bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMINTHEION BÜYÜK ROMA HAMAMI DAMGA BEZEMELİ GEÇ ROMA SERAMİKLERİ
Authors: YAVUZ Onurcan
Published: April 2021

Apollon Smintheion Kutsal Alanı; Anadolu’nun kuzeybatısında, Çanakkale ilinin Gülpınar köyünde yer almaktadır. Kutsal alanda 2008 yılında başlayan Büyük Roma Hamamı kazıları, 2011 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Burada ele geçen ve Geç Roma dönemine tarihlendirilen damga bezemeli seramikler çalışma konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan kazı çalışmaları sonucunda ortaya çıkarılmış yirmi dokuz adet damga bezemeli seramik çalışılmak üzere değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda bunların yirmi dört tanesinin Foça’da üretilen damgalılara, beş örneğin ise Afrika üretimi damga bezemeli seramikler olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Örneklerin repertuar çeşitliliğine bakıldığında; on tanesinin haç ve varyasyonlarına, sekiz tanesinin hayvan, beş tanesinin bitkisel, dört tanesinin geometrik ve iki tanesinin de insan damga bezemesi taşıdığı görülmektedir. Yapılacak bu çalışma ile MS 4-6. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilen damga bezemelilerin Batı Anadolu ve özelliklede Troas Bölgesi’ndeki diğer kentlerle olan ilişkilerine değinilerek hangi damga bezemelerin daha baskın olarak kullanıldığı, bunların birbirleriyle olan benzerlik ve farklılıklarının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır
Nature of dust and smoke generation during gas-oxygen blasting in converter bath
Authors: Solonenko V. V. , Protopopov E. V. , Temlyantsev M. V. , Yakushevich N. F. , Safonov S. O.
Published: April 2021

The article presents the study of the nature of dust and smoke generation during gas-oxygen blasting of a converter bath. The main reasons causing metal waste have been determined. Influence of the process main parameters on metal loss has been studied during dust removal and evaporation of iron in the reaction zone. The authors have estimated the process of metal pulverization due to CO bubbles floating, determined by the rate of their rise to the bath surface. Specifics of temperature regime of the reaction zone and heat balance have been determined when adding fuel to the oxygen flow. Adding fuel to oxygen makes it possible to increase heat input into the bath, while reducing the rate of decarburization. This enables reduction of dust discharge during rupture and crush of metal films by gas bubbles. The effect of combustion products oxygen use on metal impurities oxidation is considered. By the example of blasting carbon and alloyed steel for mill rolls, it has been shown that the degrees of CO2 and H2O decomposition in the bath are the main qualities of gas-oxygen blasting. These indicators determine the oxidizing and heating properties of the blast. Assessment of change in total, consumed heat and its losses with exhaust gases, depending on degree of the oxygen flow dilution with natural gas (methane), has been carried out. Under these conditions, use of submersible combustion torches with change in their oxidizing ability makes it possible to solve various technological tasks, including provision of an effective way to reduce dust emission in converter process.
Deterioration of surface layers of tungsten and steel-containing materials in current collection sliding against molybdenum
Authors: Aleutdinova M. I. , Fadin V. V.
Published: April 2021

The possibility of improving the characteristics of a dry sliding electrical contact with a current density higher than 100 A/cm2 by using a molybdenum counterbody is considered. It is shown that tungsten or metallic materials containing bearing steel (1.5 % Cr) in sliding against molybdenum at a speed of 5 m/s under electric current, forms a contact with low electrical conductivity and high wear intensity. This observation served as the basis of this work. Using optical and electron microscopy of sliding surfaces it was found that strong adhesion in the interface was the main reason for rapid surface layers deterioration and high wear intensity. A well-known statement was taken into account that adhesion is due to the low oxide content between the contact surfaces. Visual study of molybdenum sliding surface made it possible to establish formation of a thin transfer layer and absence of traces of oxide formation. The same was observed on sliding surface of tungsten that was caused by high temperature of tungsten and molybdenum oxides formation. A layer of iron oxides was observed on sliding surface of steel containing materials. In addition, traces of a thin tribolayer were find out. An increase in concentration of steel in the primary structure led to a slight increase in iron oxides on the sliding surface, but did not lead to a significant increase in electrical conductivity and wear resistance of the contact. Unsatisfactory characteristics of the contact allowed us to conclude that it is impossible to significantly improve sliding parameters with current collection against molybdenum and inappropriateness of its use as a counterbody for these conditions.
Increase of alloys functional properties by electronic beam processing
Authors: Ivanov Yu. F. , Gromov V. E. , Zagulyaev D. V. , Konovalov S. V. , Rubannikova Yu. A.
Published: April 2021

