bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐farm comparison in grain quality between main and ratoon crops of ratoon rice in Hubei Province, Central China
Authors: Yuan Shen , Yang Chen , Yu Xing , Zheng Chang , Xiao Sen , Xu Le , Cui Kehui , Huang Jianliang , Peng Shaobing
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

While ratoon rice has been increasingly practiced by farmers recently in China, on‐farm performance in grain quality of main and ratoon crops in the mechanized rice ratooning system is less studied and remains poorly understood. Therefore, a multi‐location on‐farm survey was conducted to collect rice grain samples from farmers’ fields to determine grain quality of main and ratoon crops of ratoon rice at 12 locations across Hubei Province, central China, in 2016.

RESULTS

On average, milled and head rice percentage in the ratoon crop was 70.2% and 65.7%, which was significantly higher than in the main crop, whereas chalky grain percentage and grain chalkiness in ratoon crop (10.1% and 2.8%, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the main crop (36.6% and 14.2%, respectively). The differences in these quality traits between the two crops were consistent at all locations. Averaged across 12 locations, scores of translucency and gel consistency were significantly lower but amylose content and alkali spreading value were significantly higher in the ratoon crop than in the main crop, with the difference between the two crops varying in gel consistency by location.

CONCLUSION

Overall, grain quality, especially milling and appearance of the ratoon crop, was superior to the main crop in the mechanized rice ratooning system. As a result, this study emphasizes the potential role of the rice ratooning system in other regions with a similar biophysical background producing high‐quality rice. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Biochar affects greenhouse gas emissions in various environments: A critical review
Authors: Lyu Honghong , Zhang Hui , Chu Mengwei , Zhang Chengfang , Tang Jingchun , Chang Scott X. , Mašek Ondřej , Ok Yong Sik
Published: June 2022

Biochar application to the soil is a novel approach to carbon sequestration. Biochar application affects the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, from different environments (e.g., upland soils, rice paddies and wetlands, and composting environments). In this review, the effect of biochar on GHGs emissions from the above three typical environments are critically evaluated based on a literature analysis. First, the properties of biochar and engineered biochar related to GHGs emissions was reviewed, targeting its relationship with climate change mitigation. Then, a meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the effect of biochar on the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in different environments, and the relevant mechanisms. Several parameters were identified as the main influencing factors in the meta‐analysis, including the pH of the biochar, feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, biochar application rate, C/N ratio of the biochar, and experimental scale. An overall suppression effect among different environments was found, in the following order for different greenhouse gases: N2O > CH4 > CO2. We conclude that biochar can change the physicochemical properties of soil and compost in different environments, which further shapes the microbial community in a specific environment. Biochar addition affects CO2 emissions by influencing oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria; CH4 emissions by regulating the abundance of functional genes, such as mcrA (a methanogen) and pmoA (a methanotroph); and N2O emissions by controlling N‐cycling functional genes, including amoA, nirS, nirK, nosZ. Finally, future research directions for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through biochar application are suggested.
Low‐dose aspirin confers protection against acute cellular allograft rejection after primary liver transplantation
Authors: Oberkofler Christian E. , Raptis Dimitri A. , Müller Philip C. , Sousa da Silva Richard X. , Lehmann Kuno , Ito Takahiro , Owen Timothy , Pollok Joerg‐Matthias , Parente Alessandro , Schlegel Andrea , Peralta Peregrina , Winter Erin , Selzner Markus , Fodor Margot , Maglione Manuel , Jaklitsch Manuel , Marques Hugo P. , Chavez‐Villa Mariana , Contreras Alan , Kron Philipp , Lodge Peter , Alford Scott , Rana Abbas , Magistri Paolo , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Johnson Bethany , Kirchner Varvara , Bauldrick Francis , Halazun Karim J. , Ghamarnedjad Omid , Mehrabi Arianeb , Basto Samanta Teixeira , Fernandes Eduardo S. M. , Paladini Jose , de Santibañes Martin , Florman Sander , Tabrizian Parissa , Dutkowski Philipp , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kaldas Fady M. , Petrowsky Henrik
Published: June 2022

