bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Parents’ Own Reading for 10-Year Old Students’ Reading Achievement in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Støle Hildegunn , Wagner Åse Kari H. , Schwippert Knut
Published: January 2021

The Nordic education model of an inclusive school for all aims at giving children equal, and excellent, opportunities for acquiring high levels of reading ability. It is well documented that both students’ and their parents’ reading interest is closely and positively associated with students’ reading achievement. There is therefore cause for concern when reading interests seem to be in decline both among parents and among today’s students. Family socio-economic background is also well known to relate strongly to students’ reading achievement. Especially children of parents with low education are likely to be deprived of opportunities of beneficial reading activities, such as seeing their parents read, being read to by family members, and learning to enjoy reading for themselves in the early years of school. On the other hand, it is possible that parents who enjoy reading and/or read much at home, provide their children with a basis for acquiring good reading skills, regardless of their educational background. Our article analyses data from four cycles (2001–2016) of the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), and several Nordic countries, in order to establish whether parental reading can compensate for low parental education levels. We find that parents’ reading enjoyment, but not their frequent reading in their spare time, to some degree does compensate for lack of tertiary (high) education. However, if increasingly fewer parents like to read, more children will go without the opportunity to develop reading enjoyment themselves, and this will likely affect more children from low-SES backgrounds than from higher SES-backgrounds.
The Black Box of Nordic Education Held Against the Light of Large-Scale International Assessment Resources—A Critical Commentary
Authors: Sahlström Fritjof
Published: January 2021

This book answers the following general question: when it comes to the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on student results in the context of the so-called Nordic model, what can we learn from large-scale international student assessments? The findings presented are not only new and valuable, but they also raise critical questions, some of which I will discuss below.
Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Countries—Final Thoughts and Looking Ahead
Authors: Frønes Tove Stjern , Pettersen Andreas , Radišić Jelena , Buchholtz Nils
Published: January 2021

In the process of preparing this volume, especially in our review of previous scientific work on the Nordic model of education, it appeared that different researchers approached the topic primarily in the form of historical–political policy analyses (Telhaug, Mediås, & Aasen, 2006) and through the qualitative description of individual country portraits or the differences between these (e.g., Antikainen, 2006; Blossing, Imsen, & Moos, 2014; Lundahl, 2016). In these previous analyses, the question was raised whether a common Nordic model of education can be identified at all and to what extent neoliberal policies and broader globalisation trends affect the further development of education systems in the Nordic countries. The latter has especially been discussed in light of the increased competition between these systems emerging currently, here running against the common thread that was adopted shortly after World War II. In contrast to the works mentioned above, this book explicitly chose a quantitative empirical approach to the topic, linked with the attempt to indicate, measure and evaluate educational equity across the Nordic countries using data from large-scale assessment studies. Thus, the approach of this book was more data driven and descriptive than oriented on the political question of whether a common model exists.
Measuring Equity Across the Nordic Education Systems—Conceptual and Methodological Choices as Implications for Educational Policies
Authors: Mittal Oleksandra , Nilsen Trude , Björnsson Julius K.
Published: January 2021

Ever since international large-scale student assessments made it possible to rank countries according to their equitability, Nordic countries have topped these rankings. Nevertheless, a decline in equity has been reported lately. However, the process of empirical enquiry that leads to specific inferences on equity partly stays obscure to education decision-makers. This unawareness of the boundaries of specific methodological and analytical approaches may lead to wrong interpretations and policy implications. Therefore, our aim is to discuss and empirically illustrate how the array of choices taken throughout the research process, from equity conceptualization and operationalization to its measurement, may affect the inferences on educational equity for Nordic countries. Our sample includes fourth- and eighth-grade students from Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland who participated in TIMSS 2015. We applied two-level multigroup regression models within the structural equation modelling framework to investigate the sensitivity of the countries’ level of equity to: (a) operationalization of the socioeconomic status measure; (b) operationalization of equity or, in other words, the method of analysis employed (e.g., bivariate analysis versus univariate); (c) single-level against multilevel analytical approaches; (d) the grade/age of students; and (e) the choice of the learning outcome across subject domains. Prior to the analyses, we estimated the comparability of SES as a latent construct between Nordic countries. Our results confirmed that some of the most common choices to measure educational equity do matter. Thus, we would encourage a researcher to report elaborately on the research process and inform on its limitations because if interpreted wrongly, it may have unfavourable consequences for a particular group of individuals.
Teaching Culturally Diverse Student Groups in the Nordic Countries—What Can the TALIS 2018 Data Tell Us?
Authors: Björnsson Julius K.
Published: January 2021

