bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Case Study: Population Policy
Authors: White Tyrene
Published: July 2024

In service of its modernization goals, China adopted a one-child policy in 1979. Implementation required close monitoring of urban childbearing-age women and the use of coercive mass campaign tactics, particularly in the countryside. Despite the use of many methods to avoid the birth limit, rapid economic development, free access to contraception, and the persistent use of campaigns and other punitive methods resulted by 2000 in a decline of China’s fertility level to below replacement levels. Among the most severe consequences of the policy were the impact of son preference, which contributed to a severe sex ratio imbalance among newborns, and rapid population aging, which increased China’s dependency ratio, reduced the size of the labor force, and threatened continued economic growth. In response to these issues, policy relaxation and reform came in 2015 with a two-child limit and in 2023 with a three-child limit.
Hong Kong
Authors: Lo Sonny Shiu-Hing
Published: July 2024

This chapter traces the development of Hong Kong from its colonial status to the post-1997 era, when it became a special administrative region of China. It examines the city’s political system and its development, the debate over political reform, the democracy protests in 2014 and 2019, the imposition of the national security law in 2020, and the remaking of identity of the people of Hong Kong. The political system of Hong Kong has undergone tremendous changes under the security law. It has become more authoritarian, less pluralistic with a less vibrant society and media, and more focused on the economy and the people’s livelihood.
Taiwan
Authors: Rigger Shelley
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an overview of Taiwan’s political development since 1945, including its democratic transition, relations between Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China, and the development of a distinct Taiwanese identity. It includes sections on Taiwan to 1945, Taiwan under the authoritarian rule of Chiang Kai-shek after the Kuomintang fled the Chinese mainland following its defeat by the Chinese Communist Party, its transition to democracy following Chiang’s death in 1975, and Taiwan’s current political system. It also discusses the debate in Taiwan on the island’s relationship with the People’s Republic of China, the development of that relationship since the democratic transition, and parties and elections in contemporary Taiwan.
The Eastern International
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The Eastern International is a study of how the concept of “the East” was used by the world’s first communist state and its mediators to organize space and to project, channel, and contest power across Eurasia. It is a story of how various intermediaries tried to shape the global conversation about decolonization in an effort to build support and win global legitimacy for the Soviet Union as an anticolonial state power. They succeeded in this task because the ideas of anticapitalism, antifascism, and liberation from colonial exploitation inspired so many around the world. Recontextualizing Soviet history within a global frame, the volume shows how the USSR popularized critiques of capitalism, fascism, and colonialism through propaganda, education, cultural relations, and later, through political and economic aid in international “Eastern” regions, as it all the while concealed other inequalities and forms of exploitation, including in its “domestic East.” By telling these stories while concealing others, these mediators contributed to the marginalization of the Soviet Union from conversations about cultural and political decolonization happening in the Middle East and elsewhere. The book reinscribes Soviet history into postcolonial studies and global history.
Arabization, Purges, and Terror
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

In the 1930s the USSR became an ever more hermetic place of cultural autarchy, and Soviet nation-makers placed greater emphasis on majoritarian ethnonationalism. In regions under British and French mandate rule, anticolonial nationalist movements gained traction. And the boundaries between the Jewish and Arab communities in Palestine became more entrenched after violent clashes in 1929. Yet KUTV remained a “portal” of foreign and domestic ideas about the East. Namely, interpretations of domestic conflict between Russian colonial settlers and indigenous Muslims in Turkestan shaped interpretations of Comintern policy vis-à-vis Palestine, and foreign communists could be punished with exile to the domestic East. Ultimately, these dynamics and the wider 1930s Soviet purges led to the elimination of many high-ranking Jews employed at KUTV and in the Comintern, especially those with any connections to Palestine, Egypt, or Syria-Lebanon, paving the way for others to take their place as intermediaries of party-state activities in the East.
Muslim Tradition Forbids Reciting the Qur’an While Drunk
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

World War II turned Stalin’s attention away from the Eastern Mediterranean. Ironically, as Soviet interest in the East declined, interest in the Soviet Union as a symbol of antifascism, anti-Westernism, and antimaterialism grew for many left-leaning intellectuals, including some in Syria in Lebanon. In 1947, a delegation of Syrian and Lebanese leftists visited the Soviet Union and toured the domestic East on the invitation of a Soviet cultural diplomacy organization. This chapter follows these visitors as they engaged with Russian, Jewish, and Central Asian intellectuals on cultural politics, socialist realism, and late Stalinist censorship. It concludes that these visitors’ Eurocentric approach to the USSR, and a desire to protect it as a symbol of alternative modernity, required consciously overlooking various anticosmopolitan repressions happening across the Soviet Union, including those in the Soviet East.
The Eastern International in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

