bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partisan Women in the Progressive Era: The Struggle for Inclusion in American Political Parties
Authors: Gustafson Melanie
Published: July 2012

This article examines U.S. women's struggles to define their place and role in party politics at the turn of the twentieth century. The historical narrative moves from the establishment of Republican women's clubs in the 1880s through the promises for gender equality by the new Progressive party in 1912 to Republican and Democratic women's campaign efforts in 1916. The history of women's political activism contests the notion that American women were not partisan until after 1920 but also shows how "nonpartisanship" remained a resilient component of women's approach to politics.
"The Lady from Ontario": Marjorie Wells Pinney and the Struggle for Democratic Socialism in Ontario
Authors: Azoulay Dan
Published: July 2012

This is a biographical study of Marjorie Wells Pinney, a leading activist in Ontario's democratic socialist party, the CCF/NDP, from the 1940s to the 1980s. I illustrate two things in this article. First, that in her capacity as the party's director of organization and, later, "riding specialist," Wells played a crucial, but as yet unrecognized role in keeping the CCF/NDP alive during the bleak years of the 1950s and in laying the foundations for its rise to prominence thereafter. In so doing, she challenged the contemporary stereotype of the powerless partisan woman at a time when conventional gender roles were generally much in favor. Second, I contend that Wells was able to achieve such a position mainly because of her "politicized" childhood and determined character, both of which allowed her to overcome the cultural and structural constraints which, then as now, limit most women to more traditional functions, political or otherwise.
Multimedia Contracts in Collegiate Sports: A System Theory Perspective
Authors: McGuire John
Published: July 2012

This research offers a case study of sports multimedia contracts as awarded by the University of Missouri. The execution of these contracts is examined through a system theory perspective. Three significant components were identified within this particular system: control, network distribution, and advertising. These components function to generate revenue through their involvement in the system. Significant interaction was also found in the relationships between the control-network components and the network distribution-advertising components.
The Planetary Portent of 1524 in China and Europe
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: July 2012

In late February and early March of 1524 there occurred in Aquarius-Pisces an impressive massing of all five planets normally visible to the naked eye. This was the densest such gathering in centuries. In both China and the West such phenomena had long loomed large because of their astrological association with world-changing events on the grandest scale. Events in 1524 in China and Europe in response to the phenomenon provide insight into the widely divergent Chinese and Western responses to such “millennial” events. The following discussion contrasts the astrological background and contemporary impact of this signal event in late Ming China and Reformation Europe.
Non-Heart-Beating Organ Donation: A Reply to Campbell and Weber
Authors: DeVita Michael A. , Vukmir Rade , Snyder James V. , Graziano Cheryl
Published: July 2012

In the preceding commentary, Campbell and Weber raise two valid and important issues concerning non-heart-beating organ donation (NHBOD). First, because the procedure links withdrawal of life support and the potential for subsequent organ donation, the desire for organs may create a situation in which care of the dying individual has relatively less importance and the dying may receive suboptimal care. Second, even if concerns about care of the dying were dealt with adequately, there will not be enough non-heart-beating donors to significantly decrease the organ shortage that exists, making the procedure not worth the risk. We agree that attention to the important details of caring for the dying are, and must be, the primary concern of all health care workers caring for those individuals. Ensuring the patients' comfort, dignity, and autonomy, and providing for family and social support are the mainstays of this care. All policies for NHBOD should clearly support and mandate these concepts. Regarding the second concern, we agree that NHBOD is currently rare; however, evidence is increasing that this type of donation has great potential. Continued growth of the practice in this country will depend largely on public acceptance, which we believe will be directly influenced by whether the public perceives that care of the dying is not compromised by this procedure.
Perish and Publish: Non-Heart-Beating Organ Donation and Unduly Iterative Ethical Review
Authors: Fox Renée C. , Christakis Nicholas A.
Published: July 2012

In the expanding repertoire of practices designed to increase the supply of organs for transplantation, non-heart-beating cadaver organ donation has generated an ongoing debate in the literature. The continuing stream of articles is disquieting in part because it documents a troubling "trial-and-error ethics" approach to the formulation of organ procurement policy, and because it raises serious questions about the reasons that the development of this policy is being mediated by published communication. In the light of concerns about the implicit support and credibility that professional publications give to organ procurement policies, restraint in publishing articles about non-heart-beating organ donation as well as in devising such policies is strongly advocated.
Casuistry and Its Communitarian Critics
Authors: Kuczewski Mark G.
Published: July 2012

Communitarian critics have derided case-based reasoning for ignoring the need to arrive at a shared hierarchy of goods prior to case resolution. They claim that such a failure means that casuistry depends on either a naive metaphysical realism or an ethical conventionalism. Casuistry does embrace a certain unobjectionable moral realism and can require appeals to narrative histories, but despite this dependence on the surrounding culture, casuists possess a way to remain critical of society through the concept of practical wisdom and the use of a moral taxonomy. Therefore, casuistry's viability depends upon the existence and employment of this Aristotelian virtue. Furthermore, the casuistry that emerges is a sophisticated type of communitarianism rather than a free-standing method.
The Word "Bioethics": The Struggle Over Its Earliest Meanings
Authors: Reich Warren Thomas
Published: July 2012

