bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Good International Citizenship and Cosmopolitan Responsibilities to Protect
Authors: Edyvane Derek , Souter James
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines a key question facing advocates of the cosmopolitan state: how can states best realize their cosmopolitan responsibilities to protect alongside their other responsibilities in cases where they conflict? It does so by focusing on a modest vision of cosmopolitan statehood—the notion of good international citizenship—and the idea that good international citizen states are faced with a continual need to ‘balance’ their potentially conflicting responsibilities. Drawing on the philosophy of value pluralism, the chapter interrogates this notion of ‘balance’ and makes two main claims. First, at times the plural responsibilities of good international citizenship can be successfully balanced through both contextual political decision and pragmatic action. Second, there are undoubtedly hard cases in which this balancing act is impossible, and good international citizens are faced with irresolvable dilemmas, in which ‘dirty hands’ are inevitable.
Semantic Analysis and Metaphysical Inquiry
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

This book is about the relationship between semantic analysis and metaphysical inquiry. Metaphysical theorizing is often bound up with semantic analyses of various target expressions, modes of discourse, forms of thought, or concepts. Semantic analyses of temporal language have played crucial dialectical roles in the debates over the metaphysics of time, while semantic analyses of belief and knowledge ascriptions have figured centrally in debates about the metaphysics of belief and knowledge. In this chapter, we take a brief initial tour of some of the ways in which semantic and conceptual analysis have been entangled with metaphysical inquiry throughout the history of philosophy. In the end, the very idea that semantic analysis can be expected to yield metaphysical insight is problematized by arguing that while semantic analysis may sometimes set the mood for metaphysics, it often raises metaphysical questions that it is powerless to answer.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

Throughout this book, I have attempted to detail some ways in which the native syntactic and semantic structures of natural language may fail to recapitulate the ultimate metaphysical structure of reality. I argued, for example, that the thematic structures of argument-taking expressions may vary significantly from language to language even when they express the same real-world relations, properties, states of affairs, or event structures. I begin this chapter with a further argument that changes in our encyclopedic representations of the world typically are not reflected in our native semantic representations of the world. Finally, I close the chapter and the book by illustrating the potential of the way of reference in metaphysics with respect to achieving metaphysical insight into the true nature of human freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Aston Nigel , Bankhurst Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter explores the historiography of the Hanoverian Succession and the centrality of Protestant Dissent in the party politics of the British Atlantic World in the early eighteenth century during the reigns of Queen Anne and George I. It argues that, taken together, the essays in the book represent a significant addition to scholarship on the topics of the Hanoverian Succession, party politics, and popular religion in the early eighteenth century. The combination of the volume’s tight focus on Protestant Dissent and nonconformity, and the sweeping geographic range covered by its contributors ensures that it will stand out as an authoritative addition to the scholarship of the early eighteenth century.
The Politics of Dissenting Demography in Ireland, 1690–1735
Authors: Bankhurst Benjamin
Published: May 2019

The era of the Hanoverian Succession was a period of rapid demographic change in Ireland. The arrival of 90,000 Scots pushed the extent of Presbyterian influence in Ulster well beyond its heartland in the northeast. This stoked concerns within the Church of Ireland of a possible Presbyterian coup like the one that befallen the Scottish Church in 1690. The fear of expansionist Dissent faded in the years after the death of Queen Anne when Irish Presbyterians began sailing en masse to the American Colonies. Irish Presbyterians were quick to capitalize on Ascendency concerns regarding perceived Protestant decline in their efforts to repeal the Test Act of 1704. This essay examines the changing debate over Dissenter demography in the works of William Tisdall and Jonathan Swift. It argues that Protestant anxieties regarding fluctuations in Dissenting numbers influenced the larger political debates in early eighteenth-century Ireland.
‘A greater revolution’
Authors: Parrish David
Published: May 2019

Letters to and from prominent Dissenting leaders and their political allies such as Cotton Mather and Benjamin Colman in New England, Archibald Stobo in South Carolina, and Robert Hunter in New York make it abundantly clear that the High-Church Tory ascendency during the final years of Queen Anne’s reign was a fraught period for religious Dissenters living throughout Britain’s Atlantic empire. While Tories were implementing policies designed to inhibit the influence of Dissent, a transatlantic Tory political culture was becoming far more antagonistic to the Hanoverian Succession and was increasingly associated with Jacobitism. Consequently, anti-Jacobitism became a pillar of the transatlantic Dissenting and Whig political and print culture.
In light of eros
Authors: Baracchi Claudia
Published: May 2019

