bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrinolytic Activity in Human Saliva
Authors: ALBRECHTSEN OLE K. , THAYSEN JØKN HESS
Published: December 2008

1. Human parotid saliva and mixed saliva from the mouth have been investigated in a search for a fibrinolytic system similar to the systems found in human blood, milk, lacrymal fluid, urine and seminal fluid.

2. Small and variable amounts of a plasminogen activator and large amounts of a proactivator of plasminogen were found. Plasminogen was absent. A slight trace of inhibitory activity against trypsin was recorded in only one sample. All other normal samples showed no inhibitory activity.

3. The fibrinolytic system in saliva thus differs from the system in blood and is similar to those in other secretions.

4. The activity was larger in unstimulated parotid saliva than in the stimulated parotid saliva from the same person.
Measurement of the Extracellular Fluid Volume by Thiosulfate. II. The relation between the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate and the volume of distribution of inulin
Authors: Ikkos Denis , Ljunggren Håkan , Luft Rolf , Sjögren Björn
Published: December 2008

The volumes of distribution of inulin and thiosulfate were compared in 24 healthy adults and 14 patients. The apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate (VTS) was found to be of the same magnitude as that of inulin (VIN), the mean VTS: VIN ratio being 1.03 ± 0.02.

The discrepancies between apparent VTS and VIN were rather large, the VTS: VIN ratio ranging between 0.70 and 1.33 with a coefficient of variation of 13.9 per cent. These discrepancies could be in part accounted for by the variations of the rate of disappearance of thiosulfate from plasma.

An equation is presented for the calculation of the volume of distribution of inulin from the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate.
Comments on H. Dahlström's Criticism of Sjöstrand's Method of Indirect Determination of the Carboxyhemoglobin concentration in Man.
Authors: Sjöstrand Torgny
Published: December 2008

Dahlström's criticism of the present author's method for determination of the COHb‐concentration of the blood in vivo, by calculating the pO2 and pCO of the alveolar air, and the method based on these values for determination of the total amount of hemoglobin and blood volume does not hold good for the following reasons:

Dahlström has not determined satisfactorily the error in the methods employed by him for calculating the proportionality constant of the relation between the alveolar pCO and the COHb‐concentration of the blood.

Dahlström has not, apparently, paid any attention to the establishment of an equilibrium between the concentration of carbon monoxide in the rebreathing system and the blood.

To judge from Dahlström's statements, a leakage must have occurred in the rebreathing system or at its connection to the test subjects.

The values published by Dahlström represent a selection from a bigger material, without his specifying the principles of that selection.
Reproduction Capacity of Rats in Relation to Diet
Authors: Christensen Frede , Dam Henrik
Published: December 2008

The protective effect of vitamin E on the reproduction capacity of female rats was less on a diet containing no added fat where vitamins A and D were given in a colloidal aqueous solution than on a corresponding diet where peanut oil was used as a solvent for these vitamins, whereby 3 mg of linoleic acid was furnished each rat per day. Methylene blue showed less protective effect with the aforementioned more strictly fat‐free diet than in earlier experiments using peanut oil as a solvent for vitamins A and D. Methylene blue showed some toxic effect.

Certain observations concerning Antabuse and N.D.G.A. are reported.
The Utilization of D‐Valine for Growth in Rats
Authors: Wretlind Arvid
Published: December 2008

An investigation has been made to ascertain the reason for the difference between the results of earlier workers with respect to the utilization of D‐valine for growth.

It was found that 2 per cent of D‐valine in a diet containing the essential amino acids in the racemic form was unable to produce growth either in normal or in protein‐depleted rats. In similar experiments with the diet used by White, Fones and Sober, D‐valine was found to produce growth.

A systematic study was made of the factors distinguishing the two diets. It was shown that neither the vitamin content, fat content, type of carbohydrates, non‐essential amino acids, nor the optical activity of histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine or tryptophane was of any great importance in this respect. On the other hand, it was observed that when the diet contained the racemic form of leucine, D‐valine failed to produce growth or gave a very poor growth. When the racemic form of leucine was replaced by the L form, D‐valine was much better utilized and brought about a gain in weight.

These experiments clearly showed that the conversion of D‐valine into the L form is inhibited by D‐leucine. This is in agreement with earlier investigations, in which it has been shown that the D form of certain amino acids influences the utilization of D‐methionine. It is stressed that it is therefore necessary, in future studies on nutrition, always to bear in mind the possibility of competitive inhibition in the utilization of the D‐amino acids by the organism.

The reason for which D‐valine does not produce growth in certain cases, even when the diet contains L‐leucine, has been found to be an insufficient concentration of D‐valine.
On the Sulphate Metabolism of‘ the Sulphocerebrosides of the Brain.
Authors: HOLMGÁRD ÁKE
Published: December 2008

S35‐labelled sodium sulphate is injected subcutaneously into rats. and the radioactivity in the cerebroside fractions of the brain is determined. Some exchange is found to take place between the ester sulphate of the sulphocerebrosides and the labelled free sulphates.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: HOLMQVIST B. , LUNDBERG A. , OSCARSSON O.
Published: December 2008

Intra‐axonal recording in Flechsig's fasciculus was used for a further investigation of the functional organization of the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract.

