bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutritional effects of field bean (Vicia fabaL.) proteinase inhibitors fed to rats
Authors: Abbey Bene W. , Neale R. J. , Norton G.
Published: September 2005

1. Weanling rats were fed on purified-casein diets containing active and inactive (autoclaved) field bean (Vicia fabaL.) proteinase inhibitors (PI) at levels of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/kg. Diets containing raw-and autoclaved-field-bean meal (FBM) were also given. The body-weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER); i.e. the ratio of the live weight gain in g/g of protein consumed and apparent nitrogen digestibility were determined 7, 14 and 21 d after the start of the trial.

2. Significant growth depression (P< 0.001) was observed in rats given diets containing 2.5 g/kg PI (27–35%). In rats fed on raw FBM growth depression was severe after 7 d (57%).

3. Food intake was depressed at PI inclusion levels of 5 g/kg and higher between 14 and 21 d.

4. PER was depressed significantly (33–44%) in rats given diets containing the active PI at all levels after 7 d. The protein utilization of all casein diets was higher than that of the FBM diets.

5. Apparent N digestibility was depressed in rats fed on diets containing 10 g/kg PI by 9 and 7% at 14 and 21 d respectively. The N digestibility of both raw and heated FBM was similar at approximately 84%.

6. It was concluded that the PI are not the main factors responsible for the growth depression observed when raw FBM is fed to rats.
Absorption of lactulose from mammalian gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Evered D. F. , Sadoogh-Abasian F.
Published: September 2005

1. The disaccharide lactulose (galactosyl-β-1,4-fructose) was poorly absorbed from rat small intestine in vitro and human mouth in vivo.

2. These results confirm indirect clinical evidence of poor absorption from the intestine.

3. The presence of calcium ions, or absence of sodium ions, had no effect on lactulose absorption from the buccal cavity.

4. The presence of ouabain, or absence of Na+, did not decrease the absorption of lactulose from small intestine.

5. It is thought that the mode of transport, in both instances, is by passive diffusion with the concentration gradient.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Newport M. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The requirement of the artificially-reared pig for crude protein (nitrogen × 6.38; CP) was estimated between 2 and 28 d of age. The pigs were given one of five diets, each containing 270 g soya-bean oil/kg and either dried skim-milk and dried whey in different proportions to supply 150, 180, 210 or 240 g CP/kg, or dried skim-milk alone which supplied 270 g CP/kg. The energy content of the diets was approximately 22 MJ digestible energy/kg.

2. The diets were obtained as spray-dried powders, reconstituted in water, and fed as a liquid containing 200 g DM/l. The pigs were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight.

3. N retention (g/d per kg live weight) and the proportion of CP in the carcass indicated a CP requirement of 240 g/kg for pigs from 2–28 d of age.There was no significant difference (P > 005)in performance between levels of dietary CP of 2.10, 240 or 270 g/kg. Although there was no increase in the proportion of CP in the carcass above a dietary CP level of 240 g/kg, a linear reduction in the proportion of lipid occurred as dietary CP level increased from 150 to 270 g/kg. Mortality, which was associated with scouring, was increased when the diet contained less than 210 g CP/kg.

4. There was a linear response in N retention to the level of CP in the diet at 7 d of age, whereas at 19 d of age, N retention reached a maximum with 240 g CP/kg diet, suggesting that the CP requirement may be greater during the first week of life.

5. Excretion of endogenous N in the urine was found to be 250 mg N/d per kg live-weight0.75 in pigs between 7 and 19 d of age (20–6.4 kg live weight).
The effect of varying the quality of dietary protein and energy on food intake and growth in the Zucker rat
Authors: Radcliffe J. D. , Webster A. J. F.
Published: September 2005

1. Food intake and rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition were measured for lean and obese (fatty) Zucker rats offered to appetite from 34 d of age to slaughter at 66 d of age, one of sixteen semi-synthetic diets. Measurements were also made of the digestibility of dietary protein and the metabolizability of dietary energy. Total carcasses were analysed for protein and lipid, and body energy was calculated thereby. Changes in body constituents were calculated by the comparative-slaughter technique.

2. In Expt 1, four rats of each phenotype and sex were offered one of four diets, each of which contained either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 CELL and 300 CELL respectively)/kg (diets 150 C/150 CELL, 150 C/300 CELL, 300 C/150 CELL and 300 C/300 CELL. As expected, males ate more and had higher rates of protein deposition than female animals of the same phenotype on all diets. These sex differences were greater for the lean phenotype. The results for animals in this experiment are presented with, and discussed in relation to, those obtained previously for animals of both sexes fed on cellulose-free diets having these two levels of casein.

