bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global City Formation and the Rescaling of Urbanization
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

Since the 1990s, the intellectual landscape of urban studies has been transformed through debates on global cities, which are widely viewed as basing points for an increasingly globalized configuration of capitalism. This chapter develops a scale-attuned, state-theoretical reinterpretation of global city formation as a major expression of recent rescalings of capitalist urbanization. Such rescalings have been powerfully mediated through national state institutions, which, in so doing, have themselves been undergoing major spatial and scalar transformations. New urban spaces are thus produced through the rescaling of state space—and vice versa. In addition to exploring the role of multiscalar state spatial strategies in the process of global city formation, this chapter also aims to destabilize the entrenched assumption that cities represent the default unit of analysis for urban studies. The scalar units of urbanization are themselves produced and rewoven through the creatively destructive forward motion of capital and the intricate mediations of the latter through state spatial strategies and sociopolitical mobilization.
Afterword: New Spaces of Urbanization
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents the elements of a reinvigorated approach to critical urban theory that could help decipher the multiplication of urban transformations within and beyond major metropolitan regions under early twenty-first-century capitalism. It also advances a systematic critique of the narrowly city-centric conceptions of urbanization that underpin influential recent declarations of a majority-urban world. In thus proceeding, this chapter introduces new layers of meaning, and additional sociospatial dimensions, to the scale-attuned theorization of the capitalist urban fabric elaborated in the book’s previous chapters, especially with reference to the spatiotemporal dynamics of extended urbanization. A central challenge, within this framework, is to connect the restructuring of major cities and metropolitan regions to the colossal, if variegated, social, infrastructural, and ecological transformations that are unfolding in the world’s industrializing hinterlands to support the restless metabolism of capitalist urbanization. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of a (reinvented) critical urban theory to the collective project of imagining, and ultimately pursuing, alternative forms and pathways of urbanization.
From Egypt to Oikoumene
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 employs the frescoes from the garden triclinium of the Casa dell’Efebo, Pompeii, as a case study in the recontextualization of Nilotic scenes. Exploring the relationships between the various features, images, and artifacts within this eclectic garden assemblage, this chapter embeds Roman Nilescapes within broader phenomena of domestic cosmopolitanism. By evoking diverse landscapes both near and far away, and emulating earlier visual cultures, householders could turn their houses into models of empire and assert their own credentials as worldly cultural sophisticates. The appropriation and adaptation of Egyptian imagery is thus deeply intertwined with Roman appropriations and adaptations of other visual cultures. As model landscapes existing simultaneously within and beyond domestic space, gardens were appropriate places to depict other landscapes along the spectrum from foreign to familiar. In such contexts, the “meaning” of Egyptian landscapes may depend in large part on the ways these images interact with domestic evocations of other, “Greco-Roman” geographical and cultural settings.
Preludio
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

This chapter sets in motion the primary themes of the book, tracing briefly Alfred Schnittke’s compositional evolution before the Concerto Grosso no. 1, paying special attention to his Symphony no. 1 (1969–72) and his initial ideas about polystylism, as well as the works immediately preceding the Concerto Grosso no. 1, including the Piano Quintet (1972–76), Hymns (1974–79), Requiem (1975), and Moz-Art (1975–76). It also investigates the genesis, construction, and affect of the Preludio of the Concerto Grosso no. 1, focusing on its initial prepared piano chorale together with its other key motives. The chapter further discusses the interpretations of polystylism and postmodernism by such Russian writers as Svetlana Savenko and Alexander Ivashkin. Finally, the chapter sets in place the justification and format for the remainder of the book.
Toccata
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

The second movement of Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1, Toccata, frantically evokes the baroque past, leavened with heavy borrowings from contemporary musical practice, particularly the micropolyphony of György Ligeti. This chapter begins to account for the distinctive musical language of the movement and the entire composition, its basic building blocks and its central structural and stylistic features. It addresses the music’s sources in Schnittke’s film music, including scores to a film about Rasputin (Agony, dir. Elem Klimov); an ecological cartoon (Butterfly, dir. Andrei Khrzhanovsky); a film about World War II (Ascent, dir. Larisa Shepitko); and The Tale of the Moor of Peter the Great (dir. Alexander Mitta). This background informs the chapter’s critique of Schnittke’s goal to bridge the gap between high and low in this music and his related goal to reconcile his paid job writing for film with his largely unpaid calling as a serious composer.
Recitativo
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