The article considers a review of domestic and foreign works on the use of intense pulsed electron beams for surface treatment of metals, alloys, cermet and ceramic materials. The advantages of using electron pulsed beams over laser beams, plasma flows, and ion beams are noted. The promising directions of using electron-beam processing were analyzed and are as following: 1 – smoothing the surface, getting rid of surface microcracks, while simultaneously changing the structural-phase state of the surface layer, to create high-performance technologies for the finishing processing of critical metal products of complex shape made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and titanium; steels of various classes; hard alloy WC – 10 wt. % Сo; aluminum; 2 – removal of microbursts formed during the manufacture of precision molds (SKD11 steel) and biomedical products (Ti-6Al-4V alloy); 3 – finishing the surface of molds and dies; 4 – improvement of the functional properties of metallic biomaterials: stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, alloys based on titanium nickelide with shape memory effect, and magnesium alloys; 5 – processing of medical devices and implants; 6 – formation of the surface alloys for powerful electrodynamic systems; 7 – improvement of the characteristics of aircraft engine and compressor blades; 8 – formation of thermal barrier coatings applied to the surface of the combustion chambers. It is shown that with the correct choice of process parameters, such as accelerating voltage, energy density of electron beam, number of pulses, and pulse duration, it is possible to control carefully and/or manipulate the characteristics of structural-phase state and surface properties. In order to improve the properties of the material and the durability of the products made of it, an important factor is the structure modification to form a submicro-nanosized grain (or subgrain structure).
Calculation of temperature and thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars of the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation in steel billets production. Report 2
Authors: Lekhov O. S. , Mikhalev A. V.
Published: April 2021

The problem statement and boundary conditions for calculation of axial thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars of the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation are provided for production of three steel billets. The scheme of calculations for determination of thermoelastic stresses in backups with collars in known temperature field was stated using ANSYS software. The results of calculation of thermoelastic stresses in shaped dies were performed in four sections of a backup with collars. In each section, calculation results are given for four typical lines and seven points. Values of axial thermoelastic stresses for seven typical points of each section are given for the contact surface of a backup with collars and the contact layer at a depth of 5 mm from the contact surface. The stress state of a shaped backup in the middle of depression between the middle collars was determined and the regularities of distribution of axial and equivalent stresses over the thickness, length and width of a backup were established during slab compression and at idle. The results of calculation of thermoelastic stresses in the top of the middle collar of a shaped backup on the contact surface and in the contact layer during slab compression and at idle are presented. Graphs of thermoelastic stresses distribution along the line passing through the top of a collar are given, which show the zones of compressive and tensile thermoelastic stresses during slab compression and at idle. The character of the stress state in the base of extreme collar was determined for production of three steel billets in the unit of combined process of continuous casting and deformation.
Design features of thermal furnace with a drum mechanism for blanks transportation
Authors: Cheremiskina N. A. , Shchukina N. V. , Loshkarev N. B. , Lavrov V. V.
Published: April 2021

One of the most energy-intensive industries is ferrous metallurgy. The metallurgical sector in industrially developed countries is reducing its specific energy consumption per one ton of products by approximately 1.0 – 1.5 % per annum. In Russia, obsolete technology is the main reason for the high-energy intensity of industrial product. Energy saving in industrial production is associated with production technology and the scope of fuel and energy resources consumption. Therefore, ways to improve energy efficiency focus on reducing energy consumption of any kind during a specific process in a specific process or thermal unit. Ensuring the economical operation of furnace units requires detailed preliminary and verification analyses, upgrading and introduction of state-of-the-art equipment. The study presents a flow diagram and features of thermal operation of a new drum-type chamber furnace for heating metal products for quenching. The technical parameters of the furnace, the results of the thermo-technical analysis, the heat balance and the specific fuel consumption as applicable to the created design are also presented. The flow diagram of the furnace has significant advantages in terms of the energy efficiency of fuel as compared to the roller and conveyor methods of metal transportation. Placing blanks on the drum significantly reduces the complexity of their transportation. Thanks to its small length the proposed design is compact and easy to place in a workshop. The use of a recuperative fuel burning device allows the efficient use of the heat of waste gases in the heating process. The proposed design and method of products transportation in the furnace working space can be used for the heat treatment of bars, pipes, strips, as well as rolled steel of various shapes.
Breeding system in a population of the globose cactus Mammillaria magnimamma at Valle del Mezquital, Mexico
Authors: Callejas-Chavero Alicia , Vargas-Mendoza Carlos F. , Gomez-Hinostrosa Carlos , Arriola-Padilla Victor J. , Cornejo-Romero Amelia
Published: April 2021

Background: The breeding system of Mammillaria magnimamma was initially described as hermaphroditic. However, some individuals in a natural population at Valle del Mezquital exhibited a seemingly non-functional androecium.

Objectives: To determine the breeding system of M. magnimamma through morphological characterization of floral types.

Study site and years: The study was conducted at Valle del Mezquital, Mexico, during the 2019 reproductive season.

Methods: We characterized floral polymorphism by means of scanning electron microscopy and morphometric analysis of 18 floral traits. Pollinator frequency, size and number of seeds, and germination rate were compared between flower types.

