bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SETTLEMENT OF RUSSIAN PEASANTS IN KAZAKHSTAN BY THE TSARIST GOVERNMENT IN THE LATE XIX-EARLY XX CENTURY
Authors:   magister of history, senior lecturer of the Department of History, Kazakh national women's teacher trining University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kaldybayeva S.S.
Published: June 2021

The loss of full political power of the Kazakh Khanate in the second half of the XIX century led to the implementation of measures of the policy of settlement of the Russian Kingdom in Kazakhstan. In the first towns that appeared in Kazakhstan as fortifications of the Tsarist government, the army of the Ural and Siberian Cossack Russians was stabilized. This Army served as a point of defense of the border region of the Empire, as well as the only support for establishing Russian influence in Central Asia and Siberia. Due to the aggravation of the agrarian problem in the inner regions of Russia, drought and famine increased the emphasis on the resettlement of peasants to the region. In order to identify «surplus» land on the territory of Kazakhstan, «Resettlement departments» and special statistical parties (departments) will be created, and a program of study of land use and economy of the nomadic population of «Asian Russia» will be developed. The study cards collected data such as the number, age and gender of the local population, and knowledge of the Russian language with a distinctive feature. As a result of the settlement policy, along with the settlement of Russian peasants on Kazakh lands, the construction of forest dachas and farms, etc., which were owned by the state treasury, was taken over. These measures led to the resettlement of Kazakhs to desert and semi-desert lands and damaged the traditional system of animal husbandry.
MARKETING SOLUTIONS FOR PROMOTING DESIGNER BRANDS OF KAZAKHSTAN AND KAZAKHSTAN FASHION WEEK
Authors:   Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, museologist, ICOM member, Professor at T.K. Zhurgenov Kazakh National Academy of ArtsAlmaty, Kazakhstan, Mussakhanova M. , Mussakhanova Zh. ,   Master of Science, lecturer at Almaty Technological UniversityAlmaty, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article reflects the need to develop the fashion industry in Kazakhstan. The dependence of the development of the fashion industry on the state of the light industry has been presented. It has been proved that the successful solution of existing problems in the light industry would create conditions for the development of the marketing component in the fashion industry of Kazakhstan. The fashionable clothing market in Kazakhstan has been promising and growing in terms of marketing. It has been important to consider the role of the brand in the market and the importance of production processes. Specific recommendations have been given for the further development of the marketing strategy of designer brands in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
THE SITUATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR IN KAZAKHSTAN AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors:   Professor of the deportament  of  history, archeology and ethnography Al-Farabi  KazNU, Sailan B.S. , Kurbanbay A.T. ,   master's student of  the faculty of  history, archeology and ethnography Al-Farabi  KazNU, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

As a result of the Second World War, representatives of various European and Asian nations, former soldiers of the German and Japanese armies were sent to the USSR labor camps as prisoners of war. Prisoners of war were accepted as unpaid labor in industrial and construction units, as well as in the defense enterprises of the USSR. During the operation of the camp system, there were problems with the provision of food to prisoners of war, the lack of adequate housing, which led to the deaths of prisoners of war. The main issue raised was the situation of prisoners of war working in camps on the territory of Kazakhstan.
SOME ASPECTS OF ETHNO-POLITICAL HISTORY OF MONGOLO-JUNGAR
Authors:   Master of  Pedagogic sciences, Senior Lecturer, Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Oshanov N.Z. , Nurligenova Z.N. ,   Master of  Pedagogic sciences, Senior Lecturer, Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

This article examines the emergence of the state «Dzungar Khanate», which in historical science is known as the western branch of the Mongols. Considering themselves the direct successors of the once great Mongols of Genghis Khan, having adopted the code of laws «Their Tsaaz», the Dzungars led an independent foreign and domestic policy. Special attention is paid to the origin of the ethnonyms «Mongol», «Oirat», «Kalmyk», as there is still no consensus in science. The common roots of the formation of Kazakhs and Oirato-Kalmyk-Dzhungars are shown.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF COSMPOLITANISM IN THE CONTEXT OF WESTERN VIEW
Authors:   Doctor PhD, associate professor at the professional department of international relations (high courses),KazakhAblaiKhan University of International Relations and World Languages,Almaty, Kazakhstan, Abzhaparova L.Zh. , Abdrazakova L.N. ,   Master of Human Sciences, professional department of international relations (high courses),KazakhAblaiKhan University of International Relations and World Languages,Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Published: June 2021

