bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrete Vortex Method Of Flow Around A Cylinder In A Channel Using Simple Grid System
Authors: Et. al. Wisnu Wardhana,
Published: April 2021

Modelling of unidirectional and oscillatory flows around a cylinder in a channel using a simple overlapping grid system are carried out. The importance of this cylinder-wall configuration is the effect of blockage which suppress the development of the vortex shedding The polar grid system of the cylinder is then overlapped with the rectangular grid system of the wall. The length of rectangular grid element is about the same as the length of the polar grid system in the cylinder surface. The use of such overlapping grid system is for reducing the CPU time, i.e. in calculating the vortex velocity since the CPU time in calculating the vortices velocity takes the longest time. This method is not only time efficient, but also gives a better distribution of surface vorticity as the scattered vortices around the body are now concentrated on grid point. In this study there is no vortex-to-vortex interaction, but instead it uses node-to-node interactions. Velocity calculation also uses this overlapping grid in which the new incremental shift position then summed up to get the total new vortices position. In this overlapping system the grid can be either off or on depend on process involved to get rid of the nodes not being used. The engineering applications of this topic is to simulate the loading pipeline placed in the channel such as in the heat exchanger or simulation of U-tube experiment or other system. The in-line and transverse force coefficients are found by integrating the pressure around the cylinder surface. The flow patterns are then can be obtained and presented. The comparison of the results with experimental evidence is presented and also the range of good results is discussed.
On The Process Of Thematic Consolidation Of Legal Terms
Authors: Et. al. Muyassarkhon Bakhriddinova,
Published: April 2021

This article is dedicated to the process of thematic consolidation of legal terms. It is evident that terms are commonly utilized in many realms including technology, science, art, literature and law. They have been studied for many years by plenty of scholars since they own primary and secondary meanings. The advancement of cutting-edge technologies has brought about many changes in terminology as well and various terms have appeared in every field.  Indeed, law is a very broad area with its differently used words, phrases and word combinations. Nowadays, new terms have also been created in this sphere and they have to be learnt very thoroughly. Presently, lots of presidential decrees and rules have been enacted in a bid to develop law system; therefore, studying legal terms is a must for every linguist working in this field. As W.Shuy stated the main duty of linguists is to help untangle the language confusion (p. 12). Hence, we attempted to present some peculiarities of legal words and differences in their usage.
Abolition Of Forced Labour: Case Of Uzbekistan
Authors: Et. al. Odiljon Sulaymanov,
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the legal problems in the implementation of international labour standards on the abolition of forced labour in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Fundamental documents of the International Labour Organization on the abolition of forced labour – the legal nature of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, 1930 and the the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105, 1957, the content of national legislation on this issue. The practice of assimilation of the provisions of international agreements on labor issues, which are legally binding for Uzbekistan, into national legislation, the compliance of some issues regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor relations with the norms of international documents has been studied. As a result of the study, conclusions were made on improving the legislation on labor, criminal and administrative liability, as well as amendments to Article 7 of the Labor Code, Article 1482 of the Criminal Code and Article 51 of the Code of Administrative Liability, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Employment" and were some suggestions on the appropriateness of making additions. Recommendations were made to amend the national legislation to abolition of forced and compulsory labour in order to bring it in line with international standards. The formation of institutional mechanisms for countering forced labour in Uzbekistan was studied in three periods, the specifics of each period, the functions of the established mechanisms, and the effectiveness of their activities were analyzed. In particular, the tasks of the National Commission for combating human trafficking and forced labour, created by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-5775 dated July 30, 2019, and the Institute of the National Rapporteur are set out.
Online Counselling Services: University Students’ Perception
Authors: Et. al. Abu Shahim, M.R,
Published: April 2021

Online counselling is no longer something new. It offers faster, safer and more practical in getting counselling services. This study aims to examine the perceptions of university students toward online counselling services which include aspects of attitude, knowledge and readiness at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. This quantitative study has a total of 263 respondents from two different studies; social sciences and technology sciences. The Perceptions Toward Online Counseling Questionnaire is used as the instrument. The collected data were analysed using quantitative method. The data obtained were analysed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 23.0 for Windows. t-test analysis was used to analyse the data. The results showed that there was no significant difference in perceptions of attitude and readiness toward online counselling services based on the field of study. However, there is a significant difference in the perception of knowledge toward online counselling services based on the field of study. Therefore, the implications and recommendations for future research also discussed.
Importance of an Efficient Warehouse Management System
Authors: Et. al. M. Shashidharan,
Published: April 2021

