bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gregorio Marafion's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Authors: Cornelius Randolph R.
Published: March 2007

Gregorio Maranion's early studies of the psychological effects of adrenaline are described, along with his attempts to construct a model for the experience of emotion from the results of those studies. It is argued that Maranion's model anticipated in important ways Schachter's two-factor, or arousal-cognition, theory of emotion and that Maranion should be recognized as a pioneer in the development of cognitive theories of emotion.
Meta-Analysis of Factor Analyses: An Illustration Using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory
Authors: Bushman Brad J. , Cooper Harris M. , Lemke Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

Among the many topics considered by meta-analysts, one that has received relatively little attention is the statistical integration of multivariate outcome data. This article focuses on a procedure proposed by Kaiser that has been used to integrate the results from different factor analyses. After giving a geometrical description of Kaiser's procedure, the authors illustrate its use with factor analytic studies of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. The results show that the seven subscales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory measure two dimensions of aggressiveness, one that can be called covert. The need for further development and application of multivariate data synthesis procedures is also discussed.
Attention Allocation and Impression Formation
Authors: Hilton James L. , Klein Jill G. , von Hippel William
Published: March 2007

An experiment examined the attention allocation strategies that perceivers employ when they are confronted with expectancy-relevant information and the mediating roles that these strategies play in impression formation. A dichotic listening task was used to measure subjects' attention allocation strategies. Subjects monitored a control child in one ear, while in the other ear they heard a target child perform in a manner that was either initially consistent or inconsistent with their expectations. They then evaluated the target on a number of dimensions. Subjects who received initially inconsistent information from the target allocated more attention to him and became more cognitively complex in their final evaluations than subjects who received initially consistent information. Furthermore, the greater attention paid by these subjects led them to become more moderate in their evaluations of the target. The results are discussed in light of the person perception literature.
Trait Sympathy and Perceived Control as Predictors of Entering Sympathy-Arousing Situations
Authors: Smith Kyle D.
Published: March 2007

Two studies provide evidence that dispositional sympathy and perceived control interact to predict choices for and against situations likely to elicit sympathy. Sympathetic persons choosing among previewed experiments on the basis of the emotion elicited by each were particularly likely to choose a sympathy induction, and appeared to interpret that prospect in positive terms, but only when they expected substantial control over the procedure. In a second study, sympathizers were the most likely to volunteer for studies of people in distress, so long as the sympathizers expected a means of helping the distressed persons. In contrast, assurances of situational control did not encourage less sympathetic subjects to participate in either context Results provide for the expansion of models relating affect to prosaically behavior to include preferences for contact with distressed persons and for an interpretation of trait sympathy as less of a personal liability than prevalent views suggest.
The Impact of Induced Affect on the Perception of Variability in Social Groups
Authors: Stroessner Steven J. , MacKie Diane M.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the effects of mood on perceptions of intragroup variability. Following exposure to positive, neutral, or negative mood-inducing stimuli, subjects read information about behaviors performed by members of a group. The group was either high or low in intragroup behavioral variability. In contrast to those in a neutral mood, subjects in a positive or negative mood did not produce differential variability judgments for the two groups. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and indicated that happy, but not sad, subjects showed other indexes of reduced processing. Possible cognitive and motivational mechanisms underlying reduced perception of intragroup variability are discussed.
Twenty Years of Deception Research: A Decline in Subjects' Trust?
Authors: Sharpe Donald , G. Adair John , Roese Neal J.
Published: March 2007

Early critical reaction to the practice of deceiving research subjects suggested that its continued use would lead to a negative view of the discipline and distrust by future subjects. In spite of these concerns and the constraints imposed by ethical codes, deception has remained a popular research strategy. The study reported in this article compared data from the Psychological Research Survey (PRS) at the beginning of the academic year in 1970 and the responses of students surveyed at a comparable time in 1989. Scores on the PRS from the recent samples were found to be similar to scores from 20years ago. After participating in a number of experiments, subjects sampled in 1990 were accepting of arguments justifying the use of deception; however, they reported a somewhat more negative attitude toward psychological research than in the 1989 sample, regardless of whether they had been exposed to deception.
Stereotypes and the Construal of Individuating Information
Authors: Kunda Ziva , Sherman-Williams Bonnie
Published: March 2007