This article describes that cosmopolitanism reflects the nature of capital, striving towards where the best conditions are created for it and it is possible to obtain the greatest benefit. In the history of industrially developed countries, a complex interaction of cosmopolitanism with the idea of a nation-state is traced. The elements of cosmopolitanism were also present in communist ideology. It is in the context of cosmopolitanism that his basic thesis of building a classless and stateless society on a global scale can be interpreted. In the USSR, where during the first decade of Soviet power the expectation of a world revolution was replaced by the predominance of political principles in politics, the concept of cosmopolitanism acquired a persistently negative meaning and was perceived as a bourgeois ideology. After World War II, the state periodically campaigned to combat "rootless cosmopolitanism" and adultery in the face of Western scientific and cultural achievements. Furthermore, we can point out that a different interpretation of cosmopolitanism has led to frictions of various kinds. In essence, it should have been one of the most important factors in solving world problems. In this research work, special attention is paid to the notion of cosmopolitanism in the context of the current situation in the world. An important problem is the place of the human being in the world as a matter of philosophy or the place of the human being in the system of state politics as a matter of political science.
YOUTH VECTOR OF EUROPE
Authors:   Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Political Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: zainieval@mail.ru, Zainiyeva L.Yu. , Abzhapparova А.А. ,   PhD, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Political Science and Political Technologies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

The article emphasizes that the implementation of youth policy depends on many factors, primarily on its implementation at all levels: international, regional and national. This article is devoted to the study of youth policy issues in line with the last two levels. It is based on the materials of the European Union and a number of countries in this region. Issues such as the creation and establishment of pan-European structures are considered. Moreover, this process is analyzed not only at the level of state bodies, but also at the level of non-governmental organizations, especially youth organizations. Special attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of youth policy. A significant part of the article is devoted to materials related to youth work in specific European countries. They summarize the experience in the field of education, employment and other main areas of life of the young generation, and highlight the features of this experience in order to use it by other States. The analysis showed that European countries have accumulated sufficient capacity to work with young people. The achievements of the European Union as a whole are also of interest, especially in the development of integration processes, the unification of organizational, legal and material resources.
MANJU NOBLE AND WEST: PRINCE HOŠOI DELENGGE FAMILY
Authors:   PhD candidate, Graduate School of Core Ethics and FrontierSciencesRitsumeikan University, Japan, Kaihe А.
Published: June 2021

There is limited research on the relationship between the Manju aristocrats in the Ch’ing Empire and the West. As the only family in the Ch’ing Empire that continued to focus on Western academic research, the emergence and existence of the Hošoi Delengge Family and the continued cognition and understanding of the Manju Group and the absorption of Western civilization in the history of the Ch’ing Empire should have special era significance and historical reference value. At a time when the research on the history of the relationship between officials and merchants in the coastal Han people and Westerners in the Ch’ing has attracted much attention, the author of this article argues that it is necessary to select Yihui, the third-generation owner of his family, as the research object, and investigate his life experience and personal learning. It analyzes the specific thoughts and academic achievements embodied in the process of understanding Western civilization, combining family history documents and official documents to draw a relatively complete image of the Manju aristocracy who actively learns and absorbs Western civilization. Investigate the formation and development of a handful of academic families among the Manju aristocrats who are minority of foreign races.
WATER POLICY OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES ON TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION
Authors:   Acting Associate Professor, Department of International Relations,Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Nysanbayeva А.М. , Syzdykova G.Zh. ,   Second Year Master's  Student  in Political Science and Conflict Studies,Akhmet Yassawi  International Kazakh-Turkish University
Published: June 2021

Water issues occupy a special place in the system of environmental security: water resources deficit, pollution, provision of drinking water to the population, use of transboundary rivers. The issue of distribution and use of transboundary rivers, which are the main source of drinking water for the population of the Central Asian region, has not yet been resolved. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the population of our planet is 1 billion. Growth to 6 billion, respectively, has reduced the amount of water per capita by 6 times, and currently 80 countries of the world lack water resources. This situation is further aggravated by the transboundary nature of rivers. 40% of the world's population lives on the territory of 300 river massifs that have a cross-border status. For the countries of Central Asia, there is currently a problem of water scarcity. If this problem is not solved together, the problem may become worse. If each state does seek to consider and resolve this issue from an egoistic point of view,the situation becomes worse.
KÜRESEL GÜÇLERİN ÖZBEKİSTAN POLİTİKALARI
Authors:   Yrd. Doç., Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüÖğretim Üyesi,Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi, Tazhibayev R. , Abdunazarov B.A. ,   Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi,Siyaset Bilimi ve Çatışma Yönetimi Anabilim DalıHoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi, Türkistan, Kazakistan
Published: June 2021

