bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETIOPATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN COMBATANTS WITH LOWER LIMB SOFT TISSUE INJURIES UNDER CHRONIC STRESS
Authors: Koshtura V.V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. Combat injuries, including gunshot, shrapnel, and mine-explosive wounds, affect a significant number of soldiers in modern warfare. Notably, most of these injuries involve damage to the soft tissues of the extremities. Surgeons have expressed concerns regarding the unsatisfactory treatment outcomes in this group of combatants, attributing one of the primary challenges to the limited understanding of immune dysfunction pathogenesis in military trauma cases. This study aims to address this gap by examining immune system dysfunctions in combat-related injuries.
The objective of this study is to thoroughly analyze and synthesize the key stages of immune dysfunction occurring over extended periods post-combat trauma, including the subsequent development of traumatic disease and various wound complications.
Materials and Methods. The rising prevalence of combat trauma among soldiers has intensified interest in studying this issue, prompting surgeons and traumatologists to address its various medical aspects comprehensively. The literature search focused on recent publications, allowing for a targeted analysis of the immunological aspects relevant to military medical traumatology.
Results. In the initial stages of severe or combined injuries affecting various tissues—such as tubular bones, joints, blood vessels, and peripheral nerves—systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) commonly occurs. This stage is marked by an intense activation of innate antibacterial and immune-protective responses, leading to a significant increase in inflammation. This initial response is soon replaced by a prolonged phase known as compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. During this period, immune-protective responses sharply decrease, certain immunocompetent cells become inhibited, and lymphopenia develops. This phase is often accompanied by infectious contamination of wounds with pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, resulting in both local purulent-necrotic processes and potentially severe systemic complications, such as septic shock, sepsis, multiple organ failure, and others. The final stage, known as persistent inflammatory, immunosuppressive, catabolic syndrome, is characterized by the chronic progression of traumatic disease, accompanied by ongoing immune system dysfunction in combatants.
Conclusion. In the early period of traumatic injury, the wounded experience sharp inflammatory processes and activation of immune defense mechanisms. At subsequent stages, severe disruptions in the functioning of the immune system, damage to internal organs, and the development of catabolic syndrome are recorded. These changes, especially those resulted from exposure to chronic combat stress preceding the injury, aggravate the processes of infectious decontamination of wounds, regeneration of damaged tissues, and the general process of combatant rehabilitation.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF CARDIAC FIBROSIS DEVELOPMENT IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Perepeka Ye. O.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. In recent years, the study of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and its complications resulting from this condition has drawn substantial attention from cardiologists. A comprehensive understanding of this issue is essential for investigating the structural and functional disturbances occurring in the heart during AF. These data are also important for developing novel therapies aimed at preventing the onset and progression of cardiac fibrosis. The aim of this study is to identify the primary pathways that activate cardiac connective tissue cells involved in fibrosogenesis, to examine the structural characteristics of this pathological process, and to investigate the role of fibroblasts in initiating and progressing cardiac fibrosis. Materials and Methods. The primary data for this article were collected through an in-depth analysis of recent scientific literature, with a focus on studies published in the last 5–7 years. Results. A detailed review of primary sources reveals that this cardiological issue has only been partially explored. Findings indicate a close link between the pathophysiological and structural mechanisms of AF and numerous resulting complications, with cardiac fibrosis being a primary consequence. Two major forms of fibrous damage to atrial cardiomyocytes play a key role in the development of cardiac fibrosis associated with AF. This includes both reactive and reparative types of cardiac fibrosis, which develop concurrently in atrial fibrillation. These structural changes lead not only to damage and loss of cardiomyocytes but also to pathological remodeling of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix, and the atria and ventricles. Disruptions in bioelectrical potential conduction are also observed. Activated fibroblasts play a central role in initiating cardiac fibrosis, with key stages of protein synthesis involved in atrial fibrosis now better understood. Specific intracellular signaling pathways, which present potential therapeutic targets for preventing cardiac fibrosis in AF treatment, have been identified. Conclusion. Atrial fibrillation and cardiac fibrosis are interdependent, with each potentially accelerating the progression of the other. These pathological processes are underpinned by significant structural and functional disruptions within cardiac cells and the intercellular matrix. Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and intensive fibrous tissue formation within the matrix are pivotal in the development of cardiac fibrosis. A preventive strategy targeting early intervention in cardiac fibrosis shows the greatest therapeutic promise.
CLINICAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, AND NOSOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INJURED INDIVIDUALS WITH MASSIVE BLOOD LOSS
Authors: Neglushchenko S.O. , Shkatula Y.V.
Published: November 2024

