bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Profit: Taxing and Spending in Democracies and Dictatorships
Authors: Cuzán Alfred G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The economic analysis of the power to tax and spend, or what Franz Oppenheimer called “the political means,” is applied to democracies and to dictatorships. The constraints imposed by democracies and dictatorships on the “iron law of political redistribution” and the “law of hierarchical centralization” are examined. It is shown that the fiscal exploitation inherent in these two laws of political profit reaches its fullest potential in a dictatorship, where a single firm attempts to monopolize the government by forbidding competition to its rule. Democracy and capitalism are correlatives, since they both rest upon rights, which necessarily imply property. Both socialism and dictatorship destroy rights, the former by abolishing private ownership over capital and resources, the latter by forbidding the use of such resources for the purpose of competing against the ruling group. The greater the centralization of the State, the greater its capacity to expand its power; and the greater the scope of the State, the more economical it becomes to centralize the government, with force if necessary. Thus, dictatorship and socialism converge in despotism.
Proposition 4, Tax Reduction Mirage: An Exploratory Note on Its Potential Spending and Tax Impacts
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Chevlin Linda
Published: July 2006

Abstract. What would the true government expenditure and tax‐burden impacts of California's Proposition 4 likely be if it (or its equivalent) were enacted in all states? What happened to actual state plus local government expenditures per capita over the period FY 1970 ‐ FY 1976 is examined. Next, we examine what would have happened to such expenditures (per capita) if Proposition 4 had been in effect over the same period. Comparing the results reveals that Proposition 4 would have exercised no significant impact over per capita state plus local spending levels. This implies that such legislation would not have resulted in significant tax reductions.
The Latin Melting Pot Is Boiling Over
Authors: Winsberg Morton D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. During the 1970s no area contributed more immigrants to the United States, both legal and illegal, than Latin America. The Latin American population in the U.S. has become the country's fastest growing large minority and unless economic conditions in Latin America improve for its poorer population, these people will continue to enter the U.S. in large numbers. The chaotic social situation in the country's Latin ghettos highlights a grave national problem. A. J. Jaffe, R. M. Cullen and T. D. Boswell of the Research Institute for the Study of Man completed a study of this immigration which deserves far greater attention than it has received. They found that cultural convergence of Latins with the non‐Latin White population varied by subgroup, and was heavily dependent upon the volume of immigration of a particular subgroup and the degree of their concentration in this country.
Culture in Neoinstitutional Economics: An Integration of Myrdal and Galbraith into the Veblen‐Ayres Matrix
Authors: Brinkman Richard L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Neoinstitutional economics, exemplified in this instance by the contributions of Gunnaar Myrdal and John K. Galbraith, exhibits a basic proclivity toward fragmentation. It is argued that a further advance of the Veblen‐Ayres general theory of economic development will serve as the foundation to reverse such centrifugal tendencies and provide a basis for integration and synthesis. The key conceptual framework for analysis and theory resides in culture and its evolution. The core of culture is transformed through the processes of economic development fed by the dynamics of technological change. In a modified Veblen‐ Ayres matrix, social institutions are assumed to be integral to the organic whole of technology. Given further modifications of mainstream institutional economics contained in the “dichotomy of useful knowledge” and the “wheel of economic development,” it is suggested that the cultural approaches of Myrdal and Galbraith might then be integrated into the culture‐analysis of economic evolution inherent in mainstream institutional economics
Individualism and Institutionalism Revisited: A Response to Professor Bush
Authors: Seckler David W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the book which provoked individualist/institutionalist controversy in several journals, including this one, the author emphasized aspects of “muddled” thinking in the work of Clarence E. Ayres which he believes has brought forth neo‐institutionalist contributions that are a “hodge‐podge.” Neo‐institutionalism, he is convinced, is a form of historicism in Karl R. Popper's terms. Lord Robbins is quoted to prove that individualists do not necessarily espouse laissez‐faire capitalism and extreme income inequality. F. A. Hayek is a conservative but some individualists are socialists. The distinction on which individualists base interpersonal comparisons of utility is not between normative and positive but between science and philosophy; Thorstein Veblen never attempted to build a bridge between science and value. The real issue between individualists and neo‐institutionalists is individualism vs. collectivism.
