bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of the fishery of flying fish off northwestern coast of Sri Lanka and the effect of lunar pattern on catchability
Authors: De Croos MDST
Published: August 2010

In Kandakuliya of the Kalpitiya peninsula of Sri Lanka, a seasonal fishery for flying fish exists. The fishing operations are mainly carried out by 37 FRP boats, using gillnets of 3.4 cm and 4.5 cm stretch mesh sizes. In the present study, the fishery was investigated in two consecutive fishing seasons: from October 2002 to April 2003 and from October 2003 to April 2004. Total catch, effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE) showed seasonal variations. During the period of investigation, the highest catch was in November 2002 while the lowest catch was reported in March 2003. Fishing effort was high in November 2002 and remained at a more or less steady level till February 2003. The mean CPUE varied from 102 ± 37.8 to 224 ± 82.7 kg boat-1 day-1. Total production from this fishery during the study period, was calculated as 488.2 and 519.1 tonnes for 2002/2003 and 2003/ 2004 seasons respectively. As the CPUE has not declined during the last decade and as fishing effort has declined, it can be concluded that at present, there is no danger of overexploitation of flying fish stocks off northwestern coasts of Sri Lanka. CPUE values recorded during the full moon periods were found to be significantly lower than those recorded during the new moon period and quarter moon periods (P
Feeding vitamins, antioxidants and cod liver oil enriched formulated feed influences the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) postlarvae
Authors: Parakarma MGIS , Rawat KD , Venkateshwarlu G , Reddy AK
Published: August 2010

