bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proton transport mechanisms in aqueous acids: Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Zhu Zhenghao , Sokolov Alexei P. , Paddison Stephen J.
Published: October 2024

The solvation and transport of protons in aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid (PA), sulfuric acid (SA), and nitric acid (NA) were studied using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Systems with acid-to-water ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 were examined to understand the similarities and differences in transport mechanisms. The solvation structure of H3O+ in these systems is similar to that in slightly acidic water, with variations in the strength of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) accepted by acid molecules. In aqueous PA systems, strong H-bonds between PA molecules are slightly affected by water, leading to significantly greater H3O+ diffusion compared to aqueous SA and NA systems. This enhanced diffusion is attributed to the participation of PA molecules in H3O+ transport, where the PA molecule can shuttle a proton for H3O+, facilitating a large displacement via collective proton hopping. This shuttling mechanism is prominent in aqueous PA but rare in aqueous SA and absent in aqueous NA. Moreover, the decomposition of H3O+ diffusion into vehicular and structural components indicates that the higher diffusion in aqueous PA is primarily due to the structural mechanism with the aid of PA molecules. In the aqueous NA systems, the vehicular diffusion is dominant at low water contents and the increase in water content improves the structural diffusion by forming connected H-bonds within water molecules. Our findings elucidate the role of acid molecules in proton transport within their aqueous solutions, thereby advancing the fundamental understanding of proton transport mechanisms.
Photochromic YHO darkening: Local or non-local mechanism?
Authors: Hansen Per-Anders , Baba Elbruz Murat
Published: October 2024

Photochromic yttrium oxyhydride (YHO) shows a very attractive color-neutral darkening upon photoactivation. However, the exact defect or state responsible for the visible light absorption or the mechanism for its creation is not fully understood. This makes it challenging to optimize and modify the material. In this work, we have investigated the relationship between photon absorption and darkening profile into a YHO film. The extinction coefficient k(λ) is obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry, and the expected photon absorption profile is calculated. This is then compared to transmittance data during photodarkening by short-wavelength UV (254 nm). Our results show that the darkening is not homogeneous through the film, showing that photon absorption and darkening are positionally correlated, yet we show that the darkening stretches further into the film than the calculated photon absorption. A homogeneously darkened sample cannot always be assumed when assessing optical transmittance, absorbance, and ellipsometry data.
Surface weak ferromagnet coupling induced giant room-temperature spontaneous exchange bias in antiferromagnet Fe3BO6 polycrystals
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Cai Ling , He Xiong , Yang Fanli , Chen Jie , Yi Lizhi , Liu Min , Xu Yunli , Xia Zhengcai , Pan Liqing
Published: October 2024

The spontaneous exchange bias effect (SEB) has wide application prospects in information storage technologies. In this study, nanoscale raw materials were used to fabricate antiferromagnetic Fe3BO6 polycrystals. The obtained Fe3BO6 exhibited a large SEB effect, where the value of the spontaneous exchange bias field at room temperature was as large as ∼4234 Oe. The room-temperature training effect, temperature-dependence, and maximum field-dependence of the HSEB were investigated. We propose that this giant SEB originates from the exchange-coupling interactions between the weak ferromagnetic surface state and the bulk antiferromagnetic state. The theoretical analysis results were further verified by comparing the magnetic properties of the Fe3BO6 with relatively low crystallinity. The results of this investigation will help find promising candidate materials for devices based on the SEB effect.
Numerical simulation of electromagnetic-wave interference induced by ionization-front of millimeter-wave discharge at subcritical conditions and application to discharge structure identification
Authors: Suzuki S. , Takahashi M.
Published: October 2024

A standing wave induced in front of the ionization-front of a millimeter-wave discharge was numerically investigated to develop an interferometric discharge structure identification method. The time-varying waveform of the standing-wave intensity obtained at a distant observation point was smooth when a continuous comb-shaped structure was formed, whereas it was noisy with high-frequency components when a discrete structure was formed. The peak frequency of the Fourier spectrum of the time-varying waveform was proportional to the ionization-front propagation speed. The rapid time-variation of the waveform was caused by an increase in millimeter-wave absorption in a new plasma spot formation in the discrete structure. The results suggest that discharge structure identification, measurement of ionization-front propagation, and timing of plasma spot formation can be conducted experimentally without using a high-speed camera.
Local and nonlocal conditions for electron runaway in a gas gap with a conical cathode with a variable opening angle
Authors: Kozyrev A. V. , Lobanov L. N. , Mesyats G. A. , Semeniuk N. S. , Sharypov K. A. , Shunailov S. A. , Yalandin M. I. , Zubarev N. M. , Zubareva O. V.
Published: October 2024

