bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Judgement of the International Court of Justice in the Arrest Warrant Case: Some Critical Remarks
Authors: WOUTERS JAN
Published: July 2003

The author critically analyzes the judgement rendered by the ICJ on 14 February 2002, in the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 case. The Court's reasoning is criticized for both its poor motivation in acknowledging the existence of a rule of customary international law, providing for absolute inviolability and immunity for incumbent ministers for foreign affairs before the national courts of other states, and for the rather theoretical manner in which the Court asserts that immunity does not amount to impunity. It is also regretted that the Court did not pronounce on the issue of universal jurisdiction, thereby missing a great opportunity to clarify a controversial but increasingly important issue of international (criminal) law.
Equality of Arms – Defining Human Rights in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Authors: MCINTYRE GABRIELLE
Published: July 2003

The success of the International Criminal Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia in fulfilling its mandate turns on the justness of the decisions it renders. To ensure that its judgements are accepted by the international community as just decisions the Tribunal is directed by the Report of the Secretary-General to adhere fully in its criminal proceedings to internationally recognized human rights standards. This directive suggests that the Tribunal should adhere to the interpretation of human rights principles as understood by other jurisdictions. However, in some instances the Tribunal has, by virtue of its statutory requirements, been unable to follow those standards as understood by other jurisdictions and it has justifiably adopted a contextual approach to the application of certain human rights principles to its criminal proceedings. In other instances, however, the Tribunal has purported to adhere fully to certain human rights principles as adopted by other jurisdictions. This has occurred with respect to the Tribunal's adherence to the principle of equality of arms. In this instance, however, the Tribunal's purported adherence to that principle has led to a situation where that adherence has had a negative effect on the justness of the decisions it has rendered. In the following it is argued that with respect to the application of the principle of equality of arms the Tribunal should adopt a contextual approach if the decisions it renders are to be just decisions and are to have the appearance of being just decisions.
The Judgement of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Vasiljević Case
Authors: SALGADO ELENA MARTÍN
Published: July 2003

This case note focuses on two key aspects of the Vasiljević Judgement. The first one is the accused's acquittal of the charge of ‘violence to life and person’ under common Article 3 for the reason that the trial chamber was not satisfied that it constituted a crime under customary international law. The second aspect is the trial chamber's analysis of state practice to identify the definition under customary law of extermination as a crime against humanity.
The Implementation of the Rome Statute in Latin American States
Authors: RELVA HUGO
Published: July 2003

The implementation of the provisions of treaties and conventions is a duty arising from conventional and customary international law. In the case of the Rome Statute this duty is implied, since only by fulfilling it will states be able properly to comply with the obligation of complementarity. Moreover, the entire Statute is based on the assumption that states parties will in most cases be able and willing to investigate and prosecute crimes. Implementing the Rome Statute in Latin America is complicated by gaps existing in domestic legislation and the special characteristics of the legislation of civil law states.
Redemption Song? Human Rights Versus Community-building in East Timor
Authors: KLABBERS JAN
Published: July 2003

The present article identifies a tension between the two main mandates of the UN's administration of East Timor: community-building on the one hand and human rights promotion on the other. While originally planned to accompany each other, in practice the goal of human rights promotion took over, perhaps on the basis of the thought that serious community-building presupposes that a catalogue of human rights (including enforcement machinery) is in place. This thesis, however, is debatable, and it is even thinkable that an emphasis on human rights forms an obstacle to community-building.
State Continuity and its Consequences: The Case of the Baltic States
Authors: VAN ELSUWEGE PETER
Published: July 2003

The recognition of Baltic independence in 1991 led to a number of challenges in their relationship with Russia. The legal status of large Russian-speaking minorities in Latvia and Estonia, the unresolved border questions, and the particular situation of Kaliningrad have proved to be the most pressing of these. This article tries to link these topical political issues with international law practice on state continuity. It refers to competing visions of Baltic statehood and its political and legal consequences, particularly in the context of the forthcoming enlargement of NATO and the EU.
A restrictive theory of metrical stress
Authors: Hyde Brett
Published: July 2003

Focusing on weight-insensitive binary stress systems, the article presents an approach to metrical stress that is more restrictive than standard approaches and more accurate in its predictions. The proposal's restrictiveness derives from a set of constraints and structural assumptions that run counter to prevailing theories' fundamental principles. For example, the proposed account assumes strict succession between prosodic categories, ensuring that syllables are exhaustively parsed into feet. It tolerates improper bracketing of prosodic categories, allowing feet to overlap and to share entries on the metrical grid. Finally, it makes the foot–stress relationship violable, allowing feet to remain stressless under appropriate rankings. The article examines each of these assumptions and demonstrates how they combine to more accurately predict attested typologies.
Model theory and the content of OT constraints
Authors: Potts Christopher , Pullum Geoffrey K.
Published: July 2003