When stereotypes affect judgment about individuals in the presence of individuating information, they may do so by affecting the construal of that information. Therefore stereotypes may affect judgment even if perceivers subsequently neglect the stereotypes or base rates and base their impressions only on these stereotype-driven construals of the individuating information. Two experiments showed that stereotypes affected judgments about targets in the presence of the same ambiguous individuating information that was open to multiple construals, but not in the presence of the same specific disambiguated construals of that information. A third experiment showed that the effects of stereotypes on target ratings in the presence of ambiguous individuating information were mediated by the construals of this information. Thus all subjects relied predominantly on the individuating information, but when it was ambiguous, it was construed differently, depending on the stereotype.
Helping Behaviors in the Natural Environment: Dimensions and Correlates of Helping
Authors: McGuire Anne M.
Published: March 2007

The two studies reported here begin a research program designed to augment evolutionary theories of helping behavior by adding cognitive, affective, and social processes, but the issues addressed are relevant to many other approaches. Participants in the first study described incidents of helping actually experienced in systematically varied circumstances. The incidents reported were sorted into 72 homogeneous categories, and in a second study participants rated each of the 72 types of helping behaviors on 22 wide-ranging characteristics (antecedents, consequences, etc.). Factor analysis of the 72 behaviors yielded four well defined factors: Casual, Substantial Personal, Emotional, and Emerging Helping. Factor analysis of the 22 judgmental scales yielded three factors: perceived Benefits, Frequency, and Costs of helping. The two factorial solutions have theoretical relevance and identify an economically few helping behaviors and perceptual dimensions that represent a broad range of actually experienced helping. They also indicate types of helping behaviors across which obtained relations can and cannot be safely generalized.
The Predictive Ability of Social Values in Resource Dilemmas and Public Goods Games
Authors: Parks Craig D.
Published: March 2007

Social values, or orientations toward specific goals, have been found to predict choice behavior in prisoner's dilemma-type games. However, their predictive ability in other types of social dilemmas (specifically, public goods and resource dilemmas) is not well established. This study compared the predictive ability of several methods of assessing social values, as well as Yamagishi's Trust Scale and an older measure of trust, the Fascism (F) Scale. Social values, as assessed by Knight and Dubro's judgmental measurement technique, were found to be predictive of resource dilemma behavior; trust, measured with Yamagishi's Trust Scale, predicted contribution to public goods. The trust and social values scales were not correlated, suggesting that they are distinct concepts; however, the social value scales did not correlate with each other. A testable explanation for the results, centering on the nature of payoffs in the different games, is offered.
Measures of Anchoring in Estimation Tasks
Authors: Jacowitz Karen E. , Kahneman Daniel
Published: March 2007

The authors describe a method for the quantitative study of anchoring effects in estimation tasks. A calibration group provides estimates of a set of uncertain quantities. Subjects in the anchored condition first judge whether a specified number (the anchor) is higher or lower than the true value before estimating each quantity. The anchors are set at predetermined percentiles of the distribution of estimates in the calibration group (15th and 85th percentiles in this study). This procedure permits the transformation of anchored estimates into percentiles in the calibration group, allows pooling of results across problems, and provides a natural measure of the size of the effect. The authors illustrate the method by a demonstration that the initial judgment of the anchor is susceptible to an anchoring-like bias and by an analysis of the relation between anchoring and subjective confidence.
Cross-Situational Consistency and Perceptual Accuracy in Leadership
Authors: Albright Linda , Forziati Christine
Published: March 2007

The trait approach to leadership has long been abandoned. The prevailing belief, based primarily on two early reviews of the research examining the personality differences between leaders and nonleaders (by Mann and Stogdill) and on the interpretation of certain rotation design studies of leadership, is that contingency theories of leadership best explain the phenomenon. However, some current research has been more favorable to the trait approach. The present research examined cross-situational stability in leadership by having leaders (people who held current formal leadership positions) interact with nonleaders on four tasks that required social organization and coordination. As predicted, stability in leadership across the four tasks and some evidence for consistency across groups were found, as was a high level of consensus and accuracy in perceptions of leadership.
The Multiply Motivated Self
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Strube Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Research on self evaluation revolves around four major themes: How many motives guide self-evaluation, in what circumstances does each motive become activated, are motives differentially prevalent in different people, and how can research on the self-evaluation motives become integrated? The discussion is structured on the basis of these four themes.
Source Attributions and Persuasion: Perceived Honesty as a Determinant of Message Scrutiny
Authors: Priester Joseph R. , Petty Richard E.
Published: March 2007

