bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASYMMETRIES IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR The Role of Method and Statistics
Authors: Paolillo John C.
Published: July 2002

Felix (1988) claimed to demonstrate that UG-based knowledge of grammaticality causes
nonnative speakers (NNSs) to have more accurate grammaticality judgments on sentences that
are ungrammatical according to UG than on those that are grammatical. Birdsong (1994)
criticized the methodology employed, noting that it ignores “response bias” (a
propensity to judge sentences as ungrammatical) as a potential explanation. Felix and Zobl
(1994) dismissed this criticism as merely methodological. In this paper, Birdsong's
criticism is upheld by considering a statistical model of the data. At the same time, a more
complete logistic regression model allows a fuller statistical analysis, revealing tentative support
for the asymmetry claim, as well as differential learning states for different constructions and a
tendency toward transfer avoidance. These theoretically significant effects were unnoticed in the
earlier discussion of this research. For SLA research on grammaticality judgments to proceed
fruitfully, appropriate statistical models need to be considered in designing the research.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SECOND LANGUAGE
LEARNING.Rama K. Agnihotri, Amrit L. Khjuina, and Itesh Sachdev (Eds.).
New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998. Pp. 238. $34.00 cloth.
Authors: Burton Robert S.
Published: July 2002

According to the editors of this volume, models and theories of linguistic analysis that are
based on a study of monolingual societies are no longer appropriate for our contemporary world.
Fueled by an interest in examining “multilingual and pluricultural societies where
learning more than one language and accommodating multiple identities is a way of life”
(p. 17), they have collected 11 papers as well as an introductory essay that analyze second
language learning in a range of interesting multicultural settings. For example, there are papers
on the acquisition of Hindi by Tamils in Delhi, English and German by Indian undergraduates at
the University of Delhi, and English by immigrants from six different countries in Britain.
LANGUAGE FORM AND LANGUAGE FUNCTION. Frederick
Newmeyer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998, Pp. xii + 428. $40.00 cloth.
Authors: Munn Alan
Published: July 2002

As a syntactician whose students include TESOL students, I found that many of the questions
that Newmeyer addresses in Language form and language function (LFLF)
are almost identical to those I am often asked when teaching syntax to those whose goals differ
from mine. For this reason alone, LFLF is an important book for anyone interested in
the foundations of the linguistic framework they may subscribe to, whether functionalist or
formalist.
CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC: CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF
SECOND-LANGUAGE WRITING.Ulla Connor. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. Pp. xv + 201. $47.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Mosher Dave
Published: July 2002

This volume charts the development of contrastive rhetoric (CR) over the past 30 years.
Although CR has not attempted to identify developmental stages of L2 writers, it is essentially
the study of transfer: the influence of L1 writing conventions and cultural and cognitive
dimensions on L2 writing. Major strengths of this book are its critical review of the literature,
concise definitions, and documentation of the progression of CR from narrow L2 text-based
analyses to the inclusion of multiple approaches.
BECOMING BILINGUAL: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN A BILINGUAL
COMMUNITY.Jean Lyon. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1996. Pp. x
+ 271. $79.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Rottet Kevin J.
Published: July 2002

Much of the existing literature on the bilingual language acquisition of preschool
children consists of single-child case studies conducted by parents who are trained linguists.
Such parents had usually made special efforts to cultivate bilingualism in their children.
A systematic approach to symmetric presentations II:
Generators of order 3
Authors: BRAY JOHN N. , CURTIS ROBERT T.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we conduct a systematic computerized search for groups generated
by small, but highly symmetric, sets of elements of order 3. Many classical groups are
readily obtained in this way, as are a number of sporadic simple groups. Firstly, we
introduce monomial modular representations as these will prove useful later in the
paper. Then the techniques of symmetric generation developed elsewhere are
described afresh. The results we obtain are presented in a convenient tabular form,
together with relevant character tables.
A Hausdorff measure classification of polar lateral boundary sets for superdiffusions
Authors: SHEU YUAN-CHUNG
Published: July 2002

Consider an (L, α)-superdiffusion X,
1 < α [les ] 2, in a smooth cylinder Q = ℝ+ × D.
Where L is a uniformly elliptic operator on ℝ+ × ℝd
and D is a bounded smooth domain in ℝd. Criteria for
determining which (internal) subsets of Q are not hit by
the graph [Gscr ] of X were established by Dynkin [5]
in terms of Bessel capacity and according to Sheu [14]
in terms of restricted Hausdorff dimension (partial results
were also obtained by Barlow, Evans and Perkins [3]).
While using Poisson capacity on the lateral boundary ∂Q of Q,
Kuznetsov [10] recently characterized complete
subsets of ∂Q which have no intersection with [Gscr ]. In this work, we examine the
relations between Poisson capacity and restricted Hausdorff measure. According to
our results, the critical restricted Hausdorff dimension for the lateral [Gscr ]-polarity is
d − (3 − α)/(α − 1).
(A similar result also holds for the case
d = (3 − α)/(α − 1)). This
investigation provides a different proof for the critical dimension of the boundary
polarity for the range of X (as established earlier by Le Gall
[12] for L = Δ, α = 2
and by Dynkin and Kuznetsov [7] for the general case).
Interdisciplinarity: A Traditional Aspect of Indian Theatre
Authors: Chaturvedi Ravi
Published: July 2002