Effects of feeding Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae with a formulated feed enriched with four different media viz. vitamin E (feed F1), vitamin D (feed F2), cod liver oil (feed F3), astaxanthin (feed F4) on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of the postlarvae were investigated in comparison to the unenriched formulated feed (FC, control feed) using five groups of postlarvae with three replicates for each feed.Results showed that the postlarvae fed with cod liver oil enriched feed (F3) had the highest weight gain (225.72±9.05%), highest specific growth rate (2.95±0.07%), and highest survival (77.14±4.28%) as well as low food conversion ratio (0.87±0.03) compared to the postlarvae fed with the other feeds. The postlarvae fed with astaxanthin (F4) or vitamin E (F1) enriched feed also showed relatively higher percentage weight gain, higher specific growth rate and lower food conversion ratios but the larval survival was better in the group fed with astaxanthin enriched feed. Postlarvae fed with cod liver oil enriched feed contained the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (4.45±0.44%) in the body where as the highest levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the body were observed in the postlarvae fed with astaxanthin enriched feed (F4) and vitamin E enriched feed (F1). The results indicate that the nutritional quality of formulated feed can be increased through enrichment, especially with astaxanthin or cod liver oil which could improve the growth and survival of postlarvae of M. rosenbergii and the postlarval quality in relation to the fatty acid profile in the body. DOI: 10.4038/sljas.v14i0.2200Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 14 (2009): 59-74
Overview of the synoptic and pollution situation over Europe during the EUCAARI-LONGREX field campaign
Authors: Hamburger T. , McMeeking G. , Minikin A. , Birmili W. , Dall'Osto M. , O'Dowd C. , Flentje H. , Henzing B. , Junninen H. , Kristensson A. , de Leeuw G. , Stohl A. , Burkhart J. F. , Coe H. , Krejci R. , Petzold A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The European integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) focuses on understanding the interactions of climate and air pollution. As part of the EUCAARI intensive observational period, an aircraft field campaign (EUCAARI-LONGREX) was conducted in May 2008. The campaign aimed at studying the distribution and evolution of air mass properties on a continental scale. Airborne aerosol and trace gas measurements were performed aboard the German DLR Falcon 20 and the British FAAM BAe-146 aircraft. This paper outlines the meteorological situation over Europe during May 2008 and the temporal and spatial evolution of predominantly anthropogenic particulate pollution inside the boundary layer and the free troposphere. Time series data of six selected ground stations are used to discuss continuous measurements besides the single flights. The observations encompass total and accumulation mode particle number concentration (0.1–0.8 μm) and black carbon mass concentration as well as several meteorological parameters. Vertical profiles of total aerosol number concentration up to 10 km are compared to vertical profiles probed during previous studies. During the first half of May 2008 an anticyclonic blocking event dominated the weather over Central Europe. It led to increased pollutant concentrations within the centre of the high pressure inside the boundary layer. Due to long-range transport the accumulated pollution was partly advected towards Western and Northern Europe. The measured aerosol number concentrations over Central Europe showed in the boundary layer high values up to 14 000 cm−3 for particles in diameter larger 10 nm and 2300 cm−3 for accumulation mode particles during the high pressure period, whereas the middle free troposphere showed rather low concentrations of particulates. Thus a strong negative gradient of aerosol concentrations between the well mixed boundary layer and the clean middle troposphere occurred.
Temperate carbonate cycling and water mass properties from intertidal to bathyal depths (Azores)
Authors: Wisshak M. , Form A. , Jakobsen J. , Freiwald A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The rugged submarine topography of the Azores supports a diverse heterozoan association resulting in intense biotically-controlled carbonate-production and accumulation. In order to characterise this cold-water (C) factory a 2-year experiment was carried out in the southern Faial Channel to study the biodiversity of hardground communities and for budgeting carbonate production and degradation along a bathymetrical transect from the intertidal to bathyal 500 m depth. Seasonal temperatures peak in September (above a thermocline) and bottom in March (stratification diminishes) with a decrease in amplitude and absolute values with depth, and tidal-driven short-term fluctuations. Measured seawater stable isotope ratios and levels of dissolved nutrients decrease with depth, as do the calcium carbonate saturation states. The photosynthetic active radiation shows a base of the euphotic zone in ~70 m and a dysphotic limit in ~150 m depth. Bioerosion, being primarily a function of light availability for phototrophic endoliths and grazers feeding upon them, is ~10 times stronger on the illuminated upside versus the shaded underside of substrates in the photic zone, with maximum rates in the intertidal (−631 g/m2/yr). Rates rapidly decline towards deeper waters where bioerosion and carbonate accretion are slow and epibenthic/endolithic communities take years to mature. Accretion rates are highest in the lower euphotic zone (955 g/m2/yr), where the substrate is less prone to hydrodynamic force. Highest rates are found – inversely to bioerosion – on down-facing substrates, suggesting that bioerosion may be a key factor governing the preferential settlement and growth of calcareous epilithobionts on down-facing substrates. In context of a latitudinal gradient, the Azores carbonate cycling rates plot between known values from the cold-temperate Swedish Kosterfjord and the tropical Bahamas, with a total range of two orders in magnitude. Carbonate budget calculations for the bathymetrical transect yield a mean 266.9 kg of epilithic carbonate production, −54.6 kg of bioerosion, and 212.3 kg of annual net carbonate production per metre of coastline in the Azores C factory.
Seasonal variations in nitrate isotope composition of three rivers draining into the North Sea
Authors: Deek A. , Emeis K. , Struck U.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Nitrate loading of coastal ecosystems by rivers that drain industrialised catchments continues to be a problem in the South Eastern North Sea, in spite of significant mitigation efforts over the last 2 decades. To identify nitrate sources, sinks, and turnover in three German rivers that discharge into the German Bight, we determined δ 15N-NO3- and δ18O- NO3- in nitrate and δ 15N of particulate nitrogen for the period 2006–2009 (biweekly samples). The nitrate loads of Rhine, Weser and Ems varied seasonally in magnitude and δ 15N-NO3- (6.5–21‰), whereas the δ 18O-NO3- (-0.3–5.9‰) and δ 15N-PN (4–14‰) were less variable. Overall temporal patterns in nitrate mass fluxes and isotopic composition suggest that a combination of nitrate delivery from nitrification of soil ammonia in the catchment and assimilation of nitrate in the rivers control the isotopic composition of nitrate. Nitrification in soils as a source is indicated by low δ 18O-NO3- in winter, which traces the δ 18O of river water. Mean values of δ 18O-H2O were between –9.4‰ and –7.3‰; combined in a ratio of 2:1 with the atmospheric oxygen δ 18O of 23.5‰ agrees with the found δ 18O of nitrate in the rivers. Parallel variations of δ 15N-NO3- and δ 18O-NO3- within each individual river are caused by isotope effects associated with nitrate assimilation in the water column, the extent of which is determined by residence time in the river. Assimilation is furthermore to some extent mirrored both by the δ 15N of nitrate and particulate N. Although δ 15-NO3- observed in Rhine, Weser and Ems are reflected in high average δ 15N-PN (between 6‰ and 9‰, both are uncorrelated in the time series due to lateral and temporal mixing of PN. That a larger enrichment was consistently seen in δ 15N-NO3- relative to δ 18O-NO3- is attributed to constant additional diffuse nitrate inputs deriving from soil nitrification in the catchment area. A statistically significant inverse correlation exists between increasing δ 15N-NO3- values and decreasing NO3- concentrations. This inverse relationship – observed in each seasonal cycle – together with a robust relationship between human dominated land use and δ 15N-NO3- values demonstrates a strong influence of human activities and riverine nitrate consumption efficiency on the isotopic composition of riverine nitrate.
An Infant With Progressive Yellowish Papules and Nodules
Authors: Wu Po-Chien , Chen Kuan-Yu
Published: May 2024

A 6-month-old girl presented with yellowish papules and nodules on the face and trunk that appeared 2 months prior, initially on the scalp, then gradually spread. What is your diagnosis?
Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Approach for Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Research Participation
Authors: Mayer Sarah L. , Brajcich Michelle R. , Juste Lionola , Hsu Jesse Y. , Yehya Nadir
Published: May 2024

Importance

While disparities in consent rates for research have been reported in multiple adult and pediatric settings, limited data informing enrollment in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) research are available. Acute care settings such as the PICU present unique challenges for study enrollment, given the highly stressful and emotional environment for caregivers and the time-sensitive nature of the studies.

Objective

To determine whether race and ethnicity, language, religion, and Social Deprivation Index (SDI) were associated with disparate approach and consent rates in PICU research.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was performed at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia PICU between July 1, 2011, and December 31, 2021. Participants included patients eligible for studies requiring prospective consent. Data were analyzed from February 2 to July 26, 2022.

