bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Configural sensitivity to inter-letter spacing in visual word perception
Authors: Zhang Hanshu , Houpt Joseph Woodworth , Enneson Peter
Published: June 2021

The word superiority effect refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to recognition of isolated letters. Although many previous research on how the spatial relations between letters in words affect the perceptual processing through the inversion paradigm, a significant amount of effort goes into setting the default inter-letter spacing when designing new fonts. Our current research examines the effect of manipulating letter spacing on the processing efficiency, as a measure of the word superiority effect. First, we tested multiple different words instead of fixed word stimuli to show that measures of efficiency can be generalized; second, we disrupted default inter-letter spacing by increasing, decreasing, and randomizing letter spacing to explore the extent to which the efficiency was sustained with the assessment functions. Our results indicate that participants are limited capacity only in the extreme spacing scenario. Additionally, the principle component (PC) analysis shows that highest PC values occur at normal spacing with degradation with increased disruption—spreading or narrowing. These results appear to confirm the configural nature of perceptual processing with normally-spaced words between identifiable tracking and kerning boundaries, and agree well with the ideas about optimal spacing by type designers and typographers implicit in general notion of "rhythmic spacing''. This work is also notable in that we demonstrate the use of assessment functions as a standardized tool for assessing the capacity benefits and efficiency of configural processing.
Working memory development from early childhood to adolescence using two nationally representative samples
Authors: Ahmed Sammy F. , Ellis Alexa , Ward Kaitlin P. , Chaku Natasha , Davis-Kean Pamela
Published: June 2021

We leveraged nationally representative data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (N = 3,562) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (N = 18,174), to chart the development of working memory, indexed via verbal forward and backward digit span task performance, from 3 to 19 years of age. Results revealed non-linear growth patterns for forward and backward digit span tasks, with the most rapid growth occurring during childhood followed by a brief accelerated period of growth during early adolescence. We also found similar developmental trajectories on digit span task performance for males and females across the U.S. population. Together, this study highlights the relative importance of the childhood period for working memory development and provides researchers with a reference against which to compare the developmental changes of working memory in individual studies. From a practical perspective, clinicians and educators can also use this information to understand important periods of working memory growth using national developmental trends.
Raising the Bar: Improving Methodological Rigour in Cognitive Alcohol Research
Authors: Pennington Charlotte Rebecca , Jones Andrew , Bartlett James Edward , Copeland Amber , Shaw Daniel
Published: June 2021

Background & Aims: A range of experimental paradigms claim to measure the cognitive processes underpinning alcohol use, suggesting that heightened attentional bias, greater approach tendencies and reduced cue-specific inhibitory control are important drivers of consumption. This paper identifies substantial methodological shortcomings within this broad domain of research, however, and exemplifies them in studies focused specifically on alcohol-related attentional bias. Argument/Analysis: We highlight five main methodological issues: (i) the use of inappropriately matched control stimuli; (ii) opacity of stimulus selection and validation procedures; (iii) a credence in noisy measures; (iv) a reliance on unreliable tasks; and (v) variability in design and analysis. This is evidenced through a review of alcohol-related attentional bias (64 empirical articles, 68 tasks), which reveals the following: only 53% of tasks utilise appropriately matched control stimuli; as few as 38% report their stimulus selection and 19% their validation procedures; less than 28% used indices capable of disambiguating attentional processes; 22% assess reliability; and under 2% of studies were preregistered. Conclusions: Substantial improvements are required to improve the methodological rigour of cognitive alcohol research. To facilitate this, we provide a practical guide for future research: we advocate the use of well-matched and validated experimental stimuli, the development of reliable cognitive tasks and explicit assessment of their psychometric properties, and careful consideration of behavioural indices and their analysis. Further, we discuss open science principles that can facilitate replication and reproducibility in alcohol research, thereby enhancing trust in a field that has significant implications for public health and policy.
Can Adolescents Acquire Cultural Capital Through Social Capital? The Impact of Ties to College-Educated Adults
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael , Murphy Joseph
Published: June 2021

Scholars debate whether cultural capital reproduces existing inequalities or provides a path to upward mobility. Most studies, however, focus only on cross-sectional associations and are unclear about how disadvantaged adolescents can increase their amounts of cultural capital. Adolescents may be able to increase cultural capital through ties to adults with high educational attainment. We investigate this topic using experimental longitudinal data on mentoring relationships. We find that mentors with a college degree or greater have positive effects on cultural capital, but primarily for adolescents with a parent with some college or greater. Thus, cultural capital may not be an engine of social mobility if adolescents from low-SES households cannot obtain or increase their cultural capital.
Expecting to teach a novel golf putting task did not enhance retention performance: A replication attempt of Daou and colleagues (2016;2016)
Authors: McKay Brad , Hussien Julia , Carter Michael J , Yantha Zachary Dillon , Ste-Marie Diane M.
Published: June 2021

