bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso racional de antimicrobianos
Authors: Mota Letícia M. , Vilar Fernando Crivelenti , Dias Larissa B. A. , Nunes Tiago F. , Moriguti Julio C.
Published: June 2014

A administração inadequada de antimicrobianos é capaz de comprometer a resposta clínica do paciente, aumentar custos com internação e contribuir para o surgimento de bactérias multirresistentes. Nesse contexto, o uso racional de antimicrobianos é benéfico para o paciente infectado e também para a instituição de saúde. A indicação desta classe de drogas deve levar em conta o hospedeiro, o agente infeccioso e o antimicrobiano propriamente dito. Assim, sua utilização deve ser baseada no conhecimento dos conceitos de colonização, contaminação e infecção, noções de microbiologia clínica, coleta de culturas, microbiota habitual do corpo humano, e mecanismos, espectro de ação, farmacocinética, farmacodinâmica e efeitos colaterais dos antimicrobianos. A revisão desses tópicos procura fornecer subsídios para escolha do antimicrobiano mais adequado para o tipo de infecção, tempo de tratamento previsto, critérios de falha e resposta clínica à droga prescrita, além de nortear possível troca de terapia ao longo do tratamento.
Insuficiência renal aguda
Authors: Nunes Tiago Ferolla , Brunetta Denise M. , Leal Christiane M. , Pisi Paula C. B. , Roriz-Filho Jarbas S.
Published: June 2014

A Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) pode estar associada a várias etiologias no organismo humano, sendo este um dos motivos da importância dispensada àa esta doença. A prevenção é a principal ferramenta do médico e quando esta não foi possível, o tratamento visa afastar as principais causas, com investigação das demais e medidas de suporte para manter a viabilidade renal, muitas das vezes com êxito. A taxa de mortalidade em pacientes com IRA não se alterou muito nos últimos 30 anos. Os óbitos podem ocorrer em consequência da doença de base e não da própria IRA, pois o rim é um dos poucos órgãos cuja função pode ser substituída em parte por longos períodos (ex. diálise).
Associação entre doenças crônicas em adultos e redução dos níveis de atividade física
Authors: Turi Bruna Camilo , Codogno Jamile Sanches , Fernandes Rômulo Araújo , Monteiro Henrique Luiz
Published: June 2014

Modelo do estudo: Estudo de prevalência. Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência das doenças mais frequentes que acometem portadores de hipertensão arterial (HAS) e/ou diabetes mellitus (DM), usuários deUnidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e associar a ocorrência das duas doenças com o nível de atividadefísica. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 222 indivíduos portadores de hipertensão arterial e/oudiabetes mellitus, de ambos os sexos e usuários de duas UBS da cidade de Bauru/SP. Foram analisados prontuários clínicos dos pacientes para verificação e constatação da ocorrência de doenças. Pesocorporal e estatura foram aferidos para classificação do estado nutricional e foi aplicado questionáriopara verificar o nível de atividade física. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar existência deassociações e a regressão logística binária expressou a magnitude das mesmas. As comparaçõesforam consideradas significativas quando p < 0,05. Resultados: A amostra teve predominância demulheres (64%), pessoas com obesidade (42,3%) e sedentarismo (78,8%). As doenças de maiorocorrência entre os pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos foram a hipercolesterolemia (31,5%), seguidapela artrite/artrose (23,8%) e lombalgia (23.8%). Houve associação significativa entre indicadores deprática de atividades físicas no lazer (intensidade, tempo semanal de prática e engajamento prévio)com menor ocorrência de doenças metabólicas. Independente de variáveis de confusão, indivíduosdiabéticos e diabéticos com hipertensão tiveram chances aumentados de apresentar comportamentosedentário. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o acometimento de pacientes hipertensos e/oudiabéticos por comorbidades está associado às altas taxas de inatividade física e, conseqüentemente,ao aumento do número de agravos associados.
Transgenic Expression of Dominant-Active IDOL in Liver Causes Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice
Authors: Calkin Anna C. , Lee Stephen D. , Kim Jason , Van Stijn Caroline M.W. , Wu Xiao-Hui , Lusis Aldons J. , Hong Cynthia , Tangirala Rajendra I. , Tontonoz Peter
Published: June 2014

Rationale
:

The E3 ubiquitin ligase inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) triggers lysosomal degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. The tissue-specific effects of the IDOL pathway on plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis have not been examined.

Objective
:

Given that the liver is the primary determinant of plasma cholesterol levels, we sought to examine the consequence of effect of chronic liver-specific expression of a dominant-active form of IDOL in mice.

