bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eichhornia crassipes Cleans Wetlands by Enhancing the Nitrogen Removal and Modulating Denitrifying Bacteria Community
Authors: Yi Neng , Gao Yan , Long Xiao‐hua , Zhang Zhi‐yong , Guo Jun‐yao , Shao Hong‐bo , Zhang Zhen‐hua , Yan Shao‐hua
Published: July 2013

The role of floating macrophytes on modulating the microbial nitrogen removal is not well understood. In this study, the cultivation of Eichhornia crassipes in eutrophic water may affect the nitrogen (N) fate by modulating the denitrifying bacteria diversity and abundance. The gaseous N losses via denitrification were estimated by 15N stable isotope tracing and the diversity and abundance of denitrifying genes (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) were investigated by molecular tools. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that the diversity of denitrifying genes in the treatments with E. crassipes was significantly higher than that in the treatment without E. crassipes. The real‐time PCR (qPCR) results showed the trend of denitrifier abundance in the entire system was in the order of N‐ER (nitrate with just root of E. crassipes) and A‐ER (ammonia with just root of E. crassipes) > N‐R (nitrate with E. crassipes) and A‐R (ammonia with E. crassipes) > N‐W (nitrate without plant) and A‐W (ammonia without plant). The gaseous 15N losses via denitrification were significantly and positively related to the abundance of nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes. The results indicated that cultivation of E. crassipes in eutrophic water could increase the diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria, resulting in more N being removed as gases via denitrification.
Usage of Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid [BMIM][PF6] for Recovery of Acid Dye from Wastewater and Sequential Application in Tussah Silk Dyeing
Authors: Lin Jie , Teng Yi , Lu Yanhua , Lu Sheng , Hao Xu , Cheng Dehong
Published: July 2013

Hydrophobic ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) was explored to recover weak acid blue 6B from dyeing wastewater via liquid–liquid extraction protocol. A recovery efficiency of ca. 95% was achieved when 1.0 mL of 0.016 g/L dye solution was directly extracted by 0.2 mL ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6] without using any extractions. Investigations of UV–Vis and FTIR spectra indicated that structure of weak acid blue 6B did not change after weak acid blue 6B was extracted into ionic liquid phase. The main driving force of extraction was that solubility of weak acid blue 6B in ionic liquid phase was more than that in aqueous phase. The collected [BMIM][PF6] including weak acid blue 6B was sequentially applied in Tussah silk dyeing process. The dyeing performances of silk with 0.5% w/w ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6] as retarding agent were the same as that with 10% w/w inorganic salt, which indicated that ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6] was an excellent retarding agent and could be used to displace traditional inorganic salt in silk dyeing. In the aspect of environmental protection, the used [BMIM][PF6] dosage was only twentieth of traditional inorganic salt, which shown great promise as an attractive alternative or replacement to traditional inorganic salts in silk dyeing.Photographs of an aqueous‐[BMIM][PF6] two‐phase system: (left) before extraction; (right) after extraction. Eleven dyes were directly extracted by using ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6] as extraction solution. The main driving force of extraction was the higher solubility of weak acid blue 6B in ionic liquid as in the aqueous phase.
Mapping cytoskeletal protein function in cells by means of nanobodies
Authors: Van Audenhove Isabel , Van Impe Katrien , Ruano‐Gallego David , De Clercq Sarah , De Muynck Kevin , Vanloo Berlinda , Verstraete Hanne , Fernández Luis Á. , Gettemans Jan
Published: July 2013

Nanobodies or VHHs are single domain antigen binding fragments derived from heavy‐chain antibodies naturally occurring in species of the Camelidae. Due to their ease of cloning, high solubility and intrinsic stability, they can be produced at low cost. Their small size, combined with high affinity and antigen specificity, enables recognition of a broad range of structural (undruggable) proteins and enzymes alike. Focusing on two actin binding proteins, gelsolin and CapG, we summarize a general protocol for the generation, cloning and production of nanobodies. Furthermore, we describe multiple ways to characterize antigen‐nanobody binding in more detail and we shed light on some applications with recombinant nanobodies. The use of nanobodies as intrabodies is clarified through several case studies revealing new cytoskeletal protein properties and testifying to the utility of nanobodies as intracellular bona fide protein inhibitors. Moreover, as nanobodies can traverse the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells by means of the enteropathogenic E. coli type III protein secretion system, we show that in this promising way of nanobody delivery, actin pedestal formation can be affected following nanobody injection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in confirming eligibility for active surveillance for men with prostate cancer
Authors: Stamatakis Lambros , Siddiqui M. Minhaj , Nix Jeffrey W. , Logan Jennifer , Rais‐Bahrami Soroush , Walton‐Diaz Annerleim , Hoang Anthony N. , Vourganti Srinivas , Truong Hong , Shuch Brian , Parnes Howard L. , Turkbey Baris , Choyke Peter L. , Wood Bradford J. , Simon Richard M. , Pinto Peter A.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Active surveillance (AS) is an attempt to avoid overtreatment of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (PCa); however, patient selection remains controversial. Multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MP‐MRI) may help better select AS candidates.

