bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOCAL ORGAN HYPERSENSITIVENESS
Authors: Seegal David , Seegal Beatrice Carrier
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbit eyes sensitized with guinea pig red blood cells or fresh egg white respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of the homologous antigen, but not the heterologous.

2. Two-tenths of 1.0 cc. of a multiple antigen containing ten separate ingredients, or in other words, 0.02 cc. of each foreign protein, when introduced into the rabbit's anterior chamber, is sufficient to produce an altered ocular reactivity such that when 1 cc. of one of the ten antigens is introduced intravenously the eye shows hyperemia of the iris and conjunctiva with more or less edema and lacrimation during the next 24 hours.

3. For as long as 8 months after sensitization eyes will respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of fractions of the total antigen.

4. Repeated daily intravenous injections of a single antigen usually produce no reaction in the sensitized eye after the first few days. Injection of different antigens intravenously on succeeding days produces a continued sterile inflammatory process in the sensitized eye. After the total number of single antigens has been injected, repetition of these injections now fails to produce a similar response. Instead, the eye reaction is at a much lower level and the inflammatory response is manifested only to a few of the antigens injected intravenously.

5. Unless massive doses of antigen are used to desensitize, permanent desensitization of the eye has not occurred in animals which have been followed for at least 8 months. Animals may develop maximal eye responses following repeated intravenous injections of the same antigen, if sufficient time has elapsed between injections. Nevertheless, the eye reactions which can be elicited 6 or 7 months after sensitization are less intense than the initial responses.

6. The ability of the eye inflammation to light up following the intravenous injection of homologous antigen is not due to an initial tissue injury as proven by the fact that the reaction is specific and anterior chambers injured with typhoid vaccine, iodine, saline, glycerine, or albolene will not respond subsequently when the various proteins used for sensitization of the other eyes are injected intravenously.

7. It has been impossible to demonstrate sensitivity in the eye by the intravenous shocking route until at least the 5th day following introduction of the antigen into the anterior chamber.

8. The eye reaction can be produced by the subcutaneous as well as the intravenous injection of antigen.

9. Rabbits vary considerably in the intensity of the eye reaction which can be elicited in them, but only rarely was an animal found which failed completely to give a reaction.
LOCAL ORGAN HYPERSENSITIVENESS
Authors: Seegal David , Seegal Beatrice Carrier
Published: June 2004

In the actively sensitized rabbit eye a sterile inflammation may develop after the introduction of the homologous antigen into the gastrointestinal tract.
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (INHIBITION REACTIONS)
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which confirm the result that the specificity of inhibitory reactions involving substituted aromatic acids is decidedly influenced by the position of the substituent.

When antigens with specific groups of very simple constitution are used for the tests, inhibiting effects are obtained also with substances distantly related to those determining the reactivity of the antigens. On the other hand, if antigens are built up from protein and chemical compounds of somewhat higher complexity, the specificity of the inhibition reactions with synthetic crystallized substances is of the same order as that of the usual serum reactions; in other words, it is possible to distinguish such compounds by serological tests as readily as proteins can be differentiated with the aid of precipitating sera.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass G. M.
Published: June 2004

Typhus Rickettsiae are found in large numbers in sections of tissue cultures of scrotal sac exudate.

Extensive multiplication of the organisms occurs, and new cells become infected. Organisms are seen in cells undergoing mitotic division.

The organisms usually become less numerous after the 6th day in vitro, but in one instance organisms were extremely numerous on the 16th and 21st days.

Rickettsiae in tissue cultures retain their intracellular location, even when infection is very heavy.

They multiply exclusively in non-phagocytic cells which are believed to be of mesothelial origin.

Pleomorphism is much more pronounced in tissue cultures than in guinea pig tissues and is entirely comparable to that seen in the louse.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN CERTAIN TOXIC PROPERTIES OF FILTRATES OF HEMOLYTIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Weld Julia T. Parker , Gunther Anne
Published: June 2004

1. Sterile filtrates from certain hemotoxic strains of Staphylococcus aureus have several toxic properties, of which the most important are the hemotoxic, the necrotoxic, the leucocidic and the property of killing rapidly.

2. The necrotoxic action appears to be caused by a constituent in the filtrates different from either the hemotoxic or the leucocidic one.
THE GROWTH AND DEATH OF TISSUE CULTURES EXPOSED TO SUPRANORMAL TEMPERATURES
Authors: Pincus Gregory , Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

In a study of the growth of chicken osteoblasts in cultures exposed to supranormal temperatures of 42°C., 44°C., 47°C., 50°C., and 52°C., it has been observed that:

1. There is no lethal effect after prolonged exposures at 42°C. and 44°C.

2. Cultures are killed after an exposure of 105 minutes at 47°C., of 6 minutes at 50°C., and of 3.5 minutes at 52°C.

3. A definite inhibition of growth occurs after different exposures at all temperatures from 44°C. onwards (see Table I).