Almost all Nordic classrooms have some or a considerable number of students with a native language different from the language of instruction. Therefore, most Nordic teachers have to address the issues this setting imposes on them. The chapter is concerned with teachers’ attitudes and experiences of teaching in a multicultural setting—that is, variations in their perceived self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms. The TALIS study is used to explore these effects and relate teacher experiences with the issues of equity and diversity. Our analysis includes all five Nordic countries. A linear regression approach was used, taking into account the multi-stage sampling in TALIS. The results indicate that general self-efficacy in teaching and not specific multicultural knowledge or experience has the most significant influence on the experienced ability to handle a multicultural setting. This is a somewhat surprising, albeit reassuring, result, as it indicates that a good and trustworthy teacher education and functional general teacher competencies are the most essential ingredients in adequately handling a multicultural classroom.
Digital Inclusion in Norwegian and Danish Schools—Analysing Variation in Teachers’ Collaboration, Attitudes, ICT Use and Students’ ICT Literacy
Authors: Rohatgi Anubha , Bundsgaard Jeppe , Hatlevik Ove E.
Published: January 2021

The capability to use digital technologies in an appropriate way has become a fundamental requirement of everyday life and wide adoption of digital technologies has gained a firm footing into the educational systems. Equity is a central goal in the Nordic model and ICT integration policies are warranted at the national level along with massive improvements in ICT infrastructures. The schools in their efforts towards realizing this objective have to integrate digital technology in teaching and learning in such a way that all children are given opportunities to participate in work, life and society. It is thus of interest to study the extent of digital inclusion, by examining the variation in computer and information literacy of students both within and between schools by addressing access and use of ICT in instruction among teachers. Data for the present study comes from 138 schools from Norway (2436 students, 1653 teachers) and 110 schools from Denmark (1767 students, 728 teachers) who took part in the International Computer and Information Literacy Study in 2013. Using a multilevel approach, variations at both levels in student computer and information literacy score and teacher collaboration in ICT use were examined. The results indicate that availability of digital technologies is a significant contributor towards student ICT achievement and teacher collaboration in both countries. There are small differences in computer and literacy score between the schools, while significant variations are noted between the students. Additionally, teachers’ attitudes are found to contribute significantly towards collaboration between teachers.
Müssen wir unserem Gefühl folgen? Ansätze des Sentimentalismus
Authors: Werner Micha H.
Published: January 2021

Nachleben eines Monsters:Hobbes’ düsteres Menschenbild (siehe Kap.10.1007/978-3-476-05293-3_3), seine Angriffe auf die weltlichen Machtansprüche von Glaubensgemeinschaften und seine süffisant-trockene Kritik jeder Berufung auf die Offenbarung wirken noch lange nach seinem Tod skandalös. Mit Hobbes’ Verteidigung einer absolutistischen Monarchie sind nicht einmal die Monarchen selbst zufrieden, die ihre Autorität lieber dem persönlichen Gottesgnadentum als den niederen Sicherheitsbedürfnissen ihrer Untertanen verdanken wollten – Bedürfnissen, die durch jeden beliebigen Emporkömmling oder Eroberer ebenso gut befriedigt werden könnten, sofern er denn zur Herrschaft gelangt. Zur Widerlegung der hobbesschen Ideen werden hunderte von Büchern geschrieben. Der den Staat im Bild eines biblischen Monsters erfassen wollte, gilt nun selbst als dasMonster of Malmesbury.
Sollen wir Nutzen maximieren? Ansätze des Utilitarismus
Authors: Werner Micha H.
Published: January 2021

Ein höchstes Moralprinzip:Nach Humes Ansicht sind das Angenehme und das Nützliche Gegenstand moralischer Billigung. Auf Hume beruft sich auch Jeremy Bentham, der Begründer des Utilitarismus, der das Kriterium moralischer Richtigkeit in einer bestimmten Form von Nützlichkeit erblickt. Ursprünglich war der Utilitarismus nicht nur eine moralphilosophische Theorie, sondernauch politische Reformbewegung, die gesellschaftliche Institutionen gemäß der utilitaristischen Ethik reformieren wollte.
Befreit Moral? Immanuel Kants autonomieorientierte Ethik
Authors: Werner Micha H.
Published: January 2021

Moralphilosophischer Empirismus:Die bisherige Darstellung neuzeitlicher Ethik war hinsichtlich der repräsentierten philosophischen Strömungen einseitig: Unter den neuzeitlichen Autoren wurden ausschließlich Vertreter desEmpirismusin den Blick genommen (zur Unterscheidung zwischen Empirismus und Rationalismus siehe Kap.10.1007/978-3-476-05293-3_3). Sie teilen (will man sie nicht gar als Vernunftskeptiker interpretieren) eininstrumentelles Verständnis der praktischen Vernunft. Entsprechend bleiben ihnen im Hinblick auf die Interpretation der Moral nur zwei Optionen: Entweder sie halten an der traditionell angenommenen Verbindung zwischen Moral und Vernunft fest und interpretieren auch die Moral selbst instrumentell.
Erweitertes Zusammenwirken von natürlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz: Einführung in die Thematik
Authors: Haux Reinhold
Published: January 2021

In praktisch allen Bereichen unserer Gesellschaften verändert die Digitalisierung unsere Lebenswelten. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit aktuellen Entwicklungen des Zusammenwirkens von natürlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz. Der Beitrag möchte in diese Thematik einführen und auf technische, ethische und rechtliche Herausforderungen des Zusammenwirkens lebender und nicht lebender Entitäten im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung hinweisen.
Einleitende Worte zur Bewertung des Zusammenwirkens von Mensch und Maschine
Authors: Beck Susanne
Published: January 2021

