bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foster Caregivers’ Perceptions of Children’s Sleep Patterns, Problems, and Environments
Authors: McGlinchey Eleanor L , Rigos Priscilla , Kim Josephine S , Muñoz Nogales Josefina , Valentine Madeline , Kim Jinu , Ripple Carol H , Wolfson Amy R , Alfano Candice A
Published: November 2022

Objective

The disparity of problems, impairments, and disorders among children in foster care is well-documented and spans virtually every domain of functioning. Sleep, however, has received minimal attention among this vulnerable group, which is concerning given the multitude of ways sleep affects children’s development, health, and behavior.

Methods

A total of 485 foster caregivers from across the United States completed a survey including quantitative items and qualitative, open-ended questions about sleep and related health and behavior for one child (M = 6.4 years, SD = 2.2; range 4–11 years) currently in their care.

Results

Overall, caregivers reported developmentally appropriate child sleep and wake times; however, difficulty falling asleep (avg. 46 min per night) and staying asleep (avg. 34 min awake overnight) were common. Additionally, a high prevalence of sleep-related problems was reported including moving to someone else’s bed during the night (85.8%), nightmares (51.2%), sleep terrors (26.4%), snoring (32.8%), bedwetting (31.6%), and teeth grinding (21.8%). Qualitative responses indicated emotional and behavioral challenges at bedtime, particularly elevated fear, and anxiety.

Conclusions

Findings are consistent with previous work finding significant health disparities among children placed in foster care. Results highlight a need for trauma-informed, behavioral sleep interventions for this pediatric population which might serve to reduce other health disparities.
Acquisition of Enterobacterales carrying the colistin resistance genemcrfollowing travel to the tropics
Authors: Rondinaud Emilie , Clermont Olivier , Petitjean Marie , Ruppé Etienne , Esposito-Farèse Marina , Nazimoudine Anissa ,   The VOYAG-R Study Group, Coignard Bruno , Matheron Sophie , Andremont Antoine , Denamur Erick , Armand-Lefevre Laurence
Published: November 2022

Background

Colistin is an antibiotic of last resort in the management of highly drug-resistant Enterobacterales infections. Travel to some destinations presents a high risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, but little data are available on the risk of acquiring colistin-resistant strains. Here, we use the VOYAG-R sample collection (2012–2013) in order to evaluate the rate of acquisition of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, excluding species with intrinsic resistance (CRE), following travel to tropical regions.

Methods

A total of 574 frozen stool samples of travellers returning from tropical regions were screened for colistin-resistant strains using ChromID Colistin R agar (bioMerieux®) after pre-enrichment culture with 1 mg/L of colistin. Genomes were obtained by Illumina sequencing and genetic determinants of colistin resistance (mutational events and mcr genes) were searched.

Results

A total of 22 travellers (3.8%) acquired colistin-resistant Enterobacterales carrying an mcr gene. Acquisition rates varied between visited regions: 9.2% (18/195) for Asia (southeast Asia: 17/18), 2.2% (4/184) for Latin America (Peru: 4/4) and 0% from Africa (0/195). Acquired strains were predominantly Escherichia coli (92%) and carried mostly the mcr-1 variant (83%). Escherichia coli strains belonged mainly to commensal phylogroups A and B1, and were genetically highly diverse (5 non-clonal sequence type (ST)10 and 17 ST singletons). Only four non mcr colistin-resistant strains (two E. coli and two Enterobacter cloacae complex) were identified. Among all the strains, two also carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes.

Conclusions

Travel to tropical regions, and particularly to Southeast Asia, is a risk factor for the acquisition of mcr-carrying Enterobacterales. This study highlights the community dissemination of mcr in humans as early as 2012, 4 years prior to its first published description.
The galaxy size to halo spin relation of disc galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
Authors: Yang Hang , Gao Liang , Frenk Carlos S , Grand Robert J J , Guo Qi , Liao Shihong , Shao Shi
Published: November 2022

In the standard disc galaxy formation model, the sizes of galactic discs are tightly related to the spin parameters λ of their dark matter haloes. The model has been wildly adopted by various semi-analytical galaxy formation models which have been extremely successful to interpret a large body of observational data. However, the size–λ correlation was rarely seen in most modern hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation. In this short paper, we make use of 4 sets of large hydrodynamical simulations to explore the size–spin parameter relation with a large sample of simulated disc galaxies and compare it with a popular disc galaxy formation model of Mo et al. (1998). Intriguingly, galactic sizes correlate with spin parameters of their dark matter haloes in the simulations developed by the IllustrisTNG collaborations, albeit the relation does not always agree with prediction of MMW98 model overall stellar mass range we examined. There is also a size–spin correlation for the Milky Way analogies in the EAGLE simulations, while it is relatively weaker than that of the IllustrisTNG counterparts. For the dwarfs in the simulations from the EAGLE collaboration, there is NULL correlation. We conclude that either the detailed subgrid physics or hydrodynamics solvers account for the size-spin parameter relation, which will be explored in our future work.
Relating quasi-stationary one zone emission models to expanding relativistic shocks
Authors: Derishev Evgeny
Published: November 2022

