bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green and Sustainable Industrial Internet of Things Systems Leveraging Wake-Up Radio to Enable On-Demand IoT Communication
Authors: Rup Clément , Bajic Eddy
Published: January 2024

The industrial Internet of things (IIoT) is a major lever in Industry 4.0 development, where reducing the carbon footprint and energy consumption has become crucial for modern companies. Today’s IIoT device infrastructure wastes large amounts of energy on wireless communication, limiting device lifetime and increasing power consumption and battery requirements. Communication capabilities seriously affect the responsiveness and availability of autonomous IoT devices when collecting data and retrieving commands to/from higher-level applications. Thus, the objective of optimizing communication remains paramount; in addition to typical optimization methods, such as algorithms and protocols, a new concept is emerging, known as wake-up radio (WuR). WuR provides novel on-demand radio communication schemes that can increase device efficiency. By expanding the lifespan of IoT devices while maintaining high reactivity and communication performance, the WuR approach paves the way for a “place-and-forget” IoT device deployment methodology that combines a small carbon footprint with an extended lifetime and highly responsive functionality. WuR technology, when applied to IoT devices, facilitates green IIoT, thereby enabling the emergence of a novel on-demand IoT (OD-IoT) concept. This article presents an analysis of the state-of-the-art WuR technology within the green IoT paradigm and details the OD-IoT concept. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of WuR applications and their impact on the IIoT, including relevant industry use cases. Finally, we describe our experimental performance evaluation of a WuR-enabled device that is commercially available off the shelf. Specifically, we focused on the communication range and energy consumption, successfully demonstrating the applicability of WuR and the strong potential that it has and the benefits that it offers for sustainable IIoT systems.
Induction of Time-Dependent Tolerance through Thermopriming in Tomatoes
Authors: Körner Tobias , Zinkernagel Jana , Röhlen-Schmittgen Simone
Published: January 2024

The risk of potential yield losses due to heat waves and other challenging weather phenomena is globally increasing. So far, plant producers have only had limited possibilities to adapt their cultivation methods. Plants exposed to (any form of) stress naturally adapt to environmental changes by synthesizing and accumulating protective metabolites to become more tolerant to subsequent stress events. Priming, or thermopriming if induced by heat, relies on this concept to increase plant tolerance. However, it is still unclear how to apply heat stress under consideration of plant physiological costs and benefits in regard to the further development and growth of plants. In this study, 90 min thermopriming (at 40 °C) for seven consecutive days induced an accumulation of flavonols in leaves that were directly affected by the treatment and thus identified as suitable for inducing thermotolerance in tomato var. Adeleza seedlings. The initial costs on plant growth and development were compensated a few weeks after thermopriming and even benefited the plants later. Thereby, thermopriming may enable global plant production to cope with unpredictable and more frequently occurring environmental stress by a sustainable hardening method of seedlings that can be incorporated in the plant production cycle.
A Hybrid MRA-BN-NN Approach for Analyzing Airport Service Based on User-Generated Contents
Authors: Pholsook Thitinan , Wipulanusat Warit , Ratanavaraha Vatanavongs
Published: January 2024

As the world transitions from the COVID-19 pandemic to a new normal, the Airports Council International (ACI) has disclosed that the Asia-Pacific region is lagging other regions in terms of air traffic recovery. This research comprehensively examines passenger satisfaction at leading airports in Southeast Asia. A multimethod approach incorporating multiple regression analysis, Bayesian networks, and neural network analysis was utilized to scrutinize user-generated content from Skytrax. The study contemplates eight distinct attributes of airport customer ratings: queuing time, cleanliness, seating areas, signage, food services, retail options, Wi-Fi availability, and staff courtesy. The findings reveal that queuing time and staff courtesy are the most important factors influencing the overall airport service rating. These results provide empirical evidence supporting the enhancement of airport services in the region and contribute significantly to the theoretical understanding and managerial implications for airport management and authorities. This research thus offers a valuable resource for improving service quality and operational efficiency in the airport industry, which could lead to a recovery and increase in the number of air passengers in this region.
Integrating BIM-LCA to Enhance Sustainability Assessments of Constructions
Authors: Lima Mayara S. Siverio , Duarte Susana , Exenberger Hans , Fröch Georg , Flora Matthias
Published: January 2024

