bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lorenz Curve as a Peace Research Tool
Authors: Høivik Tord
Published: March 2007

The Lorenz curve is a diagram which shows how goods are distributed in a population. It has been used extensively in economics, mainly to study distributions of income and wealth. In this paper we show how the curve can be applied in peace research, how the basic curve can be generalized to bivariate and trivariate forms of analysis, and how parameters of inequality are related to the curve. Most of the mathematical results are restatements, in less technical language, of well-known prop erties of the curve, but with a stress on the social and political implications of the methodology.
Educating Israeli Officers in the Processes of Peacemaking in the Middle East Conflict
Authors: Gilboa Eytan
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that the military in modern democratic societies which are involved in international conflicts must be educated not only in the use of force, but also in peacemaking and conflict resolution. The article presents an effort to educate Israeli military officers in the process of peacemaking in the Arab-Israeli conflict. This effort was based on the use of a new simulation and civilian resources. The basic characteristics of this simulation are presented as well as an evaluation of its actual and potential effects.

The article suggests that the simulation technique could be a highly useful and powerful tool for education of the military, in the processes of conflict resolution, especially in periods of rapid changes and extensive negotiations. The use of this technique in the Israeli Army showed that it contributed to increase understanding of the policies and the motives of the other side, that it demonstrated the complex processes of negotiations and decisionmaking in the conflict, that it sensitized officers to new linkages between power and diplomacy, and that it even changed the attitudes of several officers.
Structural Disparities in Latin America and Eastern Europe, 1950—1970
Authors: Gochman Charles S. , Ray James Lee
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of several comparisons of operationally defined structural characteristics of the US - Latin American and the Soviet - East European subsystems during the years 1950-1970. Relationships between (1) the distribution of power capabilities and the distribution of diplomatic importance and (2) the distribution of power capabilities and the pattern of international trade are examined in both subsystems. The authors argue that these comparisons are relevant to theoretical controversies regarding the relationships between the political and economic systems of pre-eminent powers and their interactions with weaker states in their 'spheres of influence'. They conclude that capability disparities have a similar impact on diplomatic importance in the two spheres, while the impact of these disparities on international trading patterns is more visible in the Soviet-East European sphere than in the US-Latin American subsystem. Finally, the authors briefly describe more detailed analyses that might lead to firmer conclusions regarding the nature of interstate relationships in the two subsystems.
Capital, Labor, and the Spoils of War
Authors: Nincic Miroslav
Published: March 2007

The article deals with certain political and economic consequences of recent American war involvements. It is found that the nation's economy experienced particularly pronounced surges of growth during wartime and certain implications of this fact for both Keynesian and Marxian doctrine are discussed. It is further demonstrated that, contrary to much conven tional wisdom, labor rather than business derived the greatest gains from U.S. military interventions abroad - a finding which, while perhaps counterintuitive, can be explained by the joint exigencies of politics and economics in wartime. Finally, while economic con siderations may not have influenced the decisions to initiate foreign intervention, it is sug gested that they may well have affected the subsequent expansion and duration of military involvement.
Red Militarism
Authors: Albrecht Ulrich
Published: March 2007

Red Militarism, a term coined in the early years of Soviet Russia during the debate about the future organization of armed force in a socialist society, became a renewed charge after the USSR invasion into Afghanistan at the end of 1979. This article aims to give an overview of the debate about Red Militarism from the beginnings up to most recent writings. In the USSR, the debate terminated when Trotsky left the country, and was briefly revived in the thirties when Stalin used the issue to denounce and purge the Red Army. The theoretical underpinnings of this debate are evaluated and used to consider more recent manifestations of Red Militarism.

The ideological split between the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union and China has led, inter alia, to mutual accusations of militarism. The Soviet charges of 'Social Militarism' in China are scrutinized in order to understand how Soviet analysts of today conceptualize and measure Red Militarism. The conclusion is that definitions of this kind are also appli cable to the Soviet Union itself.

Leftist Juntas in a number of Third World countries are also examined by a variety of authors with respect to the question whether their proclaimed socialism fits into any attitude which ought to be labelled militarism. The conclusions suggested by more elaborated studies are that the militarism phenomenon is also in its socialist variation a more coherent develop ment than usually imagined.

