bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relating the hygroscopic properties of submicron aerosol to both gas- and particle-phase chemical composition in a boreal forest environment
Authors: Hong J. , Kim J. , Nieminen T. , Duplissy J. , Ehn M. , Äijälä M. , Hao L. Q. , Nie W. , Sarnela N. , Prisle N. L. , Kulmala M. , Virtanen A. , Petäjä T. , Kerminen V.-M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Measurements of the hygroscopicity of 15–145 nm particles in a boreal forest environment were conducted using two Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) systems during the Pan-European Gas-Aerosols-climate interaction Study (PEGASOS) campaign in spring 2013. Measurements of the chemical composition of non-size segregated particles were also performed using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) in parallel with hygroscopicity measurements. On average, the hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of particles was observed to increase from the morning until afternoon. In case of accumulation mode particles, the main reasons for this behavior were increases in the ratio of sulfate to organic matter and oxidation level (O : C ratio) of the organic matter in the particle phase. Using an O : C dependent hygroscopic growth factor of organic matter (HGForg), fitted using the inverse Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule, clearly improved the agreement between measured HGF and that predicted based on HR-AMS composition data. Besides organic oxidation level, the influence of inorganic species was tested when using the ZSR mixing rule to estimate the hygroscopic growth factor of organics in the aerosols. While accumulation and Aitken mode particles were predicted fairly well by the bulk aerosol composition data, the hygroscopicity of nucleation mode particles showed little correlation. However, we observed them to be more sensitive to the gas phase concentration of condensable vapors: the more sulfuric acid in the gas phase, the more hygroscopic the nucleation mode particles were. No clear dependence was found between the extremely low-volatility organics concentration (ELVOC) and the HGF of particles of any size.
Effects of dust particle internal structure on light scattering
Authors: Kemppinen O. , Nousiainen T. , Jeong G. Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. There is a large variety of internal structures inside atmospheric dust particles, making them inherently inhomogeneous. Such structures may have a large effect on ground-level and atmospheric radiation. So far, dust particle internal structures and their effect on the light scattering properties have proved to be hard to quantify, in part due to challenges in obtaining information about these structures. Recently, internal structures of individual dust particles were revealed through focused ion beam milling and analyzed. Here, we perform a sensitivity study to evaluate the optical impacts of some of the typical internal structures revealed. To obtain suitable model particles, the first step is to generate inhomogeneous particles with varying internal structures by using an algorithm that is based on three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation. The parameters for the particle generation are obtained from studies of real-world Asian dust particles. The second step is to generate homogeneous versions of the generated particles by using an effective-medium approximation, for comparison. Third, light scattering by both versions of these particles is simulated with discrete dipole approximation code. This allows us to see how different internal structures affect light scattering, and how important it is to account for these structures explicitly. Further, this allows us to estimate the potential inaccuracies caused by using only homogeneous model particles for atmospheric studies and remote-sensing measurements. The results show that the effects vary greatly between different kinds of internal structures and single-scattering quantity considered, but for most structure types the effects are overall notable. Most significantly, hematite inclusions in particles impact light scattering heavily. Furthermore, internal pores and hematite-rich coating both affect some form of light scattering noticeably. Based on this work, it seems that it is exceedingly important that the effects of dust particle internal structures on light scattering are accounted for in a wide variety of applications.
Land cover change impacts on atmospheric chemistry: simulating projected large-scale tree mortality in the United States
Authors: Geddes J. A. , Heald C. L. , Silva S. J. , Martin R. V.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Land use and land cover changes impact climate and air quality by altering the exchange of trace gases between the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Large-scale tree mortality that is projected to occur across the United States as a result of insect and disease may therefore have unexplored consequences for tropospheric chemistry. We develop a land use module for the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to facilitate simulations involving changes to the land surface, and to improve consistency across land–atmosphere exchange processes. The model is used to test the impact of projected national-scale tree mortality risk through 2027 estimated by the 2012 USDA Forest Service National Insect and Disease Risk Assessment. Changes in biogenic emissions alone decrease monthly mean O3 by up to 0.4 ppb, but reductions in deposition velocity compensate or exceed the effects of emissions yielding a net increase in O3 of more than 1 ppb in some areas. The O3 response to emissions is controlled by the ratio of baseline NOx : VOC concentrations, suggesting that in addition to the degree of land cover change, tree mortality impacts depend on whether a region is NOx-limited or NOx-saturated. Consequently, air quality (as diagnosed by the number of days that average 8 h O3 exceeds 65 ppb) improves in polluted environments where changes in emissions are more important than changes to dry deposition, but worsens in clean environments where changes to dry deposition are the more important term. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol loadings are significantly affected across the US, decreasing by 5–10 % across many regions, and by more than 25 % locally. Tree mortality could therefore impact background aerosol loadings by between 0.5 to 2 μg m−3. Changes to reactive nitrogen oxide abundance and partitioning are also locally important. These simulations suggest that changes in biosphere–atmosphere exchange must be considered when predicting future air quality and climate. We point to important uncertainties and further development that should be addressed for a more robust understanding of land cover change feedbacks.
