bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pan-Africanism
Authors: Appiah K. Anthony
Published: September 2018

Pan-Africanism covers a wide range of intellectual positions which share the assumption of some common cultural or political projects for both Africans and people of African descent. The political project is the unification of all Africans into a single African state, sometimes thought of as providing a homeland for the return of those in the African diaspora. More vaguely, many self-identified pan-Africanists have aimed to pursue projects of solidarity – some political, some literary or artistic – in Africa or the African diaspora. The Pan-Africanist movement was founded in the nineteenth century by intellectuals of African descent in the Caribbean and North America, who saw themselves as belonging to a single negro race. As a result the Africa of pan-Africanism has sometimes been limited to those regions of sub-Saharan Africa largely inhabited by darker-skinned peoples, thus excluding those lighter-skinned north Africans, most of whom speak Arabic as a first language.

In the twentieth century this racialized understanding of African identity has been challenged by many of the African intellectuals who took over the movement’s leadership in the period after the Second World War. Founders of the Organization of African Unity, such as Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana had a notion of Africa that was continental. However, the movement’s intellectual roots lie firmly in the racial understanding of Africa in the thought of the African-American and Afro-Caribbean intellectuals who founded it.

Pan-Africanism began as a movement in the diaspora among the descendants of the slave populations of the New World and spread to Africa itself. As a result the forms of solidarity it articulated aimed to challenge anti-black racism on two fronts: racial domination in the diaspora and racialized colonial domination in the African continent. The movement’s fissures have occurred where these two clearly distinguishable projects have pulled it in different directions.
Cabral, Amílcar (1924–73)
Authors: Appiah K. Anthony
Published: September 2018

Amílcar Cabral was founder and leader of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which led a war of liberation in the Portuguese colonies of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde that ended with the recognition of their joint independence by the Portuguese government in October 1974. Cabral was assassinated in 1973, the victim of an attempted coup aimed at taking over the PAIGC leadership. Thus he did not live to see the independence for which he had struggled. Cabral’s importance for African political philosophy lies in his having developed an undogmatic left-wing analysis of the situation of the Guinean peasantry. While familiar with Marxist analysis, Cabral was always willing to adapt it to the empirical realities of the Guinean situation. His writings on the role of culture in the nationalist struggle, which have important affinities with Gramsci, combine theoretical ingenuity with detailed local knowledge.
Ifá divination corpus, the
Authors: Barber Karin
Published: September 2018

Ifá is a divination system practised by highly trained specialists in the Yorùbá-speaking areas of West Africa. The geomantic system of sixteen signs from which a total of 256 figures are derived is widespread and is believed to have originated in Arabic Muslim cultures. But the remarkable corpus of poetry attached to the geomantic system is peculiar to Yorùbá culture. During a divination session the diviner manipulates his instruments to yield one or more figures, and then recites and interprets one or more of the large body of verses attached to that figure. The extent of the total corpus is unknown, but it is certain that it runs to thousands of verses. All the verses share the same basic structure. Each narrates an antecedent divination session performed by a legendary or primordial diviner for a client whose subsequent fortunes are then narrated. The rigid structure of each verse and of the system as a whole does not prevent adaptation and incorporation of new elements. This corpus of verses has absorbed elements of almost all Yorùbá oral genres and is widely regarded as the authoritative summation of Yorùbá philosophy. It offers reflections upon time, destiny, causation and human agency.
Analytical philosophy in Latin America
Authors: Martí Oscar R.
Published: September 2018

In Latin America, philosophical analysis has been portrayed as an intellectual revolution. Its avowed goal has been to replace the abstruseness and obscurantism of scholastic and metaphysical jargon perceived as typical of much of Latin American philosophy with the clarity and rigour of mathematical and scientific discourse. Arriving around the mid-1940s analytic philosophy at first met with little interest because of a shortage of its classics in translation, cultural obstacles and opposition from the more traditional, entrenched philosophies. By the 1960s it had overcome many obstacles and stimulated considerable philosophical activity, mainly in Mexico and Argentina. By the 1980s, in spite of political opposition, analysis had created an international forum for the discussion of philosophical problems. It attracted to its ranks several distinguished philosophers and scientists with philosophical interests, among them Mario Bunge (Argentina and Canada), Héctor-Neri Castañeda (Guatemala and the USA) and Francisco Miró Quesada (Peru). An ambitious translation effort was launched and several important journals were founded, such as Análisis filosófico (Philosophical Analysis), Revista latinoamericana de filosofía (Latin American Journal of Philosophy) (Argentina), Crítica. Revista hispanoamericana de filosofía (Criticism. Hispanoamerican Journal of Philosophy) (Mexico), Manuscrito (Manuscript) (Brazil) and Diálogos (Dialogues) (Puerto Rico).
Latin America, colonial thought in
Authors: Redmond Walter B.
Published: September 2018

Colonial refers to Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty in America from the arrival of Columbus in 1492 up to the emergence of modern Latin American states in the nineteenth century. The intellectual life of the colonies and their mother countries at that time falls into two phases: traditional and modern. The traditional phase includes the siglo de oro, or the Golden Age of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This was a time when literature and the arts flourished, along with Scholastic philosophy, jurisprudence and theology. During the eighteenth century, traditional thought gradually gave way to modern movements, particularly from France.

