bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identidades y lenguajes en la literatura escrita por mujeres
Authors: Henao Montoya Susana , Chica Consuelo , Carmona Marín Olga Lucía
Published: April 2021

El proyecto de investigación Lenguajes e identidades femeninas en la literatura escrita por mujeres, se propuso como la indagación de un corpus narrativo –novela, crónica, y autobiografía- escrita por autoras latinoamericanas en nuestra contemporaneidad con la intención de vincular sus temáticas, procedimientos narrativos, lenguajes, técnicas literarias y uso de los diversos recursos disponibles para el escritor, con los modos de vida, expectativas, roles y posiciones políticas que han correspondido históricamente a las mujeres en la cultura occidental. Así también, examinó diversos acercamientos críticos a la narrativa, presentados por escritoras y académicas interesadas en las problemáticas de las identidades femeninas. Este conjunto de textos creativos y críticos hace parte de las literaturas emergentes que van consolidando voces singulares, silenciadas o ignoradas, capaces de configurar una perspectiva potente para comprender muchos de los procesos socioculturales que se despliegan ...
Trends in the development of agriculture in conditions of tax reform in Georgia
Authors:   Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Verulidze Vazha , Leibus Inguna ,   Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies
Published: April 2021

At the current stage of development of the Georgian economy and in conditions of existing resources, only the agriculture sector can contribute to the reduction of high levels of poverty and unemployment in the country. Improper assessment of the role and importance of the sector, lack of programmes based on scientific research, inconsistent reforms led to the low competitiveness of Georgian agricultural production and the prevalence of imported products on the internal market. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of tax reform on the development of the agriculture sector in Georgia, and to compare it with Latvia, as it has been implemented in both countries based on Estonian experience. It is substantiated by means of theoretical and empirical methods applied in the article, that the land reform, implemented in Georgia before the profit tax reform, as well as financing of certain projects in the sector, was carried out without proper analysis and assessment of expected risks. The research concludes that for the development of agriculture sector of Georgia, it is especially important, at the first stage, to elaborate and implement mechanisms of protection of internal market, develop the existing infrastructure, promote cooperative enterprises, extend tax benefits to all spheres of activities of agricultural cooperatives, commence the process of structural diversification and modernization of the sector, and overcome the obstacles existing on external markets.
Principles of effective mentoring communication in entrepreneurship: the results of a survey of experts
Authors:   Rezekne Academy of Technologies, Zvaigzne Anda , Murinska Sandra ,   Rezekne Academy of Technologies, Kotane Inta ,   Rezekne Academy of Technologies, Mietule Iveta
Published: April 2021

With the development of mentoring networks, communication between mentors and mentees and related problems in entrepreneurship have become an increasingly important topic in recent years. The aim of the research is to identify the most important problems that hinder an effective communication process between the mentor and the mentee in entrepreneurship based on expert opinions on the elements of and barriers to the communication process. The research results have revealed that mentors’ willingness to communicate, appropriately engaging in dialogue with their mentees, as well as honour and other skills and traits are essential. The experts have emphasized that it is important that the mentee does not take the mentor’s experience literally but critically assesses whether his/her resources are aligned with the goal. According to the experts, the most essential barriers to communication were a lack of time and logical barriers and obstacles that emerged to partners with different ways of thinking. Researchers need to continue the research started by the authors of the paper by working on and designing a communication model for mentors and mentees, taking into account the communication barriers identified in the present research and other factors relevant to communication in entrepreneurship.
Design of the online course “research as art” as a means to improve students` creative potential
Authors: Karkina Svetlana Vladimirovna , Felgueiras Manuel Carlos
Published: April 2021

The article introduces the possibilities of online learning environment for keeping students` motivation and stimulation their active research work. Comparison of research work with art allowed to suggest main trends for activization students` creative potential in education process in university. Were established that online environment allows to collect diverse experiences and create conditions for the creative process. The structure of online course was created by the implement of the technology of MOOR (Massive Open Online Research). It included information (lectures, books, articles), resources for the interaction (forum, chat), collection of students works for exchanging of experience and collaborate work in research area. Special section includes advises for manage of self-learning process for activization of creative potential. The research approach based on collecting data from the field of students` research works such as articles, course works and master thesis. The qualitative analysis includes subject areas of topics, students` professional field and heir innovative developments. Design of the online environment based on the research approach allowed to offer each of the student individual subject area according to professional interests which had a positive impact on keeping students` attention, motivation to active learning and abilities to make creative decisions.
Education of students by means of national and cultural heritage
Authors: Terentyeva Irina Vasilyevna , Chumarova Lyubov Grigorevna , Fakhrutdinova Anastasia Viktorovna , Mefodeva Marina Anatolevna , Fassakhova Guzel Rafkatovna
Published: April 2021