Soğuk Savaş döneminin sona ermesiyle birlikte Sovyetler Birliği dağılmış ve Orta Asya’daki eski Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri de bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri içerisinde Özbekistan, güçlü demografik yapısı, zengin tarihi ve kültürel mirası ile bölgenin istikrarı için olduğu kadar, bölgede rekabet halinde bulunan başat aktörler için de kilit öneme sahiptir. Bağımsızlığının hemen ardından ulus inşa sürecine hız veren Özbekistan sınır sorunları ile radikal dini örgütlerin yol açtığı istikrarsızlıklarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Rusya’nın bölgede eski hâkimiyetini sürdürmek istemesi ise Özbekistan’ın güçlü müstakil dış politika yürütmesine yol açmıştır. Soğuk savaş sonrası bölgenin yeni aktörü olarak ortaya çıkan ABD ile ilişkiler Özbekistan için büyük bir fırsat olarak görülmüştür. Özbekistan, dış politikası üzerindeki Rus ve Çin etkilerini ABD ile dengelemek istemiştir. Bu süreçte İslam Kerimov önderliğinde bağımsızlığını kazanan bir ülke olarak Özbekistan’ı da görmekteyiz. Kerimov yeni Özbekistan’ın kurulma aşamasında milli politikaları benimsemiş ve bu stratejisine uygun politikalar geliştirmiştir. İslam Kerimov yönetimindeki Özbekistan, bağımsızlığı ve bağımsız politika üretmeyi en önemli unsur olarak amaç edinmiştir. Aynı şekilde İslam Kerimov’un liderlik anlayışı da Özbekistan dış politikasına yüksek düzeyde etki etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Özbekistan’ın bağımsızlık ve kuruluş aşamasında küresel güçler ile olan ilişkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
QUESTIONS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE GULAG SYSTEM
Authors:   d.i.n., Associate Professor, Senior researcher of the State Historical and Cultural Museum of the Saraishyk Nature ReserveAtyrau, Kazakhstan, Akhmetova U.T. , Ismailov S.S. ,   c.h.s, Associate Professor of Kostanay Regional University named after A. BaitursynovKostanay, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

This article examines the historiography of the formation and functioning of the GULAG prison-camp system. It is known that more than 20 camps were created on the territory of Kazakhstan, which covered almost all regions of the republic with their network. Of great interest are the studies of Russian and foreign scientists, who, based on a large archival material, were able to conduct a thorough analysis of the process of creating and developing the GULAG. Kazakh researchers also contributed to the coverage of this issue, revealing the features of the structure and activities of the camp system in the territorial borders of Kazakhstan. It should be noted that correctional labor camps to a large extent played the role of economic entities, rather than institutions for the re-education of criminal elements. In addition to criminality, in the 1920s and 1950s, there were people in the camps who were convicted on false and far-fetched charges. This article is not a complete overview of the problem under study and requires further study. The article was prepared in the framework of the scientific project No. AR08856940 «Prorvinsky and Astrakhan camps in the GULAG system: history, memory, heritage (1932-1950))».
SOME FACTS ABOUT ZH. NURMUKHAMEDOV
Authors:   senior lecturer,Al-Farabi Kazakh National  University,Almaty c., Begalieva А.К. , Kosanbaev К. ,   Dr of philosofy, professor of the Miras university, Shymkent c., Kosanbaev S.K. ,   PhD in History, Associate Professor of SKUnamed after M.O.Auezova
Published: June 2021

In this publication, based on the involvement of numerous primary sources, episodes of the most important military operations of the insurgent Kazakhs under the leadership of the legendary batyr Zh.Nurmukhamedov in the struggle against the Khivans, Kokands and Tsarist Russia are traced. The most significant periods in history of the Kazakhs' struggle for freedom and independence are traced. The authors come to the conclusion that the national liberation movement of the Kazakhs under the leadership of Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov acquired a mass character and was directed against the colonial expansion of the tsarist colonialists. The insurgents included not only the Shekti clan, but also Kazakhs of other clans, in particular, Karasakal and Tortkara. The uprising was attended not only by the sedentary population of the Syr Darya, but also by nomadic divisions and communities from the Kazaly regions and the Aral Sea.
THE GATE OF THE MEDIEVAL SITE OF KOSKUDUK
Authors:   Doctor,  Leading  Researcher  Researcher  Institute  of  Archeology  named  after  A.Kh.  Margulan, (Almaty, Kazakhstan), Akymbek Y.Sh. , Shagyrbaev M.S. ,   Researcher   Institute   of   Archeology   named   after   A.Kh.   Margulan,   (Almaty,   Kazakhstan)
Published: June 2021

The article considers the topographic location, chronology, economy and excavations of the medieval site of Koskuduk, located in the Shui Valley. Although the first information about this site entered scientific circulation in the late 1980-th, accurate and scale excavations were not carried out. The Shui archaeological detachment (head Y.Sh. Akymbek) of the Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan in 2018 in the eastern corner of the medieval site of Koskuduk was organized the test pit, shurf and in 2019 on the site of the North-Eastern gate excavates and receives valuable information about the periodization, fortification, the economy of medieval city. The authors of the article draw the special attention to the etymology of the names of the gates in general, medieval gate structures in the Shui Valley, based on researched of other city gates. The radiocarbon analysis of charcoal from pit was carried out in 2018, and it was established that the site dates back to the XI-XII centuries (1043-1104 (41.1%) calAD; 1117-1211(54.3%) calAD). The ceramics complex, discovered at the gate site, is dominated by tableware. The X-ray diffractometric analysis of one instance of kitchen and dining utensils was carried out in order to determine which minerals are contained in the clay of the detected ceramic products. As the result, although the minerals and other impurities in the clay composition of the dishes are generally the same, there are significant differences in percentages. There are number of whole buried skeletons of dogs and partially entire preserved skeletons of horses were found at the gate zone. In addition, archaeozoological analysis of other osteological materials identified in the excavations was carried out, as well as comparative studies of the external forms of pets (cattle and dogs).
BONE TOOLS OF TANNING PRODUCTION OF TALDYSAY SETTLEMENT
Authors:   Junior Researcher at the Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, Sargizov G.B.
Published: June 2021