After a brief examination of the roots of interdisciplinary elements in classical theatre, the practice of this tradition in selected forms of modern folk and tribal theatre is discussed. The featured example is a prominent folk theatre form belonging to Central India, Pandwāni, which was not widely known even two decades ago, but which, today, has come to the forefront of attention. Increasingly it is attracting performers who work in such metropolises as Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta, and serves to point out the tradition of interdiscplinarity which has long been a major characteristic of Indian theatre.
Integrated Navigation System Safety Assessment Methodology
Authors: Raffetti A. , Marangon F. , Zuccarelli F.
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at the NAV99/ILA28 Conference on ‘Loran-C, Satellite and
Integrated Systems for the 21st Century’ held at Church House, Westminster, London from
1–3 November 1999.

The introduction of modern navigation systems highlights the need for efficient tools to
assess the possible impact of these systems on the safety levels currently associated with the
operation of a ship. In recent years this has led to investigation of the advanced safety/risk
assessment techniques already applied in other industrial sectors, with encouraging results.
The scope of this paper is to show a quantified safety assessment methodology that can be
applied while designing or retrofitting navigation systems. The methodology adopted is the
result of the review of the IMO Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) technique and comprises
the development of a functional analysis, a hazard identification analysis and a risk
assessment. The paper provides details on a specific application of this model to an
integrated navigation system. This application is included in the work performed under the
ATOMOS II research project, partly funded by the DGVII Directorate of the European
Commission within the 4th Framework Programme in the field of Maritime Transport.
The Second Way Ahead Group – Seven Years On
Authors: Grocott D. F. H.
Published: July 2002

In his Presidential Address at the 53rd Annual General Meeting of the Institute,
held in London on 20 October 1999, Air Commodore ‘Pinky’ Grocott reviewed the
deliberations and findings of the second Way Ahead Group in 1992, reflected on the
continued relevance of the Group's recommendations after seven years and
considered the progress made by the Institute in this period.
The energy of Ginzburg–Landau vortices
Authors: OVCHINNIKOV Y. N. , SIGAL I. M.
Published: July 2002

We consider the Ginzburg–Landau equation in dimension two. We introduce a key notion
of the vortex (interaction) energy. It is defined by minimizing the renormalized Ginzburg–Landau
(free) energy functional over functions with a given set of zeros of given local indices.
We find the asymptotic behaviour of the vortex energy as the inter-vortex distances grow.
The leading term of the asymptotic expansion is the vortex self-energy while the next term is
the classical Kirchhoff–Onsager Hamiltonian. To derive this expansion we use several novel
techniques.
Computation of the adiabatic invariant of the symmetric nonlinear
oscillator $$d^2y \over dt^2+Q(\epsilon t)y^n=R(\epsilon t)y^m$$
Authors: HU J.
Published: July 2002

In a recent paper, the author showed that for certain symmetric
bisuperlinear
equations, cosine-like boundary behaviours will not yield symmetric solutions

[1]. In this paper, we attack the adiabatic invariant problem
by showing
that, for these strongly nonlinear oscillators,
the adiabatic invariant is intimately related to z′(0;∈)

for a family of solutions.
Diarrhoea: an update
Authors: Ratnaike Ranjit N.
Published: July 2002

Introduction

Illnesses such as acute and especially chronic diarrhoea are personally incapacitating
to older people, more so in those with physical and mental impairment or other acute
or chronic illnesses. Diarrhoea is also socially restrictive: diarrhoea adversely
impacts on the individual’s and carer’s quality of life.
Collections, sets and types
Authors: DOWEK GILLES
Published: July 2002

We give a formulation of simple type theory in which types are

just sets. This theory is
obtained by relativizing quantifiers and replacing typing predicates by
membership of some
sets. It can easily be extended to include predicate subtyping.
On categories generalizing universal domains
Authors: TRNKOVÁ VĚRA , VELEBIL JIŘÍ
Published: July 2002

Scott domains, originated and commonly used in formal semantics of computer languages,

were generalized by J. Adámek to Scott complete categories. We prove that the categorical

counterpart of the result of D. Scott – the existence of a countable based Scott domain

universal with respect to all countably based Scott domains – is no longer valid for the

categorical generalization. However, all obstacles disappear if the notion of the Scott

complete category is weakened to a categorical counterpart of bifinite domains.
The State and the Market: the Rise of the Economic Rationale
Authors: Lebaron Frédéric
Published: July 2002

