bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is down regulated in trophoblast cells of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in trophoblast tumour cells BeWo in vitro after stimulation with PPARγ agonists
Authors: Knabl Julia , Hüttenbrenner Rebecca , Hutter Stefan , Günthner-Biller Maria , Vrekoussis Thomas , Karl Katrin , Friese Klaus , Kainer Franz , Jeschke Udo
Published: November 2013

Aims: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) plays an important role in insulin metabolism, trophoblast differentiation and anti-inflammatory circuits. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPARγ in the placenta of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the regulation of PPARγ by its agonists in trophoblast tumour cells BeWo in vitro.

Methods: PPARγ expression in a total of 80 placentas (40 GDM/40 controls) was analysed by immunohistochemistry using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score. Furthermore, a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the PPARγ mRNA-expression in both groups. We used a fused and a non-fused BeWo cell culture model for the stimulation with arachidonic acid and 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Afterwards PPARγ mRNA-expression was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) (TaqMan).

Results: Using immunohistochemistry we identified a decreased expression of PPARγ in the syncytiotrophoblast and the extravillous trophoblast of GDM placentas compared to normal controls. Furthermore, PPARγ mRNA-expression was reduced in GDM placentas. Stimulation of BeWo cells with arachidonic acid and 15d-PGJ2 caused a downregulation of PPARγ expression.

Conclusion: As PPARγ is down regulated by arachidonic acid and 15d-PGJ2, the reduced PPARγ expression in GDM placentas may be due to an altered concentration of fatty acid derivates.
Ribosome Biogenesis in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Woolford John L , Baserga Susan J
Published: November 2013

Ribosomes are highly conserved ribonucleoprotein nanomachines that translate information in the genome to create the proteome in all cells. In yeast these complex particles contain four RNAs (>5400 nucleotides) and 79 different proteins. During the past 25 years, studies in yeast have led the way to understanding how these molecules are assembled into ribosomes in vivo. Assembly begins with transcription of ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus, where the RNA then undergoes complex pathways of folding, coupled with nucleotide modification, removal of spacer sequences, and binding to ribosomal proteins. More than 200 assembly factors and 76 small nucleolar RNAs transiently associate with assembling ribosomes, to enable their accurate and efficient construction. Following export of preribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, they undergo final stages of maturation before entering the pool of functioning ribosomes. Elaborate mechanisms exist to monitor the formation of correct structural and functional neighborhoods within ribosomes and to destroy preribosomes that fail to assemble properly. Studies of yeast ribosome biogenesis provide useful models for ribosomopathies, diseases in humans that result from failure to properly assemble ribosomes.
SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF Ehrlichia SPECIES IN DOGS, HORSES AND HUMANS: ZOONOTIC SCENERY IN A RURAL SETTLEMENT FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Vieira Rafael Felipe da Costa , Vieira Thallitha Samih Wischral Jayme , Nascimento Denise do Amaral Gomes , Martins Thiago F. , Krawczak Felipe S. , Labruna Marcelo B. , Chandrashekar Ramaswamy , Marcondes Mary , Biondo Alexander Welker , Vidotto Odilon
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. and risk factors for exposure in a restricted population of dogs, horses, and humans highly exposed to tick bites in a Brazilian rural settlement using a commercial ELISA rapid test and two indirect immunofluorescent assays (IFA) with E. canis and E. chaffeensis crude antigens. Serum samples from 132 dogs, 16 horses and 100 humans were used. Fifty-six out of 132 (42.4%) dogs were seropositive for E. canis. Dogs > one year were more likely to be seropositive for E. canis than dogs ≤ one year (p = 0.0051). Ten/16 (62.5%) and 8/16 (50%) horses were seropositive by the commercial ELISA and IFA, respectively. Five out of 100 (5%) humans were seropositive for E. canis and E. chaffeensis. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n = 291, 97.98%) on dogs and Amblyomma cajennense (n = 25, 96.15%) on horses were the most common ticks found. In conclusion, anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies were found in horses; however, the lack of a molecular characterization precludes any conclusion regarding the agent involved. Additionally, the higher seroprevalence of E. canis in dogs and the evidence of anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies in humans suggest that human cases of ehrlichiosis in Brazil might be caused by E. canis, or other closely related species.
Passive obduction and gravity-driven emplacement of large ophiolitic sheets: The New Caledonia ophiolite (SW Pacific) as a case study?
Authors: Lagabrielle Yves , Chauvet Alain , Ulrich Marc , Guillot Stéphane
Published: November 2013