4. There is a latent period of approximately 24 hours before any discernible effect of sublethal or just lethal exposures; this latent period appears to be independent of the duration of the sublethal exposure and of the temperature.

5. The high temperature coefficients for lethal exposures and for exposures just sufficient to inhibit growth indicate an underlying "destructive" process in the cells of the culture.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been possible to demonstrate, in Berkefeld filtrates of infectious material from experimental cases of swine influenza, a virus which when administered intranasally to susceptible swine induced a mild, usually afebrile illness of short duration. The changes in the respiratory tract resembled those in swine influenza but were usually much less extensive. When the filtrable virus was mixed with pure cultures of H. influenzae suis and administered to swine a disease identical clinically and pathologically with swine influenza was induced. The data presented indicate that the filtrable virus of swine influenza and H. influenzae suis act in concert to produce swine influenza and that neither alone is capable of inducing the disease.

2. One attack of swine influenza usually renders an animal immune to reinfection. Blood serum from an animal made immune in this way neutralizes infectious material from swine influenza in vitro, as shown by the failure of the mixture to produce disease in a susceptible animal.

3. The virus can be stored in a dried state or in glycerol for several weeks at least. In one instance dried material apparently retained both the virus and H. influenzas suis in viable form for a period of 54 days.

4. Fatal cases of experimental swine influenza have been observed in which H. influenzae suis was the only organism that could be cultivated from the respiratory tract.

5. Attention has been called to some features of marked similarity between epizootic swine influenzae and epidemic influenzae in man.
THE SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF TUBERCULIN IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Aronson Joseph D.
Published: June 2004

Tuberculin from the human and from the bovine type of tubercle bacilli inhibits the growth of cells from explants of bone marrow, spleen and testes of tuberculous guinea pigs, and is toxic for these cells, but has no effect on explants of the same tissues from non-tuberculous animals.

"Tuberculin" from other acid-fast bacteria has no inhibitory or toxic action on explants of tissues from either tuberculous or non-tuberculous guinea pigs.

Tuberculins from the avian, bovine and human types of tubercle bacillus as well as "tuberculin" prepared from the Duval and from the Kedrowsky strains of M. leprae inhibit the growth of the cells of explants of the spleen and bone marrow of tuberculous fowls and are toxic for these cells, but have no effect on the explants from tissues of non-tuberculous chickens.

"Tuberculins" from other acid-fast bacteria have no effect on the growth of explants of tissues from tuberculous or from non-tuberculous fowls.

Tissue culture methods indicate that the sensitivity of tuberculous tissues to tuberculin is inherent in the cell, and that it cannot be passively transferred.
PRODUCTION OF A REFRACTORY STATE AS CONCERNS THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON BY THE INJECTIONS OF VENOM OF THE MOCCASIN SNAKE (ANCISTRODON PISCIVORUS)
Authors: Peck Samuel M. , Sobotka Harry
Published: June 2004

The majority of rabbits receiving intradermal, intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of moccasin venom became refractory to the development of the Shwartzman phenomenon. An incubation period of about 14 days was required for their resistance to develop. The incidence of refractory animals was inversely proportional within limits to the amount of toxin given intravenously to elicit the Shwartzman phenomenon. The intravenous route was the most efficacious in developing refractivity. The refractory state was still present 44 days after the primary injection of moccasin venom.

Rattlesnake venom was not efficacious in inducing a refractory state.

The refractory animals did not show a changed reaction to moccasin venom in the concentrations used.

No circulating antibodies could be demonstrated to explain the refractory state.

Antivenin had no effect on the course of the Shwartzman phenomenon.
IS THE RAT DERMATITIS CONSEQUENT ON VITAMIN B2 (G) DEFICIENCY TRUE PELLAGRA?
Authors: Gurin Samuel S. , Eddy Walter H. ,   With the Assistance of James Denton and Marion Ammerman
Published: June 2004

1. Isolated cases of a dermatitis resembling histologically that of human pellagra have occurred in rats supplied with sufficient vitamin B2 (G) in the form of beef extract or neutral autoclaved yeast to produce good growth.

2. Other rats on basal diets containing similarly prepared nutrients but deprived of any known source of vitamin B2 (G) develop a dermatitis similar in appearance to that described by other workers, but this skin effect differs in histological picture from that found in human pellagra or in black tongue of dogs. These rats showed growth failure which supports the view that they lacked growth-promoting vitamin B2 (G).