The third movement of Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1, Recitativo, lays bare the soloists, foregrounding and undercutting them simultaneously. More strangely, the movement ends with quotations from Tchaikovsky’s Violin Concerto and from Berg’s Violin Concerto just before its climax. This chapter further discusses Schnittke’s sketches for the Concerto Grosso no. 1. Particular attention is given to Schnittke’s reference in these sketches to Adelbert von Chamisso’s novella “Peter Schlemiel,” and the parallels that might be drawn between it and the Concerto Grosso no. 1. This chapter also considers more fully what this composition says about Schnittke’s polystylism at the time and his changing accounts of balancing often irreconcilable opposites. What does it all mean? Was he earnest or not? Schnittke insisted that he viewed all of the themes in the Concerto Grosso no. 1 “completely seriously,” but he was as prone to laughing as crying in the face of absurdity.
Cadenza
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

A focused point for the two soloists, the Cadenza movement of Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1 further engages with its themes of autonomy and control, motion and arrest, consonance and dissonance. This chapter considers the first performances of the Concerto Grosso no. 1, focusing on those by Gidon Kremer and Tatiana Grindenko in both the Soviet Union and Europe, specifically the 1977 European tour of the two soloists with the Lithuanian Chamber Ensemble conducted by Saulius Sondeckis. The chapter also discusses the early performances of the composition by violinists Oleh Krysa and Liana Isakadze, who first recorded it in the Soviet Union in the early 1980s. Schnittke was embarrassed by how well the composition did, telling Kremer that he now would need to write something unpopular, for “it is too dangerous to ride a wave of success.”
Postludio
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

Using its final movement, Postludio, as an anchor, the book’s final chapter discusses the Soviet reception of Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1. It focuses on the comparisons the music evoked with Andrei Tarkovsky’s 1979 film Stalker and the 1986 postapocalyptic Soviet film Letters from a Dead Man (Pisʹma mertvogo cheloveka, dir. Konstantin Lopushansky). The chapter also traces Schnittke’s life and works into the 1980s and 1990s, with emphasis on his later compositions that continued the trail marked by the Concerto Grosso no. 1, particularly the sequence of six concerti grossi he wrote until the end of his life. The chapter concludes by examining the reception of Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1 in the recent past, when it was allied with the Holocaust, zombies, and the macabre.
Sound-Politics in São Paulo
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

