bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons learnt during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Why Australian schools should be prioritised to stay open
Authors: Koirala Archana , Goldfeld Sharon , Bowen Asha C , Choong Catherine , Ryan Kathleen , Wood Nicholas , Winkler Noni , Danchin Margie , Macartney Kristine , Russell Fiona M
Published: June 2021

In 2020, school and early childhood educational centre (ECEC) closures affected over 1.5 billion school‐aged children globally as part of the COVID‐19 pandemic response. Attendance at school and access to ECEC is critical to a child's learning, well‐being and health. School closures increase inequities by disproportionately affecting vulnerable children. Here, we summarise the role of children and adolescents in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission and that of schools and ECECs in community transmission and describe the Australian experience. In Australia, most SARS‐CoV‐2 cases in schools were solitary (77% in NSW and 67% in Victoria); of those that did progress to an outbreak, >90% involved fewer than 10 cases. Australian and global experience has demonstrated that SARS‐CoV‐2 is predominantly introduced into schools and ECECs during periods of heightened community transmission. Implementation of public health mitigation strategies, including effective testing, tracing and isolation of contacts, means schools and ECECs can be safe, not drivers of transmission. Schools and ECEC are essential services and so they should be prioritised to stay open for face‐to‐face learning. This is particularly critical as we continue to manage the next phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Association of KCTD15 gene with fat deposition in pigs
Authors: Zhang Pan , Fu Yu , Zhang Ran , Shang Peng , Zhang Hao , Zhang Bo
Published: June 2021

KCTD15 is associated with body mass index and fat deposition in humans, mice and chickens. However, the function of KCTD15 in pig fat deposition remains unclear. In this study, we cloned and analysed the cDNA sequence of porcine KCTD15. The full length of the mRNA sequence of KCTD15 is 4,091 bp, encoding 283 amino acids. The protein is hydrophilic, it has a relative molecular mass of about 31.9 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.09 with no signal peptide sequence or transmembrane structure. Expression analysis showed that KCTD15 expression level was significantly higher in the tissues of Large White pigs (LW) than in those of Tibetan pigs (TP) and Diannan Small‐ear pigs (DN) at 6 months of age, whereas its expression level in embryonic tissues of LW at 60 days was lower than that in tissues of TP and Wujin pigs (WJ). In pig primary adipocytes, the expression level of KCTD15 is high in the early stage of differentiation and gradually decreases in later stages. Additionally, the single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site T‐2030C (T/C mutation, located 2,030 bp upstream of the start codon) showed a dominant allele T with high promoter activity in the LW population and a dominant allele C in the TP and WJ populations. Our results indicate that KCTD15 is involved in pig fat deposition and that T‐2030C is an important regulatory site for transcriptional activity, affecting fat deposition.
Serum PreS1 and HBsAg ratio reflects liver fibrosis and predicts the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Nishida Yuno , Imamura Michio , Teraoka Yuji , Morio Kei , Fujino Hatsue , Ono Atsushi , Nakahara Takashi , Murakami Eisuke , Yamauchi Masami , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Miki Daiki , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Abe‐Chayama Hiromi , Hayes C. Nelson , Aikata Hiroshi , Sasaki Noriko , Sekiguchi Tomomi , Kinukawa Hideki , Yoshimura Toru , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: June 2021

While the preS1 region of the large hepatitis B surface protein plays an essential role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the effect of preS1 on liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is not well known. In this study, we measured serum preS1 levels by chemiluminescent immunoassay technology in 690 CHB patients and evaluated the correlation between serum preS1 levels and HBV, liver function markers and liver inflammation, fibrosis assessed by histological findings. Predictive factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients who had no previous history of HCC at the time of preS1 level measurement were also analysed. Median hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and preS1 levels were 3.08 log IU/mL and 98 ng/mL, respectively. PreS1 values were significantly correlated with serum HBsAg (p <0.001), hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) (p <0.001) and HBV DNA levels (p <0.01). PreS1 values were also significantly correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels (p <0.001) and were significantly higher in patients who had higher grading of liver inflammatory activity (p <0.05). HBsAg level was correlated, but preS1/HBsAg ratio reflected liver fibrosis staging more directly than HBsAg alone. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥53 years (hazard ratio [HR], 18.360 for <53 years; p = 0.021) and preS1/HBsAg ratio ≥0.12 (HR, 6.205 for <0.12; p = 0.040) as significant and independent factors for HCC development in CHB patients. The preS1/HBsAg ratio directly reflects liver fibrosis, and the ratio might be a predictive marker for HCC development in CHB patients.
Ongoing production of low‐fitness hybrids limits range overlap between divergent cryptic species
Authors: Mikkelsen Else K. , Irwin Darren
Published: June 2021

