bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copyright as a Barrier to Music Therapy Telehealth Interventions: Qualitative Interview Study (Preprint)
Authors: Reid Amanda , Kresovich Alex
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Music therapy is a multifaceted discipline that harnesses the power of music to treat a wide range of patient populations. A therapist who plays music in a private room for a patient is not subject to copyright restrictions on public performances. However, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, music therapy is no longer strictly confined to the face-to-face setting. This study explores music therapists’ perceptions of copyright law with respect to their ability to provide mediated services to their clients.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of our study were two-fold. The first was to investigate whether concerns about copyright law are hampering the diffusion of telehealth innovations, and the second was whether these concerns are causing music therapists to avoid therapeutically beneficial telehealth interventions.

METHODS

Semistructured interviews were conducted with credentialed music therapists (n=18) in the United States between May 2020 and June 2020. With participants’ consent, we used video conference technology to record and transcribe the in-depth interviews. The median interview length was 45 (SD 16.37) minutes. This theoretically informed study employed thematic analysis of the interview data.

RESULTS

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth interventions to facilitate therapy outside of private face-to-face environments: environments where music therapy practices are largely shielded from copyright infringement concerns. Five main themes emerged, including therapists’ uncertainty about permissible uses of music and therapists’ erring on the side of caution causing lost opportunities for care. Our interview data suggest music therapists have altered telehealth interventions in suboptimal ways to avoid copyright liability in a physically distanced environment.

CONCLUSIONS

Some music therapists “drag their feet” on offering therapeutically appropriate telehealth services to clients because of copyright concerns. Our findings suggest innovative mediated therapies were shied away from or abandoned. These findings offer a novel contribution to the public health literature by highlighting copyright law as an unexpected and unwelcome barrier to the diffusion of music therapy practices in technology-mediated settings.
Restricting Freedom of Peaceful Assembly During Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Kinsinger Kristopher E G
Published: March 2021

As the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada continues, so too does litigation challenging policies intended to slow the spread of the virus. A growing number of claimants have argued that these sweeping public health measures — many of them drastic and previously unimaginable — infringe various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.1 While a significant number of claims have been brought pursuant to protections that support a sustained body of jurisprudence, litigants may yet seek to explore some of the more forgotten sections of the Charter, particularly section 2(c)’s guarantee of freedom of peaceful assembly. In an effort to encourage the development of a body of jurisprudence on section 2(c), this article envisions how such Charter challenges might unfold.
THE USE OF FORCED SLIDING MODE CONTROL FOR CHAOTIC SYSTEMS SYNCHRONI-ZATION
Authors:   A.A. Kuz’menko Institute of Computer Technologies and Information Security Southern Federal University, Kuz’menko A.A.
Published: March 2021

The article demonstrates the application of the forced sliding mode control to the construction of ro-bust control laws for chaotic systems synchronization. The proposed method will allow a new ap-proach to the synthesis of robust control laws for chaotic systems, taking into account the ideas of di-rected self-organization and robust control.
Male Sexual Dysfunctions in Jamnagar: A Retrospective Study
Authors: KP Skandhan , BL Mehra , BS Prasad , G Awankumar , G Sing , V Jaya
Published: March 2021

Normal sexual activities are important and routinely performed by all during life time. A satisfactory sexual life of a couple is possible only when involvement of both male and female partners are present. Regular sexual activities are disturbed if one or both partners has/have difficulty in performing sex. In our country, usually these facts are kept as secret by partners though both understand the seriousness involved. Finally, this may be revealed to a clinician while reporting for any clinical condition including infertility. Such sexual disorders are possible in case of male and female partners. In general we are studying different aspects of male sexual dysfunction. Towards this, in this study, we tried to understand the existing level of male sexual dysfunction in the city of Jamnagar and surrounding area. This was carried out by conducting a retrospective study. Towards this we scrutinized records for five years, 1989-1993, of Out Patient Department of a major hospital, under Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar. Out of 1,17,974 records of patients studied, 41.9% were with erectile dysfunction, 26.83% were with premature ejaculation and 31.25% were with night emission. Patients were treated by physicians of our hospital. In conclusion, the present study showed the seriousness of sexual disorders among male partners reported to this hospital. This clearly shows the serious situation of level of male sexual disorders in Jamnagar city and surrounding area. Possibly similar situation may be existing in other parts of our country also. Studies of same nature at other places will show the unknown facts of male sexual disorder, present there, if any.
Isolation of Potential Extracellular Cellulase Producer and Determination of Cellulase Production Efficiency with Various Raw Substrates
Authors: Patel Nimisha , Gangawane Ajit K
Published: March 2021