For an expanding spherical relativistic shock, we derive relations between the parameters of downstream emitting zone and the quantities measured by a distant observer. These relations are formulated in terms of dimensionless effective coefficients combined with self-evident dimensional estimates. Our calculations take into account evolution of the shock’s Lorentz factor, geometrical delay due to the shock’s front curvature, and angular dependence of Lorentz boost for frequency and brightness. The relations are designed primarily for application in gamma-ray burst afterglow studies, although they may have a broader use.
Using 44Ti emission to differentiate between thermonuclear supernova progenitors
Authors: Kosakowski Daniel , Ugalino Mark Ivan , Fisher Robert , Graur Or , Bobrick Alexey , Perets Hagai B
Published: November 2022

The radioisotope 44Ti is produced through α-rich freezeout and explosive helium burning in type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). In this paper, we discuss how the detection of 44Ti, either through late-time light curves of SNe Ia, or directly via gamma-rays, can uniquely constrain the origin of SNe Ia. In particular, building upon recent advances in the hydrodynamical simulation of helium-ignited double white dwarf binaries, we demonstrate that the detection of 44Ti in a nearby SN Ia or in a young Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) can discriminate between the double-detonation and double-degenerate channels of sub-Chandrasekhar (sub-MCh) and near-Chandrasekhar (near-MCh) SNe Ia. In addition, we predict that the late-time light curves of calcium-rich transients are entirely dominated by 44Ti.
Comparative analysis of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with certolizumab pegol or infliximab
Authors: Hagiwara Shinya , Tsuboi Hiroto , Kuroda Yuki , Sawabe Tomonori , Uematsu Nana , Kawashima Fumina , Sugita Toshiki , Terasaki Mayu , Honda Fumika , Yagishita Mizuki , Kondo Yuya , Sumida Takayuki , Matsumoto Isao
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The aim is to clarify the differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with certolizumab pegol (CZP) and infliximab (IFX).

Methods

The study included RA patients who received CZP or IFX and were examined with low-field MRI (compacTscan; compact magnetic resonance imaging) at the beginning and again within 6 months of treatment initiation. Comparisons were made regarding background, clinical course, and differences in MRI findings following initiation of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors between the CZP and IFX treatment groups. MRI findings were evaluated by scoring erosion, bone marrow oedema (BME), and synovitis.

Results

Ten cases in CZP and 18 cases in IFX group were compared. The biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug–naïve rate in the IFX group was significantly higher than that in the CZP group. After 6 months, disease activities were significantly decreased from baseline in both groups. Erosion score did not change significantly in both groups after 6 months. BME score was significantly decreased in the CZP group after 6 months, whereas in the IFX group, there was no significant change. Synovitis score was significantly decreased in both groups after 6 months.

Conclusions

The findings of our study suggest that, in patients with RA, CZP might improve BME more effectively than IFX.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based urine metallome to construct clinical decision models for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Liu Aiping , Cai Chunquan , Wang Zhangxing , Wang Bin , He Juntao , Xie Yanhong , Deng Honglian , Liu Shaozhi , Zeng Shujuan , Yin Zhaoqing , Wang Mingbang
Published: November 2022

Background

The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is on the rise, and high levels of exposure to toxic heavy metals may be associated with this increase. Urine analysis is a noninvasive method for investigating the accumulation and excretion of heavy metals. The aim of this study was to identify ASD-associated urinary metal markers.

Methods

Overall, 70 children with ASD and 71 children with typical development (TD) were enrolled in this retrospective case–control study. In this metallomics investigation, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed to obtain the urine profile of 27 metals.

Results

Children with ASD could be distinguished from children with TD based on the urine metal profile, with ASD children showing an increased urine metal Shannon diversity. A metallome-wide association analysis was used to identify seven ASD-related metals in urine, with cobalt, aluminum, selenium, and lithium significantly higher, and manganese, mercury, and titanium significantly lower in the urine of children with ASD than in children with TD. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) machine learning method was used to rank the seven urine metals in terms of their effect on ASD. On the basis of these seven urine metals, we constructed a LASSO regression model for ASD classification and found an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.913. We also constructed a clinical prediction model for ASD based on the seven metals that were different in the urine of children with ASD and found that the model would be useful for the clinical prediction of ASD risk.

Conclusions

The study findings suggest that altered urine metal concentrations may be an important risk factor for ASD, and we recommend further exploration of the mechanisms and clinical treatment measures for such alterations.
EMPIAR: the Electron Microscopy Public Image Archive
Authors: Iudin Andrii , Korir Paul K , Somasundharam Sriram , Weyand Simone , Cattavitello Cesare , Fonseca Neli , Salih Osman , Kleywegt Gerard J , Patwardhan Ardan
Published: November 2022