After ipsilateral section of lumbar and sacral dorsal roots, many neurons identified as belonging to the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract (neurons activated by group I muscle afferents) were found to have a resting discharge. In silent neurons a discharge could be made to appear after repetitive stimulation of dorsal roots. It is concluded that these neurons receive excitatory action from interneurons.

Convergence of excitation and inhibition onto DSCT neurons from various muscles was studied with the use of electrical stimulation of muscle nerves as well as with adequate activation of stretch receptors.

As evidenced by monosynaptic excitation on single shock stimulation of muscle nerves, convergence of excitatory action mediated by group I afferents was found to be rather limited. A number of neurons can only be fired from one muscle nerve but some from as many as three out of seven nerves (including non‐synergists).

Convergence of inhibitory action mediated by group I afferents is extensive also from other muscles than the antagonist of the nerve supplying the main excitatory action.
Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body Size, and Total Hemoglobin in Normal Man.
Authors: von DÖBELN WILHELM
Published: December 2008

Prom theoretical reasoning the maximal energy output of humans rimy he expected to be a linear function of (weight adipose tissue)2/3.

In a material of 65 human male and female subjects the value for the exponent was empirically found to he 0.71 ± 0.056.

The correlation coefficimt between (weight — adiposetissuc)2/3and maximal oxygen intake, though slightly higher. Was not significantly different from the correlation coefficient between total hemoglobin and maximal oxygen intake.

The total amount of hemoglobin was correlated with (weight — adipose tissue)2/3witha correlation coefficient of 0.85. The partial correlation coefficient between total hemoglobin and maximal oxygen intakes after elimination of the influence of body size was 0.25.
Renal Blood Flow in Experimental Hydronephrosis
Authors: IDBOHRN H. , MUREN A.
Published: December 2008

Renal blood flow has been estimated by measuring the venous return from both kidneys simultaneously in acute experiments on rabbits.

Control experiments showed no significant difference between the two normal kidneys.

From 1 to 17 weeks after ligation of one ureter the blood flow was reduced to about 40 percent on the obstructed side while there was a corresponding increase on the other side. The alterations developed rapidly during the first week and were fairly constant after the fourth week of obstruction.

Kidney weight increased markedly on the obstructed side

during the first three weeks while there was a slight increase only on the other side.

Pelvic fluid pressure increased during the first two weeks whereafter a slow fall was observed. The quantity of fluid. on the other hand, increased up to the sixth week.
The Mechanism of the Disruption of Mast Cells Produced by Compound 48/801
Authors: HÖUGBERG BERTIL , UVNÄUS BÖURJE
Published: December 2008

The present studies were made on mast cells in the rat mesentery.

The disruption of mast cells by 48/80 was inhibited by various metal salts and other enzyme inhibitors.

Among numerous enzymes studied, only lecithinase A had the ability to disrupt mast cells. Trypsin, fibrinolysin, ribonuclease, hyaluronidase, etc. were inactive.

The disruptive action of lecithinase A was inhibited by the same agents which inhibited the action of 48/80.

The action of 48/80 was temperature‐dependent. It was inhibited below 20°C and above 45°—50°C. The inhibition above 45°—50°C was irreversible.

The effect of 48/80 was inhibited by incubation with acetic anhydride and 1,3‐diphosphoimidazole. The acetylation was not reserved under conditions which hydrolyzed phenyl acetate and thiol acetate. Dephosphorylation caused a disruption without the addition of a liberator.

Polyvalent immune serum against snake venom, “Antivenin”, and specific immune serum (from rabbits) against lecithinase A (from bee venom), blocked in high doses the disruptive action of both lecithinase A and of 48/80.

The observations are considered to support the hypothesis that 48/80 acts by activating a lytic anzyme attached to the mast cell mebrane. The activity of the enzyme is normally blocked by an inhibitor. When this inhibitor is removed, as by liberators such as 48/80, the enzyme becomes active and the membrane structures are attacked.

The implications of our mast cell enzyme theory for the histamine release produced by other releasers, for that occurring in anaphylactic reactions, etc., are discussed. Attention is drawn to the possible applicability of similar enzyme theories to biologically occurring and pharmacologically produced changes in membrane permeability.
The Nature of the Frog Skin Potential
Authors: KOEFOED‐JOHNSEN VALBORG , USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

1. The outside of the isolated frog skin in the absence of penetrating anions behaves over a wide range of concentrations as a sodium electrode, while the inward‐facing surface behaves like a potassium electrode.

2. A theory concerning the origin of the frog skin potential is put forward based on these observations and the assumption that the active transport of sodium is located at the inward‐facing membrane of the epithelial cells.

