bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'Analyse de la consommation touristique: Les methodes ex post
Authors: Soteriades Marios , Varvaressos Stelios
Published: March 2008

The topic of visitor consumption is of great interest to international organizations and scientific research because of its particular significance. The analysis of tourism activity's economic impact on the host country might be carried out by implementing ex post methods and approaches based mainly on the System of National Accounts. These methods refer to the tourism contribution to the national economy and the analysis of direct and indirect economic effects. The aim of this kind of tourism expenditure's analysis is to obtain the necessary information and to acquire the knowledge needed to formulate and implement the appropriate economic policy, as well as to elaborate the adequate planning and rational tourism management. Tourism activity has specific characteristics rendering its economic analysis a difficult task. In the present paper the main methods attempting to estimate the tourism's economic impact are reviewed, with emphasis on those allowed to obtain the most reliable results; tourism satellite accounts and input‐output analysis. This review is followed by a presentation of the evaluation criteria permitting to estimate their value. In the second section we summarise the scientific debate on tourism economic impact, which primarily focuses on two main issues — the theoretical approach and the adequate methodological instrument. The paper concludes by highlighting the actual state of art in this research field.
New inter‐organizational forms: Evolution of relationship structures in mountain tourism
Authors: Bodega Domenico , Cioccarelli Gabriele , Denicolai Stefano
Published: March 2008

The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of network relationships in local tourism clusters and illustrate inter‐organizational forms in mountain tourism. The networking among mountain tourism resorts, aimed at solving organizational and technological shortfalls, in order to promote integrated but flexible tourist packages, has led to detailed empirical research and study on these topics. The research analysis considered three important Italian Alpine destinations, based on adjacency matrices graphics and analytical indicators, calculated by different algorithms for each variable. The research was based on questionnaires submitted to all tourism operators of these destinations, and in‐depth interviews with important local entrepreneurs. The main findings of the research have resulted in identifying four typical inter‐organizational forms (or structures) in Alpine tourism resorts: ▪ community model, each tourist operator works alone, with no inter‐organizational vision; ▪ corporative model, a highly concentrated organization based on recognised agreements, usually ontrolled by a few people; ▪ governed model, tourists are managed through associations or ‘equity systems’, such as consortiums, where each ‘node’ of the network offers entrepreneurial expertise; ▪ constellation model, high relational density and reciprocal trust allow good coordination and balance of power among the tourism enterprises.
La mise en tourisme des communautés transnationales: Le cas des Britanniques en Espagne et Québécois en Floride
Authors: Tremblay Rémy , O'Reilly Karen
Published: March 2008

In this article, we demonstrate how a tourist destination can transform itself into a tourism‐based transnational community. Inspired from two case studies, the Britons in Spain and the Quebecers in Florida, we propose a three‐phase model to explore the process the “touristification” of a transnational community. These phases are: the adoption of a tourist destination, the transformation of this destination into a tourism‐based transnational community, and the decline of the latter.
Logis de France — The Epic of 3,000 independent hotels
Authors: Origet due Cluseau Claude
Published: March 2008

The Logis de France is a chain of 3 300 independent hotels, with 62 300 rooms, spread all over France, and mainly in rural areas. Since 1949, the chain has been in constant development of the number of members and of the number of services that they share. This initiative has enjoyed a happy issue probably thanks to the assistance of the French state and the local authorities, which provided funding, low interest rates and technical assistance to the chain, at least during its first 30years of existence. By now, it is the largest chain of independent hotels in the world, though each hotel is small, with less than 20 rooms, but always with a thriving restaurant, a warm atmosphere and a very local decoration.
How is tourist data information transferred into the small business decision process? How useful is acquiring the “Big Picture”?
Authors: Riley Michael , Szivas Edith
Published: March 2008

The paper addresses the relationship between a tourism authority and micro‐tourism businesses in terms of information access and use. The background is the commonly found dysfunction between the strategic intentions of a locality and small business performance. Information seeking is examined theoretically through its relationship to human capital. Given the evidence of entrance to the industry from outside it, it was thought that lack of tourism training would influence information seeking. The study confirmed the low levels of human capital, a modest interest in the larger picture but no evidence of the impact on decision‐making. The study also raises the issue of whether the use of the Internet separates small businesses from the regional tourism strategy.
Tourist or traveller? A typological approach
Authors: Mehmetoglu Mehmet
Published: March 2008

