bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Patient-Centeredness of Endometriosis Care and Targets for Improvement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dancet Eline A.F. , Apers Silke , Kremer Jan A.M. , Nelen Willianne L.D.M. , Sermeus Walter , D'Hooghe Thomas M.
Published: May 2014

Background: Endometriosis is a prevalent condition compromising physical and psychosocial health and thus requiring patient-centered care, which is guided by patients' values. This study aimed to find out what the patient's perspective on endometriosis care is and how the patient-centeredness of endometriosis care can be improved. Methods: Electronic databases were searched systematically, and study selection was based on eligibility and quality. Study methodology was examined. Specific care aspects valued by patients were organized according to 10 dimensions of patient-centered endometriosis care. Based on patients' assessments of service quality, patient-centered improvement targets and strengths were identified. Results: Twelve of 20 eligible studies had sufficient quality to be included. Endometriosis patients valued all 10 dimensions of patient-centered endometriosis care. Problematic service quality was reported for all dimensions but ‘coordination and integration' and ‘involvement of significant others'. Two patient-centered strengths and 29 patient-centered improvement targets were identified. The most frequently reported improvement targets on which studies agreed were ‘timely diagnosis' and ‘being believed and respected by staff'. Conclusion: Endometriosis patients value patient-centeredness in addition to effectiveness and safety of care, and its 10 dimensions require attention in clinical practice. Research into the assessment and improvement of patient-centered endometriosis care is required.
Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates High-Glucose Toxicity in Rat Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells by Attenuating Oxidative Stress
Authors: Lu Ying , Shen Huaying , Shi Xiaosong , Feng Sheng , Wang Zhi , Shi Yongbing
Published: May 2014

Background/Aims: Continuous exposure of the peritoneal membrane to high-glucose (HG) peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) can produce peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) injury. It has been demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third endogenous gaseous mediator identified after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, exhibits a potent protective effect on cell activity. We studied the toxic effects of HG PDFs and their reversal by H2S on cultures of rat PMCs. Methods: Synchronized confluent rat PMCs were incubated with 2.5% glucose PDFs with or without NaHS, an H2S donor. Cell viability was assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and flow cytometry. The level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was analyzed by immunoblotting. p53, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expressions by rat PMCs were detected by real-time PCR. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and caspase-3 activity were measured. Results: Exposure of rat PMCs to 2.5% glucose PDFs for 24 h resulted in a significant induction of apoptosis, which was attenuated by NaHS. NaHS also restored the 2.5% glucose PDF-induced increase in phospho-p38 MAPK (indices of cellular toxicity). Further investigation of the apoptotic mechanisms in rat PMCs demonstrated that HG activated caspase-3 and upregulated Bax, while it downregulated Bcl-2. All the above responses were prevented by pretreatment with NaHS. Moreover, NaHS reversed the 2.5% glucose PDF-induced increase in ROS generation and decrease in SOD activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that HG PDFs significantly inhibit rat PMC viability, leading to peritoneal injury. H2S exhibits a potent anti-apoptotic ability by attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting caspase-3 activation, which in turn restores peritoneal injury.
Carotid Artery Calcification Is Associated with Deep Cerebral Microbleeds
Authors: Chung Pil-Wook , Park Kwang-Yeol , Kim Jeong-Min , Shin Dong-Woo , Ha Sam-Yeol
Published: May 2014

Background/Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between arterial calcification and cerebral microbleeds (CMB) relative to their distribution. Methods: We identified 834 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who underwent CT angiography and susceptibility-weighted imaging. Results: Internal carotid artery (ICA) calcification and CMB were found in 660 patients (79.1%) and 335 patients (40.2%), respectively. ICA calcification was independently associated with CMB of any location (odds ratio, OR, 2.86, 95% CI 2.01-4.08, p < 0.0001). The association between calcification and deep CMB was stronger (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.39-5.14, p < 0.0001). However, ICA calcification was not associated with CMB in a strictly lobar area. Conclusion: ICA calcification is an independent risk factor for deep CMB but not for a strictly lobar CMB. Our findings might contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease.
Relationship between Radiation Therapy and Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Nguyen Tegan , Kwan Julia M. , Ahmed A. Razzaque
Published: May 2014

Background: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. Objective: To review the literature on radiation therapy (RT)-associated BP. Methods: A review of the English language literature on patients who developed BP during and up to 10 years post RT was performed. Results: 29 patients were reported. 25 (86.2%) were women, 84% of whom had received RT for breast cancer. Three patients were male (10.3%). Gender was not mentioned in 1 (3.4%). 72% developed BP post RT; 28% developed BP while undergoing RT. BP was initially localized to irradiated sites in 25 patients and to non-irradiated sites in 2 patients. Two patients presented with generalized disease. Disease control was reported in 12 patients, partial remission in 7 and complete remission in 5. Conclusion: The clinical profile, response to therapy and clinical outcome may indicate that RT-associated BP may be a specific subset of BP with a relatively benign course.
Evaluation of a Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for Treating Endometrial Hyperplasia in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Lin Min , Xu XiaoWen , Wang Yi , Hu Yue , Zhao Yu
Published: May 2014

