bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massive Lesions Owing to Motorcyclist Impact Against Guardrail Posts: Analysis of Two Cases and Safety Considerations*
Authors: Brandimarti Francesco , Giacomini Ilenia , Fraternale Barbara , Giorgetti Raffaele , Tagliabracci Adriano
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Two motorcycle riders lost control of their vehicle, fell, and hit a guardrail, which acted as a blade and led to a rapid, fatal outcome. In one case, the high velocity of the body at the time of the impact resulted in complete detachment of the trunk. Reconstruction of the accident dynamics enabled the guardrail post to be identified as the means of injury in both cases. The two accidents occurred over a short period of time, highlighting a dangerous phenomenon that in less severe cases is presumably associated with different degrees of survivor disability. The accidents deserve mention, because a different design of the impact surface of the guardrail post might have prevented the lethal outcome. There is an urgent need for legislators to pass regulations that modify crash barrier homologation criteria, which have been devised primarily for the safety of car passengers but fail to protect motorcyclists.
On Gerasimov’s Plastic Facial Reconstruction Technique: New Insights to Facilitate Repeatability*
Authors: Ullrich Herbert , Stephan Carl N.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Gerasimov’s plastic facial reconstruction method is notoriously difficult to repeat from the published literature. Primarily, this is because of the method’s underlying qualitative basis but other factors contribute including: misreports in the secondary literature of Gerasimov’s method essence; a lack of published details concerning Gerasimov’s modeling mastic; Gerasimov’s deviation from his own published nose projection prediction guidelines; and continued refinement of the methods in the 15 years following their foremost publication. As Gerasimov cannot be consulted to resolve these issues, we provide solutions via one of his five former principal students. This includes clarification of Gerasimov’s method and use of soft tissue depths; the constitution of his modeling mastic; methods used for nose projection prediction; and refinements made to his methods following their primary publication.
Photomedicine and phototherapy considerations for patients with skin of color
Authors: Syed Zain U. , Hamzavi Iltefat H.
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: Patients with skin of color present unique challenges and opportunities for dermatologists in their disease states as well as their response to treatment. There are differences in dosing for patients with skin of color using standard phototherapeutic approaches as well as unique disease states that may respond to newer phototherapeutic options. Lastly, there are optical diagnostic options that allow investigators to differentiate erythema and pigmentation in a quantitative manner for clinical research purposes.

Methods: Review of the current literature with regard to vitiligo, hidradenitis suppurativa and optical diagnostic methods.

Conclusions: Practitioners need to be aware of the various phototherapy and laser therapy options for patients with skin of color. New discoveries for the use of visible light as a form of treatment are on the horizon, and optical diagnostic techniques such as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and colorimetry may add value clinically and within the research realm as objective measures of pigmentation and erythema.
Efficacy and safety of hemoporfin in photodynamic therapy for port‐wine stain: a multicenter and open‐labeled phase IIa study
Authors: Zhao Yi , Zhou Zhanchao , Zhou Guoyu , Tu Ping , Zheng Qingshan , Tao Jining , Gu Ying , Zhu Xuejun
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: This phase IIa study aimed to study the efficacy and safety of hemoporfin in photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a 532 nm continuous laser for port‐wine stain (PWS).

Methods: In this 8‐week open‐labeled study in three centers, three different laser exposure times (532 nm continuous laser for 20, 30 and 40 min) were used in stage I, group A, stage II, group B and stage III, group C, respectively. Primary efficacy assessment was performed by an independent group of experts, who reviewed the standardized photos. Secondary efficacy assessment consisted of the subjective grading of the PWS fading by the investigators and the patients. Treatment reactions and adverse events (AE) were recorded separately.

Results: Forty patients were initially enrolled in the study, but stage III had to be cancelled eventually for the safety of the patients. Patients in groups A and B showed similar satisfactory results in efficacy assessments, the total ‘response’ rate being 80.0% and 94.7% in groups A and B, respectively. The AE rates were also similar in the two groups. Self‐limiting photosensitive dermatitis and hyperpigmentation were the most frequently observed AE.

Conclusion: Hemoporfin‐PDT is effective and safe for patients with PWS aged 16–50.
Polymorphous light eruption and benign summer light eruption in Italy
Authors: Guarrera Marcella , Cardo Pasquale , Rebora Alfredo Enrico , Schena Donatella , Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo , Venturini Marina , Monfrecola Giuseppe , Baldo Antonello , Leone Giovanni , Pacifico Alessia , Pavesi Alessandra , Ciambellotti Aldo , Sala Raffaella , Rossi Maria Teresa , Di Costanzo Luisa , Fabbrocini Gabriella
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) heterogeneity has been postulated, but the existence of benign summer light eruption (BSLE) is controversial. We studied the prevalence of the clinical patterns, criteria distinguishing BSLE from PLE, and diagnostic usefulness of phototest.