The article describes the bone and antler industry in the Taldysay settlement. In the settlement of Taldysai many tools and products from the bones of cattle and small ruminants were found, and the purposes of their use were different. They were widely used in metalworking, ceramics processing, and leatherworking. In the late Bronze Age, there were many types of farms in the Taldysai settlements. In particular, leather processing was an important production of ancient people. The article describes the main types of bone tools used in the leather industry and the results of trasological research. The trasological (use wear analysis) analysis allowed the authors to distinguish and characterize the groups of the tools found in the settlement: puffins, polished astragals of small cattle, prosplitting, and scrapers. The general and specific features of each of the hand-made tools, their functions and applications. Considering the types of bone tools, we see that the method of leather processing by the Taldysai population in the Bronze Age consisted of several processes, and they produced leather goods of very high quality
ANCIENT STONE SCULPTURES OF SARYARKA (history of the study)
Authors:   A.Kh. Margulan Institute of archaeology, Kazakhstan, Almaty., Kasenova A. D. , Suyundikov M.K. ,   A. KH. Margulan.Kazakhstan,с Almaty.
Published: June 2021

The work was prepared within the framework of the grant of the Ministry of Science and education of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP08957321 "Мedieval statuesque monuments of Saryarka Abstract The article deals with the history of ancient stone sculptures of Central Kazakhstan. The works of A. H. Margulan devoted to the ancient monumental monuments of Saryarka were also analyzed. In the work of A. H. Margulan, a large number of materials on menhirs and zoomorphic steles of "koytas"are analyzed. Thus, we identified and analyzed the ancient stone sculptures of Saryarka. As a result, to date, the ranks of the ancient monuments of Saryarka have been replenished with field work under the leadership of Zh. Kurmankulov and A. Z. Beisenov. The tradition of stone sculpture on the territory of Central Kazakhstan is represented by monuments of different chronological groups: menhirs and zoomorphic steles of the Late Bronze Age studied to varying degrees. The analysis of the state of knowledge both at the field and theoretical levels shows that the monuments of the Late Bronze Age are the least studied. Meanwhile, the number of them has now significantly decreased in comparison with the one recorded in the works of A. H. Margulan. The authors of the article, analyzing the works of the above authors, reveal the problems of modern and prospective study of menhirs and zoomorphic sculptures of Saryarka.
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF RUSSIAN POLITICS OF SOFT POWER IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   Second Year Master's  Student  in Political Science and Conflict Studies,Akhmet Yassawi  International Kazakh-Turkish University, Tursynbay M.D.
Published: June 2021