Objective: To evaluate the use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for treating endometrial hyperplasia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: LNG-IUSs were inserted in 60 PCOS patients with simple (40 cases), irregular (12 cases), or complex (8 cases) endometrial hyperplasia. Follow-ups were performed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after insertion. At each time point, changes in menstruation, hemoglobin level, and endometrial thickness and pathology were recorded. Menstrual changes were assessed with the Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart. Hemoglobin levels were measured by the Blood Routine Test. Endometrial thickness was determined by transvaginal ultrasound. Endometrial pathology was defined as simple, irregular, or complex endometrial hyperplasia by a pathologist after curettage. Outcomes at each time point were compared to baseline (pre-insertion) measurements by Student's t test or ANOVA (for multiple comparisons) with the post hoc Dunnett's test. Differences with a p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: At all time points after LNG-IUS insertion and in all patients, menstrual blood loss was decreased and hemoglobin level was increased significantly compared to pre-insertion levels. The endometrial thickness was significantly reduced in all groups after 12 months. Most patients showed transformation of the endometrial pathology, with complete disappearance of simple and irregular cases of endometrial hyperplasia and a decreased number of complex endometrial hyperplasia cases. Conclusions: LNG-IUS is an effective, safe, nonsurgical, and atraumatic approach with few side effects for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with PCOS.
Gene Expression Profiling of Cecropin B-Resistant Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: Wang Chunmei , Chen Fangzhou , Hu Han , Li Wentao , Wang Yang , Chen Pin , Liu Yingyu , Ku Xugang , He Qigai , Chen Huanchun , Xue Feiqun
Published: May 2014

Synthetically designed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) present the potential of replacing antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, microbial resistance to AMPs has been reported and little is known regarding the underlying mechanism of such resistance. The naturally occurring AMP cecropin B (CB) disrupts the anionic cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, CB resistance (CBR) was induced in Haemophilusparasuis SH0165 by exposing it to a series of CB concentrations. The CB-resistant H.parasuis strains CBR30 and CBR30-50 were obtained. The growth curves of SH0165 and CBR30 showed that CBR30 displayed lower growth rates than SH0165. The result of transmission electron microscopy showed cell membranes of the CB-resistant CBR30 and CBR30-50 were smoother than SH0165. Microarrays detected 257 upregulated and 254 downregulated genes covering 20 clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) of the CB-resistant CBR30 compared with SH0165 (>1.5-fold change, p < 0.05). Sixty genes were affected in CBR30-50 covering 18 COGs, with 28 upregulated and 32 downregulated genes. Under the COG function classification, the majority of affected genes in the CB-resistant CBR30 and CBR30-50 belong to the category of inorganic ion transport, amino acid transport, and metabolism. The microarray results were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. This study may provide useful guidance for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying H.parasuis resistance to CB.
Quantitative T2 Changes and Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Murine Pregnancy
Authors: Krishnamurthy Uday , Szalai Gabor , Neelavalli Jaladhar , Shen Yimin , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Hernandez-Andrade Edgar , Than Nandor Gabor , Xu Zhonghui , Yeo Lami , Haacke Mark , Romero Roberto
Published: May 2014

Objective: To evaluate gestational age-dependent changes in the T2 relaxation time in normal murine placentas in vivo. The role of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in visualization of the murine fetal anatomy was also elucidated. Methods: Timed-pregnant CD-1 mice at gestational day (GD) 12 and GD17 underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Multi-echo spin echo and SWI data were acquired. The placental T2 values on GD12 and GD17 were quantified. To account for the influence of systemic maternal physiological factors on placental perfusion, maternal muscle was used as a reference for T2 normalization. A linear mixed-effects model was used to fit the normalized T2 values, and the significance of the coefficients was tested. Fetal SWI images were processed and reviewed for venous vasculature and skeletal structures. Results: The average placental T2 value decreased significantly on GD17 (40.17 ± 4.10 ms) compared to the value on GD12 (55.78 ± 8.13 ms). The difference in normalized T2 values also remained significant (p = 0.001). Using SWI, major fetal venous structures like the cardinal vein, the subcardinal vein, and the portal vein were visualized on GD12. In addition, fetal skeletal structures could also be discerned on GD17. Conclusion: The T2 value of a normal murine placenta decreases with advancing gestation. SWI provided clear visualization of the fetal venous vasculature and bony structures.
Food Intake and Overweight in School-Aged Children in Germany: Results of the GINIplus and LISAplus Studies
Authors: Pei Zhengcun , Flexeder Claudia , Fuertes Elaine , Standl Marie , Buyken Anette , Berdel Dietrich , von Berg Andrea , Lehmann Irina , Schaaf Beate , Heinrich Joachim ,   for the GINIplus and LISAplus Study Group
Published: May 2014