Methods: Five Italian Photodermatology Centres recruited retrospectively 346 patients with typical clinical history and/or presentation of PLE. Age, gender, skin type, family history and presence of atopy were considered. UVA and UVB MEDs and provocative phototests with UVA and UVB were obtained with a standardized procedure. Photopatch tests were applied according to the IRCDG rules. ANA were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence.

Results: Four criteria (predominance of women, shorter latency, uninvolvement of the face and absence of relapse during summer) identified BSLE in only 6.1% of cases. All had positive phototests, mostly with UVA. Uninvolvement of face, short latency and no seasonal relapses identified 11.7% patients, mostly with positive phototests to UVA. Short latency and no seasonal relapses in women identified 11.2% patients. Uninvolvement of face and no seasonal relapses in women identified 8.1% of patients. Uninvolvement of face and short latency in women identified 17.6% of patients.

Conclusion: Criteria diagnosed BSLE in only a minority of patients, who were positive at phototesting, mostly with UVA.
Successful treatment of resistant alopecia areata with a phototoxic dose of ultraviolet A after topical 8‐methoxypsoralen application
Authors: Kamel Mostafa Mokhtar , Salem Samar Abdallah Mohamed , Attia Hanan Hamdy M.
Published: January 2011

Background: The efficacy of a phototoxic dose of ultraviolet A (UVA) after topical application of 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) in the treatment of alopecia areata (AA) was evaluated previously in only one study. However, the possibility of spontaneous regrowth of hair cannot be excluded as sessions were carried out every 3 months.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a phototoxic dose of UVA after topical application of 8‐MOP in the treatment of AA resistant to other lines of treatment.

Subjects/Methods: Thirty‐five patients with AA were treated by topical 8‐MOP application to the lesions followed by UVA irradiation using a phototoxic dose every 3 months for a maximum of four sessions. Severity grading of AA was carried out using the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score before and after treatment.

Results: Fifty‐seven percent of patients showed a positive treatment response (40% showed complete and 17% showed partial response) with significant improvement of SALT score. The mean cumulative UVA dose was 22±8.3 J/cm2. Mild reversible side effects were observed in 63% of patients after the first session.

Conclusion: Phototoxic psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy after topical application of 0.1% 8‐MOP is an effective treatment option for resistant AA, with low total cumulative UVA dose, few treatment sessions, and minimal reversible side effects.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF INTESTINAL MAST CELL TUMORS IN THE CAT
Authors: LAURENSON MICHELE P. , SKORUPSKI KATHERINE A. , MOORE PETER F. , ZWINGENBERGER ALLISON L.
Published: January 2011

The sonographic features of intestinal mast cell tumors (MCT) were reviewed in 14 cats. The mean age was 13.4 ± 2.5 years. There were 16 focal intestinal tumors and one diffuse submucosal infiltrate. The most common pattern was focal, hypoechoic wall thickening that was noncircumferential and eccentric (9/16 tumors) or circumferential, asymmetric, and eccentric (5/16 tumors). Nine of the cats had lesions in the jejunum or duodenum, four were at the ileocecocolic junction, and one cat had a colonic mass. Six MCTs had altered but not loss of wall layering, and the most commonly affected layer on ultrasound examination was the muscularis propria. Nine cats had enlarged abdominal lymph nodes, and seven were due to metastatic disease. Metastatic disease was not routinely detected by ultrasound in the liver (1/4 cats) or the spleen (0/3 cats). Concurrent small cell (T cell) lymphoma was present in four of 14 cats (29%).
Shakespeare’s Children
Authors: Campana Joseph
Published: January 2011

Shakespeare had a thing for children. Ann Blake counts 30, Mark Heberle 39, Mark Lawhorn 45, and Carol Chillington Rutter counts well over 50 child parts. What it means that Shakespeare included more child figures in his plays and poems than his contemporaries remains an incitement to conversation as a recent burst of scholarship makes evident. That this interest follows the institutionalization of the study of children’s literature and the formation of childhood studies programs is instructive. Approaches taken by humanities scholars may not hold the same political sway as psychological or sociological studies, some of which have real implications for the policies and standards that impact the lives of actual children. But since attempts to tell the history of childhood often produce fantasies of the ideal, sentimental child, the works of Shakespeare offer an opportunity to understand constructions and fictions of childhood in a time of the rapidly shifting cultural and historical valuation of children. This essay examines central questions and problems in the study of early modern child figures, reviews past approaches to and recent publications on early modern children, suggests topics yet to be explored in the context of the child figures of Shakespeare and his contemporaries (sexuality, temporality, sovereignty, humanity, and economy), and concludes by suggesting we think of Shakespeare’s children not as strictly historical or affective objects but, rather, as figures pressed to signify with respect to cultural expectations of value, sovereignty, and futurity.
Changes in a Woman’s Sexual Experience and Expectations Following the Introduction of Electric Vibrator Assistance
Authors: Marcus Bat Sheva
Published: January 2011

Introduction

This study explores how a woman’s sexual expectations and experiences change when she introduces an electrical vibrator into her sexual activity.

