bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Criteria of Urinary Tract Infection in Male Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ronco Esthel , Denys Pierre , Bernède-Bauduin Claire , Laffont Isabelle , Martel Patricia , Salomon Jérôme , Bussel Bernard , Guillemot Didier , Gaillard Jean-Louis
Published: December 2010

Background. The current diagnostic criteria of urinary tract infection (UTI) in male patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are not clear. Methods. The authors studied 381 episodes of “symptomatic” UTI (209 participants) and 277 episodes of “asymptomatic” UTI (205 participants) in male SCI patients using intermittent catheterization. UTI was defined as a bacterial count ≥102 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL (American Paraplegia Society criterion). Univariate analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to determine optimal cfu and white blood cell (WBC) thresholds. Results. The most prevalent clinical signs, alone or in combination, were cloudy and/or malodorous urine (51.4%), onset of urinary incontinence (51.2%), fatigue (41.7%), fever (30.7%), and increased spasticity (30.2%). Urine cfu and WBC levels in patients with only one sign, including fever, were not significantly higher than those in asymptomatic controls. WBC, but not cfu, levels increased significantly with the number of signs ( P = .026). Univariate analysis and ROC curve analysis failed to identify cfu, WBC, or a combination of cfu and WBC count thresholds, allowing discrimination between the symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI groups. Conclusions. Clinical signs of UTI correlate poorly with the urine cfu and WBC levels in SCI patients, except for a positive relationship between WBC counts and the number of signs. Fever alone has no higher diagnostic value. There are no satisfactory cfu and WBC thresholds: thresholds more restrictive than the current American Paraplegia Society criteria provide higher specificity values but with equivalent loss of sensitivity.
Modeling Information Operations in a Tactical-level Stabilization Environment
Authors: Gaffney Helen , Vincent Alasdair
Published: December 2010

Influencing the civilian population comprises a key task for all of the factions in a stabilization environment. This makes it a key driver for military decision makers, who wish to understand how they can win the hearts and minds of the local people. This paper briefly describes the requirement for representing influence at the tactical level, and presents a possible mechanism for modeling the effects of Information Operations. Throughout this work the term Information Operations is used to refer to non-kinetic influence activities excepting cyber operations, which will require separate treatment if they are to be represented in the Stabilization Operations Analysis Tool.
Women living with HIV/AIDS and the bodily transformation process known as the lipodystrophy syndrome: a grounded theory study
Authors: Gagnon Marilou , Holmes Dave
Published: December 2010

Over the past decade, the lipodystrophy syndrome has become one of the biggest challenges in the field of HIV/AIDS. Yet, few qualitative studies have examined how lipodystrophy affects the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS by reconfiguring their bodies in unexpected ways. The main objective of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the transformation process that women experience following the onset of lipodystrophy. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were then analysed following the principles of grounded theory. Overall, the research participants explained how lipodystrophy had transformed their bodies, disrupted their identities and confined them to a fragile social trajectory. In this sense, the experience of lipodystrophy was described as a profoundly disruptive transformation that includes three distinct stages: normalisation, problematisation and pathologisation. This process was characterised by the progression of lipodystrophy, as well as an intensification of the efforts to regain control over the body. At last, this study provides health care providers with a better understanding of the psychosocial impact of lipodystrophy and the needs of women who suffer from this condition.
Relationship Between the Use of Asthma Action Plans and Asthma Exacerbations in Children With Asthma
Authors: Kessler Karen R.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this integrative review is to describe and assess current research findings and summarize the relationship between action plans and asthma exacerbations in children with asthma. Medline, CINAHL Plus with full text, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched as well as bibliographies of included studies. Three hundred eighty-five studies were identified. Thirteen studies were identified meeting inclusion criteria. Eight studies compared asthma action plans (AAPs) with no AAPs. Five studies compared peak flow AAPs to symptom AAPs. Of the 8 studies comparing AAPs with no AAPs, 5 studies concluded that the plans were beneficial to pediatric asthma. One study concluded that AAPs may increase risk for readmission to the hospital. Another study concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that AAPs along with an educational package were beneficial in reducing morbidity in the subsequent 12 months for preschoolers. A third study concluded there were greater costs in the group with AAPs without better outcomes. Of the 5 studies comparing peak flow AAPs with symptom AAPs, 3 studies found that AAPs are effective for pediatric patients but there is no benefit of peak flow AAPs over symptom AAPs. Two studies found that peak flow meter use along with an AAP was a more effective way to decrease hospitalizations. Data suggest that AAPs are beneficial to pediatric asthma patients. Either peak flow–based or symptom-based plans are effective in the control of asthma exacerbations. However, there does not appear to be evidence to support the use of peak flow–based AAPs over symptom-based AAPs.
Inhibition of osteoclast function reduces hematopoietic stem cell numbers in vivo
Authors: Lymperi Stefania , Ersek Adel , Ferraro Francesca , Dazzi Francesco , Horwood Nicole J.
Published: December 2010