METHODS

We reviewed a cohort of men who underwent MP‐MRI with MRI/Ultrasound fusion–guided prostate biopsy and selected potential AS patients at entry using Johns Hopkins criteria. MP‐MRI findings were assessed, including number of lesions, dominant lesion diameter, total lesion volume, prostate volume, and lesion density (calculated as total lesion volume/prostate volume). Lesions were assigned a suspicion score for cancer by MRI. AS criteria were reapplied based on the confirmatory biopsy, and accuracy of MP‐MRI in predicting AS candidacy was assessed. Logistic regression modeling and chi‐square statistics were used to assess associations between MP‐MRI interpretation and biopsy results.

RESULTS

Eighty‐five patients qualified for AS with a mean age of 60.2 years and mean prostate‐specific antigen level of 4.8 ng/mL. Of these, 25 patients (29%) were reclassified as not meeting AS criteria based on confirmatory biopsy. Number of lesions, lesion density, and highest MRI lesion suspicion were significantly associated with confirmatory biopsy AS reclassification. These MRI‐based factors were combined to create a nomogram that generates a probability for confirmed AS candidacy.

CONCLUSION

As clinicians counsel patients with PCa, MP‐MRI may contribute to the decision‐making process when considering AS. Three MRI‐based factors (number of lesions, lesion suspicion, and lesion density) were associated with confirmatory biopsy outcome and reclassification. A nomogram using these factors has promising predictive accuracy for which future validation is necessary. Cancer 2013;119:3359–66. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Expression of orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 in gastric cancer cells confers chemoresistance and predicts an unfavorable postoperative survival of gastric cancer patients with chemotherapy
Authors: Han Yifang , Cai Hui , Ma Liye , Ding Yibo , Tan Xiaojie , Chang Wenjun , Guan Wei , Liu Yan , Shen Qiuxia , Yu Yongwei , Zhang Hongwei , Cao Guangwen
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

NR4A2, an orphan nuclear receptor essential in the generation of dopaminergic neurons, has been recently linked to inflammation and cancer. This study sought to identify the role of NR4A2 on chemoresistance and postoperative prognosis of gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

NR4A2 was transfected into GC cells to investigate its effects on chemoresistance to 5‐fluorouracil and the tumorigenicity in nude mice. This study also investigated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)‐induced NR4A2 expression and its effect on chemoresistance. Surgical specimens from patients with stage I through III GC were examined immunohistochemically for NR4A2 expression. Median follow‐up time was 76 months for 245 patients.

RESULTS

Ectopic expression of NR4A2 significantly increased the chemoresistance and attenuated 5‐fluorouracil–induced apoptosis. Transient treatment of GC cells with PGE2 significantly upregulated NR4A2 expression via the protein kinase A pathway and increased the chemoresistance. Ectopic expression of NR4A2 significantly increased the tumorigenicity. In clinical samples, NR4A2 was preferentially expressed in lymphocytes and epithelial cytoplasm in adjacent mucosa. High expression of NR4A2 (immunoreactive score ≥ 3) in cancer cells significantly predicted an unfavorable postoperative disease‐specific survival of patients with stage I to III GC (P = .011), especially for those who received 5‐fluorouracil–based chemotherapy (P = .016). This effect was not found in those without the chemotherapy. In multivariate Cox analyses, age, TNM (tumor/node/metastasis) stage, and high NR4A2 expression significantly predicted an unfavorable postoperative survival.

CONCLUSIONS

High NR4A2 expression in GC cells confers chemoresistance, attenuates 5‐fluorouracil–induced apoptosis, and predicts an unfavorable survival, especially for those who received chemotherapy. NR4A2 might serve as a prognostic and predictive factor and therapeutic target for patients with GC. Cancer 2013;119:3436–3445.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Voltage‐gated sodium channel polymorphisms play a pivotal role in the development of oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity: Results from a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Argyriou Andreas A. , Cavaletti Guido , Antonacopoulou Anna , Genazzani Armando A. , Briani Chiara , Bruna Jordi , Terrazzino Salvatore , Velasco Roser , Alberti Paola , Campagnolo Marta , Lonardi Sara , Cortinovis Diego , Cazzaniga Marina , Santos Cristina , Psaromyalou Aikaterini , Angelopoulou Aikaterini , Kalofonos Haralabos P.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

The current prospective, multicenter study sought to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms of voltage‐gated sodium channels (SCNAs) genes that might confer susceptibility to an increased incidence and severity of oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy (OXAIPN) in patients treated with either leucovorin, 5‐fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or oxaliplatin plus capecitabine (XELOX) for colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

A total of 200 patients with CRC were genotyped with real‐time polymerase chain reaction using locked nucleic acid hydrolysis probes or allele‐specific primers. All patients had received oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy, either in the adjuvant or metastatic setting. The incidence and severity of cumulative OXAIPN was graded using the clinical version of the Total Neuropathy Score and the neurosensory National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3.0). The incidence of acute OXAIPN was assessed using a descriptive questionnaire (yes/no response format) at each clinical evaluation. Acute OXAIPN was present in 169 of 200 patients (84.5%), whereas after treatment discontinuation, the cumulative/chronic form of neurotoxicity occurred in 145 of 200 patients (72.5%).