An article by Warren Reich in the December 1994 issue of this journal concludes that the word "bioethics" and the field of study it names experienced a "bilocated birth" in 1970/1971 under Van Rensselaer Potter, at the University of Wisconsin, and André Hellegers, at Georgetown University. Further historical inquiry confirms (1) that there were, from the start, some major differences—even clashes—between the Potter and the Hellegers/Georgetown understandings of bioethics; and (2) that the Hellegers/Georgetown approach came to be the more widely accepted meaning of the term, while Potter's idea of bioethics remained largely marginalized. However, this inquiry also results in a third, unanticipated, conclusion: that Hellegers (in contrast to the dominant model offered by the Georgetown scholars) actually proposed a global approach to bioethics, bringing his vision much closer to Potter's evolving view than previously has been acknowledged.
Emperor and Emissary: The Hongwu Emperor, Kwŏn Kŭn, and the Poetry of Late Fourteenth Century Diplomacy
Authors: Alston Dane
Published: July 2012

In 1396, a diplomatic rift emerged between the Chosŏn government and its Chinese neighbor. The Ming court took offense at poorly worded diplomatic correspondences and promptly froze all contact with Chosŏn. Court official and scholar Kwŏn Kŭn volunteered to go to China to resolve the dispute. Not only did Kwŏn end up resolving the diplomatic dispute and securing the release of detained envoys, but he also struck a rapport with the Hongwu emperor. The emperor lavished feasts, clothing, and tours upon Kwŏn and even composed poetry for him. Kwŏn reciprocated with three collections of poems, totaling twenty-four individual poems. Upon returning to Chosŏn, Kwŏn was celebrated for solving the diplomatic dispute, and he gained praise for his poetic exchanges with the emperor. This article centers on Kwŏn’s trip to China and his exchange of poetry with the Hongwu emperor. It charts domestic events in both Ming China and Chosŏn leading up to the diplomatic disputes in 1396–1397 and uses Kwŏn’s trip and the exchange of poetry as a vehicle to explore the diplomatic, territorial, and historical issues that surrounded this event and relations between the two countries.
Love Your Enemies: Revenge and Forgiveness in Films by Park Chan-wook
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: July 2012

This article discusses the films that make up Park Chan-wook's "Revenge Trilogy": Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002), Oldboy (2003), and Lady Vengeance (2005). It places particular emphasis on the last of the three in order to show how the logic of revenge is pushed to its breaking point. While getting even may be, as Park asserts, "the most foolish thing in the world to do," the article argues that another possibility is opened up altogether. Forcing audiences to confront the logic of revenge, the article argues that the "foolishness" of retributive justice gives way to the possibility of unconditional forgiveness.
Male Transnational Migration and its Linkages to Land-Use Change in a Southern Campeche Ejido
Authors: Radel Claudia , Schmook Birgit
Published: July 2012

El presente trabajo examina la relación entre la creciente emigración transnacional y los cambios de uso del suelo en un ejido en el Sur de Campeche, México. Los resultados se basan en un estudio de caso que incluyó, entre otros, entrevistas de profundidad a 26 unidades domesticas seleccionadas a través de una muestra aleatoria estratificada. El estudio ilustra la relación entre migración y cambios de uso del suelo en una etapa temprana de la experiencia de migración de un ejido. El incremento de ingresos provocado por el cultivo comercial de chile facilitó el inicio de la migración, mientras que las mermas registradas en los últimos años fueron el detonante para la misma. El impacto de la migración en su fase inicial se encuentra en un incremento de inversión en ciertos insumos agrícolas y en la reducción de las tasas de cultivo de chile, con implicaciones para la deforestación y la recuperación del bosque tropical.
Nicaraguan Migrants in Costa Rica during the 1990s: Gender Differences and Geographic Expansion
Authors: Otterstrom Samuel M.
Published: July 2012

Después de establecerse nuevamente la democracia en Nicaragua en 1990, cesó el flujo de refugiados de la guerra civil entre los países vecinos. Sin embargo, la emigración de aquellos buscando una mejoría económica siguió acelerándose durante la década de los 90. Las características demográficas y geográficas de unos 400 inmigrantes ilegales en Costa Rica, respaldadas por informes del gobierno son analizadas, enfocándose en patrones relacionados con el sexo. Con un número creciente de inmigrantes nicaragüenses, extendiéndose por todo el país, unido a las marcadas diferencias entre hombre y mujer, que persisten, indican que los inmigrantes se han convertido en una minoría aún más significativa y una menos transitoria dentro de Costa Rica.
Evidence for foot structure in Japanese
Authors: Poser William J.
Published: July 2012