The universities founded in the mid-sixteenth century, notably those of Mexico and Peru, as well as colleges and seminaries, were impressively productive in the area of philosophy. The pressure of events such as the clash between European and Native American cultures in the sixteenth century and the struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal in the nineteenth century brought about numerous nonacademic works with philosophic content. Authors wrote in both Latin and Spanish or Portuguese and often knew native languages, such as Nahuatl and Quechua as well. Many operated in several different areas, such as the nun, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, one of the greatest poets in the Spanish language, who wrote a book on logic in Latin, which has since been lost.

Students studied philosophy first, then specialized in medicine, law, or theology. The core philosophy curriculum was logic, natural philosophy or physics and metaphysics. In the eighteenth century Scholastic logic, similar to what has come to be known as formal logic, was weakened and natural philosophy began to incorporate experimental science. The bulk of philosophy was affected by modern thinkers such as René Descartes.

Eighteenth-century savants were critical of Scholasticism and later Latin American intellectuals tended to disavow the entire colonial past. However, historians since the 1940s have stressed the currency of modern scholarship, especially in science and since the 1960s have been rediscovering the sophisticated philosophy of the Golden Age.
Existentialist thought in Latin America
Authors: Bertelloni Maria Teresa
Published: September 2018

In Latin America the thought and teaching of José Ortega y Gasset have been very influential. Their influence leaves an important mark on the substance of existentialism. The most effective aspect of Ortega y Gasset’s philosophical conception was his thesis that humans do not have a nature, only a history. It is this concept that encouraged Latin American thinkers to create their own original thought as a product of their concrete historical circumstances. This entry will deal with Latin American existence, unique in its historical concreteness, and from this general view will attempt to construct a metaphysical theory of Latin America’s historical endeavour.

Given that all historicist conception involves values that are objective in nature, it is not surprising that Latin American existentialism was profoundly influenced by Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann, together with the existential analysis of Martin Heidegger. Consequently, in opposition to the phenomenologists with a Husserlian orientation, implicit in Latin American existentialism, there is a phenomenological methodology in the interpretation of history as culture in accordance with the analysis of the dialectics of the structure of history. This opposes all possible perceptions of pure essences which might precede existence. The essence of existence is seen as progressive, constructing itself as it is bypassed by historical events.

Both in terms of the search for an original philosophy, which could be reduced to a philosophy of history (for example in the Orteguian philosophy of life) and in terms of a Heideggerian approach, Latin American philosophy applies a phenomenological method in its analysis. This would explain the fusion of phenomenology and existentialism in the works of Latin American philosophers. All Latin American phenomenological-existentialist philosophical effort is a struggle between the analysis and interpretation of the European currents and their search for the historical realization of the autonomous Latin American being.
Liberation philosophy
Authors: Cerutti-Guldberg Horacio
Published: September 2018

Philosophy of liberation emerged in Argentina early in the 1970s with the explicit intention of proposing a liberating alternative to the diagnosis of structural dependence offered by the social sciences (particularly the so-called ‘theory of dependence’). Some of the original intentions of liberation philosophy were to make poor and marginalized people the subjects, or authors, of philosophy and to collaborate in the process of distancing philosophy from academia and exclusively professional settings. Social conflict and pressing national needs were topics of debate at that time. All thought started with the recognition and assessment of the experience of alterity. Horacio Cerutti-Guldberg has proposed the phrase ‘philosophies for liberation’ as this kind of reflection deals with multiple philosophical positions and privileges the historical process over philosophy.
Phenomenology in Latin America
Authors: Bertelloni Maria Teresa
Published: September 2018

The Latin American struggle against the positivism of the nineteenth century was the primordial endeavour of the founders of Latin American thought, such as José Enrique Rodó (1872–1917), José Vasconcelos (1882–1959), Alejandro Korn (1860–1936), Carlos Vaz Ferreira (1871–1958), Alejandro Deústua (1849–1945), Enrique Molina (1871–1956) and Antonio Caso (1883–1946). These thinkers fought to win their philosophical freedom in a battle against continuing such European currents as Neo-Kantianism and the existential-phenomenological movement, on the one hand and on the other, developing a philosophy that was purely Latin American.

In all of this the influence of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955) was fundamental. Ortega y Gasset was mainly interested in the problems of history and culture. His famous apothegm, ‘I am myself and my circumstance’ (1947: 322), was the justification for a phenomenological movement axiological in nature, as well as being the point of departure for the affirmation of Latin American circumstance.