The conditions for the generation of runaway electrons in an air gap are compared at different degrees of inhomogeneity of the electric field distribution provided by varying the opening angle of the conical cathode: in the range 40°–120° in experiments and 0°–180° in calculations. It is demonstrated that, in a weakly inhomogeneous electric field (according to the proposed classification, this corresponds to cones with angles greater than the Taylor angle of 98.6°), the runaway condition has a local character. The transition of free electrons into the runaway mode is determined by the local distribution of the electric field near their starting point—the tip of the cone. The local electric field strength must exceed a threshold value comparable to the strength critical for the runaway of electrons in a uniform field. In a strongly inhomogeneous field (cones with angles less than 98.6°), this condition is not sufficient for electrons to run away throughout the gap. Electrons accelerating in the near-cathode region may begin to slow down in a weak field at a distance from the cathode. In this case, the runaway condition becomes nonlocal. It is determined by the dynamics of electrons in the entire gap, primarily in the near-anode region, and reduces to the requirement that the potential difference applied to the gap exceeds a certain threshold value.
Grassmann time-evolving matrix product operators: An efficient numerical approach for fermionic path integral simulations
Authors: Xu Xiansong , Guo Chu , Chen Ruofan
Published: October 2024

Developing numerical exact solvers for open quantum systems is a challenging task due to the non-perturbative and non-Markovian nature when coupling to structured environments. The Feynman–Vernon influence functional approach is a powerful analytical tool to study the dynamics of open quantum systems. Numerical treatments of the influence functional including the quasi-adiabatic propagator technique and the tensor-network-based time-evolving matrix product operator method have proven to be efficient in studying open quantum systems with bosonic environments. However, the numerical implementation of the fermionic path integral suffers from the Grassmann algebra involved. In this work, we present a detailed introduction to the Grassmann time-evolving matrix product operator method for fermionic open quantum systems. In particular, we introduce the concepts of Grassmann tensor, signed matrix product operator, and Grassmann matrix product state to handle the Grassmann path integral. Using the single-orbital Anderson impurity model as an example, we review the numerical benchmarks for structured fermionic environments for real-time nonequilibrium dynamics, real-time and imaginary-time equilibration dynamics, and its application as an impurity solver. These benchmarks show that our method is a robust and promising numerical approach to study strong coupling physics and non-Markovian dynamics. It can also serve as an alternative impurity solver to study strongly correlated quantum matter with dynamical mean-field theory.
Molecular dynamics simulations of uranyl and plutonyl cations in a task-specific ionic liquid
Authors: Maerzke Katie A. , Goff George S. , Runde Wolfgang H. , Schneider William F. , Maginn Edward J.
Published: October 2024

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a unique class of solvents with potential applications in advanced separation technologies relevant to the nuclear industry. ILs are salts with low melting points and a wide range of tunable physical properties, such as viscosity, hydrophobiciy, conductivity, and liquidus range. ILs have negligible vapor pressure, are often non-flammable, and can have high thermal stability and a wide electrochemical window, making them attractive for use in separations processes relevant to the nuclear industry. Metal salts generally have a low solubility in ILs; however, by incorporating new functional groups into the IL cation or anion that promote complexation with the metal, the solubility can be greatly increased. One such task-specific ionic liquid (TSIL) is 1-carboxy-N, N, N-trimethylglycine bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf2N]) [Nockemann et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 20978–20992 (2006)]. Water, which is detrimental for electrochemical separations, is a common impurity in ILs and can coordinate with actinyl cations, particularly in ILs containing only weakly coordinating components. Understanding the behavior of actinides in TSIL/water mixtures on a molecular level is vital for designing improved separations processes. Classical molecular dynamics simulations of uranyl(VI) and plutonyl(VI) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][Tf2N]) with deprotonated Hbet (betaine) and water have been performed to understand the coordination and dynamics of the actinyl cations. We find that betaine is a much stronger ligand than water and prefers to coordinate the metal in a bidentate manner. Potential of mean force simulations yield a relative free energy for betaine coordination of approximately −120 to −90 kJ/mol in mixtures with water. As the amount of betaine coordinated to the actinide increases, the diffusion coefficient of the actinyl cation decreases. Moreover, the betaine ligand is able to bridge between two metal centers, resulting in dimeric complexes with actinide–actinide distances of ∼5 Å. Potential of mean force simulations show that these structures are stable, with relative free energies of up to −40 kJ/mol. The crystal structure for [(UO2)2(bet)6(H2O)2][Tf2N]4 shows that the betaine bridges between two uranium atoms to form dimeric complexes similar to those found in our simulations [Nockemann et al. Inorg. Chem. 49, 3351–33601 (2010)].
Electron acceleration by stochastic wave fields in a bounded plasma system
Authors: Zhu Rongbin , Guo Zhibin
Published: October 2024

