bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes Within Animal-Sourced and Plant-Based Dietary Patterns with the XGBoost Machine Learning Classifier: NHANES 2013–2016
Authors: Eckart Adam C. , Sharma Ghimire Pragya
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and chronic disease risk is critical for public health strategies. However, confounding from lifestyle and individual factors complicates the assessment of diet–disease associations. Emerging machine learning (ML) techniques offer novel approaches to clarifying the importance of multifactorial predictors. This study investigated the associations between animal-sourced and plant-based dietary patterns and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) history, accounting for diet–lifestyle patterns employing the XGBoost algorithm. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016, individuals consuming animal-sourced foods (ASF) and plant-based foods (PBF) were propensity score-matched on key confounders, including age, gender, body mass index, energy intake, and physical activity levels. Predictors of T2D history were analyzed using the XGBoost classifier, with feature importance derived from Shapley plots. Lifestyle and dietary patterns derived from principal component analysis (PCA) were incorporated as predictors, and high multicollinearity among predictors was examined. Results: A total of 2746 respondents were included in the analysis. Among the top predictors of T2D were age, BMI, unhealthy lifestyle, and the ω6: ω3 fatty acid ratio. Higher intakes of protein from ASFs and fats from PBFs were associated with lower T2D risk. The XGBoost model achieved an accuracy of 83.4% and an AUROC of 68%. Conclusions: This study underscores the complex interactions between diet, lifestyle, and body composition in T2D risk. Machine learning techniques like XGBoost provide valuable insights into these multifactorial relationships by mitigating confounding and identifying key predictors. Future research should focus on prospective studies incorporating detailed nutrient analyses and ML approaches to refine prevention strategies and dietary recommendations for T2D.
Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Critical Care in the French West Indies: Historical Evolution and Current Prospects
Authors: Isetta Christian , Barbotin-Larrieu François , Massias Sylvain , El Manser Diae , Koeltz Adrien , Balram Christophe Patricia Shri , Soualhi Mohamed , Licker Marc
Published: January 2025

Anesthesiology, the medical specialty that deals with the management of vital functions in patients undergoing surgery, has played an important role in the successful development of cardiac interventions worldwide. Tracing the historical roots of cardiac anesthesia and critical care from its inception in the late 1950s, a paradigm shift in perioperative care has been driven by a better understanding of the mechanisms of organ dysfunction in stressful conditions and technological advances regarding surgical approach, patient monitoring, and organ protection. Although progress in cardiac anesthesia and critical care lagged a little behind in Caribbean territories, successful achievements have been accomplished over the last forty years. Compared with Western countries, the greater prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension as well as specific diseases such as cardiac amyloidosis, sickle cell anemia, rheumatic heart disease, and tropical infections may reduce a patient’s physiologic reserve and increase the operative risk among the multi-ethnic population living in the French West Indies and Guiana. So far, cardiac anesthesiologists at the University Hospital of Martinique have demonstrated their abilities in implementing evidence-based clinical care processes and adaptating to efficiently working in a complex environment interacting with multiple partners. Attracting specialized physicians in dedicated cardiac surgical centers and the creation of a regional health network supported by governmental authorities, insurance companies, and charitable organizations are necessary to solve the unmet needs for invasive cardiac treatments in the Caribbean region.
Morphological Variability of the Thigh Muscle Traps in an Ultrasound That Awaits Clinicians
Authors: Pośnik Marta , Zielinska Nicol , Okoń Adrian , Węgiel Andrzej , Głowacka Mariola , Olewnik Łukasz
Published: January 2025

Objectives: Muscles and their tendons present a considerable diversity of morphological variations. The aim of this study was to explore variants of muscles and tendons from compartments of the thigh and to raise awareness about potential problems during ultrasound examination. Materials and Methods: This comprehensive review of the literature was created on the basis of scientific articles sourced from PubMed. The search included all relevant papers related to the topic, ensuring that the most up-to-date studies were incorporated. In order to achieve these results, we created the exclusion criteria and extracted papers that did not meet the requirements of our review. Relevant papers were incorporated, and tracking of citations was fulfilled. The described method allowed for a broad yet detailed understanding, ensuring that the review of the literature covers all key aspects of the presented research. Results: Various aspects of thigh muscle anomalies were already undertaken; however, as this study has shown, current knowledge, while valuable, is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding the prevalence and clinical implications of these muscle variations. A more robust body of ultrasound-based research is essential to accurately characterize these anomalies, establish their frequency, and assess their impact on clinical decision-making, including diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and therapeutic interventions. Conclusions: Numerous anatomical variations of the thigh muscles and tendons that were described in literature over the years might have clinical implications and could lead to mistakes during diagnosis by ultrasound imaging.
Efficacy and Safety of Pericapsular Nerve Group Block (PENG) in Hip Surgery Under General Anaesthesia: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Staikou Chryssoula , Rekatsina Martina , Leoni Matteo Luigi Giuseppe , Chamos Christos , Kapsokalyvas Ioannis , Varrassi Giustino , Karmaniolou Iosifina
Published: January 2025