Proposals for foot structure in Japanese have hitherto been limited to versification and to mechanisms for assigning tone that bear little resemblance to stress feet. This is not surprising, since the metrical foot has thus far been associated with stress, which Japanese appears to lack. I argue here that a bimoraic foot whose properties are similar to those of stress feet in other languages plays a significant role in Japanese morphophonology. The existence of such feet in Japanese has a number of implications, the most important of which is that it suggests that in Japanese a rhythmic system like that underlying many stress systems may coexist with the independent pitch accent system.
Topic and focus in Mayan
Authors: Aissen Judith L.
Published: July 2012

Most Mayan languages are 'basically' predicate-initial, but various phrases occur before the predicate when they are focussed or topicalized. This paper assumes the framework of Chomsky 1986 and presents a phrase-structural analysis of topic and focus for three Mayan languages (Tzotzil, Jakaltek, Tz'utujil). Three distinct entities are distinguished: the focus and two types of topic, termed here 'internal' and 'external'. Each is argued to occupy a distinct structural position. At the heart of the analysis is an account of intonational phrasing and the distribution of several intonational phrase clitics in Tzotzil and Jakaltek. An algorithm is proposed for deriving intonational phrase structure from surface structure. Syntactic evidence further supports the phrase-structural differences established on prosodic grounds.
Colliding Norms, Community, and the Place of Online Information: The Case of archive.org
Authors: Burnett Gary
Published: July 2012

The theory of normative behavior (Burnett, Besant, and Chatman, 2001) examines aspects of information behavior in the context of definable social groupings of people, or "small worlds." Using the concept of "worldview," derived from the theory, this article examines a controversy that erupted in the Live Music Archive (LMA) of archive.org in November 2005 when access to a collection of live concert recordings by the Grateful Dead was limited. It analyzes posts made by representatives of the archive, participants in the forum, and a small handful of statements made by band members and representatives in order to understand the controversy as an instance in which participants shared some elements of a common worldview but, because they understood those elements differently, emerge as three different small worlds.
Serial Collecting as Leisure, and Coin Collecting in Particular
Authors: Case Donald O.
Published: July 2012

The collecting of things for pleasure is an almost universal human experience. Psychological studies tell us that it is deeply connected to the development of the self and of relations with the world and other people. This article explores collecting as serious leisure, reviews explanations of collecting behavior, and focuses on coin collectors as one example. The types and organization of numismatic literature are explored. A participant observation study of coin collectors in both face-to-face and electronic meeting places finds that they are motivated by the potential for self-development, social interactions with other collectors, and financial gains, and at times by compulsive collecting.
Leisure and Its Relationship to Library and: Information Science: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Stebbins Robert A.
Published: July 2012

The serious leisure perspective is introduced and its relationship to library and information science (LIS) set out. The relationship is twofold: the perspective offers a distinctive approach both to research and to practice in this discipline. That is, the perspective bridges a critical gap that has separated the fields of LIS and leisure studies, manifested in both as scant concern with the central interest of the other. This gap is bridged by providing the first with a conceptual framework for understanding leisure and leisure activities, which can help guide researchers and practitioners working on the retrieval and dissemination of information bearing on such activities. The serious leisure perspective is the theoretic structure that synthesizes three main forms of leisure. Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that captivates the participant with its challenges and complexity. Casual leisure is an immediately, intrinsically rewarding, relatively short-lived pleasurable core activity, requiring little or no special training to enjoy it. Project-based leisure refers to a short term, reasonably complicated, one-shot or occasional, though infrequent, creative undertaking carried out in free time. Serious leisure is the most complex of these three, offering thereby the richest lode for LIS researchers and practitioners to mine. The perspective is a vehicle for systematically exploring people's use and dissemination of information during free time.
Documenting Diversity among Working LIS Graduates
Authors: Morgan Jennifer Craft , Farrar Brandy , Owens Irene
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to document the demographic characteristics of the library and information science (LIS) workforce and to discuss the implications of these findings for education and workforce planning. Workforce Issues in Library and Information Science 1 (WILIS 1) is a collaborative research partnership of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Information and Library Science and the University of North Carolina Institute on Aging, funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through its Librarians for the 21st Century Program. Workforce Issues in Library and Information Science 1 (WILIS 1) is a comprehensive study of the career patterns of graduates of LIS programs in North Carolina since 1964. This article examines data from 1,903 working LIS graduate respondents. The results of this study suggest that the LIS workforce is predominantly female, underrepresented in terms of race/ethnic minorities, and consists of slightly older workers than the workforce overall. Comparisons of earnings reveal a substantial wage gap between the males and females in the sample (men earn more). We also find significant race, sex, and gender differences in factors that motivated respondents to enter an LIS program and qualities of jobs that respondents find desirable. Based on these findings, we suggest the following strategies to increasing diversity: (1) focus efforts on recruiting race/ethnic minorities to the LIS profession; (2) structure LIS jobs to accommodate the needs of women workers; and (3) plan for and accommodate the large segment of older and retiring workers.
The Effects of Entering the LIS Workforce in a Recession: North Carolina, 1964–2005
Authors: Morgan Chad H. , Morgan Jennifer Craft
Published: July 2012

