bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilayer Shielding Design and Analysis of Optimal Thickness for the Storage of Highly Radioactive Sources Concerning Environmental Safety
Authors: Rafi Mahfuzul , Husna Asma , Moliah Abdus
Published: July 2024

As a kind of radiological protection, multilayer shielding is superior to a single-layer shield in terms of blocking off radiation. This study examined a multilayer shielding strategy to protect employees from potentially harmful gamma radiation from highly radioactive sources such as 60Co. This paper presents a novel strategy for cost-effective and environmentally safe radiation protection by aligning expensive and heavy materials such as W and Pb to improve their effectiveness and limit exposure below the occupational dose. The largely unpublished set of final exposure rates for the W–Pb–Fe combination was calculated by the numerical interpolation method in MATLAB software. Attention has been given to frequently neglected processes such as mean free path, source strength, and weight-to-cost ratio. The total optimal thicknesses and costs were found to be 33 cm at $5478.65 (USD), and 38 cm at $5831.14 for 60Co energies at 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV, respectively. The thickness was found in a successive manner that was verified with the theoretical data group. This method, procedure, and calculation are planned to be used for the storage of new or used fuel in a nuclear power plant.
Threat Modeling Based on a Design Basis Threat for Nuclear Security
Authors: Salahuddin Abu , Hossain Altab , Akbar Mohammad
Published: July 2024

Identification of the design basis threat (DBT) of a nuclear facility is an important factor of overall safety, for which the operator is mainly responsible per the guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency. As threat levels increase especially threats beyond the DBT-the responsibility of the state also increases. In recent years, only a few studies on nuclear security and DBTs have comprehensively detailed the full spectrum of nuclear facilities in a nation. Thus, this paper presents the correlation between an actual threat and the DBT. The objectives of the study are to assist in establishing physical protection system (PPS) standards that present risks to a nuclear facility, and to determine the level of protection. According to current threat patterns, 34 types of possible and perceivable threat events were identified for DBT in this study. A threat matrix was developed after compiling the assessed threat grades, and this matrix can be a design basis for developing a PPS for any nuclear facility and its security. The DBT study revealed that based on threat variables, each threat in the matrix has a translated representation of threat grades of high, medium, or low. To achieve precision using the deterministic approach, a new seven-step sliding scale for nuclear security events was created, ranging from 0 to 100. The identified threat levels are very low (1–10), low (11–30), moderate (31–50), high (51–60), very high (61–70), severe (71–90), and extreme (91–100). In conclusion, this study revealed that rigorous analysis and decision-making are essential to transforming the threat assessment for the DBT.
INSEN 2023 Yearly Updates INSEN 2023 Yearly Updates
Authors: Metwally Walid , Gerlini Matteo , Ford Cristen , Fiel João Claudio Batista , Goel Alpana
Published: July 2024

The International Nuclear Security Education Network (INSEN) is the primary international network for nuclear security educational initiatives. INSEN plays a central role in fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among nuclear security education experts worldwide. In the wake of the global pandemic, INSEN remained committed to strengthening nuclear security education and resumed in-person activities. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed its continued dedication and support to the network’s mission and presented new activities aimed at elevating global nuclear security efforts. Throughout the year and during the annual and leadership meetings, working groups showcased their vibrant work and presented innovative ideas, invigorating the attendees’ dedication to their crucial work. Comprehensive presentations by the IAEA during the INSEN annual and leadership meetings highlighted the importance of the network and its continued commitment to promoting nuclear security on a global scale. One notable and encouraging trend was the increase in network membership, signifying a growing commitment to nuclear security worldwide and the continued interest in nuclear security from member states and international organizations. The value of initiatives such as the Women in Nuclear Security Initiative was emphasized at the annual meeting, accenting the need for diverse perspectives and expertise to ensure a secure nuclear landscape.
Reforma wymiaru sprawiedliwości w państwach postsowieckich - perspektywa porównawcza
Authors: Louise I. Shelley
Published: July 2024

