bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Solidarität“ in Zeiten der Pandemie: Potenziale für eine neue Politik der Arbeit?
Authors: Mayer-Ahuja Nicole , Detje Richard
Published: November 2020

Seit Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie wird „Solidarität“ beschworen – nicht im Sinne der Arbeiter*innenbewegung, sondern als Appell an den Zusammenhalt eines klassen- und lagerübergreifenden „Wir“. Dennoch wurden Maßnahmen ergriffen, für die Gewerkschaften lange vergeblich gekämpft hatten – Schuldenbremse und Hartz IV-Sanktionen wurden ausgesetzt, Beschäftigungssicherung durch Kurzarbeit erreichte Höchststände. Zugleich verschärften sich die mit Lohnarbeit verbundenen sozialen Problemlagen (weitere Polarisierung der Arbeitszeiten, Einkommensverluste, Zuspitzungen der „Krise der Reproduktion“ u. a. im Home Office) und alte Spaltungslinien blieben erhalten – selbst für die „Held*innen des Alltags“ gelangte Entprekarisierung nicht auf die politische Agenda. Inwiefern lassen sich dennoch Potenziale für eine solidarische Politik der Arbeit erkennen – etwa weil Arbeit und die Reproduktion von Arbeitskraft nun als „systemrelevant“ gelten, Konflikte um die Verteilung von Zeit und gesellschaftlichem Reichtum Unternehmens- und Branchengrenzen überschreiten oder verlässliche öffentliche Dienste sich im Zeichen von Corona als lebenssichernd erwiesen haben, was langjährige Strategien von Privatisierung und Ökonomisierung infrage stellt?
Ungleiche Lastenverteilung
Authors: Rock Joachim
Published: November 2020

Die Corona-Krise hat die Wohlfahrtsverbände ebenso wie die Dienste und Einrichtungen der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege schwer getroffen. Gerade in den ersten Wochen hat die Pandemie alle Ressourcen beansprucht und alle bisherigen Themen von Teilhabe über Nachhaltigkeit bis zum Personalmangel in den Hintergrund gerückt. Michael Hamm, Geschäftsführer des Paritätischen in Rheinland-Pfalz und im Saarland, wagt die Prognose, dass es zwar sicherlich irgendwann wieder eine »Normalität« geben werde, diese aber mit anderen Themenschwerpunkten und unter veränderten Rahmenbedingungen.
Höchste Zeit zum Handeln
Authors: Kreidenweis Helmut
Published: November 2020

Die Corona-Pandemie hat der Sozialwirtschaft die Erkenntnis beschert, dass sie in Sachen Digitalisierung nicht wirklich gut aufgestellt ist. Ein entscheidender Faktor dabei ist die Einstellung der Führungskräfte in der Branche.
Kosten minimieren, Leistungen optimieren
Authors: Mandelkow Anja , Hess Ramona
Published: November 2020

In der Sozial- und Gesundheitswirtschaft stellen Eigentumsimmobilien meist den größten Unternehmenswert dar. Zudem generieren Immobilien nach den Personalkosten oft den zweitgrößten Kostenblock. Das gilt für Immobilien im Eigentum ebenso wie für angemietete Objekte. Zu jeder Unternehmensstrategie gehört deshalb heutzutage ein professionelles Immobilienkonzept, mit dem intuitiv getroffene Einzelentscheidungen durch strategisches Vorgehen ersetzt werden, meinen Anja Mandelkow und Ramona Hess von der Projektberatung Sozialimmobilien bei der BFS Service GmbH in Köln.
Statuten regelmäßig überprüfen
Authors: Strauch Severin
Published: November 2020

Das durch die Corona-Krise ausgelöste Nachdenken über einen Reformbedarf bei Vereinssatzungen sollte Anlass sein, umfassend über erforderliche Statuten-Änderungen nachzudenken, meint Dr. Severin Strauch, der bei der Solidaris Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH unter anderem für Gesellschafts-, Vereins- und Stiftungsrecht zuständig ist. So findet sich in vielen Satzungen der Verweis auf »Kassenprüfer«, wobei schon längst Kostenträger, Gesetze oder die Größe der Körperschaft nach einer professionellen Prüfung verlangen.
Drei Szenarien für soziale Organisationen
Authors: Kibili Meinrad Anton
Published: November 2020

Corona hat auch offenbart, dass einer zukunftsgerichteten Innovationsstrategie in der Sozialwirtschaft größere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden muss.
Informationen barrierefrei gestalten
Authors: Schiersner Frank
Published: November 2020

Die Europäische Union macht Druck beim Thema Barrierefreiheit im Internet. Seit dem 23. September 2020 müssen die Webseiten öffentlicher Stellen barrierefrei sein. Auch Wohlfahrtsverbände und Sozialunternehmen profitieren von einer barrierefreien Webseite.
Auf dem Weg in eine neue Normalität
Authors: Hamm Michael
Published: November 2020

