bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual reality: a new channel in sport consumption
Authors: Rynarzewska Ania Izabela
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine which factors affect virtual reality (VR) adoption by sports fans. Second, this paper seeks to evaluate consumer expectations of experience as related to introduction of VR. Based on the technology acceptance model, modified for the purpose of this study, and expectancy value theory, it was hypothesized that the frequency of sports-related information consumption, via different media channels, the expected improvement in the consumption of sports related information after adoption and attitude toward VR positively affect the likelihood of adoption.

Design/methodology/approach

The study relied on a quantitative questionnaire design method embedded in Qualtrics online survey tool. In addition, participants were exposed to a 75-s video about VR.

Findings

This study found that attitude toward VR, frequency of sports-related information consumption and expected improvements to information consumption after technology introduction positively affect adoption. The findings encourage adoption of a new channel, as it is likely to improve sports fan experiences related to information seeking and sports service consumption.

Originality/value

This study attempted to explore a relatively untapped area of research in VR usage particularly focusing on sports consumers. Most importantly, this applied study explored whether fans are willing to adopt VR, a relatively new technology that may have a high impact on the sports industry. Finally, this study relied on the modified technology adoption model and attempted to minimize its shortcomings. With that, this study should be viewed as beneficial to both theory and practice.
Factors influencing environment and human health by cement industry
Authors: Zeb Khaqan , Ali Yousaf , Khan Muhammad Waseem
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Cement industry for both developed and developing countries is important from the economic point of view. It is playing a vital role in economic development of a developing country like Pakistan. However, these industries are posing threat to the environment, human health and plant species. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most critical factors of cement industry that have a negative impact on the environment, human health and plant species in the context of Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach

The factors are categorized into air pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution, human health and plant species. These factors are categorized on the basis of previous literature and environmental safety reports. Air pollution is caused by iron and sulphur while noise pollution is mainly caused by crusher room and rotatory kiln end. The soil is being polluted by zinc and lead while human health and plant species are being damaged by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. For the analysis purpose, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, i.e., decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is used.

Findings

The result shows that the major cause of air pollution is “sulphur” while “crusher room and rotatory kiln end” are responsible for noise pollution. On the other hand, “mercury” is responsible for causing soil pollution while human health and plant species are influenced by the toxic effect of “nitrogen dioxide.”

Research limitations/implications

The results obtained are specific to cement manufacturing industry of Pakistan and cannot be generalized for any other manufacturing sector.

Practical implications

The proposed methodology shows the most critical factors toward which concertation should be given for mitigating their impact. This study will help the government and the cement industry to focus on all those elements that are the most responsible for causing different types of pollution.

Originality/value

No such work is reported in previous research that proposes a framework using DEMATEL technique for analysis of critical factors of cement industries that have a dangerous impact on the environment and human health, especially in a developing country, like Pakistan.
On the ability of New Zealand actively managed funds to generate outperformance in their domestic equity allocations
Authors: Frijns Bart , Indriawan Ivan
Published: November 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to assess the ability of New Zealand (NZ) actively managed funds to generate risk-adjusted outperformance using portfolio holdings data. Focusing on domestic equity allocations addresses the benchmark selection issue, particularly for funds with national and international exposures.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors assess performance using several asset pricing models including the CAPM, three-factor and four-factor models. The authors also assess performance across funds with different characteristics such as fund size, size of local holdings, type of fund provider, past returns and fees. The authors further examine whether funds engage in any stock-picking or market timing by considering the active share and tracking error.

Findings

The returns on NZ equity holdings of NZ actively managed funds from 2010 to 2017 provide little evidence of risk-adjusted outperformance and stock-picking skill. These exposures yield pre-cost returns that have a nearly perfect correlation with the market index and an insignificant alpha. Funds show little tendency to bet on any of the main characteristics known to predict stock returns, such as size, book-to-market and momentum. In addition, the authors show that the average active shares and tracking errors are low, suggesting that the majority of funds hold NZ equity portfolios that closely mimic the market index.

Originality/value

Existing studies rely on returns data which aggregate performance across all asset classes with varying exposures. This may lead to benchmark selection issues (particularly for funds with international exposures) which may obscure the fund manager’s true stock-picking skills. Assessment using holdings data would enable suitable performance measurement by researchers and industry analysts.
How and why did regulatory governance fail finance company directors in New Zealand?
Authors: Chiang Christina , Wells Paul
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The theory of economic regulation is used to ascertain how and why the failure of regulatory governance in New Zealand contributed to investor losses of $8.5bn following the collapse of more than 60 public finance companies since 2006.

Design/methodology/approach

Relevant documents in the public domain, including government documents, government agency reports, newspaper articles, business journals, academic journals and trade publications were examined to gather evidence for this study.