Cellulase is one of the important groups of enzyme for many industrial applications. It is applied in various processes of food industries, paper and pulp industry, fabric industry, medicine and pharma industry, agriculture industries etc. Microorganisms are among the most potential source for large scale production of this enzyme. The current study is aimed to isolate microorganisms which are capable of producing cellulase and to determine its efficiency for production of cellulase with different raw materials. For this study, bacteria microorganisms were isolated on CMC containing media. Screening was done using congo red (0.1%) and NaCl (1%) solution. Among various isolated species, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was identified as the most potential strain and hence selected for further study, various raw materials which are rich in cellulose were used for cellulase production. These raw materials were sugarcane bagasse, paper pulp, molasses, orange peel, wheat bran, cassava waste, tea waste and agriculture waste. Cellulase activity was determined by using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method. Results of the study have shown that among all the raw materials, sugarcane bagasse, molasses and paper pulp were found as the most potential sources for enzyme production. DNSA have shown 0.97 IU/mL, 0.98IU/mL and 0.88 IU/mL of enzyme activity respectively for all the three raw materials. Results have also shown that agriculture waste alone is not found suitable for production of cellulase as it has shown only 0.32 IU/mL of enzyme activity. From the entire study, it was concluded that for large scale production of cellulase, sugarcane bagasse and molasses are the best sources using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Root of Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Rottb., a Medicinal Undershrub in Western Ghats, India
Authors: P.N.b, Shaiju , M Athira , S.R. Suja
Published: March 2021

Inflammation can be considered as an essential immune response that helps the body to survive during the conditions of infection and injury. Drugs for curing inflammation had their origin in the accidental discovery of certain plants and their extracts being used for relief of pain, fever and anti-inflammation. Since the plants are considered as the first source of remedies for ailments in human history, a large number of plants were used as drugs against all kinds of ailments through all ages. Thottea siliquosa, commonly known as ‘Alpam’ belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae is a medicinal undershrub, the crude root extracts of which are widely used in traditional tribal healthcare systems in the slopes of the Western Ghats, India, for treating inflammatory responses. The present study is an attempt to scientifically validate this ethnic practice. Root extracts of T. siliquosa were prepared using solvents like chloroform, ethyl acetate, 70% ethanol, methanol, and distilled water by soxhlet mode of extraction. Anti-inflammatory responses in different solvent extracts were analyzed by albumin denaturation assay, anti-protease assay, Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay (HRBC method), Cyclooxygenase (COX), and Lipoxygenase (LOX) assays. RAW 264.7 cell lines were used for the COX and LOX study. The results illustrate the antiinflammatory potential of the root extracts. The studies on cell lines clearly indicated that the higher anti-inflammatory potential of chloroform extract over other solvent extracts. In tune with the ethno-botanic information, the aqueous extract offered a dose-dependent anti-inflammation property. Since most of the bio activity of plant extracts are contributed by the phytochemicals present in it, further efforts shall be made for the isolation and purification of bioactive phyto components responsible for the anti-inflammation property of the T. siliquosa root.
Study of Interaction of Cadmium With Imine Derivative of 2- Amino-2 -Methyl -1-Propanol In DMF -Water System (40%V/V)
Authors: An G.Ramamaoh , Sreeramulu J. , Areddy P.Malleswar , Nagaraju N. , Raju D.
Published: March 2021

Cadmium (II), highly toxic metal ion that acts as a carcinogen in mammals, inhibits growth of plants and decreases uptake of water and minerals. Thus there is an emergency to develop promising reducing methods. In this present research deford- hume’s formulation was applied to investigate the complexation of Cadmium with newly synthesized imine derivative 2-(3,4,5 tri methoxybenzylidene amino)-2-methyl propan-1-ol using an electrochemical technique polarography in di methyl formamide-water system. Imine derivative was synthesized by condensation of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde with 2-Amino-2-Methyl -1-Propanol.Characterised by electronic and IR spectroscopy. Solutions were taken in the H-type cell of Lingane and Laitimer for recording polarograms. Millicoulometric method was applied to know the number of electrons transferred. From these studies it was observed that Cd(II) complex showed irreversible two electron reduction at d.m.e. electrode and 1:4 metal to ligand ratio with consecutive stability constants as β1 = 0.85 x 102; β2 = 4.50 x 103; β3 = 1.50 x 105; β4 = 3.48 x 106-,This study confirmed that imine derivative shows a weak interaction with cadmium.
Isolation of Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates from Seeds of SyzygiumCuminiandan Investigation into their Prebiotic Properties
Authors: Pallavi J.K. , Sukumar M.
Published: March 2021

Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels (jamun) is a medically important fruit with numerous health protective effects. Seeds of this fruit contain 74.5 % NFE (nitrogen free extracts) and therefore possess a good source of carbohydrates. This fraction consists of high molecular weight carbohydrates (HMWC) like inulin (41.1 %) and resistant starch (3.9 mg/L); and hitherto unquantified low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC). This study was performed to extract and quantify LMWC from jamun seeds. To extract LMWC, ethanol concentration, extraction time and solute particle size were evaluated in 21 experimental designs using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested significance of the factors and their interactions at 95 % confidence interval. High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography – Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) was used to characterize the prebiotic fraction into individual sugars. Prebiotic potential of LMWC was established by calculating the Prebiotic Activity Score (PAS). A maximum LMWC yield (21 g / 100 g) was obtained when extraction was performed with 50 % ethanol as solvent for 80 to 85 h using the seed powder with 0.6 mm particle size. The predicted yield was in agreement with the experimental value and therefore proved the suitability of the RSM model. This model could be used as a standard for scaling up LMWC extraction from jamun seeds. A positive PAS of 1.532 ± 0.008 ascertained the prebiotic efficacy of the LMWC extracts. This score reflected the ability of probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus to gainfully utilize the LMWC in the growth medium in comparison to pathogenic strains like Escherichia coli.
Escritas da degeneração: o gótico e a decadência em O Rei Fantasma (1895), de Coelho Neto
Authors: Pereira Silva Daniel Augusto
Published: March 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como a temática da degeneração está presente no romance O Rei Fantasma (1895), de Coelho Neto. Partimos da hipótese de que a narrativa é um exemplo ilustrativo da confluência entre as poéticas gótica e decadente, além de reveladora das ansiedades da época em relação à escravidão e ao imaginário orientalista. Inicialmente, investigamos como a ficção do final do século XIX explorou sistematicamente a ideia de degradação individual e coletiva. Em seguida, apresentamos a recepção crítica ao texto, segundo a qual as duas formas artísticas seriam contrárias à tradição cultural brasileira. Por fim, examinamos os procedimentos narrativos e estilísticos característicos do gótico e da decadência que estruturam a obra.
GÓTICO BRASILEIRO: UMA PROPOSTA DE DEFINIÇÃO
Authors: Bellas João Pedro
Published: March 2021