The 300 km long allochthonous sheet of oceanic mantle forming the New Caledonia ophiolite displays three specific characters: 1) the ophiolite pile lacks concordant sheeted dykes and pillow basalt layers; 2) the ophiolite, refered to as the Peridotite nappe, is thrusted over the basaltic formations of the Poya terrane which are classicaly thought to originate from a different oceanic environment; 3) The basal contact of the ultramafic sheet is remarkably flat all along New-Caledonia and the Peridotite nappe has not been thickened during obduction, rather it experienced significant extension. This suggests that the peridotites have not been emplaced by a tectonic force applied to the rear. New petrological and geochemical results obtained from mantle rocks finally show that the Poya terrane may originate from the same oceanic basin as the peridotites. In this article, we consider such possible cogenetic links and we propose a simple model for the obduction of the New Caledonia ophiolite in which the Poya basalts represent the original cover of the Peridotite nappe. We infer that continuous uplift of the subducted units buried beneath the oceanic lithosphere in the northern part of New Caledonia drove passive uplift of the ophiolite and led to erosion and to initiation of sliding of the basaltic layer. During the Priabonian (latest Eocene), products of the erosion of the basaltic layer were deposited together with sediments derived from the Norfolk passive oceanic margin. These sediments are involved as tectonic slices into an accretionary wedge formed in response to plate convergence. The volcaniclastic sedimentation ends up with the emplacement of large slided blocks of basalts and rafted mafic units that progressively filled up the basin. Obduction process ended with the gravity sliding of the oceanic mantle sheet, previously scalped from its mafic cover. This process is contemporaneous with the exhumation of the HP-LT units of Pouebo and Diahot. Gravity sliding was facilitated by the occurrence of a continuous serpentine sole resulting from metasomatic hydratation of mantle rocks, which developed during the uplift of the Norfolk basement and overlying Diahot and Pouébo units. Progressive emersion of the obducted lithosphere allowed subsequent weathering under subaerial, tropical conditions.
West Timor: a key for the eastern Indonesian geodynamic evolution
Authors: Villeneuve Michel , Bellon Hervé , Martini Rossana , Harsolumakso Agus , Cornée Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2013

Timor Island was at time considered as an example of “accretionary prism” linked to the collision between the Australian block and the Banda arc. However, its geological evolution is more complex. Five main superimposed structural units are distinguished in West Timor. The today structure is the result of three main tectonic events that occurred during the Late Oligocene, Late Early Pliocene and Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene times, respectively. Our field investigations in the 1990 to 2000 decade completed with geochemical analyses and K-Ar datings (Jurassic and Miocene ages) of magmatism allow to precise the geodynamic evolution of Timor that can be summarized as follows: a first block was detached from Gondwana (unit 2) and drifted to the Asiatic margin until the Late Oligocene when it collided with the Asiatic active margin (unit 3). Then, the new block formed by both 2 and 3 units drifted to the south during the Miocene and the Early Pliocene until it collided with the Australian margin (ASM), by the Late Early Pliocene. Then, the Australian and Timor blocks moved together towards the North-North East during the Late Pliocene until they collided with the Banda fore-arc (unit 4). Later on (Pleistocene), Timor island was capped by the “autochthon” (unit 5) and then on (Quaternary?) by the Banda volcanic arc northward thrusted over the South Banda basin. Taking in consideration its close relationships with both the Australian plate and the Eurasian one. Timor may be considered as a key area for building this geodynamical scenario of Indonesia.
Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Cephalosporin C Acylase and Its Mutant
Authors: Yu Ren
Published: November 2013

7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is the crucial intermediate for the synthesis of semi-synthetic antibiotics,
which is currently prepared by two-step biocatalysis using D-amino acid oxidase and glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic
acid acylase (GL-7-ACA acylase) starting from cephalosporin C (CPC). Compared with the two-step enzymatic
method, one-step method is more efficient and economical. But, the available Cephalosporin C acylase (CPC acylase) always
take glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA) as their primary substrate, and have low catalytic activities
towards CPC to be used in industry. We investigated the catalytic mechanism of CPC acylase by the sequence alignment,
homology modeling, and active site analysis to a series of CPC acylases from Pseudomonas where some effective mutations
have been reported for activity enhancement. Two CPC acylases coded by the genes acyII and S12 are studied intensively
for the interaction between the amino acid residues in the activity region and the substrate CPC based upon the
complex structure obtained from the homology modeling and molecular docking. Furthermore, the catalytic parameters of
the two CPC acylases were measured experimentally in order to corroborate the modeling analysis and propose potential
designing strategy for improvement of enzymic activity.
Synergism of Mud Cake Modifier with Forming Agent of Agglomerated
Cake at Cement-Formation Interface with MTA Method
Authors: Gu Jun , Wang Bo , He Jibiao , Wang Qinggui , Wen Guiping , Lai Pengfei , Du Wenjie
Published: November 2013

Based on the method of mud cake to agglomerated cake (MTA), the synergism of mud cake modifier (MCM)
with forming agent of agglomerated cake (FAAC) in oil and gas well is studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results show that the
mud cake with MCM at cement-formation interface (CFI) is corroded by FAAC. And the corrosion spots and cracks are
formed. The glassy substance in mud cake is depolymerized by hydrated ions from oilwell cement slurry through these
spots and cracks. The soluble ionic groups in mud cake form. The diagenesis in mud cake at CFI occurs. The calcium silicate
hydrates (CSH), ettringite, film zeolite, rod zeolite and natrolite gels in mud cake generate. Ultimately, it achieves the
integrated solidification and cementation (ISC) among cement paste, agglomerated cake and formation at CFI. This paper
explains why the isolation quality of CFI is improved by the MTA method.
Application of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Virology: A Review
Authors: Cobo Fernando
Published: November 2013

