bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel crystalline organic–inorganic hybrid silicate material composed of the alternate stacking of semi-layered zeolite and microporous organic layers
Authors: Yamamoto Katsutoshi , Ikeda Takuji , Tsukamoto Yusuke , Nakaoka Takuma
Published: January 2019

A novel crystalline organic–inorganic hybrid microporous silicate material was successfully synthesized from a lamellar precursor composed of amphiphilic organosilicic acids.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,2-dimethylbenzopyran derivatives as potent neuroprotection agents
Authors: Du Fangyu , Zhou Qifan , Fu Xiaoxiao , Shi Yajie , Chen Yuanguang , Fang Wuhong , Yang Jingyu , Chen Guoliang
Published: January 2019

Novel compounds comprising 2,2-dimethylbenzopyran and cinnamic acid were synthesized. BN-07 significantly increased survival rate of primary neurons, superior to edaravone.
Visualization of two-phase reacting flow behavior in a gas–liquid–solid microreactor
Authors: Feng Hao , Zhu Xun , Zhang Biao , Chen Rong , Liao Qiang , Ye Dingding , Liu Jian , Liu Ming , Chen Gang , Wang Kun
Published: January 2019

The hydrodynamic characteristics of gas–liquid two-phase flow can significantly affect the performance of gas–liquid–solid microreactors.
Structure revision of cryptosporioptides and determination of the genetic basis for dimeric xanthone biosynthesis in fungi
Authors: Greco Claudio , de Mattos-Shipley Kate , Bailey Andrew M. , Mulholland Nicholas P. , Vincent Jason L. , Willis Christine L. , Cox Russell J. , Simpson Thomas J.
Published: January 2019

Three novel dimeric xanthones, cryptosporioptides A–C were isolated fromCryptosporiopsissp. 8999 and their structures elucidated.
One fold, two functions: cytochrome P460 and cytochrome c′-β from the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)
Authors: Adams Hannah R. , Krewson Callie , Vardanega Jenny E. , Fujii Sotaro , Moreno Tadeo , Chicano Chicano , Sambongi Yoshihiro , Svistunenko Dimitri , Paps Jordi , Andrew Colin R. , Hough Michael A.
Published: January 2019

Structural and spectroscopic characterisation of cytochrome c′-β and cytochrome P460 from M. capsulatus (Bath) reveals highly similar protein folds but very different heme pockets, providing functional insights.
Making the unconventional μ2-P bridging binding mode more conventional in phosphinine complexes
Authors: Hou Yuanfeng , Li Zhongshu , Li Yaqi , Liu Peng , Su Cheng-Yong , Puschmann Florian , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: January 2019

As compared to the normal η1-P σ-complexes or η6-phosphinine π-complexes, the rare μ2-P bridging binding mode of phosphinines can be tuned by employing electron donating substitute.
An experimental and theoretical study into NaSbS2 as an emerging solar absorber
Authors: Leung W. W. Winnie , Savory Christopher N. , Palgrave Robert G. , Scanlon David O.
Published: January 2019

NaSbS2 has recently been proposed as an emerging solar cell material, however in this study we demonstrate that it may be limited by a forbidden band gap, and instead possesses a more suitable electronic structure for thermoelectrics.
Tunable electronic structure and magnetic anisotropy of two dimensional van der Waals GeS/FeCl2 multiferroic heterostructures
Authors: Zhu Yingmei , Wang Xiaocha , Mi Wenbo
Published: January 2019

The spin channels at the CBM and VBM are reversed in GeS/1T-FeCl2 when the strain applied is in-plane.
Enantioselective synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters: application to the total synthesis of (+)-alexine
Authors: Yu Lu , Somfai Peter
Published: January 2019

A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed.
Detecting lysozyme unfoldingviathe fluorescence of lysozyme encapsulated gold nanoclusters
Authors: Alkudaisi Nora , Russell Ben A. , Jachimska Barbara , Birch David J. S. , Chen Yu
Published: January 2019

Fluorescence emission of gold nanoclusters changes upon induced protein unfolding, suggesting a potential new approach to studying amyloidosis type diseases.
Noninvasive Collateral Flow Velocity Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Intraindividual Comparison of 4D-CT Angiography with Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Muehlen Iris , Kloska Stephan P. , Gölitz Philipp , Hölter Philip , Breuer Lorenz , Ditt Hendrik , Doerfler Arnd
Published: January 2019

Purpose The collateral status can be defined not only by its morphological extent but also by the velocity of collateral filling characterized by the relative filling time delay (rFTD). The aim of our study was to compare different methods of noninvasive visualization of rFTD derived from 4D-CT angiography (4D-CTA) with digital substraction angiography (DSA) and to investigate the correlation between functional and morphological collateral status on timing-invariant CTA.

Materials and Methods 50 consecutive patients with acute occlusion in the M1 segment who underwent DSA for subsequent mechanical recanalization after multimodal CT were retrospectively analyzed. 4D-CTA data were used to assess the relative filling time delay between the A1 segment of the affected hemisphere and the sylvian branches distal to the occluded M1 segment using source images (4D-CTA-SI) and color-coded flow velocity visualization with prototype software (fv-CTA) in comparison to DSA. The morphological extent of collaterals was assessed on the basis of the Collateral Score (CS) on temporal maximum intensity projections (tMIP) derived from CT perfusion data.

