bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeostatic, Glucolytic and Lipolytic Presentations Before and after Soccer Game
Authors: Solomon Agoro, Eni-Yimini , Peter Alabrah, Waibode , Simeon George, Gborienemi , Martins Wankasi, Mieebi
Published: January 2024

Soccer is a worldwide game played for health, entertainment and economic purposes. The effect of soccer activities on homeostatic, glucolytic and lipolytic biochemical parameters were estimated before and after 90 minutes of a full-time game.  Twenty-two (22) male soccer players from a second-tier squad took part in the investigation.  The biochemical parameters which included serum electrolytes, plasma glucose, serum proteins and lipids were analyzed using standard WHO-approved methods. All data were analyzed using student t-test on SPSS 23 version.  The study showed that there was a significant increase in the concentrations of glucose & a decrease in potassium (p<0.05) after the soccer game. The other parameters analyzed were not significant. In conclusion, glucose and potassium concentrations should be monitored before and after regular exercise to avoid possible adverse outcomes associated with hypoglycaemia and/or hyperkalemia.
Packets’ Congestion Management with Fuzzy Admission Control Policy for Differentiated Service Networks
Authors: Akinwale Adio T. , Sodiya Adesina S. , Akinleye Simeon A. , Gbadebo Adegbuyi D.
Published: January 2024

This study presents a priority-based admission control system for ensuring stability in a differentiated service network using a fuzzified admission policy. Packets of varying sizes of data were transmitted from N sources through a traffic conditioner which categorizes the packets into two independent sources, consequently classifying them into “high” and “low” priorities. While class A packets are not denied admission into the buffer, this is not the case with packets of class B. Arrivals from both sources follow a Poisson distribution process of\(\alpha\)(k) = (\(\lambda\) /k!)e -\(\lambda\) . It is assumed that r > h / \(\mu\)   in order to avoid a situation in which a class B arrival is denied admission while the system is empty. The arrival rates  \(\lambda\) 1 \(\in\) [02\(\mu\) ) and \(\lambda\)2 \(\in\) [02 \(\alpha\)) serve as fuzzy inputs with four linguistic values while the output is a decision, d. Simulation started with an initial state, zero and system performance for the first 300time units was monitored. Results indicate that the admission controller admits arriving class B packets provided that the value of y ≤ 4 while it denied admission to arriving class B packets when y > 4, thus giving a threshold policy of y=4 . Arrivals denied admission are dropped and transmitted to the “tree manager” via the bottleneck router. These packets are arranged as nodes in an AVL tree structure which adopts tree properties to manage and transmit nodes to the buffer based on node rotations.
Study of Genetic Drifts in Some Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene Variatiants in Type 2 Diabetics in Some Ethinic Groups Residing in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Osere H. , Brown H. , Elechi-Amadi K. N.
Published: January 2024

Aim: Detailing and distribution of some predominant FTO genes among subjects with diabetes mellitus selected from Igbo, Ika, Ijaw and Isoko tribes of Delta state, Nigeria.

Study Design: Case-control, observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Federal Medical Center, Asaba, Delta State and Safety Molecular Pathology Laboratory Enugu, Nigeria, between March 2020 and Febuary 2022.

Methodology:100 subjects (20 diabetic and 5 non diabetic from each of the four tribes; age range; 28-74 years) Venous blood was collected for the assay of FBS, Hb1ac and molecular assay of four variants of FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity Associated) gene. Results obtained were statistically analysed.

Result: The genotypes identified in the subjects were AA, GA, GG, AC, CC, TT, and AT.  AA (Ijaw 17, Urhobo 18, Ika 18, Igbo 19) and GG (Ijaw 17, Urhobo 18, Ika 19, Igbo 18) had highest level of occurrence in all tribes. Recombinant genotype and recessive allele had higher number of subjects as compared to the originating genotypes. Hardy- Weinberg statistics demonstrated significant genetic deviations in rs2388405(AA -0.12 x2 =0.0002, GA 0.12 x2=0.002) rs201041270(GG-0.12 x2 =0.0002, GA 2.12 x2=0.002), and rs8050136 (CC -0.34 x2 =0.001, AC 2.32, x2=0.05) proving a chance of finding new SNP in the studied population with a probability of 2.25 as seen in the odd ratio of T allele in Igbo tribe.

Conclusion: Statistically significant genetic drifts exist in the studied population.
Distribution of Soil Chemical Properties of Smallholder Farms on Derelict Mined-Sites of Jos South LGA, Jos Plateau, Nigeria
Authors: Dakagan John Bathrobas , Tudunwada Ibrahim Yakubu , Ajiji Samson Ajik , Aliyu J. A.
Published: January 2024