The usage of national cultural peculiarities for university students, i.e. the native language (Russian and Tatar) folklore in teaching a foreign language at Kazan Federal University is considered. The research aimed to study the pedagogical potential of folklore of the native language in the training of future primary school teachers. The students of the 5th year of the Institute of Psychology and Education took part in the experiment. The work lasted for one year. The authors held the English language classes where they used the genres of the folklore (Russian and Tatar) for different educational purposes. The results of the study were the creation of some interesting exercises which helped students master their communicative skills, improve their pronunciation, grammar, and expand their vocabulary. The future primary school teachers actively participated in the research and creation of the exercises. Students were involved into the atmosphere of studying history and culture of the country they live in by reading, retelling, and analyzing fairy tales, myths, legends, baits. Translating folklore genres from their native language into a foreign one, students developed and improved their vocabulary, communication, and translation skills. According to the experience the future primary school teachers worked hard in self-development, they tried to find and use additional sources: dictionaries, literature, textbooks, encyclopedias and publications.
Lessons of the XIX World Festival of Youth and Students in Sochi 2017
Authors: Bodrov Oleg Vyacheslavovich , Zakirov Almaz Vasilovich , Kolomyts Dmitriy Mikhailovich
Published: April 2021

The paper analyzes the modern aspects of “soft power” in modern international relations using the example of the festival student movement, which celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2017 in Sochi. Youth policy is an integral part of public policy both domestically and abroad. Soft power institutions are seen as integral tools of modern international politics. In the XX century, a special form of youth participation, or youth festivals, was formed. The paper uncovers the way of thinking, technique and substance of the World Festivals of Youth and Students, just as the highlights of their projects. Right up 'til the present time, work at celebrations assumes a significant part in accomplishing worldwide compassionate objectives, specifically, guaranteeing quiet life on our planet and the foundation of fair qualities. The fundamental way of thinking of the celebration is the standards of harmony, kinship of people groups, global solidarity, against radical and hostile to industrialist battle. The flame of the festival did not die out during the establishment of a unipolar world after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and today is a symbol of the hope for a just and peaceful life on Earth. The 19th WFYS, which took place in 2017 on the Black Sea coast in the city of Sochi, was another example of the successful work of the World Federation of Democratic Youth on the dissemination of universal values and progressive ideas.
The education system transformation during and post COVID-19
Authors: Malganova Irina Grigorievna , Dokhkilgova Diba Mazhitovna , Saralinova Dzhamilya S.
Published: April 2021

The article presents various approaches to the transformation of the modern education system in the world in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors suggest the following recommendations based on the research: a) the authorities should focus on developing strategies for rapid implementation of specific measures to support students and teachers throughout the forced break in the educational process; b) technical and organizational support is needed for the population of Russian regions due to various reasons that don’t have the necessary equipment, Internet connection and other online tools; c) protecting the rights of employees in secondary and higher education; d) ensuring social equality and inclusiveness, avoiding additional social stratification; e) protecting the personal information of students and teachers, preventing or minimizing risks arising from interaction in the virtual space, including cyberbullying. Also the authors believe that the forced mass transition contributes to the fact that distance technologies are expected to boom in the near future, which has been discussed for several years. Experts in the field of educational policy predict the flourishing of e-learning in Russia. It is predicted that educational institutions will not return to the traditional format of education in full after the end of the quarantine.
Career Paths and Compensation for Accounting Graduates
Authors: Frecka Thomas J. , Mittelstaedt H. Fred , Stevens Jennifer Sustersic
Published: April 2021

SYNOPSIS

This paper reports financial and career outcomes following a degree in accounting using a large cross-sectional and time-series survey of one university's alumni. We extend the work of prior researchers by examining outcomes throughout accounting graduates' careers, which include positions outside of public accounting. We find that starting salaries are positively associated with graduate degrees, working for a Big N firm, and starting in a non-audit/tax specialty. Though most graduates begin in public accounting, they typically work for three different employers and assume non-accounting/leadership roles early in their careers. Current salaries are positively related to Big N experience, years employed, starting in a non-audit/tax specialty, and having children, while they are negatively related to number of employers. Graduate degree coefficients are insignificant in current salary regressions. Whereas we do not see gender effects for starting salaries, we see significantly large negative effects for women in the current salary analysis.

JEL Classifications: I26; J31; L84; M41; M42.
TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN PENYELUNDUPAN MANUSIA (PEOPLE SMUGGLING) DI INDONESIA: TANGGUG JAWAB INDONESIA DAN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Kristin Debby , Trie Isana Dewi Chloryne
Published: April 2021