Die Corona-Krise hat die Verbände wie die Dienste und Einrichtungen der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege schwer getroffen. Die Prognose sei gewagt: Es wird zwar sicherlich irgendwann wieder eine »Normalität« geben, aber mit teils anderen Themenschwerpunkten und unter veränderten Rahmenbedingungen.
Community Learning Centres as Podia for Technology Enhanced Ubiquitous Learning: A Botswana Case
Authors: Nthogo Lekoko Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores ways in which technology can complement quality foundational education in Botswana. Quality here implies acquiring good foundation for future learning and appropriate lifeskills. Indicators of good foundation are monitored performance as pr the national policy including learners’ positive attitude towards learning. Learning is systematically organized with clear requirements for progression from foundational to upper levels of education. Botswana’s foundational education is the first 10 years of schooling. Currently, poor performance at the national Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) examination persists, amplifying unsatisfactory performance in foundation education. In the current inclusive practices, parents as co-players can be actively involved to strengthen and complement foundational years of education. Community Learning Centres (CLCs) can be used to facilitate involvement of community members like parents. CLCs are present in almost each village and readily available as platforms for community participation hence their potential to be podia for ubiquitous learning platforms. Ubiquitous means provision of continuous learning in and outside the school environment. For CLCs to truly function as podia for ubiquitous learning, they should be equipped to provide digital learning (must have computers, necessary software and reliable internet connection); they must be accessed for free and using flexible times; they must give credit to community members as custodians of cultural learning needed to promote the principle of ‘balance’, that is, accommodate principles of formal and one’s cultural learning. Existing centres such as Kitsong Centres, Lifelong Learning Centres, Community Libraries and Community Halls can provide a diversified system of Community Learning Centres (CLCs) to serve as podia for ubiquitous learning. With direct investment and recognition, CLCs can complement or strengthen foundational years and indeed serve as centres for ubiquitous and lifelong learning.
Advances in Sintering of Iron Ores and Concentrates
Authors: Legemza Jaroslav , Findorák Róbert , Fröhlichová Mária , Džupková Martina
Published: November 2020

Chapter “Sintering of iron ores and concentrates” is focusing on the study of theoretical, thermodynamic and experimental results in the production of sinters from iron ores and concentrates. The authors of the chapter have long been interested with the production of sinter from iron ores and have recently also focused on the use of biomass as a substitute for a part of coke breeze in the production of iron sinter. Important characteristics of the chapter include the characteristics of iron ores and concentrates used to produce sinter including physico-chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical properties. Predicting the influence of the properties of iron ores and concentrates on the final quality of the sinter and on the production of pig iron is another part of the study. These properties are a key factor in achieving the highest possible agglomerate quality for pig iron production. The sintering process requires mathematical and physical modeling. For this reason, the authors created thermodynamic models of sintering including material-heat balance of sinter production. In the final part of chapter is the use of traditional and alternative carbonaceous fuels in the production of sinters, mainly in the context of replacement of coke breeze with biomass.
The Expression of Wnt5a Gene Throughout Definitive Endoderm Induction Process in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Lorzadeh Shahrokh , Azarpira Negar , Ghavami Saeid , Kohan Leila
Published: November 2020

Background: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to proliferate indefinitely and differentiate into three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Definitive induction is the first and the most delicate stage of differentiation of various iPSC-derived organs. It has been found that the Wnt signaling pathway implicates in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and cell communication. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of the Wnt5a gene as an indicator of non-canonical Wnt signaling activity during definitive endoderm induction of iPSCs. Methods: Human iPSCs (RSCB0042) were acquired from Royan stem cell bank of Royan Institute (Tehran, Iran). The iPSCs were cultured on a feeder layer of mitomycin-inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), and iPSC colonies were collected for embryoid body (EB) generation by suspension culture method. Then endoderm induction step was performed using a series of small molecules. The quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of wnt5a, Nanog, OCT4, SOX17, and FOXA2 genes. Results: The production of efficient EBs confirmed by a decrease in Nanog and Oct4 gene expression and the success of DE (definite endoderm) induction step was confirmed by a high expression level of DE specific genes, Sox17, and FoxA2. A significant upregulation of Wnt5a in EB samples and a minor decrease at day 4 was observed. However, the differentiation process followed by an incremental fashion in Wnt5a mRNA expression starting from day 4 of differentiation among the samples of days 6 and 8 (DE stage). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wnt5a is more activated at the later steps of endoderm induction rather than the early steps, which may be due to the stimulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Finding the expression level of Wnt5a could rise insights for developing more efficient differentiation induction protocols.
Slovakia after Fico: Systemic Change or More of the Same?
Authors: Rossi Michael
Published: November 2020

The February 2020 parliamentary election marked a significant moment for Slovakia after years of public dissatisfaction with endemic corruption, political mismanagement, and unaccountable leadership associated with the political hegemony of Smer-SD and its leader Robert Fico. The resounding victory of the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities Party offers the country an opportunity to not only address the problems with Slovakia’s political culture of corruption and oligarchism, but also to strengthen democracy, the rule of law, and good governance. However, contrary to international expectations, the electoral demographic that chose Zuzana Čaputová as Slovakia’s new president in 2019 failed to secure enough votes to place any liberal democratic party in parliament, leaving the current legislature dominated by a collection of conservative, populist, and Eurosceptic parties. While seen by some analysts as a setback, the prognosis for Slovakian politics appears rather optimistic. This article assesses the outcomes of the February election and notes a continued pattern of political entrepreneurialism where the most successful parties tend to be those that promote broad-based issues of policy instead of any particular ideology, conservative or liberal. Slovakian politics might have been significantly influenced by a number of nationalist and conservative parties over the past three decades, but actual policy has been directed by opportunists instead of ideologues. This has enabled these larger entrepreneurial parties to adopt conservative elements into their programmes for electoral advantage instead of from actual conviction. This leaves open the possibility that entrepreneurial parties might gravitate towards more liberal democratic and even progressive policies should advantageous opportunities arise in the future. Given the current efforts by Slovakian political actors to break with past patterns of oligarchism, coupled with the discrediting of entrenched political elitism and the visible-yet-manageable threats from Slovakia’s far right, such outcomes are increasingly likely.
‘The Slovakebab’: Anti-Islam Agenda in Slovak Parliamentary Elections and Beyond
Authors: Grančayová Michaela , Kazharski Aliaksei
Published: November 2020