3. In Expt 2, four female animals of each phenotype were fed one of twelve semi-synthetic diets, each of which contained casein, gluten or zein at one of the following levels (g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg diet): 93, 132, 267 or 627. On all diets containing zein both fatty and lean rats had similar, low food intakes and failed to grow. Fatty rats fed on diets containing casein or gluten had higher rates of food intake, weight gain, lipid and energy deposition than leanrats, but similar rates of protein deposition. Rats fed on diets having the two lower levels of casein ate more and grew better than animals of the same phenotype fed on the two corresponding diets containing gluten but at higher protein levels differences in food intake and growth attributable to differences in protein quality disappeared and furthermore, the rate of protein deposition became similar and maximal for both phenotypes.

4. The results from both experiments are discussed in relation to previous work on appetite control in the Zucker rat. It appears that fatty and lean rats eat during growth to attain the maximal rate of protein deposition of which they are capable. The rate of lipid deposition would appear to be of no importance in the food intake regulation of animals depositing protein maximally.

5. Rats given diets that fail to support maximal rates of protein deposition appear to regulate their intake of digestible energy rather than that of digestible protein. They do not overeat protein-deficient diets in order to acquire sufficient protein for maximal growth although the factors that induce satiety in these animals are unknown.
Some effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep
Authors: Grace N. D. , Suttle N. F.
Published: September 2005

1. To investigate the effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep, ewes were given intakes of 0.3 or 3.5 mg Mo and 0.98, 1.33, 1.73 or 3.23 g S/d in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment with two replicates lasting 35 d. 99Mo with 0.1 mg carrier Mo was infused intravenously for the last 14 d and, when 99Mo concentrations in urine and faeces had attained plateaux (days 11–14), stable Mo and 99Mo balance trials were conducted; samples of blood and rumen contents were taken principally for studies of Mo distribution.

2. Increases in S intake caused the following changes in Mo metabolism; absorption decreased, urinary and faecal endogenous excretion decreased and retention increased; Mo concentrations in rumen contents decreased but the predominant association with the solid phase was unaffected; Mo concentrations in plasma decreased, but a higher proportion was associated with the protein fraction; Mo in protein-free plasma became apparently less ultrafiltrable at the glomerulus.

3. The pattern of response to S for each factor was generally curvilinear, the first increment in S intake having by far the greatest effect. The effect of S was generally greatest at the higher Mo intake.

4. It is suggested that the manifold effects of S on Mo metabolism are related to a common interaction in the rumen leading to the formation of Mo-complexes, possibly thiomolybdates, which are poorly absorbed but even more poorly excreted.
Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs
Authors: Low A. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Digesta were collected from seventeen pigs initially of 30 kg live weight fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.

2. The pigs received three types of diet containing: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals and vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).

3. Amino acids were measured in samples representative of the digesta flow in 24 h periods and in the faeces collected in 5 d periods.

4. For each diet the total flow in 24 h periods in the duodenum for aspartic acid, threonine, serine and glycine exceeded or equalled intake, while the amounts of the other amino acids were usually rather less than intake.

5. For each diet in the jejunum, the amounts of glycine and cystine exceeded intake in 24 h periods, while methionine, arginine and tyrosine were the most rapidly absorbed amino acids anterior to the cannula site. On average 0.22, 0.25 and 0.31 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively.

6. For each diet in the ileum, the least apparently absorbed dietary amino acids were glycine and cystine. On average 0.81, 0.83 and 0.95 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively.

7. There was net disappearance of most amino acids in the large intestine, but some net accumulation occurred in this region.

8. The results are discussed in relation to the amino acid composition of endogenous secretions (particularly glycine in bile), protease and peptidase specificity, free amino acid absorption and the role of the microflora in the large intestine.
Carotid or jugular amino acid infusions and food intake in the cockerel
Authors: Tobin G. , Boorman K. N.
Published: September 2005

1. Infusions of histidine into the carotid arteries of cockerels receiving a histidine-limiting, imbalanced diet caused an increase in food intake, whereas similar infusions into the jugular veins did not.

2. Infusions of lysine into the carotid arteries or jugular veins of young cockerels receiving a balanced, low-protein diet caused decreases in food intake. There was evidence of a more marked effect of carotid infusion.

3. The mechanisms of food intake regulation by amino acids in mammals are applicable to birds and excesses of single amino acids do seem to affect food intake directly.
Seasonal variation in the effect of dietary RNA on criteria of energy homoeostasis in the rat
Authors: Heaf D. J. , Peers D. G. , Davies J. I.
Published: September 2005

1. RNA was administered to rats as part of a meal while standardizing food intake and minimizing the effects of psychological stress and diurnal metabolic rhythms. It was demonstrated that circulating levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in the animals, which were deprived of food for 48 h, were responsive to orally administered caffeine.

2. Inclusion of RNA in the diet slightly but consistently reduced the normal postprandial hyperglycaemia. Its effect on plasma FFA was variable although statistically significant in some experiments. The differences between RNA- and control-fed animals were not attributable to differences in the rate of passage of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract.