Exposure

Exposures included race and ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, White, and other), language (Arabic, English, Spanish, and other), religion (Christian, Jewish, Muslim, none, and other), and SDI (composite of multiple socioeconomic indicators).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Multivariable regressions separately tested associations between the 4 exposures (race and ethnicity, language, religion, and SDI) and 3 outcomes (rates of approach among eligible patients, consent among eligible patients, and consent among those approached). The degree to which reduced rates of approach mediated the association between lower consent in Black children was also assessed.

Results

Of 3154 children included in the study (median age, 6 [IQR, 1.9-12.5] years; 1691 [53.6%] male), rates of approach and consent were lower for Black and Hispanic families and those of other races, speakers of Arabic and other languages, Muslim families, and those with worse SDI. Among children approached for research, lower consent odds persisted for those of Black race (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.55-0.97]; adjusted OR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.93]) relative to White race. Mediation analysis revealed that 51.0% (95% CI, 11.8%-90.2%) of the reduced odds of consent for Black individuals was mediated by lower probability of approach.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of consent rates for PICU research, multiple sociodemographic factors were associated with lower rates of consent, partly attributable to disparate rates of approach. These findings suggest opportunities for reducing disparities in PICU research participation.
Single‐Benzene Fluorophores: Controlling Electron Density on Amino of 2,5‐Diaminoterephthalates to Manipulate Optical/Electronic Properties for Efficient and Diversified Functions
Authors: Bao Zhiwei , Yang Yuchen , Wu Xiaoqian , Ni Yingyong , Zhou Hongping , Zheng Zheng , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2024

Single‐benzene fluorophores have attracted increasing interest owing to their simple molecular structure and unique photophysical properties. Developing novel single‐benzene fluorophores with facile synthesis, bright and tunable dual‐state emissions, and diversified functions is highly desirable. Herein, a strategy of controlling electron density on amino of 2,5‐diaminoterephthalates is proposed to modulate their dual‐state emission, acidichromism, Cu2+ detection, and lipid droplets (LDs) staining. A series of efficient dual‐state single‐benzene fluorophores based on 2,5‐diaminoterephthalate skeleton with tunable emissions in blue to red region and large Stokes shifts is facilely developed. The obtained fluorophores with various substituents on amino groups exhibit different acidichromism property. Two of fluorophores (ABB and ABM) with high electron density on amino groups exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity toward Cu2+ detection with a ratiometric and “turn‐off” fluorescence mechanism for ABM and ABB, respectively. The limit of detection for Cu2+ is determined to be 1.40 × 10−7 and 4.35 × 10−9 mol L−1 for ABB and ABM, respectively. Moreover, three of fluorophores (ABT, ABB, and ABM) with green to red emission display superior LDs‐targeting capability with high specificity, and brightness. This molecular design philosophy provides a new way of designing highly bright dual‐state fluorophores for practical applications.
Confined Space Dual‐Type Quantum Dots for High‐Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Yang Qingjun , Chung KingYan , Liu Xinlong , Sun Lin , Han Jing , Yang Yujue , Chen Tiandi , Shi Weidong , Xu Bingang
Published: May 2024

Owing to the quantum size effect and high redox activity, quantum dots (QDs) play very essential roles toward electrochemical energy storage. However, it is very difficult to obtain different types and uniformly dispersed high‐active QDs in a stable conductive microenvironment, because QDs prepared by traditional methods are mostly dissolved in solution or loaded on the surface of other semiconductors. Herein, dual‐type semiconductor QDs (Co9S8 and CdS) are skillfully constructed within the interlayer of ultrathin‐layered double hydroxides. In particular, the expandable interlayer provides a very suitable confined space for the growth and uniform dispersion of QDs, where Co9S8 originates from in situ transformation of cobalt atoms in laminate and CdS is generated from interlayer pre‐embedding Cd2+. Meanwhile, XAFS and GGA+U calculations are employed to explore and prove the mechanism of QDs formation and energy storage characteristics as compared to surface loading QDs. Significantly, the hybrid supercapacitors achieve a high energy density of 329.2 µWh cm−2, capacitance retention of 99.1%, and coulomb efficiency of 96.9% after 22 000 cycles, which is superior to the reported QDs‐based supercapacitors. These findings provide unique insights for designing and developing stable, ordered, and highly active QDs.
Raney Nickel‐Catalyzed Deuterium Labeling of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles and Pharmaceuticals under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Minya Ferenc , Mészáros Ádám , Csizmadia Eszter , Suskó Dávid , Raji Mounir , Sipos Gellért
Published: May 2024

Deuterium‐labeled compounds play a pivotal role in physical organic chemistry, life sciences, and materials science. This has resulted in a surge of interest in deuterium‐labeled active pharmaceutical ingredients in recent years. In this study, we present a continuous flow Raney nickel‐catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange process that boasts compatibility with a wide spectrum of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles and pharmaceutical compounds. The broad applicability of the developed method was demonstrated through successful labeling of various purine bases, imidazoles, pyridines, and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including complex structures like abacavir and remdesivir. Control experiments revealed Raney nickel's crucial role in the exchange process, showcasing the superiority of the continuous flow approach over batch reactions. Furthermore, a scaled‐up experiment demonstrated the robustness of the catalyst.
Scalable and Ultra‐Sensitive Nanofibers Coaxial Yarn‐Woven Triboelectric Nanogenerator Textile Sensors for Real‐Time Gait Analysis
Authors: Wang Yihan , Chu Lang , Meng Si , Yang Mingxuan , Yu Yidan , Deng Xiaokang , Qi Cheng , Kong Tiantian , Liu Zhou
Published: May 2024