Osteoblasts play a crucial role in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche; however, an overall increase in their number does not necessarily promote hematopoiesis. Because the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is coordinately regulated, we hypothesized that active bone-resorbing osteoclasts would participate in HSC niche maintenance. Mice treated with bisphosphonates exhibited a decrease in proportion and absolute number of Lin−cKit+Sca1+ Flk2− (LKS Flk2−) and long-term culture–initiating cells in bone marrow (BM). In competitive transplantation assays, the engraftment of treated BM cells was inferior to that of controls, confirming a decrease in HSC numbers. Accordingly, bisphosphonates abolished the HSC increment produced by parathyroid hormone. In contrast, the number of colony-forming-unit cells in BM was increased. Because a larger fraction of LKS in the BM of treated mice was found in the S/M phase of the cell cycle, osteoclast impairment makes a proportion of HSCs enter the cell cycle and differentiate. To prove that HSC impairment was a consequence of niche manipulation, a group of mice was treated with bisphosphonates and then subjected to BM transplantation from untreated donors. Treated recipient mice experienced a delayed hematopoietic recovery compared with untreated controls. Our findings demonstrate that osteoclast function is fundamental in the HSC niche.
High-dose dexamethasone shifts the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory Fcγ receptors on monocytes in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Liu Xin-guang , Ma Shi-hui , Sun Jian-zhi , Ren Juan , Shi Yan , Sun Lin , Dong Xiao-yuan , Qin Ping , Guo Cheng-shan , Hou Ming , Peng Jun
Published: December 2010

The human Fcγ receptor (FcγR) system is composed of 2 opposing families, the activating FcγRs (FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIII) and the inhibitory FcγR (FcγRIIb). The disturbed balance of the activating and inhibitory FcγRs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. In this study, the expression of FcγRs on monocytes was determined in 23 patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) before and after high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) treatment. The FcγRI expression was significantly higher in ITP patients and decreased after HD-DXM treatment. The ratio of FcγRIIa/IIb mRNA expression on monocytes was significantly higher in untreated patients than in healthy controls. After HD-DXM therapy, the ratio decreased and the increased expression of FcγRIIb mRNA and protein coincided with a remarkable decrease in the expression of FcγRIIa, FcγRI, and monocyte phagocytic capacity. There was no significant difference in FcγRIII expression on monocytes between patients and controls. In vitro cell-culture experiments showed that DXM could induce FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb expression in monocytes from ITP patients, with FcγRIIb at higher amplitudes. These findings suggested that the disturbed FcγR balance might play a role in the pathogenesis of ITP, and that HD-DXM therapy could shift monocyte FcγR balance toward the inhibitory FcγRIIb in patients with ITP.
Proteolytic antibodies activate factor IX in patients with acquired hemophilia
Authors: Wootla Bharath , Christophe Olivier D. , Mahendra Ankit , Dimitrov Jordan D. , Repessé Yohann , Ollivier Véronique , Friboulet Alain , Borel-Derlon Annie , Levesque Hervé , Borg Jeanne-Yvonne , Andre Sebastien , Bayry Jagadeesh , Calvez Thierry , Kaveri Srinivas V. , Lacroix-Desmazes Sébastien
Published: December 2010

Acquired hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by the spontaneous occurrence of inhibitory antibodies against endogenous factor VIII (FVIII). IgG from some patients with acquired hemophilia hydrolyze FVIII. Because of the complex etiology of the disease, no clinical parameter, including the presence of FVIII-hydrolyzing IgG, has been associated with patient's survival or death. Here, we demonstrate the presence of anti-FIX antibodies in acquired hemophilia patients. IgG from some patients were found to hydrolyze FIX. In most cases, IgG-mediated FIX-hydrolysis resulted in FIX activation. IgG-mediated hydrolysis of FIX thus led to the significant generation of activated FIX in 25 of 65 patients. Based on the estimated kinetic parameters, patients' IgG activated up to 0.3nM FIX in 24 hours, an amount that restored thrombin generation in vitro provided the presence of more than or equal to 3% residual FVIII activity in plasma. This work identifies proteolytic IgG as novel molecules able to activate FIX under pathologic conditions. IgG-mediated FIX activation is a prevalent phenomenon among acquired hemophilia patients. The presence of FIX-activating IgG may partly compensate for the antibody-mediated inhibition of endogenous FVIII in restoring thrombin generation. This clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00213473.
MK2 SUMOylation regulates actin filament remodeling and subsequent migration in endothelial cells by inhibiting MK2 kinase and HSP27 phosphorylation
Authors: Chang Eugene , Heo Kyung-Sun , Woo Chang-Hoon , Lee Hakjoo , Le Nhat-Tu , Thomas Tamlyn N. , Fujiwara Keigi , Abe Jun-ichi
Published: December 2010

