bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATION OF ETHYLBENZONE TO DICHLOROETHYLBENZENES PART 1, ANALYSIS OF REACTION MIXTURE COMPOSITION
Authors: ZIELINSKI WOJCIECH , SKIBINSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: March 2016

Um die bei der Chlorierung von Äthylbenzol entstehenden Dichloräthylbenzol‐ Isomeren zu identifizieren, werden durch Reduktion entsprechender Dichloracetophenone (I) und (III) alle möglichen Isomeren (II) bzw. (IV) einzeln dargestellt und chromatographisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF P‐NITROPHENYLACETYLENE
Authors: KIKOT' G. S. , ROZHKO L. A. , CHAUSER M. G. , CHERKASHIN M. I.
Published: March 2016

p‐Nitrozimtsäure‐äthylester (I) wird bromiert und der erhaltene β‐p‐Nitrophenyl‐aβ‐ dibrompropionsäureester (II) mit alkoholischer Kalilauge verseift und dehydrobromiert.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW AROMATIC DIAMIDINES WITH CENTRAL ALPHA‐OXYALKANE OR ALPHA,OMEGA‐DIOXYALKANE CHAINS, STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE INHIBITION OF TRYPSIN, PANCREATIC KALLIKREIN, AND THROMBIN AND FOR THE INHIBITION OF THE OVERALL COAGULATION PROCESS
Authors: GERATZ J. D. , CHENG M. C. F. , TIDWELL R. R.
Published: March 2016

Aus Bromalkylbenzolen (Ia) entstehen nach Friedel‐Crafts die Acetylderivate (Ib), die mit Hypobromit zu Carbonsäuren (Ic) abgebaut werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW METHOD OF PREPARING HYDRAZONYL HALIDES
Authors: WOLKOFF PEDER
Published: March 2016

In Gegenwart des Reagenziensystems (II)/(III) gehen die Säurehydrazide (I) bzw. (V) in die Hydrazone (IV) bzw. (VI) über.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF (99M)TC‐SULFONYLUREAS
Authors: HEINDEL N. D. , RISCH V. R. , BURNS H. D. , HONDA T. , BRADY L. W. , MICALIZZI M.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung des p‐Toluolsulfonylisocyanates (I) mit den Aminen (II) werden vier neue Tolbutamid‐Analoga (III) hergestellt und auf ihre blutzuckersenkende Wirkung untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO AMIDINO‐THIOLURETHANES AND AMIDINO CARBAMIDES
Authors: MOHARIR Y. E. , PARNANDIWAR J. M.
Published: March 2016

Guanidine (I) reagieren mit COS in Gegenwart eines Alkylierungsmittels über die Zwischenstufe (III) zu den Amidino‐thiolourethanen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ACETYLENIC GAMMA‐GLYCOLS PART 18, CUMELENE‐ENYNE REARRANGEMENT IN REACTIONS LEADING TO AS‐DIPHENYLBUTATRIENE
Authors: JASIOBEDZKI WIESLAW , ZIMNIAK ANDRZEJ , GLINKA TOMASZ
Published: March 2016

Mögliche Methoden zur Synthese der Titelverbindung (VII) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND NOVEL STEREOCHEMICAL RESULTS IN THE LITHIUM‐AMMONIA REDUCTION OF SOME 4‐ALKYL‐DELTA(1(9))‐2‐OCTALONES
Authors: PIERS EDWARD , PHILLIPS‐JOHNSON WYNONA M. , BERGER CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2016

Die Oktalone (III) werden aus den Dienonen (I) mit den entsprechenden Li‐dialkylcupraten (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL REACTIVITY IN A HIGHLY SUBSTITUTED OLEFIN. THE 2,2,8,8,10‐PENTAMETHYL‐1(9)‐OCTALIN SYSTEM
Authors: HOCHSTETLER A. R.
Published: March 2016

Verschiedene Reaktionen an dem hoch substituierten Octalin (II) werden im Vergleich zum acyclischen Olefin (I) diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DELTA(3)‐CARENE THIOXIDES
Authors: NURETDINOVA O. N. , BAKALEINIK G. A. , ARBUZOVA B. A.
Published: March 2016

Aus trans‐ und cis‐Δ3‐Caren‐oxid (I) und Diäthyl‐dithiophosphorsäure (II) in Äther entsteht ein Addukt, aus dem man ohne weitere Reinigung durch Einwirkung von alkoholischer Kalilauge trans(cis)‐Δ3‐Caren‐thioxid (III) erhält.
ChemInform Abstract: BIRCH REDUCTION OF HETEROCYCLIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PART 1, BIRCH REDUCTION OF 3‐FUROIC ACID
Authors: KINOSHITA TAKAMASA , MIYANO KOUICHI , MIWA TOSHIO
Published: March 2016

Birch‐Reduktion von β‐Furoesäure (I) in Propanol‐(2) (IIIc) und anschließende Veresterung mit CH2N2 ergeben den Dihydroester (II), dessen säurekatalysierte Reaktion mit den Alkoholen (III) die Tetrahydroalkoxyester (IV) (trans/cis‐Gemische) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐SUBSTITUIERTE ISATINE AUS PHENYLNITRONEN VON GLYOXYLANILIDEN
Authors: HEINISCH L.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der aus den Chloriden (I) mit Pyridin (II) erhältlichen Salze (III) mit dem Nitrosobenzol (IV) werden die Nitrone (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND LAXATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME DERIVATIVE ESTERS OF 3,3‐BIS‐(4‐HYDROXYPHENYL)‐2‐INDOLINONE
Authors: GARRIDO FRANCISCO , IBANEZ JORGE , CONALONS EDUARDO , GIRALDEZ ALBERTO
Published: March 2016

Aus den Isatinen (Ia)‐(Ic) werden über die Bis‐phenole (III) die Kohlensäureester (IV) dargestellt, die mit in situ gebildetem 803‐ Pyridin‐Komplex zu den Schwefelsäure‐Salzen (V) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NICHT NARKOTISCHE ANALGETIKA UND ANTIINFLAMMATORIKA IN DER 1‐CARBOXYALKYL‐3‐ACYL‐INDOL‐REIHE
Authors: ALLAIS ANDRE , MEIER JEAN , MATHIEU JEAN , NOMINE GERARD , PETERFALVI MICHEL , DERAEDT ROGER , CHIFFLOT LOUISE , BENZONI JOSETTE , FOURNEX ROBERT
Published: March 2016

Die nach bekannten Methoden dargestellten Titelverbindungen, z.B. (I)‐(V),besitzen schmerzlindernde E′ enschaften verbunden mit einer mehr oder minder ausgeprägten entzündun shemmenden Wirkun . Die Verbindung (IIa) ist besonders stark analgetisch aktiv bei bester Verträglichkeit.
ChemInform Abstract: MICHAEL ADDITION OF IMIDAZOLES WITH ACRYLONITRILE AND ACRYLIC ACID
Authors: RAHMAN M. F. , NEELAKANTAN PORVUTI , THYAGARAJAN G.
Published: March 2016