: In the preview of efficient supply chain management, the warehouse operations play a vital role. The warehouse operation is crucial since it act as the hub were the nodes are connected to the respective spokes. In the current environment it is very much essential to become competitive in a sustainable way. The warehousing operation is the key in order to meet the customers demand and hence it has to be continuously improved. The continuous improvement can be in a way obtained by being flexible in meeting the customers demand based upon their unique requirements. In this article the efficiency of the overall performance of warehouse operation is studied using questionnaire as the tool.
A Comprehensive Method for Arriving at Initial Feasible Solution for Optimization Problems in Engineering with Illustrative Examples
Authors: Et. al. Chandrasekhar Putcha,
Published: April 2021

Two methods have been used extensively for arriving at initial basic feasible solution (IBF). One of them is Northwest corner rule and the other on is Russell method (Hillier & Lieberman, 2005.) Both methods have drawbacks. The IBF obtained is either far from optimal solution or does not have adequate number of entries to initiate transportation simplex algorithm. The Northwest Corner rule gives an initial feasible solution that is far from optimal while the IBF solution obtained using Russell method doesn’t give enough number of entries to start the transportation simplex algorithm. Hence, there is a need for developing a method for arriving at initial basic feasible solution with adequate number of entries needed to initiate transportation simplex algorithm, which can then be used to get an optimal solution. A computer software has been developed based on the new proposed method for this purpose. The proposed new method has been validated through four simple but illustrative examples.
Proposal For A Management System For The Operation Of A Hybrid Network Platform Based On TDM Network Technology Migrating To Next-Generation NGN Networks
Authors: Et. al. Ali Abdul Razzaq Taresh,
Published: April 2021

Develop a proposal for a management model that allows, through knowledge management, to preserve the quality of services during the technological evolution of networks in a telecommunications company. Today, BaghTel is considered the main telecommunications company in Iraq and some time ago it was acquired by the Iraqi government, which has generated a significant organizational transformation, added to the fact of the rapid technological evolution and the strong competition of the sector. These factors give rise to concern on the part of certain units regarding which management model can best adapt to these changes. In addition to these reasons, there is a need for companies like BaghTel to improve the management of this type of updates or migrations, which would later translate into improvements in the quality of services provided by the company. This study seeks to propose a management model that allows optimizing the administration of networks and services, during the organizational transformation processes that occur in a telecommunications company as a result of today's technological evolution. The importance of this work lies in the opportunity to optimize, through a management model, the way to control an important technological change, which will ensure and improve the service levels that any telecommunications company provides to its end users. The final process, measures and assessments, include a viewing and use of management indicators of the results obtained in BaghTel's Specialist Networks Management; this consists essentially of a periodic monitoring and evaluation of the key variables in the management of the TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and NGN (next generation of networks) networks;
Educating Muslim Malay Society In Confronting The Phenomenon Of Fabricated Hadith Propagation
Authors: Et. al. Firdaus Khairi Abdul Kadir,
Published: April 2021

The two major sources of the religion of Islam is the Quran and Hadith. Devoid of both, Muslims will certainly stray from the path of truth. Via the promptness of information technology nowadays, the two sources of commandment turn out to be easily referenced and studied. Nonetheless, it is worrying that with the distance of the present day to the time of the Messenger of Allah, the source of the law in particular al-Hadith entails to be verified before dissemination. Currently, many queries about the hadith arise, due to the existence of those who have taken the opportunity to boost their sales or introduce certain novel act of worships that are alleged to originate from the Messenger of Allah. However, when reexamined by the contemporary scholar of hadith, it is found that the hadiths were either false or extremely feeble. In reality, what is even more unsettling is the blunder originated from the religious preacher whom involved in the spreading of false hadiths in their lectures. So much so that the public is often muddled about the legitimacy of their religious practices. With that in mind, studies on the legality of legal sources such as hadiths need to be deliberated and researched. Hence, the study was conducted to recommend pertinent resolutions to ensure that Muslims; especially in the end times, to ensure their devotion are based on Quran and al-Hadith. The methodology of the study take on archival research by scrutinizing the renowned books of evidence and eminent contemporary writings in the field of study to ensure that this study is more reliable and capable to answer existing problems. In addition, this study also employed qualitative methods via interviews with prominent leaders in the field of study along with the observations of the researcher especially in the course of this study. Upon the completion of the research, there are several findings that indicate that the phenomenon ensued due to the failure of Muslims to preserve the authenticity of the hadith by inattentively allowing some practices to be performed without any reference to the established manuscript of hadiths, resulting in some practices being made based on false hadiths.
Relationship between Skills of Study, Positive Psychological Strengths and Examination Anxiety between Students at the Government Own Education Colleges in Nigeria
Authors: Et. al. Mustapha Alhaji Grema,
Published: April 2021