In the more advanced systems of 'real socialism', notably the USSR, the explanation for the rise of the phenomenon is heavily linked with the assessment of these states being ruled by bureaucratic elites. According to the specifics of this interpretation, the question about the expansionist and imperialist nature of Red Militarism is answered in a negative way.
Soldiers and Politics: The Case of Ghana
Authors: Hettne Björn
Published: March 2007

The politics of the succession of military coups d'état in Ghana represent an illuminating case of militarization processes in an underdeveloped society. The paper shows that the main reasons why Nkrumah's 'anti-imperialist' regime fell (1966) were to be found in the inner dynamics of Ghanaian political, tribal, and class contradictions, strengthened by personal rivalries. External interests — at that stage Western imperialist quarters notably — were however more than sympathetic to the overthrow, the new regime more than willing to accomodate to the policy of these quarters, and the coup thus represented a major change in the ideological Great Power struggle over Africa. With Ghana's decreasing international significance, external factors also came to represent a decreasing influence over successive internal conflits and repeated military coups. The paper shows in some detail the dynamics of these coups. It practically refutes the assumption about the military as 'modernizing developers'. And it shows how the civilian-military distinction in the process of struggle and changing administrations becomes blurred. According to the author, the distinction is generally much overemphasized: the civilian-military relationship in reality is a matter of various mixes with distinct interests, civilian and military, behind each interest.
'Capitulation', 'Resistance' and the Framework of 'Normali-zation': The August 1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak Response
Authors: Eidlin Fred H.
Published: March 2007

The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and the Czechoslovak response to it resulted in a political stalemate. Although the invasion was a military success, it was a political failure. A nearly unanimous response of Czechoslovakia's population, rulers, and institutions quickly took shape, rejecting the intervention and freezing authority along the lines of legitimacy prevailing before the invasion. This article shows how the outlines of a stalemated political situation sharpened as both the occupation and the Czechoslovak response to it became consolidated. The political framework codified in the Moscow Protocol and at the Central Committee Plenum of 31 August 1968 are seen as formalizing a frame work already established by the end of the first two days of the occupation. This frame work constituted the basic context within which Czechoslovak politics and Czechoslovak- Soviet relations were conducted over the ensuing months. And the constraints and pos sibilities it presented to both sides help explain many aspects of the post-invasion political situation, even to the present day. Despite the apparently complete success of 'normalization' in the Soviet sense, the fundamental political dilemma created by the intervention and the Czechoslovak response to it is unresolved and remains even now a central problem of Czechoslovak politics.
Review Essay : Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr: World Politics: The Menu for Choice
Authors: Krippendorff Ekkehart
Published: March 2007

Textbooks should be given more attention than is usually the case: even though they do not claim to open new paths in a given field, they might be more influential than they are given credit for because they condition and shape young people's minds and orientations. The international relations textbook here under review distinguishes itself from many others by the fact that it incorporates more material and more problems related to peace research, to third world issues and to the social ills of the international system. Unfortunately, these positive and laudable aspects do not make up for serious flaws in approach, and the book displays what the reviewer considers to be another manifestation of American academic provincialism. He argues that the book does not contribute to a critical education — neither students and future scholars nor citizens in general are stimulated by it to engage in any policies for change.
Research Communication
Authors: Westing Arthur H.
Published: March 2007

Those 45 of the hundreds of wars of the first eight decades of the twentieth century that resulted in at least 32 thousand military plus civilian fatalities are each described in brief. About three such high-fatality wars were usually progressing simultaneously in any year, and there was only one year during the period in which none was being waged. The total number of fatalities was about 86 million, between 1% and 2 % of all individuals living during the period. It is concluded that war remains a routine, normal human activity, an activity that accounts for a small, continuing fraction of premature deaths.
Optimal Control of Disarmament Using the Emigration Level
Authors: Reitman Mark
Published: March 2007

The importance of the emigration level as a key control variable for the disarmament process is discussed and confirmed. The mathematical formulation of the optimal control of disarmament leads to the problem of the optimal time control for a system described by the two Richardson linear differential equations. The problem is readily resolved by means of the Pontriagin maximum principle. An illustrative example is presented which clearly shows that arms levels cannot be used as control variables; this explains the permanent failure of talks on the reduction of arms. Moreover, it shows where to look for ways of actual peace strengthening based on disarmament.
Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look
Authors: Diehl Paul F.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between arms races and war is a critical consideration in both peace research and strategic planning. This study reconsiders the work of Michael Wallace which has postulated that arms races significantly increase the probability of a serious dispute escalating to war. A critique of Wallace's coding procedures and arms race index precedes an attempt to replicate his findings. In the replication, serious disputes, taken from the Correlates of War Project, among major powers during the years 1816-1970 serve as the population to be tested. Adjustments in coding and index construction from the Wallace work are made. It was discovered that only 25% of those disputes preceded by a mutual military buildup escalated to war, while almost 77% of the wars in this population were preceded by periods lacking armaments competition. Controls for inter-century differences and unilateral military buildups failed to alter this apparent lack of a relationship between arms races and dispute escalation. Differences with Wallace's study are analyzed and the implications for peace research discussed.
Re-Settlement and Dislocation of Small Farmers in Alcoa's Mining Areas in the Mocho Mountains of Jamaica
Authors: Berkaak Odd Are
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on the impact of large-scale bauxite-mining on a local small farming community in the Mocho Mts. of Jamaica. Special emphasis is placed on the cognitive processes involved in the company/ community conflict caused by compulsory resettlement enforced by the company in collaboration with local government. An analysis is made of how the local community generates knowledge of the company through particular experiences done in the course of interaction in negotiating a mutually acceptable calculus of compensation for land, crops and other assets consumed by mining. The farmers' codifications are cast in emic terminology and interpreted in the context of local economic interests, institutional pre conditions and general world-view. On this background the rationality of local knowledge is unveiled and it comes out just as 'correct' as the large-scale knowledge implied in the official planning of industriali zation by local government and the MNC. It is argued that local small-scale knowledge should be incorporated in future planning in the area.
Research Communication: The Military Related External Debt of Third World Countries
Authors: Brzoska Michael
Published: March 2007

