bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women: Victims and Suspects
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

The law imperatively requires that there should be corroborative evidence on material points. Because otherwise no man would be safe. Is he or any other man on the unsupported testimony of a woman to have his character wholly and entirely taken away?1Defense summation at the trial of the Earl of Norbury for indecent assault The Victorian criminal justice system was run exclusively by men. All judges, jurors, police, and legislators were men. Women were only involved as victims, witnesses, or suspects. Inevitably those crimes committed or experienced almost exclusively by women were treated differently than those not gender-related. Even when men and women committed or experienced the same crimes, judicial responses were not always the same.
Children
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

Although women were at a disadvantage in Victorian society, children were even more vulnerable. The 1861 census states that “Among ,the unproductive classes are children; their playful acts and joys which they give their parents have no exchange value.”2 But for many poor families unproductive members were a luxury. Normally children under the age of ten were not employed, but there were no guarantees that anyone else would provide for them. The Victorian state had neither the inclination nor the funds to assume the responsibilities of parents. Ideally the Victorian family was a sanctuary into which the government should never intrude. The reluctance to interfere with the family was an important reflection of basic attitudes toward liberty, self-sufficiency, and the role of the law. As one philanthropist explained in 1874, “That unit, the family, is the unit upon which a constitutional government has been raised Whatever the laws have touched they have not invaded this sacred precinct.”
Blues-From “Lowdown” to “Jass”: 1921-1923
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

Dorsey was driven to leave Atlanta by his desire to become a professional musician. But, along with the vast majority of black American urban immigrants, he had other reasons for moving north, the most prominent of which were racism and the hope for a better life. The Chicago Defender, one of the leading black newspapers, played a key role in arousing these sentiments through its “pronounced radical utterances, its criticisms of the South, [and] its policy of [advocating] retaliation” against racism. The climax of the paper’s campaign was its organization of “The Great Northern Drive” for May 15, 1917, whereby “the poor brethren” of the South in one mass exodus would escape their oppression.1 Dorsey was encouraged by the De fender’s articles in his decision to move north: he speaks of reading in the Defender about “the great opportunities … for my people in the north.” Indeed, beginning with its first commentary on migration in March 1915 and thereafter until 1917, the paper’s efforts to rally southern blacks coincided with Dorsey’s struggles to make a name for himself.
Old-Line Religion and Musicians: 1920-1930
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

The years between 1924, when Dorsey made his debut with Ma Rainey at the Grand Theater, and 1926, when he suffered his second “trouble,” were rewarding ones. Rural, downhome, “moanin’” blues was well on its way to becoming the most popular style of recorded blues, traceable in no ,mall part to the popularity of Ma Rainey and her “Wild Cats Jazz Band,” which Dorsey organized and directed for her: Full instrumental accompanimen: for classic blues singrs who Performed the older-Style blue was an uncommon and complicated arragement.
Old-Line Religion and Urban Migrants: 1920-1930
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

Among the crowds of eager concertgoers who waited for hours to hear the Sunday musicales stood one Thomas Andrew Dorsey. He idolized old-line choir directors as much as he did the jazz greats of the time, often speaking of them in virtually the same breath: These were the directors he held in awe, savoring the chances just to meet them, shake their hands, and say, “I enjoyed your performance”.
Preachers and Bluesmen:1928-1931
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

If Dorsey had been the only source for gospel song, there might never have been a gospel blues movement—especially in old-line churches. He could never have mustered the extensive resources to bring about the radical change of tastes required for widespread acceptance of gospel blues. As it was, however, the practice of promoting the gospel through a musical medium was somewhat widespread before Dorsey adopted it. Other than his use of blues, Dorsey makes no claim to the term “gospel music”: The Phrase “Gospel music” was used extensively by the end of the nineteenth century.
The Life-Cycle Model for Managing Technological Change
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

Technological change has historically been associated with employment growth, not employment decline.1 By contributing to reduced production costs, providing for better products, stimulating demand for goods and services, creating capital to be invested in further production, and generating incomes for workers, technological change fosters economic expansion and prosperity. Although often labor-saving in its immediate impact, these labor saving effects have not contributed significantly to worker displacement.2 Indirect employment effects more than compensate in the long-run for initial job losses due to the adoption of new technologies. Indeed, the failureof U.S. firms to remain technologically competitive contributes more to worker displacement and job loss than does the adoption of new technologies.’
Protection and International Competitiveness: A View from West Germany
Authors: Klepper Gernot , Weiss Frank D
Published: October 2023