Results: 87.85 % of the plants were hermaphrodites, and 12.15 % were females with non-functional androecium, with significantly smaller stamens, indehiscent anthers, and malformed pollen. Female flowers were shorter (14.007 ± 0.742 mm) and had smaller (1.856 ± 0.151 mm) nectar chambers than hermaphroditic flowers (15.821 ± 0.450 and 2.194 ± 0.090 mm, respectively). Although pollinators visited hermaphrodites (124 visits) about twice as often as pistillate flowers (60 visits), the latter produced more numerous ( F 1,26 = 8.320, P = 0.003) and larger  ( Hc = 4.637, P = 0.031) seeds that also germinated faster ( Hc = 70.59, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions: This M. magnimamma population exhibits a gynodioecious breeding system with both hermaphroditic and male sterile female plants. Females produce more, higher quality seeds, which favour their maintenance in the population.
Agricultural management and local knowledge: key factors for the conservation of socio-ecosystems in the face of the pollinator world crisis
Authors: Cuevas Eugenia , Blancas José , Caballero Javier , Hinojosa-Díaz Ismael A. , Martínez-Ballesté Andrea
Published: April 2021

Background: Pollinators are key for the survival of a great percentage of angiosperm species and 75 % of production from cultivated species is expected to decrease in the absence of pollinators.

Questions: The goal of this study is to understand the role of agricultural management and local knowledge on pollination for the conservation of different insect species in communities where there is no direct tradition of pollinator management.

Study site: The study was conducted in central Mexico in a community with a traditional agroforestry system of semi-terraces called metepantle .

Methods: To estimate pollinator richness, we collected insects from the order Hymenoptera and Diptera as well as plants that were flowering on the borders of the metepantle . To evaluate local knowledge on pollination and its relation to agricultural management we performed semi-structured interviews.

Results: We found high pollinator richness for a temperate region. However, knowledge of biological pollination was scarce probably because the predominant crops are wind pollinated. Local knowledge on pollination and pollinators is not very extensive and varied in relation to the management of their metepantle and socioeconomic factors that influence the individual knowledge of people.

Conclusions: The structural and management characteristics of the traditional agricultural metepantle system promote holistic management that favors diversity and productivity of the agroforestry system while promoting local pollinator conservation.
Ecosystem restoration in Mexico: insights on the project planning phase
Authors: Martínez-Garza Cristina , Méndez-Toribio Moises , Ceccon Eliane , Guariguata Manuel R.
Published: April 2021

Background: A deep discussion of the phases of planning by all stakeholders will help to identify the challenges faced by countries that are embarking on large-scale restoration actions to comply with international agreements.

Question: Was the planning phase of restoration projects done according to international guidance? We evaluated six of the eight aspects of the international guidance for the planning phase of restoration projects carried out in Mexico between 1979 and 2016.

Methods: The information about the restoration projects was compiled using a digital survey composed of 137 questions.

Results: Seventy-five projects with a total area of 1,556,840 hectares were analyzed, mainly in temperate, humid, and deciduous forest. More projects measured the baseline with biotic than with abiotic variables, and social variables were seldom evaluated. Most projects aimed to recover biodiversity or ecosystem services, and they identified a reference ecosystem. Planned budgets included mainly field work.

Conclusions: To promote the integration of ecological, social, and economic priorities, landscape restoration is suggested, since it is done at a scale which maximizes the benefits for nature and people. The inclusion of only field work in the budgets may decrease the total cost, but it may jeopardize project success due to poor planning. Careful and detailed planning of a national strategy constructed by all stakeholders that includes restoration of original ecosystems, agroforestry systems (which facilitate social participation and increase land productivity) and patches under natural succession, and investing in highly trained human resources will allow successful compliance with international restoration commitments.
Respuestas de los atributos fotosintéticos y estequiométricos a la aridez en las especies y tipos funcionales de dos comunidades del desierto sonorense
Authors: Acuña-Acosta Delia Marina , Castellanos-Villegas Alejandro E. , Llano-Sotelo José Manuel , Romo-León José Raúl
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: Las plantas de zonas secas han desarrollado adaptaciones para el uso eficiente del agua (UEA), aunque la limitación de nutrientes y exceso de irradiancia también afectan su desempeño. Altas tasas de fotosíntesis y contenido de nitrógeno foliar reportado previamente parecen contradecir la alta UEA en sus especies y comunidades.

Preguntas: ¿Cómo son los atributos foliares ecofisiológicos y estequiométricos en especies desérticas? ¿Favorecen las especies desérticas la mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua y/o nutrientes?

Especies de estudio: Calliandra eriophylla , Cercidium microphyllum , Encelia farinosa , Eysenhardtia orthocarpa , Fouquieria diguetii , Fouquieria macdougalii , Ipomoea arborescens , Jatropha cardiophylla , Jatropha cordata , Larrea tridentata , Mimosa laxiflora , Olneya tesota y Prosopis velutina .

Sitio y años de estudio: Desierto Sonorense, Región central de Sonora, México. Agosto- septiembre de 2019.

Métodos: Se midieron y analizaron atributos ecofisiológicos y estequiométricos foliares en especies y tipos funcionales de dos comunidades.