Public archiving in structural biology is well established with the Protein Data Bank (PDB; wwPDB.org) catering for atomic models and the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB; emdb-empiar.org) for 3D reconstructions from cryo-EM experiments. Even before the recent rapid growth in cryo-EM, there was an expressed community need for a public archive of image data from cryo-EM experiments for validation, software development, testing and training. Concomitantly, the proliferation of 3D imaging techniques for cells, tissues and organisms using volume EM (vEM) and X-ray tomography (XT) led to calls from these communities to publicly archive such data as well. EMPIAR (empiar.org) was developed as a public archive for raw cryo-EM image data and for 3D reconstructions from vEM and XT experiments and now comprises over a thousand entries totalling over 2 petabytes of data. EMPIAR resources include a deposition system, entry pages, facilities to search, visualize and download datasets, and a REST API for programmatic access to entry metadata. The success of EMPIAR also poses significant challenges for the future in dealing with the very fast growth in the volume of data and in enhancing its reusability.
MirDIP 5.2: tissue context annotation and novel microRNA curation
Authors: Hauschild Anne-Christin , Pastrello Chiara , Ekaputeri Gitta Kirana Anindya , Bethune-Waddell Dylan , Abovsky Mark , Ahmed Zuhaib , Kotlyar Max , Lu Richard , Jurisica Igor
Published: November 2022

MirDIP is a well-established database that aggregates microRNA-gene human interactions from multiple databases to increase coverage, reduce bias, and improve usability by providing an integrated score proportional to the probability of the interaction occurring. In version 5.2, we removed eight outdated resources, added a new resource (miRNATIP), and ran five prediction algorithms for miRBase and mirGeneDB. In total, mirDIP 5.2 includes 46 364 047 predictions for 27 936 genes and 2734 microRNAs, making it the first database to provide interactions using data from mirGeneDB. Moreover, we curated and integrated 32 497 novel microRNAs from 14 publications to accelerate the use of these novel data. In this release, we also extend the content and functionality of mirDIP by associating contexts with microRNAs, genes, and microRNA–gene interactions. We collected and processed microRNA and gene expression data from 20 resources and acquired information on 330 tissue and disease contexts for 2657 microRNAs, 27 576 genes and 123 651 910 gene–microRNA–tissue interactions. Finally, we improved the usability of mirDIP by enabling the user to search the database using precursor IDs, and we integrated miRAnno, a network-based tool for identifying pathways linked to specific microRNAs. We also provide a mirDIP API to facilitate access to its integrated predictions. Updated mirDIP is available at https://ophid.utoronto.ca/mirDIP.
TERRA regulates DNA G-quadruplex formation and ATRX recruitment to chromatin
Authors: Tsai Ru-Xuan , Fang Kuo-Chen , Yang Po-Cheng , Hsieh Yu-Hung , Chiang I-Tien , Chen Yunfei , Lee Hun-Goo , Lee Jeannie T , Chu Hsueh-Ping Catherine
Published: November 2022

The genome consists of non-B-DNA structures such as G-quadruplexes (G4) that are involved in the regulation of genome stability and transcription. Telomeric-repeat containing RNA (TERRA) is capable of folding into G-quadruplex and interacting with chromatin remodeler ATRX. Here we show that TERRA modulates ATRX occupancy on repetitive sequences and over genes, and maintains DNA G-quadruplex structures at TERRA target and non-target sites in mouse embryonic stem cells. TERRA prevents ATRX from binding to subtelomeric regions and represses H3K9me3 formation. G4 ChIP-seq reveals that G4 abundance decreases at accessible chromatin regions, particularly at transcription start sites (TSS) after TERRA depletion; such G4 reduction at TSS is associated with elevated ATRX occupancy and differentially expressed genes. Loss of ATRX alleviates the effect of gene repression caused by TERRA depletion. Immunostaining analyses demonstrate that knockdown of TERRA diminishes DNA G4 signals, whereas silencing ATRX elevates G4 formation. Our results uncover an epigenetic regulation by TERRA that sequesters ATRX and preserves DNA G4 structures.
A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis of the Use of Remote Biochemical Verification Methods of Smoking Status in Tobacco Research
Authors: Thrul Johannes , Howe Carol L , Devkota Janardan , Alexander Adam , Allen Alicia M , Businelle Michael S , Hébert Emily T , Heffner Jaimee L , Kendzor Darla E , Ra Chaelin K , Gordon Judith S
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Increasing digital delivery of smoking cessation interventions has resulted in the need to employ novel strategies for remote biochemical verification.

Aims and Methods

This scoping review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate best practices for remote biochemical verification of smoking status. The scientific literature was searched for studies that reported remotely obtained (not in-person) biochemical confirmation of smoking status (ie, combustible tobacco). A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to investigate key outcomes, which included rates of returned biological samples and the ratio of biochemically verified to self-reported abstinence rates.

Results

A total of 82 studies were included. The most common samples were expired air (46%) and saliva (40% of studies), the most common biomarkers were carbon monoxide (48%) and cotinine (44%), and the most common verification methods were video confirmation (37%) and mail-in samples for lab analysis (26%). Mean sample return rates determined by random-effects meta-analysis were 70% for smoking cessation intervention studies without contingency management (CM), 77% for CM studies, and 65% for other studies (eg, feasibility and secondary analyses). Among smoking cessation intervention studies without CM, self-reported abstinence rates were 21%, biochemically verified abstinence rates were 10%, and 47% of individuals who self-reported abstinence were also biochemically confirmed as abstinent.

Conclusions

This scoping review suggests that improvements in sample return rates in remote biochemical verification studies of smoking status are needed. Recommendations for reporting standards are provided that may enhance confidence in the validity of reported abstinence rates in remote studies.

