bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of crocin on the morphine‐induced antinociception in the formalin test in rats
Authors: Tamaddonfard Esmaeal , Hamzeh‐Gooshchi Nasrin
Published: August 2009

In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crocin in the absence and presence of subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine and naloxone were investigated on the formalin test in rats. The formalin test was induced by intra‐plantar (i.pl.) injection of formalin (50 μL, 1%), and the time spent licking and biting of the injected paw was measured for 1 h. Formalin induced a marked biphasic (first phase: 0–5 min and second phase: 15–45 min) pain response. Morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly (p< 0.05) suppressed both phases of pain. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) alone did not change the intensity of pain, but pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg) significantly (p< 0.05) prevented morphine (1 mg/kg)‐induced antinociception. Crocin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (p< 0.05) attenuated pain. Crocin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p< 0.05) increased the morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.)‐induced antinociception. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) did not reverse the suppressive effect of crocin (100 mg/kg) on pain. Crocin at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly (p< 0.05) suppressed locomotor activities. These findings indicate that morphine through a naloxone‐sensitive mechanism produced analgesia. Crocin produced a dose‐dependent antinociceptive effect. In addition, crocin increased morphine‐induced antinociception, but naloxone did not change the antinociceptive effect of crocin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous state estimation and attenuation correction for thunderstorms with radar data using an ensemble Kalman filter: tests with simulated data
Authors: Xue Ming , Tong Mingjing , Zhang Guifu
Published: August 2009

A new approach to dealing with attenuated radar reflectivity data in the data assimilation process is proposed and tested with simulated data using the ensemble square‐root Kalman filter. This approach differs from the traditional method where attenuation is corrected in observation space first before observations are assimilated into numerical models. We build attenuation correction into the data assimilation system by calculating the expected attenuation within the forward observation operators using the estimated atmospheric state. Such a procedure does not require prior assumption about the types of hydrometeor species along the radar beams, and allows us to take advantage of knowledge about the hydrometeors obtained through data assimilation and state estimation. Being based on optimal estimation theory, error and uncertainty information on the observations and prior estimate can be effectively utilized, and additional observed parameters, such as those from polarimetric radar, can potentially be incorporated into the system. Tests with simulated reflectivity data of an X‐band 3 cm wavelength radar for a supercell storm show that the attenuation correction procedure is very effective—the analyses obtained using attenuated data are almost as good as those obtained using unattenuated data. The procedure is also robust in the presence of moderate dropsize‐distribution‐related observation operator error and when systematic radar calibration error exists. The analysis errors are very large if no attenuation correction is applied. The effect of attenuation and its correction when radial velocity data are also assimilated is discussed as well. In general, attenuation correction is equally important when quality radial velocity data are also assimilated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The 11 August 2006 squall‐line system as observed from MIT Doppler radar during the AMMA SOP
Authors: Chong Michel
Published: August 2009

On the evening of 9 August 2006, a mesoscale convective system (MCS) having a north‐south oriented squall‐line organization formed over the border between Chad and Nigeria. It propagated westward, intensified over Nigeria on 10 August, and reached Niamey (Niger) at 0320 UTC on 11 August. Its passage over Niamey was accompanied by dust lifting and was well tracked by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Doppler radar. The three‐dimensional structure of the airflow and precipitation pattern is investigated from regular radar volume scans performed every ten minutes between 0200 and 0321 UTC. The 3D wind components are deduced from the multiple‐Doppler synthesis and continuity adjustment technique (MUSCAT) applied to a set of three volume scans obtained over a time period of one hour, which are equivalent to a three‐radar observation of the squall line when considering a reference frame moving with the system and the hypothesis of a stationary field.

Results of the wind synthesis reveal several features commonly observed in tropical squall lines, such as the deep convective cells in front of the system, fed by the monsoon air and extending up to 15 km altitude, and the well‐marked stratiform rain region at the rear, associated with mesoscale vertical motions. Forward and trailing anvils are clearly identified as resulting from the outflow of air reaching the tropopause and transported to this level by the sloping convective updraughts occurring in a sheared environment. In the northern part, a deeper and stronger front‐to‐rear flow at mid‐levels is found to contribute to the rearward deflection of the leading line and to promote a broader (over 300 km) stratiform cloud region. Eddy vertical transports of the cross‐line momentum mainly accounts for the mid‐level flow acceleration due to a momentum redistribution from low to higher levels. The height distribution of hydrometeors and their associated production terms derived from a one‐dimensional microphysical retrieval model indicate the distinct roles of the convective and stratiform regions in the formation of graupel and rain, and the respective contributions of cold (riming) and warm (coalescence, melting) processes. Cooling from melting, and heating/cooling from condensation/evaporation processes yield a net decrease and increase of the potential temperature at low and mid‐to‐upper levels, respectively, with respect to an environmental thermodynamic profile taken three hours ahead of the analysis. Finally, the upper‐level rearward flow could convey the non‐negligible proportion of ice particles farther from the leading deep convection to the trailing stratiform region, thereby favouring the extent of this region. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A fragmentation study of dihydroquercetin using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and its application for identification of dihydroflavonols in Citrus juices
Authors: Abad‐García Beatriz , Garmón‐Lobato Sergio , Berrueta Luis A. , Gallo Blanca , Vicente Francisca
Published: August 2009