Findings

This study found that the regulatory and supervisory framework failed to provide the trustee companies with the necessary enforcement powers and/or responsibilities and ensure effective auditor performance.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that, segmenting the market with different regulations for each market segment may discourage competition and may protect private interests rather than the public interest. It was also found that the control mechanisms for monitoring auditor performance are detective rather than preventive in nature which means investor losses from poor auditor performance can only be mitigated and not prevented.

Originality/value

This study analyses the contributing factors to the investor losses.
Records management practice in support of governance in the county governments of Kenya, a case of Nyamira County
Authors: Osebe Rodger , Maina Jane , Kurgat Kibiwott
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The study aims to establish the records management practice, in support of governance in Nyamira County. The objectives were to determine the types of records managed in Nyamira County, to establish the contribution of records management in the running of Nyamira County, to determine the adoption of records management policies in Nyamira County and to assess strategies that will lead to sound records management in Nyamira County.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample population comprised 27 respondents who were drawn from different categories of staff through census sampling as follows: 4 records officers, 3 record clerks, 10 chief officers and 10 secretaries. The study used a qualitative research approach where interview schedules and observation were used for data collection.

Findings

It was established that Nyamira County generated various types of records including policy related records, financial records and auditing records. It was submitted that records management is essential in support of governance as it forms a basis for equity in resource distribution, hence fostering confidence among the public, which results in good will from the people on County government projects. The study noted various challenges including inadequately trained staff on records management, lack of records disposal and retention schedules, inadequate equipment and space and inadequate policies and standards.

Originality/value

The study concluded that poor records management practiced in Nyamira County was a great hindrance to good governance and recommended that county governments should formulate and implement records management policies, standards and guidelines and provide adequate budgetary allocations to ensure that the records management practice that is in place supports governance.
A new regulator RsdA mediating fungal secondary metabolism has a detrimental impact on asexual development in Pestalotiopsis fici
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Zhang Peng , Zhou Haichuan , Liu Xingzhong , Li Shu‐Ming , Guo Liangdong , Li Kuan , Yin Wen‐Bing
Published: November 2018

Secondary metabolite (SM) production and development are correlated processes in fungi that are often coordinated by pleiotropic regulators. The eukaryotic regulators are critical players in mediating SM production related to fungal development, yet little data are available to support this hypothesis. In this study, a global regulator, RsdA (regulation of secondary metabolism and development), was identified through genome‐wide analysis and deletion of the regulator gene in the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici. Here, we established that RsdA regulation of SMs is accompanied by the repression of asexual development. Deletion of rsdA significantly reduces not only asexual development, resulting in low sporulation and abnormal conidia, but also the major SM production, while remarkably increasing the melanin production. Overproduction of melanin leads to the formation of unusual, heavily pigmented hyphae. Transcriptome analysis data provide the evidence that RsdA globally regulates genes involved in secondary metabolism and asexual development. Double deletion of rsdA and the melanin polyketide synthase gene PfmaE confirm that RsdA regulation of asexual development is independent of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Finally, our results demonstrate that RsdA can be used for the discovery of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.
A new insight into lead (II) tolerance of environmental fungi based on a study of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum
Authors: Tian Da , Jiang Zhongquan , Jiang Liu , Su Mu , Feng Zheye , Zhang Lin , Wang Shimei , Li Zhen , Hu Shuijin
Published: November 2018

Environmental microorganisms have been widely applied in heavy metal remediation. This study explored the mechanisms of lead tolerance of two typical filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium oxalicum. It is shown that the mechanisms of reducing Pb toxicity by these two fungi have three major pathways. The secreted oxalic acid can react with Pb (II) to form insoluble Pb minerals, primarily lead oxalate. Then, the enhanced biosorption via forming new border of cell wall prevents the transportation of Pb (II) into hypha. In addition, the fungal activity could be maintained even at high Pb concentration due to the intracellular accumulation. It was confirmed that A. niger has the higher Pb tolerance (up to 1500 mg l−1 Pb level) compared with P. oxalicum (up to 1000 mg l−1). Meanwhile, Pb levels below 1000 mg l−1 partially stimulate the bioactivity of A. niger, which was confirmed by its elevated respiration (from 53 to 63 mg C l−1 medium h−1). This subsequently enhanced microbial functions of A. niger to resist Pb toxicity. A better understanding of Pb tolerance of these two fungi sheds a bright future of applying them to remediate lead‐contaminated environments.
Family of origin scripts in coping with adversity: a question
Authors: Mason Barry
Published: November 2018

In this brief clinical practice paper I suggest a question that can be used in work with families, couples and individuals to address family of origin scripts in coping with adversity. I give a brief background to the question and two examples of its use in practice, including how I respond to the feedback to the question using a previously published idea – an ‘equation for change’ (Mason, 2010, 2011). I end with some concluding thoughts about the use of the question and the potential value of further research.
Admitting privileges and hospital‐based care after presenting for abortion: A retrospective case series
Authors: Upadhyay Ushma D. , Cartwright Alice F. , Goyal Vinita , Belusa Elise , Roberts Sarah C.M.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To examine the pathways of care for abortion patients transferred or referred to emergency departments (EDs) or hospitals before and after abortion‐providing physicians obtained hospital admitting privileges.