The patterns of justice existing in the former Soviet Union have endured in most Soviet successor states despite the collapse of the USSR. Rather, the Soviet legacy in the criminal justice arena has been much more enduring than many observers had suggested. Although the last year and a half has seen the Rose, Orange and Kyrgyz revolutions, major change in the legal system has been less profound than in many former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. These revolutions represented popular revolts against the corruption of the ruling elite but they have not brought systemic justice reforms. Georgia may have experienced the most profound effort to promote justice reform, but the reform is not in all sectors of the legal system. Ukraine, despite the change in the national leadership, has yet to make major reforms in its legal system. Russia, in many ways returning to its Soviet patterns of behaviour, has a justice system subject to the political desires of the national leadership. Unlike in many countries, in Eastern Europe where there has been a motivation to join the European Union and to leave behind the Soviet legacy, the successor states to the USSR still face legal systems as corrupted, inefficient and authoritarian as those tied to the Marxist-Leninist system. The problems of the justice system remain even without a Communist ideology. Without a political will to change these systems, a new legal consciousness among the citizenry or a strong incentive for change, the situation in the Slavic states of the former USSR resembles in profound ways the system that was supposedly left behind. The last year and a half has seen three "so-called" revolutions in Soviet successor states – Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. But in only one of these has there been an effort to introduce profound change into the legal system and to right the wrongs committed during the previous government. Even though there have been many lessons learned from this experience, a government that is well-intentioned but not wise in govemance cannot resolve the serious challenges to order in a highly criminalised and corrupt society. The Soviet legacy combined with the pre-revolutionary authoritarian traditions are proving more intractable to reform than many anticipated.
Zjawisko prania pieniędzy jako obszar badawczy w Polsce
Authors: Wojciech Filipkowski
Published: July 2024

Legalising proceeds of crime has been criminalised since 1995 in Poland when the Protection of Economic Turnover Act came in force. The trouble was that no one had an idea what it was. Few cases were investigated and most of tchem were dismissed by the court. The necessary studies became inevitable in order to measure the phenomenon. There have been two major fields of research concerning the money laundering issue: the methods of legalising proceeds of crime and building and organising anti-money laundering regime in Poland. The first issue refers to the problem of the phenomenology of money laundering. It covers studies of criminal cases in order to analyse methods used by the launderers. The experts are trying to answer several basic questions: how the proceeds of crime are being legalised, which financial and non-financial institutions are abused, how much money is being laundered. is there a method typical for Poland, etc. The second field of research covers the functioning of the anti-money laundering regime in Poland. The Polish financial intelligelce unit has been established scarcely in 2001. It is still under construction due to changes of international standards, as well as due to the improverment of existing regulations. There is some research concerning the following issues: how obliged institutions fulfil statutory obligations, how their employees are prepared to execute them, is the system efficient, etc. The author presents the results of the studies conducted so far referring to both areas. He shows a diagnosis of the Polish situation in that regard. He also suggests some new untouched areas. As the last point, the author included some case studies. They are examples of criminal cases concerning money laundering in Poland.
Świadek koronny jako instytucja dowodowa oraz źródło informacji o przestępczości zorganizowanej
Authors: Zbigniew Rau
Published: July 2024

The author presents some practical aspects of the functioning of the immunity witness institution following the seven years of its existence in the Polish legal system. The paper contains an analysis of doctrinal as well as practical problems deriving directly from the utilisation of testimonies made by immunity witnesses. It is based on the results of research conducted using materials regarding the process of choosing candidates for immunity witnesses, as well as documents from criminal investigations and cases in courts where that institution was used. The author presents an analysis of police operational work during the process of choosing immunity witness candidates whose testimonies then shape the investigation as well as other evidence acquired during court hearings. It is compared with opinions expressed by judges, public prosecutors and police officers involved in the work with immunity witnesses at diffrrent stages of criminal procedure (e.g. receiving testimonies) and the immunity witness protection programme (e.g. physical protection of a witness). A consideration of these two aspects ensures a comprehensive diagnosis of that institution. There are two fundamental questions related to the subject matter: is the evidence effective in the Polish penal law? And is the evidence really necessary and useful in every respect?
Społeczno-wychowawcza funkcja kary a koncepcje natury ludzkiej (na przykładzie koncepcji Michaela Baurmanna)
Authors: Barbara Szamota-Saeki
Published: July 2024

In the present debate on theory of positive general prevention more emphasis is put on empirical than normative issues. It is understandable since the number of empirical studies, proving the theses of moral-educational role of the punishment, carried out so far is low and the results are inconclusive and preliminary. This justifies the question if these theories have any grounds in social reality. It is even suggested that the theories are lawyers’ ideas and their greatest asset is the difficulty of obtaining an empirical proof. Because of this, one may refer to them without a fear that the claims will be rejected in empirical research (disregarding purely normative theories, that is). What is a characteristic feature of various version of positive general prevention is that it is meant to be achieved not by fear of punishment but other mechanisms which do not emphasise the element of constraint and real affliction of state-imposed punishment. It is most of all about emphasising persuasive, educational, socialising and symbolic character of criminal law impact as well as about creating a habit. In some theories, state-imposed punishment plays a role of an argument in shaping rationally motivated convictions which should favour voluntary obedience of criminal law norms. Since state-imposed punishment becomes a motivating measure which can be combined with autonomy and dignity of an individual, ethical reservations concerning it use are eliminated to a great extent. Because of this masking of the real character of stateimposed punishment, this is the point where the risk of its broader use appears. Therefore the primary task is to restate the theory of positive prevention into a general empirical theory whose claims can be verified. Previous studies have shown that these theories are available for empirical research, which belies the widespread belief that they can not be subjected to empirical verification. There is no doubt that the rearrangement of the thesis of general positive prevention and making terminology more precise would help in building an empirical theory. The biggest challenge is to develop a theoretical model of human behaviour which could support the theory of general positive prevention. The need to provide such a theoretical model of human behaviour was shown by German sociologist, Michael Baurmann, and it was him who undertook this task. Importantly, not only has he developed such a model, but he applied it directly to reformulate selected varieties of positive general prevention in an empirical theory. On an example of two models designed for different versions of positive general prevention, Baurmann showed not only how to organize the varieties of moral and educational theory of punishment, but also how to describe them in the language of empirical research. General prevention understood as general deterrence is based on a model of rational choice in the sense of homo economicus.
Naczelnicy więzień w Rawiczu i Wronkach 1945-1956
Authors: Krystian Bedyński
Published: July 2024