Tin mining environments have constituted a degrading challenge to smallholder farmers whose lands have been overtaken. Attempts by smallholder farmers to restore the lands to farming are faced with soil productivity constraints. Yet, these farmers struggle to cultivate farms in-between the mined lands to meet up with subsistence food requirements. To date, the farmers have identified areas with low and high potentials due to years of continuous cultivation. This study was conducted in an environment that had undergone mining on a larger scale and is now undergoing surface mining on a small scale. Thirty-one (31) soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20cm to investigate the spread of soil chemical properties on smallholder farms. Coordinates of the samples were acquired using GPS to create georeferenced continuous surfaces. The results indicated that the majority of the soil's chemical properties varied moderately. Organic matter (0.89-1.74%) and nitrogen (0.045 - 0.096%) needed mostly by crops were very low due to uninformed distribution of soil chemical properties. Geostatistics was used to generate continuous surfaces through Kriging. The small nugget effect showed spatial continuity between the neighboring points. Strong spatial dependence occurred for all soil nutrients tested, due to intrinsic soil properties such as soil parent material, topography, texture, and mineralogy. Generally, the spread of soil nutrients on the smallholder farm coincides with the smallholder farmers' identified potential areas. The study suggests that for proper nutrient interventions on the farms, distribution of soil nutrients on the farms should be done to avoid excesses and shortages of inorganic and organic interventions.
Influence of Natural Disasters on Social Conditions in Village Communities in Indonesia
Authors: Faradiba Faradiba
Published: January 2024

Natural disasters have a negative impact on various aspects of life. Through natural disasters, the order of life in an area will be disrupted. The social condition of society is one component that has a negative impact. Therefore, this research aims to determine the negative impact of natural disasters on the social aspects of society. The data used in this research comes from 2021 Podes data and the 2022 and 2023 Social Resilience Index. The method used in this research is multiple linear regression. The results of this research indicate that natural disasters have a negative impact on social aspects. Of the three independent variables in this study, it is known that volcanic eruptions have the deepest significant negative impacts, both 1 year after the event and 2 years after the event. Through this research, it is known that the social aspects of society will be negatively impacted by natural disasters. For this reason, an extra role is needed from the government to carry out evacuations when a disaster occurs, and also carry out mitigation from the start in order to minimize negative impacts.
Incidence of Cotton Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) and Its Correlation with Weather Parameters
Authors: Chauhan K. H. , Patel R. D. , Bhanderi G. R. , Desai H. R.
Published: January 2024

Investigations on incidence of cotton thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) on Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrid were carried out at Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat (Gujarat) during Kharif, 2017-18. The thrips incidence initiated from fourth week of June and it continued till first week of December in Bt and non-Bt cotton. The peak activity of thrips was observed during third week of August in Bt hybrid and the higher fluctuation of thrips was observed during the second week of August to third week of September and first week of October. Thrips population had significant negative correlation with maximum temperature in Bt cotton. In case of non-Bt, the peak activity of thrips was found during first week of September. As far as association with abiotic factors was concerned, maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours had significantly negatively correlation, while minimum temperature and morning relative humidity were positively associated.
Influence of Crop Geometry, Fruit Thinning and Nutrient Management on Yield and Yield -related Attributes of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.)
Authors: Deka Bhabesh , Hazarika Jahnabi , Borthakur Pritom Kumar , Kotoky Utpal , Saikia Ananta , Kalita Prakash , Gogoi Bhabesh , Goswami Soumitra , Hazarika Bikash , Handique Karobi
Published: January 2024

The present experiment was carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 in Jorhat, Assam with the objective to optimize the planting density for maximum yield and yield related attributes. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block Design with 3 factors viz. spacing, fruit thinning and INM (Integrated nutrient management) with three replications and the data of individual years were subjected to pooled analysis. The spacing levels were D1 (2.5m x 2m), D2 (1.5m x 1m) and D3 (1mx 1m) where F1 (no thinning), F2 (Thinning up-to 1 fruits /primary vine) and F3 (Thinning up-to2 fruits/primary vine) were the fruit thinning levels. A total of 4 INM treatments were given i.e. N1 (100% RDF), N2 (50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM), N3 (50% RDF + 50% RDN through vermicompost) and N4 (50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost + 25% RDN through FYM). The treatments significantly influenced the various parameters except a few. The experiment's findings showed that thinning the fruit and increasing the spacing between them had a favorable effect on the watermelon's growth and yield-related characteristics. Additionally, integrated nutrient management and fruit thinning at level F2 enhanced the watermelon's growth, yield, and quality metrics. Among the levels, N3 (50% RDF + 50% RDN through vemicompost was found to be the best.
Performance Assessment of Solar Ice Slurry Cold Storage System for Solar Refrigerated Vehicle
Authors: Zhang Kai , Wang Xinyu , Jin Yezhu , Gao Yuguo
Published: January 2024

This article mainly analyzes the ice slurry cold storage system in solar refrigerated vehicles, calculates and studies the thermal properties of the ice slurry, the cold load of the refrigerated vehicle, and the solar photovoltaic panels, and calculates the fuel savings of using solar power generation. Study the demand for ice slurry in ice slurry storage systems under different energy utilization efficiencies, analyze the economy of solar ice slurry generation systems, and calculate the recovery period of the system in this paper. The daily power generation of solar photovoltaic panels can run the electric motor for 2.93 hours. The solar refrigerated truck can save 7.91 liters of oil per day and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.25×107 liters per day. The average annual electricity cost savings are 4026.67 CNY. Based on the total cost of the photovoltaic energy storage hybrid quality system, it will take 3.89 years to recover the cost. Calculate the density and enthalpy of the ice slurry based on the thermophysical model of the ice slurry, and provide different utilization amounts for the ice slurry mass generated by the ice slurry generation system at different efficiencies. Calculate the total weight of the ice slurry system.
A Review of Energy Demands and its’ Implication on Climate Change in Africa
Authors: Usiabulu Godsday Idanegbe , Aprioku Peter Sydney , Okoye Ogechi , Peters Joseph Friday , Omeke Rita Ogechi , Olowe Emmanuel Faithfulness
Published: January 2024

