bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not Quite Migrant, Not Quite Refugee
Authors: Carroll Lisa
Published: January 2021

This article argues that climate-induced movement is neither strictly a refugee issue nor a migration issue; and that the current protection gap is linked to the fundamental mischaracterization of the movement under one of these pathways. Terminology plays a crucial role in the protections and pathways for movement that are made available for people. Not quite refugee, not quite migrant, persons undertaking climate-induced movement face a protection limbo; where the eventual need for movement is recognized yet, the movement itself is defined in such a way as to be deemed unnecessary, at least for now. The refugee status case of Mr. Ioane Teitiota, a Kiribati national, is a critical example of this protection limbo. Characterized as voluntary, courts successively held up rulings that the adverse impacts he had attempted to escape were not yet sufficiently dangerous to warrant protection. Was Mr. Teitiota supposed to simply come back later?
The Relative Success of Consociational Institutions in Deeply Divided Societies
Authors: Bernadaux Chloé
Published: January 2021

Lebanon and Northern Ireland conjure opposite images on consociationalism in the minds of many political scientists. While in Lebanon, the consociational system widely proved inefficient in preventing the outbreak of ethno-national conflicts, the Northern Ireland’s experience of consociationalism remains vastly positive. Following a “Most Similar Systems Design” defined by Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune (2000), this research note tests the hypothesis that the positive nature of exogenous influences participates to a higher political stability in Northern Ireland relative to Lebanon, where external influences of negative nature had the reverse effect. For the sake of this study, the developments taking place after the signature of the agreements shaping both consociational systems – the Ta’if Agreement of 1989 in Lebanon and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 in Northern Ireland – are analysed through a particular focus on elites’ external relations with patron states and their interactions with their regional or global environments.
Ганден Пходранг: правительство Далай-ламы в XVIII в.
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Lyulina Anastasiya G. ,   Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article examines the structure and features of Ganden Phodrang (Tib. dGa’-ldan pho-brang) — Tibetan traditional Government founded by the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682) in 1642 — in the context of interaction with institutions of the Qing administration in the 18th century. Diarchy based on the principles of unity of monastic and secular government (Tib. Сhos-srid) became the basis of the political and legal system of the Tibetan state and was reflected in some specifics of relations with Buddhist countries and peoples. The influence of the Qing Empire in the region by the end of the 18th century increased, and that was traced in formal characteristics but did not affect the functioning laws of Ganden Phodrang. Goals. The paper reviews and analyzes the origins, structure and features of the Dalai Lama’s traditional government Ganden Phodrang (1642–1959); identifies the main changes in the political structure of Tibet during the period of the greatest influence of the Qing government institutions in the 18th century; clarifies the position and role of the Dalai Lama as head of state, as well as the importance of regents and Qing ambans in governing the country. Materials and Methods. In addition to Qing sources, the article uses works by German and French Tibetan scholars (in English), as well as studies by Indian and Chinese Tibetologists. In Russian historiography, special attention is paid to the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas, their relations with the Qing emperors, as well as to such administrative institutions of the Qing as ambans, legislative acts, and the Golden urn lot. Methodologically, the study employs historical and comparative approaches, and the problem-chronological principle. Conclusions. The article concludes that the Dalai Lama’s Government was uniquely independent in the 18th century, and tulku regents possessed special ‘dual’ status and significance. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of studying the topic in the context of international polemics around classification of the socioeconomic structure of Tibet in the Middle Ages, and its status in relation to China.
Смертность мусульманского населения Южного Урала в 1860–1910-е гг. (особенности половозрастной структуры)
Authors:   Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS, Isyangulov Shamil N.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article discusses the sex and age structure of deceased Muslim individuals in Orenburg and Ufa Governorates in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries. Goals. The study aims to identify certain characteristics of sex and age structure thereof during the period under consideration. Materials and Methods. The paper mainly analyzes statistical data published by the Central Statistical Committee affiliated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire. Statistical, descriptive, and comparative-historical research methods were employed. Results. The study shows that the mortality rate of Muslim population of the Southern Urals in the examined period was significantly determined by infant and child mortality. Statistical data show that the level of infant mortality among Muslims was much lower than that among Orthodox Christians. This is explained by that Bashkir and Tatar women fed infants with breast milk all the way up to the age of 2, and introduced complementary feeding at relatively late stages. However, high child mortality rates resulted in high birth rates. In childhood, boys tended to die more often than girls. The situation changed after the age of 15. At the age of 15-45, mortality rates among Muslim women turned higher than those among men. Still, after the age of 45, male mortality increased again. Characteristic features of mortality among Muslims were as follows: a relatively low level of infant mortality (compared to that of Orthodox Christians), a high level of child mortality, increased mortality among fertile-aged women which sometimes proved several times as large as that among men of the same age, and others. Conclusions. The research materials demonstrate that mortality rates of Muslim population of the Orenburg and Ufa Governorates in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries were consistently lower than those of the entire population of the region, including Orthodox Christians. It is concluded that the demographic transition, i.e. the transition from a large to small family, among the Muslim peoples of the region had not yet begun then.
Из опыта борьбы с эпидемическими заболеваниями в Калмыкии: эпидемия чумы 1914 г.
Authors:   Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University, Komandzhaev Alexandr N. , Badmaeva Saglar E. ,   Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University, Matsakova Natalia P. ,   Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article analyzes the anti-plague efforts launched in the Kalmyk Steppe in 1914. The topic remains understudied in domestic historiography, and only a few papers dealing with Kalmykia’s public healthcare history contain occasional mentions of some epidemic diseases. So, the 1914 plague epidemic has been overlooked as well. And the study proves even more relevant nowadays when humanity is globally facing COVID-19 threats. Goals. The paper specifically aims to provide insight ― on the basis of primary archival sources newly introduced into scientific circulation ― to the struggle against plague in the Kalmyk Steppe in June and July of 1914. Materials and Methods. The work employs general scientific and specifically historical methods, with emphasis be laid on the principle of historicism, method of systemic analysis, and interdisciplinary approach. The latter is particularly important when it comes to examine an epidemic in a nomadic society across arid territories ― and all that took place over 100 years ago. The article deals with archival documents stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia (Kalmyk People’s Administration collection). Those files included in the catalogue of Public Healthcare Department contain materials on three episodes of plague in June and July of 1914, and prove instrumental in reconstructing the actual events in detail. Results. The article chronicles the dramatic vicissitudes of the 1914 plague epidemic in Kalmykia, and shows that all required and justified disinfection measures were assumed, e.g., a strict quarantine was established in the affected areas, sick individuals were isolated and healthy ones evacuated to a safe distance. The doctors were conducting a total inspection of the population in areas adjacent to those of outbreaks, which was followed by two more weeks of observations.
Сотрудничество Калмыкии и Монголии в 20-х годах XX в.
Authors:   Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS, Orlova Keemya V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The issue of Kalmykia-Mongolia cooperation in the 1920s still remains understudied both in Kalmyk and Mongolian historiography. Ever since the Kalmyks migrated to Russia-controlled territories, relations with Mongolia became irregular enough and were largely reduced to pilgrimage contacts en route to Tibet. But the 1920s witnessed an intensification therein. The period proved extremely harsh and definitely dramatic to both the nations: Kalmyk Steppe became an operational theater of the Russian Civil War, and Outer Mongolia sank into the ‘pot’ of social transformations and struggle for independence. And it is in those tough times that Kalmyks arrived in Mongolia as military instructors to arrange the formation and training of troop units for the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army. On the other hand, Mongolia delivered humanitarian aid to Kalmykia during the famine. Moreover, the Mongolian Government initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks to the country, with significant allowances to be funded. The military and humanitarian aspects have been examined by a number of Kalmyk and Mongolian researchers. Goals. The paper aims to provide additional data on the mentioned and other realms of cooperation during the period under consideration. Materials. The study analyzes new sources, archival materials, and scholarly works, including documents stored at the Central Archive of Russia’s Federal Security Service and ones introduced in Russia-Mongolia Military Cooperation. Results. The attachment of Kalmyks officers to Mongolian military units attests to that the Soviet Government recognized the exnomads should aptly adapt themselves to familiar conditions and cultural environment. Their primary objective was to help commanders of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army create efficient military forces. And Mongolia did its best to support Kalmykia during the famine of 1921. In January of 1923, the Government of Mongolia initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks. Chronicles of relations show the key landmarks for the Soviet Government therein were ethnogenetic ties between the populations, linguistic and cultural affinities. Religious identity also proved an important unifying element.