Actin filament remodeling regulates several endothelial cell (EC) processes such as contraction, migration, adhesion, and shape determination. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–activated protein kinase 2 (MK2)–mediated phosphorylation of heat-shock protein 27 kDa (HSP27) promotes actin filament remodeling, but little is known about the regulation of this event in ECs. We found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) SUMOylated MK2 at lysine (K)-339 affected EC actin filament organization and migration. Loss of the MK2 SUMOylation site (MK2-K339R) increased MK2 kinase activity and prolonged HSP27 phosphorylation, enhancing its effects on actin filament-dependent events. Both TNF-α–mediated EC elongation and steady laminar shear stress–mediated EC alignment were increased by MK2-K339R. Moreover, kinase-dead dominant-negative MK2 (DN-MK2) inhibited these effects. Cell migration is a dynamic process regulated by actin filament remodeling. Both wild-type MK2 (WT-MK2) and DN-MK2 significantly enhanced TNF-mediated inhibition of EC migration, and MK2-K339R further augmented this effect. Interestingly, the p160-Rho–associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 reversed this effect by MK2-K339R, which strongly suggests that both excessive and insufficient levels of actin filament remodeling can block EC migration. Our study shows that MK2 SUMOylation is a new mechanism for regulating actin filament dynamics in ECs.
Prothrombin activation on the activated platelet surface optimizes expression of procoagulant activity
Authors: Wood Jeremy P. , Silveira Jay R. , Maille Nicole M. , Haynes Laura M. , Tracy Paula B.
Published: December 2010

Effective hemostasis relies on the timely formation of α-thrombin via prothrombinase, a Ca2+-dependent complex of factors Va and Xa assembled on the activated platelet surface, which cleaves prothrombin at Arg271 and Arg320. Whereas initial cleavage at Arg271 generates the inactive intermediate prethrombin-2, initial cleavage at Arg320 generates the enzymatically active intermediate meizothrombin. To determine which of these intermediates is formed when prothrombin is processed on the activated platelet surface, the cleavage of prothrombin, and prothrombin mutants lacking either one of the cleavage sites, was monitored on the surface of either thrombin- or collagen-activated platelets. Regardless of the agonist used, prothrombin was initially cleaved at Arg271 generating prethrombin-2, with α-thrombin formation quickly after via cleavage at Arg320. The pathway used was independent of the source of factor Va (plasma- or platelet-derived) and was unaffected by soluble components of the platelet releasate. When both cleavage sites are presented within the same substrate molecule, Arg271 effectively competes against Arg320 (with an apparent IC50 = 0.3μM), such that more than 90% to 95% of the initial cleavage occurs at Arg271. We hypothesize that use of the prethrombin-2 pathway serves to optimize the procoagulant activity expressed by activated platelets, by limiting the anticoagulant functions of the alternate intermediate, meizothrombin.
Ectopic opening of the common bile duct and duodenal stenosis: an overlooked association
Authors: Parlak Erkan , Dişibeyaz Selçuk , Cengiz Cem , Çiçek Bahattin , Özin Yasemin , Kacar Sabite , Şaşmaz Nurgül , Şahin Burhan
Published: December 2010

Background

Ectopic opening of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb (EO-CBD-DB) is a rare disease that may be complicated by duodenal ulcer, deformity, stenosis and biliary stones. The aim of this study is to report clinical presentations, endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of this entity as well as to investigate its association with duodenal stenosis.

Methods

Gastroduodenoscopic findings and radiological imaging were evaluated for ectopic papilla and duodenal stenosis. Diagnostic methods, endoscopic procedures and long-term outcomes of the endoscopic treatment were presented.

Results

EO-CBD-DB was found in 74 (77.1%) of the 96 patients with duodenal deformity/stenosis (79 male, 17 female, mean age: 58.5, range: 30-87 years). The papilla with normal appearance was retracted to the bulb in 11 while it was at its usual location in the remaining 11. The history of biliodigestive surgery was more common in patients with EO-CBD-DB who were frequently presented with the common bile duct stone-related symptoms than the other patients. Thirteen (17.6%) of the patients with EO-CBD-DB were referred to surgery. Endoscopic treatment was completed in 60 (81.1%) patients after an average of 1.7 (range: 1-6) procedures. These patients were on follow-up for 24.8 (range: 2-46) months. Endoscopic intervention was required in 12 (20%) of them because of recurrent biliary problems. Treatment of the patient who had stricture due to biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still continued.

Conclusions

The presence of EO-CBD-DB should be considered particularly in middle-aged male patients who have duodenal deformity/stenosis. Endoscopic treatment is feasible in these patients. The long-term outcomes of endoscopic therapy need to be compared with surgical treatment.
Psychological response of family members of patients hospitalised for influenza A/H1N1 in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Elizarrarás-Rivas Jesús , Vargas-Mendoza Jaime E , Mayoral-García Maurilio , Matadamas-Zarate Cuauhtémoc , Elizarrarás-Cruz Anaid , Taylor Melanie , Agho Kingsley
Published: December 2010

Background

The A/H1N1 pandemic originated in Mexico in April 2009, amid high uncertainty, social and economic disruption, and media reports of panic. The aim of this research project was to evaluate the psychological response of family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with suspected influenza A/H1N1 to establish whether there was empirical evidence of high adverse psychological response, and to identify risk factors for such a response. If such evidence was found, a secondary aim was to develop a specific early intervention of psychological support for these individuals, to reduce distress and possibly lessen the likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the longer term.

Methods

Psychological assessment questionnaires were administered to the family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the ICU in the General Hospital of Zone 1 of the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS), Oaxaca, Mexico with suspected influenza A/H1N1, during the month of November 2009. The main outcome measures were ratings of reported perceived stress (PSS-10), depression (CES-D), and death anxiety (DAQ). Data were subjected to simple and multiple linear regression analysis to identify risk factors for adverse psychological response.

