bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent Free, Microwave Assisted Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles and Oximes in the Presence of NH2OH·HCl and TiO2
Authors: Villas-Boas Hoelz Lucas , Gonçalves Biank Tomaz , Barros José Celestino , Mendes da Silva Joaquim Fernando
Published: December 2009

Aromatic aldehydes bearing electron-donating groups are easily converted into their respective nitriles using NH2OH·HCl and TiO2 under microwave irradiation, while those bearing an electron-withdrawing group give the corresponding oximes.
Determination of Coenzyme A (CoASH) in the Presence of Different Thiols by Using Flow-Injection with a UV/Vis Spectrophotometric Detector and Potentiometric Determination of CoASH Using an Iodide ISE
Authors: Giljanović Josipa , Prkić Ante
Published: December 2009

Coenzyme A (CoA or CoASH) is one of the most important biologically active compounds, and for this reason a reliable, fast and simple determination of CoASH is needed. Here we are described a simple and fast way of determinating CoASH using potentiometric flow-injection analysis and spectrophotometric kinetic determination. The described methods are suitable for use over a wide concentration range (1 × 10-6–1 × 10-4 M) of CoASH.
Integrating Vegetation Indices Models and Phenological Classification with Composite SAR and Optical Data for Cereal Yield Estimation in Finland (Part I)
Authors: Laurila Heikki , Karjalainen Mika , Hyyppä Juha , Kleemola Jouko
Published: December 2009

During 1996–2006 the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland, MTT Agrifood Research Finland and the Finnish Geodetic Institute carried out a joint remote sensing satellite research project. It evaluated the applicability of composite multispectral SAR and optical satellite data for cereal yield estimations in the annual crop inventory program. Three Vegetation Indices models (VGI, Infrared polynomial, NDVI and Composite multispetral SAR and NDVI) were validated to estimate cereal yield levels using solely optical and SAR satellite data (Composite Minimum Dataset). The average R2 for cereal yield (yb) was 0.627. The averaged composite SAR modeled grain yield level was 3,750 kg/ha (RMSE = 10.3%, 387 kg/ha) for high latitude spring cereals (4,018 kg/ha for spring wheat, 4,037 kg/ha for barley and 3,151 kg/ha for oats).
Study of Soil Scattering Coefficients in Combination with Diesel for a Slightly Rough Surface in the Cj Band
Authors: Najafabadi Alireza Taravat
Published: December 2009

The value of the back-scattering coefficient of soil is dependent on its dielectric constant. An attempt has been made to estimate the scattering coefficient for a slightly rough surface for soil in combination with diesel, using the Perturbation Model. A database of the estimated Cj band (5.3 GHz) scattering coefficients for soil in combination with diesel for both horizontal and vertical polarization and different look angles has been generated. The results show that as the diesel contamination increases, the scattering coefficient decreases in both horizontal and vertical polarization. For active microwave remote sensing the scattering coefficient data for soil in combination with diesel for different weight percentage content is useful for image analysis and its applications. By using this database it is possible to design an active microwave sensor for remote sensing detection of oil, which would be useful in the field of environmental science. The backscattering coefficient for three different look angles (45, 50 and 55) has been calculated, which is desirable for space borne remote sensing sensors.
Socioeconomic Obstacles to Establishing a Participatory Plant Breeding Program for Organic Growers in the United States
Authors: Mendum Ruth , Glenna Leland  L.
Published: December 2009

Proponents of participatory plant breeding (PPB) contend that it is more conducive to promoting agricultural biodiversity than conventional plant breeding. The argument is that conventional plant breeding tends to produce crops for homogenous environments, while PPB tends to be directed at meeting the diverse environmental conditions of the farmers participating in a breeding program. Social scientific research is needed to highlight the complex socioeconomic factors that inhibit efforts to initiate PPB programs. To contribute, we offer a case study of a participatory organic seed production project that involved a university breeding program, commercial organic seed dealers, and organic farmers in the Northeastern United States. We demonstrate that, although PPB may indeed promote agricultural biodiversity, several socioeconomic obstacles must be overcome to establish such a program.
Self‐sterility in two Cytisus species (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) due to early‐acting inbreeding depression
Authors: Valtueña Francisco J. , Rodríguez‐Riaño Tomás , Espinosa Francisco , Ortega‐Olivencia Ana
Published: December 2009

In most angiosperms, the endosperm develops before the embryo, but with harmony between the two structures until final seed formation. In an embryological study, we show that inbreeding depression causes disharmony in development of the two structures in two Leguminosae shrubs, Cytisus multiflorus and C. striatus. Our main objective was to test the causes of self‐sterility in the two species by comparing the embryological development of the self seeds with that of cross seeds. In developing selfed seeds of C. multiflorus, the embryo reaches at most the globular stage and never forms mature seeds, while in C. striatus a few mature selfed seeds are formed. In both species, the main cause of abortion of developing selfed seeds is diminished endosperm development (low values of the ratio of endosperm to embryo), which triggers collapse of the endosperm and embryo. The results indicate that self‐sterility in C. striatus is postzygotic because of strong, early inbreeding depression, while in C. multiflorus there exists a mixed pre‐ and postzygotic mechanism; the prezygotic mechanism causes rejection of some self‐pollen tubes in the style/ovary, and the early inbreeding depression triggers abortion of fertilized ovules that escaped that action.
Early vessel evolution and the diverisification of wood function: Insights from Malagasy Canellales
Authors: Hudson Patrick J. , Razanatsoa Jacqueline , Feild Taylor S.
Published: December 2009