Yarn‐woven triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have greatly advanced wearable sensor technology, but their limited sensitivity and stability hinder broad adoption. To address these limitations, Poly(VDF‐TrFE) and P(olyadiohexylenediamine (PA66)‐based nanofibers coaxial yarns (NCYs) combining coaxial conjugated electrospinning and online conductive adhesive coating are developed. The integration of these NCYs led to enhanced TENGs (NCY‐TENGs), notable for their flexibility, stretchability, and improved sensitivity, which is ideal for capturing body motion signals. One significant application of this technology is the fabrication of smart insoles from NCY‐TENG plain‐woven fabrics. These insoles are highly sensitive and possess antibacterial, breathable, and washable properties, making them ideal for real‐time gait monitoring in patients with diabetic foot conditions. The NCY‐TENGs and their derivatives show immense potential for a variety of wearable electronic devices, representing a considerable advancement in the field of wearable sensors.
Breaking the Trade‐Off between Ionic Conductivity and Mechanical Strength in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Performance Solid Lithium Batteries
Authors: Du Ao , Lu Haotian , Liu Sisi , Chen Shuoyi , Chen Zihui , Li Wenhao , Song Jianwei , Yang Quan‐Hong , Yang Chunpeng
Published: May 2024

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are among the most promising candidates for solid‐state batteries due to their easy processibility, interface compatibility, and cost efficiency. However, the trade‐off between the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of SPEs, which has persisted for decades, hinders their application in solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries. In this study, the aim is to break this trade‐off by utilizing poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) nanofibers as a mechanically strong backbone and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as an ionically conductive network. The PBO/PEO composite electrolyte reduces the crystallinity of PEO while increasing the mechanical strength (74.4 MPa, ≈14 times that of PEO). Thus, PBO/PEO simultaneously improves ionic conductivity and mechanical strength both at room temperature and elevated temperatures, enabling uniform and smooth Li deposition. Thus, a long cycle life of solid‐state Li symmetric cells for 1000 h at 60 °C is achieved, and stable cycling of solid‐state Li metal full batteries at 60 °C and even 100 °C. Furthermore, the solid‐state pouch cell using this SPE exhibits excellent performance reliably after bending. The study clearly indicates that simultaneously improving mechanical properties and conductivity is the indispensable path to the practical application of solid‐state electrolytes.
Facile Galvanic Replacement Construction of Bi@C Nanosheets Array as Binder‐Free Anodes for Superior Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yan , Xu Xijun , Wu Yiwen , Li Fangkun , Fan Weizhen , Wu Yanxue , Ji Shaomin , Zhao Jingwei , Liu Jun , Huo Yanping
Published: May 2024

Bismuth (Bi) possesses an ultrahigh theoretical volume capacity (3800 mAh cm−3) and low embedding potential stimulated considerable attention as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is still hampered by the huge volume variation during the charge/discharge process. To settle this issue, Bi@C nanosheet arrays (Bi@C‐NSA) are fabricated on copper foam via a facile galvanic replacement followed by in situ polymerization of dopamine and an annealing procedure. The carbon‐coated nanosheet array structure not only accommodates the volume expansion during cycling and maintains electrode stability, but also facilitates rapid electron/ion transport. Due to the unique structural design, this Bi@C‐NSA exhibits an impressive capacity of 315.72 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles under 1 A g−1. Furthermore, a series of in situ/ex situ techniques reveal that this Bi@C‐NSA possesses superior reaction kinetics and undergoes a typical alloying/dealloying storage mechanism. Furthermore, Bi@C‐NSA also achieves commendable reversible capacity and cycling stability in a wide temperature range (0 °C–60 °C). Notably, the assembled Na3V2(PO4)3//Bi@C‐NSA full cell demonstrates a capacity of 325 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.05 A g−1, which promises for practical applications. This galvanic replacement strategy spearheads a way to prepare nanoarray electrodes and will accelerate the development of sodium‐ion batteries.
De‐carboxylation of cross‐linkable triptycene‐based polyimides for CO2 separation
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Fan Fangxu , Sun Yongchao , Zhang Jingfa , Ma Canghai , He Gaohong
Published: May 2024