Die Cyanäthylierung der Imidazole (Ia) bzw. (Ib) mit Acrylonitril (II) (Michael‐Addition) liefert die Propionitrile (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb); unter analogen Bedingungen entsteht aus (Ic) das Bis‐nitril (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 1‐((5‐NITROFURFURYLIDENE)AMINO)‐4‐IMIDAZOLIN‐2‐ONES
Authors: SNYDER H. R. , FREEDMAN R.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Oxidation mit DMSO/Acetanhydrid erhält man aus den Semicarbazonen (Ia)‐(Ic) die Cyclisiemngsprodukte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME 2,1‐BENZISOXAZOLE AND 2,1‐BENZISOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHAUHAN MOHINDER S. , MCKINNON DAVID M.
Published: March 2016

Reduktion des Nitroisophthalats (I) mit SnCl2 führt zu dem Amin (II), das mit Caro′s Säure zu dem Benzisoxazol (IIIa) cyclisiert wird; (IIIa) wird mit CH2N2 zu (IIIb) verestert, das mit P2S5 die Heterocyclen (IV), (V) und (VIa) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐PYRIDYL‐ UND 2‐CHLORPHENYL‐SUBSTITUIERTE ISOXAZOLE
Authors: ARENA F. , MANNA F. , STEIN M. L. , PARENTE L.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Ketoestern (I) bzw. (XII) mit Hydroxamsäurechloriden (II) bzw. (XIII) werden Isoxazole (III) bzw. (XIV) erhalten, die nach an sich bekannten Methoden in Derivate (IV), (VI), (VII), (IX) und (XV) übergeführt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2‐THIO‐4‐AMINO‐DELTA(4)‐THIAZOLINES
Authors: DEVANI M. B. , SHISHOO C. J. , PATEL S. D. , MUKHERJI BHUKTI , PADHYA A. C.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation von Isothiocyanaten mit Cyanessigester oder mit N‐substituierten Cyanacetamiden in DMF in Gegenwart von gepulvertem Schwefel und von Triäthylamin als Katalysator werden Thiazolinthione vom Typ (I) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF 4‐ AND 5‐NITRO‐2‐METHYLIMIDAZOL‐1‐YL‐ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: BERG SAMUEL SIDNEY , SHARP BRIAN WILLIAM
Published: March 2016

Metronidazol (I) gibt durch Oxidation den Aldehyd (II), der jedoch nicht aus dem Reaktionsgemisch in freier Form isoliert werden kann; bei der Aufarbeitung wird ein Komplex aus (I) und (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILE SUBSTITUTION IM VERLAUF DER BAKER‐VENKATARAMAN‐UMLAGERUNG 2. MITT. DIE SUBSTITUTION DER NITROGRUPPE IN 2′‐STELLUNG
Authors: WURM G. , LACHMANN C.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen von (I) mit K2CO3 in Aceton entsteht durch Baker‐Venkataraman‐ Umlagerung das β‐Diketon (II), das beim Erhitzen in Dimethylformamid unter NO2‐Abspaltung zum Hydroxychlorflavon (III) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF 0‐METHYLKIGELIN
Authors: CHATTERJEA J. N. , BHAKTA C. , SINHA N. D.
Published: March 2016

Aus der Phenylessigsäure (I) entsteht das Benzylmethylketon (II), das mit Boranat zum Carbinol (III) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SOME REACTIONS OF 4‐PHENYL‐6‐(2‐THIENYL)‐2(1H)‐PYRIDONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: SAMMOUR A. , ABDALLAH M.
Published: March 2016

Michael‐Kondensationdes Benzalacetothienons (I) mit den Essigsäurederivaten (II) führt zum Pyridon (III), das mit Methylmagnesiumjodid das Acetylderivat (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐AMINOMETHYLIERTE DERIVATE EINIGER HYDROXAMSAEUREN HINSICHTLICH IHRER ANTIINFLAMMATORISCHEN WIRKUNG
Authors: PAYARD MARC , PARIS JOELLE , ESPINASSE MICHEL , FOUSSON CLAUDINE , BASTIDE JANINE
Published: March 2016

Nach der bekannten Aminomethylierung erhält man aus den entsprechenden Hydroxamsäuren (I) mit den Aminen (II) die N‐substituierten Verbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PORPHYRIA‐INDUCING ACTIVITY OF A SERIES OF PYRIDINE AND DIHYDROPYRIDINE COMPOUNDS, INVESTIGATION IN A CELL CULTURE SYSTEM
Authors: ROOMI M. W.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation zwischen den Aldehyden (I), Acetessigestern (II) und Ammoniak (III) werden die Dihydropyridine (IV) erhalten, die zu Pyridinen (V) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR‐WIRKUNGS‐BEZIEHUNGEN BEI ANALEPTICA VOM TYP DES NICETHAMIDS 3. MITT. SYNTHESE VON ANALOGEN DES 6‐METHYL‐NICETHAMIDS
Authors: SCHMITZ H. , SCHUNACK W.
Published: March 2016

Das Pyridon (I) wird von Phosphorpentachlorid hauptsächlich zu (II) und in geringem Maße zu (III) chloriert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE DECKER‐OXIDATION 2‐SUBSTITUIERTER N‐ALKYLPYRIDINIUMVERBINDUNGEN 2. MITT. OXIDATIVE ELIMINIERUNG VON 2‐ALKYL‐ UND 2‐(1‐HYDROXYALKYL)‐SUBSTITUENTEN
Authors: WEBER H.
Published: March 2016

Das Carbinol (I) wird in alkalischer Lösung von TTC zum Aldehyd (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF ((18)F)HALOPERIDOL
Authors: KOOK C. S. , REED M. F. , DIGENIS G. A.
Published: March 2016

Acetanilid (I) wird mit dem Säurechlorid (II) in p‐Stellung zu (III) acyliert und weiter mit dem Piperidinol (IV) zu (Va) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: POSSIBLE ANTI‐PARKINSONIAN COMPOUNDS PART 7, SYNTHESIS OF AMIDOMETHYLATION PRODUCTS WITH N‐HYDROXYMETHYL NICOTINAMIDE AND THEIR CONVERSION INTO QUATERNARY AMMONIUM IODIDES
Authors: TIWARI S. S. , PANDEY V. K.
Published: March 2016