A hypothesis derived from current two-route models of persuasion was examined-that a communicator's perceived honesty is a determinant of the extent to which attitude change is based on scrutiny of the substance of the persuasive message. Specifically, cognitive misers are expected to forgo effortful message scrutiny when a communicator can be assumed to be truthful. In a preliminary study, honesty was found to be the source characteristic most highly associated with providing an accurate message. Then, in three experiments, source honesty was manipulated either directly (by presenting information about past honesty of the source) or indirectly (using an expectancy confirmation! disconfirmation procedure). In all three studies, post message attitudes of individuals low in the need for cognition (NC) cognitive misers-were less dependent on message scrutiny when the source was assumed to be relatively honest. For high-NC individuals, message scrutiny did not differ depending on the source.
Problem Domain and Prospect Frame: Choice under Opportunity versus Threat
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Paese Paul W.
Published: March 2007

This investigation considered the impact of alternative problem domains on choice by crossing prospect frame (loss vs. gain) witth problem domain (threat vs. opportunity) in afactorial design. In responding to traditional framing problems, proble-msposing explicit threats), subjects faced with gain prospects have generally been thought to presuppose losses or shift their reference point downward. Abelson and Levi have suggested that, similarly, subjects might be expected to presuppose gains or shift their reference point upward when faced with problems that pose explicit opportunities. Choices in this study were consistent with this prediction. However, measures aimed at assessing the interpretations of framing problems did not support the presumed shifts in reference point. Moreover, evidence was found for a problem domain effect on overall risk seeking in one problem arena (obs), but no such effect was found in another problem arena (money).
Happy Faces Elicit Heuristic Processing in a Televised Impression Formation Task: A Cognitive Tuning Account
Authors: Ottati Victor , Terkildsen Nayda , Hubbard Clark
Published: March 2007

Participants viewed a videotape of a person who expressed verbal statements accompanied by neutral, happy, or angry facial displays. These statements could be used to quickly stereotype the person (heuristic processing). Alternatively, these statements could be processed in a piecemeal manner for purposes of judging the person (systematic processing). Among low-motivation participants, neutral displays elicited systematic processing, whereas happy displays elicited heuristic processing. Angry displays elicited a processing style falling between these extremes. Highly motivated participants processed the verbal statements in a systematic manner regardless of the target's facial expression. These results correspond to findings reported in the mood literature, and the differences obtained for low- and high-motivation participants support a cognitive tuning account of the mediating process.
The Transmission of Norms Regarding Group Decision Rules
Authors: Nielsen Michael E. , Miller Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Robert Jacobs and Donald Campbell's generational paradigm was used to examine the effects of group decision rule and performance feedback on the extent to which use of the decision rule was maintained as groups underwent turnover in membership. Confederates initially established a norm regarding rule use: Half the groups began with a majority rule and half with a seniority-based dictatorial rule. Groups made decisions about hiring (fictitious) job applicants. Half the groups in each decision rule condition received feedback that their decisions were correct and half that their decisions were incorrect. Groups that began with majority rule continued to use the rule. Groups that began with seniority rule always changed the rule and always changed it to majority rule. Performance feedback had no effect on maintenance of the decision rule, although it influenced group members' perceptions of the decision process and feelings toward the senior member under seniority rule.
Self-Stereotyping in the Face of Threats to Group Status and Distinctiveness: The Role of Group Identification
Authors: Spears Russell , Doosje Bertjan , Ellemers Naomi
Published: March 2007

In four studies, effects of self-perceived or public-perceived threats to group status or group distinctiveness on self-stereotyping (defined as similarity to prototypical in-group members) were investigated for people with high or low in-group identification. The main prediction was that high and low identifiers will respond differentially when their group's status or distinctiveness is threatened such that self-stereotyping is reduced for low identifiers but enhanced for high identifiers. Although the four studies investigated different comparison groups and different kinds of group threat, the results of all studies provided support for the prediction, and this was confirmed by a meta-analysis. This supports the authors' argument that the initial level of group identification determines whether group members are likely to set themselves apart from the rest of their group or to show group solidarity when their identity as group members is threatened.
The Internal-External Scale Confounds Internal Locus of Control with Expectancies of Positive Outcomes
Authors: Carver Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Julian Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Scale forces choices between statements expressing internal locus of control and those expressing external locus of control However, the statements appear also to differ in the confidence they convey that desired outcomes will occur Subjects in Study 1 viewed bogus responses agreeing or disagreeing with either internal or external statements from the I-E Scale. Agreement with internal items (compared with disagreement) was seen as implying confidence that desired outcomes would occur Disagreement with external items (compared with agreement) was seen as implying confidence that desired outcomes would occur. Subjects in Study 2 rated their own agreement with either internal or external items and their confidence of the desired outcomes. Agreement with internal items was positively related to confidence about the outcomes; agreement with external items was unrelated to confidence. Discussion focuses on theoretical implications.
Judgmental Biases Produced by Instructions to Disregard: The (Paradoxical) Case of Emotional Information
Authors: Edwards Kari , Bryan Tamara S.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the consequences of instructing people to ignore emotionally charged information. Hypotheses were examined in the context of simulated juror decision making Results indicate that emotional information is more difficult to ignore than nonemotional information and that efforts to ignore such information can magnify its influence on related judgments. Thus, for participants exposed to emotionally charged incriminating evidence, the impact of this evidence was enhanced by instructions to disregard it. This paradoxical effect of disregard instructions was not observed for participants presented with otherwise equivalent, nonemotional evidence. Findings extend research on thought suppression and social judgment by suggesting that rebound effects may be more pronounced when information is emotional in nature. They also bridge a gap between the two literatures by suggesting that suppression-induced hyper accessibility of thoughts can lead to systematic biases not only in the quantity of cognitive responding but also in the content of judgments.
Psychological Attachment to the Group: Cross-Cultural Differences in Organizational Identification and Subjective Norms as Predictors of Workers' Turnover Intentions
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Ando Kaori , Hinkle Steve
Published: March 2007

