bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De functie van de kwaliteitsborging in het zorgstelsel
Authors: Sijmons J.G.
Published: June 2016

De functie van de kwaliteitsborging in het zorgstelsel

In het gezondheidsrecht is de ontwikkeling van private normen van groot belang. Tussen normen van de wetgever en toetsing door de rechter ontwikkelt zich steeds meer een laag van standaarden, richtlijnen en protocollen. Deze geven invulling aan de meer globale normen en plichten die in formele wetgeving zijn neergelegd. Het Zorginstituut Nederland speelt hierin een belangrijke rol door registratie van richtlijnen en protocollen. De auteur gaat onder meer in op de ontwikkeling en vormgeving van de kwaliteitsnormering en plaatst enkele kanttekeningen daarbij. Zo zal de verwachting dat met deze ontwikkeling ook transparantie bij kwaliteit van zorg kan worden bevorderd, voorlopig niet zijn gerealiseerd. Integendeel, het heeft eerder de ondoorzichtigheid van het kwaliteitsvraagstuk in beeld gebracht. Het is zelfs de vraag of met een tendens naar standaarden als algemene, minimale kwaliteitsnormen met optimale doelmatigheid met de registratie wel de goede sleutel tot het goed functioneren van het stelsel is gevonden.
De boycot van de ‘toiletwet’
Authors: Ranchordás S.H.
Published: June 2016

De boycot van de ‘toiletwet’

De zogenaamde ‘toiletwet’ van de Amerikaanse staat North Carolina heeft zowel binnen als buiten de Verenigde Staten de nodige beroering veroorzaakt. Deze wet regelt wie welke toiletten en kleedkamers mag gebruiken op basis van het geboortegeslacht. Dit heeft vergaande gevolgen voor transgenders, maar de betekenis van deze wet beperkt zich niet tot een toiletbezoek. Volgens de auteur ligt de betekenis dieper, in het gelijkheidsbeginsel, maatschappelijke waarnemingen over geslacht, de relatie tussen federale en lokale overheid en hoe economische en culturele belangen de toekomst van wetgeving kunnen beïnvloeden. Deze aspecten komen in de bijdrage aan bod, alsmede pogingen om de wet te boycotten.
Notre Golfe : l’émergence d’un réseau intersectoriel pour l’étude de l’environnement socioécologique du golfe du Saint-Laurent
Authors: Archambault Philippe , Grant Cindy , Audet René , Bader Barbara , Bourgault Daniel , Cusson Mathieu , Doyon Sabrina , Dumont Dany , Lamalle Sandy , Levasseur Maurice , Morin Émilie , Pelletier Émilien , Schloss Irene , St-Onge Guillaume , Therriault Geneviève , Tremblay Hugo , Tremblay Jean-Éric , Tremblay Réjean , Plante Steve
Published: June 2016

Notre Golfe est un réseau d’innovation intersectoriel pour l’étude de l’environnement socioécologique du golfe du Saint-Laurent. Issu d’un partenariat entre organisations publiques et privées, le réseau a pour objectif de favoriser l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre des projets de recherche interdisciplinaire ciblant des questions prioritaires en lien avec une éventuelle exploration et exploitation des hydrocarbures. Parallèlement, les membres du réseau rédigeront un ouvrage sur l’état des connaissances en appui à la prise de décisions dans le cas d’un éventuel développement de cette filière.
Polarization-induced enhancement of hole injection efficiency in n-ZnO/p-graded AlxGa1−
xN heterojunction diodes
Authors: Jiang Junyan , Zhang Yuantao , Yan Long , Chi Chen , Wu Bin , Li Pengchong , Zhang Baolin , Du Guotong
Published: June 2016

Vertically aligned O-polar ZnO nanowall networks were prepared on N-polar p-graded Al
x
Ga1−

x
N/sapphire substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. Further, heterojunction light-emitting diodes based on O-polar n-ZnO/N-polar p-graded Al
x
Ga1−

x
N were fabricated. A strong and narrow ultraviolet emission at 388 nm, originating from ZnO, was observed under forward bias. The hole injection efficiency of the proposed diode was significantly enhanced owing to the existence of polarization-induced two-dimensional hole gas at the n-ZnO/p-graded Al
x
Ga1−

x
N heterointerface, thereby yielding an enhanced light output power. This work provides an alternative path towards the realization of high-performance ZnO-based ultraviolet diodes.
Analysis of a modified recessed active tunneling field-effect transistor
Authors: Kim HuiJung , Choi Seongwook , Yoo NakWon , Rhee SeungMan , Lee Myoung Jin , Park Young June
Published: June 2016

To enhance the on-current (I
ON) of a tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET), we investigated the structures of a TFET with a recessed active (RA) region, known as the “RA-TFET”, using three-dimensional (3D) simulation. The analyzed structure is different from the recessed dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) channel in terms of the positions of the source and drain. The benefit of this structure is that the tunneling length remains unchanged as the depth increases so that the current can be easily scaled up, thereby maintaining the subthreshold slope (SS) and active area. Using an RA-TFET with a 100 nm Si depth, a 9.45 × 10−7 A I
ON is achieved with a minimum SS of 35 mV/dec; in addition, we propose RA-TFET modifications to mitigate the ambipolar characteristics and reduce the capacitance between the gate and the drain (C
GD) by up to 40%.
Bubble-free high-speed UV nanoimprint lithography using condensable gas with very low global warming potential
Authors: Suzuki Kenta , Youn Sung-Won , Hiroshima Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