While research has identified several practice variables that purportedly enhance motor learning, recent replication failures highlight the importance of conducting high-powered, pre-registered replications. The “expecting to teach” phenomenon was first reported in the motor learning literature by Daou and colleagues and suggested learners benefit from practicing with the understanding they will later need to teach the skill. The extant data have been mixed but generally positive. While expecting to teach has been shown to enhance motor learning of a golf putt, the mechanisms linked with this benefit are yet to be determined. As such, this study sought to replicate the expecting to teach effect and to extend those findings by exploring participants’ thought processes. Participants (N = 76) were randomly assigned to one of two groups in which they were told that they were learning a golf putt in order to 1) be tested on the skill or 2) to teach the skill to another individual. On Day 1, participants completed pre-test putts, a pre-acquisition intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI), a 2-minute study of an instructional booklet, 50 practice putts and a post-acquisition IMI. During practice, participants were also afforded opportunities to continue studying the booklet and to complete additional putts. Participants returned 24-hours later to complete a retention, a transfer (50 cm longer golf-putt), and a free recall test, as well as a post-study survey to reveal thoughts they engaged in after practice but before (or during) the retention test. Similar to Daou et al., no significant differences were found with study time, number of acquisition putts, or motivation. However, golf-putting performance during retention resulted in no differences for radial error, g = −.13 (95%CI [−.55, .29]), between the two groups and no differences were shown for the recall test. The present study fails to replicate the benefits reported in the original experiments.
PROBABILITAS DEFAULT PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI INDONESIA
Authors: Nuraini Ani
Published: June 2021

Dalam buku ini membahas tentang pengaruh informasi non finansial yang terdiri dari variabel Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar dan Faktor Makro yang di mediasi oleh Informasi Finansial berupa Financial Performance yang terdiri dari CR, TATO, DAR dan ROE, dengan menggunakan pengaruh tidak langsung dan pengaruh langsung terhadap Probabilitas Default. Dalam hasil kajian menemukan bahwa Financial Performance yang berpengaruh signifikan Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar, sedangkan Faktor Makro yang signifikan adalah interest, akan tetapi R&D memberikan pengaruh menurunkan Financial Performance. Tahap kedua regresi logistik dengan variabel dependen Probabilitas Default yang signifikan Financial Performance, Corporate Governance dan Informasi Pasar, sedangkan R&D, faktor makro dan variabel kontrol tidak signifikan secara langsung, akan tetapi dengan mediasi Financial Performance variabel R&D dan variabel makro interest signifikan dalam mempengaruhi Probabilitas Default.
The Writing and the Bronze: Commemoration as Historiography
Authors: Gordon Alan
Published: June 2021

Historic monuments are the most public and recognized forms of commemoration. In Canada, as around the world, many monuments have come under fire recently for celebrating a vision of the past that is no longer palatable to large segments of the population. The heroes and events they enshrine have been denounced by many as tributes to racism, yet they are valued by others as aspects of our collective history and a celebration of our national heritage. Both these positions gloss over the complexity of the historical act of raising monuments and interpreting their historical meanings. Monuments in Canada, like all forms of commemoration, are reflections of the historiographical and methodological trends contemporary to the discipline of history at the time of their creation. Changes in methods and interpretations have thus also affected their meaning over time. Thus, monuments are not straightforward representations of history but, instead, layered expressions of historiography in physical form. Ascribing to them singular meanings obscures the complexity of the societies that constructed them and simplifies their connections to public life.
Do You Mean What I Mean? Comparing Teacher Performance Self-Scores and Evaluator-Generated Scores
Authors: Hunter Seth B.
Published: June 2021

Teacher performance scores inform education leaders’ management of teacher human resources. However, prior research has implied that different interpretations of performance criteria between teachers and their evaluators suppress teacher development. Although research has examined teacher perceptions of performance scores and compared teacher self-scores with researcher-generated scores, no work has estimated the statistical differences between self-scores and field-based evaluator scores. I applied structural equation modeling to a unique dataset of over 4,000 teacher self-scores and 4,000 evaluator scores of teacher performance to examine the extent to which teachers and evaluators applied a standards-based teaching performance rubric similarly. Consistent with prior work, some average self-scores exceeded average evaluator scores; however, evaluator-assigned scores exceeded self-scores on one indicator. The evidence also suggested that teachers and evaluators interpreted the meaning of two performance indicators differently. The findings imply that there are opportunities to strengthen evaluators’ and teachers’ shared understanding of teacher performance criteria. Teachers and evaluators might develop shared understandings by viewing videorecorded lessons and collaboratively interpreting teaching episodes using the performance criteria. Education leaders might also emphasize that preobservation conferences are an opportunity for evaluators and teachers to discuss performance criterion interpretations. As some selfscores exceeded evaluator scores, education leaders could introduce a consider-the-opposite scoring strategy, where evaluators consider two reasons that the score they want to give could be inaccurate, prompting stronger scoring justification, potentially leading to more accurate scoring.
THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THE QUEST FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION IN BANGLADESH: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Dhali Mohsin , Zulhuda Sonny , Ismail Suzi Fadhilah
Published: June 2021