The prison system being organised since August 1944, became a part of the Ministry of Public Security. Such a solution, dictated by political considerations, copied the Soviet model, which treated the prison guard as a part of the armed organ of the government. Identification of prison staff with the Ministry of Safety was expressed in the wording of official vows made by the guards which started: "I, a public safety officer". This unity was stressed for decades in prison staff politics, in employee certificates, and in the assessment of the implementation of tasks assigned to prison guards. The primary task put in words on the 4th of October 1944 by Boleslaw Bierut was "to render harmless those who oppose the program of PKWN [the communist Committee of National Liberation]." This directive and the subsequent resolutions and decisions of the party (PPR, PZPR) and ministries (MBP, MSW) requiring repressive treatment of political prisoners was noted in the subordinate units as a political and official license for brutality and sadism towards such prisoners. Since the beginning of the postwar system of prison system detention centres, prison and labor camps were places of repression and extermination of the citizens who were considered political opponents. Apart from the repressive measures the prison system also performed an oppressive function towards society, which was to serve the pacification pro-independence feelings. Since November 1944, the prisoners started to be classified into one of the following groups: common criminals, Volksdeutsches, persons cooperating with Germans, anti-state. Since February 1945, the term "anti-state prisoner" started to define an accused (convicted) associated with the AK and NSZ [anti-communist military organizations], war criminals and collaborators. Putting the former soldiers of the AK, NSZ, and BCH with the rest of prisoners stigmatised them, and was a part of an affliction and persecution. In practice, their status was lower (worse) than the status of other prisoners, particularly Germans. In the fifties, the rules for classification of the convicted changed twice, each time worsening the situation of political prisoners. Based on the principle of so-called unity of jurisdiction and performance required tougher sentences along with accordingly tougher prison treatment. Types of prisons corresponded to prisoners’ classification. In April 1945, eight major prisons were singled out, where the political prisoners were consigned after judgment. In January 1946, two large prison units were given the status of the central prisons, namely the facilities in Rawicz and Wronki. They retained the status of objects for political prisoners until 1956. The essential precondition for the problem and repressive and exterminative nature of these prisons was appointment of the positions of a chief, his deputy, and heads of special (operational) and political-educational departments.
Stalking w Polsce. Rozmiary-formy-skutki. Raport z badania nt. uporczywego nękania
Authors: Andrzej Siemaszko  , Dagmara Woźniakowska-Fajst  , Beata Gruszczyńska  , Marek Marczewski  , Paweł Ostaszewski
Published: July 2024

The phenomenon of stalking had not been studied extensively and the real scale, its forms, and consequences had remained unknown. For this reason, in December 2009, the Minister of Justice requested the Institute of Justice to conduct a research concerning stalking. It was performed by TNS OBOP in December last year on a representative, random sample of households. Over 10 thousand respondents were questioned in computer assisted telephone interviews. This is ten times more than in typical public opinion polls which undoubtedly increases credibility of the results. Every tenth respondent (9,9%) appeared to have experience stalking. This is more than expected. It these results were to be extrapolated on the whole Polish population over 18 (and there are significant ground for such extrapolation as the sample was representative), it could be estimated that as much as 3 million of adult Poles have experienced stalking. In almost half of the cases, stalking happened repeatedly and 80% of victims experienced stalking within past five years. On the average, stalking lasted for less than a year, most often from a week to three months, but as much as 15% of victims were stalked for at least three years. Every fifth person declared they are still stalked at the moment. The most common methods of stalking were: spreading slander, lies and gossip (70% of responses), getting in touch with the aid of third parties (55%), threats or blackmail and “telephone persecution” (almost half of responses). Every third victim indicated also accosting or threatening family members, physical stalking (persistent following) and unwanted correspondence. It needs to be emphasised that stalking most often appeared in more than one form at a time (e.g. following – phone calls - getting in touch with the aid of third parties). As much as three quarters of victims regarded staling as serious, one third as very serious. These extremely high percentages prove that stalking is a considerable problem – almost a social one. This is confirmed by its effects declared by respondents. Almost 70% of victims experienced negative effects of stalking. More than a half reported psychological problems (depressed mood or depression, anxiety) every fourth physical ones (pains, aches, nausea, eating disorders). Because of these, 45% of the victims sought medical consultation which proves how serious the problems were. One third of the harmed declared financial or general consequences (cost of legal fees, need to change their lifestyle, change of telephone number, sometimes even change of residence). Although as expected most perpetrators were persons known by the victims (a current or ex-partner in every fourth case), a significant number of strangers needs to be reported (one quarter). Almost 40% of stalking victims asked for help, out of which only a half to prosecution organs – this is as little as 20%.
Modele kurateli sądowej po roku 2001 w świetle badań empirycznych
Authors: Piotr Stępniak
Published: July 2024