Die zunehmende Bedeutung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) – der Begriff wird hier nicht als Analogie zu menschlicher Intelligenz verwendet, sondern als anerkannte Bezeichnung für im weitesten Sinne autonome, selbstlernende technische Systeme – stellt die Gesellschaft und damit auch das Recht vor erhebliche, neuartige Herausforderungen. Menschliche Entscheidungen, die durch KI vorbereitet oder gar ersetzt werden, können nicht in derselben Weise ethisch und rechtlich bewertet werden wie traditionelle, durch technische Werkzeuge unterstützte Entscheidungen. Die Besonderheiten dieser neuartigen Form des Zusammenwirkens menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen sind in den ersten beiden Teilen dieses Bandes ebenso detailliert wie innovativ aufgezeigt.
Methodisch-technische Aspekte der Evaluation erweiterten Zusammenwirkens
Authors: Haux Reinhold , Karafyllis Nicole C.
Published: January 2021

Im Querschnittsfeld Technik und Medizin wird aus Informatik und Philosophie die Frage bearbeitet, welche Werte und Evaluationskriterien beim erweiterten Zusammenwirken von Menschen und Maschinen zu berücksichtigen sind. Das in der VDI-Richtlinie 3780 zur Technikbewertung enthaltene Werteoktogon, das acht grundlegende Werte technischen Handelns zueinander in Beziehung setzt und das Abwägungsentscheidungen für Politik und Gesellschaft ermöglichen soll, wird besprochen. Nach Einführung der aktuell verwendeten Evaluationsmethodik in der klinischen Medizin, dort insbesondere in der Therapieforschung, wird diskutiert, inwieweit diese Evaluationsansätze sich auch auf Fragen bestmöglicher Diagnostik und Therapie, Prävention und Nachsorge im erweiterten Zusammenwirken von Menschen und Maschinen angewandt werden können. Es wird ausgeführt, dass zu der Evaluation dieses Zusammenwirkens ein hoher interdisziplinärer Forschungsbedarf besteht und dass adäquate Ausbildungsangebote vorhanden sein sollten.
Über das Zusammenwirken von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz aus ethischer Sicht
Authors: Kruse Andreas
Published: January 2021

Der nachfolgende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf das Zusammenwirken von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz im Alter. Er untersucht dieses Zusammenwirken im Kontext von Selbstgestaltung, Weltgestaltung und Verletzlichkeit. Selbst- und Weltgestaltung werden als zwei grundlegende Motive des hohen Alters verstanden: es wird diskutiert, in welcher Hinsicht künstliche Intelligenz in ihrem Zusammenwirken mit menschlicher Intelligenz zur Verwirklichung dieser beiden Motive beizutragen vermag. Weiterhin werden die kompensatorischen Funktionen dieses Zusammenwirkens im Kontext der Verletzlichkeit diskutiert, wobei Verletzlichkeit als bedeutender Aspekt der Conditio humana interpretiert wird, auf den Menschen antworten müssen. Die Nennung von Prinzipien der ethischen Betrachtung digitaler Technologien soll als allgemeiner ethischer Orientierungsrahmen des Zusammenwirkens von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz dienen; Dilemmata der Nutzung digitaler Technologien werden aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Der fachlich und ethisch verantwortliche Umgang mit künstlicher Intelligenz wird als eine Chance für eingutes Lebenim Alter gewertet.
Steuern wir oder werden wir gesteuert? Chancen und Risiken von Mensch-Technik-Interaktion
Authors: Jipp Meike , Steil Jochen
Published: January 2021

Neue technologische Möglichkeiten und künstliche Intelligenz ermöglichen in der Mensch-Technik Interaktion immer neue und zunehmend anspruchsvollere Assistenzfunktionen. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich dabei den Fragen, welche Assistenz und wieviel Assistenz sinnvoll ist. Die aktuelle Forschung zeigt, dass die Beantwortung dieser Fragen nicht trivial ist, denn technische Assistenz muss kognitiv angemessen und in der Interaktion sinnvoll eingebettet sein, um Nutzern tatsächlich bei der Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben zu helfen. Im vorliegenden Buchkapitel liegt daher der Fokus auf der Analyse und der kritischen Reflexion genau dieser Interaktion zwischen menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz. Es reflektiert die Rollenverteilungen und die Wirkungen auf den jeweils anderen Interaktionspartner und zeigt auf, welche neuen Forschungsfragen in diesem Kontext diskutiert und beantwortet werden müssen, um ein sich erweiterndes Zusammenwirken zwischen Mensch und Technik gewinnbringend zu gestalten.
Kooperation mittels Schwarmintelligenz
Authors: Mostaghim Sanaz , Mai Sebastian
Published: January 2021