3. Reasons are given for the hypothesis that the active transport of sodium in reality is a forced exchange of sodium against potassium.
Studies on the Relationship between Olfactory Stimulating Effectiveness and Physico‐Chemical Properties of Odorous Compounds
Authors: OTTOSON D.
Published: December 2008

The relationship between the olfactory stimulating effectiveness and the chemical and physical properties of a number of odorous compounds has been studied. As a measure of the eff iciency has been taken the magnitude of the slow potential evoked in the olfactory mucosa in the frog. Aliphatic alcohols of equimolar concentrations were found to be increasingly stimulating up to a certain maximum with increasing chain length. A similar increase was also found for aldehydes and ketones while in the series of fatty acids the relation between stimulative effect and chain length was less regular. It was further found that the partial vapour pressures for alcohols of equal stimulating power increase approximately linearly Kith the saturated vapour pressures. In terms of thermodynamic activities the alcohols of intermediate chain length are equally stimulating while the lower alcohols are less effective.

The relationship between the different molecular parameters and the olfactory stimulative power of the studied compounds is discussed and the similarity between the results obtained in the present investigation and those in studies of olfaction in insects is pointed out.
Cardiovascular Effects of Direct Stimulation of the Carotid Sinus Nerve in Man.
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , FOLKOW BJÖRN , GRIMBY GUNNAR , HAMBERGER CARL‐AXEL , THULESIUS. OLAF
Published: December 2008

Direct stimulations of the carotid sinus nerve have been performed in man during operations of tumours in the neck. Definite reflex responses were obtained already at low stimulation rates, with maximal effects around 40–60 impulses per sec.

A reflex bradycardia and a blood pressure fall with a decreased pulse amplitude was obtained. Concomitantly there was a marked fall in resistance to blood flow within the forearm vascular bed.

The fall in pulse pressure is in all probability due to a decreased stroke volume, secondary to a reduced venous return when the capacity vessels are widened, and to an dimination of the positive inotropic effect on the heart, as a consequence of the generalized reflex inhibition of sympathetic tone.

Stimulation of the cranial sympathetic trunk gave no evidence of any activation of the carotid baroreceptors, secondary to increased intramural tension, as has been reported in some animal species.
Mechanism of tho Release by Componnd 48/80 of Histamine and of a Lipid‐Soluble Smooth Muscle Stimulating Principle (“SRS”)
Authors: CHAKRAVARTY NIRMAL , HÖGBERG BERTIL , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Compound 48/80 releases histamine and a lipid‐soluble smooth muscle contracting substance (“SRS”) in the perfused cat paw. The time‐course and dose‐response curves of histamine and “SRS” release were strikingly parallel. Nonspecific enzyme inhibitors such as polysaccharides and “polysalicylic acid”, and SH‐blocking agents — such as allicin and iodo‐acetate — blocked the release of both histamine and “SRS”. Heating of the paws to 45° C for 15 min had the same blocking effect. The observations support the hypothesis that compound 48/80 releases histamine in the cat paw by activating an enzymatic mechanism and that “SRS” is a product of the same or a similar mechanism.
Intermittent and Continuous Running (A further contribution to the physiology of intermittent work.)
Authors: Christensen Erik Hohwü , Hedman Rune , Saltin Bengt
Published: December 2008

Intermittent running on a tread mill at a speed of 20 km/h (12.4 miles/h) is analysed and a comparison between this work and continuous running at the same speed has been done. The present results are in agreement with the assumption that stored oxygen plays an important role for the oxygen supply during short spells of heavy work. When running intermittent 6.67 km in 30 min (effective work 20 min and rest 10 min), a trained subject attained a total O2 uptake of 150 1. With an O2 uptake of 0.4 1/min at rest standing at the tread mill, or 4 1 per 10 min of rest, 146 1 O2 are due to the 20 min of work. The actual uptake at work was only 101 1 and if normal values are assumed during rest pauses, a deficit in oxygen transport of 45 1 arises during the 20 min of actual work. This quantity will be taken up during the 120 rest pauses of 5 sec each. Two thirds of the oxygen demand during the 120 work periods of 10 sec each will accordingly be supplied by oxygen transported with the blood during work, and one third will be covered by a reduction in the available oxygen stores in the muscles, which in turn will be reloaded during the subsequent 5 sec rest periods. Respiratory and circulatory functions at intermittent and continuous running with special reference to maximal values are discussed. Research on intermittent work may open up a new field in work physiology.
Bile Acid Pool in the Rat: Bile Acids and Steroids. 78.
Authors: Eriksson Sten
Published: December 2008

The size of the cholic acid pool in the rat has been determined by isotope dilution of the cholic acid in the intestinal tract. A cholic acid pool of about 7 mg per 100 g body weight was found. About 25 % of the cholic acid pool is found in the cecum. The total daily production of unconjugated bile acids in the rat is estimated to about 2.2 mg per 100 g body weight.
Intracellular Potential Measurements from the Ciliary Processes of the Rabbit Eye in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Berggren Lennart
Published: December 2008

The ciliary processes in the rabbit's eye were explored by micro‐electrodes. On penetrating the epithelial layers with the electrode two well defined levels of potential difference were measured between the penetrating electrode and the external reference electrode. In experiments conducted in vitro the first potential step was about – 30 mV and is suggested to appear when the electrode penetrated the unpigmented cell layer. The second step is suggested to appear when the electrode penetrated the pigmented cell layer. The measured potential difference between the electrodes was – 60 mV during this step. At further penetration it was found that the stroma was nearly equi‐potential with the external fluid. These potential differences disappeared when the preparation was kept in a potassium free solution and when it was poisoned by cyanide.