Contact zones between recently diverged taxa provide opportunities to examine the causes of reproductive isolation and the processes that determine whether two species can coexist over a broad region. The Pacific wren (Troglodytes pacificus) and winter wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) are two morphologically similar songbirds that started diverging about 4 million years ago, older than most sister species pairs of temperate songbirds. The ranges of these species come into narrow contact in western Canada, where the two species remain distinct. To assess evidence for differentiation, hybridization and introgression in this system, we examined variation in over 250,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers distributed across the genome. The two species formed highly divergent genetic clusters, consistent with long‐term differentiation. In a set of 75 individuals, two first‐generation hybrids (i.e., F1’s) were detected, indicating only moderate levels of assortative mating between these taxa. We found no recent backcrosses or other evidence of recent breeding success of F1’s, indicating very low or zero fitness of F1 hybrids. Examination of genomic variation shows evidence for only a single backcrossing event many generations ago. The moderate rate of hybridization combined with very low F1 hybrid fitness is expected to result in a population sink in the contact zone, largely explaining the narrow overlap of the two species. If such dynamics are common in nature, they could explain the narrow range overlap often observed between pairs of closely related species.
A Multiple Cohort Study of the Gender Gradient of Life Satisfaction during Adolescence: Longitudinal Evidence from Great Britain*
Authors: Chrysanthou Georgios Marios
Published: June 2021

This study is unique in exploiting 12 youth cohorts (aged 11–15) from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) spanning 1996–2017 to investigate the gender gradient of adolescent life satisfaction. We find robust evidence of a cross‐cohort gender gap particularly at the extremes of the adolescent life satisfaction distribution. Male adolescents are significantly more likely to report complete life satisfaction (by around 6%–14%) and females to report dissatisfaction (by around 3%–7%) indicating a higher female depression propensity. An intra‐household gender gap is found for female adolescents raised with opposite sex siblings. Previous period life satisfaction is the strongest determinant of prospective higher self‐reported male satisfaction levels.
Tooth‐borne versus tooth‐bone‐borne rapid maxillary expanders according to a stereophotogrammetric evaluation of facial soft tissues: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Akan Burçin , Gökçe Gökçenur , Şahan A.Oğuz , Veli İlknur
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of tooth‐borne and tooth‐bone‐borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on soft tissue with stereophotogrammetry.

Setting and sample population

Thirty two patients (15 males and 17 females) who met inclusion criteria were divided into two groups. In the first group, tooth‐borne RME appliance (hyrax) was applied to 16 patients (9 males and 7 females mean age 13.4 ± 1.3 years), and in the second group, tooth‐bone‐borne RME appliance (hybrid hyrax) was applied to 16 patients (6 males and 10 females, mean age 13.05 ± 1.24 years).

Materials and methods

Changes in soft tissues before RME (T0) and post‐retention (T1) period were evaluated by stereophotogrammetry. Linear and angular measurements were performed. Independent‐ and dependent‐sample t tests were used to compare intra‐ and inter‐group differences at P < .05 significance level.

Results

The data revealed statistically significant changes in nasal width, mid‐face width, upper lip vermillion length/lower lip vermillion length ratio and upper lip angle in hyrax group. (P < .05) Also nasal width, lower lip length, lower lip vermillion length, anterior face height, lower face height, convexity angle and mandibular angle showed statistically significant changes in hybrid hyrax group. (P < .05) In the inter‐group evaluation, no significant differences were found except upper lip and mandible angle. (P < .05).

Conclusion

Both hyrax and hybrid hyrax expanders had effects on soft tissue profile. Anterior face height and lower face height increased in both groups. Upper lip length increased by 0.36 mm in the hybrid group and 0.10 mm in the hyrax group.

Trial Registration

This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04828213).
Three‐dimensional echocardiography definitively delineates a malpositioned permanent pacing lead in a patient with chronic chest pain
Authors: Madan Nidhi , Trohman Richard G.
Published: June 2021

Inadvertent malpositioning of a cardiac pacing lead into the left heart chambers is a rare complication of transvenous pacing. We report a patient with a history of a transient ischemic attack and chronic chest pain whose left atrial pacing lead location was revealed by transesophageal three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography during evaluation of an inter‐atrial shunt.
State budget balancing strategies: COVID‐19 and the Great Recession
Authors: Rubin Marilyn M. , Willoughby Katherine
Published: June 2021

This research compares state budget balancing strategies taken during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the Great Recession of 2007–2009. Distinguishing features of the two crises, as well as differences among the states, lead them to engage such strategies in similar and dissimilar ways. Federal aid during both fiscal disasters is also distinctive. During the Great Recession, federal stimulus funds to states supported budget balancing efforts. In contrast, until the COVID‐19 relief bill of March 2021, federal assistance was primarily funneled directly to individuals and businesses and for pandemic‐specific spending. This left states on their own to close budget gaps fueled by COVID‐19.
Cockayne syndrome, MEN1, and genomic variants: Exome sequencing is changing our view of the genetic landscape
Authors: Oska Sandra R. , Tamura Deborah , Blau Jenny E. , Khan Sikandar G. , Kraemer Kenneth H. , DiGiovanna John J.
Published: June 2021