Aim

Examine participants’ behavioral changes and changes in attitude and expectations after introducing a vibrator.

Methods

Seventeen heterosexual women, ages 23–55, who had never used a vibrator, used one at least once a week for 1 month and then participated in interviews about their experiences. The “grounded theory method,” provided qualitative data from the interview transcripts.

Main Outcome Measures

Repeating ideas and themes were extracted and coded from all interviews. The researcher assessed whether the initial sample size was large enough to provide “saturation” (that is, did it appear that the same themes kept emerging) and continued interviewing until such a sample was determined.

Results

Six recurring concerns emerged: (i) change in orgasmic patterns; (ii) fear of using an outside, “unnatural” object; (iii) dependency; (iv) entitlement; (v) reaction of partners; and (vi) changes in sexual attitudes.

Conclusions

Clinicians recommending vibrator use to women, whether because of anorgasmia, female sexual arousal disorder, or any other sexual problems, should prepare their patients for changes in these areas.
Executive Dysfunctions in Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Child Molesters
Authors: Schiffer Boris , Vonlaufen Corinne
Published: January 2011

Introduction

There is some evidence that child molesters show neuropsychological abnormalities which might reflect specific structural and/or functional brain alterations, but there are also inconsistencies in the existing findings which need to be clarified. Most of the different outcomes can either be explained by the fact that different types of child molesters were examined or by not having accounted for basically confounding factors such as age, education/intelligence, or criminality.

Aim

The present study therefore sought to determine whether pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters, compared to relevant control groups, show different profiles of executive dysfunction when accounting for potentially confounding factors.

Methods

The performance of 30 child molesters (15 pedophilic and 15 nonpedophilic) and 33 age- and education-matched controls (16 nonsexual offenders and 17 healthy controls) was assessed regarding several neuropsychological functions.

Main Outcome Measures

Scores on different neurocognitive tests and semistructured diagnostical interviews.

Results

Results indicate that pedophilic child molesters exhibited less performance deficits in cognitive functioning than nonpedophilic child molesters. Compared to healthy controls and nonsexual offenders, the pedophilic child molesters only showed executive dysfunction concerning response inhibition, whereas the nonpedophilic child molesters revealed more severe dysfunction, especially on tasks associated with cognitive flexibility and verbal memory.

Conclusions

These results enhance our knowledge about executive dysfunction associated with criminality and/or pedophilia, as they suggest different profiles of impairment between groups. In summary, data suggest that nonpedophilic child molesters showed more severe cognitive deficits than pedophilic child molesters. However, as response inhibition is associated with prefrontal (i.e., orbitofrontal) functioning, the deficits observed in both child molester groups indicate dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex. This has to be further examined with functional imaging approaches in larger samples and a full-factorial approach which allows for a clear distinction between criminality and pedophilia in a factorial manner.
Sacro-lumbar Intersegmental Spinal Reflex in Autonomic Pathways Mediating Female Sexual Function
Authors: Yuan Shi Yong , Gibbins Ian L. , Zagorodnyuk Vladimir P. , Morris Judy L.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Autonomic neurons in paracervical ganglia mediating vasodilation in the female reproductive tract receive inputs from both midlumbar and sacral spinal levels. However, it is not known how the lumbar pathways are activated.

Aim

This study tested whether stimulation of pudendal sensory nerve could activate lumbar spinal outflows to paracervical ganglia via a spinal reflex pathway.

Methods

Isolated spinal cords with attached peripheral nerves were removed from urethane-anesthetized female guinea pigs and perfused via the aorta with physiological salt solution. Spinal pathways to midlumbar preganglionic neurons were tested by recording extracellular compound action potentials (CAPs) in lumbar splanchnic or distal hypogastric nerves after electrical stimulation of thoracic spinal cord or the pudendal nerve. CAPs also were recorded from pelvic nerves after pudendal nerve stimulation. Sensory neurons were retrogradely traced from the pudendal nerve and characterized immunohistochemically.

Main Outcome Measures

Activation of preganglionic neurons projecting from midlumbar spinal cord to paracervical ganglia following stimulation of pudendal sensory nerves in isolated preparations.

Results

Thoracic spinal cord stimulation produced CAPs in hypogastric nerves that were abolished by transection of L3 lumbar splanchnic nerves. Pudendal nerve stimulation produced CAPs in L3 lumbar splanchnic, hypogastric, and pelvic nerves, demonstrating an ascending intersegmental spinal circuit to midlumbar levels in addition to the sacral spinal circuit. These CAPs in hypogastric nerves were enhanced by bicuculline (10 µM), blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 µM) but were not affected by hexamethonium (200 µM). Retrograde axonal tracing revealed four groups of sensory neurons in S3 dorsal root ganglia that were distinguished immunohistochemically.