Background: The pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block is a novel ultrasound-guided regional technique that may provide analgesia to patients undergoing hip surgery. It has been extensively studied in recent years, but the evidence of superiority over other regional anaesthetic techniques is inconclusive. This review aimed to compare outcomes of the PENG block in patients undergoing hip surgery with standard techniques under general anaesthesia. Methods: PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed throughout the preparation of this review. Randomised trials from electronic databases were included. We investigated postoperative pain scores, required analgesia, and adverse events associated with the block. Results: Ten studies satisfied the criteria to be included in the meta-analysis. Data from 646 patients were analysed, in which 321 patients received PENG block and 325 were included in the comparative groups. Pain scores at rest, at 24 h (p = 0.04) and 48 h (p = 0.02) were lower in patients who had received the PENG block. This group also required a smaller amount of opioids at 24 h after the procedure, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.53); while a similar non-significant reduction in opioid consumption was also observed at 48 h. Although PENG seems to delay the time to the first analgesic request, we failed to prove a statistically significant difference (p = 0.83). Patient satisfaction also seems to be better in the PENG group, but not in a statistically significant way. No important side effects related to the block were described. Conclusions: PENG block for major hip surgery offers better postoperative analgesia, with possibly less opioid consumption. It seems to prolong the time to the first analgesic but does not significantly affect common side effects of anaesthesia/analgesia such as PONV or duration of hospital stay.
Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of Cobalt and Zirconium Co-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via the Hydrothermal Synthesis Approach
Authors: Yaqoob Saba , Ali Zulfiqar , D’Amore Alberto
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the magnetic and dielectric properties of cobalt–zirconium co-doped iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method. The synthesis was conducted at 150 °C, with reaction times of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h. Co-doping with cobalt and zirconium significantly influenced the magnetic phase formation of iron oxide. Magnetic properties were characterized using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), revealing ferromagnetic behavior with a maximum saturation magnetization of 45 emu/g for the 8 h sample. The dielectric properties were analyzed through impedance spectroscopy across a wide frequency range, and the results were interpreted using Maxwell–Wagner’s model and Koop’s theory. The dielectric constant reached its maximum value of approximately 58 at a logarithmic frequency of 1.5 Hz for the sample synthesized for 8 h. This study highlights the importance of synthesis time in optimizing both the magnetic and dielectric properties of (Co, Zr) co-doped iron oxide nanoparticles.
Fiber Metal Laminates: The Role of the Metal Surface and Sustainability Aspects
Authors: Caggiano Mariateresa , Saffioti Maria Rosaria , Rotella Giovanna
Published: January 2025

Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs), a class of hybrid materials combining the benefits of metals and composites, have emerged as promising lightweight structural materials. Consequently, research interest in FML production technologies is growing. According to a thorough analysis of the state of the art, the effectiveness of surface treatments in influencing the bond strength, formability, and durability of components during FML manufacturing still needs to be better understood. This paper compares several functionalization strategies to optimize the surface characteristics that lead to superior FML quality: burnishing, laser texturing, sandblasting, and chemical etching. Each method will be appropriately set up to alter the surface’s initial characteristics and, consequently, the adhesion performance for the subsequent stages. Moreover, sustainability considerations are also considered during surface functionalization processes. This study aims to assess and optimize these techniques for reduced environmental impact, considering energy efficiency and waste reduction. By integrating sustainable practices into FML manufacturing, this research seeks to enhance the overall environmental profile of these advanced materials.
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Universal Adhesives on Remineralized Enamel by Shear Bond Strength and Fe-SEM/EDX Analysis
Authors: Arslandaş Dinçtürk Beyza , Kedici Alp Cemile
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of different universal adhesives applied to intact, demineralized, and remineralized enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes and to examine the effect of universal adhesives on the Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios of these enamel with FE-SEM/EDX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis. For this study, 264 bovine incisors were used. Samples in the demineralized and remineralized groups were kept in demineralization solution at 37 °C for 96 h to make an artificial initial carious lesion. After demineralization, half of the demineralized samples were remineralized with MI Paste Plus. For shear bond strength (n = 144) and FE-SEM/EDX analysis (n = 120), G-Premio Bond and Clearfil S3 Bond Universal were applied on enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes, and bond strength samples were restored with resin composite. All samples were tested. The results were evaluated statistically by a three-way ANOVA test. The shear bond strength of the remineralized enamel showed high bond strength values comparable to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. The Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios in remineralized enamel showed higher values than demineralized enamel, similar to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. Initial carious lesion surfaces are unsuitable enamel surfaces for restoration. The remineralization of this surface layer before adhesive procedures may positively affect bond strength.
A Modular and Scalable Approach to Hybrid Battery and Converter Integration for Full-Electric Waterborne Transport
Authors: Lopez-Erauskin Ramon , Alacano Argiñe , Lizeaga Aitor , Guidi Giuseppe , Mo Olve , Lopez-de-Heredia Amaia , Alzuri Mikel
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a flexible and scalable battery system for maritime transportation, integrating modular converters and hybrid battery technologies that are effectively implemented in real-world scenarios. The proposed system is realized with modular DC-DC converters, which do not require complex design and control or a high number of components and combine high-power (HP) and high-energy (HE) battery cells to optimize the energy and power requirements of vessel operations without oversizing the energy storage system. Moreover, the modular design ensures flexibility and scalability, allowing for easy adaptation to varying operational demands. In particular, the system topology, control mechanisms, and communication protocols are explained in this paper. The concept has been validated through simulations and real-scale laboratory tests, demonstrating its effectiveness. Key results highlight the system’s ability to maintain the DC bus voltage while operating at high efficiency (ranging from 97% to 98%) under different load conditions, supported by reliable and demanding real-time communication using the EtherCAT standard. This real-time capability has been validated, and related results are presented in this paper, showing a synchronization accuracy below 200 ns between two modules and a stable control at a cycle time of 400 µs. This approach offers a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime industry, aligning with global sustainability goals.
CPTU-Based Offshore Wind Monopile Rigid Bearing Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Zhou Jie , Gu Renjie , Shen Panpan , Liu Chengjun , Li Zeyao , Zhu Kefan , Shi Zhenming
Published: January 2025