Observed correlations between aerosol and cloud properties in an Indian Ocean trade cumulus regime
Authors: Pistone K. , Praveen P. S. , Thomas R. M. , Ramanathan V. , Wilcox E. , Bender F. A.-M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. There are many contributing factors which determine the micro- and macrophysical properties of clouds, including atmospheric structure, dominant meteorological conditions, and aerosol concentration, all of which may be coupled to one another. In the quest to determine aerosol effects on clouds, these potential relationships must be understood, as changes in atmospheric conditions due to aerosol may change the expected magnitude of indirect effects by altering cloud properties in unexpected ways. Here we describe several observed correlations between aerosol conditions and cloud and atmospheric properties in the Indian Ocean winter monsoon season. In the CARDEX (Cloud, Aerosol, Radiative forcing, Dynamics EXperiment) field campaign conducted in February and March 2012 in the northern Indian Ocean, continuous measurements of atmospheric precipitable water vapor and the liquid water path (LWP) of trade cumulus clouds were made, concurrent with measurements of water vapor flux, cloud and aerosol vertical profiles, meteorological data, and surface and total-column aerosol. Here we present evidence of a positive correlation between aerosol and cloud LWP which becomes clear after the data are filtered to control for the natural meteorological variability in the region. We then use the aircraft and ground observatory measurements to explore the mechanisms behind the observed aerosol–LWP correlation. We determine that increased boundary-layer humidity lowering the cloud base is responsible for the observed increase in cloud liquid water. Large-scale analysis indicates that high pollution cases originate with a highly-polluted boundary layer air mass approaching the observatory from a northwesterly direction. This polluted mass exhibits higher temperatures and humidity than the clean case, the former of which may be attributable to heating due to aerosol absorption of solar radiation over the subcontinent. While high temperature conditions dispersed along with the high-aerosol anomaly, the high humidity condition was observed to instead develop along with the polluted air mass. We then explore potential causal mechanisms of the observed correlations, though future research will be needed to more fully describe the aerosol–humidity relationship.
Wind-driven interannual variability of sea ice algal production in the western Arctic Chukchi Borderland
Authors: Watanabe E. , Onodera J. , Harada N. , Aita M. N. , Ishida A. , Kishi M. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Seasonal and interannual variability in the biogenic particle sinking flux was recorded using multi-year bottom-tethered sediment trap mooring systems in the Northwind Abyssal Plain (Station NAP: 75° N, 162° W, 1975 m water depth) of the western Arctic Chukchi Borderland. Trapped particle flux at a median depth of 184 m had an obvious peak and dominance of sea ice-related diatom assemblages in August 2011. The observed particle flux was considerably suppressed throughout summer 2012. In the present study, the response of ice algal production and biomass to wind-driven changes in the physical environment was addressed using a pan-Arctic sea ice–ocean modeling approach. A sea ice ecosystem with ice algae was newly incorporated into the lower-trophic marine ecosystem model, which was previously coupled with a high-resolution (i.e., 5 km horizontal grid size) sea ice–ocean general circulation model. Seasonal model experiments covering 2-year mooring periods indicated that primary productivity of ice algae around the Chukchi Borderland depended on basin-scale wind patterns via various processes. Easterly winds in the southern part of a distinct Beaufort High supplied nutrient-rich water for euphotic zones of the NAP region via both surface Ekman transport of Chukchi shelf water and vertical turbulent mixing with underlying nutricline water in 2011. In contrast, northwesterly winds flowing in the northern part of an extended Siberian High transported oligotrophic water within the Beaufort Gyre circulation toward the NAP region in 2012. The modeled ice algal biomass during summer reflected the differences in nutrient distribution. The modeled sinking flux of particulate organic nitrogen (PON) was comparable with the time series obtained from sediment trap data in summer 2011. In contrast, lateral advection of ice algal patches of shelf origin during a great cyclone event may have caused a modeled PON flux bias in 2012. Sensitivity experiments revealed several uncertainties of model configurations of ice algal productivity, particle sinking speed, and grazing activities. Extending the year-long measurements is expected to help illustrate the more general features of ice-related biological processes in the Arctic Ocean.
Importance of within-lake processes in affecting the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in an Adirondack forested lake/watershed
