bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mezger Caroline
Published: April 2020

The conclusion reflects on the key transformations that ethnic German childhood and youth education and mobilization underwent between interwar Yugoslavia and the wartime Western Banat and Batschka/Bácska/Bačka. Engaging in a comparative analysis, it highlights how children’s and young people’s agency and definitions of “Germanness” were shaped by diverse wartime contexts, occupational regimes, and social circumstances. Retracing ethnic German interviewees’ postwar lives, it contemplates the continued importance of categories like “Germanness” to individuals formerly engaged in the interwar and wartime periods’ contested nation-building projects. Finally, it advocates not only for the continued implementation of transnational and comparative approaches in studies of National Socialism, occupation, and war, but for the inclusion of “the little” in critical historical analysis.
Perspective as a Conceptual Tool in Milton and Newton
Authors: Webster Erin
Published: April 2020

This chapter reads John Milton’s use of vast shifts in perspective in Paradise Lost (1667) in relation to seventeenth-century developments in the mathematics of infinity and infinitesimals. In a period in which telescopes and microscopes promised to extend the eye’s reach indefinitely, this chapter shows that Milton’s use of the epic simile and Newton’s infinitesimal calculus, first published as an attachment to his optical treatise, Opticks (1704), are related attempts to express concepts that continue to exceed the limits of visual comprehension: the infinitely large, the infinitesimally small, and the paradoxical relationship between the two. The chapter places these two writers’ work within the context of baroque art and architecture, which similarly exploits perspective as a means of expressing the concept of an infinite universe held in tension with the limits of human perception. Ultimately, it argues that by requiring his readers to vacillate between multiple perspectives on the same object, Milton contributes to a broader cultural decentring of the earth-bound human perspective as the standard measure of the universe.
The Criminalization of Atrocities in Guatemala
Authors: Berlin Mark S.
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces the process of a single case of atrocity criminalization—Guatemala in 1973—to further verify the causal mechanisms of the book’s technocratic legal borrowing thesis. It formulates and tests a set of empirical predictions that speak to the observable implications of the theory’s causal mechanisms. Using a combination of primary sources, secondary sources, and elite interviews, it finds strong support for these predictions. First, the idea to include atrocity laws in the 1973 Guatemalan criminal code likely originated with its technocratic author, Gonzalo Menéndez de la Riva, and not with international organizations, civil society organizations, or government policymakers, as alternative theories would predict. Second, two types of influence likely shaped Menéndez de la Riva’s choices to include atrocity laws: (1) the emulation of other codes from the region that were highly regarded among his professional community, and (2) professional ideas about the importance of adopting national atrocity laws that spread to the region through prominent Latin American scholars linked to the International Association of Penal Law. Finally, the Guatemalan government likely approved these laws because they perceived them as low-stakes, technical features of a modernization project, and not because they intended them to appeal to international actors or the political opposition, as alternative theories would predict.
Conclusion
Authors: Berlin Mark S.
Published: April 2020

This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discuses their implications for research on atrocity justice, human rights, and international law. It highlights the importance of technocratic criminal law specialists in the spread of human rights norms and contrasts these actors with the types of civil society groups that receive much attention in the human rights literature. The chapter also discusses how the book’s findings complicate the narrative of the Cold War period as a time of “hibernation” for the advancement of international atrocity justice. Finally, the chapter highlights the importance of the book’s findings for understanding the domestication of international law more generally. The chapter then discusses how the book’s findings may generalize to explaining the spread of other legal norms that have been shown to be associated with improvements in human rights outcomes. It suggests a number of conditions under which the spread of legal norms will benefit from forms of technocratic legal borrowing inherent in large-scale reform processes.
Community Responses to Demonic Presence
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari
Published: April 2020

Demonic possession exposed the boundaries of normalcy by deviating from it. It was a social phenomenon jeopardizing communal peace and harmony, and communities responded to it with very concrete measures: by searching for a diagnosis and cure and by finding ways to treat the deviant during the affliction. This chapter finds that the depositions to canonization processes point rather to a nuanced, fragmented, and multifaceted negotiation of this phenomenon by the communities involved rather than to a generally accepted cultural concept of demonic possession. Fear, anger, and disgust are among the emotional responses to demonic presence, but possession was not a categorization used to marginalize members of the community who had already been deemed deviant. References to compassion can also be found, indicating an ability to feel empathy for the victims. The possessed were not inevitably ostracized; they were tolerated and finally, after a miraculous delivery, integrated back into society.
The Morality of Defensive Force
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: April 2020