This essay gives a reading of eros at the intersection of Plato and Aristotle in its anthropological and cosmic implications, using archaic and modern sources. The discussion is articulated in four sections: the first is devoted to Aristotle’s Metaphysics Alpha and Lambda, where quotations from Parmenides and Hesiod prepare the elaboration of nous, the unmoved mover, as eromenos, the beloved. The second section takes up eros in its cosmic/physical dimensions, as developed by the physician Eryximachus in Plato’s Symposium. The third and central section delves into the specifically human experience of eros, by reference to Plato’s Symposium and Phaedrus as well as lyric poets such as Sappho and Ibycus. The fourth and final section analyzes the myth of the androgyne as a figure (1) of the desire for literal, biological fusion with the beloved and (2) of psychic/spiritual completeness. A brief consideration of Virginia Woolf’s Orlando concludes the essay.
Holistic Innovation Policy
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

This book is about holistic innovation policy: its theoretical foundations, its problem-oriented approach, and its instrument choices. We start with the observation that most of the current innovation policies are not holistic because they only focus on a few determinants of innovation processes. This book provides a theoretically anchored foundation for the design of holistic innovation policy by identifying the core policy problems that tend to afflict the activities of innovation systems, including the unintended consequences of policy itself. This is a necessary stepping stone for the identification of viable, relevant, and down-to-earth policy solutions. The book also offers a critical analysis of policy instruments and their choice in innovation policy design. It is not a ‘recipe’ nor a ‘how-to’ guide. Instead, it provides analytical depth and substantial considerations about the ways in which policy might be providing solutions to problems in systems of innovation. After introducing its conceptual framework about innovation and innovation policy, the book delves into the following areas of innovation policy-making: knowledge production and research and development; education, training, and skills development; functional procurement as demand-side; change of organizations through entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; interaction and innovation networks; changing institutions and regulations; and the public financing of early stage innovations. Its critical and novel perspective serves policy-makers, scholars, and anyone interested in the design of innovation policy. The summary chapter (Chapter 12) can be read independently of the rest of the book.
Innovation Policy
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

This chapter develops the core of the argument regarding the specific assumptions and theoretical propositions about the role and limits of innovation policy. The theoretical basis for the holistic approach to innovation policy proposed in this book is built from a broad version of the systems of innovation approach and the identification of the concrete policy problems that afflict the innovation system, including the unintended consequences of policy. Following from that, the chapter argues that most innovation policies across countries are still partial, not holistic; that innovation policy must be separated from research policy; and that innovation policy-learning can only take place using an analytical model that helps understanding what worked, how, and why.
Changing Institutions
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Institutions (including regulations) are constitutive elements of innovation systems. Some institutions are influenced by public actors, and they are elements of innovation policy. Focusing on (soft and hard) regulation, the chapter identifies the most salient regulatory areas from the perspective of the innovation system. When asking about the effects of regulation on innovation, the chapter argues that there are three key issues that need careful analysis, namely, whether regulation is effective and efficient in terms of reducing uncertainty and generating incentives; whether it is able to generate ultimately wider social benefits for the innovativeness of the system at large; and the extent to which regulation is adapting to new (social, economic, and technological) contexts and is socially legitimate and accepted. This provides guidance for the design and redesign of innovation policy, so that policy-makers analyse empirically the social dynamics actually generated by regulation rather than simply assuming deductively their effects.
Disjoint and reflexive prominent internal possessor constructions in Chimane
Authors: Ritchie Sandy
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines two types of prominent internal possessor constructions in Chimane (unclassified, Bolivia). In the first type, possessors internal to object arguments which are disjoint from the subject control object agreement on the verb. It is argued that disjoint prominent internal possessors (PIPs) control object agreement via a clause-level proxy which mediates the agreement relation. In the second type, possessors internal to patient-like arguments which are coreferential with the subject, (i.e. the subject’s ‘own’ possessions) are associated with a different agreement pattern in which no object agreement occurs on the verb. It is argued that in both cases, the possessive phrase headed by the possessed noun is associated with a secondary object function. In the case of the disjoint PIP, the external proxy of the internal possessor bears the primary object function. In the case of the reflexive PIP, there is no primary object function.
The adjective phrase
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

