bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EGGS AND OVIPOSITION SITES OF DIAPHNIDIA CAPITATA (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Asquith Dean
Published: December 2009

Nymphal and adult Diaphnidia capitata (Van Duzee) have long been recognized as predators of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch. The eggs and oviposition sites preferred by this species are described herein to supplement available descriptions of the eggs of mirid predators of spider mites.
A NEW SPECIES OF COPIDOSOMA (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) PARASITIZING LARVAE OF ANACAMPSIS INNOCUELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE)
Authors: Barron J. R.
Published: December 2009

Individuals of Copidosoma innocuellae n. sp. are described. Many specimens were reared from larvae of Anacampsis innocuella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae), collected in Canada from New Brunswick (type-locality), Quebec, many localities in Ontario, and Manitoba.
WOODPECKER PREDATION ON BARK BEETLES IN ENGELMANN SPRUCE LOGS AS RELATED
TO STAND DENSITY
Authors: Shook Roland S. , Baldwin Paul H.
Published: December 2009

Eighty Engelmann spruce logs (Picea
engelmannii Parry), which were distributed in open
(bulldozed to clearcut), semi-open (selectively cut), and dense (uncut)
spruce forest, were infested with Dendroctonus
obesus (Mann.) and Ips
pilifrons Sw. and fed upon by northern three-toed and
hairy woodpeckers. Sections of the infested boles were covered with screen
to prevent woodpecker feeding and all logs were left in the field over one
winter and through the following summer. By spring, the spruce beetle brood
was reduced approximately 50% in all three forest areas. By fall, the spruce
beetle brood suffered a 71, 83 and 52% reduction in the open, semi-open and
dense forest, respectively. Spruce beetles appeared to be in greatest
numbers in the semi-open forest, resulting in the greatest woodpecker
predation there. Woodpeckers did not feed in the open meadows. Estimates in
the spring, before the Ips emerged from the logs,
showed that woodpeckers reduced the Ips brood by
76 and 11% in the open and semi-open forest, respectively.
Ips were not found in dense forest or in
meadows.
SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE IMMATURE STAGES AND TENERAL ADULTS OFPHYLLOPHAGASPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN A PERMANENT MEADOW
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Random counts of the white grubs,Phyllophaga fuscaFroelich andP.anxiaLeConte, in a permanent meadow did not conform to the Poisson distribution, there being an excess of uninfested and highly infested sample units over the expected number. But when the negative binomial series was fitted to the observed distribution, the discrepancies were not significant when tested by chi-square. Using a commonk, the distribution of the various stages may be described by expansion of (q-p)−k, when values ofkare as follows: egg 0.15, first instar 0.41, second instar 1.30, third instar 2.00, pupa 1.62, teneral adult 1.30. Aggregation resulted from the clumping of eggs at oviposition, and randomness increased with dispersal of the larvae. For all stages, the variance was proportional to a fractional power of the mean. Three transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.
PREY CONSUMPTION AND VARIATIONS IN LARVAL BIOLOGY OF ENOCLERUS
SPHEGEUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)
Authors: Amman Gene D.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius
(Coleoptera: Cleridae) were separated into three groups for study.
Throughout their development, the larvae in each group were fed mountain
pine beetle larvae, Dendroctonus ponderosae
Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), of a specific size (small, medium, or
large). Clerid larvae fed small D.
ponderosae larvae generally completed three
stadia, while the other two groups, which were fed medium-sized and large
prey, respectively, usually passed through two larval stadia. The number of
stadia a larva would have was determined by the amount of food consumed
during the first stadium. The feeding period of larvae given small prey was
considerably longer than that of those fed medium-sized or large beetle
larvae, but the prepupal period was much shorter. The head capsules of
second-instar larvae that passed through two stadia were distinctly wider
than those of second-instar larvae that completed three stadia.
THE GENUS PARAGNORMUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

The generic limits of Paragnorimus Becker are
redefined and two new species, P.
sambucus from Chiapas, Mexico, and
P. guatemalensis
from Volcan Acatenango, Guatemala, are described.
THE BIOLOGY AND INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI
(HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) overwinters as an
egg on apple, pear, Rosa spp., and
Amelanchier sp. On pear, the chief prey are
eggs and nymphs of Psylla pyricola Forster and
all stages of Panonychus ulmi (Koch).
C. verbasci is
partially phytophagous but prolonged feeding by nymphs on pear fruits caused
no injury. During the summer, C.
verbasci lives and reproduces as a
predator–phytophage on a number of herbaceous plants. Three, possibly four,
generations occur in the southern interior of British Columbia. The effects
on C. verbasci
populations of a number of pesticides applied to pear trees are
reported.
PARASITISM OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA
(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN AN UNSPRAYED PEACH ORCHARD ON THE NIAGARA
PENINSULA, ONTARIO
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. , Proctor Jean R.
Published: December 2009