This book provides an account of the central moral principles that regulate the permissible use of defensive force. The book argues that we cannot understand the morality of defensive force until we ask and answer deeper questions about how the use of defensive force fits with a more general account of justice and moral rights. In developing this view the book offers original accounts of liability, proportionality, and necessity. It also argues, contra the dominant view in the literature, that self-defence can sometimes be justified on the basis of an agent-relative prerogative to give greater weight to one’s own life and interests. The book also provides a novel conception of individual rights against harm. Unlike some, who believe that our rights against harm are fact-relative, Quong argues that our rights against being harmed by others must, in certain respects, be sensitive to the evidence that others can reasonably be expected to possess. The final chapter provides an extended defence of the means principle, a principle that prohibits harmfully using other persons’ bodies or other rightful property unless those persons are duty bound to permit this use or have otherwise waived their claims against such use.
Agent-Relative Prerogatives
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 defends the view that we each possess a limited agent-relative prerogative to impose harm on people who are not liable to this harm in defence of things over which we have rightful claims. The chapter argues that this prerogative is needed to satisfactorily explain cases where someone who is not liable to defensive harm threatens an innocent person, for example, cases involving Nonresponsible Threats or Justified Attackers. The chapter also argues that the agent-relative prerogative to defensively harm nonliable persons is constrained by a particular version of the means principle. The chapter concludes by addressing a number of potential objections.
Proportionality
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 develops and defends an original conception of proportionality in defensive force: the stringency principle. On this view, the degree of force to which a wrongful attacker renders himself liable is determined by the stringency of the right that the attacker threatens to violate. The more stringent the right that is threatened, the greater the degree of force to which the wrongful attacker is liable. The chapter also provides a critique of an influential alternative view, one that makes an attacker’s degree of liability depend, in part, on the attacker’s degree of moral responsibility for posing a wrongful threat.
Rights and Evidence
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Some philosophers endorse a fact-relative account of moral rights against harm. According to this view, if B’s ϕ-ing would contravene A’s right not to be harmed if B had access to all the facts, then B contravenes A’s right by ϕ-ing regardless of her epistemic position. Chapter 6 argues that moral rights against harm are not fact-relative, but must rather be sensitive, to a certain extent, to the evidence that duty-bearers can reasonably be expected to possess. The chapter argues that this conception of moral rights against harm has important implications for liability to defensive harm. In particular, people who pose fact-relative wrongful harm are not always liable to defensive harm, since such people may not threaten anyone’s moral rights via their actions.
Block by Block: The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of Thermodynamics
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

At the heart of many fields—physics, chemistry, engineering—lays thermodynamics. While this science plays a critical role in determining the boundary between what is and is not possible in the natural world, it occurs to many as an indecipherable black box, thus making the subject a challenge to learn. Two obstacles contribute to this situation, the first being the disconnect between the fundamental theories and the underlying physics and the second being the confusing concepts and terminologies involved with the theories. While one needn’t confront either of these two obstacles to successfully use thermodynamics to solve real problems, overcoming both provides access to a greater intuitive sense of the problems and more confidence, more strength, and more creativity in solving them. Success in this regard necessarily involves learning both the science and the history that led to the science. The two were intertwined during the evolution of thermodynamics and are thus likewise intertwined in this book.With this book I offer an original perspective on thermodynamic science and history based on standing at the interface between three worlds: practicing engineer, academician, and historian. I synthesize and gather into one accessible volume a strategic range of foundational topics involving the atomic theory, energy, entropy, and the laws of thermodynamics. For each topic I capture both the physical and historical underpinnings together with the human-interest stories as the hundreds of years of thermodynamic history are filled with many such stories. I share them to further engage, educate, and inspire the reader.
Energy: science (and some history)
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Energy lies at the core of the first law of thermodynamics as a concept to quantify change. Events happen but total energy remains the same. It’s the change in energy that matters. The realization that the energy associated with heat was equal to the energy associated with work (work–heat equivalanec) is what led to the first law of thermodynamics.
The lever
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Analysis of the lever led to the creation of potential energy.
The Newcomen engine
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