The availability of genomic sequencing for inherited diseases provides a more complete molecular basis for how an individual's genetic landscape influences clinical outcome. We describe a family where exome sequencing of a 3‐year‐old boy with clinical features of Cockayne syndrome (CS) confirmed the diagnosis of CS. He also had a mutation consistent with a pre‐symptomatic second disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), each potentially affecting multiple organ systems, in addition to a poorly defined variant in fumarate hydratase (FH). Genomic sequencing may reveal coexisting pathogenic mutations and variants which complicate clinical interpretation.
The Discovery, Development and Demonstration of Three Caged Compounds†
Authors: Steinmetz Mark G. , Givens Richard S.
Published: June 2021

An overview of the history, mechanistic aspects and applications is provided for p‐hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) and benzoin photoremovable protecting groups, which release biologically important leaving groups upon photolysis with UV light. Also discussed is (7‐diethylaminocoumarin‐4‐yl)methyl (DEACM), a photoremovable protecting group that absorbs visible light. These are followed by the α‐keto amides and naphtho‐ and benzothiophene‐2‐carboxanilides as caging groups, which eliminate leaving groups via photochemically produced zwitterionic intermediates. Also covered are amino‐1,4‐benzoquinones, which upon exposure to green and red wavelengths of light photorearrange to an unstable photoproduct that subsequently eliminates leaving groups in aqueous media. Selected examples are given that use these photoremovable protecting (caging) groups for the light‐activated release of biologically important substrates under physiological conditions in cells and tissue as practical applications in biology, biochemistry and physiology. These caging groups have found significant applications because their photochemistry is efficient and a single coproduct is formed in addition to the photoreleased substrate.
The UN Sustainable Development Goals as a North Star: How an intermediary network makes, takes, and retrofits the meaning of the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: van den Broek Onna M. , Klingler‐Vidra Robyn
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we investigate how a network of informal intermediaries – including international organizations, consultancies, business alliances, and standard setters – has contributed to the persistence of the universalistic meaning of the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs). Based on our analysis of 26 interviews and 121 online resources produced by the 22 most prominent intermediaries, we find that SDG diffusion is distinct from linear depictions, such as the regulator‐intermediary‐target model. This is because the intermediary network acts via three dynamic mechanisms that lend to an inclusive meaning of the goals; the core intermediaries lead efforts to make the perspective one that can accommodate a range of different audiences and activities, then intermediaries who subsequently join the network accept that broad perspective. Concomitant to their making or taking of the perspective, each intermediary individually works to retrofit the SDGs onto their unique tools and activities and to create their spot within the network. The combination of perspective making and taking, and retrofitting, propels the persistence of the SDGs as a “North Star” rather than a more specific blueprint for companies.
Weighted risk models for dynamic healthcare fraud detection
Authors: Rolfe Alyssa J.
Published: June 2021

Despite efforts to prevent it, fraud in the United States healthcare system remains a serious and pressing issue. Since healthcare fraud is a complex and multi‐faceted problem, fraud‐fighting solutions must be flexible enough to address the ever‐evolving nature of the crime. Here, we present a method to identify healthcare fraud in such a manner that incorporates both potential fraud as well as risky provider behavior. The proposed weighted risk model provides a framework for creating a dynamic fraud detection database that can be easily scaled up to incorporate emerging fraud schemes.
The Psychological Costs of Experiencing Racial Discrimination in the Ivory Tower: The Untold Stories of Black Men Enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Doctoral Programs
Authors: Spencer Breauna Marie
Published: June 2021

Due to the dearth of literature that has foregrounded the psychological causes and conditions impacting Black men’s academic success while enrolled in STEM doctoral programs, this qualitative study examined the psychological costs of racism among 20 Black men enrolled in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) doctoral programs. Utilizing Critical Race Theory to contextualize and situate this study, this manuscript explored racialized interactions between Black men and their non‐Black advisors and colleagues using semi‐structured qualitative interviews. The multiple forms of racism that Black men encounter consists of (1) Black male exceptionalism (e.g., the Barack Obama Effect), (2) the expectation that they will be the spokesperson for the entire Black race, (3) the White oppositional gaze directed towards their physical appearance and stature, and (4) that their departments turn a blind eye towards issues of racism. Black men navigate, negotiate, and respond to racism in their departments by resigning from their diversity‐focused leadership positions due to their racialized ‘token’ status, tapping into their spirituality, and by acquiring an arrogant yet humble demeanor to combat racial hostilities. The recommendations of this study provide strategies and tools for ensuring that college and university administrators and faculty provide safe spaces for Black men to thrive and succeed in academia.
High throughput analysis of MHC‐I and MHC‐DR diversity of Brazilian cattle populations
Authors: Vasoya Deepali , Oliveira Priscila Silva , Muriel Laura Agundez , Tzelos Thomas , Vrettou Christina , Morrison W. Ivan , de Miranda Santos Isabel Kinney Ferreira , Connelley Timothy
Published: June 2021