Resultados: Se encontró mayor variabilidad en atributos fotosintéticos y de la fluorescencia que en la composición elemental y cocientes estequiométricos. Las especies en el sitio árido mostraron tendencias de mayores tasas fotosintéticas e integridad fotoquímica y baja UEA. En la comunidad semiárida los atributos foliares se asociaron con mayor composición elemental (Nmass, Pmass), menores cocientes estequiométricos y eficiencia de uso de nitrógeno (EUN).

Conclusiones: Los atributos foliares de las especies y tipos funcionales del Desierto Sonorense se correlacionaron con los mecanismos de fotoprotección y no las eficiencias de uso de recursos instantáneas, privilegiando la ganancia de C a largo plazo.
Diversity, distribution, and classification of Neotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in the 21st Century
Authors: Ruiz-Sanchez Eduardo , Tyrrell Christopher D. , Londoño Ximena , Oliveira Reyjane P. , Clark Lynn G.
Published: April 2021

Background: The Neotropical woody bamboos (NWB) comprise a clade native to the Western Hemisphere. Taxonomically the NWB are classified into three subtribes: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, and Guaduinae. These woody bamboos are distributed from northern Mexico and the West Indies to south-central Chile and Argentina and from sea level to over 4,000 m in elevation. The most recent comprehensive treatment of the diversity and classification of NWB was published just over 20 years ago, and knowledge of the NWB has greatly increased in the interim.
Questions and / or Hypotheses: How much has our knowledge of Neotropical woody bamboo diversity, distribution and classification changed in the last 20 years?
Results: The present work reviews the current state of Neotropical woody bamboo taxonomy and provides 1) new morphological keys (in English and Spanish) to and synoptic descriptions of the NWB genera; 2) an updated comprehensive species list; and 3) a biodiversity analysis by country and habitat type. Neotropical woody bamboo diversity presently totals 446 species in 23 genera. In the 21st century, 103 new species and five genera of NWB have been described.
Conclusions: The new species and genera described since 2000 have produced an increase in species richness of 29.5 % and a net increase in generic richness of 26.3 %. This new review will be useful for systematists, ecologists, conservation biologists and others working with woody bamboos in the Neotropics.
Dinámica estacional de micorrizas arbusculares y hongos septados endofíticos oscuros en asociación con raíces de Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.
Authors: Osuna Avila Pedro , Flores Margez Juan Pedro , Corral Díaz Baltazar
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: El trompillo es asociado por hongos endofíticos septados (HOS) y micorrizas arbusculares (MA) en ecosistemas tropicales, pero no se ha estudiado su colonización en cada etapa fenológica durante las estaciones del año en una zona urbana árida.
Preguntas: ¿Cuáles estructuras fúngicas ocurren simultáneamente y están relacionadas con cada etapa de crecimiento del trompillo?
Especies de estudio: Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.
Sitio de estudio y fecha: Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, 2014.
Método: Las raíces se trataron con una tinción dual de azul de tripano y sudan IV para distinguir microscópicamente las estructuras de la colonización de ambos hongos en el ciclo de vida del trompillo en las cuatro estaciones del año. Se evaluó el promedio de sus estructuras fúngicas y su colonización total por milímetro de longitud de raíz.
Resultados: La colonización simultánea de los hongos fue en todas las estaciones cuya diversidad morfológica estuvo relacionada con la fenología del hospedero. El promedio de la colonización de sus estructuras de ambos hongos (HOS: 64.2 ± 7.2 y HMA: 31.5 ± 3.2 por mm de longitud de raíz) representaron la mayor significancia de asociación de las raíces en primavera. Las hifas hialinas como las estructuras activas de los HOS y los arbúsculos de los HMA fueron consistentes en las estaciones del año.
Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte en mostrar la asociación micorrízica tipo ‘Arum’ y describir la co-ocurrencia de los HMA y los HOS en relación con la fenología del trompillo por estación del año en una zona urbana del Desierto Chihuahuense.
Phylogenetic placement of enigmatic Astianthus (Bignoniaceae) based on molecular data, wood and bark anatomy
Authors: Pace Marcelo R. , Hernández-Hernández Brenda , Martínez Salas Esteban M. , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Cacho N. Ivalu
Published: April 2021

Background: Astianthus is a monospecific arborescent genus of Bignoniaceae that occur in the Pacific Coast of central Mexico and northern Central America, where it grows in dense populations along riversides. Its phylogenetic placement has remained controversial since Astianthus has unusual morphological characters such as a four-loculed ovary, and simple, pulvinate, verticillate leaves.
Methods: Here we used three plastid markers ndh F, rbc L, and trn L-F, wood, and bark anatomical data to investigate the phylogenetic placement of Astianthus and assign it to one of Bignoniaceae’s main clades.
Results: Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that Astianthus belongs in tribe Tecomeae s.s. , where other charismatic Neotropical Bignoniaceae genera such as Campsis and Tecoma are currently placed. Wood and bark anatomy support this placement, as Astianthus reunites a unique combination of features only known from members of Tecomeae s.s. , such as storied axial parenchyma, the co-occurrence of homo- and heterocellular rays, septate fibers, and scattered phloem fibers in the bark.
Conclusions: The placement of Astianthus within Tecomeae s.s. provides further support to previous proposals for the Neotropical origin of this Pantropical tribe.
Condiciones de germinación y desarrollo de plantas de Pouteria campechiana (Sapotaceae)
Authors: Pérez-Barcena José Fernando , Cruz-Castillo Juan Guillermo , De Jesús-Sánchez Antonia , Jiménez-Aparicio Antonio Ruperto , Evangelista-Lozano Silvia
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: Pouteria campechiana , frutal originario de México, importante por sus atributos alimenticios, medicinales y maderables, que requiere de la producción de plantas y técnicas de propagación. En este estudio se evaluó la germinación y desarrollo de plántulas, en respuesta a la combinación de escarificación, posición de siembra y sustrato.