Severe mechanical trauma is one of the major medical and social issues in modern society, resulting in more than 5.8 million deaths worldwide each year. The leading potentially preventable cause of death in such cases is massive, uncontrolled blood loss.
Objective: to study and analyze the clinical, epidemiological, and nosological characteristics of injuries, as well as age, sex, and peculiarities of traumagenesis, in order to enhance the effectiveness of emergency medical care for victims with traumatic blood loss, in accordance with the standards of evidence-based medicine.
Results. The study found that trauma cases leading to massive blood loss occur more frequently in males (78.4% men vs. 21.6% women). The largest proportion of male victims are aged 21 to 30 years (21.8%). Most injuries resulted from domestic incidents (29.3%), road traffic accidents (21.2%), and criminal acts (19.2%). The most common injury types were stab wounds (40.1%) and direct blows (23.3%). In terms of injury localization, the upper limb was most commonly affected (21.9%), followed closely by the lower limb (21.6%). Individuals injured in hostilities predominantly sustained mine-blast injuries, often associated with multifactorial combined injuries.
Conclusions: The clinical-epidemiological and nosological characteristics of victims with massive traumatic blood loss indicate distinct risk groups based on age, sex, type, and mechanism of injury. It has established that these clinical and epidemiological features significantly influence both the outcome of the traumatic process and the effectiveness of emergency medical care.
ПРОЛЕГОМЕНИ СЕМАНТИЧНОЇ ПАМ’ЯТІ МУЗИКАНТА-ВИКОНАВЦЯ: СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПІЗНАВАЛЬНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ
Authors: Sapsovych Oleksandra Arkadiivna
Published: November 2024

Мета роботи полягає у спробі розробити розлогу теоретичну та емпіричну базу алгоритма процесів розпізнавання та розуміння виконавцем тих значень, які складають елементи музичного мовлення. Методологічною базою роботи, у такому ракурсі, постає концепція семантичного сприйняття інформації, що була викладена Й. Хофманом у його дослідженні пам’яті как активного процесу. Звертаючись до міждисциплінарного дискурсу, нами були застосовані такі методи, як аналітичний, описовий та емпіричний. Наукова новизна даного дослідження полягає у прецеденті екстраполяції емпіричної схеми перетворення візуально сприйнятого слова-як-сукупності-друкарських-знаків в слово-як-носія-значення на сферу виконавського, інтерпретаторського мистецтва. Висновки. Розглядені розробки у сфері розпізнавання та репрезентації значень у свідомості та використання їх у сфері виконавства та музикознавства дають можливість представити пролегомени семантичної пам’яті у наступному ієрархічному нарисі: ультра-короткочасна пам'ять – що є простором відповідаючим процесу семантичного кодування; cемантичне кодування, що є похідним ультра-короткочасної пам'яті і представляє собою просту реєстрацію сенсорних впливів; семантична ідентифікація – що виступає етапом конструктивно-логічного або теоретичного розпізнавання значення нотно-графічної або аудіальної інформації, якому передує сходинка сенсорного аналізу та відповідної зорової/слухової репрезентації як процесу похідного перекодування в фонематичну/звукоінтонаційну форму; семантична інтерпретація, яка являється процесом глибинного та сутнісного розпізнавання значень та фактично є інструментом розуміння елементу музичного мовлення як такого, що набуває значення відповідно до образного сенсу, що несе у собі – і значно виходячи за рамки своєї формально-ідентифікованої конструкції.
СЬОМА СИМФОНІЯ К. ПЕНДЕРЕЦЬКОГО В АСПЕКТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЯВИЩА СИМФОНІЗМУ
Authors: Chornyi Andrii Leonidovych
Published: November 2024

Мета роботи. У статті досліджуються жанрово-стильові, фактурно-виразові та ідейно-концептуальні особливості Симфонії-кантати К. Пендерецького «Сім брам Єрусалиму». Методологія дослідження представляє комплексне застосування естетико-культурологічного, історичного, музикознавчого методів. Важливим представляється виконавський диригентський підхід. Наукова новизна роботи визначається виявленням концептуально-музичних ідей сучасного симфонізму в авторських проєктах. Висновки. Серед багатющої композиторської спадщини К. Пендерецького Сьому симфонію-кантату К. Пендерецького «Сім брам Єрусалиму» можна віднести до найвищої фази його творчого досвіду – фази «великого синтезу», яка відтворює його концептуально-світоглядні установки уособлення «метафізичного простору людини, зруйнованого катаклізмами XX століття» заради «відновлення сакрального виміру реальності» як єдиного шляху до порятунку людини, на якому мистецтво стає найважливішим засобом, «джерелом важких надій». Музична мова відзначається власними, авторськими розробками в галузі звуковисотності, тембральності (аж до створення власного інструмента – тубофону), фактури, що дозволило композитору створювати індивідуальні (авторські) музичні проекти і концепції у сфері симфонізму (а також в інших жанрах музики). Музична драматургія рясніє парадоксами, несподіваними поворотами та жанровими модуляціями дійства. На користь симфонічної складової виступає четверний склад оркестру, що включає також чотири батареї перкусії, орган та спеціально створені для цієї симфонії т.зв. тубофони. У вербальному компоненті, завдяки використанню латинської мови, яка пропонує мовну нейтральність через ритуальну мову, що більше не використовується в народній мові, підкреслюється сакральна образність. У цьому творі Пендерецький відходить від свого постнеоромантичного стилю 1980-х, звільняючись від типових моделей на користь своїм натхненню, інтуїції та духовній складовій мистецтва. Очевидно посилюється просторове відчуття звучання, його «вільне дихання»; ефекти «відриву» хроматики від басу та її несподівані повернення до тонального фундаменту; поєднання варіативності та імітації. Недивно, що композитор назвав цей твір серед двох своїх опусів, які хотів би відправити у майбутнє.
ТЕМБРОВИЙ АНСАМБЛЬ В СОНАТІ ДЛЯ ТРОМБОНА ТА ФОРТЕПІАНО Ю. ІЩЕНКА ЯК ОСНОВА ВИКОНАВСЬКОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ
Authors: Kravchuk Dmytro Oleksiyovych
Published: November 2024