This book is an ethnographic study of controversial sounds and noise control debates in Latin America’s most populous city. It discusses the politics of collective living by following several threads linking sound-making practices to governance issues. Rather than discussing sound within a self-enclosed “cultural” field, I examine it as a point of entry for analyzing the state. At the same time, rather than portraying the state as a self-enclosed “apparatus” with seemingly inexhaustible homogeneous power, I describe it as a collection of unstable (and often contradictory) sectors, personnel, strategies, discourses, documents, and agencies. My goal is to approach sound as an analytical category that allows us to access citizenship issues. As I show, environmental noise in São Paulo has been entangled in a wide range of debates, including public health, religious intolerance, crime control, urban planning, cultural rights, and economic growth. The book’s guiding question can be summarized as follows: how do sounds enter and leave the sphere of state control? I answer this question by examining a multifaceted process I define as “sound-politics.” The term refers to sounds as objects that are susceptible to state intervention through specific regulatory, disciplinary, and punishment mechanisms. Both “sound” and “politics” in “sound-politics” are nouns, with the hyphen serving as a bridge that expresses the instability that each concept inserts into the other.
Of Ears and Norms
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on several attempts to mobilize sound-politics via a range of techniques, devices, and national and international standards. I consider how experts have managed to stabilize two central actors: ears and norms. In the early twentieth century, experts generated the “average normal ear,” which I call Ear 1.0, the first actor. The second actor is the sound level meter, the Ear 2.0, a black box responsible for emulating Ear 1.0 and conveying reliable quantified information. As other authors have already traced the fascinating history of the stabilization of Ears 1.0 and 2.0 in the early twentieth century, I simply summarize some of these debates. The second section focuses on the Brazilian Technical Standards Association (ABNT). In the 2010s, experts faced the daunting task of revising two technical standards for assessing environmental noise. As I show, drawing on participant observation, interviews, and minutes of meetings between 2011 and 2017, this task was difficult because these revisions involved the input of groups with different interests and different understandings of what a technical standard should do.
Toward a Definition of Piano Pedagogy
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1, “Toward a Definition of Piano Pedagogy,” seeks to define the discipline of piano pedagogy and describe its significance in preparing pianists for teaching careers. It begins with an outline of the historical emergence of pedagogy as an academic discipline and the formation of practical teacher-training programs. It then describes how collaborations between faculties in music education and performance led to the growing popularity of piano pedagogy coursework in the twentieth century. Finally, it seeks to demonstrate how studies in piano pedagogy combine the knowledge and skills acquired through performance training with general knowledge about music and education to more fully prepare artists for careers in teaching.
Training Sequencing and Planning Strategies
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Whereas Chapter 4 explored the “reactive” side of teaching or what happens in the lesson, Chapter 5, “Training Sequencing and Planning Strategies,” covers the “proactive” side of teaching. It describes how pedagogy students should be prepared for planning their lessons and curriculum, beginning first with the skill of sequencing repertoire and other performance skills, and then exploring techniques for designing long-term and short-term plans. In particular, this chapter places a strong emphasis on how piano teachers must be prepared to design lesson plans that prevent potential student problems, rather than only react when problems arise. Several classroom exercises are included that help pedagogy students understand the importance of the planning process and how they can adjust their plans to the needs of individual students.
Organizing the Presentation of Educational Theories
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6, “Organizing the Presentation of Education Theories,” offers pedagogy teachers strategies for incorporating the daunting number of educational theories into their pedagogy coursework sequences. It begins with an historical summary of how the work of philosophers, psychologists, and educators shifted over time and led to development of many of the educational theories promoted during the twentieth century. The concise overview of historical and contemporary theories that follows serves as a quick-reference guide for pedagogy teachers. While it introduces these theories in only a cursory manner, it includes them all in one single place. It does not serve as the definitive guide to educational theory, but rather as a convenient starting place for planning the presentation of theory in pedagogy courses. Theories are organized into broad pedagogical principles that can be used to reinforce the practical skills recommended for practice in preceding Chapters 4 and 5.
Guiding Creative Projects in Piano Pedagogy
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8, “Guiding Creative Projects in Piano Pedagogy,” helps pedagogy teachers lead students to select topics and prepare for creative projects. Rather than duplicate the information found in sources related to performing research in music education, this chapter contextualizes the information from research courses in relation to research in piano pedagogy. It describes the research designs and methods that have been frequently applied to studies in piano pedagogy and offers examples of publications as references. The information in this chapter helps pedagogy teachers guide smaller projects, such as term papers, or larger projects, like theses and dissertations. The classroom exercises provided in this chapter guide students toward greater understanding of the types of publications available on the topic of piano pedagogy, and they will help students begin selecting research topics and start their reviews of related literature.
Preparing for Generational Differences and Adapting to New Technologies
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9, “Preparing for Generational Differences and Adapting to New Technologies,” broadens out from the specific topics of previous chapters. Instead of simply introducing technological teaching tools, Chapter 9 explores how the tools themselves help teachers apply effective pedagogical principles. It outlines the ways that pedagogy teachers can guide students to think about how technological tools can help them facilitate independent and informal learning, and ways that they can increase motivation through the gamification of learning and by offering more opportunities for social engagement. It also discusses how teachers can adapt to generational learning preferences, which are influenced by currently available technologies.
Carta Bianca
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes the core of what came to be known as the Massacre of Addis Ababa, which involved the indiscriminate slaughter of thousands of unsuspecting residents of Addis Ababa living in prescribed districts. The massacre, which was conducted over three days, was authorized at the highest levels of the Fascist Party in Rome, and organized by the head of the Party in Addis Ababa, Guido Cortese. The massacre was publicly announced at 4:30 pm on Friday 19th February. It began 30 minutes later and continued through the night. The methods of killing involved guns, grenades, clubs, bayonets, vehicles and whatever weapons the Italian Blackshirts and Fascist civilians could find. In the process, Blackshirts invaded the French legation. Through the night the Italians burned houses down, frequently with the residents locked inside. The Italians also attempted to burn down the cathedral of St George.
Love in Paramyth
Authors: Jamme Christoph
Published: June 2019

This essay discusses the Orpheus myth, its sources, and its meaning as well as its role in art and literature, in the context of current theories of myth. In particular, it considers Rilke’s reception of Orpheus in The Sonnets to Orpheus as well as in his early narrative poem from 1904 to 1905, “Orpheus. Eurydice. Hermes,” the only poem that bears Orpheus in its title. The focus of the interpretation is on Rilke’s revision of myth: the poet makes use of the Orpheus myth to exemplify his distinctive conception of love. Special attention is given to how the representation of Eurydice in “Orpheus. Eurydice. Hermes” already embodies Rilke’s view of unpossessive love that becomes central in his later works.
The Feminine in Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Komar Kathleen L.
Published: June 2019

