bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualification of Food Intake by the Roma Population in the Region of South Bohemia
Authors: Sedova Lenka , Tothova Valerie , Novakova Dita , Olisarova Vera , Bartlova Sylva , Dolak Frantisek , Kajanova Alena , Prokesova Radka , Adamkova Vera
Published: February 2018

The article presents the results of a correlation study, aimed at quantifying the food intake of the Roma population in the South Bohemian Region. To achieve the goal, we applied the method of one-day dietary recall and frequency food analysis (non-standardized). The quantification was carried out by analysis in the Nutridan program. The study involved 302 Roma persons and 298 persons in the control group. Both groups had the same representation of males and females (50:50). The age categories of both sets differed; the average age of the Roma was lower (39.2 years) (p < 0.001). The probands from the Roma population were chosen with the help of the snowball method through known respondents. The statistical analysis shows differences in nutritional estimate between the Roma population and the control sample. The Roma differ in their energy intake. Both groups showed lower intake of sugars, below 50% total energy intake (TEI) and higher intake of fats, above 30% TEI. The respondents from both groups consume little fruits and vegetables, which may be connected with their low dietary fiber intake. In addition to the differences in the nutritional estimates, we recorded statistically significant differences in body mass index (BMI; p < 0.001), in age (p < 0.001), regular alimentation (p = 0) and demanding physical activities (p = 0). In spite of the fact our groups differed in age (the Roma are younger), it can be assumed that the obesity of the Roma may be caused by unbalanced alimentation and lack of physical activities.
The Role of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Virus Transmission in Europe
Authors: Brugman Victor A. , Hernández-Triana Luis M. , Medlock Jolyon M. , Fooks Anthony R. , Carpenter Simon , Johnson Nicholas
Published: February 2018

Over the past three decades, a range of mosquito-borne viruses that threaten public and veterinary health have emerged or re-emerged in Europe. Mosquito surveillance activities have highlighted the Culex pipiens species complex as being critical for the maintenance of a number of these viruses. This species complex contains morphologically similar forms that exhibit variation in phenotypes that can influence the probability of virus transmission. Critical amongst these is the choice of host on which to feed, with different forms showing different feeding preferences. This influences the ability of the mosquito to vector viruses and facilitate transmission of viruses to humans and domestic animals. Biases towards blood-feeding on avian or mammalian hosts have been demonstrated for different Cx. pipiens ecoforms and emerging evidence of hybrid populations across Europe adds another level of complexity to virus transmission. A range of molecular methods based on DNA have been developed to enable discrimination between morphologically indistinguishable forms, although this remains an active area of research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of developments in the understanding of the ecology, behaviour and genetics of Cx. pipiens in Europe, and how this influences arbovirus transmission.
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process
Authors: Manai Federico , Azzalin Alberto , Gabriele Fabio , Martinelli Carolina , Morandi Martina , Biggiogera Marco , Bozzola Mauro , Comincini Sergio
Published: February 2018

Gliadin, the alcohol-soluble protein fraction of wheat, contains the factor toxic for celiac disease (CD), and its toxicity is not reduced by digestion with gastro-pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, it is proved that an innate immunity to gliadin plays a key role in the development of CD. The immune response induces epithelial stress and reprograms intraepithelial lymphocytes into natural killer (NK)-like cells, leading to enterocyte apoptosis and an increase in epithelium permeability. In this contribution, we have reported that in Caco-2 cells the administration of enzymatically digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) reduced significantly the expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II. Furthermore, electron and fluorescent microscope analysis suggested a compromised functionality of the autophagosome apparatus. The rescue of the dysregulated autophagy process, along with a reduction of PT-gliadin toxicity, was obtained with a starvation induction protocol and by 3-methyladenine administration, while rapamycin, a well-known autophagy inducer, did not produce a significant improvement in the clearance of extra- and intra-cellular fluorescent PT-gliadin amount. Altogether, our results highlighted the possible contribution of the autophagy process in the degradation and in the reduction of extra-cellular release of gliadin peptides and suggest novel molecular targets to counteract gliadin-induced toxicity in CD.
Interest in Insects: The Role of Entomology in Environmental Education
Authors: Weeks Faith , Oseto Christian
Published: February 2018

University-based outreach programs have a long history of offering environmental education programs to local schools, but often these lessons are not evaluated for their impact on teachers and students. The impact of these outreach efforts can be influenced by many things, but the instructional delivery method can affect how students are exposed to new topics or how confident teachers feel about incorporating new concepts into the classroom. A study was conducted with a series of university entomology outreach programs using insects as a vehicle for teaching environmental education. These programs were used to assess differences between three of the most common university-based outreach delivery methods (Scientist in the Classroom, Teacher Training Workshops, and Online Curriculum) for their effect on student interest and teacher self-efficacy. Surveys administered to 20 fifth grade classrooms found that the delivery method might not be as important as simply getting insects into activities. This study found that the lessons had a significant impact on student interest in environmental and entomological topics, regardless of treatment. All students found the lessons to be more interesting, valuable, and important over the course of the year. Treatment also did not influence teacher self-efficacy, as it remained high for all teachers.
Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Sulfenylspiroindolenines via Spirocyclizations
Authors: Magné Valentin , Retailleau Pascal , Marinetti Angela , Voituriez Arnaud , Guinchard Xavier
Published: February 2018