Technische Systeme haben in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten große Fortschritte gemacht. Heute sind entsprechende Systeme überall im Einsatz und haben die Fähigkeit, miteinander zu kommunizieren. Solche verteilten Systeme ermöglichen die Handhabung komplexer Probleme aus der Industrie und den Naturwissenschaften. Hierbei stellen die komplexen Probleme neue Herausforderungen an die Entwicklung von Algorithmen zu deren Steuerung. In den letzten Jahren orientieren sich viele Wissenschaftler an bioinspirierten Algorithmen. Biologische Systeme lösen hierbei durch dezentral agierende Strukturen und einfachen Aufbau außerordentlich komplexe Aufgaben. Dieser Artikel bezieht sich auf die Methoden der Schwarmintelligenz, die ein kollektives Lernverfahren darstellt. Solche Systeme können sich an Veränderungen der Umgebung sehr gut anpassen und erzeugen ein flexibles und zugleich robustes Verhalten. Ein besonderes Merkmal der Schwarmintelligenz ist die entstehende Selbstorganisation von einfachen Individuen, die gemeinsam ein globales emergentes Verhalten erzeugen. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, die Effekte der Selbstorganisation so zu beeinflussen, dass das entstehende Verhalten den Anforderungen tatsächlich entspricht.
Einleitende Worte zu Anwendungen des Zusammenwirkens
Authors: Richter Otto
Published: January 2021

Die folgenden Beiträge zeigen das Potenzial der Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz in den Bereichen Medizin, Landwirtschaft und Mobilität auf.
Moderne Mobilitätsformen und die Bedürfnisse der Gesellschaft
Authors: Jipp Meike , Lemmer Karsten
Published: January 2021

Menschen überwinden räumliche Distanz virtuell mithilfe von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien oder physisch unter Nutzung von Verkehrsmitteln wie z. B. Kraftfahrzeugen oder Bussen des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs. Automatisierung, Digitalisierung und künstliche Intelligenz ermöglichen die Bereitstellung neuer und innovativer Lösungen insbesondere für die Realisierung physischer Mobilität. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist ein bedarfsorientierter, autonomer Shuttle des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs. Im Rahmen dieses Buchkapitels wird erläutert, dass sich Menschen nur dann für die Nutzung solche Systeme entscheiden, wenn diese Systeme in der Lage sind, menschliche Bedürfnisse nach Sicherheit, sozialen Kontakten oder Selbstverwirklichung zu stillen. Es wird dargestellt, welche (mobilitätsfremden) Services für die Bedürfnisbefriedigung in die Shuttle integriert werden können. Abschließend wird diskutiert, wie eine maßgeschneiderte Mobilitätslösung für die Gesellschaft entstehen kann, die Mobilitäts-, Fahrzeug- und Servicekonzept integrativ verknüpft, sodass Menschen bereit sind, auf ihr individuelles Fahrzeug zu verzichten, die Flächeninanspruchnahme des Verkehrs sinkt und insbesondere Städte lebenswerter werden.
Neutrino oscillation constraints on U(1)′ models: from non-standard interactions to long-range forces
Authors: Coloma Pilar , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C. , Maltoni Michele
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We quantify the effect of gauge bosons from a weakly coupled lepton flavor dependent U(1)′ interaction on the matter background in the evolution of solar, atmospheric, reactor and long-baseline accelerator neutrinos in the global analysis of oscillation data. The analysis is performed for interaction lengths ranging from the Sun-Earth distance to effective contact neutrino interactions. We survey ∼ 10000 set of models characterized by the six relevant fermion U(1)′ charges and find that in all cases, constraints on the coupling and mass of the Z′ can be derived. We also find that about 5% of the U(1)′ model charges lead to a viable LMA-D solution but this is only possible in the contact interaction limit. We explicitly quantify the constraints for a variety of models including $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{B-3{L}_e} $$
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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{B-3{L}_{\mu }} $$
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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{B-3{L}_{\tau }} $$
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1

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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{B-\frac{3}{2}\left({L}_{\mu }+{L}_{\tau}\right)} $$
U

1

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+

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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_e-{L}_{\mu }} $$
U

1

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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_e-{L}_{\tau }} $$
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, $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_e-\frac{1}{2}\left({L}_{\mu }+{L}_{\tau}\right)} $$
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. We compare the constraints imposed by our oscillation analysis with the strongest bounds from fifth force searches, violation of equivalence principle as well as bounds from scattering experiments and white dwarf cooling. Our results show that generically, the oscillation analysis improves over the existing bounds from gravity tests for Z′ lighter than ∼ 10−8→ 10−11 eV depending on the specific couplings. In the contact interaction limit, we find that for most models listed above there are values of g′ and MZ′ for which the oscillation analysis provides constraints beyond those imposed by laboratory experiments. Finally we illustrate the range of Z′ and couplings leading to a viable LMA-D solution for two sets of models.
On-chip mass spectrometric analysis in non-polar solvents by liquid beam infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion/ionization
Authors: Urban Raphael D. , Fischer Tillmann G. , Charvat Ales , Wink Konstantin , Krafft Benjamin , Ohla Stefan , Zeitler Kirsten , Abel Bernd , Belder Detlev
Published: January 2021

By the on-chip integration of a droplet generator in front of an emitter tip, droplets of non-polar solvents are generated in a free jet of an aqueous matrix. When an IR laser irradiates this free liquid jet consisting of water as the continuous phase and the non-polar solvent as the dispersed droplet phase, the solutes in the droplets are ionized. This ionization at atmospheric pressure enables the mass spectrometric analysis of non-polar compounds with the aid of a surrounding aqueous matrix that absorbs IR light. This works both for non-polar solvents such as n-heptane and for water non-miscible solvents like chloroform. In a proof of concept study, this approach is applied to monitor a photooxidation of N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.