Authors: Kang P.-G. , Mitchell M. J. , McHale P. J. , Driscoll C. T. , McHale M. R. , Inamdar S. , Park J.-H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Lakes nested in forested watersheds play important roles in mediating the concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic matter. We compared long-term patterns of concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the Arbutus Lake Watershed to evaluate how a lake nested in a forested watershed affects the dynamics of DOC and DON in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. We observed no significant long-term changes of concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON in the Lake outlet since 1983 and 1994, respectively. However, the temporal patterns of DOC and DON concentrations in the Lake inlet showed significant seasonality such as increases during the vegetation-growing season along with notable decreases in the dormant season. A comparison of mass-balances between inlet and outlet for the period from 2000 to 2009 suggested that the Lake was a sink of DOC (mean of influx minus outflux: +1140 mol C ha−1 yr−1). In contrast, the difference of discharge-weighted DON concentrations (mean of inlet minus outlet: −1.0 μmol N L−1) between inlet and outlet was much smaller than the discharge-weighted DOC concentrations (average of inlet minus outlet: +87 μmol C L−1). DON fluxes showed considerable variation among years (mean of influx minus outflux: +8 mol N ha−1 yr−1; range of differences: −15 to 27 mol N ha−1 yr−1). DON exhibited low % retention ((influx − outflux) / influx) (mean: 6.9 %, range: −34.8 to +31.2) compared to DOC (mean: 30.1 %, range: +9.2 to +44.1). The resultant increase of DON within the lake was closely linked with a net decrease of DIN through monthly Pearson correlation analysis, suggesting the importance of biotic factors in mediating a lake DON dynamics. Our results show different relative retentions of DOC compared with DON, along with a larger retention of DIN than DON, suggesting that DOC and DON might display substantially different biogeochemical relationships in oligo-mesotrophic lakes nested forested watersheds and therefore different roles for a sink behavior for DOC compared to a producer of DON.
Importance of open-water ice growth and ice concentration evolution: a study based on FESOM-ECHAM6
Authors: Shi X. , Lohmann G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. A newly developed global climate model FESOM-ECHAM6 with an unstructured mesh and high resolution is applied to investigate to what degree the area-thickness distribution of new ice formed in open water affects the ice and ocean properties. A sensitivity experiment is performed which reduces the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio of open-water ice growth. The resulting decrease in the Arctic winter sea-ice concentration strongly reduces the surface albedo, enhances the ocean heat release to the atmosphere, and increases the sea-ice production. Furthermore, our simulations show a positive feedback mechanism among the Arctic sea ice, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the surface air temperature in the Arctic, as the sea ice transport affects the freshwater budget in regions of deep water formation. A warming over Europe, Asia and North America, associated with a negative anomaly of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) over the Arctic (positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO)), is also simulated by the model. For the Southern Ocean, the most pronounced change is a warming along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), especially for the Pacific sector. Additionally, a series of sensitivity tests are performed using an idealized 1-D thermodynamic model to further investigate the influence of the open-water ice growth, which reveals similar results in terms of the change of sea ice and ocean temperature. In reality, the distribution of new ice on open water relies on many uncertain parameters, for example, surface albedo, wind speed and ocean currents. Knowledge of the detailed processes is currently too crude for those processes to be implemented realistically into models. Our sensitivity experiments indicate a pronounced uncertainty related to open-water sea ice growth which could significantly affect the climate system.
Thermal-plume fibre optic tracking (T-POT) test for flow velocity measurement in groundwater boreholes
Authors: Read T. , Bense V. F. , Hochreutener R. , Bour O. , Le Borgne T. , Lavenant N. , Selker J. S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We develop an approach for measuring in-well fluid velocities using point electrical heating combined with spatially and temporally continuous temperature monitoring using distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The method uses a point heater to warm a discrete volume of water. The rate of advection of this plume, once the heating is stopped, equates to the average flow velocity in the well. We conducted thermal-plume fibre optic tracking (T-POT) tests in a borehole in a fractured rock aquifer with the heater at the same depth and multiple pumping rates. Tracking of the thermal plume peak allowed the spatially varying velocity to be estimated up to 50 m downstream from the heating point, depending on the pumping rate. The T-POT technique can be used to estimate the velocity throughout long intervals provided that thermal dilution due to inflows, dispersion, or cooling by conduction does not render the thermal pulse unresolvable with DTS. A complete flow log may be obtained by deploying the heater at multiple depths, or with multiple point heaters.
Influence of grid aspect ratio on planetary boundary layer turbulence in large-eddy simulations
Authors: Nishizawa S. , Yashiro H. , Sato Y. , Miyamoto Y. , Tomita H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We examine the influence of the grid aspect ratio of horizontal to vertical grid spacing on turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in a large-eddy simulation (LES). In order to clarify and distinguish them from other artificial effects caused by numerical schemes, we used a fully compressible meteorological LES model with a fully explicit scheme of temporal integration. The influences are investigated with a series of sensitivity tests with parameter sweeps of spatial resolution and grid aspect ratio. We confirmed that the mixing length of the eddy viscosity and diffusion due to sub-grid-scale turbulence plays an essential role in reproducing the theoretical −5/3 slope of the energy spectrum. If we define the filter length in LES modeling based on consideration of the numerical scheme, and introduce a corrective factor for the grid aspect ratio into the mixing length, the theoretical slope of the energy spectrum can be obtained; otherwise, spurious energy piling appears at high wave numbers. We also found that the grid aspect ratio has influence on the turbulent statistics, especially the skewness of the vertical velocity near the top of the PBL, which becomes spuriously large with large aspect ratio, even if a reasonable spectrum is obtained.
The Global Movement for Human Rights Education
Authors: Flowers Nancy
Published: October 2015