2-Phenylsulfenyl-N-propargyl tryptamines have been prepared by electrophilic sulfuration of the corresponding tryptamines. These compounds undergo gold-catalyzed spirocyclizations to the corresponding 2-phenylthiospiroindolenines in good yields. The compounds were analyzed by NMR experiments, infrared, mass spectra and X-ray diffraction. This method provides a new efficient entry to the synthesis of 2-sulfenyl spiroindolic compounds.
3D-Printed Chips: Compatibility of Additive Manufacturing Photopolymeric Substrata with Biological Applications
Authors: Carve Megan , Wlodkowic Donald
Published: February 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) is ideal for building adaptable, structurally complex, three-dimensional, monolithic lab-on-chip (LOC) devices from only a computer design file. Consequently, it has potential to advance micro- to milllifluidic LOC design, prototyping, and production and further its application in areas of biomedical and biological research. However, its application in these areas has been hampered due to material biocompatibility concerns. In this review, we summarise commonly used AM techniques: vat polymerisation and material jetting. We discuss factors influencing material biocompatibility as well as methods to mitigate material toxicity and thus promote its application in these research fields.
Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Predominant Phenolic Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Piper betle Extracts
Authors: Ali Ameena , Chong Chien , Mah Siau , Abdullah Luqman , Choong Thomas , Chua Bee
Published: February 2018

The phenolic constituents in Piper betle are well known for their antioxidant potential; however, current literature has very little information on their stability under the influence of storage factors. Present study evaluated the stability of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity together with individual phenolic constituents (hydroxychavicol, eugenol, isoeugenol and allylpyrocatechol 3,4-diacetate) present in dried Piper betle’s extract under different storage temperature of 5 and 25 °C with and without light for a period of six months. Both light and temperature significantly influenced TPC and its corresponding antioxidant activity over time. More than 95% TPC and antioxidant activity was retained at 5 °C in dark condition after 180 days of storage. Hydroxychavicol demonstrated the best stability with no degradation while eugenol and isoeugenol displayed moderate stability in low temperature (5 °C) and dark conditions. 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene was the only compound that underwent complete degradation. A new compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, was detected after five weeks of storage only in the extracts exposed to light. Both zero-order and first-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the degradation kinetics of the extract’s antioxidant activity. Zero-order displayed better fit with higher correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.9046) and the half-life was determined as 62 days for the optimised storage conditions (5 °C in dark conditions).
An Interaction of Rhamnolipids with Cu2+ Ions
Authors: Cieśla Jolanta , Koczańska Magdalena , Bieganowski Andrzej
Published: February 2018

This study was focused on the description of interaction between Cu2+ ions and the 1:1 mono- and dirhamnolipid mixtures in the premicellar and aggregated state in water and 20 mM KCl solution at pH 5.5 and 6.0. The critical micelle concentration of biosurfactants was determined conductometrically and by the pH measurements. Hydrodynamic diameter and electrophoretic mobility were determined in micellar solutions using dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler electrophoresis, respectively. The copper immobilization by rhamnolipids, methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was estimated potentiometrically for the Cu2+ to chelating agent molar ratio from 16:100 to 200:100. The degree of ion binding and the complex stability constant were calculated at a 1:1 metal to chelant molar ratio. The aggregates of rhamnolipids (diameter of 43–89 nm) were negatively charged. Biosurfactants revealed the best chelating activities in premicellar solutions. For all chelants studied the degree of metal binding decreased with the increasing concentration of the systems. The presence of K+ lowered Cu2+ binding by rhamnolipids, but did not modify the complex stability significantly. Immobilization of Cu2+ by biosurfactants did not cause such an increase of acidification as that observed in MGDA and EDTA solutions. Rhamnolipids, even in the aggregated form, can be an alternative for the classic chelating agents.
Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion
Authors: Alghannam Abdullah , Gonzalez Javier , Betts James
Published: February 2018

The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.
Health- and Taste-Related Attitudes Associated with Dietary Patterns in a Representative Sample of Polish Girls and Young Women: A Cross-Sectional Study (GEBaHealth Project)
Authors: Kowalkowska Joanna , Lonnie Marta , Wadolowska Lidia , Czarnocinska Jolanta , Jezewska-Zychowicz Marzena , Babicz-Zielinska Ewa
Published: February 2018