AbstrakPenyelundupan manusia merupakan salah satu kejahatan transnasional terorganisir yang semakin meningkat di Indonesia, khususnya pulau-pulau perbatasan yang letaknya dekat dengan Australia. Lemahnya pengawasan di wilayah perbatasan dan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat setempat tentang kejahatan penyelundupan manusia memudahkan pihak-pihak tertentu untuk menyelundupkan para imigran ilegal ke Ashmore Reef (Australia). Sebagai Negara pihak United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) dan Palermo Protocol, Indonesia dan Australia mempunyai kewajiban dalam rangka pencegahan dan pemberantasan tindak pidana penyelundupan manusia. Makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah Indonesia dan Australia telah memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Negara Peserta UNTOC dan Palermo Protocol, serta memberikan rekomendasi kepada kedua negara dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya terkait kejahatan penyelundupan manusia sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab Negara.Kata kunci: kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, penyelundupan manusia, tanggung jawab negara.AbstractPeople smuggling is one of transnational organized crimes that has been increasing in Indonesia, especially in the outermost Indonesian’s islands which are close to Australia. Lack of surveillance in the border region and lack of knowledge on the local people in regards to the crimes of people smuggling makes it easy to smuggle illegal immigrants to Ashmore Reef (Australia). Hence, it leads to the increasing number of people smuggling in Indonesia. As state parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) as well as its Protocol, Indonesia and Australia bound by the obligation to prevent and combat people smuggling. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether Indonesia and Australia have fulfil their obligation as State Parties of the UNTOC and the Palermo Protocol, also to propose actions that can be taken by both Governments to fulfill their obligation as state party in regards to the state responsibility.Keywords: people smuggling, state responsibility, transnational organized crime.
PEMBERIAN SERTIPIKAT TERHADAP PULAU-PULAU TERLUAR INDONESIA DALAM MENJAGA KEDAULATAN NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Authors: Zamil Yusuf
Published: April 2021

AbstrakKementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) berencana mensertipikatkan pulau-pulau terluar di seluruh Indonesia. Dari pulau-pulau terluar tersebut sebagian merupakan pulau yang berpenghuni dan sebagian lainnya tidak berpenghuni. Tujuan pengsertipikatan pulau-pulau terluar tersebut adalah dalam menjaga kedaulatan negara dan agar status hukum dimata negara tetangga dan dunia Internasional menjadi jelas. Terhadap pulau-pulau yang tidak berpenghuni sebaiknya didaftar atas nama Republik Indonesia, sedangkan untuk pulau-pulau yang sudah berpenghuni sertipikat hak atas tanah akan diberikan kepada waga masyarakat yang tinggal di pulau tersebut sesuai dengan luasan tanah yang dimiliki masyarakat. Kebijakan pengelolaan pulau-pulau terluar Indonesia yang harus dilakukan adalah dengan adanya kegiatan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh warga negara Indonesia dipulau-pulau tersebut termasuk membangun pangkalan-pangkalan militer sebagai alat untuk menjaga kedaulatan wilayah negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Kata Kunci: pendaftaran, pulau, terluar, kedaulatan negara

AbstractThe Ministry of Agricultural and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (BPN) plan to legalize outermost islands of Indonesia. These islands are partly inhabited islands and some are uninhabited. Certificating the outer-most islands is to maintain state sovereignty and legal status in the eyes of its neighbors country and the International community is clear. Against the islands are uninhabited should be registered in the name of the Republic of Indonesia, while the islands have been inhabited land rights certificates will be awarded to people living on the island in accordance with the area of land owned by the Indonesian citizen. Policy management of the outer islands of Indonesia with the activities carried out by Indonesian citizens islands including building military bases as a tool for maintaining the territorial sovereignty of the unitary Republic of Indonesia.Keywords: registration, the outermost islands, state sovereignty
SOUTHEAST ASIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH ASEAN REFORM
Authors: Estherina Flora Tanti Lue
Published: April 2021

Abstract Since its establishment, Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) has achieved many accomplishments in economic sectors including regional trade and connectivity. However, ASEAN’s work as a bloc has remained complacent and ineffective causing insignificant results. In fact, this was caused by the deeply rooted key norm guiding the ASEAN’s behaviour, the ASEAN Way. This ASEAN Way which mostly involved sovereignty and non-interference could be argued as the factor maintaining the stability in the region, yet at the same time it might also be considered as the barrier to the regional economic development. Throughout the years, the world is changing and so is ASEAN. This change indicates that there is inconsistency between the aims, the provisions, and the implementation and it is time to take a closer look again at the Association. Therefore, this article is focusing at the intersection between economics and legal frameworks in the regional organization, which remains relatively unexplored territory. It will analyse past actions of ASEAN and European Union as comparison. Several approaches will be considered before eventually proposing the best form of reform for ASEAN and its citizens.

Keywords: ASEAN Reform, Economic Development, Regional Organization

 

AbstrakSejak awal dibentuknya Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN), ASEAN telah meraih berbagai pencapaian dalam bidang ekonomi termasuk dalam bidang perdagangan dan hubungan regional. Akan tetapi, sebagai sebuah blok, ASEAN masih kurang efektif dalam menangani permasalahan regional yang menghasilkan hasil yang tidak signifikan. Faktanya, hal ini disebabkan norma yang tertanam sebagai landasan tindakan ASEAN, the ASEAN Way. ASEAN Way ini sangat melibatkan prinsip kedaulatan dan non-intervensi yang merupakan faktor dari stabilitas di ASEAN, namun secara bersamaan juga merupakan hambatan dalam perkembangan ekonomi regional. Seiring berkembangnya zaman, dunia berubah tidak terkecuali ASEAN. Perubahan dalam ASEAN ini mengindikasi bahwa tujuan, peraturan dan implementasi ASEAN tidak konsekuen dan membutuhkan peninjauan kembali. Oleh karena itu, peneltian anilitis yuridis ini menfokuskan pada percabangan antara ekonomi dan peraturan hukum dalam organisasi regional, yang kurang tereksplor. Penelitian ini juga akan menganalias tindakan ASEAN di masa lalu dan membandingkan dengan Uni Eropa. Beberapa pendekatan akan dipertimbangkan sebelum diajukannya bentuk reformasi yang terbaik untuk ASEAN dan seluruh warganya.