Xylem vessels have long been proposed as a key innovation for the ecological diversification of angiosperms by providing a breakthrough in hydraulic efficiency to support high rates of photosynthesis and growth. However, recent studies demonstrated that angiosperm woods with structurally “primitive” vessels did not have greater whole stem hydraulic capacities as compared to vesselless angiosperms. As an alternative to the hydraulic superiority hypothesis, the heteroxylly hypothesis proposes that subtle hydraulic efficiencies of primitive vessels over tracheids enabled new directions of functional specialization in the wood. However, the functional properties of early heteroxyllous wood remain unknown. We selected the two species of Canellales from Madagascar to test the heteroxylly hypothesis because Canellaceae (represented by Cinnamosma madagascariensis) produces wood with vessels of an ancestral form, while Winteraceae, the sister clade (represented by Takhtajania perrieri) is vesselless. We found that heteroxylly correlated with increased wood functional diversity related predominantly to biomechanical specialization. However, vessels were not associated with greater stem hydraulic efficiency or increased shoot hydraulic capacity. Our results support the heteroxylly hypothesis and highlight the importance integrating a broader ecological context to understand the evolution of vessels.
Recalcitrancy and a new kind of epicotyl dormancy in seeds of the understory tropical rainforest tree Humboldtia laurifolia (Fabaceae, Ceasalpinioideae)
Authors: Jayasuriya K. M. G. Gehan , Wijetunga Asanga S. T. B. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: December 2009

We report a new kind of seed dormancy and identify the storage behavior category for an important understory rainforest tree that also is used as an ornamental. While studying seed dormancy of Fabaceae species in Sri Lanka, we observed a considerable delay in emergence of the plumule following radicle emergence in Humboldtia laurifolia. Because epicotyl dormancy has not been reported in Fabaceae, we undertook a detailed morphological study of seed germination in this species. Our aims were to document desiccation tolerance/intolerance and epicotyl dormancy in seeds of H. laurifolia. Drying and low temperature storage were used to evaluate storage behavior of the seeds and imbibition, germination, and seed coat anatomy to categorize seed dormancy in two seed collections. Plumule development before its emergence and effects of light and temperature on plumule emergence were monitored. All seeds that were dried to 15% moisture content or stored at −1°C lost viability. Plumules began to grow 20 ± 5 d from radicle emergence and emerged after 40 ± 3 d. Dark and high illuminance further delayed plumule emergence. Seeds are recalcitrant and have a hitherto unreported kind of epicotyl dormancy, for which we propose the formula .
Phylogenetic and Functional Analysis Identifies Ets-1 as a Novel Regulator of the Th2 Cytokine Gene Locus
Authors: Strempel Jannine M. , Grenningloh Roland , Ho I-Cheng , Vercelli Donata
Published: December 2009

The Th2 cytokine gene locus has emerged as a remarkable example of coordinated gene expression, the regulation of which seems to be rooted in an extensive array of cis-regulatory regions. Using a hypothesis-generating computational approach that integrated multispecies (n = 11) sequence comparisons with algorithm-based transcription factor binding-site predictions, we sought to identify evolutionarily conserved noncoding regions (ECRs) and motifs shared among them, which may underlie coregulation. Twenty-two transcription factor families were predicted to have binding sites in at least two Th2 ECRs. The ranking of these shared motifs according to their distribution and relative frequency pointed to a regulatory hierarchy among the transcription factor families. GATA sites were the most prevalent and widely distributed, consistent with the known role of GATA3 as a Th2 master switch. Unexpectedly, sites for ETS-domain proteins were also predicted within several Th2 ECRs and the majority of these sites were found to support Ets-1 binding in vitro and in vivo. Of note, the expression of all three Th2 cytokines (IL-5, -13, and -4) was significantly and selectively decreased in Th2 cells generated from Ets-1–deficient mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Ets-1 contributes to Th2 cytokine gene regulation by interacting with multiple cis-regulatory regions throughout the Th2 locus.
TLR4-Mediated Podosome Loss Discriminates Gram-Negative from Gram-Positive Bacteria in Their Capacity to Induce Dendritic Cell Migration and Maturation
Authors: van Helden Suzanne F. G. , van den Dries Koen , Oud Machteld M. , Raymakers Reinier A. P. , Netea Mihai G. , van Leeuwen Frank N. , Figdor Carl G.
Published: December 2009

Chronic infections are caused by microorganisms that display effective immune evasion mechanisms. Dendritic cell (DC)-dependent T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is one of the mechanisms that have evolved to prevent the occurrence of chronic bacterial infections. In turn, bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to evade immune recognition. In this study, we show that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria differ in their ability to activate DCs and that Gram-negative bacteria are far more effective inducers of DC maturation. Moreover, we observed that only Gram-negative bacteria can induce loss of adhesive podosome structures in DCs, a response necessary for the induction of effective DC migration. We demonstrate that the ability of Gram-negative bacteria to trigger podosome turnover and induce DC migration reflects their capacity to selectively activate TLR4. Examining mice defective in TLR4 signaling, we show that this DC maturation and migration are mainly Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNβ-dependent. Furthermore, we show that these processes depend on the production of PGs by these DCs, suggesting a direct link between TLR4-mediated signaling and arachidonic metabolism. These findings demonstrate that Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria profoundly differ in their capacity to activate DCs. We propose that this inability of Gram-positive bacteria to induce DC maturation and migration is part of the armamentarium necessary for avoiding the induction of an effective cellular immune response and may explain the frequent involvement of these pathogens in chronic infections.
Loss of CD34 Leads To Exacerbated Autoimmune Arthritis through Increased Vascular Permeability
Authors: Blanchet Marie-Renée , Gold Matthew , Maltby Steven , Bennett Jami , Petri Björn , Kubes Paul , Lee David M. , McNagny Kelly M.
Published: December 2009