Results

Elevated levels of perceived stress and depression, compared to population normative data, and moderate levels of death anxiety were noted. Levels of depression were similar to those found in comparable studies of family members of ICU patients admitted for other conditions. Multiple regression analysis indicated that increasing age and non-spousal family relationship were significantly associated with depression and perceived stress. Female gender, increasing age, and higher levels of education were significantly associated with high death anxiety. Comparisons with data collected in previous studies in the same hospital ICU with groups affected by a range of other medical conditions indicated that the psychological response reported in this study was generally lower.

Conclusions

Data indicated that, contrary to widely publicised reports of 'panic' surrounding A/H1N1, that some of those most directly affected did not report excessive psychological responses; however, we concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support provision of limited psychological support to family caregivers.
Detection of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in oral mucosa of women with cervical lesions and their relation to oral sex practices
Authors: Sánchez-Vargas Luis O , Díaz-Hernández Cecilia , Martinez-Martinez Alejandro
Published: December 2010

Background

Previous studies have either investigated the relationship of HPV with oral cancer or the prevalence of HPV on the oral cavity. The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of HPV in oral cavity of women with oral sex practices and cervical lesions.

Methods

Forty six (46) non-smokers and non-alcoholic patients attended the "Clínica de Displasias" of "Ciudad Juarez" were sampled. This population had a CIN diagnosis sometime between the previous six months. On previous consent they filled out a questionnaire related to their oral sex practices. Afterwards one swab from cheeks and another from palate/gum were taken; PCR was used to determine generic HPV, HPV16 and HPV18.

Results

Seventy two percent (72%) of the patients stated to have oral sex practices regularly which all of them were positive to HPV either in oral mucus, palate/gum or both. The total of the given results showed that 35% had HPV16; among those distributed in 26% with regular oral sex practices and 9% stated as never practiced oral sex. An association was found between oral HPV16 positivity and progression to cervical CIN advanced lesions. On the other hand HPV18 was not detected. The frequency of HPV16 was higher in buccal mucosa (23%) versus palate/gum (16%).

Conclusions

This study suggests that buccal HPV16 infection is associated with CIN progression.
Morocco's Regionalization Roadmap and the Western Sahara
Authors: Ben-Meir Yossef
Published: December 2010

King Mohammed VI of Morocco has announced a national regionalization plan that includes the Western Sahara. Morocco's intention is to regionalize (or, essentially, decentralize) decision-making authority and management in socioeconomic development, political affairs, the judicial system, and other important responsibilities and institutions. The author describes Morocco's roadmap to regionalization, analyzes its principal elements, and presents recommendations for its strategic implementation. Regionalization could potentially establish the necessary conditions to resolve the Western Saharan conflict, but only if it genuinely advances the political, social, economic, and environmental fulfillment of the people living there.
A case of tuberculosis in a pregnant woman and review of current literature
Authors: Kwan B C H , Yu Y , Goldberg H
Published: December 2010

Tuberculosis (TB) in pregnancy can present with non-pulmonary symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. We present a case of TB in a pregnant woman and review current management recommendations.
Subclinical hypothyroidism and related biochemical entities in pregnancy: implications and management
Authors: McLeod D S A , McIntyre H D
Published: December 2010

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), thyroid autoimmunity and isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia are diagnoses made on laboratory findings. The two former conditions are commonly identified in the general population, while the term isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia was developed to highlight potential neurodevelopmental risks in progeny. Each entity has been associated with either obstetric, perinatal and/or child developmental harm in observational studies, although few interventional trials have been performed to guide diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Once diagnosed, treatment of SCH is recommended by endocrine groups to limit potential risk, given that harm from appropriate therapy is unlikely. Screening for thyroid disorders in pregnancy has traditionally been controversial. Definitive trials are expected to report over coming years and updated consensus guidelines will hopefully resolve this issue.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis in a pregnant woman
Authors: Speksnijder Leonie , Duvekot Johannes J , Duschek Erik J J , Jebbink Max C W , Bremer Henk A
Published: December 2010

Pneumomediastinum (PM) or mediastinal emphysema is defined as the presence of free air around mediastinal structures. Spontaneous (or atraumatic) pneumomediastinum (SPM) is a rare complication during pregnancy. Primary or spontaneous PM can arise due to increased intra-alveolar pressure. Secondary PM is due to direct trauma, intrathoracic infections or violation of the aerodigestive track. This case report describes a pregnant woman newly diagnosed with diabetes presenting with an SPM due to vigorously vomiting and Kussmaul's breathing caused by diabetic ketoacidosis. Appropriate management of SPM and its underlying cause is required to reduce the risks for both mother and child.
Validation of a Canadian curriculum in obstetric medicine
Authors: Cumyn Annabelle , Gibson Paul
Published: December 2010