As the narrative threads connecting the two Easts unraveled, Soviet institutions continued to facilitate more emotive and less historically grounded linkages between them. In the early 1970s, despite the brutal repression of communists in Ba‘athist Syria and Iraq, the Soviet Komsomol still invited Syrian and Iraqi youth to celebrate Arab-Soviet “friendship” in Tashkent and Dushanbe, against the same backdrop used for decades to host their communist victims. These linkages, as well as the general expansion of Soviet commitments in Asia and Africa, were fueled by proceeds of the 1973 oil revolution. The late 1980s collapse of the Soviet economy and institutions correlated with the explicit reversal of multiple assumptions underlying the Eastern International. Despite these contractions and reversals, legacies of its connections continue to animate regional politics into the 2020s.
Conclusion
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The conclusion explores the legacies of the Eastern International for post-Soviet regional politics, wider transregional connections across Eurasia, and intellectuals’ conceptions of decolonization, nationalism, and the relevance of the past. One of its most important legacies is the erasure of this historical past in its various historical contexts: Central Asian republics that have differently applied the postcolonial frame to their past while ignoring the complex history of many of the victims of repressions who were loyal to the Soviet regime and at times acted as executioners themselves; Putin’s regime that has revived anti-Westernism but repressed critical examination of the past; Arab politicians and Leftist intellectuals who adjusted to the Soviet collapse by reorienting themselves around new challenges and pressures. The conclusion makes the case for seeing the world of the Eastern International and its protagonists’ roles as critical to integrating Soviet and Middle Eastern history and both into the global history of the twentieth century.
Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research probes the most common outcomes of mental health studies. Discrepant results appear in scores of studies traversing the globe—a literature dating back to the 1950s. This literature reveals that any two studies often differ in their estimates of anything from the prevalence of mental health conditions to the effects of mental health treatments. In fact, researchers often encounter discrepant results among findings made in a single study! Discrepant results factor into what researchers think they know about how often mental health conditions occur, what causes them, and how to treat them. Yet, researchers do not know what to do with discrepant results when they encounter them. The problem is not with their methods—discrepant results appear even when researchers use high-quality instruments to collect data. The problem lies with how researchers interpret their data and the decisions they make with those data. To address this problem, this book reveals a conceptually grounded, evidence-based approach to discrepant results in mental health research. It describes the robust nature of discrepant results, along with theoretical models for understanding and interpreting them. These models inform sound scientific practices; the book reviews work that has implemented these practices, and it leverages illustrative case examples to facilitate content mastery. It also describes future directions in research on discrepant results across several areas of work, including measurement development, intervention science, data analysis, and clinical populations that have received relatively little attention on issues surrounding discrepant results (e.g., suicide risk, autism).
Should Discrepant Results Promote a Crisis of Confidence?
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes the hypothesis-testing process in mental health research. This process stems from an emphasis on converging results and deeming discrepant results as having no value. In theory, this process should also deem discrepant results as inconclusive evidence, thus making much of the evidence base of mental health conditions, what causes them, and how to treat them inconclusive as well. In practice, hypothesis-testing in mental health research includes a built-in feature that allows researchers to assume that discrepant results do not even “count” as evidence, and therefore can be ignored. This chapter reviews examples of this feature at work and the dire consequences it has for accurately interpreting the findings of mental health research.
How Discrepant Results Reveal Blueprints for Discovery
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research introduces the concept of domain-relevant information. In measurement, researchers construct validity criteria to reflect domain-relevant information. As such, this information factors into the means through which researchers interpret the results of mental health assessments. This chapter articulates strategies that extend use of domain-relevant information to studies designed to interpret discrepant results. It also connects domain-relevant information to a notion about what discrepant results might reflect, namely the notion of situational specificity. Importantly, the concept of domain-relevant information facilitates updating the relationship between measurement in mental health and physics by framing converging results and discrepant results as analogous to matter and dark matter, respectively. In so doing, this chapter articulates how these contemporary concepts in physics set new boundary conditions for what it is physically possible to observe in terms of valid results produced by mental health research.
The CONTEXT Validation Paradigm
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 8 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes a validation paradigm that instantiates in measurement the concepts that underlie the operations triad model. This paradigm—classifying observations necessitates theory, epistemology, and testing (CONTEXT)—is a concrete representation of the links among converging and discrepant results and validity criteria. This chapter delineates CONTEXT’s features. The chapter also distinguishes CONTEXT’s features from those of the dominant measurement validation paradigm in psychology, the multi-trait–multi-method matrix. In mental health research, the CONTEXT paradigm outperforms the multi-trait–multi-method matrix paradigm because it leverages the explanatory power of both converging results and discrepant results.
Constructing Measurement Batteries
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 9 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research introduces the concept of the measurement battery. The composition of measurement batteries is dictated by the characteristics of the instruments contained in them. These characteristics facilitate addressing two ubiquitous sets of questions germane to measurement batteries. First, how extensive should a battery be in terms of use of data sources and validity criteria? Second, how extensive should a battery be in terms of coverage of mental health domains and measurement modalities? Using the four characteristics of measurement batteries contained in these two questions—data sources, validity criteria, mental health domains, and measurement modalities—this chapter links measurement batteries to the objectives of assessments. These objectives can be broadly distinguished by studies that address questions about psychological measurement versus studies that address substantive questions about mental health phenomena (e.g., prevalence of mental disorders, risk factors, outcomes of mental health treatments).
Analytic Procedures
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 21 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research outlines directions for future research on analytic procedures used to integrate or model mental health data. Researchers must not only consider new approaches to designing the next generation of mental health instruments; they also ought to consider strategies for refining existing analytic procedures. Researchers must also focus on developing procedures that transform how they integrate or model data collected with large samples and standardized assessment batteries. Further, researchers must develop procedures for integrating case-level data as these procedures have the potential to significantly advance researchers’ abilities to improve the clinical utility of scores taken from mental health instruments. Researchers would also benefit from computer applications that provide them with feedback about the fit between procedures’ usage assumptions and the data conditions to which they will be applied. This feedback would facilitate open scientific practices regarding which procedures researchers use and when they use them.
Clinical Populations
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 22 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research outlines directions for future research on clinical populations that have historically received relatively little attention in terms of the discrepant results produced in assessments of individuals within these populations. First, the chapter describes the challenges of and opportunities for studying discrepant results when assessing the mental health of adults. Second, the chapter highlights innovative directions for future research on discrepant results when assessing autism. Third, the chapter delineates important directions for future research on discrepant results when assessing risk for suicide. Fourth, the chapter describes strategies for conducting research focused on interpreting discrepant results within and across cultures.
The Power of Discrepant Results
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 24 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research serves as a conclusion to the content covered in the book. The chapter highlights how the book rewrites the story of psychological measurement’s relationship with physics. The old story traces back to the theory of errors. To this day, researchers see the byproducts of this old story and in a way that cuts across all of psychological research, not just mental health. The new story rekindles psychology’s relationship with physics but by linking measurement in mental health to concepts in physics that accurately reflect the kinds of data produced by mental health research. Updating psychological measurement’s relationship with physics allows researchers to ask bold questions that will dramatically impact mental health research and optimize decision-making when it comes to interpreting assessments and leveraging the data they produce.
Reading Miscellany in the Roman Empire
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