Já consolidados no âmbito dos estudos literários brasileiros, os estudos sobre o gótico têm demonstrado com sucesso a presença dessa tradição na literatura nacional. Na esteira dessa demonstração, surge uma interessante questão: essas obras revelam tão somente a manifestação de um modo discursivo tipicamente europeu nas letras brasileiras ou seria possível falar na existência de um gótico brasileiro? Em um artigo recente, o professor Júlio França ofereceu uma resposta um tanto quanto pessimista a essa pergunta. O objetivo deste artigo, então, é retomar o diagnóstico de França com o objetivo de mostrar que é, sim, possível descrever um gótico brasileiro. Nesse sentido, retomarei à reflexão de Antonio Candido sobre a literatura brasileira e, para efeitos de demonstração, irei recorrer a um caso que parece paradigmático: o conto “Meu tio o Iauaretê” (1961), de Guimarães Rosa.
Pathogenesis Study Based on High Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis Reveals Novel Transcriptional Landscape and Heterogeneity of Retinal Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Niu Tian , Fang Junwei , Shi Xin , Zhao Mengya , Xing Xindan , Wang Yihan , Zhu Shaopin , Liu Kun
Published: March 2021

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of acquired
blindness in middle-aged people. The complex pathology of DR is difficult to
dissect, given the convoluted cytoarchitecture of the retina. Here, we
performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of retina from type 2 diabetic
model induced in leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) and control db/m mice with
the aim of elucidating the factors mediating the pathogenesis of DR. We identified eleven cell types and determined cell type-specific
expression of DR-associated loci via genome-wide association study-based
enrichment analysis. DR also impacted cell type-specific genes and altered
cell-cell communication. Based on the scRNA-seq results, retinaldehyde-binding
protein 1 (RLBP1) was investigated as a promising therapeutic target for DR.
Retinal RLBP1 expression was decreased in diabetes, and its overexpression in
Müller glia mitigated DR-associated neurovascular
degeneration. These data provide a detailed analysis of the retina under
diabetic and normal conditions, revealing new
insights into pathogenic factors that may be targeted to treat DR and related
dysfunctions.
GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE ARAUCÁRIA SUBMETIDAS A DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES HÍDRICAS DE ARMAZENAMENTO
Authors: Balhuk Daniele Fátima , Krupek Rogério Antonio
Published: March 2021

A semente de Araucaria angustifolia é reconhecida por sua importância econômica e comercial, sendo amplamente consumida, principalmente na região sul do Brasil. A característica recalcitrante não permite seu armazenamento a longos períodos, sendo a perda de água ao longo do tempo considerada o fator mais relevante na perda de viabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar a influência do potencial hídrico durante o período de armazenamento sobre a germinação da semente. As sementes (n-480) foram dispostas em recipientes contendo soluções com diferentes potenciais hídricos. Os tratamentos consistiram de: 0 MPa (controle), -0,2 MPa, -0,4 MPa, -0,6 MPa, -0,8 MPa e -1,0 MPa. Em cada tratamento foram dispostas 80 sementes e armazenadas em refrigerador. A germinação foi avaliada após 5,15, 30 e 60 dias. Os resultados mostraram que o potencial hídrico não afetou significativamente a taxa de germinação das sementes, demonstrando a sua capacidade de retenção de água mesmo em condições ambientais de estresse. Por outro lado, o tempo afetou a germinação, gerando sua diminuição contínua à medida que o tempo de armazenamento aumentou. Assim, a perda de água e consequente diminuição da capacidade germinativa parece estar sob o efeito do tempo de exposição, independente da condição hídrica do ambiente de armazenamento.
The Agonal Principle of Russian Consciousness in the Concept of M.O. Koyalovich
Authors: Darenskiy Vitaliy Yu.
Published: March 2021