This article examines the short- and long-term effects of entering the LIS workforce during a recession. It looks specifically at cohorts graduating from six North Carolina LIS programs during the recessions of 1973–75, 1980–82, 1990–91, and 2001 and compares aspects of their starting job, current job, pay, and indicators of job quality with those of nonrecession graduates of the same programs over the period from 1964 to 2005. Additional analyses are performed using job search and work setting match variables for a more in-depth look at recent graduates in the last recession (2001). We find that, examining the measures available, the labor market for North Carolina library and information science graduates appears to be relatively "recession-proof."
Workforce Planning and the School Library Media Specialist
Authors: Solomon Paul , Rathbun-Grubb Susan
Published: July 2012

This article utilizes data collected through the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)–supported Workforce Issues in Library and Information Science 1 (WILIS 1) survey of graduates (1964–2007) of the five library and information science master's programs in North Carolina to consider career patterns and what these career patterns tell us about recruitment, retention, and retirement of school library media specialists (SLMSs). A life course approach is used to interpret the survey data and to suggest areas needing attention in recruiting and retaining SLMSs and planning for their retirement. Perhaps the most noteworthy finding is that a major influence on turnover of SLMSs is the lack of opportunities for career growth and development. Suggestions are offered for enhancing career development opportunities for SLMS.
The DAISY Standard: Entering the Global Virtual Library
Authors: Tank Elsebeth , Frederiksen Carsten
Published: July 2012

The emergence of the modern information society and the rapid development of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has spurred libraries serving visually impaired people to cooperate globally in order to manage the transition from analog to digital services. The formation of the DAISY Consortium in 1996 led to the concept and fundamental ideas of the digital talking book. The result is an international standard for digital talking books, which is now becoming a multimedia standard. DAISY has developed new partnerships, new working methods, and new ways of thinking. The digital vision has improved library services to print-impaired people and changed the participating libraries themselves. Today some DAISY libraries are close to becoming fully digitized, and DAISY technology is heading into mainstream use. Users may soon be entering a global virtual library, and the DAISY experience may in many aspects serve as a model for future library developments.
Libraries for the Blind as Accessible Content Publishers: Copyright and Related Issues
Authors: Roos J. W
Published: July 2012

Libraries for the blind developed as charities, circulating and producing, for the most part, Braille. Their seeking of copyright licenses to permit them to produce such books did not pose any particular threat to copyright holders and publishers. But as they started taking their places as libraries that rendered library services, and as technological developments enabled them to make and circulate accessible books in various forms to readers with different print disabilities, it became difficult for them to have to seek and obtain such licenses for a variety of reasons. Many governments therefore enacted statutory exceptions to their copyright laws to assist them. Some of those exceptions are considered here, with reference to their efficacy. Particular attention is paid to difficulties arising out of those exceptions as they impact interlending services. It is argued that those laws alone do not appear to be at the heart of the problems libraries for the blind experience with regard to interlending. Rather, the delivery of digital materials via the Internet, being entirely different from the delivery of books through interlending arrangements, is creating obstacles that require agreements with publishers, if they are to be addressed.
Creating an Index to Modern Greek Studies
Authors: Paganelis George I.
Published: July 2012

Bibliographical resources in modern Greek studies are relatively poorly represented in both the United States and abroad, and there is a great need for a comprehensive on-line index to amalgamate the scholarly output of the discipline into a single, widely accessible resource. Work on such an index has begun and some important progress has been made, but much remains to be done.
The Tsakopoulos Hellenic Collection at California State University, Sacramento: A Beacon of Hellenism in the Western United States
Authors: Paganelis George I.
Published: July 2012

The Tsakopoulos Hellenic Collection is a major research collection of Byzantine and modern Greek studies resources located in the western United States. Its history as the centerpiece of the former Speros Basil Vryonis Center for the Study of Hellenism and its new mission as the anchor of the Center for Hellenic Studies at California State University, Sacramento are herein profiled along with a summary of the Collection's current state and growth, the role of its curator, events related to the Collection, and challenges faced by the campus library in managing the Collection.
The Translatability and Interpretation of Rebétika
Authors: Païvanás Dimitry
Published: July 2012

English translations of rebétika can be misleading. Anthologies of the songs in translation are inauthentic partly because of their dependence on unreliable originals and partly because Greek slang terms, as well as other linguistic aspects with no convenient equivalent in English, undermine the success of translation. Some transitons, however, give rise to interpretations that provide an opportunity to discuss aspects of rebétika meaningfully. The first couplet of «Μπουζούκι γλέντι του ντουνιά» yields at least seven interpretations that unavoidably affect the meaning of the entire song. These interpretations are not quite distinct from each other; they coexist in the text in a state of flux. The song's polyphony and also its collusion of rhetorical figures operate at the level of signifiers or at the level of performance undermining referential interpretation.
The Question of Legitimacy
Authors: Mavrikos Tina
Published: July 2012