Examination plays a vital role in every contemporary educational set up, as well as being used as a measure to place students in their appropriate position after being examined. Nonetheless a phenomenon associated with the low academic outcomes is a number of students' experiences of examination anxiety that leads to a lack of focus on taking the right examination decision. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the level of study abilities, positive psychological strengths, examination anxiety and the relationship between the variables used in the study with a population of 315 students and 315 students. A positive significant relationship was shown by the relationship of the path model between study abilities and examination anxiety. Also the structural analysis shows that there was a strong relationship between positive psychological strengths and examination anxiety. The Structural Analysis of Research Skills has been very successful and shows a positive coefficient. Positive psychological strengths, with a positive path coefficient, showed a high level of influence on examination anxiety. The study results show that study skills were effective and improved their level of study skills in managing the anxiety of the examination.
Classification of Cryptocurrency: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Et. al. Wan Nur Izzah Wan Muhamad Fokri,
Published: April 2021

Technological development has affected the global financial industry. The use of digital currency is increasingly gaining a place among the world’s population, so much so that there are 2486 types of digital currency on record. Scholars in Islamic finance as well as Fatwa institutions all over the world have delivered their religious decree concerning the digital currency; hence, most discussions about the use of the decree was only directed at Bitcoin as a medium of payment although some digital currencies have other functions, such as being utility and security tokens. Therefore, the decree concerning other digital currencies cannot apply the decree issued for Bitcoin only because each digital currency has a different conceptual framework. Hence, this study, which applied the qualitative approach and a descriptive research design, intended to analyse the classification of digital currencies according to their function and characteristics. The findings show that digital currency is classified into coins, currency, tokens, payment tokens, utility tokens and security or asset tokens. Coins function as a medium of payment and store of value that was developed using its own blockchain. Currency is a medium of exchange and can be exchanged with any form of money, including the crediting or debiting of an account. Tokens represent services, financial instruments or infrastructure that is developed using the blockchain technology of other digital currencies. Tokens are divided into three types according to their function, namely payment tokens, utility tokens and security or asset tokens. The classification of digital currencies provides a guideline for the public who wish to carry out transactions using digital currencies. It is important to ensure that transactions carried out in accordance with the syarak will help alleviate cases of fraud related to investment and sale of digital currencies.
Study on Evaluation of Machine Learning Approaches in Brain Tumour MR Images
Authors: Et. al. Nisha Joseph,
Published: April 2021

The principal intention of this work is to compare the performance of the supervised brain tumour segmentation methods. These segmentation methods are based on machine learning. First, the input MR brain image is denoised by employing the adaptive bilateral filter, and the image contrast is enhanced employing the histogram equalization. Then we retrieve the features from the pre-processed image. Among several feature extraction methods, this work uses the shape, intensity, and texture feature extractors. Subsequent to removing these three types of features, fragment the tumor dependent on these recovered segments. The supervised segmentation approach is used for this. Among several supervised segmentation methods, this work uses three machine learning methods, namely Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Convolution Neural Network (CNN). Finally, the retrieved features are feed into these machine learning methods to segment the brain tumour regions. To find out the best machine learning approach, the performance of these three supervised machines learning methods is evaluated by four performance metrics. Based on these evaluations, the best segmentation approach is discovered. Four execution boundaries are utilized, in particular, Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Jaccard list (JI), and Sensitivity (SEN) to analyze the presentation of the AI strategy. The experimental outputs exposed that the CNN makes greater than other methods.
An Energy Efficient Qos Routing Protocol Based On Red Deer Algorithm In MANET
Authors: Et. al. S. Arivarasan,
Published: April 2021

MANETs (Mobile ad hoc networks) are overloaded with their heavy usage choking traffic. Recent studies have been attempting to find feasibility of routes in these networks. Most proposed schemes have failed to consider the network traffic or MANET requirements. MANET routing done by RPs (Routing Protocols) would perform better when they adhere to QoS (Quality of Service) or application requirements. As a result, RPs must satisfy numerous QoS metrics at a time where soft computing algorithm based RPs are a solution to QoS routing problems. Evolutionary algorithm based routing do not achieve enough energy efficiency which is a major drawback. To overcome this drawback, this work, proposes Red Deer algorithm (RDA) based energy efficient QoS routing for MANETs called (RDA-EQRP). The proposed RDA based routing algorithm discovers the shortest path from a source to a destination which can consumes less energy while supporting the metrics such of reliability, bandwidth, SRC (Static Resource Capacity), Quality and delay. Simulation results show that proposed rotting scheme RDA-EQRP consumes lesser energy in MANET routing.
A Numerical Study on the Flow Characteristics According to the Operating Speed of Hollow Jet Valve
Authors: Et.al Ki-Hyuk Yang
Published: April 2021