he article shows that M.O. Koyalovich demonstrated an amazing independence of thinking and thus made valuable synthesis formulations of Slavophil ideologies. He was the first to turn to the material of the history of Russian historical science with a specific approach showing the consistent maturing of Russian historical consciousness. This approach allowed M.O. Koyalovich to define the constitutive principle of Russian historical consciousness, - the principle of agonality, i.e. the struggle against the imposition of foreign views on Russian history. M.O. Koyalovich carries out the substantiation of his theory at three levels of the material analysis –the struggle of the southern Russian people against the Catholic Union; general definitions of Russian consciousness in the spirit of classic Slavophils; and the analysis of the history of Russian historical science. On the basis of Russian classical historiography texts Koyalovich showed the process of Russian historical consciousness formation in response to its suppression by foreign influences, which makes this analysis especially relevant nowadays. All this allows us to consider the scientific heritage of M.O. Koyalovich extremely valuable and requiring study already at the secondary school level.
Geopolitical Concepts of Russian Conservatives in the 1890s
Authors: Medovarov Maxim V.
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of geopolitical views of the Russian conservatives in the late 19th century. Primary attention is paid to the period “forgotten” by researchers after the death of the classics of geopolitical thought in the 1880s and before the beginning of the “golden age” of Russian geopolitics. The influence of the legacy of Konstantin Leontiev and the new works of Vladimir Lamansky on the discussions published in the journal in the 1890s – early 1900s is proved. The author concludes that the late Slavophiles and the “Guardians” set different priorities in Russian strategy in the regions of Balkan Peninsula, Central Asia and the Far East. The article demonstrates the gradual formation of “proto-Eurasianism” in the Russian thought of that period.
Novel Approach in Treating Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: NAGEL Merav
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The study addressed drug dependence and reliance in treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD). It offered alternative, which was natural (no chemicals were involved), cost effective, substituting the conventional/traditional medical prescription with exercise program and sequential processing intervention. The effect of the study on the method was moving from a quick short-term fix, touching the surface of the symptoms and ignoring the long-term abuse, to a healthier approach, allowing better outcomes at the behavioral, cognitive, and physical levels, with no side effects. The conceptual framework of this study served two main objectives: (a) minimizing medication intake, abuse/addiction, and (b) maximizing the child active role in managing classroom/home functioning. Students with ADHD from Israel, Mexico, and the United States, ages 11-13 (N=103) were assessed on the ADHD checklist (Reif, 1997) 4 times during 3 months. Analysis of the teachers' assessments revealed that incidents of behavioral misconduct decreased and academic achievements increased.本文嘗試以另一角度去處理和治療兒童專注力失調及過度活躍症，構思目的以少用藥物，多讓兒童主動參與為主，結果顯示了正面的治療作用。
Service Quality Index of Teaching in Physical Education: The First Draft of Its Construction
Authors: HUNG Chang Hung , SU Jung Chi
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.With the upcoming age of quality, the meaning and pursuit of quality has expanded into nonprofit organizations, contributing to a revolution in the education field. Teaching in physical education must integrate itself into the trend in search of the premium teaching quality. The paper, based on 'A conceptual model of Service Quality' introduced by Parasurman, Zeithaml and Berry, evaluates the characteristics of P.E. teaching, and further develops a mode of teaching quality in P.E. teaching. The paper also attempts to construct the perception dimension and intension of P.E. teaching according to the five dimensions of the service quality of P.Z.B. model. The paper aims to explore and measure a new field of teaching quality in physical education, providing it as a reference for the successors.隨著品質時代的來臨，品質的意義與追求已拓展至非營利組織，造成敎育界改革風潮。體育敎學也必須融人此一風潮，追求卓越的敎學品質。本研究引用Parasurman、Zeithaml and Berry等學者所發表「服務品質概念性模式」，考量體育敎學的特性研擬出體育敎學服務品質模式，並根據P.Z.B.的服務品質五大構面嘗試整理出體育敎學的知覺構面與內涵，探索衡量體育敎學服務品質新領域，供研究體育敎學品質之參考。
Discussion - Integrating Sports Science Disciplines of Biomechanics and Strength Training in the Teaching of Table-tennis Drives - An Example in Singapore Sports School Experience
Authors: ONG Alexander , KOH Michael , ROMAN Quintin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The Singapore Sports School was formed in 2003 as the result of a government initiative to strive for a sporting nation. With this emphasis on sporting success, the integration of sports science in the development of young athletes is a core strategy used in the teaching and coaching pedagogy of the sports school. The purpose of this article is to highlight an example of such a strategy used in teaching table-tennis skills. Specifically, our example will feature an integration of the disciplines of sports biomechanics, strength and conditioning principles and table-tennis coaching pedagogy, as a framework for coaching specific aspects of table-tennis forehand and backhand drives; and, draw implications of such an approach for use in sports programmes of schools in general.新加坡體育學校成立於2003年，是政府邁向運動之國目標的其中一個主要計畫。因此，這篇論文主要描述怎樣運用運動科學在於乒乓技術的進展。它內容將讓你能進一步瞭解如何運用運動生物力學與體能學在乒乓拉球與及其它運動方面。
Path Analysis on the Influence of Perceived Sport Competence by Other Motivational Variables
Authors: TSANG Eric C.K.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to examine children's sport and physical education (PE) participation by focusing on perceived sports competence as suggested in Harter's competence motivation theory (1978, 1981). The study included other related factors of intrinsic/extrinsic motivational orientation, task/ego goal orientation and level of competitive trait anxiety to examine their relationship and predictive ability on perceived sport competence. A total of 2,202 participants from eleven schools of Secondary One, Two and Three, with a mean age of 13.55 years (SD=2.15) took part in this study. There was a proportional distribution of males (n=1,056) and females (n=1,130). Data was collected by using measuring instruments that included the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985), Sport Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier et al., 1995), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1989) and Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT; Martens, Vealey & Burton, 1990). Descriptive statistics were used to generalise the characteristics of the sample. Path analysis using EQS was performed to identify the structure of relationships between different attributes. The results revealed the relationships between perceived sport competence and other motivational attributes were mostly in accordance with Harter's competence motivation theory such that analyses demonstrated significant, modest, positive relationships with intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, and negative relationships with anxiety and amotivation. The relationship with task goal orientation was significant but weak. Examination with path analysis showed that task goal orientation was related to perceived competence through the mediating effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. By understanding how these factors affect children's decisions to continue or discontinue participation in PE and sport activities, and how these factors interact with each other, recommendations were made concerning the school PE curriculum and implementation of sport programmes in Hong Kong. Recommendations were also made for future studies.

