bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Assignment of Brook Trout Reveals Rapid Success of Culvert Restoration in Headwater Streams
Authors: Wood Darren M. , Welsh Amy B. , Todd Petty J.
Published: August 2018

Fragmentation of aquatic habitats is a global conservation concern. Losses of both biodiversity and genetic diversity have been attributed to this phenomenon as dispersal movements between habitat patches are restricted. Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the upper Shavers Fork watershed of West Virginia exhibit high dispersal rates and lengthy dispersal distances; however, road culverts have been hypothesized to influence the movement of Brook Trout between tributaries. Removing impassable culverts could serve as a tool to facilitate movements into previously isolated streams. We classified the passability of road culverts by their physical attributes and collected samples above each structure as well as in two streams without culverts to test for genetic population differentiation attributed to culverts. After we determined that the majority of streams consisted of a single genetic population, with the exception of two streams containing culverts designated as impassable (Beaver Creek and Lamothe Hollow), the culvert structures were restored to eliminate outlets perched above the stream bottom and were subsequently resampled 1 year after project completion. Although no individuals were assigned as first-generation migrants into either Beaver Creek or Lamothe Hollow before culvert restoration, five individuals were detected as first-generation migrants into Beaver Creek (13%), and one individual was identified as a first-generation migrant into Lamothe Hollow (4.5%) after culvert restoration. Three different streams were found to be sources of the migrants into Beaver Creek, and the single individual migrating into Lamothe Hollow was from a fourth source stream. The identification of first-generation migrants through genetic assignment not only provides a tool with which to test the effectiveness of barrier removal and subsequent restoration success but also to support the importance of culvert replacement in headwater streams.
Replace Water Mains Faster With Static Pipe Bursting
Authors: McKenzie Roy , Ambler Edward Alan
Published: August 2018

A Florida city recently completed an emergency water main replacement project under a scenic byway within strict time constraints.
Temporal trends in the proportion of “cure” in children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia in England: A population‐based study
Authors: Drozdov Daniel , Bonaventure Audrey , Nakata Kayo , Suttorp Meinolf , Belot Aurélien
Published: August 2018

Background

Survival probability in children, adolescents, and young adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has dramatically improved during recent years. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), targeted drugs developed for patients with CML, were introduced in 2001 in England. We here quantify the trends in the “cure” proportion according to the year of diagnosis.

Methods

We included all children, adolescents, and young patients with CML (0 to 24 years) diagnosed in England during 1980 to 2005. We fitted mixture cure models to estimate the “cure” proportion and the median survival time among the “uncured” patients according to the year of diagnosis, adjusted for age at diagnosis.

Results

The “cure” proportion increased dramatically between 1980 and 2005, from under 10% to over 80%, while conversely, the median survival time of “uncured” patients decreased slightly between 1980 and 1999, with the trend from 2000 being uncertain.

Conclusions

The striking improvement of the “cure” fraction in young patients with CML since the early 1980s is concomitant with improvement of treatment, especially the allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplant and, later, the introduction of TKI. The trends over the last years (2000–2005) remain, however, uncertain and would benefit from further studies with more recent data and updated follow‐up.
A tailor‐made approach for causality assessment for ADR reports on drugs and vaccines
Authors: Oosterhuis Ingrid , Zweers Petra , Rümke Hans , Muller‐Hansma Annemarie , van Puijenbroek Eugène Paul
Published: August 2018

Purpose

To estimate causation of adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports, causality methods were developed from a theoretical perspective. In daily practice, not all information is relevant or available, decreasing the applicability. We developed a new causality documentation tool (CausDoc) where an algorithm is combined with expert judgement. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of CausDoc for ADR reports on drugs and vaccines.

Methods

CausDoc provides 9 structured relevant questions. If information is available, an answer will be chosen. If not, the question is excluded. Causality outcome is based on the sum score of all answers divided by the included questions: ≤30%: unlikely, 31% to 70%: possible, 71% to 90%: probable, and >90%: certain. Other relevant information is taken into account by expert judgement in the final step by adjusting the outcome to a limited extent. After testing face validity on 12 ADR reports, sensitivity and specificity were tested on 40 ADR reports, compared with the Naranjo algorithm and WHO AEFI criteria, using the expert panel's judgements as a standard. Inter‐rater reliability was tested using weighted Cohen kappa coefficient.

Results

Average sensitivity and specificity with CausDoc were 47% and 83% for drugs (29% and 78% with Naranjo) and 72% and 89% for vaccines (65% and 87% with WHO AEFI criteria). Reliability between the 2 couples of assessors: κ 0.48 and 0.75.

Conclusions

CausDoc shows a better performance and allows for a better documentation of ADRs in clinical practice. This approach is useful in assessing the causality of adverse drug reactions.
Effectiveness of a community‐based exercise training programme to increase physical activity level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Varas Ana Beatriz , Córdoba Silvia , Rodríguez‐Andonaegui Irene , Rueda Ma. Rocío , García‐Juez Susana , Vilaró Jordi
Published: August 2018

Background and Purpose

The exercise training included in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programmes improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, the duration of these effects is limited, and the implementation of PR is still insufficient. Moreover, the physical activity level of COPD patients is low, and it is not modified with the classic PR programmes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a community‐based PR programme designed to increase physical activity in COPD patients.