Objective: To investigate the cross-sectional association between food intake and overweight in children. Methods: Height and weight were measured in 2,565 school-aged children. Intakes of 11 food groups were categorized (low, medium and high) using specific tertile cutoffs. Multivariate energy partition models were applied. Adjustment included energy intake from other food groups, city, family income, parental education and ‘screen' time. Possible underreporters were identified and used in sensitivity analyses. Results: Compared to low intake, high intakes of meat, fish, beverages and bakery products were associated with greater BMI z-scores [β (95% CI) = 0.32 (0.21, 0.42), 0.13 (0.03, 0.24), 0.23 (0.11, 0.35) and 0.10 (-0.01, 0.20)] and increased risk of being overweight [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 2.08 (1.58, 2.73), 1.39 (1.08, 1.80), 1.36 (1.01, 1.84) and 1.62 (1.24, 2.11)]. Conversely, medium and high intakes of confectionery were associated with smaller BMI z-scores [β = -0.18 (-0.28, -0.07) and -0.22 (-0.33, -0.12)] and decreased risk of being overweight [OR = 0.64 (0.50, 0.83) and 0.53 (0.40, 0.68)]. These associations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Intakes of meat, fish, beverages and bakery products correlate with body weight status.
Development and Validation of a Theoretical Test in Endosonography for Pulmonary Diseases
Authors: Savran Mona M. , Clementsen Paul Frost , Annema Jouke T. , Minddal Valentina , Larsen Klaus R. , Park Yoon Soo , Konge Lars
Published: May 2014

Background: Theoretical testing provides the necessary foundation to perform technical skills. Additionally, testing improves the retention of knowledge. Objectives: The aims of this study were to develop a multiple-choice test in endosonography for pulmonary diseases and to gather validity evidence for this test. Methods: Initially, 78 questions were constructed after informal conversational interviews with 4 international experts in endosonography. The clarity and content validity of the questions were tested using a Delphi-like approach. Construct validity was explored by administering the test to 3 groups with different levels of endosonography experience: 27 medical students, 18 respiratory physicians with limited endosonography experience, and 14 experts in endosonography. Results: Two Delphi iterations reduced the test to 52 questions. After item analysis, the final test consisted of 46 questions with a mean item discrimination of 0.47 and a mean item difficulty of 0.63. The internal consistency reliability was calculated at 0.91. The 3 groups performed significantly differently (ANOVA: p < 0.001), and post hoc tests were significant. The experts performed significantly more consistently than the novices (p = 0.037) and the intermediates (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides a theoretical test in endosonography consisting of multiple-choice questions. Validity evidence was gathered, and the test demonstrated content and construct validity.
Bilateral and Simultaneous Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in a Patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Govetto Andrea , Domínguez Ramón , Rojas Laura , Pereiro María , Lorente Ramón
Published: May 2014

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral and simultaneous central retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in a young patient diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Case Report: A 38-year-old man with morbid obesity and daytime sleepiness presented with a history of bilateral vision loss. His visual acuity (VA) was hand movements, and fundus examination (FE) revealed bilateral central RVO. General medical examination revealed untreated hypertension and type II respiratory failure. Laboratory tests for thrombophilia showed increased hematocrit (59%) and high levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein. Other causes of congenital and acquired hypercoagulability were ruled out. Pathologic polysomnography led to the diagnosis of OSAS. The patient was treated with antihypertensive drugs and continuous positive air pressure. In addition, he received intravitreal ranibizumab. At 10 months after presentation, his VA was no light perception in the right eye and hand movements in the left eye. FE revealed bilateral retinal and optic nerve atrophy, and the occurrence of a nonarteritic anterior ischemic neuropathy in the right eye was considered.
B Cells and Humoral Immunity in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Tsiantoulas Dimitrios , Diehl Cody J. , Witztum Joseph L. , Binder Christoph J.
Published: May 2014

Insights into the important contribution of inflammation and immune functions in the development and progression of atherosclerosis have greatly improved our understanding of this disease. Although the role of T cells has been extensively studied for decades, only recently has the role of B cells gained more attention. Recent studies have identified differential effects of different B-cell subsets and helped to clarify the still poorly understood mechanisms by which these act. B1 cells have been shown to prevent lesion formation, whereas B2 cells have been suggested to promote it. Natural IgM antibodies, mainly derived from B1 cells, have been shown to mediate atheroprotective effects, but the functional role of other immunoglobulin classes, particularly IgG, still remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on recent insights on the role of B cells and various immunoglobulin classes and how these may mediate their effects in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we will highlight potential therapeutic approaches focusing on B-cell depletion that could be used to translate experimental evidence to human disease.
Cardiovascular Actions of Incretin-Based Therapies
Authors: Ussher John R. , Drucker Daniel J.
Published: May 2014

