bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using of articulators in the construction Of crown and bridges work in Baghdad:(A survey study)
Authors: Alsa'ady Dr. Ammar A.
Published: August 2022

Articulators are surrounded by an aura of mystery, but at the end of the day they are a tool to help a dentist to give his patient a successful restoration, saving time money and hassle.This study was conducted to obtain data from which some preliminary judgments could be made regarding the articulators being used for fixed partial denture laboratory procedure in dental practice. Data were collected from a questionnaire sent to 15 fifteen dental laboratories (which performed fixed prostheses only) in Baghdad, the number of the technicians employed by the laboratory were 55, the number of the dentists deal with the specified laboratory were 524 dentists including (Professional dentists 180, Post-graduate dental students 46 and Junior dentists 298), the type of the fixed-prosthodontics (cast metal, PFM, and All-ceramic) and the percentage of each type of work, the percentage of using articulators and the type of the articulators and the percentage of there uses included (simple hinge, semi-adjustable and fully-adjustable).Results showed that the percentage of articulators being used was 16.66% in comparison to the percentage of hand articulation 83.33% distributed as 99.66% used simple articulators, 0.33% semi-adjustable articulators and 0% for fully adjustable articulators.
Craniofacial morphology of Patient with Operated Unilateral cleft Lip and Palate (A cephalometric study)
Authors: Abd Awn Dr. Dheaa Hussein , Al Ani Dr. Reem Ata , Al Azawi Dr. Zina Zuhair
Published: August 2022

Background:Growth disorders associated with inborn defects, injuries or surgeries can restrict the development of the palatoalveolar complex and initiate the development of jaw and orthodontic anomaliesAim of the study: to assess the skeletal craniofacial morphology of patients with operated unilateral cleft lip and palateMaterials and Methods: lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 20 adult of Iraqi operated unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Twelve angular measurements and seven linear measurements were compared with control group selected on the bases of satisfactory facial esthetic matching with age.Results: A significant differences were observed between cleft patients and non cleft individuals in that, cleft patients have smaller mean value mandibular angular measurements max-mand angle, N-S-GN angle with short body length while the maxilla demonstrates a retrusive position and results in the concave profile appeared by increase N-A-Pog angle at p<0.05, there is a definite decrease in overall mid facial growth especially in sagittal plane, while the lower anterior facial height shows an increase in length with significantly smaller mean value.Conclusion: that cleft patients have a craniofacial morphology characterized by retruded maxillomandibule complex with a concave profile, when superimposed on that of control group, and smaller anterior cranial length together with shorter mandibular body result in relatively normal spatial mandiblular position through normal S-N-B angle.
Comparison between immediate and delayed post space preparation on the apical seal prepared by hand protaper instruments
Authors: Salim Dr. Biland Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Forty single-rooted human mandibular premolar were instrumented with hand ProTaper instruments and obturated with gutta-percha and Zinc oxide eugenol sealer. Then all teeth were divided to two group the first group received immediate post space preparation half teeth with hot plugger and other half with peeso reamer, the roots were coated with nail varnish and were immersed in methylene blue 2% for 72 hours in an incubator. After one week the other group received delayed post space preparation same as the first group and coated with nail varnish and were immersed in methylene blue 2% for 72 hours in an incubator. All roots splitted longitudinally and the apical leakage measured and compared for each group. The minimal leakage value and the lowest mean of leakage were observed in subgroup one, while the maximum leakage value and the highest mean of leakage was obvious in subgroup four. A significant difference was found in the group of roots that received delayed post space preparation using peeso reamers, which showed more apical leakage than other subgroups.
Evaluation of the effect of tongue space encroachment on the rest vertical dimension
Authors: Abdullah Dr. Zainab S.
Published: August 2022

This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of tongue space encroachment on the rest vertical dimension. The sample consisted of 30 Iraqi subjects (12 females and 18 males), average age is 25 years old. The rest vertical dimension is measured for them with and without a bulky acrylic appliance. The results of this study found that the effect of tongue space encroachment not immediately but in a longer time increase the rest vertical dimension. In this study we concluded that the rest vertical dimension is not stable.
The Use of Computer Technology in Dental Arch Crowding Assessment
Authors: Al-Rubayee Dr. Mehdi Abdul Hadi
Published: August 2022

Background: Correct alignment of teeth is a fundamental goal of Orthodontic treatment. The accurate assessment of dental crowding and the space required to alleviate it, is critical for correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.Objectives: To assess dental crowding by using two different methods, which are manual and computerized in order to compare the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.Methods: In this cross –sectional study, we studied a convenient sample of 100 individuals (50 male and 50 female) with different degrees of crowding. Upper and lower dental casts were obtained for each subject and these casts were analyzed by using two methods, manual and computerized.Results: It was found that there is a significant difference between the manual and the computerized method in all measurements (crowding, space available and space required). Also, it was found that the computerized method is a quick method and more practical for the storage of a large number of dental casts and more reliable for the measurement of the space available than the manual method. But, there was some difficulty in the assessment of severely crowded groups (>4mm).Conclusions: The degree of dental crowding increased when the teeth size increased and arch perimeter decreased. The degree of crowding in the upper arch is more affected by the size of the teeth rather than the size of the arch, while the degree of crowding in the lower arch is more affected by the arch size rather than teeth size.
Gender-specific oral health attitude and behavior among dental students
Authors: Mohammed Dr. Ayser N.
Published: August 2022