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a diagnostic tool of microbial identification and characterization based on the detection of the mass of molecules. In the majority of clinical laboratories, this technology is currently being used mainly for bacterial diagnosis, but several approaches in the field of virology have been investigated. The introduction of this technology in clinical virology will improve the diagnosis of infections produced by viruses but also the discovery of mutations and variants of these microorganisms as well as the detection of antiviral resistance. This review is focused on the main current applications of MALDI-TOF MS techniques in clinical virology showing the state of the art with respect to this exciting new technology.
Mixed convective MHD flow of a micropolar fluid with ohmic heating, radiation and viscous dissipation over a chemically reacting porous plate subjected to a constant heat flux and concentration gradient
Authors: Kumar Hitesh
Published: November 2013

In the present paper analysis of a chemically reacting mixed convection MHD
micropolar flow, heat and mass transfer in porous medium with the effects of
ohmic heating, radiation and viscous dissipation past an infinite vertical
plate which is subjected to a constant heat flux and the concentration
gradient. The non-linear coupled partial differential equations are solved
numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme known as Keller-box
method. The results for concentration, transverse velocity, angular velocity
and temperature are obtained and illustrated graphically to observe the
effects of various parameters, and the numerical discussion is presented with
physical interpretations.
Involvement of the vanilloid receptor 1 in the mechanism of analgetic effect of ketorolac
Authors: O. Yadlovskyi , T. Bukhtiarova , L. Bobkova , I. Tatianchenko , I. Monchak
Published: November 2013

The existing ideas about the ketorolac mechanism of analgetic potency are associated with its effect on COX isoenzymes and its significant potency needs to be explained more completely. Its impact on vanilloid receptors 1 (TRPV1) can also be an effective mechanism of analgetic action. We have evaluated the analgetic potential of ketorolac on the basis of its influence on TRPV1. It is known that Tyr511 and Ser512 amino acids are active central components of TRPV1. Thereby the synthesis of the dipeptide Tyr-Ser has been conducted as a model of the TRPV1 active centre. In our model test, using spectrofluorometry, the formation of intermolecular complexes was shown: “ketorolac - Tyr-Ser” and “capsaicin - Tyr-Ser” at stability constants Kr=0.53 • 10-4 L/mol; Kkor= 0.998 and Kr =0.3 • 10-4 L/mol; Kkor=0.998, respectively. Verification of the data was proved in experiments in vitro (the preparation of portal vein) and in vivo (Tail-flick model), with the TRPV1 agonist and antagonist. On portal vein, it was established (from initial level) by Krebs solution that the range of relaxation of smooth muscles of the portal vein (SM) was as follows at the concentration of capsaicin 0.1 μmol/L +30.3%±5.3%, capsazepine 0.5 μmol/L -3.2±2.7% and ketorolac 1.0 μmol/L -60.0±7.0%. In the experiment, at the above mentioned doses of ketorolac on the background of the action of the capsaicin (capsazepine), the range of relaxation of smooth muscles (SM) of the portal vein was -59.3±5.0% and -63.0±6.0% respectively testifying to the fact that the effect of capsaicinoids was neutralised by ketorolac. On the Tail-flick model, an atypical potentiation of the ketorolac antinociception at simultaneous use with the capsaicin was shown. The obtained data allow suggesting that TRPV1 can activate the ketorolac antinociceptive effects.
Changes in Intra-industry Competitiveness of the New Member States (EU-10) Economies During the Crisis, the Years 2009-2011
Authors: Molendowski Edward , Polan Wojciech
Published: November 2013

The global financial crisis, mostly triggered by external factors, interrupted the trend toward enhanced strength of the EU-10 economies, which was the outcome of the solid structural reforms carried out in the pre-accession era. In this regard, this article investigates the following research problem: what have been the changes in intra-industry competitiveness of the new member states (EU-10) economies during the crisis, and to what degree have the positive adaptive processes taking place in the structures of their economies before and after their accession to the EU - which reflected the extent of their preparations for full integration with the single EU market - been influenced by this crisis? This paper aims to present the main results of our analysis of changes in the trade flows of the examined countries in the initial years after the accession (2003-2008), and subsequently during the crisis (2009-2011). It especially focuses on presenting the main tendencies in intra-industry trade development in mutual trade among the new member states and with the EU-15 countries, and the main changes in a vertical and horizontal intra-industry specialization.
Convergence and Disparities in European Industrial Relations
Authors: Skorupińska Katarzyna
Published: November 2013

The aim of the article is to present the areas of the greatest convergence and disparities in industrial relations in the EU. This paper also aims to identify the causes of such situations and to determine the influence of the economic crisis on the shape of these relations and the attempt to achieve convergence. The study is composed of an introduction, three main sections and a conclusion. Following the introduction, the section 2 discusses the evolutionary process of European industrial relations and social dialogue. The next section is devoted to employee participation in the management of a company, the area of greatest convergence in industrial relations. Special emphasis is placed on the dual system of employee representation (trade unions and works councils), and in particular on the European Works Councils. The final section examines the greatest disparities between the old and new EU member states with reference to trade union density, range, and the level of collective bargaining. This is followed by a summary of conclusions.
Empirical Assessment of Inflation Targeting (Analysis of Selected Economic Statistics)
Authors: Walerysiak Grzegorz
Published: November 2013