Kata Kunci: Organisasi Regional, Perkembangan Ekonomi, Reformasi ASEAN
INDONESIA’S NEW MODEL OF BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY: COMPARISON WITH BRAZIL
Authors: Roshana Putri Resha
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the past few years, there has been a surge in lawsuits against the mechanism for resolving international investment disputes through the Investors State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum proposed by foreign investors who are host states, including Indonesia. Most of the claims are caused by the policies of the host country which are intended to protect the basic rights of the people such as the right to health, the right to a healthy environment, taxes, as well as the minimum standard of wages for workers. This policy provides a loss for foreign investors and is considered a violation of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). BIT is often recognized to be detrimental to Indonesia, because it can disrupt the sovereignty of the country, especially when dealing with international disputes with foreign investors. This study uses a comparative juridical approach, comparing the BIT model in Indonesia with Brazil, namely Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreement (CIFA). Brazil was chosen because it succeeds to reform its investment regime, specifically on its BITs. The results obtained were that Indonesia had to change several provisions in its BITs, which has been regulated CIFA provisions in Brazil, which is not member of the ICSID Convention.Keywords: BIT, CIFA, Investor State Dispute Settlement. AbstrakBeberapa tahun terakhir, ada lonjakan tuntutan hukum terhadap mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa investasi internasional melalui Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum yang diusulkan oleh investor asing yang menjadi host states, termasuk Indonesia. Sebagian besar klaim disebabkan oleh kebijakan negara tuan rumah yang dimaksudkan untuk melindungi hak-hak dasar masyarakatnya seperti hak atas kesehatan, hak atas lingkungan yang sehat, pajak, juga standar minimum upah pekerja. Kebijakan ini memberikan kerugian bagi investor asing dan dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). BIT seringkali dianggap merugikan bagi Indonesia, karena dapat mengganggu kedaulatan negara, khususnya ketika berhadapan dengan sengketa internasional dengan investor asing. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan metode perbandingan, yaitu dengan membandingkan model BIT di Indonesia dengan Brazilia, yaitu Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreement (CIFA). Brazil dipilih karena merupakan negara yang berhasil melakukan reformasi terhadap rezim investasinya, khususnya pada BIT. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah bahwa Indonesia harus merubah beberapa ketentuan dalam BITs nya, seperti yang terkadung dalam CIFA di Brazil, yang bukan merupakan negara anggota dari Konvensi ICSID. Kata Kunci: BIT, CIFA, Penyelesaian Sengketa Investor-Negara
THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND CLIMATE CHANGE: FROM ‘COLD WAR’ TO ‘WARMING WAR’
Authors: Mulyana Imam
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe impacts of climate changes around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate changes issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate changes and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate changes issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism provides widen possible measures in enforcing climate change’s issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international law, it still suggests that UNSC mechanism shall only be used as a last resort after the other enforcement mechanisms are exhausted. Keywords: Climate Change, Threat to International Peace and Security, UN Charter, UN Security Council

AbstrakDampak perubahan iklim di berbagai belahan dunia telah menjadi perhatian negara-negara tidak saja di tingkat nasional tetapi juga di tingkat internasional. Upaya untuk menanggulangi dampak dari perubahan iklim melalui sejumlah kerja sama internasional telah secara luas dilakukan namun belum mampu mencegah penyebab dan menghentikan dampak dari perubahan iklim tersebut. Dengan demikian, penentuan mekanisme penegakan hukum yang paling tepat dalam memeriksa kasus perubahan ilklim ini merupakan hal yang penting. Tulisan ini dimulai dengan penjelasan fenomena perubahan iklim dan hubungannya dengan isu keamanan. Pertama-tama artikel ini membahas ruang lingkup dari perubahan iklim dan kewenangan Dewan Keamanan (DK) PBB. Oleh karena itu, sebagai upaya untuk mencari cara lain dalam penanggulanan dampak dari perubahan iklim, sangatlah penting untuk memahami serangkaian otoritas yang dimiliki DK PBB. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa mekanisme DK PBB ternyata menunjukan kemungkinan yang lebih luas dalam hal penerapan sanksi yang lebih memaksa dan lebih mengikat dibanding mekanisme lain yang telah ada saat ini sebagai mekanisme untuk menanggulangi perubahan iklim. Meskipun tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa Dewan Keamanan PBB mempunyai kewenangan hukum untuk mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim, akan tetapi mekanisme internasional yang lain diluar mekanisme Dewan Keamanan PBB harus tetap menjadi prioritas dan dijalankan terlebih dahulu.Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan PBB, Piagam PBB, Perubahan iklim, Ancaman terhadap Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional.
REFORMING THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE: THE URGENCY FOR A MORE ADVANCED SCOPE OF JURISDICTION
Authors: Clementine Naomi Novena
Published: April 2021