RESULTS

In the logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors, the overdominant model (CT vs CC + TT) of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (ie, SCN4A‐rs2302237 and SCN10A‐rs1263292) emerged as being significantly associated with an increased incidence of acute OXAIPN (rs2302237: odds ratio of 2.62 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.15‐6.00]; P = .019; and rs12632942: OR of 0.39 [95% CI, 0.17‐0.88]; P = .023). However, only SCN4A‐rs2302237 emerged as also being predictive of the clinical severity of acute OXAIPN (OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.35‐4.63]; P = .0029) and the occurrence of cumulative/chronic OXAIPN (OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.04‐5.85]; P = .037).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study provide evidence to support a causal relationship between SCNA polymorphisms and OXAIPN. However, further studies from independent groups are warranted to confirm these results. Cancer 2013;119:3570–3577.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Molecular profiling of the developing avian telencephalon: Regional timing and brain subdivision continuities
Authors: Chen Chun‐Chun , Winkler Candace M. , Pfenning Andreas R. , Jarvis Erich D.
Published: July 2013

In our companion study (Jarvis et al. [2013] J Comp Neurol. doi: 10.1002/cne.23404) we used quantitative brain molecular profiling to discover that distinct subdivisions in the avian pallium above and below the ventricle and the associated mesopallium lamina have similar molecular profiles, leading to a hypothesis that they may form as continuous subdivisions around the lateral ventricle. To explore this hypothesis, here we profiled the expression of 16 genes at eight developmental stages. The genes included those that define brain subdivisions in the adult and some that are also involved in brain development. We found that phyletic hierarchical cluster and linear regression network analyses of gene expression profiles implicated single and mixed ancestry of these brain regions at early embryonic stages. Most gene expression–defined pallial subdivisions began as one ventral or dorsal domain that later formed specific folds around the lateral ventricle. Subsequently a clear ventricle boundary formed, partitioning them into dorsal and ventral pallial subdivisions surrounding the mesopallium lamina. These subdivisions each included two parts of the mesopallium, the nidopallium and hyperpallium, and the arcopallium and hippocampus, respectively. Each subdivision expression profile had a different temporal order of appearance, similar in timing to the order of analogous cell types of the mammalian cortex. Furthermore, like the mammalian pallium, expression in the ventral pallial subdivisions became distinct during prehatch development, whereas the dorsal portions did so during posthatch development. These findings support the continuum hypothesis of avian brain subdivision development around the ventricle and influence hypotheses on homologies of the avian pallium with other vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3666–3701, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CSR for Clients’ Social/Environmental Impacts?
Authors: Thien George Ted Khiong
Published: July 2013

Financial services institutions’(FSIs’) potential influence over their network of commercial clients can arguably be used to influence global sustainability, not only on a whole‐scale basis but also immediate. This paper investigates FSIs’ understanding of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept, and their motivations for CSR reporting. A thematic analysis of interview transcripts with decision‐makers from two banks, one insurance institution, and two expert stakeholders uncovers an espoused understanding of CSR that is broad, but the aspect of indirect impacts is not given sufficient priority despite the potential holistic effect on society and the environment. The findings do not bode well for substantive systemic change considering FSIs’ latent potential for influencing economic, social and environmental issues through the indirect impacts of their core business products and services. This paper serves to challenge thinking about CSR and CSR reporting held by reporters from FSIs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Expression of Kv1.3 potassium channels regulates density of cortical interneurons
Authors: Duque Alvaro , Gazula Valeswara‐Rao , Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: July 2013

The Kv1.3 protein is a member of the large family of voltage‐dependent K+ subunits (Kv channels), which assemble to form tetrameric membrane‐spanning channels that provide a selective pore for the conductance of K+ across the cell membrane. Kv1.3 differs from most other Kv channels in that deletion of Kv1.3 gene produces very striking changes in development and structure of the olfactory bulb, where Kv1.3 is expressed at high levels, resulting in a lower threshold for detection of odors, an increased number of synaptic glomeruli and alterations in the levels of a variety of neuronal signaling molecules. Because Kv1.3 is also expressed in the cerebral cortex, we have now examined the effects of deletion of the Kv1.3 gene on the expression of interneuron populations of the cerebral cortex. Using unbiased stereology we found an increase in the number of parvalbumin (PV) cells in whole cerebral cortex of Kv1.3−/− mice relative to that in wild‐type mice, and a decrease in the number of calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and somatostatin (SOM) interneurons. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the cortical volume such that the cell density of PV interneurons is significantly increased and that of SOM neurons is decreased in Kv1.3−/− animals. Our studies suggest that, as in the olfactory bulb, Kv1.3 plays a unique role in neuronal differentiation and/or survival of interneuron populations and that expression of Kv1.3 is required for normal cortical function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73:841–855, 2013
Dual requirement of ectodermal Smad4 during AER formation and termination of feedback signaling in mouse limb buds
Authors: Benazet Jean‐Denis , Zeller Rolf
Published: July 2013