A small number of successful experiments in vivo confirmed the findings made in vitro.
Gesamthämoglobinmenge und Blutvolumen der normalen, anämischen und polycythämischen Ratte, bestimmt mit CO und Cr51
Authors: Engstedt Lars , Perić Branko , Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

In normal, anemic and polycythemic rats the blood volume and the total amount of hemoglobin have been determined by means of a modified alveolar CO method and Cr51 tagged erythrocytes. The Cr51 method gives on an average 10 per cent lower values than the CO method, both in normal, anemic and polycythemic animals. Reasons for this difference are discussed.
Observations on the Effect of Ethanol on the Urinary Excretion of Histamine, 5‐Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid, Catecholamines and 17‐Hydroxycorticosteroids in Man
Authors: Perman E. S.
Published: December 2008

Perman E. S. Observations on the effect of ethanol on the urinary excretion of histamine, 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid, catecholamines and 17‐hydroxy‐corticosteroids in man.

In healthy young men the urinary excretion of histamine and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid did not indicate that ethanol in moderate doses (0.5‐0.7 g/kg) releases histamine or serotonin in the organism. This makes it unlikely that flushing produced by moderate ethanol doses is associated with the release of one of these substances. The adrenaline excretion after ethanol (0.3‐0.4 g/kg) indicated a modest and short‐lasting effect on the adrenal medullary secretion. The significance of this effect is discussed. No evidence for a concomitant change in the secretion from the adrenal cortex after ethanol (0.5‐0.7 g/kg) was obtained.
The Effect of Testosterone, Progesterone and Estrogen on the Acetylating Activity in Rat Liver and Kidney Preparations
Authors: Luukkainen Tapani
Published: December 2008

Luukkainen T. The effect of testosterone, progesterone and estrogen on the acetylating activity in rat liver and kidney.

The acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid has been studied in vitro in rat liver and kidney preparations after the treatment of the rats with gonadal steroids. It was observed that none of these steroids in the doses used had any effect on the acetylation in the liver tissue. In the kidney tissue of male rats estrogen treatment clearly decreased the acetylation, progesterone had no effect, and testosterone may increase the acetylating kidney tissue in female rats.
Early Blood Leucocyte Changes in Mice and Guinea Pigs Following X‐Irradiation and Stress Caused by Operative Manipulations
Authors: Forssberg A. , Tribukait B. , Vikterlöf K.‐J.
Published: December 2008

Rapid shifts in the relative frequencies of the white cells of animals may occur following injection e. g. of toxins or other agents, radiation, but even mechanical manipulations (Jacobson 1954, Craddock 1960). The present work demonstrates the complexity of the reactions and the species differences between mice and guinea pigs following X‐radiation and the manipulations (sham irradiation). A detailed survey (Table I‐III) shows, that in mice eosinophils decrease following sham and X‐radiation, that monocytes fall significantly by sham treatment but not furtheron after radiation, that rods increase continuously in number by application of sham treatment and X‐rays. In these and other respects guinea pigs show a different behaviour, bearing witness to the multiformity of the reactions.

Leucocytes in general are apt to be released into the circulation from myeloid marrow at short notice. The capillary beds of various tissues seems to afford another reservoir (Harris 1959, Osgood 1954). The highly differentiated mode of reaction of the various leucocytes and the species differences is however not easily accounted for on the notion of a simple mechanism regulating the flow to and from the circulating blood.

The habitual action of ionizing radiation on the white cell picture of the circulating blood is that of causing a general concentration fall, which becomes manifest some 6–8 hours post‐irradiation. The magnitude and duration of this decrease is dose dependant and may serve as an indication of a radiation influence of the organism in practice. Foregoing this stage a period of very rapid concentration changes during the first hours was noticed by many workers, although detailed analyses do not seem to have been performed.

On the other hand the white cells are very motile and a flow to and from the circulation is caused by a variety of measures including injections of chemicals, hormones among others. It may well be that the irradiation effects are mediated through release of some such substances. The complexity of the early white cell reactions was realised from our preliminary trials, and particularly the species differences between mice and guinea pigs. This induced us to a general survey of the early radiation reactions, including also the simultaneous stress effects caused by the mechnical manipulations of the animals.
In‐Vivo Decarboxylation of α‐Methyl DOPA and α‐Methyl Metatyrosine
Authors: Carlsson Arvid , Lindqvist Margit
Published: December 2008

α‐Methyl DOPA (DOPA = 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) and α‐methyl metatyrosine were injected to mice (400 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The former amino acid was also injected to rabbits (200 mg/kg intravenously). At varying intervals after the injection the brains were examined for monoamines (5‐hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, dopamine, and α‐methyl analogues). A transient decrease in 5‐hydroxytryptamine and dopamine and a prolonged and more marked decrease in noradrenaline were observed. The α‐methyl amino acids were found to undergo decarboxylation and subsequent β‐hydroxylation in vivo. The drop in noradrenaline and dopamine levels in brain caused by the α‐methyl amino acids appears to be largely due to displacement by these decarboxylation products, which may possibly also take over the functions of the physiological amines.
Inhibition Evoked from the Region of the Caudate Nucleus in Cats
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt
Published: December 2008

Mosfeldt Laursen, A. Inhibition evoked from the region of the caudate nucleus in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 185–190. – Inhibition was studied in cats trained to perform an escape or avoidance jump. Immediate arrest of movement could be elicited with low intensity when stimulating through adjacent lead pairs of a 14 lead electrode situated in the internal capsule. The cat could be “frozen” in any phase of a hurdle passage. With lead pairs in the caudate arrest of movement could only be elicited with higher intensity of stimulation, the threshold increasing with increasing distance from the internal capsule.

