bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximal femur parameter measurement via improved PointNet++
Authors: Yang Jiayu , Li Zhe , Zhan Pengyu , Li Xinghua , Wang Kunzheng , Han Jungang , Yang Pei
Published: December 2022

Background

Femoral morphological studies and parameter measurements play a crucial role in diagnosing hip joint disease, preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty, and prosthesis design. Doctors usually perform parameter measurements manually in clinical practice, but it is time‐consuming and labor‐intensive. Moreover, the results rely heavily on the doctor's experience, and the repeatability is poor. Therefore, the accurate and automatic measurement methods of proximal femoral parameters are of great value.

Method

We collected 300 cases of clinical CT data of the femur. We introduced the adaptive function adjustment module to the neural network PointNet++ to strengthen the global feature extraction of the point cloud for improving the accuracy of femur segmentation. We used the improved PointNet++ network to segment the femur into three parts: femoral head, femoral neck, and femoral shaft. We evaluated the segmentation accracy using Dice Coefficient, MIoU, recall, and precision indicators. We achieved the automatic measurement of the proximal femoral parameters using the shape fitting algorithms, and compared the automatic and manual measurement results.

Results

The Dice, MIoU, recall and precision indicator of the improved segmentation algorithm reached 98.05%, 96.55%, 96.63%, and 96.03%, respectively. The comparison between automatic and manual measurement results showed that the mean accuracies of all parameters were above 95%, the mean errors were less than 5 mm and 3°, and the ICC values were more than 0.8, indicating that the automatic measurement results were accurate.

Conclusion

Our improved PointNet++ network provided high‐precision segmentation of the femur. We further completed automatic measurement of the femur parameters and verified its high accuracy. This method is of great value for the diagnosis and preoperative planning of hip diseases.
Nonlinear set‐membership state estimation based on the Koopman operator
Authors: Pan Zhichao , Liu Fei
Published: December 2022

In this study, the Koopman operator is applied to solve the challenging nonlinear set‐membership (SM) state estimation problem. The basic idea is to lift the nonlinear system into a linear one with a higher dimension, and then linear SM estimation methods can be adopted. The Koopman operator is an infinite‐dimensional linear decomposition of nonlinear dynamics. This linearized system can fully describe the state evolution of the nonlinear dynamics with input, output, and noises. To apply SM state estimation algorithms, a finite‐dimensional approximation is obtained by using the data‐driven method. Meanwhile, the statistical properties of the approximation errors are also utilized to reduce the conservativeness of the filter. The probability distributions of approximation errors are described by sample particles. Coupled with the unknown but bounded noises, the linearized system is associated with two types of uncertainties. To this end, the merging SM and stochastic strategy is adopted to construct a class of confidence state set whose level approaches 1. After that, the optimal filter gain is given to minimize the size of the confidence state set. Finally, three numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A simple method to determine the reactivity of calcium carbonate in soils
Authors: Sheikh‐Abdullah Shuela M. , Hirmas Daniel R. , Koop Aaron N.
Published: December 2022

Determination of soil carbonate is important for numerous chemical and physical soil processes in arid and semi‐arid zones. Here, we modify a conventional method to more easily determine active CaCO3 (ACC) fraction in soils. Unlike the conventional method where the oxalate used up after reaction with carbonate is determined by titration with KMnO4, the proposed method uses the difference between total carbonate analyzed before and after reaction with oxalate to determine ACC. The method compared well to the conventional approach; the procedure was faster, did not require KMnO4, and appeared to be unaffected by exchangeable Ca. The proposed method is well‐suited for samples across a wide range of total carbonate.
Using supervised machine learning to scale human‐coded data: A method and dataset in the board leadership context
Authors: Harrison Joseph S. , Josefy Matthew A. , Kalm Matias , Krause Ryan
Published: December 2022

Research Summary

Human coding of unstructured text can enable scholars to measure complex latent constructs for use in empirical analysis, but also requires substantial time and resources that limit the number and sample sizes of studies using this approach. We demonstrate how supervised machine learning (ML) can overcome these constraints by allowing scholars to scale human‐coded data. Using board leadership as an illustrative context, we apply this method to create a large‐scale dataset (N = 22,388) from smaller scale human codings of CEO duality and board chair orientations from company proxy statements. We further demonstrate the potential value of this approach by using the resulting dataset to examine the relationships among board leadership, firm performance, and CEO dismissal. The ML code and dataset are available at 10.5281/zenodo.7304697.