Two studies used the theory of reasoned action, social identity theory, and Ash forth and Mael's work on organizational identification to predict turnover intentions in Japanese and British commercial and academic organizations. In both studies and in both countries, the authors expected and found that identification with the organization substantially and significantly predicted turnover intentions. Attitudes predicted intentions only in Study 2, and subjective norms significantly predicted intentions across both studies. The authors hypothesized that subjective norms would be a significantly stronger predictor of turnover intentions in a collectivist setting. This prediction was supported. Although social identity is strongly associated with turnover intentions across both cultures, the subjective normative aspects of group membership are significantly more strongly associated in the Japanese organizations.
License or Obligation to Smile: The Effect of Power and Sex on Amount and Type of Smiling
Authors: Hecht Marvin A. , LaFrance Marianne
Published: March 2007

This experiment tested whether social power and sex affect amount and type of smiling. Participants were assigned to low-, high-, or equal-power positions and interacted in dyads. For high- and equal-power participants, smiling correlated with positive affect, whereas for low- power participants, it did not. Women smiled more than men overall and showed more Duchenne smiling in the equal-power context, but they did not differ in the high-power context or low-power context. Results are interpreted as reflecting the license given to high-power people to smile when they are so inclined and the obligation for low-power people to smile regardless of how positive they feel.
Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias
Authors: Choi Incheol , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the correspondence bias in attitude attributions of Koreans and Americans. Study I employed the classic attitude attribution paradigm of Jones and Harris and found that both Korean and American participants displayed the correspondence bias in the no-choice condition. This lack of difference might have been due to weak salience of the situational constraints. Study 2 was designed to make the situational constraints of the no-choice condition salient in two ways: (a) by asking participants to write an essay on a topic regardless of their genuine attitude toward the topic or (b) by also making it clear to participants that the essay by the target person was almost a copy of the arguments provided by the experimenter. The results showed that (a) American attributions were unaffected by the two salience manipulations, whereas Koreans' correspondence bias decreased with increasing salience of the constraints, and (b) Koreans were less susceptible to the actor observer bias.
Likelihood-Based Item-Fit Indices for Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models
Authors: Orlando Maria , Thissen David
Published: March 2007

New goodness-of-fit indices are introduced for dichotomous item response theory (IRT) models. These indices are based on the likelihoods of number-correct scores derived from the IRT model, and they provide a direct comparison of the modeled and observed frequencies for correct and incorrect responses for each number-correct score. The behavior of Pearson’s X2 ( S- X2) and the likelihood ratio G2 ( S- G2) was assessed in a simulation study and compared with two fit indices similar to those currently in use ( Q1- X2 and Q1- G2). The simulations included three conditions in which the simulating and fitting models were identical and three conditions involving model misspecification. S- X2 performed well, with Type I error rates close to the expected .05 and .01 levels. Performance of this index improved with increased test length. S- G2 tended to reject the null hypothesis too often, as did Q1- X2 and Q1- G2. The power of S- X2 appeared to be similar for all test lengths, but varied depending on the type of model misspecification.
Relationships Between the Thurstone and Rasch Approaches to Item Scaling
Authors: Andrich David
Published: March 2007