The present unbridled advancement in the field of information and communication technology has resulted in individuals being thrust at a crossroad, where refusing to sacrifice one’s privacy would mean the denial of technological benefits. Concern for privacy begins once a child is born into this world where the right to privacy could now be argued needs to be considered as one of the basic human rights similar to other inalienable rights such as the right to life and liberties. Bangladesh is one of the countries that has not given explicit recognition to the right of privacy. This is evident from the absence of explicit indications of the right to privacy in the Constitution of Bangladesh and judicial interventions make the constitutional protection of privacy questionable. The purpose of the present study is to find out whether the right to privacy is in fact recognized and protected by the Constitution of Bangladesh by examining specific provisions in the Constitution of Bangladesh to locate provisions that could be relied on to show that a sliver of recognition could be given to the right of privacy in Bangladesh. This position is then compared to other jurisdictions, especially the common law jurisdictions. The study finds that although Article 43 of the Constitution guarantees limited protection that encompasses the right to privacy of home and correspondence but if read together with the right to life and liberty in Article 32, it could be argued that these are viable provisions in recognizing the right to privacy under the Constitution of Bangladesh.
El COVID-19 y su impacto en el escenario de seguridad y defensa de Chile: Impacto nacional y regional.
Authors:   Athenalab Chile, Griffiths Spielman, John , Cassinelli Capurro Aldo ,   Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile
Published: June 2021

La pandemia COVID19 ha golpeado a Chile en pleno desarrollo de un estallido social, en consecuencia, su impacto y efecto también ha tenido un grado de politización entre los diversos actores políticos. Sin embargo, la crisis sanitaría ha sido hábilmente manejada por las actuales autoridades, siendo el esfuerzo de Chile destacado internacionalmente, tanto en la obtención de insumos, como en el manejo de la crisis. Lo anterior, ha presentado riesgos, amenazas y también oportunidades, que en el caso nacional se han podido sortear gracias a la integración y efectiva coordinación de los diversos actores estatales y no estatales. En ello, la participación de las Fuerzas Armadas (F.As) ha sido clave junto a otros organismos, para la búsqueda de soluciones que han permitido en el caso de Chile enfrentar adecuadamente la pandemia. Sin embargo, en el plano regional no se han podido plasmar adecuadamente los esfuerzos de cooperación ya que ha primado una actitud individualista y de competencia, sin perjuicio de existir algunas acciones o hechos específicos de solidaridad interestatal.
El COVID-19 y el sector securitario en Ecuador: Un caso de sorpresa estratégica
Authors:   FLACSO, Ecuador, Cabrera Toledo Lester
Published: June 2021

El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo reflexionar sobre la situación vivida por el sector securitario en Ecuador, durante el contexto de los primeros 3 meses que el país experimentó los efectos de la pandemia del COVID-19. En este sentido, parte de la hipótesis de que, como consecuencia de los acontecimientos vividos en octubre de 2019, una planificación estratégica difusa, y la debilidad del sistema de inteligencia estratégica, el ámbito securitario se vio envuelto en un proceso de “sorpresa estratégica”, lo que dio como resultado respuestas coyunturales sin el marco de un adecuado proceso de planificación. Se concluye que, si bien el país superó el momento de “sorpresa estratégica”, el principal desafío recae en la necesidad de contar con una discusión sobre el diagnóstico de la situación, por medio de lecciones aprendidas, con el principal objetivo de concebir a la seguridad como una política de Estado.
Impacto del COVID-19 en Perú: Imprevisión, ineficiencia y crisis institucional
Authors:   Universidad de Chile, Milet Paz , Bravo Gabriela ,   Universidad Diego Portales
Published: June 2021

El presente artículo aborda el grado de preparación institucional del Perú para enfrentar los efectos de la pandemia conocida como COVID19. Se plantea que el país no estaba en la mejor condición, para hacer frente a este fenómeno sanitario, en un contexto de debilidad institucional, estancamiento económico y con la incapacidad de superar algunas de sus deficiencias estructurales históricas y permanentes. Pese a los esfuerzos políticos desarrollados y las medidas adoptadas, estas no han logrado tener un impacto positivo en la población por su fragilidad estructural del sistema de salud. Adicionalmente, el Perú ha debido enfrentar una crisis política interna que ha afectado negativamente el direccionamiento estratégico de la pandemia, en que las fuerzas armadas han tenido un papel limitado más a capacidades logísticas. Con todo se identifica una disociación entre las políticas restrictivas y los resultados obtenidos, producto de la incapacidad de las deficiencias estructurales
El «factor Venezuela»: COVID-19 en tiempos de Revolución Bolivariana Consideraciones sobre Venezuela para el presente y futuro de la seguridad regional
Authors:   Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Rincón-Urdaneta Zerpa Rafael
Published: June 2021

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha expuesto falencias y vulnerabilidades en todo el mundo y ha advertido la demanda de más cooperación y compromiso por parte de los países para enfrentar los riesgos y desafíos globales. Sin embargo, no todas las naciones están en condiciones de asumir estas exigencias. En América Latina, duramente golpeada por la pandemia, Venezuela aparece como uno de los factores más críticos. El COVID-19 ha llegado a un país cuyo deterioro institucional y económico supera las dos décadas de acentuado declive. Sus instituciones democráticas se encuentran entre las peor evaluadas del planeta y su situación económica y social se ha expresado dramáticamente en el éxodo masivo de venezolanos. En este artículo se presenta un diagnóstico muy general de lo que podría llamarse «el factor Venezuela» en el contexto regional bajo el prisma del COVID-19.
III. HAÇLI SEFERİNİN “KUDÜS’Ü KURTARMA” SÖYLEMİ VE ETRAFINDA ŞEKİLLENEN ALGI
Authors: ÇEKİÇ Ayşe
Published: June 2021

