bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Woodcock-Johnson Scales of Independent Behavior and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales in Infant Assessment
Authors: Goldstein Donald J. , Smith Karen B. , Waldrep Ellen L. , Inderbitzen Heidi M.
Published: March 2007

A follow-up program for high-risk infants included the administration of the Short and Early Develop ment Forms of the Scales of Independent Behavior, the Survey Form of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to 66 1-year-olds and their parents. Results suggested comparability between adaptive scales in terms of standard scores, but not age scores. Moderate to high correlations were found between each adaptive scale and the Bayley men tal and motor scales. One possible advantage of the Vineland over the Scales of Independent Behavior was discussed.
On the Comparability of the Wais and Wais-R: Review of the Research and Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Nowak Thomas J. , Geisser Michael E.
Published: March 2007

A review of WAIS/WAIS-R comparison studies is presented. Three methodologies have been used to assess scale comparability: (a) test-retest; (b) combined administration; and (c) equivalent groups. Results indicated that the WAIS-R yielded lower IQs than the WAIS for normals and groups with psychiatric and/or neurological disorders. The median WAIS/WAIS-R discrepancies across studies were - 6.6, - 6.4, and - 6.8 for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs, respec tively. However, it was noted that differences were larger for persons of average as opposed to bright normal or superior intelligence. The single in vestigation that utilized retarded subjects found the WAIS-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs to be higher than corresponding WAIS values. These results should alert clinicians to the possibility that different relationships may exist between WAIS and WAIS-R scores at different points on the in telligence distribution.
The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale
Authors: Harniss Mark K. , Epstein Michael H. , Ryser Gail , Pearson Nils
Published: March 2007

In this article, two studies that investigate the convergent validity of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS) are reported. In both studies, special education teachers of students identified as seriously emotionally dis turbed completed the BERS and a second mea sure of child functioning. In the first study, the five BERS subscales and overall strength quo tient were correlated with the five subscales and total score from the Walker-McConnell Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment-Adolescent Version. Correlations were generally moderate to high. In the second study, the BERS was correlated to the five com petence scales, the broad-band dimensions (i.e., Internalizing and Externalizing), and the Total Problem score of Achenbach's Teacher Report Form. Correlations were generally moderate to high for the competence scales and the externalizing dimension, but not for the internalizing dimension. Recommenda tions for use of the BERS are discussed.
Evaluating Discrepancy Analyses With the Wisc-Iii and Wiat
Authors: Konold Timothy R.
Published: March 2007

Multiple regression was used to examine the predictive power of the four index scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISGIII; Wechsler, 1991) in forecast ing student achievement ( N = 300) as mea sured by the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT; The Psychological Corporation, 1992). Separate equations were developed for each of the WIAT's composite scores (i.e., Total, Reading, Mathematics, Language, and Writing) using a forward-entry procedure. WISC-III index scores not found to contribute a significant amount of variance to each equa tion were removed. The stability of the result ing reduced equations was supported through cross-validation with an independent sample ( N= 208). Results indicate that the WISC-III's index scores provide better prediction of WIAT achievement composites than does the FSIQ and yield smaller standard errors of estimate. Separate equations are provided for predicting expected achievements for each of the WIAT composite scores.
Social-Behavioral Assessment of At-Risk Early Adolescent Students: Psychometric Characteristics and Validity of a Parent Report Form of the School Social Behavior Scales
Authors: Merrell Kenneth W. , Caldarella Paul
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this investigation were to examine the validity of the Home and Community Social Behavior Scales (HCSBS) for differentiating at-risk and non-at-risk stu dents in grades 6 through 9 and to evaluate psychometric characteristics of this instru ment. Parent ratings of social competence and antisocial behavior on the HCSBS for a group of 160 students who were part of an at-risk pre vention project were compared with those of 107 typical non-at-risk students. These students were all in grades 6 through 9, and the groups were relatively similar in terms of demographic characteristics. The at-risk group was rated as having significantly lower social competence and significantly higher rates of antisocial behavior than the non-at-risk group (p < .0001). Power analyses indicated that these group differences ranged from approximately 1½ to 1 3/4 standard deviations. Item level HCSBS scores were also shown to correctly clas sify the students into their respective groups with a great deal of accuracy (92.37% overall). Internal consistency coefficients of the two HCSBS scales were uniformly high (in the mid .90 range). These results provide new and use ful evidence regarding the significant social behavior problems exhibited by at-risk stu dents, as well as preliminary evidence of the validity and usefulness of the HCSBS. Implications for further research and psychoe ducational assessment practice are discussed.
Flame Retardant Textile Back-Coatings. Part 1: Antimony-Halogen System Interactions and the Effect of Replacement by Phosphorus-Containing Agents
Authors: Wang M.Y. , Horrocks A.R. , Horrocks S. , Hall M.E. , Pearson J.S. , Clegg S.
Published: March 2007

A series of back-coated cotton fabrics comprising varying molar ratios of chlorine, bromine and antimony has been studied using a simulated match ignition test, LOI and thermal analysis (TGA and DTA).