Methods and Results
:

We expressed a degradation-resistant, dominant-active form of IDOL (super IDOL [sIDOL]) in C57Bl/6J mice from the liver-specific albumin promoter (L-sIDOL transgenics). L-sIDOL mice were fed a Western diet for 20 or 30 weeks and then analyzed for plasma lipid levels and atherosclerotic lesion formation. L-sIDOL mice showed dramatic reductions in hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor protein and increased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on both chow and Western diets. Moreover, L-sIDOL mice developed marked atherosclerotic lesions when fed a Western diet. Lesion formation in L-sIDOL mice was more robust than in apolipoprotein E*3 Leiden mice and did not require the addition of cholate to the diet. Western diet–fed L-sIDOL mice had elevated expression of liver X receptor target genes and proinflammatory genes in their aortas.

Conclusions
:

Liver-specific expression of dominant-active IDOL is associated with hypercholesterolemia and a marked elevation in atherosclerotic lesions. Our results show that increased activity of the IDOL pathway in the liver can override other low-density lipoprotein receptor regulatory pathways leading to cardiovascular disease. L-sIDOL mice are a robust, dominantly inherited, diet-inducible model for the study of atherosclerosis.
Increased Angiotensin II Contraction of the Uterine Artery at Early Gestation in a Transgenic Model of Hypertensive Pregnancy Is Reduced by Inhibition of Endocannabinoid Hydrolysis
Authors: Pulgar Victor M. , Yamaleyeva Liliya M. , Varagic Jasmina , McGee Carolynne M. , Bader Michael , Dechend Ralf , Howlett Allyn C. , Brosnihan K. Bridget
Published: June 2014

Increased vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) is a marker of a hypertensive human pregnancy. Recent evidence of interactions between the renin–angiotensin system and the endocannabinoid system suggests that anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol may modulate Ang II contraction. We hypothesized that these interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular responses in hypertensive pregnancy. We studied Ang II contraction in isolated uterine artery (UA) at early gestation in a rat model that mimics many features of preeclampsia, the transgenic human angiotensinogen×human renin (TgA), and control Sprague–Dawley rats. We determined the role of the cannabinoid receptor 1 by blockade with SR171416A, and the contribution of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation to Ang II contraction by inhibiting their hydrolyzing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (with URB597) or monoacylglycerol lipase (with JZL184), respectively. TgA UA showed increased maximal contraction and sensitivity to Ang II that was inhibited by indomethacin. Fatty acid amide hydrolase blockade decreased Ang II
MAX
in Sprague–Dawley UA, and decreased both Ang II
MAX
and sensitivity in TgA UA. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade had no effect on Sprague–Dawley UA and decreased Ang II
MAX
and sensitivity in TgA UA. Blockade of the cannabinoid receptor 1 in TgA UA had no effect. Immunolocalization of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase showed a similar pattern between groups; fatty acid amide hydrolase predominantly localized in endothelium and monoacylglycerol lipase in smooth muscle cells. We demonstrated an increased Ang II contraction in TgA UA before initiation of the hypertensive phenotype. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol reduced Ang II contraction in a cannabinoid receptor 1–independent manner. These renin–angiotensin system-endocannabinoid system interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular reactivity in early stages of hypertensive pregnancy.
Hobbes and the Phantasm of Space
Authors: Slowik Edward
Published: June 2014

This essay examines Hobbes’ philosophy of space, with emphasis placed on the variety of interpretations that his concept of imaginary space has elicited from commentators. The process by which the idea of space is acquired from experience, as well as the role of nominalism, will be offered as important factors in tracking down the elusive content of Hobbes’ conception of imaginary space.
First record of the genus Aplomerus Provancher, 1886
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae) from the Oriental region, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: VARGA OLEKSANDR , RESHCHIKOV ALEKSEY , BROAD GAVIN R.
Published: June 2014

The genus Aplomerus Provancher, 1886 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) is a small genus of the subfamily Xoridinae. Two new species from Asia, A. orientalis Varga & Reshchikov sp. n. from Thailand and A. phamae Broad sp. n. from Vietnam, are described and illustrated. An identification key for Asian species is provided. These are the first records of the genus from the Oriental region and increases the known number of Aplomerus species to eight, with a disjunct distribution of North America, Japan and south-east Asia.
Hydranencephaly in a case of suspected infanticide
Authors: Verzeletti Andrea , Leide Anna , De Ferrari Francesco
Published: June 2014

An abandoned fetus with suspicious skin injuries was found dead, lying on the grass of a garden, near a private house. Suspecting infanticide, the prosecutor ordered a medico-legal autopsy. The cause of death was identified as a congenital malformation of the central nervous system such as hydranencephaly, and infanticide was excluded.
A Bayesian Mixed-Treatment Comparison Meta-analysis of Treatments for Alcohol Dependence and Implications for Planning Future Trials
Authors: DeSantis Stacia M. , Zhu Huirong
Published: June 2014