BMP signaling is pivotal for normal limb bud development in vertebrate embryos and genetic analysis of receptors and ligands in the mouse revealed their requirement in both mesenchymal and ectodermal limb bud compartments. In this study, we genetically assessed the potential essential functions of SMAD4, a mediator of canonical BMP/TGFß signal transduction, in the mouse limb bud ectoderm. Msx2‐Cre was used to conditionally inactivate Smad4 in the ectoderm of fore‐ and hindlimb buds. In hindlimb buds, the Smad4 inactivation disrupts the establishment and signaling by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) from early limb bud stages onwards, which results in severe hypoplasia and/or aplasia of zeugo‐ and autopodal skeletal elements. In contrast, the developmentally later inactivation of Smad4 in forelimb buds does not alter AER formation and signaling, but prolongs epithelial‐mesenchymal feedback signaling in advanced limb buds. The late termination of SHH and AER‐FGF signaling delays distal progression of digit ray formation and inhibits interdigit apoptosis. In summary, our genetic analysis reveals the temporally and functionally distinct dual requirement of ectodermal Smad4 during initiation and termination of AER signaling. genesis 51:660–666. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput SNP‐genotyping analysis of the relationships among Ponto‐Caspian sturgeon species
Authors: Rastorguev Sergey M. , Nedoluzhko Artem V. , Mazur Alexander M. , Gruzdeva Natalia M. , Volkov Alexander A. , Barmintseva Anna E. , Mugue Nikolai S. , Prokhortchouk Egor B.
Published: July 2013

Legally certified sturgeon fisheries require population protection and conservation methods, including DNA tests to identify the source of valuable sturgeon roe. However, the available genetic data are insufficient to distinguish between different sturgeon populations, and are even unable to distinguish between some species. We performed high‐throughput single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐genotyping analysis on different populations of Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Persian (A. persicus), and Siberian (A. baerii) sturgeon species from the Caspian Sea region (Volga and Ural Rivers), the Azov Sea, and two Siberian rivers. We found that Russian sturgeons from the Volga and Ural Rivers were essentially indistinguishable, but they differed from Russian sturgeons in the Azov Sea, and from Persian and Siberian sturgeons. We identified eight SNPs that were sufficient to distinguish these sturgeon populations with 80% confidence, and allowed the development of markers to distinguish sturgeon species. Finally, on the basis of our SNP data, we propose that the A. baerii‐like mitochondrial DNA found in some Russian sturgeons from the Caspian Sea arose via an introgression event during the Pleistocene glaciation.
Insulinoma‐released exosomes activate autoreactive marginal zone‐like B cells that expand endogenously in prediabetic NOD mice
Authors: Bashratyan Roman , Sheng Huiming , Regn Danielle , Rahman M. Jubayer , Dai Yang D.
Published: July 2013

Exosomes (EXOs) are nano‐sized secreted microvesicles that can function as potent endogenous carriers of adjuvant and antigens. To examine a possible role in autoimmunity for EXOs, we studied EXO‐induced immune responses in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an autoimmune‐prone strain with tissue‐specific targeting at insulin‐secreting beta cells. EXOs released by insulinoma cells can activate various antigen‐presenting cells to secrete several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A subset of B cells responded to EXO stimulation in culture by proliferation, and expressed surface markers representing marginal zone B cells, which was independent of T helper cells. Importantly, splenic B cells from prediabetic NOD mice, but not diabetic‐resistant mice, exhibited increased reactivity to EXOs, which was correlated with a high level of serum EXOs. We found that MyD88‐mediated innate TLR signals were essential for the B‐cell response; transgenic B cells expressing surface immunoglobulin specific for insulin reacted to EXO stimulation, and addition of a calcineurin inhibitor FK506 abrogated the EXO‐induced B‐cell response, suggesting that both innate and antigen‐specific signals may be involved. Thus, EXOs may contribute to the development of autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in NOD mice, partially via activating autoreactive marginal zone‐like B cells.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Mn‐Doped CeO2 Nanospheres for CO Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Xueying , Wei Jingjing , Yang Hongxiao , Liu Xiufang , Liu Wei , Zhang Cong , Yang Yanzhao
Published: July 2013

Ceria nanoparticles with 4 and 7 atom‐% manganese dopant were synthesized through a template‐free solvothermal method. The structure of the samples was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Monodispersed nanospheres of average size 130 nm were observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) analyses. Manganese ions were introduced into the system and it is confirmed that the Mn species dissolve within the CeO2 lattice by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the as‐obtained Mn‐doped ceria nanoparticles revealed superior catalytic performance in CO oxidation in contrast with pure CeO2 prepared by the same route.
In Situ Formation of Vilsmeier Reagents Mediated by Oxalyl Chloride: a Tool for the Selective Synthesis of N‐Sulfonylformamidines
Authors: Gazvoda Martin , Kočevar Marijan , Polanc Slovenko
Published: July 2013

N‐Sulfonylformamidines were produced from sulfonamides or N‐acylated sulfonamides using Vilsmeier reagent obtained in situ from N,N‐disubstituted formamides and oxalyl chloride. Optically active substrates did not racemize during the process. The efficient and mild cleavage of N‐sulfonylformamidines can be achieved with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. The entire procedure constitutes a simple method for protecting, and deprotecting, the sulfonamide moiety.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Syntheses of 3‐Hydroxypiperidines through Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution
Authors: Hoecker Johannes , Rudolf Georg C. , Bächle Florian , Fleischer Steffen , Lindner Benjamin D. , Helmchen Günter
Published: July 2013