We develop an extensible description logic for stating the content of optimality-theoretic constraints in phonology, and specify a class of structures for interpreting it. The aim is a transparent formalisation of OT. We show how to state a wide range of constraints, including markedness, input–output faithfulness and base–reduplicant faithfulness. However, output–output correspondence and ‘intercandidate’ sympathy are revealed to be problematic: it is unclear that any reasonable class of structures can reconstruct their proponents' intentions. But our contribution is positive. Proponents of both output–output correspondence and sympathy have offered alternatives that fit into the general OT picture. We show how to state these in a reasonable extension of our formalism. The problematic constraint types were developed to deal with opaque phenomena. We hope to shed new light on the debate about how to handle opacity, by subjecting some common responses to it within OT to critical investigation.
Aggressive reduplication
Authors: Zuraw Kie
Published: July 2003

I propose that there is a purely phonological drive to impose a reduplication-like structure (‘coupling’) on words. This structure can lead to enhancement or preservation of word-internal self-similarity. The case of vowel raising in Tagalog loan-stems is examined in detail. Raising can be blocked in order to preserve similarity between the stem penult and the stem ultima. The more similar the penult and ultima along various dimensions, the more likely coupling is, and thus the more likely resistance to raising. I attribute phonologically driven coupling to the activity of a constraint REDUP in generation, which shapes the way new words are lexicalised in the vowel-raising case, but also consider an alternative source for reduplicative construals (the effect of *SPEC in lexical learning). The proposal is compared to others that promote correspondence between similar or identical single segments within a word; I conclude that a relation between strings is necessary.
Labial unmarkedness in Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole
Authors: Hume Elizabeth , Tserdanelis Georgios
Published: July 2003

In this squib we introduce new language data into the debate concerning the markedness of place of articulation. The data illustrate a process of assimilation in Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole where coronal patterns as more marked than both labial and dorsal. Labial unmarkedness is further supported by the feature's asymmetrical patterning in consonant deletion as well as its distribution and frequency. The patterns are of particular significance since they provide a clear example of a language in which labial patterns as unmarked, thus leading us to the conclusion that there is no single, universal unmarked place of articulation. Implications of the Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole pattern for structure- and constraint-based accounts of markedness are discussed.
Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and language use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii+238.
Authors: Pierrehumbert Janet
Published: July 2003

The functionalist viewpoint in linguistics can take different forms. A caricature of functionalist thinking is the notion that the structure of language is optimised, or nearly so, for its function as a means of human communication. This notion has met with widespread scepticism because of its lack of predictiveness in the face of typological variation. Either it leads to the prediction that all languages are en route to some single ‘Utopian’ (even if they have not quite achieved it) or it leads one to posit so many contradictory functional goods that the nature of possible languages is not effectively restricted. A second, and far more sophisticated, understanding of functionalism is the claim that there are regular relations between the way language is represented in the mind and the way that it is processed during speech production and perception. These relations arise because language is acquired from experiences of use, and because even in adults patterns of use affect cognitive representations. The effects of individual instances of language use are local, incremental and context-dependent. Language use and competence in a language are thus two aspects of a single system. Multiple system configurations are possible for the same reason that multiple ecosystems are possible; like the products of biological evolution, human languages are merely good enough, and not globally or absolutely optimised. This understanding of linguistic functionalism has proved fruitful for at least two decades and is now coming into its own. Its rise constitutes part of the rise of scientific research on complex systems and emergent structures generally, in areas ranging from geophysics and granular media to population biology.
HYPOXIA-REOXYGENATION; A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF PLACENTAL OXIDATIVE STRESS IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND PREECLAMPSIA
Authors: BURTON GRAHAM J , HUNG TAI-HO
Published: July 2003

It is now over half a century since Arthur Hertig first reported vascular pathology in the uterine arteries supplying the placenta in women suffering from preeclampsia. His pioneering histological studies have been validated and extended by many others, leading to the general concept that placental perfusion is compromised in these patients. More recent Doppler ultrasound studies have confirmed reduced intervillous blood flow in vivo, and so gradually a consensus has emerged that the placental lesions associated with preeclampsia arise from a state of chronic hypoxia. Whilst hypoxia may undoubtedly play a significant role in the generation of placental pathology, there is considerable evidence that another feature of the intervillous circulation, namely the constancy of the blood flow, may be a more important factor. In this review we propose that hypoxia-reoxygenation, secondary to intermittent perfusion of the intervillous space, is a more physiological approach to take to understanding the pathophysiology of both normal pregnancies, and those complicated by preeclampsia. We further propose that chronic reduction in placental perfusion alone may lead to fetal growth restriction, and that if the two phenomena are superimposed then preeclampsia with growth restriction will result.
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA: THE IMPACT OF THIS CONGENITAL ANOMALY ON PAEDIATRIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
Authors: ASHWORTH JANET R , LANDER ANTHONY D
Published: July 2003

When an antenatal diagnosis of a fetal anomaly is made, the parents need accurate and clear information regarding prognosis and possible outcomes, to help them make decisions. The healthcare professionals, who are involved in their care and counselling, also need this information.
UNIPARENTAL DISOMY: MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
Authors: SHAFFER LISA G
Published: July 2003