Graphical abstract
Active Breaks Initiative During Hospital Rounds in the Surgical ICU to Improve Wellness of Healthcare Providers: An Observational Descriptive Study
Authors: Armas Maria , Aronowitz Danielle , Gaona Richard , Coppa Gene , Barrera Rafael
Published: January 2021

Background

Healthcare professionals in the intensive care unit (ICU) confront stressful working conditions. Morning rounds involve several hours of prolonged standing and uninterrupted concentration each day and require both mental and physical endurance from the entire care team. There is concern that work‐related fatigue among ICU practitioners will compromise their ability to safely and effectively care for their patients. To address this concern, the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at Long Island Jewish Medical Center implemented an initiative to promote provider wellness through “active breaks” during rounds.

Materials and methods

Between October and December 2019, 30 physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and students collectively engaged in active breaks during SICU rounds and then completed a 7‐question, post‐test survey to assess their experience. The survey consisted of both closed‐end and open‐ended questions. The data were then analyzed using simple statistics.

Results

In response to closed‐ended questioning, the majority of participants agreed that active breaks relieved stress (27/30; 90%), promoted wellness (29/30; 96.7%), and improved team morale (29/30; 93.1%). When given the options of tricep dips, squats or push‐ups, squats were the favored activity during breaks (17/30; 56.7%). Most of the participants (27/30; 90%) considered the active breaks to be appropriate for the working environment; two participants had no opinion on this matter. Approximately 90% of the respondents were interested in maintaining active breaks as part of the routine of morning rounds.

Conclusions

Our assessment suggests active breaks during rounds are a healthy outlet to address the inherent stress associated with critical care. This initiative also potentially protects healthcare providers from burnout and, consequentially, improves the quality of patient care.
Comparative Analysis of Three‐Versus Two‐dimensional Imaging in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Tauriainen Asta , Biancari Fausto , Tauriainen Tuomas
Published: January 2021

Background

Three‐dimensional (3D) imaging has been suggested to improve learning and performance of laparoscopy. We sought to investigate whether 3D imaging could improve the outcomes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Materials and methods

Two‐hundred and forty‐one consecutive patients underwent elective or urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 2D (n = 111) and 3D (n = 130) imaging equipments from March 2017 to March 2019 at the Kainuu Central Hospital, Finland. The main outcomes of this study were biliary tract injury, conversion to open procedure and procedure duration.

Results

In the overall series, there were 5 cases of biliary tract injury (2.1%). When compared to 3D imaging, 2D was associated with increased risk of biliary tract injury in the overall series (0% in 3D vs. 4.7% in 2D, p = 0.026) in addition to a subgroup of acute cholecystitis patients operated by senior surgeons (n = 92), 0% in 3D group (n = 60) vs. 10.0% in 2D group (n = 32), p = 0.037 in univariate analysis. The rates of conversion to open surgery did not differ between the groups in the overall series (5.3 vs 5.7%, p = 0.909) or any of the subgroups. Duration of surgery with 3D vs. 2D imaging were comparable in the elective (57.0 ± 16.3 vs. 54.1 ± 18.9 min, p = 0.228) and urgent setting (66.9 ± 15.1 vs. 67.4 ± 16.6 min, p = 0.805). Such differences were not significant in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that the use of 3D imaging is significantly associated with a reduced risk of intraoperative biliary tract injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy especially in acute cholecystitis.
TRIC-A regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zhou Xinyu , Li Ang , Lin Pei-hui , Zhou Jingsong , Ma Jianjie
Published: January 2021

Trimeric intracellular cation (TRIC) channels have been identified as monovalent cation channels that are located in the ER/SR membrane. Two isoforms discovered in mammals are TRIC-A (TMEM38a) and TRIC-B (TMEM38b). TRIC-B ubiquitously expresses in all tissues, and TRIC-B−/− mice is lethal at the neonatal stage. TRIC-A mainly expresses in excitable cells. TRIC-A−/− mice survive normally but show abnormal SR Ca2+ handling in both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Importantly, TRIC-A mutations have been identified in human patients with stress-induced arrhythmia. In the past decade, important discoveries have been made to understand the structure and function of TRIC channels, especially its role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In this review article, we focus on the potential roles of TRIC-A in regulating cardiac function, particularly its effects on intracellular Ca2+ signaling of cardiomyocytes and discuss the current knowledge gaps.
Rice protein-binding microarrays: a tool to detect cis-acting elements near promoter regions in rice
Authors: Kim Joung Sug , Chae SongHwa , Jun Kyong Mi , Lee Gang-Seob , Jeon Jong-Seong , Kim Kyung Do , Kim Yeon-Ki
Published: January 2021

Main conclusion

The present study showed that a rice (Oryza sativa)-specific protein-binding microarray (RPBM) can be applied to analyze DNA-binding motifs with a TF where binding is evaluated in extended natural promoter regions. The analysis may facilitate identifying TFs and their downstream genes and constructing gene networks through cis-elements.

Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level by binding a specific DNA sequence. Thus, predicting the DNA-binding motifs of TFs is one of the most important areas in the functional analysis of TFs in the postgenomic era. Although many methods have been developed to address this challenge, many TFs still have unknown DNA-binding motifs. In this study, we designed RPBM with 40-bp probes and 20-bp of overlap, yielding 49 probes spanning the 1-kb upstream region before the translation start site of each gene in the entire genome. To confirm the efficiency of RPBM technology, we selected two previously studied TFs, OsWOX13 and OsSMF1, and an uncharacterized TF, OsWRKY34. We identified the ATTGATTG and CCACGTCA DNA-binding sequences of OsWOX13 and OsSMF1, respectively. In total, 635 and 932 putative feature genes were identified for OsWOX13 and OsSMF1, respectively. We discovered the CGTTGACTTT DNA-binding sequence and 195 putative feature genes of OsWRKY34. RPBM could be applicable in the analysis of DNA-binding motifs for TFs where binding is evaluated in the promoter and 5′ upstream CDS regions. The analysis may facilitate identifying TFs and their downstream genes and constructing gene networks through cis-elements.
Olfactory processing in the lateral horn of Drosophila
Authors: Das Chakraborty Sudeshna , Sachse Silke
Published: January 2021

Sensing olfactory signals in the environment represents a crucial and significant task of sensory systems in almost all organisms to facilitate survival and reproduction. Notably, the olfactory system of diverse animal phyla shares astonishingly many fundamental principles with regard to anatomical and functional properties. Binding of odor ligands by chemosensory receptors present in the olfactory peripheral organs leads to a neuronal activity that is conveyed to first and higher-order brain centers leading to a subsequent odor-guided behavioral decision. One of the key centers for integrating and processing innate olfactory behavior is the lateral horn (LH) of the protocerebrum in insects. In recent years the LH of Drosophila has garnered increasing attention and many studies have been dedicated to elucidate its circuitry. In this review we will summarize the recent advances in mapping and characterizing LH-specific cell types, their functional properties with respect to odor tuning, their neurotransmitter profiles, their connectivity to pre-synaptic and post-synaptic partner neurons as well as their impact for olfactory behavior as known so far.
Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories
Authors: Engwell S. , Mastin L. , Tupper A. , Kibler J. , Acethorp P. , Lord G. , Filgueira R.
Published: January 2021

Understanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. The analysis highlights the VAA data as an exceptional resource documenting global volcanic activity on timescales that complement more widely used eruption datasets.
The prevalence of intestinal dysbiosis in patients referred for antireflux surgery
Authors: Haworth Jordan J. , Boyle Nicholas , Vales Andres , Hobson Anthony R.
Published: January 2021

Background

Prior to antireflux surgery, most patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have been taking long-term proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs have been shown to cause changes to the intestinal microbiota, such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which is characterised by symptoms of gas bloating. Patients undergoing antireflux surgery are not routinely screened for SIBO, yet many patients experience gas-related symptoms postoperatively.

Methods

Data from consecutive patients (n = 104) referred to a speciality reflux centre were retrospectively assessed. Patients underwent a routine diagnostic workup for GERD including history, endoscopy, oesophageal manometry and 24-h pH-impedance monitoring off PPIs. Intestinal dysbiosis was determined by hydrogen and methane breath testing with a hydrogen-positive result indicative of SIBO and a methane-positive result indicative of intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO).

Results

60.6% of patients had intestinal dysbiosis (39.4% had SIBO and 35.6% had IMO). Patients with dysbiosis were more likely to report bloating (74.6% vs 48.8%; P = 0.01) and belching (60.3% vs 34.1%; P = 0.01). The oesophageal acid exposure time and number of reflux episodes were similar between dysbiosis and non-dysbiosis groups, but patients with dysbiosis were more likely to have a positive reflux-symptom association (76.2% vs 31.7%; P < 0.001), especially for regurgitation in those with SIBO (P = 0.01). Hydrogen gas production was significantly greater in patients with a positive reflux-symptom association for regurgitation (228.8 ppm vs 129.1 ppm, P = 0.004) and belching (mean AUC 214.8 ppm vs 135.9 ppm, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

