bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photothermal Devices for Sustainable Uses Beyond Desalination
Authors: Chen Honglei , Wu Shao-Lin , Wang Hua-Li , Wu Qing-Yun , Yang Hao-Cheng
Published: January 2021

Solar energy is an abundant clean and renewable energy source that has found wide uses in many energy‐intensive applications. It is normally transformed into other forms for certain applications, and light‐to‐heat conversion is one of the most common and efficient ways to utilize solar power. Previous reviews mostly focus on the solar‐driven evaporation for desalination, but few mention other applications in which the photothermal materials play a vital role. Herein, a Review regarding the sustainable uses of photothermal devices beyond desalination is presented. The recent developments of photothermal materials and progress on their applications in wastewater treatment, oil‐spill cleanup, moisture capture, energy harvesting during evaporation, sterilization, deicing, etc. are summarized. Herein, the working principles as well as property requirements in these applications are discussed and also the challenges with opportunities in future research are presented.
Multi‐enzyme cascade reaction in a miniplant two‐phase‐system: Model validation and mathematical optimization
Authors: Johannsen Jens , Meyer Francesca , Engelmann Claudia , Liese Andreas , Fieg Georg , Bubenheim Paul , Waluga Thomas
Published: January 2021

Biotechnological application of multiple enzymes in different phases for target compounds synthesis poses a significant challenge for industrial process development. At the same time, a growing demand for natural flavors and fragrances opens up possibilities for novel biotechnological processes to replace current chemical synthesis routes, with additional advantages such as avoiding harsh reaction conditions and toxic chemicals, and less by‐products in the system. Within complex biotechnological processes, the key for unfolding their industrial application potential in bioprocess engineering lies in their mathematical modeling. In this contribution, a multi‐enzyme cascade reaction in a two‐phase system implemented in a miniplant‐scale reactor setup is mathematically modeled for the example of the flavoring agent cinnamyl cinnamate. Using our validated model and a mathematical optimization tool based on a genetic algorithm, optimization runs are performed to demonstrate the potential of computer‐aided process development for complex biotechnological processes.
A fast modeling of chemical reactions in industrial‐scale olefin polymerization fluidized beds using recurrence CFD
Authors: Dabbagh Firas , Pirker Stefan , Schneiderbauer Simon
Published: January 2021

We present a novel approach for the fast modeling of exothermic chemical reactions in industrial‐scale fluidized bed reactors. It implicates a fast olefin polymerization process, accounting for the catalyst activity, the solubility of the reaction gases in polymer, the particles crystallinity, and the reaction masses and heat transfer. We principally apply the transport‐based recurrence computational fluid dynamics (rCFD) model upon the base of a short‐term non‐reactive simulation performed by a coarse‐grained two‐fluid model (cgTFM). Following the captured recurrent flows, the methodology propagates rapidly passive scalars far beyond the recorded simulation. The reaction kinetics of production/consumption rates due to polymerization are locally embedded into the individual solid/gas species concentrations. These in turn are considered in transporting the enthalpy and the generated heat by reaction. By doing so, the significant computational effort required to couple the thermodynamic effects of polymerization with the cgTFM (hybrid model), is drastically reduced using rCFD with very reliable agreement.
Characterizing regime transitions in a bubble column with internals
Authors: Guan Xiaoping , Yang Ning
Published: January 2021

Effects of internals on flow regimes are systematically investigated in a lab‐scale bubble column (BC) through six approaches: total gas holdup, drift‐flux, standard deviation, fractal analysis, chaos analysis and wavelet analysis. With increasing internals‐covered cross‐sectional area (CSA), these methods give various value of the first transitional superficial gas velocity, as different scales of structures are detected to characterize regime transition. While internals are found to have marginal effect on total gas holdup, significant change in gas‐holdup structure is discovered, showing a decrease in large‐bubbles holdup and an increase in small‐bubbles holdup in transitional and churn‐turbulent regimes. We propose a novel approach based on wavelet analysis to demarcate the boundaries among micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐scales. The energy fraction of these representative scales identifies two transitional velocities, suggesting that internals advance the advent of first transition and delay the second one. The operating window of transitional regime is, therefore, remarkably extended.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over mixed metal oxide catalysts: Autothermal or cooled tubular reactor design?
Authors: Chen Jiakang , Bollini Praveen , Balakotaiah Vemuri
Published: January 2021

A kinetic model consistent with experimentally measured reaction orders for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) over a MoVTeNbO catalyst is developed and applied to compare autothermal and multi‐tubular reactor designs for the same. The results suggest that autothermal reactor configurations are more favorable compared to multi‐tubular ones for this highly exothermic reaction, and become even more so with increasing active site density. A bifurcation analysis based on ignition and extinction behavior is presented as a function of adiabatic temperature rise (varied by altering the feed ethane to oxygen molar ratio) and catalyst active site density (varied by altering the pre‐exponential factor), thereby providing additional insights into strategies for successful scale‐up of ODHE reactors. These strategies for the design of viable reactor configurations may be more broadly applicable to high temperature catalytic partial oxidation reactions currently in practice or under consideration in the context of large‐scale processes for chemical production.
Neural recommender system for the activity coefficient prediction andUNIFACmodel extension of ionicliquid‐solutesystems
Authors: Chen Guzhong , Song Zhen , Qi Zhiwen , Sundmacher Kai
Published: January 2021

