bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operational Quantum Stochastic Thermodynamics
Authors: Strasberg Philipp
Published: August 2022

Previouschapters built on the assumption that central thermodynamic quantities can be defined without disturbing the dynamics of the system. This assumption cannot be kepted in light of real experiments, where quantum measurements are disturbing. This chapter starts by discussing why it is necessary to overcome the semiclassical two-point measurement scheme. Then, consistent notions of internal energy, heat, work and system entropy are defined for a (Markovian and non-Markovian) quantum stochastic process, whichonly relies on interventions performed on the system. The thermodynamic description of quantum measurements, feedback control and Maxwell’s demon is studied in detail. The chapter concludes with applying these ‘operational’ definitions to a Nobel-prize-winning experiment in quantum optics.
Manifestations of Infinity: An Overview
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

A non-technical discussion of several occurrences of infinity in in calculus. Such things as irrational numbers, sequences and series of numbers and trigonometric and logarithmic functions are presented as embodiments of the infinite.
Sets, Functions, Logic, and Countability
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

Background material, to be used as refresher and reference. The likely new concept is the infinite hierarchy of infinities via Cantor’s power set theorem. The least member of this hierarchy is seen to be the countably infinite.
The Real Numbers
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

The real numbers are constructed from the rational numbers using Cantor’s approach (important material often omitted from introductory textbooks in real analysis). The fundamental properties of real numbers, like completeness, the density of rationals, the least upper bound property, and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem are stated and proved.
Integration
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

The Riemann integral is defined via interval partitions, Riemann and Darboux sums, and limits. The properties of this integral (linearity, decomposition, etc) are established and the fundamental theorem of calculus (both forms) is stated and proved. The improper Riemann integrals for both unbounded functions and unbounded intervals are studied. The natural logarithm function is defined via the integral of the reciprocal function 1/x and its properties are established. The exponential function is then defined as the inverse of the logarithm and its properties are derived.
Infinite Sequences and Series of Functions
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

Sequences of functions and their convergence in both the pointwise and uniform sense are studied. Convergence for series of functions is defined via the sequence of partial sums and continuity, differentiation and integration of such series are discussed. The results are applied and extended in the case of power series. Taylor series and polynomial are studied in detail, including remainder terms and approximation. The chapter ends with Weierstrass’ approximation theorem.
Appendices
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

Details of Cantor’s construction of real numbers (presented in Chapter 4) are given in the first Appendix. Non-preservation of length (discussed in Chapter 8) is interpreted as discontinuity in a metric space of functions in the second Appendix.
The Law and the Good
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The third chapter discusses a challenge first raised by an early reviewer of the Groundwork, Hermann Andreas Pistorius. Pistorius argues that Kant is wrong to assert that the moral law is prior to the good—the law must, rather, be derived from a notion of goodness. Kant’s response can be found in the Critique of Practical Reason, where he provides a reductio of Pistorius’ position. He admits that his own position may seem paradoxical; but Pistorius’ prioritization of value is untenable, he argues, because it cannot justify action conclusively. The distinction between the good and the pleasant plays an important role in this.
The Emergence of Practical Reason
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The fifth chapter provides a genetic account of the emergence of practical reason, beginning with the stirrings of inclination and ending with fully-fledged moral agency. The devolution of practical authority from sensibility to reason is compared with Kant’s reconstruction of the French Revolution, which (he argues) took place when Louis XVI. devolved power to the Estates. Neither reason nor the Estates are content with playing a subservient role (to sensibility or the King). They seize power and assert their sovereignty. The necessities of moral duty and the human desire for happiness are shown to be different in kind; and it is argued that deliberation should be construed not as a state of detached reflection but rather as a process that concerns a will that is already active.
Incentives, Maxims, and Freedom
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The sixth chapter re-examines the ‘incorporation thesis’ Kant formulates in his 1793 Religion and rejects popular intellectualist readings of this thesis, according to which agents act on incentives they regard as sufficient reasons to act. In the moral sphere, agents can choose to do what they do not take to be rationally justified. The ‘incorporation’ of an incentive amounts to an act of will that cannot be fully explained. Different readings of the ‘incorporation thesis’ are shown to depend on different conceptions of Kant’s distinction between the will (Wille) and the faculty of choice (Willkür), which is shown to be in place from at least the early 1780s.
Outsourcing Rulemaking Powers
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