Vivien A. Schmidt, From State to Market? The Transformation of French Business and Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 476pp., £19.95 (pbk), ISBN 0-521-55553-1. Nikolaos Zahariadis, Markets, States and Public Policy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 229pp., $37.50, ISBN 0-472-10542-6. Jim Tomlinson, Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy. The Attlee Years 1945–1951 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 331pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-521-55095-5. Martin Chick, Industrial Policy in Britain 1945-1951. Economic Planning, Nationalisation and the Labour Governments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1998, 221pp., £35.00, ISBN 0-521-48291-7. Jonathan Boswell and James Peters, Capitalism in Contention. Business Leaders and Political Economy in Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 251pp., £45.00, ISBN 0-521-58225-3. Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme (Paris: Gallimard, 1999), 843pp., FF 195, ISBN 2-070-74995-9. Richard Sylla, Richard Tilly and Gabriel Tortella, eds., The State, the Financial System, and Economic Modernization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1999, 295pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-521-59123-6.
Evidence-based management of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Varma R , Mascarenhas L
Published: July 2002

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the conceptus implants outside the normal site within the uterine cavity. The most common site is within the Fallopian tube (98.3%), followed by abdominal (1.4%), ovarian (0.15%) and cervical (0.15%) implantation. Considering tubal ectopic pregnancies, 80% occur at the ampulla and 12% at the isthmus; 6% are fimbrial and 2% are interstitial. Approximately 5% to 5.7% of all clinical pregnancies from assisted reproductive technology (ART) in 1988–92 were ectopic; however, in 1995 the incidence was less at 2.8%. A meta-analysis of risk factors that predispose to ectopic pregnancy is depicted in Table 1. However, this meta-analysis does not control for the interplay of risk factors (multivariate analysis), including the impact of control group data and consequent problems of data collection (e.g. the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in the ectopic group is laparoscopically derived whereas it is derived from the history in the control group).
The Absent Patient: A Meditation on a Chardin Painting
Authors: KANE FRANCIS
Published: July 2002

“Monsieur Chardin is obliged to keep his
subject before his eyes.” That remark, by a long
forgotten critic, was meant as a rebuke for the painter
who did not work from sketches. Jean Simeon Chardin's
counter, “We have to teach our eyes to look.”
CQ Sources/Bibliography
Authors: Buehler David
Published: July 2002

These CQ Sources were compiled by David Buehler.
Toward a Historical Ethics
Authors: BELKIN GARY S.
Published: July 2002

Historians of medicine and science, often using
tools from sociology and anthropology, are particularly
interested in that space where the world and some method
of analysis meet. The space where generalizable rule and
contingent variability face one another is a vacuum that
attracts and creates conclusions about the world, heavily
infused with social meanings and practices. Studying how
these conclusions are made over time identifies the broader
cultural projects that may be furthered by them and/or
that make them possible.
IN MEMORIAM
Authors: Blum Henrik
Published: July 2002

When Maggie Hall died on March 3, 1999, CQ lost a valued
friend and irreplaceable editorial consultant. Maggie, with
her musician's gift for the sound of the written word, left
her mark on every issue of the journal; and, with gratitude,
this volume is dedicated to her memory. We asked Henrik Blum,
Emeritus Professor in the School of Public Health, University
of California, Berkeley, who worked with her over many years,
to share some of his memories of Maggie.
Abortion and Assent
Authors: RHODES ROSAMOND
Published: July 2002

Volumes have been written arguing the morality
of abortion. A crucial premise in many of these arguments
concerns the status of the fetus; specifically, that the
fetus has or does not have a right to life. Opponents of
abortion typically argue that fetuses are persons and hence
have an inviolable right to life. Advocates of the right
to abortion typically maintain that fetuses are not persons
and hence have no right to life.
Expected Number of Distinct Part Sizes in a Random Integer Composition
Authors: HITCZENKO P. , STENGLE G.
Published: July 2002

An asymptotics, as n → ∞, for the expected number of distinct part sizes in a random
composition of an integer n is obtained.
The Offset Problem
Authors: COWEN LENORE , MATHAR RUDOLPH
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the analysis of locally time-synchronized

slot systems for

broadcast in packet radio networks. Local synchronization has been proposed
in

practice

as less expensive than global synchronization over very wide areas, or
over

mobile networks.

In the case of two locally coordinated groups of stations, under the assumption

that the

phase shift on the clocks between the two groups is random, it is shown
that

the probability

of no collision is maximized when occupied slots within each group are
chosen

consecutively,

regardless of the number of total slots, or the number of occupied slots
in

either group.
Mechanisms of solute transfer across the human placenta: effects of intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Sibley Colin , D'Souza Stephen , Glazier Jocelyn , Greenwood Susan
Published: July 2002

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has a variety of causes and this article will focus on those which may be related to pathology of the trophoblast – so-called placental insufficiency. The main message we wish to convey is that the aetiology of these cases of IUGR is not solely related to abnormalities of uterine or umbilical bloodflow but is also likely to involve specific placental transport mechanisms. Amino acid transporters, in particular, are implicated.
Detection of genome impairment in bovine early embryos by autoradiography: a methodological note
Authors: Pivko J. , Grafenau P. , Chlebovský O. , Kubovičová E. , Zaujec J.
Published: July 2002