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors represent 2 distinct classes of incretin-based therapies used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Activation of GLP-1R signaling or inhibition of DPP-4 activity produces a broad range of overlapping and unique cardiovascular actions. Native GLP-1 regulates cardiovascular biology via activation of the classical GLP-1R, or through GLP-1(9–36), a cardioactive metabolite generated by DPP-4–mediated cleavage. In contrast, clinically approved GLP-1R agonists are not cleaved to GLP-1(9–36) and produce the majority of their actions through the classical GLP-1R. The cardiovascular mechanisms engaged by DPP-4 inhibition are more complex, encompassing increased levels of intact GLP-1, reduced levels of GLP-1(9–36), and changes in levels of numerous cardioactive peptides. Herein we review recent experimental and clinical advances that reveal how GLP-1R agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors affect the normal and diabetic heart and coronary vasculature, often independent of changes in blood glucose. Improved understanding of the complex science of incretin-based therapies is required to optimize the selection of these therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease.
Teacher Preparation Policies and Their Effects on Student Achievement
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Bastian Kevin C. , Fortner C. Kevin , Kershaw David C. , Purtell Kelly M. , Thompson Charles L. , Zulli Rebecca A.
Published: May 2014

State policies affect the qualifications of beginning teachers in numerous ways, including regulating entry requirements, providing incentives for graduate degrees, and subsidizing preparation programs at public universities. In this paper we assess how these policy choices affect student achievement, specifically comparing traditionally prepared with alternative-entry teachers; in-state traditionally prepared with out-of-state traditionally prepared teachers; teachers beginning with undergraduate degrees with those beginning with graduate degrees; and teachers prepared at in-state public universities with those prepared at in-state private universities. Using school fixed effects to analyze data from North Carolina, we find that: Teach For America corps members are more effective than traditionally prepared teachers; other alternative-entry teachers are less effective than traditionally prepared instructors in high school mathematics and science courses; and out-of-state traditionally prepared teachers are less effective than in-state traditionally prepared teachers, especially in elementary subjects where they constitute nearly 40 percent of the workforce.
Co-opting the Secondary Matriarchs
Authors: Reiss Moshe , Zucker David J.
Published: May 2014

Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel are termed the “Matriarchs.” In contrast to these women, Bilhah, Zilpah, Tamar, and Aseneth/Asenath are the “Secondary Matriarchs.” They are “foreign wives.” Bilhah and Zilpah are Arameans and the mothers of the eponymous ancestors of the tribes of Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. Canaanite Tamar bears Judah’s son Perez, who becomes the link to the Judah tribal line. The Egyptian Aseneth, Joseph’s wife, bears the eponymous ancestors of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim. The “foreignness” of these Secondary Matriarchs is not noteworthy in Genesis. Years later, however, Ezra/Nehemiah promote endogamy and reject foreign wives/exogamy. A similar pro-endogamy/anti-exogamy view is found in the Maccabean and Herodian times, although sometimes conversion – voluntary or forced – is another strategy. It is difficult to understand the growth of the Jewish people however defined or calculated – from the period of Ezra/Nehemiah to the destruction of the Second Temple – without these conversions. 

In the pseudepigraphic writings of the late and then postbiblical Second Temple period, as well as in rabbinic literature, the ethnic origins of the Secondary Matriarchs becomes an issue; consequently they become co-opted into the “Abrahamic” family – they are shown to be Jews. This article begins with a wide variety of examples in the Pseudepigrapha and rabbinic writings (Talmud, midrash) to address how the Secondary Matriarchs are understood to be ethnically “family” and not “foreigners.” It then analyzes the issue of endogamy/exogamy in Ezra/Nehemiah, as well as in the Maccabean-Herodian and rabbinic periods, as an explanation for the creation of the “additional biographies” of Bilhah, Zilpah, Tamar, and Aseneth.
Lenin’s Gospels
Authors: Boer Roland
Published: May 2014

Lenin and the Gospels: This surprising conjunction is the focus of this article. Virtually unknown is the fact that Lenin was fond of citing, quoting, interpreting and appropriating in an innovative fashion the parables and sayings found in the mouth of Jesus. This study begins by analyzing the organizing parable of the tares and wheat in Lenin’s crucial early text, What Is To Be Done? (1902). From there it moves to consider his wider engagements with the Gospels, again with an emphasis on parables and sayings such as the sower, the narrow gate and path, the lost shepherd and the good shepherd. Apart from exploring the permutations of Lenin’s interpretations, a crucial question is why he should do so. The key lies in the earthy, agricultural nature of these preferred parables and the worldviews constructed by peasants and workers in revolutionary Russia.
On the Energy Exchange between Tropical Ocean Basins Related to ENSO*
Authors: Mayer Michael , Haimberger Leopold , Balmaseda Magdalena A.
Published: May 2014

