bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Diabetics
Authors: Kiran Tugba Raika , Bay Karabulut Aysun
Published: October 2024

In diabetics, there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress, a condition characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defenses. Free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolism and play a role in cell signaling and immune response. However, excessive ROS production in diabetes, exacerbated by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, overwhelms antioxidant defenses, which include enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione.

Oxidative stress in diabetics contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications by damaging cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA, thereby impairing cellular function and promoting inflammation. Moreover, oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and damage to pancreatic beta cells further exacerbate insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Antioxidant therapies, either through dietary supplementation or pharmacological interventions, aim to restore redox balance and mitigate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress in diabetes. Understanding the intricate interplay between free radicals and antioxidants is essential for developing targeted strategies to prevent and manage diabetic complications effectively.
A Global Public Health Issue: Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hisar Kemal Macit
Published: October 2024

Diabetes Mellitus is a significant global health concern characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion or action defects. Its prevalence escalates due to aging populations, urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and poor diets. The disease manifests primarily as Type 1 (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells) and Type 2 (insulin resistance with relative deficiency). Complications include cardiovascular diseases and microvascular issues like retinopathy and neuropathy. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications, insulin therapy, and regular monitoring. Addressing diabetes requires comprehensive strategies spanning prevention, early detection, and effective treatment, supported by global initiatives like the WHO’s Diabetes Compact.
Diabetic Nephropathy and Current Approach to Therapy
Authors: Celik Gulperi
Published: October 2024

Diabetic nephropathy is a common and serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by progressive kidney damage that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It primarily affects individuals with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and its pathogenesis involves complex interplay of metabolic, hemodynamic, and inflammatory factors. Key mechanisms include hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and inflammatory pathways. Current therapeutic approaches aim to delay or prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Tight glycemic control through lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy remains fundamental, as it helps reduce the incidence and progression of kidney disease. Additionally, renin-angiotensin system blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) is crucial in managing diabetic nephropathy due to their renoprotective effects, including reducing proteinuria and preserving kidney function. Beyond glucose and blood pressure control, newer therapeutic strategies involve the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which have shown promising results in reducing renal events and slowing the decline in kidney function in patients with diabetic nephropathy. These agents exert their effects by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney, leading to glycosuria and natriuresis, and thereby reducing intraglomerular pressure and albuminuria. Furthermore, comprehensive management includes lifestyle modifications (such as dietary sodium restriction and smoking cessation), treatment of dyslipidemia, and regular monitoring of kidney function through urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Multidisciplinary care involving nephrologists, endocrinologists, and primary care providers is essential to optimize therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Kiratli Hatice Esranur , Ural Onur , Aktug Demir Nazlim
Published: October 2024

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common concern in diabetic patients due to factors such as impaired immune function, altered urinary tract anatomy, and higher glucose levels in urine that promote bacterial growth. Diagnosis of UTIs in diabetic patients involves typical symptoms like dysuria, frequency, urgency, and flank pain, along with clinical examination and urine analysis revealing leukocyturia and bacteriuria. Management typically includes appropriate antibiotic therapy based on urine culture and susceptibility results, taking into account local resistance patterns and patient factors. Empirical therapy may be initiated promptly while awaiting culture results in symptomatic patients. Diabetes-specific considerations include ensuring glycemic control, as hyperglycemia can exacerbate susceptibility to infections. Preventive strategies include patient education on proper hygiene, adequate fluid intake, and regular monitoring for UTI symptoms. In complicated cases or recurrent infections, further evaluation for structural abnormalities or urologic conditions should be considered. Collaborative care involving primary care physicians, endocrinologists, and infectious disease specialists is crucial for optimizing management and reducing the risk of complications in diabetic patients with UTIs.
Management of Hyperglycemia in the Emergency Department
Authors: Ozer Muhammet Rasit
Published: October 2024