The article examines discursive framing of Muslims during the 2020 Slovak parliamentary campaign, putting it in the broader context of the four-year period since the previous 2016 elections, which took place in the shadow of the European migration crisis. We adopt a social constructivist framework to argue that, despite very low numbers of Muslims in Slovakia, Islam remains a politically divisive issue. Competing discourses strive to redefine Islam for their own political purposes, making use of politicized symbols such as the ‘kebab’ or the ‘minaret’ in the process. This makes Islam a floating signifier of Slovak politics to which multiple meanings can be attached. In the absence of actual problems with Muslim minority integration, axiological conflicts over Islam can be seen as representing broader struggles between more culturally conservative and liberal-multiculturalist forces.
Radical Party Politics and Mobilization Against It in the Slovak Parliamentary Elections 2020
Authors: Gyárfášová Oľga , Učeň Peter
Published: November 2020

This article reviews certain trends in popular support for political parties – especially new ones – as they manifested themselves prior to and during the 2020 parliamentary elections. It summarizes the ways in which demand for change was expressed before and during the election through the election results and the data on party supporters. It concludes that the thesis on the radicalization of new generations of party-political challenges in the Slovak polity did not hold true in 2020. The main research question regards the possibility of conceptualizing the rise of two new moderate political parties, PS/Together and For the People, as a counter-mobilization against the previous emergence of radical anti-establishment and anti-systemic challengers within the party system.
Complex Akrasia and Blameworthiness
Authors: Hartford Anna ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2020

The idea that conscious control, or more specifically akratic wrongdoing, is a necessary condition for blameworthiness has durable appeal. This position has been explicitly championed by volitionist philosophers, and its tacit influence is broadly felt. Many responses have been offered to the akrasia requirement espoused by volitionists. These responses often take the form of counterexamples involving blameworthy ignorance: i.e., cases where an agent didn’t act akratically, but where they nevertheless seem blameworthy. These counterexamples have generally led to an impasse in the debate, with volitionists maintaining that the ignorant agents are blameless. In this paper, I explore a different sort of counterexample: I consider agents who have acted akratically, but whose very conscious awareness of their wrongdoing complicates their blameworthiness. I call these cases of “complex akrasia,” and I suggest that they are a familiar aspect of moral life. I interpret these cases as supporting non-volitionist accounts, and particularly Quality of Will accounts.
Philosophy in the Time of COVID
Authors: Nail Thomas ,   DePaul University
Published: November 2020

The COVID world is just like it was before, only more so. Every problem that already existed is worse. What can philosophy do in such a world? I think there are at least two opportunities for philosophy today. The first is that philosophers can seize this historical moment to intervene in almost every sector of social, political, and ethical life. The second unique opportunity I think philosophers have is to create new concepts in response to new phenomena. New events call for new ways of thinking and being that change our world-view. COVID is not just an amplification of existing power structures. It has also changed our relationship to and awareness of the importance of social and viral mobilities. Might the concept of “motion” offer us a new perspective on the world?
Whose New Normal?
Authors: Oliver Kelly ,   DePaul University
Published: November 2020

Belying the rhetoric of “We’re all in this together,” and “COVID as the great equalizer,” the pandemic has brought into focus the “pre-existing conditions” of inequality—poverty, racism, lack of health care, lack of child care, women’s double burden, and the vulnerability of the elderly, among others. The coronavirus reveals gaping inequities in the length and quality of life caused by social and economic “pre-existing conditions.” It is the great unequalizer, the promise and ruse of “We’re all in this together.” The new normal for some, is the old normal for many others.
Financial reporting practices of Serbian corporate groups: Compliance with global professional regulations
Authors: Vasilić Marina
Published: November 2020

In this study, we analyze compliance with global professional regulations on a sample of Serbian joint-stock parent companies, focusing on the selected disclosures in their consolidated financial statements. Providing relevant and transparent information on the corporate group as a whole, consolidated financial statements are proclaimed to be useful information sources for the existing and potential capital providers of parent companies. Conformity with global professional accounting regulations is seen as an important prerequisite of high-quality financial reporting. However, country and entity-specific factors remain influential, resulting in financial statements of differing features. Lacking intense regulatory and market pressures, the management of Serbian corporate groups appears not to be strongly committed to achieving prime-quality disclosures in consolidated financial statements. We find that the differences in compliance levels of analyzed companies could be explained by the differences in the size of the parent company, its ownership structure, type of auditor and profitability of the group. The results of our research may be useful for investors, corporate managers, regulators and future researchers looking at the quality of consolidated financial reporting.
Critical factors of digital transformation success: A literature review
Authors: Ubiparipović Bogdan , Matković Predrag , Marić Mirjana , Tumbas Pere
Published: November 2020