Vast amounts of energy are exchanged between the ocean, atmosphere, and space in association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study examines energy budgets of all tropical (30°S–30°N) ocean basins and the atmosphere separately using different, largely independent oceanic and atmospheric reanalyses to depict anomalous energy flows associated with ENSO in a consistent framework. It is found that variability of area-averaged ocean heat content (OHC) in the tropical Pacific to a large extent is modulated by energy flow through the ocean surface. While redistribution of OHC within the tropical Pacific is an integral part of ENSO dynamics, variability of ocean heat transport out of the tropical Pacific region is found to be mostly small. Noteworthy contributions arise from the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), which is anticorrelated with ENSO at a few months lag, and from anomalous oceanic poleward heat export during the La Niña events in 1999 and 2008. Regression analysis reveals that atmospheric energy transport and radiation at the top of the atmosphere (RadTOA) almost perfectly balance the OHC changes and ITF variability associated with ENSO. Only a small fraction of El Niño–related heat lost by the Pacific Ocean through anomalous air–sea fluxes is radiated to space immediately, whereas the major part of the energy is transported away by the atmosphere. Ample changes in tropical atmospheric circulation lead to enhanced surface fluxes and, consequently, to an increase of OHC in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Ocean that almost fully compensates for tropical Pacific OHC loss. This signature of energy redistribution is robust across the employed datasets for all three tropical ocean basins and explains the small ENSO signal in global mean RadTOA.
What Should Teacher Educators Know and Be Able to Do? Perspectives From Practicing Teacher Educators
Authors: Goodwin A. Lin , Smith Laura , Souto-Manning Mariana , Cheruvu Ranita , Tan Mei Ying , Reed Rebecca , Taveras Lauren
Published: May 2014

Commonsense reasoning says that quality teacher education relies on quality teacher educators. Yet, there is minimal attention to what teacher educators should know and be able to do. Unquestionably, teacher educators cannot teach what they do not know; but what should they know, and should they be prepared? This study of 293 teacher educators investigated the following: What do current teacher educators consider to be the foundation elements of their practice? How do they evaluate their own preparation in these areas? How can their experiences inform the preparation of teacher educators? We use Cochran-Smith and Lytle’s theorizing about “relationships of knowledge and practice” to understand knowledge essential to teacher educating (a term we use to differentiate teaching teachers from teaching students). Our findings reveal that practicing teacher educators often feel unprepared to assume their role but can offer helpful insight into how we should think deliberately about quality teacher educator preparation.
Predictor and Moderator Effects of Ego Resilience and Mindfulness on the Relationship Between Academic Stress and Psychological Well-Being in a Sample of Ghanaian College Students
Authors: Cole Nathasha N. , Nonterah Camilla W. , Utsey Shawn O. , Hook Joshua N. , Hubbard Rebecca R. , Opare-Henaku Annabella , Fischer Nicole L.
Published: May 2014

This study examined the predictor and moderator effects of ego resilience and mindfulness on the relationship between academic stress and psychological well-being in a sample of Ghanaian college students ( N = 431). The results indicated that academic stress was positively associated with both anxiety and depression and that mindfulness and ego resilience were both negatively associated with anxiety and depression. Mindfulness buffered the positive relationship between academic stress and depression but not anxiety. In contrast, ego resilience buffered the positive relationship between academic stress and anxiety but not depression. Implications for the study’s findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented.
Flexible function block implementation of the balance-based adaptive controller as the potential alternative for PID-based industrial applications
Authors: Klopot Tomasz , Laszczyk Piotr , Stebel Krzysztof , Czeczot Jacek
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with the practical aspects of the implementation of the balance-based adaptive control (B-BAC) technique. It gives the simple mathematical background of this methodology, shows the case-independent implementation concept as the ready-to-use flexible function block that results from the B-BAC generality, discusses how to embed the additional functionalities required in professional industrial control applications and finally presents three implementation examples for three different programming and hardware platforms. The control performance of each B-BAC function block is validated experimentally and compared with the performance of the corresponding platform-related standard PID function blocks. The comparative results and the potential accessibility of both the flexible function block and the simple tuning method put forward B-BAC methodology as a strong alternative for PID-based industrial control applications.
Voice Outcome of Modified Frontolateral Partial Laryngectomy in Excised Canine Larynges and Finite Element Model
Authors: Xu Hongming , Kvit Anton A. , Devine Erin E. , Ying Xinjiang , Dong Pin
Published: May 2014

Objective

To evaluate vocal parameters after modified frontolateral partial laryngectomy (MFLPL) and frontolateral partial laryngectomy (FLPL) in both excised canine and finite element models.

Study Design

FLPL and MFLPL were compared, using a prospective paired case control laboratory study with excised canine larynx and computational modeling.

Setting

Basic science study conducted in university laboratory.

Methods

FLPL and MFLPL were performed serially on 9 excised canine larynges. The excised larynx bench apparatus was used to collect phonation threshold pressure (PTP) and high‐speed video data. A finite element model was built to compare a normal vocal fold with applied tension, a cut fold with no applied tension (simulating FLPL), and a cut fold with applied tension (simulating MFLPL). Stress values and distributions across the 3 conditions were computed.

