bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of performance degradation in high-delithiation LixCoO2: insights from direct atomic simulations using global neural network potentials
Authors: Zhang Pan , Shang Cheng , Liu Zhipan , Yang Ji-Hui , Gong Xin-Gao
Published: February 2023

Combining the stochastic surface walking, global neural network potential and molecular dynamics methods, the atomic origins of capacity degradations and safety issues in highly delithiated LixCoO2 are revealed.
Maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics impacts developmental milestones and brain structure in mouse offspring
Authors: Harvey Nikita E. , Mercer Grace V. , Stapleton Darcie , Steeves Katherine L. , Hanrahan Jenna , Cui Megan , Aghaei Zahra , Spring Shoshana , Helm Paul A. , Simpson André J. , Simpson Myrna J. , Macgowan Christopher K. , Baschat Ahmet A. , Kingdom John C. , Sled John G. , Jobst Karl J. , Cahill Lindsay S.
Published: February 2023

Maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics impact postnatal brain development in mouse offspring. This work motivates further studies to determine the levels of nanoplastics in the environment.
A general strategy to generate oxygen vacancies in bimetallic layered double hydroxides for water oxidation
Authors: Wu Konglin , Shi Luoxiang , Wang Zhendong , Zhu Ye , Tong Xinyue , He Wenxiang , Wang Junwei , Zheng Lirong , Kang Yanshang , Shan Weilong , Wang Zhiguo , Huang Aijian , Jiang Binbin
Published: February 2023

The NiFe layered double hydroxide with abundant oxygen vacancies (Ov2-NiFe hydroxide) induced by C3N4 exhibits improved OER performances compared with the NiFe hydroxide.
Diastereomeric salts of (S,S)-sertraline withl- andd-tartaric acids: an investigation into chiral supramolecular discrimination
Authors: Carvalho Paulo S. , Diniz Luan F. , Ayala Alejandro P.
Published: February 2023

Diastereomeric salts of (S,S)-sertraline, (Srt), withl- andd-tartaric acids have been prepared and their physical–chemical properties have been analyzed.
Retrieving the subwavelength cross-section of dielectric nanowires with asymmetric excitation of Bloch surface waves
Authors: Tang Xi , Kuai Yan , Fan Zetao , Zhang Zhiyu , Zhang Douguo
Published: February 2023

A high-precision metrology measurement technique based on the asymmetric excitation of BSWs is proposed to resolve the geometric size of nanowires. Experimentally, the transverse resolution of widths are about 4.38 nm and 6.83 nm.
Electron-atom Compton profiles due to the intramolecular motions of the H and D atoms in HD
Authors: Tachibana Yuichi , Onitsuka Yuuki , Kanaya Satoru , Kono Hirohiko , Takahashi Masahiko
Published: February 2023

It is shown that electron-atom Compton scattering has the ability not only to map the intramolecular motion of each atom with different masses but also to perform elemental composition analysis of a molecular system.
A far red emissive RNA aptamer–fluorophore system for demethylase FTO detection: design and optimization
Authors: Gao Wenjuan , Xu Liren , Jing Jing , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: February 2023

A universal strategy for demethylase detection in the far red region, relying on the affinity between an RNA aptamer and an organic fluorophore.
Better big or strained? Deformations of shape persistent arylene butadiynylene macrocycles
Authors: Małecki Marcin S. , Dopieralski Przemysław , Gulia Nurbey , Pigulski Bartłomiej , Lis Tadeusz , Szafert Sławomir
Published: February 2023

A series of arylene butadiynylene macrocycles has been crystallographically characterized showing that the flexibility of these systems depends on the intracyclic steric hindrance.
An all-solid-state potentiometric microsensor for real-time monitoring of the calcification process byBacillus subtilisbiofilms
Authors: Wang Jiabin , Ding Jiawang , Qin Wei
Published: February 2023

A robust all-solid-state potentiometric microsensor using carbon nanotube fibers was designed. The ion-selective microelectrodes provide a simple and versatile tool for real-time monitoring of the calcification process byBacillus subtilisbiofilms.
Correction: An ultrasound-induced MXene doped PAM–SA super-tough hydrogel
Authors: Li Keyi , Liu Yong , Ge Yaqing , Cao Hongyan , Zhuang Shujuan , Yang Xueting , Zhao Yanyan , Gu Xiangling
Published: February 2023

Correction for ‘An ultrasound-induced MXene doped PAM–SA super-tough hydrogel’ by Keyi Li et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 1908–1918, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TC04665B.
Comprehensive survey of ternary full adders: Statistics, corrections, and assessments
Authors: Nemati Sarina , Haghi Kashani Mostafa , Faghih Mirzaee Reza
Published: February 2023