Nicotinamid (I) liefert die Hydroxymethyl‐Verbindung (II), die mit den Verbindungen (III) in Gegenwart von HCl zu (IV) kondensiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FRAGMENTED DERIVATIVES OF TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES PART 2, TRIMETHOQUINOL STUDIES
Authors: MILLER D. D. , OSEI‐GYIMAH P. , BARDIN J. , FELLER D. R.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Phenäthylamin (I) erhält man mit dem Säurechlorid (II) ein Amid (III), das mit Boranat zum sekundären.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐AMINOISOCARBOSTYRIL DERIVATIVES AND THEIR REACTIONS WITH PRIMARY AMINES
Authors: GOYA S. , TAKADATE A. , TANAKA T. , NAGAYAMA H. , OKANO T.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der 2‐Cyanmethylbenzoesäuren (I) mit den Aminen (II) in Chlorbenzol werden in Ausbeuten zwischen 40 und 75 % die 3‐subst.‐Arvnino‐isocarbostyrile (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPARAFFINS CONDENSED WITH HETEROCYCLIC RINGS PART 23, REACTION OF 6‐PHENYL‐2,3‐CYCLOALKENOPYRIDINES WITH P‐NITROBENZALDEHYDE AND PHENYLLITHIUM
Authors: EPSZTAJN JAN , HAHN WITOLD E. , BRZEZINSKI JACEK Z.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion der Cycloalkenopyridine (I) mit dem Aldehyd (II) bzw. mit Phenyl‐ Li(V) wird von der Anzahl m der CH2‐Gruppen von (I) beeinflußt. Während aus (Ia) bzw. (Ib) mit (II) die Kondensationsprodukte (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) entstehen, wird bei gleicher Behandlung von (Ic) außer den Ausgangsverbindungen ‐nur eine geringe Menge des Diacetats (IV) gefunden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1H, 5H‐S‐TRIAZOLO(1,5‐B)ISOQUINOLIN‐5‐ONES AND 6H‐AS‐TRIAZINO(2,3‐B)=ISOQUINOLIN‐6‐ONES BY CYCLIZATION OF 2,3‐DIAMINOISOCARBOSTYRIL DERIVATIVES
Authors: GOYA S. , TAKADATE A. , TANAKA T. , NAGAYAMA H.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung von 2,3‐Diaminoisocarbostyril (I) mit Acetylaceton in Gegenwart von p‐Toluolsulfonsäure in Dimethylformamid wird das Triazolo(1,5‐b)isochinolinon (II) erhalten, dessen Methylierung mit Dimethylsulfat zum N‐Methylderivat (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF PHTHALAZINO(2,3‐B)PHTHALAZINE‐5,12(7H, 14H)‐DIONES WITH NITROUS ACID
Authors: BELLASIO E. , TUAN G.
Published: March 2016

Das bei der Umsetzung des Phthalazins (I) mit salpetriger Säure erhaltene Nitroso‐ Derivat (II) zersetzt sich schon bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung des Phthalazinons (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINE 48. MITT. REAKTIONEN SUBSTITUIERTER PYRIMIDINCARBALDEHYDE‐(2)
Authors: MAMAEV V. P. , GRACHEVA E. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Pyrimidincarbaldehyde (I) lassen sich mit Nitromethan in Gegenwart von Tri‐ äthylamin in Äthanol zu den Nitroalkoholen (II) kondensieren; aus dem Nitroalkohol (IIa) entsteht unter der Einwirkung von Acetanhydrid in Gegenwart katalytischer MgClO4‐Mengen das Nitroäthylen (III) (Ausbeute 50%).
ChemInform Abstract: DIFLUOROMETHYLATION OF PYRIMIDINEMERCAPTODERIVATIVES
Authors: DASHEVSKAYA T. A. , FIALKOV YU. A. , CHERKASOV V. M. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: March 2016

Das Mercaptopyrimidin (I) reagiert mit Freon 22 (II) zur Difluormethylthioverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADENOSINE CYCLIC 3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS PART 2, 3‐SUBSTITUTED 5,7‐DIALKYLPYRAZOLO(1,5‐A)PYRIMIDINES
Authors: NOVINSON T. , MILLER J. P. , SCHOLTEN M. , ROBINS R. K. , SIMON L. N. , O'BRIEN D. E. , MEYER R. B. JUN.
Published: March 2016

Aus den 3‐Aminopyrazolen (Ia) und (Ib) erhält man mit den Diketonen (II) die Kondensate (III) und (IV), aus denen die unsubstituierten Vertreter (a‐Reihe), die Nitro‐ (IIIc) bzw. (IVc) oder die Brom‐Verbindungen (IIId) bzw. (IVd) hergestellt werden; letztere werden katalytisch wieder zu den unsubstituierten Vertretern (a‐Reihe) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME 10‐SUBSTITUTED 2,3‐DIHYDROIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)QUINAZOLIN‐5(10H)‐ONES, A NEW CLASS OF BRONCHODILATORS
Authors: HARDTMANN G. E. , KOLETAR G. , PFISTER O. R. , GOGERTY J. H. , IORIO L. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation zwischen den N‐Alkyl‐isatosäureanhydriden (I) und den cyclischen S‐Alkyl‐isothioharnstoffen (II) in Dioxan liefert die Kondensate (III) und (IV); aus den N‐unsubstituierten Isatosäureanhydriden werden zudem die Kondensate (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PURINE N‐OXIDES PART 61, 3‐HYDROXY‐2,3‐DIHYDRO‐2‐OXOPURINE
Authors: LEE T. C. , LAM F. L. , BROWN G. B.
Published: March 2016

Das aus S‐Aminocytosin‐1‐oxid und Triäthylorthoformiat erhaltene 3‐Hydroxy‐2,3‐ dihydro‐2‐oxo‐purin (Ia) liefert mit Acetanhydrid das Acetat (Ib), das mit Äthanol zu (II) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN POTENTIAL FILARICIDES PART 7, SYNTHESIS OF 4,8‐DIALKYL‐1,4,8‐TRIAZABICYCLO(4.4.0)DECAN‐2‐ONE, 3,7‐DIALKYL‐1,3,7‐TRIAZABICYCLO(4.3.0)NONAN‐2‐ONE AND RELATED OXYGEN ANALOGS
Authors: SHARMA S. , IYER R. N. , ANAND NITYA
Published: March 2016

Die Benzylpiperazine (I) werden sukzessiv mit SOCl2 und den Aminen (II) behandelt, wobei die Derivate (III) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUIERTE 4‐PHENYL‐1‐(PYRAZOLYL‐(3)‐ALKYL)‐PIPERAZINE
Authors: KOPPE VOLKER KOPPE VOLKER , POETSCH EIKE , SCHULTE KARL
Published: March 2016

Die Piperazine, z.B. (I) vom Strukturtyp (Ring‐Kette‐Ring‐Ring) gehören einer neuen harmakolo isch wirksamen Substanzklasse an.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A FLUORESCENT DERIVATIVE OF AMETHOPTERIN
Authors: GAPSKI G. R. , WHITELEY J. M. , RADER J. I. , CRAMER P. L. , HENDERSON G. B. , NEEF V. , HUENNEKENS F. M.
Published: March 2016