The structure of arms imports financing has changed considerably in the past. While in the fifties and sixties grants prevailed, in the seventies credits and cash-payments became most important. It is not possible to indicate how much of arms credits were included in available debt statistics. Anyhow, some theorizing has led to the conclusion that direct military credits might not be such an interesting indicator if we are interested in the total burden imposed on Third World countries through the credit financing of arms imports. I have therefore introduced an 'opportunity cost' assessment. Both from direct payment statistics and my indirect estimates, I conclude that in the second half of the nineteen seventies credit payments became the most important financing source of arms imports. Measured indirectly, in the second half of the seventies, more than half of all arms imports in the Third World were credit financed. The opportunity cost burden of military credits in the second half of the seventies rose to about 20 to 30% of all real inflow of debt to Third World countries. Had the Third World countries importing debt capital in 1979 not imported arms in 1979, the net transfers of debt could have been up to 20 to 30% lower. The opportunity cost burden of accumulated debt over time is estimated at around 20% of the total Third World debt burden for 1979. For the same year, I estimate that interest in amortization of old debt added up to more than twice the cost of new weapon imports for credit importing countries. The fast rising credit burden of arms imports adds a very important dimension for the burden measurement of Third World arms imports.
Peace, Power, and Security: Contending Concepts in the Study of International Relations
Authors: Buzan Barry
Published: March 2007

This article compares the merits of three concepts — peace, power and security — as approaches to the study of International Relations. It argues that peace and power offer only partial, and significantly flawed, views, and yet that thinking within the field has become locked into an excessively polarised framework which is dominated by the opposition between them. The necessity for a new framework arises from the intellectual exhaustion and restrictiveness of this prevailing orthodoxy. Security is put forward as an alternative frame work which is capable of encompassing most of what is useful from the other two, plus much of the middle ground that is obscured by them.

The argument proceeds by comparing the quality of insight which each of the three concepts offers into two of the most fundamental elements in international relations: 'the anarchy' and 'the arms race'. The case is made that each of these elements consitutes a highly durable feature of international relations, but not that is either immutable within its form, or necessarily malign in its effect. Power and peace are seen to give only narrow and incomplete views of the anarchy and the arms race. Both result in excessively rigid and negative interpretations, with power leading to an over-emphasis on the inflexibility of both elements, and peace leading to over-optimism about their removability. Security is seen to offer a more balanced perspective. It takes into account the durability of the anarchy and the arms race, but does not lead to necessarily negative views of them. It opens up the considerable scope for positive change which exists within the two elements, and so provides the basis for a synthesis of realist-idealism.
The Longest Wars: Indochina 1945-75
Authors: Tønnesson Stein
Published: March 2007

In 1981-82, as a graduate student of history, Stein Tønnesson was lucky enough to be admitted to the Indochina files of the French archives, where secret cables and reports had been conserved since the outbreak of the first Indochinese war in late 1946. In the first part of this article he presents a new version of the process that led to the Franco-Vietnamese war, based on this previously unpublished material. New light is thrown on French actions and motives and also on the Indochina policy of the United States at that time. The French sources show how the high commissioner in Saigon, with backing from the French premier and foreign minister Georges Bidault, deliberately provoked war. This was done at the same time as Bidault's government was replaced by a Socialist government under the veteran Léon Blum. Once taking office, Blum sent a peace proposal to Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh and ordered the French troops to negotiate a cease-fire. His order was ignored by the French army, however, and in the face of vigorous nationalist sentiments in France, Blum had to give in. In the second part of the article Stein Tønnesson compares the first and second Indochinese wars and finds notable parallels in the ways they escalated and in the reasons why they lasted so long.
The Garrison State in America: a Content Analysis of Trends in the Expectation of Violence
Authors: Fitch J. Samuel
Published: March 2007

