bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meso- and macro-zooplankton community structure of the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica (Summer 2010–2011)
Authors: Wilson Stephanie E. , Swalethorp Rasmus , Kjellerup Sanne , Wolverton Megan A. , Ducklow Hugh W. , Yager Patricia L.
Published: January 2015

The Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) has, on average, the highest productivity per unit area in Antarctic waters. To investigate community structure and the role that zooplankton may play in utilizing this productivity, animals were collected at six stations inside and outside the ASP using paired “day-night” tows with a 1 m2 MOCNESS. Stations were selected according to productivity based on satellite imagery, distance from the ice edge, and depth of the water column. Depths sampled were stratified from the surface to ∼ 50–100 m above the seafloor. Macrozooplankton were also collected at four stations located in different parts of the ASP using a 2 m2 Metro Net for krill surface trawls (0–120 m). The most abundant groups of zooplankton were copepods, ostracods, and euphausiids. Zooplankton biovolume (0.001 to 1.22 ml m-3) and abundance (0.21 to 97.5 individuals m-3) varied throughout all depth levels, with a midsurface maximum trend at ∼ 60–100 m. A segregation of increasing zooplankton trophic position with depth was observed in the MOCNESS tows. In general, zooplankton abundance was low above the mixed layer depth, a result attributed to a thick layer of the unpalatable colonial haptophyte, Phaeocystis antarctica. Abundances of the ice krill, Euphausia crystallarophias, however, were highest near the edge of the ice sheet within the ASP and larvae:adult ratios correlated with temperature above a depth of 60 m. Total zooplankton abundance correlated positively with chlorophyll a above 150 m, but negative correlations observed for biovolume vs. the proportion of P. antarctica in the phytoplankton estimated from pigment ratios (19’hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin:fucoxanthin) again pointed to avoidance of P. antarctica. Quantifying zooplankton community structure, abundance, and biovolume (biomass) in this highly productive polynya helps shed light on how carbon may be transferred to higher trophic levels and to depth in a region undergoing rapid warming.
Real-World Three-Dimensional Measuring of Built Environment with a Portable Wire-Based Coordinate-Measuring Machine
Authors: Forsman Samuel
Published: January 2015

A long-term strategy within the forest products industries is to increase the products' refinement and thus their value. This strategy applies to both primary and secondary processed wood products. Further down the value stream, different kinds of knowledge are needed in order to add value and efficiency in the supplier process. In this study, the focus was on as-built three-dimensional (3-D) sensing as a means to increase the level of product prefabrication when supplying engineer-to-order joinery products to the construction industry. A 7-m ranging three-axis portable wire-based coordinate-measuring machine (PWCMM) was evaluated in terms of performing as-built site-dimensional verification in 3-D. This is a needed means for moving the fitting of joinery products into the digital domain at the design stage, thus increasing the level of prefabrication and automation possible when supplying engineer-to-order joinery products. The PWCMM has been used to replicate different construction sites to gain as-built spatial information as input into the suppliers' design, manufacturing, and on-site assembly processes. The evaluation shows that the accuracy in each coordinate position can be within a millimeter range. However, questions still remain about the capability to meet the demands on accuracy and usability for on-site dimensional verification when supplying joinery products. Issues with error leverage and low measurement resolution limit the practical possibilities in terms of level of accuracy and detail of the reproduction of the as-built environment.
Characteristics of Colorado Forestry Contractors and Their Role in Current Forest Health Issues
Authors: Vaughan Damon , Mackes Kurt
Published: January 2015

Overcrowded forests have allowed several catastrophic wildfires to burn in Colorado. Many of these fires have received national attention and inspired large public expenditures into community wildfire mitigation projects. Forestry projects in Colorado have shifted away from traditional logging and toward service-type projects, such as forest thinning and defensible space, and Colorado's forestry contractors are essential in realizing forest management objectives in the state. Many southeastern and northeastern states conduct regular surveys of forestry contractors to better understand their attributes and ability to adapt to changing conditions. This article presents results of a Colorado forestry contractor survey conducted in 2014. Objectives of this survey were to gain statistical information about the contractors, establish a baseline for future surveys, and determine the capacity of the workforce to address the state's forest health issues. The survey revealed a diminished workforce that has struggled to find identity following policy changes and economic events of the 21st century. This survey also revealed that with the current contractor capacity, Colorado will be unable to face the many threats to forest health and prevent catastrophic wildfire.
DEPOSITION CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES BY SURFATRON GENERATED DISCHARGE
Authors: Davydova Marina , Smid Jiri , Hubicka Zdenek , Kromka Alexander
Published: January 2015

Carbon nanostructures were deposited by surface wave discharge using various Ar/CH4/ CO2 gas mixture ratios. The morphology was controlled by adjusting of gas concentration and was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the influence of the low temperature plasma treatment and process time on the wettability of the diamond films has been studied. The results indicate that for hydrogen termination of diamond surface indicate that the temperature as low as 400°C and treatment time of 15 min is sufficient to attain the p-type surface conductivity of diamond.
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF LOW-SPEED WING
Authors: Lahuta Martin , Pátek Zdeněk , Szöllös András
Published: January 2015