Women play a unique role in Rilke’s work. They are exemplary lovers—usually unrequited—or extraordinarily protective mothers or creative inspirations. The Sonnets to Orpheus feature a number of crucial women both historical and mythical. This essay investigates the significance of women and the feminine more generally in the Sonnets. For Rilke, women embody the nonvisible and capture the realm beyond the merely physical. This feminine principle has the capacity to bring into being that which is potential but not yet realized—just as the poet does in the creation of the poem. Rilke sees the feminine as creatively potent but at the cost of personal fulfillment. The feminine thus embodies for Rilke a philosophy of productive deprivation that presents challenges for a feminist view but also privileges the feminine. Only by participating in that feminine principle can the poet gain access to the most crucial world beyond the tangible.
Out in Time
Authors: Halkitis Perry N.
Published: June 2019

The life experiences and sexual identity development of three generations of gay men, the Stonewall, AIDS, and Queer generations, are explored. While there are generational differences in the lived experiences of young gay men shaped by the sociopolitical contexts of the historical epoch in which they emerged into adulthood, and a crisis that has come to define each generation, there also are consistencies across generations and across time in the psychological process of coming out that defines identity formation of gay men, as these individuals transition from a period of sexual identity awareness to sexual identity integration. The life experiences are also shaped by conceptions of hypermasculinity, racism and discrimination, substance use, and adventurous sexuality. Despite the many challenges that have defined the lives of gay men across time and that are informed by the homophobia of American society, the vast majority of the population also has demonstrated resilience and fortitude in achieving both pride and dignity. These ideas are explored through the life narratives of fifteen diverse gay men, across the three generations.
Operation Kavkaz is Formally Organized
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

As in other instances of Soviet deployment, the formal framework for “Operation Kavkaz” – the 18th Air Defense Division with headquarters in Moscow, reporting directly to the Chief of General Staff – was officially created only after the formations themselves were assembled and partly dispatched. This helped to conceal the intervention from US intelligence until it was detected on the ground following the sealift and stationing of Soviet-manned SAM-3 batteries. Despite his back-channel connection to Moscow, Kissinger was blindsided by the Soviet move and had to acquiesce in the Soviet presence so long as it was not acknowledged.
Ceasefire Violation Seals a Strategic Gain
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The ceasefire that ostensibly ended the War of Attrition went into effect at midnight between 7 and 8 August 1970. Within minutes, the standstill provision that the US initiative had stipulated was broken by Soviet and Egyptian advancement of SAM batteries to the Suez Canal bank. US inspection flights by U-2 spy planes began too late to document the violation, and the Soviets rejected American protests. Israel responded by suspending compliance with the rest of Rogers’s peace plan, including UN mediation – leaving the United States with little benefit but the Soviets with a major gain. However, for domestic consumption Israel declared victory, which limited effective countering of the increased threat. Nasser’s death the following month and his unexpected succession by Anwar Sadat led to doubts about continuing dependence on Moscow.
Trial Balloons from Both Sides
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Responding to Kissinger’s “indiscretion” about expulsion of the Soviets from Egypt as a US objective, in May 1971 President Sadat offered to end the presence of Soviet troops (but not advisers) as part of an interim settlement with Israel. However, he relayed it through Secretary Rogers, who after the failure of his peace plan was losing influence to Kissinger, and there was no US response. Simultaneously Sadat was reported to have foiled a pro-Soviet coup (which elevated the Israeli informant Ashraf Marwan to a higher position), but Egypt’s alleged turn against Moscow was disproved when Soviet president Podgorny visited Cairo again and signed a 15-year friendship treaty. Still, suspicions in Moscow about Sadat’s loyalty and recognition of the drawbacks of its rupture with Israel led to missions there by journalist Victor Louis and KGB operative Evgeny Primakov, which produced no breakthrough. The USSR continued to demand a settlement leading to full Israeli withdrawal as a component of détente, to be concluded at a Moscow summit with was now scheduled for May ’72.
The Soviets “Return” in October
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