Similarly, muscle action potentials evoked by stretch or by cortical stimulation in anesthetized and encéphale isole cats were only inhibited when stimulating through lead pairs situated in the internal capsule. Thus, there was no evidence of an inhibitory effect of caudate origin.
The Metabolism of 1‐C14 ‐Palmitic Acid in the Rat
Authors: Olivecrona Thomas
Published: December 2008

1‐G14‐palmitic acid bound to albumin has been injected intravenously to carbohydrate‐fed male rats and plasma, liver, adipose tissue and carcass activities studied. The halflife of the injected label was 0.61 min. It was estimated that 30 % of the plasma FFA flux was taken up by the liver; 70 %, by the body remainder. 5 min after the injection 97 % of the label recovered from the liver was in esterified form. More label entered the liver NFFA pool than the liver PLFA pool. The turnover rate of liver NFFA was higher than that of liver PLFA. The same relations held for plasma NFFA and PLFA. During the first hour about 3 % of the label was found in adipose tissue. No major differences were found between samples of perirenal, epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue. 80 min after the injection liver and plasma lipids had the same specific activities indicating that these pools had equilibrated. At 24 hours these pools still had higher specific activities than the carcass lipids, indicating that complete mixing had still not taken place.
Effects of Chronic Central Cooling on Alimentation and Thermoregulation
Authors: Andersson B. , Gale C. C. , Sundsten J. W.
Published: December 2008

Chronic local cooling in the forebrain of 4 un‐anesthetized goats was achieved by perfusion of cold water for 1–7 days through implanted silver thermodes. In 2 goats with thermodes located in the pre‐optic region, chronic central cooling resulted in a marked inhibition of water consumption while causing little alteration of food intake. In a third goat with a thermode in the posterior pre‐optic area and the rostral hypothalamus, central cooling inhibited water intake but also increased food intake slightly. In contrast, in a fourth goat bearing a thermode rostrally in the ventromedial hypothalamus, prolonged chilling resulted in a considerable increase in hay consumption while failing to inhibit drinking. These data provide additional evidence in support of the thermostatic theory of the regulation of food intake (Brobeck 1948) and of water intake (Andersson and Larsson 1961); further, they reveal a differential response in alimentation to cooling of separate areas of the forebrain. On central cooling, all thermode goats rapidly developed sustained hyperthermia without shivering declining over 1–3 days upon cessation of central cooling. The sustained hyperthermia may be the result of peripheral vasoconstriction combined with increased metabolism of non‐shivering origin. To explain the present results, there is no need to postulate the existence of central “cold receptors” or “hypothermia detectors” within the cooled part of the brain.
Release of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Histamine from Rat Mast Cells1
Authors: Moran N. C. , Uvnäs B. , Westerholm Barbro
Published: December 2008

The release of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells was studied. Major variations of amine content per cell were noted. Compound 48/80, n‐decylamine, polymyxin B, phospholipase A and distilled water released 5‐HT and histamine. The concentration‐response curve for 5‐HT to 48/80 was parallel to that of histamine. The number of histamine molecules released, considered as a ratio of the number of 48/80 molecules in the medium, ranged from 4 to over 40, whereas the corresponding ratio for 5‐HT ranged from less than 1 to approximately 2. The amine release by 48/80 was dependent upon pH and temperature and took place within 20 sec at 22° C. Certain enzyme inhibitors such as allicin (SH group inhibitor) and ninhydrin (NH2 group inhibitor) blocked the amine release. Dinitrophenol inhibited the release only in glucose‐free medium. Sodium cyanide, 10‐4M, and anoxia inhibited the release of neither amine. The results suggest that 5‐HT is released from mast cells by the same mechanism as is histamine. The data are in agreement with previous evidence from this laboratory favouring an enzymatic mechanism of release of histamine by polymer amine releasing agents.
Determination of the Hepatic Galactose Elimination Capacity after a Single Intravenous Injection in Man: The reproducibility and the influence of uneven distribution
Authors: Tygstrup Niels
Published: December 2008