An overview of the global movement for human rights education (HRE), its impetus, challenges, and contrasting developments in different regions of the world, focusing especially on Latin America, the Philippines, South Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Seeks to put HRE in the USA into an international perspective, as well as to show the variety of goals that inspire HRE and how methodologies have evolved to meet specific regional and political cultures and needs.
Teaching the Declaration of Human Rights
Authors: Zandy Janet
Published: October 2015

Teaching Note on The UN Declaration of Human Rights
A comparison of hip adduction to abduction strength ratios, in the dominant and non-dominant limb, of elite academy football players
Authors: Griffin Victoria C. , Everett Tony , Horsley Ian G.
Published: October 2015

Context: Hip adduction and abduction strength plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of groin injuries in football players. Currently there are no reliable baseline values for uninjured football player’s hip adduction: abduction muscle strength ratios. Objective: To examine whether normal hip adduction: abduction strength ratios can be established in uninjured football players.  To compare this data, and establish if there is an asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant limb. Methods: Twenty, English Premier League academy football players 18.45 (± 2.06) years, 72.6 (± 5.56) kg, 180.15 (± 7.97) cm, 3 left limb dominant, and 17 right limb dominant were included in the study. Eccentric and concentric hip adduction and abduction strength of the dominant and non-dominant leg was tested using a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Results: The concentric ratio on the dominant limb was 1.59 (± 0.19) and on the non-dominant limb 1.45 (± 0.31).  The eccentric ratio on the dominant limb was 1.45 (± 0.32) and on the non-dominant limb 1.26 (± 0.26).  Overall the ratios were higher on the dominant limb and this was statistically significant P ≤ .05. Abduction strength was similar bilaterally.  Adduction strength was 18%-22% greater on the dominant limb. Conclusions: The greater ratios on the dominant limb are due to increased adductor strength as a result of the kicking action. Elite football player’s hip adduction: abduction strength ratios should be 1.45-1.6 on the dominant limb and 1.25-1.45 on the non-dominant limb. The adductors on the dominant limb should be 18%-22% stronger than the non-dominant limb. Ratios outside these parameters could indicate the player is at risk of injury. Further research is required to support muscle imbalance as a cause of injury and identify injury risk thresholds for groin injuries in football players.
Knowledge Sharing in Organizational-Educational Context Case Study in Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
Authors: Miranda Roberto Campos da Rocha , Cinnanti Cristina Jacobson Jacomo , Oliveira Maria Alice Gomes de
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to discuss which factors motivates MBA students to share knowledge and why they do that in spontaneous way, leading the group to create an effective “business” social networking in a public organization. The specific objectives of the chapter involve three points: (i) to identify differences and similarities on the process of sharing knowledge among students in two different classes of courses of the MBA Program at Chamber of Deputies; (ii) to apply theories of motivation on sharing knowledge in this particularly case; and (iii) to identify the effectiveness factors that motivates sharing knowledge in a “business social networking of scholar fellows”. Methodology applied to this study involves a survey with 81 students, in three classes of the MBA courses: (i) Legislative and Public Policies (30 students), (ii) Legislative Process (30 students) and (iii) Legislative Public Management (21 students). Each class has particularities in its configuration that can influence the sharing knowledge process. Main results show that relationship and sense of self-worth are the most important motivation to promote the knowledge sharing and that Psychology theories contribute to understand this kind of phenomenon in an institutional-educational environment. 
Analysis on Regional Difference of Narcotic Analgesic Medication in China – Based on Data of 2011-2013
Authors: Liu Yong , Gu Jianqin , Wu Xiaoming
Published: October 2015