Conclusion

Midlumbar preganglionic neurons projecting to paracervical ganglia regulating blood flow and motility in the female reproductive tract can be activated by an ascending intersegmental spinal pathway from pudendal sacral inputs, which is inhibited by local spinal circuits. This pathway will help understand pathological conditions affecting reproductive function.
Epistemic Luck
Authors: Orozco Joshue
Published: January 2011

Epistemologists often remark that knowledge precludes luck. A true belief based on a guess or hunch is not knowledge because it seems merely fortuitous, too much of an accident, and, well, lucky that one happened to get things right. Of course, true beliefs based on guesses and hunches are not justified. However, Gettier cases have persuasively shown that even justified true beliefs can admit knowledge‐precluding kinds of luck. So in what sense are justified true beliefs that don’t amount knowledge lucky or ‘true only by chance’? I will address three different approaches to epistemic luck that have received significant attention in the recent literature: reliability approaches to epistemic luck, credit approaches to epistemic luck, and responsibilist or control approaches to epistemic luck. I will then turn my attention to the implications that epistemic luck has for other epistemic states. I will focus particularly on state of understanding and examine whether, and to what extent, understanding is vulnerable to epistemic luck.
Contemporary Finnish Aesthetics
Authors: Haapala Arto
Published: January 2011

This article gives an overview of Finnish aesthetics in the past forty years. I will introduce major figures who have done research in aesthetics and topics that have been investigated. I will divide the field of aesthetics in two: philosophy of art and environmental aesthetics. Especially the latter has gained a lot of prominence in Finnish aesthetics, and there are also institutional settings that have made this possible. But philosophical problems in the arts have been scrutinized intensively, too. Finnish aestheticians have taken inspiration both from the Anglo‐American analytic tradition and the German and French phenomenological tradition. In order to put the contemporary considerations into some perspective, I will give a brief outline of the early stages of Finnish Aesthetics. The early 20th century was a heyday in Finnish Aesthetics.
The Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
Authors: Mirza Omar
Published: January 2011

Metaphysical naturalism can be taken, roughly, to be the view that there is no God, and nothing beyond nature. Alvin Plantinga has argued that naturalism, in this sense, is self‐defeating. More specifically, he argues that an evolutionary account of human origins gives the naturalist (but not the theist) compelling reasons for doubting the reliability of human cognitive faculties, and thus compelling reasons for doubting the truth of any of his beliefs, including naturalism itself. This argument, which has come to be known as the ‘evolutionary argument against naturalism’, has generated a great deal of controversy, and a substantial literature concerning it has grown up as a result. In this paper, I will introduce readers to this literature. I begin by explaining the argument itself, and making clear its intuitive force. I then survey the main objections to it, such as the Perspiration Objection, the ‘Can’t the Naturalist Just Add a Little Something?’ Objection, and the Tu Quoque Objection: in the course of this survey, I pay particular attention to the most interesting of these, a version of the Tu Quoque Objection according to which the problem of evil results in a form of epistemic self‐defeat for the theist that is exactly analogous to the self‐defeat with which the naturalist is allegedly faced in the evolutionary argument. I go on to suggest that, despite the wide range of objections in the literature, the challenge of the evolutionary argument against naturalism is still very much with us, and I conclude by describing some promising directions for future research.
Impact of employees' character strengths of wisdom on stress and creative performance
Authors: Avey James B. , Luthans Fred , Hannah Sean T. , Sweetman David , Peterson Christopher
Published: January 2011

Both conventional understanding and positive psychology recognise an important link between people's character strengths and how they perform their jobs. However, no research to date has focused on the relationship of employees' wisdom strengths, potential mediating effects and creative task performance. Utilising a large heterogeneous sample (N = 974) of working adults, this study found that participants' levels of the character strengths of wisdom were positively related to their performance on a creative task and negatively related to their reported level of stress. In addition, stress was found to be negatively related to creative task performance, with reported stress partly mediating the relationship between participants' wisdom and their performance on the creative task. Implications for incorporating character strengths in the development of HRM theory and practice conclude the article.
Ancient Near Eastern Wisdom Literature (Didactic)
Authors: Fox Michael V.
Published: January 2011

Wisdom Literature is found in several major cultures of the ancient Near East: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Israel, and in peripheral areas. Texts of this type are extant from some two millennia, as early as 2600 B.C.E. to the first century C.E. Works from these areas are demonstrably related in style and content and connected at several points, early and late. Wisdom Literature shows us the ancient Near East functioning as a single world, with distinctive but interconnected cultures.

This article looks at didactic Wisdom Literature, books that seek to educate young men in the skills of leading a good and virtuous life. These texts seek to shape a man who has the character‐qualities—skills of comportment, practical talents, ethics, and religious bearing—that will make him well suited to the position and who can transmit the ideas and attitudes to future generations. Most of these books present themselves as teachings of a father to his son or sons.