Polymer‐based membrane technology holds immense promise for CO2 separation. However, it faces persistent challenges, including the high CO2 pressure‐induced plasticization and permeability‐selectivity trade‐offs, which significantly hinder the development of polymeric membranes. To tackle this issue, we synthesized a novel polyimide 6FDA‐DAT:DABA(6FDD) containing triptycene and carboxylic groups. Upon de‐carboxylation induced cross‐linking, the membrane demonstrated a simultaneous enhancement of gas permeability and selectivity. Specifically, compared to the uncross‐linked 6FDD, the 400°C‐24 h cross‐linked membrane exhibited a remarkable increase in CO2 permeability by 177% (93.1 Barrer) and a significant rise in CO2/CH4 selectivity by 47% (57.5), reaching the CO2/CH4 upper bound. More importantly, the cross‐linked membrane displayed vastly improved CO2 plasticization resistance, withstanding up to 42 bar of CO2 feed pressure. The design of decarboxylated cross‐linked membranes in this work paves the way for creating high‐performing and plasticization‐resistant membranes with potential applications in high‐pressure CO2 separations.
Using portable X‐ray fluorescence elemental analysis to explore porous skeletal lesions: Interplay of sex, age at death, and cause of death
Authors: Gomes Ricardo A. M. P. , Santos Ana Luisa , Catarino Lidia
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Search for possible associations between bone elemental concentration and the presence of porous skeletal lesions (PSLs), considering the sex, age, and cause of death (COD) of the individuals.

Materials and Methods

The sample comprised 107 non‐adult individuals (56 females, 51 males) aged 0–20 (x̄ = 13.2, SD = 5.8) from the Coimbra and Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collections. Cribra cranii, orbitalia, humeralis, and femoralis were recorded as present/absent, and elemental concentrations were assessed by portable x‐ray fluorescence (pXRF). A multivariate statistical approach was applied.

Results

Well‐preserved skeletons with minimal diagenesis showed no sex‐related elemental variations or PSL associations. In contrast, age‐at‐death correlated with elevated Ca, P, Sr, and Pb levels. Cribra cranii increased with age while other cribra declined post‐adolescence. Higher concentrations of Fe and lower of S were linked to cribra cranii. Respiratory infections as COD increased the odds of expressing cribra femoralis (OR = 5.25, CI = 1.25–15.14), cribra cranii (OR = 2.91, CI = 0.97–8.69), and cribra orbitalia (OR = 2.76, CI = 1.06–7.24).

Discussion

Feasible pXRF results and low cribra intraobserver error assure replicability. Elevated Ca, P, and Sr in older individuals may relate to skeletal growth, while increased Pb suggests bioaccumulation. Cribra's increase with age reflects different rates of marrow conversion and bone remodeling. Higher Fe and lower S in individuals with cribra cranii possibly reflects poor nutrition, early alcohol use, and sideroblastic anemia, aligning with 19th–20th‐century Portugal's living conditions. Respiratory infections increased cribra expression, revealing intricate interplays among inflammation, anemia(s), marrow expansion, and diet. This research highlights a complex scenario and blazes a new path for cribra interpretation.
γ‐Secretase Modulator BPN15606 Reduced Aβ42 and Aβ40 and Countered Alzheimer‐Related Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome
Authors: Chen Xu‐Qiao , Becker Ann , Albay Ricardo , Nguyen Phuong D. , Karachentsev Dmitry , Roberts Amanda J. , Rynearson Kevin D. , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Mobley William C.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Due to increased gene dose for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), elderly adults with Down syndrome (DS) are at a markedly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), known as DS‐AD. How the increased APP gene dose acts and which APP products are responsible for DS‐AD is not well understood, thus limiting strategies to target pathogenesis. As one approach to address this question, we used a novel class of γ‐secretase modulators that promote γ‐site cleavages by the γ‐secretase complex, resulting in lower levels of the Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides.

Methods

Ts65Dn mice, which serve as a model of DS, were treated via oral gavage with 10 mg/kg/weekday of BPN15606 (a potent and novel pyridazine‐containing γ‐secretase modulators). Treatment started at 3 months‐of‐age and lasted for 4 months.

Results

Demonstrating successful target engagement, treatment with BPN15606 significantly decreased levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the cortex and hippocampus; it had no effect on full‐length APP or its C‐terminal fragments in either 2 N or Ts65Dn mice. Importantly, the levels of total amyloid‐β were not impacted, pointing to BPN15606‐mediated enhancement of processivity of γ‐secretase. Additionally, BPN15606 rescued hyperactivation of Rab5, a protein responsible for regulating endosome function, and normalized neurotrophin signaling deficits. BPN15606 treatment also normalized the levels of synaptic proteins and tau phosphorylation, while reducing astrocytosis and microgliosis, and countering cognitive deficits.

Interpretation

Our findings point to the involvement of increased levels of Aβ42 and/or Aβ40 in contributing to several molecular and cognitive traits associated with DS‐AD. They speak to increased dosage of the APP gene acting through heightened levels of Aβ42 and/or Aβ40 as supporting pathogenesis. These findings further the interest in the potential use of γ‐secretase modulators for treating and possibly preventing AD in individuals with DS. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:390–404
π‐Conjugated Nanohoops: A New Generation of Curved Materials for Organic Electronics
Authors: Roy Rupam , Brouillac Clément , Jacques Emmanuel , Quinton Cassandre , Poriel Cyril
Published: May 2024

