (98.5%) were the most common among all device categories. Rates of device clearance over the study period increased for all categories except laser/thermal devices.

Conclusions

Dermatologic devices are increasingly cleared via the FDA's 510(k) pathway through “substantial equivalence” with minimal requirements for premarket clinical data. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep patterns and problems among children with 22q11 deletion syndrome
Authors: Arganbright Jill M. , Tracy Meghan , Hughes Susan Starling , Ingram David G.
Published: March 2020

Background

To delineate sleep habits and problems in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS).

Methods

Thirty children, age 1–15 (mean 6.8) years, participated in the study, which was an internet‐based anonymous survey of parents of children with 22q11DS administered via the 22q11.2 Foundation. The main outcome was the Childhood Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ).

Results

Scores on the CSHQ demonstrated clinically significant sleep problems in 29 of the 30 children. When compared with previously reported normative values for typically developing children of the same age, children with 22q11DS had significantly greater sleep problems. Only 30% of children had previously undergone sleep study. While about half of children had tried a medication for sleep, it usually was not felt to be helpful. In contrast, parents reported that behavioral interventions, such as consistent bedtime routine and appropriate sleep environment, were helpful. This is one of the first studies to specifically address sleep problems other than obstructive sleep apnea in children with 22q11DS.

Conclusions

The findings suggest children with 22q11DS may have a higher risk of experiencing clinical sleep problems, compared to typically developing children. Consideration of additional screening and treatment of sleep disorders in children with 22q11DS is warranted.
A new approach to solving multiorder time‐fractional advection–diffusion–reaction equations using BEM and Chebyshev matrix
Authors: Khalighi Moein , Amirianmatlob Mohammad , Malek Alaeddin
Published: March 2020

In this paper, the boundary element method is combined with Chebyshev operational matrix technique to solve two‐dimensional multiorder time‐fractional partial differential equations: nonlinear and linear in respect to spatial and temporal variables, respectively. Fractional derivatives are estimated by Caputo sense. Boundary element method is used to convert the main problem into a system of a multiorder fractional ordinary differential equation. Then, the produced system is approximated by Chebyshev operational matrix technique, and its condition number is analyzed. Accuracy and efficiency of the proposed hybrid scheme are demonstrated by solving three different types of two‐dimensional time‐fractional convection–diffusion equations numerically. The convergent rates are calculated for different meshing within the boundary element technique. Numerical results are given by graphs and tables for solutions and different type of error norms.