Oral health attitudes and behavior among dental students were found to vary in different cultures. The aim of this research was to assess oral health attitudes among Iraqi dental students at Baghdad University and to compare the differences in oral health attitude between male and female dental students for all academic years and also to determine the differences between the preclinical and clinical years.A self-administrated questionnaire based on a modified version of Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) was distributed among 200 dental students at College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad.Significant differences between male and female dental students were found for all academic years with significant and highly significant differences between the first three years when compared with the final year.Female dental students had more positive oral health attitudes and practices than male student, which showed an increase in the percentage of smoking with increase age .Also in, general; this study showed that dental students had poor oral health.
Studying the effect of the circumferential clasp arm design on stress distribution using three-dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Judy Dr. Hikmat J.AL.
Published: August 2022

High stresses which result during functions in the cast clasps arms are the main causes of deformations or fractures. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the stress distribution in three-dimensional finite element analysis models of clasps and to select their preferable design.A three-dimensional finite element analysis was used for the investigations. Preformed clasp wax patterns for circumferential clasps were selected and three parameters namely length, thickness and width at the base and tip were measured to generate purposely designed experimental three-dimensional models. Generated stresses and deformatioans were calculated numerically and plotted graphically.Within the limitations of this study, the preferable cross-sectional shape of the retentive cast circumferential clasp arm was determined as half-round and the taper 0.6 mm.the ideal cross section of the retentive clasp arm was half round with 0.6mm taper diameter.
Comparison between direct digital and conventional intraoral radiographs in detecting alveolar bone lose in Iraqi male cigarette smokers
Authors: Mohammed Dr. Amal Raouf S.
Published: August 2022

The role of smoking in periodontal disease has been extensively studied for many years. Many studies build up an increasing amount of scientific data which support the concept that tobacco use is an important risk factor for increasing of periodontal diseases.Intraoral radiographs are important for diagnosis of periodontal problems. The aim of this study is to estimate bone loss by using direct digital and conventional radiographs in smokers. One hundred eighty sites (for molar region except third molar) in cigarette smoking patients were examined by digital and conventional periapical radiograph for detection of alveolar bone loss according to sextants and severity of bone loss. All images were examined by measuring mesial and distal bone loss of molars. The study shows that the differences between the conventional and the digital images in estimation of alveolar bone loss were not the same in all mouth sextants, so more bone loss was indicated by digital image in the mandibular right and left sextants than conventional image while there was little differences in maxillary right and left sextants in both images. Also this study shows those highly significant differences in digital image than the conventional image in early bone loss but no significant differences in both moderate and severs bone loss.
Effect of Zamzam Water on the Microhardness of Initial Carious Lesion of Permanent Teeth Enamel (An in vitro study)
Authors: Al- Rawi Dr. Nadia A. , Al-Alousi Dr. Jinan Mohammed Rashad , Al- Obaidy Dr. Nibal Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Chemical tests concluded that Zamzam water is absolutely good and suitable for drinking as it has very high percentage of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and many other minerals. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Zamzam water on the microhardness of permanent teeth enamel.Teeth samples (n= 30) with artificially initiated carious lesions were divided randomly into three groups, study group treated with Zamzam water (n= 10), control positive treated with sodium fluoride (n=10), and control negative treated with deionized water (n=10). Teeth were subjected for microhardness assessment before and after pH cycling and treatment with the three agents.The microhardness of enamel surfaces treated with Zamzam water is shown statistically significant increase in the values following demineralization which was not different from that of sodium fluoride.Zamzam water cause an increase in the microhardness of the enamel surface after pH-cycling.
Evaluation of DMF in Baghdad after years 2003
Authors: Alwan Dr. Alia Mahmood , Rabee Dr. Muayad K. , Aljourane Dr. Tariq Shalhi
Published: August 2022

Dental caries is a sugar – dependent disease acid is produced as a bi product of the metabolism of dietary Carbohydrate by bacteria plaque, which results in a drop in PH at the tooth surface.In response, Calcium and Phosphate ions diffuse out of enamel, resulting in demineralization.This process is reversed when the PH rises again (1). The sample consisted of 100 students from both sexes at age 9, 10, 11 and 12 years from primary schools in Baghdad. This study reveals that dental caries increases with age as caries begins in the permanent dentition. And the DMF decrease after 13 years of sanctions in Iraq.It has been found that 13 years of sanction is just enough to reveal the result of the reduction in sugar consumption on prevalence of dental caries. Also, it has been found that after two years of 2003 is just enough to reveal of increases in sugar consumption on prevalence of dental caries
Surface changes of orthodontic brackets following treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances
Authors: Mohammed Dr. Shahba’a A. , Mahmoud Dr. Abeer B.
Published: August 2022