The article discusses the question about a functional model of family guardianship, shaped in practice by provisions of act of 27 July 2001 on court guardians and probation officers. It has been eight years since the act was passed. It is a time long enough to critically review how provisions of the said act function in practice and to evaluate if they have a positive influence on the model of family guardianship. While formulating assumptions to the empirical study of these problems, it was accepted that the model of guardianship can be determined by the method of guardians’ work. The method varies according to if a guardian is a professional guardian or a social worker. The method is also determined by the personal characteristics of a minor, their family situation and environment. The way of supervision over minors is another factor determining a guardian’s work. Polish guardianship is partly professional and partly social service . It results from the act of 27 July 2001 on court guardians and probation officers. Verification how the model assumptions are realised in practice was the first stage of the research. Subsequent stages included research on differences in task performance by professional and social guardians, and in the way of supervision. The study was conducted between March 2008 and November 2009. Guarded minors, their parents were questioned in a questionnaire, guardians themselves were interview. Moreover, court files of guardianships in question were examined. 292 questionnaires were distributed among randomly selected minors supervised by guardians from District Court in Poznań. Out the number of questionnaires 225 could be used. Court files of the minors who returned their questionnaires were examined. The study included 102 professional and 123 social guardians. Data obtained from questionnaires were verified against 45 interviews with professional and 50 social guardians from the District Court in Poznań. The final stage was statistical analysis of the obtained results. The analysis of the professional / social model of guardianship was based on statistics and official documents. They prove that the model, contrary to premises of the act of 27 July 2001 is still rather a social / professional one. As of the end of 2008, there were 2,726 professional and 13,428 social guardians. In the light of the above, it was interesting to compare the methods of work of both groups, particularly methods of their supervision. The comparison can be summarised as follows: 1. Analysis of time spent over activities and the proportion of supervision of minors in the total work time leads to a conclusion that no activity was a predominant one in either of the groups. Guardians’ work cannot be categorised as exclusively educational, controlling, assisting or administrational, it has rather a mixed character.
Chuligaństwo stadionowe jako samodzielne zjawisko społeczne i przedmiot regulacji prawnych. Zarys problematyki
Authors: Joanna Sochacka
Published: July 2024

The current form of the phenomenon termed stadium hooliganism differs substantially to the form characteristic of 1960-1970s, and even 1980s. This is, on one hand, a result of change in deviant behaviour of spectators, on the other hand a result of material change in what behaviours are labelled, and thus controlled, by the state. While initially hooliganism consisted in acts of violence and vandalism on stadiums and in their immediate vicinity, deviant behaviours of spectators fundamentally changed with time. Re-design of stadiums, introduction of exclusively numbered seats and tickets, spectator video surveillance, ticket sale control systems, and many other technical measures to eliminate the sense of anonymity in the football fans – along with extension of the catalogue of football-related behaviours which are criminalised – resulted in relative safety of European, and to less extent Polish, stadiums. This resulted in transfer of deviant behaviour of spectators outside stadiums. At present, two types of behaviours are commonly considered in relation to stadium hooliganism. First, all deviant behaviours of (some) spectators manifested on the stadium or in its immediate vicinity in strict temporal and spatial relation to a match. Second, all other deviant behaviours of (some) spectators manifested outside stadiums and in less and less strict temporal, emotional and spatial relation to a sport event. Until 1985 penal policy towards stadium hooliganism – on the tier of national regulations, international cooperation, legal acts by European organs and UEFA – was surprisingly uniform in perception of the phenomenon as a social problem which does not require any particular methods or measure of control and which does not require any particular legislation. 1985 was a turning point as far as legal position of the phenomenon is concerned. Accepting in Strasbourg on 19 August 1985 the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events and in particular at Football Matches by Council of Europe initiated an entirely new approach to the policy of prevention of the phenomenon. Since 1985, legal acts concerning stadium hooliganism have been passed both on national and international level. Stadium hooliganism was termed a serious social problem in the area of public order solution of which requires introduction and implementation of particular legal regulations and particular methods of supervision and control. Including stadium hooliganism into the category of social phenomena which carry a risk for functioning of the society as a whole, such as terrorism, delinquency of immigrants, juvenile delinquency or drug addiction is an effect of wider transformations in European penal policy which have been present since the end of 1970s. This is related to emergence of strong tendencies towards politicisation of internal security issues at the time.
Czynna i bierna strona płatnej protekcji - akt korupcji, sądowa kwalifikacja czynu
Authors: Paweł Bachmat
Published: July 2024