During gametogenesis in mammals, half of the parental chromosomes segregate to each gamete. Upon fertilization of two haploid gametes, the diploid number is restored (Figure 1A). Nondisjunction, malsegregation of the chromosomes during gametogenesis, can give rise to chromosomally unbalanced offspring (trisomies and monosomies) (Figure 1B). Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which the activity of a gene is reversibly modified depending on the parent of origin. This leads to unequal, monoallelic expression of the maternal and paternal alleles of a diploid locus (Figure 1C). Thus, the normal state of an imprinted locus is an “imbalance”, not of chromosomes, but of the functional genetic content.
PERINATAL MORTALITY AND CHORIONICITY IN TWINS
Authors: CONNER CHRISTINE , CAMPBELL DORIS M
Published: July 2003

Despite advances in both obstetrics and neonatology the perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) among twins still remains high, estimated as accounting for approximately 10% of all perinatal mortality. Perinatal mortality rates (PNMR) for England and Wales showed a dramatic reduction in perinatal deaths for multiple births over the 1950s to 1980s with a fall from approximately 90 to less than 50 per 1000 births. The Northern Region Perinatal Mortality Survey Steering Group also reported a significant reduction in twin PNMR between 1982 and 1994 from 55.4 to 44.4/1000 births. A similar decrease has also been noted in the Japanese twin population with a reduction in the PNMR between 1980 and 1998 from 91 per 1000 births to 31 per 1000. In Scotland between 1986 and 1990 PNMR for twins was 47 per 1000 approximately 4-5 times the rate in the singleton population. The higher preterm delivery rate in twins, either from spontaneous or induced labour, with its associated problems of prematurity remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Other factors, which contribute to the higher PNMR in twins include fetal growth retardation, intra-twin birth weight discordancy, fetal anomalies and problems specific to monochorionic twin gestations.
Adolescents’ perceptions of the risks and prevalence of smoking
Authors: Sutton Stephen , Bolling Keith D.
Published: July 2003

Abstract. The aims of this study were to assess adolescents’ perceptions of the personal risks and prevalence of smoking, and to examine whether these perceptions were related and how they varied by gender, age and smoking status. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 3657 11-16 year olds from a sample of 138 secondary schools in England. The results showed a large false consensus effect: smokers gave higher estimates of the prevalence of smoking among their peers than non-smokers. The gap between smokers and non-smokers decreased between 11 and 16 but was still apparent among 15 and 16 year olds. Smokers of different ages showed little difference in their estimates of prevalence. Smokers were substantially less optimistic in their risk perceptions than non-smokers. Even the youngest smokers acknowledged that their risks were higher than non-smokers’. Smokers nevertheless showed unrealistic optimism. There was little evidence for the idea that the false consensus effect may contribute to unrealistic optimism. The findings raise the question of whether giving children accurate information about smoking prevalence would reduce their likelihood of taking up smoking. The demonstration of optimism bias in teenage smokers highlights the need for innovative education campaigns focused on the health risks of smoking.
Risikostereotype, Risikowahrnehmung und Risikoverhalten im Zusammenhang mit HIV
Authors: Renner Britta , Schwarzer Ralf
Published: July 2003

Zusammenfassung. Das eigene Risiko, mit dem HIV infiziert zu werden, wird meist als geringer eingeschätzt als das entsprechende Risiko anderer Personen. Dieses Phänomen ist als “optimistischer Fehlschluss“ bekannt geworden. Weiterhin wird angenommen, dass stereotype Vorstellungen von hochgefährdeten Personen (Hochrisikostereotyp) als Vergleichsgrundlage für die Einschätzung des eigenen Risikos dienen. Die vorliegende Studie geht darüber hinaus, indem sie zusätzlich einen Gegenpol zum Hochrisikostereotyp untersucht, d.h. stereotype Vorstellungen von geringgefährdeten Personen (Niedrigrisikostereotyp). In einer schriftlichen Befragung (N = 64) wurden Verhaltensweisen und Eigenschaften der Befragten sowie deren wahrgenommene Relevanz für eine HIV-Infektion erfasst. Zusätzlich sollten die Befragten angeben, welche Verhaltensweisen und Eigenschaften eine typische Person aufweist, die ein entweder hohes oder geringes HIV-Risiko trägt (Hoch- und Niedrigrisikostereotyp). Es ergab sich ein moderater Zusammenhang zwischen eigenem Risikoverhalten und dem wahrgenommenen komparativen Risiko einer HIV-Infizierung. Allerdings zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Hochrisikostereotyp und der Einschätzung des komparativen Risikos. Die Bedeutung der Ähnlichkeit mit dem Niedrigrisikostereotyp für die Risikoeinschätzung konnte empirisch belegt werden. Je geringer die Ähnlichkeit mit dem HIV-Niedrigrisikostereotyp war, desto vulnerabler fühlten sich die Befragten. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass das Niedrigrisikostereotyp, nicht aber das Hochrisikostereotyp selbstwertdienlich verzerrt wurde. Diese Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise darauf, dass eine wirksame Risikokommunikation beide Pole des HIV-Risikostereotyps, das Hoch- als auch das Niedrigrisikostereotyp, umfassen sollte.
Risikokommunikation bei Brustkrebsfrüherkennung und Hormonersatztherapie
Authors: Hoffrage Ulrich
Published: July 2003