The history of ternary adders goes back to more than 6 decades ago. Since then, a multitude of ternary full adders (TFAs) have been presented in the literature. This article conducts a review of TFAs so that one can be familiar with the utilised design methodologies and their prevalence. Moreover, despite numerous TFAs, almost none of them are in their simplest form. A large number of transistors could have been eliminated by considering a partial TFA instead of a complete one. According to our investigation, only 28.6% of the previous designs are partial TFAs. Also, they could have been simplified even further by assuming a partial TFA with an output carry voltage of 0 V or VDD. This way, in a single‐VDD design, voltage division inside the Carry generator part would have been eliminated and less power dissipated. As far as we have searched, there are only three partial TFAs with this favourable condition in the literature. Additionally, most of the simulation setups in the previous articles are not realistic enough. Therefore, the simulation results reported in these papers are neither comparable nor entirely valid. Therefore, the authors got motivated to conduct a survey, elaborate on this issue, and enhance some of the previous designs. Among 84 papers, 10 different TFAs (from 11 papers) are selected, simplified, and simulated in this article. Simulation results by HSPICE and 32 nm carbon nanotube FET technology reveal that the simplified partial TFAs outperform their original versions in terms of delay, power, and transistor count.
Analysis of sub‐synchronous resonance between DC‐side dynamics of large‐scale PV plants and nearby synchronous generators shaft
Authors: Pourheydari Mohammad , Parniani Mostafa , Ravanji Mohammad Hasan
Published: February 2023

This paper investigates the dynamic interactions between large‐scale PV plants and nearby synchronous generators. To this end, a comprehensive model of a PV plant, including the PV arrays characteristic and their voltage controller, DC/DC converter, DC‐link dynamic, DC/AC inverter controllers, and output filter, is obtained. Then, the eigenvalues of the PV plant model are calculated, and it is revealed that the PV plant has a dynamic mode in the sub‐synchronous oscillations (SSOs) range. Furthermore, the modal analysis method is employed, and it is shown that the inductance of the DC/DC converter and the DC‐link capacitor significantly contribute to the PV sub‐synchronous mode. Also, it is shown that this mode oscillations penetrate the grid and increase the risk of sub‐synchronous resonance (SSR). Then, the mechanism of dynamic interactions between large‐scale PV plants and torsional modes of nearby synchronous generators is revealed. This paper also investigates the required conditions for these interactions and shows that solar irradiation level and the DC‐link capacitance are the essential factors that can intensify these interactions.
Assessment and enhancement control for small‐signal voltage stability of VSC‐HVDC systems supplying passive industrial loads
Authors: Xue Yicheng , Zhang Zheren , Hua Wen , Wang Guoteng , Xu Zheng , Dong Wei
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment for the small‐signal voltage stability of voltage source converter (VSC)‐HVDC systems supplying industrial loads represented by the induction motors (IMs) and provides a stability enhancement control for the VSCs. First, the steady‐state voltage stability is analysed to seek the factors that affect the existence of the stable equilibrium point. Then, the small‐signal voltage stability analysis is performed based on the developed linear model. Eigenvalue analysis is carried out to capture the critical factors that induce instability phenomena correlative to the system voltage. It demonstrates that decreasing either the proportional gain K of the VSC's PI controller or the electrical distance between the VSC and IM is detrimental to voltage stability. Next, the enhancement control strategy is elaborated. It adopts virtual reactance and virtual admittance control for the VSC to improve the voltage control capability. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed enhancement control are validated via time‐domain simulations in a multi‐IM system supplied by VSC‐HVDC.
Dielectric response—A nondestructive approach to probing the micro‐interface of aluminium hydroxide filled silicone rubber composites for outdoor insulation
Authors: Wu Chao , Dissado Leonard Alexander , Gao Yanfeng , Wang Qian , Liu Yingyan , Cao Yang , Liang Xidong
Published: February 2023

Composite polymer dielectrics have strong electrical, mechanical, thermal and environmental properties but experience both high electric fields and harsh environmental conditions as outdoor insulation. The present investigation of the stress‐strain characteristics and morphology of the fracture cross‐section reveal the risk of a weakly bonded interface between the aluminium hydroxide (ATH) filler and silicone rubber used for insulators in transmission lines and substations. Dielectric response measurements are proposed as a non‐destructive probe of the interface quality. An analysis, based on the Dissado–Hill model, indicated that the introduction of ATH interfaces gave rise to a quasi‐DC process, in which charge transport is in the form of hopping along the weakly bonded interfaces. A schematic plan is proposed that would allow such an analysis to be used to obtain quantitative information correlated to the status of the weakly bonded interface for the diagnosis of micro‐interface quality in ATH‐filled silicone rubber and dielectric composites in general.
TransMVU: Multi‐view 2D U‐Nets with transformer for brain tumour segmentation
Authors: Liu Zengxin , Ma Caiwen , She Wenji , Wang Xuan
Published: February 2023

Medical image segmentation remains particularly challenging for complex and low‐contrast anatomical structures, especially in brain MRI glioma segmentation. Gliomas appear with extensive heterogeneity in appearance and location on brain MR images, making robust tumour segmentation extremely challenging and leads to highly variable even in manual segmentation. U‐Net has become the de facto standard in medical image segmentation tasks with great success. Previous researches have proposed various U‐Net‐based 2D Convolutional Neural Networks (2D‐CNN) and their 3D variants, called 3D‐CNN‐based architectures, for capturing contextual information. However, U‐Net often has limitations in explicitly modelling long‐term dependencies due to the inherent locality of convolution operations. Inspired by the recent success of natural language processing transformers in long‐range sequence learning, a multi‐view 2D U‐Nets with transformer (TransMVU) method is proposed, which combines the advantages of transformer and 2D U‐Net. On the one hand, the transformer encodes the tokenized image patches in the CNN feature map into an input sequence for extracting global context for global feature modelling. On the other hand, multi‐view 2D U‐Nets can provide accurate segmentation with fewer parameters than 3D networks. Experimental results on the BraTS20 dataset demonstrate that our model outperforms state‐of‐the‐art 2D models and classic 3D model.
Single‐switch coupled‐inductors‐based high step‐up converter with reduced voltage stress
Authors: Khalili Siamak , Ahmadi Amir Abbas , Adib Ehsan , Golsorkhi Mohammad Sadegh
Published: February 2023