Data Sources

This case series was based on retrospective chart review at three abortion clinics in which physicians had obtained admitting privileges in the previous 5 years.

Study Design

We identified patients who were transferred or referred to a hospital or ED. Patients were grouped according to the pathway by which their care was transferred or referred to the ED/hospital.

Principal Findings

Both before and after admitting privileges, the majority of patients were referred to a hospital before the abortion was attempted and most were for suspected ectopic pregnancy or to perform the abortion in a hospital. Direct ambulance transfer from the facility to the ED/hospital was the least common pathway. We observed few changes in practice from before to after admitting privileges. Preexisting mechanisms of coordination and communication facilitated care that was tailored for the specific patient.

Conclusions

We did not find evidence that physician admitting privileges influenced the pathways through which abortion patients obtain hospital‐based care, as existing mechanisms of collaboration between hospitals and abortion facilities allowed for management of patients who sought hospital‐based care.
Application of simple and massive purification system of dsRNA in vivo for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna
Authors: Choi Wonkyun , Lim Hye Song , Kim Jin , Ryu Sung‐Min , Lee Jung Ro
Published: November 2018

The RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered as an important genetic tool and applied to develop a new living modified (LM) crop trait which is an improvement of nutrient quality or pest management. The RNAi of DvSnf7 has been used for resistance to LM maize and the Western Corn Rootworm which is a major agricultural pest for the US Corn Belt. Most of the environmental risk assessments (ERA) of double strand RNA (dsRNA) have been performed using in vitro transcript products, and not in vivo expressed product. A large amount of dsRNA was required for the acute toxicity assay of water fleas. Therefore development of massive dsRNA purification techniques is critical. Daphnia, a freshwater microcrustacean, is a model organism for studying cellular and molecular mechanism involved in life history traits and ecotoxicology. In this study, we established the massive dsRNA purification method using Escherichia coli and implemented acute toxicity assays to Daphnia magna. As a result, the present RNase A and DNase I, dsRNA was efficiently purified without any special techniques or equipment. Even though purified dsRNA existed during the acute toxicity test, lethality or abnormal behavior were not observed in D. magna. These results indicated that GFP and DvSnf7 dsRNA were not significantly affected to D. magna due to their lack of sequence matching in its genome. The purification method of dsRNA and the acute toxicity assay of water fleas using purified dsRNA would be suitable for the toxicological studies of LMOs to aquatic non‐target organisms.
GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulators with different efficacies affect neuroadaptation to and self‐administration of alcohol and cocaine
Authors: de Miguel Elena , Vekovischeva Olga , Kuokkanen Katja , Vesajoki Marja , Paasikoski Nelli , Kaskinoro Janne , Myllymäki Mikko , Lainiola Mira , Janhunen Sanna K. , Hyytiä Petri , Linden Anni‐Maija , Korpi Esa R.
Published: November 2018

Drugs of abuse induce widespread synaptic adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons. Such drug‐induced neuroadaptations may constitute an initial cellular mechanism eventually leading to compulsive drug‐seeking behavior. To evaluate the impact of GABAB receptors on addiction‐related persistent neuroplasticity, we tested the ability of orthosteric agonist baclofen and two positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAB receptors to suppress neuroadaptations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and reward‐related behaviors induced by ethanol and cocaine. A novel compound (S)‐1‐(5‐fluoro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐2‐yl)‐4‐methyl‐6,7,8,9‐tetrahydro‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5(4H)‐one (ORM‐27669) was found to be a GABAB PAM of low efficacy as agonist, whereas the reference compound (R,S)‐5,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐trifluoromethyl‐3H‐benzofuran‐2‐one (rac‐BHFF) had a different allosteric profile being a more potent PAM in the calcium‐based assay and an agonist, coupled with potent PAM activity, in the [35S] GTPγS binding assay in rat and human recombinant receptors. Using autoradiography, the high‐efficacy rac‐BHFF and the low‐efficacy ORM‐27669 potentiated the effects of baclofen on [35S] GTPγS binding with identical brain regional distribution. Treatment of mice with baclofen, rac‐BHFF, or ORM‐27669 failed to induce glutamate receptor neuroplasticity in the VTA DA neurons. Pretreatment with rac‐BHFF at non‐sedative doses effectively reversed both ethanol‐ and cocaine‐induced plasticity and attenuated cocaine i.v. self‐administration and ethanol drinking. Pretreatment with ORM‐27669 only reversed ethanol‐induced neuroplasticity and attenuated ethanol drinking but had no effects on cocaine‐induced neuroplasticity or self‐administration. These findings encourage further investigation of GABAB receptor PAMs with different efficacies in addiction models to develop novel treatment strategies for drug addiction.
ARC and BDNF expression after cocaine self‐administration or cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in adolescent and adult male rats
Authors: Li Chen , White Alexandria C. , Schochet Terri , McGinty Jacqueline F. , Frantz Kyle J.
Published: November 2018