For some years now, theoretical and policy interest in the determinants of countries’ international competitiveness has been increasing, probably because of the apparent imbalance in the U.S. current account. Although this may be considered a problem for macroeconomic analysis, international competitiveness means different things to different people. Because this macro phenomenon is translated into micro price changes, it has been tempting for some to treat the issue of international competitiveness from a micro point of view.
Democracy Without Citizens Media and the Decay of American Politics
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

This trenchant analysis questions why the interaction between the news media and their audiences fails to create the democratic potential everyone assumes occurs with such interaction. Drawing illustrations mainly from the Carter and Reagan years, the book presents a clear statement of the dilemmas facing the news media and their audience today. The book offers a portrait of citizenship in America, defined by the public’s changing levels of political knowledge and participation from 1952 to 1984. Politically unsophisticated, the mass audience prefers simple, symbolic news, which means that journalists can offer little of the detached, detailed explorations of policy issues that would provide the public with the information needed to hold government to close account.
Newspaper Competition and Free Press Ideals: Does Monopoly Matter?
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

The mourning that accompanies the death of newspaper competition in city after city offers a prime illustration of the great trust Americans place in economic competition. By the late 1980s, no more than twenty-seven cities enjoyed two or more completely separate, competitively owned daily newspapers. EcQnomies of scale in newspaper production and advertising, coupled with rising competition from television, apparently caused the demise of most of the papers. Local newspaper monopoly appears. to be a product of the very same economic market forces that putatively nourish free press ideals.
Improving Journalism by Enhancing Citizenship
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

Pressures from the political, economic, and idea markets combine am: collide to yield news that frustrates all sides. Elites face a ceaseless threat of oversimplification and stereotype from opponents taking advantage of the volatile combination of aggressive reporting and uninformed public opinion. Under these conditions they have no choice but to engage in news management. For their part, journalists must endure the manipulative efforts of their sources while coping with conflicting pressures to generate accountability, remain objective, and contribute to the bottom line of their employers.
The Challenge of Jewish Mass Migration
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

In the last two years of the 1860s, a few thousand Russian Jews crossed into Prussia seeking relief from cholera epidemics and famines that were wreaking havoc in the western part of the Tsarist Empire. Desperately ill and malnourished, the refugees deluged their German coreligionists with pleas for economic assistance and medical attention. The latter responded by launching numerous ad hoc committees that collected funds throughout Germany and then funneled their receipts to Jewish communities along the frontier; these, in tum, provided relief to the needy. In time, the immediate crisis passed. Many of the Russian Jews remained in Prussia or traveled farther west, some as far as the New World. And the ad hoc committees, convinced that their mission had ended, folded their operations. No contemporary could have anticipated that the Russian refugees of 1868—69 represented the vanguard of a Jewish mass migration from the East that would transform the course of modem Jewish history.
Administrative Solutions
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

During the first decade after German unification, government officials devoted scant attention to the issue of Jewish foreigners in the Reich. For one thing, a great many other, more pressing matters needed to be resolved. For another, the number of Eastern Jews arriving in Germany in the 1870s, though representing an upswing in immigration, did not pose a significant problem. Several states, including the border states of Saxony and Bavaria, extended their exclusionary policies from the era before unification: the former continued its ban on the naturalization of foreign Jews, and the latter refused to permit indigent Jews from Poland and Russia from even settling in its territory. Only Prussia received a significant new population due to the influx of Jews fleeing harsh conditions in northwestern Russia. While Bismarck and his Prussian ministers expressed some concern about the leniency of existing regulations and urged greater stringency i the enforcement of border controls, neither Prussia nor other German states initiated new policies regarding Jewish immigrants during the decade of the seventies.
Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

During the many public and private debates over immigration policy, the character of East European Jews was an issue of central concern. Those who favored tighter curbs on Jewish immigration contended that Eastern Jews constituted both a quantitative and qualitative menace to Germany. They pictured Eastern Jews as a horde of potential invaders massing at the Reich’s frontiers, awaiting the opportunity to swarm into the country in uncountable numbers. Once in the country, it was alleged, alien Jews would live as parasites and subversives, exploiting Germany’s economy and seeking to undermine its political system. But what was the true character of Jewish immigrants in Imperial Germany? Were Eastern Jews settling in the country in mass numbers? Did they live as “Schnorrers and conspirators”? And to what extent were they integrated into German society? In short, what was the correlation between the actual-as distinct from the perceived-demographic, occupational, and social characteristics of East European Jews in the Second Ger man Empire?
Economic Pursuits
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