Ayres' Theory of Economic Progress: An Evaluation of Its Place in Economic Literature
Authors: Hamilton David
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Clarence E. Ayres was unfortunate in certain of his critics; they missed the point. With the publication of a new edition of his classic. The Theory of Economic Progress, the time is ripe to re‐evaluate Ayres' contributions. Ayres, like Thorstein Veblen before him, assimilated into economics the findings of other social science and humanistic disciplines, particularly anthropology. Both portrayed clearly the role in the economy of what Veblen called the matter‐of‐fact and Ayres ‘technology,’ The understanding of the role of technology and its extension in economic progress, implicit in Veblen, is made explicit by Ayres. Similarly the insight that certain entrepreneurial and financial activities which are ceremonial are non‐essential to the technological process and hence dispensable is a contribution by Ayres to the one by Veblen that enables us to distinguish the scientific elements in economic theory from the theological.
Government‐Owned Businesses: Market Presence, Competitive Advantages and Rationales for Their Support by the State
Authors: Nielsen Richard P.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the aggregate, within industries and within non‐socialist countries, the market presence of State‐owned businesses is large and growing. Such concerns accounted for 15 percent of world trade in 1979 and they produced 70 percent of world oil production, 40 percent of world iron and bauxite and they accounted for 40 percent of the world's banking assets. Certain governments tend to accord them competitive advantages. Reasons given for doing so range from the belief that they foster economic growth and employment, that they equalize the domestic businesses' power to compete with big multinational companies, that they make national planning possible, to the idea that government favor should not go to benefit private owners, even domestic ones, and that the country, rather than the corporation, is the relevant unit of competition.
A Critique of Consumer Cooperation: ‘Cheap Cheese’ or the Heavenly Kindgom as the Issue That Divides practical Cooperators from Utopians
Authors: Shaviro Sol
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Consumer cooperative reformers, alone among American cooperatiors, define cooperation in terms of the Rochdale Principles. However, to define a cooperative as an organization characterized by owner‐user identity is more useful. Cooperation eliminates profit motivation, not profit itself, as reformers suggest. Consumer cooperators make invidious comparison between consumption and production instead of acknowledging their organic relations. They assign to consumers the same role in uniting the world that Marxists assign to the proletariat. They expect consumer cooperation to promote the brotherhood of man. A better approach than espousing utopian ideals would be to stress practical benefits and economic advantages of cooperative activity.
Organizational Size, Structure, and Efficiency: A Test of a Blau‐Hage Model
Authors: Armandi Barry R. , Mills Edgar W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Combining the work of Peter Blau and Jerald Hage regarding organizational characteristics and efficiency, a correlational model was constructed consisting of testable propositions relating organizational size, complexity, stratification, formalization, centralization, and two measures of efficiency. The model was also extended to include hierarchical levels, after vertical and horizontal measures of complexity were separated. Following an extensive review of the literature, both official and self‐reported data from one type of economic organization (104 savings and loan associations in New York State) were employed to test the propositions in a profit‐oriented context. While we findings demonstrate limited support for the model in this special type to economic organization (five of thirteen propositions were fully or partly supported by the analysis), a further classification and comparison of studies reviewed, according to the type of organization under study, suggests that a unified theory encompassing both economic and non‐economic organizations is feasible.
The Nature of Water Resources Policy and Policymaking
Authors: Chan Arthur H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The inclusion of environmental quality as an explicit goal and income redistribution as an implicit goal in the federal water policy changes the nature of the policy from strictly distributive to a mixture of distribution, regulation, and redistribution. To accommodate these goals, a new decisionmaking system and a nevi policymaking process are developed. Theodore Lowi's policy typology and Robert Salisbury's concept of shifting policy nature are employed to help account for changes in policy and the policymaking system and process.
A Polish Survey of Human Issues
Authors: Kolaja Jiri
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Suffering is the most common phenomenon in the world today, according to the Polish sociologist, Jan Szczepanski, former president of the International Sociological Association. There is an external world differentiated from the internal world that is said to be the highest level man can reach. In it, he believes, loneliness prevails. Freedom is always a search for an absence of co‐dependence. The purpose of life is not achieving something but is in man himself. In the internal world one gains freedom, one transcends any determinism. Perhaps Szczepanski has been influenced by Indian philosop.
The Current State of Institutional Economics: The Movement's Limited Impact on the Conventional Science Is Ascribed to Disunity, Disinterest in General Theory
Authors: Gruchy Allan G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The current state of institutional economics is far from being satisfactory. Leading institutionalists have not taken an active role in the institutionalist movement. Also the institutionalists have displayed little unity in either their theoretical or policy positions. They have become engrossed in the analysis of limited issues rather than in an exposition of the theoretical foundations of their economics. An evaluation of the four main groups of institutionalists reveals that their impact on conventional theoretical and applied economics has been very limited. If the institutionalist movement is to improve its status, leading institutionalists will have to support this movement more actively; and more attention will have to be paid to the movement's theoretical Underpinning. Also the institutionalists will have to develop a more unified policy position which can receive the support of a widespread constituency. Failing to move along these lines can only have the result of continuing institutionalism's low status.
