bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Trends in Sample Preparation and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food and Related Matrixes
Authors: Rejczak Tomasz , Tuzimski Tomasz
Published: October 2015

A rising interest by consumers and various governmental organizations towards the quality of food has been continuously observed. Pesticide residue analysis has a significant role in assessing food safety and quality. This article reviews the new analytical approaches for efficient extraction and reliable identification and quantification of pesticides in foodstuffs and related matrixes. Emphasis is given to the new materials used for effective extract purification. We discuss the potential and pitfalls of the different LC/MS approaches, including application of high resolution mass spectrometry in the area of pesticide residue analysis. Untargeted and retrospective screening is outlined, highlighting prospects and achievements as well as its major drawbacks.
Applications of Experimental Design to the Optimization of Microextraction Sample Preparation Parameters for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Abdulra'uf Lukman Bola , Sirhan Ala Yahya , Tan Guan Huat
Published: October 2015

Sample preparation has been identified as the most important step in analytical chemistry and has been tagged as the bottleneck of analytical methodology. The current trend is aimed at developing cost-effective, miniaturized, simplified, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. The fundamentals and applications of multivariate statistical techniques for the optimization of microextraction sample preparation and chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues are described in this review. The use of Placket-Burman, Doehlert matrix, and Box-Behnken designs are discussed. As observed in this review, a number of analytical chemists have combined chemometrics and microextraction techniques, which has helped to streamline sample preparation and improve sample throughput.
Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Dry Samples (Rice and Wheat Flour) Using Liquid Chromatography/Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Grande-Martínez Ángel , Arrebola Francisco Javier , Moreno Laura Díaz , Vidal José Luis Martínez , Frenich Antonia Garrido
Published: October 2015

A rapid and sensitive multiresidue method was developed and validated for the determination of around 100 pesticides in dry samples (rice and wheat flour) by ultra-performance LC coupled to a triple quadrupole mass analyzer working in tandem mode (UPLC/QqQ-MS/MS). The sample preparation step was optimized for both matrixes. Pesticides were extracted from rice samples using aqueous ethyl acetate, while aqueous acetonitrile extraction [modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method] was used for wheat flour matrixes. In both cases the extracts were then cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction with MgSO4 and primary secondary amine + C18 sorbents. A further cleanup step with Florisil was necessary to remove fat in wheat flour. The method was validated at two conc compounds), obtaining recoveries ranging from 70 to 120%, intraday and interday precision values ≤20% expressed as RSDs, and expanded uncertainty values ≤50%. The LOQ values ranged between 3.6 and 20 μg/kg, although it was set at 3.6 μg/kg for the majority of the pesticides. The method was applied to the analysis of 20 real samples, and no pesticides were detected.
Human Health Risk of Dietary Intake of Some Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Camels Slaughtered in the Districts of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Osman Khaled A
Published: October 2015

Organochlorine residues were detected in 54/200 of muscles and 55/200 of livers of camels slaughtered in different districts of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, by using GC/MS analysis. The ΣDDT residues (Σ-DDT = p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDA) in muscles and livers were the most frequent. The levels and distribution of residues varied with location. Al-Qassim region population's average estimated daily intake (EDI) was between 0.0 and 12.74 μg/kg body weight/day, and the hazard index [EDI/acceptable daily intake (ADI)] was higher than unity for ΣDDT and lindane in some samples. The intakes were much higher than the ADIs in some districts of Al-Qassim region, and the exposure level of all tested residues was high enough to produce health risk, suggesting the need for regular monitoring programs for pesticide residues in camel meat at the national level to protect consumers' health.
Efficient, Green Non-Aqueous Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Anatase TiO2 and Pt Loaded TiO2 Nanorods with High Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Filippo Emanuela , Capodilupo Agostina Lina , Carlucci Claudia , Perulli Patrizia , Conciauro Francesca , Corrente Giuseppina Anna , Scremin Barbara Federica , Gigli Giuseppe , Ciccarella Giuseppe
Published: October 2015

A high-yield synthesis of pure anatase titania nanorods has been achieved through a nonaqueous microwave-based approach. The residual organics on nanoparticles surfaces were completely removed under ozone flow at room temperature in air. The TiO2 nanorods, with average lengths of 27.6 ± 5.8 nm and average diameters of 3.2 ± 0.4 nm, were characterized by powder X-Ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area diffraction, BET surface area analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performances of the as-synthesized TiO2 nanorods and platinum loaded TiO2 nanorods were implemented with respect to both commercial P25 and platinum loaded P25. Performance enhancements should be attributed to effects like differences in the adsorption capacity and in the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electrons-holes.
Caracterización florística de la Reserva Natural Militar Estancia La Calera
Authors: Karlin Marcos Sebastián , Schneider Cristian , Rufini Silvana , Bernasconi Javier , Accietto Ricardo , Karlin Ulf , Ferreyra Yamila
Published: October 2015