Management of hyperglycemia in the emergency department (ED) requires a systematic approach to stabilize patients and address the underlying causes. Initial assessment includes evaluating vital signs, mental status, and symptoms that may indicate complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Laboratory tests, including blood glucose levels, electrolytes, renal function, and arterial blood gases, are crucial to determine severity and guide treatment. Prompt initiation of intravenous fluids, typically isotonic saline, corrects dehydration and improves tissue perfusion. Insulin therapy is essential and administered intravenously as a continuous infusion or subcutaneously based on the severity of hyperglycemia. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels ensures effective insulin dosing and prevents hypoglycemia. Addressing underlying triggers like infections or medication-related causes complements pharmacological treatment. Collaborative care involving specialists and diabetes educators optimizes management and facilitates patient transition to ongoing care after ED discharge, emphasizing education on medication adherence and lifestyle modifications to prevent the recurrence of hyperglycemic crises.
The Screening, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
Authors: Uysal Nuriye Esra
Published: October 2024

The screening, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy are critical to ensure optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes. Pregnant women are routinely screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 24-28 weeks of gestation using glucose challenge tests followed by diagnostic oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) if initial screening is positive. Pre-existing diabetes, including type 1 or type 2 diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy, requires early identification and management to minimize risks such as congenital anomalies and macrosomia. Proper classification based on glucose levels helps guide appropriate management strategies, including diet modification, glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, and close prenatal care coordination between obstetricians, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers. Regular monitoring throughout pregnancy and postpartum is crucial to mitigate complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.
Antenatal and Postnatal Problems in Infants of Women with Diabetes
Authors: Oztoprak Mustafa Yasin
Published: October 2024

Women with diabetes, whether pregestational or gestational, face potential antenatal and postnatal issues that can impact their infants. During pregnancy, infants of diabetic mothers are at higher risk of macrosomia (large birth weight), birth trauma (due to macrosomia), and neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels shortly after birth). These infants may also experience respiratory distress syndrome and an increased likelihood of requiring neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Postnatally, they face a higher risk of childhood obesity and developing type 2 diabetes later in life due to maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Therefore, careful management and monitoring are crucial to minimize these risks and ensure better outcomes for both mother and infant.
Improvement of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus by Surgical Interventions
Authors: Bicer Mehmet
Published: October 2024

Surgical interventions, particularly bariatric surgeries like gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, have shown significant improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These procedures not only aid in weight loss but also enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. The mechanisms include altered gut hormone secretion, improved insulin signaling, and reduced systemic inflammation. Such metabolic surgeries are considered effective options for patients with T2DM, especially those who are obese and have difficulty managing their condition through traditional medical treatments alone.
Approach to Diabetic Foot Infections From the Perspective of an Infectious Disease Specialist
Authors: Kiratli Hatice Esranur , Sumer Sua , Aktug Demir Nazlim
Published: October 2024

Approaching diabetic foot infections from the perspective of an infectious disease specialist involves a multidimensional strategy aimed at timely diagnosis, effective antimicrobial therapy, and surgical intervention when necessary. Given the predisposing factors such as neuropathy, vascular insufficiency, and impaired immune responses in diabetic patients, infections of the foot can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications like cellulitis, abscess formation, osteomyelitis, and even limb loss if not promptly addressed. The initial assessment includes thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies like X-rays or MRI scans to assess for bone involvement, and microbiological sampling to identify the causative organisms. Treatment typically entails empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy targeting common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species, while adjusting therapy based on culture results and sensitivities. Surgical intervention, ranging from drainage of abscesses to debridement of necrotic tissue or even amputation in severe cases, may be necessary to control the infection and preserve limb function. Close monitoring for response to therapy, glycemic control, and wound care are essential to achieve optimal outcomes and prevent the recurrence in diabetic foot infections. Collaborative care involving infectious disease specialists, podiatrists, vascular surgeons, and endocrinologists is crucial for comprehensive management tailored to the individual patient’s needs.
Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Melekoglu Ellik Zeynep
Published: October 2024

Managing diabetes mellitus in patients with liver cirrhosis requires a tailored approach due to the complex interaction between these conditions. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments and exercise, are foundational. Pharmacological treatment, cautiously chosen to avoid hepatotoxicity, may include metformin for mild to moderate cases, while insulin therapy becomes necessary in advanced cirrhosis or when oral agents are contraindicated. Close glucose monitoring and collaborative care involving specialists are crucial to optimize management and prevent complications in this challenging patient population.
Dermatological Findings Associated with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Akca Hanife Merve
Published: October 2024