3. Evidence was obtained that the variability in the FFA response was related to a seasonally-dependent change in the state of the animals. The synchronizer (‘Zeitgeber’) responsible for this change was not identified and no satisfactory way of suppressing its effect was found.

4. The present findings, taken in conjunction with those of previous workers, suggest that there is a seasonal influence on the sympathetic nervous system manifesting itself as a variable susceptibility to arousal or excitation.
Estimates of maintenance requirement of growing lambs
Authors: Thomson D. J. , Fenlon J. S. , Cammell S. B.
Published: September 2005

1. Total body energy retention (ER) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) values from experiments with 231 lambs (Suffolk ♂× (Border Leicester ♂× Cheviot ♀) ♀) housed indoors and given thirteen forage diets were used to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) required for maintenance.

2. ER was measured using the comparative slaughter technique, and the lambs were fed at several planes of nutrition above maintenance between 2 and 5 months of age.

3. The daily ER and MEI results were scaled to live weight (kg0.75) and linear regression lines fitted to the values for individual diets. Extrapolation of the fitted lines to zero ER gave estimates of maintenance requirement ranging from 141 to 466 kJ ME/kg0.75 per d and values for the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and fattening (kf) of 0.25–0.53 (mean 0.39).

4. An alternative analysis constrained the estimated maintenance requirement to be the same for all diets. An iterative search procedure indicated minimal residual variation at 339 kJ/kg0.75 per d. This common value of ME for maintenance gave kf values ranging from 0.30 to 0.54 (mean 0.39).

5. The implications of the technique were considered togethe with some discussion of the variability of the estimate. Allowing the minimum RSD to vary by 10% gave a maintenance requirement of between 231 and 408 kJ/kg0.75 per d.
Body growth, puberty and undernutrition in the male guinea-pig
Authors: Slob A. Koos , Vreeburg J. T. M. , Van Der Werff Ten Bosch J. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Male guinea-pigs were assigned to four different groups at birth. The heaviest group of animals was severely undernourished from 21 d of age (weight gain: 1.2 g/d v. 10 g/d for normally-fed animals).

2. At 35, 45, 55 and 65 d of age in normally-fed animals, and at 45 and 55 d of age in undernourished animals, blood testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, epididymidal tissue examined for the presence of spermatozoa and testes sectioned for rating of spermatogenesis using light microscopy.

3. Sexual maturity in terms of potential fertility (spermatozoa in the epididymis) was reached by all normally-fed animals between 45 and 55 d of age. High birth-weight animals had a higher incidence of the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis than low birth-weight ones at the various ages studied. In the undernourished animals spermatogenesis was clearly delayed.

4. Plasma testosterone concentrations were already in the adult range at 35 d and independent of age and birth-weight. The undernourished animals, however, had very low levels. Maintenance of spermatogenesis seemed compatible with low plasma levels of testosterone.

5. It is concluded that the timing of testicular development seems to be determined by the time the animals are born and appears to be unaffected by severe undernutrition from 21 d of age.
The influence of diet and diabetes on stearoyl Coenzyme A desaturase (EC1.14.99.5) activity and fatty acid composition in rat tissues
Authors: Worcester Nancy A. , Bruckdorfer K. R. , Hallinan T. , Wilkins A. J. , Mann Jane A. , Yudkin J.
Published: September 2005

1. Rats were given low-fat diets for 3 d in which the carbohydrate source was starch. The livers of animals given the fructose or sucrose had increased hepatic activities of the fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase (EC1.14.99.5) enzyme complexes: in those given fructose there was a lower activity of the enzymes in adipose tissue.

2. Similar results were obtained in rats given fructose diets for 30 d, but in animals which had previously been made diabetic with streptozotocin, the activities were lower. The dietary treatment made little difference to the fatty acid profiles of the tissue lipids. The diabetic condition on the other hand produced considerable changes in fatty acid profile.

3. With diets containing approximately 200 g fat/kg in the form of butter or of polyunsaturated margarine, the tissue lipids from rats given sucrose had less linoleic acid than those from rats given starch. In addition, there was the expected difference between the rats given butter or margarine. The results are discussed in relation to the current literature.
The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Livingstone R. M. , Baird Barbara A.
Published: September 2005

1. In five experiments, involving 142 female pigs weighing on average 33 kg, estimates were made of the amounts of essential amino acids which minimized urinary N excretion when diets with barley as the only source of protein were given at the rate of 120 g/kg0.75per d.

2. With additions of lysine (4.0 g/kg diet) and threonine (1.2 g/kg diet) to barley urinary N excretion decreased from 0.91 to 0.36 g/kg0.75per d, corresponding to an increase in biological value (BV) from 0.51 to 0.86.

3. With these additions of lysine and threonine, there were no responses to additions of tryptophan, methionine or isoleucine, or to further additions of lysine or threonine, but addition of histidine significantly reduced N excretion.