The policy of "soft power" has lost some of its significance in Russia's foreign policy, but continues to dominate the minds of researchers. This is evidenced by numerous articles on this topic and even research by journalistic groups. The concept has become a trend not only in the study of international relations, but also in political science. The decisive criterion for determining the degree of influence of "soft power" is "attractiveness", that is, the degree to which the subject can leave the object in order to exert a certain influence on it. Russia has a set of “soft power” instruments that can, to some extent, affect facilities, including in the countries of the Central Asian region, including Kazakhstan. The study is based on a comparative approach that allows not only to identify the features of the "soft power" of the Russian Federation, but also to compare their effectiveness. The activities of the two countries are analyzed through the prism of soft power instruments used in the region, including investment, educational, scientific and cultural programs.
Online treatment of eruption dynamics improves the volcanic ash and SO2 dispersion forecast: case of the Raikoke 2019 eruption
Authors: Bruckert Julia , Hoshyaripour Gholam Ali , Horváth Ákos , Muser Lukas , Prata Fred J. , Hoose Corinna , Vogel Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In June 2019, the Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands, emitted 0.4–1.8 × 109 kg of very fine ash and 1–2 × 109 kg of SO2 up to 14 km into the atmosphere. The eruption was characterized by several phases or puffs of different duration and eruption heights. Resolving such complex eruption dynamics is required for precise volcanic plume dispersion forecasts. To address this issue, we coupled the atmospheric model system ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic – Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) with the 1-D plume model FPlume to calculate the eruption source parameters (ESPs) online. The main inputs are the plume heights for the different eruption phases that are geometrically derived from satellite data. An empirical relationship is used to derive the amount of very fine ash (particles < 32 µm), which is relevant for long range transport in the atmosphere. On the first day after the onset of the eruption, the modeled ash loading agrees very well with the ash loading estimated from AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) observations due to the resolution of the eruption phases and the online treatment of the ESPs. In later hours, aerosol dynamical processes (nucleation, condensation, coagulation) explain the loss of ash in the atmosphere in agreement with the observations. However, a direct comparison is partly hampered by water and ice clouds overlapping the ash cloud in the observations. We compared 6-hourly means of model and AHI data with respect to the structure, amplitude, and location (SAL-method) to further validate the simulated dispersion of SO2 and ash. In the beginning, the structure and amplitude values differed largely because the dense ash cloud leads to an underestimation of the SO2 amount in the satellite data. On the second and third day, the SAL values are close to zero for all parameters indicating a very good agreement of model and observations. Furthermore, we found a separation of the ash and SO2 plume after one day due to particle sedimentation, chemistry, and aerosol-radiation interaction. The results confirm that coupling the atmospheric model system and plume model enables detailed treatment of the plume dynamics (phases and ESPs) and leads to significant improvement of the ash and SO2 dispersion forecast. This approach can benefit the operational forecast of ash and SO2 especially in case of complex and non-continuous volcanic eruptions like the Raikoke 2019.
Supersaturation, buoyancy, and moist convective dynamics
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Morrison Hugh
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Motivated by recent discussions concerning differences of convective dynamics in polluted and pristine environments, the so-called convective invigoration in particular, this paper provides an analysis of factors affecting convective updraft buoyancy, such as the in-cloud supersaturation, condensate and precipitation loading, and entrainment. We use the deep convective period from simulations of daytime convection development over land discussed in our previous publications. An entraining parcel framework in used in the theoretical analysis. We show that for the specific case considered here finite (positive) supersaturation noticeably reduces pseudo-adiabatic parcel buoyancy and cumulative CAPE in the lower troposphere. This comes from keeping a small fraction of the water vapor in a supersaturated state and thus reducing the latent heating. Such a lower-tropospheric impact is comparable to the effects of the condensate loading and entrainment in the idealized parcel framework. For the entire tropospheric depth, loading and entrainment have a much more significant impact on the total CAPE. For instance, an increase in the fractional entrainment rate from 0.05 km−1 to 0.3 km−1 reduces the theoretical level of neutral buoyancy from the upper to the middle troposphere and CAPE by a factor of 4. For the cloud model results, we compare ensemble simulations applying either a bulk microphysics scheme with saturation adjustment or a more comprehensive double-moment scheme with supersaturation prediction. The diagnosed bulk fractional entrainment rate, independent of the microphysics scheme applied in the simulations, is either 0.13 or 0.20 km−1 depending on whether we consider profiles of the upper end of the percentile range or of the mean in-cloud equivalent potential temperature. We compare deep convective updrafts, buoyancies, and supersaturations from all ensembles. In agreement with the parcel analysis, the saturation adjustment scheme provides noticeably stronger updrafts in the lower troposphere. For the simulations predicting supersaturation, there are small differences between pristine and polluted conditions below the freezing level that are difficult to explain by standard analysis of the in-cloud buoyancy components. By applying the piggybacking technique, we show that the lower-tropospheric buoyancy differences between pristine and polluted simulations come from a combination of temperature (i.e., latent heating) and condensate loading differences that work together to make polluted buoyancies and updraft velocities slightly larger when compared to their pristine analogues. Overall, the effects are rather small and contradict previous claims of a significant invigoration of deep convection in polluted environments.
Low-level buoyancy as a tool to understand boundary layer transitions
Authors: Lappin Francesca M. , Bell Tyler M. , Pillar-Little Elizabeth A. , Chilson Phillip B.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Advancements in remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) introduced a new way to observe the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Adequate sampling of the lower atmosphere is key to improving numerical weather models and understanding fine-scale processes. The ABL’s sensitivity to changes in surface fluxes leads to rapid changes in thermodynamic variables. This study proposes using low-level buoyancy to characterize ABL transitions. Previously, buoyancy has been used as a bulk parameter to quantify stability. Higher resolution data from RPAS highlight buoyancy fluctuations. RPAS profiles from two field campaigns are used to assess the evolution of buoyancy under convective and stable boundary layers. Data from these campaigns included challenging events to forecast accurately, such as convective initiation and a low-level jet. Throughout the daily ABL transition, results show that the ABL height determined by the minimum in vertical buoyancy gradient agrees well with proven ABL height metrics, such as potential temperature gradient maxima. Moreover, in the cases presented, low-level buoyancy rapidly increases prior to convective initiation and rapidly decreases prior to the onset of a low-level jet. Low-level buoyancy is a function sensitive in space and time, and with further analysis could be used as a forecasting tool. This study expounds on the utility of buoyancy in the ABL and offers potential uses for future research.
The role of land cover in the climate of glacial Europe
Authors: Velasquez Patricio , Kaplan Jed O. , Messmer Martina , Ludwig Patrick , Raible Christoph C.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Earth system models show wide disagreement when simulating the climate of the continents at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This disagreement may be related to a variety of factors, including model resolution and an incomplete representation of Earth system processes. To assess the importance of resolution and land–atmosphere feedbacks on the climate of Europe, we performed an iterative asynchronously coupled land–atmosphere modelling experiment that combined a global climate model, a regional climate model, and a dynamic vegetation model. The regional climate and land cover models were run at high (18 km) resolution over a domain covering the ice-free regions of Europe. Asynchronous coupling between the regional climate model and the vegetation model showed that the land–atmosphere coupling achieves quasi-equilibrium after four iterations. Modelled climate and land cover agree reasonably well with independent reconstructions based on pollen and other paleoenvironmental proxies. To assess the importance of land cover on the LGM climate of Europe, we performed a sensitivity simulation where we used LGM climate but present-day (PD) land cover. Using LGM climate and land cover leads to colder and drier summer conditions around the Alps and warmer and drier climate in southeastern Europe compared to LGM climate determined by PD land cover. This finding demonstrates that LGM land cover plays an important role in regulating the regional climate. Therefore, realistic glacial land cover estimates are needed to accurately simulate regional glacial climate states in areas with interplays between complex topography, large ice sheets, and diverse land cover, as observed in Europe.
A standardized database of Marine Isotopic Stage 5e sea-level proxies on tropical Pacific islands
Authors: Hallmann Nadine , Camoin Gilbert , Webster Jody M. , Humblet Marc
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Marine Isotope Stage 5 deposits have been reported on many tropical Pacific
islands. This paper presents a database compiled through the review of MIS
5e (last interglacial – LIG) coral reef records from islands belonging to
French Polynesia (Anaa, Niau, Makatea, Moruroa, Takapoto, Bora Bora), the
Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Lanai, Midway Atoll), Tuvalu, Kiribati (Christmas
Island, Tarawa), the Cook Islands (Mangaia, Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Pukapuka,
Rakahanga, Rarotonga), Tonga, Samoa, the Federal States of Micronesia, the
Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Bikini), New Caledonia,
Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Niue. Studies
reporting other sea-level indicators dated to other Pleistocene
interglacials and Holocene sea-level indicators were not inserted in the
database but are included in this data description paper for completeness.
Overall, about 300 studies concerning Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level
indicators have been reviewed, and finally 163 age data points and 94
relative sea-level (RSL) data points from 38 studies on the MIS 5e have been
inserted in the database. An additional 155 age data points have been reviewed;
i.e. the tropical Pacific islands database contains 318 age data points.
The main sea-level indicators include emerged coral reef terraces, but also
reef units recovered in drill cores from a few islands, thus reflecting the
diversity of tectonic settings and sampling approaches. Future research
should be directed towards better constrained RSL reconstructions, including
more precise chronological data, more accurate elevation measurements and a better refinement of the palaeo-water-depth significance of
coralgal assemblages. The database for tropical Pacific islands is available
open access at this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3991672
(Hallmann and Camoin, 2020).
Next generation of Bluelink ocean reanalysis with multiscale data assimilation: BRAN2020
Authors: Chamberlain Matthew A. , Oke Peter R. , Fiedler Russell A. S. , Beggs Helen M. , Brassington Gary B. , Divakaran Prasanth
Published: June 2021