Results There was very good correlation of rFTD between fv-CTA and DSA (n = 50, r = 0.9, p < 0.05). Differences of absolute rFTD values were not significant. 4D-CTA-SI and DSA also showed good correlation (n = 50, r = 0.6, p < 0.05), but mean values of rFTD were significantly different (p < 0.05). rFTD derived from fvCTA and CS derived from timing-invariant CTA showed a negative association (R = – 0.5; P = 0.000). In patients with a favorable radiological outcome defined by a TICI score of 2b or 3, there was a significant negative correlation of CS and mRS at 3 months (R = – 0.4, P = 0.006).

Conclusion Collateral status plays an important role in the outcome in stroke patients. rFTD derived from 4D-CTA is a suitable parameter for noninvasive imaging of collateral velocity, which correlates with the morphological extent of collaterals. Further studies are needed to define valid thresholds for rFTD and to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value.

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Citation Format
Simulation to Improve Trainee Skill and Comfort with Forceps-Assisted Vaginal Deliveries
Authors: Rose Kelsey , Jensen Kirsten , Guo Rong , Afshar Yalda
Published: January 2019

Objective Simulation training is a powerful learning tool for low frequency events. Forceps-assisted vaginal deliveries (FAVD) are an important tool in reducing cesarean deliveries. The aim of this study is to create a high-fidelity simulation-based curriculum for residency education and investigate pre- and posttest skill and confidence.

Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted involving obstetrics and gynecology residents over 2 academic years. Residents participated in one to three FAVD simulation trainings. All sessions involved video, didactic, and hands-on practice. Pre- and postsurvey and skills assessment were conducted to assess confidence, ability to consent, and perform a FAVD. Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used.

Results Thirty residents (73%) completed at least one forceps simulation training session. Participants demonstrated significant improvement in confidence (p < 0.005) following training. Before the intervention, there was a disparity in confidence by postgraduate level (p < 0.005); however, this difference was not seen postsimulation (p = 0.24). Residents demonstrated significant improvement in their FAVD skills (p < 0.05), as well as their ability to consent (p < 0.01).

Conclusion Simulation training improves residents' perceived confidence in FAVD. Simulation helped to better equalize confidence across classes. FAVD simulations improves resident confidence, skill, and more broadly broadened the armamentarium to decrease the cesarean delivery rate.
Changes in intestinal proteins induced by colostrum uptake in neonatal calves: analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics analysis
Authors: Yang Yongxin , Zhao Xiaowei , Huang Dongwei , Wang Jing , Qi Yunxia , Jiang Linshu , Zhao Huiling , Cheng Guanglong
Published: January 2019

Colostrum is a unique source of biological molecules, and the uptake of colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by neonatal calves is related to the success of passive immunity transfer, an important determinant of health and survival. However, studies on colostral IgG uptake in the small intestine by using proteomics approaches have been scarce. In the present study, samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected ~2 h after birth from calves not fed colostrum, and 8, 24, and 36 h after birth from calves fed colostrum. Protein samples were extracted and separated by temporal two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry. After colostrum feeding, internalised IgG in the duodenum and jejunum was detected at ~8 and 24 h, and then was barely detected at 36 h after birth. The IgG internalised in the ileum of calves fed colostrum was detected ~24 and 36 h after birth. Beta-lactoglobulin was upregulated in the entire small intestine; these levels were maintained for 24 h and were barely detected thereafter in neonatal calves fed colostrum. Moreover, changes in several proteins in the small intestine were detected after calves received colostrum. The results of the present study showed the distribution and variation of internalised IgG in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of neonatal calves that received colostrum after birth. These findings indicated that IgG and β-lactoglobulin in the small intestine of calves fed colostrum may be related to their unique bioactive functions, providing a basis for improvements in calf rearing and management.
Population genetic analyses reveal female reproductive philopatry in the oviparous Port Jackson shark
Authors: Day Joanna , Clark Jennalee A. , Williamson Jane E. , Brown Culum , Gillings Michael
Published: January 2019

Restricted gene flow and reproductive philopatry are increasingly being described in marine predators such as sharks. However, observing shark reproductive behaviour in situ is problematic because of issues associated with sampling in the marine environment. As such, molecular tools have become fundamental to unravelling complex mating behaviours. In this study, we examined patterns of genetic structure in the oviparous Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) using 10 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region. Patterns of genetic structure were investigated between breeding aggregations in Sydney and Jervis Bay, as well as between two sites within Jervis Bay. Significant genetic differentiation was detected between Sydney and Jervis Bay using mtDNA, but no structure was observed within Jervis Bay. No significant genetic differentiation was found with microsatellites within or between aggregations. Mean assignment index values were significantly higher for females than males in Jervis Bay, but not in Sydney. Both females and males migrate inshore during the Austral winter for breeding, but it appears females may exhibit higher levels of reproductive philopatry than males. This is the first study to document reproductive philopatry in an oviparous shark, highlighting the importance of conserving and appropriately managing breeding sites for H. portusjacksoni and potentially other oviparous shark species.
The art of otolith chemistry: interpreting patterns by integrating perspectives
Authors: Walther Benjamin D.
Published: January 2019

