bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Islamic Reform and Modernities in South Asia
Authors: ROBINSON FRANCIS
Published: July 2007

From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the West, it has meant attempts to reshape Islamic knowledge and institutions in the light of Western models, a process described as Islamic modernism. Amongst ‘ulama and sufis, whose social base might lie in urban, commercial or tribal communities, it has meant ‘the reorganisation of communities . . . [or] the reform of individual behavior in terms of fundamental religious principles’, a development known as reformism. These processes have been expressed in movements as different as the Iranian constitutional revolution, thejihadsof West Africa, and the great drives to spread reformed Islamic knowledge in India and Indonesia. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process of renewal mutated to develop a new strand, which claimed that revelation had the right to control all human experiences and that state power must be sought to achieve this end. This is known to many as Islamic fundamentalism, but is usually better understood as Islamism. For the majority of Muslims today, Islamic renewal in some shape or other has helped to mould the inner and outer realities of their lives.
Organising the Old: Senior Authority and the Political Significance of a Rural Chinese ‘Non-Governmental Organisation’
Authors: HALSKOV HANSEN METTE
Published: July 2007

This article argues that villagers' weakened trust in local governments has caused the officials to develop new strategies to cooperate with people and groups who enjoy traditional forms of authority. More specifically, the article shows how the officially establishedOld People' Associationsin some areas have gained political influence far beyond what their official status as an “NGO” (minjian zuzhzi) would warrant. Villages of Fujian have a long history of being organised around patrilinear lineage organisations, and especially the older men still enjoys authority among the population. Local authorities, as well as business people, are therefore actively trying to engage and mobilise this traditional senior authority for their own political and economic purposes, thereby creating new relations of local power.
‘First Our Jobs Then Our Girls’: The Dominant Caste Perceptions on the ‘Rising’ Dalits
Authors: CHOWDHRY PREM
Published: July 2007

In the post-colonial shifting of material, legal and ideological bases, some of the given patterns of relationships between individuals and caste groups have changed and weakened because of the introduction of new, parallel and alternative structures of relationships. This change has left the dominant caste groups feeling palpably insecure in relation to the dalits. While delineating this relationship, this article seeks to argue that the cases of dalit and dominant/upper caste members' elopement and marriage represent a high point in the ongoing conflictual relationship between them, as these are viewed as forms of dalit assertion. Although many caste groups and communities are involved in inter-caste marriages and associations that defy customary norms and caste practices and have no social acceptance, it is in relation to a dalit and non-dalit association or marriage that certain aspects, which impinge on wider issues, come to the surface more pronouncedly. For the dominant caste groups such associations remain the most viable and potent issues to garner a wider collective support, cutting across class/caste/community and age divides. These cases are selectively made a public spectacle by the dominant caste groups to settle wider issues at stake verging on contemporary political and economic interests.
Dactylogyrusspecies parasitizing EuropeanBarbusspecies: morphometric and molecular variability
Authors: ŠIMKOVÁ A. , PEČÍNKOVÁ M. , ŘEHULKOVÁ E. , VYSKOČILOVÁ M. , ONDRAČKOVÁ M.
Published: July 2007

The aims of the study were (1) to describe theDactylogyruscommunities living on selected South EuropeanBarbusspecies, (2) to analyse morphometric variability of their attachment and reproductive organs, and (3) to perform molecular phylogenetic analyses, in order to investigate the mode of speciation inDactylogyrusspecies parasitizing congeneric hosts. In Bulgaria,Dactylogyrus crivellius,D. dykiandD. petenyiwere found onB. balcanicus, andD. dykionB. cyclolepis. In Spain,Dactylogyrus carpathicusandD. dykiwere detected onB. meridionalis. Morphometric analyses ofD. dykirevealed significant differences in the attachment and reproductive organs when individuals from differentBarbusspecies were compared. Two monophyletic groups were recognized from the molecular phylogenetic analyses: the first includedD. carpathicusandD. crivelliuswhich have large body size and anchors, with a weakly supported basal position ofD. malleusfromB. barbus; the second includedD. dykiandD. petenyiwhich have small body and anchor sizes. The comparison of host and parasite phylogenies did not indicate the intrahost speciation. Intraspecific molecular variability was found between individuals ofD. dykiandD. carpathicusfrom differentBarbusspecies, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision for these species.
Myxozoan transmission via actinospores: new insights into mechanisms and adaptations for host invasion
Authors: KALLERT D. M. , PONADER S. , ESZTERBAUER E. , EL-MATBOULI M. , HAAS W.
Published: July 2007