Besides adjectives proper, participles also function syntactically as adjectives. Adjectives used as predicate complements have an external argument which may raise to become the subject of a copula or the object of a transitive verb. Adjectives may take complements, although mostly they occur without one. A few adjectives take a nominal complement, but mostly the complement is a PP. The complement may also be an infinitival relative, which is the derivational basis of ‘tough’ constructions. An adjective may be preceded by a modifying degree phrase (DegP), expressing degree or comparison. The comparative and the superlative are expressed by modifiers ‘more’ and ‘most’, or by a suffix which is checked against an abstract degree element in DegP. DegP may be followed by a comparative phrase which is extraposed to the right of the adjective.
The verb phrase
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

The verb phrase is headed by a verb, which may be an auxiliary verb with a grammatical function, a copula, or a lexical verb. Lexical verbs are avalent, transitive, intransitive, ergative, or unaccusative. The verb may have from zero to three arguments, and in addition various adjuncts. The verb always precedes its complements in base structure (VO), and complements may belong to any phrasal category. A crucial concept is that of the small clause (SC), consisting of a predicate word (non-finite verb, adjective, preposition) with possible complements, and a DP functioning as a SC subject. With intransitive and possibly with unaccusative verbs, the SC subject is the surface subject; with transitive verbs it is the object. The verbal particle is a special type of intransitive preposition. The indirect object is generated as the specifier of a lower VP. Free adjuncts, whether predicate or adverbial, are right-adjoined to VP.
The finite clause
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

The topic of this chapter is the T-domain. The specifier of TP is the subject position. The finite verb never appears in T on the surface. In subordinate clauses it remains in V; in main clauses it moves on to C. There is an obligatory subject requirement for all finite, non-imperative clauses. In cases where no argument raises to SpecTP, a non-referential element is used to fill the subject role. There are two kinds of passives, a periphrastic one with an auxiliary and the perfect participle, or one derived from the reflexive form of the verb. The passive subject may be any nominal complement, including the complement of some prepositions, stranding the preposition. Sentence adverbials are left-adjoined to VP. By object shift an unstressed pronoun is shifted across the sentence adverbial if no other material intervenes. Negated objects cannot occur in VP, and have to be replaced by the negation above VP.
The independent sentence
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

The topic of this chapter is the C-domain and the main clause. In main clauses the finite verb moves to C. By topicalization, a phrase of any lexical category is obligatorily moved to SpecCP, preceding the finite verb, in declarative main clauses. The verb is thus in second position; Mainland Scandinavian is a V2 language. Complements of prepositions can be topicalized, stranding the preposition. Among possible topicalizations, besides nominal and adverbial categories, are also verb phrases. Topicalization out of noun phrases and across clause boundaries is frequent. By topic doubling, a left-dislocated phrase may be resumed by a pronoun or an adverbial in the following topic position. In sentence questions, SpecCP is empty, and in phrasal questions SpecCP is filled by the interrogative phrase. Imperative sentences usually lack an overt subject.
Legitimate Political Authority and Expertise
Authors: Peter Fabienne
Published: May 2019