Results show that the presence of chlorine alone and in combination with bro mine increases LOI and carbonaceous char values at optimum halogen :anti mony molar ratios of 2.5-3.6:1 and bromine:chlorine molar ratios within the range 0.31-0.42. Only back-coated samples containing bromine pass the simu lated match test although at Br:Sb molar ratios above 4:1, LOI and char residual values decrease. It is evident that condensed and vapour phase flame retardant mechanisms are operating with efficiencies determined by halogen : Sb and Br/Cl molar ratios. Partial and whole replacement of halogen and antimony by phosphorus-containing and other flame retardants in the back-coating formulation that do not function in the vapour phase may be used to pass the simulated match test.
Safe Tolerability Limits for Carbon Monoxide? A Review of the Clinical and Fire Engineering Implications of a Single, Acute, Sub-Lethal Exposure
Authors: Christian S.D. , Shields T.J.
Published: March 2007

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the dominant gas in fire smoke toxic ity. In many cases, according to Babrauskas [1], carbon monoxide, carbon diox ide and the depletion of oxygen are the only toxic agents of consequence. The problems of CO have been studied [2] at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the views of Babrauskas would be based on such work.

While acknowledging this view, this paper concentrates on the suggested dominant role of carbon monoxide. The views expressed recognise that this is not a novel problem. Rather, the paper attempts to bring together two, quite sep arate, discussions of the medical and fire science literature.
Status Report: Studies on Small Scale Testing Compared to Cal 133 Mockup Test
Authors: Stone Herman , Pcolinsky M.
Published: March 2007

This study was triggered by the need for a simple laboratory scale ignition test to serve as a Quality Control Tool in conjunction with larger scale tests.

Using the basic California Bulletin 117 (Cal 117) smoldering test configura tion, a number of variables have been screened in a composite ignition scenario to determine the feasibility of correlating with California Bulletin 133 (Cal 133) results. Variables studied included ignition source intensity (7), fabrics (6), and foams (6 types) ranging from standard furniture to high (flammability) per formance types.

Results to date indicate feasibility of this approach.
Large-Scale Validation of Bench-Scale Fire Toxicity Tests
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis , Harris Richard H. , Braun Emil , Levin Barbara C. , Paabo Maya , Gann Richard G.
Published: March 2007

A sizable number of bench-scale fire toxicity tests have been pro posed over the last two decades. To date, no test method has successfully passed through the standards bodies ISO, ASTM, or BSI. The reasons are varied, but a major concern has been that none of the methods were seen to adequately pre dict the behavior of real, large-scale building fires. Such validation efforts have been held back both due to a shortage of good quality data, and because agree ment had not been reached on the criteria for successful validation. NIST has now completed a pilot project to address both of these issues. In this study, sev eral criteria for validation have been put forth. An initial data set has been compared against these criteria, comprising 2 bench-scale methods, 3 test materials, and a single real-scale fire scenario. The project results indicate that the course being pursued is appropriate, and provide illustrative performance data for the two bench-scale methods. The present project was a pilot study; fur ther validation data will have to come from additional test materials and addi tional real-scale fire scenarios being examined. As a result of these studies, a factor-of-3 agreement between bench-scale and real-scale results was estab lished as both useful and practical.
Basic Polymer Material Properties for Flame Spread
Authors: Delichatsios M.A.
Published: March 2007

We present and demonstrate the application of a systematic methodology for predicting fire spread and growth and for a relative fire hazard classification of materials for any scale and fire environment. This methodol ogy consists of three steps: (1) select laboratory test methods to perform flam mability measurements; (2) based on these measurements, obtain key flamma bility material properties which are precisely defined in this work; and (3) use these properties in a mathematical model of fire spread and growth to predict fire hazards. The complementary test methods we have selected and used are: (a) a general flammability test apparatus (such as NIST or FMRC) [1,2] modified to also provide pyrolysis measurements in an inert N2 atmosphere; (b) the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) apparatus, which is used here as a tool for ob taining properties needed for creeping flame spread and extinction, including vitiated environments; and (c) a solid material smoke-point height apparatus [8], which is used to characterize the smokiness of the burning material needed to determine the radiation and smoke yield for arbitrary fire situations (wall fires, pool fires or ceiling fires) [8]. The use and proper interpretation of the Limited Oxygen Index apparatus can replace the LIFT [10] apparatus for deter mining in a more accurate and direct way the material properties required for creeping (vertical downward, lateral, horizontal) flame spread. The present methodology has been compared well with experiments in this work and else where [9], and it has been used to predict critical conditions for fire spread [11], not empirically as it is usually done, but based on first principles of fire spread, fire growth and burning, together with material flammability properties syste matically deduced from small-scale test measurements.
Rewarding Key Contributors
Authors: Spratt Michael F. , Steele Bernadette
Published: March 2007