Background. Several treatments for alcohol dependence have been tested in randomized controlled trials, giving rise to systematic reviews with a network of evidence structure, or mixed treatment comparisons (MTCs). Within the network, there are few direct comparisons of active treatments. Thus far, this network has not been adequately analyzed. For example, “indirect comparisons” between treatments (e.g., the comparison of treatments B:C obtained via estimates from A:B and A:C trials) have not been incorporated into estimates of treatment effects. This has implications for the planning of future randomized controlled trials. Methods. We applied recent developments in Bayesian MTC meta-analysis to analyze the network of evidence. Using these results, we proposed a methodology to inform, design, and power a hypothetical trial in the context of an updated meta-analysis for treatments that have been infrequently compared and therefore whose effect sizes are not well informed by a meta-analysis. Results. An MTC meta-analysis provides more accurate estimates than a pairwise meta-analysis and uncovers decisive differences between active treatments that have been infrequently directly compared. Weighting across all outcomes indicates that a combination (naltrexone + acamprosate) treatment has the highest posterior probability of being the “best” treatment. If a new clinical trial were to be conducted of a combination therapy versus acamprosate alone, there is no feasible sample size that would result in a decisive meta-analysis. Conclusions. An MTC meta-analysis should be used to estimate treatment effects in networks in which direct and indirect evidence are consistent and to inform the design of future studies.
Sound on Sound
Authors: Klett Joseph
Published: June 2014

Sociologists have yet to theorize interactions with sonic materiality. In this article I introduce an analytical concept for the observation of interactions with sound. Sound has material effects in all situations. But the audibility of sonic objects is a relation of situated actors to material arrangements. Sonic object settings are dynamic material arrangements in which sonic qualities emerge for interpretation. The concept synthesizes research on sonic materiality, audibility, and interaction. After outlining the concept, I present an empirical illustration from an audio firm’s R&D laboratory arranged to support a new technology called object-based audio. I observed engineers conducting two concurrent but contrasting experiments; results indicate how settings both enable and constrain the interpretation of sound.
Mechanisms and Meaning Structures
Authors: Norton Matthew
Published: June 2014

This article proposes a model of cultural mechanisms based on the premises of structuralist cultural sociology and symbolic interactionism. I argue that the models of cultural mechanisms provided by the developing analytical sociology movement are inadequate, while the dominant theories of culture in action from cultural sociology are limited by their adoption of the individual as the primordial unit of analysis. I instead propose a model of culture in action that takes social situations as its primordial unit and that understands culture as a system of meanings that actors laminate into the situations they face through interactive processes of interpretation and performance. I then illustrate and develop the model through an analysis of the Great Stink of London in 1858, a sewerage crisis that triggered significant institutional transformations.
For “Central Conflation”
Authors: Piiroinen Tero
Published: June 2014

Taking a side in the debate over ontological emergentism in social theory, this article defends an outlook that Margaret S. Archer has dubbed “central conflation”: an antidualistic position appreciating the interdependency of agency and structure, individuals and society. This has been a popular outlook in recent years, advocated broadly by such theorists as Pierre Bourdieu, Randall Collins, and Anthony Giddens. However, antidualism has been challenged by those who believe the key to success in social science lies in level-ontological emergentism. Archer’s own morphogenetic theory is an explicitly dualist version of that approach. I answer Archer’s arguments for emergentism, in so doing clearing a path for the even fuller acceptance of antidualism by theorists.
Assessing Copper Status in Pediatric Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: MacKay Mark , Mulroy Cecilia W. , Street Jennifer , Stewart Charisse , Johnsen Jake , Jackson Daniel , Paul Irasema
Published: June 2014

Background: Copper is a trace mineral essential for numerous physiological processes. The purpose of this article is to provide data on copper levels in pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) that are useful to guide supplementation in PN formulation. Method: This is a retrospective review of hospitalized pediatric patients receiving PN supplemented and not supplemented with copper. In total, 751 supplemented pediatric patients and 90 pediatric patients not supplemented had serum copper levels measured. We assessed patient demographics, days on PN before copper level was drawn, serum copper levels, conjugated bilirubin levels, and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Results: The mean serum copper level was 80 mcg/dL at 20 days for supplemented patients and 64 mcg/dL at 14 days for the 90 nonsupplemented patients (P = .0002). In the supplemented patients, 50% of the levels were low and 45% were within the normal range. The remaining 5% of patients had high levels. In nonsupplemented patients, 71% were low and 29% within the normal range. There was no correlation between copper levels and conjugated bilirubin <2 mg/dL and >2 mg/dL (P = .3421). Copper levels correlated with CRP for CRP >4 mg/dL (P = .03). Conclusion: Pediatric patients receiving PN should be supplemented with copper to prevent deficiency. Serum copper levels should be assessed at 14 days. Assessment of copper status should not be determined by conjugated bilirubin levels. Serum copper levels may be elevated in patients with acute inflammation and may be falsely elevated when CRP is >4 mg/dL.
Credit Unions
Authors: Mook Laurie , Maiorano John , Quarter Jack
Published: June 2014