Within democratic states, parliaments have always been regarded as playing a pivotal role in the creation of rules and are taken to represent the opinions and interests of society, which they serve through the legislative process. In an increasingly globalized world, nation-states are confronted with issues that require international cooperation, expert knowledge, and flexibility to resolve and parliaments are increasingly settling for a managerial position. They have also begun to outsource their rulemaking powers.
International Framework
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter verifies how an international law framework, consisting of four comprehensive human rights treaties (IACHR, ICCPR, ECHR, and EUCFR), influences the national constitutional framework of the signatory states on the topic of outsourcing rulemaking powers. It attempts to provide insights from an overarching perspective with respect to two questions that are aligned with the two research hypotheses. (1) Did the Contracting States subject to these human rights treaties incorporate a right to democratic representation which would limit the possibility of outsourcing their rulemaking powers on a national level? (2) Does the international legality principle in these treaties put an obligation on all rulemakers to draft their rules in conformity with certain guarantees? The chapter explains that the domestic obligations that derive from these four treaties have not yet led to a clear-cut prohibition of outsourcing rulemaking powers; however, angles and arguments are provided suggesting how this situation could change. Nevertheless, this international chapter shows the necessity to address both research hypotheses from a comparative, national approach.
Comparative Outsourcing Limits by Constitutional Principles
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter elucidates how, in the absence of clear constitutional provisions, courts have limited the possibility to outsource rulemaking powers based on constitutional principles. Primarily, these are the legality principle (general and specific), the separation of powers (institutional and functional), and a residuary democracy principle. The legality principle is a first substantive limit to the outsourcing of rulemaking powers because the core of the competences that are reserved for the Legislature may not be transferred to any other institution or actor. The separation of powers is a second constitutional principle influencing the outsourcing of rulemaking powers. If autonomous public, private, or hybrid actors receive rulemaking powers, this may disturb the institutional balance between the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Moreover, if they receive rulemaking powers combined with other functions, such as an investigatory or adjudicative function, this could jeopardize the functional separation of powers. Third, this chapter tests the first research hypothesis concerning the limits of outsourcing, by distilling an overarching and comparative test from the democracy principle that generally limits the transfer of rulemaking powers. At the very least, any discretionary powers should be reined in by outsourcing in a precise manner, for technical or accessory matters, and with a continuous degree of political control.
The Guiding Barriers
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss three major barriers to human understanding, nonlinearity, non locality and ultra-dimension and emphasize their constructive role in guiding our understanding of complex systems.
Nonlinearity, the Mother of Complexity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the crucial role of nonlinearity to spawn complex behaviour by breathing a prodigious freedom into our world. When and why a complex system is more or less than the sum of its parts.
The Bright Side of Nonlinearity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the constructive power of nonlinearity, namely its ability to generate large structures from small ones and feed small structures via a cascade of energy and information from the large ones.
Networks, the Fabric of Complexity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we introduce networks as a most suitable conceptual and mathematical framework for the quantitative description of complex behaviour across disciplines, from physics to biology and medicine, to finance and society. Where we also discuss that simple models can spawn fairly complex emergent behaviour, although not necessairily in quantitative match with the complexity of the real world.
Biological Escapes
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

In this chapter we discuss the mechanicsm by which biological systems manage to (temporarily) escape thermal death via of a continuous exchange of mass, energy and above all, entropy, with the surrounding environment. This exchange keeps them in a state of non-equilibrium which temporarily eludes the second principle and the ensuing thermal death: Life on borrowed time from the second principle. This is an escape route from thermal death that Iliya Prigogine called “The New Alliance” between humankind and nature.
Free-Energy Funnels
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we describe the structure of the free energy landscape that guides the search of the right locations of Hyperland where “things work” (the Ozland valleys). This comes through a subtle conspiracy between Order and Disorder, which shapes up funnel-like valleys where free-energy is minimised while still keeping enough order for organised structures to survive and deliver their vital functions. Where it also discussed the “miracle” by which these valleys are reached on time (they are either reached on time or invain).
Soft Matter, the Stuff that Dreams are Made of
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss soft matter, the state of matter most relevant to biological systems. Even though soft materials, such as foams, emulsions (mayonnaise) and gels, result from a blend of the three basic states, liquid, gas and solid, they behave like none of the three. We discuss the molecular underpinning of this behaviour and show how its complexity stems from a chicken-egg coupling between chemistry, mechanics, electrostatics and geometry. Nothing fundamental from the perspective of theoretical physics, no Higgs bosons, no black holes, and still a lot “unfundamental” complexity absolutely crucial to biological life as we know it.
Harness the Hybris: Hallelujah!
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