Methods

Stable COPD patients were assigned to either an experimental group (EG, n = 17) who followed a community‐based 8‐week programme consisting of exercise training through walking and a plan to increase activity, using a pedometer for feedback; or a control group (n = 16), who followed general recommendations to walk more every day. The following were evaluated postintervention, after 3 months, and after 12 months: exercise capacity (endurance shuttle test [EST]), physical activity (steps/day and modified Baecke questionnaire), quality of life (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]), dyspnoea (modified Medical Research Council scale), and exacerbations.

Results

Postintervention, the EG showed significant improvements in EST times (7.6 min [4.4, 10.7]), distance (549 m [282, 815]; p < 0.01, both), number of steps (3,361 [1,553, 5,118]), and Baecke scores (1.6 [0.2, 3.1], p < 0.01). SGRQ scores decreased (−5.4 [−8.6, −2.4], p < 0.01). These results remained evident after 3 and 12 months (p < 0.01). There were no differences between the groups nor in the exacerbations or dyspnoea. A significant association was found between increase in physical activity level, improvement in exercise capacity, and quality of life during the period monitored.

Conclusions

A community‐based programme of exercise training through walking and increased physical activity, using pedometers as feedback, produces short‐ and long‐term improvements in exercise capacity, physical activity level, and quality of life in COPD patients.
Site‐directed spin label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as a probe of conformational dynamics in the Fe(III) “locked‐off” state of the CO‐sensing transcription factor CooA
Authors: Hines Judy P. , Dent Matthew R. , Stevens Daniel J. , Burstyn Judith N.
Published: August 2018

The transcriptional activator CooA belongs to the CRP/FNR (cAMP receptor protein/fumarate and nitrate reductase) superfamily of transcriptional regulators and uses heme to sense carbon monoxide (CO). Effector‐driven allosteric activation is well understood in CRP, a CooA homologue. A structural allosteric activation model for CooA exists which parallels that of CRP; however, the role of protein dynamics, which is crucial in CRP, is not well understood in CooA. We employed site‐directed spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe CooA motions on the μs‐ms timescale. We created a series of Cys substitution variants, each with a cysteine residue introduced into a key functional region of the protein: K26C, E60C, F132C, D134C, and S175C. The heme environment and DNA binding affinity of each variant were comparable to those of wild‐type CooA, with the exception of F132C, which displayed reduced DNA binding affinity. This observation confirms a previously hypothesized role for Phe132 in transmitting the allosteric CO binding signal. Osmolyte perturbation studies of Fe(III) “locked‐off” CooA variants labeled with either MTSL or MAL‐6 nitroxide spin labels revealed that multicomponent EPR spectra report on conformational flexibility on the μs‐ms timescale. Multiple dynamic populations exist at every site examined in the structurally uncharacterized Fe(III) “locked‐off” CooA. This observation suggests that, in direct contrast to effector‐free CRP, Fe(III) “locked‐off” CooA undergoes conformational exchange on the μs‐ms timescale. Importantly, we establish MAL‐6 as a spin label with a redox‐stable linkage that may be utilized to compare conformational dynamics between functional states of CooA.
AggScore: Prediction of aggregation‐prone regions in proteins based on the distribution of surface patches
Authors: Sankar Kannan , Krystek Stanley R. , Carl Stephen M. , Day Tyler , Maier Johannes K. X.
Published: August 2018

Protein aggregation is a phenomenon that has attracted considerable attention within the pharmaceutical industry from both a developability standpoint (to ensure stability of protein formulations) and from a research perspective for neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental identification of aggregation behavior in proteins can be expensive; and hence, the development of accurate computational approaches is crucial. The existing methods for predicting protein aggregation rely mostly on the primary sequence and are typically trained on amyloid‐like proteins. However, the training bias toward beta amyloid peptides may worsen prediction accuracy of such models when applied to larger protein systems. Here, we present a novel algorithm to identify aggregation‐prone regions in proteins termed “AggScore” that is based entirely on three‐dimensional structure input. The method uses the distribution of hydrophobic and electrostatic patches on the surface of the protein, factoring in the intensity and relative orientation of the respective surface patches into an aggregation propensity function that has been trained on a benchmark set of 31 adnectin proteins. AggScore can accurately identify aggregation‐prone regions in several well‐studied proteins and also reliably predict changes in aggregation behavior upon residue mutation. The method is agnostic to an amyloid‐specific aggregation context and thus may be applied to globular proteins, small peptides and antibodies.
The GluN2B‐Glu413Gly NMDA receptor variant arising from a de novo GRIN2B mutation promotes ligand‐unbinding and domain opening
Authors: Wells Gordon , Yuan Hongjie , McDaniel Miranda J. , Kusumoto Hirofumi , Snyder James P. , Liotta Dennis C. , Traynelis Stephen F.
Published: August 2018