Various mechanisms that enable and improve transmission success of myxozoan actinospore stages towards fish hosts are described, based upon a combination of experimental data and functional analysis of morphological characters. For this purpose, laboratory-reared actinospores ofMyxobolus cerebralis,Myxobolus parviformis,Henneguya nuessliniandMyxobolus pseudodisparwere employed to exemplarily investigate aspects of host attachment and invasion. The process of polar filament discharge ofM. cerebralisactinospores was analysed, showing that full discharge occurs in less than 10 msec. Additionally, a mechanism that rapidly contracts the discharged filament after discharge is described for the first time. Its purpose is most likely to bring the actinospore apex rapidly into intimate contact with the surface of the host. UnlikeM. cerebralis,M. parviformisactinospores did not discharge polar filaments after mechanical and chemical stimulation, suggesting a different mode of triggering. ForH. nuessliniactinospores, experimental results indicated that polar filament discharge is independent of external calcium-ion concentration but is influenced by osmolality. After attachment of an actinospore and prior to penetration into the host, an ensheathed unit (‘endospore’), containing the sporoplasm, was emitted from the valves in a manner which varied from species to species. Experimentally induced sporoplasm emission was time-dependent and was found to be independent of polar filament discharge inH. nuesslini. Remarkably, it could be concluded that the sporoplasm is able to recognize host-stimuli while still within the intact spore. An updated summary of the sequential course of events during host recognition and invasion by actinospores is given.
Minor physical anomalies in patients with first-episode psychosis: their frequency and diagnostic specificity
Authors: Lloyd T. , Dazzan P. , Dean K. , Park S. B. G. , Fearon P. , Doody G. A. , Tarrant J. , Morgan K. D. , Morgan C. , Hutchinson G. , Leff J. , Harrison G. , Murray R. M. , Jones P. B.
Published: July 2007

Background

An increased prevalence of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) has been extensively documented in schizophrenia but their specificity for the disorder remains unclear. We investigated the prevalence and the predictive power of MPAs in a large sample of first-episode psychotic patients across a range of diagnoses.

Method

MPAs were examined in 242 subjects with first-episode psychosis (50% schizophrenia, 45% affective psychosis and 5% substance-induced psychosis) and 158 healthy controls. Categorical principal components analysis and analysis of variance were undertaken, and individual items with the highest loading were tested using the χ2 test.

Results

Overall facial asymmetry, assymetry of the orbital landmarks, and frankfurt horizontal significantly differentiated patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis from controls, as did a ‘V-shaped’ palate, reduced palatal ridges, abnormality of the left ear surface and the shape of the left and right ears. Patients with affective psychosis had significantly lowered eye fissures compared with control subjects.

Conclusions

MPAs are not specific to schizophrenia, suggesting a common developmental pathway for non-affective and affective psychoses. The topographical distribution of MPAs in this study is suggestive of an insult occurring during organogenesis in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Goscelin and the consecration of Eve
Authors: O'Keeffe Katherine O'Brien
Published: July 2007

This article rethinks the current assessment of the relationship between Goscelin of Saint-Bertin and his one time pupil Eve of Wilton, suggesting that the difference in their ages was less than André Wilmart assumed and that Eve was not an oblate of Wilton but a girl entrusted to the convent for education and safe-keeping. Drawing on the liturgical evidence for consecrations in Anglo-Saxon England and on the rhetoric of Goscelin's Liber confortatorius the article argues that Goscelin describes Eve's consecration (not oblation as Wilmart and others assume) and suggests a date around 1078 for the ritual. An appendix follows detailing surviving manuscript evidence for the consecration of nuns in Anglo-Saxon England.
On the centre of two-parameter quantum groups
Authors: Benkart Georgia , Kang Seok-Jin , Lee Kyu-Hwan
Published: July 2007

We describe Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt bases for the two-parameter quantum groups U = Ur,s(sln) following Kharchenko and show that the positive part of U has the structure of an iterated skew polynomial ring. We define an ad-invariant bilinear form on U, which plays an important role in the construction of central elements. We introduce an analogue of the Harish-Chandra homomorphism and use it to determine the centre of U.
Simple existence proofs for one-dimensional semi-positone problems
Authors: Costa David G. , Tehrani Hossein
Published: July 2007

In this paper we use phase-plane analysis to study one-dimensional p-Laplacian semi-positone problems under general sub-(p – 1)linear, asymptotically (p – 1)-linear, and super-(p – 1)linear conditions.
The solvability of an elliptic system under a singular boundary condition
Authors: García-Melián J. , de Lis J. Sabina , Letelier-Albornoz R.
Published: July 2007

In this work we are considering both the one-dimensional and the radially symmetric versions of the elliptic system Δu = vp, Δv = uq in Ω, where p, q > 0, under the boundary condition u|∂Ω = +∞, v|∂Ω = +∞. It is shown that no positive solutions exist when pq ≤ 1, while we provide a detailed account of the set of (infinitely many) positive solutions if pq > 1. The behaviour near the boundary of all solutions is also elucidated, and symmetric solutions (u, v) are completely characterized in terms of their minima (u(0), v(0)). Non-symmetric solutions are also deeply studied in the one-dimensional problem.
About a Liouville comparison principle for entire weak solutions of quasilinear elliptic partial differential inequalities
Authors: Kurta Vasilii V.
Published: July 2007

We establish a new Liouville-type comparison principle for entire weak solutions of quasilinear elliptic partial differential inequalities of the form A(u) ≤ A(v) on Rn, n ≥ 2. Typical examples of the operator A(w) are the p-Laplacian and its well-known modifications for 1 < p ≤ 2.
The analytic structure of the reflection coefficient, a sum rule and a complete description of the Weyl m-function of half-line Schrödinger operators with L2-type potentials
Authors: Rybkin Alexei
Published: July 2007