Trade Adjustment Assistance as a Means of Achieving Improved Resource Allocation Through Freer Trade: An Analysis of Policies for Aiding the Import‐injured in the U.S., Canada and Australia
Authors: Stein Leslie
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Provisions made by the governments of the United States, Canada and Australia to compensate individuals injured on account of increased import competition are examined. The rationale for specifically favoring trade displaced workers, even though employees elsewhere, on account of technological and other changes, also experience disruption, is explained. There after, the salient features of the three countries’adjustment assistance schemes are Outlined and their relative effectiveness evaluated. By and large, none of the three countries has provided sufficient compensation or amelioration to attenuate resistance by either firms or workers to freer trade.
Citizen Willingness to Assist as Volunteers in the Provision of Local Public Goods: A Case Study of Volunteer Firemen in 70 West German Cities
Authors: Zech Charles E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Volunteer activity, from one perspective, that of the theory of public choice, provides an outlet for the articulation of demand for public goods. To analyze its role in that function, a theoretical model is constructed which incorporates the social, benevolence and demand articulation elements of volunteerism into a single utility function. The utility function is based on the economics of clubs and the economics of charity views of utility. The theoretical model shows how the rational individual weighs the benefits and costs of volunteerism and relates this behavior to the rational voter model of demand articulation. The model is then empirically tested, using data for volunteer fire companies in 70 West German cities. The empirical results show that to the extent volunteer activities are considered to be a form of demand articulation, they are consistent with the rational voter hypothesis.
Fertility, Labor Force Participation and the Relative Income Hypothesis:
Authors: Robertson Matthew , Roy Arun S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. AN empirical test with Canadian data was made of the relative income hypothesis which states that fertility and labor force participation depend upon relative income, where relative income refers to the current family income level relative to the family's desired income level. The interpretation of the desired income level is modified slightly to mean that it is determined not by the past parental income, as originally formulated, but by contemporaneous income levels of other age groups. An empirical model of labor force participation is estimated for the post‐war period. The results on the whole tend to provide empirical support for the relative income hypothesis. The post‐war baby boom, which led to a decline in the income of young adults relative to that of older age groups, had the effect of increasing participation rates of young adults, especially of young (married) women.
Henry George's Thought in Relation to Modern Economics
Authors: Dwyer Terence M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George's influence on economic thought has been neglected although his readers included Clark, Marshall, Hobson, Commons, Lerner and Böhm‐Bawerk and his ideas provoked thought and discussion, Clark made clear that George stimulated him to develop his marginal productivity theory. But the 19th century American theorist affected or touched upon the neoclassical concept of capital, the theory of externality, the neoclassical versus the classical concept of monopoly; the entitlements approach to distributive justice; the burden of debt and other transfer incomes and capital formation and the theory of expectations. George's influence is wider than generally recognized. The last of the classical economists, he wrote in high Victorian prose about some very modern problems.
Neighborhood Quality and Climate as Factors in U.S. Net Migration Patterns, 1974–76
Authors: Schachter Joseph , Althaus Paul G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Two determinants of net migration into Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1974–76 are established. First, using objective indices of the quality of neighborhoods (NQL), such as crime rates, earlier research failed to find a significant relation between NQL and migration. Using OLS regressions, we find that variations in perceived NQL have a significant effect on net migration. Our measure of perceived NQL is based on newly available Census survey data. An appendix contains our NQL indices for 57 SMSAs. Second, we find summer humidity, in addition to winter temperature, has a highly significant effect on migration patterns.
Resignation as a Response to Alienation in a Depressed Rural Area: A Case Study of Poverty and Lack of Opportunity in 4 Counties of Eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Brinker Paul A. , Crim Edward F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Recently a four‐county depressed area was studied in Oklahoma. Normally depressed areas record losses in population, but an Economic Development Administration‐financed industrial park in one of the counties was successful in attracting industry, which also was expanding in adjoining counties in Arkansas. Almost half of the high school seniors had moved into the rural depressed area in the five years prior to the study. Many of the families moved from Tulsa and western urban areas, indicating a rejection of urban living. Although jobs were available for many of the patents, there were too few for both parents and recent high school graduates. High school seniors and graduates both scored high on Srole's anomie test. This group adapted to alienation by resignation. In the first year or so after high school, most of the graduates elected to remain in the area at low paying jobs; their anomie test scores dropped slightly but remained quite high. Little job counseling was provided.