Abstract. BRAN2020 is an ocean reanalysis that combines ocean observations with an eddy-resolving, near-global ocean general circulation model, to produce four-dimensional estimates of the ocean state. The data assimilation system employed is ensemble optimal interpolation, implemented with a new multiscale approach that constrains the broad-scale ocean properties and the mesoscale circulation in two steps. The reanalysis spans January 1993 to December 2019, and assimilates observations of in situ temperature and salinity, as well as satellite sea-level anomaly and sea surface temperature. Reanalysed fields from BRAN2020 generally show much closer agreement to observations than all previous versions with mis-fits between reanalysed and observed fields reduced by over 30 % for some variables. The BRAN2020 dataset is comprised of daily-averaged fields of temperature, salinity, velocity, mixed-layer depth, and sea-level. Reanalysed fields realistically represent all of the major current systems within 75° S and 75° N, excluding processes relating to sea ice, but including boundary currents, equatorial circulation, Southern Ocean variability, and mesoscale eddies. BRAN2020 is publicly-available at https://doi.org/10.25914/6009627c7af03 (Chamberlain et al., 2021b) and is intended for use by the research community.
The impact of entrained air on ocean waves
Authors: Restrepo Juan M. , Ayet Alex , Cavaleri Luigi
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We make a physical–mathematical analysis of the implications that the
presence of a large number of tiny bubbles may have, when present, on the thin upper layer of the sea. In our oceanographic example, the bubbles are due to intense rain. It was found that the bubbles increase momentum dissipation in the near surface and affect the surface tension force. For short waves, the implications of increased vorticity are momentum exchanges between wave and mean flow and modifications to the wave dispersion relation. For the direct effect we have analyzed, the implications are estimated to be non-significant when compared to other
processes of the ocean. However, we hint at the possibility that our
analysis may be useful in other areas of research or practical
application.
Covid-19 lockdown effects on the seismic recordings of Central America
Authors: Arroyo-Solórzano Mario , Castro-Rojas Diego , Massin Frédérick , Linkimer Lepolt , Arroyo Ivonne , Yani Robin
Published: June 2021