This study investigated the effect of low‐dose aspirin in primary adult liver transplantation (LT) on acute cellular rejection (ACR) as well as arterial patency rates. The use of low‐dose aspirin after LT is practiced by many transplant centers to minimize the risk of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), although solid recommendations do not exist. However, aspirin also possesses potent anti‐inflammatory properties and might mitigate inflammatory processes after LT, such as rejection. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of aspirin after LT has a protective effect against ACR. This is an international, multicenter cohort study of primary adult deceased donor LT. The study included 17 high‐volume LT centers and covered the 3‐year period from 2013 to 2015 to allow a minimum 5‐year follow‐up. In this cohort of 2365 patients, prophylactic antiplatelet therapy with low‐dose aspirin was administered in 1436 recipients (61%). The 1‐year rejection‐free survival rate was 89% in the aspirin group versus 82% in the no‐aspirin group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.94; p = 0.01). The 1‐year primary arterial patency rates were 99% in the aspirin group and 96% in the no‐aspirin group with an HR of 0.23 (95% CI, 0.13–0.40; p < 0.001). Low‐dose aspirin was associated with a lower risk of ACR and HAT after LT, especially in the first vulnerable year after transplantation. Therefore, low‐dose aspirin use after primary LT should be evaluated to protect the liver graft from ACR and to maintain arterial patency.
Sperm‐derived RNAs improve the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) through promoting R‐loop formation
Authors: Liu Zidong , Chen Qiang , You Xueni , Wu Xiaodong , Liu Ruifang , Li Tao , Gao Leilei , Chen Xiaoxu , Lei Anmin , Zeng Wenxian , Zheng Yi
Published: June 2022

Mammalian sperm and oocytes are haploid cells that carry parental genetic and epigenetic information for their progeny. The cytoplasm of oocytes is also capable of reprograming somatic cells to establish totipotency through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, epigenetic barriers seriously counteract SCNT reprogramming. Here, we found that sperm‐derived RNAs elevated chromatin accessibility of nuclear donor cells concurrent with the appearance of increased RNA amount and decreased cell proliferation, instead of activating DNA damage response. Additionally, tri‐methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3) and the H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H2 were significantly downregulated by the sperm‐derived RNA treatment. Our findings thus raise a fascinating possibility that sperm RNA‐induced R‐loops may activate gene expression and chromatin structure, thereby promoting SCNT reprogramming.
Determining the earliest directly dated cremation tombs in Neolithic China via multidisciplinary approaches: A case study at Laohudun site
Authors: Yan Yuqian , Ge Wei , Wang Yile , Xu Changqing , Wu Yuanfei , Cui Tao
Published: June 2022

The practice of cremation has been commonly documented in Chinese archaeological reports, although related scientific evidence and specific analysis are uncommon. In this study, 10 possibly burned human bone fragments recovered from the Laohudun archaeological site in Jing'an County, Jiangxi Province, were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to provide solid evidence for determining the nature of the ancient bones, with one modern unheated pig bone as a control sample. The level of heating was estimated using calculated indicators of SF, C/P, index of (961 + 1022 + 1061), and SEM morphological alterations. Nine of the Neolithic bone samples had experienced high temperatures, whereas the Han Dynasty sample is unheated. One of the burned bones was directly dated to 4800–4400 BP via radiocarbon AMS. The thermal history of the bone remains at Laohudun is clarified in this study, supporting the interpretation the Neolithic tombs are cremated. This study not only chronicles the use of cremation tombs in China back to the Neolithic period but also establishes a scientific foundation for future research into related funeral customs.
Adolescent and parent perspectives on genomic sequencing to inform cancer care
Authors: Sedig Laura K. , Jacobs Michelle F. , Mody Rajen J. , Le Lan Q. , Bartnik Natalie J. , Gornick Michele C. , Anderson Bailey , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Roberts J. Scott
Published: June 2022

Next‐generation sequencing offers opportunities for targeted cancer therapies and may identify pathogenic germline variants. Adolescents’ perception of testing is not well understood. We surveyed 16 adolescents and 59 parents regarding motivations, attitudes, and knowledge related to paired tumor/germline sequencing. Participants generally had a good objective understanding of germline genetics and cancer risk, with parents scoring higher than adolescents. Nearly all participants were motivated by a desire to help other patients and to treat their child/themselves. Most adolescents reported involvement in the decision to enroll in the study. Study findings suggest important similarities and differences between parent and adolescent views.
High‐frequency temperature monitoring at home using a wearable device: A case series of early fever detection and antibiotic administration for febrile neutropenia with bacteremia
Authors: Nessle Charles Nathaniel , Flora Christopher , Sandford Erin , Choi Sung Won , Tewari Muneesh
Published: June 2022

We present a case series of three febrile episodes in neutropenic pediatric cancer patients who wore a Food and Drug Administration approved high‐frequency temperature monitoring (HFTM) wearable device (WD) at home. The WD detected fever events when temperature monitoring by thermometer did not detect fever or was not feasible to perform. Two of the episodes were associated with bloodstream infections and the WD detected fevers 5 and 12 h prior to fevers detected by thermometer, triggering earlier medical evaluation and more prompt administration of antibiotics. These observations provide a basis for future investigation of home‐based HFTM to improve infection‐related outcomes in pediatric oncology.
A case presenting with a major depressive episode with palilalia and difficulty opening eyes as prodromal symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Matsuzawa Koji , Yokoyama Yuichi , Watanabe Yuichiro , Wakasugi Takahiro , Someya Toshiyuki
Published: June 2022

Background

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease and patients with PSP frequently experience depression. However, there have been few reports of patients with major depressive disorder as an antecedent diagnosis of PSP. Here, we report a case who presented with a major depressive episode with palilalia and difficulty in opening his eyes as prodromal symptoms of PSP.