The article surveys Wisdom books in Egypt, Mesopotamia and its periphery, and Israel. The latter discusses the dating, composition, contents, and main messages of Proverbs, Qohelet, Ben Sira, the Qumran Wisdom texts, and the Wisdom of Solomon.
Pre‐Angkor Khmer Religion and State
Authors: Michon Daniel
Published: January 2011

This article surveys recent scholarship on Southeast Asian religion and state formation by using the pre‐Angkor Khmer religio‐political organizational patterns as a case study. It begins by situating the debate in the broader chronological frame of both the pre‐Angkor and Angkor periods by outlining both the India‐centric, ‘Khmer Hinduism’ model and the Khmer‐centric, indigenous model for religio‐political formation. It then shifts its focus to the pre‐Angkor period and uses the recent work of Michael Vickery and Alexis Sanderson to discuss the debate concerning the influence of Śaivism on pre‐Angkor Khmer state and society. In doing so, it argues that the idea of a ‘ state’, combined with the recognition of a distinction between élite religio‐political constructions and the common experience and practice of religion, serves to reconcile Vickery’s and Sanderson’s arguments. The article ends with a discussion of new avenues of research that have opened up in the last decade.
Computational Aspects of Lexical Functional Grammar
Authors: Forst Martin
Published: January 2011

The area of grammar engineering has been a central and active field in computational linguistics. One of the formal frameworks used for the development of computational grammars for a large variety of languages is lexical functional grammar (LFG). This article first introduces the formal and computational foundations of LFG by presenting the correspondence architecture via which the central linguistic representations of LFG, c‐structure and f‐structure, are linked, and it addresses the computational complexity of LFG parsing. In the second half, it gives an overview over work in LFG‐based grammar engineering, focusing on techniques aimed at facilitating multilingual grammar development and ambiguity management.
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolics Content, Anthocyanin, and Color Stability of Isotonic Model Beverages Colored with Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth) Anthocyanin Powder
Authors: Estupiñan D.C. , Schwartz S.J. , Garzón G.A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The stability of anthocyanin (ACN) freeze‐dried powders from Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth) as affected by storage, addition of maltodextrin as a carrier agent, and illumination was evaluated in isotonic model beverages. The ethanolic ACN extract was freeze dried with and without maltodextrin DE 20. Isotonic model beverages were colored with freeze‐dried ACN powder (FDA), freeze‐dried ACN powder with maltodextrin (MFDA), and red nr 40. Beverages were stored in the dark and under the effect of illumination. Half life of the ACNs, changes in color, total phenolics content (TPC), and antioxidant activity were analyzed for 71 d. Addition of maltodextrin and absence of light stabilized the color of beverages and improved ACN and TPC stability during storage. The antioxidant activity of the beverages was higher when they were colored with MFDA and highly correlated with ACN content. There was no correlation between antioxidant activity and TPC. It is concluded that addition of maltodextrin DE 20 as a carrier agent during freeze‐drying improves the color and stability of nutraceutical antioxidants present in Andes berry extract. This suggests a protective enclosing of ACNs within a maltodextrin matrix with a resulting powder that could serve as a supplement or additive to naturally color and to enhance the antioxidant capacity of isotonic beverages.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Stock Containing Glutathione Maillard Reaction Products Prepared at Various Conditions
Authors: Kwon G.Y. , Hong J.H. , Kim Y.S. , Lee S.M. , Kim K.O.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef soup samples containing 9 types of glutathione Maillard reaction products (GMRPs) were investigated to examine the effects of the GMRPs produced under different reaction conditions on the flavor of the beef soup. The sensory characteristics of the beef stocks were examined using descriptive analysis. In consumer testing, 50 consumers evaluated the overall acceptability and flavor intensities of beef odor, salty taste, beef flavor, and seasoning flavor in the beef soup samples. It was found that the reaction conditions, including sugar type and pH, affected the sensory characteristics of the beef stock containing the GMRPs. The samples containing the GMRPs reacted at pH 7 were characterized with strong beef flavor, chestnut flavor, and cooked rice flavor. However, the GMRP reacted with xylose at pH 7 (XM7) was significantly stronger in beef‐related sensory characteristics than the GMRPs reacted with glucose or fructose at pH 7 (GM7 and FM7). The samples containing the GMRPs reacted at pH 3 had strong acid‐related attributes whereas the GMRPs reacted at pH 11 exhibited strong sulfur‐related attributes and a bitter taste. Overall, the beef soup containing XM7, which was perceived as having a strong beef odor and flavor, was rated the highest consumer acceptability score. This suggests that XM7 has feasibility as a flavor enhancer. To elucidate its effectiveness further, it is required to apply XM7 in various food systems at varying levels and to compare its flavor enhancing effects with other flavor enhancers such as monosodium L‐glutamate in future studies.