Fluoresoein‐isothiocyanat (I) reagiert mit Diaminopentan (II) zu (III), aus dem bei einer Carbodiimid‐katalysierten "Reaktion mit der Carboxylgruppe des Amethopterins das fluorescierende Derivat (IV) des Amethopterins erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER MANNICHBASEN 9. MITT. DIE MANNICH‐REAKTION MIT PRIMAEREN AMINEN, FORMALDEHYD UND ISOBUTYRALDEHYD ALS CH‐ACIDER KOMPONENTE
Authors: MOEHRLE H. , SCHNAEDELBACH D.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation der Hydrochloride der primären Aldehyde (I) mit Formaldehyd (II) und Isobutyraldehyd (III) im Verhältnis von 1:2, 2:3 liefert die Oxazine (IV), die in Lösung mit der ringoffenen Verbindung (V) in Gleichgewicht stehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF BIS‐(BENZODIAZEPINE)‐METHANE PART 2, SYNTHESIS OF BIS‐(DIHYDROMETHYLOBENZO‐(3,4‐B)(1,4)‐DIAZEPINONE)‐METHANE
Authors: NAWOJSKI ADAM , NAWROCKA WANDA
Published: March 2016

In Abhängigkeit von den Reaktionsbedingungen kondensieren sich das Diphenylmethan (II) und der Ester (III) in siedendem Toluol zum Diazepinon (I) oder zum Diazepinon (IV) (und ihren tautomeren Formen).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF ANALGESICS PART 3, SYNTHESIS OF 1,2,3,4,5‐HEXAHYDRO‐3‐BENZAZOCINE DERIVATIVES. (2)
Authors: SAWA Y. , KATO T. , MORIMOTO A. , MASUDA T. , HORI M. , FUJIMURA H.
Published: March 2016

Die aus dem Dimethoxy‐hexahydrobenzazoein (I) durch teilweise Entmethylierung dargestellten Verbindungen (II) ergeben durch Umsetzung mit Brombenzol/Kupferoxid die Derivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BORORGANISCHE VERBINDUNGEN 303. MITT. 1,2‐(3‐BORACYCLOPENTANO)‐ UND 1,2‐(3‐BORACYCLOPENTENO)‐O‐CARBORANE
Authors: MIKHAILOV B. M. , SHAGOVA E. A.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Lithiumverbindungen (I) und (IV) mit Di‐n‐butylchlorboran (II) erhält man die Boranylcarborane (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE REACTIVITY OF BIS‐(TRIBENZYLSILYL)‐MERCURY
Authors: KRUGLAYA O. A. , BELOUSOVA L. I. , FEDOT'EV B. V. , VYAZANKIN N. S.
Published: March 2016

Aus Tribenzylsilan (I) und Diäthyl‐quecksilber (II) erhält man Bis‐tribenzylsilylquecksilber (III), das in siedendem Xylol unter Bildung von Hexabenzyl‐disiloxan (V) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINE 45. MITT. 4‐(P‐TRIMETHYLSILYL)‐PYRIMIDINE
Authors: ZAGULYAEVA O. A. , TRAVINTSEVA E. A. , MAMAEV V. P.
Published: March 2016

Durch HCl katalysierte Kondensationen der Benzaldehyde (I) mit den Acetophenone (II) in Gegenwart der Harnstoffe (III) in siedendem Benzol liefern die Dihydropyrimidinone (IV) oder deren Isomere (V); analog lassen sich die Verbindungen (VI) bzw. Isomere (Ausbeute 23‐30%) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN PHOSPHORHALTIGER DISULFIDE. DIE UMSETZUNG VON BIS‐(DIALKOXYPHOSPHORYL)‐DISULFIDEN MIT PRIMAEREN UND SEKUNDAEREN AMINEN
Authors: MEL'NIKOV N. N. , KHASKIN B. A. , TORGASHEVA N. A.
Published: March 2016

Phosphorylierte Disulfide (I) reagieren leicht mit primären oder sekundären Aminen zu einem Gemisch der Salze (IV) und den Sulfenamiden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: METHYLAMIDE VON SELENSAEUREN DES PHOSPHORS UND VERWANDTE VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: NIKONOROVA L. K. , GRECHKIN N. P. , NURETDINOV I. A.
Published: March 2016

Alkylamide der O,O‐Dialkylselenophosphorsäure (III) entstehen entweder aus den Chloriden (I) und primären Aminen (II) oder durch Anlagerung von Selen an die Amidophosphite (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐BUTEN‐1,4‐DIPHOSPHONSAEURE‐ESTER
Authors: KRUGLOV S. V. , IONIN B. I. , PETROV A. A.
Published: March 2016

Butadienphosphonsäureester (I) addieren Dialkylphosphite (II) in 1,4‐Stellung zu ‐Diphosphonaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUKTANALYTISCHE UND KINETISCHE STUDIEN ZUR THERMOLYSE VON DIARYLPHOSPHINSAEUREAZIDEN
Authors: WEISSBACH F. , JUGELT W.
Published: March 2016

Die Kinetik und der Mechanismus der Thermolyse der bei der Reaktion entsprechender Chloride mit NaN3 in Pyridin erhaltenen Titelverbindungen (I) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLIERUNG DES TRIPHENYLPHOSPHAZOHYDRIDS
Authors: SHTEPANEK A. S. , ZASORINA V. A. , ZHMUROVA I. N. , MARTYNYUK A. P.
Published: March 2016

Je 1 Mol der Verbindungen (I) oder (IV) reagieren mit 6 oder 4 Mol des Triphenylphosphazohydrids (II) zu den Phosphinoxiden (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHATE AND OXYPHOSPHORANE MODELS FOR ADENOSINE‐3′,5′‐CYCLOPHOSPHATE
Authors: RAMIREZ F. , MARECEK J. F. , UGI I. , LEMMEN P. , MARQUARDING D.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Reaktion von trans‐2‐Hydroxymethylcyclopentanol (I) mit den Phosphorverbindungen (II) entstehen Phosphabicyclononane, denen entweder die Struktur (III) oder (IV) zukommt, wobei (III) die wahrscheinlichere Konfiguration darstellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INTERMEDIATES PART 5, SOME MICHAEL ADDITIONS OF METHYL HYPOPHOSPHITE. A SIMPLE ROUTE TO FUNCTIONALIZED PHOSPHORINANS
Authors: GALLAGHER M. J. , SUSSMAN J.
Published: March 2016

Unter Bildung der Mono‐ und Bis‐ Addukte (III) bzw. (IV) addiert sich Methylhypophosphit (I) an Acrylnitril (IIa) bzw. Methylacrylat (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGEN‐BONDED SPECIES OF DIPHENYL SELENOXIDE COMPLEXES WITH HALOGENOACETIC ACIDS
Authors: GRUNDWALD MONIKA , GRECH EUGENIUSZ , SZAFRAN MIROSLAW
Published: March 2016