Kudüs şehri, insanlık tarihinin şekillenmesi ve dinlerin bu şekillenmeye müdahil olması kapsamında ele alınması gereken bir şehirdir. Beytülmakdis’in Yahûdîlik, Hristiyanlık ve İslâmiyet için önemi, şehrin dinler arası mücadele sahası olmasına temel teşkil etmiştir. Ortaçağların en önemli ve geniş çaplı olaylar silsilesi olan Haçlı seferleri, başlangıcında Kudüs’ü Müslümanların elinden kurtarmaK amacıyla şekillenmiştir. Avrupa Hristiyan dünyası kendi iç dinamikleri, yetersiz toprakları ve buna mukabil fazla gelen soylularını Doğu’ya yönlendirebilmek adına Kudüs’ün kurtarılması fikrini ortaya çıkarmıştır. 1096 yılında seferberlik olunan I. Haçlı seferinde Kudüs Müslümanların elinden alınarak Haçlıların eline geçtiğinde Avrupa Hristiyan dünyası bunu büyük bir sevinçle karşılamıştır. Beytülmakdis’in Müslümanlardan alınıp bölgede bir Haçlı devletinin kurulması bölge siyasetine Haçlı faktörü bağlamında yeni aktörler katarken; Kudüs’ün Hristiyanların eline geçmesi Avrupa muhayyilesinde kutsal olanı kurtarmanın ne denli kıymetli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bölgede Müslümanların siyaseten güçlenip Selahaddin Eyyûbî eliyle Kudüs’ün yeniden fethi (1187) ise Haçlıların Kudüs’ü kurtarma söylemini yinelemelerine sebebiyet vermiştir. Kudüs’ün Haçlı hâkimiyetinden çıkması Avrupa dünyasında büyük bir felaket olarak görülmüştür. Bunun için yapılan çağrılar bir şehrin kurtarılması söyleminden ziyade aşağılanan Hristiyan şerefinin geri kazanımı şeklinde tezahür etmiştir. Bu çalışmamız 1187’den sonra Kudüs’ü kurtarma fikrinin Avrupa Haçlı zihniyetinde nasıl yer ettiğini kaynaklar ışığında ele almaktadır. Ayrıca Kudüs’ün kutsallığının Haçlı muhayyilesinde İslâm düşmanlığı ile nasıl pekiştirildiğini de çalışmamızda ortaya koyduk. Son olarak “Kudüs’ü Kurtarma” söyleminin temelinde vurgulanan noktada peygamberler savaşının körüklendiğini ve bunun oryantalist çalışmalarda baskın bir şekilde işlendiğini tespit ettik.
Implementasi Budaya Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, Sipakainge dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika SMA
Authors: Kaharuddin Andi , Syahrir Nasrun , Trisniawati
Published: June 2021

Sipakatau, sipakalebbi dan sipakainge merupakan budaya moral Bugis di Sulawesi Selatan yang perlu dilestarikan di dalam pembelajaran. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat peningkatan hasil belajar matematika siswa SMA dari implementasi budaya sipakatau, sipakalebbi, sipakainge. Penelitian ini termasuk metode penelitian tindakan kelas. Delapan puluh delapan siswa kelas IPA XI SMA Negeri 5 Makassar menjadi sampel penelitian. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data menggunakan instrumen observasi dan tes hasil belajar siswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa: (1) Implementasi budaya sipakatau meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sebanyak 87%; (2) Implementasi budaya sipakalebbi meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sebanyak 88%; dan (3) Implementasi budaya sipakainge meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sebanyak 85%. Secara umum disimpulkan bahwa implementasi budaya sipakatau, sipakalebbi dan sipakainge meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IPA XI SMA Negeri 5 Makassar sebesar 86%.