We prove that the reflection coefficient of one-dimensional Schrödinger operators with potentials supported on a half-line can be represented in the upper half-plane as the quotient of a contractive analytic function and a properly regularized Blaschke product. We apply this fact to obtain a new trace formula and trace inequality for the reflection coefficient that yields a description of the Weyl m-function of Dirichlet half-line Schrödinger operators with slowly decaying potentials q subject to

Among others, we also refine the 3/2-Lieb-Thirring inequality.
A non-oscillation theorem for nonlinear differential equations with p-Laplacian
Authors: Sugie Jitsuro , Onitsuka Masakazu
Published: July 2007

The equation considered in this paper is tp(φp(x′))′ + g(x) = 0, where φp(x′) = |x′|p−2x′ with p > 1, and g(x) satisfies the signum condition xg(x) > 0 if x ≠ 0 but is not assumed to be monotone. Our main objective is to establish a criterion on g(x) for all non-trivial solutions to be non-oscillatory. The criterion is the best possible. The method used here is the phase-plane analysis of a system equivalent to this differential equation. The asymptotic behaviour is also examined in detail for eventually positive solutions of a certain half-linear differential equation.
A large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Pamplona, Spain: early detection, rapid control and no case fatality
Authors: CASTILLA J. , BARRICARTE A. , ALDAZ J. , GARCÍA CENOZ M. , FERRER T. , PELAZ C. , PINEDA S. , BALADRÓN B. , MARTÍN I. , GOÑI B. , ARATAJO P. , CHAMORRO J. , LAMEIRO F. , TORROBA L. , DORRONSORO I. , MARTÍNEZ-ARTOLA V. , ESPARZA M. J. , GASTAMINZA M. A. , FRAILE P. , ALDAZ P.
Published: July 2007

An outbreak of Legionnaire's disease was detected in Pamplona, Spain, on 1 June 2006. Patients with pneumonia were tested to detectLegionella pneumophilaantigen in urine (Binax Now; Binax Inc., Scarborough, ME, USA), and all 146 confirmed cases were interviewed. The outbreak was related to district 2 (22 012 inhabitants), where 45% of the cases lived and 50% had visited; 5% lived in neighbouring districts. The highest incidence was found in the resident population of district 2 (3/1000 inhabitants), section 2 (14/1000). All 31 cooling towers of district 2 were analysed.L. pneumophilaantigen (Binax Now) was detected in four towers, which were closed on 2 June. Only the strain isolated in a tower situated in section 2 of district 2 matched all five clinical isolates, as assessed by mAb and two genotyping methods, AFLP and PFGE. Eight days after closing the towers, new cases ceased appearing. Early detection and rapid coordinated medical and environmental actions permitted immediate control of the outbreak and probably contributed to the null case fatality.
HIV in gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom: 25 years of public health surveillance
Authors: DOUGAN S. , EVANS B. G. , MACDONALD N. , GOLDBERG D. J. , GILL O. N. , FENTON K. A. , ELFORD J.
Published: July 2007

It is more than 25 years since the first case of AIDS was reported in the United Kingdom. In December 1981 a gay man was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections indicative of immunosuppression. National surveillance began the following year, in September 1982, with the notification of deaths and clinical reports of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma plus laboratory reports of opportunistic infections. Since then epidemiological surveillance systems have evolved, adapting to, and taking advantage of advances in treatments and laboratory techniques. The introduction of the HIV antibody test in 1984 led to the reporting of HIV-positive tests by laboratories and the establishment of an unlinked anonymous survey in 1990 measuring undiagnosed HIV infection among gay men attending sexual health clinics. The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) since 1996 has averted many deaths among HIV-positive gay men and has also resulted in a large reduction in AIDS cases. This led to a need for an enumeration of gay men with HIV accessing NHS treatment and care services (1995 onwards), more clinical information on HIV diagnoses for epidemiological surveillance (2000 onwards) and the routine monitoring of drug resistance (2001 onwards). Twenty-five years after the first case of AIDS was reported, gay and bisexual men remain the group at greatest risk of acquiring HIV in the United Kingdom. Latest estimates suggest that in 2004, 26 500 gay and bisexual men were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, a quarter of whom were undiagnosed. In this review, we examine how national surveillance systems have evolved over the past 25 years in response to the changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom as well as advances in laboratory techniques and medical treatments. We also reflect on how they will need to continue evolving to effectively inform health policy in the future.
Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience
Authors: REYNOLDS D. L. , GARAY J. R. , DEAMOND S. L. , MORAN M. K. , GOLD W. , STYRA R.
Published: July 2007

This study examines a cohort of persons quarantined during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada and describes their understanding of, difficulties and compliance with, and the psychological impact of the quarantine experience. A mailed questionnaire was administered to 1912 eligible adults and included the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R) to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported compliance with all required quarantine measures was low (15·8±2·3%), although significantly higher when the rationale for quarantine was understood (P=0·018). Health-care workers (HCW) experienced greater psychological distress, including symptoms of PTSD (P<0·001). Increasing perceived difficulty with compliance, HCW, longer quarantine and compliance with quarantine requirements were significant contributors to higher IES-R scores. The low compliance with quarantine requirements introduces concerns about the effectiveness of quarantine as a public health measure. Improvements in compliance and reduced psychological distress may be possible by minimizing duration, revising requirements, and providing enhanced education and support.
The impact of a physical geographic barrier on the dynamics of measles
Authors: VORA A. , BURKE D. S. , CUMMINGS D. A. T.
Published: July 2007