Discussions concerning the nature of legitimacy have returned to the center of academic debate in this twilight period of the twentieth century. Theories of the concept of legitimacy that developed at the beginning of the twentieth century and were refined throughout the second half now appear to be inadequate to explain the dynamics of legitimacy and the legitimation process. By acquiring more power through the accession of new members, the European Union is an example of a new political formation that renders inadequate previous explanations employed to analyze legitimacy. A new approach is outlined here by taking four basic dimensions—civic society, democracy, the welfare state, and security/defense—that are then related to the EU with the hope of shedding new light on which set of forces is involved in legitimation. Observations are also made on how Greece may be related to these dimensions.
From Agriculture to Tourism: Property, Labor, Gender, and Kinship in a Greek Island Village (Part One)
Authors: Galaní-Moutáfi Vasilikí
Published: July 2012

The transition from agriculture to tourism is accompanied by shifts in property and labor that have significant implications for gender and kinship. An agriculturally based system that has favored male ownership of productive property resources and agnatic kin cooperation gave prominence to men both as economic actors and as representatives of the household. Men's dominant role in the organization of the household economy was reflected in kinship's patrilateral emphasis. While the decline of agriculture weakened men's power base, the growth of tourism has upgraded women's economic position as well as their capacity to influence the structure of kinship. The transformation of dowry houses into valuable resources and the opening up of new opportunities for women to earn income without necessarily operating under the control of male kin are key changes resulting from touristic development. These changes underlie the added importance of women's roles, the female orientation of kinship, and the strengthening of the mother-daughter bond as the focal point in inter-household cooperation and exchange.
Regional Dimensions of Entrance Examinations to Higher Education Institutions in Greece
Authors: Stamelos George , Sivri Chrysanthi
Published: July 2012

Higher education entrance examinations in Greece have always attracted the attention of social researchers because of the impact they have had on Greek society. All analysis, however, tends to consider the candidates' choice and success, per option, as identical and uniform in all Greek regions. This impression is not confirmed by statistical data. Each region seems to adopt a particular way of behaving and to have a variable degree of success. This differentiation could mean that each region reacts differently to contemporary Greek reality. If this is true, what happens occurs without the knowledge of the Greek authorities and even against those authorities' official analysis and planning. Consequently, a problem seems to exist regarding the coordination of official educational policy with the informal differentiation prevailing in each Greek region. This problem may prove to be of particular importance in the future in view of the EU's emphasis upon the development of regional policy.
Knives, Forks, and Photographs: The Appropriation and Loss of Traditional Laments in the Writings of Palamás, Rítsos, Angheláki-Rooke, and Dimoulá
Authors: Holst-Warhaft Gail
Published: July 2012

The parallels between the Epitáfios lament of the Virgin for the dead Christ and folk foments for the dead are exploited by a number of modern Greek writers, but there seems to be a difference between the way men and women make use of this material. Kostís Palamás, in his story "Death of a Brave Lad," presents a village mother's lament for her dying son as both a counterpart to the Epitáfios ceremony taking place in the church and a reflection of the mother's superstitious beliefs. The emotional power of a mother's lament in the Orthodox and folk traditions is appropriated for a political struggle in Yánnis Rítsos' poem Epitáfios . Katerina Angheláki-Rooke and Kikí Dimoulá seem unwilling or unable to use foments in traditional ways. Instead, Angheláki-Rooke inverts the symbolism of the Orthodox Easter to re-invent her mother, while Dimoulá, who seems unable to take comfort from tradition, is left with static images and objects that fail to invoke satisfactorily her dead parents.
City Form and National Identity: Urban Designs in Nineteenth-Century Greece
Authors: Hastaoglou-Martinidis Vilma
Published: July 2012

The foundation of the Neohellenic state in the nineteenth century involved an intensive modernization program. The establishment of a new network of settlements and the reconstruction of cities was placed at the heart of modernization policies undertaken for over three-quarters of the century. In this context, city form acquired a crucial importance: it served practical and functional purposes as well as aesthetic and ideological ones. Not only was production and economic activity to be stimulated, a national identity had to be emphasized and ideals of citizenship had to be promoted among Greece's inhabitants. Urban modernization, placing the accent on the formal aspects of the city, seems to have served a threefold purpose for Greece at that time: it ensured a link with the West; it consolidated the transition to an urban society by effacing all traces of an embarrassing past—reminders of foreign rule, ethnic and religious oppression, and social and economic backwardness; and it restored the nation's historical continuity by connecting the modern kingdom with the ancient world. From the ambitious early designs to the utilitarian and unadorned grid plans produced after 1880 for dozens of small and large towns, one can trace an insistent dedication to this aim.
Cultural Identity and Cultural Interaction: Greek Music in the United States, 1917–1941
Authors: Smith Ole L.
Published: July 2012