This paper proposes a non‐isolated DC‐DC high step‐up converter. To achieve a high voltage conversion ratio and overcome the problems related to near unity duty‐cycle of the conventional boost converter in high step‐up applications, coupled‐inductors along with switch‐capacitor techniques are merged in this topology. The proposed converter provides continuous input current with low ripple without using any current ripple cancellation method and the voltage across the switch is limited inherently. In order to reduce the control circuit complexity, the proposed converter uses only one switch. These features decrease the complexity of the proposed converter structure. The voltage stress of the semiconductor components is reduced significantly; thus, high‐quality elements (fast power MOSFET switches with low on‐state resistance and Schottky diodes with low forward voltage drop along with low power losses) can be used, which minimizes the switching and conduction losses and improves the converter efficiency. To confirm the converter operation and theoretical analysis, a 200‐W prototype converter with 24‐to‐200‐V input and output voltages operating at 100‐kHz is implemented in the laboratory.
WHO-Leitlinie: Leitfaden für die medikamentöse
Behandlung von Bluthochdruck bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Moick Sigrid , Sommer Isolde , Gartlehner Gerald
Published: February 2023

Hintergrund Jedes Jahr sterben mehr Menschen an
Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (HKE) als an jeder anderen Todesursache. Hypertonie,
also Bluthochdruck, erhöht das Risiko für
kardiovaskuläre, cerebrale, renale und andere Krankheiten erheblich.

Ziel Diese WHO-Leitlinie gibt aktuellste Empfehlungen zur
medikamentösen Behandlung von erwachsenen Personen mit Bluthochdruck.
Diese Übersetzung gibt einen Überblick der WHO-Leitlinie und
fasst die wichtigsten Empfehlungen zusammen.

Methode Die Leitlinie 2021 wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
gemäß WHO-Standards umgesetzt. Die Zusammenfassung wurde von
MitarbeiterInnen des WHO Collaborating Centres für Evidenzbasierte
Medizin an der Universität für Weiterbildung Krems
(Österreich) auf Deutsch übersetzt.

Ergebnisse Die WHO gibt Empfehlungen zum Grenzwert des Bluthochdrucks
für die Einleitung einer medikamentösen Behandlung, zur
Durchführung von Untersuchungen vor Behandlungsbeginn, zur Therapie-
bzw. Medikamentenwahl, zum Zielblutdruck sowie zur Verlaufskontrolle und
Behandlung durch nicht-ärztliche Fachkräfte.

Schlussfolgerungen Diese evidenzbasierte globale Public-Health-Leitlinie
der WHO erfasst die aktuellsten und wichtigsten Empfehlungen zur
medikamentösen Behandlung von Bluthochdruck bei Erwachsenen.
Haare oder Luft – klinischer Schnappschuss einer Alopezie unter NIV-Maske
Authors: Knoop Heiko , Schöbel Christoph , Knoop Umut , Kreuter Alexander
Published: February 2023

Unter Nutzung einer NIV-Maske kam es zur Entwicklung einer Alopezia areata.
The Effect of Music on Balance Parameters
Authors: Unver Fatma , Buke Meryem
Published: February 2023

Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of music on balance
parameters in healthy individuals.

Methods Forty-two participants were included in the study, mean
age=23.3 (SD=5.31). Prokin Tecnobody balance device was used for
balance measurements. Static and dynamic balance measurements on the dominant
foot and bipedal stance were recorded while listening to high-intensity music
and without music.

Results In the study, there was a statistically significant difference in
the dominant foot static mediolateral balance in measurements taken with music
(p=0.013). But, there was no difference in other parameters
(p>0.05). When examined by gender, it was found that the mediolateral
balance scores of females on static and dynamic dominant feet were significantly
higher in high-intensity music than males (p<0.05).

Conclusion In healthy participants, music improves the mediolateral
balance on the dominant foot. Therefore, high-intensity music can be a safe and
motivating method to be used in addition to clinical applications.
Synthesis of a Water-Soluble Tridentate (Dimethylamino)ethyl Cu(I)/Cu(II)-Ligand
Authors: Pietruszka Jörg , Weber T. Moritz
Published: February 2023

