bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A reduction in the interstitial fluid pressure per se, does not enhance the uptake of the small molecule weight compound 5-fluorouracil into 4T1 mammary tumours
Authors: Jevne Charlotte , Moen Ingrid , Salvesen Gerd , Reed Rolf Kåre , Stuhr Linda Elin Birkhaug
Published: December 2011

The tumour interstitium represents a major barrier to drug delivery and modification of the tumour extracellular matrix (ECM) is one strategy that could promote better delivery. We have focused upon three factors in the tumour interstitium that could influence drug uptake into the tumour tissue; the interstitial fluid pressure (Pif), collagen content and the tumour blood vessel density (TBVD). Two treatment groups were used: repeated hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and single HBO (both to 2.5 bar, 100% O2, à 90 min). The controls were exposed to normal atmosphere (1 bar, 21% O2). Pif, angiogenesis, collagen content and uptake of [H3]-5FU ([5-fluorouracil) was investigated. Pif and TBVD significantly decreased after hyperoxic treatment, without any change in collagen content. Uptake of 5FU was not affected by hyperoxic treatment. Reduction in Pif per se does not enhance the uptake of 5FU in 4T1 mammary tumours. The fibrotic ECM (unaltered collagen content) together with a less dense microvasculature might help explain this.
Behavioral outcome measures used for human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models
Authors: Jensen Matthew B. , Han Dong Y. , Al Sawaf Abdullah , Krishnaney-Davison Rajeev
Published: December 2011

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, leading to the development of various stroke models to test new treatments, most commonly in the rat. Human stroke trials focus on disability, related primarily to neurological deficits. To better model the clinical application of these treatments, many behavioral tests have been developed using the rat stroke model. We performed a systematic review of all the behavioral outcome measures used in published studies of human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models. The reviewed tests include motor, sensory, cognitive, activity, and combination tests. For each test, we give a brief description, trace the origin of the test, and discuss test performance in the reviewed studies. We conclude that while many behavioral tests are available for this purpose, there does not appear to be consensus on an optimal testing strategy.
The Combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and Insecticide-Treated Nets Provides Added Protection against Malaria Compared with Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone
Authors: Hamel Mary J. , Otieno Peter , Bayoh Nabie , Kariuki Simon , Were Vincent , Marwanga Doris , Laserson Kayla F. , Williamson John , Slutsker Laurence , Gimnig John
Published: December 2011

Both insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduce malaria in high malaria transmission areas.1–3 The combined effect of these interventions is unknown. We conducted a non-randomized prospective cohort study to determine protective efficacy of IRS with ITNs (ITN + IRS) compared with ITNs alone (ITN only) in preventing Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia. At baseline, participants provided blood samples for malaria smears, were presumptively treated for malaria, and received ITNs. Blood smears were made monthly and at sick visits. In total, 1,804 participants were enrolled. Incidence of P. falciparum parasitemia in the ITN + IRS and ITN only groups was 18 and 44 infections per 100 persons-years at risk, respectively (unadjusted rate ratio = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31–0.56). Adjusted protective efficacy of ITN + IRS compared with ITN only was 62% (95% CI = 0.50–0.72). The combination of IRS and ITN might be a feasible strategy to further reduce malaria transmission in areas of persistent perennial malaria transmission.
Evaluation of an IgY-Based Immunomagnetic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay System for Detection of Circulating Schistosoma japonicum Antigen in Serum Samples from Patients in China
Authors: Lei Jia-hui , Su Bing-tao , Xu Hong , Shen Ji-long , Guan Xiao-hong , Feng Zhen-qing , Li Yong-long , Xu Ming-xing , Liu Wen-qi
Published: December 2011

We have developed a novel egg yolk antibody (IgY)–coated magnetic beads antigen-capture immunoassay for detection of a circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum in serum samples of patients in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China. This IgY-based immunomagnetic bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgY-IMB-ELISA) uses polyclonal IgY-coated magnetic beads as a capture antibody, and a monoclonal IgG as a detection antibody. The sensitivity of the magnetic immunoassay was 100% (40 of 40) in cases of acute infection and 91.5% (107 of 117) in chronic cases of schistosomiasis, and no positive reaction was found in 0 of 49 healthy persons. Cross-reactivity was 3.3% (1 of 33) with clonorchiasis and 0% (0 of 20) with paragonimiasis. There was a significant correlation between ELISA absorbance value and egg count (eggs per gram feces) and a correlation coefficient of 0.88 in a small sample of 14 patients. The results demonstrated that the IgY-IMB-ELISA is a sensitive and specific assay for detection of human schistosomiasis japonica.
Examining the Use of Oral Rehydration Salts and Other Oral Rehydration Therapy for Childhood Diarrhea in Kenya
Authors: Blum Lauren S. , Oria Prisca A. , Olson Christine K. , Breiman Robert F. , Ram Pavani K.
Published: December 2011