Геометрическая и зооморфные каменные скульптуры из фондов Национального музея Республики Калмыкия
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Burataev Evgeny G.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Each and every stone carving discovered in barrows is of great interest. And essentially rare zoomorphic / anthropomorphic stone sculptures from Kalmykia’s excavated sites are academically important for regional studies in general. Goals. The paper aims to examine a number of non-anthropomorphic stone carvings spotted in the territory of present-day Kalmykia. The zoomorphic sculptures depict a sheep’s head and an ox; special attention is paid to a compound construct. The samples under consideration are stored at the Palmov National Museum of Kalmykia. All of them have been introduced into scientific discourse already, while the article provides detailed descriptions thereto supplementing the latter with reviews of morphological peculiarities. Results. The animal depictions are unique materials for the research of antiquities of Eastern European steppe, and some of the sculptures have no analogues registered. All the sculptures were spotted within barrow borders but the barrows themselves — except for one dated to the period of ‘late nomads’ — were never duly excavated. The fact stone zoomorphic sculptures and other depictions (along with Polovtsian balbals) got that widespread makes it possible to conclude western areas of present-day Kalmykia used to be inhabited by representatives of different cultures dated to different historical eras. The introduced materials provide additional data on material reflection of religious pantheons of Old Turks to have inhabited Eastern European steppe in chronologically different periods.
Два «Царя дхармы» одного текста наставлений
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Bicheev Baazr A.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The Story of Usun Debeskertu Khan is a notable monument of old Oirat literature. Its popularity and wide distribution are evidenced by numerous manuscript copies stored by scientific institutions of Russia, Mongolia and China. It consists of instructions attributed to the Tibetan King Tri Ralpacan referred to as the last ‘Dharma King’ of the ancient royal dynasty of Tibet. During his reign, he was able to strengthen the country’s nationhood, dismiss China’s protectorate, and get Buddhism established as the state religion. Indirectly, these events are reflected in the text of his homilies. However, this work was created not during his lifetime but much later — in the 15th century. Ralpacan’s death marked the end of the era of ‘religious kings’, and the country started disintegrating into a vast number of small principalities. The process of active revival and reformation of Buddhism would begin only in the 15th century directed by Je Tsongkhapa and further sustained by the emerged institution of the Dalai Lamas. And it is during this period that the book of Ralpacan’s homilies was compiled. In the mid-17th century, those were translated into Oirat by the famous Khoshut ruler Güshi Nomin Khan recognized in Tibet as a ‘Dharma King’. This circumstance makes it possible to consider the creation of the Oirat translation from the viewpoint of historical events that were taking place in the mid-17th century in Tibet and Dzungaria, as well as to reveal its actual contents. So, a textual space of one didactic text known in Mongolic literatures as The Story of Usun Debeskertu Khan connects names of two great ‘Dharma Kings’ — and two epochs of ‘religious kings’ of Tibetan Buddhism. Goals. The article seeks to introduce the Oirat text of The Story into scientific circulation, and analyzes its historical contents identifying the historical component of the work. Methods. Comparative historical analysis proves a key research method. Despite repeated publications of the text, the latter was never essentially analyzed for historical aspects. Results. And the analysis conducted shows that 1) Tibetan King Ralpacan’s homilies are based on the ‘two principles (guidelines)’ finally adopted in his era, 2) religious and secular norms proclaimed by the text attest to that Buddhism had been thus established as the state religion of Tibet, 3) the fact the text of Tibetan King Ralpacan’s homilies was translated into Oirat by Güshi Nomin Khan implies the latter should be equally revered as a ‘Dharma King’.
Перевод (адаптация) буддийских канонических текстов с тибетского и старомонгольского языков на бурятский
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Bazarov Andrey A. ,   Banzarov Buryat State University
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article deals with Tibetan/Mongolian-to-Buryat translation (adaptation, Cyrillic) of Buddhist canonical texts. Goals. The study of causes and essence of the process is relevant enough, since the research problem relates to actual changes in the traditional book culture of Buryats, and issues of preserving the Buryat language in modern conditions. Materials. The work analyzes archaeographic works stored at the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies SB RAS (2006-2015) as well as a set of Buddhist canonical texts published in Buryatia in the pre-revolutionary period and after 1991. Conclusions. Translation (adaptation) of Buddhist canonical texts from Tibetan and Mongolian into Buryat arose from changes in everyday religious practices of ordinary Buryat Buddhists. The three forms of Tibetan/Mongolian-to-Buryat translation make it possible to conclude on the level of works aimed at the preservation of the Buryat language in the structure of religious culture, as well as the level of Buddhist revival in Buryatia. Various forms of translation (adaptation) of Buddhist canonical texts show a competition between two directions of everyday religious reading (spelling) patterns: the Mongolian letter-by-letter one, and that close to literary Buryat. These forms mirror the modern discussion that arose in the 1990s about the correspondence between Mongolian and Buryat languages for further development of Buryat culture.
Почитание Большой Медведицы в среде ойратов и калмыков: древнейшие представления и буддийские напластования. Часть 2
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Bakaeva Elza P.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Ursa Major is the constellation most venerated by Mongolic peoples. Goals. The article seeks to examine related beliefs traced in folklore and collected field data, reveal key mythological characteristics, and cast light upon diachronous layers in the beliefs of Kalmyks and Oirats (Western Mongols). So, the work aims at analyzing basic Kalmyk and Oirat folklore plots dealing with origins of the Great Bear in comparison to those of other Mongolic cultures; and at examining the concept of Ursa Major against the background of some calendar rites and revered mythological images with due regard of contemporary ceremonies addressed to the constellation. Materials. The paper analyzes folklore and ethnographic materials. Results. Part 1 of the article identifies main variants of mythological texts about Ursa Major (Mong. Долоон бурхан, Долоон өвгөн, Kalm. Долан бурхн, Долан одн) existing in Kalmyk and Oirat discourses, comparing the latter to myths of other Mongolic populations. It shows that basically the myths narrate about seven male characters (siblings, sworn brothers, or thieves) or an ox-man, though etymology of terms may tie the constellation (its emergence) to the archaic plot of day and night alternation as a chase of shedeer, and the solar theme at large. Part 2 further analyzes Ursa Major-related beliefs and compares the latter to some calendar rites and mythological images revered in Kalmyk and Oirat culture. The paper informs that the constellation was sometimes referred to by the Oirats as ‘Seven Maral Deer’ (Oir. Долоон марал), which implies our analysis may extend to the legend of how the heavenly hunter pursued a flock of she-deer. The Oirat oral tradition believes that both the characters of Ursa Major stories and Khukhedei Mergen the Hunter (whose chase made three she-deer turn into the three stars of Orion’s Belt therefore referred to by the Mongols as ‘Three She-Deer’, Mong. Гурван марал, Kalm. Һурвн марл) can be considered masters of the two horses tied to the ‘Golden Pole’ (i.e. Pole Star) — two stars of Ursa Minor. Oirats and Kalmyks also associate Ursa Major with thawing weather, protection of children, livestock (from wolves), and increase of its numbers, remission of sins — similar functions attributed to the White Old Man (Kalm. Цаhан аав) revered by the Oirats as the Lord of the Altai, while Kalmyks tend to view him as a protector deity of the nation, one of his manifestations being that of the Lord of the Year (Kalm. Җилин эзн). The article also analyzes contemporary Buddhist rites dealing with Ursa Major among Mongolic populations.
Опыт трудовой миграции сельских жителей Калмыкии (по результатам глубинных интервью)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Badmaeva Nogan V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Labor migration of Kalmykia’s rural population is a pressing challenge for the region. Permanent nature and endurance of the socioeconomic crisis in the agricultural sector of the republic have been adversely affecting the living standards of ordinary villagers. Lack of work opportunities and low salaries result in that the latter migrate en masse to the regional capital and even further. Goals. The study aims to analyze labor migration experiences of local rural dwellers. Materials and Methods. The paper summarizes a number of in-depth structured interviews. The qualitative research methods employed make it possible to view the issue in the eyes of unrelated actual participants of the migration processes, with certain attention paid to their backgrounds and life paths. Results. The work reveals one of the key economic factors underlying labor migration is the necessity to pay mortgage and consumer loans. And migration waves closely align with individual life cycles, such as marriage, divorce, births and even weddings of children. Some respondents reported their migrations were determined by certain adulthood stages of children. All these aspects give rise a new context of family and marriage relations: there emerge guest marriage patterns and changes in gender roles, e.g., in some families those are women who act as migrant workers. Roles of grandparents experience transformations forcing the latter to assume functions of the absent father of mother. Horizontal social networks come to the fore, including territorial and kindred ties. Such migrant labor experiences become a tool of economic strategies and mobility: people purchase dwellings in the city, and support children funding their plans with the earned money. So, migration of parents definitely serves a landmark for future migrations of their descendants. The results obtained attest to that the social profile of rural labor migrants contains quite a share of active individuals intensely motivated to work, ones who strive for better living standards and can adjust themselves to strenuous living / working conditions staying away from home and family.
Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках
Authors:   Institute of History, Language and Literature, Muratova Rimma T. ,   Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.
О народно-бытовой традиции загадывания загадок у донских калмыков (по материалам И. И. Попова)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Mirzaeva Saglara V.
Published: January 2021