本研究是根據「勝任運動能力」及其他影響參與運動的因素包括「內在及外在動機」、「運動焦慮」及「目標定向」檢視香港初中生參與運動的動機。2,202名中一至中三的學生參與這次問卷研究。數據分析總結出「勝任運動能力」與「內在動機」及「外在動機」存在重要及正面關係，與「運動焦慮」及「無動機」存在負面關係；通過結構公式分析顯示「任務目標」透過「內在動機」及「外在動機」影響「勝任運動能力」。在了解這些影響青少年參與運動的因素後，本研究作出一些提議及提出將來研究的方向。
Critcial Examination of the Figurative Language Used by Physical Education Student Teachers
Authors: HOLT Brett J. , HANNON James C. , RATLIFFE Thomas A. , HATTEN John D.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

In order to follow up previous studies focusing on figurative language amongst physical educators, the following study was performed to determine the amount and type of figurative language used by three physical education student teachers. This study examined and classified three types of figurative language and attempted to identify common pieces of figurative language used by three physical education student teachers. It was found that the three student teachers studied, used figurative language throughout their lessons frequently, however, did not have any common pieces of figurative language.

為了接著集中於圖像語言的早先研究在物理教育家之中，以下研究被進行確定三個體育實習教師和類型使用的圖像語言的數額。這項研究審查了並且分類了圖像語言的三個類型，並試圖辨認三個體育實習敎師使用的圖像語言共同的片斷。它被發現三個實習敎師頻繁地學習了，半新圖像語言在他們的敎訓中，然而，沒有圖像語言任何共同的片斷。
Effects of Video Feedback with Verbal Cues on Performance of Basketball Free Throw Shooting by Female Junior Basketball Beginners
Authors: LUK Kwok Mun , CRUZ Alberto , LIN Violette Fu Po
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study was to investigate whether with the aid of verbal cues, video modeling with verbal cues and self-video replay with verbal cues were effective in enhancing the free throw ability for female junior basketball beginners. Participants were 24 female learners aged 13 to 14 years with no or little experience in free throw shooting. With equal ability among groups, they were divided into four equal groups (n=6), (1) control group (CG), (2) verbal feedback group (VG), (3) verbal cues with videotaped modeling (VMG), and (4) verbal cues with video replay (VRG). After an observation of a video clip with successful shooting attempts by an expert player, all participants were given two days of acquisition sessions with 120 trials in total and a retention test one day after the practice sessions. Both scoring accuracy and shooting form were evaluated, and a two-way analysis of variance ANOVA (4 groups X 3 trials) with repeated measures on the trial factor was used to analyze the effects of four different feedback methods for two basketball skill performance. It was found that with the aid of verbal cues, both video modeling and self-video replay were effective in enhancing the basketball free throw form in female basketball beginners.

本研究旨在探討配合口頭回饋、示範錄像及自我重放錄像能否有效提升初中女籃球初學者之射罰球能力。24個參加者為中二級女生，他們被分成4個相等能力組別(n = 6)：(1) 對照組(CG)、(2) 口頭回饋(VG)組、(3) 示範錄像及口頭回饋(VMG)、(4) 自我重放錄像及口頭回饋(VRG)。評估內容包括投射準確度和動作技巧，並使用雙因素方差ANOVA分析不同的實驗組的表現。研究結果顯示，配合口頭回饋、示範錄像及自我重放錄像均能有效提升初中女籃球初學者之射罰球能力。
Cooperating Teachers’ Expectations for Student Teachers During the Student Teaching Experience in Physical Education
Authors: CHRISTENSON Robert , BARNEY David
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The student teaching experience is important. The student teacher wants to be successful during their student teaching experience. Part of working successfully with the cooperating teacher can greatly impact a student teachers success. The purpose of this study was to investigate school based cooperative teachers’ experiences with student teachers for the purpose of better preparing physical education teacher education majors for their student teaching. For this study 100 experienced physical educators were surveyed to find out what student teachers should expect to do to be successful when student teaching. One of the main findings from this study was for student teachers to successfully communicate with their cooperating teacher.