Managerial Summary

Manually converting unstructured text into usable data requires considerable time and resources. This article outlines a replicable process for applying supervised machine learning (ML) to overcome these constraints by scaling manually coded data. While ML is often used to identify patterns or predict relationships within a given dataset, we show how scholars and practitioners can build valuable custom algorithms at an earlier stage in the process—when first building a dataset. We illustrate this approach by training ML algorithms to replicate human codings of CEO duality and board chair control and collaboration orientations from over 22,000 company filings. We then show how this approach can support new knowledge development by using these data to explore the relationships among board leadership, company performance, and CEO dismissal.
Thermo‐Responsive Nanocomposite Bioink with Growth‐Factor Holding and its Application to Bone Regeneration
Authors: Kim Jun , Choi Hoon‐Seong , Kim Young‐Min , Song Soo‐Chang
Published: December 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting, which is being increasingly used in tissue engineering, requires bioinks with tunable mechanical properties, biological activities, and mechanical strength for in vivo implantation. Herein, a growth‐factor‐holding poly(organophosphazene)‐based thermo‐responsive nanocomposite (TNC) bioink system is developed. The mechanical properties of the TNC bioink are easily controlled within a moderate temperature range (5–37 °C). During printing, the mechanical properties of the TNC bioink, which determine the 3D printing resolution, can be tuned by varying the temperature (15–30 °C). After printing, TNC bioink scaffolds exhibit maximum stiffness at 37 °C. Additionally, because of its shear‐thinning and self‐healing properties, TNC bioinks can be extruded smoothly, demonstrating good printing outcomes. TNC bioink loaded with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1), key growth factors for osteogenesis, is used to print a scaffold that can stimulate biological activity. A biological scaffold printed using TNC bioink loaded with both growth factors and implanted on a rat calvarial defect model reveals significantly improved bone regenerative effects. The TNC bioink system is a promising next‐generation bioink platform because its mechanical properties can be tuned easily for high‐resolution 3D bioprinting with long‐term stability and its growth‐factor holding capability has strong clinical applicability.
An RNA Paranemic Crossover Triangle as A 3D Module for Cotranscriptional Nanoassembly
Authors: Sampedro Vallina Néstor , McRae Ewan K.S. , Geary Cody , Andersen Ebbe Sloth
Published: December 2022

RNA nanotechnology takes advantage of structural modularity to build self‐assembling nano‐architectures with applications in medicine and synthetic biology. The use of paranemic motifs, that form without unfolding existing secondary structure, allows for the creation of RNA nanostructures that are compatible with cotranscriptional folding in vitro and in vivo. In previous work, kissing‐loop (KL) motifs have been widely used to design RNA nanostructures that fold cotranscriptionally. However, the paranemic crossover (PX) motif has not yet been explored for cotranscriptional RNA origami architectures and information about the structural geometry of the motif is unknown. Here, a six base pair‐wide paranemic RNA interaction that arranges double helices in a perpendicular manner is introduced, allowing for the generation of a new and versatile building block: the paranemic‐crossover triangle (PXT). The PXT is self‐assembled by cotranscriptional folding and characterized by cryogenic electron microscopy, revealing for the first time an RNA PX interaction in high structural detail. The PXT is used as a building block for the construction of multimers that form filaments and rings and a duplicated PXT motif is used as a building block to self‐assemble cubic structures, demonstrating the PXT as a rigid self‐folding domain for the development of wireframe RNA origami architectures.
Multifunctional MoSe2@MXene Heterostructure‐Decorated Cellulose Fabric for Wearable Thermal Therapy
Authors: Xie Junwen , Zhang Yinhang , Dai Jinming , Xie Zuoxiang , Xue Jie , Dai Kun , Zhang Fei , Liu Dan , Cheng Junye , Kang Feiyu , Li Baohua , Zhao Yun , Lin Lin , Zheng Qingbin
Published: December 2022

A booming demand for wearable electronic devices urges the development of multifunctional smart fabrics. However, it is still facing a challenge to fabricate multifunctional smart fabrics with satisfactory mechanical property, excellent Joule heating performance, highly efficient photothermal conversion, outstanding electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, and superior anti‐bacterial capability. Here, a MoSe2@MXene heterostructure‐based multifunctional cellulose fabric is fabricated by depositing MXene nanosheets onto cellulose fabric followed by a facile hydrothermal method to grow MoSe2 nanoflakes on MXene layers. A low‐voltage Joule heating therapy platform with rapid Joule heating response (up to 230 °C in 25 s at a supplied voltage of 4 V) and stable performance under repeated bending cycles (up to 1000 cycles) is realized. Besides, the multifunctional fabric also exhibits excellent photothermal performance (up to 130 °C upon irradiation for 25 s with a light intensity of 400 mW cm−2), outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (37 dB), and excellent antibacterial performances (>90% anti‐bacterial rate toward Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus). This work offers an efficient avenue to fabricate multifunctional wearable thermal therapy devices for mobile healthcare and personal thermal management.
Supramolecular Framework Constructed by Dendritic Nanopolymer for Stable Flexible Perovskite Resistive Random‐Access Memory
Authors: Ma Xueqing , Zhou Jianjun , Liu Yingliang , Xu Shengang , Cao Shaokui
Published: December 2022