As US-Soviet discussions continued to arrange another Nixon-Brezhnev summit in California, Israeli and American actors were increasingly convinced that the USSR had suffered a setback in Egypt with the “expulsion of advisers.” US statesman Henry Kissinger felt no urgency to comply with Soviet demands to reciprocate for the supposed Soviet concession by pressing Israel for an interim settlement, including withdrawal, until after the US election. In October, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was reported – among others, by Mossad informant Ashraf Marwan – to have revised war aims toward a limited advance in Sinai without the offensive weapons he had supposedly been denied by Moscow. Deceptive reports planted in the Western press claimed that this led to a rapprochement with the Soviets, and that their advisers began to return. Actually, they never left and the weapons flow continued unabated, but as these reports were quickly discredited the US and Israeli perceptions of an irrevocable Egyptian-Soviet rift were reinforced.
In the Thick of the Yom Kippur War
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Recent testimony from a Soviet general and others showed that the transport aircraft which evacuated the dependents of Soviet advisers from Egypt on the eve of the Yom Kippur War also flew in more advisers to assist in the crossing of the Suez Canal. Another indication of Soviet collusion is the immediate start of a Soviet resupply effort as soon as the offensive was launched on 6 October, which proves earlier prepositioning. Both advisers and Soviet special forces were involved in operations across the canal. Soviet SAM batteries were also redeployed in Egypt and Syria, especially after the tide turned against the Arab onslaught after the first days of fighting. .
“The Narcissism of the Minor Difference” and Religious Violence
Authors: Fliche Benoît
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the relations between Sunnis and Alevis in Turkey. Of Turkey's two major religious groups, the Alevis and the Sunnis, the Alevis represent a minority corresponding to approximately twenty percent of the population and considered by the Sunnis as heterodox. It is generally recognized that their attitudes concerning food, alcohol, and certain religious practices—like their non-respect of Ramadan—differ from stricter Sunni practices. As such, daily interaction between Sunnis and Alevis is marked by a certain hostility that is expressed primarily through “friction” that helps to maintain the dividing line between them and reinforces fairly strict denominational endogamy. The chapter then describes the violence suffered by Alevis over the past thirty years. Grounding the analysis in the “narcissism of the small difference” and the concept of “identification,” it argues that unless research in this area takes the unconscious into account, its results are doomed to remain somewhat uninterpretable.
Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Hierarchy
Authors: Scalbert-Yücel Clémence
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the production of identity by the media. Grounding the analysis on how private Turkish television channels deal with the Kurdish population and “problem,” it shows how ethnic categories are used to legitimize, explain, or deny cultural difference, thereby conditioning political practices and public perceptions. This has contributed to creating a double discourse that consolidated during the next decade: the new rhetoric of “cultural diversity” coexists with the older one on the Kurdish issue, defined as a development or civilization issue. The coexistence of these two discourses shows the relative value of identities and their ranking. The chapter then explores the hypothesis according to which, recognizing cultural diversity in Turkey—and in particular the existence of Kurds—triggers a change in the definition of the conflict and in the political practices at a certain level while, at another level, allowing to confirm old categories founding the ethnic hierarchies.
The Transformation of a Conflict in the Diaspora
Authors: Moliner Christine
Published: June 2019

This chapter assesses the role of the political context bringing a transformation of identity rankings in diasporas. Specifically, it studies the role played over the past 15 years by British state policies in the transformation of relationships between two migrant communities originating from South Asia: Sikhs and Muslims. Each community shares antagonistic representations of the other, based on past conflicts, such as the Partition. What they perceive as a hereditary antagonism is not simply imported but transformed in the diaspora by several local variables. Among these, British integration policy toward ethnic minorities is a key factor. While striving since 2005 to foster “community cohesion,” it actually tends to exacerbate the competition between migrant communities related to the allocation of resources, both symbolic and material.
The Origins of the Protest Movement Against Ethnic Hierarchy
Authors: Riaux Gilles
Published: June 2019

This chapter looks at the central role of entrepreneurs of mobilization. The study of different routes taken by entrepreneurs of the Azerbaijani cause has proven helpful when attempting to understand the genesis of the cause. These actors play a crucial role in the initiation and development of the movement, restructuring it throughout the revolutionary period and working toward the subversion of ethnic ranking. Indeed, resource mobilization highlights the decisive role played by intellectual figures from the educated middle classes. Based on their cultural and social capital, these entrepreneurs have specific resources that give them the ability to carry out a redefinition and enhancement of “turkishness” in its Azerbaijani specificity. The chapter then points out that Azeri elites with significant cultural capital tend to be integrated in the political system, whereas those with more “local” capital have been involved in setting up the Azeri rights movement.
The Instrumentalization of Ethnic Conflict by the State
Authors: Mohséni Chirine
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the ethnic tensions between Kurds and Azeris in and around the city of Naqadeh in Western Azerbaijan shortly after the Iranian Revolution. Favored by the Iranian state, the Azeris held dominant social and political positions in comparison to the Kurds, adding to the tensions between these populations. The shift to violence is the result of several elements: first, the collapse of the old regime brought into question the hitherto legitimate ethnic hierarchy. Being Shi'ite became a key element in the relationship with the state and Sunni Kurds were marginalized. Second, Kurdish political demands were a source of concern for the region's Azeri population. Finally, the new government, freshly installed, had yet to establish its authority over Kurdish areas. Ethnic violence among different groups only served to justify government intervention and strengthen state influence.
Words and Wounds
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