Aulus Gellius and his sole surviving work, the Noctes Atticae (NA), have long stood on the periphery of classical scholarship. This second-century ce compilation, conventionally termed a miscellany, collects vast amounts of otherwise lost ancient literature, and the depictions of scholarly activity throughout the work have led some to see in Gellius a kindred spirit—a classicist avant la lettre. Yet, the NA is a fascinating work of literature in its own right, depicting the intellectual and literary culture at the height of the Roman Empire and offering invaluable evidence for the evolution of Latin prose as a literary form in the Antonine period. In contrast to previous scholarship that looks past the randomness of the NA, this book argues that the conceit of disorder enabled Gellius to probe the nature of reading in the second century ce. Gellius’ central preoccupation is articulating a distinct set of “ways of reading” that may be employed to navigate the web of literature in the Roman Empire. In turn, each of these ways of reading—through material framing devices, focal characters, recurrent citations in dialogue with one another, and allusive references to other near-contemporary works—can be used to examine Gellius’ collection and appreciate its literary qualities. Incorporating inter- and intratextual analysis alongside narratology-informed approaches, this book investigates the strategies used by Gellius to innovate within the Latin literary tradition and provides a framework for interpreting his varietas on its own terms.
Confronting Variety in the NA
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyzes numerous instantiations of varietas in the Noctes Atticae and the ways in which they produce meaning. It demonstrates that Aulus Gellius’ prescribed way of reading, discussed in the previous chapter, is necessary to appreciate his literary project. Starting from the few instances of repetition in adjacent chapters (2.8–9, 5.10–11, 10.25–7), it interrogates how Gellius constructs productive tension between the constituent parts of the text. The chapter then applies this approach across books by adopting a character-centered intratextual reading to focus on the representation of the imperial tutor Fronto. By way of conclusion, it applies these Gellian reading strategies to the end of the second book (NA 2.20–30), articulating the connections across those chapters to illustrate one of Gellius’ primary concerns—the necessity of reading his work critically.
The Poetics of Prose
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines Aulus Gellius’ knowledge of the Latin poetry book in the Noctes Atticae. His allusion to Horace in his Preface (NA pref.20) situates his work within the broader world of poetic collections. His own reference echoes Pliny the Elder’s invocations of Catullus and Horace. However, where Pliny attests to the richness of his enterprise, Gellius situates his miscellany within the poetic sphere, drawing on his Republican and early Augustan predecessors and their Alexandrian aesthetic to craft a novel form of prose. These prosaics emerge at the outset of the work proper, as Gellius assembles the first ten chapters into a suite that function much like the Parade Odes of Horace and Pliny the Younger’s Parade Letters. These chapters respond to one another, forming distinctive interpretive units that outline major themes and introduce the chief characters and settings of the NA.
How to Read a Book
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter applies the methodologies developed in the previous chapters to demonstrate the unity of a single book of Aulus Gellius’ miscellany. It discerns several intersecting threads that provide coherence to the varietas of Noctes Atticae Book 3. Gellius focuses on the Republican scholar Varro, who is invoked on a number of topics (3.2, 3.3, 3.10, 3.11, 3.14, 3.16). In these intratextually linked citations, Gellius shifts Varro from his traditional authoritative position, questioning disconnects between his works and encouraging the reader to do the same. Varronian authority revolves helix-like around the other central themes of the book: Gellius’ own interpretation of similar sources, and Favorinus’ place within Roman knowledge systems. The interconnectedness of these strands brings Roman identity and Roman scholarship into dialogue; by reading them alongside one another, Gellius demonstrates a method of utilizing Roman Republican literature and scholarship to construct Antonine Roman identity.
Informal Institutions
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