Case Presentation

A Japanese man developed his first major depressive episode at the age of 75 years. At 76 years old, the patient developed palilalia and difficulty in opening his eyes, which worsened with anxiety and agitation. His depression symptoms were not alleviated following treatment with several antidepressants. He gradually became less depressed but more apathetic. Subsequently, he experienced falls and developed nuchal and axial rigidity. Magnetic resonance imaging and 123I‐ioflupane single‐photon emission tomography showed predominant midbrain atrophy and postsynaptic striatal dopaminergic degeneration, respectively. He was diagnosed as having symptoms suggestive of PSP at the age of 80 years. The combination of sertraline and aripiprazole reduced his anxiety and agitation. Botulinum toxin treatment provided partial relief for his difficulty in eye opening.

Conclusion

Some patients, such as the current case, develop a major depressive episode at the onset of PSP and present to a psychiatrist. Psychiatrists should therefore be aware of the possibility of a major depressive episode with non‐specific symptoms preceding the onset of the core clinical features of PSP.
Synthesis and property of EPEG‐based polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers via RAFT polymerization
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Tang Xinde , Zhang Cuizhen , Lu Xiao , Guo Haichao , Li Xuefan , Pang Laixue , Yang Yong , Dong Fuying
Published: June 2022

Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers (PCEs) with comb‐shaped molecular structures have attracted considerable attention in the area of admixtures for construction engineering. However, there are some contradictions in studying the relationship between the molecular structure and property of PCE due to its random structure based on traditional free radical polymerization, which is confused for designing and developing novel PCEs. In this article, a series of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization‐based polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers (RPCs) were prepared by the copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and ethylene‐glycol monovinyl polyethylene glycol (EPEG). The chemical structure and composition of RPCs were characterized and their adsorption behavior and dispersion properties were conducted. The results demonstrate that the molecular weights of RPCs do not vary significantly with prolonging reaction time, and the actual monomer ratio in RPCs displays a significant change to the feed one due to the monomer reactivity and conversion at higher reaction temperature, which is different from conventional free radical polymerization. The dispersion and adsorption properties of RPCs to cement were evaluated by slurry fluidity tests and total organic carbon (TOC) experiments. The effect of polymerization temperature and time on the dispersion ability has been systematically studied. The results indicate that the dispersion ability and adsorption capacity of RPCs are closely related to their molecular structures. The dispersion ability of RPCs were enhanced with increasing carboxyl group density in a certain range of monomer molar ratios (≤6:1). This study will provide a new platform for designing and developing high‐performance and rational cost‐effective superplasticizers with well‐defined structure and controlled molecular weight.
Portal hypertension in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Challenges and perspectives
Authors: Miao Lei , Targher Giovanni , Byrne Christopher D. , Valenti Luca , Qi Xiaolong , Zheng Ming‐Hua
Published: June 2022

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD‐related cirrhosis is often complicated by portal hypertension (PHT). Recent evidence showed that portal venous pressure (PVP) starts to rise in the early stages of NAFLD, even in absence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. However, the precise pathological mechanisms of this process are still poorly understood. Lipid accumulation, hepatocellular ballooning, sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction, capillarization, microthrombosis, increased angiogenesis, and pericellular fibrosis may all be involved in the early development of increased PVP in NAFLD. Direct measurement of PHT is invasive and impractical in noncirrhotic NAFLD individuals and may also underestimate its severity. Thus, the development and validation of noninvasive and more accurate measurements, including new serum biomarkers, scoring models, and imaging techniques (such as ultrasonography, elastography, and magnetic resonance imaging), are urgently needed. Owing to the increasing morbidity, challenges in the prevention and management of PHT in NAFLD are unprecedented. This review article aims to briefly discuss these challenges and summarizes the mechanisms, diagnosis, and emerging therapies for PHT in people with NAFLD.
Cider and dessert apples: What is the difference?
Authors: Soomro Tayab , Watts Sophie , Migicovsky Zoë , Myles Sean
Published: June 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Apples are among the most widely consumed fruits in the world, with a third of all apples being pressed into apple juice or fermented into cider. Cider has grown in popularity in Canada and the United States, and North American cider makers are increasingly interested in using traditional European ‘cider apples’ rather than using commonly grown ‘dessert apples’ that are grown primarily for fresh consumption. While we find that commonly grown dessert apples do differ from European cider apples for a small number of cider making characteristics, our results show that dessert apples are most often indistinguishable from cider apples across 10 traits. Our work provides a first step towards quantifying the differences between these two apple types.
Pharmacokinetics of extrafine beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide in adolescent and adult patients with asthma
Authors: Kuna Piotr , Jerzynska Joanna , Martini Matteo , Vele Andrea , Barneschi Irene , Mariotti Fabrizia , Georges George , Ciurlia Giorgia
Published: June 2022