Bubble-free filling needs to be achieved to realize high-throughput mass production in ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL). Although bubble-free filling can be accomplished by performing UV-NIL under vacuum, nonvacuum processes can lower equipment and operation costs. UV-NIL in 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (PFP) has been recognized as a promising method of realizing ultrahigh-speed UV-NIL; however, the global warming potential (GWP) of PFP of 1030 might restrict its industrial use. In this work, UV-NIL of a spin-coated UV-curable resin in trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CTFP), which has a low GWP of <5, was studied with the aim of identifying an alternative to PFP. The cavity filling speed of resin and mold release force in CTFP were comparable to those in PFP, and superior to those in helium atmosphere. Sub-100 nm patterns were successfully fabricated by UV-NIL in CTFP, although the line width shrinkage ratio of patterns fabricated in CTFP was slightly larger than that of patterns fabricated in PFP.
Evaluation of adhesive-free crossed-electrode poly(vinylidene fluoride) copolymer array transducers for high frequency imaging
Authors: Wagle Sanat , Decharat Adit , Habib Anowarul , Ahluwalia Balpreet S. , Melandsø Frank
Published: June 2016

High frequency crossed-electrode transducers have been investigated, both as single and dual layer transducers. Prototypes of these transducers were developed for 4 crossed lines (yielding 16 square elements) on a polymer substrate, using a layer-by-layer deposition method for poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE)] with intermediate sputtered electrodes. The transducer was characterized using various methods [LCR analyzer, a pulse–echo experimental setup, and a numerical Finite element method (FEM) model] and evaluated in terms of uniformity of bandwidth and acoustical energy output. All 16 transducer elements produced broad-banded ultrasonic spectra with small variation in central frequency and −6 dB bandwidth. The frequency responses obtained experimentally were verified using a numerical model.
Development of an impact-reduction device by applying ultrasonic vibrations to a high-strength steel plate using a downsized transducer
Authors: Suzuki Atsuyuki , Ikeoka Shota , Tsujino Jiromaru
Published: June 2016

In this study, we attempted to downsize an ultrasonic impact-reduction device and studied its use in vehicles because the use of large devices increases the overall vehicle weight and size and reduces fuel economy. We downsized the ultrasonic transducer to 195 mm from 435 mm and measured the vibration, deformation, and impact-reduction characteristics. The resonant frequency changed after a bolt-clamped Langevin-type transducer was connected with the horn, and the motional admittance decreased. Upon application of ultrasonic vibrations to a high-strength steel plate, the deformation magnitude increased, the springback magnitude decreased by up to 25%, and the impact force decreased by 18%. While the downsized impact reduction system was found to be less effective, it still showed an impact reduction effect.
The effects of turbulence on three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause
Authors: Price L. , Swisdak M. , Drake J. F. , Cassak P. A. , Dahlin J. T. , Ergun R. E.
Published: June 2016

Two‐ and three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of a recent encounter of the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) with an electron diffusion region at the magnetopause are presented. While the two‐dimensional simulation is laminar, turbulence develops at both the X line and along the magnetic separatrices in the three‐dimensional simulation. The turbulence is strong enough to make the magnetic field around the reconnection island chaotic and produces both anomalous resistivity and anomalous viscosity. Each contribute significantly to breaking the frozen‐in condition in the electron diffusion region. A surprise is that the crescent‐shaped features in velocity space seen both in MMS observations and in two‐dimensional simulations survive, even in the turbulent environment of the three‐dimensional system. This suggests that MMS's measurements of crescent distributions do not exclude the possibility that turbulence plays an important role in magnetopause reconnection.
Dependence of EMIC wave parameters during quiet, geomagnetic storm, and geomagnetic storm phase times
Authors: Halford A. J. , Fraser B. J. , Morley S. K. , Elkington S. R. , Chan A. A.
Published: June 2016

As electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves may play an important role in radiation belt dynamics, there has been a push to better include them into global simulations. How to best include EMIC wave effects is still an open question. Recently many studies have attempted to parameterize EMIC waves and their characteristics by geomagnetic indices. However, this does not fully take into account important physics related to the phase of a geomagnetic storm. In this paper we first consider how EMIC wave occurrence varies with the phase of a geomagnetic storm and the SYM‐H, AE, and Kp indices. We show that the storm phase plays an important role in the occurrence probability of EMIC waves. The occurrence rates for a given value of a geomagnetic index change based on the geomagnetic condition. In this study we also describe the typical plasma and wave parameters observed in L and magnetic local time for quiet, storm, and storm phase. These results are given in a tabular format in the supporting information so that more accurate statistics of EMIC wave parameters can be incorporated into modeling efforts.
Seasonal and interannual variations of mixed layer salinity in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Feng Ming , Du Yan , Lan Jian , Wijffels Susan E.
Published: June 2016