Spatial–temporal patterns of measles incidence reflect the spatial distribution of human hosts. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of communities has been shown to introduce spatially dependent temporal lags in the timing of measles incidence. Incidence patterns reflect internal dynamics within a community and coupling of communities through the movement of infectious individuals. The central role of human movement in coupling dynamics in separate communities suggests that physical geographic barriers to movement should reduce spatial–temporal correlation. We examine measles dynamics in Maryland and Pennsylvania during the period of 1917–1938. The central feature of interest is the Chesapeake Bay, which separates Maryland into two distinct regions. We find that correlation of measles incidences in communities separated by the bay is reduced compared to communities not separated by the bay, suggesting the bay acted as a barrier to human movement during this time sufficient to decouple measles dynamics in Maryland counties.
Equality and diversity: a new approach to gender equality policy in the UK
Authors: Ben-Galim Dalia , Campbell Mary , Lewis Jane
Published: July 2007

In 2007 the UK established a new single equalities body, to bring together the existing equality Commissions dealing with gender, disability, and race and ethnicity into a Commission for Equality and Human Rights. The promotion and enforcement of ‘equality and diversity’ is one of the three duties of the new body. This paper briefly explores diversity in relation to the theory of gender equality and also examines developments in policy at the EU level, which has provided much of the impetus for change. Our focus is on the policy approach and the tensions that the policy documents reveal about the emphasis on equality and diversity approach, in particular the extent to which attention to gender issues may get lost in the diversity bundle, and the extent to which a focus on the individual may be strengthened over the group.
Good global governance: custom, the cosmopolitan and international law
Authors: Morss John R.
Published: July 2007

International law has both less and more to offer to the cosmopolitan project than one might think. As currently understood, international law presages a global system of obligations comprising the convergent systems of universal customary international laws and near-universal conventional instruments (treaties), both of which legal forms are characterised by natural law tendencies. From the point of view of a pluralistic cosmopolitanism, this is a dead end. Thinking beyond these formulae requires that international law be treated as a species of general law rather than state-centred law.
Present‐day stress field in the Gibraltar Arc (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Fernández‐Ibáñez F. , Soto J. I. , Zoback M. D. , Morales J.
Published: July 2007

The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean consists of the Betic and Rif Alpine chains and the Alboran Sea Basin. Four types of stress indicators (wellbore breakouts, earthquake focal plane mechanisms, young geologic fault slip data, and hydraulic fracture orientations) indicate a regional NW–SE compressive stress field resulting from Africa‐Eurasia plate convergence. In some particular regions, deviations of SHmax are observed with respect to the regional stress field. They are gentle‐to‐moderate (22°–36°) anticlockwise rotations located along the North Alboran margin and moderate‐to‐significant (36°–78°) clockwise rotations around the Trans‐Alboran Shear Zone (TASZ). This is a broad fault zone composed of different left‐lateral strike‐slip fault segments running from the eastern Betics to the Alhoceima region in the Rif and resulting in a major bathymetric high in the Alboran Sea (the Alboran Ridge fault zone). Some of these stress rotations appear to be controlled by steep gradients of crustal thickness variation across the North Alboran margin and/or differential loading imposed by thick sedimentary accumulations in basin depocenters parallel to the shoreline. Other stress perturbations may be related to active left‐lateral, strike‐slip deformation within the TASZ that crosscuts the entire orogenic arc on a NE–SW trend and represents a key element to understand present‐day deformation partitioning in the western Mediterranean.
Atypical current sheets and plasma bubbles: A self‐consistent kinetic model
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Guzdar P. N. , Swisdak M.
Published: July 2007

As revealed by CLUSTER observations, thin current sheets in the magnetotail may strongly differ from the conventional Harris profile due to the effects of embedding and bifurcation. At the same time, they often have no signatures of collisionless magnetic reconnection. A universal phenomenon involving such atypical current sheets, which is connected but not identical to reconnection, is the formation of plasma bubbles. We present a self‐consistent kinetic model of plasma bubbles based on a 2‐D generalization of earlier atypical current sheet models that also takes into account the south‐then‐north sense of Bz perturbations typical for earthward traveling compression regions and fast flows in the central plasma sheet. The new model predicts that the dominant structural element of bubbles is a region of the local reduction of the cross‐tail current provided by the current bifurcation effect.
Species‐specific in vitro pharmacological effects of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) selective ligand AM1241 and its resolved enantiomers
Authors: Bingham B , Jones P G , Uveges A J , Kotnis S , Lu P , Smith V A , Sun S‐C , Resnick L , Chlenov M , He Y , Strassle B W , Cummons T A , Piesla M J , Harrison J E , Whiteside G T , Kennedy J D
Published: July 2007

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1137; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707378
Tachyphylaxis of the ECL‐cell response to PACAP: receptor desensitization and/or depletion of secretory products
Authors: Bernsand M , Håkanson R , Norlén P
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:

Rat stomach ECL cells secrete histamine and pancreastatin in response to gastrin and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide‐27 (PACAP). This study applies microdialysis to explore how ECL cells in situ respond to PACAP and gastrin.