Over the last two decades, the digital era and the fourth digital revolution have led to a rapid increase in the influence that digital technologies have on all aspects of life. Rapid development and diffusion of technological innovations altered the business environment, additionally accelerating the dynamics of market changes through permeating globalisation and ever stronger competition. In such digital ecosystem, product life cycles became extremely short, while consumers became more demanding and their behaviour more volatile. Compelled by such business reality, organisations are forced to continuously adapt and digitally transform their business. The aim of this paper is to identify and systemise critical success factors of attaining purposeful digital transformation by means of a literature review. The paper details the results of the conducted theoretical research, which may serve organisations as guidelines on their challenging paths to digital transformation and assist them in avoiding potential traps and mitigating risks associated with inadequate application of digital technology.
Serendipitous Moments in My Early Career
Authors: Schabas Margaret
Published: November 2020

Symposium “Personal Encounters with Serendipities”
Comparative History and Comparative Sociology
Authors: Burke Peter
Published: November 2020

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Max Weber Never Was Mainstream—But Who Made Him a Classic of Sociology?
Authors: Kaesler Dirk
Published: November 2020

If by “mainstream sociology” one understands a specific paradigm that dominates the discourses of sociology because its adherents form the majority of the discipline, then Max Weber’s program of a sociology that is built upon “interpretative understanding of social action and thereby with a causal explanation of its course and consequences,” was never mainstream, not during his lifetime (1864–1920) or since. So why has he become this overpowering “classic” of sociology? Who is responsible for this development?This paper does not aim to reconstruct the entire impact of Max Weber upon the history and presence of sociology since his death. Starting with the observation that he has been made into an indisputable “classic” of international sociology this paper, first aims to depict the sharp contrast between the weak and very selective impact and reception of Weber's work during his lifetime and its significance for international sociology today. Second, it attempts to explain Weber's career as a classic of sociology, having become—along with Marx and Durkheim—one of the pillars of a “Holy Trinity” in international sociology. Thirdly, after offering a general overview of forty-three individuals who may be regarded as mainly responsible for the fashioning of the sociological classic Max Weber, it concentrates upon the three most important figures by sketching their quite distinct ideas, interests and roles in this endeavor.
Passions, doux commerce, Interest Properly Understood: From Adam Smith to Alexis de Tocqueville and Beyond
Authors: Hess Andreas
Published: November 2020

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Bourdieu & Chartier: Sociologist and Historian
Authors: Huebner Daniel R.
Published: November 2020

Book Review of:

Pierre Bourdieu and Roger Chartier: The Sociologist and the Historian, translated by David FernbachCambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2015Pp. xxii+82ISBN: 978-0745679587Price: $49,95
Velfærdsprofessioner, styringsteknologi og faglighed
Authors: Sauzet Sofie , Vaaben Nana , Pors Anja Svejgaard , Kamp Annette
Published: November 2020

Med dette nummer af Tidsskrift for Arbejdsliv håber vi at starte en debat om: Hvad betyder alle disse nye digitale eller analoge styringsteknologier for den relation, som professionelle forventes at have til borgerne og til staten eller myndighederne? Hvilke muligheder har de professionelle i kraft af, på trods af eller i samspil med nye teknologier for at udøve professionelle skøn og omsætte dem til handling? Hvad betyder det for de professionelles arbejdsliv – og hvad betyder det for vores samfund? Arbejdet i velfærdsprofessionerne er under gennemgribende forandring. Over de seneste årtier har bølger af reformprogrammer i samspil med introduktionen af nye teknologier og værktøjer været med til at transformere velfærdsprofessionernes roller, faglighed, autonomi og autoritet. Teknologier, metoder og værktøjer oversættes og implementeres i både administrativt og borgernært arbejde i velfærdsinstitutionerne. Dette temanummer sætter fokus på, hvordan styringsteknologier og sociale teknologier lige fra lægeerklæringer, pakkeforløb og sundhedsplatform til brugerinddragelseskoncepter, kunstig intelligens og didaktiske metoder får indfl ydelse på professionelles arbejdsopgaver og erfaring af faglighed i arbejdslivet. De styringsteknologier, som temanummerets analyser beskæftiger sig med, opererer alle i et borgernært rum, og styringsteknologi bliver således her en samlebetegnelse for forskellige forbindelsesled mellem myndigheder, velfærdsprofessionelle og borgere. Styringsteknologierne ankommer ofte med delvist designede arbejdsprocesser og iværksætter nye rytmer i arbejdslivet, der forandrer manøvrerummet mellem myndighed, fagprofessionel og borger. Teknologierne introduceres som regel med positivt konnoterede ambitioner og løfter om at bidrage til at organisere, systematisere, kontrollere, effektivisere, evaluere eller standardisere velfærdsarbejdets rammer og indhold, så kvaliteten samtidig løftes. Med denne ankomst sker der imidlertid meget andet og mere end det lovede. Teknologier er ikke uskyldige redskaber, der bare makker ret i de gode intentioners tjeneste, de både styrer, forstyrrer og forandrer faglighed og relationer ved at forskyde ansvarsområder og både professionelle og borgere tildeles nye roller. Nogle opgaver forsvinder, automatiseres eller skubbes ud til borgeren, der nu får nye roller, men samtidig skabes der nye opgaver, der skal implementeres i rutinerne og håndteres mere håndholdt, når standarden ikke passer til hverdagens velfærd. Samlet set ændrer nye styringsteknologier rammerne for at udøve faglighed og faglige skøn.
Baltic Seaweed Biorefinery
Authors:   , Bāliņa Karīna
Published: November 2020