This theoretical paper provides an analytical review of a number of existing tourist typologies developed from a sociological perspective. Although current approaches to classification have contributed considerably towards an understanding of the tourist, they are still open to some salient criticisms. First, many of the typologies reviewed are based upon the unsystematic observations and/or a priori theoretical assumptions of their creators. Second, these taxonomies tend to focus on the individual (i.e., tourist), thereby neglecting social and cultural influences. Third, several of these typologies are constructed along just one or very few dimensions, such as number of tourists. In order to overcome these weaknesses, it is suggested that future research should adopt an ernic approach, focus on the home society and culture that the tourist inhabits, and finally, use several dimensions in the attempt to construct a tourist typology that provides explanation in addition to understanding.
Quandaries of the labour market in tourism as exemplified by the case of Austria
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: March 2008

The availability of an adequate pool of suitable labour is a key location factor for the labour‐intensive hotel and restaurant business. Yet, in spite of high unemployment (unemployment rate: 17,3%) and schemes to import foreign seasonal workers, the sector still encounters considerable difficulties in filling job vacancies. Of the many approaches towards elucidating the mystery of high levels of unemployment concurrent with a perceived scarcity of workers, key contributions are the high seasonal fluctuations in demand and the mismatch theory. The phenomenon of seasonal unemployment may be understood as a special aspect of demand scarcity. The seasonal dependence of tourism demand generates variations which in turn cause personnel to be fired at a grand scale at the end of a season. The mismatch theory goes a long way towards explaining a large part of the problems encountered in filling job openings while sectoral unemployment remains high. Key elements of the structural imbalance are qualifications and age, availability in terms of geography and time, and earnings expectations (including working conditions and career options). Further facts are also that the inflow of foreign workers keeps wages and working conditions down and drives austrian workers into unemployment or in other sectors. Overall, it appears that the future supply of an adequate number of qualified labour is a growing problem, because the need for operations to position themselves in the quality segment will raise the labour and qualification threshold.
From the past to the future catering business in France
Authors: Callot Philippe
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this paper is both to verify whether we have effectively shifted from a “gastronomic” model to a nutritional model and to suggest a new emerging model. Between the gastronomic model, where abundance and the diversity of food are key factors and pillars of the XIXth and XXth century, and the so‐called “nutritional” model, it would appear that the alternative today, in France at least, is leaning towards a model we shall qualify here as “sensible”. The “sensible” model would therefore have the following characteristics: A respect for established traditions (regional and sophisticated recipes) incorporating international fashions and trends, or those that are oriented towards health foods and natural foods (e.g. organic products, sushi, Tex‐Mex), and where sharing and leisure combine with pleasure to provide the key incentives. The catering business of tomorrow, whether institutional or commercial, must integrate these key trends. This model allows reconciliation of moments shared together and pleasure through food, of the place, of the change of scenery, and of consumer health, through a safety guarantee specifying the origin of the food, and an extension of personalized organic and natural products.
Sustainability of mega events: Challenges, requirements and results. The case‐study of the World Ski Championship St. Moritz 2003
Authors: Johnsen Julia , Biegert Thomas , Müller Hansrued , Elsasser Hans
Published: March 2008

Mega events are nowadays seen as an important source to generate primary income and to overcome seasonality in tourism destinations. Special events therefore became one of the fastest growing types of tourism attractions. On the other hand, they are known to potentially have a disruptive impact on the ecosystem, the society and also the local and regional economy if organised without careful attention to basic principles of sustainability. The example of the Ski World Championship 2003 in St.Moritz/Switzerland is used to illustrate an integrative sustainability monitoring concept which was used in practice and gained international attention.
Web‐based national tourism promotion in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Kozak Metin , Bigné Enrique , Andreu Luisa
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the promotion of the Mediterranean areas over the Internet. To meet this objective, the tourism board of each country is identified and Website indicators based on the assessment of seven “best practices” (WTO 1999) and e‐business for tourism strategies (WTO 2001) are analyzed. Content analysis reveals differences among countries. Managerial implications are developed.
A multidisciplinary analysis of world fairs (= expos) and their effects
Authors: De Groote Patrick
Published: March 2008

Since the Great Exhibition of London (1851) approx. 75 Expos have been held worldwide. They are regulated by the BIE in Paris. An Expo is a show case of technological progress, represented in pavilions. Until 1873 a unique building hosted the exhibits. Later the Exposites were located extramuros, and sometimes afterwards redeveloped into a leisure or science park or a multifunctional urbanised area. Mostly Expos have a positive effect for the city and the region on income, employment and infrastructure. The impact on culture, science, technology and tourism is also very important. However, Expos can generate an increase in prices, overcrowding and even environmental damage. Several Expos were even a financial disaster! The post‐event depression was certainly the case for many Expos. Expos still bear witness to their era and that they have tried to maintain the harmony and peace between people. Still they have opportunities for communication, investments, development, trade and tourism. The case study focus on the successsfull Expo 1992 in Seville.
Senior tourists sociability and travel preparation
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: March 2008