Practical Application:  This study characterized sensory attributes of glutathione Maillard reaction products (GMRPs) reacted under various conditions and evaluated their potential as a flavor enhancer by examining consumer acceptability of beef stock containing the GMRPs. This study showed that the GMRP reacted with xylose at pH 7 had strong 71 beef flavor and the highest consumer acceptability score. The results of this study will provide valuable information for understanding sensory aspect of flavors generated by Maillard reaction of GSH and sugars, since most studies on Maillard reaction focused on chemical reactions. Also, the outcome of this study will help flavor and food industries’ efforts to develop a new flavor enhancer for use in a variety of processed food products.
Differential Gene Expression of E. coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef Extract Compared to Tryptic Soy Broth
Authors: Fratamico Pina M. , Wang Siyun , Yan Xianghe , Zhang Wei , Li Yuesheng
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  E. coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen, and ground beef is a common vehicle of infection. DNA microarrays have been used for transcriptomic studies of E. coli O157:H7 using laboratory media; however, analysis of gene expression in complex matrices such as food are lacking. This study compared gene expression profiles of E. coli O157:H7 Sakai strain in raw ground beef extract (GBE) and tryptic soy broth (TSB). Total RNA was isolated from GBE and TSB after 2 h of incubation with E. coli O157:H7. Following reverse transcription (RT) of the RNA, labeled cDNA was hybridized to microarrays representing 9608 open reading frames (Operon; Genome Array‐Ready Oligo Set) corresponding to 4 genomes of E. coli strains and 3 plasmids. There were 74 up‐regulated (genes involved in protein and polysaccharide biosynthesis, transcription factors, membrane transport proteins, and acid shock proteins) and 54 down‐regulated (encoding proteins for energy metabolism, biosynthesis of cofactors, transporters of small molecules, and transcription factors and enzymes responsible for protein degradation) genes in E. coli O157:H7 grown in GBE compared to TSB, respectively. Furthermore, compared to incubation in TSB, E. coli O157:H7 incubated in GBE for 2 h showed significantly increased survival when exposed to synthetic gastric fluid, pH 1.5. This study demonstrated that microarray analyses can be performed using complex food matrices, and gene expression of E. coli O157:H7 differs in TSB compared to GBE. The information will be useful for identification of genes that can be employed as potential targets for interventions to control E. coli O157:H7.
Characterization of Spray‐Dried Microalgal Oil Encapsulated in Cross‐Linked Sodium Caseinate Matrix Induced by Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Bao Shan‐Shan , Hu Xue‐Chao , Zhang Ka , Xu Xiao‐Kang , Zhang Hong‐Man , Huang He
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Sodium caseinate (SC) cross‐linked by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) for encapsulating microalgal oil was investigated. Protein cross‐linking was evidenced in the SDS‐PAGE graph. The emulsifying properties of SC depended on the cross‐linked time with MTGase. The emulsifying activity and stability indexes of SC increased with the cross‐linking time of 30 to 90 min (P30 to P90), and then declined with longer cross‐linked time of 180 to 420 min (P180 to P420). The P30 to P90 as wall material for microencapsulation was superior to P180 to P420 and control sample. The microcapsules prepared with P30 to P90 showed more than 97% of microencapsulation efficiency in contrast to about 90% with the P180 to P420. During storage, the microcapsules prepared with P30 to P90 exhibited higher oxidative stability as compared with other microcapsules. A sustained release of microalgal oil was observed, and core release was time dependent and affected by cross‐linking degree. Results showed that the powdered microalgal oil prepared with P30 to P90 demonstrated enhanced physicochemical properties and oxidative stability.

Practical Application:  The novel method using cross‐linked proteins as wall material induced by microbial transglutaminase in food industry for sensitive ingredients could convert microcapsules into a stable form, which would lead to its more widespread utilization as a kind of food additive.
Influence of Biopolymer Emulsifier Type on Formation and Stability of Rice Bran Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Whey Protein, Gum Arabic, and Modified Starch
Authors: Charoen Ratchanee , Jangchud Anuvat , Jangchud Kamolwan , Harnsilawat Thepkunya , Naivikul Onanong , McClements David Julian
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Rice bran oil (RBO) is used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its desirable health, flavor, and functional attributes. We investigated the effects of biopolymer emulsifier type and environmental stresses on the stability of RBO emulsions. Oil‐in‐water emulsions (5% RBO, 10 mM citrate buffer) stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI), gum arabic (GA), or modified starch (MS) were prepared using high‐pressure homogenization. The new MS used had a higher number of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) groups per starch molecule than conventional MS. The droplet diameters produced by WPI and MS were considerably smaller (d < 300 nm) than those produced by GA (d > 1000 nm). The influence of pH (3 to 8), ionic strength (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and thermal treatment (30 to 90 °C) on the physical stability of the emulsions was examined. Extensive droplet aggregation occurred in WPI‐stabilized emulsions around their isoelectric point (4 < pH < 6), at high salt (> 200 mM, pH 7), and at high temperatures (>70 °C, pH 7, 150 mM NaCl), which was attributed to changes in electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between droplets. There was little effect of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on emulsions stabilized by GA or MS, which was attributed to strong steric stabilization. In summary: WPI produced small droplets at low concentrations, but they had poor stability to environmental stress; GA produced large droplets and needed high concentrations, but they had good stability to stress; new MS produced small droplets at low concentrations, with good stability to stress.