Untersuchung der mittleren Molmasse, NMR‐Verschiebungen und IR‐Spektren der Titelkomplexe mit Trifluor‐, Mono‐, Di‐ und Trichloressigsäure.
ChemInform Abstract: METHYLMERCURY DERIVATIVES OF PHTHALOCYANINE AND TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN
Authors: CLARE P. , GLOCKLING F.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (Ia) bzw. (Ib) (als Benzolsolvat) wurden durch Umsetzung der Liganden mit Methyl‐bis‐[trimethylsilyl]‐aminoquecksilber in Benzol dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. MIT ALUMINIUMALKYLEN 15. MITT. DARST. VON PHENYLAETHYLALUMINIUMVERBINDUNGEN UND DEREN ISOMERENBESTIMMUNG
Authors: RHEINHECKEL HEINZ , HAAGE KLAUS , LUDWIG HILMAR
Published: March 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Styrol (II) auf Triisobutyl‐Al (I) ist im Gegensatz zu bisher bekannten Verfahren eine vollständige Umsetzung zu Tris‐[phenyläthyl]‐aluminium (III) und (IV) auch ohne Katalysator möglich, wenn die Polymerisation des Styrols durch Lichtausschluß verhindert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: TRI‐T‐BUTYLGALLIUM UND EINIGE SEINER MONOSUBSTITUTIONSPRODUKTE
Authors: SCHWERING H. U. , JUNGK E. , WEIDLEIN J.
Published: March 2016

Galliumbromid (I) wird mit tert.‐Butylmagnesiumchlorid (II) in ätherischer Lösung zum Tri‐tert.‐butylgallium (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE ADDITION VON GERMYL‐ UND SILYLPHOSPHINEN AN ALPHA‐AETHYLENALDEHYDE UND ‐KETONE
Authors: COURET C. , ESCUDIE J. , SATGE J. , ANH N. T. , SOUSSAN G.
Published: March 2016

Germyl‐ und Silylphosphine (I) und (V) reagieren mit den ungesättigten Aldehyden (II) unter 1,4‐Addition zu Gemischen von (Z)‐ und (E)‐isomeren Addukten (III)/(IV) und (VI)/(VII).
ChemInform Abstract: DI‐(ALPHA‐THIENYL)TIN DIIODIDE AND SOME NEW SN(IV) CHELATES
Authors: GOPINATHAN C. , PANDIT S. K. , GOPINATHAN S. , SONSALE A. Y. , AWASARKAR P. A.
Published: March 2016

α‐Jodthiophen und metallisches Zinn reagieren in Gegenwart von Pyridinhydrochlorid zu der Thienyl‐Titelverbindung, die mit Salicylaldehyd, Dibenzoylmethan, 8‐Hydroxychinolin und anderen chelatbildenden Liganden wie Benzoylaceton, Acetanilid und Diphenyldithiophosphinsäure zu den Komplexen des Typs (Ia) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPENTADIENYLMANGANESE THIOCARBONYL NITROSYL COMPLEXES
Authors: EFRATY A. , ARNERI R. , SIKORA J.
Published: March 2016

Die Mangandicarbonyl‐thiocarbonyl‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit Nitrosoniumhexafluoroantimonat (II) oder Nitronium‐hexaflurophosphat (III) in Acetonitril bei 0°C zu den Cyclopentadienyl‐mangan‐carbonyl‐thiocarbonyl‐nitrosyl‐Salzen (IV), die mit Phosphinen, Arsinen und Stibinen unter Abspaltung von Kohlenmonoxid die Komplexsalze (VII) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: CORRELATIONS OF MOESSBAUER AND VISIBLE‐UV SPECTRA WITH THE AQUEOUS SUBSTITUTION REACTIVITY OF SEVERAL SUBSTITUTED PENTACYANOFERRATE(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: TOMA H. E. , GIESBRECHT E. , MALIN J. M. , FLUCK E.
Published: March 2016

Untersucht werden die Komplexe (I).
ChemInform Abstract: MOESSBAUER AND MAGNETIC STUDY OF MONONUCLEAR AND OXO‐BRIDGED BINUCLEAR IRON(III) COMPLEXES OF 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE AND 2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE
Authors: GARG V. K. , DAVID P. G. , MATSUZAWA TAKAO , SHINJO TERUYA
Published: March 2016

Untersucht werden die nach bekannten Methoden erhaltenen Komplexe (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TRANS‐DIBROMO‐BIS‐((2‐PYRIDYL)METHYLAMINE) AND ‐BIS(S‐1‐(2‐PYRIDYL)ETHYLAMINE)COBALT(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: SUZUKI TOSHISHIGE M. , WATANABE YOSHIKO , FUJITA JUNNOSUKE , SAITO KAZUO
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) wurden durch Umsetzung von Disulfitotetraammincobaltat mit den Liganden in Wasser und anschließende Reaktion mit HBr dargestellt und durch Absorptionsspektren charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT(II) COMPLEXES WITH SOME SUBSTITUTED QUINOLINES
Authors: ROY P. C. , RAO D. V. R.
Published: March 2016

Mit verschiedenen Chinolinen und Co(II)‐Salzen werden entsprechende Komplexe (I) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF THE CLOSO‐RU4C2 CLUSTER
Authors: JOHNSON B. F. G. , LEWIS J. , SCHORPP K. T.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung des Trirutheniumdodecacarbonyls (I) mit den Acetylenen (II) in siedendem n‐Hexan ergibt Ruthenium‐Verbindungen (III), die mit Acetylenen (IV) unter Abspaltung von Kohlenmonoxid reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CHARACTERIZATION OF OLIGOMERS OF TETRAKIS(PHENYLISOCYANIDE)RHODIUM(I) IN ACETONITRILE SOLUTION
Authors: MANN KENT R. , GORDON J. G. II , GRAY HARRY B.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von überschüssigem Phenylisocyanid mit den Komplexen (I) bzw. (III) in Benzol liefert den Komplex (IIa), der metathetisch in (IIb) überführbar ist.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REACTION OF SOME DI‐TET.‐BUTYLNITROXIDOPALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES, PDX(BU(T)2NO)L (L=PPH3, ASPH3, P(OPH)3, X= CL, BR, J)
Authors: OKUNAKA MASAAKI , MATSUBAYASHI GEN‐ETSU , TANAKA TOSHIO
Published: March 2016

Das Dimere (I) reagiert in benzolischer Lösung mit Neutralliganden zu den Chlorokomplexen (II), aus denen durch Halogenaustausch mit LiBr oder NaJ die Bromound Jodoverbindungen dargestellt wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: A PLATINUM(IV) COMPLEX CONTAINING A CATIONIC AMINE LIGAND
Authors: BEAUMONT K. P. , MCAULIFFE C. A.
Published: March 2016