An optimization method consisting of genetic and evolution optimization algorithm and a solver using nonlinear aerodynamics was applied on design of low-speed wing. Geometric parameterization of wing uses standard geometric quantities commonly used for the description of wing geomtery. The method seems to provide good teliable results at low computer capacity requirements.
SHAPE OF A NUCLEUS GROWING ON STRONGLY CURVED SURFACE OF A NANOFIBER
Authors: Sveshnikov Alexey , Demo Pavel , Kožíšek Zdeněk , Tichá Petra
Published: January 2015

The equilibrium shape of a critical nucleus has strong impact on important parameters of nucleation theory, such as nucleation rate. While on the flat substrate the growing nucleus has a shape of a spherical cap, a shape of a nucleus on a strongly curved surface of nanofiber is more complex. In the present paper we propose a simple model to estimate the deviation of the shape of the critical nucleus from the spherical one. It is shown, that the nucleus extends more in the direction of the axis of the nanofiber than in perpendicular direction, and the deviation from spherical shape is stronger in case of well wettable surfaces.
Investigations of mechanical behavior in gear pump using design of software
Authors: Raghunathan C. , Manoharan C.
Published: January 2015

This research study focused on the various aspects of tribological phenomenon using design of experiments approach, results are analyzed and compared to evaluate the gear performance. Though lot of research work had been carried out on the hydrodynamic gear under static loads, till date no one consider the parameter say stiffness, damping co-efficient, squeeze film effects and the pressure distribution at various crank angle under dynamic load conditions and its effects on inertia forces of gear pump. It covers sinusoidal load, journal speed, face width and mass flow rate with respect to variations in oil film thickness. Frictional test rig was used to measure the frictional force and oil film thickness at various crank angles for every three minutes at an interval of every 15 degree crank angle. The response surface methodology (RSM) analysis shows appreciable increases in respect of performances in mass flow rate, face width, speed and loading against the Taguchi design of experiment results whereas the film thickness is almost same in both RSM and Taguchi design of experiment results. Particular attention is given in this research exertion to learn how the variation in gear dimensions influences the characteristics of the hydrodynamic gear pump. Keywords: Hydrodynamic Gear Pump, Oil Film Thickness, Mathematical Modeling, Taghuchi and RSM, Eddycurrent Cap Sensor.
Large-amplitude dynamic analysis of heterogeneous thin membrane under different loads
Authors: Madani Tonekaboni Seyed Ali , Karimi Eskandary Peyman , Jahromi Sara
Published: January 2015

Large amplitude vibration of heterogeneous thin membrane is modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli constitutive law. The obtained nonlinear integro-differential equations are solved using finite difference method. Different results of the problem are illustrated for two different external concentrated loads applied on the middle of the membrane including stepwise and half period sinusoidal forces. The effects of time dependency of the applied loads are investigated. The solution is finally verified and it is concluded that the presented solution can be considered as promising method to obtain large amplitude vibration of thin heterogeneous membrane. Keywords: Large Amplitude Vibration; Thin Membrane; Finite Difference Method; Heterogeneity; Sinusoidal Force.
Productivity and costs modeling for tree harvesting operations using chainsaws in plantation forests, Tanzania
Authors: Silayo Dos Santos , Migunga George
Published: January 2015

With exemption of a few private forests, timber harvesting in most plantation forests in Tanzania is carried out by less skilled and less equipped crews. Newly recruited crews often learn from experienced ones which may not be doing it in the perfect way. Therefore estimation and projecting production and costs becomes a big problem to logging managers. This study was carried out to develop productivity and costs models for chainsaw operators in a learning experiment. The experiments were designed in clear felling operations. Three experiments were set where each crew category was studied using time study and work sampling techniques that involved studying crews before training, after training and after the break at an interval of three months. Descriptive statistics and modelling was performed for each crews performance. Specific crews productivity and costs models have been developed reflecting necessary and unnecessary delay times. Assessment of the production costs show that unit costs decreases with increasing productivity in each unit of measurement of the production rate. It is recommended that productivity and costs for two-man crosscut saw operators be studied and modelled since they are also the main cutting tools used in tree cutting in Tanzania. Keywords: Productivity, Cost, Timber Harvesting, Modelling, Chainsaw, Tanzania.
Studying the mechanical and electrical properties of epoxy with PVC and calcium carbonate filler
Authors: Abd Abeer
Published: January 2015