In the revised version of the garrison state hypothesis, Lasswell argued that the modern garrison state would retain many of the external forms of democracy, while effective power was increasingly concentrated in an elite composed of military officers and militarized civilians. Here we attempt to assess the relevance of the garrison state construct for contemporary American politics through an analysis of trends in expectations of violence, on the assumption that high expectations of violence and a clear enemy are necessary, though not sufficient, conditions for the emergence of a garrison state. Based on a content analysis of presidential State of the Union messages since 1946 and survey data on trends in public opinion, we conclude that since 1977 the U.S. has been engaged in a new 'cold war' characterized by a strong sense of threat, frequent references to aggression, conflict, and violence, and heavy emphasis on the Soviet Union as the enemy. Given the post- Vietnam lack of consensus on foreign policy and security issues, the new cold war poses more serious problems in civil-military relations than the earlier cold war era and possibly greater danger of an attempt to institute some form of garrison state.
Peace and Development: Looking for the Right Track
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: March 2007

There is a structural correspondence between the military and the civilian part of society. The purpose here is to identify models of development that breed peace as well as development. Discussing the virtues and drawbacks of 'Mainstream' and 'Another Development' models, the article suggests an incompatibility between the peace/security and the welfare dimension of development. While a vision of positive peace is supported, the assertion is that this goal must be partially sacrificed for the achievement of other goals of development.
Some (Western) Dilemmas in Managing Extended Deterrence
Authors: Weede Erich
Published: March 2007

It is argued that extended deterrence in the bipolar subsystem has contributed to the prevention of war in the past. It makes sense to assume that past success repeats itself in the future, if past success is theoretically well understood and the expectation of future success theoretically defensible. But most deterrence theorizing suffers from a decisive flaw, its inability to maintain a consistent attitude to the rational action assumption. Even if this shortcoming could be overcome, there still are other problems. The stability of extended deterrence between blocs rather than merely between the superpowers requires not only a stable balance of terror nullifying hopes for victory, but keeping the blocs together. In essence, bloc stability is not compatible with social and political change which undermines the affiliation of some nations with the American bloc and of others with the Soviet bloc. Still, such events might occur. In addition to strategic rationality dilemmas and social change dilemmas, there are collective action dilemmas. The assumption that nations behave, as if they were (represented by) unitary and utility-maximizing actors is questionable. If this simplifying assumption is dropped, then the achievement of stable deterrence becomes even more doubtful or miraculous.
War and Defence Attitudes: A First Look at Survey Data from 14 Countries
Authors: Listhaug Ola
Published: March 2007

This article presents the empirical findings of attitudes towards war and defence from 14 countries as measured by the International Values Study in 1981-82. The US shows the highest level of fear that the country will be involved in a major war within the next five years. Hungary, the single Eastern Euro pean nation included, records a very low level of fear of war involvement, and is in this regard, close to Norway and Sweden. Hungary, Norway, Sweden, and the US all have a public that records a strong wil lingness to defend the country in case of war. The defence will is much weaker in the nations of conti nental Europe, especially Belgium, Italy, and West Germany. Some of the factors that can be used to account for differences between the countries are: Geopolitical vulnerability, historical experiences of defeat and sufferings in war, and the degree of international involvements of a nation.
Accreditation and the Professionalization of Teaching
Authors: Stinnett T.M.
Published: March 2007

For several years the National Commis sion on Teacher Education and Profes sional Standards, in cooperation with several other interested organizations, has been studying the problem of developing a national professional accrediting pro cedure for teacher education which will have the united support of the teaching profession. Other major professions in American life have established such pro cedures, some of them dating back to the early years of this century. The 1950 National Conference of the Commission at Indiana University was devoted en tirely to this problem, as was a portion of the 1951 National Conference at Palo Alto. The Indiana Conference recom mended that a national council be estab lished and asked the Commission to take the lead in calling an exploratory meet ing for that purpose. The meetings re sulted in a proposal to establish a Na tional Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. This proposal is now being studied by members of the con stituent groups. Mr. Stinnett, Executive Secretary of the National Commission, presented much pertinent background material in an address to a general ses sion of the Palo Alto Conference, June 28, 1951. This article is an abstract of that address. It admirably provides a framework for consideration, by members of the profession everywhere, of this chal lenge to unify professional effort.
Trace Driven Pipeline and Cache Simulation of Multithreaded Computers
Authors: McCrackin Daniel C. , Srinivasan Sumathi
Published: March 2007

A technique for applying trace-driven simulation to cached multithreaded ma chines with dynamic thread scheduling is presented. A small amount of constraint information is added to each trace record, permitting the correct order of execution in the pipeline to be constructed. Strategies like context switching on a cache miss, in which the behaviour of the cache affects the instruction dispatch order, can be modelled with this technique.

