bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Usage Possibilities of Mushroom Production Waste Fibers in Polycaprolactone (PCL) Based Biocomposite Material Production
Authors: DÜZKALE SÖZBİR Gonca , MENGELOĞLU Fatih , KARAKUŞ Kadir , YALÇIN Mesut , AKÇAY Çağlar
Published: December 2022

Aim of study: The possibilities of using oak and beech wood wastes used in the cultivation of Lentinus edodes fungus in the production of pcl biocomposite film material were investigated.
Material and methods: Lentinus edodes mushroom was subjected to 2 harvest periods in both lignocellulosic waste types and equal degradation times were obtained. Chemical contents of degraded fibers were determined. Then, the effect of pcl biocomposite film produced using 15% and 30% raw and degraded fibers on mechanical properties was found. The water uptake and swelling values of the composite material were determined.
Main results: As a result of lentinus edodes fungus degradation of Oak and Beech wood, it was determined that holocellulose and lignin contents decreased, while cellulose and alpha cellulose contents increased. It was determined that the density of the film produced by using oak and beech waste increased. The highest increase was obtained from the films produced by adding 30% fiber. It was determined that the tensile strength and elongation at break values of pcl composite film decreased and the modulus of elasticity increased. In general, it was found that the water uptake of the film increased compared to the control sample.
Highlights: To investigate the suitability of mushroom waste for polymer material production
Relato de experiência da aplicação de uma Webquest na disciplina de Contabilidade Comercial
Authors: Galvão Nadielli Maria dos Santos
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Apresentar um relato de experiência sobre a adoção da metodologia WebQuest na disciplina de Contabilidade Comercial em um curso de Ciências Contábeis.Método: O estudo foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Sergipe, no campus de Itabaiana, no curso de Ciências Contábeis, no componente curricular Contabilidade Comercial. A WebQuest trabalhou o tema “Tributos: por que e para quê?”, e a tarefa proposta era elaborar um podcast sobre o assunto. Resultados: Verificou-se que os estudantes ficaram satisfeitos com a interação por meio da WebQuest, considerando sua estrutura fácil e simples de ser compreendida. Além disso, esses estudantes consideraram que a atividade promoveu a criatividade, foi desafiadora e interessante. No entanto, a principal dificuldade apontada foi a questão da edição do áudio, situação comprovada no momento da avaliação das tarefas, visto que a professora, proponente da WebQuest, percebeu que boa parte dos grupos não realizou tal aspecto de forma apropriada para um podcast.
Contribuições: O trabalho pode levar outros professores a adotarem a metodologia em suas práticas pedagógicas por meio da seleção de estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem mais alinhadas com as demandas cognitivas contemporâneas.
Effect of Crushed Coconut Shell and Over Burnt Brick on the Mechanical Behaviour of Green Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, Shaikh Fahad Ali , Bheel Naraindas ,   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, 31750, Malaysia, Khoso Ali Raza ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, Raza Asif ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, . Asadullah ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Published: December 2022

Coarse aggregate (CA) is a major ingredient of the concrete, constituting around 60-75% of total concrete volume in a conventional mix design. The demand for CA is drastically growing, resulting in the diminishing of natural resources, and its extraction demands heavy machinery input, which triggers additional environmental issues. This research investigates the mechanical behavior of green concrete by partially substituting CA with wasted coconut shells (CS) and over-burnt bricks (OB). CS replaces at 5%, 10%, and 15% during the mix design, whereas OB substitutes at 20%, 25%, and 30%. Total 216 specimens were cast in the form of cubes, cylinders, and beams. It was observed that the workability and density of concrete decrease with increasing CS and OB. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the specimen decreased in both substitutes with the increasing amount of substituting materials when used individually. However, an increment is found in the mechanical behavior of green concrete when CS and OB were both used at 5% and 20% replacement, respectively. The study has multiple implications for casting eco-friendly or green concrete, such as the reuse of waste materials, reducing the carbon emissions obtained from the extraction of CA, and preserving the natural resources.
Numerical Modelling of Shallow Foundation on Multi-Layer Soil with varying Stiffness
Authors:   Civil Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan, Hakro Muhammad Rehan , Kumar Aneel ,   Civil Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan, Almani Zaheer ,   Civil Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan, Ali Shah Syed Raghib ,   Civil Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan
Published: December 2022