У статті розглядається тембровий ансамбль у Сонаті для тромбона та фортепіано Юрія Іщенка як основа формування виконавської стратегії. Досліджуються можливості розширення тембрового спектра через ансамблеві виконавські техніки, що сприяють оновленню звукових ландшафтів твору та відкриттю нових аспектів тембрової організації цього твору. Мета дослідження – дослідити тембровий ансамбль як ключовий аспект виконавської стратегії Сонати для тромбона та фортепіано Ю. Іщенка. Наукова новизна. У цій статті вперше застосовано комплексний підхід до аналізу тембрового ансамблю в Сонаті для тромбона та фортепіано Ю. Іщенка. Він включає дослідження темброво-драматургічної концепції твору та її проєкції у виконавську сферу, зокрема ансамблеву стратегію інтерпретації і тембровий баланс. Методологія дослідження включає комплексний підхід до аналізу тембрових взаємодій, що поєднує тембровий аналіз з інтерпретаційними підходами, що дозволяє глибше розкрити авторський задум та виконавський потенціал Сонати для тромбона та фортепіано Ю. Іщенка. Висновки. Тембровий ансамбль у Сонаті для тромбона та фортепіано Юрія Іщенка виступає не лише як засіб виразності, але і як основа для формування виконавської стратегії. Виявлено специфічні прийоми тембрової модуляції та інтегрування, які мають ключове значення для інтерпретації твору. Розширено спектр тембрових можливостей камерного ансамблю, що сприяють оновленню звукових ландшафтів твору та відкриттю нових аспектів тембрової організації. Виокремлено ключові фактори тембрового ансамблю: темброва мобільність та гнучкість, врахування драматургічного контексту та стилістичних особливостей, а також багатовимірність сприйняття тембрового ансамблю.
ОПЕРНА ТВОРЧІСТЬ ДЖАКОМО МЕЙЄРБЕРА У КОНТЕКСТІ ХУДОЖНЬО-ЕСТЕТИЧНИХ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ ЧАСУ: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИКОНАВСЬКОЇ ФОРМИ
Authors: Loboda Larysa Mykolaivna
Published: November 2024

Мета дослідження – простежити еволюцію естетико-стильової концепції «великої» французької опери та її інтерпретацію у творчості Джакомо Мейєрбера як зумовленої особливими новаторськими та трансформаційними процесами у оперній спадщині композитора. Методологія роботи ґрунтується на комплексному жанрово-стильовому підході, що обумовлює звернення до індивідуально-авторських рішень у галузі структурно-композиційних та художньо-образних засобів з виокремленням провідної ролі виконавської форми твору. Наукова новизна даної статті зумовлюється зверненням до творчої спадщини Дж. Мейєрбера у світлі вивчення процесу формування та розвитку художніх принципів, що втілювалися у стильовій поетиці «великих» паризьких опер. Визначаються особливі властивості різних аспектів творчості та особистісних якостей композитора крізь призму романтичної історіографії, здійснюючи огляд суджень про Мейєрбера зарубіжних та вітчизняних представників художнього середовища. Висновки. Джакомо Мейєрбер був одним із найвизначніших композиторів XIX століття, внесок якого у розвиток європейської опери неможливо переоцінити. Фігура Дж. Мейєрбера постає у різних аспектах: він був композитором, режисером, постановником і тонким психологом, який добре розумів смаки публіки і майстерно керував її реакціями. Особлива увага приділяється процесу підготовки опери до прем’єри, репетиціям з солістами, хором і оркестром, під час яких відбувалися зміни і вдосконалення окремих номерів, обговорювалися сценографія, декорації та костюми. Творчість Мейєрбера, яка стала цілою епохою в історії європейської музики, а оперний стиль композитора є гнучким і відкритим до стильового діалогу. Він залучає історичні та національні форми, зберігаючи їх первісний колорит, що сприяє впізнаваності жанрового і стильового «першоджерела».
Jornada de Cuidados: 80 anos de excelência em enfermagem Vol.2
Authors: Leite Marivalda Ramos , Souza Maria Liracy Batista de , Dias Bruna Rafaela Leite , Silva Ricardo Luiz Saldanha da , Duarte Breno Augusto Silva
Published: November 2024

