bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Presenting as an Isolated Vertebral Collapse
Authors: Singhal Namit , Chawla Anu , Agarwal Vinay
Published: August 2017

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) presenting as an isolated vertebral collapse is a very rare condition. We present a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as L3 vertebral body collapse on MRI. Isolated vertebral involvement was seen without evidence of any lesion elsewhere. Workup for systemic evidence of malignancy with contrast-enhanced CT of chest and abdomen did not reveal any other lesion. The patient was operated for L3 transpedicular decompression and L2–L4 pedicle screw rod fixation. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), NOS. Diagnosis was further confirmed by a postoperative PET scan, which showed multiple deposits in perinephric fat and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Patient was treated with CHOP-based chemotherapy.
Inheritance of a Balanced t(12;20)(q24.33;p12.2) and Unbalanced der(13)t(7;13)(p21.3;q33.2) from a Maternally Derived Double Balanced Translocation Carrier
Authors: Geddes Gabrielle , Basel Donald , Schippman Dana , Grignon John , vanTuinen Peter , Kappes Ulrike , Peterson Jess
Published: August 2017

We report a 4-month-old male proband with a history of prominent forehead, hypertelorism, ear abnormalities, micrognathia, hypospadias, and multiple cardiac abnormalities. Initial microarray analysis detected a concurrent 7p21.3-p22.3 duplication and 13q33.2-q34 deletion indicating an unbalanced rearrangement. However, subsequent conventional cytogenetic studies only revealed what appeared to be a balanced t(12;20)(q24.33;p12.2). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome-specific subtelomere probes confirmed the presence of an unbalanced der(13)t(7;13)(p21.3;q33.2) and balanced t(12;20)(q24.33;p12.2), both of maternal origin. In addition to our unique clinical findings, this case highlights the benefits and limitations of both conventional cytogenetic studies and microarray analysis and how FISH complements each methodology.
Die Gelenkfläche und Größenverhältnisse der Fingergelenke: Eine anatomische Studie
Authors: Faymonville Christoph , Gausepohl Thomas , Müller Lars Peter , Hackl Michael
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Diese Studie analysiert die Größe und die Größenverhälntisse der Fingergelenke. In der bisher vorliegenden Literatur sind
nur Gesamtgrößen der Gelenkflächen für die PIP und DIP-Gelenke beschrieben. Eine exakte Messung mit den Verhältnissen für die einzelnen
Finger liegt nicht vor.

Material und Methoden Anhand 117 Fingermittel- und -endgelenke von 30 formalin-fixierten Händen wurde die Größe der Gelenkfläche der
interphalangealen Gelenkanteilen bestimmt.

Ergebnisse Im distalen Interphalangealgelenk beträgt die proximale Gelenkfläche 56,1 mm2, die distale Gelenkfläche
30,9 mm2, (Verhältnis: 1,8 : 1). Im proximalen Interphalangealgelenk weist die proximale Gelenkfläche im Mittel eine Größe
von 92,5 mm2 auf, während die distale Gelenkfläche eine durchschnittliche Größe von 52,4 mm2 besitzt (Verhältnis:
1,7 : 1).

Schlussfolgerung Dies ist die erste Studie, die präzise Daten zur Größe der Gelenkflächen der proximalen und distalen
Interphalangealgelenke berichtet. Sie vervollständigt das Wissen um die funktionelle Anatomie der Fingergelenke und kann für die
Weiterentwicklung für Fingerprothesen nützlich sein.
Resektionsarthroplastik nach Lundborg vs. Pyrocarbon-Spacer (Pyrocardan®) bei fortgeschrittener Rhizarthrose
– Eine Zwei-Center-Studie
Authors: Erne Holger C. , Schmauß Daniel , Cerny Michael , Schmauss Verena , Ehrl Denis , Löw Steffen , Deiler Stefan
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Ziel dieser Studie an zwei Zentren war es, die Ergebnisse nach konventioneller Resektionsarthroplastik nach Lundborg mit
der Implantation des Pyrocardan®-Spacers zu vergleichen.

Patienten und Methoden Bei symptomatischer Rhizarthrose im Stadium III / IV nach Eaton und Littler wurde bei 12 Patienten eine
Resektionsarthroplastik nach Lundborg durchgeführt (Zentrum 1) und bei 8 Patienten ein Pyrocardan®-Spacers implantiert (Zentrum
2). Beiden Gruppen waren bezüglich des Durchschnittsalters, des präoperativen Schmerzniveaus, des radiologischen Schweregrads der Arthrose
nach Eaton-Littler und der Anamnesedauer bis zur Operation vergleichbar. Die Patientendaten wurden retrospektiv erhoben und eine
Nachuntersuchung nach mehr als 18 Monaten postoperativ durchgeführt, bei der der DASH-Score, das Intervall bis zur Beschwerdefreiheit, das
Schmerzniveau, die Griffkraft, die Pinchkraft und die Zufriedenheit mit der Behandlung erhoben wurden.