With the development of the offshore wind industry in China, the amount of offshore wind turbines has increased rapidly. Large-diameter steel monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines have been widely adopted in China with lots of marine clay located. However, the conventional offshore wind monopile bearing capacity prediction from the American Petroleum Institute (API) based on the small-diameter flexible pile field test is inaccurate with the rigid mechanism of large-diameter monopile causing economically loss. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) is a common marine in situ test to exactly acquire soil parameters. Therefore, a CPTU-based offshore wind monopile rigid mechanism inference method is proposed. A creative numerical offshore wind power monopile and CPTU combined model is established through COMSOL. A self-compiling parameter function is applied to soil modeling and an innovative mobile boundary function is created to simulate CPTU penetration. Through the model, real-time CPTU data can be acquired when monopile is applied with different horizontal loads. The peripile soil stress change can be timely detected by CPTU. Through CPTU data, the monopile rigid bearing mechanism is verified. A rigid rotation center is found at the 60% point of the inserted monopile. The method is an important foundation for the next step of monopile bearing capacity research.
Intraoperative Monitoring of Sensory Evoked Potentials in Neurosurgery: A Personalized Approach
Authors: Levin Evgeny A.
Published: January 2025

Sensory evoked potentials (EPs), namely, somatosensory, visual, and brainstem acoustic EPs, are used in neurosurgery to monitor the corresponding functions with the aim of preventing iatrogenic neurological complications. Functional deficiency usually precedes structural defect, being initially reversible, and prompt alarms may help surgeons achieve this aim. However, sensory EP registration requires presenting multiple stimuli and averaging of responses, which significantly lengthen this procedure. As delays can make intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) ineffective, it is important to reduce EP recording time. The possibility of speeding up EP recording relies on differences between IONM and outpatient clinical neurophysiology (CN). Namely, in IONM, the patient is her/his own control, and the neurophysiologist is less constrained by norms and standards than in outpatient CN. Therefore, neurophysiologists can perform a personalized selection of optimal locations of recording electrodes, frequency filter passbands, and stimulation rates. Varying some or all of these parameters, it is often possible to significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for EPs and accelerate EP recording by up to several times. The aim of this paper is to review how this personalized approach is or may be applied during IONM for recording sensory EPs of each of the abovementioned modalities. Also, the problems hindering the implementation and dissemination of this approach and options for overcoming them are discussed here, as well as possible future developments.
The Interaction Effect of Female Leadership in Audit Committees on the Relationship Between Audit Quality and Corporate Tax Avoidance
Authors: Amara Naila , Bouzgarrou Houssam , Bourouis Saad , Alshdaifat Sajead Mowafaq , Al Amosh Hamzeh
Published: January 2025