As the first commercially successful steam engine, the Newcomen engine was based on the condensation of steam to create a vacuum and so move a piston. Over time, mining’s favourable economics provided a strong driving force to improve overall efficiency of Newcomen’s design.
Maxwell: the rise of statistical mechanics
Authors: Hanlon Robert T.
Published: April 2020

Maxwell produced two publications on the kinetic theory of gases in which he proposed his eponymous velocity distribution of velocities, his theory on the equipartition of energy, and finally his famed transport equations. In this work he surprisingly predicted that gas viscosity is independent of density and then confirmed this finding in experiments he conducted with his wife.
Hierarchy and Heredity
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Families were fundamental to social hierarchy in early modern France. Birth was widely accepted to indicate one’s divinely ordained social status, even if that view was not universal—in practice, some freedom was allowed for individuals to improve their status (especially among certain social groups) or indeed to worsen it. Certainly, the relation of birth to social status varied. It had a changing history even in respect of the nobility, which could be entered by routes other than birth. But birth was primordial at all levels of society, and for the nobility it became even more so in France in the second half of the sixteenth century and in the seventeenth. It was widely believed that the members of a given noble family shared their own, generally superior, instantiation of human nature. On the other hand, heredity was widely believed to predispose commoners too in certain directions.
Why This Time and Place?
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

From about the late fifteenth century onwards, literature and learning acquired increased importance for the social position of noble and elite-commoner families in France. One reason is the expansion and rise to prominence of the royal office-holder milieu, which had no exact equivalent in, say, England, where the aristocracy was much smaller than the French nobility and where there was no equivalent of the French system of venality of office. In France, family literature often helped extend across the generations a relationship between two families—that of the literary producer and that of the monarch. From the late Middle Ages, the conditions for family literature were made more favourable by broad social shifts. Although this study focuses mainly on the period from the late fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, it is likely that the production of works from within families of literary producers thrived especially up to the Revolution.
Transmission beyond Legal Inheritance
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

The familial transmission of assets went beyond the inheritance by law (whether at death or by lifetime transfer) of lands, buildings, furniture, annuities, royal offices, and the like. Much else was transmitted outside the law. Such objects of paralegal transmission and informal patrimonialization can be understood as sociocultural legacies. They included formal education, informal know-how, the family’s reputation, its social honours, and its patronage and clientele networks. Such transmission also included literature and learning, not just in the sense of skills transmitted through education but in that of an expectation that works would be produced. Unlike most kinds of juridical inheritance, some kinds of paralegal, sociocultural legacy were peculiarly well suited to benefiting the family as a whole rather than just the odd member.
La Croix du Maine’s Bibliotheque (1584)
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Two vast surveys of French literary and learned production, both with the title of Bibliotheque, were published in 1584 and 1585, compiled respectively by François Grudé de la Croix du Maine and Antoine du Verdier. In addition to promoting the author function, each promotes the family function too. But La Croix du Maine does so more than Du Verdier. And La Croix du Maine’s Bibliotheque makes social status a driving force in the production of works of literature and learning by families. He represents some families as having collective literary qualities that are possessed by some of its members. He shapes our perception of the literary field by attributing actual or even just potential literary agency to families, including to individuals whose claim to such agency lies largely in their belonging to a given family rather than in their having produced works themselves.
Scévole de Sainte-Marthe’s Elogia (1598–1630)
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Sainte-Marthe’s influential eulogies of people who had distinguished themselves through learning devote considerable space to families that he can represent as combining two kinds of intrafamilial transmission: via literature and learning, and via royal offices. By making offices even more central to the transmission of literature and learning than had La Croix du Maine, Sainte-Marthe marginalizes literary and learned women still more. This chapter assesses (i) the extent to which families appear in the Elogia; (ii) exactly what this text describes as being transmitted within families; (iii) the extent to which such transmission is actual or potential, and the extent to which it is visible or hidden; (iv) what relation it has to birth; and (v) how robust or vulnerable it is.
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