The single‐inhaler extrafine formulation triple combination beclometasone dipropionate (BDP), formoterol fumarate (FF) plus glycopyrronium bromide (GB) is available for asthma management in adults. Its use in adolescents has not yet been evaluated. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of BDP/FF/GB in adults and adolescents, with the aim of ruling out higher plasma exposure in adolescents compared to adults. In this open‐label, non‐randomized study, patients with asthma aged 12–17 (adolescents) and 18–64 years (adults) self‐administered a single dose of BDP/FF/GB 400/24/50 μg via pressurized metered‐dose inhaler (pMDI). The primary objective was to rule out higher systemic exposure to beclometasone 17‐monopropionate (B17MP; active metabolite of BDP), formoterol, and GB in terms of the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–t) in adolescents versus adults. A total of 40 adolescents and 40 adults entered the study (mean age of 14.8 and 43.6 years, respectively). The primary objective (AUC0–t) was met, with the upper 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratio between adolescents and adults <125% for B17MP (point estimate 79.28 [90% CI 71.19; 88.29]), formoterol (88.68 [77.71; 101.20]) and GB (85.49 [72.96; 100.16]). All secondary pharmacokinetic endpoints supported the primary, with pharmacodynamic (safety) and tolerability results similar in the two populations. In conclusion, systemic exposure to extrafine BDP/FF/GB pMDI in adolescents was not higher than that in adults. Furthermore, there were no safety or tolerability signals to warrant a reduction in the dose of BDP/FF/GB for adolescents with asthma.
An experimental laboratory reactor for quantitative kinetic studies of disinfection byproduct formation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry
Authors: Larsen Freja Troj , McPherson James Neill , McKenzie Christine Joy , Lauritsen Frants Roager
Published: June 2022

Rationale

The type and quantity of environmentally problematic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) produced during chlorination of water depend on the natural organic matter and organic contaminants that raw water contains, and on the operational conditions of the drinking water treatment process. There is a need for a fast and quantitative method that determines which DBPs are produced and monitors the chemical dynamics during a drinking water treatment.

Methods

A small experimental chemical reactor (50 mL) was mounted directly onto the membrane inlet interface of a membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS). In this setup, the membrane was the only separation between the reaction mixture in the chemical reactor and the open ion source of the mass spectrometer 2 cm away. Water samples to be chlorinated were placed in the reactor and the chlorination reaction was initiated by injection of hypochlorite. The formation of intermediates and products was monitored using either full‐scan mass spectra or selected ion monitoring of relevant ions.

Results

An algorithm for analyte quantification was successfully developed for analysis of the complex mixtures of phenol (a model for waterborne organic compounds), chlorinated intermediates and trihalomethane products which simultaneously pass the membrane into the mass spectrometer. The algorithm is based upon the combined use of standard addition and an internal standard, and all analytes could be quantified at nanomolar concentrations corresponding to realistic water treatment conditions. Experiments carried out in the temperature range 15–60°C showed that the reaction dynamics change with operational parameters, for example in tap versus deionized water.

Conclusions

We have successfully shown that an experimental laboratory reactor directly interfaced with a MIMS can be used for quantitative monitoring of the chemical dynamics during a water treatment. This technique could provide rapid assistance in the optimization of operating parameters for minimizing DBP production.
A balancing act between economic growth and sustainable development: Historical trajectory through the lens of development indicators
Authors: Hirai Tadashi
Published: June 2022

The evolution of the development discourse is profoundly political. Despite a range of innovations the situation remains much the same, and has led over time to the dominance of the economic growth model. Whilst academic/ideological vigour, policy relevance and institutional support, together with intellectual independence, are essential; too radical an alternative approach would be dismissed by mainstream opinion, either by design or neglect. To survive and to remain influential, any alternative requires the mainstream to engage with it for political feasibility. The development discourse has thus evolved through a delicate balancing act, acknowledging a need for a cautiously optimistic outlook. By tracing changes in two approaches to development (basic needs and human development) and in two global development goals (millennium development goals and sustainable development goals) through their selection and use of indicators, this article explores both the explicit and the implicit power of the mainstream in the past and present alternatives.
Nexus between green technology innovation, green financing, and CO2 emissions in the G7 countries: The moderating role of social globalisation
Authors: Sharif Arshian , Saqib Najia , Dong Kangyin , Khan Syed Abdul Rehman
Published: June 2022