When the logistic function is substituted for the normal, Thurstone's Case V specialization of the law of comparative judgment for paired comparison responses gives an identical equation for the esti mation of item scale values as does the Rasch formulation for direct responses. The law of com parative judgment must be modified to include a subject parameter; but this parameter, which is eliminated statistically with respect to the direct re sponse design, is eliminated experimentally in the paired comparison design. Some comparisons and contrasts are made between the two approaches to item scaling, and it is shown that greater gen eralizability for item scaling is possible when the two approaches are juxtaposed appropriately.
Academic Achievement and Individual Differences in Learning Processes
Authors: Schmeck Ronald R. , Grove Eddie
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with the degree of re lationship between academic achievement, as as sessed by college grade-point average, and infor mation-processing habits relevant to learning, as as sessed by the scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP). The ILP scales of Synthesis-Analy sis, Fact Retention, and Elaborative Processing were significantly related to GPA and scores on the American College Testing (ACT) Program Assess ment. Thus, the successful student seems to process information in depth and encode it elaboratively, while simultaneously retaining the details of the original information. Unexpectedly, the Study Methods scale demonstrated a small but significant negative relationship with ACT scores. A path analysis suggested that the effects which Fact Re tention and Elaborative Processing have upon GPA are mainly direct, while the effect of Synthesis- Analysis is mostly interpreted by ACT.
The Reactive Effect of Pretesting in Attitude Change Research: General or Specific?
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh.
Published: March 2007

In an earlier study it was found that a pretest containing positive statements counteracted the development of negative feelings toward a treat ment. The present experiment sought both to repli cate the earlier study and to answer an additional question: Is the biasing effect general or is it re stricted to pretest content? Again, it appeared that a positive pretest acts as a device to counteract the development of negative sentiments. The effect size, small in the original experiment, was even smaller in the present experiment. Moreover, it was found that the sensitization effect operated only when the pretest and the posttest were identical. Using dis similar pretest and posttest measures eliminated the biasing effect.

It is widely recognized that the standard pre test-treatment-posttest design raises the problem of a pretest sensitization effect. Nevertheless, measures prior to treatment are frequently used in attitude change research. There are a number of reasons for this preference of pretesting over a randomized design without a pretest (e.g., Chris tensen, 1977; Lana, 1969).
Large Sample Estimators for Standard Errors of Functions of Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Bobko Philip , Rieck Angela
Published: March 2007

Standard errors of estimators that are functions of correlation coefficients are shown to be quite dif ferent in magnitude than standard errors of the ini tial correlations. A general large-sample methodo logy, based upon Taylor series expansions and asymptotic correlational results, is developed for the computation of such standard errors. Three ex emplary analyses are conducted on a correction for attenuation, a correction for range restriction, and an indirect effect in path analysis. Derived for mulae are consistent with several previously pro posed estimators and provide excellent approxima tions to the standard errors obtained in computer simulations, even for moderate sample size (n = 100). It is shown that functions of correlations can be considerably more variable than product-mo ment correlations. Additionally, appropriate hy pothesis tests are derived for these corrected coeffi cients and the indirect effect. It is shown that in the range restriction situation, the appropriate hypothe sis test based on the corrected coefficient is asymp totically more powerful than the test utilizing the uncorrected coefficient. Bias is also discussed as a by-product of the methodology.
A Comparison of Two Approaches to Setting Passing Scores Based on the Nedelsky Procedure
Authors: Saunders Joseph C. , Ryan Joseph P. , Huynh Huynh
Published: March 2007

Two versions of the Nedelsky procedure for setting minimum passing scores are compared. Two groups of judges, one using each version, set pass ing scores for a classroom test Comparisons of the resulting sets of passing scores are made on the ba sis of (1) the raw distributions of passing scores, (2) the consistency of pass-fail decisions between the two versions, (3) the consistency of pass-fail deci sions between each version and the passing score established by the test designer, and (4) the mean pairwise agreement between judges across groups. The two versions of the procedure are found to pro duce essentially equivalent results. In addition, a significant relationship is observed between the passing score set by a judge and that judge's level of achievement in the content area of the test.
Comparison of Canonical Correlation and Interbattery Factor Analysis on Sensation Seeking and Drug Use Domains
Authors: Huba G.J. , Newcomb M.D. , Bentler P.M.
Published: March 2007

The relationships between different types of sen sation-seeking tendencies and the use of 26 sub stances are studied for a group of 1,068 adoles cents. The methods of canonical correlation analy sis with dimension rotation and maximum likeli hood interbattery factor analysis are contrasted in the data set. Several major patterns are found, and it is concluded that the relationship between drug use and sensation-seeking tendencies is not a gen eral one.
Information Structure for Geometric Analogies: A Test Theory Approach
Authors: Whitely Susan E. , Schneider Lisa M.
Published: March 2007

