bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dutta’s Scoring Technique for Early Detection and Management of Uterine Atony during Emergency LSCS – A Randomized Trial
Authors: Dutta Dilip Kumar , Dutta Indranil
Published: December 2013

Background: Uterine atony accounts for 80 % of causes of PPH and is one of the important cause of maternal death. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of Dutta’s score for early detection and management of uterine atony during emergency LSCS to prevent PPH. Study methods: This study was undertaken at JNM, NSGN, CN at Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal India from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2011. Three hundred cases undergoing emergency LSCS were selected for randomized trial. Clinical observations were made after placental expulsion for scoring which includes shape and size of uterus, rugosity, tone, placental localization and time of placental expulsion. Score of 0, 1, 2 were given on each observation. Three groups are created depending on scoring-Group A (130) -8 to 10, Group B (N-100) -5 to 7 and Group C (N-70) - <5 for better management. Management protocols were formulated in the three groups for prevention of PPH Group A:- Oxytocin 10U (5U IM + 5U IV 40drops/min in Ringer Lactate 500ml) Group B:- Oxytocin 15U (5U IM + 10U IV 40drops/min in Ringer lactate 500 ml) + methyl ergometrine (0.25mg IM) + anterior posterior uterine wall compression Group C:- Oxytocin 20 U- (5U IM plus 15 U IV 40 drops in Ringer Lactate 500 ml) + methyl ergometrine (0.5mg IM) + carboprost (250 mcg IM) + lateral followed by anterior posterior uterine wall compression + compression of isthmic region of uterus + misoprostol 800mg per rectal during post operative period. Results: After adopting Dutta’s score and management protocols it was interesting to observe that intra and post operative blood loss within 2hr were found to be significantly reduced in group A-69.3% (<300CC), 84.6%(<200CC) and group B-70%(<300cc), 72%(<200CC). Intra operative blood loss >500cc were also found to be reduce in group A- 7.6%, group B-14%. In group C intra operative blood loss >500cc were seen in 47.1 % and post operative -32.9% cases. Hemoglobin level <11gms after 24 hrs of LSCS was found to be minimally reduced (in comparison to preoperative hemoglobin level) in group A (1.5%), group-B (2%) and group C (11.4%). Conclusion: Early diagnosis and management of uterine atony during emergency LSCS after adopting Dutta’s score were found to be not only reduce intra and post operative blood loss but also was found to maintain a satisfactory hemoglobin level and hemodynamic status. Maternal mortality was found to be nil. This randomized trial highlighted the importance of prompt treatment in group C to reduce intra and post operative blood loss and maternal morbidity and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8531   sian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 40-45
Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Importance of Right Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Wimalawansa Sunil J.
Published: December 2013

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious debilitating syndrome with significant personal, social, and economic consequences. People with PTSD experience one or more major symptoms that include flashbacks and paranoia, difficulty in interpersonal relationships, and problems engaging in work and activities of daily living. In severe cases they can harm themselves or the others; but these events are preventable by appropriate therapies. PTSD is a well-characterized serious psychological and behavioural abnormality that occurs after exposure to one or more acute severe stressful events. It often occurs among soldiers returning from battlefields and the civilian victims of war. However, it also occurs in non-war situations, such as terrorist attacks or serious accidents; sexual abuse, rape, or other violent acts; and school or workplace bullying, harassment, or retaliation. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of PTSD is made too infrequently, particularly in the post-conflict periods in developing countries. This is in part because of inadequate awareness but also due to limited resources and expertise. Consequently, the resources for clinical care and research are diverted to other forms of behavioral issues, such as adjustment disorders. The treatment of PTSD needs to be well coordinated so that all stakeholders work synergistically using the resources necessary for the prolonged treatment and follow-ups. PTSD is underdiagnosed, and even misdiagnosed or mislabeled as depression or adjustment disorders. The failure to make a timely diagnosis or mislabeling of PTSD likely will harm victims and their families and may lead to negative outcomes, including suicide. The provision of appropriate, well organized, individualized, cost-effective treatment plans should alleviate PTSD symptoms and enable those with the disorder to return to their normal productive lives. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8537 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2014): 1-13
Atypical Presentation of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Madi Deepak , Achappa Basavaprabhu , Ramapuram John T , Chowta Nithyananda , Laxman Mridula , Mahalingam Soundarya
Published: December 2013

The classical presentation of typhoid has changed over the years. Atypical presentation of typhoid is now seen in clinical practice. Entericfever can present with atypical manifestations like abdominal lymphadenopathy, acute acalculous cholecystitis, osteomyelitis, splenic abscess and Pneumonia. Jaundice splenic abscess and thrombocytopenia in a febrile patient in the tropics is commonly due to Malaria, Leptospirosis and Dengue. We report a case of typhoid fever presenting with jaundice and thrombocytopenia. A 17 year old male presented to us with history of fever and jaundice. Investigations revealed thrombocytopenia and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Blood culture grew Salmonella Typhi. He was treated with ceftriaxone and he improved. A diagnosis of typhoid fever must be considered in a febrile patient with jaundice and thrombocytopenia in the tropics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8584   Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 140-142
Pharmacology Curriculum and Career Option in dental and Basic Medical Sciences: Graduating Dental Students’ Perspective under Kathmandu University in Nepal
Authors: Paudel KR , Sharma M
Published: December 2013