The load-deformation observation under the footing is essential for foundation design. Either experimental methods or numerical modelling generally determines this phenomenon in engineering practices. This study determined the settlement of shallow foundations on Multi-layer soil profile numerically. The settlement behavior was investigated through numerical modelling with Plaxis 2D. This study site was Jamshoro region, located in province Sindh, Pakistan. From the geotechnical investigation, the soil of Jamshoro region consists of a combination of different soils, mainly shale and limestone. This type of soil shows common challenges for the serviceable and sustainable design and construction of structural foundations. The standard penetration test conducted accompanied by other geotechnical tests on shale and limestone to determine the input parameters for the model and observe the soil profile. The Mohr-Coloumb model used for shale and linear elastic for limestone. The settlement of the foundation is attended by varying the limestone layer’s depth. In this research, the settlement reduced under the footing by increasing the thickness of the limestone layer. The study observed that stiffness of lower layer significantly reduces the settlement of shallow foundation. Therefore, the effect of lower layer should be considered for the designing of foundation on multi-layered soil.
The Solvability of the 3-D Elastic Wave Equations in Inhomogeneous Media
Authors:   Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Indonesia 60111, Darwito Purwadi A. , Nugroho Gunawan ,   Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Indonesia 60111, Raditya Murry ,   Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Indonesia 60111, . Tavio ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Indonesia 60111
Published: December 2022

In this research, the three-dimensional elastic wave equations with variable coefficients (i.e. propagate through inhomogeneous media) are solved with the application of the Fourier transform in the spatial coordinates. The wave equation is coupled variable coefficients PDEs whose solutions may have significant in engineering applications. The method utilizes the second order ODE as the baseline for obtaining the complete solution. The solution of second order ODEs is expressed in one integration because the variable coefficients are broken down into several functions and resulted in first order reduction. Moreover, the coupled equations are performed by the order reduction of the higher order ODEs into the second order. The extended procedure for integral equation is implemented for the solutions from the transformed wave equations to generate the explicit expression. It is shown that the proposed method of integral evaluation is resulted in finding the roots of polynomials. Hence, it is concluded that the solvability of the elastic wave equations is ensured by the proposed method.
Effect of Oxide Flux Particle Size on Weld Bead Morphology of Hastelloy C-22
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Department, Indus University, India, Patel Dixit , Jani Suketu ,   Automobile Engineering Department, Indus University, India, Shah Darshit ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, L.D. College of Engineering, India
Published: December 2022

Activated tungsten inert gas welding (ATIG) welding is a new approach to Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding that has the potential to improve weld penetration. This paper investigates the effect of micro and nanoparticle size oxide flux during TIG welding of Hastelloy C-22. The effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 oxide fluxes in terms of particle size and thermal stability on surface appearance, bead geometry, and microhardness of the fusion zone of hastelloy C-22 is investigated. The surface appearance of ATIG weld has a better appearance using nanoparticle size oxide flux when compared with the same micro size oxide flux. A slag layer produced by nano flux decomposition during TIG welding is very less compared to micro oxide fluxes. Nanoparticle SiO2 flux has the potential to improve weld penetration and depth to width (D/W) ratio in the generated weldment when compared to microparticle SiO2 flux during TIG welding Process. When nanoparticle Al2O3 is used in TIG welding, weld penetration or the D/W ratio do not increase significantly. Due to the high voltage produced at the same arc length, TIG welding with nanoparticle SiO2 flux produces a high heat input. Furthermore, higher arc temperatures produce by nanoparticle fluxes at the arc column, resulting in increased penetration depth.
An Effective Software Architecture of Islamic Inheritance System Employing Structured Paradigm
Authors:   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Sajedul Hoque A. H. M. , Tabassum Sadia ,   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Nazib Abdullah ,   Dept. of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA, Mustafa Rashed ,   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Rahman Mohammad Osiur ,   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Published: December 2022

Distribution of wealth of a deceased person among the heirs is a critical and complicated problem in Islamic jurisprudence system. In a Muslim society, the demand of a wealth calculation system is very high and plays a pivotal role in day-to-day life of Muslim families. In this paper, we propose a structured and well-defined software solution that employs structured software engineering approach using Data Flow Diagram (DFD), structure chart and program description language (PDL). The proposed system distributes shares among the heirs based on Islamic rules. Many such systems have been built by different govt agencies of different Muslim majority countries. Many of those systems are error prone and are not well defined from the software engineering perspective. In many cases, the software architecture of such systems is undisclosed and their applicability in many complex deceased-heir relationship provides wrong calculation. The proposed solution on the other hand, makes the successful use of software engineering approach to interpret Islamic Inheritance rules in a more manageable, scalable and maintainable fashion. The system is rigorously tested on different complex scenarios and the results are verified by Muslim family lawyers. The system is developed using C programming language and we make the source code open.
Pipeline Wall Thickness Assessment of Various Material Grades and Water Depths Using American and Norwegian Standards
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Ahamad Mohd Azril , Abdul Rahman Haniff ,   Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Osman Siti Aminah ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Published: December 2022