Abstract

It can be argued that in facing the paramount problems of the twenty first century, one of the core elements of establishing a world with friendly relation among States is by the constitution of a healthy judicial field considering the fact that disputes among States are in no way can be avoided. For more than seven decades the International Court of Justice has served the world and the Member States of the United Nations in particular with judicial service as it bears the function as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. However, by analyzing the development of international law, while the ICJ has contributed to improving the relation between States by way of providing States with the proper settlement of disputes, the current system—mostly designed at a time of different global challenges and priorities—seems to have exceeded its capacity to be nimble and responsive to the needs of today’s world. This article seeks to offer recommendations on how to optimize the Court’s function by means of reforming its contentious jurisdiction. The purpose of this article is to open more possibilities to optimize the Court, by making the Court’s jurisdiction mandatory and compulsory to all States and offer a possibility of expansion of jurisdiction as to include ratione materiae jurisdiction.

Keywords: Jurisdiction, International Court of Justice, Reform

 

Abstrak

Dapat dikatakan bahwa dalam menghadapi masalah terpenting di abad dua puluh satu, salah satu unsur utama dalam menciptakan dunia dengan hubungan baik antar negaranya adalah melalui terciptanya ranah peradilan yang sehat, menimbang sengketa antar negara yang merupakan sebuah keniscayaan. Selama lebih dari tujuh dekade, Mahkamah Internasional telah melayani dunia dan negara anggota dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terkhusus dalam hal penyediaan pelayanan peradilan terkait dengan fungsinya sebagai organ peradilan utama Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Bagaimanapun, dengan menganalisa perkembangan hukum internasional, walaupun Mahkamah Internasional telah berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan hubungan baik antar negara dengan cara menyediakan cara penyelesaian sengketa yang memadai, sistem yang ada sekarang ini—sebagian besar dirancang pada masa dengan tantangan dan prioritas global yang berbeda—tampaknya telah tidak efektif dalam menanggapi kebutuhan dunia zaman ini. Tulisan ini bertujuan menawarkan rekomendasi-rekomendasi perihal optimalisasi dari fungsi Mahkamah Internasional dengan cara reformasi yurisdiksi kasus kontensius yaitu diantaranya dengan menjadikan yurisdiksi Mahkamah sebagai wajib bagi setiap negara anggota, serta memperluas jangkauan yurisdiksi Mahkamah berdasarkan prinsip ratione materiae.

Kata Kunci: Mahkamah Internasional, Reformasi, Yurisdiksi
IMPACT OF PHILIPPINES’ WITHDRAWAL FROM INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ON CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY INVESTIGATION IN PHILIPPINES
Authors: Jasmine Yogaswara Aisyah
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the incumbent president of the Philippines who was inaugurated on June 30th 2016 and initiated the War on Drugs Operation to eradicate drug abuse in the Philippines one day after his inauguration. The operation gave authorization to the members of Philippines National Police to ‘neutralize’ or kill suspects of illegal drugs dealers and users. The operation also related to other crime such as rape, imprisonment, and torture. The crimes are committed as part of a widespread and systematic attack directed against the civilian population as therefore it can be qualified as crimes against humanity. Philippines’ status as a state party to Rome Statute gives ICC the chance to prosecute Philippines’ nationals if they committed crimes against humanity. However, after the ICC Prosecutor initiated preliminary examination on the related case, Philippines deposited its instrument of withdrawal from the Rome Statute. The purpose of this research is to find out the legal effect of Philippines withdrawal toward ICC’s process of preliminary examination, investigation, and trial, and whether ICC have any jurisdiction over crimes against humanity that is committed after Philippines’ withdrawal becomes effective.

Keywords: Crimes Against Humanity, International Criminal Court, Rome Statute

 Abstrak

Rodrigo Roa Duterte menjabat menjadi Presiden Filipina pada tanggal 30 Juni 2016 dan memulai operasi pemberantasan narkotika yang disebut War on Drugs Operation sehari setelahnya. Operasi tersebut memberikan izin bagi Polisi Nasional Filipina untuk melakukan penembakan di tempat atas tersangka pengguna dan pengedar narkotika. Selain itu, terdapat kejahatan lain terkait operasi tersebut di antaranya pemerkosaan, penyiksaan dan penahanan tanpa proses hukum. Kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut dilakukan secara meluas, sistematis dan ditujukan pada populasi sipil yang menjadikannya dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Status Filipina sebagai negara pihak dalam Statuta Roma menjadikan ICC memiliki kewenangan untuk mengadili warga negara Filipina yang melakukan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Namun, setelah Jaksa Penuntut ICC memulai pemeriksaan pendahuluan atas War on Drugs Operation, Filipina melakukan penarikan diri dari Statuta Roma. Tujuan dari penulisan tugas akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh penarikan diri Filipina dari Statuta Roma terhadap pemeriksaan pendahuluan yang sedang dilakukan dan apakah ICC memiliki yurisdiksi atas kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang masih terjadi di Filipina pasca penarikan dirinya berlaku efektif.