實習教學的經驗是教師成功的要素。本研究的目的是調查實習教師與學校教師的經驗交流，共調查了100位具備豐富教學經驗的體育教師，結果顯示實習教師與本科教師溝通是最重要的因素。
Physiological and Notational Comparison of New and Old Scoring Systems of Singles Matches in Men's Badminton
Authors: CHEN Hsin Lian , WU Chang Jun , CHEN Trevor C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study compared the physiological responses and shot selection preferences of male singles players between thenew (rally-point) and old (scoring-by-service) scoring systems. Ten male athletes each played two matches against the same opponent on different days using the lottery method. Matches were notated using a systematic observation instrument, and physiological data were measured using heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate levels (LA). Results showed no differences in peak HR, RPE or LA responses between the two systems. However, players spent more time at an HR greater than 90%HRpeak under the old system (63%) than under the new system (54%). Notational analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in total match playing time (PT: 29 min), work time (10 min), work density (0.57), rest time (18 min), effective playing time (36%), number of rallies (203) and serves (35) under the new system as compared to the old system (e.g. PT: 42 min). No significant differences were noted between the two systems for number of shots, rally time, stroke time, frequency distribution of shot selection and positions during the matches, and for shot methods on the last shot of each rally. These findings suggest that the new system can significantly shorten PT compared to the old system, and that physiological responses, shot selection and positions do not affect between the systems. Meanwhile, the greater proportion of time spent at higher HR intensities under the old system may be attributed to the longer playing time with the opponent.
本研究目的，針對「新(落地得分)、舊制(發球得分)羽球單打比賽時之生理反應和擊球方式」做比較。以羽球正式比賽抽籤方式讓10位大學男子甲組羽球選手，決定其各二場新、舊制羽球單打比賽同一位對手之方式。以高速攝影機拍攝每場比賽做為系統性觀察法之內容分析，並在每場比賽時測驗心跳率 (HR)、運動自覺量表(RPE)和血乳酸濃度 (LA)做為生理反應的評估指標。結果顯示，羽球新、舊制比賽間引起心跳率峰值 (HRpeak)、RPE或血乳酸上升的反應並無統計差異。然而，舊制比賽時>90%HRpeak強度的比率(63%)明顯比新制 (54%)來得多。新制比賽的整場比賽完成時間 (PT：29分鐘)、淨比賽時間 (10分鐘)、運動密度 (0.57)、休息時間 (18分鐘)、比賽時間效益 (36%)、每球來回完成次數 (203)及發球次數 (35)都明顯比舊制 (例 如PT：42分鐘)縮短，但二種不同比賽間在揮拍次數、每球來回完成時間、擊球時間、擊球方式、擊球位置及每球最後一拍的擊球方式均無統計差異。這些結果顯示，新賽制規則改變會比舊賽制明顯縮短比賽時間，但不同賽制間所引起的生理反應、擊球方式及位置則不因規則改變而受到影響。此外，舊賽制比新賽制出現較高心跳率分佈情形，可歸因於舊制比賽之雙方選手有較多對抗機會或較長比賽時間所造成的。
Effect of Training on Various Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Tribal Children in Tripura
Authors: DEY Swapan Kumar , PAL Sangita
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

A proper and systematic use of physical training can enhance physiological improvement. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of formal training programs on different physical and physiological profiles of prepubescent tribal boys at different age group. The study was conducted on 69 young boys who were divided into three subgroups i.e. Group-I (n=23, age=9.3±0.19), Group-II (n=18, age=10.1±0.86), Group-III (n=28, age=11±0.22) according to their chronological age. All the boys were inducted in Tripura sports school having formal training of 18 months. Another 64 boys were also chosen as control group (sedentary in nature) from the same community. They were also divided into three subgroups as per their respective test groups. All the boys including sedentary groups belong to similar socio-economic status and dietary habits. Tests were conducted three times in 18 months duration on test groups and twice in control groups to evaluate the height, weight, hand grip strength, body fat%, endurance ability, speed ability, explosive power of the lower extremities and hemoglobin% of all the boys. The result of the present study revealed that almost all the parameters were increased significantly in all three test groups after 18 months duration, except body fat% which was found to be changes insignificantly in group II boys. When the comparison was made among the groups, it was observed that in pre training, all the parameters were changed significantly at p<0.01 & body fat% at p<0.05 level except 800m run and standing broad jump (SBJ) respectively. Significant differences were also observed following 18 months of training in height, hemoglobin percent, 800m run at the level of p< 0.05 and weight, hand grip strength, 30m flying start, aerobic capacity, SBJ at p<0.01 levels, except body fat% which was found to be statistically insignificant. All the parameters were found to be more in Test group-III as compared to other two groups. Prior to training no such significant differences were observed in above parameters with respect to control group. Following 18 months of training, a significant difference was found with respect to control group in all parameters except height, weight (Gr-I & Gr- II) & body fat%. However the increase in above anthropometric and physiological parameters may only because of the augmenting effect of training or due merely because of their growth & development. It has been reported that moderate physical training is necessary for normal growth & development and it is more pronounced in the subject who belongs at the trigger point of adolescence. So it may be concluded that under same nutritional status the effect of formal training is more effective in higher age group as compared to the lower age group.