The applicability of Pavlok's method characterising the nuclear status of

early preimplantation bovine embryos by nuclear labelling pattern after a

short pulse of [5-3H]uridine (revealing in situ detection of RNA

transcription at the onset of the major embryonic transcription) was

tested on experimentally irradiated 8- to 16-cell bovine embryos. After

[5-3H]uridine labelling the semi-thin sections of these embryos were

analysed by autoradiography for intranuclear distribution of newly

synthesised RNA expected to be influenced by increasing doses of

irradiation by gamma rays from a 60Co source. In control embryos,

the labelling was homogeneously distributed in nucleoplasm and in

nucleoli. The expected effects were clearly detected already in

embryos irradiated with a dose of 2 Gy, in which low-level RNA

synthesis was localised mostly at the periphery of the nucleus,

the nuclear centre being without labelling. A detailed analysis of

consecutive sections of embryos from all groups of irradiated and

control embryos, using an arbitrary scale considering these effects,

confirmed the detectability of the threshold level of genome impairment.
FROM MYTHOS TO LOGOS: POLITICAL AESTHETICS AND LIMINAL POETICS IN ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING’S CASA GUIDI WINDOWS
Authors: Harris Leigh Coral
Published: July 2002

@FP = CHARLES DICKENS ADAMANTLY DECLARES he will not indulge in “any grave examination into the government or misgovernment of any portion” of Italy, because “that beautiful land” requires only aesthetic reflections that “have ever a fanciful and idle air” (1); and John Ruskin relentlessly insists on turning attention away from the action in the Italian streets and inward toward the motionless stones of buildings, because Venice, “Queen of Marble and of Mud,” has no political dimension (“Stones of Venice” 9: xxix). Elizabeth Barrett Browning, by contrast, masterfully tackles the problem of the emerging nation’s political image in Victorian England. These comments by prominent Victorian men of letters reflect the conventional British formulation of Italy through the nineteenth century “as the locus of the feminine and silent properties of space, painting, nature, and the body — a place outside of history where temporal motion had ceased” (Bailey 94).1 Indeed, a commonplace implicit in the British definition of pre-national Italy is the idea of la bella Italia as apolitical and even ahistorical. But from 1815 onwards, as Italians became increasingly dissatisfied under their new Austrian rulers, the British equation between Italy and art, Italy and beauty, became increasingly out of touch with the Italian republican movement.2
IMPERIAL CHINTZ: DOMESTICITY AND EMPIRE
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: July 2002

IN OCTOBER 1856, the wife of the Governor General of India noted her satisfaction with recent changes at Government House in Calcutta: “I believe it would look rather nice even as an English country-house, so marvelously is it improved by 450 yards of rose-chintz, a great many arm-chairs, small round tables, drawings etc., and flowerpots in number” (Allen 34). Having arrived in Calcutta in February of that year, Lady Charlotte Canning wasted no time in transporting Victorian upper-class domestic style to a key spot on Britain’s nineteenth-century imperial map. As several recent examinations of the role of Victorian women in the work of empire have shown us, although Lady Canning’s lavish transformation of colonized space into something resembling a Derbyshire drawing-room could not be matched by lower-ranked Englishwomen who accompanied their military and civilian husbands to outposts of empire — 450 yards is a lot of chintz and the Queen had personally despatched some Royal family portraits to Calcutta to assist Lady Canning in her interior decoration — they too did their English domesticating bit. Among other things, these women grew pansies in Simla, served afternoon tea in Ceylon, and arranged croquet parties in Jamaica. They were also faced with less pleasant tasks, as one learns from the memoirs of Harriet Tytler, who accompanied her husband on various military postings in India during the 1840s and 50s. Tytler buried several children, dead of non-treatable illnesses, endured the killing climate of Dacca, and survived the siege of Delhi in 1857.
Using a semantic network for information extraction
Authors: GAIZAUSKAS ROBERT , HUMPHREYS KEVIN
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the approach to knowledge representation
taken in the LaSIE Information Extraction (IE) system. Unlike

many IE systems that skim texts and use large collections
of shallow, domain-specific patterns and heuristics to fill in templates,

LaSIE attempts a fuller
text analysis, first translating individual sentences to a quasi-logical

form, and then constructing a weak discourse model of the entire text from

which template fills are finally derived.
Underpinning the system is a general ‘world model’,
represented as a semantic net, which is
extended during the processing of a text by adding the classes and instances
described in
that text. In the paper we describe the system's knowledge
representation formalisms, their
use in the IE task, and how the knowledge represented in them is acquired,

including experiments to extend the system's coverage using the
WordNet general purpose semantic network.
Preliminary evaluations of our approach, through the Sixth DARPA Message
Understanding
Conference, indicate comparable performance to shallower approaches. However,
we believe
its generality and extensibility offer a route towards the higher precision

that is required of IE systems if they are to become genuinely usable technologies.
An Enriching Reference Source
Authors: Howieson Diane B.
Published: July 2002

This handbook is an extensive reference source
for clinical neuropsychology. It emerged from a 1988 Italian
text and has mostly Italian contributors. The book is well
organized and well written. The chapters include both theoretical
thinking about and anatomic correlates of neuropsychological
disorders in addition to their clinical features. This
reviewer particularly liked the numerous theoretical discussions.
Animal or cognitive experiments generally are not discussed.
The topics cover current thinking in most areas and it
is exceptionally well referenced with over 5000 citations.
A Dialog Between Genetics, Neuropathology, and Neuropsychology
Authors: Ostrosky-Solis Feggy
Published: July 2002