Attitudes can be predictors of certain health-related behaviours. The attitudes of young females towards health and taste have not been yet fully examined and their associations with dietary behaviours remain unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate if attitudes are associated with dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish girls. The study population consisted of 1107 girls, aged 13–21 and living in Poland. Attitudes were assessed using the Health and Taste Attitudes Scale (HTAS) and categorised as negative, neutral or positive. Dietary data was obtained using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns (DPs), derived previously with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were ‘Traditional Polish’, ‘Fruit and vegetables’, ‘Fast food and sweets’ and ‘Dairy and fats’. The associations between attitudes and DPs were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients and logistic regression. The reference group were girls with neutral attitudes. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, socioeconomic status (SES), and body mass index (BMI). The correlations between attitudes and DPs ranged from −0.28 for attitudes towards health and ‘Fast food and sweets’ and ‘Traditional Polish’ DPs to 0.33 for attitudes towards health and the ‘Fruit and vegetables’ DP (p < 0.05). In the logistic regression analysis, the strongest associations within health-related HTAS subscales were observed between negative attitudes towards natural products and the ‘Fast food and sweets’ DP (OR: 10.93; 95% CI: 3.32–36.01) and between positive attitudes towards health and the ‘Fruit and vegetables’ DP (OR: 5.10; 3.11–8.37). The strongest associations within taste-related HTAS subscales were observed between positive attitudes towards craving for sweet foods and the ‘Traditional Polish’ DP (OR: 1.93; 1.43–2.61) and between positive attitudes towards using food as a reward and the ‘Dairy and fats’ DP (OR: 2.08; 1.22–3.55) as well as the ‘Fast food and sweets’ DP (OR: 2.07; 1.14–3.74). Positive attitudes towards health were associated with a pro-healthy dietary pattern characterised by the consumption of fruit and vegetables, while negative attitudes towards natural products as well as a strong craving for sweets and using food as a reward were associated with less healthy dietary patterns. To improve the dietary habits of girls and young women, positive attitudes towards health should be strengthened and supported by emphasizing the sensory values of pro-healthy foods.
l-Carnitine Supplementation in Older Women. A Pilot Study on Aging Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function
Authors: Sawicka Angelika , Hartmane Dace , Lipinska Patrycja , Wojtowicz Ewa , Lysiak-Szydlowska Wieslawa , Olek Robert
Published: February 2018

Skeletal muscle wasting, associated with aging, may be regulated by the inflammatory cytokines as well as by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). l-carnitine possesses anti-inflammatory properties and increases plasma IGF-1 concentration, leading to the regulation of the genes responsible for protein catabolism and anabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a 24-week l-carnitine supplementation on serum inflammatory markers, IGF-1, body composition and skeletal muscle strength in healthy human subjects over 65 years of age. Women between 65 and 70 years of age were supplemented for 24 weeks with either 1500 mg l-carnitine-l-tartrate or an isonitrogenous placebo per day in a double-blind fashion. Before and after the supplementation protocol, body mass and composition, as well as knee extensor and flexor muscle strength were determined. In the blood samples, free carnitine, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein and IGF-1 were determined. A marked increase in free plasma carnitine concentration was observed due to l-carnitine supplementation. No substantial changes in other parameters were noted. In the current study, supplementation for 24 weeks affected neither the skeletal muscle strength nor circulating markers in healthy women over 65 years of age. Positive and negative aspects of l-carnitine supplementation need to be clarified.
Effects of Diets Differing in Composition of 18-C Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Thermogenic Gene Expression in Mice Fed High-Fat Diets
Authors: Shin Sunhye , Ajuwon Kolapo M.
Published: February 2018

Dietary fatty acids play important roles in the regulation of fat accumulation or metabolic phenotype of adipocytes, either as brown or beige fat. However, a systematic comparison of effects of diets with different composition of 18-C fatty acids on browning/beiging phenotype has not been done. In this study, we compared the effects of different dietary fats, rich in specific 18-carbon fatty acids, on thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet containing 5.6% kcal fat from lard and 4.4% kcal fat from soybean oil (CON) or high-fat diets (HFD) containing 25% kcal from lard and 20% kcal fat from shea butter (stearic acid-rich fat; SHB), olive oil (oleic acid-rich oil; OO), safflower oil (linoleic acid-rich oil; SFO), or soybean oil (mixed oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids; SBO) ad libitum for 12 weeks, with or without a terminal 4-h norepinephrine (NE) treatment. When compared to SHB, feeding OO, SFO, and SBO resulted in lower body weight gain. The OO fed group had the highest thermogenesis level, which resulted in lower body fat accumulation and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Feeding SFO downregulated expression of lipid oxidation-related genes and upregulated expression of lipogenic genes, perhaps due to its high n-6:n-3 ratio. In general, HFD-feeding downregulated Ucp1 expression in both subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissue, and suppressed NE-induced Pgc1a expression in brown adipose tissue. These results suggest that the position of double bonds in dietary fatty acids, as well as the quantity of dietary fat, may have a significant effect on the regulation of oxidative and thermogenic conditions in vivo.
Adsorption of Polyelectrolyte onto Nanosilica Synthesized from Rice Husk: Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Application for Antibiotic Removal
Authors: Pham Tien , Bui Thu , Nguyen Van , Bui Thi , Tran Thi , Phan Quynh , Pham Tien , Hoang Thu
Published: February 2018