In this study, seasonal and interannual variations of the mixed layer salinity (MLS) in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) are analyzed using satellite observations, historical data sets, and data‐assimilating ocean model outputs. On the seasonal cycle, the MLS in the SETIO becomes fresher in austral winter and saltier in austral summer: between the Java‐Lesser Sunda coast and the South Equatorial Current (SEC, 12°S), where positive entrainment and fresh advections counterbalance each other, the annual cycle of the MLS closely follows the variation of the air‐sea freshwater forcing; off the northwest and west Australian coasts, the MLS variations are influenced by the annual cycles of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and Leeuwin Current (LC) transports as well as the air‐sea freshwater forcing, with eddy fluxes acting to freshen the MLS along the SEC, the Eastern Gyral Current, and the LC. On the interannual‐scale, El Niño (La Niña) events are typically associated with saltier (fresher) MLS in the SETIO. Composite and budget analyses reveal that interannual variations in precipitations drive the MLS anomalies off the Java‐Lesser Sunda coast; between 12°S and the northwest Australian coast, the MLS variations are influenced by both advection anomalies and local precipitation anomalies; whereas anomalous meridional currents contribute to the MLS variations off the west Australian coast. Both enhanced local precipitations and the ITF transport anomalies have substantial contributions to the drastic freshening of the Indonesian‐Australian Basin between the Java‐Lesser Sunda coast and the northwest Australian coast during the extended La Niña events in 1999–2001 and 2010–2012.
James, William
Authors: Pihlström Sami
Published: June 2016

William James (1842–1910), one of the most important American philosophers and psychologists, was among the founders of the philosophical tradition of pragmatism, emphasizing the intimate connection between philosophical (and generally intellectual) theory and reflection, on the one side, and human action and practices of life, on the other. James's psychological work played a crucial role in the emergence of scientific psychology. His explorations of the psychological and philosophical dimensions of religious experience have gained recognition across disciplinary boundaries. Trained as a medical scientist, he was an original thinker with an unusually broad scope, ranging from psychology and philosophy to religious studies and even psychical research.
Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Kleingeld Pauline
Published: June 2016

The term “cosmopolitanism” refers to a diverse family of positions that affirm some conception of world citizenship, understood either literally or metaphorically. In current moral and political theory, the term often refers to the thesis that human beings are equal, combined with the idea that a theory of global justice should address the needs and interests of human individuals directly, rather than via their membership in states. But some Stoic and neo‐Stoic cosmopolitans were not egalitarians. Moreover, the term is also regularly used for very different views, such as a particular conception of a modern form of cultural identity, or a theory about the proper relations among the states in the world.
Biocentrism
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: June 2016

Biocentrism holds that all living things are morally considerable, whereas many people hold that only human beings are so. Certain Eastern religions, such as Jainism, are biocentrist; but the first prominent Western thinker to advocate biocentrism was Albert Schweitzer, who, in his bookCivilization and Ethics(1923), coined the phrase “reverence for life.” For Schweitzer, everything that lives has a will to live (or an inbuilt drive toward self‐preservation and living its own life), and the reverence that one feels toward one's own “will‐to‐live” ought, morally, to be extended to all. However, no philosophically sophisticated version of biocentrism appeared until 1981, when Paul Warren Taylor published his article “The Ethics of Respect for Nature” in the journalEnvironmental Ethics, the themes of which he later developed in his bookRespect for Nature(1986)
Dōgen
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: June 2016

Zen master Dōgen (1200–1253) teaches that enlightenment is not a static state but, rather, an ongoing practice that involves both meditative and moral discipline. He places great emphasis on moral precepts and ritualistic regulations, yet he ultimately understands these not as external decrees, but as natural expressions of our true nature. Meditative and moral disciplines are, for him, not merely means for achieving enlightenment; they are themselves manifestations of the “oneness of practice and enlightenment.” As a Mahayana Buddhist, Dōgen advocates cutting off egoistic craving and replacing it with the bodhisattva vow to liberate all beings from suffering. He shares affinities with contextualism and virtue ethics, as well as with consequentialism, insofar as he thinks that precepts and monastic regulations should be used as guidelines for awakening and cultivating our innate ability to act wisely and compassionately in concrete situations, in order to alleviate suffering, rather than as rigid rules to be slavishly followed or fixed forms to which we should be attached. While the precepts initially appear as ethical prescriptions, Dōgen maintains that, through practice, one realizes that they are descriptions of enlightened action.
Partial‐Birth and After‐Birth Abortion
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Minerva Francesca
Published: June 2016

Abortion, partial‐birth abortion, and after‐birth abortion refer to acts of killing early forms of human life at different stages of development, from the embryonic stage to the newborn stage. Abortion and partial‐birth abortion are medical procedures that are decriminalized or legal in some legislations and explicitly prohibited in others. After‐birth abortion is a concept that does not refer to any actual medical practice currently used, but which reflects a philosophical claim about the moral equivalence between fetuses and newborns. In this essay we will illustrate, first, the practice and the ethical implications of partial‐birth abortion, and, second, the concept of after‐birth abortion, its philosophical basis, and the main objections to this notion. Finally, we will describe some analogies and differences between abortion, partial‐birth abortion, and after‐birth abortion, and present some ethical questions that these analogies and differences raise.
Burden of Proof
Authors: Koplin Julian J. , J. Selgelid Michael
Published: June 2016