The article is a result of file examination and attempts to characterise acts related to trading in influence and their criminal evaluation formulated by the courts of law in their final sentences. The empirical basis of the research are 123 criminal proceedings which resulted in valid sentences concerning passive and active trading in influence (articles 230 , and article 231 of Polish Criminal Code ). Analysed proceedings were from across the country and were decided between 1 January 2004 and 1 November 2006. The research investigated not only the court files but also public prosecution files. No files on cases discontinued or dismissed under articles providing for the indemnity of the perpetrator who informs of the crime (article 17 of Criminal Proceeding Code under article 230a of the CC) were included. The file material contained predominantly cases of passive trading in influence (article 230 of CC) consisting in, to put it simply, an obligation to take care of a matter in a public institution in return for a bribe or a promise to do so. 92 such cases were reported, 109 persons trading in influence were accused. As a result of court decisions, 78 persons were found guilty, 5 acquitted, one found partially guilty (cleared of one charge but guilty of another), and 8 cases were dismissed on conditions. Cases of active trading in influence (article 230a of CC), that is the practice of paying for someone’s influence, were much less frequent. The files included only 31 such cases, with 57 accused for paying for trading in influence. 28 cases resulted in convictions and three were dismissed on conditions. Acquittals did not occur in this group of cases. Two basic areas of study were assumed. First, a case analysis of a corruption deed of trading in influence allowed to obtain the information necessary for drafting a profile of typical perpetrators, to identify their approach (pleading guilty/not guilty) and for drafting a profile of the act of corruption itself. The latter included investigation of the means of corruption, the initiator of the corruption proposal, a catalogue of matters (contract, document, permission etc.) to be paid for, and institutions whose operation was to be interfered by trading in influence. Corruption act profile included also an attempt to investigate the promised influence (own, third parties’, actual, fictitious) and its source (family, friends, acquaintances, co-workers, other) which the passive perpetrators referred to and which the active perpetrators sought. Second, the study analysed application of provisions defining the features of the crime (articles 230 and 230a of CC). The analysis included the practice of applying the said provisions by the prosecution and the courts, as they were obliged to interpret a deed for the purpose of proceedings in legal terms and to qualify it according to provisions of law. Legitimacy of deed qualification was evaluated, particularly by the courts in their valid final verdicts.
Systemowa pozorność resocjalizacji penitencjarnej w świetle badań empirycnych. Propozycje zmian
Authors: Piotr Stępniak
Published: July 2024