Nanohoops, cyclic association of π‐conjugated systems to form a hoop‐shaped molecule, have been widely developed in the last 15 years. Beyond the synthetic challenge, the strong interest towards these molecules arises from their radially oriented π‐orbitals, which provide singular properties to these fascinating structures. Thanks to their particular cylindrical arrangement, this new generation of curved molecules have been already used in many applications such as host–guest complexation, biosensing, bioimaging, solid‐state emission and catalysis. However, their potential in organic electronics has only started to be explored. From the first incorporation as an emitter in a fluorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED), to the recent first incorporation as a host in phosphorescent OLEDs or as charge transporter in organic field‐effect transistors and in organic photovoltaics, this field has shown important breakthroughs in recent years. These findings have revealed that curved materials can play a key role in the future and can even be more efficient than their linear counterparts. This can have important repercussions for the future of electronics. Time has now come to overview the different nanohoops used to date in electronic devices in order to stimulate the future molecular designs of functional materials based on these macrocycles.
A Processible and Ultrahigh‐temperature Organic Photothermal Material through Spontaneous and Quantitative [2+2] Cycloaddition–Cycloreversion
Authors: Han Pengbo , Xu He , Zhang Guiquan , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2024

Energy conversion, particularly light to heat conversion, has garnered significant attention owing to its prospect in renewable energy exploitation and utilization. Most previous efforts have focused on developing organic photothermal materials for low‐temperature applications, whereas the importance of simplifying the preparation methods of photothermal materials and enhancing their maximum photothermal temperature have been less taken. Herein, we prepare an organic near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal material namely ATT by a spontaneous [2+2] cycloaddition‐cycloreversion reaction. In addition to the solution‐based method, ATT could also be readily preapred by ball milling in a high yield of 90 % in just 15 min. ATT powder exhibits a broad absorption extending beyond 2000 nm, excellent processability, and thermal stability. Remarkably, ATT powder can reach an unprecedently temperature as high as 450 °C while maintaining excellent photostability upon photoirradiation. Leveraging its extraordinary photothermal and processable properties, ATT was used in the high‐temperature applications, such as photo‐ignition, photo‐controlled metal processing and high‐temperature shape memory, all of which offer spatiotemporal control capabilities. This work provides a new approach to prepare organic photothermal materials with high temperatures, and pave the way for their applications in extreme environments.
Shelf‐life of biodiesel by isothermal oxidation induction period at variable temperatures
Authors: Dunn Robert O.
Published: May 2024

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters [FAME]) is a renewable biomass‐based diesel (BBD) fuel made from plant oils, animal fats and waste greases. One of the main disadvantages of biodiesel is its poor oxidative stability, which is caused by the presence of high concentrations of unsaturated FAME. When stored in fuel terminals, vehicle tanks and fuel systems, biodiesel can react with oxygen in ambient air, causing it to degrade, which can adversely affect its viscosity and ignition quality. The shelf‐life (SL) of biodiesel is an important property that defines how long it can be stored at low temperatures. The objective of this work is to develop reliable mathematical models to estimate the SL of biodiesel at T = 25°C (298.15 K). This was done by measuring oxidation induction period with a Rancimat instrument (IPR) at variable temperatures. The data were analyzed by linear regression to determine ln(IPR) as a function of T (Model A) and T−1 (Model B) for canola, palm and soybean oil FAME (CaME, PME and SME), methyl oleate (MeC18:1) and methyl linoleate (MeC18:2). Statistical analysis of the Model A and Model B type equations showed that all inferred equations were good fits of the experimental data (adjusted coefficients of determination, R2 ≥ 0.985). The most dependable results were obtained from extrapolation of Model B type equations to predict the SLB values. For CaME, PME, SME and MeC18:1, SLB = 559.0, 1135, 378.3 and 4515 d were inferred. However, the reliability of SLA (extrapolated from its Model A type equation) and SLB values calculated for MeC18:2 (3.1 and 4.8 d) were questionable as estimates of its SL at 298.15 K.
Study on the mechanical properties of hydrogels enhanced by acryloyl‐functionalized polyethyleneimine cross‐links
Authors: Lv Hongming , Cao Haoran , Xu Min , Miao Junrui , Hu Xiaosai
Published: May 2024

Appropriate mechanical properties is one of the prerequisites for the applications of hydrogels, where cross‐linker is a crucial component in manipulating such mechanical property. Herein, acryloyl‐functionalized polyethyleneimine (APEI) was innovatively used as novel functional cross‐links to optimize the mechanical properties of polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels. APEI cross‐links were synthesized by simply adding acryloyl chloride into polyethyleneimine in aqueous solution. The chemical structures of APEI were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. APEI possessed massive highly acryloyl functional groups that can serve as multifunctional cross‐linking centers for the polymerization of monomers via covalent bonding interactions. These covalent bonds are favorable for constructing a firm 3D cross‐linked networks for hydrogels to withstand deformations, endowing hydrogels with the improved mechanical properties. The tensile strength with an elongation at break for the hydrogels can reach 234 kPa and 18.4‐fold, respectively. In addition, even the hydrogels can bear cyclic mechanical loads and deformations for 50 cycles at 5‐fold stain, indicating a good fatigue resistance. The deformability of APEI cross‐links clusters under stretching was responsible for the stretchability of PAM/APEI hydrogels. This work provides a simple strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels via the development of novel APEI chemical cross‐linker.
The futuristic applications of transition metal dichalcogenides for cancer therapy
Authors: Nandy Shouvik Kumar , Das Sattwik , Pandey Sadanand , Kalita Pallab , Gupta Manoj K. , Kabra Atul , Wadhwa Pankaj , Kumar Deepak
Published: May 2024

