bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusarin C Biosynthesis in Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium venenatum
Authors: Song Zhongshu , Cox Russell J. , Lazarus Colin M. , Simpson Thomas J.
Published: September 2004

Fragments of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were amplified from complementary DNA (cDNA) of the fusarin C producing filamentous fungi Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium venenatum by using degenerate oligonucleotides designed to select for fungal PKS C‐methyltransferase (CMeT) domains. The PCR products, which were highly homologous to fragments of known fungal PKS CMeT domains, were used to probe cDNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) libraries of F. moniliforme and F. venenatum. A 4.0 kb cDNA clone from F. venenatum was isolated and used to prepare a hygromycin‐resistance knockout cassette, which was used to produce a fusarin‐deficient strain of F. venenatum (kb=1000 bp). Similarly, a 26 kb genomic fragment, isolated on two overlapping clones from F. moniliforme, encoded a complete iterative Type I PKS fused to an unusual nonribosomal peptide synthase module. Once again, targeted gene disruption produced a fusarin‐deficient strain, thereby proving that this synthase is responsible for the first steps of fusarin biosynthesis.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Binary Adsorption Separation in Chromatography
Authors: Wu Y.X. , Yu H.W. , Ching C.B.
Published: September 2004

FEMLAB software was applied to incorporate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) into the simulation of the adsorption‐separation process in chromatography. Simulations of both linear and nonlinear processes demonstrated that significant dispersion retarded the separation processes, and that a small inlet induced curved solute concentration profiles, resulting in peak tailing of the elution chromatogram. The linear simulation visually confirmed that a small Stanton number might be another factor for peak tailing. For cases with a reasonably small Stanton number, peak tailing became more serious with decreasing Stanton number. Comparisons between the results of the CFD simulation of the nonlinear case, the corresponding conventional 1‐D simulation and the experimental result lead to the conclusion that the CFD simulation is useful for a better understanding of the dynamic adsorption and separation process in a chromatographic column.
Investigation of Fluid and Coarse‐Particle Dynamics in a Two‐Dimensional Spouted Bed
Authors: Swasdisevi T. , Tanthapanichakoon W. , Charinpanitkul T. , Kawaguchi T. , Tanaka T. , Tsuji Y.
Published: September 2004

The aerodynamics of particles and gas flow in a two‐dimensional spouted bed (2DSB) with draft plates is investigated with the aid of the discrete element method. The geometry of the 2DSB with draft plates is set as close as possible to the experimental apparatus of Kudra [1] and Kalwar [2]. The physical properties of the coarse particles are similar to those of shelled corn. The calculated minimum spouting velocity and pressure drop agree well with the correlations of Kudra [1] and Kalwar [2]. In the spout region, the particle vertical velocities are found to decrease as the height increases. The fluid velocity in the downcomer region decreases as the superficial gas velocity increases. The particle circulation rate increases when the friction coefficient decreases or the separation height increases. At the minimum spouting velocity, the bed height does not affect the particle circulation rate in the 2DSB with draft plates. The draft plates not only reduce the minimum spouting velocity and pressure drop but also increase the maximum spoutable bed height. The effect of taking out the draft plates on the spouting phenomenon is investigated and the effect of putting in a deflector on the possible breakage of the particles is also estimated.
Effect of Dual Impeller‐Sparger Geometry on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in Stirred Vessels
Authors: García‐Cortés D. , Xuereb C. , Taillandier P. , Jáuregui‐Haza U. , Bertrand J.
Published: September 2004

The understanding of the effect of impeller‐sparger configurations on gas dispersion and mass transfer is very important to improve the performance of gas/liquid contactor systems. The influence of the impeller positions, the upper turbine diameter, the sparger ring diameter and its location in regard to the lower impeller on the power consumption, the volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient and the overall oxygen transfer efficiency were studied in a nonstandard curved bottomed reactor with an agitated system with dual disk style turbines. In the range of the gas flow rates studied, the most efficient impeller‐sparger arrangement for the oxygen transfer is the impeller system with turbines of different diameters located at C = 0.25 and IC = 0.5, and with the sparger of smaller diameter than the lower impeller settled below the impeller. A new model to estimate the kLa with an average relative error of 8 %, which takes the reactor operation conditions and the influence of the impeller‐sparger geometry into account, was also proposed.
Combination of CFD and Chemical Reactions for Process Engineering
Authors: Heggemann M. , Wintergerste T.
Published: September 2004

In process engineering chemical reactions may be classified in gas‐phase chemistry, liquid‐phase chemistry, and surface chemistry. The latter is essential for the description of heterogeneous catalytic operations. Furthermore, simulations often have to treat reversible reactions and kinetically controlled processes. This paper provides a brief overview of the methodologies, trends, and limits. Three methods are tested for coping with the different challenges of the individual characters of chemical reactions: the CHEMKIN Collection, STAR‐CD, and STAR‐CD/KINetics (= STAR‐CD + CHEMKIN). The results show that the capacity of a tool depends very much on the requirements and specifications of the chemical reactions.
Nonlinear Calibration for Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Dadhe K.
Published: September 2004