Few have cultivated the Husserlian style of phenomenology in Latin America outside the classroom. Latin American thinkers have preferred to apply the phenomenological method to the different fields of knowledge. In particular, those dealing with sociocultural aspects, literary criticism, socio-economic structures and juridical axiology. In all works related to axiology the thought of the philosophers Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950) and Max Scheler (1874–1928) were enormously influential.

Many of those originally inclined towards phenomenology drifted from the 1970s onwards, towards analytic philosophy, philosophy of science and logical neopositivism.
Positivist thought in Latin America
Authors: Marti Oscar R.
Published: September 2018

Between 1850 and the 1920s European positivism became a major intellectual movement in Latin America. It asserted that all knowledge came from experience; that scientific thinking was the model for philosophizing and that the search for first causes or ultimate reason typical of religion and metaphysics, was an obsolete mode of thinking. Positivism set out to discover the most general features of experience. Its tasks were to use them to explain and predict phenomena, to develop a social science that would furnish objective grounds for moral choice and to help create the best society possible.

In Latin America positivism became a social philosophy which represented a cogent alternative to romanticism, eclecticism, Catholicism and traditional Hispanic values. It offered the prospect of a secular society in which the knowledge gained from science and industry would bring the benefits of order and progress. It assumed that the social sciences had the power to improve the human condition and it demanded political action. Three main currents were in evidence: autochthonous positivism indigenous to the region and concerned with local social and political issues, social positivism derived from Auguste Comte and stressing the historical nature of social change, and evolutionary positivism influenced by Herbert Spencer and asserting the biological nature of society.

Autochthonous positivism emerged in the 1830s from the influx of liberal ideas which followed the wars of independence fought on the US continent by those wishing to gain freedom from Spain. Urging an intellectual revolution, swift social change and material progress, autochthonous positivism paved the way for European positivism proper. Social positivism appeared around the 1850s and argued for the necessity of educational reforms to solve the continent’s problems. It required participation in political life and became a radical force in spite of opposition from supporters of the status quo. By the 1880s evolutionary positivism had steered the movement in a conservative direction in support of laissez-faire policies, individualism and gradual change.
Latin America, pre-Columbian and indigenous thought in
Authors: Schrenk Laura Mues De
Published: September 2018

The term ‘pre-Columbian thought’ refers to the set of beliefs and ideas held by the civilizations existing in Latin America prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492. Research in pre-Columbian thought poses several questions linked to language, interpretation, chronology and cultural diversity. They can roughly be organized according to the three main regions in which the indigenous cultures flourished upon the arrival of the Spanish invaders: Nahuatl/Aztec in central and southern Mexico, Quiché/Maya from Yucatan in southern Mexico to Honduras in central America and Quechua/Inca, from Ecuador to northern Chile. They each correspond to an empire into which previously many diverse, distinguishable peoples were assimilated. Since the Spanish invaders had destroyed most of their ‘heretical’ cultural objects by 1550, the question arises whether an accurate knowledge of their thought can be obtained.

Some ethnohistorians believe that each of the aforementioned cultures developed a hieroglyphic system of codification and documentation, called Codices, to preserve their theocosmogony, history and wisdom. Since the sixteenth century, however, it is known with certainty that only the Aztec and Mayan cultures developed such a system. According to some historians, the Incan culture did not use any kind of writing. They probably created ‘paintings’, as the Spaniards called their hieroglyphs, but these were totally destroyed.

It is known that all pre-Columbian religions worshipped the events and forces of nature. The term used to name them was translated into Spanish as ‘gods’ when they were acceptable, or ‘demons’ when they seemed heretical – the indigenous peoples were polytheistic. The gods did not dwell in a region beyond our world, but rather populated it and were actively intertwined with it. All pre-Columbian cultures believed the sun to be the highest deity. The universe was conceived as a holistic structure in which human life, society and the gods were parts of an interrelated universe. Beyond these, however, the three cultures believed in an intangible, abstract deity, or principle, which ruled above all others.

The sun, being the highest tangible deity, led the priests of these cultures to observe the skies. Based on a highly developed knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, they established an accurate solar calendar.
Laboratorio virtual para la interpretación de las cargas en vuelo
Authors: Lázaro Mario , Barrera Rodríguez Jesús , García Olivas Guillermo
Published: September 2018