Stereoselective syntheses of 3‐hydroxypiperidines have been developed. Key intermediates areN‐protected allylamines that are prepared by an enantioselective iridium‐catalyzed allylic amination. A subsequent catch and release procedure that involves an epoxidation and base‐mediated elimination yields δ‐lactams that are suitably functionalized to prepare biologically active 3‐hydroxypiperidines. In addition, applications of this method to the total syntheses of deoxymannojirimycin,D‐erythro‐sphingosine, and chiral building blocks of interest for medicinal chemistry are described.
Hijab, visibility and the performance of identity
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Greenwood Ronni Michelle
Published: July 2013

Theories concerning the relationship between social identification and behaviour are increasingly attentive to how group members emphasise or de‐emphasise identity‐related attributes before particular audiences. Most research on this issue is experimental and explores the expression of identity‐related attitudes as a function of participants' beliefs concerning their visibility to different audiences. We extend and complement such research with an analysis of group members' accounts of their identity performances. Specifically, we consider British Muslim women's (n = 22) accounts of wearing hijab (a scarf covering the hair) and how this visible declaration of religious identity is implicated in the performance of their religious, national and gender identities. Our analysis extends social psychological thinking on identity performance in three ways. First, it extends our understandings of the motivations for making an identity visible to others. Second, it sheds light on the complex relationship between the performance of one (e.g. Muslim) identity and the performance of other (e.g. gender/national) identities. Third, it suggests the experience of making an identity visible can facilitate the subsequent performance of that identity. The implications of these points for social identity research on identity performance are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Less is more: The effect of multiple implementation intentions targeting unhealthy snacking habits
Authors: Verhoeven Aukje A. C. , Adriaanse Marieke A. , de Ridder Denise T. D. , de Vet Emely , Fennis Bob M.
Published: July 2013

Implementation intentions have been shown to effectively change counter‐intentional habits. Research has, however, almost solely been concerned with the effectiveness of a single plan. In the present research, we investigated the behavioral and cognitive implications of making multiple implementation intentions targeting unhealthy snacking habits and its underlying processes, linking multiple habitual snacking cues to healthy alternatives. Study 1 revealed that formulating multiple implementation intentions was not effective in decreasing unhealthy snacking, whereas formulating a single plan successfully induced behavior change. By using a lexical decision task in Study 2, it was found that when making a single plan, but not multiple plans, the healthy alternative became cognitively more accessible in response to a critical cue prime than the habitual response. However, when making additional plans in an unrelated domain, the negative effects of making multiple plans were absent. In sum, the current findings suggest that formulating multiple implementation intentions is ineffective when changing unwanted behavior. These reduced effects of multiple implementation intentions do not occur when making the plan but are rather due to interference in the enacting phase of the planning process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retribution and forgiveness: The healing effects of punishing for just deserts
Authors: Strelan Peter , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem
Published: July 2013

Although punishment and forgiveness frequently are considered to be opposites, in the present paper we propose that victims who punish their offender are subsequently more likely to forgive. Notably, punishment means that victims get justice (i.e. just deserts), which facilitates forgiveness. Study 1 reveals that participants were more likely to forgive a friend's negligence after being primed with punishment than after being primed with inability to punish. In Study 2, participants were more forgiving towards a criminal offender if the offender was punished by a judge than if the offender escaped punishment, a finding that was mediated by the just deserts motive. Study 3 was in the context of actual recalled ongoing interpersonal relations and revealed that punishment predicted forgiveness indirectly via just deserts, not via victims' vengeful motivations. It is concluded that punishment facilitates forgiveness because of its capacity to restore a sense of justice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leben am Limit
Authors: Stoeck Thorsten , Weinisch Lea
Published: July 2013

In den Nahrungsnetzen der Meere spielen Einzeller eine Schlüsselrolle. �‐kologen sind der Evolution und der Artenvielfalt des Mikrobenplanktons auf der Spur — auf dem Grund der lebensabweisenden sauerstoffarmen Tiefseebecken des Mittelmeeres und im Labor.
COMBINED OPTIMIZATION OF SOYBEAN WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND CROP YIELD BY MULTI‐OBJECTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM (MOGA)
Authors: Babazadeh Hossein , Tabrizi Mahdi Sarai
Published: July 2013

One of the meta‐heuristic algorithms for multi‐objective optimization under conditions where there are more than one objective in research is the multi‐objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The goal of this research is combined optimization of water productivity (WP) and crop yield under deficit irrigation management conditions. The data used in this study are the result of an experimental agricultural design conducted in the form of a randomized complete blocks design in three replications and seven water stress treatments at different growth stages in 2010 in Karaj. The results of this research show that in combined optimization under the first scenario conditions, the amounts of soybean optimum crop yield and optimum WP are 3830 kg ha−1 and 0.529 kg m−3 respectively. Also in combined optimization under the second scenario conditions, the amount of optimum crop yield and WP are 3840 kg ha−1 and 1.12 kg m−3 respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A network of interorganellar communications underlies cellular aging
Authors: Leonov Anna , Titorenko Vladimir I.
Published: July 2013