Uncertainty reduction makes sense only against the backdrop of certainty; because we are certain about something, something else may appear to be uncertain. Both informal and formal institutions are upheld by sanctions, provide regularity of behaviour and offer decision-makers predictability concerning actors’ behaviour. This chapter addresses the informal institutions that have grown as a result of actors mutually adjusting to one another. These institutions are taken for granted and thereby upheld by people, because they are internalized and ‘embodied’. Norms and established ways of doing things are examples of what brings certainty to one’s own actions and one’s expectations of others’ actions. People can orient themselves to an institution to know what to do and what the consequences of their actions are likely to be, but they can also predict that others will comply with existing institutions, thus also predicting their behaviour.
Protestant Christianity and Practical Philosophy
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3 offers a general overview of the way in which the Protestant commentators understood the nature of practical philosophy. Practical philosophy has its own object, its own method, its own goal, and it is thus a significantly independent branch of knowledge. Among the authors we discuss, this relative independence of practical philosophy was not perceived as threatening or as incoherent with the ultimately theological commitments of the commentators. They did, however, explicitly discuss how this practical philosophy stood vis-à-vis their Christian faith. This was often done in the prefaces, and the law-gospel distinction was the most common tool used to address the topic. This chapter covers the range of ways in which the commentators addressed this question and the related Aristotelian conviction that moral philosophy serves to make men good.
Introduction
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