Experimental approach:

Both peptides were administered by microinfusion into the gastric submucosa. The microdialysate was analysed for histamine and pancreastatin (ECL‐cell markers) and for somatostatin (D‐cell marker).

Key results:

Microinfusion of PACAP (0.01–0.3 nmol μl−1) raised microdialysate histamine and pancreastatin dose‐dependently. The response was powerful but short‐lived. The response to gastrin was sustained at all doses tested. It is unlikely that the transient nature of the histamine response to PACAP reflects inadequate histamine synthesis, since the pancreastatin response to PACAP was short‐lived too, and both gastrin and PACAP activated ECL‐cell histidine decarboxylase. Unlike gastrin, PACAP mobilized somatostatin. Co‐infusion of somatostatin abolished the histamine‐mobilizing effect of PACAP. However, pretreatment with the somatostatin receptor type‐2 antagonist (PRL‐2903) did not prolong the histamine response to PACAP, suggesting that mobilization of somatostatin does not explain the transient nature of the response. Repeated administration of 0.1 nmol μl−1 of PACAP (1 h infusions, 1 h intervals) failed to induce a second histamine response. Pretreatment with a low dose of PACAP (0.03 nmol μl−1) abolished the response to a subsequent near‐maximal PACAP challenge (0.3 nmol μl−1).

Conclusion:

The transient nature of the histamine response to PACAP reflects desensitization of the PACAP receptor and/or exhaustion of a specific storage compartment that responds to PACAP but not to gastrin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 240–248; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707385
Effects of plant alkylphenols on cytokine production, tyrosine nitration and inflammatory damage in the efferent phase of contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Olmos A , Giner R M , Recio M C , Rios J L , Cerdá‐Nicolás J M , Máñez S
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:

The phenolic compounds isoprenylhydroquinone glucoside (IHG), 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCA), and its methyl ester (DCE) have previously been shown to inhibit both contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and peroxynitrite reactivity. The present work seeks to establish a relationship between the anti‐inflammatory effect and the release of cytokines and tyrosine nitration in skin.

Experimental approach:

Murine CHS was developed by means of sensitization and challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or oxazolone. Ear swelling was measured 24 and 96 h after challenge. Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured by ELISA; and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected by Western blotting. Histological samples were analysed for 3‐nitrotyrosine.

Key results:

In the oxazolone model, DCE reduced the 24 h swelling by 54% whereas the effect of DCA was lower (40% inhibition). All the test compounds reduced IL‐1β values 24 h after challenge with DNFB or oxazolone, DCE particularly inhibited IL‐4 production (74% and 78%, respectively; P<0.01). Tyrosine nitration was also markedly reduced by DCE. In general, the test compounds limited the presence of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in the skin.

Conclusions and implications:

These results suggest that the effect of 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C‐1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 366–373; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707402; published online 30 July 2007
An Existential Framework for Understanding the Counseling Needs of Clients
Authors: Spillers Cindy S.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To offer an existential framework for understanding some of the emotional and grieving issues that can accompany communication disorders.

Method

A narrative review of selected existential psychology literature is provided. I. Yalom’s (1980, 1986) model is used as a foundation to explore the 4 existential issues of death, freedom/responsibility, loneliness, and meaninglessness. This model is then applied to communication disorders based on the work of D. Luterman (1984, 2001). These 4 existential issues are juxtaposed with K. Moses' (1989) model of the grief response, which includes denial, anxiety, fear, depression, anger, and guilt. Suggestions for responding within one’s scope of practice are provided.

Conclusion

Combined, existential and grieving models can offer clinicians new insight into clients' loss resolution work. This inner work constitutes a spiritual journey that may parallel the journey through therapy and rehabilitation. The case is made that attending to these issues can enhance long-term outcomes of treatment.
Globally enumerating unstable periodic orbits for observed data using symbolic dynamics
Authors: Buhl Michael , Kennel Matthew B.
Published: July 2007

The unstable periodic orbits of a chaotic system provide an important skeleton of the dynamics in a chaotic system, but they can be difficult to find from an observed time series. We present a global method for finding periodic orbits based on their symbolic dynamics, which is made possible by several recent methods to find good partitions for symbolic dynamics from observed time series. The symbolic dynamics are approximated by a Markov chain estimated from the sequence using information-theoretical concepts. The chain has a probabilistic graph representation, and the cycles of the graph may be exhaustively enumerated with a classical deterministic algorithm, providing a global, comprehensive list of symbolic names for its periodic orbits. Once the symbolic codes of the periodic orbits are found, the partition is used to localize the orbits back in the original state space. Using the periodic orbits found, we can estimate several quantities of the attractor such as the Lyapunov exponent and topological entropy.
Uncertainty principle and quantum Fisher information. II.
Authors: Gibilisco Paolo , Imparato Daniele , Isola Tommaso
Published: July 2007