Today's demand for innovation, the premium on specialized technical talent, and other factors have triggered the growth of special programs designed to reward those who make key contributions to organizational success.
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987: What it Means to Pensions And Employee Benefits
Authors: A Task Force of Consultants
Published: March 2007

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act passed by Congress in December 1987 raised Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation premiums and changed many rules that affect defined-benefit pension plans.
After Tax Reform, Part 3 : Planning Executive Benefits
Authors: Benson James M. , Suzaki Barbara Walk
Published: March 2007

Tax Reform Act limitations on the maximum benefits available under qualified retirement plans place executives more at risk for a higher proportion of their retirement benefits.
After Tax Reform , Part 4 : Adapting 401(k) Plans
Authors: Rumack Frederick W.
Published: March 2007

Particularly hard hit by restrictions imposed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, 401(k) plans can be modified to remain effective savings vehicles for employees at all levels of the organization.
The Cost of Alternative Comparable Worth Strategies
Authors: Arvey Richard D. , Holt Katherine
Published: March 2007

Various strategies for achieving comparable worth may have significantly different cost implications for different organizations.
Sales Compensation in High-Tech Firms: The Motivational Issues
Authors: Tunwall Craig A. , Mount Michael K.
Published: March 2007

The high-tech company's salespeople are unusual in many ways; compensation programs should be designed specifically to suit them.
The Use and Misuse of Restricted Stock
Authors: Paulin George B.
Published: March 2007

Because they are not contingent on performance, restricted stock grants have their limitations as long-term incentives for executives—but such grants can be modified to build in performance incentives and risk elements.
Currency Exchange Rates: Perspective on Executive Compensation
Authors: Podszus Rita C.
Published: March 2007

The currency exchange rate should be taken into consideration when foreign-owned companies formulate executive compensation plan designs.
Healthcare for the Uninsured: Is Mandation the Answer?*
Authors: Beadle Carson E.
Published: March 2007

The 37 million people in the United States who have no healthcare insurance pose a major social problem, but is legislation that requires employers to provide a minimum amount of healthcare coverage for employees the solution?
The Compensation Function: From the Chief Personnel Officer's Perspective
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

The chief personnel officer of a major multinational firm tells compensation professionals how to become effective members of their employers' management team.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 4: Performance Plans
Authors: Kanter Jeffrey M. , Ward Matthew P.
Published: March 2007

Boards of directors have expressed dissatisfaction with performance-based plans, leading some observers to predict their demise. However, acceptance of the shareholder value theory in the performance measurement process may actually increase their popularity.
The Share Economy: A Practical Alternative?
Authors: Swiercz Paul M. , Smith Patricia
Published: March 2007

A distinguished group of economists advocates a profit-sharing-based economy as a solution to the turmoil caused by traditional expansion-recession cycles. It looks promising on the drawing board, but will it work?
The Board Speaks Out: Compensation and Benefits In the 1990s, Part 1
Authors: Levine Hermine Zagat
Published: March 2007

At their last annual meeting, board members saw positive and negative developments in compensation and benefits. In this, part 1 of the report on that meeting, board members concentrate on incentives, one of the positives.
Compensating Your Overseas Executives, Part 2: Europe in 1992
Authors: Anderson Jack B.
Published: March 2007

Companies with European operations will have to weigh various international compensation approaches to cope with changes in Europe in 1992 and to ensure equitable pay treatments for locals, third party nationals, and U.S. expatriates.
Salary Ranges And Merit Matrices: The Time Targeting Approach
Authors: England John D. , Pierson David A.
Published: March 2007

Keeping the salaries of long-term employees on par with new hires is a serious problem for many companies. Here is one way-time targeting -to lick that problem.
Executive Compensation in the 1990s: The Challenges Ahead
Authors: Chingos Peter
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s, the challenge for compensation planners will be to devise a compensation strategy for all levels of employees that creates a strong relationship between variable elements of the compensation package and projected business results.
Incentives for the Masses: A Viable Pay Program?
Authors: Baime Susan Reynolds
Published: March 2007

Broad-based incentives may be the answer for some companies trying to make it in the face of increasing competition for employees and for marketplace in the 1990s.
Compensating Your Overseas Executives, Part 3: Exporting U.S. Stock Option Plans To Expatriates
Authors: Klein Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Employers should be aware of the problems posed by extending U.S. stock option plans to U.S. expatriates and should take action to lessen or eliminate these adverse results.
Employee Attitude Surveys for Strategic Compensation Management
Authors: Kaman Vicki S. , Barr Jodie
Published: March 2007