The need for sustainable practices in the construction sector has never been more pressing, as the sector seeks to mitigate its carbon footprint, water consumption, and waste generation. The integration of building information modeling (BIM) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) emerges as a promising solution for rapidly and accurately evaluating the environmental impact of construction. This integration has the potential to empower stakeholders to make informed decisions, paving the way for a more environmentally conscious future in the construction sector. However, there are still challenges to overcome before this is a standard procedure. Data interoperability and standardized classifications necessitate ongoing research. To understand the potential of BIM–LCA integration in minimizing carbon emissions in constructions, this study focuses on a hypothetical renovation project, unraveling the mechanics of BIM–LCA integration and exploring its challenges and opportunities. While the existing literature acknowledges the potential benefits of BIM–LCA integration, few research efforts delve into the specific issues that practitioners may face. Our approach seeks to fill this gap by presenting a holistic view of the integration process, highlighting the practical steps and addressing the intricacies involved. The results show that the most relevant information when performing a BIM–LCA integration using Revit® (v 2022) and OneClick LCA (OCL) is the name-property given to the materials within Revit®. Despite the advances made by this semi-automated approach, interoperability and data accessibility challenges remain. The results show that automated material identification relies on Revit® classifications and necessitates careful modeling practices to prevent impact-calculation redundancy.
Vascular Underpinnings of Cerebral Lateralisation in the Neonate
Authors: Jansen van Vuuren Anica , Saling Michael , Rogerson Sheryle , Anderson Peter , Cheong Jeanie , Solms Mark
Published: January 2024

Traditionally, adult and neonatal cerebral perfusion have been presumed to be symmetrical. Contrary to this, our adult work shows that supra-aortic cerebral supply is systematically biased towards the left, in terms of both vessel geometry and blood flow volumes. Although this asymmetry is meaningfully related to hand preference, the developmental origins of this association remain unknown. Our detailed investigations of the cerebral vasculature confirm analogous asymmetries in term neonates. Specifically, we demonstrate that the structure and flow of neonatal middle cerebral vessels are consistently asymmetric and predominantly left-dominant. Building on our work from the same cohort, we now report further analyses of these new-found asymmetries. Namely, exploring for the first time, the relationship between arterial lateral biases and the neonatal head-turning response—a reliable early behavioural precursor of handedness that shows a systematic rightward bias in the population. Here, we demonstrate a contralateral relationship between vessel morphology and primitive expressions of lateralisation that predate the establishment of definitive handedness in the course of postnatal development. This relationship mimics patterns observed in adults and suggests that lateralising trends in angiogenesis may ultimately influence the emergence of human lateral preferences.
Changing-Look Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies, their Detection with SVOM, and the Case of NGC 1566
Authors: Xu D. W. , Komossa S. , Grupe D. , Wang J. , Xin L. P. , Han X. H. , Wei J. Y. , Bai J. Y. , Bon E. , Cangemi F. , Cordier B. , Dennefeld M. , Gallo L. C. , Kollatschny W. , Kong De-Feng , Ochmann M. W. , Qiu Y. L. , Schartel N.
Published: January 2024

We discuss applications of the study of the new and barely explored class of changing-look (CL) narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies and comment on their detection with the space mission SVOM (Space Variable Objects Monitor). We highlight the case of NGC 1566, which is outstanding in many respects, for instance as one of the nearest known CL AGN undergoing exceptional outbursts. Its NLS1 nature is discussed, and we take it as a nearby prototype for systems that could be discovered and studied in the near future, including with SVOM. Finally, we briefly examine the broader implications and applications of CL events in NLS1 galaxies and show that such systems, once discovered in larger numbers, will greatly advance our understanding of the physics of the environment of rapidly growing supermassive black holes. This White Paper is part of a sequence of publications which explore aspects of our understanding of (CL) NLS1 galaxy physics with future missions.
Modulation of Immune Response and Cecal Microbiota by Dietary Fenugreek Seeds in Broilers
Authors: Paneru Deependra , Tellez-Isaias Guillermo , Bottje Walter G. , Asiamah Emmanuel , Abdel-Wareth Ahmed A. A. , Salahuddin Md , Lohakare Jayant
Published: January 2024

Fenugreek seeds (FSs) are a natural source of bioactive compounds that may modulate the immune system and gut microbiota in broilers. This study examined the effects of dietary fenugreek seed powder on immune-related gene expression and cecal microbiota composition in broilers. A total of 144 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three dietary groups, CON (0 g/kg FS, FS5 (5 g/kg FS) and FS10 (10 g/kg FS), each with 6 replicates of 8 birds. Ileum tissues and cecal contents were collected on day 42 for the mRNA expression of inflammation and antimicrobial defense-related genes and cecal microbiome diversity, respectively. The results indicated that fenugreek seeds downregulated mRNA-level inflammation and antimicrobial defense-related genes: IL6, IL8L2, CASP6, PTGS2, IRF7, AvBD9, AvBD10, and AvBD11. Moreover, fenugreek seeds altered the cecal microbial community by increasing the population of Firmicutes and decreasing the population of Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota and Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level and increasing Alistipes, Bacteriodes and Prevotellaceae at the genera level. These findings suggest that fenugreek seeds have a positive impact on the immunological profile and microbiome of broiler chickens, possibly through the interplay of the immune system and the gut microbiome.
Natural Organic Matter Character in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: A Review of Impacts on Water Quality and Characterization Techniques
Authors: Riyadh Ammar , Peleato Nicolas M.
Published: January 2024