La asignatura "Cargas en Vuelo'' enmarcada en el Máster en Ingeniería Aeroespacial se basa en los conceptos vistos en los cursos de Mecánica del Vuelo y Análisis Estructural del Grado en Ingeniería Aeroespacial. Por un lado, las ecuaciones involucradas no pueden resolverse por métodos tradicionales pero por otro necesitamos que nuestros estudiantes adquieran competencias específicas derivadas de la interpretación de dichas ecuaciones. En el presente artículo proponemos una herramienta numérica en forma de laboratorio virtual, sencilla e intuitiva, desarrollada en el entorno del software Mathematica que permite resolver interactivamente las ecuaciones de la Mecánica del Vuelo simétrico de un avión y obtener resultados directamente relacionados con el diseño estructural. Se muestra el funcionamiento del modelo con algunos ejemplos.
Una Revisión Sistemática de Métodos para Localizar Automáticamente Objetos en Imágenes
Authors: Chaves Deisy , Saikia Surajit , Fernández-Robles Laura , Alegre Enrique , Trujillo Maria
Published: September 2018

Actualmente, muchas aplicaciones requieren localizar de forma precisa los objetos que aparecen en una imagen, para su posterior procesamiento. Este es el caso de la inspección visual en la industria, los sistemas de diagnóstico clínico asistido por computador, la detección de obstáculos en vehículos o en robots, entre otros. Sin embargo, diversos factores como la calidad de la imagen y la apariencia de los objetos a detectar, dificultan la localización automática. En este artículo realizamos una revisión sistemática de los principales métodos utilizados para localizar objetos, considerando desde los métodos basados en ventanas deslizantes, como el detector propuesto por Viola y Jones, hasta los métodos actuales que usan redes de aprendizaje profundo, tales como Faster-RCNNo Mask-RCNN. Para cada propuesta, describimos los detalles relevantes, considerando sus ventajas y desventajas, así como sus aplicaciones en diversas áreas. El artículo pretende proporcionar una revisión ordenada y condensada del estado del arte de estas técnicas, su utilidad y sus implementaciones a fin de facilitar su conocimiento y uso por cualquier investigador que requiera localizar objetos en imágenes digitales. Concluimos este trabajo resumiendo las ideas presentadas y discutiendo líneas de trabajo futuro.
Constructing a precipitable water vapor map from regional GNSS network observations without collocated meteorological data for weather forecasting
Authors: Chen Biyan , Dai Wujiao , Liu Zhizhao , Wu Lixin , Kuang Cuilin , Ao Minsi
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Surface pressure (Ps) and weighted mean temperature (Tm) are two necessary variables for the accurate retrieval of precipitable water vapor (PWV) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates. The lack of Ps or Tm information is a concern for those GNSS sites that are not collocated with meteorological sensors. This paper investigates an alternative method of inferring accurate Ps and Tm at the GNSS station using nearby synoptic observations. Ps and Tm obtained at the nearby synoptic sites are interpolated onto the location of the GNSS station by performing both vertical and horizontal adjustments, in which the parameters involved in Ps and Tm calculation are estimated from ERA-Interim reanalysis profiles. In addition, we present a method of constructing high-quality PWV maps through vertical reduction and horizontal interpolation of the retrieved GNSS PWVs. To evaluate the performances of the Ps and Tm retrieval, and the PWV map construction, GNSS data collected from 58 stations of the Hunan GNSS network and synoptic observations from 20 nearby sites in 2015 were processed to extract the PWV so as to subsequently generate the PWV maps. The retrieved Ps and Tm and constructed PWV maps were assessed by the results derived from radiosonde and the ERA-Interim reanalysis. The results show that (1) accuracies of Ps and Tm derived by synoptic interpolation are within the range of 1.7–3.0 hPa and 2.5–3.0 K, respectively, which are much better than the GPT2w model; (2) the constructed PWV maps have good agreements with radiosonde and ERA-Interim reanalysis data with the overall accuracy being better than 3 mm; and (3) PWV maps can well reveal the moisture advection, transportation and convergence during heavy rainfall.
Performance of the FMI cosine error correction method for the Brewer spectral UV measurements
Authors: Lakkala Kaisa , Arola Antti , Gröbner Julian , León-Luis Sergio Fabian , Redondas Alberto , Kazadzis Stelios , Karppinen Tomi , Karhu Juha Matti , Egli Luca , Heikkilä Anu , Koskela Tapani , Serrano Antonio , Vilaplana José Manuel
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Non-ideal angular response of a spectroradiometer is a well-known
error source of spectral UV measurements and for that reason
instrument specific cosine error correction is applied. In this paper,
the performance of the cosine error correction method of Brewer
spectral UV measurements in use at the Finnish Meteorological
Institute (FMI) is studied. Ideally, the correction depends on the
actual sky radiation distribution, which can change even during one
spectral scan due to rapid changes in cloudiness. The FMI method has
been developed to take into account the changes in the ratio of direct
to diffuse sky radiation and it derives a correction coefficient for
each measured wavelength. Measurements of five Brewers were corrected
for the cosine error and the results were compared to the reference
travelling spectroradiometer (QASUME). Measurements were performed
during the RBCC-E (Regional Brewer Calibration Center – Europe)
X Campaign held at El Arenosillo, Huelva (37∘ N,
7∘ W), Spain, in 2015. In addition, results of site audits of
FMI's Brewers in Sodankylä (67∘ N, 27∘ E) and Jokioinen
(61∘ N, 24∘ E) during 2002–2014 were studied. The results
show that the spectral cosine error correction varied between 4 and
14 %. After that the correction was applied to Brewer UV spectra the relative differences
between the QASUME and the Brewer diminished even by
10 %. The study confirms that the method, originally developed for
measurements at high latitudes, can be used at mid-latitudes as
well. The method is applicable to other Brewers as far as the required
input parameters, i.e. total ozone, aerosol information, albedo,
instrument specific angular response and slit function are available.
The “Meteo-show” in the newspapers
Authors: Orbe Iñaki , Gaztelumendi Santiago
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In this work we focus on what may be described as one of the worst
journalist practices when dealing with severe weather: the “Meteo-Show”,
considered as the more or less extended informative practice whose main
objective is to increase the news impact regardless of the veracity and the
exactitude of the weather facts. In this work we analysed such practices on
newspapers highlighting different journalist resources used in written press
when dealing with weather for attracting attention and promoting impact. The
growing public interest in weather causes that journalists often focus on
this topic. But as it could happen with other issues, mistakes,
inaccuracies, sensationalism and exaggerations have also reached meteorology
related written news. This wrongdoing is especially present and dangerous
when episodes of adverse nature are treated. In this paper we present some
keys to identify “Meteo-show” in the context of written press. We analysed
some examples from real news articles published in different newspapers, in
order to understand the motivation of these practices. Finally we present
some conclusions and recommendations to deal with this subject.
Distribution and cycling of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon in
peatland-draining rivers and coastal waters of Sarawak, Borneo
Authors: Martin Patrick , Cherukuru Nagur , Tan Ashleen S. Y. , Sanwlani Nivedita , Mujahid Aazani , Müller Moritz
Published: September 2018