The economic activities of Eastern Jews were no less shrouded in myth than the dimensions of their “mass immigration.” According to prevalent stereotypes, immigrant Jews parasitically feasted on the German economy while contributing nothing to their host country. The prototypical Eastern Jew, of course, was the “Schnor rer.’’ Cartoonists merely had to sketch a beggar garbed in black to evoke an image of the Eastern Jew. And when demagogues inveighed against Schnorrers, their audiences knew that immigrant Jews were the objects of scorn. The reverse side of this stereotype was the Eastern Jew who exploited Germans either by hawking junk-as did contemptible ‘‘pants-sellers’’—or seizing control of lucrative and powerful economic positions-as did pushy Jewish financiers. What, however, was the relationship between these common stereotypes and the actual economic behavior of immigrant Jews?
The Birth of Authenticity in the Progress of Anxiety: Fragments of an Eighteenth-Century Daydream
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Sebastien le Prestre, the marquis de Vauban, reintroduced a three-dimensional military architecture to the West; his heavily armed tower bastions and enclosed casements were designed as protection against explosive mortar bombs and, especially, “ricochet fire.” Ricocheting was a technique that Vauban had also invented, whereby round shot was lobbed at low velocity into open bastions and bounced about, thus dismantling and mangling both guns and defenders.
Ceci Tuera Cela: Graffiti as Crime and Art
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

I have taken my title from Victor Hugo’s self-conscious diversion in Notre-Dame de Paris: “le livre tuera 1’edifice.” In this little essay, Hugo contends that the mechanical reproduction of print will destroy the monumental architecture of the Middle Ages, that the innovations of the press will thereby kill the solidity of the Church, and that a change in mode of expression is a change in human thought. Here Hugo takes as his subject the inverted teleology of certain loss: “L’homme qui a ecrit ce mot sur ce mur s’est efface, il y a plusieurs siecles, du milieu des generations, le mot s’est a son tour efface du mur de 1’eglise, 1’eglise elle-meme s’effacera bientot peutetre de la terre.”
Introduction: Looking Forward into History
Authors: Mccloskey Donald N
Published: October 2023

This is a book that examines the past as a way of preparing for our future. It brings together a number of leading historians who show that commonly accepted wisdom about our economic past is often wrong, and therefore misleading. They persuade us that we will master the future-especially our economic future-only when we understand the lessons of our past. The quickest route to economic wisdom in our time, it turns out, is a detour through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
How Tough Are Times in the Third World?
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

The Third World is full of economic basket cases, and growth was much faster in the currently advanced nations when they were undergoing their industrial revolutions .... Birth rates in the Third World are enormous by any previous historical standard, and this burden is likely to persist....
Does Workers’ Compensation Make for a Safer Workplace?
Authors: Fishback Price V
Published: October 2023

We would like to live in a world free of accidents. Unfortunately, we do not. Our concern with accidents and their consequences seems to have increased over the past few years as newspapers have frequently reported on lawsuits for damages from plane crashes, product malfunctions, medical malpractice, workplace accidents, even tearing down football goalposts or being hit by a foul ball at a baseball game. In recent decades there has been a legal revolution in liability law that has increased the share of the victim’s accident costs paid by employers and producers. While changes in liability law might aid the unfortunate victims of accidents, they may also lead to unintended consequences, like a sharp rise in product prices or a curtailment of some activities. Some claim, for instance, that a rise in the cost of malpractice insurance has led to a shortage in obstetricians to deliver babies. We can learn more about the unintended consequences of liability reforms by studying an earlier revolution in liability: the introduction of workers’ compensation for workplace accidents.
As Good as Gold-By What Standard?
Authors: Eichengreen[ Barry
Published: October 2023

The gold standard is a monetary arrangement in which countries peg the price of gold and impose no restrictions on imports and exports of the precious metal. It is conventionally portrayed as the normal state of international economic affairs prior to World War I. The gold standard’s subsequent disintegration has been cited as a cause of inflation, boom-bust business cycles, fiscal irresponsibility, and the instability of monetary exchange. In reality, however, the classic gold standard was a short-lived and peculiar institutional arrangement that did not moderate business cycle fluctuations, guarantee price or exchange-rate stability, or prevent recession and financial crises. Also, far from being the automatic monetary thermostat of textbooks, the gold standard was in reality a delicate mechanism whose stability required painstaking management by central banks. Today, with the countries of the European Community moving to fix their exchange rates once and for all, and the United States and Japan pondering international monetary reform, it is critically important that policymakers possess an accurate picture of how the gold standard worked.
The income tax: An Idea Whoes Times Has Gone and Come?
Authors: Baack Benjamin
Published: October 2023