In the introduction research questions are introduced: Under what conditions are climate finance instruments effective in reducing emissions? Whether REDD+ and NAMAs, which have largely been built upon norms of developmental environmentalism, have been more effective than the CDM that has reflected ideas of liberal environmentalism? The chapter also defines the dependent variable (policy effectiveness, including policy programming, policy implementation, and policy outcomes) as well as the independent variable (domestic political economy factors, including development policy paradigms, state development interests, and political settlements). The chapter includes a summary of the main argument as well as research design.
Development Policy Paradigms in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

Detailed discussion of policy paradigms of the case-study countries, namely Uganda, Tanzania, and Uganda, which are the focus of this book, is found in this chapter. Particular attention is paid to state responses to liberal economic reforms during the neoliberal period, given that it has been promoted by the international community in a relatively consistent way until at least the 2008 global financial crisis. While all have seen important liberal economic reforms in their histories, the degree to which each country has embraced neoliberalism has differed. The chapter presents initial evidence that the development policy paradigm of Uganda and Moldova reflects many elements of liberal neodevelopmentalism while that of Tanzania demonstrates a hybrid classic developmental and neodevelopmental policy paradigm.
The Music of the Future
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

This book argues that to understand and begin to transform the past, present, and future of Caribbean relations with its invaders, oppressors, visitors, and tourists, one must do so at the node of sound and vision. That is, Caribbean studies of all kinds—literary, historical, ethnographic, philosophical—should pay fuller attention to the ways in which sound and vision are fundamental elements in Caribbean histories, societies, and cultures. The book argues for a broad realignment of Caribbean studies, and that there is a particular need for scholars to pay attention to sound, as most work to date has tended not to explore fully the sonic dimensions of Caribbean art, literature, travel writing, history, and society. Sound cannot however be isolated completely and indefinitely from vision, as these two elements are still as closely connected as they have ever been in the Caribbean, to the point where they almost fuse into another, hybrid sense in which might be found the knotty truths and realities of the region, its people, and its relations with others.
Social Class Segregation in Landskrona
Authors: Brea-Martinez Gabriel , Hedefalk Finn , Nilsson Therese , Souza Maia Vinicius de
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the evolution of social class segregation in the city of Landskrona during the twentieth century. The city’s population was initially spatially mixed with regards to social class but became more segregated with industrialization. The study reveals that the segregation of higher white-collar workers increased drastically from 1940 to 1960, with a concentration of this group in new residential areas on the outskirts of the city. Other social groups did not exhibit similar self-segregation, possibly due to economic constraints. The findings align with theories of place stratification and residential choice, indicating a desire for higher-status groups to distance themselves from lower-status individuals. The chapter suggests that the city’s spatial organization, with increased separation between residential and work areas, contributed to the observed patterns of segregation. The increase in segregation among higher white-collar workers represents a substantial shift in a relatively short period.
The Gender Revolution
Authors: Quaranta Luciana , Stanfors Maria
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on industrialization and family behavior during the twentieth century against the backdrop of economic and institutional change. It documents trends regarding marriage and fertility and union dissolution from a gender perspective, and explores the role of socioeconomic status (SES) for these processes. Findings confirm patterns regarding gender and family consistent with that previously indicated at the national level. Throughout the century, Landskrona outpaced the rural parishes in adopting new demographic behavior. The period 1940–1970 was marked by strong family norms, distinct gender roles, and economic conditions enabling family formation for all, irrespective of SES, and at young ages. During this period divorce expanded across the population. In the 1970s, what had been normative became subject to free choice, resulting in increasing cohabitation and single living, while marriage decreased, childbearing was separated from marriage, and divorce became the common way for marriage to end.
The Industrial City and Its People
Authors: Dribe Martin , Nilsson Therese , Tegunimataka Anna
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents and discusses the main findings and conclusions of the volume and puts them into a broader perspective. Taken together, the different chapters contribute to closing the gap between historical studies based on parish records and contemporary research based on full-count registers or detailed surveys. The volume thereby fleshes out the narrative of twentieth-century demographic, social, and economic history by focusing on the individual level. This approach has rarely been taken in previous research over such a long period of time due to lack of high-quality micro-level data. The findings demonstrate how the behavior of individuals and families was conditioned by the larger societal transformations of the twentieth century; transformations broadly associated with industrialization, post-industrialization, and the emergence and culmination of the welfare state. The rise and fall of the industrial city had far-reaching effects on some patterns of behavior while leaving few traces in others.
Climate Obstruction in Germany
Authors: Brunnengräber Achim , Neujeffski Moritz , Plehwe Dieter
Published: July 2024