A very personal train of thoughts on human fragility and the reasons why I see no conflict between Religion and Science.
Procedural Memory
Authors: Janacsek Karolina , Nemeth Dezso
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, we review findings on interactive (in particular, competitive) learning/memory functions based on cognitive, developmental, and computational neuroscience research. Research suggests that a competition takes place between the neural circuits involving the basal ganglia vs. medial temporal lobe regions in procedural memory, and prefrontal cortical regions arbitrate between the two circuits. On the computational level, both model-free and model-based processes may be involved in procedural memory. These processes and the underlying neural circuits seem to compete for the control of behavior in any task or situation. There are marked changes in how these circuits are engaged from childhood to adulthood, leading to distinct behavioral and computational patterns across development. We believe that taking into account these interactions from a developmental perspective, using a process-oriented approach can stimulate future research to deepen our understanding not only of procedural memory but of cognition in general as well.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Implicit Learning
Authors: Catherine Han Y. , Schmidt Kevin D. , Grandoit Evan , Shu Peigen , McRobert Caelie P. , Reber Paul J.
Published: August 2022

Our research framework conceptualizes implicit learning as the result of neuroplasticity mechanisms that are intrinsic and universal to all cognitive processing. This approach derives from a rationality assumption that neural systems subtly reorganize during processing in anticipation of more effective and/or efficient activity during future cognitive demands. Research across a range of areas including perceptual, motor, sequence, and statistical learning are reviewed to illustrate the utility of this framework. In more cognitively complex learning domains, acquiring expertise depends on a combination of knowledge acquired across multiple types of memory. The multisystem PINNACLE model is presented that embeds a conjecture of how embedded neural changes interact with consciously represented information and highlights significant gaps in our understanding of memory system interactions. This model aims to push memory systems research beyond dissociations to build toward a broader understanding of how all types of memory together support the complexity of human cognition.
Implicit Cognition in the Face of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Litman Leib , Jaffe Shalom Noach
Published: August 2022

The evolutionary model of implicit and explicit cognition predicts that implicit cognitive functions should be more robust in the face of trauma than their explicit counterparts. In the last several decades, research has documented the resilience of the implicit system in the face of a host of neurological disorders. Here we review the literature discussing the robustness of implicit cognition across several perceptual and cognitive conditions, including amnesia, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, developmental disorders, traumatic brain injury, and blindsight. We review the experimental paradigms that have been used to study the implicit system for each of these disorders, and suggest methodological explanations for occasionally contradictory results. Additionally, we note the implications that this program of research has on studying related issues such as the underlying neurology of implicit cognition. We conclude with limitations of the prior literature and suggest directions for future study of the robustness of implicit systems.
IQ, Adaptive Intelligence, and Unconscious Processes
Authors: Allen Rhianon
Published: August 2022

This chapter distinguishes between intelligence as assessed by traditional IQ tests and intelligence as defined as successful adaptation. A. S. Reber’s evolutionary argument predicts that unconscious cognitive processes should be more closely linked to general adaptation than to IQ scores, since the latter reflect primarily more recently evolved explicit cognitive functions. The evidence supporting this assertion is examined by reviewing empirical research in the domains of perception, memory, learning of associations and transitional probabilities, application of previous learning, and decision-making. Some everyday examples of unconscious adaptive functioning are used to fill in gaps left by research. The chapter concludes with the contention that data largely support Reber’s argument, but that much work still needs to be done in this relatively unexplored topic.
Human Unconscious Processes In Situ
Authors: Bargh John A. , Hassin Ran R.
Published: August 2022

The literature on unconscious influences on behavior uses two quite different definitions of “unconscious.” One is based on subliminality of the stimulus. The other, a sense associated with George Washington, is based on unawareness of the influences and consequences of a stimulus event. While the former has its origins in Freudian theory, the latter is more applicable to human behavior in natural contexts, and hence more relevant to the wider cognitive community. Under this Washingtonian definition, data strongly suggests that unconscious influences on everyday life are pervasive and come from many different sources. Research evidence supports two main types: analyses of the current situation that influence how we feel and choose and that generate behavioral impulses, and the operation of important goals outside of awareness, which direct attention, alter preferences, and guide action. The chapter notes further that conscious thoughts and feelings themselves logically must originate in unconscious processes.
The Cognitive Unconscious and Dual Process Theories of Reasoning
Authors: De Neys Wim
Published: August 2022

Reasoning researchers have long proposed dual process models to account for biases in human thinking. These models envisage reasoning as an interplay between fast, intuitive (“System 1”) and slow, deliberate (“System 2”) thought processes. This work helped to put the spotlight on the role of unconscious or intuitive processes in reasoning. However, whereas research on the cognitive unconsciousness in other fields has often highlighted the potential of unconscious cognition, dual process research on thinking has traditionally stressed its limitations. This chapter illustrates how recent advances in dual process theorizing are starting to correct this traditional view and calls for an upgraded role of intuitive “System 1” reasoning.
Implicit Learning in Primates
Authors: Wilson Benjamin , Jenkins Holly E.
Published: August 2022