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Communities around the world are already feeling its effects, and the situation is only expected to get worse in the future. One of the sectors particularly vulnerable to climate change's effects is the energy sector. In many African countries, the energy sector is heavily reliant on fossil fuels. This makes African countries particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, as the availability of fossil fuels is expected to decrease in the future because of climate change. This could lead to higher energy prices and a decrease in the availability of energy. In addition, climate change is expected to have a significant impact on hydropower, which is another important source of energy in many African countries. Changes in rainfall patterns could lead to lower river levels and reduced hydroelectric power generation. This could have a severe impact on the availability of energy in African countries. The effects of climate change on the energy sector are likely to have a knock-on effect on the wider economy. Higher energy prices could lead to inflation and a decrease in the availability of energy which could lead to blackouts and a decrease in production. This could have a devastating impact on the economies of African countries. The effects of climate change on the energy sector are likely to be very damaging for African countries. These countries need to take action to mitigate the effects of climate change and to adapt their energy systems to cope with the changes that are expected to occur. This review outlines the climate change impacts on the energy sector in African countries and recommendations to mitigate the effects of climate change impacts.
Clinical Application and Evaluation of Specialised Ring Fixators for the Management of Upper and Lower Limb Bone Fractures in Dogs
Authors: Sharma Rohit Kumar , Bishnoi Anil Kumar , Sharma Manu Prabh , Bishnoi Praveen
Published: January 2024

Present study was conducted on nine-clinical cases of humerus (n=4), femur (n=3) and radius-ulna (n=2) fractures in dogs of either sex, weighing 5.5 to 18 kg. Both closed (n=6) and open (n=3) fractures were treated in this study. The fracture was reduced and stabilized by transfixation using modified ring fixators. Semicircular (n=4) and hybrid fixators (n=5) were used for upper limb and lower limb bones respectively. The main component of fixator i.e. aluminium rings were designed locally at Bikaner using 4-mm aluminium sheets and fabricated accordingly. Full rings were used for distal radial (n=2) and distal femoral (n=1) fractures whereas semicircular rings were made through cutting the full ring during surgery for specific humeral (n=4) and femoral (n=2) fractures. Specialised wire fixation bolt (iron based; weighing 5.5g) was also designed locally at Bikaner for transcortical pin and ring articulation. Humeral and distal femoral fractures are challenging while bone plating of distal radial fracture demands further surgeries therefore external fixators were modified and applied in present study. Operated limbs were evaluated clinically with serial postoperative radiographs at regular intervals. Fixator-assembly evaluation and functional recovery of operated limbs were considered as objectives of this study.
Primary Screening for Fungi Isolates that Produce Mycotoxin from Sun-Dried Meat
Authors: Opara Christiana N. , Omeje Faith I.
Published: January 2024

This study aims to screen fungal isolates from sun dried meat samples to identify fungal presumed producing mycotoxins in the sun dried meat. A total of 8 fungal isolates from sun dried meat were used for the study. They are Aspergillus (2), Penicillium spp (3), Fusarium spp, Mucor spp and Rhizopus spp. The fungal isolates from eight sun dried-meat samples were sub-cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose agar in order to obtain pure colonies for further analysis. The detection of mycotoxins in the sun dry meat samples was carried out by the use of Coconut Agar Media (CAM), by which the fungal isolates were cultured and plates incubated for 3-7days at 28C. The results obtained show that some of the fungal isolates had the ability to produce mycotoxins. From the mycotoxin screening, only four (4) species (Aspergillus spps, and Penicillium spp) were positive (+) and Rhizopus spp, Fusarium spp and Mucor spp, were negative (-). Mycotoxin contamination level varied in different market locations in which Academy Market had the highest level of mycotoxin (71.4%) followed by Oje Market (14.3%) and Oremiji Market (14.3%). Mycotoxigenic producing fungi and mycotoxin levels in the sun dried meat samples are public health concern. Also these results calls for more sensitization for safety of sun dried meat.
Studi Nilai Keberlanjutan Elemen Struktur Rumah Tradisional Nias
Authors: Buwono Ruth Aureline Marsha , Arifin Lilianny Sigit
Published: January 2024