Since the inclusion of ecological considerations in Germany’s social market economy model in the 1990s and the approval of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (RESA) in 2000, the debate on climate policy in Germany has intensified. Opposition to ambitious targets currently focuses on delaying the Energiewende, the ongoing, country- and sector-wide transition to renewable energy. This opposition comprises both climate change deniers and actors who want to preserve Germany’s centralized fossil fuel energy structures. Recent policy adjustments have included the expansion for the building of the infrastructure for liquefied natural gas and weakening of laws mandating decarbonization in heating. Even greater efforts have been made to delay effective carbon reduction strategies, such as advocating carbon offsets and weakening auto emissions standards. This chapter identifies and analyzes German companies’, politicians’, and interest groups’ climate obstruction activities, which centre on using think tanks and nongovernmental organizations to influence public opinion.
Climate Obstruction in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hrubeš Milan , Císař Ondřej
Published: July 2024

Czechia (the Czech Republic) offers an interesting and important case of a post-communist EU member state with a well-rooted and politically established climate obstruction landscape. The issue has been the subject of major policy debates since the mid-1990s, and, more importantly, the articulation of climate obstruction rhetoric has come from top levels of government. This chapter shows how Czechia’s historical context has uniquely shaped climate obstruction there and enabled the dominance of a climate obstruction network composed of political leaders, political parties, think tanks, and prominent individuals. It connects important moments in Czech politics to the emergence and advancement of key actors and activists in this network and demonstrates how they have dominated institutional and discursive spaces over other potentially significant actors. Their influence has contributed to establishing climate obstruction as the mainstream discourse in Czechia, thus obviating the need to promote this position or respond to opposition.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

This introduction sets out our four main motivations for writing this book. First, we sought to develop a better understanding of how government capture occurred at the Voice of America (VOA) during the time when a Trump appointee, Michael Pack, led the US Agency of Global Media. Second, we use this case to build new theory about how government capture works and its harmful effects on democratic practice. Third, this case enables us to examine why and how VOA staff tried to resist government capture, and to assess the effectiveness of different resistance strategies. Finally, in writing this book, we aim to raise the alarm about how vulnerable VOA still is to government capture, and to explain why this matters in terms of democratic backsliding. This chapter also outlines the context, methodology and structure of the book.
Direct editorial interventions
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

This chapter now explains how the ambivalent role of the Voice of America (VOA) enabled Pack’s team to intervene in VOA’s editorial affairs. It analyzes how these interventions progressed, discussing Pack’s prioritization of government editorials, the pressure exerted on journalists during the Black Lives Matter protests, and an attempt by one of Pack’s attorneys to access VOA’s election planning files. It also explains how Pack’s team influenced internal disciplinary investigations into anti-Trump “bias,” and removed federal regulation about the firewall three weeks before the election. It demonstrates that these direct interventions combined with the indirect forms of capture discussed previously, to create a “complex system of capture,” which was increasingly difficult for journalists to resist. Finally, it discusses how journalists engaged in varying degrees and kinds of self-censorship, with marked differences occurring between language service staff and their English-language colleagues.
The post-election endgame
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

After the election in November 2020, Pack’s team “doubled back and doubled down” on processes of government capture. This chapter shows how they formalized previously informal practices, as well as seemingly planning to integrate all US-funded international media into a single “Voice of America.” It then explains how journalists resisted instructions from the new Director of the Voice of America (VOA) to remove the tagline “A Free Press Matters” from VOA content. But it also shows how the capture of VOA’s disciplinary processes intensified, following a controversial speech by the Secretary of State. It highlights several connections between the capture of VOA and those alleged to have been involved in conspiracies to over-turn the election results. It stresses that we found no evidence that Pack or his team wished to use VOA for anti-democratic purposes, but argues that these connections demonstrate why we need to protect the network better.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

To conclude, this chapter explains why we do not view this case of government capture as the result of a single, pre-meditated conspiracy or “master plan,” let alone one developed and executed by a single person. It summarizes how the Voice of America (VOA) was captured via a much “messier” process, involving the varied interaction of political appointees, White House officials, and right-wing media, as well as explaining the unintended effects of actions taken by the Obama administration. It also explains that government capture in this case was recursive: emerging from, and feeding back into, broader processes of de-democratization occurring in the USA at the time. Finally, it outlines key recommendations for action, detailing proposals that we believe would secure VOA’s long-term future, and other steps that VOA, and other international Public Service Media, could take in the short-term.
The Power of Black Excellence
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