Objective: Present study was aimed to obtain the graduating dental students’ view on current pharmacology curriculum for Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) under Kathmandu University (KU) and their perspective on preclinical and dental sciences as future career opportunity. Materials and Methods: This was questionnaires based observational study among BDS students. Forty eight completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Chi square test was used whenever applicable and level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Student views showed that present pharmacology curriculum under KU is enough (62.5%, P<0.001) though the relevance of the course is variable. Significantly higher number of students opined that pharmacology should be taught beyond first and second years (54.2%, P<0.001). More students wanted to pursue post graduation in dental sciences (75%, P<0.001). Subject of choice in preclinical science was forensic medicine (37.5%, P<0.001) followed by pharmacology (25%, P<0.001) whereas it was orthodontics and prosthodontics (20.8%, P<0.05) followed by conservative dentistry and endodontics (16.7%, P<0.05) in dental sciences. Conclusion: On graduating dental students’ view, current pharmacology curriculum is enough and inclusion of pharmacology subject beyond first and second years can be considered. Their career option was 75% in dental sciences and 12.5% in basic medical sciences for post graduation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8645 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 106-112
A Case of Hydatid Cyst of Thyroid Gland
Authors: Dey Arpan Kumar , Mandal Pijush Kanti , Dutta Agnibha , Pramanik Subhraprakash , Maji Saurabh , Chakraborti Nabonita , Dasgupta Somnath
Published: December 2013

Hydatid cyst may be found in almost any part of the body, but most often in the liver and the lungs. Other organs affected occasionally include the brain, muscle, kidney, heart, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid gland. Hydatidosis located in the thyroid is an infrequent finding, even in endemic regions. This report documents a rare case with a cystic nodule in the thyroid detected by ultrasonography. The patient was a 30-year-old woman with an euthyroid multinodular goitre. Ultrasonography revealed a cystic nodule, and the ultrasonic appearance of the cyst liquid showed multiple echoes, suggesting that the nodule could be a hydatid cyst. The histopathologic examinations confirmed this to be a primary hydatid cyst of thyroid. During the differential diagnosis of the cystic thyroid lesions, hydatid disease of the thyroid gland should be considered in endemic areas. Chemotherapy is necessary to avoid recurrence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8830 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 143-145
Occupational Exposure and Pulmonary Function of Workers of Carpet Industries and Sawmills, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Das PKL , Nepal GB , Upadhyay-Dhungel K , Panta R , Bhaila A , Shakya B
Published: December 2013

Background: Most workers of carpet factory and sawmills suffer from non-specific lung diseases and ventilatory disorders. There is so many such industries operative in Lalitpur district and so far not many studies have been reported on pulmonary function in these workers. Method: A brief clinical sheet regarding age, occupational particulars, smoking habits and presence or absence of major complaints was recorded for each worker. Spirometric parameters were recorded using an electronic (MEDSPIROR) spirometer. The groups consisted of control subjects not exposed to industrial dusts (n=50) for each group of workers (carpet factory, n=50 and saw mill, n=50). Result: This study indicated an overall reduction in pulmonary function parameters; in particular FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC % in carpet factory workers and FEV1 and FEV1/FVC % in saw mill workers. Comparison of pulmonary function parameters between carpet factories workers and sawmill workers revealed a significant reduction in FEV1 and MVV in carpet workers. Conclusion: Exposure to cotton dust and wood dust leads to combined type of spirometric deficit revealing obstructive or restrictive lung diseases. Workers exposed to industrial dusts also suffer from various upper or lower respiratory symptoms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8951   Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 54-58
From the desk of the Editor Vol.5(2)
Authors: Kumar Arun
Published: December 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.9248 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2014)
Antibiogram and β-Lactamase Test of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus Species
Authors: Shrestha C , Rajbahak S , Shrestha J , Singh A
Published: December 2013

No Abstract AvailableScientific World, Vol. 11, No. 11, July 2013, page 70-73
Einstellung eines hohen Restaustenitgehaltes zur Nutzung des TRIP-Effektes in aluminiumlegierten durchhärtenden Wälzlagerstählen*
Authors: Surm H. , Hoffmann F.
Published: December 2013