Dermatological manifestations are common among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), reflecting both the direct effects of hyperglycemia and underlying metabolic abnormalities. One of the hallmark skin conditions associated with diabetes is diabetic dermopathy, characterized by round or oval, brownish patches often found on the shins. Other prevalent dermatological findings include necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, presenting as yellowish plaques with a reddish-brown border, typically on the lower legs. Additionally, individuals with diabetes are prone to fungal infections, particularly candidiasis, due to elevated glucose levels that promote fungal growth. Poor wound healing is another significant concern, leading to chronic ulcers and an increased risk of infections. Furthermore, diabetic patients frequently experience xerosis (dry skin) due to impaired sweat gland function and reduced skin hydration. Recognizing these dermatological manifestations is crucial as they can serve as clinical indicators of underlying diabetes or its complications, emphasizing the importance of dermatological screening and integrated care approaches for managing both skin conditions and diabetes effectively.
Antidiabetic Drug Interactions
Authors: Kelleci Celik Feyza
Published: October 2024

Antidiabetic drug interactions pose significant challenges in the management of diabetes mellitus. These interactions can occur between different classes of antidiabetic medications or between antidiabetic drugs and other medications used to treat comorbid conditions. They may affect drug efficacy or safety by altering drug metabolism, absorption, or excretion. Common interactions include sulfonylureas, which can potentiate hypoglycemia when combined with other drugs that affect glucose levels. Similarly, medications such as corticosteroids or certain antibiotics can impair glucose control in diabetic patients. Clinicians must carefully monitor and adjust medication regimens to minimize these interactions and optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients with diabetes.
Oral and Dental Health in Diabetes Patients
Authors: Marakoglu Ismail , Balaban Yunus Emre , Marakoglu Ildeniz
Published: October 2024

Oral and dental health in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) requires special attention due to the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and oral health. Individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to oral health problems such as periodontal (gum) disease, dental caries (cavities), fungal infections like oral thrush, and delayed wound healing. These conditions can be exacerbated by poorly controlled blood glucose levels, which compromise the body’s ability to fight infections and heal tissues. Periodontal disease, in particular, is prevalent among diabetics and can worsen glycemic control, creating a vicious cycle that impacts overall health. Conversely, oral infections and inflammation from poor oral hygiene can contribute to insulin resistance, potentially aggravating diabetes management. Effective management of oral health in diabetes includes regular dental check-ups, meticulous oral hygiene practices (brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash), and timely treatment of dental issues. Dentists play a critical role in educating patients about the importance of oral hygiene and monitoring for early signs of oral complications. Collaborative care between dental and medical professionals is essential to ensure comprehensive management of both diabetes and oral health, thereby improving overall quality of life and reducing the risk of systemic complications.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Dental Implants
Authors: Bozkurt Duygu
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses significant challenges in the context of dental implants due to its potential impact on oral health and healing processes. Individuals with diabetes are more prone to complications such as delayed wound healing, increased risk of infection, and impaired bone metabolism, all of which can adversely affect the success of dental implant procedures. Hyperglycemia in diabetes can compromise the immune response, making patients more susceptible to infections around implant sites. Moreover, poorly controlled diabetes can lead to reduced bone density and impaired osseointegration, the process by which implants fuse with the jawbone. Management of diabetes, including glycemic control and comprehensive pre-operative assessment, is crucial to minimize these risks. Close collaboration between dental professionals and endocrinologists is recommended to optimize outcomes for patients with diabetes undergoing dental implant treatment.
Sexual Dysfunction on Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kandemir Emre
Published: October 2024

Sexual dysfunction is a prevalent complication among individuals with diabetes mellitus, affecting both men and women. In men, diabetes can lead to erectile dysfunction due to damage to blood vessels and nerves that regulate blood flow to the penis. Additionally, decreased testosterone levels and psychological factors like stress or depression contribute to this issue. Women with diabetes often experience reduced sexual desire, decreased vaginal lubrication, and difficulty achieving orgasm. Similar to men, nerve damage, hormonal imbalances, and psychological factors play significant roles in sexual dysfunction among diabetic women. Overall, managing diabetes through proper glycemic control, lifestyle modifications, and medical interventions can help mitigate the risk and severity of sexual dysfunction in affected individuals.
Treatment of Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis presents a diverse array of clinical challenges, involving multiple organs and systems beyond the lungs. Effective management requires a tailored approach to address organ-specific symptoms, prevent complications, and preserve overall health.