Seaweeds are one of the world's most underrated biomass resources. They are part of the European Union's 'blue growth' strategy as an alternative resource to meet the growing demand for sustainable biomaterials. The application of the biorefinery concept allows obtaining products with high added value along with the biofuel. The cultivation and use of seaweeds in the Baltic region are in the early stage. In the Thesis, the potential applications of Baltic seaweeds are evaluated by applying the biorefinery concept. During the study, the author develops the research by proposing seaweeds as a feedstock, evaluates the products and technologies potentially applicable in the biorefinery. In order to improve the availability of feedstock, a seaweed cultivation laboratory stand is being set up. The aim of this work is to perform integrated research to evaluate the potential application of the biorefinery concept for seaweed species available in Latvia. More specific this Thesis is addressed to identify potential seaweed species, find out the possible amount of biomass and search for the direction for seaweed utilization so that it constitutes part of the national economy and become recognized as a significant type of the biomass. The Doctoral Thesis is based on seven thematically unified scientific publications published in various scientific journals and are available in scientific information repositories and international databases. The aim of these publications is to identify the seaweed species present in Latvia and to look for the direction for seaweed use. The introduction of the work introduces with the aim and set tasks, describes the structure of the work and provides an overview of the author's practical and scientific contribution. The first chapter provides an overview of the scientific literature, previous research and focuses on the properties of seaweed biomass. The obtained results and discussion are given in the third chapter. Conclusions are made at the end of the work.
DIPOLE-EXCHANGE SPIN WAVES IN A CYLINDRICAL FERROMAGNET
Authors: LAI WU-YAN  , WANG DING-SHENG  , PU FU-CHO  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Taking both dipole and exchange interaction into aceount we have deduced the secular equation for the dipole-exchange spin waves in an axially magnetized cylin-drical ferromagnet. Numerical results of frequency spectra are also given. When the wave vector of the spin wave is small, dipole energy is the most important term and our results coincide with that of magnetostatic modes. When the wave vector becomes large, exchange energy plays a greatrole, and our results approach those of the theory of macroscopic exchange waves.
GAUGE INDEPENDENCE, UNITARITY AND RENORMALI-ZABILITY OF A SPONTANEOUSLY BROKEN MODEL IN THE PERTURBATION THEORY
Authors: HOU BO-YU  ,   西北大学物理系
Published: November 2020

This paper studies explicitly the Abelian spontaneously broken gauge model for scalar and gauge bosons by using perturbation expansions . It is discovered that in various renormalizable gauges (R gauge) the gauge dependent part contributed by unphysical components of inner lines in the sum of all Feynman diagrams of the same order coexists only with the outer mass shell components of outer lines. On the mass shell only the contribution by physical components is left, just as in the unitary gauge (U gauge). Thus, the identitical nature of the R gauge and U gauge on the mass shell has been shown explicitly, hence may be seen the unitarity of the R gauge. It is also shown why residue divergences appear in the U gauge, and why these residue divergences will necessarily cancal each other out, thus revealing the crypto-renormali-zability of the U gauge.
A MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF THE JOSEPHSON EFFECT IN SUPERCONDUCTING BRIDGES
Authors: LIU FU-SUI  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The empirical formula j=Σn jnsin nφ for a superconducting Dayem bridge is proved using Green's function and the two-gap model of the bridge. A quantitative explanation for the observed height of the microwave induced step is presented. This paper also gives the sufficient condition for the empirical formula of a superconduc-ting bridge, and the dependence of Josephson current density on bridge length is discussed.
ON A GENERALIZED OHM'S LAW IN PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMA
Authors: LU QUAN-KANG  ,   复旦大学
Published: November 2020

In this paper, a generalized Ohm's Law of unsteady state in partially ionized plasma is derived. Various appropriate expressions under concrete physical conditions are analysed. When plasma approaches fully ionization, the generalized Ohm's Law reduces to the form given by Spitzer; and when partially ionized plasma reaches steady state, the generalized Ohm's Law reduces to the form given by Cowling and Любимов. Finally, this Ohm's Law is applied to certain problems on plasma a. c.resistivities, dispersion relations and diffusions, etc.
PHYSICAL METHOD OF GROUP REPRESENTATION THEORY (Ⅱ)——THE QUASI-STANDARD BASES OF PERMUTATION GROUP AND THE GELFAND BASES OF UNITARY GROUP
Authors: CHEN JIN-CHUAN  , WANG FAN  , GAO MEI-JUAN  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