No mês de novembro, a UEPA comemora o aniversário da Escola de Enfermagem Magalhães Barata. Em 80 anos de existência, a Escola de Enfermagem vem formando profissionais de excelência capazes de superar barreiras, adaptar-se a desafios e garantir cuidados preventivos e tratamentos adequado nos mais variados contextos. O e-book “Jornada de Cuidados: 80 anos de excelência em enfermagem Vol.2” é uma ferramenta valiosa para estudantes e profissionais, oferecendo orientações práticas e enfatizando a importância da educação contínua. Com base na produção científica da Universidade do Estado do Pará, o e-book aborda temas relevantes para a região amazônica, organizados em três eixos: desafios da prática de enfermagem, estratégias de promoção da saúde e inovação tecnológica.
"No home movies". Usos políticos del archivo familiar en el cine documental de Argentina y Brasil
Authors: Karrer Michael
Published: November 2024

A partir de un estudio pormenorizado de cuatro documentales considerados paradigmáticos para sus respectivos contextos, se analiza cómo el recurso a películas o vídeos domésticos, a primera vista muy personales, no solo suele ir acompañado de una lectura politizada del pasado familiar. Las películas examinadas ofrecen enfoques novedosos sobre una amplia gama de temas que van desde las secuelas de la Shoah hasta la superación de traumas personales, desde los grandes acontecimientos políticos del siglo XX hasta la micropolítica del cuerpo y del género.
Structural-crystallochemical features of minerals of the glauconite-illite series with high Mg contents from Upper Proterozoic deposits of Eastern and Northern Siberia
Authors: Sakharov B. A. , Ivanovskaya T. A. , Drits V. A. , Savichev A. T.
Published: November 2024

At the current level of research, a generalization of previously studied and new lithological-mineralogical and structural-crystal-chemical characteristics of globular phyllosilicates (GPS) of the glauconite-illite series with a high Mg content from Upper Proterozoic sections of Eastern and Northern Siberia (Uchur-May region, Anabar uplift) has been carried out. The classification of glauconite-illite minerals was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the International Nomenclature Committees for mica and clay minerals, as well as on the basis of literature and our own data. The degree of aluminum content of minerals (КAl = VIAl / [VIFe3+ + VIAl]) of the glauconite-illite series varies from 0.40 to 0.85, the content of Mg and K cations varies from 0.51 to 0.75 and from 0.63 to 0.80 f.u. (formula units), respectively. Using X-ray modeling method of diffraction patterns of oriented and non-oriented preparations of Upper Proterozoic GPS, the following were determined: the content of swelling layers (4–10%), their types (mica, smectite, chlorite), the nature of the alternation (short-range order factor R = 0), unit cell parameters csinβ, ccosß/a, average value of parameter b (9.018–9.074 Å). The conditions of glauconite formation in the Upper Proterozoic basins are considered, their influence on the structural and crystal-chemical features of magnesian hydrocarbons is discussed.
Academy of Sciences and New Approaches to Economic Planning in the USSR (late 1950s – early 1960s)
Authors: Safronov Alexey V.
Published: November 2024

In the article the author considers the emergence of new approaches to the planning of the national economy of the USSR in the second half of 1950-s – early 1960-s as a result of departmental struggle between the USSR Gosplan and academic economic institutes for influence on the economic policy of the country. Despite the abundance of historical works covering the planning debates of the 1920s, this subject is poorly covered in historiography in relation to the post-war period. The methodological basis of the article is Michel Kallon’s “sociology of translation”, according to which experts translate the problems of key clients into their language in such a way that their scientific programme and themselves are at the centre of the proposed solution to these problems. The author examines the process of weakening the role of the USSR Gosplan and the emergence of alternative centres of competence on economic policy issues. In accordance with the chosen approach, the rhetorical moves and political techniques that were used by major economists to promote new research directions (economic and mathematical methods, evaluation of capital investment efficiency, etc.) are highlighted. These political techniques were: inserting key words into party programme documents and/or speeches of the party leader; formation of broad coalitions; use of administrative resources of the Academy of Sciences; publishing and educational activities; repelling attempts of the Gosplan to fit into the new agenda, criticism of its staff as incapable of implementing the proposed ideas.
Documents from the archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation on the position of African countries towards the Nigerian civil war (1967–1970) and on the OAU’s peacemaking
Authors: Mazov S. V.
Published: November 2024