Implications

This scoping review and meta-analysis included studies using remote biochemical verification to determine smoking status. Challenges exist regarding implementation and ensuring high sample return rates. Higher self-reported compared to biochemically verified abstinence rates suggest the possibility that participants in remote studies may be misreporting abstinence or not returning samples for other reasons (eg, participant burden, inconvenience). Remote biochemical confirmation of self-reported smoking abstinence should be included in smoking cessation studies whenever feasible. However, findings should be considered in the context of challenges to sample return rates. Better reporting guidelines for future studies in this area are needed.
Book of Joel
Authors: Kipfer Sara
Published: November 2022

The Book of Joel is characterized more by the experience of destruction than hardly any other biblical book. Nevertheless, scholars are divided about the fundamental interpretation of the book. Specifically, were the disasters detailed in the book (i.e., a drought, a plague of locusts, and military destruction) actual events experienced by the people of Judah as YHWH’s judgment? Or do they employ figures and symbolic language to imagine the day of YHWH as future eschatological disaster? This fundamental disagreement then leads to different judgments about the origin of the book, its purpose, and its genre (e.g., lament, liturgical or apocalyptic literature, narrative, performative text, etc.). The Book of Joel is only three (LXX or Septuagint) or four chapters long (MT or Masoretic) with a total of 73 Masoretic verses. Chapter 3 of the Masoretic text is in most English and in some German translations counted as Joel 2:28–32. Consequently, chapter 4:1–21 becomes Joel 3:1–21. In the first two chapters disaster seems to have already occurred and people are called to repentance. The second part of the Book of Joel deals with God’s outpouring of the spirit, a day of salvation, and a future judgment against other nations. In older research, Joel 1:2–2:27 and Joel 3:1–4:21 (2:28–3:21) have therefore often been attributed to different authors. It has been assumed that a primary layer by a prophetic author was supplemented by a later apocalyptic addition. In current research, this position has been increasingly abandoned, last but not least because of the numerous resumptions that hold the two parts together and refer almost exclusively to the day of YHWH. Scholars tend to see Joel as a single literary unit with no or few later additions, or they try to explain its formation in the context of the Book of the Twelve using very elaborate literary models. The Book is ascribed to a certain Joel, son of Petuel, in Joel 1:1. Some see him as a cultic prophet, others rather tend to see the book as a simple continuation of other prophetic scriptures, and thus as scribal prophecy (schriftgelehrte Prophetie). While in older research the date of Joel ranges from the 8th century bce until the Maccabean Period, the majority of current scholars dates it to the Persian Period. In favor of this dating are the many cross-references with the Book of the Twelve often understood as “quotations,” and “allusions.”
Philemon
Authors: Gupta Nijay
Published: November 2022

There was something of a debate in the early church about what Paul’s short letter to Philemon has to offer in terms of theological insight and formation for the people of God. Some argued it was rather trivial and insignificant. Others, that it had much to say about Christian life in the real world—unfortunately some writers made Phlm out to be a helpful text for teaching Christian slaves not to rebel or run away. (Note that in this article, we will use the abbreviation “Phlm” to indicate the text of Paul’s letter to Philemon; we will use “Philemon” in reference to the person.) Phlm was, of course, canonized and became a standard text of study within Paul’s canonical corpus. Around the same time, patristic theologians adopted the view that Onesimus was a runaway slave who encountered Paul, accepted the Gospel, and was sent home to reconcile with Christian master Philemon. That “runaway slave” situational theory went more or less unquestioned for several hundred years until the middle of the twentieth century, when new theories emerged. Since then, Phlm has received significant attention for a number of reasons: social class in early Christianity, a history of justification of modern slavery by Christians, insight into early house church dynamics, Paul’s self-description as “prisoner” and “old man,” and the unique inclusion of a woman (Apphia) in Paul’s prescript, among other things. When it comes to analysis of the text of Phlm, much ink has been spilled on Paul’s statement about receiving Onesimus back as “more than a slave” and as a “beloved brother” (v. 16). Was Paul subtly prodding Philemon to manumit Onesimus? Or was Paul fixated on a new Christian social economy that did not necessitate legal freedom? Today, researchers benefit from detailed scholarship on Phlm, including technical (stand-alone) commentaries, monographs, topical book collections, and numerous essays and articles.
Religious Instruction (Homilies, Sermons, etc.)
Authors: Najork Daniel
Published: November 2022