CD34 is a cell surface sialomucin expressed by hematopoietic precursors, eosinophils, mast cells, and vascular endothelia and is suggested to play an integral role in mucosal inflammatory responses. Although Cd34−/− mice have normal hematopoietic cell subsets in peripheral tissues at steady state, they exhibit a cell recruitment defect when challenged, offering a unique opportunity to distinguish between local inflammatory cell proliferation and peripheral recruitment in disease. Autoimmune arthritis is an inflammatory disease dependent on hematopoietic infiltration, and in this study, we have examined the role of CD34 in disease development and progression. Using an autoimmune serum transfer model, arthritis was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type and Cd34−/− mice. Surprisingly, we found that Cd34−/− mice were more susceptible to arthritis than wild-type mice. We examined mast cell-transplanted, eosinophil-deficient, and bone marrow-chimeric mice to determine the role of CD34 expression on disease progression. These experiments excluded CD34-deficient mast cells, eosinophils, or hematopoietic cells as the cause of the exacerbated disease. Further study demonstrated that Cd34−/− mice exhibit increased vascular leakage at onset of disease and in response to TNF, which correlated with a subsequent increase in disease severity. We conclude that loss of CD34 expression leads to increased vascular permeability in the joints at onset of disease, leading to exacerbated arthritic disease in Cd34−/− mice.
T Cells Are Required for the Production of Blister-Inducing Autoantibodies in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Authors: Sitaru Ana Gabriela , Sesarman Alina , Mihai Sidonia , Chiriac Mircea T. , Zillikens Detlef , Hultman Per , Solbach Werner , Sitaru Cassian
Published: December 2009

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies against type VII collagen of the dermal-epidermal junction. Although mechanisms of autoantibody-induced blister formation were extensively characterized, the initiation of autoantibody production in autoimmune blistering diseases is still poorly defined. In the current study, we addressed the role of T cells for the production of blister-inducing autoantibodies in mice immunized with type VII collagen. To detect autoreactive type VII collagen-specific T cells, lymph node cells from immunized SJL mice were stimulated in vitro with recombinant Ag, and their proliferation was measured by radioactive thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry analysis of CFSE-labeled cells. Interestingly, using synthetic peptides of the immunogen, partly different T and B cell epitopes in mice immunized with type VII collagen were demonstrated. In contrast to wild-type mice, immunization with type VII collagen of SJL athymic nude mice lacking T cells did not induce an autoimmune response and blistering phenotype. Importantly, SJL nude mice repleted with T cells from immunized wild-type mice showed a robust and durable autoantibody production resulting in subepidermal blistering disease in the recipients. Our present results demonstrate that T cells are required for the initiation of autoimmunity against type VII collagen in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and provide a basis for developing T cell-directed immunomodulatory strategies for this and related autoimmune diseases.
Defective Ribosomal Products Are the Major Source of Antigenic Peptides Endogenously Generated from Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase
Authors: Dolan Brian P. , Li Lily , Takeda Kazuyo , Bennink Jack R. , Yewdell Jonathan W.
Published: December 2009

The defective ribosomal product (DRiP) hypothesis of endogenous Ag processing posits that rapidly degraded forms of nascent proteins are a major source of peptide ligands for MHC class I molecules. Although there is broad experimental support for the DRiP hypothesis, careful kinetic analysis of the generation of defined peptide class I complexes has been limited to studies of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing genes derived from other organisms. In this study, we show that insertion of the SIINFEKL peptide into the stalk of influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA) does not detectably modify NA folding, degradation, transport, or sp. act. when expressed in its natural context of influenza A virus infection. Using the 25-D1.16 mAb specific for Kb-SIINFEKL to precisely quantitate cell surface complexes by flow cytometry, we demonstrate that SIINFEKL is generated in complete lockstep with initiation and abrogation of NA biosynthesis in both L-Kb fibroblast cells and DC2.4 dendritic/monocyte cells. SIINFEKL presentation requires active proteasomes and TAP, consistent with its generation from a cytosolic DRiP pool. From the difference in the shutoff kinetics of Kb-SIINFEKL complex expression following protein synthesis versus proteasome inhibition, we estimate that the t1/2 of the biosynthetic source of NA peptide is ∼5 min. These observations extend the relevance of the DRiP hypothesis to viral proteins generated in their natural context.
Progenitor Cell Origin Plays a Role in Fate Choices of Mature B Cells
Authors: Fossati Valentina , Kumar Ritu , Snoeck Hans-Willem
Published: December 2009