Tygstrup, N. Determination of the hepatic galactose elimination capacity after a single intravenous injection in man. The reproducibility and the influence of uneven distribution. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 162–172. — The hepatic galactose elimination capacity was determined from the disappearance curve in blood after a single intravenous injection. Using conventional principles for the calculation the results in repeated experiments were reproducible within 10 per cent. Comparison of the results obtained by this method with those of an infusion method showed that the latter were consistently smaller. This difference, amounting to an average of 15 per cent, might be caused by uneven distribution of galactose between its intra‐ and extravascular volume of distribution. From theoretical considerations it was deduced that the uneven distribution might be corrected for by parallel displacement of the arterial concentration curve along the time axis. Experiments with continuous infusions at different rates indicated that on the average the curve of the mean concentrations in the body was delayed 7 min in relation to the arterial curve. When the single injection experiments were corrected for this delay, the difference between the results of single injection and infusion experiments disappeared.
The Permeability of Capillaries in Various Organs as Determined by Use of the ‘Indicator Diffusion’ Method
Authors: Crone Christian
Published: December 2008

Crone, C. The permeability of capillaries in various organs as deter‐mined by use of the ‘Indicator Diffusion’ method. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 292—305. — The theory of a single injection technique, the ‘Indicator Diffusion’ method, for quantitative studies of capillary permeability is developed. It is shown that the permeability of a capillary area can be expressed by three parameters: the initial extraction (E) of test substances added in a single injection to the blood flowing to an organ, the blood flow (Q) and the surface area (A) of the capillaries. The equation relating these figures is: P = (=/A) × loge1/(1—E). The permeability coefficients of capillaries in kidney, liver, lung, brain and hind limb to inulin and sucrose are reported. It is found that the permeability of capillaries varies considerably from organ to organ. It is questioned whether the pore model adequately describes the functional characteristics of the capillaries in the muscles. The existence of pores should result in a pronounced deviation of the ratio between the permeability coefficients for sucrose and inulin from the ratio between the free diffusion coefficients. This was not found to be the case.
The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla Vulgaris
Authors: STEEN JOHAN B.
Published: December 2008

Steen, Johan B. The physiology of the swimbladder of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris. III. The mechanism of gas secretion. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 221–241. — The mechanism of gas secretion has been investigated by analysis of blood samples from arteries and veins at both poles of the rete associated with the gas gland. During gas deposition, as measured by gas analyses of the bladder content, the blood is enriched in lactic acid as it circulates in the bladder epithelium. The pH of this blood is about 1 pH unit lower than that in the blood entering the rete from the gills. Part of the lactic acid diffuses from venous to arterial capillaries in the rete. A gradient in gas tension across the rete is produced partly by the existing acid gradient, and partly by the delayed response of the gas tension to the change in acid content which the blood undergoes as it passes the rete. The results strongly support the theory that gas concentration occurs by a counter current multiplication in the rete of a primary gradient induced by the addition of acid electrolytes to the venous blood. The measured values on acid content, pH and blood flow agree very well with the values which have been found adequate, through calculations on the potentialities of such systems, to produce gas pressures higher than those actually measured, and it is concluded that this secretory mechanism will explain secretion of all the atmospheric gases even in deep sea fishes.
An Improved Method for Fluorimetric Determination of Small Amounts of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Plasma and Tissues
Authors: Häggendal Jan
Published: December 2008

Häggendal, J. An improved method for fluorimetric determination of small amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma and tissues. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 242–254. — By the introduction of several modifications of the trihydroxyindole method for the determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline appreciable improvement of the sensitivity has been obtained. The blank values have been considerably reduced and stabilized by substituting dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in sodium sulfite solution for ascorbic acid. The eluate volume has been reduced and the degree of purification has been increased by a modified ion‐exchange procedure (Dowex 50 W‐X8). Deproteinization of plasma before the column procedure could be omitted. When this procedure was applied to 10 ml plasma obtained from normal persons at rest, noradrenaline spectra, with two activation peaks, were usually obtained. The average concentration of the noradrenaline was 0.3 ± 0.11 μg per litre of plasma. Normally no adrenaline was found. Noradrenaline occurred in plasma in both free and conjugated form.
Effects of Some Pharmacologically Active Amines on the Uptake of Arylalkylamines by Adrenal Medullary Granules
Authors: Jonasson J. , Rosengren E. , Waldeck B.
Published: December 2008

The effect of reserpine, chlorpromazine and related compounds on the uptake of catecholamines by the adrenal medullary granules from the cow has been studied in vitro. Both types of drugs were found to be competitive inhibitors of the adrenaline uptake by the granules. Thus they compete with adrenaline for the same groups in the uptake mechanism for catecholamines. Tryptamine was also found to accumulate in the granules but not by the same mechanism as used by the catecholamines and 5‐hydroxytryptamine, as Mg2+, ATP and reserpine did not have any influence on the uptake. The Km‐values for the uptake of adrenaline and 5‐hydroxytryptamine were 8 × 10‐4 and 1.1 × 10‐4, respectively.
Vascular Adjustments to Increased Transmural Pressure in Cat and Man with Special Reference to Shifts in Capillary Fluid Transfer
Authors: Mellander Stefan , ÖBerg Bengt , Odelram Hannes
Published: December 2008

When a vascular bed is exposed to an increased transmural pressure, as occurs in the lower extremities in man on standing, adjustments of the vascular tone take place which tend to protect the organism against excessive transcapillary loss of circulating fluid into the extravascular space. Thus, first, by closure of a number of the precapillary sphincter vessels, the size of the capillary surface area directly available for blood flow and hence for fluid exchange is reduced, and the rate of filtration correspondingly decreased. Second, by an increase of the ratio of precapillary to postcapillary flow resistance which increases the pressure drop across the precapillary resistance vessels, the rise in capillary pressure will be less than expected from the observed increase in arterial and venous pressures. From a quantitative point of view, the reduction of the capillary surface area seems to be by far the more important protective mechanism, as it was shown that in the human foot the rate of filtration per unit transcapillary pressure difference was decreased to only 1/3 to 1/8 of normal when the regional transmural pressure was increased by shifting from the supine to the erect posture.