Nonlinear models such as neural networks and support vector machines are used with particular consideration of their generalization potential. To assess the model predictions without knowledge of the true output, prediction intervals are calculated by bootstrap procedures. As an example, the estimation of methyl acetate mole fraction in a four‐component mixture is described. The experimental values are taken from a reactive distillation pilot plant.
Stability of Dispersions
Authors: Bellmann C.
Published: September 2004

The importance of the production and application of disperse systems in industry is steadily growing, while colloidal systems surround us every day (for example foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals etc.). Understanding the forces and mechanisms of interaction allows the development of new materials and improvement of available systems. The stability of such systems is one of the central research points. One of the well‐known physical models of colloid stability is given by DLVO‐Theory. With this theory we have a tool to influence the stability of such dispersion systems. In this paper, electrokinetic methods are used to investigate interaction forces in disperse systems. The influence of pH‐value, electrolyte concentration and valency is shown with suitable examples. However, in some cases the DLVO‐model is not satisfactory, and reasons for this behavior will also be discussed.
Modulation of the Absorption, Fluorescence, and Liquid‐Crystal Properties of Functionalised Diarylethene Derivatives
Authors: Frigoli Michel , Mehl Georg H.
Published: September 2004

Systematic variation of the molecular symmetry in a photochromic system based on a 1,2‐bis(2‐methylbenzo[b]thiophen‐3‐yl)hexafluorocyclopentene group, connected by decyl spacers to two cyanobiphenyl groups as mesogens, allows for a systematic investigation of the correlations between molecular shape and symmetry, electronic effects, photochromic conversion and liquid‐crystalline properties.
NMR Parameters and Geometries of OHN and ODN Hydrogen Bonds of Pyridine–Acid Complexes
Authors: Limbach Hans‐Heinrich , Pietrzak Mariusz , Sharif Shasad , Tolstoy Peter M. , Shenderovich Ilya G. , Smirnov Sergei N. , Golubev Nikolai S. , Denisov Gleb S.
Published: September 2004

In this paper, equations are proposed which relate various NMR parameters of OHN hydrogen‐bonded pyridine–acid complexes to their bond valences which are in turn correlated with their hydrogen‐bond geometries. As the valence bond model is strictly valid only for weak hydrogen bonds appropriate empirical correction factors are proposed which take into account anharmonic zero‐point energy vibrations. The correction factors are different for OHN and ODN hydrogen bonds and depend on whether a double or a single well potential is realized in the strong hydrogen‐bond regime. One correction factor was determined from the known experimental structure of a very strong OHN hydrogen bond between pentachlorophenol and 4‐methylpyridine, determined by the neutron diffraction method. The remaining correction factors which allow one also to describe H/D isotope effects on the NMR parameters and geometries of OHN hydrogen bond were determined by analysing the NMR parameters of the series of protonated and deuterated pyridine‐ and collidine–acid complexes. The method may be used in the future to establish hydrogen‐bond geometries in biologically relevant functional OHN hydrogen bonds.
New Routes to Polymetallic Clusters: Fluoride‐Based Tri‐, Deca‐, and Hexaicosametallic MnIII Clusters and their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Jones Leigh F. , Rajaraman Gopalan , Brockman Jonathon , Murugesu Muralee , San̂udo E. Carolina , Raftery Jim , Teat Simon J. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Christou George , Brechin Euan K. , Collison David
Published: September 2004

The syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of three new MnIII clusters, [Mn26O17(OH)8(OMe)4F10(bta)22(MeOH)14(H2O)2] (1), [Mn10O6(OH)2(bta)8(py)8F8] (2) and [NHEt3]2[Mn3O(bta)6F3] (3), are reported (bta=anion of benzotriazole), thereby demonstrating the utility of MnF3 as a new synthon in Mn cluster chemistry. The “melt” reaction (100 °C) between MnF3 and benzotriazole (btaH, C6H5N3) under an inert atmosphere, followed by dissolution in MeOH produces the cluster [Mn26O17(OH)8(OMe)4F10(bta)22(MeOH)14(H2O)2] (1) after two weeks. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$, and consists of a complicated array of metal tetrahedra linked by μ3‐O2− ions, μ3‐ and μ2‐OH− ions, μ2‐MeO− ions and μ2‐bta− ligands. The “simpler” reaction between MnF3 and btaH in boiling MeOH (50 °C) also produces complex 1. If this reaction is repeated in the presence of pyridine, the decametallic complex [Mn10O6(OH)2(bta)8(py)8F8] (2) is produced. Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ and consists of a “supertetrahedral” [MnIII10] core bridged by six μ3‐O2− ions, two μ3‐OH− ions, four μ2‐F− ions and eight μ2‐bta− ions. The replacement of pyridine by triethylamine in the same reaction scheme produces the trimetallic species [NHEt3]2[Mn3O(bta)6F3] (3). Complex 3 crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/c and has a structure analogous to that of the basic metal carboxylates of general formula [M3O(RCO2)6L3]0/+, which consists of an oxo‐centred metal triangle with μ2‐bta− ligands bridging each edge of the triangle and the fluoride ions acting as the terminal ligands. DC magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 300–1.8 K and 0.1–7 T ranges were investigated for all three complexes. For each, the value of χMT decreases with decreasing temperatures; this indicates the presence of dominant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions in 1–3. For complex 1, the low‐temperature value of χMT is 10 cm3 K mol−1 and fitting of the magnetisation data gives S=4, g=2.0 and D=−0.90 cm−1. For complex 2, the value of χMT falls to a value of approximately 5.0 cm3 K mol−1 at 1.8 K, which is consistent with a small spin ground state. For the triangular complex 3, the best fit to the experimental χMT versus T data was obtained for the following parameters: Ja=−5.01 cm−1, Jb=+9.16 cm−1 and g=2.00, resulting in an S=2 spin ground state. DFT calculations on 3, however, suggest an S=1 or S=0 ground state with Ja=−2.95 cm−1 and Jb=−2.12 cm−1. AC susceptibility measurements performed on 1 in the 1.8–4.00 K range show the presence of out‐of‐phase AC susceptibility signals, but no peaks. Low‐temperature single‐crystal studies performed on 1 on an array of micro‐SQUIDS show the time‐ and temperature‐dependent hysteresis loops indicative of single‐molecule magnetism behaviour.
Acid–Base Properties of Xanthosine 5′‐Monophosphate (XMP) and of Some Related Nucleobase Derivatives in Aqueous Solution: Micro Acidity Constant Evaluations of the (N1)H versus the (N3)H Deprotonation Ambiguity
Authors: Massoud Salah S. , Corfù Nicolas A. , Griesser Rolf , Sigel Helmut
Published: September 2004