本文旨在探討印度部落兒童，透過運動訓練而影響的體型及生理變化。邀請了69名兒童進行評估及比較，結果顯示: 大部份體型及生理指標有明顯的增長。
Effects of Music Stepping Cadence on 3-min Step Test Performance in Hong Kong Females
Authors: NG Robert Siu Kuen , LIN Violette Fu Po
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study compared the performance of university females in Hong Kong with different ages and physical activity participation levels on two 3-min step-tests using different cadences. Fifty-six students were classified into three groups. They performed two step-tests randomly on a 30-cm high bench with metronome (MN) and hip-hop music (HH) cadences at 96 beat·min-1 with 60 min rest between. The preference of either cadence was indicated upon completion of both. Rate of perceived exertion was reported at 2-min (RPE2) and 2.5-min (RPE2.5). Heart rates at rest (by monitors, HRr) and 1-min post-exercise (by monitors, HRh; by pulse, HRp) were recorded. Results indicated that more than 80% of them preferred HH. Among all groups, although paired t-tests showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the performance of MN and HH, the latter elicited a higher HRp, HRh, RPE2 and RPE2.5, and both cadences were highly correlated (r=0.70-0.91, p<0.001). MANOVA showed no significant differences for the responses of HRp, HRh, RPE2 and RPE2.5 under the two stepping cadences (Hotelling’s Trace=0.27, p>0.05). There was no interaction between age and physical activity participation level (Hotelling’s Trace=0.23, p>0.05). HH seemed a reliable cadence for 3-min step-test in females of different ages and physical activity participation levels.

本研究探討採用音樂與節拍器拍子於三分鐘登臺階測試對不同年齡和運動習慣的女生之影響。五十六名女生根據她們的年齡和參與運動習慣分成三組。她們以隨機排序採用節奏強烈的音樂和傳统節拍器拍子完成兩次三分鐘登階測試。每次測試相距不少於六十分鐘。結果顯示超過八成女生較喜用音樂拍子，她們在两種拍子的身體反應並無差異(P>0.05)，年齡和參與運動習慣並無互動效果。結果證實在三分鐘登臺階測試中音樂拍子可以有效地取代單調節拍器拍子。
Basic Trends and New Forms of Tourism in Hungary
Authors: PUCZKO Laszlo
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.世界觀光業專家預測中、東歐將會是未來世界觀光業發展最迅速的地區。預計到2010年這地區的旅遊業每年平均攀升百分之五。如果預測屬實，處於這地區的匈牙利，其觀光業前景可謂一片光明。本文作者籍著對中、東歐政治體系上的改變，經濟的發展，以及過去這地區各國在觀光業的表現作出研究和分析，從而導出未來匈牙利在觀光業上的新形貌。
Technology Use in Physical Education
Authors: Deutsch Joe , Pavlicek John
Published: March 2021