In the present research composite material was prepared from epoxy and PVC reinforced with calcium carbonate as a filler material with different percent weight ratios (0.6,1.2,1.8 and 2.4) g.The effect of different weight ratios of calcium carbonate particles and PVC different content on electrical permittivity , dielectrical loss constant, hardness ,young modulus and compression strength were studied. Electrical properties of these composites were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the bonds which enhanced the insulating properties of epoxy material compounded with filler and PVC. The inclusion of CaCO3  in epoxy and (PVC) polymer matrices greatly enhances the physical and mechanical properties of the composite.The experimental results also show that sample (5) compounded with 2.4 g of Calcium Carbonate has the minimum dielectric loss therefore it had the best insulating properties.  The compression strength, young modulus, hardness decrease with filler content increase and PVC compound decreased. The maximum electrical permittivity in sample (3) compounded with 1.2 g of calcium carbonate and 4.8 g of PVC. Cost also can be reduced by the addition of filler material.
Characterization of flow transport within pore spaces of an open-work gravel bed
Authors: Lakshmanan Susithra , Pender Gareth , Haynes Heather , Holmes William
Published: January 2015

Analysis of the flow dynamics within the near-bed and sub-surface regions of river bed sediment is critical in understanding fluid exchange and related chemical transfer/reactions. The knowledge in above is limited as these regions are difficult to measure using traditional instrumentation methods. In this paper, we tried the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique to non-invasively image flow dynamics of simulated river bed. We developed a bespoke MRI-compatible open-channel flume in order to acquire real-time flow images from within the MRI bore and used contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) as a tracer through an immobile, porous gravel bed. Single MR Image slices along the flume length were obtained for analysis. The flow tracer images from within the sediment bed are calibrated from the output data in order to provide fully quantitative maps of tracer concentration at regular time intervals. These white-box (i.e. data from within the porous bed) tracer profiles were evaluated with the CXTFIT computer package to estimate the transport parameters. The intention was both, to illustrate the appropriateness of MRI for flow-sediment research and to analyse the relationship between tracer dispersion and gravel framework structure. Keywords: Porous Gravel Bed, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tracer Transport, CXTFIT.
Continuity of care in Ghana: the promise of smart-med
Authors: Ogoe Henry , Agyapong Odame , Lutterodt Fredrick Troas
Published: January 2015

Individuals tend to receive medical care from different health care providers as they drift from one location to another. Oftentimes, multiple providers operate disparate systems of managing patients medical records. These disparate systems, which are unable to share and/or exchange information, have the propensity to create fragmentation of care, which poses a serious threat to the realization of continuity of care in the Ghanaian health care delivery. Continuity of care, which is the ability to seamlessly access, update, and manage patients medical information as they visit multiple providers, is a crucial component of quality of care in any health delivery system. The current system of managing patients records in Ghanapaper-basedmakes continuity of care difficult to actualize. To this end, we have developed a smartcard based personal health records system, SMART-MED, which can effectively promote continuity of care in Ghana. SMART-MED is platform-independent; it can run as standalone or configured to plug into any Java-based electronic medical record system. Results of a lab simulation test suggest that it can effectively promote continuity of care through improved data security, support interoperability for disparate systems, and seamless access and update of patients health records. Keywords: Continuity of Care, Fragmentation of Care, Interoperability, Personal Health Records, Smartcard.
Mechanical and metallurgical properties of DP 1000 steel square butt welded joints with GMAW
Authors: Rocha Ianto , Machado Ivan , Mazzaferro Cintia
Published: January 2015

In this work, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) was used to study the influence of heat input (i.e. cooling rate) on mechanical/metallurgical properties of square butt welded joints of DP 1000 sheets. The influence of filler metals of different strengths on the mechanical properties of joints was also tested. A significant decrease in hardness was observed in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) due to martensite tempering, in regions where peak temperature was close to isotherm AC1 (calculated in 735 oC for these steel); coincidently, fracture in every tensile test occurred in regions where martensite was tempered, even when a wire of less strength was used. It was noticed that the decrease in ultimate tensile and yield strength of base metal was inherent to welding. When minimum heat input was used, deterioration in mechanical properties was less pronounced, once degree of HAZ softening was smaller. Elongation of joints increased with increasing heat input.
The impact of the concepts of lean manufacturing on the strategies of the supply chain
Authors: Kazmane Jaouad , Chafi Anas , Tajri Ikram , En-nadi Abdelali
Published: January 2015

In a highly competitive environment, cost reduction and optimization of the supply chain are more than ever a strategic issue for companies. In this sense, lean manufacturing is a lever that allows the company to continuously reduce the time required for the transformation of raw materials into finished products, eliminating waste and with the aim to meet the growing and diverse needs of these customers.In this paper, it based on the latest studies in this field in order to highlight the relationship between supply chain and lean manufacturing at reducing costs, eliminating waste and non-value added. Then it highlights the impact of lean manufacturing on the reactivity of the supply chain through inventory reduction, cycle time and flow acceleration. Finally, it presents the role and expectations of the supplier in the context of the merger Lean Manufacturing and Supply Chain.This research has enabled to understand the impact of lean manufacturing concepts on supply chain strategies.
A Novel Catalyst Preparation Technique to Improve Performance of Ni/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in Partial Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Sharifnia Shahram , Karami Zohre
Published: January 2015