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains many genes that play key roles in initiating and regulating immune responses. This includes the polymorphic MHCI and MHCII genes that present epitopes to CD8+ and CD4+ T‐cells, respectively. Consequently, the characterisation of the repertoire of MHC genes is an important component of improving our understanding of the genetic variation that determines the outcomes of immune responses. In cattle, MHC (BoLA) research has predominantly focused on Holstein‐Friesian animals (as the most economically important breed globally), although the development of high‐throughput approaches has allowed the BoLA‐DRB3 repertoire to be studied in a greater variety of breeds. In a previous study we reported on the development of a MiSeq‐based method to enable high‐throughput and high‐resolution analysis of bovine MHCI repertoires. Herein, we report on the expansion of this methodology to incorporate analysis of the BoLA‐DRB3 and its application to analyse MHC diversity in a large cohort of cattle from Brazil (>500 animals), including representatives from the three major Bos indicus breeds present in Brazil – Guzerat, Gir and Nelore. This large‐scale description of paired MHCI‐DRB3 repertoires in Bos indicus cattle has identified a small number of novel DRB3 alleles, a large number of novel MHCI alleles and haplotypes, and provided novel insights into MHCI‐MHCII association ‐ further expanding our knowledge of bovine MHC diversity.
Microsporidiosis after liver transplantation: A French nationwide retrospective study
Authors: Dumortier Jérôme , Radenne Sylvie , Kamar Nassim , Conti Filomena , Abergel Armand , Coilly Audrey , Francoz Claire , Houssel‐Debry Pauline , Vanlemmens Claire , Laverdure Noémie , Duvoux Christophe , Iriart Xavier , Thellier Marc , Angoulvant Adela , Argy Nicolas , Autier Brice , Bellanger Anne‐Pauline , Botterel Françoise , Garrouste Cyril , Rabodonirina Meja , Poirier Philippe ,   The French Microsporidiosis Network
Published: June 2021

Background

Microsporidiosis has been largely reported in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but emerged as a cause of persistent diarrhea in solid organ transplant patients.

Methods

Through the French Microsporidiosis Network and the Groupe français de recherche en greffe de foie, we collected all microsporidiosis cases identified in liver transplant patients between 1995 and 2020 in France.

Results

We identified 24 liver transplant recipients with microsporidiosis. Sex ratio was balanced and median age was 58.8 (3.5‐83.5) years (there were 4 children). Microsporidiosis occurred at a median time of 3.9 (0.1‐18.9) years post‐transplant. Median duration of diarrhea before diagnosis was 22 days (12‐45). Therapeutic care included immunosuppressive therapy changes in 20 patients, as follows: stop cyclosporine or tacrolimus (n = 2), dose reduction of cyclosporine or tacrolimus (n = 12), stop MMF (n = 5), and dose reduction of corticosteroids (n = 1). In addition, 15 patients received specific therapy against microsporidiosis: fumagillin (n = 11) or albendazole (n = 4). Median duration of treatment was 14 days (8‐45 days). Finally, 7 patients had immunosuppressive treatment tapering only. Microsporidiosis was complicated by renal failure in 15 patients, requiring dialysis in one case. Two patients had infection relapse. No patient presented proven rejection within the 3 months after microsporidiosis. None of the patients died within the 3 months after microsporidiosis.

Conclusions

Microsporidiosis is a very rare infection after liver transplantation but can induce severe dehydration and renal failure. Therefore, it must be systematically sought in any case of persistent diarrhea after first line screening of frequent infectious causes.
Positive effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a cat with cutaneous nocardiosis
Authors: Simpson Andrew C. , Wiener Dominique J.
Published: June 2021

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been beneficial in treating people with nocardiosis. This report describes Nocardia spp. affecting a cat, with lesions confined to the skin. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of HBOT, combined with amikacin, used to successfully treat feline cutaneous nocardiosis.
Distinct patterns of spasticity and corticospinal connectivity following complete spinal cord injury
Authors: Sangari Sina , Kirshblum Steven , Guest James D. , Oudega Martin , Perez Monica A.
Published: June 2021

Key points

Damage to corticospinal axons has implications for the development of spasticity following spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we examined to what extent residual corticospinal connections and spasticity are present in muscles below the injury (quadriceps femoris and soleus) in humans with motor complete thoracic SCI.

We found three distinct subgroups of people: participants with spasticity and corticospinal responses in the quadriceps femoris and soleus; participants with spasticity and corticospinal responses in the quadriceps femoris only; and participants with no spasticity or corticospinal responses in either muscle. Spasticity and corticospinal responses were present in the quadriceps but never only in the soleus muscle, suggesting a proximal to distal gradient of symptoms of hyperreflexia.

These results suggest that concomitant patterns of residual corticospinal connectivity and spasticity exist in humans with motor complete SCI and that a clinical examination of spasticity might be a good predictor of residual descending motor pathways in people with severe paralysis.