Abstract. A noticeable decrease in seismic noise was registered worldwide during the lockdown measurements of 2020 to prevent the Covid-19. In Central America, strong lockdown measures started during March of 2020. We have used seismic stations from Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua to study the effects of these measures on seismic records by characterizing temporal variations in the high-frequency band (4–14 Hz) via spectral and amplitude analyses. In addition, we study the link between the reduction of seismic noise and the number of earthquake detection and felt reports in Costa Rica and Guatemala. We found that seismic stations near the capitals of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and El Salvador, presented a decrease in the typical seismic noise level from 200 to 140 nm, 100 to 80 nm, and 120 to 80 nm, respectively. Our results showed that the largest reduction of ~50 % in seismic noise were observed in seismic stations near main airports, busy roads, and densely populated cities. In Nicaragua, the seismic noise levels remained constant (~40 nm) as no lockdown measures were applied. We noted that the decrease in seismic noise levels allowed to improve earthquake locations and increment the number of reports of low magnitude felt earthquakes. Our results imply that seismic data can be useful to verify the compliance of lockdown measures and to explore effects of the decrease in the seismic noise in the earthquake detection and felt reports.
Late Quaternary faulting in southern Matese (central Italy): implications for earthquake potential in the southern Apennines
Authors: Boncio Paolo , Auciello Eugenio , Amato Vincenzo , Aucelli Pietro , Petrosino Paola , Tangari Anna Chiara , Jicha Brian
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We studied in detail the Gioia Sannitica active normal fault (GF) along the Southern Matese Fault system in the southern Apennines of Italy. The current activity of the fault system and its potential to produce strong earthquakes have been underestimated so far, and are now defined. Precise mapping of the GF fault trace on a 1 : 20,000 geological map and several point data on geometry, kinematics and throw rate are made available in electronic format. The GF, and in general the entire fault system along the southern Matese mountain front, is made of slowly-slipping faults, with a long active history revealed by the large geologic offsets, mature geomorphology, and complex fault pattern and kinematics. Present activity has resulted in Late Quaternary fault scarps resurrecting the foot of the mountain front, and Holocene surface faulting. The slip rate varies along-strike, with maximum Late Pleistocene – Holocene throw rate of ~0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km-long GF can produce up to M 6.1 earthquakes. If activated together with the 18 km-long Ailano-Piedimonte Matese fault (APMF), the seismogenic potential would be M 6.8. The slip history of the two faults is compatible with a contemporaneous rupture. The observed Holocene displacements on the GF and APMF are compatible with activations during some poorly known historical earthquakes, such as the 1293 (M 5.8), 1349 (M 6.8; southern prolongation of the rupture on the Aquae Iuliae fault?) and CE 346 earthquakes. A fault rupture during the 847 poorly-constrained historical earthquake is also compatible with the dated displacements.
GPR signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Ercoli Maurizio , Cirillo Daniele , Pauselli Cristina , Jol Harry M. , Brozzetti Francesco
Published: June 2021

Abstract. With the aim of unveiling evidence of Late Quaternary faulting, a series of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles were acquired across the Campotenese continental basin (Mt. Pollino region) in the southern Apennines active extensional belt (Italy). A set of forty-nine 300 MHz and 500 MHz GPR profiles, traced nearly perpendicular to a buried normal fault, were acquired and carefully processed through a customized workflow. The data interpretation allowed us to reconstruct a pseudo-3D model depicting the boundary between the Mesozoic bedrock and the sedimentary fill of the basin, which were in close proximity to the fault. Once reviewing and defining the GPR signature of faulting, we highlight in our data how near surface alluvial and colluvial sediments appear to be dislocated by a set of conjugate (west and east-dipping) discontinuities that penetrate inside the underlying Triassic dolostones. Close to the contact between the continental deposits and the bedrock, some buried scarps which offset wedge-shaped deposits are interpreted as coseismic ruptures, subsequently sealed by later deposits. Although the use of pseudo-3D GPR data implies more complexity linking the geophysical features among the radar images, we have reconstructed a reliable subsurface fault pattern, discriminating master faults and a series of secondary splays. We believe our contribution provides an improvement in the characterization of active faults in the study area which falls within the Pollino seismic gap and is considered potentially prone to severe surface faulting. Our aim is for our approach and workflow to be of inspiration for further studies in the region as well as for similar high seismic hazard areas characterized by scarcity of near-surface data.
SoilGrids 2.0: producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty
Authors: Poggio Laura , de Sousa Luis M. , Batjes Niels H. , Heuvelink Gerard B. M. , Kempen Bas , Ribeiro Eloi , Rossiter David
Published: June 2021