The ability to obtain high-resolution chemical profiles across otoliths has expanded with technological advancements that prompted an explosion of data from diverse taxa in coastal, marine and freshwater systems worldwide. The questions pursued by most otolith chemists fall broadly into six categories: identifying origins, tracking migration, reconstructing environments, quantifying growth or physiology, validating ages and assessing diets. Advances in instrumentation have widened the periodic table of otolith elements, and two-dimensional mapping has further illuminated spatial heterogeneity across these complex structures. Although environmental drivers of observed elemental signatures in otoliths are often assumed to be paramount, multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors can disrupt simple relationships between an element and a single environmental parameter. An otolith chemical profile is not a direct photograph of an environment, but rather an impressionistic image filtered through the multifaceted experiences of the fish itself. A ‘signal-to-noise’ approach that assesses the relative magnitudes of variation from intrinsic and extrinsic factors on chemical profiles may be a promising way to resolve the factor of interest against the ‘noise’ of others. A robust appreciation of environmental drivers, physiological regulation and calcification dynamics that affect the ability to effectively interpret otolith chemical patterns is necessary to drive the field forward.
Diet of juvenile Galaxias maculatus (Galaxiidae) during the upstream migration period in the lower Waikato River, New Zealand
Authors: Catlin A. K. , Collier K. J. , Duggan I. C.
Published: January 2019

We analysed 344 juvenile Galaxias maculatus (length 35–59mm) collected from two sites in the lower Waikato River, North Island, New Zealand, to determine diet during the period of upstream migration (August–November). In total, 53% of guts contained invertebrate food items comprising 16 taxa, with Cladocera numerically most abundant overall (32% of items), followed by Chironomidae, Saldidae and unidentified Insecta (18–24%). Cladocera heavily dominated G. maculatus diet in October (74–97%), particularly at the upper site, which was downstream of a lake- and wetland-fed tributary inflow. There were greater proportions of the cladocerans Bosmina and Daphnia and fewer Copepoda or Rotifera in guts compared with relative abundances in river water at locations where fish were caught during the day. These results highlight the potential importance of a range of foods items, in particular large zooplankton, to the diet of migratory juvenile G. maculatus, and implicate off-channel habitats as potential sources of cladoceran food following spring high flow events.
Non-prototypical clefts
Authors: Karssenberg Lena , Lahousse Karen , Lamiroy Béatrice , Marzo Stefania , Drobnjakovic Ana
Published: January 2019

In this article we present an overview of current debates in the analysis of cleft sentences. The types of sentences that are often seen as prototypical examples of the cleft category are introduced byit isor a cross-linguistic equivalent; in addition, they have specificational semantics and a focus-background information structure articulation. We argue here that other, less prototypical types of constructions, which have received less attention, also belong to the cleft category: sentences that are introduced by expressions such asthere isandyou’ve got(and their cross-linguistic equivalents), as well as sentences introduced byit iswhich do not have specificational semantics and which express other types of information structure articulations (e.g. all-focus or topic-comment). We argue that it is fruitful to analyse these ‘non-prototypical’ clefts in more depth, not only to come to a better understanding about these sentence types in their own right, but also to arrive at insights in the phenomenon of ‘clefts’ in general.
Setting the boundaries
Authors: Cruschina Silvio
Published: January 2019

Constructions that are typically used to introduce a new referent into the discourse may extend this function so as to introduce a new event or situation. In this paper, I examine the case of presentationalci-sentences in Italian, which have developed exactly this new function out of existential sentences. Despite being superficially similar to existential sentences, as well as to clefts, presentationalci-sentences must be kept separate from both sentence types, and must be treated as an independent construction with distinct structural and functional properties. Unlike existentials, presentationalci-sentences assert the existence of an event or situation and involve a predicational structure characterized by a CP (the relative clause) that functions as the predicate of the DP. Unlike clefts, which are typically used to mark narrow focus, presentationalci-sentences display a sentence-focus structure whereby the event is presented as all new. A contrastive analysis of presentationalci-sentences against existentials and clefts will thus allow us not only to understand the exact boundaries between these constructions, but also to identify more precisely the distinctive characteristic properties of each sentence type.
The semantics of the simple tenses and full-verb inversion in English
Authors: De Wit Astrid
Published: January 2019

This paper offers a fresh perspective on (restrictions on) aspectual coercion, thereby focusing on the essentially epistemic import of aspectual constructions. The case study that I will discuss is the unexpected use of the simple tenses for ongoing event reports in sentences involving full-verb inversion. I will argue that this attestation of the simple present/past in inverted sentences can be analyzed as a kind of aspectual mismatch between the higher-order construction and the embedded tenses. Yet at a more basic, epistemic level of analysis, there is no mismatch: the full-verb inversion construction and the embedded tenses are similar in the sense that both report events that are conceived of as fully and instantly identifiable.
Constructional contamination in morphology and syntax
Authors: Pijpops Dirk , De Smet Isabeau , Van de Velde Freek
Published: January 2019