OnMay 30, 1967 the southeastern provinces ofNigeria attempted to secede as the self-proclaimedRepublic ofBiafra.This caused theNigerian civil war which lasted fromJuly 6, 1967 toJanuary 15, 1970.Biafran army was defeated and capitulated.The international response to theNigerian crisis revealed an array of positions which were non-bloc, unique, and atypical of theColdWar era.TheSovietUnion found out itself in a motley crew ofFederalGovernment’s supporters –GreatBritain,EasternEuropean socialist countries,Arab states.TheUnitedStates declared neutrality.France,Portugal, theRepublic ofSouthAfrica, thePeople’sRepublic ofChina, andIsrael were onBiafra’s side, both explicitly and implicitly.Document № 1 shows that the balance of geopolitical interests of the great powers was projected ontoAfrica.Most ofAfrican nations, mainly formerBritish colonies, supportedNigeria’s territorial unity.Some countries sought an equidistant position.Côte d’Ivoire,Gabon,Zambia, andTanzania officially recognizedBiafra’s independence.Côte d’Ivoire andGabon retained close ties withFrance and in their foreign policy followed the former metropolia.The leaders ofZambia andTanzania have recognizedBiafra under the influence ofChina, which has established itself as one of the key actors inAfrica.Documents № 2 and № 3 contain information from the staff of theSovietEmbassy inEthiopia on theOAU’s attempts to achieve a peaceful settlement of theNigerian crisis.TheOAUsucceeded in securing the support of the overwhelming majority ofAfrican states for the retaining ofNigeria’s territorial integrity.TheOAU’s mediation efforts failed to achieve peace.TheBiafra leadership refused to capitulate as long as there were opportunities to resist and the federals was not going to bargain with separatists.The peace talks were used by both sides primarily for propaganda purposes.
Liturgy as an instrument of confessional identification: William Laud and the challenge of “foreign churches” in England
Authors: Fadeyev I. A. , Palamarchuk A. A.
Published: November 2024

This publication presents the first translation intoRussian of a number of documents which portray the religious policy ofWilliamLaud,Archbishop ofCanterbury, supported byCharlesIStuart, towards foreignReformed churches in theProvince ofCanterbury.The documents include royal orders given in various forms, notarial instruments, petitions fromCalvinist congregations to both theKing and theArchbishop, and excerpts from correspondence between representatives of said congregations.They demonstrate the role of liturgy as an instrument of confessional identification and, consequently, of politico-religious loyalty in seventeenth-centuryReformationEngland.The authors also note the correlation ofLaud’s ideas with the transformation of the corporate foundations ofEnglish society and the formation of an “individualist” type of relationship between theCrown and its subjects, based on archaic feudal law and the precedents of the classicalMiddleAges, the essence of which consisted of personal ties of allegiance between the monarch (his “body natural”) and the subject, rather than between the subject and the “body politic” of the monarch (i.e., the “country”).
“Our Attention to Iran, as a Neighboring Country, Should Certainly be Sharply Increased”: the Documents on the Visit of the Delegation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to Iran, January 1968
Authors: Kovalev Mikchail V. , Mirzekhanov Velikhan S.
Published: November 2024

What follows here below is the publication of documents from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the visit of the delegation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to Iran, which took place from 15–25 January 1968. This delegation was headed by Dinmukhamed Kunaev. These archival materials are important in the context of studying Soviet-Iranian economic and political relations in the 1960s and 1970s, when interaction between the two countries became more intensive. The paper demonstrates that the visit of the Soviet delegation was not just a protocol event, but an important milestone in building specific areas of co-operation, primarily the construction of a metallurgical plant in Isfahan. The documents introduced into the academic circuit for the first time, above all, testify to the deep interest of the Soviet side in the “white revolution” in Iran. At the same time, they do not record the contradictions of the ongoing reforms and the presence in the country of significant opposition to the Shah, especially on the part of the Islamic clergy. The archival documents clearly demonstrate certain difficulties in the development of bilateral relations. The appendices to the report of Dinmukhamed Kunaev contain rather sharp criticism of Soviet practices of cooperation with Tehran. Moreover, the edge of this criticism is directed at the all-powerful sectoral ministries and organizations, at the slowness of the Soviet planned economy. In the reporting documents of 1968, Soviet-Iranian cooperation in certain areas was essentially called a failure. Moreover, this applies to such an important area as oil exploration, production, and refining.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben: Aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great in Washington’s Army
Authors: Filimonova Maria A.
Published: November 2024

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben played a key role in the professionalization of George Washington’s Continental Army, managing to pass on to the Americans his experience gained in the Seven Years’ War and the War of the Austrian Succession. At the same time, there are no studies dedicated to Steuben in American studies in Russia. It seems that this gap needs to be filled, especially since some episodes of Steuben’s biography are connected with Russia. In addition, the article sets the task of critically verifying Steuben’s self-representations – a task that somehow confronts all his biographers. The source base of the study is mainly represented by epistolary materials from the era of the War of Independence. The materials of the Congress, the press, and Steuben's own surviving works himself were also used. All these sources document the American stage of Steuben’s career well, but leave aside the Russian and German stages. The Prussian military documentation of the eighteenth century allows one to judge the poorly-studied aspects of his biography. The study of the sources leads to the conclusion that Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben was part of that peculiar culture of the eighteenth century, which made that century an era of brilliant adventurers. He had the talent, imagination, and charm that allowed him to recreate his own past and convince Americans of the truthfulness of his stories. Yet, at the same time, he represented a piece of the Prussian military machine created by Frederick the Great, which allowed him to make a career in the American army. At the same time, it should be noted that his contacts with the American civil authorities were not always as successful.
The impact of research and development on the economies of countries of the world: A statistical analysis
Authors: Varenik M. S.
Published: November 2024