Kurzfassung

In der Regel werden Wälzlagerstähle martensitisch gehärtet und auf verschiedenen Temperaturstufen angelassen, um bestimmte Eigenschaften wie Festigkeit und Restaustenitgehalt einzustellen. Martensitische Stähle sind durch eine starke Verfestigung (zwangsgelöster Kohlenstoff; feines Gefüge) gekennzeichnet. Allerdings besitzt Martensit ein vergleichsweise geringes plastisches Verformungsvermögen. Als Alternative bietet sich in dieser Werkstoffgruppe auch Bainitisieren an. Für verschiedene Stähle ist der TRIP-Effekt (Transformation Induced Plasticity) ein bereits genutzter Mechanismus zur Festigkeitssteigerung bei ausreichender Duktilität. Diese guten Eigenschaften beruhen hauptsächlich auf der verformungsinduzierten Umwandlung von Austenit in Martensit, die mit einer Volumenvergrößerung verbunden ist. Erste Berichte aus der Literatur zum Verhalten dieser Stähle bei zyklischer Belastung lassen erwarten, dass auch das Ermüdungsverhalten durch den TRIP-Effekt positiv beeinflusst werden kann. In den hochbeanspruchten Bereichen treten in Verbindung mit der Martensitbildung eine starke Verfestigung und hohe Druckeigenspannungen auf, die beide einen zusätzlichen Widerstand gegen die Rissausbreitung darstellen. Ein ausreichender Anteil an metastabilem Restaustenit ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Nutzung des TRIP-Effektes. Deshalb müssen das Legierungskonzept des Stahls und die Wärmebehandlung entsprechend abgestimmt werden. Durch Legieren mit Silizium oder Aluminium wird die Ausscheidung von Carbiden während des Haltens im Temperaturbereich des Martensits bzw. Bainits unterdrückt. Somit wird in dieser Phase der Austenit mit Kohlenstoff angereichert und stabilisiert. Zudem wird durch einen lokal hohen Anteil an Kohlenstoff die Bildung von Martensit bei der Abkühlung auf Raumtemperatur unterdrückt. Damit zählen entsprechend modifizierte Wälzlagerstähle zu möglichen Kandidaten zur Nutzung des TRIP-Effektes.
An Energy Conservative Wireless Sensor Networks Approach for Precision Agriculture
Authors: Li Jing , Shen Chong
Published: December 2013

Reducing energy consumption of sensor nodes to prolong the lifetime of finite-capacity batteries and how to enhance the fault-tolerant ability of networks are the major challenges in design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present an energy-efficient system of WSNs for black pepper monitoring in tropical areas. At first, we optimized the base station antenna height in order to facilitate reliable communication, after which the Energy-efficient Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (ESPIN) routing protocol was utilized to solve the energy saving challenge. We conducted radio propagation experiments in actual black pepper fields. The practical test results illustrate that the ESPIN protocol reduces redundant data transmission and whole energy consumption of network, and enhances the success rate of data transmission compared with traditional Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) protocol. To further optimize topology for improving the network lifetime, we designed a symmetrical double-chain (SDC) topology which is suitable to be deployed in farmland and compared the lifetime with traditional tree topology. Experiment results indicate SDC topology has a longer network lifetime than traditional tree topology. The system we designed will greatly help farmers to make more informed decisions on the efficient use of resources and hence improve black pepper productivity.
Use of Forest Residues for Building Forest Biomass Supply Chains: Technical and Economic Analysis of the Production Process
Authors: Cozzi Mario , Di Napoli Francesco , Viccaro Mauro , Romano Severino
Published: December 2013

In the field of biomass and bio-energy production, an analysis was performed of the whole production process from biomass supply to bio-energy production. The available biomass, harvesting and transportation costs and the distribution of supply area were quantified. The assessment of volumes was based on forest type and its relative increment. The transportation costs, influenced by different species-specific and site-specific factors, were calculated by integrating data in a geographic information system (GIS). The economic values calculated were the main economic indicators (net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and Payback Period). The results show that: (a) there is a good supply of forest biomass across most of the territory of Basilicata region, Italy; (b) the harvesting and transportation costs are dependent on biomass density and distances; (c) there are strong margins for economic profits at the level of each single supply basin; and (d) the endogenous value added was estimated to about 150 seasonal workers.
Proposed Toxic and Hypoxic Impairment of a Brainstem Locus in Autism
Authors: McGinnis Woody , Audhya Tapan , Edelson Stephen
Published: December 2013

Electrophysiological findings implicate site-specific impairment of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in autism. This invites hypothetical consideration of a large role for this small brainstem structure as the basis for seemingly disjointed behavioral and somatic features of autism. The NTS is the brain’s point of entry for visceral afference, its relay for vagal reflexes, and its integration center for autonomic control of circulatory, immunological, gastrointestinal, and laryngeal function. The NTS facilitates normal cerebrovascular perfusion, and is the seminal point for an ascending noradrenergic system that modulates many complex behaviors. Microvascular configuration predisposes the NTS to focal hypoxia. A subregion—the “pNTS”—permits exposure to all blood-borne neurotoxins, including those that do not readily transit the blood-brain barrier. Impairment of acetylcholinesterase (mercury and cadmium cations, nitrates/nitrites, organophosphates, monosodium glutamate), competition for hemoglobin (carbon monoxide, nitrates/nitrites), and higher blood viscosity (net systemic oxidative stress) are suggested to potentiate microcirculatory insufficiency of the NTS, and thus autism.
Optimized Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil by Lipase Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Chi-Yang , Huang Liang-Yu , Kuan I-Ching , Lee Shiow-Ling
Published: December 2013