Three fundamental changes in economic institutions made during the New Deal are oft-cited reasons why we should not be worried about another Great Depression: reforms in the stock market-particularly limits on margin purchases of stock; the strengthening of the Federal Reserve System and the establishment of banking insurance through the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); and a commitment on the part of the national government not to stand idly by and watch the economy go under, coupled with a growing sophistication about the workings of the economic system. All of these changes are certainly good things, but none of them is necessarily capable of preventing depression.
The Sherman Act and The Balance of Power
Authors: Millon David
Published: October 2023

Most Americans accept the economic and political power of big business as a natural, inevitable feature of life in what they would describe as a free society. We have trouble imagining desirable alternative forms of economic organization because significant re structuring is assumed to involve unacceptable public intrusion on personal liberty. These assumptions about naturalness, inevitability, and freedom confer legitimacy on the position of big business in American society, so that criticism of economic concentration is erratic and eccentric.
The Sherman Act and the Classical Theory of Competition
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert
Published: October 2023

Ever since 1890 scholars have debated the relationship between the Sherman Act and the common law of trade restraints. Did the framers intend merely to enact the common law, or did they hope to do something more? Was there an identifiable “common law,” or was it merely an “artificial construct?” This essay examines the relationship between common law, economics and political theory at the time the Sherman Act was passed.
The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis
Authors: Posner Richard a.
Published: October 2023

The use of the term “Chicago” to describe a body of antitrust views to which I, among others, am thought to subscribe is very common. I shall argue in this paper that although there was a time when the “Chicago” school stood for a distinctive approach to antitrust policy, especially in regard to economic questions, and when other schools, particularly a “Harvard” school, could be discerned and contrasted with it, the distinctions between these schools have greatly diminished.
An Antitrust Enforcement Policy to Maximize the Economic Wealth of All Consumers
Authors: Rule Charles f. , Meyer David l.
Published: October 2023

Some commentators have suggested that a movement, a sort of “counterrevolution,” is under way in the halls of academia, in the offices of state attorneys general, in the courts, and even in Congress to reverse the advances in antitrust policy that have been made over the past several years. That would be unfortunate, for the revolutionary developments of the past 10-15 years ... have brought antitrust law and enforcement into line with its proper aim of maximizing the welfare of American consumers.
Legal Reasoning, Antitrust Policy, and the Social “Science” of Economics
Authors: Flynn John j.
Published: October 2023

In the clash of law with the “Chicago” or Neo-Classical School of Economics there is turbulence because the assumptions (moral and factual) and the methodology or reasoning process of the one do not conform with those of the other. [T]he unthinking blend of law and social sciences can contaminate the rhetoric and methodology of both disciplines, and the resulting turbulence can obscure rather than advance our understanding of reality and search for the truth.
Antitrust, Law and Economics, and the Courts
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: October 2023

In the past decade, a new picture of the antitrust landscape has begun to emerge. The dominant emphasis of the ever more popular view concerns the ascendance of economics in antitrust decision making and doctrine, particularly in Supreme Court adjudication, which is leading the way for the lower courts. Moreover, it is not just economic analysis in the abstract that supposedly has come to the forefront but the strand of economic argument associated with the Chicago School.
The Messianic Idea and Zionist Ideologies
Authors: Myers Jody Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

It is commonplace to note the close relationship between the messianic idea and Zionist thought. Still missing is a clarification of the essential distinctions between messianism and Zionism. For example, in his classic essay on the Zionist idea, Arthur Hertzberg describes the differences in the broadest of terms:Hertzberg characterizes this transformation as the “secularization of the messianic ideal.’’ Jacob Katz also does little more than assert the this-worldly turn of religious belief: ‘‘In [modern Zionism] Jewish messianic belief was, so to speak, purged of its miraculous elements, and retained only its political, social and some of its spiritual objectives.
“Forcing the End”: Zionism and the State of Israel as Antimessianic Undertakings
Authors: Ravitzky Aviezer
Published: October 2023

In S. Y. Agnon’s ‘‘ A Whole Loaf,’ the narrator introduces us to two of his oldest and closest friends. One is Dr. Yekutiel Neeman, who clearly represents Moses, the Faithful One (neeman) of the House of the Lord; the other, Mr. Gressler, is the very image of Satan, the embodiment of the Evil Urge and its seductions.1 The narrator experiences many personal reversals and finds himself buffeted back and forth repeatedly between these two. But when Gressler, the demonic friend, causes the narrator’s home and all his possessions to go up in smoke, he decides to put an end to Gressler’s seductive mischief. He breaks off the friendship, “buries himself in the book of Yekutiel Neeman” and finally packs up and leaves for Eretz Israel (Palestine).
A Neglected Chapter in the History of Christian Zionism in America: William E. Blackstone and the Petition of 1916
Authors: Ariel Yaakov
Published: October 2023