The second‐most common cause of death resulting from genetic mutations in DNA sequences is cancer. The difficulty in the field of anticancer research is the application of the traditional methods, which also affects normal cells. Mutations, genetic replication alterations, and chromosomal abnormalities have a direct impact on the effectiveness of anticancer drugs at different stages. Presently, therapeutic techniques utilize nanotechnology, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and robotics. TMDCs are being increasingly employed in tumor therapy and biosensing applications due to their biocompatibility, adjustable bandgap, versatile functionality, exceptional photoelectric properties, and wide range of applications. This study reports the advancement of nanoplatforms based on TMDCs that are specifically engineered for responsive and intelligent cancer therapy. This article offers a thorough examination of the current challenges, future possibilities for theranostic applications using TMDCs, and recent progress in employing TMDCs for cancer therapy. Currently, there is significant interest in two‐dimensional (2D) TMDCs nanomaterials as ultrathin unique physicochemical properties. These materials have attracted attention in various fields, including biomedicine. Due to their inherent ability to absorb near‐infrared light and their exceptionally large surface area, significant efforts are being made to prepare multifunctional nanoplatforms based on 2D TMDCs.
Thickening tissue by thinning electrospun scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Shuo , Wang Xinhuan , Jia Minxuan , Liu Wenli , Gu Qi
Published: May 2024

Electrospun scaffolds with aligned fiber orientation are widely used in tissue engineering, such as muscle, heart, nerve, tendon, and cartilage, due to their ability to guide cell morphology and induce cellular functions. However, the dense fibrous structure of the scaffolds poses a critical obstacle to engineering highly cellular and thick 3D tissues, as it prevents cell infiltration. While many techniques have been developed to increase the pore size of electrospun scaffolds and improve cell infiltration/migration, it often leads to a decrease in direct cell‐cell contact, compromising cell differentiation and tissue maturation. This study presents an alternative approach by reducing the thickness of scaffolds to the cellular scale and stacking or rolling the cell‐scaffold complex into 3D constructs. We devise a series of novel tools to fabricate, characterize, and manipulate ultra‐thin electrospun scaffolds, which demonstrate high reproducibility, resolution, and cellularity. Our study provides a solution to the cell infiltration issue in muscle tissue engineering and is highly versatile, and can be applied to various fields that require structures with high‐resolution gradients in a layered pattern or complex spatial distribution in a rolled pattern.
The relationship between intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative delirium: The PNDRFAP study
Authors: Wang Jiahan , Zhu Lei , Li Chuan , Lin Yanan , Wang Bin , Lin Xu , Bi Yanlin
Published: May 2024

Objective

Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative delirium (POD) in patients undergoing general anesthesia for gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods

The study comprised 750 participants from the Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder Risk Factor and Prognosis (PNDRFAP) study database, which ultimately screened 510 individuals in the final analysis. Preoperative cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). The occurrence of POD was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method, and the severity of POD was evaluated using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. Logistic regression was employed to scrutinize the association between intraoperative hypothermia and the incidence of POD, and the sensitivity analysis was conducted by introducing adjusted confounding variables. Decision curves and a nomogram model were utilized to assess the predictive efficacy of intraoperative hypothermia for POD. Mediation analysis involving 10,000 bootstrapped iterations was employed to appraise the suggested mediating effect of numeric rating scale (NRS) scores at 24 and 48 h post‐surgeries. The receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative hypothermia in predicting POD.

Results

In the PNDRFAP study, the occurrence of POD was notably higher in the intraoperative hypothermia group (62.2%) compared to the intraoperative normal body temperature group (9.8%), with an overall POD incidence of 17.6%. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for various confounding factors (age [40–90], gender, education, MMSE, smoking history, drinking history, hypertension, diabetes, and the presence of cardiovascular heart disease), demonstrated that intraoperative hypothermia significantly increased the risk of POD (OR = 4.879, 95% CI = 3.020–7.882, p < .001). Mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between intraoperative hypothermia and POD was partially mediated by NRS 24 h after surgery, accounting for 14.09% of the association (p = .002). The area under the curve of the ROC curve was 0.685, which confirmed that intraoperative hypothermia could predict POD occurrence to a certain extent. Decision curve and nomogram analyses, conducted using the R package, further substantiated the predictive efficacy of intraoperative hypothermia on POD.

Conclusion

Intraoperative hypothermia may increase the risk of POD, and this association may be partially mediated by NRS scores 24 h after surgery.
White matter hyperintensity, parent artery steno‐occlusion, and neurological deterioration in anterior circulation single subcortical infarction patients
Authors: Luo Yunhe , Wang Daosheng , Jia Yiming , Gu Xin , Zang Yuhan , Zhu Zhengbao , Zheng Jin , Huang Ligang , Zhao Jing
Published: May 2024

Background

The evidence for the association between white matter hyperintensity (WMH) severity and neurological deterioration (ND) in patients with single subcortical infarction (SSI) remains unclear and whether the association between them is modified by anterior circulation parent artery steno‐occlusion (PAS) is unknown. Herein, we aimed to prospectively investigate the internal relevance.