In Defense of the Exclusionary Rule: What It Protects Are the Constitutional Rights of Citizens, Threatened by the Court, the Executive and the Congress
Authors: Forkosch Morris D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The attack upon the judicial rule that evidence seized in contravention of a person's constitutional rights shall be excluded from his trial, regardless how damaging to the prosecution's case—an attack advocated by Chief Justice Burger and President Reagan—rests upon a misunderstanding. This rule, the exclusionary rule, has not resulted in acquittals that would not otherwise have occurred. And it does, and has, protected the innocent as well as the guilty. The rule was fashioned by the Supreme Court of the United States to safeguard constitutional rights. These rights cannot be abridged constitutionally by the executive or the legislature; they can, but should not, be modified by their creators, the Justices, for they exist to check unconstitutional and illegal acts by agents of the State.
Value Freedom' and the Scope of Economic Inquiry: 1. Positivism's Standard View and the Political Economists
Authors: Dwyer Larry
Published: July 2006

Abstract. According to what might well be regarded as the standard view among economic methodologists, the economist qua economist makes no value judgments concerning policy ends and their means of attainment. However, in restricting the proper aims of economic inquiry to epistemic goals only, the proponent of the standard view has neglected to ask why we seek to realize such goals; who needs economic knowledge?; for what?; what are people's fundamental needs, problems? In opposition to the standard view I argue that there is no good reason to exclude the promotion of human welfare, enhancement of the quality of human life, etc., sociologically, psychologically and philosophically defined, as well as analyzed from the viewpoint of economics, as legitimate goals of the economist in his professional capacity.
The Economics of Property Rights and Human Rights
Authors: Veseth Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Human rights and property rights are rights of the person, with the former being numbered among the latter. The property rights school of economics analyzes the impact of maximizing behavior within alternative sets of institutional structures defined in terms of the definition and distribution of property rights. Property rights are tools or parameters, not goals of economic policy in themselves. It is useful to view human rights in the same way. The ‘optimal’ structure of human rights in an exchange economy, like property rights, depends on the nature of market imperfections such as transactions costs. The views of Rawls, Arrow and Sen can be interpreted in the light of this analysis. It makes a tentative case for some communal human rights (aimed at moderating the effects of an unequal ditribution of resources) within a system of private human rights vested in individuals rather than the State. This conclusion depends, however, on the distribution of transactions costs in human rights and the chosen role of human rights as tools of public policy.
The Value of Household Services
Authors: Bell Edward B. , Taub Allan J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A family, in appraising the value of a housewife's services, does not necessarily consider the services of the housewife to be free even though there is no explicit money payment for her services. When the housewife devotes time to housekeeping, either she sacrifices leisure or the family sacrifices labor market income which the wife could earn. Empirical evidence supports the notion that families do not consider the supply price of housekeeping services to be zero. Traditional methods of assessing the aggregate value of household services load to underestimates. The actual market wage rate is a good measure of the value of the marginal housekeeping services of a housewife who also spends time in the labor market. But the potential market wage rate of a full‐time housewife understates the value of her marginal product in the home.
Hume and Facts, Logic and Values: A Comment on Cord's Argument
Authors: Stoddard William H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Steven B. Cord argues for a moral standard based ultimately on the obligation to treat things as what they are. However, this makes morally good behavior impossible for anyone who does not know what something is. Since ought implies can, a principle relied on by Cord in his derivation of natural rights from his ultimate premise, and since no human being is omniscient. Cord's argument is invalid. Further, it runs directly counter to intuitively based moral judgments about right action under conditions of uncertain knowledge.
Federal Water Resources Policy and Decision‐Making: Their Formulation Is Essentially a Political Process Conditioned by Government Structure and Needs
Authors: Sander William
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The effects that politics, government structure, and economic standards have upon federal water resources planning are examined. Water resources policy decisions are treated as a product of political demands which, in turn, are examined as a product of the direct or indirect stakes, or perception thereof, in a policy. Government structure also affects decisions, since it affects political access and, subsequently, power as well as the administrative capacity of government. Economic standards, such as a requirement that water projects contribute to national economic development, arise within a political context. Formulation of federal water resources policy is essentially a political process that is conditioned to some extent by government structure and planning standards such as economic requirements. Thus, recommendations to improve the product of this process must take into account its essential nature. Examples are drawn from the western reclamation and water pollution experiences.