The article discusses studies on models of incarceration in Polish prisons. The object of the study was to determine if resocialisation model of this punishment dominates in practice, or other models, including official-formal of ostensible resocialisation, dominate and what are the factors determining this. Analysis of this problem was based on opinions by prison personnel and convicts from three prisons in the district of Greater Poland Voivodeship. Disscussion is opened by a critical reflection how much the resocialisation model suits modern penitentiary policy and to what degree it is reflected in current executory provisions of law. Discussion stars with a polemics with an opinion, quite common in Polish penitentiary literature, that incarceration should be based on this particular model as it is better than other ones. Resocialisation model does not take into account diversified needs of influence on prisoners. Some of them do not need improvement (e.g. unintentional, accidental perpetrators). Others, because of their already shaped negative personality traits will never be fit to come back to the society (e.g. perpetrators of most grave crimes of the highest degree of demorali-zation). In the end of theoretical discussion of various model of work with convicts during incarceration, the author draws one’s attention to the fact that provisions of executory criminal law can reflect resocialisation conceptions only to a limited degree. Practical model of penitentiary influence is hence not a uniform and clear pedagogical model but has an eclectic character. It is demonstrated that from such point of view, assessment of work of prisons based on the criterion if and how much they resocialise, is based on wrong premises. They are criticized in the article. In the second part of the article the author discusses the results of the empirical studies. It starts with the description of used research method and a general characteristic of the re-spondent group. The research was conducted in June and July 2010. It consisted in collecting opinions in questionnaires and in focus interviews with prisoners and prison staff. The groups were chosen in a random manner (132 prison officers and 350 prisoners) and they were representative for the population of the imprisoned in the regional authority of detention centres. Presentation of the most significant conclusions of the research starts with the fact that vast majority of convicts were imprisoned in a normal system had in practice a decisive influence on content and type of penitentiary influence. This system does not require corrective influence and thus penitentiary work concentrated on ensuring that the imprisoned are placed in conditions at least compliant with recommendations of European Prison Rules. In practice these conditions are included in prison rules. Most of all, they concern living space and prison regimen conditions without focus on education and correction work.
Profil sprawcy, profil ofary. Przestępstwo współżycia z osobą małoletnią poniżej 15. roku życia
Authors: Małgorzata Dziewanowska
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this article is to present results of an examination of judicial records of cases relating to the article 200 of Criminal Code in two judicial districts. It is essential to construct a profile of a perpetrator and a profile of a victim of this offense, particularly in those cases committed by young people. Also, if possible, to answer a question whether the present legal regulation is adequate to control minors’ sexual activity. Interesting issues are the age difference between the perpetrator and the victim, the existence (or not) of some close relation between them, and also the impact of those factors on the decision of a court. Equally important are reasons of reporting the cases to law enforcement, the basis for initiation of criminal proceedings and final sentences. The objective of this study was also to check whether the reduction of age of consent or the introduction of “close in age exception” would reduce the number of convicted young offenders, who were participants of consensual sexual relations with minors under 15 years old. The analysis of data obtained is carried out in the context of socio-cultural acceptance of sexual behavior of youth, legal regulations of protection of their reproductive health, the impact of media and information technologies, as well as the history of childhood and perception of children’s sexuality. Non-criminal-law factors have very significant impact on the knowledge young people have, on the sexual needs they have, and finally implementation of those in everyday life. This study is part of the doctoral thesis analyzing the problem of sexual offenses committed by or against minors, partly illustrating the phenomenon and the problems arising from the criminal law regulations of sexual behavior of young people. This research is not representative for the whole country, because of the limited geographical scope, but allows to draw relevant conclusions and confirm or deny previously constructed hypotheses. It is also possible to prediagnose emerging problems and to present the potential legal solutions, currently existing in other countries, both in Europe and worldwide.
Udział policji państwowej w realizacji polityki penitencjarnej w Polsce w latach 1919-1939
Authors: Bolesław Sprengel
Published: July 2024

The circumstances in which the Civil Police assumed responsibility for convoy and protection duties on behalf of the justice system until 1939 (in practice, until now). The legal and financial aspects of performing convoy and isolation functions on behalf of the Department of Justice. The unsuccessful attempts to transfer these tasks to the Prison Guard. The methods and tactics deployed in performing convoy and protection duties towards criminal and political prisoners. Convoys on foot and by train and other means of transport. Chronic occurrences and extraordinary events during convoys. How fulfilling these duties effected the Police’s other statutory obligations. The role of isolation in Police arrests. The prevailing conditions. The rights and duties of prisoners. The supervision of prisoners. Extraordinary events and chronic occurrences. The function and purpose of police holding cells for juveniles. Their isolation and rehabilitation functions. The Civil Police in performing their duties in connection with municipal arrests. Police assistance to the Prison Guard in extraordinary situations, especially riots. Protecting prisoners from external attacks. Searching for escaped prisoners. Operational and evidentiary work. Operational and procedural activities against people attempting to communicate with prisoners. Civil Police operational work in prisons. Information exchange between the Civil Police and the Prison Guard. The practice of prison authorities informing the police about people released from prison and the legal basis for doing so. The attitude of politicians and the press to the Civil Police carrying out functions on behalf of the prison service.
Kreowanie „groźnych, niebezpiecznych i złych”
Authors: Monika Płatek
Published: July 2024

Tekst analizuje znaczenie dehumanizacji i kreowania „bestii”, w procesie tworzenia i stosowania prawa. Bierze za podstawę ustawę z 22 listopada 2013 r. o postępowaniu wobec osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi stwarzających zagrożenie dla życia, zdrowia lub wolności seksualnych innych osób nazwaną potocznie „ustawą o bestiach”. Bada, jak etykieta „bestii” wpływa na relacje międzyludzkie, stosowanie Konstytucji, prawa karnego i cywilnego. Bada też praktyczne problemy, jakie rodzi stosowanie tej ustawy.
Wiktymologiczne i prawnokarne aspekty przemocy wobec osoby starszej
Authors: Olga Sitarz  , Anna Jaworska-Wieloch
Published: July 2024

Publikacja ukazuje problem naruszania praw osób starszych z perspektywy kryminologicznej, wiktymologicznej i normatywnej. W pracy uwzględniono międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje różnych gałęzi prawa. Przede wszystkim jednak skoncentrowano się na regulacjach prawnokarnych. Wyniki światowych i polskich badań kryminologicznych związanych z wiktymizacją osób starszych skonfrontowane zostały z przepisami prawa karnego. Zabieg taki miał dać odpowiedź na pytanie, czy prawo karne stanowi właściwą i adekwatną reakcję na przemoc fizyczną, psychiczną, seksualną i ekonomiczną wobec osób w podeszłym wieku oraz zaniedbywanie ich i porzucanie. Postawiona przez autorki diagnoza polskich rozwiązań legislacyjnych nie pozwala na sformułowanie optymistycznej tezy, że prawa tych osób są w pełni chronione przepisami prawa karnego. Szczególna podatność osób starszych na wiktymizację nie została bowiem wystarczająco uwzględniona przez ustawodawcę.
Prawnokarne i kryminologiczne aspekty przemocy domowej w Szwajcarii
Authors: Diana Dajnowicz-Piesiecka
Published: July 2024