An employee attitude survey is both a tool for obtaining information and a process by which managers can more effectively make strategic compensation decisions.
The Effects of Discrimination Test Standards on Defined- Contribution Plan Design
Authors: Mohr Gail
Published: March 2007

To ensure that highly paid employees aren't receiving favored treatment under defined-contribution plans, the federal government requires complex testing that seems to defeat the purpose of the antidiscrimination rules such testing is meant to enforce.
Managing Total Labor Costs
Authors: Guthman Michael A.
Published: March 2007

The author spells out four areas of opportunities for upgrading productivity without radically restructuring the organization.
The Strategic Centrality of Jobs: A Measure of Value
Authors: Weinberger Theodore E.
Published: March 2007

In a departure from traditional compensation practices, the author advocates paying for jobs on the basis of their strategic value to the organization.
The Solution or the Problem?
Authors: Rimler George W. , Morrison Richard D.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to increase the availability and quality of a basic and necessary service—medical care—are we placing unwarranted constraints on the traditional patient/provider relationship?
Where Does the Responsibility Lie?
Authors: Bergmann Thomas J. , Gunderson Harvey S.
Published: March 2007

The current government-guaranteed pension system in the United States may well be contributing to the nation's losing ground in worldwide competition, according to the authors.
Potential Pension Disaster
Authors: Reynolds Larry
Published: March 2007

The next generation of 65-year-olds may be in for a surprise when they attempt to retire. Will their nest eggs be ready to hatch?
Are Defined Benefit Pension Plans About to Come Out of Retirement?
Authors: Segal Donald J. , Small Howard J.
Published: March 2007

A trend set in the 1980s may be about to reverse itself, giving traditional retirement plans a new luster.
Proposed Accounting Rules for Employee Stock Options
Authors: Shimko Barbara Whitaker , Tucker James J.
Published: March 2007

The proposed changes could affect two critical financial indicators: earnings and cash flow.
The Clinton Health Care Reform Plan
Authors: Beadle Carson E.
Published: March 2007

By removing employers' incentives to use health promotion programs to cut their health care costs, the Clinton health care reform plan may cripple one of the nation's most promising and effective cost control avenues.
Realizing the Potential of Teams Through Team-Based Rewards
Authors: Saunier Anne M. , Hawk Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2007

Companies are realizing that team-based rewards are crucial to achieving high performance and quality results from teams.
Beyond the Tax Code
Authors: Steinberg Allen T.
Published: March 2007

The changing needs of the company and the workforce have supplanted the tax code as the primary driving force in benefits design.
How Employees' Investment Deasions Are Linked to Your Bottom Line
Authors: Veeneman David C.
Published: March 2007

Both employees and employers suffer when employees can't afford to retire. By offering better "tool-based" investment options, employers can help employees make wiser retirement plan investment choices.
The Collapse of Health Care Reform—What Now?
Authors: Reace Diana
Published: March 2007

Employers are likely to be in for a wild ride as the health care structure in the U.S. changes rapidly due to the growth of managed care and prevention/wellness programs and the spread of state law reforms.
Designing Nimble Reward Systems
Authors: Ledford Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Changing conditions will force more organizations to adopt simpler, more flexible, and more nimble pay systems. But to succeed, the plans will require firms to train both managers and employees and to include them in the design process.
Smart Compensation Programs for Today's Regulatory Environment
Authors: Longnecker Brent M.
Published: March 2007

"Regulatory" doesn't have to equal "handcuffed." Even in light of increasing compensation regulations, plans can continue to reward, motivate, and attract employees without punishing them for their gains.
The 401(k) Plan and the Retirement Planning Revolution
Authors: Bryant Douglas , Sullivan James
Published: March 2007

Investment education is vitally important in helping employees to build their retirement planning skills.
The DOL 401(k) Guidelines
Authors: Rafter Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Companies can meet the DOL standard for providing 401 (k) participants with "sufficient information" while avoiding becoming liable for any investment losses.
The Investment Horizon
Authors: Sussman Alexander
Published: March 2007

"What can we do now to assure that our plans will be able to provide adequate retiree income in the coming years?"
THE CBR ADVISORY BOARD COMMENTS ON: CEO Pay, Global Chaos, And a Possible Retreat From Benefits
Authors: Bennett Linda
Published: March 2007

In the last issue of Compensation & Benefits Review, we reported on the CBR Advisory's Board's take on compensation fads, custom pay plans, and team pay. In this issue, we focus on the following issues: 1. what companies are doing to justify CEO pay; 2. how multinationals are moving expatriates to local or regional pay standards (rather than U.S. standards) and how they're handling high inflation and currency fluctuations; and 3. whether employers are distancing themselves from benefits and whether this, combined with trends in taxation and in the economy, spells the begin ning of a major retreat from the private employer benefits system in the U.S.
Electromation's Aftermath
Authors: Dalton Glenn L.
Published: March 2007