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are transmembrane glutamate‐binding ion channels that mediate neurotransmission in mammals. NMDA receptor subunits are tetrameric complexes of GluN1 and GluN2A‐D subunits, encoded by the GRIN gene family. Of these subunits, GluN2B is suggested to be required for normal development of the central nervous system. A mutation identified in a patient with developmental delay, E413G, resides in the GluN2B ligand‐binding domain and substantially reduces glutamate potency by an unknown mechanism. GluN2B Gly413, though near the agonist, is not in van der Waals contact with glutamate. Visual analysis of the GluN2B structure with the E413G mutation modeled suggests that replacement of Glu with Gly at this position increases solvent access to the ligand‐binding domain. This was confirmed by molecular modeling, which showed that the ligand is more mobile in GluN2B‐E413G than WT GluN2B. Evaluation of agonist occupancy using random accelerated molecular dynamics (RAMD) simulations predicts that the glutamate exits the binding‐site more rapidly for GluN2B‐E413G than WT receptors. This analysis was extended to other binding‐site mutations, which produced qualitative agreement between experimentally determined EC50 values, deactivation time constants, and ligand motion within the binding‐site. Furthermore, long sub‐microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the bi‐lobed ligand‐binding domain revealed that it adopted a cleft‐open ligand‐free state more often for GluN2B‐E413G than wild‐type GluN2B. This is consistent with the idea that L‐glutamate binding is altered such that the ligand‐binding domain occupies the open‐cleft conformation associated with the closed channel.
Bayesian detection of potential risk using inference on blinded safety data
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Saurabh , Waterhouse Brian , Hartford Alan
Published: August 2018

Safety surveillance is a critical issue for ongoing clinical trials to actively identify and evaluate important safety information. With the new regulatory emphasis on aggregate review of safety, sponsors are faced with the challenge to develop systematic and sound quantitative methods to assess risk from blinded safety data during the pre‐approval period of a new therapy. To address this challenge, a novel statistical method is proposed to monitor and detect safety signals with data from blinded ongoing clinical trials, specifically for adverse events of special interest (AESI) when historical data are available to provide background rates. This new method is a two‐step Bayesian evaluation of safety signals composed of a screening analysis followed by a sensitivity analysis. This Bayesian modeling framework allows making inference on the relative risk in blinded ongoing clinical trials to detect any safety signal for AESI. The blinded safety teams can use this method to assess the signal and decide if any safety signals should be escalated for unblinded review.
Reasonable two‐stage adaptive designs for single‐arm phase II clinical trials
Authors: Kashiwabara Kosuke , Matsuyama Yutaka
Published: August 2018

In cancer phase II trials, determining the sample size of a single‐arm two‐stage design remains a challenge. To overcome this problem, Simon's two‐stage design was extended to an adaptive design: at the interim analysis, the total sample size can be set to either of the two preplanned values. However, without any restriction on design construction, an optimal or suboptimal design derived may have counter‐intuitive or unreasonable design features, which make the chosen design less persuasive and inefficient. Thus, we thoroughly examined how the expected, total, and maximum sample sizes of the optimal or suboptimal designs are affected by excluding the counter‐intuitive or unreasonable designs. We adopted the four optimality criteria: minimizing the expected sample size at the null hypothesis (O1), minimizing the maximum expected sample size over the hypotheses (O2), and minimizing the maximum sample sizes with additional adaption of either of the former two (O3 or O4, respectively). We found that focusing on reasonable design may drastically reduce the maximum sample size when the first optimality criterion is applied. Under the other optimality criteria, although the impact on optimality brought by our proposed strategy may be slight, exclusion of unreasonable design is still useful to reduce the candidate designs, which will considerably reduce the computational time for design search and can facilitate the design choice among optimal and suboptimal designs. We further discuss the utility of our proposal in an example of a real clinical trial and conclude the paper with general recommendations.
Perovskite/Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Integrated Ultrasensitive Broadband Photodetectors with High Near‐Infrared External Quantum Efficiency over 70%
Authors: Wu Gang , Fu Ruilin , Chen Jiehuan , Yang Weitao , Ren Jie , Guo Xuankun , Ni Zhenyi , Pi Xiaodong , Li Chang‐Zhi , Li Hanying , Chen Hongzheng
Published: August 2018