Eight species of insects parasitic on the Oriental fruit moth,
Grapholitha molesta (Busck), were reared from
host larvae collected in a peach orchard that was unsprayed since 1962.
Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer was the
dominant species and parasitized between 40 and 50% of first and second
generation larvae from 1964 to 1966. Despite this the parasite did not
appear to be a controlling factor in these years and population fluctuations
of the fruit moth resulted from other causes. In 1967 parasitism rose
sharply to 61% in the first generation and 74% in the second. Low adult
emergence in the second generation was related directly to the increased
parasitism. Effectiveness of the parasite depended both on its numbers and
degree of synchronization with the development of the moth population. To
determine its total effect parasitism must be measured throughout each
generation of the fruit moth, because in most years it tended to reach a
maximum early in the generation and then gradually decline.
REVISION OF THE GENUS PLATYLYGUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 26 NEW
SPECIES (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. , Knight Harry H.
Published: December 2009

Species of the North American genus
Platylygus Van Duzee 1915 are revised.
Redescriptions are given for 5 previously known species, and 26 new species
are described. Nineteen species described by Kelton are:
angulatus,
brevirostris,
longirostris, and
mexicanus from Durango, Mex.;
aztecus from Mexico, Mex.;
chamulans and
chiapasensis from Chiapas, Mex.;
alpinus from Chiapas, Mexico, and Puebla,
Mex.; crassicornis from Mexico and Puebla, Mex.;
pilosus and
teocotae from Mexico, Mex.;
pilosipes from Durango, Mex., and Arizona;
scutellatus from Durango, Mex., Arizona, and
New Mexico; contortae,
crinitus, and
magnus from California;
knighti from Arizona and Colorado;
piceicola from British Columbia, Yukon
Territory, Arizona, and Colorado; pseudotsugae
from British Columbia and Oregon. Seven species described by Knight are:
keltoni from Durango, Mex.;
andrei from Arizona;
balli from Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico;
hirtus from Arizona;
rolfsi from British Columbia, California,
Oregon, and Washington; rubripes from Alberta,
British Columbia, California, Colorado, Oregon, and Wyoming; and
usingeri from California. The other species
in the genus are: fuliginosus Knight from
Arizona; grandis Knight from Arizona, California,
and Colorado, Montana, and South Dakota;
intermedius Knight from Arizona, Colorado and
New Mexico; luridus (Reuter) from Alberta,
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec,
Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, New Hampshire,
New Mexico, New York, and Wyoming; and vanduzeei
Usinger from Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah.
Platylygus uhleri (Van Duzee) is considered
to be a synonym of P.
luridus (Reuter). A key to species, records
on distribution and biological data are included, and the male genitalia of
all but one species are illustrated.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIONOMICS OF THE TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) OF ALGONQUIN
PARK, ONTARIO: SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT PREFERENCES, AND BITING
RECORDS
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Davies Douglas M. , Golini Victor I.
Published: December 2009

Some aspects of the biology of the Tabanidae (e.g., seasonal
distribution, relative abundance, habitat preferences, and innate host
preferences) which influence the extent to which certain species are found
biting various host species are discussed in relation to the tabanid
population of the southern portion of Algonquin Park, Ont., Canada. Of the
36 species collected in this study, relatively few were sufficiently
abundant to constitute serious pest problems.The analysis of collections of
tabanids from carbon dioxide-baited traps placed in different habitat types
revealed several patterns of distribution of the Algonquin Tabanidae:
ubiquitous, exclusively sylvan, preferentially sylvan, riverine, and
riparian species.Lists of the tabanids attracted to or biting man, moose,
and white-tailed deer are presented. These lists constitute the first
extensive records of the Tabanidae attracted to the Cervidae in the boreal
forest region of Canada.The Chrysopinae selected smaller hosts than the
Tabaninae and were severe pests of man whereas the Tabaninae were only minor
pests of man but severe pests of moose. The tabanids attracted to deer
presented a picture which was intermediate between that of man and moose. In
addition, a few species of tabanids were unusually common on one or more
hosts suggesting that some species may have innate preferences for certain
hosts.
ONE NEW AND ONE PREVIOUSLY UNRECORDED SPECIES OFBASILIA(DIPTERA: NYCTERIBIIDAE) FROM URUGUAY
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Maa T. C.
Published: December 2009

Basilia andersonin. sp. andB.plaumanniScott represent the first species of Nycteribiidae to be reported from Uruguay.B.andersoniwas found onMyotis nigricans(Schinz), and is closely related toB.guimaraesiSch. Stekh. andB.curraniGuim. It is characterized mainly by the shape of the thoracic sternal plate and legs of both sexes, tergal plates I and II and sternite VI of the female, and the aedeagus of the male, as well as by the chaetotaxy of the legs, tergites and sternites of both sexes, and of the anal segment, genital and anal plates of the female.
THE GENUSPSYCHOGLYPHA(TRICHOPTERA: LIMNEPHILIDAE)
Authors: Denning D. G.
Published: December 2009