Reductions in the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in sub-Saharan Africa highlight the need to examine caregiver perceptions of ORT during diarrheal episodes. Qualitative research involving group discussions with childcare providers and in-depth interviews with 45 caregivers of children < 5 years of age who had experienced diarrhea was conducted in one rural and urban site in Kenya during July–December 2007. Diarrhea was considered a dangerous condition that can kill young children. Caregivers preferred to treat diarrhea with Western drugs believed to be more effective in stopping diarrhea than ORT. Inconsistent recommendations from health workers regarding use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) caused confusion about when ORS is appropriate and whether it requires a medical prescription. In the rural community, causal explanations about diarrhea, beliefs in herbal remedies, cost, and distance to health facilities presented additional barriers to ORS use. Health communication is needed to clarify the function of ORT in preventing dehydration.
Seventeen Years of Annual Distribution of Ivermectin Has Not Interrupted Onchocerciasis Transmission in North Region, Cameroon
Authors: Katabarwa Moses N. , Eyamba Albert , Nwane Philippe , Enyong Peter , Yaya Souleymanou , Baldiagaï Jean , Madi Théodore Kambaba , Yougouda Abdoulaye , Andze Gervais Ondobo , Richards Frank O.
Published: December 2011

We studied onchocerciasis transmission and impact on ocular morbidity in three health districts in North Region, Cameroon, where annual mass ivermectin treatment has been provided for 12–17 years. The studies, which took place from 2008 to 2010, consisted of skin snips for microfilariae (mf), palpation examinations for nodules, slit lamp examinations for mf in the eye, and Simulium vector dissections for larval infection rates. Adults had mf and nodule rates of 4.8% and 13.5%, respectively, and 5.5% had mf in the anterior chamber of the eye. Strong evidence of ongoing transmission was found in one health district, where despite 17 years of annual treatments, the annual transmission potential was 543 L3/person per year; additionally, children under 10 years of age had a 2.6% mf prevalence. Halting ivermectin treatments in North Cameroon now might risk recrudescence of transmission and ocular disease.
Rapid-Test Based Identification of Influenza as an Etiology of Acute Febrile Illness in Cambodia
Authors: Kasper Matthew R. , Putnam Shannon D. , Sovann Ly , Yasuda Chadwick Y. , Blair Patrick J. , Wierzba Thomas F.
Published: December 2011

Influenza can be manifested as an acute febrile illness, with symptoms similar to many pathogens endemic to Cambodia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Quickvue influenza A+B rapid test to identify the etiology of acute febrile illness in Cambodia. During December 2006–May 2008, patients enrolled in a study to identify the etiology of acute febrile illnesses were tested for influenza by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and Quickvue influenza A+B rapid test. The prevalence of influenza was 19.7% by RT-PCR. Compared with RT-PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid test were 52.1% and 92.5%, respectively. The influenza rapid test identified the etiology in 10.2% of enrollees and ≥ 35% during peak times of influenza activity. This study suggests that rapid influenza tests may be useful during peak times of influenza activity in an area where several different etiologies can present as an acute febrile illness.
Race and Rickettsiae: A United States Perspective
Authors: Dahlgren F. Scott , Moonesinghe Ramal , McQuiston Jennifer H.
Published: December 2011

US surveillance programs for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis collect demographic data on patients, including race and ethnicity. Reporting of these diseases among race groups is not uniform across the United States. Because a laboratory confirmation is required to meet the national surveillance case definition, reporting may be influenced by a patient's access to healthcare. Determining the association between race and ethnicity with incidence of rickettsial infections requires targeted, active surveillance.
Supersaturation calculation in large eddy simulation models for prediction of the droplet number concentration
Authors: Thouron O. , Brenguier J.-L. , Burnet F.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. A new parameterization scheme is described for calculation of supersaturation in LES models that specifically aims at the simulation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation and prediction of the droplet number concentration. The scheme is tested against current parameterizations in the framework of the Meso-NH LES model. It is shown that the saturation adjustment scheme based on parameterizations of CCN activation in a convective updraft over estimates the droplet concentration in the cloud core while it cannot simulate cloud top supersaturation production due to mixing between cloudy and clear air. A supersaturation diagnostic scheme mitigates these artefacts by accounting for the presence of already condensed water in the cloud core but it is too sensitive to supersaturation fluctuations at cloud top and produces spurious CCN activation during cloud top mixing. The proposed pseudo-prognostic scheme shows performance similar to the diagnostic one in the cloud core but significantly mitigates CCN activation at cloud top.
White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Quench‐Resistant Fluorescent Organophosphorus Dopants
Authors: Joly Damien , Tondelier Denis , Deborde Valérie , Delaunay Wylliam , Thomas Anup , Bhanuprakash Kotamarthi , Geffroy Bernard , Hissler Muriel , Réau Régis
Published: December 2011