As many introductions point out, works of religious instruction are among the first writings in Old Norse-Icelandic literary culture, and the oldest extant manuscripts (from the second half of the twelfth century) tend to preserve religious compositions and translations. Though many were edited in the nineteenth century, these religious works have historically often been overshadowed in scholarship by the Íslendingasögur (Sagas of Icelanders) and other genres presumed to be indigenous. Conversion brought to the medieval north the Latin alphabet, the development of an ecclesiastical and educational infrastructure, and the necessity for works of religious instruction. From the start, religious instruction seems to have been in the vernacular, so Latin—and occasionally Old and Middle English—texts were translated for usage by the monastic institutions charged with pastoral care. The Latin manuscripts for these translation projects were sourced from Continental Europe and the British Isles, perhaps brought back by the many early Icelandic ecclesiastics who were educated abroad. Sermons were likely among the first writings in Old Norse-Icelandic, but translations of all or parts of Honorius Augustodunensis’s Elucidarius, Gemma animae, and Imago mundi were made by the thirteenth century. The Physiologus, Alcuin’s De virtutibus et vitiis, Gregory the Great’s Dialogues and homilies, biblical and apocryphal texts, visionary literature, collections of exempla, and liturgical service books were also translated for devotional edification. Many of these works were copied over and over again in Icelandic manuscripts throughout the medieval period and before the arrival of the Protestant Reformation (and indeed after). Throughout the thirteenth century, the breadth of knowledge required in manuals of religious instruction expanded. Priests were expected to educate their parishioners in the articles of the faith, the Ten Commandments, the seven deadly sins and corresponding virtues, the sacraments (especially penance), and the necessity of reciting prayers such as the Ave maria and Paternoster. As new works became available, such as Hugh Ripelin of Strasburg’s Compendium theologicae veritatis, the works of the Victorines, exempla collections, or handbooks for confessors modeled after the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), they did not replace, but rather supplemented, already available works of religious instruction. These translated works clearly had a profound influence on Old Norse-Icelandic literature and culture and resulted in original compositions that relied on this Latin ecclesiastical learning. The thirteenth-century Konungs skuggsjá, a dialogue between father and son that owes much to the Speculum genre, is a prominent example.
Prophecy
Authors: Green Jonathan
Published: November 2022

In the following, “prophecy” will be understood as the claim to deliver a divine message or give access to truth from a supernatural source. In the Renaissance, the potential for divinely sanctioned prophecy was well established in scriptural texts, although whether or not any particular prophecy enjoyed divine sanction was often controversial. Despite being the subject of frequent controversy, prophecy was a phenomenon of wide influence involving political, religious, and intellectual leaders, members of the unlearned and laboring classes, and all levels of society in between. Rather than a unified phenomenon, however, “prophecy” can refer to both the preaching of various visionaries and the circulation of prophetic texts, which were only tenuously connected or connected in unexpected ways. At somewhat further remove are the interpretation of prophetic and apocalyptic passages of scripture and learned and theological discourse about the proper role and hazards of visionaries, prophetic writings, and apocalyptic speculation. Renaissance prophecy differed from both prognostication and apocalypticism, although it often shared elements of each. Prophecy had deep ties to other discourses, but not necessarily to those generally viewed as esoteric or occultist. Renaissance prophecy was inextricable from astrology (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Astrology, Alchemy, Magic), but had relatively weak ties to the esoteric arts of magic or alchemy (apart from the notable exceptions of Rupescissa and Paracelsus), as well as dream interpretation, lot-casting, or other forms of popular prognostication. As the texts and visionaries of prior generations continued to circulate or were rediscovered decades or centuries later, and because recycling of motifs was common and the time of original composition is often unknown, periodization remains problematic. It is rarely possible to separate Renaissance prophecy neatly from its medieval antecedents or from more recent counterparts, and there remains an urgent need for research on connections across periods. Much basic work remains to be done in identifying prophetic works, their attestations in manuscript or print, their textual history and cultural context, and relations between them. In short: what is highly salient for one scholar may be of little use to another, while potentially critical sources remain undiscovered.
Douglas Haig
Authors: Harris J.P.
Published: November 2022

A Scot, born in Edinburgh into a family made wealthy by distilling whisky, Douglas Haig (b. 1861–d. 1928) is historically important because he held senior commands in the British army in the First World War. A professional army officer, he served on the Western Front throughout the war, rising to command the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 19 December 1915 to 15 April 1919. Haig’s BEF remains the largest military force the United Kingdom has ever put in the field, and the Western Front was the bloodiest theater of operations in what is still (in terms of British and British Empire casualties) its bloodiest war. The BEF played a major part in Germany’s defeat in 1918. Yet controversy surrounded Haig’s command of it from the outset, became more intense after the opening of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916, and has never entirely ceased. Critics have alleged that Haig’s methods were wasteful of the lives of his troops, while defenders have tended to see the heavy losses as inevitable and have commended Haig as a highly professional, resolute, and ultimately victorious commander. Haig is an iconic figure who has come to symbolize a range of institutions, actions, and approaches, all of which were (and some still are) highly emotive: the British Empire; the British army as an institution: British involvement in the First World War and British military concentration on the Western Front (confronting the major enemy directly as opposed to a peripheral strategy of “indirect approach”) being among these. Only when biographers and historians have penetrated through Haig the icon and examined Haig the individual is it possible for them fairly to assess his specific contribution to British and world history. This has not been easy, and while scholars agree on most of the facts about him, their judgments of him still vary considerably.
Elmer Bernstein
Authors: Pelkey Stanley
Published: November 2022