In this study, performance of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts which is prepared under the influence of magnetic field (MF) was investigated in partial oxidation of methane (POM) reaction to syngas. The results showed that the Ni based catalyst which was prepared by calcinations with the MF, as compared with ordinary calcinations, increased in CO selectivity and H2 yield. Based upon XRD and TEM characterization results, a catalyst that was prepared by calcinations with MF, the average size of particles decreased from 4–12 to 2–8 nm, showing the effect of MF in improved dispersion of Ni oxide catalysts. Also, the TGA characterization demonstrated enhanced anti-carbon deposit ability
Metal-Foam-Supported Pd/Al2O3 Catalysts for Catalytic Combustion of Methane: Effect of Interaction between Support and Catalyst
Authors: Yang Haobo , Li Jichao , Yu Hao , Peng Feng , Wang Hongjuan
Published: January 2015

Structured Pd/Al2O3 catalysts were fabricated by impregnating Pd onto Ni and Cu foams coated with Al2O3 layers. By testing the adhesion stability and catalytic activity in the combustion of methane, the superior performance of Ni-foam-supported Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was demonstrated, to its counterpart powder catalysts. The resultant structured catalysts enable the fabrication of lamellar microreactor systems. It is found that the metal foams influence the activity of catalyst layer, due to the diffusive penetration of metallic atoms into catalysts from metal foams. The Ni foam is beneficial for enhancing the activity of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, while the Cu foam plays a negative role. The investigation to the model powder catalysts doped with Ni and Cu verified the modification of Ni and Cu to the physicochemical properties of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, thereby the catalytic performances. Thus, it can be expected that the performance of structured catalysts may be improved by rationally designing and selecting proper supports.
Effect of Vacuum Soaking on the Properties of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Xiao Gongnian , Gong Jinyan , Ge Qing , You Yuru
Published: January 2015

The water absorption of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) during soaking is directly related to their textural characteristics and grinding properties during processing. In this study, we determined the effects of vacuum soaking on the absorption of water and salt solutions by soybeans. We also analyzed the textural characteristics and grinding properties of soybeans soaked under atmospheric and vacuum pressures (0.02–0.08 MPa) for 8 and 16 h. The results showed that vacuum soaking promoted the absorption of water and NaHCO3 solution. Vacuum soaking also decreased the hardness of soybeans. Soaking under vacuum significantly shortened the soaking time required for soybeans. Additionally, the protein content was higher in soymilk made from vacuum-soaked soybeans than in soymilk made from soybeans soaked under atmospheric pressure.
Foam-Mat Drying of Muskmelon
Authors: Sangamithra A. , Sivakumar V. , Kannan K. , John Swamy Gabriela
Published: January 2015

The Box–Behnken design of experiments under response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the foaming process for the development of foam mat-dried muskmelon powder. The independent variables were the concentration of egg albumen (EA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and whipping time (WT). The responses were foam density, foam drainage volume and foam expansion. The optimum conditions for foaming process were EA (11.59% w/w), CMC (0.59% w/w) and WT (3.97 min). The unfoamed muskmelon pulp took longer time to dry to the final moisture content of 2% d.b than foamed pulp. The effective diffusivity for the foamed muskmelon pulp was found to be higher than the unfoamed pulp. The unfoamed pulp resulted in a sticky and dark colored powder, whereas the foamed pulp had a free-flowing and light colored powder. The flaky and porous foam-dried product can be used as an ingredient in broad range of food products.
Formulation Development of Multilayered Fish Oil Emulsion by using Electrostatic Deposition of Charged Biopolymers
Authors: Jo Yeon-Ji , Chun Ji-Yeon , Kwon Yun-Joong , Min Sang-Gi , Choi Mi-Jung
Published: January 2015

Multilayered fish oil (FO) emulsions were manufactured by using the layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition method to improve the physical or oxidation stability. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil) was added into the emulsion system because it can mask fishy flavors and functions as an antioxidant. To develop the FO emulsion formulation, the composition of emulsifier and biopolymer for stable FO emulsions was determined by using the modified critical micelle concentration principle. In our study, the selected concentrations of coating materials were 1.25% Tween 20 (primary layer), 0.1% chitosan (secondary layer), and 0.2% low methoxyl pectin (tertiary layer). All FO emulsions were physically stable resulting in small particles below 300 nm with a narrow size distribution. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of multilayered FO emulsions decreased with decreasing number of membrane layers because FO was released from layered emulsions. However, trans-cinnamaldehyde had no antioxidant effect on FO emulsions. These data suggest that although cinnamon oil has no effect on the oxidation stability, the physical and oxidation stability of FO can be improved by using multilayered emulsions containing Tween 20, chitosan, and low methoxyl pectin.
Photochemically induced radical reactions with furanones
Authors: Oelgemöller Michael , Hoffmann Norbert
Published: January 2015