While La Croix du Maine and Sainte-Marthe were responding in part to representations of family—as underpinning literature and learning—that they found in some of the works they surveyed, on the other hand the pair were also extending the family function further still. The vast fields of high-cultural endeavour scoped by La Croix du Maine and Sainte-Marthe did not simply pre-exist their surveys but were further shaped by them. Both surveys were highly selective in social, gender, regional, and other terms. Sainte-Marthe’s Elogia perhaps communicate more profoundly than any other work in the period the triangular imbrication of (i) family, (ii) social hierarchy, and (iii) literature and learning.
Moulding Social Hierarchy by Communicating Experience of It
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

What is the extent, and what are the limits, of the role played by the figure of Jean Marot in the experience of social hierarchy that his son Clément’s poetry communicates? ‘Experience’ is understood here in a broad sense, including for example personal relationships, events, possessions, emotions, imaginings, memories, and the very attempt to make sense of all that. Much of Clément’s poetry is autobiographical in the sense that its force relies on the reader accepting that it is rooted in the poet’s experience. However, in the forms in which it was printed in the period it was not autobiographical in the sense of inviting the reader to construct a precise record of a life. Its aim seems rather to have been to maximize the relevance, to different readers, of a singular experience of social hierarchy, to communicate one celebrity’s adventures on the social ladder, but also something more.
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

The Marot family is a high-profile example of poetic craft enabling spectacular social ascent, and doing so across two generations. Such cases were rare, given the sheer fragility of such poetry-propelled ascent. Even in this case it did not benefit all family members equally—women less than men—and petered out despite a faint attempt to continue it in the third generation. The fragility was that of the two principal factors in the ascent: craft itself, which, as artisans had long known, could be even more difficult to transmit to the next generation than wealth; and royal-household employment, which was fraught with intrinsic uncertainties. The kind of patrimony produced within the Marot family was more narrowly based, as well as more fragile, than that of the many families that held high royal offices and aspired to multigenerational, dynastic continuity.
Two Deaths in the Family: 1526, 1626
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

Chapters 20–23 are a case study of the family that changed its name over the generations from Brouart to Beroald to Verville. In 1626 the prolific author François Béroalde de Verville died in Tours. He was a medical practitioner and a former cathedral canon. His name and social status had varied throughout his life. One hundred years earlier, in 1526, his paternal grandfather had died some 150 miles away in Saint-Denis, to the north of Paris. Originally from Brussels, he had been a barber-surgeon. Significantly, he had a simpler name, Simon Brouart. Grandson and grandfather never met. Indeed, the one was not born until thirty years after the other died. Their social status differed greatly, and they inhabited vastly different worlds, separated by the advent of humanism, that of the Reformation, and much else. Of the various factors that transformed this family’s social status, the most decisive were learning and literature.
Introduction
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

Certain problems link the study of Chaucer and the Italian Trecento with the study of literary form: What is the relation between diachronic formation and synchronic form? How do we make sense of texts that do not seem to be in sync with their original contexts of reception? Is there an ideal context of reception in which a work’s formation might be fully realized? Similar questions emerge in Italian Trecento literature, where new relations between the time of composition and the time of reading were developing. The introduction to this text brings these literary historical developments to bear upon an overarching methodological argument. It proposes that, rather than form transcending time, or emerging in an ideal context of reception then beginning to crumble, readers gradually disclose literary form over the course of a text’s reception. The history of form and the history of readers are therefore intertwined.
Writing Readers in the Thebaid, Teseida, and Knight’s Tale
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

Literary experiments in Trecento Italy share with the Canterbury Tales the notion that we might read texts in order to recover the thought behind them. But what does it mean for a reader to seek out a mental property in inanimate matter? Statius’ Thebaid offers one way for medieval authors to work through this question, for it depicts such a reader in Antigone, who perceives her brothers’ minds animating the flames of their funeral pyre. This chapter follows the figure of the lady at the pyre from the Thebaid to the Teseida and the Knight’s Tale. It argues that such reading practices emerge as self-effacing, prefiguring the literary critical notion of “the reader.” And it suggests that Chaucer connects such practices of self-effacing reading with both civilization and political control.
On White Men and Burdens
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines how the postcolonial diasporas migrating to Britain after 1945 determined the policies, practices and priorities of the state. In the 1980s, national arts policy was shaped by two main political realities: the sharp retreat from welfare state era social entitlement on the one hand, and the emergence of ‘black’ as a shared category of resistance on the other. The two converged in the Arts Council document The Glory of the Garden (1984) which heralded a new era of multicultural recognition even as it attacked the very idea of a state funded literary culture. The chapter discusses the unexpected consequences and fears of balkanization it unleashed in the literary world, as multiculturalism came to be cast as an enemy of autonomy, focusing on the landmark legal case the Commission for Racial Equality brought against the Arts Council for racial discrimination.
The Satanic Verses and the State (II)
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