We investigate the electron acceleration dynamics in spatially stochastic wave fields. For a bounded system, the spectra (frequency and wave number) of the stochastic wave fields are discrete so that they can form spatiotemporal “singular” structures once their phases are in synchronization. As a consequence, the electrons will experience significant scattering by these singular structures, which is an in-phase effect of an ensemble of non-resonant wave–particle interactions. In the presence of parallel symmetry breaking, it is found that the governing Fokker–Planck equation has a structure similar to that of the resonant wave–particle interaction but with a broader parameter regime in the velocity/energy space of the electron distribution function.
Lumped-element SNAIL parametric amplifier with two-pole matching network
Authors: Moskaleva D. , Smirnov N. , Moskalev D. , Ivanov A. , Matanin A. , Baklykov D. , Teleganov M. , Polozov V. , Echeistov V. , Malevannaya E. , Korobenko I. , Kuguk A. , Nikerov G. , Agafonova J. , Rodionov I.
Published: October 2024

Broadband impedance-matched Josephson parametric amplifiers are key components for high-fidelity single-shot multi-qubit readout. Nowadays, several types of impedance matched parametric amplifiers have been proposed: the first is an impedance-matched parametric amplifier based on a Klopfenstein taper, and the second is the impedance-matched parametric amplifier based on auxiliary resonators. Here, we present the quantum-limited 3-wave-mixing lumped-element SNAIL parametric amplifier with two-pole impedance matching transformer. A two-pole Chebyshev matching network with shunted resonators is based on parallel-plate capacitors and superconducting planar coil. Operating in a flux-pumped mode, we experimentally demonstrate an average gain of 15 dB across a 600 MHz bandwidth, along with an average saturation power of −107 dBm and quantum-limited noise temperature.
Cavity Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecules and materials via electric field response
Authors: Bonini John , Ahmadabadi Iman , Flick Johannes
Published: October 2024

We present an ab initio method for computing vibro-polariton and phonon-polariton spectra of molecules and solids coupled to the photon modes of optical cavities. We demonstrate that if interactions of cavity photon modes with both nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom are treated on the level of the cavity Born–Oppenheimer approximation, spectra can be expressed in terms of the matter response to electric fields and nuclear displacements, which are readily available in standard density functional perturbation theory implementations. In this framework, results over a range of cavity parameters can be obtained without the need for additional electronic structure calculations, enabling efficient calculations on a wide range of parameters. Furthermore, this approach enables results to be more readily interpreted in terms of the more familiar cavity-independent molecular electric field response properties, such as polarizability and Born effective charges, which enter into the vibro-polariton calculation. Using corresponding electric field response properties of bulk insulating systems, we are also able to obtain the Γ point phonon-polariton spectra of two dimensional (2D) insulators. Results for a selection of cavity-coupled molecular and 2D crystal systems are presented to demonstrate the method.
Experimental and simulation study of magnesium phosphate cement two-liquid grouting materials
Authors: Zhang Huasheng , Liu Yanyi , Zhang Mi , Zhang Qingsong , Pei Yan , Li Xianghui
Published: October 2024

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has a promising application in grouting. This study drew on the traditional cement-waterglass two-liquid grouting model. Creatively, the two main reaction components of MPC, dead-burned magnesium oxide and phosphate, were applied to the grouting field in a two-component liquid form. At the same time, through proportioning adjustment and experimental testing, we obtained A\B liquid components, which can be stabilized. In addition, MPC slurry was compared with the traditional grouting material, silicate cement slurry, to demonstrate its superiority. Finally, we simulated the grout diffusion process of the mixed slurry using the two-phase Darcy's law module of COMSOL Multiphysics subsurface fluids. The results show that the mixed slurry with a magnesium phosphate ratio of 1/3, a magnesium–boron ratio between 5% and 10%, and a water–cement ratio of 0.2–0.5 has better stability and mobility. Under the same fluidity, its strength is much higher than that of common silicate cement slurry and has good injectability. MPC was subjected to two-fluid grouting to take advantage of its fast-hardening and early-strengthening properties, while also improving its stability and fluidity. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the application of MPC.
Mitigation strategy of saline stress in Fragaria vesca using natural and synthetic brassinosteroids as biostimulants
Authors: Furio Ramiro N. , Fernández Ana C. , Albornoz Patricia L. , Yonny Melisa Evangelina , Toscano Adamo María Luisa , Ruiz Ana I. , Nazareno Mónica Azucena , Coll Yamilet , Díaz-Ricci Juan C. , Salazar Sergio M.
Published: October 2024

Bassinosteroids (BRs) can induce plant defence responses and promote plant growth. In this work, we evaluated the effect of a natural (EP24) and a synthetic (BB16) brassinosteroid on strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plants exposed to saline stress. Treated plants showed higher shoot dry weight and root growth compared to untreated control plants. In BR-treated plants, crown diameters increased 66% and 40%, leaf area 148% and 112%, relative water content in leaves 84% and 61%, and SPAD values 24% and 26%, in response to BB16 and EP24, respectively. A marked stomatal closure, increased leaflet lignification, and a decrease in cortex thickness, root diameter and stele radius were also observed in treated plants. Treatments also reduces stress-induced damage, as plants showed a 34% decrease in malondialdehyde content and a lower proline content compared to control plants. A 22% and 15% increase in ascorbate peroxidase and total phenolic compound activities was observed in response to BB16, and a 24% increase in total flavonoid compound in response to both BRs, under stress conditions. These results allow us to propose the use of BRs as an environmentally safe crop management strategy to overcome salinity situations that severely affect crop yield.
Multiomics profiling of mouse polycystic kidney disease progression at a single-cell resolution
Authors: Muto Yoshiharu , Yoshimura Yasuhiro , Wu Haojia , Chang-Panesso Monica , Ledru Nicolas , Woodward Owen M. , Outeda Patricia , Cheng Tao , Mahjoub Moe R. , Watnick Terry J. , Humphreys Benjamin D.
Published: October 2024