B cells, the Ab-producing cells of the immune system, develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through well-defined stages during which Ig genes are rearranged to generate a clonal BCR. Signaling through the BCR plays a role in the subsequent cell fate decisions leading to the generation of three distinct types of B cells: B1, marginal zone, and follicular B cells. Common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are descended from HSCs, and although recent observations suggest that CLPs may not be physiological T cell precursors, it is generally accepted that CLPs are obligate progenitors for B cells. In addition, a CLP-like progenitor of unknown significance that lacks expression of c-kit (kit−CLP) was recently identified in the mouse model. In this study, we show that CLPs, kit−CLPs and a population within the lin−Sca1+kit+flt3− HSC compartment generate mature B cell types in different proportions: CLPs and kit−CLPs show a stronger marginal zone /follicular ratio than lin−Sca1+kit+flt3− cells, whereas kit−CLPs show a stronger B1 bias than any other progenitor population. Furthermore, expression of Sca1 on B cells depends on their progenitor origin as B cells derived from CLPs and kit−CLPs express more Sca1 than those derived from lin−Sca1+kit+flt3− cells. These observations indicate a role for progenitor origin in B cell fate choices and suggest the existence of CLP-independent B cell development.
Development of Promyelocytic Zinc Finger and ThPOK-Expressing Innate γδ T Cells Is Controlled by Strength of TCR Signaling and Id3
Authors: Alonzo Eric S. , Gottschalk Rachel A. , Das Joy , Egawa Takeshi , Hobbs Robin M. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Pereira Pablo , Nichols Kim E. , Koretzky Gary A. , Jordan Martha S. , Sant’Angelo Derek B.
Published: December 2009

The broad-complex tramtrack and bric a brac-zinc finger transcriptional regulator(BTB-ZF), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), was recently shown to control the development of the characteristic innate T cell phenotype and effector functions of NK T cells. Interestingly, the ectopic expression of PLZF was shown to push conventional T cells into an activated state that seems to be proinflammatory. The factors that control the normal expression of PLZF in lymphocytes are unknown. In this study, we show that PLZF expression is not restricted to NK T cells but is also expressed by a subset of γδ T cells, functionally defining distinct subsets of this innate T cell population. A second BTB-ZF gene, ThPOK, is important for the phenotype of the PLZF-expressing γδ T cells. Most importantly, TCR signal strength and expression of inhibitor of differentiation gene 3 control the frequency of PLZF-expressing γδ T cells. This study defines the factors that control the propensity of the immune system to produce potentially disease-causing T cell subsets.
Roles of Sema4D–Plexin-B1 Interactions in the Central Nervous System for Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Okuno Tatsusada , Nakatsuji Yuji , Moriya Masayuki , Takamatsu Hyota , Nojima Satoshi , Takegahara Noriko , Toyofuku Toshihiko , Nakagawa Yukinobu , Kang Sujin , Friedel Roland H. , Sakoda Saburo , Kikutani Hitoshi , Kumanogoh Atsushi
Published: December 2009

Although semaphorins were originally identified as axonal guidance molecules during neuronal development, it is emerging that several semaphorins play crucial roles in various phases of immune responses. Sema4D/CD100, a class IV semaphorin, has been shown to be involved in the nervous and immune systems through its receptors plexin-B1 and CD72, respectively. However, the involvement of Sema4D in neuroinflammation still remains unclear. We found that Sema4D promoted inducible NO synthase expression by primary mouse microglia, the effects of which were abolished in plexin-B1–deficient but not in CD72-deficient microglia. In addition, during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-derived peptides, we observed that the expression of Sema4D and plexin-B1 was induced in infiltrating mononuclear cells and microglia, respectively. Consistent with these expression profiles, when myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells derived from wild-type mice were adoptively transferred into plexin-B1–deficient mice or bone marrow chimera mice with plexin-B1–deficient CNS resident cells, the development of EAE was considerably attenuated. Furthermore, blocking Abs against Sema4D significantly inhibited neuroinflammation during EAE development. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the role of Sema4D–plexin-B1 interactions in the activation of microglia and provide their pathologic significance in neuroinflammation.
Endothelial Function as a Possible Significant Determinant of Cardiac Function during Exercise in Patients with Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Takase Bonpei , Akima Takashi , Uehata Akimi , Ishihara Masayuki , Kurita Akira
Published: December 2009

This study was investigated the role that endothelial function and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) play in determining cardiac function reserve during exercise by a new ambulatory radionuclide monitoring system (VEST) in patients with heart disease. The study population consisted of 32 patients. The patients had cardiopulmonary stress testing using the treadmill Ramp protocol and the VEST. The anaerobic threshold (AT) was autodetermined using the V-slope method. The SVR was calculated by determining the mean blood pressure/cardiac output. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was measured in the brachial artery to evaluate endotheilial function. FMD and the percent change f'rom rest to AT in SVR correlated with those from rest to AT in ejection fraction and peak ejection ratio by VEST, respectively. Our findings suggest that FMD in the brachial artery and the SVR determined by VEST in patients with heart disease can possibly reflect cardiac function reserve during aerobic exercise.
Self-Maps of Low Rank Lie Groups at Odd Primes
Authors: Grbić Jelena , Theriault Stephen
Published: December 2009

Let G be a simple, compact, simply-connected Lie group localized at an odd prime p. We study the group of homotopy classes of self-maps [G, G] when the rank of G is low and in certain cases describe the set of homotopy classes ofmultiplicative self-maps H[G, G]. The low rank condition gives G certain structural properties which make calculations accessible. Several examples and applications are given.
Approximation and Similarity Classification of Stably Finitely Strongly Irreducible Decomposable Operators
Authors: Hua He , Yunbai Dong , Xianzhou Guo
Published: December 2009