Can legitimate political authority be based on expertise? Stephen Darwall has argued that it cannot. According to Darwall, legitimate political authority requires a mode of justification involving mutual accountability, which is exemplified by public reason. Darwall has objected to the influential Razian account of legitimate political authority that it conflates expertise and legitimate political authority. In a first move, this chapter defends Raz’s account against Darwall’s objection and argues that expertise can be a ground of legitimate political authority. It also argues that mutual accountability remains important for political legitimacy, however. That is because political decisions often concern complex issues on which sufficiently robust expertise is not available.
The Nation State’s Legitimation in Post-National Society
Authors: Přibáň Jiří
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the legitimation of the nation state in a post-national world. It employs systems theory, according to which law is one of many normative systems and the state is one of many societal organizations, to make sense of the role of values in the state’s legitimation. It argues that processes of legitimation are constituted by systemic communication between law and politics within and beyond the nation state, communication that involves the internalization of values that are external to these systems. Yet, it stresses, such values are not transcendental foundations; they are instead internally generated expectations that differentiate between legitimacy and illegitimacies in both politics and law.
Founding Moments and Founding Fathers
Authors: Clarke Kamari Maxine
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how sentimental affects become entrenched within institutions like the International Criminal Court and various popular postcolonial figures. It explores how both political figures and legal technocrats engaged in public performances of justice tap into prevailing emotional regimes that become institutionalized. The chapter begins with two brief examples to illustrate this process and then delves more deeply to analyse the different contours of affect that both structure fields of expression and are conditioned by history and individual affective responses. Taken together they illustrate how emotional sentiments are transmitted through the production of feeling regimes, and through affective transference their meanings travel and take root in various social fields, such as international justice. By mapping how the emotional affects are transferred within constituent publics—from person to person, leader to constituency—the chapter explores how they are deployed to make new historical lineages feasible.
Ontotheology and Modality II
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the prevalent conception of modality in German rationalist school, by looking at the modal version of the ontological argument, propounded by Leibniz, Wolff, and Baumgarten, and these figures’ accounts of modality in other metaphysical contexts. It disputes two claims of a common narrative concerning the school metaphysicians: (i) they were committed to logicism, according to which claims about possibility and necessity are exhaustively explained through formal-logical principles, while Kant introduced a real or metaphysical account of modality, involving extra-logical truth-makers of modal claims; (ii) they were committed to the view that existence is a real predicate or determination, which Kant strongly rejected. This chapter demonstrates that contrary to the common narrative, Leibniz and Wolff had robust conceptions of real possibility and necessity, and did not commit to the conception of existence as a distinct determination of things and even anticipated Kant’s position on existence in significant ways.
Modal Categories and Kant’s Revolution
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter reconstructs Kant’s revolutionary account of real modality as presented in the Schematism and the Postulates chapters of the Critique. Here we find his precritical theses on existence, both negative and positive, transform into a strong ‘peculiarity’ thesis about modal categories in general: “as a determination of the object they do not add to the concept to which they are ascribed in the least, but rather express only the relation to the faculty of cognition” (A219). Each of possibility, actuality, and necessity posits the conceptual representation of an object in a different relation to the background conditions of our empirical cognition of objects. Each such act of positing constitutes a peculiar, i.e. ‘subjective,’ type of synthetic judgment, where the intension of the subject-concept is not at all enlarged, but a relation with a distinct cognitive faculty (i.e. respectively, with understanding, perception, and reason) is added to it.
Odds ratio—a measure of risk?
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A discussion and complete description of the odds ratio in the context of epidemiologic data.
Odds ratio—two properties rarely mentioned
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

Two often confused statistical techniques are the odds ratio and relative risk ratio. These basic statistics are discussed and illustrated by contrasting risks from an analysis of breast cancer incidence among military women who served in Vietnam.
Lotto—how to get in and how to win
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A close look at a strategy from the book entitled “State Lotteries – How to get in and how to win” is described and discussed.
The Monty Hall problem
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A famous problem that arose from a television game show that produced issues that are widely debated, called the “Monty Hall problem.”
Simpson’s paradox—two examples and a bit more
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

When data that are not homogeneous are combined they often produce a variety of results that are deceptive and likely useless. Discussions and examples illustrate.
Log-normal distribution—leukemia and pesticide exposure
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

Like the normal distribution, the log-normal distribution’s properties are useful and often revealing. A short description presents an analysis of log-normal data collected to asses cancer risk associated with a specific pesticide.
Sense and Solidarity
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.
Introduction
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

In this extended introduction (also available on the net as a stand‐alone article), the author explains the motivation of the book and puts the essays in perspective. After brief reflections inspired by the daily sight of Ranchi's koilawalas, or coal guys, Drèze discusses the basic principles of research for action, broadly understood as research aimed at practical change through democratic means. Among other methodological issues, he argues that experience and evidence are complementary forms of learning. Similarly, economists and activists (known in India as jholawalas) have much to learn from each other. The reference to jholawala economics, in the title of the book, affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis.
Health Care
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the dismal state of health care in India and the scope for change. Drawing on a wealth of survey data, it brings out the gaping deficiencies of public health facilities as well as India's poor health outcomes. In fact, India's health indicators do not compare favourably with those of Bangladesh or even Nepal, in spite of India's much higher per‐capita GDP and faster GDP growth. Of course, some Indian states (notably Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Himachal Pradesh) have made health care a priority and, correspondingly, forged ahead in terms of health indicators. Recent evidence also suggests significant progress in this field in other states, including some—like Bihar—that have a long record of poor governance.
Employment Guarantee
Authors: Drèze Jean
Published: May 2019