For the ionic liquid (IL)‐solute systems of broad interest, a deep neural network based recommender system (RS) for predicting the infinite dilution activity coefficient (γ∞) is proposed and applied for a large extension of the UNIFAC model. In the RS, neural network entity embeddings are employed for mapping each IL and solute, and neural collaborative filtering is utilized to handle the nonlinearities of IL‐solute interactions. A comprehensive experimentalγ∞database covering 215 ILs and 112 solutes (totally 41,553 data points) is established for training the RS, where the cross‐validation and test are performed based on a rigorous dataset split by IL‐solute combinations. The obtained RS shows superior performance than the state‐of‐the‐artγ∞prediction models and is thus taken to complete the solute‐in‐ILγ∞matrix. Based on the completedγ∞database, a large extension of the UNIFAC‐IL model is finally presented, filling all the parameters between involved groups.
Myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts (MDS‐RS) and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN‐RS‐T) – “2021 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management”
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2021

Disease Overview

Ring sideroblasts (RS) are erythroid precursors with abnormal perinuclear mitochondrial iron accumulation. Two myeloid neoplasms defined by the presence of RS, include myelodysplastic syndromes with RS (MDS‐RS) and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN‐RS‐T).

Diagnosis

MDS‐RS is a lower risk MDS, with single or multilineage dysplasia (MDS‐RS‐SLD/MLD), <5% bone marrow (BM) blasts, <1% peripheral blood blasts and ≥15% BM RS (≥5% in the presence of SF3B1 mutations). MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, now a formal entity in the MDS/MPN overlap syndromes, has diagnostic features of MDS‐RS‐SLD, along with a platelet count ≥450 × 109/L and large atypical megakaryocytes.

Mutations and Karyotype

Mutations in SF3B1 are seen in ≥80% of patients with MDS‐RS‐SLD and MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, and strongly correlate with the presence of BM RS; MDS/MPN‐RS‐T patients also demonstrate JAK2V617F (50%), DNMT3A, TET2 and ASXL1 mutations. Cytogenetic abnormalities are uncommon in both.

Risk Stratification

Most patients with MDS‐RS‐SLD are stratified into lower risk groups by the revised‐IPSS. Disease outcome in MDS/MPN‐RS‐T is better than that of MDS‐RS‐SLD, but worse than that of essential thrombocythemia (MPN). Both diseases are associated with a low risk of leukemic transformation.

Treatment

Anemia and iron overload are complications seen in both and are managed similar to lower risk MDS and MPN. Luspatercept, a first‐in‐class erythroid maturation agent is now approved for the management of anemia in patients with MDS‐RS and MDS/MPN‐RS‐T. Aspirin therapy is reasonable in MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, especially in the presence of JAK2V617F, but the value of platelet‐lowering drugs remains to be defined.
Adult diagnosis of Townes–Brocks syndrome with renal failure: Two related cases and review of literature
Authors: Beaudoux Olivia , Lebre Anne‐Sophie , Doco Fenzy Martine , Spodenkiewicz Marta , Canivet Eric , Colosio Charlotte , Poirsier Céline
Published: January 2021

Townes–Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome, resulting from heterozygous variant in SALL1 gene and initially characterized by the triad of anorectal, thumb, and ear malformations. Essentially described in children, adult case reports are uncommon. Renal involvement has already been reported in adults and children but poorly described. Structural abnormalities such as hypodysplasia, unilateral renal agenesis or multicystic kidneys have been described, as well as functional impairment (with or without structural abnormalities) that may progress to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). We report two adult cases (mother and daughter) which exhibited kidney hypoplasia (focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis for the mother) and ESRD. The mother had unilateral polydactyly. TBS was suggested after physical examination. TBS diagnosis was confirmed by identification of a SALL1 variant. We conducted a literature review to evaluate the renal anomalies in TBS cases diagnosed in adulthood. Among 44 adult cases of TBS with genetic confirmation (including our two cases), 10 had kidney disease. The circumstances of renal failure diagnosis were incidental findings (2/5), gout (2/5), or repeated episodes of pyelonephritis (1/5). The median age of kidney disease diagnosis was 30 years old and of renal transplant 49 years old. The most frequent renal malformation was bilateral kidney hypoplasia. TBS is probably underestimated in adulthood and this report highlights that less obvious elements of morphology such as dysplasic ears can facilitate the diagnosis of TBS. As long‐term prognosis of renal involvement in TBS patients remains largely unknown, a regular evaluation is required throughout life for patients.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Functionalization of Aryl Diazonium Salts
Authors: Zhang Xin , Mei Yaoyao , Li Yangyang , Hu Jingang , Huang Dayun , Bi Yicheng
Published: January 2021

Aryl diazonium salts are important molecules in organic chemistry. This review discusses advances of their application in light‐mediated reactions summarized in five categories according to the bond formations: (1) C−C formation from alkenes, alkynes, arenes, isocyanide, CO, arylboronic acid, or Grignard reagent. (2–5) C−B, C−N, C−S, and C−P formations. Reactions such as radical addition, elimination, metal‐catalyzed coupling, C−H activation, cyclizations, and rearrangements will be discussed herein.
Accuracy of ultrasound in estimating fetal weight in New Zealand
Authors: Benson‐Cooper Sarah , Tarr Gregory P. , Kelly Joanne , Bergin Colleen J.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Ultrasound estimation of fetal weight is an important factor guiding antenatal management. We aimed to review the accuracy of ultrasound in predicting fetal weight and birthweight category and identify influencing factors.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of term pregnant women who underwent ultrasound within 7 days of delivery at National Women's Health between January 2019 and January 2020. Stillbirths, major fetal anomalies and multiple pregnancies were excluded. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated using Hadlock formula and compared with birthweights. We evaluated change in weight categories due to these errors.