Social interaction is a vital facet of life for all age‐groups; for older individuals, the exercise of interpersonal exchange, and the expectation of an accompanying sense of well‐being, can assume an even greater importance when other aspects of life no longer provide opportunities for positive reward. Sociability experiences are likely to influence major indicators of both emotion and cognition, such as life and context satisfaction. The demonstration of personal competence, as may be found in the exercise of problem‐solving strategies, is also an important facility for seniors. This study of both domestic and international senior tourists has examined preferences for travel planning as the expression of a measure of personal control that are associated with sociability needs in regard to family and friends, cultural contacts, entertainment and nightlife, and to retail experiences. Also examined was the extent to which various sociability needs and planning control preferences influence measures of destination satisfaction, intention to return and also a willingness to recommend the destination. This study has found that seniors with higher sociability needs for cultural contact and associated with family and friends would more likely perceive the necessity to prepare for their trip, and also would express higher levels of satisfaction; destination satisfaction was also found to be associated with both the expressed intention to return to the destination, and also a willingness to recommend the destination to others; travel planning was not found to be associated with destination evaluative measures. Implications of these findings for destination managers and for researchers in the senior travel domain are considered.
Kreta — Absage an den Massentourismus — Förderung des Ökotourismus
Authors: Karagiannis Stephanos
Published: March 2008

Ecotourism is proposed as an alternative, to mass tourism, avenue of tourist growth is proposed for Crete. Ecotourism will contribute to the development of the region, through the exploitation of its natural beauty, while preserving the island's natural environment. This paper is about upgrading the quality of and protecting the natural environment of the region, as Crete is an island full of beauties and astonishing physical divergence that will amaze its visitors. Our research aim was to select the appropriate form of ecotourism that will lead to the tourist and social upgrade of Crete while being friendly to the environment.
Environmental planning for significant sport events — A case study of the World Ski Championships 2003
Authors: Rupf‐Haller Reto , Locher Oberholzer Nicole
Published: March 2008

Die FIS Alpine Ski‐Weltmeisterschaft 2003 in St. Moritz wurde von den Organisatoren und einem grossen Teil der Bevölkerung als Chance wahrgenommen, die Region einer breiten Öffentlichkeit als Wintersportort der Extraklasse darzustellen. Einen wichtigen Faktor spielte dabei die einmalige Land‐schaft des Oberengadins. Ziel war, den Eingriff in Natur‐ und Landschaft zu minimieren und ein nach‐haltiges Projekt durchzufhren. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt auf, inwiefern und mit welchen Methoden dieses Ziel erreicht wurde. Dabei werden folgende Fragestellungen diskutiert: ▪ Welche Methoden der Umweltplanung wurden bei der Organisation der Ski WM 2003 angewandt ? ▪ Welche Landschaftsveränderungen wurden durch die WM 2003 verursacht? ▪ Welche Teilaspekte der Umweltplanung bewährten sich und welche Optimierungen wären noch möglich? The organisers and a large part of the local community saw the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2003 (WSC) in St. Moritz as an opportunity to present the region to a wide audience as a winter holi‐day resort with outstanding qualities, the unique landscape of the Oberengadin playing a significant role. An important goal was to minimize encroachments on nature and the landscape, and to realize the project in a sustainable way. This article describes to what extent and by which methods the goals were attained. The following questions are discussed: ▪ What environmental planning methods were used by the WSC 2003 organisers? ▪ What landscape changes were caused by the WSC 2003? ▪ Which aspects of the environmental planning were satisfying, and what improvements could be made in future projects?
A governance perspective on destination development‐exploring partnerships, clusters and innovation systems
Authors: Svensson Bo , Nordin Sara , Flagestad Arvid
Published: March 2008

This paper deals with partnerships, clusters and innovation systems from a governance perspective. Very little tourism research has used this perspective, and relatively little attention has been brought to the two latter of the mentioned models. It is argued that the governance perspective makes sense when dealing with these models in the tourist destination context. As will be shown, the models draw attention to different features of governance and even suggest different forms of governance and government involvement. It also concludes that the partnership perspective makes sense in basically all tourist destinations, while fewer qualify for the cluster model, and even fewer for the innovation system model. Empirical observations are drawn from different studies of the Swedish ski resort of Are.
Tourism research in a nutshell: “The Tourism Knowledge Map”
Authors: Mazanec Josef A.
Published: March 2008