The 3D supramolecular framework (3D‐SF) is constructed in this work through the hydrogen bond assisted self‐assembly of spherical dendritic nanopolymer to regulate the flexibility, stability, and resistive switching (RS) performance of perovskite resistive random‐access memory (RRAM). Herein, the 3D‐SF network acts as the perovskite crystallization template to regulate the perovskite crystallization process due to its coordination interaction of functional groups with the perovskite grains, presenting the uniform, pinhole‐free, and compact perovskite morphology for stable flexible RRAM. The 3D‐SF network in situ stays at the perovskite intergranular boundaries to crosslink the perovskite grains. The RS performance of 3D‐SF‐modified perovskite RRAM device is evidently improved to the ON/OFF ratio of 105, the cycle number of 500 times, and the data retention time of 104 s. The 50‐days exposure of unencapsulated RRAM device at ambient environment still makes the ON/OFF ratio to be kept at ≈104, indicating the potential of long‐term stable multilevel storage in the high‐density data storage. The bending action under different radius also does not change the RS performance due to the excellent bending‐resistant ability of 3D‐SF‐modified perovskite film. This work explores a novel polymer additive strategy to construct the 3D supramolecular framework for stable flexible perovskite optoelectronic devices.
Software‐defined networks‐enabled fog computing for IoT‐based healthcare: Security, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Kumhar Malaram , Bhatia Jitendra
Published: December 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a crucial technology in the healthcare industry thanks to recent developments in automated data collection. Current statistics of the healthcare sector show that it is expanding at a remarkable rate. However, the performance of the healthcare system is impacted by many challenges, such as security, privacy, latency, scalability, and heterogeneity that come with advancement. Fog computing and software‐defined networks (SDN) are critical enabling technologies that help to improve IoT‐based healthcare systems by ensuring timely and reliable data provisioning for use in healthcare applications. SDN solves interoperability, device management, and network management issues and automates patient health monitoring without human interaction. SDN and fog computing in IoT‐based healthcare can optimize device communication and computing power at a low cost. SDN‐enabled fog computing has lower latency and better security than cloud‐based IoT healthcare architecture. The researchers have not entirely discovered SDN‐enabled fog computing to the best of our knowledge. This paper covers healthcare IoT technicalities and related technologies. We examined ways to merge SDN, fog computing, and IoT to improve healthcare solutions. Finally, we concluded the paper with research issues and future healthcare system improvements.
Enhanced {100} Recrystallization Texture in Strip‐Cast Nonoriented Electrical Steel by Two‐Stage Annealing
Authors: Jiao Hai-tao , Xie Xin-xiang , Hu Yong , Liu De-jia , Tang Yan-chuan , Zhao Long-zhi
Published: December 2022

Herein, nonoriented electrical steel with enhanced {100} texture is prepared by two‐stage annealing, i.e., prerecovery annealing and then recrystallization annealing. The impact of the annealing process on microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties is investigated using optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and X‐ray diffraction. It is found that the large {100} deformed matrix with low stored energy begins to recrystallize after the matrix with high stored energy (such as shear bands) is completely recrystallized. Strong Cube and Goss ({110}<001>) texture is developed in the final sheet after conventional annealing. The introduction of prerecovery annealing decreases the stored energy of deformed microstructure and then retarders the start of recrystallization. The final annealed sheet subjected to prerecovery annealing exhibits enhanced multicomponent {100} recrystallization texture containing Cube and {001}<120>–{001}<130> and {001}<110> components. The volume fraction of {100} texture is increased to 22.7–33.6%. It can be attributed to the fact that the prerecovery annealing promotes the growth of new {100} grains recrystallized in the deformed matrix with low stored energy and activates the extended recovery behavior of {001}<110> deformed grains. This improvement of {100} recrystallization texture significantly increases the magnetic induction at the 45° direction and reduces the magnetic anisotropy.
The Causes and Effects of Preannealed Radiative Property Variations Across Full‐Hard Advanced High‐Strength Steel Coils
Authors: Narayanan Nishant S. , Lin Kaihsiang , Suleiman Fatima K. , Daun Kyle J.
Published: December 2022

This study investigates the connection between surface topography and radiative property variations across full‐hard (unannealed and cold‐rolled) advanced high‐strength steel (AHSS) coils. Directional–hemispherical reflectivities of samples extracted from various locations on a full‐hard DP‐780 coil are measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrometer at wavelengths between 0.5 and 20 μm. Surface topography analysis is performed using optical profilometry, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Surface height profiles are generated using 3D depth mapping of optical images. The surface profiles are then used in a geometric optical approximation model, which correlates the radiative properties to surface topography variations. Significant differences in radiative properties and surface topography are observed along the length and width of the coil. These variations in radiative properties may explain the temperature excursions that cause nonuniformities in mechanical properties observed across AHSS coils produced on continuous galvanizing lines in the industry.
Modeling the behavior of shear‐dominated walls retrofitted with ultra high‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete jackets
Authors: Mihaylov Boyan I. , Franssen Renaud
Published: December 2022