The vascular rejponse parterns described are evidently brought into play mainly by a reinforcement of the local inherent automaticity of the vascular smooth muscle induced by the raised trans. nura1 pressure, but, in all probability, can be intensified to some extent by superimpored extrinsic vasomotor fiber influence. This active vascular adaptation to hydrostatic load seems to be of greater importance than extravaicular mechanisms for preventing edema formation in dep‐ndent regions in normal subjects during quiet standing.
Effect of Nicotine and Nicotine Analogues on Tissue and Urinary Catecholamines in the Rat
Authors: Westfall T. C.
Published: December 2008

The time response pattern of nicotine and the nicotine analogue 3‐pyrrolidino‐methylpyridine (W‐16) on the noradrenaline (NA) content of heart, spleen, kidney and liver was studied following intraperitoneal administration in rats. It was found that both compounds produced a transient but significant decrease. Nicotine produced an effect that was visible within 5 min with the NA content returning to control levels in 60–180 min. Although quantitatively different, W‐16 produced an effect qualitatively similar to nicotine. The effect of nicotine and several nicotine analogues on the 24‐hour urinary excretion of catecholamines was also studied in rats. Three out of four analogues investigated produced a slight increase in the excretion of adrenaline (A) and NA at high dose levels (5–10 mg/kg). At a dose of 1 mg/kg, nicotine produced a significant increase in the 24 hour urinary excretion of A but not NA.
Identification and Cellular Localization of the Catecholamines in the Retina and the Choroid of the Rabbit
Authors: HÄGGENDAL JAN , MALMFORS TORBJÖRN
Published: December 2008

Häggendal, J. and T. Malmfors. Identification and cellular localization of the catecholamines in the retina and the choroid of the rabbit. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 58–66. – By means of fluorescence microscopical and chemical methods the catecholamines of retinas and choroids were examined in rabbits normally, after treatment with drugs interfering with catecholamine storage, and after bilateral cervical sympathectomy. Dopamine was found to be the dominating catecholamine in the retina, 0.1–0.2 μg per g. It was localized to particular neurons. The results support the view that dopamine serves as the transmittor of these neurons. Noradrenaline was found in the choroid, 0.2–0.3 μg per g. It was localized to adrenergic vascular nerves.
The Distribution of Adrenergic Nerve Fibres to the Blood Vessels in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: FUXE KJELL , SEDVALL GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Fuxe K. and G. Sedvall. The distribution of adrenergic nerve fibres to the blood vessels in skeletal muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 75–86. The distribution and morphological construction of the adrenergic innervation to the various sections of the vascular bed in skeletal muscle of the cat were studied using a specific histochemical fluorescence technique. A typical adrenergic ground plexus (Hillarp 1946, 1959) was seen directly superimposed on the smooth muscle layer of the vessels. The nerve terminals seldom penetrated into this layer. The arteries entering the muscles showed only a sparse amount of adrenergic fibres, whereas the intra‐muscular arteries, arterioles and metarterioles exhibited a fairly rich supply. The innervation was uniform, no definite accumulation of adrenergic fibres being observed in any section of the vascular bed. The capillaries did not seem to receive any adrenergic fibres. The vessels on the venous side had a very sparse innervation. Single nerve bundles could be observed in relation to some small venules (20–40 μ) but only occasionally were adrenergic fibres seen around intramuscular veins with diameters above 50 μ. Possible mechanisms for the mediation of nervous vasoconstrictor stimuli to the various vessel sections are discussed.
The Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Rat VIII. Lauric Acid and Myristic Acid
Authors: GÖRANSSON GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Göransson, G. The metabolism of fatty acids in the rat. VIII. Lauric acid and myristic acid. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 383–386. –Either I‐C14‐lauric acid or l‐C14‐myristic acid together with 9–10‐H3‐palmitic acid were i. v. injected into fasted and refed male rats and the disappearance of label from the blood and the tissue distribution of label studied. Both lauric and myristic acid disappeared more rapidly than palmitic acid from the blood. In refed rats lauric acid was extracted even more rapidly than myristic acid. Lauric acid was oxidized at a higher rate than myristic acid and myristic acid was more rapidly oxidized than palmitic acid. More lauric acid label and myristic acid label was found in the liver“Neutral lipid plus FFA” than in the liver phospholipids. This skewed distribution was most marked for lauric acid in the fasted rats. The uneven distribution is discussed in relation to the fatty acid composition of the liver lipids, to certain feeding experiments and to the interconversion with other fatty acids.
Vagal Relaxation of the Stomach Experimental Re‐investigation of the Concept of the Transmission Mechanism
Authors: MARTINSON JAN
Published: December 2008