Fixed orthodontic appliances were used for long period in the treatment of malocclusion patients. It is subjected to the oral environment and affected by the changes that take place in this media. Many studies were done and express the tendency of these appliances to corrode inside the mouth. 150 orthodontic brackets related to three different companies (Orthodent, Ortho-organizers, and Dentaurum). These brackets examined after removing them from the patients' mouth and examined microscopically. Most of the brackets exhibit corrosion which is mainly pitting, crevice and erosion corrosion. Keywords: surface changes of orthodontic brackets
A comparative study to evaluate the efficiency of two different chemical solvents used in softening gutta-percha.
Authors: Ismael Dr. Firas I.Hani
Published: August 2022

Conventional root canal treatment despite having a reported high success rate may not invariably lead to the desired healing response in clinical practice because of shortcoming in the treatment. Different criteria have been used to define success and failure; mostly dependent on both clinical and radio-graphic findings and therefore sometimes there is a need to re-treat the root canal treated teeth.This study was done on twenty single rooted teeth, which divided equally and randomly into two groups depending on the solvent used, the first group was tested with the use of chloroform and the second group was tested with the use of eucalyptol oil.The chloroform showed the lowest mean of penetration time and was more efficient in softening the gutta-percha than the eucalyptol oil.Chloroform softened gutta-percha and ZOE sealer more statistically efficient than the eucalyptol oil.
Burning mouth syndrome in Iraqi patients: a preliminary study of 38 cases.
Authors: AL-Aswad Dr. Fawaz AL-Aswad
Published: August 2022

The complain of burning sensation in the mouth can be said to be a symptom of other disease or a syndrome in its own right of unknown etiology. In patients where no underlying dental or medical causes are identified and no oral signs are found, the term burning mouth syndrome should be used.To obtain base line information on the prevalence of the oral problems and clinical features co-existing with burning mouth syndrome patients.The study group consisted of 38 (11 males and 27 females) burning mouth patients, they were examined to evaluate the oral health status.Of 38 patients, who verbalized their complaints, 63.1% complained of subjective oral dryness, 26.3% had taste disturbances; the most prevalent site with burning sensations was the tongue 65.7%.Burning mouth syndrome patients in our environment are principally women, other symptoms include dryness and altered taste is common in those patients.
Salivary Gland Neoplasms, A Clinicopathological Study
Authors: Kamal Dr. Amera Kamal
Published: August 2022

A salivary gland tumor is an uncontrolled growth of cells that originates in one of the many saliva-producing glands in the mouth. The salivary glands are afflicted by a greater variety of neoplasms than any other organ system in the body. The objective of this study was to find the most common age group, sex affected, location, and types of salivary gland tumors in Erbil City.A retrospective analysis was done for all the cases of salivary gland tumors received, in the Department of Histopathology, Rizgari Teaching Hospital, for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008, and four histopathological laboratories in different area of Erbil City. All the cases were analyzed for age, sex, site, and type of the tumor, the slides of all cases under the study were re-examined for the histopathological presence or absence of any invasion.The number of the salivary gland tumors was (44) case. The age range of the patients was from (15-69) years, with a mean age of (42.05) years for the males, and (41.54) years for the females. The highest number of patients was seen above (54) years. The total male to female ratio was 0.76:1. Most of the salivary gland tumors were seen associated with the parotid gland and (31.82%) was seen within the age group (28-40) years. Histopathological study showed that the most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma followed by Warthin’s tumor, and the most common malignant tumor was adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences present between the benign and the malignant tumor regarding the age, sex, and the invasion.The highest number of patients with salivary gland tumors was seen above (54) years. The total male to female ratio was 0.76:1. Most of the salivary gland tumors were seen associated with the parotid gland .The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma followed by Warthin’s tumor, and the most common malignant tumor was adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Relationship between periodontal status and selected clinical characteristics in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Abbas Dr. Dalia Kudier
Published: August 2022

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disease with several major complications. One of the important complications of diabetes mellitus is periodontal disease. The risk for this complication is not equal in all DM patients and thus some factors may increase its severity.To study the relationship between selected clinical characteristics and periodontal disease in type 2 (DM) patients.Two hundred and four type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study; their ages were (28-71) years. The clinical characteristics included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration of (DM), smoking, and history of important diseases that complicate (DM) including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and arthritis. Periodontal status was evaluated by periodontal disease index (PDI) which included plaque, calculus, and periodontal components of this index. The means of plaque, calculus, and periodontal disease index were compared between patients who were grouped according to the presence or absence of the selected clinical characteristics.There was a significant difference in mean value of calculus index between hypertensive and non hypertensive patients (0.56±0.53 vs. 0.72±0.43, P< 0.05). Also there was a significant difference in periodontal disease index between hypertensive diabetic patient compared to diabetic patients who had no hypertension (3.84±0.75 vs. 3.2±0.99, P<0.001).Analysis of correlation showed that the correlations between plaque index and both calculus index and periodontal disease index were highly significant (P<0.001). The correlation was positive and highly significant between PDI and age (P<0.001) while it was significant between PDI and duration of DM ( P < 0.05 ).Hypertension seems to have a role in aggravating periodontitis in type 2 DM particularly with increasing age and duration of disease. Preventive periodontal disease programs should take in consideration presence of hypertension in type 2 DM.
Brackets bonding failure after in-office bleaching in vivo
Authors: Agha Dr. Bahn Gh. , Mustafa Dr. Ahmed S. , Al-Obiedy Dr.Amer Al-Obiedy
Published: August 2022