The rebétiko music played by Greek immigrants in the United States and recorded by American companies reflects the traditional culture of the immigrants and may thus serve to illuminate the attitude of the immigrant artist toward his or her ethnic identity and the problems of becoming integrated into new cultural surroundings. Before we can judge the actual music and its cultural significance, we must have precise ideas about which materials may be used to determine the musical culture in the immigrant community. Were recordings in Athens made with the Greek-American public in mind? As a rule, Greek musicians stayed outside the mainstream of American popular music; only in rare cases did they change their traditional means of expression. There are few examples of influence from other popular ethnic music cultures in the United States. One of the main differences between the Greek and the Greek-American rebétika songs seems to be the attitude to drugs; there are so few drug songs in the recorded American output of rebétika that this must reflect a deliberate choice either by the musicians or by the record companies.
The World in Pieces: Concepts of Anxiety in H. C. Andersen's "The Snow Queen"
Authors: Weitzman Erica
Published: July 2012

This paper draws parallels between Kierkegaard's themes of anxiety, and despair, and irony as they are laid out in The Concept of Anxiety, The Sickness Unto Death, and The Concept of Irony, respectively, and similar motifs in his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen's long moralizing fairy-tale, "The Snow Queen." Bringing a psychoanalytical framework to bear on all these works, the paper argues that "The Snow Queen" is in many ways a dramatization of some of Kierkegaard's own key concerns, a dramatization which however flinches before Kierkegaard's more rigorous stance towards what contemporary psychoanalysis calls "depression."
Temporal Distance, Antiquity, and the Beloved in Petrarch's Rime sparse and Du Bellay's Les Antiquitez de Rome
Authors: Leubner Jason
Published: July 2012

This essay reexamines some of the affinities between Petrarch's Rime sparse and Du Bellay's Les Antiquitez de Rome. In particular, I show how Petrarch conflates personal memory with a longer view of history, associating (ruined) Roman antiquity with Laura at key moments in his sequence. By doing so, he anticipates Du Bellay's sequence, which also accentuates loss by emphasizing the absolute temporal distance between the poet-lover and his "imperial mistress."
Writing Under the Influence
Authors: Groves Jason
Published: July 2012

"The Theater and the Plague" contains an astonishing written account of the plague. Antonin Artaud's essay replicates the plague in writing by developing what could be called a "malignant" rhetoric. In this article, the possibility of a pathogenic writing is considered by tracing the transformation of influence, relation, and communication into virulent vectors of the plague. The theater, for Artaud, erupts out of this space between a dramatic, rhetorical, and epidemiological discourse.
The Philosophy of Shipreck: Gnosticism, Skepticism, and Coleridge's Catastrophic Modernity
Authors: Pfau Thomas
Published: July 2012

Drawing on critiques of modernity by Blumenberg, Arendt, C. Taylor, and Heidegger, this essay examines the Gnostic underpinnings of modernity's conception of knowledge. Skeptical in its origination, modern specialized, disciplinary inquiry construes knowledge as the open-ended accumulation and inventorying of "information." Connecting these macro-historical shifts to classical Liberalism's disavowal of Aristotelian ends and norms in favor of an unspecified, infinitely deferred social and epistemological utopia, Coleridge's poetry (esp. his Rime) and later prose grasp modernity as a psychological and metaphysical disaster that unwittingly echoes the essential incompatibility of eidos and physis first flagged by ancient Gnosticism.
Having Faith in Nabokov's Pale Fire
Authors: Lieber Emma
Published: July 2012

Generations of readers have studied the hermeneutic riddles of Pale Fire , questioning both their meaning and their susceptibility to interpretation. This critical dialogue is part of a broader debate regarding Nabokov's narrative persona: whether it unforgivingly mocks exegetical pretension and dismisses the very notion of intersubjectivity, or whether a more generous authorial vision is discernable. This article proposes a shift in the terms of that debate. It argues that the very opacity of the novel has the effect of gathering up, into a makeshift community of the perplexed, both characters and readers, allowing them to experience, if not genuine communion or enlightenment, then at least a sense of fellow-feeling among the benighted.
Nabokov's Evolving Use of Humor
Authors: Brillinger Matthew
Published: July 2012

Over time Nabokov's fiction becomes increasingly humorous, with more jokes used to more consequential ends. Because so marked, and so important, Nabokov's mounting use of humor invites explanation. Humor theorists, in varied words and with differing degrees of forcefulness, posit humor as offering possibilities-ontological, behavioral, circumstantial, or interpretative-unforeseen by an audience. Nabokov, experiencing reality as endlessly surprising, uses humor to endow fictive worlds with the types of surprises he most enjoys in his own world. Unlike most literary humor, Nabokov's humor emerges from a wide-ranging theory of humor, a theory that reflects Nabokov's subjectivist metaphysics. This article, as it maps relationships between Nabokov's use of humor, theory of humor, and metaphysics, sees Nabokov as pointedly using humor to alert readers to life's unpredictability.
December 1925: Nabokov Between Work and Play
Authors: Karshan Thomas
Published: July 2012