Sipakatau, sipakalebbi, and sipakainge are bugis moral cultures in South Sulawesi that need to be preserved in learning. The aim to see the improving in mathematics learning outcomes of high school students from the implementation of the culture of Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, Sipakainge. This research was a class action research method. 88 students of class XI IPA of SMAN Negeri 3 Makassar became the research sample. The instrument used to collect data uses student learning outcomes tests. The results of this study indicated that as many: (1) the application of sipakainge culture increases student learning outcomes by 87%. (2) the application of sipakalebbi culture increases student learning outcomes by 88%. and (3) the application of sipakainge culture increases student learning outcomes by 85%. In general, it is concluded that the implementation of sipakatau, sipakalebbi and sipakainge culture improves student learning outcomes of class XI IPA SMAN 5 Makassar by 86%.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bernuansa Etnomatematika dengan Permainan Tradisional Banyumas pada Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Setiyadi Desi
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan bahan ajar bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional pada sekolah dasar. Secara lebih detail dalam penelitian ini akan diungkapkan 1) hasil observasi penggunaan bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran matematika kelas IV, 2) hasil pengembangan bahan ajar matematika bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional, 3) Penilaian tim validator untuk pengembangan bahan ajar matematika, 4) pengaruh bahan ajar matematika bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional terhadap prestasi belajar, 5) penilaian dari pengguna langsung yaitu guru dan peserta didik terhadap bahan ajar matematika bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SD di UPK Kebasen. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes, observasi, validasi tim ahli, penilaian tim guru, dan kuisioner peserta didik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa 1) hasil dari observasi dalam menggunaan bahan ajar terdapat beberapa kelemahan bagian materi dan soal latihan yang perlu diperbaiki, 2) pengembangan bahan ajar matematika bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional menggunakan model 4-D merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan dalam memperbaiki bahan ajar yang ada, 3) penilaian dari tim validator menunjukkan skor sebesar 4,77 dengan kategori sangat valid, 4) prestasi belajar menggunakan bahan ajar bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional lebih dari KKM yaitu 69, 5) hasil penilaian dari tim guru menghasilkan skor 4,834 dengan kategori sangat baik, dan respon peserta didik mendapatkan 93,33% dengan kategori sangat setuju. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian yaitu bahan ajar matematika bernuansa etnomatematika dengan permainan tradisional Banyumas dapat digunakan bahan ajar di sekolah dasar.
Tingkat Kepuasan Mahasiswa Pada Pembelajaran Daring Mata Kuliah Fisika Dasar
Authors: Utami Arfiati Ulfa
Published: June 2021

Virus Covid 19 telah membuat banyak dampak dalam berbagai sektor termasuk pendidikan. Pembelajaran yang mulanya dilakukan secara tatap muka di Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi, akan tetapi sekarang pembelajaran harus dilakukan secara daring (online). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa pada pembelajaran daring pada mata kuliah fisika dasar Fakultas Pertanian Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi di masa pandemic covid 19. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Kuantitatif dengan metode survei. Responden penelitian ini berjumlah 60 mahasiswa yang menempuh mata kuliah fisika dasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa presentase tingkat ketidakpuasan mahasiswa sebesar 54% dengan kriteria sangat tidak puas, presentase media pembelajaran yang paling sering digunakan melalui email sebesar 65%, presentase tingkat penerimaan materi yang disampaikan secara daring 67% dengan kriteria kurang, presentase kekurangan yang paling sering terjadi yaitu boros kuota internet sebesar 38%, dan antusias mahasiswa untuk melaksanakan perkuliahan tatap muka sebesar 83%.
About the Cover
Authors: Ball Andrew J. , Rybin Aleksandr
Published: June 2021

The cover of this issue of Screen Bodies features the digital work “Crypto Queen” by restlessperson (Aleksandr Rybin), which the artist has minted as an NFT. We spoke with Rybin about the subject matter of his work, connections between digital and analog art, and the future of NFTs. His work is available on KnownOrigin.
The iAnimal Film Series
Authors: Cecil Holly
Published: June 2021

This article explores the innovative use of virtual reality (VR) technology in nonfiction documentary film formats by animal-advocacy organizations. I examine the potential of the VR medium to communicate the living and dying environments of factory-farmed animals, and to generate viewer empathy with the animal subjects in their short, commodified lives from birth to slaughterhouse. I present a case study of theiAnimalshort film series produced by Animal Equality, which made its public debut at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival. Employing a critical animal studies framework, I engage Kathryn Gillespie’s work on witnessing of the nonhuman condition as a method of academic research, and apply to it the embodied experience of virtual witnessing through virtual realty.
Review
Authors: de Baca Marissa C.
Published: June 2021

Erin Y. Huang. Urban Horror: Neoliberal Post-Socialism and the Limits of Visibility (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020). 288 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4780-0809-5 / 978-1-4780-0679-4; (paperback, $26.95; hardback, $99.05)
SAMSUN MÜZESİ’NDEN BİR GRUP AMPHORA
Authors: TEMÜR Akın , YENİAY Gözde
Published: June 2021

Antik Dönemler’de tarım ürünlerinin korunması ve taşınması amacı ile çeşitli kap türleri üretilmiştir. Bu kap türlerinden en çok tercih edilenlerden biri de amphoralardır. Başlangıçta tek tip üretilen amphoralar, ticaretin gelişmesi ve taşınan malzemelerin çeşitlenmesi ile birlikte çeşitli formlarda üretilmişlerdir. Erken Tunç Çağı’ndan Bizans Dönemine kadar varlığını sürdüren bu amphoralar, büyük bir alana yayılım göstermiştir. Bunun neticesinde, birçok bölgede amphora üretim merkezleri kurulmuştur. Samsun Müzesi envanterine kayıtlı çok sayıda amphora bulunmaktadır. Bu amphoralar 11 bölge altında değerlendirilerek katalog çalışması yapılmış, eserlerin tanımlanması sağlanmıştır. Çalışmaya konu amphorların üretildikleri yeri tespit etmek ve bir kronoloji oluşturmak oldukça güç olmakla birlikte, benzer örneklerle karşılaştırma yoluna gidilerek tarihlendirilmeye çalışılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlarla mevcut literatüre katkı sağlanması hedeflenmiştir.
Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nda Romanya ve Kuzey Dobruca Sorunu (1877-1878)
Authors: KAMİL İbrahim , ALPAY Emine
Published: June 2021