4. No optimal addition of histidine could be determined; the mean rate of N excretion after addition of histidine (not less than 0.3 g/kg diet) was 0.27 g/kg0.75per d, corresponding to a BV of 0.93.

5. There was a variation between pigs from different litters in their responses to added histidine. Those with low rates of N excretion on the unsupplemented diet did not respond to additions of histidine, but those with high rates did.

6. It is concluded that additions of only three amino acids can greatly improve the nutritive value of barley protein for the growing pig and that the amino acid composition of the supplemented protein closely approaches the ideal; it is also similar to whole-body tissue protein.
The amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Mennie I. , Crofts R. M. J
Published: September 2005

1. Thirty-three diets were made by adding to ground barley combinations of L-lysine (0–6.0 g/kg) and L-threonine (0–3.0 g/kg), together with vitamins and minerals. Each was given to two female and two castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 60 kg.

2. Growth rate increased from 0.36 kg/d to a maximum of 0.65 kg/d with additions of 3.8 g L-lysine/kg and 1.8 g L-threonine/kg; these values and the maximum gains achieved were slightly higher for castrates than for females. Minimum values for food conversion ratio of 2.84 for castrates and 3.06 for females were achieved with similar amino acid additions to those giving fastest growth.

3. Carcass fat, estimated by specific gravity, was least with the addition of 5.9 g L-lysine/kg, but continued to decrease up to the highest threonine concentrations. Backfat thickness was also reduced by amino acid additions but failed to reach a minimum.
A preliminary simulated iron fortification trial in South Indian preschool children
Authors: Pereira Sheila M. , Begum Almas , Mathan V. I. , Baker S. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of fortification of food with iron to provide 10 mg elemental Fe/child per d was studied in preschool children maintained on a cereal diet, over a 5-month period.

2. The absorption of 5 mg Fe as ferrous sulphate mixed in one meal was 3.3% of the test dose and when 3.3 mg was given with each of three meals over a 2 d period the corresponding value was 4.8%.

3. The mean absorption of a test dose of ferrous ascorbate studied in twenty-four children midway through the trial was 42%.

4. The only beneficial effect of Fe fortification in this time-period in the experimental group was the prevention of the decrease in packed cell volume which occurred in the control group.
Comparison of carbohydrate utilization in man using indirect calorimetry and mass spectrometry after an oral load of 100 g naturally-labelled [13C]glucose
Authors: Ebiner J. R. , Acheson K. J. , Doerner A. , Maeder E. , Arnaud M. J. , Jéquier E. , Felber J. P.
Published: September 2005

1. Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was measured simultaneously in a group of five normal subjects after an oral load of 100 g naturally-labelled [13C]glucose, using indirect calorimetry and mass spectrometry.

2. CHO utilization, calculated from the results of indirect calorimetry, increased 30 min after the glucose load to reach a peak at 90 min. It then decreased to reach basal values at 380 min. Cumulative total CHO oxidation at 480 min was 83±8g, and CHO oxidized above basal levels, 37±3 g.

3. Enrichment of expired carbon dioxide with13C began at 60 min and maximum values were observed at 270 min. At 480 min, cumulative CHO oxidation measured by use of [13C]glucose was 29 g. The difference from calorimetric values can be attributed in part to the slow isotopic dilution in the glucose and bicarbonate pools.

4. Thus, approximately 30% of the glucose load was oxidized during the 8 h after its ingestion and this accounts for a significant part of the increased CHO oxidation (37 g), as measured by indirect calorimetry.
Effects of diet, energy restriction and diabetes on hexose transport in the rat
Authors: Wilson Helen D. , Schedl H. P.
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of dietary composition, energy restriction, and diabetes on hexose absorption were examined by feeding male rats isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets of differing carbohydrate and protein content. Diets were carbohydrate, (g/kg): 890 sucrose; carbohydrate-protein, 500 sucrose, 390 casein; or protein, 890 casein. An additional group was fed on commercial rat chowad lib.

2. Hexose (3-O-methyl-D-glucose) absorption was measured by luminal perfusion of the entire small intestine in situ. Absorption by the total small intestine, i.e. absorption per rat, and absorption per g dry weight of mucosa (specific absorption) were calculated.

3. When semi-synthetic diets were fed at 210 kJ/d to normal animals absorption depended on composition of diets: carbohydrate enhanced or protein suppressed hexose absorption. Dietary carbohydrate as glucose, dextrimaltose or starch gave the same hexose absorption response as sucrose.

4. When diets of normal rats were restricted to 118 kJ/d, specific absorption was independent of dietary composition and was incresed for all dietary groups to the level of the group fed on the carbohydrate diet at 210 kJ/d.

5. When diabetic rats were given 210 kJ/d, hexose specific absorption was the same for all diabetic groups independent of dietary composition and was equal to that of controls given carbohydrate, but greater than that of protein-fed controls.