Policymakers face a daunting task when it comes to achieving sustainable environmental development and avoiding additional environmental degradation. This study examines the significance of green technology innovation and green financing in creating a more sustainable environment. The impact of green technology innovation and green investment on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has yet to be empirically and theoretically examined in the literature, especially in conjunction with a moderating component, particularly social globalisation. Accordingly, this research examines the role of green technological innovation and green financing in reducing CO2 emissions in the G7 countries. Our study uses empirical research data from a panel of the G7 countries covering the period 1995 to 2019. We employ advanced panel approaches to address panel data analysis concerns, such as cross‐sectional dependence, structural break, and slope heterogeneity (the Banerjee and Carrion‐i‐Silvestre unit root and cointegration test and cross‐sectional augmented ARDL). This study shows that green technology innovation (GINV) as well as green financing (GFIN) have a negative but significant impact on CO2 emissions. Whilst economic growth has shown a positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions in the G7 countries, social globalisation positively moderates the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP, but negatively and significantly causes GFIN and GINV with CO2 emissions amongst the G7 countries. According to our study, countries would be able to meet the United Nations' SDG‐7 and SDG‐13 targets if they implemented green financing and green technology policies.
Agency in physiological dynamics
Authors: Rogers James , Gallaher Edward J. , Dingli David
Published: June 2022

With a view to finding new applications of biomedical system dynamics, this article expands upon on our talk at the 2021 International System Dynamics Conference on the occasion of receiving the J. W. Forrester Award for the article, “Personalized ESA doses for anemia management in hemodialysis patients with end‐stage renal disease” (System Dynamics Review 2018, 34(1–2): 121–153). We summarize the evolution of a project which took place in a clinical setting between 2008 and 2015 that led to the award‐winning article. We present concepts from receptor theory that informed the first system dynamics application of biophysical system dynamics to the successful diagnosis, prescription, administration, and improvement of individualized patient care. We expand upon these ideas to present a generalized structure, DART (Dynamic Approach to Receptor Theory). It can be used to simulate the physiological effects of any agent, be it an exogenous pharmacological agent, an endogenous enzyme or hormone, or a toxin of some sort. We suggest including within the pharmacological technical literature easily acquired but frequently omitted critical parameter values and rate constants. These would enable researchers to perform transient analyses of biophysical phenomena in addition to static equilibrium analyses typically performed. With the availability of this data, we suggest that the fundamental tools of system dynamics might be used to reconceptualize the 100‐year‐old field of “occupation theory” (today, receptor theory) to deliver high‐resolution insights into physiological dynamics and the preventive, prescriptive, and palliative interventions they might require. It is our hope that these ideas could pave the way forward to novel, groundbreaking applications in biomedical system dynamics. © 2022 System Dynamics Society.
Elastic Nanovaccine Enhances Dendritic Cell‐Mediated Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Qiang , Teng Zhaogang , Tao Jun , Shi Wenhui , Yang Guangwen , Zhang Yu , Su Xiaodan , Chen Lin , Xiu Weijun , Yuwen Lihui , Dong Heng , Mou Yongbin
Published: June 2022

Nanovaccine‐based immunotherapy (NBI) has the ability to initiate dendritic cell (DC)‐mediated tumor‐specific immune responses and maintain long‐term antitumor immune memory. To date, the mechanism by which the mechanical properties of nanoparticles alter the functions of DCs in NBI remains largely unclear. Here, a soft mesoporous organosilica‐based nanovaccine (SMONV) is prepared and the elasticity‐dependent effect of the nanovaccine on the underlying DC‐mediated immune responses is studied. It is found that the elasticity results in greater internalization of SMONV by DCs, followed by the induction of substantial cytosolic delivery of antigens via endosomal escape, leading to effective DC maturation and antigen cross‐presentation. Impressively, elasticity enables SMONV to enhance lymphatic drainage of antigens in vivo, thus stimulating robust humoral and cellular immunity. The results from therapeutic tumor vaccination further reveal that subcutaneously administered SMONV effectively suppresses tumor growth in tumor‐bearing mice by evoking antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell immune responses, mitigating regulatory T‐cell‐mediated immunosuppression, and increasing central memory and effector memory T‐cell populations. Furthermore, combinatorial immunization with SMONV and anti‐PD‐L1 blocking antibodies results in an amplified therapeutic effect on tumor‐bearing mice. These findings reveal the elastic effect of the nanovaccine on DC‐mediated immune responses, and the prepared SMONV represents a facile and powerful strategy for antitumor immunotherapy.
Safety and security risks management process for cyber‐physical systems: A case study
Authors: Inayat Irum , Farooq Muhammad , Inayat Zubaria
Published: June 2022