N,N‐Diisopropyläthylendiamin reagiert mit Tetrajodoplatinat in wäßriger Lösung zu dem Komplex (Ia), der durch Zugabe von Ag‐Nitrat in das Ion (II) übergeht, dessen Existenz durch Umsetzung mit KCl zu (Ib) bestätigt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A (1)H NMR INVESTIGATION OF THE ISOMERISM OF A DIMERIC TERTIARY ARSINE CHELATE COMPOUND CONTAINING PLATINUM(II)‐CARBON SIGMA‐BONDS
Authors: COOPER M. K. , GUERNEY PH. J. , LING J. H. , NYHOLM R. S.
Published: March 2016

Das o‐Vinylphenyl‐diphenylarsin (I) ergibt mit Platin(II)‐chlorid in siedendem Chloroform eine Komplexverbindung (II), die mit Natriummethylat in ein Dimethoxyderivat (III) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: TERPENOIDS PART 83, SYNTHESIS OF 2‐METHYL‐6‐METHYLENE‐2,7‐OCTADIEN‐1‐OL
Authors: VIG O. P. , CHUGH O. P. , HANDA V. K. , VIG A. K.
Published: March 2016

Aus Acrolein (I) erhält man mit der Lithio‐Verbindung (II) das Addukt (III),das zu (IV) oxidiert und dann nach Wittig zu (V) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF GLUTARYL‐S‐(OMEGA‐AMINOALKYL)‐L‐CYSTEINYLGLYCINES AS INHIBITORS OF GLYOXALASE I
Authors: PHILLIPS G. W. , NORTON S. J.
Published: March 2016

Cystein (I) liefert mit (IIa) und (IIb) die Thioäther (III), deren Formylverbindungen zu (IV) kondensiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SIDE‐CHAIN OF EPIQUINIDINE IN ADDITION‐ELIMINATION REACTIONS
Authors: SUSZKO JERZY , THIEL JACEK
Published: March 2016

Die Addition von HCl bzw. HBr (II) an Epichinidin (I) liefert jeweils 2 Diastereomere (IIIa) (α‐Chlor‐dihydroepichinidin) und (IIIb) (α′‐Chlor‐dihydroepichinidin) bzw. (IIIc) (α‐Brom‐epichinidin) und (IIId), von denen (IIIa)‐(IIIc) isoliert werden (ihre Konfigurationen am C‐8 und C‐9 sind jeweils mit R angegeben).
ChemInform Abstract: A PRACTICAL ROUTE TO BISBENZYLISOQUINOLINES BY AN IMPROVED ULLMANN DIPHENYL ETHER SYNTHESIS
Authors: CAVA M. P. , AFZALI A.
Published: March 2016

Aromatische Halogenide und Phenole werden in Gegenwart von Pentafluorphenylkupfer (I) zu Diphenyläthern kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 4‐(BETA‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐1,3‐DIHYDROXYBENZENE (′1,3‐DIDEAZAURIDINE′)
Authors: SHARMA R. A. , BOBEK M. , BLOCH A.
Published: March 2016

4‐Brom‐brenzcatechin (Ia) liefert den Dibenzyläther (Ib), der über die Li‐ und Cd‐ Verbindungen (IIa) und (IIb) mit dem Furanosylchlorid (III) zu (IVa) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR‐WIRKUNGS‐BEZIEHUNGEN BEI HISTAMINANALOGA 8. MITT. SYNTHESE UND WIRKUNG 2‐SUBSTITUIERTER HISTAMINE
Authors: DZIURON PETER , SCHUNACK WALTER
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (IVa) bzw. (IVb) werden aus den Iminoestern (I) mit den Dihydroxyketonen (II) bzw. (V) über die Imidazolalkohole (III) bzw. (VI) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPONENT AMINO ACIDS OF THE ANTIBIOTIC LONGICATENAMYCIN. ISOLATION OF 5‐CHLORO‐D‐ARYPTOPHAN
Authors: SHIBA TETSUO , MUKUNOKI YASUO , AKIYAMA HITOSHI
Published: March 2016

Longicatenamycin ist ein Peptid, das nach Berichten von Shoji die‐vier neuen Aminosäuren (I) und (II) enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE HYDROPYROLYSE, EIN NEUER PROZESS ZUR HERST. VON AETHYLEN
Authors: CHAHVEKILIAN E. , DUMON R.
Published: March 2016

Eine Pilotanlage zur Herstellung von Äthylen nach dem Hydropyrolyse‐Verfahren der Firmen Pierrefitte‐Auby, Heurtey und Naphthachimie wird im nächsten Jahr in Betrieb genommen.
Hollow Zeolite Single‐Crystals Encapsulated Alloy Nanoparticles with Controlled Size and Composition
Authors: Li Shiwen , Tuel Alain , Rousset Jean‐Luc , Morfin Franck , Aouine Mimoun , Burel Laurence , Meunier Frédéric , Farrusseng David
Published: March 2016

Standard chemical and physical methods to control the size of supported metallic nanoparticles are generally not compatible with the harsh conditions of applications (high temperature, presence of steam). Sintering of nanoparticles usually occurs, leading to particle growth and eventually to a degradation of physical properties. Here we describe a generic process for synthesizing nanoalloys of controlled size (2–10 nm) and composition encapsulated in zeolite nanoboxes. The originality of the synthesis design is that the nanoboxes act both as nanoreactors in which the bimetallic particles are formed and as protective ultra‐microporous shells, which prevent sintering by coalescence even under harsh conditions. Moreover, the present process allows for control over the size and composition of the NPs, which are factors that ultimately determine the catalytic properties. A series of mono‐ (Au, Pd, Pt) or bi‐ (AuAg, PdAg, PtAg and PdPt) metallic nanoparticles individually encapsulated in hollow silicalite‐1 single crystals have been prepared and characterized. The simultaneous presence of Ag and Au at the surface of Au161Ag22 NPs has been demonstrated by results of the catalytic activity for CO oxidation near room temperature.
Fabrication of Ultrasonic Sensors Using Micro Cantilevers and Characteristic Measurement in Vacuum for Acoustic Emission Sensing
Authors: TAKATA KENGO , SASAKI TAKASHI , TANAKA MITSUYUKI , SAITO HIROSHI , MATSUURA DAISUKE , HANE KAZUHIRO
Published: March 2016