6. Thus, when two of the three stimuli (i.e. carbohydrate diet plus energy restriction or diabetes) were combined, the effect was not additive, and the response of hexose specific absorption to diabetes and energy restriction was the same: absorption was independent of dietary composition and was stimulated relative to controls fed on diets containing protein.

7. The pattern of response of total small intestinal hexose absorption to the stimuli of dietary composition, energy restriction and diabetes was similar to that of specific absorption.

8. Compared with groups given semi-synthetic diets, rats eating commercial rat chowad lib.(approximately 286 kJ/d) showed increased mucosal mass and decreased specific absorption, but total absorption was similar to that of the carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein-fed groups.

9. In a separate study in control rats, specific and total intestinal absorption of L-leucine did not respond to dietary composition, i.e. level of protein fed.
The effect of wheat bran and pectin on paracetamol absorption in the rat
Authors: Brown R. C. , Kelleher J. , Walker B. E. , Losowsky M. S.
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of an oral dose of paracetamol was measured in rats given either a basal fibre-free diet, or the basal diet with either pectin or bran added.

2. Urinary excretion of the oral dose was significantly greater during the first 8 h in the pectin-fed rats compared with those on basal diet, though cumulative excretion after 72 h was the same.

3. Free paracetamol levels in the plasma were significantly higher in the pectin-fed rats compared with those on basal diet at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the oral dose.

4. The plasma half-life of intravenously-injected paracetamol was shorter in the pectin-fed rats than in those on basal diet alone, but the antipyrine half-lives were not significantly different.

5. Pectin feeding had no effect on either the apparent volume of distribution of paracetamol and antipyrine, or on the rate of gastric emptying.

6. Perfusion of the whole length of the small bowel showed a significantly greater capacity for paracetamol absorption in the pectin-fed rats.

7. Bran had no effect on paracetamol absorption.

8. It was concluded that dietary fibre intake affects drug absorption and that the effect varies with the type of fibre. Unexpectedly pectin accelerates rather than retards absorption of paracetamol, though the mechanism of this effect is unknown.
The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function
Authors: Cummings J. H. , Southgate D. A. T. , Branch W. J. , Wiggins H. S. , Houston Hellen , Jenkins D. J. A. , Jivraj T. , Hill M. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of dietary fibre digestion in the human gut on its ability to alter bowel habit and impair mineral absorption has been investigated using the technique of metabolic balance.

2. Five healthy male students were studied for 9 weeks under controlled dietary conditions and during the last 6 weeks they took 36 g pectin/d. Bowel habit, transit through the gut, faecal fibre excretion, calcium balance and faecal composition were measured.

3. During the control period only 15% of the dietary fibre ingested was excreted in the stools and when pectin was added to the diet there was no increase in fibre excretion. Stool frequency and mean transit time were unchanged by pectin but stool wet weight increased by 33% and faecal excretion increased (%) for fatty acids 80, nitrogen 47, total dry matter 28 and bile acids 35. Ca balance remained unchanged.

4. It may be concluded from these results that dietary fibre is largely metabolized in the human gut and dietary pectin completely so. This could explain its lack of effect on bowel habit and Ca balance. Other changes in the faeces may be related to an increase in bacterial mass.
A new in vitro method for the estimation of digestibility using the intestinal fluid of the pig
Authors: Furuya S. , Sakamoto K. , Takahashi S.
Published: September 2005

1. A new in vitro method using the intestinal fluid of the pig for predicting the digestibility of diets was proposed.

2. A 0.5 g sample of pig diet was placed in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 20 mg pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) in 10 ml 0.75 M-hydrochloric acid was added, and the mixture was incubated for 4 h at 37°. Then, after neutralization with 0.2 M-sodium hydroxide, 10 ml of intestinal fluid was added and incubated for an additional 4 h at 37°. This fluid was obtained from a pig fitted with a simple cannula in the upper jejunum. After the two-stage incubations, the contents of the flask was centrifuged for 10 min at 1250 g and the residue transferred to preweighed filter paper for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP) determinations. The in vitro DM and CP digestibility was calculated on the basis of the original DM and CP content of the diet respectively.

3. The intestinal fluid could be stored at ∓ 20° for 60 d without losing its activity on DM and CP digestion.

4. A high correlation was found between this in vitro method and the standard in vivo procedures, for seven diets commonly used for growing or adult pigs, when diets were ground to pass through a 1 mm screen for the in vitro experiment, but there was an obvious dissimilarity between the two methods, especially in the case of CP: DM, Y = 1.04X +0.0806 (r 0.98, P < 0.001); CP, Y = 1.70X − 0.6092 (r 0.98, P < 0.001), where Y and X are in vivo and in vitro digestibility respectively.