In every-day language use, two or more structurally unrelated constructions may occasionally give rise to strings that look very similar on the surface. As a result of this superficial resemblance, a subset of instances of one of these constructions may deviate in the probabilistic preference for either of several possible formal variants. This effect is called ‘constructional contamination’, and was introduced inPijpops & Van de Velde (2016). Constructional contamination bears testimony to the hypothesis that language users do not always execute a full parse of the utterances they interpret, but instead often rely on ‘shallow parsing’ and the storage of large, unanalyzed chunks of language in memory, as proposed inFerreira, Bailey, & Ferraro (2002),Ferreira & Patson (2007), andDąbrowska (2014).

Pijpops & Van de Velde (2016)investigated a single case study in depth, namely the Dutch partitive genitive. This case study is reviewed, and three new case studies are added, namely the competition between long and bare infinitives, word order variation in verbal clusters, and preterite formation. We find evidence of constructional contamination in all case studies, albeit in varying degrees. This indicates that constructional contamination is not a particularity of the Dutch partitive genitive but appears to be more wide-spread, affecting both morphology and syntax. Furthermore, we distinguish between two forms of constructional contamination, viz. first degree and second degree contamination, with first degree contamination producing greater effects than second degree contamination.
A qualitative case study of CSL learners’ reading strategies
Authors: Huang Sha
Published: January 2019

Reading is a challenging task for Chinese as a second language (CSL) learners. Research has shown that effective use of strategies
helps to enhance reading comprehension. However, studies about the reading strategies of CSL learners are extremely limited, and
even fewer studies focus on how CSL readers use reading strategies to facilitate comprehension when reading a Chinese text. This
case study addressed this gap by conducting an in-depth analysis of how three CSL readers used strategies to enhance their
comprehension. Through think-aloud and recall protocols, close observations, and interviews, this study identified 26
comprehension strategies used by these readers during the reading process. It also reported the strategies commonly used by these
readers to enhance reading comprehension effectively, such as using context to decode words, monitoring, identifying important
information, and skipping unimportant parts. This article presents the study’s findings and their implications.
Intelligibility of an L2 variety in ELF interactions
Authors: Gardiner Ishamina Athirah
Published: January 2019

This paper investigates the occurrence of misunderstandings in ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) interactions caused by vowel pronunciation in Brunei English. The study is based on ten audio recordings, each consisting of conversations between two participants: a Bruneian (L2 speaker) and a non-Bruneian speaker. Out of a total of 152 tokens (occurrences) of misunderstandings identified, 36 of them (23.7%) are found to involve vowel pronunciation. Data analysis includes examining vowel length, the vowels offace, goat, price, mouth, monosyllabic triphthongs,trap, vowel reduction, spelling pronunciation and American pronunciation in causing misunderstandings. The findings indicate that misunderstandings may be caused by a change in vowel length and quality in 28 tokens. The study concludes that vowel pronunciation in Brunei English conversational speech, particularly in the lack of vowel length distinction and absence of diphthongs in closed syllables may occasionally lead to a loss of intelligibility in ELF settings.
Types syntaxiques des énoncés de jeunes enfants en dialogue avec le père ou la mère
Authors: Heurdier Julien
Published: January 2019

Peu d’études ont examiné les effets du statut de l’interlocuteur de l’enfant et des activités dans lesquelles les dyades parent-enfant interagissent sur les productions syntaxiques de l’enfant, et en particulier sur les types syntaxiques des énoncés qu’il produit (énoncés avec ou sans verbe, énoncés à présentatif). Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’effet de l’activité en cours et du statut de l’interlocuteur de l’enfant sur la production et les usages syntaxiques de dyades mère-enfant et père-enfant. De jeunes enfants francophones (dont l’âge est compris entre 3 et 4 ans) et leurs parents ont été observés dans deux activités : un jeu symbolique (sept enfants) et un jeu de cartes illustrées (cinq de ces sept enfants). Les différents types syntaxiques de leurs énoncés ont été analysés en considérant deux variables extralinguistiques reliées à l’usage de ces productions : le type d’activité et le statut de l’interlocuteur de l’enfant (mère ou père). Nos résultats suggèrent que le type d’activité et le statut de l’interlocuteur constituent deux variables – parmi d’autres – qui devraient être prises en compte afin de mieux décrire les usages syntaxiques des enfants et leurs variabilités.
Les structures verbales chez deux jeunes enfants francophones sourds profonds avec implant cochléaire
Authors: Vincent-Durroux Laurence , Martel Karine , Guiheneuf André , Vieu Adrienne
Published: January 2019