Dobruca; Romanya ve Bulgaristan sınırında bulunan ve etnik çeşitliliği nedeniyle birçok yazar tarafından “ırkların sıra dışı mozaiği”, “etnik Babil”, “Doğu’nun minyatürü” ve “karşılaştırmalı etnoloji için muhteşem bir laboratuvar” gibi kavramlarla adından bahsedilen bölgedir. Kuzey ve Güney Dobruca tanımlamasıyla iki kısma ayrılmıştır.
Rusya Çarlığı, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Devleti’nin yenilmesi üzerine, savaştaki yardımları sebebiyle Romanya’ya Kuzey Dobruca topraklarını vermiş, karşılığında Besarabya’yı istemiştir. Romanya yönetimi Besarabya’yı Ruslara vermemek için direnmiş, uzun süren siyasal tartışmalara girmiş, ancak savaş sonrası imzalanan Berlin Antlaşmasıyla bölgeyi bırakmak ve Kuzey Dobruca ile yetinmek zorunda kalmıştır.
Romanya, Kuzey Dobruca’nın etnik ve dini çeşitliliğini dikkate alarak yeni düzenlemelere gitmiştir. Tatar, Romen, Türk ve Bulgar nüfusunun önemli miktarda olduğu bölgenin entegrasyonu için gerekli görülen yasaları çıkartmıştır. Dobruca’da yaşayanların refah düzeyinin artırılması, vatandaşlık ve mülkiyet haklarının verilmesi, inanç ve ibadetlerini özgürce yerine getirmesi için kolaylıklar göstermiştir.
Amerikan Basınında Pontus Rum Propagandası (1914-1921)
Authors: OKUR Mehmet , BERK Abdullah
Published: June 2021

XIX. yüzyılın hemen başlarında Balkanlarda Hristiyan unsurların başlattığı ve Batılı güçlerin destek verdiği isyan hareketleri, sonraki süreçte Anadolu’da da baş göstermiş ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın patlak vermesiyle birlikte tıpkı Balkanlarda olduğu gibi yeni siyasi yapıların ortaya çıkma tehlikesini doğurmuştur. Yunanistan’ın, Fener-Rum Patrikhanesi’nin, metropolitlerin ve Rum okullarının yarattığı Pontusçu düşünce ile Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde bir Pontus Rum Devleti kurma hayaline kapılan Rumlar, İtilaf Devletleri’nin de desteği ile Osmanlı Devleti’ne isyan ederek silahlı gruplar kurmuşlar ve Türk halkını hedef alan saldırılara başlamışlardır.
Mondros Mütarekesi ile beraber siyasi faaliyetlere de başlayan Pontusçu Rumlar, Paris Barış Konferansı ile beraber Doğu Karadeniz kıyılarına yönelik iddialarını uluslararası platforma da taşımışlardır. İddialarına meşru bir zemin yaratma adına yoğun bir propaganda faaliyetine girişen Rumların bu iddiaları Amerikan basınında da geniş şekilde karşılık bulmuştur. Öyle ki bölgede faaliyet yürüten Amerikalı misyonerlerin, Rum din adamların ve diğer Rum yanlısı kişi veya grupların demeçleri Amerikan gazetelerinde çarpıcı başlıklar eşliğinde yayımlanmakta, kamuoyu etkilenmeye çalışılmaktaydı. Bu haberlerde Rumların Türkler tarafından katliama uğradığı iddia edilmekte, bölgedeki Hristiyan varlığının tehlikede olduğu ileri sürülmekteydi.
Kaleme aldığımız bu çalışmada, yukarıda kısaca özetlediğimiz gelişmelerin ABD basınına yansıması haber ve yorumlar eşliğinde irdelenmekte, ortaya atılan Rum/Yunan iddialarının amacı üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Dataset segmentation considering the information about impact factors
Authors: Lebedev Iliya
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The application of machine learning methods involves the collection and processing of data which comes from the recording elements in the offline mode. Most models are trained on historical data and then used in forecasting, classification, search for influencing factors or impacts, and state analysis. In the long run, the data value ranges can change, affecting the quality of the classification algorithms and leading to the situation when the models should be constantly trained or readjusted taking into account the input data. Purpose: Development of a technique to improve the quality of machine learning algorithms in a dynamically changing and non-stationary environment where the data distribution can change over time. Methods: Splitting (segmentation) of multiple data based on the information about factors affecting the ranges of target variables. Results: A data segmentation technique has been proposed, based on taking into account the factors which affect the change in the data value ranges. Impact detection makes it possible to form samples based on the current and alleged situations. Using PowerSupply dataset as an example, the mass of data is split into subsets considering the effects of factors on the value ranges. The external factors and impacts are formalized based on production rules. The processing of the factors using the membership function (indicator function) is shown. The data sample is divided into a finite number of non-intersecting measurable subsets. Experimental values of the neural network loss function are shown for the proposed technique on the selected dataset. Qualitative indicators (Accuracy, AUC, F-measure) of the classification for various classifiers are presented. Practical relevance: The results can be used in the development of classification models of machine learning methods. The proposed technique can improve the classification quality in dynamically changing conditions of the functioning.
AT THE DAWN OF THE GEOCRYOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF YAKUTIA: INMERO EXPEDITION NO. 1 (1952–1953)
Authors:   The Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian branch of the RAS, Suleymanov A.A.
Published: June 2021