Various types of valves are installed in the emergency discharge facility of dams, and when water is discharged in an emergency, vibration may occur in the valve depending on operating conditions. In this study, for the hollow jet valve, which is frequently used in the emergency discharge facility of dam, the flow phenomenon occurring according to the operating speed of the valve was observed and the vibration characteristics according to the operating speed were investigated through CFD.In particular, when the hollow jet valve is closed, the valve casing is opened while the inside of the valve casing is filled with air, and the open position is also changed during the opening time, thus the calculation was performed using the unsteady 2-phase overset mesh technique.As a result of calculation through CFD, it was found that when the operating speed of the hollow jet valve was changed, the time range of vibration appeared differently, and the value of the drag coefficient generated was also changed. In addition, it was found that the location of vibration generated according to the operating speed is generated at mostly identical locations, the cause of the vibration is not the vibration caused by the hydraulic pressure exiting the hollow jet valve, and it can be seen that the atmosphere outside the valve flows into the valve casing, creating a complex flow phenomenon inside the valve casing and acting as the cause of vibrating the hollow jet valve.
Improvement of the Regulatory Framework of Regulation of Transnational Business in Azerbaijan
Authors: Matanat Dadashova Muslumat Allahverdiyeva, Sekine Huseynova,
Published: April 2021

Though formation of the transnational business is based on common principles, this process appears in a specific form in various countries. Transnational business is different depending on the structure of the economy, the level of socio-economic development, organizational and management structure, national-ethnic characteristics, and the level of development of the state in various countries. At the same time, creating and justifying the fact that big, fast-growing and concentrated national companies are ranked in the rankings as TNB (transnational business) is one of the issues within the interest of state and economic science. Upon the Contract of the Century signed in September 1994, Azerbaijan has subsequently signed the production sharing agreements (PSAs) on “Garabakh”, “Dan ulduzu” and “Ashrafi” fields. The biggest TNBs, such as BP, Amoko, Penzoil and Unocal, have their share in oil fields from Azerbaijan. Up to 70% of all investments in the Azerbaijani economy are invested in the oil industry, about 80% of which is imposed by the foreign TNBs. This figure indicates that the TNB has a great role in the economy of Azerbaijan.

TNB has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Azerbaijan. As Azerbaijan’s transnational business develops, various problems also arise. For instance, the problems between the TNB and the Azerbaijan Trade Unions Department, the problems between Britis Petrolium and the Azerbaijan Government, etc. The problems they face with the host countries have begun to show itself in Azerbaijan too. Transnational business regulation is a very urgent issue over the world. The scientists have increasingly investigated the legal aspects of the TNB regulation. This article is dedicated to the actions that are being taken and important to be taken to regulate transnational business at the state level in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the regulation methodology is proposed.
The dynamics of HCV DNA and HBsAg levels in acute hepatitis B patients in monoinfection and coinfection of other hepatitis viruses
Authors: Chulanov Vladimir P. , Kostygova E. Yu , Kostyushev D. S , Glebe D. , Shipulin G. A , Gerlikh V. , Volchkova E. V
Published: April 2021

Introduction Changes in the levels of DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the quantitative content of the surface antigen (HBsAg) in acute hepatitis B, as well as the concomitant co-injection of other hepatitis viruses have been insufficiently studied so far. Materials and Methods In 21 patients with acute HBV monoinfection and 27 patients with co-infection of HBV + HCV and/ or HDV three to four serum samples were withdrawn with interval of 6-10 days and the dynamics of HBV viral load and concentration of HBsAg was examined. Results Logarithm of the concentration of DNA HBV was established to decrease from 4.0 ± 0.65 to 3.0 ± 0.59, to 2.5 ± 0.47, to 1.9 ± 0.65 (IU /ml, M ± s), the half-life of DNA HBV was increased from 1.6 days at baseline to 4 days to the end of the study. The decline of the HBsA concentration proceeded much slower: from 38 to 23, 12, 3.8 pg/ml. Half-life period of HBsAg accounted of 8 days at the beginning and 5.7 days at the end of the study, however, in 11 patients there was observed rapid elimination of HBsAg and disappearance of HBV DNA. Conclusion The fact of co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) had no significant effect on the dynamics of HBV DNA and HBsAg levels. In patients infected with Hepatitis D virus (HDV) HBV viral load was significantly lower, and the concentration of HBsAg, by contrast, is significantly higher than in acute monoinfection with HBV. Thus, in acute hepatitis B DNA elimination occurs much faster than the elimination of HBsAg. In addition, in co-infection HDV inhibits replication of HBV, but at the same time stimulates the expression of HBsAg. The obtained data should be considered in the interpretation of laboratory tests in patients with acute hepatitis B, both in the earlier period, and at follow-up.
Retrospective analysis of the incidence of viral hepatitis A in the republic of Crimea
Authors: Gorovenko Maksim V. , Karimov I. Z , Penkovskaya N. A , Los-Yatsenko N. G , Midikari A. S , Tkachuk O. B
Published: April 2021