Avec en arrière-plan des travaux soulignant le déficit linguistique des jeunes sourds en morphosyntaxe, cet article porte sur les
structures verbales en contexte de surdité profonde et d’implantation précoce. Deux jeunes enfants sourds profonds francophones
implantés précocement ont été filmés en situation d’interaction ludique avec un adulte, 36 mois après implantation. Lors de ce
recueil, les deux enfants sont âgés de 54 mois et de 49 mois, respectivement. Notre étude se focalise sur les types de verbes
employés par les enfants et montre la capacité de ces derniers, 36 mois post-implant, à se conformer aux structures cibles par
l’emploi d’un sujet syntaxique, mais pas nécessairement par celle d’un complément. Les structures se diversifient, gagnent en
conformité syntaxique et les verbes-support apparaissent. Le recours aux pronoms co-référentiels se développe, avec une conformité
limitée aux emplois pronominaux ponctuels.
Critical ausforming temperature to promote isothermal bainitic transformation in prior-deformed austenite
Authors: Hu Haijiang , Xu Guang , Dai Fangqin , Tian Junyu , Chen Guanghui
Published: January 2019

The effects of deformation temperature on phase transformation and microstructure in nanostructured bainite steel were studied. The results indicate that the deformed austenite with a strain of 0.3 at 300°C presents accelerated kinetics of bainitic transformation. However, the amount of bainite in ausformed austenite then reduces with the increase in deformation temperature. A critical deformation temperature, determining whether the bainitic transformation can be promoted, was found in deformed austenite. In addition, the thickness of bainite plate in deformed austenite reduces with the decrease in ausforming temperature. The adjacent bainite ferrite plates grow up interactively, and the intersection angle is about 60–73°. A lower ausforming temperature contributes to a more serious cross-growth phenomenon of bainite plates.
Developing a Model for Evidence-based Clinical Forensic Interviewing
Authors: Davies Jason
Published: January 2019

Much of the work undertaken in forensic settings, such as diagnosis, formulation, and judgements about treatment and placement are based on information gathered through clinical forensic interviewing. Despite this, the evidence base on which clinical forensic interviewing is founded is extremely limited. This article is divided into two sections. The first section examines the nature of interviewing and introduces this area of practice. Drawing on some of the research undertaken with specific forms of interview such as those for diagnosis and investigative purposes allows factors such as the evidence concerning interview quality, interview effectiveness, underlying competencies and methods for skills training to be outlined. The second part of the article, which provides the main focus, describes a forensic clinical interview framework which seeks to draw together a broad range of considerations and areas for research in relation to the clinical forensic interview. This framework is explicitly intended to provoke and guide practitioners and researchers in the pursuit of evidence-based interviewing.
Elections and borderlands in Ghana
Authors: Raunet Robert-Nicoud Nathalie
Published: January 2019

In the nationwide debates in the build-up to the Ghana elections of December 2016, the New Patriotic Party, then in the opposition, claimed that 76,000 individuals were registered on both the Togolese and the Ghanaian voters’ registers, casting doubt on the citizenship status of voters who crossed the border from Togo to vote in Ghana. The issues that political parties continually raise about the voters’ register result in recurrent debates about identification documents and belonging. This article poses the underlying questions that many election analyses overlook: who is the electorate? Who decides who belongs to the nation? I argue that the criteria for belonging are neither those that are set in the law, nor those that seem to be suggested by political parties, but those that are decided at a local level where communities are the real gatekeepers of the vote. This article contributes to the literature on elections in Africa by highlighting the porosity of borders in a mobile world, not purely in terms of electoral outcomes, but in terms of broader issues about citizenship and belonging.
Development of a required longitudinal residency experience focused on deprescribing
Authors: Pruskowski Jennifer , Sakely Heather , Handler Steven
Published: January 2019

Purpose

In this article we describe a novel required longitudinal experience focused on deprescribing designed for postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) geriatric pharmacy residents. This experience was embedded within a clinical pharmacist–driven deprescribing service. Insights on challenges faced and benefits gained during the first offering are also highlighted.

Through collaboration with the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy (UPMC) Palliative and Supportive Institute and the UPMC St. Margaret PGY2 geriatric pharmacy residency program, a year-long required deprescribing-focused experience was developed and executed. The experience was aligned with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists’ standard goals and objectives and was designed to focus and evaluate 3 skills necessary for all pharmacy practitioners: empathy, critical thinking, and communication. There is a need for proactive deprescribing initiatives to reduce the unnecessary burden and cost associated with potentially inappropriate medications for older patients. Focused deprescribing experiences can better equip pharmacist learners with the ability to lead these initiatives.

Conclusion

A required longitudinal deprescribing-focused experience can provide PGY2 geriatric pharmacy residents with opportunities to practice empathy, critical thinking, and communication beyond those typically offered in a residency program.
Novel Genetic Risk Variants Can Predict Anti-TNF Agent Response in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Wang Ming-Hsi , Friton Jessica J , Raffals Laura E , Leighton Jonathan A , Pasha Shabana F , Picco Michael F , Cushing Kelly C , Monroe Kelly , Nix Billy D , Newberry Rodney D , Faubion William A
Published: January 2019

Background

It is important to identify patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] therapy, to avoid potential adverse effects and to adopt different treatment strategies. We aimed to identify and validate clinical and genetic factors to predict anti-TNF response in patients with IBD.