Zusammenfassung. Kommunikation von Risiken beinhaltet oft eine Vermittlung von Statistiken. Ein Überblick über eine Reihe von Studien mit Laien und Experten ergibt, dass die Form, wie mathematisch äquivalente Risikoinformation kommuniziert wird, das Verständnis maßgeblich beeinflusst. Wurden die Prävalenz einer Krankheit (z.B. Brustkrebs) und die Güte eines medizinischen Tests (z.B. Mammographie) in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeiten kommuniziert, konnten nur ca. 15% der Probanden die Bedeutung eines positiven Testbefunds richtig einschätzen. Bei Verwendung natürlicher Häufigkeiten, wie sie sich durch die Auszählung von beobachteten Einzelfällen in einer natürlichen Umgebung ergeben, waren es 50%. Ebenso ergeben frühere Studien zur Teilnahmebereitschaft an Screeningprogrammen, dass die Kommunikation des Nutzens eines solchen Programms in Form der absoluten versus relativen Risikoreduktion einen Effekt hat. Die hier berichtete Studie zur Brustkrebsfrüherkennung konnte diesen allerdings nicht replizieren. Abschließend werden Risiken und Nutzen der Hormonersatztherapie vorgestellt sowie Ergebnisse einer Umfrage berichtet, die Defizite beim Verständnis der relativen und absoluten Risikoreduktion in diesem Kontext aufgezeigt hat.
Building Syntactic Structures in Speaking: A Bilingual Exploration
Authors: Meijer Paul J. A. , Fox Tree Jean E.
Published: July 2003

Abstract. In a series of three experiments we investigated syntactic priming using a sentence recall task. Participants read and memorized a target sentence for later recall. After reading a prime sentence and engaging in a distraction task, they were asked to produce the target sentence aloud. Earlier investigations have shown that this task is sensitive to a syntactic priming effect. That is, the syntactic form of the prime sentence sometimes influences the syntactic form of the recalled target. In this paper we report on a variation on this task, using Spanish-English bilingual participants. In the first two experiments we replicated the prepositional phrase priming effect using English target sentences and Spanish prime sentences. In the final experiment we investigated two additional syntactic forms, using Spanish target sentences and English prime sentences. Implications for models of syntax generation and bilingual speech production are discussed.
The Influence of Language Exposure on Lexical and Syntactic Language Processing
Authors: Love Tracy , Maas Edwin , Swinney David
Published: July 2003

Abstract. Previous literature has argued that proficient bilingual speakers often demonstrate monolingual-equivalent structural processing of language (e.g., the processing of structural ambiguities; Frenck-Mestre, 2002 ). In this paper, we explore this thesis further via on-line examination of the processing of syntactically complex structures with three populations: those who classify as monolingual native English speaker (MNES), those who classify as non-native English speakers (NNES), and those who classify as bilingual native English speakers (BNES). On-line measures of processing of object-relative constructions demonstrated that both NNES and BNES have different patterns of performance as compared to MNES. Further, NNES and BNES speakers perform differently from one another in such processing. The study also examines the activation of lexical information in biasing contexts, and suggests that different processes are at work in the different type of bilinguals examined here. The nature of these differences and the implications for developing sensitive models of on-line language comprehension are developed and discussed.
Code-Switching Across Brainstorming Sessions: Implications for the Revised Hierarchical Model of Bilingual Language Processing
Authors: Blot Kevin J. , Zárate Michael A. , Paulus Paul B.
Published: July 2003

Abstract. The revised hierarchical model (RHM) of bilingual language processing posits independent word form representations for the dominant language (L1) and the nondominant language (L2), facilitated translation from L2 words to L1 words, access to common concepts for L1 and L2, and stronger activation of concepts for L1 than for L2. Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals brainstormed for two sessions; half switched languages (L1-L2 or L2-L1) and half stayed in the same language (L1-L1 or L2-L2) across sessions. In both sessions, L1 brainstorming resulted in more efficient idea productivity than L2 brainstorming, supporting stronger concept activation for L1, consistent with the RHM. Switching languages from L2 to L1 resulted in the most efficient idea productivity in Session 2, suggesting that switching to L1 not only permits strong concept activation, but also the activation of concepts that are relatively different than those activated by L2, inconsistent with the RHM. Switching languages increased the proportion of Session 1 ideas repeated during Session 2, despite instructions not to repeat. This finding suggests that there is activation of concepts as well as word forms in same language brainstorming and that this dual activation aids in following instructions not to repeat, consistent with the RHM. It is suggested that the RHM be re-specified to accommodate the notion that L1 and L2 access relatively different concepts.
Anomalies in Cognition: Olfactory Memory
Authors: Zucco Gesualdo M.
Published: July 2003