The Handbook of the Aging Brain is a broad
and encompassing handbook resource that contains research
findings on how brain substrate changes with age and how
these molecular and biochemical changes affect behavior
and cognition in the elderly. The book contains 16 independent
chapters that attempt to integrate an impressive growing
knowledge on normal, abnormal, and even successful neural
aging. It includes a broad spectrum of research encompassing
molecular, morphological, neuropathological, and neuropsychological
patterns in later life. Each chapter is written by acknowledged
experts who are currently engaged as active researchers
in their respective topic areas. Although the chapters
have an informative nature and their readability is outstanding,
the editorial work is fairly poor. No unifying themes between
the chapters were orchestrated. The editors could have
organized the book into sections and could have made comments
as an attempt to tie together the various chapters or topics,
and build chapters based upon the information provided
in the preceding one. Instead, the reader is left to do
this exercise on his own, and I have attempted to do so
in this review.
Synergies between livestock production and hydrological function in Arenal, Costa Rica
Authors: Aylward Bruce , Echeverría Jaime
Published: July 2002

Conventional wisdom amongst environmentalists holds that the cutting of tropical forest for livestock production is not only bad business but also bad for the environment. In particular, it is thought that conversion to pasture leads to a rise in the sedimentation of waterways and reservoirs, an increase in flooding and loss of dry season water supply. Using the case of the Rio Chiquito watershed (which drains into Lake Arenal, Costa Rica), the paper questions this conventional wisdom. The paper demonstrates that both livestock production and the associated downstream hydrological impacts represent important values to the local economy; values that significantly outweigh expected returns from options for reforestation or forest regeneration. Given that non-hydrological externalities associated with livestock production are expected to be of minimal importance in the watershed, there is little reason – as is often proposed – to foster large-scale reforestation of the watershed or to purchase land for protection. Instead efforts should focus on how to maximize the complementary returns from livestock and the support to hydroelectric power provided by water production.
Determinacy and indeterminacy
Authors: XENAKIS IANNIS
Published: July 2002

The Editors are delighted to welcome this contribution from a venerable pioneer of algorithmic composition who is also a member of Organised Sound’s Advisory Board. In this article, edited from notes for a series of lectures delivered in Poland, and not previously published, Xenakis tackles first the questions arising from determinacy and indeterminacy, repetition and variation, symmetry and structure, and multidimensional musical space. He later describes his computer drawing interface, UPIC, and ends with a discussion of some of his statistical compositional methods employing a variety of probability distributions. Much of the article is illuminated by insights drawn from a lifetime’s work in the arts and sciences.
Kendhang, Or and Vug: three works for performer and live computer system
Authors: FELLS NICK
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines some of the technical and aesthetic issues arising from
my works which involve computer technology directly in live performance. A
process of experimentation in algorithmic composition is described,
particularly in relation to aspects of form and ways of automating musical
processes at various structural levels. Three works are then described:
Kendhang is a work in which a dancer influences the output of a
simple algorithmic music system based on interpolation;
Or is an instrumental trio which uses realtime sound granulation;
and Vug extends this realtime granulation and applies it to a solo
clarinet line. An exploration of both the distinctions and similarities
between these works is used to develop a general approach to the integration
of computer-based algorithmic systems with live performance. This approach
emphasises the need for efficient use of technological resources in order
to convey expressive content accurately.
EQUILIBRIUM ASSET PRICES AND SAVINGS OF HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS IN THE PRESENCE
OF INCOMPLETE MARKETS AND PORTFOLIO CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Marcet Albert , Singleton Kenneth J.
Published: July 2002

We study the quantitative properties of a dynamic general equilibrium model. Agents
face both idiosyncratic and aggregate income risk, state-dependent borrowing constraints that bind
occasionally, and markets that are incomplete. Equilibrium consumption-savings plans and asset prices
are computed under various assumptions about income uncertainty. Then, we investigate whether the
model replicates two empirical observations: the high correlation between individual consumption and
individual income, and the equity premium puzzle. We find that, when the driving processes are
calibrated according to the data from wage income
in different sectors of the U.S. economy, the
results move in the direction of explaining these observations,
but we fall short of explaining the
observations quantitatively. If the incomes of agents
are assumed to be independent of each other, the
observations can be explained quantitatively.
PLORTEP: a computer program to translate PLUTO instructions into those of ORTEP
Authors: Bandel G. , Sussman J. L.
Published: July 2002

There are two widely used programs for plotting molecular structures for publication purposes: PLUTO [Motherwell (1970). University Chem. Lab., Cambridge, England] and ORTEP [Johnson (1965). Report ORNL-3794. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee]. A program PLORTEP has been written which joins the best features of these two programs. PLUTO has an English-like set of instructions which are easy to learn and use, while ORTEP produces very high quality pictures.
NRCVAX – an interactive program system for structure analysis
Authors: Gabe E. J. , Le Page Y. , Charland J.-P. , Lee F. L. , White P. S.
Published: July 2002