Viral hepatitis A is the most widespread form of acute viral hepatitis in the world and one of the most important medico-social problems of public health care. The existing ecologic problems of the Crimea demand more careful studying of regularities of epidemic process of hepatitis A on the peninsula to provide epidemiological well-being of the population and visitors. Retrospective epidemiologic analysis of long-term and annual dynamic of viral hepatitis A incidence in Crimea Republic in 2005-2014 had been carried out on the basis of statistical data of Interregional Department of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. It is revealed that The prevalence of adults in structure ofpatients, leveling ofperiodicity and expressed tendency to reducing of morbidity were revealed to be features of hepatitis A on the peninsula.
Trial of the new antivenin serum INSERP®PANAFRICAIN in the Republic of Guinea for the treatment of patients bitten by venomous snakes
Authors: Balde M. S , Buaro M. I , Konstantinov O. K , Diallo M. S , Millimono E. , Kulibali M.
Published: April 2021

Introduction The intoxication rate due to venomous snake bites in the population in the Republic of Guinea is 100-150 cases per 100 000 habitants with the mortality rate to 18% and represents a serious problem for public health services of the country. In the same time there is a big lack in antivenin sera supply. Nevertheless, the provision with antivenin serum against snake venom in the country is evidently not enough. Aim of research clinical trials of the efficiency and tolerance of a new polyvalent antivenin sera Inoserp® Panafricain against snake venom in comparison with the used previously serum Antivipmyn® Afrique. Methods There were treated 109 patients with pronounced symptoms of intoxication due to venomous snake bites. In the absence of hemolytic and neurologic symptoms they were intravenously administered the 1 dose (10 ml) of serum or 2 doses in the presence of mentioned symptoms. If situation so requires (in the absence of the positive effect, the occurrence of hemorrhage and neurological symptoms) this serum was re-administered 3, 6, 12 or 24 hours after the first injection. There was noted a status ofpatient and the presence of side effects after the application of this serum. Results All 109 patients have received an average of 1.1 doses (ampules) of serum. 108 patients (99%) recovered without consequences. No case of necrosis was observed. There was noted the 1 fatal case (0.9% of total patients). In 6 (5.5%) patients 10 minutes after administration of the serum there were noted side effects, but shortly they disappeared. The overall mortality rate in our experience was lower than in the testing of the similar serum Antivipmyn® Afrique, especially in patients who have not received antisera against the venom of snakes. Conclusion The efficacy and tolerability of the Inoserp® Panafricain serum were higher as mortality rate (0.9%) and side effects (5.5%) - lower in comparison with the serum Antivipmyn® Afrique. This experience has shown the perspectiveness of the use of serum Inoserp® Panafricain for the treatment of cases bitten by venomous snakes in Guinea.
Effect of the preparation Ingavirin® (imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid) on the interferon status of cells under conditions of viral infection
Authors: Aschacher Thomas , Krokhin Artem , Kuznetsova Irina , Langle Johannes , Nebolsin Vladimir , Egorov Andrey , Bergmann Michael
Published: April 2021

Ingavirin® (imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid) is an original antiviral drug, which is used in Russia for treatment and profilaxis of influenza and other acute viral infections. We confirmed that imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid (IEPA), not being interferon inducer itself, enhances synthesis of both interferon-a/fi receptors (IFNAR) to interferone and cell sensitivity to interferone signalling, which was suppressed by NS1 protein - pathogen factor of influenza virus. IEPA is able to promote antiviral effector proteins PKR and MxA in infected cells, in opposition to interferon system suppression by influenza virus. Theoretical ground of clinical efficacy of Ingavirine® could be confirmed by obtained data of influence to innate immune system during viral infection.
Clinical perspectives of cefditoren pivoxil - new oral third generation cephalosporin
Authors: Beloborodov Vladimir B.
Published: April 2021

The resistance of community flora is growing slowly. Nevertheless, clinical value of actual resistance of the respiratory, skin, soft tissue and urological pathogens is increasing in relation to macrolides, penicillin, quinolones that demands on the introduction of new antibiotics. Cefditoren pivoxil appeared rather recently in the Russian Federation. Results of microbiological and clinical comparative trials showed its high efficiency and safety as an alternative to the applied antibiotics.
Professor G.N. Minkh - prominent domestic infectiologist, pathologist (to 180th anniversary of the birth)
Authors: Knopov Mikhail Sh. , Taranukha V. K
Published: April 2021

In the article there is presented the life and career of the prominent domestic and infectiologist, pathologist, a talented organizer of health care, well-known public figure Grigory N. Minkh.
Clinical and morphological characteristics and outcomes of tuberculosis process in patients suffered from HIV infection
Authors: Semenova Nataliya Yu. , Chebotareva T. V , Orlova S. N , Oblogina L. I
Published: April 2021