Ergebnisse Beide Gruppen verzeichnen einen ähnlichen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 23,6 Monaten (Resektions-Gruppe) vs. 26,1Monaten
(Spacer-Gruppe). Die Schnitt-Naht-Zeit betrug für die Resektions-Gruppe 31 min und für die Spacer-Gruppe 29 min. Der mittlere DASH betrug in
der Resektions-Gruppe 21,9 und in der Spacer-Gruppe 18,3. Die VAS-Schmerzintensität betrug zum Nachuntersuchungszeitraum für die
Spacer-Gruppe 1,5 und für die Resektions-Gruppe 1,0. Das zeitliche Intervall bis zur Beschwerdefreiheit war mit durchschnittlich 3,7 Monaten
in der Spacer-Gruppe signifikant kürzer als in der Resektions-Gruppe 5,7. Die Griffkraft und Pinchkraft waren zwischen beiden Gruppen nicht
signifikant unterschiedlich. Die Zufriedenheit mit der Behandlung wurde in der Resektions-Gruppe mit durchschnittlich 9,3angegeben, in der
Spacer-Gruppe mit 7,4.

Schlussfolgerung Im Beobachtungsintervall von jeweils über 1,5 Jahren führten beide Techniken zu einer zufriedenstellenden
Gebrauchsfähigkeit und deutlich reduzierten Beschwerdesymptomatik der operierten Hand. Die Implantation des Pyrocardan®-Spacers
scheint im Vergleich zur Resektionsarthroplastik leichte Vorteile bezüglich eines kürzeren Zeitraums bis zur kompletten Ausheilung zu haben.
Auf der anderen Seite stehen die Materialkosten des Spacers von mehreren Hundert Euro, die bei einer konventionellen Resektionsarthroplastik
nicht anfallen.
Genetic Polymorphisms as Predictive Markers of Response to Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Jung Anna , Zenker Martin , Lißewski Christina , Schanze Denny , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Rohrer Tilman
Published: August 2017

Objective Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is commonly treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH). Individual response to rhGH therapy varies widely and there is evidence that variations in growth-related genes, e. g. the GH receptor (GHR) gene, may impact treatment response. We aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms which could serve as predictive markers of response to rhGH therapy.

Methods We conducted a genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the GHR exon 3 deletion in 101 paediatric GHD patients receiving rhGH. Patients were analysed for 13 known SNPs in 11 genes of the GH axis (SOS1, IGFR1, GAB1, LHX4, IGFBP3, GRB10, GHRHR, GHSR), growth plate (VDR, ESR1) and cell cycle (CDK4). Individual index of responsiveness (IoR) values were compared by genotype. We also analysed the potential association between the IoR and the GHR exon 3 deletion. IoRs were analysed by genotype by one-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test.

Results Variations in two SNPs, rs2888586 (SOS1) and rs2069502 (CDK4), and the GHR exon 3 deletion were significantly associated with response to rhGH treatment.

Conclusions Genetic variations are potentially suitable as predictive markers of rhGH treatment response in GHD. Genetic analysis provides a starting point for individualised treatment of GHD.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of neutral Mg acceptors in β-Ga2O3 crystals
Authors: Kananen B. E. , Halliburton L. E. , Scherrer E. M. , Stevens K. T. , Foundos G. K. , Chang K. B. , Giles N. C.
Published: August 2017

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used to directly observe and characterize neutral Mg acceptors (MgGa0) in a β-Ga2O3 crystal. These acceptors, best considered as small polarons, are produced when the Mg-doped crystal is irradiated at or near 77 K with x rays. During the irradiation, neutral acceptors are formed when holes are trapped at singly ionized Mg acceptors (MgGa−). Unintentionally present Fe3+ (3d5) and Cr3+ (3d3) transition-metal ions serve as the corresponding electron traps. The hole is localized in a nonbonding p orbital on a threefold-coordinated oxygen ion adjacent to an Mg ion at a sixfold-coordinated Ga site. These MgGa0 acceptors (S = 1/2) have a slightly anisotropic g matrix (principal values are 2.0038, 2.0153, and 2.0371). There is also partially resolved 69Ga and 71Ga hyperfine structure resulting from unequal interactions with the two Ga ions adjacent to the hole. With the magnetic field along the a direction, hyperfine parameters are 2.61 and 1.18 mT for the 69Ga nuclei at the two inequivalent neighboring Ga sites. The MgGa0 acceptors thermally convert back to their nonparamagnetic MgGa− charge state when the temperature of the crystal is raised above approximately 250 K.
Time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode on liquids at MHz repetition rates
Authors: Fondell Mattis , Eckert Sebastian , Jay Raphael M. , Weniger Christian , Quevedo Wilson , Niskanen Johannes , Kennedy Brian , Sorgenfrei Florian , Schick Daniel , Giangrisostomi Erika , Ovsyannikov Ruslan , Adamczyk Katrin , Huse Nils , Wernet Philippe , Mitzner Rolf , Föhlisch Alexander
Published: August 2017