In the context of debate, legal dispute, or argument, “burden of proof” refers to the need to prove one's point, make one's case, or establish the truth of one's conclusion. There are three key aspects to the burden of proof: who bears the burden, what they are required to show, and how strong their evidence must be. This essay explains the role of burden of proof in law, illustrates how burden of proof arguments have been employed in applied ethics, and outlines several potential criticisms of burden of proof arguments in applied ethics.
Reactive‐Oxygen‐Species‐Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges
Authors: Saravanakumar Gurusamy , Kim Jihoon , Kim Won Jong
Published: June 2016

Given the increasing evidence indicates that many pathological conditions are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, there have been growing research efforts focused on the development of ROS‐responsive carrier systems because of their promising potential to realize more specific diagnosis and effective therapy. By judicious utilization of ROS‐responsive functional moieties, a wide range of carrier systems has been designed for ROS‐mediated drug delivery. In this review article, insights into design principle and recent advances on the development of ROS‐responsive carrier systems for drug delivery applications are provided alongside discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In particular, the discussions in this article will mainly focus on polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and activatable prodrugs that have been integrated with diverse ROS‐responsive moieties for spatiotemporally controlled release of drugs for effective therapy.
Quality of life, unmet needs, and iatrogenic injuries in rehabilitation of patients with Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome hypermobility type/Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
Authors: Bovet Claire , Carlson Matthew , Taylor Matthew
Published: June 2016

Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome, hypermobility type (EDS‐HT) and the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) are connective tissue disorders that form an overlapping clinical syndrome and are associated with frequent medical visits and substantial morbidity. EDS‐HT/JHS‐associated pain correlates with poor quality of life. While physical therapy is the recommended treatment for EDS‐HT/JHS, little is known about therapy‐related patient experiences and iatrogenic injuries. We studied 38 adult EDS‐HT/JHS patients, eliciting health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) from 28 patients through the RAND SF‐36 questionnaire. We also explored physical therapy experiences through focus groups with 13 patients. Our patients displayed poor HRQoL, with 71% reporting worse health over the past year. SF‐36 scores were significantly lower than the scores of the average American population (P < 0.001 for 8 of 10 categories assessed), but were comparable to EDS‐HT/JHS populations in Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Italy. Focus groups identified factors associated with: negative past physical therapy experiences, iatrogenic joint injuries, positive treatment experiences, and unmet rehabilitation needs. This group of EDS‐HT/JHS patients has significant decrements in HRQoL and many unmet treatment needs, as well as a risk for iatrogenic injuries. We identify several approaches to help meet patients' needs and improve joint rehabilitation in patients with EDS‐HT/JHS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermisch induzierte Carbohydroxylierung von Styrolen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen
Authors: Kindt Stephanie , Wicht Karina , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: June 2016

Die radikalische Carbohydroxylierung von Styrolen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen konnte unter milden thermischen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Ein breites Spektrum von Aryldiazoniumsalzen war einsetzbar, und das auf einem gemischt radikalisch‐ionischen Mechanismus basierende Reaktionsprinzip ließ sich auf eine Carboveretherung sowie auf eine zweistufige, metallfreie Variante der Meerwein‐Arylierung ausdehnen, die zu Stilbenen führt.
Tautomers of a Fluorescent G Surrogate and Their Distinct Photophysics Provide Additional Information Channels
Authors: Sholokh Marianna , Improta Roberto , Mori Mattia , Sharma Rajhans , Kenfack Cyril , Shin Dongwon , Voltz Karine , Stote Roland H. , Zaporozhets Olga A. , Botta Maurizio , Tor Yitzhak , Mély Yves
Published: June 2016

Thienoguanosine (thG) is an isomorphic nucleoside analogue acting as a faithful fluorescent substitute of G, with respectable quantum yield in oligonucleotides. Photophysical analysis of thG reveals the existence of two ground‐state tautomers with significantly shifted absorption and emission wavelengths, and high quantum yield in buffer. Using (TD)‐DFT calculations, the tautomers were identified as the H1 and H3 keto‐amino tautomers. When incorporated into the loop of (−)PBS, the (−)DNA copy of the HIV‐1 primer binding site, both tautomers are observed and show differential sensitivity to protein binding. The red‐shifted H1 tautomer is strongly favored in matched (−)/(+)PBS duplexes, while the relative emission of the H3 tautomer can be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. These tautomers and their distinct environmental sensitivity provide unprecedented information channels for analyzing G residues in oligonucleotides and their complexes.
Short Self‐Assembling Peptides Are Able to Bind to Copper and Activate Oxygen
Authors: Makhlynets Olga V. , Gosavi Pallavi M. , Korendovych Ivan V.
Published: June 2016

