bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Historical Oppression Scale: Preliminary conceptualization and measurement of historical oppression among Indigenous peoples of the United States
Authors: McKinley Catherine E , Boel-Studt Shamra , Renner Lynette M , Figley Charles R , Billiot Shanondora , Theall Katherine P
Published: March 2020

Indigenous peoples of the United States are distinct from other ethnic minorities because they have experienced colonization as the original inhabitants. Social and health disparities are connected to a context of historical oppression—the chronic, pervasive, and intergenerational experiences of oppression that, over time, may be normalized, imposed, and internalized into the daily lives of many Indigenous peoples (including individuals, families, and communities). As part of the critical Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence (FHORT), in this article, we introduce the Historical Oppression Scale (HOS), a scale assessing internalized and externalized oppression. Our study reports on survey data ( N = 127) from a larger convergent mixed-methodology study with scale items derived from thematic analysis of qualitative data ( N = 436), which informed the resultant 10-item scale. After six cases were removed from the 127 participants who participated in the quantitative component to the study due to missing data across two tribes, the sample size for analysis was 121. Confirmatory factor analysis testing of the hypothesized unidimensional construct indicated acceptable model fit ( X2 = 58.10, [Formula: see text] 1.94, CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .088, 90% CI = .05, .12). Reliability of the 10-item scale was excellent (α = .97) and convergent and discriminant validity were established. The HOS explicates complex associations between historical oppression and health and social disparities and may be an important clinical and research tool in an understudied area.
An event-based model for studying network time empirically in digital media systems
Authors: Pond Philip
Published: March 2020

In this article, I will attempt to engage critically with the concept of network time, which scholars have used to describe emergent, super-fast temporal experiences associated with digital media environments. I argue that critical reflection is necessary because, while network time has received significant attention as a time theory within the social sciences, there remains some uncertainty around its physical and phenomenological origins. I discuss some attempts to observe and ‘measure’ network time empirically, which I think raise a couple of important questions about its conceptual and material status. Through this discussion, I develop a reductionist model of time as interactive system assemblage and explain how the variable experiences of network time can be understood as a function of perspective. I then apply the principles of this model to a description of temporality on Twitter.
Combination of damage feature decisions with adaptive boosting for improving the detection performance of a structural health monitoring framework: Validation on an operating wind turbine
Authors: Tsiapoki Stavroula , Bahrami Omid , Häckell Moritz W , Lynch Jerome P , Rolfes Raimund
Published: March 2020

This article proposes the deployment of adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) for combining damage feature decisions and improving the detection accuracy of structural health monitoring algorithms. In structural health monitoring applications, damage-sensitive features are combined with classifiers to define decision boundaries and provide information about the structural state. Boosting algorithms combine multiple classifiers aiming at the improvement of their performance. In this study, AdaBoost is deployed on the realizations of a modular structural health monitoring framework, which consists of three tiers: data normalization based on environmental and operational conditions; extraction of damage features, also referred to as condition parameters; and hypothesis testing. Each condition parameter–hypothesis testing pair composes a classifier which is used in AdaBoost as a weak classifier. The integration of AdaBoost with the structural health monitoring framework is validated using experimental data of a 3-kW wind turbine located at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and data generated from a mechanical model of the same structure. The AdaBoost classifier is evaluated with respect to the error rate as well as the true positive and false positive rates, which are typically used in receiver operating characteristic curves. The AdaBoost classifier outperforms the framework classifiers in many cases, improving drastically the detection performance. However, it is shown that the boosting performance depends on the relative location of the condition parameter values on the condition parameter space. The overlaps between the condition parameter values to be combined are quantified using the Bhattacharyya coefficient, which provides a metric for assessing the boosting potential. Finally, omitting condition parameter values corresponding to specific environmental and operational conditions from the boosting process is proposed for obtaining optimum boosting results.
Textile-based thermoelectric generator fabricated from carbon fibers
Authors: Hardianto Hardianto , Mey Gilbert De , Malengier Benny , Langenhove Lieva Van
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a textile-based thermoelectric generator (T-TEG) with 105-pair thermocouples fabricated from carbon fibers as basic material. The carbon fiber used in this study was in a tow form which contains 3000 filaments. This tow was inserted into polyester fabric by hand to form a series of float yarns on the fabric. After acetone treatment, roughly every half of the floats on both sides of the fabric was covered by acrylic dispersion to resist nickel particles during electroplating in order to get a chain of carbon-nickel thermojunction. After the acrylic dispersion was completely polymerized, the sample was electroplated in the plating solution containing nickel acetate, boric acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Subsequently, the sample was washed and dried. This T-TEG was fabricated on a small piece of fabric around 12 cm × 12 cm which contains 105-pair of carbon fiber and nickel-coated carbon fiber forming a thermopile. To study its electrical properties, this T-TEG was characterized to obtain the voltage-temperature curve, the voltage-current characteristic, the output power versus current and the maximum power versus temperature. Characterization results of this T-TEG show characteristics of a typical thermoelectric generator. Scanning electron micrograph images and EDS spectra were also examined to see the nickel deposition on the carbon fiber surface.
Effect of layering sequence on mechanical properties of woven kenaf/jute fabric hybrid laminated microwave-processed composites
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Zafar Sunny
Published: March 2020