The loss of corticospinal axons has implications for the development of spasticity following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the extent to which residual corticospinal connections and spasticity are present across muscles below the injury remains unknown. To address this question, we tested spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale and transmission in the corticospinal pathway by examining motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the leg motor cortex (cortical MEPs) and by direct activation of corticospinal axons by electrical stimulation over the thoracic spine (thoracic MEPs), in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles, in 30 individuals with motor complete thoracic SCI. Cortical MEPs were also conditioned by thoracic electrical stimulation at intervals allowing their summation or collision. We found three distinct subgroups of participants: 47% showed spasticity in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles; 30% showed spasticity in the quadriceps femoris muscle only; and 23% showed no spasticity in either muscle. Although cortical MEPs were present only in the quadriceps in participants with spasticity, thoracic MEPs were present in both muscles when spasticity was present. Thoracic electrical stimulation facilitated and suppressed cortical MEPs, showing that both forms of stimulation activated similar corticospinal axons. Cortical and thoracic MEPs correlated with the degree of spasticity in both muscles. These results provide the first evidence that related patterns of residual corticospinal connectivity and spasticity exist in muscles below the injury after motor complete thoracic SCI and highlight that a clinical examination of spasticity can predict residual corticospinal connectivity after severe paralysis.
Vision-Based Control of a Mobile Manipulator With an Adaptable-Passive Suspension for Unstructured Environments
Authors: Cardenas Antonio , Quiroz Osmar , Hernández Ricardo , Medellin-Castillo Hugo I. , González Alejandro , Maya Mauro , Piovesan Davide
Published: June 2021

The kinematic design, development, and navigation control of a new autonomous mobile manipulator for unstructured terrain is presented in this work. An innovative suspension system is designed based on the kinematic synthesis of an adaptable, passive mechanism. This novel suspension can compensate for irregularities in the terrain by using two pairs of bogies joined by a crank-slider mechanism and facilitates the control of the robotic platform using video cameras. The mobile robot is also equipped with a robotic manipulator, of which a synthesis, simulation, and experimental validation are presented. Additionally, manipulation is accomplished during motion on rough terrain. The proposed mobile robot has been fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. A vision-based control approach, from here on named mobile linear-camera space manipulation (MLCSM), for mobile manipulators has been synthesized and implemented to conduct experimental tests. This mobile manipulator has been designed to traverse uneven terrain so that the loading platform is kept close to horizontal while crossing obstacles up to one-third of the size of its wheels. This feature allows for the onboard cameras to stay oriented toward the target; it also allows for any device mounted on the payload platform to remain nearly horizontal during the task. The developed control approach allows us to estimate the position and orientation of the manipulator’s end effector and update its trajectory along the path toward the target. The experiments show a final precision for engagement of a pallet within +/−2.5 mm in position and +/−2 deg in orientation
Folding Process Planning of Rigid Origami Using the Explicit Expression and Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Method
Authors: Guo Zhen , Tachi Tomohiro , Yu Hongying
Published: June 2021

In this study, we propose a novel method for planning the folding process of a rigid origami mechanism, i.e., we explore the intermediate process of the mechanism from an initial state to a target state without self-intersection via a path-finding algorithm. A typical problem associated with a path-finding algorithm is that a feasible configuration space of rigid origami is a lower-dimensional subset of the entire parameter space. When all the folding angles are considered as free parameters to plan the folding process, it is generally not possible to obtain a feasible configuration via sampling. In this study, the parameters corresponding to the degree-of-freedom (DOF) are used as independent variables, and the remaining fold angles are considered as dependent variables that can be calculated via the explicit expression method (EEM). First, we explain the method for choosing the parameters related to DOF to represent the configuration of the origami mechanism. Then, we show the procedure for selecting a valid configuration from many possible configurations computed via EEM. For this purpose, we introduce criteria for each vertex to determine whether the two configurations can be continuously connected. Next, the method for planning the folding process of rigid origami is introduced via the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) method. Finally, we implemented the folding process simulation platform and applied it to different patterns. The results of the experiments are presented.
Multi-Criteria Optimization of a PCM based Heat Sink—Effect of Geometric Parameters on Operational Time and Melt Fraction
Authors: Markandeyulu Thota , Devanuri Jaya Krishna , Kiran Kumar K.
Published: June 2021

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of a phase change material (PCM) based heat sink has been carried out in the present study. The PCM used is RT44HC. Longitudinal fins made of aluminum have been considered. The influence of pertinent parameters viz., fin number, fin thickness, orientation and base thickness on melt fraction and operational time have been analyzed. The critical temperature considered for the study is 54.8 °C. The melting behavior of the PCM is simulated by using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The design of the experiment has been performed using the Taguchi method. By using gray relational multicriteria optimization technique and multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method, the best thermally performing configuration has been attained through the optimum values of operational time and melt fraction. In addition to the above, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to find the most significant parameter. Based on the investigation, fin thickness and number of fins are observed to significantly influence the thermal transport.
Investigation of Thermal Performance of Single Basin Solar Still With Soft Drink Cans Filled With Sand as a Storage Medium
Authors: Khallaf A. M. , El-Sebaii A. A. , Hegazy M. M.
Published: June 2021