Abstract. South-East Asia is home to one of the world's largest stores of tropical peatland, and accounts for roughly 10 % of the global land-to-sea dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux. We present the first-ever seasonally-resolved measurements of DOC concentration and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) spectra for six peatland-draining rivers and coastal waters in Sarawak, north-western Borneo. The rivers differed substantially in DOC concentration, ranging from 120–250 µmol L−1 (Rajang river) to 3,100–4,400 µmol L−1 (Maludam river). All rivers carried high CDOM concentrations, with a350 in the four blackwater rivers between 70–210 m−1, and 4–12 m−1 in the other two rivers. DOC and CDOM showed conservative mixing with seawater except in the largest river (the Rajang), where DOC concentrations in the estuary were elevated, most likely due to inputs from the extensive peatlands within the Rajang delta. Seasonal variation was moderate and inconsistent between rivers. However, during the rainier north-east monsoon, all marine stations in the western part of our study area had higher DOC concentrations and lower CDOM spectral slopes, indicating a greater proportion of terrigenous DOM in coastal waters. Photo-degradation experiments revealed that riverine DOC and CDOM in Sarawak are photo-labile: up to 25 % of riverine DOC was lost within five days of exposure to natural sunlight, and the spectral slopes of photo-bleached CDOM resembled those of our marine samples. We conclude that coastal waters of Sarawak receive large inputs of terrigenous DOC that is only minimally altered during estuarine transport, and that any biogeochemical processing must therefore occur mostly at sea. It is likely that photo-degradation plays an important role in the degradation of terrigenous DOC in these waters.
Weekly water quality monitoring data for the River Thames (UK) and its major tributaries (2009–2013): the Thames Initiative research platform
Authors: Bowes Michael J. , Armstrong Linda K. , Harman Sarah A. , Wickham Heather D. , Nicholls David J. E. , Scarlett Peter M. , Roberts Colin , Jarvie Helen P. , Old Gareth H. , Gozzard Emma , Bachiller-Jareno Nuria , Read Daniel S.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The River Thames and 15 of its major tributaries have been
monitored at weekly intervals since March 2009. Monitored
determinands include major nutrient fractions, anions, cations,
metals, pH, alkalinity, and chlorophyll a and are linked to mean daily
river flows at each site. This catchment-wide biogeochemical monitoring
platform captures changes in the water quality of the Thames basin during a
period of rapid change, related to increasing pressures (due to a rapidly
growing human population, increasing water demand and climate change) and
improvements in sewage treatment processes and agricultural practices. The
platform provides the research community with a valuable data and modelling
resource for furthering our understanding of pollution sources and dynamics,
as well as interactions between water quality and aquatic ecology. Combining
Thames Initiative data with previous (non-continuous) monitoring data sets
from many common study sites, dating back to 1997, has shown that there have
been major reductions in phosphorus concentrations at most sites, occurring
at low river flow, and these are principally due to reduced loadings from
sewage treatment works (STWs). This ongoing monitoring programme will provide
the vital underpinning environmental data required to best manage this vital
drinking water resource, which is key for the sustainability of the city of
London and the wider UK economy. The Thames Initiative data set is freely
available from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology's (CEH) Environmental
Information Data Centre at
https://doi.org/10.5285/e4c300b1-8bc3-4df2-b23a-e72e67eef2fd.
Morphology of bar-built estuaries: empirical relation between planform shape and depth distribution
Authors: Leuven Jasper R. F. W. , Selaković Sanja , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Fluvial–tidal transitions in estuaries are used as major shipping fairways and are characterised by complex bar and channel patterns with a large biodiversity. Habitat suitability assessment and the study of interactions between morphology and ecology therefore require bathymetric data. While imagery offers data of planform estuary dimensions, only for a few natural estuaries are bathymetries available. Here we study the empirical relation between along-channel planform geometry, obtained as the outline from imagery, and hypsometry, which characterises the distribution of along-channel and cross-channel bed levels. We fitted the original function of Strahler (1952) to bathymetric data along four natural estuaries. Comparison to planform estuary shape shows that hypsometry is concave at narrow sections with large channels, while complex bar morphology results in more convex hypsometry. We found an empirical relation between the hypsometric function shape and the degree to which the estuary width deviates from an ideal convergent estuary, which is calculated from river width and mouth width. This implies that the occurring bed-level distributions depend on inherited Holocene topography and lithology. Our new empirical function predicts hypsometry and along-channel variation in intertidal and subtidal width. A combination with the tidal amplitude allows for an estimate of inundation duration. The validation of the results on available bathymetry shows that predictions of intertidal and subtidal area are accurate within a factor of 2 for estuaries of different size and character. Locations with major human influence deviate from the general trends because dredging, dumping, land reclamation and other engineering measures cause local deviations from the expected bed-level distributions. The bathymetry predictor can be used to characterise and predict estuarine subtidal and intertidal morphology in data-poor environments.