Acoustic emission (AE) sensors are attractive for the detection of machine fracture in real time. We fabricated AE sensors using the MEMS technology. The AE sensors consisted of silicon cantilevers resonating at frequencies of 50, 100, and 150 kHz. Silicon piezoresistors were installed close to the cantilevers. In order to obtain an ambient pressure appropriate for the operation of the cantilevers, the Q factor of the cantilevers was calculated by analytical models as a function of pressure. The properties of the fabricated sensors were measured in a vacuum chamber. We also tentatively packaged the AE sensor and an amplifier in a vacuum to decrease the influences of air damping and noise.
Overexpression of heat shock factor 1 maintains TAR DNA binding protein 43 solubility via induction of inducible heat shock protein 70 in cultured cells
Authors: Lin Pei‐Yi , Folorunso Oluwarotimi , Taglialatela Giulio , Pierce Anson
Published: March 2016

TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) is a nuclear protein that has been shown to have altered homeostasis in the form of neuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates in some familial and almost all cases of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as 51% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and 57% of Alzheimer's disease cases. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), such as HSP70, recognize misfolded or aggregated proteins and refold, disaggregate, or turn them over and are upregulated by the master transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Here, we explore the effect of HSF1 overexpression on proteotoxic stress‐related alterations in TDP‐43 solubility, proteolytic processing, and cytotoxicity. HSF1 overexpression reduced TDP‐43‐positive puncta concomitantly with upregulating HSP70 and HSP90 protein levels. HSF1 overexpression or pharmacological activation sustained TDP‐43 solubility and significantly reduced truncation of TDP‐43 in response to inhibition of the proteasome with Z‐Leu‐Leu‐Leu‐al, and this was reversed by HSF1 inhibition. HSF1 activation conferred protection against toxicity associated with TDP‐43 C‐terminal fragments without globally increasing the activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) while concomitantly reducing the induction of autophagy, suggesting that HSF1 protection is an early event. In support of this, inhibition of HSP70 ATPase activity further reduced TDP‐43 solubility. HSF1 knockout significantly increased TDP‐43 insolubility and accelerated TDP‐43 fragmentation in response to proteotoxic stress. Overall, this study shows that HSF1 overexpression protects against TDP‐43 pathology by upregulation of chaperones, especially HSP70, rather than enhancing autophagy or the UPS during times of proteotoxic stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐breath clinical imaging of hyperpolarized 129xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells using an interleaved 3D radial 1‐point Dixon acquisition
Authors: Kaushik S. Sivaram , Robertson Scott H. , Freeman Matthew S. , He Mu , Kelly Kevin T. , Roos Justus E. , Rackley Craig R. , Foster W. Michael , McAdams H. Page , Driehuys Bastiaan
Published: March 2016

Purpose

We sought to develop and test a clinically feasible 1‐point Dixon, three‐dimensional (3D) radial acquisition strategy to create isotropic 3D MR images of 129Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells (RBCs) in a single breath. The approach was evaluated in healthy volunteers and subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Methods

A calibration scan determined the echo time at which 129Xe in RBCs and barrier were 90° out of phase. At this TE, interleaved dissolved and gas‐phase images were acquired using a 3D radial acquisition and were reconstructed separately using the NUFFT algorithm. The dissolved‐phase image was phase‐shifted to cast RBC and barrier signal into the real and imaginary channels such that the image‐derived RBC:barrier ratio matched that from spectroscopy. The RBC and barrier images were further corrected for regional field inhomogeneity using a phase map created from the gas‐phase 129Xe image.

Results

Healthy volunteers exhibited largely uniform 129Xe‐barrier and 129Xe‐RBC images. By contrast, 129Xe‐RBC images in IPF subjects exhibited significant signal voids. These voids correlated qualitatively with regions of fibrosis visible on CT.

Conclusions

This study illustrates the feasibility of acquiring single‐breath, 3D isotropic images of 129Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and RBCs using a 1‐point Dixon 3D radial acquisition. Magn Reson Med 75:1434–1443, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facilitate transfer, degree completion with concurrent enrollment program
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: March 2016

Whether students start at two‐ or four‐year institutions, most of them share the same goal: graduation. Many students who start at community colleges plan to earn bachelor's degrees. To help students complete the degrees they ultimately seek, officials at many two‐year colleges strive to develop clear pathways for their students to transfer without losing credits. And officials at many four‐year institutions work to eliminate barriers that prevent transfer students from completing degrees in a timely way.
Restructure your office to better serve your students, Part II
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2016

ANAHEIM, CALIF. — When Rebecca Mathern of Oregon State University was given the task of restructuring her admissions office, she made it a priority to keep her focus on getting the right people in place to boost the success of students at her university.
Past, Present, and Future: Contexts for Current Challenges and Opportunities for Student Affairs Leadership
Authors: Porterfield Kent T. , Whitt Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2016

Contexts for identifying and understanding current opportunities and challenges for student affairs leaders are described and a framework for the rest of the sourcebook is offered.
The Undergraduate Learning Community: A Bridge to Understanding Why
Authors: Romanoff Stephen J.
Published: March 2016

This chapter considers the role an academic residential learning community can play in helping new undergraduates examine their motives for attending college.
Establish guidelines to assist athletes to successful academic careers
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2016

ANAHEIM, CALIF. — If your institution has athletic teams, you're probably familiar with the unique enrollment and certifying challenges that accompany serving student‐athletes. Even if your office is not directly involved in athletic certification on campus, registrars often play a crucial role in the success of a student‐athlete, from ensuring eligibility to monitoring transcripts during and before seasons to ensure that a student‐athlete is certified to play. Student‐athletes often require more attention from your office than other students.
Modelling the distribution and density of the invasive seaweed Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Sargassaceae) in shallow subtidal areas
Authors: Cambiè Giulia , Fernández-Márquez Diana , Muiño Ramón
Published: March 2016

The present study describes the distribution and density of Sargassum muticum in shallow subtidal areas of the Marine Fishery Reserve (MFR) ‘Os Miñarzos’ (Galicia, north-western Spain) by using a data-collection strategy and a statistical approach fairly unused in literature. Our surveys showed a rapid spread of the invasive alga in the study area, where the number of patches increased more than 50% between 2008 and 2009. A model-selection approach was used to test the goodness of fit of Sargassum density data and the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) appeared to be the best model. The ZIP model quantified a probability of 22% of finding at least one Sargassum plant in a randomly placed quadrat within 11-m depth, demonstrating that a large part of the MFR has been invaded. In particular, the ZIP model showed that season, richness of macroalgal community, and abiotic factors, such as wave exposure and depth, are essential drivers for the establishment of S. muticum thalli in subtidal areas. Our results showed that the invasion of subtidal areas often follows patterns similar to the intertidal areas. The present study also demonstrated the usefulness of zero-inflated models to assess early and mid-stages of a seaweed invasion.
Characterizing gene sets using discriminative random walks with restart on heterogeneous biological networks
Authors: Blatti Charles , Sinha Saurabh
Published: March 2016

Motivation: Analysis of co-expressed gene sets typically involves testing for enrichment of different annotations or ‘properties’ such as biological processes, pathways, transcription factor binding sites, etc., one property at a time. This common approach ignores any known relationships among the properties or the genes themselves. It is believed that known biological relationships among genes and their many properties may be exploited to more accurately reveal commonalities of a gene set. Previous work has sought to achieve this by building biological networks that combine multiple types of gene–gene or gene–property relationships, and performing network analysis to identify other genes and properties most relevant to a given gene set. Most existing network-based approaches for recognizing genes or annotations relevant to a given gene set collapse information about different properties to simplify (homogenize) the networks.