Effective management of national science and research is on the constant rise, so the task of revealing how economic “return” from the research and development sector can be maximized is becoming more and more relevant. The article examines the mutual influence of the development of science and the funding of research and development in 97 countries around the world, on the one hand, and their national per capita incomes, on the other hand. A wide range of indicators is used, including patent activity, research and development expenditures, the number of researchers and the number of Scopus-indexed publications by subject area (relative to the population of countries). Among all the subject areas studied, the number of publications in economics is most closely related to the level of GDP per capita (PPP). We then use linear multiple regression to study the relation between the number of Scopus-indexed publications in economics and expenditures on research and development. A comparison of simulated data with real data shows that oil and gas producing countries (including Russia) demonstrate an economic level higher than expected. The leading world economies (USA, China, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain) are well described by our resulting model. Ensuring high expenditure on research and development is of paramount importance for modern economic growth. In addition, an overall high level of publication activity is important, with particular attention to the development of research in economics.
The sanctions’ resistance analysis of economic sectors: Priorities of sovereign development and technological modernization
Authors: Pisareva O. M.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study is to develop analytical tools and methodological support for assessing the stability and vulnerability of sectors of the national economy to the effects of external sanctions. The study of the problem was based on the general scientific methods of generalization, analysis and classification. Methods of logical, economic, content, statistical, investment and expert analysis were used, as well as methods of econometric and mathematical modeling to achieve the research goal. A system of indicators for assessing the operational (technological and commercial) and investment dependence of the economic sector on imports is proposed. Methodological methods for assessing the sanctions dependence of the industry in the formation of production and investment development programs are substantiated. Examples of calculations of dependence indicators by levels and aspects of the industry description in the operating and investment areas are given. Recommendations are given on the use of the proposed indicators in the process of strategic and programming development in the conditions of ensuring technological independence and structural adaptation of the Russian economy.
Large quarterly Bayesian vector autoregression model for the modern Russian economy
Authors: Zasmolin A. D.
Published: November 2024

It is often difficult to choose the necessary variables when we are forecasting the economic dynamics. On the one hand, vector autoregression (VAR) models can solve this problem by taking into account a sufficiently large number of variables. However, on the other hand, excessive parametrization of such models is not always justified, because it is often possible to choose such a small combination of variables the predictive power of which will be no worse than unlimited VARs with a large number of variables and lags. Bayesian methods help to solve this problem by introducing a priori restrictions on the VAR coefficients. The main goal of this work is to build a Large quarterly Bayesian vector autoregression (QBVAR) for the modern Russian economy. The hypotheses of the study: 1) BVAR(p) models reveal their maximum potential with a small number of variables, but with a large number of lags, 2) The Minnesota prior distribution is not always the best option for the modern Russian economy in the BVAR(p) model. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that for a number of the most important macroeconomic variables (GDP, inflation, key rate, unemployment, wages), Normal-Flat / Wishart-type priors turned out to be the optimal. In case of 29 input variables and two lags, the predictive power of the QBVAR(2) model is worse than the equivalent frequency VAR(2) or VECM(2). However, when it was possible to find the optimal combinations of variables, QBVAR(p) turned to be several times more accurate than its analogous frequency VAR(p) for all important macro indicators. In addition, the stiffness parameters of the considered a priori distributions decreases with increasing lags entering the model, i. e. the higher the order of the model with the minimum optimal set of variables, the tighter the distribution is necessary to obtain more accurate predictions. For the Russian realities, it is necessary to use very tight priors, 6–8 variables and 9–12 lags in a quarterly representation.
Paired piecewise linear regression model with fixed nodes
Authors: Zubrilin K. M.
Published: November 2024

In this paper we develop a method for constructing a paired regression model in the class of piecewise linear continuous functions with fixed nodes. The concept of linear division of the correlation field, its partial sections and its nodes is introduced into consideration. Using the linear division of the correlation field, a class of piecewise linear functions with fixed nodes is determined. The linear division is revealed during the visual analysis of the correlation field. Using the least squares method, a system of linear equations is compiled to find point estimates of the parameters of the approximating function. With the exception of two unknown angular coefficients (unknown) this system is reduced to a tridiagonal system of equations, the unknowns of which are the nodal values of the approximating function. The tridiagonal system is solved by the run-through method. An algorithm was constructed to demonstrate the operation of the developed method. Its initial data is arrays of the corresponding values of the explanatory and dependent variables, as well as an array of numbers of the right ends of the intervals defining the nodes. An array of fixed nodes is constructed from an array of values of the explanatory variable and an array of numbers of the right ends of the intervals. Next, an array of point estimates of the parameters of the approximating function is constructed. This algorithm is implemented in Python in the form of user-defined functions.
Taiwan’s 2024 Elections: Implications for Regional Stability
Authors: Voloshina Anna V.
Published: November 2024