In this study of exile, Sean Akerman chronicles the ways in which narrative approaches provide opportunities to understand and represent the lives of those who have been displaced after violence. Drawing on fieldwork he conducted with Tibetan exiles in New York City, and supplemented with archival research from other exilees around the world, Akerman investigates how narrative approaches can reveal what it’s like to embody historical tensions, how identity becomes contested within displaced groups, and how personal stories become ingrained into the responsibilities of political realities. Akerman uses his fieldwork to question the practices of research, too. How does a researcher write in a way that does justice to displaced lives while working within a scientific framework? What sort of ethics are at stake as one spends long hours interviewing an informant, and then interprets that person’s stories? Narrative approaches become ways to imagine new possibilities of representation, and call attention to the limitations and power dynamics within the discipline of psychology. In light of massive upheavals that go on unabated all over the world, Words and Wounds provides a timely consideration of what it looks like to understand and represent one of the most pressing issues of this age.
Personal Narratives and the Creation of a Political Voice
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on voice—in particular, how personal narratives become embedded in a political voice for many exiled groups. The author illustrates this tangled relationship in his fieldwork and then elaborates on it through the work of scholars who have written on the Harkis of France and on refugees in South Sudan. What becomes clear in these accounts is that personal narratives of exile provide a challenge to the understanding of what a narrative account means by the degree of a narrator’s investment in audience, testimony, witnessing, and a need to speak with unquestioned authority. The author also considers the narrative form many of these accounts take: hope.
The Rhetoric of Narrative Work
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 reviews contemporary research on psychological writing in order to sketch the possibilities and limits of such prose, rooted in a style of writing that goes beyond “typical” social scientific conventions. Drawing on the author’s reflections of how he chose to write about the lives of exiled Tibetans, he makes the case that this more narrative style is particularly suited to the experiences of those who have been displaced because it allows for a deeper representation of the efforts to understand the effects of profound violence on another person. The author reviews the challenges that come with this sort of writing as well, including the complexities of reflexivity, the emotional components of fieldwork, and the historical legacy of subaltern studies.
Black Radio/Black Resistance
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

Black Radio is a window into the most famous radio show you never heard of. The Tom Joyner Morning Show is a quarter-century-old syndicated black morning radio show reaching more than eight million adult, largely working-class listeners. It offers progressive political talk, soul music, humor, advice, philanthropy, and celebrity gossip. But the TJMS is not just an adult “old-school music” radio show: it is an on-air organizer, fusing progressive politics and aesthetics. It focuses on specific political issues affecting and enraging African Americans. Black Radio analyzes the TJMS’s rise in the Clinton era, and its coverage of key events—9/11, Hurricane Katrina, President Obama’s elections and terms, the murders of unarmed black Americans and the rise of Black Lives Matter, and the shocking 2016 Donald Trump electoral triumph. It showcases the varied, contentious, and blackly humorous voices of anchors, guests, and audience members. Finally, it investigates the new synergistic set of cross-medium ties and political connections now affecting print, broadcast, and online politics in anti-racist directions. Despite the dismal present, this new multiracial progressive public sphere has extraordinary potential for shaping future American politics. Black Radio, then, is more than the project of making the invisible visible, bringing to light a major counterpublic phenomenon unjustly ignored for reasons of color, class, generation, and medium. It tunes us in to an alternative understanding of the black public sphere in the digital age. Like the show itself, Black Radio is politically progressive, music-drenched, angry, and blisteringly funny.
Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 uses autobiographical material to lay out radio/black radio and African American music history, from the 1950s to the present—across the West and East Coasts, the South, and the Midwest—particularly the 1980s generational split in black radio programming, in response to the rise of rap and hip-hop. The chapter also defines and lays out the related R&B-style Quiet Storm radio phenomenon. Tom Joyner’s career and the TJMS’s rise within that history are documented, and its evolving politics and crew members are described. The chapter summarizes the scant public-sphere attention this black radio giant has received.
Partyin with a Purpose
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

This chapter summarizes African American commentary on respectability politics and lays out the details of the TJMS’s refusal to engage in it, most particularly in its resolutely pro-working-class orientation and philanthropy. It provides abundant crew and audience contributions that illustrate this refusal and orientation, with specific attention to labor—how the show brings a particularly black-identified “grown&sexy” aesthetic joi de vivre—the assertion of the superiority of responsible age over careless youth, of finesse over flamboyance—to often-denigrated, stressful workplaces and their workers, including police and military personnel. In so doing, the chapter documents the class, race, occupational, and geographic range of the TJMS audience. It lays out how the show handles celebrity politics, the range of ways in which crew and audience play with language, at times ridiculing ungrammatical audience members, and enjoy teasing people for being “country” or “old-school.” But it also positively documents working-class black boomer nostalgia, and justified annoyance with “these kids” and their ignorance of “real” soul music. Finally, it thoroughly considers TJMS’s “whiteness studies”—their complex takes on black/white differences, white racism, and anti-racist whites. It also lays out TJMS’s globally anti-racist “we are the world” vision—including Muslims—and a model of black adult political and social responsibility which may or may not be associated with Christianity.
Activism, Disasters, Elections
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