The two experiments presented in this paper examine the effects of strategies and interference tasks on odor recognition. In the first experiment (an extension of Lyman and McDaniel's study from 1986 ), participants were asked to smell 30 odors and to perform different elaborative tasks for each of them such as: (1) providing a name or a short definition; (2) creating an image; (3) describing a specific life episode; (4) simply smelling the odors. Results showed no effect of encoding tasks on the correct recognition of odors. In the second experiment, participants were exposed to either 15 olfactory stimuli, 15 visual stimuli (photographs of human faces), or 15 acoustic stimuli (environmental sounds). In the four sessions of the experiment, they had to recognize the stimuli whether in a no-interference condition, or in an intramodality, or in two intermodalities interfering conditions. Consistently with the literature, interference affects recognition for visual and acoustic material but has no effect on odor recognition. The results of both experiments and some other anomalies in olfactory memory are discussed and tentatively integrated into a single model. The main assumption is that memory for odors represents a unique and separate memory system.
What Does Human Development Index Rating Mean in Terms of Individualism/Collectivism?
Authors: Sotelo Maria José , Gimeno Luis
Published: July 2003

The authors explore an alternative way of analyzing the relationship between human development and individualism. The method is based on the first principal component of Hofstede's individualism index in the Human Development Index rating domain. Results suggest that the general idea that greater wealth brings more individualism is only true for countries with high levels of development, while for middle or low levels of development the inverse is true.
A coupled ocean‐ecosystem model of the Ross Sea: 2. Iron regulation of phytoplankton taxonomic variability and primary production
Authors: Arrigo Kevin R. , Worthen Denise L. , Robinson Dale H.
Published: July 2003

A model of the Ross Sea pelagic ecosystem has been developed by incorporating biological and nutrient dynamics into an ocean general circulation model. Surface heat and salt fluxes are calculated in the model using sea ice concentrations that are specified daily using the 20 year climatology derived from passive microwave satellite data. Surface spectral irradiance is calculated and propagated through both the water column and the sea ice. The biological state variables include two phytoplankton groups (diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica), two nutrients (NO3 and Fe), detritus, and zooplankton. Nutrients are supplied to the sea surface from upwelling of nutrient‐rich deep waters, and in the case of Fe, from melting sea ice and snow which have accumulated aeolian‐derived Fe during the preceding autumn and winter. Phytoplankton growth rate is computed as a function of light or nutrient limitation. The model is able to accurately simulate the temporal evolution of the two well‐described phytoplankton blooms that dominate the southwestern Ross Sea: the diatom bloom in the shallow mixed layer of the western continental shelf (including Terra Nova Bay) and the P. antarctica bloom in the more deeply mixed Ross Sea polynya region. The simulated temporal progression of both phytoplankton blooms as well as their magnitude of primary production are in good agreement with time series estimates made using satellite ocean color data as validated by in situ observations. Model results suggest that Fe availability controls annual primary production in the Ross Sea, with only about two thirds of the available macronutrients in surface waters being consumed during the course of the bloom, but that Fe has little role in determining phytoplankton community composition. Rather, the taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton blooms is determined by the differential responses of shade‐adapted P. antarctica and high light‐adapted diatoms to the different mixing (and hence light) regimes within the Ross Sea. The model also predicts the development of a previously undescribed phytoplankton bloom along the eastern continental shelf, just north of the Ross Ice Shelf. The physical environment of this third phytoplankton bloom differs from that of the western shelf and the Ross Sea polynya region in that it receives a larger input of sea ice‐derived Fe and experiences complete exhaustion of surface NO3. Consequently, annual production on the eastern continental shelf is higher than anywhere else in the Ross Sea and supports an unusually large grazer population.
North Atlantic response to the above‐normal export of sea ice from the Arctic
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Wiebe Edward C. , Weaver Andrew J.
Published: July 2003

