bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of the River Continuum Concept (RCC) on the headwaters of the Sampolawa River in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: ERIF LA ODE MUHAMMAD , DJOHAN TJUT SUGANDAWATY , SUDARMADJI SUDARMADJI , YASIN ASRAMID , SUDIA LA BACO , KAHIRUN KAHIRUN
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Erif, LOM, Djohan TS, Sudarmadji, Yasin A, Sudia LB, Kahirun. 2023. The application of the River Continuum Concept (RCC) on the headwaters of the Sampolawa River in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 290-299. Benthic aquatic insect communities in temperate regions have been used as bioindicators of a healthy forest in the stream headwaters.This research analyzes the abundance of benthic insects, the quality of water and nutrient sediment, and the response of the insect community in the Sampolawa River. The samples were collected using stratified random sampling methods with a Surber sampler 30 cm x 30 cm, 5 segmented streams, and 200 m with 4 replication. The results show that 19 species of 5 community feeding groups were found, including collector filters, gatherers, predators, scrapers, and shredders. However, the shredders community is very small, at about 2-4 %. The benthic insect aquatic dominance by collector filter with 29 % reflected that input from terrestrial vegetation is Fine Particulate Organic Matter (FPOM). Therefore, it can be deduced that Sampolawa headwaters do not fit with the prediction of the "River Continuum Concept (RCC)"for a typical headwater since the allochthonous energy supply from riparian vegetation is in the form of fine detritus.
Waterlogging and salinity stress affecting growth and morphological character changes of Limnocharis flava
Authors: PUTRA SIDIQ PERMANA , SANTOSA SANTOSA , SALSINHA YUSTINA CAROLINA FEBRIANTI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Putra SP, Santosa, Salsinha YCF. 2023. Waterlogging and salinity stress affecting growth and morphological character changes of Limnocharis flava. Biodiversitas 24: 333-340. Salinity stress and waterlogging affect plant growth response. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in salinity concentration (NaCl) and water depth on the growth and morphological characters of Genjer (Limnocharis flava) plants. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 replications with a variable depth of water (W) consisting of W0 = 0 cm from the soil surface, W1 = 5 cm from the soil surface, W2 = 10 cm from the soil surface, and treatment of variations in salt concentration. (NaCl) (S) as many as 4 levels, namely S0 = 0 ppm, S1 = 25 ppm, S2 = 50 ppm and S3 = 75 ppm. Statistical analysis with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed the interaction of high NaCl concentration and higher water depth decreased wet weight, dry weight, height, length and width of leaves of L. flava. The concentration of NaCl significantly affects the growth morphology and anatomy of L. flava. The high concentration of NaCl reduced the wet weight, dry weight, height, length and width of the leaves of L. flava. The high concentration of NaCl causes changes in the anatomical structure of L. flava. Water depth significantly affects the growth morphology and anatomy of L. flava. The higher water depth reduces the wet weight, dry weight, height, length and width of the leaves of L. flava. There is an interaction between NaCl concentration and water depth. The high concentration of NaCl and high level of­­ water depth reduced the wet weight, dry weight, height, length and width of the leaves of L. flava.
Community structure and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality in some waterfall ecosystems, Bawean Island, Indonesia
Authors: Retnaningdyah Catur , Arisoesilaningsih Endang , Vidayanti Viky , Purnomo Purnomo , Febriansyah Satria Cahya
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Retnaningdyah C, Arisoesilaningsih E, Vidayanti V, Purnomo, Febriansyah SC. 2023. Community structure and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality in some waterfall ecosystems, Bawean Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 370-378. Bawean Island is a small island with a fairly dense population, so the need for water resources is quite high. On Bawean Island, several waterfalls have been found that have a hydrological function capable of supplying water continuously for drinking water, raw materials, agricultural irrigation functions and other daily activities that are very important for the people of Bawean Island. However, the quality of the waterfall ecosystem on Bawean Island has never been studied. This study aims to evaluate the water quality of some waterfall ecosystems on Bawean Island using the community structure and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as a complement to water physicochemical monitoring. This study used the Ex Post Facto method. The research was conducted at 6 waterfalls found on Bawean Island. The physicochemical quality of the water observed included air temperature, water temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), conductivity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, and Total Phosphate (TP). The quality of the benthic macroinvertebrate that had been monitored included Importance Value Index (IVI), taxa richness, total density, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’), and an ecological index, namely the Family Biotic Index (FBI). The monitoring data then be used to analyze the interaction between water quality profiles and macroinvertebrates profiles by conducting Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the results obtained, the water quality in the Bawean Island waterfall, according to the FBI index categorized as Good-Excellent. According to Indonesian government regulation (PP. No. 22 of 2021), some parameters of water quality in Putri and Suwari waterfall were classified as class 2, which can be used for water tourism infrastructure, fish farming also agriculture and the others are categorized as class 3 which is only used for fish farming and agriculture. To maintain good water quality, the waterfall manager needs to control human activities around the waterfall’s ecosystem.
Lexicon of medicinal plants in traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe (West Kalimantan, Indonesia): An ethnolinguistic approach