Results: We present a network-based method for ranking genes or properties related to a given gene set. Such related genes or properties are identified from among the nodes of a large, heterogeneous network of biological information. Our method involves a random walk with restarts, performed on an initial network with multiple node and edge types that preserve more of the original, specific property information than current methods that operate on homogeneous networks. In this first stage of our algorithm, we find the properties that are the most relevant to the given gene set and extract a subnetwork of the original network, comprising only these relevant properties. We then re-rank genes by their similarity to the given gene set, based on a second random walk with restarts, performed on the above subnetwork. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm for ranking genes related to Drosophila embryonic development and aggressive responses in the brains of social animals.

Availability and Implementation: DRaWR was implemented as an R package available at veda.cs.illinois.edu/DRaWR.

Contact: blatti@illinois.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Minimap and miniasm: fast mapping and de novo assembly for noisy long sequences
Authors: Li Heng
Published: March 2016

Motivation: Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing technology and Oxford Nanopore technologies (ONT) produce reads over 10 kb in length, which have enabled high-quality genome assembly at an affordable cost. However, at present, long reads have an error rate as high as 10–15%. Complex and computationally intensive pipelines are required to assemble such reads.

Results: We present a new mapper, minimap and a de novo assembler, miniasm, for efficiently mapping and assembling SMRT and ONT reads without an error correction stage. They can often assemble a sequencing run of bacterial data into a single contig in a few minutes, and assemble 45-fold Caenorhabditis elegans data in 9 min, orders of magnitude faster than the existing pipelines, though the consensus sequence error rate is as high as raw reads. We also introduce a pairwise read mapping format and a graphical fragment assembly format, and demonstrate the interoperability between ours and current tools.

Availability and implementation:  https://github.com/lh3/minimap and https://github.com/lh3/miniasm

Contact:  hengli@broadinstitute.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Detecting critical state before phase transition of complex biological systems by hidden Markov model
Authors: Chen Pei , Liu Rui , Li Yongjun , Chen Luonan
Published: March 2016

Motivation: Identifying the critical state or pre-transition state just before the occurrence of a phase transition is a challenging task, because the state of the system may show little apparent change before this critical transition during the gradual parameter variations. Such dynamics of phase transition is generally composed of three stages, i.e. before-transition state, pre-transition state and after-transition state, which can be considered as three different Markov processes.

Results: By exploring the rich dynamical information provided by high-throughput data, we present a novel computational method, i.e. hidden Markov model (HMM) based approach, to detect the switching point of the two Markov processes from the before-transition state (a stationary Markov process) to the pre-transition state (a time-varying Markov process), thereby identifying the pre-transition state or early-warning signals of the phase transition. To validate the effectiveness, we apply this method to detect the signals of the imminent phase transitions of complex systems based on the simulated datasets, and further identify the pre-transition states as well as their critical modules for three real datasets, i.e. the acute lung injury triggered by phosgene inhalation, MCF-7 human breast cancer caused by heregulin and HCV-induced dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Both functional and pathway enrichment analyses validate the computational results.

Availability and implementation: The source code and some supporting files are available at https://github.com/rabbitpei/HMM_based-method.

Contacts:  lnchen@sibs.ac.cn or liyj@scut.edu.cn

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies: a compass for exploring jungles of tangled trees
Authors: Martínez-Aquino Andrés
Published: March 2016

Phylogenetics is used to detect past evolutionary events, from how species originated to how their ecological interactions with other species arose, which can mirror cophylogenetic patterns. Cophylogenetic reconstructions uncover past ecological relationships between taxa through inferred coevolutionary events on trees, for example, codivergence, duplication, host-switching, and loss. These events can be detected by cophylogenetic analyses based on nodes and the length and branching pattern of the phylogenetic trees of symbiotic associations, for example, host–parasite. In the past 2 decades, algorithms have been developed for cophylogetenic analyses and implemented in different software, for example, statistical congruence index and event-based methods. Based on the combination of these approaches, it is possible to integrate temporal information into cophylogenetical inference, such as estimates of lineage divergence times between 2 taxa, for example, hosts and parasites. Additionally, the advances in phylogenetic biogeography applying methods based on parametric process models and combined Bayesian approaches, can be useful for interpreting coevolutionary histories in a scenario of biogeographical area connectivity through time. This article briefly reviews the basics of parasitology and provides an overview of software packages in cophylogenetic methods. Thus, the objective here is to present a phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies, with special emphasis on groups of parasitic organisms. Researchers wishing to undertake phylogeny-based coevolutionary studies can use this review as a “compass” when “walking” through jungles of tangled phylogenetic trees.
Describing the evolution of mobile technology usage for Latino patients and comparing findings to national mHealth estimates
Authors: Arora Sanjay , Ford Kelsey , Terp Sophie , Abramson Tiffany , Ruiz Ryan , Camilon Marissa , Coyne Christopher J , Lam Chun Nok , Menchine Michael , Burner Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

Objectives Describe the change in mobile technology used by an urban Latino population between 2011 and 2014, and compare findings with national estimates.

Materials and Methods Patients were surveyed on medical history and mobile technology use. We analyzed specific areas of mobile health capacity stratified by chronic disease, age, language preference, and educational attainment.

Results Of 2144 Latino patients, the percentage that owned a cell phone and texted were in-line with Pew estimates, but app usage was not. Patients with chronic disease had reduced access to mobile devices ( P  < .001) and lower use of mobile phone functionalities.

Discussion Prior research suggests that Latinos can access mHealth; however, we observed lower rates among Latino patients actively seeking heath care.

Conclusion Published national estimates do not accurately reflect the mobile technology use of Latino patients served by our public safety-net facility. The difference is greater for older, less educated patients with chronic disease.
Zika Virus Disease: A Simple Model Approach to Rapid Impact Assessment
Authors: Wilson James M. , Malone Robert W. , Smith-Gagen Julie , Pabayo Roman ,   Zika Response Working Group
Published: March 2016

There has been substantial media attention regarding Zika infection as a threat to pregnancy, prompted by WHO’s declaration of a Public Health Event of International Concern (PHEIC). Here we present a simple risk assessment model for two states within the continental United States at-risk for autochthonous transmission of Zika virus, Texas and Florida. Our simple impact assessment model is partially validating at this early interval in the crisis.