This chapter consists of five essays on India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Two essays make the case for NREGA as a step towards the right to work, and responds to the critics. The third essay discusses the ground realities of corruption in NREGA, and how it can be prevented. The fourth essay draws attention to problems related to the timely payment of NREGA wages. The concluding essay discusses the productive value of NREGA works and the learning value of the implementation process. The chapter draws on a series of field surveys of NREGA in different Indian states, conducted with student volunteers over the years.
Spenser’s Miniature Map of Faerie
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 reads Spenser’s 1590 Faerie Queene in light of the miniature cartographic aesthetic exemplified by William Bowes’s 1590 county playing cards. I show that in the poem, which earned Spenser a pension from Elizabeth I, Amoret’s cut-up body represents in microcosm the imperial dissection of England and Wales by Christopher Saxton’s 1579 royally-funded county atlas. The romance heroine’s small size and unadorned beauty, which closely parallel the raw aesthetic of cheap maps, reveal the miniature’s potential to resist monarchical illusions of grandeur. This aesthetic reappears in Spenser’s descriptions of the Thames in Prothalamion (1596), as well as of Irish rebels resisting English colonization in the 1596 Vewe of the Present State of Irelande. In both, Spenser’s engagement with the geographic imaginary of small-format cartography complicates scholarly assumptions about the poet’s nationalism.
Daniel’s Imperial Survey
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 contrasts Spenser’s affinity for the miniature with Samuel Daniel’s denigration of it. In his laureate poems, Daniel attempted to undermine the cheap county maps that provided an alternative geographic imaginary to James I’s royal unification of England with Scotland. To do so, he borrowed from the language of the survey, a privileged testing-ground for translating the national topography into a broadly comprehensible set of signifiers. Daniel’s chapbooks the Panegyrike Congratulatorie (1603) and the 1607 Funerall Poem both reject the egalitarian principles of practical surveying to instead map for James a magisterial imperial state. This interpretation offers a corrective to existing scholarship on the poet as a populist nationalist by arguing that his works articulated a deeply hierarchical view of the realm. I contrast Daniel’s geographical elitism with John Norden’s accessible pocket-sized guides and surveying manuals circulating in the commonwealth culture of the Inns of Court.
Jonson’s Broken Compasses and Bit Parts
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 turns to Ben Jonson’s first laureate chapbook, His Part (1604), written for James I’s first royal entrance into London. Here, Jonson imagines the Inns of Court as a lodestone that disrupts the imperial compass marking the king as the pole star of the state. Instead, Jonson points to the ordinary people at the center of the king’s newly conjoined realm. Jonson’s poems measure the commonwealth according to the standards of civic identity in ways that anticipate the practicality of the numeric distance tables in Norden’s Intended Guyde (1624). An archival discovery of King James’s personal copy of the Guyde also shows the presence of popular cartography at the highest spheres of British governance, and offers a fresh perspective on the kinds of geographical knowledge shaping the intersections of space, place, and national identity in the early seventeenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

The Introduction argues that in early modern Britain maps of sovereign power jostled against geographies of mundane resistance in ways that could marginalize bastions of social control. This spatial incongruity sprang from the practice of everyday life, through which consumers appropriated informational media in opportunistic ways. This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by showing that laureate poetry by writers such as Jonson and Spenser circulated alongside pocket maps and other forms of cheap print in public markets. Together, these texts inspired new paradigms of collectivity for a British society on the cusp of transitioning into a modern nation-state.
The global diffusion of non-communicable diseases
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Notwithstanding the threat of infectious pandemics, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are now the leading cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in all regions of the world except Africa. The rise in NCDs, especially in the developing world, is very much a result of global market integration, trade and investment liberalization, and the growth in the reach and power of transnational corporations whose stock-in-trade are health-harmful commodities (tobacco, alcohol, and obesogenic foods). The modern global governance challenge of what are now referred to as the ‘commercial determinants of health’ is the extent to which such commodities are regulated by governments, passed over to corporate social (self-) responsibility, or seen as an amalgam of the poor lifestyles of individuals in need of a behavioural ‘nudge’. The World Health Organization, the lead international organization developing responses to the NCD threat, must confront powerful member nations representing powerful corporate interests resistant to regulatory change.
Researching the Politics of Education Quality in Developing Countries
Authors: Hickey Sam , Hossain Naomi
Published: May 2019

Politics is increasingly recognized to shape education outcomes in the global South, but there is little agreement on which forms of politics really matter, or how to conceptualize or investigate them. This chapter outlines the main approaches and findings from the existing literature, before setting out a new framework for analysis, organized around the ‘domains of power’ framework. This brings together analysis of the overall organization of power within the society (the political settlement) with political analysis of the education sector (or policy domain). The chapter sets out the methodological approach that was deployed to undertake the research presented in this volume, explaining the comparative case study methodology and the focus on power relations, the role of ideas, the significance of the sector within the ordering of power, policy coalitions and legacies of past policies, and elite commitment and state capacity to deliver education quality reforms.
Decentralization and Teacher Accountability
Authors: Ampratwum Edward , Awal Mohammed , Oduro Franklin
Published: May 2019