Authors: SUSANTI YUDITA , SUPIANDI MARKUS IYUS , JULUNG HENDRIKUS , ZUBAIDAH SITI , MAHANAL SUSRIYATI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Susanti Y, Supiandi MI, Julung H, Zubaidah S, Mahanal S. 2023. Lexicon of medicinal plants in traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe (West Kalimantan, Indonesia): An ethnolinguistic approach. Biodiversitas 24: 391-398. The Dayak Tamambaloh community in Temau Village, Embaloh Hulu Subdistrict, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, still maintains local wisdom in utilizing plants as basic ingredients for traditional medicine. In the process of traditional medicine, the Tamambaloh Dayak people use the local lexicon. However, local knowledge related to traditional medicine in the Tamambaloh Dayak tribe is only conveyed orally from generation to generation and does not have written scientific documentation. This study aimed to record local traditional medicinal plants, lexicon, phonetics and the function of medicinal plants used by the Dayak Tamambaloh community. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. Research data were obtained through in-depth interviews and documentation. Informants in this study were traditional leaders, village midwives, shamans, and people who often use medicinal plants. Analysis of research data was to describe the spoken language of the medicinal plant lexicon into written language using elan, classifying, describing, analyzing, and interpreting the results of research on the lexicon and the function of medicinal plants in traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh community. The results obtained 33 medicinal plant lexicons, 33 medicinal plant functions, and 25 medicinal plant species in 24 families. The most widely used families were Arecaceae (2 species), Asteraceae (2 species), Blechnaceae (2 species), Bombacaceae (2 species), Liliaceae (2 species), Myrtaceae (2 species), Piperaceae (2 species), Rubiaceae (2 species), and Solanaceae (2 species). The results of this study become the basis for preserving traditional medicine in remote tribes that still maintain local wisdom.
Confirmation of mutation and genetic stability of the M4 generation of chili pepper’s (Capsicum frutescens L.) Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutant based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters
Authors: ARUMINGTYAS ESTRI LARAS , ATIATURROCHMAH ATIATURROCHMAH , KUSNADI JONI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Arumingtyas EL, Atiaturrochmah, Kusnadi J. 2023. Confirmation of mutation and genetic stability of the M4 generation of chili pepper’s (Capsicum frutescens L.) Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutant based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters. Biodiversitas 24: 531-538. The initial generation of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) random mutations usually still shows high variation due to allele segregation. This research aimed to confirm the genetic differences between the M4 generation of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) mutant resulted from EMS mutations (G7/01) and the initial line (G7), and the stability of the mutant based on morphological, physiological, and molecular characters. The morphological characters and the capsaicinoid content of the mutants G7/01 with the initial line (G7) were compared. The capsaicinoid content and fruit spiciness were measured by spectrophotometer ? 280 nm. Molecular characterization was conducted using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers. Based on the morphological characters, the G7/01 mutants have some superior properties compared to the initial line G7. All the G7/01 mutant plants contain higher capsaicinoid compounds than the initial line plants. The dendrogram developed based on RAPD profile showed that all the mutant plants were positioned apart from the initial line plant, suggesting that there are some genomic changes in the mutants compared to the initial line plants. All the mutant plants, except T1, showed insignificant variation in morphological characteristic, capsaicin content, and RAPD profile, indicating genetic stability.
Sperm osteopontin mRNA expression levels and its correlation on semen quality and fertility in Madura bulls
Authors: Rosyada Zulfi Nur Amrina , Yoelinda Vincentia Trisna , Kaiin Ekayanti Mulyawati , Gunawan Muhammad , Ulum Mokhamad Fakhrul , Tumbelaka Ligaya I.T.A , Solihin Dedy Duryadi , Agil Muhammad , Gunawan Asep , Purwantara Bambang
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Rosyada ZNA, Yoelinda VT, Kaiin EM, Gunawan M, Ulum MF, Tumbelaka LITA, Solihin DD, Agil M, Gunawan A, Purwantara B. 2023. Sperm osteopontin mRNA expression levels and its correlation on semen quality and fertility in Madura bulls. Biodiversitas 24: 563-570. Osteopontin (OPN) gene transcripts influence spermatogenesis and germ cell development. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is needed to identify the fertility factor OPN in Madura bull sperm. Madura cattle are crosses originating from Bos indicus (zebu) and Bos javanicus (banteng). This study aims to examine sperm osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression levels and its correlation with semen quality and fertility in Madura bulls. Frozen semen samples from Madura bulls were categorized as high-fertile (n: 4, average field conception rate: 78.28±3.25%) or sub-fertile (n: 4, average field conception rate: 66.73±5.01%). In post-thaw semen samples, sperm motility, viability, membrane, acrosome, and DNA fragmentation index were evaluated. OPN expression in sperm total RNA was analyzed using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The data analysis between the two fertility groups was assessed with Student's t-test and Pearson Square. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity calculations were performed. Sperm motility, acrosome intact, and DFI differ (p<0.05) between groups, whereas viability and membrane plasma intact have no significance (p>0.05). In high-fertile Madura bulls, OPN mRNA was upregulated (p<0.05). The OPN mRNA expression had a strong correlation with the field conception rate (R: 0.807, P<0.05), sperm motility, and intact acrosome (R: 0.899, p<0.01; R: 0.804, p<0.05) respectively. In contrast, OPN negatively correlated with sperm DFI (R: -0.764, p<0.05). The OPN predicted bull fertility with 81.3% accuracy, 75% sensitivity, and 75% specificity. Thus, OPN may serve as a potential biomarker of Madura bull fertility.
A Spacially Sampled Multi-Aperture GRIN Lens Sensor
Authors: Baradar Ali R. , Walters Roy A.
Published: February 2023