Pada era ini, arsitektur berkelanjutan menjadi salah satu topik hangat yang diperbincangkan dalam dunia arsitektur karena terjadinya krisis global yang dialami oleh seluruh dunia. Sehingga sekarang, saat merancang pembangunan sebuah bangunan, nilai-nilai arsitektur berkelanjutan menjadi pertimbangan yang mempengaruhi dunia desain. Untuk mempelajari nilai-nilai tersebut, manusia dapat kembali ke dasar dari pembangunan, yaitu arsitektur tradisional. Tulisan ini akan mempelajari bagaimana rumah tradisional Nias menerapkan konsep keberlanjutan dalam desain elemen terpilih. Elemen yang akan dibahas adalah elemen struktur yang menjadi ciri khas unik rumah tradisional Nias. Dari kajian teoritis rumah adat Nias berdasarkan parameter desain berkelanjutan, didapati rumah tradisional tersebut memiliki nilai-nilai berkelanjutan. Pembelajaran konsep keberlanjutan dari rumah tradisional ini dapat diterapkan dan diadaptasi pada proses perancangan bangunan tinggi modern jaman sekarang. Diharapkan dengan dilakukannya hal ini dapat membuka peluang-peluang baru bagi perkembangan kualitas desain bangunan tinggi yang memiliki nilai berkelanjutan.
Analisis Persepsi Penerapan Place Attachment Pada Rumah Susun Sewa ASN Nania Di Kota Ambon.
Authors: Lilipory Gloria Christabel , Kwanda Timoticin , Arifin Lilianny Sigit
Published: January 2024

Place Attachment adalah keterikatan manusia terhadap suatu tempat. Terwujudnya keterikatan ini ditentukan oleh identitas tempat, ketergantungan tempat dan ikatan sosial. Penelitian ini menganalisis keterikatan tempat rumah susun sewa ASN Nania di kota Ambon terhadap penghuninya melalui identifikasi 2 faktor keterikatan, yaitu ketergantungan tempat dan ikatan sosial. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif, metode ini digunakan untuk dapat memecahakan masalah dan peneliti akan mengamati lapangan secara spesifik dan mendalam. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa keterikatan penghuni dengan rumah susun sewa dapat dilihat dari persepsi penghuni yang telah tinggal dan menghabiskan waktu pada rumah susun sewa dan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan factor ketergantungan tempat dan faktor ikatan sosial.Keywords: keterikatan tempat, ketergantungan tempat, ikatan sosial, rumah susun sewa.
Kajian Tipologi Dan Morfologi Kawasan Pantai Losari, Makassar
Authors: Tjendra Timothy Jason , Sunaryo Rony Gunawan
Published: January 2024

