bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating concrete strength using a modified maturity model
Authors: Abdel-Jawad Y. A.
Published: August 2006

The maturity concept has been widely used for decades as a proper approach for estimating the in situ strength of concrete at different ages and at different curing temperatures. Various maturity models and equations have been developed and proposed in the last three decades to be used in estimating the strength of concrete cured at different temperatures. Most of the developed models estimate the strength of concrete at early ages reasonably well, but fail to estimate the strength at later ages with the same accuracy. In this paper a general review of the development of the maturity concept is presented, showing the drawbacks of the present models. A modified maturity model is presented and validated using collected experimental data available in the literature. The model shows that a better estimation of concrete strength at later ages is achievable.
Briefing: Stress lamination: utilising low-grade timber in construction
Authors: Freedman G. , Kermani A.
Published: August 2006

Stress lamination of timber, as an engineering concept, has a useful future in construction, and should provide many opportunities to utilise UK timber—a readily available lightweight material, excellent in compression yet good in bending. That combination will particularly encourage its use.
Behaviour of concrete columns with drilled holes
Authors: Son K.-S. , Pilakoutas K. , Neocleous K.
Published: August 2006

Holes drilled out to install additional services or equipment, such as for ducts through columns, beams or walls, can lead to loss of strength and possible structural failure. Until now little work has been done on holes in columns and, hence, the present study aims to examine the amount of strength lost owing to the presence of holes in columns. The reported experimental work deals with different parameters such as the number and dimensions of the holes and their relative position. It is shown that, for large diameter holes, a section capacity loss of up to 50% is possible.
Strain of heated concrete during two thermal cycles. Part 3: isolation of strain components and strain model development
Authors: Khoury G. A.
Published: August 2006

This paper follows on from the two previous papers in the series dedicated to the strain behaviour of three nuclear reactor type concretes during a 14-day two-thermal cycle. While the trends were described in detail in the previous papers, the present paper is dedicated to the separation and quantification of strain components during the various stages of the heat cycles in order to develop a predictive strain model for use in finite element modelling. The total strain is shown to be the superposition of individual strain components, each related to the specific strain inducing mechanism within the concrete. Having established the principles of strain components, the strains measured during the first thermal cycle under load were isolated, and quantified, according to the strain type and heating stage: (a) virgin heating under load: load-induced thermal strain (LITS) and shrinkage components; (b) constant temperature: creep, shrinkage and crack-induced strain; and (c) cooling: contractive thermal strain, plus chemically and crack induced expansive strains. The methodology used required a number of specimens (S0, Sσ). Isolating the shrinkage component at temperatures below about 400°C required only one specimen. LITS required two specimens: one loaded and one unloaded. With this methodology, the strain components were isolated and quantified. The test for prediction by the strain model was made against the residual strain from one specimen whereas the individual strain components were derived from several tests. The master LITS component was evaluated separately in a generic sense. The residual strains consist of the sum of the irrecoverable contractive and expansive strains that occur throughout the thermal cycle, the initial elasto-plastic strain having been removed from the outset. The prediction was successful for test temperatures (i.e. maximum temperatures) of up to 400°C without considering a crack-induced component. The average value of the ten predictions taken for test temperatures between 110 and 400°C for the three concretes is 100·3%, thus justifying this method of prediction. Above 400°C, the residual strains predicted for the three concretes were 83, 93 and 98%. These undershot the actual measured value, thus confirming that applied load reduces the crack-induced component thus requiring another term [Formula: see text]. Also the degree of ‘undershooting’ is related to the amount of cracking in the concrete and its thermal stability. Here again, the results confirm that the thermal stability increases in order for the limestone, basalt I and basalt II concretes.
An updated look at drying shrinkage of Portland and blended Portland cement concretes
Authors: Videla C. , Aguilar C.
Published: August 2006

National and overseas reports clearly show that a significant proportion of concrete construction problems are associated with drying shrinkage. These results could be a result of few available long-term drying shrinkage data and changes of the behaviour of concrete mixes used nowadays. Therefore, poor estimates of drying shrinkage strains from prediction models could impair the performance and service life of concrete structures. The objective of the current research was to analyse the effect of mix design parameters on drying shrinkage of concretes made with Portland and blended Portland cements, considering 30 mixes that are commonly used in local construction, tested up to 1350 days of drying. It was concluded that, when using rapid-hardening cement of any type, a larger maximum aggregate size and lower water content reduces drying shrinkage. Cement and aggregate type are shown to have a significant effect on drying shrinkage time function and magnitude. Experimental results were compared with calculated drying shrinkage strains estimated by ACI 209, CEB MC90, B3, GL 2000, Sakata 1993 and Sakata 2001 models. It was concluded that none of the shrinkage prediction models adequately reproduced the observed shrinkage behaviour of concrete made with Chilean Portland and blended Portland cements, underestimating the actual long-term drying shrinkage strains.
Comparing performance of modified two-stage mixing approach for producing recycled aggregate concrete
Authors: Tam V. W.-Y. , Gao X.-F. , Tam C. M.
Published: August 2006