Adsorption of the polyelectrolyte polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) onto nanosilica (SiO2) fabricated from rice husk was studied in this work. Nanosilica was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorption of PDADMAC onto SiO2 increased with increasing pH because the negative charge of SiO2 is higher at high pH. Adsorption isotherms of PDADMAC onto silica at different KCl concentrations were fitted well by a two-step adsorption model. Adsorption mechanisms of PDADMAC onto SiO2 are discussed on the basis of surface charge change, evaluation by ζ potential, surface modification by FTIR measurements, and the adsorption isotherm. The application of PDADMAC adsorption onto SiO2 to remove amoxicillin antibiotic (AMX) was also studied. Experimental conditions such as contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage for removal of AMX using SiO2 modified with PDADMAC were systematically optimized and found to be 180 min, pH 10, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. The removal efficiency of AMX using PDADMAC-modified SiO2 increased significantly from 19.1% to 92.3% under optimum adsorptive conditions. We indicate that PDADMAC-modified SiO2 rice husk is a novel adsorbent for removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution.
Validation and Assessment of Multi-GNSS Real-Time Precise Point Positioning in Simulated Kinematic Mode Using IGS Real-Time Service
Authors: Wang Liang , Li Zishen , Ge Maorong , Neitzel Frank , Wang Zhiyu , Yuan Hong
Published: February 2018

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a popular technology for precise applications based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Multi-GNSS combined PPP has become a hot topic in recent years with the development of multiple GNSSs. Meanwhile, with the operation of the real-time service (RTS) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) agency that provides satellite orbit and clock corrections to broadcast ephemeris, it is possible to obtain the real-time precise products of satellite orbits and clocks and to conduct real-time PPP. In this contribution, the real-time multi-GNSS orbit and clock corrections of the CLK93 product are applied for real-time multi-GNSS PPP processing, and its orbit and clock qualities are investigated, first with a seven-day experiment by comparing them with the final multi-GNSS precise product ‘GBM’ from GFZ. Then, an experiment involving real-time PPP processing for three stations in the Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) network with a testing period of two weeks is conducted in order to evaluate the convergence performance of real-time PPP in a simulated kinematic mode. The experimental result shows that real-time PPP can achieve a convergence performance of less than 15 min for an accuracy level of 20 cm. Finally, the real-time data streams from 12 globally distributed IGS/MGEX stations for one month are used to assess and validate the positioning accuracy of real-time multi-GNSS PPP. The results show that the simulated kinematic positioning accuracy achieved by real-time PPP on different stations is about 3.0 to 4.0 cm for the horizontal direction and 5.0 to 7.0 cm for the three-dimensional (3D) direction.
A Hierarchical Fully Convolutional Network Integrated with Sparse and Low-Rank Subspace Representations for PolSAR Imagery Classification
Authors: Wang Yan , He Chu , Liu Xinlong , Liao Mingsheng
Published: February 2018

Inspired by enormous success of fully convolutional network (FCN) in semantic segmentation, as well as the similarity between semantic segmentation and pixel-by-pixel polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification, exploring how to effectively combine the unique polarimetric properties with FCN is a promising attempt at PolSAR image classification. Moreover, recent research shows that sparse and low-rank representations can convey valuable information for classification purposes. Therefore, this paper presents an effective PolSAR image classification scheme, which integrates deep spatial patterns learned automatically by FCN with sparse and low-rank subspace features: (1) a shallow subspace learning based on sparse and low-rank graph embedding is firstly introduced to capture the local and global structures of high-dimensional polarimetric data; (2) a pre-trained deep FCN-8s model is transferred to extract the nonlinear deep multi-scale spatial information of PolSAR image; and (3) the shallow sparse and low-rank subspace features are integrated to boost the discrimination of deep spatial features. Then, the integrated hierarchical subspace features are used for subsequent classification combined with a discriminative model. Extensive experiments on three pieces of real PolSAR data indicate that the proposed method can achieve competitive performance, particularly in the case where the available training samples are limited.
Impact of Vertical Canopy Position on Leaf Spectral Properties and Traits across Multiple Species
Authors: Gara Tawanda W. , Darvishzadeh Roshanak , Skidmore Andrew K. , Wang Tiejun
Published: February 2018

