bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Preliminary Framework for Informing the Risk Analysis and Risk Management of Nanoparticles
Authors: Morgan Kara
Published: November 2005

Erratum Risk Analysis 25: 3, 711‐718

Decisions are often made even when there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes. However, methods for making decisions with uncertainty in the problem framework are scarce. Presently, safety assessment for a product containing engineered nano‐scale particles is a very poorly structured problem. Many fields of study may inform the safety assessment of such particles (e.g., ultrafines, aerosols, debris from medical devices), but engineered nano‐scale particles may present such unique properties that extrapolating from other types of studies may introduce, and not resolve, uncertainty. Some screening‐level health effects studies conducted specifically on engineered nano‐scale materials have been published and many more are underway. However, it is clear that the extent of research needed to fully and confidently understand the potential for health or environmental risk from engineered nano‐scale particles may take years or even decades to complete. In spite of the great uncertainty, there is existing research and experience among researchers that can help to provide a taxonomy of particle properties, perhaps indicating a relative likelihood of risk, in order to prioritize nanoparticle risk research. To help structure this problem, a framework was developed from expert interviews of nanotechnology researchers. The analysis organizes the information as a system based on the risk assessment framework, in order to support the decision about safety. In the long term, this framework is designed to incorporate research results as they are generated, and therefore serve as a tool for estimating the potential for human health and environmental risk.
Climate Change and Human Health: Estimating Avoidable Deaths and Disease
Authors: Kovats R. Sari , Campbell‐Lendrum Diarmid , Matthies Franziska
Published: November 2005

Human population health has always been central in the justification for sustainable development but nearly invisible in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations. Current scientific evidence indicates that climate change will contribute to the global burden of disease through increases in diarrhoeal disease, vector‐borne disease, and malnutrition, and the health impacts of extreme weather and climate events. A few studies have estimated future potential health impacts of climate change but often generate little policy‐relevant information. Robust estimates of future health impacts rely on robust projections of future disease patterns. The application of a standardized and established methodology has been developed to quantify the impact of climate change in relation to different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. All health risk assessments are necessarily biased toward conservative best‐estimates of health effects that are easily measured. Global, regional, and national risk assessments can take no account of irreversibility, or plausible low‐probability events with potentially very high burdens on human health. There is no “safe limit” of climate change with respect to health impacts as health systems in some regions do not adequately cope with the current climate variability. Current scientific methods cannot identify global threshold health effects in order for policymakers to regulate a “tolerable” amount of climate change. We argue for the need for more research to reduce the potential impacts of climate change on human health, including the development of improved methods for quantitative risk assessment. The large uncertainty about the future effects of climate change on human population health should be a reason to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and not a reason for inaction.
Dangerous News: Media Decision Making about Climate Change Risk
Authors: Smith Joe
Published: November 2005

This article explores the role of broadcast news media decisionmakers in shaping public understanding and debate of climate change risks. It locates the media within a “tangled web” of communication and debate between sources, media, and publics. The article draws on new qualitative research in the British context. The main body of it focuses on media source strategies, on climate change storytelling in news, and the “myth of detachment” sustained by many news decisionmakers. The empirical evidence, gathered between 1997 and 2004, is derived primarily from recordings and notes drawn from a series of seminars that has brought together equal numbers of BBC news and television decisionmakers and environment/development specialists. The seminars have created a rare space for extended dialogue between media and specialist perspectives on the communication of complex climate change science and policy. While the article acknowledges the distinctive nature of the BBC as a public sector broadcaster, the evidence confirms and extends current understanding of the career of climate change within the media more broadly. The working group discussions have explored issues arising out of how stories are sourced and, in the context of competitive and time‐pressured newsrooms, shaped and presented in short news pieces. Particularly significant is the disjuncture between ways of talking about uncertainty within science and policy discourse and media constructions of objectivity, truth, and balance. The article concludes with a summary of developments in media culture, technology, and practice that are creating opportunities for enhanced public understanding and debate of climate change risks. It also indicates the need for science and policy communities to be more active critics and sources of news.
The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now
Authors: Poumadère Marc , Mays Claire , Le Mer Sophie , Blong Russell
Published: November 2005