The Tourism Knowledge Map is part of a larger project that develops a web portal entitled The Tourism Knowledge Base. On this web site the users will be offered comprehensive information about the organizations in Austria providing tourism education, research, and consulting services. The Knowledge Map assists the users in finding and optimizing a set of keywords for launching an efficient search operation in tourism‐centred databases accessible on the internet. The underlying method is the Self‐Organizing Map, one of the most widely accepted techniques of unsupervised learning. Three real‐world examples illustrate how a Knowledge Map may be constructed from the frequencies of keywords and their co‐occurrence in the abstracts of tourism‐related research papers, articles, and reports.
The most amusing sectors of the world
Authors: Gonzaga Godoi Trigo Luiz , Kogan AndréA
Published: March 2008

This reflection was based on my post‐doctorate thesis from June 2003 at the School of Arts and Communication of São Paulo University, published as: “Entertainment — an open criticism” (São Paulo: Senac, 2003). The main issues discussed on this text are about culture, entertainment and particularly about the new technologies that influence both. The main point of this reflection is how culture and entertainment, processed by new information technologies and telecommunications, inserted in the complexity of the globalization and in the core of the post‐industrial societies, are influencing society as a whole.
Economic & Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games
Authors: De Groote Patrick
Published: March 2008

In this article the development of the Olympic Games (the biggest mega sport event ever) will be described as an interesting case in the sport‐tourism relationship. The Olympics are indeed the biggest show on earth … the most participants in history, … spectators on site and the greatest television audience ever. This marriage of convenience between sport and tourism will be explored and examplified, first in general and second by means of on historical overview (of the Summer and Winter Games) and the economic impact of the Olympic Games.
Emotional arts marketing — creating tourist value
Authors: Marciszewska Barbara
Published: March 2008

The marketing strategies adopted with regard to cultural products can increase the chances of success for both cultural or tourism organisations and for visitors. However, a high level of tourists' satisfaction can be achieved if the marketing of culture base on a new philosophy which recognises people's emotions as fundamental in the process of creating the new value within the framework of the visitor's past, current and future experience. Managers have to learn how to provide a positive experience of cultural participation by promoting cultural attractions and arts in relation to people's emotions. Managers must be concerned with the question of whether or not the customers are satisfied with the cultural products. The main purpose of this article is to identify factors influencing the consumption of cultural products in Pomerania Voivodship in Poland and a role of experiences expected by tourists and visitors for marketing strategy; the study has examined people's motivations to visit a cultural attractions and their opinion about a level of satisfaction and image of the Region. Implications of the findings for destinations managers and researchers are: the marketing of culture must be based on a new philosophy which recognises a fundamental role of people's experiences and emotions in the process of visitors' decision making. The model for innovative change in marketing management has been suggested to show how to minimalize a gap between cultural offerings and satisfaction of tourists visiting cultural attractions.
Framework and developments with regard to leisure travel in mature central European markets: Results and implications based on a document review
Authors: Bieger Thomas , Laesser Christian
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the result of a document review on leisure and travel developments in mature Central European markets. Based on an extensive analysis of (1) socio‐demographic developments, (2) developments with regard to changing values, (3) developments with regard to the economic framework, (4) the future role of work, leisure and allocation of time here fore, (5) consumption trends, and (6) a number of singular other issues, implications for the tourism industry are drawn: (1) There is an increasing international standardisation (homogenisation) of basic service factors in terms of infrastructure and key service elements functionality, coupled with differentiating efforts in terms of specific service elements and experiences provided. (2) Due to and based on network advantages, future quantitative growth is basically triggered by large supply networks and travel corporations. (3) Growth will further take place at best suitable destinations in terms of securing time efficiency of travel experience, multi optionality of supply and international level of quality.
Call for papers
Authors: Keller Peter , Bieger Thomas
Published: March 2008

Volatile demand: Demand in tourism is increasingly volatile. The reasons can be found in the unpredictable behaviour of the consumer and the development of the market. The requirements of potential visitors are changing at an ever faster pace. Although the long term growth trend for tourism is favourable, demand is anything but stable. Quite apart from the usual seasonal and business cycle fluctuations our industry increasingly has to deal with crises of one sort or another.
Customer value amongst tourists: A conceptual framework and a risk‐adjusted model
Authors: Boksberger Philipp E. , Craig‐Smith Stephen J.
Published: March 2008