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease and causes significant morbidity, ultimately leading to kidney failure. PKD pathogenesis is characterized by complex and dynamic alterations in multiple cell types during disease progression, hampering a deeper understanding of disease mechanism and the development of therapeutic approaches. Here, we generate a single-nucleus multimodal atlas of an orthologous mouse PKD model at early, mid, and late timepoints, consisting of 125,434 single-nucleus transcriptomic and epigenetic multiomes. We catalog differentially expressed genes and activated epigenetic regions in each cell type during PKD progression, characterizing cell-type-specific responses to
Pkd1
deletion. We describe heterogeneous, atypical collecting duct cells as well as proximal tubular cells that constitute cyst epithelia in PKD. The transcriptional regulation of the cyst lining cell marker GPRC5A is conserved between mouse and human PKD cystic epithelia, suggesting shared gene regulatory pathways. Our single-nucleus multiomic analysis of mouse PKD provides a foundation to understand the earliest changes molecular deregulation in a mouse model of PKD at a single-cell resolution.
Soft elasticity enabled adhesion enhancement of liquid crystal elastomers on rough surfaces
Authors: Annapooranan Raja , Yeerella Ram Hemanth , Chambers Robert J. , Li Chenghai , Cai Shengqiang
Published: October 2024

The fabrication of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) using liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) that are tolerant to substrate roughness is explored in this work. Traditional soft adhesives are designed by maintaining a balance between their cohesive strength and compliance. However, rough surfaces can significantly affect the adhesion strength of PSAs. Lowering the stiffness of the adhesive by reducing the cross-linking density or using additives can improve contact on rough surfaces. But this also decreases the cohesive strength and affects the overall performance of the adhesive. Additive-free LCE-based adhesives are shown to overcome these challenges due to their unique properties. Soft elasticity of LCE and low cross-link density contribute to their high compliance, while moderate cross-linking provides finite strength. The effect of contact time and substrate roughness on the adhesive performance is evaluated using probe-tack, indentation, lap shear, and static loading experiments. The unique combination of properties offered by LCE can lead to the development of roughness-tolerant adhesives, thereby broadening the application scope of PSAs.
Estimating the lives that could be saved by expanded access to weight-loss drugs
Authors: Pandey Abhishek , Ye Yang , Wells Chad R. , Singer Burton H. , Galvani Alison P.
Published: October 2024

Obesity is a major public health crisis in the United States (US) affecting 42% of the population, exacerbating a spectrum of other diseases and contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality overall. Recent advances in pharmaceutical interventions, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide, liraglutide) and dual gastric inhibitory polypeptide and GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., tirzepatide), have shown remarkable efficacy in weight-loss. However, limited access to these medications due to high costs and insurance coverage issues restricts their utility in mitigating the obesity epidemic. We quantify the annual mortality burden directly attributable to limited access to these medications in the US. By integrating hazard ratios of mortality across body mass index categories with current obesity prevalence data, combined with healthcare access, willingness to take the medication, and observed adherence to and efficacy of the medications, we estimate the impact of making these medications accessible to all those eligible. Specifically, we project that with expanded access, over 42,000 deaths could be averted annually, including more than 11,000 deaths among people with type 2 diabetes. These findings underscore the urgent need to address barriers to access and highlight the transformative public health impact that could be achieved by expanding access to these novel treatments.
The journey metaphor in Huawei mobile phone commercials
Authors: Jia Zhangjingwen
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the creative use of the structural, embodied journey metaphor within the genre of
video advertising using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Conducting a qualitative analysis of eight Huawei mobile phone
commercials, I examine how multimodal resources — visual, verbal and written language, as well as music and sound — are
orchestrated to construct and communicate the metaphorical narrative of using a Huawei mobile phone in terms of a journey. The
analysis reveals a heavy reliance on visual elements, supported by the strategic use of sound and music, to create metaphors that
communicate progress and exploration — themes central to the journey concept. This paper shows how the journey
metaphor in audio-visual advertising diverges from its purely verbal varieties by drawing on medium-specific capabilities such as
time and space compression, and on hyperbole. It is argued that the journey metaphor’s embodied nature and its potency in
aligning the mobile phone with consumer aspirations contribute to the universal appeal and understanding of the commercials.
Rapid turnover of CTLA4 is associated with a complex architecture of reversible ubiquitylation
Authors: Tey Pei Yee , Dufner Almut , Knobeloch Klaus-Peter , Pruneda Jonathan N. , Clague Michael J. , Urbé Sylvie
Published: October 2024

The immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 is an unusually short-lived membrane protein. Here, we show that its lysosomal degradation is dependent on ubiquitylation at lysine residues 203 and 213. Inhibition of the v-ATPase partially restores CTLA4 levels following cycloheximide treatment, but also reveals a fraction that is secreted in exosomes. The endosomal deubiquitylase, USP8, interacts with CTLA4, and its loss enhances CTLA4 ubiquitylation in cancer cells, mouse CD4+ T cells, and cancer cell–derived exosomes. Depletion of the USP8 adapter protein, HD-PTP, but not ESCRT-0 recapitulates this cellular phenotype but shows distinct properties vis-à-vis exosome incorporation. Re-expression of wild-type USP8, but neither a catalytically inactive nor a localization-compromised ΔMIT domain mutant can rescue delayed degradation of CTLA4 or counteract its accumulation in clustered endosomes. UbiCRest analysis of CTLA4-associated ubiquitin chain linkages identifies a complex mixture of conventional Lys63- and more unusual Lys27- and Lys29-linked polyubiquitin chains that may underly the rapidity of protein turnover.
Schrödinger connections: from mathematical foundations towards Yano–Schrödinger cosmology
Authors: Csillag Lehel , Agashe Anish , Iosifidis Damianos
Published: October 2024

Schrödinger connections are a special class of affine connections, which despite being metric incompatible, preserve length of vectors under autoparallel transport. In the present paper, we introduce a novel coordinate-free formulation of Schrödinger connections. After recasting their basic properties in the language of differential geometry, we show that Schrödinger connections can be realized through torsion, non-metricity, or both. We then calculate the curvature tensors of Yano–Schrödinger geometry and present the first explicit example of a non-static Einstein manifold with torsion. We generalize the Raychaudhuri and Sachs equations to the Schrödinger geometry. The length-preserving property of these connections enables us to construct a Lagrangian formulation of the Sachs equation. We also obtain an equation for cosmological distances. After this geometric analysis, we build gravitational theories based on Yano–Schrödinger geometry, using both a metric and a metric-affine approach. For the latter, we introduce a novel cosmological hyperfluid that will source the Schrödinger geometry. Finally, we construct simple cosmological models within these theories and compare our results with observational data as well as the ΛCDM model.
Novel sparse auto-encoder framework with pseudo-labeled reinforcement for cross domain fault diagnosis with imbalanced samples
Authors: Zhang Faye , Liu Fuzheng , Liu Minghui , Zhang Yilan , Jiang Mingshun , Sui Qingmei
Published: October 2024

By applying diagnostic expertise from one area to another that is closely related, transfer fault diagnosis is an efficient strategy for guaranteeing the secure and dependable operation of mechanical equipment. However, the majority of rotating machinery monitoring data are gathered in industrial applications under normal operating settings, which leads to an imbalance between positive and negative samples. Consequently, performing high-precision fault diagnosis with imbalanced data and different working conditions becomes challenging due to the escalating difficulty and cost of acquiring labeled fault samples. For cross domain fault diagnosis, an enhanced deep transfer sparse auto-encoder (SAE) framework is provided. This approach leverages a SAE to delve deeper into fault features within imbalanced data and reconstruct the samples accordingly. Furthermore, the research proposes a feature domain penalty term to facilitate cross-domain training by aligning the distribution of the source and target domain data which can reduce data distribution deviation. A pseudo-labeled reinforcement training method is presented to further improve cross-domain classification accuracy with imbalanced samples. Extensive experiments were conducted on two datasets to assess the proposed method. The results were compared with other algorithms, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.
Estimating the GPS time-varying differential code bias between C1 and P1 observations to provide a model product
Authors: Li Haojun , Xiao Jingxin , Li Xiaoming
Published: October 2024

Based on the time-varying characteristics of GPS satellite differential code biases (DCB) between C1 and P1 observations, a method for directly estimating its model coefficients is proposed to streamline processing and enhance product accuracy. Evaluation over three days compares estimated DCB (C1–P1) values and assesses real-time service capabilities in single point positioning (SPP). Three-day DCB (C1–P1) estimates match single-epoch time-varying DCB (C1–P1) series fitting accuracy. SPP results show significant improvement over Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), reducing average root mean square error in three dimensions by 12 cm and by 4 cm compared to Chinese Academy of Sciences. Real-time DCB (C1–P1) service maintains stable and accurate performance, comparable to fitted values of single-epoch time-varying series. Real-time SPP application shows the method enhances positioning accuracy compared to CODE by up to 35%, confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model estimation method.
Infrared target detection algorithm based on multipath coordinate attention mechanism
Authors: Da Mei , Jiang Lin , Tao YouFeng , Zhang Zhijian
Published: October 2024