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in water arises from decomposed plant and animal matter and is ubiquitous in drinking water sources. The variation in NOM concentrations and characteristics, influenced by events like floods and droughts, plays a crucial role in water treatment efficiency and water quality received by the public. For example, increased NOM concentrations necessitate higher levels of coagulants and disinfectants, leads to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), and plays a key role in biofilm development. When considering impacts of NOM, it is not only the presence or concentration but the makeup or proportion of varying sub-groups which can impact water quality. Formation of DBPs, corrosion and scaling, pollutant transport, aesthetic deterioration, and biofilm growth are dependent on the relative composition of NOM within the distribution system. Although the role of NOM concentration and characteristics is well studied during treatment, the impacts of residual NOM in water distribution systems have received less attention. In particular, it is clear, due to the varying roles of NOM sub-groups, that greater consideration of NOM characteristics in distribution systems is needed. This paper reviews the broad implications of NOM characteristics for water distribution systems and explores challenges and opportunities in NOM characterization within distribution systems. Furthermore, the influence of NOM characteristics in premise plumbing is examined. The review highlights the necessity for precise NOM characterization and real-time monitoring, aiming to strengthen water distribution system resilience.
Using GIS Techniques to Determine Appropriate Locations for Constructing Concrete Water Canals in the Baranti Plain of Erbil Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Hamad Twana Abdulrahman , Çullu Mehmet Ali , Bilgili Ali Volkan , Akça Erhan , Ahmed Soran O.
Published: January 2024

Water, being the basic resource for life on earth, is of great importance in arid and semi-arid regions, which face the direct impacts of climate change. This study aims to solve water scarcity for Baranti Plain farmers by constructing concrete canals using modern technology. The Baranti Plain is located approximately 25 km north of Erbil in Iraq and spans an area of 445 km2. The Great Zap River flows through its northern region, with an average discharge of about 400 m3 per second. In response to the challenges faced in this area, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources collaborated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to gather essential data. This extensive dataset, covering the period from 2000 to 2021, particularly focuses on ground-level monitoring in September. Notably, the region experienced a significant decline in groundwater levels, totaling 23 m on average. Additionally, there was a 7.8% increase of urban expansion, and the number of wells increased from 257 in 2006 to 600 in 2021. To counter the diminishing groundwater levels and facilitate agricultural irrigation, a proposal was introduced to harness the waters of the Great Zap River. This plan involves channeling the river waters to the plain through a network of concrete canals known as the Baranati Project Plain. For precise planning, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 12.5 m resolution was procured to analyze the area using GIS. This investigation revealed a height difference of 130 m between the Great Zap River and the Baranti Plain. Subsequently, the area was segmented into four zones based on its suitability for the project: highest, medium, low, and unsuitable. Notably, the combined areas of high, medium, and low suitability encompass 68% of the entire study region. The project’s next phase used a flow calculator to determine the channel’s shape, area, slope, and water requirements. The final phase involved analyzing annual rainfall data from three meteorological stations (Bastora, Ankawa, and Khabat), showing an average annual rainfall of 396 mm. The project has the capacity to irrigate more than 30,000 hectares of land, benefiting more than 1200 farmers. It is expected to stop the use of over 600 wells for irrigation and potentially raise groundwater levels by about 2.5 m annually. Our work revealed that addressing groundwater depletion requires implementing canals, rainwater harvesting, farmer education, modern irrigation, drilling restrictions, and supporting water.
Processamento auditivo central em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Soares Teixeira de Assis Zandonaity , De Braga Júnior Joel , Canina Pinheiro Maria Madalena , Espindola Ribeiro Georgea , Polo Camargo da Silva Daniela
Published: January 2024

Introdução. O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) está associado a déficits cognitivos, podendo ser compartilhados com outras condições, como no Transtorno do Processamento Auditivo Central (TPAC). Objetivo. Analisar os achados da avaliação do processamento auditivo central (PAC) em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Método. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática. A pergunta norteadora foi elaborada com base na estratégia PECOS: “Há alterações nos testes comportamentais do PAC em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH?”. Foram identificados estudos indexados nas bases de dados: Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, LIVIVO, Proquest e Google Scholar. Foram selecionados estudos observacionais, de qualquer idioma, sem restrições de data de publicação. Resultados. A estratégia de busca recuperou 1233 artigos, após a remoção dos duplicados (522), foi feita a leitura de 711 títulos e resumos, e selecionados 38 para leitura na íntegra, dos quais 13 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. A habilidade de ordenação e resolução temporal foi a mais comprometida, e o uso de medicação favoreceu o desempenho nos testes do PAC. Conclusão. Os resultados apresentados por esta pesquisa evidenciam que há alteração nos testes comportamentais do PAC em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. A habilidade auditiva frequentemente alterada nesses indivíduos foi o processamento temporal, tanto resolução quanto ordenação temporal, e a maioria dos estudos mostrou baixo ou moderado risco de viés.
L’utilisation par l’administration des associations de la loi de 1901
Authors: Négrin Jean-Paul
Published: January 2024