Goals. The article aims to describe common riddle-telling patterns of the Don Kalmyks as of the late 19th century traced in works by I. Popov, a famous collector of Kalmyk folklore samples. Materials. One of the nine handwritten books constituting his academic heritage which is only partially introduced to researchers is titled ‘Riddles of the Don Kalmyks’. It includes 367 Clear Script texts accompanied by Russian translations and the author’s foreword which provides a brief description of the genre and reconstructs standard game situations explicitly demonstrating the functioning of riddles in the folk tradition. Results. Our hypothesis is that here I. Popov was following M. Castrén’s ‘Attempted Essay on the Buryat Language’ (sixteen riddles from the latter included in Popov’s book) because the ethnologist gives similar information on the Selenga Buryats. Results. According to I. Popov’s description, riddle-telling among Kalmyk children was a team game. As for individual players, there were tolgachi, i.e. leaders of two teams participants were divided into, and tuulchi — a master of riddles highly esteemed by other players. An important component of the game is mockery of losers, which can be found in many cultures as a form of punishment. I. Popov gives an example of one game where two teams ask numerical riddles (related to figures from one to ten) to each other. Comparison with traditions of other Turko-Mongols, such as Buryats and Altaians, shows that the Kalmyk tradition of riddle-telling shares similar features, e.g. connection of riddle-telling with the winter period, punishment as a compulsory element of the game. Still, it has some specific features. Firstly, for Kalmyks and Buryats this is a collective game, while in the Altaian tradition participants can play individually. The second important distinctive feature is the difference of age categories of players: in the Kalmyk tradition those are children, in the Buryat — young married couples, and in the Altaian — adults. The Appendix provides a facsimile of the I. Popov’s foreword to his ‘Riddles of the Don Kalmyks’.
Периодические издания калмыцкой эмиграции (на примере журнала «Мана зäнгә» 1946–1947 годов)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, Topalova Delgir Yu.
Published: January 2021