This study examines the moderating role of female audit committee chairs on the relationship between audit quality (measured by audit fees) and corporate tax avoidance. The analysis is based on 165 UK firms between 2011 and 2021 using static panel data regression models and Lewbel’s heteroscedastic identification method to check robustness. The findings highlight the significant role of audit quality in reducing corporate tax avoidance. In addition, the female audit committee chair strengthens the negative relationship between audit quality and tax avoidance. This study has many implications. For corporate governance, it shows the value of female leadership in audit committees, especially in curbing aggressive tax strategies. Firms should increase female representation in key roles, like audit committee chairs, to improve oversight and ethical financial practices. For regulators and policymakers, it supports the case for strengthening gender diversity mandates to improve corporate transparency and accountability. Tax authorities can use the fact that firms with strong audit quality and female-led audit committees are less likely to engage in tax avoidance to focus their audits on companies with weaker governance structures.
Mineworkers’ Perspectives Towards Participating in Retirement Planning in South Africa
Authors: Khoza Floyd
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the individuals’ perspectives towards participating in retirement planning in the mining industry in South Africa. The study employed a quantitative research approach. The study sampled 172 mineworkers from the selected mining company. A self-administered questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability and was used to collect primary data from the respondents. This study employed the logistic regression model and performed the Hosmer–Lemeshow test to evaluate the fit of the logistic regression and the Chi-square to determine the significance of the results. In this study, the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that some participants are satisfied with their involvement in the retirement funds and are contributing to the retirement funds provided by the company. Furthermore, this study found that the majority of the respondents will be financially independent after retirement; however, there is still a firm belief of uncertainty about not being financially independent. The study found a significant and positive relationship between age and participation in retirement planning. Furthermore, a positive and significant link was found between marital status and participation in retirement planning as well as between employment status and participation in retirement planning. The study was limited to the selected company based in Gauteng. The practical implication of this paper informs the companies, policymakers, and government to prioritise awareness of retirement planning based on demographical factors such as age, marital status, and employment status to prepare mineworkers for retirement. The findings are expected to persuade the mining sector to pay special attention to the awareness and understanding of retirement planning.
Hematological and Biochemical Profiles of Nutria (Myocastor coypus): Implications for Biodiversity Management and Household Rearing Practices
Authors: Lazăr Roxana , Boișteanu Paul-Corneliu , Bolohan (Acornicesei) Ioana , Mădescu Bianca Maria , Ivancia Mihaela , Lazăr Mircea
Published: January 2025

The absence of standardized reference values for wild rodent species underscores the need for comprehensive hematological and biochemical profiles. This study established robust reference intervals (RIs) for Myocastor coypus raised in captivity, analyzing 30 nutrias (10 males, 10 females, and 10 juveniles) at a private farm in northeastern Romania. Leukocyte (WBC) counts averaged 11.85 (103/µL) in males, 10.51 (103/µL) in females, and 11.63 (103/µL) in juveniles, indicating a consistent immune response. Hemoglobin was 11.81 g/dL in males, 11.97 g/dL in females, and 15.42 g/dL in juveniles, with hematocrit levels around 45%. Juveniles displayed higher MCH (38.59 pg) and MCHC (38.58 g/dL), reflecting growth-related adaptations. Platelet counts were lower in adults. Biochemical findings showed lower cholesterol (14.89 mg/dL) and higher glucose (236.26 mg/dL) in juveniles, indicating intense energy metabolism. Total proteins were significantly elevated in juveniles (33.17 g/dL). Creatinine and uric acid levels were higher in adults, although calcium exceeded reference ranges in males (12.04 mg/dL). Hepatic enzyme ALT was higher in males. These findings establish baseline health parameters for captive nutrias, aiding in monitoring and improving rearing practices.
Artificial-Intelligence-Based Investigation on Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Response to Population Growth in South Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Tanweer , Shoaib Muhammad , Albano Raffaele , Baig Muhammad Azhar Inam , Ali Irfan , Farid Hafiz Umar , Ali Muhammad Usman
Published: January 2025

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are significantly impacting the natural environment. Human activities and population growth are negatively impacting the natural environment. This negative impact directly relates to climate change, sustainable agriculture, inflation, and food security at local and global levels. Remote sensing and GIS tools can provide valuable information about change detection. This study examines the correlation between population growth rate and LULC dynamics in three districts of South Punjab, Pakistan—Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan—over a 30-year period from 2003 to 2033. Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform was utilized to create 2003, 2013, and 2023 LULC maps via supervised classification with a random forest (RF) classifier, which is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI). This study achieved over 90% overall accuracy and a kappa value of 0.9 for the classified LULC maps. LULC was classified into built-up, vegetation, water, and barren classes in Multan and Bahawalpur, with an additional “rock” class included for Dera Ghazi Khan due to its unique topography. LULC maps (2003, 2013, and 2023) were prepared and validated using Google Earth Engine. Future predictions for 2033 were generated using the MOLUSCE model in QGIS. The results for Multan indicated substantial urban expansion as built-up areas increased from 8.36% in 2003 to 25.56% in 2033, with vegetation and barren areas displaying decreasing trends from 82.96% to 70% and 7.95% to 3.5%, respectively. Moreover, areas containing water fluctuated and ultimately changed from 0.73% in 2003 to 0.9% in 2033. In Bahawalpur, built-up areas grew from 1.33% in 2003 to 5.80% in 2033, while barren areas decreased from 79.13% to 74.31%. Dera Ghazi Khan expressed significant increases in built-up and vegetation areas from 2003 to 2033 as 2.29% to 12.21% and 22.53% to 44.72%, respectively, alongside reductions in barren and rock areas from 32.82% to 10.83% and 41.23% to 31.2%, respectively. Population projections using a compound growth model for each district emphasize the demographic impact on LULC changes. These results and findings focus on the need for policies to manage unplanned urban sprawl and focus on environmentally sustainable practices. This study provides critical awareness to policy makers and urban planners aiming to balance urban growth with environmental sustainability.
Effect of Morpheme Meaning Dominance in Compound Word Recognition: Evidence from L2 Readers of Chinese
Authors: Xu Yi , Chen Lin
Published: January 2025