Let 𝓗 be a complex separable Hilbert space and ℒ(𝓗) denote the collection of bounded linear operators on 𝓗. In this paper, we show that for any operator A ∈ ℒ(𝓗), there exists a stably finitely (SI) decomposable operator A∈, such that ‖A−A∈‖ 𝓗 ∈ andA′(A∈)/ rad A′(A∈) is commutative, where rad A′(A∈) is the Jacobson radical of A′(A∈). Moreover, we give a similarity classification of the stably finitely decomposable operators that generalizes the result on similarity classification of Cowen–Douglas operators given by C. L. Jiang.
Translation Groupoids and Orbifold Cohomology
Authors: Pronk Dorette , Scull Laura
Published: December 2009

We show that the bicategory of (representable) orbifolds and good maps is equivalent to the bicategory of orbifold translation groupoids and generalized equivariant maps, giving a mechanism for transferring results from equivariant homotopy theory to the orbifold category. As an application, we use this result to define orbifold versions of a couple of equivariant cohomology theories: K-theory and Bredon cohomology for certain coefficient diagrams.
Reducibility in Aℝ(K), Cℝ(K), and A(K)
Authors: Rupp R. , Sasane A.
Published: December 2009

Let K denote a compact real symmetric subset of ℂ and let Aℝ(K) denote the real Banach algebra of all real symmetric continuous functions on K that are analytic in the interior K◦ of K, endowed with the supremum norm. We characterize all unimodular pairs ( f , g) in Aℝ(K)2 which are reducible. In addition, for an arbitrary compact K in ℂ, we give a new proof (not relying on Banach algebra theory or elementary stable rank techniques) of the fact that the Bass stable rank of A(K) is 1. Finally, we also characterize all compact real symmetric sets K such that Aℝ(K), respectively Cℝ(K), has Bass stable rank 1.
A PD‐1highCD4+ T Cell Population With a Cytotoxic Phenotype is Associated With Interstitial Lung Disease in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Elahee Mehreen , Mueller Alisa A. , Wang Runci , Marks Kathryne E. , Sasaki Takanori , Cao Ye , Fava Andrea , Dellaripa Paul F. , Boin Francesco , Rao Deepak A.
Published: May 2024

Objective

T cells contribute to tissue injury in systemic sclerosis (SSc), yet the specific T cell subsets expanded in patients with SSc remain incompletely defined. Here we evaluated specific phenotypes and functions of peripheral helper T (Tph) and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which have been implicated in autoantibody production, and assessed their associations with clinical features in a well‐characterized cohort of patients with SSc.

Methods

Mass cytometry of T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with SSc and controls were evaluated using t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding visualization, biaxial gating, and marker expression levels. Findings were validated with flow cytometry and in vitro assays.

Results

The frequencies of PD‐1highCXCR5+ Tfh cells and PD‐1highCXCR5− Tph cells were similar in patients with SSc and controls. t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding visualization (tSNE) revealed distinct populations within the PD‐1highCXCR5− cells distinguished by expression of HLA–DR and inducible costimulator (ICOS). Among PD‐1highCXCR5− cells, only the HLA–DR+ICOS− cell population was expanded in patients with SSc. Cytometric and RNA sequencing analyses indicated that these cells expressed cytotoxic rather than B cell helper features. HLA–DR+ICOS− PD‐1highCXCR5− cells were less potent in inducing B cell plasmablast differentiation and antibody production than comparator T helper cell populations. HLA–DR+ICOS−PD‐1highCXCR5− cells were significantly associated with the presence and severity of interstitial lung disease among patients with SSc.

Conclusion

Among PD‐1highCXCR5− T cells, a subset of HLA–DR+ICOS− cells with cytotoxic features is specifically expanded in patients with SSc and is significantly associated with interstitial lung disease severity. This potential cytotoxicity appearing in the CD4 T cell population can be evaluated as a prognostic disease biomarker in patients with SSc.
Artificial neural network‐based adaptive control for nonlinear dynamical systems
Authors: Saini Kartik , Kumar Narendra , Bhushan Bharat , Kumar Rajesh
Published: May 2024

This research article presents an artificial neural network (ANN)‐based indirect adaptive control method for nonlinear dynamical systems. In this article, a modified Elman recurrent neural network (MERNN) is proposed as an identifier and controller for controlling nonlinear systems. The architecture of the proposed controller is a modified form of the existing Elman recurrent neural network. The parameter training of ANN‐based controllers is obtained by using the most popular optimization algorithm which is known as the back‐propagation algorithm. A comparative study includes Elman, Diagonal, Jordan, feed‐forward neural network (FFNN), and radial basis function network (RBFN)‐based controllers to compare with the proposed MERNN controller. To determine the controller's robustness, parameter variations, and disturbance signals have been considered. The performance analysis of the proposed controller is illustrated by two simulation examples. The simulation results reveal that MERNN can not only identify the unknown dynamics of the plant but also adaptively control it compared to the others.
HRSA reports substantial shortages in SUD counseling workforce
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

Last December's report by HRSA on the addiction workforce – the most recent available from the agency – show both increased demand and reduced supply of in the addiction workforce – especially, addiction counselors.
Exploring the Mineral Composition, Structure, and Function of a Freshwater Bivalve Adhesive
Authors: Metzler Rebecca A. , Zaborowsky Julia , Nichols Leon , Underhill Jack , Tregidga Jack , Rogers Chelsea , Rende Deniz , Bouillon Steven , Gillikin David P.
Published: May 2024