There's no better time to look at what the NLRA implies about using employee involvement teams.
Validity and Reliability for Competency-Based Systems: Reducing Litigation Risks
Authors: Klein Andrew L.
Published: March 2007

Many businesses have made competency-based HR systems all the rage. However, legal rislcs exist.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Kuenzel Robert V.
Published: March 2007

ADR techniques allow companies to manage employee disputes with less disruption.
Contingent Workers
Authors: Klein Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

Learn how to minimize the legal risks of managing a mixture of core and contingent workers.
That's Not an Employee, That's an Independent Contractor
Authors: Wolfe Michael N.
Published: March 2007

The cost savings and flexibility that contract labor offers are enticing, but the risks are significant as well.
Antecedents from Adjunctive Disciplines: Creation of Nursing Theory
Authors: Levine Myra E.
Published: March 2007

The development of nursing theory has been accompanied by a con certed effort to provide schemata for the analysis and evaluation of theories. In the literature, the meaning of terms used in the process is vigorously debated, and much attention is devoted to strategies appro priate for theory construction. In the search for concepts unique to nursing science, contributions from other disciplines are considered borrowed and the "concepts" considered central to nursing are person, environment, health, and nursing itself. It is postulated that these "con cepts" are the commonplaces essential for any discussion of nursing, wherever it is practiced. It is further suggested that nursing cannot stand apart within a body of knowledge that it shares with other disciplines concerned with health care. Adjunctive concepts are antecedent to all nursing theory, and analysis of theory should be dedicated to identifying the adjunctive sources, determining whether such usage is warranted and correct, and shifting the focus to the substantive content of the theory itself. Theory that misuses antecendent concepts, however cor rectly the construction has followed prescribed strategies, should be critiqued on the accuracy with which it reflects the phenomena of nurs ing.
Structuring Nursing Knowledge: A Priority for Creating Nursing's Future
Authors: Schlotfeldt Rozella M.
Published: March 2007

Nursing's future will be created only as the discipline underlying nursing practices is identified, structured, and continuously updated by systematic inquiry. The kinds of knowledge contained within the disci pline are identified and an approach to its structure is proposed.
Family Transformation: Parse's Theory in Practice
Authors: Butler Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates how the principles and practice dimensions of the theory of man-living-health were used to change the health situation of a family facing the loss of the family patriarch who had experienced major neurosurgery. Theoretical structures from the theory of man- living-health are elucidated through describing nursing care with the family. The article demonstrates the value of theory-based nursing prac tice by describing how care based on the theory of man-living-health transformed a family situation as the family members struggled to live their value priorities.
The Form of Nursing Science
Authors: Orem Dorothea E.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is on the ways that are used to designate nursing as a field of structured, authoritative knowledge. It is not an article on science or on nursing but on the form of science in practice fields. Nursing is treated in a general fashion as a form of practical endeavor, not in its specificity. The article is designed as an aid to nurses who see a need to remedy the present fragmentation of nursing knowl edge that is a deterrent to the advancement of nursing research, practice, and education. Included is a development of the characteristics of ap plied science and practical science with some points of reference to nursing.
Nursing Models and Community as Client
Authors: Hanchett Effie S.
Published: March 2007

Each of the four nursing frameworks discussed here represents world- views that result in different meanings of the concepts of health, com munity, and, therefore, of community health. Orem's framework re flects a causal model of the community as an aggregate of individuals and a concept of health that is most akin to Smith's clinical and func tional levels of health. Roy's model broadens to allow for consideration of the community as a system. The community as a system is perceived from the perspective of behaviors in response to stimuli. Causality is time ordered and linear, although one must consider the context of continuing time through the mechanism of feedback loops. Smith's adap tive level of health is most congruent with this perspective. King's conceptual framework views the community as a system interacting with the personal and interpersonal systems it includes. Causality is necessarily symmetrical within a systems approach. Health includes both role performance and adaptive levels of health. Finally, Rogers' model considers the community as a field in itself. That field is one of awareness, is integral with the environmental field, and is acausal in nature. Health as expanding awareness is most similar to Smith's eudai monistic concept of health. It is proposed that these four frameworks reflect increasingly integrated conceptions of community health by which to guide public health/community health nursing practice.
Theoretical Approaches in Nursing Practice: A Comparison of Roy and Parse
Authors: Mitchell Gail J. , Pilkington Beryl
Published: March 2007