This review of the genusPsychoglyphaRoss includes a discussion of the eight species currently assigned to the genus and the description of seven new species. The new species are from Oregon, California, Nevada, and Idaho. Except for one species, all members of the genus are northern and western in distribution. The majority of species are cold-adapted and may be found late in the season.
A NEW SPECIES OF PSYLLAEPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) PARASITIZING APHALARA STEIRONEMICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) ON STEIRONEMA CILIATUM
Authors: Barron J. R.
Published: December 2009

Individuals of Psyllaephagus richardsi n. sp., related to P. arbuticola Gahan and Waterston, are described. Specimens were reared from nymphs of Aphalara steironemicola Richards n. sp., described previously, collected from Steironema ciliatum (L.) (Primulaceae) at Constance Bay, Ont., Canada.
DESIGN OF A SAMPLING PLAN FOR STUDIES ON THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

A study of sampling variation in field populations of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage in Ontario, revealed that inter-plant and block differences were rarely significant. For the immature stages, the most appropriate sample unit was the plant root together with a 4- to 6-in. diameter core of soil. The number of samples required was inversely proportional to population density; this relationship was graphed for three levels of sampling precision.The insect is bivoltine in eastern Ontario but has three generations in the southwestern part of the province.
DISCRIMINATION BY HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) AGAINST ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Syme Paul D.
Published: December 2009

When given a choice of large, unparasitised sixth-instar larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, and small sixth instars containing developing Orgilus obscurator, Hyssopus thymus selected the former. This discrimination does not exist when the host larvae are in the third or fourth instars. The size of the contained O. obscurator larva is related to this change in behaviour. H. thymus shows no cleptoparasitic tendencies and is recommended as a safe candidate for introduction where O. obscurator exists.
A NEW SPECIES OF EGNATIOIDES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) FROM AFGHANISTAN
Authors: Pfadt Robert E.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Egnatioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is described, E. lizae, from Paktia Province, Afghanistan.
THE IDENTITY, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOLOGY OF LONCHAEA ZETTERSTEDTI WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Morge G.
Published: December 2009

A lectotype is designated for Lonchaea zetterstedti Becker, a holarctic species whose larvae sometimes attack bark beetles and cerambycids in conifers. The taxonomy and nomenclature of this species is clarified, its distribution and biology is discussed, and a key is provided for identification of it and its relatives.
MECHANISM OF CREMASTER WITHDRAWAL AND ATTACHMENT IN PENDANT RHOPALOCEROUS PUPAE (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Urquhart F. A.
Published: December 2009

The role of exuvial holdfast tubercles located on the tenth abdominal segment of pendant rhopalocerous pupae in relation to cremaster withdrawal is described for the first time. Four phases, leading to the final exposure of the exarate pupa, are outlined together with an explanation accounting for pupal gyrations in discharging the larval exuviae after cremaster fixation.
BLOCKING OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), BY SOME COMPOUNDS WITH JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

The effect of treatment with juvenile hormone and five of its analogs on embryonic development of the spruce budworm was studied. All compounds were applied topically in acetone solution to budworm egg masses, and all were found to have ovicidal activity. Most active was the dichloro analog, which required a minimum dosage of 50 μg per egg mass to ensure embryonic death in all the treated eggs. A similar result was found for juvenile hormone, while juvabione, ethyl-aromatic terpenoid ether, and farnesyl methyl ether required a dosage of 100 μg per egg mass to achieve this result. At this latter dosage level, 6% of the eggs treated with methyl aromatic terpenoid ether hatched.
A NEW SPECIES OF TETRASTICHUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) PARASITIZING PUPAE OF SESAMIA INFERENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Tetrastichus inferens, new species reared from Sesamia inferens Walker on sugar cane from Tainan, Taiwan, is described and illustrated.
A METHOD FOR OBTAINING P32-LABELLED EGGS OF THE FLEA BEETLE ALTICA CARDUORUM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Riordan D. F. , Peschken D. P.
Published: December 2009

A method of producing radioactive eggs of the flea beetle Altica carduorum Guér. is described. Adult beetles were fed on young thistles (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) into which P32 had been incorporated via the roots. Feeding was continued until the females had reached four and the males five levels of radioactivity. The effects on oviposition, total egg production, viability of the eggs, and longevity of the beetles were studied. The results indicate that a calculated body content of 0.03 μc P32 in the females would be optimal where large numbers of labelled eggs are required.
MITES ASSOCIATED WITH APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Rasmy Aly H. , MacPhee A. W.
Published: December 2009

Fifty-seven species of 27 families of mites associated with apple trees in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, were recorded. Five species were phytophagous, 34 species were presumably predacious, and 18 species were presumably scavengers and fungus feeders.
DISTRIBUTION AND PARASITIZATION OF COCOONS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, HEMEROCAMPA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN AN ISOLATED INFESTATION
Authors: Dahlsten Donald L. , Cameron E. Alan , Copper William A.
Published: December 2009