Thermal performance of the single basin solar still (SBSS) with and without a storage material is presented experimentally and theoretically. New configuration of the SBSS by using soft drink cans filled with sand, fixed on the upper surface of the basin liner, as a sensible storage material is investigated. A mathematical model (using Pascal language) is developed to verify the thermal performance of the SBSS. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical (obtained from the mathematical model) results are carried out for validating the proposed mathematical model. Parameters affecting the thermal performance of the SBSS such as the masses of the basin water and storage material, heat transfer coefficients, and top losses are investigated. The top losses (Ut) for the SBSS with sand is higher than that without sand by about 27.47%. The daily productivity (Pd) and efficiency (ηd) of the SBSS with sand is more than that without sand by about 31.44 and 23.12%, respectively. This experiment is environmentally friendly by using 126 of the used empty soft drink cans.
Direct correlation of oxygen adsorption on platinum-electrolyte interfaces with the activity in the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wang Shiyi , Zhu Enbo , Huang Yu , Heinz Hendrik
Published: June 2021

The adsorption of oxygen molecules to Pt nanostructures in solution is shown to predict the relative ORR activity in fuel cells.
Differential recognition of oligomannose isomers by glycan-binding proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Gao Chao , Stavenhagen Kathrin , Eckmair Barbara , McKitrick Tanya R. , Mehta Akul Y. , Matsumoto Yasuyuki , McQuillan Alyssa M. , Hanes Melinda S. , Eris Deniz , Baker Kelly J. , Jia Nan , Wei Mohui , Heimburg-Molinaro Jamie , Ernst Beat , Cummings Richard D.
Published: June 2021

Differential recognition of glycan isomers by proteins is key to innate and adaptive immunity.
Sparse ab initio x-ray transmission spectrotomography for nanoscopic compositional analysis of functional materials
Authors: Gao Zirui , Odstrcil Michal , Böcklein Sebastian , Palagin Dennis , Holler Mirko , Ferreira Sanchez Dario , Krumeich Frank , Menzel Andreas , Stampanoni Marco , Mestl Gerhard , van Bokhoven Jeroen Anton , Guizar-Sicairos Manuel , Ihli Johannes
Published: June 2021

We developed a spectro-nanotomography method that enables fast chemical characterization of functional materials.
The stability of R-spine defines RAF inhibitor resistance: A comprehensive analysis of oncogenic BRAF mutants with in-frame insertion of αC-β4 loop
Authors: Yap Jiajun , Deepak R. N. V. Krishna , Tian Zizi , Ng Wan Hwa , Goh Kah Chun , Foo Alicia , Tee Zi Heng , Mohanam Manju Payini , Sim Yuen Rong M. , Degirmenci Ufuk , Lam Paula , Chen Zhongzhou , Fan Hao , Hu Jiancheng
Published: June 2021

The stabilized R-spine of oncogenic BRAF mutants impairs RAF inhibitor association and confers drug resistance.
Redefining IL11 as a regeneration-limiting hepatotoxin and therapeutic target in acetaminophen-induced liver injury
Authors: Widjaja Anissa A. , Dong Jinrui , Adami Eleonora , Viswanathan Sivakumar , Ng Benjamin , Pakkiri Leroy S. , Chothani Sonia P. , Singh Brijesh K. , Lim Wei Wen , Zhou Jin , Shekeran Shamini G. , Tan Jessie , Lim Sze Yun , Goh Joyce , Wang Mao , Holgate Robert , Hearn Arron , Felkin Leanne E. , Yen Paul M. , Dear James W. , Drum Chester L. , Schafer Sebastian , Cook Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

Inhibition of IL11 signaling limits drug-induced liver damage and promotes hepatic regeneration in a mouse model.
Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharide from Lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119
Authors: Onishi N , Yamashiro A , Yokozeki K
Published: June 2021

Volume 61, no. 11, p. 4022, column 2, line 10: "K(inf2)HSO(inf4)" and "KH(inf2)SO(inf4)" should read "K(inf2)HPO(inf4)" and "KH(inf2)PO(inf4)," respectively. Line 13: "K(inf2)HSO(inf4)" should read "K(inf2)HPO(inf4)." Line 14: "KH(inf2)SO(inf4)" and "0.2 g of CaCO(inf3)" should read "KH(inf2)PO(inf4)" and "1 g of CaCO(inf3)," respectively. [This corrects the article on p. 4022 in vol. 61.].
Extreme bradycardia as presentation of an eating disorder
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth , Gunn Julian
Published: June 2021

We present a case of extreme bradycardia in an 18-year-old man, accompanied by bilateral pleural effusions, pericardial effusion, endocrine dysregulation and Horner’s syndrome. Despite extensive investigations as an inpatient and multidisciplinary input, it was not until subsequent assessment by an endocrine team that it was revealed that his presentation was attributable to an eating disorder. Following dietary advice, easing of extreme exercise and continued support, the patient improved in all parameters including body mass index and he remains well. This case demonstrates the importance of a thorough personal history incorporating all aspects of social and dietary history.
Lithium-induced ECG modifications: navigating from acute coronary syndrome to Brugada syndrome
Authors: Diserens Léonard , Porretta Alessandra Pia , Trana Catalina , Meier David
Published: June 2021