We have shown that de novo designed peptides self‐assemble in the presence of copper to create supramolecular assemblies capable of carrying out the oxidation of dimethoxyphenol in the presence of dioxygen. Formation of the supramolecular assembly, which is akin to a protein fold, is critical for productive catalysis since peptides possessing the same functional groups but lacking the ability to self‐assemble do not catalyze substrate oxidation. The ease with which we have discovered robust and productive oxygen activation catalysts suggests that these prion‐like assemblies might have served as intermediates in the evolution of enzymatic function and opens the path for the development of new catalyst nanomaterials.
Critical Influence of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Aging and Decomposition on the Utility of Biomass Conversion in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Galkin Konstantin I. , Krivodaeva Elena A. , Romashov Leonid V. , Zalesskiy Sergey S. , Kachala Vadim V. , Burykina Julia V. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: June 2016

Spectral studies revealed the presence of a specific arrangement of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) molecules in solution as a result of a hydrogen–bonding network, and this arrangement readily facilitates the aging of 5‐HMF. Deterioration of the quality of this platform chemical limits its practical applications, especially in synthesis/pharma areas. The model drug Ranitidine (Zantac®) was synthesized with only 15 % yield starting from 5‐HMF which was isolated and stored as an oil after a biomass conversion process. In contrast, a much higher yield of 65 % was obtained by using 5‐HMF isolated in crystalline state from an optimized biomass conversion process. The molecular mechanisms responsible for 5‐HMF decomposition in solution were established by NMR and ESI‐MS studies. A highly selective synthesis of a 5‐HMF derivative from glucose was achieved using a protecting group at O(6) position.
Synthetic Nucleosomes Reveal that GlcNAcylation Modulates Direct Interaction with the FACT Complex
Authors: Raj Ritu , Lercher Lukas , Mohammed Shabaz , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: June 2016

Transcriptional regulation can be established by various post‐translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins in the nucleosome and by nucleobase modifications on chromosomal DNA. Functional consequences of histone O‐GlcNAcylation (O‐GlcNAc=O‐linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine) are largely unexplored. Herein, we generate homogeneously GlcNAcylated histones and nucleosomes by chemical post‐translational modification. Mass‐spectrometry‐based quantitative interaction proteomics reveals a direct interaction between GlcNAcylated nucleosomes and the “facilitates chromatin transcription” (FACT) complex. Preferential binding of FACT to GlcNAcylated nucleosomes may point towards O‐GlcNAcylation as one of the triggers for FACT‐driven transcriptional control.
Determination of the Preassembled Nucleating Units That Are Critical for the Crystal Growth of the Metal–Organic Framework CdIF‐4
Authors: Wagia Raghidah , Strashnov Ilya , Anderson Michael W. , Attfield Martin P.
Published: June 2016

Identifying the form and role of the chemical species that traverse the stages of crystallization is critical to understanding the formation process of coordination polymers. Herein, we report the combined use of in situ atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry to identify preformed, complex, cadmium 2‐ethylimidazole containing solution species in the growth solution of the cadmium 2‐ethylimidazolate metal–organic framework CdIF‐4, and show that they are critical in the surface nucleation for the crystal growth of this material. Surface nucleation appears to be instigated by these [Cdx(CH3CO2)y(C5H7N2/C5H8N2)z]‐containing solution species and not by sole addition of the ligand molecules. The CH3CO2− or Cd(CH3CO2)2 groups of the former are substituted subsequently as the framework growth proceeds. Our greater understanding of such solution species and their role in crystallization will guide future syntheses of designed functional coordination polymers.
Thermally Induced Carbohydroxylation of Styrenes with Aryldiazonium Salts
Authors: Kindt Stephanie , Wicht Karina , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: June 2016

The radical carbohydroxylation of styrenes with aryldiazonium salts has been achieved under mild thermal conditions. A broad range of aryldiazonium salts was tolerated, and the reaction principle based on a radical–polar crossover mechanism could be extended to carboetherification as well as to a two‐step, metal‐free variant of the Meerwein arylation leading to stilbenes.
Direct Measurement of Single‐Molecule DNA Hybridization Dynamics with Single‐Base Resolution
Authors: He Gen , Li Jie , Ci Haina , Qi Chuanmin , Guo Xuefeng
Published: June 2016

Herein, we report label‐free detection of single‐molecule DNA hybridization dynamics with single‐base resolution. By using an electronic circuit based on point‐decorated silicon nanowires as electrical probes, we directly record the folding/unfolding process of individual hairpin DNAs with sufficiently high signal‐to‐noise ratio and bandwidth. These measurements reveal two‐level current oscillations with strong temperature dependence, enabling us to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of hairpin DNA hybridization. More importantly, successive, stepwise increases and decreases in device conductance at low temperature on a microsecond timescale are successfully observed, indicating a base‐by‐base unfolding/folding process. The process demonstrates a kinetic zipper model for DNA hybridization/dehybridization at the single base‐pair level. This measurement capability promises a label‐free single‐molecule approach to probe biomolecular interactions with fast dynamics.
Oxidation State 10 Exists
Authors: Yu Haoyu S. , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: June 2016