Copper-catalyzed alkyne azide click chemistry (CuAAC) plays an important role in drug development and labeling of biological materials. Stabilizing ligands prevent Cu(I)-species from oxidation, increases the solubility of copper, and increases the acceleration of the catalyzed process. In this context, we report on the synthesis of a tris-amine tridentate Cu-ligand (TDETA), with terminal (dimethylamino)ethyl-substitution, which can be legally synthesized as a replacement of toxic nitrogen mustard HN3 as an intermediate and is a scalable alternative to the previously found amine ligand DTEA. The class II ligand TDETA exhibits excellent solubility properties in organic solvents and aqueous solutions, outcompetes the commercial class I ligands THPTA and TBTA for a broad range of azide and alkyne combinations using Cu(I)- and Cu(II)-species, and was shown to be recoverable in a yield of 80%.
Defining and Scoping Participatory Health Informatics: An eDelphi Study
Authors: Denecke Kerstin , Romero Octavio Rivera , Petersen Carolyn , Benham-Hutchins Marge , Cabrer Miguel , Davies Shauna , Grainger Rebecca , Hussein Rada , Lopez-Campos Guillermo , Martin-Sanchez Fernando , McKillop Mollie , Merolli Mark , Miron-Shatz Talya , Trigo Jesús Daniel , Wright Graham , Wynn Rolf , Hullin Lucay Cossio Carol , Gabarron Elia
Published: February 2023

Background Health care has evolved to support the involvement of individuals in decision making by, for example, using mobile apps and wearables that may help empower people to actively participate in their treatment and health monitoring. While the term “participatory health informatics” (PHI) has emerged in literature to describe these activities, along with the use of social media for health purposes, the scope of the research field of PHI is not yet well defined.

Objective This article proposes a preliminary definition of PHI and defines the scope of the field.

Methods We used an adapted Delphi study design to gain consensus from participants on a definition developed from a previous review of literature. From the literature we derived a set of attributes describing PHI as comprising 18 characteristics, 14 aims, and 4 relations. We invited researchers, health professionals, and health informaticians to score these characteristics and aims of PHI and their relations to other fields over three survey rounds. In the first round participants were able to offer additional attributes for voting.

Results The first round had 44 participants, with 28 participants participating in all three rounds. These 28 participants were gender-balanced and comprised participants from industry, academia, and health sectors from all continents. Consensus was reached on 16 characteristics, 9 aims, and 6 related fields.

Discussion The consensus reached on attributes of PHI describe PHI as a multidisciplinary field that uses information technology and delivers tools with a focus on individual-centered care. It studies various effects of the use of such tools and technology. Its aims address the individuals in the role of patients, but also the health of a society as a whole. There are relationships to the fields of health informatics, digital health, medical informatics, and consumer health informatics.

Conclusion We have proposed a preliminary definition, aims, and relationships of PHI based on literature and expert consensus. These can begin to be used to support development of research priorities and outcomes measurements.
Upper Ureteral Reconstruction with a Tapered Descending Colon after Failed Pyeloplasties in a 13-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Nakajima Hideaki , Koga Hiroyuki , Kosaka Seitaro , Ikari Mao , Lane Geoffrey J. , Yamataka Atsuyuki
Published: February 2023

An 11-year-old boy was referred for further management of a 6-cm-long grossly stenosed ureter following two failed left ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction repairs elsewhere. A tapered segment of the descending colon (TDC) was used successfully for ureteral reconstruction. The UPJ was exposed through a left flank incision. The stenosed segment was excised; both ends appeared severely inflamed and thickened. Tissue interposition was required and ureteroplasty with a TDC was performed by incising the peritoneum adjacent to the excised ureter to mobilize the descending colon to the retroperitoneal space. To prepare the TDC, an 8-cm segment of the colon with intact blood vessels was isolated, tapered, and sutured into a funnel shape using a 14-Fr catheter as a temporary stent. After colocolostomy, the colon was returned to the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum was closed carefully to prevent vascular compromise, and the TDC was anastomosed to the ureter and renal calyx with interrupted absorbable sutures. A double J stent (DJS) and percutaneous nephrostomy tube were placed. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. The DJS was removed on day 50 after confirming smooth urine flow through both the ureter–TDC and calyx–TDC anastomoses. Diuretic renography performed 68 days postoperatively was unobstructed. The patient is currently well after 12 months follow-up. This would appear to be the first report of a TDC being used to create a funnel-shaped segment to reconstruct a long, grossly stenosed ureter. The TDC is simpler than the re-tubularizing colon but requires monitoring for postoperative mucus-related complications and malignant transformation.
Many Faces of Adrenal Lesions in a Large Patient Cohort: What Has
Changed Over the Last Two Decades?
Authors: Saydam Basak Ozgen , Baris Mustafa , Adiyaman Suleyman Cem , Demir Tevfik , Kocdor Mehmet Ali , Demir Omer , Secil Mustafa , Yener Serkan
Published: February 2023

Objective To review the presentation characteristics, clinical and
hormonal evaluations, and histopathological results of patients with adrenal
lesions over a 21-year period and evaluate the changes across the two
decades.

Methods This single-center, retrospective study included 1003 patients
with adrenal lesions who presented to our department between 2000 and 2021.
Clinical, metabolic, hormonal, radiological, and pathological data of the
patients were collected.