Wavelet and index methods for the identification of pool–riffle
sequences
Authors: Mahdade Mounir , Le Moine Nicolas , Moussa Roger
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The accuracy of hydraulic models depends on the quality of the bathymetric data they are based on, whatever the scale at which they are applied (e.g., 2D or 3D reach-scale modeling for local flood studies or 1D modeling for network-scale flood routing). The along-stream (longitudinal) and cross-sectional geometry of natural rivers is known to vary at the scale of the hydrographic network (e.g., generally decreasing slope, increasing width, etc.), allowing parameterizations of main cross-sectional parameters with proxy such as drainage area or a reference discharge quantile (an approach coined downstream hydraulic geometry, DHG). However, higher-frequency morphological variability is known to occur for many stream types, associated with varying flow conditions along a given reach: alternate bars, pool-riffle sequences, meanders, etc. To better take this high-frequency variability in bedforms into account in hydraulic models, a first step is to design robust methods to characterize the scales at which it occurs. In this paper, we propose and benchmark several methods to identify bedform sequences in pool-riffle morphology, for six small French rivers: the first one called the index method, based on three morphological and hydraulic descriptors; the second one called wavelet ridge extraction, performed on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of bed elevation. Finally, these new methods are compared with the bedform differencing technique (BDT, O’Neill and Abrahams (1984)), compared by computing a score that gives a percentage of agreement along the total surveyed length and by calculating the number of bedforms and the pool spacings for each method. The three methods were found to give similar results on average for wavelength estimation, with agreement from 64% to 84% and a similar number of bedforms identified. The filter-like behavior of the wavelet ridge analysis tends to give more robust results for the estimation of mean bedform amplitude, which varies from 0.30 to 0.81 with an SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) from 2.68 to 7.91. Otherwise, BDT gives higher mean bedform amplitude but lower SNR values from 0.85 to 1.73.
Water restrictions under climate change: a Rhone-Mediterranean perspective combining ‘bottom up’ and ‘top-
down’ approaches
Authors: Sauquet Eric , Richard Bastien , Devers Alexandre , Prudhomme Christel
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Drought management plans (DMPs) require an overview of future climate conditions for ensuring long term relevance of existing decision-making processes. To that end, impact studies are expected to best reproduce decision-making needs linked with catchment intrinsic sensitivity to climate change. The objective of this study is to apply a risk-based approach through sensitivity, exposure and sustainability assessments to evaluate the vulnerability of current DMPs operating in the Rhône-Méditerranée (RM) district to future climate projections. After inspection of legally-binding water restrictions (WR) from the DMPs in the RM district, a framework to derive WR durations was developed based on harmonized low-flow indicators. Whilst the framework could not perfectly reproduce all WR ordered by state services, as deviations from socio-political factors could not be included, it enabled to identify most WRs under current baseline, and to quantify the sensitivity of WR duration to a wide range of perturbed climates for 106 catchments. Four classes of responses were found across the RM district. Using the drought of 2011 to define a critical threshold of acceptable WR, the analysis showed that catchments in mountainous areas, highly sensitive to temperature changes, are also the most predisposed to future restrictions under projected climate changes considering current DMPs whilst catchments around the Mediterranean Sea, mainly sensitive to precipitation changes, were less vulnerable to projected climatic changes. The tools developed enable a rapid assessment of the effectiveness of current DMPs under climate change, and can be used to prioritize review of the plans for those most vulnerable basins.
PREFACE
Authors: Arroyo Ohori K. , Labetski A. , Agugiaro G. , Koeva M. , Stoter J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The annual 3D GeoInfo Conference aims at bringing together international state-of-the-art research and facilitating dialogue on emerging topics in the field of 3D geoinformation. On the 1st and 2nd of October 2018, the 13th 3D GeoInfo conference was organised at the Delft University of Technology. On this occasion, the topics included 3D data collection and modelling, reconstruction methods for 3D representation, data management for maintenance of 3D geoinformation or 3D data, applications of 3D geoinformation, and visualisation.This volume of the ISPRS Annals contains the 12 full papers that received the most positive double-blind peer reviews from the Scientific Committee of the 3D GeoInfo Conference. The other 33 presented papers are published in the ISPRS Archives.We hope that the papers in this special issue will inspire decision-makers, academics, engineers, computer scientists, land surveyors, urban planners, and students interested in the 3D geoinformation domain. We would like to thank all the authors, the reviewers, and the organising committee for their valuable contribution towards this publication.We would like to acknowledge that we have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 677312 UMnD: Urban modelling in higher dimensions).