The response of the thermohaline circulation (THC), as well as the freshwater and heat budgets of the northern North Atlantic, to above‐normal sea ice export from the Arctic is examined using a global model. The model is not constrained by either open boundary conditions or prescribed atmospheric air temperature and humidity. Two sets of experiments are presented: the transient and the persistent above‐normal ice export. In the transient case, ice export is increased by a factor of 2 for 1–5 years. Our century‐long simulations do not support the notion that the simulated climate may switch to a new quasi‐equilibrium under such perturbations. Rather, in response to the transient positive ice export anomalies the overturning circulation first slows down but then almost completely recovers 15–20 years after the perturbation is removed. However, the budgets of freshwater and heat continue to evolve for up to 40 years in this case. When the simulated North Atlantic freshening reaches a magnitude comparable to that during the Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA), the strength of overturning and heat transport from subtropical to subpolar North Atlantic reduce by no more then 5%. We show that in order to generate a previously reported decrease of overturning and heat transport of as much as 20% the doubled ice export must be sustained for at least 5 years. This would result in a North Atlantic freshening more than 3 times larger than that estimated for the GSA event. In the case of a persistent above‐normal export of sea ice from the Arctic the THC also does not collapse, at least within the range of the ice export increase (1.5–3 times) used here. Rather, after about 15–20 years the overturning begins to recover. The stability of the overturning to the persistent above‐normal export of sea ice from the Arctic appears to be due to two processes operating on a decadal timescale of 15–20 years. First, the internal (to the coupled system) redistribution of freshwater between the Arctic and North Atlantic, associated with the enhanced export of sea ice, makes the North Atlantic fresher and Arctic Ocean saltier. This, if persistent, decreases the amount of freshwater leaving the Arctic toward the North Atlantic in a liquid form. Second, because the overturning circulation does not collapse, the freshwater anomaly propagates downward within the region of deep water formation, removing the excess of buoyancy from the surface ocean. Also, the use of an active atmospheric component is important for stabilizing the overturning circulation.
Systematic errors of total ozone retrievals using the 9.7‐micron channel Earth radiance
Authors: Drouin A. , Karcher F.
Published: July 2003

A systematic analysis of the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) used as a lower stratospheric ozone monitor is realized. The total ozone retrieved from the TOVS radiances appears to be sensitive to the vertical distribution of ozone. This dependency is first studied using radiative transfer calculations. Poor information on ozone above 40 hPa is available and thus a partial ozone column over the atmospheric layer 400–40 hPa is derived. Systematic errors of the total and partial ozone column retrievals are investigated using comparisons with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer observations and four‐dimensional ozone fields derived from data assimilation experiments. The latitudinal and seasonal differences over the year 1998 are inside the interval (+35, −35) Dobson Units (DU) for the total ozone column and inside (+15, −15) DU for the partial one. This work, now limited to observations over oceans, has to be extended to other conditions for a better understanding of differences between infrared ozone measurements and ultraviolet ozone measurements.
Simulations and measurements of a radar cross section of a Boeing 747‐200 in the 20–60 MHz frequency band
Authors: David A. , Brousseau C. , Bourdillon A.
Published: July 2003

HF and VHF low frequency bands provide a promising way to perform radar target recognition. At these frequencies, Radar Cross Section (RCS) behavior is not well known because the scattered field is due to a complex phenomenon where the interactions between the different parts of the structure have a significant contribution, which makes the prediction difficult. A wire model of a commercial Boeing 747‐200 aircraft, developed to be used with the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC), is presented. The reliability of this model has been assessed by comparing the results given by NEC with the measurements made in an anechoïc chamber with a scaled aircraft, and a relatively good agreement was observed between simulations and measurements. The RCS variations of an aircraft along different flight routes have been investigated, and it is shown that it is necessary to know the flight route of the airplane to envisage target identification in spite of the use of the low frequency band.
Crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian margin) at the convergence of the Eurasian and African plates
Authors: Gràcia Eulàlia , Dañobeitia Juanjo , Vergés Jaume , Bartolomé Rafael , Córdoba Diego
Published: July 2003

The Gulf of Cadiz, located at the southwestern Iberian margin, is characterized by widespread seismicity, compressional and strike‐slip fault plane solutions and by a large, elongated positive free‐air gravity anomaly, the Gulf of Cadiz Gravity High (GCGH). Multichannel seismic profiles across and along GCGH, together with bathymetric and gravity data, allow us to study in detail the tectonic architecture and crustal structure of the Gulf of Cadiz. The upper shelf and slope of the Gulf of Cadiz includes the main structural domains of the Betic fold and thrust belt. In the middle part of the Gulf, the Paleozoic basement crops out on the shallow Guadalquivir Bank and is associated with the largest signature of the GCGH, whereas toward the outer part of the Gulf, the basement deepens progressively. A large NW‐SE normal fault and conjugate NE‐SW faults define a prominent basement high associated with the GCGH. Modeling of the GCGH suggests localized crustal thinning of 10 km along the central part of the Gulf of Cadiz, probably generated during the Mesozoic rifting episode between the Iberian and African plates. Concentric wedges of fold and thrust belts and large allochthonous masses were emplaced in the Gulf of Cadiz during the Neogene compressional phase. The final emplacement of these units becomes progressively young from the SE (pre‐early Langhian) toward the foreland in the NW (late Tortonian). Seafloor surface ruptures, pockmarks, and submarine landslides provide evidence of active faulting in the Gulf of Cadiz. To accommodate the present‐day convergence between the African and Eurasian plates, previously extensional faults have probably been reactivated and inverted at depth, as suggested by the intermediate depth seismicity.
CaCO3 dissolution in the deep sea: Paced by insolation cycles
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Clark Elizabeth
Published: July 2003