Despite series of reforms designed to improve the basic education system in Ghana, the quality of education remains low. This chapter uses a political settlement analysis to explore why this is the case. Focusing on the issue of teacher accountability and performance, we argue that a key reform—decentralization—remains a highly contested process. The current system generates insufficient incentives for effective forms of policy implementation and accountability to emerge at scale. The evidence suggest that improving educational quality depends on reform-minded coalitions made up of state and non-state actors, and a stable political settlement at the district level. We conclude that where good practice is experienced, it is as a result of efforts by these coalitions to devise and enforce local-level solutions to local problems.
Cicero and the Silver Age
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper was first published in 1982. It was originally given as a contribution to one of the Entretiens Hardt held at Geneva, on the subject Éloquence et rhétorique chez Cicéron; and it is followed by an (edited) transcript of the multilingual discussion that ensued on that occasion. The paper examines the varying attitudes to Cicero’s career, character, and oratorical style expressed by writers of the Silver Age, including Asconius and the two Senecas; but particular attention is given to the judgements of Quintilian. It is argued that Cicero’s oratory in some ways foreshadows the literary developments of the Silver Age, especially in the wealth of emotional appeal, in the penchant for word play, and generally in giving pleasure: ‘Cicero gave audiences what they wanted; and they went on wanting it in the century that followed.’
Declamation, Greek and Latin
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper, which started life as a lecture in the University of Genoa (published in 1983), stresses the fundamental importance of Greek declamation as forerunner of and background to the more familiar Roman texts. Seneca the Elder himself quotes a number of Greek declaimers; their bombast, word play, appeal to emotion and prose rhythm are traits of the Asian style that so much affected Cicero, and marked Greek practice over a very long period. The paper throws light on many aspects of this development, and on its interaction with Roman schools. It discusses, for example, the stress on self-conscious structure in Gorgias’ Palamedes, the fictive laws used in the schools, the close link between the status system and declamation, and a particular type of pairing of clauses seen very widely in declamatory texts, both Greek and Latin.
Quintilian and Declamation
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper, originally a contribution to the Festschrift for Jean Cousin (1983), brings together what Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria has to say about declamation, which he himself taught in his school in Rome. Himself a practising advocate, he was concerned that declamation should provide a useful training for the future orator, and he reacted against some modern school practices and their damaging influence on speeches in court. Like the ‘Master’ who wrote the sermones in the Minor Declamations (perhaps ‘School of Quintilian’), Quintilian was concerned primarily to teach orderly and lucid argumentation. The paper analyses Quintilian’s use of declamation themes and employment of declamatory extracts, especially to illustrate the complexities of the status system.
On Impulse
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper was first published in 1995 as one of a collection of essays in honour of Donald Russell. It explores the Latin word impetus, which in the sense of ‘impulse’ came into Latin literary criticism with connotations of lack of control and even violence. An orator might be carried away by it, while carrying his audience away too. In a specialized case, Quintilian uses the word in connection with the ‘naturalist’ orators and declaimers of his time who rejected the traditional rhetorical education and relied on the inspiration of the moment. Quintilian himself inculcated the need for reason and order: even extemporization should have its method. The inspiration experienced by poets was a different, though not unrelated, matter. The paper ends by aligning Quintilian’s views with those of ‘Longinus’, on whom Donald Russell wrote a fine commentary.
An Emendation in Calpurnius Flaccus
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This short paper, first published in 1999, quotes and translates three sentences from Calpurnius Flaccus’ second declamation. The speaker is an accuser, who argues that for a white woman with a white husband to give birth to a black child is certain proof of adultery, because individual races have fixed physical characteristics to distinguish them. A crucial verb in the second sentence is transmitted as mittit, ‘sends’. As this makes no sense, Schultingh long ago emended it to inficit, ‘colours’; but that is far from the paradosis, and the paper suggests instead mutat, ‘changes’. Parallels are adduced, and other points in the passage commented on.
Quintilian 12.11.11–12
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This short paper, which appeared in 2006, suggests a new emendation of a passage of Quintilian’s Institutio that has long puzzled textual critics. Quintilian says that to become good is not so hard as it might seem to those who have read his precepts in 12.2, for ‘the things that praemuntur are not so complex and hard that they cannot be learned in a few years’. Critics have in the past made the unintelligible verb into a word meaning ‘are handed down’. On a new tack, the paper suggests that the word should be praemetuuntur. These studies ‘are feared beforehand’, but are less formidable once they are embarked upon. Parallels in Quintilian for rare verbs prefixed with prae- are given, and a parallel is pointed out at 4.5.5.
William of Malmesbury’s Work on the Declamationes maiores
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