Results

Of 560 fetuses included, three quarters (n = 425, 76%) of EFWs were within 10% of birthweight. 135 fetuses had EFWs either less than 90% (n = 19) or greater than 110% (n = 116). Fetuses with EFW < 90% had longer times between scanning and delivery, lower EFW and higher maternal BMI. Fetuses with EFW > 110% were associated with higher EFW, later gestational age and older maternal age. US incorrectly estimated 71 (12.7%) fetal birthweight categories. Underestimated weight category (8.9%) was associated with higher maternal BMI.

Discussion

Inaccurate EFWs were more common at the extremes of fetal weight. A significant association was underestimation birthweight in mothers with increased BMI, who are at increased risk for perinatal and surgical complications.

Conclusion

Our accuracy of 76% correctly predicted EFWs compares favourably with previous studies. Clinicians and sonographers should be aware of the increased risk for inaccurate categorisation of fetuses at the extremes of EFW and in mothers with increased BMI.
Antibodies Contributing to Focal Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms Score
Authors: de Bruijn Marienke A. A. M. , Bastiaansen Anna E. M. , Mojzisova Hana , van Sonderen Agnes , Thijs Roland D. , Majoie Marian J. M. , Rouhl Rob P. W. , van Coevorden‐Hameete Marleen H. , de Vries Juna M. , Muñoz Lopetegi Amaia , Roozenbeek Bob , Schreurs Marco W. J. , Sillevis Smitt Peter A. E. , Titulaer Maarten J. ,   the ACES Study Group
Published: January 2021

Objective

Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is difficult in patients with less fulminant diseases such as epilepsy. However, recognition is important, as patients require immunotherapy. This study aims to identify antibodies in patients with focal epilepsy of unknown etiology, and to create a score to preselect patients requiring testing.

Methods

In this prospective, multicenter cohort study, adults with focal epilepsy of unknown etiology, without recognized AIE, were included, between December 2014 and December 2017, and followed for 1 year. Serum, and if available cerebrospinal fluid, were analyzed using different laboratory techniques. The ACES score was created using factors favoring an autoimmune etiology of seizures (AES), as determined by multivariate logistic regression. The model was externally validated and evaluated using the Concordance (C) statistic.

Results

We included 582 patients, with median epilepsy duration of 8 years (interquartile range = 2–18). Twenty patients (3.4%) had AES, of whom 3 had anti–leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 1, 3 had anti–contactin‐associated protein‐like 2, 1 had anti–N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor, and 13 had anti–glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay concentrations >10,000IU/ml). Risk factors for AES were temporal magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities (odds ratio [OR] = 255.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.6–3332.2, p < 0.0001), autoimmune diseases (OR = 13.31, 95% CI = 3.1–56.6, p = 0.0005), behavioral changes (OR 12.3, 95% CI = 3.2–49.9, p = 0.0003), autonomic symptoms (OR = 13.3, 95% CI = 3.1–56.6, p = 0.0005), cognitive symptoms (OR = 30.6, 95% CI = 2.4–382.7, p = 0.009), and speech problems (OR = 9.6, 95% CI = 2.0–46.7, p = 0.005). The internally validated C statistic was 0.95, and 0.92 in the validation cohort (n = 128). Assigning each factor 1 point, an antibodies contributing to focal epilepsy signs and symptoms (ACES) score ≥ 2 had a sensitivity of 100% to detect AES, and a specificity of 84.9%.

Interpretation

Specific signs point toward AES in focal epilepsy of unknown etiology. The ACES score (cutoff ≥ 2) is useful to select patients requiring antibody testing. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:698–710
An Unprecedented Pillar‐Cage Fluorinated Hybrid Porous Framework with Highly Efficient Acetylene Storage and Separation
Authors: Li Hao , Liu Caiping , Chen Cheng , Di Zhengyi , Yuan Daqiang , Pang Jiandong , Wei Wei , Wu Mingyan , Hong Maochun
Published: January 2021

Despite much intense investigation on the C2H2/CO2separation, the trade‐off between the adsorption capacity and separation selectivity is still tricky. To overcome the dilemma, we have rationally synthesized an ultra‐stable fluorinated hybrid porous material SIFSIX‐Cu‐TPA with theith‐dtopology. Completely differing from the famous pillar‐layer fluorinated materials, SIFSIX‐Cu‐TPA possesses a unique pillar‐cage structure, in which the SiF62−anions cross‐link two adjacent metal nodes as pillars to stabilize the three‐dimensional framework constructed by icosahedral and tetrahedral cages. As anticipated, SIFSIX‐Cu‐TPA has high BET surface area (1330 m2 g−1) as well as high C2H2uptake (185 cm3 g−1at 298 K and 1 bar). At the same time, due to the obvious difference in the adsorption performance of CO2and C2H2especially in the low pressure area, SIFSIX‐Cu‐TPA also exhibits an excellent C2H2/CO2separation performance (breakthrough time up to 68 min g−1at 298 K and 1 bar).
Boron‐Catalyzed Polymerization of Dienyltriphenylarsonium Ylides: On the Way to Pure C5 Polymerization
Authors: Wang Xin , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: January 2021