The current generation of infrared target detection algorithms frequently exhibits a high degree of dependency on parameter configurations within complex operational environments. This often results in a reduction in detection accuracy, an increase in the number of model parameters, and a slowing of the detection process. To address these limitations, a new algorithm, CGhostNet-Attention-YOLO (CAY), is proposed in this paper. Firstly, we designed a lightweight backbone network, CGhostNet, with the objective of improving feature extraction efficiency, thereby enabling accurate and real-time feature extraction. Furthermore, we proposed a multipath coordinate attention mechanism, which incorporates both channel and positional information, thereby facilitating enhanced context awareness and the comprehension of relationships between different positions. This effectively enhances the model’s ability to comprehend the overall meaning and addresses the issue of missed detections in infrared targets, significantly improving detection accuracy. Moreover, we employed the Inner-SIoU loss function to accelerate model convergence, reduce loss, and enhance the robustness of the model. Finally, comparative experiments were conducted on our dataset (IFD) as well as publicly available datasets, including FLIR, Pascal VOC, and NEU-DET. The results demonstrate that the CAY algorithm achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 81.3% on the IFD dataset, 86.1% on the FLIR dataset, 79.2% on the Pascal VOC dataset, and 79.9% on the NEU-DET dataset, with a 27% reduction in the number of parameters. These findings validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Research on faults diagnosis of dynamic balance in scroll compressor based on CWT-MViTV2
Authors: Xingshen Dong , Lin Lu , Haisheng Li , Jun Bao , Yinghua Chen , Xun Zhang , Wenyu Miao
Published: October 2024

The dynamic balancing of rotor systems is a critical factor affecting the vibration of scroll compressors. Traditionally, the detection and correction of rotor dynamic balancing systems have relied on time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of vibration signals, as well as validation using rotor dynamic balancing test platforms. This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis method for the dynamic balancing of scroll compressor rotor systems. This method acquires the time-domain vibration signals of the scroll compressor through online detection experiments. These signals are then transformed into time-frequency maps using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). By integrating the MViTV2 neural network, this approach enables effective identification of dynamic balancing fault types without requiring disassembly or shutdown of the machine. The fault types, corresponding to the offset of the balancing weight’s centroid, will provide direct data support for subsequent validation work. This study compares various neural network models combined with time-frequency maps and demonstrates that the proposed model achieves the highest accuracy of 99.749% compared to other models, and the method’s generalizability is validated in the public dataset. Furthermore, the proposed model maintains a high accuracy of 94.872% in high-noise environments. After improvement, the accuracy of the model has been increased to 95.641%, the training time and the diagnosis time has been reduced to 0.240 iter/s and 0.0277 s.
High-temperature furnace for in situ GISAXS studies
Authors: da Silva Costa Daniel , Meredyk Vinicius , Zanoni Julia , Junior Ari Ribeiro , Martynetz Igor Tauscher , Kellermann Guinther
Published: October 2024

A high-temperature furnace was constructed to perform in situ grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) experiments at high temperatures for isothermal studies. The furnace consists of two interconnected chambers: (i) a main chamber housing the heating elements, where the sample is inserted during GISAXS measurements, and (ii) a pre-chamber where the sample is maintained near room temperature until the temperature in the main chamber reaches the pre-selected value. The two-chamber design allows a rapid increase of the sample temperature and avoids the sample overheating, conditions desirable for studies of the formation and growth of nanoparticles under isothermal annealing. In a practical application, the furnace was used to investigate the kinetics of the formation of NiSi2 silicide nanocrystals endotaxially grown in Si(001) wafers. This experiment allowed us to gain insights into the growth process and evaluate the performance of the furnace for in situ GISAXS studies. The high-temperature furnace provides a robust tool for studying the effect of annealing temperature on the kinetics of the growth of nanoparticles in thermally activated processes with special advantages in studies in which isothermal conditions are required.
Intelligent road surface state recognition method based on multi-layer attention residual network
Authors: Qin Wu , Liao Xundong , Han Pengfei , Pan Jiachen , Liu Feifei , Cheng Xianfu , Liu Haisen , Chen Zhuyun
Published: October 2024

Data-driven road surface state recognition enhances the efficiency and accuracy of road management, contributing to increased safety and reliability in road traffic. However, traditional machine learning and deep learning-based road surface state recognition typically rely on extensive data for model training, making it challenging to adapt to complex tasks in diverse scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a Multi-layer Attention Residual Network (MARN)-based intelligent road surface state recognition method. First, a Residual Convolutional Neural Network (ResNet) is constructed as the backbone model of MARN to mitigate the gradient vanishing problem, allowing the network to extract deeper features. Subsequently, an adaptive multi-layer attention mechanism is introduced in each convolutional layer, enabling adaptive weighting of each feature channel in the dataset to enhance the model’s focus on different features for better feature extraction. Furthermore, a cosine annealing learning rate adjuster is designed to improve the accuracy, robustness, and convergence during the model training process. Finally, the proposed MARN is validated using an image dataset containing six different road surface states. Comparative studies are conducted on the recognition accuracy of the proposed MARN, original ResNet, Visual Geometry Group network (VGG16), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The impact of different batch sizes on the convergence speed of road surface state recognition under MARN is also analyzed. Results demonstrate that MARN achieves a training set accuracy of over 95%, surpassing VGG16 and CNN with accuracies below 85%. Compared to ResNet, MARN exhibits a 1.3% higher training set accuracy and a 0.25 lower validation set loss, showcasing superior accuracy and robustness in road surface state recognition.
Tool wear prediction based on K-means and Adaboost auto-encoder
Authors: Shen Lihua , Fan He , Lu Weiguo , Li Qiang
Published: October 2024