This study presents a theoretical analysis along with a conceptual framework that combines research findings in consumer behaviour, marketing and tourism. Services, in general, are perceived to be riskier than goods and tourism services, especially, have been considered as critical in tourist' perception of risk. Hitherto, little attention has been paid to the influence of perceived risk on customer value in tourism. Thus, a conceptual framework, developed with respect to perceived risk and customer value amongst tourists, is presented. Since the proposed model of customer value will have to be validated, propositions for future research are discussed.
A content analysis of repeaters' self‐perceptions of tourist destinations
Authors: Kozak Metin
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this paper was to consider the repeaters' perceptions of changes in respect of the overall quality of sample destinations by examining in two categories such as positive (or better) and negative (or worse). Data were collected by administering a qualitative survey among British tourists visiting Bodrum, located in south‐west part of Turkey, in the summer of 2004. Respondents were asked to indicate in which respects they had noticed any significant differences in comparison to their previous vacations in the same place. The attributes found to be better and worse than previous years were then ranked on the basis of percentage scores. This paper provides some clearer insights into repeat visitation for tourism destinations which can contribute to effective policy making by local tourism authorities and tourism service providers.
Achieving the millennium development goals: Issues and options for the Nigeria's tourism industry
Authors: Bankole Abiodun O. , Odularu Gbadebo O.
Published: March 2008

The Millennium Development Coals (MDGs) are a potentially powerful tool for economic development. There is the growing awareness about the economic importance of tourism in Nigeria. Though the industry is fraught with certain challenges, which are seemingly insurmountable, it has a crucial role to play in helping Nigeria to achieve the 2015 anti‐poverty MDGs. This paper discusses some of the potential benefits of the tourism industry in Nigeria as well as an overview of the industry. Furthermore, it states the MDGs and its limitations. Furthermore it will discuss some of the problems that could impede the growth of the tourism sector. As Nigeria is becoming keenly aware of the substantial development potentials of tourism, this paper presents some recommendations to be considered in order to reap these potentials and facilitate the process of achieving the MDGs.
The inside‐out gear — How to monitor the impact of accommodation evolution on demand choice in Heritage cities
Authors: Manente Mara , Montaguti Federica
Published: March 2008

Studies on the impact of tourism in art cities underlined that many cities begun to suffer too many costs because of mass tourism. The problem of costs/benefits balance was in some case further complicated by the quick increase in a peculiar kind of excursionists — the so called false excursionists. Their increase is in fact joined with the spreading around the city of “alternative” accommodations. But false excursionists bring to the destination more costs and less benefits than traditional tourism, as a relevant part of their budget is spent where they are lodging. Thus, this sort of tourism “development” calls for visitors management policies able to reduce costs and maximize the tourism benefits for the city. But these policies require a deep understanding of the relationship between demand and accommodation supply, and between accommodations within and outside the city. And, more important, a continuous monitoring on how these relationships change in time, and why. Pricing and product strategies put into effect by accommodations, joined with changes in the demand behaviour, are in fact the basic variables of a mechanisms that might eventually lead to a substantial increase in false excursionists number and a stagnation in overnight tourists demand, with major consequences on the cost/benefits ratio for the art city as a whole. Aim of this paper is to introduce a set of 10 indicators and, through their application on the Venice situation, show how they can be used to analyze on diachronic terms the impact of accommodation evolution on demand choice.
New tourist frontiers or new barriers for global tourism?
Authors: Callot Philippe
Published: March 2008

Tourism is a sector of activity, which has been witnessing the highest growth for several years despite recent events which have given rise to uncertainty. It is in this context that some may judge right at the outset highly optimistic that this paper proposes to highlight certain issues in support of the following questions. What kind of sustainable growth to anticipate for tourism? Which impacts are the present economic modifications bound to have (rise in petrol prices, impoverishment and inter‐regional differences in revenue, etc.)? What about the impact of calamities and major events on tourism‐related activities? Aren't these contingent variations as many barriers to the new frontiers of tourism? In light of this paper it is possible to define the barriers which will then form the new frontiers of tourism. A few simple recommendations can guide managerial implications.
Festivals and events — (Re)interpreting cultural identity
Authors: Elias‐Varotsis Sophie
Published: March 2008

The issues at stake in this paper namely concern the changes in the cultural identity representations of territorial landscapes as a result of increasing mobility of which tourism is but one of the numerous forms. The decision to focus on festivals and events is that: 1. Traditionally speaking, festivals and events are both the result and the signifiers of the cultural identity of spaces within which they occur; 2. In more recent years, they have increasingly been instrumented as a marketing tool in the development of tourist spaces as can be attested by the large body of tourist literature; 3. Beyond the emphasis placed by researchers on the economic impacts of events organization, there has been a growing interest in investigating their social impacts. 4. Limited attention has been paid to comparing the strategies of events organization, the way they intervene on cultural identity and the ensuing impacts on territorial development in general. Accordingly, it was decided that an investigation of regularly recurring events, which have become part of the territorial landscapes within which they occur, would be led to try and answer the following questions: 1. How do festivals and events contribute to staging the particularities of cultural identity within different spaces? 2. Are these festivals and events staged simultaneously to encourage greater mobilities to and within the given spaces and to devise better responses to the mobilities that have already modified them? 3. To what extent do festivals and events contribute to re‐interpreting cultural identity?
From reconstruction and analysis of tourist profiles to some suggestions to destination management — An empirical research in the Dolomites area
Authors: Franch Mariangela , Martini Umberto , Luigi Novi Inverardi Pier , Buffa Federica
Published: March 2008