Douglas-fir tussock moth cocoons were collected and their distribution recorded by crown level on white fir, Abies concolor, in northeastern California. Nine trees were sampled in two defoliation classes, light (20–30% defoliated) and moderate to heavy (50–80% defoliated). Cocoons were more abundant in the lower crown levels as defoliation became greater. The proportion of female cocoons increased toward the lower levels of the crown. An overall sex ratio of 1.2♂:1.0♀ was recorded. Significantly more male cocoons were parasitized than female. A list of the natural enemies of the tussock moth from the study area is given.
THE LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE LARCH BARK BEETLE, IPS CEMBRAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Balogun R. A.
Published: December 2009

An investigation of the life-history and habits of Ips cembrae (Heer) has been made at the Ord wood, Cawdor Estate in Nairnshire. The species is polygamous and has a 1-year life cycle with two broods a year. The first broods result from eggs laid in May and June, producing teneral adults in August and September, and the second arise from egg-laying in late September and early October; these second broods generally overwinter under bark in the larval and pupal stages, and the adults emerge the following spring. There are three larval instars before pupation. Maturation feeding of the young beetles and regeneration feeding of the old ones take place either under the bark where broods have developed, or by attacking fresh host trees.
RELEASES OF ALTICA CARDUORUM (CHRYSOMELIDAE: COLEOPTERA) AGAINST THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken D. , Friesen H. A. , Tonks N. V. , Banham F. L.
Published: December 2009

The flea beetle Altica carduorum Guer. was released in four provinces in Canada to aid in the control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, but did not survive in open fields with the exception of a small colony at Lacombe, Alta. It thrived, however, at four locations in different climates when protected by field cages. The mortality of the eggs and(or) the larvae reached 91%, that of the overwintering adults 83%. The mortality of the immature stages was apparently mainly due to predation and at a release site near Belleville Leptus sp. near curtipes Schweizer and Sphaerolophus sp. (Erythraeidae: Acarina) were implicated in tests with A. carduorum eggs labelled with P32. Field and laboratory experiments showed that dry continental summers, such as occur at Summerland, B.C., and Lacombe, Alta., were probably not detrimental to either egg development or pupation.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. IX
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa are described: Limbobotys n. gen., type-species Botys limbolalis Moore; L. hainanensis n. sp., Hainan; L. foochowensis n. sp., Foochow; Nephelobotys n. gen., type-species Pionea nephelistalis Hampson; Circobotys malaisei n. sp., N. Burma; Vittabotys n. gen., type-species V. mediomaculalis n. sp., Kwangtung and Fukien.
OCCURRENCE AND TRANSMISSION OF A VIRUS DISEASE OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

A rod-shaped noninclusion virus infects the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Ontario. Infection and death can occur in any postovarial stage. Most infected mites contain, in the midgut, more or less spheroidal inclusions with a radiating crystalline structure. Infected mites deposit inoculum on the leaves, probably in excreta or oral secretions at feeding sites, which is picked up orally by uninfected mites while feeding. The inoculum on the leaves is very unstable, seldom remaining infective for more than a week and being almost immediately inactivated after exposure to water. Suspensions of infected mites, triturated in water or various solutions, were inefficient inocula.Introduction of virus into orchard populations of P. ulmi induced epizootics that rapidly reduced the population density. Natural epizootics were found only in dense populations.
INSECTS EMERGING FROM BROWN SLIME FLUXES IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND
Authors: Cole E. James , Streams Frederick A.
Published: December 2009

Samples were taken weekly from 11 June to 1 October 1968 from brown slime fluxes occurring on trees (mostly elms) in Rockport, Mass., and in central and eastern areas of Connecticut and held in the laboratory for the emergence of adult insects.The most common emergents were Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen) and its parasite, Aphaereta colei Marsh, Mycetobia divergens (Walker), and Dasyhelea oppressa Thomsen. The only drosophilid reared from brown slime flux was Drosophila robusta Sturtevant, a species that was not particularly common.A comparison of the brown flux fauna of Great Britain with that of New England shows that some cosmopolitan species occur in flux in both countries. Species whose distribution is limited to only one of the countries are represented in the other country by closely related species (ecological homologues).The relationship between climatological factors and the fluxing condition of trees is discussed. The factor considered most important in continuing the fluxing state is rainfall during the late summer months.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF TRIGONOTYLUS FROM NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of Trigonotylus Fieber are described from North America: brooksi from British Columbia and Saskatchewan; flavicornis from Saskatchewan and Manitoba; canadensis from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; and antennatus from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and California. The genitalia of the species are illustrated.
CHEMICAL TAXONOMY: AN APPLICATION TO THE GENUS SARCOPHAGA (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: December 2009

Biosynthesis by the larva of the dipeptide β-alanyl-L-tyrosine may be a useful taxonomic criterion for distinguishing members of the genus Sarcophaga. An application of this criterion to a sarcophagid parasite (currently known as Pseudosarcophaga affinis auct. nec Fallén) of controversial taxonomic and nomenclatural history is illustrated.
MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA
Authors: Outram I.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and histology of the internal reproductive system of the male spruce budworm moth,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), is described and discussed.
A ROTATING OVIPOSITION CAGE FOR THE CODLING MOTH, CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Logan D. M.
Published: December 2009