In this research work, multi-layered composites of pure and hybrid woven fibre mats were fabricated using microwave-assisted compression moulding process. The hybrid composite consisted of jute and kenaf fibre as reinforcement having weight fraction of 29 ± 1%, while high-density polyethylene acted as the matrix. The laminate of multi-layered composites was fabricated by stacking the kenaf and jute woven fibre mats with high-density polyethylene matrix, resulting in different hybrid composites, i.e. JJJ, KKK, JKJ and KJK. JKJ exhibited maximum flexural strength of 55.64 ± 2.8 MPa, whereas KJK exhibited maximum flexural modulus of 3.65 ± 0.2 GPa. The tensile strength, impact strength and Shore D hardness were maximum in case of KKK composite, having the value of 60 ± 3 MPa, 31.8 ± 1.6 kJ/m2 and 58 ± 2.9, respectively. It can be concluded that the stacking sequence has a nominal effect on flexural strength, tensile strength and impact strength of the composites.
An urban expressway forwarding scheme for cognitive Internet of vehicles
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Huyin , Hao Sheng , Fu Chuhao
Published: March 2020

The Internet of vehicles is an essential component for building smart cities that can improve traffic safety and provide multimedia entertainment services. The cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles was proposed to resolve the conflict between the increasing demand of Internet of vehicles applications and the limited spectrum resources. The multi-hop transmission is one of the most important issues in cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles networks. Nevertheless, most existing forwarding solutions designed for the cognitive radio–enabled Internet of vehicles did not consider the urban expressway scenario, where primary base stations are densely installed with small coverage areas. In this case, it is difficult to ensure that the sender and the receiver of the same cognitive radio link have similar channel availability statistics, which makes cognitive radio links more likely to be interrupted. To address this challenge, we develop a multi-hop forwarding scheme to minimize the end-to-end delay for such networks. We first formulate the delay minimization problem as a non-linear integer optimization problem. Then, we propose an approach to select the relay candidates by jointly considering the high mobility of vehicles and the unique cognitive radio spectrum usage distributions in urban expressway scenarios. Finally, we propose the low-latency forwarding strategies by considering the channel availability and the delay cost of different situations of relay candidates. Simulations show the advantages of our proposed scheme, compared with state-of-art methods.
Only a misunderstanding? Non-conformist rumours and petitions in late-colonial Tanzania
Authors: Lämmert Stephanie
Published: March 2020

The rich and nuanced literature on African intermediaries has shed new light on the colonial encounter from the perspective of African interlocutors, but has often neglected to study failed acts of communication between colonial administrators and non-elite African intermediaries. This article fills in some gaps by focusing on non-successful communications. Analysing rumours and non-conformist modes of petitioning, the article explores misunderstandings between Tanzanians and representatives of the late-colonial state. While the British could afford to ignore idiosyncratic messages when they did not clash with their own operational interests, they had to act upon others, and their responses were not always those desired by the Tanzanian senders. Despite communicating in relative proximity, the close distance between Tanzanians who were not fluent in the bureaucratic idiom of the colonial state and British administrators could not always be bridged.
Self-management, self-efficacy and knowledge among patients under haemodialysis: a case in Iran
Authors: Hafezieh Abbass , Dehghan Mahlagha , Taebi Mojgan , Iranmanesh Sedigheh
Published: March 2020

Background

Promotion of self-management is one of the effective ways to improve the quality of life of patients under haemodialysis. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors that are effective on self-management might help nurses find an appropriate method for the promotion of self-management.

Aims

This study aimed to examine self-management and its correlation with self-efficacy and knowledge of haemodialysis among patients under haemodialysis in Yazd, Iran in 2016.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in four haemodialysis centres. All patients who were referred to these centres were selected. Demographic characteristic forms, self-management questionnaires, haemodialysis knowledge questionnaires and chronic diseases self-efficacy scales were used to collect data.

Results

The score of self-management was between 32 and 80. The mean scores of self-management, knowledge and self-efficacy were 58.88 ± 10.41 (possible score 20–80), 16.15 ± 2.91 (possible score 0–25), 5.24 ± 1.99 (possible score 0–10), respectively. There was a significant positive correlation among self-management, knowledge and self-efficacy.