In a recent paper, Wang et al. found an iridium‐containing compound with a formal oxidation state of 9. This is the highest oxidation state ever found in a stable compound. To learn if this is the highest chemical oxidation state possible, Kohn–Sham density functional theory was used to study various compounds, including PdO42+, PtO42+, PtO3F22+, PtO4OH+, PtO5, and PtO4SH+, in which the metal has an oxidation state of 10. It was found that PtO42+ has a metastable state that is kinetically stable with a barrier height for decomposition of 31 kcal mol−1 and a calculated lifetime of 0.9 years. All other compounds studied would readily decompose to lower oxidation states.
The effect of the addition of poly(styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer on the properties of polylactide/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend
Authors: Anakabe Jon , Zaldua Huici Ane Miren , Eceiza Arantxa , Arbelaiz Aitor
Published: June 2016

The effect of the addition of poly(styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) P(S‐co‐GMA) copolymer on the properties of melt blended polylactide/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PLA/PMMA) 80/20 (wt %) composition was studied. In the literature high ductility levels were achieved by melt blending PLA with different additives. However, the gained ductility was counter balanced with drastic drops in strength and modulus values. The novelty of this work was the preparation of PLA‐based blends with polylactide content higher than 75 wt % which showed an impact resistance value improvement of about 60% compared with the neat PLA and maintained similar tensile strength and modulus values as well as glass transition temperature to neat PLA. The addition of only 3 pph of copolymer to PLA/PMMA blend improved the impact resistance almost 100%. The chemical reaction between PLA/PMMA blend and P(S‐co‐GMA) copolymer were analyzed by FTIR, rotational rheometry, and GPC/SEC. Phase structure and morphology were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electronic Microscopy. Tensile and impact properties as well as thermal stability were also studied. Results showed that as the amount of copolymer in the blend was increased then higher was average molecular weight and polydispersity index. After the addition of P(S‐co‐GMA) copolymer to the PLA/PMMA blend the impact resistance, elongation at break and thermal stability were improved while tensile strength and elastic modulus remained almost unaltered. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43935.
Poverty Measurement: We Know Less than Policy Makers Realize
Authors: Gibson John
Published: June 2016

There is a widespread policy interest in poverty estimates at both national and global level. There has been an explosion of poverty measurement in the last two decades enabled by the growing availability of household survey data. These measurements are used by policy‐makers to assess progress towards national and global goals for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. But the evidence base rests on shaky foundations, and policy‐makers may have undue confidence in poverty and inequality estimates. Many household surveys are poorly designed to measure monetary living standards and poverty in an era of rising affluence and urban transition. Some key problems in measuring food consumption, housing services and the cost of living are discussed here. Alternatives to monetary measurement, such as using questions on life satisfaction and happiness, also rest on shaky foundations.
Persistence of megalencephaly in a subgroup of young boys with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Libero Lauren E. , Nordahl Christine W. , Li Deana D. , Ferrer Emilio , Rogers Sally J. , Amaral David G.
Published: June 2016

A recurring finding in autism spectrum disorder research is that head and brain growth is disproportionate to body growth in early childhood. Nordahl et al. (2011) demonstrated that this occurs in approximately 15% of boys with autism. While the literature suggests that brain growth normalizes at older ages, this has never been evaluated in a longitudinal study. The current study evaluated head circumference and total cerebral volume in 129 male children with autism and 49 age‐matched, typically developing controls. We determined whether 3‐year‐old boys with brain size disproportionate to height (which we call disproportionate megalencephaly) demonstrated an abnormal trajectory of head growth from birth and whether they maintained an enlarged brain at 5 years of age. Findings were based on longitudinal, structural MRI data collected around 3, 4, and 5 years of age and head circumference data from medical records. At 3 years of age, 19 boys with autism had enlarged brains while 110 had brain sizes in the normal range. Boys with disproportionate megalencephaly had greater total cerebral, gray matter, and white matter volumes from 3–5 years compared to boys with autism and normal sized brains and typically developing boys, but no differences in body size. While head circumference did not differ between groups at birth, it was significantly greater in the disproportionate megalencephaly group by around 2 years. These data suggest that there is a subgroup of boys with autism who have brains disproportionate to body size and that this continues until at least 5 years of age. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1169–1182. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic significance of S100A4 expression in stage II and III colorectal cancer: results from a population‐based series and a randomized phase III study on adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Boye Kjetil , Jacob Havjin , Frikstad Kari‐Anne M. , Nesland Jahn M. , Mælandsmo Gunhild M. , Dahl Olav , Nesbakken Arild , Flatmark Kjersti
Published: June 2016