The purpose of research is to perform an analysis of features of the clinical course of comorbidity tuberculosis + HIV infection and proximate causes of death of patients. In the article there was performed a comparative analysis of the clinical and radiological, bacteriological and morphological data of 74 deceased patients, divided into two groups: main (cases with the presence of co-infection: tuberculosis associated with HIV infection) and a comparison group (TB mono-infected persons).The performed analysis of the clinical course, the data of microbiological examination and radiographic findings in 74 of the dead patients allowed to reveal features of the course of tuberculosis in HIV infection cases at the IV stage: acute onset of illness, debilitating fever, full-blown bronchopulmonary syndrome and intoxication, massive bacterial excretion. In co-infection patients at the advanced stages with a significant decrease in the level of CD4+ lymphocytes there was no tendency to develop of tuberculous granuloma. The evolution of the process was characterized by the acute generalized by lymphatic/hematogenous and hematogenous dissemination with combined lesions of the internal organs (meninges, lungs, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, pancreas, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes). Tuberculosis granulomatous response as a mode of specific antituberculosis protection failed to develop, the changes were mostly exudative-necrotic inflammation in character due to the presence of immunodeficient state. At the same time in patients without HIV infection the process was classic in character: there were developed isolated lung lesions without the involvement of other organs. Morphological changes were presented by formed tuberculous granulomas with epithelioid cell infiltration and pronounced caseous necrosis. The cause of death in the study group patients was generalized tuberculosis with simultaneous defeat of several vital organs.
Experience of the implication of differential diagnosis in epidemiological diagnostics of infectious diseases
Authors: Yakovlev Anatoly A.
Published: April 2021

In the work based both on epidemiological research and analysis of literature data, there are discussed methodological approaches to the assessment of riskfactors that could potentially influence on the development of the epidemic process. There are analyzed modern methods permitting to select the impact of main factors on the development of the epidemic process and the shaping of the certain epidemiological situation. There is emphasized the epidemiological importance of differential diagnosis in the implementation of such research.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE RESIDENT POPULATION OF MOSCOW IN 2010-2014
Authors: Karkach Arseniy S. , Romanyukha A. A , Borisov S. E , Belilovskiy E. M , Sannikova T. E , Avilov K. K
Published: April 2021

In the work there is described the methodology and results of the analysis of epidemiological data on the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in Moscow in 2010-2014. The aim of the study was the search for socio-economic and demographic factors affecting on the morbidity rate in city residents. To solve this problem, there was evaluated the initial and standardized incidence rate of tuberculosis in 107 districts of the city. By the method of step-by-step regression, the incidence rates were compared with the socio-economic characteristics of the districts. The results of the treatment showed about 40% of the dispersion of incidence between regions to be due to a variation of two characteristics: the proportion of families receiving subsidies for housing and communal services and the proportion of men over 80 years old. The obtained estimate of the degree of socio-economic determination of the prevalence of tuberculosis is close to the estimates value obtained in similar studies in other countries. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis an important mechanism for the development of tuberculosis in Moscow to be the activation of a latent infection as a result of a weakening of immune protection under the influence of unfavorable socio-economic conditions. Nо relationship between the prevalence rate in permanent residents and migrants registered in the district was revealed.
COMBINED ANTIVIRAL THERAPY OF HEPATITIS C ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND MULTIPLE SOMATIC DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH BURDENED ONCOLOGICAL HISTORY
Authors: Poluektova V. B , Volchkova E. V
Published: April 2021

Patients underwent many surgical interventions are referred to a high risk group on morbidity by viral hepatitis. Mixt replications of viruses of hepatitis В (VHB) and С occur rarely. Obstetricians and gynaecologists fail to recommend the implementation of IVF procedure for women with the burdened gynaecological history due to viral hepatitis В and С and the pronounced fibrosis of liver tissue. We showed that for such patients antiviral therapy (AVT) started in good time allows to stop the replication of virus of hepatitis C, considerably to decline the VHВ loading and diminish the activity of process of fibrogenesis that, consequently, gives a chance for performance of IVF procedure.
PROSPECTIVE MONITORING OF AIRWAY COLONIZATION AS WAY TO VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA PROPHYLAXIS
Authors: Sinikin Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Beloborodov V. B
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most common type of nosocomial infection. It’s characterized high mortality (24-76%), leads to increase of mechanical ventilation length, length of stay in intensive care units, significant increase of hospital length of stay and cost of care. The aim of this study was to perform the systematic analysis of the current literature devoted to the problem of airway bacterial colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prophylaxis. Objectives of the study: the definition of the value of airway bacterial colonization in clinical practice, feasibility of airway bacterial colonization monitoring, prophylaxis, VAP diagnosis and prophylaxis which based on the bacterial colonization monitoring data. For the solution of the designated objectives in the scientific medical databases Medscape and Pubmed there was performed the search for the publications on subject headings, covering these problems. Conclusion. Airway bacterial colonization by potential infectious agent is a one of the key stage in VAP development. Prospective bacterial colonization monitoring (in addition to laboratory and instrumental analysis, clinical presentation) enable to get current microbiological data in prospective mode and to provide the targeted real-time antibacterial therapy in case of pneumonia onset. But at present this way is not convential and requires additional improvement. The guidelines to selection of time, type, technology and personalization VAP prophylaxis methods can be developed on basis of this technique.
«QUERY FEVER»: DOWN THE LINE EIGHTY YEARS
Authors: Malov Valery A. , Gorobchenko A. N , Gyulazyan N. M , Nemilostiva E. A , Kanshina N. N , Nekhaev S. G , Sviridova M. B
Published: April 2021