One of the solutions to the world's industrial and economic recovery and survivability is "Flexible Automation," wherein vision is the key to its cost-effective flexibility. Vision gives the robot a measure of environmental intelligence. The majority of present vision systems are patterned after the human eye, but this is not a requirement. It has been shown that the multi-aperture insect eye does not image an object. The physiology of an insect eye is fundementally different than that of the human eve in that it is not binoccular but multioccular in nature. Yet, insects have extremely well developed visual capabilities. In order to study multi-aperture optics and thus indirectly the functioning of the insect eye, an extremely high resolution sensor system resembling in some aspects the insect eye was constructed. The immediate purpose of this system was to investigate robot vision applications. The system provided a wide field of view with the capability of viewing and object over a two pi solid angle. The resolution of the system was adustable according to requirements with a maximum of about 50 microns at a distance of 23 cm.
Radiometric Analysis of Gradient Index Lens Arrays for Reduction and Enlargement
Authors: Lama William , Durbin John
Published: February 2023

Gradient index fiber lens arrays that are able to make reduced or enlarged images have been invented1,2 at Xerox Corporation.

An important optical property of these lens arrays is their radiometric speed. Thus a general procedure for the radiometric analysis of arbitrary magnification gradient index lens arrays has been developed. The analysis has been applied to a particular array which was fabricated and tested in the lab. Very good agreement between the radiometric predictions and measurements was obtained.
Pick-Up for Optical Disk Systems
Authors: Tsunoda Yoshito , Arimoto Akira
Published: February 2023

Since laser diodes were first applied to optical video disk readout in 1976, extensive development activities have been undertaken at several places concerning laser diode pick-ups for optical disk memory systems, both in read-only and read/write applications. Laser diode application to optical disk memories has opened a new market for opto-electronic device application. This paper first describes the general features of several types of laser diode pick-ups. Secondly, details of the basic technologies used in the pick-ups are explained.
Spike Gradient Refractive Index Missile Seeker Lens
Authors: Fuhs Allen E. , Carr Herbert M. , Amichai Oded , Terrell James M.
Published: February 2023

A missile design problem which has evaded solution for a long time is the conflict in shape of the seeker lens. For efficient aerodynamics (i.e. low drag) a sharp conical or ogival shape is designed; for good optics, a hemispherical shape is best. A spike lens has poor optical performance, and a blunt lens has very large wave drag at supersonic speeds.
Irradiance Distribution Imaging Device Using A Micro Roof Mirror Lens Array
Authors: Inokuchi Toshiyuki , Kawazu Motoaki
Published: February 2023

In a roof mirror lens array (RMLA), the irradiance distribution produced by a single lens is a quasi-Gaussian distribution defined by an aperture efficiency and other optical parameters.
Report on the Workshop Problem Set
Authors: Hawkins Raymond J.
Published: February 2023

To stimulate and facilitate comparisons of various techniques, the committee prepared a set of waveguide modeling problems. A brief presentation of the submitted results will be made as an introduction to poster sesion SD1.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy with Broadly Tunable Femtosecond Harmonics: Applications in Physics and Chemistry
Authors: Haight Richard
Published: February 2023

High harmonics generated with a femtosecond laser provides virtually all of the properties that one would wish to apply to photoemission investigations of electronic states in materials. Harmonic light is monochromatic and polarized, as determined by the input laser. It is tunable over a wide range of photon energies. For even modest input intensities (0.5 mJ per pulse in our system) we have been able to generate harmonics with useful fluxes to 80 eV. The generated harmonic light is co-linear with the input laser so that reflective optics such as normal or grazing incidence gratings of reasonable size can be used to collect and select a particular harmonic of interest and then refocus this light onto the material under study. With efficient electron detection schemes useful photoelectron count rates can be obtained. With these properties alone, harmonics makes possible photoelectron spectroscopy experiments in the laboratory setting that were previously the sole domain of large scale synchrotron labs. But an additional, and singularly important, aspect of harmonic light is its femtosecond, and possibly even attosecond, time structure which opens avenues for investigations of the temporal evolution of excited electronic systems.
Research in Laser Acceleration at LLNL
Authors: Back C.A. , Baldis H.A. , Cowan T.E. , Freeman R.R. , Friedman A. , Grote D.P. , Hagmann C.A. , Hartemann F. , Heritage J.P. , Jackson C.J. , Kerman A.K. , Kolner B. , Kruer W.L. , Langdon A.B. , Le Sage G. , Luhmann N.C. , Mugge M. J. , Perry M.D. , Phillips T.W. , Sharp W.M. , Troha A.L. , van Bibber K. , White W.E. , Wilks S.C. , Woodworth J.G.
Published: February 2023