Exhaustion of landfill areas coupled with the extensive redevelopment programme in Hong Kong has prompted the use of recycled aggregate. However, the inferior quality of recycled aggregate (RA) has restricted its use to low-grade applications such as roadwork sub-base and pavements, while its adoption for higher-grade concrete is rare because of the lower compressive strength and higher variability in mechanical performance of RA. A new concrete mixing method, that is the two-stage mixing approach, was advocated to improve the quality of RA concrete (RAC) by splitting the mixing process into two. The current paper describes two modified mixing methods with some alteration to the two-stage mixing approach by proportioning ingredients of cement and water with the percentage of RA added in the first mix, referred to as the two-stage mixing approach(proportional-1) (TSMAp1), and proportioning the cement content (without water) with the percentage of RA used in the first mix, referred to as the two-stage mixing approach(proportional-2) (TSMAp2). Based on experimental works and results, improvements in strength to RAC were achieved with both TSMA1 and TSMAp2. This can be attributable to the porous nature of RA and the premixing process that fills up some of its pores and cracks, resulting in a denser aggregate and concrete. An improved interfacial zone around RA with lower water/cement ratio generated from TSMAp2 without changing the ultimate water/cement ratio gives a higher strength than the normal mixing approach (NMA) and TSMAp1.
Dairy Cattle Grazing Preference among Six Cultivars of Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Smit Harm J. , Tamminga Seerp , Elgersma Anjo
Published: August 2006

Six endophyte‐free diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Abergold, Respect, Agri, Herbie, Barezane, and Barnhem) were examined in an experiment to investigate the selection behavior of grazing Holstein Friesian cows in July and September 2003 and May 2004 and to identify factors related to preference. Three groups of dairy cows (Bos taurus) were allowed to select among these six cultivars that were sown in replicates in a randomized block design with 12 plots (36.7 by 2.0 m). Each experiment lasted 4 d, and every day cows were offered a new field with 12 plots. Herbage intake was measured using the sward‐cutting method, measuring herbage yield before and after grazing. The Chesson–Manly index was used to quantify cattle grazing preference. Dairy cows did select among the cultivars in every period. The pattern of selection was consistent over the three experiments, Abergold was selected most, and Agri and Respect were least selected (22 vs. 14%). In July 2003 and May 2004, cultivars differed in morphological characteristics, but this was not related with grazing preference. In all three experiments, distinct differences were found among cultivars in chemical composition [dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fiber, and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentration] and digestibility of organic matter, especially for WSC concentration, which, when averaged over experiments, ranged between 135 g kg−1 DM (Barezane) and 165 g kg−1 DM (Abergold). Dairy cows preferred the cultivars with low ash and fiber concentration and high WSC concentration and digestibility.
Conservation Tillage and Cover Crop Influences on Cotton Production on a Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Soil
Authors: Schomberg Harry H. , McDaniel Richard G. , Mallard Eddie , Endale Dinku M. , Fisher Dwight S. , Cabrera Miguel L.
Published: August 2006

Understanding cover crop and tillage system interactions within specific environments can help maximize productivity and economic returns of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) produced on sandy coastal plain soils of the southeastern USA. A strip‐plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the cover crops Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense (L.)], balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa), oil seed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) and tillage (strip and none) influences on cotton grown on a Bonifay fine sand (loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Plinthic Paleudults) near Waynesboro, GA from 1999 to 2003. Drought influenced production 3 of 4 yr. Cover crop biomass was greatest from rye, intermediate from black oat, oilseed radish, hairy vetch, and Austrian winter pea. Hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea contained more than 80 kg N ha−1 while other cover crops averaged <40 kg N ha−1. Cotton yields following black oat and rye had returns above variable costs ha−1 $461 and $406, respectively. Strip‐tillage increased yields by 192 kg ha−1 and annual returns by $112 ha−1 over no‐tillage, most likely due to improved available water. Combining strip‐tillage with black oat was the best combination for maximizing profit. Using black oat with strip‐tillage could increase cotton profit by $50 to $75 ha−1 compared to systems using rye on the 1.45 million ha of cotton where conservation systems have been adopted.
Soil Conductivity as a Measure of Soil and Crop Status—A Four‐Year Summary
Authors: Eigenberg Roger A. , Nienaber John A. , Woodbury Bryan L. , Ferguson Richard B.
Published: August 2006