Organelles within a eukaryotic cell respond to age‐related intracellular stresses and environmental factors by altering their functional states to generate, direct and process the flow of interorganellar information that is essential for establishing a pro‐ or antiaging cellular pattern. The scope of this review is to critically analyze recent progress in understanding how various intercompartmental (i.e., organelle–organelle and organelle–cytosol) communications regulate cellular aging in evolutionarily distant eukaryotes. Our analysis suggests a model for an intricate network of intercompartmental communications that underly cellular aging in eukaryotic organisms across phyla. This proposed model posits that the numerous directed, coordinated and regulated organelle–organelle and organelle–cytosol communications integrated into this network define the long‐term viability of a eukaryotic cell and, thus, are critical for regulating cellular aging. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(8):665–674, 2013
Influence of Efficacy and Resilience on Problem Solving in the United States, Taiwan, and China
Authors: Li Ming‐hui , Eschenauer Robert , Yang Yan
Published: July 2013

This study explores factors that influence problem‐solving coping style across cultures. There was no significant difference in applying problem solving across U.S., Taiwanese, and Chinese samples. The effective predictors of problem solving in the U.S. and Chinese samples were self‐efficacy and trait resilience, respectively. In the Taiwanese sample, predictors were self‐efficacy and trait resilience. Trait resilience was found to mediate the effect of self‐efficacy on problem solving in the Taiwanese and Chinese samples. Practical implications are discussed.

Este estudio explora factores que influyen en el estilo de afrontamiento a la resolución de problemas aplicado a distintas culturas. No se halló una diferencia significativa en la aplicación de resolución de problemas entre muestras estadounidenses, taiwaneses y chinas. Los predictores efectivos de la resolución de problemas en las muestras estadounidense y china fueron respectivamente la autoeficacia y los rasgos de resiliencia. En la muestra taiwanesa, los predictores fueron las autoeficacia y los rasgos de resiliencia. Se halló que los rasgos de resiliencia mediaron el efecto de la autoeficacia sobre la resolución de problemas en las muestras taiwanesa y china. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas.
Impact of Hip Fracture on Mortality: A Cohort Study in Hip Fracture Discordant Identical Twins
Authors: Michaëlsson Karl , Nordström Peter , Nordström Anna , Garmo Hans , Byberg Liisa , Pedersen Nancy L , Melhus Håkan
Published: July 2013

Several studies have shown a long-lasting higher mortality after hip fracture, but the reasons for the excess risk are not well understood. We aimed to determine whether a higher mortality after hip fracture exists when controlling for genetic constitution, shared environment, comorbidity, and lifestyle by use of a nationwide cohort study in hip fracture discordant monozygotic twins. All 286 identical Swedish twin pairs discordant for hip fracture (1972 to 2010) were identified. Comorbidity and lifestyle information was retrieved by registers and questionnaire information. We used intrapair Cox regression to compute multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for death. During follow-up, 143 twins with a hip fracture died (50%) compared with 101 twins (35%) without a hip fracture. Through the first year after hip fracture, the rate of death increased fourfold in women (HR = 3.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–10.40) and sevenfold in men (HR = 6.67; 95% CI 1.47–30.13). The increased rate in women only persisted during the first year after hip fracture (HR after 1 year = 0.99; 95% CI 0.66–1.50), whereas the corresponding HR in men was 2.58 (95% CI 1.02–6.62). The higher risk in men after the hip fracture event was successively attenuated during follow-up. After 5 years, the hazard ratio in men with a hip fracture was 1.19 (95% CI 0.29–4.90). On average, the hip fracture contributed to 0.9 years of life lost in women (95% CI 0.06–1.7) and 2.7 years in men (95% CI 1.7–3.7). The potential years of life lost associated with the hip fracture was especially pronounced in older men (>75 years), with an average loss of 47% (95% CI 31–61) of the expected remaining lifetime. We conclude that both women and men display a higher mortality after hip fracture independent of genes, comorbidity, and lifestyle. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
MiR-503 Regulates Osteoclastogenesis via Targeting RANK
Authors: Chen Chao , Cheng Peng , Xie Hui , Zhou Hou-De , Wu Xian-Ping , Liao Er-Yuan , Luo Xiang-Hang
Published: July 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. However, no study has investigated the role of miRNA in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Here, we report that miR-503 was markedly reduced in circulating progenitors of osteoclasts–CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from postmenopausal osteoporosis patients compared with those from postmenopausal healthy women. Overexpression of miR-503 in CD14+ PBMCs inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. Conversely, silencing of miR-503 in CD14+ PBMCs promoted osteoclastogenesis. RANK, which is activated by the binding of RANKL and inducing osteoclast differentiation, was confirmed to be a target of miR-503. In vivo, silencing of miR-503 using a specific antagomir in ovariectomy (OVX) mice increased RANK protein expression, promoted bone resorption, and decreased bone mass, whereas overexpression of miR-503 with agomir inhibited bone resorption and prevented bone loss in OVX mice. Thus, our study revealed that miR-503 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and contributes to a new therapeutic way for osteoporosis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Edge‐driven mechanical microplate models of strike‐slip faulting in the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Langstaff Meredith A. , Meade Brendan J.
Published: July 2013