A new tool wear prediction model is proposed to address the tool wear issue, aimed at monitoring tool wear based on specific task requirements and guiding tool replacement during actual cutting operations. In the data preprocessing phase, tool wear states are classified using unsupervised K-means clustering. The time, frequency, and time-frequency domain features are then labeled and fused using an autoencoder (AE) neural network applied to the original set of signal features from the tool. For tool wear prediction, an enhanced AE neural network leveraging AdaBoost is employed to establish the prediction model. The reconstruction error serves as the chosen loss function to assess the AE’s performance, taking into account data correlation and the inherent lossy nature of the AE. Experimental results from real machining data obtained from a CNC milling machine demonstrate that the proposed model achieves higher prediction accuracy while reducing data dimensions.
Preparation and identification of a fluorescent probe with CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots and CD44v6 specific peptide for gastric cancer imaging
Authors: Zhang Dan , Wang Hao , Chen Chunyang , Lu Guifang , Yin Yan , Ren Mudan , Huang Jin
Published: October 2024

Since the sensitivity and accuracy of traditional detection for early gastric cancer diagnosis are still insufficient, it is significant to continuously optimize the optical molecular imaging detection technology based on an endoscopic platform. The signal intensity and stability of traditional chemical fluorescent dyes are low, which hinders the clinical application of molecular imaging detection technology. This work developed a probe based on perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) and peptide ligands. By utilizing CsPbBr3 perovskite PQDs modified by azithromycin (AZI), combined with the specific polypeptide ligand of CD44v6, a gastric cancer biomarker, the perovskite-based probe (AZI-PQDs probe) which can specifically identify gastric cancer tumor was prepared. Owing to the high photoluminescence quantum yield of CsPbBr3 PQDs, the naked eye can observe the imaging under the excitation of the hand-held ultraviolet light source. AZI-PQDs probe can accurately identify gastric cancer cells, tissues, and xenograft models with experiments of ex vivo and in vivo fluorescence imaging detection. It also exhibited low toxicity and immunogenicity, indicating the safety of the probe. This work provides a probe combined with cancer specificity and a reliable fluorescent signal that has the potential for application in gastric cancer optical molecular imaging.
Coherent NiS2@SnS2 nanosheet for accelerating electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia
Authors: Zhao Jinxiu , Li Kai , Xu Jingyi , Ren Xiang , Shi Liyi
Published: October 2024

The development of an effective and selective catalyst is the key to improving the multi-electron transfer nitrate reduction reaction (NO3
–RR) to ammonia. Here, we synthesized a coherent NiS2@SnS2 nanosheet catalyst loaded on carbon cloth via one-step solvothermal method. Experimental data reveals that the integration of NiS2 and SnS2 can enhance the NO3
–RR performance in terms of high NH3 yield rate of 408.2 μg h−1 cm−2 and Faradaic efficiency of 89.61%, as well as satisfying cycling and long-time stability.
On the trapped magnetic moment in type-II superconductors
Authors: Prozorov Ruslan
Published: October 2024

Measurements of the trapped (remanent) magnetic moment,

M

trap

(
H
)

, when a small magnetic field H is turned off after cooling below the superconducting transition temperature, Tc
, or ramping a magnetic field up and down after cooling in a zero magnetic field, offer substantial advantages in difficult cases of small samples and large field-dependent backgrounds, which is relevant for hydrogen-based ultra-high-T

c
superconductors (UHTS). Until recently, there was no need for a separate paper on the trapped magnetic flux for well-known critical-state models due to the simplicity of the physics involved. However, recent publications showed the need for such an analysis. This note summarizes the expectations for the Bean model with constant critical current density and the Kim model with field-dependent critical currents. It is shown that if the trapped moment is fitted to the power law,

M

trap

∝

H

α

, the fixed exponent α = 2 is exact for the Bean model, while Kim models show a wide interval of possible values,

2
⩽
α
⩽
4

. Furthermore, accounting for reversible magnetization expands the range of possible exponents to

1
⩽
α
⩽
4

. In addition, demagnetizing factors are essential and make the trapped moment orientation dependent even in isotropic materials. As a concrete application, it is shown that flux trapping experiments performed on H3S UHTS compounds can be well described using this generalized approach, lending further support to the type-II superconducting nature of H3S under ultra-high pressure.
Two particles in one-dimensional confinement: the role of mass imbalance and Pauli's exclusion principle within short and long range interactions
Authors: Vieira Daniel
Published: October 2024