Recreational drug use peaks during adolescence. Our research with adolescent vs adult male rats, however, shows that rats taking cocaine as adolescents have lower levels of cue‐induced reinstatement of drug‐seeking than adults, despite similar levels of intravenous (i.v.) cocaine self‐administration. Lower rates of reinstatement in younger rats could be explained by higher levels of brain plasticity. Two neuroplasticity‐related genes, activity‐regulated cytoskeletal‐associated gene (Arc) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), influence cocaine self‐administration and cue‐induced reinstatement. We tested whether reinstatement of cocaine seeking correlates with expression of these genes in reinforcement‐related brain regions. Adolescent and adult male rats (postnatal day 35 or 83‐95 at start) were allowed to acquire lever‐pressing maintained by i.v. infusions of cocaine in daily 2‐h sessions over 13 days. At one of three experimental time points, rats were sacrificed and tissue collected to analyze Arc and Bdnf mRNA by in situ hybridization in the entire medial prefrontal cortex and entire nucleus accumbens, as well as relevant subregions: prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, and nucleus accumbens core and shell. Despite taking similar amounts of cocaine, adolescents reinstated less than adults. Gene expression was most notable in the prelimbic cortex, was generally higher in adolescent‐onset groups, and was higher with longer abstinence. These data partially support the hypothesis that higher levels of Arc and/or Bdnf gene expression in reinforcement‐related brain regions of younger animals contribute to lower rates of extinction responding and/or reinstatement. Future studies should include mechanistic analysis of Arc, Bdnf, and their signaling pathways in age‐dependent effects of cocaine.
Arthrocentesis in the management of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Briggs KA , Breik O , Ito K , Goss AN
Published: November 2018

Background

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) cover a wide spectrum of disorder; myalgic, arthralgic and psychogenic. The procedure of TMJ arthrocentesis has a role in managing patients with arthralgic pain and limitation if they fail to respond to non‐surgical therapy.

Method

The patient records of a single private specialist OMS were searched over the 9‐year period of 2006–2014 to identify patients who had arthrocentesis as part of their multidisciplinary management. The detailed demographic, diagnosis, pre and post arthrocentesis procedure were identified and put on a database. Appropriate statistics were performed.

Results

Seventy‐six patients had 115 arthrocentesis procedures performed in the study period. Fifty of 76 had improvement in their pain and 16 of 41 had an increased jaw opening of more than 10 mm. There were no complications or morbidity. Analysis of patient variables generally showed no correlations.

Conclusions

Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis has a role in the multidisciplinary, multimodality treatment of arthralgic TMD.
Genetic diversity of Chinese cattle revealed by Y‐SNP and Y‐STR markers
Authors: Xia X. , Yao Y. , Li C. , Zhang F. , Qu K. , Chen H. , Huang B. , Lei C.
Published: November 2018

With its vast territory and complex natural environment, China boasts rich cattle genetic resources. To gain the further insight into the genetic diversity and paternal origins of Chinese cattle, we analyzed the polymorphism of Y‐SNPs (UTY19 and ZFY10) and Y‐STRs (INRA189 and BM861) in 34 Chinese cattle breeds/populations, including 606 males representative of 24 cattle breeds/populations collected in this study as well as previously published data for 302 bulls. Combined genotypic data identified 14 Y‐chromosome haplotypes that represented three haplogroups. Y2‐104‐158 and Y2‐102‐158 were the most common taurine haplotypes detected mainly in northern and central China, whereas the indicine haplotype Y3‐88‐156 predominates in southern China. Haplotypes Y2‐108‐158, Y2‐110‐158, Y2‐112‐158 and Y3‐92‐156 were private to Chinese cattle. The population structure revealed by multidimensional scaling analysis differentiated Tibetan cattle from the other three groups of cattle. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the majority of the genetic variation was explained by the genetic differences among groups. Overall, our study indicates that Chinese cattle retain high paternal diversity (H = 0.607 ± 0.016) and probably much of the original lineages that derived from the domestication center in the Near East without strong admixture from commercial cattle carrying Y1 haplotypes.
To mow or not to mow? Plant functional traits help to understand management impact on rich fen vegetation
Authors: Kozub Łukasz , Goldstein Klara , Dembicz Iwona , Wilk Mateusz , Wyszomirski Tomasz , Kotowski Wiktor
Published: November 2018

Questions

Fens are important conservation targets in temperate Europe. When hydrologically undisturbed, fens remain open for millennia. However, unaltered fens are scarce, and today their biodiversity largely depends on conservational mowing applied to prevent successional shifts. However, the effects on community structure and conservation values are uncertain, and management might not always be needed where it is a priori applied by managers. Thus, within the presented study, we ask the following questions: (a) How is the species and functional composition of fens influenced by mowing? (b) Does mowing increase the conservation value of fen ecosystems?