Three CaCO3 dissolution events have been documented in the western equatorial Atlantic, one associated with marine isotope stage 5d, one with stage 5b, and one with early stage 4. The intensity of these events appears to require a greatly expanded invasion of waters with a low carbonate ion concentration akin to that characterizing today's deep Pacific (and also the Antarctic Bottom Water). While evident in a core from a depth of 3.4 km, these three events appear to be much less intense in the western equatorial Pacific than in the western Atlantic. The Atlantic results appear to be telling us that the density difference between Southern Ocean and North Atlantic deep waters has been modulated by insolation changes associated with the 23,000‐year precession cycle.
CO2 emissions from the Yellowstone volcanic system
Authors: Werner C. , Brantley S.
Published: July 2003

Two methods are used to estimate CO2 degassing from the Yellowstone magmatic‐hydrothermal system. The amount of magmatic CO2 released as basaltic magma emplaces from the mantle into the crust beneath the Yellowstone caldera is calculated and compared to CO2 fluxes measured in three different types of hydrothermal regions within Yellowstone. Comparison of modeled estimates with surface measurements suggests that 3.7 ± 1.3 × 1011 mol y−1 (45 ± 16 kt d−1) of CO2 are released from Yellowstone due to diffuse degassing. Flux measurements suggest that the diffuse flux in acid‐sulfate regions is significant in total calculations (>96% of the total), whereas the diffuse flux in neutral‐chloride and travertine‐precipitating areas is not significant. Analyses of carbon and helium isotopes suggest that ∼50% of the CO2 emitted is derived from sedimentary sources at locations outside the caldera, whereas locations inside the caldera likely have sedimentary contributions <30%. In addition to release of CO2 with emplacement, magma crystallization in the subsurface is thought to contribute significantly to the CO2 emissions at the surface. The contribution of CO2 from Yellowstone to global volcanic CO2 emissions (∼6–7 × 1012 mol y−1) is comparable to the CO2 contribution from other large volcanic systems like Popocatepetl, Mexico and the combined contribution from the Hawaii hot spot. Likewise, the amount of CO2 emitted per land area from Yellowstone (on average 108 mol CO2 km−2 y−1) is comparable to other large volcanic and hydrothermal systems worldwide.
Shell weights from intermediate depths in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Clark Elizabeth , Droxler André W.
Published: July 2003

Whole foraminifera shell weights for G. sacculifer and N. dutertrei in Caribbean Sea cores covering a depth range of 680 to 3620 m show a decrease in weight of 3.6 ± 0.4 μg between glacial time and the Holocene. This difference likely reflects a thickening of foraminifera shells as a result of the higher carbonate ion concentration of glacial surface water. The fact that the shells from the core at 680 m depth are considerably lighter than those from the core at 1030 m depth suggests either that there is an up‐water column increase in the offset between the pore water and the bottom water carbonate ion concentration or that factors other than surface water carbonate ion concentration influence the initial shell weight. Of particular interest is a strong preservation event corresponding to the deglacial interval at 680 m depth (the present‐day core of the intermediate water mass).
MHD turbulence in the Earth's plasma sheet: Dynamics, dissipation, and driving
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Funsten Herbert O.
Published: July 2003

The turbulent flows and tangled magnetic fields of the Earth's plasma sheet are explored theoretically and by means of ISEE‐2 plasma and magnetic‐field measurements. The goal is to obtain a basic understanding of (1) the dynamics, (2) the driving, and (3) the dissipation of the turbulence. Dynamically, the turbulence of the plasma sheet appears to be a turbulence of eddies, rather than a turbulence of Alfven waves or other MHD modes. In this respect, it is similar to the two‐dimensional turbulence of the solar wind. Previously published statistical arguments that the correlation length (= integral scale = eddy size) of the turbulence fluctuations in the plasma sheet is ℓeddy∼ 1.6 REare confirmed by analyzing plasma sheet magnetic‐field measurements during two special “sweeping” intervals that follow the passage of interplanetary shocks. For dissipation of the turbulence, two mechanisms appear to be important. The first is a cascade of energy in the turbulence to small spatial scales, where internal dissipation at non‐MHD spatial scales should occur. The second mechanism is electrical coupling of the turbulent flows to the resistive ionosphere, which introduces a “quasi‐viscosity” to the plasma sheet. This quasi‐viscosity is complicated owing (1) to a time delay associated with Alfven‐transit‐time coupling (introducing a viscoelasticity to the turbulence), (2) to a scalesize dependence of the coupling (introducing a hypoviscosity), and (3) to a dependence of the coupling on the sign of the flow shear (introducing a sign‐vorticity effect). For the coupling of the plasma sheet turbulence to the ionosphere, retarded‐time Reynolds numbersR* are derived to describe the importance of the resulting dissipation (quasi‐viscosity) and a Deborah numberDis derived to describe the importance of the time lag (elasticity). The difference of the plasma sheet turbulence from homogeneous turbulence is discussed; this dissimilarity is owed to (a) dissipation at all wave numbers in the plasma sheet, (b) the presence of boundaries, and (c) the limited range of spatial scales that will allow scale‐invariant dynamics. A better description of the plasma sheet turbulence would be “turbulence in a box” or a turbulent wake.
Radial velocity and doppler spectral width of echoes from field‐aligned irregularities localized in the sporadic E region
Authors: Chu Yen‐Hsyang , Wang Chien‐Ya
Published: July 2003