Two standards that are widely used by many countries in designing offshore gas transmission pipelines are American Standard – ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems and Norwegian Standard – DNVGL-ST-F101, Submarine Pipeline System. A thorough understanding of these standards is vital in determining optimal pipeline design to ensure pipeline integrity for safe and sustainable operations, as well as striving for economic efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the wall thickness required for pipeline designs using American and Norwegian pipeline standards under different steel grades and water depth conditions. Pipeline costs are then compared for both standards at each water depth condition for commercial evaluation. Through this, the optimal pipeline standard for wall thickness design can be determined. Mathcad software was used for data analysis in accordance with the standards mentioned and all design requirements including pressure containment, collapse, and propagation buckling. Ultimately, the American Standards was able to provide a total cost that was 2.5% lower than the Norwegian Standard for a pipeline project with a combination of shallow, medium, and deepwater depths along its route. However, a combination of Norwegian Standards for medium and deepwater depths and American Standard for shallow water depth can further reduce total costs to 2% compared to only using the American Standard. This study highlights the importance of considering several design standards for a pipeline project instead of strictly adhering to a single standard for better technical and commercial benefit.
Cyber-Attack and Reliability Monitoring of The Synchrophasor Smart Grid Network
Authors:   Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India, 395007, Yadav Atul Kumar , Mahajan Vasundhara ,   Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India, 395007
Published: December 2022

The recent advancement of synchrophasor measurements technology in the conventional power grid can monitor and control the state variables of the network very accurately at a high sampling rate in real-time. The complete observability of system states can be achieved through the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). The inclusion of a zero injection bus (ZIB) optimized the total number of PMU requirements for complete observation of the synchrophasor network. The communication channels between measurement devices and control centers are highly vulnerable to cyber threats. Thus, an anomaly that occurs with PMU devices during a cyber-attack can affect the system’s reliability. Therefore, monitoring the reliability of the synchrophasor network has become essential for healthy power operation. Synchrophasor measurement technology can enhance wide-area surveillance and security functionality. However, the dependability of such technologies in the context of information network accessibility has yet to be investigated in a coherent model. Growing electric grid defence levels to mitigate the impact of cyber-attacks is essential. The cumulative effect of synchrophasor network observability and reliability is discussed in this paper by optimizing the number of PMUs deployed and the interruption load that occurs during an anomaly with PMU while taking ZIB into account.The backup PMU deployment modeling is also presented to secure the reliability and observability of the grid network during an anomaly occurs with PMU. The indices, Interrupted Load Probability Index (ILPI) and Expected Demand Not Supplied (EDNS), are used to evaluate the reliability of synchrophasor grid networks by integrating the state probability of PMU unavailability due to cyber intrusion.
Seismic Resistance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Exterior Beam-Column Joints with and without GFRP under Quasi-static Lateral Cyclic Loading by Adopting Experimental Analysis
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Osman S.A. , Yatim M.Y.M ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Abd. Kader Asma Nabila ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Mohd Amit Mohd Razmi ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Published: December 2022

The beam-column joint is an important component of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures because its design and detailing are critical to the safety of these structures under seismic loading. In recent decades, structural behaviour of beam-column joints has been widely explored. To better understand the behaviour of beam-column joints, researchers have conducted experiments and provided analytical and experimental solutions. The seismic behaviour of beam-column joints with and without Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) when subjected to quasi-static lateral cyclic loading was compared in this research using two specimens. The first specimen is a typical RC exterior beam-column joint without GFRP while the second specimen is RC exterior beam-column joint that is pre-installed with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) using Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) technique. The specimens were evaluated to a drift of 2.0% under quasi-static lateral cyclic loading. There were two cycles in each drift. Based on the amplitudes of both specimens, it can be seen that the amplitude of beam-column joint with GFRP is lower than the beam-column joint without GFRP. This suggests that the presence of GFRP reduces the intensity of the loading. This study also discusses the energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping on both specimens. During the experiment, each crack, void between the concrete, and spalling of concrete fragments were carefully monitored. Visual observation during the experiment shows that severe cracking is evident on the inner part of the structure in both specimens. Therefore, a new location of GFRP-NSM would be suggested for a future experiment.
Parameter optimization: Effect of Humidity and Fabrication Process on Flexural Strength of Kenaf/Polylactic Acid Biocomposite
Authors:   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Meor Sha Meor Syazalee , Zulkifli Rozli ,   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Published: December 2022