Inflation Targeting (IT) is used by about 30 countries (both developed and developing countries) around the world, and the number of countries was said to increase (IMF 2005). IT strategy was created as a way of getting inflation under control. The global crisis of recent years has given a new perspective to IT strategy and its effectiveness. The most obvious way of analyzing the effects of IT is to compare characteristics of inflation for periods before and after its implementation. So in my research I try to answer following comparative aspects: First, how does IT strategy work, and second, how does it work in the situation of global turmoil? I analyzed the years before and after implementation of IT strategy for those countries which employ it, as well as its implementation and effect during the time of the global crises.
Automatic Brain Tumor Detection in T2-weighted Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Dvořák P. , Kropatsch W.G. , Bartušek K.
Published: November 2013

This work focuses on fully automatic detection of brain tumors. The first aim is to determine, whether the image contains a brain with a tumor, and if it does, localize it. The goal of this work is not the exact segmentation of tumors, but the localization of their approximate position. The test database contains 203 T2-weighted images of which 131 are images of healthy brain and the remaining 72 images contain brain with pathological area. The estimation, whether the image shows an afflicted brain and where a pathological area is, is done by multi resolution symmetry analysis. The first goal was tested by five-fold cross-validation technique with 100 repetitions to avoid the result dependency on sample order. This part of the proposed method reaches the true positive rate of 87.52% and the true negative rate of 93.14% for an afflicted brain detection. The evaluation of the second part of the algorithm was carried out by comparing the estimated location to the true tumor location. The detection of the tumor location reaches the rate of 95.83% of correct anomaly detection and the rate 87.5% of correct tumor location.
Artificial Neural Networks Application in Modal Analysis of Tires
Authors: Koštial P. , Jančíková Z. , Bakošová D. , Valíček J. , Harničárová M. , Špička I.
Published: November 2013

The paper deals with the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) to tires’ own frequency (OF) prediction depending on a tire construction. Experimental data of OF were obtained by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). A very good conformity of both experimental and predicted data sets is presented here. The presented ANN method applied to ESPI experimental data can effectively help designers to optimize dimensions of tires from the point of view of their noise.
NO2 and Cancer Incidence in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Ahmadi Khalid , Al-Zahrani Ali
Published: November 2013

Air pollution exposure has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of specific cancers. This study investigated whether the number and incidence of the most common cancers in Saudi Arabia were associated with urban air pollution exposure, specifically NO2. Overall, high model goodness of fit (GOF) was observed in the Eastern, Riyadh and Makkah regions. The significant coefficients of determination (r2) were higher at the regional level (r2 = 0.32–0.71), weaker at the governorate level (r2 = 0.03–0.43), and declined slightly at the city level (r2 = 0.17–0.33), suggesting that an increased aggregated spatial level increased the explained variability and the model GOF. However, the low GOF at the lowest spatial level suggests that additional variation remains unexplained. At different spatial levels, associations between NO2 concentration and the most common cancers were marginally improved in geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis, which explained both global and local heterogeneity and variations in cancer incidence. High coefficients of determination were observed between NO2 concentration and lung and breast cancer incidences, followed by prostate, bladder, cervical and ovarian cancers, confirming results from other studies. These results could be improved using individual explanatory variables such as environmental, demographic, behavioral, socio-economic, and genetic risk factors.
How do Midwives and Physicians Discuss Childhood Vaccination with Parents?
Authors: Dubé Eve , Vivion Maryline , Sauvageau Chantal , Gagneur Arnaud , Gagnon Raymonde , Guay Maryse
Published: November 2013

Even if vaccination is often described as one of the great achievements of public health, results of recent studies have shown that parental acceptance of vaccination is eroding. Health providers’ knowledge and attitudes about vaccines are important determinants of their own vaccine uptake, their intention to recommend vaccines to patients and the vaccine uptake of their patients. The purpose of this article is to compare how midwives and physicians address vaccination with parents during pregnancy and in postpartum visits. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with midwives and physicians practicing in the province of Quebec, Canada. Results of our analysis have shown that physicians adopt an “education-information” stance when discussing vaccination with parents in the attempt to “convince” parents to vaccinate. In contrast, midwives adopted a neutral stance and gave information on the pros and cons of vaccination to parents while leaving the final decision up to them. Findings of this study highlight the fact that physicians and midwives have different views regarding their role and responsibilities concerning vaccination. It may be that neither of these approaches is optimal in promoting vaccination uptake.
A Reinforcement Sensor Embedded Vertical Handoff Controller for Vehicular Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Authors: Li Limin , Xu Yubin , Soong Boon-Hee , Ma Lin
Published: November 2013