Large‐scale tests of shear‐dominated walls with ultra high‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) jackets have shown the high effectiveness of this retrofitting solution. The jackets can suppress brittle shear failures and result in a ductile response governed by yielding of the flexural reinforcement. In addition, due to the low porosity of UHPFRC and the crack control provided by the fibers, the jackets can also provide an effective corrosion protection. However, while this retrofitting solution is very promising, there is a lack of mechanical models that can predict the effect of UHPFRC jackets. This paper proposes such a model based on a three‐parameter kinematic theory (3PKT) for reinforced concrete walls. The 3PKT is extended by modeling three important effects associated with the UHPFRC jackets: tension in the fibers across the critical diagonal cracks, increased compression resistance of the critical loading zones, and enhanced crack control. The results show that the proposed approach can be used to design the properties of UHPFRC jackets in order to achieve a desired structural response in terms of strength, ductility, and crack control.
Visual thinking strategies for English learners: Learning language through the power of art
Authors: Clark‐Gareca Beth , Meyer Tom
Published: December 2022

Visual thinking strategies (VTS) is a museum‐based technique with exciting potential for English learners' (ELs') language development. Originally used to engage novice viewers in discussing art pieces, English language arts and ESOL educators have enthusiastically adapted VTS to their instructional repertoires in order to bolster students' literacy development, language learning, and content learning. In this article, the authors consider the classroom use of VTS with linguistically diverse learners. They present its classic form through a vignette to illustrate how the visual stimulus, coupled with three questions—What's going on in this picture? What makes you say that? What else can we find?—can help students produce linguistically scaffolded content. The researchers draw from the literature and identify ways that VTS implementation has been shown to support learners' development of language modalities, critical thinking, and affective skills. Finally, the authors encourage educators to explore and expand their teaching practices with ELs to try this refreshing technique in their classrooms.
Field‐data‐based reliability analysis of power converters in wind turbines: Assessing the effect of explanatory variables
Authors: Pelka Karoline , Fischer Katharina
Published: December 2022

Frequent failures of power converters affect the availability of wind turbines and cause considerable maintenance costs. To enhance the reliability of power converters in wind turbines, the prevailing causes and modes of failures have to be identified. This publication contributes to root‐cause analysis of the power‐converter failures in wind turbines from a statistical point of view. For this purpose, the failure behavior of power‐converters is modeled via lifetime models as well as repairable‐system models. By means of regression models, covariates are incorporated, including both design‐related and site‐specific covariates. The analysis is based on a worldwide extensive field‐data collection covering more than 9000 turbines, including different turbine designs, sites, and ages. The results obtained by means of the applied regression models indicate that the location of the power converter within the turbine, the cooling system, the converter rated power, the DC‐link voltage, the IGBT‐module manufacturer, and the commissioning date of the turbine as design‐related covariates have a significant effect on the phase‐module failure behavior and with that on converter reliability. Among the site‐specific covariates, the analysis results confirm humidity as a likely significant driver of failures.
Finite element method (FEM) analyses of the entropy and convective process within an inclined porous T‐shaped domain using nano‐encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs)
Authors: Ahmed Sameh E. , Al‐Kouz Wael , Aly Abdelraheem M.
Published: December 2022

Numerical treatments based on the finite element method (FEM) are carried out for the entropy generation and convective process within inclined T‐shaped enclosures using the nano–encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs). The domain is filled by glass balls as a porous medium and the Brinkman‐extended non‐Darcy model is applied. For the worked mixture, the overall heat capacity of the encapsulated nanoparticles is estimated using the heat capacity of the core and shell and sine profiles are introduced for the latent heat of the change phase. Three different designs are performed for the considered geometry based on the aspect ratio of the boundaries. During the simulations, various values of the fusion temperature , the inclination angle γ and different designs of the considered domain are taken into account and the Ryleigh‐Darcy number is varied between 102 and 104. The main outcomes disclosed that, for the fixed values of and γ (, the increase in the fusion temperature causes a shifting of the melting‐solidification zones from the top boundary to the bottom of the horizontal channel.
A strong positivity‐preserving finite volume scheme for convection–diffusion equations on tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Zhao Fei , Sheng Zhiqiang , Yuan Guangwei
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we present a nonlinear strong positivity‐preserving finite volume (FV) scheme on tetrahedral meshes for nonstationary convection–diffusion equations with general right‐hand term, whose exact solution is assumed to be non‐negative, while the right‐hand term is allowed to be negative. A nonlinearization technique, which can be regarded as a correction of the linear scheme, is used to the discretization of both the diffusion and convection terms. Moreover, we impose nonlinear correction for the right‐hand term if it is a sink. The resulting scheme is cell‐centered and locally conservative, and has a fixed stencil. And in the construction of the scheme, it is unnecessary to assume that auxiliary unknowns are non‐negative. Besides, the existence of a solution and the strong positivity‐preserving property for the nonlinear system are proved. Finally, the numerical examples are presented to show the positivity of the new scheme and the second‐order convergence rate for the solution.
A chemotaxis‐Stokes system with nonhomogeneous boundary condition: Global large‐datum solution and asymptotic behavior
Authors: Jin Chunhua
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we study the global solvability and stabilization to a chemotaxis‐Stokes model with porous medium diffusion and mixed nonhomogeneous boundary value conditions in three‐dimensional space. When m is slightly bigger than 1, we can get a solution with strong regularity, but when m is close to 1, the regularity of the solution becomes weak. Specifically, our results are divided into two cases: (i) and (ii) . For case (i), we obtain a global bounded weak existence with good regularity for any initial datum, and for decay incoming oxygen, we also prove that the bounded solution will converge to a constant steady state. But for case (ii), it is hard to obtain the boundedness of solutions, and a global “very” weak solution is obtained.
Ternary hybrid nanofluids flow on a spinning disk with nonlinear thermal radiation
Authors: Gohar  , Saeed Anwar , Alyami Maryam Ahmed , Akkurt Nevzat , Khan Tahir Saeed , Gul Taza
Published: December 2022