In the last two decades, the evidence of American Christian evangelical support of Israel has become increasingly noticeable. Evangelicals have taken up the Israeli cause, as they see it, and have been numbered among the most vociferous champions of Israel in America. Leading evangelists in the United States have promoted in both their sermons and writings the idea that Israel fulfills a role and purpose in God’s plans for the End of Days.The support of Zionism on the basis of messianic expectations has a long history in American Christianity. Even before the rise of political Zionism, there were American Protestants who promoted in words and deeds the idea that a Jewish state should be established in Palestine. With the emergence of the Zionist movement in America, Christian protagonists of Jewish restoration extended their help and support.
Birth Pangs of the Messiah: The Reflections of Two Polish Rabbis on Their Era
Authors: Bacon Gershon C
Published: October 2023

It is a commonplace to state that traditional Judaism in its struggle against modernizing and secularizing forces inside and outside the Jewish community insisted on the continued relevance of the messianic idea. Orthodox spokesmen resisted any attempt to transform the messianic era into a metaphor, bereft of national content, for universal peace or economic justice.1 Yet despite this virtual consensus, there was considerable debate within Orthodox ranks over the nature of the messianic era. The significance of the debate was not merely theological or intellectual; disagreement over these issues was directly related to differences in religious and political behavior. The multiplicity of responses to the issue of messianism reveals how wide a range of Orthodox perspectives concerning the bewildering modem era could exist side by side.
Reflections on Jewish Secular Messianism
Authors: Wolin Richard
Published: October 2023

In a celebrated essay, Isaac Deutscher offers the following depiction of a prominent Jewish personality type, the non-Jewish Jew; a figure who, especially in modem times, has been responsible for a unique and productive extension of the Jewish sensibility to the realm of secular concerns.
The Yishuv and the Jews in Europe, 1938-1945 A Current Debate: An Introductory Note
Authors: Bauer Yehuda
Published: October 2023

Contemporary issues inevitably affect historical debates. The history of the Holocaust is no exception to this rule. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that the role of the Yishuv and its leadership during the Holocaust has become a central issue in both topical political debates and historical writing. Ever since the so-called Kasztner trial in the 1950s, the question has been asked (primarily, of course, in Israel) whether the leadership of the Yishuv during the Second Wodd War did everything it could have done to aid in the rescue of European Jewry.
Renaissance Florence: Who Needs a University?
Authors: Brucker Gene
Published: October 2023

Like their counterparts across the Alps, Italian universities in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were very unstable institutions. Even the most renowned, and the most durable, at Bologna and Padua, experienced periods of closure, of migrations of teachers and students, during times of plague and civic unrest. A poignant letter from the 1390s has survived from a law student at Bologna, who was about to take his doctoral examination, and indeed had been assured by his professors that he would pass with distinction, when an outbreak of the plague forced the authorities to suspend all university ac tivities.1 But these disruptions of academic routines did not affect the educational process as seriously as would be the case today. Professors and students moved easily and frequently from one university to another, since the instructional program was based, in every discipline, on the same texts, upon which the professors expounded and which the students absorbed. One must remember, too, the small size of these schools, comprising usually no more than twenty or thirty professors and sometimes fewer, and only a few hundred students. This modest scale and the austerity of the school’s administrative structure resulted in very low overhead. Decisions about a university’s operation-opening or closing, expanding or contracting-could be made expedi tiously by the officials responsible for these academic enterprises.
Afterword
Authors: Bender Thomas
Published: October 2023

A moment’s reflection about the city and the university-and their interrelations-prompts a startling recognition. Considering several conventional and formal sociological characteristics-secularity, tolerance, specialization, con centration, diversity-one is tempted to assume that a homology exists be tween the university and the city. Such thinking is apparent in several of these essays, and it is explicitly and effectively deployed in J. K. Hyde’s essay on medieval Italian cities and universities. By making this point, even in the most general terms, Hyde is able to elucidate with great effect the difference between the monastery and the university as alternative sponsors of higher learning.
Conclusion
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

Between the Revolution and the 1830s dramatic social change transformed America and Americans. Rapid modernization swept away the remnants of traditional society and left a social order dominated by an ethic of individualism. While the community no longer controlled the individual’s life, neither was it responsible any longer for his success or failure. Cut adrift from society, the American was expected to think, act, and provide for himself. He had to make his way alone in a world of strangers.
Imagining a Psychology of Composition
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