A mass spectrometric method using electrospray ionization with triple quadrupole and quadrupole time‐of‐flight hybrid (Q‐Tof) mass spectrometry has been applied to the structural characterization of dihydroflavonols. This family of compounds has been studied by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the first time in this work. A comprehensive study of the product ion MS spectra of the [M+H]+ ion of a commercially available standard has been performed. The most useful fragmentations in terms of structural identification are those that involve cleavage of the C‐ring, resulting in diagnostic ions of dihydroflavonol family: 1,3A, 1,2B, 1,2B‐CO, 0,2A, 0,2A‐H2O, 0,2A‐CO, and 0,2A‐H2O‐CO, that allow the characterization of the substituents in the A‐ and B‐rings. In addition to those ions, other product ions due to losses of H2O and CO molecules from the Y ion were observed. Their fragmentation mechanisms and ion structures have been proposed. The established fragmentation patterns have been used to successfully identity three dihydroflavonols found in tangerine juices for the first time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass peak shape improvement of a quadrupole mass filter when operating with a rectangular wave power supply
Authors: Luo Chan , Jiang Dan , Ding Chuan‐Fan , Konenkov Nikolai V.
Published: August 2009

Numeric experiments were performed to study the first and second stability regions and find the optimal configurations of a quadrupole mass filter constructed of circular quadrupole rods with a rectangular wave power supply. The ion transmission contours were calculated using ion trajectory simulations. For the first stability region, the optimal rod set configuration and the ratio r/r0 is 1.110–1.115; for the second stability region, it is 1.128–1.130. Low‐frequency direct current (DC) modulation with the parameters of m = 0.04–0.16 and ν = ω/Ω = 1/8–1/14 improves the mass peak shape of the circular rod quadrupole mass filter at the optimal r/r0 ratio of 1.130. The amplitude modulation does not improve mass peak shape. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical evaluation of chamber methodologies used in measuring the δ13C of soil respiration
Authors: Nickerson Nick , Risk Dave
Published: August 2009

Measurement of the δ13C value of soil‐respired CO2 (δr) has become a commonplace method through which ecosystem function and C dynamics can be better understood. Despite its proven utility there is currently no consensus on the most robust method with which to measure δr. Static and dynamic chamber systems are both commonly used for this purpose; however, the literature on these methods provides evidence suggesting that measurements of δr made with these chamber systems are neither repeatable (self‐consistent) nor comparable across methodologies. Here we use a three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical soil‐atmosphere‐chamber model to test these chamber systems in a ‘surrogate reality’. Our simulations show that each chamber methodology is inherently biased and that no chamber methodology can accurately predict the true δr signature under field conditions. If researchers intend to use δr to study in situ ecosystem processes, the issues with these chamber systems need to be corrected either by using diffusive theory or by designing a new, unbiased δr measurement system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C/12C isotope labeling to study carbon partitioning and dark respiration in cereals subjected to water stress
Authors: Aranjuelo Iker , Cabrera‐Bosquet Llorenç , Mottaleb Shady A. , Araus José L. , Nogués Salvador
Published: August 2009

Despite the relevance of carbon (C) loss through respiration processes (with its consequent effect on the lower C availability for grain filling), little attention has been given to this topic. Literature data concerning the role of respiration in cereals are scarce and these have been produced using indirect methods based on gas‐exchange estimations. We have developed a new method based on the capture of respired CO2 samples and their analysis by gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS). In order to analyse the main processes involved in the C balance during grain filling (photosynthesis, respiration, allocation and partitioning) the ambient isotopic 13C/12C composition (δ13C) of the growth chamber was modified during this period (δ13C ca. −12.8 ± 0.3‰ to ca. −20.0 ± 0.2‰). The physiological performance, together with the C allocation on total organic matter (TOM) and respiration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Califa sur) and two hybrids, tritordeum (X Tritordeum Asch. & Graebn line HT 621) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack var. Imperioso), were compared during post‐anthesis water stress. In spite of the larger ear DM/total ratio, especially under drought conditions, the grain filling of triticale and wheat was mainly carried out with pre‐anthesis C, while the majority of C assimilated during post‐anthesis was invested in respiration processes. In the case of wheat and tritordeum, the C balance data suggested a reallocation during grain filling of photoassimilates stored prior to anthesis from shoot to ear. Furthermore, the lower percentage of labeled C on respired CO2 of droughted tritordeum plants, together with the lower plant biomass, explained the fact that those plants had more C available for grain filling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and nondestructive analysis of phthalic acid esters in toys made of poly(vinyl chloride) by direct analysis in real time single‐quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Rothenbacher Thorsten , Schwack Wolfgang
Published: August 2009