Ultraviolet‐visible‐near infrared (UV‐Vis‐NIR) broadband detection is important for image sensing, communication, and environmental monitoring, yet remains as a challenge in achieving high external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the broad spectrum range. Herein, sensitive broadband integrated photodetectors (PDs) with high EQE levels are reported. The organic bulk‐heterojunction (OBHJ) layer, based on a NIR sensitive organic acceptor, is employed to extend the response spectrum of the perovskite PDs. A key strategy of introducing dual electron transport materials respectively for Vis and NIR regions into the active layer of integrated PDs is applied. Further combined with the proper energy level alignment and reasonable distribution of PC61BM in the active layer, the extraction and transport of photo induced charges in between perovskite and OBHJ is promoted efficiently. The integrated PD with the optimized structure exhibits an EQE mostly beyond 70% in the Vis–NIR region, which is the highest value among the ever reported solution‐processable broadband PDs. The highest responsivity is 0.444 and 0.518 A W−1 in the Vis and NIR region, respectively. The specific detectivity is beyond 1010 Jones in the range from 340 to 940 nm, enabling the device to detect weak signals in the UV to NIR broad region.
PARC: A novel OS cache manager
Authors: Chang Hsung‐Pin , Chiang Cheng‐Pang
Published: August 2018

To boost input‐output performance, operating systems employ a kernel‐managed caching space called the buffer cache or page cache. Given the limited size of a buffer cache, an effective cache manager is required to decide which blocks should be evicted from the cache. Previous cache managers use historical information to make replacement decisions. However, existing approaches are unable to maximize performance since they rely on limited historical information. Motivated by the limitations of existing solutions, this paper proposes a novel manager called the Pattern‐assisted Adaptive Recency Caching (PARC) manager. PARC simultaneously uses the historical information of recency, frequency, and access patterns to estimate the locality strengths of blocks and, upon a cache miss, evicts the block with the least strength. Specifically, PARC exploits the reference regularities exhibited in past input‐output behaviors to actively and rapidly adapt the recency and frequency information of blocks so as to precisely distinguish blocks with long‐ and short‐term utility. Through comprehensive simulations on a variety of traces of different access patterns, we show that PARC is robust since, except for random workloads where the performance of each cache manager is similar, PARC always outperforms existing solutions.
Toward a methodology for the system integration of adaptive resilience in armor
Authors: Cannon Joseph , Paulo Eugene
Published: August 2018

This article introduces a novel augmentation to systems engineering methodology based on the integration of adaptive capacity, which produces enhanced resilience in technological systems that operate in complex operating environments. The implementation of this methodology enhances system resistance to top‐level function failure or accelerates the system's functional recovery in the event of a top‐level function failure due to functional requirement shift, evolutions, or perturbations. The research expands system engineering, design, and integration methodologies, which currently do not explicitly address system adaptation and resilience, through the definition and demonstration of a methodology to integrate adaptive resilience and demonstrates its implementation in a relevant armor system case study. The methodology accomplishes this objective by defining adaptive design considerations, identifying controllable adaptive performance factors, characterizing adaptive performance factors and configurations, mapping and integrating adaptive components, and verifying and validating the adaptive components and configurations that achieve system requirements and adaptive design considerations. The utility of this research is demonstrated through development of an adaptive resilient armor system called the mechanically adaptive armor linkage (MAAL), which was designed, developed, and validated using the methodology for the system integration of adaptive resilience (MSIAR). The conceptual validity of the methodology is proven through a physical comparative test and evaluation of the system described in the case study. The research and resulting methodology supplements and enhances traditional systems engineering processes by offering systems designers the opportunity to integrate adaptive capacity into systems, enhancing their resilient resistance, or recovery to top‐level function failure in complex operating environments.
Acoustic Telemetry and Benthic Habitat Mapping Inform the Spatial Ecology of Shortnose Sturgeon in the Hudson River, New York, USA
Authors: Pendleton Richard M. , Standley Christopher R. , Higgs Amanda L. , Kenney Gregg H. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Sethi Suresh A. , Harris Bradley P.
Published: August 2018

A history of overexploitation and industrialization of riverine habitats has impacted the Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum, leading this species to become one of the earliest listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The present understanding of Shortnose Sturgeon spatial ecology is based on observations from a limited number of Atlantic coastal rivers. To better understand Shortnose Sturgeon in the Hudson River, New York, we used acoustic telemetry to characterize seasonal habitat use and to identify regions of the river where seasonal sturgeon activity occurred. From 2012 to 2016, 101 adult fish were tagged and tracked, and sturgeon detections per unit effort (a metric of fish observation standardized by search effort) were evaluated against benthic habitat variables by using generalized additive regression models. Models indicated strong habitat associations in the spring season defined by gravel‐dominated substrates and specific depth ranges, presumably associated with spawning activity. During summer, Shortnose Sturgeon were more dispersed, associating with muddy habitats, whereas in fall/winter, sturgeon congregated in specific regions of the river. These data demonstrate that river use and habitat associations vary seasonally and identify important areas for managing overlap between seasonal habitat use by Shortnose Sturgeon and human activity on the river.
Model discrimination in gravitational wave spectra from dark phase transitions
Authors: Croon Djuna , Sanz Verónica , White Graham
Published: August 2018