The first acidity constant of fully protonated xanthosine 5′‐monophosphate, that is, of H3(XMP)+, was estimated by means of a micro acidity constant scheme and the following three deprotonations of the H2(XMP)± (pKa=0.97), H(XMP)− (5.30), and XMP2− (6.45) species were determined by potentiometric pH titrations; further deprotonation of (XMP−H)3− is possible only with pKa>12. The most important results are that the xanthine residue is deprotonated before the P(O)2(OH)− group loses its final proton; that is, twofold negatively charged XMP carries one negative charge in the pyrimidine ring and one at the phosphate group. Micro acidity constant evaluations reveal that this latter mentioned species occurs with a formation degree of 88 %, whereas its tautomer with a neutral xanthine moiety and a PO32− group is formed only to 12 %; this distinguishes XMP from its related nucleoside 5′‐monophosphates, like guanosine 5′‐monophosphate. At the physiological pH of about 7.5 mainly (XMP−H)3− exists. The question, which of the purine sites, (N1)H or (N3)H, is deprotonated in this species cannot be answered unequivocally, though it appears that the (N3)H site is more acidic. By application of several methylated xanthine species intrinsic micro acidity constants are calculated and it is shown that, for example, for 7‐methylxanthine the N1‐deprotonated tautomer occurs with a formation degree of about 5 %; a small but significant amount that, as is discussed, may possibly be enhanced by metal ion coordination to N7, which is known to occur preferably to this site.
The Crystal Structures of Co3Se4 and Co7Se8.
Authors: Garcia‐Garcia F. Javier , Larsson Ann‐Kristin , Noren Lasse , Withers Ray L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Ferromagnetic Cu3Cl126‐ Trimer in [(NH3C2H4)3NH] 2Cu3Cl14
Authors: Wei Mingyi , Willett Roger D. , Gomez‐Garcia Carlos J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of Boropollucite CsBSi2O6.
Authors: Bubnova R. S. , Stepanov N. K. , Levin A. A. , Filatov S. K. , Paufler P. , Meyer D. C.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthesis Method for Preparing Layered Li[Mn1/2Ni1/2]O2 as a Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Secondary Battery.
Authors: Park Sang‐Mok , Cho Tae‐Hyung , Yoshio Masaki
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
XAFS and LIBD Investigation of the Formation and Structure of Colloidal Pu(IV) Hydrolysis Products.
Authors: Rothe Joerg , Walther Clemens , Denecke Melissa A. , Fanghaenel Th.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Gallium Pentaphosphates. AGa2P5O16 (A: Rb, Cs).
Authors: Lesage Julien , Guesdon Anne , Raveau Bernard
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of α,α‐Difluoroalkanesulfonic Acids.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Hu Jinbo , Simon Jurgen , Bellew Donald R. , Olah George A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enamines from Terminal Epoxides and Hindered Lithium Amides.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Bray Christopher D. , Kindon Nicholas D.
Published: September 2004

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Neodymium Triflate as a Recyclable Catalyst for Chemoselective Thioacetalization.
Authors: De Surya Kanta
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion Reaction of (Z)‐1‐(1,3‐Butadienyl)cyclobutanols with Aryl Iodides. Stereospecific Synthesis of (Z)‐2‐(3‐Aryl‐1‐propenyl)cyclopentanones.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Sugimoto Kenji , Ihara Masataka
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Highly 1,3‐Proton Shift Transferable N‐Benzyl Imines of Trifluoroacetophenone under the “Low‐Basicity” Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Berbasov Dmitrii O. , Ojemaye Ifeyinwa D. , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of New α,α,β,β‐Tetrafluoroesters.
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Yu
Published: September 2004