The control of the doping ratio of a blue‐emitting matrix by an orange emitter with high accuracy still remains very challenging in the development of reproducible white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs). In this work, the development of an organophosphorus dopant that presents a high doping rate in order to reach white emission is reported. The increase of the doping rate has a small impact on the CIE co‐ordinates and on the EQE. These results are very appealing towards the development of “easy‐to‐make” WOLEDS.
Arrays of Cone‐Shaped ZnO Nanorods Decorated with Ag Nanoparticles as 3D Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates for Rapid Detection of Trace Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Authors: Tang Haibin , Meng Guowen , Huang Qing , Zhang Zhuo , Huang Zhulin , Zhu Chuhong
Published: December 2011

A new, highly sensitive and uniform three‐dimensional (3D) hybrid surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate has been achieved via simultaneously assembling small Ag nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) and large Ag spheres onto the side surface and the top ends of large‐scale vertically aligned cone‐shaped ZnO nanorods (ZnO‐NRs), respectively. This 3D hybrid substrate manifests high SERS sensitivity to rhodamine and a detection limit as low as 10−11 M to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 77—a kind of persistent organic pollutants as global environmental hazard. Three kinds of inter‐Ag‐NP gaps in 3D geometry create a huge number of SERS “hot spots” that mainly contribute to the high SERS sensitivity. Moreover, the supporting chemical enhancement effect of ZnO‐NRs and the better enrichment effect ascribed to the large surface area of the substrate also help to achieve a lower detection limit. The arrays of cone‐shaped ZnO‐NRs decorated with Ag‐NPs on their side surface and large Ag spheres on the top ends have potentials in SERS‐based rapid detection of trace PCBs.
Jacobsen syndrome due to an unbalanced translocation between 11q23 and 22q11.2 identified at age 40 years
Authors: Takahashi Ikuko , Takahashi Tsutomu , Sawada Kenichi , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: December 2011

A woman with psychomotor developmental delay, congenital glaucoma, and distinctive facial features, and a short neck was diagnosed with Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) at age 40 years. A previously reported balanced translocation between chromosome 11 and 22 instead showed an unbalanced translocation by a microarray‐based comparative hybridization analysis with the final karyotype of 46,XX,der(11)t(11;22)(q23.3;q11.21),del(22)(q11.21) dn. The breakpoint of chromosome 11 was determined to be at TECTA and not near the apolipoprotein gene cluster site or the fragile site (FRA11B), which are commonly seen in patients with t(11;22) and patients with typical 11q deletions, respectively. Although the phenotypic features of the patient, including psychomotor developmental delay, distinctive features, and mild thrombocytopenia, were consistent with JBS, congenital glaucoma, which is an uncommon finding of JBS, was the most prominent condition during her natural history. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1968–2005
Authors: Jackson Jodi M. , Crider Krista S. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Cragan Janet D. , Olney Richard S.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the use of cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects. Utilizing data from 1968 to 2005 from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, we analyzed trends in the frequency and timing (prenatal or postnatal) of cytogenetic testing and the prevalence of recognized chromosome abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects (n = 51,424). Cytogenetic testing of pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 7.2% in 1968 to 25.0% in 2005, as did the identification of chromosomal abnormalities (2.2% in 1968 to 6.8% in 2005). The use of prenatal cytogenetic testing decreased from 1996 to 2005 among women aged ≥35 years. Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 1968 to 2005, possibly due to increased testing, improved diagnostic techniques, or increasing maternal age. The decline in prenatal cytogenetic testing observed among mothers aged ≥35 years may be related to the availability of improved prenatal screening techniques, resulting in a reduction in the utilization of invasive diagnostic tests. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Polycarbonate composites flame‐retarded by polyphenylsilsesquioxane of ladder structure
Authors: Jiang Yunyun , Li Xiangmei , Yang Rongjie
Published: December 2011

Polyphenylsilsesquioxane (PPSQ) of ladder structure synthesized in laboratory was incorporated into polycarbonate (PC) by means of a twin‐screw extruder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that spherical PPSQ particles of size 0.5−1.5 μm dispersed homogeneously in PC. The incorporation of PPSQ into PC improved the elongation at break and flexural strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that PPSQ made the initial thermal decomposition of PC happen fast. The early cleavages of CC and CO bonds in the PC chains induced crosslinking reaction in the condensed phase char. According to the cone calorimetry (CONE) tests, loading of 8 wt % PPSQ reduced the peak heat release rate of PC composites from 570 to 153 kW/m2. The chars obtained after CONE testing of PC/PPSQ composites showed continuous, smooth, flaky, and cascading char and SiO2 ceramic layer on the top. These indicated the good flame retardancy of PC/PPSQ, that is the attainment of a UL‐94 rating of V‐0 (1.6 mm), and limiting oxygen index of 42.0% when PPSQ was in 8 wt % in PC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Annealing effect on chain segment motion and charge detrapping in polyamide 610
Authors: Xu Pei , Zhang Xingyuan
Published: December 2011