NRCVAX is a complete system of programs, covering all aspects of crystal structure analysis from data reduction to the presentation of results. The system, which is written in a `neutral' Fortran 77, presently exists in two forms. The first runs on a VAX computer under VMS, on an 80386 PC under UNIX and under IBM VM/CMS and MVS/TSO. The second is an adaptation which runs on PC-XT, AT, PS/2 and comparable microcomputers under MS-DOS. The two versions differ somewhat in structure, but very little in code, operation or functionality except for the graphics. The many options of the programs can be selected in a highly interactive manner and because of this the system is very flexible. Most options are assigned default values, however, and it is usually safe to run the routines with a minimum of user input using the defaults. The system will accept data from a wide variety of sources and has interface routines for several other systems. Graphics in the VAX/UNIX version are based on the widely available Tektronix 4000 series protocol, while the microcomputer version supports most common display adapters. It is also possible to prepare files for a variety of plotters, dot-matrix printers and laser printers. Source code is distributed and it should not be difficult to adapt the system to any computer with virtual memory and a Fortran 77 compiler.
Powder diffraction in the range of milliseconds
Authors: Pennartz P. U. , Löchner U. , Fuess H. , Wroblewski T.
Published: July 2002

Powder diffraction studies with synchrotron radiation were performed on a time scale down to 2.5 ms at the HASYLAB beamline B2 with a commercial 1024 pixel linear photodiode-array detector system (OMA III, EG&G–PARC). The flux rate of 2 x 108 photons s−1 at a wavelength of 1.26 Å achieved by using a toroidal mirror and a standard double-crystal Si(111) monochromator was measured with an ionization chamber at the focus. With a synthetic multilayer to select the desired wavelength instead of the standard monochromator, a flux rate of 1.5 x 1010 photons s−1 was measured at a wavelength of 1.31 Å. The shortest possible recording times for a complete powder pattern of calcium fluoride were 200 ms with the crystal monochromator and 2.5 ms with the multilayer. The angular resolution for both cases is discussed. The high-speed data collection was successfully applied with the double-crystal and multilayer monochromators to the recording of more-complex patterns and to monitor a phase transformation in order to demonstrate the feasibility of kinetic studies on the millisecond time scale.
Microcomputer-based acquisition system for the Philips PW1050 powder diffractometer
Authors: Grigg M. W. , Keating A. , Brockwell A. , Barnea Z.
Published: July 2002

A simple cost-effective system for converting the output from the Philips PWl050 powder diffractometer into a digital form suitable for recording and analysis by a personal computer is described.
An improved goniometer head for high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction
Authors: Delarue Patrice , Jannin Michel
Published: July 2002

A reliable and inexpensive goniometer head has been designed. Its stability, resulting from its compact construction, makes it very suitable for accurate measurements. Moreover, its space-saving design facilitates its application in X-ray data collection using charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. This head has been improved for high-temperature measurements and has been tested by comparison of accurate K0.88Rb0.12TiOPO4data collected both at room temperature and at 973 K on the same crystal. The excellent structure results obtained at 973 K during the 360 h of measurements prove the stability of the goniometer head.
Studies on bond and atomic valences. I. correlation between bond valence and bond angles in SbIII chalcogen compounds: the influence of lone-electron pairs
Authors: Wang X. , Liebau F.
Published: July 2002

In the present bond-valence concept the bond-valence parameter ro
is treated as constant for a given pair of atoms, and it is assumed that the bond valence sij
is a function of the corresponding bond length Dij
, and that the atomic valence is an integer equal to the formal oxidation number for
Vi
derived from stoichiometry. However, from a statistical analysis of 76 [SbIIIS
n
] and 14 [SbIIISe
n
] polyhedra in experimentally determined structures, it is shown that for SbIII—X bonds (X = S, Se), ro
is correlated with {\bar \alpha}
i
, the average of the X—Sb—X angles between the three shortest Sb—X bonds. This is interpreted as a consequence of a progressive retraction of the 5s lone-electron pair from the SbIII nucleus, which can be considered as continuous change of the actual atomic valence act
Vi
of Sb from +3 towards +5. A procedure is derived to calculate an effective atomic valence eff
Vi
of SbIII from the geometry, {\bar \alpha}
i
and Dij
, of the [SbIII
Xn
] polyhedra, which approximates act
Vi
and is a better description of the actual valence state of SbIII than the formal valence for
Vi
. Calculated eff
V
SbIII
are found to vary between +2.88 and +3.80 v.u. for [SbIIIS
n
] and between +2.98 and +3.88 v.u. for [SbIIISe
n
] polyhedra. It is suggested that a corresponding modification of the present bond-valence concept is also required for other cations with lone-electron pairs.
Structure and Motion of Tetrakis(trichlorophosphazeno)phosphonium Hexachlorophosphate, [P(NPCl3)4]+PCl6
−, at 93 K
Authors: Belaj F.
Published: July 2002