In reading, rapid and reliable word recognition relies on high-quality representations at both the lexical and sublexical levels, with stable and flexible connections between form, sound, and meaning. Earlier studies suggested that meaning knowledge affects the formation and quality of orthographic representation in language learning, but the impact of morphemic meaning frequency on learners’ word recognition was not explored. This research examined second language (L2) Chinese readers’ recognition of compound words containing ambiguous morphemes. Using lexical decision tasks in a priming paradigm, we found that dominant primes (i.e., primes with morphemes encoding dominant meanings) facilitated L2 readers’ recognition of subordinate targets. We suggested that dominant meanings are associated with higher-quality orthographic representations in learners and dominant primes; thus, they facilitate readers’ recognition of orthographically and morphologically related subordinate targets. This study confirmed the role of sublexical constituents’ meaning variables in word recognition in language learning.
Machine Learning-Based Radiomics Analysis for Identifying KRAS Mutations in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer from CT Images: Challenges, Insights and Implications
Authors: Schöneck Mirjam , Rehbach Nicolas , Lotter-Becker Lars , Persigehl Thorsten , Lennartz Simon , Caldeira Liliana Lourenco
Published: January 2025

Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is a frequently occurring mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and influences cancer treatment and disease progression. In this study, a machine learning (ML) pipeline was applied to radiomic features extracted from public and internal CT images to identify KRAS mutations in NSCLC patients. Both datasets were analyzed using parametric (t test) and non-parametric statistical tests (Mann–Whitney U test) and dimensionality reduction techniques. Afterwards, the proposed ML pipeline was applied to both datasets using a five-fold cross-validation on the training set (70/30 train/test split) before being validated on the other dataset. The results show that the radiomic features are significantly different (Mann–Whitney U test; p < 0.05) between the two datasets, despite the use of identical feature extraction methods. Model transferability is therefore difficult to achieve, which became evident during external testing (F1 score = 0.41). Oversampling, undersampling, clustering and harmonization techniques were applied to balance and harmonize the datasets, but did not improve the classification of KRAS mutation presence. In general, due to only a single moderate result (highest test F1 score = 0.67), the accuracy of KRAS prediction is not sufficient for clinical application. In future work, the complexity of KRAS mutation might be addressed by taking submutations into consideration. Larger multicentric datasets with balanced tumor stages, including multi-scanner datasets, seem to be necessary for building robust predictive models.
In Vitro and In Vivo Interventions Reveal the Health Benefits of Levan-Type Exopolysaccharide Produced by a Fish Gut Isolate Lactobacillus reuteri FW2
Authors: Ahmad Waqar , Nasir Anam , Prakash Satya , Hayat Azam , Rehman Mujaddad ur , Khaliq Shazia , Akhtar Kalsoom , Anwar Munir Ahmad , Munawar Nayla
Published: January 2025

Microorganisms synthesize diverse types of exopolysaccharides (EPSs). EPSs with varying structural and physical properties can demonstrate unique health benefits, which allow for their tailored applications as functional foods such as prebiotics. Levan, a fructose-based EPS, is gaining considerable attention as an effective prebiotic to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Consequently, this enhances digestive health, boosts the immune system, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Unfortunately, limited studies are available on levan-type EPSs to demonstrate their role as prebiotics. Therefore, in this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments, concerning intestinal cell integrity and metabolic syndrome, to assess the therapeutic potential of levan derived from Lactobacillus reuteri FW2. The in vitro experimental results revealed that levan improved the survival of impaired HT-29 epithelial cells of the intestine and also exerted antioxidant effects. In the in vivo experiments, mice fed with levan-supplemented feed exhibited low body weight gain, blood glucose, and serum cholesterol levels compared to the control group. These findings highlight the biotherapeutic potential of L. reuteri FW2-derived levan for improving metabolic syndrome and its associated aspects. It also signifies the need for a further detailed investigation based on clinical trials to include levan in dietary supplements for improved health and well-being.
Comparative Cranial Joint Variation in Three Different Lizards: Impact of Feeding Habit
Authors: Caynak Elif Yıldırım , Candan Kamil , Kumlutaş Yusuf , Korkmaz Ahmet Gökay , Birlik Sezen , Mertgenç Yoldaş Dudu , Gül Serkan , Ilgaz Çetin
Published: January 2025