The first C5 polymerization is reported, where the main‐chain is growing by five carbon atoms of the monomer at a time. Three dienyltriphenylarsonium ylide monomers were synthesized and polymerized with triethylborane as an initiator, leading to random terpolymers (C1, C3, C5) with mainly C5 repeating units (up to 84.1 %). It has been found that the methyl group (electron‐donating substituent) on the conjugated double bond of the ylides facilitates the formation of C5 segments. A mechanism was proposed based on NMR characterization and DFT calculations. The high C5 content ensures that things are on the right track for pure C5 homopolymerization.
Development of a Highly Selective Plasmodium falciparum Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti‐malaria Activity in Humanized Mice
Authors: Zhan Wenhu , Zhang Hao , Ginn John , Leung Annie , Liu Yi J. , Michino Mayako , Toita Akinori , Okamoto Rei , Wong Tzu‐Tshin , Imaeda Toshihiro , Hara Ryoma , Yukawa Takafumi , Chelebieva Sevil , Tumwebaze Patrick K. , Lafuente‐Monasterio Maria Jose , Martinez‐Martinez Maria Santos , Vendome Jeremie , Beuming Thijs , Sato Kenjiro , Aso Kazuyoshi , Rosenthal Philip J. , Cooper Roland A. , Meinke Peter T. , Nathan Carl F. , Kirkman Laura A. , Lin Gang
Published: January 2021

Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) inhibitors are active against Plasmodium at multiple stages—erythrocytic, gametocyte, liver, and gamete activation stages—indicating that selective Pf20S inhibitors possess the potential to be therapeutic, prophylactic, and transmission‐blocking antimalarials. Starting from a reported compound, we developed a noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the malarial proteasome with high species selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound demonstrates specific, time‐dependent inhibition of the β5 subunit of the Pf20S, kills artemisinin‐sensitive and artemisinin‐resistant P. falciparum isolates in vitro and reduces parasitemia in humanized, P. falciparum‐infected mice.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water Stable Uranyl(V) Complexes
Authors: Faizova Radmila , Fadaei‐Tirani Farzaneh , Chauvin Anne‐Sophie , Mazzanti Marinella
Published: January 2021

The importance of uranyl(V) (UO2+) species associated with environmental and geologic applications is becoming increasingly evident, but the tendency of the uranyl(V) cation to disproportionate in water has prevented the isolation of stable complexes. Here we demonstrate that in the presence of the tridentate complexing dipicolinate (dpa2−), a ligand highly abundant in soil, the uranyl(V) species can be stabilized and isolated in anoxic basic water. Stable uranyl(V) dipicolinate complexes are readily formed from the reduction of the uranyl(VI) analogue both in organic solution and in basic water, and their solution and solid‐state structure were determined. A bis‐dpa UVO2+ complex was obtained from water at pH 10, while at higher pH values, a trinuclear mono‐dpa cation‐cation complex was isolated. These results present the second ever isolated water stable uranyl(V) complex. Moreover, we demonstrate that dipicolinate complexes of UVIO22+, UVO2+ and UIV are strongly luminescent with a signature characteristic of each oxidation state. This provides unique examples of luminescent UV and UIV compounds.
Electrochemically Triggered Chain Reactions for the Conversion of Furan Derivatives
Authors: Chen Rong , Yang Cangjie , Zhou Zefeng , Haeffner Fredrik , Dersjant Alinda , Dulock Nicholas , Dong Qi , He Da , Jin Jing , Zhao Yanyan , Niu Jia , Wang Dunwei
Published: January 2021

We report an electrochemical method for coupling biomass‐derived C5/C6 compounds to value‐added fuel precursors. Using only 2 % of equivalent charges, 2‐methylfuran (2‐MF) was oxidized to yield a cation radical, which readily reacted with 3‐hexene‐2,5‐dione, a derivate of 2,5‐dimethylfuran, to produce 3‐(5‐methylfuran‐2‐yl)hexane‐2,5‐dione. The product was converted to 4‐ethylnonane (a component of biodiesel/jet fuel) in a single step in excellent yield. Importantly, the reaction was not sensitive to oxygen, and a trace amount of water was found to promote the reaction. Detailed mechanistic studies confirmed the proposed reaction pathways. Key to the mechanism is the radical generation that is enabled by electrochemistry. The radical is regenerated at the end of a reaction cycle to ensure chain propagation for an average of ca. 47 times, resulting in an apparent Faradaic efficiency of 4700 %.
Total Synthesis of Mycinolide IV and Path‐Scouting for Aldgamycin N
Authors: Herlé Bart , Späth Georg , Schreyer Lucas , Fürstner Alois
Published: January 2021