This chapter explores the therapeutic strategies for extrapulmonary sarcoidosis, encompassing the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and targeted therapies. It highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care and individualized treatment plans based on the specific organs affected and the severity of disease manifestations. By navigating through these treatment modalities, we aim to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for patients grappling with the complexities of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.
Introduction
Authors: Can Gulbeyaz
Published: October 2024

A “health assessment” refers to the process of evaluating a person’s overall health and well-being. This assessment is usually performed by health care professionals, such as physicians, nurses, or other health care professionals. The goal of health assessment is to gather information about various aspects of a person’s health in order to make informed decisions about his or her medical care, develop care plans, take appropriate action, or monitor the patient’s progress.

Nursing assessment usually includes two main components of health assessment: Interview and physical examination. Nurses interview patients to gather information about their medical history, current health problems, medications, allergies, and lifestyle habits. This helps establish a good rapport with the patient and provides valuable information for assessing their health.

Nurses perform a physical examination to assess the patient’s overall health. The physical examination of the patient begins with the measurement of vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature). Body systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and musculoskeletal system are then examined. Observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation are the four assessment methods used in the physical evaluation of systems.

Health assessments by nurses occur not only at a patient’s initial presentation, but also at regular intervals throughout the patient’s care. Regular health assessments help monitor changes in the patient’s health, evaluate the eﬀ ectiveness of interventions, and adjust the plan of care accordingly.

Health assessment is a fundamental aspect of nursing practice because it enables nurses to provide patient-centered care and contribute to a positive patient outcome.
Genitourinary System
Authors: Avci Basboga Nihal , Aslan Ergul
Published: October 2024

The genitourinary system includes the organs of the genital and urinary systems. These organs are often grouped together because of their common embryo- logical origin (intermediate mesoderm), their proximity to each other, and the use of common structur- al pathways. The structure and functions of the genitourinary organs must work properly to ensure the functioning of the genitourinary system. A complete health history and detailed physical examination are essential to detect abnormalities that may aﬀ ect the organs and functions of this system, identify abnormal findings, and address current symptoms and problems. A complete history and physical examination of the genitourinary system provides nurses with accurate information about the structure and functions of the organs. This knowledge helps nurses identify potential or actual nursing diagnoses, plan care comprehensively and implement nursing interventions correctly, and evaluate care. This chapter includes the collection of a complete health history of the female and male genitourinary systems as well as the scope, components, and implementation procedures of the physical examination.
Darolutamide Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Toprak Kenan , Culpan Meftun
Published: October 2024

Darolutamide is an androgen receptor signaling inhibitor with a different structure than other androgen receptor antagonists. It has been demonstrated that darolutamide inhibits translocation of androgen receptors to the nucleus which is induced by testosterone.Darolutamide treatment with ADT and, docetaxel chemotherapy is effective and has a tolerable safety profile in individuals with mHSPCa. When combined with docetaxel and ADT, darolutamide improves overall survival while having comparable adverse effect rates.
Parp Inhibitors Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Canakci Cengiz , Dincer Erdinc
Published: October 2024

In this section, the success of targeted therapies that have proven effective in the last 20 years in metastatic prostate cancer is highlighted. Prostate cancer is one of the three most common cancers among men worldwide, and new treatment options are still being investigated. PARP (polyadenosine diphospate ribose polymerase) inhibitors might contribute clinical benefit in the treatment of homologous recombinant repair (HRR) alterations especially BRCA1/2 . The basis of its working mechanism is "synthetic lethality" and it is an effective treatment that has received FDA approval in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, with numerous studies conducted in this field.
Palliative Care for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Suceken Ferhat Yakup , Tahra Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Happiness is one of the oldest and most intriguing topics in human history. The definition of happiness and how to achieve it have been questioned since ancient times. Research shows that the foundation of happiness lies in the level of social communication and interaction. The most basic area of interaction and communication for individuals is their family. Therefore, individuals who are happy in their family life tend to reflect this happiness in their work and other social relationships. Thus, by following certain rules and taking necessary precautions during the process of establishing and maintaining a family through marriage, we can achieve a happy family life and, consequently, a happy life.

If marriage and family life bring us so much joy, we need to appreciate their value. Imagine having a latest model luxury car; you would enjoy driving it, right? But first and foremost, you must have a driver’s license. Similarly, before getting married, we must receive education on marriage and obtain a marriage license. Governments should ensure that those without a marriage license are not allowed to marry. If you neglect your vehicle’s monthly and annual maintenance and do not comply with traffic rules, an accident is inevitable. We take our damaged vehicle to a repair shop. Likewise, in marriages, it is necessary to attend marriage therapy sessions periodically and seek expert support for problems encountered during disagreements. Just as polishing and washing our car from time to time improves its appearance and provides satisfaction, spending quality and special time as a family is essential for relief and peace within the family.