Abstract. SoilGrids produces maps of soil properties for the entire globe at medium spatial resolution (250 m cell size) using state-of-the-art machine learning methods to generate the necessary models. It takes as inputs soil observations from about 240 000 locations worldwide and over 400 global environmental covariates describing vegetation, terrain morphology, climate, geology and hydrology. The aim of this work was the production of global maps of soil properties, with cross-validation, hyper-parameter selection and quantification of spatially explicit uncertainty, as implemented in the SoilGrids version 2.0 product incorporating state-of-the-art practices and adapting them for global digital soil mapping with legacy data. The paper presents the evaluation of the global predictions produced for soil organic carbon content, total nitrogen, coarse fragments, pH (water), cation exchange capacity, bulk density and texture fractions at six standard depths (up to 200 cm). The quantitative evaluation showed metrics in line with previous global, continental and large-region studies. The qualitative evaluation showed that coarse-scale patterns are well reproduced. The spatial uncertainty at global scale highlighted the need for more soil observations, especially in high-latitude regions.
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion Results in Clinical Improvement in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: San Luis Potosí, México
Authors: G Benítez-Arvizú , R Hernández , J.A Yañez-Espinosa , J.A Arroyo-Perez , L.E Alcántara-Quintana
Published: June 2021

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus is indeed a pandemic threat to global public health. The disease has spread worldwide and millions of lives have been affected not only by the disease but by the economic consequences of compulsory isolation and quarantine. We designed protocols to treat patients with severe forms of COVID-19 in México with convalescent plasma. Currently we already have vaccines, however the objective of this article is to publicize the results obtained in the state of San Luis Potosí, with the use of convalescent plasma. The use of convalescent plasma reduces complications and length of stay in intensive care units.
Evolving Paradigm of Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease.
Authors: Narang Manish , Walia Ramanpreet , Kaul Upendra , Sudhir Krishnakutty
Published: June 2021

In the year 1892, Sir William Osler, the legendary Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital, said “If it were not for the great variability among individuals, medicine might as well be a science and not an art”. It is this heterogeneity among patients with seemingly homogenous medical conditions, that form the basis of what we today refer to as precision medicine. The fundamental of precision medicine is based on the tenets of ‘The right drug for the right patient at the right time’. Personalized or precision medicine found immense popularity in oncology. With the completion of Human Genome Project and the advent of genomics, big data and artificial intelligence, 21st century saw rapid progress of precision medicine in predicting, diagnosing and treating cancer. However, the same has not happened to cardiovascular diseases, the biggest killer of humanity. In this review article, we aim to address the concepts, components, outcomes and applications of precision medicine in general, and to review the evolving paradigm of how precision medicine is shaping the management of cardiovascular diseases. We delve deep into the aspects of risk prediction, preventative measures, and targeted therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases. We also look at the recent trends and current applications of precision medicine in this area, the problems they solve and the challenges they possess, and what is in store for the future. Finally, we review the application of artificial intelligence specific to cardiovascular diseases, and the role of precision medicine in interventional cardiology.
"Predicting Absenteeism at Work Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Ajmi Samir Qaisar
Published: June 2021

"To work in the commercial environment, the company needs to be a major competitor in the business market, which depends mainly on the company's resources. One of the most important resources is the employees. Based on that, the absence of the employees from work leads to deterioration and reduce production in the institutions which leads to heavy losses. There are many reasons why employees are absent from work. Those may include health problems and social occasions. The purpose of this paper was to apply machine learning techniques to predict the absenteeism at work. There are four methods have been used in this research ( neural network(NN) technique ,decision tree (DT) technique, support vector machine (SVM) technique and logistic regression (LR) technique. . decision tree model has the highest accuracy equals to 83.33% with AUC 0.834 and the support vector machine has the lowest accuracy equals to 68.47 % with AUC 0.760."
"Energy Cost Calculations for Enhanced Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems Algorithm with Mobile-Sink "
Authors: Al-juaifari "Mohammad Kh. R.
Published: June 2021

"The issue of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks is an important issue nowadays, Power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS) acts as routing protocols improve the energy consumed, which is one of the most important hierarchical directives used and that works to collect and transfer data to and from a neighbor to reduce duplication of data transfer by transferring data to bypass the dead node. In this research paper, experimental results have been made to improve the performance with new location for nodes trajectory to mobile sink, Finally, minimum cost for data gathering calculated to optimize network performance and life time with parameters of enhanced PEGASIS criteria to show the impact of factors changing.
"Some Results of Differential Subordination and Superordination for Univalent Functions
Authors: Abbas Ihsan A.
Published: June 2021

"Let 1 and 2 belong to a certain class of normalized analytic univalent functions in the open unit disk of the complex plane. Sufficient conditions are obtained for normalized analytic functions to satisfy the double subordination chain 1() ≺() ≺ 2() , then we obtain 1() is the best subordinant, 2() is the best dominant. Also we derive some sandwich –type result.