Composition is beginning now to reflect more explicitly on a metatheoretical puzzle that is of critical importance to its identity as a field: what is the nature and significance of its relation to other disciplines? I will approach that issue obliquely, by posing a different kind of question about such relations in a given case. The case is psychology, and the usual question would take this form: what knowledge can psychology contribute to composition? Instead I will ask: How can we imagine, or construct, a psychology of composition?
The Third Way: Paul Ricoeur and the Problem of Method
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

In composition, as in any systematic study, metatheory has a broadly critical function for a set of theories or possible theories. The metatheorist attempts to answer questions like these: what topics and problems should a theory in the field address? What relations hold among theories? What grounds would justify choosing one over another? Corresponding to theories in a field are methods of research and analysis, ways that a given discipline characteristically employs to study its chosen objects and topics. Method is in a sense the dynamic or processual counterpart to theory, so that in linguistics, for example, Chomsky’s theory of language introduced a rationalistic method into a discipline dominated to that point by empirical studies.
The Origins of Dien Bien Phu, 21 May–20 November 1953
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

Gen. Henri Navarre, who replaced Gen. Raoul Salan in May 1953, has always seemed an unlikely choice as commander in chief, Indochina. As an enlisted man and young officer, he spent two and a half years in the trenches in World War I, and during the early days of World War II, he was the chief of the German section of the French intelligence organization. He fled France with Weygand in 1940, but in 1942 returned to join the Resistance. After the Allied landings of 1944, he commanded an armored regiment in the French army, and by 1950 he had risen to command the 5th French Armored Division in occupied Germany. When appointed to the Indochina command, he was fifty-five years old and chief of staff, NATO Land Forces, Western Europe.
The Year of Crisis 1964
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

The decision of the Ninth Plenum of the Lao Dong party announced in December 1963 to expand North Vietnamese support of the war in the South was quickly followed by a ferocious campaign led by Le Duan and the other Southerners against Giap, Truong Chinh, and the other “revisionists” In February 1964, Le Due Tho, one of Le Duan’s lieutenants, announced a “rectification” program, and an accompanying editorial described the combating of “modem revisionism” as “urgent.”1 On 11 February a radio broadcast from Hanoi stated that an “indoctrination” campaign had been initiated in North Vietnam to bring about “vigorous changes” in the attitudes of some North Vietnamese toward the war in the South. The broadcast did not announce the names of those being indoctrinated; this came from another source.
“Oley’s War,” ‘Westy’s War,” and “Nobody’s War” 1966
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

In January 1966, General Westmoreland had more on his mind than his award as 1965’s Man of the Year. A tough, multifaceted war was brewing, and its lack of progress disquieted Westmoreland and the other American leaders. The four-pronged American strategy for waging that war had been firmed up by early 1966. The first prong was ROLLING THUNDER, the bombing of North Vietnam. In the senior headquarters in Saigon, Honolulu, and the Pentagon, ROLLING THUNDER was called “Oley’s War,” named for Admiral “Oley” Sharp, CINCPAC. Officially, he directed the air attacks against the North, although President Johnson and Secretary McNamara actually controlled them.
Defeat 1975
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

Beginning on 18 December 1974, a week before the attack on Don Luan, the North Vietnamese Politburo and Military Committee met once more to determine the operational concepts governing its 1975 campaign. The NVA General Staff remained cautious, tentatively selecting a series of attacks which would expand its “ logistic corridor” east of the Annamites. The staff selected as its main effort a three-division attack on Due Lop, a minor post on Highway 14 in the Southern Highlands. Although the Highlands area was not his responsibility, the irrepressible Gen. Tran Van Tra gave the General Staff the benefit of his strategic acumen anyway. He told them that Due Lop was unimportant, and that if the General Staff planned to use three divisions, that it should use them against something significant, and suggested Ban Me Thuot. And Ban Me Thuot was significant. It sat astride Highway 14, the main northsouth road inland, and Highway 21, which connected Ban Me Thuot to the sea at Nha Trang and Phan Rang. It was a large town, the capital of Darlac province, and the site of an RVNAF air base.
Foundations of Continuity: Pomeranian Agriculture and Landownership from the Reform Era to World War II
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

