bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potensi Energi Terbarukan dari Biogas Limbah Ternak Ruminansia Di Kabupaten Sidrap
Authors: Purnomo Nurul , Yusriadi Yusriadi
Published: May 2023

The increase in the population of ruminants has resulted in an increase in the production of livestock waste which has the potential to be a source of environmental pollutants as well as a potential biogas producer. The study of the biogas potential of ruminant livestock waste in Sidrap Regency was carried out using secondary data from BPS. Biogas potential is calculated by multiplying the ruminant population with the potential for livestock waste production, solid matter content, volatile matter content, and volatile matter biogas production in one year. The potential energy for biogas propulsion from ruminant livestock waste is calculated using the multiplication of the potential for biogas production per year with the methane content of biogas and the energy value of methane gas. The biogas equivalence of LPG gas is calculated by multiplying the biogas potential of ruminant livestock waste by the equivalent per m3 of biogas with LPG. The results of the study show that the biogas potential of ruminant slag waste in Sidrap Regency is 1,071,508.23 m3/year. The potential driving energy of biogas from ruminant livestock waste in Sidrap Regency is 5,400,401.49 kWh/year. The biogas potential of ruminant livestock waste in Sidrap Regency is equivalent to 492.893.79 kg/year LPG. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the potential for renewable energy biogas from ruminant livestock waste in Sidrap Regency is very large.
EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION Bacillus subtilis BN Strain ON QUALITY OF CHICKEN EGGS
Authors: Huda Khoirul , Siswara Hamzah Nata , Aini Lia Nur
Published: May 2023

This reseacrh aims to find out the effect of probiotic administration of Bacillus subtilis BN Strain on shell thickness, white index and chicken yolk index. This research used 38-week-old layer laying hens as many as 24 heads, randomized into four treatments with eight replays. Treatment consists of P0 without the addition of probiotics, P1 with the addition of Bacillus subtilis BN Strain as many as 0.005 grams / kg of feed, P2 with the addition of Bacillus subtilis BN Strain as many as 0.01 grams / kg of feed and P3 with the addition of Bacillus subtilis BN Strain as many as 0.02 grams / kg of feed. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) test showed no noticeable difference (p>0.05) to the thickness of the shell, white index or egg yolk index. The results showed that the addition of probiotic Bacillus subtilis BN Strain as many as 0.005 grams/kg of feed, 0.01 grams/kg of feed and 0.02 kg/kg of feed had no noticeable effect on the increase in egg shell thickness, egg white index and egg yolk index.
KORELASI ASAM URAT (URIC ACID) DENGAN INDIKATOR RADIKAL BEBAS PADA AYAM BROILER
Authors: Rusmansyah Ary , Mushawwir Andi , Permana Ronnie
Published: May 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi asam urat terhadap malondlialdehyde (MDA) dan Transferrin pada ayam broiler. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kandang percobaan dan analisis sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Biokimia Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjadjaran. Objek penelitian terdiri dari 50 ekor ayam broiler yang dipelihara selama 35 hari. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu eksperimental dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis korelasi. Peubah yang diamati yaitu: asam urat, malondialdehyde (MDA) dan transferrin. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa asam urat memiliki korelasi yang tinggi terhadap malondialdehyde (MDA) dan transferrin. Dengan nilai korelasi masing-masing 0,853; 0,968 dan koefesien besaran masing masing 0,727; 0,936. Model regresi untuk nilai pendugaan asam urat dengan MDA yaitu y = 11,192 – 1,794x dan asam urat dengan transferrin yaitu y = 1,4348 + 0,701x.
Relationship between Clinicohistomorphology Profile of Atypical Prostate Gland and Diagnosis Benign Lesion or Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Litta Septina MZ  , Yayi Dwina B
Published: May 2023

BackgroundAtypical prostate gland especially atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) is a histopathological diagnosis that requires a follow-up biopsy 3-6 months after the first biopsy, because 17-60% of cases potentially to be malignant. The varied clinical and histomorphological characteristics of the atypical prostate gland make it difficult to confirm the final diagnosis as a benign lesion or prostate adenocarcinoma. This study aims to describe clinicohistomorphological cases of atypical prostate gland at Anatomical Pathology Department FKUI/RSCM and to identify histomorphological features of the atypical prostate gland as benign lesions or prostate adenocarcinoma on immunohistochemistry diagnosis.MethodsA histopathological investigation of prostate gland cases with atypical nuclei was carried out in 2011-2021 from archives of Anatomical Pathology Department FKUI/RSCM. Clinical and histomorphological characteristics were assessed and categorized into benign lesions or prostate adenocarcinoma based on immunohistochemistry appearance.ResultsThere were 109 cases of atypical prostate gland, 49 of which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and could be analyzed. Corpora amylacea was found in 11 cases (84.6%) in the benign lesion group, statistically significant (p-value 0.005). Intraluminal crystalloids were found in 4 cases (100%) in the prostate adenocarcinoma group with p-value 0.050, close to significant. Other clinicohistomorphological characteristics did not show a significant relationship both in benign lesions and prostate adenocarcinoma groups (p-value 0.05).Conclusion On histopathological examination of the atypical prostate gland that is difficult to re-biopsy, the discovery of corpora amylacea may lead to the diagnosis of a benign lesion, while the discovery of intraluminal crystalloids may lead to the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis must be supported by immunohistochemistry characteristics.
Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemistry Profile of Primary Mediastinal Large B-cell Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma Nodular Sclerosis in Mediastinum
Authors: Dameria Flora , Francisca Ham Maria , Stephanie Harahap Agnes
Published: May 2023