The design of a multithreaded pipeline and cache trace-driven simulation system is described. This system allows thread- scheduled multithreaded processors, which are not simulatable by conventional trace- driven techniques, to be efficiently and accurately simulated. Sample simulation results illustrate the flexibility of this simulation technique.
An Approach to Standardizing the Simulation to Knowledge System Interface
Authors: Russell Carol S. , Graham James H. , Elmaghraby Adel S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a formal model for the interface between a simulation and a knowledge-based manager, and discusses the application of this model to practical simulation problems. Models of both the simulation and the knowledge components are presented, and issues of variable selection, time representation and communication costs are addressed. The model is then applied to a case study involving simulation of a small flexible manufacturing system. A knowledge-based scheduling system in the C-Language Production System (CLIPS) is interfaced to the FMS simulation written in SIMSCRIPT. In the context of this case study, a set of heuristics for selecting interface variables and for analyzing and reducing communications overhead are presented and discussed.
Simulation Comparison of Broadband Networking Technologies
Authors: Petr David W. , Frost Victor S. , Neir Lynn A. , Demirtjis Ann , Braun Cameron
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a simulation study comparing delay and throughput performance of several access/backbone combinations of Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and IEEE 802.6 broadband networking technologies. The comparisons are made using similar Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) configurations supporting integrated traffic from voice, video, data and image sources. Results include complete distributions for network and end-end delays. These delay distributions are obtained for different traffic loads and different numbers of network trunks in a connection. All of the configurations are capable of providing adequate delay performance at moderate network loads for real-time (voice and video) traffic, but significant differences are seen in data and image delay performance.
A Multicomputer Software Interface for Parallel Dynamic System Simulation
Authors: Wells B. Earl
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the creation of an intelligent software tool that performs automatic parallelization of dynamic system simulations for excecution on arbitrary message-passing multi- computing configurations. The tool greatly decreases the amount of time needed to obtain a viable multiple processor implementation of large-scale simulations and can be expanded to include the latest methodologies that exploit functional and data parallelism present within the simulation model and algorithm. Such a unifying tool is designed to increase the likelihood that a parallel realization of a simulation problem can be obtained which has an acceptable level of performance. To illustrate the feasibility of developing such a tool, this paper describes the prototype implementation of the Automated Partitioning and Mapping Engine (APME) and demonstrates its effectiveness when applied to a large-scale simulation executed on a number of multicomputer systems and topological configurations.
First Successful Simulation of On-Board Explosion Will Aid in Aircraft Hardening Studies
Authors: Chen Victor L.
Published: March 2007

The world's first successful simulation of an explosion on board a commercial airliner is expected to provide a significant boost to understanding how to harden airliners against bombs. An explosion of this type occurs extremely quickly and its simulation requires simultaneous operation of both a fluid and a structural code. McDonnell-Douglas engineers overcame these problems by coupling two explicit finite element codes so that the results of each are communicated to the other. The validity of this approach is supported by adequate agreement with the available experimental evidence.
Simulation, Animation and Visualization of Seaport Operations
Authors: Nevins Michael R. , Macal Charles M. , Love Richard J. , Bragen Mark J.
Published: March 2007

PORTSIM is a seaport simulation model that computes throughput capability and determines resource utilization at a high level of detail. The ability to animate and to visualize these seaport processes will greatly enhance PORTSIM's capability and will allow planners to see operational constraints and bottlenecks, as opposed to inferring operational limitations through reviewing the existing PORTSIM statistical reports, graphs and charts. The animation and visualization will aid in the validation of the simulation processes and will provide a mechanism for planners to verify that the simulation executes in the desired manner. Playback and callback modes of animation and visualization will be described, and technical challenges to both modes of execution will be addressed.
Simulations to Evaluate HIV Vaccine Trial Designs
Authors: Adams Andrew L. , Barth-Jones Daniel C. , Chick Stephen E. , Koopman James S.
Published: March 2007