Upon the changes that have taken place in the tourist sector since the 7 990s, the SMTEs and the destinations where they operate are called to reflect on the opportunity to redefine the strategic and organizational assets that have distinguished them until now in order to respond to new needs and desires coming from a more segmented demand side. This paper presents the results of a research project conducted in the Dolomites, the most important alpine area in terms of numbers of tourists, representative of a community tourist destination and where the tourists do not defer to intermediaries to organize the vacation (do‐it‐yourself tourists). The Dolomites are now in the “mature” phase of the development life cycle and as such need a new approach to the market in order to maintain loyalty among current visitors and to gain loyalty in new tourist segments. The research was done in the summer 2001 and winter 2001–2002 by administering 5,000 online questionnaires to a representative sampling of “do‐it‐yourself” tourists. The objective was to study the decision‐making and behavioural models of do‐it‐yourself tourists and to build profiles of tourists who choose this destination. From these profiles it is possible to identify strategies that the SMTEs and the alpine destination as a whole could undertake to achieve the goals described above. The research highlights the importance for SMTEs to overcome the entrepreneurial spontaneity and to adopt an informed and planned business strategy. In this scenario the Regional Tourist Boards emerge as important actors that can play a key role in meta‐management.
Aspects to justify public tourism promotion: An economic perspective
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: March 2008

In its efforts to foster tourism development the state has the choice of either giving direct grants or stimulating specipc investments and promoting co‐operation through low‐interest loans. In either case, the effort is aimed to improve the supply and preserve the competitive capacity of destinations. Public funds also flow into national and regional tourism organisations (NTOs and RTOs) established to co‐ordinate and market tourism products and destinations. State promotion of tourism constitute an intervention in the market mechanism which needs to be expressly justified in a market economy context. Market failure, transaction costs and the growth‐stimulating effect of promoting innovation and knowledge are the fundamental conditions for state intervention (necessary conditions), even though by themselves they are not sufficient to justify intervention. This also requires a cost/benefit analysis: a state measure is advantageous only when it causes an improvement in the overall economic welfare (sufficient condition).
Wine tourist motivation and the perceived importance of servicescape: A study conducted in Goa, India
Authors: George Babu P.
Published: March 2008

The present paper investigates the relationship between the type of wine tourist motivation and how much importance wine tourists motivated by each type give to the wine servicescape. The underlying assumption is that wine customers driven by the secondary motivators like socialization and entertainment consider servicescape as more important to their satisfaction than their counterparts driven by the primary motivators like wine tasting and wine buying. Empirical examination conducted among wine tourists visiting Goa proves this assumption. Potential implications of the study are also discussed. Keywords: Wine tourism, wine tourist motivation and its components, servicescape, and India.
Geotourism: A new Form of Tourism utilising natural Landscapes and based on Imagination and Emotion
Authors: Pralong Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2008

Tourists and visitors currently tend to consider environment and the purity of nature, educational tourism, culture and history, large‐ and small‐scale events, and entertainment and fun as crucial issues. For certain specific target groups, these wishes and needs may be satisfied by a new form of tourism called “geotourism”, which is an multi‐interest kind of tourism exploiting natural sites and landscapes containing interesting earth‐science features in a didactic and entertaining way. Relative to demand, a form of tourism based on imagination and emotion, favouring experience and sensations, and explaining the natural environment by playing with its temporal and spatial dimensions may provide opportunities of economic development. Different target groups (e.g. seniors, families, schools) potentially interested in cultural and natural landscapes seem to constitute specific markets to consider. In this sense, on‐site interpretation needs to be more adapted to the visitors' expectations and a more original and striking way of communication has to be used. From a promotional point of view, “geomarketing”, a kind of image communication that explores the temporal and spatial dimensions of the rocks (e.g. minerals, fossils) and forms (e.g. glaciers, caves) of the Earth's surface, may be developed. This will not only generate inquisitiveness among the target groups selected, but also give a clear position to a destination, in order to distinguish itself from similar territories. Of course, product communication must complete this marketing strategy with the creation, promotion and sale of specific and original products, especially for the summer period (from spring to autumn). For instance, a mix of walking, wellness, “agro‐tourism” and “geotourism” may be profitable for regional economic development. Thus, this paper is a conceptual contribution based on a theoretical work and a literature review.
Heritage tourism in Tunisia: Development one‐way choice
Authors: Zaiane Selma
Published: March 2008