An efficient oviposition cage for the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), is described and illustrated by photographs and line drawings. Essentially, the cage is a revolving drum with waxed paper walls (the oviposition surface) and wire screen ends. Use of this cage achieves satisfactory egg yield per female moth, uniform egg distribution, and easy and quick replacement of the oviposition surface without handling the moths.
IDENTITIES OF LONCHAEID FLIES DESCRIBED BY KERTÉSZ, WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The seven nominal species of Lonchaeidae described by Kertész, namely, Lamprolonchaea metatarsata (Kertész), Lonchaea megacera Kertész, Silba albisquama (Kertész), Silba biroi (Kertész), Silba pollinosa (Kertész), Silba excisa (Kertész), and Lonchaea cyaneonitens Kertész are redescribed and figured. Lectotypes are designated for metatarsata, albisquama, pollinosa, and excisa; biroi is sunk as a synonym of albisquama. Figures of the male genitalia of Lonchaea dasyscutella McAlpine, related to Lonchaea megacera, and of Silba imitata McAlpine and Silba emulata McAlpine, two species that are closely related to Silba albisquama, are provided.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR SAMPLING THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN AN ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARD
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. , Proctor Jean R.
Published: December 2009

Methods of sampling to measure factors affecting fluctuations of a population of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), on the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario were investigated from 1963 to 1967 in peach orchards in which no insecticides were used during the study. In most years females tended to be distributed evenly throughout the orchard and even at low fruit moth densities the trees were relatively evenly infested. Several sampling methods gave estimates of the numbers of larvae overwintering in the orchard only within wide limits but indicated that the numbers were probably small in all years. Eggs could be sampled but it was not practicable at the low densities of the moth in this study. No satisfactory method of sampling summer cocoons or adults was found. Destructive sampling of the larvae, in which they were removed from the trees and reared to maturity on green apples, gave the most precise estimates of numbers in each generation. The method also gave a measure of mortality, parasitism, and times and duration of each generation.
DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): II. MAINTENANCE BY PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. , Denys Charlène J.
Published: December 2009

After diapause was initiated in reproductively active adults, short-day (LD 12:12) maintained diapause and prevented oviposition for 66 ± 22 days. Subsequently all females remaining in the conditions that produced diapause (LD 12:12), began to lose the red-brown diapause coloration and began to oviposit. When animals were transferred to long-day at various intervals during diapause, oviposition resumed within similar time periods, thereby indicating that the intensity of diapause did not differ at the times tested.We suggest that in nature the short days of early autumn induce diapause, that the short days of late autumn maintain this diapause, that subsequently diapause ends under short-day conditions and that factors other than photoperiod, such as temperature accumulations, play a primary role in timing the initiation of reproduction in late spring.
JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY IN THE WOOD AND BARK EXTRACTS OF SOME FOREST TREES
Authors: Mansingh A. , Sahota T. S. , Shaw D. A.
Published: December 2009

Wood and bark extracts from balsam fir, red cedar, spruce, hemlock, and pine were assayed for juvenile hormone-mimicking activity on pupae of the wax moth. All the extracts showed noticeable activity; the wood extracts were generally more active than the bark extracts. The results suggest that the purification of the extracts from these conifers might lead to the isolation of compounds with high hormone-mimicking potential.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH, ANAGASTA KÜHNIELLA: SOME INFLUENCES OF AGE, PHOTOPERIOD, AND LIGHT INTENSITY
Authors: Traynier R. M. M.
Published: December 2009

Unmated female A. kühniella (Zell.) emitted a sex pheromone at the beginning of the light period of a 24 hour cycle of light and dark periods. There were no differences apparent in the duration of the calling posture by females in light of 1, 40, or 200 lux. A sex pheromone was extracted from the abdominal tips of unmated females of various ages with organic solvents, 3-day-old females gave the most potent extracts. Extracts of equal potence were obtained from females at different times during the diel cycles of photoperiod. The response of males to the extract was maximal at dawn, increased with age for 5 days, and was greater in light of 1 lux intensity than of 200 lux. Both sexes showed an anticipation of the beginning of the light period in their sexual behaviour, but if the timing of the cycle of photoperiod was changed the behaviour of both sexes became synchronised to the new cycle on its second or third occurrence.
AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR MATING EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Daterman G. E.
Published: December 2009

An improved cage arrangement resulted in 73% of the female European pine shoot moths being mated during a 48-hour test. Key factors were continual airflow from females to males and a light-to-dark illumination change. The ponderosa pine tip moth, Rhyacionia zozana (Kearf.), the black-headed budworm, Acleris gloverana (Wlsm.), and two species of spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. viridis Freeman, were also tested in the apparatus with some success in every case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FIRST SCOLYTID, POECILIPS PTERIDOPHYTAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO BE FOUND IN ASSOCIATION WITH A FERN (PTERIDOPHYTA)
Authors: Gray B.
Published: December 2009