Biodiesel, a non-toxic and biodegradable fuel, has recently become a major source of renewable alternative fuels. Utilization of lipase as a biocatalyst to produce biodiesel has advantages over common alkaline catalysts such as mild reaction conditions, easy product separation, and use of waste cooking oil as raw material. In this study, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) was used for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The optimal dosage of lipase-bound MNP was 40% (w/w of oil) and there was little difference between stepwise addition of methanol at 12 h- and 24 h-intervals. Reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio (methanol/oil), and water content (w/w of oil) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal reaction conditions were 44.2 °C, substrate molar ratio of 5.2, and water content of 12.5%. The predicted and experimental molar conversions of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were 80% and 79%, respectively.
The Effect of 17α-Ethynylestradiol on Steroidogenesis and Gonadal Cytokine Gene Expression Is Related to the Reproductive Stage in Marine Hermaphrodite Fish
Authors: Cabas Isabel , Chaves-Pozo Elena , García-Alcázar Alicia , Meseguer José , Mulero Victoriano , García-Ayala Alfonsa
Published: December 2013

Pollutants have been reported to disrupt the endocrine system of marine animals, which may be exposed through contaminated seawater or through the food chain. Although 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a drug used in hormone therapies, is widely present in the aquatic environment, current knowledge on the sensitivity of marine fish to estrogenic pollutants is limited. We report the effect of the dietary intake of 5 µg EE2/g food on different processes of testicular physiology, ranging from steroidogenesis to pathogen recognition, at both pre-spermatogenesis (pre-SG) and spermatogenesis (SG) reproductive stages, of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), a marine hermaphrodite teleost. A differential effect between pre-SG and SG specimens was detected in the sex steroid serum levels and in the expression profile of some steroidogenic-relevant molecules, vitellogenin, double sex- and mab3-related transcription factor 1 and some hormone receptors. Interestingly, EE2 modified the expression pattern of some immune molecules involved in testicular physiology. These differences probably reflect a developmental adjustment of the sensitivity to EE2 in the gilthead seabream gonad.
Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Oleaginous Marine Diatom Fistulifera sp. Strain JPCC DA0580
Authors: Liang Yue , Maeda Yoshiaki , Sunaga Yoshihiko , Muto Masaki , Matsumoto Mitsufumi , Yoshino Tomoko , Tanaka Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2013

Studies of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis in microalgae are of great importance for many reasons, including the production of biofuel and variable omega 3-long chain PUFAs. The elucidation of the PUFA biosynthesis pathway is necessary for bioengineering to increase or decrease PUFA content in certain microalgae. In this study, we identified the PUFA synthesis pathway in the oleaginous marine diatom, Fistulifera sp. strain JPCC DA0580, a promising candidate for biodiesel production. The data revealed not only the presence of the desaturases and elongases involved in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) synthesis, but also the unexpected localization of ω3-desaturase expression in the chloroplast. This suggests that this microalga might perform the final step of EPA synthesis in the chloroplast and not in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) like other diatoms. The detailed fatty acid profile suggests that the EPA was synthesized only through the ω6-pathway in this strain, which was also different from other diatoms. Finally, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated an overall down-regulation of desaturases and elongases over incubation time. These genetic features might explain the decrease of PUFA percentage over incubation time in this strain. The important insights into metabolite synthesis acquired here will be useful for future metabolic engineering to control PUFA content in this diatom.
Highly Enantioselective Addition of Phenylethynylzinc to Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral Cyclopropane-Based Amino Alcohols
Authors: Zheng Bing , Li Zhiyuan , Liu Feipeng , Wu Yanhua , Shen Junjian , Bian Qinghua , Hou Shicong , Wang Ming
Published: December 2013

The enantioselective addition of phenylethynylzinc to aldehydes catalyzed by a series of cyclopropane-based amino alcohol ligands 7 was investigated. The reactions afforded chiral propargylic alcohols in high yields (up to 96%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) under mild conditions. Furthermore, studies on the structural relationship show that the matching of the chiral center configuration is crucial to obtain the high enantioselectivity.
Exploring Just-in-Time Teaching 3D Development as a Tool for Enhancing Knowledge and Understanding
Authors: McFadyen Morag , Watson Edward
Published: December 2013