Results

The mean PTP increase after MFLPL (15.45‐17.46 cmH2O) was not statistically significant. In the excised canine model, fundamental frequency (F0) showed a significant increase for the MFLPL (P =. 039). Differences in vibration amplitudes were not statistically significant. Von Mises stress distribution was most similar between the MFLPL model and the normal fold. Maximum von Mises stresses at the midline were 17.56, 21.63, and 5.10 kPa for the normal, MFLPL, and FLPL, respectively, and 47.57, 63.98, and 101.97 kPa at the peripheries.

Conclusions

From these results, we conclude that MFLPL has the potential to give a better voice outcome while avoiding tracheotomy in partial laryngectomy patients. In vivo study in canines to examine the healing process would lend further evidence‐based support for this surgical method.
Can’t get you off my mind
Authors: Stanton Sarah C.E. , Campbell Lorne
Published: May 2014

Attachment anxiety is characterized by rumination about romantic relationships, particularly when the attachment system is activated. Two studies investigated the hypothesis that more anxiously attached individuals would experience cognitive load when attachment concerns were activated (vs. not activated). Study 1 found that more anxious persons encountering relationship threat (vs. no threat) demonstrated greater holistic processing on a shape categorization task, a type of processing reflective of cognitive load. Study 2 found that more anxious persons encountering relationship threat (vs. no threat or academic threat) exhibited slower reaction times on a Stroop task, a pattern also reflective of cognitive load. This research lends novel insight into how attachment system activation and relationship reflection pose a cognitive vulnerability for more anxious individuals.
What does confidence mean to people who have had a stroke? – A qualitative interview study
Authors: Horne Jane , Lincoln Nadina Berrice , Preston Jenny , Logan Pip
Published: May 2014

Objective:

To explore the meaning of confidence to stroke patients after stroke in order to inform the development of a measurement tool.

Design:

Qualitative interview study using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Methods:

Ten stroke survivors were purposively selected from those participating in a multi-centre randomised trial of outdoor mobility rehabilitation. Interviews about confidence were conducted in participants’ homes, audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Results:

Six themes emerged from the analysis. These were loss of identity, fear, social confidence, role confidence, mastering skill and attitudes and beliefs. Loss of identity was particularly evident in the early stages of stroke recovery. Fear was a barrier to regaining confidence and was associated with avoidance behaviours. Lack of social confidence was a common problem which appeared difficult to resolve. Life roles motivated participants to re-engage in daily life activities. Personal attitudes and beliefs, combined with the attitudes of significant others, contributed to personal feelings of competence.

Conclusion:

This study provides a coherent definition of the meaning of confidence through the experiences of stroke survivors. Being successful in gradually re-engaging in activities, including social activities and life roles helped to establish a positive self-belief. The influence of others, such as family and friends reinforce self-beliefs. Confidence and self-efficacy appear to be a similar construct. However, participants in this study also identified a relationship between confidence and self-esteem. The findings indicate that all six themes need to be included in a confidence measure to encompass the meaning of confidence as described by participants with stroke.
The Stroke Assessment of Fall Risk (SAFR): predictive validity in inpatient stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Breisinger Terry P , Skidmore Elizabeth R , Niyonkuru Christian , Terhorst Lauren , Campbell Grace B
Published: May 2014

Objective:

To evaluate relative accuracy of a newly developed Stroke Assessment of Fall Risk (SAFR) for classifying fallers and non-fallers, compared with a health system fall risk screening tool, the Fall Harm Risk Screen.

Design and setting:

Prospective quality improvement study conducted at an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit at a large urban university hospital.

Participants:

Patients admitted for inpatient stroke rehabilitation ( N = 419) with imaging or clinical evidence of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, between 1 August 2009 and 31 July 2010.

Interventions:

Not applicable.

Main outcome measure(s):

Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves of both scales’ classifications, based on fall risk score completed upon admission to inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Results:

A total of 68 (16%) participants fell at least once. The SAFR was significantly more accurate than the Fall Harm Risk Screen ( p < 0.001), with area under the curve of 0.73, positive predictive value of 0.29, and negative predictive value of 0.94. For the Fall Harm Risk Screen, area under the curve was 0.56, positive predictive value was 0.19, and negative predictive value was 0.86. Sensitivity and specificity of the SAFR (0.78 and 0.63, respectively) was higher than the Fall Harm Risk Screen (0.57 and 0.48, respectively).