Understanding the vertical pattern of leaf traits across plant canopies provide critical information on plant physiology, ecosystem functioning and structure and vegetation response to climate change. However, the impact of vertical canopy position on leaf spectral properties and subsequently leaf traits across the entire spectrum for multiple species is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the ability of leaf optical properties to track variability in leaf traits across the vertical canopy profile using Partial Least Square Discriminatory Analysis (PLS-DA). Leaf spectral measurements together with leaf traits (nitrogen, carbon, chlorophyll, equivalent water thickness and specific leaf area) were studied at three vertical canopy positions along the plant stem: lower, middle and upper. We observed that foliar nitrogen (N), chlorophyll (Cab), carbon (C), and equivalent water thickness (EWT) were higher in the upper canopy leaves compared with lower shaded leaves, while specific leaf area (SLA) increased from upper to lower canopy leaves. We found that leaf spectral reflectance significantly (P ≤ 0.05) shifted to longer wavelengths in the ‘red edge’ spectrum (685–701 nm) in the order of lower > middle > upper for the pooled dataset. We report that spectral bands that are influential in the discrimination of leaf samples into the three groups of canopy position, based on the PLS-DA variable importance projection (VIP) score, match with wavelength regions of foliar traits observed to vary across the canopy vertical profile. This observation demonstrated that both leaf traits and leaf reflectance co-vary across the vertical canopy profile in multiple species. We conclude that canopy vertical position has a significant impact on leaf spectral properties of an individual plant’s traits, and this finding holds for multiple species. These findings have important implications on field sampling protocols, upscaling leaf traits to canopy level, canopy reflectance modelling, and subsequent leaf trait retrieval, especially for studies that aimed to integrate hyperspectral measurements and LiDAR data.
Metal Nanoparticles/Porous Silicon Microcavity Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Fluorescence for the Detection of DNA
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Jia Zhenhong
Published: February 2018

A porous silicon microcavity (PSiMC) with resonant peak wavelength of 635 nm was fabricated by electrochemical etching. Metal nanoparticles (NPs)/PSiMC enhanced fluorescence substrates were prepared by the electrostatic adherence of Au NPs that were distributed in PSiMC. The Au NPs/PSiMC device was used to characterize the target DNA immobilization and hybridization with its complementary DNA sequences marked with Rhodamine red (RRA). Fluorescence enhancement was observed on the Au NPs/PSiMC device substrate; and the minimum detection concentration of DNA ran up to 10 pM. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the MC substrate; which is so well-positioned to improve fluorescence enhancement rather the fluorescence enhancement of the high reflection band of the Bragg reflector; would welcome such a highly sensitive in biosensor.
Deconstructing Civil Society Actors and Functions: On the Limitations of International Frameworks for Fragile States
Authors: Datzberger Simone , Nguyen Tam
Published: February 2018

Over the past three decades, there has been a steady increase of funds by the international community to support civil society organizations (CSOs) in fragile states. Surprisingly, this growing attention has not strengthened local civil society landscapes in a way that it would lead to processes of social transformation. On the contrary, civic freedom and space is shrinking around the globe. In analyzing prominent international aid-effectiveness frameworks and donor strategies towards civil society, this paper will put forward one central argument. The way in which civil society actors and functions are currently appropriated threatens deep-rooted social transformation thereby impeding processes of structural and political change—necessary for the transition from conflict to sustainable peace. In delineating, how actors and functional approaches informed peacebuilding and development policy and practice, their strengths and limitations will be examined. Doing so, we draw on different case studies and examples from the literature. We find that existing frameworks for fragile states operate on a presumed model of a public sphere and civil society that may or may not exist. Such an approach disregards an organic formation of a civil society landscape thereby impeding processes of structural, social, and political change in times of fragility.
Sustainability Assessment of Out-of-Home Meals: Potentials and Challenges of Applying the Indicator sets NAHGAST Meal-Basic and NAHGAST Meal-Pro
Authors: Engelmann Tobias , Speck Melanie , Rohn Holger , Bienge Katrin , Langen Nina , Howell Eva , Göbel Christine , Friedrich Silke , Teitscheid Petra , Bowry Jaya , Liedtke Christa , Monetti Silvia
Published: February 2018

Nutrition is responsible for about 30% of global natural resource use. In order to limit the negative impact the nutritional sector has on the environment and on society, the consumption and processing of foodstuffs with assumed low negative impact is an important topic in the effort of sustainable development. In professional kitchens, clearly defined indicators assessing the impact of business activities are needed in this effort. The research and development in the NAHGAST project provides groundwork that could be of important assistance in this effort. Two versions of an assessment tool, with indicators of different complexity (NAHGAST Meal-Basic and NAHGAST Meal-Pro), were developed that can be used by kitchen professionals to determine the sustainability performance of their products—the offered meal. An informed selection of indicators, and a discussion of what processes and impacts this indicator relates to in the wider context, are essential and are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, in the selection of indicators for the purpose of our research certain criteria were considered simultaneously: (1) Communicability—What information an indicator can communicate and how comprehensible this information is for different actors; (2) Feasibility and data availability—Whether there is sufficient data for an indicator to be included and whether it is realistic for companies to integrate this indicator in their daily work practice; and (3) Scientific relevance—Whether the indicator is relevant for sustainability efforts on a larger scale and for related discussions in the scientific community. Insights related to these considerations are valuable for future developments in sustainability assessment in out-of-home gastronomy. The tool has been used to evaluate a number of dishes and results are deemed meaningful. However, assessments must not be understood as an accurate measurement but as an approximation of the sustainability of meals. At the level of individual indicators, they allow a detailed analysis and targeted optimization of recipes, while the aggregated results in the form of labels can be communicated well to customers. However, deficiencies and challenges, as discovered in the application phase of the project, demonstrate research gaps in the wider context. Finally, further steps for an integration of the tool in company processes and remaining options for companies to adjust the tool are discussed.
Infection and Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Neurons: Role of the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Miranda-Saksena Monica , Denes Christopher E. , Diefenbach Russell J. , Cunningham Anthony L.
Published: February 2018