The paper examines Mana Zänge (Kalm. Мана зäнгe, 1946–1947) journal and analyzes publishing activities of émigré Kalmyks. Goals. The work provides a general analysis of Kalmyk émigré publishing efforts in the late 1940s. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on journal articles and literary compositions published by Mana Zänge, describes the latter in detail, analyzes materials available, and draws conclusions. Special attention is paid to minor Kalmyk-language texts, which was due to that the periodical was primarily engaged in political journalism and related latest European news and events. In this context, news reviews of Russian arts and literary works by Russian Cossack writers would hold a special place in the journal’s narrative. Conclusions. Mana Zänge proved efficient enough in supporting social activities of émigré Kalmyks in Western Europe, developing democratic ideas and ethnic social thought. Moreover, the publication served as a meeting point for the whole of Kalmyk expatriate community vastly scattered across different European countries. So, émigré Kalmyks stayed aware of all political and cultural events that were taking place not only in Europe but also in Kalmykia and Russia at large. Though it must be said superficially invisible ties to Motherland and indirect participation in all meaningful events had been part of their lives virtually since the earliest days abroad.
Sintered S53P4 bioactive glass scaffolds have anti-inflammatory properties and stimulate osteogenesis in vitro
Authors:   Department of Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 5B, 3rd floor, 00260 Helsinki, Finland, Björkenheim R , Jämsen E , Eriksson E , Uppstu P , Aalto-Setälä L , Hupa L , Eklund KK , Ainola M , Lindfors NC , Pajarinen J
Published: January 2021