Current clinical algorithms are unable to precisely predict which colorectal cancer patients would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, and there is a need for novel biomarkers to improve the selection of patients. The metastasis‐promoting protein S100A4 predicts poor outcome in colorectal cancer, but whether it could be used to guide clinical decision making remains to be resolved. S100A4 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in primary colorectal carcinomas from a consecutively collected, population‐representative cohort and a randomized phase III study on adjuvant 5‐fluorouracil/levamisole. Sensitivity to treatment with 5‐fluorouracil in S100A4 knockdown cells was investigated using 2D and 3D cell culture assays. Strong nuclear expression of S100A4 was detected in 19% and 23% of the tumors in the two study cohorts, respectively. In both cohorts, nuclear immunoreactivity was associated with reduced relapse‐free (P < 0.001 and P = 0.010) and overall survival (P = 0.046 and P = 0.006) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, nuclear S100A4 was a predictor of poor relapse‐free survival in the consecutive series (P = 0.002; HR 1.9), but not in the randomized study. Sensitivity to treatment with 5‐fluorouracil was not affected by S100A4 expression in in vitro cell culture assays, and there was no indication from subgroup analyses in the randomized study that S100A4 expression was associated with increased benefit of adjuvant treatment with 5‐fluorouracil/levamisole. The present study confirms that nuclear S100A4 expression is a negative prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer, but the clinical utility in selection of patients for adjuvant fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy is limited.
Minimalistic Ditopic Ligands: An α‐S,N‐Donor‐Substituted Alkyne as Effective Intermetallic Conjugation Linker
Authors: Rüger Julia , Timmermann Christopher , Villinger Alexander , Hinz Alexander , Hollmann Dirk , Seidel Wolfram W.
Published: June 2016

The capability of donor‐substituted alkynes to link different metal ions in a side‐on carbon donor‐chelate coordination mode is extended from the donor centers S and P to the second period element N. The complex [Tp′W(CO)2{η2‐C2(S)(NHBn)}] (Tp′=hydrido‐tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, Bn=benzyl) bearing a terminal sulfur atom and a secondary amine substituent is accessible by a metal‐template synthesis. Subsequent deprotonation allowed the formation of remarkably stable heterobimetallic complexes with the [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PPh3)] and the [Ir(ppy)2] moiety. Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations (cyclic voltammetry, IR, UV/Vis, luminescence, EPR), as well as DFT calculations, and X‐ray structure determinations of the W–Ru complex in two oxidation states reveal a strong metal–metal coupling but also a limited delocalization of excited states.
Ring‐Shaped Phosphinoamido‐Magnesium‐Hydride Complexes: Syntheses, Structures, Reactivity, and Catalysis
Authors: Fohlmeister Lea , Stasch Andreas
Published: June 2016

A series of magnesium(II) complexes bearing the sterically demanding phosphinoamide ligand, L−=Ph2PNDip−, Dip=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl, including heteroleptic magnesium alkyl and hydride complexes are described. The ligand geometry enforces various novel ring and cluster geometries for the heteroleptic compounds. We have studied the stoichiometric reactivity of [(LMgH)4] towards unsaturated substrates, and investigated catalytic hydroborations and hydrosilylations of ketones and pyridines. We found that hydroborations of two ketones with pinacolborane using various Mg precatalysts is very rapid at room temperature with very low catalyst loadings, and ketone hydrosilylation using phenylsilane is rapid at 70 °C. Our studies point to an insertion/σ‐bond metathesis catalytic cycle of an in situ formed “MgH2” active species.
Aluminium Diphosphamethanides: Hidden Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Styra Steffen , Radius Michael , Moos Eric , Bihlmeier Angela , Breher Frank
Published: June 2016

The synthesis and characterisation of two aluminium diphosphamethanide complexes, [Al(tBu)2{κ2P,P′‐Mes*PCHPMes*}] (3) and [Al(C6F5)2{κ2P,P′‐Mes*PCHPMes*}] (4), and the silylated analogue, Mes*PCHP(SiMe3)Mes* (5), are reported. The aluminium complexes feature four‐membered PCPAl core structures consisting of diphosphaallyl ligands. The silylated phosphine 5 was found to be a valuable precursor for the synthesis of 4 as it cleanly reacts with the diaryl aluminium chloride [(C6F5)2AlCl]2. The aluminium complex 3 reacts with molecular dihydrogen at room temperature under formation of the acyclic σ2λ3,σ3λ3‐diphosphine Mes*PCHP(H)Mes* and the corresponding dialkyl aluminium hydride [tBu2AlH]3. Thus, 3 belongs to the family of so‐called hidden frustrated Lewis pairs.
A Robust Metal–Organic Framework for Dynamic Light‐Induced Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Li Haiqing , Martinez Marta Rubio , Perry Zachary , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Falcaro Paolo , Doblin Christian , Lim Seng , Hill Anita J. , Halstead Barry , Hill Matthew R.
Published: June 2016

Adsorbents for CO2 capture need to demonstrate efficient release. Light‐induced swing adsorption (LISA) is an attractive new method to release captured CO2 that utilizes solar energy rather than electricity. MOFs, which can be tailored for use in LISA owing to their chemical functionality, are often unstable in moist atmospheres, precluding their use. A MOF is used that can release large quantities of CO2 via LISA and is resistant to moisture across a large pH range. PCN‐250 undergoes LISA, with UV flux regulating the CO2 desorption capacity. Furthermore, under UV light, the azo residues within PCN‐250 have constrained, local, structural flexibility. This is dynamic, rapidly switching back to the native state. Reusability tests demonstrate a 7.3 % and 4.9 % loss in both adsorption and LISA capacity after exposure to water for five cycles. These minimal changes confirm the structural robustness of PCN‐250 and its great potential for triggered release applications.
Individual mediodorsal thalamic neurons project to multiple areas of the rat prefrontal cortex: A single neuron‐tracing study using virus vectors
Authors: Kuramoto Eriko , Pan Shixiu , Furuta Takahiro , Tanaka Yasuhiro R. , Iwai Haruki , Yamanaka Atsushi , Ohno Sachi , Kaneko Takeshi , Goto Tetsuya , Hioki Hiroyuki
Published: June 2016