Laser acceleration holds out the prospect of very high gradient machines. High energy physics will ultimately need such a technological leap to keep energy-frontier research (E ≫ 1 TeV) within the realm of practicality. Compact high-brightness GeV-sources would have broad applicability in science, industry and defense. Both vacuum- and plasma-based concepts for laser acceleration promise gradients of G > 1 GeV/meter, which has already been borne out experimentally in the latter case. However, there is no idea at present how to build a real accelerator based on any such scheme (i.e. a design which is stageable to high energies, producing a monochromatic, high current, low-emittance beam).
Ultrahigh Peak Power Lasers Present and Future
Authors: Mourou Gerard
Published: February 2023

We have seen over the past few years an explosion in laser peak power. Today the lasers have peak power of TW and average power of few watts with focused intensity well in the exawatt/cm2 range. We will describe the next generation of CPA lasers that will take us into the yottawatt/cm2 range with kW average power.
Characterization of a flatfield spectrometer for the VUV- and XUV-spectral range
Authors: Sokolowski-Tinten K. , Jenke G. , Orisch A. , von der Linde D.
Published: February 2023

High order harmonic generation of intense femtosecond laser pulses has attracted much interest during the last years. These harmonics cover a rather broad spectral range and especially in the VUV and XUV (corresponding to wavelengths from approximately 10 100 nm) the spectral analysis and the efficient detection of the laser generated radiation is not a trivial task. For our own studies on harmonic generation from femtosecond laser plasmas on solid surfaces we have build a XUV-spectrometer consisting of a flatfield grating in conjunction with a thinned, back-illuminated CCD-camera.
High Order Harmonic generation with Molecules
Authors: Evans S. , Van Woerkom L.D.
Published: February 2023

We present results for high order harmonic generation with atoms and molecules using high intensity laser light at 800 nm. Pulses of 150 fs duration were focused to peak intensities on the order of 1016 W/cm2 in a gas jet. The goal is to study the dependence of harmonic efficiency on polarizability, ionization potential and structure. Under tight focusing conditions we observe that in general the harmonic conversion efficiency for low order harmonics increases with static molecular polarizability. Exceptions are observed for SF6 and Xe. Data will be presented for C4H10, C3H8, C2H6, SF6, N2, H2, Ar, Kr, Xe.
Quantification of Holographic Interferograms: State of the Art Methods
Authors: Pryputniewicz Ryszard J.
Published: February 2023

The problem of quantification of holographic interferograms is not trivial. Even today, 20 years after the invention of hologram interferometry, there is not yet a general method available that can be used reliably to interpret holographic fringe patterns to obtain information on displacements and/or deformations of arbitrary objects. However, a number of methods and systems have been developed for specific applications. The results that are being obtained using these methods are contributing to the further growth of holographic interferometry; the most promising of the methods used are those allowing automated interpretation of holograms.
Holography as a Tool in the Gas Turbine Industry
Authors: Stetson Karl A.
Published: February 2023

Jet aircraft engines comprise what is probably the most important segment of the gas turbine industry, and it is because these engines are critical to aircraft safety and performance that holographic techniques of measurement and inspection have found cost effective applications. The three major ones are vibration analysis, nondestructive bonding inspection, and flow visualization. Vibration analysis usually consists of recording time-average holograms of an object under vibration and observing Bessel-function fringes in the reconstructions. Bonding inspection is usually done by recording either time-average holograms with the object excited by high frecquency vibration or double-exposure holograms of the object before and after some form of stress. The hologram reconstructions show the differential movement of the regions of the object that are poorly bonded and allow identification of bonding flaws. Flow visualization usually involves recording double-exposure holograms of diffusely reflecting or transmitting objects through the gas flow. The fringes in the reconstruction allow determination of shock waves and gas density.
Reflection Holographic Stereograms
Authors: Benton Stephen A.
Published: February 2023

The principles of achromatic holographic stereograms are extended to reflection format, based on a simple model of wide-band, volume-phase reflection holograms.
Computer-Generated Holograms of Conical Waves
Authors: Leseberg Detlef
Published: February 2023

The flexibility of computer-generated holograms is used to advantage,
e.g. in optical filtering, laser beam scanning and beam splitting, and
in test of aspheric lenses. However, storage of information by CGHs
either for computational use or application as a display seems a
valuable goal due to the inherent advantages of holography. Problems
arise in the software as well as in the hardware, especially
concerning the overall handling time. Usually it is kept minimum by
use of the FFT, even if this restricts the object to be a 2-D
transparency.
Holographic Lens Synthesis with Optical Fibers
Authors: Jeong Tung Hon
Published: February 2023

Conventional lenses seldom have f-numbers below the value of 1.0 for well-known reasons. However, a holographic optical elements that behaves as a lense can be constructed so that its focal length is arbitrarily small relative to its aperture.
Direct Measurement of the Duration of Sub-Picosecond Soft X-Ray Pulse
Authors: van Woerkom L.D. , Freeman R.R. , Davey S. , Cooke W.E. , McIlrath T.J.
Published: February 2023