Conclusions

The level of self-management was moderate among patients under haemodialysis. Effective interventions including training related to dialysis system, laboratory tests and diet are needed to improve self-management among patients under haemodialysis.
Medium-term rates of radiolucency after primary total shoulder arthroplasty using a cementless metal-backed pegged polyethylene glenoid
Authors: Murray Nicholas J , Al-Hourani Khalid , Crowther Mark AA , Sarangi Partha P , McCann Philip A
Published: March 2020

Background

Total shoulder arthroplasty is an established treatment with the commonest cause of failure loosening of the glenoid component. Hydroxyapatite metal-backed glenoid components could offer better survivorship due to improved fixation. The aim of this study was to investigate periprosthetic radiolucency rates associated with an uncemented, metal-backed polyethylene glenoid component with medium-term results.

Methods

A single centre retrospective study examining radiological outcomes of the Epoca metal-backed glenoid component. Radiographs were analysed for post-operative adequacy of glenoid seating and radiographs at follow-up assessed for periprosthetic lucencies and any revision procedures were recorded.

Results

Forty-one patients were followed up with a mean follow-up time of 5.5 years (3–8 years). Primary indication for total shoulder arthroplasty was osteoarthritis (80%). Mean age was 69 years (53–86 years). Ninety-five per cent of glenoid components were completely seated. At follow-up six patients had undergone revision (14.6%). Thirty of the remaining patients (86%) did not demonstrate any radiolucency on follow-up radiographs. Complete glenoid seating post-operatively was associated with lower rate of subsequent radiolucency and revision (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Low rates of radiolucency at medium-term follow-up with an uncemented metal-backed glenoid, however significant rates of revision. Complete seating of the glenoid component was associated with lower rates of radiolucency and revision.
Case report of an unusual extra-articular scapular malunion: Rare indication for surgery
Authors: Mishra Bhanu , Grocott N , Smith K , McClelland D
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Scapular fractures are relatively rare injuries usually associated with high-energy trauma and multiple concomitant injuries. Most of scapular fractures do not require surgical intervention.

Patient and clinical history

A 42-year-old male sustained an extra-articular scapular body fracture along with multiple rib fractures with flail segments and right pneumothorax treated with intercostal drain. The scapula fracture was treated non-operatively initially, which resulted in very poor outcome. Operative intervention was planned following scans which showed a bony spike from the ventral surface impinging on the chest wall.

Surgical technique

Bony spur was approached from dorsal side using a three-dimensional anatomical model as a guide for accurate localization.

Results

The patient’s symptoms including shoulder stiffness and pain on deep inspiration settled down completely following removal of the spur.

Discussion

This case presents a new indication for surgical intervention in scapular body fracture which has not been published before. All the relevant measurements related to the fracture namely gleno-polar angle, lateral border offset and angulation were within published limits of indications for conservative treatment. Despite this, it resulted in poor outcome necessitating surgical intervention.
Pediatric Medicaid Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Benefit From Continuous Glucose Monitor Technology
Authors: Ravi Sonalee J. , Coakley Alexander , Vigers Tim , Pyle Laura , Forlenza Gregory P. , Alonso Todd
Published: March 2020

Background:

We determined the uptake rate of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and examined associations of clinical and demographic characteristics with CGM use among patients with type 1 diabetes covered by Colorado Medicaid during the first two years of CGM coverage with no out-of-pocket cost.

Method:

We retrospectively reviewed data from 892 patients with type 1 diabetes insured by Colorado Medicaid (Colorado Health Program [CHP] and CHP+, Colorado Medicaid expansion). Demographics, insulin pump usage, CGM usage, and hemoglobin A1c (A1c) were extracted from the medical record. Data downloaded into CGM software at clinic appointments were reviewed to determine 30-day use prior to appointments. Subjects with some exposure to CGM were compared to subjects never exposed to CGM, and we examined the effect of CGM use on glycemic control.

Results:

Twenty percent of subjects had some exposure to CGM with a median of 22 [interquartile range 8, 29] days wear. Sixty one percent of CGM users had >85% sensor wear. Subjects using CGM were more likely to be younger ( P < .001), have shorter diabetes duration ( P < .001), and be non-Hispanic White ( P < .001) than nonusers. After adjusting for age and diabetes duration, combined pump and CGM users had a lower A1c than those using neither technology ( P = .006). Lower A1c was associated with greater CGM use ( P = .002) and increased percent time in range ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Pediatric Medicaid patients successfully utilized CGM. Expansion of Medicaid coverage for CGM may help improve glycemic control and lessen disparities in clinical outcomes within this population.
Arthroscopic Repair of Talar Osteochondral Defects With Umbilical Cord Allograft: A Prospective, Single-Center, Pilot Study
Authors: Penner Murray , Younger Alastair , Wing Kevin , Cresswell Mark , Veljkovic Andrea
Published: March 2020

Cryopreserved umbilical cord (UC) allografts have been shown to promote postoperative wound healing by suppressing inflammation and reducing scar formation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adjunctive use of UC may improve clinical and functional outcomes following arthroscopic repair of talar osteochondral defects (OCDs). A total of 10 patients with talar OCDs that failed nonoperative treatment were enrolled in this single-center, prospective, pilot study. Clinical and functional outcomes were assessed using the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scale at 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks postoperatively. Results showed a consistent improvement in all outcome measures. VAS pain scores significantly improved from 4.2 ± 2.9 to 1.3 ± 2.2 at 52 weeks (P = .015). AOS difficulty and pain scores nonsignificantly improved from 27.0 ± 24.6 and 33.1 ± 28.3 at baseline to 15.3 ± 20.5 and 14.8 ± 18.7 at 52 weeks, respectively. The clinical outcome improvement was accompanied by significant reduction in OCD defect size and associated bone marrow lesion. This pilot study suggests that adjunctive use of UC during arthroscopic repair of talar OCD may lead to clinical and functional improvement.