Kata kunci: Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional, Statuta Roma
ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA’S COUNTERINSURGENCY AGAINST BOKO HARAM: PROBLEMATISING THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
Authors: Babatunde Adegbite Olusola
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe major objective of this Article is to examine the extent to which the accountability mechanism under international law is sensitive, and responsive to the challenges of accessing domestic remedies by victims of human rights violations in Nigeria’s counterinsurgency against Boko Haram. It explores the extent to which the current framework has enabled and facilitated efforts of victims in this wise especially those of poor, weak and defenceless victims. In this article, we make a case that the inability of international law under the auspices of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to bring the perpetrators of heinous abuses in the counterinsurgency operations to book, is as a result of the deficiency in the complaint procedure, which is largely state-centred and a gap in the current framework. This article therefore proposes the view that remedies for victims in this conflict can be better realised, not just by viewing them as obligations that States are encouraged to fulfil within the confines of their sovereign status, but more importantly by crafting them within a framework of supranational legitimacy in which States can indeed be held accountable and compelled to meet their obligations.

Keywords: Accountability, Human Rights, Boko Haram, Counterinsurgency, Optional Protocol.

 

AbstrakTujuan utama dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji sejauh mana mekanisme pertanggungjawaban dalam hukum pidana internasional dapat mengakomodasi tantangan dalam mengakses sistem kompensasi domestik bagi korban pelanggaran HAM dalam konflik pemberontakan Boko Haram di Nigeria. Tulisan ini menyelidiki bagaimana kerangka kerja yang ada saat ini memberikan ruang dan memfasilitasi korban dalam aspek tersebut, terutama mereka yang miskin dan rentan. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa ketidakmampuan hukum internasional untuk membawa para pelaku kejahatan HAM berat dalam pemberontakan tersebut untuk bertanggung jawab atas kejahatan mereka terhadap korban adalah hasil dari kecacatan dalam prosedur pengaduan hukum pidana internasional, yang memang terfokus pada negara dan kurang mengakomodasi jenis-jenis konflik modern. Maka dari itu, tulisan ini mengusulkan perspektif dimana kompensasi kepada korban dari konflik pemberontakan ini dapat direalisasikan dengan lebih baik, dengan cara memasukkan pertanggungjawaban ini ke dalam legitimasi supranasional sehingga negara dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban dan diwajibkan untuk memenuhi kewajiban mereka. Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban, Hak Asasi Manusia, Boko Haram, Pemberontakan, Protokol Pilihan
A Correlation between Process Management and Procurement Efficiency in Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Laraib M. , Asim M. , Manzoor S.
Published: April 2021

Procurement has been evolved with this era of evolution. Now procurement has become an important part of supply chain, hence the performance and the quality of procurement is measured for the continuous improvement. Here process management and process design play very crucial role. The study aims to identify the relationship between process management and the procurement efficiency. The literature review would support the finding of this study by previous studies and researchers’ findings showing the linkage between these two variables. Several researchers in the literature have addressed the positive impact on procurement efficiency by integrating, and implementing the process management approach, and drew their findings in the favor of this approach. The study is based on the qualitative research, for which the data was taken from the secondary sources, as well as from the primary source, through unstructured interviews from the procurement professionals in different organization of manufacturing sectors. The study concludes the valid and value added results, which are showing the significant and positive relationship between process management approach and the procurement efficiency. In addition, this leads to suggestion of some more valuable implementations.
Biogas Production in Laboratory Scale from Different Organic Wastes Using Primary Sludge as Co-substrate
Authors: Prifti Holta , Floqi Tania
Published: April 2021

Biogas production technology not only constitutes a biofuel source, but also can be a mitigation measure for the various environmental pollutants. This technology, i.e., anaerobic digestion is a biological process that takes place naturally when microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. In an enclosed chamber, controlled anaerobic digestion of organic matter produces biogas which is predominantly methane. The produced methane then can be directly used; or after certain conditioning, can be used in onsite power generation, heating homes or as vehicular fuel. Besides, organic waste is increasingly becoming a major problem in every society imposing serious economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, many contemporary researches are emphasizing in finding sustainable solutions to recycle and produce energy from such waste. In this context, this paper aims to investigate the potential of cow and chicken manure, and olive waste for biogas production obtained through the anaerobic digestion process.