Location

Lowland fens, northern Poland.

Methods

The sample consisted of 27 pairs of mown and unmown plots, located within ten sites. Ordination methods were used to assess the influence of mowing on species composition. Functional traits related to competitiveness, flowering time, mycorrhizal associations and functional groups were used to characterize plant communities and species richness, and the number of specialist and red‐listed species was used to evaluate conservation values. Differences between mown and unmown plots were assessed using linear mixed‐effect models and the effect size approach.

Results

Management of fens suppresses the growth of trees, shrubs and highly competitive herbaceous species and inhibits the encroachment of Sphagnum mosses. At the same time, it enhances the establishment of species from other ecosystems (grasses, ruderal species, species of drier sites) within fens and alters the microtopography of the fen surface.

Conclusions

Mowing can enhance species richness and the presence of rich fen specialists in transformed sites, but it can lead to fen ecosystem deterioration towards managed meadow communities within sites sustaining many typical fen species and functional characteristics.
Comparative safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation in clinical practice in Scotland
Authors: Mueller Tanja , Alvarez‐Madrazo Samantha , Robertson Chris , Wu Olivia , Bennie Marion
Published: November 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in routine clinical practice.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used linked administrative data. The study population (n = 14 577) included patients with a diagnosis of AF (confirmed in hospital) who initiated DOAC treatment in Scotland between August 2011 and December 2015. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios of thromboembolic events, mortality and bleeding events.

Results

No differences between the DOACs were observed with regard to the risk of stroke, systemic embolism or cardiovascular death. In contrast, the risk of myocardial infarction was higher among patients prescribed apixaban in comparison to those on rivaroxaban (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02‐2.71), and all‐cause mortality was higher among rivaroxaban patients in contrast to both apixaban (1.22 [1.01–1.47]) and dabigatran (1.55 [1.16–2.05]) patients; rivaroxaban patients also had a higher risk of pulmonary embolism than apixaban patients (5.27 [1.79–15.53]). The risk of other major bleeds was higher among rivaroxaban patients compared to apixaban (1.50 [1.10–2.03]) and dabigatran (1.58 [1.01–2.48]) patients; the risks of gastrointestinal bleeds and overall bleeding were higher among rivaroxaban patients than among apixaban patients (1.48 [1.01–2.16] and 1.52 [1.21–1.92], respectively).

Conclusions

All DOACs were similarly effective in preventing strokes and systemic embolisms, while patients being treated with rivaroxaban exhibited the highest bleeding risks. Observed differences in the risks of all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism warrant further research.
Elevated mirror neuron system activity in bipolar mania: Evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Basavaraju Rakshathi , Mehta Urvakhsh M. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Thirthalli Jagadisha
Published: November 2018

Objectives

The role of the “mirror neuron system” (MNS) in the pathophysiology of mood disorders is not well studied. Given its posited role in the often‐impaired socio‐emotional processes like intention detection, empathy, and imitation, we compared putative MNS‐activity in patients with bipolar mania and healthy comparison subjects. We also examined the association between putative MNS‐activity and hyper‐imitative behaviors in patients.

Methods

We studied 39 medication‐free individuals diagnosed with mania and 45 healthy comparison subjects. TMS‐evoked motor cortical reactivity was measured via single‐ and paired‐pulse stimuli (assessing SICI—short and LICI—long interval intracortical inhibition) while subjects viewed a static image and goal‐directed actions. Manic symptom severity and imitative behaviors were quantified using the Young's Mania Rating Scale and a modification of the Echolalia Questionnaire.

Results

Two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated a significant group ×time interaction effect indicating greater facilitation of cortical reactivity during action‐observation (putative MNS‐activity) in the patient group as compared to the healthy group. While LICI‐mediated MNS‐activity had a significant association with manic symptom severity (r = 0.35, P = 0.038), SICI‐mediated MNS‐activity was significantly associated with incidental echolalia scores in a subgroup of 17 patients with incidental echolalia (r = 0.75, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that putative MNS‐activity is heightened in mania, possibly because of disinhibition, and associated with behavioral consequences (incidental echolalia).
Incidence and risk factors for clinical neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Héritier Sébastien , Barkaoui Mohamed‐Aziz , Miron Jean , Thomas Caroline , Moshous Despina , Lambilliotte Anne , Mazingue Françoise , Kebaili Kamila , Jeziorski Eric , Plat Geneviève , Aladjidi Nathalie , Pacquement Hélène , Galambrun Claire , Brugières Laurence , Leverger Guy , Mansuy Ludovic , Paillard Catherine , Deville Anne , Pagnier Anne , Lutun Anne , Gillibert‐Yvert Marion , Stephan Jean‐Louis , Cohen‐Aubart Fleur , Haroche Julien , Pellier Isabelle , Millot Fréderic , Gandemer Virginie , Martin‐Duverneuil Nadine , Taly Valérie , Hélias‐Rodzewicz Zofia , Emile Jean‐François , Hoang‐Xuan Khe , Idbaih Ahmed , Donadieu Jean
Published: November 2018