This second chapter on The Satanic Verses considers the collision between the novel’s anti-statist energies and Rushdie’s increasing dependency on the Thatcher government after the fatwa, an unlikely custodian of literary freedom at the end of the Cold War. It then turns to the precise ways the state offered Rushdie protection, focusing on the anachronistic stipulations in English common law restricting the crime of blasphemy to the Church of England debated in the legal cases against the novel in the UK and in Europe. The second half revisits the secular foundations of the British legal system, considering the alternative stance on free expression in diverse societies adopted in British India and Bhikhu Parekh’s communitarian alternative to the individualism of British liberalism.
The Emergence of the Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

The first section of this chapter begins the genealogy of the wage with an analysis of the emergence of wage labour in the years following the Norman conquest. The second section explores the development of the category of the wage through the statute of labourers and the early common law as it applied to ‘service’. The third section discusses the wage in the context of the poor law and the system of settlement of the seventeenth century. The fourth section in the chapter explores how changes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the emergence of a labour market, affected the legal conception of the wage, an analysis that is continued in the fifth section which explores some of the social problems that emerge in this context, and the early forms of labour market regulation that developed in ‘response’. The sixth section analyses early legal responses to the problem of ‘sweated labour’, the development of the first minimum wage legislation, and the Trade Board Act, before discussing early responses to the problem of casualism, particularly as it manifested in the context of the docks.
Introduction to Cultural Psychology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 explores the field of cultural psychology, the concept of culture, why we should study culture, and other disciplines that study culture. It provides definitions and distinguishing features for the terms culture, nationality, and ethnicity. It discusses the fields that study culture including cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, indigenous psychology, anthropology, cultural studies, and sociology. It explains ways to think about culture and constructs such as cultural universal and culture-specific, emics and etics, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and individualism and collectivism. It examines why we should study culture and the applied value of cultural psychology in real-life settings such as school, the workplace, and clinical contexts. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Methods
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 explores different ways to engage in cultural research. It discusses qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, including the advantages and disadvantages to particular methods. These methods include experiments, surveys, case studies, individual and focus group interviews, participant observation, naturalistic observation, and visual methods. It addresses conceptual and measurement equivalence, probability and nonprobability sampling, situation sampling, priming studies, and unpacking culture. It also examines concerns in cross-cultural survey research, including equivalence and translation issues, and response, moderacy, and acquiescence biases. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
The Self, Identity, and Personality
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 7 explores the ways culture shapes our conceptions of self, identity, and personality. It discusses self-definitions, culture and self-definitions, cross-cultural comparisons of self-definitions, types of self-concepts, cultural contexts and the self, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies of the self. It explores self-efficacy, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on self-efficacy, face, face and self-concepts, and face and dignity cultural communities. It also discusses definitions and the construction of identity, whether identity is fluid and whether it is possible to have more than one identity. Finally, it addresses the self and personality, the five-factor model, cross-cultural studies on personality, the applied value of the five-factor model, and indigenous personalities. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Relationships
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 8 explores the ways culture shapes our social relationships. It discusses relational models theory, conditions for forming friendships, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on friendship, physical attractiveness and beauty, cultural constructions, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on physical attractiveness and beauty. It addresses mate choice, love, Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, romantic love across cultures, and love and marriage. Finally, it examines the number of possible marriage partners, social practices for choosing a marriage partner, costs and benefits of marriage, intercultural weddings, migration and marriage, culture-specific studies on marriage and cultural change, marital happiness, and child marriages. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Attitudes and Intergroup Contact in a Global World
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 9 explores the ways culture shapes our attitudes, feelings, and the nature of intergroup contact. It discusses attitudes, prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination, culture-specific and cross-national studies, and the connection between beauty, skin color, and prejudice across different cultural communities. It addresses the immigrant experience, xenophobia, immigrant acculturation and adjustment, intergroup contact, cultural collisions, and social justice. It also includes a discussion of applied cultural psychology as it relates to immigrants and intergroup contact involving work and social mobility, school and cultural mismatch, multinational business, nonverbal communication, studying abroad, and business etiquette and culture. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Influence, Aggression, Violence, and War
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 10 explores the ways culture shapes how we behave in the presence of others, aggression, violence, and war. It discusses obedience, Milgram’s experiment, obedience and culture, and cross-cultural comparisons on obedience. It addresses conformity, culture and conformity, conformity and disease, peer pressure, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on peer pressure. It also discusses aggression, explanations of aggression, cultural factors that shape aggression, and the connection between parenting practices and aggression. Finally, it discusses violence against individuals, child maltreatment, cross-cultural studies on child abuse, bullying, cyberbullying, violence against women, war, ethnic genocide, and child soldiers. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Human Development: Processes, Transitions, and Rituals
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 11 explores the ways culture shapes developmental processes and outcomes throughout the lifespan. It discusses models of development, childbirth, cross-cultural childbirth comparisons, infant mortality, infancy, infant sleeping arrangements, temperament, goodness of fit, and culture and temperament. Childhood subtopics include socialization processes, culture-specific and cross-cultural childhood studies, gender socialization and culture, and moral development models. Adolescent subtopics include 21st century experiences, parent–adolescent conflict, culture–specific studies, body image, rites of passage, social media use, and dating. Emerging adulthood topics include self and identity, love and sexuality, and media and technology. Late adulthood subtopics include culture and aging, culture–specific and cross-cultural studies, and Alzheimer’s disease and culture. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Cultural Learning
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 12 explores the ways we learn about our culture, how culture shapes learning, and different learning contexts. It discusses attachment, Bowlby’s attachment theory, the Strange Situation, attachment styles, challenges to Western attachment theories, and attachment and culture. It addresses parenting, Baumrind’s parenting styles, parental ethnotheories, and parenting in different cultural contexts. It explores learning in formal settings like school, the connection between culture and schooling, parent beliefs and academic outcomes, apprenticeships, and learning in informal settings. Finally, it investigates play as a context for cultural learning and includes culture-specific and cross-cultural studies. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
The Gospel as Manuscript
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