The aim of this in vivo study was to determine the effect of high concentration35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent on metallic brackets bonding failure. Fortypatients who received first orthodontic treatment phase, were included in this study.A split mouth technique was used; one arch exposed to in-office bleaching gelcontaining 35% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes, while the unbleached arch servedas the control. Patients were divided into four groups: First two groups, the bracketsbonded 48 hours after bleaching while the third and fourth groups, brackets bonded 3weeks after bleaching. The bracket failure was computed using independent T-test.The higher bracket failure occurs in mandibular bleached group 48 hours beforebonding (18.33%) while the lowest bracket failure occurs in unbleached groups (1.67%). Significant differences were showed in bracket failure between the mandibularbleached teeth 3 weeks before bonding and those 48 hours before bonding. AdhesiveRemnant Index scores revealed that the majority of failure in bleached teeth occurredin the enamel/resin interface. The 48 hours bleached teeth before bondingsignificantly had a high bracket failure. We should increase the time lapse betweenbleaching and bonding procedure more than 3 weeks to improve the bracket bondingstrength.
Traumatic dental injuries of the permanent incisors and its relation to malocclusion in patients attending the pedodontic clinic in College of Dentistry, Baghdad University
Authors: Al-Assadi Dr. Aseel Haidar M.J.
Published: August 2022

Dental trauma is a public health problem in young aged patients. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the percentage and severity of dental trauma andmalocclusion and their correlation, as well as analyze the general risk factors like theeffect of age, gender, causes of the trauma and malocclusion in anterior permanentteeth.The sample of the present study include patients who came to the Pedodonticclinic in the Pedodontic and Preventive department at the College ofDentistry/Baghdad University seeking treatment of traumatized anterior permanentteeth. The traumatized teeth were examined clinically (according to Garcia-Godyclassification) and radiographically. Types of occlusion was determined according toAngle’s classification, while the over jet and overbite were recorded according to thecoding criteria described by Kinnan’s study.In all age groups, the most frequent cause of trauma was found to be falls (61.4%).Enamel and dentin fracture was the most frequently seen type of injury(38.6%) inwhich upper central incisors were the most affected teeth from dentaltrauma(47.7%).Regarding malocclusion, patients with class II malocclusion represent(71.9%) from the total sample, while those with increased over jet (26.3%) in which(66.7) of them seek treatment for two fractured teeth. However, the number of injuredteeth per child was 1.54. Increased overbite was correlated with more sever type ofdental trauma.There is a relationship between malocclusion and fractured anterior teeth in whichmalocclusion will increase the number of fractured teeth as well as the severity ofdental trauma
Oral squamous cell carcinoma in Iraq: clinical analysis
Authors: Al-Kawaz Dr. Abdul Baki
Published: August 2022

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of oral mucosa.Oral cancer is one of the prevalent cancers of the body and is the most common causeof the death, in Iraq little is written regarding the occurrence of oral cancer.Clinical details of 129 (80 males and 49 females) patients with oral squamous cellcarcinoma were collected from the Institute and Hospital of Radiotherapy AndNuclear Medicine Center in Baghdad during the period 2003-2006.The aim of thecurrent study is to find out the prevalence of oral cancer in different governorates ofIraqi patients in relation to gender, age and site.The highest prevalence was observed in tongue 72 (55.81%) while the lowestprevalence was found in the floor of the mouth 5 (3.87%).The age groups 51–60 years were highly affected by squamous cell carcinoma45(34.88%), while the lowest affected age groups were <10 years and 11-20 years 1(0.77%).Baghdad governorate had the highest prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma53(41.08%) .
The Effect of Denture Cleanser Materials on Impact Strength of Heat Cure Acrylic Resin
Authors: Mansoor Dr. Nidhal Sahib , Saleh Dr. Dhifaf Mohammed , Abd-Alhameed Dr. Shymaa Majed
Published: August 2022