The India‐Asia collision zone accommodates the relative motion between India and Eurasia through both shortening and pervasive strike‐slip faulting. To gain a mechanical understanding of how fault slip rates are driven across the Tibetan plateau, we develop a two‐dimensional, linear elastic, two‐stage, deformable microplate model for the upper crust based on the behavior of an idealized earthquake cycle. We use this approach to develop a suite of simple India‐Asia collision zone models, differing only in boundary conditions, to determine which combination of edge forces and displacements are consistent with both the slip rate measurements along major Tibetan faults as well as the geodetically observed extrusion of crustal material toward Southeast Asia. Model predictions for the Altyn Tagh (1–14 mm/yr), Kunlun (3–10 mm/yr), Karakorum (5–12 mm/yr), and Haiyuan (3–5 mm/yr) faults are in agreement with geologically and geodetically inferred slip rates. Further, models that accurately reproduce observed slip rate gradients along the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun faults feature two critical boundary conditions: (1) oblique compressive displacement along the Himalayan range front west of the Shillong plateau, and (2) forcing in Southeast Asia. Additionally, the ratio of internal‐block potency rate to the total potency rate for each microplate ranges from 28% to 79%, suggesting a hybrid view of deformation in Tibet as simultaneously localized on major faults and distributed at length scales <500 km.
Arctic surface temperature change to emissions of black carbon within Arctic or midlatitudes
Authors: Sand Maria , Berntsen Terje Koren , Seland Øyvind , Kristjánsson Jón Egill
Published: July 2013

In this study, we address the question of how sensitive the Arctic climate is to black carbon (BC) emitted within the Arctic compared to BC emitted at midlatitudes. We consider the emission‐climate response spectrum and present a set of experiments using a global climate model. A new emission data set including BC emissions from flaring and a seasonal variation in the domestic sector has been used. The climate model includes a snow model to simulate the climate effect of BC deposited on snow. We find that BC emitted within the Arctic has an almost five times larger Arctic surface temperature response (per unit of emitted mass) compared to emissions at midlatitudes. Especially during winter, BC emitted in North‐Eurasia is transported into the high Arctic at low altitudes. A large fraction of the surface temperature response from BC is due to increased absorption when BC is deposited on snow and sea ice with associated feedbacks. Today there are few within‐Arctic sources of BC, but the emissions are expected to grow due to increased human activity in the Arctic. There is a great need to improve cleaner technologies if further development is to take place in the Arctic, especially since the Arctic has a significantly higher sensitivity to BC emitted within the Arctic compared to BC emitted at midlatitudes.
3D cloud reconstructions: Evaluation of scanning radar scan strategy with a view to surface shortwave radiation closure
Authors: Fielding Mark D. , Chiu J. Christine , Hogan Robin J. , Feingold Graham
Published: July 2013

The ability of six scanning cloud radar scan strategies to reconstruct cumulus cloud fields for radiation study is assessed. Utilizing snapshots of clean and polluted cloud fields from large eddy simulations, an analysis is undertaken of error in both the liquid water path and monochromatic downwelling surface irradiance at 870 nm of the reconstructed cloud fields. Error introduced by radar sensitivity, choice of radar scan strategy, retrieval of liquid water content (LWC), and reconstruction scheme is explored. Given an infinitely sensitive radar and perfect LWC retrieval, domain average surface irradiance biases are typically less than 3 W m−2 µm−1, corresponding to 5–10% of the cloud radiative effect (CRE). However, when using a realistic radar sensitivity of −37.5 dBZ at 1 km, optically thin areas and edges of clouds are difficult to detect due to their low radar reflectivity; in clean conditions, overestimates are of order 10 W m−2 µm−1 (~20% of the CRE), but in polluted conditions, where the droplets are smaller, this increases to 10–26 W m−2 µm−1 (~40–100% of the CRE). Drizzle drops are also problematic; if treated as cloud droplets, reconstructions are poor, leading to large underestimates of 20–46 W m−2 µm−1 in domain average surface irradiance (~40–80% of the CRE). Nevertheless, a synergistic retrieval approach combining the detailed cloud structure obtained from scanning radar with the droplet‐size information and location of cloud base gained from other instruments would potentially make accurate solar radiative transfer calculations in broken cloud possible for the first time.
Mechanical properties of the extra‐fibrillar matrix of human annulus fibrosus are location and age dependent
Authors: Cortes Daniel H. , Han Woojin M. , Smith Lachlan J. , Elliott Dawn M.
Published: July 2013