We have measured, with 100 fsec resolution, the sub-picosecond pulse duration of a soft-xray pulse produced from a laser plasma driven by a high intensity, 300 fsec 308 nm laser. The technique employs the cross correlation of a 100 fsec 616 nm laser pulse with the x-ray pulse in high density krypton. The 616nm laser pulse effectively " switches" the absorption of the x-rays in the krypton off and on with a resolution exactly equal to its pulse duration.
Performance of High Power KrF Laser System*
Authors: Luk T. S. , Boyer K. , McPherson A. , Gibson G. , Shi X. , Rhodes C. K.
Published: February 2023

Light sources with high Intensity have a broad range of applications in studies of nonlinear propperties of matter in strong-field regime.
Comparison of Multiphoton and Collisional Ionization in High Intensity Laser-Plasma Interactions
Authors: Meyerhofer D.D. , Augst S. , Chuang Y. H. , Delettrez J. , Richardson M.C.
Published: February 2023

Recent multiphoton ionization experiments, performed at the University of Rochester, have shown that the tunneling ionization theories for complex atoms of Ammosov, et al. (M.V. Ammosov, et al., Sov. Phys. JEPT, 64 (1986) 1191) are valid in the regime where n* > 2 and the Keldysh tunneling parameter, γ, is less than 1. n* = Z (Eh/Eion)0.5 with Eh the ionization potential of hydrogen, and Eion that of the charge state of interest. γ = (Eion/2Φpond)0.5 where Φpond is the pondermotive potential of the laser. In high intensity laser-plasma and laser-solid interactions, tunneling ionization due to the laser field may become a dominant ionization channel. This talk will discuss the laser and plasma characteristics required for multiphoton ionization to become the dominant ionization process and the effects this has on high intensity, laser-plasma and laser-solid interactions.
Plasma Generation for Recombination X-Ray Lasers
Authors: Pert G. J.
Published: February 2023

The general principles of scaling recombination laws to short wavelength are reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to the role of pulse length in determining gain. The trapping problem is discussed.
Picosecond Probing of Picosecond Laser Plasmas
Authors: Landen O. L.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
New Methods in Selective Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Authors: Farrenq Robert , Guelachvili Guy
Published: February 2023

High resolution spectra of unstable species are now being currently recorded with high information Fourier transform interferometers. However to benefit on radical spectra, from the usual well-known advantages of the technique several specific difficulties must be overcome.
The ICP/FTS as a Source of High Resolution Atomic and Molecular Spectra
Authors: Engleman Rolf
Published: February 2023

In the early days of spectroscopy, arc sources were commonly used to obtain grating spectra of atoms and simple molecules. Since photographic detection was used, the poor stability of the arc was not a problem. Stability is a severe problem for the Fourier transform spectrometer and arcs are generally not suitable. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP), developed as a source for spectrochemical analysis, is similar in excitation to an arc, but is much cleaner and is relatively stable. Efforts have been made to exploit the ICP as a source of energetic spectra for the one meter McMath FTS of the National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak.
Electron Density and Excitation Temperature in an Iron Hollow Cathode Lamp
Authors: Angus Jill , Niemczyk Thomas , Layman Larry , Palmer Byron , Hof Douglas
Published: February 2023

Electron densities and excitation or spectroscopic temperatures have been determined for an iron hollow cathode lamp containing Ar/N2 and Ne/N2 fill gas mixtures. The responses of both properties to current, total fill gas pressure and N2 partial pressures were monitored. Responses to variations in pressure and fill gas composition appear to demonstrate more than one mechanism for both excitation and current transport. Electron density is compared to literature values and found to be similar. Excitation temperatures are compared to previous work done in our laboratory and found to demonstrate the same trend.
DECOMP: A Fourier Transfom Spectra Decomposition Program
Authors: Brault Janes W. , Abrams Mark C.
Published: February 2023

Current techniques for processing high resolution Fourier transform spectra revolve around interactive graphical display of the spectrum on a computer. The DECOMP spectrum decomposition program is designed explicitly for the reduction of Fourier transform spectra and focuses on reducing a spectrum into a list of line parameters. Basic methods of spectrum manipulation will be demonstrated and a IBM PC - compatible computer will be available for hands-on demonstrations of the process of spectrum analysis. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the process of background subtraction: in Figure 1 a low resolution spectrum is generated by binning the high resolution spectrum and beneath the spectrum is a background correction function generated by creating a low resolution "minima" spectrum and smoothing the spectrum. The results of the background correction are given in Figure 2. Figure 3 illustrates a common problem in Fourier transform spectroscopy: the finite length of the interferogram introduces "ringing" into the spectrum. Using a filtered fitting routine in DECOMP the ringing can be effectively removed yielding a spectrum illustrated in Figure 4, in which several new spectral features that had been hidden beneath the ringing. An example of the atlas plots that can be generated using DECOMP is given in Figure 5.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Circumstellar Envelopes
Authors: Ready J. J.
Published: February 2023

In the dusty circumstellar envelopes that sometimes occur around carbon-rich giant stars, acetylenic chemistry is very active (Cernicharo, et al. 1987). The circumstellar dust, some carbon compound thought to have condensed in or near the stellar photosphere (Ridgway and Ready, 1988), plays several roles.
Advantages of Cube Corner Interferometers in High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Authors: Kauppinen Jyrki
Published: February 2023

