bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of neuronal calcium sensor‐1 in the developing chick retina
Authors: Bergmann Mathias , Grabs Detlev , Roder John , Rager Günter , Jeromin Andreas
Published: October 2002

Neuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1) is a Ca2+ binding protein that has been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmission and synaptogenesis. In this study we investigated the developmental expression and localization of NCS‐1 in the chick retina. Single‐ and double‐labeling experiments with three‐dimensional reconstruction as well as ultrastructural data of the distribution of NCS‐1 suggest that this protein is also involved in axonal process outgrowth. We found an early expression of NCS‐1 in ganglion cells and their axons, in amacrine, and in horizontal cells, whereas photoreceptors were immunonegative at embryonic stages. In the early posthatching days we found strong immunostaining for NCS‐1 in horizontal cells and their processes in the outer plexiform layer. In contrast, synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) was prominent only in photoreceptor synaptic terminals. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed that NCS‐1 was localized postsynaptically in horizontal cell processes, whereas presynaptic terminals were immunonegative. However, at late posthatching days we observed that photoreceptor ribbon synapses (from rods and/or cones) also expressed NCS‐1. Thus the results support the notion that NCS‐1 is involved in neuronal process outgrowth and is localized in pre‐ and postsynaptic compartments including mature photoreceptor synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:231–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromodulatory complement of the pericardial organs in the embryonic lobster, homarus americanus
Authors: Pulver Stefan R. , Marder Eve
Published: October 2002

The pericardial organs (POs) are a pair of neurosecretory organs that surround the crustacean heart and release neuromodulators into the hemolymph. In adult crustaceans, the POs are known to contain a wide array of peptide and amine modulators. However, little is known about the modulatory content of POs early in development. We characterize the morphology and modulatory content of pericardial organs in the embryonic lobster, Homarus americanus. The POs are well developed by midway through embryonic (E50) life and contain a wide array of neuromodulatory substances. Immunoreactivities to orcokinin, extended FLRFamide peptides, tyrosine hydroxylase, proctolin, allatostatin, serotonin, Cancer borealis tachykinin‐related peptide, cholecystokinin, and crustacean cardioactive peptide are present in the POs by approximately midway through embryonic life. There are two classes of projection patterns to the POs. Immunoreactivities to orcokinin, extended FLRFamide peptides, and tyrosine hydroxylase project solely from the subesophageal ganglion (SEG), whereas the remaining modulators project from the SEG as well as from the thoracic ganglia. Double‐labeling experiments with a subset of modulators did not reveal any colocalized peptides in the POs. These results suggest that the POs could be a major source of neuromodulators early in development. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:79–90, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution three‐dimensional imaging of the lateral plasma membrane of cochlear outer hair cells by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Le Grimellec Christian , Giocondi Marie‐Cécile , Lenoir Marc , Vater Marianne , Sposito Gérard , Pujol Rémy
Published: October 2002

The outer hair cells (OHCs) from the mammalian organ of Corti are assumed to enhance the sensitivity and the selectivity of the cochlea via an electromotile response to sound stimulation. These OHC mechanical changes feed energy back into the cochlea before completion of the transduction process by inner hair cells. OHC electromotility is thought to depend on specific transmembrane motor proteins. Electron microscopy has been used previously to image the OHC lateral plasma membrane, where voltage sensors and motors are located. A very specific and regular organization of membrane particles has been described, together with an equally specific submembraneous meshwork of cytoskeleton anchored to the plasma membrane. To confirm and extend these observations, we have used, for the first time on the OHC lateral wall, atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result of an improved tapping mode technique as well as the unique ultrastructural organization of the OHC plasma membrane, we have obtained high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) images of a markedly enhanced quality, allowing high‐resolution 3D imaging. Tapping‐mode AFM confirmed the presence of regularly aligned particles (presumably transmembrane proteins) on both faces of the OHC plasma membrane. It also revealed the presence of markedly different membrane domains, smooth and undulating. The differences between these zones probably are due to local differences in cytoskeleton–membrane interactions. Moreover, 3D reconstructions allowed us to distinguish between globular and pore‐like particles, a distinction that may be of great functional significance. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:62–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing
Authors: Cano Georgina , Sved Alan F. , Rinaman Linda , Rabin Bruce S. , Card J. Patrick
Published: October 2002

Splenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs from supraspinal regions. In the present study, the characterization of central circuits involved in the control of splenic function was accomplished by injecting pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into the spleen and conducting a temporal analysis of the progression of the infection from 60 hours to 110 hours postinoculation. In addition, central noradrenergic cell groups involved in splenic innervation were characterized by dual immunohistochemical detection of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase and PRV. Infection in the CNS first appeared in the spinal cord. Splenic sympathetic preganglionic neurons, identified in rats injected with Fluoro‐Gold i.p. prior to PRV inoculation of the spleen, were located in T3–T12bilaterally; numerous infected interneurons were also found in the thoracic spinal cord (T1–T13). Infected neurons in the brain were first observed in the A5 region, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, and caudal raphe. At intermediate survival times, the number of infected cells increased in previously infected areas, and infected neurons also appeared in lateral hypothalamus, A7 region, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus region, nucleus of the solitary tract, and C3 cell group. At longer postinoculation intervals, infected neurons were found in additional hypothalamic areas, Edinger‐Westphal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and area postrema. These results demonstrate that the sympathetic outflow to the spleen is controlled by a complex multisynaptic pathway that involves several brainstem and forebrain nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:1–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fast, one‐equation integration algorithm for the Lemaitre ductile damage model
Authors: de Souza Neto E. A.
Published: October 2002

This paper introduces an elastic predictor/return mapping integration algorithm for a simplified version of the Lemaitre ductile damage model, whose return mapping stage requires the solution of only one scalar non‐linear equation. The simplified damage model differs from its original counterpart only in that it excludes kinematic hardening. It can be used to predict ductile damage growth whenever load reversal is absent or negligible—a condition met in a vast number of practical engineering applications. The one‐equation integration scheme proves highly efficient in the finite element solution of typical boundary value problems, requiring computation times comparable to those observed in classical von Mises implementations. This is in sharp contrast to the previously proposed implementations of the original model whose return mapping may require, in the most general case, the solution of a system of 14 coupled algebraic equations. For completeness, a closed formula for the corresponding consistent tangent operator is presented. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by means of a numerical example. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective adaptation technique for hexahedral mesh
Authors: Wada Yoshitaka , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

This paper describes a simple and effective adaptive technique for mesh refinement in finite‐element method models. The proposed refinement method is based on a modified octree refinement approach, and can be applied to an arbitrary hexahedral unstructured mesh. The implementation, Hex‐R, is used in conjunction with the finite‐element viewer GPPView, and applied to a complex model. The proposed method is demonstrated to be capable of easily and reliably generating an adaptive mesh. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy automata and life
Authors: Reiter Clifford A.
Published: October 2002

Boolean cellular automata may be generalized to fuzzy automata in a consistent manner. Several fuzzy logics are used to create 1‐dimensional automata and also 2‐dimensional automata that generalize the game of life. These generalized automata are investigated and compared to their Boolean counterparts empirically and using rule entropy and repeated input response functions. Fuzzy automata offer new mechanisms for classification of classical automata and can be used for insight into their qualitative behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Karyotyping of comparative genomic hybridization human metaphases using kernel nearest‐neighbor algorithm
Authors: Yu Kai , Ji Liang
Published: October 2002

Background

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a relatively new molecular cytogenetic method that detects chromosomal imbalances. Automatic karyotyping is an important step in CGH analysis because the precise position of the chromosome abnormality must be located and manual karyotyping is tedious and time‐consuming. In the past, computer‐aided karyotyping was done by using the 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI)‐inverse images, which required complex image enhancement procedures.

Methods

An innovative method, kernel nearest‐neighbor (K‐NN) algorithm, is proposed to accomplish automatic karyotyping. The algorithm is an application of the “kernel approach,” which offers an alternative solution to linear learning machines by mapping data into a high dimensional feature space. By implicitly calculating Euclidean or Mahalanobis distance in a high dimensional image feature space, two kinds of K‐NN algorithms are obtained. New feature extraction methods concerning multicolor information in CGH images are used for the first time.

Results

Experiment results show that the feature extraction method of using multicolor information in CGH images improves greatly the classification success rate. A high success rate of about 91.5% has been achieved, which shows that the K‐NN classifier efficiently accomplishes automatic chromosome classification from relatively few samples.