Conclusions:

An evidence-derived, population-specific fall risk assessment may more accurately predict fallers than a general fall risk screen for stroke rehabilitation patients. While the SAFR improves upon the accuracy of a general assessment tool, additional refinement may be warranted.
Using Ethnographic Methods to Strengthen Quantitative Data – Explaining Juvenile Detention Rates in Three Australian States
Authors: Travers Max
Published: May 2014

Those advocating mixed methods research have long believed that ethnographic methods can strengthen quantitative data. This paper explores some practical and philosophical issues through considering a study that seeks to explain differences in detention rates between children’s courts in three Australian states (Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales), primarily through observing sentencing hearings. It starts by considering whether the lower rate in Victoria indicates that magistrates are more lenient or, alternatively, that young people commit fewer offences in this state. The paper demonstrates, through comparing cases with similar features, that Victoria is more tolerant. Qualitative research can also suggest ways of developing a quantitative analysis by identifying significant potential differences within states and between decision makers. The paper also considers the strengths and limitations of court culture as an explanatory causal variable, and the alternative approach to comparison suggested by the interpretive tradition.
Microstructure and thermal stability of polypropylene/bagasse composite foams
Authors: Ghanbar Sadegh , Yousefzade Omid , Hemmati Farkhondeh , Garmabi Hamid
Published: May 2014

Wood–plastic composite foams (WPCFs), consisting of polypropylene and bagasse as wood fiber, were produced using tandem extrusion. The simultaneous effects of different material parameters including bagasse loading and particle size, melt viscosity of the used thermoplastic, type and content of chemical blowing agent on the microstructure, and physical properties of the obtained composite foams have been evaluated. Special sandwich morphology has been observed for these foams. Void fraction of WPCFs was measured and optimized using an experimental design method, response surface methodology. The maximum determined void fraction of the prepared WPCFs was 54%, which was obtained at the middle values of blowing agent content and bagasse particle size. Employing a mixture of endothermic–exothermic blowing agents has also caused the optimum amount of void fraction. Moreover, thermal behavior of wood–plastic composites was studied and the effects of all material parameters on decomposition behavior of polymer and bagasse fibers were investigated. The results verify that both bagasse content and bagasse particle size considerably influence the thermal stability of the microcomposites.
Explaining Interview Duration in Web Surveys
Authors: Gummer Tobias , Roßmann Joss
Published: May 2014

Interview duration is an important variable in web surveys because it is a direct measure of the response burden. In this article, we analyze the effects of the survey design, respondent characteristics, and the interaction between these effects on interview duration. For that purpose, we applied multilevel analysis to a data set of 21 web surveys on political attitudes and behavior. Our results showed that factors on both levels, the individual and the survey level, had effects on interview duration. However, the larger share of the variation in interview duration is explained by the characteristics of the respondents. In this respect, we illustrate the impact of mobile devices and panel recruitment on interview duration. In addition, we found important relationships between the respondents’ attitudes and how a web survey is designed: Highly motivated respondents spent significantly more time answering cognitively demanding questions than less motivated respondents. When planning a survey, not only the number and formats of questions need to be taken into account but also the expected sample composition and how the participants will respond to the design of the web survey.
Prevalence of Diseases and Conditions Which Impact on Oral Health and Oral Health Self-Care Among Older Chilean
Authors: Mariño Rodrigo , Albala Cecilia , Sanchez Hugo , Cea Ximena , Fuentes Alejandra
Published: May 2014

Objective: The aim is to describe the prevalence of chronic diseases and conditions that may affect the oral health and oral health self-care of independent living Chilean older adults. Method: In all, 4,766 residents aged 60 years and older took part in the study. Participants were interviewed using an 11-module instrument, including demographic data, quality of life, nutritional status, systemic diseases, and lists of medications. Results: Participants with cognitive impediments ( n = 553) were eliminated from further analysis. Of the remaining 4,213, 61.2% were female. The mean age was 71.1 ( SD = 7.8) years. A total of 19.6% reported no medical conditions, 53.1% reported one or two conditions, and 27.3% reported between three and nine conditions. The most commonly reported conditions were high blood pressure (78.0%), diabetes (26.5%), depression (23.4%), and cardiovascular disease (18.7%). Seventy-six percent reported taking medication, with an average of 3.4 drugs per person. Among those taking medication, 70.2% were taking at least one that may cause salivary hypofunction. Discussion: With the aging of Chile and the reciprocal links between oral disease and chronic diseases, policies and innovative initiatives need to be implemented so that programs become affordable and accessible for this population.
MBL2 gene variants coding for mannose-binding lectin deficiency are associated with increased risk of nephritis in Danish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tanha N , Troelsen L , From Hermansen M-L , Kjær L , Faurschou M , Garred P , Jacobsen S
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Autoimmunity may in part result from deficiencies in the processing of apoptotic debris. As mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is involved in such processes, we hypothesized that the variants in the MBL2 gene resulting in MBL deficiency confer an increased risk of nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

A total of 171 SLE patients attending a Danish tertiary rheumatology referral center were included. Common variant alleles in exon 1 of the MBL2 gene (R52C, rs5030737; G54D, rs1800450; G57E, rs1800451) were genotyped. The normal allele and variant alleles are termed A and O, respectively. The follow-up period was defined as the time from fulfillment of the ACR 1987 classification criteria for SLE until the occurrence of an event (nephritis, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or death) or end of follow-up. Cox regression analyses were controlled for gender, age and race.