This paper analyses the contradictions which would appear when one applies the traditional theory of group repesentation to gf-the permutation group on state indicies. It is pointed out that when repeated state indicies occur, the permutation operator of gf will become undefined. According to [1], we generalise naturally the concepts of the irreducible bases for such case and give a unambiguous definition of the so called quasi-standard bases of group gf. Futhermore we have proved that the quasi-standard bases of group gf are just the Gelfand bases of group SUn. Hence the eigenfunction methodcan also be used to calculate the Gelfand bases of group SUn.
GENERALIZATION OF QUANTUM EXPANSION OF SOLITON SOLUTIONS
Authors: YIN PENG-CHENG  ,   复旦大学物理系
Published: November 2020

As a means of establishing a soliton model based on gauge fields for hadrons, the quantum expansion method for soliton solutions recently propesed by T. D. Lee has been generalized to cover more general systems including gauge fields. Our results are similar to those obtained by T. D. Lee, but some of our quantities have a broades content, as in formula (33) - (37).
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF TURBULENT JET NOISE
Authors: MA DA-YOU  , LI PEI-ZI  , DAI GEN-HUA  , WANG HONG-YU  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Ever since the fifties, profound theoretical and experimental investigations were spent on the noise production of subsonic and supersonic jets, but little has been done on the turbulent noise of a choked jet. In a previous paper the authors derived the pressure dependence of the latter. In this paper it is shown that a slight modifica-tion of the formula in the above-mentioned paper will make it applicable to subsonic jets too, and an interpretation is obtained for turbulent jet noise in general. From this it is inferred that turbulent jet noise has its origin in the quadrapole radiation of turbulent eddies, the only difference in that, for a choked jet, the turbulence velocity further increases with the stagnation pressure, although the mean jet velocity does not. From this point of view, the rule of increase of the turbulent velocity with increasing stagnation pressure is predicted. This interpretation seems plausible and the noise relations thus derived agree with experiment.
THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITATION ON THE VACUUM STATE
Authors: FANG LI-ZHI  ,   中国科学技术大学
Published: November 2020

Using an exact cosmological solution of a simple model it is shown that the break-ing of symmetry in the vacuum state may be due to cosmological effects.
FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATION OF THE SECOND KIND IN ANTENNA THEORY
Authors: FENG KE-AN  , CAI JUN-DAO  , PU FU-CHO  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

A new integral equation for current distribution of a cylindrical antenna is de-rived. This is a one-dimensional Predholm equation of the second kind, and is different from the conventional Hallen equation in antenna theory. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of the current and magnetic field for an infinitely long antenna. It is found that our equation is more suitable for describing an actual antenna than the Hallen equation. Preliminary numerical computations for a finite antenna have been carried out. The results show that numerical computation using our equation is practical.
THERMAL DISTORTION INDUCED BY OPTICAL PUMPING IN Nd-GLASS
Authors: RESEARCH GROUP OF THERMAL DISTORTIONS IN ND-DOPED GLASSES  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: November 2020

In this article, we present a theoretical analysis of the thermal distortion induced by optical pumping in Nd-Glass. Relations between the thermal distortion and the thermo-optical properties of Nd-glass are given. The thermal distortions are measured quantitatively with high repetition frequency and single pulse devices. The experimental results obtained are in agreement reasonably with the theory.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES OF Ni-Fe-Nb AND Ni-Fe-Nb-Al ALLOYS
Authors: DAI LI-ZHI  , WANG JUN-JIAN  , HOU DE-HUI
Published: November 2020

The magnetic properties of two kinds of alloys (Ni-Pe-Nb and Ni-Pe-Nb-Al) after various heat-treatments are studied. The initial and maximum permeabilities are high and can be compared with those of the technical Mo-permalloys. Some of the physical parameters of Ni-Pe-Nb and 4Mo-permalloy are tabulated here for comparison.The quaternary Ni-Pe-Nb-Al alloy possesses higher Vickers hardness and electrical resistivity. Curves of a. c. magnetic permeabilities of the Ni-Pe-Nb-Al alloy specimens are presented.In the specimens of Ni-Pe-Nb-Al after slow cooling from high temperature, modulated structures are developed with a wave-length of about 160?. Eapid cooling from 970℃ suppresses the formation of the modulated structure. The material with a modulated structure possesses higher hardness as well as higher coercive force.
A DYE LASER WITH DOUBLE PUMPING SOURCE
Authors: LIU HUANG-FENG  , WANG LIAN-ZHI  ,   (1)郑州大学物理系; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the possibility of realization of a dye laser with double pumping source is discussed. The introduction of an auxilary T1 → S1 pumping is shown to be beneficial in lowering the laser threshold, increasing the gain and flourescence quantum yield, and further extending the types of laser dyes and the frequency tunning range.
PHYSICAL METHODS OF GROUP REPRESENTATION THEORY (Ⅲ)——OUTER-PRODUCT REDUCTION COEFFICIENTS OF THE PERMUTATION GROUP AND CG COEFFICIENTS OF THE SUn GROUP
Authors: CHEN JIN-QUAN  , WANG FAN  , GAO MEI-JUAN  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