Acrylic denture base is the part of the denture that rests on the foundation tissue &to which the teeth are attached. The main objective of this study was to determine theeffect of different cleansers solution on the impact strength of heat cure acrylic resin.Thirty (30) rectangular shape samples from acrylic were prepared with dimension of(55 mm *10 mm *2.5 mm) length, width& thickness .The acrylic was fabricated inthe same conventional way for construction base palate. All the specimens wereexamined by vernier before immersion in solution to check the size of each samples,the samples were divided into three group (A, B& C) each group contain ten samples.The samples in first group (A) were immersed in distilled water, the samples insecond group (B) were immersed in peroxide solution, while the sample in the thirdgroup (C) were immersed in prepared cleanser solution (citric acid).After period ofimmersion (for 3 week & 15 minutes every day).Finally each samples rinsed bydistilled water & cleaned thoroughly by apiece of cotton before testing. The impactstrength was tested in chapy impact machine. The statistical analysis of the resultsshowed that there was no statically significant difference in impact strength valueamong the testing groups. This means that the all cleanser solution that were used inthis study had no effect on the impact strength
The Effect of Removable Partial Denture and Salivary Changes during Pregnancy
Authors: Alwan Dr. Alia Mahmood
Published: August 2022

The calcium, inorganic – phosphate of 20 pregnant women with age (20 – 45)years wearing removable partial denture divided into 3 trimester and 10 womenmarried non pregnant as control.In resting saliva the concentration of calcium not changed significantly in pregnantwomen, and inorganic – phosphorus found not to be changed significantly.The aim of this study was to see the pregnancy related change in human saliva andrelation to the oral findings and effect of wearing removable partial denture.
Effect of Resin Stages on the Dimensional Accuracy of Denture base cured by long and short curing method in a conventional water bath
Authors: Naji Dr. Sahar Abdul-Razaq , Al-azzawi Dr. Fakria Ismail , Al-azzwai Dr. Sundus Ismail
Published: August 2022

Acrylic resin is the most widely used material in prosthetic dentistry and itsdimensional accuracy is most important factor in successfulness denture constructer.The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensional changes of denture baseacrylic cured by long and short curing method by using conventional water bath.60 maxillary wax bases were made and randomly assigned in 3 groups specimensaccording to the stringy, dough like and rubbery stages of the acrylic resin cured by:1-long curing cycle: curing the resin at 74 C° for 9 hours.2-Short curing cycle: processing the resin at 74 C° for 1 1/2 hour and at 100 C° for1/2 hour. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Turkey’s test and it showedthat in short curing cycle, the dough like stages presented values (0.193 mm)with statistically significant difference (P<0.05) when compared with the stringy(0.246mm) and rubbery (0.240 mm) stages.While for the long curing cycle the dough stage presented values (0.199mm) withstatistically significant difference (P<0.05)when compared with stringy (0.230mm)and rubbery (0.239mm) St
Sclerotic ostitis in jaw bones in Iraqis (A radiographic study)
Authors: Kaka Dr. Luay N.
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequencies of sclerotic ostitis injaw bones in Iraqi patient population with respect to age and gender, in addition toshape, localization, and the dental relationship of lesions.A retrospective study was performed using a conventional panoramic radiographsof 867 patients ranging in age from 15 to 60 years subjected to dental treatment.Descriptive characteristics of radiopacities (Idiopathic osteosclerosis IO, andCondensing ostitis CO) including shape, location, and its dental relationship wererecorded.There were 40 radiopacities detected, 27 IO lesions in 24 subjects (3.1 %) (15females, 9males), and 13 CO lesions in 11 subjects (1.2 %) (9 females, 4 males). BothIO and CO lesions were found to be higher in number among females when comparedto males. The frequency of IO lesions was found to be significantly higher in the agegroup (31-45 years) than in other groups. On the other hand, the frequency of COlesions was higher in both age groups (31-45) and (46-60), and its frequency in theseperiods was statistically higher than in the (15-30).Our results point to the low IO and CO frequency among the Iraqi population. Inaddition, our findings support the theory that IO lesions are developmental variationsof normal bone architecture unrelated to a local stimulant and CO lesions could beconsidered reactive formations related to teeth with severe caries,restoration, orpulpitis.
The effect of Hand Stainless-Steel and NiTi Rotary file on vertical root fracture.
Authors: Mehdi Dr. Jamal A. , Al-Zaka Dr. Iman M. , Saeed Dr. Musab Hamed
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of roots followingroot canal therapy using stainless-steel hand instrumentation (SS), Rotary Profile (PF)instrumentation, Rotary ProTaper instrumentation (PT). Forty-five mandibularpremolars teeth were divided into three groups of 15 teeth each, according to the typeof instrumentation. All root obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer. The rootswere vertically loaded using a universal testing machine. Fracture loads were analysedby ANOVA and LSD test, and fracture patterns were analyzed with Chi-Square.Profile & ProTaper groups have significantly lower fracture load than handinstruments group (P < 0.05). Chi-Square showed a significant differences betweengroups (P < 0.05) .
An evaluation of the effect of different solutions on the microhardness of aesthetic restoration
Authors: Al-Wahab Dr. Zahraa Nazar
Published: August 2022

