Pretreatment and Bioprocess Trials in Various Reactor System on Lignocellulosic Biomass for Cellulosic Biomaterials
Authors:   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,  40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Azizan Amizon , Jusri Nur Amira Aida ,   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,  40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Azmi Intan Suhada ,   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Johor, Pasir Gudang Campus, 81750 Masai, Johor, Malaysia, Abu Darim Rosmaria ,   Fisheries Research Institute Gelang Patah, 81550 Gelang Patah, Johor, Malaysia, Mohd Salleh Ruzitah ,   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,  40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Ibrahim Norliza ,   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,  40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Abd Rahman Mohd Faizal ,   Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000  Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, Salihon Jailani ,   School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,  40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: August 2021

Pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass prior to extraction of biomaterials, degradation of bioproduct, or production of biomaterial/bioproduct/biofuel, crucially influences the intended outcomes. The pretreatment of oil palm fronds (OPF), one of the most abundant agriculture residues in Malaysia, can be conducted based on the need of the methodology, either for small, lab, pilot, or industrial scales. In this article, examples of reactors for the pretreatment for instance microreactor (Bioshake iQ), conical shake flask, and mini-cylindrical reactor scale (fabricated) as well as the monitoring bioreactor (BlueSens Monitoring GmbH) reactor system dedicated for fermentation process using the outcome material from pretreatment process, are presented. All pretreatment trials with ionic liquid (IL) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM]Ac on OPF were conducted with a scaling-up strategy from micro-to-macro to fabricated reactors, monitoring Crystallinity Index (CrI) and Lateral Order Index (LOI). Electron beam irradiation pretreatment using 1000kGy was also tested in macroscale mode for CrI and LOI. Effectiveness of approximately 23 to 37% of CrI via microreactor experiments using 50, 70, and 90% v/v of [EMIM]Ac and at a temperature of 99oC was observed. Higher concentration of IL and temperature with nearly insignificance of solid loading of OPF in reaction liquid to the increase of the amorphous level of OPF was reported by macroscale mode in the 570-mL fabricated reactor. A short oxygen uptake rate (OUR) phase was observed in a 500-mL BlueSens shake flask with the real-time monitoring systems for 45-mL working volume, a nearly 10% of the total reactor volume for saccharification-fermentation using Escherichia coli K011 ATCC 55124 on approximately 2.22% w/v pretreated OPF from macroscale mode. Various data examples from these micro-to-macro scales including in a fabricated reactor system mode are crucially needed for further observations prior to pilot or industrial scales, needing a systematic data collection to be simulated and investigated in the future.