In an analysis of the French episode of heat wave in 2003, this article highlights how heat wave dangers result from the intricate association of natural and social factors. Unusually high temperatures, as well as socioeconomic vulnerability, along with social attenuation of hazards, in a general context where the anthropogenic contribution to climate change is becoming more plausible, led to an excess of 14,947 deaths in France, between August 4 and 18, 2003. The greatest increase in mortality was due to causes directly attributable to heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, heat stroke. In addition to age and gender, combinatorial factors included preexisting disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution. Although diversely impacted or reported, many parts of Europe suffered human and other losses, such as farming and forestry through drought and fires. Summer 2003 was the hottest in Europe since 1500, very likely due in part to anthropogenic climate change. The French experience confirms research establishing that heat waves are a major mortal risk, number one among so‐called natural hazards in postindustrial societies. Yet France had no policy in place, as if dangerous climate were restricted to a distant or uncertain future of climate change, or to preindustrial countries. We analyze the heat wave's profile as a strongly attenuated risk in the French context, as well as the causes and the effects of its sudden shift into amplification. Research and preparedness needs are highlighted.
Toward Participatory and Transparent Governance: Report on the Sixth Global Forum on Reinventing Government:
Authors: Kim Pan Suk , Halligan John , Cho Namshin , Oh Cheol H. , Eikenberry Angela M.
Published: November 2005

The Global Forum on Reinventing Government has made government reform and new forms of comparative public administration and politics global issues. Since the forum was initiated in the United States in 1999, it has been held in locations around the world with broad representation. Yet the proceedings of these forums have not been fully reported to the international public administration community. This paper reports on the ideas on reinventing governance that emerged from the Sixth Global Forum. Many of the participants in the forum came from developing countries, so the paper also provides ideas and points of view on governance that are beyond the mainstream literature in this area.
What's New about the New Public Management? Administrative Change in the Human Services
Authors: Page Stephen
Published: November 2005

Interpretations of the emergence of the New Public Management are split. The champions of the movement present it as a new administrative paradigm that departs sharply from past thinking and practice, whereas skeptics argue it has evolved incrementally from past administrative traditions. To assess these views, this article examines recent administrative innovations in the human services that broadly reflect the New Public Management. The findings suggest that these innovations have built incrementally on past reforms in the human services field, supporting the skeptics' claim that the New Public Management represents an evolution and renewal of historical trends in public administration.
Relationship between general health status and the change in chewing ability: a longitudinal study of the frail elderly in Japan over a 3‐year period
Authors: Miura Hiroko , Kariyasu Makoto , Yamasaki Kiyoko , Arai Yumiko , Sumi Yasunori
Published: November 2005

Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to identify the onset predictors of a change in chewing ability over a 3‐year period in the frail elderly.

Methods:  The subjects were frail elderly people living in southern Japan. Data were collected at baseline (n = 92) and 3 years later (n = 60). The dependent variable was a change in self‐rated chewing ability. The independent variables were age, gender, number of present teeth, dentition, maximum bite force (evaluated using a pressure‐sensitive foil), basic activities of daily living, self‐rated general health status, higher level of competence (evaluated using Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology index), cognitive status (evaluated by revised Hasegawa Dementia Rating scale), and quality of life (evaluated using Philadelphia Geriatric Center morale scale) at baseline. To identify the most reliable predictors, bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed, with the change of chewing ability as the dependent variable.

Results:  Bivariate analysis showed the change in chewing ability was significantly associated with general health status (p < 0.01), number of present teeth (p < 0.05) and maximum bite force (p < 0.01). Backward logistic regression analysis revealed that the most reliable predictor of a change in chewing ability at 3 years was general health status (odds ratio = 6.35, 95% CI = 1.69–23.88).

Conclusion:  The present findings suggest that general health status at baseline produces a change in chewing ability.
Oral health among institutionalised elderly in Zagreb, Croatia
Authors: KraljevićŠimunković S. , Vučićević Boras V. , Pandurić J. , Alajbeg Žilić I.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  A survey of dental health status was conducted in the institutionalised elderly in Zagreb, Croatia in order to assess the dental and oral health of the elderly population.

Participants:  In 139 institutionalised elderly from a single nursing home in Zagreb, dental and oral status was registered according to World Health Organization criteria. There were 108 (77.7%) female and 31 (22.3%) male subjects aged 58–99 years.

Results:  The results showed that 45.3% of the interviewed persons were totally edentulous in both jaws. A significant increase in prevalence of edentulousness with the increasing age was recorded. The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth number was 27. The average number of teeth with caries was 1.03 per person, the number of the teeth extracted was 6.9 per person and teeth with fillings 0.74 per person. The average number of teeth with root caries was 0.17. Approximately 9 teeth per person were in need of treatment. Filled teeth were found 25.9% of subjects and decayed teeth in 30.9%. The mean number of remaining sound teeth, decayed teeth and residual roots in the elderly decreased with increasing age. Complete periodontal treatment was required in 5.8% of the participants and no significant differences between genders in periodontal status could be noticed.