Radicals are easily generatedviahydrogen transfer form secondary alcohols or tertiary amines using photochemical sensitization with ketones. They can subsequently add to the electron deficient double bond of furanones. The addition of the alcohols is particularly efficient. Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize and to compare the efficiency of different photochemical continuous flow microreactors. A range of micro-structured reactors were tested and their performances evaluated. The enclosed microchip enabled high space-time-yields but its microscopic dimensions limited its productivity. In contrast, the open microcapillary model showed a greater potential for scale-up and reactor optimization. A 10-microcapillary reactor was therefore constructed and utilized for typical R&D applications. Compared to the corresponding batch processes, the microreactor systems gave faster conversions, improved product qualities and higher yields. Similar reactions have also been carried out with electronically excited furanones and other α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this case, hydrogen is transferred directly to the excited olefin. This reaction part may occur either in one step, i.e., electron and proton are transferred simultaneously, or it may occur in two steps, i.e., the electron is transferred first and the proton follows. In the first case, a C–C bond is formed in the α position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and in the second case this bond is formed in the β position. For the first reaction, the influence of stereochemical elements of the substrate on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction on the side chain has been studied.
Investigation of nucleation and growth phenomena during the thermal and light induced spin transition in the [Fe(1-bpp)2][BF4]2 complex
Authors: Rat Sylvain , Sánchez Costa José , Bedoui Salma , Nicolazzi William , Molnár Gábor , Salmon Lionel , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: January 2015

Optical microscopy measurements have been realized on single crystals of the [Fe(1-bpp)2][BF4]2 complex (1-bpp=2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine). The thermal spin transition around 253 K occurs by a heterogeneous nucleation and growth mechanism and involves a clear phase separation and a small hysteresis. This very abrupt and complete thermal transition is preceded by a premonitory spin conversion, which implies only a small fraction (ca. 2–3 %) of the molecules. This peculiar behavior may be the sign of heterophase fluctuations. The light-induced spin transition from the stable low spin (LS) to the metastable high spin (HS) phase was achieved at 80 K by focusing laser light into a small volume fraction of the crystal. Under continuous irradiation this photo-converted HS “nucleus” then grows and the whole crystal converts to the HS phase providing evidence for a light-induced instability in the system due to long-range elastic interactions. The relaxation of the light-induced metastable HS phase at 83 K follows a sigmoidal decay – typical of cooperative spin crossover systems. Nevertheless the spatial development of this relaxation process appears very homogeneous and no phase separation could be detected within the resolution of the optical microscope.
“Ya Basta?!” Ronald Reagan's 1966 Success with Mexican American Voters
Authors: Kopelson Gene
Published: January 2015

President Ronald Reagan often is remembered for his ability to attract disaffected Democrats—the “Reagan Democrats”—to vote Republican. Yet, long before his first Presidential victory in 1980, Reagan garnered their votes in the 1966 California gubernatorial election. In beating Republican primary opponent, former San Francisco Mayor George Christopher, as well as his general election opponent, incumbent Democrat Governor Pat Brown, he drew heavily from the ranks of disaffected Democrats. Perhaps more surprising, Reagan polled well among Mexican Americans, who were traditionally Democrats. Indeed Reagan would win by almost a million–vote margin, and this was accomplished in no small way by the help of Mexican American voters.
The Sunland Grizzly
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: January 2015

In 1916, Cornelius Birket Johnson, a Los Angeles fruit farmer, killed the last known grizzly bear in Southern California and the second-to last confirmed grizzly bear in the entire state of California. Johnson was neither a sportsman nor a glory hound; he simply hunted down the animal that had been trampling through his orchard for three nights in a row, feasting on his grape harvest and leaving big enough tracks to make him worry for the safety of his wife and two young daughters. That Johnson’s quarry was a grizzly bear made his pastoral life in Big Tujunga Canyon suddenly very complicated. It also precipitated a quagmire involving a violent Scottish taxidermist, a noted California zoologist, Los Angeles museum administrators, and the pioneering mammalogist and Smithsonian curator Clinton Hart Merriam. As Frank S. Daggett, the founding director of the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art, wrote in the midst of the controversy: “I do not recollect ever meeting a case where scientists, crooks, and laymen were so inextricably mingled.” The extermination of a species, it turned out, could bring out the worst in people.
A Tale of Two Waterfronts
Authors: Schwarzer Mitchell
Published: January 2015