Tunisian tourism plays a significant role in the economical balance of the country, providing an important source of entry to foreign currency, thanks to its privileged geographical situation, proximate to Europe, and as well to its protected and preserved cultural, physical and environmental resources and heritage. This steadily developing tourism is the result of socio‐political stability, a prerequisite for a harmonious development of the tourism sector, known to be precarious. Investment in hotels and related services devoted to tourists is progressing. However, within the framework of diversifying tourism products, cultural and natural sites tend to offer further potential economic opportunities. The former choice made with regard to developing tourism zones focusing on the coast has caused a lack of balance in the economical development of the different regions of the country, thus instilling a feeling of frustration among many inhabitants in the remaining inland areas. A benefit from equivalent attention allowing them to better their socio‐economic conditions is desired by many. National programs in matter of developing the tourism sector, as well as setting priority zones in such a framework, and incentives for cultural and ecological tourism, have been repeatedly publicized. Yet, the administrations in charge of the execution of these programs do not seem to keep pace with the decision‐makers. Where is the problem? Why is there such a misunderstanding causing dialogue to be difficult and somehow despairing vis‐à‐vis a local population intending to be enabled to realize appropriate projects based on a sustainable development of their patrimonial wealth?
AIEST 2006 — report on workshop 1: New concepts for tourism marketing
Authors: Maggi Rico
Published: March 2008

In this session, chaired by Prof. Egon Smeral, four papers have been presented, all concentrating on new instruments for improving marketing in tourism.
AIEST 2006 — report on workshop 2: Dealing with volatile demand in tourism — how can marketing become more efficient and effective?
Authors: Widmann Fabian
Published: March 2008

Workshop 2 was chaired by Pietro Beritelli who initially introduced the presenters of the three following contributions. They have been dealing with the adaptation of marketing tools, objectives and strategies due to new demand patterns of clients (paper 1), new technical facilities in marketing tools assessment (paper 2) and new marketing strategies in the ever growing special interest tourism of MICE. He stresses that despite these three diverse backgrounds they all represent relevant approaches to deal with volatile demand in evoking trends in tourism.
Image association and European capital of culture: Empirical insights through the case study of Liverpool
Authors: Shukla Paurav , Brown Janice , Harper Donna
Published: March 2008

Image has been found to be one of the important influences in the selection of consumers' choice for visiting and investing in a destination leading to sustainable development. Important determinants of tourism namely, knowledge of destination attractions and image association were employed in this research based on previous studies in a number of fields. The research reported in this paper presents the results of an empirical test of the determinants related to tourism using Liverpool as a case study because of its selection as the European Capital of Culture (CoC) for 2008. European Capital of Culture scheme has among its many objectives the idea of sustainable development for the chosen CoC. Combination of data collection methods was used for the research. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on destination image association by providing empirical evidence through the case study or Liverpool as well as how consumers relate to a destination and especially a CoC. One of the major findings of the study was the identification of image association clusters with regard to Liverpool as a CoC. We brand this clusters as the ‘tangible attractions cluster’ and ‘intangible attractions cluster’. The results of this research provide important implications for strategic image management and can aid in designing and implementing sustainable marketing programs for creating and enhancing tourism destination images.
Performance determinants in small and micro tourism business
Authors: Komppula Raija , Reijonen Helen
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify those factors that are supposed to be the most important in terms of small business success in tourism industry. The empirical data is collected within one region in Finland. The respondents were asked to evaluate the importance of the given factors for the firm's success and how highly the respondent evaluated the company's expertise in each factor in their operations. Questionnaires were sent by mail to a total of 214 tourism businesses. The final response rate was 43% (92 businesses). According to the analysis of the data, the respondents emphasise the importance of customer orientation, good skills in leadership, internal marketing and a good reputation of the firm and the product. The impact of external advice (incubators, consultants, research organisations) was evaluated as the least important factor of success. So, market orientation seems to play a key role in the performance of small and micro tourism firms. Customer orientation is also well mastered according to the businesses. The greatest development needs would be in the areas of price and accessibility, as well as in customer orientation. The results of this study indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the views held by slowly or fast growing tourism businesses regarding the importance of the success factors. The same factors are considered important and less important in both slowly and fast growing businesses. Neither were there any statistically significant differences in these businesses as to the expertise in these success factors.
Heimat Fremde
Authors: Lienau Detlef
Published: March 2008