Presents a historical analysis of the research activities of the members of the Expedition No. 1, which was organized by the Obruchev Permafrost Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow) in the Arctic regions of Yakutia in 1952– 1953. This expedition turned out to be the first large-scale geocryological initiative implemented in the named region. In this regard, mainly on the basis of the revealed archival materials, including those introduced by the author for the first time into scientific circulation, a characteristic of the personal composition of the research participants is presented. The geography of the work carried out has been established, covering the previously poorly geocryologically studied Yano- Indigirsky interfluve, the coast of the Laptev Sea and the Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the main routes made by scientists are shown. The key directions of scientific search for permafrost scientists have been identified. The significance of the research carried out for the replenishment of knowledge about the permafrost in the Arctic regions of Yakutia and, in general, the development of geocryological science has been determined. In this regard, plots are presented that characterize the specifics of the geocryological surveys, as well as the improvement of the methodological arsenal of permafrost research in the region. At the same time, it was noted that the work of the members of Expedition No. 1 made it possible to determine a number of the most important features of cryogenic processes and the extent of the spread of permafrost in the Arctic Yakutia, to establish the thickness of the permafrost and its temperature parameters at different depths. In addition, it was found that during the survey a number of important practical results were obtained, including the identification of the composition of permafrost and the depth of the seasonally thawed layer, necessary to optimize the process of transport and industrial development of the region.
SOVIET-CHINESE COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS AFTER THE NORMALIZATION OF BILATERAL RELATIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE IRKUTSK REGION
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Surzhko A.V.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the main aspects of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in the field of sports after the normalization of bilateral relations in the late 1980s — early 1990s. Sport was one of the factors that contributed to overcoming the consequences of the thirty-year split between the USSR and the PRC at the state, regional and informal levels. During this period, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China actively exchanged numerous sports delegations, adopting each other's successful experience in organizing and conducting competitions, as well as training athletes. In the USSR, Chinese national sports were popularized, primarily wushu and ping-pong. More traditional for the Soviet side was football, matches in which Soviet and Chinese athletes repeatedly played. Also, the article reveals some economic aspects of sports bilateral cooperation. A common thing for this period was the conclusion of various kinds of agreements and contracts at the interregional level, including those related to the sports component. The personal role of regional party functionaries, sports officials and athletes in the development of Soviet-Chinese relations is shown. There is a certain continuity between the perestroika period and the "golden age" of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s. The experience of cooperation in sports gained at the end of perestroika had a beneficial effect on the development of Russian-Chinese relations in the 1990s. The study is carried out on the example of the Irkutsk region, which, due to objective reasons, has developed long-term and strong relations with a number of Chinese cities. The main source of the research was the Irkutsk regional periodicals.
ETHNIC IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN GERMANS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF MATERIALS IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY)
Authors:   Researcher, Krasnoyarsk, Grak E.A.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the nature of ethnic identity transformation of Russian Germans and their descendants currently residing in Krasnoyarsk Region. Ethnic and demographic development of Russian Germans is characterized by depopulation, migration loss and irreversibility of ethnic assimilation. This actualizes the problem of finding effective mechanisms for preservation and ethnical and cultural reproduction of the German ethnic group. Analyze of the ethnic identification model of the deported Germans and their descendants allows to determine key ethnic-forming factors. It is concluded that traditional markers, such as language and religion, have lost their meaning in the process of ethnic self-identification. Their reproduction was destroyed by alien ethnic environment with the spread of nationally mixed marriages. The article notes the increased role of historical memory in the post-deportation period, which is formed through interfamilial and intergenerational communication. Images of the past are represented and transmitted, first of all, through family and other social institutions. The otherness of the Russian Germans is manifested through their opposition to Germans of Germany. The study is based on biographical interviews of deported Germans and their descendants taken by a group of Krasnoyarsk historians during a field expedition to the south of the region in 2017 in termd of the project «Ethnic groups in Siberia: conditions for cultural memory preservation» with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The article is dated to the 80th anniversary of the Russian Germans deportation.
CULTURAL APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF WORKS OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Leshchinskaia N.M.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the cultural approaches to the study of arts and crafts that exist in world science. Based on the analysis of foreign studies, it was revealed that it is especially promising and relevant to study the possibilities of selling works of decorative and applied art as a commodity. This approach reveals the problem of transforming works of decorative and applied art into souvenir products. In this case, the question of the dialectical relationship between form and content, between the preservation of traditions and the use of new opportunities in the creation of works of decorative and applied art, becomes important.
Viability of sporogenic bacteria in an inert gas atmosphere
Authors: Koval Iryna
Published: June 2021