Methods

In this prospective study, the severity of WMH and PAS were assessed in 288 consecutive patients with anterior circulation SSI arriving at our hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital affiliated with Fudan University, 24 h after onset from January 2017 to December 2018. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between WMH severity and the risk of ND within 7 days after stroke onset as well as the interactive effect between WMH severity and PAS on ND among patients with SSI.

Results

PAS modified the association between WMH severity and ND among patients with SSI (pinteraction = .029). After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratios of moderate‐severe WMH associated with ND were 1.61 (95% CI, 0.50–5.19; ptrend = .428) for patients with PAS, and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.14–0.97; ptrend = .043) for those without PAS. Adding WMH severity to conventional risk factors improved risk prediction for ND in patients without PAS (net reclassification improvement: 48.2%, p = .005; integrated discrimination index: 2.5%, p = .004) but not in those with PAS.

Conclusion

There was a modified effect of PAS on the association between WMH severity and ND within 7 days after stroke onset among patients with anterior circulation SSI, which deserves more research attention. WMH was negatively associated with ND in anterior circulation SSI patients without PAS.
The protective role of endothelial GLUT1 in ischemic stroke
Authors: Peng Qiwei , Zeng Weiqi
Published: May 2024

Objective

To provide thorough insight on the protective role of endothelial glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) in ischemic stroke.

Methods

We comprehensively review the role of endothelial GLUT1 in ischemic stroke by narrating the findings concerning biological characteristics of GLUT1 in brain in depth, summarizing the changes of endothelial GLUT1 expression and activity during ischemic stroke, discussing how GLUT1 achieves its neuroprotective effect via maintaining endothelial function, and identifying some outstanding blind spots in current studies.

Results

Endothelial GLUT1 maintains persistent high glucose and energy requirements of the brain by transporting glucose through the blood–brain barrier, which preserves endothelial function and is beneficial to stroke prognosis.

Conclusion

This review underscores the potential involvement of GLUT1 trafficking, activity modulation, and degradation, and we look forward to more clinical and animal studies to illuminate these mechanisms.
Gene mutation profiling in microsatellite instability colorectal cancer and its association with the efficacy of immunotherapy: A retrospective study
Authors: Liu Ying , Cui Kang , Ma Wang
Published: May 2024

Background

Microsatellite instability‐high (MSI‐H) colorectal cancer (CRC) is known for its heightened responsiveness to immunotherapy. However, establishing robust predictive markers for immunotherapy efficacy remains imperative. This retrospective study aimed to elucidate the genetic landscape of MSI‐H CRC and correlate these genetic alterations with immunotherapy outcomes in a cohort of 121 patients.

Methods

We analyzed clinical and molecular data from 121 patients with MSI‐H CRC. We conducted a thorough genetic analysis of MSI‐H CRC patients, with a specific emphasis on the APC, TP53, RAS, and MMR genes. We further analyzed the relationship between gene mutations and immunotherapy efficacy. The primary endpoints analyzed were objective response rate (ORR) and progression‐free survival (PFS). All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS26.0 and R 4.2.0 software.

Results

Our findings underscored the complexity of the genetic landscape in MSI‐H CRC, shedding light on the intricate interplay of these genes in CRC development. Notably, mutations in MMR genes exhibited a distinctive pattern, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of MSI‐H. Furthermore, our results revealed correlations between specific genetic alterations and immunotherapy outcomes, with a particular focus on treatment response rates and progression‐free survival.

Conclusion

This study represents a significant step toward unraveling the genetic nuances of MSI‐H CRC. The distinctive pattern of MMR gene mutations not only adds depth to our understanding of MSI‐H CRC but also hints at potential avenues for targeted therapies. This research sets the stage for future investigations aimed at refining therapeutic strategies and improving outcomes for patients with MSI‐H CRC.
Ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence in counselling and psychotherapy training: A student stakeholder perspective—A pilot study
Authors: Gore Stuart , Dove Emily
Published: May 2024

Background

This study delves into the ethical considerations of artificial intelligence (AI) use in higher education, focusing on counselling and psychotherapy students' perspectives. Amidst growing interest in AI across educational sectors, this research aimed to highlight student views on the benefits, risks and ethical challenges posed by AI tools in their training.

Methods

Employing a qualitative approach, this scoping study gathered data from seven counselling and psychotherapy students through an online survey, which were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Findings

Four main themes were constructed: (1) guidelines, (2) concerns about the use of AI with highly sensitive information, (3) acceptable and unacceptable uses, and (4) risk of AI compromising the quality of knowledge and practice.

Conclusion

This research underscores the necessity for collaborative guideline development that addresses ethical AI use, the protection of sensitive information, and the delineation of AI's appropriate roles in education and practice. It advocates for ongoing discussion amongst educational institutions, professional bodies and students to create dynamic, ethical standards that evolve with AI advancements, ensuring technology enhances learning outcomes, upholds integrity and respects privacy.