Pregunta: ¿La escarificación y posición de siembra influyen en el porcentaje y velocidad de germinación? ¿El trasplante a diferentes sustratos tiene efecto en el desarrollo de las plántulas?

Especie estudiada: Pouteria campechiana (Kunt) Baehni (Sapotaceae)

Sitio de estudio y fechas: Yautepec, Morelos, México. De marzo a junio 2018.

Métodos: Se caracterizaron frutos y semillas, los tratamientos para la germinación fueron la escarificación manual y dos posiciones de siembra (escarificada-horizontal, escarificada-vertical, no escarificada-horizontal, no escarificada-vertical). Se usaron agrolita y sustrato mezcla. Se realizó un diseño experimental en bloques y los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante ANDEVA.

Resultados: Las semillas tuvieron medidas similares sin depender del tamaño del fruto. El porcentaje de germinación fue de 90 % en escarificada-vertical a 100 % en no escarificada-horizontal. La velocidad de germinación en escarificadas manualmente y sembradas en posición horizontal fue de 2 semillas/día. Las plántulas provenientes de posición horizontal presentaron mayor tamaño y número de hojas en el trasplante al sustrato agrolita.

Conclusiones: Las semillas tuvieron tamaño semejante, la escarificación y posición de siembra no influyeron en el porcentaje de germinación, pero si en la velocidad de germinación; la escarificación y el sustrato agrolita favorecieron el desarrollo de las plántulas después del trasplante.
ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI COVID-19 HASTALIĞINDA HEMATOLOJİK BULGULAR VE ANTİKOAGÜLAN KULLANIMI
Authors: YILMAZ Ebru
Published: April 2021

Ağır akut respiratuvar sendrom koronavirüs-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ajanının yol açtığı Koronavirüs-2019 hastalığı (COVID-2019), bir solunum yolu hastalığı olarak düşünülmekle birlikte, birçok sistemde etkilenmeye yol açabilir. Bu olgularda hematolojik komplikasyonlar izlenebilir. Erişkin COVID-19 hastalarında lenfopeni ve hiperkoagülabilite bildirilmiştir ve bunların varlığı kötü prognoz ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Pediatrik COVID-19 olgularında izlenen hematolojik bulguların erişkinlerden farklı özellikler gösterebildiği kaydedilmiştir. Gözlemsel çalışmalar, COVID-19 ilişkili hastalık nedeniyle hastaneye yatırılan çocuklarda, erişkinlerdeki gibi, venöz tromboembolizm riskinin arttığına işaret etmektedir. Ancak, etkilenen olgularda antikoagülan tromboprofilaksi önerilerini içeren rehberler ağırlıklı olarak erişkin hastalar için oluşturulmuştur. Bu derlemede SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu olan çocukların hematolojik bulgularının gözden geçirilmesi ve etkilenen çocuklarda kanıta dayalı antikoagülan tromboprofilaksi önerilerinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.
The Okomu Forest Reserve in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Evaluating its Services to Ecosystem and Small Holder Crop Farmers
Authors: OROKA Frank , UREIGHO Nelly
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: The basis for sustainable conservation of any protected forest area is determined by the services it provides to the ecosystem and immediate communities. This study seeks to evaluate the services provided by the Okomu Forest Reserve that should warrant its conservation.

Area of study: The study was conducted in Okomu Forest Reserve in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. The major practices of farmers in the surrounding communities are sole cassava and intercropping cassava with maize, melon and groundnut.

Material and methods: The function system was used to evaluate the Okomu Forest Reserve, using a questionnaire containing a checklist of ecosystem functions. Respondents for the rural survey were crop farmers, while the urban survey were tourists from urban centres.

Main results: Results showed that rural dwellers' important functions were food/nutrition, fuel energy, and fishing with mean values of 2.81, 2.49 and 2.04 respectively, while the urban dwellers’ important functions were recreation/tourism, educational/scientific information and nature protection with mean values of 2.82, 2.76 and 2.72 respectively.