Dietary awareness is an important issue in modern society. The consumption ofcarbonated drinks is popular with the youth of today and the habit is carried over intoadulthood. One of the most important properties that determine the durability ofdental materials in the oral cavity is their resistance to dissolution or disintegrationand the longevity of dental restorations depends on the durability of the material andits properties, such as wear resistance, durability of the interface between tooth andrestoration and the level of tooth destruction.The aim of this study was to measure surface hardness of composite after storagein dry condition and after immersion in saliva and solutions that represent the populardiet.Fifty disk shaped specimens (5×2mm) were prepared from Z100 universalcomposite using polytetraflouroethylen mold. The specimens were divided into 5groups (n=10) and stored for 7 days at 37 Cْ in different types of storage conditions(dry condition, artificial saliva, coca cola, heptane and citric acid). After storage,Brinell Hardness Numbers were calculated. The data were analyzed with one – wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test.There was a highly significant difference when comparing the storage agents.Coca cola and citric acid solutions produced the highest reduction in microhardness ofcomposite. It was followed by heptanes, artificial saliva. The storage of specimens indry container produced the highest Brinell Hardness Numbers.Microhardness of composites stored in dry condition was the highest value,followed by artificial saliva, heptane solution, cola soft drink and citric acid . Acidsolutions have the potential to erode composite resin material and this reduction washighly significant, which means that people who consume acidic foods and drinksexcessively should be aware of their esthetic restorations.
Soft tissue measurements of Iraqi individuals with Cl I and Cl III skeletal pattern: a comparative cephalometric study
Authors: Yassir Dr. Yassir A. , Kadhum Dr. Ammar S. , Al-Ajwadi Dr. Shahbaa A.
Published: August 2022

This study was planned to compare some of the soft tissue measurements inindividuals with skeletal Cl I and Cl III, to find out the measurements which may beused as a clinical diagnostic aid to discriminate between both skeletal classes.Seventy three digital true lateral cephalometric radiographs of Iraqi adults weredivided according to the ANB angle into 38 skeletal Cl I and 35 Cl III. The soft tissuemeasurements were analyzed using AutoCAD (2007) software computer program.Descriptive statistics were used to describe the measurements, while independentsamples t-test was used to rule out gender differences and skeletal class differences.Gender differences were found significantly in skeletal Cl I for all linearmeasurements; while in Cl III the significant differences were limited to theanteropoterior measurements only (modified profile thickness at upper lip, modifiedprofile thickness at lower lip, upper lip thickness, and lower lip thickness), with nonsignificant difference for vertical linear measurements (upper and lower Lip heightand Mouth height). All angular measurements showed non-significant genderdifferences. Independent samples t-test revealed that the main differences betweenclasses were found in the labiomental and soft tissue profile angles, which weresignificantly higher in Cl III than Cl I, while the modified profile thickness at upperlip was significantly higher in Cl I than Cl III, for both genders and for the totalsample. Lower lip height, mouth height, and the upper lip height also showedsignificant differences between classes but with less importance.The labiomental angle and modified profile thickness at upper lip can be used asdiagnostic aids to discriminate whether the subject has a Cl I or Cl III skeletalrelation.
Urinary Mercury concentrations associated chewing gum in students of Faculty of Dentistry
Authors: Saeed Dr. Musab Hamed , Kheder Dr. Waad M. , Al-Zaka Dr. Iman M. , Mehdi Dr. Jamal A.
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to measure the urinary mercury concentration instudents after chewing gum for certain period of time. Sixteen students from facultyof dentistry had used chewing gum for five hours a day for seven days. Urine samplecollected 24 h before and after the experimental time. Total mercury in urine (U-Hg)was determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS).t-test was used for the comparison of mercury before and after chewing gum. Anon significant difference was found after chewing than before chewing gum.
Burning Mouth Syndrome in an Iraqi Sample of Patients: a preliminary study of 52 Cases
Authors: AL – Kotany Dr. Munir Y.
Published: August 2022

Evaluation of the clinical characteristics of burning mouth syndrome in a sampleof Iraqi patients referred to a large teaching dental clinic in Baghdad.Fifty two patients with burning mouth syndrome were followed up through aprospective study ,investigating the clinical characteristics of using pre- establishedcriteria’s and tests for each feature .Forty four women and 8 men with burning mouth syndrome ranging in age from46 – 72 years. Their cause of attendance was disturbed sleep (46.1%), fear of seriousdisease (44.2%) and anxiety (36.5%). The pain duration since it started ranged from3 – 48 months (Mean 18.17 ± 12.78) months.Twenty six patients (50%) reported precipitating event and 32 (61.9%) reported achange in taste sensation of which (56.25%) had a bitter taste. VAS pain levels were(6.13±0.02 for females and 6± 0.91for males). 25%of the patients had medicalcomorbidities that were under control.The location of pain was mostly on the tongue (76.9%) and mainly on its margins(57.7%) unilaterally. And only 25% of the patients had subjective xerostomia withstimulated parotid salivary flow rate less than 0.5 ml/ min.Estradiol levels among females were (68.18%) below 15 pg/ml and (31.72%)above that in spite of 75% of them were post–menopause. And these patients weresubject to stress ranging from 35-146 (L. c. u's) with a mean of 2.73 ± 1.28 events perpatient and about 7.69% of them had one severe stress accident .The classification of psychiatric comorbidities occurring among the patientssample were (17.3% = free), (40.38% = Depressive neurosis) and (20.08% = Anxietyneurosis) and none of the patients reached the level of psychosis.Burning mouth syndrome is possibly of high prevalence and with high range ofetiologies that should be more investigated including its relation with psychologicalstress and neurosis.
Apical microleakage in root canals obturated with lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction and Gutta-Flow techniques (in vitro study)
Authors: Mustafa Dr. Ahmed S. , Shukri Dr. Biland M. S. , Jasim Dr. Haider Hasan
Published: August 2022