The chain segment motion and charge detrapping in polyamide 610 films have been investigated by means of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. There are three current peaks (namely α, ρ1, and ρ2 peaks) in the TSDC spectra above room temperature. α peak is attributed to a dipole relaxation by the motion of chain segments ρ1 peak is caused by space charge trapped in amorphous phase and the interphase between crystalline and amorphous phases, and ρ2 peak is brought about by space charge trapped in crystalline phase. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of these peaks, it is found that annealing induces the decrease of chain segment mobility and promotes the creation of structural traps in polyamide 610. The decrease of chain segment mobility in amorphous phase makes intensity of α peak weak and activation energy increscent. The higher the annealing temperature, the higher the degree of crystallinity, the more the charge carriers trapped in crystalline phase. So, the increase of degree of crystallinity makes intensity of ρ2 peak strong and increases the stability of trapped charge in the crystalline phase. The increase of annealing temperature makes intensity of ρ1 peak strong and decreases the stability of trapped charge in the amorphous phase and interphase. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/zirconium titanium phosphate composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Sangeetha Rani G. , Beera Murali Krishna , Pugazhenthi G.
Published: December 2011

The present work addresses the development of economic membrane material with superior proton conductivity and less methanol crossover. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite membranes with various loading of zirconium titanium phosphate (ZTP) have been prepared by solution casting method. The structural and thermal properties of the ZTP powder are evaluated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The produced composite membranes are also characterized by evaluating the ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, methanol uptake, thermal stability, proton conductivity, and methanol crossover as a function of ZTP loading. The proton conductivity of composite membrane is fourfold higher than that of the pure SPEEK membrane and also increases with an increase in the ZTP loading. The methanol permeability of the composite membrane containing 15% ZTP decreases by 264% (and 21%) when compared with pure SPEEK (and commercial Nafion 117 membrane). Over all, the selectivity of the SPEEK/ZTP composite membrane is found to be 15‐ and 3‐fold higher than the pure SPEEK membrane and Nafion 117 membrane, respectively. Hence, the synthesized SPEEK composite membrane could be utilized as low cost alternative for the high cost commercial membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The first report on the atom transfer radical polymerization of an optically active acidic monomer based on L‐phenylalanine
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra
Published: December 2011

For the first time, acidic monomer chiral N‐acryloyl‐L‐phenylalanine was polymerized directly by atom transfer radical polymerization under mild conditions. Controlled polymerization was carried out in pure water, methanol/water mixture, or pure methanol using water‐soluble initiators, such as 2‐hydroxyethyl‐2′‐methyl‐2′‐bromopropionate and sodium‐4‐(bromomethyl)benzoate at room temperature. The corresponding optically active biocompatible amino acid‐based homopolymers were obtained in good yields with narrow molecular weight distributions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical properties of natural fiber hybrid composites based on renewable thermoset resins derived from soybean oil, for use in technical applications
Authors: Adekunle Kayode , Cho Sung‐Woo , Ketzscher Richard , Skrifvars Mikael
Published: December 2011

Natural fiber composites are known to have lower mechanical properties than glass or carbon fiber reinforced composites. The hybrid natural fiber composites prepared in this study have relatively good mechanical properties. Different combinations of woven and non‐woven flax fibers were used. The stacking sequence of the fibers was in different orientations, such as 0°, +45°, and 90°. The composites manufactured had good mechanical properties. A tensile strength of about 119 MPa and Young's modulus of about 14 GPa was achieved, with flexural strength and modulus of about 201 MPa and 24 GPa, respectively. For the purposes of comparison, composites were made with a combination of woven fabrics and glass fibers. One ply of a glass fiber mat was sandwiched in the mid‐plane and this increased the tensile strength considerably to 168 MPa. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed in order to determine the storage and loss modulus and the glass transition temperature of the composites. Microstructural analysis was done with scanning electron microscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The role of surfactant type and modifier concentration in tailoring the properties of chlorobutyl rubber/organo clay nanocomposites
Authors: Saritha A. , Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu , Muraleekrishnan R.
Published: December 2011

Nanocomposites were prepared using montmorillonite with different organic modifiers (cloisite 10 A, cloisite 15 A, and cloisite 20 A) and the effect of intercalant structure on clay morphology and chlorobutyl vulcanization kinetics was investigated. Because of its lower rigid structure the aliphatic salt was easier to intercalate into the clay galleries giving rise to a higher interlayer distance and facilitating the rubber intercalation obtaining an exfoliated structure in the nanocomposite. The vulcanization process was sensibly accelerated by this organoclay and a higher crosslinking degree was observed in the nanocomposite which gave rise to materials with improved processing and physical characteristics. The present work focuses on characterising the surfaces of organically modified MMT clays and the relationship to the final properties of their nanocomposites. Concentrating on the surface modifiers, one has to take into account their interaction with the matrix polymer, the solubility of the organic molecule adding to the complexity due to its influence. We aim to show that understanding the influence of surface characteristics is the basis for selecting the ideal organoclay for the given matrix polymer. Depending on the nature of the surfactant used for the organic modification of clay and its modifier concentration the nanocomposites exhibit difference in the properties. The organoclays used in the present study were selected to explore the effects of the amine surfactant structure on the dispersion of clay particles in chlorobutyl rubber matrix. The structure of the organic amine compound used to form the organoclay is expected to have some effect on the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermal analysis of enhanced poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based proton‐conducting membranes crosslinked with sulfonation agents for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Morancho J. M. , Salla J.M. , Cadenato A. , Fernández‐Francos X. , Colomer P. , Calventus Y. , Ramis X. , Ruíz R.
Published: December 2011

Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based proton‐conducting membranes, due to their high selectivity for water with respect to alcohols, have been suggested as a promising alternative to perfluorinated ionomer, Nafion®, widely used as an electrolyte in hydrogen (PEMFC) and direct methanol (DMFC) fuel cells. Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) has been commonly used as a crosslinking agent to form an inter‐crosslinked structure and a promoting sulfonating agent to enhance the ion conductivity. The introduction of SSA increases proton conductivity of PVA‐based polymer electrolyte membranes and reduces methanol permeability. Crosslinking produces deep changes in the crystallinity of PVA membranes and also alters the state and content of water in the membrane. In addition, the presence of the protonic acid promotes the appearance of degradation reactions at temperatures well below those of unmodified PVA, thus producing a decrease in thermal and mechanical stability. In this work, the thermal and mechanical properties of membranes prepared using PVA with different proportions of SSA were investigated by calorimetry and mechanical thermal analysis. The results indicate that the crystallinity disappears in membranes containing 2% of SSA or more. As a result of the combined effect of the disappearance of crystallinity and the increase of crosslinking, the equilibrium water content first increases (up to 5% SSA) but at higher proportions of SSA it decreases. Above 100°C, the amorphous membranes undergo degradation reactions such as the elimination of lateral OH groups of PVA and the formation of polyene structures, making the membrane colored, brittle and crackly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The pattern‐recognition receptor nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–containing protein 1 promotes production of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Yokota Kazuhiro , Miyazaki Takashi , Hemmatazad Hossein , Gay Renate E. , Kolling Christoph , Fearon Ursula , Suzuki Hiromichi , Mimura Toshihide , Gay Steffen , Ospelt Caroline
Published: December 2011

Objective

Pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–containing protein 2 (NOD‐2), have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to analyze the expression, regulation, and function of the PRR NOD‐1 in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), and to examine its interaction with other PRRs.

Methods

Expression of NOD‐1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in synovial tissue from RA patients, psoriatic arthritis patients, gout patients, and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. RASFs and human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDMs) were stimulated with L‐alanyl‐γ‐D‐glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid, palmitoyl‐3‐cysteine‐serine‐lysine‐4, poly(I‐C), lipopolysaccharide, heat‐inactivated bacteria, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), or interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Expression levels of IL‐6, CCL5, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), NODs, and TLRs were measured by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. NOD‐1 and NOD‐2 were silenced with target‐specific small interfering RNA. Phosphorylation of IL‐1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1) was measured by Western blotting.

Results

Expression of NOD‐1 protein was significantly increased in RA synovium compared to OA synovium. The basal expression of NOD‐1 was similar in RASFs, OASFs, healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and healthy control HMDMs. Stimulation of RASFs with TLR‐3 up‐regulated the expression of NOD‐1. Expression of IL‐6, CCL5, MMPs, TLR‐2, and NOD‐2 was significantly up‐regulated in RASFs by stimulation with the NOD‐1 ligand. A synergistic effect on IL‐6 production was observed in cells stimulated with NOD‐1 and TLR‐2 ligands or NOD‐1 and TLR‐4 ligands. Silencing of NOD‐1, but not NOD‐2, decreased the levels of IL‐6 in RASFs after stimulation with TLR‐2 and IL‐1β, and blocked the phosphorylation of IRAK‐1.

Conclusion

NOD‐1 is strongly expressed in different cell types in the synovial tissue of patients with RA. These results indicate that NOD‐1, either alone or interacting with other inflammatory mediators, can play an important role in the chronic and destructive inflammation of the joints in RA.
Potential of hydrothermal treatments in lignocellulose biorefineries
Authors: Gullón Patricia , Romaní Aloia , Vila Carlos , Garrote Gil , Parajó Juan C.
Published: December 2011