Artykuł dotyczy problemu przemocy domowej w Szwajcarii, który ujęto z perspektywy prawnokarnej i kryminologicznej. Zjawisko przemocy domowej w świetle doświadczeń szwajcarskich nie było dotąd badane i opisywane w polskiej literaturze prawnokarnej i kryminologicznej, więc za główny cel opracowania obrano rozwinięcie wiedzy na temat przestępstw związanych z przemocą w rodzinie popełnianych w Szwajcarii oraz przedstawienie obrazu przestępczości tego rodzaju. W tym celu wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczną i statystyczną. W pierwszej części opracowania przedstawiono skromny rys historyczny przedmiotowego problemu, a także odniesiono się do wybranych teorii kryminologicznych objaśniających przyczyny zachowań przemocowych. Następnie skupiono się na zagadnieniach definicyjnych dotyczących pojęcia „przemocy domowej”. Drugą część artykułu poświęcono prawnokarnym aspektom przemocy w rodzinie. Zaprezentowano w niej przestępstwa ze szwajcarskiego Kodeksu karego, które rejestrowane są przez tamtejszą policję jako popełniane w związku z przemocą domową. Trzecia część opracowania obejmuje kryminologiczne aspekty przemocy domowej, do której dochodzi w Szwajcarii. Zjawisko przedstawiono przez pryzmat jego struktury, rozmiarów i dynamiki. Zaprezentowano także informacje dotyczące charakteru relacji między ofiarą a sprawcą przestępstwa oraz dane dotyczące udziału przestępstw domowych w ogólnej liczbie wszystkich przestępstw popełnianych z użyciem przemocy oraz wiadomości o sprawcach przestępstw przemocy domowej.
Polska kryminologia i nauki penalne w pierwszej dekadzie po zakończeniu II wojny światowej
Authors: Emil W. Pływaczewski
Published: July 2024

Artykuł prezentuje stan polskiej kryminologii i nauk penalnych w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Ideologia komunistyczna wywierała wówczas znaczący wpływ na naukę, w szczególności zaś na nauki społeczne i prawne. Niektórzy przedstawiciele prawa karnego, kierując się obowiązującą wówczas ideologią, uważali kryminologię za naukę zbędną. Na podstawie materiałów źródłowych z Archiwum Akt Nowych ukazane zostały nieznane dotąd fakty z okresu tzw. sowietyzacji nauki prawa karnego, rozpoczętego działalnością Komisji Naukowo-Konsultacyjnej przy Ministerstwie Sprawiedliwości. Pomimo dominujących w omawianym okresie dogmatyzmu i schematyzmu w ujmowaniu zagadnień kryminologicznych niektórzy polscy kryminolodzy skutecznie bronili się przed antykryminologicznym nastawieniem ówczesnych władz. Na miarę możliwości podejmowali też ważne problemy kryminologiczne, prowadząc w wybranych obszarach badania zarówno w odniesieniu do przestępczości dorosłych, jak i nieletnich. Dzięki takiej postawie w tym najtrudniejszym dla polskiej kryminologii okresie stworzony został solidny fundament zarówno do kontynuacji wcześniejszych badań, jak i podejmowania nowych wyzwań badawczych po październiku 1956 r., który dał początek tzw. odnowie w życiu politycznym.
Transition in offences of not paying maintenance in Poland: Przemiany przestępstwa niealimentacji w Polsce
Authors: Paweł Ostaszewski
Published: July 2024

How can the courts ensure someone pays maintenance? What is a sufficient and just reaction to avoiding these obligations? Non-payment of maintenance is an offence in most, but not all, European countries. Due to an amendment in the Polish Penal Code of 23 March 2017, the scope of the criminalisation of this offence in Poland expanded significantly. This paper presents a statistical analysis on this specific type of crime 30 years before and 30 years after the socio-political transformation in Poland and discusses the methods and purpose of criminal justice responses to this issue.
Crime in the subsequent adult life of former juvenile oﬀenders. Selected aspects of the impact of political transformation in Poland on a return to delinquency by adults who were juvenile delinquents in the 1980s and 2000s: Przestępczość w losach życiowych dorosłych – dawnych nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Wybrane aspekty wpływu transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce na powrotność do przestępczości nieletnich z lat 80. i 2000.
Authors: Konrad Buczkowski  , Paulina Wiktorska
Published: July 2024