The sealing ability of root canal filling materials is crucial to the goal ofpreventing reinfection via microleakage of microorganisms and their by-products.Thirty palatal canals of 12mm length from extracted upper first molars were selectedthen instrumented and divided into 3 groups. Group I was obturated with lateralcompaction technique, group II was obturated with warm vertical compactiontechnique and group III was obturated with Gutta-Flow system. Except for the apical2 mm, all other segments of roots for the 3 groups received two layers of nail varnishand immersed in a methylene blue 2% and stored at 37Cº for 30 days. Understereomicroscope liner dye leakage was measured. No statistical difference was foundbetween lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction and Gutta-Flow sealing ability.
Evaluation of fracture resistance and fracture pattern of roots following canal preparation by hand and rotary instrumentation
Authors: Alsa'ady Dr. Ammar A. , Gholam Dr. Mohammed K. , Oglah Dr. Firas Saddam
Published: August 2022

The present in-vitro study was undertaken to compare fracture strength of rootsfollowing canal preparation by hand (step-back) and rotary (ProTaper)instrumentation and, further, to determine the direction of fracture lines.Twenty freshly extracted human mandibular premolars were randomly dividedinto two groups of 10 teeth each. In Group I, canals were prepared with step-backtechnique using standardized nickel-titanium K-files. In Groups II, canals wereprepared with crown-down technique using ProTaper rotary files. Afterinstrumentation, a vertical load was applied by means of a spreader attached to theInstron testing machine and inserted into the canal until fracture occurred. The rootswere subsequently examined under a stereomicroscope with 10X magnification todetermine the direction of fracture lines. The results were statistically analyzed usingpaired t-test.The Mean fracture load was 10.420 ± 3.451 kg for K-files and 12.40 ± 4.064 forProTaper files, the differences between the two groups were not statisticallysignificant (p>0.05). Most of the fracture lines observed were in bucco-lingualdirection, followed by proximal and compound fractures.Increased canal taper by ProTaper instrumentation technique did not increase thefracture susceptibility of mandibular premolars any more than conventional step-backK-file preparations and may even increase the fracture resistance.
The effects of different therapeutic approaches on oral malodor in a population of Iraqi people in Baghdad city
Authors: Al-Attar Dr. Aseel Isam
Published: August 2022

This study investigates the effects of two types of oral mouthwashes (Corsodylmouth rinse (MR)) and (Crest multiprotection MR) in combination with mechanicalplaque control, on oral malodor of periodonticaly healthy children and compare itwith conventional mechanical plaque control.Thirty healthy subjects from Baghdad city schools with an average age(9-11)weredivided into three groups: Group I: tooth brushing ,interdental flossing ,and tonguebrushing; Group II: as group I+ rinsing with Corsodyl MR; Group III :as group I+rinsing with Crest MR. Oral malodor was measured organoleptically and by usingHaliometer before treatment ,then the volunteers performed these oral hygieneprocedures for 7 days, then oral malodor was measured again to estimate the effect ofmouthwash on oral malodor. Data were analyzed by one way t-test.There were highly significant differences between group I and group II ,and groupI and group III, and even though group II provides a better oral malodor reductionthan group III, there was no significant difference between them.
Clinical Outcome of Azithromycin dehydrate used in treatment of acute apical periodontitis and severe chronic marginal gingivitis compared to other antibiotics
Authors: Helmi Prof Dr. Raad Muhi - Aldeen , Abdulla Prof Dr. Hajer Ibrahem , Al-Kotany Assist Prof Dr. Munir Y.
Published: August 2022