As I will examine in this study of waterfront redevelopment at Jack London Square, the business plans, architectural/landscaping designs, and historic memorabilia drummed up by Oakland civic, business and port leaders, from 1951 through to the early twenty-first century, repeatedly changed their focus as a result of cross-bay rivalry. The two cities had long competed for businesses and residents, using city planning to improve their transportation infrastructure and, later, their tourist draw. From 1951 through the 1960s, themed restaurants in Jack London Square multiplied, and the Port of Oakland cobbled together seafaring artifacts and Jack London memorabilia. Starting in the 1970s, private businessmen and the Port took on grander retailing approaches that progressed from a woodsy maritime village to a shopping mall to an artisanal foods market. Each time, Jack London Square was made over in light of events across the bay: the 1960s conversion of brick warehouses and factories into the retailing/restaurant venues of Ghirardelli Square and the Cannery; the late 1970s construction of a vast shopping and entertainment complex on Pier 39; and the early 2000s redevelopment of the Ferry Building, closer to downtown San Francisco, into a locavore food emporium. Yet each time, Oakland’s attempts to compete with San Francisco fell short.
A Practical Approach to Classifying and Managing Feeding Difficulties
Authors: Kerzner Benny , Milano Kim , MacLean William C. , Berall Glenn , Stuart Sheela , Chatoor Irene
Published: January 2015

Many young children are thought by their parents to eat poorly. Although the majority of these children are mildly affected, a small percentage have a serious feeding disorder. Nevertheless, even mildly affected children whose anxious parents adopt inappropriate feeding practices may experience consequences. Therefore, pediatricians must take all parental concerns seriously and offer appropriate guidance. This requires a workable classification of feeding problems and a systematic approach. The classification and approach we describe incorporate more recent considerations by specialists, both medical and psychological. In our model, children are categorized under the 3 principal eating behaviors that concern parents: limited appetite, selective intake, and fear of feeding. Each category includes a range from normal (misperceived) to severe (behavioral and organic). The feeding styles of caregivers (responsive, controlling, indulgent, and neglectful) are also incorporated. The objective is to allow the physician to efficiently sort out the wide variety of conditions, categorize them for therapy, and where necessary refer to specialists in the field.
Partnering Health Disparities Research With Quality Improvement Science in Pediatrics
Authors: Lion K. Casey , Raphael Jean L.
Published: January 2015

Disparities in pediatric health care quality are well described in the literature, yet practical approaches to decreasing them remain elusive. Quality improvement (QI) approaches are appealing for addressing disparities because they offer a set of strategies by which to target modifiable aspects of care delivery and a method for tailoring or changing an intervention over time based on data monitoring. However, few examples in the literature exist of QI interventions successfully decreasing disparities, particularly in pediatrics, due to well-described challenges in developing, implementing, and studying QI with vulnerable populations or in underresourced settings. In addition, QI interventions aimed at improving quality overall may not improve disparities, and in some cases, may worsen them if there is greater uptake or effectiveness of the intervention among the population with better outcomes at baseline. In this article, the authors review some of the challenges faced by researchers and frontline clinicians seeking to use QI to address health disparities and propose an agenda for moving the field forward. Specifically, they propose that those designing and implementing disparities-focused QI interventions reconsider comparator groups, use more rigorous evaluation methods, carefully consider the evidence for particular interventions and the context in which they were developed, directly engage the social determinants of health, and leverage community resources to build collaborative networks and engage community members. Ultimately, new partnerships between communities, providers serving vulnerable populations, and QI researchers will be required for QI interventions to achieve their potential related to health care disparity reduction.
Advances in Anticancer Immunotoxin Therapy
Authors: Alewine Christine , Hassan Raffit , Pastan Ira
Published: January 2015

Immunotoxins are a novel class of antibody-conjugated therapeutics currently in clinical development for a variety of malignancies. They consist of an antibody-based targeting domain fused to a bacterial toxin payload for cell killing. Immunotoxins kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis, a unique mechanism of action that is toxic to both dividing and nondividing cells. Recent advances in the design and administration of immunotoxins are overcoming historical challenges in the field, leading to renewed interest in these therapeutics.
Release of data following a serious incident in the UK construction industry
Authors: Carpenter John
Published: January 2015

A fundamental part of the professional engineer’s duty is to keep abreast of contemporary information that is relevant to their particular area of work. In an industry where labour input (in its widest sense) predominates, despite all our software and sophisticated construction equipment, this is essential as scope for error is ever present. The nature of the construction industry is such that catastrophic failure, with the potential for multiple fatalities and other concerns, is a plausible scenario. Hence, in order for the forensic engineer to operate, and industry generally to learn from the misfortunes of others, the requisite data from serious incidents must be made available to the industry at large, comprehensively and timeously. As things stand in the UK, it is frequently not so available. This aim, namely to learn, is distinct from apportioning blame. This paper examines why this lack of data exists, touches on the practice in some other countries, and considers what might be done to alleviate the situation.
Evaluation of crushing stress at critical state of granulated coal ash in triaxial test
Authors: Wu Y. , Yoshimoto N. , Hyodo M. , Nakata Y.
Published: January 2015