Kota Makassar merupakan salah satu kota yang memiliki populasi dan luas wilayah terbesar di Indonesia. Pembangunan di kota ini mulai berkembang pesat sejak tahun 2010 khususnya pada kawasan Pantai Losari. Kawasan Pantai Losari di nilai memiliki potensi sebagai ikon wisata yang dapat menarik para wisatawan untuk datang berkunjung. Namun pesatnya perkembangan pembangunan pada kawasan tersebut, masih terdapat elemen-elemen persisten yang masih bertahan pada kawasan tersebut. Dengan melakukan analisis tipologi dan morfologi kawasan Pantai Losari, kita dapat menemukan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa jalan dan jenis bangunan yang masih bertahan, seperti ruko. Tipologi ruko masih bertahan seiring perkembangan pembangunan pada kawasan Pantai Losari.
Clinicopathologic Features and Factors Related to Survival of Patients with Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Hepatic Resection
Authors: Chen Jui‐Yu , Chau Gar‐Yang , Lui Wing‐Yiu , Tsay Shyh‐Haw , King Kuang‐Liang , Wu Chew‐Wun
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) offers patients a chance of cure but is associated with a significant tumor recurrence rate. We characterized 145 resected small HCCs and defined patients who would most benefit from hepatic resection. A retrospective study was conducted of 485 HCC patients who had undergone curative resection. The clinical features and survival rates of patients with HCCs ≤ 3 cm (group 1, n = 145) were compared with those of patients with HCCs > 3 cm (group 2, n = 340). Compared with group 2 patients, group 1 had worse liver function, a higher frequency of hepatitis C infection, and a lower α‐fetoprotein level. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates of group 1 were better than those of group 2 (82%, 59%, and 42% vs. 56%, 39%, and 31%, respectively) (p < 0.001). From the sixth postoperative year onward, the proportions of disease‐free survivors were not significantly different between the two groups (32% vs. 31%). By multivariate analysis, factors influencing small‐HCC patients’ outcomes were tumor centrally located (p = 0.003), indocyanine green retention rate > 10% (p = 0.017), and albumin level < 3.7 g/dl (p = 0.004). A clinical risk scoring system incorporating these factors correlated closely with the patients’ outcomes and it may be used to select patients who would most benefit from hepatic resection.
Etiology of the Resting Myoelectric Activity of the Levator Ani Muscle: Physioanatomic Study with a New Theory
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Doss Sameh , Asaad Soheir
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Of all the striated muscles in the bodies of mammals, only the pelvic floor muscles, which include the levator ani (LA), have resting electric activity. The cause and function of this resting myoelectric activity are not exactly known. The current study investigated the effect of intraabdominal pressure (IAP) and visceral weight on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the LA, seeking to elucidate its cause and function. A series of 18 subjects (12 women, 6 men, mean age 38.6 years) were subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for calcular cholecystitis. Prior to cholecystectomy, the resting LA EMG and IAP were recorded with the patient in the recumbent and erect positions. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the IAP was elevated by CO2 insufflation in increments of 5 cm of H2O, and the LA EMG activity was recorded for the recumbent and vertical positions during inflation and after deflation at the end of the operation. In 5/18 patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was extended to open cholecystectomy, the IAP and LA EMG were also registered. The study also included histologic examination of the LA muscle from 15 cadavers (7 adults, 8 neonates). Levator ani EMG increased (p < 0.05) on standing. At operation, IAP elevation was associated with a significant increase of LA EMG activity. On deflation, the IAP and LA EMG activity level returned to the pre‐insufflation state. In open cholecystectomy, the IAP was zero and the LA EMG recorded no activity for the recumbent position, but there was an activity for the vertical position. Histologically, the lateral part of the LA in the adult cadavers consisted solely of skeletal muscle fibers. Proceeding medially, smooth muscle fibers started to appear and gradually increase until, at the midportion, the LA split into two layers, a deep layer consisting of smooth muscle fibers and a superficial layer consisting of skeletal fibers. In neonates, the LA was composed of purely skeletal muscle fibers. The LA EMG activity seems to be related to both the IAP and the visceral weight. It is probably attributable to the presence of smooth muscle bundles in the LA muscle. The LA EMG activity increased with the elevation of the IAP and visceral weight, which resulted in increased muscle tone to oppose the augmented pressure or weight. This effect seems to be mediated through the straining‐levator reflex. A chronic increase of IAP or visceral overload is suggested to affect muscle integrity and function.
Fractures in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Nationwide Follow‐up Study of 1201 Patients
Authors: Vestergaard Peter , Mosekilde Leif
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases bone turnover and may thus increase fracture risk. As PTH secretion is increased in primary hyperparathyroidism, surgical cure may prevent fractures. We studied fracture risk before and after diagnosis in patients treated surgically and conservatively for primary hyperparathyroidism. All 1201 patients with newly diagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) between 1982 and 1996 in Denmark were identified through the Danish Hospital Discharge Register. Each patient was compared with three age‐ and gender‐matched controls randomly drawn from the background population. Those who were treated surgically (n = 841; mean age 58.6 ± 14.6 years) were significantly younger than those who were not (n = 360; 65.5 ± 16.8 years; 2p < 0.01); they had higher plasma ionized calcium (1.58 ± 0.16 vs. 1.50 ± 0.10 mmol/L; 2p = 0.03) and tended to have lower lumbar spine bone mineral Z‐scores (–0.72 ± 1.35 vs. 0.05 ± 1.05; 2p = 0.06). Before diagnosis, fracture risk was elevated in both those who subsequently underwent surgery [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.45, 95% CI 1.05–1.99] and in those who did not (IRR 1.59, 95% CI 1.10–2.29). After diagnosis, no difference in fracture risk was present between surgically and nonsurgically treated patients. The risk of death was significantly lower in the operated patients than in those who did not have surgery (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47–0.73). No differences in fracture risk could be demonstrated between those who had and those who did not have surgery, taking age, gender, and previous fractures into account.
Analysis of Failure in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Differential Outcomes in Children and Adults
Authors: Goldstein Michael J. , Salame Ephrem , Kapur Sandip , Kinkhabwala Milan , LaPointe‐Rudow Diane , Harren Patricia , Lobritto Steven J. , Russo Mark , Brown Robert S. , Cataldegirmen Guellue , Weinberg Alan , Renz John F. , Emond Jean C.
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Over the past decade we have reported excellent outcomes in pediatric living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with recipient survival exceeding 90%. Principles established in these patients were extended to LDLT in adults. To compare outcomes in donors and recipients between adult and pediatric LDLT in a single center, we reviewed patient records of 45 LDLT performed between 1/98 and 2/01: 23 adult LDLT (54 ± 6.5 yr) and 22 pediatric LDLT (33.7 ± 53.5 months). Preoperative liver function was worse in adults (International Normalized Ratio [INR] 1.5 ± 0.4 vs. INR 1.2 ± 0.5; p = 0.032). 4 adults (17%) met criteria for status 1 or 2A. Only 1 child was transplanted urgently. Analysis included descriptive statistics and Kaplan‐Meier estimation. Donor mortality was 0% with 1 re‐exploration, 2.4%. Median hospital stay (LOS) was 6.0 days (range, 4–12 days). Donor morbidity and LOS did not differ by sex, extent of hepatectomy, or adult and pediatric LDLT (p = 0.49). In contrast, recipient outcomes were worse for adults. Adult 1 year graft survival was 65% (3 retransplants [ReTx], 5 deaths) vs. 91% for children (1 ReTx, 1 death) p = 0.02. Graft losses in adults were due to sepsis (n = 3), small for size (n = 2), suicide, and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), whereas in children graft losses were due to portal thrombosis and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) liver failure. Biliary leaks occurred in 22% of adults and 9% of children. Hepatic vein obstruction occurred in 17% of adults and in none of the children. Median LOS was comparable (adult, 16.5 days (range, 7–149 days); child, 17 days (range, 10–56 days), p = 0.2). Graft function (total bilirubin (TBili) < 5mg/dl, INR < 1.2, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) < 100 U/l) normalizing by day 4 in children and by day 14 in adults. Adults fared worse, with an array of problems not seen in children, in particular, hepatic vein obstruction and small‐for‐size syndrome. Biliary leaks were diagnosed later in adults and were lethal in 3 cases; this was later avoided with biliary drainage in adult recipients. Finally, use of LDLT in decompensated adults led to death in 3 of 4 patients, and should be restricted to elective use.
Decline in Popularity of General Surgery as a Career Choice in North America: Review of Postgraduate Residency Training Selection in Canada, 1996–2001
Authors: Marschall Jeff G. , Karimuddin Ahmer A.
Published: February 2003