Results Forty-seven percent of the lesions were non-functioning adrenal
adenomas. Possible autonomous and autonomous cortisol secretion were detected in
22.2% of the patients. The percentages of the patients diagnosed with
pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism, adrenal Cushing syndrome,
adrenocortical carcinoma, and adrenal metastasis were 7.4%,
4.8%, 4.7%, 0.9%, and 5.6%, respectively.
Adrenalectomy was performed in 31.3% of the patients. Functional adrenal
lesions were the leading cause of surgery (46.5%), followed by large
size and/or suspicious imaging features (38.6%). Among the
patients referred to surgery due to large size (≥6 cm), the
diagnosis in 19% was metastasis, and in 12.1%, it was primary
adrenocortical carcinoma. In patients with adrenal lesions with a size of
4–6 cm and suspicious imaging properties, the rates of
metastasis and primary adrenocortical carcinoma were 44.4% and
4.8%, respectively. From the first to the second decade, major
differences in presentation characteristics were increased detection of
bilateral lesions and increased prevalence of possible autonomous and autonomous
cortisol secretion.

Conclusions Adrenal lesions are common in the adult population, and while
it is important to avoid overtreatment, hormone secretion, and malignancy should
not be overlooked.
Effects of Kinesio Taping on Tuck Jump Performance in Competitive
Male Athletes
Authors: Sheikhi Bahram , Letafatkar Amir , Marchetti Paulo Henrique , Eftekhari Fereshteh , Wallace Brian J , Maselli Filippo , Rossettini Giacomo , Granacher Urs , Zouhal Hassane
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to measure the acute effects of kinesio taping at different
stretches on tuck jump performance in active individuals. Seventy-five males
(23.01±2.24 years, 178.35±8.12 cm,
72.47±6.58 kg) were randomly distributed into three groups: (1)
kinesio taping without stretch, (2) kinesio taping with approximately
50% stretch, and (3) kinesio taping with approximately 75%
stretch. The tuck jump performance of all participants was determined at
baseline, immediately after applying kinesio taping, and 24 and 72 hours
later. The participants’ tuck jump performance did not improve
immediately after the kinesio taping application, 24 hours, and
72 hours after the application. No significant differences were found
between the kinesio taping groups at any time point (p>0.05).
This study demonstrated no effects of kinesio taping on neuromuscular
performance.
Jacques Calvé, 1875–1954
Authors: Vanhoenacker Filip M. , Beighton Peter
Published: February 2023

This history page in the series “Leaders in MSK Radiology” is dedicated to the memory and achievements of the French physician Jacques Calvé, whose name is partially associated with the medical eponym Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.
Talar Dome Osteochondral Lesions: Pre- and Postoperative Imaging
Authors: Griffith James Francis , Ling Samuel K.K. , Tischer Thomas , Weber Marc-André
Published: February 2023

We suggest a similar approach to evaluating osteochondral lesions of the talar dome both pre- and postoperatively. This review addresses the etiology, natural history, and treatment of talar dome osteochondral lesions with an emphasis on imaging appearances. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, ideally combining a small field-of-view surface coil with ankle traction, optimizes visibility of most of the clinically relevant features both pre- and postoperatively.
Presurgical Perspective and Postsurgical Evaluation of the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Teh James , Sharp Robert , McKean David
Published: February 2023

Management of the diabetic foot is complex and challenging, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Imaging plays an important role in the decision-making process regarding surgery. This article discusses the presurgical perspective and postsurgical evaluation of the diabetic foot.
The Association between Infant Birth Weight, Head Circumference, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Authors: Costantine Maged M. , Tita Alan T. N. , Mele Lisa , Casey Brian M. , Peaceman Alan M. , Varner Michael W. , Reddy Uma M. , Wapner Ronald J. , Thorp John M. , Saade George R. , Rouse Dwight J. , Sibai Baha , Mercer Brian M. , Caritis Steve N. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Bethesda MD
Published: February 2023

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether being small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) or having a small or large head circumference (HC) at birth is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter negative randomized trial of thyroxine therapy for subclinical hypothyroid disorders in pregnancy. The primary outcome was child intelligence quotient (IQ) at 5 years of age. Secondary outcomes included several neurodevelopmental measures. Associations between the outcomes in children with SGA (<10th percentile) or LGA (>90th percentile) birth weights, using ethnicity- and sex-specific population nomogram as well as nomograms from the National Fetal Growth (NFG) study, were compared with the referent of those with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) birth weight. Similar analyses were performed for HC.

Results Using the population nomogram, 90 (8.2%) were SGA and 112 (10.2%) were LGA. SGA neonates were more likely to be born preterm to mothers who were younger, smoked, and were less likely to have less than a high school education, whereas LGA neonates were more likely to be born to mothers who were older and have higher body mass index, compared with AGA neonates. SGA at birth was associated with a decrease in the child IQ at 5 years of age by 3.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–6.14) points, and an increase in odds of child with an IQ < 85 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.2). There was no association between SGA and other secondary outcomes, or between LGA and the primary or secondary outcomes. Using the NFG standards, SGA at birth remained associated with a decrease in the child IQ at 5 years of age by 3.14 (95% CI, 0.22–6.05) points and higher odds of an IQ < 85 (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3–4.1), but none of the other secondary outcomes. HC was not associated with the primary outcome, and there were no consistent associations of these standards with the secondary outcomes.