Poecilips pteridophytae Schedl is the first species of Scolytidae to be found on a fern. It appears to be fairly widely distributed in New Guinea on the tropical bracken fern, Pteridium aquilnum (L.). The association is most probably of recent evolutionary origin. The immature stages are described in the text. Its life history is relatively short, the life cycle raking 2 to 4 mouths, and takes place wholly width the stem of the fern, except for emigrating adults. P. pteridophytae may have considerable economic potential as a biological control agent of bracken fern in countries where it is a pest.
COMPETITION AND CO-OPERATION BETWEEN CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE AND AGATHIS PUMILA ON LARCH CASEBEARER IN QUEBEC
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Agathis pumila (Ratzeburg) and Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratzeburg) compete for their common host, the larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella (Hübner)). An analysis of the mechanism of this competition, based on a 2-year study at Joliette, Que., is presented. A. pumila, in sacrificing part of its own population, prevents a "one stage condition" and helps C. laricinellae build up to a point where the latter becomes host-regulative by massive attack. Competitive displacement of A. pumila by C. laricinellae is less frequent than expected because of the basically different ways in which the two parasite species spread, search for, select, and attack hosts. A. pumila may suffer about 50% loss from multiple parasitism, but apparently this does not affect its survival potential, its reproductive rate, and its ability to provide significant partial control of the larch casebearer.
SOME ASPECTS OF SEX IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

The proportion of females of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), reared from periodic samples of larvae and nymphs from a peach orchard averaged about 75% with little seasonal variation. A male can copulate at least 11 times in 2 hr, and inseminate at least 26 females during its life span, but many later copulations inseminate the females incompletely or not at all. Some females copulate at least three times but one copulation with a young male enables a female to lay the usual proportion of fertilized (female) eggs, which exceeds that of unfertilized (male) eggs. No evidence of males with only one nymphal instar, as reported in Europe, was found in mites reared at 15°, 22°, or 30 °C. Males disperse much more rapidly than females.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RESIN ON HATCH OF EGGS OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE)
Authors: Reid R. W. , Gates H.
Published: December 2009

Effects of temperature and resin on hatch of mountain pine beetle eggs were investigated. Per cent hatch was related to total degree-hours above 40°F, the average being 5113 for 50% hatch under field conditions. Average supercooling point was 1.3°F. Higher temperatures in the freezing range were lethal with long exposure. Atmosphere saturated with volatiles from liquid resin had very little effect on egg hatch, but direct contact with liquid resin greatly reduced egg hatch.
THE APPLE APHID, APHIS POMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), POPULATION ON APPLE UNDER AUTUMNAL CONDITIONS IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CABINET
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

The apple aphid population density on 1-year-old trees under controlled conditions of decreasing temperatures and photoperiods equivalent to 1 August through 14 November 1967, remained almost static up to the time of apple tree defoliation. Alate forms disappeared and reproduction levelled off after a 13.3 hr, 17 °C light, and a 12 °C dark temperature were programmed. Aphids left the apex of the tree after vegetative growth ceased and became distributed more or less evenly over the older leaves. Egg deposition occurred after the photoperiod became shorter than 11.8/24 hr and temperatures less than 12 °C during the light period, 8 °C during darkness. This "autumn population" of aphids with no external detrimental biotic or extreme climatic effects produced winter eggs equal to one-third its numbers at the time of beginning oviposition.
LIMITS OF EACH STAGE IN POPULATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

Field populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia were separated into eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adults and the length of time each stage was present for each generation was determined in 1967 and 1968. The duration of each generation was similar in both years, although the diapause eggs hatched later in 1967 than in the succeeding year. Detailed information on the seasonal history is necessary in assessing red mite mortality and in timing of chemical controls of this pest.
CONTROLLING THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), WITH CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Experiments with rutabagas, cabbage, and cauliflower were conducted on mineral soils, mainly with pre plan tin g soil treatments of insecticides applied in bands placed about 2.5 cm below the soil surface (1.25 cm below the seed) in shallow ridges to determine the best insecticides for use in controlling the cabbage maggot. Drench or granular spot applications were also used for transplanted stem crucifers. Broadcast, surface band, and supplementary drench treatments had been tested earlier but were discarded in favor of the band-in-row treatments, mainly because of hazard to beneficial predators and parasites. Of the many materials tested, carbofuran, fensulfothion, and chlorfenvinphos have consistently given the best control throughout the growing season. Trichloronat, E.I. 47031, and mecarbam also gave good results. Thionazin and phorate gave excellent control until 1968 when applied at the exact required depth in the row with machinery; control was often erratic when these materials were applied on a field scale with hand applicators. In 1968, these two insecticides gave less effective early season control and poorer residual control than in previous years. Carbofuran, and phorate, appeared to influence the development of rhizoctonia rot lesions on the sides of the roots more than other materials in all experiments. Rot lesions were more numerous and severe on rutabagas that followed potatoes than on land that had previously been used for cereals. Root maggots in stem crucifers were controlled with a number of insecticides. Methods of application for all cruciferous crops are discussed.
THE LARVAE OF SOME DYTISCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM DELTA, MANITOBA
Authors: Watts C. H. S.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of the following species of Dytiscidae are described and figured:Laccophilus maculosus(Germ.),L.biguttatusKirby,Liodessus affinis(Say),Hydroporus notabilisLec,Hygrotus punctilineatus(Fall),Hyg.tumidiventris(Fall),Hyg.punctatus(Say),Hyg.patruelis(Lec.),Hyg.impressopunctatus(Schall),Hyg.canadensis(Fall),Hyg.sellatus(Lec.),Laccornis conoideus(Lec.),Rhantus notatusFab.,Colymbetes sculptilisHarr.,Agabus clavatusLec.,A.discolorHarris,A.bifarius(Kirby),A.ontarionisFall,Graphoderus zonatus(Hoppe),Acilus semisulcatusAubé,Hydaticus stagnalis(Fab.),Dytiscus sublimbatusLec.,D.dauricusGebler, andD.fasciventrisSay. All were collected at Delta, Man.
BIOLOGY OF HYLOBIUS PALES (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT
Authors: Taylor John W. , Franklin Rudolph T.
Published: December 2009