Abstract

There has been a perception that fewer medical students are currently pursuing careers in general surgery. To investigate the validity of this premise we reviewed the Canadian Residency Matching Service (CaRMS) database from 1996 to 2001 and identified recent trends in graduates’ selections. Three surgical specialties–general surgery, orthopedic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology—were chosen for analysis as “poor lifestyle” specialties. They were compared to anesthesia, diagnostic radiology, and ophthalmology, which were chosen as representative “good lifestyle” specialties. Linear regression and chi‐square analyses were performed to identify significant changes in applications to each specialty. A negative trend in first‐choice applications to all three “poor lifestyle” specialties was observed, whereas all three “good lifestyle” specialties experienced increased first‐choice applicants. Potential factors influencing medical student residency selection are discussed, emphasizing the reduced number of first‐choice applicants to general surgery.
Timing of Cholecystectomy for Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: Outcomes of Cholecystectomy on First Admission and after Recurrent Biliary Pancreatitis
Authors: Alimoglu Orhan , Ozkan Orhan V. , Sahin Mustafa , Akcakaya Adem , Eryilmaz Ramazan , Bas Gurhan
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Biliary stones are the leading cause of acute pancreatitis. Although cholecystectomy and selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) comprise the current treatment in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP), the time of intervention is still controversial. In this study we evaluated the outcomes of cholecystectomy on first admission for ABP and in patients with recurrent biliary pancreatitis. A series of 43 patients with ABP between January 1997 and November 2000 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were classified into two groups. Group I included 27 patients who underwent cholecystectomy on first admission before discharge from the hospital. Group II comprised 16 patients who had recurrent biliary pancreatitis and then underwent cholecystectomy. The severity of the pancreatitis was determined by Ranson’s criteria. Age, gender, length of hospital stay, severity of pancreatitis, amylase level, and complications of cholecystectomy were evaluated in both groups. Patients in group I underwent cholecystectomy during the original hospital admission and patients in group II during an admission for a recurrence. There were 24 patients with a Ranson’s score ≤ 3 in group I and 12 in group II. The mean hospital stays were 15.29 days (range 4–48 days) and 36.66 days (range 15–123 days) in groups I and II, respectively (p = 0.006). Morbidity was 11% without mortality in group I and 43% with one mortality in group II (p = 0.023). Definitive treatment of ABP can be accomplished effectively and safely by cholecystectomy following clinical improvement, with selective ERC performed during the first admission (delayed cholecystectomy). Waiting to perform cholecystectomy (interval cholecystectomy) may result in recurrent biliary pancreatitis, which may increase morbidity and the length of the hospital stay.
Factors Influencing Postoperative Hospital Mortality and Long‐term Survival after Radical Resection for Stage IV Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Kondo Satoshi , Nimura Yuji , Kamiya Junichi , Nagino Masato , Kanai Michio , Uesaka Katsuhiko , Yuasa Norihiro , Sano Tsuyoshi , Hayakawa Naokazu
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Factors influencing postoperative hospital mortality and long‐term survival after radical resection of stage IV gallbladder carcinoma remain unclear. The objective of this study was to identify characteristics of patients who are good candidates in terms of surgical risk and long‐term survival for radical resection of stage IV gallbladder carcinoma. A retrospective study was made of attempted surgical cure in 72 patients with stage IV gallbladder carcinoma. There were 14 postoperative hospital deaths (19%). Eleven (19%) of the 58 patients discharged from hospital survived for more than 3 years. Multivariate analysis indicated male gender, extended right hepatic lobectomy in a cholestatic liver, and portal vein resection as independent risk factors that correlated with hospital death. Distant metastasis was the sole independent factor that related negatively with long‐term survival by multivariate analysis. Subset analysis was performed with combinations of the four independent factors obtained by multivariate analyses. The hospital mortality rate and the 3‐year survival rate in the 44 patients without portal vein involvement were 9% and 28%, respectively, and were 3% and 27%, for the 31 women in this group. The highest 3‐year survival rate (39%) was observed in the 26 patients without distant metastasis and portal vein involvement, despite a hospital mortality rate of 12%. Better patient selection may improve the outcome of radical surgery for stage IV gallbladder carcinoma. These data may be useful in designing future trials of the surgical treatment of advanced gallbladder carcinoma.
Long‐term Outcome of Unilateral Parathyroid Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism Due to Presumed Solitary Adenoma
Authors: Sidhu Stanley , Neill Adrian K. , Russell Colin F.J.
Published: February 2003