Conclusions

The feature extraction method proposed here and K‐NN classifiers offer a promising computerized intelligent system for automatic karyotyping of CGH human chromosomes. Cytometry 48:202–208, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic value and cost‐effectiveness of on‐site evaluation of fine‐needle aspiration specimens: Review of 5,688 cases
Authors: Nasuti Joseph F. , Gupta Prabodh K. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: October 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has proven to be a safe, economical, accurate, and rapid diagnostic technique. A successful FNA requires a specimen with adequate cellularity, high‐quality preparation, an experienced aspirator, and cytopathologist. Up to 32% of FNAs in various organs (thyroid, breast, lung, etc.) may be nondiagnostic due to scant cellularity and poor preparation. On‐site immediate evaluation of FNA specimens can be beneficial in determination of adequacy: triage for ancillary studies and provide a preliminary diagnosis of the specimen, which often facilitates rapid clinical decisions. In this study, we compared the on‐site FNA interpretation with the final diagnosis and calculated its cost benefit. Reports of 5,688 on‐site FNA cases from the files of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center over a 5‐yr period (1/1/96–12/31/00) were reviewed. Data of the immediate on‐site interpretation and the final diagnosis in each case were compared to determine the diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility, and cost‐effectiveness of on‐site FNA evaluation. At our institution the average cost per FNA based on laboratory technical and professional fees ($1,743) and the weighted average cost, based on utilization, of ancillary laboratory studies ($328) and guidance procedures ($1,025) is $3,096. An additional fee of $231 per case is charged for on‐site FNA evaluation by an attending cytopathologist. The average reported rate of nondiagnostic FNAs without on‐site evaluation is 20%. Our own nondiagnostic rate for FNAs with on‐site evaluation is 0.98%. If one assumes that patients will undergo a repeat FNA for each nondiagnostic specimen, the estimated additional cost in direct institutional charges is $2,022,626 over 5 yr or $404,525 per yr without on‐site evaluation. This potential cost savings would be realized by utilizing on‐site evaluation despite the additional fee due to a higher rate of specimen adequacy. Based on this study, on‐site cytopathologic evaluation of FNA specimens is accurate, cost‐effective, and has improved patient care at our institution. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:1–4. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder‐washing cytology of metastatic ovarian granulosa cell tumor
Authors: Vodovnik Aleksandar
Published: October 2002

An 86‐year‐old Caucasian female presented with two weeks history of discomfort discharging urine, occasional hematuria, and suprapubic pain. The patient had a history of left salpingo‐oophorectomy for an ovarian tumor, performed four years earlier. Ultrasound showed a solid mass surrounding the orifice of the left ureter. Bladder washing cytology yielded single, loosely cohesive syncytial aggregates of rather uniform cells. A few discretely grooved nuclei (“coffee bean nuclei”) were seen. Histologic examination revealed muscular tissue infiltrated by oval to round cells, arranged in solid and follicular structures. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor, inhibin, vimentin, and calretinin. The use of antibodies to pancytokeratin, inhibin, estrogen receptor, S‐100, calretinin, and chromagranin could help confirm granulosa cell tumor. To my knowledge, there was no previous report on bladder washing cytology of metastatic granulosa cell tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:387–388. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Litigation cells: Their incidence and classification in gynecologic smears
Authors: Sun Wei , Grafton Warren D.
Published: October 2002

“Litigation cells” are defined as benign cells which may mimic dysplasia or cancer and might be used by plaintiffs' witnesses to imply that the cytotechnologist or pathologist “missed” cells of dysplasia or cancer. We reviewed 180 cervical smears from 166 patients who had hysterectomy for benign leiomyomas. All smears were performed within 12 months prior to hysterectomy. None of the uteri contained dysplasia or cancer on histologic examination. 90.6% of smears reviewed had at least one cell or cell group with atypia mimicking dysplasia or cancer. These “litigation cells” were classified as follows: parabasal cells, metaplastic squamous cells, degenerated endocervical cells, reactive endocervical cells, endometrial cells, neutrophils, histiocytes, and air‐dried cells. Diseases mimicked by these cells included squamous cell carcinoma, high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, adenocarcinoma, and glandular dysplasia. These “litigation cells” can be correctly classified by experienced cytotechnologists and cytopathologists and recognized as benign. We recommend that in all cases of alleged malpractice against cytotechnologists and/or pathologists the smears should be reviewed by a panel of individuals trained and experienced in cytopathology. The smears should be reviewed without knowledge of the clinical outcome and in an environment that simulates the normal screening practice. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:345–348. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphine administration selectively facilitates social play in common marmosets*†
Authors: Guard Heather J. , Newman John D. , Roberts R. Lucille
Published: October 2002