Levels of Evidence: Level II: Prospective Cohort Study
Fifth Metatarsal Fractures in Professional Soccer Players: Case Series
Authors: Baumfeld Tiago , Fernandes Rezende Ricardo , Nery Caio , Batista Jorge P. , Baumfeld Daniel
Published: March 2020

Objective. Fifth metatarsal fractures occur mainly in young athletes, with an estimated incidence of 1.8 per 1000 individuals per year. This study aims to evaluate the functional outcome of professional soccer players undergoing surgical treatment of fifth metatarsal base fractures. Methods. We appraised 34 soccer players operated on from July 2001 to June 2016. All individuals were assessed by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after surgery, with a mean 23-month follow-up. The need for grafting, fracture healing, Torg classification, and return to sports were also evaluated. Results. There were 10 attackers, 7 offensive-defensive midfielders, 6 side defenders, 5 central defensive midfielders, 3 defenders, 2 goalkeepers, and 1 defensive midfielder, at an average age of 19 years. Preoperative and postoperative AOFAS averaged 42 and 99 points, respectively, whereas VAS scores were 6 and 0. The longer the time to get operated on, the greater was the need for grafting (P = .011). In our study, all fractures have consolidated. Return to sports occurred, on average, 73 days after surgical treatment, and it was not influenced by the time to get operated on, fracture healing, Torg classification, and grafting. Conclusion. Surgical treatment of the fifth metatarsal base fracture in professional soccer players presents good clinical results. Getting back to activities after surgery is not influenced by surgery time, fracture healing, Torg classification, and grafting.

Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Therapeutic studies, Case series
Characterization of Chronic Sinonasal Disease Symptoms in an Urban Homeless Population
Authors: Itamura Kyohei , Hur Kevin , Ference Elisabeth , Wrobel Bozena , Chambers Tamara N.
Published: March 2020

Background

The urban homeless population has increased exposure to risk factors associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, a gap in knowledge of the prevalence of sinonasal symptoms in these demographic limits complete understanding of CRS epidemiology. There is a need to elucidate sinonasal disease burden in this vulnerable patient population to bring awareness to any existing disparities.

Objective

To assess the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of CRS clinical symptoms and health-care barriers in an urban homeless population.

Methods

Homeless adults completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and EuroQol-5 Dimension-3 Level-Visual Analog Scale surveys. Responses were categorized by potential CRS symptoms defined as reporting at least 2 CRS cardinal symptoms. Risk factors associated with potential CRS symptoms were analyzed with multivariate regression models.

Results

Fifty-six (16%) out of 341 total subjects reported potential CRS symptoms. Those with potential CRS symptoms had a higher median SNOT-22 score (53 vs 22, P < .001) than those without. Logistic regression models identified history of smoking (odds ratio [OR], 6.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–21.04) and duration of homelessness over 3 months (OR, 3.46; CI, 1.51–7.94) as factors associated with potential CRS symptoms. Duration of homelessness over 3 months was associated with higher SNOT-22 scores (standardized beta coefficient [β], 0.48; CI, 0.39–0.57). Among those reporting 2 or more CRS cardinal symptoms, 18% had ever been seen by any physician for their symptoms.

Conclusions

Our study estimates a high prevalence of potential CRS symptoms in the urban homeless population. Longer duration of homelessness was associated with potential CRS symptoms and poor CRS-specific quality of life scores. Disparities in access to care emphasize the need for increased preventive efforts designed for this unique patient group.
Differential Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Function-Related mRNAs in the Peripheral Blood of Allergic Rhinitis Patients
Authors: Yang Yanyan , Zhang Yu , Yang Yujuan , Guo Jing , Yang Liping , Li Chenglin , Song Xicheng
Published: March 2020

Background

The mechanism of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the development of allergic rhinitis (AR) remains unclear.

Objective

We investigated the mechanism by which differentially expressed lncRNAs contribute to pathogenesis of AR.

Methods

Expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed by microarray detection from the blood samples of 3 AR patients and 3 control subjects, and the main lncRNAs were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in the peripheral blood of 16 AR patients and 18 control subjects. GO (Gene_Ontology), Pathway, and Disease analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, and transcription factor prediction analysis were performed to explore synergistic effect of differentially expressed lncRNAs and their function-related mRNAs on AR pathogenesis.