Las Sierras de Córdoba experimentan en la actualidad transformaciones causadas por el avance inmobiliario, incendios, tala, sobrepastoreo e invasión de especies exóticas. Estas transformaciones condicionan el estado de conservación de la flora nativa. La Reserva Militar Natural La Calera, ubicada en las Sierras de Córdoba, ha mantenido gran parte de su estructura vegetal original como consecuencia de las restricciones al ingreso debido al uso militar. El presente trabajo muestra los resultados de las actividades de diagnóstico florístico llevados a cabo en esta área de 14 mil hectáreas durante 2012 y 2013. Se realizó una clasificación ISO Cluster, como base para los relevamientos florísticos realizados a través del Método Fitosociológico de Braun Blanquet. Se calcularon los Índices de Biodiversidad de Shannon-Weaver y se determinaron las especies características de cada ambiente, basados en los valores de abundancia y dominancia. A través de un análisis discriminante se determinaron las clases de vegetación, las cuales permitieron definir las mismas en una clasificación supervisada. Fueron identificadas 230 especies, de las cuales el 8,3% son exóticas, valor inferior a la proporción de exóticas encontradas para el total de las Sierras de Córdoba. Estas especies exóticas se restringen a zonas riparias. El 17,0% del total de especies relevado son endémicas de la ecorregión Chaqueña, lo que hace de esta Reserva un lugar de alto valor de conservación. Seis comunidades vegetales fueron identificadas, representadas en cuatro clases de vegetación en la clasificación supervisada.
Aplicabilidade dos planos de manejo de oito parques nacionais do sul e sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Zeller Rodrigo Hecht , Firkowski Carlos
Published: October 2015

As unidades de conservação como os parques nacionais, se tornaram elementos essenciais para a gestão territorial, embora diversos conflitos e potencialidades pouco exploradas dificultem o estabelecimento dessas áreas. Atualmente, mais da metade dos parques nacionais contam com plano de manejo, justamente para ajudar a equipe encarregada a lidar com os variados desafios que vivenciam na linha de frente. Porém, na literatura há várias críticas ao conteúdo dos documentos e os planos parecem não cumprir sua função, hipótese que é explorada neste artigo. Almejando avaliar a qualidade e aplicabilidade da informação de planos de manejo e documentos correlatos, foram selecionados oito parques nacionais em função de critérios predefinidos. Nessas unidades, foram escolhidos 14 planos para avaliação, sustentando-se em entrevistas com 47 funcionários, quando foi adotado um formulário próprio, cujo conteúdo posteriormente foi comparado com os planos. Dessa forma, constatou-se que o conteúdo dos planos de manejo difere das demandas por informação na linha de frente, tanto na parte descritiva quanto nas proposições. Por isso, é necessário rever como se prepara e o que deve conter um plano de manejo, para que ele se insira melhor na conjuntura das unidades de conservação.
'Our Strength comes from the Land'1: the Hybrid Culinary Traditions of the Six Nations of Grand River in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Norman Alison
Published: October 2015

This article examines the evolution of culinary traditions among the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in southern Ontario into the mid-twentieth century, and particularly the diets of the Christian community in the early twentieth century. It looks at the impact of the schools (especially the Mohawk Institute residential school) and churches on the reserve, and how voluntary organizations were at the forefront of promoting an Anglo-Canadian diet in the community. It considers the role that food and cooking played in the lives of Christian Six Nations women and suggest that despite the colonial challenges they faced, these women continued to use food as a way to care for their community.
‘How to Keep a Husband on Packaged Foods’ and Other Lessons: Gendered Education in the Canadian National Exhibition’s Women’s Division during the Kate Aitken Era, 1920s-1950s 1
Authors: Zankowicz Kate
Published: October 2015

Kate Aitken (1891-1971), perhaps best known as a broadcasting pioneer in Canadian history, was the first director of “Women’s Activities” at the Women’s Division of the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) in Toronto. It was a position she officially took on in 1938 until her retirement in 1952. Aitken’s kitchen demonstration development, and her overwhelming success as an educator at the CNE offers a lens through which to examine the gendered education of food preparation, at a time when what constituted as ‘women’s work’ was itself being re-worked.

This paper will investigate women’s programming at the CNE, and how it helped to support and construct women’s accepted roles as part of a wider discourse about women’s place both within and outside the home. Food played an intensely important part in this process. While the pedagogical purpose of many of the activities at the Women’s Building were described as the “capture, care and feeding of husbands,” Aitken’s use of food programming fulfilled multiple functions: as a tool for community organizing in her massive ‘ladies luncheons’ and her work with Women’s Institutes; as a gendered pedagogy in her restaurants, table-setting and cooking demonstrations and competitions; and as a means of teaching children and young people the skill of feeding themselves. As a woman whose work sat at the intersection of the ‘modern’ and the ‘traditional’ kitchen she also communicated important messages about shifting gender roles in the early to mid-twentieth century in Canada.
Polytype control by activity ratio of silicon to carbon during SiC solution growth using multicomponent solvents
Authors: Horio Atsushi , Harada Shunta , Koike Daiki , Murayama Kenta , Aoyagi Kenta , Sakai Takenobu , Tagawa Miho , Ujihara Toru
Published: October 2015

We report on the relationship between grown polytypes and the activity ratio of silicon to carbon during SiC solution growth using multicomponent solvents. From the thermodynamic calculation as well as crystallization experiments, we revealed that a high activity ratio (a
Si/a
C) in the solution leads to the growth of low-hexagonality polytypes, and low a
Si/a
C results in the growth of high-hexagonality polytypes. 4H-SiC is stable when a
Si/a
C is relatively low (∼101 > a
Si/a
C), 3C-SiC is stable when a
Si/a
C is relatively high (∼104 < a
Si/a
C), and 6H-SiC is stable in the intermediate a
Si/a
C range (∼102 < a
Si/a
C < ∼103). From these results, the Cr–Si solvent at high temperatures is expected to be suitable for 4H-SiC growth, and Sc–Si and Fe–Si solvents at relatively low temperatures are expected to be suitable for 3C-SiC growth.
Effects ofin situclimate warming on monarch caterpillar (Danaus plexippus) development
Authors: Lemoine Nathan P. , Capdevielle Jillian N. , Parker John D.
Published: October 2015