We present a setup combining a liquid flatjet sample delivery and a MHz laser system for time-resolved soft X-ray absorption measurements of liquid samples at the high brilliance undulator beamline UE52-SGM at Bessy II yielding unprecedented statistics in this spectral range. We demonstrate that the efficient detection of transient absorption changes in transmission mode enables the identification of photoexcited species in dilute samples. With iron(II)-trisbipyridine in aqueous solution as a benchmark system, we present absorption measurements at various edges in the soft X-ray regime. In combination with the wavelength tunability of the laser system, the set-up opens up opportunities to study the photochemistry of many systems at low concentrations, relevant to materials sciences, chemistry, and biology.
Monte Carlo simulation on a new artificial spin ice lattice consisting of hexagons and three-moment vertices
Authors: Yu Liju , Wang Yong , Li Junqin , Zhu Fangyuan , Meng Xiangyu , Cao Jiefeng , Jing Chao , Wu Yanqing , Tai Renzhong
Published: August 2017

A new artificial spin ice lattice called vortex lattice is proposed based on the Kagome lattice. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate the magnetization reversal process of the new artificial spin ice lattice at external magnetic field and different lattice parameters. The results demonstrate some interesting phenomena which are different from Kagome lattice. There are four typical sub-structures emerged in the vortex lattice, which are clockwise and counter-clockwise hexagons, and frustrated +3q and -3q vertices. The occurrence frequency of the four sub-structures change dramatically at different lattice parameter. The new lattice can be partially frustrated at different lattice parameter.
Effect of solute nature on the polyamorphic transition in glassy polyol aqueous solutions
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiharu
Published: August 2017

I examined the polyamorphic behavior of glassy dilute aqueous solutions of polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, meso-erythritol, xylitol, and D-sorbitol) under pressure at low temperatures. Although the volume change of the glassy aqueous solution varied continuously against pressure, the rate of the volume change appeared to vary discontinuously at the onset pressure of the gradual polyamorphic transition. It is thought that low-density liquid-like solvent water and high-density liquid-like solvent water coexist during the transition. Moreover, the existence of a solute induces the shift of polyamorphic transition to the lower-pressure side. The effect of a solute on the polyamorphic transition becomes larger in the order ethylene glycol, glycerol, meso-erythritol, xylitol, and D-sorbitol. Therefore, the solute can become a variable controlling the polyamorphic state of liquid water. This experimental result suggests that the metastable-equilibrium phase boundary between the low-density and the high-density amorphs for pure water is likely to be located at 0.22–0.23 GPa at about 150 K, which is slightly larger than the previously estimated pressure. Moreover, the solute-nature dependence on the polyamorphic transition seems to connect to that on the homogeneous nucleation temperature of polyol aqueous solution at ambient pressure. The region in which a low-density liquid appears coincides with the region in which the nucleus of ice Ih appears, suggesting that the formation of a low-density liquid is a precursory phenomenon of the nucleation of ice Ih.
Technical case for a mega-scale solar energy installation for the national power grid of Pakistan
Authors: Zafar Junaid , Zafar Tasneem , Zafar Kirn , Zafar Haroon , Gibson A. A. P.
Published: August 2017

Pakistan's electricity distribution system is unreliable and vulnerable to major faults. The mega solar plant proposed here would generate 1.271 × 109 kilowatt-hours (kW h) of electricity, supply continuously 320 000 households, and approximately reduce the carbon footprint by 90 750 tons of CO2 emissions every year. Real time domain simulations are performed by modelling 3312 buses and the entire power architecture of Pakistan (500 kV–11 kV) in PSS®E. The model allows successful photovoltaic installation to the 220 kV system of the National Transmission and Despatch Company, Pakistan, without any transmission constraints. Transient stability studies have been undertaken for various fault conditions alongside power quality analysis and grid connection requirements. The studies have revealed favourable results based on which a technical case has been made and recommendations are presented for the installation.
Toward more functional gallium oxide
Authors: Hall Shannon
Published: August 2017

New research suggests that gallium oxide hosts a deeper acceptor than expected
Anomalous magnetoresistive behavior in Ni44Co2Mn43In11 alloy
Authors: Ray Mayukh K. , Maji Bibekananda , Obaidat Ihab , Banerjee Sangam
Published: August 2017

We conducted the temperature (T) and magnetic field (H) dependence of resistivity (ρ) on Ni44Co2Mn43In11 compound under the magnetic field (H=) 0-70 kOe in the temperature range T=150-380 K. Several novel anomalies are observed in the ρ(T,H) behaviour of this compound which upto our knowledge were not reported earlier in these systems. An unusual change in ρ(T) associated with a positive manetoresistance (MR) is also observed just above the martensite transformation (MT) in the temperature range of T=308-320 K. In addition, an anomalous field dependence of the MR is observed in temperature region T=305-310 K, where ρ increases with H after reaching minimum. Furthermore, a large MR up to -65 % is observed across its room temperature MT which can be beneficial for practical applications. The possible origin of the observed MR behaviour is discussed in terms enhanced magnetic scattering.
Variation in photosynthetic traits related to access to water in semiarid Australian woody species
Authors: Nolan Rachael H. , Tarin Tonantzin , Fairweather Kendal A. , Cleverly James , Eamus Derek
Published: August 2017