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neuroinvasive human pathogen that has the ability to infect and replicate within epithelial cells and neurons and establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. HSV-1 depends on the host cellular cytoskeleton for entry, replication, and exit. Therefore, HSV-1 has adapted mechanisms to promote its survival by exploiting the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to direct its active transport, infection, and spread between neurons and epithelial cells during primary and recurrent infections. This review will focus on the currently known mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to harness the neuronal cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and the secretory and exocytic pathways for efficient virus entry, axonal transport, replication, assembly, and exit from the distinct functional compartments (cell body and axon) of the highly polarized sensory neurons.
Finance et néolibéralisme
Authors: Askenazy Philippe
Published: February 2018

Cet article explore les interactions entre le néolibéralisme et le développement de la finance – industrie financière, financiers – comme vecteur des inégalités de revenus primaires comme secondaires. Alors que la montée des inégalités devrait rendre politiquement insoutenables les politiques néolibérales qui les exacerbent, la Finance appréhendée au sens large – secteur financier et activités associées, financiarisation, financiers – vient en support du néolibéralisme. Jusqu’à la chute de Lehman Brothers, la finance a accompagné l’extension du néolibéralisme, par les emplois qu’elle concentrait chez les premiers pays convertis, puis par l’innovation financière permettant notamment l’accès à la propriété au plus grand nombre. Depuis 2008, elle endosse le rôle du coupable qui imposerait l’accentuation des réformes néolibérales, parce qu’elle l’exigerait soit en tant que créancier des États, soit en tant qu’intermédiaire de citoyens attachés à leur épargne retraite, soit, dans le cas de l’Europe continentale, comme opportunité industrielle post-brexit. Classification JEL : B22, G1, G2, H50 .
Contribution du patrimoine à la formation des inégalités
Authors: Carbonnier Clément
Published: February 2018

Cet article documente les liens entre la constitution des patrimoines et plusieurs types d’inégalités. Les inégalités des patrimoines eux-mêmes, tout d’abord, sont très fortes et en croissance. Les différences d’opportunités de placements selon la taille des patrimoines génèrent des rendements globalement croissants avec la taille du patrimoine, ce qui accentue encore la dynamique des inégalités. Dans ce sens, l’augmentation rapide de la valeur du patrimoine immobilier et la baisse des rendements de ces types de placement sont un vecteur majeur de la croissance des inégalités de patrimoine, en sus des problèmes de logement qu’elles engendrent. Cela rejoint la question de la croissance des inégalités de revenus, dans lesquels les revenus du patrimoine, extrêmement concentrés, jouent un rôle très important. Apparaît également la question de la persistance des inégalités, avec la part croissante que prennent les héritages dans les revenus et la constitution des patrimoines. Classification JEL : D3, D31, D63, G2 .
Sortir les banques des paradis fiscaux
Authors: Chavagneux Christian
Published: February 2018

Les scandales fiscaux à répétition (Panama et Paradise Papers, etc.), les informations qu’elles doivent publier ainsi que de récentes études académiques démontrent combien les banques entretiennent une relation étroite avec les paradis fiscaux. Elles les utilisent pour elles-mêmes et s’y inscrivent comme intermédiaires au service des utilisateurs de ces territoires. Au-delà des aspects fiscaux, les activités qu’elles y développent nourrissent l’instabilité financière internationale. Au service des acteurs les plus puissants (particuliers et entreprises), elles contribuent au renforcement des inégalités. Classification JEL : D3, G21, F65, H26.
L’autodéfense féministe : entre travail sur soi et transformation collective
Authors: Millepied Anne-Charlotte
Published: February 2018

L’autodéfense féministe est une pratique qui mobilise des techniques du corps et des techniques de soi afin de donner aux femmes les moyens de faire face au continuum des violences auxquelles elles peuvent être confrontées. En gagnant en confiance et en assurance, les pratiquantes incorporent un ethos combatif qui, au-delà de la situation d’agression, a des répercussions sur les différentes sphères de la vie quotidienne. Entre travail sur soi et transformation collective, l’autodéfense se situe à l’intersection du personnel et du politique. L’article examine cette dialectique et analyse plus particulièrement la question de l’usage du corps et de la violence en tant qu’armes politiques.
Vers un militantisme virtuel ? Pratiques et engagement féministe sur Internet
Authors: Weil Armelle
Published: February 2018