Proof‐of‐concept is provided that a large estate of 16‐membered macrolide antibiotics can be reached by a “unified” approach. The key building block was formed on scale by an asymmetric vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction; its alkene terminus was then converted either into the corresponding methyl ketone by Wacker oxidation or into a chain‐extended aldehyde by catalyst‐controlled branch‐selective asymmetric hydroformylation. These transformations ultimately opened access to two structurally distinct series of macrolide targets. Notable late‐stage maneuvers comprise a rare example of a ruthenium‐catalyzed redox isomerization of an 1,3‐enyne‐5‐ol into a 1,3‐diene‐5‐one derivative, as well as the elaboration of a tertiary propargylic alcohol into an acyloin by trans‐hydrostannation/Chan‐Lam‐type coupling. Moreover, this case study illustrates the underutilized possibility of forging complex macrolactone rings by transesterification under essentially neutral conditions.
Rapid High‐Resolution 3D Printing and Surface Functionalization via Type I Photoinitiated RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Lee Kenny , Corrigan Nathaniel , Boyer Cyrille
Published: January 2021

RAFT facilitated digital light projection 3D printing of polymeric materials provides a convenient and facile route for inducing post‐fabrication transformations via reactivation of dormant chain transfer agents. In this work, we report the use of a Norrish type I photoinitiator in conjunction with a RAFT agent to produce a variety of open‐air 3D printable resins that rapidly cure under visible light irradiation. The photoinitiator‐RAFT system polymerizes extremely quickly and provides high 3D printing build rates of up to 9.1 cm h−1, representing a 7‐fold increase compared to previous RAFT mediated 3D printing systems. 3D printed materials containing thiocarbonylthio groups can be also produced using low concentrations of divinyl comonomers in the initial resins, which has not been successfully achieved using other photocontrolled RAFT polymerization techniques. Interestingly, the inclusion of RAFT agents significantly improves 3D printing resolution compared to formulations without RAFT agent, allowing the fabrication of intricate and complex objects. Spatiotemporally controlled surface modifications of the 3D printed objects from the dormant RAFT agent groups on the material surfaces were also performed under one and two‐pass configurations, inducing multiple successive post‐printing transformations on the same object.
Hysteretic Control of Near‐infrared Transparency Using a Liquescent Radical Cation
Authors: Suzuki Shuichi , Yamaguchi Daiki , Uchida Yoshiaki , Naota Takeshi
Published: January 2021

A liquescent dihydrophenazine radical cation, 1.+⋅NTf2−, showed drastic changes in near‐infrared (near‐IR) transparency and opaqueness through hysteretic phase transitions with no measurable degradation of the compound even under aerated conditions. During the heating and slow cooling process (0.5 K min−1), its electronic and magnetic properties were altered clearly and repeatedly changed between solid and liquid states. The liquid state was transparent to near‐IR light (940 nm), but the solid state was opaque, despite both samples exhibiting a similar green color under room light. Additionally, the liquid state was changed to a glass state under a fast cooling process (2–10 K min−1). UV/Vis/near‐IR and electron spin‐resonance spectroscopy revealed that these drastic changes were attributable to the dynamic dissociation and association of a π‐dimer structure for 1.+ accompanying with the solid–liquid phase transitions even under the neat conditions.
Severe anti‐thymocyte globulin‐induced cytokine release syndrome in a renal transplant patient
Authors: Huh J. , Baines L. , Talbot D. , MacFie C.
Published: January 2021

Cytokine release syndrome is a systemic inflammatory response that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as infection or exposure to certain drugs, particularly novel T cell‐engaging immunotherapies. Severe cytokine release syndrome as a complication following treatment with anti‐thymocyte globulin, although recognised, is not well‐reported in the literature. We report the case of a 64‐year‐old man who developed catastrophic cytokine release syndrome after receiving anti‐thymocyte globulin during kidney transplantation. We highlight the importance of prompt recognition of severe cytokine release syndrome with strategies to aid survival in life‐threatening cases.
Responding to Adolescent Violence in the Home – A Community Mental Health Approach
Authors: Kehoe Michelle , Ott Neira , Hopkins Liza
Published: January 2021

Family violence perpetrated by adults is increasingly understood as a health issue, and we argue that this pertains even more strongly to violence by adolescents. The co‐dependence of the parent–child bond, lack of maturity in the adolescent, and often related issues of disability or mental illness make these young people both complex and also vulnerable. This research paper reviews the current literature relating to adolescent violence in the home, identifies known best practice, and evaluates the importance of taking a family‐focused, therapeutic approach to adolescent family violence, in place of a punitive one. It describes the use of a co‐design workshop to unpack gaps in service provision and develop a potential family focused model of care to address the needs both of young people who use violence, and their families. The findings indicate that an inclusive family approach is a key element in addressing adolescent violence in the home across a spectrum of behaviours and mental health care needs. The use of a coordinated, family‐inclusive response through mental health care services is recommended to address the complexity of this issue, as well as to provide support both to adolescents and to their families and carers.
CuSO4 nanoparticles loaded onto poly (toluenesulfonic acid‐formaldehyde)/polyethyleneimine composites: An efficient retrievable catalyst for A3/decarboxylative A3 reactions
Authors: Jiang Wei , Xu Jinxi , Sun Wei , Li Yiqun
Published: January 2021