Conclusion In this cohort of pregnant individuals with hypothyroid disorders, SGA birth weight was associated with a decrease in child IQ and greater odds of child IQ < 85 at 5 years of age. Using a fetal growth standard did not appear to improve the detection of newborns at risk of adverse neurodevelopment.
Network topologies for maximal organismal health span and lifespan
Authors: Stubbings Garrett , Rutenberg Andrew
Published: February 2023

The population dynamics of human health and mortality can be jointly captured by complex network models using scale-free network topology. To validate and understand the choice of scale-free networks, we investigate which network topologies maximize either lifespan or health span. Using the Generic Network Model (GNM) of organismal aging, we find that both health span and lifespan are maximized with a “star” motif. Furthermore, these optimized topologies exhibit maximal lifespans that are not far above the maximal observed human lifespan. To approximate the complexity requirements of the underlying physiological function, we then constrain network entropies. Using non-parametric stochastic optimization of network structure, we find that disassortative scale-free networks exhibit the best of both lifespan and health span. Parametric optimization of scale-free networks behaves similarly. We further find that higher maximum connectivity and lower minimum connectivity networks enhance both maximal lifespans and health spans by allowing for more disassortative networks. Our results validate the scale-free network assumption of the GNM and indicate the importance of disassortativity in preserving health and longevity in the face of damage propagation during aging. Our results highlight the advantages provided by disassortative scale-free networks in biological organisms and subsystems.
Granger causality using Jacobian in neural networks
Authors: Suryadi  , Chew Lock Yue , Ong Yew-Soon
Published: February 2023

Granger causality is a commonly used method for uncovering information flow and dependencies in a time series. Here, we introduce JGC (Jacobian Granger causality), a neural network-based approach to Granger causality using the Jacobian as a measure of variable importance, and propose a variable selection procedure for inferring Granger causal variables with this measure, using criteria of significance and consistency. The resulting approach performs consistently well compared to other approaches in identifying Granger causal variables, the associated time lags, as well as interaction signs. In addition, we also discuss the need for contemporaneous variables in Granger causal modeling as well as how these neural network-based approaches reduce the impact of nonseparability in dynamical systems, a problem where predictive information on a target variable is not unique to its causes, but also contained in the history of the target variable itself.
Learning effective stochastic differential equations from microscopic simulations: Linking stochastic numerics to deep learning
Authors: Dietrich Felix , Makeev Alexei , Kevrekidis George , Evangelou Nikolaos , Bertalan Tom , Reich Sebastian , Kevrekidis Ioannis G.
Published: February 2023

We identify effective stochastic differential equations (SDEs) for coarse observables of fine-grained particle- or agent-based simulations; these SDEs then provide useful coarse surrogate models of the fine scale dynamics. We approximate the drift and diffusivity functions in these effective SDEs through neural networks, which can be thought of as effective stochastic ResNets. The loss function is inspired by, and embodies, the structure of established stochastic numerical integrators (here, Euler–Maruyama and Milstein); our approximations can thus benefit from backward error analysis of these underlying numerical schemes. They also lend themselves naturally to “physics-informed” gray-box identification when approximate coarse models, such as mean field equations, are available. Existing numerical integration schemes for Langevin-type equations and for stochastic partial differential equations can also be used for training; we demonstrate this on a stochastically forced oscillator and the stochastic wave equation. Our approach does not require long trajectories, works on scattered snapshot data, and is designed to naturally handle different time steps per snapshot. We consider both the case where the coarse collective observables are known in advance, as well as the case where they must be found in a data-driven manner.
Sagnac interference in integrated photonics
Authors: Arianfard Hamed , Juodkazis Saulius , Moss David J. , Wu Jiayang
Published: February 2023

As a fundamental optical approach to interferometry, Sagnac interference has been widely used for reflection manipulation, precision measurements, and spectral engineering in optical systems. Compared to other interferometry configurations, it offers attractive advantages by yielding a reduced system complexity without the need for phase control between different pathways, thus offering a high degree of stability against external disturbance and a low wavelength dependence. The advance of integration fabrication techniques has enabled chip-scale Sagnac interferometers with greatly reduced footprint and improved scalability compared to more conventional approaches implemented by spatial light or optical fiber devices. This facilitates a variety of integrated photonic devices with bidirectional light propagation, showing new features and capabilities compared to unidirectional-light-propagation devices, such as Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and ring resonators (RRs). This paper reviews functional integrated photonic devices based on Sagnac interference. First, the basic theory of integrated Sagnac interference devices is introduced, together with comparisons to other integrated photonic building blocks, such as MZIs, RRs, photonic crystal cavities, and Bragg gratings. Next, the applications of Sagnac interference in integrated photonics, including reflection mirrors, optical gyroscopes, basic filters, wavelength (de)interleavers, optical analogues of quantum physics, and others, are systematically reviewed. Finally, the open challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
Demonstration of object location, classification, and characterization by developed deep learning dust ablation trail analysis code package using plasma jets
Authors: Liang Chen , Ma Zhuang , Sun Zhen , Zhang Xiaoman , You Xin , Liu Zhuang , Zuo Guizhong , Hu Jiansheng , Feng Yan
Published: February 2023