Abstract

Unilateral cervical exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) remains controversial. Critics of unilateral exploration have argued that this surgical strategy results in an unacceptably large number of patients with persistent or recurrent hypercalcemia following the initial operation due to undetected additional parathyroid pathology on the contralateral, unexplored side of the neck. We have reviewed retrospectively a large cohort of patients who were submitted to scan‐directed unilateral cervical exploration for PHPT following dual‐isotope subtraction scintigraphy and according to a standard protocol. Between January 1, 1985 and June 30, 1999 a series of 184 patients underwent scan‐directed unilateral neck exploration for PHPT. Following the initial operation three individuals (1.6%) demonstrated persistent hypercalcemia. At a mean follow‐up of 59 months (range 6–168 months) none of the patients had developed recurrent hypercalcemia. Scan‐directed unilateral cervical exploration represents a valid surgical strategy for a significant proportion of patients with PHPT; and in this group of patients it does not lead to an increased incidence of persistent or recurrent hypercalcemia.
Aggressive Surgical Resection for Hilar‐invasive and Peripheral Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nakagohri Toshio , Asano Takehide , Kinoshita Hirotoshi , Kenmochi Takashi , Urashima Tetsuro , Miura Fumihiko , Ochiai Takenori
Published: February 2003

Abstract

The clinicopathology and surgical outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to clarify the clinicopathologic features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and evaluate prognostic factors influencing survival. Forty consecutive patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas undergoing surgical resection at Chiba University Hospital between October 1981 and October 1997 were analyzed retrospectively. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas were classified as hilar‐invasive type (n = 26) or peripheral type (n = 14). Patients with peripheral‐type tumors had a significantly (p = 0.005) better 5‐year survival rate (43%) than those with the hilar‐invasive type (4%). Hilar‐invasive‐type tumors had perineural invasion (100%) and nodal involvement (85%) more frequently than did peripheral‐type tumors. Despite aggressive surgical resection, the surgical margin was positive in 88% of patients with hilar‐invasive type tumors (23/26) and 29% of patients with peripheral‐type tumors (4/14). There was no evidence of a survival benefit of vascular resection for patients with a hilar‐invasive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with lymph node metastasis had a significantly worse prognosis (p = 0.0004). No patients with nodal involvement survived more than 38 months. Negative perineural invasion (p = 0.008) and a negative microscopic margin (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with improved survival. Better survival results could be achieved by curative resection with a free margin for hilar‐invasive and peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Preoperative Evaluation of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Contrast‐enhanced Three‐dimensional Fast Imaging with Steady‐state Precession Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Comparison with Intraarterial Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Lee Moon‐Gyu , Park Kwang Bo , Shin Yong Moon , Yoon Hyun Ki , Sung Kyu Bo , Kim Myung Hwan , Lee Sung Gyu , Kang Eun Mee
Published: February 2003

Abstract

We sought to evaluate the image quality of double‐dose, contrast‐enhanced 3D fast imaging with steady‐state precession (FISP) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and to compare its efficacy with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Thirty‐six patients were studied to determine the visibility of the hepatic artery and portal vein with contrast‐enhanced MR angiography. Determination of hepatic arterial and/or portal invasion from cholangiocarcinoma was compared between MR angiography and DSA as well. 0.2 mmol/kg gadolinium chelates were administrated at a rate of 4ml/s. The hepatic artery was diagnostically visible in 28 patients (78%); the portal vein, in 34 patients (94%). The sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies in distinguishing arterial invasion, were 58%, 93%, and 89%, respectively, with MR angiography; 75%, 99%, and 96%, respectively, with DSA. In distinguishing portal venous invasion, these were 78%, 91%, and 89%, respectively, with MR angiography; 78%, 92%, and 90%, respectively, with DSA. There were no significant differences between imaging methods (p >. 05); however, DSA was superior in specificity regarding hepatic arterial invasion (p =. 0143). The data presented here indicate that noninvasive contrast‐enhanced 3D FISP MR angiography has the potential to replace DSA in the preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Minimum Number of Lymph Nodes that Should Be Examined for the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM Classification of Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Ichikura Takashi , Ogawa Toshiya , Chochi Kentaro , Kawabata Toshinobu , Sugasawa Hidekazu , Mochizuki Hidetaka
Published: February 2003

Abstract

The classification of lymph node metastasis based on the number of positive nodes has been adopted in the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) TNM classification of gastric carcinoma. However, the N classification (for condition of the regional lymph nodes) would be underestimated when the number of examined nodes were too small. To determine the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine for a correct classification, we analyzed 926 patients undergoing curative resection for gastric carcinoma. The number of metastatic lymph nodes correlated significantly with the number of examined lymph nodes. The pN0 patients with 10 to 14 examined nodes showed a significantly higher survival rate than did those with 5 to 9 examined nodes, and they had as good a prognosis as those with 15 or more examined nodes. In the pN1 and pN2 categories, patients with 29 or fewer examined nodes tended toward lower survival rates than did patients with 30 or more examined nodes. Among the patients who were classified as stage IA, the survival rate for those with 5 to 9 examined nodes was significantly lower than that for patients with 30 or more examined nodes. Among the patients classified as stage III, those with 10 to 19 examined nodes and those with 20 to 29 examined nodes had lower survival rates than did patients with 30 or more examined nodes. In conclusion, the minimum number of lymph nodes examined for a correct pN0 classification can be reduced from 15 to 10. For pN1–3 classifications, 20 or more nodes should be examined, and examining 30 or more lymph nodes may be desirable.
Current approaches to the enhancement of fisheries
Authors: WELCOMME R. L. , BARTLEY D. M.
Published: February 2003