A PHOTOGRAMMETRY-BASED STRUCTURE FROM MOTION ALGORITHM USING ROBUST ITERATIVE BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES
Authors: Verykokou S. , Ioannidis C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is the presentation of a novel algorithm for automatic estimation of the exterior orientation parameters of image datasets, which can be applied in the case that the scene depicted in the images has a planar surface (e.g., roof of a building). The algorithm requires the measurement of four coplanar ground control points (GCPs) in only one image. It uses a template matching method combined with a homography-based technique for transfer of the GCPs in another image, along with an incremental photogrammetry-based Structure from Motion (SfM) workflow, coupled with robust iterative bundle adjustment methods that reject any remaining outliers, which have passed through the checks and geometric constraints imposed during the image matching procedure. Its main steps consist of (i) determination of overlapping images without the need for GPS/INS data; (ii) image matching and feature tracking; (iii) estimation of the exterior orientation parameters of a starting image pair; and (iv) photogrammetry-based SfM combined with iterative bundle adjustment methods. A developed software solution implementing the proposed algorithm was tested using a set of UAV oblique images. Several tests were performed for the assessment of the errors and comparisons with well-established commercial software were made, in terms of automation and correctness of the computed exterior orientation parameters. The results show that the estimated orientation parameters via the proposed solution have comparable accuracy with those ones computed through the commercial software using the highest possible accuracy settings; in addition, double manual work was required by the commercial software compared to the proposed solution.
HOW CAN 3D GIS BE USED TO BETTER STORE, INTEGRATE AND COMMUNICATE RESULTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS?
Authors: Swiderska M. A. , Ellul C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In the United Kingdom, the process of conducting the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a legal requirement for projects of considerable size or those that can affect the environment. EIA results are presented as an Environmental Statement, which includes multiple long reports often covering thousands of pages on large developments and includes complex information that is hard to understand for the intended audience of planners and the general public. To facilitate understanding, environmental professionals often use 2D maps. However, this approach is only partially useful, as it is difficult to locate specific information or to identify information related to a specific location on a very large site. This paper presents a pilot study into whether 3D GIS provide an alternative to better present, integrate and communicate the EIA results, with specific focus on three core environmental datasets: noise, air quality and bats’ flight paths, in relation to the building model of a real world development site. We focus in particular on off-the-shelf technologies that would be available to a standard Environmental Consultancy not having access to bespoke development, and will be usable by the planners, public and other decision makers, and look at tasks including 3D georeferencing, integration and visualisation of the data to be explored. It was concluded that while 3D GIS has a potential for environmental modelling, current technology and standards of data collection limit the practical use of 3D GIS at this stage.
URBAN HEAT ISLAND MICRO-MAPPING VIA 3D CITY MODEL
Authors: Ujang U. , Azri S. , Zahir M. , Abdul Rahman A. , Choon T. L.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon has been a topic of intense study over the past several years. However, to visualise UHI model is still an issue. Common visualisation of UHI by using digital thematic maps shows that it is hard to perceive its impacts especially in a sophisticated micro-area such as in urbanized cities. Moreover, different building façade’s material gives different UHI value. Therefore, there is a need in computing and visualising this phenomenon in three-dimensional (3D) perspectives. Recently, the development of 3D city modelling shows the potential of solving these gaps. This can be seen from the characteristics of 3D city models that are suitable in representing micro-areas (complex cities) for UHI studies. Based on this issue, this research aims to produce a 3D UHI model by using 3D city models as a tool for efficient and sustainable building design. The main objective is to produce a new approach in visualising UHI in 3D perspectives by instigating 3D city models. Thus, the UHI effect could be predicted precisely by calculating the building façades value. This research explores the 3D shadow analysis, 3D solar radiation and 3D orientation analysis in UHI modelling via 3D city models. From the analyses, the results show that the 3D city models are capable in presenting the solar radiation value for each building façade. Furthermore, this approach can be used to simulate future UHI analysis-prediction and advantageous for pre-development planning.