Results

Thirty-one lncRNAs were differentially expressed in the peripheral blood from AR patients, and 4 of the 5 most differentially expressed lncRNAs had significantly higher levels in AR patients than in control subjects by qRT-PCR analysis. A lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network analysis identified 16 pairs of positive correlations between the 4 lncRNAs and coexpressed mRNAs. GO, Pathway, and Disease analyses indicated that the 4 lncRNAs were correlated with 7 mRNAs enriched in terms of inflammation, immune response, and allergic diseases. Transcription factor prediction results suggested that Oct-1, AP-1, NF-kappaB, and c-Rel play key roles in the pathogenesis of AR mediated by lncRNAs.

Conclusion

Our results provide new insights into how lncRNAs and their function-related mRNAs might contribute to AR.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Therapy: A Review for the Otolaryngologist
Authors: Lee Saangyoung E. , Farzal Zainab , Daniels M.Leigh Anne , Thorp Brian D. , Zanation Adam M. , Senior Brent A. , Ebert Charles S. , Kimple Adam J.
Published: March 2020

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that may result in multiple systemic disorders and potentially fatal severe respiratory compromise. However, the advent of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators has changed the management of CF for patients with select mutations. Although clinical trials have highlighted increased pulmonary function and decreased exacerbations as a result of these novel therapies, their effect on the sinuses has not been well-described.

Objective

Our objective is to review the CFTR modulators to provide otolaryngologists, physicians who frequently care for patients with CF, a basic understanding of these drugs and their effects on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in patients with CF.

Methods

The clinically approved and available CFTR modulators and specific indications for their use are reviewed. Additionally, a systematic review of these therapies and effects on CRS in CF was performed.

Results

Four Food and Drug Administration approved CFTR modulators are available for patients with CF. Current drugs are approved for gating, residual function, or F508del mutations. Multiple reports describe CFTR modulators’ increase in transepithelial ion transport in nasal epithelial cultures; however, clinical studies regarding effects of these modulators on sinonasal health are limited to 5 studies that present new data of the effects of CFTR modulators in CRS.

Conclusions

CFTR modulators have changed management of CF. Initial studies of these medications demonstrate promising results in CF; however, there is a paucity of literature describing the effect of CFTR modulators on CF-associated CRS, although initial results are encouraging.
Movement behaviour patterns in adults with haemophilia
Authors: Timmer Merel A. , Veenhof Cindy , de Kleijn Piet , de Bie Rob A. , Schutgens Roger E. G. , Pisters Martijn F.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Joint bleeds are the hallmark of haemophilia, and can lead to disabling haemophilic arthropathy. Consequently, the movement behaviour of adults with haemophilia differs from that of healthy adults. It seems unlikely that a single outcome is able to reflect all relevant information regarding movement behaviour. The aim of the current study was to identify patterns of movement behaviour within persons with haemophilia (PWH) and compare clinical characteristics between patterns of movement behaviour.

Methods:

A total of 105 PWH [70% severe haemophilia; median age 43 years (30.0–54.0)] were included in the study. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of movement behaviour. Clustering variables included seven parameters of movement behaviour: sitting, standing, walking, biking, running, frequency of active bouts and length of active bouts. Clinical characteristics included age, severity of haemophilia, joint health, physical functioning and pain. Clinical characteristics were compared between identified clusters by Kruskall–Wallis test. Movement behaviour was assessed with the Activ8 accelerometer, joint health was assessed on the Haemophilia Joint Health Score, physical functioning on the Haemophilia Activity List and the 40 m self-paced walk test and pain on the Numerical Pain Rating Score.

Results:

Cluster analysis identified three clusters, which were defined as: ‘sedentary’ (57%), ‘bikers and runners’ (22%) and ‘walkers’ (20%). The ‘bikers and runners’ showed better joint health and experienced fewer limitations in activities than the ‘walkers’ and the ‘sedentary’. The ‘walkers’ perceived fewer limitations in activities than the ‘sedentary’, with comparable joint health. We did not identify differences in pain, walking speed and age between the clusters.

Conclusions:

We identified three patterns of movement behaviour. The majority of PWH was identified as sedentary, whereas less sitting and regular walking during the day seemed to be more beneficial.
Approximating a far-field blast environment in an advanced blast simulator for explosion resistance testing
Authors: Gan Edward Chern Jinn , Remennikov Alex , Ritzel David , Uy Brian
Published: March 2020