In recent years, the medication level about Chinese narcotic analgesic achieve some improvement, but the annual personal average morphine use is far behind of developed counties, there are obvious regional differences referencing to analysis on narcotic analgesic medication structure (drug use frequency) in Chinese west-central-east areas and 31 provinces, the east area get obvious higher medication frequency than middle and west regions, and is associated with medical volume. So adjusting medical volume, regulating proper medication behavior and adapting new technology in curbing abuse and such on can improve per medication level and promote optimization in regional medication structure.
Nutrition, Neuroinflammation and Cognition
Authors: Vaidya Neha , Mandalika Subhadra
Published: October 2015

Activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators which may contribute to the apoptotic cell death of neurons observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Vulnerability of the central nervous system (CNS) to oxidative and inflammatory stress increases with age and has been postulated to be a leading contributing factor to the cognitive impairment and thereby development of neurodegenerative diseases. Suppression of microglial production of neurotoxic mediators may result in neuroprotection. This heightens the interest in the development of neuroinflammation-targeted therapeutics. Nutrition is involved in the pathogenesis of age-related cognitive decline and also neurodegenerative diseases. Certain nutrients facilitate human brain function with their immediate and long term effects. On the other hand, malnutrition influences the brain throughout life, with profound implications on cognitive decline and dementia. Several phytochemicals with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, have been shown to repress microglial activation and exert neuroprotective effects. Thus this review highlights the role of foods, nutrients and phytochemicals in suppressing neuro-inflammation and also enhancing cognition.
Pomegranate Juice Improves Iron Status and Ameliorates Iron Deficiency Induced Cellular Changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Balasubramani S.P. , Padmagiri G. , Venkatasubramanian P. , Vidyashankar R. , Godbole A.
Published: October 2015

Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is most prevalent form of anemia affecting around 2 billion people world-wide. Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine, describes pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits as a Rasayana and a dietary supplement for managing a condition called Pandu, which is akin to IDA. Rasayanas are methods to maintain homeostasis by improving digestion, metabolism and absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been a well-accepted model organism to study iron metabolism.
Materials & Methods: In the current study we developed ‘anemic yeast’ by culturing yeast cells in iron-free medium with bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPS). The effect of pomegranate juice (PJ) on reversing the ‘IDA like’ condition in yeast was studied.
Results: Culturing iron deficient (ID) cells in the presence of 10% PJ supplemented medium (IDP), improved iron status by at least 7 fold (p<0.0001) and reversed mitochondrial degeneration induced by iron deficiency. Percentage of healthy reticulate mitochondria in IDP cells was >30% higher (p<0.0001) than that in the ID cells grown in iron deficient medium (IDD) and at least 14% more than that in ID cells grown in 10% PJ-equivalent iron substituted media. Interestingly, PJ substitution improved the functional ferrous (Fe2+) form as well as the bio-assimilated heme form of iron, but not the ferric (Fe3+) storage form in ID cells.
Conclusion: Yeast model can be useful as a quick screen to identify potential nutritional supplements. Pomegranate’s potential role as a nutritional supplement in IDA management and as a hematinic is worthy of further research
Synthesis and Characterization of Electrically Conducting Polyaniline Doped with Glacial Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) at Room Temperature
Authors: Melad Omar
Published: October 2015

Polyaniline (PANI) has been prepared by chemical oxidation method at room temperature and the effect of concentration of dopant Glacial Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) on the structure of the polymer was investigated. Polymers prepared in absence and in the presence of varying concentrations of CH3COOH were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. In UV-visible spectra of PANIs recorded in DMSO revealed that absorption bands increases with increasing concentration of CH3COOH. The FTIR spectra shows the absorption bands related to quinoid and benzenoid rings for the undoped and doped PANI in CH3COOH indicating that the polymer is composed of amine and imine units. Highest conductivity value was obtained in presence of 1.0 M CH3COOH indicating that the more preferable doping of PANI will be at this concentration of CH3COOH. The effect of the temperature upon the conductivity of PANI synthesized with different concentrations of CH3COOH has been studied.
A Uniform Viscoelastic-Plastic Constitutive Model for MD-PMMA at a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhai Wei-Hao
Published: October 2015

The deformation characteristics of MD-PMMA vary greatly at different temperatures. In the paper, whether a uniform model could be used to describe these complex characteristics was discussed. Tensile properties of MD-PMMA at the temperatures of -50˚C, -25˚C, 20˚C, 60˚C, 90˚C were experimentally investigated. The entire deformation processes of PMMA were divided into four stages: elastic stage, viscoelastic stage, yielding stage and post-yielding stage. Strain softening and strain hardening phenomenon occurred in the yielding and post-yielding stage, it was the results of the competition between loading rate and plastic strain rate. A nonlinear model of activation dashpot was constructed, in the model, the evolution rate of plastic deformation was defined by Eyring’s theory, and the actual stress was the difference between external applied stress and internal resistance stress caused by plastic strain. The above activation dashpot serially connected with the standard linear model (SLM) to identify elastic and viscoelastic characteristics. A two iterations integral algorithm was proposed to simplify the inter-coupling between the internal stress and the plastic strain, and the unknown parameters in the model could be easily fitted by the experimental data. This uniform viscoelastic-plastic model was demonstrated that could predict different deformation behaviors at a wide temperature range.
A Tale of Two Sites: Cellphones, participatory video and indigeneity in community-based research
Authors: Schwab-Cartas Joshua , Mitchell Claudia
Published: October 2015