Researchers are interested in the thermophysical properties of nanofluids because of the successful use of nanofluids in state‐of‐the‐art technology and engineering. Hence, hybrid and tri‐hybrid nanofluid is used to ensure the required thermal features. An incompressible ternary hybrid nanofluid (NF) flow comprised of (Al2O3) aluminum oxide, (CuO) copper oxide, and (TiO2) titanium dioxide nanoparticles across an impermeable infinite spinning disc are addressed in the present study. The magnetic field and second‐degree thermal radiation were used in the proposed model. The main aim of this assessment is to raise the consciousness of energy exhaustion in the industrial and technical sectors. The numerous applicability of ternary nanoparticles (NPs) make the proposed model more plausible, such as, Al2O3 has society‐enhancing and life‐extending applications, CuO has unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, while TiO2 is excessively used in plastic and paper production. For this purpose, the sensations have been expressed in the form of differential equations and the consequences are obtained using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The graphics and statistical outcomes of the analytical simulation of the proposed model are reported through Figures and Tables.
Gravity as a portal to reheating, leptogenesis and dark matter
Authors: Barman Basabendu , Cléry Simon , Co Raymond T. , Mambrini Yann , Olive Keith A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We show that a minimal scenario, utilizing only the graviton as an intermediate messenger between the inflaton, the dark sector and the Standard Model (SM), is able to generate simultaneously the observed relic density of dark matter (DM), the baryon asymmetry through leptogenesis, as well as a sufficiently hot thermal bath after inflation. We assume an inflaton potential of the form V(ϕ) ∝ ϕk about the minimum at the end of inflation. The possibility of reheating via minimal gravitational interactions has been excluded by constraints on dark radiation for excessive gravitational waves produced from inflation. We thus extend the minimal model in several ways: i) we consider non-minimal gravitational couplings — this points to the parameter range of DM masses $$ {M}_{N_1} $$

M

N
1

≃ 2–10 PeV, and right-handed neutrino masses $$ {M}_{N_2} $$

M

N
2

≃ (5–20) × 1011 GeV, and TRH ≲ 3 × 105 GeV (for k ≤ 20); ii) we propose an explanation for the PeV excess observed by IceCube when the DM has a direct but small Yukawa coupling to the SM; and iii) we also propose a novel scenario, where the gravitational production of DM is a two-step process, first through the production of two scalars, which then decay to fermionic DM final states. In this case, the absence of a helicity suppression enhances the production of DM and baryon asymmetry, and allows a great range for the parameters including a dark matter mass below an MeV where dark matter warmness can be observable by cosmic 21-cm lines, even when gravitational interactions are responsible for reheating. We also show that detectable primordial gravitational wave signals provide the opportunity to probe this scenario for TRH ≲ 5 × 106 GeV in future experiments, such as BBO, DECIGO, CE and ET.
Three-loop helicity amplitudes for quark-gluon scattering in QCD
Authors: Caola Fabrizio , Chakraborty Amlan , Gambuti Giulio , von Manteuffel Andreas , Tancredi Lorenzo
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We compute the three-loop helicity amplitudes for $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

→ gg and its crossed partonic channels, in massless QCD. Our analytical results provide a non-trivial check of the color quadrupole contribution to the infrared poles for external states in different color representations. At high energies, the qg → qg amplitude shows the predicted factorized form from Regge theory and confirms previous results for the gluon Regge trajectory extracted from qq′ → qq′ and gg → gg scattering.
Non-planar BCFW Grassmannian geometries
Authors: Paranjape Shruti , Trnka Jaroslav , Zheng Minshan
Published: December 2022