Land Speculation in Southern California: Energy Monopoly, Fiscal Crisis and the Future
Authors: Sheehan Michael F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Increasing automobile traffic congestion and longer trip times on interurban trolley lines in southern California after the second world war led to the contruction of freeways. The trolleys were denied access and the efficient electric railway system was sold to bus lines, partly as a result of a conspiracy between bus manufacturers, tiremakers, and oil companies. This producecl “the golden age of land speculation” in the region. Floodplains, earthquake zones, blowsand areas and the tops and sides of crumbling cliffs were dotted with sprawled residential developments. The energy crisis of 1973, produced by the oil companies and the Arab oil cartel, turned boom into bust. As inflation and rising taxes produced by soaring property values put intolerable pressure on urban homeowners, they forced legislators to limit increases in assessed values and to restrict government spending. Now the public is challenged to produce order out of fiscal chaos and speculative ruin.
Evidence of Sex Discrimination: In Similar Populations, Men Are Paid Better Than Women
Authors: Remus William E. , Kellky Lane
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Nationally women earn only 60 percent of the salary income earned by men. Numerous uncontrolled factors, however, might cause such sex‐related differences in salary. In this study, certain factors usually uncontrolled are controlled with the choice of sample populations and by using multidimensional contingency table analysis. The samples consisted of male graduates of University of Hawaii College of Business (n = 311) and female graduates of that college (n = 94). In this comparison, women earned 81 percent of the salary earned by men, although, by the usual measures their backgrounds were similar. Factors of ethnicity, type of job taken, participation rate, and college major did not explain the salary differences between men and women. From this it is inferred that the difference arises from sex discrimination.
Adolph Lowe's Paradigm Shift for a Scientific Economics: An Interpretive Perspective
Authors: Chase Richard X.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The economist Adolph Lowe has developed a methodological alternative, designated Political Economics, for the development of economic theory and the application of economic policy. In totality his system—with a methodology he calls instrumental—makes up a unity that can be seen as a logically derived paradigm shift for economics as a scientific discipline. Under it, by a democratic political process, some desired end‐state is first consciously and systematically determined. Then economic means are instrumentally employed to bring about the economic and social behavior necessary to attain and maintain that end‐state. Available knowledge and tools are useful for this model; however, there is no question that the approach raises significant technical, political and philosophical issues. But these are overshadowed by Lowe's paradigmatic vision, and its corollary modular framework of Political Economics.
The Academic Mind and the Rise of U.S. Imperialism: Historians and Economists as Publicists for Ideas of Colonial Expansion
Authors: Marotta Gary
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The role of American learned societies in developing support for an American colonial foreign policy has been neglected. Evidence indicates that American learned societies, in the period following the Spanish‐American War from 1898 to 1901, were intellectually predisposed toward an imperial policy. The debates within the American Historical Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science are described and analyzed. Each learned society abandoned the ivory tower” and mixed in impassioned politics. The “imperial” interpretation led historians to endorse empire as salutary; economists endorsed the role of the State in building markets for domestic production; and prevailing Social Darwinistic views of political economy led the Academy of Political and Social Science to support an activist, acquisitive foreign policy as necessary to the national interest. Dissident, anti imperialist scholars as well as skeptical scholars could not turn the imperial mood of these societies.
Was Vilfredo Pareto Really a ‘Precursor’ of Fascism.?
Authors: Cirillo Renato
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Vilfredo Pareto has been labelled a fascist and ‘a precursor of fascism’ largely because he welcomed the advent of fascism in Italy and was honored by the new regime. Some have seen in his sociological works the foundations of fascism. This is not correct. Even fascist writers did not find much merit in these works, and definitely condemned his economic theories. A s a political thinker he remained a radical libertarian till the end, and continued to express serious reservations about fascism, and to voice opposition to its basic policies. This is evident from his correspondence with his close friends. There are strong reasons to believe that, had he lived long enough, Pareto would have revolted against fascism.