Although geometric analogies are popular items for measuring intelligence, the information pro cesses that are involved in their solution have not been studied in a test theory context. In the current study, processing is examined by testing alternative models of information structure on geometric analogies. In contrast to the treatment of models in other studies that have appeared in the cognitive literature, the models are tested jointly as mathe matical models of processing and as latent trait models of individual differences. The joint model ing was achieved by applying the one-parameter lin ear logistic latent trait model to predict response accuracy from information structure. The results supported the model that distinguished between spatial distortion and spatial displacement transfor mations, which have opposite effects on item diffi culty. Further, no significant sex difference in over all accuracy or processing were observed. Implica tions of the results for processing mechanisms and test design are discussed.
Solving Measurement Problems with an Answer-Until-Correct Scoring Procedure
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: March 2007

Answer-until-correct (AUC) tests have been in use for some time. Pressey (1950) pointed to their ad vantages in enhancing learning, and Brown (1965) proposed a scoring procedure for AUC tests that appears to increase reliability (Gilman & Ferry, 1972; Hanna, 1975). This paper describes a new scoring procedure for AUC tests that (1) makes it possible to determine whether guessing is at ran dom, (2) gives a measure of how "far away" guess ing is from being random, (3) corrects observed test scores for partial information, and (4) yields a mea sure of how well an item reveals whether an ex aminee knows or does not know the correct re sponse. In addition, the paper derives the optimal linear estimate (under squared-error loss) of true score that is corrected for partial information, as well as another formula score under the assumption that the Dirichlet-multinomial model holds. Once certain parameters are estimated, the latter formula score makes it possible to correct for partial infor mation using only the examinee's usual number- correct observed score. The importance of this for mula score is discussed. Finally, various statistical techniques are described that can be used to check the assumptions underlying the proposed scoring procedure.
A Note on a Statistical Paradigm for the Evaluation of Cognitive Structure in Physics Instruction
Authors: Gliner Gail S.
Published: March 2007

Data from Shavelson's (1972) study investigating the change in cognitive structure due to instruction in Newtonian mechanics were reanalyzed using the quadratic assignment (QA) approach. This applica tion of the QA technique involves a nonparametric confirmatory procedure to evaluate whether a hy pothesized structure is present in a proximity ma trix representing cognitive structure. The proximity matrices in Shavelson's study were obtained from multiple-response word association tests at a pretest and at the end of each day of a 5-day instructional sequence. The Euclidean distance measure Shavelson used to evaluate change toward a repre sentation of the instructional content, however, did not measure structural change in the proximity ma trices for cognitive structure. The present reanalysis using the QA paradigm showed that cognitive structure after instruction was similar to content structure before instruction, and word association tests did not measure any subtle changes toward greater similarity to content structure. However, the QA results provided some evidence for Shavelson's contention that the experimental group's cognitive structure changed toward greater homogeneity later in instruction.
Application of Unidimensional Item Response Theory Models to Multidimensional Data
Authors: Drasgow Fritz , Parsons Charles K.
Published: March 2007

A simulation model was developed for generating item responses from a multidimensional latent trait space The model permits the prepotency of a general latent trait underlying responses to all simulated items to be varied systematically. Five levels of prepotency were used to generate data sets The levels of prepo tency ranged from a truly unidimensional latent trait space to a very weak general latent trait. Simulated item pools with guessing and without guessing were analyzed by the LOGIST computer program The gen eral latent trait was recovered in data sets where the prepotency of the general latent trait was only moder ate. Consequently, it appears that item response theory models can be applied to moderately heterogenous item pools under the conditions simulated here.
Item Location Effects and Their Implications for IRT Equating and Adaptive Testing
Authors: Kingston Neal M. , Dorans Neil J.
Published: March 2007

A context effect occurs when examinees' item re sponding behavior is affected by the location of an item within a test. Recent advances in testing practice, most notably adaptive testing and certain innovative equating schemes, require items to be more invariant across intended usages than earlier methods. In this paper, location effects are identified as a form of mul tidimensionality, and examples of testing situations where location effects are important are described. Then, the susceptibility to item location effects of 10 item types from the Graduate Record Examination General Test is investigated by comparing the item difficulty parameters of sets of items across intended usages. Results are replicated using a second form of the test. Two of the 10 item types, analysis of expla nations and logical diagrams, are clearly affected by item location in the population tested. One common item type, reading comprehension, appears to be af fected somewhat by item context in this population. It is strongly advised that these item types not be used in an adaptive testing program without first assessing their susceptibility to location effects within the popu lation (and subpopulations) of interest.
Using Subject-Matter Experts to Assess Content Representation: An MDS Analysis
Authors: Sireci Stephen G. , Geisinger Kurt F.
Published: March 2007