Martinson, J. Vagal relaxation of the stomach. Experimental re‐investigation of the concept of the transmission mechanism. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 453–462. – The vagus nerves contain efferent fibres capable of relaxing the corpus and fundus of the stomach. In experiments on cats this atropine‐resistant effect has been shown to differ in several respects from relaxation elicited by sympathetic stimulation or infusion of catecholamines. The vagal responses are more potent, their latency is shorter, and maximum response is attained at definitely lower frequencies. The responses to sympathetic stimulation wears off much more rapidly after the end of stimulation than does vagally induced gastric relaxation. Finally, the sympathetic or catecholamine gastric responses are more or less completely blocked by guanethidine or nethalide, which have hardly any effect on the vagal relaxation of the stomach. Hexamethonium inhibits vagal relaxation, and seems to be potentiated by atropine. It is concluded that the relaxation of the stomach on excitation of“high‐threshold” efferent vagal nerve fibres is mediated via preganglionic vagal fibres, which do not exert their effect by any adrenergic mechanism. It is still not possible to say what peripheral mechanism is actually responsible for this long‐lasting gastric relaxation.
Behavioural and Autonomic Patterns Evoked by Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamic Area in the Cat
Authors: Folkow Björn , Rubinstein Eduardo H.
Published: December 2008

Folkow. B. and E. H. Rubinstein. Behavioural and autonomic patterns evoked by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 292–299. ‐ Topical electrical stimulation of the so‐called ‘feeding centre’ and adjacent parts of the lateral hypothalamus of the cat was performed in awake animals. In some of the animals a clearly stimulus‐bound food consumption took place, and stimulation of the same structure produced in the anesthetized animals a fairly specific autonomic adjustment, involving activation of vagal fibres to the gastrointestinal tract and a sympathetically mediated cardiovascular adjustment, favoring gastrointestinal blood flow. The more frequently occurring behavioral response to stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area involved a searching or“appetitive” exploratory response without any actual food intake during the stimulation. When stimulation in the same electrode positions was performed in the anesthetized animals no consistent or clear‐cut autonomic adjustments could be observed. The possible interrelationship between the“feeding response” and the“exploratory response” is briefly discussed. These somatomotor and visceromotor response patterns differed markedly from those obtained by stimulation of more ventrally placed but closely adjacent parts of the lateral hypothalamus. The effects induced from these electrode positions, the“alarm response”, involved a well defined attack or flight reaction, coupled with a sympathetically mediated gastro‐intestinal inhibition and a characteristic cardiovascular adjustment. favouring muscle blood flow at the expense of gastro‐intestinal blood flow.
Ascending Monoamine Neurons to the Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Authors: Andén N.‐E. , Dahlström A. , Fuxe K. , Larsson K. , Olson L. , Ungerstedt U.
Published: December 2008

By means of sensitive and specific methods for histochemical and biochemical determination of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) we have succeeded in demonstrating and mapping out a number of ascending monoamine neuron systems from the lower brain stem by studying the anterograde and retrograde changes that occur in these neurons after various types of brain lesions. In this way it has been possible to discover: 1) a large, uncrossed nigro‐neostriatal DA neuron system; 2) a DA neuron system, arising from cell‐bodies in the mesen‐cephalon, ascending uncrossed in the medial forebrain bundle close to the nigro‐neostriatal DA fibres, and innervating e.g. the tuberculum olfactorium and nuc. accumbens; 3) ascending NA neuron systems with cell‐bodies situated mainly in the medulla oblongata and pons (locus coeruleus, formatio reticularis), and axons running uncrossed mainly in the medial forebrain bundle, innervating e.g. the limbic forebrain structures, the neocortex and the hypothalamus; 4) ascending 5‐HT' neurons with cell‐bodies situated mainly in the raphe nuclei of the mesencephalon (nuc. raphe dorsalis, nuc. raphe medianus), and axons running uncrossed mainly in the medial forebrain bundle, innervating e.g. the limbic forebrain structures and the hypothalamus. The effects observed on the amine levels of the neurons represent intraneuronal and not transsynaptic changes.
Adrenergic Nerve Function, Noradrenaline Level and Noradrenaline Uptake in Gat Nictitating Membrane after Reserpine Treatment
Authors: Andén Nils‐Erik , Henning Matts
Published: December 2008

After reserpine injection to cats (0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously) there was a severe impairment of the adrenergic transmission in the nictitating membranes with recovery after 48 to 72 hrs. The noradrenaline of the nictitating membrane was virtually completely lost at the time of the disturbed nerve function and showed no significant restoration at the time of functional recovery. The uptake of tritiated noradrenaline by the nictitating membranes was blocked by reserpine but was partially restored after 48 to 72 hrs, thus coinciding with functional recovery. It is suggested that an intact adrenergic transmission is dependent on the ability of the amine storage granules to incorporate noradrenaline in a small fraction immediately important for the function.