Nabokov's most explicit expression of his lifelong fascination with games is his December 1925 essay, "Breitensträter – Paolino," which begins with the claim that "Everything in the world plays." In the same month, however, he published a short story, "A Guide to Berlin," whose central section is entitled "Work." In these two pieces Nabokov explores competing visions of life and art as play and as work, which he had found discussed in an essay of 1922, "Praise of Idleness," by his early mentor Iulii Aikhenval'd. The vision of play goes back to Friedrich Schiller, that of work to Marx, Tolstoy, and other nineteenth century writers. Each entails a profoundly different style, ideology, and set of assumptions about the mind. We cannot identify Nabokov exclusively with either vision.
The Difference of a Sibilant: A Note on Pale Fire, Canto Three
Authors: Mella John
Published: July 2012

Taking as metaphor Nabokov's apothegm about the cosmic and comic side of things, we apply this to Canto Three of Pale Fire and come up with a surprise: Not only does our illusionist poke solemn fun at the absurdities of the Institute of Preparation for the Hereafter, as we'd expect. He also allows amid the particolored confetti some somber themes to unfold their black striations, and illuminate the dark design of the whole.
The Sonnet as Snapshot: Seizing the Instant in Baudelaire's "A une passante"
Authors: Blood Susan
Published: July 2012

"The Sonnet as Snapshot: Seizing the Instant in Baudelaire's 'A une passante'" Through a textual analysis of Baudelaire's sonnet, this essay explores the relationship between poetry and technology in the mid-nineteenth century. The breakdown of lyric poetry that has been associated with Baudelaire is read alongside technological experiments in reencoding and reproducing voice. The resemblance between "A une passante" and an instantaneous photograph is seen as announcing the reencoding of voice as image that will characterize later forms of poetic modernism. The concept of the "optical unconscious" that Walter Benjamin introduced in his "Little History of Photography" (1931) is used to elucidate the subliminal uncanniness of Baudelaire's poem and its connection to the prose poem "Les Veuves." (SB)
Stendhal et l'invention de l'intellectuel
Authors: Le Hir Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2012

Less attention has been devoted to Stendhal's contributions to cultural criticism than to his literary works. Inspired by recent re-editions in that area, this essay examines the writer's militant struggles during the Restoration, as well as a work that exemplifies the originality of his thoughts on intellectuals, his 1825 political pamphlet D'un Nouveau Complot contre les Industriels. Whereas Stendhal's isolated position in the cultural field of his time has usually been ascribed to his age and his leanings towards the 18th century, it is his modernity and his significance as a theorist of the modern intellectual that are emphasized here, not only with regard to his values, but also to his conception of the classe pensante as an autonomous and independent social force. (In French)
Contingency, Games, and Wit
Authors: Morson Gary Saul
Published: July 2012

When we cannot explain away the fundamental disorder of the world by finding a science, constructing a supposed social science, or passing laws, we may create artificial worlds that we can be sure conform to our minds because we have made them. Games create such a world, whose rules cannot be violated because then we would not be playing the game at all. Various games have ways of confronting contingency: they may allow for statistically predictable chance events (roulette), statistically unpredictable chance events (a bad hop in baseball), challenges by the audience (improvisations), or challenges to rules that create a meta-game of changing the game (Lewis Carroll, Magic: The Gathering). Witticisms may be understood as a special sort of verbal gaming that asserts the ability of the mind to master the contingency of the social world. It involves presentness, turns social space into a salon, thrives on challenges, and becomes especially impressive in locales apparently farthest from a salon, such as the deathbed or gallows. But as the stories of Alexander and Diogenes show, it is possible to outwit the wit.
Definiteness and Specificity in Mavea
Authors: Guérin Valérie
Published: July 2012

Specificity and definiteness are universal semantic categories, but not all languages express these categories morphologically. In this paper, I present data from Maea a, a language spoken in northern Vanuatu, which show morphological expressions of these two semantic categories. I argue that in Maea the article le denotes specificity, aite encodes indefiniteness, te . . . aite refers to indefinite nonspecific expressions, while the lack of an article expresses definiteness.
Exemplary and Surrogate Models: Two Modes of Representation in Biology
Authors: Bolker Jessica A.
Published: July 2012