[P(NPCl3)4]+PCl^{-}_{6}, M

r
= 880.02, monoclinic, P21/m, a = 7.720 (2), b = 21.235 (5), c = 8.248 (2) Å, \beta = 91.12 (2)°, V = 1351.9 (6) Å3, Z = 2, D

x
= 2.162 Mg m−3, \lambda(Mo K\alpha) = 0.71069 Å, T = 93 K, R = 0.0497, S = 1.007 for 4536 unique observed reflections and 140 parameters. The cations and anions show site symmetries of C

s
(m) and C

i
(\overline 1), respectively. The P—N bond lengths in the NPCl3 groups are distinctly shorter [1.515 (4)–1.532 (4) Å] than those attached to the central P atom [1.595 (2)–1.611 (4) Å], the P—Cl bond lengths are 1.961 (1)–1.975 (1) Å in the cations and 2.132 (1)–2.142  (1) Å in the anions; the P—N—P angles lie in the range 132.5 (2)–142.9 (3)°. The structure is a derivative of the CsCl structure type showing interionic distances of 3.314 (1)–3.414 (1) Å, between the Cl atoms. The differences between the angles P—Clcation...Clanion [153.38 (5)–168.28 (5)°] and P—Clanion...Clcation [102.30 (3)–116.35 (4)°] are very probably caused by the arrangement of the lone pairs at the Cl atoms. The thermal motion analysis showed that the anion behaves as a rigid body {R

u
= [\Sigmaw(\DeltaU)2/\Sigmaw(U
obs)2]1/2 = 0.024}, whereas the cation does not (R

u
= 0.347). Allowing three intramolecular torsions the residual index R

u
for the cation could be lowered to 0.184.
Theoretical Prediction of Bond-Valence Networks. II. Comparison of the Graph-Matrix and Resonance-Bond Approaches
Authors: Rutherford J. S.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a common framework for the bond-valence and resonance-bond-number methods, both of which explain the principal variations in inorganic bond lengths from the sum of radii, as arising from the connectivity of the structure, and therefore may apply graph information in conjunction with the Valence-Sum Rule. Under these constraints, possible predictions are limited to specific ranges of (M − N + 1) parameters, where M and N are the size and order of a multigraph describing the crystal motif. Further restrictions on these parameters may arise from non-crystallographic graph symmetries. Convenient graph-theoretical calculation schemes are described for both approaches. As it is possible to identify the best possible prediction within the limits described, which is that most closely corresponding to the experimental result, we have a means of making a direct comparison of the effectiveness of the various methods proposed, as well as being able to evaluate them against a statistically based prediction. The resonance-bond-number method proves to be the better predictor in most cases. Examples analysed in this way comprise KVO3 (potassium metavanadate), α-Ga2O3 (gallium oxide), TeI4 [tellurium(IV) iodide], Li2SiO3 (lithium metasilicate), Li2GeO3 (lithium metagermanate) and CaCrF5 (calcium chromium fluoride).
Structure of Z-(Aib)9OBu
t
Authors: Geßmann R. , Brückner H. , Kokkinidis M.
Published: July 2002

The structure of the synthetic protected oligopeptide Z-(Aib)9OBu
t
, tert-butoxynona(α-aminoisobutyric acid), which contains the unusual α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), was determined by X-ray crystallography. The two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit fold into 310-helices, each stabilized by seven intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The C terminus of one of the molecules is disordered and adopts a semi-extended conformation, which is rather unusual for Aib residues. This is the first observation of such a conformation involved in a disorder in Aib-containing oligopeptides. The existence of a second conformation for the C-terminal residue might explain the difficulties in crystallizing the title compound and a different behaviour of the title compound in thin layer chromatography compared with the other homopeptides.
Pressure-Induced Order–Disorder Phase Transition of Spinel Single Crystals
Authors: Wittlinger J. , Werner S. , Schulz H.
Published: July 2002

The present study deals with single-crystal structure investigations by means of X-ray scattering of a pressure-induced phase transition of Mg0.4Al2.4O4. The compressibility of the substance is very small, whereas the structural changes are surprisingly high. A non-identified high-pressure phase turns out to be reversible considering the existence of a spinel single crystal, but not reversible with regard to the ordering of the cations in the oxygen framework. The pressure-induced disordering of the cations is preserved on abrupt pressure decrease and can be detected in a recovered specimen.
Systematic prediction of new inorganic ferroelectrics in point group 4
Authors: Abrahams S. C.
Published: July 2002

The latest release of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database contains a total of 87 entries corresponding to 70 different materials in point group 4. The structures reported for 11 materials in space group P4 satisfy the criteria for ferroelectricity, as do four in P41, one each in P42 and P43, 12 in I4, including seven that form three families, and another three in I41. Three previously known ferroelectrics were also listed in I4 and one in I41. In addition, the listing for point group 4 contains 22 entries for nonferroelectric materials and three with misassigned space groups. Among the newly predicted ferroelectrics in point group 4, assuming the validity of the underlying structural reports, are Ce5B2C6, modulated NbTe4, Na3Nb12O31F, Ca2FeO3Cl, K4CuV5O15Cl, TlBO2, CrOF3, PbTeO3, VO(HPO3)(H2O).3H2O, MgB2O(OH)6, β-tetragonal boron, CuBi2O4, WOBr4, Na8PtO6, SbF2Cl3, Ba1.2Ti8O16, Ni[SC(NH2)2]4Cl2, Ca2SiO3Cl2, the mineral caratiite, NbAs, β-NbO2 and Ag3BiO3.
Local similarity in organic crystals and the non-uniqueness of X-ray powder patterns
Authors: Karfunkel Heinrich , Wilts Heike , Hao Zhimin , Iqbal Abul , Mizuguchi Jin , Wu Zhijian
Published: July 2002