Bioactive glasses (BAG) are used as bone-graft substitutes in orthopaedic surgery. A specific BAG scaffold was developed by sintering BAG-S53P4 granules. It is hypothesised that this scaffold can be used as a bone substitute to fill bone defects and induce a bioactive membrane (IM) around the defect site. Beyond providing the scaffold increased mechanical strength, that the initial inflammatory reaction and subsequent IM formation can be enhanced by coating the scaffolds with poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is also hypothesised. To study the immunomodulatory effects, BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds were placed on monolayers of primary human macrophage cultures and the production of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA. To study the osteogenic effects, BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds were cultured with rabbit mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by RT-qPCR and matrix mineralisation assays. The scaffold ion release was quantified and the BAG surface reactivity visualised. Furthermore, the pH of culture media was measured. BAG-S53P4 scaffolds had both anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties that were likely attributable to alkalinisation of the media and ion release from the scaffold. pH change, ion release, and immunomodulatory properties of the scaffold could be modulated by the PLGA coating. Contrary to the hypothesis, the coating functioned by attenuating the BAG surface reactions and subsequent anti-inflammatory properties, rather than inducing an elevated inflammatory response compared to BAG-S53P4 alone. These results further validated the use of BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds as bone substitutes and indicate that scaffold properties can be tailored to a specific clinical need.
Idiomatics of the Russian Avant-Garde from the Perspective of Lexicography
Authors: Zykova Irina
Published: January 2021

The article describes the practices of lexicographical analysis of idiomatic units related to the Russian avant-garde and experience in developing principles to present such units in the deve­loped dictionary – “Idiomatics of the Russian Avant-garde: Cubo-Futurism”. The author demonstrates the relevance of lexicographical studies of literary and artistic works of representatives of the avant-garde movement. The definition of the Russian avant-garde idiomatics is formula­ted on the basis of its distinctive features identified. The article outlines that the unique nature of avant-garde idiomatics, involving the integration of verbal and non-verbal idioms, supposes creating a specific methodology for its vocabulary definition.

Special focus is made on the elaborated approach to compile the glossary of the developed Dictionary, to create its macro- and microstructure. As a result of studies, new scientific concepts have been formulated and the need to integrate new zones into the structure of dictionary entries has been demonstrated. The author makes a conclusion on the proposed use of the developed Dictionary and notes the possibility to develop a new interdisciplinary field – “Avant-Garde Idiomatics”, based on the interrelation of Philology and Art History.
Boundaries of Realism: Terminology Issues
Authors: Kalugina Ol'ga
Published: January 2021

The major objective of this publication is to trace the formation of the term “realism” both in the plastic arts and European artistic culture in general. The need for such an analysis is determined by the current terminology applied to various phenomena in the history of European art, which results in a large degree of ambiguity with respect to the conceptual range. Although the origins of the concept “realism” date back to the scholastic religious philosophy of the Middle Ages, its application in Art Studies has entirely different backgrounds and can actually be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. As far as the Western European art is concerned, this concept is first used with respect to the artistic works by Courbet. In the history of the Russian Art in general and art criticism in particular, the term is commonly used with reference to the emergence and development of the “Natural School” literary movement.