Abstract

In anticipation of upcoming gravitational wave experiments, we provide a comprehensive overview of the spectra predicted by phase transitions triggered by states from a large variety of dark sector models. Such spectra are functions of the quantum numbers and (self-) couplings of the scalar that triggers the dark phase transition. We classify dark sectors that give rise to a first order phase transition and perform a numerical scan over the thermal parameter space. We then characterize scenarios in which a measurement of a new source of gravitational waves could allow us to discriminate between models with differing particle content.
Dreaming and Doing at Georgia HBCUs: Continued Relevancy in ‘Post-Racial’ America
Authors: Broady Kristen E. , Todd Curtis L. , Booth-Bell Darlene
Published: August 2018

Since their inception 150 years ago, Georgia's historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have provided African American students with the best mechanism, and for some, the only opportunity to receive a collegiate education. Justifications for and against the continued relevance of HBCUs in Georgia have been raised and argued since the Brown decision in 1954 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. More than 50 years after these monumental decisions Georgia's HBCUs remain relatively segregated, with lower endowments, budgets, graduation rates and higher cohort default rates than the state's Predominantly White Colleges and Universities (PWCU). In defiance of political tactics to close and merge them, and despite the confluence of lower average admission requirements, less funding for institutional scholarships, limited technological resources and smaller operating budgets, Georgia's HBCUs have persevered in providing higher educational opportunities not only for African Americans, but for students of all races. This entry focuses on HBCUs in the State of Georgia and adds to the literature on their history, purpose, effectiveness and continued relevancy.
Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity and post-Newtonian dynamics of compact binaries
Authors: Schäfer Gerhard , Jaranowski Piotr
Published: August 2018

Hamiltonian formalisms provide powerful tools for the computation of approximate analytic solutions of the Einstein field equations. The post-Newtonian computations of the explicit analytic dynamics and motion of compact binaries are discussed within the most often applied Arnowitt–Deser–Misner formalism. The obtention of autonomous Hamiltonians is achieved by the transition to Routhians. Order reduction of higher derivative Hamiltonians results in standard Hamiltonians. Tetrad representation of general relativity is introduced for the tackling of compact binaries with spinning components. Configurations are treated where the absolute values of the spin vectors can be considered constant. Compact objects are modeled by use of Dirac delta functions and their derivatives. Consistency is achieved through transition to d-dimensional space and application of dimensional regularization. At the fourth post-Newtonian level, tail contributions to the binding energy show up. The conservative spin-dependent dynamics finds explicit presentation in Hamiltonian form through next-to-next-to-leading-order spin–orbit and spin1–spin2 couplings and to leading-order in the cubic and quartic in spin interactions. The radiation reaction dynamics is presented explicitly through the third-and-half post-Newtonian order for spinless objects, and, for spinning bodies, to leading-order in the spin–orbit and spin1–spin2 couplings. The most important historical issues get pointed out.
Secondary motion in turbulent pipe flow with three-dimensional roughness
Authors: Chan L. , MacDonald M. , Chung D. , Hutchins N. , Ooi A.
Published: August 2018

The occurrence of secondary flows is investigated for three-dimensional sinusoidal roughness where the wavelength and height of the roughness elements are systematically altered. The flow spanned from the transitionally rough regime up to the fully rough regime and the solidity of the roughness ranged from a wavy, sparse roughness to a dense roughness. Analysing the time-averaged velocity, secondary flows are observed in all of the cases, reflected in the coherent stress profile which is dominant in the vicinity of the roughness elements. The roughness sublayer, defined as the region where the coherent stress is non-zero, scales with the roughness wavelength when the roughness is geometrically scaled (proportional increase in both roughness height and wavelength) and when the wavelength increases at fixed roughness height. Premultiplied energy spectra of the streamwise velocity turbulent fluctuations show that energy is reorganised from the largest streamwise wavelengths to the shorter streamwise wavelengths. The peaks in the premultiplied spectra at the streamwise and spanwise wavelengths are correlated with the roughness wavelength in the fully rough regime. Current simulations show that the spanwise scale of roughness determines the occurrence of large-scale secondary flows.
A flow on the verge of turbulent breakdown
Authors: Chomaz J.-M.
Published: August 2018

Stably stratified sheared flows are ubiquitous in geophysical flows from the ocean to the stars, and the route to turbulence in these flows remains an open question. The article by Lefauve et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 848, 2018, pp. 508–544) is an invitation to this journey. With impressive experimental precision mastered by few teams in the world, the nature of the coherent structure that dominates the flow on the verge of turbulent breakdown is revealed and analysed through one- or two-dimensional modern stability analysis of an experimentally obtained base flow. The effect of confinement is surprisingly strong, advocating for leaving the textbook flows, inhomogeneous in only one direction, for the more complex shores of real flows, now accessible to analysis of multidimensional stability problems. The route explored by Lefauve et al. (2018) renews with the long tradition of the supercritical bifurcation scenario, it revisits the linear stability theory with possibility of resonances, critical layers and more to be imagined, since complex base flows are now available to explore both experimentally and analytically.
Machine-aided turbulence theory
Authors: Jiménez Javier
Published: August 2018