While the current state of blast-resistant design methods is based largely on empirical observations of actual explosive testing or numerical simulations, experimental testing remains the ultimate method for validating blast protection technologies. Field trials for performing systematic experimental studies are exceedingly expensive and inefficient. Conventional blast simulators (shock tubes) enable blast testing to be performed in a safe and controlled laboratory environment but are significantly deficient. The Australian National Facility of Physical Blast Simulation based on the ‘Advanced Blast Simulator’ concept was established to address the shortcomings of conventional blast simulators (shock tubes). The blast simulator at the National Facility of Physical Blast Simulation is a state-of-the-art design having a test section of 1.5 × 2.0 m with dual-mode driver able of operating with either compressed gas or gaseous detonation modes. The simulator is capable of a range of blast-test configurations such as full-reflection wall targets and diffraction model targets. This article aims to demonstrate the ability of the Advanced Blast Simulator in accurately generating a far-field blast environment suitable for high-precision and repeatable explosion testing of various building components. Blast pressure-time histories generated with the Advanced Blast Simulator are validated against equivalent TNT free-field curves reproduced with Conventional Weapons Effects Program. Numerical models based on Computational Fluid Dynamics were developed in ANSYS FLUENT to accurately characterise and visualise the internal flow environment of the National Facility of Physical Blast Simulation Advanced Blast Simulator. The Computational Fluid Dynamics model was also used to explain experimental observations and to determine density and dynamic pressure information for comparisons with free-field explosion conditions.
Frequency, characteristics and impact of multiple consecutive nosocomial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and ascites
Authors: Schultalbers Marie , Tergast Tammo L , Simon Nicolas , Kabbani Abdul‐Rahman , Kimmann Markus , zu Siederdissen Christoph Höner , Gerbel Svetlana , Manns Michael P , Cornberg Markus , Maasoumy Benjamin
Published: March 2020

Background

Nosocomial infections are a particular threat for patients with liver cirrhosis. It is not uncommon that individuals develop even several consecutive infections during a single hospital stay. We aimed to investigate the impact and characteristics of multiple, consecutive nosocomial infections.

Methods

A total of 514 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were included and followed up for 28 days for nosocomial infection, death or liver transplantation (LTx). Laboratory values were assessed at the time of hospitalization as well as at the onset of each new infectious episode.

Results

58% (n  = 298) of the patients developed at least one nosocomial infection and in 23% (n  = 119) even multiple infections were documented during a single hospital stay. Consecutive infections usually occurred shortly after the previous episode. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) was the most common infection. However, the proportion of SBP declined from 43% at the first to only 31% at the third nosocomial infection (p  = 0.096). In contrast, the likelihood for other, less common types of infection such as blood stream infections increased. Third nosocomial infections were also more likely to be linked to the detection of fungal pathogens (21% vs. 52%; p  = 0.001). Each additional infectious episode had a dramatic detrimental impact on LTx‐free survival that was independent from the stage of liver disease (adjusted‐HR: 6.76, p  = 0.002 for first nosocomial infection; adjusted‐HR: 14.69, p <0.001 for second nosocomial infection; adjusted‐HR: 24.95, p <0.001 for third nosocomial infection).

Conclusion

In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis LTx‐free survival significantly decreases with every consecutive infectious episode. Development of prevention strategies is urgently required.
Rising incidence of acute pancreatitis in Sweden: National estimates and trends between 1990 and 2013
Authors: Oskarsson Viktor , Hosseini Servah , Discacciati Andrea , Videhult Per , Jans Anders , Ekbom Anders , Sadr‐Azodi Omid
Published: March 2020

Background

Recent reports from western countries have indicated an increased incidence and a decreased mortality in acute pancreatitis. However, the incidence assessment has often been hampered by the inclusion of both first‐time and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, all Swedish residents hospitalized with a first‐time episode of acute pancreatitis between 1990 and 2013 were identified using national registers. Sex‐ and age‐standardized incidence rates per 100,000 individuals and year were calculated, as were annual percent changes (APC) from joinpoint regression models.

Results

Overall, between 1990 and 2013, 66,131 individuals had a first‐time episode of acute pancreatitis in Sweden. Comparing the first five years (1990–1994) to the last four years (2010–2013) of the study period, the overall incidence of acute pancreatitis increased from 25.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.1, 26.3) to 38.3 (95% CI: 37.0, 39.5) cases per 100,000 individuals and year. An increase in incidence was observed irrespective of the subtypes of acute pancreatitis as well as the sex and age of the patients. Although the incidence of complicated acute pancreatitis declined in both men and women between 1990 and 2004, it started to increase in both sexes (APC 3.0; 95% CI: 0.5, 5.5 in men; APC 5.4; 95% CI: 2.6, 8.2 in women) from 2005 onwards.