Conclusion:  The results of this study suggest poor dental health in this group of the institutionalised elderly and the necessity of improving and implementing some special features in the dental health services programs for the institutionalised elderly.
The Effects of State Decisions About NCLB Adequate Yearly Progress Targets
Authors: Porter Andrew C. , Linn Robert L. , Trimble C. Scott
Published: November 2005

The No Child Left Behind Act allows states to vary (a) the trajectories they select to move from the baseline percent proficient or above in 2002 to the 100% proficient goal in 2014, (b) the minimum number of students required for reporting of disaggregated subgroup results, and (c) whether or not they will use confidence intervals when determining whether or not an annual measurable objective has been met. We use data from Kentucky for the years 2003 and 2004 to explore the consequences of different design decisions. The effect of design decisions on number and percentage of schools meeting adequate yearly progress (AYP) is large, with important implications for education practice.
Making Valid and Consistent Inferences About School Effectiveness From Multiple Measures
Authors: Chester Mitchell D.
Published: November 2005

This study explores the use of multiple measures to enhance the validity and reliability of inferences about school and district effectiveness. Using data from the state of Ohio, a framework for combining measures is applied to examine the individual and collective impact of multiple measures on both the federal AYP designations and state ratings. Implications for the use of multiple measures to broaden the construct of district and school effectiveness, improve the acceptance and legitimacy of accountability programs, and promote desired outcomes are discussed.
Behavior of Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) Joint under Mechanical Shock
Authors: Islam Rashed Adnan , Chan Y. C.
Published: November 2005

The contact resistances investigated by this study of ACF joints using Au∕Ni bumps and flexible substrates are found to be increased by the induced mechanical shock and also by the combined effect of heat/humidity and the mechanical shock. The samples humidified at 85°C/85% RH for 384 h, on which a load of 3.164 Kg was dropped four times from a height of 0.4 m, exhibit the most severe results. The contact resistance increases by 700%, which had been about 62 mΩ in the as-bonded condition. The samples without humidification showed a sluggish and gentle increase in contact resistance with the induced mechanical shock. The contact resistance was found to be increased by 400% after the sixth drop from a height of 0.5 m. Scanning electron microscope images show particle deformation due to abrasion and friction between the contacting surfaces resulting from the sudden impact. Joints are also observed with no connections, which signify open circuits. Almost 25% of the circuits were found open in the samples (after 384 h in a humid environment), which have suffered severe mechanical shock (load drops four times from 0.4 m height). Breaking of the conductive layer of the particle and exposing the underlying polymeric portion were also observed.
Thermal Performance Investigation for Confined Heat Sinks By Using a Modified Transient Liquid Crystal Technique
Authors: Wu Ming-Chang , Wu Tiao-Yuan , Kuo Sheng-Tzung , Wang Meng-Ping , Hung Ying-Huei
Published: November 2005

A series of experimental investigations with a new modified transient liquid crystal method on the studies related to the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a channel installed with a heat sink have been successfully performed. The parametric studies on the local and average effective heat transfer characteristics for confined heat sinks have been explored. The influencing parameters and conditions include air preheating temperature at channel inlet, flow velocity and heat sink types. Besides, a concept of the amount of enhanced heat transfer (AEHT) is introduced and defined as the ratio of j∕f. The j∕f ratio is almost independent of Reynolds number for a specific confined heat sink. The j∕f ratios are 0.0603 and 0.0124 for fully-confined and unconfined heat sinks, respectively.
Effect of Reversing Heat Flux Direction During Reflow on Void Formation in High-Lead Solder Bumps
Authors: Wang Daijiao , Panton Ronald L.
Published: November 2005

Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of reversing the heat flux direction during cooling on the formation of voids during the reflow process. Under different upward and downward solidification conditions, 480 high-lead (90Pb∕8Sn∕2Ag) solder joints of flip-chip assemblies were processed. The solder samples were then microsectioned to determine the size and location of voids. The results show that reversing the flow direction during cooling has a significant effect on the final void formation. For the case of the melting direction from top (flip-chip side) to bottom (test board side), reversing the heat flux direction results in solidification direction from top to bottom. The percentage of defective bumps was found to be 28% and the volume of voids per defective bump was 1.5%. This is the best reflow methodology to minimize voids. Without reversing the heat flux the defective bumps were 80% with 4.0% void volume. In the case of solidification direction/melting direction from bottom to top, the percentage of defective bumps increases from 40% to 51%, accompanying a rise of the volume of voids from 3.0% to 3.7%.
Test Method Development to Quantify the In Situ Elastic and Plastic Behavior of 62%Sn–36%Pb–2%Ag Solder Ball Arrays in Commercial Area Array Packages at −40 °C , 23 °C, and 125 °C
Authors: Obaid Ahmad Abu , Sloan Jay G. , Lamontia Mark A. , Paesano Antonio , Khan Subhotosh , Gillespie John W.
Published: November 2005