Climate warming will fundamentally alter basic life history strategies of many ectothermic insects. In the lab, rising temperatures increase growth rates of lepidopteran larvae but also reduce final pupal mass and increase mortality. Usingin situfield warming experiments on their natural host plants, we assessed the impact of climate warming on development of monarch (Danaus plexippus) larvae. Monarchs were reared onAsclepias tuberosagrown under ‘Ambient’ and ‘Warmed’ conditions. We quantified time to pupation, final pupal mass, and survivorship. Warming significantly decreased time to pupation, such that an increase of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.5 day decrease in pupation time. In contrast, survivorship and pupal mass were not affected by warming. Our results indicate that climate warming will speed the developmental rate of monarchs, influencing their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, the effects of climate warming on larval development in other monarch populations and at different times of year should be investigated.
Modeling the effects of cyclodextrin on intracellular membrane vesicles from Cos-7 cells prepared by sonication and carbonate treatment
Authors: Kilbride Peter , Woodward Holly J. , Tan Kuan Boone , Thanh Nguyễn T.K. , Chu K.M. Emily , Minogue Shane , Waugh Mark G.
Published: October 2015

Cholesterol has important functions in the organization of membrane structure and this may be mediated via the formation of cholesterol-rich, liquid-ordered membrane microdomains often referred to as lipid rafts. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (cyclodextrin) is commonly used in cell biology studies to extract cholesterol and therefore disrupt lipid rafts. However, in this study we reassessed this experimental strategy and investigated the effects of cyclodextrin on the physical properties of sonicated and carbonate-treated intracellular membrane vesicles isolated from Cos-7 fibroblasts. We treated these membranes, which mainly originate from thetrans-Golgi network and endosomes, with cyclodextrin and measured the effects on their equilibrium buoyant density, protein content, represented by the palmitoylated protein phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIα, and cholesterol. Despite the reduction in mass stemming from cholesterol removal, the vesicles became denser, indicating a possible large volumetric decrease, and this was confirmed by measurements of hydrodynamic vesicle size. Subsequent mathematical analyses demonstrated that only half of this change in membrane size was attributable to cholesterol loss. Hence, the non-selective desorption properties of cyclodextrin are also involved in membrane size and density changes. These findings may have implications for preceding studies that interpreted cyclodextrin-induced changes to membrane biochemistry in the context of lipid raft disruption without taking into account our finding that cyclodextrin treatment also reduces membrane size.
Quotation accuracy in medical journal articles —a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jergas Hannah , Baethge Christopher
Published: October 2015

Background.Quotations and references are an indispensable element of scientific communication. They should support what authors claim or provide important background information for readers. Studies indicate, however, that quotations not serving their purpose—quotation errors—may be prevalent.

Methods.We carried out a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of quotation errors, taking account of differences between studies in error ascertainment.

Results.Out of 559 studies screened we included 28 in the main analysis, and estimated major, minor and total quotation error rates of 11,9%, 95% CI [8.4, 16.6] 11.5% [8.3, 15.7], and 25.4% [19.5, 32.4]. While heterogeneity was substantial, even the lowest estimate of total quotation errors was considerable (6.7%). Indirect references accounted for less than one sixth of all quotation problems. The findings remained robust in a number of sensitivity and subgroup analyses (including risk of bias analysis) and in meta-regression. There was no indication of publication bias.

Conclusions.Readers of medical journal articles should be aware of the fact that quotation errors are common. Measures against quotation errors include spot checks by editors and reviewers, correct placement of citations in the text, and declarations by authors that they have checked cited material. Future research should elucidate if and to what degree quotation errors are detrimental to scientific progress.
Taking account of uncertainties in digital land suitability assessment
Authors: Malone Brendan P. , Kidd Darren B. , Minasny Budiman , McBratney Alex B.
Published: October 2015

Simulations are used to generate plausible realisations of soil and climatic variables for input into an enterprise land suitability assessment (LSA). Subsequently we present a case study demonstrating a LSA (for hazelnuts) which takes into account the quantified uncertainties of the biophysical model input variables. This study is carried out in the Meander Valley Irrigation District, Tasmania, Australia. It is found that when comparing to a LSA that assumes inputs to be error free, there is a significant difference in the assessment of suitability. Using an approach that assumes inputs to be error free, 56% of the study area was predicted to be suitable for hazelnuts. Using the simulation approach it is revealed that there is considerable uncertainty about the ‘error free’ assessment, where a prediction of ‘unsuitable’ was made 66% of the time (on average) at each grid cell of the study area. The cause of this difference is that digital soil mapping of both soil pH and conductivity have a high quantified uncertainty in this study area. Despite differences between the comparative methods, taking account of the prediction uncertainties provide a realistic appraisal of enterprise suitability. It is advantageous also because suitability assessments are provided as continuous variables as opposed to discrete classifications. We would recommend for other studies that consider similar FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations) land evaluation framework type suitability assessments, that parameter membership functions (as opposed to discrete threshold cutoffs) together with the simulation approach are used in concert.
Investigation of the links between water vapor field evolution and rain rate based on 5 years of measurements at a midlatitude site
Authors: Labbouz Laurent , Van Baelen Joël , Duroure Christophe
Published: October 2015