The integumentary system (skin) is the first line of defence in the body and part of the innate immune system. Within first year modules on Pharmaceutical Biology and Integrative Physiology in the Masters of Pharmacy degree at Robert Gordon University (RGU) several software tools were used to support both lecture and coursework material for the immune and integumentary systems. However, students had difficulty visualizing the various layers of the skin and how they become affected by different skin lesions. As a response to these identified learning difficulties, a just-in-time teaching 3-Dimensional elearning object was developed using free-to-use 3D CAD packages alongside common elearning software. The outcome was a virtualised human arm equipped to illustrate and label primary or secondary skin lesions whilst allowing spatial manipulation of the arm. This allowed students to manipulate and identify the specific skin layers involved. Evaluation of student engagement and learning was favourable, with students reflecting that they had a better understanding of the topic. Initial findings from this study highlight the benefits of quick, low-cost 3D production processes as just-in-time teaching elearning tools that have a positive impact on students’ performance.
Ship Discrimination Using Polarimetric SAR Data and Coherent Time-Frequency Analysis
Authors: Hu Canbin , Ferro-Famil Laurent , Kuang Gangyao
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a new approach for the discrimination of ship responses using polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. The PolSAR multidimensional information is analyzed using a linear Time-Frequency (TF) decomposition approach, which permits to describe the polarimetric behavior of a ship and its background area for different azimuthal angles of observation and frequencies of illumination. This paper proposes to discriminate ships from their background by using characteristics of their polarimetric TF responses, which may be associated with the intrinsic nature of the observed natural or artificial scattering structures. A statistical descriptor related to polarimetric coherence of the signal in the TF domain is proposed for detecting ships in different complex backgrounds, including SAR azimuth ambiguities, artifacts, and small natural islands, which may induce numerous false alarms. Choices of the TF analysis direction, i.e., along separate azimuth or range axis, or simultaneously in both directions, are investigated and evaluated. TF decomposition modes including range direction perform better in terms of discriminating ships from range focusing artifacts. In comparison with original full-resolution polarimetric indicators, the proposed TF polarimetric coherence descriptor is shown to qualitatively enhance the ship/background contrast and improve discrimination capabilities. Using polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data acquired over complex scenes, experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of this approach in terms of ship location retrieval and response characterization.
Inverse Transient Analysis for Classification of Wall Thickness Variations in Pipelines
Authors: Tuck Jeffrey , Lee Pedro
Published: December 2013

Analysis of transient fluid pressure signals has been investigated as an alternative method of fault detection in pipeline systems and has shown promise in both laboratory and field trials. The advantage of the method is that it can potentially provide a fast and cost effective means of locating faults such as leaks, blockages and pipeline wall degradation within a pipeline while the system remains fully operational. The only requirement is that high speed pressure sensors are placed in contact with the fluid. Further development of the method requires detailed numerical models and enhanced understanding of transient flow within a pipeline where variations in pipeline condition and geometry occur. One such variation commonly encountered is the degradation or thinning of pipe walls, which can increase the susceptible of a pipeline to leak development. This paper aims to improve transient-based fault detection methods by investigating how changes in pipe wall thickness will affect the transient behaviour of a system; this is done through the analysis of laboratory experiments. The laboratory experiments are carried out on a stainless steel pipeline of constant outside diameter, into which a pipe section of variable wall thickness is inserted. In order to detect the location and severity of these changes in wall conditions within the laboratory system an inverse transient analysis procedure is employed which considers independent variations in wavespeed and diameter. Inverse transient analyses are carried out using a genetic algorithm optimisation routine to match the response from a one-dimensional method of characteristics transient model to the experimental time domain pressure responses. The accuracy of the detection technique is evaluated and benefits associated with various simplifying assumptions and simulation run times are investigated. It is found that for the case investigated, changes in the wavespeed and nominal diameter of the pipeline are both important to the accuracy of the inverse analysis procedure and can be used to differentiate the observed transient behaviour caused by changes in wall thickness from that caused by other known faults such as leaks. Further application of the method to real pipelines is discussed.
Comparative Labeling of Equine and Ovine Multipotent Stromal Cells with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Vitro
Authors: Jülke Henriette , Veit Christin , Ribitsch Iris , Brehm Walter , Ludewig Eberhard , Delling Uta
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of three different superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles for labeling of ovine and equine bone marrow (BM)-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro. MSCs were obtained from five adult sheep and horses, respectively. After three passages (p3), cells were labeled with either 1) Molday ION Rhodamine B, 2) Endorem, 3) Resovist, or 4) remained unlabeled as control. Labeling efficiency, marker retention, and long-term detectability in MRI until p7 were evaluated. Further, proliferation capacity and trilineage differentiation as indicators for potential impact on stromal cell characteristics were assessed. MSCs of both species were successfully labeled with all three SPIO products. A high, exclusively intracellular, iron uptake was achieved by Molday ION Rhodamine B only. Labeling with Resovist led to prominent extracellular iron presence; labeling with Endorem was less efficient. During MRI, all labeled cells showed strong hypointense signals, contrary to unlabeled controls. Resovist induced the largest areas of hypointense signals, followed by Molday ION Rhodamine B and Endorem. MRI signal detectability decreased from p4 to p7. Proliferation, adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiation potential were not reduced by cell labeling compared to unlabeled cells. Chondrogenic differentiation capacity decreased with increasing amount of iron associated with the cells. Among the three products, Resovist and Molday were identified as promising labeling agents. While Resovist achieved superior results in most of the assessed parameters, Molday ION Rhodamine B ensured intracellular iron uptake without extracellular SPIO complexes and consistent hypointense signals on MRI.
Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces
Authors: Yatsui Takashi , Nomura Wataru , Stehlin Fabrice , Soppera Olivier , Naruse Makoto , Ohtsu Motoichi
Published: December 2013