Etheria elliptica is a freshwater oyster that produces an adhesive that hardens underwater, allowing them to attach to other oysters, rocks, wood, and other natural substrates, producing complex oyster bed communities. Despite the importance of the adhesive in oyster bed formation, little is known about its chemical composition, structure, or mechanical properties. Through a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray photoemission electron microscopy (X‐PEEM), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, microhardness testing, and nanoindentation, it is found that the oyster adhesive consists entirely of aragonite nanoparticles that clump together into crystallites of varied shape, size, and orientation. The crystallite clumping density varies from the exterior of the adhesive to the interior, with the adhesive closest to the prismatic layer generally being denser. With this variation in density comes a variation in material properties with the exterior adhesive layer being softer and more flexible and the interior adhesive layer being harder and less elastic, or more similar to the prismatic and nacre shell structures produced by the E. elliptica. The resultant material exhibits varied materials properties, despite similar mineral composition.
Potential of Aluminum as a Metal Fuel for Supporting EU Long‐Term Energy Storage Needs
Authors: Barelli Linda , Trombetti Lorenzo , Zhang Shuting , Ersoy Hüseyin , Baumann Manuel , Passerini Stefano
Published: May 2024

The EU's energy transition necessitates availability of green energy carriers with high volumetric energy densities for long‐term energy storage (ES) needs. A fully decarbonized scenario considering renewable energy availability is analyzed underpinning the need for such carriers. Considering the shortcomings of Power‐to‐X technologies in terms of efficiency and low volumetric density, Aluminum (Al) is identified as a potential alternative showing significantly high volumetric energy densities (23.5 kWh L−1). In this paper, an Al‐based long‐term ES concept is investigated, taking advantage of the inherent recycling of the active species (i.e., Al2O3 to Al) coupling decarbonized Hall–Héroult process with an Al‐steam oxidation for simultaneous hydrogen (H2) and heat generation. This work demonstrates an innovative lab‐scale fine Al powder‐steam oxidation process at ≈900 °C without use of catalysts or additives, exploiting alumina as inert material. Conducted SEM‐EDX analysis on oxidized Al provides supporting evidence in favor of employed oxidation pathway, hindering tendency of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) clumping and enabling direct use of oxides in the smelting process for fully recyclability. Moreover, outcomes of XRD analyses are presented to validate the measured total H2 yields.
Polymer Passivated All Inorganic Micro‐Structured CsPbIxBry Perovskite Toward Highly Efficient Photodetectors
Authors: Shah Shruti , Punde Ashvini , Kale Dhanashri , Hase Yogesh , Ladhane Somnath , Rahane Swati , Doiphode Vidya , Shinde Pratibha , Waghmare Ashish , Bade Bharat , Rondiya Sachin , Prasad Mohit , Patole Shashikant P. , Jadkar Sandesh
Published: May 2024

Solution‐processed inorganic perovskites cause chemical and structural defects unfavorable for photodetector application. Using a binary solvent, defects in CsPbIxBry (CPIB) perovskite are passivated with poly 4‐vinylpyridine (PVP) and Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR spectra reveal a Lewis base‐acid interaction between Pb2+ and polymer, confirming the passivation of CPIB perovskite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows a dual‐surface morphology with microribbons and microcrystals in perovskites. After PMMA treatment, CPIB perovskite exhibits a blue shift in the bandgap (1.8 to 1.95 eV), while the PVP induced a redshift, reducing the bandgap to 1.7 eV. Blue shift in PL analysis indicates modification of grain boundaries. A higher lifetime obtained for CPIB/PVP confirms the restraint of non‐radiative recombinations. Photodetectors are fabricated with pristine CPIB, CPIB/PVP, and CPIB/PMMA perovskites. The passivated CPIB/PVP‐based photodetector exhibits a quick rise time of ≈23 ms and a decay time of ≈17 ms. It also demonstrates a remarkable photoresponsivity of 23 mA W−1, an internal quantum efficiency of 4.9%, and a detectivity of 15.0 × 1010 Jones at 10 mW cm−2 light intensity. This approach shows the potential for environmentally stable polymers to passivate inorganic perovskites for high photodetection performance.
Probing Electronic Structure Changes in Cobalt Oxalate Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Yuhao , Dai Penghao , Liu Qingshan , Yu Guobin , Wang Tiansheng , Wu Yangyang , Li Qiang , Wang Meng , Wang Yaqun , Zhu Yue , Li Hongsen
Published: May 2024

Transition metal‐based materials exhibit a broad range of catalytic activities in numerous electrochemical processes. Their displayed catalytic functions rely essentially on their distinctive electronic structures, changes of which play pivotal roles in dictating reaction dynamics within many electrochemical devices. Nevertheless, accurately probing electronic structure changes, especially in real‐time, of active materials remains a formidable challenge. In this work, a viable approach to achieve it within a CoC2O4/Li model system by employing a combined microscopic is demonstrated, spectroscopic analysis, plus a unique operando magnetometry technique. The findings reveal that upon completion of the conventional conversion of CoC2O4, a surface‐dominated capacitance emerges at the Co/Li2C2O4 interface owing to the injection of spin‐polarized electrons. Subsequently, the decomposition of Li2C2O4 proceeds through the releasing of the spin‐polarized electrons from Co, which, therefore serve as a catalyst leading to further discharge products. Such real‐time monitoring of electron transfer is realized by in situ monitoring electronic structure changes of Co, manifested by its intriguing magnetization alterations during the process. This work highlights a novel characterization tool that provides a solid explanation for the commonly observed large capacities in this type of materials and sheds light on design rules and selection guidance of materials for high‐performance electrochemical energy storage systems.
Integrated and Automated: Liquid Metal‐based System for Full Cycle CO2‐to‐Carbon Conversion
Authors: Chen Xiao , Wang Qing , Wu Kangjie , Li Yunlong , Chen Jingsheng , Jiang Danfeng , Li Yingguo , Yu Ziyi , Yu Chao
Published: May 2024