Achieving happiness within the family is possible by taking advantage of the wonderful opportunities offered by marriage. The most important aspects include not only dedicating special time for each other and the children but also getting to know oneself, making time for self-care, understanding the partner’s expectations through empathy, and ultimately fostering a sense of ""us."" While achieving all these, it is crucial to recognize sexuality as a beautiful fruit of marriage and to regularly enjoy this aspect.

In this book, we share the secrets of how to achieve a happy family and marriage with a team of family and marriage counselors. I wish you a pleasant reading experience.
Radiotherapy As a Local Therapy in the Management of Patient with Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Efiloglu Ozgur , Iplikci Ayberk
Published: October 2024

Prostate cancer ranks as the second most common malignancy diagnosed among men worldwide. It manifest across a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from localized low risk conditions to metastatic disease that is resistant to hormone therapy. Radiation therapy (RT) constitutes a significant therapeutic modality in the management of localized disease. While the use of RT in metastatic disease was previously quite limited, recent evidence demonstrates that RT can have positive effects beyond palliation, particularly in oligometastatic disease. Further research is needed to explore the systemic effects and immunological mechanisms of localized RT.
Fat Soluble Vitamins and Macrominerals
Authors: Polat Elif
Published: October 2024

The word vitamin was first used to mean ""the amine necessary for life"". • Vitamins are organic catalysts necessary for normal body functions, growth and healthy living. They are not synthesized in the human body and must be obtained externally.

Vitamins are classified according to their fat and water solubility. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K, and although they are essential for health, each of them has very important functions in the body. They have many biological activities such as vision, bone, coagulation and antioxidant effects. They are released, absorbed and transported (as chylomicrons) along with dietary fats. They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue and are eliminated more slowly than water-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body and cause toxic effects.

Minerals are inorganic substances needed for the body to maintain its basic functions. These substances cannot be created directly by plants and animals and are taken from the soil. Minerals are divided into two groups: macrominerals and microminerals. Macrominerals are elements that should be taken in amounts greater than 100 mg daily. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine and potassium are macrominerals. Deficiency or excess intake of minerals can disrupt many biological functions and cause diseases. Sodium is a mineral that plays an important role in the body. Sodium, the main cation of extracellular fluid, is involved in functions such as transport of substances across the cell membrane, fluid-electrolyte balance, and regulation of blood pressure. Sodium levels in the body are kept under control by the functioning of the kidneys and the influence of hormones. Muscle contraction begins with an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration. It is the most abundant element in the human body after calcium. It is a component of DNA and RNA. Phosphorus plays a role in the formation of bones and teeth and the repair of tissues and cells. It is found abundantly in water in nature, but rarely in plants, especially as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. It ensures that the fluids in the body are kept in balance.
Water Soluble Vitamins
Authors: Laloglu Esra
Published: October 2024

Vitamins are organic molecules that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by humans and therefore must be obtained through diet. Nine vitamins (folic acid, cobalamin, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, biotin and pantothenic acid) are classified as water-soluble. When taken in excess of the body’s needs, they are easily excreted in the urine and therefore must be taken continuously through the diet. Toxicity is rare. However, deficiencies can develop rapidly.

Vitamins are necessary for the performance of certain cellular functions. For example, many water-soluble vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic pathways related to energy production and hematopoiesis. Since these vitamins play a central role in energy metabolism, their deficiencies primarily cause problems in rapidly developing tissues. Typical symptoms are dermatitis, glossitis (the tongue is swollen and red), cheilitis in the corners of the lips and diarrhea. The nervous system of patients is also affected due to energy problems. Patients often experience peripheral neuropathy, depression, mental confusion, and loss of motor coordination.