The question of whether significant subvolumes of a turbulent flow can be identified by automatic means, independently of a priori assumptions, is addressed using the example of two-dimensional decaying turbulence. Significance is defined as influence on the future evolution of the flow, and the problem is cast as an unsupervised machine ‘game’ in which the rules are the Navier–Stokes equations. It is shown that significance is an intermittent quantity in this particular flow, and that, in accordance with previous intuition, its most significant features are vortices, while the least significant ones are dominated by strain. Subject to cost considerations, the method should be applicable to more general turbulent flows.
COMMENT ON BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Waldron Lawrence
Published: August 2018

In reading the recent LAQ review of my 2016 work, Handbook of Ceramic Animal Symbols in the Ancient Lesser Antilles (Roosevelt, review of Waldron, Latin American Antiquity 29:413–414), I was reminded how neglectful my own profession of precolumbian art history has been of ancient Antillean studies. Recognizing this important lacuna in the research, the University Press of Florida approached me with the possibility of writing two books on precolumbian Caribbean art. As pioneering works in this area, these books will be read by scholars mostly outside this area. They are bound to run afoul of readers who might think zoic (for formless animal spirits) is merely an overwrought version of zoomorphic (for physical representations of them), realistic means the same as mimetic or naturalistic, and trigonal ought to carry a meaning derived from geology rather than biology (e.g., trigonal clam shells) or the standard dictionary definition (i.e., “triangular in cross section”). Just two complaints in the LAQ review about my term usage could improve the book. Several times I used the word endemic instead of native inappropriately, and the word rectilinear should have been used more often than the vaguer geometric. The rest is quibbling. For example, my use of the term Amazonid (used similarly by preeminent Caribbean archaeologist Irving Rouse) to describe the culture of both Antilleans and Amazonians, is consistent with my insistence throughout the book that Antillean cultures, while partially derived from Amazonian ones, are not themselves Amazonian.
What Does the Success of Tesla Mean for the Future Dynamics in the Global Automobile Sector?
Authors: Perkins Greg , Murmann Johann Peter
Published: August 2018

After reading Jacobides, MacDuffie, and Tae (2016), the success of Tesla in launching a new automobile company in a crowded sector puzzled us. Jacobides, MacDuffie, and Tae (2016) had convinced us that developing the capabilities to become the manufacturer of a complete, safe automobile system would be quite difficult. Since the establishment of the dominant design for the auto in the 1920s, the industry has operated on the premise of massive economies of scale. Original equipment manufacturers’ (OEMs) role in taking responsibility for the legal liability of the whole automobile, combined with their extensive supply and marketing chains, has ensured they remained dominant in the sector despite some missteps with modularisation and outsourcing efforts (Jacobides, MacDuffie, & Tae, 2016; Schulze, MacDuffie, & Taube, 2015). No major component supplier has succeeded in forward integrating into becoming an OEM and no new entrants have challenged the dominance of the incumbent OEMs since the earliest days of the auto industry (Jacobides & MacDuffie, 2013).
The electoral costs of policy commitments
Authors: Betz Timm
Published: August 2018

Existing arguments across political science posit that parties in government use domestic and international institutions to lock in their own policy preferences by tying the hands of successors. I demonstrate that these arguments contrast with the assumption of office-seeking parties and therefore portray an incomplete picture of the incentives of governments. The paper emphasizes the trade-off between implementing policy preferences, on the one hand, and exploiting partisan differences for electoral success, on the other hand: locking in a policy takes an issue off the table, but it also undermines a party’s ability to leverage differences to the opposition in elections. Because office-seeking parties need to take into account these electoral consequences, they have a disincentive to tie their successors’ hands. I advance this argument in the context of the establishment of independent central banks, provide empirical evidence, and suggest implications for the literature on international institutions.
Personalised fish intake recommendations: the effect of background exposure on optimisation
Authors: Persson Maria , Fagt Sisse , Nauta Maarten J.
Published: August 2018

National dietary guidelines are directed at the general population. However, these guidelines may be perceived as unrealistic by a substantial part of the population, as they differ considerably from individual consumption patterns and preferences. Personalised dietary recommendations will probably improve adherence, and it has been shown that these recommendations can be derived by mathematical optimisation methods. However, to better account for risks and benefits of specific foods, the background exposure to nutrients and contaminants needs to be considered as well. This background exposure may come from other foods and supplements, and also from environmental sources like the air and the sun. The objective of this study was therefore to analyse the effect of including individual variation in background exposure when modelling personalised dietary recommendations for fish. We used a quadratic programming model to generate recommended fish intake accounting for personal preference by deviating as little as possible from observed individual intake. Model constraints ensure that the modelled intake meets recommendations for EPA, DHA and vitamin D without violating tolerable exposure to methyl mercury, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Several background exposures were analysed for 3016 Danish adults, whose food intakes and body weights were reported in a national dietary survey. We found that the lower nutrient constraints were critical for the largest part of the study population, and that a total of 55% should be advised to increase their fish intake. The modelled fish intake recommendations were particularly sensitive to the vitamin D background exposure.
Holdup by Junior Claimholders: Evidence from the Mortgage Market
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Amromin Gene , Ben-David Itzhak , Chomsisengphet Souphala , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2018