Implicit learning involves automatically and unconsciously extracting the underlying structure of the environment around us, as in recognizing that some events might predict others or frequently co-occur. It can be observed across a wide range of domains from musical processing to visual search, sensorimotor learning, and language acquisition. Importantly, it is a domain-general process that preceded the evolution of explicit learning systems and is not unique to humans. In this chapter we examine the data from studies of nonhuman animals looking at the extent to which we might see similarities or differences across species. We discuss how methods originally designed to assess implicit learning in adults were later adapted to investigate related processes in infants, and how it led to research with nonhuman primates. These studies provide fascinating insights about those aspects of implicit learning that appear to be broadly shared across the primate taxa.
Belief and the Cognitive Unconscious
Authors: Alcock James E.
Published: August 2022

Beliefs influence perceptions, emotional reactions, and behaviors. Much intellectual activity is devoted to their acquisition and to protecting them from corruptive influences. Beliefs also influence the encoding and recall of experience, resulting in memories that tend toward consistency with what is already believed to be true. They have been an important focus of study despite difficulties in providing a precise and meaningful definition of the construct. Some have added to the problem by suggesting that beliefs also exist in the cognitive unconscious, and that such “implicit” beliefs have unrecognized but significant impacts on emotion and behavior. This notion is examined and rejected in this chapter. While implicit biases and conditioned emotional responses certainly exist, they do not constitute belief, which is a truth-testable proposition involving both content and a subjective probability estimate of its truth. An implicit belief therefore violates the normal sense of what it means to believe.
Introduction
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

The Introduction lays the groundwork of identifying what is considered “profane,” what is considered “sacred,” and what falls in between in this book. It conceptualizes the exploitation and racialization of Mexican farmworkers as “profane” phenomena and the religious world that they made as “sacred.” First, it begins with a brief note on Pentecostal nomenclature to help the reader identify exactly which group is discussed in the book. The Introduction is then divided into two larger parts: (1) cultural history and theory, and (2) religious history and theory. This is followed by a brief note on the book’s argument, methodology, and organization.
Sacred Routes
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how various actors in the early years of the Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus (AAFCJ) sought to make sense of the status of AAFCJ founders as displaced farmworkers. The commemorative volumes and writings examined in this chapter do not portray them to be mere passive workers tossed to and fro by the macro-forces of labor migration. Rather, they are portrayed as farmworkers who worked miracles as they founded and mapped out new churches. The main volume under study is a 1966 semi-centennial volume published by the AAFCJ. This 1966 commemorative volume along with autobiographies and other brief personal accounts made clear to me that stories written about the founders constructed a sacralized past of the profane agricultural environments they inhabited. This chapter uses the idea of “scripturalized narratives” to unpack these histories.
Sacred Talents
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter demonstrates the ways in which sacred space making continued to play out inside of the houses of worship discussed in the previous chapters. This chapter shows how women were the primary contributors to Mexican Pentecostal material culture. Specifically, they contributed through (1) the financing to build and sustain temples, (2) the making of handmade goods for the decoration of the temples, and (3) the making of banners for the different social auxiliaries in a congregation and the celebration of temple dedications. While men largely dominated ministerial roles of preaching and teaching, it was women who ultimately were the producers of the denomination’s material history and culture. This chapter elucidates how the study of material culture lends itself to a greater understanding of the extensive work of women.
The Letters of Oscar Hammerstein II
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