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Simple Preparation of 7‐Alkylamino‐2‐methylquinoline‐5,8‐diones: Regiochemistry in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of the 6‐ or 7‐Bromo‐2‐methylquinoline‐5,8‐dione with Amines.
Authors: Choi Han Young , Chi Dae Yoon
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thieno[2,3‐c]quinolines — Synthesis and Biological Investigation.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Gabriel B. , Frohberg P. , Wobst I. , Drutkowski G. , Wiesner J. , Jomaa H.
Published: September 2004

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Design, Synthesis, and Structure—Activity Relationships of Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines: A Novel Class of Potent Enterovirus Inhibitors.
Authors: Chern Jyh‐Haur , Shia Kak‐Shan , Hsu Tsu‐An , Tai Chia‐Liang , Lee Chung‐Chi , Lee Yen‐Chun , Chang Chih‐Shiang , Tseng Sung‐Nien , Shih Shin‐Ru
Published: September 2004

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Structure‐Based Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity of Purine Derived SAH/MTA Nucleosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Tedder Martina E. , Nie Zhe , Margosiak Stephen , Chu Shaosong , Feher Victoria A. , Almassy Robert , Appelt Krzysztof , Yager Kraig M.
Published: September 2004

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Improvements in Aldol Reactions with Diketopiperazines.
Authors: Gonzalez Juan Francisco , de la Cuesta Elena , Avendano Carmen
Published: September 2004

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A New 2‐Carbamoyl Pteridine that Inhibits Mycobacterial FtsZ.
Authors: Reynolds R. C. , Srivastava S. , Ross L. J. , Suling W. J. , White E. L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Nonpeptide Substituted Spirobenzazepines as Potent Vasopressin Antagonists.
Authors: Xiang Min Amy , Chen Robert H. , Demarest Keith T. , Gunnet Joseph , Look Richard , Hageman William , Murray William V. , Combs Donald W. , Rybczynski Philip J. , Patel Mona
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Approaches to Intramolecular Sialylation. Part 3. Synthesis of 2,4‐Dimethoxybenzyl Ester of per‐O‐Acetylated N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid Thioglucoside and Its Attempted Oxidation with DDQ in the Presence of Nucleophiles.
Authors: Kononov L. O. , Malysheva N. N. , Ito Y. , Ogawa T.
Published: September 2004

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A Practical Method for Preparation of β‐Glycosides of N‐Acetylglucosamine.
Authors: Crasto Curtis F. , Jones Graham B.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some Structural Modifications of Pancratistatin.
Authors: Rinner Uwe , Hillebrenner Heather L. , Adams David R. , Hudlicky Tomas , Pettit George R.
Published: September 2004

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Total Synthesis of TMC‐95A and ‐B via a New Reaction Leading to Z‐Enamides. Some Preliminary Findings as to SAR.
Authors: Lin Songnian , Yang Zhi‐Qiang , Kwok Benjamin H. B. , Koldobskiy Michael , Crews Craig M. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fe—Re—S (Iron—Rhenium—Sulfur)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: September 2004

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Electronic Effects on the Bergman Cyclization of Enediynes
Authors: Klein Michael , Walenzyk Thomas , Koenig Burkhard
Published: September 2004

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Monolithic Catalysts for the Chemical Industry
Authors: Boger Thorsten , Heibel Achim K. , Sorensen Charles M.
Published: September 2004

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Organic Photorefractives: Mechanisms, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Ostroverkhova Oksana , Moerner W. E.
Published: September 2004

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Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Transformations
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Bell Hubertus P.
Published: September 2004

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Creation and Application of Novel Macromolecular Materials Having Fine‐Controlled Metal‐Assembling Functions
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Higuchi Masayoshi
Published: September 2004

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Renal Sodium Handling for Body Fluid Maintenance and Blood Pressure Regulation
Authors: Matsubara Mitsunobu
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetochemistry of Homo‐ and Heterobinuclear Complexes with Bis(hydrazones) of 2,6‐Diformyl‐4‐Substituted Phenols
Authors: Kogan V. A. , Lukov V. V.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stability, Structure, and Vibrations of Metal‐Doped Selenium Clusters.
Authors: Herwig Christian , Banser Deike , Schnell Melanie , Becker Joerg A.
Published: September 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation and Decarbonylation under Hydrothermal Conditions: Decarboxylative Deuteration.
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Yokota Yutaka , Oshima Koichiro
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of New Halo‐Containing Acetylenes and Their Application to the Synthesis of Azoles.
Authors: Martins Marcos A. P. , Emmerich Daniel J. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Cunico Wilson , Rossato Marcelo , Zanatta Nilo , Bonacorso Helio G.
Published: September 2004

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Activation and Stabilization of Aldimines by an ortho‐Trifluoromethyl Substituent in Direct Vinylogous Mannich‐Type Reactions.
Authors: Lautens Mark , Tayama Eiji , Nguyen Duy
Published: September 2004