Abstract

In this paper, we study non-adjacent BCFW recursion relations and their connection to positive geometry. For an adjacent BCFW shift, the n-point NkMHV tree-level amplitude in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory is expressed as a sum over planar on-shell diagrams, corresponding to canonical “dlog” forms on the cells in the positive Grassmannian G+(k, n). Non-adjacent BCFW shifts naturally lead to an expansion of the amplitude in terms of a different set of objects, which do not manifest the cyclic ordering and the hidden Yangian symmetry of the amplitude. We show that these terms can be interpreted as dlog forms on the non-planar Grassmannian geometries, generalizing the cells of the positive Grassmannian G+(k, n) to a larger class of objects which live in G(k, n). We focus mainly on the case of NMHV amplitudes and discuss in detail the Grassmannian geometries. We also propose an alternative way to calculate the associated on-shell functions and dlog forms using an intriguing connection between Grassmannian configurations and the geometry in the kinematical space.
A new quantization principle from a minimally non time-ordered product
Authors: Anselmi Damiano
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We formulate a new quantization principle for perturbative quantum field theory, based on a minimally non time-ordered product, and show that it gives the theories of physical particles and purely virtual particles. Given a classical Lagrangian, the quantization proceeds as usual, guided by the time-ordered product, up to the common scattering matrix S, which satisfies a unitarity or a pseudounitarity equation. The physical scattering matrix Sph is built from S, by gluing S diagrams together into new diagrams, through non time-ordered propagators. We classify the most general way to gain unitarity by means of such operations, and point out that a special solution “minimizes” the time-ordering violation. We show that the scattering matrix Sph given by this solution coincides with the one obtained by turning the would-be ghosts (and possibly some would-be physical particles) into purely virtual particles (fakeons). We study tricks to descend and ascend in a unique way among diagrams, and illustrate them in several examples: the ascending chain from the bubble to the hexagon, at one loop; the box with diagonal, at two loops; other diagrams, with more loops.
Dark photon vortex formation and dynamics
Authors: East William E. , Huang Junwu
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We study the formation and evolution of vortices in U(1) dark photon dark matter and dark photon clouds that arise through black hole superradiance. We show how the production of both longitudinal mode and transverse mode dark photon dark matter can lead to the formation of vortices. After vortex formation, the energy stored in the dark photon dark matter will be transformed into a large number of vortex strings, eradicating the coherent dark photon dark matter field. In the case where a dark photon magnetic field is produced, bundles of vortex strings are formed in a superheated phase transition, and evolve towards a configuration consisting of many string loops that are uncorrelated on large scales, analogous to a melting phase transition in condensed matter. In the process, they dissipate via dark photon and gravitational wave emission, offering a target for experimental searches. Vortex strings were also recently shown to form in dark photon superradiance clouds around black holes, and we discuss the dynamics and observational consequences of this phenomenon with phenomenologically motivated parameters. In that case, the string loops ejected from the superradiance cloud, apart from producing gravitational waves, are also quantised magnetic flux lines and can be looked for with magnetometers. We discuss the connection between the dynamics in these scenarios and similar vortex dynamics found in type II superconductors.
N-jettiness for muon jet pairs in electroweak high-energy processes
Authors: Chay Junegone , Kwon Taehyun
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We study the N-jettiness in the electroweak high-energy process for the final muon jet pairs, e−e+ → μ+ jet + μ−jet. Compared to QCD, the main difference is that there exist additional gauge nonsinglet contributions in the weak interaction, which make the factorization more elaborate. Especially the nonsinglet contributions arise due to the Block-Nordsieck violation in electroweak processes, which yields the Sudakov logarithms and the rapidity divergence. They change the evolution of the factorized parts considerably in the N-jettiness. There are two possible channels, initiated from the gauge bosons WW → ℓμ$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

μ, and from the electrons ℓe$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

e → ℓμ$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

μ, where ℓ denotes the weak doublet. The latter was discussed previously, and we complete the analysis by studying the first. The factorization for WW → ℓμ$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

μ can be proceeded in a similar way as in the factorization for ℓe$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

e → ℓμ$$ \overline{\ell} $$

ℓ
¯

μ, and the result exhibits a rich structure. The new ingredients in this study consist of the W beam functions, and the complex color structure of the soft functions and the hard functions. The resummation of the large logarithms is performed by solving the renormalization group equations with respect to the renormalization scale and the rapidity scale. In the numerical analysis, we confine to the SU(2) weak gauge interaction, and the numerical results are presented for both channels at next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy including the singlet and the nonsinglet contributions. The nonsinglet contributions turn out to be appreciable in the 2-jettiness.
Generalised U-dual solutions via ISO(7) gauged supergravity
Authors: Blair Chris D. A. , Zhidkova Sofia
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We study a solution generating technique in supergravity which can be viewed as a generalised version of U-duality, taking solutions of type IIA supergravity on a 6-sphere with RR flux to new solutions of 11-dimensional supergravity. The new solutions are characterised by an underlying 6-algebra structure. Our construction provides an 11-dimensional uplift of four-dimensional ISO(7) gauged supergravity, using E7 exceptional geometry techniques. We focus on an example where we start with the D2 solution in type IIA supergravity and construct a new $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

-BPS 11-dimensional solution.
Staphylococcal protein A modulates inflammation by inducing interferon signaling in human nasal epithelial cells
Authors: Hu Hua , Liu Sha , Hon Karen , Psaltis Alkis J. , Wormald Peter John , Vreugde Sarah
Published: December 2022

Objective and design

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the leading causes of human respiratory tract infections. The function of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA), expressed on the S. aureus bacterial membrane and released in the environment, on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the SpA expression in S. aureus from chronic rhinosinusitis patients and investigated the effects of SpA on HNECs inflammation through Interferon Gamma Receptor 1(IFNGR1)/phosphorylated Janus Kinase 2 (p-JAK2) pathway.