Demonstration of content domain representation is of central importance in test validation. An expanded version of the method of content evaluation proposed by Sireci & Geisinger (1992) was evaluated with respect to a national licensure examination and a nationally standardized social studies achievement test. Two groups of 15 subject-matter experts (SMEs) rated the similarity of all item pairs comprising a test, and then rated the relevance of the items to the con tent domains listed in the test blueprints. The similar ity ratings were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS); the item relevance ratings were ana lyzed using procedures proposed by Hambleton (1984) and Aiken (1980). The SMES' perceptions of the underlying content structures of the tests emerged in the MDS solutions. All dimensions were germane to the content domains measured by the tests. Some of these dimensions were consistent with the content structure specified in the test blueprint, others were not. Correlation and regression analyses of the MDS item coordinates and item relevance ratings indicated that using both item similarity and item relevance data provided greater information of content repre sentation than did using either approach alone. The implications of the procedure for test validity are dis cussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
A Revised Modified Parallel Analysis for the Construction of Unidimensional Item Pools
Authors: Budescu David V. , Cohen Yoav , Ben-Simon Anat
Published: March 2007

Modified parallel analysis (MPA) is a heuristic method for assessing "approximate unidimensionality" of item pools. It compares the second eigenvalue of the observed correlation matrix with the corresponding eigenvalue extracted from a "parallel" matrix generated by a unidimensional and locally independent model. Revised MPA (RMPA) generalizes MPA and alleviates some of its technical limitations. RMPA includes an important and useful feature for eliminating items that violate the test's unidimensionality. This is achieved by eliminating items, one at a time, to determine their contribution to the matrices' eigenvalues. A test for detecting items with large impact in the observed dataset and then eliminating them is proposed. The new method was tested in several simulations in which unidimensional item pools were "contaminated" by various proportions of items from a secondary pool. The results indicate that RMPA does an excellent job of detecting low (10%) and moderate (25%) levels of contamination, but fails in cases of maximal (50%) contamination.
The Concept of Accuracy in Regional Input-Output Models
Authors: Jensen R. C.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses attention on the concept of accuracy in regional input-output tables. Two interpretations of accuracy, namely partitive and holistic accuracy, are discussed with reference to interpretation of input-output tables. Implications are drawn from recent contributions to the regional input-output literature in terms of the `reconciliation' debate and the survey versus non-survey debate. Holistic accuracy is the only concept which is tenable in practice; some suggested criteria for holistic accuracy are provided.
Estimation of Place-to-Place Migration Flows from Net Migration Totals: A Minimum Information Approach
Authors: Plane David A.
Published: March 2007

A truism in demography has been that net migration may be derived from information on gross place-to-place flows, but that gross place-to-place flows cannot be inferred back from information on the net population movements in a system. Some recent work on maximum entropy and minimum information models, however, suggests a possible means for estimating just such a set of place-to-place flows. The net migration constrained model presented here could prove particularly useful for updating detailed migration matrices on the basis of current net migration estimates, and could even provide some clues as to the nature of the still poorly understood relationship between gross and net migration. Performance of the model is demonstrated using flow matrices from the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Censuses of Population.
An Econometric Model for Forecasting Regional Population Growth
Authors: Plaut Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

An econometric model for forecasting net migration and natural increase is proposed and then estimated using time-series data for Texas. The model is simulated five years out-of-sample and found to be quite accurate in forecasting future population growth. It outperforms simpler prediction methods, thus indicating that explicit modeling of net migration and natural increase is superior to modeling only total population.
Regional Analysis from the Standpoint of International Trade: Is it a Useful Perspective?
Authors: Mutti John
Published: March 2007

This survey paper notes that in addressing many economic questions relevant in a regional context spatial factors may not be the most critical element to capture. Instead, several issues can usefully be addressed from the perspective of general equilibrium models applied in international trade theory. That approach is reviewed briefly, particularly regarding the implications of mobile factors of production. Then, it is applied to an illustrative set of topics from regional analysis: the north-south wage gap, distributional consequences of environmental controls, regional taxation policies, economic base projections, problems of lagging regions, and transportation costs as determinants of regional production patterns.
Demographic Disaggregation in the Construction of Regional Econometric Models: A Statistical Evaluation
Authors: Taylor Carol A.
Published: March 2007

A cohort-component method is used to construct historical annual age/sex disaggregations of total population. In econometric models of six substate areas, regressions are estimated with and without the disaggregated data for five model variables expected to be dependent on the size of particular population subgroups. Statistical tests are performed to determine significant differences in residual variance of estimation with and without the disaggregated data. Although age/sex population projections may be a desired model output per se, the results indicate that the population subgroup data generally do not improve estimation of other model variables.
Interstate Tax Exportation within the United States: An Appraisal of the Literature
Authors: Mutti John H. , Morgan William E.
Published: March 2007