Many HIV vaccine trials have been proposed to evaluate susceptibility of individuals. However, vac cines may also affect an epidemic's course at the population level by altering the infectiousness of vaccinated individuals who become infected. A vac cine trial design that does not estimate both suscep tibility and infectiousness might reject a proposed vaccine that is capable of halting the HIV epidemic. We describe a vaccine trial design called the Retro spective Partner Trial (RPT), which can quantify vaccine effects on both susceptibility and infectious ness. We describe HIVSIM, a simulation environ ment that generates simulated populations and al lows for empirical evaluation of the statistical power of the RPT. HIVSIM explicitly models a number of factors which influence transmission and preva lence, and which have proven difficult to model us ing standard models. These factors include the infec tion stage of infected individuals, partnership selec tion, the duration of partnerships and concurrence, and transmission of HIV. The simulation analysis indicates that the RPT design has substantially greater statistical power for identifying vaccines which, in spite of exhibiting poor protection against infection, are nonetheless capable of halting the HIV epidemic by substantially reducing the infectious ness of vaccinated individuals who become infected.
Interactions of an Anthropomorphic Simulated Human With a Simulated Service Robot
Authors: Agah Arvin , Tanie Kazuo
Published: March 2007

It is expected that robots of the future will coexist and interact with humans in places such as homes and offices. In order to make the interaction of service robots with humans safe and effective, new technol ogies must be developed, ranging from physical ma terial design for robot bodies, to intelligent control lers. Simulation provides a convenient and efficient research environment for design, testing and imple mentation of service robots. This paper presents a simulated world that includes a realistic simulated human and a simulated robot which delivers and hands over an object to the human. The human is made realistic by being modeled using physiologi cal data and anthropomorphic equations of motion. The robot's design is also based upon realistic speci fications. The robot's intelligence is achieved through a number of independent software agents that con tend for the robot's behavior production, named Con tention Architecture. The proposed actions of the au tonomous agents are evaluated based on a number of criteria so as to select one action to be taken by the robot. The experimental results of the interaction between human and robot through the task of hand- over is presented. It is shown that the robot is not only capable of performing the task effectively, but is also able to compensate for the unexpected move ments of the human, while allowing no harm to come to the person through physical contact.
Simulation-Based Engineering Of Complex Adaptive Systems
Authors: Clymer John R.
Published: March 2007

Systems to be developed in the future will likely be more complex than in the past. The number of be haviors a system can exhibit is one measure of sys tem complexity. A complex system can be described as a large network of communicating subsystems. A regional or national Intelligent Transportation System exemplifies such a system. If each subsystem in the network adapts its behavior to collaborate with other subsystems to achieve overall goals, such a system is called a Complex Adaptive System (CAS). In this paper a building elevator system provides an example CAS in which each elevator collaborates with others to optimize system performance. A Context-Sensitive System model that explicitly deals with the complexity of CAS is dicussed. A graphi cal simulation language, Operational Evaluation Modeling for Context-Sensitive Systems (OpEMCSS), assists in understanding CAS and automates most complex simulation details and semantics. OpEMCSS is distinctive from most simulation languages that have a graphical user interface in its ability to du plicate processes without having to show every in stance onscreen. OpEMCSS and its use in simula tion-based systems engineering of CAS are discussed.
Analyzing the Effect of Distribution to the Simulation on a Network of Workstations
Authors: Porras Jari , Ikonen Jouni , Harju Jarmo
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the effect of communication networks to the distributed simulation has been studied. A cellular network application is simulated on a net work of workstations, where an ordinary 10 Mbps Ethernet LAN has been used as the communication network. The effect of distribution is analyzed by using the well known concept of critical path analy sis, which requires event traces from real simula tions and information about event processing times as well as about their mutual relationships. In order to capture the effect of conservative synchronization, the event traces are collected from parallel simula tions instead of sequential. By using event traces and execution times, critical paths are calculated for different numbers of workstations. The use of differ ent configurations reveals the effect of distribution, as well as the scalability of the problem in the dis tributed environment. The critical path analysis re veals that the cellular network application is quite suitable for distributed simulation when conserva tive synchronization is used. Good approximations for the execution time can be achieved if the problem is suitably partitioned into different workstations.
La sociologie du catholicisme depuis Ia conférence internationale (Louvain 1956)
Authors: Pin E.
Published: March 2007

Since the international Conference of Religious Socio logy at Louvain in 1956, religious sociology has pro gressed both in extension and in depth.

In extension, by the creation of new associations and of centres of research, the more frequent use of sociology in the service of the pastoral work of the Church, and the extension of studies of the morpho logy of Catholicism.

In depth, both by empirical research with a scientific objective, and by theoretical studies and certain general works and treatises.
Vocation et Iimites d'une sociologie du protestantisme en France
Authors: Dreyfus F.G.
Published: March 2007

During recent years, the sociology of religion has developed rapidly in French Protestant circles. Ap parently the difficulties, at least as regards sociogra phy, had been greater than those faced by Catholics. Statistics of religious practice were, in fact, less meaningful.