Low soil water content can limit photosynthesis by reducing stomatal conductance. Here, we explore relationships among traits pertaining to carbon uptake and pre-dawn leaf water potential (as an index of soil water availability) across eight species found in semiarid central Australia. We found that as pre-dawn leaf water potential declined, stomatal limitations to photosynthesis increased, as did foliar nitrogen, which enhanced photosynthesis. Nitrogen-fixing Acacia species had higher foliar nitrogen concentrations compared with non-nitrogen fixing species, although there was considerable variability of traits within the Acacia genus. From principal component analysis we found that the most dissimilar species was Acacia aptaneura Maslin&J.E.Reid compared with both Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Corymbia opaca. (D.J.Carr & S.G.M.Carr)K.D.Hill&L.A.S.Johnson, having both the largest foliar N content, equal largest leaf mass per area and experiencing the lowest pre-dawn water potential of all species. A. aptaneura has shallow roots and grows above a hardpan that excludes access to groundwater, in contrast to E. camaldulensis and C. opaca, which are known to access groundwater. We conclude that ecohydrological niche separation is an important factor driving the variability of within-biome traits related to carbon gain. These observations have important implications for global vegetation models, which are parameterised with many of the traits measured here, but are often limited by data availability.
New strategies to improve the health of Chinese people by 2030
Authors: Tan Xiaodong , Kong Shibo , Shao Haiyan
Published: August 2017

In October 2016, the leadership team of the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted a plan aiming to build a healthy China over the next 15 years. The strategic tasks, mainly focused on promoting healthy lifestyles, optimising health services, improving health protection, building a healthy environment and developing the health industry, were proposed to deal with the health problems faced by China. According to the plan, China’s health plan is likely to undergo a major change.
Rhetoric, Narrative, and the Remembrance of Death in ʿAttār'sMosibat-nāmeh
Authors: O’Malley Austin Michael
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the anecdotes of ʿAttār’s Mosibat-nāmeh as temporal phenomena from the perspective of a reader moving progressively through the text; it is argued that that these anecdotes do not function primarily as carriers of dogmatic information, but as dynamic rhetorical performances designed to prod their audiences into recommitting to a pious mode of life. First, the article shows how the poem’s frame-tale influences a reader’s experience of the embedded anecdotes by encouraging a sequential mode of consumption and contextualizing the work’s pedagogical aims. Next, it is demonstrated that these anecdotes are bound together through formulae and lexical triggers, producing a paratactic structure reminiscent of oral homiletics. Individual anecdotes aim to unsettle readers’ ossified religious understandings, and together they offer a flexible set of heuristics for pious living. Finally, it is argued that ʿAttār’s intended readers were likely familiar with the mystical principles that underlie his poems; he therefore did not use narratives to provide completely new teachings, but rather to persuade his audience to more fully embody those pious principles to which they were already committed.
ALIGNSEC: viewing protein secondary structure predictions within large multiple sequence alignments
Authors: Deléage Gilbert
Published: August 2017

Motivation

ALIGNSEC is a module within ANTHEPROT designed for the interactive display, edition and printing of large-scale multiple alignments integrating secondary structure predictions.

Availability and implementation

The ALIGNSEC module is part of the ANTHEPROT package (http://antheprot-pbil.ibcp.fr) which can be used freely for academic users. It is running on Windows Operating systems. For commercial use, please contact the author.
Community capitals of a Paramaca Maroon village in pictures: a Photovoice study on community resilience in the context of large-scale gold mining
Authors: Vaneeckhaute Lieselotte Eva , Vanwing Tom , Meurs Pieter , Abelshausen Bieke , Jacquet Wolfgang
Published: August 2017

In 2014, Newmont, a multinational mining company, invested in a large-scale ‘open-pit’ gold mining operation near a cluster of villages in the Paramaca Maroon community in Suriname. Mines are considered stressors that engender ecological, social and economic disruption. It is vital that place-based communities are resilient to the impact of this disruption. Resilience theory provides an applicable framework for studying how systems respond (i.e. cope, adapt or transform) in the face of exogenous stressors and disruptions. The Photovoice study presented in this paper, using the community capitals (CCs) framework, explores in a holistic and systemic way the CCs that exist in a Paramaca Maroon village, and how such capitals contribute to resiliency. The methodology assumes that people are experts regarding their own lives, and can voice their experiences, concerns and views of both the past and the future through imagery that speaks through and for them. This study shows that participants focus on the lack and erosion of CCs, yet, despite this, the Paramaca society displays resiliency. The Paramaca Maroon community is able to articulate its demands within the corporate decision-making process on sustainable community development, primarily by adapting their political organization to the new reality and by mobilizing their intangible capitals, such as social, cultural, human, political capital, in the face of exogenous stressors and disruptions.
Sonic hedgehog-dependent activation of adventitial fibroblasts promotes neointima formation
Authors: Dutzmann Jochen , Koch Alexander , Weisheit Simona , Sonnenschein Kristina , Korte Laura , Haertlé Marco , Thum Thomas , Bauersachs Johann , Sedding Daniel G , Daniel Jan-Marcus
Published: August 2017

Aims

Adventitial cells have been suggested to contribute to neointima formation, but the functional relevance and the responsible signalling pathways are largely unknown. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a regulator of vasculogenesis and promotes angiogenesis in the adult.