In the European Community, selected phthalic acid esters (PAE) are restricted in their use for the manufacture of toys and childcare articles to a content of 0.1% by weight. As PAE are mainly used as plasticisers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a rapid screening method for PVC samples with direct analysis in real time ionisation and single‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) was developed. Using the ions for the protonated molecules, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05% was obtained for benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate, while for dibutyl phthalate, di‐n‐octyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate the LOD was 0.1%. Validation of identification by the presence of ammonium adducts and characteristic fragment ions was possible to a content of ≥1% for all PAE, except for benzyl butyl phthalate (≥5%). Based on the fragment ions, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate could clearly be distinguished from di‐n‐octyl phthalate, if the concentrations were ≥5% and ≥1% at measured DART helium temperatures of 130 and 310°C, respectively. The complete analysis of one sample only took about 8 min. At the generally used gas temperature of 130°C, most toy and childcare samples did not sustain damage if their shape fitted into the DART source. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent robust control for singular discrete‐time Markovian jump systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Zhou Wuneng , Lu Hongqian , Duan Chunmei , Li Minghao
Published: August 2009

The problem of delay‐dependent robust stabilization for uncertain singular discrete‐time systems with Markovian jumping parameters and time‐varying delay is investigated. In terms of free‐weighting‐matrix approach and linear matrix inequalities, a delay‐dependent condition is presented to ensure a singular discrete‐time system to be regular, causal and stochastically stable based on which the stability analysis and robust stabilization problem are studied. An explicit expression for the desired state‐feedback controller is also given. Some numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating urban transformation in Haaglanden, the Netherlands
Authors: Eskinasi Martijn , Rouwette Etienne , Vennix Jac
Published: August 2009

This paper describes a group model‐building project about new housing construction, urban renewal and the impact of both processes on a regional social housing market. A team of seven stakeholders participated in model construction over a 1‐year period. The paper addresses the modeling process, model analysis and policy experiments. The model yielded several counterintuitive insights, helped the stakeholders to settle a contentious issue and was used in flight simulator workshops with managers and policy makers. By means of questionnaires, we found that most attendants in the project or workshops consider system dynamics modeling as improving communication, insight, alignment and commitment to results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐trimester genetic sonogram for detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities in a community‐based antenatal testing unit
Authors: Bottalico J. N. , Chen X. , Tartaglia M. , Rosario B. , Yarabothu D. , Nelson L.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of the second‐trimester genetic sonogram for the detection of Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities in a community‐based antenatal testing unit.

Methods

This was a retrospective study using data from two community hospital antenatal ultrasound units. Six hundred and sixty fetal ultrasound examinations in both at‐risk (n = 581) and low‐risk (n = 79) pregnancies were performed from 15 + 0 to 22 + 6 weeks' gestation and all cases were verified for outcome data. The sonographic detection of a major congenital anomaly or a sonographic marker (increased nuchal skinfold, short humerus, short femur, echogenic bowel, pyelectasis, echogenic intracardiac focus, absence or hypoplasia of fifth mid phalanx or choroid plexus cyst) was recorded. The entire group of 660 ultrasound examinations as well as subgroups with and without non‐ultrasound risk factors for a fetal chromosomal abnormality were analyzed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive likelihood ratio for the detection of Down syndrome and other fetal chromosomal abnormalities.

Results

There were 32 (4.85%) chromosomal abnormalities in our study population. Twelve (3.75%) of these were Down syndrome, of which eight (66.6%) had a positive ultrasound examination in the second trimester. Six of seven (85.7%) of the trisomy 18 fetuses, 2/2 of the trisomy 13 fetuses and 2/3 of the non‐mosaic 45,X fetuses had positive sonograms. The overall detection rate for chromosomal abnormalities was 20/32 (sensitivity, 62.5%; specificity, 80.7%; negative predictive value, 97.7%; positive predictive value, 14.2%; positive likelihood ratio, 3.24). Major structural defects and sonographic markers, excluding hypoplastic fifth digit and choroid plexus cyst, occurred significantly more frequently in Down syndrome cases compared with normal ones.

Conclusions

In a community‐based antenatal testing unit we have demonstrated a detection rate for fetal Down syndrome with the second‐trimester genetic sonogram that is comparable to the range of sensitivities reported by larger centers involving primarily high‐risk patients. However, only 12 of the 32 fetal chromosomal abnormalities that we encountered were Down syndrome. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of three‐dimensional power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: comparison with gray‐scale and color Doppler techniques
Authors: Shih J. C. , Jaraquemada J. M. Palacios , Su Y. N. , Shyu M. K. , Lin C. H. , Lin S. Y. , Lee C. N.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To assess the role of three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta and compare its diagnostic performance with gray‐scale and color Doppler ultrasonography.