The administration’ s use of associations formed under the law of 1901

Paradoxically, the Association as defined in the 1901 Law, which was designed to limit encroachment by the State in the economic area by making it possible to exclude it from all those activities which private individuals undertake themselves, is nowadays increasingly used by this same State as a means for extending its influence.

As a result, associations set up by private individuals have been increasingly associated with government activity, becoming as it were the privileged partners of public authorities and financed by public money.

Moreover, such associations are no longer formed solely by private individuals, but also by public corporations and government officials.

The Administration's use of the 1901 Law, which has been severely criticised, has nonetheless enabled it to achieve certain objectives more easily than would have been possible using other means.

Nonetheless, it is undeniably true that the sometimes indiscriminate use of this System can cause problems. The Administration justifies its use of such associations in two ways : firstly, because administrative action can be much more effectively undertaken through such organisations ; secondly, because it makes co-operation with other public or private partners more easy.

As far as the activities of such associations are concerned, these fall mainly under the heading of social and cultural development.

However, the use made of the Association by public bodies raises two kinds of problem.

The first of these is to decide whether such use of the Association is lawful or not.

The second concerns the control of the operations of such associations once they have been set up or made use of.

In both of these respects, it would appear that the time has come to examine the question of regulating the conditions governing the use of the 1901 Law by public bodies — which in some cases would render this unnecessary but which, in any event, would afford better protection of the interests of the public as a whole.
L’utilisation par l’administration des associations de la loi de 1901. Rapport complémentaire
Authors: Bonifait Charles
Published: January 2024

The administration’s use of associations formed under the law of 1901. Supplementary report

The Administration's use of associations set up under the terms of the 1901 Law constitutes a new departure in more than one respect.

Not only with regard to the objectives sought, i.e. flexibility, concerted action, reduction of cost, but also with regard to the increasing number of means employed since the association is often governed by a contract, a standard charter or an agreement.

When the Administration finds itself confronted by certain situations and obliged to deal with specific needs, it has a whole series of methods at its disposal, of which the association is one. The choice of the most appropriate legal form for its administrative purpose is, in fact, dictated mainly by pragmatic considerations. What therefore needs to be done is to de fine the various categories of association and apply a suitable set of regulations to each.
L’application de la loi d’orientation et le secrétariat d’État aux universités
Authors: Nguyen Duy-Tan Joëlle
Published: January 2024

La aplicacion de la ley de orientacion y el secretariado de estado en las universidades

A los cuatro años del establecimiento de las primeras instituciones universitarias (la Universidad de Grenoble II — decreto de 27-3-1970, en aplicación de la ley de orientación de la Enseñanza Superior del 14 de noviembre de 1968, se creó el Secretariado de Estado en las Universidades. Esta estructura gubernamental y administrativa, distinta al Ministerio de Educación, fue concebida para tratar los problemas de la enseñanza superior. Dos años después de su creación, es posible responder a tres preguntas : ¿Cuál es la estructura que ha sido ofrecida por el Secretariado ? ¿Cuáles son las relaciones que han sido establecidas con las universidades ? ¿Cuál ha sido su papel, en tanto que instrumento de aplicación de la ley de orientación ? El estudio de la organización gubernamental y administrativa del Secretariado, muestra que, desde su creación, la búsqueda de una estructura en su forma más eficaz, que permita establecer nuevas relaciones con los representantes de universidades y de establecimientos de enseñanza superior, ha sido el objetivo que se ha pretendido alcanzar tanto por parte del Secretario de Estado, como por la de su predecesor. A pesar de que las relaciones entre las universidades y el Secretariado de Estado estuvieron en un momento dado algo trastornadas, en 1976, las consultaciones entre el Secretariado y las universidades, llevadas a cabo mediante la intervención de los organismos consultatives particularmente, la Conferencia de Presidentes de Universidades, han permitido resolver cierto número de diferencias. El análisis de la aplicación de las disposiciones de la ley de orientación tanto por el Secretariado de Estado, como por los órganos jurisdiccionales encargados del control, aparece frecuentemente como un límite a la autonomía de las universidades, principio esencial reconocido por esta ley. Esta limitación no se puede explicar sino que por la ambigüedad y la contradicción de los objetivos contenidos dentro de la misma ley de orientación : la voluntad de poner en obra una enseñanza de las masas, que necesita controlarse, y una planificación de los costos y necesidades de una parte ; y la voluntad de otorgar una más grande responsabilidad y una autonomía de incrementación de las estructuras de otra parte. Si el Secretariado aparece como la realización de una estructura cuya finalidad sería de resolver estas contradicciones, los problemas que se plantean a las universidades se analizan, no solamente en términos de autonomía más o menos grande, sino más bien con respecto a la evolución de las instituciones y de los sistemas, cuyas estructuras fueron creadas originalmente para una enseñanza destinada a una élite y que deben actualmente adaptarse a la enseñanza de las masas.
La crise bureaucratique
Authors: Crozier Michel
Published: January 2024