Technology today is changing continually and physical educators need to learn to utilize it. Handheld devices and apps are being used by students and parents in almost every aspect of their lives. Rather than fight their use, should we not use them to enhance the physical education experience? This article explores the different types of technologies available to physical educators in order to enhance their classes and better relate to their iGeneration students. From devices that monitor heartrates and steps taken, to apps to break down skill analysis, this article aims to introduce teachers to alternative learning styles through the use of technology that their students and parents will appreciate and embrace.
The Changes of Serum Hormones in Female Rats after an Exhaustive Swimming
Authors: KONG Zhaowei , FU Frank
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The changes of serum hormones during strenuous exercise were studied. 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups— the exhaustive swimming group rats and the control. They were sacrificed after exhaustive swimming. Changes in the exercised rats indicated that: 1) the concentrations of serum estradiol (雌二醇, E2) decreased significantly, 2) no significant change in progesterone (孕酮, P, 3) the level of serum cortisol (皮質酵, C)was higher in the exercised rats, 4) the testosterone (睾酮, T) level remained unchanged in both groups, 5) triiodothyronine (二碘甲狀腺胺酸,T3) and thyroxine (四碘甲狀腺胺酸, T4) levels were lower than those of the control group. It appears the changes of serum E2 and P are related to adrenal and thyroid functions and they in turn affect the ovary indirectly.本文章利用40只大白鼠探討有關在力竭性游泳後血清激素的變化。研究員把大白鼠分成實驗組和對照組，經測試後分析其結果及作出討論。
Energy Metabolism during Endurance Exercise
Authors: WONG Stephen H. S.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Carbohydrates and fats become the major energy sources during prolonged exercise. The relationship between these energy metabolism processes depends upon the pre-game diet, exercise intensity as well as its duration. The present paper attempts to review such energy metabolism relating to endurance exercise.進行耐力運動時，身體的能量供應主要由碳水化合物和脂肪提供，兩者的供能關係取決於運動前的飲食和運動時的強度和時間，本文旨在闡釋兩者在運動時的互動關係。
Reflection of the Development of Physical Education Subject in Hong Kong and the Way Forward
Authors: LIU Sun Lam
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.In the past Physical Education (PE) was considered as a "non-professional subject" that any one could teach. However, in the late 80's it became a subject that can only be taught by "professional" PE teachers. That is, only teachers who had received training in PE can teach PE. Further changes came when PE became a HKCEE subject in the 1990s. The whole process has gone through a long and winding journey. Today, PE is still not being considered as an important subject in many Hong Kong schools. However, if all the PE teachers can work closely together and persist in providing quality teaching, PE would have a brilliant future in Hong Kong.過去，體育曾經是一科任何老師均可任敎的「閒科」，直至八十年代後期開始發展成為本港最早規定任敎老師必須曾經接受認可體育專業訓練的科目，並且更於九十年代發展成為中學會考的科目，這一切都不是一蹴而就的易事。雖然目前仍然有很多學校不甚重視體育，令到不少本來充滿敎學熱誠的老師感到心灰意冷。但事實上體育敎師對學生的影響力卻仍然是非常深遠和重大的，因此體育敎師必須團結自重，繼續在各自的工作崗位上發熱和發光。只要大家不退縮、不放棄、堅持在惡劣的環境下去做好份內的工作，相信本港的體育仍然是充滿希望和生機的。
Somatotypes of Physical Education Students in Botswana
Authors: TORIOLA A. L. , MONYEKI K. D. , MONYEKI M. A. , AMUSA L. O. , DHALIWAL H. S.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.In the present study the somatotype characteristics of Physical Education students at the University of Botswana were evaluated. A second purpose of the study was to compare the physical characteristics of students across academic years of study. A total of 125 Physical Education students (52 males and 73 females) at the University of Botswana were measured. The students were attending certificate course, Diploma (year 1 and 2)，Bachelor's degree in Education (B. Ed) (year 1 to 4) in Physical Education. All the students were measured by one of the authors and their mean ages ranged from 23.8 to 28.6 years for males and 25.8 to 30.8 years for females. Anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). These included body mass, stature, two breadths (humerus and femur), arm girths flexed and tense, calf girth and four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal and iliac crest). All the subjects were somatotyped using the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype method. Among the study group, the SAM values ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. The present sample is clustered in the mesomorph endomorph and mesomorphic endomorph categories with male students being more endomophic than female students. It is important in future studies to investigate the cultural diversity of the Botswana population as that might shed more light on the preponderance of endomorphy in the male group.本文旨在分析波斯尼亞大學體育本科生的體型結構，利用ISAK國際量度體型標準，量度了125名年齡由23至30歲學生的體型，結果顯示學生體型的分佈狀況，與文化背境的因素可能有關。
View of the Sport Organizational Structure: The French Gymnastics Federation
Authors: D'AMICO Rosa Lopez de
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This article presents a descriptive overview of the organization of the sport of gymnastics, specifically artistic gymnastics, in France. French artistic gymnastics since the last decade has been obtaining stable and better results at competitions in the international arena. The Junior European Championship title in the late 90s and recent medals in the last Olympic Games, make it interesting to study the organization of this sport in France and the changes it has gone through. This research was done with the permission of the French Gymnastics Federation that facilitated access to the documents and allowed interviews of its members. The characteristic of this research is qualitative in which document analysis, interviews, personal communications and observations made it possible to gather the information (e.g., Biklen & Bogdan, 1992; Burgess, 1982; Hitchcock & Hughes, 1995). The article is divided into three parts, it starts with a general view of the sport in France. Later it continues with an introduction to the French Gymnastics Federation as the national body of this sport, its membership, general and technical structure. Later it presents the organization of four groups of members: administrators, coaches, judges and gymnasts. It concludes with a section in which interviewees share their views about the key elements and obstacles for French artistic gymnastics performance.本文旨在探討法國體操總會的結構組織，透過文獻、面談及觀察等質性分析法了解其結構組織的特點，並從行政者、敎練、裁判員和運動員的多層面去尋找影響體操發展的要素及障礙。
Physical Activity, Exercise and Health of the Mind in Young People
Authors: CHIA Michael , WANG John
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The physical health benefits of regular exercise or a physically active lifestyle-better blood profile, protection against heart disease, stroke, type II diabetes and certain forms of cancer-are widely acknowledged and accepted. Less understood is the role that regular physical activity and exercise play in the health of mind in young people. The balance of recent evidence suggests that regular physical activity and exercise contribute positively to a healthy mind.適量運動和健康的生活摸式對人體的益處有莫大裨益。運動的益處包括加強心肺功能，促進血液循環，減低患上糖尿病，心臟病，高血壓，中風和癌症的機會。本文目的是檢閲運動對青少年心理的健康。檢閲結果顯示定期的規律運動對青少年心理健康有良性的促進作用。
Analytical Comparison of Three Motivational Components of Exercise Adherence in Physically Active Hong Kong and United Kingdom University Students
Authors: TSANG Eric C. K. , SZABO Attila , ROBINSON Annemarie
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Physical activity has numerous positive physical and psychological benefits. Therefore, a physically active lifestyle benefits both the individual and the society. Nevertheless, many people drop out from their sport or exercise regimen. In this inquiry three motivational factors in exercise adherence, including predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, were studied from a cross-cultural perspective. A total of 235 male (n=l51) and female (n=84) volunteers (mean age=2l.4±2.6 years) from Hong Kong (n=112) and United Kingdom (n=123) completed an exercise habits inventory and the Physical Activity Adherence Questionnaire (PAAQ). All participants were physically active, of whom 132 have once quit a sport/exercise in the past whereas 103 never quit. Results revealed that differences exist in predisposing and enabling motivational components of exercise adherence in both cross-cultural and gender comparison studies. Participants who quit a sport or exercise report lesser reinforcing experiences than those who never abandoned an adopted sport or exercise. It is concluded that reinforcing factors play a crucial role in the long term maintenance of a sport or exercise and that both cultural and gender differences need to be taken into serious consideration in the course of facilitation of various exercise/sport behaviours.本研究將慣性參與運動的動機，分為「個人傾向因素」、「推動參與因素」及「強化因素」(Corbin et al.，2003)，以跨文化方式作出探索，分別在香港(N=112人)及英國(N=123人)以收集問卷形式進行。結果指出，「強化因素」對持續參與體育活動非常重要，而不同文化及性別，對促進參與體育活動的影響亦非常重要。