Cube corner interferometers are now well accepted in practise in Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS). However, there are quite many special qualities of cube corner interferometers which are completely different from conventional plane mirror interferometers. None of these characteristics are very well-known. In this paper we will introduce some which are very important in high resolution FTS. We will do this by introducing all high resolution cube corner interferometers constructed or under construction in Finland.
Atomic Transition Probability Measurements with the Kitt Peak 1-m. FTS*
Authors: Whaling W. , Brault J. W.
Published: February 2023

The simplest method for measuring atomic transition probabilities is a two step process requiring (1) the radiative lifetime of the upper level of the transition and (2) the branching fraction, the probability that the upper level decays via the particular transition of interest. This latter probability is found by measuring the relative intensity of all of the decay channels that contribute significantly to the total decay strength of the upper level.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of LaS in the Infrared
Authors: Winkel R. J. , Davis Sumner P. , Abrams Mark C.
Published: February 2023

Diatomic lanthanum sulfide, LaS, is a molecule of astrophysical interest. It is suspected as a possible contributor to the spectra of some S-type stars (Lambert and Clegg, 1980).
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of BC and ZnD
Authors: Fernando W. T. M. L. , O'Brien L. C. , Bernath P. F.
Published: February 2023

The diatomic molecule BC has received relatively little attention. The experimental information regarding the BC system is from mass spectroscopic studies of the vapor phase. Several theoretical investigations have been reported. These studies show that the ground state of BC is X4∑− and the next 4∑− state lies about 18000 cm−1 above the ground state.
Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy of Ozone Broadening
Authors: Smith M. A. H. , Rinsland C. P. , Devi V. Malathy
Published: February 2023

Until recently, very few measurements of broadening of O3 absorption lines have been made (see Table IV of Ref. 1), covering only about 230 different vibration-rotation lines. However, investigators desiring to accurately model infrared radiative transfer in the terrestrial atmosphere require spectroscopic parameters (including air-broadened halfwidths) for thousands of vibration-rotation lines (2). Self-broadened halfwidths are needed for accurate quantitative analysis of laboratory spectra of gas mixtures containing high concentrations of ozone. In the studies reported here, the broad spectral coverage possible with Fourier transform spectroscopy has enabled us to measure air- and nitrogen-broadened halfwidths and shifts for about 70 ozone lines in the 9 μm region, and self-broadened halfwidths for over 160 ozone lines in the 4-14 μm region. The results are compared with previous measurements and calculations.
High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Studies of the Atmospheric Sciences
Authors: Burkholder James B. , Orlando John J. , Howard Carleton J.
Published: February 2023

A program has been initiated in the Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics group in the NOAA Aeronomy laboratory to study the products of gas phase chemical reactions and high resolution spectra of transient species using a high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (Bomem, Model DA3.002). A quantitative knowledge of gas phase reaction products is essential in order to develop a better understanding of chemical mechanisms important in atmospheric chemistry. The precise spectroscopic information obtained from our high resolution spectroscopic studies of transient species is used to obtain a better characterization of the physical properties of these species and also to provide the data neccessary to measure these species in both laboratory and atmospheric measurements. The Fourier transform experiment we have setup is similar in principle to smog chamber type experiments which have been used very successfully to analyze the stable products of gas phase reactions. The major differences between our apparatus and the smog chamber type are that we employ discharge flow techniques to prepare reactants in lieu of steady state photolysis, we operate at much lower pressures so that absorption lines are not significantly pressure broadened, and we can detect the radical reactants and products themselves, not just the stable products of the reactions.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy at the NIST: High Temperature Molecules and Atmospheric Molecules
Authors: Maki Arthur
Published: February 2023

This paper gives some of the interesting results from three projects that involve Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) measurements, studies of molecules involved in atmospheric chemistry, high temperature studies, and the compilation of data for wavenumber calibration of infrared instrumentation. Earlier work on these projects was conducted with a tunable diode laser, now many of the measurements are made with a FTS spectrometer. The FTS instrument is not as sensitive as the diode laser spectrometer, nor does it give as high resolution, but it has the advantage of conveniently and quickly giving broad band spectra with thousands of absorption lines.
Energy levels, isotope shifts, and hyperfine splittings from Fourier transform atomic spectra.
Authors: Engleman Rolf
Published: February 2023

High resolution Fourier transform spectra of suitable sources, such as hollow cathodes and electrodeless discharge lamps, can yield much accurate data on energy levels, isotope shifts, hyperfine splittings. and other parameters for atoms throughout the periodic table. The great dynamic range and linearity of FT spectra (and the availability of fast computers) allows the use of data reduction techniques generally unusable with more conventional photographic grating spectra. The details of producing atomic Fourier transform spectra can be found in the literature.
Stratospheric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Authors: Coffey M.T. , Mankin William G.
Published: February 2023

For more than 15 years our project in the Atmospheric Chemistry Division of NCAR has flown a Fourier transform spectrometer aboard aircraft to record the infrared absorption spectrum of the stratosphere. These spectra, now totaling more than 45,000, have been used to derive the concentrations of a number of stratospheric gases and to define their latitudinal, seasonal and diurnal variations.
A Compact, High Resolution Fourier Transform Interferometer for Atmospheric Spectroscopy in the Near Ultraviolet
Authors: Cageao R. P. , Sander S. P. , Friedl R. R.
Published: February 2023