Two new concepts for molecular solids, `local similarity' and `boundary-preserving isometry', are defined mathematically and a theorem which relates these concepts is formulated. `Locally similar' solids possess an identical short-range structure and a `boundary-preserving isometry' is a new mathematical operation on a finite region of a solid that transforms mathematically a given solid to a locally similar one. It is shown further that the existence of such a `boundary-preserving isometry' in a given solid has infinitely many `locally similar' solids as a consequence. Chemical implications, referring to the similarity of X-ray powder patterns and patent registration, are discussed as well. These theoretical concepts, which are first introduced in a schematic manner, are proved to exist in nature by the elucidation of the crystal structure of some diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives with surprisingly similar powder patterns. Although the available powder patterns were not indexable, the underlying crystals could be elucidated by using the new technique of ab
initio prediction of possible polymorphs and a subsequent Rietveld refinement. Further ab initio packing calculations on other molecules reveal that `local crystal similarity' is not restricted to DPP derivatives and should also be exhibited by other molecules such as quinacridones. The `boundary-preserving isometry' is presented as a predictive tool for crystal engineering purposes and attempts to detect it in crystals of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) are reported.
Polarized Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Tetragonal Lysozyme Single Crystals
Authors: Kudryavtsev A. B. , Mirov S. B. , DeLucas L. J. , Nicolete C. , van der Woerd M. , Bray T. L. , Basiev T. T.
Published: July 2002

Polarized Raman spectra have been obtained for tetragonal lysozyme single crystals of different relative quality. The Raman band at 507 cm−1, which corresponds to the totally symmetric stretch vibration of the gauche-gauche-gauche (ggg) disulfide bridges of the protein, has been shown to possess different polarization characteristics compared with the gauche-gauche-trans (ggt) disulfide bridge band at 528 cm−1. The relative intensities of the ggg and ggt bands in the polarized Raman spectra have been numerically estimated for a number of tetragonal lysozyme single crystals, the X-ray diffraction data of which are available from the Protein Data Bank. On the basis of comparison between the experimental and calculated polarization characteristics of the disulfide Raman lines, the following main conclusions have been drawn. The orientation of the protein molecules correlates with the average orientation of their ggg disulfide bridges. This in turn can be described by the ρggg value which reflects the average orientation of the S—S bonds with respect to the Z crystallographic axis and can be determined from polarized Raman spectra. Crystals of better quality are characterized by a better alignment of the protein molecules with respect to the Z axis, a smaller perturbation of the protein molecules in the crystal lattice and a somewhat higher interlattice water content.
Crystallization of OmpC osmoporin from Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Hoeon
Published: July 2002

OmpC porin, one of the major outer-membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria, participates in bacterial osmoregulation by counteracting OmpF porin. Although these two osmoporins from Escherichia coli share high sequence homology, their crystallization behavior was found to be very different. OmpC could be crystallized under a variety of conditions by either microdialysis or hanging-drop methods using PEG 4000 as precipitant. The crystals belong to space group P21 with unit-cell constants a = 117.6, b = 110, c = 298.4 Å, β = 97°. They diffract beyond 4 Å with a rotating anode and show intense non-Bragg scattering.
The use of business process modelling in information systems security analysis and design
Authors: Kokolakis S.A. , Demopoulos A.J. , Kiountouzis E.A.
Published: July 2002

The increasing reliance of organisations on information systems connected to or extending over open data networks has established information security as a critical success factor for modern organisations. Risk analysis appears to be the predominant methodology for the introduction of security in information systems (IS). However, risk analysis is based on a very simple model of IS as consisting of assets, mainly data, hardware and software, which are vulnerable to various threats. Thus, risk analysis cannot provide for an understanding of the organisational environment in which IS operate. We believe that a comprehensive methodology for information systems security analysis and design (IS‐SAD) should incorporate both risk analysis and organisational analysis, based on business process modelling (BPM) techniques. This paper examines the possible contribution of BPM techniques to IS‐SAD and identifies the conceptual and methodological requirements for a technique to be used in this context. Based on these requirements, several BPM techniques have been reviewed. The review reveals the need for either adapting and combining current techniques or developing new, specialised ones.
Building a client‐focused IT organization
Authors: Penrod James I. , Harbor Ann F.
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on a multi‐year effort to change the organizational culture of a very traditional IS unit into one that is “learning organization” and “client service” oriented. It describes the steps taken in the first two years within the context of John Kotter’s “eight‐stage process of creating major change”. The paper sets forth the intent of each phase and the practical steps that have been taken to bring about the desired change. It approaches the process from the perspective of the CIO (the initiator of the process) with a practical appraisal of its success to date from the viewpoint of a long‐time university staff member.