The prevalence of intestinal dysbiosis is high in patients with GERD, and these patients are more likely to report gas-related symptoms prior to antireflux surgery. Independently, SIBO may be a contributory factor to refractory reflux symptoms and gas bloating in antireflux surgery candidates.
Relative qPCR to quantify colonization of plant roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Bodenhausen Natacha , Deslandes-Hérold Gabriel , Waelchli Jan , Held Alain , van der Heijden Marcel G. A. , Schlaeppi Klaus
Published: January 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil fungi that can promote the growth of their host plants. Accurate quantification of AMF in plant roots is important because the level of colonization is often indicative of the activity of these fungi. Root colonization is traditionally measured with microscopy methods which visualize fungal structures inside roots. Microscopy methods are labor-intensive, and results depend on the observer. In this study, we present a relative qPCR method to quantify AMF in which we normalized the AMF qPCR signal relative to a plant gene. First, we validated the primer pair AMG1F and AM1 in silico, and we show that these primers cover most AMF species present in plant roots without amplifying host DNA. Next, we compared the relative qPCR method with traditional microscopy based on a greenhouse experiment with Petunia plants that ranged from very high to very low levels of AMF root colonization. Finally, by sequencing the qPCR amplicons with MiSeq, we experimentally confirmed that the primer pair excludes plant DNA while amplifying mostly AMF. Most importantly, our relative qPCR approach was capable of discriminating quantitative differences in AMF root colonization and it strongly correlated (Spearman Rho = 0.875) with quantifications by traditional microscopy. Finally, we provide a balanced discussion about the strengths and weaknesses of microscopy and qPCR methods. In conclusion, the tested approach of relative qPCR presents a reliable alternative method to quantify AMF root colonization that is less operator-dependent than traditional microscopy and offers scalability to high-throughput analyses.
Accuracy of intraoral scan images in full arch with orthodontic brackets: a retrospective in vivo study
Authors: Kim Young-Kyun , Kim So-Hyun , Choi Tae-Hyun , Yen Edwin H. , Zou Bingshuang , Shin Yonsoo , Lee Nam-Ki
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the accuracy of intraoral scan (IOS) images in the maxillary and mandibular arches with orthodontic brackets.

Material and methods

From digital impressions of 140 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment, consecutive IOS images were selected based on standardized inclusion criteria: Two pre-orthodontic IOS images (IOS1 and IOS2) of permanent dentition with fully erupted second molars and IOS images obtained immediately after orthodontic bracket bonding (IOSb). Superimpositions were performed to evaluate the reproducibility of repeated IOS images. Accuracy of IOSb images was analyzed by comparing the average surface errors between IOS1c and IOS2c images, which were IOS images cut based on the same region of the interest as between IOS1 and IOSb images.

Results

A total of 84 IOS images was analyzed. The average surface errors between IOS1 and IOS2 images were 57 ± 8 μm and 59 ± 14 μm in the maxillary and mandibular arch, respectively, and their reliability was almost perfect. The average errors between IOSb and IOS1c images exhibited an increase, which measured 97 ± 28 μm in the maxillary arch and 95 ± 29 μm in the mandibular arch. These surface deviations between IOSb and IOS1c images were significantly larger in each region as well as entire dentition (P < 0.001) compared to those between IOS1c and IOS2c images.

Conclusions

The average surface errors of the scans with brackets showed increased values compared with those without brackets. This suggests that orthodontic brackets could affect the trueness of intraoral scan images.

Clinical relevance

It is necessary for clinicians to consider the effect of brackets on digital impression when using IOS images in orthodontic patients.
Incidence and risk factors for respiratory tract bacterial colonization and infection in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Paglicci L. , Borgo V. , Lanzarone N. , Fabbiani M. , Cassol C. , Cusi MG. , Valassina M. , Scolletta S. , Bargagli E. , Marchetti L. , Paladini P. , Luzzi L. , Fossi A. , Bennett D. , Montagnani F.
Published: January 2021

To evaluate incidence of and risk factors for respiratory bacterial colonization and infections within 30 days from lung transplantation (LT). We retrospectively analyzed microbiological and clinical data from 94 patients transplanted for indications other than cystic fibrosis, focusing on the occurrence of bacterial respiratory colonization or infection during 1 month of follow-up after LT. Thirty-three percent of patients developed lower respiratory bacterial colonization. Bilateral LT and chronic heart diseases were independently associated to a higher risk of overall bacterial colonization. Peptic diseases conferred a higher risk of multi-drug resistant (MDR) colonization, while longer duration of aerosol prophylaxis was associated with a lower risk. Overall, 35% of lung recipients developed bacterial pneumonia. COPD (when compared to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF) and higher BMI were associated to a lower risk of bacterial infection. A higher risk of MDR infection was observed in IPF and in patients with pre-transplant colonization and infections. The risk of post-LT respiratory infections could be stratified by considering several factors (indication for LT, type of LT, presence of certain comorbidities, and microbiologic assessment before LT). A wider use of early nebulized therapies could be useful to prevent MDR colonization, thus potentially lowering infectious risk.
Large deformation dynamic analysis of progressive failure in layered clayey slopes under seismic loading using the particle finite element method
Authors: Wang Liang , Zhang Xue , Tinti Stefano
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the failure analysis of layered clayey slopes with emphasis on the combined effect of the clay’s weakening behavior and the seismic loading using the particle finite element method (PFEM). Diverse failure mechanisms have been disclosed via the PFEM modelling when the strain-weakening behavior of clay is concerned. In contrast to a single layered slope exhibiting either a shallow or a deep failure mode, a layered slope may undergo both failure modes with a time interval in between. Seismic loadings also enlarge the scale of slope failure in clays with weakening behavior. The failure of a real layered slope (i.e. the 1988 Saint-Adelphe landslide, Canada) triggered by the Saguenay earthquake is also studied in this paper. The simulation results reveal that the choice of the strain-softening value controls the slip surface of the landslide and the amplification effect is important in the triggering of the landslide.
Interaktive Vorlesungsfolien mit SQL-Unterstützung
Authors: Schildgen Johannes
Published: January 2021