The effects of along and transverse radar beam drifts of sporadic E (Es) field‐aligned irregularities localized in the expected echoing region on mean Doppler velocity and spectral width are theoretically investigated in this article. We show that the mean Doppler velocity of the irregularities is not only governed by the along and transverse beam drift velocities, but also affected by the mean position and zonal extent of the organized plasma structure in the expected echoing region that can be determined by using IGRF2000. Detailed analysis indicates that the Doppler velocity nearly linearly proportional to the mean angular distance of the irregularities from the radar beam axis decreases with the increase of the horizontal dimension of the plasma structure. Theoretical results also predict that the Doppler spectral width of the Es field‐aligned irregularities is not only the function of the transverse beam drift velocity, but also related to the zonal extent of the plasma structure. Quantitative estimation shows that the beam broadening spectral width induced by the geomagnetically zonal drift of the irregularities at the velocity of 150 m/s can be more than 9 m/s if the zonal dimension of the plasma structure located at height 105 km is 5 km. Therefore it suggests that the beam broadening effect caused by the drift of the field‐aligned irregularities across the radar beam in the geomagnetically zonal direction may play a role in broadening the Doppler spectral width.
Simulation of the nonlinear evolution of the sporadic‐E layer instability in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere
Authors: Cosgrove Russell B. , Tsunoda Roland T.
Published: July 2003

Recently, it has been shown that the configuration of a midlatitude sporadic‐E (Es) layer at a zonal wind‐shear node is unstable at night. The instability is the result of a wind‐shear driven polarization process that occurs when a plane‐wave perturbation in altitude is imposed on the Es layer. The growth rate of the instability depends on the azimuthal alignment of the plane wave distortion, a feature that is reminiscent of the Perkins instability. The plane wave nature of the growing modes, combined with the azimuthal dependance of the growth rate, suggests that the instability may provide an explanation for frontal structures observed in Es layers, which are found to consistently adopt the same azimuthal alignment preferred by the instability. In this paper the nonlinear evolution of the instability is simulated using a flux‐corrected transport finite difference method for the orientation of maximum linear growth rate. It is found that the instability generates significant polarization electric fields that structure the layer; yet the structuring saturates without destroying the layer completely. Decreasing the wind shear decreases the polarization electric field and increases the evolution time scale but otherwise does not profoundly affect the structures that form in the layer. Increasing the F layer conductivity, which is assumed to map perfectly to the Es layer, damps the instability. The results suggest the instability as a possible source of the so‐called quasi‐periodic (QP) echoes, which are coherent radar echoes found in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere.
Laboratory experiments on Alfvén waves caused by rapidly expanding plasmas and their relationship to space phenomena
Authors: Gekelman W. , Van Zeeland M. , Vincena S. , Pribyl P.
Published: July 2003

There are many situations which naturally occur in space (coronal mass ejections, supernovas) or are man‐made (upper atmospheric detonations) in which a dense plasma expands into a background magnetized plasma that can support Alfvén waves. The Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA is a machine in which Alfvén wave propagation in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas has been studied. A new class of experiments which involve the expansion of a dense (initially nlaser‐produced/nbackground ≫ 1) laser‐produced plasma into an ambient highly magnetized plasma capable of supporting Alfvén waves will be presented. The 150 MW laser is pulsed at the same 1 Hz repetition rate as the plasma in a highly reproducible experiment. The laser beam impacts a solid target such that the initial plasma burst is directed across the ambient magnetic field. The interaction results in the production of intense shear and compressional Alfvén waves, as well as large density perturbations. The waves propagate away from the target and are observed to become plasma column resonances. The magnetic fields of the waves are measured with a 3‐axis inductive probe. Spatial patterns of the magnetic fields associated with the waves and density perturbations are acquired at over 10,000 spatial locations and as a function of time. Measurements are used to estimate the coupling efficiency of the laser energy and kinetic energy of the dense plasma into wave energy. The shear wave generation mechanism is due to field‐aligned return currents, which replace fast electrons escaping the initial blast.
On the nature of three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection
Authors: Priest E. R. , Hornig G. , Pontin D. I.
Published: July 2003

Three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic reconnection in a finite diffusion region is completely different in many respects from two‐dimensional reconnection at an X‐point. In two dimensions a magnetic flux velocity can always be defined: two flux tubes can break at a single point and rejoin to form two new flux tubes. In three dimensions we demonstrate that a flux tube velocity does not generally exist. The magnetic field lines continually change their connections throughout the diffusion region rather than just at one point. The effect of reconnection on two flux tubes is generally to split them into four flux tubes rather than to rejoin them perfectly. During the process of reconnection each of the four parts flips rapidly in a virtual flow that differs from the plasma velocity in the ideal region beyond the diffusion region.