The objective of this study is to describe and evaluate test methods developed to experimentally characterize the in situ mechanical behavior of solder ball arrays connecting printed wiring boards to area array packages under tensile, compressive, and shear loading at −40, 23, and 125 °C. The solder ball arrays tested were composed of 62%Sn–36%Pb–2%Ag solder alloy. Finite element modeling was performed. The results indicated that the test fixture should be geometrically equivalent to the projected shape of the ball grid array to achieve uniform loading. Tension, compression, and shear tests were conducted. For tensile loading the interfaces and the solder balls are loaded in series resulting in a large apparent strain (13%). Various interfacial failure modes are observed. Under compression and shear loading the effect of the interfaces are negligible and therefore a significant deformation and a remarkable yielding behavior of solder ball arrays can be observed. Furthermore, the specimens tested under shear loading showed different failure modes such as cohesive or adhesive failure modes depending on the test temperature. From the overall results, it has been determined that shear loading is the most representative test to measure the actual mechanical behavior of solder in ball grid arrays.
ON TWO CONJECTURES CONCERNING CONVEX CURVES
Authors: SEDYKH V. , SHAPIRO B.
Published: November 2005

In this paper we recall two basic conjectures on the developables of convex projective curves, prove one of them and disprove the other in the first nontrivial case of curves in ℝP3. Namely, we show that (i) the tangent developable of any convex curve in ℝP3has degree 4 and (ii) construct an example of 4 tangent lines to a convex curve in ℝP3such that no real line intersects all four of them. The question (discussed in [4, 18]) whether the second conjecture is true in the special case of rational normal curves still remains open.
ON TANGLES AND MATROIDS
Authors: HUGGETT STEPHEN
Published: November 2005

Given matroids M and N there are two operations M ⊕2 N and M ⊗ N. When M and N are the cycle matroids of planar graphs these operations have interesting interpretations on the corresponding link diagrams. In fact, given a planar graph there are two well-established methods of generating an alternating link diagram, and in each case the Tutte polynomial of the graph is related to a polynomial invariant (Jones or Homfly) of the link. Switching from one of these methods to the other corresponds in knot theory to tangle insertion in the link diagrams, and in combinatorics to the tensor product of the cycle matroids of the graphs.
LATTICE STICK NUMBERS OF SMALL KNOTS
Authors: HUH YOUNGSIK , OH SEUNGSANG
Published: November 2005

Lattice stick number sL(K) is defined to be the minimal number of sticks required to construct a polygonal representation of the knot K in the cubic lattice. In this paper, we give lattice stick numbers of small knots such as 31 and 41. More precisely we prove that sL(31) = 12 and sL(K) ≥ 14 for any other non-trivial knot K.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE TELEPORTATION OF QUANTUM FIELDS
Authors: CARMICHAEL H. J.
Published: November 2005

A quantum trajectory formulation of broadband continuous variable teleportation is developed. Inputs and outputs are quasi-monochromatic quantum fields rather than single-mode quantum states. The formalism accounts for the continuous measurements of Alice and Victor and continuous displacement of the teleported field by Bob. It is applied to the teleportation of the Mollow spectrum and photon antibunching in single-atom resonance fluorescence.
SILICON-BASED NUCLEAR SPIN QUANTUM COMPUTER
Authors: GOAN HSI-SHENG
Published: November 2005

We review the basic physics and operation principles of the silicon-based quantum computer proposed by Kane, one of the most promising solid-state quantum computer proposals. We describe in some details how single- and two-qubit operations and readout measurements can, in principle, be performed for the Kane quantum computer. In addition, we also mention briefly its recent theoretical progress and development.
ROBUST DYNAMICAL DECOUPLING: FEEDBACK-FREE ERROR CORRECTION
Authors: LIDAR D. A. , KHODJASTEH K.
Published: November 2005

Dynamical decoupling is a feed-back free scheme for quantum error correction against noise and decoherence errors. An efficiency analysis of dynamical decoupling is performed. Furthermore we provide the basic concepts of dynamical decoupling and quantum error correcting codes, and give an example of a hybrid protection scheme. Some interesting extensions of dynamical decoupling are discussed at the end.
LIMITATION ON THE ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION FOR QUANTUM CHANNELS WITH INEFFICIENT MEASUREMENTS
Authors: JACOBS KURT
Published: November 2005