The Letters of Oscar Hammerstein II is a collection of hundreds of letters to and from and the man who all but invented the modern Broadway musical. Best remembered for Show Boat, Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, Cinderella, and The Sound of Music, Hammerstein was a lyricist, librettist, and producer—not only on Broadway, but also in Hollywood, London, and on television. The letters deal with all aspects of show business. Oscar’s correspondents included Edna Ferber, Arthur Freed, Judy Holliday, Jerome Kern, Gertrude Lawrence, Josh Logan, General Douglas MacArthur, Mary Martin, James Michener, Basil Rathbone, Richard Rodgers, Billy Rose, Stephen Sondheim, John Steinbeck, and Florenz Ziegfeld. The letters are funny, revealing, touching, and surprising. There are passionate love letters, friendly and witty letters, angry and conciliatory letters—all of them exquisitely written. His correspondence is also a mirror of his times, reflecting the challenges of race and prejudice, war and peace.
1937 through 1939
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein works with director Rouben Mamoulian on the film High, Wide and Handsome. Letters follow a collaboration with Jerome Kern and Otto Harbach on the musical Gentlemen Unafraid, set during the Civil War. Hammerstein is frustrated in his dealings with Hollywood writing the screenplay for the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle. Oscar produces and does rewrites for the play Knights of Song about Gilbert and Sullivan, with Nigel Bruce as Gilbert. Plans are discussed for a revival of “Show Boat” and discussions re possible new shows with Jerome Kern and Sigmund Romberg.
June 1941 through 1942
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein is approached by Richard Rodgers about writing a musical with him and Lorenz Hart based on Enda Ferber’s Saratoga Trunk; when that falls through he pursues it with Jerome Kern. He works with Kern on a revival of Music in the Air and they win the Academy Award for The Last Time I Saw Paris. World War II begins to take center stage as Oscar joins committees and works on war efforts, including helping to create the Stage Door Canteen. Work begins in earnest on the writing of Carmen Jones with vacillations between Max Gordon and Billy Rose as potential producers. Hammerstein flirts with writing a script based on the life of W.C. Handy. Rodgers and Hammerstein begin collaborating on what will become Oklahoma!.
1944
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Oscar Hammerstein is approached by Jimmy Cagney’s representatives proposing a film version of Oklahoma! to star Cagney. Work begins in earnest on State Fair; Rodgers and Hammerstein want Kathryn Grayson to star; Comden and Green wonder if there are parts for them. Work and negotiations continue on Carousel; both Shirley Booth and Judy Holliday are interested in playing Julie. Oscar negotiates with Arthur Freed for a cut song from Oklahoma! to be used in Meet Me in St. Louis. Kern and Hammerstein discuss adapting Marco Polo or Rip Van Winkle. Rodgers and Hammerstein win a special Pulitzer Prize. Jeanette MacDonald want Hammerstein and Kern to write her an opera based on Baby Doe. Hammerstein underwrites Hy Kraft to begin a libretto based on Don Quixote. The Catholic Theatre Movement complains of irreverence in I Remember Mama. Hammerstein corresponds with his son on shipboard in the South Pacific as World War II continues.
1950
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein gives advice to the producer of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes re “Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend.” The Rodgers and Hammerstein-produced play, The Happy Time, opens. Rodgers and Hammerstein invest in Come Back, Little Sheba. Beatrice Lillie wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write her a musical based on Mary Poppins. Work begins on The King and I, including discussions about Gertrude Lawrence, Jerome Robbins discussing his research for the choreography, and designer Jo Mielziner reporting his discoveries about using elephants. Hammerstein has a serious debate with Josh Logan about how faithful shows should be to their original productions. Carousel opens in the West End. Hammerstein discusses the United World Federalists and the situation with Russia with Maxwell Anderson. Hammerstein explains the difficulties in hiring a woman stage manager to Ruth Mitchell. Hedy Lamarr wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write her a musical based on The Little Prince.
1954
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Hammerstein writes a letter to prominent Americans seeking their input in response to racial prejudice in hiring at United States Steel and the issue of racial discrimination in housing. Rudolf Bing of the Metropolitan Opera asks Hammerstein to adapt an Offenbach operetta for Rise Stevens. Oscar discusses international affairs, the United World Federalists, and what’s happening in Indo-China. Hammerstein discusses Pipe Dream with John Steinbeck, which opens to disappointing results. Hammerstein reports from being on-location during the filming of Oklahoma!. There are discussions about the upcoming filming of The King and I, including that Rex Harrison can’t be considered for the Ling because he’s “taboo” with Zanuck. There’s a minor uproar when Valerie Hobson wants to leave The King and I in London in order to get married—to John Profumo. Arthur Hammerstein delivers detailed memories of his father, Oscar Hammerstein I.
1956
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

The film of Oklahoma! continues to generate discussion. Hammerstein advocates and raises funds for the George M. Cohan statue on Broadway. Rodgers and Hammerstein consider writing a musical version of the film Love Affair. Hammerstein writes a tribute to Otto Harbach for his 83rd birthday. Oscar argues on behalf of ASCAP in its battle with BMI. Hammerstein gives advice on the prospect of a film musical of A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Rodgers and Hammerstein collaborate by mail on the writing of Cinderella while Hammerstein is in Melbourne for the Olympics.
1960
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