3. It is suggested that dermatitis in rats may be of diverse type; one resulting from vitamin B2 (G) deficiency quite different histologically from human pellagra, and one closely allied to human pellagra and black tongue in dogs due to lack of some at present unidentified factor.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. The p-amino and p-nitromonobenzyl ethers of the specific polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus have been prepared.

2. The diazonium ether of the specific polysaccharide has been coupled with serum globulin to yield a specific polysaccharide-protein complex and this complex has been used for immunization. The results of the immunological studies are presented in the following paper.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum.

2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci.

3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection.

4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single component of the pneumococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Casey Albert E. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

1. The blood cytology of 91 rabbits was studied prior to inoculation with a transplantable malignant neoplasm. The following statements refer in each instance to the mean values of the pre-inoculation counts.

2. The animals which were most resistant to the malignant disease had, before inoculation, normal red and white cell counts, normal hemoglobin percentages, high eosinophile counts, and low counts of monocytes and lymphocytes. The relations of the neutrophile and basophile counts were irregular, but normal values also appeared to be associated with greater resistance.

3. The most susceptible animals were those which had, before inoculation, red cell counts above 5,500,000 or below 5,000,000 per c.mm.; hemoglobin above 70 per cent or below 60 per cent (Newcomer); white cell counts below 6,000 or above 8,500 per c.mm.; low eosinophile, high monocyte, or high lymphocyte counts.

4. No animal with any of the following findings prior to inoculation recovered completely from the tumor as determined by autopsy examination: red cells above 5,500,000 per c.mm. of blood; hemoglobin above 70 per cent; total white cells above 10,000 per c.mm.; eosinophiles below 120 per c.mm., or below the relative value of 1.5 per cent; basophiles below 400 per c.mm., or below the relative value of 6 per cent; lymphocytes above 3,600 per c.mm.; monocytes above 1,500 per c.mm.; neutrophiles above 5,000 per c.mm.; and total granular cells above 5,700 per c.mm.

In the case of each of the following pre-inoculation values, only 1 animal was completely free from tumor at autopsy: hemoglobin below 60 per cent; red cells below 4,800,000 per c.mm.; total granular cells below 3,300 per c.mm.; total non-granular cells below 2,300 per c.mm.; total non-granular cells above 3,700 per c.mm. No animal with pre-inoculation eosinophiles above 3.9 per cent, or basophiles above 16 per cent died from the tumor.

5. The blood findings before inoculation could be related to the character and outcome of the malignant disease, from the standpoint of animal groups as well as in the case of individual rabbits.

6. From the results of the experiments here reported, it seems possible to predict with an accuracy of between 80 and 90 per cent the individual resistance or susceptibility of rabbits to the tumor by a study of their blood cells before inoculation.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE EXTRACT AND OF NORMAL SERUM ON A TRANSPLANTABLE EPITHELIAL TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Extract of rat, rabbit or bull testicle prevents or retards the growth of a rabbit tumor when a mixture of the extract and a tumor cell suspension is inoculated intradermally. Similar mixtures, made with normal rabbit serum instead of testicle extract, give rise to tumors which grow with unusual rapidity. The results are the opposite of those obtained with pathogenic bacteria or filtrable viruses which are enhanced by testicle extract and generally inhibited by normal serum.
PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF A SCARLATINAL STRAIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. A tentative method is described for extracting a labile nucleo-protein from scarlatinal Streptococcus hemolyticus.

2. The product differs chemically and serologically from the fractions prepared by subsequent alkaline extraction of the cell residues, and from protein obtained by the classical method for extraction of bacterial "nucleoproteins."

3. The new nucleoprotein is sensitive to very weak alkalies and readily loses nucleic acid under these conditions. The protein degradation products resemble the alkaline-extracted protein fractions of the cell residues.

4. The bearing of the properties of the new nucleoprotein on the chemistry of nucleoproteins in general is discussed, also the possible relation of the fractions obtained to the analysis of streptococcus antigens made by Lancefield.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF CERTAIN VARIANTS OF B. TYPHOSUS
Authors: Grinnell Francis B.
Published: June 2004

The results of cross-agglutination and agglutinin absorption experiments with the motile smooth, non-motile smooth, motile rough, and non-motile rough forms of B. typhosus are presented.

Cross-agglutination between these four forms is complete, save that the motile rough antigen is under certain conditions only weakly agglutinated by the antisera prepared with the non-motile forms.

Cross-absorption of the somatic agglutinogen of the four variants is complete, save that the motile smooth culture still shows granular agglutination with the anti-MS and anti-MR sera after absorption with these cultures.