Vehicular communication platforms that provide real-time access to wireless networks have drawn more and more attention in recent years. IEEE 802.11p is the main radio access technology that supports communication for high mobility terminals, however, due to its limited coverage, IEEE 802.11p is usually deployed by coupling with cellular networks to achieve seamless mobility. In a heterogeneous cellular/802.11p network, vehicular communication is characterized by its short time span in association with a wireless local area network (WLAN). Moreover, for the media access control (MAC) scheme used for WLAN, the network throughput dramatically decreases with increasing user quantity. In response to these compelling problems, we propose a reinforcement sensor (RFS) embedded vertical handoff control strategy to support mobility management. The RFS has online learning capability and can provide optimal handoff decisions in an adaptive fashion without prior knowledge. The algorithm integrates considerations including vehicular mobility, traffic load, handoff latency, and network status. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm can adaptively adjust the handoff strategy, allowing users to stay connected to the best network. Furthermore, the algorithm can ensure that RSUs are adequate, thereby guaranteeing a high quality user experience.
The first commandment in the Heidelberg Catechism: Theological insights of Philipp Melanchthon and Zacharias Ursinus
Authors: Van Wyk Ignatius W.C.
Published: November 2013

This article focuses on the exposition of the first commandment in the Heidelberg Catechism (HC). Reconstructions of the original German and Latin texts are presented. Zacharias Ursinus, the primary author of the HC, was a student of Philipp Melanchthon in Wittenberg. Two important publications of Melanchthon have been revisited in search of the theological background and context behind the HC. Ursinus’ expositions of the first commandment in his Small and Large Catechisms, as well as some of the insights into his dogmatic lectures are explained in an effort to create a better understanding of the exposition of the HC.Die artikel fokus op die uitleg van die eerste gebod in die Heidelbergse Kategismus (HK). Rekonstruksies van die oorspronklike Duitse en Latynse tekste word voorgelê. Zacharias Ursinus, die primêre outeur van die HK, was ’n leerling van Philipp Melanchthon in Wittenberg. Twee belangrike publikasies van Melanchthon is nagevors in die soeke na die teologiese denkwêreld as agtergrond tot die HK. Ursinus se uitleg van die eerste gebod in sy Klein en Groot Kategismusse, asook sommige van die insigte wat in sy die dogmatieklesings vervat is, word verduidelik in ’n poging om ’n beter begrip van die uitleg van die HK teweeg te bring.
An assessment of upper ocean carbon and nitrogen export fluxes on the boreal continental shelf: A 3‐year study in the open Baltic Sea comparing sediment traps, 234Th proxy, nutrient, and oxygen budgets
Authors: Gustafsson Ö. , Gelting J. , Andersson P. , Larsson U. , Roos P.
Published: November 2013

Six different approaches for estimating the upper ocean export of carbon and nitrogen has been assessed using 2‐3 years of observations in the open Baltic Sea. The long‐term average export ratios, relative to primary production, were similar from approaches based on upper ocean N budget (0.29 ± 0.02), upper ocean O budget (0.25 ± 0.02), collection‐efficiency‐corrected sediment traps (0.30 ± 0.03), and 234Th‐derived POC export (0.21 ± 0.03; POC/234Th ratio from traps). Estimates of carbon export efficiency based on direct sediment traps (0.14 ± 0.02) likely reflected under trapping whereas filter‐based 234Th‐derived POC export (0.86 ± 0.03) indicated that POC/234Th ratio from filters were larger than the ratio on truly settling matter; these two approaches and estimates are thus not recommended. This study provides improved constraints on the upper ocean C and N export in offshore temperate‐boreal continental shelf regimes such as the open Baltic Proper. The long‐term export fluxes derived by averaging the four geochemically consistent yet independent approaches were for POC 44.6 ± 4.0 gC m−2 y−1 and for PON 7.0 ± 0.6 gN m−2 y−1. This multi‐technique approach improves understanding of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the upper ocean by constraining the export efficiencies through comprehensive time‐series measurements.
A methods assessment and recommendations for improving calculations and reducing uncertainties in the determination of 210Po and 210Pb activities in seawater
Authors: Rigaud S. , Puigcorbé V. , Cámara‐Mor P. , Casacuberta N. , Roca‐Martí M. , Garcia‐Orellana J. , Benitez‐Nelson C. R. , Masqué P. , Church T.
Published: November 2013