Highlights: The order of importance of forest functions as perceived by the urban respondents from the highest was carrier, information, regulation and least with production. The rural dwellers' perception from the highest was carrier, production and information functions as least.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of cpDNA in Turkish Abies Taxa
Authors: CELIK ALTUNOGLU Yasemin , GÜNEY Kerim , BALOGLU Pınar , BALOGLU Mehmet
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: Five Abies taxa naturally distributed in Turkey. Abies nordmanniana has three subspecies and A. cilica has two subspecies. In this study, we aimed to show phylogenetic relationships both in Turkish taxa and in other Abies taxa from around the world based on cpDNA regions, trnR-trnN and rps18-rpl20 regions.

Material and methods: Following CTAB-based DNA isolation method, the relevant fir DNA regions were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates.

Main results: It was difficult to make distinctions among the Turkish Abies taxa based on the sequenced DNA regions. Based on rps18-rpl20 phylogenetic tree, some members of Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica, A. nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani and A. cilicica subsp. cilicica were in the same clade with A. spectabilis and A. densa; However, some members of A. nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana, A. cilicica subsp. isaurica and A. nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani were placed in a clade with A. alba placed near Turkey and A. amabilis known from North America.

Highlights: This study provides new insights into the distribution of cpDNA variation in Abies species in Turkey and the genetic variation between firs in Turkey and the rest of the world.
Effects of Using Solar Water Heating System on Fuelwood Consumption in Forest Villages
Authors: ÇAKIR Günay , TONYALI Süleyman
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: In this study, the effects of the use of solar water heating system of forest villagers in Gumushane were investigated.

Material and methods: For this purpose, random selected by 70 forest village households were examined and the results were analyzed by One Sample T-Test. Within the scope of the research, face-to-face surveys were conducted with the families with the villagers who were determined with information provided by Department of Forest-Village Relations. The villagers were chosen among those who had used this solar energy heating system for at least 5 years. The data in the questionnaires were transferred to digital media and it was tried to determine how the forest villagers were affected by solar water heating systems.

Main results: As a result, after the use of solar water heating systems; the consumption of firewood for heating has not changed. The consumption of wood used for cooking and the consumption of wood used for hot water has also decreased.

Highlights: Thanks to this solar water heating system, carbon accumulation in forests has increased and a positive contribution has been made to climate change.
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Thymus Praecox
Authors: ŞENER İzzet , TEKELİOĞLU Fulya , ZURNACI Merve , BALOGLU Pınar , GÜR Mahmut , GÜNEY Kerim
Published: April 2021

Aim of Study: It was aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Thymus praecox which distributed in the Kastamonu region.

Material and methods: Spectroscopic and chromotographic analysis were applied in the determination of the chemical composition. Thyme extracts were prepared using five different solvents. In Thymus praecox, the presence of flavonoids using HPLC and the chemical content of essential oil using GC-MS were investigated. The analyses of the mineral were determined in leaf and stem of thyme by ICP-OES. Antioxidant capacity was determined using two methods such as DPPH free radical scavenging and H2O2 scavenging. Antibacterial activity on ten bacteria, Gram (+) and Gram (-) was tested using the disc diffusion method.

Main results: Experimental results showed that thyme extracts have antibacterial activities against some bacteria. As a result, it was found that the most affected bacteria was S. aureus. Inhibition zone diameter was determined to be between 8-12 mm. The effect of solvent on antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid amounts were observed.

Highlights: These results showed that T. praecox has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent, and can be used as a natural supportive treatment.
Marketing of Selected Non Wood Forest Products in Asaba, Delta State
Authors: OHWO Oghenekevwe , GBIGBI Theophilus , DAJE Ofeoritse
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: Non-timber forest products have diverse benefits to man and the environment. Hence, this study was carried out to provide information on the types of NWFPs sold, marketing channel, structure, performance and challenges faced by marketing of selected NWFPs.

Area of study: This study was conducted in Asaba, Delta State.

Material and methods: Simple random sampling was used to select 105 respondents from five major markets in Asaba using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentage, means, charts), costs and return, likert scale and chi square analysis were the analytical tools used.

Main results: Females were the major participants in the markets for NWFPs. Varieties of species were sold with various marketing participants and routes. These routes ensure the delivery of the NWFPs to the end users. An imperfect market structure exists for most of the selected NWFPs except for Aldabrachelys gigantean with a good profit margin. Of the selected NWFPs, Aldabrachelys gigantean and Chrysophyllum albidum were the most profitable with an index of 0.97 kobo (US$0.00027) and 0.89 kobo (US$0.00029) respectively for every ₦1 ($0.003) investment.

Highlights: The markets for NWFPs were faced with numerous constraints amongst them were high price fluctuation and perishability of the products. The implication is that most of these NWFPs when not quickly sold out are subjected to degradation which leads to their eventual disposal and wastage of natural resources. To combat these constraints, good storage and processing facility should be made available for storing NWFPs to ensure their availability in all seasons and to limit wastage.
RESTORATION OF THE OVERLAP OF A WOODEN LOG BUILDING
Authors: BALKIN Vasily M. , FROLOVA Irina G.
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the diffi culties of restoration of cultural heritage objects related to the implementation of construction works during the restoration of structures, as well as the fi nancing of restoration works. The moments of conducting a survey of the structures of objects of “age” objects are touched upon. For example, the repair of historic wooden ceiling of a log building, considered methods and ways of strengthening wooden elements overlap, products used, a combination of historical and modern materials. As a result of the repair of the wooden fl oor, the spatial rigidity of the building was restored, and the fi re resistance of the structures was increased.
SPECIFICITY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROGRAD SIDE OF ST. PETERSBURG
Authors: GRANSTREM Maria A. , ZOLOTAREVA Milena V.
Published: April 2021