Lithium is frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorders and is known to induce ECG alterations. This case study describes various patterns of lithium-induced ECG modifications in a patient with acute-on-chronic lithium intoxication. Clinicians should be familiar with this problem as it can have life-threatening consequences and lead to important changes in patient’s management. Our patient was admitted for acute delirium with an ECG showing atrial fibrillation with wide QRS and ST-segment elevation. These modifications were first mistaken for an acute myocardial infarction and a diagnosis of Brugada syndrome was finally reached. Treatment after the acute phase implied changes in the therapeutic modality and required frequent monitoring.
Unusual presentation of Crohn’s disease
Authors: Edwards Kate , Yearsley Karen
Published: June 2021

A previously well 37-year-old woman attended the emergency assessment unit with symptoms of lethargy, breathlessness and peripheral oedema, whereby initial basic investigations revealed an iron deficiency anaemia and serum hypoalbuminaemia. The patient subsequently had multiple admissions to secondary care over a 2-year period due to worsening peripheral and central oedema. Investigations ruled out non-gastrointestinal causes of serum hypoalbuminaemia, such as renal, cardiac and hepatic failures. Gastrointestinal investigations later revealed raised faecal alpha-1 antitrypsin and small bowel ulceration on capsule endoscopy, with a histological diagnosis of Crohn’s disease made after a small bowel wedge resection. This case describes the unusual presentation of Crohn’s disease displaying symptoms primarily of protein-losing enteropathy, an uncommon and under-recognised consequence of inflammatory bowel disease. A review of current literature and the underlying pathophysiology for this rare condition are discussed, particularly in relation to Crohn’s disease.
GAPS-EUS: a new and reliable tool for the assessment of basic skills and performance in EUS among endosonography trainees
Authors: Hedenström Per , Marasco Giovanni , Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Lindkvist Bjorn , Sadik Riadh
Published: June 2021

Objective

Endosonography (EUS) is a useful but complex diagnostic modality which requires advanced endoscopy training and guidance by a supervisor. Since learning curves vary among individuals, assessment of the actual competence among EUS trainees is important.

Design/methods

We designed a novel assessment tool entitled Global Assessment of Performance and Skills in EUS (GAPS-EUS) for assessing skills among EUS trainees. Five quality indicators were marked on a five-grade scale by the supervisor (Observer Score) and by the trainee (Trainee Score). Trainees were included in two high-volume centres (Gothenburg, Sweden, and Bologna, Italy). Outcomes were feasibility, patient safety, reliability, and validity of GAPS-EUS in trainee-performed EUS procedures.

Results

Twenty-two EUS-trainees were assessed in a total of 157 EUS procedures with a completion rate of 157/157 (100 %) and a patient adverse event rate of 2/157 (1.3 %; gastroenteritis n=1, fever n=1). GAPS-EUS showed a high measurement reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient=0.87) and a high inter-rater reliability comparing the supervisor and the trainee (r=0.83, r2=0.69, p<0.001). The construct of GAPS-EUS was verified by comparing low-level and high-level performance procedures and the content validity by recording that the EUS-FNA manoeuvre resulted in a lower score than other aspects of EUS 3.07 (95% CI 2.91 to 3.23) vs 3.51 (95% CI 3.37 to 3.65) (p<0.001). External validity was confirmed via similar findings in both centres.

Conclusion

GAPS-EUS is an easy-to-use and reliable tool with a recorded high validity for the assessment of competence among trainees in EUS. It can be recommended to centres involved in the education of future endosonographers.

Trial registration number

NCT02455570.
Designing COVID-19 mortality predictions to advance clinical outcomes: Evidence from the Department of Veterans Affairs
Authors: Makridis Christos A , Strebel Tim , Marconi Vincent , Alterovitz Gil
Published: June 2021

Using administrative data on all Veterans who enter Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centres throughout the USA, this paper uses artificial intelligence (AI) to predict mortality rates for patients with COVID-19 between March and August 2020. First, using comprehensive data on over 10 000 Veterans’ medical history, demographics and lab results, we estimate five AI models. Our XGBoost model performs the best, producing an area under the receive operator characteristics curve (AUROC) and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.87 and 0.41, respectively. We show how focusing on the performance of the AUROC alone can lead to unreliable models. Second, through a unique collaboration with the Washington D.C. VA medical centre, we develop a dashboard that incorporates these risk factors and the contributing sources of risk, which we deploy across local VA medical centres throughout the country. Our results provide a concrete example of how AI recommendations can be made explainable and practical for clinicians and their interactions with patients.
Assessing the impact of a combined nutrition counselling and cash transfer intervention on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh: a randomised control trial protocol
Authors: Kirkwood Elizabeth K , Dibley Michael John , Hoddinott John Frederick , Huda Tanvir , Laba Tracey Lea , Tahsina Tazeen , Hasan Mohammad Mehedi , Iqbal Afrin , Khan Jasmin , Ali Nazia Binte , Ullah Saad , Goodwin Nicholas , Muthayya Sumithra , Islam M Munirul , Ara Gulshan , Agho Kingsley Emwinyore , Arifeen Shams E , Alam Ashraful
Published: June 2021

Introduction

There is growing interest in assessing the impact of health interventions, particularly when women are the focus of the intervention, on women’s empowerment. Globally, research has shown that interventions targeting nutrition, health and economic development can affect women’s empowerment. Evidence suggests that women’s empowerment is also an underlying determinant of nutrition outcomes. Depending on the focus of the intervention, different domains of women’s empowerment will be influenced, for example, an increase in nutritional knowledge, or greater control over income and access to resources.