A theory of the antigenic composition of the four variants of B. typhosus is presented, based on the results obtained in these experiments.

It would appear that, contrary to the usually accepted theory, the four variants have a common somatic agglutinogen. To explain the difference between the smooth virulent forms and the rough non-virulent forms it has been assumed that the S forms contain a carbohydrate which is associated with virulence and which takes no part in the agglutination reaction.
SERUM SICKNESS IN RABBITS
Authors: Fleisher Mover S. , Jones Lloyd
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of a single large dose of normal horse serum into rabbits results in the appearance 3 to 8 days later of erythematous and edematous reactions on the ears in 68.9 per cent of the animals.

2. The injections may be given by any of several routes and reactions appear when the site of injection is definitely distant from the ears.

3. Injections of various antisera into rabbits cause the appearance of similar reactions.

4. These reactions can be considered as manifestations of serum sickness in rabbits.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ALBINO RAT COLONY FREE FROM MIDDLE EAR DISEASE
Authors: Nelson John B. , Gowen John W.
Published: June 2004

A special colony of albino rats was built up by selection and isolation from a population in which middle ear disease was highly prevalent. No cases of aural infection occurred in the selected group, whereas its precursor showed a crude incidence of 57 per cent. The subjection of selected rats to a rachitic diet and to overcrowding did not predispose to the development of middle ear disease.

The incidence of pneumonia was not similarly affected; thus, 52 per cent of the adult selected rats showed pulmonary lesions, and 78 per cent of the adult stock rats. There was, however, a significant reduction in the number of cases which showed advanced pulmonary lesions.

Certain theoretical considerations of middle ear disease and of pneumonia are discussed.
SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES IN THE COURSE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D.
Published: June 2004

1. A group of 41 non-serum treated patients with Type I, II or III pneumococcus pneumonia were studied during their disease and convalescence with respect to their skin reactions to specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and, in most instances, for the presence of circulating agglutinins and protective antibodies for all these 3 types.

2. One-half of the Type I and two-thirds of the Type II and Type III recovered cases gave the typical immediate "wheal and erythema" response to the homologous polysaccharide at or about the time of recovery. All cases tested showed protective antibodies and almost all showed agglutinins for the homologous pneumococcus. In the fatal cases, in general, positive cutaneous reactions and circulating antibodies were not obtained.

3. In cases of pneumonia receiving repeated cutaneous inoculations with various types of specific polysaccharide, antibodies for pneumococci differing from the infecting type but corresponding to the types of carbohydrate injected were present 1 week or later after such injections. These heterologous antibodies were most frequently demonstrated for Type II and were probably the result of immunization by means of the cutaneous injections.

4. Positive skin responses to homologous polysaccharides and corresponding circulating antibodies were demonstrated with similar frequency in the first 3 weeks after crisis in patients who had not previously received intracutaneous injections. In such patients heterologous antibodies were rarely found.

5. Typical skin reactions with the specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and mouse protective antibodies were demonstrated independently in a number of hospital patients who had had no recent history of pneumonia.

6. Some patients with demonstrable foci of persistent infection or with latent infections which later proved fatal showed positive cutaneous responses to the homologous type polysaccharide and circulating specific antibodies for the corresponding type.

7. The agglutination test, though less sensitive than the mouse protection test for determining the presence of antibody, has many advantages over the latter and is simplest to use in following the course of the untreated pneumonia.
SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES IN THE COURSE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D.
Published: June 2004

1. Characteristic cutaneous responses to the type-specific protein-free carbohydrates of both Type I and Type II pneumococci have been "produced" in cases of lobar pneumonia due to either of these types by the intravenous injection of concentrated bivalent (Types I and II) antipneumococcic sera (Felton).

2. A positive cutaneous response to the specific polysaccharide of Type II pneumococci has been passively transferred from human cases convalescing from this infection to a patient suffering from pneumonia due to this organism.

3. The cutaneous responses to the type-specific polysaccharides and circulating antibodies were studied in 51 cases of lobar pneumonia. Positive cutaneous reactions were, in most instances, associated with recovery, even when purulent complications were present. Failure to elicit a positive reaction was usually followed by a fatal outcome.

4. The positive reactions in patients who were treated with concentrated sera and recovered were most often elicited within 24 hours after the first dose and after a total of 40 cc. had been given.

5. The positive skin reactions obtained after the administration of specific antisera were associated with the presence of mouse protective antibodies and agglutinins in the sera of the patients.

6. The immune reactions in serum treated cases receiving repeated inoculations with the specific carbohydrates disappeared more rapidly than in similar cases receiving no antiserum. It is suggested that the administration of antisera in someway interferes with the production of antibodies by the intracutaneously injected carbohydrates.
IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Dawson Martin H. , Sia Richard H. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific S pneumococci may be transformed from one specific S type into other specific S types entirely by in vitro methods.