THE HISTORY OF Germany has often entailed the search for continuities to explain that nation’s violent course until the collapse of the Third Reich resulted in its occupation and and division. Because of the horrors of National socialism, identifying long-term trends unfavorable to Germany’s development as a nation-state has become morally as well as intellectually compelling. Once it was commonplace to expose the roots of Nazism as far back as the Reformation or the rise of Prussian absolutism. More recently, however, the Bismarckian “revolution from above” and the power of the anachronistic “pre-industrial” Junker elite have received greater emphasis.’ Yet such interpretations, sweeping as they are, risk excluding more recent, more contingent, and more relevant, explanations as they sow the seeds of Nazism m a more distant past. Indeed Germany’s political and social evolution produced alternatives to authoritarianism and to National Socialism that could have prevailed had the circumstances been “right,” or different choices pursued. Germany’s defeat in World War I and the formation of the Weimar Republic provided the most promising opportunities for democratization and the elimination of the structures that would foster Nazism. Nevertheless, Pomerania’s history forcefully attests to major continuities in German history; notably the longevity and impact of the East Elbian landed elite.
Performance
Authors: Bauman Richard
Published: October 2023

A mode of communicative behavior and a type of communicative event. While the term may be employed in an aesthetically neutral sense to designate the actual conduct of communication (as opposed to the potential for communicative action), performance usually suggests an aesthetically marked and heightened mode of communication, framed in a special way and put on display for an audience. The analysis of performance-in deed, the very conduct of performance-highlights the social, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions of the communicative process. In one common usage performance is the actual execution of an action as opposed to capacities, models, or other factors that represent the potential for such action or an abstraction from it. In the performing arts this distinction can be seen in the contrast between composed guidelines or models for artistic presentations, such as playscripts or musical scores, and the presentational rendition of those works before an audience.
Oral History
Authors: Lummis Trevor
Published: October 2023

Essentially an account of firsthand experience, recalled retrospectively and communicated to an interviewer for historical purposes. Most practitioners would also argue that the interview should be recorded on a system of reproducible sound, thus preserving the spoken word as the original historical source. Oral history is a methodology, not a historical subfield such as political, economic, or social history. In its modem form it dates from the late 1940s, when tape recorders facilitated the collection and preservation of oral communications, but it had a number of precursors. At least since the time of the ancient Greeks, historians have asked participants in past events to communicate their memories as part of the historical record. Although these accounts exist only as documents, many historians accept them as early oral history because they had the clear historical purpose of collecting information that did not exist outside the living memories of participants in the events.
Oral Poetry
Authors: Finnegan Ruth
Published: October 2023

Poems that are unwritten either because the cultures in which they occur are partially or wholly nonliterate (like the traditional native cultures of Africa, Australia, Oceania, and America) or because oral forms are cherished despite a population’s overall literacy. The exact scope of the term is disputed, but it usually also includes poetry originally composed and per formed orally that has reached us through written transmission, like some of the early epics. Some scholars also include poetry transmitted or performed by nonwritten media, such as broadcast performances or modern pop lyrics. Oral poetry takes many forms. Oral epics are widely found, particularly in Eurasia, from historic cases like the early Babylonian, Greek, and Indian epics to the later Finnish Kalevala and contemporary or near contemporary Asian examples like Kirghiz or Mongol narrative poetry or the modern Indian Pa buji epic. Ballads-shorter or more lyrical narratives-are particularly associated with Euro-American tradition but are found in arguably comparable form in various areas of the world.
Gesture
Authors: Kendon Adam
Published: October 2023

Bodily action other than speech that is recognized as being done in order to express something. It is considered separate from emotional expression and separate from other bodily actions such as tics, mannerisms, and nervous movements. These expressions and actions may be very revealing of a person’s current level of physiological arousal, emotional state, unconscious motives, social class, or cultural background, but to the extent that they are thought not to be under voluntary control, they are not regarded as gesture. The topic of gesture includes bodily movements that occur in close association with speech (gesticulation); expressive movements that can be used independently of speech and can serve as complete utterances on their own, such as the thumb up gesture, the shoulder-shrug, or shaking of the fist (autonomous gesture); gestural codes used in certain occupational circumstances in which speech is difficult or impossible, primary sign languages used in communities of the deaf, alternate sign languages used in some tribal and religious communities during periods when speech is forbidden, and the special elaboration of gesture found in religious RITUAL, as in the complex systems of mudras developed as part of the ritual of prayer in Tantric Buddhism; and the complex gestural systems found in some DANCE traditions, especially in India.
Puppetry
Authors: Arnott Peter D
Published: October 2023

The art of designing, constructing, and operating puppets and marionettes, usually in theatrical Performance. A puppet (from Latin pupa, “doll”) is an articulated figure controlled by external means. Most puppets represent human or animal forms, though they may also give movement to normally in animate objects or abstract shapes. While puppets can be life-size or larger, most are considerably smaller than their operators. Puppets are classified according to their means of control. Hand or glove puppets, of the familiar Punch-and-Judy type, are controlled directly by the puppeteer’s hand inside a cloth sleeve that forms the figure’s body. Rod puppets are controlled from below by slender rods. Shadow puppets are two dimensional cutout figures, also controlled by rods, that are held against a backlit screen to project black-and-white or tinted shadows. Marionettes are controlled from above by strings. The name (“little Mary”) is believed to have been derived from the practice of using puppets in medieval church plays, though this may be merely fanciful. Various combinations of control methods are also possible.
Valuable Sources of Information
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

There is an abundance of information about the NIH extramural programs. This chapter makes reference to some but not all available materials. More information can be obtained by contacting an Office of Sponsored Research at your institution, the ICD information offices listed at the end of the chapter, or from the NIH staff. Offices of Sponsored Research, or their equivalent, in applicant institutions can offer a variety of often overlooked services to assist in application submissions and in acquiring helpful information about NIH programs and those of other agencies. Also, the administrators of these offices are usually in a position to refer those seeking support to senior, knowledgeable investigators within the institution who have had experience with the NIH review and award process. These offices usually have application kits, brochures, and other references to federally sponsored programs. The NIH offers a large number of informative publications describing various facets of the extramural programs. The most useful are highlighted below, together with the name of the office to contact to obtain copies. These publications and other sources of information are valuable to either investigators or administrators at institutions competing for grant and contract support.
America’s Secret Power
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

How should we define the role of secret agencies in a democratic society? Can a balance be struck between civil liberties and national security? These are questions addressed in Loch Johnson’s book, an overview of the CIA and its activities in American affairs, both domestic and foreign.
The Design of American Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

Today over forty federal agencies have responsibilities for intelligence operations, including a dozen like the CIA with primarily a foreign mission. Together, according to various published reports, they employ around 150,000 individuals and spend upwards of $13 billion each year. They have become “the largest consumers and producers of information in the world-and thus in history.” The primary job of these agencies is to provide intelligence for the National Command Authority-that is, the president, the cabinet, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff-and for the Congress.
Pathologies of the Intelligence Cycle
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

The collection, analysis, and coordination of information useful to the United States is the primary mission of the Central Intelligence Agency. At the heart of this mission lies the so-called intelligence cycle. The CIA defines the cycle as “the process by which information is acquired, converted into intelligence, and made available to policymakers.”
Congress and the New Intelligence Oversight
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

The Huston Plan, coupled with the additional shocks to the body politic resulting from the Watergate scandal and the failure in Vietnam, created a fresh skepticism about executive power in the United States-an attitude reminiscent of those held by America’s early forebearers. Hardly had the public caught its breath from the Watergate revelations when yet another scandal struck. As noted in chapter 1, New York Times reporter Seymour M. Hersh exposed in December 1974 the existence of Operation CHAOS, the CIA domestic surveillance program ordered by the Johnson and Nixon administrations and aimed at Vietnam War protesters.
Insuring Medical Mal practice
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

This book addresses a topic of great concern in the fields of medicine and medical economics. The cost of malpractice insurance to physicians has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and in some areas is not even available. The book describes and analyses, in a non-technical way, the workings of physicians’ own liability insurance.
Conceptual Framework and Institutional Context
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

What makes medical malpractice insurance tick? How can we explain the behavior of malpractice insurers? This chapter discusses the nature of the product of malprnctice insurance, the nature and behavior of insurance firms, and the structure and behavior of the market. We start by describing some relevant characteristics of the malpractice product, firms, and market. Some of these arc common to the property-liability insur¬ ance industry, of which malpractice insurers arc a part. Other features are more specific to the malpractice insurance line.
Carolina’s Appalachian Promise
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

IN 1674 Henry Woodward opened trading relations with the Westoes, a broker tribe which had recently sought out the trade of the new English toehold at Albemarle Point on the Ashley River. As he traveled west toward the Savannah River town newly colonized by the Westoes, Woodward saw sign-posts of willing sellers: “these Indians had drawne upon trees (the barke being hewed away) the effigies of a bever, a man, on horseback, and guns.” While he was at the Westoe town, Woodward looked forward to a trading visit from the tribe in the next season, “wth deare skins, furrs and younge slaves.” Woodward’s reconnaissance had taken him only just beyond the fall-line from Charlestown, and the Westoes alluded to the promise of further frontiers beyond. His hosts told him that eight days’ travel beyond their outpost ‘‘inhabit the Cowatoe and Chorakae Indians wth whom they are at continual warrs.” This first notice of the Cherokee presence to the west was followed by sporadic contacts, including a treaty of 1684, perhaps initiated by the tribe to staunch the slaving activities of the Westoes themselves. However, the Cherokees for years remained a distant presence, even though their goods-and at least some of their own folk--were sold in Charlestown markets.