At the same time, a thorough analysis of, inter alia, the epistolary and artistic-critical legacy of the leading figures of the Russian culture in the middle and the second half of the 19th century, such as Belinsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Stasov, and others, explicitly reveals a rather early application of this term, but mainly in the field of literary rather than artistic criticism. This situation can be explained by the total predominance of literary centrism in the 19th century Russian Art, which, in its turn, was determined by the specific aspects of our country’s social and political development. The explicit translation of this concept into the plastic arts domain was at the same time associated with the use of terminological qualifiers such as “critical”, “didactic”, and “socialist” with respect to the word realism, which resulted in even greater conceptual ambiguity. There is no doubt that the analysis of historical formation and that of characteristics of the figurative-plastic system of realism as a creative method should finally be subject to a comprehensive review, which can allow avoiding its excessively broad terminological interpretation.
Experimental study of operation heat mode of the motor drum of a short belt conveyor
Authors:   Bryansk State Technical University, Goncharov K.A. , Grishin A.V. ,   Bryansk State Technical University
Published: January 2021

The article presents the results of the experimental study of the motor drum temperature regime of a short belt conveyor. A description of the experimental stand, as well as the equipment used, is presented. The paper describes the test procedure, the initial conditions for testing at each stage. These conditions imply the nature of the change in the initial tension of the belt, the level of conveyor load, design features of the motor drum, in particular the use of a lining or the use of smooth steel shell during testing. The primary results obtained are presented in the form of decoded thermograms of the working area of the motor drum. The generalized processed results of the experimental studies are systematized in the form of graphical dependencies, which are united according to the objects of study: a motor drum, a leaving belt branch, and an entering belt branch. On the basis of the results obtained, the corresponding conclusions are made, which are the law descriptions of the thermal mode of operation with regard to the motor drum, as well as the belt branches in contact with it.
Assessing the stability of hydraulic structures to the impact of hazardous factors of hazardous natural phenomena
Authors:   Academy of Civil Protection EMERCOM of Russia, Rybakov A.V. , Ivanov E.V. ,   Academy of Civil Protection EMERCOM of Russia, Sibgatulina D.S. ,   Kazan National Research Technical University, Alyoshkin G.S. ,   Academy of Civil Protection EMERCOM of Russia
Published: January 2021

The article shows the procedure for determining the values of the stability index of hydraulic structures (earth dams). An approach to the creation of an engineering methodology for carrying out operational calculations for predicting the state of an earth dam under the influence of known characteristics of damaging factors of rapidly developing dangerous natural phenomena and man-made processes is presented. One of the directions of application of the proposed approach is shown — the definition of rational parameters for the protection of hydraulic structures and the development of a plan of measures to achieve them.
The effect of ethyl acetat fraction of Caesalpinia sappan L. wood on PC3 cancer cell line : cell viability and migration study
Authors: Suyatmi Suyatmi , Suparyanti Endang Listyaningsih , Pesik Riza Novierta
Published: January 2021

Latar Belakang: Tingginya insidensi kanker di Indonesia, termasuk kanker prostat menimbulkan beban ekonomi kesehatan yang tinggi bagi Indonesia. Pengembangan terapi kanker berbasis sumber daya alam lokal dapat membantu meringankan beban negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  potensi aktivitas anti-kanker fraksi ethyl acetat Caesalpinia sappan L. terhadap sel line kanker PC3 yang merupakan model in vitro kanker prostat.

Metode: Fraksi ethyl acetat kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) diperoleh melalui proses liquid chromatography. Efek Fraksi 9 dari Fraksi ethyl acetat kayu secang terhadap aktivitas anti-proliferasi dan migrasi sel diuji menggunakan desain uji in vitro. Hambatan proliferasi sel diukur dengan metode MTT assay, sedangkan aktivitas migrasi sel diukur dengan metode migration assay

Hasil: Fraksi 9 dari Fraksi Ethyl acetat kayu secang memperlihatkan hambatan proliferasi sel line kanker PC3 dengan IC50:14.99μg/ml. Hasil migration assay menunjukkan pada dosis 10μg/ml Fraksi 9 menghambat migrasi sel line kanker PC3, sedangkan pada dosis 100μg/ml sel line kanker PC3 mati.