Biocomposite from kenaf reinforced polylactic acid (Kenaf/PLA) has the potential to replace a synthetic reinforcement and matrix in polymer composite applications. Kenaf is well known as a natural fiber that can be replaced with synthetic fiber and reinforced with synthetic resin, whether thermoset or thermoplastic. An increase in environmental impact drives increased usage of a biodegradable polymer such as PLA in the application of biocomposite. However, moisture uptake from the humidity and elevated temperature exposure during fabrication of composite is mostly a factor that affects the properties of biocomposite. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the factors consisting of humidity exposure, temperature and time holding during hot press using the design of experiment (DOE) by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) approach. The kenaf/PLA was exposed to the humidity range from 40% up to 80% before undergoing composite fabrication. Then produce the composite using a hot press molding where the parameter consists of elevated temperature (range from 160 oC up to 200 oC) and time holding (range from 3 minutes up to 10 minutes) that possibly affects the mechanical properties of kenaf/PLA. These three factors were evaluated based on optimizing maximum results on flexural properties, where all the combination factors were assessed using DOE. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that humidity exposure and hot press temperature are essential factors affecting kenaf/PLA flexural strength. The results indicated that the selected humidity and hot press parameters were 40 %RH, 160 oC press molding temperature, and a 3-minute heating duration for optimal flexural strength. The parameter will obtain 111.61 MPa of flexural strength. Implementing the chosen factor can produce the kenaf/PLA biocomposite with an optimum flexural strength of 111.61 MPa.
Evaluate Effect of Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process Parameter on Intergranular Corrosion of SS304L Weld
Authors:   Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India, Shah Sagarkumar I. , Thakkar Hemantkumar R. ,   Mech. Engg. Dept., G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, V.V.Nagar, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India, Patel Harmik ,   Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India, Kikani Pratik T. ,   Mech. Engg. Dept., Atmiya University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India, Acharya G. D. ,   Atmiya University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Published: December 2022

Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) is the most common type of stainless steel which offers excellent weldability and mechanical properties. ASS is being used for various applications i.e. automotive, oil and gas and chemical industries in which the welding process plays a prominent role. Welding process selection is the main factor that emphasizes mechanical and corrosion resistance properties in various aggressive environments. There are various corrosion occurs in ASS but intergranular corrosion (IGC) forms during welding at elevated temperatures. IGC mainly occurs at grain boundaries of structure and resulting chromium depletion due to precipitation of chromium carbide at the grain boundary. In present work pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) process was used to investigate intergranular corrosion by oxalic acid test as per ASTM A262 Practice A. Experiments performed based on Taguchi L9 using design of experiments and corrosion rates are evaluated at base metal, heat affected zone and weld zone. This work is aimed to optimize process parameters followed by regression analysis to IGC susceptibility in the weldment. In this investigation, it has been found from ANOVA and main effects plots that peak current and base current are the most significant parameters in the PCGTAW process. The results of the corrosion test revealed that heat affected zone is more susceptible to IGC. At the end, it has been observed that the optimum value of peak current, base current and frequency based on regression analysis are 100 A, 50 A and 6 Hz respectively.
Comparison of Physical and Chemical Method for Removing Copper from NonMetallic Printed Circuit Board Scrap
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering and Process, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Jaafar Jafreena Adira , Yuhana Nor Yuliana ,   Department of Chemical Engineering and Process, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Kamarudin Nur Hidayatul Nazirah ,   Department of Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universitiet Leuven (KU Leuven), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, bus 2450 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Published: December 2022