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) form extended families, and several cohorts of young may reside together. Play is shown extensively among the offspring. We hypothesized that opiate activity modulates social play, and predicted that administration of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) would facilitate social play, whereas pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) would block morphine's effects. Morphine administration was associated with significantly increased social play, and the effect of morphine was attributable to the focal subject, since play initiated by others was unaffected by treatment. Non‐social categories of play, such as object manipulation and locomotor play, and affiliative behaviors, such as time spent huddled, were unaffected by treatment. Twittering and play face, behaviors used by young during play, also increased after morphine administration. Pretreatment with naloxone blocked morphine's effects. Total activity was significantly increased by morphine administration. We conclude that social play is specifically facilitated by opiate activation, whereas other categories of play behavior and social behavior were unaffected by morphine. Thus, social play represents a distinct category of social behavior in juvenile common marmosets with regulatory processes that are unique from other types of social behavior. Published 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 37–49, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10043
Oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives
Authors: Sytze van Dam P.
Published: October 2002

Increased oxidative stress is a mechanism that probably plays a major role in the development of diabetic complications, including peripheral neuropathy. This review summarises recent data from in vitro and in vivo studies that have been performed both to understand this aspect of the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy and to develop therapeutic modalities for its prevention or treatment. Extensive animal studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress may be a final common pathway in the development of diabetic neuropathy, and that antioxidants can prevent or reverse hyperglycaemia‐induced nerve dysfunction. Most probably, the effects of antioxidants are mediated by correction of nutritive blood flow, although direct effects on endoneurial oxidative state are not excluded. In a limited number of clinical studies, antioxidant drugs including α‐lipoic acid and vitamin E were found to reduce neuropathic symptoms or to correct nerve conduction velocity. These data are promising, and additional larger studies with α‐lipoic acid are currently being performed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell reorganisation during epithelial fusion and perforation: The case of ascidian branchial fissures
Authors: Manni Lucia , Lane Nancy J. , Zaniolo Giovanna , Burighel Paolo
Published: October 2002

In this study, we have analysed ultrastructurally the mechanism of epithelial fusion and perforation during the development of branchial fissures in the larva and bud of the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri. Perforation of membranes represents an important process during embryogenesis, occurring to create communication between two separate compartments. For example, all chordate embryos share the formation of pharyngeal plates, which are constituted of apposed endodermal and ectodermal epithelia, which have the capacity to fuse and perforate. Although the process of perforation is extremely common, its cellular mechanism remains little understood in detail, because of the complexity of the structures involved. In B. schlosseri, two epithelial monolayers, the peribranchial and the branchial ones, with no interposed mesenchymal cells, participate in pharyngeal perforation. Blood flows in the interspace between the two cellular leaflets. Apico‐lateral zonulae occludentes seal the cells of each epithelium, so that the blood compartment is separated from the environment of the peribranchial and branchial chambers; here, sea water will flow when the zooid siphons open. Stigmata primordia appear as contiguous thickened discs of palisading cells of branchial and peribranchial epithelia. The peribranchial component invaginates to contact the branchial one. Here, the basal laminae intermingle, compact, and are degraded, while the intercellular space between the two epithelia is reduced to achieve the same width as that found between the lateral membranes of adjacent cells. Cells involved in this fusion rapidly change their polarity: they acquire a new epithelial axis, because part of the adhering basal membrane becomes a new lateral surface, whereas the original lateral membranes become new apical surfaces. Before disassembling the old tight junctions and establishing communication between branchial and peribranchial chambers, cells of the stigmata rudiments form new tight junctions organised as distinct entities, so that the structural continuum of the epithelial layers is maintained throughout the time of fusion and perforation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A zebrafish unc‐45–related gene expressed during muscle development
Authors: Etheridge Letitiah , Diiorio Philip , Sagerström Charles G.
Published: October 2002

We report the isolation and expression pattern of zebrafish unc45r, a gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans unc‐45. UNC‐45 is a muscle‐specific protein thought to interact with myosin and promote the assembly of muscle thick filaments during C. elegans development. Zebrafish Unc45r shares sequence features with C. elegans UNC‐45, including three tetratricopeptide repeats and a CRO1/She4p homology domain. unc45r is expressed in mesoderm adjacent to the dorsal midline during late gastrula stages and is coexpressed with muscle specific genes in somitic mesoderm during development of trunk skeletal muscle. unc45r is also expressed in cranial skeletal muscle as well as in cardiac and smooth muscle. The isolation of a muscle‐specific unc‐45 related gene from zebrafish suggests a common mechanism for muscle filament assembly between vertebrates and invertebrates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating‐related concerns, mood, and personality traits in recovered bulimia nervosa subjects: A replication study
Authors: Stein D. , Kaye W. H. , Matsunaga H. , Orbach I. , Har‐Even D. , Frank G. , McConaha C. W. , Rao R.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Limited data suggest that eating‐related concerns and behaviors, disturbances in mood, and altered temperament persist following recovery from bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

In order to replicate and extend such findings, 11 women who were long‐term recovered from BN (>1 year with no binging, purging, or restricting behaviors, normal weight, and regular menstrual cycles) were compared with 15 healthy volunteer women on the Eating Disorders Invertory‐2 (EDI‐2), the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ).