When borrowers are delinquent, senior debtholders prefer liquidation, whereas junior debtholders prefer to maintain their option value by delaying resolution or modifying the loan. In the mortgage market, a conflict of interest (“holdup”) arises when servicers of securitized senior liens are also the owners of the junior liens on the same property. We show that holdup servicers are able to delay action on the first-lien mortgage. When they do act, servicers are more likely to choose resolutions that maintain their option value, favoring modification and soft foreclosures over outright foreclosures. Holdup behavior is more likely to result in borrower self-curing.
Temporal measurements of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission, from low temperature, EUV-induced plasmas
Authors: Bartnik A. , Fiedorowicz H. , Wachulak P. , Fok T.
Published: August 2018

In this work, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission, from EUV induced, low-temperature microplasmas, were investigated. To perform temporal measurements of the EUV pulses of low intensity, in a medium vacuum, under the pressure of the order of 0.1–0.01 mbar a special detection system was prepared. The system was based on an EUV collector and a semiconductor detector, sensitive for the EUV photons. The collector consisted of two identical grazing incidence, paraboloidal mirrors, and allowed to focus a part of the radiation emitted from the microplasma onto the detector surface. An absorption filter, mounted between the collector and the detector, allowed for selection of an interesting wavelength range. Plasmas were created by irradiation of small portions of gases, injected into the vacuum chamber, using a laser produced plasma EUV source. Three gases were used for the EUV induced plasma formation: neon, krypton, and xenon. Low-temperature plasmas, created in these gases, contained multiply charged ions, emitting radiation in similar wavelength ranges. Two detectors, AXUV20HS1 and AXUVHS5, were used for the measurements. It was shown that differences between the corresponding signal profiles, obtained using both detectors, were not very significant. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the duration of the EUV emission from plasmas, created in different gases, were comparable with the duration of the driving EUV pulse. The longest EUV emission was observed for Kr plasmas, approximately 1.5 times the full width half maximum of the driving EUV pulse.
The Ideological Boundary Condition on Great Society Employment Policy
Authors: Bowring Anaïs Miodek
Published: August 2018

The 1960s was a period of political opening for employment policy, when important questions about unemployment and economic insecurity were debated and a number of ambitious policies were enacted. Yet the Great Society’s employment policy agenda was also fundamentally limited in scope; it comprised interventions that reinforced rather than altered existing labor market mechanisms. Previous work suggests that primarily institutional factors were responsible for this constraint. By contrast, I contend that in addition to institutional factors, there was an ideological boundary condition on the era’s employment policy. The Johnson administration’s policymakers conformed to aspects of the liberal tradition in America, which limited policy options as well as the efficiency and efficacy of implemented policy.
Enterococcal bacteraemia: predictive and prognostic risk factors for ampicillin resistance
Authors: Matsumura T. , Nagao M. , Nakano S. , Yamamoto M. , Matsumura Y. , Ichiyama S.
Published: August 2018

To identify the predictive and prognostic factors associated with ampicillin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia, we retrospectively reviewed demographic, microbiological and clinical data of patients attending the Kyoto University Hospital, Japan, between 2009 and 2015. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive and prognostic factors, respectively. In total, 235 episodes of enterococcal bacteraemia were identified. As ampicillin susceptibility was uniform forEnterococcus faecalisisolates and almost all ampicillin-resistant isolates wereE. faecium, bacteraemia due to these species was investigated separately.E. faecalisandE. faeciumaccounted for 41.7% (98/235) and 48.1% (113/235) of the isolates, respectively and 91.2% of allE. faeciumwere ampicillin resistant. NosocomialE. faeciumbacteraemia acquisition (odds ratio (OR), 13.6; 95% confidence intervals, 3.16–58.3) was associated with ampicillin-resistant isolates. Bacteraemia from an unknown source (hazard ratio (HR), 2.91; 95% CI 1.36–6.21) and an increased Pitt bacteraemia score (PBS) (HR, 1.36; 95% CI 1.21–1.52) were associated with 30-day mortality inE. faeciuminfections. Likewise, bacteraemia from an unknown source (HR, 4.17; 95% CI 1.25–13.9) and increased PBS (HR, 1.27; 95% CI 1.09–1.48) were associated with 30-day mortality in patients withE. faecalisbacteraemia. The empirical therapeutic administration of glycopeptides is recommended for patients with bacteraemia from an unknown source in whom severeE. faeciumbacteraemia is suspected.
Effects of Sleep Health on Cognitive Function in HIV+ and HIV– Adults
Authors: Mahmood Zanjbeel , Hammond Andrea , Nunez Rodolfo A. , Irwin Michael R. , Thames April D.
Published: August 2018