To transmit classical information using a quantum system, the sender prepares the system in one of a set of possible states and sends it to the receiver. The receiver then makes a measurement on the system to obtain information about the senders choice of state. The amount of information which is accessible to the receiver depends upon the encoding and the measurement. Here we derive a bound on this information which generalizes the bound derived by Schumacher, Westmoreland and Wootters [Schumacher, Westmoreland and Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3452 (1996)] to include inefficient measurements, and thus all quantum operations. This also allows us to obtain a generalization of a bound derived by Hall [Hall, Phys. Rev. A 55, 100 (1997)], and to show that the average reduction in the von Neumann entropy which accompanies a measurement is concave in the initial state, for all quantum operations.
CODES FOR KEY GENERATION IN QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Authors: ENGLERT BERTHOLD-GEORG , FU FANG-WEI , NIEDERREITER HARALD , XING CHAOPING
Published: November 2005

As an alternative to the usual key generation by two-way communication in schemes for quantum cryptography, we consider codes for key generation by one-way communication. We study codes that could be applied to the raw key sequences that are ideally obtained in recently proposed scenarios for quantum key distribution, which can be regarded as communication through symmetric four-letter channels.
W STATE GENERATION AND EFFECT OF CAVITY PHOTONS ON THE PURIFICATION OF DOT-LIKE SINGLE QUANTUM WELL EXCITONS
Authors: LI C.-M. , CHEN Y.-N. , LUO C.-W. , HSIEH J.-Y. , CHUU D.-S.
Published: November 2005

A scheme of three-particle entanglement purification is presented in this work. The physical system undertaken for investigation is dot-like single quantum well excitons independently coupled through a single microcavity mode. The theoretical framework for the proposed scheme is based on the quantum jump approach for analyzing the progress of the trible-exciton entanglement as a series of conditional measurement has been taken on the cavity field state. We first investigate how cavity photon affects the purity of the double-exciton state and the purification efficiency in two-particle protocol. Then we extend the two-particle case and conclude that the three-exciton state can be purified into W state, which involves the one-photon-trapping phenomenon, with a high yield. Finally, an achievable setup for purification using only modest and presently feasible technologies is also proposed.
MIXED-STATE ENTANGLEMENT IN THE LIGHT OF PURE-STATE ENTANGLEMENT CONSTRAINED BY SUPERSELECTION RULES
Authors: BARTLETT STEPHEN D. , WISEMAN HOWARD. M. , SPEKKENS ROBERT W. , DOHERTY ANDREW C.
Published: November 2005

We show that the classification of bi-partite pure entangled states when local quantum operations are restricted, e.g., constrained by local superselection rules, yields a structure that is analogous in many respects to that of mixed-state entanglement, including such exotic phenomena as bound entanglement and activation. This analogy aids in resolving several conceptual puzzles in the study of entanglement under restricted operations. Specifically, we demonstrate that several types of quantum optical states that possess confusing entanglement properties are analogous to bound entangled states. Also, the classification of pure-state entanglement under restricted operations can be much simpler than for mixed state entanglement. For instance, in the case of local Abelian superselection rules all questions concerning distillability can be resolved.
QUANTUM COMPUTATION BASED ON ELECTRON SPIN QUBITS WITHOUT SPIN-SPIN INTERACTION
Authors: WU YIN-ZHONG , ZHANG WEI-MIN , SOO CHOPIN
Published: November 2005

Using electron spin states in a unit cell of three semiconductor quantum dots as qubit states, a scalable quantum computation scheme is advocated without invoking qubit-qubit interactions. Single electron tunneling technology and coherent quantum-dot cellular automata architecture are used to generate an ancillary charge entangled state which is then converted into spin entangled state. Without using charge measurement and ancillary qubits, we demonstrate universal quantum computation based on free electron spin and coherent quantum-dot cellular automata.
QUANTUM SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
Authors: HSU LI-YI
Published: November 2005

The joint measurement approach has been shown to detect more information in quantum system. In this paper, we propose a quantum identification algorithm based on the joint quantum measurement. Through this, we can collectively compare an unknown quantum composite system with those in the database. In addition, this study will show that the proposed quantum algorithm can speed up the identification process quadratically.
Towards Secure Collaboration on the Semantic Web
Authors: Park Joon S.
Published: November 2005

Web technologies enable collaborative work to be done more
efficiently and effectively. A user can share resources with others
on the Web and perform his or her job based on a pre-defined policy
for collaboration. During the collaboration, the user may need to
create new resources, merge, split, exchange, or update resources
created by other users. To support these services on the Web, we
need machine-understandable as well as machine-readable metadata
about the resources. The concept of a Semantic Web has been
introduced to satisfy this requirement. Although the Semantic Web
will provide more accurate and efficient services on the Web, it
also introduces new problems that were not considered before,
especially, in regards to security, interoperability, and
transparency to users and organizations. In this paper, we discuss
the requirements to support secure collaboration on the Semantic
Web. We mainly focus on identification and analysis of the security
problems associated with the Semantic Web, while suggesting
possible solutions to each problem.
The Intelligent Transportation System and the Ethics of Intelligent Computers
Authors: Wentworth James
Published: November 2005