2. R forms of pneumococci, derived from S forms of one specific type, may be transformed into S forms of other specific types by the following in vitro procedure:—the growth of small inocula of R forms in media containing vaccines prepared from heterologous S cultures.

3. Transformation of type may be effected in this procedure by the use of small quantities of S vaccine,—quantities representing the bacteria from as little as 0.1 cc. of the original culture.

4. Transformation of type, as induced by this procedure, is most readily effected by employing anti-R serum in the culture medium. Transformation of type may be effected, however, in media which do not contain anti-R antibodies.

5. Previous findings on the thermal characteristics of the property of S vaccines responsible for transformation of type have been confirmed and extended.
ELECTROPHORESIS EXPERIMENTS WITH THE VIRUS AND PROTECTIVE BODIES OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Frobisher Martin
Published: June 2004

1. When suspended in slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) saline dilutions of clear, hemoglobin-free normal monkey serum, the virus of yellow fever from infected monkeys and from infected, but blood-free, mosquitoes, usually acts as if it were possessed of a positive electrical charge.

2. The virus tends to assume a negative charge in fluids having a slightly acid reaction.

3. The isoelectric point of the virus seems to be in the neighborhood of pH 7.0, possibly ranging from pH 7.3 to pH 6.9.

4. Exposure to fluid having a reaction of pH 5.0 for 3 hours appeared to inactivate the virus.

5. In experiments in which the suspending fluid was prepared with normal serum diluted with distilled water and containing a good quantity of partly hemolyzed erythrocytes, the virus tended to migrate to the anode.

6. The protective bodies in yellow fever immune serum appear to carry a negative charge in slightly alkaline saline dilutions of serum.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TUMOR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY
Authors: Lynch Clara J.
Published: June 2004

A male mouse from a strain with a high incidence of spontaneous lung tumors was crossed with several females derived from a low tumor strain. The first generation of offspring were then backcrossed to individuals of the original strains. The resulting two groups of offspring differed significantly in the incidence of spontaneous tumors of the lung.

These facts are discussed in relation to others previously discovered. It seems clear from the evidence presented that there are among mice constitutional types which differ in incidence of tumors of the lung and that the differences are inherited. The number of genetic factors involved has not been determined. No influence of sex was apparent. The possibility of there being genetic factors which affect tumor age will be dealt with later.
ACTION OF METHYLENE BLUE ON BODY TEMPERATURE AND METABOLISM
Authors: Gregoire P. E.
Published: June 2004

1. Methylene blue injected intravenously in white rats is hyperthermizing or hypothermizing according to the environmental temperature.

2. It causes an increase in metabolism at 28°C. or above. At lower temperature it does not affect, or rather depresses, metabolism.

3. It does not seem likely that its hypermetabolic action is due to catalysis of cell oxidations.

4. In animals exposed to an atmosphere with a high partial pressure of oxygen, methylene blue causes pulmonary edema, much more rapidly than does oxygen alone.
STUDIES ON THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYPHILITIC BLOOD PROTEINS
Authors: Walton S. T.
Published: June 2004

These experiments show:

1. That the surface tension of normal blood serum is considerably lowered by standing undisturbed for a period of 1 hour (time-drop).

2. That the greatest time-drop recorded is with serum diluted approximately 10,000 times in fresh serum, and 50,000 times in heated serum.

3. That immune serum is not affected in the same manner by heat as is normal serum. Syphilitic serum and anti-sheep cell rabbit serum behave similarly in this respect.

4. That serum albumin is much more readily soluble in alkaline buffer solutions than globulin is, and that globulin from normal serum ionizes more than that from syphilitic serum.

Further investigations are being made in an effort to determine why the proteins aggregate or dissociate under the influence of the factors under consideration.
THE RÔLE OF THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: June 2004

1. Feeding the purified soluble specific substance of Type I pneumococcus protects rats against an intraperitoneal injection of the virulent organism.

2. This increased resistance resembles that obtained when the intact (dead) or dissolved bacteria are fed, as follows: (a) one feeding is sufficient, (b) the interval between the feeding and the appearance of the immunity is the same, (c) the duration is approximately the same, (d) when the immunity is exhausted it can be renewed by a new feeding, (e) the immunizing action is type-specific.

3. The differences between the effects of feeding the purified specific substance and the intact or dissolved organism to rats, appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative, the proportion of animals protected and the height of the immunity being generally, though not always, less in the case of the former.