Methods

RNA profiling was performed to investigate inflammatory activation in a S. aureus chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) mouse model. SpA release by S. aureus clinical isolates was determined using ELISA. The effect of purified SpA and SpA enriched conditioned media from S. aureus clinical isolates on HNECs cytotoxicity, apoptosis and release of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase assays, and flow cytometry. SpA dependent IFNGR1 and p-JAK2 expression were assessed by qPCR, immunofluorescence and western blot in HNECs.

Results

49 genes were significantly induced in S. aureus CRS mice indicative of activation of interferon signaling. SpA release was significantly higher in S. aureus clinical isolates from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Purified SpA significantly increased IFNGR1 mRNA and protein expression in HNECs. SpA induced cytotoxic effects and induced the release of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in an IFNGR1 dependent way.

Conclusion

SpA induces interferon signaling through activation of the IFNGR1-JAK-2 pathway, which provides an understanding of how S. aureus SpA affects the inflammatory process in the upper airways.
Defining Binary Phylogenetic Trees Using Parsimony
Authors: Fischer Mareike
Published: December 2022

Phylogenetic (i.e., leaf-labeled) trees play a fundamental role in evolutionary research. A typical problem is to reconstruct such trees from data like DNA alignments (whose columns are often referred to as characters), and a simple optimization criterion for such reconstructions is maximum parsimony. It is generally assumed that this criterion works well for data in which state changes are rare. In the present manuscript, we prove that each binary phylogenetic tree T with $$n\ge 20 k$$

n
≥
20
k

leaves is uniquely defined by the set $$A_k(T)$$

A
k

(
T
)

, which consists of all characters with parsimony score k on T. This can be considered as a promising first step toward showing that maximum parsimony as a tree reconstruction criterion is justified when the number of changes in the data is relatively small.
Tame Sets in Homogeneous Spaces
Authors: Andrist Rafael B. , Ugolini Riccardo
Published: December 2022

We prove the existence of strongly tame sets in affine algebraic homogeneous spaces of linear algebraic Lie groups. We also show that

$(\mathbb {C}^{n},A)$

(

ℂ

n

,
A
)

enjoys the strong relative density property when A is a tame set, and we provide examples of Stein manifolds admitting non-equivalent tame sets.
Chromogranin A: a useful biomarker in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Ploussard Guillaume , Rozet François , Roubaud Guilhem , Stanbury Trevor , Sargos Paul , Roupret Morgan
Published: December 2022

Purpose

The natural history of prostate cancer (PC) almost always evolves to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) status, sometimes comprising pure or mixed neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NEPC) differentiation. In CRPC, monitoring using only prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not optimal since neuroendocrine differentiated cells do not secrete PSA. Thus, monitoring with PSA and chromogranin A (CgA) may be useful. This review aims to evaluate evidence for the usefulness of CgA assessments during the monitoring of prostate cancer.

Method

This review was based on three recent meta-analysis concerning CgA and prostate cancer. Further data were obtained from PubMed and Embase databases by searches using keywords, including chromogranin A and prostate cancer.

Results

CgA levels remain largely unchanged during the early PC evolution. The development of NEPC is characterised by lower PSA secretion and increased CgA secretion. Data supporting the prognostic value of high CgA baseline levels for survival are contrasting and scarce. However, increasing CgA levels early during treatment of metastatic (m)CRPC suggests resistance to treatment and predicts shorter survival, particularly in men with high baseline levels of CgA levels. In men with mCRPC, the first-line chemotherapy may be more appropriate than other agents when baseline CgA levels are high. Also, increasing CgA levels during treatment may indicate disease progression and may warrant a change of therapy.

Conclusion

CgA monitoring at baseline and regularly during mCRPC management may be useful for monitoring disease evolution. An increased CgA baseline levels and increasing CgA levels may assist physicians with choosing and modifying therapy.
Comparisons of objective and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia using binocular wavefront optometer with autorefraction and retinoscopy in school-age children
Authors: Lei Yadi , Chen Xun , Cheng Mingrui , Li Boliang , Jiang Yinjie , Xu Yilin , Wang Xiaoying
Published: December 2022

Purpose

To compare school-age children’s objective and subjective refraction using a binocular wavefront optometer (BWFOM) with autorefraction and retinoscopy before and after cycloplegia.

Methods

Eighty-six eyes from 86 children (6–15 years old) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. BWFOM objective and subjective refractions were compared with autorefraction and retinoscopy under cycloplegia. BWFOM refraction was evaluated before and after cycloplegia. Measurements were compared using a paired t-test; agreement was assessed using Bland–Altman plots.