Machines that think are already here. This was demonstrated in May
of 1997 when IBMs Deep Blue defeated Gary Kasparov (grandmaster and
world champion chess player) in a well publicized chess match.
Sometime between 2020 and 2040 intelligent machines will match or
surpass humans in learning, thinking and reasoning, and will have
the consciousness and emotions critical to setting or changing
their goals. These intelligent machines will most likely also be an
integral component of the future ITS. How much free will and level
of abstraction (to explore their world and cyberspace and to learn)
will these intelligent machines have and who will decide? In
scientific fields it often takes a disaster for the practitioners
to address fundamental problems, like stress corrosion in
suspension bridge eyebar links. Intelligent machines have the
potential capacity for artificial evil (to do harm) indicating that
the morals and ethics of intelligent machines should be considered
prior to their field implementation. What does this all mean for
the distant future of ITS?
A computer based language workshop
Authors: Sharples Mike
Published: November 2005

The teaching of English language in British Schools has been invigorated in recent years by the introduction of schemes such as 'Language in Use' (Doughty, Pearce and Thornton, 1971) where children are encouraged to widen the scope of their English composition and expression by exploring and playing with language; they might, for example, invent nonsense words and their definitions, write advertising copy or study the etymology of common words. Such activities are vital if a child is to develop a conscious control of language. As Donaldson (1978) points out, a child:"is not much given to thinking about his thinking or his language. Yet if he is to bring thinking and language under deliberate control he has to become more aware of them."
Computers in non-school settings
Authors: Levin James A.
Published: November 2005

The development and spread of inexpensive microcomputers is posing major challenges for the current educational system, challenges based to a large extent on grassroots developments. While the potential for intensive use of computers has existed for a long time, the high price of computers and the continuing expense of maintaining communication with a remote central facility proved prohibitive in many cases, and almost always required some benefactor to support the project.
Graphics and screen design for interactive learning
Authors: Bork Alfred , Franklin Stephen D. , Von Blum Ruth , Katz Martin , Kurtz Barry L.
Published: November 2005

This paper concerns the role of graphics in computer based learning material. We consider both textual and graphic components of screen design and both spatial and temporal aspects. Informal design standards are developed. Several software approaches are discussed.
"The use of computer aided instruction in the teaching of macroeconomic principles"
Authors: Pratt Leila J. , Davis Lloyd D.
Published: November 2005

An experiment to investigate the effects of computer-aided instruction in macro-economics course was conducted at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. The course was taught by a single instructor so that one section was primarily instructed using CAI, a second section allowed the use of CAI as a supplement, and the third section did not allow the use of CAI.The results indicated that CAI and traditional instructional methods perform equally well in teaching overall economic principles and in enhancing student's ability in analysis. Further, CAI alone, traditional enhanced with CAI, and traditional methods do equally well in teaching most specialized economic principles with the exception of the area of money and banking where traditional enhanced by CAI instruction produces significantly higher scores than traditional instruction.
Computer literacy cross the curriculum
Authors: Bitter Gary G.
Published: November 2005

In recent years, there has been growing concern over whether U.S. schools are offering their students an education that is competitive with education offered in other countries. We hear that U.S. colleges and universities graduate a relatively small number of engineers each year, and this fact worries those who fear that the U.S. may not long remain competitive on the world market, which grows more technologically oriented each year. Indeed, this is a justifiable concern that has tremendous implications for educators across the country, who are responding by designing and implementing programs for computer literacy education.
LOPLE
Authors: Ross Rockford J.
Published: November 2005

A computer-based library of dynamic examples of programming language concepts has been developed. The purpose of the library is to maintain a file of examples for use in teaching programming. Examples from this library may be displayed by students on cathode ray tube (crt) computer terminals in their static form. Then, under student control the actions and results of executing the displayed code are presented In a dynamic step by step fashion: current line of execution, changing variable contents, and conditions causing branches are all indicated, clearly demonstrating the desired concepts. Students may interactively search for appropriate examples to view. Instructors are allowed easy access to the library for the purpose of adding and deleting examples. Additionally, students with hearing impairments or mobility impairments should be well-served by the system.
Information technology and education
Authors: Garcia D. Linda , Weingarten Fred W.
Published: November 2005

This review is largely based on the findings of our report, Informational Technology and the Impact on American Education, conducted by the Office of Technology Assessment and delivered to the Congress a little over a year ago. We also take into account subsequent events and analyses, including the recent release of an OTA report on manufacturing automation that examined the impacts of automation on education and training.
Information technology
Authors: Geiss Gunther R.
Published: November 2005