A comprehensive curriculum for obstetric medicine was created through review and synthesis of several existing sources including a recent textbook, published curricula and a review of cases seen in a specialized clinical setting. The preliminary curriculum document then underwent local validation and reformulation of educational objectives with reference to the CanMEDS framework promoted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. This draft ‘Canadian’ Curriculum Content Validation Instrument, covering 34 medical conditions, was then distributed to a cohort of 29 Canadian obstetric internists (the study group) for review. All responders gave feedback on each of the 402 curricular items, with a high level of inter-rater agreement. A subgroup was subsequently convened ( n = 15) and Delphi methodology was used to review the major recommendations from the group, as well as nine additional problematic items, achieving a consensus on 38/43 survey items (88%). The final validated document was presented at the North American Society of Obstetric Medicine meeting in April 2010 in Toronto, Canada and distributed to study group members for local adaptation and implementation. Wider dissemination is planned in the near future.
Do Auctioneers Pick Optimal Reserve Prices?
Authors: Davis Andrew M. , Katok Elena , Kwasnica Anthony M.
Published: December 2010

We investigate how auctioneers set reserve prices in auctions. A well-established theoretical result, assuming risk neutrality of the seller, is that the optimal reserve price should not depend on the number of participating bidders. In a set of controlled laboratory experiments, we find that seller behavior often deviates from the theoretical benchmarks. We extend the existing theory to explore three alternative explanations for our results: risk aversion, anticipated regret, and probability weighting. After fitting our data to each of these models through parameter estimation techniques on both an aggregate and individual level, we find that all three models are consistent with some of the characteristics of our data, but that the regret model provides a slightly more favorable fit overall.

This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, decision analysis.
Grammar-Based Integer Programming Models for Multiactivity Shift Scheduling
Authors: Côté Marie-Claude , Gendron Bernard , Rousseau Louis-Martin
Published: December 2010

This paper presents a new implicit formulation for shift scheduling problems, using context-free grammars to model the rules for the composition of shifts. From the grammar, we generate an integer programming (IP) model having a linear programming relaxation equivalent to that of the classical set covering model. When solved by a state-of-the-art IP solver on problem instances with a small number of shifts, our model, the set covering formulation, and a typical implicit model from the literature yield comparable solution times. On instances with a large number of shifts, our formulation shows superior performance and can model a wider variety of constraints. In particular, multiactivity cases, which cannot be modeled by existing implicit formulations, can easily be handled with grammars. We present comparative experimental results on a large set of instances involving one work activity, as well as on problems dealing with up to 10 work activities.

This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas, optimization.
Integration of surface science, nanoscience, and catalysis
Authors: Wen Cun , Liu Yi , Tao Franklin
Published: December 2010

This article briefly reviews the development of surface science and its close relevance to nanoscience and heterogeneous catalysis. The focus of this article is to highlight the importance of nanoscale surface science for understanding heterogeneous catalysis performing at solid–gas and solid–liquid interfaces. Surface science has built a foundation for the understanding of catalysis based on the studies of well-defined single-crystal catalysts in the past several decades. Studies of catalysis on well-defined nanoparticles (NPs) significantly promoted the understanding of catalytic mechanisms to an unprecedented level in the last decade. To understand reactions performed on catalytic active sites at nano or atomic scales and thus reach the goal of catalysis by design, studies of the surface of nanocatalysts are crucial. The challenges in such studies are discussed.
Erinnerung als Konstruktion: August Strindbergs „Ett halvt ark papper“
Authors: Seiler Thomas
Published: December 2010

Research on Strindberg's short story “Ett halvt ark papper” has ascribed a therapeutic effect to the protagonist's memorialization of the past two years of his life. In this view, the story ends happily, as the narrator tells us. In contrast, the aim of this article is to show the narrator's unreliability. He not only fits together the puzzle pieces of the protagonist's life story into a coherent narration, but he also wants to meet the demands of the genre “Fairytale”, which is the title of the book containing “Ett halvt ark papper”. A coherent narration, however, can only be obtained by neglecting the uncertainties of the protagonist's life. Nobody knows what exactly happened to him. What seems to be his memories is in fact the constructed memorialization of the narrator. Additionally, there are strong textual signs indicating an ironic attitude of the narrator towards H.C. Andersen's fairytales and his “fairytale sound”. Does this mean that it is the narrator's goal to make a fairytale out of the protagonist's tragic fate?
Das Vorstellungsbild der ehemaligen Kolonie Grönland in dem dänischen Kinderbuch Sofie, Pullaq og den døde sæl von Pernille Kløvedal Helweg
Authors: Matz Anja
Published: December 2010

Resümee

Am Ende der 70er und Beginn der 80er Jahre waren hauptsächlich Grönländer die Protagonisten in den dänischen Kinderbüchern, deren Handlung nach Grönland verlegt worden war. Die Autoren beschäftigten sich vorwiegend mit den Unterschieden der Kulturen. Probleme im Verhältnis zueinander wurden vorrangig der Kolonialmacht zugeschrieben. Das Grönlandbild war häufig entweder von vornherein positiv oder es entwickelte sich dahingehend.