Materials and Methods

Mayo Clinic and Washington University IBD genetic association study cohorts were used as discovery and replicate datasets, respectively. Clinical factors included sex, age at diagnosis, disease duration and phenotype, disease location, bowel resection, tobacco use, family history of IBD, extraintestinal manifestations, and response to anti-TNF therapy.

Results

Of 474 patients with IBD treated with anti-TNF therapy, 41 [8.7%] were refractory to therapy and 433 [91.3%] had response. Multivariate analysis showed history of immunomodulator use (odds ratio 10.2, p = 8.73E-4) and bowel resection (odds ratio 3.24, p = 4.38E-4) were associated with refractory response to anti-TNF agents. Among genetic loci, two [rs116724455 in TNFSF4/18, rs2228416 in PLIN2] were successfully replicated and another four [rs762787, rs9572250, rs144256942, rs523781] with suggestive evidence were found. An exploratory risk model predictability [area under the curve] increased from 0.72 [clinical predictors] to 0.89 after adding genetic predictors. Through identified clinical and genetic predictors, we constructed a preliminary anti-TNF refractory score to differentiate anti-TNF non-responders (mean [standard deviation] score, 5.49 [0.99]) from responders (2.65 [0.39]; p = 4.33E-23).

Conclusions

Novel and validated genetic loci, including variants in TNFSF, were found associated with anti-TNF response in patients with IBD. Future validation of the exploratory risk model in a large prospective cohort is warranted.
Medical donations are not always free: an assessment of compliance of medicine and medical device donations with World Health Organization guidelines (2009–2017)
Authors: McDonald Sally , Fabbri Alice , Parker Lisa , Williams Jane , Bero Lisa
Published: January 2019

Medicine and medical device donations have the potential to improve access to healthcare in some of the poorest parts of the world, but can do more harm than good. World Health Organization guidelines advise donors on how to make effective and useful donations. Our objective was to assess compliance of recent medicine or medical device donations with WHO guidelines from 2009 onwards. We searched media, academic and gray literature, including industry and organizational documents, to identify reports describing specific incidences of the donation of medicines or devices. We collected data on donation characteristics and guideline compliance. We identified 88 reports describing 53 donations. Most did not comply with at least some items in WHO guidelines and no reports provided sufficient information to assess compliance against all items. Donations that fail to comply with guidelines may be excessive, expired and/or burden recipient countries with storage and disposal costs. It was estimated that 40–70% of donated medical devices are not used as they are not functional, appropriate, or staff lack training. More effective donations involved needs assessments, training and the use of existing distribution networks. The donation of medicines and medical devices is frequently inadequately reported and at times inappropriate. Guidelines need to be enforced to ensure effective donations.
Effect of reliance on Xpert MTB/RIF on time to treatment and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Tanzania: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mollel Edson , Lekule Isack , Lynen Lutgarde , Decroo Tom
Published: January 2019

Background

During 2009–2013, Xpert MTB/RIF testing was decentralized in Tanzania. Standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) was centralized at the Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital. Initially, Xpert MTB/RIF results were confirmed and complemented with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing before MDR-TB treatment was started. Since 2013, the decision to start MDR-TB treatment in patients with RR-TB relied on Xpert MTB/RIF results.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of predictors of unsuccessful treatment outcomes (including death, lost to follow-up and treatment failure) was carried out.

Results

During the study period, 201 patients started MDR-TB treatment. The number of patients starting MDR-TB treatment increased over time. Out of 201 patients, 48 (23.9%) had an unsuccessful treatment outcome. The median time between sample collection and MDR-TB treatment initiation was reduced from 155 d (IQR 40–228) in the 2009–2012 period to 26 d (IQR 13–64) in 2013. Patients who started MDR-TB treatment in 2013 were more likely (adjusted OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1–4.7; p=0.02) to have an unsuccessful treatment outcome.

Conclusions

Xpert MTB/RIF testing increased enrolment on MDR-TB treatment. Reliance on Xpert MTB/RIF results to start MDR-TB treatment reduced time to treatment. However, treatment outcomes did not improve.
PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Anti-Müllerian hormone: a biomarker for the ovarian reserve, ovarian function, and fertility in dairy cows
Authors: Mossa Francesca , Ireland James J
Published: January 2019