The bureaucratical crisis

We are living in a growingly uncertain context. The quick change imposed on societies has entailed an imbalance of traditional arrangements and has rendered, to say the least, inoperative the established rules for resolving conflicts. Our democratic industrial societies are experiencing a bureaucratical crisis. To overcome this, the author, after discussing its various aspects, proposes a strategy of change. According to him, the problem is not so much passiveness and inertia in our present societies than the lack of an organizing principle of these reactions. The problem is not so much a lack of resources than a lack of leverage and the impossibility, resulting there from, of branching these resources to the regulatory Systems. Yet in order to overcome this difficulty, trust ought to be put onto Man, the only true innovator ; there is no point in attempting to regulate for him everything down to the minutest detail.
L’administration de la recherche en Allemagne fédérale
Authors: Chevillot Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Research administration in the federal republic of germany.

The author presents the administrative approach to research management in the F.R.G. on an institutional basis. Three typical situations are discussed where public financing is involved : establishments which enjoy an administrative autonomy and the example of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaift ; intervention of public authorities through the federal ministry of Research and Technology ; indirect administrative action both on the federal and regional level. Each case is illustrated by a description of the organizational structures, the machinery for the preparation and taking of decisions, and the implementing procedures.
Répartition des pouvoirs et formes comparées d’administration locale aux États-Unis
Authors: Becquart-Leclercq Jeanne
Published: January 2024

Distribución de poder y formas comparadas de administración local en los estados unidos.

Una comparación del gobierno local necesita ir más allá de los fenómenos superficiales de designación y explicación verbal para tratar de captar lo esencial de los mecanismos socio-políticos. El autor examina las cuestiones relativas a la estructura institucional de las comunas americanas para relativizar la famosa tradición de autonomía y de ‘self-govemment’ : en teoría, las comunes gocen de la norma de ‘home rule’ pero en realidad son «criaduras de los Estados americanos». Ademas, ciertos Estados arriesgan la anexión y tienen que defenderse contra el imperialismo de las conurbes vicinas beneficiarías de los privilegios resultando de las leyes sobre la anexión. El análisis de la tipología de las formas de gobierno local explica la complexidad y la variedad del sistema local americano e indica cómo cada tipo forma una estructura más o menos comparable a lo que se encuentre en la comuna francesa, sobre todo el papel desempeñado por el elegido local, llamado a veces ‘mayor’, elegido por toda la comuna y a veces por cooptación del consejo.

Una encuesta efectuada dentro de una selección de comunas del Estado del Wisconsin indica cierta menoración del papel político en favor de la burocracia comunal y de los grupos de presión.
Administration et droit administratif hellénique
Authors: Spiliotopoulos Epaminondas
Published: January 2024

Greek administration and administrative law.

The development of public Administration is marked by an increasing deconcentration, a growing local level decentralization, an adoption of private law raies and accountancy by public bodies for their industrial and trading ventures. Greek administrative law, under the influence of the rulings of the French State Council, is based on the principles of legality, the saveguard of the general interest and of that of Administration. The staff of Administration, of local govemments, and public administrative institutions is mostly made up of civil servants whose status is established by the law and regulations and guarantied by the very Constitution. Judicial control of public administration is assumed by the State Council, the ordinary and special administrative courts, civil law courts, and the Court of Accounts (Auditor General).
Science administrative, management public et analyse des politiques publiques
Authors: Nioche Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Ciencia administrativa y gestión pública el análisis de las políticas públicas.

Se propone delinear una interpretación de la evolución de los principales tipos de análisis de la administración y de sus mútuas relaciones. Empieza el autor por una definición de la naturaleza de la revolución organizacional cuyo componente mayor es la gestión pública frente a la tradición institucional de la ciencia administrativa. El estudio de los limites de esa revolución conduce a ver en qué medida un análisis de las políticas públicas no pudiera constituir, al lado de las dos proceduras anteriores, un tercer medio de analisis del fenómeno administrativo y de acción sobre él.
Rationalité juridique et rationalité managériale dans l’Administration française
Authors: Chevallier Jacques , Lochak Danièle
Published: January 2024

Racionalidad jurídica y racionalidad gestionaria, en la función pública francesa.