Elmer Bernstein, a leading American film and television composer, received fourteen Academy Award nominations and won once, for Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967). Born in New York City (4 April 1922) to immigrant parents, Bernstein enjoyed a lively artistic childhood. He studied piano with Henriette Michelson (Juilliard), who introduced him to Aaron Copland, and later composition with Roger Sessions and Stefan Wolpe. Bernstein’s father introduced him to jazz, which Bernstein drew upon when composing his influential score for The Man with the Golden Arm (1955). After graduating from New York University, Bernstein concertized as a pianist before joining the Army Air Force. During World War II, he arranged for the Army Air Force Band and composed for Armed Forces Radio. Bernstein was then invited to Hollywood to score Saturday’s Hero (1951). Other assignments followed, though Bernstein found himself graylisted due to earlier left-leaning activities. He credited Cecil B. DeMille for reviving his career: hired to write dances for The Ten Commandments (1956), Bernstein was selected to compose for the whole film after Victor Young withdrew. Bernstein’s scores for The Ten Commandments and The Man with the Golden Arm placed him among the leaders in American film music. More successes followed, with scores to The Magnificent Seven (1960), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), and The Great Escape (1963). Popular knowledge of The Magnificent Seven’s music was enhanced when it was reused in Marlboro cigarette commercials. In the 1950s and 1960s, Bernstein also composed for television and collaborated with the designers and filmmakers Charles and Ray Eames, activities that have received less scholarly attention. Interviews and biographical accounts often emphasize career cycles during which Bernstein was typecast but subsequently defied industry expectations. Scores for Westerns (e.g., True Grit [1969]) dominated Bernstein’s career in the 1960s and early 1970s, while comedies prevailed in the late 1970s and 1980s (e.g., Animal House [1978], Trading Places [1983], and Ghostbusters [1984]). A final career phase, centered on dramas, began with My Left Foot (1989), included collaborations with Martin Scorsese, and culminated with his Academy Award–nominated score for Far from Heaven (2002). Bernstein worked with important directors, including DeMille, Otto Preminger, John Sturges, John Landis, Jim Sheridan, Scorsese, and Todd Haynes; he often criticized directors with little knowledge of music who questioned composers’ judgments. During the 1970s, Bernstein elevated the art of film music, publishing his Film Music Notebook, producing recordings of important film scores funded by a mail-order club, and championing film composers’ rights to their music.
Eighteenth-Century Novel
Authors: Curran Louise
Published: November 2022

The “18th-century novel” used to refer to works primarily by Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, and Sterne, but it has long since expanded to include notable women writers such as Burney, Sarah Fielding, Haywood, Lennox, and Manley. The 18th-century novel also encompasses a broad range of subgenres, such as the picaresque, memoir fiction, the epistolary novel, autobiography, criminal narratives, and it-narratives. Whereas older studies of the novel often took a teleological approach, looking for specific places of origin (often posed as a binary choice between realism or romance), more recent studies happily accept its hybrid nature as a form that refashions materials from a variety of other places and traditions. Since the 1970s and the rise of theory, the 18th-century novel has provoked debate about a whole range of subjects to do with the novel as genre, including (though not limited to) gender, disability, race, politics, book history, and media cultures. Recent studies have often emphasized the untidiness of its literary boundaries and analyzed the devices of character, plot, setting, etc., as developed in this fiction, alongside the fictional strategies of other forms of contemporary entertainment, such as dramatic writing. Another emerging trend is revisionist: The reframing of Anglocentric stories of the novel to take account of its transnational, transatlantic, and global connections. Whole bibliographies could be written, and indeed do exist, to guide those interested in the novel of sensibility, the domestic novel, the Gothic novel, and so on. Due to space limitations, this bibliography is necessarily highly selective and does not include works primarily on one single author or exclusively on one dominant trend, mode, or genre (most notably, the Gothic or sentimental novel). It confines itself to British and Irish fiction and does not include scholarship on the American novel during the period, though it does point toward new(ish) interest in the global eighteenth century. This bibliography also does not cover translation or classical reception. It mostly gives space to studies that broadly range from the early eighteenth century to the 1780s and which cover the novel’s development in general and not particular writers (unless otherwise stated and justified). Though it includes a few seminal works that document what has now come to be known as “the rise of the novel,” scholars and students who are interested in that history of criticism should look at Nick Seager’s excellent Oxford Bibliographies article “The Rise of the Novel in Britain, 1660–1780” (as well as Seager 2012, cited under General Overviews), and Tom Keymer’s section on this in his article “Samuel Richardson.” In addition, other bibliographies relevant to this field currently available in the Oxford Bibliographies series include: “The Epistolary Novel,” “Letters and Letter Writing,” “Daniel Defoe,” “Henry Fielding,” and “Laurence Sterne.”
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Arabidopsis Leaf Tissues Identifies Multiple Specialized Cell Types: Idioblast Myrosin Cells and Potential Glucosinolate-Producing Cells
Authors: Maeda Taro , Sugano Shigeo S , Shirakawa Makoto , Sagara Mayu , Ito Toshiro , Kondo Satoshi , Nagano Atsushi J
Published: November 2022