Credit unions, nonprofit mutual associations also called financial cooperatives, have a lengthy history. The World Council of Credit Unions reports that credit unions are found in 101 countries representing 56,000 credit unions, more than 200 million members, and $1.7 trillion in assets. This study, following earlier research in Canada that found that credit unions are more prevalent in rural communities and small towns relative to the general population and to banks, examines credit union and bank branches in three U.S. states (Arizona, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin). We find that credit union branches are strongly represented in sizable urban communities, and are more likely to be located in low-income zip code areas than banks. The data show not only evidence of a credit union niche market but also a tension between social and economic objectives, and that credit unions accommodate themselves to profit norms, what we refer to as market accommodation.
Mobility analysis of planar radially foldable bar structures
Authors: Cai Jianguo , Deng Xiaowei , Feng Jian
Published: June 2014

This paper studies the planar radially foldable bar structures consisting of more generalized angulated elements (GAEs) that contain intermediate parallelograms. Since every general GAE subtends a constant angle in motion, the mobility of every GAE was discussed. Firstly, the kinematic equation of the system was obtained based on the consistency of the intermediate nodal coordinates. Computing the rank of the kinematic matrix of the equation, the mobility of general type I and II GAEs has been studied in detail. Furthermore, the mobility of the general GAEs bounded by an arbitrary triangle (not limited to isosceles or similar triangles) was discussed. The required condition throughout the motion of the system was given.
Empathy in Brazilian nursing professionals
Authors: Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora , Almeida Rodrigo Guimarães dos Santos , Souza Mirella Castelhano , Mazzo Alessandra , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Martins Jose Carlos Amado
Published: June 2014

Background:

Essential for the help relation, empathy is the ability to understand, share, and perceive the subjective experience of other human beings.

Objective:

The objective in this non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research was to verify, observe, and document empathy in nursing professionals.

Research design:

Non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research. Participants and research context: the study was conducted at two large hospitals, one public and the other private, across all shifts. The sample included 159 individuals. A questionnaire was used to identify sociodemographic characteristics and the empathy inventory was applied.

Ethical considerations:

This study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, opinion 1348/2011, and authorization from the health institutions involved.

Findings:

The association tests demonstrated that professionals working in the night shift and in a work scale rotation scheme, older professionals, and professionals with longer professional experience are less empathetic. On the other hand, professionals working in the day shift and in a single shift are more empathetic. Other influential factors are the time on the job, education, and work shift.

Conclusion:

There is a lack of empathy studies in professional practice contexts, in human resource development programs, and throughout the professional education process.
Does Tramadol Have a Role in Pain Control in Palliative Care?
Authors: Gonçalves José António Ferraz , Silva Paula , Araújo Patrícia
Published: June 2014

Background:

The effectiveness of the step II of the World Health Organization analgesic ladder including tramadol has been questioned recently.

Methods:

Retrospective study of patients treated with tramadol admitted as inpatients to one palliative care unit between November 1, 2009, and October 30, 2012.

Results:

In the study period, 730 patients were admitted and 66 (9%) of them met the criteria for inclusion; 45 (68%) continued medication with tramadol until discharge from the unit, while 21 (32%) had to switch to an opioid for moderate to severe pain. The reason for switching was uncontrolled pain in 16 (76%) patients, and for 5 (24%) patients, the switch was made for other reasons.

Conclusion:

The data suggest that tramadol may have a role to play in the treatment of pain in palliative care.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Scores Generated From the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF Test Booklets
Authors: Tarescavage Anthony M. , Alosco Michael L. , Ben-Porath Yossef S. , Wood Arcangela , Luna-Jones Lynn
Published: June 2014

We investigated the internal structure comparability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scores derived from the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF booklets in a sample of 320 criminal defendants (229 males and 54 females). After exclusion of invalid protocols, the final sample consisted of 96 defendants who were administered the MMPI-2-RF booklet and 83 who completed the MMPI-2. No statistically significant differences in MMPI-2-RF invalidity rates were observed between the two forms. Individuals in the final sample who completed the MMPI-2-RF did not statistically differ on demographics or referral question from those who were administered the MMPI-2 booklet. Independent t tests showed no statistically significant differences between MMPI-2-RF scores generated with the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF booklets on the test’s substantive scales. Statistically significant small differences were observed on the revised Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN-r) and True Response Inconsistency (TRIN-r) scales. Cronbach’s alpha and standard errors of measurement were approximately equal between the booklets for all MMPI-2-RF scales. Finally, MMPI-2-RF intercorrelations produced from the two forms yielded mostly small and a few medium differences, indicating that discriminant validity and test structure are maintained. Overall, our findings reflect the internal structure comparability of MMPI-2-RF scale scores generated from MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF booklets. Implications of these results and limitations of these findings are discussed.
The Public and the Journalists’ Views on the Humoristic Treatment of Religion in Spain
Authors: Mauri-Rios Marcel , Pérez-Pereira Marta , Figueras-Mas Mònica
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes acceptance of religious humor in Spanish media. Specifically, a comparison is made between the opinion of journalists and the general public in the four main regions in Spain (Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid, and Basque Country). The study used both qualitative (in-depth interviews with journalists and focus groups with the public) and quantitative (surveys given to journalists and the general public) techniques. Results show differences between journalists and the general public on whether religion deserves special treatment, and on the legitimacy of an opinion that shows a lack of respect toward religion.
A Transformative Approach to Prevent Peer Violence in Schools
Authors: Padrós Maria
Published: June 2014