This book offers a new material history of the Jesus tradition. It shows that the introduction of manuscripts to the transmission of the Jesus tradition played an underappreciated but crucial role in the reception history of the tradition that eventuated. It focuses particularly on the competitive textualization of the Jesus tradition, whereby Gospel authors drew attention to the written nature of their tradition, sometimes in attempts to assert superiority to predecessors, and the public reading of the Jesus tradition. Both these processes reveal efforts on the part of early followers of Jesus to place the gospel-as-manuscript on display, whether in the literary tradition or in the assembly. Building upon interdisciplinary work on ancient book cultures, this book traces an early history of the gospel as artifact from the textualization of Mark in the first century until the eventual usage of liturgical reading as a marker of authoritative status in the second and third centuries and beyond. Overall, it reveals a vibrant period of the development of the Jesus tradition, wherein the material status of the tradition frequently played as important a role as the ideas about Jesus that it contained.
1857
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 looks at the Revolt of 1857, known for its violence and the excessive emotions it generated on both sides, such as the massacre of British women and children in Cawnpore, which gave rise to the battle cry ‘for the ladies and the babies!’ At least the British emotions did not fit the narrative of the disciplining project. The endeavor to restore a violated moral order through publicly inflicting gruesome punishments on the bodies of offenders was seen as the response of a pre-modern state, not a modern army. However, in 1857, excessive emotions and the resultant violence were believed to be legitimate and even a moral duty. The chapter investigates three areas: the narrative of trust and its betrayal at the origin of the events; the creation of a violent masculinity expressed through emotional excess; and the mobilization of emotions needed for the continuation of a long-drawn battle.
Journals for Children
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