Based on 5 years of measurements of integrated water vapor (IWV), surface mixing ratio (MR), and rain rate, we investigate the relationship between the water vapor field evolution and the precipitation lifecycle. We show that in 76% of the cases the IWV reaches a maximum before the peak of precipitation, with the precipitation peak occurring on average 20 min after the IWV maximum. This delay can be related to the fall time of the precipitation. We also show that the moister the atmosphere, the greater the precipitation rates and the longer the delay. Unlike the IWV, the MR reaches a maximum after the precipitation peak in 60% of the cases, highlighting the interest of IWV compared to surface MR only. This paper and the discussions within it open a pathway to complementary studies and applications for heavy precipitation prediction.
Undercurrent‐driven upwelling in the northwestern Arafura Sea
Authors: Kämpf Jochen
Published: October 2015

A three‐dimensional process‐oriented model is applied to explore the circulation in the Arafura Sea during the southeasterly monsoon. During this period, widespread phytoplankton blooms develop in a large area (300 km × 300 km) in the northwestern Arafura Sea. The model findings indicate that undercurrents are the principal source of nutrient‐rich Banda Sea slope water for the region. It is demonstrated that these undercurrents operate to flush the northwestern Arafura Sea with Banda Sea slope water on a time scale of 1–3 months, which is consistent with observational evidence. The simulated undercurrents are the signature of the classical lee effect, frequently observed in lakes, that comes into play in the Arafura Sea given its bay‐like geometry, shallow‐water depth (40–50 m), and close vicinity to the equator. It is also shown that density stratification and rotational effects have important influences on the pathway and intensity of the overturning circulation in the northwestern Arafura Sea, which needs to be further explored in the future.
Diazepam effect during early neonatal development correlates with neuronal Cl−
Authors: Glykys Joseph , Staley Kevin J.
Published: October 2015

Objective

Although benzodiazepines and other GABAA receptors allosteric modulators are used to treat neonatal seizures, their efficacy may derive from actions on subcortical structures. Side effects of benzodiazepines in nonseizing human neonates include myoclonus, seizures, and abnormal movements. Excitatory actions of GABA may underlie both side effects and reduced anticonvulsant activity of benzodiazepines. Neocortical organotypic slice cultures were used to study: (1) spontaneous cortical epileptiform activity during early development; (2) developmental changes in [Cl−]i and (3) whether diazepam's anticonvulsant effect correlated with neuronal [Cl−]i.

Methods

Epileptiform activity in neocortical organotypic slice cultures was measured by field potential recordings. Cl− changes during development were assessed by multiphoton imaging of neurons transgenically expressing a Cl‐sensitive fluorophore. Clinically relevant concentrations of diazepam were used to test the anticonvulsant effectiveness at ages corresponding to premature neonates through early infancy.

Results

(1) Neocortical organotypic slices at days in vitro 5 (DIV5) exhibited spontaneous epileptiform activity. (2) Epileptiform event duration decreased with age. (3) There was a progressive decrease in [Cl−]i over the same age range. (4) Diazepam was ineffective in decreasing epileptiform activity at DIV5‐6, but progressively more effective at older ages through DIV15. (5) At DIV5‐6, diazepam worsened epileptiform activity in 50% of the slices.

Interpretation

The neocortical organotypic slice is a useful model to study spontaneous epileptiform activity. Decreasing [Cl−]i during development correlates with decreasing duration of spontaneous epileptiform activity and increasing anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam. We provide a potential explanation for the reports of seizures and myoclonus induction by benzodiazepines in newborn human neonates and the limited electrographic efficacy of benzodiazepines for the treatment of neonatal seizures.
Zinc Acetate‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketones
Authors: Szewczyk Marcin , Stanek Filip , Bezłada Agata , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: October 2015

Zinc acetate complexes with a chiral diphenylethylenediamine (DPEDA)‐derived ligand have been proved to be efficient catalysts for the enantioselective hydrosilylation of aryl ketones. Replacing pyrophoric dialkylzinc with the readily available zinc salt simplifies the procedures and provides excellent conversions (up to >99%) and enantioselectivities (ees up to 97%).

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Temperature dependence of interaction parameters in electrolyte NRTL model
Authors: Hossain Nazir , Bhattacharia Sanjoy K. , Chen Chau‐Chyun
Published: October 2015

The electrolyte NRTL model captures the electrolyte solution nonideality over the entire concentration range with two binary interaction parameters. Here, the temperature dependence of the binary parameters is formulated with a Gibbs‐Helmholtz expression containing three temperature coefficients associated with Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity contributions. We show the Gibbs energy term is correlated to the excess Gibbs energy of aqueous single electrolyte systems at 298.15 K. With the Gibbs energy term identified, the enthalpy term is correlated to the excess enthalpy at 298.15 K. With the Gibbs energy term and the enthalpy term identified, the heat capacity term is correlated to the excess heat capacity at 298.15 K. Once the temperature coefficients are properly quantified by regressing data of mean ionic activity coefficient, excess enthalpy, and heat capacity at 298.15 K or the equivalents, the model provides a comprehensive thermodynamic framework to represent all thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1244–1253, 2016
Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease
Authors: Johnson Keith A. , Schultz Aaron , Betensky Rebecca A. , Becker J. Alex , Sepulcre Jorge , Rentz Dorene , Mormino Elizabeth , Chhatwal Jasmeer , Amariglio Rebecca , Papp Kate , Marshall Gad , Albers Mark , Mauro Samantha , Pepin Lesley , Alverio Jonathan , Judge Kelly , Philiossaint Marlie , Shoup Timothy , Yokell Daniel , Dickerson Bradford , Gomez‐Isla Teresa , Hyman Bradley , Vasdev Neil , Sperling Reisa
Published: October 2015

Objective

Detection of focal brain tau deposition during life could greatly facilitate accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD), staging and monitoring of disease progression, and development of disease‐modifying therapies.