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the basic components of electrical and electronic devices. E-waste management is challenging to implement due to accompanying difficulties and danger. Valuable metals and copper (Cu) are primarily recycled through various methods in the treatment of waste PCB. A large number of non-metals materials in PCBs are disposed of through combustion or in landfill, resulting in secondary pollution and resource waste. To reduce the amount of waste non-metallic PCB (NMPCB) and the influences toward environment, recent studies focused on the usage of NMPCB as filler to replace raw material. NMPCB as filler seems to have a good interaction with the raw materials and thus can enhance the strength of the newly formed product. In our study, we focused on developing new NMPCB added with waste NMPCB. Commercial NMPCBs are often a flat laminated composite comprising non-conductive substrate materials. Hence, pre-treatment methods to remove metals, especially Cu, must be investigated. The present study attempted to remove the Cu layer on PCB by using chemical and physical methods. The untreated and Cu removed PCB residues were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the determination of structural and functional groups and hydrophobicity test. XRD analysis indicated that the Cu in untreated PCB was successfully removed using physical and chemical methods.
Physical Properties of Sintered Stainless Steel 17-4PH Micro-Part Processed by MicroPowder Injection Molding
Authors:   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Basir Al , Sulong Abu Bakar ,   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Jamadon Nashrah Hani ,   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Muhamad Norhamidi ,   Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: December 2022

Micro-powder injection molding (μPIM) is a modification of powder injection molding (PIM) process and a globally recognized manufacturing process route that can be used largely to produce sophisticated micro-sized components using a wide range of metals and ceramics. The demand of μPIM process is currently increasing in various applications in telecommunication, electronics, aerospace, biomedical, and automotive industries. In this research work, sintering at three different temperatures between 1250 °C and 1350 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min with a dwelling period of 3 h on micro-injection molded and debound (solvent and thermal) micro-sized components of stainless steel 17-4PH (SS 17-4PH) was carried out. After the sintering operation, defect-free SS 17-4PH micro-specimens were achieved. The relative density, which is referred to as an important physical property of SS 17-4PH micro-parts, increased substantially from 95.3% to 97.5% when the sintering temperature was enhanced from 1250 °C to 1350 °C. The maximum shrinkage of 12.9% was observed in micro-sized specimens at the sintering temperature of 1350 °C. After the completion of sintering process, the findings revealed that SS 17-4PH micro-parts can be produced successfully on the grounds of μPIM process employing the SS 17-4PH feedstock with powder loading of 69 vol.%.
Effect of Flow Operation Modes on Removal of Acetic Acid from Oil Palm Frond Biomass Hydrolysate using Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia, Harruddin Norlisa , Saufi Syed M. ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia, Rajendaren Vikneswary ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia, M. Faizal Che Ku ,   Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia, Mohammad Abdul Wahab ,   Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Published: December 2022

Acetic acid (AA) is considered an inhibitor in the oil palm frond (OPF) biomass hydrolysate solution. It can reduce the microorganism activity during sugar fermentation using OPF solution. In the current study, a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) system using hybrid polyethersulfone-graphene membrane support and organic liquid membrane phase of 0.5 M tri-n-octyl amine carrier in a 2-ethyl-1-hexanol diluent was used to remove the AA. The liquid membrane impregnation time and the flow operation modes of the feed and strip phases in the HFSLM configuration were investigated. Mode I was operated with the feed phase flow inside the hollow fiber (HF) lumen and the stripping phase flow at the shell side. In mode II, the feed phase entered at the shell side and the stripping phase at the lumen of the HF support. The best liquid membrane impregnation time was 4 hours, exhibiting the highest AA removal efficiency of 80% compared to 1 and 24 hours of impregnation time. The removal efficiency of the AA was 80.1% and 42.4% using mode I and mode II, respectively, at 8 hours of the supported liquid membrane (SLM) running time. HFSLM was applied to remove AA from real OPF biomass hydrolysate. It was found that the AA concentration had reduced from 6.83 to 2.01 g/L after the SLM process. The SLM process did not affect the concentration of other components, especially sugar compounds in the OPF biomass hydrolysate.
Enhancement of Aerodynamic Performance of High Speed Train Through Nose Profile Design: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Mughal Khurram Hameed , Bugvi Salman Abubakar ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Jamil Muhammad Fawad ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Baig Basim Tamoor ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Ahmad Taha ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Ashraf Muhammad Irfan ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Ahad Abdul ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Gondal Ali Abdullah ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Published: December 2022