If the right emotions were so important for the prosperity and even survival of the community, it was important to teach children how to feel from a young age. Chapter 6 therefore reads children’s journals for the moral feelings they aimed to bring forth and devotes a special interest to the articles written by children themselves. Men not only allowed themselves violent passions, but even held the ability to be overcome by strong feelings to be essential for the survival of the community. They were much more ambivalent about uncontrolled female emotions. For children, emotional education at first glance meant producing an obedient, punctual, and hard-working subject, who was not to be swerved from the path of duty by sudden strong desires. However, emotions were not only controlled, but also woven into the stories.
Small Deeds and Muffled Voices
Authors: Lovell Stephen
Published: April 2020

The assassination of Alexander II brought a predictable crackdown on Russia’s public sphere, though not before the trial of the terrorists had been given prominent coverage in the press. The ensuing period brought the defeat of government reform projects and the heyday of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, the arch-conservative Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod. Pobednostsev had no time for liberal ‘talking-shops’, but he aimed to revitalize the Orthodox Church by increasing the quantity of priests and the quality of their preaching. In this era of counter-reform, the theatre and the university became the most lively secular venues for the spoken word. Nonetheless, local government—whether the municipal duma or the zemstvo—was not quiescent and began to mobilize once again with the famine of 1891–2.
The Rise of Political Speech, 1895–1905
Authors: Lovell Stephen
Published: April 2020

The turn of the century saw a surge of mobilization. Socialist propaganda among the working class was making inroads, students were turning more radical, and the Russian empire saw a further wave of political trials, this time involving largely working-class defendants, in the early 1900s. Educated society was becoming more vocal at professional congresses and local assemblies, and the more radical zemstvo elements came together in a ‘liberation’ movement. Charismatic churchmen, foremost among them Georgii Gapon in St Petersburg, found new ways of speaking to the grievances and concerns of the common people. All these pressures culminated in the 1905 revolution, which forced hitherto unthinkable concessions from the tsarist government. Even then, the revolution was suppressed only with great difficulty and after a striking innovation in Russian political culture and rhetoric: the creation of a kind of workers’ parliament, the St Petersburg Soviet, which existed from mid-October to early December 1905.
Soviet Talk
Authors: Lovell Stephen
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes the Bolsheviks’ creation of a new kind of public sphere in the 1920s. Although intolerant of opposition or dissent, they expected ordinary people to participate in routine forms of Soviet life such as meetings and conferences: unlike in the tsarist era, Russians now had to know how to speak in public. The Bolsheviks were themselves very active as speakers in their own public or semi-public gatherings (meetings, congresses, plenums), and their words were disseminated to an audience of newspaper readers or party functionaries: like their Duma predecessors, the Bolsheviks relied heavily on their stenographers. The chapter ends with a discussion of the shift to Stalinist rhetoric in the early 1930s.
Epilogue
Authors: Lovell Stephen
Published: April 2020

The epilogue to this book sketches out the story of public speaking and rhetoric in Russia from the 1930s to the early twenty-first century. It compares and contrasts the rhetorical styles of several leaders: Nikita Khrushchev, who led the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary from 1964 to 1982; Mikhail Gorbachev, who led the Soviet Union from 1985 to its dissolution in 1991; and finally Vladimir Putin, the current president of Russia. It discusses wider norms of public speaking in the later Soviet period, especially in advice literature on ‘cultured speech’. The epilogue also briefly assesses the implications of the audiovisual media for public speech.
The Shock of the New
Authors: Rickles Dean
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, we show how the newest developments in quantum mechanics of the late 1920s were very quickly compared with general relativity, with attempts made to demonstrate their mutual coherence. This involved focusing on the basic mathematical structures that formed the first concrete representations of quantum mechanical systems. The aim was structural harmonisation, rather than quantization. Likewise, we will find that conceptual debates, especially having to do with measurement and the uncertainty relations, as well as new cosmological discoveries (based on applications of general relativity) were also quickly compared, often with surprising results such as explanations of discreteness and predictions of particle production in curved spaces. We see two primary motivations pushing this research forward: coherence (into which the more formal approaches also fit) and utility (that is attempting to gain a better grip on the quantum theory).
Another Field to the Pot
Authors: Rickles Dean
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the impact of field quantization methods on the problem of quantum gravity. It is shown that much work after 1930 until mid-century was an exercise in ‘exploring the consequences’ of the Heisenberg-Pauli theory of quantum electrodynamics: understanding the symmetries and the divergences, and attempting to find ways of dealing with both. The goal was very much to treat all fields in much the same way, and so one could also envisage learning about one field from another. However, there was a separate track, superficially similar, though issuing from a desire to have a theory of gravitation more in line with the rest of physics, and in particular one not involving the difficulties of curved, dynamical spacetime. The interaction representation and a desire for a manifestly covariant description played a crucial role in the development of such approaches, and involved a curious borrowing of concepts often associated with canonical approaches. An apparently orthogonal approach developed alongside these later manifestly covariant approaches, involving a hybrid approach retaining a classical gravitational field, albeit still coupled to quantized sources through the Einstein field equations. These were done largely to avoid complications, however, and the conceptual consequences, though hinted at, were not further explored.
Space in Ancient Times
Authors: Sattler Barbara
Published: April 2020