Animal manure can be an important resource providing soil available N for plant needs, but determining the nutrient availability resulting from such amendments is difficult. A study was conducted to examine changes in electromagnetic induction (EMI) soil conductivity and available N levels during four growing seasons in relation to manure or compost application and use of a green winter cover crop. With simultaneous soil samples, a series of soil conductivity maps of a research cornfield were generated using a global positioning system (GPS) and EMI methods. The Clay Center, NE, site was treated during a 10‐yr period with a winter wheat (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop (+CC) and no‐cover crop (−CC). The site was split for subtreatments of manure and compost at rates matching either the P or the N requirements of silage corn (Zea mays L.). Differences between the +CC and −CC treatments for values of NO3–N and water‐filled pore space (WFPS), as estimated by apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), were compared for each year. Differences in profile weighted soil conductivity explained 79.5, 98.0, 93.4, and 98.4% of the variability due to NO3–N differences, and only 20.5, 2.0, 6.6, and 1.6% of the variability due to WFPS differences for years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively. Sequential measurement of profile‐weighted soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was effective in identifying the dynamic changes in plant‐available soil N, as affected by animal manure and anhydrous ammonia fertilizer treatments during four corn growing seasons.
Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions
Authors: Saxton K. E. , Rawls W. J.
Published: August 2006

Hydrologic analyses often involve the evaluation of soil water infiltration, conductivity, storage, and plant‐water relationships. To define the hydrologic soil water effects requires estimating soil water characteristics for water potential and hydraulic conductivity using soil variables such as texture, organic matter (OM), and structure. Field or laboratory measurements are difficult, costly, and often impractical for many hydrologic analyses. Statistical correlations between soil texture, soil water potential, and hydraulic conductivity can provide estimates sufficiently accurate for many analyses and decisions. This study developed new soil water characteristic equations from the currently available USDA soil database using only the readily available variables of soil texture and OM. These equations are similar to those previously reported by Saxton et al. but include more variables and application range. They were combined with previously reported relationships for tensions and conductivities and the effects of density, gravel, and salinity to form a comprehensive predictive system of soil water characteristics for agricultural water management and hydrologic analyses. Verification was performed using independent data sets for a wide range of soil textures. The predictive system was programmed for a graphical computerized model to provide easy application and rapid solutions and is available at http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/soilwater/Index.htm
Spatial Distribution of Soil Properties in Water Conservation Area 3 of the Everglades
Authors: Bruland Gregory L. , Grunwald Sabine , Osborne Todd Z. , Reddy K. Ramesh , Newman Susan
Published: August 2006

The need to integrate environmental responses at the landscape scale is a reoccurring theme in biogeochemistry and ecology. This linkage can be addressed by using geostatistics to examine spatial patterns and then assessing the relationships of these patterns to known ecosystem drivers. In this study, we used a stratified random sampling design to collect soil cores from 388 sites to quantify the spatial distribution of soil properties in a 233 000 ha subtropical wetland, Water Conservation Area 3 (WCA‐3). To reflect hydrologic boundaries within the system, WCA‐3 was divided into three zones: 3AN, 3AS, and 3B. Interpolated maps indicated that the highest levels of bulk density were located in western 3AN, whereas the highest total phosphorus (TP) values were located in northern 3AN and in areas adjacent to a canal bisecting the area. Twenty‐five percent of 3AN had TP concentrations in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer > 500 mg kg−1, indicating enrichment beyond historic levels. Only 5% of 3AS and 6% of 3B showed TP > 500 mg kg−1 Total nitrogen (TN) and carbon (TC) were lowest in western 3AN, whereas the rest of WCA‐3 had higher and more homogenous TN and TC distributions. Overall, distributions of soil properties were more homogeneous in 3AS than they were in 3AN or 3B. The approach used in this study provides a model for assessing current impacts to WCA‐3, supplies baseline conditions against which future restoration efforts can be evaluated, and could be used in other landscape‐scale wetland restoration projects.
Exchangeable Cation Hydration Properties Strongly Influence Soil Sorption of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Charles Simone , Teppen Brian J. , Li Hui , Laird David A. , Boyd Stephen A.
Published: August 2006

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are commonly found as soil contaminants in military training sites and manufacturing facilities, and may adversely affect human and ecosystem health. Exchangeable cation effects on p‐nitrocyanobenzene (p‐NCB) and 1,4‐dinitrobenzene (1,4‐DNB) sorption by the Webster (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soil series A (WA) and B (WB) horizons were determined from batch sorption experiments. Smectite is the most abundant mineral in the horizons of this soil. Soil organic matter (SOM) removal increased p‐NCB sorption to the WA and WB horizons by ∼1.5 times, and increased 1,4‐DNB sorption to the A and B horizons by ∼1.2 to 2.2 times, respectively. Greater sorption of NACs by whole soils after SOM removal suggests that SOM suppresses p‐NCB and 1,4‐DNB sorption by soil mineral components. Clay (<2‐μm fraction) removal decreased p‐NCB sorption to the WA and WB horizons by ∼8 and 11 times, respectively; clay removal decreased 1,4‐DNB sorption to the WA and WB horizons by ∼4.8 and 6.7 times, respectively. Nitroaromatic compound sorption to different soil fractions was measured to identify the independent effects of soil components and exchangeable cations on sorption. For this purpose, 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene (1,2,4‐TCB) and 1,4‐DNB sorption to two organic soils and a soil devoid of smectites, and p‐NCB sorption to whole soil and the soil clay‐sized fraction were determined. Exchangeable cation type was found to minimally affect sorption of 1,2,4‐TCB, p‐NCB, and 1,4‐DNB by SOM. Sorption of p‐NCB to homoionic soil clay‐sized fractions was generally greater for clays saturated with monovalent cations than clays saturated with divalent cations. Greater p‐NCB sorption followed decreases in cation hydration energy in the order Na+ < Li+ < < K+ < Cs+ and Ca2+ < Ba2+ < Mg2+ Similar trends were observed for whole‐soil samples exchanged with these cations. This indicates that differences in nitroaromatic sorption are due to exchangeable cation effects on the clay mineral fraction.
Soil Microbial Biomass Relationships with Organic Matter Fractions in a Nebraska Corn Field Mapped using Apparent Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Grigera María S. , Drijber Rhae A. , Eskridge Kent M. , Wienhold Brian J.
Published: August 2006