Cyber‐physical systems (CPS) are applicable in emerging industries such as health, energy, autonomous vehicles, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT). In CPS the physical assets, that is, actuators and sensors, etc. communicate with each other over a messaging protocol. This communication process of CPS makes them vulnerable to cyber‐attacks which challenge the system safety, making security and safety two major concerns for CPS. Both safety and security risks are considered separately in literature. However, the International Society of Automation (ISA) focuses on the alignment of security and safety risks of CPS. Weak or no alignment in safety and security of a system may result in an inefficient or partially protected system which could end up in disasters. This pressed the need for an integrated safety‐security risk management process. For this purpose, we used a tetra packaging case study to (i) examine the vulnerabilities of CPS by running the risk management process, (ii) identify safety‐security requirements, and (iii) align retrieved safety‐security requirements with the relevant standards. The results show (i) safety hazards and security risks along with their severity and priority, (ii) mitigation guidelines are provided by consulting IEC 61508, and (iii) 15 safety‐security requirements are identified and are aligned with ISO9001 Packaging and labeling machine standard.
Unravelling the Complete Raman Response of Graphene Nanoribbons Discerning the Signature of Edge Passivation
Authors: Milotti Valeria , Berkmann Claudia , Laranjeira Jorge , Cui Weili , Cao Kecheng , Zhang Yifan , Kaiser Ute , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Shi Lei , Pichler Thomas , Ayala Paola
Published: June 2022

Controlling the edge morphology and terminations of graphene nanoribbons (GNR) allows tailoring their electronic properties and boosts their application potential. One way of making such structures is encapsulating them inside single‐walled carbon nanotubes. Despite the versatility of Raman spectroscopy to resolve strong spectral signals of these systems, discerning the response of long nanoribbons from that of any residual precursor remaining outside after synthesis has been so far elusive. Here, the terrylene dye is used as precursor to make long and ultra‐narrow armchair‐edged GNR inside nanotubes. The alignment and characteristic length of terrylene encapsulated parallel to the tube's axis facilitates the ribbon formation via polymerization, with high stability up to 750 °C when the hybrid system is kept in high vacuum. A high temperature annealing is used to remove the terrylene external molecules and a subtraction model based on the determination of a scaling factor related to the G‐band response of the system is developed. This not only represents a critical step forward toward the analysis of the nanoribbon‐nanotube system, but it is a study that enables unraveling the Raman signatures of the individual CH‐modes (the signature of edge passivation) for GNR for the first time with unprecedented detail.
Bandgap Funneling in Bismuth‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Photocatalyst with Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tang Yunqi , Mak Chun Hong , Wang Chen , Fu Yu , Li Fang‐Fang , Jia Guohua , Hsieh Chang‐Wei , Shen Hsin‐Hui , Colmenares Juan Carlos , Song Haisheng , Yuan Mingjian , Chen Yue , Hsu Hsien‐Yi
Published: June 2022

The photocatalytic system using hydrohalic acid (HX) for hydrogen production is a promising strategy to generate clean and renewable fuels as well as value‐added chemicals (such as X2/X3−). However, it is still challenging to develop a visible‐light active and strong‐acid resistive photocatalyst. Hybrid perovskites have been recognized as a potential photocatalyst for photovoltaic HX splitting. Herein, a novel environmentally friendly mixed halide perovskite MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx with a bandgap funnel structure is developed, i.e., confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and density functional theory calculations. Due to gradient neutral formation energy within iodine‐doped MA3Bi2Cl9, the concentration of iodide element decreases from the surface to the interior across the MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx perovskite. Because of the aligned energy levels of iodide/chloride‐mixed MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx, a graded bandgap funnel structure is therefore formed, leading to the promotion of photoinduced charge transfer from the interior to the surface for efficient photocatalytic redox reaction. As a result, the hydrogen generation rate of the optimized MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx is enhanced up to ≈341 ± 61.7 µmol h−1 with a Pt co‐catalyst under visible light irradiation.
Methods for Rational Design of Advanced Zn‐Based Batteries
Authors: Wang Yi , Xie Jinhao , Luo Jun , Yu Yanxia , Liu Xiaoqing , Lu Xihong
Published: June 2022

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐based batteries (AZBs) have received massive attention as promising contenders for the future large‐scale energy storage due to their low cost, inherent safety, and abundant resources. However, the insufficient energy density and poor stability have become the key to hinder their further application. As is well known, the energy densities (E, Wh kg−1) of AZBs are determined by the specific capacity (mAh g−1) and output voltage (V). Given the fixed redox potential and capacity of the Zn metal anode, the energy density of AZBs is mainly determined by the cathode material, and the rich material systems of the cathode provide more possibilities to this field. Meanwhile, the methods to improve the stability and performance of the Zn anodes have gained more and more attention due to the severe Zn dendrite growth that can pierce the separator and lead to short‐circuiting of the cell. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively summarize the rational design methods in optimizing the cathode, anode, and device architecture, and classic examples of each catalogue are discussed in details as well. Last, the issues and outlook for further development of high performance AZBs are also presented.
Developments in Surface/Interface Engineering of Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode Materials
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Ruan Xiaopeng , Du Cheng‐Feng , Yu Hong
Published: June 2022