This chapter narrates in detail both TJMS philanthropy for and activism with African Americans—from HBCU scholarships, to working for black 9/11 survivors, to engaging in extensive and long-lasting charity for Hurricane Katrina victims—and their serious electoral activism over the decades. It details as well TJMS environmental reporting and their early civic activism with regard to economic boycotts. It provides a full accounting of TJMS coverage of and involvement in the 2000 and 2004, and especially their near-hysterical involvement in the 2008 and 2012, presidential elections, and their responses to the Obama presidency, as well as their political reporting and activism, especially on Republican voter suppression tactics, during each term.
Not “Radio Nowhere”
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 lays out the TJMS’s history of dealing extensively and as an activist counterpubic node with the racism baked into the U.S. criminal justice system, including the differential treatment of whites versus all people of color—as in media neglect of the cases of missing black girls and women. It also lays out TJMS’s militant gun-control stance and opposition to the NRA. It documents their reactions to black offenders, and to innocent African Americans released from prison because of DNA evidence. It lays out TJMS coverage of and activism for victims of police violence/racist criminal justice Sean Bell, Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Melissa Alexander, and Michael Brown.
“Electronic Sheets” and a New Progressive Counterpublic
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

This chapter lays out the shifting American political/racial mediascape and the TJMS’s place within it. The chapter further outlines the fissioned public sphere—majority outlets are at least minimally anti-racist/women’s rights/anti-xenophobic, but there is a consolidation of vilely racist/misogynist/xenophobic outlets across American media. It documents Tom Joyner’s announcement that the show will end in Autumn 2019, and the avalanche of horrified and hilarious crew and audience reactions. It also specifies the evolving political economy of music radio and the rise of music streaming services spelling its demise. Finally, the chapter speculates on the future of a synergistic cross-medium progressive public sphere.
The Amazigh Movement in a Changing North Africa
Authors: Silverstein Paul A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces transformations in Amazigh militancy over the past fifty years. Its engagements have gradually shifted from particular demands for cultural and linguistic recognition toward a broader advocacy for social justice, political transparency, and economic equity that parallel those of student, labor, feminist, and human rights movements. These are demands that congealed in the 2011 mass demonstrations across North Africa and that explicitly sought to transcend extant ethnic and religious divisions within the region. Today, the Amazigh movement’s imagination of a broader cultural-geographic space of Tamazgha (Barbary) stretching from the Canary Islands to the Egyptian Siwa oasis continues to provide an alternate model for thinking beyond the narrow national interests that had sunk previous, official efforts to enact North African unity. Even as Amazigh activists remain fractured along generational, class, and indeed regional/national lines, their efforts at organizing through “world” federations, supranational bodies, diasporic resources, and delocalized social media point to alternative vectors for rethinking North Africa beyond a set of discrete nation-states. The Amazigh movement thus provides a salient lens for examining contemporary social currents in North Africa.
Thou Shalt Not Speak One Language
Authors: Boutieri Charis
Published: June 2019

It is the contention of this chapter that official promotions of multilingualism partake in a broader neoliberal state strategy to shield highly stratified and unequal economic interests by placing the heavy burden of global adaptability on individual speakers as students, laborers, and citizens. In its rhetoric, this strategy endorses individual multilingualism as an instrument for balancing out opportunity and access among the population. Policies on multilingualism reify previous hierarchies by recasting certain languages as those of modernity, opportunity, and progress within the actualities of global market capitalism. In sum, the chapter exposes current modes of discrimination that determine who is left out of national and global discourses on development. It also raises urgent questions about the possibility of public deliberation in an ostensibly developing and democratizing Morocco, questions that resonate with the wider Maghreb region and especially within the Algerian and Tunisian contexts. This chapter aims to probe the relationship between multilingualism and diversity with two aims: first, to examine the social impact of Moroccan multilingualism within the frame of global market capitalism, and, second, to use social experience to unsettle the assumed tautology between institutionalized diversity and liberal democratization.
Toward a ‘Democracy with Democrats’ in Tunisia
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 is explicitly anchored in democratic transition theory, while introducing a dimension that democratic transition theory had never much considered: religion. By contrasting Tunisia with Egypt, Stepan seeks to explain why a democratic transition happened in the former. His argument is twofold: one pre-condition, he believes, was the rapprochement between the leading Islamist party Ennahda and secular forces on a democratic platform in the years leading to the 2011 revolution, which created the ground for a sustainable cross-ideological coalition. But this outcome was above all made possible, at a moment in 2013 when the institutional process was on the verge of collapse, by the personal commitment and leadership of the heads of the Islamist and secular blocks, leading to what Stepan calls a ‘two sheikhs’ compromise.
Constituting Constitutionalism
Authors: Brown Nathan J.
Published: June 2019