The review article coniders modern information on etiology, epidemiology of Q-fever, pathogenetic mechanisms promoting Coxiella burnetii bacteria to wear down the protective systems of the macroorganism and contribute to the development of the chronic course of the disease. Clinical manifestations of Q-fever in acute and chronic forms are considered in detail, problems of early diagnosis and treatment tactics are discussed.
PREVALENCE RATE AND IMPACT OF ADDICTIVE DISORDERS ON THE COURSE OF HIV-INFECTION IN IN-PATIENTS
Authors: Yakovlev A. A , Diachkov Andrey G. , Musatov V. B , Strelyanaya E. V , Mikitenko E. V , Gorodnicheva L. R
Published: April 2021

Aim of the study. To make an analysis of the prevalence rate and the impact of addictive disorders on the course of HIV-infection and evaluate the efficacy of the antiretroviral therapy. Methods and Materials. The retrospective analysis of medical records of HIV-positive patients, examined by the narcologist in the S.P. Botkin Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital during the period of from September to November in 2014 and 2016. Results. Half of the patients (576 out of 1164 patients, 49.5%) treated in HIV-infection hospital required consultation of narcologist. In 2014 and 2016 men were more prevalent among such patients (73% and 76% accordingly), with a trend toward the involvement of older patients. Most prevalent narcological pathology among HIV-positive patients was opioid dependence (48% and 45% accordingly). Despite an increase of absolute numbers of narcologist’s consultations in 2016 the only group in which the relative gain from 17% to 26% was observed there was a group of patients suffered both opioid dependency and chronic alcoholism simultaneously. According to our data odds ratio for starting antiretroviral therapy in the hospital were higher in women and in patients with remission of chronic alcoholism. Percentage of patients who started antiretroviral therapy was insufficient - 30% among patients discharged after the complete in-hospital stay. Conclusion. The pattern of HIV epidemic among patients with addictive disorders does not differ from the general HIV-positive population. The gain in percentage of patients with comorbidity such as opioid dependency with alcohol abuse was observed. Patients manifested the alcohol abuse at the time of admission have lower chances to begin to receive ARVT comparing to those who were in remission.
THE DIVERSITY OF THE PARASITIC SYSTEM IS THE BASE OF THE STABILITY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF NATURAL FOCUS OF THE INFECTION
Authors: Arutyunov Yuriy I. , Mishan’kin B. N , Orekhov I. V , Pichurina N. L
Published: April 2021

This paper presents the authors’ opinion concerning such understudied issue of epizootology as the cause of the stability of the functioning of the natural focus of infection. The diversity of the biocenotic complex including main, secondary and casual carriers; numerous, small in number and rare vectors; strains with high virulence, low virulence and altered strains of the causative agent of infection, as well as population nonuniformity of biocenosis constituents contribute to the stability of the functioning of the natural focus in certain landscape-geographic conditions. The heterogeneity during the achievement of the abundance peak by various carrier and vector species also promotes to the stability. Universality of the principle of the proposition offered here for three- and two-component constituents of a natural focus of infection, as well as for infections caused by sapronotic pathogens, allows consider it as a biological law of the stable functioning of a natural focus of infection.
POLYMORPHISM OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS LMP1 ONCOGENE IN NANAIANS, REPRESENTATIVES OF INDIGENOUS MINORITY OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST
Authors: Smirnova Ksenia V. , Diduk S. V , Gurtsevitch V. E
Published: April 2021

The mechanism of EBV-associated malignant and benign human pathologies in non-endemic regions is still not elucidated. The investigation of this problem in Russia, the country, non-endemic for EBV-associated diseases, is of a special importance due to the variety of ethnic groups inhabiting different geographic and climatic regions. The search for genetic peculiaritis of EBV strains persisting in indigenous peoples of Russia, especially, in its minority representatives occupying the country since historical times is of the particular interest. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with a number of human tumors of lymphoid and epithelial cell origin. This unique feature of EBV is polymorphism of its main oncogene - latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), encoded by a gene of the same name LMP1. The importance of the studying of genetic mutations (deletions, insertions and other) in this gene is based on the influence of his certain mutations on the activity of such key intracellular molecules as NF-kB, AP-1, iNOS, and several others, leading to cell malignancy. With bearing it in mind, our study has been focused on the comparative analysis of the LMP1 EBV polymorphism among the indigenous population of the Khabarovsk Territory (Nanai) and immigrants from the European part of the country to this region, which is not endemic for EBV-associated pathologies, but is located on the border with endemic EBV-associated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in southern provinces of China. The results obtained clearly showed sequences of LMP1 samples of the virus strains infecting Nanai and immigrants in the Khabarovsk Territory to be similar to LMP1 variants from different parts of the world previously described in the literature and have a number of unique mutation features.
DETECTION AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA ISOLATES OF CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS FROM THE HYALOMMA MARGINATUM TICKS COLLECTED IN THE ASTRAKHAN REGION (2016)
Authors: Vakalova Elena V. , Volynkina A. S , Kotenev E. S , Kulikova L. N , Viktorova N. V
Published: April 2021