This article offers the analysis of the outcomes of the presidential and parliamentary elections held on January 13, 2024, in Taiwan. The author examines how the situation of “divided government” will affect president-elect Lai Ching-te’s ability to manage cross-strait relations and identifies the external factors that will influence Taipei’s policy toward the mainland over the next four years. By highlighting key events that will influence the dynamics of relations among the PRC, Taiwan and the U.S. from 2024 to 2028, the author offers her vision of the prospects for the development of the situation in the Taiwan Strait during this period.
The U.S. Model of Insuring Development Investments Against Political Risks: Tracking Transformative Changes
Authors: Bartenev Vladimir I.
Published: November 2024

The paper tracks the trajectory of transformation in the U.S. model of insuring development investments against political risks. First it outlines a novel normative context for providing political risk insurance (PRI), which took shape in the United States in 2018. Then, it compares the numerical parameters of insurance activities by the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) over FY 2020–2024 with those of its predecessor, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) in FY 2015–2019, analyzing and explaining the main changes in the scope and geographical priorities of PRI coverage. Finally, the paper unveils the substance of debates around the DFC’s reauthorization which have so far resulted in an increased securitization of development investment support, including political risk insurance.
АНАЛІЗУВАННЯ СТАНУ, ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ ТА СТРУКТУРНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У РЕГІОНАЛЬНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ: ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ СИЛЬНИХ І СЛАБКИХ СТОРІН, ЗАГРОЗ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВ
Authors: БОЙКО Руслан
Published: November 2024

У дослідженні проаналізовано стан, тенденції та структурні характеристики перебігу інвестиційних процесів у Львівській області. Метою статті визначено ідентифікацію сильних та слабких сторін, а також можливостей і загроз розвитку інвестиційних процесів у регіоні (на прикладі Львівської області). Вказано на сильні сторони економіки Львівської області з позиції її інвестиційної привабливості. Ідентифіковано недоліки та слабкі сторони інвестиційного розвитку регіону. Показано можливості інвестиційного розвитку регіону, а також визначено його загрози, з-поміж яких наголошено на необхідності подолання й нівелювання таких загроз подальшого розвитку інвестиційних процесів у регіоні.
Diversity of fishery resources and catch efficiency of fishing gears in the Feni River (Bangladesh)
Authors: Dipty A.K. ,   Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh, Uddin M.E. ,   Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh, Sarker M.J. ,   Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh, Rahman A. ,   Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
Published: November 2024

A thorough examination of fish diversity indices, gear efficiency, catch composition, and decline causes of fish diversity was carried out in the Feni River (Bangladesh). Monthly data collection took place from July to December 2023 at three stations of the river. A total of 8 fish species under 7 orders and 8 families were recorded. The order Perciformes was the most prevalent, representing 30% of the total. Approximately half of the identified species are classified as least concern, while the remaining 4 species are classified as Not Threatened (12.5%), Vulnerable (12.5%), Endangered (12.5%), and Critically Endangered (12.5%). The mean values of the Margalef’s richness (d), Pielou’s evenness (J), Simpson’s index (1-D), Shannon-Weaver diversity (H), and 0.973±0.002 were calculated as follows: 1.720±0.139, 0.699±0.112, and 0.248±0.034, respectively. Based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, two groups were observed at a similarity of 58% within six months across the three sites. The chandi net and ghera net recorded the highest CPUE (kg gear-1day-1) at 5.93±0.966 and 0.53±0.041, respectively. The highest fish catch was recorded in July (2249 ± 668.71 kg), while the lowest was in October (1564 ± 465.05 kg). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the monthly fish catch. Fish biodiversity in the Feni River is declining day by day as a result of pollution, overfishing, the use of harmful gear, and a lack of optimal water and pollution. To improve and conserve fish species in the Feni River, it is strongly advised that appropriate fishery management techniques should be applied, that overfishing be closely monitored, and that fishermen be made more aware of their rights.
Intragroup variability of growth in perch, Perca fluviatilis L., 1758 (Percidae) in waterbodies in the watershed of the Middle Ishim
Authors: Krainyuk V.N. ,   North Branch of the Fisheries Research and Production Center, LLP, Potanin str., 15/1, Astana, 101000, Kazakhstan
Published: November 2024