From their founding through the mid-twentieth century, HBCUs educated as many as 90 percent of Black college students in the United States. Today, 101 HBCUs serve 303,000 students—including approximately 9 percent of the nation’s Black college students. Although scholars have recognized the significance of HBCUs for providing Black Americans with valuable higher educational opportunity, political scientists have yet to consider the vital role that they have played in American political development and how they have contributed to the fight for a more inclusive, multiracial democracy. By bringing into view the impact that HBCUs have had on the political landscape, The Power of Black Excellence challenges the conventional wisdom that, prior to the late twentieth century, the federal government took a laissez-faire approach to education. The results of this study enhance our theoretical understanding of the relationship between education and democracy, suggesting that the two are closely intertwined and that higher educational institutions can be crucial partners in democracy work. Policymakers can promote democracy by supporting HBCUs and their unique approach to postsecondary education and empowerment, which includes transmitting politically relevant knowledge, helping to build politically relevant skills, promoting political efficacy, and fostering a commitment to service. HBCUs have been important engines of democracy, and all Americans have a stake in understanding the role they have played in American political development.
An Act of Empowerment
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 1 considers the emergence of HBCUs during the nineteenth century, highlighting how the arrival of HBCUs presented a radical and important intervention into existing debates about race, education, and citizenship, which had been shaped by the institution of slavery. During Reconstruction, religious leaders, philanthropists, and politicians—including newly empowered Black leaders—created educational institutions to cultivate the development of newly emancipated Black citizens. Proponents and opponents of Black education debated the propriety of schooling for Black Americans, its purpose, and what it should look like. Lawmakers used federal policies like the Morrill Land-Grant Acts and support for the Freedmen’s Bureau to shape educational institutions. For Black Americans, HBCUs quickly came to represent a principal mechanism for transmitting civil rights, and HBCUs assumed a disproportionate share of the state’s responsibility to habilitate the country’s most marginalized citizens.
Queer Activism in India
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on LGBTIQ/queer activism in India. The ARC triangle will be applied to this case study to demonstrate how political voice is articulated. The chapter starts by presenting a brief history of LGBTIQ mobilisation in India before sections on autonomy, representation, and constitution develop the concept of political voice. This chapter explores issues of visibility, pride, public space, and political voice for LGBTIQ Indians, drawing on participant observation and interview research conducted at Mumbai and Delhi pride parades in 2019. The chapter examines the significance of autonomy, representation, and constitution for these urban movements and the impact of political voice for this marginalised group. Religion, caste, nationalism, and gender have an impact on the capacity of LGBTIQ people in India to articulate their political voices. Furthermore, the chapter is attentive to discrimination within the LGBTIQ community, forging a collective identity, and the position of hijras (trans people).
Roma Activism in Europe
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines Roma mobilisation across Europe. It begins by providing an overview of the history of Roma in Europe and the multiple intersecting issues they face as the most marginalised and excluded ethnic minority in Europe. The chapter is organised around three sections on autonomy, representation, and constitution as ARC is applied to understand how Roma articulate their political voice. It examines protests by Roma communities to address issues such as housing and education, as well as the struggle against right-wing groups who target Roma. It discusses issues of recognition and establishes how stigma informs how political voice is expressed. This chapter is attentive to the difficulty in building a unified coherent Roma political identity and, by extension, political voice. This chapter draws on long-standing qualitative research with and on Roma communities, including prominent Roma activists across Europe, in order to uncover the political voice of Roma.
The Queen Is Dead
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

The final illness of Elizabeth I in February 1603 reignited anxieties about the succession.. Before she died, the privy council took measures to ensure a smooth transition to a new dynasty and drafted a proclamation announcing the accession of James VI of Scotland. The reaction to her death was first shock then relief, but ‘strange stories’ soon circulated in London about the state of her corpse. Elizabeth’s funeral procession on 28 April was magnificent and expensive, watched by huge crowds. Printers capitalized on the mourning to produce hundreds of commendatory laments, which also included a homage to their new king. After the funeral, the cultural memory of the queen lived on in a variety of media, but James I found ways to ensure that her commemoration would be understated, even though he exploited her memory when it suited him.
Long Live the King
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