Conclusion

Based on nationwide data, the incidence of first‐time acute pancreatitis has increased in Sweden over a period of 24 years. The incidence of disease‐related complications has also been on the rise during the past few years, after declining for more than 15 years before that.
Self-versus Proxy-Reported Pain in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Population-Based Registry Study of 3783 Children
Authors: Hägglund Gunnar , Burman-Rimstedt Amanda , Czuba Tomasz , Alriksson-Schmidt Ann I.
Published: March 2020

Objective: To assess how the prevalence of pain in a population-based sample of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) differ based on self- or proxy reporting. Methods: This cross-sectional registry study included 3783 children (58% boys), 1 to 18 years old, enrolled in the Swedish follow-up program for CP. Logistic regression was used to regress source of reporting (self or proxy) on the presence of general pain adjusted for age, sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) levels, including marginal effects between source of reporting and adjusted covariates. Results: The pain item was self-reported in 45%, proxy-reported in 51%, and information was missing in 3%. Pain was reported in 44% of those who self-reported and in 41% of those who proxy-reported ( P = .04). The logistic regression showed that the average marginal effects of proxy versus self-reported pain were lower among children at GMFCS level IV (−0.14, 95% CI −0.17 to −0.03) and CFCS level I (−0.09, CI −0.16 to −0.01) and higher at CFCS level III (0.11, CI 0.00-0.22). There were no statistically significant differences in average marginal effects related to age, sex, or the other GMFCS and CFCS levels between proxy and self-reporting. Conclusions: Pain was more often reported by those who self-reported. However, after adjusting for age, sex, CFCS level, and GMFCS level, the proportion of reported pain was almost equal between self and proxy-reporting. Assuming that the self- and proxy-reported groups were not significantly different on relevant factors not controlled for the results indicate that presence of pain is equally reported by children and parents.
Tomographic Study of the Malformation Complex in Correlation With the Genotype in Patients With Robinow Syndrome: Review Article
Authors: Kaissi Ali Al , Kenis Vladimir , Shboul Mohammad , Grill Franz , Ganger Rudolf , Kircher Susanne Gerit
Published: March 2020

We aimed to understand the etiology behind the abnormal craniofacial contour and other clinical presentations in a number of children with Robinow syndrome. Seven children with Robinow syndrome were enrolled in this study (autosomal recessive caused by homozygous mutations in the ROR2 gene on chromosome 9q22, and the autosomal dominant caused by heterozygous mutation in the WNT5A gene on chromosome 3p14). In the autosomal recessive (AR) group, the main clinical presentations were intellectual, disability, poor schooling achievement, episodes of headache/migraine, and poor fine motor coordinative skills, in addition to massive restrictions of the spine biomechanics causing effectively the development of kyposcoliosis and frequent bouts of respiratory infections. Three-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography scan revealed early closure of the metopic and the squamosal sutures of skull bones. Massive spinal malsegmentation and unsegmented spinal bar were noted in the AR group. In addition to severe mesomelia and camptodactyly, in the autosomal dominant (AD) group, no craniosynostosis but few Wormian bones and the spine showed limited malsegemetation, and no mesomelia or camptodactyly have been noted. We wish to stress that little information is available in the literature regarding the exact pathology of the cranial bones, axial, and appendicular malformations in correlation with the variable clinical presentations in patients with the 2 types of Robinow syndrome.
Rapid referral for headache management from emergency department to headache centre: four years data
Authors: Negro Andrea , Spuntarelli Valerio , Sciattella Paolo , Martelletti Paolo
Published: March 2020

Background

Headache is one of the most common reason for medical consultation to emergency department (ED). The inappropriate use of ED for non-emergency conditions is a problem in terms of overcrowding of emergency facilities, unnecessary testing and treatment, increased medical costs, burden on medical service providers and weaker relationships between patient and primary care provider. The aim of this study was to analyze the different stages of ED management of headache to identify those deficiencies that can be overcome by a fast referral to a headache clinic.

Methods

The study is a retrospective analysis of the electronic medical records of patients discharged from an academic ED between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 and referred to the tertiary level headache centre of the same hospital. We analyzed all aspects related to the permanence in ED and also assessed whether there was a match between the diagnosis made in ED and ours.

Results

Among our sample of 244 patients, 76.2% were admitted as “green tag”, 75% underwent a head computed tomography, 19.3% received a neurological consultation, 43% did not receive any pharmacological treatment and 62.7% still had headache at discharge. The length of stay in ED was associated with reporting the first aura ever (p = 0.014) and whether patients received consultations (p < 0.001). The concordance analysis shown a significant moderate agreement only for the diagnosis of migraine and only between triage and headache centre.

Conclusions

Most patients who went to ED complaining of headache received the same treatment regardless of their diagnosis and in many cases the headache had not yet resolved at the time of discharge. Given the many shortcomings in headache management in ED, rapid referral to the headache centre is of paramount importance to help the patient achieve a definiteve diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Transgenerational effects of different sequential exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE47) and lead (Pb) on Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zhang Jing , Yu ZhenYang
Published: March 2020

Background

Poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals are persistent pollutants in Yangtze River basin, China and also around the globe. In the exposure reality, they may have sequential exposures and long-term outcomes. Yet, the effects combining these two aspects remained largely unexplored. At present, the effects of 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE47) and lead (Pb) on Caenorhabditis elegans were studied with two sequential arrangements. One was first exposure to BDE47 and then to Pb (or vice versa) in one generation, and the other one was an early exposure to BDE47 in the parent generation (F0) and then a later exposure to Pb in the offspring (F1) (or vice versa).