Soils exhibit spatial variability in their properties. One approach for delineating field‐scale variability involves mapping the variation in apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physical and chemical soil characteristics that define ECa classification and the association of specific soil microbiological communities with these soil properties. In May 2003, ECa was measured in a field in Buffalo County, Nebraska, and processed to create four ECa zones based on ranges of horizontal and vertical ECa measurements using unsupervised classification. Soil properties (0–90 cm) that showed higher correlations with vertical ECa included total C (r = 0.87), clay (r = 0.83), total dissolved solids (r = 0.68), and depth of topsoil (r = 0.70). These properties influence soil water availability in this field. Soil microbial groups were correlated with different soil C fractions in the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and were similar across ECa zones. Bacterial (r = 0.85) and actinomycetes (r = 0.71) biomarker concentrations were more highly correlated with fine particulate organic matter (POM) than coarse POM (bacteria r = 0.69 and actinomycetes r = 0.48). In contrast, fungal (r = 0.77) and my‐corrhizal (r = 0.48) biomarker concentrations were correlated only with coarse POM. Given current knowledge of the spatial distribution of POM and aggregates, we hypothesize that microorganisms are also spatially distributed and that fungal groups are closely associated with coarse POM early in the growing season.
Response of Microsprinkler‐Irrigated Navel Oranges to Fertigated Nitrogen Rate and Frequency
Authors: Kusakabe Ayako , White Scott A. , Walworth James L. , Wright Glenn C. , Thompson Thomas L.
Published: August 2006

Microsprinklers allow precise control of irrigation water applications and offer the potential for higher efficiency of water and fertilizer use compared with flood irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during 1999–2002 in central Arizona (AZ) to evaluate effects of various N rates and fertigation frequencies on fruit yield and quality, leaf N concentration, and residual soil N of ‘Newhall’ navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) on ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Porcirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis) rootstock (planted in 1997) grown in a Gilman (coarse‐loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents) fine sandy loam. The experiment included nonfertilized control plots and factorial combinations of three fertigation frequencies (27, 9, and 3 applications annually) and three N rates (68, 136, and 204 g N tree−1yr−1). Maximum yields occurred at N rates of 105 to 153 g N tree−1yr−1for the fourth to the sixth growing seasons. The yield‐maximizing N rates were equivalent to 17 to 34% of currently recommended N rates for citrus grown in AZ. Fruit and juice quality did not show significant response to N rate or fertigation frequency. Leaf N concentrations at yield‐maximizing N rates were above the critical leaf tissue N range of 25 to 27 mg g−1, indicating that this range may be too low for these ‘Newhall’ navel orange trees. During all three seasons, higher residual soil NO3concentrations resulted from the highest N rate. Our results suggest that optimum N rates for microsprinkler‐irrigated ‘Newhall’ navel oranges in AZ are lower than currently recommended N rates.
The Creative Music Awards
Authors: Boutwell William D.
Published: August 2006

A report on the progress of the Scholastic Creative Music Awards, and a prospectus of the expanded awards program for the coming year.
Does Your Band Play in Tune?
Authors: Walker B. H.
Published: August 2006

ADJUDICATORS and others who do much listening to amateur bands develop many headaches because of the faulty intonation that mars otherwise commendable performances. For that matter, intonation of orchestras and choirs is also frequently “standing in de need ob prayer.” The author of this article gives a leaf from his own experience in training his band to play in tune.
Mission to Korea
Authors: Noah Max
Published: August 2006

FORMER president of the Southern Division, Max Noah was music consultant for the Music Division of the Teacher Training Center, Seoul, Korea, from August 2-November 25, 1948. The project was sponsored by the United States Military Government in Korea to give the educational administrators and teachers of South Korea the opportunity to become better acquainted with those methods, techniques, and procedures of instruction, supervision, and administration essential to education in a democratic society.
Through Rhythm and Song
Authors: Clark Frances Elliott
Published: August 2006

Some Thoughts on Music Appreciation from the Reflections of a Pioneer Music Teacher
Music Education Via Television
Authors: Romaine Westervelt B.
Published: August 2006