James’s right to the English throne was dubious, but the proclamation announcing his accession was worded to present him as the hereditary, not elected, successor to Elizabeth. However, immediate reactions outside London revealed doubts about the legality of his title, while printed works expressed confusion about the nature of his right. Moreover, despite the council’s careful management of the accession, uncertainties and anxieties remained over possible changes in policy and personnel under the new king. In Ireland, Catholics mounted demonstrations of their faith in order to propel the new regime into accepting a change in religion. Although James’s progress to London was presented in print as a public relations triumph, it hampered efficient government and gave rise to criticisms. Anna’s progress to London followed a conflict with her husband over the guardianship of their son Henry from which she emerged victorious but at the cost of a miscarriage.
Privy Council and Councillors
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

James expected his English privy council to assume more responsibilities ingovernment, in particular he required it to carry out routine business without him whenever he was on hunting trips. Like Elizabeth, James appointed privy councillors as high stewards, lord lieutenants, and JPs to enhance royal authority in the regions. However, unlike Elizabeth, James relied on the privy council less in making policy decisions, tending to go his own way or to listen to the advice of the gentlemen of his bedchamber. However, privy councillors did offer advice either individually or as a body about how to handle his finances or manage problems, a risky venture as James often blamed them if things went wrong. Most Elizabethans retained their positions as privy councillors. Additionally, new men—including two Howards and five Scots—were appointed to the council board. Although rivalries certainly existed, councillors generally collaborated for the public good.
Parliament and its Members
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

The English parliament was the institution which James found most alien during his early years as king of England. From the opening of his first parliament in March 1604 until its dissolution in February 1611, the king and house of commons clashed over a range of issues, including the proposed Anglo-Scottish Union, royal finances, and Puritan grievances. James was often angry at what he saw as an attack on his prerogative, while MPs were defensive at what they experienced as an assault on their house’s privileges. Although important statutes were passed, the king failed to achieve the main legislation he wanted. The most vocal members of the commons were equally frustrated that, in all five sessions of this parliament, they were unable to secure the reforms in Church and state for which they clamoured.
Union and Empire
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

James’s attempt to create an Anglo-Scottish Union after 1603 became a major cause of conflict between monarch and parliament during the early years of the reign. Despite its unpopularity, James introduced or encouraged measures to bring his two realms closer together, thereby setting in motion tensions that lasted beyond the reign. The ‘British’ project also had an impact on England’s cultural identity as poets and dramatists conjured up Britain’s ancient past in their characters and stories. Although James had no intention of absorbing Ireland into his political union, he encouraged Scots to settle in the new Ulster plantations after the ‘flight of the earls’ and the rising of Sir Cahir O’Doherty. The birth of a British Empire effectively began under James with the settlement at Jamestown in Virginia. James declared his subjects’ right to settle in territories unoccupied by any Christian prince and granted the Virginia Company its charter.
Introduction
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena , Sevdali Christina
Published: July 2024

This chapter gives a brief overview of Case theory, including the proposal for the two types of case: abstract Case and morphological case and the challenges that this distinction has faced. It discusses the introduction of quirky case, as well as the proposal for dependent case. It then provides an overview of the three main issues that this book focuses on: Agree vs. dependent case theories, the distinction between structural vs. inherent case in synchrony and diachrony, and issues associated with individual cases, for example accusative, ergative, and dative. In the last section it introduces the contributions of this volume that provide new perspectives on case theory.
On theories of Case and Universal Grammar
Authors: Legate Julie Anne
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues that dependent case is insufficient as a universal theory of case; case assignment by a syntactic head must also be recognized. Exemplars include grammatical object passives, Lithuanian active existentials, and Icelandic indirect causatives. Finally, it is demonstrated that dative-nominative constructions in Icelandic, which have long been taken to require a dependent case analysis, are fully compatible with case assignment by a syntactic head. This work is envisioned as a piece in a larger programme arguing that Universal Grammar, the innate component of the faculty of language, does not contain information specific to case. The child learns case assignment rules on the basis of innate knowledge of the hierarchical structure building operation merge, combined with evidence in the input. Since hierarchical relationships between heads and nominals are provided by merge, these relationships can be used by the child to form language-specific case assignment rules.