Methods

We acquired tau positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F T807 (AV1451), and amyloid‐β PET using 11C Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) in older clinically normal individuals, and symptomatic patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild AD dementia.

Results

We found abnormally high cortical 18F T807 binding in patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia compared to clinically normal controls. Consistent with the neuropathology literature, the presence of elevated neocortical 18F T807 binding particularly in the inferior temporal gyrus was associated with clinical impairment. The association of cognitive impairment was stronger with inferior temporal 18F T807 than with mean cortical 11C PIB. Regional 18F T807 was correlated with mean cortical 11C PiB among both impaired and control subjects.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that 18F T807 PET could have value as a biomarker that reflects both the progression of AD tauopathy and the emergence of clinical impairment. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:110–119
Dielectric and microwave properties of elastomer composites loaded with carbon–silica hybrid fillers
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Al‐Hartomy Omar A. , Al‐Solamy Falleh R. , Dishovsky Nikolay , Mihaylov Mihail , Malinova Petrunka , Atanasov Nikolay
Published: October 2015

In this study, we investigated the influence of carbon–silica dual‐phase fillers on the dielectric and microwave properties of natural‐rubber‐based composites determined in the frequency range from 1 to 12 GHz. The fillers were prepared by the impregnation of two types of carbon black with various silicasol amounts. As the results show, the fillers affected both the dielectric and microwave properties of the obtained composites. The higher the quantity of the dielectric phase (silica) in the hybrid filler was, the lower the real part of the permittivity of the composites was. This caused changes in the total, reflective, and absorptive shielding effectivenesses of the latter and their reflection and attenuation coefficients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42978.
Expressions of student debt aversion and tolerance among academically able young people in low‐participation English schools
Authors: Jones Steven
Published: October 2015

The 2012 rise in student fees, from £3375 to £9000 per year, made England one of the costliest places to attend university in the world. Drawing on evidence from higher attaining young people attending low‐participation schools, this paper renews established types of student debt aversion and tolerance, with sensitivity towards whether they reflect the (financial) ‘price’ of participation or the (cultural, social) ‘cost’ of participation. Findings point to a complex web of inter‐related factors informing a decision‐making process that is rational, but often lacking detailed knowledge of key variables, such as the range of bursaries and grants available and the terms of the loan repayment. The Ellsburg Paradox is invoked to explain the tendency of some young people to self‐exclude, contrary to rational choice theory. For those without family support or precedent, participation is not greatly incentivised by assumed lifestyle and identity gains, and generous repayment concessions for low‐earning graduates do not necessarily ease anxiety about debt. Data point to a heightened awareness of labour market alternatives and of continued disquiet, both academic and non‐academic, about ‘fitting in’ at university. Naturally, higher fees demand a recalculation of return‐on‐investment estimates for all young people. However, the participation ‘bet’ of those from low‐participation schools is framed in ways unacknowledged by (and sometimes discordant with) dominant public discourses.
Volume–outcome relationship in pancreatic surgery
Authors: Alsfasser G , Leicht H , Günster C , Rau B M , Schillinger G , Klar E
Published: October 2015

Background

Volume–outcome relationships related to major surgery may be of limited value if observation ends at the point of discharge without taking transfers and later events into consideration.

Methods

The volume–outcome relationship in patients who underwent pancreatic surgery between 2008 and 2010 was assessed using claims data for all inpatient episodes from Germany's largest provider of statutory health insurance covering about 30 per cent of the population. Multiple logistic regression models with random effects were used to analyse the effect of hospital volume (using volume quintiles) on 1-year mortality, adjusting for age, sex, primary disease, type of surgery and co-morbidities. Additional outcomes were in-hospital (including transfer to other hospitals until final discharge) and 90-day mortality.

Results

Of 9566 patients identified, risk-adjusted 1-year mortality was significantly higher in the three lowest-volume quintiles compared with the highest-volume quintile (odds ratio 1·73, 1·53 and 1·37 respectively). A similar, but less pronounced, effect was demonstrated for in-hospital and 90-day mortality. The effect of hospital volume on 1-year mortality was comparable to the effect of co-morbid conditions such as renal failure.

Conclusion

Although mortality related to pancreatic surgery is influenced by many factors, this study demonstrated lower mortality at 1 year in high-volume centres in Germany.
Evaluation of a 7‐Methoxycoumarin‐3‐carboxylic Acid Ester Derivative as a Fluorescent, Cell‐Cleavable, Phosphonate Protecting Group
Authors: Wiemer Andrew J. , Shippy Rebekah R. , Kilcollins Ashley M. , Li Jin , Hsiao Chia‐Hung Christine , Barney Rocky J. , Geng M. Lei , Wiemer David F.
Published: October 2015