This article compares two different theory-based nursing approaches in a tertiary care setting. The first approach was guided by Roy's adap tation model from the totality paradigm, and the second by Parse's theory from the simultaneity paradigm. Following a brief overview of the practice methodologies of each theory, one individual's situation is described, and practice approaches are offered from each theoretical view. A critical appraisal of the two approaches uncovers distinct oppor tunities and limitations for both nurses and individuals receiving care.
Change: A Central Concern of Nursing
Authors: Defeo Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of change. More precisely, considering insights from Buddhism, existential philosophy, and modern developmental thought, this paper will discuss two aspects of change: (a) change as a fundamental, inevitable aspect of life, and (b) change as a process of risking to choose. The discussion includes an analysis of the correspondence of the concept with four nursing frame works, and some implications for nursing theory, research, and practice.
Health as a Continuum Based on the Neuman Systems Model
Authors: Neuman Betty M.
Published: March 2007

The following presentation, "Health as a Continuum," is based on the Neuman systems model. New relationships are made with the created- environment and energy as concepts in viewing and defining health on a continuum. Two case studies illustrate these views. An in-depth con sideration of environment has important implications for wholistic nurs ing care and research.
Caring In Nursing: Analysis of Extant Theory
Authors: Boykin Anne , Schoenhofer Savina
Published: March 2007

Caring in nursing as a substantive area of nursing science has been the focus of considerable scholarly effort. Based on the assumption that caring is the central concept in nursing and is uniquely known and expressed in nursing, this paper focuses on an analysis of major theo retical works related to the concept. Five categories of questions provide a framework for the analysis: ontological, anthropological, ontical, ep istemological, and pedagogical.
Empirical Relations Between Government Spending and Charitable Donations
Authors: Steinberg Richard
Published: March 2007

One might expect that increased governmental social-service expenditures would reduce charitable donations, but the direction and magnitude of this effect is theoretically indeterminate. Empirical estimates of this "crowdout" phenomenon are produced from British time-series data. Results suggest that a dollar of gov ernmental social-service expenditures "crowds out" only about one-half cent of charitable donations. This implies that governmental cutbacks will not be largely replaced by charitable donations, a result consistent with most previously pub lished studies.
Voluntarism and the Manager: The Impacts of Structural Pressure and Personal Interest on Community Participation
Authors: Hougland James G. , Shepard Jon M.
Published: March 2007

The extent to which participation in voluntary organizations reflects autonomous decisions by individuals, rather than a less than fully voluntary response to social pressure, has been a matter of debate in the voluntary action literature. Middle- level managers of manufacturing companies are particularly likely to experience pressures regarding the extent and nature of their participation in local organiza tions. For this reason, a nationwide sample of production managers is used to explore the relative usefulness of personal interest in community affairs, of socio- demographic and structural characteristics known to be related to participation, and of company policy for predicting participation in local voluntary organizations. Participation is shown to reflect a number of factors, including company policy. However, the importance of community interest suggests that membership and participation in many organizations continue to be perceived as voluntary.
The Use of Conflict Management Behaviors in Voluntary Organizations: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Temkin Terrie , Cummings H. Wayland
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine how conflict is managed in voluntary organiza tions. One-hundred sixty-two subjects, randomly selected from 18 organizations with various missions, were sent a conflict situation and the Organizational Com munication Conflict Instrument (OCCI). Results of a three-factor MANOVA show no significant differences in conflict management style attributed to position, sex, or tenure. Significant differences in conflict management style are attributed to content of a conflict situation. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for those working in voluntary organizations.
Interorganizational Conflict Between Government and Voluntary Agencies in the Organization of a Volunteer Program: A Case Study
Authors: Redekop Paul
Published: March 2007

This article involves an analysis of the conflict between representatives of a gov ernment agency and several voluntary agency representatives. These events are de scribed and analysed within the frame of reference of the roles and behaviors of "boundary personnel", including such basic functions as representation, informa tion processing, and negotiation. The distribution of power, the nature of exchange relationships, and their impact in this context are also considered. While the analy sis is primarily exploratory in nature, the data from this study are relevant to a number of issues regarding the nature of interorganizational relationships. It is hypothesized that the extent of conflict is related to the extent of routinization and stability in interorganizational relationships, and the relative distribution of power and autonomy in an interorganizational context. General ideological differences related to the nature of the activities involved are also considered.
An Evaluation of Older Volunteers as Telephone Interviewers
Authors: Havir Linda
Published: March 2007