Heisenberg and Schrödinger uncertainty principles give lower bounds for the product of variances Varρ(A)Varρ(B) if the observables A,B are not compatible, namely, if the commutator [A,B] is not zero. In this paper, we prove an uncertainty principle in Schrödinger form where the bound for the product of variances Varρ(A)Varρ(B) depends on the area spanned by the commutators i[ρ,A] and i[ρ,B] with respect to an arbitrary quantum version of the Fisher information.
Weighted complex projective 2-designs from bases: Optimal state determination by orthogonal measurements
Authors: Roy Aidan , Scott A. J.
Published: July 2007

We introduce the problem of constructing weighted complex projective 2-designs from the union of a family of orthonormal bases. If the weight remains constant across elements of the same basis, then such designs can be interpreted as generalizations of complete sets of mutually unbiased bases, being equivalent whenever the design is composed of d+1 bases in dimension d. We show that, for the purpose of quantum state determination, these designs specify an optimal collection of orthogonal measurements. Using highly nonlinear functions on Abelian groups, we construct explicit examples from d+2 orthonormal bases whenever d+1 is a prime power, covering dimensions d=6, 10, and 12, for example, where no complete sets of mutually unbiased bases have thus far been found.
Exact solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in periodic potential in the presence of external source
Authors: Kengne E. , Vaillancourt R.
Published: July 2007

Exact periodic solutions, solitonlike solutions, singular solitary, and singular trigonometric wave solutions of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with elliptic function potential in the presence of external source are analyzed. A simple approach that applies equally to both attractive and repulsive time-dependent GPE and allows one to find an extensive list of explicit periodic solutions of the GPE in terms of the Jacobian elliptic functions is developed. In the limit as the elliptic modulus tends to unity or to zero, the linear solutions, in either the Jacobian elliptic cosine or the Jacobian elliptic function of third order, give solitonlike solutions, while the rational solutions in these elliptic functions lead to singular solitary or trigonometric wave solutions. The stability of these solutions is investigated numerically.
Low-lying bending vibronic bands of the MgNC ÃΠ2−X̃Σ+2 transition
Authors: Fukushima Masaru , Ishiwata Takashi
Published: July 2007

We have generated MgNC in supersonic free jet expansions and measured the laser induced fluorescence excitation spectra of the Mg–N–C bending vibronic bands of the ÃΠ2−X̃Σ+2 transition. In addition to the two vibronic bands, 201, κΣ(+)2- and 202, κΠ2−Σ+2, reported previously, the 202, μΠ1∕22−Σ+2 vibronic subband was found just above the 201 band. The most remarkable feature of this subband is unexpected rotational structure of the Ã (020) μΠ1∕22 level, showing the splitting of the e and f sublevels. On the basis of the fact that the Ã (020) μΠ1∕22 level lies very close to the Ã (010) κΣ(+)2 level, the e∕f splitting is ascribed to P-type doubling which is induced by Coriolis interaction between these two bending vibronic levels. Introducing the Coriolis coupling terms arising from the G-uncoupling operator, −J±G22∓, and the spin-Coriolis interaction, S±G22∓, into the rotational Hamiltonian, this unexpected rotational structure has been analyzed. This P-type doubling would be one of the rare examples exhibiting the Coriolis interaction between two bending vibronic levels with Δv2=±1 and Δl=∓1. Through the molecular constants of the Ã (010) κΣ(+)2, (020) κΠ2, and μΠ1∕22 levels, the Renner-Teller vibronic structure of the ν2 bending mode in the ÃΠ2 state has been characterized. The observed vibronic bands analyzed in this study show some anomalies in the band intensities. Based on the information of the ν2 bending vibronic structure derived from the present analyses, we discuss the intensity anomalies.
Stability of a charged interface between a magnetoradiative dusty plasma and vacuum
Authors: Tsintsadze N. L. , Chaudhary Rozina , Shah H. A. , Murtaza G.
Published: July 2007

The stability of a charged surface of a magnetoradiative dusty plasma is investigated. It is shown that for a particular condition, the surface can become unstable through two different mechanisms: one is when the surface is charged, while the other arises due to dissipation instabilities caused by the radiation energy flux. In the linear approximation, a general dispersion relation is derived, taking into account magnetoradiative effect, surface charge, and gravity.
Behavior near critical for a conducting drop in an electric field
Authors: Dubash Neville , Mestel A. Jonathan
Published: July 2007

The time scales for the behavior of a conducting drop undergoing slow deformation in a uniform electric field are examined. Below the critical electric field strength, equilibrium shapes are possible and approached exponentially. At the critical value, the convergence behaves as t−1. Above (but still near) critical, there is a period of slow elongation near the critical equilibrium shape. The time scale, τ, for this period of slow growth behaves like τ∼(β−βc)−1∕2, where β is the electric field strength and βc is the critical electric field strength. In addition, the dependence of the time scales on the viscosities of the drop and of the surrounding fluid is examined. The theoretical results compare favorably with boundary integral numerical computations. Asymptotically, the time scales depend linearly on the viscosity ratio for both large and small values. These linear relations remain accurate well outside the expected regions of validity, and the entire range of viscosity ratios can be reasonably approximated by a piecewise linear combination of the two. Thus, an equation is obtained that determines the duration of the period of slow deformation and predicts the time to breakup.
Modeling of a negative ion source. I. Gas kinetics and dynamics in the expansion region
Authors: Taccogna F. , Schneider R. , Longo S. , Capitelli M.
Published: July 2007