A series of triaxial compression tests was performed on three types of granulated coal ash (GCA) to investigate their shear and crushing behaviour. The experimental results show that GCA displays different dilatancy characteristics to other natural granular materials due to excessive breakage even at low stresses. A simple constitutive model for crushable soils with the ability to predict the mechanical and deformation behaviour of GCA is introduced. This constitutive model uses a new strength parameter, the so-called reference crushing stress, which affects the evolution of the failure state curve. The mean stress when the peak stress ratio reduces to the critical state stress ratio and the mean stress when the peak friction angle reduces to the critical state friction angle were employed to determine the peak strength of GCA in combination with relative density and confining pressure. These three parameters, defined using the critical state concept within the framework of triaxial testing, are examined and their linear correlations are shown. It is also noted that the reference crushing stress strongly correlates with the single particle strength for a given type of GCA and, as such, has some specific mechanical meaning.
Accessibility and user needs: pedestrian mobility and urban design in the UK
Authors: Evans Graeme
Published: January 2015

It is over 18 years since the UK Disability Discrimination Act legislated for access in Britain's built environment and in transport services. A decade on, the Manual for Streets signalled a rebalancing of the hierarchy of movement towards the pedestrian, redressing the dominance of the car and transport engineer in ensuring effective flow of traffic. The notion of social inclusion in transport also brought into play wider consideration of how the built environment, fear of crime and other barriers conspire to restrict mobility and access to public transport. This paper critiques access in the UK's urban environment and to formal transport, including an assessment of design and planning guidance in the form of toolkits and models which have been developed in this period to assist transport and urban planners and designers in street and transport service provision. This will draw on a 6 year study of accessibility and user needs in transport with a focus on urban design and social inclusion. A street design audit approach will then be outlined, which responds to these access imperatives and seeks to join up the whole journey environment.
Using optimization methods to align food production and biodiversity conservation beyond land sharing and land sparing
Authors: Butsic Van , Kuemmerle Tobias
Published: January 2015

Aligning food production with biodiversity conservation is one of the greatest challenges of our time. One framing of this challenge is the land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing debate. Much empirical research has focused on identifying the relationship between agricultural yields and species populations, and using the relative number of species with particular relationships to inform landscape‐level management. We feel this is misguided, as such an approach does not guarantee the existence of every species of conservation concern. Here, we show that constrained optimization methods can be used to identify landscape‐level solutions which maximize agricultural yields and populations for any number of species. Our results suggest that the relative number of species with particular yield–density curves is not a good indicator as to how landscapes should be managed. Likewise, choosing between blanket sharing or sparing strategies leads to suboptimal outcomes at the landscape scale in many cases. Our framework makes maximum use of the rich information contained in yield–density curves to move beyond black‐and‐white choices and toward more nuanced, context‐specific solutions to aligning biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. Such optimal landscapes will likely have features of both sharing and sparing strategies.
Kinetic Modelling of the In-Situ Combustion Process for Athabasca Oil Sands
Authors: Guindon Leah
Published: January 2015

The objective of this study was to develop reaction-kinetics models that can be used to describe the reactions of hydrocarbon fractions at various temperature conditions during the in-situ combustion (ISC) of Athabasca bitumen. In this work, a set of improved kinetic models—including low-temperature-oxidation (LTO), middle-temperature-oxidation (MTO), and high-temperature-oxidation (HTO) reactions—based on saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions in the crude oil are established. These kinetic models are used to reproduce the ramped-temperature-oxidation (RTO) experimental results through numerical simulation.
Prevention of Acid-Induced Asphaltene Precipitation: A Comparison of Anionic Vs. Cationic Surfactants
Authors: O'Neil Bill , Maley Darren , Lalchan Chris
Published: January 2015

With the recent proliferation of horizontal drilling specifically targeting oil-bearing reservoirs, high-strength-acid-fracturing treatments in the Beaverhill Lake formation in northern Alberta have increased dramatically in both product volume and number of treatments. The Beaverhill Lake formation is a limestone/calcareous shale that produces a desirable mid- to high-API sweet crude oil. Although the crude oil typically has a low concentration of asphaltenes, the oil is sensitive to acid and/or iron-induced asphaltene precipitation. As the acid strength increases and ferric iron is dissolved into solution, it becomes increasingly difficult to chemically prevent the asphaltenes from precipitating. Acid blends designed to prevent asphaltene precipitation also tend to be emulsifying with the crude oil; therefore, a careful balance between antisludge additives and nonemulsifiers must be found. The objective of this study is to compare anionic and cationic antisludge agents, and to determine if there was an observable benefit in production when using a specific type of antisludge agent in the Beaverhill Lake formation.
Novel Pressure-Temperature BH Gauge for Hydraulic Fracturing Characterization… The key to Enhance Well Production in Complex Tight Reservoirs. Case Studies in Mexico
Authors: Gutierrez-Murillo G. , Reyes J.M. , Pena M. , Lopez-de-Cardenas J.E. , Maniere J.
Published: January 2015

Propped hydraulic fractures are key to producing tight reservoirs, and knowledge of fracture geometry is fundamental for a proper field development plan. To this end, hydraulic fracture propagation characterization in tight gas reservoirs, pioneered by Amoco during the 1980s, is obtained by combining a dynamic closure test, fracture height determination, and pumping net pressure behavior. The result provides an estimated propped fracture geometry that can then be compared with pressure or rate transient analysis to validate the effective propped geometry.