Energy Development and U. S. Government Policy: Recommendations for Using Market Forces to Achieve Optimum National Goals
Authors: Weidenbaum Murray L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Public policy in the United States toward the energy sector consists of a variety of special legislation. some supportive and some punitive, which tends to work at cross purposes. Thus, some tax policies encourage energy production and promote energy conservatton. Simultaneously, many regulatory activities discourage energy production and promote consumption, as do selective taxes. A more effective policy for the sector's development would be the simultaneous elimination of both the special benefits given to various segments of the industry and the many obstacles that have been placed in its path. Specific recommendations to carry out this approach include repealing the windfall profits tax. eliminating the regulatory functions of the Department of Energy, cutting out the tax breaks for specialized energy projects, reducing obstacles which impede new energy projects, and removing the expenditure subsidies for highly specific energy activities that Congress has chosen to support.
Land for the People—A Vital Need Every where: In Latin America and the Caribbean, It's Now ‘a Prey to Hastening Ills,’ and Decay
Authors: Crist Raymond E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Some of the author s land tenure and land use studies of the 1930s analyzed the basic dilemma of modern rural society, in which the traditional institution of private property in land (which, more than competing systems, helps to bring about the efficient use of the land), at the same time also frustrates innovation and enterprise and creates unstable social conditions. A resurvey of the situation in the same areas half a century later shows that the same fundamental problem still confronts us. Traditional agriculture should be made more productive, but land concentration in the hands of elite groups or large corporations spell bleak prospects for the small plot farmer and landless laborer. Case studies of selected Latin American countries show the political implications of how land scarcity is induced by a tiny upper crust, often supported in power by the military. Agribusiness emphasizes export crops rather than food crops for domestic consumption. The rich get richer. Many are absentee owners, living abroad. Wages are low, food prices are high. Peasants clannor unsuccessfully for land on which to grow some of their own food to help make ends meet. The Green Revolution, with its emphasis on expensive inputs, has failed to solve the problems of the small farmer. It is concluded that small farmers should be, and are being, encouraged because they are extremely efficient when their total yields are measured against input, and that only wider access to decent land or to decent jobs will give the dispossessed a chance to work their way out of extreme poverty and undernutrition.
Ethnic Competition for Residential Space in Miami, Florida, 1970–80
Authors: Winsberg Morton D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Between 1970 and 1980 the Hispanic population of Miami had a phenomenal rate of growth while the Black population also grew rapidly. The non‐Hispanic White population actually experienced a numerical decline. The Hispanic population of the city has been highly successful in improving its economic well‐being and has been able to penetrate deeply into non‐Hispanic White neighborhoods throughout the city. Blacks have not been able to increase their economic well‐being as greatly and their expansion has been confined largely to neighborhoods adjacent to older Black neighborhoods. Non‐Hispanic White neighborhoods shrank considerably in area during the decade and today are mainly found on Miami Beach, in northeast Miami and the far south of the city. If large scale Hispanic migration continues, and the Black population maintains its rate of growth, by 1990 Miami will likely have an even smaller non‐Hispanic White population than today and be ethnically more segregated.
The Conflict Between the Scientific‐Technological Process and Malignant Ceremonialism*
Authors: Junker Louis
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A technological revolution may be seen as the process when more flexible or warranted technological relations break through destructive forces so decisively that the institutional‐technological structure is transformed into what Clarence Ayres called a set of “efficient organizational structures.” Growing flexibility of such relations can lead to broader public access to the means of life This creates conflict because ceremonial forces are expressed through repressive. obstructive and exploitative institutions in technology and science so that there is a greater benefit to those rested powers than to society, and because the vested interests ability to withhold or charge heavily for access to economic opportunity would be reduced. Two processes are at loggerheads: encapsulation vs. liberation. A ‘general trust’ in ‘technology’(used as an euphemism for the anti‐consumer business power system) abandons the main thrust of the ceremonial instrumental dichotomy: the scientific‐technological process is the social context in which the forces of warranted or warrantable knowledge are expressed through community institutions enlarging accessibility and participation on a peer‐to‐peer basis. Thus the reconstructed dichotomy is both a coinflict theory and a conflict resolution theory.
Modeling Criminal Activity in an Area in Economic Decline: Local Economic Conditions Are a Major Factor in Local Property Crimes
Authors: Liu Yih‐wu , Bhh Richard, H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A multi‐factor model includes economic, apprehension, seasonal a n d plant closing variables as the explanatory regressors and crimes against property as the dependent variable. Different lag structures were used on the explanatory variables such as an Almon distributed lag of a second degree polynominal nature and the lagging of the dependent variable by one quarter so that the model would more closely approximate the environment being considered. The results suggest a definite seasonal pattern in crimes against property, and the economic variables measuring local, not national, conditions, appear to be more significant regressors than any other explanatory variables.