The urgency for carbon neutrality is driving the need for cost‐effective Carbon Capture and Conversion (iCCC) technology, but the lack of a unified platform for capture, release, and the subsequent in situ catalytic conversion has hindered its widespread adoption. To address this gap, it have showcased the feasibility of achieving an energetically balanced design intertwining CO2 capture and in situ conversion through a continuous gas‐to‐solid reaction process on the customized liquid metal‐based reaction system. The system exhibits a remarkable carbon production capability, achieving a peak yield of 550.57 µmolC mmol CO2‐−1 accompanied by 100% carbon conversion rate. The vertically bottom‐up spiral reactor design introduces significant mass transfer enhancements, resulting in a higher conversion yield rate of 8658.3 µmol h−1 (323.24 µmolC mmolCO2‐−1) while requiring an energy input of only 30.79 GJ t−1 CO2 in a 1.508×10−3 m3 unit. The solid carbon produced in the continuous setup also holds the potential for high‐end application value, such as being a high‐performance material for wave adsorption or acting as an efficient photocatalyst. This research insights are poised to chart new pathway into refining the design strategy for CO2 solidification processes, particularly the seamless melding of carbon capture and in situ conversion.
Evaluation of single and mixed cover crops species in a sandy loam soil under corn production
Authors: Mubvumba Partson , Tyler Heather L.
Published: May 2024

Informed selection of cover crop species is critical for optimizing their benefits by considering the costs of adoption and potential initial negative impact on yields against the proven benefits for sustainable production. The Lower Mississippi Delta region is lagging in cover crop adoption, partly due to a paucity of this information from the area, despite being one of the major row crop‐producing regions in the United States. Common cover crop species in the region, cereal rye (CR) (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (HV) (Vicia villosa), and crimson clover (CC) (Trifolium incarnatum), and their possible two‐ and three‐combination mixes were evaluated for their impact on biomass production, enzyme activities, nutrient cycling, and corn (Zea mays) yields. HV + CC + CR and HV + CR produced the highest biomass and lowest yields compared to all treatments. HV and CC produced the least biomass but comparable yields to no cover crop. HV + CC + CR, HV + CR, CR, CC, and HV treatments had comparable total nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil organic carbon levels in the surface 0‐ to 5‐cm depth. Generally, CC alone and the HV + CR mix consistently displayed significantly higher phosphatase, N‐acetylglucosaminidase, β‐glucosidase, and cellobiohydrolase activities compared to all other treatments, while CR had the lowest. The single species of CC or HV may be the best option in the short term for initial cover crop implementation, rotating with CR a few years down the line for optimum long‐term benefits under corn production in this region.
Spin‐State Control in Dysprosium(III) Metallacrown Magnets via Thioacetal Modification
Authors: Deng Wei , Wu Si‐Guo , Ruan Ze‐Yu , Gong Ya‐Ping , Du Shan‐Nan , Wang Hai‐Ling , Chen Yan‐Cong , Zhang Wei‐Xiong , Liu Jun‐Liang , Tong Ming‐Liang
Published: May 2024

Integrating controllable spin states into single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) enables precise manipulation of magnetic interactions at a molecular level, but remains a synthetic challenge. Herein, we developed a 3d–4f metallacrown (MC) magnet [DyNi5(quinha)5(Clsal)2(py)8](ClO4) ⋅ 4H2O (H2quinha=quinaldichydroxamic acid, HClsal=5‐chlorosalicylaldehyde) wherein a square planar NiII is stabilized by chemical stacking. Thioacetal modification was employed via post‐synthetic ligand substitutions and yielded [DyNi5(quinha)5(Clsaldt)2(py)8](ClO4) ⋅ 3H2O (HClsaldt=4‐chloro‐2‐(1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐yl)phenol). Thanks to the additional ligations of thioacetal onto the NiII site, coordination‐induced spin state switching (CISSS) took place with spin state altering from low‐spin S=0 to high‐spin S=1. The synergy of CISSS effect and magnetic interactions results in distinct energy splitting and magnetic dynamics. Magnetic studies indicate prominent enhancement of reversal barrier from 57 cm−1 to 423 cm−1, along with hysteresis opening and an over 200‐fold increment in coercive field at 2 K. Ab initio calculations provide deeper insights into the exchange models and rationalize the relaxation/tunnelling pathways. These results demonstrate here provide a fire‐new perspective in modulating the magnetization relaxation via the incorporation of controllable spin states and magnetic interactions facilitated by the CISSS approach.
Aggregation Enhanced Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence through Spin‐Orbit Coupling Regulation
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Shuai , Gong Yujie , Zhang Jiachen , Zhou Yujie , Kong Jie , Fu Hongbing , Zhou Meng
Published: May 2024