Background

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) and Hodgkin nodular sclerosis (LHNS) lymphoma was the most common lymphomas involved the mediastinum. These two lymphomas had similar histopathological features. The purpose of this study was to analyzed clinical data, histopathological characteristics, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) profiles on PMBCL and LHNS.

Methods

This is a retrospective study. Data was collected from archive of Anatomical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2014-2020. The data collected included clinical data, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and IHC slides and were reassessed by the researcher and supervisor. The histopathological characteristics data was analyzed statistically using statistical package for the social sciences version 25.0 with Chi-Square test.

Results

PMBCL and LHNS have similar histopathological features, included the characteristics of tumor cells and infiltration of many fibrosis and inflammatory cells, but difference in architecture, tumor cell types, clear cytoplasmic tumor cells, inflammatory cell and fibrosis types, with p value <0.001. The characterized differences of PMBCL showed diffuse architecture, some cells with RS-like cell structure, clear/pale cytoplasm, lymphocyte cell infiltration, and compartmental fibrosis. Whilst, LHNS showed nodular architecture, Reed Sternberg cells, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, and band-like fibrosis. PMBCL showed CD20, PAX5, MUM1 strongly positive, CD30 weakly positive, and CD15 negative, while LHNS showed negative CD20, CD30 and MUM1 strongly positive, PAX5 weakly positive, and CD15 positive.
DAMAGE, LOSSES, RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES, AND RETROFIT INTERVENTIONS ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN HISTORICAL CENTERS AFTER RECENT ITALIAN EARTHQUAKES
Authors: Di Ludovico Marco
Published: May 2023

The reconstruction process of residential buildings damaged by L'Aquila 2009 earthquake initially involved buildings outside historical centres and then, starting from August 2012, residential buildings in historical centres. The reconstruction model related to buildings in historical centres was developed by two special offices, involved in the reconstruction process of L'Aquila municipality and other municipalities, respectively. Both special offices introduced new procedures to manage the reconstruction based on a parametric model to define the maximum public grant to repair and strengthen the damaged buildings in historical centres. The new model was necessary to deal with the reconstruction of historical centres mainly characterized by old masonry building aggregates with a cultural and architectural heritage value. The data collected in the management process of reconstruction outside and inside historical centers, allowed obtaining precious and unique information on buildings and aggregates characteristics, damage and usability ratings as well as repair and retrofitting cost data obtained by funding requests. Furthermore, these data are the basis to carry out a comparison between the repair and retrofit cost data and peculiarities of residential buildings outside and inside historical centers.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCK IN SERBIA
Authors: Brzev Svetlana , Borozan Jovana , Marinković Marko , Hadzima-Nyarko Marijana , Blagojević Nikola , Petrović Milica , Koković Veljko , Bulajić Borko , Stojadinović Božidar
Published: May 2023

Developing a classification system (taxonomy) for buildings is a critical step for seismic risk assessment studies. Such a system can be used to characterize a building portfolio within urban/rural settlements or building stock for the entire country. Serbia is located in a region characterized by a moderate seismic hazard. In the last century, 10 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and higher occurred in Serbia, the strongest (M 6.0) in 1922. The strongest earthquake in the 21st century (Mw 5.5), with an epicenter close to Kraljevo, occurred in November 2010 and caused significant damage to residential buildings. In 2019, members of the Serbian Association for Earthquake Engineering (SUZI-SAEE) contributed to the SERA project and its goal to develop a seismic risk model for Europe. A taxonomy of residential buildings in Serbia was developed based on previous national and regional building stock studies. The proposed taxonomy includes the Lateral Load-Resisting System (LLRS) (e.g., wall, frame, dual wall-frame system) and material of the LLRS (e.g., masonry, concrete, wood) as the main attributes. The type of floor diaphragm (rigid or flexible) has been specified only for masonry typologies with unreinforced masonry walls, while building height and date of construction have been implicitly considered. According to the proposed taxonomy, there are 9 residential building typologies in Serbia; out of those, 5 typologies are related to masonry structures, 3 are related to RC structures, and one is related to wood structures. This paper describes the proposed taxonomy and outlines the characteristic features of different building typologies and their relevance for estimating seismic vulnerability and risk. A comparison of the proposed taxonomy for Serbia and published taxonomies for Croatia is also presented.
MOST AFFECTED TYPOLOGIES FROM THE 26 NOVEMBER 2019 EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Baballëku Markel , Luka Rikard , Shaholli Klajdi
Published: May 2023