4. In contrast to the immunizing action which the soluble specific substance possesses when administered to rats, feeding it to mice failed to protect them. Neither were mice definitely immunized by parenteral administration.

5. A sodium glycocholate solution of Pneumococcus Type I lost part of its immunizing activity on standing for 1 year.

6. The failure to immunize mice and the loss of activity of the bile salt solution of pneumococcus, on standing, are discussed in terms of (a) the possible presence of a second cell constituent which is active by mouth, and (b) a possible intramolecular change in the type-specific polysaccharide associated with a loss of immunizing action while retaining the precipitin reaction.
THE EFFECT OF BILATERAL SUPRARENALECTOMY IN ADULT ALBINO RATS ON THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

Normal adult Wistar rats (non-carrier stock) are readily infected with Bartonella muris and develop a severe anemia if large amounts of infecting material are used. The normal adult rat of Wistar stock possesses a relatively high natural resistance to spontaneous infection with this organism.

Bilateral suprarenalectomy in Wistar rats lowers the natural resistance to a subsequent infection with Bartonella muris. This procedure does not alter the type of tissue response to the virus but lowers the natural resistance of the rat to toxic effects of the infection. The acquired immunity to Bartonella muris conferred by a first infection is not broken down by subsequent suprarenalectomy.

The mechanisms of acquired and natural resistance are dependent on different physiological processes in the organism and are not merely quantitative variations of the same process as is generally assumed.
THE FATE OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: June 2004

1. Rats, when fed the soluble specific substance of Types I, II and III pneumococcus, excrete a very large proportion in the feces.

2. Following ingestion of these substances, tests sensitive enough to detect 1 part in 2,000,000 of serum, and 1 part in 3,000,000 of urine, were negative.

3. The polysaccharide of Type I, when recovered from the feces, is as active an immunizing agent as it was originally.
THE ARTHUS PHENOMENON
Authors: Seegal David , Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Jost Elizabeth L.
Published: June 2004

An intense inflammatory reaction in the pericardium, heart, and intrapericardial aorta can regularly be produced in a sensitized rabbit by the intrapericardial injection of the homologous antigen.
THE IDENTITY OF THE MECHANISMS OF TYPE-SPECIFIC AGGLUTININ AND PRECIPITIN REACTIONS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

The experimental results which have been described demonstrate the following facts:

1. In the type-specific agglutination reaction, when the organisms are not present in sufficient numbers to absorb completely all the antibodies from the serum, more antibody is bound by cellular S than is required for the process of agglutination.

2. The excess of antibody thus bound can then unite with additional amounts of the specific substance when this is added in soluble form to the agglutinated material.

3. If an excess of the free S is added to an agglutinated mass of antibody and bacteria, the organisms are redispersed and in the suspended state are again specifically agglutinable.

4. When a solution of the specific polysaccharide is added in excess to an homologous immune serum, a prozone is created in which precipitation is inhibited; moreover, if, at this point, type-specific pneumococci are added to the mixture, inhibition of agglutination also occurs.

5. The reactive substance in the type-specific agglutination and precipitation reactions is the same, i.e., the capsular polysaccharide. In the former instance it is combined in the bacterial cell; in the latter, it is in a soluble, chemically purified state and entirely separate from the body of the cell.
PROTECTION OF ADRENALECTOMIZED ANIMALS AGAINST BACTERIAL INTOXICATION BY AN EXTRACT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Hartman Frank A. , Scott W. J. Merle
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance of adrenal-deficient rats to bacterial intoxication has been significantly increased by an extract of the adrenal cortex.

2. This is shown both for acute intoxication with killed Bacillus typhosus and for chronic intoxication with killed Staphylococcus aureus.

3. During the height of the bacterial intoxication relatively large amounts of the cortical hormone are apparently required to maintain the animals.

4. It is considered probable that a human pyogenic infection imposes a severe load upon the adrenal cortex.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Pritchett I. W. , Hughes T. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of-P. avicida from "spontaneous epidemics" of fowl cholera, when introduced intranasally in fixed doses into specially bred chickens, induced fatal fowl cholera in about 40 per cent but did not survive in the nasal clefts of resistant birds nor spread to normal contacts.

2. Strains of P. avicida from "spontaneous endemics" of fowl cholera, when introduced similarly into chickens, failed to kill but did survive in the nasal clefts of inoculated birds and spread readily to normal contacts.

3. "Laboratory" variants of the epidemic strains of P. avicida failed to kill or survive in the test birds and did not spread to contacts.
SERUM SICKNESS IN RABBITS
Authors: Jones Lloyd , Fleisher Moyer S.
Published: June 2004

1. It has not been possible to demonstrate in rabbits affected with serum sickness any constant temporal relationship between precipitin and precipitinogen in the blood on one hand and of occurrence of serum sickness on the other hand.