5. This method is rapid and reproducible and particularly suited for the evaluation of a large number of samples. Since this method assesses only stomach and small intestinal digestion, it therefore may require further modification when used for diets which include large amounts of crude fibre. Also, depending on the needs of the investigator, the addition of a correction factor for endogenous faecal nitrogen loss may be required.
The influence of vitamin A status on the response of chickens to aflatoxin B1and changes in liver lipid metabolism associated with aflatoxicosis
Authors: Bryden W. L. , Cumming R. B. , Balnave D.
Published: September 2005

1 A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary retinol status on chickens ingesting aflatoxin B1. The effects of dietary supplementation with biotin and α-tocopherol were also examined.

2. Aflatoxin B1levels greater than I mg/kg diet had a detrimental effect on ‘liveability’, body-weight gain, food intake and food conversion efficiency. When fed for more than 2 weeks aflatoxin increased relative liver weight and liver lipid concentration. These effects were less pronounced with avitaminotic A chickens.

3. A synergistic effect on hydropericardium development was observed between aflatoxin B, and retinol. This effect was not observed when the dietary level of α-tocopherol was increased tenfold.

4. The specific activities of certain hepatic lipogenic and amino acid-metabolizing enzymes were influenced by aflatoxin ingestion. A reduction in lipogenic enzyme activity was observed before a reduction in the activities of amino acid-metabolizing enzymes.

5. Liver fatty acid composition was significantly influenced by aflatoxin B1. The extent of these changes was reduced by the inclusion of additional dietary biotin.
The sustenance of growing and fattening ruminants by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acid and protein
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Grubb D. A. , Wenham G. , Corrigall W.
Published: September 2005

A technique is described for feeding young sheep for long periods entirely by the infusion of volatile fatty acids into the rumen and protein and other essential nutrients into the abomasum. When the energy infused was twice the estimated requirement for maintenance, growth rate and nitrogen retention were essentially the same as in normally-fed sheep.
Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of ‘ileal’ digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities
Authors: Achinewhu S. C. , Hewitt D.
Published: September 2005

1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the ‘ileal’ analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done.

2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lysine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility.

3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower.

4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.
An evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of, and Zn availability from, soya-based textured-vegetable-protein meat-substitutes or meat-extenders
Authors: Davies N. T. , Reid Hilary
Published: September 2005

1. A study has been made of the zinc, copper, iron, manganese, protein (nitrogen x 625) and phytic acid contents of nineteen soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) meat-extenders and meat-substitutes and of three ‘ready-prepared’ canned meals containing TVP.

2. Phytate analysis was performed using a newly-developed method based on Holt's (1955)procedure. This method enabled the phytate content of milligram quantities of TVP to be estimated, with an SD for six replicates of 3%.

3. The Fe, Cu and Mn contents (mg/kg) of the meat-extenders or meat-substitutes varied, wzith values of 59.4–144, 14.1–19.7 and 19.5–29.1 respectively. The protein content of these products was approximately 500 g/kg.

4. The phytate content of the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes ranged from 11.0to 20.2 g/kg and the Zn content from 35.0 to 49.4 mg Zn/kg. The calculated molar ratio, phytate:Zn varied from 25 to 42.

5. The trace element, phytate and protein contents of the ‘ready-prepared’ canned meals were 30–50 %: lower than the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes.

6. Cooking the ‘ready-prepared’ meals as specified by the manufacturers was without effect on the trace element or phytate content.

7. When TVP was fed to rats as the only protein source, they had significantly lower growth rates and plasma Zn concentrations than rats given an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5mg Zn/kg). Supplementation of the TVP diet with Zn (100 mg Zn/kg) significantly increased growth rate and plasma Zn concentration whereas Zn supplementation of the albumen diet was without effect.

8. The possible implications of consumption of TVP products in relation to Zn status of the human population is discussed.
The metabolism of methionine in silage-fed sheep
Authors: Gill Margaret , Ulyatt M. J.
Published: September 2005

1. L-[U-14C]methionine was used to study methionine metabolism in sheep fed on untreated silage, silage treated with formaldehyde and untreated silage plus intraperitoneal infusion of L-methionine.

2. Over-all the values ranged from 0.43 to 0.86 mmol/h for methionine turnover rate, from 13.3 to 19.9 for the percentage of methionine oxidized to carbon dioxide and from 245 to 1089 μmol for methionine pool size.
Ulcerative dermatitis in rats with over fifteen generations of protein malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Fox J. G. , Murphy J. C. , Melanson D. E.
Published: September 2005

1. Male and female rats with histories of up to twenty generations of protein malnutrition were found to be at a higher risk for the development of ulcerative dermatitis than rats maintained on a low-protein diet for one generation or in controls on an adequate-protein intake.