Ninety six patient aged between 12 – 50 years attending the college of dentistry ,Al- mustansyria university and the investigators clinics , they were divided into twoequal groups; 48 Patients suffering acute apical periodntitis ( painful ) weresubjected to different antibiotics after drainage and their prognosis towards nonpainfulchronic apical perioddontitis was observed and were as follows : 29.3% withAzithromycin, 20.8 % with ampicilline and 29.3% with ampicilline plusmetronidazole with a total of 79.4 % .The second group, were 48 students aged 12- 20 years suffering from severemarginal gingivitis ( GI-3 ) and were subjected to different antibiotics afterprophylaxis and some of them were kept on prophylaxis alone and their progress tomild marginal gingivitis ( G.I.1) was observed and were as follows :20.8 % withazithromycin , 16.7 % with ampicilline, 22.9 % with ampicilline plus metronidazoleand 20.8 % with prophylaxis and oral hygiene practice alone with a total of 81.2 %showing no significant difference between prophylaxis alone and those withprophylaxis and antibiotics .
The effects of canal preparation by different NiTi rotary instruments and reciprocating WaveOne file on the incidence of dentinal defects
Authors: Al-Zaka Dr. Iman M.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare dentinal defect formation while usinghand files (HFs), two brands of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files and the WaveOnefile. Eighty mandibular first molars were selected and divided into 4 groups. Hand file(HFs), WaveOne reciprocating file (WO), EndoSequence file (ES), ProTaper file(PT), were used to prepare the 2 mesial canals. Roots were then sectioned 3, 6, and 9mm from the apex, and the cut surface was observed under a microscope and checkedfor the presence of dentinal defects. HF group showed the lowest percentages ofdentinal defects (5%). In roots prepared with the WO, ES, and PT, dentinal defectswere observed in 25%, 10%, and 50% of teeth, respectively. There was a significantdifference between HFs group and both of WO group and PT group (P <0.05).However, no significant difference was found between HFs group and ES group (P ≥0.05). Also a non significant difference was found between WO group and ES group(P ≥ 0.05). All rotary files created defects in the root dentin, whereas handinstrumentation presented with satisfactory results.
Effect of 38%hydrogen peroxide agent on color change of composite resins stained with tea and coffee beverages (An in vitro study)
Authors: Abd Alhadi Dr. Nagham Abd Alhadi , Kadhim Dr. Ala ,a Jawad , Jabbar Dr. Aliaa Muhcin
Published: August 2022

Background: The esthetic application of bleaching materials has gained popularity,with consequences for teeth and restorative materials. The purpose of this an invitro study was to investigate the effect of in-office bleaching agent (38%hydrogen peroxide) on the color change of three composite resins after stainingwith tea and coffee beverages.Materials and Methods: Sixty disc-shaped samples from three different compositeresins (Tetric Ceram, Tetric Flow and Tetric Evo Ceram) were used in this study.The samples of each group were randomly divided into two subgroups accordingto type of beverages (tea and coffee) used for staining of samples. After stainingof composite resins the total color change (ΔE1 ) was calculated usingspectrophotometer, then the samples immersed in WHITEsmile® office bleachingagent for 15 min x 3 times with a 7 days interval followed by ΔE2 calculation.Data were subjected to the ANOVA, LSD and student t-test at 0.05 significancelevel.Results: The results revealed that, there was clinically significant color change ΔE>3.3 with a statistically highly significant differences (P=0.000) for all the groups.Coffee causes more discoloration than tea. After bleaching, the samples becamewhiter in color and only appreciable by skillful operator but considered clinicallyacceptable ΔE1 - ΔE2 < 3.3.Conclusion: Tea and coffee beverages causes discoloration in composite but thiseffect was depended on the type of beverages and composite resins. The most ofcolor change occurred with Tetric Flow composite resin after immersion in coffeebeverage. The bleaching agent (38% hydrogen peroxide) can remove the stainingof composite resins and make its color clinically acceptable.
Influence of dental extraction on patient’s stress and anxiety levels by assessing the salivary cortisol concentration at different time points during the extraction procedure
Authors: Kareem Dr. Jabbar J. , Radhi Dr. Hani Radhi , Hassan Dr. Ahmad F.
Published: August 2022

The aim of our study was to analyze the stress and anxiety in patients undergoingroutine dental extraction, by the assessment of cortisol in saliva, which can beconsidered as one of the major hormones that is released during stressful events.After obtaining the ethical approval and the patients were consented for their rolein this study, we examined 26 patients (13 males, and 13 females).The age rangedfrom 29-42 with mean age of 36.2. We collected three salivary samples from eachpatient after asking him to chew on a cotton roll to stimulate salivary secretion. Thefirst sample was obtained 10 minutes prior to local anesthetic injection, the secondsample collected 6-8 minutes after the local anesthetic injection, and third sampleacquired 10-15 minutes post-extraction. The samples were assessed and analyzedusing ELISA immunoassay (competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique).Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version19).ANOVA and t-test were applied to obtain the significance and correlationbetween the examined samples.Significant difference was shown among the three samples (P-Value =0.002).The mean value in the third sample (post-extraction salivary sample) wasconsiderably high when compared to the other samples (Mean ± SD = 0.184± 0.184,0.307 ± 0.121 and 0.357 ± 0.141) respectively, which positively correlates with thepatient’s level of stress. Cortisol concentration in μg/dl in percentages between eachsample and the percentages, 50%, were0.105 μg/dl, 0.295 μg/dl and 0.410 μg/dl, (75%) were0.348 μg/dl, 0.410 μg/dl and 0.443 μg/dl and (90%), 0.443 μg/dl, 0.468 μg/dland 0.518 μg/dl.Our study revealed that salivary cortisol is within its highest levels after extractionin 15 minutes.