The vibrational population distribution of the electronic ground state of H2 in the expansion region of a negative ion source is investigated using a kinetic Monte Carlo model. Operative conditions are referred to the inductively coupled plasma radio frequency negative ion source developed at IPP-Garching. The different excitation and relaxation processes are discussed, both bulk and surface contributions. In particular, due to the relatively high plasma density, the relevant role of direct low energy electron-impact excitation, surface Auger neutralization, and vibration-translation deactivation are recovered. Results of the present model will be used as input data for the neutral source model in the extraction region.
Development of two mix model postprocessors for the investigation of shell mix in indirect drive implosion cores
Authors: Welser-Sherrill L. , Mancini R. C. , Haynes D. A. , Haan S. W. , Golovkin I. E. , MacFarlane J. J. , Radha P. B. , Delettrez J. A. , Regan S. P. , Koch J. A. , Izumi N. , Tommasini R. , Smalyuk V. A.
Published: July 2007

The presence of shell mix in inertial confinement fusion implosion cores is an important characteristic. Mixing in this experimental regime is primarily due to hydrodynamic instabilities, such as Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov, which can affect implosion dynamics. Two independent theoretical mix models, Youngs’ model and the Haan saturation model, were used to estimate the level of Rayleigh-Taylor mixing in a series of indirect drive experiments. The models were used to predict the radial width of the region containing mixed fuel and shell materials. The results for Rayleigh-Taylor mixing provided by Youngs’ model are considered to be a lower bound for the mix width, while those generated by Haan’s model incorporate more experimental characteristics and consequently have larger mix widths. These results are compared with an independent experimental analysis, which infers a larger mix width based on all instabilities and effects captured in the experimental data.
Design of quasisymplectic propagators for Langevin dynamics
Authors: Melchionna Simone
Published: July 2007

A vector field splitting approach is discussed for the systematic derivation of numerical propagators for deterministic dynamics. Based on the formalism, a class of numerical integrators for Langevin dynamics are presented for single and multiple time step algorithms.
Novel high-frequency, high-power, pulsed oscillator based on a transmission line transformer
Authors: Burdt R. , Curry R. D.
Published: July 2007

Recent analysis and experiments have demonstrated the potential for transmission line transformers to be employed as compact, high-frequency, high-power, pulsed oscillators with variable rise time, high output impedance, and high operating efficiency. A prototype system was fabricated and tested that generates a damped sinusoidal wave form at a center frequency of 4MHz into a 200Ω load, with operating efficiency above 90% and peak power on the order of 10MW. The initial rise time of the pulse is variable and two experiments were conducted to demonstrate initial rise times of 12 and 3ns, corresponding to a spectral content from 4–30 and from 4–100MHz, respectively. A SPICE model has been developed to accurately predict the circuit behavior and scaling laws have been identified to allow for circuit design at higher frequencies and higher peak power. The applications, circuit analysis, test stand, experimental results, circuit modeling, and design of future systems are all discussed.
Measuring colloidal interactions with confocal microscopy
Authors: Royall C. Patrick , Louis Ard A. , Tanaka Hajime
Published: July 2007

We use confocal laser scanning microscopy to measure interactions in colloidal suspensions. By inverting the radial distribution function, determined by tracking the particle coordinates, we obtain the effective interaction between the colloidal particles. Although this method can be applied to arbitrary colloidal interactions, here we demonstrate its efficacy with two well-known systems for which accurate theories are available: a colloid-polymer mixture and binary hard spheres. The high sensitivity of this method allows for the precise determination of complex interactions, as exemplified, for example, by the accurate resolution of the oscillatory effective potential of the binary hard sphere system. We argue that the method is particularly well suited for the determination of attractive forces.
Light induced atomic desorption from dry-film coatings
Authors: Cappello A. , de Mauro C. , Bogi A. , Burchianti A. , Di Renzone S. , Khanbekyan A. , Marinelli C. , Mariotti E. , Tomassetti L. , Moi L.
Published: July 2007

We report the first experimental evidence of nonthermal light induced atomic desorption (LIAD) from octadecyltrichlorosilane dry film. The experiment has been made with Rb confined in a coated cell kept at room temperature. A detailed study of the main features of LIAD effect has been made by varying intensity and wavelength of desorbing light. A discussion about the differences and similarities with other organic films that were studied first is reported. This result is important as it expands the list of materials showing such an effect and increases the possibilities to get suitable light controlled atomic sources for spectroscopy and applications. In particular, we plan to exploit this feature in a Fr magneto-optical trap apparatus.
Simulation study on the translocation of polymer chains through nanopores
Authors: Chen Ying-Cai , Wang Chao , Luo Meng-Bo
Published: July 2007