This polyvocal text is both a narrative and a dialogue between two scholar-activist researchers working in rural communities in distinct parts of the world — South Africa and Southern Mexico — sharing their experiences of using cellular phone and camcorders, while also exploring the potential sustainability of these technologies in the context of rural communities engaging with participatory video projects. These communities are not only playing an increasingly salient role as the mediators of this technology, but through their practices they are drawing much needed attention to the ways in which the researcher — participant dynamic in participatory video practices can be transformed into a more autonomous and participant-led set of practices. The article considers the ways these media forms carry the potential to imagine and honour different worldviews.
Critical Assessment of Video Production in Teacher Education: Can video production foster community-engaged scholarship?
Authors: Yang Kyung-Hwa
Published: October 2015

In the theoretical framework of production pedagogy, I reflect on a video production project conducted in a teacher education program and discuss the potential of video production to foster community-engaged scholarship among pre-service teachers. While the importance of engaging learners in creating media has been emphasized, studies show little evidence of its pedagogical usefulness. In particular, what learners actually learn through video production remains relatively unknown. In this article, I examine pre-service teachers’ reflections on their participation in the video project and argue that, to promote community-engaged scholarship, teacher educators should encourage pre-service teachers to interact with people in their communities in making videos.
“Reflecting Forward” on the Digital in Multidirectional Memory-Work Between Canada and South Africa
Authors: Strong-Wilson Teresa , Mitchell Claudia , Morrison Connie , Radford Linda , Pithouse-Morgan Kathleen
Published: October 2015

We explore the place that the digital can occupy in teachers’ pedagogical practices around social justice and especially how memory-work can deepen and enhance teacher practices. Like Walter Benjamin, we see memory as being a medium for exploring the past and where the digital provides greater opportunities for teachers to work productively across geographical contexts that are wrestling with issues of social justice. We argue for the potential of Michael Rothberg’s notion of multidirectional memory as a logical direction in which to pursue notions of cross-border, transnational productive remembering facilitated by digital means. We also pose a number of questions we see as critical for working through and “reflecting forward” on issues central to digital scholarship within the context of multidirectional memory.
Using Inexpensive Technology and Multimedia to Improve Science Education in Rural Communities of Nepal
Authors: Neupane Sujaya
Published: October 2015

This article explores an ongoing project that promotes science education in rural communities of western Nepal by using affordable technology. With the advent of inexpensive technology and multimedia resources, teaching materials for science education can be accessed with a much smaller budget than was previously possible. A preliminary survey done in two schools of Baglung district in Nepal found a significant lack of funding for science education. Using affordable computing technology such as Raspberry Pi and open-source electronic library contents, including those provided by Khan Academy and Wikipedia, this project will help foster the currently underutilized talent that exists in the country by making communities less dependent on external educational aid and hence promote ownership and progress of online educational platforms.
Storytelling and Trauma: Reflections on “Now I See It,” a digital storytelling project and exhibition in collaboration with the Native Women’s Shelter of Montreal
Authors: Deutsch Rachel , Woolner Leah , Byington Carole-Lynn
Published: October 2015

Storytelling is a way of dealing with trauma. For many of those who have experienced trauma, sharing one’s own experiences, in the form of a personal narrative, can help to develop new meaning on past events. Now I See It was a storytelling project that resulted in a collection of photographs taken by members of the urban Aboriginal community of Montreal. The project was run through the Native Women’s Shelter of Montreal in 2014 and exhibited in the educational department of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Now I See It was a way of creating an “‘internal map”’ because trauma is so painfully hard to see and the experience is so different for each individual.
« L’homme en face d’une nature qui le repousse1 » : forêt et territoire dans la littérature de la première moitié du XXe siècle
Authors: Flamand-Hubert Maude
Published: October 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons une incursion dans l’univers des sensibilités entretenues à l’égard du territoire, en nous attardant aux représentations véhiculées par les discours tenus sur la forêt dans les oeuvres littéraires produites au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Le travail mené ici propose une lecture des oeuvres littéraires comme discours articulé au contexte social, culturel, politique et économique d’expansion territoriale et se veut une première esquisse des possibilités de décloisonner ces univers interdépendants. Dans un environnement intellectuel où la forêt semble immobilisée entre la domination d’une idéologie tournée vers la terre et l’essor des sciences, en introduisant la forêt dans leurs oeuvres, les auteurs engagent un dialogue collectif sur la place qu’occupe celle-ci dans la société, et par extension plus largement sur les rapports sociaux entretenus au territoire. Les oeuvres littéraires permettent de saisir qu’à l’instar des actions menées par l’État, l’appropriation du territoire se présente comme un geste collectif multidimensionnel.
Exploring Baldwin in Montpellier: The 2014 “James Baldwin: Transatlantic Commuter” Conference
Authors: Keene John
Published: October 2015