2. It has not been possible to demonstrate any differences between the precipitin and precipitinogen curves in injected rabbits which develop serum sickness compared with injected rabbits which did not develop serum sickness.

3. There is therefore no evidence that we can directly associate the occurrence of serum sickness with the production or appearance of precipitins.
THE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO OF R PNEUMOCOCCI INTO S FORMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC TYPES BY THE USE OF FILTERED PNEUMOCOCCUS EXTRACTS
Authors: Alloway J. Lionel
Published: June 2004

1. Avirulent R pneumococci derived from S forms of a specific type may be changed by growth in broth containing anti-R serum and a heated, filtered extract of S pneumococci of a different type, into virulent S organisms identical in type with the bacteria extracted. This has been accomplished in the case of R strains derived from Type II pneumococci, employing extracts prepared from Type III and Type I S forms.

2. The constituents of the extract supply an activating stimulus of a specific nature in that the R pneumococci acquire the capacity of elaborating the capsular material peculiar to the organisms extracted.
TOXIN-ANTITOXIN REACTION WITHOUT NEUTRALIZATION
Authors: Freund Jules
Published: June 2004

1. Collodion particles adsorb diphtheria or tetanus or botulinus toxins. These toxins are retained on the particles when washed but are at least in part released in the animal.

2. The adsorbed toxins are neutralized by adsorption of the corresponding antitoxins but are unaffected by other serums.

3. When collodion particles are treated first with tetanus antitoxin, then with diphtheria toxin, they are not toxic, but they become toxic when they are treated first with diphtheria antitoxin, then with the diphtheria toxin. Similarly when collodion particles are treated first with diphtheria antitoxin and then with tetanus toxin, they do not become toxic, but they become toxic when they are treated with tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxin.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Wright Joyce , Ward Hugh K.
Published: June 2004

1. By a suitable bactericidal technique, it can be demonstrated that the virulent S influenza bacillus is completely resistant to the bactericidal action of diluted normal unheated serum. In contrast, the R organism is easily killed when subjected to the action of diluted normal serum. Although this is not a true virulence test, it promises to be a useful substitute when a susceptible animal is not available.

2. The S culture filtrate contains a substance with a strong antibactericidal effect, but the R culture filtrate does not contain this substance.

3. It would appear probable that this antibactericidal substance is identical with, or closely related to the precipitinogen (or soluble substance) which is present only in the culture fluid of the S influenza bacillus. In view, however, of differences in heat stability of the two substances, this question must remain in doubt until a supply of purified precipitinogen is available.

4. Quantitative agglutination, precipitation and bactericidal comparisons between (a) R-absorbed anti-S serum and unabsorbed anti-S serum and (b) anti-S serum and anti-R serum indicate that the agglutinogen is a separate antigen, and the agglutinin a separate antibody, taking no part in the bactericidal action of the antiserum. They also indicate that the precipitin, which is present only in the anti-S serum, is identical with the bactericidal antibody.

5. The relation of the precipitinogen (or soluble substance) to virulence and of the precipitin to resistance is discussed.
THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS OF MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER IN FLEAS
Authors: Mooser H. , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

The virus of Mexican typhus has been shown to multiply abundantly in the following species of fleas: Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Leptopsylla musculi, Ctenocephalus canis, Ctenocephalus felis.

In all fleas, Rickettsia prowazeki was demonstrated within the epithelial cells of the stomach and within the cells of the Malpighian tubules. Whereas in infected lice enormous numbers of these organisms are discharged from the disintegrating cells into the intestinal content, only few Rickettsiae are found in the lumen of the fleas' intestines. They are held back by the peritrophic membrane, which covers the mucosa of the entire stomach. Rickettsiae seem to enter the lumen of the gut almost exclusively by the route of the Malpighian tubules. Observations were made which seem to indicate that the fleas recover from the infection and that they are able to regenerate the partly destroyed intestinal mucosa. An explanation is given for the relative harmlessness of fleas as vectors of typhus.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN DEXTRAN POLYSACCHARIDE AND SOME BACTERIAL ANTISERA
Authors: Zozaya José
Published: June 2004

Dextran, the synthetic polysaccharide produced by Leuconostoc mesenterioides from saccharose, reacts immunologically with antisera from pneumococci, some of the Sahnonella and some of the types of Streptococcus viridans (Bargen).