There are discussions of a possible re-make of State Fair, and an adaptation of Allegro for television. Hammerstein reflects on his association with Vincent Youmans. Oscar deals with ill-health and cancer treatment. Oscar defends The Sound of Music from a “friend’s” accusation that it is “unadulterated treacle.” Rodgers and Hammerstein attend the opening of Flower Drum Song in the West End and respond to the new cast recording. Hammerstein continues supporting and advocating for the United World Federalists. Hammerstein tells Rodgers how a young person must be cast in the film of The Sound of Music and why Doris Day would be inappropriate. Oscar discusses the dispute between Actors Equity and the League of New York Theatres that resulted in a blackout. Dorothy Hammerstein received condolence letters on Oscar’s passing, including from Maria Trapp, and Agnes de Mille, and reports on Oscar’s passing to his doctor and Sister Gregory.
The French Revolution
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 examines the French Revolution. It analyzes why the French monarchy became vulnerable to collapse by the end of the eighteenth century and why, when it did collapse, a revolution, rather than a less tumultuous type of transition, occurred. It also examines why the first modern democratic experiment produced by the revolution led to state terror and a populist military dictatorship rather than consolidated liberal democracy. And it begins considering how the revolution would influence subsequent French and European political development.
English Exceptionalism II
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 10 examines British political development during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It analyzes why Britain remained fairly stable during the nineteenth century when the rest of Europe was characterized by turmoil and upheaval as well as why it proved relatively immune to the extremism and democratic decay plaguing much of the rest of Europe during the interwar years.
The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Fascism in Italy
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 11 asks why Italian democracy collapsed so quickly after the First World War. It investigates the causes of the political instability and violence Italy experienced after 1918 and the reasons why Mussolini and the fascists were able to take advantage of democracy's problems. The chapter also examines the nature and consequences of the fascist dictatorship in Italy.
The Collapse of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of National Socialism in Germany
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 12 examines the interwar Weimar Republic. It investigates the causes of the Republic's collapse and why Hitler and the Nazis were able to take advantage of democracy's weaknesses and disorder reigning in Germany during the interwar period. The chapter also examines the nature and consequences of the Nazi dictatorship.
The Consolidation of Democracy in Western Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 14 examines postwar Western Europe, examining why liberal democracy was able to consolidate after 1945, having failed so often in the past. It focuses on how the Second World War and the changes that occurred after it at the international, regional and domestic levels enabled Western Europe to put the instability, conflict and violence of the previous 150 years behind it. The nature and consequences of the "social democratic" political economies constructed in Western European countries comes in for special consideration.
The Transition to Democracy in Spain
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 16 investigates the background, timing, type and consequences of Spain's transition to democracy in the 1970s. It examines the Francoist dictatorship that ruled Spain after the civil war and how it transformed Spain's economy and society, the nature of the transition to democracy and the reasons why democratic consolidation occurred relatively successfully in Spain during the late twentieth century.
Kutuzov
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This text is the first modern English-language biography of Mikhail Golenischev-Kutuzov, the famed Russian field marshal and central character of Leo Tolstoy’s epic War and Peace. One of the most important military minds of the period, he is credited with defeating Napoleon and saving Russia, though his fame is not limited to the Napoleonic Wars. As much as Kutuzov is venerated in Russia, he remains an overlooked figure in the West. This book provides a biography of the field marshal, examining his personal life and military/diplomatic accomplishments, and relying on a wide range of primary and secondary sources as well as Russian archival material.
The Masters and the Apprentice, 1763–1771
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter is about Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, an outstanding military theorist and practitioner who combined practical experience with enlightened intelligence, sarcastic wit, and an indomitable will. The chapter recounts how Suvorov met General Hannibal, whom two decades later Mikhail Kutuzov encountered at the JAENS. In 1748, Suvorov enlisted as a private in the Life Guard Semeyonovskii Regiment and went on to attend the Cadet Corps of Land Forces, the professional military education institution that trained a new generation of Russian officers. The chapter considers Suvorov as among the first Russian commanders to devote attention to counteracting the general lack of literacy in the army. Suvorov emphasized planning and strategy as well as speed and mobility, accuracy of gunfire, and the use of the bayonet.
“The Gutters Dyed with Blood,” 1790
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter details Mikhail Kutuzov’s brief respite through the winter of 1790, which he spent recovering his health, getting his units in order, and spending some time with his wife. Kutuzov welcomed the spring thaw at the fortress of Akkerman, which brought fresh responsibilities along with the new season. Russia’s manpower and material resources were stretched thin between wars against the Ottomans and the Swedes, with neither conflict showing signs of nearing conclusion. The chapter explains how the Swedes scored a decisive victory over the Russian fleet near Svensksund in July 1790. This threatened Russian control of the Baltic Sea. The chapter also describes the formal alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia. This posed a direct threat to Russia’s sole ally, Austria, which had already lost the support of the French monarchy.
Walking the Tightrope, 1801–1804
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes Alexander’s ascension. This was greeted with elation in Russian society, which hoped to leave behind memories of Alexander’s father’s reign. The new monarch remained torn between the liberal views impressed upon him by his republican tutor Frédéric-César de La Harpe and the hard reality of being the autocrat of a vast and conservative empire. The chapter details the familial drama that reinforced this duality as Alexander sought to navigate the contrasting worlds of his father and grandmother. The chapter talks about Mikhail Kutuzov being in the middle of rancorous power struggles where, in a foreign diplomat’s words, too many undercurrents converged and clashed. Kutuzov’s prior diplomatic mission to Berlin had acquainted Kutuzov with Nikita Panin, who admired his abilities.