In jüngeren Erzählungen seit den 90er Jahren ist eine zunehmende Harmonisierung zu beobachten. Es wird mehr Gewicht auf die Hervorhebung von Gemeinsamkeiten der verschiedenen Kulturen gelegt. Die Konfrontation der Protagonisten mit dem Fremden führt in der Regel zum Verstehen und Verständnis für einander. Häufig sind die Protagonisten jetzt die dänischen Kinder, die zunächst die Unwissenden und dann die Lernenden sind. Trotz des Bildes vom unbekannten und unberechenbaren Grönland ist die Botschaft ein Aufruf zur Auseinandersetzung mit der fremden Kultur. Die Kinderbücher vermitteln einerseits Informationen über die den dänischen Lesern nicht sehr vertraute oder gar völlig unbekannte Lebensweise der Grönländer. Andererseits tragen die Autoren zu einer multiperspektivischen Bildung der Kinder bei, indem z. B. verschiedene Wahrnehmungsweisen Grönlands durch unterschiedliche Sichtweisen der Figuren im Text angeboten werden. So auch im hier analysierten transkulturellen Buch

Die Leser werden in die postkoloniale Perspektive versetzt. Durch die narrative Inszenierung der Begegnung der beiden Kulturen findet eine Reflexion über die andere Lebensform statt. Die dänischen Leser sollen mit einer Fremdheitserfahrung konfrontiert und für den Umgang mit anderen Kulturen sensibilisiert werden. Kinder sind eine Lesergruppe, die anfänglich in fast allen Schritten der Lektüre Hilfe benötigt. Ihre literarischen Bedürfnisse müssen von anderen erkannt und aus dem Angebot entsprechende Produkte für sie ausgewählt werden. Dadurch wird auch die Reflexion der erwachsenen Vermittler angeregt. Um so wertvoller ist die Produktion, Rezeption und Reflexion von Kinderbüchern, die den dänischen Lesern, sowohl Kindern als auch Erwachsenen, einen Zugang zu Grönland, seinen Bewohnern und deren Kultur ermöglichen können.
Interactions of grammatical categories: how three genders became two
Authors: Skrzypek Dominika
Published: December 2010

In Modern Swedish the category of gender has been reduced from three elements to two: the masculine and the feminine have coalesced. The process is assumed to have been complete by the end of the 17
A New SiGeC Vertical MOSFET: Single-device CMOS (SD-CMOS)
Authors: Augusto Carlos J. , Forester Lynn
Published: December 2010

A new type of silicon-based Vertical MOSFET concept is presented - Single-Device CMOS (SD-CMOS) - in which the same structure can be operated as NFET or as PFET, depending on the biasing conditions [1]. SD-CMOS offers new possibilities for CMOS integration schemes that are simpler - requiring only 5 masks for the “Front- End” - and less costly to manufacture, than any integration scheme requiring the fabrication of two devices with opposite polarities.

In epitaxially grown Vertical MOSFETs, the source, channel and drain can have atomically sharp interfaces, well controlled doping, and channel length controlled by the epitaxial process rather than by lithography and ion-implantation. With epitaxial growth, it is straightforward to do bandgap engineering by incorporating films such as Si1-xGex, and/or Si1-yCy and/or Si1-x-yGexCy, into any of the aforementioned regions. Suitable band offsets at the source/channel interface [2] can suppress DIBL, which is a key limitation to CMOS scaling. These advantages of Vertical MOSFETs are crucial for future CMOS technology nodes, such as 22nm and below.

SD-CMOS has a metallic drain region with work-function close to the mid-gap energy of the channel material, which can be a homogenous material, a random alloy, or a superlattice. The source region has a very narrow bandgap, achievable with (Si1-yCy)m-(Si1-xGex)n superlattices, whose mid-gap level is aligned with that of the channel region, and with band offsets with the channel region that are nearly symmetric for the conduction and valence bands. The source contact is a metal with a work-function close to the mid-gap level of the source and channel regions, which in turn are aligned with the work-function of the drain. The potential barrier, for electrons and holes from the source contact to the source region, is required to be just a few KT. For operation as NMOS and PMOS with nearly symmetric threshold voltages, the work-function of the gate electrode is also aligned with the mid-gap energy level of the channel.

SD-CMOS is unique due to its band alignments: symmetric band edges, from source to drain, with respect to the mid-gap energy (the “mirror” line). Such configuration can only be obtained in the absence of doping, which if present would immediately break that symmetry. The conduction and valence band edges are required to be asymmetric with respect to a cross-section line crossing the channel through the middle of the gate.

The conduction (valence) band offset between source and channel sets the barrier height for electrons (holes) in the OFF condition for NMOS (PMOS), while applying a voltage at the gate leads to the accumulation of electrons (holes) at the source/channel interface, thereby pushing the Fermi-Level in the source above (below) the conduction (valence) band edge of the channel for the ON condition. Band diagrams and a CMOS fabrication flow for SD-CMOS will be presented. [1] US Patent 6,674,099 [2] US Patent 5,914,504
Quantitative Two-Dimensional Carrier Mapping in Silicon Nanowire-Based Tunnel-Field Effect Transistors Using Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy
Authors: Schulze Andreas , Hantschel Thomas , Eyben Pierre , Vandooren Anne , Rooyackers Rita , Mody Jay , Verhulst Anne , Vandervorst Wilfried
Published: December 2010