Minerals are inorganic structures (elements) that the body needs in small amounts. It has functions in many processes such as the formation of bone and tooth structure, fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, signaling and catalysis. Various minerals are essential cofactors of enzymes. Minerals are micronutrients needed at mg or μg levels. Microminerals are needed at levels between 1 and 100 mg/day. Ultra trace minerals are needed in amounts below 1 mg per day. Copper, iron, manganese and zinc are microminerals. Ultratrace minerals include iodine, selenium and molybdenum. In this section, detailed information was given about the biochemical structures of water-soluble vitamins, microminerals and ultra-trace elements, their important functions in the body, and the pathological conditions seen in their deficiency and excess.
Nutritional Supplements for Brain Health
Authors: Hasbal-Celikok Gozde
Published: October 2024

Maintaining cognitive function throughout life is increasingly important as life expectancy rises. This chapter explores the role of nutritional supplements in promoting brain health. With a focus on deficiencies and limitations of dietary intake alone, the chapter examines the potential of specific supplements, including vitamins B9 and B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), to enhance cognitive function and potentially prevent neurodegenerative diseases like dementia. By critically evaluating scientific evidence, the chapter aims to provide a balanced perspective on the potential benefits and limitations of nutritional supplements for cognitive health.
Antiepileptic Medicinal Plants
Authors: Demir Fidel
Published: October 2024

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent and spontaneous seizures. Millions of people worldwide struggle with epilepsy. There is no radical treatment for epilepsy. Current treatments are symptomatic and approximately one third of the patients show resistance to existing drugs. The majority of epilepsy patients live in countries with low socioeconomic status. It is very difficult for these patients to access adequate medical treatment. Problems such as drug-related side effects, lack of access to medication and drug resistance are common in epilepsy patients. For this reason, many researchers are trying to discover new compounds with antiepileptic properties for the treatment of epilepsy.

The epileptogenic mechanism has not been solved yet. Currently used antiepileptic drugs are symptomatic and do not provide radical treatment. Modern antiepileptic drugs reduce seizure frequency but do not show antiepileptogenic properties. Experimental studies indicate that herbal compounds may show antiepileptogenic properties. In the literature on this subject, it is seen that there are many natural plants that have been studied. It is stated that antiepileptic drugs can potentially be developed from these. Based on these reasons, I aimed to explain the herbal compounds showing antiepileptic properties in the light of the literature.
Climate Change Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Yilmaz Can , Karaman Sezgin
Published: October 2024

Many species extinctions have occurred in the Earth’s history, including five great mass extinctions. The phenomenon of climate change is likely to have profound effects on the diversity of living organisms. Globally, significant declines in biodiversity are being experienced. Especially ectothermal animals such as reptiles and amphibians are vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and other climate variables. Climate change triggers the spreading of a of a pathogenic disease, habitat degradation, which is a threat to the exctoterm animal life cycle. Amphibians and reptiles respond to these changes, such as range shifts and phenologic and physiological changes. Conservation and adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of human-induced climate change on species diversity will become more important in the coming decades. Although amphibians and reptiles are capable of adaptive responses to climate change at the species level, such as phenological changes and range shifts, species-specific conservation programs need to be developed urgently to minimize the effects of anthropogenic climate change and to protect species.
Understanding Permafrost Behavior in a Warming World: Effects on Atmospheric Shifts, Disease Outbreaks, and Environmental Implications
Authors: Arslan Aydogdu Elif Ozlem , Selim Gulnihan
Published: October 2024

Permafrost, or permafrost, consists of soil, rock, and sedimentary materials frozen in regions below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. Permafrost areas are fascinating with their microbial load. The sub-zero atmospheres of these areas allow microorganisms to maintain their viability for years or even centuries. Climate change indicates a serious risk of melting in the Arctic and other permafrost regions. Due to their microbial load-induced metabolic activities, melting permafrost can increase the release of greenhouse gases and disrupt the environmental balance. Microbial load is essential not only for the release of carbon gases but also for the increase of microbial-borne diseases. It is known that apparent microbial and vector-borne diseases have increased in the Arctic region.The melting of permafrost areas due to atmospheric warming, which in turn exposes new soils and microorganisms, has the potential to trigger significant changes in the biosphere.
Interconnection Between Antibiotic Resistance and Climate Change
Authors: Selim Gulnihan , Arslan Aydogdu Elif Ozlem
Published: October 2024

Antibiotic resistance is one of nowdays biggest public health problems. Because of their adaptation abilities, bacteria are gaining resistance against the antibiotics. When a bacterium resistance to antibiotic, it also cause resistance in other bacteria in its environment. Climate change causes antibacterial resistance to increase. Both increasing air temperatures and natural disasters resulting from climate change cause antibiotic resistance to increase. Increasing antibiotic resistance cause a serious danger to public health.
The Impact of Climate Change on Benthic Ecosystems: a Perspective
Authors: Caglar Senem , Mulayim Aysegul
Published: October 2024