Mit PowerPoint oder LaTeX Beamer erstellte Vorlesungsfolien sind meist statisch und dienen hauptsächlich der Präsentation von Lehrinhalten. Als Alternative dazu werden drei Erweiterungen für das HTML- und JavaScript-basierte Präsentationsframework reveal.js vorgestellt, die für mehr Interaktion in der Datenbankenlehre sorgen sollen: (1) Eine Live-Ausführung von SQL-Anfragen und eine Darstellung des Anfrageergebnisses direkt auf der Folie; mit Möglichkeit zur Anpassung der Anfrage im Präsentationsbetrieb, (2) eine JSON-basierte Beschreibung von ER-Diagrammen, welche graphisch auf den Folien dargestellt werden sollen und (3) eingebettete Smartphone-Umfragen, um zwischendurch – ohne einen Kontextwechsel – Quiz-Fragen zu stellen.
Differences in Immaterial Details: Dimensional Conversion and Its Implications for Protecting Digital Designs Under EU Design Law
Authors: Antikainen Mikko
Published: January 2021

The paper considers three main questions: the legal status of digital designs from the perspective of EU design law, whether the protection is tied to the reproduction of physical products, and whether the scope of protection covers dimensional conversion such as using a 3D design in 2D form or vice versa. There are two sets of views regarding dimensional conversion: the “abstract” and the “concrete” view. These two different attitudes towards the scope of protection influence the manner in which the protectability of digital designs is assessed. In the “abstract” protection, it would not matter whether a product only exists as a digital image and not as a physical shape. In the “concrete” view, the protection of digital designs is more problematic, as the scope of protection is often tied to the reproduction of an actual physical product. The paper argues that, under CJEU jurisprudence and EUIPO practice, most of the open questions regarding the protection of digital designs and dimensional conversion can be considered as solved. The CJEU has chosen “abstract” protection over “concrete”, thus broadening the scope of protection at the EU level. This means that the digital use of non-digital designs can now be seen as infringing. As a consequence, in the future, right holders should put more care into evaluating the limitations and exceptions. The paper points this out with regard to the issues that are of relevance for the gaming industry, as this is where the use of digital designs is most versatile and relevant.
Two different finite element models investigation of the plunge stage in joining AZ31B magnesium alloy with friction stir welding
Authors: Turkan Murat , Karakas Özler
Published: January 2021

This study presents an investigation of the plunge stage in joining AZ31B magnesium alloy with friction stir welding using two different 3D finite element models based on Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation and Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation. The investigations are made with the ABAQUS program. Johnson–Cook plastic material law and Coulomb friction law are used in both models. Models are compared in terms of temperature, strain distribution, and processing time. In both models, very similar temperature and strain distributions are obtained in the weld zone and the models are validated by experimental results. In addition, with the increase in the rotational speed of the tool, temperature and strain in the welding zone increase similarly in both models. In the model using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation, mesh distortions occur when high mesh density is not created in the plunge zone. No problems related to mesh distortion are encountered in the model using Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation. Moreover, it is found that the model using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation has a lower processing time and this processing time is not affected by the rotational speed of the tool.
Abstract Concept Learning in Cognitive Robots
Authors: Di Nuovo Alessandro , Cangelosi Angelo
Published: January 2021

Purpose of Review

Understanding and manipulating abstract concepts is a fundamental characteristic of human intelligence that is currently missing in artificial agents. Without it, the ability of these robots to interact socially with humans while performing their tasks would be hindered. However, what is needed to empower our robots with such a capability? In this article, we discuss some recent attempts on cognitive robot modeling of these concepts underpinned by some neurophysiological principles.

Recent Findings

For advanced learning of abstract concepts, an artificial agent needs a (robotic) body, because abstract and concrete concepts are considered a continuum, and abstract concepts can be learned by linking them to concrete embodied perceptions. Pioneering studies provided valuable information about the simulation of artificial learning and demonstrated the value of the cognitive robotics approach to study aspects of abstract cognition.

There are a few successful examples of cognitive models of abstract knowledge based on connectionist and probabilistic modeling techniques. However, the modeling of abstract concept learning in robots is currently limited at narrow tasks. To make further progress, we argue that closer collaboration among multiple disciplines is required to share expertise and co-design future studies. Particularly important is to create and share benchmark datasets of human learning behavior.
Publicity in International Lawmaking
Authors: Aronsson-Storrier Marie
Published: January 2021

This book explores how best to recalibrate our understanding of international lawmaking through the lens of increased reporting and legal debate around covert and quasi-covert uses of force. Recent changes in practice and communication call for closer attention to be paid to the requirement of publicity for state practice, since they challenge the perception of the concepts 'public' and 'covert', and thus raise questions as to the impact that covert and quasi-covert acts do and should have on the development of international law. It is argued that, in order to qualify as such practice, acts must be both publicly known and acknowledged. The book further examines how state silence around covert and quasi-covert operations has opened up significant space for legal scholars and other experts to influence the development of international law.