As a result of the research carried out in 2016-2021 on the lakes of the Shchuchinsk-Borovoe resort area and on the Ishim River, material was obtained on the intragroup variability in the growth of perch. The absence of sexual variability was noted, which is explained by the relative stability and positive influence of environmental factors. The revealed generational variability of growth showed both a noticeable decrease in its rates in Lake Shchuchie and a significant increase in Lakes Borovoe, Katarkol and Tekekol. These processes of linear growth dynamics are caused by the interaction of hydrological and trophic factors. In all samples, a division of the general population into two clusters (incremental morphs) with different growth characteristics was observed. They correspond to the traditionally identified “coastal” and “pelagic” morphs of perch from the largest bodies of water (e.g. the former Aral Sea), but their differences are revealed statistically and not visually. Perch populations differ in the proportion of these clusters, which largely determines the average length per generation in general samples. Based on the characteristics of the back calculation of linear growth for clusters, all samples can be divided into two types, which in miniature resemble species-specific evolutionary r- and K-strategies (but not identical to it).
Role of the invasive amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of littoral macrozoobenthos of the Zaonezhye area of Lake Onego
Authors: Sidorova A.I. ,   Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleksander Nevsky Str. 50, Petrozavodsk, 185030, Russia
Published: November 2024

The results of research of bottom biocenoses of the Zaonezhye area (Zaonezhsky Peninsula in the northeastern part) of Lake Onego in 2023 are presented. Insignificant differences in the spatial distribution of quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were revealed. Quantitative indicators such as abundance and biomass of macrozoobenthos ranged from 1.56-4,01 thousand ind/m² and 0.35-3.19 g/m², respectively. It is shown that the invasive species Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899) (Crustacea: Amphipoda) has naturalized in the littoral. Amphipoda G. fasciatus plays a dominant role in the abundance of the bottom community in Keften-Guba and in the vicinity of Padmozero village. It was noted that the native species Gammarus lacustris Sars 1863 was not recorded anywhere. Quite rapid dispersal of the Baikal species G. fasciatus on the littoral of the reservoir suggests that in the coming years these amphipods may colonize the Lizhemskaya Guba (Bay) of the lake, where there are habitats not subject to its invasion, according to the literature.
Results of synchronous measurements of the content of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the atmosphere of Southern Baikal in July 2023
Authors: Shikhovtsev M.Yu. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Molozhnikova E.V. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Khodzher T.V. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Zhamsueva G.S. ,   Institute of Physical Material Science Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sahyanovoy Str., 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia, Tsydypov V.V. ,   Institute of Physical Material Science Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sahyanovoy Str., 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia, Tyurnev I.N. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
Published: November 2024

The paper presents the results of synchronous measurements of the content of small gas impurities at the three atmospheric monitoring stations located on the shore of Southern Baikal, July 2023. The measurements were carried out using automatic gas analyzers, which enabled to obtain data on the content of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmospheric air with high temporal resolution. The studies showed that in spite of a small distance between the observation stations, the fluctuations of concentrations of small gas impurities on different shores of Southern Baikal occur independently of each other. We suggested that an increase of nitrogen and sulfur oxide concentrations on the western shore in summer is probably correlated more with the impact of regional thermal power plants (TPP) and on the eastern shore with the orographic features of the southern basin of the lake and local sources. The influence of meteorological conditions on the content of gas components in the atmosphere of Southern Baikal was estimated using multivariate statistical methods, namely, NWR and PSCF.
Hydroacoustic studies of the structure of the Baikal omul feeding stock in the Selenga shallows of Lake Baikal
Authors: Anoshko P.N. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia, Dzyuba E.V. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia, Khanaev I.V. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia, Kucher K.M. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia, Nebesnykh I.A. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia, Makarov M.M. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
Published: November 2024

A comparative analysis of hydroacoustic data from 2011 to 2024 allowed us to determine the distribution characteristics of Baikal omul in the spring in the water area of the Selenga shallows under a significant decrease in stocks. Test trawling provided analysis of the length-at-age data on Baikal omul, revealed an increase in the stock abundance owing to the 2019-2023 generations, and confirmed the possibility of the correct use of the length-weight relationship (LWR), W=10.9(SLdm)3.02, based on long-term data. The obtained data predict a growth of biomass, as a more inert indicator, in four-six years. To formulate a more accurate forecast, it is necessary to adjust the natural mortality rates.
Current assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the river water and snow cover of the Southern Baikal basin
Authors: Onishchuk N.А. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Tomberg I.V. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia, Netsvetaeva O.G. ,   Limnological Institute Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
Published: November 2024

The paper presents the results of long-term studies of chemical composition of water of tributaries and snow cover of the south-eastern and south-western coasts of Lake Baikal. The content of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in river water and snow cover was analyzed. A quantitative assessment of total nitrogen and phosphorus input from the atmosphere to the Southern Baikal catchment area for 2019-2023 is given. The south-western coast of the lake experiences a great load in terms of the content of various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the snow cover and water of tributaries. Nitrogen in the snow cover and tributaries of Southern Baikal is represented mainly by its mineral form. The rivers of the south-eastern coast, which are exclusively atmosphere-fed, are generally not subjected to anthropogenic impact. In contrast, the minor watercourses of the south-western coast of the lake (Listvyanka settlement) are significantly influenced by economic activities. The organic form of phosphorus predominates in the snow cover of Southern Baikal and in river waters of the south-eastern coast. In the water of tributaries of the south-west coast phosphorus is found in its mineral form. A comparison of current data with the results of previous years was carried out.