The formation of the oceans has been critical for the origin of life on Earth because it regulates the climate and provides optimal conditions for life. However human-caused climate change, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, has caused dramatic changes in terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems. Increasing global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions are causing melting glaciers, increasing sea levels, changing marine chemistry and ocean acidification. These changes affect the distribution and survival of marine organisms, particularly those in the benthic ecosystem. Benthic organisms play an important role in nutrient cycling and carbon uptake. The effects of climate change, including temperature increases and ocean acidification, have an impact on their physiology, reproduction, and biodiversity. In conclusion, biogeochemical cycles and, as species try to adapt, shifts in their distribution and the occurrence of invasive species change marine community structures, further exacerbating ecological instability.
Child Marriages
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz , Ortakci Nursima
Published: October 2024

According to Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child put into effect by the United According to Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child put into effect by the United Nations, every individual up to the age of 18 is considered a child. Child marriage refers to the type of forced marriage between a child, under the age of 18, to an adult or a child. It is possible to state the causes of child marriages as gender inequality, family honor, domestic pressure, traditions, misinterpretation of religious information, migration, and economic reasons. Contrary to general belief, child marriages happen in our country and many parts of the world, including developed countries. The probability of being married at an early age, especially for girls living under fragile conditions, is twice as high as the world average. Child marriage has short-term and long-term negative effects on girls who are forced to get married. Child marriage, which exposes children to sexual, physical, and psychological violence, also interrupts the education life of children and increases the risk of early pregnancy. This situation causes complications for child and maternal health and the risk of death. Within the scope of this study, first of all, a conceptual framework was drawn about child marriages. Then, the data in UNICEF’s 2023 child marriage report were discussed, national and international legal regulations were included. Finally, the situation in the world regarding the issue of child marriages was discussed and the study was completed with the conclusion and recommendations.
Juvenile Deliquency in Türkiye
Authors: Yazicioglu Melda
Published: October 2024

The involvement of children in criminal activities is a matter of significant concern, given that they are the most vulnerable members of society. Children, like other individuals, are entitled to certain rights, and when these rights are infringed, there can be significant consequences. Crimes involving children may result in the violation of their rights and compromise their safety and well-being. Children who are dragged into crime frequently originate from disadvantaged social groups and are more prone to becoming involved in criminal activities as a consequence of social inequalities. Social justice and equality can be seriously hampered by this. There is a general commitment to protect children and ensure their rights around the world, with a particular focus on Europe. Efforts have been made to address children’s involvement in crime through the development of policies and programs in the European Union and other countries. This study aims to analyze the practices in Türkiye and globally regarding juvenile delinquency. The study’s significance lies in its ability to provide insights on the necessary policies to reduce the number of children who are victims of crime in Türkiye, within the context of global practices. In order to prevent children from becoming involved in criminal activity, it is necessary to identify and address the factors that contribute to their involvement in crime.
Children and Drama
Authors: Baran Durmaz Gulbeyaz , Gunduz Aktas Nursah Gunduz
Published: October 2024

Drama can be defined as a group acting out a situation, a memory or an educational subject based on their own life experiences by using theater and drama techniques in the presence of a leader. Especially in the preschool period, drama is of great importance for children to have concrete experiences, to learn by doing and to live and to participate actively. In this period when development is of critical importance, drama studies make positive contributions to all developmental areas of children. Although it is confused with "play", which is a fun activity for children and supports their development, play and drama are different concepts. In this section, first of all, the definition of drama is made and the basic concepts of drama are explained. Then, the use of drama as a "goal" and "tool" is mentioned, the contributions of drama to the development of children and how it supports their developmental areas are discussed, and the relationship between play and drama is explained.
Brain Ventricular System, Meninges, and Clinical Anatomy: A Handbook for Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Atesoglu Karabas Sibel
Published: October 2024

Brain ventricles, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and dural sinuses are vital to the central nervous system and have a very important anatomical place, especially when using brain imaging techniques. Although the anatomical sections mentioned are discussed as separate chapters in the book, they are completely interrelated and form part of an inseparable whole.