This paper introduces an important coefficient-the outer-product reduction coef-ficient of the permutation group (Abbrev as ORC). Its properties and calculation method are discussed. An important relation between the ORC and the CG coeffi-cient of the SUn group is revealed which enables one to derive the latter from the former immediatelv.
VARIATION OF LATTICE CONSTANTS IN THE α-LiIO3 SINGLE CRYSTAL UNDER THE ACTION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
Authors: YI SUN-SHENG  , LIANG JING-KUI  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The irregular variation of lattice constants of the α-LiIO3 single crystal originated in the growth process and the fluctuation phenomena of lattice constants under the action of an electrostatic field were investigated by an X-ray double-crystal spectro-meter in the (n, -n) arrangement.The results obtained support the view point that the enhancement of neutron diffraction intensity of the l≠0 reflection under the action of an electrostatic field along z-axis is due to the existence of a gradient of lattice constant c.
TWO EXAMPLES OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHASE TRANSITION -OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATION AND LASER
Authors: FENG KE-AN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this article, dynamical features of non - equilibrium phase transitions are dis-cussed, taking the physical problems of OPO and laser processes as two examples. The phase transition point is found to be the point of sudden change from a stable nodal point to a saddle point. The role of fluctuations and dissipations in such phase transi-tions is elucidated, and critical exponents analogous to those in the second order phase transition are found (β = 1/2, γ = 1).
THE SATURATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC DISCHARGE CONVECTION CO2 LASER
Authors: LIN GUANG-HAI  ,   中国科学院力学研究所
Published: November 2020

Based on a microscopic molecular model, an analytical expression for the satura-tion intensity is obtained. By taking into account of the changes in gas pressure, temperature and flow velocity, the saturation intensity and small-sgnalgain coefficient at all points in the active region have been calculated under a variety of parameters. We have analysed and discussed the effects of the changes of pressure, flow velocity, gas composition and the discharge specific power on saturation intensity and small-signal gain coefficient. Finally, the calculated values for saturation intensity are compared with experimental results and good agreements are found.
AN IONIC GROUPING THEORY OF THE ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND NON-LINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS OF CRYSTALS (IV)——THE CALCULATION OF LINEAR OPTICAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES IN CRYSTALS OF THE PEROVSKITE AND THE TUNGSTEN BRONZE STRUCTURE TYPES
Authors: CHEN CHUANG-TIAN  ,   中国科学院福建物质结构研究所
Published: November 2020

A localized molecular orbital treatment based on an anion coordination octahedron model has been extended to a systematic calculation on the refractive indices of crystals (9 in all) of the perovskite and the tungsten bronze structure types (without in-troducing any adjustable parameters.) It is found that agreement with experimental data is fairly satisfactory while the deviation is ca. 10 percent. As a straightforward ccnsequence to these calculations, we have been able to elucidate the mechanism of the electro-optical and the non-linear optical effects in crystals of these two structure types and give a good estimate of various properties associated with the linear optical susceptibilities within the range of optical frequencies. In addition, it is shown that although the odd-ordered term drystal field is the decisive factor in the electro-optical and the non-linear optical effects, its contribution to the linear optical susceptibilities is, however, rather small. Finally, a brief discussion is made as to the feasibility of the localized molecular orbital method in the treatment of certain problems in the theory of solid state physics.
THE MEAN FIELD THEORY FOR SPONTANEOUS MAGNETIZATION OF A NON-UNIFORM FERROMAGNET
Authors: PU FU-CHO  , WANG DING-SHENG  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Starting from the nonlinear differential equation for a non-uniform ferromagnet in mean field approximation, we apply the bifurcation theory to discuss the pheno-mena of magnetic phase transition. It is shown that (1) the Curie point of the system is determined by the maximium eigenvalue of linearized equation; (2) the space varia-tion of magnetization just below the Curie point is described by the corresponding eigenfunction; (3) the temperature dependence of magnetization is represented by the parameter a(T)～(l-T:Tc)1/2. In the later parts of our paper, the application of this method is illustrated by examples of thin films and a simple model proposed for describ-ing non-uniform ferromagnet.
ON THE PHASE COMPENSATED FAR FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSVERSE LASER MODES
Authors: XIE PEI-LIANG  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: November 2020

The phase compensated far field distribution of laser modes TEMm0 and TEM0l is analyzed. It is shown that the characteristics of the far field distribution is substantially improved.
A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING SOUND INSULATION OF LIGHT STRUCTURES
Authors: FENG YU-ZHENG  , CAI XIU-LAN  , ZHENG DA-RUI  , LIU CHANG-HAI  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, a new method is proposed for the measurements of sound insulation of light structures using small samples. The sound source is placed in a reverberation room, and the receiving room is a small anechoic box. The arrangement of the measurement is described in betail. Several samples are measured and the results agree well with the mass law. The method does provide a useful alternative where the measurements for the samples of small dimensions with high transmission loss are required. Limitations of the equipment and evaluation of accuracy are also discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF Fe-Si-Al ALLOY
Authors: XU WEN-CHONG  , SU XIU-JIN  ,   北京钢铁研究院
Published: November 2020