Kesimpulan: Fraksi 9 dari fraksi Ethyl acetat kayu secang menunjukkan aktifitas anti-proliferasi dan anti-migrasi yang kuat terhadap pertumbuhan sel line kanker PC3 secara in vitro.

Kata kunci : Ethyl Acetat fraction, Caesalpinia sappan, prostate cancer, PC3, migrasi sel

 

Abstract

Background: The high incidence of cancer, including prostate cancer, in Indonesia create a high burden on health economic cost. Development of cancer therapy based on local natural resources may help the country to alleviate the burden. This research aimed to find out the potency of selected compound of Ethyl Acetate fractions of Caesalpinia sappan as anti-cancer  by using PC3 cancer cell line as an in vitro model of prostate cancer.

Methods: Ethyl Acetate fraction of Caesalpinia sappan L.heartwood was prepared using a liquid chromatography method. The effect of Ethyl acetate fraction 9 on anti-proliferative and cell migration activities was assessed using MTT assay and migration assay.

Results: Fraction-9 of Ethyl Acetate fraction of Caesalpinia sappan L. wood showed inhibition of PC3 cancer cell line proliferation. The IC50 of the fraction was 14.99μg/ml. The migration assay showed inhibition of cell migration on dose 10μg/ml compared to the 0 doses, while most of the cells cultured was dead when treated with 100μg/ml Fraction 9.  

Conclusion: Ethyl Acetate fraction 9 of Caesalpinia sappan L heartwood possibly has anti-cancer properties based on its anti-proliferative and anti-migration activities against PC3 cancer cell line.

Keywords:  Ethyl Acetate fraction, Caesalpinia sappan, prostate cancer, PC3, cell migration
The population genomics of invasive species
Authors: North Henry , McGaughran Angela , Jiggins Chris
Published: January 2021

By studying invasive species, evolutionary geneticists have been able to
simultaneously inform management strategies and quantify rapid evolution
in the wild. The role of genomics in invasion science is increasingly
recognised, and the growing availability of reference genomes for
invasive species is paving the way for whole-genome resequencing studies
in a wide range of systems. Here, we survey the literature to assess the
application of whole-genome resequencing data in invasion biology. For
some applications, such as the reconstruction of invasion routes in time
and space, sequencing the whole genome of many individuals simply
increases the accuracy of existing methods. In other cases, population
genomic approaches such as haplotype analysis can permit entirely new
questions to be addressed and new technologies to be applied. To date
whole-genome resequencing has only been applied to a handful of invasive
systems, but these studies have highlighted important roles for
processes such as balancing selection and hybridization that allow
invasive species to reuse existing adaptations and rapidly overcome the
challenges of a foreign ecosystem. The use of genomic data does not
constitute a paradigm shift per se, but by leveraging new theory,
tools, and technologies, population genomics can provide unprecedented
insight into basic and applied aspects of invasion science.
Identification of novel deep intronic PAH gene variants in patients with phenylketonuria
Authors: Jin Xiaohua , Yan Yousheng , Zhang Chuan , Tai Ya , An Lisha , Yu Xinyou , Zhang Linlin , Cao Xiaofang , Hao Shengju , Yin Chenghong , MA Xu
Published: January 2021

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene
variants. Previously, 94.21% of variants were identified using Sanger
sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. To
investigate the remaining variants, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was
performed in four patients with PKU with unknown genotype to identify
deep intronic or structural variants. Three novel heterozygous variants
(c.706+368T>C; c.1065+241C>A; and
c.1199+502A>T) were identified in a deep PAH gene intron.
The c.1199+502A>T variant was detected in 60% (6/10) PKU
patients. In silico prediction showed that the three deep variants may
impact splice site selection and result in inclusion of a pseudo-exon.
The c.1199+502A>T PAH minigene and reverse transcription
PCR of blood RNA in a patient with PKU and compound heterozygous
variants (c.1199+502A>T/ c.1199G>A) confirmed
that the c.1199+502A>T variant creates a novel branch point
and leads to the inclusion of a 25 bp in PAH mRNA
(r.1199_2000ins1199+538_1199+562). Furthermore, the
c.1199G>A mutation leads to the retention of an additional
17 nt in the PAH mRNA transcript (r.1199_2000ins1199+1_1199+17). These
results expand the PAH genotypic spectrum and highlight that deep
intronic analysis of PAH can improve genetic diagnosis in undiagnostic
patients.
Differences in Clinical and Imaging Presentation of Maxillary sinus fungus ball with and without Intralesional Hyperdensity
Authors: Wu Pei-wen , Lee Ta-Jen , Yang Shih-Wei , Huang Yen-Lin , Lee Yun-Shien , Ho Che-Fang , Huang Chien-Chia
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Maxillary sinus fungal balls (MSFBs) mostly occur in older
individuals and demonstrate female predominance. Early diagnosis is
important to avoid treatment delays. This study aimed to elucidate the
differences in clinical and imaging presentation of MSFB with and
without intralesional hyperdensity (IH). Design and setting: This was a
retrospective review in a tertiary medical center. We retrospectively
identified 588 patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery procedures
for MSFB between 2005 and 2018. The clinical characteristics and
computed tomography (CT) findings including the presence of complete or
partial opacification, IH, and odontogenic pathology were reviewed.
Participants: 588 MSFB patients Results: Patients with unilateral MSFB
had a mean age of 57.4 years and demonstrated female predominance
(64.63%). The overall female-to-male ratio was highest at 51-60 years
(2.02) and rose to 2.60 in MSFB with IH only. Compared to those with IH,
MSFB without IH was significantly more common in males (OR = 2.496; P
< .0001), in those with diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR = 2.094; P
= .010) and adjacent maxillary odontogenic pathology (OR = 1.697; P =
.030). Complete opacification on CT was less common in MSFB without IH
(OR = 0.617; P = .025). Conclusion: The highest female-to-male ratio for
MSFB at 51-60 years corresponded to the age of menopause. Patients with
MSFB without IH were more likely to have DM, no female predominance,
adjacent maxillary odontogenic pathology, and partial opacification of
the sinus, compared to those with IH. These clinical features may aid
earlier identification of MSFB without IH.
Structure-function relationship of bifunctional XynA
Authors: Xie Wei , Yu Qi , Zhang Ruiqin , Liu Yun , Cao Ruoting , Wang Sidi , Zhan Ruoting , Liu Zhongqiu , wang kui , Wang Caiyan
Published: January 2021