The English historian William of Malmesbury (died c.1142) wrote in various genres, including the celebrated Gesta regum Anglorum and Gesta pontificum Anglorum, the ‘deeds’ of the kings and bishops of the English, and was enormously well read in the classical and patristic Latin available to him. This paper was published in 2014. It concerns William’s annotations, in MS Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson G. 139, of the Major Declamations wrongly attributed to Quintilian. It discusses the textual affinities of the manuscript itself, and then some of the passages where William made conjectures on the text. Five of them anticipate modern conjectures, but William often puts his finger on a problem even when he cannot solve it. The paper also discusses a special Nota sign used by William some thirty times to signal passages whose content interested him, and suggests why they may have caught his attention.
L. Håkanson, Textkritische Studien zu den grösseren pseudoquintilianischen Deklamationen, Gleerup (Lund, 1974)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review of L. Håkanson, Textkritische Studien zu den grösseren pseudoquintilianischen Deklamationen (1974), published two years after the book, describes the then current edition of the Major Declamations as ‘a monument to conservatism run mad’. The reviewer, comparing Håkanson’s book with a monograph of Reitzenstein (1909), judges it ‘a work of comparable distinction and superior consistency’, and Håkanson himself as ‘a delicate and skilful practitioner’ of textual emendation: ‘He excels in the slight touch, the shifted comma, that illuminates a whole sentence.’ The reviewer remarks that Håkanson is ‘naturally assisted by modern awareness of prose rhythm’. Some of his proposals are judged excellent, a few less persuasive. The reviewer looks forward with pleasure to Håkanson’s forthcoming edition of the collection (it appeared in 1982).
L. A. Sussman, The Elder Seneca, Brill (Leiden, 1978)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review of L. A. Sussman’s The Elder Seneca (1978) appeared in the following year. The book looks ‘at the old man himself, his life, the artistic design of his collection of Controversiae and Suasoriae, his literary criticism, and his lost Histories. It is not a faultless book, but it is scrupulous in giving the evidence from which it argues, and up to the minute with the bibliography; nothing previously published covers this ground so fully and so conveniently.’ The reviewer, however, does fault Sussman for his neglect of the Greek background, and adds details of some disagreements with particular judgements. He ends by suggesting that Sussman may be thought to overvalue his author, ‘the pleasant old gentleman about whom Sussman has given us this pleasant book’.
L. A. Sussman (ed., tr., comm.), The Declamations of Calpurnius Flaccus, Brill (Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1994)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This review of L. A. Sussman’s The Declamations of Calpurnius Flaccus (1994) appeared in the following year. It compliments the author for his sterling service to the study of Roman declamation, not least his pioneering translation of the difficult Major Declamations. The book argues interestingly for a late first-century or second-century date for Calpurnius. The reviewer judges that Sussman was (not surprisingly) unable to improve on the text of Lennart Håkanson, but that he discusses the problems carefully and intelligently. Some details of the translation and interpretation of this fragmentary text follow, and some new ideas are aired. The reviewer finds Sussman ‘over-hospitable to emotive alliteration’.
A. Stramaglia (ed., tr., comm.), [Quintiliano]. I gemelli malati: un caso di vivisezione (Declamazioni maggiori, 8), Edizioni dell’Università degli Studi di Cassino (Cassino, 1999)
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

A. Stramaglia’s [Quintiliano], I gemelli malati (1999) was a new edition, equipped with translation and commentary, of the eighth of the collection of Major Declamations wrongly attributed to Quintilian. It proved to be the first of the highly esteemed Cassino series (now almost complete) covering this collection. This review, published in 2000, praises the interesting introduction (in fact by Lorenzo Greco) concerning vivisection and twins in antiquity, and Stramaglia’s important note on the text, ‘a learned and acute analysis of the problems raised by the transmission of the corpus as a whole’. The review also commends Stramaglia’s independence of mind in taking issue with the great scholar Lennart Håkanson. A number of passages are discussed in detail, and some new suggestions made for improving the text.
The Capability Approach and Labour Law: Identifying the Areas of Fit
Authors: Davidov Guy
Published: May 2019