Integrating aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) into thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters holds great promise for the advancement of highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Despite recent advancements, a thorough comprehension of the underlying mechanisms remains imperative for the practical application of such materials. In this work, we introduce a novel approach aimed at modulating the TADF process by manipulating dynamic processes in excited states through aggregation effect. Our findings reveal that aggregation not only enhances both prompt and delayed fluorescence simultaneously but also imposes constraints on molecular reorientation. This constraint reinforces spin‐orbit coupling and reduces the energy gap between singlets and triplets. These insights deepen our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the aggregation effect on TADF materials and provide valuable guidance for the design of high‐efficiency photoluminescent materials.
Controlling On‐Surface Photoactivity: The Impact of π‐Conjugation in Anhydride‐Functionalized Molecules on a Semiconductor Surface
Authors: Frezza Federico , Sánchez‐Grande Ana , Canola Sofia , Lamancová Anna , Mutombo Pingo , Chen Qifan , Wäckerlin Christian , Ernst Karl‐Heinz , Muntwiler Matthias , Zema Nicola , Di Giovannantonio Marco , Nachtigallová Dana , Jelínek Pavel
Published: May 2024

On‐surface synthesis has become a prominent method for growing low‐dimensional carbon‐based nanomaterials on metal surfaces. However, the necessity of decoupling organic nanostructures from metal substrates to exploit their properties requires either transfer methods or new strategies to perform reactions directly on inert surfaces. The use of on‐surface light‐induced reactions directly on semiconductor/insulating surfaces represents an alternative approach to address these challenges. Here, exploring the photochemical activity of different organic molecules on a SnSe semiconductor surface under ultra‐high vacuum, we present a novel on‐surface light‐induced reaction. The selective photodissociation of the anhydride group is observed, releasing CO and CO2. Moreover, we rationalize the relationship between the photochemical activity and the π‐conjugation of the molecular core. The different experimental behaviour of two model anhydrides was elucidated by theoretical calculations, showing how the molecular structure influences the distribution of the excited states. Our findings open new pathways for on‐surface synthesis directly on technologically relevant substrates.
Dimensional Regulation in Metal‐Free Perovskites by Compositional Engineering to Achieve Record Low X‐Ray Detection Limits
Authors: Dong Pengxiang , Lin Chensheng , Ye Ning , Luo Min
Published: May 2024

Utilizing the manipulation of perovskite dimensions has been proven as an effective approach in regulating perovskite properties. Nevertheless, achieving precise control over the dimensions of perovskites within the same system poses a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce a sophisticated method to attain precise dimensional control in metal‐free perovskites (MFPs), specifically through the process of octahedron tailoring by compositional engineering. Accordingly, we successfully instigated a transition from HPIP−NH4I3 ⋅ H2O (3D), HPIP2−NH4I5 (2D) and HPIP3−NH4I7 (1D) structures. Notably, HPIP2−NH4I5 is the first 2D MFP. As anticipated, these perovskites exhibited completely distinct fluorescence and X‐ray detection capabilities due to their differing dimensions. Remarkably, the 2D HPIP2−NH4I5 device effectively hindered ion migration perpendicular to the 2D layers, achieving the lowest detection limit of 12.2 nGyair s−1 among metal‐free single crystals‐based detectors. This study expands the dimensionality control strategies for MFPs and introduces, for the first time, the potential of 2D MFPs as high‐performance X‐ray detectors, thereby enriching the diversity of the MFPs family.
Risk of Gastrointestinal Perforation in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Exposed to Janus Kinase Inhibitors Versus Adalimumab: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Hoisnard Lea , Meyer Antoine , Dray‐Spira Rosemary , Weill Alain , Zureik Mahmoud , Sbidian Emilie
Published: May 2024

Objective

To compare the risk of gastrointestinal perforation (GIP), a rare but serious adverse event, in patients who a JAK inhibitor (JAKi; tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, or filgotinib) versus adalimumab (tumor necrosis factor inhibitor) among a comprehensive real‐world population of patients with rheumatic diseases.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide population‐based cohort study of the French national health data system, the exposed group that received a JAKi and the comparison group adalimumab. We included all individuals with a rheumatic disease who had their first dispensation of these treatments from July 2017 to December 2021. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of GIP (end of follow‐up May 2022). Weighted hazard ratios (wHRs) were estimated with the inverse probability of treatment weighting method to account for confounding factors. Concomitant administration of systemic glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and proton‐pump inhibitors were time‐varying variables.

Results

The cohort included 39,758 patients: 12,335 and 27,423 in the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab (mean age 58.2 and 47.3 years; female 76% and 58%; rheumatoid arthritis 85.3% and 27.3%, and psoriatic arthritis/axial spondyloarthritis 14.7% and 72.7%), respectively. During follow‐up, 38 and 42 GIPs occurred in the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab groups; incidence rates were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–2.8) and 1.1 (95% CI 0.8–1.5) per 1,000 person‐years, respectively. Rates of GIP did not differ between the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab: wHR 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.9; P = 0.65). Despite the lack of power in some subgroup analyses, results were consistent whatever the subgroup of a type of JAKi received or subgroup with a type of rheumatic disease.

Conclusion

In this nationwide cohort study, the rates of GIPs did not differ between groups of patients who received JAKi and adalimumab treatment. These results need to be confirmed in other observational studies.

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