1,746 specimens of H. marginatum ticks collected in the Astrakhan region were examined by RT-PCR, their infection rate with CCHF virus amounted to 1.5%. This is comparable with results of earlier studies performed in different years in the Astrakhan and Rostov regions and testified to such indices of viral resistance as 0.1; 0.9; 2.4; 0.6; 0.9 and 2.3%. As a result of sequencing of fragments of the genome (fourteen of the 26 isolates of RNA, they refer to the genotype Europe-1. Seven out of 14 isolates belong to the subtype Va Stavropol-Rostov-Astrakhan, two represent the reassortant genetic variant S-Vc; M-Vb; L-Va.
CLINICAL APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TICK-BORNE BORRELIOSIS
Authors: Nafeev Aleksandr A.
Published: April 2021

Diagnosis of Ixodes tick borreliosis (SDS) at an early stage of the disease is not perfect that creates problems in a timely diagnosis. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the incidence rate of Ixodes tick borreliosis (CBI) in the Ulyanovsk region for the period 2002-2013; there is considered the pattern of mite species and the results of their research on Borrelia species (2011-2013).
THE INVESTIGATION OF DNA DAMAGE IN LYMPHOCYTES BY COMET ASSAY IN CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B PATIENTS
Authors: Mikhailov A. O , Popov A. F , Ivanova N. S , Simakova A. I
Published: April 2021

The investigation of the degree of the lymphocyte DNA damage in chronic viral hepatitis B (HBV) patients is of interest for several reasons. Firstly, it is possible to judge indirectly about the depth of the pathological process at the level of the whole organism, with bearing in mind features of the pathogenic replication of hepatitis B virus. Secondly, it is possible to give an estimation of the degree of genotoxic impact of the virus on blood cells that plays an essential role in the shaping of the immune response of the body. The study was executed on 50 blood samples from HBV patients, divided in 5 groups on the fibrosis grade according to METAVIR score: F0 (n = 10), F1 (N = 10), F2 (N = 10), F3 (n = 10), F4 (n = 10). The control group was consisted of 43 volunteers matched by the age and gender without concomitant diseases. From blood samples taken at the time of the admission to the hospital lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient on Ficoll-urografin. The degree of DNA damage in lymphocytes was determined by virtue of alkaline version of the DNA comet assay. There was noted the direct relationship between an increase in % DNA in the tail of comets and the grade of liver fibrosis. So in the control group, % DNA in the tail accounted for 3.75 ± 1.44. In the F0 group % of DNA in the tail was 5.07 ± 1.25, F1 - 6.79 ± 1.79, F2 - 7.65 ± 1.62, F3 - 8.05 ± 1.18, F4 - 9.84 ± 3.09. It is noteworthy that in groups F2, F3, F4 differences were statistically significant in comparison with the control group. Also there was noted the presence of apoptotic cells in F3, F4 groups: 1 and 0.88%, respectively. Identified changes are both important in the description of to molecular patterns of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B associated with damage, and also can serve as an indirect indication of the stage of liver fibrosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LEGIONELLOSIS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Gruzdeva O. A , Filatov N. N , Tartakovskiy I. S , Marin G. G
Published: April 2021

In the presented article there was executed a retrospective analysis of legionellosis in the Russian Federation for the period of its official registration. Currently, the prevalence rate of legionellosis in Russia is 0.01 per 100 thousand of the population, while in Europe and the United States this figure is 1.1-1.2 per 100 thousand of the population. Probably in the Russian Federation there is a problem of diagnosing of the disease and its official registration.
THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF INFLUENZA IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Zenin I. V , Popov A. F , Gorelova I. S , Simakova A. I , Dmitrenko K. A
Published: April 2021

Pregnant women are at the high risk for the development of severe both pandemic and seasonal influenza. There were analyzed medical histories of 277 influenza pregnant women observed in 2009-2016. Patients were divided into two groups: I (113 cases, 40.8%) - influenza A women (H1N1) pdm09, II (164 patients, 59.2%) - seasonal influenza pregnant women: A (H3N2) (109 females, 66.5%) or B (55 cases, 33.5%). Most women developed influenza in the second and third trimester of the gestation (114 cases, 41.2%, and 94 cases, 33.9%, respectively). The duration of inpatient treatment of pregnant women in the first group was significantly longer than in cases from the second group (p