WILL television displace music teachers in the schools? The author says there is no danger of this happening—but that this latest audiovisual-radio device may well become one of the most important adjuncts of the music education program. He supports his contention with two convincing examples of television teaching—a clarinet lesson and an opera project.
Musical Games and Contests in the Classroom
Authors: Adubato Lenore
Published: August 2006

“I have been teaching music at Cleveland Junior High School, Newark, N. J., for six years, and for the past three years have been acting chairman of the Music Department. The Music Educators Journal has been of tremendous interest and help to me in my work, and was also a valuable aid when I was preparing for my Master of Arts degree at Seton Hall College, in 1946,” wrote the author of this article when submitting the manuscript to the Editorial Board. “A few of Cleveland Junior High's pupils are from poor, ill-kept or broken homes and, as a result, there are some so-called maladjusted pupils. Mr. Leon Mones, our very capable and understanding principal, has assisted whenever possible in my efforts to help these pupils through their music activities. The results have been gratifying. “In view of the above, I have attempted to write something about our use of musical games and contests in the schoolroom, with the sincere hope that the article will be of some help to other music teachers.”
General Music in the Vocational School
Authors: Moses Harry E.
Published: August 2006

Extending Music Opportunities to the “General” or “Partially Musical” Students
Preparation for the Junior High General Music Class
Authors: Weigand J. J.
Published: August 2006

WHAT the junior high school teacher can do to carry through a really successful general music class is here outlined by Mr. Weigand, assistant professor of music and education at Emporia (Kansas) State Teachers College, who is national chairman of the MENC Junior High School Curriculum Study Committee. He is also treasurer of the Kansas Music Educators Association and editor of the Kansas Music Review, official publication of the KMEA.
Music and the Classroom Teacher
Authors: Sheehy Emma Dickson
Published: August 2006

There Is Music in Children and in classroom teachers too, says the author who is Associate Professor of Education at Teachers College Columbia University
Child Growth and Development through Music
Authors: Schroeder Janice Satterthwaite
Published: August 2006

THE coordinator of music for the San Diego (California) County Schools presents the psychological principles of a “Growing Up With Music” program. from pre-school to adulthood.
Michigan Orchestras Carry Youth into Adult Activities
Authors: Potts Philip O.
Published: August 2006

THE executive secretary of the Michigan Civic Orchestra Association and manager of the Ann Arbor Civic Orchestra tells of one of the healthy outgrowths of school music activities in the United States.
New Songs of Lafayette
Authors: Baker Helen Grant
Published: August 2006

THE story of a creative music project which gave students of Lafayette Junior High School, Elizabeth, New Jersey, a set of inspiring new school songs is here told by Miss Baker, who was national chairman of the MENC Creative Projects Committee for 1947-49
What's Happening to Voices in Our High Schools
Authors: Rice William C.
Published: August 2006

THE head of the Department of Music at Baker University, Baldwin, Kansas, presents a startling picture of “vocal errors” which he feels are being encouraged-or at least tolerated-in some high schools today.
Performance Is the Life of Music
Authors: Whitney Gerald
Published: August 2006

THE AUTHOR, who is coordinator of music education for the Tulsa (Oklahoma) Public Schools, feels that the preparation for and presentation of musical programs provides a prime motivation in music teaching.
Be a Good Host
Authors: Heaphy John Merrill
Published: August 2006

This article, written for the Michigan Education Journal, is reprinted with permission from the May 1950 issue of that magazine. Mr. Heaphy is administrative assistant, Adult Education Division, Detroit Board of Education, and director of instruction, American Speakers Club.
What Happened at the Workshop
Authors: Frisch Fay Templeton
Published: August 2006

This Article, supplied by the National Committee on Piano Instruction in the Schools is published with the thought that many Journal readers are interested in plans, techniques and results having to do with the workshop or laboratory procedures in connection with in-service training for music teachers. The workshop described in the article was initiated at the University of Montana in 1948 by John B. Crowder, Northwest Division chairman of the MENC Piano Instruction Committee. Mrs. Frisch is the MENC Eastern Division chairman of the Committee.

The classes comprising the laboratory material for the workshop were composed of children from the Missoula, Montana, public schools. Findings concerning the control groups in the first workshop were published in the February-March 1949 Music Educators Journal in an article entitled, “The Piano Teaching Workshop,” by John B. Crowder.
Shield This Light
Authors: Sommers Hobart H.
Published: August 2006

The Author of this article writes with the authority of long experience and broad background. Now assistant superintendent in charge of the Department of Vocational Education of Chicago Public Schools, Mr. Sommers has served the Chicago School system as elementary school principal and high school principal, as director of music in a high school, and as assistant supervisor of music in charge of instrumental music.
Dynamic Music Factors in Mood Change
Authors: Gaston E Thayer
Published: August 2006

THIS article is from the manuscript of an address delivered by the national chairman of the MENC Committee on Functional Music at the Functional Music Forum, March 21, at the St. Louis Biennial Convention. Dr. Gaston is professor of music education and chairman of the department at the University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Music for Everybody
Authors: Williams Thomas W.
Published: August 2006