This review summarizes studies we conducted to test the hypothesis that size of the ovarian reserve (number of healthy follicles and oocytes in ovaries) positively impacts ovarian function and fertility in cattle. Key results, primarily in Bos taurus dairy cattle, show that antral follicle count (AFC) during follicular waves is highly variable between individuals, but very highly repeatable within individuals. Cycling heifers with low (≤15 follicles ≥3 mm, ~20% of a herd) vs. a high AFC (≥25, ~20% of a herd) have a smaller ovarian reserve, higher FSH but lower anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), androstenedione, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations. Moreover, cattle with low AFC have a thinner endometrium, decreased response of granulosal, thecal, or luteal cells to FSH or LH and a poorer response to superovulation compared to cattle with high AFC. Interestingly, cows with a very high AFC as heifers have reduced fertility, fewer lactations, and shorter herd longevity, whereas cows with a low vs. intermediate AFC have reduced fertility, fewer lactations, and shorter herd longevity. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations are static within individuals but highly positively correlated with AFC, but fertility is not correlated with circulating AMH concentration in heifers and dairy cows with low vs. a higher AMH as heifers have reduced fertility and a shorter herd longevity. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in dairy heifers are a moderately heritable trait (36%), and negatively impacted by inadequate maternal nutrition during early pregnancy or high maternal somatic cell count. We conclude that genetic or environmental manipulations of AMH could enhance size of the ovarian reserve and ovarian function, thereby improving fertility, response to superovulation, and longevity in dairy cows.
Discovery of standstills in the SU UMa-type dwarf nova NY Serpentis
Authors: Kato Taichi , Pavlenko Elena P , Pit Nikolaj V , Antonyuk Kirill A , Antonyuk Oksana I , Babina Julia V , Baklanov Aleksei V , Sosnovskij Aleksei A , Belan Sergey P , Maeda Yutaka , Sugiura Yuki , Sumiya Sho , Matsumoto Hanami , Ito Daiki , Nikai Kengo , Kojiguchi Naoto , Matsumoto Katsura , Dubovsky Pavol A , Kudzej Igor , Medulka Tomáš , Wakamatsu Yasuyuki , Ohnishi Ryuhei , Seki Takaaki , Isogai Keisuke , Simon Andrii O , Romanjuk Yaroslav O , Baransky Alexsandr R , Sergeev Aleksandr V , Godunova Vira G , Izviekova Inna O , Kozlov Volodymyr A , Sklyanov Aleksandr S , Zhuchkov Roman Ya , Gutaev Alexei G , Ponomarenko Vasyl O , Vasylenko Volodymyr V , Miller Ian , Kasai Kiyoshi , Dvorak Shawn , Menzies Kenneth , de Miguel Enrique , Brincat Stephen M , Pickard Roger D
Published: January 2019

We found that the SU UMa-type dwarf nova NY Ser in the period gap [orbital period 0.097558(6) d] showed standstills twice in 2018. This is the first clear demonstration of a standstill occurring between superoutbursts of an SU UMa-type dwarf nova. There was no sign of superhumps during the standstill, and at least one superoutburst directly started from the standstill. This provides strong evidence that the 3:1 resonance was excited during standstills. This phenomenon indicates that the disk radius can grow during standstills. We also deduce that the condition close to the limit of the tidal instability caused early quenching of superoutbursts, which resulted in a substantial amount of matter left in the disk after the superoutburst. We think that substantial matter in the disk in a condition close to the limit of the tidal instability is responsible for standstills (as in the high-mass-transfer system NY Ser) or multiple rebrightenings (as in the low-mass-transfer system V1006 Cyg).
Pain Pathways and Nervous System Plasticity: Learning and Memory in Pain
Authors: McCarberg Bill , Peppin John
Published: January 2019

Objective This article reviews the structural and functional changes in pain chronification and explores the association between memory and the development of chronic pain.

Methods PubMed was searched using the terms “chronic pain,” “central sensitization,” “learning,” “memory,” “long-term potentiation,” “long-term depression,” and “pain memory.” Relevant findings were synthesized into a narrative of the processes affecting pain chronification.

Results Pain pathways represent a complex sensory system with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral influences. Anatomically, the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cortex—central to the encoding and consolidation of memory—are also implicated in experiential aspects of pain. Common neurotransmitters and similar mechanisms of neural plasticity (eg, central sensitization, long-term potentiation) suggest a mechanistic overlap between chronic pain and memory. These anatomic and mechanistic correlates indicate that chronic pain and memory intimately interact on several levels. Longitudinal imaging studies suggest that spatiotemporal reorganization of brain activity accompanies the transition to chronic pain, during which the representation of pain gradually shifts from sensory to emotional and limbic structures.

Conclusions The chronification of pain can be conceptualized as activity-induced plasticity of the limbic–cortical circuitry resulting in reorganization of the neocortex. The state of the limbic–cortical network determines whether nociceptive signals are transient or chronic by extinguishing pathways or amplifying signals that intensify the emotional component of nociceptive inputs. Thus, chronic pain can be seen as the persistence of the memory of pain and/or the inability to extinguish painful memories. Ideally, pharmacologic, physical, and/or psychological approaches should reverse the reorganization accompanying chronic pain.
Insights into the anatomy and functional morphology of durophagous mosasaurines (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from a new species of Globidens from Morocco
Authors: Leblanc Aaron R H , Mohr Sydney R , Caldwell Michael W
Published: January 2019