Although surface pressure is generally sufficient to establish bottomhole (BH) pressure decline behavior by correcting for a constant hydrostatic pressure, the inherent uncertainty of friction pressure of crosslinked gel in the tubular does not establish the correct pumping net pressure trend. BH sensor pressure recordings are operationally simple and inexpensive when a fracturing string is required and recovered after the operation (frac-pack operation, well with mechanical pump), but that is not the case with casing fracturing. To remediate this, a high-speed, high-accuracy, and miniaturized BH pressure and temperature sensor, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), was developed under a project funded by the Mexican Secretary of Energy and combined with an economical and practical way to deploy a BH sensor hung from a slickline or wireline cable thereby enabling pressure recording during the entire operation including, the main proppant fracturing (patent pending).

This paper presents the results and analysis of two case studies in Mexico where BH pressure and temperature were recorded with this novel sensor. Both jobs were conducted in vertical wells in tight sandstones. In the first field-test job, a post-fracture wellbore propped height determination using dipole sonic logs and radioactive tracer were used. In addition, the entire operation was monitored with microseismic monitoring. The results of these three measurements enabled validating the fracturing model for an increased confidence for field development. In the second field-test job, the BH gauges enabled visualization of the different events that occurred when proppant of different mesh sizes was used during the treatment, containing the fracture eliminating premature screenouts.

Only direct measurement of the fracture behavior net pressure and its associated dimension allow the proper calibration of fracturing models required to correctly predict and optimize propped fracture and thus reduce the cost of hydrocarbons produced.

This information is property of PEMEX; partial or total use is strictly prohibited without authorization.
Radikale hermeneutik. Zur geschichtlichkeit der philosophie als sache des verstehens
Authors: Luckner Andreas
Published: January 2015

Der Beitrag pr?ft die Frage nach der Verwiesenheit der Philosophie auf eigene
Geschichte und wendet sich der geschichtsphilosophischen Antinomie der sog.
teleologischen und historischen Sichtweisen. Beiden ist es gemeinsam, dass
sie eine vergegenst?ndlichende Vorstellung von Geschichte haben. Die
teleologische Sichtweise ist um die geschichtliche Kontinuit?t bem?ht und
tendiert dogmatisch dazu, die einzige Wahrheit des geschichtlichen Geschehens
zu sein. Die historische Position ist eine relativistische Sichtweise und ist
bestrebt, die geschichtlichen Besonderheiten hervorzuheben. Beide Positionen
schreiben dem Gegenstand ?Geschichte? blo? unterschiedliche Charakteristiken
zu. Hier wird die These vertreten, dass das Verstehen etwa einer
philosophischen Schrift als das Verstehen des offenen Kontextes, in dem ein
Interpretant steht, begriffen werden soll. Die Geschichte ist Produkt unserer
Welt, nicht umgekehrt. Der Situationismus der so verstandenen radikalen
Hermeneutik ist aber nicht relativistisch. Die Interpretationen haben ihre
G?ltigkeit, nur insofern sie die Situation des Interpreten betreffen, d. h.
insofern sie als Antworten auf bestimmte Fragen verstanden werden. Dem
entspricht am ehesten eine genealogische Betrachtungsweise, die sich f?r die
Herkunft der geschichtlichen Ph?nomene interessiert.
Ethik und Grenzen der narrativen hermeneutik des Selbst von Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Radinkovic Zeljko
Published: January 2015

Der Beitrag besch?ftigt sich mit dem Verh?ltnis von Hermeneutik und Ethik. Im
Fokus dieser Betrachtung steht die narrative Hermeneutik des Selbst von Paul
Ricoeur und ihr Versuch, mit Hilfe der Hermeneutik eine ethische Dimension
der Wiedereinschreibung der narrativen Rekonfiguration der Handlungswelt in
diese Handlungswelt selbst zu er?ffnen. Dabei wird auf die Grenzen eines
solchen Ansatzes hingewiesen, dies insbesondere im Hinblick auf die dabei
gemachten metaphysiklastigen Schritte in Richtung auf eine Position, die
hinter der existential- und fundamentalontologischen Fragestellung des von
Ricoeur kritisierten Heidegger zur?ckzufallen scheint. Daher wird hier erneut
auf Heidegger und seine Existenzialontologie zur?ckgegriffen, um sie im Zuge
einer narrativistischen Umdeutung (via der existenzialontologischen
Entsprechung der narrativen und existenzialen M?glichkeit) f?r die ethische
Fragestelleung zu ?ffnen.