In marine systems, 210Po and 210Pb disequilibria are being increasingly used to examine oceanic particle formation and export. Here, an updated assessment of current methods for determining 210Po and 210Pb activity in marine samples is provided and includes a complete description of the vast number of calculations and uncertainties associated with Po and Pb loss, decay, and ingrowth during sample processing. First, we summarize the current methods for the determination of 210Po and 210Pb activities in dissolved and particulate seawater samples and recommend areas for improvement. Next, we detail the calculations and associated uncertainties using principles of error propagation, while also accounting for radionuclide ingrowth, decay, and recovery. A spreadsheet reporting these calculations is included as a downloadable Web Appendix. Our analysis provides insight into the contributions of the relative uncertainty for each parameter considered in the calculation of final 210Po and 210Pb activities and gives recommendations on how to obtain the most precise final values. For typical experimental conditions in open seawater, we show that our method allows calculating 210Pb activity with a relative uncertainty of about 7%. However for 210Po activities, the final relative uncertainty is more variable and depends on the 210Po/210Pb activity ratio in the initial sample and the time elapsed between sampling and sample processing. The lowest relative uncertainties on 210Po that can be obtained by this method is 6% and can only be obtained for samples with high 210Po/210Pb activity ratios (>1) that were rapidly processed.
HOx measurements in the summertime upper troposphere over Europe: a comparison of observations to a box model and a 3-D model
Authors: Regelin E. , Harder H. , Martinez M. , Kubistin D. , Tatum Ernest C. , Bozem H. , Klippel T. , Hosaynali-Beygi Z. , Fischer H. , Sander R. , Jöckel P. , Königstedt R. , Lelieveld J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In situ airborne measurements of OH and HO2 with the HORUS (HydrOxyl Radical measurement Unit based on fluorescence Spectroscopy) instrument were performed in the summertime upper troposphere across Europe during the HOOVER 2 (HOx OVer EuRope) campaign in July 2007. Complementary measurements of trace gas species and photolysis frequencies were conducted to obtain a broad data set, which has been used to quantify the significant HOx sources and sinks. In this study we compare the in situ measurement of OH and HO2 with simulated mixing ratios from the constrained box model CAABA/MECCA (Chemistry As A Box Model Application/Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere), and the global circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry Model). The constrained box model reproduces the observed OH and HO2 mixing ratios with better agreement (obs/mod median 98% OH, 96% HO2) than the global model (median 76% OH, 59% HO2). The observations and the computed HOx sources and sinks are used to identify deviations between the models and their impacts on the calculated HOx budget.
Modeling kinetic partitioning of secondary organic aerosol and size distribution dynamics: representing effects of volatility, phase state, and particle-phase reaction
Authors: Zaveri R. A. , Easter R. C. , Shilling J. E. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This paper describes and evaluates a new formulation for modeling kinetic gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that takes into account diffusion and chemical reaction within the particle phase. The new formulation uses a combination of: (a) an analytical quasi-steady-state treatment for the diffusion-reaction process within the particle phase for fast-reacting organic solutes, and (b) a two-film theory approach for slow- and non-reacting solutes. The formulation is amenable for use in regional and global atmospheric models, although it currently awaits specification of the actual species and particle-phase reactions that are important for SOA formation. Here, the formulation is applied within the framework of the computationally efficient Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) to investigate the competitive growth dynamics of the Aitken and accumulation mode particles. Results show that the timescale of SOA partitioning and the associated size distribution dynamics depend on the complex interplay between organic solute volatility, particle-phase bulk diffusivity, and particle-phase reactivity (as exemplified by a pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant), each of which can vary over several orders of magnitude. In general, the timescale of SOA partitioning increases with increase in volatility and decrease in bulk diffusivity and rate constant. At the same time, the shape of the aerosol size distribution displays appreciable narrowing with decrease in volatility and bulk diffusivity and increase in rate constant. A proper representation of these physicochemical processes and parameters are needed in the next generation models to reliably predict not only the total SOA mass, but also its composition and number size distribution, all of which together determine its overall optical and cloud-nucleating properties.
OClO slant column densities derived from GOMOS averaged transmittance measurements
Authors: Tétard C. , Fussen D. , Vanhellemont F. , Bingen C. , Dekemper E. , Mateshvili N. , Pieroux D. , Robert C. , Kyrölä E. , Tamminen J. , Sofieva V. , Hauchecorne A. , Dalaudier F. , Bertaux J.-L. , Fanton d'Andon O. , Barrot G. , Blanot L. , Dehn A. , Saavedra de Miguel L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument on board the European platform ENVISAT (ENVironment SATellite) was dedicated to the study of the of Earth's atmosphere using the stellar occultation technique. The spectral range of the GOMOS spectrometer extends from the UV (ultra violet) to the near infrared, allowing for the retrieval of species such as O3, NO2, NO3, H2O, O2, air density, aerosol extinction and OClO. Nevertheless, OClO cannot be retrieved using a single GOMOS measurement because of the weak signal-to-noise ratio and the small optical thickness associated with this molecule. We present here the method used to detect this molecule by using several GOMOS measurements. It is based on a two-step approach. First, several co-located measurements are combined in a statistical way to build an averaged measurement with a higher signal-to-noise ratio; then, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method is applied to retrieve OClO slant column densities (SCD). The statistics of the sets of GOMOS measurements used to build the averaged measurement and the spectral window selection are analyzed. The obtained retrievals are compared to results from two balloon-borne instruments. It appears that the inter-comparisons of OClO are generally satisfying (relative differences are about 15–60%). Two nighttime climatologies of OClO based on GOMOS averaged measurements are presented. The first depicts annual global pictures of OClO from 2003 to 2011. From this climatology, the presence of an OClO SCD peak in the equatorial region at about 35 km is confirmed and strong OClO SCD in both polar regions are observed (more than 1016 cm−2 in the Antarctic region and slightly less in the Arctic region), a sign of chlorine activation. The second climatology is a monthly time series. It clearly shows the chlorine activation of the lower stratosphere during winter. Moreover the equatorial OClO SCD peak is observed during all years without any significant variations. This very promising method, applied on GOMOS measurements, allowed us to build the first nighttime climatology of OClO using limb-viewing instruments.
Impact of solar vs. volcanic activity variations on tropospheric temperatures and precipitation during the Dalton Minimum
Authors: Anet J. G. , Muthers S. , Rozanov E. V. , Raible C. C. , Stenke A. , Shapiro A. I. , Brönnimann S. , Arfeuille F. , Brugnara Y. , Beer J. , Steinhilber F. , Schmutz W. , Peter T.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The aim of this work is to elucidate the impact of changes in solar irradiance and energetic particles vs. volcanic eruptions on tropospheric global climate during the Dalton Minimum (DM, 1780–1840 AD). Separate variations in the (i) solar irradiance in the UV-C with wavelengths λ < 250 nm, (ii) irradiance at wavelengths λ > 250 nm, (iii) in energetic particle spectrum, and (iv) volcanic aerosol forcing were analyzed separately, and (v) in combination, by means of small ensemble calculations using a coupled atmosphere-ocean chemistry-climate-model. Global and hemispheric mean surface temperatures show a significant dependence on solar irradiance at λ > 250 nm. Also, powerful volcanic eruptions in 1809, 1815, 1831 and 1835 significantly decrease global mean temperature by up to 0.5 K for 2–3 yr after the eruption. However, while the volcanic effect is clearly discernible in the southern hemispheric mean temperature, it is less significant in the Northern Hemisphere, partly because the two largest volcanic eruptions occurred in the SH tropics and during seasons when the aerosols were mainly transported southward, partly because of the higher northern internal variability. In the simulation including all forcings, temperatures are in reasonable agreement with the tree-ring-based temperature anomalies of the Northern Hemisphere. Interestingly, the model suggests that solar irradiance changes at λ < 250 nm and in energetic particle spectra have only insignificant impact on the climate during the Dalton Minimum. This downscales the importance of top-down processes (stemming from changes at λ < 250 nm) relative to bottom-up processes (from λ > 250 nm). Reduction of irradiance at λ > 250 nm leads to a significant (up to 2%) decrease of the ocean heat content (OHC) between the 0 and 300 m of depth, whereas the changes in irradiance at λ < 250 nm or in energetic particle have virtually no effect. Also, volcanic aerosol yields a very strong response, reducing the OHC of the upper ocean by up to 1.5%. In the simulation with all forcings, the OHC of the uppermost levels recovers after 8–15 yr after volcanic eruption, while the solar signal and the different volcanic eruptions dominate the OHC changes in the deeper ocean and prevent its recovery during the DM. Finally, the simulations suggest that the volcanic eruptions during the DM had a significant impact on the precipitation patterns caused by a widening of the Hadley cell and a shift of the intertropical convergence zone.
Asymmetric tide in Lake Vallunden (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Marchenko A. V. , Morozov E. G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We observed strongly asymmetric tide in a channel connecting the Van Mijen Fjord and Lake Vallunden in Spitsbergen. The channel is approximately 100 m long, 10 m wide, and 1–2 m deep. Asymmetric tide was also observed in the lake. The form of the semidiurnal tide is described by a combination of only three harmonics (M2, S2 and M4) with different amplitudes and phases. The flood dominant form of the surface elevation in the channel (unlike the ebb dominant tide in the fjord) is formed over a horizontal distance of 50 m over a shallow bottom at the entrance to the channel. The tide in shallow places becomes asymmetric due to nonlinear effects caused by the influence of the bottom and especially by choking of the tidal flow over a sill that is located between the fjord and channel. We think that such a small distance, over which the form of the tide changes, is caused by the small scale of the channel related to the fjord. We suggest a numerical model related to these measurements.
Aprendizaje, complejidad y desarrollo: agenda curricular para enseñar en los tiempos actuales
Authors: Labarrere Alberto F.
Published: November 2013