The article presents an analysis of repeated criminal activity by minors who committed criminal acts in the 1980s and in the year 2000. On the basis of long-term follow up studies carried out on representative groups, it presents the extent and nature of this type of crime, as well as the percentage of minors who continued their criminal activity. The source of data on the basis of which the analysis was made were answers to enquiries regarding criminal records in the the National Criminal Register. The comparison of the two generations of minors and their criminal career is interesting in the context of the social, political, economic and legal reality in which they began their criminal activity. Moreover, it is interesting to what extent the political transformation that took place in Poland at the turn of the 1980s/90s translated into repeating juvenile delinquency of the two generations brought up in different social realities. The thesis proposed by us assumes that the construction of a deviant identity is connected with a weakening in the social ties characteristic of the phenomenon of anomie, which accompanies sudden changes in our surrounding reality.
The characteristics of trafficking in human beings in Hungary and Romania: Charakterystyka zjawiska handlu ludźmi na Węgrzech i w Rumunii
Authors: Szandra Windt  , Petronella Deres
Published: July 2024

Hungary and Romania are both origin and transit countries for victims of human trafficking, considering the lack of work opportunities and the deep poverty in some parts of these countries. The TIP Report1 for 2019 lists both Hungary and Romania on the Tier 2 Watch List2 for different reasons. National and international organisations report an alarmingly high number of trafficking cases in both countries, while the number of trafficking investigations and the sentences for these crimes are low. Since 2010, the leadership of the two countries has tried to meet American and European expectations through various measures. New laws have been created in both Hungary and Romania, and there are numerous regulations that deal with victims of trafficking in human beings (hereinafter: THB). This desk research study, based on a comparison of Romania and Hungary, provides insights into the characteristics of THB in these countries.
Crime and environment. Analysis of facilities as crime risk factors in Niš, Serbia: Przestępczość i środowisko. Analiza obiektów jako czynników ryzyka przestępczości w Niszu w Serbii
Authors: Dušan Stanković
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of property and violent criminal offences registered during 2018 in the city of Niš, Republic of Serbia, has been geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 meters were designed as spatial units for the analysis, and geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from GIS. The negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate crime risky facilities. The crime is mostly related to facilities as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms and recreational centers. On the other hand, cafes, nightclubs, and big shopping centers were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, limitations, practical and theoretical usage of the research are discussed.
Foreign minors and forced labour in contemporary Italy: Małoletni cudzoziemcy i praca przymusowa we współczesnych Włoszech
Authors: Nicoletta Policek
Published: July 2024

The labour of foreign minors living in Italy fits into a double scenario: on the one hand, it evokes aspects or lifestyles typical of their original culture and therefore represents an experience of continuity with it; on the other hand, it is placed in the context of the host country, where young migrants are often employed in low-skilled jobs or are forced to enter the job market as a means to support themselves and their family. This is an entirely transversal problem in the country, concerning both the more industrialised areas of the North and the more agricultural areas of the South. The sectors where the labour of minors is more widespread are commerce, catering, agriculture, and services. Case studies relating to the experiences of young Chinese migrants and children of Moroccan descent living in Italy are presented in this article. The concluding section suggests that there is no single causal factor responsible for child labour. Indeed, subsistence poverty, inequalities in accessing the labour market and parental choices or constraints may influence the decision to coerce a minor to work.
Effect of Nail Disorders on Quality of Life Scale Scores: A Prospective, Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Tanacan Efsun , Erdogan Fatma Gulru
Published: July 2024

Background: To investigate the relationships among nail disorders, various clinical factors, and commonly used quality of life scales.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 188 patients older than 18 years who applied to the Dermatology and Venereology Department of Ufuk University Hospital (Ankara, Turkey). The Turkish Quality of Life instrument, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey were used for the analyses. Eight groups were formed based on 1) sex, 2) age (18–45 years, >45 years), 3) duration of nail disease (≤1 year, >1 year), 4) number of affected nails (1, 2, ≥3), 5) type of nail disease (nail thickening, ingrown toenail, pincer nail, and other nail diseases), 6) presence of onychomycosis, 7) fingernail involvement, and 8) pain score (0–5, 6–10), and the quality of life scales were compared between these groups. In addition, correlation analyses were performed between age, number of affected nails, duration of disease, presence of onychomycosis, chronic diseases and medications, and body mass index and the quality of life scale scores.

Results: Nail disorders were associated with decreased quality of life in affected individuals. Moreover, age, duration of disease, type of nail disorder, body mass index, comorbid conditions, and pain scores had significant effects on quality of life scale scores.

Conclusions: Management of nail disorders is challenging, and generally, a long period is necessary to achieve favorable outcomes. Both physcians and patients should be persistent during the treatment process. In addition, emotional and social support should be provided to patients.