This piece presents a brief overview of the “James Baldwin: Transatlantic Commuter”
conference, which was held at the Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, in Montpellier,
France, from 5–7 June 2014.
Review of New York City’s “The Year of Baldwin”
Authors: Elam Michele
Published: October 2015

This piece presents an overview of the events organized in New York to celebrate what
would have been James Baldwin’s 90th year.
After Decolonization, After Civil Rights: Chinua Achebe and James Baldwin
Authors: Schwarz Bill
Published: October 2015

The escalation of systematic, if random, violence in the contemporary world frames the
concerns of the article, which seeks to read Baldwin for the present. It works by a
measure of indirection, arriving at Baldwin after a detour which introduces Chinua Achebe.
The Baldwin–Achebe relationship is familiar fare. However, here I explore not the shared
congruence between their first novels, but rather focus on their later works, in which the
reflexes of terror lie close to the surface. I use Achebe’s final novel, Anthills of the
Savanah, as a way into Baldwin’s “difficult” last book, The Evidence of Things Not Seen,
suggesting that both these works can speak directly to our own historical present. Both
Baldwin and Achebe, I argue, chose to assume the role of witness to the evolving
manifestations of catastrophe, which they came to believe enveloped the final years of
their lives. In order to seek redemption they each determined to craft a prose—the product
of a very particular historical conjuncture—which could bring out into the open the
prevailing undercurrents of violence and terror.
Evoking Baldwin’s Blues: The Experience of Dislocated Listening
Authors: Braggs Rashida K.
Published: October 2015

“It is only in his music [. . .] that the Negro in America has been able to tell his
story. It is a story which otherwise has yet to be told and which no American is prepared
to hear,” so wrote James Baldwin in “Many Thousands Gone.” Throughout his career, James
Baldwin returned to this incomprehension of African-American experience. He continually
privileged music in his literature, crafting his own literary blues to address it.
Baldwin’s blues resonated even more powerfully and painfully for its emotional and
geographical dislocation. In this article, Rashida K. Braggs argues that it was the
combination of music, word, and migration that prompted Baldwin’s own deeper
understanding. Exploring her term dislocated listening, Braggs investigates how listening
to music while willfully dislocated from one’s cultural home prompts a deeper
understanding of African-American experience. The distance disconcerts, leaving one more
vulnerable, while music impels the reader, audience, and even Baldwin to identify with
some harsh realities of African-American experience. Baldwin evokes the experience of
dislocated listening in his life and in “Sonny’s Blues.” Braggs also creates an experience
of dislocated listening through her video performance of Baldwin’s words, thus attempting
to draw the reader as well into a more attuned understanding of African-American
experience.
MATERNAL EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: Altafim Elisa Rachel Pisani , Rodrigues Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim
Published: October 2015

Introduction: The strategies used by parents in education and childcare play a major role in the child’s development and health. Objective: To describe and analyse the maternal educational practices during the first year of life. Method: A total of 250 mothers of infants between 1-12 months participated in the study. The data was collected using the Parental Styles Inventory for Mothers of Babies (IEPMB). Results: Mothers used the positive parenting practice: Monitoring Positive. However negative practices were also present in the repertoire of the participants, especially Relaxed Discipline. Conclusion: The negative practices were not common in the behavioural repertoire of the mothers, so this phase is an appropriate stage to promote preventative interventions aimed at improving the mother-infant relationship, and therefore impacting health prevention, health promotion and child development.
AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSES: STIMULUS VARIATIONS
Authors: Gução Ana Claudia Bianco , Romero Ana Carla Leite , Lemes Franciny Luque , Regaçone Simone Fiuza , Valenti Vitor Engracia , Frizzo Ana Cláudia Figueiredo
Published: October 2015