The skull structure in vertebrates is closely related to feeding mode. This study examines the relationship between the cranial joint morphology variation among different lizard species [Eumesces schneideri (Daudin, 1802), Anguis colchica (Nordmann, 1840), and Eremias suphani (Başoğlu & Hellmich 1968)] and their feeding habit. This study investigates the cranial anatomical correlates of distinct cranial kinesis models. Different cranial joints permitting intracranial mobility have been observed among these species using histological section and whole-mount techniques. The cranial joints are similar among species that generally exhibit cranial kinesis. The stomach contents of the species were analyzed, and E. schneideri has the highest prey diversity among the examined species, followed by E. suphani and A. colchica in that order. The study indicated that the prey preferences differ among three lizard species. While no plant material was detected in the stomach contents of E. suphani and E. schneideri, it was detected in A. colchica. The diet of the three lizards consisted of various species of small arthropods such as Arachnida, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Formicidae, and Gastropoda. Additionally, no significant differences were detected in SVL, head, and jaw size measurements between adult males and females of each species.
Expansion Characteristics and Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Non-Uniform Expansion Induced by Alkali–Silica Reaction
Authors: Sheng Feng , An Xuehui , Li Mengliang , Zhou Yuxiang , Li Pengfei
Published: January 2025

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is an important factor that seriously affects the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The current research on alkali-aggregate mainly focuses on the deterioration mechanism of materials and the mechanical properties of standard specimens. However, there is a gap in the field of research on the effect of alkali-aggregate damage on the level of RC structures. In this study, five RC beams were tested, and the depth and location of alkali solution immersion were used as the test variables, with the aim of investigating how the steel reinforcement suppresses the expansion caused by ASR and evaluating the shear behavior of RC beams after non-uniform ASR damage. The results of the study showed that immersion in an alkali solution and an increase in immersion depth accelerated the rate of expansion development, while steel reinforcement inhibited the rate of expansion development. Compared with undamaged RC beams, ASR initially generates expansion stresses within the concrete, which increase the cracking and yield loads of RC beams and delay the cracking of RC beams, and ASR reduces the ultimate load-carrying capacity and ductility of RC beams due to the disruption of the concrete microstructure. Finally, a chemo-mechanical analysis method is proposed based on experimental results, which incorporate an ASR expansion model and a pore mechanics model. The efficacy and precision of this model are validated through comparison with experimental results.
Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing and Identification of Multiple-Type Internal Defects in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Ma Mengyuan , Wang Zhongxin , Gao Zhihao , Jiang Mingshun
Published: January 2025

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics inevitably develop defects such as delamination, inclusions, and impacts during manufacturing and usage, which can adversely affect their performance. Ultrasonic phased array inspection is the most effective method for conducting nondestructive testing to ensure their quality. However, the diversity of defects within carbon fiber reinforced plastics makes it challenging for the current ultrasonic phased array inspection techniques to accurately identify these defects. Therefore, this paper presents a method for the ultrasonic phased array nondestructive testing and classification of various internal defects in carbon fiber reinforced plastics based on convolutional neural networks. We prepared an ultrasonic C-scan dataset containing multiple types of internal defects, analyzed the defect features in the ultrasonic C-scan images, and established an autoencoded classifier network to recognize manufacturing defects and impact defects of varying sizes. The experiments showed that the proposed method demonstrates superior defect feature extraction capabilities and can more accurately identify both impact and manufacturing defects.
Investigation of Crack Propagation in Locally Thermal-Treated Cast Iron
Authors: Lukoševičienė Ona , Leonavičius Mindaugas , Lukoševičius Vaidas , Bazaras Žilvinas
Published: January 2025

Cyclic failure problems in layered ductile iron are evident in a wide range of elements in transportation and mining equipment and depend on production technology and operating conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of residual stresses on the behavior of cyclic and static failure. The stress intensity factor, crack initiation, propagation patterns, static tension diagrams, and fracture behavior of compact tension (CT) specimens were determined. The samples used in this study were made from base cast iron, some of which were subjected to a special localized heat treatment. Experimental and analytical methods were used to conduct this study. The experiments were performed using original testing methods that adhered to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) regulations. The deformations of the partially heat-treated specimens due to residual stresses were determined using the grid method. The limiting stress intensity coefficient and the failure threshold under cyclic loading were determined in accordance with ASTM recommendations for various crack depths and openings. The results show that the heat treatment process readily produces residual stresses of different magnitudes, stress redistribution, different structures, and layer positions. Residual stresses affect the crack initiation and propagation. The stress intensity factor depends on the depth of the crack, the position of the layers, and the magnitude of the residual stresses.
Phase Formation Mechanism and Anomalous Magnetic Variation of High-Performance La-Co-Doped Strontium Ferrites
Authors: Fu Pengbo , Li Zhenhuan , Wang Fang , Yang Munan , Liu Lulu , Wang Licheng , Gong Huayang , Zhang Jian , Shen Baogen
Published: January 2025