It was only after 1950 that studies began to gain ground. These first studies tackled the problems of participation in the rites, particularly in Bordeaux and in Strasbourg of those of political behaviour. Various enquiries have been made in Alsace between 1954 and 1959.

The problem of the pastors and that of certain aspects of the pastorale (geographical sectors, e.g.) have also been tackled. The sociology of religion is being deve loped apace with the theological renewal and with the effort to define the real meaning of the Church.

The social and cultural conditions of Protestantism are much different from those of Catholicism. The sociology of Protestantism cannot just follow in the footsteps of that of Catholicism, and a psycho-socio logical study of French Protestantism has yet to be made.
Formes de crise religieuse
Authors: Kraemer H.
Published: March 2007

One finds in history many varieties of religious crises, especially in the so-called superior or cultural religions. The purpose of this article is to study the various forms of religious crisis which follow from an eman cipation from the grip of religion, as these forms occur in a pattern of social and religious living. The author first asks the question: where and under what condi tions does the conscious confrontation of unbelief and faith occur, where and how does it become a force in history ? It would seem that the phenomenon is pecu liar to the West. In order to understand it, the author begins with an analysis of the components of « Israel- Christianity » which are the antipodes of emancipa tion. He then studies the forms taken by religious crisis in the century of the Illumination and, more particularly in contemporary culture. In the latter he distinguishes the works and persons that have left their marks on it, and the factors which compose it: the breakdown of an ancient culture, perception of the fact in our time, the resistance of religion, the atrophy of the religious conscience. As a result of this analysis, the author concludes that the fact that religion has been attacked constantly and in its very foundations, has in fact placed it in a position that is much more definite and much healthier. Besides, the modern criticisms of religion bring to the kernel of the question under discussion no new element. The novelty is in the manner used for the attack, and the means employed, which are far more massive than any hitherto availed of.
Catholics and the institutional Church : obedience vs. critical distance
Authors: Estruch Juan
Published: March 2007

Dans le cadre d'une recherche plus vaste, cet article essaie d'isoler la variable religieuse d'une enquête actuellement en voie d'achèvement et de l'analyser plus en profondeur. Par tant de l'hypothèse de la nécessité d'une mesure pluridimen sionnelle de la religiosité, cette variable est un essai d'élabo ration d'une de ces dimensions possibles, à savoir, celle qui mesurerait le degré de soumission ou la capacité de prendre une distance critique vis-à-vis de l'Eglise institutionnelle.

L'effort porte essentiellement sur l'élaboration d'une ap proche méthodologique axée sur des critères sociologiques plus que psycho-sociologiques, et où le modèle ne soit pas construit subjectivement au départ, mais se définisse progres sivement lui-même à partir des données. Essayant ainsi de limiter au maximum l'intervention arbitraire du chercheur,

l'Auteur traite les résultats de telle sorte que les items dis criminants apparaissent et se hiérarchisent d'eux-mêmes par ordre d'importance. Les modèles « soumis » et « critique » se construisent ainsi progressivement, pour aboutir finalement à la création de quatre groupes significatifs.

Chacun de ces quatre groupes est par la suite traité en croisement avec d'autres variables, et notamment avec les données concernant la pratique religieuse. Un décalage assez net entre l'intégration au niveau des attitudes et l'intégra tion au niveau des comportements (ceux-ci demeurant stables pendant plus longtemps que les attitudes) semble indiquer que la pratique religieuse constitue une entrée relativement inadé quate pour l'analyse sociologique des problèmes religieux.
Attitudes of the Irish toward Changes in the Catholic Churh
Authors: Streib Gordon F.
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse la relation entre des phénomènes socio culturels et psycho-sociaux à l'aide d'indicateurs d'attitudes collectés à Dublin. Les questionnaires furent appliqués à deux échantillons : 396 adultes fréquentant une école du soir et 331 étudiants universitaires (y compris 48 prêtres et religieuses).

L'auteur étudie le changement d'attitude chez les Irlandais après Vatican II, la variable dépendante étant le degré d'ac ceptation ou de rejet du changement. Les questions portent sur les relations entre membres du clergé et laïcs, la liturgie, l'oecuménisme etc...