Based on deep learning, a Dust Ablation Trail Analysis (DATA) code package is developed to detect dust ablation trails in tokamaks, which is intended to analyze a large amount data of tokamak dusts. To validate and benchmark the DATA code package, 2440 plasma jet images are exploited for the training and test of the deep learning DATA code package, since plasma jets resemble the shape and size of dust ablation clouds in tokamaks. After being trained by 1920 plasma jet images, the DATA code package is able to locate 100% plasma jets, classify plasma jets with the accuracy of >99.9%, and output image skeleton information for classified plasma jets. The DATA code package trained by the plasma jet images is also used to analyze the dust ablation trails captured in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting (EAST) tokamak with the satisfactory performance, further verifying its applicability in the fusion dust ablation investigation. Based on its excellent performance presented here, it is demonstrated that our DATA code package is able to automatically identify and analyze dust ablation trails in tokamaks, which can be used for further detailed investigations, such as the three-dimensional reconstruction of dusts and their ablation trails.
Spatial and time scaling of coalescing multiple magnetic islands
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Teh W.-L. , Zenitani S. , Umeda T. , Oka M. , Hasegawa H. , Veronig A. M. , Nakamura R.
Published: February 2023

Magnetic reconnection is a key fundamental process in collisionless plasmas, which converts magnetic energy to plasma kinetic energy. Past observation and simulation studies suggested that this process causes an efficient energy conversion through the formation and coalescence of multiple magnetic islands. In this study, based on a large-scale two-dimensional fully kinetic simulations of coalescing multiple islands with a moderate guide magnetic field, we first examined the spatial dimensions of the internal structures of the coalescing islands. The results show that the dimensions of the structures in the directions normal to and along the initial current sheet depend on the initial thickness of the current sheet and the number of coalescing islands. We then found that the horizontal dimension of the structures controls the evolution time scale of the island coalescence process. We further found that when the vertical dimension of the structures, which corresponds to the length of the reconnection X-line in the reconnection outflow direction at the merging point between the two coalescing islands, is sufficiently longer than the ion inertial length, reconnection in the merging current sheet can well mature and both ions and electrons can be effectively heated around the merging X-line. The obtained scaling predicts that such a strong heating by well-matured reconnection in the island coalescence process would be seen in various plasma environments, such as the Earth's magnetotail and solar flares.
CsPbBr3 nanocrystals plasmonic distributed Bragg reflector waveguide laser
Authors: Ahmad Kamal Ahmad Syazwan , Lin Cheng-Chieh , Wang Zhiyu , Xing Di , Lee Yang-Chun , Chen Mu-Hsin , Ho Ya-Lun , Chen Chun-Wei , Delaunay Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2023

The recent development of perovskite-based lasers showcased the outstanding optical properties of the material such as high absorption coefficient and high quantum yield. The lasers were demonstrated in the form of nanowires and nanoplates, which are difficult to be integrated on a chip in the form of high-density arrays due to the difficulties in positioning them on the chip. The solution to this problem should be to use the well-known lithography process in the fabrication process of the lasers. In this work, we demonstrate several perovskite-based plasmonic lasers that were fabricated by using the lithographic in-mold patterning method that relies on the electron beam lithography process. The lasers utilized CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals as the gain material and plasmonic distributed Bragg reflector grating structure as the optical feedback provider to achieve a low lasing threshold of 42.5 μJ/cm2 with a linewidth of 0.6 nm (FWHM) at room temperature. The use of the lithographic process in the fabrication of the lasers makes it possible to fabricate and integrate them on a chip in a relatively high-density manner, so that they can be used extensively in quantum optics and on-chip integrated photonics applications.
A Reference Equation of State with an Associating Term for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia
Authors: Gao Kehui , Wu Jiangtao , Bell Ian H. , Harvey Allan H. , Lemmon Eric W.
Published: February 2023

Fluid ammonia is highly associated because of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This causes different behavior of thermophysical properties from nonpolar fluids, as reflected, for example, in the heat capacity. In this work, a new equation of state explicit in the Helmholtz energy with independent variables of temperature and density was developed, which includes a new associating term. Its uncertainties in density, vapor pressure, saturated liquid and vapor densities, and caloric properties were estimated by comparisons with experimental data. The new equation of state is valid from the triple-point temperature (195.49 K) to 725 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa and densities up to 53.13 mol dm−3. Physically correct behavior within the region of validity and at extremely high temperatures and pressures, and at temperatures far below the triple-point temperature, was obtained by applying constraints on various properties. The unique physical behavior of ammonia shown in some thermodynamic properties is described in detail, which will provide a preliminary template for developing equations of state for other associating fluids.
A versatile biaxial stretching device for in situ synchrotron radiation small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering measurements of polymer films
Authors: Zhu Jianhe , Liu Shenghui , Lu Yimin , Cheng Hong , Han Xueqing , Liu Liangbao , Meng Lingpu , Yu Wancheng , Cui Kunpeng , Li Liangbin
Published: February 2023