The successful implementation of silicon nanowire (NW)-based tunnel-field effect transistors (TFET) critically depends on gaining a clear insight into the quantitative carrier distribution inside such devices. Therefore, we have developed a method based on scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) which allows quantitative two-dimensional (2D) carrier profiling of fully integrated NW-based TFETs with 2 nm spatial resolution. The keys in our process are optimized NW cleaving and polishing steps, in-house fabricated diamond tips with ultra-high resolution, measurements in high-vacuum and a dedicated calibration procedure accounting for dopant dependant carrier mobilities.
All-inorganic Light Emitting Devices Based on Semiconducting Nanoparticles
Authors: Neshataeva Ekaterina , Kümmell Tilmar , Ebbers André , Bacher Gerd
Published: December 2010

We demonstrate light emitting devices based on ZnO nanoparticles and realized without any additional organic support layers. Pure ZnO devices showed electroluminescence in the visible and the UV spectral range at voltages below 10 V. In order to facilitate hole injection and to stabilize device operation, additional p-type inorganic support layers were introduced. Sputtered NiO layers are shown to improve the stability of the device and its I/V behavior. First bilayer devices consisting of a layer sequence of p-doped Si and naturally n-doped ZnO nanoparticles revealed promising electro-luminescence results with a high contribution in the UV spectral range at reduced current densities.
LaF3-BaF2-KF derived electrolyte in solid state fluoride-ion battery
Authors: Wang Dechao , Munnangi Anji Reddy , Hahn Horst , Fichtner Max
Published: December 2010

Solid-state based battery technology offers, in principle, the largest temperature range (from room temperature to 500 °C) of any battery technology. In fluoride based batteries, the chemical reaction used to create electrical energy is a solid-state reaction of a metal with fluoride anion [1]. Among the various types of solid preparation techniques, the mechanochemical synthesis has been recognized as a powerful route to novel, high-performance, and low-cost materials [2]. Thus, a mixed and highly disordered fluoride phase with retained cubic symmetry can be obtained with a very high Fˉ diffusivity [3].

In our group, a series of new electrolytes was developed, namely LaF3-BaF2-KF solid solutions, using mechanosynthesis method. The cubic structure of the product was confirmed by XRD. The nanoscale nature and morphology of the samples were characterized by SEM and TEM. First Solid-state electrochemical cells were built with LiF based composite cathode, LaF3-BaF2-KF derived electrolyte and Fe based composite anode.
Karachaganak - Dynamic Data to Drive Geological Model
Authors: Bigoni F.. , Francesconi A.. , Albertini C.. , Camocino D.. , Distaso E.. , Borromeo O.. , Luoni F..
Published: December 2010

Karachaganak, an isolated carbonate platform, is a gas-condensate-oil field located in the Pri-Caspian Basin. Production, started in 1985, is now focused on liquid recovery. In 2003 gas injection was implemented.

Despite the huge amount of geological data of different vintages, there is not yet a general consensus about the conceptual geological model. This fact is due to poor quality data and lack of reliable analogues. In particular the integration of geological data with 3D Seismic data, affected by the presence of salt-domes, is ambiguous.

The main critical issue is represented by the presence of an enhanced permeability affecting about 15% of the reservoir. An adequate description of this event, at present randomly distributed in the reservoir models, would represent an effective tool to optimize both new wells location and further developments.

The issue has been tackled in a pragmatic way cross-checking dynamic and geological data vs. several geological scenarios and thus testing their reliability. Using effective data-base tools, production and Well-Test data of 169 wells have been cross-checked with geological and petrophysical data at different scale of observations ranging between micro-permeameter measurements to Seismic Stratigraphic Units. Well-Test permeability, based on PLT’s contributions, was a key factor.

This analysis has allowed the endorsement of a model resulting very effective in differentiating the reservoir into petrophysically homogeneous Depositional Regions. The distribution of enhanced permeability resulted linked to the geological evolution, and particularly to the bank internal geometry, consisting of an aggradational phase bioherm-dominated, and a progradation phase characterised by clinoform depositional bodies.
Karachaganak – 3D Modelling of Dolomite
Authors: Albertini C.. , Bigoni F.. , Borromeo O.. , Camocino D.. , Francesconi A.. , Luoni F..
Published: December 2010

Dolomitisation is a diagenetic process that can affect carbonate rocks changing their original petrophysical characteristics. In the carbonate platform of Karachaganak Field this diagenetic event is significant, affecting about 40% of the rock volume, where both original porosity and permeability result to be increased. The 3D modelling of dolomite is therefore necessary to better describe the reservoir rock matrix storage capacity and flow capacity.

Despite the large data-base available, represented by lithological logs of about 150 wells calibrated on more than 25000 core plugs, the dolomite pattern distribution does not show clear trends. To go further of meaningless "bull-eyes maps", the 3D Modelling of dolomite has been performed integrating well data with conceptual models for dolomitisation, within the framework of depositional sequences presented in SPE139887.