The Master of War, 1811
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at the Russian inactivity that was causing concern in St. Petersburg during the period 1811–1812. The czar expected quick and decisive results. The chapter considers Mikhail Kutuzov’s rivals, who accused him of sluggishness and ineptitude. The emperor was very unhappy to hear of his return from beyond the Danube. Kutuzov had known Ivan Barozzi since his embassy days but, despite valuing his talents, did not trust him. The chapter details how Kutuzov had tested Barozzi while in Istanbul by sharing with him intentionally false information, which he then discovered had reached the ears of some Ottoman officials. When their paths crossed once more, seventeen years later, Kutuzov was instinctively mistrustful of the man, whose official mission was to facilitate talks with the Turks but whom he suspected of having been sent to spy on him.
Between War and Peace, January–June 1812
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter details Mikhail Kutuzov’s triumphant return to Bucharest during the final days of December 1811, to the sound of thundering cannon and ringing bells. Even amid the revelry and the daily bustle, Kutuzov felt profoundly discouraged, as the seven-month-long campaign had left him feeling drained. He complained about recurring bouts of fever, severe headaches, and hemorrhoidal coughs that laid him down for days. The chapter recounts Kutuzov’s wish to sign peace with the Turks so that he could return to his family and a quiet life, yet negotiations kept getting prolonged week after week. The main obstacle remained the fact that Russia found the pretensions of the Porte as exaggerated as those of Russia appeared to the Porte.
The Road to Borodino
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter recounts Mikhail Kutuzov’s journey from St. Petersburg to Borodino. This journey turned into a procession, as at every stop the townsfolk and villagers came out to greet him with ecstatic cheers. At Novgorod, Kutuzov attended a prayer service at the Cathedral of St. Sophia and was surprised to receive some belated farewell gifts from the Ottoman sultan, though Kutuzov regretfully described them as insufficiently opulent. The chapter mentions Kutuzov’s encounters with Bennigsen and British commissioner Wilson at Torzhok and describes how Kutuzov had over the years transformed from a dashing young warrior to an older man who combined agility of mind with cunning and adroitness. As messengers cantered ahead to spread the news of his arrival, Kutuzov spent his time trying to lift the troops’ spirits and ease discontent within the ranks.
The Torrent and the Sponge
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers Fyodor Rostopchin, who was confident that the Russian army would make a stand and protect Moscow, particularly when Mikhail Kutuzov was appointed as supreme commander. Rostopchin was sure that a true-blue Russian nobleman like Kutuzov would not tolerate the loss of a great symbol of Russian glory. The chapter talks about how Kutuzov assured Rostopchin that he would do his best to defend the capital, noting his belief that the loss of Moscow would mean the loss of Russia. The Russian commander told Rostopchin that the armies would go no further than Mozhaisk, where he would give battle to the enemy. With Russia’s fall, the bonds that supported popular opinion and strengthened the throne of the sovereign would be broken.
The Great Escape
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains what happened on the frozen banks of the Berezina and looks back to when Mikhail Kutuzov assumed supreme command of the Russian forces. It reviews Kutuzov’s decision to send new instructions to the 3rd Army of Observation, the Army of the Danube, and Peter Wittgenstein’s corps to intensify their attacks on Napoleon Bonaparte’s flanks and rear. These orders were soon superseded by a strategic plan that Emperor Alexander and his advisors had drafted upon receiving Kutuzov’s reports of the Russian victory at Borodino. The chapter explores the strategic considerations underpinning what became known as the “St. Petersburg Plan.” According to the czar, the operational goal was to drive the Saxons into the Duchy of Warsaw, the Austrians into Galicia, and the Prussians and Württembergers across the Nieman, while the French must be annihilated to the last.
The Last Campaign
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter recounts how the news of what transpired in Russia sent shock waves through Europe, dramatically altering the balance of power and signaling an opportunity to cast off French hegemony. It mentions the Convention of Tauroggen, signed by Russian negotiators and Prussian General Johann von Yorck on December 30, 1812, which marked the start of a new phase of the war. The Prussian general’s decision to declare his Prussian contingent of the French army neutral was a clear act of defiance, both against his French superiors and against the Prussian king. The chapter emphasizes how Mikhail Kutuzov saw matters differently, noting that the liberation of Europe was not a mission that he felt any desire to support. It was not Russia’s responsibility to seek the destruction of the Napoleonic imperium; it should focus on the restoration of its own forces.
The Centrality of Shame in the Punishment Ritual
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at how shame was conceived around public execution, and how dishonour was integrally bound up with the rituals and methods associated with the spectacle of punishment. It was the method by which one was punished, rather than the crime one had committed, that brought the most shame, and this would have tangible social consequences for one’s surviving relatives. The methods chosen were linked to the social status the criminal had during life, so there were less dishonourable methods used for the nobility. The chapter reveals how ballads expressed these ideas, and looks at ballads involving particularly shameful methods of execution and post-mortem punishments. It closes with the reforms of public execution which tried to create more socially levelling forms of punishments.
Fake News?
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the inclusion of obviously fictional elements in execution ballads that could lead one to doubt their veracity. It finds that the inclusion of supernatural or fantastical elements, such as werewolves and miracles, rather than creating doubt, would actually have made the stories more believable for an early modern audience who believed that God’s will operated in everyday life. It also examines ballads’ regular claims to truth, and the contrasting portrayal of ballad-sellers as dishonest con artists. It also explores the regular features of execution ballads that were clearly a fiction: smooth executions, pliant victims, and the use of the first-person voice of the condemned who sings their final words at the moment of their death.
Book Fifteen, Ashramavasika Parvan, The Book of Living in the Ashram
Authors: Doniger Wendy
Published: August 2022