With increasing pressure on the world's inland and coastal marine fisheries, increases in production and quality of yield are being sought through the application of a range of enhancement techniques. Which of these is applied depends on the attitude to the natural resource by societies at different levels of economic development. The range of enhancement techniques involves increasing levels of human input and control which raise productivity significantly, but which also raise costs. Introductions have raised production in many areas of the world at the price of the risk of environmental disruption. Stocking is extremely widespread but has generally been applied uncritically. A variety of models are proposed to serve as a basis for more rigorous evaluation of biological and economic effectiveness of this practice. Fertilization of water bodies is used to raise levels of production further. Elimination of unwanted species then becomes necessary to maximize benefits from the target species. Adjustments to the habitats within the water body assist in raising general levels of productivity which culminate in the conversion of areas of the water into fish ponds or for cage culture. This process has important implications for the social, economic and policy context which necessitates shifts in ownership, finance and education among populations where these types of development occur.
Monitoring warm‐water fish populations in north temperate regions: sampling considerations when using proportional stock density
Authors: DIVENS M. J. , BONAR S. A. , BOLDING B. D. , ANDERSON E. , JAMES P. W.
Published: February 2003

Three lakes were repeatedly sampled at night using boat electric fishing, experimental gill netting, and fyke netting from May to November 1993 to evaluate the feasibility of using proportional stock density (PSD) to monitor warm‐water fish populations in Washington State, USA. Additionally, average night‐time boat electric fishing catch‐per‐effort of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde), from 30 Washington lakes was also analysed to determine the amount of effort required to obtain adequate samples for precise PSD estimates. Temporal variations in PSD were not large enough to affect the management of warm‐water fish populations in the small Washington lakes studied. However, the considerable effort required to obtain precise PSD estimates may limit its usefulness for warm‐water fisheries surveys in the Pacific Northwest. On average, from three to 13 nights of electric fishing effort are needed to capture enough stock‐length largemouth bass for PSD estimates, depending on the precision desired (80–95%) and the location of the lake (eastern or western Washington). Catch of stock‐length fish can be maximized by using electric fishing for centrarchids and gill netting for yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in June or September. Adequate samples for precise PSD estimates can be difficult to obtain from Pacific Northwestern lakes, even when using recommended gear at optimum sampling times. Inability to capture an adequate sample size for precise PSD estimates may be responsible for some of the fluctuation in PSDs in some studies of warm‐water fish populations in northern areas. Managers in other northern climates may find that low sample size may account for large variations in PSDs reported.
The effects of siltation on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., embryos in the River Bush
Authors: O'CONNOR W. C. K. , ANDREW T. E.
Published: February 2003

The tolerance of incubating salmon embryos to spawning gravel sedimentation was examined under hatchery conditions and also in the natural state on the River Bush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. In a laboratory assessment alevin survival was closely related to the level of fine material. The number of individuals was reduced at the 10% fines level while >15% fine material was found to be deleterious to survival. Mean survival on the river (19.26%) was found to be better than that recorded in the hatchery, although no clear relationship was established between the level of fines and percentage survival in the wild. The mean fines accumulation (13.59%) in the river incubators at the end of the experiment was shown to be statistically similar to the background substrate. The role of high flow events in the contamination of gravels scoured by spawning fish is discussed.
The effect of managed hydropower peaking on the physical habitat, benthos and fish fauna in the River Bregenzerach in Austria
Authors: PARASIEWICZ P. , SCHMUTZ S. , MOOG O.
Published: February 2003

The lower reaches of the Bregenzerach, a river in western Austria, have been affected by heavy hydro‐peaking discharges (up to 60 m3 s−1) for several decades. In conjunction with a plan to construct a new power plant, mitigation measures were developed to reduce the adverse effects of hydro‐peaking in this river reach.

The impact assessment examined the effects of a new flow management system introduced in 1992. The study concentrated on three main components: abiotics (morphology, hydrology, hydraulics), fish and benthic fauna.

Prior to mitigation, both the fish and invertebrate fauna were heavily affected by the peaking. Benthic biomass was less than 15% of that predicted by an altitude model. After mitigation benthic biomass recovered to about 60% of the model prediction. No post‐mitigation improvement was found with respect to fish biomass.

Flow velocity distribution data showed that rising surge releases had two distinct phases, a bed‐filling and a flow acceleration phase. The present flow management system, based on a dual‐flow logistic, resulted in increased base flows and reduced peak flows, but did not alter the ramping rates. The reduction of the adverse effects of the bed‐filling phase was apparently responsible for the recovery of the benthic fauna. However, the unaltered ramping rate of the acceleration phase may have inhibited the development of the fish community.

An analysis of the hydrograph demonstrated the possibility of adjusting the present management strategy to reduce the ramping rate of the acceleration phase, smoothing out the peak duration curve.