Assessing and finding the causes of damages in buildings belonging to construction typologies severely damaged as a result of the 26 November 2019 earthquake is of significant importance. Not only to better understand the causes of severe damage and the measures that should be taken specifically for these buildings, but also for planning the necessary interventions in these typified buildings typologies not only in the damaged areas but also in non-affected areas. This paper aims to carefully analyse some of the most severely damaged buildings by the earthquake, which have been associated with human casualties. Three construction typologies are considered in this paper, where two of them are design and build before the ‘90s as a typified buildings implemented in different cities, and the third one is a modification of typified RC building, constructed mainly after the ‘90s. One of the buildings build before the 90s is a masonry structure, while the others are reinforced concrete structure. Through damage and collapse mechanism assessment as well as using results of non-linear analysis, the paper attempts to highlight the primary causes of severe damage, compliance with building codes and the necessary measures that are recommended to reduce the vulnerability of these buildings
SEISMIC RISK IN THE DISTRICT/MUNICIPALITY OF DURRËS
Authors: Baballëku Markel , Shaholli Klajdi , Luka Rikard , Qirjazi Genti , Haziraj Renti
Published: May 2023

After the seismic events of 2019, one of the first difficulties encountered was finding and focusing attention on the most damaged areas. It is understood that the aid of the affected population was forthcoming, but the impact of the panic and the overall chaotic circumstances left little opportunity to focus proper attention on the areas with greater damage. A document with analysis, findings and conclusions that showed in advance the areas with the highest risk and their treatment in the territory was missing. By trying to evaluate every clarifying and helpful element in damage assessment even in disaster situations, the consequences that occurred, their analysis and interpretation take on significant importance in risk assessment. This paper is focused at two main topics: 1-) Through the assessment of the seismic risk and all its affecting factors (hazard, exposure and vulnerability) to compare the results of the assessment with the results obtained based on the preliminary assessments carried out after the earthquake of 26 November and presented in the PDNA document; 2-) To establish a procedure which can be used for risk assessment on a similar scale for other municipalities/districts of the country. This paper will not only highlight the strong and weak points for the territory of Durrës, but will give useful instructions in using the proposed methodology in other territories, without waiting for the next seismic event with possible damaging consequences.
CUSTOMIZED SEISMIC SCREENING TOWARD SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC BUILDINGS ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Authors: Shendova Veronika , Apostolska Roberta , Sesov Vlatko
Published: May 2023

Increasing energy efficiency of final energy consumption is a very actual and important topic, in parallel with activities and measures worldwide targeting an increased share of renewable energy sources. Despite recent expansion in building construction, old buildings characterized by high energy consumption still represent a great majority of both residential and public building stock in many countries in the Balkan region. Located in seismic-prone countries, such as the Republic of North Macedonia, these old buildings are also characterized by the high risk of partial or complete destruction during earthquakes. This imposes the need for mandatory screening at the outset of an energy efficiency program, which will categorize buildings according to seismic risk and thus determine which buildings are suitable for energy efficiency investments. This paper presents how the methodology for high-level seismic screening, originally proposed in the World Bank's Country Report (North Macedonia), is extended and customized by the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Skopje to correspond to the country specificities, i.e., to be based on overall knowledge on aseismic design and construction practice in the country, detailed on-site inspection of each particular building, and to be carried out by structural engineers with appropriate knowledge and experience in earthquake engineering. The high-level seismic screening was performed in the Republic of North Macedonia, applying this extended and customized methodology, for a total number of 27 medical facilities, dominantly healthcare centers, and 50 municipality buildings (schools, kindergartens, and municipal buildings).
LESSONS OF THE LUGOVSKY EARTHQUAKE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Shokbarov Yeraly , Kulbaev Begman , Temiraliuly Gani
Published: May 2023

The introductory part of this work gives a brief description of the recent earthquakes that have occurred in recent years in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The following is more detailed information about the consequences of an earthquake: the scale of destruction, the procedure for dealing with the consequences of an earthquake, methods of strengthening buildings.
COMPILATION OF AVAILABLE SEISMOTECTONIC DATA FOR NORTH MACEDONIA AS AN INPUT FOR PSHA
Authors: Neziri Zabedin , Salic Makreska Radmila
Published: May 2023

N. Macedonia is a country characterized by relatively high seismic activity. As a consequence of its special tectonic regime, and quite frequent occurrence of damaging earthquakes, necessity for reliable seismic hazard and risk assessments are of outmost importance. Initial and one of the most important steps in PSHA is the seismic source characterization. Previously used seismic hazard models at the national level (Mihailov, 1978; Milutinovic et al., 1998; Dojcinovski, 2005; Stamatovska and Koytcheva, 2013; Salic, 2015; Milutinovic et al., 2016) consisted in areal type and/or gridded seismicity sources (Salic, 2015; Milutinovic et al., 2016), owing to the lack of seismogenic active fault parameters. All up to date available national (Basic Geological Map 1:100.000; Arsovski and Petkovski, 1975; Janchevski, 1987; Petkovski, 1992; Arsovski, 1997; Dumurdzanov et al., 2005; Drogreshka, 2018) and regional and European (EDSF13 and EFSM20) fault parametrization data were summarized and comparatively analysed. Three main declustered catalogues of earthquakes (National Seismological Observatory, BSHAP project, and ESHM20-Unified Earthquake Catalogue) for the territory of N. Macedonia and border region were also described and comparatively analysed. Histogram analysis related to different earthquake parameters were performed and compared together with the time completeness checks. As addition fault-plane solutions extracted from international or local seismic agencies concerning the studied region were analysed and systemised (Harvard CMT, INGV, EMEC, EPICA, BSHAP, Drogreshka, 2018). In this study, gaps and inconsistencies were drawn out from these data and alternative state-of-the-art methodologies were proposed to be used for seismogenic fault parametrization as a critical step towards reliable seismic hazard assessment.
POSSIBLITIES OF USING UHPC AS A REPAIR MATERIAL
Authors: Ocelić Antonija , Baričević Ana , Frančić Smrkić Marina
Published: May 2023

More and more buildings need to be repaired and strengthened, both for durability and for the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes. The repair material should ensure compatibility with the substructure materials and contribute to their improvement. The continuous development of materials has led to their excellent properties and application possibilities. In addition, the new generation of materials offers more environmentally friendly solutions, which is certainly in line with repair as part of sustainable development. In an effort to meet all these requirements, the use of mortars with exceptional properties and environmental efficiency can be the key to solving repair works. Materials such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) are characterised by exceptional mechanical and durability properties. In its usual composition, it contains large amounts of cement, which can be reduced by using waste materials to improve its environmental performance. One of the properties of UHPC worth highlighting is its toughness, which is achieved through the use of fibres that ensure a cement composite with ductile behaviour. Therefore, this paper presents a general overview of UHPC and the possibility of its application as a repair material. The evaluation of UHPC as a repair material is based on the studies carried out. These are divided into tests of interfacial properties, which include bond strength, microstructure, and permeability. The influence of additional cementitious materials on the interfacial microstructure is presented. Finally, the importance of fibres and the potential self-healing effect of UHPC in repair are highlighted and opportunities for new studies are identified.
STRATEGIES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS FOR STEEL BUILDING STRUCTURES
Authors: Koboevic Sanda , Reyes-Fernandez Angel , Murugananthan Usthanthan , Wiebe Lydell
Published: May 2023

Canadian provisions allow two alternatives for the seismic design of foundations: capacity-protected (CP) and not capacity-protected (NCP). CP foundations should develop the full resistance of seismic force resisting system (SFRS) and are favoured whenever possible. With such foundations the inelastic activity occurs predominantly in the superstructure, unexpectedly high seismic demands are better managed and the global system deformations are not increased significantly by foundation rotations. NCP foundations develop a partial capacity of the SFRS. Being weaker than the SFRS, such foundations uplift and rotate thus limiting the forces transmitted to the superstructure. Conversely, the foundation rotations increase displacements of the superstructure which must be considered in design. Canadian design practice shows that foundations of steel frame buildings are often large causing a significant increase in construction cost, which may lead to selection of alternative structural solutions built in different materials. Knowing that the design requirements were developed mainly considering the seismic behaviour of concrete shear walls, characterized by the development of a single plastic hinge at the base, it appears necessary to validate their applicability to steel braced frames that exhibit a distributed yielding mechanism, associated with much larger overstrength and higher capacity design forces on foundations. In this study, 3-storey steel buildings with X-type tension-compression bracing were designed for Vancouver, Canada, to examine different design strategies for foundation design. Two soil types were considered. The foundation design followed Canadian and US seismic design approaches. Non-linear time history analyses were then performed using the OpenSees program. The model included the inelastic frame behaviour and the nonlinear soil response. The forces imposed on foundations obtained from nonlinear time history analysis are compared with design predictions. The foundation displacements and stresses in the soil are also examined to assess the consequences of foundation flexibility on the global structural seismic response.
EXTENSION OF SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC SECURING OF HEAVY FAÇADES THROUGH REFURBISHMENT, STRENGTHENING AND RETROFITTING
Authors: Hine Samuel , Roik Matthias
Published: May 2023

Recent earthquakes have shown that existing older buildings are not sufficiently safe against seismic loads. This applies to both structural and non-structural elements of buildings. Damage to so-called 'heavy' façade structures is of particular concern, as falling components can cause personal injury and block important traffic and escape routes. Heavy facades made of masonry, natural stone cladding or concrete panels with dead loads exceeding 100 kg/m² are usually anchored to the supporting structure by steel anchors that transfer the loads from the cladding panels. Although new façades are very secure against earthquakes, the field of seismic strengthening of heavy façades is largely unproven, although several product systems are available on the market that enable repair and strengthening. These systems will be investigated to see if they are suitable to take the additional loads caused by earthquakes. Ongoing trials are expanding the range of fastening systems suitable for heavy façade retrofitting as well as repair. This will utilise the experience already presented at the last 1CroCEE conference. An independent test series will allow the knowledge already gained to be reflected in a range of products for repair. This paper presents a method for repairing existing facades. This method can be used to preserve the fabric of historic buildings but can also be used to strengthen façade structures with the aim of meeting seismic design requirements, such as protecting human life after an earthquake or enabling rescue operations. As an alternative to large-scale shake table tests, so-called mesoscale tests for checking load-bearing capacity are described. The technical background is explained, and the test results are presented.
STRUCTURAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR OPERATIONAL/BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND RESILIENCE
Authors: Ciudad-Real Mauricio , Skolnik Derek , Saifullah Khalid
Published: May 2023

Large earthquakes are expected to cause structural damage even in modern buildings in full compliance with current design codes. While presumably safe, these and the much more frequent moderately sized earthquakes, can still negatively affect critical structures’ function. For example, hospitals, by distressing staff and patients as well as supporting systems such as critical utilities, medical gases, and surrounding infrastructure (e.g. roads/bridges). Energy producing facilities, may overact shutting down plant functions or initiating evacuations which potentially costs millions of dollars in business interruption. Today most earthquake instrumented structures focused their purpose on recording structural responses to damaging and potentially damaging earthquakes. This recorded data is then used to further understanding of actual building dynamic behavior, ultimately leading to advancements in research (e.g., damage detection) and building codes (e.g., improved empirical relations), Goel and Chopra [1]. Over time, owners, residents, and operators indirectly benefit from this work by owning, residing, operating safer structures. However, there is opportunity to benefit directly from structural monitoring technology. Advances in technology and client-based information-driven services have led to proven applications of structural monitoring in support of operational/business continuity ultimately contributing to resilience. Although this concept of using earthquake recorded data to the benefit of building owners has been considered in the past, Celebi et.al. [2], there has only been a few implementation cases as a holistic, commercially viable solution for operational/business continuity, as a result of strategic industry partnerships (e.g., technology provider, engineering consultant, etc.), academia, and a growing knowledge and experience on the topic; mostly in the Middle East, Skolnik et.al. [3]. This paper will present commercially available technology platforms comprised of advanced sensing, performance-based engineering, centralized command console tied to mobile check-in, standard-based safety inspection tools, as well as training and certification. Implementation is illustrated with deployments at Hospitals and Energy producing facilities around the world.
ANALYTICAL SEISMIC FRAGILITY CURVES FOR ANCIENT MASONRY BUILDINGS IN PORTUGAL
Authors: Bernardo Vasco , Costa Alfredo C. , Candeias Paulo , Costa Aníbal , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: May 2023

The seismic performance of buildings has received special attention due to the interest in the built heritage conservation and protection of human life. The historic urban centers are dominated by old unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, which techniques and construction materials have evolved during centuries. Given the presence of these buildings in areas of significant seismicity, extensive research is needed to assess the seismic risk and define mitigation policies. This kind of studies is often supported by empirical methods and based on expert judgment due to the high variability of the building stock and lack of information. The main purpose of this work is to provide analytical fragility curves for representative masonry buildings in Portugal, built before the introduction of the first design code for building safety against earthquakes (RSSCS) in 1958. Thus, the fragility curves derived can characterize the capacity of the Portuguese building stock considering the randomness in the material properties and the variability in the geometry.
APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) IN EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT
Authors: Cerić Anita , Ivić Ivona
Published: May 2023

Different types of disasters, including earthquakes, are causing social, health, economic, and environmental damage worldwide. In this regard, the need for comprehensive and effective disaster and risk management becomes even more recognised, especially from public institutions. Risk management includes careful identification, analysis, and development of risk mitigation strategies, which implies planning and a certain degree of prediction of future events and their consequences. However, all risk components of earthquakes are not measurable or have a very high degree of uncertainty. Therefore, earthquake risk management activities are challenging throughout entire earthquake risk management activities. In this paper, the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for effective earthquake risk assessment is presented. AHP belongs to the group of multi-criteria analysis that combines quantitative and qualitative data with the aim of making decisions in defining the priorities of alternative solutions to a given problem. It is particularly suitable in cases where there is a lack of statistical data to conduct the analysis. The use of AHP is explored in the context of producing earthquake risk priority lists for a certain geographical region. A hierarchical model for risk assessment of five different counties was developed. The three main criteria that have influence on the earthquake risk are used: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability of the built environment. AHP was used to determine the priority list of counties according to these three criteria. The resulting priority list of counties can be used to produce earthquake risk maps, thus provide a useful tool for allocation of available mitigation resources.
INVESTIGATION OF OUT-OF-PLANE SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF EXISTING MASONRY INFILLS
Authors: Kurukulasuriya Maithree , Milanesi Riccardo , Morandi Paolo , Magenes Guido
Published: May 2023

The seismic vulnerability of masonry infills has been observed persistently during post seismic surveys, and their seismic behaviour has been investigated for decades due to its complexity involving different aspects that need to be addressed and the diversity of existing masonry infill typologies. Despite the copious experimental studies conducted, only a few of them had the opportunity to analyse different aspects of the same masonry typology due to the reduced number of specimens usually involved in a testing campaign. The out-of-plane response of masonry infills, and the reduction of the out-of-plane resistance of the infill panels due to the damage caused by in-plane deformations, are usually the most critical aspects regarding human life safety. Furthermore, the out-of-plane experimental tests on masonry infills have almost always been conducted through pseudo-static tests with different loading techniques (4 point loading, central loading, constant pressure with airbags or other systems), meanwhile a complete experimental campaign on existing masonry infills through dynamic tests on shaking table has not taken place yet. Within this framework, an experimental campaign with a total of 15 non-ductile infill specimens made of horizontally hollowed weak clay units representing one of the most common infill systems present in the Mediterranean area, is currently ongoing at the Eucentre Foundation of Pavia. In the present paper, the preliminary results of the ongoing study will be discussed. In the scope of this research program, in-plane cyclic tests and out-of-plane dynamic tests are conducted on full-scale infill panels built inside composite steel/reinforced concrete frames, along with tests of characterization of the masonry materials. The first batch of tests, which included 5 specimens, were focused on masonry infills with well-built boundary conditions, meanwhile the second batch of tests including 4 specimens aimed to investigate the influence of a poorly detailed top bed mortar joint at the frame-infill interface. Finally, the third and fourth phases of the experimental campaign will investigate the influence of openings, testing six specimens.
EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF ABAQUS OUTPUT DATA FOR USE IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Jevtić Rundek Romano , Pilipović Ante , Demšić Marija , Uroš Mario
Published: May 2023

This study explores the application of Abaqus, an engineering simulation software, in seismic analysis of masonry walls and buildings. Due to the complexity of output data, Python scripts are employed to automate the extraction, processing, and storage of relevant information. The role of the scripts is converting the field output that is offered by Abaqus into element or cross section based values. The scripts are created for use with volumetric finite elements, which can be used with material and geometric nonlinearities. The scripts incorporate 2 stages of postprocessing, one is extraction of data, which is specific for the software and model used, while the other is focused on presenting the data to the user. Main benefit of using scripted output is being able to perform time history seismic analysis on a building with many PIER and SPANDREL elements, with many different seismic actions and have all the results compiled in a format that enables easier result interpretation.
SEISMIC ISOLATION ON EXISTING RC BUILDINGS: OVERVIEW OF SOME ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS TO CASE STUDIES
Authors: Di Trocchio Gino , Zaccari Marco , D’Amato Michele , Gigliotti Rosario
Published: May 2023

The paper presents an overview of some common issues related to the seismic isolation technique applied to existing RC buildings. At first, the issues considered are briefly described. Then, solutions on how to solve them are illustrated with reference to case studies on which the seismic isolation is applied. The interventions are to date only designed or in progress of being realized. All case studies considered are existing RC structures designed only for vertical loads with a non-ductile behaviour and located in Potenza, a city in the South of Italy in a high seismic hazard area.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT MASONRY TOWERS
Authors: Balić Ivan , Živaljić Nikolina , Smoljanović Hrvoje , Munjiza Ante , Trogrlić Boris , Štefković Valentina , Livaja Ana
Published: May 2023

In this paper, numerical analysis of several historical masonry towers located in Italy was conducted. The towers differ in their geometric characteristics in terms of slenderness, thickness of the outer walls, the proportion of openings, while the material properties of all towers are similar. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the influence of various geometries, soil properties and types of earthquakes on the seismic resistance of masonry structures. The geometries of the towers were taken from the available literature. The analysis was carried out with the planar numerical model Y-2D, which is based on the finite-discrete element method (FDEM). The towers were discretized at the macro level using triangular three-node finite elements between which contact elements were implemented that take into account material nonlinearity. The discretization of the towers was carried out at the macro level, taking into account the averaged properties of the mortar and blocks. This is modelled using triangular three-node finite elements between which contact elements are implemented to consider material nonlinearity. In this way, the phenomenon of the initiation and propagation of cracks in the tension and shear was modelled. An incremental dynamic analysis was performed for three real earthquakes until the complete collapse of the structure. In each increment, the appearance of the first cracks, the propagation of the cracks, as well as the failure mode of the structure were monitored. The performed numerical analyses highlight the suitability of the FDEM method in the analysis of the seismic resistance of masonry structures. The conclusions reached in this paper can serve as guidelines for engineers in assessing the seismic resistance of existing masonry structures.
LATE HOLOCENE RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE AND PALAEOEARTHQUAKES AT THE ELAFITI ISLANDS (SOUTHERN ADRIATIC, CROATIA)
Authors: Faivre Sanja , Bakran-Petricioli Tatjana , Herak Marijan , Barešić Jadranka , Horvatić Davor
Published: May 2023

In micro tidal settings, processes of bioerosion and bioconstruction can lead to the development of distinct morphological features that define the modern shoreline. When such features are discovered above or below the present-day mean sea level, they reveal relative sea-level (RSL) change. Among the best sea-level indicators on rocky coasts are fixed biological and geomorphological markers – algal rims, *Lithophaga lithophaga* borehole upper limits, and tidal notches. For instance, the coralline alga *Lithophyllum byssoides* can build algal rims that are considered one of the most precise RSL markers along rocky coasts. Consequently, studying RSL markers on Lopud, Koločep and Grebeni two elevated palaeoshorelines have been distinguished. Their detailed survey allowed the distinction of seismotectonically uplifted sectors of the coast. The established high-resolution geochronology enables separation of coseismic uplift events from the periods of interseismic subsidence. Studying the local tectonic contribution to RSL change we approach aspects of neotectonics and palaeoearthquakes offering new insights in a timetable (500 BC up to 1800 AD) where earthquake related data are either misssing or incorporate high uncertainties, both regarding their epicentral localities and estimated magnitudes. Our reconstruction provides evidence on two successive major earthquakes which affected approximately 5 km of coasts in the Pelješac-Dubrovnik fault zone, with an uplift amplitude between 40 and 80 ± 15 cm per event. The earlier, older events, caused larger displacements (60-80 cm), while the later, younger events, revealed on average lower displacements (40-55 cm) corresponding to the 1520 AD quake and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake. This new approach refers to algal rims as a possible tool for constraining palaeoseismic events, allowing to supplement the database of instrumental records and historical observations through field-based evidence. This research was supported by Croatian Science Foundation project HRZZ-IP-2019-04-9445 – Relative sea-level change and climate change along the eastern Adriatic coast – SEALeveL.
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A 12-STOREY CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER BUILDING
Authors: Naumovski Luka , Gams Matija , Pazlar Tomaž , Azinović Boris
Published: May 2023

Due to recent developments in net-zero policy, cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures, with their low carbon footprint and potential competitiveness with steel and concrete structures, have gained popularity and are also considered in earthquake-prone regions. The present study analyses whether a seismically inadequate 12-storey residential building from the 1960s can be replaced with a 12-storey platform-type CLT building. The structural model is developed in two steps. In the first step, a nonlinear model of a single shear wall is calibrated against experiments and data from the literature. The CLT shear walls are modelled as elastic orthotropic shell elements and the various connections (wall-to-foundation and wall-to-floor) as nonlinear spring-link elements. The model is expanded in the second step to the entire structure and analysed using the basic and extended N2 method and displacement-based design (DBD). Response and seismic behaviour are assessed by analysing global and local limit states. The critical results of the analyses reveal large lateral displacements and local failures of connections. Based on the nonlinear analysis and the assumptions used in the model, it is demonstrated that a multi-story CLT platform-type building could be considered also for regions with moderate seismic risk, such as Ljubljana.
FRAGILITY AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDINGS WITH DIFFERENT SHAPES IN THE BASE
Authors: Folić Radomir , Čokić Miloš , Folić Boris
Published: May 2023

In this paper, the seismic response of a three 5 story reinforced concrete (RC) frame system buildings is analysed through the fragility and vulnerability analyses. The constructions are designed in accordance with the structural Eurocodes. All three buildings have the same area, but different shape in the base. For the analysis of the response of structural system to the earthquake actions, the method of nonlinear static (NSA) analysis was applied and based on the obtained results, fragility probability density functions and vulnerability curves were constructed using statistical methods. Structural damage state threshold parameters are determined based on the methodologies described in RISK-UE project. Comparative analysis of the structural damage probability for the three analysed RC buildings is applied in both main directions and as the whole as well. Based on the analysis results, final remarks and conclusions were formulated.
INFLUENCE OF THE SEISMIC ACTION ON THE STABILITY OF RETAINING CANTILEVER WALLS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN EX-YU REGULATIONS AND EUROCODES
Authors: Ivanovski Dejan , Edip Kemal , Bojadjieva Julijana , Sheshov Vlatko , Kitanovski Toni
Published: May 2023

Retaining structures in R. of North Macedonia until recently were only designed according to the concept of global safety factors, with the conventional methods of limit equilibrium. This method was widely used in ex-YU countries until Eurocodes have been published аs regulations in the country formal legislation, where there are prescribed different design approaches, with specific partial coefficients for actions, materials, and/or resistances. For the seismic analysis of the walls, “Rulebook on technical norms for design and calculation of engineering structures in seismically active areas” (1987) was used. Currently, the use of both regulations is allowed, but after the expiration of this temporary period, Eurocodes will be the only standards for the design of buildings in our country. In this paper a comparison between the mentioned methods and regulations is made, in terms of the different approaches for the stability verification, as well as the required minimum width of the foundation for satisfying the stability criteria for 5 different heights of the walls, i.e. 3m, 4.5m, 6.0m, 7.5m and 9.0m. As our region is seismically active, special consideration is given to the parameters in seismic analysis procedure. It is shown that in order to satisfy the stability criteria, there is a need to increase the dimensions of the walls in relation to the dimensions obtained by the static analysis. The obtained results show significant differences between the regulations, especially when the seismic action is taken into account.
SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS BASED ON BOREHOLE ACCELERATION RECORDS FROM LOCATION TOWER, OHRID 3D SEISMIC NETWORK
Authors: Bojadjieva Julijana , Sheshov Vlatko , Bogdanovic Aleksandra , Edip Kemal , Ivanovski Dejan , Gjorgjeska Irena , Kitanovski Toni , Filipovski Dejan
Published: May 2023

The Location Tower is one of the three sites from the 3D seismic network originally installed in the 80’s which is recently re-established and enabled for real-time monitoring and recording acceleration data. The Location Tower is consisted of one surface and three downhole instruments up to 125 meters down the bedrock; a nine story building with two instruments installed on 6th and 9th storey & 4 instruments installed at the foundation level. In the period of 2021-2022 several small to moderate earthquakes have been recorded with the system. This study presents selected results and comparisons of equivalent linear analysis of the site using real recorded acceleration data. The soil profile is defined based on number of geophysical and geotechnical investigations at the location, both in-situ and laboratory tests. Obtained results are good starting point for further non-linear site response analysis at the location which can be validated with stronger recorded earthquakes in future.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF EXISTING MASONRY INFILLS
Authors: Milanesi Riccardo R. , Kurukulasuriya Maithree , Bolognini Davide , Grottoli Luca , Dacarro Filippo , Morandi Paolo
Published: May 2023

The seismic vulnerability of masonry infills has been observed persistently during post seismic surveys, and their seismic behaviour has been investigated for decades due to its complexity involving different aspects that need to be addressed and the diversity of existing masonry infill typologies. Despite the copious experimental studies conducted, only a few of them had the opportunity to analyse different aspects of the same masonry typology due to the reduced number of specimens usually involved in a testing campaign. The out-of-plane response of masonry infills, and the reduction of the out-of-plane resistance of the infill panels due to the damage caused by in-plane deformations, are usually the most critical aspects regarding life safety. Furthermore, the out-of-plane experimental tests on masonry infills have almost always been conducted through pseudo-static tests with different loading techniques (4 point loading, central loading, constant pressure with airbags or other systems), meanwhile a complete experimental campaign on existing masonry infills through dynamic tests on a shaking table has not taken place yet. Within this framework, an experimental campaign focusing on non-ductile infill specimens made of horizontally hollowed weak clay units representing one of the most common infill systems present in Italy, is currently ongoing at the Eucentre Foundation of Pavia. In the present paper, the results from the first phase of the ongoing study will be discussed. In the scope of this research program, in-plane cyclic tests and out-of-plane dynamic tests are conducted on full-scale infill panels built inside single storey single bay composite steel/reinforced concrete frames, along with tests of characterization of the masonry materials. The first phase of tests included five specimens, four of them built with all edges bonded to the frame and one specimen with free vertical edges. The four specimens with the same boundary conditions were used to characterize the pure in-plane behaviour, the pure out-of-plane behaviour, and the out-of-plane behaviour with previous in-plane damage. The specimen with the vertical edges free was subjected to pure out-of-plane excitation to explore the one-way bending/arching behaviour of infills.