Ultraflat surface substrates are required to achieve an optimal performance of future optical, electronic, or optoelectronic devices for various applications, because such surfaces reduce the scattering loss of photons, electrons, or both at the surfaces and interfaces. In this paper, we review recent progress toward the realization of ultraflat materials surfaces. First, we review the development of surface-flattening techniques. Second, we briefly review the dressed photon–phonon (DPP), a nanometric quasiparticle that describes the coupled state of a photon, an electron, and a multimode-coherent phonon. Then, we review several recent developments based on DPP-photochemical etching and desorption processes, which have resulted in angstrom-scale flat surfaces. To confirm that the superior flatness of these surfaces that originated from the DPP process, we also review a simplified mathematical model that describes the scale-dependent effects of optical near-fields. Finally, we present the future outlook for these technologies.
Skoolwetenskappe se reaksie op die uitdagings vir voedselproduksie in die 21e eeu
Authors: Le Grange Lesley
Published: December 2013

The nature of food production has changed in the 21st century. This is the consequence of changing eating habits due to globalization and urbanization, as well as the effects of climate change such as variable rainfall, fluctuations in temperature, and so on. In this article both the pressures that demand and supply exercise on food security are discussed, as well as what exactly might be necessary to ensure food security. Furthermore, the role that education could play in meeting the challenges of food security is explored by examining the extent to which the CAPS for Life Sciences in South Africa provide opportunities for learners to be educated to cope with future challenges related to food production. The exploration finds that food security is included as a theme in CAPS for Life Sciences and that opportunities are therefore provided for learners to be educated about the challenges related to food production and supply. But, the article also raises concern about the limits that a prescriptive, content-based and test-driven curriculum might have on the quality of the learning experience with respect to the food production, supply and security.
Audit and feedback of antibiotic use
Authors: Oliver K. , Egan B. , Li L. , Richardson K. , Sandaradura I. , Westbrook J. I. , Day R. O. , Baysari M. T.
Published: December 2013

Background: There is now little doubt that improving antimicrobial use is necessary for the containment of resistance.

Objective: To determine whether providing individualised feedback to doctors about their recent compliance with the hospital’s antibiotic policy improves compliance with the policy.

Methods: This study was conducted at a teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Computerised alerts integrated into the electronic prescribing system (ePS) inform prescribers of the local antibiotic policy. We utilised prescribing data extracted from the ePS for ‘audit and feedback’. Thirty-six prescribers were sent feedback letters via email. We also interviewed doctors who had received letters to explore their views of the feedback and the policy in general.

Results: There was no significant change in compliance with the policy following implementation of the feedback intervention (0% compliant vs 11.9%; p = 0.07). Several problems with the policy and the approval process were identified by researchers during auditing and by prescribers during interviews. Some problems identified made it difficult to accurately assess compliance and for doctors to comply with the policy.

Conclusions: Our intervention did not result in improved compliance with the antibiotic policy but revealed practical problems with the policy and approval process that had not been identified prior to the trial. Greater support for the policy by senior doctors and the assignment of more clearly defined roles and responsibilities associated with antibiotic use and approval may result in improved compliance. Harnessing the full potential of technology would streamline the antimicrobial approval process and allow more efficient and reliable monitoring of antibiotic use and compliance. Many of the problems we identified are generic issues of importance to all organisations seeking to integrate antimicrobial stewardship into ePS.