Using polymeric composite incorporated transition metal nanoparticles to promote various organic reactions has been found as one of the most powerful strategies in organic synthesis. In this paper, CuSO4 nanoparticles (CuSO4 NPs) anchored on the surface of polymeric composites comprising of water‐insoluble acidic poly (toluenesulfonic acid‐formaldehyde) (PTSAF) and water‐soluble basic polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form the desired PEI/PTSAF‐supported CuSO4 NPs catalyst (CuSO4NPs@PEI/PTSAF) have been fabricated. Characterization of the as‐synthesized catalyst by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and elemental mapping analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravity analysis (TGA) demonstrated successful immobilization of the CuSO4 NPs on the PEI/PTSAF composite. This novel catalyst was highly active in the one‐pot A3 and decarboxylative A3 coupling reactions toward generating corresponding propargylamines in good to excellent yields under solvent‐free reaction. The nature of the well distribution of CuSO4 NPs coordinated with PEI ligand in the CuSO4NPs@PEI/PTSAF composite leads to superior catalytic activity. The present methodology offers several advantages such as high catalytic activity, good to excellent yields, short reaction times, simple operations, compatibility of broad scope of substrates, and environmental friendliness. More importantly, the catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by a simple filtration and still exhibits remarkable reusability with only marginal loss of its performance after five consecutive runs.
Highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing of trace Zn2+ ions, by grafted Tricholoma mushroom polysaccharide/Ag composite nanoparticles in aqueous medium
Authors: Mondal Barun , Banerjee Shankha , Samanta Santu Kumar , Senapati Sanjib , Tripathy Tridib
Published: January 2021

Herein, we report a highly sensitive, selective and simple electrochemical sensor for the detection of Zn2+ ions in less than 1 nM concentration range in aqueous environment. A naturally occurring and frequently cultivated Tricholoma mushroom polysaccharide is used for the preparation of novel sensor. In the present investigation we demonstrate an electrochemical sensor, grafted Tricholoma mushroom polysaccharide‐based silver composite nanoparticles (TMPSGP‐Ag NPs) which show remarkable electrochemical sensing performance of Zn2+ ions without interfering with the other relevant metal ions. The sensing performance is carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) analysis under optimised condition. The limit of detection (LOD) is found to be 0.53 nM, which is much lower than some other reported works as well as lower than the limit of World Health Organization (WHO). The stability, reproducibility and repeatability properties of the sensor are examined where a satisfactory result is obtained. The practical application of the proposed sensor is tested by the detection of Zn2+ ions using river water sample with an excellent performance. Therefore, the developed sensor can be used as a highly efficient and effective Zn2+ ions detector in aqueous medium.
Influence of organoclay dispersion on air retention and fatigue resistance of tyre inner liner compound
Authors: Sushmitha H. , Chanda Jagannath , Saha Amitabha , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: January 2021

In a pneumatic tire, the contained air carries the load of the vehicle and also augments performance for other functional requirements, such as, rolling resistance, ride and handling, durability, and so on. The inner liner of the tire is responsible to ensure air retention by virtue of its high air impermeability. The present study focused on developing inner‐liner compounds of improved air impermeability by utilizing platelet filler (layered silicate). The obtained organoclay was subjected to a pre‐treatment process called exfoliation to increase the d spacing between the clay layers that further improved the morphological aspect of the compound. The inner‐liner compound has been modified by partial replacement of carbon black with organically modified bentonite clay in 1:1 and 2.5:1 ratio. Air impermeability of rubber compounds was tested in a gas permeability tester. Field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and x‐ray diffraction were utilized to understand the distribution and dispersion of clay in the rubber compounds. Fatigue crack growth analysis was carried out to measure the fatigue life of the materials. The modified compounds exhibited air impermeability improvement from 7% to 30% vs the reference carbon‐black filled compound with improved mechanical properties and filler dispersion.
Insights into the synergistic mechanism of reactive aliphatic soft chains and nano‐silica on toughening epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties and low viscosity
Authors: Chen Hongfeng , Lian Qingsong , Xu Weijie , Hou Xuqi , Li Yan , Wang Zhi , An Dong , Liu Yaqing
Published: January 2021

Toughening epoxy resin (EP) without sacrificing strength, modulus, and processing performance is always a harsh task. Here, a series of epoxy systems containing soft butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and rigid nano‐silica (nano‐SiO2) were prepared. Micro‐phase separation structures derived from the self‐assembly effect of BGE can be observed in atomic force microscopy images by controlling the total amount of BGE and nano‐SiO2 at 2 wt% for the EPC:Si‐m:n (m + n = 4) systems. Due to the synergistic effect of self‐assembly effect of BGE and the rigid effect of well dispersed nano‐SiO2, EPC:Si‐2:2 system exhibited improvement of tensile strength of 59.3% (92.63 MPa), tensile modulus of 24.8% (3.52 GPa), elongation at break of 78.6% (4.84%), and glass transition temperature of 2.4% (138.4°C) compared with Pure EP system. Besides, due to the low loading of nano‐SiO2 (≤2 wt%) and the dilution effect of BGE, the viscosity of all the toughening systems is lower than 600 mPa·s, which can provide this toughening system with superior processing performance for large production of composites by automotive manufacturing methods such as vacuum assistant resin infusion technology.
Growing old: Do women and men age differently?
Authors: Smith Olivia A. M. , Duncan Christian , Pears Nick , Profico Antonio , O'Higgins Paul
Published: January 2021