The aqueous fractionation of native lignocellulosic materials with hot, compressed water (also known as hydrothermal processing or autohydrolysis) has been proposed as a fractionation method for biorefineries, as it enables the simultaneous removal of water‐soluble extractives and the solubilization of hemicelluloses, yielding a solid phase enriched in lignin and cellulose. When the operation is carried out under favorable conditions, the liquid phase from autohydrolysis contains valuable products derived from hemicelluloses, including oligosaccharides that keep the major structural features of the polymer (including substitution by acetyl groups). Post‐hydrolysis of oligosaccharides in media catalyzed by acids or enzymes yields fermentable media containing hemicellulosic sugars; whereas harsh acid hydrolysis conditions result in the production of levulinic acid. Subsequent delignification of autohydrolyzed solids enables the separation of the three major lignocellulose components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin). As an alternative way for using autohydrolyzed solids, they can be used as substrates for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, leaving lignin as a solid by‐product. The sustainable manufacture of materials, fuels and chemicals from the biorefinery schemes cited above is discussed. Particular attention is paid to hemicellulose‐derived products. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Bestimmung der charakteristischen Betonfestigkeiten in Bestandstragwerken
Authors: Loch Markus , Stauder Florian , Schnell Jürgen
Published: December 2011

Zum Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit bestehender Gebäude benötigt der Tragwerksplaner charakteristische Materialeigenschaften der verwendeten Baustoffe. Die Beurteilung der Betondruckfestigkeit von Bauwerksbeton ist in DIN EN 13791:2008 geregelt. Wie in dem vorliegenden Beitrag gezeigt wird, ist deren Anwendung jedoch vor allem auf solche Fälle zu beschränken, bei denen Zweifel hinsichtlich der Konformität einer verbauten Festigkeitsklasse nach DIN EN 206‐1 bestehen. In Bestandstragwerken sollte die Bestimmung der charakteristischen Betonfestigkeit mit allgemeinen statistischen Verfahren erfolgen. Die dabei zu empfehlende Vorgehensweise wird in diesem Aufsatz beschrieben. Gleichwohl kann die strikte Anwendung statistischer Bewertungsverfahren unter ungünstigen Randbedingungen zu ingenieurmäßig fragwürdigen Ergebnissen führen, weshalb diese stets von einem sachkundigen Ingenieur zu verifizieren sind.

Assessment of the Characteristic In‐Situ Compressive Strength in Existing Structures. Shortcomings of DIN EN 13791

In order to verify the design resistance of existing structures, the structural engineer requires the characteristic material properties of the used building materials. The assessment of the characteristic in‐situ compressive strength of structures is codified in DIN EN 13791:2008. However, as shown in this article, the application of DIN EN 13791 needs to be restricted to cases in which the conformity of an used strength class according to DIN EN 206‐1 is in doubt. The characteristic in‐situ compressive strength of existing structures should be assessed by common statistic methods. The recommended procedure for these cases is described in this article. Nevertheless, under adverse boundary conditions, the unreflecting application of statistic methods can lead to dubious results. Therefore, a competent engineer should verify these results.
Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell für normal‐, hoch‐ und ultrahochfeste Betone
Authors: Lohaus Ludger , Wefer Maik , Oneschkow Nadja
Published: December 2011

Der Ermüdungsnachweis nach CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 ist auf Betone bis zu der Festigkeitsklasse C120 beschränkt. Gleichzeitig beinhaltet dieser Nachweis eine festigkeitsabhängige Reduktion der Druckfestigkeit unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung, die bereits für hochfeste Betone zu einer unwirtschaftlichen Bemessung führt. In Anbetracht der mittlerweile vorliegenden umfangreichen Erkenntnisse zum Ermüdungsverhalten normalfester und hochfester Betone ist die Größe dieser Abminderung als nicht mehr gerechtfertigt einzustufen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein neu entwickeltes Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell vorgestellt, welches eine wirtschaftliche und sichere Bemessung von normalfesten, hochfesten und ultrahochfesten Betonen im Grenzzustand der Ermüdung ermöglicht. Der neue Bemessungsansatz wurde in das Bemessungskonzept des CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 integriert, so dass eine einfache Anwendung möglich ist.

Design model for the fatigue behaviour of normal strength, high strength and ultra‐high strength concrete

Fatigue design according to CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 is limited to concrete grades of up to C120. In addition, the design rules include a strength dependent reduction of the fatigue reference strength, which leads to uneconomical design of high strength concretes. Considering today's existing comprehensive knowledge regarding the fatigue behaviour of normal strength and high strength concretes, the size of this reduction is no more justifiable. In this article, a newly developed design model for fatigue is presented, which enables an economic and safe design of normal strength, high strength and ultra‐high strength concretes based on fatigue limit state. This new design approach is integrated into the design concept of the CEB‐FIP Model Code 90, thereby guaranteeing a simpler application.
Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy in a Swiss trauma centre
Authors: Lustenberger T , Labler L , Stover J F , Keel M J B
Published: December 2011

Background

Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy (ET) is performed as a salvage manoeuvre for selected patients with trauma. However, reports from European trauma centres are scarce.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of injured patients who underwent resuscitative ET in the emergency department (ED) or operating room (OR) between January 1996 and September 2008. Survival in the ED and to hospital discharge was analysed using logistic regression.