The damaging consequences of school violence affect many children and society at large. An important part of it remains undetected by many professionals. Gender also significantly influences many conflicts that are perceived only as peer violence. To provide real solutions that can succeed in preventing violence, European researchers have used communicative methodology. This transformative research approach was implemented in a study conducted in three Spanish schools, two primary and one secondary. This article presents a dialogic model for school violence prevention and describes a procedure that encourages significant community involvement. We argue that this model’s dialogic approach to school violence prevention relies on some key principles from communicative methodology: overcoming an interpretative hierarchy and reaching consensus. This article demonstrates how the transformative approach of communicative methodology can be transferred to develop effective models of violence prevention.
Type D personality is associated with health behaviors and perceived social support in individuals with coronary heart disease
Authors: Ginting Henndy , van de Ven Monique , Becker Eni S , Näring Gérard
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the role of Type D personality in health behaviors and perceived social support in individuals with coronary heart disease. Different from other related studies, this study assessed a broader range of health behaviors in an eastern population while controlling for anxiety and depression. In all, 386 Indonesian individuals with coronary heart disease completed the measures assessing Type D, perceived social support, depression, anxiety, and health behaviors. Compared with non-Type D, Type D individuals reported more unhealthy behaviors, less healthy behaviors, and perceived less social support. For those identified as Type D, tailored interventions might be considered.
(Induced) Forgetting to form a collective memory
Authors: Stone Charles B , Hirst William
Published: June 2014

How communities forge collective memories has been a topic of long-standing interest among social scientists and, more recently, psychologists. However, researchers have typically focused on how what is overtly remembered becomes collectively remembered. Recently, though, Stone and colleagues have delineated different types of silence and their influence on how individuals and groups remember the past, what they termed, mnemonic silence. Here we focus on the importance of relatedness in understanding the mnemonic consequences of public silence. We begin by describing two common means of investigating collective memories: the social construction approach and the psychological approach. We subsequently discuss in detail a psychological paradigm, retrieval-induced forgetting, and demonstrate how this initially individual memory paradigm can and has been extended to social contexts in the form of public silence and may provide insights into larger sociological phenomenon, in our case, collective memories. We conclude by discussing avenues of future research and the benefits of including a psychological perspective in the field of collective memory.
Commemoration reconsidered: Second World War Veterans’ reunion as pilgrimage
Authors: Murakami Kyoko
Published: June 2014

This article recognises the crucial role cultural and social contexts play in shaping individual and collective recollections. Such recollections involve multiple, intertwined levels of experience in the real world such as commemorating a war. Thus, the commemoration practised in a particular context deserves an empirical investigation. The methodological approach taken is naturalistic, as it situates commemoration as remembering and recollection in the real world of things and people. I consider the case of a war veterans’ reunion as an analogy for a pilgrimage, and in that pilgrimage-like transformative process, we can observe the dynamics of remembering that is mediated with artefacts and involves people’s interactions with the social environment. Furthermore, remembering, recollection and commemorating the war can be approached in terms of embodied interactions with culturally and historically organised materials. In this article, I will review the relevant literature on key topics and concepts including pilgrimage, transformation and liminality and communitas in order to create a theoretical framework. I present an analysis and discussion on the ethnographic fieldwork on the Burma Campaign (of the Second World War) veterans’ reunion. The article strives to contribute to the critical forum of memory research, highlighting the significance of a holistic and interdisciplinary exposition of the vital role context plays in the practice of commemorating war.
The varieties of remembered experience: Moving memory beyond the bounded self
Authors: Singer Jefferson A , Conway Martin A
Published: June 2014

We review the contributions to this Special Issue that highlight the diverse ways in which memory takes place that go beyond the standard personal autobiographical memory and its reliance on internal imagery. We look at how contributors explore a highly individual memory of trauma and re-consider it as a complex, socially contested phenomenon. We next turn to a discussion of shared memory within dyads and then look at a contribution that examines bodily and gestural alignment during shared recollection among group members and/or families. From there, contributors raise considerations of collective memory in prisoner-of-war survivors and among football fans attending a World Cup event. The next contribution illustrates how collective forgetting creates social bonds in a similar manner to collective remembering. Finally, we show how the boundaries of memory are being stretched by digital technology through its influence on how we recall and share memories. Methodological innovations are also discussed.
Comment: The Social Neuroendocrinology Example: Incorporating Culture Resolves Biobehavioral Evolutionary Paradoxes
Authors: van Anders Sari M.
Published: June 2014