Cultural practices, temperature, and precipitation affect the population fluctuations of Hylobius pales (Herbst) in the piedmont of Georgia. Of the environmental factors, temperature appears to have the most decided influence on the seasonal activity of the weevils. Precipitation may cause some variation but has no effect on general population trends. Cultural practices affect the numbers of weevils collected but not the seasonal trends. Although weevils are long lived and oviposition and larval development occur almost continuously, there are two population peaks during the year.
CONTROL OF THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF ROLLER AND NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Madsen Harold F.
Published: December 2009

The fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), overwinters in the egg stage. In 1969, at Kelowna, B.C., the eggs were not affected by winter temperatures of −32 °C. Eggs began to hatch during the half-inch green stage of apple bud development, and hatching was complete by the pink bud stage. Over 50% of the young larvae fed within developing buds where they were protected from direct contact with insecticides. Adults started to emerge in early June, and peak adult activity occurred during 12 June to 19 June. Only one generation was observed during the year. The first overwintering eggs were laid in early June and egg masses were numerous by the end of June.Diazinon, azinphos-methyl, and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5,-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) gave seasonal control of the fruit-tree leaf roller when applied at the pink bud stage. Phosalone did not provide satisfactory control. When diazinon or azinphos-methyl was combined with oil, control was not improved and phytotoxicity occurred to the primary leaves of McIntosh and Spartan apple trees. Gardona® sprayed trees developed damaging numbers of the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, by mid-July. None of the other treatments affected cither phytophagous or predaccous mites.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE LEAFHOPPER APHRODES BICINCTA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN THE OTTAWA AREA
Authors: Chiykowski L. N.
Published: December 2009

Nymphs of the leafhopper Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank) first appeared in the field at the end of May or early June. Emergence of nymphs was protracted over a long period with second and third instar nymphs still being found when adult males were already present. Early instar nymphs were found on strawberry, Trifolium pratense L., T. hybridum L., Plantago major L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Erigeron canadensis L., and a species of Brassica. There was only one generation per year, the winter being spent in the egg stage. Eggs deposited in plants in the field hatched when brought into the greenhouse during the winter months.In greenhouse studies, eggs were most often found oviposited on the surface of the soil or completely embedded in the petioles of leaves and in clumps of peat moss. Although eggs held at room temperature (70°–75°F) occasionally hatched, cold treatment (45°–50°F) of several weeks resulted in eggs hatching in as short a time as 14 days following their return to room temperature. There were five instars in the nymphal stage. The first four were relatively uniform in length but the fifth was at least 3 days longer than any other instar. Male insects completed the nymphal stage in 38.4 days and female insects in 41.3 days. Descriptions and measurements of the five nymphal instars and male and female adult insects are given. Adult male insects survived well for about 4 weeks and then declined rapidly. Female survival remained relatively high for at least 8 weeks. Some females have lived for up to 20 weeks. Fecundity varied with one female producing 51 offspring and others producing 1.
LABORATORY ECOLOGY OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Jacobson L. A.
Published: December 2009

Biology of the red-backed cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), was studied in the laboratory to provide new knowledge and for comparison with other cutworm species. The eggs possessed a moderately severe diapause that was terminated more quickly at 5 °C than at higher and lower temperatures. Intensity was related to temperatures of incubation. The eggs were fairly resistant to desiccation. The duration of development of embryos, larvae, and pupae varied inversely with temperature. A diurnal rhythm occurred in emergence of moths from pupae and during oviposition; more than 60% emerged and 85% or more eggs were laid during the night period. Moths mated in the dark. Multiple matings were common, ranging from one to seven and averaging two or three. Egg development at emergence was rudimentary but it accelerated with age after emergence. The preoviposition period in the laboratory averaged 8 days. The mean oviposition per female was 411 and ranged from 251 to 705. Maximum longevity of both sexes was approximately 20 days.
FACTORS AFFECTING EGG MATURATION AND OVIPOSITION BY AUTOGENOUSAEDES ATROPALPUS(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