The five Pandava brothers enter the forest to visit their mother, Kunti, their uncle, King Dhritarashtra, and Dhritarashtra’s wife, Gandhari. Vidura dies by entering the body of Yudhishthira, and Vyasa arrives at the hermitage. The wives and mothers of the dead warriors grieve, and Gandhari tells Vyasa of their grief. Kunti tells Vyasa how she laments the loss of the son, Karna, whom she bore secretly and abandoned, and Vyasa absolves her of her guilt, as she was powerless to resist the Sun god who impregnated her against her will. Vyasa then conjures the dead warriors out of the River Ganges for one glorious night with their wives. Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti perish in a forest fire, and Yudhishthira curses his kingship. But Narada arrives and assures Yudhishthira that the fire was in fact a sacrificial fire, and Yudhishthira performs the funeral rites for his mother and his aunt and uncle.
Lockhart’s Question
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

The exclusionary ideals of the Glorious Revolution presented a challenge for empire builders. The empire needed to find a way of managing diversity that would not provoke exclusionary patriot fears. In the wake of the revolution, the new governments, provincials, and some Gaelic and Indian communities managed to work out such a solution. This new “exclusionary constitution” rested on an informal compromise between provincial autonomy and the demands of imperial governance. Provincial peoples generally agreed to tighter imperial supervision, largely for the sake of preserving exclusionary aims. In exchange they maintained control of Gaelic and Indian policy. This arrangement preserved the exclusionary patriot ideal by denying Gaelic and Indian people unmediated access to the imperial government as well as the government’s role in Gaelic and Indian issues. Meanwhile, the imperial government was willing to leave those matters to the locals if doing so would not threaten its larger aims.
Interest and Economy
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the years immediately following the Seven Years’ War, years when British leaders debated plans for the reform of imperial administration. As earlier debates about reform had, these arguments centered on diversity. Some championed inclusive empire, arguing that even the defeat of the French had not removed the need for Britain to incorporate Gaelic and Indian people into the empire. Inclusivists emphasized the mutual interest of excluded people and the empire, insisting that Britain’s financial difficulties meant indulgence made good economic sense. Their exclusivist opponents, however, charged that Britain’s power was now unchallenged, and the empire could deal with “conquered” enemies as it pleased.
Dilemmas of Dependence
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses why only Americans followed the logic of fit instruments into revolution, and why this older, British way of thinking about exclusion and liberty has come to seem exceptionally American. The exclusionary patriot movement had a key weakness: provincial Britons relied on British power to protect them from Indians, Catholics, and Gaels. Or so loyalists claimed. This argument ultimately crippled the Irish patriot movement, as Irish patriots were divided on the merits of winning over Catholics to their cause. They could choose exclusion or autonomy, but not both. Scots, by contrast, saw themselves as exemplars of the virtues of inclusion. Americans instead turned to their past, explaining that their ancestors had conquered Indians without British help in the seventeenth century and were thus perfectly capable of forming their own imperial people. In fashioning a new American identity as conquerors of Indians and champions of liberty, they ironically obscured its British origins.