Evaluation is presented of the effectiveness of 67 older volunteer interviewers who were recruited and trained to conduct telephone interviews of 1,125 older adults randomly selected for a needs assessment survey. The older volunteers had a cooper ation rate of over 81 percent. Discussion of the recruitment, training and problems encountered in using volunteer interviewers. Both the research project and the volunteer experience were successful.
Turnover Among Nonprofit Chief Executives: An Initial Investigation of Self-Reported Causes and Consequences
Authors: Issa Jeanetta , Herman Robert D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a small-scale study of turnover among nonprofit chief executives. Based on questionnaire responses from twenty-eight individuals who had recently left a chief executive position, the study provides initial descrip tive data on reasons former nonprofit chief executives give for leaving, on the perceived importance of pay in their decisions to leave, on sector of subsequent employment and intention to continue to work or return to work in the nonprofit sector.
Abandoning the Rhetoric of Independence: Reflections on the Nonprofit Sector in the Post-Liberal Era
Authors: Dobkin Hall Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that nonprofits scholarship before 1980 was premised on unex amined assumptions about the independence of the sector from government, business, and private wealth. These assumptions shaped the direction of empirical and theoretical research into nonprofits. They also underlay public policy towards nonprofits, particularly the 1969 Tax Reform Act. Only when the Reagan admin istration proposed massive cuts in federal spending did scholars begin to appreciate the dependence of the sector on government revenue. At the same time, they became aware of the importance of other kinds of dependency. The 1969 Tax Act had, in encouraging the professionalization of nonprofits management, created conflicts between professional managers and traditional financial, governance, and consumer constituencies, which in turn raised serious questions regarding organizational dependency. From within history and the social sciences came other theoretical and empirical insights that belied the sector's assertions of independence. The paper concludes by suggesting that the rhetoric of independence be replaced by an appre ciation of the reality of dependency, by a concerted scholarly examination of organi zational interdependence, and by an understanding of the range of dependency choices organizations confront according to the services they offer and the constitu encies they serve.
Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State
Authors: Salamon Lester M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that gouernment in the United States relies more heavily on nonprofit organizations than on its own instrumentalities to deliver government- funded human services, and that nonprofits receive more of their income from government than from any other single source, the phenomenon of government- nonprofit partnership has been largely overlooked both in analyses of the welfare state and in research on the voluntary sector. This article argues that this neglect of government-nonprofit ties is less the product of a lack of research than of important weaknesses in theory. Both the theory of the welfare state and the theory of the voluntary sector, moreover, are deficient. To overcome these weaknesses, the article advances an alternative theoretical formulation that replaces the prevailing con ception of the welfare state with the concept of "third-party government," and replaces the current "market failure-government failure" theory of the voluntary sector with a theory built around the concept of "voluntary failure" instead. Viewed through these alternative conceptual lenses, the phenomenon of government-non profit partnership comes into far better view and becomes far more understandable. Against the backdrop of this alternative theory, the article then identifies a number of principles that should guide government-nonprofit relations in the years ahead.
Envoi: Developing Nonprofit Theory
Authors: Langton Stuart
Published: March 2007

The essays in this volume point to the need for reconstruction and further develop ment of theories about the role of nonprofit institutions in the contemporary welfare state. This epilogue reflects upon the implications of this challenge by examining what it means to develop "theory" and some of the practical difficulties involved in this task. Acknowledging that "theory" may mean different things to different peo ple, scholars and practitioners alike, it discusses the different types, functions, and evaluative criteria of theory. Recognizing that the area of nonprofit studies is a relatively new area of intellectual inquiry, it suggests a number of distinctions and needs that are relevant to future theoretical development in regard to better under standing and prescribing roles for nonprofit institutions in our society.
Social Support as a Unifying Concept in Voluntary Action
Authors: Clary E. Gil
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the applications of social support to voluntary action. Consist ing of emotional and task-oriented support, social support can potentially be found in all forms of voluntary action. The argument is made that voluntary organizations and groups should strengthen support within groups, and between groups and their recipients.
Right To Shelter: History of the Mobilization of the Homeless as a Model of Voluntary Action
Authors: Stolarski Lyn
Published: March 2007

Surprisingly, in this era of cutbacks and conservatism, a poor people's movement of great strength and popularity has surfaced. This paper charts the genesis and formation of the homeless movement analyzing its strategies and successes in light of current resource mobilization theories. Special attention is paid to the charac teristic use of litigation as a major advocacy tool. The mobilization of this disor ganized, disadvantaged, often disabled group is an inspiring story, one that may prove to be a blueprint for voluntary action in the 1980's.
Planning and Stakeholder Satisfaction in Religious Organizations
Authors: Crittenden William F. , Crittenden Vicky L. , Hunt Tammy G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates interrelationships between planning elements and measures of satisfaction in religious organizations. The paper identifies four surrogate mea sures of stakeholder satisfaction which are useful in assessing organizational effec tiveness in the absence of a profit measure. Using t-tests and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, five general hypotheses are tested. The findings suggest that the select use of individual planning elements (rather than emphasizing a "complete" or formal planning process) is sufficient, in many cases, to maintain stakeholder satis faction, and thus ensure a continued flow of needed resources into the relgious organizations.
Private Social Services: Obstacles to the Welfare State?
Authors: Ostrander Susan A.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on a field study of three established voluntary family and children's service agencies, this paper illuminates the Patterns of mutual dependence and interaction between these agencies and the welfare state and the interest of these agencies in a large and permanent welfare state.
Critical Events in the Management of Nonprofit Organizations: Initial Evidence
Authors: Herman Robert D. , Heimovics Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Interviews with forty-five chief executives of nonprofit organizations in the Kansas City area provide evidence about the nature of man agement in nonprofit organizations suggesting, first, that adapting programs to shifts in funding patterns has been a major challenge and, second, that fundraising and board-executive relations-issues generally regarded as distinctly characteristic of nonprofit organiza tion management-are often experienced as critical.
Nonmonetary Rewards for Skilled Volunteer Labor: A Look at Crisis Intervention Volunteers
Authors: Brown Eleanor P. , Zahrly Jan
Published: March 2007