Results

During the study interval 121 patients required a resuscitative thoracotomy, of which 49 (40·5 per cent) were performed in the ED and 72 (59·5 per cent) in the OR. Patients in the OR had higher blood pressure on arrival (median 110 versus 60 mmHg; P < 0·001), were less often in severe haemorrhagic shock (63 versus 94 per cent; P < 0·001), had fewer serious head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Score of 3 or above in 33 versus 53 per cent; P = 0·031) and more often had a penetrating stab wound as the dominating mechanism (25 versus 10 per cent; P = 0·042) compared with those in the ED. Ten patients (20 per cent) survived to hospital discharge after ED thoracotomy, compared with 53 (74 per cent) of those treated in the OR. Penetrating injury and Glasgow Coma Scale score above 8 were independent predictors of hospital survival following ED thoracotomy. No patient with a blunt injury and no detectable signs of life on admission survived. Three of 26 patients with blunt trauma and signs of life on admission survived to hospital discharge.

Conclusion

Resuscitative ET may be life-saving in selected patients. Location of the procedure is dictated by injury severity and vital parameters. Outcome is best when signs of life are present on admission, even for blunt injuries.
Pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rat skin after oral and transdermal gel administrations
Authors: Zhang Quan‐long , Hu Jin‐Hong , Jia Zheng‐ping , Wang Dan , Zhu Quan‐Gang
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate percutaneous penetration and arrhythmogenic effects of aconitine after transdermal administration, compared with the oral route. Skin penetration of aconitine was tested by a microdialysis technique in rats and in vivo recovery was determined by retrodialysis. After oral and transdermal administration of aconitine, dialysate was sampled at 20 min intervals until the end of the experiment for the determination of concentration of aconitine in skin. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using a validated HPLC‐MS/MS method. In addition, we concurrently recorded the electrocardiogram (ECG). The in vivo recovery of aconitine in the skin was calculated to be 39.59%. The Cmax values for aconitine absorbed into the skin after oral and transdermal administration were 1.51 ± 0.53 and 2723.8 ± 848.8 ng/mL, respectively, and within the plasma, 215.86 ± 79.29 and 20.92 ± 3.15 ng/mL. The Cmax value for the plasma concentration of aconitine after oral administration was approximately 10 times higher than with the transdermal route. For oral administration, the ECG revealed various types of arrhythmias at a period of Tmax, which is normal in transdermal gel administration. These results indicate that transdermal aconitine gel is a safe formulation that can deliver the drug in sufficient amounts and safe concentrations to produce therapeutic action in rats. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mobile future of place‐based digital collections
Authors: DeSanto Dan
Published: December 2011

The University of Vermont is working to present the images comprising the Long Trail Collection through mobile technologies, providing an opportunity to enhance trail hikers' experience with historical views and background information. The collection, held by the University's Center for Digital Initiatives, includes over 900 slides from 1912–1937. With geospatial metadata linked to Google maps, one can use a smartphone to identify a location and access place‐based images from the collection to appreciate the location's rich historical context. Since October 2010, the originators have worked on building the application using Apple's development suite and virtual phone and collaborated with others on the app design. The potential for other intersections of historical information and real time, place‐based experiences presented through mobile technologies, is promising. The app being developed for the Long Trail Collection can serve as a model and practical teaching tool. Recollection, an open source software toolkit, supports collection displays and integrated metadata. It is hoped that librarians and digital collection managers will take advantage of these resources to support mobile development initiatives.
Is information architecture dead?
Authors: Haller Thom
Published: December 2011

A blogger's assertion that information architecture is dead prompts consideration of the usefulness of the term and the value of the practice. Anecdotes of time wasted reveal the results of poor website design, built with little regard for actual end users. Too often, user feedback and productivity are ignored, undermining the goal of improving performance. Information architects listen to users' needs, analyze the information environment, make information workable, test results and optimize the function of websites. In the scenarios described, an information architect's skills could save thousands of hours and dollars. Information architecture is alive and well, and the focus should not be on debating the term and practice but on educating others on its critical importance for organizational productivity.
Maintaining Connectedness: Exploring the Experiences of Older Homeless Men Living in Hostel Accommodation
Authors: Holt Natasha , Christian Julie , Larkin Michael
Published: December 2011

Older homeless people are likely to have additional support needs in relation to well‐being and housing. This study focuses on the experiences of hostel living for older, long‐term homeless men in the UK. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 10 participants. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. There were three main themes identified, which capture the men's concerns and the means by which they coped with the hostel environment: ‘contingent sense of well‐being in the hostel’, ‘importance of connectedness to others’ and ‘balancing independence with reliance on others’. Running through all the themes was a sense that three fundamental processes were in play: threat to material safety, threat to self‐identity and threat to autonomy. Psychosocial implications of this study, for those working with homeless people, might involve addressing inequities of power, maintaining continuity of self‐identity and facilitating the development of a sense of connectedness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photopolymerized Polypyrrole Microvessels
Authors: Kijewska Krystyna , Blanchard Gary J. , Szlachetko Jakub , Stolarski Jarosław , Kisiel Anna , Michalska Agata , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Pisarek Marcin , Majewski Paweł , Krysiński Paweł , Mazur Maciej
Published: December 2011