Methods and results

Here we show that proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) after wire-induced injury in C57BL/6 mice is preceded by proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts. Simultaneously, the expression of Shh and its downstream signalling protein smoothened (SMO) were robustly increased within injured arteries. In vitro, combined stimulation with Shh and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB strongly induced proliferation and migration of human adventitial fibroblasts. The supernatant of these activated fibroblasts contained high levels of interleukin-6 and -8 and strongly induced proliferation and migration of SMC. Inhibition of SMO selectively prevented fibroblast proliferation, cytokine release, and paracrine SMC activation. Mechanistically, we found that PDGF-BB activates protein kinase A in fibroblasts and thereby induces trafficking of SMO to the plasma membrane, where it can be activated by Shh. In vivo, SMO-inhibition significantly prevented the proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts and neointima formation following wire-induced injury.

Conclusions

The initial activation of adventitial fibroblasts is essential for the subsequent proliferation of SMC and neointima formation. We identified SMO-dependent Shh signalling as a specific process for the activation of adventitial fibroblasts.
Mathematical Modeling of “Chronic” Infectious Diseases: Unpacking the Black Box
Authors: Fojo Anthony T , Kendall Emily A , Kasaie Parastu , Shrestha Sourya , Louis Thomas A , Dowdy David W
Published: August 2017

Background

Mathematical models are increasingly used to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases, including “chronic” infections with long generation times. Such models include features that are obscure to most clinicians and decision-makers.

Methods

Using a model of a hypothetical active case-finding intervention for tuberculosis in India as an example, we illustrate the effects on model results of different choices for model structure, input parameters, and calibration process.

Results

Using the same underlying data, different transmission models produced different estimates of the projected intervention impact on tuberculosis incidence by 2030 with different corresponding uncertainty ranges. We illustrate the reasons for these differences and present a simple guide for clinicians and decision-makers to evaluate models of infectious diseases.

Conclusions

Mathematical models of chronic infectious diseases must be understood to properly inform policy decisions. Improved communication between modelers and consumers is critical if model results are to improve the health of populations.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Zittel Thomas
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the mixed-member type of electoral systems in the German context. It sketches the unique historical and political circumstances that led to this novel type of system. It furthermore stresses the highly proportional nature of the German mixed-member system that results from a number of factors including a mechanism that links both tiers of election and compensates for disproportionality at the plurality tier. The chapter shows that the comparatively high legal threshold of 5 percent so far has reconciled the conflicting goals of proportionality and party system concentration, but that this effect is contingent upon social and political contexts. The chapter furthermore shows that the German mixed-member system facilitates personalized accountability at the margins in a partisan context.
Person-Situation Transactions across the Lifespan
Authors: Corker Katherine S. , Donnellan M. Brent
Published: August 2017

Research on situations has been reinvigorated within social and personality psychology. This chapter argues that a developmental perspective on situations can further enrich understanding of person-situation transactions and generate interesting predictions for future empirical tests. The approach is grounded in life course theory (Elder & Shanahan, 2006), an interactionist approach that considers person-situation dynamics as critical to understanding individual lives. The chapter describes an overarching perspective and reviews principles of personality development before turning to an explicit consideration of how situational characteristics (the Situational Eight DIAMONDS; Rauthmann et al., 2014) may change with age. It then outlines how a developmental tasks perspective and socioemotional selectivity theory can be integrated with the DIAMONDS characteristics. It concludes by describing different kinds of person-situation transactions that promote consistency and change in psychological characteristics across the lifespan and suggests a few future directions for research.
Trust in International Relations
Authors: Rathbun Brian Christopher
Published: August 2017

The importance of trust in international relations has recently become the subject of a vibrant new agenda of research. However, as this paper shows, trust has always implicitly been at the center of international relations theory. Realism, rationalism and constructivism conceive of trust differently, with enormous substantive implications. After establishing how different understandings about the type and degree of trust that prevail in international relations help structure core debates in the discipline, this paper then turns to showing the role that trust plays in diplomacy and multilateral cooperation. Trust seems necessary for the creation of large multilateral institutions in international relations as well as value-creating diplomacy that allows for win-win outcomes.
Nonassociative Learning in Invertebrates
Authors: Yu Alex J. , Rankin Catharine H.
Published: August 2017

Nonassociative learning has been extensively studied in many invertebrate species for several decades. Habituation and sensitization are ubiquitously observed in different species, and observations of these behavioral plasticities have greatly contributed to the theoretical work to characterize nonassociative learning. Here, we review the rich body of literature in invertebrate nonassociative learning research. Investigations of the underpinnings of nonassociative learning in a variety of invertebrate species have demonstrated that conserved neural and molecular mechanisms are common despite the diversity of phylogeny. Nonassociative learning appears to be biologically essential and evolutionarily adaptive. Mechanisms of learning and memory uncovered in the studies of nonassociative learning in invertebrate species reviewed here have also been shown to be conserved in vertebrate systems and also play important roles in more complex forms of learning.
Flatworm Neurobiology in the Postgenomic Era
Authors: McVeigh Paul , Maule Aaron G.
Published: August 2017

Flatworm nervous systems comprise central and peripheral components that facilitate coordinated and complex behaviors that are modulated by physiological status and sensory input. The absence of a body cavity in flatworms enhances their dependence on neuronal signaling for intercellular communication. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the neurobiology of flatworms, largely through the growth in genomic/transcriptomic resources and some progress in the development of functional genomics tools. This chapter describes the “state of the art” of flatworm neurobiology with a primary focus on the recent advances made in parasitic flatworms where progress has been driven by the search for new targets for chemotherapeutics.
Rock Art of North America
Authors: Whitley David S.
Published: August 2017

North America contains a large and diverse corpus of Indigenous rock art, matched by a long history of research, and a rich ethnographic record. The regional patterns in the age, nature, and (in some cases) meaning of this art are briefly summarized in this overview chapter. By roughly 12,000 bp, a series of different styles and traditions had already developed across the continent, providing evidence for cultural diversity not visible in the lithic archaeological record. At least one of these traditions continued into recent times while, in other culture areas, replacement and change is evident into the past half-millennium. The appearance of rock art traditions thus documents the changing patterns of regional North American cultural systems.
Women’s Labor Market Status and Economic Development
Authors: Menon Nidhiya , Rodgers Yana van der Meulen
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the structural drivers and constraints associated with the transition of women from unremunerated or low-paid production to higher-value work in three important labor market domains: entrepreneurship, agriculture, and wage employment. Understanding the drivers behind these types of employment and the constraints that women face can help to develop new policies that better support workers and their families, stimulate employment generation in countries with rapid labor force growth, and promote entrepreneurial activities that spur innovation and progress. In the spirit of these objectives, this chapter examines best practices in transforming women to be successful entrepreneurs, farmers, and wage workers. The chapter closes with the links between gender equality and economic growth, concluding that promoting gender equality can be a “gender-smart” way to achieve sustained economic development.
Portugal
Authors: MacQueen Norrie
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the singularities of Portuguese decolonization by contrasting Salazarist ideas of ‘lusotropicalism’ and ‘pluricontinentalism’ with the widespread turn to insurgent violence that heralded the rebellions of the early 1960s that ultimately tore the empire apart. If the term ‘decolonization’ is taken to imply a policy actively pursued by the colonial power, its use in relation to Portugal in 1974-75 may be problematic. Portugal’s loss of empire was an unplanned, largely unmanaged, yet utterly irresistible consequence of a military coup in Lisbon in April 1974. It was a process in which a series of weak and unstable provisional governments in Portugal could exercise little agency and were often reduced to hapless observers.
The End of Empire in the Maghreb
Authors: Thénault Sylvie
Published: August 2017

This chapter devotes itself to explaining the dichotomy in the paths to decolonization followed by the French territories in the North African Maghreb: Morocco and Tunisia, compared to Algeria. The seminal event of the end of the French Empire, the Algerian war of independence was terribly bloody, and its most extreme acts of violence were concentrated within Algeria. Its impact on French society was profound: the long-term engagement of French troops was socially transformative, the political repercussions were huge, and Metropolitan France became a secondary theatre of the conflict. There is a pronounced imbalance in the volume of research produced on Algeria compared to that generated on Tunisia and Morocco. The sequence of events at the end of empire in North Africa and the subsequent formation of sovereign states supports an approach that pays due attention to the particular histories of the three territories, focusing chiefly on each one’s particularities.
Britain and decolonization in an Era of Global Change
Authors: Stockwell Sarah Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers processes of decolonization in Britain’s ‘empires’, incorporating discussion not just of the key dynamics and manifestations of decolonization in the colonial empire in India, Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere, but also in Britain’s residual ‘informal’ empire in the Middle East, and in the ‘old’ Commonwealth countries of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The chapter argues that decolonization across these different contexts was driven by geo-political forces operating across the European empires, as the international order was reconfigured by two world wars, tilting power away from Britain and other European imperial powers. Stockwell nevertheless identifies elements of British imperial exceptionalism. She suggests that these were not to be found, as contemporaries liked to claim, in the form of a British liberal imperialism. Rather, Britain, which was at the centre of an empire larger than any other, retained a semblance of great power status, shaping British relations with the United States and Britain’s ambitions to exercise influence after empire.
Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: August 2017