On the Use and Abuse of Thorstein Veblen in Modern American Sociology, I: David Riesman's Reductionist Interpretation and Talcott Parsons' Pluralist Critique
Authors: Simich J. L. , Tilman Rick
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The analyses and applications of Thorstein Vehlen's social theory by David Riesman and Talcott Parsons are found to be deficient. Riesman's study of Veblen lacks viability because the reductionist methodology he uses psychologizes and sociologizes Veblen rather than examines the theoretical import of his work. Parsons is wrong in denying the originality of Veblen's work and in treating him as an eccentric Utopian. Thus the paradigmatic and ideological bias of both Riesman and Parsons preclude a proper understanding and use of such Veblenian concepts as status emulation and conflict.
Westward Thrusts the Pioneer Zone in Venezuela: A Half Century of Economic Development Along the Llanos‐Andes Border
Authors: Crisi Raymond E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Observations in the Llanos‐Andes border area of Venezuela were summarized by the writer in the Geographical Review in 1932 and again in 1956. After further held investigations in 1982, he chronicles some of the changes that have taken place during the last quarter century, collates observations made over the last halt century, and places this major physiographic boundary zone in a broader national context. Several coactive factors are in large measure responsible for the rapid thrust westward of the pioneer zone along the Llanos‐Andes border: highway construction has proceeded apace, public education and health services have been introduced, and large government credits and subsidies have been made available to farmers and ranchers with large holdings. Many colonists have been provided with titles to small holdings on frontier land. New technologies are being introduced in agriculture and animal husbandry as well as in mining and industry. From this position of strength, the country should gradually be able to supply the domestic demand for staple foodstuffs.
Admission Income and Historic Houses: Higher Revenue Is associated with Price Policy. More Services and Less Education.
Authors: Hendon William S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A survey of 800 historic houses in England. Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland, which produced detailed data on 108, indicates that restaurants, gardens and souvenir shops are most beneficially related to income. Collections increase visitor numbers, particularly for houses with larger revenues. The higher the number of amusements and services, the higher the annual income. But educational and interpretive services do not appear to increase visitor numbers. Houses have some latitude to increase admission charges. Only 20 percent of the properties showed a profit. With more effective and cost‐efficient advertising, an appropriate pricing policy and a reconsideration of promotional and educational programs, more might cover their costs.
Organizational Issues in Worker Ownership
Authors: Murphy John W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the United States the issue of worker control is currently receiving increased attention. Nevertheless, before this view of work and the workplace can be successfully implemented, the standard (hierarchical) image of organizational order must be rethought. Communicative competence, as discussed by Jürgen Habermas, is offered as a theoretical alternative to social ontological realism for developing a workplace that is compatible with worker control. This theoretical shift is necessary to avoid organizational domination of the worker and to develop a workplace that embodies, instead of restricts, human action. For if human action does not orient the workplace, worker control does not exist.
Public Schools and In‐migration in North Carolina Counties, 1975–80
Authors: Jud G. Donald
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The migration model presented in this paper indicates (hat the academic quality of public schools, independent of their racial composition, is an important determinant of in‐migration in North Carolina counties. The failure to control for school quality is shown to lead to a significant overestimate of the negative impact of school racial mix. These results accord with the Tiebout Hypothesis and with a growing body of other research which suggests that the distributions of public services and other amenities are the principal determinants of recent migration patterns in the U.S.
Socioeconomic Advance in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Authors: Kao Charles H. C. , Liu Ben‐Chieh
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The significance of economic development in the Republic of China on Taiwan cannot be adequately recognized without a concomitant assessment of the social changes that have taken place over the last 30 years. The concept of social indicators as measures of such changes is explored and their applicability to the island determined. Levels of the quality of life from different periods are studied and their advances analyzed. Taiwan's levels are compared with those of developed countries and of the People's Republic of China (Mainland China). Taiwan's show evidence of remarkable progress. The impacts of energy developments and of the recession's deterioration of foreign trade have threatened the rate as well as the absolute level of this progress.
Objective Information and Social Consensus
Authors: Yunker James A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The experiment reported in this paper assesses the relative importance of objective and subjective determinants of judgment in a typical social judgment situation. A moral dilemma was described in five written versions: a control version plus four experimental ones. Each experimental version presented a small amount of additional information emphasizing a particular objective consideration bearing on the evaluation of the morally questionable action. The subjective factors in terms of the personal backgrounds and attitudes of the judges were assessed via a brief questionnaire. A multiple regression analysis produced two principal conclusions: 1) while both the objective and subjective factors had statistically significant effects on social judgment, neither had a numerically substantial effect; 2) the subjective factors contributed appreciably more to the determination of social judgment than did the objective factors. But it is shown that objective information does have some impact on judgment—sufficient may be critical in producing social consensus.