We report on the preparation of water‐filled polymer microvessels through the photopolymerization of pyrrole in a water/chloroform emulsion. The resulting structures were characterized by complementary spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, and TEM. The encapsulation of fluorescent, magnetic, and ionic species within the microvessels has been demonstrated. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence anisotropy measurements revealed that the encapsulated chromophore (Rhodamine 6G) resides within voids in the capsules; however, strong interaction of the dye with polypyrrole results in a measurable decrease in its rotational dynamics. Microvessels loaded with ferrofluid exhibit magnetic properties, and their structures can be directed with an external magnetic field. TEM measurements allowed imaging of individual nanoparticles entrapped within the vessels. The application of Cu2+‐loaded microvessels as a transducer layer in all‐solid‐state ion‐selective electrodes was also demonstrated.
Site‐Specific Control of N7–Metal Coordination in DNA by a Fluorescent Purine Derivative
Authors: Dumas Anaëlle , Luedtke Nathan W.
Published: December 2011

A synthetic strategy that utilizes O6‐protected 8‐bromoguanosine gives broad access to C8‐guanine derivatives with phenyl, pyridine, thiophene, and furan substituents. The resulting 8‐substituted 2′‐deoxyguanosines are push–pull fluorophores that can exhibit environmentally sensitive quantum yields (Φ=0.001–0.72) due to excited‐state proton‐transfer reactions with bulk solvent. Changes in nucleoside fluorescence were used to characterize metal‐binding affinity and specificity of 8‐substituted 2′‐deoxyguanosines. One derivative, 8‐(2‐pyridyl)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (2PyG), exhibits selective binding of CuII, NiII, CdII, and ZnII through a bidentate effect provided by the N7 position of guanine and the 2‐pyridyl nitrogen atom. Upon incorporation into DNA, 2‐pyridine‐modified guanine residues selectively bind to CuII and NiII with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) that range from 25 to 850 nM; the affinities depend on the folded state of the oligonucleotide (duplex>G‐quadruplex) as well as the identity of the metal ion (Cu>Ni≫Cd). These binding affinities are approximately 10 to 1 000 times higher than for unmodified metal binding sites in DNA, thereby providing site‐specific control of metal localization in alternatively folded nucleic acids. Temperature‐dependent circular‐dichroism studies reveal metal‐dependent stabilization of duplexes, but destabilization of G‐quadruplex structures upon adding CuII to 2PyG‐modified oligonucleotides. These results demonstrate how the addition of a single pyridine group to the C8 position of guanine provides a powerful new tool for studying the effects of N7 metalation on the structure, stability, and electronic properties of nucleic acids.
Drug Delivery and Imaging with Polydiacetylene Micelles
Authors: Gravel Edmond , Ogier Julien , Arnauld Thomas , Mackiewicz Nicolas , Ducongé Frédéric , Doris Eric
Published: December 2011

This concept article summarizes our recent findings regarding photopolymerized micelles obtained from the self‐assembly of diacetylene‐containing amphiphiles. Their synthesis and characterization are presented as well as some biomedical applications, such as tumor imaging and drug delivery. Finally, ongoing studies and future challenges are briefly discussed.
Effect of cationic surfactant addition on the drag reduction behaviour of anionic polymer solutions
Authors: Mohsenipour Ali Asghar , Pal Rajinder , Prajapati Ketan
Published: December 2011

Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction (DR) behaviour of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work, the interactions between drag‐reducing anionic polymer (copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate, referred to as PAM) and drag‐reducing cationic surfactant (octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, OTAC) are studied. Solutions are prepared using both deionised (DI) water and tap water. The measurement of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity and viscosity are used to determine the surfactant–polymer interactions.

The addition of surfactant to the polymer solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant–polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. With the addition of surfactant to a polymer solution, a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The observed changes in the viscosity of mixed polymer–surfactant system are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains, resulting from polymer–surfactant interactions. The anionic PAM chains tend to collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC.

The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The DR ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the DR behaviour is more pronounced. The DR behaviour of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (DI or tap). © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Prediction of temperature, pressure, density, velocity distribution in H‐T‐H‐P gas wells
Authors: Xu Jiuping , Wu Zezhong , Wang Shize , Qi Bin , Chen Kefan , Li Xiaofei , Zhao Xiaodan
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we build a model of coupled differential equations concerning pressure, temperature density and velocity in H‐T‐H‐P (High Temperature‐High Pressure) gas wells according to the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. We present an algorithm‐solving model by the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method. Basic data from the Dayi Well, 7100 m deep in China, are used for case history calculations and a sensitivity analysis is done for the model. Gas pressure, temperature, velocity and density along the depth of the well are plotted with different productions, different geothermal gradients and different thermal conductivities, intuitively reflecting gas flow law and the characteristics of heat transfer in formation. The results can provide a dynamic analysis of production for H‐T‐H‐P gas wells. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering