bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A structural model for the western-central Sudetes: a deformed stack of Variscan thrust sheets
Authors: SESTON ROSEMARY , WINCHESTER JOHN A. , PIASECKI MAREK A. J. , CROWLEY QUENTIN G. , FLOYD PETER A.
Published: June 2010

A model based on new structural and geochemical data is presented. It unifies the structural history of the Izera, Rudawy Janowickie and Kaczawa complexes with the Fore Sudetic block, despite their current separation by the Intra-Sudetic and Marginal Sudetic faults.

Above the granitoid Izera, Kowary and Wa¸droże gneisses, at the base of the structural sequence, the ductile Kowary shear zone marks the basal decollement of the Świerzawa thrust sheet, comprising often highly strained metasediments associated with enriched tholeiitic and alkaline metabasites. Above it, the ductile Kaczorów shear zone, corresponding to the main mylonitic zone within the Leszczyniec shear zone in the Rudawy Janowickie Complex, marks the base of the Dobromierz thrust sheet, characterized by voluminous MORB-like meta-tholeiites and minor metasediments in the higher parts of the Rudawy Janowickie and Kaczawa complexes and the Pyszczyńska Hill area of the Fore-Sudetic Block. In the east the Sle¸za ophiolite and the Góry Sowie Block override the entire nappe stack.

Kinematic fabrics in the major and related shear zones indicate D
1
compressional transport towards the northwest, followed by minor D
2
extensional movements. The thrust stack was deformed during D
3
by southwest verging folds, was subsequently intruded by post-orogenic granites, and later disrupted by the Intra-Sudetic, Marginal Sudetic and associated faults.
Lithospheric flexure, uplift, and landscape evolution in south-central England
Authors: WATTS A. B. , MCKERROW W. S. , FIELDING E.
Published: June 2010

The high level river gravels in Oxfordshire (the Northern Drift Group), which range in age from Early Pleistocene to around 450 ka, contain pebbles that were derived from a source area to the north near Birmingham. The pebbles could not have been transported across the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic clay outcrops of the Midlands unless the region was at or close to sea level. The present day Cotswold escarpment ranges from 70 to 215 m: this uplift must therefore have occurred after deposition of the Northern Drift Group, when the drainage of the Midlands appears to have shifted from towards the Thames basin to the Bristol Channel area. It is concluded that lithospheric flexure due to the removal of >500 km
3
of soft Late Triassic and Early Jurassic clays and marls from large areas of the Midlands and their re-deposition in the Celtic Deep might account for this Late Pleistocene uplift. Uplift in the Midlands is the likely explanation for both the tilted (approximately 0.3°) plateau surface in north Oxfordshire and the change in strike of the Jurassic beds SW of Northamptonshire. Although some uplift occurred in SE England during the Early Cenozoic and Miocene, we demonstrate here that there has been significant uplift of the region in the Late Pleistocene. The tilted plateau surface in north Oxfordshire may therefore be a relatively young (i.e. post-450 ka) feature related to tectonic uplift in the Midlands.
Late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic history of the East Greenland Caledonides: evidence for Grenvillian orogenesis?
Authors: KALSBEEK FEIKO , THRANE KRISTINE , NUTMAN ALLEN P. , JEPSEN HANS F.
Published: June 2010

Detrital zircons from high-grade metasedimentary rocks (Krummedal supracrustal sequence) in the East Greenland Caledonian orogen yield ion-microprobe U–Pb ages mainly in the range 1100–1800 Ma but with a few grains of
c
. 1000 Ma, different from zircon ages (mainly 1800–2800 Ma) obtained from the crystalline basement that underlies the metasedimentary rocks. These results indicate that original deposition of the Krummedal sequence took place after 1000–1100 Ma ago, and that the sediment was not derived from the underlying crystalline basement, but from younger, at present unknown sources. High-grade metamorphism of the Krummedal sequence and formation of anatectic granites took place around 930 Ma ago. Caledonian granites are also present in the region, but cannot be distinguished on visual criteria in the field from the older granites, unless emplaced into a younger (900–600 Ma) sequence of sedimentary rocks, the Eleonore Bay Supergroup. It is not yet certain whether the high-grade metamorphism and granite formation at
c
. 930 Ma are related to a ‘Grenvillian’ or slightly younger collisional event, or to an episode of rifting and crustal thinning. If present at all, a ‘Grenvillian’ orogen in East Greenland would be of very different character than that in North America and southern Scandinavia.
Whole-rock aminostratigraphy of the Coorong Coastal Plain, South Australia: towards a 1 million year record of sea-level highstands
Authors: MURRAY-WALLACE C. V. , BROOKE B. P. , CANN J. H. , BELPERIO A. P. , BOURMAN R. P.
Published: June 2010

The Coorong Coastal Plain in southeastern South Australia preserves a long Quaternary record of cool-water, temperate-carbonate sedimentation in the form of high wave energy, barrier shoreline deposits and associated back-barrier lagoon facies that formed during successive sea-level highstands. Whole-rock samples of bioclastic skeletal carbonate sand with subordinate quartz were collected from aeolian facies (modern and relict foredunes) of a Holocene embayment fill and from ten Pleistocene barriers across the coastal plain in a transect from Robe to Naracoorte. The extent of leucine racemization (total acid hydrolysate and free amino acids) in the Pleistocene skeletal carbonate sand (63–500 μm) increases monotonically with age and is consistently higher than for entire fossil molluscs from the same allostratigraphic units, reflecting the lengthy residence time for bioclasts in this high wave energy environment, and sediment recycling from the erosion of older barriers. The extent of racemization in the whole-rock samples conforms with a model of apparent parabolic racemization kinetics and the calculated ages largely agree with previously determined luminescence ages. Apart from a possible reinterpretation of the significance of the West Naracoorte Range, the coastal plain succession indicates that interglacial sea levels did not deviate by more than 6 m of present sea level for the Mid- and Late Pleistocene thus providing an important framework for quantifying ice volume during sea-level highstands and calibrating the oxygen isotope record.
Intermediate-scale architectural features of the fluvial Chinji Formation (Miocene), Siwalik Group, northern Pakistan
Authors: FRIEND PETER F. , RAZA S. MAHMOOD , GEEHAN GREG , SHEIKH KHALID A.
Published: June 2010

The Lower Siwalik, Chinji Formation (Late Miocene) of the Chinji Village area, northern Pakistan has provided remarkable material for the study of terrestrial fossil faunas, magnetic reversal stratigraphy and fluvial sedimentology. This paper considers patterns in the sedimentary stratigraphy, using magnetic reversals to constrain the time framework, and focusing on an intermediate (kilometre) horizontal length-scale. The project aimed to determine the architecture and time relationships of the channel sandstone bodies in a panel 300 m in stratigraphic thickness, and 11 km in horizontal length (along stratigraphic strike). This panel (the 1990 Fence) trends at a high angle to the flow direction of the Late Miocene river channels, and represents about 2 Ma of sediment accumulation. There is a continuous range in thickness of the sandstone bodies, but they can be usefully classified into (i) microbodies, (ii) minor sheets, (iii) thin mega-sheets and (iv) thick mega-sheets. The microbodies are probably mainly marginal features of the thicker bodies. The minor sheets were formed by small river channels, and the mega-sheets were formed as the deposits of the largest, generally braided, channel belts. Two aspects of the intermediate length-scale architecture of the Chinji Formation are analysed: (1) the presence in the Fence of three thick mega-sheets separated by two mudstone-dominated intervals that lasted for about 0.5 and 1.0 Ma, respectively and (2) the abrupt upwards increase in sandstone/mudstone proportions that defines the upper stratigraphic boundary of the Chinji Formation. We suggest that each of the three thick mega-sheet episodes resulted from avulsions into the area of large-channel belt complexes that formed central features of the Chinji river network and were each constrained by scarps or valley-side slopes during episodes of net deposition that lasted for about 100 ka, and may have resulted from climate and/or sea-level changes. The regional upward change from mudstone- to sandstone-domination at the top of the Chinji Formation resulted from a similar, but one-off, and more widespread, change in plan-view style of the river network, produced either by tectonic change in the mountain source area, or by climatic change.
Precise U–Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: BUICK IAN S. , MAAS ROLAND , GIBSON ROGER
Published: June 2010

The
c.
 2.06 Ga Bushveld Complex intrudes the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Calcsilicate xenoliths within the mafic phase of the Bushveld Complex (Rustenburg Layered Suite, or RLS) preserve calcsilicate xenoliths with high-temperature (
c.
 1200°C) mineralogies that were later metasomatized by hydrous, retrograde (
c.
 600–700°C) fluids whose timing has been unconstrained. New U–Pb isotope data from newly grown titanite within a completely retrogressed xenolith indicates that retrogression occurred at 2058.9±0.8 Ma. This suggests that retrogression was due to hydrothermal circulation associated with the cooling RLS, and not slightly later Bushveld-related granites. The new data place a tight constraint on the minimum age of emplacement of the RLS.
Composite minor intrusions as windows into subvolcanic magma reservoir processes: mineralogical and geochemical evidence for complex magmatic plumbing systems in the British Tertiary Igneous Province
Authors: PRESTON R. J.
Published: June 2010

The Rudh’ a Chromain sill is a composite minor intrusion emplaced into Jurassic sandstones on the south coast of the Ross of Mull, NW Scotland, and is part of a suite of basic–silicic sheets associated with the early development of the 58–56 Ma Mull Central Igneous Complex. New whole-rock major and trace element data combined with Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data indicate that two distinct magma end members were involved in the formation of the sill: a tholeiitic basaltic andesite magma generated by contamination and fractional crystallization of regionally available olivine tholeiite basaltic magma, and a rhyolitic magma produced predominantly through crustal melting of basement metasediments. Intermediate compositions at the gradational boundaries between the basic margins and silicic interior of the sill formed by high temperature diffusive hybridization within a compositionally-zoned magma reservoir prior to sheet emplacement. The basic portions of the sheet are replete with a large variety of crustal xenoliths, as well as numerous gabbroic and noritic cumulate fragments. The Rudh’ a’ Chromain sill therefore preserves evidence for the complex interplay between a number of magmatic processes which, when combined with data from the remainder of the suite, suggests that the magmatic plumbing system which fed the sill complex was not simply one large, long-lived magma chamber, but rather a plexus of variably connected sheet-like magma reservoirs.
Gravity-driven crustal shortening in failed rifts
Authors: KNOTT STEVEN D.
Published: June 2010

It is proposed that gravity-driven crustal shortening, caused by the potential energy of marginal uplifts adjacent to thinned crust in a rift zone, occurred immediately after rifting ceased in both the Gulf of Suez and North Sea rifts. Compressional stresses of the order of 1–2 MPa would have been generated which were relieved by finite contractional strains of the order of 2–5%. Shortening of this magnitude has been observed as post-rift contractional structures in the western Sinai, Gulf of Suez and the Viking Graben, North Sea. These observations are compatible with a physical model for stresses generated in the crust due to lateral variations in crustal thickness. This model helps to explain some apparently anomalous structures within rifts such as tight hanging-wall folds; some aspects of fault block rotation, footwall uplift and tilting; and also has important implications for the formation of unconformities and the redistribution of sediments in rifts. The phenomenon of gravity-driven crustal shortening in failed rifts may have occurred in other major, intra-cratonic rifts.
First Carboniferous and ?Permian marine macrofaunas from Antarctica and their tectonic implications
Authors: KELLY S. R. A. , DOUBLEDAY P. A. , BRUNTON C. H. C. , DICKINS J. M. , SEVASTOPULO G. D. , TAYLOR P. D.
Published: June 2010

The first Carboniferous and ?Permian marine macrofaunas from the Antarctic continent are described from three sites near Mount King, Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula. They include bivalves, brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, gastropods, a possible monoplacophoran, nautiloids and a possible serpulid or microconchid. Overall the faunas of two localities are Carboniferous in age and compare well with the
Levipustula levis
Zone of Argentina and eastern Australia, and are of Namurian (Serpukhovian–Bashkirian) age, based mainly on the brachiopod and bryozoan faunas. Less positive brachiopod evidence from a third locality indicates the presence of a linoproductid fauna of possible Carboniferous or Permian (Gzhelian–Artinskian) age, having affinities with the Argentinian
Cancrinella
fauna. The lithological and structural characteristics of the Mount King beds are comparable to the accretionary complex of the LeMay Group (hitherto of only proven Jurassic–Cretaceous age) of Alexander Island, in which they are provisionally placed. However, the beds may also correlate with the Trinity Peninsula Group (Carboniferous–Triassic) of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The features of the Mount King beds are consistent with the presence of an accretionery complex related to an island arc in the Late Palaeozoic, but are not necessarily conclusive proof of the presence of such a terrane at that time in what is now Alexander Island.
Nature and distribution of deep crustal reservoirs in the southwestern part of the Baltic Shield: Evidence from Nd, Sr and Pb isotope data on late Sveconorwegian granites
Authors: ANDERSEN TOM , ANDRESEN ARILD , SYLVESTER ARTHUR G.
Published: June 2010

Late Sveconorwegian (‘postorogenic’) granites (
c.
 1.0–0.93 Ga) make up a voluminous and widespread suite of intrusions across south Norway. From radiogenic isotope data, three groups of late Sveconorwegian granites can be distinguished: (1) granite with more than 150 ppm Sr,
87
Rb/
86
Sr<5,
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
<0.710 and ϵ
Nd
<0; (2) granite with less than 150 ppm Sr,
87
Rb/
86
Sr>5,
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
>0.710 and ϵ
Nd
<0; (3) juvenile granite with
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
<0.705 and ϵ
Nd
>0. Granite plutons belonging to Group 1 (‘normal-Sr concentration granite’) occur all over south Norway and include the largest batholiths (Østfold, FlÅ, Herefoss). Granite plutons of Group 2 (‘low-Sr concentration granites’) are restricted to north-central Telemark (Rjukan rift), and are associated with
c.
 1.5 Ga Rjukan Group rhyolite. Group 3 is represented by one intrusion only, but still suggests input of mantle-derived magma, or the presence of young, mantle derived rocks in the deep crust in the region at
c.
 0.93 Ga. The Group 1 granites are similar in Sr and Nd characteristics to some of the older (1.05 Ga) Sveconorwegian granitic intrusions (‘augen gneisses’) in the region in terms of radiogenic isotope systematics, but Pb isotopes suggest that the magmas did not form by simple remelting of augen gneiss. The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic systematics of the late Sveconorwegian granites indicate mixing between a depleted-mantle derived component and two or more major components with an extended crustal history. One of the crustal end members is present throughout south Norway and has an isotopic signature similar to older granitic rocks of the Trans Scandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB). The other crustal end member is indistinguishable from Rjukan Group rhyolites and slightly younger intrusions associated with these, and is restricted to areas within the mid-Proterozoic Rjukan rift. The available data suggest that the deep continental crust of south Norway, both east and west of the Permian Oslo Rift, is an integral part of the Baltic Shield, with a common history back to 1.7–1.9 Ga, that is, to the end of the Svecofennian orogeny and the TIB magmatism.
Pyroclastic deposits within the East Greenland Tertiary flood basalts
Authors: HEISTER L. E. , O’DAY P. A. , BROOKS C. K. , NEUHOFF P. S. , BIRD D. K.
Published: June 2010

Stratigraphic, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of pyroclastic deposits on the Gronau West Nunatak of East Greenland indicates that both alkaline and basaltic tephras occurred during the eruption of flood basalts associated with the opening of the North Atlantic ocean in the early Tertiary. Within the exposed section of Gronau West Nunatak,
c.
 1 km thick representing
c.
 1.6 Ma, 17 of the horizons are phreatomagmatic basaltic tephras. Near the top of the section, an alkaline tuff was dated at 53.8±0.3 Ma by
40
Ar/
39
Ar method. This tuff contains a distinctive mineralogy (sanidine, Mg-katophorite, aegirine) and geochemistry (melt inclusion compositions, and trace and rare earth element abundances) that indicate it was erupted from the Gardiner melanephelinite-carbonatite volcanic complex located 175 km to the SE, which was active from
c.
 55 to 52 Ma. The alkaline tuff can be correlated to age-equivalent, compositionally similar alkaline pyroclastic horizons reported in North Atlantic sediment cores and in outcrops in Northern Europe, making it an important regional time-stratigraphic marker. This study indicates that North Atlantic explosive volcanic events were prevalent, regionally widespread, and originated in East Greenland during continental rifting, suggesting the need for reappraisal of the impact of North Atlantic volcanism on climate change during the early Tertiary.
Seismic volcanostratigraphy of the Norwegian Margin: constraints on tectonomagmatic break-up processes
Authors: BERNDT C. , PLANKE S. , ALVESTAD E. , TSIKALAS F. , RASMUSSEN T.
Published: June 2010

Voluminous volcanism characterized Early Tertiary continental break-up on the mid-Norwegian continental margin. The distribution of the associated extrusive rocks derived from seismic volcanostratigraphy and potential field data interpretation allows us to divide the Møre, Vøring and Lofoten–VesterÅlen margins into five segments. The central Møre Margin and the northern Vøring Margin show combinations of volcanic seismic facies units that are characteristic for typical rifted volcanic margins. The Lofoten–VesterÅlen Margin, the southern Vøring Margin and the area near the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone show volcanic seismic facies units that are related to small-volume, submarine volcanism. The distribution of subaerial and submarine deposits indicates variations of subsidence along the margin. Vertical movements on the mid-Norwegian margin were primarily controlled by the amount of magmatic crustal thickening, because both the amount of dynamic uplift by the Icelandic mantle plume and the amount of subsidence due to crustal stretching were fairly constant along the margin. Thus, subaerial deposits indicate a large amount of magmatic crustal thickening and an associated reduction in isostatic subsidence, whereas submarine deposits indicate little magmatic thickening and earlier subsidence. From the distribution of volcanic seismic facies units we infer two main reasons for the different amounts of crustal thickening: (1) a general northward decrease of magmatism due to increasing distance from the hot spot and (2) subdued volcanism near the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone as a result of lateral lithospheric heat transport and cooling of the magmatic source region. Furthermore, we interpret small lateral variations in the distribution of volcanic seismic facies units, such as two sets of Inner Seaward Dipping Reflectors on the central Vøring Margin, as indications of crustal fragmentation.
The Neoproterozoic Hekla Sund Basin, eastern North Greenland: a pre-Iapetan extensional sequence thrust across its rift shoulders during the Caledonian orogeny
Authors: HIGGINS A. K. , SMITH M. P. , SOPER N. J. , LESLIE A. G. , RASMUSSEN J. A. , SØNDERHOLM M.
Published: June 2010

The Vandredalen thrust sheet forms the allochthonous Caledonian front in Kronprins Christian Land, eastern North Greenland. It transported Neoproterozoic shallow marine, arkosic sediments of the Rivieradal Group and shelf sediments of the Hagen Fjord Group across parautochthonous Neoproterozoic–Ordovician sediments on the foreland. The thrust sheet roots to the east along the Brede Spærregletscher–Hekla Sund lineament and has a demonstrable westwards displacement of
c.
 40 km. A large part of that displacement (
c
. 22 km) is achieved on a single structure, the Vandredalen thrust, but this is only one of a linked system of thrusts which involve parautochthonous thin-skinned thrust sheets to the west and thicker skinned thrust sheets now exposed in the east. Conodont geothermometry suggests that the thick-skinned thrust sheets formerly extended westwards above the Vandredalen thrust sheet at higher structural levels. Restoration of the displacement on the thin-skinned thrusts reveals the Rivieradal Group to be a Neoproterozoic syn-rift sequence deposited in an eastwards-facing extensional half-graben (Hekla Sund Basin) which originally lay immediately to the east of the Brede Spærregletscher–Hekla Sund lineament. The transgressive Hagen Fjord Group represents a period of post-rift thermal re-equilibration in latest Riphean time and the youngest units in the group overstep the original rift shoulder. The Hekla Sund Basin represents another example of the rift-sag episodes which are an important feature of the pre-Iapetan evolution of the Laurentian margin successions and comparisons are made with coeval basins in Scotland and Svalbard.
Evidence for the recovery of terrestrial ecosystems ahead of marine primary production following a biotic crisis at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary
Authors: BEERLING D. J. , LOMAX B. H. , UPCHURCH G. R. , NICHOLS D. J. , PILLMORE C. L. , HANDLEY L. L. , SCRIMGEOUR C. M.
Published: June 2010

The fossil record demonstrates that mass extinction across the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary is more severe in the marine than the terrestrial realm. We hypothesize that terrestrial ecosystems were able to recover faster than their marine counterparts. To test this hypothesis, we measured sedimentary δ
13
C as a tracer for global carbon cycle changes and compared it with palaeovegetational changes reconstructed from palynomorphs and cuticles across the K–T boundary at Sugarite, New Mexico, USA. Different patterns of perturbation and timescales of recovery of isotopic and palaeobotanical records indicate that the δ
13
C excursion reflects the longer recovery time of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems.
Chromatography in Industry
Authors: Schoenmakers Peter
Published: June 2010

This review focuses on the chromatography research that has been carried out within industry or in close cooperation with industry and that has been reported in the scientific literature between 2006 and mid-2008. Companies in the health care sector, such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, are the largest contributors. Industrial research seems to take place in an open environment in cooperation with academia, peer companies, and institutions. Industry appears ready to embrace new technologies as they emerge, but they focus strongly on making chromatography work robustly, reliably, rapidly, and automatically. “Hyphenated” systems that incorporate on-line sample-preparation techniques and mass-spectrometric detection are the rule rather than the exception. Various multidimensional separation methods are finding numerous applications. Strategies aimed at speeding up the development of new chromatographic methods remain the focus of attention. Also, there is a clear trend toward exploring chromatographic methods for parallel processing along with other strategies for high-throughput analysis.
Micro- and Nanocantilever Devices and Systems for Biomolecule Detection
Authors: Hwang Kyo Seon , Lee Sang-Myung , Kim Sang Kyung , Lee Jeong Hoon , Kim Tae Song
Published: June 2010

Recent research trends in biosensing have been geared toward developing bioanalytical devices that are label free, small in size, and portable and that can operate in a rapid manner. The performance of these devices has been dramatically improved through the advent of new materials and micro-/nanofabrication technologies. This is especially true for micro-/nanosized cantilever sensors, which undergo a change in mechanical properties upon the specific binding of biomolecules. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of cantilever biosensors in static and dynamic modes. We also summarize a range of approaches to cantilever design, fabrication, and instrumentation according to their applications. More specifically, we describe cantilever-based detections of proteins, DNA molecules, bacteria, and viruses and discuss current challenges related to the targets’ biophysical characteristics.
Liquid-Phase and Evanescent-Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: van der Sneppen L. , Ariese F. , Gooijer C. , Ubachs W.
Published: June 2010

Due to its simplicity, versatility, and straightforward interpretation into absolute concentrations, molecular absorbance detection is widely used in liquid-phase analytical chemistry. Because this method is inherently less sensitive than zero-background techniques such as fluorescence detection, alternative, more sensitive measurement principles are being explored. This review discusses one of these: cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). Advantages of this technique include its long measurement pathlength and its insensitivity to light-source-intensity fluctuations. CRDS is already a well-established technique in the gas phase, so we focus on two new modes: liquid-phase CRDS and evanescent-wave (EW)-CRDS. Applications of liquid-phase CRDS in analytical chemistry focus on improving the sensitivity of absorbance detection in liquid chromatography. Currently, EW-CRDS is still in early stages: It is used to study basic interactions between molecules and silica surfaces. However, in the future this method may be used to develop, for instance, biosensors with high specificity.
Mass Spectrometry–Based Biomarker Discovery: Toward a Global Proteome Index of Individuality
Authors: Hawkridge Adam M. , Muddiman David C.
Published: June 2010

Biomarker discovery and proteomics have become synonymous with mass spectrometry in recent years. Although this conflation is an injustice to the many essential biomolecular techniques widely used in biomarker-discovery platforms, it underscores the power and potential of contemporary mass spectrometry. Numerous novel and powerful technologies have been developed around mass spectrometry, proteomics, and biomarker discovery over the past 20 years to globally study complex proteomes (e.g., plasma). However, very few large-scale longitudinal studies have been carried out using these platforms to establish the analytical variability relative to true biological variability. The purpose of this review is not to cover exhaustively the applications of mass spectrometry to biomarker discovery, but rather to discuss the analytical methods and strategies that have been developed for mass spectrometry–based biomarker-discovery platforms and to place them in the context of the many challenges and opportunities yet to be addressed.
Neonatal total liquid ventilation: is low-frequency forced oscillation technique suitable for respiratory mechanics assessment?
Authors: Bossé Dominick , Beaulieu Alexandre , Avoine Olivier , Micheau Philippe , Praud Jean-Paul , Walti Hervé
Published: June 2010

This study aimed to implement low-frequency forced oscillation technique (LFFOT) in neonatal total liquid ventilation (TLV) and to provide the first insight into respiratory impedance under this new modality of ventilation. Thirteen newborn lambs, weighing 2.5 ± 0.4 kg (mean ± SD), were premedicated, intubated, anesthetized, and then placed under TLV using a specially design liquid ventilator and a perfluorocarbon. The respiratory mechanics measurements protocol was started immediately after TLV initiation. Three blocks of measurements were first performed: one during initial respiratory system adaptation to TLV, followed by two other series during steady-state conditions. Lambs were then divided into two groups before undergoing another three blocks of measurements: the first group received a 10-min intravenous infusion of salbutamol (1.5 μg·kg−1·min−1) after continuous infusion of methacholine (9 μg·kg−1·min−1), while the second group of lambs was chest strapped. Respiratory impedance was measured using serial single-frequency tests at frequencies ranging between 0.05 and 2 Hz and then fitted with a constant-phase model. Harmonic test signals of 0.2 Hz were also launched every 10 min throughout the measurement protocol. Airway resistance and inertance were starkly increased in TLV compared with gas ventilation, with a resonant frequency ≤1.2 Hz. Resistance of 0.2 Hz and reactance were sensitive to bronchoconstriction and dilation, as well as during compliance reduction. We report successful implementation of LFFOT to neonatal TLV and present the first insight into respiratory impedance under this new modality of ventilation. We show that LFFOT is an effective tool to track respiratory mechanics under TLV.
Pregnancy Complicated by Ludwig's Angina Requiring Delivery
Authors: Moorhead Kathleen , Guiahi Maryam
Published: June 2010

At 33 weeks of gestation, a 24-year-old developed Ludwig's angina that worsened despite aggressive therapy. This is the first reported case of Ludwig's Angina in pregnancy that required an emergent cesarean section for fetal indications. Delivery may have contributed to improvement in the mother's health status.
Comparing Estimation Methods for the FPLD
Authors: Tarsitano Agostino
Published: June 2010

We use the quantile function to define statistical models. In particular, we present a five‐parameter version of the generalized lambda distribution (FPLD). Three alternative methods for estimating its parameters are proposed and their properties are investigated and compared by making use of real and simulated datasets. It will be shown that the proposed model realistically approximates a number of families of probability distributions, has feasible methods for its parameter estimation, and offers an easier way to generate random numbers.
The Enigma of Vasculitis
Authors: Ghetie Daniela , Rudinskaya Alla , Raut Raymond
Published: June 2010

We describe the case of an 86-year-old man presenting with clinical symptoms suggestive of Temporal Arteritis. The evolution of the case prompted extensive work-up, including temporal artery and kidney biopsy. Based on the clinical and pathological findings, a diagnosis of ANCA-negative granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis involving the small-, medium-, and large-size vessels was made. The patient was treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide, which was later switched to rituximab. The patient remained asymptomatic under this regimen and stabilization of his kidney function was achieved.
Genetic Predisposition to Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer: An Update of Molecular Findings and State-of-the-Art Studies
Authors: Bonora Elena , Tallini Giovanni , Romeo Giovanni
Published: June 2010

Familial thyroid cancer has become a well-recognized entity in patients with thyroid cancer originating from follicular cells, that is, nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. The diagnosis of familial thyroid cancer provides an opportunity for early detection and possible prevention in family members. Understanding the syndromes associated with familial thyroid cancer allows clinicians to evaluate and treat patients for coexisting pathologic conditions. About five percents of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma have a familial disease. Patients with familial non-medullalry thyroid cancer have more aggressive tumors with increased rates of extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastases, and frequently show the phenomenon of “anticipation” (earlier age at disease onset and increased severity in successive generations). So far, four predisposition loci have been identified in relatively rare extended pedigrees, and association studies have identified multiple predisposing variants for differentiated thyroid cancer. This suggests that there is a high degree of genetic heterogeneity and that the development of this type of tumor is a multifactorial and complex process in which predisposing genetic variants interact with a number of incompletely understood environmental risk factors. Thus, the search for the causative variants is still open and will surely benefit from the new technological approaches that have been developed in recent years.
Fatal Septicaemia Following Suprapubic Cystostomy in a Paraplegic Patient: Never Do a Cystostomy without Prior Urine Culture and Appropriate Antibiogram!
Authors: Vaidyanathan Subramanian , Soni Bakul M. , Oo Tun , Hughes Peter L. , Singh Gurpreet
Published: June 2010

Neuropathic urinary bladder is often colonised by multidrug-resistant bacteria. We report a 64-year-old male spinal cord injury patient with paraplegia, who received gentamicin on empirical basis before undergoing suprapubic cystostomy, as antibiotic sensitivity report of urine was not available. This patient developed fulminate septicaemia. Although appropriate antibiotic therapy (meropenem) was started when this patient manifested features of sepsis, acute renal failure occurred and he expired. Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy was the major contributory factor for this patient's mortality. Learning points from this case are (1) never do a cystostomy without prior urine culture and appropriate antibiogram; (2) in a chronic spinal cord injury patient, full blood count, liver function tests, albumin level, and albumin to globulin ratio should be performed before any surgical procedure.
β-Glucan Oligosaccharide EnhancesCD8+T Cells Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen
Authors: Wang Jing , Dong Shengfu , Liu Chunhong , Wang Wei , Sun Shuhui , Gu Jianxin , Wang Yuan , Boraschi Diana , Qu Di
Published: June 2010

DNA vaccination can induce specificCD8+T cell immune response, but the response level is low in large mammals and human beings. Coadministration of an adjuvant can optimize protective immunity elicited by a DNA vaccine. In this study, we investigated the effect of a synthetic glucohexaose (β-glu6), an analogue of Lentinan basic unit, on specificCD8+T cell response induced by a DNA vaccine encoding HBcAg (pB144) in mice. We found thatβ-glu6 promoted the recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells, enhanced the activation ofCD8+andCD4+T cells and increased the number of specificCD8+/IFN-γ+T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues in mice immunized by pB144. Immunization with pB144 andβ-glu6 increased the anti-HBc IgG and IgG2a antibody titer. These results demonstrate thatβ-glu6 can enhance the virus-specific CTL and Th1 responses induced by DNA vaccine, suggestingβ-glu6 as a candidate adjuvant in DNA vaccination.
Retention Characteristics of CBTi144 Thin Films Explained by Means of X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Biasotto G. , Simões A. Z. , Riccardi C. S. , Zaghete M. A. , Longo E. , Varela J. A.
Published: June 2010

CaBi4Ti4O15(CBTi144) thin films were grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a soft chemical solution and spin-coating method. Structure and morphology of the films were characterized by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman analysis, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The films present a single phase of layered-structured perovskite with polar axis orient. Thea/b-axis orientation of the ferroelectric film is considered to be associated with the preferred orientation of the Pt bottom electrode. XPS measurements were employed to understand the nature of defects on the retention behavior of CBTi144 films. We have observed that the main source of retention-free characteristic of the capacitors is the oxygen environment in the CBTi144 lattice.
Nrf2 and Keap1 Abnormalities in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Association with Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Solis Luisa M. , Behrens Carmen , Dong Wenli , Suraokar Milind , Ozburn Natalie C. , Moran Cesar A. , Corvalan Alejandro H. , Biswal Shyam , Swisher Stephen G. , Bekele B. Nebiyou , Minna John D. , Stewart David J. , Wistuba Ignacio I.
Published: June 2010

Purpose: To understand the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we studied their expression in a large series of tumors with annotated clinicopathologic data, including response to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy.

Experimental Design: We determined the immunohistochemical expression of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Keap1 in 304 NSCLCs and its association with patients' clinicopathologic characteristics, and in 89 tumors from patients who received neoadjuvant (n = 26) or adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 63). We evaluated NFE2L2 and KEAP1 mutations in 31 tumor specimens.

Results: We detected nuclear Nrf2 expression in 26% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in squamous cell carcinomas (38%) than in adenocarcinomas (18%; P < 0.0001). Low or absent Keap1 expression was detected in 56% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in adenocarcinomas (62%) than in squamous cell carcinomas (46%; P = 0.0057). In NSCLC, mutations of NFE2L2 and KEAP1 were very uncommon (2 of 29 and 1 of 31 cases, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Nrf2 expression was associated with worse overall survival [P = 0.0139; hazard ratio (HR), 1.75] in NSCLC patients, and low or absent Keap1 expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.0181; HR, 2.09) in squamous cell carcinoma. In univariate analysis, nuclear Nrf2 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma patients who received adjuvant treatment (P = 0.0410; HR, 3.37).

Conclusions: Increased expression of Nrf2 and decreased expression of Keap1 are common abnormalities in NSCLC and are associated with a poor outcome. Nuclear expression of Nrf2 in malignant lung cancer cells may play a role in resistance to platinum-based treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3743–53. ©2010 AACR.
Induction of B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Apoptosis by Arsenic Trioxide Involves Suppression of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Survival Pathway via c-jun-NH2 Terminal Kinase Activation and PTEN Upregulation
Authors: Redondo-Muñoz Javier , Escobar-Díaz Elizabeth , Hernández del Cerro Mercedes , Pandiella Atanasio , Terol María José , García-Marco José A. , García-Pardo Angeles
Published: June 2010

Purpose: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) induces B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cell apoptosis in vitro. We sought to study the mechanism involved in this effect and whether ATO is suitable for combination therapies with protein kinase inhibitors.

Experimental Design: B-CLL cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 28 patients. Cell viability studies with ATO alone or in combination with kinase inhibitors were done by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses.

Results: After 48 hours, 3 μmol/L ATO induced apoptosis (average 75%) in all B-CLL samples studied and with minimal effect on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Apoptosis entailed Akt and NF-κB inactivation, XIAP downregulation, and PTEN upregulation, thus implying inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) survival pathway. Indeed, the combination of ATO and PI3K inhibitors increased the apoptotic effect of either agent alone. ATO also induced c-jun-NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and this was crucial and required for subsequent apoptotic events, as inhibiting JNK activity by either gene silencing or specific inhibitors prevented Akt and NF-κB inactivation, caspase activation, and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, JNK activation was the earliest response to ATO, preceding and determining reactive oxygen species production.

Conclusions: We identified the mechanism involved in ATO action on B-CLL cells and show that the combination of low doses of ATO and PI3K inhibitors efficiently induces B-CLL cell death. ATO may therefore constitute an efficient treatment for B-CLL, particularly in combined therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4382–91. ©2010 AACR.
A Pilot Study of Volume Measurement as a Method of Tumor Response Evaluation to Aid Biomarker Development
Authors: Zhao Binsheng , Oxnard Geoffrey R. , Moskowitz Chaya S. , Kris Mark G. , Pao William , Guo Pingzhen , Rusch Valerie M. , Ladanyi Marc , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Schwartz Lawrence H.
Published: June 2010

Purpose: Tissue biomarker discovery is potentially limited by conventional tumor measurement techniques, which have an uncertain ability to accurately distinguish sensitive and resistant tumors. Semiautomated volumetric measurement of computed tomography imaging has the potential to more accurately capture tumor growth dynamics, allowing for more exact separation of sensitive and resistant tumors and a more accurate comparison of tissue characteristics.

Experimental Design: Forty-eight patients with early stage non–small cell lung cancer and clinical characteristics of sensitivity to gefitinib were studied. High-resolution computed tomography was done at baseline and after 3 weeks of gefitinib. Tumors were then resected and molecularly profiled. Unidimensional and volumetric measurements were done using a semiautomated algorithm. Measurement changes were evaluated for their ability to differentiate tumors with and without sensitizing mutations.

Results: Forty-four percent of tumors had epidermal growth factor receptor–sensitizing mutations. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that volumetric measurement had a higher area under the curve than unidimensional measurement for identifying tumors harboring sensitizing mutations (P = 0.009). Tumor volume decrease of >24.9% was the imaging criteria best able to classify tumors with and without sensitizing mutations (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 89%).

Conclusions: Volumetric tumor measurement was better than unidimensional tumor measurement at distinguishing tumors based on presence or absence of a sensitizing mutation. Use of volume-based response assessment for the development of tissue biomarkers could reduce contamination between sensitive and resistant tumor populations, improving our ability to identify meaningful predictors of sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res; 16(18); 4647–53. ©2010 AACR.
Major Duodenal Papilla and Its Normal Anatomy
Authors: Horiguchi Shin-ichiro , Kamisawa Terumi
Published: June 2010

The major duodenal papilla (papilla of Vater) is the point where the dilated junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts (ampulla of Vater) enter the duodenum. The ampulla is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi, which not only controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum, but also prevents the reflux of duodenal contents, bile and pancreatic juice into the bile and pancreatic ducts.
Groove Pancreatitis
Authors: Tezuka Koji , Makino Takatoshi , Hirai Ichiro , Kimura Wataru
Published: June 2010

Groove pancreatitis is a segmental chronic pancreatitis that affects the anatomical area between the pancreatic head, the duodenum, and the common bile duct, referred to as the groove area. Most patients with groove pancreatitis are males aged 40–50 years with a history of alcohol abuse. In about 20% of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy to treat chronic pancreatitis, groove pancreatitis is detected. The clinical symptoms are weight loss, upper abdominal pain, postprandial vomiting, and nausea due to duodenal stenosis. The pathogenesis of groove pancreatitis is thought to be anatomical or functional obstruction of the minor papilla. The viscosity of pancreatic juice increases due to excessive alcohol consumption and/or smoking, leading to calcification of the pancreatic duct. According to these conditions, pancreatitis in the groove area might arise due to impaired pancreatic juice outflow. The descending part of the duodenum is usually stenotic. Severe fibrosis and scarring are evident in the groove area. Characteristic pathological findings are cystic lesions in the duodenal wall, Brunner gland hyperplasia, dilation of Santorini’s duct and protein plaques in the pancreatic duct. A differential diagnosis of groove pancreatitis from peripancreatic cancer is clinically important. Cystic lesions in the duodenal wall and smooth stenosis of the bile duct are important findings of groove pancreatitis revealed by endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Biopsy through the duodenum is also useful for diagnosis. Conservative treatment options include endoscopic stenting of the minor papilla, but long-term outcomes remain unclear. Pancreatoduodenectomy is a rational treatment for symptomatic groove pancreatitis.
Nouvelles infections émergentes: Impact sur la santé de l’enfant
Authors: van Seventer Jean M. , DeLoureiro Amanda , Hamer Davidson H.
Published: June 2010

L’interaction complexe de facteurs humains et environnementaux (facteurs écologiques, génétiques, politiques et socioéconomiques) est responsable de l’émergence et la réémergence de maladies infectieuses. Ces facteurs ont souvent un effet particulier sur les enfants et par conséquent, les infections émergentes peuvent avoir des effets spécifiques sur les populations pédiatriques en termes de santé physique et mentale mais aussi de bien-être social. Les enfants sont les acteurs les plus vulnérables de notre société. Afin de les protéger au mieux de l’impact des maladies émergentes, il est impératif de comprendre comment les facteurs déterminant l’émergence de maladies et les maladies émergentes elles-mêmes peuvent les affecter. Cela nous permettra de nous concentrer sur les mesures les plus adéquates, non seulement pour prévenir l’infection des populations pédiatriques mais aussi pour mettre au point le traitement et les soins à dispenser en cas d’émergence d’une maladie infectieuse. La grippe est le prototype même de la maladie émergente/réémergente. L’épidémie de grippe réémerge chaque année entre les périodes de pandémies grippales. À la fois épidémique et pandémique, la grippe peut avoir des effets considérables sur le bien-être des enfants. Depuis une dizaine d’années, nous craignons des mutations du virus de la grippe aviaire (H5N1) le rendant capable de se transmettre efficacement entre l’homme et nous nous préparons à une pandémie de grippe virulente. Le potentiel pandémique de la grippe aviaire ne s’est pas (encore) concrétisé mais les efforts de préparation à une pandémie de grande ampleur n’ont pas été vains. En effet, l’émergence inattendue et la propagation rapide de la grippe porcine A(H1N1) a entraîné une pandémie mondiale qui a déjà eu de profonds effets sur les enfants et les adultes. Les écoles et les crêches, les moyens de transports modernes et les voyages internationaux ont facilité la propagation de cette nouvelle souche du virus de la grippe. La grippe porcine illustre bien comment l’intéraction des facteurs environnementaux et humains conduisent à l’émergence d’une maladie infectieuse avec des effets spécifiques sur les enfants.