Ni‐rich layered cathodes with high energy densities reveal an enormous potential for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), however, their poor stability and reliability have inhibited their application. To ensure their stability over extensive cycles at high voltage, surface/interface modifications are necessary to minimize the adverse reactions at the cathode‐electrolyte interface (CEI), which is a critical factor impeding electrode performance. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the surface engineering of Ni‐rich cathode materials for enhancing their lithium storage property. Based on the structural characteristics of the Ni‐rich cathode, the major failure mechanisms of these structures during synthesis and operation are summarized. Then the existing surface modification techniques are discussed and compared. Recent breakthroughs in various surface coatings and modification strategies are categorized and their unique functionalities in structural protection and performance‐enhancing are elaborated. Finally, the challenges and outlook on the Ni‐rich cathode materials are also proposed.
Nanoparticle‐assisted, image‐guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for cancer treatment
Authors: Pang Sumiao , Kapur Anshika , Zhou Keri , Anastasiadis Pavlos , Ballirano Nicholas , Kim Anthony J. , Winkles Jeffrey A. , Woodworth Graeme F. , Huang Huang‐Chiao
Published: June 2022

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new treatment option for patients with brain and non‐central nervous system (non‐CNS) tumors. MRI guidance allows for precise placement of optical fiber in the tumor, while MR thermometry provides real‐time monitoring and assessment of thermal doses during the procedure. Despite promising clinical results, LITT complications relating to brain tumor procedures, such as hemorrhage, edema, seizures, and thermal injury to nearby healthy tissues, remain a significant concern. To address these complications, nanoparticles offer unique prospects for precise interstitial hyperthermia applications that increase heat transport within the tumor while reducing thermal impacts on neighboring healthy tissues. Furthermore, nanoparticles permit the co‐delivery of therapeutic compounds that not only synergize with LITT, but can also improve overall effectiveness and safety. In addition, efficient heat‐generating nanoparticles with unique optical properties can enhance LITT treatments through improved real‐time imaging and thermal sensing. This review will focus on (1) types of inorganic and organic nanoparticles for LITT; (2) in vitro, in silico, and ex vivo studies that investigate nanoparticles' effect on light–tissue interactions; and (3) the role of nanoparticle formulations in advancing clinically relevant image‐guided technologies for LITT.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Visitors, Usurpers, and Renovators: Glimpses from the History of Egyptian Sepulchral Monuments
Authors: Gundacker Roman
Published: June 2022

The Egyptian ideal was to establish an everlasting mortuary cult in order to ensure for the deceased infinite commemoration in this world and eternal life in the otherworld. In order to achieve this bold aim, funerary institutions were endowed with land and income, the priests and personnel were bound strictly to observe their duties and principles, and future offspring were defined as legally constrained to take over the offices and obligations of their fathers. In most instances, however, families became incapable of affording the cult or were extinct after a few generations, personnel left the priesthood, or the funerary institutions were stripped of property and were discontinued. Over time, even royal mortuary cults were ended and royal monuments abandoned. The tombs and memorial monuments then remained uncared for and were left to an uncertain future. As time went by, some of those monuments evolved into local attractions for visitors, some were piously restored, some were usurped or reused, and some were dismantled in order to process the building materials for new edifices. The present contribution aims at tracing the Egyptians’ thoughts and experiences and at illustrating the manifold fates of Egyptian mortuary monuments.
The Graves When They Open, Will Be Witnesses Against Thee: Mass Burial and the Agency of the Dead in Thomas Dekker’s Plague Pamphlets
Authors: Briest Sarah
Published: June 2022

Plague pamphlets like Thomas Dekker’sThe Wonderfull Yeare(1603),Newes from Graves-end(1604), andA Rod for Runawayes(1625) recount devastating, large-scale outbreaks of bubonic plague in early modern London, chronicling a metropolitan state of crisis in which normality is suspended and Londoners live in mortal fear of the dead and the dying (while country folk live in mortal fear of Londoners). Amid the terror of contagion, with parochial cemeteries overflowing and the urban economy near a standstill, conventional funerary practices are supplanted by emergency measures. In his pamphlets, Dekker indicts sins—mostly of omission—committed in this climate against the infected and their mortal remains. Dekker laments that plague victims may be treated in death like convicted criminals or suicides but his especial horror is reserved for the mass grave which he understands as the worst possible affront to the dignity of the deceased. Although the historical accuracy of Dekker’s portrayal of plague burial is debatable (especially given the evidence provided by the 2015 New Churchyard excavations), he demonstrates striking conceptions of postmortem agency and individuality in the plague pamphlets. He recalls the dead from the convenient concealment of the grave and makes them visible once more (to the mind’s eye) and it is in this visibility that their agency resides.
Introduction
Authors: Hazell Philip
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this book is to describe the multidisciplinary model of care delivered by a long stay high severity psychiatric unit for adolescents. We acknowledge that many jurisdictions do not have the resources to establish a unit that fulfils such a specialized role within the system of mental health care. Nevertheless, we hope that the learnings derived from the unit may generalize to other specialist adolescent mental health inpatient settings.
Music Therapy
Authors: McIntyre Joanne
Published: June 2022