2. In all groups, female rats were more likely to have dermatitis than male rats.

3. Bacteriologic examination was performed in the intergenerationally malnourished and control animals; Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the skins of animals in both groups, whether or not any lesion was present. In these two groups of animals, experimental inoculation with S. aureus produced dermatitis only in the malnourished animals.
In vivo determination of body composition by tritium dilution in the rat
Authors: Rothwell Nancy J. , Stock M. J.
Published: September 2005

Total body water was determined in vivo by tritium dilution in thirty-two male and female rats. Body water obtained by tritium dilution and body fat calculated from this value correlated significantly with body water and fat obtained by analysis (r0.985, 0.855 respectively). There was no significant difference between values for fat assessed by the direct and indirect methods.
The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine
Authors: Brown R. C. , Kelleher J. , Losowsky M. S.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine was compared with that of a standard pellet diet and of a fibre-free basal diet.

2. The length and wet weight of the small bowel was significantly greater inpect in-fed rats than in either pellet- or basal-diet-fed rats.

3. Histological measurements of longitudinal sections from the small bowel showed a significantly greater crypt depth and muscle layer thickness in the mid-jejunum and ileum of the pectin fed rats. Villous height showed less variation.

4. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1)and leucyl-P-naphthylamidase (EC3.4.11.1) in mucosal scrapings was significantly lower in the upper jejunum of pectin-fed rats compared with either of the other dietary groups. The differences were not so marked in mid-jejunum or ileum.

5. Glucose absorption measured in vivo from jejunal and ileal loops was similar in all three dietary groups.

6. With two minor exceptions there were no significant differences in any of these measurements between the pellet- and basal-diet-fed rats.

7. These findings could be explained by increased epithelial cell turnover caused by pectin. The possible mechanisms of this are discussed.

8. The effect of pectin on the human small bowel requires study before it can be widely prescribed in man.
Tyrosyluria in marasmus
Authors: Dhatt P. S. , Saini A. S. , Gupta Indu , Mehta H. C. , Singh Harjit
Published: September 2005

1. Plasma tyrosine and urinary p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (PHPLA) and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (PHPAA) were studied in thirty patients with marasmus and twenty normal controls in the same age group.

2. In the control group conventional tyrosyluria was not observed but 30% of the group excreted high levels of PHPAA. In the group with marasmus, plasma tyrosine and urinary PHPLA and PHPAA values were significantly higher than the control values. However only 13.3% of the patients were considered to have conventional tyrosyluria and 52.3% were found to excrete high levels of PHPAA.

3. Administration of ascorbic acid resulted in a reduction of PHPLA excretion while it had no effect on PHPAA excretion.

4. It was inferred that (a) tyrosyluria in marasmus is due to the reduced activity of the hepatic enzyme 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) (PHPPA-oxidase; EC 1. 13. 11. 27) due to the deficiency of ascorbic acid and (b) high excretion of PHPAA is related to age and nutrition of the child and is unaffected by the administration of ascorbic acid.

5. It was further inferred that urinary excretion of PHPLA is a reliable index of tyrosyluria.
Zinc deficiency in the West of Scotland? A dietary intake study
Authors: Lyon T. D. B. , Smith H. , Smith Laura B.
Published: September 2005

1. The intake of zinc in the West of Scotland was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, in ninety-six items of food which make up the local standard diet for 1 week.

2. The diet contained less Zn than the recommended daily allowance ((US) National Academy of Sciences, 1974). This finding either indicates the need for a revision of the suggested allowances or suggests that a change of diet is necessary.

3. The change could be made simply by the substitution of wholemeal flour for white flour. Other changes in diet were considered but they were unlikely to be acceptable. Even with changes the requirement of pregnant or lactating women would not be met. If the recommended allowances are valid these women must be deficient in Zn.
Response of lipogenic enzymes and plasma lipids to starvation and refeeding in the adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Shapira Niva , Nir I. , Budowski P.
Published: September 2005

Adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were starved for 48 or 60 h and then refed for either 24 or 48 h. Weight and lipid content of carcass and livers were determined, as was the lipid content of plasma. In addition, the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC6.4.1.2; CBX), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), ATP citrate lyase (EC4.1.3.8; CCE) and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC1.1.1.40; ME) were assayed in liver and in abdominal and neck adipose tissues (AAT and NAT, respectively).

Body-weight and carcass lipids failed to return to normal in quail that had been starved for 48 h and refed during 24 h. When starving lasted 60 h, carcass lipids almost resumed the normal level only after 48 h of refeeding. All refeeding treatments caused a 2–3-fold increase in liver weight, with a parallel rise in fat content.

In the livers of the refed quail the specific activities of all enzymes, except CBX, reached or slightly exceeded pre-starvation levels. Because of liver enlargement, the total activities of the lipogenic enzymes in the starved–refed quail exceeded pre-starvation levels. In the normally-fed quail the contribution of AAT and NAT to total lipogenesis was insignificant, and in the starved–refed birds it still remained very small compared to that of liver, despite the pronounced relative increase of lipogenic enzyme activities in these adipose tissues.
Determination of protein and reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates by dye-binding
Authors: Walker Ann F.
Published: September 2005

1. Twenty leaf-protein concentrates (LPC), were produced from different crops and by different processes, the latter being designed to retain maximum nutritional value of the samples.