Aerodynamic drag of fast-moving train has significant impact on its fuel consumption and design safety. To improve aerodynamic performance, the drag forces on the train surfaces must be reduced. Train’s front-end nose design has boundless geometrical variations that can be applied for improved performance. Three geometric characteristics were used in present research: A-pillar roundness, nose length that controls its shrinking, and nose bluntness. Latin-Hypercube based random sampling method was used to determine appropriate values of these parameters for specific range. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a numerical approach was used to analyze train aerodynamic performance based on selected factors and operating conditions. Comparisons based on analysis of the base design and proposed design models were made and evaluated for enhanced performance. CFD analysis of the base design and iterative improvements in modified designs indicate drag reduction through change in A-pillar roundness and bluntness of nose to be 10% and 22%, respectively. The increase in nose length which controls nose shrinkage causes the drag to increase by 35%. Similarly, the boundary layer and pressure distribution on the front end of train were also considered and analyzed for performance improvement. It was concluded that the length controlling nose shrinkage of proposed train design is the key factor among the selected geometric parameters that has more influence on drag on high-speed train surface in comparison to other parameters considered. This research effort offers a modification, analysis and comparison of front-end nose geometry of high-speed train to improve aerodynamic performance and consequently fuel consumption.
Biogas Production Under Different Inoculum to Palm Oil Mill Effluent Ratio
Authors:   Department of Chemical and Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Mhd Syahri Siti Noor Khaleeda , Abu Hassan Hassimi ,   Department of Chemical and Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Mohamed Abdul Peer ,   Department of Chemical and Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah ,   Department of Chemical and Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Raja Azmy Raja Farzarul Hanim ,   Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Published: December 2022

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a wastewater generated from palm oil industries that rich with organic and nutrients which can becomes an excellent substrate for biogas production. A comprehensive study was carried out to study the effect of different ratio of inoculum to POME substrate for biogas production. In addition, the removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total nitrogen (TN) total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS) were also evaluated. Bio-methane potential (BMP) was used by manipulating temperature and HRT which were set to 28-32 °C and 30 days. The BMPs were operated under different ratio of inoculum to substrate at ratio of 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60. Highest cumulative biogas yield obtained was 1990 mL in the BMP containing 30:70 (inoculum:substrate) followed by the ratio of 40:60 with 1055 mL and 20:80 with 345 mL. Maximum TSS and VSS removal efficiency were 27% and 55%, recorded in 30:70 respectively, while in 40:60 and 20:80 were 23% and 12% and 8% and 51% respectively. The removal of TN was also high at 30:70 with 79% removal. Removal efficiency of COD was in BMP of 20:80 with 54% removal while BOD removal was seen the highest in 40:60 ratio BMP. Lastly, the AN were managed to be removed about 95% in 20:80 BMP. The results obtained in this study indicated that with different ratio od inoculum to POME substrate can enhance biogas production and quality of POME prior discharge to environment.
Effects of CO2 Flow Rate in Supercritical Fluids Extraction of Polygonum minus Roots
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia, Mohd Azhari Nur Afiqah , Markom Masturah ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia, Ismail Ismanizan ,   Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia, Anuar Nurina ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia
Published: December 2022

>Polygonum minus (locally known as Kesum) roots has been reported to contain bioactive sesquirtepenes compound, which is β-caryophyllene. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide was employed to investigate the effects of CO2 flow rate (2 ml/min, 3ml/min and 4 ml/min) towards essential oil yield (EO) and β-caryophyllene yields from P.minus roots. The extraction pressure, temperature and time were fixed at 80 bar, 40oC and 240 min, respectively. The results showed the highest amount EO obtained at flow rate 4 ml/min with 33.3% followed by flow rate 3 ml/min and 2 ml/min were 24% and 12.4% respectively. On the other hand, the highest amount β-caryophyllene was obtained at the lowest flow rate of 2 ml/min with 7.69% yield, followed by 3ml/min (1.62%) and 4 ml/min (1.54%). It can be explained that by increasing the CO2 flow rate, it will increase the initial extraction rate and the overall extraction of EO. However, mass transfer resistance limits the amount of β-caryophyllene transported to the bulk solvents with increasing CO2 flow rate. Thus, further study is needed to overcome the mass transfer limitation and improve the overall extraction of β-caryophyllene from P.minus roots.
Penderaan Emosi terhadap Kanak-kanak dari sudut Perundangan
Authors: Mohd Zahir Mohd Zamre , Hasmadi Nik Ahmad Aiman Hakimi
Published: December 2022