Different conceptual dolomitisation models, described by different Probability Trends, have been applied for different Stratigraphic Units and the 3D Modelling has been performed using Sequential Gaussian Simulations. The simulations have been run, initially, without any well control using well data as verification data set. By trial and error approach, the different simulations have been checked at the wells, comparing CPIs percentage vs. simulated percentage. A tuning process has been performed, optimizing the practical application of Conceptual Models, revising the Probability Trends according to different geological inputs and adjusting the lithology percentage.

The workflow, applied to each Stratigraphic Unit, has led to a geologically meaningful stabilized realization, in good agreement with well data. Finally the Simulation has been performed well data constrained.
Developing the Effective Production Allocation Workflow Using Different Approaches for Gas Condensate Reservoir
Authors: Taiyr D.. , Knight J.. , Watson D.. , Tleukhabyluly O.. , Muratbekov S..
Published: December 2010

This paper presents a practical methodology for the determination of error bounds in the oil back allocation procedure and its application to decision making in the development of a giant gas condensate reservoir in the Caspian region. The case study of allocating fluid rates to individual wells has been performed by adjustment of reservoir pressure and gas-oil ratio with time using computer aided analysis.

This work describes improvements in well performance modelling and outlines the effective workflow whereby well performance can be estimated at any given period. The workflow has provided a cost-effective solution that reduces uncertainties in estimating production volumes at the well level. Well models are built using production well test data. These tests are usually performed at best on an annual basis for fields with a large number of producing wells. Therefore, the well models are nearly always out of date by a matter of months or even years, and the allocation factor associated with traditional models could be over the reasonable accuracy level.

In addition to traditional models well performance software models have been developed and used. By adjusting the software models for predictable changes in reservoir pressure and gas oil ratio, the oil allocation factor errors can be reduced significantly. This methodology can also be applied to historical data to improve the production assumptions used to history match the field simulation model

A comparative study of the different allocation methods and its impact to allocation factor errors and to net present values has been carried out, and confirmed the importance of correct oil reconciliation at the well level.
Public and Private Investments in Regulated Network Industries: Coordination and Competition Issues
Authors: Jullien Bruno , Pouyet Jerome , Sand-Zantman Wilfried
Published: December 2010

This paper analyzes the relationship between a national regulator, an incumbent and a local government in a context where investment in a new network has to be undertaken. In the light of the recent debates on the competition between private firms and local governments, we analyze the limits to be put on the local public intervention in these markets. We show that banning local government intervention can be welfare-enhancing either in the presence inter-districts externality or with asymmetric information or in case of conflicting objectives between the regulator and local governments.
Mobile Payments at the Retail Point of Sale in the United States: Prospects for Adoption
Authors: Crowe Marianne , Rysman Marc , Stavins Joanna
Published: December 2010

Although mobile payments are increasingly used in some countries, they have not been adopted widely in the United States so far, despite their potential to add value for consumers and streamline the payments system. We summarize short-term and long-term benefits from mobile payments, and analyze the economic framework of that market. Both demand-side and supply-side barriers contribute to the lack of adoption of mobile payments. We contrast mobile payments at the retail point of sale in the U.S. with other countries experiences and with examples of successful payment innovations in the U.S. Conditions that have facilitated some success in other countries and in other U.S. innovations are not present in the mobile payments market. On the demand side, consumers and merchants are well served by the current card system and face a low expected benefit-cost ratio, at least in the short run. On the supply side, low market concentration and strong competitive forces of banks and mobile carriers make coordination of standards difficult. Furthermore, mobile payments are characterized by a network effects problem: consumers will not demand them until they know that enough merchants accept them, and merchants will not implement the technology until a critical mass of consumers justifies the cost of doing so. We present some policy recommendations that the Federal Reserve should consider.
Is Google the Next Microsoft: Competition, Welfare and Regulation in Online Search
Authors: Pollock Rufus
Published: December 2010

The rapid growth of online search and its centrality to the ecology of the Internet pose important questions: why is the search engine market so concentrated, and will it evolve towards monopoly? What implications does this concentration have for consumers, search engines, and advertisers? Does search require regulation, and, if so, in what form? This paper supplies empirical and theoretical material with which to examine these questions. In particular, we (a) show that the already large levels of concentration are likely to continue; (b) identify the consequences, negative and positive, of this outcome; and (c) discuss the regulatory interventions that policy-makers could use to address these.
Influence of impurities and hull content in material for pressing on sensory quality cold-pressed sunflower oil
Authors: Premovic Tamara , Dimic Etelka , Takaci Aleksandar , Romanic Ranko
Published: December 2010

This paper analyzes influence of different percentage of impurities and hull
in the material for pressing on sensory quality (appearance, smell, taste,
aroma and colour) of edible nonrefined sunflower oil. It has been concluded
that simultaneous presence of impurities and hull in the starting material,
especially presence of bigger quantities of impurities, has a rather
negative effect on sensory quality of sunflower oil, made by cold pressing
on a screw press. Apart from sensory analysis, the effect of impurities and
hull on oil colour has also been identified by transparency determining,
i.e. content of total pigments - carotenoids and chlorophyll. It has been
concluded that presence of bigger quantities of impurities and hull cause
the increase of content of both carotenoids and chlorophyll, and at the same
time, decrease of transparency value in cold-pressed sunflower oil.