Biologists use models in two distinct ways that have not been clearly articulated. A model may be used either as an exemplar of a larger group, or as a surrogate for a specific target. Zebrafish serve as an exemplary model of vertebrates in developmental biology; rodents are both exemplary vertebrates and specific surrogates for humans in biomedical research. The distinction between exemplary and surrogate models is important, because the criteria for and implications of model choice diverge in significant ways, depending on which role the model is to serve. So, too, do the kinds of conclusions we can legitimately draw from model-based research. The divergence derives in part from the use of the two sorts of models to answer different kinds of questions: exemplary models most often serve basic research, while surrogate models are used when the target species we ultimately want to learn about is inaccessible or difficult to study, as in medical research. There are many reasons to consider exemplary and surrogate models separately: they are suited to different tasks and contexts, rest on different assumptions, and, finally, they have unique limitations.
Is the Perfect the Enemy of the Good?
Authors: Caplan Arthur
Published: July 2012

The use of performance-enhancing drugs is rife in amateur and professional sports, and one can only wonder what the level of drug use would be if vigorous testing efforts were not in place. But perhaps that is the wrong worry. Should we try to weed out performance-enhancing drugs from sports or any other venue of life? As long as what is being used is relatively safe and users are free to decide, are we simply deluding ourselves that use can in any practical way be banned? It may make more sense to try to articulate an ethic of performance enhancement than to maintain an illusion of abstinence.
Why Is Modern Medicine Stuck in a Rut?
Authors: Mittra Indraneel
Published: July 2012

There is a growing perception that modern medicine is approaching a state of crisis characterized by creative inertia, non-innovation, and non-productivity. Compared to the remarkable progress during the first 30 years after World War II, the last 30 years have been characterized by a self-congratulatory illusion of progress, the fruits of which have failed to reach our patients. The problem may lie with the fact that the (often lone) clinical innovator of the past who made all the difference to the spectacular progress of medicine during the golden age has been marginalized to the extent that he is now an endangered species. The two definable forces that have led to his alienation are the hegemony of molecular science and the primacy accorded to the randomized clinical trial in biomedical research. Both these stifle creative originality—the former by an overdependence on complex and technology-driven "big science" and a flawed founding philosophy, and the latter by putting limits on our intellectual expectations and a bureaucratic approach to scientific research.
Seattle Roots: Roosevelt High School’s Class of 1957
Authors: Nostrand Richard L.
Published: July 2012

In 1957, Roosevelt’s sizable senior class lived entirely in northeast Seattle— within Roosevelt’s old high school district boundaries and in Seattle’s recently annexed Shoreline district to the north. By 1967, two-thirds of the class continued to live in Seattle and its north end and Eastside suburbs. And by 2007, two-thirds still lived within a 50-mile radius of Seattle. During the past 50 years, the trend has been for class members to disperse in successively greater outer rings—a common phenomenon in American urban growth. But after 50 years, for two-thirds of the class members to remain within a 50-mile radius of their high school homes is, I speculate, uncommon in the United States. Seattle’s strong economy—and, probably more importantly, its many amenities—would seem to explain why the class was so strongly anchored in place.
“Berkeley School” Genius: Musings on a Feng-shui Perspective
Authors: Nemeth David
Published: July 2012

Exotic feng-shui practices are an increasingly popular form of applied geography in Anglo-America today. Hardly scientific, feng-shui is, however, systematic, complex, and profound in the context of its own cosmology and symbolism. In this article, I muse on the provenance of “Berkeley School” genius at the UC Berkeley site in relation to its “power of place,” using a simplified feng-shui model. My examples introduce and elaborate on the propitious synchronicities found at the site perhaps responsible for the flowering of three prestigious “Berkeley Schools” of creative endeavor following WWI: Carl Sauer’s Berkeley School of Cultural Geography; Alfred Kroeber’s Berkeley School of Cultural Anthropology; and John Haley’s Berkeley School of American Scene Landscape Painting. I muse over some auspicious peculiarities in the common ground at the UC Berkeley site from which these three landscape schools emerge. A general feng-shui cosmological model describes how creative arrays of primal natural forces might converge at the campus site, creating a cosmic force field that generates and shapes the successful thoughts, visions, and creative output of certain of the site’s inhabitants. The founding fathers of these three Berkeley Schools, although unbeknownst to them, are perhaps beneficiaries of UC Berkeley’s excellent feng-shui site. The model provides a provocative alternative understanding of forces responsible for the longevity and continuing vitality of the “Berkeley School” tradition of cultural geography.
The Perpetual Undoing of San Diego’s East Village
Authors: Kayzar Brenda
Published: July 2012

The falloff in investment in the blocks adjacent to Petco Park, downtown San Diego’s most recently completed catalyst project, could be attributed to the current national housing market downturn. A number of proposed residential condominium projects have been placed on hold in the East Village neighborhood where the ballpark is located. The nearly one-block long homeless shelter tent erected on one of the ballpark’s surface parking lots, however, suggests an undoing rather than an interruption in investment. The tent’s location is representative of the conflicting frontier of growth and frontier outlet roles the East Village neighborhood plays within the region. This article establishes the context for various decisions made pertaining to land use and investment in the neighborhood, and demonstrates how the inability to fully recognize and reconcile the impacts of the historic frontier outlet legacy enables the perpetual undoing of investment gains within the community.