Aging of the head and especially the face has been studied intensively, yet questions remain about the timing and rates of aging throughout adulthood and about the extent to which aging differs between men and women. Here we address these issues by developing statistical models of craniofacial aging to describe and compare aging through the life course in both sexes. We selected cranial surface meshes from 254 females and 252 males, aged from 20 to 90 years from the Headspace project, Liverpool, UK. Sixteen anatomical landmarks and 59 semilandmarks on curves and surfaces were used to parameterize these. Modes and degrees of aging throughout adulthood were assessed and compared among sexes using Procrustes‐based geometric morphometric methods. Regression analyses of form through the whole age range indicate that age accounts for a small proportion of total variance in both sexes, but form is significantly related to age and males and females age in significantly different ways. Further analyses indicate that aging differs in character, timing, and rates in both sexes between early and later phases of adulthood. Sexual differences in aging are evident in the early and later phases of adulthood. The study adds to knowledge of the aging of adult craniofacial form and sexual dimorphism. It is based on a local population and so the findings are directly applicable to that population. Further studies are needed to assess generalizability and provide better data on population differences to facilitate clinical assessment and treatment planning.
Structure–function analysis of PGRP‐S1 from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata
Authors: Liu Fang‐Fang , Li Hao , Yang Pei‐Jin , Rao Xiang‐Jun
Published: January 2021

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are well known for their abilities to recognize or hydrolyze peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the major bacterial cell wall components. However, much less is known about their antifungal activities. PGRP‐S1 was previously identified from a crop pest, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PGRP‐S1 showed bacteriolytic activities against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. In this study, tissue expression analysis showed that PGRP‐S1 was mainly expressed in the midgut of naïve larvae. The induction analysis showed that it was significantly induced in the larval midgut 12 h post the injection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. To identify the key residues that are related to its microbicidal activities, the structure of PGPR‐S1 was predicted for structural comparison and molecular docking analysis. Six residues (H61, H62, Y97, H171, T175, and C179) were mutated to Ala individually by site‐directed mutagenesis. The recombinant wild‐type (WT) and mutant proteins were expressed and purified. The recombinant proteins bound to different polysaccharides, PGNs, and bacteria. H61A, Y97A, H171A, and C179A lost amidase activity. Accordingly, antibacterial assay and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that only H62A and T175A retained bacteriolytic activities. The germination of B. bassiana conidia was significantly inhibited by WT, H61A, Y97A, T175A, and C179A mutants. Electron microscopy showed that some conidia became ruptured after treatment. The growth of hyphae was inhibited by the WT, H61A, H62A, and T175A. In summary, our data showed that different residues of PGRP‐S1 are involved in the antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Co(III), Rh(III) & Ir(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C−H Alkylation/Alkenylation/Arylation with Carbene Precursors
Authors: Nunewar Saiprasad , Kumar Sanjeev , Talakola Srilakshmi , Nanduri Srinivas , Kanchupalli Vinaykumar
Published: January 2021

Metal carbenes play a pivotal role in transition‐metal‐catalyzed synthetic transfer reactions. The metal carbene is generated either from a diazo compound through facile extrusion of N2 with a metal catalyst or in situ generated from other sources like triazoles, pyriodotriazoles, sulfoxonium ylides and iodonium‐ylide. On the other hand, Co(III), Rh(III) & Ir(III)‐catalyzed C−H functionalizations have been well established as a key synthetic step to enable the construction of various synthetic transformations. Interestingly, in recent years, merging of these two concepts C−H activation and carbene migratory insertion gained much attention, in particular group 9 metal‐catalyzed arene C−H functionalizations with carbene precursors via carbene migratory insertion. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Co(III), Rh(III) & Ir(III)‐catalyzed direct C−H alkylation/alkenylation/arylation with carbene precursors and also discuss key synthetic intermediates within the catalytic cycles.
Light‐Driven Alcohol Splitting by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances, Mechanism and Prospects
Authors: Chai Zhigang
Published: January 2021

Splitting of alcohols into hydrogen and corresponding carbonyl compounds, also called acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation, is of great significance for both synthetic chemistry and hydrogen production. Light‐Driven Alcohol Splitting (LDAS) by heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising route to achieve such transformations, and it possesses advantages including high selectivity of the carbonyl compounds, extremely mild reaction conditions (room temperature and irradiation of visible light) and easy separation of the photocatalysts from the reaction mixtures. Because a variety of alcohols can be derived from biomass, LDAS can also be regarded as one of the most sustainable approaches for hydrogen production. In this Review, recent advances in the LDAS catalyzed by the heterogeneous photocatalysts are summarized, focusing on the mechanistic insights for the LDAS and aspects that influence the performance of the photocatalysts from viewpoints of metallic co‐catalysts, semiconductors, and metal/semiconductor interfaces. In addition, challenges and prospects have been discussed in order to present a complete picture of this field.
Revealing Minor pH Changes of Mitochondria by a Highly Sensitive Molecular Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Yuan Jie , Peng Rong , Cheng Dan , Zou Liang‐Hua , Yuan Lin
Published: January 2021