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Potent and Selective, Sulfamide‐Based Human β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Dow Robert L. , Paight Ernest S. , Schneider Steven R. , Hadcock John R. , Hargrove Diane M. , Martin Kelly A. , Maurer Tristan S. , Nardone Nancy A. , Tess David A. , DaSilva‐Jardine Paul
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unprecedented Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organometallic Reagents to α,β‐Unsaturated Lactams.
Authors: Pineschi Mauro , Del Moro Frederica , Gini Francesca , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,4,8‐Trimethylfuro[2,3‐H]quinolin‐2(1H)‐one, a New Furocoumarin Bioisoster.
Authors: Marzano Cristina , Chilin Adriana , Baccichetti Francarosa , Bettio Frazia , Guiotto Adriano , Miolo Giorgia , Bordin Franco
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potential Hypotensive Agents: Synthesis and Hypotensive Activity of Oxime Ethers Derived from 1‐Naphthoxepines and Related Compounds.
Authors: Tandon Vishnu K. , Kumar Manoj , Awasthi Anoop K. , Saxena Hari O. , Goswamy Gajendra K.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Xyloccensins O (Ia) and P (Ib), Unique 8,9,30‐Phragmalin ortho Esters from Xylocarpus granatum.
Authors: Wu Jun , Xiao Qiang , Huang Jianshe , Xiao Zhihui , Qi Shuhua , Li Qingxin , Zhang Si
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interesting Behavior of α,β‐Unsaturated Oximes in Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Francois David , Maden Amy , Murray William V.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of a Nucleoside‐Diphospho‐exo‐glycal Displaying Time‐Dependent Inactivation of UDP‐Galactopyranose Mutase.
Authors: Caravano Audrey , Vincent Stephane P. , Sinay Pierre
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nanostructured Materials: Basic Concepts, Microstructure and Properties
Authors: Gleiter H.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cationic and Neutral Transition Metal Complexes with a Tetramethylfulvene or Trimethylallyldiene Ligand
Authors: Kreindlin A. Z. , Rybinskaya M. A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Niobium and Tantalum
Authors: Waters T. , Wedd A. G. , Ziolek M. , Nowak I.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zirconium and Hafnium
Authors: Hollink E. , Stephan D. W.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxygen Activation by Nickel Complexes: Development of Oxygen‐Active Ni(II)‐Oximate Complexes
Authors: Baldwin Michael J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Monodeprotection of Bis‐Silyl Ethers
Authors: Crouch R. David
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two Birds with One Metallic Stone: Single‐Pot Catalysis of Fundamentally Different Transformations
Authors: Ajamian Alain , Gleason James L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design, Synthesis, Conformational Analysis and Application of Azabicycloalkane Amino Acids as Constrained Dipeptide Mimics
Authors: Belvisi Laura , Colombo Lino , Manzoni Leonardo , Potenza Donatella , Scolastico Carlo
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Propellant Chemistry
Authors: Folly Patrick , Maeder Peter
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Synthesis of Antiviral Nucleosides from Carbohydrate Templates
Authors: Gumina Giuseppe , Olgen Sureyya , Chu Chung K.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Crystallography of Fullerenes
Authors: Neretin I. S. , Slovokhotov Yu. L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of a chemoresistant orthotopic human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma model in nude mice
Authors: Mathieu Anne , Remmelink Myriam , D'Haene Nicky , Penant Stanislas , Gaussin Jean‐François , Van Ginckel Rob , Darro Francis , Kiss Robert , Salmon Isabelle
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND

Nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) are associated with very dismal prognoses, and adjuvant chemotherapy, including irinotecan, taxanes, platin, and vinca alkaloid derivatives, offer patients only slight clinical benefits. Part of the chemoresistance of NSCLC results from the expression in NSCLC cells of a very large set of endogenous proteins, which antagonize chemotherapy‐mediated attacks on these tumor cells.

METHODS

The authors set up an orthotopic model of a human NSCLC by grafting A549 cells into the lungs of nude mice. They tried treating these A549 NSCLC orthotopic xenograft–bearing nude mice on the basis of various chemotherapeutic protocols, including chronic administrations of taxol, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. A cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor (NS‐398) also was assayed in combination with taxol. The immunohistochemical expression levels of COX‐2, prostaglandin E synthetase (PGES), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the lung‐related resistance protein (LRP), and glutathione‐S‐transferase‐α (GST‐α), GST‐μ, and GST‐π were quantitatively determined by means of computer‐assisted microscopy in control and drug‐treated NSCLC orthotopic xenografts.

RESULTS

The orthotopic A549 xenograft model developed in 100% of the grafted mice, leading to brain metastases in approximately 61% mice and to liver metastases in approximately 40% of mice. The model was resistant to taxol and oxaliplatin and was only weakly sensitive to irinotecan. High levels of chemoresistant markers (i.e., COX‐2, PGES, ODC, LRP, GST‐α, GST‐μ, and GST‐π) were observed in the nontreated A549 xenografts, although with dramatic variations in individual expression. Taxol and oxaliplatin significantly increased the levels of expression of COX‐2, PGES, GST‐μ, and GST‐π in a number of different experimental protocols.