The glucosinolate–myrosinase defense system (GMDS), characteristic of Brassicales, is involved in plant defense. Previous single-cell transcriptomic analyses have reported the expression profiles of multiple GMDS-related cell types (i.e. myrosinase-rich myrosin idioblasts and multiple types of potential glucosinolate synthetic cells as well as a candidate S-cell for glucosinolate accumulation). However, differences in plant stages and cell-type annotation methods have hindered comparisons among studies. Here, we used the single-cell transcriptome profiles of extended Arabidopsis leaves and verified the distribution of previously used markers to refine the expression profiles of GMDS-associated cell types. Moreover, we performed beta-glucuronidase promoter assays to confirm the histological expression patterns of newly obtained markers for GMDS-associated candidates. As a result, we found a set of new specific reporters for myrosin cells and potential glucosinolate-producing cells.
The small peptide CEP1 and the NIN-like protein NLP1 regulate NRT2.1 to mediate root nodule formation across nitrate concentrations
Authors: Luo Zhenpeng , Wang Jiang , Li Fuyu , Lu Yuting , Fang Zijun , Fu Mengdi , Mysore Kirankumar S , Wen Jiangqi , Gong Jiming , Murray Jeremy D , Xie Fang
Published: November 2022

Legumes acquire fixed nitrogen (N) from the soil and through endosymbiotic association with diazotrophic bacteria. However, establishing and maintaining N2-fixing nodules are expensive for the host plant, relative to taking up N from the soil. Therefore, plants suppress symbiosis when N is plentiful and enhance symbiosis when N is sparse. Here, we show that the nitrate transporter MtNRT2.1 is required for optimal nodule establishment in Medicago truncatula under low-nitrate conditions and the repression of nodulation under high-nitrate conditions. The NIN-like protein (NLP) MtNLP1 is required for MtNRT2.1 expression and regulation of nitrate uptake/transport under low- and high-nitrate conditions. Under low nitrate, the gene encoding the C-terminally encoded peptide (CEP) MtCEP1 was more highly expressed, and the exogenous application of MtCEP1 systemically promoted MtNRT2.1 expression in a compact root architecture 2 (MtCRA2)-dependent manner. The enhancement of nodulation by MtCEP1 and nitrate uptake were both impaired in the Mtnrt2.1 mutant under low nitrate. Our study demonstrates that nitrate uptake by MtNRT2.1 differentially affects nodulation at low- and high-nitrate conditions through the actions of MtCEP1 and MtNLP1.
Spatial and temporal regulation of parent-of-origin allelic expression in the endosperm
Authors: van Ekelenburg Yuri S , Hornslien Karina S , Van Hautegem Tom , Fendrych Matyáš , Van Isterdael Gert , Bjerkan Katrine N , Miller Jason R , Nowack Moritz K , Grini Paul E
Published: November 2022

Genomic imprinting promotes differential expression of parental alleles in the endosperm of flowering plants and is regulated by epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation and histone tail modifications in chromatin. After fertilization, the endosperm develops through a syncytial stage before it cellularizes and becomes a nutrient source for the growing embryo. Regional compartmentalization has been shown both in early and late endosperm development, and different transcriptional domains suggest divergent spatial and temporal regional functions. The analysis of the role of parent-of-origin allelic expression in the endosperm as a whole and the investigation of domain-specific functions have been hampered by the inaccessibility of the tissue for high-throughput transcriptome analyses and contamination from surrounding tissue. Here, we used fluorescence-activated nuclear sorting (FANS) of nuclear targeted GFP fluorescent genetic markers to capture parental-specific allelic expression from different developmental stages and specific endosperm domains. This approach allowed us to successfully identify differential genomic imprinting with temporal and spatial resolution. We used a systematic approach to report temporal regulation of imprinted genes in the endosperm, as well as region-specific imprinting in endosperm domains. Analysis of our data identified loci that are spatially differentially imprinted in one domain of the endosperm, while biparentally expressed in other domains. These findings suggest that the regulation of genomic imprinting is dynamic and challenge the canonical mechanisms for genomic imprinting.
miRador: a fast and precise tool for the prediction of plant miRNAs
Authors: Hammond Reza K , Gupta Pallavi , Patel Parth , Meyers Blake C
Published: November 2022

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA molecules that restrict gene expression via posttranscriptional regulation and function in several essential pathways, including development, growth, and stress responses. Accurately identifying miRNAs in populations of small RNA sequencing libraries is a computationally intensive process that has resulted in the misidentification of inaccurately annotated miRNA sequences. In recent years, criteria for miRNA annotation have been refined with the aim to reduce these misannotations. Here, we describe miRador, a miRNA identification tool that utilizes the most up-to-date, community-established criteria for accurate identification of miRNAs in plants. We combined target prediction and Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends (PARE) data to assess the precision of the miRNAs identified by miRador. We compared miRador to other commonly used miRNA prediction tools and found that miRador is at least as precise as other prediction tools while being substantially faster than other tools. miRador should be broadly useful for the plant community to identify and annotate miRNAs in plant genomes.
Dissection of the Pearl of Csaba pedigree identifies key genomic segments related to early ripening in grape
Authors: He Guang-Qi , Huang Xi-Xi , Pei Mao-Song , Jin Hui-Ying , Cheng Yi-Zhe , Wei Tong-Lu , Liu Hai-Nan , Yu Yi-He , Guo Da-Long
Published: November 2022