Methods

One hundred and seventy pregnant women with persistent placenta previa totalis (after 28 weeks' gestation) were prospectively enrolled into this study. Gray‐scale transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed to detect loss of the subendometrial echolucent zone and other abnormalities suggestive of placenta accreta. Color flow mapping was used to scan the whole placenta to detect any newly formed vessels at the serosa–bladder border or the presence of abnormal lacunae. Finally a targeted examination of angioarchitecture in the basal and lateral views of the placenta was carried out using 3D power Doppler. The ultrasound findings were analyzed with reference to the final diagnosis made during Cesarean delivery.

Results

Placenta accreta and its variants (including increta and percreta) were confirmed in 39 patients at the time of Cesarean delivery. Based on receiver–operating characteristics analysis, ‘numerous coherent vessels’ visualized using 3D power Doppler in the basal view was the best single criterion for the diagnosis of placenta accreta, with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 92%. If we considered the presence of at least one criterion to be diagnostic when using each ultrasound technique, then 3D power Doppler would have the best positive predictive value (76%), followed by gray‐scale (51%) and color Doppler (47%). The majority of patients with placenta accreta showed multiple characteristic features on ultrasound imaging. In contrast, those patients with a false‐positive diagnosis (i.e. the final diagnosis was placenta previa alone) tended to show isolated ultrasound markers of the condition.

Conclusion

3D power Doppler may be useful as a complementary technique for the antenatal diagnosis or exclusion of placenta accreta. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kalibrierung von Überdruck‐ und Unterdruck‐Messgeräten
Authors: Jitschin Wolfgang
Published: August 2009

In verschiedenen Anwendungen besteht die Aufgabe, kleine Relativdrücke bezogen auf den Umgebungsdruck zu messen. Hierzu werden heutzutage meist elektronische Sensoren verwendet, die bequem in der Handhabung sind und eine gute Auflösung bieten. Für eine zuverlässige Druckanzeige müssen diese justiert und kalibriert werden. Die genaue Kalibrierung der Sensoren ist eine metrologische Herausforderung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über die Erprobung einiger Kalibrierverfahren mittels moderner Techniken berichtet und es werden Ergebnisse für die erreichbare Genauigkeit angegeben.
Einsatz von Mikroplasmen für die Herstellung von Silizium‐Mehrlagenaufbauten
Authors: Eichler Marko , Michel Benedikt , Gabriel Markus , Klages Claus‐Peter
Published: August 2009

Die Verkapselung von MEMS kann sich schwierig gestalten, wenn mikromechanische Komponenten wie Membranen, Ventile und Cantilever zum spontanen Anhaften an das umgebende Gehäuse neigen (sticking effect). Am Fraunhofer‐Institut für Schicht‐und Oberflächentechnik wurden ortsselektiv wirkende Plasmaverfahren entwickelt, welche helfen, dieses Problem zu vermeiden. Über dieses Beispiel hinaus ist die lokale Oberflächenmodifizierung mit Mikroplasmen für die Produktion von Mikrosystemen von generellem Interesse. Die kommerzielle Umsetzung wird durch die geplante Integration der Technik in SÜSS Mask Aligner gewährleistet.
An overview of active load control techniques for wind turbines with an emphasis on microtabs
Authors: Johnson Scott J. , Baker Jonathon P. , van Dam C. P. , Berg Dale
Published: August 2009

This paper outlines the benefits and challenges of utilizing active flow control (AFC) for wind turbines. The goal of AFC is to mitigate damaging loads and control the aeroelastic response of wind turbine blades. This can be accomplished by sensing changes in turbine operation and activating devices to adjust the sectional lift coefficient and/or local angle of attack. Fifteen AFC devices are introduced, and four are described in more detail. Non‐traditional trailing‐edge flaps, plasma actuators, vortex generator jets and microtabs are examples of devices that hold promise for wind turbine control. The microtab system is discussed in further detail including recent experimental results demonstrating its effectiveness in a three‐dimensional environment. Wind tunnel tests indicated that a nearly constant change in CLover a wide range of angles of attack is possible with microtab control. Using an angle of attack of 5 degrees as a reference, microtabs with a height of 1.5%c were capable of increasing CL by +0.21 (37%) and decreasing CL by −0.23 (−40%). The results are consistent with findings from past two‐dimensional experiments and numerical efforts. Through comparisons to other load control studies, the controllable range of this microtab system is determined to be suitable for smart blade applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotechnology in joint replacement
Authors: Torrecillas Ramón , Moya José S. , Díaz Luis A. , Bartolomé José F. , Fernández Adolfo , Lopez‐Esteban Sonia
Published: August 2009