Results

Compared with the control women, the recovered BN women showed elevated levels of the EDI‐2 subscales of Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, and Social Insecurity, greater depression and anxiety, elevated levels of the MPQ Stress Reaction dimension and the higher‐order factor of Negative Emotionality, and lower levels of the MPQ Well Being and Closeness dimensions.

Discussion

Core eating and weight‐related concerns, dysphoric affect, social discomfort, and personality traits indicative of perfectionism persist following long‐term recovery from BN. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 225–229, 2002.
Hypophosphatemia following self‐treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Winston A. P. , Wells F. E.
Published: October 2002

Hypophosphatemia is recognized as a serious complication of hospital treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa but may also occur prior to medical intervention.

Method

This paper reports a case of severe hypophosphatemia in a patient who consumed large quantities of carbohydrates following a period of dietary restraint.

Discussion

The possible mechanisms underlying the hypophosphatemia in this case are discussed and its management is described. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 245–248, 2002.
Design and characterization of 1.3/1.55‐µm optical transceiver using straight waveguide and double‐filter photodiode
Authors: Nakanishi Hiromi , Okada Takeshi , Shinkai Jiro , Iguchi Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Akira , Yamabayashi Naoyuki , Kuhara Yoshiki
Published: October 2002

We developed a 1.3/1.55‐µm optical transceiver module for use in asynchronous transfer mode‐passive optical network (ATM‐PON) systems, which is the global standard for optical access networks. A compact, low‐cost module was implemented by mounting the active devices such as optical devices like laser diodes (LDs) and photodiodes (PDs), and integrated circuits, and the passive devices such as optical waveguides, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filters, and optical fibers on the surface of a silicon (Si) bench. We adopted the simplest waveguide, the straight waveguide, to achieve the best repeatability by the SiO2waveguide and developed a double‐filter photodiode to lessen optical crosstalk. The results achieved an output of 0 dBm from the optical fiber to 1.3 µm at 155.52 Mbit/s and a −40 dBm minimum receiver sensitivity at 1.55 µm during full‐duplex communication, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this transceiver module design. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 25–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10028
Space charge behavior in polymer film based on increment of capacitance under AC high field
Authors: Fujii Masayuki , Tohyama Kazuyuki , Tokoro Tetsuro , Kosaki Masamitsu , Muramoto Yuji , Hozumi Naohiro , Nagao Masayuki
Published: October 2002

Polymer materials have excellent dielectric and insulation properties; however, those properties in AC high field region have not been known well. Recently we established an evaluation method of high‐field AC dissipation current waveform of polymer materials 1. AC dissipation current waveforms of polyethylene and polypropylene films show nonlinear distortion in AC high‐field region. This nonlinearity was thought to be related to the behavior of AC space charge formation in the sample near electrodes. The properties of space charge formed under AC high field at power frequency seem to differ from those formed under DC high field. The measurement of AC space charge distribution is not so easy due to the resolution limit of the space charge measurement.

We studied the dielectric properties of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film under AC high field up to 120 °C. It was found that tan δ, AC dissipation current (Ixr), and unbalanced component of capacitive current (ΔIxc) increased when the temperature became higher. In particular, ΔIxc increased above some threshold field and was considered to be due to the AC space charge formation. This AC space charge layer near electrode is thought to be formed due to carrier injection under AC high‐field application. Usually, the carrier mobility becomes smaller on lowering the temperature. Most of the carriers injected from the electrode are trapped near the electrode in the sample film. But in the high‐temperature region, the carrier mobility becomes larger and the carrier injection starts to increase from lower field. Many more carriers are injected from the electrode. It is thought that some of the injected carriers are trapped inside the sample film; the others go through the sample to the opposite side. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 8–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10018
Temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor during large current flow
Authors: Miyazaki Hiroshi , Kitamura Satoshi
Published: October 2002