INTEGRATION OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS AND 3D MESH MODELS FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS OF SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSES
Authors: Willenborg B. , Pültz M. , Kolbe T. H.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. High-resolution 3D mesh models are an inexpensive and increasingly available data source for 3D models of cities and landscapes of high visual quality and rich geometric detail. However, because of their simple data structure, their analytic capabilites are limited. Semantic 3D city model contain rich thematic information and are well suited for analytics due to their deeply structured semantic data model. In this work an approach for the integration of semantic 3D city models with 3D mesh models is presented. The method is based on geometric distance measures between mesh triangles and semantic surfaces and a region growing approach using plane fitting. The resulting semantic segmentation of mesh triangles is stored in a CityGML data set, to enrich the semantic model with an additional detailed geometric representation of its surfaces and a broad range of unrepresented features like technical building installations, balconies, dormers, chimneys, and vegetation. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the example of a solar potential analysis, which estimation quality is significantly improved due to the mesh integration. The impact of the method is quantified on a case study using open data from the city of Helsinki.
OPTIMIZED ORGANIZATION AND ADAPTIVE VISUALIZATION OF COMPLICATED MOUNTAIN DISASTER 3D SCENES FOR DIVERSE TERMINALS
Authors: Zhang Y. H. , Zhu J. , Zhu Q. , Li W. L. , Zhang J. X. , Liu M. W. , Li Y. , Feng B.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Mountain disaster scenes usually contains various geographical entities, which are dynamic and complicated. Therefore, the construction of mountain disaster 3D scenes has great significance for disaster simulation, analysis and prediction. 3D visualization and interactive analysis of complicated mountain disaster scenes should accommodate users who have access to various terminals in disaster emergency response. However, most of the existing 3D visualization methods can only deal with 3D scene data organization and scheduling for single terminal or limited kinds of geographical entities. Due to performance constraints, it’s difficult for Mobile devices to support efficient visualization of complicated mountain disaster 3D scenes, either. To address these issues, we research the key technologies for efficient visualization of mountain disasters on diverse terminals. We utilize the B/S architecture and research its impact on rendering frame rate and the relationship of terminal characteristics and parameters through analysis of terminal characteristics and parameters, e.g. hardware performance, screen size and resolution, network environment, and rendering frame rate requirements. Then we analyze the diverse organization of mountain disaster scene data and explore the methods of constructing efficient spatial index by taking into account the characteristics of diverse terminals. An adaptive scene analysis method is subsequently designed to select the optimal model. Finally, based on the diverse organization of various data in the scene, a corresponding dynamic scheduling method is proposed to realize the adaptive visualization of complicated mountain disaster 3D scenes for diverse terminals.
AUTOMATIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS ROOF TOPS IN DENSELY URBANIZED AREAS
Authors: Gkeli M. , Ioannidis C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. 3D reconstruction of the urban environment constitutes a well-studied problem in the field of photogrammetry and computer vision, attracting the growing interest of the scientific community, for many years. Although the current state of the art present very impressive results, there is still room for improvements. The production of reliable and accurate 3D reconstructions is useful for a wide range of applications, such as urban planning, GIS, tax assessment, cadastre, insurance, 3D city modelling, etc. In this paper, a methodology for the automatic 3D reconstruction of buildings roof tops in densely urbanized areas, utilizing dense point clouds data, is proposed. It consists of three (3) main phases, each of which comprises a set of processing steps. In the first phase, the point cloud is simplified and smoothed. Outliers and non-roof elements are detected and removed utilizing shape, position and area criteria. In the second phase, the geometry buildings roof tops is optimized, by detecting and normalizing the edges. In the last phase, the reconstruction of the buildings roof tops is conducted. A progressive process, utilizing a plane fitting algorithm in combination with Screened Poisson Surface Reconstruction is performed. Buildings roof tops surfaces are produced and optimized. A software tool is developed and utilized for the implementation of the proposed methodology. The produced results are assessed and a comparison with another open-source software is conducted. The proposed methodology seems to be effective providing satisfactory results, as it can manage properly the really noisy point clouds of densely urbanized environments.