This paper reviews the most relevant achievements and new developments in the field of nanomaterials and their possible impact on the fabrication of a new generation of reliable and longer lasting implants for joint replacement. Special emphasis is given to the role of nanocomposites with different microstructural designs: micro–nano composites, nano–nano composites, macro–micro–nano composites as well as bioinspired hierarchical composite materials. These nanostructured materials have opened up an exciting avenue in the design of non‐metallic biocompatible, crack growth resistant, tough, and mechanically resistant implants with a lifespan close to the life expectancy of the patients Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Measuring polarization in the x‐ray range: simulation for the impact gas mixture and pressure in gaseous detectors
Authors: Depaola G. O. , Leguizamon G. N.
Published: August 2009

The development of new technology in micropattern gaseous detectors makes it possible to measure x‐ray polarization for energies where the photoelectric effect is the main mechanism of interaction with matter. In a previous work, we showed that a modification of the Geant4 simulation code is a useful toolkit to simulate the photoelectric interaction of linearly polarized x‐rays with micropattern gas detectors. In particular, by properly taking into account the direction of the photoelectron, we developed a new calculation of the final state. We simulated one experimental setup found in the literature and showed that the simulation results obtained are in agreement with the experimental data. In this work, we present new results on simulation of a mixture of two gases with different pressures and study the impact in the modulation factor. The simulations were done for both low and high Z mean mixture. With these gas mixtures, we observed that the modulation factor was greater for a low Z mixture than that with a high Z, but the efficiency was opposite. We also observed that the modulation factor for high Z was influenced by the absorption edge of the photoelectric cross section. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observational methods to measure behaviors of captive cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Edwards Lily N. , Sorkin Andrew E. , Rhodes Richard C. , Petersson Katherine H.
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify efficient sampling methods for establishing accurate activity budgets for zoo animals. Seven cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) from two zoos were videotaped for multiple 90 min sessions, 3 to 4 days per week for 12 weeks. An activity budget was constructed for each animal using a continuous sampling method to analyze 30 hr of video recording of each animal. These master datasets, reflecting actual behavior, were re‐sampled using interval sampling lengths of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 min, and cluster sampling protocols (periodic sessions of continuous sampling) of 10 min×3, 15 min×2, 20 min×1, 15 min×1 and 10 min×1 (min×repetitions/90 min sample period) to construct additional activity budgets for each animal. The Canberra similarity index was used to determine the statistical relationship between these activity budgets and those based on the master datasets. As interval length increased, there was a consequent decrease in the accuracy of the associated activity budgets as compared with the master dataset. No cluster sampling protocols yielded activity budgets as accurate as the four shortest interval lengths, but all cluster sampling protocols were more accurate than the three longest interval lengths. All the tested protocols varied in ability to accurately portray animal behavior. Overall, interval sampling provided superior behavioral representations at lower observer input. Results from this study will potentially facilitate the standardization of behavior monitoring protocols at zoos. Zoo Biol 29:416–431, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Launching Surgery at the District Level in Niger
Authors: Sani Rachid , Nameoua Babadi , Yahaya Abou , Hassane Idé , Adamou Roua , Hsia Renee Y. , Hoekman Patrick , Sako Amadou , Habibou Abarchi
Published: August 2009

Background

In 2005, the Ministry of Health in association with the Faculty of Medicine of Niamey decided to launch surgery at the district hospital (DH) level as part of the health strategy for the country. Surgical procedures were provided by general practitioners who received 12 months of training in basic surgery.

Methods

Whereas the initiative was launched nationwide, we chose randomly to study the region of Dosso during a 1‐year time period of January 2007 to December 2007 in the three district hospitals as well as the regional hospital of Dosso.

Results

During the course of 1 year, 544 patients received operations in the three DHs, of which 37.9% (n = 206) were emergent and 62.1% (n = 338) were elective. The most common emergent interventions were cesarean sections (70%) and uterine ruptures (7.8%). For elective surgeries, hernia repairs comprised 80.8% of the cases. The mortality rate of emergent surgeries was 7.3 and 0% in the cases of elective surgeries. Of note, there was a large reduction in transfers to the regional hospital: 52% compared to 2006 and 82% compared to 2005. In 66.1% of the transfers, the cases consisted of fractures, and in 10.4% of abdominal trauma and critical thoracic emergencies. Further study of this initiative has highlighted other challenges, including that of human resources, equipment maintenance, provision of consumables, and the need for continued training.