L'allure générale des réponses révèle des différences impor tantes. La comparaison entre les adultes des cours du soir et les universitaires indique une plus grande orientation vers le changement chez ces derniers. Cependant, une analyse plus fine des données relatives au sexe, à l'engagement religieux, à l'origine familiale et au fait de l'émigration nous font dé couvrir qu'il n'est guère fondé de considérer les catholiques irlandais comme un groupe monolithique quant à leur attitude envers l'Eglise et ses changements. Les réalités que l'étude met en lumière doivent être interprétées dans un contexte socio-culturel plus large :

(1) : l'Eglise Catholique et le monde moderne en change ment,

(2) : l'Irlande comme cadre spécifique d'étude.
Pratiques signifiantes et sociologie : en guise de conclusion
Authors: Dassetto Felice , Rousseau André
Published: March 2007

The authors are trying to review the pertinent sociological questions that might arise in the analyses presented in this issue of « Social Compass ». First of all, they examine the implications of a linguistic procedure in comparison with the sociology of culture. The merit of linguistics and semiotics is to awaken the sociology of culture by helping it to reformulate its theoretical object. But the use of linguistic models assumes that the sociologist takes a distance from them and also assumes a critical work beforehand. In addition, it assumes the use of a conceptual apparatus capable of making an analysis of the imminence of speech come out in order to make the sociological significance (sign ification) appear.
Becoming a Taxi-Dancer
Authors: Hong Lawrence K. , Duff Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies of deviant and semi-deviant occupations have reported that workers in these occupations frequently use justifications to explain or defend their occupational behaviors. The present study also finds the same tendency among the taxi-dancers. Most important, we find the learning of justifications plays a significant role in their occupational socialization. Without learning the various techniques to neutralize the unpleasantness of the job, the novice is not likely to commit herself to the career. Other factors in the occupational socialization of the taxi-dancers are also discussed. The study was conducted by means of intensive interviews and participant observation.
Applying Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks to Total Hand Evaluation of Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Park Shin-Woong , Hwang Young-Gu , Kang Bok-Choon , Yeo Seong-Won
Published: March 2007

This study of two new total hand simulating methods for knits uses fuzzy theory and neural networks. One method, a neural network system trained with a back-propaga tion algorithm, performs functional mapping between mechanical properties and the resulting total hand values of the fuzzy predicting method. The second method, a fuzzy-neural network system, uses the fuzzy membership function, weighted factor vector, and error back-propagation algorithm. The principal mechanical properties of stretchiness, bulkiness, flexibility, distortion, weight, and surface roughness of the knitted fabrics are correlated with experimentally determined Kawabata total hand values and fuzzy transformed overall hand values. Fuzzy and neural networks agree better with the subjective test results than the KES-FB system. The mechanical prop erties are fuzzified by fuzzy membership functions, then trained to predict the total hand value of outerwear knitted fabrics. In each case, the prediction error is less than the standard deviation of experimentation, and the optimum structure is investigated. These two systems, which use the Pascal programming language, produce objective ratings of outerwear knit fabrics.
Heat as a Factor in the Penetration of Cloth Ballistic Panels by 0.22 Caliber Projectiles
Authors: Prosser Robert A. , Cohen Samuel H. , Segars Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

This report explores the possibility that heat plays a role in the penetration of cloth ballistic panels by 0.22 caliber projectiles. We postulate that heat is generated by friction between the surface of the projectile and the yarns, between yarns, and between filaments within a yarn in advance of and in the path of the projectile. Evaluations by light microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy show heat- induced damage in fibers in the path of and several layers preceding the layer at which a 0.22 caliber projectile comes to rest. Polarization microscopy of impacted yarns reveals differences in birefringence within the fibers close to the hole made by the projectile compared with the same fiber at a greater distance from the hole. Heat is an energy sink, and depending on how, when, and where it is generated, can degrade the ballistic performance of the yarns. The quantitative importance of heat in affecting ballistic panel performance is elusive: consequently, the discussion presented here is largely qualitative.
Tensile Characteristics of Rotor and Friction Spun Jute Blended Yarns
Authors: Sett S.K. , Mukherjee A. , Sur D.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the successful outcome of attempts to produce jute blended yams of lower counts using two spinning systems, open-end rotor and friction (Dref-2), and also some understanding of their structure-property relationships. The study investigates such understanding as exists about jute blended yams spun on these two systems and their tensile and viscoelastic behavior as influenced by their respective yam structures. The tensile and viscoelastic characteristics of rotor and friction (Dref-2) spun jute blended yams depend partly on fiber alignment and partly on the noncompatibility of the tensile properties of their component fibers. Time-dependent stress relaxation of yam is proposed to depend on fiber stress-relaxation and rearrangement of fiber segments within the yarn subjected to deformation. Although highly entangled fiber helices with widely varying orientation, as present in friction spun yam, cause a poor fiber-to-yarn translation of tensile properties, they make the yam more elastic.