Objective

This study evaluates the impact of the Shonjibon Cash and Counselling (SCC) Trial that combines nutrition counselling and an unconditional cash transfer, delivered on a mobile platform, on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh.

Methods and analysis

We will use a mixed-methods approach, combining statistical analysis of quantitative data from 2840 women in a cluster randomised controlled trial examining the impact of nutrition behaviour change communications (BCCs) and cash transfers on child undernutrition. Pregnant participants will be given a smartphone with a customised app, delivering nutrition BCC messages, and will receive nutrition counselling via a call centre and an unconditional cash transfer. This study is a component of the SCC Trial and will measure women’s empowerment using a composite indicator based on the Project-Level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, with quantitative data collection at baseline and endline. Thematic analysis of qualitative data, collected through longitudinal interviews with women, husbands and mothers-in-law, will elicit a local understanding of women’s empowerment and the linkages between the intervention and women’s empowerment outcomes. This paper describes the study protocol to evaluate women’s empowerment in a nutrition-specific and sensitive intervention using internationally validated, innovative tools and will help fill the evidence gap on pathways of impact, highlighting areas to target for future programming.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been obtained from the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (Ref. PR 17106) and The University of Sydney (Ref: 2019/840). Findings from this study will be shared in Bangladesh with dissemination sessions in-country and internationally at conferences, and will be published in peer-reviewed journals.
Effect of tourniquet use on the risk of revision in total knee replacement surgery: an analysis of the National Joint Registry Data Set
Authors: Farhan-Alanie Muhamed M , Lee Yujin , Underwood Martin , Metcalfe Andrew , Wilkinson Mark J , Price Andrew James , Warwick Jane , Wall Peter David Henry
Published: June 2021

Objective

Tourniquet use in total knee replacement (TKR) is believed to improve the bone-cement interface by reducing bleeding, potentially prolonging implant survival. This study aimed to compare the risk of revision for primary cemented TKR performed with or without a tourniquet.

Design

We analysed data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) for all primary cemented TKRs performed in England and Wales between April 2003 and December 2003. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression were used to assess the influence of tourniquet use, age at time of surgery, sex and American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) classification on risk of revision for all-causes.

Results

Data were available for 16 974 cases of primary cemented TKR, of which 16 132 had surgery with a tourniquet and 842 had surgery without a tourniquet. At 10 years, 3.8% had undergone revision (95% CI 2.6% to 5.5%) in the no-tourniquet group and 3.1% in the tourniquet group (95% CI 2.8% to 3.4%). After adjusting for age at primary surgery, gender and primary ASA score, the HR for all-cause revision for cemented TKR without a tourniquet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.18).

Conclusions

We did not find evidence that using a tourniquet for primary cemented TKR offers a clinically important or statistically significant reduction in the risk of all-cause revision up to 13 years after surgery. Surgeons should consider this evidence when deciding whether to use a tourniquet for cemented TKR.
Inconvenient relationship of haemoglobin A1c level with endothelial function in type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yamaji Takayuki , Harada Takahiro , Hashimoto Yu , Takaeko Yuji , Kajikawa Masato , Han Yiming , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Kishimoto Shinji , Hashimoto Haruki , Kihara Yasuki , Hida Eisuke , Chayama Kazuaki , Goto Chikara , Yusoff Farina Mohamad , Nakashima Ayumu , Higashi Yukihito
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level with flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

22 university hospitals and affiliated clinics in Japan.

Participants

1215 patients with type 2 diabetes including 349 patients not taking antidiabetic drugs.

Measures

We evaluated FMD and HbA1c level. All patients were divided into four groups based on HbA1c level: <6.5%, 6.5%–6.9%, 7.0%–7.9% and ≥8.0%.

Results

An inverted U-shaped pattern of association between HbA1c level and FMD was observed at the peak of HbA1c of about 7%. FMD was significantly smaller in the HbA1c <6.5% group than in the HbA1c 6.5%–6.9% group and HbA1c 7.0%–7.9% group (p<0.001 and p<0.001), and FMD values were similar in the HbA1c <6.5% group and HbA1c ≥8.0% group. There were no significant differences in NID values among the four groups. After adjustments for confounding factors, FMD was significantly smaller in the HbA1c <6.5% group than in the HbA1c 6.5%–6.9% and HbA1c 7.0%–7.9% group (p=0.002 and p=0.04). In patients not taking antidiabetic drugs, FMD was also significantly smaller in the HbA1c <6.5% group than in the HbA1c 6.5%–6.9% group and HbA1c 7.0%–7.9% group (p<0.001 and p=0.02), and there were no significant differences in NID values among the four groups.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that there is an inverted U-shaped pattern of association between FMD and HbA1c and that a low HbA1c level of <6.5% is associated with endothelial dysfunction.

Trial registration number

UMIN000012950, UMIN000012951, UMIN000012952 and UMIN000003409.