The preservation of the historical, urban planning and architectural heritage of the central territories of St. Petersburg requires a special approach to solving the problems of reconstruction and renovation of the historical urban environment. The modern period, characterized by active reconstruction of the historical center, puts forward new requirements for the preservation of cultural heritage sites. The att itude to history as an experience, on which modern practice should be based, presupposes the disclosure of historical architectural and urban planning processes on the basis of systematization of existing and fi lling in missing information. This allows us to analyze the spatial and temporal transformations that the city underwent in the course of its development. Revealing the internal laws of the genesis of these processes is of great importance. The article analyzes the state of urban landscapes within the boundaries of the historical territories of the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg.
CONCEPT OF THE COLLAGE CITY OF COLIN ROWE AND FRED KETTER IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE THEORY
Authors: DANILOVA Elina V.
Published: April 2021

The article examines the collage concept proposed by Colin Rowe and Fred Kett er as an architectural and urban design strategy and presented in the book “Collage City”. The prerequisites of the collage concept are described, the conditions under which Colin Rowe’s scientifi c and creative position was formed, which was developed by his students, are described. The article analyzes the arguments of the authors of the book in defense of the collage theory, which presupposes the search for balance and compromise between the historical and the contemporary city. The importance of the theory of collage in modern architectural and urban planning within the framework of the metamodern paradigm is determined.
“RESLOBALIZATION” OF CITIES AS AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE OF THE CONTEMPORARY. PART I: GENERAL PROVISIONS, RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Authors: MONASTYRSKAYA Marina Ye.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of adaptation of the living environment of the population of large and largest cities to the vital and dangerous challenges of the new coronavirus pandemic. The author suggests that historically developed cities in their traditional hypostasis have a certain” anti-epidemic “ potential of morphotypological genesis, which must be taken into account, it is advisable to use and it is desirable to increase in the extreme situation of the global COVID-19 epidemic. The working hypothesis of the study is formulated on the basis of the results of monitoring the data of the offi cial St. Petersburg statistics, which refl ect the dynamics of the incidence of new coronavirus infection among citizens, starting from March 2020. According to these results, the most stable epidemiological situation persists in the historical suburbs of the” northern capital “ and its central administrative districts. The center of St. Petersburg was originally developed as a “conglomerate of sett lements” - pre-industrial and proto- industrial urban planning morphotypes that have been inherent in the Russian urban planning culture since ancient times. Urban sett lements, which preserved their planning characteristics in the course of a historically predetermined morphotypological transformation, became the basis for the formation of a set of spatial loci in the structure of a megalopolis - separate components of the urban landscape, within which, if necessary, the introduction of stringent control measures and epidemiological situation in St. Petersburg, it is possible to protect “idealizations” quality of urban life and where work most eff ectively medicareinsurance “antipandemic” sliders “disaggregation”, “distancing”, “disinfection”.
EVOLUTION OF THE PRE-REGULAR SPATIAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF THE TOWN OF TOTMA
Authors: SIDOROVA Alena V.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the pre-regular period of evolution of the planning structure of the town of Totma in the period from the second half of the XV to the beginning of the XIX century. Based on the sources, the main prerequisites and factors for the formation of a pre-regular town layout are considered, and the main stages are highlighted. The emergence and development of the city’s religious centers and the features of the pre-regional planting structure in accordance with the gradual formation of the city’s territory have been analyzed. The characteristic features of the architecture of the church complexes of the city and the creation of a panorama at diff erent stages of the existence of the city of Totma have been studied. The panoramas of the city from the river, the staging of the city’s temples on the relief are analyzed.
HISTORY OF THE APPEARANCE OF EULER’S FORMULA. ISSUES OF STABILITY OF COMPRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Authors: MORDOVSKIY Sergey S. , KISELEVA Anna A.
Published: April 2021

The article presents a brief overview of the life path of the Swiss mathematician and mechanic Leonard Euler, considers the history of the emergence of the formula for calculating stability, shows options for taking into account the fl exibility of an element in the calculations of reinforced concrete structures, the disadvantages of the Euler curve and the features of its application in relation to structures made of high-strength concrete and concrete hardening under pressure. An example of the result of using a non-linear deformation model in the calculations of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements with the introduction into the algorithm for calculating a coeffi cient that takes into account the eff ect of buckling (defl ection) of an element on its bearing capacity is given.
LIFESTYLE, ARCHITECTURE AND QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: GENERALOV Viktor P. , GENERALOVA Elena M.
Published: April 2021