This paper evaluates the literature concerning interregional, exportation and importation of state and local taxes. General analytical, principles of tax exportation are described. Major empirical studies, which, show considerable variation of exportation by type of tax and by state, are, reviewed critically. Extensions of previous empirical findings are discussed, in order to consider the long-run effects of state tax policy on regional, growth and resource allocation. The assessment of long-run impacts is shown, to be an important area for future research.
The Case for Experimental, Adaptive Restraint Policies in Developing Nation Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Townroe Peter M.
Published: March 2007

Many developing nations have introduced policies designed to slow the rate of population growth of their largest cities. This article argues that there is a strong case for an explicit experimental or adaptive approach in policy design. Using the examples of Sao Paulo in Brazil and Seoul in South Korea, it is argued that coordinated trial and error methods with appropriate monitoring, evaluation, and policy revision can prove beneficial, especially given the high levels of uncertainty which surround both the objectives and the contexts of urbanization policies in most countries.
The Variation of Estimated Impacts from Five Regional Input-Output Models
Authors: Brucker Sharon M. , Hastings Steven E. , Latham William R.
Published: March 2007

Since construction of a regional input-output model for impact analysis is very time-consuming, a market for ready-made regionally customized model systems has developed. This article compares five such systems. It is based on a survey of five modelers who estimated impacts of seven hypothetical regional development scenarios. The article presents the estimates generated; then compares them, focusing on the degree of variation among the estimates and also comparing them to a survey model's results. Although estimated impacts were relatively similar for regionwide output and income impacts, there was great dissimilarity among employment impact estimates.
Measuring the Impact of Free Trade: Local Analysis versus Regional and National Models
Authors: Martin Fernand
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a method to evaluate the sectoral impact of the U.S.-Canada free trade agreement on local economies. This method is an alternative to national impact models whose sectoral rates are not attuned to the characteristics of local economies. The method identifies the winners and losers of the implementation of free trade in a static framework. Then, taking into account the past experience of the region under the stress of tariff reductions, it uses the effective rotation of jobs to infer the likelihood that in the long run local firms will either rationalize production and become more export-oriented or disappear.
Constructing Economic Base Models or Developing Countries: Lessons from a Case Study in Panama
Authors: Hinojosa René C. , Ríos Arturo J.
Published: March 2007

The location quotient is a popular indirect method for the estimation of regional export activity. The appeal of the technique has extended to developing countries, but very little effort has been made to test, on empirical grounds, whether the extension is warranted. This article uses a region in Panama to examine the problems and limitations of estimating basic employment. Results from a survey of industries indicate that corrections to the standard formulation of the quotient are necessary and that shortcuts in the construction of the economic base model should be avoided.
Regional Hierarchy under Threat: A Spatial Dimension of the Socio-Economic Crisis in the Former Soviet Union and Russia
Authors: Pchelintsev Oleg S.
Published: March 2007

Any transition to a market economy in the former Soviet Union must take into account the legacy from central planning. Part of this legacy is a socio-economic spatial arrangement not at all compatible with a market economy, an arrangement not easily changed, and one that will affect the outcome of the transition for many decades. Using Western approaches in Russia or the other republics will have very different consequences than they have had in the West. To demonstrate this point, the spatial aspects of three socio-economic processes—urbanization, migration, and privatization—are considered. Some special problems of the current situation and of future development of spatial hierarchies in the former republics are also discussed.
Toward a Theory of Intellectual Change: The Social Causes of Philosophies
Authors: Collins Randall
Published: March 2007

Based on historical comparisons among master-pupil chains and other aspects of social networks among philosophers, some prmciples are suggested regarding long-term intellectual change. The higher the eminence ofphilosophers, the more tightly they are connected to mtergenerational chains of other eminent philosophers, and to horizontal circles of the intellectual community. Intellectual creativity proceeds through the contemporaneous development of rival positions, dividing up the available attention space in the intellectual community. Strong thought-communities, those that have strong external (religious or political) support for their institutional base, subdivide to maximize internal distinctiveness; weakly supported thought-communities disappear or amalgamate by syncretism. External conditions thus affect the content of ideas indirectly by affecting the space available in the mternal field of the intellectual community. The content of philosophies, the degree of abstraction and self-conscious reflection upon intellectual operations, depends on how many generations intellectual networks maintain continuity under conditions of creative rivalry. New positions are produced by competitive appropriation of prior ideas and by negation of preexisting positions along the lines of greatest organizational rivalry.