This chapter tells the story of the way in which, in ancient Greek thought, space first came to be established as an independent and unified dimension. The story begins with prephilosophical as well as philosophical understandings of space, in which spatial notions are often not clearly distinguished from time and matter. This leads to difficulties accounting for motion and change. While Plato’s Timaeus conceives of time and space for the first time as two independent magnitudes, this chapter shows that they are assumed to be different to such a degree that it is unclear how they could be related to each in an account of motion and change. The task of distinguishing time and space in a way that they can, nevertheless, be intelligibly related, is finally accomplished in Aristotle’s Physics. There, time and space are both conceived as (distinct) continua, which can be combined.
Space for Thought
Authors: Groh Jennifer M.
Published: April 2020

This Reflection concerns how the brain represents space and how such spatial representations may relate to our cognitive abilities. Space is central to how the brain encodes information, whether it concerns what we see, hear, or feel or how we move through our environment. Two different kinds of spatial signals have been observed in the brain: maps, in which different neurons are responsive to different locations of external stimuli, and meters, in which neurons are sensitive to a broad range of locations but can signal the position of a stimulus via an overall level of activity. These spatial codes may be recruited in the brain not only for processing the immediate spatial environment but also for thought and language. Evidence for this view comes from patterns of spatial sensory and motor metaphors in language and from brain-imaging studies suggesting a relationship between the neural substrates for language and those deployed for sensory and motor processing. Such parallels in functionality may have emerged in an evolutionary process of duplicating the brain’s primary sensory and motor areas and repurposing them for new tasks, i.e. our cognitive abilities.
Chemical Laboratory and the Cosmic Space
Authors: Kim Mi Gyung
Published: April 2020

Early modern chemistry configured the laboratory as a productive domain of useful material knowledge, which weakened its symbolic association with the cosmic space while strengthening its social status in the emergent civic order. The experimental production of vacuum by the Royal Society and the mathematical homogenization of space by Newton made chemistry an integral part of natural philosophy which in turn legitimized Anglican natural theology. The laboratory in Restoration England became the site of crafting a universal order. French representation of chemical reality in the affinity table during the Enlightenment projected, however, a disciplined material world a modern chemist could command, entirely dissociated from cosmic mystery.
Non-Euclidean Geometry
Authors: Gray Jeremy
Published: April 2020

Non-Euclidean geometry began as an inquiry into a possible weakness in Euclid’s Elements and became the source of the ideas that there are geometries of spaces other than the one imagined in elementary geometry and that many mathematical theories, not only in geometry but in algebra and analysis, can be fully and profitably axiomatized.
X-ray emission from the mixed-morphology supernova remnant HB 9
Authors: Saito Mariko , Yamauchi Shigeo , Nobukawa Kumiko K , Bamba Aya , Pannuti Thomas G
Published: April 2020

We present the results of a spectral analysis of the central region of the mixed-morphology supernova remnant HB 9. A prior Ginga observation of this source detected a hard X-ray component above 4 keV, and the origin of this particular X-ray component is still unknown. Our results demonstrate that the extracted X-ray spectra are best represented by a model consisting of a collisional ionization equilibrium plasma with a temperature of ∼0.1–0.2 keV (interstellar matter component) and an ionizing plasma with a temperature of ∼0.6–0.7 keV and an ionization timescale of >1 × 1011 cm−3 s (ejecta component). No significant X-ray emission was found in the central region above 4 keV. The recombining plasma model reported by a previous work does not explain our spectra.