We consider the problem of two interacting particles in one-dimensional harmonic confinement. By considering both particles are subject to the same harmonic curvature, we obtain exact numerical solutions in a straightforward way for any choice of interaction potential. The formulation is then applied in the situations of (i) non-identical particles with different masses m
1 and m
2; (ii) bosons and fermions; (iii) short and long range interactions; and (iv) combining all these ingredients within a time-dependent applied electric field. We analyze the role of the mass imbalance and Pauli's exclusion principle by investigating the formation of bound pairs, the expected value of the separation between the particles and the effects of interaction and exclusion principle on the density distributions.
High temperature thermoelectric properties of BaxSr2−xFeCoO6 double perovskites
Authors: Bhattacharya Tathagata , Maiti Tanmoy
Published: October 2024

In this study, environmentally benign BaxSr2-xFeCoO6 (BSFC) double perovskites are synthesized via solid-state reaction route for high-temperature thermoelectric applications. The crystal structure and morphology of the ceramic samples are analyzed using XRD and SEM, respectively. Rietveld refinement of XRD data confirms a cubic structure with Pm3̅m space-group. High-temperature thermoelectric measurements exhibits that substituting Ba for Sr in Sr2FeCoO6 increases the Seebeck coefficient (S) but at the expense of the electrical conductivity (σ). The highest Seebeck coefficient of 117 μV/K has been observed in Ba0.5Sr1.5FeCoO6 at 910 K. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity measurements indicates a semiconductor-to-metal like transition in all samples, with BSFC (x = 0.1) achieving the highest conductivity of 4 × 104 S m−1 at ∼623 K. The thermoelectric power factor has been enhanced by over 50% with Ba substitution in Sr2FeCoO6. Electron transport in these double perovskites is found to follow the small polaron hopping conduction mechanism.
Chromo-natural inflation supported by enhanced friction from Horndeski gravity
Authors: Murata Tomoaki , Kobayashi Tsutomu
Published: October 2024

We study the extension of the chromo-natural inflation model by incorporating nonminimal coupling between the axion field and gravity. Nonminimal coupling is introduced so that it enhances friction in the axion's equation of motion and thus supports slow-roll inflation. This enhanced friction effectively delays the activation of the gauge field, thereby preventing the overproduction of gravitational waves in the CMB scale. We extend previous results by describing the nonminimal coupling in a general and unifying way utilizing Horndeski gravity. This allows us to explore systematically and comprehensively possible enhanced friction models of chromo-natural inflation consistent with observations. We find a novel enhanced friction model that shows better agreement (within 1σ) with CMB measurements than the previous nonminimally coupled chromo-natural inflation model. The gravitational-wave spectrum starts to rise at some wavenumber due to retarded activation of the gauge field in the late stage of inflation. We show how one can identify the wavenumber at which this occurs based on the background evolution and present a universal analytic formula for the gravitational-wave spectrum that can be used for any enhanced friction model of chromo-natural inflation.
Measurement of scintillation from proportional electron multiplication in liquid xenon using a needle
Authors: Knights P. , Sekiya H. , Katsioulas I. , Nikolopoulos K. , Kanzawa K. , Giomataris I.
Published: October 2024

Charge amplification in liquids could provide single-phase
xenon time projection chambers with background discrimination and
fiducialisation capabilities similar to those found in dual-phase
detectors. Although efforts to achieve the high electric field
required for charge amplification and proportional scintillation in
liquid xenon have been previously reported, their application to
large-scale detectors remains elusive. This work presents a new
approach to this challenge, where — instead of the thin-wire
approach of previous studies — a needle-like high-voltage
electrode is employed to demonstrate proportional charge
amplification and secondary scintillation production in liquid
xenon. This is an important milestone towards the development of an
electrode structure that could be utilised in a large-scale,
single-phase time projection chamber with dual read-out.
Development of a large NaI(Tl) detection system
Authors: Tang Mengjiao , Zhang Lianjun , He Gaokui , Zhao Jiangbin , Liu Yang , Wang Chao , Que Ziang
Published: October 2024

A large NaI(Tl) detection system was developed to address
the increasing demand for high detection efficiency and high energy
resolution detectors across various applications. Through Geant4
simulation and experimental research, critical characteristics of
the detector prototype were examined, encompassing energy response,
energy nonlinearity, and energy resolution. Given the substantial
impact of variations in Tl concentration and the complex process of
photon propagation on the detection performance of large NaI(Tl)
crystals, the detection efficiency and energy resolution with the
radioactive source placed at different incident spots were studied
to evaluate its spatial response uniformity. The results demonstrate
that the detector's energy response range spans from 50 keV to
3 MeV with an energy nonlinearity of 1.5%. The developed large
NaI(Tl) detection system achieved an overall energy resolution of
7.93%, along with excellent uniformity in its resolution and
detection efficiency, satisfying the application requirements for
large dimensions and high detection efficiency.