Conclusions

Results from this governmental initiative to provide surgery in rural district hospitals by general practitioners are promising and encouraging. In the rural district of Dosso, there have been no deaths from elective surgery, and the number of surgical transfers to the regional hospital has drastically diminished.
Controlled Growth of WO3Nanostructures with Three Different Morphologies and Their Structural, Optical, and Photodecomposition Studies
Authors: Rajagopal S , Nataraj D , Mangalaraj D , Djaoued Yahia , Robichaud Jacques , Khyzhun O Yu
Published: August 2009

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal method using sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O) alone as starting material, and sodium tungstate in presence of ferrous ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O] or cobalt chloride (CoCl2·6H2O) as structure-directing agents. Orthorhombic WO3having a rectangular slab-like morphology was obtained when Na2WO4·2H2O was used alone. When ferrous ammonium sulfate and cobalt chloride were added to sodium tungstate, hexagonal WO3nanowire clusters and hexagonal WO3nanorods were obtained, respectively. The crystal structure and orientation of the synthesized products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and their chemical composition was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties of the synthesized products were verified by UV–Vis and photoluminescence studies. A photodegradation study on Procion Red MX 5B was also carried out, showing that the hexagonal WO3nanowire clusters had the highest photodegradation efficiency.
The Effect of Single, Binary and Ternary Anions of Chloride, Carbonate and Phosphate on the Release of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate Intercalated into the Zn–Al-layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrid
Authors: Hussein Mohd Zobir , Jaafar Adila Mohamad , Yahaya Asmah Hj , Zainal Zulkarnain
Published: August 2009

Intercalation of beneficial anion into inorganic host has lead to an opportunity to synthesize various combinations of new organic–inorganic nanohybrids with various potential applications; especially, for the controlled release formulation and storage purposes. Investigation on the release behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) intercalated into the interlayer of Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide (ZAN) have been carried out using single, binary and ternary aqueous systems of chloride, carbonate and phosphate. The release behavior of the active agent 2,4-D from its double-layered hydroxide nanohybrid ZANDI was found to be of controlled manner governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. It was found that carbonate medium yielded the highest accumulated release of 2,4-D, while phosphate in combination with carbonate and/or nitrate speeds up the release rate of 2,4-D. These results indicate that it is possible to design and develop new delivery system of latex stimulant compound with controlled release property based on 2,4-D that is known as a substance to increase latex production of rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis.
Further Lipid Profiling of the Oil from the Mophane Caterpillar, Imbrasia belina
Authors: Yeboah S. O. , Mitei Y. C.
Published: August 2009

A comprehensive lipid profiling of the oil from the edible mophane caterpillar, Imbrasia belina, has been carried out as part of the study of the nutritional value of the caterpillar. GC‐MS analysis revealed the composition of the major FA classes as 18:3 (29.98%), 16:0 (25.64%), 18:1 (17.97%), 18:0 (12.49%) and 18:2 (11.81%), which was in agreement with reported GC‐FID analysis of the phane oil. ESI‐FTICR mass spectrometric analysis showed phane oil to contain 20 TAG classes, with C54:4 (14.59%), C52:3 (14.71%) and C52:2 (10.49%) being the dominant classes, whilst 13C‐NMR studies of the TAGs regiochemistry showed that occupancy of the sn‐2 position was dominated by linolenyl and linoleoyl groups whereas the sn‐1/3 positions were dominated by saturated groups. Normal‐phase HPLC analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed the presence of α‐tocopherol (71.39 μg/g) and γ‐tocopherol (1.66 μg/g) as the only tocol content in phane oil. GC‐MS analysis of the total acetylated unsaponifiable matter gave the relative composition of the major sterols as cholesterol (53.77%), β‐sitosterol (24.16%), 22‐dehydrocholesterol (14.58%) and campesterol (6.26%), whilst GC‐MS analysis of an SPE pre‐fractionated unsaponifiable matter gave the absolute 4‐desmethylsterol content (μg/g) as cholesterol (4482.44), β‐sitosterol (1861.95), 22‐dehydrocholesterol (1274.53), campesterol (503.83) and stigmasterol (21.78). Perhaps the adverse effect of such high dietary cholesterol content on humans could be mitigated by the presence of the substantial amounts of β‐sitosterol and campesterol which are known to be blood plasma cholesterol lowering phytosterols.
Nutrition Labeling: Rapid Determination of Total trans Fats by Using Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and a Second Derivative Procedure
Authors: Mossoba Magdi M. , Seiler A. , Kramer J. K. G. , Milosevic V. , Milosevic M. , Azizian H. , Steinhart H.
Published: August 2009

In 2006, the US FDA mandated the declaration of the total trans fat content on the Nutrition Fact label of foods including dietary supplements when a product contained 0.5 or more grams of trans fatty acid per serving; the minimum corresponding trans fat content is estimated to be approximately 2% of total fat. The FDA definition is based on chemical structure and includes only fatty acids with one or more isolated double bonds in the trans configuration. Several issues negatively impacted the sensitivity of the current official infrared (IR) methods, thus limited the quantitation of trans fat to 5% of total fat. To improve sensitivity and accuracy and to meet the labeling requirement, a new internal reflection IR procedure called negative second derivative is described and evaluated for the quantitation of total trans fat in the present study. The enhanced spectral features of a second derivative resolved issues that traditionally limited the sensitivity of the IR methodology. Calibration standard mixtures starting at approximately 0.5% trielaidin in the total fat (tripalmitin or triarachidin) were successfully generated and used to determine the trans fat levels for unknown test samples with trans content as low as approximately 1% of total fat. Quantitative IR data were compared to those obtained by gas chromatography and were found to be in good agreement.
Effect of relaxin on the decidual cell reaction in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Yoshida Mayumi , Hossain M. S. , Tareq K. M. A. , Obata Ryuichiro , Tsujii Hirotada
Published: August 2009