In The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Quentin Skinner has three aims: creating a sort of reference book for hundreds of primary texts in multiple languages, illuminating a more general historical theme using late medieval and early modern political texts, and giving us a history of political thought with a genuinely historical character. Skinner allows us to see political theorists creatively wrestling with difficult political problems of their day, and attempting to solve them through their writing. Skinner’s critics, however, cannot shake the sense that placing these texts in historical contexts robs them of some of their profundity and value as works of political theory. This chapter examines some of Skinner’s treatments of particular authors, notes some difficulties with the book’s methods, and situates the debate around Foundations within the emergence of a self-conscious Cambridge School.
Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms
Authors: Chambers Simone
Published: August 2017

Jürgen Habermas’s Between Facts and Norms purports to offer a new way of understanding law and democracy in liberal orders. The scale and ambition of the book matches Hegel’s Philosophy of Right but the take-home message is neo-Kantian: our future depends on getting the right balance between the protection of individual autonomy and the promotion of collective solidarity in the democratic self-organization of our political communities. This chapter unpacks and demystifies the difficult arguments of this book and offers a sympathetic interpretation of Habermas’s political philosophy, including its theory of legitimacy and its connection to his discourse ethics. The core claim assessed in this chapter is that the modern legal system cannot function properly without the support of radical democracy.
Jeremy Waldron,Law and Disagreement
Authors: Schwartzberg Melissa
Published: August 2017

Jeremy Waldron’s Law and Disagreement (1999) is a landmark work in jurisprudence and in democratic theory. In retrospect, it also constitutes an intervention into a methodological debate over the aims of political theory, defending the study of institutions over work attending to the ends and ideals of a good society. A crucial insight of LD is the value of equal respect for the judgment of citizens and of legislatures. By entrenching rights in constitutions, and by shifting interpretive authority to courts via judicial review, framers and judges assert moral and epistemic priority over elected representatives and citizens. This priority is unwarranted, given the ineliminable character of political disagreement, and may entail a form of disrespect. Yet Waldron himself provides a sanitized account of legislatures, one that may prevent LD from fully realizing his vision of political political theory.
Protestantism
Authors: Aubert Annette
Published: August 2017

This chapter looks at the so-called ‘new Protestantism’ that developed in the nineteenth century in reaction to modernity. Protestantism during this period was an international movement characterized by expansion, progress, and diversity. This chapter provides an overview of the key theological contributions and religious movements that exemplify this progress, showing how mediation and reformulation play an important role in shaping Protestant attitudes regarding modernity. Academic religious debates focused on theological methodology and epistemology in response to modern advances in various fields, and Protestant scholars made contributions to developments in the field of religious studies, not least by participating in the global cross-fertilization of religious ideas and systems. Restoration and renewal were also important themes among certain reform groups. Nineteenth-century Protestantism was a global movement that was advanced by revivalism, religious societies, and modern universities, with neo-confessionalism and other movements flourishing as a result.
Mission and Colonialism
Authors: Gladwin Michael
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the controversial relationship of Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Orthodox Christian missions to colonialism during the long nineteenth century. Missionaries have been caricatured as cultural or political imperialists, or agents of a hegemonic globalizing capitalism. Many accounts have, however, neglected the intellectual and theological substructures of missionary endeavour. A closer look at Christian thought on mission and colonialism reveals a more complex picture. Missionary thought was shaped by Enlightenment and Romantic intellectual moods, and dominant scientific models of Newtonian physics, inductive method, and evolution. Nevertheless, several factors converged in missionary mentalités to subordinate and relativize other allegiances, whether national, colonial, or imperial: the Gospel’s universalizing logic, orthodox theological tempers, doctrines of providence, an increasingly ‘scientific’ (wissenschaftlich) theology of mission, and an internationalist character. Missionary intellectuals did not oppose colonial rule on principle, but they did seek to civilize it. And perhaps more fundamentally, they sought to convert it.
Split Ergativity is not about Ergativity
Authors: Coon Jessica , Preminger Omer
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that split ergativity is epiphenomenal, and that the factors which trigger its appearance are not limited to ergative systems in the first place. In both aspectual and person splits, the split is the result of a bifurcation of the clause into two distinct case/agreement domains, which renders the clause structurally intransitive. Since intransitive subjects do not appear with ergative marking, this straightforwardly accounts for the absence of ergative morphology. Crucially, such bifurcation is not specific to ergative languages; it is simply obfuscated in nominative-accusative environments because there, by definition, transitive and intransitive subjects pattern alike. The account also derives the universal directionality of splits, by linking the structure that is added to independent facts: the use of locative constructions in nonperfective aspects (Bybee et al. 1994, Laka 2006, Coon 2013), and the requirement that 1st/2nd person arguments be structurally licensed (Bejar & Rezac 2003, Preminger 2014).
Remarks on the Relation between Case-Alignment and Constituent Order
Authors: Taraldsen Tarald
Published: August 2017