The mechanical behavior of the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc can be modeled as a mixture of fibers, extra‐fibrillar matrix (EFM), ions, and fluid. However, the properties of the EFM have not been measured directly. We measured mechanical properties of the human EFM at several locations, determined the effect of age and degeneration, and evaluated whether changes in EFM properties correspond to AF compositional changes. EFM mechanical properties were measured using a method that combines osmotic loading and confined compression. AF samples were dissected from several locations, and mechanical properties were correlated with age, degeneration, and composition. EFM modulus was found to range between 10 and 50 kPa, increasing nonlinearly with compression magnitude and being highest in the AF outer‐anterior region. EFM properties were not correlated with composition or degeneration. However, the EFM modulus, its relative contribution to tissue modulus, and model parameters were correlated with age. These measurements will result in more accurate predictions of deformations in the intervertebral disc. Additionally, parameters such as permeability and diffusivity used for biotransport analysis of glucose and other solutes depend on EFM deformation. Consequently, the accuracy of biotransport simulations will be greatly improved. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1725–1732, 2013
Numerical simulation of airflow patterns in nose models with differently localized septal perforations
Authors: Lindemann Joerg , Rettinger Gerhard , Kröger Ralf , Sommer Fabian
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The most typical complaints of patients with nasal septal perforation (SP) are nasal obstruction, crusting, and recurrent epistaxis depending on the size and site of the SP mainly due to disturbed airflow patterns. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of differently localized SPs on intranasal airflow patterns during inspiration by means of numerical simulation.

Study Design

An experimental setup using three dimensional computer models of a human nose was created. Four different models with three differently localized septal perforation allowed an examination of intranasal airflow changes.

Methods

Four high‐resolution, realistic, bilateral computer models of the human nose with three differently localized SPs were reconstructed based on computed tomography. A numerical simulation was performed. The intranasal airflow patterns (path lines, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy) during inspiration were displayed, analyzed, and compared.

Results

SPs cause a highly disturbed airflow in the area of the SP and behind. A spacious vortex within the perforation, including various localized vortices, was detected. The airflow in the nose was disturbed to varying degrees depending on the location of the perforation. SPs within the anterior caudal septum in area II led to increased negative turbulences and crossflow.

Conclusions

The numerical simulations demonstrate significantly disturbed intranasal airflow patterns due to SPs. This fact may contribute to crusting and nosebleed due to dehydration of the nasal mucosa. The location and size of the SP are crucial for the impact on disturbed airflow pattern and therefore the patients' complaints. Anterior caudal SPs seem to be the worst. Surgical closure of SPs or simply changes in the site and size of the SP if a complete closure is surgically impossible makes sense. Laryngoscope, 123:2085–2089, 2013
Limiting hazardous noise exposure from noisy toys: Simple, sticky solutions
Authors: Weinreich Heather M. , Jabbour Noel , Levine Samuel , Yueh Bevan
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothosis

To assess noise levels of toys from the Sight & Hearing Association (SHA) 2010 Noisy Toys List and evaluate the change in noise of these toys after covering the speakers with tape or glue.

Study Design

One Group Pretest‐Posttest Design.

Methods

SHA 2010 Toys List (n = 18) toys were tested at distances of 0 and 25 cm from sound source in a soundproof booth using a digital sound‐level meter. The dBA level of sound produced by toy was obtained. Toys with speakers (n = 16) were tested before and after altering speakers with plastic packing tape or nontoxic glue.

Results

Mean noise level for non‐taped toys at 0 and 25 cm was 107.6 dBA (SD ± 8.5) and 82.5 dBA (SD ± 8.8), respectively. With tape, there was a statistically significant decrease in noise level at 0 and 25 cm: 84.2 dBA and 68.2 dBA (P <0.001). With glue, there was a statistically significant decrease in noise level at 0 cm and 25 cm: 79.7 dBA and 66.4 dBA (P <0.001).

Conclusions

Both tape and glue significantly decreased the noise level produced by the toys. However, there was no significant difference between tape or glue. Overall, altering the toy can significantly decrease the sound a child may experience when playing with toys. However, some toys, even after altering, still produce sound levels that may be considered dangerous.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2240–2244, 2013
The utility of the potassium titanyl phosphate laser in modulating vocal fold scar in a rat model
Authors: Sheu Mike , Sridharan Shuam , Paul Benjamin , Mallur Pavan , Gandonu Sonate , Bing Renjie , Zhou Hang , Branski Ryan C. , Amin Milan R.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

We hypothesize that the KTP laser has the potential to augment wound healing in a rat model, and this modality may serve as a therapeutic tool for the management of vocal fold fibrosis.

Study Design

Prospective, laboratory animal study.

Methods

Rats were subjected to either vocal fold injury ± KTP laser treatment at low energy to simulate clinically relevant endpoints. In addition, cohorts were subjected to therapeutic KTP laser alone. Endpoints included the analyses of gene expression data related to the acute inflammatory response and extracellular matrix deposition and organization.

Results

Therapeutic KTP treatment was associated with an additive effect on inflammatory gene expression in the context of the injured rat vocal fold mucosa. A similar additive effect was observed for matrix metalloproteinase gene expression, similar to data previously reported in the dermatology literature. However, histologically, the KTP had little effect on established vocal fold fibrosis.

Conclusions

These data are the first to attempt to provide mechanistic insight into the clinical utility of angiolytic lasers for vocal fold scar. Similar to previous data obtained in the skin, it appears that these effects are mediated by MMPs.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 123:2189–2194, 2013