Kanak-kanak merupakan modal insan yang signifikan terhadap sesebuah negara. Oleh hal yang demikian, perlindungan terhadap kanak-kanak daripada pengabaian, penderaan, keganasan dan eksploitasi adalah satu aspek penting dan perlu diberi keutamaan. Malaysia telah digemparkan dengan kes-kes penderaan yang telah berlaku dalam sesebuah institusi kekeluargaan dan sehingga suku tahun pertama 2021, sebanyak 2,040 kes penderaan telah direkodkan dilaporkan. Terdapat empat keadaan penderaan yang berlaku terhadap kanak-kanak iaitu penderaan fizikal, pengabaian, seksual dan emosi. Berbeza dengan penderaan yang boleh dilihat kesannya secara pandangan mata kasar, penderaan emosi ini dilihat seakan-akan tidak diambil berat oleh setiap masyarakat. Objektif penulisan ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti sejauh manakah penderaan emosi terhadap kanak-kanak berlaku. Objektif kedua adalah untuk menganalisis statistik kes-kes yang menyentuh isu penderaan emosi kanak-kanak. Penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menyoroti literatur dari dalam dan luar negara berpandukan sumber primer dan sekunder yang membincangkan isu penderaan terhadap kanak-kanak. Hasil dapatan daripada penulisan ini menunjukkan wujud peningkatan kes penderaan secara umum serta khusus kepada penderaan emosi terhadap kanak-kanak dari selain wujud keperluan agar penguatkuasaan undang-undang diperketatkan agar masalah penderaan emosi kanak-kanak dapat dibendung. Kesimpulannya, hasil daripada penulisan ini akan memberikan pendedahan tentang bagaimana statistik kes-kes penderaan kanak-kanak berfungsi sebagai kayu ukur agar pihak kerajaan, penguatkuasa dan masyarakatnya dapat membendung masalah penderaan kanak-kanak daripada terus meningkat terutamanya dalam konteks penderaan emosi semasa pandemik COVID-19. Selanjutnya, penguatkuasaan undang-undang perlu diperketatkan dengan berkesan dan holistik.
Can Israel Prevent The ICC From Conducting An Investigation In The Situation In Palestine?
Authors: Jahan Ramisa
Published: December 2022

The territorial conflict between Israel and Palestine has been the longest dispute in history. Although various efforts have been made to reconcile the dispute, no successful outcome could be achieved. The tension between the two states have been ever-increasing and upon the completion of preliminary examination, the ICC has now declared to conduct an investigation into the Palestinian situation. However, there has been speculations regarding the ICC’s ability to conduct an investigation on the basis of various clauses in the Rome Statute. Moreover, upon the declaration of an investigation by the OTP, the Israeli government has condemned the decision on various grounds. The primary objective of this paper is to iterate that Palestine is a recognized state and the crimes being committed in its territories fall under the purview of the Rome Statute, entailing accountability of the perpetrators. Hence, the author has attempted to refute Israel’s grounds and basis for non-cooperation and analyses the alleged “escape-clauses” in the Rome Statute. Finally, the author has reinforced that the ICC plays a non-partisan role in conducting investigations and holding war criminals accountable. Furthermore, the so-called “escape-clauses” in the Rome Statute are not loopholes rather a means by which the ICC aims to encourage national courts to undertake genuine proceedings to prosecute war criminals, in order to ensure global peace and order. Therefore, international law cannot be used as a tool to escape liability. The author has applied qualitative method, relying on primary and secondary sources of international law.
Analisis Perundangan Penjagaan Warga Emas di United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun
Authors: Jass Key Tan , Rajamanickam Ramalinggam , Tengku Zainudin Tengku Noor Azira
Published: December 2022

Sistem penjagaan moden secara umum bersumberkan common law. Sistem penjagaan ini mengutamakan doktrin parens patriae yang bererti bahawa pihak mahkamah dibenarkan untuk campur tangan dalam menjaga kepentingan golongan-golongan yang tidak mampu menjaga diri sendiri, seperti kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa yang kurang upaya melalui pelantikan penjaga. Walaupun Malaysia masih tidak mempunyai undang-undang yang khusus untuk penjagaan warga emas, pelbagai perkembangan dan kemajuan undang-undang berhubungan dengan penjagaan warga emas telah berlaku di negara-negara lain. Sejajar dengan itu, penulisan ini akan menganalisis kerangka perundangan tentang penjagaan warga emas di tiga buah negara terpilih, iaitu United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun. Ketiga-tiga negara ini telah dipilih atas alasan bahawa mereka mempunyai sejarah yang lama dan sistem penjagaan warga emas yang mantap pada masa ini. Bukan itu sahaja, pembaharuan undang-undang sering dilakukan untuk memberikan jaminan yang lebih baik kepada golongan ini. Bagi mencapai objektif yang digariskan, penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif bersifat analisis kandungan. Penulisan ini mendapati bahawa walaupun undang-undang penjagaan di United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun tidak ditujukan secara khusus kepada golongan warga emas, namun mekanisme undang-undang yang wujud di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut telah memberikan manfaat kepada golongan warga emas. Golongan warga emas yang tidak mempunyai keupayaan mental dalam menguruskan diri sendiri dan harta dikawal selia oleh undang-undang yang boleh dianggap menyeluruh dan mantap di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut. Hal ini terbukti menerusi statistik pemakaian sistem penjagaan orang dewasa yang digunakan kepada golongan warga emas. Golongan warga emas termasuk dalam kategori orang dewasa yang kekurangan upaya dan merekalah golongan yang terbesar di bawah undang-undang penjagaan sebegini. Oleh itu, penulisan ini mencadangkan agar Malaysia dapat mengambil usaha untuk mengintegrasikan pendekatan yang digunakan di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut bagi mewujudkan mekanisme undang-undang yang menyeluruh dalam aspek penjagaan warga emas di Malaysia.
Penguatkuasaan Kesalahan Tidak Menunaikan Solat Jumaat
Authors: Aziz Nooratika , Abd Wahab Muhammad Fauzi Uzir , Yusof Mohd Ridzuan , Yahya Mohamad Azhan
Published: December 2022

Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah memperuntukan hukuman ke atas orang lelaki yang tidak menunaikan solat Jumaat. Namun, peruntukan undang-undang mensyaratkan tindakan hanya boleh diambil terhadap kesalahan tidak menunaikan solat Jumaat selama tiga kali berturut-turut telah menimbulkan isu permasalahan dari aspek penguatkuasaan dan pembuktian. Malah,, peruntukan undang-undang juga menghendaki kesalahan tersebut berlaku dalam kariah tempat tinggal pesalah merumitkan apabila ia berlaku diluar daripada kariah masjid pelaku kesalahan. Kajian ini menganalisis undang-undang substantif yang telah diperuntukkan di bawah Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah berkenaan dengan kesalahan tidak menunaikan solat Jumaat serta permasalahannya dan mencadangkan penyelesaian untuk mengastasi isu-isu yang berlaku. Penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah kajian kaedah kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen terutamanya meninjau dari aspek perundangan dan prinsip syariah. Kaedah temu bual turut dijalankan ke atas pengamal undang-undang syariah. Hasil dapatan temu bual ini digunakan untuk menyokong dapatan kajian ini. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat elemen yang perlu dibuktikan dalam peruntukan berkenaan baligh atau mukallaf, tiga kali berturut-turut, masjid dalam kariah dan uzur syarie di bawah Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah adalah umum dan tidak jelas.Kajian mencadangkan agar elemen terbabit perlu diperincikan agar penguatkuasaan ke atas pesalah kesalahan tidak menunaikan solat Jumaat ini dapat diperkemaskan serta diperkasakan lagi. Seterusnya, kajian turut mencadangkan agar prosedur operasi standard (SOP) turut perlu dibina berhubung dengan proses penyiasatan kesalahan ini agar dapat membantu pihak penguatkuasa agama menjalankan siasatan dengan baik dan menyokong pembuktian pihak pendakwaan di mahkamah kelak. Kajian ini penting dalam usaha memperkasakan lagi penyiasatan dan pendakwaan kesalahan tidak menunaikan solat Jumaat oleh pihak berkuasa.
Peculiarities of aggression manifestation among servicemen-participants of combat actions: necessity or negative factor?
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Kravchenko К. , Hrebeniuk L. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Belichenko L. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv
Published: December 2022

The results of empirical research on the study of the problem of aggression manifestation among servicemen-participants of combat actions are presented in the article. The main goal of the research was to determine whether the aggressive behavior of servicemen is a negative factor and requires obligatory psychological correction or, on the contrary, is a feature that contributes to effective assigned task performance on the battlefield. The comprehensive approach was applied to study the problem of military servicemen's aggression, namely: as a personality trait, as one of the reactions to combat stress and one of the deviant behavior manifestations. On the other hand, the link between aggressive behavior and combat tasks performance effectiveness was described. It should be noted that during the research, namely, at the stage of empirical data processing, it turned out that all involved servicemen have been serving in the Armed Forces of Ukraine only since 2017, and that means, they did not see the fierce battles of 2014-2016. And we considered this fact as a crucial one, that influence the results greatly. One more significant factor, that must be regarded, is the level of combat stress of servicemen who participated in hostilities after 2016. Obviously, it is lower than the level of combat stress of servicemen who participated in hostilities before 2016, and as a result, aggressive behavior (as a reaction to combat stress) also has a smaller manifestation.