Citation: Baysari MT, Oliver K, Egan B, Li L, Richardson K, Sandaradura I, Westbrook J I, Day RO. Audit and feedback of antibiotic use: Utilising electronic prescription data. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 583–595

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-08-RA-0063
Aircraft type influence on contrail properties
Authors: Jeßberger P. , Voigt C. , Schumann U. , Sölch I. , Schlager H. , Kaufmann S. , Petzold A. , Schäuble D. , Gayet J.-F.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The investigation of the impact of aircraft parameters on contrail properties helps to better understand the climate impact from aviation. Yet, in observations, it is a challenge to separate aircraft and meteorological influences on contrail formation. During the CONCERT campaign in November 2008, contrails from 3 Airbus passenger aircraft of types A319-111, A340-311 and A380-841 were probed at cruise under similar meteorological conditions with in situ instruments on board DLR research aircraft Falcon. Within the 2 min-old contrails detected near ice saturation, we find similar effective diameters Deff (5.2–5.9 μm), but differences in particle number densities nice (162–235 cm−3) and in vertical contrail extensions (120–290 m), resulting in large differences in contrail optical depths τ at 550 nm (0.25–0.94). Hence larger aircraft produce optically thicker contrails. Based on the observations, we apply the EULAG-LCM model with explicit ice microphysics and, in addition, the Contrail and Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model to calculate the aircraft type impact on young contrails under identical meteorological conditions. The observed increase in τ for heavier aircraft is confirmed by the models, yet for generally smaller τ. CoCiP model results suggest that the aircraft dependence of climate-relevant contrail properties persists during contrail lifetime, adding importance to aircraft-dependent model initialization. We finally derive an analytical relationship between contrail, aircraft and meteorological parameters. Near ice saturation, contrail width × τ scales linearly with the fuel flow rate, as confirmed by observations. For higher relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI), the analytical relationship suggests a non-linear increase in the form (RHI-12/3. Summarized, our combined results could help to more accurately assess the climate impact from aviation using an aircraft-dependent contrail parameterization.
Inter-shelf nutrient transport from the East China Sea as a major nutrient source supporting winter primary production on the northeast South China Sea shelf
Authors: Han A. Q. , Dai M. H. , Gan J. P. , Kao S.-J. , Zhao X. Z. , Jan S. , Li Q. , Lin H. , Chen C.-T. A. , Wang L. , Hu J. Y. , Wang L. F. , Gong F.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS) are two major marginal seas of the North Pacific with distinct seasonal variations of primary productivity. Based upon field observations covering both the ECS and the northern SCS (NSCS) during December 2008–January 2009, we examined southward long-range transport of nutrients from the ECS to the northeastern SCS (NESCS) carried by the China Coastal Current (CCC) driven by the prevailing northeast monsoon in wintertime. These escaped nutrients from the ECS shelf, where primary production (PP) was limited in winter, might however refuel the PP on the NESCS shelf at lower latitude, where the water temperature remained favorable, but river-sourced nutrients were limited. By combining the field observation of nitrate+nitrite (NO3+NO2, DIN) with our best estimate of volume transport of the CCC, we derived a first-order estimate for DIN flux of 1430 ± 1024 mol s−1. Under the assumption that DIN was the limiting nutrient, such southward DIN transport would have stimulated 8.84 ± 6.33 × 1011 gC of new production (NP), accounting for 33–74% of the NP or 14–22% of PP in winter on the NESCS shelf shallower than 100 m.
Testing the applicability of neural networks as a gap-filling method using CH4 flux data from high latitude wetlands
Authors: Dengel S. , Zona D. , Sachs T. , Aurela M. , Jammet M. , Parmentier F. J. W. , Oechel W. , Vesala T.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Since the advancement in CH4 gas analyser technology and its applicability to eddy covariance flux measurements, monitoring of CH4 emissions is becoming more widespread. In order to accurately determine the greenhouse gas balance, high quality gap-free data is required. Currently there is still no consensus on CH4 gap-filling methods, and methods applied are still study-dependent and often carried out on low resolution, daily data. In the current study, we applied artificial neural networks to six distinctively different CH4 time series from high latitudes, explain the method and test its functionality. We discuss the applicability of neural networks in CH4 flux studies, the advantages and disadvantages of this method, and what information we were able to extract from such models. Three different approaches were tested by including drivers such as air and soil temperature, barometric air pressure, solar radiation, wind direction (indicator of source location) and in addition the lagged effect of water table depth and precipitation. In keeping with the principle of parsimony, we included up to five of these variables traditionally measured at CH4 flux measurement sites. Fuzzy sets were included representing the seasonal change and time of day. High Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of up to 0.97 achieved in the final analysis are indicative for the high performance of neural networks and their applicability as a gap-filling method for CH4 flux data time series. This novel approach which we show to be appropriate for CH4 fluxes is a step towards standardising CH4 gap-filling protocols.
UV effects on the primary productivity of picophytoplankton: biological weighting functions and exposure response curves of Synechococcus
Authors: Neale P. J. , Pritchard A. L. , Ihnacik R.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A model that predicts UV effects on marine primary productivity using a biological weighting function (BWF) coupled to the photosynthesis-irradiance response (BWF/P-E model) has been implemented for two strains of the picoplanktonic cyanobacteria, Synechococcus, WH7803 and WH8102, which were grown at two irradiances (77 and 174 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) and two temperatures (20 °C and 26 °C). The model was fit using photosynthesis measured in a polychromatic incubator with 12 long-pass filter configurations with 50% wavelength cutoffs ranging from 291 to 408 nm, giving an effective wavelength range of 280–400 nm. Examination of photosynthetic response vs weighted exposure revealed that repair rate progressively increases at low exposure but reaches a maximum rate above a threshold exposure ("Emax"). Adding Emax as a parameter to the BWF/P-E model provided a significantly better fit to Synechococcus data than the existing "E" or "T" models. Sensitivity to UV inhibition varied with growth conditions for both strains, but this was mediated mainly by variations in Emax for WH8102 while both the BWF and Emax changed for WH7803. Higher growth temperature was associated with a considerable reduction in sensitivity, consistent with an important role of repair in regulating sensitivity to UV. Based on nominal water column conditions (noon, solstice, 23° latitude, "blue" water), the BWFEmax/P-E model estimates that UV + PAR exposure inhibits Synechococcus photosynthesis from 77–91% at 1 m, and integrated productivity to 150 m 15–27% relative to predicted rates in the absence of inhibition.
Methane and nitrous oxide sources and emissions in a subtropical freshwater reservoir, south east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Sturm K. , Yuan Z. , Gibbes B. , Grinham A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Reservoirs have been identified as an important source of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, especially methane (CH4). This study investigates CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) sources and emissions in a subtropical freshwater reservoir Gold Creek Dam, Australia using a combination of water–atmosphere and sediment–water flux measurements, water column sampling and pore water analysis. The reservoir was clearly a net source as surface waters were supersaturated with CH4 and N2O. CH4 flux rates were one to two orders of magnitude higher than N2O rates when expressed as CO2 equivalents. Atmospheric CH4 fluxes were dominated by ebullition (<60%) relative to diffusive fluxes and ranged from 165 to 6526 mg CO2 eq m−2 d−1. Dissolved CH4 concentrations in sediment pore waters were approximately 5 000 000% supersaturated. However, dissolved N2O concentrations were 140 to 220% supersaturated and generally confined to the water column greatly reducing the likelihood of ebullition. The flux measurements from this study support past findings that demonstrate the potential important contribution of emissions from subtropical reservoirs to overall GHG budgets. Results suggest future efforts to monitor and model emissions that concentrate on quantifying the ebullition pathway for CH4 as this was dominant relative to diffusive fluxes as well as total N2O emissions.
L’apostrophe de l’événement: Romano à la lumière de Badiou et Marion
Authors: Vinolo Stéphane
Published: December 2013