CONCLUSIONS

The A549 orthotopic xenograft model could be used to evaluate investigational chemotherapeutic agents to identify drugs rapidly that are more active than the drugs currently in use in hospitals. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Potential role of molecularly targeted therapy in the management of advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma in the elderly
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Massarelli Erminia , Maione Paolo , Rossi Antonio , Herbst Roy S. , Onn Amir , Ciardiello Fortunato
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND

More than 50% of all lung carcinoma cases are diagnosed in patients age > 65 years, and approximately 30% are diagnosed in patients age > 70 years. Elderly patients do not tolerate chemotherapy as well as their younger counterparts do, primarily because of the increased prevalence of comorbid conditions and organ failure. Thus, at present, the majority of elderly patients with malignant disease do not receive aggressive chemotherapy. For such elderly patients, alternatives to conventional chemotherapy, such as novel molecularly targeted therapy regimens, are of interest.

METHODS

The current review summarizes contemporary approaches to and recent advances in the treatment of elderly patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and offers perspectives on the future of molecularly targeted therapy in this population. Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase‐2 are discussed in the current report, with such inhibitors being, in our opinion, among the best candidates for clinical development in the setting of interest.

RESULTS

Novel biologic agents with putative activity against advanced NSCLC are at various stages of clinical development. Some of these agents have yielded benefits in terms of disease‐related symptom reduction, quality of life, and survival. For elderly patients, the potential advantages of such agents include improved tolerability compared with conventional chemotherapy. This feature also makes these novel agents attractive alternatives for younger patients who cannot tolerate or are reluctant to receive conventional chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Current studies are investigating the safety and efficacy of these novel biologic agents administered alone, in combination with other noncytotoxic agents, and in combination with conventional chemotherapy. These studies will help elucidate the role of targeted therapy in the management of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Motor projections to the basis pontis in rhesus monkey
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Rosene Douglas L. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: September 2004

Motor corticopontine studies suggest that the pons is topographically organized, but details remain unresolved. We used physiological mapping in rhesus monkey to define subregions in precentral motor cortex (M1), injected isotope tracers into M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), and studied projections to the basis pontis. Labeled fibers descend in the internal capsule (SMA in anterior limb and genu; M1 in posterior limb) and traverse the midsection of the cerebral peduncle, where SMA fibers are medial, and face, arm, and leg fibers are progressively lateral. Each motor region has unique terminations in the ipsilateral basis pontis and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Projections are topographically organized, preferentially in the caudal half of the pons, situated in close proximity to traversing corticofugal fibers. In nuclei that receive multiple inputs, terminations appear to interdigitate. Projections from the SMA‐face region are most medial and include the median pontine nucleus. M1‐face projections are also medial but are lateral to those from SMA‐face. Hand projections are in medially placed curved lamellae in mid‐ and caudal pons. Dorsal trunk projections are in medial and ventral locations. Ventral trunk/hip projections encircle the peduncle in the caudal pons. Foot projections are heaviest caudally in laterally placed, curved lamellae. These results have relevance for anatomical clinical correlations in the human basis pontis. Furthermore, the dichotomy of motor‐predominant caudal pons projections to cerebellar anterior lobe, contrasted with associative‐predominant rostral pons projections to cerebellar posterior lobe, is consistent with new hypotheses regarding the cerebellar contribution to motor activity and cognitive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:248–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional topography of corticopontine projections from rat sensorimotor cortex: Comparisons with corticostriatal projections reveal diverse integrative organization
Authors: Leergaard Trygve B. , Alloway Kevin D. , Pham Tuyet A.T. , Bolstad Ingeborg , Hoffer Zachary S. , Pettersen Christian , Bjaalie Jan G.
Published: September 2004

The major cortical–subcortical re‐entrant pathways through the basal ganglia and cerebellum are considered to represent anatomically segregated channels for information originating in different cortical areas. A capacity for integrating unique combinations of cortical inputs has been well documented in the basal ganglia circuits but is largely undefined in the precerebellar circuits. To compare and quantify the amount of overlap that occurs in the first link of the cortico–ponto–cerebellar pathway, a dual tracing approach was used to map the spatial relationship between projections originating from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the primary motor cortex (MI). The anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and Fluoro‐Ruby were injected into homologous whisker representations of either SI and SII, or SI and MI. The ensuing pontine labeling patterns were analyzed using a computerized three‐dimensional reconstruction approach. The results demonstrate that whisker‐related projections from SI and MI are largely segregated. At some locations, the two projections are adjoining and partly overlapping. Furthermore, SI contributes significantly more corticopontine projections than MI. By comparison, projections from corresponding representations in SI and SII terminate in similar parts of the pontine nuclei and display considerable amounts of spatial overlap. Finally, comparison of corticopontine and corticostriatal projections in the same experimental animals reveals that SI–SII overlap is significantly larger in the pontine nuclei than in the neostriatum. These structural differences indicate a larger capacity for integration of information within the same sensory modality in the pontocerebellar system compared to the basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:306–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy
Authors: Dunlop Sarah A. , Tee Lisa B.G. , Stirling R. Victoria , Taylor Andrew L. , Runham Phil B. , Barber Andy B. , Kuchling Gerald , Rodger Jenny , Roberts J. Dale , Harvey Alan R. , Beazley Lyn D.
Published: September 2004