Practical Application:  This study showed that stable rice bran oil‐in‐water emulsions can be formed using biopolymer emulsifiers. These emulsions could be used to incorporate RBO into a wide range of food products. We compared the relative performance of whey protein, GA, and a new MS at forming and stabilizing the emulsions. The new OSA MS was capable of forming small stable droplets at relatively low concentrations.
Does Enhanced Solar UV‐B Radiation Affect Marine Primary Producers in Their Natural Habitats?
Authors: Häder Donat‐P.
Published: January 2011

This article is a highlight of the paper by Li et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a short summary of the research on the effects of solar UV‐B radiation on primary production in the oceans. Laboratory experiments under controlled conditions using artificial light sources indicate species‐specific damage of many phytoplankton groups. Mesocosm studies in enclosures of limited volume allow analyzing UV effects in multigeneration monitoring of natural assemblages. Field studies to determine the effects of short‐wavelength solar radiation require sensitive instrumentation and measurements over extended areas of the open ocean to yield significant results. Results from a cruise described in the paper by Li et al. indicate clear effects of UV‐B and UV‐A on the photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton communities with spatial differences between coastal and open‐ocean waters. Increasing temperatures and acidification in the ocean due to global climate change may exacerbate the detrimental effects of solar UV‐B radiation.
Photophysical Properties of Ternary Hybrid System of Lanthanide Center Linking Organically Modified Silica and Polymeric Chain
Authors: Yan Bing , Wang Xiao‐Long , Liu Jin‐Liang
Published: January 2011

According to coordination chemistry principle and molecular assembly technology, series of ternary lanthanide centered hybrid systems have been constructed through coordination bonds. Among one component (ligand) is organically modified Si–O network, which originates from the functional molecular bridge (BFPPSi) by the functionalization of 1,3‐bis(2‐formylphenoxy)‐2‐propanol (BFPP) with 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate. In the second component (ligand), three different organic polymeric chains are introduced, poly‐(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, from the polymerization of MMA with the benzoyl peroxide [BPO] as the initiator), poly‐(methyl acrylic acid) (PMAA, from the polymerization of MAA with the BPO as the initiator), polyvinyl pyridine, respectively. All these ternary hybrid materials show homogeneous, regular microstructure, suggesting the existence of assembly process of lanthanide centers, inorganic Si–O network and organic polymer chain. Compared to the binary hybrids without polymer chain, the photoluminescent properties of these ternary hybrids present stronger luminescent intensities, longer lifetimes and higher luminescent quantum efficiencies indicating that the introduction of organic polymer chain is favorable for the luminescence of the whole hybrid systems.
Photocatalytic Activity of Ho‐doped Anatase Titanium Dioxide Coated Magnetite
Authors: Shi Zhongliang , Xiang Yongfang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Yao Shuhua
Published: January 2011

A composite photocatalyst (Ho/TiO2/Fe3O4) with Ho‐doped anatase titanium dioxide (Ho/TiO2) shell and a magnetite core was prepared by coating photoactive Ho/TiO2 onto a magnetic Fe3O4 core through the hydrolysis of tetrabutyltitanate (Ti(OBu)4, TBT) in water/oil (w/o) microemulsion with precursors of Ho(NO3)3 and TBT in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐Vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS). The effect of Ho ion content on the photocatalytic activity was studied. The photodegradation behavior of the prepared photocatalyst under UV and visible light was investigated in aqueous solution using methyl orange (MO) as target pollutant. The results showed that the prepared photocatalyst was activated by visible light and used as effective catalyst in photo‐oxidation reactions. In addition, the possibility of cyclic usage of the prepared photocatalyst was also confirmed. Moreover, Ho/TiO2 was tightly bound to Fe3O4 and could be easily recovered from the medium by a simple magnetic process. It can therefore be potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.
Transforming youth mental health services and supports in Ireland
Authors: Illback Robert J. , Bates Tony
Published: January 2011

Background: Young people in the Republic of Ireland do not have access to appropriate mental health services and supports, necessitating transformational change in delivery systems.

Aims: Describe ongoing development and change efforts facilitated by Headstrong – The National Centre for Youth Mental Health.

Methods: Discusses findings from a national needs assessment, core strategies within the change initiative, progress in system‐building, and preliminary descriptive and outcome data.

Results: Five demonstration sites comprised of four counties and a city neighbourhood are operational and preliminary data are promising with respect to implementation and outcomes.

Conclusion: Effective change initiatives require vision and leadership, competence‐ and capacity‐building, participative planning and engagement, adequate and thoughtfully deployed resources, and a comprehensive change management approach.
Early access and help seeking: practice implications and new initiatives
Authors: Wilson Coralie J. , Bushnell John A. , Caputi Peter
Published: January 2011

Aim: Seeking appropriate help for early signs and symptoms of psychological distress can reduce the long‐term impact of many mental disorders. This article describes practice implications and new initiatives for promoting early access and help‐seeking among young people.