In this paper, the temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor was precisely measured and examined, conducted as part of a series of studies on large currents in transmission lines. The study results may be summarized as follows: (1) The temperature difference within the conductor cross section increases as the square of the current; however, even at a current equal to 50% more than the allowable current, the maximum temperature difference within the aluminum components is from 5 °C (ACSR 410 mm2) to 6 °C (ACSR 810 mm2). (2) The results of measurements of the conductance between outer‐layer and inner‐layer aluminum strands in the conductor, and analysis of the current distribution in the inner and outer layers, indicated that even if the conductance were to drop sharply to 10,000 S/m, any inhomogeneity or concentration in the current distribution at a conductor connection joint has disappeared by 1.5 m or so from the tip of the joint. (3) According to measurements of the conductor temperature near a joint, the electrical resistance of the joint is lower than that of the same length conductor, so that the conductor temperature falls for 0.5 m or so from the tip of the joint. (4) Based on the above findings, the temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor accompanying the passage of large currents can be regarded as nearly uniform both across the conductor cross section, and in the conductor length direction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 38–45, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10041
From good and bad to can and must: subjective necessity of acts associated with positively and negatively valued stimuli
Authors: Peeters Guido
Published: October 2002

In Study 1, 24 participants generated sentences expressing ways of dealing with positively and negatively valued noun stimuli (objects and humans). They were instructed to begin each sentence with One + auxiliary verb. The auxiliary was to be selected from a set including auxiliaries expressing high (must) and low (can) necessity. As predicted on the basis of a minimal nonsocial model of behavioral adaptation, higher necessity was associated with negative stimuli than with positive stimuli. In Study 2, this effect was replicated using trait adjectives as stimuli. Consistent with the model, the effect was produced by stimulus valences belonging to an approach‐avoidance related evaluative dimension ‘other‐profitability’. However, additional effects, involving an alternative evaluative dimension ‘self‐profitability’, were not fully accounted for by the model. They suggested that genuine social factors were involved that, however, were only required to explain some marginal effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reference and group membership: evidence for a group‐reference effect
Authors: Johnson Craig , Gadon Orly , Carlson Don , Southwick Sarah , Faith Myles , Chalfin Julie
Published: October 2002

Two experiments were designed to explore whether encoding information in reference to a group would facilitate the later recall of that information to the same extent as encoding with reference to the self. In both experiments, participants encoded adjectives with reference to the self, semantic properties, or a group and were subsequently given a surprise‐free recall test. In Experiment 1 (N = 37), the participants' university served as the reference group. In Experiment 2 (N=41), the participants' family served as the reference group. In both experiments, self‐reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing, replicating the typical self‐reference effect (SRE). More importantly, strong evidence for a group‐reference effect (GRE) was found in that group‐reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing and in fact facilitated recall to the same extent as self‐referencing. The existing explanations (schemas, organization, elaboration, mental cueing, and evaluation) for the SRE were compared with regard to their viability in accounting for the GRE patterns. We discuss additional features that may be important in the explanation of the SRE and suggest future directions for research on group‐referencing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotypic ingroup bias as self‐defense against relative deprivation: evidence from a longitudinal study of the German unification process
Authors: Schmitt Manfred , Maes Jürgen
Published: October 2002

In a longitudinal questionnaire field study on psychological consequences of German unification, the intergroup situation between East and West Germans was investigated. Data were collected in 1996 and 1998. The sample consisted of 585 East Germans and 387 West Germans who had never lived in the other part of Germany. It was assumed that East Germans' social identity is threatened due to their fraternal deprivation in comparison with West Germans. It was predicted that East Germans would employ ingroup bias as an identity management strategy in order to protect their emotional well‐being against harmful consequences of fraternal deprivation. In line with this prediction, it was found that (a) East Germans feel fraternally deprived compared to West Germans on important quality of life dimensions, (b) they display ingroup bias vis‐à‐vis West Germans, (c) ingroup bias increases with increasing East German identity, (d) ingroup bias is determined longitudinally by relative deprivation, and (e) ingroup bias buffers the effect of relative deprivation on mental health over time. As expected, ingroup bias and the effects of ingroup bias were larger for the dimension of personal integrity than for the dimensions of sympathy and competence. Ingroup bias is interpreted as compensatory self‐enhancement. West Germans feel fraternally privileged compared to East Germans and consider their advantages to be undeserved. Unexpectedly, West Germans display outgroup bias on the stereotype dimensions of integrity. This bias is interpreted as an effort to appease the moral outrage of East Germans and to silence their own guilty conscience due to undeserved advantages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term changes in the plan shape of a sandy beach in response to sheltering by a nearshore mud bank, Cayenne, French Guiana
Authors: Anthony Edward J. , Gardel Antoine , Dolique Franck , Guiral Daniel
Published: October 2002