Optic nerve regeneration within the reptiles is variable. In a snake, Viper aspis, and the lizard Gallotia galloti, regeneration is slow, although some retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons eventually reach the visual centers (Rio et al. [1989] Brain Res 479:151–156; Lang et al. [1998] Glia 23:61–74). By contrast, in a lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, numerous RGC axons regenerate rapidly to the visual centers, but unless animals are stimulated visually, the regenerated projection lacks topography and animals remain blind via the experimental eye (Beazley et al. [2003] J. Neurotrauma 20:1263–1269). V. aspis, G. galloti, and C. ornatus belong respectively to the Serpentes, Lacertidae, and Agamidae within the Eureptilia, the major modern group of living reptiles comprising the Squamata (snakes, lizards, and geckos) and the Crocodyllia. Here we have extended the findings on Eureptilia to include two geckos (Gekkonidae), Cehyra variegata and Nephrurus stellatus. We also examined a turtle, Chelodina oblonga, the Testudines being the sole surviving representatives of the Parareptilia, the more ancient reptilian group. In all three species, visually elicited behavioral responses were absent throughout regeneration, a result supported electrophysiologically; axonal tracing revealed that only a small proportion of RGC axons crossed the lesion and none entered the contralateral optic tract. RGC axons failed to reach the chiasm in C. oblonga, and in G. variegata, and N. stellatus RGC axons entered the opposite optic nerve; a limited ipsilateral projection was seen in G. variegata. Our results support a heterogeneous response to axotomy within the reptiles, each of which is nevertheless dysfunctional. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:292–305, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological quantification of GAD‐67–immunoreactive neurons and boutons in the hippocampus of middle‐aged and old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats
Authors: Shi Lei , Argenta Anne Elizabeth , Winseck Adam Kerrissey , Brunso‐Bechtold Judy Karen
Published: September 2004

The aging process in rodents is associated with learning and memory impairments that are correlated with changes in multiple neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus. For example, the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is compromised in old compared with young rats (Shetty and Turner [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 394:252–269; Vela et al. [2003] J. Neurochem. 85:368–377; Potier et al. [1992] Neuroscience 48:793–806; Potier et al. [1994] Brain Res. 661:181–188). The present study investigated the important issue of whether there is a decline of the GABAergic inhibitory system between middle and old age. Five middle‐aged (15–17 months) and five old (25–29 months) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway male rats were perfused, and coronal sections through the dorsal hippocampus were immunoreacted with antibodies either to NeuN, a neuronal marker, or to the 67‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate‐limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis. Using the optical dissector technique, NeuN‐immunoreactive (IR) cells, GAD‐IR cells, and GAD‐IR boutons were quantified stereologically in the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1. The resulting GAD‐IR cell and GAD‐IR bouton densities then were normalized to NeuN‐IR cell density to exclude the possible confound of tissue shrinkage. The results revealed a significant decline in GAD‐IR cells between middle and old age in CA1 but not in dentate gyrus or CA3. Interestingly, GAD‐IR boutons did not show a decline in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus between middle and old age. It is possible that loss of CA1 inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal hippocampus contributes to the learning and memory impairments reported in old rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:282–291, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resource Space Grid: model, method and platform
Authors: Zhuge Hai
Published: September 2004

A Resource Space Grid is a virtual Grid that aims at effectively sharing, using and managing versatile resources across the Internet. The kernel of the Resource Space Grid includes a Resource Space Model (RSM) and a uniform Resource Using Mechanism (RUM). This paper presents the Resource Space Grid's core scientific issues and methodology, architecture, model and theory, design criteria and method, and practice. A normal form theory is proposed to normalize the resource space—a coordinate system for uniformly specifying and organizing resources. The RUM provides not only the end‐users with an operable resource browser to operate resources using the built‐in Resource Operation Language (ROL), but also the application developers with the ROL‐based programming environment. The prototype platform based on the proposed model and method has been implemented and used for sharing and managing resources in distributed research teams. Operations on Resource Spaces can constitute the virtual communities of Resource Space Grids—a platform independent resource sharing environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic Link Network Builder and Intelligent Semantic Browser
Authors: Zhuge H. , Jia R. , Liu J.
Published: September 2004