The prefrontal cortex has an important role in a variety of cognitive and executive processes, and is generally defined by its reciprocal connections with the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). The rat MD is mainly subdivided into three segments, the medial (MDm), central (MDc), and lateral (MDl) divisions, on the basis of the cytoarchitecture and chemoarchitecture. The MD segments are known to topographically project to multiple prefrontal areas at the population level: the MDm mainly to the prelimbic, infralimbic, and agranular insular areas; the MDc to the orbital and agranular insular areas; and the MDl to the prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas. However, it is unknown whether individual MD neurons project to single or multiple prefrontal cortical areas. In the present study, we visualized individual MD neurons with Sindbis virus vectors, and reconstructed whole structures of MD neurons. While the main cortical projection targets of MDm, MDc, and MDl neurons were generally consistent with those of previous results, it was found that individual MD neurons sent their axon fibers to multiple prefrontal areas, and displayed various projection patterns in the target areas. Furthermore, the axons of single MD neurons were not homogeneously spread, but were rather distributed to form patchy axon arbors approximately 1 mm in diameter. The multiple‐area projections and patchy axon arbors of single MD neurons might be able to coactivate cortical neuron groups in distant prefrontal areas simultaneously. Furthermore, considerable heterogeneity of the projection patterns is likely, to recruit the different sets of cortical neurons, and thus contributes to a variety of prefrontal functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:166–185, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Pradigastat, a Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 Inhibitor, on the QTcF Interval in Humans
Authors: Meyers Charles D. , Noe Adele , Salunke Atish , Movva Aishwarya , Kulmatycki Kenneth , Neelakantham Srikanth , Crissey Anne , Majumdar Tapan , Chen Jin
Published: June 2016

Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor, has been studied in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. To evaluate the effects of supratherapeutic concentrations of pradigastat on the QTc interval, 2 studies were conducted. The first study assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single escalating intravenous doses of pradigastat (10, 30, 100, and 115 mg over 60 minutes) in healthy adults. Single intravenous doses were safe, well tolerated, and at the higher doses resulted in supratherapeutic pradigastat exposure. The second was a parallel, 3‐arm thorough QTc study in which healthy male subjects were randomized to pradigastat (115 mg intravenously), moxifloxacin (400 mg oral, positive control), or placebo. Following intravenous administration, pradigastat exposure peaked at 4 times the therapeutic concentration and did not prolong the baseline‐adjusted and placebo‐corrected QTc intervals. During the 60‐minute pradigastat infusion, a number of infusion reactions and a small mean decrease in QTc were observed. Both effects disappeared when the infusion was stopped, suggesting that an infusate excipient may have been responsible. As expected, moxifloxacin significantly increased the QTc interval at multiple points, confirming the study's sensitivity to detect a true positive effect. Pradigastat is therefore unlikely to increase the risk of dysrhythmias associated with QTc prolongation in humans.
A conceptual review of mate choice: stochastic demography, within‐sex phenotypic plasticity, and individual flexibility
Authors: Ah‐King Malin , Gowaty Patricia Adair
Published: June 2016

Mate choice hypotheses usually focus on trait variation of chosen individuals. Recently, mate choice studies have increasingly attended to the environmental circumstances affecting variation in choosers' behavior and choosers' traits. We reviewed the literature on phenotypic plasticity in mate choice with the goal of exploring whether phenotypic plasticity can be interpreted as individual flexibility in the context of the switch point theorem, SPT (Gowaty and Hubbell ). We found >3000 studies; 198 were empirical studies of within‐sex phenotypic plasticity, and sixteen showed no evidence of mate choice plasticity. Most studies reported changes from choosy to indiscriminate behavior of subjects. Investigators attributed changes to one or more causes including operational sex ratio, adult sex ratio, potential reproductive rate, predation risk, disease risk, chooser's mating experience, chooser's age, chooser's condition, or chooser's resources. The studies together indicate that “choosiness” of potential mates is environmentally and socially labile, that is, induced – not fixed – in “the choosy sex” with results consistent with choosers' intrinsic characteristics or their ecological circumstances mattering more to mate choice than the traits of potential mates. We show that plasticity‐associated variables factor into the simpler SPT variables. We propose that it is time to complete the move from questions about within‐sex plasticity in the choosy sex to between‐ and within‐individual flexibility in reproductive decision‐making of both sexes simultaneously. Currently, unanswered empirical questions are about the force of alternative constraints and opportunities as inducers of individual flexibility in reproductive decision‐making, and the ecological, social, and developmental sources of similarities and differences between individuals. To make progress, we need studies (1) of simultaneous and symmetric attention to individual mate preferences and subsequent behavior in both sexes, (2) controlled for within‐individual variation in choice behavior as demography changes, and which (3) report effects on fitness from movement of individual's switch points.