C’est depuis les années 1990 que les plateformes numériques sont saisies par les milieux militants, notamment féministes, comme outil et lieu de recrutement, mais aussi comme mode d’action. L’impact du web sur le mouvement féministe questionne : révélerait-il une nouvelle forme de militantisme et de nouvelles pratiques ? S’appuyant sur une recherche exploratoire qui étudie des blogs et des groupes Facebook, cet article cherche à saisir certaines caractéristiques des féminismes virtuels. Après avoir décrit les modes d’entrée actuels dans le mouvement, l’auteure s’intéresse aux actions virtuelles comme performances, aux objectifs et aux idéaux qui les fondent, ainsi qu’au sens de l’engagement sur le web. Elle analyse ainsi le potentiel militant d’Internet, un militantisme qui, en définitive, s’inscrit plus dans la continuité du mouvement féministe des années 1970 que dans une rupture technologique.
Le chômage : un problème de santé publique majeur
Authors: Meneton Pierre , Plessz Marie , Courtin Émilie , Ribet Céline , Goldberg Marcel , Zins Marie
Published: February 2018

Les études disponibles dans plusieurs pays et les quelques données obtenues récemment en France suggèrent que les conséquences du chômage sur la santé vont bien au-delà de l’augmentation de la fréquence des suicides. L’incidence des pathologies chroniques, maladies cardiovasculaires et cancers en premier lieu, semble également fortement augmentée chez les chômeurs par rapport aux travailleurs. Les mécanismes par lesquels le chômage est susceptible de dégrader l’état de santé sur le long terme sont encore à éclaircir : exposition accrue à des facteurs de risque comportementaux, accès réduit au système de soins, effets organiques plus directs sont autant de pistes possibles. D’ores et déjà, il serait souhaitable que le corps médical soit sensibilisé sur les risques encourus par les chômeurs afin de les aider à les réduire autant que faire se peut.
Réformes managériales et redéfinition des catégories d’action publique : l’exemple du secteur médico-social
Authors: Coron Gaël
Published: February 2018

L’article analyse les évolutions du secteur médico-social au regard des transformations contemporaines de l’action publique qui ont justement comme effet de réduire les particularités des secteurs de politique publique. Après avoir rappelé la difficulté d’identifier le médico-social comme objet spécifique, trois scenarii sont évoqués pour son avenir : une forte réduction de son autonomie, un rapprochement fort avec le secteur sanitaire et la réaffirmation de son autonomie à travers la construction en cours d’un discours endogène. Chacun de ces scenarii s’appuie sur une analyse des évolutions récentes des politiques médico-sociales.
La violence de la pauvreté
Authors: Veysset Nicolas
Published: February 2018

L'exercice, par l'État, de la violence symbolique est appréhendé ici à travers l'histoire des procédures d'identification. Ces procédures se découvrent dans les diverses mesures de police appliquées au monde populaire parisien du premier XIX e siècle : distribution de la population en catégories homogènes, détermination des identités par le croisement des catégories, écriture des identités, relais dans des pratiques de surveillance et de contrôle. La violence des mesures apparaît autant dans les résistances des classes populaires que dans les difficultés à édifier une machine administrative en adéquation avec le nouvel ordre symbolique.
La morgue de Paris
Authors: Bertherat Bruno
Published: February 2018

La Morgue de Paris au XIX e siècle a cette particularité qu'elle pousse très loin le principe archaïque de l'exposition publique, au service de l'identification des cadavres inconnus. Au nom du contrôle social, elle développe un véritable système panoptique. Le souci d'efficacité justifie la manipulation grandissante des cadavres. Or, longtemps acceptée comme une nécessité sociale, l'exposition publique est remise en cause à la fin du siècle au nom du respect du mort et de la moralité publique. Car le spectacle de la Morgue, en contradiction avec le rituel funéraire sécurisant et malgré des tentatives d'amélioration de la part des autorités, devient obscène. L'évolution des sensibilités rejoint les mutations des techniques de reconnaissance pour mettre fin à l'exposition publique en 1907 et donner à la Morgue le visage technicien et énigmatique qu'elle a aujourd'hui.
Le metteur en scène et la peau de son comédien
Authors: Lambert Benoît
Published: February 2018

Au tournant du siècle l'apparition du metteur en scène a considérablement modifié la vision et la division du travail théâtral. À l'encontre d'une analyse mécaniste qui chercherait à déduire immédiatement l'évolution de l'art théâtral de la transformation de la composition sociale des publics, il s'agit ici de mettre à jour l'élaboration active par le metteur en scène de nouveaux codes théâtraux. S'apparentant à une véritable prise de pouvoir sur l'espace scénique, cette apparition a en particulier transformé la définition des usages légitimes du corps du comédien. C'est par la confrontation entre les usages corporels de Sarah Bernhardt, incarnation idéale-typique des monstres sacrés qui dominent la scène à la fin du XIX e siècle et des nouveaux usages du corps imposés par Jacques Copeau, à travers l'invention de l'École du Vieux-Colombier, que l'on tentera d'analyser le sens et la portée de ce basculement.
Les « villages » de Paris
Authors: Tartakowsky Danielle
Published: February 2018