Results

During a median follow-up of 5.7 years, nephritis developed in 94 patients, and ESRD developed in 16 of these patients. Twenty-seven patients died. The distribution of the MBL2 genotypes A/A, A/O and O/O was 58%, 35% and 7.0%, respectively. Compared to the rest, O/O patients had 2.6 times (95% CI: 1.2–5.5) higher risk of developing nephritis, and their risk of death after 10 years was 6.0 times increased (95% CI: 1.0–36). MBL serum levels below 100 ng/ml were associated with a 2.0 (95% CI: 1.2–3.4; p = 0.007) increased risk of developing nephritis. ESRD and histological class of nephritis were not associated with MBL deficiency.

Conclusions

Genetically determined MBL deficiency was associated with development of nephritis in SLE patients, but not with histological class of nephritis or ESRD.
Time to Death and Reenrollment After Live Discharge From Hospice
Authors: LeSage Kirstin , Borgert Andrew J. , Rhee Laura S.
Published: May 2014

Background:

The purpose of our study was to identify time to death and/or reenrolled patients alive at the time of hospice discharge.

Methods:

Medical records of all adults alive at hospice discharge during a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed.

Results:

In all, 83 patients were alive at discharge, with 3 lost to follow-up. Average time from discharge to death was 199.9 days for all patients and 50 days for the 17 patients who reenrolled. Average time from discharge to reenrollment was 245 days.

Conclusion:

Our research supports past findings that over a third of patients disenrolled from hospice die within 6 months, indicating ongoing hospice eligibility up to the time of death. Interestingly, if enrollment was revoked by patient or family, as often was done to allow the patient to pursue more aggressive treatments, the mortality risk was higher in the 6 months after discharge. This should prompt careful reevaluation of disenrolled hospice patients in the months after disenrollment, and hospice reenrollment should be continually available and offered during this time.
The Persuasive Effects of Partisan Campaign Mailers
Authors: Doherty David , Adler E. Scott
Published: May 2014

A substantial literature has used field experiments to assess the mobilization effects of non-partisan mailers. However, little work has examined whether partisan mailers affect voters as intended. We report findings from two field experiments conducted in cooperation with partisan campaign strategists that allow us to assess the effects of negative and positive mailers. We find that mailers can affect voters—particularly their recognition of candidate names and their intent to turn out to vote. Notably, we find evidence that both negative and positive mailers stimulate intent to turn out.
How Frames Matter—Common Sense and Institutional Choice in Ghana’s Urban Water Sector
Authors: Bohman Anna , Raitio Kaisa
Published: May 2014

Ideas on what is best practice to provide more people in rapidly growing low- and middle-income cities with adequate water supplying services have changed during the 20th century. By applying a frame-theoretical approach, this article analyzes institutional choice in Ghana’s urban water sector. Special attention is paid to two major events: first, the establishment of the state water utility, Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, in 1965, and, second, the reform process in the 1990s and early 2000s that aimed at private sector participation in urban water management. By unraveling the arguments and the taken-for-granted assumptions underlying the two reforms, the article shows how the perceived space for policy alternatives available to decision makers at a certain point in time has been largely constrained by the dominant frames in a particular historical context. This conclusion is supportive of the argument that rationality is a highly contextual and time-dependent concept.
Anatomic Study of the Deltoid Ligament of the Ankle
Authors: Panchani Prakash N. , Chappell Todd M. , Moore Garrett D. , Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios , Kozlowski Piotr B. , Khan Khurram H. , DiLandro Anthony C. , D’Antoni Anthony V.
Published: May 2014

Background:

There is heterogeneity in the literature regarding the anatomy and number of ligamentous bands that form the deltoid ligament (DL). Anatomic knowledge of the DL and its variations are important for surgeons who repair ankle fractures.

Methods:

The DL was dissected in 33 ankles from 17 formalin-fixed cadavers (mean age at death, 76.6 years) to examine its morphology. The length, width, and thickness of its constituent bands were recorded with a digital caliper. Descriptive and correlational statistics were used to investigate the relationships between band size, age at death, and sex. A literature review was conducted to compare our data to those of previous studies.

Results:

The DL has superficial and deep layers with up to 8 different bands.

Conclusion:

The DL stabilizes the medial ankle and should be evaluated in flatfoot deformities and severe ankle fractures.

Clinical Relevance:

Anatomic knowledge of DL variations should aid the surgeon in repairing torn DLs.
Adaptive fuzzy optimal control using direct heuristic dynamic programming for chaotic discrete-time system
Authors: Gao Ying , Liu Yan-Jun
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we aim to solve the optimal tracking control problem for the Henon Mapping chaotic system using the direct heuristic dynamic programming (DHDP) setting with filtered tracking error. The fuzzy logic system is used to approximate the long-term utility function. Compared with the results for chaotic discrete-time system, the cost of the controller is reduced. The Lyapunov analysis approach is utilized to prove the stability of the chaotic system. It is shown that the tracking error, the adaptation law and the control input retain the property of uniformly ultimate boundedness. A simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.