Introduction: Auditory brainstem response is a response to external stimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the brainstem level. Variations due to the change in the presentation of stimuli help in the diagnosis of clinical conditions that affect the auditory nervous system. Objective: To characterize and compare the different polarity variations stimuli and presentation rates in adults with normal hearing. Methods: We investigated 20 students from a Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation, with no hearing impairment, all female aged 15-30 years old, who were screened for brainstem auditory evoked potential, which presented stimuli in different polarities ranges, including condensation and rarefaction in different presentation rates of 21.7, 27.7 and 47.7 stimuli per second. Results: We observed lower values of latencies of wave I in the three rates of stimulus presentation and wave V at the rate of 21.7/sec. rarefact when used, and also on the right ear and the same polarity , the gap interpeak I - III also had lower values for rates of introduction, as in the IR range the rate of 21.7/s. In overall comparison of groups in different polarities of stimulation, there was a significant difference only in rarefact. Conclusion: The understanding of the behavior of the electrophysiological response to variations of the stimulus is important and may serve as a reference for normal use of these measures in clinical practice.
NUTRITIONAL CONDITION OF CHILDREN WHO BENEFIT FROM THE “BOLSA FAMÍLIA” PROGRAMME IN A CITY OF NORTHWESTERN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
Authors: Dos Santos Fabiana Pelegrin Cogo , De Vitta Fabiana Cristina Frigieri , De Conti Marta Helena Souza , Marta Sara Nader , Gatti Márcia Aparecida Nuevo , Penteado Sime Sandra Fiorelli de Almeida , De Vitta Alberto
Published: October 2015

Introdution: The direct income transfer programmes such as “BolsaFamília” have the important function of making it possible for aspects of life to receive the necessary care and importance in order to improve the quality of life. One of the aspects concerns food and healthy nutrition. Objective: The objective was to assess the nutritional condition of children under five years old whose families are benefited by the programme”BolsaFamília” in a city of northwestern São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out using the medical records of 284 children under the age of five, from which socio-demographic, weight and height data were collected. In order to diagnose children’s nutritional condition,the indicators weight/age, height/age and weight/height were used, from the cutoffpoint z-score, recommended by the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used to analyse data, assessing the association of indicators, gender and age. Results: 8.8% of the children have deficits concerning height/age and 4.2% have deficits concerning weight/age; 8.1% and 7.4% are overweight concerning weight/age and weight/height; 4.6 % of the children under 2 years oldhave higher weight than the expected for their age and also for their height, and 7.8% of the children have low height for their age. The prevalence of weight deficit and excess in children observed in this study were similar to those found in other regions of Brazil. Conclusion: The maintenance of the nutritional surveillance system is extremely important in order to detect risk groups and help plan effective measures to prevent and correct nutritional problems.
THE EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN TYUMEN REGION: AN ANALYSIS OF TENDENCIES AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Khairullina Nursafa Gafurovna , Campos Antunes Thaiany Pedrozo , Fokina Anna Borisovna
Published: October 2015

Introduction: national education and native language are potential points of safety and development for indigenous small-numbered peoples. Objective: to analyze the tendencies in the field of native language and national education of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region. Methods: descriptive and retrospective analysis of sociological monitoring was conducted from 1993 to 2011 over two-year intervals to reveal indigenous peoples’ problems. Results: in 1993, 35% of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region noted that they had mastered the native language, while only 24% did not master the language. Whereas towards 2011, only 6% of these peoples had mastered their native language and 65% had not mastered the language. At the end of our research, in 2011, an absolute majority of respondent indigenous peoples noted the need for lessons of their native language, 70% study in Russian language and 30% would like to study the native language. Conclusion: there is a tendency of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Northern Tyumen region to assimilate their native language and they have a high interest in having their native language included as a component of national education.
ABUSE AND DISRESPECT IN CHILDBIRTH CARE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE IN BRAZIL: ORIGINS, DEFINITIONS, IMPACTS ON MATERNAL HEALTH, AND PROPOSALS FOR ITS PREVENTION
Authors: Diniz Simone Grilo , Salgado Heloisa De Oliveira , Aguiar Andrezzo Halana Faria de , Cardin de Carvalho Paula Galdino , Albuquerque Carvalho Priscila Cavalcanti , Azevedo Aguiar Cláudia , Niy Denise Yoshie
Published: October 2015

Disrespect and abuse (in Brazil called obstetric violence), described by different terms, is increasingly used in social activism, in academic research and public policy formulation, and was recently recognized as a public health issue by the World Health Organization. As an innovative theme, it requires a mapping its origins, definitions, typology, impacts on maternal health and proposals for its preventing and remedy. We presente a critical-narrative review about this issue, including academic literature, productions of social movements and institutional documents, in Brazil and internationally. After a short historical overview, we map the definitions and types of violence. The complex causation of these forms of violence is discussed, including the role of professional training, the organization of health services, and the implications for maternal morbidity and mortality. Finally we present interventions in public health that have been used or proposed to prevent and mitigate obstetric violence, and an agenda for innovation and research in this area.