Dans le courant des années Soixante-dix, Paris subit de plein fouet les effets de la rénovation urbaine. Réactions et ripostes se multiplient, avec, au nombre, L'assassinat de Paris de Louis Chevalier, mais aussi bien des feuilles éphémères nées des luttes défensives « contre les bétonneurs » de la V e République, « ce mythe originel de la presse de quartier ». Ces journaux, tous éphémères et faiblement diffusés, mais qui, du moins, se perpétuent par-delà les combats fondateurs, constituent le socle de cette étude. Sous-tendue par une question : pourquoi ces actions, pourtant menées contre la mise à mal de tout ce qui valut à Paris de générer du « peuple » et même un peuple, « le Peuple de Paris », n'ont-elles guère mobilisé ce terme et les mythes afférents ?
Le « Peuple » chez Delacroix et Daumier
Authors: Chimot Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2018

Le peuple, dans le développement de la société et des luttes constantes qui structurent le XIX e siècle en France, obsède plus ou moins tout le monde comme une réalité prégnante et indéfinissable. Ce qui est un problème théorique et pratique pour les acteurs de la vie sociale et politique l'est aussi pour les artistes. Il leur faut passer d'une représentation à des solutions possibles – et parfois permises ? – dans l'ordre graphique ou plastique. L'article étudie certaines expériences chez Delacroix et Daumier, et cherche à montrer qu'il n'y a pas de « solutions » historiquement satisfaisantes, que toutes les clarifications sont simplificatrices, mais que, parfois, l'invention formelle rejoint la dimension mythique de l'objet-peuple.
Un chanteur populaire : Yves Montand
Authors: Marcadet Christian
Published: February 2018

De tous temps, les chansons populaires ont véhiculé des images « naïves » du peuple qui oscillaient entre la défiance affichée à l'égard d'un prolétariat méconnu et supposé dangereux et la condescendance accordée au serviteur candide. En France, ce n'est qu'après la Libération, dans un contexte social en recomposition, que ces stéréotypes évoluèrent vers de nouvelles valeurs plus proches de la réalité, censées refléter les préoccupations des couches populaires. Par l'affirmation originale du point de vue du monde ouvrier et par les thèmes développés, le répertoire d'Yves Montand en constitue la meilleure illustration. Pourtant, ce n'est qu'après une étude approfondie de l'origine sociale du chanteur et de la relation qu'il engageait avec son public qu'il est devenu possible de comprendre la signification profonde de cette représentation nouvelle du peuple. La démarche socio-sémiotique pratiquée ici et appliquée aux processus créatifs, performatifs et réceptifs des chansons, a permis de mettre au jour les enjeux sociaux et les valeurs qui structuraient en profondeur cette représentation. Une analyse de contenu de l'ensemble du répertoire de l'artiste, croisée avec la réception critique en son temps, est venue confirmer la vision résolument progressiste et positive désormais dévolue au peuple investi d'une mission historique. Les bouleversements politiques ultérieurs (Budapest, Mais-68) et le nouvel environnement de l'artiste viendront infléchir cet élan militant du jeune Montand et, dès les années Soixante, celui-ci choisit de recentrer son répertoire sur les thèmes les plus traditionnels du charme, des sentiments de convention et de la nostalgie. Ainsi, un engagement artistique potentiellement subversif avait-t-il pu être réintégré en douceur dans la logique du monde du spectacle, par essence consensuel et « politiquement correct ».
Peuple dans le discours révolutionnaire
Authors: Monnier Raymonde
Published: February 2018

Du mot à la notion, l'émergence de certaines expressions en 1789, notamment représentant du peuple, marque la volonté de relever un mot terni par « la rouille des préjugés ». Entre l'affirmation « contractuelle » de la souveraineté et le concept moderne de représentation, la notion de peuple demeure accrochée à une conception « organiciste » du corps politique. Notion double, elle renvoie à l'homme universel, au genre humain et à la réalité concrète de la patrie ; la promotion politique des citoyens n'écarte pas les autres emplois du terme. Entre héroïsation et diabolisation, la Révolution ne peut se passer du peuple et d'un mot omniprésent dans le discours politique : la figure demeure incertaine, mais l'étude du champ sémantique du mot aide à préciser certains aspects de la langue révolutionnaire comme l'histoire d'éphémères synonymes, sans-culottes et plébéiens.
Le « peuple » dans Fils du Peuple
Authors: Pudal Bernard
Published: February 2018

L'association de l'analyse externe et de l'analyse interne s'impose préalablement si l'on veut rendre compte à la fois des conditions de production de Fils du Peuple, du type de récit autobiographique et du mode de réinterprétation du réel qu'il impose. C'est au prix de ce détour que l'on se donne une chance de localiser la place du peuple allégué impliqué par la délégation politique communiste.