Proposals to Tax Life Insurance Savings as Personal Income
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Proposals to tax the realized net increment built up in life insurance policies amount to suggestions that we tax rewards to suppliers of capital. As tax policy it would tend to discourage capital accumulation. Many types of income and of capital gains are not taxed as a matter of social policy. Taxing the “inside buildup” would obstruct the building up of a capital base for the family and the economy. Economists recognize that there are alternatives, e.g., a consumption based tax. In a time of great need for capital, a time of capital shortage, this tax policy would be retrogressive.
Complexity and the Meaning of Freedom
Authors: Hickerson Steven R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The technological and social complexities and synergistic interdependencies of our times have rendered the individualistic, classical liberal view of freedom all but helpless as a guide to intelligent action. An alternative conceptualization is needed. The instrumentalist view, founded as it is in the principle of the continuity of the life process, provides such an alternative. In contrast with the negative“freedom as the absence of coercion” view of the individualists, the instrumentalist views freedom as a positive power of participation in the framing of rules of right conduct. Such power, in order to be instrumentally effective, must also be founded in the best available warranted knowledge of the potential consequences of alternative patterns of rules. This need for a more expansive and relevant view of freedom comes most forcefully into focus at the interface between powerful, but potentially destructive technologies and the attendant need for their social control.
The System of Land Rights in Nigerian Agriculture
Authors: Ike Don N.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Land ownership in the agricultural sector of the Nigerian economy is basically communal. Under this system the land holding group is the family, clan, village or community. An important practice under communal ownership is the principle of inalienability of land. The mobility of the agricultural labor force is inhibited. Non‐provincials are forbidden to plant cash crops. Property rights to land are not specific. Individualized allotments are absent and land markets non‐existent. Other details of the communal system of land tenure in Nigeria are given. Reasons are sought for the persistence of custom in the practice of inalienability of land even when economic conditions have changed, enabling the right perception of land values.
Site Value Taxation on Australia
Authors: Edwards Mary E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Site value taxation is neither a new nor a strictly western concept. Taxing land based on location was proposed in India around 300 B.C. François Quesnay, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill were among the economists favoring land taxes but Henry George is credited with bringing it about in several areas, notably Australia. That subcontinent has experimented with the land tax on the national as well as the state and local levels but it is presently used only on the latter two. Empirical tests of the tax instrument are few. Pollock and Shoup (1977) forecast that eliminating the tax on improvements would increase investment levels by about 25 per cent in the long run. Hutchinson (1963) found great differences in house values and stocks. This study evaluates the effects of site value taxation on the basis of multivariate regression analysis. It finds strong evidence that, where improvements are relieved of taxation and more revenues are obtained from land values, the average value of housing is significantly higher and the value of the housing stock substantially larger.
Incremental vs. Comprehensive Reform of Economic Regulation: Predictable Outcomes and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Jones L. R. , Thompson Frederick
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Examination of the theory and politics of reform of government regulatory policy leads to the conclusion that comprehensive reform of economic regulation is desirable and possible, given that we understand how existing regulatory decision‐making processes operate and how reform efforts in the past have failed. Options exist along a dimension of magnitude of change: incremental versus comprehensive reform. Under certain conditions regulatory reform is best achieved through comprehensive change and equilibration to new policy, rather than marginal adjustments to existing policy that often lead to more rather than less government regulation.

Comprehensive reform is held to be complete or nearly complete relaxation of government control over price, market entry and other aspects of competition among firms across an entire industry, or assumption by government of new, broad‐scale controls over private lector market behavior. Comprehensive reduction of government control, i.e., deregulation, is in accord with the observation that government decision‐makers sometimes behave as if economic efficiency were an important objective.
Léon Walras and Social Justice
Authors: Cirillo Renato
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Léon Walras strongly believed that without an equitable distribution of wealth there could be no social justice. Though he defended the right of private property, he considered that land was a special case and that it belonged to all the community. His social reform involved the nationalization of land, the abolition of taxation on wages, the curbing of monopoly power, and the promotion of a strong cooperative movement. He insisted that the only way the working class could regain their freedom was by becoming property owners. The influence of Henry George on Walras' thinking is obvious. They both shared the same humanitarian ideals, and both believed in a capitalist system working side by side with the social reforms they advocated.