This immunological relationship is independent of the specific antipolysaccharide antibodies of these sera, suggesting the existence of a distinct antibody produced by an active group of the specific bacterial polysaccharide, which is similar or identical to the active group of the dextran polysaccharide.
DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME BY RESPIRATION OF OXYGEN WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING
Authors: Sendroy Julius , Hiller Alma , Van Slyke Donald D.
Published: June 2004

A method is described for estimating the volume of air in the lungs by the familiar principle of mixing this air with a measured volume of oxygen, and determining the extent to which the nitrogen of the pulmonary air is diluted. By employing a scrubber to remove carbon dioxide, and by measuring the volume of gas in the extrapulmonary part of the system at the end instead of the beginning of the respiratory period, it is possible to prolong the period to as many minutes as are necessary for complete mixture of the gases, and thereby to carry out the estimation without forced breathing.

The determination can be carried out with the Roth-Benedict or Krogh spirometer, or, more economically, with the simple spirometer, shown in Fig. 1, assembled from ordinary laboratory equipment.

The method gives the same results as the hydrogen method of Van Slyke and Binger (3), and obviates the use and analysis of hydrogen. The relative advantages of the two methods are discussed above.

Dr. Ronald V. Christie has informed us that he has encountered considerable differences in the N2 content of the pulmonary air of different individuals. A gain in accuracy would therefore be made if this value were determined for each subject, and substituted for 79.1 in the calculation formulae.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF SPECIFIC ENZYME IN CULTURES OF THE BACILLUS DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

All improved method is described for the preparation, concentration, and purification of a bacterial enzyme capable of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.

The cultural conditions for the growth of the specific microorganism must be such that the capsular polysaccharide is completely decomposed before any appreciable amount of free enzyme is released into the medium. This reduces to a minimum the decomposition of the specific substrate by the free enzyme. As a result, a larger part of the specific substance remains as a source of energy for the growing microorganism and less enzyme is lost through inactivation during the course of decomposition of the specific substrate.

A marked stimulation of growth and of enzyme production occurs when small amounts of yeast extract are added to the medium and when the cultures are incubated under conditions of increased aeration.

Special emphasis is placed upon the fact that, thus far, appreciable amounts of the specific enzyme have been obtained only when the capsular polysaccharide itself, or the aldobionic acid derived from it, was present in the culture medium.
THE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME UPON THE DERMAL INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Dubos René , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The action of the enzyme which specifically decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus has been tested in Type III pneumococcus dermal infections in rabbits. When injected in sufficient amounts, this enzyme is capable of bringing about a favorable and early termination of the experimental disease which ordinarily is fatal in nearly all instances.

The results of the present study yield further evidence that the capsular substance is of great importance in pneumococcus infection, since, in so far as known, the only action of which the specific enzyme is capable is that of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide.
BRAIN TO BRAIN TRANSMISSION OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUS IN YOUNG GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Markham Floyd S.
Published: June 2004

The submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs was serially transmitted from brain to brain in young guinea pigs. The source of virus was the submaxillary glands of six groups of stock animals. Brain to brain transfer was effected in two series, in one to the second generation and in the other to the third. The transmission was evidenced by the presence of nervous symptoms and death and by a typical microscopic pathology of the brain. Only certain attempts were successful, ten of twenty-three brain to brain injections being fatal with the specific histopathology present in five. A few observations suggest that the virus may be present spontaneously in the gland and experimentally in the brain without cellular changes being demonstrable, or before they are evident.

While we were able to transmit the virus from brain to brain with fatal results by single injections of small doses, this was not readily accomplished and the transmission failed after two or three passages. We were unable to show any perceptible increase in virulence or adaptation of the virus to the brain tissue of the natural host.

The histopathology was that of a meningoencephalitis. The inflammatory reaction irregularly involved the meninges, the underlying brain substance, and the perivascular tissue of the meninges and upper cortical layer. These structures were infiltrated with mononuclear cells, many of which contained a typical acidophilic inclusion. Congestion of cerebral capillaries uniformly occurred and various degrees of recent hemorrhage were frequently found. Necrosis was noted only when associated with an occasional area of extensive hemorrhage. Similar changes were observed in sections of the spinal cord.

When sufficient time (15 days or more) elapsed between cerebral inoculation and death, typical cellular inclusions were seen in the salivary glands, whereas none was found in animals that died earlier (7 to 9 days). Under the first mentioned conditions, inclusions were demonstrated in the parotid and mucous portion of the submaxillary glands, although in spontaneously infected animals, we failed to find the mucous portion involved and other workers report that the parotid is spared.

About one-third of the stock guinea pigs examined showed cellular inclusions in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial duct cells of the serous part of the submaxillary gland. From an analysis of the results of brain to brain inoculations, it was evident that spontaneous infection and resistance to cerebral inoculation increased with age. The 3rd week of life is the period of choice for such experimentation.