The Walker Unit is one of only a few adolescent inpatient units in Australia to include a Registered Music Therapist on the Allied Health team. The Walker Unit has a music room equipped with guitars, ukuleles, a keyboard, a drum kit, African drums, a cello and a violin. Music therapy sessions are conducted with individuals, patient groups and families. Empirical evidence supporting the benefits of Music Therapy in this setting is limited, however we have observed that creating music in a containing environment enhances self-awareness, stimulates verbalization and facilitates relaxation.
The Pharmacist and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Hanh Jacky , Hazell Philip , Feijo Isabelle
Published: June 2022

Clinical pharmacy services aim to optimise health outcomes and improve patient safety throughout all steps of the medicines management pathway, by ensuring the quality use of medicines and minimising medication-related problems. The role of the pharmacist includes gathering and documenting medication histories, performing medication reconciliation and undertaking clinical medication reviews. These services support collaborative approaches between patients, carers and the multidisciplinary team to develop patient-centred medication management plans. The practice of pharmacotherapy at the Walker Unit shares features in common with prescribing in acute child and adolescent mental health inpatient units, but there are some differences. This chapter will in particular seek to highlight the characteristics of pharmacotherapy that are distinct to longer stay intensive psychiatric care.
The Policy Context and Governance
Authors: Kotze Beth
Published: June 2022

The Walker Unit opened in 2009 as the first of its kind in Australia to provide an intensive longer stay secure psychiatric inpatient rehabilitation programme for adolescents with severe mental illness who had not benefited from at least one but generally repeated admissions or prolonged care in other tertiary inpatient unit settings. Unusually, this happened at a time when the focus of reform in mental health at a State and National level is on community models, early intervention and community residential care rather than extended inpatient care in the specialist clinical sector. As a first of its kind, the Unit is an important innovation in inpatient mental health care and has garnered a reputation in the clinical sector for creating value in mental health care.
The Milieu
Authors: Nielsen Fran , Diaz Ariel , Du Meng , Pollock Kahlia , Alonzo Jaileen , Rawlinson Mark
Published: June 2022

Given the typical length of admission young people hospitalised at the Walker Unit may spend somewhere in the vicinity of 3–5% of their current lifespan living in the facility. It is imperative therefore that the admission affords the opportunity for engagement in a developmentally appropriate therapeutic programme, while at the same time maintaining safety. Patient mix, including phase of recovery, has an important impact on the ward milieu. Safety is maintained through observation and engagement. A level system the young people have helped design promotes and rewards skill development and prosocial behaviour. The chapter will describe the strategies the Walker Unit uses to maintain safety while at the same time addressing adolescent needs such as access to social media, interaction with peers, and sexual safety.
Einstein Yang-Mills amplitudes from intersections of twisted forms
Authors: Mazloumi Pouria , Stieberger Stephan
Published: June 2022

Abstract

We present a geometric derivation of all-multiplicity (single-trace) tree-level Einstein Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes $$ \mathcal{A} $$
A
(n; r) involving n gluons and r gravitons by a bilinear of two twisted differential forms on the moduli space of Riemann spheres with m := n + r punctures. The differential forms are gained by studying the underlying superstring disk amplitude and proposing an embedding of the disk onto the sphere. This map can be interpreted as a geometrical map from the open superstring to a heterotic or ambitwistor string structure. Then, the twisted intersection number of the two m-forms, which is obtained by integrating over the moduli space of Riemann sphere with m punctures, reproduces in the infinite inverse string tension limit α′ → ∞ the corresponding CHY formula of the EYM amplitude. To bolster our findings we study the disk amplitude of open and closed strings using the Graßmann description of the underlying superstring amplitude, map it to a closed string amplitude and consider the α′ → ∞ limit. Finally, we present an all-multiplicity decomposition formula of any EYM amplitude $$ \mathcal{A} $$
A
(n; r) as linear combination over (m − 3)! pure m gluon subamplitudes.
Light sterile neutrinos and lepton-number-violating kaon decays in effective field theory
Authors: Zhou Guanghui
Published: June 2022

Abstract

We investigate lepton-number-violating decays K∓ → π±l∓l∓ in the presence of sterile neutrinos. We consider minimal interactions with Standard-Model fields through Yukawa couplings as well as higher-dimensional operators in the framework of the neutrino-extended Standard Model Effective Field Theory. We use SU(3) chiral perturbation theory to match to mesonic interactions and compute the lepton-number-violating decay rate in terms of the neutrino masses and the Wilson coefficients of higher-dimensional operators. For neutrinos that can be produced on-shell, the decay rates are highly enhanced and higher-dimensional interactions can be probed up to very high scales around $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(30) TeV.