“The goal of any worth-while community music program is to bring the total population in contact with some phase of music.” This statement which is developed by Mr. Williams, head of the Department of Music, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, in his article offers an excellent definition of the often misunderstood term “community music.”
Investigative Activities in Music Education
Authors: Larson William S.
Published: August 2006

In the last issue of the Journal, the first few of a series of abstracts of research studies in music education were reported by Dr. Larson, who is chairman of the Department of Music Education and school psychologist, Eastman School of Music, a member (1946-52) of the Music Education Research Council, and the compiler of the well-known “Bibliography of Research Studies in Music Education, 1932-48” published by the MENC under Research Council auspices.

Here, Dr. Larson presents a general review of research activities in the music education field. An early issue of the Journal will continue the series of abstracts of special studies.
Let's Glamorize the Viola
Authors: Hill Val
Published: August 2006

The director of orchestra and strings at Northwestern State College, Natchitoches, Louisiana, tells how the study of the viola can be made so attractive that young people will be anxious to learn to play this instrument.
The Selection and Placement of Choir Voices
Authors: Molnar John W.
Published: August 2006

THE head of the Music Department at Longwood College, Farmville, Virginia, presents an interesting way of selecting and arranging voices in a choir.
Student Membership and Student Activities
Authors: Madison Thurber
Published: August 2006

THIS article represents the substance of a report made to the Executive Committee and Board of Directors at the close of the 1949–50 school year. The author of the report served as organizing chairman and National secretary of MENC student membership and student activities from the inception of the plan as one of the major projects of the Music Education Advancement Program. No longer a “Project,” in the space of four years, student membership is a vital and virile segment of the professional organization of music educators. Mr. Madison continues to serve as advisor during the current period while final steps are being taken for the full integration of student membership with the over-all State-Division-National organization structure and operations.
Causes for Failure among Music Teachers
Authors: Ehlert Jackson K.
Published: August 2006

Although the title does not so indicate, the purpose of this article is to be of help to those who, through self-examination, wish to add to the assets which will insure success in their chosen profession. It is interesting to note that the author, in analyzing his study, reaches the conclusion that musical shortcomings or weaknesses are least frequent among the causes of failure or difficulty on the part of music teachers in the schools. “It is not sufficient that the music teacher be just a teacher of music,” says the author, who presents his findings without discussion or argument. Dr. Ehlert was appointed Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, last fall. He was formerly at the University of Minnesota's North Branch in Duluth.
The Music Trail
Authors: Rhea Raymond
Published: August 2006

The director of music education in the Corpus Christi, Texas, public schools describes an effective device for helping classroom teachers.
Instrumental Music in England and Wales
Authors: Shore Bernard
Published: August 2006

THE Editorial Board was so interested in Mr. Shore's survey of instrumental progress in the schools of England and Wales that permission was obtained to reprint from “The Year's Work in Music, 1947-48”, edited by Alan Frank and published for the British Council by Longmans, Green and Company, London and New York.
General Education and the Creative Arts
Authors: Leonard J Paul
Published: August 2006

The Author, who is president of San Francisco State College, discusses the need for a tremendous number of educated men and women to demonstrate to the world that democracy is a way of life worth following; the need to preserve freedom of education to continue our advances in science and technology; the need for social experimentation if we are to keep our own level of economic prosperity stabilized; the need to keep people informed concerning world conditions; the need for understanding one another throughout the world; and our need to develop a philosophy of life which will sustain us through long periods of tension. The article is from an address given by Dr. Leonard at the MENC California-Western 1951 convention.
Practical Music
Authors: Barlow Howard
Published: August 2006

This is the conclusion of Mr. Barlow's article, the first installment of which appeared in the January issue of the Journal. As mentioned previously, Mr. Barlow is musical director of the NBC “Firestone Hour” and the material in this article is taken from the author's manuscript of an address delivered at the Ohio Music Education Association state convention in Akron, Ohio.
The National Music Camp
Authors: Browning Norma Lee
Published: August 2006

There are many music camps throughout the United States. This article by Norma Lee Browning, although National Music Camp and its founder, Joseph E. Maddy, honors the purpose and spirit of all such enterprises.

The summer music camp movement has spread across the country. Music study, recreation and outdoor life afford an ideal combination, especially attractive to those who are serious about their music studies. It can almost be said that wherever vou live there is in the area a music camp or similar institution which offers opportunity to high school students for summer music study.