Si se escucha a los discursos de los altos funcionarios franceses, constaría que la administración nacional adoptó una vez para todas la gestión integrando por lo tanto la lógica gestionaría. Sin embargo, aúnque tal discurso indique efectivamente un cambio sensible del mundo representativo y de los valores por lo menos en lo alto de la jerarquía administrativa, queda que el modelo administrativo tradicional sigue en vigor. El hecho es que la administración francesa está cogida entre dos racionalidades contradictorias, jurídica por un lado y gestionaría por otro que se oponen (véase en la primera parte el conflicto de racionalidades), mas también se combinan en la realidad operativa (véase en la segunda parte la interrelación de las racionalidades).
Les instruments de régulation publique dans le secteur de la santé
Authors: Pouvourville Gérard de
Published: January 2024

The instruments of national health policy (Equipment allocation plan and conventional tariffs).

The State acts on national health by regulating the health care System. Its regulations and procedures are based on a theoretical model of reality.

Analyzing two instruments of policy, conventional tariffs for medical services and the medical equipment allocation plan, reveals that the authorities have very limited capacity to deal with the two-tier complexity of health care, i.e. it is difficult to establish a relationship between means and results, and French care is marked by institutional pluralism.
L’assurance maladie et le système de santé
Authors: Catrice-Lorey Antoinette
Published: January 2024

Health care and health insurance.

The author shows how health care austerity policy and the social security crisis have given rise to an added mission for national health insurance (NHI) bodies which, since 1980, have had to evaluate the functioning of the health care System and contribute to improving its efficiency in addition to their current tasks. She describes the history of NHI duties and recent developments in various health care sectors, including private practise and hospital care, public and private. The missions of ail bodies are given. The new powers vested in Social Security are part of long-term government policy ; government instruments of self-regulation are analyzed ; the specific role of Social Security is described in detail, i.e. how it maintains ongoing dialogue towards negotiated change with health care professionals, over and above authoritarian regulations and economic restrictions. In fact, the State relies on NHI to adjust societal regulations so as to try to build a consensus for its policy. The proper execution of this new function assumes a re-distribution of roles among individuals and bodies active in NHI. This would modify the configuration of an already complex power structure. The article also describes the problems arising within NHI from the growing importance of Consulting physicians.
La coopération militaire de la France en Afrique
Authors: Mertillo Marc
Published: January 2024

Military Assistance Programs.

Africa has assumed geostrategic importance, making military assistance a key element of French foreign policy. Aid is covered by accords de défense with the Ministry of Defense and/or conventions d’assistance militaire technique with the Military Cooperation Mission (MCM). The extent of the latter has doubled in the past 15 years. Aid takes three forms : (a) materiel, (b) military advisors, and (c), officer & NCO training. The MCM budget has not changed since 1978 ; furthermore, there is a chronic gap between the allocated budget and actual outlays, which complicates MCM capability to respond to individual African aid requests.
Le droit français de l’environnement. Progrès et carences
Authors: Morand-Deviller Jacqueline
Published: January 2024

French Environmental Law : Achievements and Shortcomings.

French environmental law is improving but progress is much too slow. What is needed is a set of broad guiding principles that can be used as benchmarks by judges and lawmakers. A permanent ministry with proper funding has yet to be set up, as if the authorities do not realize the gravity of the situation. Fragmented and dispersed, the regulations ail too often prevent a comprehensive approach from being adopted and dilute responsibility. Although the law provides for severe penalties, its application is marred by laxity, underlining the need for reform. The setting up of an independent administrative body such as the Environment Board would be a step in the right direction.
France. Bilan et perspectives du renouveau du service public
Authors: Pêcheur Bernard
Published: January 2024

France.

Results and prospects of the modernization of the Civil Service

The Government guidelines of February 1989 (circulaire Rocard) laid the foundation for the “modernization” of the Civil Service ; it is now possible to examine what has been accomplished so far : starting up service projects, general agreement on further training, revamping of the salary scale, setting up a System for assessing staff performance etc. New developments have recently been undertaken in matters concerning the delegation of central authority to local State officiais, budgetary and accounting procedures and the policy for managers, as well as in the field of Civil Service staff management.
Irlande. Maîtrise des coûts, efficacité et politique des cadres
Authors: O'Nuallain Colm
Published: January 2024

Ireland.

Cost Control, Efficiency and Management Development at Senior Levels

For the past few years drastic measures have been taken to reduce public expenditures and the size of Public Services. At the same time a study was undertaken that aimed at improving Civil Service management. A number of significant developments have occured over the past few years in order to improve management efficiency and to promote interdepartmental mobility at the senior levels. The use of financial incentives according to job performance and further-training policies for senior managers tend towards greater flexibility in human resources management and a change in culture within the Civil Service.
Pays-Bas. Emploi et mérite dans la fonction publique néerlandaise
Authors: Ziller Jacques
Published: January 2024

The Netherlands.