A new, compact Fourier Transform Michelson UV-visible interferometer (FTUV) with an apodized resolving power greater than 300,000 at 300nm, high throughput, and wide spectral coverage has been developed. This instrument features a flex pivot swing carriage mechanism driven by a voice coil actuator to achieve essentially frictionless motion with high mirror velocity stability. Small residual alignment errors are corrected dynamically to 0.1μrad using a servo-controlled piezo-electric driven mirror tilt mechanism. The instrument is designed for high resolution laboratory and atmospheric detection and spectroscopy of reactive radicals and molecules.
High Resolution Low Noise Atmospheric Spectroscopy
Authors: Delbouille L.
Published: February 2023

High resolution absorption infrared spectroscopy is a largely used way to gather information on the chemical composition of the Earth atmosphere.

The early pioneers (A. Adel, M. Migeotte,…), using large grating instruments, were able to recognize the vibration-rotation signatures of molecules like CH4, CO, NO, N2O … They showed how the Sun can be used as the necessary bright and stable light source.
Wavenumber Standards
Authors: Kou Q. , Guelachvili G.
Published: February 2023

The accuracy of the wavenumber measurements is often not as good as the level of their precision. To get better absolute line positions and to have this new advantage widely spread among all FT users, the need of a grid of consistent and accurate wavenumber standards is necessary. We review the present situation.
Femtosecond Phase and Amplitude Controlled, Chirped Pulse Amplification: Terawatts to Petawatts
Authors: Barty C. P. J.
Published: February 2023

Chirped pulse amplification at 10 fs and powers > 1 TW faces many challenges. In conventional CPA systems, uncompensatable phase errors in the expansion and recompression process and distortions due to refractive optics produce broadenings which are much greater than 10 fs. In order to alleviate these problems, a novel expander/compressor design has been developed and a lens-free amplification system has been constructed. In addition, gain narrowing during amplification severely limits the final pulse duration. In order to control the pulse spectrum before amplification and thus minimize this problem, spectral masks have also been developed and implemented. The result is a compact multiterawatt laser system capable of producing 125-mJ, 30-fs, 800-nm pulses with near diffraction limited beam quality at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Ongoing experiments with this 4 TW system include hard x-ray generation for diagnostic imaging, tunneling ionization XUV lasers, and tunable ultrashort pulse, high power IR generation. Because the design of this system can accommodate much larger bandwidth pulses and very large amounts of dispersive material, it is possible to directly scale these results to shorter durations and petawatt peak powers. Such a system could be constructed from currently available optical materials and components and would be capable of producing focused intensities > 1022 W/cm2.
Two-color Multiphoton Ionization with High-Order Harmonics
Authors: Maquet Alfred , Taïeb Richard , Véniard Valérie
Published: February 2023

The recent demonstration, [1] of the feasibility of using high-order harmonics of an infrared laser, as a coherent and pulsed (soft-) X-ray source, opens new perspectives in inner-shell spectroscopy. Among these new perspectives, we wish to address the possibility to conveniently perform two-colour experiments involving final atomic states lying into the continuum, namely Laser-Assisted Single-Photon Ionization (LASPI). It implies that the ionization process results from the absorption of one high-frequency photon together with the simultaneous exchange of one or several laser photons. The observation of a similar process, namely laser-assisted Auger transitions, has been also recently reported, [2].
On a Possibility of Coherent 140-keV Amplification in 99Tc Isomer via Resonance Interaction of Synchrotron Radiation with Atomic Electron Shell
Authors: Chernov V. E. , Zon B. A.
Published: February 2023

The behavior of nuclei in intense electromagnetic field is a subject of great theoretical interest. Special theoretical investigations were undertaken to study the possible influence of the electromagnetic fields on the rates of nuclear processes.
Twin Femtosecond Pulses Interferometry in Plasmas
Authors: Geindre J-P. , Audebert P. , Falliès F. , Rousse A. , Gauthier J. C. , Antonetti A. , Dos Santos A. , Mysyrowicz A.
Published: February 2023

A key issue in the field of laser-matter interaction using very intense femtosecond optical pulses is the understanding of the initial processes leading to the generation of dense hot plasmas. For instance, in the case of the interaction with metallic targets, it is important to obtain a time- and space-resolved picture of the critical density layer of very small gradient scale length 1/λ<0.1, since it defines the region where most of the energy transfer takes place. Likewise, in the case of an initially transparent target, such as a dielectric solid or a neutral gas, study of the early stages of the evolution towards a plasma requires a space- and time-resolved picture of the creation of free carriers. Using standard all-optical pump/probe detection methods it is relatively easy to obtain a spatially-integrated evolution of the system with subpicosecond time resolution. It is much more difficult to obtain the same information with a good spatial discrimination. For instance, time-resolved Schlieren measurements can determine the location of the critical density layer of an expanding plasma created at the surface of a metal with femtosecond accuracy.[1] However diffraction effects limit the spatial accuracy to a value of the order of the incident wavelength.
Scenarios of superintense fs laser pulses interacting with solids
Authors: Mulser P. , Al-Khateeb A. , Bauer D. , Hahn M. , Lewien D. , Ruhl H. , Saemann A.
Published: February 2023