El presente trabajo aborda la cuestión relativa a la formación que demandan los tiempos actuales. En ella se asume que uno de los ejes del currículo lo constituye la preparación para vivir y actuar en un mundo globalizado, donde las condiciones imponen enseñanza y aprendizaje para la incertidumbre, la variabilidad, la ambigüedad y el desequilibrio. Estas dimensiones, como nunca antes, se muestran consustanciales con la vida. Las consideraciones que aparecen a lo largo de sus reflexiones, llevan al autor a proponer cuatro nodos de aprendizaje que debieran figurar en la agenda de las prioridades educacionales.
El trabajo docente en la institución escolar. La apropiación-enajenación del proceso de trabajo docente en el contexto de las reformas educativas neoliberales
Authors: Cornejo Rodrigo
Published: November 2013

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el trabajo docente en la institución escolar desde la óptica de los procesos de enajenación y apropiación del trabajo (como proceso y como producto).Para ellos, se hará primero una breve revisión de los conceptos de trabajo y alineación planteados por K. Marx y de los aportes realizados por G. Mendel al problema de la apropiación del acto de trabajo.Posteriormente se analizará el trabajo docente, distinguiendo el producto de éste, su proceso y la institución educativa donde tiene lugar.Para finalizar, se revisará el actual contexto de reformas educativas reoliberales en América Latina y la manera de éstas afectan la labor educativa, el trabajo docente y sus procesos de enajenación y apropiación.
El aporte de la psicología educacional a las propuestas de educación económica: los temas claves
Authors: Denegri Marianela , Gempp René , Valle Carlos del , Etchebarne Soledad , González Yessica
Published: November 2013