Semantic Link Network (SLN) is a semantic Web model using semantic links—the natural extension of the hyperlink‐based Web. The SLN‐Builder is a software tool that enables definition, modification and verification of, as well as access to the SLN. The SLN‐Builder can convert a SLN definition into XML descriptions for cross‐platform information exchange. The Intelligent Semantic Browser is used to visualize the SLN and carry out two types of reasoning in browsing time: small granularity reasoning by chaining semantic links and large granularity reasoning by matching semantic views of SLN. With the help of the reasoning mechanism, the browser can recommend the content that is semantically relevant to the current browsing content, and it enables users to foresee the end‐side content of a semantic link chain. This paper presents the design and implementation of the SLN‐Builder and the intelligent semantic browser as well as key algorithms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micrometric single crystal germanates obtained using a double‐spherical mirror furnace
Authors: Juarez‐Arellano E. A. , Rosales I. , Gamboa‐Espinosa G. V. , Lara J. A. , Bucio L. , Orozco E.
Published: September 2004

Micro‐crystals of two new compounds EuMnGe2O7 and SmMnGe2O7 were grown performing the flux method in a double‐spherical mirror furnace. One valuable advantage of this system was that the heating profile could be modified easily adjusting lamp positions and orientation as well. The micrometric crystals were observed and analyzed for chemical composition by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. This furnace is perfectly suitable to grow at low price, low temperature and short time new materials as a single crystal for basic research or to obtain raw material. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and crystal growth of sillenite phases in the Bi2O3 ‐ TiO2 ‐ Nb2O5 system
Authors: dos Santos T. O. , Carvalho J. F. , Hernandes A. C.
Published: September 2004

The synthesis of Bi2O3‐Nb2O5 sillenite phase (BNbO) and the solubility of this phase with Bi12TiO20 was investigated by solid‐state reaction synthesis and niobium doped Bi12TiO20 (BTO:Nb) crystals were grown by the Top Seeded Solution Growth (TSSG) technique. The structures of polycrystalline compounds were checked by X‐ray powder diffraction method at room temperature. The correct composition of the sillenite phase stabilized with niobium was determined as Bi12[Nb0.17Bi0.83]O19.7 (BNbO) with unit cell parameter a = 10.261(2) Å. The system BTO‐BNbO is poorly soluble, but niobium doped BTO crystals were grown from the liquid composition 10Bi2O3 : xTiO2 : (1‐x)/2 Nb2O5, with x = 0.95 and 0.90. A niobium concentration limit in the liquid phase is established in order to grow BTO:Nb with good crystalline quality. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of Hg1‐xCdxTe epitaxial films grown on (211)CdTe and (211)CdZnTe
Authors: Di Stefano M. C. , Heredia E. , Gilabert U. , Trigubó A. B.
Published: September 2004

Hg1‐xCdxTe (MCT) epitaxial films have been grown employing single crystalline substrates of CdTe and Cd0.96Zn0.04Te with (211)Cd and (211)Te crystalline orientations. The Isothermal Vapor Phase Epitaxy (ISOVPE) technique without Hg overpressure has been used for the epitaxial growth. Substrates and films were characterized by optical microscopy, chemical etching and x ray diffraction (Laue technique). The electrical properties were determined by Hall effect measurements. The characterization results allowed to evaluate the crystalline quality of MCT films. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical analysis of heat transfer for the modified markov method
Authors: Ruiz C. M. , Saucedo E. , Fornaro L. , Bermúdez V. , Diéguez E.
Published: September 2004

In this work, we present a theoretical analysis of the behaviour of the temperature profile for the Modified Markov Method. We have assumed different materials and different thicknesses for the insulating element. Comparison of preliminary results with experimental evidences, demonstrate us the reliability of our model. Discussion among our calculated results are provided and future outlooks for the experimental work are fixed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Addition of an insulating element to the Modified Markov Method for CdTe single crystals growth
Authors: Saucedo E. , Ruiz C. M. , Fornaro L. , Corregidor V. , Diéguez E.
Published: September 2004

CdTe single crystal, were grown by the Modified Markov Method. We have introduced an insulating element between the furnace and the growth chamber, trying to minimize the radiation effects in the crystal. Numerical simulation of the heat transfer phenomena predict a reduction of the axial temperature gradient in the growth chamber, confirming by numerical experimental measurements, leading to a more uniform growth. An improvement in the surface morphology and in the crystal quality as well was achieved, evaluated by the combination of X‐ray rocking curves, etch pit density determination and low temperature photoluminescence. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of lead bromide polycrystalline films
Authors: Giles M. , Cuña A. , Sasen N. , Llorente M. , Fornaro L.
Published: September 2004

Lead bromide polycrystalline films were grown by the physical vapor deposition method (PVD). Glass 1″x1″ in size, uncoated, and coated with Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), was used as substrate and rear contact. The starting material was evaporated at temperatures from 395°C to 530°C under high vacuum atmosphere (6 x 10‐3 Pa) and during 8 days. The substrate temperature was prefixed from 190°C to 220°C. Film thickness yielded values from 40 to 90 μm. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on the films. Grain size resulted to be from 1.0 to 3.5 μm. SEM and X‐ray diffraction indicate that films grow with a preferred orientation with the (0 0 l) planes parallel to the substrate. The Texture Coefficient (TC) related to the plane (0 0 6) was 7.3. Resistivity values in the order of 1012 Ωcm were obtained for the oriented samples, but a strong polarization indicates severe charge transport problems in the films. Film properties were correlated with the growth temperature and with previous results for films of other halides. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)