Mr. Maddy does not claim to have originated the music camp idea. But he and his co-workers, T. P. Giddings, C. M. Tremaine, and others who contributed hard work or hard money or both, had the imagination and confidence to spell out the idea in action. However, Mr. Maddy likes to give credit for the actual birth of the National Music Camp to the members of the National High School Orchestra, which had its second appearance' early in 1927 at the Dallas convention of the Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association-now called the American Association of School Administrators. (The National High School Orchestra was first organized by Mr. Maddy for the biennial national convention of the MENC at Detroit in 1926.) The students had a wonderful experience at Dallas in five days jammed with rehearsing, section coaching, and practicing alone and in groups between times-ending with a performance for a great audience of administrators, than which there is none more appreciative or responsive. Caine the tim1efor packing up to go home. Of course, nobody wanted to go home. It was sort of sad. The end had come so soon! Mr. Maddy dispelled the nostalgic gloom when he asked the group if they would like to get together again at a summer camp to practice, study and rehearse for a week or several weeks instead of a few days. You know the answer. C.V.B.
The Nineteen Fifty-Four Convention. Afterglow and Statistics
Authors: Rush Ralph E.
Published: August 2006

AT THE MAY 1954 meeting of the Executive Commit- tee, retiring President Ralph E. Rush presented an in- teresting and illuminating report, a part of which dealt with various aspects of the biennial convention held in Chicago March 24-31. Among the features which con- tributed much to the success of the convention were the music programs. Mr. Rush's report included tabu- lations which gave evidence of the painstaking proce- dures which were followed for a period of many months in selecting groups to represent the various geographical areas of the country, as well as various educational levels of instrumental and vocal music. The Executive Committee felt that Journal readers would appreciate having an opportunity to review the tabulations pre- sented by Mr. Rush, and also to read some of the com- ments received from music educators and others who attended the convention.
The Professional Musician and the Music Educator
Authors: Franzen Bengt
Published: August 2006

Editors’ Note: The author of this article, who is professor of music at the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm, Sweden, was a delegate to the first International Conference on Music Education held in Brussels, Belgium, June 29-July 9, 1953. The article is a digest of an address given by Professor Franzen at one of the sessions of the Conference.
American Music: The Government's Cultural Ambassador
Authors: Cooper David S.
Published: August 2006

MEMBERS of the Editorial Board who reviewed Mr. Cooper's article were unanimous in their approval of the article for the Journal. It is heartening to know that our cultural assets are being shared with the people of other countries. Music educators will be interested in Mr. Cooper's recommendation that one of the areas of activities which needs considerable dissemination in other countries is "the presentation of some of the techniques of music education in all levels of education which have been so extensively cultivated in this country." Music educators of the United States have an opportunity to contribute to this dissemination and exchange through participation and membership in the International Society of Music Education.
The Case of Class Instruction in Instrumental Music
Authors: Earhart Will
Published: August 2006

Reprinted with some condensations from the October and December, 1921, issues of this magazine (Volume VIII, Numbers 1 and 2), this is the text of an address prepared for the annual convention of the Music Supervisors National Conference held at St. Joseph, Missouri. The original title of the article was "Is Instrumental Music in Public Schools Justified by Actual Results?"
Music Industry, Right Hand of Music Education
Authors: Grasso Benjamin V.
Published: August 2006

THE AUTHOR, a musician and former school music supervisor, now vice-president of Associated Music Publishers, Inc., is president of the Music Industry Council of the Music Educators National Conference. The title for his article was supplied by the editors who, after reading Mr. Grasso's manuscript, took responsibility for retiring the title he had written to the flag line. The article is more than “background and history.” It expresses the spirit of the Music Educators National Conference, whose 1907 founders included school music pioneers of the ilk typified by the Music Industry Council leaders in the year 1956.
Review of a 1947 Preview: MENC Student Membership
Authors: Madison Thurber
Published: August 2006

The author of this article was the National chairman of the committee, appointed by the MENC Board of Directors in 1946, to set up and put into operation a program of student participation in the Music Educators National Conference. This article from the April 1947 issue of the Music Educators Journal, replacing the customary installment of the Collegiate Newsletter, has current significance. Its historical connotations are selfevident; it offers timely reading now-and any time---for thoughtful music educators
Early Events in the Professional Life of T. P. Giddings
Authors: Giddings T. P.
Published: August 2006

THIS ARTICLE appeared in the February 1927 issue of the Music Supervisors Journal (Vol. XIII, No. 3). At the time he prepared the material T. P., as he was affectionately known by his friends, was supervisor of music in the Minneapolis, Minnesota, Public Schools. Editor Peter W. Dykema's introductory note follows:

Mr. Giddings of Minneapolis continues our series of talks on early experiences. He is noted for two things: his music, and his fearlessness in saying and doing what he thinks best. He has more loyal friends and admirers than most of us, and at the same time more people violently disagree with him than with most of us; which is all to his good, for it takes a really big man to create real disagreement!
Why We Are Criticized: A Music Educator's Analysis
Authors: LaBach Parker
Published: August 2006

“I HAVE READ with considerable interest William Schuman's MENC convention address, ‘The Responsibility of Music Education to Music,’ and Theodore F. Normann's reply, ‘The Responsibility of Music to Education.'” So wrote the author when he submitted this article to the Editorial Board of the Journal. His letter continued: “I congratulate you on publishing both of these thought-provoking, argumentative articles, and hope you will publish more in the same vein. While I am intensely interested Li composition and the theory and literature of music, I have also spent my entire career in music education, both in public schools and in music education departments of universities. Though I am far from complacent about the present state of school music, I speak as an ‘insider’ who believes whole-heartedly in the mission of the music educator and the fundamental principles of his work.”

Readers will be interested to know that another article, also inspired by Mr. Schuman's convention address, written by Imogene Boyle, Director of Music, Hempstead Long Island Public Schools, will be published in a subsequent issue of the Journal.
Music, Community and Social Change
Authors: Kaplan Max
Published: August 2006

THIS is the second and concluding installment of an article presented on behalf of MENC Commission VIII, Music in the Community, of which the author is chairman. Sections I and II of the article appeared in the September-October issue of this magazine. Dr. Kaplan is assistant professor in the sociology and music departments at the University of Illinois.
The Responsibility of Music to Education
Authors: Normann Theodore F.
Published: August 2006

“THE RESPONSIBILITY of Music Education to Music” was the subject of an address by William Schuman, president of the Juilliard School of Music, at a general session of the recent convention of the MENC at St. Louis, Missouri. Many in the audience were in agreement, at least in principle, with the speaker. Others, while in sympathy with Mr. Schuman's point of view, felt that it was not fully in accord with the common conception of the basic purpose of music instruction as part of the educational program. The address aroused so much discussion that it was published in the June-July 1956 issue of the official magazine to give a larger audience of music educators something to think about.

The comments on Mr. Schuman's article here printed represent what the author believes to be the viewpoint of a great many persons who are concerned with music instruction in the schools as one of the important elements of public education. Mr. Normann, associate professor of music education in the University of Washington, Seattle, is chairman of the MENC Music Education Research Council, which has as one of its major current assignments the functions of MENC Music in American Life Commission I, “Basic Concepts in Music Education.”

Mr. Normann stipulates his article presents his own personal understanding of the purpose and province of music teaching in the school curriculum as interpreted by most music educators. Others may have different ideas which they would like to express.
The Responsibility of Music Education
Authors: Sommers Hobart H.
Published: August 2006

THE responsibility is not just to administer a program of music teaching, but to assume a position of dynamic leadership in a world seeking peace and security, for, as this high school principal sees it, “From the realization of the force of music education can come a quickening of American spirit, a deepening of emotion and sentiment and a mounting sense of seriousness and integrity … and respect for human rights.”
Whose Is the Handicap?
Authors: Manning Annette Fillmore
Published: August 2006

A handicapped body need not imply a handicapped mind or spirit — except possibly on the part of the sympathetic whole-bodied bystander who has not shared the experiences or philosophy of this author.
The Magic Carpet of Music Education
Authors: Nickerson James F.
Published: August 2006

A Discussion of the Application of Sound Film to the Music Classroom
Can Film Music Be Used Educationally?
Authors: McConnell Stanlie
Published: August 2006

A Discussion of the Music of the Entertainment Films from a Music Teacher's Viewpoint
There's Music Education in the Air
Authors: Nohavec Hazel B. , Morgan Russell V.
Published: August 2006

A Review of the Varied Contributions of Radio to the Music Education Program
To Entertain, or to Educate?
Authors: Park S. Norman
Published: August 2006

The Author Challenges the Philosophy of Many Music Educators and Expresses the Viewpoint of Many Others
Education for Peace on Earth
Authors: Carr William G.
Published: August 2006

A DISCUSSION OF UNESCO. Its Purpose, Problems and Possibilities as a Medium for World Understanding
Ear Training in Music Education
Authors: Spencer Herbert S.
Published: August 2006

Answering the Current Challenge to Time Occupied by Ear Training
The Music Contest and Music Education
Authors: Stehn John H.
Published: August 2006

Continuing the discussion of the status of school music competitions, this contribution is based on the opinion, shared by many, that there is need for maintaining and guiding this type of activity; that a “reasonable and well planned contest program can exert a positive influence in the continuance and further development of good school music instruction.”
The Enriched Elementary Music Program
Authors: Martin Helen E.
Published: August 2006

A Discussion of the Changing Emphasis in Music Teaching Evoked by Modern Educational Concepts
The Advancement Program
Authors: Buttelman C. V.
Published: August 2006

A Progressive and Militant Campaign, with Long-range Objectives and Action Now on All Fronts
Mobilizing Education for Peace
Authors: Carr William G.
Published: August 2006

A Report on the World Conference of the Teaching Profession, August 1946
Integrating Church and School Music
Authors: Winslow Robert W.
Published: August 2006

Contributions Music Educators Can Make to the Church Music Program
No. 1 School and Home Radio Project
Authors: Choate Robert A.
Published: August 2006

Standard Has Set a Standard for Distinctive Public Service in the Field of Music
The Audio-Visual Aids of Tomorrow
Authors: Dent Ellsworth C.
Published: August 2006

What Should We Expect in Technical Improvements and More Effective Utilization?