The translocation of polymer chains through nanopores is simulated by dynamical Monte Carlo method. The free energy landscape for the translocation of polymer is calculated by scanning method. The dependence of the free energy barrier Fb and the chemical difference Δμ on the concentration of chains can explain the behavior of polymer translocation at low and high concentration limits. The relationship between Δμ and the escaping time τ2 is in good agreement with the theoretical conclusions obtained by Muthukumar [J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10371 (1999)]. Our simulation results show that the relaxation time is mainly dominated by Fb, while the escaping time is mainly dominated by Δμ.
Measuring solid-state quantum yields: The conversion of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG diode laser pointer module into a viable light source
Authors: Daglen Bevin C. , Harris John D. , Dax Clifford D. , Tyler David R.
Published: July 2007

This article outlines the difficulties associated with measuring quantum yields for solid-state samples using a high-pressure mercury arc lamp as the irradiation source. Details are given for the conversion of an inexpensive frequency-doubled neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) diode laser pointer module into a viable irradiation source. The modified Nd:YAG laser was incorporated into a computer-controlled system, which allowed for the simultaneous irradiation and spectroscopic monitoring of the sample. The data obtained with the Nd:YAG diode laser system show far less scatter than data obtained with a high-pressure Hg arc lamp, and consequently the degradation rates obtained with the laser system could be calculated with far greater accuracy.
Fast rise time, long pulse width, kilohertz repetition rate Q-switch driver
Authors: Rutten Thomas P. , Wild Neville , Veitch Peter J.
Published: July 2007

We describe a versatile Pockels cell Q-switch driver that can generate high voltage electrical pulses having both fast rise times and long duration, with a repetition rate in excess of 1kHz. The circuit is simple and easily adaptable to most types of Q-switched lasers and regenerative amplifiers.
Fe-rich and Mn-rich nanodomains in Li1.2Mn0.4Fe0.4O2 positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Kikkawa J. , Akita T. , Tabuchi M. , Shikano M. , Tatsumi K. , Kohyama M.
Published: July 2007

The authors investigated the distribution and local valence states of transition metal ions in a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, Li1.2Mn0.4Fe0.4O2 nanoparticles, by electron energy-loss spectroscopy combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy. The experiments clarified the coexistence of Mn-rich and Fe-rich nanodomains in each single particle, and it is found that Fe-rich nanodomains contain Mn3+ ions which should be active in a redox reaction in spite of previous views of inactive Mn4+ ions in this material. The authors discuss a redox mechanism associated with the nanodomains.
Structural and magnetic properties of (In1−xFex)2O3 (0.0⩽x⩽0.25) system: Prepared by gel combustion method
Authors: Jayakumar O. D. , Gopalakrishnan I. K. , Kulshreshtha S. K. , Gupta Amita , Rao K. V. , Louzguine-Luzgin D. V. , Inoue A. , Glans P.-A. , Guo J.-H. , Samanta K. , Singh M. K. , Katiyar R. S.
Published: July 2007

( In 1 − x Fe x ) 2 O 3 polycrystalline samples with x=(0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,and0.25) have been synthesized by a gel combustion method. Reitveld refinement analysis of x-ray diffraction data indicated the formation of single phase cubic bixbyite structure without any parasitic phases. This observation is further confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, indexing of the selected-area electron diffraction patterns, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy. dc magnetization studies as a function of temperature and field indicate that they are ferromagnetic with Curie temperature (TC) well above room temperature.
Raman study of E2 and surface phonon in zinc oxide nanoparticles surrounded by organic molecules
Authors: Chassaing P.-M. , Demangeot F. , Paillard V. , Zwick A. , Combe N. , Pagès C. , Kahn M. L. , Maisonnat A. , Chaudret B.
Published: July 2007

Using Raman spectrometry, we obtained results showing the influence of organic ligands on the vibrational properties of small zinc oxide nanocrystals (2.1–6.8nm). It is shown that it is possible to distinguish both mechanical and dielectric effects from the E2 nonpolar phonon mode and from a surface mode, theoretically predicted but rarely observed. It has been found that E2 phonon is not dependent on the nanocrystal size, but its frequency decreases with increasing ligand length, characteristic of a tensile stress on the nanocrystal. We report also the observation of a surface optical mode, the experimental frequency of which is in reasonable agreement with available calculations.
Conductance of single 1,4-disubstituted benzene molecules anchored to Pt electrodes
Authors: Kiguchi Manabu , Miura Shinichi , Hara Kenji , Sawamura Masaya , Murakoshi Kei
Published: July 2007

The authors have studied the conductance of a 1,4-disubstituted isocyanide(–NC) or thiol(–SH) benzene molecule anchored to two Pt electrodes. A single molecular junction showing a well-defined conductance value (∼3×10−2G0, G0=2e2∕h) was fabricated with the Pt electrodes. The conductance of the molecular junction was one order higher than the previously documented value using Au electrodes. These observations could be explained by differences in the local density of states of the contact metal atom at the Fermi level and the extent of the hybridization and energy difference between the molecular and metal orbitals. Further insight into the binding strengths of the metal-anchoring group bond was obtained by statistically analyzing the stretching length of the molecular junction.