The goal of this chapter is to assess to what extent the Capability Approach (CA) can be useful for labour law theory. It begins by asking, what is the purpose of looking for a purpose for labour law? The chapter distinguishes between legal purposes (such as purposive interpretation) and non-legal purposes (for example, defending the law against economic and libertarian critiques). It argues that, for legal purposes, there must be a ‘fit’ between the proposed normative theory and existing laws. It then distinguishes between three different strands in the literature regarding what do we want people to be capable of: whatever they want (‘substantive freedom’); specific capabilities (justified by another theory); or effective ability to enjoy labour laws (that require separate justifications). The chapter argues that the first two strands can be used to justify some specific laws—notably, workplace equality, health and safety, and working time law—but certainly not the entire field. The third strand can be used as a ‘supplementary device’ to justify specific means that will make the laws effective—but does not provide the primary justification for the laws themselves.
Labor Law and the Capabilities Approach
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: May 2019

Labor law scholars often discuss the “Capability Approach” as if it were a single thing with clearly defined content. However, it is best seen as a family of approaches. This paper first clarifies what the different versions of the approach have in common: a commitment to replacing measurement of well-being by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by a focus on a group of substantial freedoms or opportunities for choice. It then goes on to clarify some deep differences between Amartya Sen’s version of the approach and that used by Nussbaum. Nussbaum’s version is intended to supply a basis for political principles in a pluralistic society, and thus, eschews on grounds of equal respect for persons any commitment to a comprehensive doctrine of freedom or autonomy, given that in a pluralistic society citizens, religious and secular, differ about these values. It also avoids, in consequence, a commitment to maximizing freedom. Even though Sen distinguishes maximizing from optimizing and allows for plural conceptions of the good, he goes further than Nussbaum in prioritizing autonomy and reason-based conceptions. And because he does not endorse a list his maximizing exercise seems fully general; by contrast, Nussbaum’s the political goal is understood to be to secure to all citizens, by constitutional right, an ample threshold amount of (only) ten central opportunities or capabilities as a partial conception. She defends this approach, in terms of Rawlsian “political liberalism,” as more consonant with equal respect for persons. In further clarifying these ideas, the paper also discusses the role of feminist economics in developing the approach, and recommends a focus on the informal economy and the political assignment of financial value to women’s unpaid domestic work.
Labor History and the Clash of Capabilities
Authors: Weinrib Laura
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that the congruity between the Capabilities Approach (CA) and the American labor movement’s ambitions and tactics has shifted over time. In the early twentieth century, labor activists embraced strong forms of social and economic pressure, rejected minimalism, and disavowed state intervention. Over the course of the twentieth century, however, the American administrative state actively structured the bargaining relationship between unions and employers, and unions surrendered much of their coercive power. In the new legal landscape, it may be plausible to ground labor law in the CA, which combines an emphasis on full equality of freedom of speech and association with support for a strong social safety net. This compatibility, however, is premised on the labor movement’s relinquishment of its most effective historical weapons. That is, the same modifications that have accommodated labor law to the CA have also eroded labor’s strength and accelerated its decline.
The Constitution of Capabilities
Authors: Bogg Alan
Published: May 2019

This chapter defends a particular ‘capabilities template’ for freedom of association. It identifies two versions of the capabilities approach. The first version, developed by Sen, has inspired a ‘thin’ account of freedom of association. This thin account of freedom of association is circumspect about the legitimacy of constitutional courts developing a jurisprudence of ‘derivative rights’ and ‘correlative duties’. Its main target has been the judicial elaboration of a constitutionalized right to collective bargaining correlative to a duty to bargain. The second version, developed by Nussbaum, provides the underpinning to a social democratic account of freedom of association. This supports a positive role for constitutional courts, constitutional entrenchment, and a generous approach to ‘derivative rights’. This chapter defends this social democratic account of freedom of association. In so doing, it also suggests some important modifications to Nussbaum’s account, to allow for the direct promotion of human functionings in appropriate circumstances.
Poor Productivity and Damaging Demography
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: May 2019

Over the past decade the slowdown in growth has reduced UK GDP by 20 per cent and US by 18 per cent. The contributions to this decline are calculated from changes in the population of working age, unemployment, participation rates, hours worked, and labour productivity. This shows that the deterioration in productivity caused 102 per cent of the slowdown in the growth of GDP for the UK and 65 per cent for the US, and the changes in demography caused 15 per cent of the slowdown in the UK and 37 per cent in the US. At least 100 per cent of this decline was therefore caused by damaging changes in demography and productivity. Changes in unemployment, participation rates, and hours worked offset some of the deterioration in demography in the UK but had almost no combined impact in the US.