Neurodegenerative (ND) complications in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are a late‐onset but dramatic sequelae for which incidence and risk factors are not well defined. Based on a national prospective registry of paediatric LCH patients, we determined the incidence rate of clinical ND LCH (cND‐LCH) and analysed risk factors, taking into account disease extent and molecular characteristics. Among 1897 LCH patients, 36 (1·9%) were diagnosed with a cND‐LCH. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of cND‐LCH was 4·1%. cND‐LCH typically affected patients previously treated for a multisystem, risk organ–negative LCH, represented in 69·4% of cND‐LCH cases. Pituitary gland, skin and base skull/orbit bone lesions were more frequent (P < 0·001) in cND‐LCH patients compared to those without cND‐LCH (respectively 86·1% vs. 12·2%, 75·0% vs. 34·2%, and 63·9% vs. 28·4%). The ‘cND susceptible patients’ (n = 671) i.e., children who had experienced LCH disease with pituitary or skull base or orbit bone involvement, had a 10‐year cND risk of 7·8% vs. 0% for patients who did not meet these criteria. Finally, BRAFV600E status added important information among these cND susceptible patients, with the 10‐year cND risk of 33·1% if a BRAFV600E mutation was present compared to 2·9% if it was absent (P = 0·002).
The impact of timing of maternal influenza immunization on infant antibody levels at birth
Authors: Zhong Z , Haltalli M , Holder B , Rice T , Donaldson B , O’Driscoll M , Le-Doare K , Kampmann B , Tregoning J S
Published: November 2018

Pregnant women and infants are at an increased risk of severe disease after influenza infection. Maternal immunization is a potent tool to protect both these at-risk groups. While the primary aim of maternal influenza vaccination is to protect the mother, a secondary benefit is the transfer of protective antibodies to the infant. A recent study using the tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine indicated that children born to mothers immunized in the second trimester of pregnancy had the highest antibody titres compared to children immunized in the third trimester. The aim of the current study was to investigate how the timing of maternal influenza immunization impacts infant antibody levels at birth. Antibody titres were assessed in maternal and cord blood samples by both immunoglobulin (Ig)G-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). Antibody titres to the H1N1 component were significantly higher in infants born to mothers vaccinated in either the second or third trimesters than infants born to unvaccinated mothers. HAI levels in the infant were significantly lower when maternal immunization was performed less than 4 weeks before birth. These studies confirm that immunization during pregnancy increases the antibody titre in infants. Importantly, antibody levels in cord blood were significantly higher when the mother was vaccinated in either trimesters 2 or 3, although titres were significantly lower if the mother was immunized less than 4 weeks before birth. Based on these data, seasonal influenza vaccination should continue to be given in pregnancy as soon as it becomes available.
The effects on intraregional agricultural trade of ending NAFTA's market access provisions
Authors: Beckman Jayson , Zahniser Steven
Published: November 2018

This paper explores the possible effects on agriculture of ending the market access provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This paper considers two hypothetical scenarios: one revolving around a fallback to most‐favored‐nation (MFN) tariff rates and the other considering the additional effect of increased transaction costs in intraregional trade. Results from a computable general equilibrium model indicate that applying MFN tariff rates to U.S.–Canada and U.S.–Mexico agricultural trade would lead to a 14.43% reduction in these trade flows, while a scenario also featuring higher transaction costs would bring an even larger reduction (21.25%). In both scenarios, almost every agricultural product experiences a reduction in bilateral trade, with U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico undergoing some of the largest proportionate decreases. Many sectors within North American agriculture would have lower output, including fruit and nuts, vegetables, oilseeds and vegetable oils, and processed foods in Canada; fruit, vegetables, and beef in Mexico; and poultry meat, pork, beef, and dairy products in the United States.
CEO compensation and government ownership
Authors: Borisova Ginka , Salas Jesus M. , Zagorchev Andrey
Published: November 2018

Research Question/Issue

Despite the benefits of privatization (i.e., divestiture of government‐owned enterprises), governments still own substantial stakes in economically important firms. Given public concern about excessive compensation and frequent government responses, this paper compares the level and structure of CEO compensation in privatized firms, including those still partially owned by governments, to firms never owned by the government.