A biaxial stretching device is designed and developed for the real-time structural measurements of polymer films. This device adopts a vertical layout to perform real-time x-ray scattering measurements. It has a maximum stretching ratio of 8 × 8 in two perpendicular directions. Its maximum experimental temperature and stretching rate are 250 °C and 100 mm/s, respectively. The control accuracies of the experimental temperature and stretching rate are ±1 °C and 0.01 mm, respectively. All the parameters related to film biaxial processing, such as stretching speed, stretching ratio, and temperature, can be independently set. The device feasibility is demonstrated via a real-time experiment in a synchrotron radiation beamline. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction, small-angle x-ray scattering, and stress–strain data can be simultaneously obtained during various stretching modes. The proposed device fills the gap between the synchrotron radiation x-ray scattering technique and the biaxial stretching processing of polymer films. This device will play an important role in improving the understanding of the physics behind biaxial polymer processing.
Intraband carrier relaxation in mid-infrared (3–4 μm) HgCdTe based structures: Effect of the carrier heating on the operating temperatures of bulk and quantum-well lasers
Authors: Kudryavtsev K. E. , Rumyantsev V. V. , Utochkin V. V. , Dubinov A. A. , Aleshkin V. Ya. , Zholudev M. S. , Mikhailov N. N. , Dvoretskii S. A. , Remesnik V. G. , Gavrilenko V. I. , Morozov S. V.
Published: February 2023

In this work, we study stimulated emission (SE) at 3–4 μm wavelengths from optically pumped bulk HgCdTe and HgTe/CdHgTe quantum-well heterostructures. It is proposed that, under intense excitation of such structures, energy relaxation of hot electrons occurs mostly via electron–hole scattering, while the relaxation of hot holes is direct, phonon-mediated. By balancing carrier generation/recombination and heating/cooling processes, we outline heat-induced limits to the operating temperatures of mid-IR HgCdTe lasers. Based on the existing experimental results for the SE around 3.5 μm, we predict that lasing at this wavelength may be achieved in 2.5 μm-pumped optical converters at temperatures as high as Tmax ∼ 270 K.
Cherenkov terahertz surface magnetoplasmons excitation by an electron beam
Authors: Srivastav Rohit Kumar , Panwar A.
Published: February 2023

We developed the scheme of terahertz (THz) surface magnetoplasmons (SMPs) over n-type semiconductor by an electron beam in the presence of an external magnetic field. Electron beam bunching by SMPs generates perturbed current density and develops THz SMPs by resonant Cherenkov interaction. More beam energy is required for the generation of high-frequency THz SMPs in the presence of large applied magnetic field. Growth rate of Cherenkov THz SMPs grows with THz frequency and attains a maximum value and then falls off with THz frequency. It grows with temperature and decreases with the electron cyclotron frequency. Growth rate is directly proportional to beam density's cube root and inversely proportional to γ0b, where γ0b is relativistic factor of incident electron beam. The proposed mechanism may develop an actively tunable device for the generation of THz SMPs due to growth rate dependence on semiconductor temperature, applied magnetic field, and electron beam energy. The beam energy of 212.31–222.03 keV is used for the excitation of SMPs 0.81–2.3 THz.
The effect of Schottky barrier modulation on conduction and failure mechanisms of an Ag/WOx/p-Si based memristor
Authors: Park Taehoon , Jeong Hakcheon , Park See-On , Hong Seok Man , Seo Seokho , Park Seungwoo , Choi Shinhyun
Published: February 2023

Memristors have attracted considerable attention as next-generation devices for logic and neuromorphic computing applications, owing to their high on/off current ratio, low power consumption, and high switching speed. Despite the various excellent characteristics of memristors, they suffer from unstable conductive filament-based switching when applied in real-world applications. To address this issue, the effects of Schottky barrier modulation on device performance, in terms of conduction and failure mechanisms of an Ag/WOx/p-Si memristor, were investigated in this study by varying the silicon (Si) doping concentration. Through the temperature analysis of I–V characteristics, different conduction mechanisms are observed according to the doping concentration and resistance state. Moreover, endurance failure with several doping concentrations is analyzed by using filament overgrowth phenomena. The results of this study are expected to help in the development of devices with characteristics suitable for application.
Comparing spin injection in Fe75Co25/Bi2Te3 at GHz and optical excitations
Authors: Sharma Vinay , Nepal Rajeev , Wu Weipeng , Pogue E. A. , Kumar Ravinder , Kolagani Rajeswari , Gundlach Lars , Jungfleisch M. Benjamin , Budhani Ramesh C.
Published: February 2023

Spin-to-charge conversion (S2CC) processes in thin-film heterostructures have attracted much attention in recent years. Here, we describe the S2CC in a 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 interfaced with an epitaxial film of Fe75Co25. The quantification of spin-to-charge conversion is made with two complementary techniques: ferromagnetic resonance based inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) at GHz frequencies and femtosecond light-pulse induced emission of terahertz (THz) radiation. The role of spin rectification due to extrinsic effects like anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and planar Hall effects (PHE) is pronounced at the GHz timescale, whereas the THz measurements do not show any detectible signal, which could be attributed to AMR or PHE. This result may be due to (i) homodyne rectification at GHz, which is absent in THz measurements and (ii) laser-induced thermal spin current generation and magnetic dipole radiation in THz measurements, which is completely absent in GHz range. The converted charge current has been analyzed using the spin diffusion model for the ISHE. We note that regardless of the differences in timescales, the spin diffusion length in the two cases is comparable. Our results aid in understanding the role of spin pumping timescales in the generation of ISHE signals.