Results

Under cycloplegia, the sphere, spherical equivalence, and J45 were significantly more negative on BWFOM objective refraction than autorefraction (− 1.39 ± 2.20 D vs. − 1.28 ± 2.23 D, P = 0.003; − 1.84 ± 2.38 D vs. − 1.72 ± 2.43 D, P = 0.001; − 0.02 ± 0.17 D vs. 0.03 ± 0.21 D, P = 0.004). The subjective sphere of BWFOM was less myopic, and the cylinder and the J45 were more negative than those with retinoscopy (− 1.17 ± 2.09 D vs. − 1.25 ± 2.20 D, P = 0.02; − 0.91 ± 0.92 D vs. − 0.76 ± 0.92 D, P < 0.001; − 0.01 ± 0.15 D vs. 0.03 ± 0.21 D, P = 0.028). For both BWFOM objective and subjective refraction, sphere and spherical equivalence with noncycloplegia were more myopic than those with cycloplegia (objective: − 1.76 ± 2.10 D vs. − 1.39 ± 2.20 D, − 2.21 ± 2.30 D vs. − 1.84 ± 2.38 D, P < 0.001; subjective: − 1.57 ± 1.92 D vs. − 1.17 ± 2.09 D, − 2.01 ± 2.13 D vs. − 1.62 ± 2.27 D, P < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots showed good agreement in spherical equivalence between BWFOM objective refraction and autorefraction (mean difference = 0.12 D, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.52 to 0.76), subjective refraction with retinoscopy (mean difference =  − 0.01 D, 95% CI − 0.65 to 0.64), and BWFOM refractions with or without cycloplegia (objective: mean difference =  − 0.37 D, 95% CI − 1.31 to 0.57; subjective: mean difference =  − 0.39 D, 95% CI − 1.30 to 0.51). The time cost by BWFOM was significantly less than the total time of autorefraction and retinoscopy (264.88 ± 90.67 s vs. 315.89 ± 95.31 s, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

BWFOM is a new device that realizes both objective and subjective refraction. For children’s refractive errors, it is more convenient and quicker to obtain the proper prescription at a 0.05-D interval, and it is more accurate than autorefraction and retinoscopy under cycloplegia.
Histological evaluation of PAXgene tissue fixation in Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma diagnostics
Authors: Barroux Melissa , Horstmann Julia , Fricke Lisa , Schömig Linus , Werner Martin , Kraynova Ekaterina , Kamarádová Katerina , Fléjou Jean-François , Maerkel Bruno , Kumarasinghe M. Priyanthi , Vieth Michael , Westerhoff Maria , Patil Deepa T. , Steiger Katja , Becker Karl-Friedrich , Weichert Wilko , Schmid Roland M. , Quante Michael , Slotta-Huspenina Julia
Published: December 2022

The dysplasia grading of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), based on the histomorphological assessment of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, suffers from high interobserver variability leading to an unsatisfactory prediction of cancer risk. Thus, pre-analytic preservation of biological molecules, which could improve risk prediction in BE enabling molecular and genetic analysis, is needed. We aimed to evaluate such a molecular pre-analytic fixation tool, PAXgene-fixed paraffin-embedded (PFPE) biopsies, and their suitability for histomorphological BE diagnostics in comparison to FFPE. In a ring trial, 9 GI pathologists evaluated 116 digital BE slides of non-dysplastic BE (NDBE), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) using virtual microscopy. Overall quality, cytological and histomorphological parameters, dysplasia criteria, and diagnosis were analyzed. PFPE showed better preservation of nuclear details as chromatin and nucleoli, whereas overall quality and histomorphologic parameters as visibility of basal lamina, goblet cells, and presence of artifacts were scored as equal to FFPE. The interobserver reproducibility with regard to the diagnosis was best for NDBE and EAC (κF = 0.72–0.75) and poor for LGD and HGD (κF = 0.13–0.3) in both. In conclusion, our data suggest that PFPE allows equally confident histomorphological diagnosis of BE and EAC, introducing a novel tool for molecular analysis and parallel histomorphological evaluation.
Neuroevolution gives rise to more focused information transfer compared to backpropagation in recurrent neural networks
Authors: Hintze Arend , Adami Christoph
Published: December 2022

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the most promising tools in the quest to develop general artificial intelligence. Their design was inspired by how neurons in natural brains connect and process, the only other substrate to harbor intelligence. Compared to biological brains that are sparsely connected and that form sparsely distributed representations, ANNs instead process information by connecting all nodes of one layer to all nodes of the next. In addition, modern ANNs are trained with backpropagation, while their natural counterparts have been optimized by natural evolution over eons. We study whether the training method influences how information propagates through the brain by measuring the transfer entropy, that is, the information that is transferred from one group of neurons to another. We find that while the distribution of connection weights in optimized networks is largely unaffected by the training method, neuroevolution leads to networks in which information transfer is significantly more focused on small groups of neurons (compared to those trained by backpropagation) while also being more robust to perturbations of the weights. We conclude that the specific attributes of a training method (local vs. global) can significantly affect how information is processed and relayed through the brain, even when the overall performance is similar.