The target meta-analysis (Wood, Kressel, Joshi, & Louie, 2014) raises a number of red flags for research on menstrual shifts in women’s psychology. In this commentary, I particularly address one: the near-absent attention to sociocultural forces in this body of work. I use social neuroendocrinology as one example of a research paradigm that integrates both evolution and socialization into studies of human behavior. I argue that incorporating attention to social constructions actually provides clearer answers to evolutionary questions and also fills the biobehavioral comparative mandate by seriously attending to human specificities alongside cross-species generalities. I close by noting that human bodies simultaneously reflect evolved and sociocultural forces, an understanding that undergirds contemporary biobehavioral research.
Author Reply: Once Again, Menstrual Cycles and Mate Preferences
Authors: Wood Wendy
Published: June 2014

This reply addresses the issues raised by the thoughtful commentaries on Wood, Kressel, Joshi, and Louie’s (2014) meta-analysis. We maintain that menstrual cycle influences on women’s mate preferences are obtained inconsistently in the literature and are linked to research artifacts. This pattern provides little support for the simple evolutionary psychology biology-to-behavior models that inspired this research. As illustrated by the commentaries, more promising theories of human reproduction situate biological and psychological processes within societal structures.
Physiotherapy assessment of patients with rotator cuff pathology
Authors: Moser Jane
Published: June 2014

Pathology of the rotator cuff and sub-acromial bursa are considered to be the main cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction. In the absence of trauma, conservative care, including physiotherapy is the primary treatment. This paper aims to present the key features of a physiotherapy assessment, excluding diagnostic tests for rotator cuff pathology. It describes and explores how assessment can be used to direct management options and develop a treatment plan.
LSGO: Link State aware Geographic Opportunistic routing protocol for VANETs
Authors: Cai Xuelian , He Ying , Zhao Chunchun , Zhu Lina , Li Changle
Published: June 2014

Robust and efficient data delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) with high mobility is a challenging issue due to dynamic topology changes and unstable wireless links. The opportunistic routing protocols can improve the reliability of routing by making full use of the broadcast characteristics and assist in data transmission through additional backup links. In this paper, we propose a Link State aware Geographic Opportunistic routing protocol (LSGO) which exploits a combination of geographic location and the link state information as the routing metric. The LSGO aims to improve the reliability of data transmission in a highly dynamic environment, which selects the forwarders and prioritizes them based on the vehicle’s geographic location and the link’s quality. We compare the performance of LSGO with GpsrJ + which removes the unnecessary stop at a junction and greedy traffic aware routing protocol (GyTAR) using network simulator ns-2. The simulation results show that it opens more nodes to participate in the opportunistic data forwarding and increases a connection’s throughput while using no more network capacity than traditional routing. In the simulation, compared with other two protocols, when the number of vehicles and the average vehicle velocity increase, LSGO’s packet dropping rate is reduced and the network throughput is improved.
An essential role of interleukin-17 receptor signaling in the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis
Authors: Ramani Kritika , Pawaria Sudesh , Maers Kelly , Huppler Anna R , Gaffen Sarah L , Biswas Partha S
Published: June 2014

In recent years, proinflammatory cytokines in the nephritic kidney appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of AGN. The complex inflammatory cytokine network that drives renal pathology is poorly understood. IL-17, the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, which promotes autoimmune pathology in a variety of settings, is beginning to be identified in acute and chronic kidney diseases as well. However, the role of IL-17-mediated renal damage in the nephritic kidney has not been elucidated. Here, with the use of a murine model of experimental AGN, we showed that IL-17RA signaling is critical for the development of renal pathology. Despite normal systemic autoantibody response and glomerular immune-complex deposition, IL-17RA−/− mice exhibit a diminished influx of inflammatory cells and kidney-specific expression of IL-17 target genes correlating with disease resistance in AGN. IL-17 enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from tECs. Finally, we were able to show that neutralization of IL-17A ameliorated renal pathology in WT mice following AGN. These results clearly demonstrated that IL-17RA signaling significantly contributes to renal tissue injury in experimental AGN and suggest that blocking IL-17RA may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Frailty and Adherence to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Older Women With Breast Cancer: CALGB Protocol 369901
Authors: Sheppard Vanessa B. , Faul Leigh Anne , Luta George , Clapp Jonathan D. , Yung Rachel L. , Wang Judy Huei-yu , Kimmick Gretchen , Isaacs Claudine , Tallarico Michelle , Barry William T. , Pitcher Brandelyn N. , Hudis Clifford , Winer Eric P. , Cohen Harvey J. , Muss Hyman B. , Hurria Arti , Mandelblatt Jeanne S.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Most patients with breast cancer age ≥ 65 years (ie, older patients) are eligible for adjuvant hormonal therapy, but use is not universal. We examined the influence of frailty on hormonal therapy noninitiation and discontinuation.