AutogenousAedes atropalpus(Coquillet) females derived from larvae fed on a standard maximum diet, matured about the same numbers of eggs when supplied with water only or with 25% sucrose. Those maintained on water laid 56% of the number matured within 5 days of emergence, but the sugar-fed insects laid only 28% in the same time, and even after 35 days many were found to have retained their eggs. The physiological mechanism causing the delay was not associated with crop distention, nor with the nutritional changes brought about by ingested sugar.Nulliparous females mostly refused blood during the first ovarian cycle although a few did rake a blood meal. At the time of feeding the eggs were already mature and neither the protein nor carbohydrate of the host blood were utilized during the first ovarian cycle. Parous females fed on blood and used the protein for egg development and there was a rapid rise in haemolymph carbohydrate after feeding, indicating that the host blood sugars also were used immediately.Nullipars derived from larvae maintained on a very low diet did not seek a blood meal either, and in these only some eggs commenced development to various stages. Sugar feeding by these adults assisted both maturation and oviposition.
ENOCLERUS SPHEGEUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius adults were most abundant on trees infested with Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in May and June of 1966 and 1967. Greatest numbers of adults were observed on the bole from 0 to 5 ft aboveground, apparently in response to the activity of other scolytids. In the laboratory, each adult killed about 1 D. ponderosae per day, and each larva killed about 25 D. ponderosae during development. Mean larval densities were generally less than 0.2 per square foot at four different sampling heights on the tree bole during the overwintering period. Densities were greatest at all heights in July. Maximum larval density was observed at the 1.5-ft height. Larvae began leaving the trees for pupation sites in July of both years. It is estimated that adult clerids consume less than 1% of the adult beetle population during their attack period and the clerid larvae kill 5–11% of the beetle brood.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE): X. FURTHER SYSTEMATIC CHANGES
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

This paper notes further systematic changes in the lygaeid subfamily Rhyparochrominae.
A DISEASE OF PALE WESTERN CUTWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) REARED IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J. , Hawn E. J.
Published: December 2009

After successfully rearing the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, for years in the laboratory such severe mortality developed in the colonies that further nutritional studies were impossible. The symptoms and effects of the disease syndrome are described. Neither steam sterilization of food and rearing equipment nor use of antibiotics in the food prevented disease. A bacterium tentatively identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from dead insects and when injected or fed to healthy larvae caused the disease. Use of a ’clean room’ and associated aseptic techniques for rearing the insects reduced the numbers of microorganisms in the environment and again permitted the pale western cutworm to be reared successfully.
AN IMPROVED MASS-REARING METHOD OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)
Authors: Städler E.
Published: December 2009

Protein fed to adults of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F., enhanced oviposition: the addition of yeast hydrolysate to the sugar diet resulted in a 50% increase in oviposition, giving an average of 75 eggs per female.A description is given of a simple oviposition device, which allows normal oviposition (compared with sand).Carrots planted in sand gave best rearing results when inoculated with eggs 14 days after insertion. Germinating carrot seeds placed on top of the sand improved the rate of development of the eggs to pupae from 40% to 62%.
A SECOND SPECIES OF PELTOTRICHIUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: TRICHIINAE)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

Peltotrichius glaseri n. sp. is described from Baleu, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, and the generic limits of Peltotrichius are slightly altered.
THE FORMATION OF COMPOUND EGG CHAMBERS IN A BUG (HEMIPTERA) STERILIZED WITH 6-AZAURIDINE
Authors: Masner Petr , Landa Vladimir
Published: December 2009

Ovaries are one of the target organs hit by the nucleic acid antimetabolite 6-azauridine. All the malformations observed are caused by the suppression of mitotic activity, which appears to be the most sensitive to the applied drug. The inhibition of mitosis in the apical trophocytes results in depletion of the nutritive tissue in older females, followed by a disturbance of previtellogenesis and activation of oocytes. The blocked mitotic multiplication of prefollicular tissue results in exhaustion of this layer followed by a disturbance of regular egg chamber formation. The inadequate separation of oocytes by follicular cells causes the arrangement of the oocytes in paired chambers, often blocking the ovariole, or the formation of compound chambers. The oocytes sharing the compound chamber either remain separated by the ooplasmalemma or merge. Eggs with adherent dwarf oocytes or giant fused double eggs are oviposited. Endomitotic DNA replication and amitotic karyokinesis of the follicular cells are not interfered with by 6-azauridine, probably owing to the nucleic acid pools contained in the haemolymph. The lecytholitic cells resorb the ooplasm utilizing the nucleic acid-rich material.
A NEW GENUS OF MYMARID WASP (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: MYMARIDAE) FROM NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Paracleruchus pieloui n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) reared from birch fungus, Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., is described and illustrated.