Mitochondrial pH is an important factor associated with cellular metabolism and pathological states. Thus, sensitively monitoring its minor change was essential. However, it was challengeable due to the lack of suitable probes. Here, a mitochondria‐targeted probe (NIR‐OH‐1) was synthesized. Based on the protonation/deprotonation of the hydroxy group and the assistance of carboxyl group on NIR‐OH‐1 molecular structure, a dramatic NIR activated signal was generated for sensing pH. Probe NIR‐OH‐1 displayed a good photo‐stability and reversibility and could detect pH change without interference by other biologically active species. Importantly, NIR‐OH‐1 had an appropriate pKa value (7.77) and tiny acid‐base transition range, which was allowed to map the small pH changes of cellular mitochondrial. Moreover, NIR‐OH‐1 was also successfully applied in real‐time monitoring mitochondrial pH‐related pathological events in living cells under different stimulation, demonstrating the prospect of its clinical application in accurate mitochondrial pH detection under related physiological and pathological conditions.
Natural Cellulose Substance Based Energy Materials
Authors: Lin Zehao , Li Shun , Huang Jianguo
Published: January 2021

Natural cellulose substances have been proven to be ideal structural templates and scaffolds for the fabrication of artificial functional materials with designed structures, psychochemical properties and functionalities. They possess unique hierarchically porous network structures with flexible, biocompatible, and environmental characteristics, exhibiting great potentials in the preparation of energy‐related materials. This minireview summarizes natural cellulose‐based materials that are used in batteries, supercapacitors, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical cells, and solar cells. When natural cellulose substances are employed as the structural template or carbon sources of energy materials, the three‐dimensional porous interwoven structures are perfectly replicated, leading to the enhanced performances of the resultant materials. Benefiting from the mechanical strengths of natural cellulose substances, wearable, portable, free‐standing, and flexible materials for energy storage and conversion are easily obtained by using natural cellulose substances as the substrates.
AcridineN‐Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Compounds: Tuning from Yellow to Blue Luminescence
Authors: Vaddamanu Moulali , Sathyanarayana Arruri , Masaya Yamane , Sugiyama Shohei , Kazuhisa Ozaki , Velappan Kavitha , Nandeshwar Muneshwar , Hisano Kyohei , Tsutsumi Osamu , Prabusankar Ganesan
Published: January 2021

The synthesis and the luminescence features of three gold(I)‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes are presented to study how then‐alkyl group can influence the luminescence properties in the crystalline state. The mononuclear gold(I)‐NHC complexes, [(L1)Au(Cl)] (1), [(L2)Au(Cl)] (2), and [(L3)Au(Cl)] (3) were isolated from the reactions between [(tht)AuCl] and corresponding NHC ligand precursors, [N‐(9‐acridinyl)‐N’‐(n‐butyl)‐imidazolium chloride, (L1.HCl)], [N‐(9‐acridinyl)‐N’‐(n‐pentyl)‐imidazolium chloride, (L2.HCl)] and [N‐(9‐acridinyl)‐N’‐(n‐hexyl)‐imidazolium chloride, (L3.HCl)]. Their single‐crystal X‐ray analysis reveals the influence of then‐alkyl groups on solid‐state packing. A comparison of the luminescence features of1–3withn‐alkyl substituents is explored. The molecules1–3depicted blue emission in the solution state, while the yellow emission (for1), greenish‐yellow emission (for2), and blue emission (for3) in the crystalline phase. This paradigm emission shift arises fromn‐butyl ton‐pentyl andn‐hexyl in the crystalline state due to the carbon‐carbon rotation of then‐alkyl group, which tends to promote unusual solid packing. Hencen‐alkyl group adds a novel emission property in the crystalline state. Density Functional Theory and Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory calculations were carried out for monomeric complex,N‐(9‐acridinyl)‐N’‐(n‐heptyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene gold(I) chloride and dimeric complex,N‐(9‐acridinyl)‐N’‐(n‐heptyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene gold(I) chloride to understand the structural and electronic properties.
The Emergence of Palladium‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Functionalization of Free Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Das Animesh , Maji Biplab
Published: January 2021

Palladium‐catalyzed directing group assisted C−H bond activation has emerged as a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. However, only recently, among various directing groups, widely available carboxylate moiety is recognized as a versatile candidate for the regioselective transformations. Notably, palladium‐catalyzed carboxylate directed C(sp3)−H bond activation and diverse functionalization is highly challenging and has gained huge attention for its versatile applications. Mono‐ and bidentate ligands have proven to be useful for accelerating the C(sp3)−H bond activation step, which helps to control reactivity and selectivity (including enantioselectivity). In this Minireview, we discuss the recent progress made in palladium‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H bond functionalization reactions for the construction of C−C and C−Heteroatom bonds with the direction of free carboxylic acid.
Comments on recent claims about trajectories of control systems valid for particular initial conditions
Authors: Ortega Romeo
Published: January 2021

In recent years, we have witnessed the appearance in the control literature of claims regarding the behavior of the trajectories of closed‐loop systems, which are valid only for a specific set of initial conditions (ICs). Being these “trajectory‐dependent” claims, a natural question that arises is whether these claims are robust, in some well‐defined sense. Regarding Lyapunov stability claims, it is well‐known that this property is equivalent to a form of continuity of solutions with respect to the ICs. For linear time‐invariant (LTI) systems characterized by transfer matrices, the property of internal stability is widely adopted as a necessary condition to ensure robustness. However, to the best of our knowledge, this question has not been addressed for claims—different from stability—concerning the behavior of trajectories of nonlinear time‐varying (NLTV) systems, which is the scenario in the aforementioned claims. The main objective of this note is to propose a framework for the characterization of robustness or fragility (with respect to ICs) of claims of this nature for NLTV systems.