Xylan and cellulose are the two major constituents in numerous types of
lignocellulose. Thus, bifunctional enzyme incorporated
xylanase/cellulase activity has attracted considerable attention since
it has great cost savings potential. Recently, a novel GH10 family
enzyme XynA identified from Bacillus sp. was found to degrade both
cellulose and xylan. To understand its molecular catalytic mechanism,
here we first solve the crystal structure of XynA at 2.3 Å. XynA is
characterized with a classic (α/β)8 TIM-barrel fold (GH10 domain)
flanked by the flexible N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. XynA
has a longer N-terminal and C-terminal than most other GH10 family
enzymes. The important thing is that the activity of our N-terminal
truncated XynA_ΔN37 is significantly improved. And we found that the
C-terminus is crucial to protein expression in solution. Protein thermal
shift and enzyme activity assays reveal that conserved residues Glu182
and Glu280 are both important for catalytic activities of XynA, which is
verified by the crystal structure of XynA with double mutant
E182A/E280A. Molecular docking studies of XynA with xylohexaose and
cellohexaose, together with site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme
activity assay, demonstrate that Gln250 and His252 are indispensable to
bifunctional activity. These results elucidate the structural and
biochemical features of XynA, providing clues for further modification
of XynA for industrial application.
Trichinella spiralis Owen, 1835 in American minks (Neovison vison Schreber, 1777) and wild rodents (Muridae and Cricetidae) in Chile.
Authors: Espinoza-Rojas Hellen , Lobos-Chávez Felipe , Fuente Carolina Silva-de la , Echeverry Diana , Figueroa-Sandoval Fernanda , Muñoz-Galaz Javiera , Yáñez-Crisóstomo Claudio , Bustamante-Garrido Bárbara , Beltrán-Venegas Jazmin , Serrano-Reyes Josselyn , Oyarzún-Ruiz Pablo , Ortega Rene , Sandoval Daniel , Henríquez AnaLía , Salas Lucila Moreno , González-Acuña Daniel , Acosta Gerardo , Landaeta-Aqueveque Carlos
Published: January 2021

Trichinellosis is a worldwide disease that is considered emerging and
neglected. Several hosts have been recognized around the world, however,
there is a lack of knowledge of the role of free-range mammals in Chile.
Herein we examined 555 individuals among American minks (Neovison vison
Schreber, 1777. n = 100) and several myomorph rodent species (Muridae
and Cricetidae. n = 455) from southern Chile with artificial digestion
and molecular analyses. Rodents were captured in agricultural and wild
protected areas, while minks were captured in mixed agricultural and
unprotected wild areas. One rat (0.24%) in the Ñuble Administrative
Region and seven minks (8.2%) in the Los Ríos Region were infected with
Trichinella spiralis Owen, 1835. Our results suggest that native rodents
are of low or null importance in the reservoir of T. spiralis in Chile.
Conversely, our results suggest that T. spiralis is circulating in
minks, but with low prevalence. Further studies are needed to assess
whether minks are maintaining T. spiralis life cycle or are a dead-end
host of this parasite in Chile. This study represents the first record
of T. spiralis in a mustelid mammal in South America, increasing the
number of free-range species that could participate in the reservoir.