Purpose

Differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells occurs during embryo implantation and pregnancy. Recently, it has been reported that relaxin affects the decidualization of cultured human endometrial cells in vitro; however, there has been no study on the decidualization of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The authors demonstrated artificially induced decidualization, and the effect of relaxin on decidualization in gerbils.

Methods

Ten‐to‐twelve‐week‐old female Mongolian gerbils were ovariectomized, treated with estradiol, progesterone, and relaxin, and the uterine horn was stimulated. On day 10, uterine horns were measured for weight, protein concentration, and the incorporation of 14C‐methionine; tissue sections were examined. Interleukin‐11 (IL‐11) primers were used for RT‐PCR to confirm decidualization.

Results

Decidualization can be induced artificially in gerbils. In general, the histological observations of gerbil decidual cells were very similar to those of rats. The uterine horn weight, protein content, and protein synthesis from 14C‐methionine significantly increased in the relaxin‐treated gerbils (P < 0.05). Mast cells in the relaxin‐treated uterus had proliferated more than those of the non‐relaxin‐treated group, which was confirmed by IL‐11 expression.

Conclusions

We conclude that decidualization can be induced artificially, and relaxin increased weight of uterine horn, protein concentration, protein synthesis and IL‐11 expression in gerbils.
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status: Creating a crosswalk with the Mini‐Mental State Examination
Authors: Fong Tamara G. , Fearing Michael A. , Jones Richard N. , Shi Peilin , Marcantonio Edward R. , Rudolph James L. , Yang Frances M. , Dan Kiely K. , Inouye Sharon K.
Published: August 2009

Background

Brief cognitive screening measures are valuable tools for both research and clinical applications. The most widely used instrument, the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), is limited in that it must be administered face‐to‐face, cannot be used in participants with visual or motor impairments, and is protected by copyright. Screening instruments such as the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) were developed to provide a valid alternative, with comparable cut‐point scores to rate global cognitive function.

Methods

The MMSE, TICS‐30, and TICS‐40 scores from 746 community‐dwelling elders who participated in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were analyzed with equipercentile equating, a statistical process of determining comparable scores based on percentile equivalents for different forms of an examination.

Results

Scores from the MMSE and TICS‐30 and TICS‐40 corresponded well, and clinically relevant cut‐point scores were determined. For example, an MMSE score of 23 is equivalent to 17 and 20 on the TICS‐30 and TICS‐40, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that TICS and MMSE scores can be linked directly. Clinically relevant and important MMSE cut points and the respective ADAMS TICS‐30 and TICS‐40 cut‐point scores are included, to identify the degree of cognitive impairment among respondents with any type of cognitive disorder. These results will help in the widespread application of TICS in both research and clinical practice.
The Society of Antiquaries, 1707–18: meeting places and origin stories
Authors: Evans Dai Morgan
Published: August 2009

The genesis of this paper lay in the 2007 Tercentenary celebrations of the Society of Antiquaries and the challenge of compiling a tour of the premises used by the Society for its meetings prior to the Society’s move into a permanent home at Somerset House in 1780. The first part of the paper deals with the competing claims of the Bear in the Strand and the Young Devil taverns as the location for the foundation meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in 1707. The second part examines the evidence for the precise locations of these two taverns, a subject curiously neglected by antiquaries, together with an attempt to determine the character of the taverns. The paper then considers the demise of the 1707 Society and examines the evidence for the claim that 1707 marks the foundation year of the present Society of Antiquaries. Reference is also made to the other known meeting places of the Society up to 1718.
Notes On The ‘Elamite’ Garment Of Cyrus The Great
Authors: Álvarez-Món Javier
Published: August 2009

According to the latest collation of theNabonidus Chronicle, a reference is made to Cyrus the Great wearing an ‘Elamite’ garment during the investiture ceremony of Cambyses. This study examines the likely characteristics of this garment in the light of a recent study of seventh- and sixth-centurybcElamite elite garments. Within this context it is suggested that theChroniclemay have done no more than state the obvious. In 538bc, Cyrus went to Babylon clad in (traditional) Elamite (style) attire. This ceremonial garment is to be identified with a fine (perhaps cotton-made) fringed robe decorated with bands, including golden bracteates.
A figure sculpture at Upton Bishop, Herefordshire: continuity and revival in early medieval sculpture
Authors: Hunt John
Published: August 2009