The substrates were placed in laboratory scale digesters without pretreatment. The retention time in the digesters was 30 days. The samples of the tested substrates were collected and analyzed for pH, total solids, ash, and the content of volatile solids (VS). Under mesophilic conditions, all combinations of cow and chicken manure, and olive waste with sludge by an anaerobic pond of a trickling filter treatment plant, as co-substrate, significantly improved biogas, and methane yields. The experimental results showed that chicken manure (CM) is the most suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD).

The next step of the study will consist in implementing a large scale of biogas production plants and we will estimate the national potential of green energy produced by this technology and map the areas that need digesters.
MEMBANGUN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DI ERA OTONOMI DAERAH (STUDI KRITIS PARTISIPASI ULAMA DALAM PENYUSUNAN PERATURAN DAERAH DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS)
Authors: Triana Nita
Published: April 2021

This study was aimed at explaining comprehensively the social participation, especially from religious leader or Ulama in composing District Rules (Perda) on Traditions. This is a nondoctrinal study with a qualitative method. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies with sociolegal approach. Data were analyzed using interactive cycles of Strauss and J Corbin. The result showed that: the participation of religious leaders (Ulama) in composing Perda was at the level of tokenism, meaning that it seemed they had a participation in the activity, but it was not a real participation. They were invited to at the dicussion on development planning and socialization of the Perda. The problem related to the application of this system of participation was that the government bureaucracy was still not transparent and participative. Culturally, there was a patron-client tradition, i.e. the government was the patron or designer that determined the pattern, while the society realized what had been patronized by the government. It is necessary to build a responsive and participative law of bureaucracy both from the government and ulama. It can be realized if there is a continuous communication between the government and ulama.
PEMBENTUKAN HABITUS BUDAYA AGAMA DI SMA ISLAM SWASTA KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Authors: Hanif Muh.
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses the process of forming a habit of religious culture in some islamic private high school in Banyumas Regency, namely: Al Irsyad Al Islamiyah, Muhammadiyah 1 of Purwokerto, and Ma’arif NU of Sokaraja. The planting of a habit of religious culture was practiced by each high school based on its mainstream of religious culture in each school. The planting of religious cultural habits in the schools were applied through: classroom learning process, the development of PAI curriculum, school autonomy, human resources development, outdoor activities. In forming the habits of religious culture in each school, there were some differences of subcultures in each school, and it could be analyzed using curriculum and habits theories, which include habits, field, social capital, and doxa.
O ENCCEJA e a Educação de Jovens e Adultos
Authors: Dos Santos Robson , Pereira Santos Priscila
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho analisou o Exame Nacional para Certificação de Competências de Jovens e Adultos (Encceja) tendo como fio condutor sua inserção no campo das políticas de educação de jovens e adultos, o perfil de seus participantes por etapa de certificação (fundamental ou médio) e os motivos que esses participantes listam para ter deixado de frequentar a escola. Trata-se de uma análise descritiva que utilizou dados do exame relativos aos anos de 2018 e 2019. A pesquisa ressalta o crescimento ocorrido no número de inscritos e destaca como o processo de avaliação precisa ser tomado por vários ângulos, de modo a compor um quadro mais acurado sobre os sentidos do exame como política educacional. Nessa direção, inclusive, são analisados outros aspectos, como o perfil etário dos participantes, fato compreendido, geralmente, como “juvenilização” da EJA. Conclui-se que esse aspecto deve ser tomado também à luz das políticas de correção de fluxo e de enfrentamento da distorção idade-série. Já a análise do abandono aponta a relevância de fatores como o trabalho, o tempo, os rendimentos e a família. A desagregação dos dados sobre abandono por gênero mostrou também variações importantes.
As escolas com localização diferenciada e o direito à educação
Authors: Barbosa Lima Márcio Alexandre , Dos Santos Robson , Ramos de Azevedo Alexandre
Published: April 2021

Com seus direitos à terra, à cultura e à educação reconhecidos na legislação vigente, as populações do campo e os povos tradicionais passaram a ser objeto de atenção diferenciada também de políticas e programas educacionais. Desde a Constituição Federal de 1988, que afirmou que a educação seria “direito de todos e dever do Estado e da família” e que o ensino deveria ser ministrado com “igualdade de condições para o acesso e permanência na escola” (Brasil, 1988), até o Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) – Lei nº 13.005/2014 –, que dedicou pelo menos 15 estratégias explicitamente voltadas para as crianças, as populações e as escolas do campo e de comunidades indígenas e quilombolas, vários dispositivos legais e/ou normativos visaram especificar a forma como o direito geral à educação deveria ser garantido para essas populações e povos, por meio de uma educação diferenciada desenvolvida em escolas localizadas nos próprios  territórios em que estes organizam a reprodução de suas vidas e de suas culturas. Este estudo faz uso das informações presentes no Censo da Educação Básica de 2007 a 2019 para apresentar um panorama que possibilita o conhecimento da realidade de estudantes, docentes e escolas localizadas em terras indígenas, áreas remanescentes de quilombos e assentamentos da reforma agrária – as chamadas escolas com localização diferenciada.
ICMS-educacional
Authors: Amorim Simões Armando , Amorim Araujo Erika , de Oliveira Adolfo Samuel , De Assis Alves Fabiana
Published: April 2021