Cell‐cleavable protecting groups often enhance cellular delivery of species that are charged at physiological pH. Although several phosphonate protecting groups have achieved clinical success, it remains difficult to use these prodrugs in live cells to clarify biological mechanisms. Here, we present a strategy that uses a 7‐methoxycoumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid ester as a fluorescent protecting group. This strategy was applied to synthesis of an (E)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐but‐2‐enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) analogue to assess cellular uptake and human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. The fluorescent ester displayed low cellular toxicity (IC50>100 μm) and strong T cell activation (EC50=0.018 μm) relative to the unprotected anion (EC50=23 μm). The coumarin‐derived analogue allowed no‐wash analysis of biological deprotection, which revealed rapid internalization of the prodrug. These results demonstrate that fluorescent groups can be applied both as functional drug delivery tools and useful biological probes of drug uptake.
ChemInform Abstract: Pb2Ba3(BO3)3Cl: A Material with Large SHG Enhancement Activated by Pb‐Chelated BO3Groups.
Authors: Dong Xiaoyu , Jing Qun , Shi Yunjing , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. , Young Joshua , Rondinelli James M.
Published: October 2015

Polycrystalline Pb2Ba3(BO3)3Cl is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of PbO, Ba(NO3)2, BaCl2, and H3BO3 (muffle furnace, staged heating, 715 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Oxide Ion Conductivity in Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze BaBiNb5O15.
Authors: Ma Hongqiang , Lin Kun , Fan Longlong , Rong Yangchun , Chen Jun , Deng Jinxia , Liu Laijun , Kawaguchi Shogo , Kato Kenichi , Xing Xianran
Published: October 2015

BaBiNb5O15 is prepared by firing a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO3, Nb2O5, and Bi2O3 (1240 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Properties of Sm2NiMnO6 Multiferroic Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering.
Authors: Gheorghiu Felicia , Curecheriu Lavinia , Lisiecki Isabelle , Beaunier Patricia , Feraru Simona , Palamaru Mircea N. , Musteata Valentina , Lupu Nicoleta , Mitoseriu Liliana
Published: October 2015

Sm2NiMnO6 is prepared by auto‐combustion of a dried gel formed by heating a HNO3 solution of Sm(NO3)3, Ni(NO3)2, Mn, and citric acid (150 °C ignition temperature).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Containing Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalates as Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts: Photochemical Structure—Activity Relationships.
Authors: von Allmen Kim , More Rene , Mueller Rafael , Soriano‐Lopez Joaquin , Linden Anthony , Patzke Greta R.
Published: October 2015

The Ni‐monosubstituted Keggin‐type polyoxometalates (POMs) K5 [Ni(H2O)PW11O39]·12H2O (I), K6 [Ni(H2O)GeW11O39]·14H2O (II), and K6 [Ni(H2O)SiW11O39]·14H2O (III) are prepared according to a modified published method.
ChemInform Abstract: SrSnO3:N — Nitridation and Evaluation of Photocatalytic Activity.
Authors: Lobo Tatiane Martins , Lebullenger Ronan , Bouquet Valerie , Guilloux‐Viry Maryline , Santos Ieda Maria Garcia , Weber Ingrid Tavora
Published: October 2015

SrSnO3 powders are prepared by firing SrCO3 and SnO2 in air (800 °C, 6 h) followed by thermal nitridation under a stream of NH3 at 600 °C and 650 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Magnetic Doped Kesterite Single Crystals.
Authors: Podsiadlo Slawomir , Bialoglowski Maciej , Fadaghi Mohammad , Gebicki Wojciech , Jastrzebski Cezariusz , Zero Elzbieta , Trzybinski Damian , Wozniak Krzysztof
Published: October 2015

Cu2MSnS4 (M: Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni) single crystal kesterites are prepared by chemical transport reaction using the corresponding metals, sulfur, and minor amounts of I2 (evacuated quartz ampoules, 650 °C, 100 °C temp.
ChemInform Abstract: Rattling in the Quadruple Perovskite CuCu3V4O12.
Authors: Akizuki Yasuhide , Yamada Ikuya , Fujita Koji , Taga Kazuya , Kawakami Takateru , Mizumaki Masaichiro , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: October 2015

A new A‐site‐ordered quadruple perovskite CuCu3V4O12 is obtained by a high‐pressure solid state reaction of a 2:12:3:5 molar mixture of Cu2O, CuO, V2O3, and V2O5, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Doubly Stereoconvergent γ‐Additions of Racemic Heterocycles to Racemic Allenoates: The Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Protected α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Kalek Marcin , Fu Gregory C.
Published: October 2015

This is the first method for the γ‐addition of racemic heterocycles to racemic allenoates that allows the generation of new stereogenic centers at both ends of the newly formed bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Octahedral Chiral‐at‐Metal Iridium Catalysts: Versatile Chiral Lewis Acids for Asymmetric Conjugate Additions.
Authors: Shen Xiaodong , Huo Haohua , Wang Chuanyong , Zhang Bo , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric
Published: October 2015

Chiral iridium(III) complexes are applied as versatile catalysts in numerous asymmetric transformations of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, namely Friedel‐Crafts alkylations, Michael additions with CH‐acidic compounds and cycloadditions with nitrones and alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to β‐Tosyl Enones under the Catalysis of a Binaphthyl‐Modified Chiral Amine.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Sugimoto Hisashi , Maruyama Hiroki , Maruoka Keiji
Published: October 2015

The regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective addition of aliphatic aldehydes to β‐tosyl enones is achieved in the presence of axially chiral binaphthyl based secondary amine catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Alkylation of (S)‐N‐Acyl‐4‐isopropyl‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thiones Catalyzed by (Me3P)2NiCl2.
Authors: Fernandez‐Valparis Javier , Romo Juan Manuel , Romea Pedro , Urpi Felix , Kowalski Hubert , Font‐Bardia Merce
Published: October 2015