Patients and Methods

A prospective cohort of 1,288 older women diagnosed with invasive, nonmetastatic breast cancer recruited from 78 sites from 2004 to 2011 were included (1,062 had estrogen receptor–positive tumors). Interviews were conducted at baseline, 6 months, and annually for up to 7 years to collect sociodemographic, health care, and psychosocial data. Hormonal initiation was defined from records and discontinuation from self-report. Baseline frailty was measured using a previously validated 35-item scale and grouped as prefrail or frail versus robust. Logistic regression and proportional hazards models were used to assess factors associated with noninitiation and discontinuation, respectively.

Results

Most women (76.4%) were robust. Noninitiation of hormonal therapy was low (14%), but in prefrail or frail (v robust) women the odds of noninitiation were 1.63 times as high (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.40; P = .013) after covariate adjustment. Nonwhites (v whites) had higher odds of noninitiation (odds ratio, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.80; P = .033) after covariate adjustment. Among initiators, the 5-year continuation probability was 48.5%. After adjustment, the risk of discontinuation was higher with increasing age (P = .005) and lower for stage ≥ IIB (v stage I) disease (P = .003).

Conclusion

Frailty is associated with noninitiation of hormonal therapy, but it does not seem to be a major predictor of early discontinuation in older patients.
Randomized Trial of a Telephone-Based Weight Loss Intervention in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Letrozole: The LISA Trial
Authors: Goodwin Pamela J. , Segal Roanne J. , Vallis Michael , Ligibel Jennifer A. , Pond Gregory R. , Robidoux André , Blackburn George L. , Findlay Brian , Gralow Julie R. , Mukherjee Som , Levine Mark , Pritchard Kathleen I.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Obesity is associated with poor outcomes in women with operable breast cancer. Lifestyle interventions (LIs) that help women reduce their weight may improve outcomes.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a multicenter randomized trial comparing mail-based delivery of general health information alone or combined with a 24-month standardized, telephone-based LI that included diet (500 to 1,000 kcal per day deficit) and physical activity (150 to 200 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week) goals to achieve weight loss (up to 10%). Women receiving adjuvant letrozole for T1-3N0-3M0 breast cancer with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 were eligible. Weight was measured in the clinic, and self-report physical activity, quality-of-life (QOL), and diet questionnaires were completed. The primary outcome was disease-free survival. Accrual was terminated at 338 of 2,150 planned patients because of loss of funding.

Results

Mean weight loss was significantly (P < .001) greater in the LI arm versus the comparison arm (4.3 v 0.6 kg or 5.3% v 0.7% at 6 months and 3.1 v 0.3 kg or 3.6% v 0.4% at 24 months) and occurred consistently across strata (BMI 24 to < 30 v ≥ 30 kg/m2; prior v no prior adjuvant chemotherapy). Weight loss was greatest in those with higher baseline levels of moderate-intensity physical activity or improvement in QOL. Hospitalization rates and medical events were similar.

Conclusion

A telephone-based LI led to significant weight loss that was still evident at 24 months, without adverse effects on QOL, hospitalizations, or medical events. Adequately powered randomized trials with cancer end points are needed.
Comparison of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Versus Single-Agent Paclitaxel As Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer in Women With 0 to 3 Positive Axillary Nodes: CALGB 40101 (Alliance)
Authors: Shulman Lawrence N. , Berry Donald A. , Cirrincione Constance T. , Becker Heather P. , Perez Edith A. , O'Regan Ruth , Martino Silvana , Shapiro Charles L. , Schneider Charles J. , Kimmick Gretchen , Burstein Harold J. , Norton Larry , Muss Hyman , Hudis Clifford A. , Winer Eric P.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Optimal adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer balances efficacy and toxicity. We sought to determine whether single-agent paclitaxel (T) was inferior to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC), when each was administered for four or six cycles of therapy, and whether it offered less toxicity.

Patients and Methods

Patients with operable breast cancer with 0 to 3 positive nodes were enrolled onto the study to address the noninferiority of single-agent T to AC, defined as the one-sided 95% upper-bound CI (UCB) of hazard ratio (HR) of T versus AC less than 1.30 for the primary end point of relapse-free survival (RFS). As a 2 × 2 factorial design, duration of therapy was also addressed and was previously reported.

Results

With 3,871 patients enrolled onto the trial, a median follow-up period of 6.1 years, and 437 RFS events, we achieved an HR of 1.26 (one sided 95% UCB, 1.48; favoring AC does not allow a conclusion of noninferiority of T with AC; UCB > 1.3). With 266 patient deaths, the HR for overall survival (OS) was 1.27 favoring AC (UCB, 1.56). The estimated absolute advantage of AC at 5 years is 3% for RFS (91 v 88%) and 1% for OS (95 v 94%). All nine treatment-related deaths were patients receiving AC and are included in the analyses of both RFS and OS. Hematologic toxicity was more common in patients treated with AC, and neuropathy was more common in patients treated with T.