Pearl of Csaba (PC) is a valuable backbone parent for early-ripening grapevine (Vitis vinifera) breeding, from which many excellent early ripening varieties have been bred. However, the genetic basis of the stable inheritance of its early ripening trait remains largely unknown. Here, the pedigree, consisting of 40 varieties derived from PC, was re-sequenced for an average depth of ∼30×. Combined with the resequencing data of 24 other late-ripening varieties, 5,795,881 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified following a strict filtering pipeline. The population genetic analysis showed that these varieties could be distinguished clearly, and the pedigree was characterized by lower nucleotide diversity and stronger linkage disequilibrium than the non-pedigree varieties. The conserved haplotypes (CHs) transmitted in the pedigree were obtained via identity-by-descent analysis. Subsequently, the key genomic segments were identified based on the combination analysis of haplotypes, selective signatures, known ripening-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and transcriptomic data. The results demonstrated that varieties with a superior haplotype, H1, significantly (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.001) exhibited early grapevine berry development. Further analyses indicated that H1 encompassed VIT_16s0039g00720 encoding a folate/biopterin transporter protein (VvFBT) with a missense mutation. VvFBT was specifically and highly expressed during grapevine berry development, particularly at veraison. Exogenous folate treatment advanced the veraison of “Kyoho”. This work uncovered core haplotypes and genomic segments related to the early ripening trait of PC and provided an important reference for the molecular breeding of early-ripening grapevine varieties.
Ocular manifestations of ANCA-associated vasculitis
Authors: Junek Mats L , Zhao Lily , Garner Stephanie , Cuthbertson David , Pagnoux Christian , Koening Curry L , Langford Carol A , McAlear Carol A , Monach Paul A , Moreland Larry W , Rhee Rennie L , Seo Philip , Specks Ulrich , Sreih Antoine G , Warrington Kenneth , Wechsler Michael E , Merkel Peter A , Khalidi Nader A
Published: November 2022

Objectives

ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of multisystem diseases that can have several ocular manifestations. There are published data on ocular manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), but few for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). There is little information concerning chronicity, complications, and association with other cranial manifestations of AAV.

Methods

This study retrospectively analysed longitudinal multicentre cohorts of individuals with AAV followed between 2006 and 2022. Data included diagnosis, demographics, cranial manifestations of disease, presence of manifestations at onset of disease and/or follow-up, and ocular complications of disease. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed associations across disease manifestations.

Results

Data from 1441 patients were analysed, including 395 with EGPA, 876 with GPA, and 170 with MPA. Ocular manifestations were seen within 23.1% of patients: 39 (9.9%) with EGPA, 287 (32.7%) with GPA, and 12 (7.1%) with MPA at any time in the disease course. There were more ocular manifestations at onset (n = 224) than during follow-up (n = 120). The most common disease-related manifestations were conjunctivitis/episcleritis and scleritis. In multivariable analysis, dacryocystitis, lacrimal duct obstruction, and retro-orbital disease were associated with sinonasal manifestations of GPA; ocular manifestations were associated with hearing loss in MPA. The most common ocular complications and/or damage seen were cataracts (n = 168) and visual impairment (n = 195).

Conclusion

Ocular manifestations occur in all forms of AAV, especially in GPA. Clinicians should be mindful of the wide spectrum of ocular disease in AAV, caused by active vasculitis, disease-associated damage, and toxicities of therapy.
Utility of nailfold capillary assessment for predicting psoriatic arthritis based on a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Fukasawa Takemichi , Toyama Satoshi , Enomoto Atsushi , Yoshizaki-Ogawa Asako , Norimatsu Yuta , Tateishi Shoko , Kanda Hiroko , Miyagawa Kiyoshi , Sato Shinichi , Yoshizaki Ayumi
Published: November 2022

Objectives

PsA is one of the most serious comorbidities associated with psoriasis. While the early intervention in PsA is demanded, risk factors of PsA development are not well-known. This is the first prospective study to evaluate the clinical significance of nailfold capillary (NFC) changes in patients with psoriasis.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study in a population of 449 psoriasis patients who had not been treated with systemic therapy or topical finger therapy. NFCs were observed by dermoscopy and capillaroscopy, and the correlation of NFC abnormalities, including nailfold bleeding (NFB) and enlarged capillaries, with the prevalence of PsA, incidence of new PsA, and serum levels of TNF-a, IL-17A and IL-23 were analysed.

Results

Detailed examination at the time of inclusion revealed that of 449 patients, 236 had Psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) and 213 had PsA. Both NFB and enlarged capillaries were significantly more frequent in patients with PsA (34.7% vs 84.5%, P < 0.0001; 25.4% vs 100%, P < 0.0001). In addition, PsV patients were prospectively observed before they developed PsA (mean 21 months, 95% CI 2, 77 months). Multivariate analysis suggested that the appearance of NFB and enlarged capillaries was a predictor of PsA development (HR 2.75, 95% CI 1.38, 5.47 and HR 4.49, 95% CI 2.25, 8.96, respectively). The degree of NFC abnormalities also correlated with the severity of PsA and serum cytokine levels.

Conclusions

NFC abnormalities were suggested to be a predictor of PsA in psoriasis patients, and at the same time, its degree could be an indicator of disease severity.