Montjoly is a headland‐bound embayed sandy beach in Cayenne, French Guiana, that shows long‐term plan shape equilibrium in spite of periodic changes in accretion and erosion that alternately affect either end of the beach. These changes are caused by mud banks that move alongshore from the Amazon. The mechanisms involved in changes in the plan shape of the beach in response to the passage of one of these mud banks were monitored between 1997 and 2000 from airborne video imagery and field work. The beach longshore drift to the northwest, driven by the incident easterly to northeasterly swell usually affecting this coast, became temporarily reversed as the mud bank, migrating from east to west, initially sheltered the southeastern end of the beach. The difference in exposure to waves engendered a negative wave height gradient alongshore towards the southeast, resulting in the setting up of a cell circulation and counter‐active longshore drift from the exposed northwestern sector to the southeast. Sand eroded from the exposed sector accumulated first in the southeastern, and then the central sectors of the beach. The effect of increasing beach sheltering by the mudbank moving west is highlighted on the videographs by an ‘arrested’ pattern of beach shoreline development. The videographs show hardly any changes in beach plan shape since January 1999, due to sheltering of the beach from wave attack by the mud bank. It is expected that the eroded sector will recover in the future as the mud bank passes, leading to re‐establishment of the northwesterly sand drift. This temporally phased bi‐directional drift within the confines of the bounding headlands results in a rare example of mud‐bank‐induced beach rotation, and probably explains the long‐term equilibrium plan shape of Montjoly beach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel computation of viscous incompressible flows using Godunov‐projection method on overlapping grids
Authors: Pan H. , Damodaran M.
Published: October 2002

The Godunov‐projection method is implemented on a system of overlapping structured grids for solving the time‐dependent incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. This projection method uses a second‐order fractional step scheme in which the momentum equation is solved to obtain the intermediate velocity field which is then projected on to the space of divergence‐free vector fields. The Godunov procedure is applied to estimate the non‐linear convective term in order to provide a robust discretization of this terms at high Reynolds number. In order to obtain the pressure field, a separate procedure is applied in this modified Godunov‐projection method, where the pressure Poisson equation is solved. Overlapping grids are used to discretize the flow domain, as they offer the flexibility of simplifying the grid generation around complex geometrical domains. This combination of projection method and overlapping grid is also parallelized and reasonable parallel efficiency is achieved. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of this combination of the Godunov‐projection method and the overlapping grid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner: Part II—multi‐objective constrained optimization method
Authors: Peng Guoyi , Cao Shuliang , Ishizuka Masaru , Hayama Shinji
Published: October 2002

This paper is concerned with the design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner blade geometry. In order to obtain a better design plan with good performance, a new comprehensive performance optimization procedure has been presented by combining a multi‐variable multi‐objective constrained optimization model with a Q3D inverse computation and a performance prediction procedure. With careful analysis of the inverse design of axial hydraulic turbine runner, the total hydraulic loss and the cavitation coefficient are taken as optimization objectives and a comprehensive objective function is defined using the weight factors. Parameters of a newly proposed blade bound circulation distribution function and parameters describing positions of blade leading and training edges in the meridional flow passage are taken as optimization variables.

The optimization procedure has been applied to the design optimization of a Kaplan runner with specific speed of 440 kW. Numerical results show that the performance of designed runner is successfully improved through optimization computation. The optimization model is found to be validated and it has the feature of good convergence. With the multi‐objective optimization model, it is possible to control the performance of designed runner by adjusting the value of weight factors defining the comprehensive objective function. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data assimilation of local model error forecasts in a deterministic model
Authors: Babovic V. , Fuhrman D. R.
Published: October 2002

One of the most popular data assimilation techniques in use today are of the Kalman filter type, which provide an improved estimate of the state of a system up to the current time level, based on actual measurements. From a forecasting viewpoint, this corresponds to an updating of the initial conditions. The standard forecasting procedure is to then run the model uncorrected into the future, driven by predicted boundary and forcing conditions. The problem with this methodology is that the updated initial conditions quickly ‘wash‐out’, thus, after a certain forecast horizon the model predictions are no better than from an initially uncorrected model. This study demonstrates that through the assimilation of error forecasts (in the present case made using so‐called local models) entire model domains can be corrected for extended forecast horizons (i.e. long after updated initial conditions have become washed‐out), thus demonstrating significant improvements over the conventional methodology. Some alternate uses of local models are also explored for the re‐distribution of error forecasts over the entire model domain, which are then compared with more conventional Kalman filter type schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can cointegration‐based forecasting outperform univariate models? An application to Asian exchange rates
Authors: McCrae Michael , Lin Yan‐Xia , Pavlik Daniel , Gulati Chandra M.
Published: October 2002