The topic of this chapter is a descriptive generalization indicating a connection between case-alignment and the linear order of the major constituents of a sentence. In particular, the generalization claims that no SVO language can have Ergative/Absolutive case-alignment (“Mahajan’s Generalization”). The discussion focuses on determining to what extent existing theories of case-alignment provide a basis for explaining the descriptive generalization as well as its exceptions, and some concrete proposals are examined. I also suggest ways of broadening the empirical foundations of the generalization so as to narrow down the range of analytical options. In particular, it should be determined whether neutral languages with Ergative/Absolutive agreement fall under the scope of the generalization, and also whether the generalization extends to tripartite languages.
Ergativity and Austronesian-Type Voice Systems
Authors: Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka , Levin Theodore , Urk Coppe van
Published: August 2017

In an Austronesian-type voice system, one argument is designated the "pivot" in each clause, with verbal morphology indicating the choice of pivot and corresponding changes in case marking and extraction possibilities. It has been suggested that ergativity plays a crucial role in these systems. This paper argues that voice and case reflect separate but interacting systems, which can be dissociated from each other, based on the behavior of voice in Dinka (Nilotic; South Sudan) and Balinese (Austronesian; Indonesia). These languages exhibit familiar voice morphology, but are shown to not involve any ergativity. Instead, we propose that what unifies "voice" system behavior is a lack of structural licensing for subjects in Non-Subject Voices. Different voice systems solve this problem in different ways: Balinese licenses the subject under adjacency with the verb, whereas Dinka allows for a last resort genitive case like in many Austronesian languages of the Philippines and of Taiwan.
Ergative Constellations in the Structure of Speech Acts
Authors: Wiltschko Martina
Published: August 2017

It is widely assumed that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but derives from a constellation of properties. This chapter demonstrates that we find similar structural constellations in the layer of structure where speech act relations are introduced. In particular, it is argued that speech act structure consists of a grounding layer, where the speaker’s or the addressee’s commitment towards the proposition are encoded. The second layer of SA-structure is dedicated to the response system of language: e.g., what the speaker wants the addressee to do with the utterance. Each of these layers can come in different guises, in much the same way as argument-structure can be transitive, ergative, or unergative. This lends support to the idea that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but also sheds new light on the syntax of speech acts suggesting that they typology of speech acts is more complicated than typically assumed.
Grammaticalization of Ergative Case Marking
Authors: McGregor William B.
Published: August 2017

This chapter overviews some of the patterns of emergence and development of ergative case markers in the world’s languages. What shines through most clearly is diversity: the range of possible source morphemes, constructions, and developmental pathways is much broader than might be expected. Rarely, it is possible to identify lexical sources for ergative case markers. More common sources are other case markers (notably instrumental, genitive, oblique, and ablative), and indexical items (such as demonstratives and pronominals); other possible sources include directional elements and focus markers. Ergative case markers can also be the sources of further grammatical developments, and can develop into markers of other grammatical categories, including other cases and verbal categories such as tense and aspect. Some observations are also included on the emergence and development of ergative case marking in language contact situations.
Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian
Authors: Kaufman Daniel
Published: August 2017

Philippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Philippine-type languages is argued to stem from their nominal roots. The historical development of verbal roots leads to a more fixed argument structure in which canonical ergative languages develop. Mamuju, an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia, is offered as an example of a classically ergative language, in contrast to Philippine-type systems.
The Acquisition of Ergativity: An Overview
Authors: Bavin Edith
Published: August 2017

The chapter illustrates variation associated with ergative alignment and properties of ergative languages that might impact on acquisition of the system. Language input, the social context and developmental patterns are also discussed, as are criteria for determining when a system has been acquired. Examples provided represent different language families and geographic areas. Also included are more detailed examples: for Kaluli, which has a split ergative system, dependent on word order and pragmatic factors; for Arctic Quebec Inuktitut which employs detransitivisation processes to change the role of the arguments of bivalent verbs; and for Warlpiri which has frequent ellipsis of core arguments, so reducing the frequency of ergative marking in the input. The data illustrate that split morphological systems and variable use of ergative marking do not seem to be problematic overall. By the age of 2.5 or 3 years, children show knowledge of the system.
The Role of Defaults in the Acquisition of Basque Ergative and Dative Morphology
Authors: Austin Jennifer
Published: August 2017

The use of default agreement plays a key role in morphological theories from diverse perspectives, as well as in many analyses of child language acquisition. In this paper, the development of ergative and dative agreement and case in 20 bilingual and 11 monolingual Basque-speaking children between 2;00-3;06 years old is examined. I propose that the most commonly-produced errors in child Basque involve the substitution of unmarked absolutive forms for ergative and dative case and dative verbal morphemes; for independent reasons, the absolutive is considered to be unmarked inflection in adult Basque (Arregi and Nevins, 2012). These errors suggest that in early stages of morphological acquisition, children learning Basque use default forms which encode a subset of the morphemes as a “best match” to support their developing language when they are unable to produce or retrieve target forms.