Urlauber suchen die Ungebundenheit der Fremde. Aber entfliehen sie wirklich einem normierten, durchrationalisierten, von Rollenfestlegungen, Notwendigkeiten und Bekanntem geprägten “modernen” Alltag, wie es das gängige kulturwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmuster des Urlaubs im Anschluss v.a. an Enzensberger, Cohen und Turner behauptet? Im Urlaub wird nach dieser Auffassung eine Gegenwelt au f Zeit gesucht, in der spielerisch Rollentausch und Identitätsverflssigung möglich wird. Dieses Essay kontrastiert diese Auffassung des Urlaubs mit der Situationsdiagnose der Postmoderne von Zygmunt Bauman: In der Postmoderne ist bereits der Alltag durch spielerischen Wechsel verschiedener Rollen und die Vermeidung von Identitatsfestlegunggeprägt. Im Folgenden werden überraschende Konsequenzen aus Baumans Diagnose für eine veränderte Funktion des Urlaubs aufgezeigt: Wenn der Lifestyleswitch den Alltag selbst zum Unterwegssein in der Fremde werden lässt, dann bleibt das nicht ohne Folgen fr den Urlaub, so die zentrale These: Der Urlaub bleibt ein Kontrast zum Alltag, aber nun gerade indem er dem im Alltag nicht realisierbaren Wunsch nach Beheimatung folgt. Solche regressive touristische Heimatsuche geschieht durch Romantisierung Erleben von Natur und Geselligkeit, Bestätigung von Vorwissen und neuerdings besonders in der Wellness durch reflexive leibliche Selbstbezglichkeit und Spiritualität. Bewegt sich der Alltag in der unvertrauten Fremde, reist der Urlauber in die vertraute Heimat. Ausgehend von dieser These wird das Modell einer durch das Reisen geschulten alltagstauglichen fragmentarischen Identität entwickelt: Es wird gezeigt, dass Urlaub zugleich Verwandlungwie Vergewisserung bewirken kann, wenn im Ausprobieren fremder Kulturmuster spielerische Leichtigkeit mit Authentizität und Sinnverstehen verbunden werden.
Widening tourism policy: The prospects of sport activities for recreation in Crete, a primary investigation
Authors: Stefanos Karagiannis
Published: March 2008

Crete is admired for its Ancient Culture. It is suitably located for athletic activities as it can offer ideal weather and environmental conditions as well as an extensive coastline. The island is one of the most suitable regions in Greece for exercising both marine and ground athletic activities. The main difference between athletic and mass tourism is that “potential consumers” of athletic tourism do not constitute a vague social group but they have specific characteristics, preferences and behaviour. We attempted to investigate these by undertaking a field research project, which was materialized between June and September 2003 in Crete. One of the fundamental research objectives was the investigation of the tourists' preferences with respect to marine and ground athletic activities. The processed results are thoroughly described. Finally, general conclusions and recommendations are presented.
Flavour and the part it plays in our food
Authors: Heath H.B.
Published: March 2008

One of the prime motivations of life is the necessity to maintain it and that implies a primitive inborn urge to seek food and water. This inherited characteristic is shared by all animals but man, with his considerably improved ability and mental capacity, coupled with experience, has become increasingly discriminative about what he eats and drinks. It is in man's innate capacity to observe, learn, and reason and in consequence, early man must have been quick to appreciate what meats were succulent and pleasant to eat and what could only be eaten with difficulty— and then only to satisfy a nagging hungry belly.
A Geography lesson in food
Authors: Streeter D.W.
Published: March 2008

A geographer sees food less perhaps as a commodity on the table or in the oven than as a product of the land. He attempts to understand the complex relationship between sun and soil, winds and water, and man's activities which produces here potatoes, or there rice, in one place abundance or in another, famine.
LEARNING better nutrition—not merely ‘teaching’ it
Authors: Hollingsworth Dorothy
Published: March 2008

This title is stolen from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations because of the subtle significance of the change in seventeen years from the philosophy of their first study on approaches and techniques for teaching better nutrition to that of their second study, also on approaches and techniques, but this time for learning better nutrition. Jean A.S. Ritchie was the author of both studies and the change in title reflects developments in her own thought, and in the thought of others. They have developed from the idea that the teacher knows all there is to know and imparts this to the pupil to the realisation that in a complex subject like nutrition which crosses the boundaries of many other disciplines, it is not possible for any teacher to have complete and up‐to‐date knowledge and that teacher and pupil must learn together.
Eating for an extra one
Authors: Duerden Anne
Published: March 2008

The old maxim “eating for two” has been relegated to the other old wives' tales associated with pregnancy — and not before time. A properly balanced diet is essential for a normal, healthy pregnancy. It helps the mother to feel well, to keep active and to enjoy this very special period of her life.