The viability of sporogenic bacteria under the conditions of bubbling inert gases (argon and helium) through the water system was investigated and the action of each studied gases on the process of its destruction in water was compared. Bacillus cereus bacteria type were as the investigated microobjects and, as the predominant microflora of different natural waters, with an initial microbial load of 104 per 1 cm3 of investigated water. According with the first-order kinetic equation were calculated the values of the effective rate constants of the bacteria destruction. The effective gas nature in the process of water purification from microorganisms is noted. The experiments were carried out in a glass reactor with constant cooling of tap water. The growth of the investigated bacteria were carried out by the deep method, followed by storage in a thermostat at T = 30 °C for 48 h. The number of microorganisms per unit volume of investigated water was determined by the total number of bacteria grown on the culture medium on Petri dishes and expressed in colony-forming units. The total flow rate of the bubbled gas was 1.4 dm3, which was fed at a rate of 0.2 cm3/s to the investigated water volume (75 cm3) throughout the duration of the process. The calculated total microbial count in natural water and various industrial wastewater was used to determine the initial number of microorganisms per unit volume of investigated water. The dynamics of bacterial numbers under the influence of gases on the water system is presented graphically. Colonies of B. cereus bacteria type are presented during growth on nutrient medium before and after bubbling of microbial water with gas. Decreasing of the bacterial cells number was observed in the atmosphere of both investigated gases, but with different activity. Comparison of the values of the effective rate constants of bacteria for argon and helium showed that the cell number decreased more actively under argon bubbling conditions. Active destruction of microorganisms under argon bubbling compared to helium was observed, regardless of the initial bacterial count in 1 cm3 of investigated water. The effect of argon on water containing bacteria is described by the greater value of the effective rate constant of cell destruction: kd(Ar) > kd(He). It is shown that the efficiency of water purification from microorganisms depends on the nature of the bubbled gas.
The drilling solution components’ impact on the environment and directions of its reduction
Authors: Glibovytska Nataliia , Plaksiy Lesya
Published: June 2021

The problem of the oil wells operation influence on the environmental ecological state is considered. The technical and biological aspects of the impact of drilling solution components used in the process of oil production on the biotic and abiotic environment are analyzed. The methods of preserving the cleanliness of reservoirs and soil during the wells operations and preventing pollutants from entering the environment are described. Possible effects of the toxic compounds of the drilling fluid on living organisms, in particular plants, have been identified. The components of drilling fluids of different types are characterized by different levels of environmental hazard. The lowest level of threat to environmental safety is inherent in the clay type of solution, and the polymer-potassium solution is characterized by the highest potentially dangerous impact on the biota. Despite belonging to the third class of moderately hazardous substances, sodium salts, calcium and chlorides, as components of drilling fluids, have the highest destructive effects on the environment. Soil salinization has the most detrimental effect on plants, as it breaks the osmotic equilibrium in the soil-plant system, disrupts the transport of organogenic elements throughout the plant, and reduces the availability of moisture and minerals. Increasing soil pH due to the ingress of calcium and sodium hydroxides as components of drilling fluids adversely affects plant growth and development. Stability of some groups of plants to the influence of components of drilling fluids and ability of phytoobjects to resist stress influence are noted. Halophytes are well adapted to the growth in conditions of excessive soil salinization due to the specific metabolic and structural features of the organization. Low oil content in drilling fluids can be released into the environment and, when accumulated in the aquatic and soil environments, lead to a number of destructive processes in living systems. Plants sensitive to oil pollution respond by reducing growth processes, increasing catabolic processes, and reducing assimilation function. In order to minimize the negative impact of chemicals on the environment of oil production territories, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach that combines the technical aspects of pollution control with effective biological methods. The urgent task of modern environmental science is to search for oil-resistant plant species that are effectively capable of converting toxic petroleum products to biota-safe compounds. Technological recommendations for the prevention of environmental pollution by drilling fluids are proposed, as well as phytorecultivation methods for controlling already polluted ecosystems.
ETIKA POLITIK DALAM ISLAM (KONSTRUKSI DAN PERSFEKTIF)
Authors: Dahlan Dewi
Published: June 2021

Etika dalam Islam dipandang sebagai bagian dari ibadah sehingga harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip ibadah. Ada dua alasan pentingnya etika dalam islam. Pertama politik dipandang sebagai bagian dari ibadah sehingga harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip ibadah. Misalnya dalam berpolitik harus diniatka LillahiTa’ala. Kedua, etika politik diandang sangat perlu dalam islam karena politik itu berkenaan dengan prinsip islam dalam pengelolaan masyarakat. Berpolitik sering menyangkut hubungan antar manusia, misalnya saling menghormati, menghargai, saling menghargai hak orang lain, saling menerima, dan tidak memaksakan pendapat sendiri. Itulah prinsip-prinsip hubungan antar manusia yang harus berlaku di dalam dunia politik.Kajian tentang hal ini belum merata diketahui oleh semua umat. Hal ini menjadi menarik, karena aturan tentang Etika (Etika Politik Islam) ini masih tetap dalam pembicaraan oleh pakar muslim. Tulisan ini mengemukakan bagaimana eksistensi etika berpolitik dalam pandangan islam. Untuk tulisan ini penulis melakukan penelitian kepada beberapa literature tentang politik secara umum mengenai Etika Politik Islam kemudian membandingkannya satu sama lain. Kemudian penulis melihat kepada prinsip-prinsip ajaran Islam secara umum dan dihubungkan kepada ajaran Islam tentang etika dengan segala ruang lingkupnya. Dari sini difahami bahwa etika politik islam merupakan kajian yang masih belum final dan berpeluang untuk terus menerus dikaji.