La-Co-doped ferrite is widely used due to its excellent magnetic properties, but the mechanisms of La-Co doping on its phase formation and magnetic properties remain unclear. This study clarifies the phase formation mechanisms and reveals that La-Co doping reduces the formation temperatures of the intermediate phase SrFeO3−x and thus the final SrFe12O19 phase. This promotes complete formation of SrFe12O19, enhancing saturation magnetization. The unexpected change in coercivity after La-Co doping contradicts the variation in the determined magnetocrystalline anisotropy field. We identify that it arises from the La-Co doping lowering the formation temperature of SrFe12O19, leading to excessive particle growth.
Application of Fuzzy Logic-Based Expert Advisory Systems in Optimizing the Decision-Making Process for Material Selection in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Skrzek Kinga , Mazgajczyk Emilia , Dybała Bogdan
Published: January 2025

In the era of Industry 4.0, additive manufacturing (AM) technology plays a crucial role in optimizing production processes, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) striving to enhance competitiveness. Selecting the appropriate material for AM is a complex process that requires considering numerous technical, economic, and environmental criteria. Fuzzy logic-based advisory systems can effectively support decision-making in conditions of uncertainty and subjective user preferences. This study presents a developed advisory system model that uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and triangular and trapezoidal membership functions, enabling dynamic adjustment of criterion weights. The results demonstrated that the system achieved 85% alignment with user preferences, confirming its effectiveness. Future research may focus on integrating fuzzy logic with machine learning algorithms to further enhance the system’s precision and flexibility.
Preheated and Injected Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: A Micro-CT Analysis of Internal Voids and Marginal Adaptation in Class II Restorations
Authors: Sá Vanessa Alves de , Bittencourt Hélio Radke , Burnett Júnior Luiz Henrique , Spohr Ana Maria
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the void formation and marginal adaptation in Class II cavities restored with preheated and injected bulk-fill resin composites. Eighty third molars received Class II cavities on their mesial and distal surfaces and were randomly distributed into eight groups (n = 10) according to material (Filtek Universal—control, incremental technique; Filtek One Bulk-Fill; Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk-Fill; VisCalor Bulk-Fill) and the temperature of the material (24 °C or 68 °C). The restored teeth were scanned using a SkyScan 1173 microtomograph. The percentage of internal voids (%IV) was analyzed using CTan software (version 1.23.02) and the percentages of continuous margins (%CM) in enamel and dentin were analyzed using Dataviewer software (version 1.5.6.2). The data of %IV and %CM were subjected to two-way ANOVA on ranks, followed by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). At 24 °C, Filtek Universal had a greater %IV (1.89%) (p < 0.05), which did not differ significantly from that of Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk-Fill (0.29%) (p > 0.05). Filtek One Bulk-Fill (0.07%) and VisCalor Bulk-Fill (0.07%) had lower %IV (p < 0.05). Preheating resulted in a significantly lower %IV for Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk-Fill (p < 0.05). Temperature did not significantly influence marginal adaptation (p > 0.05). VisCalor Bulk-Fill achieved significantly higher %CM in dentin (98%) at 24 °C (p < 0.05). It was concluded that bulk-fill-injected resin composites tend to have fewer internal voids than conventional resin composites using the incremental technique, and the injection of the resin composite into the cavity seems to be more important for marginal adaptation than the preheating procedure.
Dynamics of One-Directional Functionally Graded Plates with Different Sizes of Microstructure: Theoretical Tolerance Modelling
Authors: Jędrysiak Jarosław , Kaźmierczak-Sobińska Magda
Published: January 2025

The dynamics of thin elastic one-directional non-periodic plates are considered in this paper. The structure of these plates is, at a macro level, functionally graded along the x1-axis, but at the micro level it is non-periodic (tolerance-periodic). In the plates, the effect of a microstructure size on their behaviour can play a crucial role. The tolerance modelling method allows for this effect to be taken into account. This paper mainly proposes that tolerance modelling leads to model equations of two different tolerance models for one-directional functionally graded plates with two kinds of tolerance-periodic microstructures, i.e., (a) those having a microstructure size that is an order of the plate thickness, d~l, and (b) those having the plate thickness that is smaller than a microstructure size, d << l. Derived model equations are characterised by slowly varying coefficients. A subset of these coefficients is contingent on the microstructure size. The models presented herein determine formulas for both fundamental lower-order vibration frequencies and higher-order vibration frequencies, which are related to the microstructure. These models of such plates are implemented in a rudimentary example of free vibrations. Using the Ritz method, formulas of frequencies are obtained.
Simulation Research on Low-Frequency Magnetic Noise in Fe-Based Nanocrystalline Magnetic Shields
Authors: Kang Shuai , Fan Wenfeng , Lu Jixi , Quan Wei
Published: January 2025