The structure of the high magnetic permeability Pe-Si-Al alloy containing about 10 percent Al and 5 percent Si has been investigated. By using the foil specimen technique of electron microscope, the structure of matrix was found as ordered fcc Fe3(Al, Si) phase, its lattice parameter being 5.70±0.03?. This value lies between the values of the lattice parameter of Fe3Si and Fe3Al. This explains that a proportion of the silicon atoms is replaced by the aluminium atoms. Three sets of electron diffraction patterns of the matrix combined with the precipitated phase were obtained and their orientation relationships determined.The carbon replica of the extracted precipitated phase in selected regions is diffracted by contrast in the electron microscope. The Fe3(Al, Sl) Cx phase is a cubie structure. It might be suggested that the Fe atoms occupy the positions of face centres, Al(Si) atoms occupy the cube corners, and the carbon atoms occupy the body centres.
THE OUTFLOW OF AIR FROM POROUS MATERIALS AND THE NOISE REDUCTION THEORY OF POROUS DIFFUSER
Authors: MA Dα-YOU  , LI PEI-ZI  , DAI GEN-HUA  , WANG HONG-YU  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Porous diffusers, a distinguished group of silencers, have been developed in the last years, and are used widely in foreign countries. They are preeminent in their small volume, simple structure and high noise reduction. Unfortunately, there are lack of theoretical discussions as yet. In this work, the aerodynamics of flow through porous materials is discused in detail and the authors suggest that the outflow through porous material can be characterized by an effective area and an effective stagnation pressure reduction. Furthermore, the principle of noise reduction of porous diffusers has been studied in some detail, to facilitate the design and the estimation of porous diffusers. Some of the porous diffusers are studied in the light of the present theory.
SCATTERING OF LASER BEAM BY RANDOMLY DIFFUSING SURFACES——A SIMPLIFIED STATISTICAL MODEL
Authors: CHENG LU  ,   南开大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The scattering of laser beam by a rough plane surface with one-dimensionally random fluctuations is treated by a simplified statistical method. The real surface is replaced by a series of taps of width λ along the direction of scores. The height hn, of the n-th tap is the average of the heights of real surface over the interval corresponding to the n-th tap. All the random variables hn are assumed to be independent and every one of them varies in the same inteval [-h,h] with the same probability distribution, h being the scale of roughness of surface. The problem thus becomes one of seeking the expected value of the light intensity produced by the interference of a series of element sources with certain random phases. This probabilistic problem can be solved strictly only with difficulty. With an approximate simplification it reduces to the problem of seeking the position of center of gravity of an arc and a simple "random walk" problem.The expression of the expected value of light intensity distribution I(θ) in the recording plane is deduced. The expression of the ratio R of the total energy in the central region to that in the two side wings in the recieving plane is very simple.The numerical results are given. Several methods of measurement are discussed. It is pointed out that the generalization of this model to the cases of surface with two-dimensionally random fluctuations and surfaces of other shape (non planar) is not difficult.
MOVEMENT AND INTERACTIONS OF DISLOCATIONS IN NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Authors: GUO KE-XIN  , LIN BAO-JUN  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

Interactions of dislocations, especially under dynamic conditions, on a single glide plane or from two crossing glide planes were studied in general, and certain dislocation configurations in particular, by means of transmission electron microscopy and diffraction contrast methods. The main findings are:1. Hexagonal dislocation networks are mainly formed by the interaction of dislocations on a single glide plane with Burgers vectors at 120°.2. Like screw dislocations, edge and mixed dislocations can also cross-slip between two glide planes.3. Interactions of dislocations from two crossing glide planes sometimes form long, straight, non-mobile dislocations at the intersections, e.g., Lomer-Cottrell dislocations. However, this non-mobile dislocation does not block, as it is generally accepted, the movement of dislocations on these two glide planes.4: In nickel-chromium alloys containing aluminum and titanium, interactions of superlattice dislocations are more or less similar to those observed in Al-and Ti-free alloys or in disordered solid solutions.
LONG WAVELENGTH RESPONSE OF Ag-O-Cs PHOTOCATHODE AND SMALL COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
Authors: WU QUAN-DE  ,   北京大学
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the rule of photoemission from the small silver colloidal particles in the film of Cs2O is discussed, and the formulas of energy distribution of photoelectrons, photoelectric current and quantum yield are derived. The theoretical curves of energy distribution of photoelectrons, long wavelength response and quantum yield of Ag-O-Cs photocathode are compared with experimental results. It is found that for the long wavelength response the equivalent diameters of small colloidal particles are about 31?.The problems of the treatment of Cs, the additional silvering process and the ques-tion about Fowler curve are also discussed and explained.
INFLUENCE OF EFFECTIVE PHONON SPECTRUM α2F(ω) ON Tc OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: LI HONG-CHENG  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Results of some 3500 numerical solutions of Tc for 64 different effective phonon spectrum a2F(ω) are presented. It can be seen from these results that the Tc has the conditional maximum (Tc/A)max, if the area of spectrum is unchanged. Tc depends chiefly on the position and area of the peak of spectrum. Its dependence on the peak width is comparatively unimportant. If the double δ spectrum is replaced by the double ω spectrum with same and 2>, the rms error is 3.2%. In this paper I analysis and settle the dispute regarding the "λ=2 limit" in the literature.
PROGRESS IN THE STUDIES OF LATTICE DEFECTS
Authors: FENG DUAN  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

A survey of recent progress in the studies of lattice defects is presented and the trends of developement in this field are discussed.