Conclusion

This trial did not show noninferiority of T to AC, a conclusion that is unlikely to change with additional events and follow-up. T was less toxic than AC.
Calcium content, in vitro digestibility, and bioaccessibility in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), and drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera)
Authors: Allen Jonathan C. , Issa Joseph Y. , Cai Weiting
Published: June 2014

Low calcium intake, poor calcium absorption, excessive calcium losses, or some combination of these factors contribute to calcium deficiency diseases. Calcium insufficiency is associated with osteoporosis, hypertension and colon cancer among other diseases. For individuals who do not have access to milk and dairy products, do not tolerate them, or prefer not to consume them, plants may be  alternative sources of calcium. However, calcium bioavailability may be low in plant foods because calcium forms complexes with oxalates, phytate and other competing minerals. 

The objective of this study was to compare the calcium content, digestibility and bioaccessibility in the leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), and drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera). Calcium content was analyzed in dry leaf powder by atomic absorption, followed by a two-stage in vitro digestion and dialysis against a mock serum solution to determine calcium digestibility and bioaccessibility. Moringa oleifera had higher calcium content than spinach and sweet potato leaves: 1.54±0.11% of dry matter for three Moringa samples (two African and one from India), and 0.99±0.001 and 1.06±0.001, respectively, in spinach and sweet potato leaves. The mean in vitro calcium digestibility was 1.62±0.08% in spinach, 3.4±0.68% in sweet potato leaves and 33.7±9.6% for Moringa. A dialysis system was designed to model bioaccessibility of calcium, revealing that bioaccessible calcium in sweet potato leaves was a non-significant 1.4 times higher and in Moringa was 9.2 to 19.4 times higher than in spinach. Therefore, the calcium contained in Moringa leaves does not appear to be associated with poorly bioavailable complexes such as oxalate. We confirmed previous reports that bioaccessibility of the calcium is low in spinach. These findings imply that increased utilization of Ipomea batatas and Moringa oleifera leaves might increase calcium intake in people in tropical and warm temperate regions where these plants grow, or these plants might become a valuable export crop.
Evidence from molecular dynamics simulations of conformational preorganization in the ribonuclease H active site
Authors: Stafford Kate A. , Palmer III Arthur G.
Published: June 2014

Ribonuclease H1 (RNase H) enzymes are well-conserved endonucleases that are present in all domains of life and are particularly important in the life cycle of retroviruses as domains within reverse transcriptase. Despite extensive study, especially of the E. coli homolog, the interaction of the highly negatively charged active site with catalytically required magnesium ions remains poorly understood. In this work, we describe molecular dynamics simulations of the E. coli homolog in complex with magnesium ions, as well as simulations of other homologs in their apo states. Collectively, these results suggest that the active site is highly rigid in the apo state of all homologs studied and is conformationally preorganized to favor the binding of a magnesium ion. Notably, representatives of bacterial, eukaryotic, and retroviral RNases H all exhibit similar active-site rigidity, suggesting that this dynamic feature is only subtly modulated by amino acid sequence and is primarily imposed by the distinctive RNase H protein fold.
Cytoplasmic nanojunctions between lysosomes and sarcoplasmic reticulum are required for specific calcium signaling
Authors: Fameli Nicola , Ogunbayo Oluseye A. , van Breemen Cornelis , Evans A. Mark
Published: June 2014

Herein we demonstrate how nanojunctions between lysosomes and sarcoplasmic reticulum (L-SR junctions) serve to couple lysosomal activation to regenerative, ryanodine receptor-mediated cellular Ca2+waves. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) it has been proposed that nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) triggers increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+via L-SR junctions, in a manner that requires initial Ca2+release from lysosomes and subsequent Ca2+-induced Ca2+release (CICR) via ryanodine receptor (RyR) subtype 3 on the SR membrane proximal to lysosomes. L-SR junction membrane separation has been estimated to be < 400 nm and thus beyond the resolution of light microscopy, which has restricted detailed investigations of the junctional coupling process. The present study utilizes standard and tomographic transmission electron microscopy to provide a thorough ultrastructural characterization of the L-SR junctions in PASMCs. We show that L-SR nanojunctions are prominent features within these cells and estimate that the junctional membrane separation and extension are about 15 nm and 300 nm, respectively. Furthermore, we develop a quantitative model of the L-SR junction using these measurements, prior kinetic and specific Ca2+signal information as input data. Simulations of NAADP-dependent junctional Ca2+transients demonstrate that the magnitude of these signals can breach the threshold for CICR via RyR3. By correlation analysis of live cell Ca2+signals and simulated Ca2+transients within L-SR junctions, we estimate that “trigger zones” comprising 60–100 junctions are required to confer a signal of similar magnitude. This is compatible with the 110 lysosomes/cell estimated from our ultrastructural observations. Most importantly, our model shows that increasing the L-SR junctional width above 50 nm lowers the magnitude of junctional [Ca2+] such that there is a failure to breach the threshold for CICR via RyR3. L-SR junctions are therefore a pre-requisite for efficient Ca2+signal coupling and may contribute to cellular function in health and disease.