O presente estudo analisa alternativas para a criação de incentivos fiscais à melhoria do desempenho escolar. Simula a criação do ICMS-educacional em todos os estados brasileiros a partir da construção do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Municipal para os Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (Idem), adotando como fonte de recursos uma parcela da cota-parte municipal do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços (ICMS) vinculada ao valor adicionado fiscal (VAF). Analisa também alternativas de criação do ICMS-educacional mediante o rearranjo de outros critérios tradicionais de distribuição do ICMS que não o VAF, em particular o critério de partes igualitárias existente em vários estados. Considera ainda a possibilidade de criação de “bônus educacional” vinculado a resultados com fonte em recursos da União e, por fim, discute a Emenda Constitucional nº 108 e seus mecanismos de transferência vinculados a resultados à luz dos achados do estudo.
A expansão recente do ensino superior
Authors: Souza Senkevics Adriano
Published: April 2021

O objetivo deste texto é caracterizar as transformações que marcaram a expansão recente do sistema de ensino superior brasileiro, baseando-se em dados quantitativos concentrados no período de 1991 a 2020 em diálogo com uma revisão da literatura. Elencamos cinco tendências principais: democratização do acesso, instituição de ações afirmativas, desequilíbrio público-privado, ampliação do ensino a distância e estratificação horizontal. Conclui-se que a expansão sem precedentes de vagas e matrículas no ensino superior, em conjunto com a diversificação institucional da oferta e políticas inclusivas, levou à heterogeneização do público discente e uma crescente estratificação horizontal. De um lado, aprofundou tendências já observadas em décadas anteriores, a exemplo do desbalanço entre os setores público e privado e da desigualdade interna do sistema em termos de prestígio e valorização de diplomas. De outro, inaugurou novos padrões, tais como a emergência do ensino a distância e uma participação inédita de segmentos menos privilegiados da sociedade brasileira, com impactos sobre o futuro do sistema.
A educação profissional no Japão
Authors: Bof Alvana Maria
Published: April 2021

O estudo investiga a configuração e o desenvolvimento da educação profissional e tecnológica (EPT), chamada educação vocacional/profissional no Japão, país que protagonizou transformações impressionantes na segunda metade do século 20, que resultaram em um rápido e excepcional desenvolvimento econômico e social. A investigação se inicia no período pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando o país começa sua reconstrução concentrando esforços na educação, e transcorre pelas mudanças ocorridas na EPT japonesa até o século 21. Partindo da apreciação da evolução da educação vocacional/profissional no período pós-guerra e sua inserção no processo de desenvolvimento social e econômico do país, apresenta a forma como a EPT foi progredindo na sociedade japonesa e como o país tem lidado, em suas políticas educacionais, com as rápidas transformações trazidas pela era da informação e globalização, característica do século 21. Ao final, fazem-se considerações sobre aspectos da educação profissional japonesa e sua evolução, buscando contribuir para o debate relacionado ao presente e ao futuro da EPT e para a consolidação de um corpo de conhecimentos que possa oferecer informações relevantes à formulação e à execuçãode políticas e ações destinadas ao fortalecimento da EPT no Brasil.
«La caída de Ícaro», de Olvido García Valdés. (Re)lectura de un mito
Authors: García-González Ariana
Published: April 2021

Este artículo propone una lectura del poema “La caída de Ícaro”, de Olvido García Valdés, con atención a los rasgos que mejor definen su carácter fundacional para la poética de la autora. El poema presenta un diálogo inusual con el mito y, en concreto, con La chute d’Icare, pintura anónima que por tradición ha sido atribuida a Pieter Bruegel el Viejo. En realidad, el punto de unión entre texto y pintura se encuentra, más allá de la écfrasis, en la perspectiva aplicada al mito. Para García Valdés, Ícaro verifica la caduca condición humana y, desde ese reconocimiento, se tantea una actitud vital que conjuga la desdicha con la presencia imperturbable del hermoso mundo circundante.
Pengaruh Lingkungan Wirausahawan dan Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Keberhasilan Usaha (Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Administrasi Bisnis Angkatan 2016-2018)
Authors: Ramadhani Aulia Rehna
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurship education on business success in students of the 2016-2018 FISIP UNMUL Business Administration. This type of research is quantitative research. This research method uses multiple linear regression analysis. Testing was carried out with the help of IBM SPSS version 22 software. The sample used in this study amounted to 38 respondents. The results of the F test (simultaneous) indicate that the entrepreneurial environment variables and entrepreneurship education have a significant effect on business success. The result of the t test (partial) shows that the entrepreneur's environment has a significant effect on the success of the business, while entrepreneurship education has no significant effect on the success of the business. The entrepreneurial environment is the variable that has the most dominant influence on the success of the business of the 2016-2018 FISIP UNMUL Business Administration students.Keywords: Entrepreneurial Environment, Entrepreneurship Education, Business Success