All alkylation products are isolated as single diastereoisomers which can be converted into enantiomerically pure derivatives after simple removal of the chiral auxiliary (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Trifluoroborates to Oxetanyl N,O‐Acetals: Entry into Spiro and Fused Saturated Heterocycles.
Authors: Brady Patrick B. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2015

Addition reactions of oxetanyl N,O‐acetals with alkynyl‐, vinyl‐, allyl‐, and allenylpotassium trifluoroborates are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Inversion of Diastereoselectivity under High Pressure Conditions: Diels—Alder Reactions of 12‐N‐Substituted Derivatives of (‐)‐Cytisine with N‐Phenylmaleimide.
Authors: Tsypysheva Inna P. , Borisevich Sophia S. , Lobov Alexander N. , Kovalskaya Alena V. , Shamukaev Vadim V. , Safiullin Rustam L. , Khursan Sergey L.
Published: October 2015

The high pressure Diels‐Alder title reaction yields products with inverted diastereoselectivity compared to thermal conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: The [2 + 2] Cycloaddition—Retroelectrocyclization and [4 + 2] Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions of 2‐(Dicyanomethylene)indan‐1,3‐dione with Electron‐Rich Alkynes: Influence of Lewis Acids on Reactivity.
Authors: Donckele Etienne J. , Finke Aaron D. , Ruhlmann Laurent , Boudon Corinne , Trapp Nils , Diederich Francois
Published: October 2015

Depending on the presence of a Lewis acid, 2‐(dicyanomethylene)indan‐1,3‐dione (I) reacts with electron‐rich alkynes either to cyanobuta‐1,3‐dienes via formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition—retroelectrocyclization or to fused 4H‐pyrans via formal [4 + 2] hetero‐Diels—Alder reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐[(Neopentyl glycolato)boryl]phenyl Triflates and Halides for Fluoride Ion‐Mediated Generation of Functionalized Benzynes.
Authors: Ikawa Takashi , Yamamoto Rika , Takagi Akira , Ito Toyohiro , Shimizu Kazunori , Goto Masahiko , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Akai Shuji
Published: October 2015

Various benzo‐fused multi‐cyclic compounds are obtained with good functional group tolerance by [4+2], [3+2], or [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of in situ generated benzynes with furan, azide, ketene acetal, or nitrone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Double C—H Functionalization to Construct Polycyclic Heteroarenes Catalyzed by an Ionic Salt of a Pd Complex with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand.
Authors: Ghosh Sanjay Kumar , Kuo Bing‐Chiuan , Chen Hsiang‐Yu , Li Jia‐Ying , Liu Shuang‐De , Lee Hon Man
Published: October 2015

The new ionic salt catalyzes the double C—H activation of nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing heterocyclic substrates in oxidative coupling reactions with alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Deep Eutectic Solvents: Biorenewable Reaction Media for Au(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerisations and One‐Pot Tandem Cycloisomerization/Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Vidal C. , Merz L. , Garcia‐Alvarez J.
Published: October 2015

Cycloisomerization reactions of (Z)‐enynols (I) to the corresponding furans are performed in the eutectic mixture of choline chloride/glycerol using a gold(I) complex as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Borinic Acid Catalyzed, Regioselective Chloroacylations and Chlorosulfonylations of 2,3‐Epoxy Alcohols.
Authors: Tanveer Kashif , Jarrah Kareem , Taylor Mark S.
Published: October 2015

The reactions proceed with significant levels of regioselectivity for both the ring‐opening and O‐functionalization steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Ester Moieties to 4‐Bromophenyl Groups via Electrocyclic Reaction of Dibromocyclopropanes.
Authors: Ueda Kyosuke , Umihara Hirotatsu , Yokoshima Satoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: October 2015

The utility of this method is demonstrated in the conversion of lactone (VIII) to compound (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Organic Chemistry. Part 40. Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers Through the Primary Amine‐Catalyzed Michael Addition Reaction of α‐Substituted Cyclic Ketones at High Pressure.
Authors: Horinouchi Ryo , Kamei Kouhei , Watanabe Riki , Hieda Nobushige , Tatsumi Naoki , Nakano Keiji , Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: October 2015

Compounds bearing a quaternary carbon stereogenic center at the α‐position of cyclic ketones are obtained by an efficient new method involving the enantioselective Michael addition of cyclic ketones with acrylates using simple chiral 1‐phenylethylamine as catalyst under high pressure.
ChemInform Abstract: A Visible‐Light‐Induced α‐H Chlorination of Alkylarenes with Inorganic Chloride under NanoAg@AgCl.
Authors: Liu Shouxin , Zhang Qi , Li Huiying , Yang Yihua , Tian Xia , Whiting Andrew
Published: October 2015

The method features mild reaction conditions and is based on the use of a sustainable chlorine source (NaCl/HCl) as well as a green solvent (H2O), and conversions of up to 40% are achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Catalytic C—H Bond Activation and Borylation of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Legare Marc‐Andre , Courtemanche Marc‐Andre , Rochette Etienne , Fontaine Frederic‐Georges
Published: October 2015

This method uses a borane catalysts for the title reaction, thus avoiding expensive and potentially toxic trace metals.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Cross‐Metathesis with Tetrafluoroethylene and Analogous Fluoroolefins.
Authors: Takahira Yusuke , Morizawa Yoshitomi
Published: October 2015