This book takes a straightforward approach to the ventricular system, meninges, CSF, and dural sinuses of the brain, presenting them from anatomical, clinical, and healthcare perspectives. The complexity of the subjects covered in the field of anatomy can be daunting. However, the key to understanding any subject is to break it down to its most basic, transparent state. In this book, I’ve endeavored to do just that, using simple schematic drawings to describe the ventricular system, meninges, CSF, and dural sinuses. These illustrations are not just simple, they are highly functional, particularly in helping you visualize the subject in 3D. The book’s content is designed to be accessible and beneficial to anatomists, neurosurgeons, and all healthcare professionals, particularly medical students.

Dear students, this book aims to contribute valuable support to learning anatomy. Therefore, you are the main target group of this book. I hope this book will increase your awareness and develop your knowledge of the ventricular system, meninges, and dural sinuses of the brain.
Artificial Intelligence (Al) Applications to Reduce Drought Loss in Agriculture
Authors: Celik Sadettin , Vural Mehmet , Zia Muhammad Abu Bakar
Published: October 2024

Medicinal aromatic plants are very important for human health. Due to the polyphenolic and phytochemical components they contain, they have antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. For this reason, it is the subject of scientific studies. Allium species are important medicinal and aromatic plants that include the commonly known onion and garlic species. There are many different species and the different biological activities of these species are determined by scientific studies. For this reason, in this chapter, the ethnobotanical characteristics and biological activities of important Allium species with current scientific studies are compiled. It is stated that some of these species have anticancer properties and their consumption will be beneficial for health.
Common Biological Activities of Significant Some Allium Species
Authors: Izol Ebubekir , Tarhan Abbas , Cicek Isa
Published: October 2024

It is aimed to inoculate the species called Turkish crayfish (freshwater crayfish) in the artificial ponds located by the Fırat River in Surtepe village of Birecik district and to provide training to the disadvantaged groups selected from the region on the fishing of these crayfish and to provide new skills and income to the target groups. The species called Turkish crayfish (Astacus leptadactylus) will form a permanent population in the vaccinated ponds. With the crayfish vaccination practice, the suitability of crayfish breeding to the region and climate will be proven and the breeding of this species will be developed.
Viral Immunity and Immune Escape
Authors: Gurcay Metin
Published: October 2024

Current practices in agricultural economics focus on goals such as increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring environmental sustainability, raising farmers’ incomes, and securing food safety. Various current practices are implemented both in Turkey and globally. This section is written to describe these current practices, how they are implemented, and to present examples of those that have been or are being applied in Turkey. The importance of modern agricultural practices has great potential for the well-being of both farmers and the national economy. Effective implementation of these practices can enhance the sustainability and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, thereby helping Turkey fully realize its agricultural potential.
Main Components of Macroalgae and Their Commercial Dimensions
Authors: Caf Fatma , Sen Ozdemir Nurgul
Published: October 2024

In this review, the importance of instrumental insemination in honey bee breeding programmes, the chronological development of this technique, pre-insemination practices, the insemination procedures, and concerns in instrumental insemination procedure were briefly explained.
Salvia (Sage) Species, a Game-Changer Bioactive Plant: Focus on Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Yilmaz Mustafa Abdullah , Cakir Oguz
Published: October 2024

The demand for natural, health-oriented food additives and components has increased, with plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals like phenolic compounds being beneficial for human health. Salvia species, the largest plant family in the Lamiaceae, contain over nine hundred species, including sage, which has numerous beneficial uses and biological properties. Sage extracts have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antitumor, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, and liver-protective properties. S. officinalis L. has been suggested to have an anti-radical effect against uranium toxicity. Sage essential oil (EO) has antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging properties. S. miltiorrhiza has been given special attention for treating viral illnesses, with quinoone diterpenes being the most intriguing. Antioxidant activity evaluation techniques have evolved over the past decade, with chemical assays and novel detection technologies replacing earlier approaches. In vitro chemical tests, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) procedures, are used to assess antioxidant capacity. Electron transfer (ET) assays measure antioxidant activity by transferring electrons and lower metallic ions, carbonyl groups, and free radicals. Mixed tests (HAT/SET) determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of a compound or extract. In vivo animal experiments are used to assess the antioxidant activity of natural extracts. Future research should focus on sage’s antioxidant properties, its mode of action, and the varying compositions of different species.