Conventional wisdom holds that restrictions on low‐frequency dynamics among cointegrated variables should provide more accurate short‐ to medium‐term forecasts than univariate techniques that contain no such information; even though, on standard accuracy measures, the information may not improve long‐term forecasting. But inconclusive empirical evidence is complicated by confusion about an appropriate accuracy criterion and the role of integration and cointegration in forecasting accuracy. We evaluate the short‐ and medium‐term forecasting accuracy of univariate Box–Jenkins type ARIMA techniques that imply only integration against multivariate cointegration models that contain both integration and cointegration for a system of five cointegrated Asian exchange rate time series. We use a rolling‐window technique to make multiple out of sample forecasts from one to forty steps ahead. Relative forecasting accuracy for individual exchange rates appears to be sensitive to the behaviour of the exchange rate series and the forecast horizon length. Over short horizons, ARIMA model forecasts are more accurate for series with moving‐average terms of order >1. ECMs perform better over medium‐term time horizons for series with no moving average terms. The results suggest a need to distinguish between ‘sequential’ and ‘synchronous’ forecasting ability in such comparisons. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity analysis: Practically and conceptually flawed?
Authors: Tomlinson Ian P.M. , Lambros Maryou B.K. , Roylance Rebecca R. , Cleton‐Jansen Anne‐Marie
Published: October 2002

The Knudson “two‐hit” hypothesis has provided the rationale for studies that aim to identify tumor‐suppressor genes by mapping regions of allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity, LOH). Although LOH has been found in practically all types of tumors, very few such projects have been successful in identifying their tumor‐suppressor targets. The prime explanation for this failure is probably that researchers have, in general, been too credulous about the two‐hit hypothesis, and too willing to ignore factors such as intratumor heterogeneity, contamination by normal cells, karyotypic complexity, homozygous deletions, gene dosage changes, and polymerase chain reaction artifacts. We suggest ways of minimizing these problems. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that existing or newer methods, such as genomic microarrays and in situ single‐nucleotide polymorphism analysis, will solve the difficulties of LOH analysis. The future prospects for LOH studies are, as ever, uncertain. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cDNA resource from the basal chordate Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Satou Yutaka , Yamada Lixy , Mochizuki Yasuaki , Takatori Naohito , Kawashima Takeshi , Sasaki Akane , Hamaguchi Makoto , Awazu Satoko , Yagi Kasumi , Sasakura Yasunori , Nakayama Akie , Ishikawa Hisayoshi , Inaba Kazuo , Satoh Nori
Published: October 2002

Summary: The genome of the basal choradate Ciona intestinalis contains a basic set of genes with less redundancy compared to the vertebrate genome. Extensive EST analyses, cDNA sequencing, and clustering yielded “Ciona intestinalis Gene Collection Release 1,” which contains cDNA clones for 13,464 genes, covering nearly 85% of the Ciona mRNA species. This release is ready for use in cDNA cloning, micro/macroarray analysis, and other comprehensive genome‐wide analyses for further molecular studies of basal chordates. genesis 33:153–154, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarrays and genetic epidemiology: A multipurpose tool for a multifaceted field
Authors: Dalma‐Weiszhausz Dennise D. , Chicurel Marina E. , Gingeras Thomas R.
Published: October 2002

The advent of molecular technologies that allow the collection and analysis of large amounts of genetic data is rapidly transforming the field of genetic epidemiology. Whether monitoring infectious outbreaks or identifying genotypic variations that underlie disease susceptibility, genetic epidemiology relies heavily on the analysis of multiple, independently derived results. By allowing the simultaneous monitoring of thousands of genetic or expression data points, microarrays are emerging as particularly powerful tools. Several recent reviews have described array manufacturing and the types of scientific questions that can exploit this technology, but few have addressed how the intended use of an array can dictate its design. This review will focus on this latter issue, with particular emphasis on the genetic epidemiology of infectious disease. The design of arrays for genotyping, expression profiling, and fingerprinting are presented, and examples of recent epidemiological studies are used to illustrate the applications' strong points and limitations. In addition to discussing arrays' ability to provide global views of gene identity or function, the review will describe design options for creating arrays that detect multiple genetic variations. It will also examine the reliability of array‐generated fingerprints, assay accessibility, and possibilities for sharing and comparing data across studies. Although many challenges lie ahead, microarrays' multiple abilities appear uniquely poised to accelerate the advance of genetic epidemiology's multiple fronts. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:4–20, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.