The method offers an easy one‐step access to fluorinated olefins via cross‐metathesis of alkylvinyl ethers with trifluoroolefin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of para‐Substituted Fluorobenzenes in Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Direct Arylations.
Authors: He Mian , Soule Jean‐Francois , Doucet Henri
Published: October 2015

The arylation proceeds regioselectively in ortho‐position to the fluorine substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise and Atom‐Economical Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction Using Unactivated Trialkyl‐ and Triarylboranes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Li Hongmei , Zhong Yong‐Li , Chen Cheng‐yi , Ferraro Ashley E. , Wang Dengjin
Published: October 2015

It is shown that commercially available trialkyl/aryl boranes as well as trialkylboranes generated in situ by hydroboration of terminal alkenes with borane can be used for the coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Diaryl Selenide Catalyzed Vicinal Trifluoromethylthioamination of Alkenes.
Authors: Luo Jie , Zhu Zechen , Liu Yannan , Zhao Xiaodan
Published: October 2015

The electron‐rich diaryl selenide catalysis is efficiently utilized for the vicinal SCF3‐amination of alkenes by multicomponent coupling as well as for the SCF3‐esterification of alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Addition/Cycloaddition Domino Reactions of β′‐Acetoxy Allenoate: Highly Stereoselective Access to 2‐Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and Cyclopenta[a]pyrrolizine.
Authors: Gu Yiting , Hu Pengfei , Ni Chunjie , Tong Xiaofeng
Published: October 2015

Two new classes of the title reaction are developed: Upon the transformation of allenoates with 2‐acyl‐3‐methylacrylonitriles a β′‐addition/[4+4] cycloaddition reaction sequence provides access to 2‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative N‐Nitrosation of Secondary and Tertiary Amines with Nitromethane under an Oxygen Atmosphere.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Sasaki Minoru , Ogiwara Yohei
Published: October 2015

Secondary N‐aryl, N‐hetaryl, and N‐alkyl substituted N‐alkyl amines including cyclic derivatives are successfully nitrosylated.
ChemInform Abstract: Combination of NH2OH·HCl and NaIO4: An Effective Reagent for Molecular Iodine‐Free Regioselective 1,2‐Difunctionalization of Olefins and Easy Access of Terminal Acetals.
Authors: Chakraborty Nirnita , Santra Sougata , Kundu Shrishnu Kumar , Hajra Alakananda , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath
Published: October 2015

A new application of the entitled oxidizing reagent is used for the regioselective 1,2‐difunctionalization of olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryne Reaction with γ‐Arylallenylcarboxyamides: Unexpected Diels—Alder Cycloaddition.
Authors: Fu Haixing , Yang Yupo , Wei Zhibin , Zhang Zhengjuan , Wu Chunrui , Shi Feng
Published: October 2015

When γ‐arylallenylcarboxyamides react with arynes, their arylallene moiety reacts preferably in a Diels—Alder fashion, leaving the amide functionality intact.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation of α‐Keto Amides and Isatins with Non‐Chelating Aldehydes.
Authors: Kou Kevin G. M. , Longobardi Lauren E. , Dong Vy M.
Published: October 2015

The bidentate, electron‐rich biphosphine ligand, 1,3‐bis(dicyclohexyl)‐phosphine‐propane (dcpp), is utilized in the chemoselective cross‐coupling between various aliphatic aldehydes and α‐keto amides or isatins.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Boron‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Activation of Carboxylic Acids for Mannich‐Type Reactions.
Authors: Morita Yuya , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Nagai Hideoki , Shimizu Yohei , Kanai Motomu
Published: October 2015

The title reaction allows the chemoselective generation of enolates from carboxylic acids using BH3·SMe2 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl‐Substituted Vinylcyclopropanes by Way of Enhanced Neighboring Group Participation.
Authors: Kelly Christopher B. , Mercadante Michael A. , Carnaghan Emma R. , Doherty Matthew J. , Fager Diana C. , Hauck John J. , MacInnis Allyson E. , Tilley Leon J. , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: October 2015

A simple, high yielding, two‐step, one‐pot protocol for the preparation of trifluoromethyl‐substituted vinylcyclopropanes from α‐CF3 homoallyl alcohols is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: [3 + 2] Redox‐Neutral Cycloaddition of Nitrocyclopropanes with Styrenes by Visible‐Light Photocatalysis.
Authors: Wang Chengfeng , Ren Xiang , Xie Hujun , Lu Zhan
Published: October 2015

2‐Alkyl‐2‐nitrocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylates are transformed according to the scalable title reaction with various 1,1‐methylaryl and 1,1‐methylalkyl substituted alkenes to form cyclopentane derivatives containing three stereocenters, the two quaternary one of which are formed with excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium‐Catalyzed [6π + 2π]‐Cycloaddition of Alkynes and Allenes to 7‐Substituted 1,3,5‐Cycloheptatrienes
Authors: D'yakonov Vladimir A. , Kadikova Gulnara N. , Kolokol'tsev Dmitry I. , Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: October 2015

[furnishing substituted bicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4‐dienes or ‐2,4,7‐trienes, respectively].
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient E‐Selective Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes by Means of Ligand‐Metal Cooperating Ruthenium Catalyst.
Authors: Musa Sanaa , Ghosh Amrita , Vaccaro Luigi , Ackermann Lutz , Gelman Dmitri
Published: October 2015

A practical and synthetically flexible protocol for the efficient E‐selective semihydrogenation of alkynes employing a ruthenium complex bearing a bifunctional PC(sp3)P pincer ligand is developed.