Job Classification and Merit in the Civil Service

The Netherlands is the only EEC country where Civil Service is based on job classification. The Dutch System proves that the legal statute and the career System are not necessarily linked and that the non-career type System of employment is not incompatible with a career within the Civil Service. The resulting flexibility does not however go far enough towards solving all personnel management problems (e.g., instability among those in the top positions). However, such flexibility makes it easier to adapt to new developments such as eligibility of foreigners, and the use of certain management techniques common to the private sector (attempts to set up pay scales based on merit).
La protection du consommateur aux États-Unis : naissance et déclin de l’approche réglementaire
Authors: Bryner Gary C.
Published: January 2024

The Rise and Retreat of Consumer Regulation in the United States.

The development of consumer regulation in the United States in the 1970s was due to the economic context and the rise of «policy entrepreneurs» in Congress, able to draw public attention and transform it into legislative action. Organized consumer groups also played a significant role. By the late 1970s the Reagan administration relayed by Congress sought to restrain regulation, critized as being too aggressive by business, while the competitive position of the US economy was declining. At present, the lull in consumer protection has, to some extent, been filled by the States and the courts. But the fear of having to meet 50 different requirements has generated a new-found industry support for national legislation that would preempt State regulations.
Décideur privé ou décideur public, même combat ou les réflexions d’un caméléon
Authors: Cohen Jean-Claude
Published: January 2024

Private or Public Decision-maker : The Same Struggle or the Reflections of a Chameleon.

There are striking similarities between public and private decision-makers : solitude, intrusion of the professional into private life, the entry of such concepts as management, strategy, compétition, marketing, and communication into praxis, or at least into discourse, as well as new technologies to be assimilated. Beyond statute, salary and career related differences, public decision-makers can be differentiated from private decision-makers by their lack of stability and difflculty in evaluating their actions. These differences can be avoided, however, and mobility between the two sectors should be increased.
La transformation de l’administration de la RDA : de l’État socialiste unitaire à la démocratie fédérale et municipale
Authors: Hauschild Christoph
Published: January 2024

Transformation of the East German Administration : From a Unitary Socialist State Towards Federal and Municipal Democracy

The transformation of the administration of ‘actually existing socialism’ in the DDR into a classic European-type administration is a complex process. The Union Treaty of August 1990 sets in a very pragmatic manner the principles governing the harmonization of the judicial systems, the introduction of a career public service, and the reorganization of administrative services. However, the establishment of efficient administrations at the level of the five new Länder, as well as in the administrative districts and municipalities has been hampered by the particularly severe financial crisis.
De l’économie de rente à l’économie de production : quelle stratégie pour l’État ?
Authors: Sévérino Jean-Michel
Published: January 2024

From Revenue-Based Economy to Production-Based Economy. A Strategy for State ? The difficulties faced by private investment in Africa are compounded by the fact that, since the colonial period, the economy has been basically a revenue distribution economy. It must be completely overhauled and an economy based on production of manufactured goods or the processing of basic agricultural products must be created. To move towards this market economy, Africa must pass through a number of difficult stages.
Intérêts nationaux et intérêt communautaire dans les décisions de la Commission et du Conseil
Authors: Dewost Jean-Louis
Published: January 2024

National and Community Interests in Commission and Council Decisions

Contrary to the impression that the myth of a ‘Eurocracy’ impervious to national interests brings to mind, the search for a balance between national and European interests is at the very heart of EC decision making practices. Institutional structures and the EC decision making process are based on dialogue. Practice, based on the Treaties, as interpreted by the Court of Justice in Luxemburg, calls largely for gradualism and proportionality. It seems that the existence of a real EC ‘arbitration fonction’ between national and sectoral interests can also be evoked.
Après 1992 : la Commission pourra-t-elle gérer l’Europe ?
Authors: Metcalfe Les
Published: January 2024

After 1992 : Can the Commission Manage Europe ?

Optimism and enthusiasm, which breathed new life into the EC in the second half of the 1980s, related primarily to an inventive phase of policy making. The challenge of the nineties is to match this with an equally vigorous innovative process to ensure that policies are implemented. In this context, the Commission can contribute to increase the efficiency of European public management through networking.
Peut-il y avoir un équilibre fédéral stable en Europe ?
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: January 2024

Is a Stable Federal Balance Possible in Europe ?