En un escenario social y cultural altamente complejo, la comprensión de la economía se ha convertido en una necesidad básica de adaptación social y de ejercicio de ciudadanía. En este trabajo se analiza el estado del arte en la investigación de la comprensión de la economía, con especial énfasis en los estudios latinoamericanos y nacionales. Se cuestiona también el papel actual de la educación en la implementación de una adecuada alfabetización económica en la escuela, presentando el programa "Yo y la economía" como una respuesta desde la psicología educacional a los temas claves para la educación económica.
Reflexiones en torno a los procesos de institucionalización y separación afectiva temprana en el contexto de un hogar de protección de lactantes
Authors: Marchant Matías
Published: November 2013

En el presente artículo se discute -a propósito de la institucionalización temprana- el concepto de vínculo. Asimismo, se propone reflexionar sobre las hipótesis que permiten explicar la existencia de los vínculos que unen a un hijo con su madre, así como su alteración a partir de los fenómenos de institucionalización y separación afectiva. Se proponen los conceptos de deseo, simbolismo e historia como nociones centrales para acceder a la comprensión de lo que se encuentra implicado en el concepto de vínculo y constitución subjetiva.
¿Mujeres en conflicto con la maternidad? La entrega de un hijo en adopción o la transgresión de un ideal materno
Authors: Schramm Nadine
Published: November 2013

Se indaga acerca de los procedimientos institucionales en el caso de mujeres que deciden entregar a un hijo en adopción y que recurren para ello a la Unidad de Adopción del Servicio Nacional de Menores (SENAME). A partir de una investigación bibliográfica se busca entender cómo se ha conceptualizado teóricamente el fenómeno de la maternidad y cómo se articula con la experiencia concreta en el ámbito institucional. Como resultado, se da cuenta de los aspectos ideológicos que subyacen a dichos procedimientos para discutir acerca de las implicancias de la entrega, en tanto constituye una transgresión que cuestiona las bases biológicas del parentesco. Se abren preguntas acerca de una clínica específica de la adopción, capaz de incluir la dimensión simbólica de la filiación.
Observaciones psicoanalíticas en una unidad de pacientes psicóticos con antecedentes delictivos
Authors: Sanfuentes Matías
Published: November 2013

El siguiente artículo analiza las vicisitudes de una unidad psiquiátrica encargada del tratamiento de un grupo de pacientes psicóticos con antecedentes delictivos. El material utilizado en este análisis fue recabado por medio de un método de observación psicoanalítica de organizaciones desarrollado por R.D.Hinshelwood y W. Skogstad (2000). A través de una observación sistemática de esta unidad psiquiátrica se analiza la compleja tarea que debe llevar a cabo el equipo tratante para poder enfrentar la contradictoria dualidad que emerge al intentar rehabilitar y recluir a un grupo de individuos. En este análisis se pone un especial énfasis en la descripción de las estrategias defensivas inconscientes utilizadas por los miembros de la organización para lidiar con la intensidad de las dinámicas presentes.
Salud mental infanto-juvenil como problemática pública
Authors: Abarzúa Marianella , González Marta
Published: November 2013

El presente trabajo expone una revisión sobre los aspectos fundamentales de las políticas públicas de salud mental en Chile, particularmente las dirigidas a los niños y adolescentes. Plantea, a partir del análisis crítico de las normativas técnicas estatales sobre trastornos hipercinéticos y esquizofrenia, una interrogación sobre la noción de infancia implícita en el discurso de la política de salud mental.
Ensayo de psicología contemporánea
Authors: Gauchet Marcel
Published: November 2013

De lo que trataremos aquí proviene de lo que se podría denominar una historia del presente, una propuesta en perspectiva histórica del presente. Dejo de lado la justificación del género para entrar directamente en materia.
The Political Economy of Electricity Market Liberalization: A Cross-country Approach
Authors: Erdogdu Erkan
Published: November 2013

More than half of the countries in the world have introduced a reform process in their power sectors since 1980s. Adapting a political economy perspective, this paper attempts to discover the impact of political economic variables on the liberalization process in electricity markets. Empirical models are developed using panel data from 55 developed and developing countries covering the period 1975-2010. The research findings clearly show that political variables have a significant impact on the reform progress. Consistent with public choice theory and economic theory of regulation, our results suggest that a portion of the differences in the reform experiences of reforming countries in the past three decades can be explained by differences in the relative strength of interest groups. We find that industry sector has a significant impact on the pace of power market liberalization process; and as its size gets larger, so does its influence. Our results also imply that countries receiving foreign financial support are more likely to liberalize their electricity markets, which underlines the point that reforms may not be always voluntary. In addition, our findings suggest that government ideology is one of the determinants of the progress in electricity market reform process. Finally, the paper also questions whether politicians’ education and profession matter for the electricity market reforms. Overall, the results show they do.