Research Findings/Insights

Using a multinational sample of firms, we find that privatized firms have lower total CEO compensation than private firms never owned by governments. CEO equity‐linked wealth in privatized firms is less sensitive to stock performance, and equity compensation is negatively related to government ownership stakes. Privatized companies engage in less risk‐taking than nonprivatized companies, suggesting that government risk aversion could explain differences in CEO compensation.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study finds that the role government ownership plays in the level and structure of executive compensation is broadly consistent with pay regulations governments periodically impose. It provides empirical support for the argument that government owners are risk‐averse and associated with lower equity‐linked executive pay, which discourages CEO risk‐taking.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study encourages corporate boards to consider the degree of government involvement in their firms when setting CEO compensation packages and policies. Government concerns about excessive compensation may require boards to find other ways to incentivize CEOs, particularly given the weaker governance linked to state‐influenced firms. Additionally, governments should analyze their influences on CEO compensation, and how these can affect performance, when considering their ownership stakes in public companies.
A sultone‐based reversible dark red‐yellow conversion thermochromic colorant with adjustable switching temperature
Authors: Zhang Wan , Ji Xiaoqian , Zeng Chanjuan , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia
Published: November 2018

A reversible, adjustable thermochromic colorant with bichromatic conversion from dark red (cool state) to yellow (heat state) was prepared using bromocresol purple (BCP) as colour former. The thermochromic behaviour of this colorant was investigated during the heating‐cooling cycle, including the colour depth, colour difference and switching temperature. The mechanism of thermochromic colorant switching between dark red and yellow originated from the transformation of the conjugated structures of BCP, which was confirmed by infrared spectrometry. The switching temperature can be flexibility adjusted between 13–46 °C by mixing solvents according to Schröder's equation, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry measurement. The thermochromic colorant presented good reversible thermochromic performance with stable changes in colour parameters for 50 heating‐cooling cycles. This sultone‐based reversible dark red‐yellow conversion thermochromic colorant is suitable for application as thermal‐indicating material under various conditions.
Structural basis for protein phosphatase 1 recruitment by glycogen‐targeting subunits
Authors: Yu Jun , Deng Tingting , Xiang Song
Published: November 2018

The rate‐limiting enzymes in glycogen metabolism are subject to regulation by reversible phosphorylation. The glycogen‐targeted protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) holoenzyme catalyzes their dephosphorylation. It is composed of a catalytic subunit (PP1C) and a glycogen‐targeting subunit (G subunit). To date, seven G subunits have been identified. They all contain an RVxF PP1C‐binding motif. The interactions between this motif in the skeletal muscle‐specific GM and PP1C have been revealed by structural studies. However, whether elements outside of this motif contribute to the interaction with PP1C is not clear. In this study, we found that residues next to the RVxF motif in GM also mediate interactions to PP1C and revealed the mechanism of the interaction by structural studies. Sequence analysis revealed that the PP1C‐binding region in GM is highly conserved among G subunits. Consistently, we found that the equivalent region in the liver‐enriched GL adopts a similar structure upon binding PP1C. Dephosphorylation experiments indicated that this region and the glycogen‐binding region in GM cooperate to stimulate PP1C's activity toward glycogen‐associated substrates.

Databases

The structure factors and coordinates for the PP1Cα‐GM (1–99) and PP1Cα‐GL (31–105) complexes have been deposited into the Protein Data Bank (http://www.pdb.org), with the accession codes 5ZQV and 5ZT0, respectively.
Women as Co‐Offenders: Pathways into Crime and Offending Motivations
Authors: BARLOW CHARLOTTE , WEARE SIOBHAN
Published: November 2018

This article reports on a qualitative study in the UK of women as co‐offenders, their pathways into crime and offending motivations. What was found in the analysis of the women's narratives was that while co‐offending relationships were a central pathway into offending, this often intersected with other circumstances in the women's lives, including drug addiction, socio‐economic circumstances, and ‘significant life events’. These findings suggest that those working with this cohort of women must recognise the complexities and contexts of co‐offending to understand, and accurately represent, women's experiences.
Molecular systematics of the Amazonian endemic genusHylexetastes(Aves: Dendrocolaptidae): taxonomic and conservation implications
Authors: Azuaje‐Rodríguez Roxiris A. , Weckstein Jason D. , Dispoto Janice H. , Patel Swati , Cacioppo Joseph A. , Bates John M. , Silva Sofia Marques , Aleixo Alexandre
Published: November 2018