Nathan Brown looks at the constitutions that were drafted in Arab countries after 2011 through the prism of the ‘new constitutionalism’, which emphasizes the need for democratic and participatory processes and has recently gained traction among constitutionalists. Instead of focusing on the actual texts that were produced, Brown looks at the peculiar circumstances in which those constitutions were written and explains how, in the chaotic context of ‘passionate reality’ which characterizes transitions, certain procedural choices were made (or imposed) that greatly affected the outcome.
International Assistance to Arab Spring Transitions
Authors: Al-Ali Zaid
Published: June 2019

Zaid al-Ali examines the action of international actors— especially those with ties to the United Nations—during the transitions in Libya and Yemen. He paints a rather depressing picture of international organizations with no genuine roadmaps and no sound analyses of the countries where they operated. Individuals who happened to be in charge of UN missions (sometimes more or less by chance) were left to act according to their own preferences and biases. Though the international community was not responsible for the collapse of the democratic process in Yemen and Libya, it was not capable of preventing it.
With or Without You?
Authors: Vairel Frédéric
Published: June 2019

Frédéric Vairel offers a comparison between transitional justice processes in Tunisia and Morocco. He shows how the Moroccan Equity and Reconciliation Commission established in 2004, the first in an Arab country, inspired and partly informed Tunisia’s Truth and Justice Commission. He discusses the similarities and differences between the two entities and their actions. While in authoritarian Morocco, the top-down process through which the commission was created allowed it to work reasonably well, though with quite limited results, its Tunisian counterpart followed a much more ambitious roadmap but was not able to function efficiently due to the politicization of transitional justice in Tunisia’s new democratizing context.
Conclusion
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: June 2019

Engagement in jihad, perceived as a “war of liberation” and a “moral obligation”, fuels the myth of sacrifice, viewed as the only worthwhile death.1 Jihadis’ use of their bodies as weapons of war shows their mobility. The body becomes an instrument of power and enables them to create a new relationship to the state: the power of a mobile body versus that of a bounded state. But human bombs above all challenge the state’s monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, its conception of war and its power to punish, making the exercise of justice futile....
Causation and Logic in Neuroscience
Authors: Buzsáki György
Published: June 2019

Causality is the most critical pillar of scientific inference in the Western world. Revealing a cause amounts to an explanation. However, other cultures that do not rely on cause-and-effect arguments can also arrive at valid scientific conclusions. The concept of causation is especially problematic in self-organized systems with amplifying-damping feedback loops, such as the brain. Causes in such systems are often circular or multidirectional; events are not caused but emerge. Correlation is symmetric, in the mathematical sense. However, in searching for the cause of the assumed interactions, we designate one set of variables as independent and the other as dependent, interpreting the relationship as asymmetric. Precaution should be taken not to conflate the “thing-to-be-explained” with “things that explain.”
Brain Rhythms Provide a Framework for Neural Syntax
Authors: Buzsáki György
Published: June 2019

Brain oscillations are present in the same form in all mammals and represent a fundamental aspect of neuronal computation, including the generation of movement patterns, speech, and music production. Neuronal oscillators readily entrain each other, making the exchange of messages between brain areas effective. Because all neuronal oscillations are based on inhibition, they can parse and concatenate neuronal messages, a prerequisite for any coding mechanism. This chapter discusses how the hierarchical nature of cross-frequency–coupled rhythms can serve as a scaffold for combining neuronal letters into words and words into sentences, thus providing a syntactic structure for information exchange.
Enhancing Brain Performance by Externalizing Thought
Authors: Buzsáki György
Published: June 2019

The brain areas in charge of generating plans and thoughts share many similarities with the motor cortex in terms of cellular architecture and input–output connectivity. The main difference is that prefrontal cortex does not directly innervate motor circuits. Instead, prefrontal cortical areas can be designated collectively as an internalized action system, so plans and thoughts can be conceived as internalized actions. These same brain areas and mechanisms are also responsible for externalizing thought in the form of artifacts, measuring instruments, language, art, and literature. In turn, externalized objects, as the tangible products of abstract thought, can have a profound impact on the creator’s mind and on the minds of others. Thus, externalized brain function facilitates the communication of explicit knowledge, hard-earned by a few, to all members of the community, enabling the quick and efficient spread of semantic knowledge.