In the nineteenth century, a red sandstone figural carving was located in the south-facing chancel wall of the church of St John the Baptist, Upton Bishop, near Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire. In 2005, following the removal of the stone for recording and conservation, the author was invited to examine and report on the sculpture, and particularly to review the proposal that the sculpture, rather than being of Roman date as had traditionally been supposed, was more probably a Romanesque carving of the twelfth century. The characteristics of the Upton Bishop carving are here examined and the various attributions of dating are reviewed, as a consequence of which it is suggested that the sculpture is neither Roman nor Romanesque in date, but rather is of pre-Conquest origin, most probably of aroundad800. It is thus suggested that the Upton Bishop sculpture represents a significant addition to the corpus of Anglo-Saxon figural sculpture in Herefordshire and the western Midlands, that the characteristics of the sculpture suggest well-established traits forming part of a local style and that these were taken forward into the Romanesque period, thus contributing to the distinctive character of the Herefordshire School of sculpture.
The Name of Bernicia
Authors: Breeze Andrew
Published: August 2009

The Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia has a Celtic name, sometimes explained as ‘land of dwellers in mountain passes’. But this analysis suggests a fiercer interpretation: ‘land of piercers of battle-lines, territory of those making gaps between enemy warriors’.
Rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR (RD-PCR) to discriminate Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis
Authors: Webster B.L. , Rollinson D. , Stothard J.R. , Huyse T.
Published: August 2009

Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis are widespread schistosome species causing human and cattle schistosomiasis, respectively, in Africa. The sympatric occurrence of these two species and their ability to infect the same Bulinus intermediate snail hosts necessitates precise methods of identification of the larval stages. A rapid diagnostic ‘mulitplex’ one-step polymerase chain reaction protocol (RD-PCR) was developed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to discriminate between S. haematobium and S. bovis. A single forward primer and two species-specific reverse primers were used to produce a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of 306 bp and 543 bp for S. bovis and S. haematobium, respectively. Serial dilutions were carried out on various lifecycle stages and species combinations to test the sensitivity and specificity of the primers. This RD-PCR proved highly sensitive, detecting a single larval stage and as little as 0.78 ng of genomic DNA (gDNA) from an adult schistosome, providing a cost-effective, rapid and robust molecular tool for high-throughput screening of S. haematobium and S. bovis populations. In areas where human and cattle schistosomiasis overlap and are transmitted in close proximity, this mitochondrial assay will be a valuable identification tool for epidemiological studies, especially when used in conjunction with other nuclear diagnostic markers.
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis in a patient with laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Al-Zahid S , Singh V
Published: August 2009

Objective:

We report an extremely rare presentation of concomitant tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis in a patient with carcinoma of the larynx.

Case report:

A 66-year-old man presented with a nine-month history of hoarseness. He was found to have an exophytic lesion over the posterior half of the right vocal fold. He also had a palpable right jugulodigastric node. Biopsy of the vocal fold lesion revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Histological analysis of an excision biopsy specimen from the lymph node was highly suggestive of tuberculosis. On further assessment of the slides, one acid-fast bacillus was seen. The patient was treated with radiotherapy to the larynx and concomitant anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Five months following treatment, there was no sign of laryngeal cancer recurrence; however, the patient continued to have a productive cough and night sweats.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a laryngeal carcinoma with concurrent tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. In the face of an unhelpful fine needle aspiration cytology examination, an assumption of metastatic neck disease could have been made. Subsequent surgical and/or oncological intervention would have been highly inappropriate, with potentially catastrophic effects. This case highlights the importance of proper diagnosis, and emphasises the fact that tuberculosis should always be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis.
Septotomy: a useful approach to the anterior maxillary sinus
Authors: Lesser T H , Suryanarayanan R
Published: August 2009

In endonasal surgery, approaching the anterior maxillary wall via the ipsilateral nostril is difficult. It is necessary to have good visual and instrument control when removing lesions such as inverted papilloma. We describe an approach through a temporary septotomy which provides good access from the contralateral nostril. The contralateral mucoperichondrial incision is anterior and the ipsilateral one posterior. The cartilage is hinged superiorly. There is minimal chance of perforation.
Congenital cholesteatoma of the infratemporal fossa
Authors: Chen Z , Tang L , Zhou H , Xing G
Published: August 2009

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of congenital cholesteatoma of the infratemporal fossa.

Method:

The clinical, radiological and intra-operative findings of the patient are presented.

Results:

A five-year-old girl presented to our hospital with symptoms in the left ear consistent with middle-ear effusion. A congenital cholesteatoma was not suspected until an enlarging mass in the anteroinferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane was observed. Radiological studies revealed that the mass was located largely in the infratemporal fossa, with limited extension into the tympanic cavity. The patient underwent surgical treatment, which confirmed the clinical and radiological findings.

Conclusion:

This patient's clinical, radiological and intra-operative findings strongly suggested the infratemporal fossa as the site of origin of her congenital cholesteatoma.