2. The establishment of conditions for the use of CI Acid Orange 12 in a commercial dye-buffer reagent for the determination of protein and reactive (available) lysine in LPC was investigated.

3. Values for protein by dye-binding correlated well with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen (×6.25).

4. Some LPC samples showed a loss of reactive lysine, the greatest loss being associated with the most severe processing conditions.

5. For the LPC samples studied, dye-binding provided a convenient method for the concurrent determination of protein and reactive lysine.
A comparison of the dye-binding and fluorodinitrobenzene methods for determining reactive lysine in leaf-protein concentrates
Authors: Walker Ann F.
Published: September 2005

1. Twenty-eight leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) samples, subjected to different thermal treatments, were produced from five curd batches. For these samples, the fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine values gave closer agreement with dye-binding lysine (DBL) than with the dye-binding capacity (DBC).

2. No relationship was established between the dye-bound-after-propionylation (DBAP) and the histidine+arginine value.

3. Comparison of dye-bound-protein values with those for tungstic-acid-precipitated nitrogen ×6.25 for the LPC samples showed the heat-damaged samples to lie below the regression line for the other samples.

4. Reactive-lysine values by dye-binding and by FDNB methods correlated well with total lysine, but the slopes of the regression line indicated closer agreement for values for samples not damaged by heat.

5. The correlation coefficients between DBC and total basic amino acids, DBC and histidine+arginine+DBL, and DBC and histidine+arginine+FDNB-reactive lysine were similar.

6. There was no correlation between the lightness of colour of the LPC samples and the availability of lysine.
The fate of amino acids in isolated perfused livers of developing sheep
Authors: Savan P. M. J. , Jeacock Majorie K. , Shepherd D. A. L.
Published: September 2005

1. In order to establish whether or not there is a change in the relative rates of anabolism and catabolism of amino acids in the livers of lambs as they mature, a study has been made in isolated perfused livers obtained from foetal, suckling and ruminating lambs. The livers were perfused in a recirculating system and a mixture of amino acids (casein hydrolysate) was infused as substrate in the presence and absence of glucagon.

2. The oxygen consumption of the livers per unit weight increased as the lambs matured but the uptake of α-amino nitrogen declined. A comparison of the rates of O2consumption and substrate uptake indicated that in foetal lambs less than 20% of the amino acids could have been oxidized, whereas in ruminating lambs all the amino acids taken up could have been oxidized.

3. In livers obtained from foetal lambs, the rate of urea production per unit weight of liver was approximately double that observed in ruminating lambs. Comparison of the rate of urea production and α-NH2-N uptake indicated that more than 60% of the substrate uptake was used for non-catabolic processes in the foetal lambs, whereas in ruminating animals all the α-NH2-N taken up could be accounted for as urea.

4. Gluconeogenesis could not be detected in lambs at any age studied and glucagon had no effect on any of the parameters studied.
The effect of giving feeds containing soya-bean meal treated or extracted with ethanol on digestive processes in the prerurninant calf
Authors: Sissons J. W. , Smith R. H. , Hewitt D.
Published: September 2005

1. Preruminant calves, fitted with abomasal and re-entrant ileal cannulas, were given, at intervals of 2–3 d by infusion into the absomasum, a series of five single experimental feeds containing heated soyabean flour (product B) as the only protein source. The calves were sensitized in this way to a constituent in the soya beans and by the fifth feed showed a number of digestive disturbances. Further test feeds were then given in which heated soya-bean flour was sometimes replaced by soya-bean products prepared under laboratory or commercial conditions by treating I part fat-free raw soya-bean meal with either I part (product M) or 4 parts (product L) ethanol (750 ml/l) at 78–80° and evaporating the whole mixture to dryness, or by extracting I part meal with 4 parts aqueous ethanol under similar conditions (product K). Products M, L and K were heated with steam and finely ground. Feeds prepared from casein and from commerical ethanol-extracted concentrate (product D) were also examined.

2. Measurements were made of transit time through the small intestine, flow rate of ileal digesta, recovery of polyethylene glycol (a water-soluble marker added to the feed) and net nitrogen absorption up to the distal ileum. Compared to feeds based on casein, feeds containing products K, L or M showed some differences in digesta movement and N uptake, but much less disturbance than feeds containing product B. Products prepared by extracting soya-bean meal with ethanol appeared to be slightly superior to those prepared from meal treated with ethanol, but the differences were not significant.

3. Weanling rats were used to assess the nutritive value of soya-bean products by an N balance method. Digestibilities (mean 0.948) and biological values (mean 0.860) obtained for products B, D, K and L did not differ significantly.

4. Results confirmed that extracting soya-bean meal with hot aqueous ethanol improved its value for calf feeding and indicated that at least part of the effect was due to the destruction of a toxic constituent present in the soya bean which probably acted by inducing a gastrointestinal allergy.