When a superintense laser pulse inpinges on a solid the target is rapidly transformed into a ’’hot solid” followed by the transition to a hot dense plasma layer. In the presentation possible scenarios of such transitions are presented for laser irradiances ranging from I = 1016 Wcm-2 μm2 to I ≃ 1018 Wcm-2 μm2.
Double Ionization in Gases Driven by Optical Field Ionization using Ultrashort Laser Pulses
Authors: Bolton Paul R. , Fittinghoff David N.
Published: February 2023

Rapid optical field ionization (OFI) for atoms and ions is distinguished using ultra-short laser pulses focussed to peak fields comparable to Coulomb binding values. This nonperturbative field description facilitates understanding of standard sequential ionization and distinguishes the double (or two-electron ejection) ionization process. Following our discovery of double optical field ionization in He+2 at 614 nm we have extended experiments to include helium, neon and argon at an 800 nm wavelength with varying ellipticity1,2. We compare double ionization data with predictions from the semi-classical model by Corkum3. New experimental results at 800 nm use 130 femtosecond laser pulses focussed to intensities of order 1016 W/cm2 in the extraction region of a 1 meter time-of-flight spectrometer. Gas pressures ranged from 10-8 to 10-5 torr.
Negative ions in strong laser fields
Authors: Davidson Marc. D. , Muller Harm Geert , Ben van Linden den Heuvell H.
Published: February 2023

Although the subject of atoms in strong laser fields has been in the focus of much attention for the last thirty years, negative ions in strong laser fields have begun to be investigated since only quite recently. It is important to study the subject of negative ions thoroughly, since their properties and character are quite different from those of neutral atoms and new information can therefore be gained on intense-light matter interaction. In particular, negative ions differ from atoms in the way in which the outer electron is bound, in atoms, this electron is bound in a long-range Coulomb potential, while in negative ions it is bound in a short-range induced-dipole potential.
Laser-Assisted Auger decay as transitions between strongly coupled continua
Authors: Constantinescu R.C. , Muller H.G. , Schins J.M. , Agostini P. , Grillon G. , Breger P. , Mysyrowicz A. , Antonetti A.
Published: February 2023

Experimental data on Laser-Assisted Auger Decay that were obtained recently (and presented at this conference) are compared with Quantum mechanical calculations on a model system featuring free-free transitions. The model treats the initial Auger decay process as unaffected by the laser, and treats the final continuum states as those of a free electron, with a strong, non-perturbative coupling between various continua due to the laser. Both approximations are expected to be very good in the LAAD case, and indeed there is a very good correspondence between theory and experiment.
Harmonic Spectrum Cutoff and Classical Dynamics of Free Electrons
Authors: Roso Luis , Moreno Pablo , Plaja Luis , Malyshev Victor
Published: February 2023

One of the most peculiar fetures of the harmonic spectra resulting from the interaction of an intense laser with a diluted gas, is the presence of a plateau at high harmonic intensities followed by an abrupt cutoff. In the tunnelling limit, the electron wavefunction overlaps with continuum states and therefore part of the wavefunction is not bound. It has been shown recently [1, 2] that this unbounded part of the wavefunction absorbs energy from the field during part of the cycle, and can release it, in the form of harmonic radiation when rescatering with the nucleus.
Development of the Petawatt Laser and its Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion
Authors: Perry M. D. , Boyd R. , Britten J. , Darrow C. , Glinsky M. , Hammer J. , Hammel B. , Kilkenny J. D. , Knier W. , Powell H. T. , Shore B. , Stuart B. , Tabak M. , Wilks S. , Woodworth J. , Campbell E. M.
Published: February 2023

Conventional inertial confinement fusion (ICF relies on the formation of a hot central core within the dense fuel to spark ignition. This condition is achieved by rapid, highly symmetric, spherical implosion of the capsule driven by temporally-shaped multi-nanosecond pulses delivered either directly by a multitude of laser beams or indirectly by x-rays. Due to the extreme requirements on symmetry and the necessity to achieve both high temperature and density in the implosion, conventional ICF requires substantial energy from the laser to ignite the capsule.
Time-Dependent Wave Packet Analysis of Very High-Order Processes in Strong Fields
Authors: Schafer Kenneth J. , Kulander Kenneth C.
Published: February 2023

Time-dependent methods, coupled to the single active electron approximation (SAE), have yielded detailed calculations of electron and photon emission rates from rare gas atoms in strong laser fields [1]. An example of such calculations is shown in Figure 1, where optical harmonic generation (OHG) rates are compared to above threshold ionization (ATI) rates for xenon at intensities between 1 and 5 x 1013 W/cm2. It is now well-established that the comparison of these rates to experiment results in excellent agreement [2-3]. Figure 1 also illustrates a striking difference between these high-order strong field processes: OHG exhibits a cutoff while ATI does not. Our efforts to understand this fact have led to the view of very high-order strong field processes which we present in this paper.