Durophagous mosasaurs are rare members of Late Cretaceous marine faunal assemblages and new fossil discoveries can shed light on their anatomy, functional morphology and evolutionary history. Here we describe a new species in the durophagous genus Globidens from the Maastrichtian phosphate deposits of Morocco, based on a partial disarticulated skull and cervical vertebral series. This new species shares many anatomical similarities with the only other described Maastrichtian species, G. phosphaticus, but differs in several key features, including the absence of pronounced swellings and sulci on the crushing teeth and the absence of cervical zygosphenes and zygantra. Histological thin sections of a rib from the holotype show that this was not a juvenile individual and reveal osteosclerotic-like bone compactness for the first time in a paddle-bearing mosasaurine. We interpret the highly compact ribs, as well as several peculiarities of the temporal arcade and lower jaws, as adaptations to a diet of benthic, hard-bodied prey.
Insights Into a Watermelon Virome Contribute to Monitoring Distribution of Whitefly-Borne Viruses
Authors: Luria Neta , Smith Elisheva , Sela Noa , Koren Amnon , Lachman Oded , Dombrovsky Aviv
Published: January 2019

The composition of a plant virome may represent spatiotemporal patterns of plant virus abundance. Using next generation sequencing, we investigated the viromes of watermelon fruits grown in two adjacent open fields located in Eastern Israel: Kalia and Mitzpe-Shalem. The two viromes were comprised of distinct virus species and genera. Studying spatial and temporal effects on virus occurrence, we detected the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in Kalia and not in Mitzpe-Shalem, irrespective of collection time. A spatial effect was also observed regarding the occurrence of the begomovirus Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, which was not detected in watermelons from Kalia, but rather in watermelon fruit in Northern Israel in 2018. A temporal effect was observed on the appearance of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus, which was detected in watermelons from Kalia in 2017 and was absent in the 2016 virome analysis. Importantly, regardless of temporal and spatial effects, the crinivirus Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, which was new to Israeli landscape, was detected in all the tested watermelon plants. These changes in viral abundance were associated with an early whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) occurrence, which might be the cause for the severe disease spread in watermelons.
Survey of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Use of a Motion/Sound Infant Seat
Authors: Holmes Margaret , Wright Mary Ellen
Published: January 2019

Background:

Perinatal substance exposure is an increasing concern in infants being cared for in neonatal intensive care units. Current recommendations support nonpharmacologic treatments for this population of infants. Multimodal (motion, sound) seats are often employed to soothe infants.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to survey neonatal intensive care unit nurses on their practices regarding the use of a motion/sound infant seat.

Methods:

Sixty-six nurses (52% of 126 total nurses) completed the survey about their self-disclosed practices that included (1) reasons for use; (2) rationale for choice of settings of motion and sound; (3) duration of time infants spent in seat in one session; (4) perception of positive infant response; (5) who places infants in the seat; and (6) nursing instructions dispensed prior to use.

Results:

Chief reasons for use were infant state, lack of persons to hold infants, and a diagnosis of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Rationale for choice of motion and sound settings included trial and error, prior settings, personal preferences/patterns, assumptions, and random selection. Nurse responses regarding the amount of time the infant was placed in the seat in a single session ranged from 10 to 360 minutes, with determining factors of infant cues, sleeping, feeding, and someone else to hold the infant.

Implications for Practice:

As nonpharmacologic treatments evolve, nurses need guidelines for safe, effective interventions to care for infants.

Implications for Research:

Further research is necessary to ascertain the responses of withdrawing infants and to establish guidelines and education for use of the motion/sound infant seat.
Use of Native Type I Collagen Matrix Plus Polyhexamethylene Biguanide for Chronic Wound Treatment
Authors: Oropallo Alisha R.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Chronic wounds represent a significant financial burden to the healthcare system and a quality-of-life burden to patients. Many chronic wounds have elevated bioburden in the form of biofilm, which has been associated with delayed wound healing. This study examined the use of a native type I collagen matrix with the antimicrobial polyhexamethylene biguanide (PCMP) in the management of bioburden and treatment of chronic, nonhealing wounds over 12 weeks.

Methods:

A prospective case series of PCMP enrolled adults ≥18 years old with a nonhealing wound. At week 0, the wound was prepared by sharp or mechanical debridement. Patients received standard wound care plus PCMP applications at week 0 and then weekly up to week 12 at the investigator’s discretion. Dressings were applied over PCMP to fix it in place. At each visit, wounds were assessed for the extent of healing and signs of wound infection.

Results:

Of the 41 wounds studied, 44% were pressure ulcers, 22% were surgical wounds, 12% were venous ulcers, 10% were diabetic ulcers, and 12% were another type. The median (interquartile range) baseline wound area was 7.2 (14.9) cm2, and the mean wound duration was 103 weeks. Of the 41 wounds, 73% demonstrated a reduction in wound area at 12 weeks, and 37% achieved complete wound closure, with a mean time of 6.7 weeks to complete closure.

Conclusion:

PCMP treatment appeared to positively impact the course of wound healing in a variety of complex, chronic wounds that were unresponsive to prior treatment.
Neurobiology of Addiction
Authors: HORSEMAN CASIA , MEYER AVERY
Published: January 2019

Drugs of abuse can cause changes in the brain leading to addiction. Current scientific focus has been on how these drugs interact with the brain and the changes they cause, how those changes affect human behavior and how they may last beyond termination of drug use. Compulsiveness in seeking the drug, impulsiveness in consuming the drug, and negative affect when the drug is withheld are characteristic of addiction. Each of these characteristics has a root in neurobiology and understanding their mechanisms helps us to understand addiction and see potential targets for treatment.