The study reveals the aspects that defi ne the concept of “lifestyle”, including the main categories: standard of living, lifestyle, quality of life and lifestyle. Insuffi cient knowledge of the mutual infl uence of people’s “lifestyle” on the typological structure of apartments and residential buildings, on the quality of the urban environment is emphasized. The infl uence of the level of urbanization of the city territory on the characteristics of the “urban lifestyle” is considered. Problematic issues are raised related to the debate on the relationship between building density and comfort and the quality index of the living environment. The main directions of fundamental research in the fi eld of architecture, aimed at the development of new types of buildings, are touched upon. The emphasis is made on the methods of using high-rise buildings for the humanization of the urban environment and the formation of a modern “compact city”.
ASSOCIATIVE LANDSCAPE IN THE SPACE OF VISUAL AND SEMIOTIC EXPERIENCE
Authors: SHLIENKOVA Elena V. , DOLGOVA Anastasia V.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the concept of an associative landscape and the phenomenon of the visual nature of its perception. The aim of the work is to study the sign-symbolic images of nature on the example of a cultural landscape and their visualization of graphic design. The article examines the features of associative landscapes, the semiotic concept of the cultural landscape and its semantic reading as a text, the concept of semiosphere and noosphere. The object of the research is the associative landscape as a special type of space perception based on a visual-semiotic language. The subject of the research is the cultural landscape as a visual-spatial category, expressed in sign-symbolic images and directly related to the natural environment.
Relationship between Knowledge and Using Personal Protective Equipment in Tuberculosis Ward and Polyclinic of Hospital X
Authors: Listiowati Ekorini , Rianti Fitria Eka
Published: April 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Indonesia occupies the 2nd position globally; therefore, it is necessary to prevent TB transmission, including the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in high-risk individuals. This study aims to determine the relationship between nurses' knowledge and behavior in using PPE to prevent TB transmission in hospitals. This study used a cross-sectional design, with the research subjects of all nurses in the isolation room and the TB polyclinic in a private hospital (X) in Yogyakarta. The study was attended by 38 nurses, with a total sampling technique. Data were obtained using a questionnaire. The data analysis employed descriptive statistical tests and chi-square. This study’s results indicated that most nurses had good knowledge (31 people; 81.6%) and good behavior (32 people; 84.2%). Chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between knowledge and nurses' behavior in using PPE (p = 0.000). It was concluded that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and nurses' behavior in using PPE in the TB ward and polyclinic at Hospital X.
Mother’s Behaviour in Using Smartphone to Find Child’s Health Information in Pontianak City
Authors: Fithriyyah Fithriyyah , Andriani Rini , Handini Mitra
Published: April 2021

Background. Smartphone is the main communication device that provides various information including child health information nowadays. Objective. To find out the overview of smartphone usage among the mothers to seek out child’s health information. Methods. An observasional descriptive study with cross sectional approach in 232 subjects. The data was obtained from 4 primary health care: Alianyang, Kampung Bali, Pal 3, and Karya Mulia. Result. There are 61.7% of mothers use smartphone as the main media to find obtain child health information. Most of the subject, 44.4% mothers are moderate duration users, 53.9% of mothers low frequency users, and 27.7% of mothers use smartphone for communication (call message). There are 34.7% of mothers choose social media as a reading source, 75.9% of mothers have browsing duration for 15-30 minutes, and mothers practicing the information they get from smartphone (54.7%). Conclusion.  Smartphones is the main information media for mothers, the average duration of use is 1-3.5 hours/day, the frequency of checking is less than 10 times/day, with the main function as communication device. Mothers use social media as the main source for child’s health information through smartphone, with browsing duration of 15-30 minutes and they practice the information obtained from smartphone.
Efficacy of Habb-e-Hindi in low back pain: a comparative clinical trial with historical control
Authors: Ansari Fasihur Rehman , Quamri Mohd Aleemuddin , Chaudhary Kunwar Alam , Ahad Mariyam
Published: April 2021

Background: Low Back Pain is one of the common conditions encountered in clinical practice. An estimated 65% to 80% of population will experience it during lifetime. As far as the various documented side effects of analgesics and NSAIDs have been concerned, complementary and alternative treatment options have, therefore, gained popularity. In Unani classical literature, Habb-e-Hindi is being indicated for joint’s pain in general and can be evaluated as safe, effective and alternative treatment of LBP.

Methods: This historical control clinical trial testing the superiority of Habb-e-Hindi with Unani formulation used in previous study carried out at NIUM Hospital, Bengaluru. The comparison of the efficacy was made between the test group and historical control group. Primary outcome measures were improvement in LBP (VAS in NRS) and the secondary outcome measures included improvement in QOL (ODI scores and QBPDS scores). Data were analyzed by using Fisher’s Exact/Chi-Square/Repeated measures and One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc multiple comparison test for both intergroup and intragroup comparisons.

Results: The test and the control group both equally had significant results. Test drug showed better results (in VAS). LBP associated disability (in ODI) got reduced significantly in control group as compared to the test group. The Significant Disability Change (in QBPDS) was recorded in all 20 patients of the control group as compared to that of the test group where only 4 patients showed significant reduction.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the Unani formulations are effective in the treatment of Low back pain.