The unpaid labor of volunteers requires an explanation for its moti vation. Three theories of volunteer reward are examined: leisure, investment, and a perceived link between volunteer behavior and subsequent outcomes. Volunteers at a crisis intervention center were surveyed, and a set of patterns of volunteer motivation was identified. Implications are drawn for volunteer-employing organizations and public policy.
Volunteer Firefighters in the United States: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Perkins Kenneth B.
Published: March 2007

A survey of volunteer firefighters in five states shows that volunteer firefighters, while predominantly white males, come from a wide variety of occupational backgrounds. Most say that this is their major volunteer role and that they are firmly committed to it. The author relates characteristics of fire departments to volunteers and draws implications for the further elaboration of this voluntary role.
Privatization and Its Impact on Nonprofit Service Providers
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , McMurtry Steven L. , Kettner Peter M. , Jones-McClintic Sandra
Published: March 2007

This paper examines privatization as a multidimensional phenom enon that has broad ramifications for the planning, funding, and provision of human services. Historical changes in the balance of public and private services and the current expansion of the private sector's role are reviewed. A conceptual framework illustrates dynam ics brought on by privatization that may lead to increased inter- agency competition for contract-eligible and fee-for-service clients. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential effect of these dynamics on clients who cannot pay.
Realigning Corporate Giving: Problems in the Nonprofit Sector for Community Development Corporations
Authors: Hyland Stanley E. , Russell Alicia , Hebb Fontaine
Published: March 2007

Corporate philanthropy is set in the context of local political econ omy. This study of corporate giving in a mid-South city finds that community development is not a priority for giving, despite its place in neighborhood and citywide political agendas. Corporate support remains centered on established nonprofit organizations with con cerns for traditional charity and service.
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Economics: A Critical Survey
Authors: Gassler Robert Scott
Published: March 2007

Two areas of study have sparked new interest in the economics pro fession : the economics of organization in general and the economics of the nonprofit organization in particular. The new economics of organization applies standard (neoclassical) analysis but concentrates on the incentives to individuals within organizations and on how those incentives affect their behavior. Economists have also begun studying what nonprofit enterprises do, why they are formed, how they operate, and how well they perform. Although the neoclassical paradigm is inclusive enough to incorporate the study of the non profit sector, economists must be careful to reexamine their assump tions in using it.
Labor Economics and the Nonprofit Sector: A Literature Review
Authors: Steinberg Richard
Published: March 2007

The economics literature on nonprofit utilization of employees and volunteers is reviewed and synthesized. Economic motivations for volunteering and accepting volunteers are explored along with inter actions between gifts of time and of money and the economic value of volunteer labor. Also examined are factors explaining wage differ ences between the nonprofit and for-profit sectors and the differential employment of women and minorities.
The Effect of Competition on Labor Management in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Lammers John C.
Published: March 2007

Recent theories of formal organization have argued that the external environment has a determinant effect on organizational behavior and structure. Executives of 104 nonprofit human service organiza tions in a medium-sized city were surveyed to study the effect of perceived competition for scarce resources on labor management prac tices. Many executives perceived their environment to be both coop erative and competitive; most had adopted rational management procedures. No significant effect of competition on management was found.
Voluntarism, Nongovernmental Organizations, and Public Policy in the Third Reich
Authors: Bauer Rudolph
Published: March 2007

Welfare institutions under Nazi rule have not been subject to sociological inquiry. The meager scientific interest in nongovernmental welfare institu tions and the scanty knowledge about the role of voluntary welfare associ ations in the Nazi period are not proof of a clean slate.
Voluntary Organizations and Public Incentive Systems: A Norwegian Case
Authors: Nordhaug Odd
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the role and significance of public policy and financial incentive systems for voluntary adult education organizations in Norway. The discussion focuses on the public policy goal of social commitment through equalization and the functioning of the voluntary organizations in relation to this goal. Ideals and realities are examined, and paradoxes or dilemmas related to the promotion of public policy objectives are outlined.