Educational discussions about computers invariably focus upon how to teach computing (literacy) and how to use computers in teaching. Unfortunately, this leaves both teacher and student with the erroneous impression that the computer is the proper focal point for study and that it is a value-free tool. Redefinition of the computer as a metamedium and evocative object, and recognition that it is but an element of information technology, lead to an examination of the human impacts---cultural and social---of information technology and the computer. They affect our language, our thoughts, our self-image, our values, and our world-view. They challenge our ethics, our organizations, the meaning and role of work, and the role of information and information systems in our welfare. Examination of some of these impacts leads to identification of these educational issues: education for change, education for an information society, and education in an information society. It then becomes clear that federal policies are required to support and encourage changes in teacher education and re-training to provide: role models for integrative thinking and lifelong learning; emphasis on values, value clarification, and ethical behavior; and the knowledge to use information utilities. Federal policy is also required to prevent a few large purchasers from defining the educational software to be available to all purchasers, and to maintain education as the universal (without regard to ability to pay) human service it must remain. Information utilities remain largely unregulated in this country and will have significant bearing upon the costs of all human services, especially education, yet their design is" ... no less than our design of the new individualism." Federal policy is required to provide assurance, to each of us, of equal access to the educational process and the best that it has to offer.
Academic software
Authors: Gilbert Steven W.
Published: November 2005

Note: In pages that follow, "computer software," "academic software," etc. refer only to microcomputer software. Minicomputer software and mainframe computer software are subject to different constraints from those associated with the smaller machines. We recognize the continuing significance and impact of PLATO, authoring systems, and other large-scale CAI projects; however, dealing with them explicitly is beyond the scope of this paper. As the networking of microcomputers on campuses (and between campuses) continues, the economics associated with software for micros will have even more in common with that of the larger systems now in place.
What is fundamental in an information age?
Authors: Hunter Beverly
Published: November 2005

How are curriculum goals, content and processes being changed in response to challenges and opportunities posed by the Information Revolution? Systematic reassessment of both curriculum content and methods is needed, to take into account the skills and knowledge necessary in an information-based society. Reassessment and curriculum development should take into account students' needs for skills in:* formulating problems and communicating problems to others;* locating sources of information related to defined problems;* selecting, modifying, and/or developing algorithmic methods for solving problems and managing information;* using available data and analytic tools to solve problems;* estimating reasonableness of solutions;* iterating and refining;* communicating problems, methods, findings, and interpretations to others;* collaborating with others in all of the above.
The role of federal policy in stimulating appropriate use of computers in elementary-secondary schools
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: November 2005

The conventional wisdom in conceptualizing the role of federal policy in stimulating increased use of computers at the elementary-secondary level is that the federal government should focus on providing funding for the acquisition of large amounts of equipment. In addition, the argument runs that greatly increased use of technology is in the national interest in terms of improving math and science education and that such federal policy would reduce the growing disparity in availability of computers among rich and poor districts. Unfortunately, such a perspective may lead to winning the battle at the expense of losing the war. Dumping large amounts of equipment on school districts at the present time would ensure little more than that the public schools would end up in several years with large amounts of unused, obsolete equipment. The computer is such a relatively new tool in elementary-secondary schools that the culture, norms, and research evidence of the relative effectiveness of computer use have yet to be established.
Moral Theories for Autonomous Software Agents
Authors: Lucas Richard
Published: November 2005

It is commonplace that computers are intruding, in an active way,
ever more into our lives. This incursion ought to lead to us
thinking about the role of responsibility that attaches to the
actions that result. After all, we think about responsibility when
people act. The leading researchers in the field responsible for
producing software that intrude so (that is, intrude actively) call
the fruits of their labour Autonomous Software Agents (ASAs). So,
is it desirable or even possible for these ASAs to be morally
responsible?
Criminalising computer misconduct:Legal and philosophical concerns
Authors: Urbas Dr. Gregor
Published: November 2005

Computer misconduct (hacking, fraud, privacy breaches, pornography
dissemination etc.) has been a part of computing and electronic
communication since its early development. The process of
criminalisation (enactment of laws creating specific offences
covering these activities) has followed in a some what sporadic and
uneven way, with notable discrepancies between jurisdictions both
internationally and within countries. In Australia, there has been
some movement towards uniformity with the enactment of the
Cybercrime Act 2001 (Cth) and its equivalents in several States and
Territories. Internati onally, there is gradual convergence towards
models such as the Council of Europe¿s Convention on
Cybercrime. However, the philosophical concerns behind such
legislation are not always clear or uniform. Interests sought to be
protected from computer misconduct range from traditional concerns
of crim inal law (physical safety, personal property, public order
etc.) through to larger-scale and more abstract concerns (national
infrastructure security and system integrity). This paper assesses
legal and philosophical aspects of Australian and comparable
computer crime legislation.
Hackers
Authors: Hollinger Richard C.
Published: November 2005