Results

On growth, sequential Pb-BDE47 exposure caused inhibition in exposure but stimulation in recovery, showing similarity to individual Pb results. Meanwhile, the opposite sequential BDE47-Pb exposure showed inhibition in both exposure and recovery, similar to those of individual BDE47 results. On behavior, the effects of sequential exposure were significantly different from individual results without any similarity. In transgenerational effects, F0 Pb exposure with F1 BDE47 exposure (Pb-F1-BDE47) inhibited growth, similar to the transgenerational results of individual Pb exposure. Meanwhile, the recovery effects were similar to the transgenerational results of individual BDE47. At the same time, Pb-F1-BDE47 exposure significantly hindered the recovery of behavior while the opposite BDE47-F1-Pb exposure resulted in different results. The behavioral effects in F1 showed negative correlation with the contents of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while those in F1 were positively correlated with the activities of acetylcholine esterase (AChE).

Conclusions

Sequential exposure to BDE47 and Pb within one generation or over generations showed significant different effects from individual results. Further studies are still needed to investigate the toxicity patterns and underlying mechanisms.
High-Resolution Confocal Fluorescence Imaging of Serine Hydrolase Activity in Cryosections – Application to Glioma Brain Unveils Activity Hotspots Originating from Tumor-Associated Neutrophils
Authors: Aaltonen Niina , Singha Prosanta K. , Jakupović Hermina , Wirth Thomas , Samaranayake Haritha , Pasonen-Seppänen Sanna , Rilla Kirsi , Varjosalo Markku , Edgington-Mitchell Laura E. , Kasperkiewicz Paulina , Drag Marcin , Kälvälä Sara , Moisio Eemeli , Savinainen Juha R. , Laitinen Jarmo T.
Published: March 2020

Background

Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a functionally diverse family of enzymes playing pivotal roles in health and disease and have emerged as important therapeutic targets in many clinical conditions. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) using fluorophosphonate (FP) probes has been a powerful chemoproteomic approach in studies unveiling roles of SHs in various biological systems. ABPP utilizes cell/tissue proteomes and features the FP-warhead, linked to a fluorescent reporter for in-gel fluorescence imaging or a biotin tag for streptavidin enrichment and LC-MS/MS-based target identification. Existing ABPP approaches characterize global SH activity based on mobility in gel or MS-based target identification and cannot reveal the identity of the cell-type responsible for an individual SH activity originating from complex proteomes.

Results

Here, by using an activity probe with broad reactivity towards the SH family, we advance the ABPP methodology to glioma brain cryosections, enabling for the first time high-resolution confocal fluorescence imaging of global SH activity in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated cell types were identified by extensive immunohistochemistry on activity probe-labeled sections. Tissue-ABPP indicated heightened SH activity in glioma vs. normal brain and unveiled activity hotspots originating from tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), rather than tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Thorough optimization and validation was provided by parallel gel-based ABPP combined with LC-MS/MS-based target verification.

Conclusions

Our study advances the ABPP methodology to tissue sections, enabling high-resolution confocal fluorescence imaging of global SH activity in anatomically preserved complex native cellular environment. To achieve global portrait of SH activity throughout the section, a probe with broad reactivity towards the SH family members was employed. As ABPP requires no a priori knowledge of the identity of the target, we envisage no imaginable reason why the presently described approach would not work for sections regardless of species and tissue source.
MoAIMS: efficient software for detection of enriched regions of MeRIP-Seq
Authors: Zhang Yiqian , Hamada Michiaki
Published: March 2020

Background

Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) is a popular sequencing method for studying RNA modifications and, in particular, for N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant RNA methylation modification found in various species. The detection of enriched regions is a main challenge of MeRIP-Seq analysis, however current tools either require a long time or do not fully utilize features of RNA sequencing such as strand information which could cause ambiguous calling. On the other hand, with more attention on the treatment experiments of MeRIP-Seq, biologists need intuitive evaluation on the treatment effect from comparison. Therefore, efficient and user-friendly software that can solve these tasks must be developed.

Results

We developed a software named “model-based analysis and inference of MeRIP-Seq (MoAIMS)” to detect enriched regions of MeRIP-Seq and infer signal proportion based on a mixture negative-binomial model. MoAIMS is designed for transcriptome immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments; therefore, it is compatible with different RNA sequencing protocols. MoAIMS offers excellent processing speed and competitive performance when compared with other tools. When MoAIMS is applied to studies of m6A, the detected enriched regions contain known biological features of m6A. Furthermore, signal proportion inferred from MoAIMS for m6A treatment datasets (perturbation of m6A methyltransferases) showed a decreasing trend that is consistent with experimental observations, suggesting that the signal proportion can be used as an intuitive indicator of treatment effect.

Conclusions

MoAIMS is efficient and easy-to-use software implemented in R. MoAIMS can not only detect enriched regions of MeRIP-Seq efficiently but also provide intuitive evaluation on treatment effect for MeRIP-Seq treatment datasets.