Les pensées contemporaines de l’événement, tout comme la langue de tous, déterminent l’événement comme étant une exception sur l’ordre normal du monde. À la différence des faits, les événements ont un caractère exceptionnel qui provient pour l’essentiel de leur caractère assigné, adressé. Alors que les faits intramondains sont ouverts à tous, l’événement est toujours vécu à la première personne, de façon unique et non-itérable. Grâce à une lecture comparée des théories de l’événement de Claude Romano, Alain Badiou et Jean-Luc Marion, nous questionnons ce problème de l’adresse et posons une adestination essentielle de l’événement, nous obligeant par là à penser non pas une exceptionnalité de l’événement mais au contraire sa grande banalité.
Posibles impactos político culturales del CAFTA en los países centroamericanos. Comentarios a un estudio
Authors: Fonseca Roland Sierra
Published: December 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v3i0.487Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2008 48-51
Diferenciales socioeconómicos de la fecundidad en municipios del corredor turístico centro-sur
Authors: Toruño David Alexander Figueroa
Published: December 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v3i0.488Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2008 52-58
Mortalidad en la niñez en 16 municipios del corredor turístico centro-sur de Honduras
Authors: Manjívar Gladys Elizabeth
Published: December 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v3i0.489Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2008 60-66
Fechamiento de Sedimientos en el Mar Caribe de Nicaragua, Bahia de bluefields, utilizando técnicas adicionales al análisis de Plomo-210
Authors: Martínez Víctor Manuel
Published: December 2013

La Laguna de Bluefields es un ecosistema acuático somero e históricamente influenciado por actividades antropogénicas. Esta característica, hace a este cuerpo de agua poco apto para obtener un núcleo sedimentario idóneo para su fechamiento. Ante esta situación las técnicas nucleares, para definir sí un núcleo sedimentario es fechable o no, debe apoyarse en análisis secundarios. En este estudio, los resultados de Pb-210 se auxiliaron con determinaciones de Pérdidas por Ignición (PPI) y Porcentaje de Humedad en núcleos sedimentarios de dos sitios de la Laguna de Bluefields, para determinar la característica de fechamiento de los mismos. De acuerdo al análisis de humedad y Pb-210, solo uno, de los dos núcleos sedimentarios, presentó algunas características de fechamiento. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/uyc.v5i8.313 Universidad y Ciencia No 8 Año 5 2010 8-12