Methods: Relevant help‐seeking research is reviewed, and prominent help‐seeking barriers are discussed.

Results: Prominent barriers for young people include: incomplete mental health and emotional literacy, beliefs about having little need for help versus having a need for autonomy, and the process of help‐negation for different symptoms of psychological distress.

Conclusions: To improve early access to appropriate help and mental health services, barriers that can be reduced, and in particular, psychological distress symptoms that promote the help‐negation process, must be reduced as soon as they can be. Strategies that can be used by clinicians, parents and others, including young people, to encourage appropriate help‐seeking are provided. Examples of how these strategies are implemented in several innovative programs and approaches are discussed.
Youth mental health: we know where we are and we can now say where we need to go next
Authors: Hickie Ian B.
Published: January 2011

Aim: To provide an overview of the state of knowledge relevant to the development of youth‐specific mental health initiatives.

Methods: A selective review of data, particularly from Australian community and health service studies, that are relevant to the decisions faced by those who fund and organize health services internationally.

Results: It is possible to reach consensus on key issues such as the current state of evidence, myths that need to be challenged, areas of genuine uncertainty, priorities for future reform, and five and ten year goals and targets.

Conclusions: There is considerable convergence of evidence from epidemiology, clinical and basic neuroscience, population health and health service evaluation that supports an urgent new investment in development and evaluation of youth mental health initiatives.
Microbiology of nitrogen cycle in animal manure compost
Authors: Maeda Koki , Hanajima Dai , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Morioka Riki , Osada Takashi
Published: January 2011

Composting is the major technology in the treatment of animal manure and is a source of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas. Although the microbiological processes of both nitrification and denitrification are involved in composting, the key players in these pathways have not been well identified. Recent molecular microbiological methodologies have revealed the presence of dominant Bacillus species in the degradation of organic material or betaproteobacterial ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria on nitrification on the surface, and have also revealed the mechanism of nitrous oxide emission in this complicated process to some extent. Some bacteria, archaea or fungi still would be considered potential key players, and the contribution of some pathways, such as nitrifier denitrification or heterotrophic nitrification, might be involved in composting. This review article discusses these potential microbial players in nitrification–denitrification within the composting pile and highlights the relevant unknowns through recent activities that focus on the nitrogen cycle within the animal manure composting process.
A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Using Secondary Data for Psychological Research
Authors: Andersen Judith Pizarro , Prause JoAnn , Silver Roxane Cohen
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this paper is to serve as a primer for those who have never used, or even considered using, secondary data as a resource for psychological research. Secondary data (SD) can provide a unique methodological tool with which to examine psychological issues and can serve as a valuable contribution to a program of research. However, this important resource may often be overlooked because its use can sometimes appear daunting and time‐consuming. We seek to assist new users of SD by describing the process in a step‐by‐step manner. We address both benefits and challenges to anticipate when using SD, and discuss identifying and acquiring potential datasets, creating a personalized dataset, variable creation, statistical considerations, and the potential problem of conflicting findings when large datasets are used by multiple researchers. Our goal is to encourage researchers who are novices to the approach to consider using SD as an adjunct to their program of research.
Personality and Pathways of Influence on Physical Health
Authors: Kern Margaret L. , Friedman Howard S.
Published: January 2011

Some individuals are prone to illness, decline, and premature mortality while others recover quickly, maintain health, and live long lives. Personality, an individual’s biopsychosocial pattern of reactions and behaviors, is related to health across time, but the pathways are complex, with interrelated causal and non‐causal links. Causal pathways linking personality and health include: health behaviors and habits; number and quality of social relationships; reactions to challenges and psychophysiological stress; and situation selection and evocation. Important but non‐causal (spurious) links include: genes and early experiences; and disease‐caused personality changes. Attending to the multiple links between personality and health within a lifespan perspective will aid causal understanding and facilitate the most appropriate interventions.
How Individuals and Organizations Can Reduce Interpersonal Discrimination
Authors: Ruggs Enrica N. , Martinez Larry R. , Hebl Michelle R.
Published: January 2011

Individuals do not always face overt, unambiguous forms of discrimination that often have legal repercussions. Rather, the current paper introduces the construct of interpersonal discrimination, a set of behaviors (e.g., increased interpersonal hostility, decreased eye contact, abbreviated interactions) that has negative implications for both individuals and organizations. For individuals, interpersonal discrimination may result in consequences such as lowered performance (2009, doctoral dissertation, Rice University). For organizations, this type of discrimination may lead to negative bottom line consequences (Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 2006, 579–592). Individuals and organizations can both take steps to combat this discrimination and in this article, we review these strategies. While research on some individual‐level strategies in reducing interpersonal discrimination is showing success, the research on other strategies (from allies and organizations) is sparse, and we end by encouraging such future research.