The effects of economic integration and of German unification seem to have engendered problems, which can be solved only by a much greater degree of political integration and centralization than is compatible with national and cultural diversity and need for autonomy of EC member States. Common decision making procedures which function reasonably well under German federalism could not resolve this dilemma, nor can the institutionalization of the ‘subsidiarity’ principle of the Maastricht Treaty. Hence, a dual constitutional order, clearly balancing the legitimate interests of the Community and the fondamental responsibilities of the member States, is necessary.
Le système administratif italien ou l’art de l’arrangement
Authors: Cassese Sabino
Published: January 2024

The Italian Administrative System, or the Art of Accommodation As an antithesis to the weberian model of administration, the Italian model is not based upon legal and rational bases, but on a system of contracts and conventions. Because of the system’s rigidity, the State has added a peripheral sector — called para-statal sector — which is a mixture of organizations of public and private law. The natural tendency to compartmentalization is reinforced by the absence of a core group of higher civil servants. The Constitution gives no clear position to administration. In order to live with such an administrative system, society has only one possibility, that of using a very ancient Italian art : the art of accommodation
Les services de la Diète polonaise — La reconstruction de la démocratie
Authors: Roques Xavier , Dannaud Paul
Published: January 2024

Administrative Services of the Polish Lower House Reconstructing Democracy.

One of the specificities of polish constitutional law is that both Houses — the Lower House and the Senate — are distinct and are not two fractions of one Parliament. The Lower House’s services have a staff of 1155 officials. The ‘soft revolution’ of 1989 and the restauration of the Lower House’s powers — which were only formal until then — have been accompanied by and important turn-over of higher officials. A modern and open administration has thus been set up.
Existe-t-il un système européen de fonction publique ?
Authors: Braibant Guy
Published: January 2024

Is There A European Civil Service System ?

Looking in detail at the national patterns of civil service does not make a common european system appear. Yet it is possible to find common features, which stand out in a clearer way as soon as one does not compare european countries with each other, but with the rest of the world. Although diversified because of each nation’s specific history and culture, the european system of civil service may be summed up in the existence of specific statuses founded on a few fundamental principles. Applying common labour law — with a few amendments — to public officials is not the european solution, contrary to that of communist regimes and third world countries. Even if scope and detailed content of civil servants’ statuses differ from country to country, civil servants in Europe usually work under a set of comparable specific rules
L’outil diplomatique français
Authors: Lequertier Daniel
Published: January 2024

The French Diplomatie Tool.

The Ministry of Foreign affairs organisational principles resuit from a compromise between functional specialisation and géographie specialization. Relations between the ministerial department and the embassies and consulates are based on a wide autonomy. However, since the 1993 reform, the counterpart of this autonomy is the necessity for ambassadors to propose précisé objectives for their action, the realization of which are monitored under the supervision of the General Secretary. As far as human resources are concerned, the French System is characterized by the great complexity of recruitment and the importance of internai promotion. The Ministry’s officers must adapt to an extreme diversity of tasks, in a more and more difficult context.
La diplomatie économique
Authors: Froment-Meurice Henri
Published: January 2024

Economie Diplomacy.

Any diplomacy has an économie component. But some administrations don’t accept easily that this diplomacy be exercised by a member of the foreign service. Even if they are intellectually well equipped and politically supported, diplomats must learn to find their own field. Generally speaking, économie diplomacy covers three areas : bilateral diplomacy, mainly concerning the countries which receive loans to finance imports from France ; functional diplomacy, which covers sectors deemed important either because of French industrial and technological capacities, or because they are needed to provision vital sectors, or because of spécifie international régulations ; multilatéral diplomacy which tends to become more and more prevailing, with the globalization and liberalization of exchanges and the growing intégration of national économies in some of the planet’s régions.
La protection consulaire
Authors: Renouard Isabelle
Published: January 2024

Consular Protection.

One of the fundamental missions of the ministry of Foreign Affairs is to implement a global policy of protection for French citizens residing abroad. This is mainly done by the Directorate for Frenchmen abroad and foreigners in France, coordinating with the members of the Senate who represent french citizens established out of France and the members of the higher Council of Frenchmen Abroad. Consular protection covers a very broad field : administrative services such as formalities for birth, marriage etc., security of persons in cases of crises in foreign countries, enabling the exercice of civic rights, negociating international agreements, giving practical information for those who want to expatriate themselves.
La Commission européenne : hauts fonctionnaires et «culture du management ».
Authors: Bellier Irène
Published: January 2024

The European Commission : Top Managers and "Management Culture"

If status puts the Commission officials in a position susceptible of being interpreted according to national belonging, practice shows that the different styles can combine and define a european practice. The policy project, the diversity of jobs, and the multicultural nature of the environment stimulate the individuals but they sometimes feel destabilised by the variableness of management styles and cultural references. The alternative use of the concepts of "management" and of "hierarchy" frames daily work, "management" which bumps into the "conflict of national cultures" would have as objective the reinforcing of professional culture. The question is to know whether "management" serves to reduce cultural differences or to develop their respective contributions.