Depending on high permeability, high Curie temperature, and low eddy current loss noise, nanocrystalline alloys, as the innermost layer, exhibit great potential in the construction of cylindrical magnetic shielding systems with a high shielding coefficient and low magnetic noise. This study compares a magnetic noise of 1 Hz, simulated by the finite element method (FEM), of a cylindrical nanocrystalline magnetic shield with different structural parameters based on the measured initial permeability of commercial Fe-based nanocrystalline (1K107). The simulated results demonstrate that the magnetic noise is irrelevant to the pump and probe hole diameter. The magnetic noise of a nanocrystalline cylinder with a fixed length gradually increases with the rise in aspect ratio. The radial and axial magnetic noise of a nanocrystalline cylinder with a fixed diameter can reach optimal values when the aspect ratio is 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. The layer thickness of a nanocrystalline cylinder is negatively correlated to magnetic noise. Additionally, by comparing the 1 Hz magnetic noise of a cylindrical nanocrystalline magnetic shield with varying initial permeability, it can be concluded that an increase in loss factor results in an increase in magnetic noise. These results are useful for the design of a high-performance passive magnetic shield with low magnetic noise.
Fatigue Life Prediction of 2024-T3 Clad Al Alloy Based on an Improved SWT Equation and Machine Learning
Authors: Li Zhaoji , Dai Weibing , Yue Haitao , Guo Chenguang , Ji Zijie , Li Qiang , Zhang Jianzhuo
Published: January 2025

The multi-parameter and nonlinear characteristics of the Smith Watson Topper (SWT) equation present considerable challenges for predicting the fatigue life of 2024-T3 clad Al alloy. To overcome these challenges, a novel model integrating traditional fatigue analysis methods with machine learning algorithms is introduced. An improved SWT fatigue life prediction equation is developed by incorporating key factors such as the mean stress effect, stress concentration factor, and surface roughness coefficient. Extreme gradient boosting, Random Forest, and their derived models are used to construct the fatigue life prediction model. The L-BFGS algorithm was then integrated with the established machine learning model to solve for the multi-parameter of the improved SWT equation. Thus, an accurate modified SWT prediction equation for 2024-T3 clad Al alloy was obtained. To further optimize the solution, the deep deterministic policy gradient and deep reinforcement learning algorithms are introduced to dynamically optimize the nonlinear equation, achieving a more efficient and accurate solution. The improved SWT fatigue life prediction equation and its solution method proposed in this study provide new insights for fatigue life prediction of clad metallic materials.
A Study on the Fracture of Brittle Heterogeneous Materials Using Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics and the Energy Distribution Function
Authors: Triantis Dimos , Stavrakas Ilias , Pasiou Ermioni D. , Kourkoulis Stavros K.
Published: January 2025

The fracture process of heterogeneous materials is studied here in the framework of the discipline of Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics. Acoustic emission data provided by an experimental protocol with concrete specimens, plain or fiber-reinforced, under bending are taken advantage of. This innovation of the study lies in the fact that the analysis of the acoustic activity is implemented in terms of the energy content of the acoustic signals rather than of their interevent time or their interevent distance. The Energy Distribution Functions were properly fitted using the expression proposed by Shcherbakov, Kuksenko and Chmelet. This study reveals that the loading and fracture processes of the specific materials are definitely non-additive and non-extensive. It is concluded that the presence of notches is crucial since it assigns non-additivity and non-extensivity from relatively low loading levels due to the early formation of the fracture process zone around the crown of the notch. The values of the Tsallis entropic index, q, that were determined are in very good agreement with the respective ones obtained in previous studies by means of different analysis tools. Finally, a clear correlation between the index q and the average energy content of the acoustic signals is highlighted for the whole range of values of the energy content of the acoustic signals.
Microstructural Influences on High Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation Mechanism in Ti-Al-Mo-Cr-V-Nb-Zr-Sn Metastable β Titanium Alloy
Authors: Zhao Chenxi , Wang Yongxin , Hu Rui , Shang Guoqiang , Wu Yuxue , Lu Yunmei
Published: January 2025

In this work, the high cycle fatigue behavior and tensile properties of Ti-Al-Mo-Cr-V-Nb-Zr-Sn titanium alloy at room temperature with a basketweave structure and bimodal structure were studied. The results show that the fatigue strength of the basketweave structure is higher, while the balance of strength and plasticity of the bimodal microstructure is better. However, the fatigue performance of the bimodal microstructure is unstable due to the bilinear phenomenon of the S-N curve. By fractographic analysis and the study of the crystal orientation, as well as the slip traces of the primary α grains and β matrix at the facets, it was found that the facets are formed on the {101¯1}<112¯0> slip system with the highest Schmid factor, and the microcracks grow along the {110}<111> slip system in the β grain, but the driving force of microcrack propagation may exceed the restriction of crystallographic orientation. Based on the conclusions above, the phenomenological models of the fatigue crack initiation mechanism of Ti-Al-Mo-Cr-V-Nb-Zr-Sn titanium alloy are established.