Objectives:People living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to report sleep difficulties and cognitive deficits. While cognitive impairment associated with sleep problems have been found in healthy and medical populations, less is known about the effects of poor sleep health (SH) on cognition among PLWH. This study examined differences in cognitive performance among participants classified based upon their HIV status and reported SH.Methods:One hundred sixteen (N=116) adults recruited from the Greater Los Angeles community were administered a comprehensive cognitive test battery and completed a questionnaire about SH. Participants were classified into the following HIV/SH groups: [HIV+/good sleep health (SH+;n=34); HIV−/SH+ (n=32); HIV−/poor sleep health (SH−;n=18) and HIV+/SH− (n=32)].Results:For both HIV+ and HIV− individuals, poor SH was associated with lower cognitive performance, with the domains of learning and memory driving the overall relationship. The HIV+/SH− group had poorer scores in domains of learning and memory compared to the SH+ groups. Additionally, the HIV−/SH− group demonstrated poorer learning compared to the HIV−/SH+ group.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that sleep problems within medical populations are relevant to cognitive functioning, highlighting the clinical and scientific importance of monitoring sleep health and cognition to help identify individuals at greatest risk of poor health outcomes. Longitudinal investigations using both objective and subjective measures of sleep are needed to determine the robustness of the current findings and the enduring effects of poor SH in the context of chronic disease. (JINS, 2018,24, 1038–1046)
Age-Related Changes in the Allocation of Vertical Attention
Authors: Mańkowska Aleksandra , Heilman Kenneth M. , Williamson John B. , Harciarek Michał
Published: August 2018

Objectives: Healthy individuals often have a leftward and upward attentional spatial bias; however, there is a reduction of this leftward bias with aging. The right hemisphere mediates leftward spatial attention and age-related reduction of right hemispheric activity may account for this reduced leftward bias. The right hemisphere also appears to be responsible for upward bias, and this upward bias might reduce with aging. Alternatively, whereas the dorsal visual stream allocates attention downward, the ventral stream allocates attention upward. Since with aging there is a greater atrophy of the dorsal than ventral stream, older participants may reveal a greater upward bias. The main purpose of this study was to learn if aging influences the vertical allocation of spatial attention. Methods: Twenty-six young (17 males; mean age 44.62±2.57 years) and 25 healthy elderly (13 males; mean age 72.04±.98 years), right-handed adults performed line bisections using 24 vertical lines (24 cm long and 2 mm thick) aligned with their midsagittal plane. Results: Older adults had a significantly greater upward bias than did younger adults. Conclusions: Normal upward attentional bias increases with aging, possibly due to an age-related reduction of the dorsal attentional stream that is responsible for the allocation of downward attention. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1121–1124)
EFFECT OF UNIFORM WIND FLOW ON MODULATIONAL INSTABILITY OF TWO CROSSING WAVES OVER FINITE DEPTH WATER
Authors: KUNDU SUMANA , DEBSARMA SUMA , DAS K. P.
Published: August 2018

The effect of uniform wind flow on modulational instability of two crossing waves is studied here. This is an extension of an earlier work to the case of a finite-depth water body. Evolution equations are obtained as a set of three coupled nonlinear equations correct up to third order in wave steepness. Figures presented in this paper display the variation in the growth rate of instability of a pair of obliquely interacting uniform wave trains with respect to the changes in the air-flow velocity, depth of water medium and the angle between the directions of propagation of the two wave packets. We observe that the growth rate of instability increases with the increase in the wind velocity and the depth of water medium. It also increases with the decrease in the angle of interaction of the two wave systems.
Introduction: Families, Social Work and the Welfare State: Where Contemporary ‘Family’ Meets Policy and Practice
Authors: Walsh Julie , Mason Will
Published: August 2018

This themed section brings together the disciplines of sociology, social work and social policy in order to examine the ways in which contemporary familial diversity is recognised in comparative welfare state regimes. Contributors interrogate the ways in which such diversity is supported in national legislation, policy developments and acknowledged in everyday social work practice. In doing so, the section examines if and how these demographic trends and sociological conceptualisations are reflected in comparative welfare state systems and/or policy related to family. Selected articles will also consider if and how social workers, as ‘street level bureaucrats’ (Lipsky, 1980), incorporate these changes in familial structures, and related policy, into their decision making processes and everyday practice.
DEGENERATION OF ENDOMORPHISMS OF THE COMPLEX PROJECTIVE SPACE IN THE HYBRID SPACE
Authors: Favre Charles
Published: August 2018

We consider a meromorphic family of endomorphisms of degree at least 2 of a complex projective space that is parameterized by the unit disk. We prove that the measure of maximal entropy of these endomorphisms converges to the equilibrium measure of the associated non-Archimedean dynamical system when the system degenerates. The convergence holds in the hybrid space constructed by Berkovich and further studied by Boucksom and Jonsson. We also infer from our analysis an estimate for the blow-up of the Lyapunov exponent near a pole in one-dimensional families of endomorphisms.