Hylexetasteswoodcreepers are endemic to theterra firmeforests of the Amazon basin. Currently, most taxonomic sources recognize two species ofHylexetastes(H. perrotiiandH. stresemanni), each divided into three subspecies. Some authors maintain that theH. perrotiisubspecies should be elevated to full species status. In particular,Hylexetastes perrotii brigidaiis endemic to the eastern Amazon, the second Amazonian area of endemism (Xingu) most affected by deforestation and habitat degradation. Consequently, the taxonomic status ofH. p. brigidaiis of particular concern for conservation. Thus far, only morphological characters have been evaluated for the taxonomic delimitation of species and subspecies ofHylexetastes. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of all subspecies to help delimitHylexetastesinterspecific limits. Fragments of two mitochondrial (CytbandND2) and three nuclear genes (FGB5, G3PDHandMUSK) from 57Hylexetastesspecimens were sequenced. An ecological niche model was estimated to describe more accurately the potential distributions of taxa and to evaluate their vulnerability to ongoing deforestation. Phylogenetic analyses support the paraphyly of the polytypicH. perrotiias currently delimited and the elevation ofHylexetastes perrotii uniformisto full species rank, as well as the presence of three evolutionary significant units (ESUs) within this newly delimited species, including one grouping allH. p. brigidaispecimens. Alternatively, under lineage‐based species concepts, our results support at least five evolutionary species inHylexetastes:H. stresemanni,H. undulatus,H. perrotii,H. uniformisandH. brigidai. Each of these taxa andESUs are distributed in different interfluvial areas of the Amazon basin, which have different degrees of disturbance. Because they occupy the most heavily impacted region among allHylexetastesESUs, regular assessments of the conservation statuses ofH. p. brigidaiand bothH. uniformisESUs are paramount.
Defining the in vivo characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia cells behavior by intravital imaging
Authors: Duarte Delfim , Amarteifio Saoirse , Ang Heather , Kong Isabella Y , Ruivo Nicola , Pruessner Gunnar , Hawkins Edwin D , Lo Celso Cristina
Published: November 2018

The majority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. The survival of chemoresistant cells is thought to depend on leukemia‐bone marrow (BM) microenvironment interactions, which are not well understood. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has been proposed to support AML growth but was not studied at the single AML cell level. We recently showed that T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) cells are highly motile in the BM; however, the characteristics of AML cell migration within the BM remain undefined. Here, we characterize the in vivo migratory behavior of AML cells and their response to chemotherapy and CXCR4 antagonism, using high‐resolution 2‐photon and confocal intravital microscopy of mouse calvarium BM and the well‐established MLL‐AF9‐driven AML mouse model. We used the Notch1‐driven T‐ALL model as a benchmark comparison and AMD3100 for CXCR4 antagonism experiments. We show that AML cells are migratory, and in contrast with T‐ALL, chemoresistant AML cells become less motile. Moreover, and in contrast with T‐ALL, the in vivo exploratory behavior of expanding and chemoresistant AML cells is unaffected by AMD3100. These results expand our understanding of AML cells‐BM microenvironment interactions, highlighting unique traits of leukemia of different lineages.
Combined treatment of sodium ferulate, n‐butylidenephthalide, and ADSCs rehabilitates neurovascular unit in rats after photothrombotic stroke
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Hua , Liu Nai‐Wei , Ke Chien‐Chih , Liu Bo‐Wen , Chen Yi‐An , Luo Cheng , Zhang Qian , Xia Zhen‐Yan , Liu Ren‐Shyan
Published: November 2018

The remodelling of structural and functional neurovascular unit (NVU) becomes a central therapeutic strategy after cerebral ischaemic stroke. In the present study, we investigated the effect of combined therapy of sodium ferulate (SF), n‐butylidenephthalide (BP) and adipose‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) to ameliorate the injured NVU in the photochemically induced thrombotic stroke in rats. After solely or combined treatment, the neovascularization, activation of astrocytes, neurogenesis, expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and claudin‐5 were assessed by immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining. In order to uncover the underlying mechanism of therapeutic effect, signalling of protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Notch1 in infarct zone were analysed by western blot. 18F‐2‐deoxy‐glucose/positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, Evans blue staining were employed to evaluate the glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain‐blood barrier (BBB) permeability, respectively. The results showed that combined treatment increased the neovascularization, neurogenesis, and VEGF secretion, modulated the astrocyte activation, enhanced the regional CBF, and glucose metabolism, as well as reduced BBB permeability and promoted claudin‐5 expression, indicating the restoration of structure and function of NVU. The activation of ERK1/2 and Notch1 pathways and inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway might be involved in the therapeutic mechanism. In summary, we have demonstrated that combined ADSCs with SF and BP, targeting the NVU remodelling, is a potential treatment for ischaemic stroke. These results may provide valuable information for developing future combined cellular and pharmacological therapeutic strategy for ischaemic stroke.
Non‐invasive imaging in dermatology and the unique potential of raster‐scan optoacoustic mesoscopy
Authors: Hindelang B. , Aguirre J. , Schwarz M. , Berezhnoi A. , Eyerich K. , Ntziachristos V. , Biedermann T. , Darsow U.
Published: November 2018

In recent years, several non‐invasive imaging methods have been introduced to facilitate diagnostics and therapy monitoring in dermatology. The microscopic imaging methods are restricted in their penetration depth, while the mesoscopic methods probe deeper but provide only morphological, not functional, information. ‘Raster‐scan optoacoustic mesoscopy’ (RSOM), an emerging new imaging technique, combines deep penetration with contrast based on light absorption, which provides morphological, molecular and functional information. Here, we compare the capabilities and limitations of currently available dermatological imaging methods and highlight the principles and unique abilities of RSOM. We illustrate the clinical potential of RSOM, in particular for non‐invasive diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory and oncological skin diseases.