In his book,
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
(Doubleday, 1984), Steven Levy documents the linguistic evolution of the word "hacker." He argues that among computer aficionados the term has been long used to express respect and admiration for another's superior computer programming expertise. In the last ten years (particularly among members of the law enforcement community), however, the concept has taken on an extremely negative connotation and is regularly used to refer to electronic vandals and computer criminals. Yet, recent surveys of computer crime victims indicate that the typical computer criminal is an employee, not an outsider trying to "hack" into the system. In trying to explain this paradox, comparisons are made with earlier historical periods when highwaymen and train robbers were also viewed by law enforcement as criminals but considered by their peers as folk heroes. These modern day "electronic highwaymen" are innovative deviants who prey on the inherent vulnerabilities of our pioneering (and sometimes unpopular) communication and information corporations. The social construction of "hackers" as the principal focus of computer criminalization is explained by examining the specific characteristics of the victims, offenses, offenders, and law enforcement agencies within the scope of the larger computer and information technology revolution.
Supply, demand, and piracy
Authors: Zabinski Eric
Published: November 2005

Software piracy has robbed the computer industry of billions of dollars according to PC World. Piracy, one of the most common forms of computer crime, is the reproduction of "protected" programs (e.g. copyrighted programs). A nonviolent crime, software piracy is unique in that the "stolen" object is left behind; the thief only walks off with a copy of the program. Futhermore, piracy is generally committed in the privacy of one's home, away from the firm being robbed.
Communicative technology and the emerging global curriculum
Authors: Taylor Robert P.
Published: November 2005

In the 1910 rural community where my father was growing up, his teachers did not train him to become the pilot and aviation pioneer he later became. Airplanes had barely been invented and few if any teachers probably had any idea what skills one might need to fly them. Their curriculum certainly didn't reflect the world shrinking changes that aviation was about to bring. Similarly, in the 1940 rural community where I was growing up, my teachers did not train me to become the pioneer in computing and education which I later became. Computers were virtually unheard of by teachers and they certainly had no idea what thinking skills would be necessary for designing software. And, once again, the curriculum didn't reflect the changes that computers were about to launch.
Lobbying for computer legislation
Authors: BloomBecker Jay
Published: November 2005

Warning: This is an article about how democracy has begun to come to computing. It is a challenge to those who would like to see it spread. I make no pretense of objectivity or dispassion (only accuracy). I want to make your blood boil and your face flush, impelling you out of lassitude into revolutionary commitment. I want to turn the "appliance operators" into "cybernetworkers," citizens of the information age.
The technology of expert systems
Authors: Sagheb-Tehrani Mehdi
Published: November 2005

The technology of computer has been applied to the automation of office tasks and procedures. The technology of expert systems make available a new methodology for automating knowledge-oriented processes. The development of expert systems raises a number of issues for the organizations. This paper presents a descriptive model regarding some potential impacts of expert systems on the organizations. The article points out the need, when implementing expert systems, to take a broader perspective of their potential effects on the organization. Moreover, the article puts forward some suggestions for a successful introduction of expert systems technology. The paper also indicates some avenues for further research on this matter.
Teaching mathematics using technology strategies
Authors: Lipton Robert
Published: November 2005

This article explores alternate ways that technology can be utilized to teach mathematics. This is accomplished by examining the concept of the computer classroom, which is the integration of computers and their associated technologies in the teaching process. In conclusion, a comprehensive solution, based on research, is outlined and specified.
A tutorial system on inorganic chemical formulations and reactions
Authors: Ruiz I. Luque , Cruz Soto J. L. , Gomez-Nieto M. A.
Published: November 2005

This paper proposes a model that permits the development of a tutorial system devoted to teaching formulation and reactions in inorganic chemical. The model is based on both abstract data structures to represent this type of knowledge and the use of an Object-Oriented paradigm which permits the development of complex systems which can be used as a tutorial system for students as well as an expert system for researchers.The user interacts with the system through sentences representing inorganic chemical names (in several nomenclatures) working in a graphic environment that permits the development of powerful user interface necessary in this kind of system.
Introducing elderly college students to multimedia
Authors: Ogozalek Virginia Z. , Bush Carl , Hayeck Elaine , Lockwood James
Published: November 2005

This paper describes a multimedia workshop organized by younger computer science students for 35 of their older classmates, average age 70. Results of a follow-up survey indicate that elders' responses to multimedia are positive, although older students still feel unsure about their technical abilities and may need continuing help to take full advantage of the new technology.