bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Change and House Support
Authors: Joslyn Mark R.
Published: March 2007

This article modifies an earlier study by Bond and Fleisher that employed regression analysis to predict House members' support of Bush in 1989. The sample frame used in that investigation (1959-1974) to produce estimates is found to be inappropriate, and consequently, an alternative sample is offered. Drawing support from the larger literature on Congress that documents significant institutional change since the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as a variety of empirical data, a case is made for substituting an updated sample, one that better reflects the conditions that affect presidential support in the late 1980s. The differences in model parameters and predicted scores that result from this substitution are striking and clearly challenge previous findings. More generally, these results illustrate House dynamics and suggest that an accurate assessment of presidential success hinges critically on proper specification of the congressional context.
Redistricting and the Courts
Authors: Weber Ronald E.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the impact of three types of change factors—legal, political, and technological—on increases in litigation and judicial activism in the congressional and state legislative redistricting arena of the 1990s. Analyzing a data set composed of redistricting outcomes in the states, the author demonstrates that litigation challenging redistrictings is on the increase and that judicial activism has also grown. Judicial activism has occurred particularly where the courts have declared political impasses to exist and have imposed court-drawn plans. The author concludes by discussing new developments in law coming out of the recent redistricting litigation.
Justices' Responses To Case Facts
Authors: Hall Melinda Gann , Brace Paul
Published: March 2007

In this study we evaluate the generalizability of the attitudinal model as explicated in the United States Supreme Court by assessing the extent to which state supreme court justices' responses to case facts are conditioned not only by their ideological preferences but also by the political environments within which the cases are heard. Using probit analysis, we examine the votes of supreme court justices in eight states (Arizona, California, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas) from 1983 through 1988 in the death penalty decisions issued by these courts. We find that justices do not respond uniformly to certain case facts when deciding between sentences of life or death for defendants convicted of capital crimes. Instead, justices' responses to case facts vary according to their individual partisan preferences and the ideological climates within which they operate. In other words, contextual forces are important direct and indirect influences on judicial behavior, and the attitudinal model must be modified for application to other courts. To formulate a singular theory of judicial choice necessitates an appreciation for the importance of courts' external operating environments as significant influences on judicial choice. Through comparative research designs and models that include microlevel and macro-level forces (including political context), scholars will be able to build models that transcend particular judicial institutions and that better represent the complexity of the judicial calculus.
Reelection Constituencies and the Politics of Supreme Court Confirmation Votes
Authors: Overby L. Marvin , Brown Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Previous research on the effects of constituency preferences on senators' voting behavior on judicial confirmations has been limited to geographic conceptions of constituency. We extend this literature by considering the effects of reelection constituencies. Using exit poll data from the 1986, 1988, and 1990 general elections, we estimate the percentage of each senator's reelection constituency composed of African Americans and then use these estimates to reconsider the confirmation vote for Justice Clarence Thomas. Our results show modest but significant improvements in fit and predictive capabilities over previous models, and they highlight the cross pressures facing many senators in this case. These findings suggest that more precise estimations of constituency composition can help illuminate the factors influencing legislators' voting behavior.
The Passing of Realignment and the Advent of the “Base-less” Party System
Authors: SHEA DANIEL M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to merge two of the more significant developments in recent American politics: the failure of our system to undergo a partisan-based realignment and the advent of service-oriented party organizations. Whereas traditional explanations of the “missing realignment” center around the attitudes of voters and/or the activities of candidates, this article suggests the parties are to blame. That is, the goals and activities of contemporary party organizations often frustrate voter attachment to parties, as well as the development of coherent platforms. Critical realignments have become a thing of the past. Yet, we have moved into a new era characterized by aggressive, national organizations, which I dub the “base-less” party system.
Discharge Function and Length of Stay for Patients with Stroke are Predicted by Lower Extremity Muscle Force on Admission to Rehabilitation
Authors: Andrews A. Williams , Bohannon Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Objective: We sought to determine the relative value of lower extremity muscle strength as a predictor of discharge function and length of stay of patients with stroke. Methods: We studied 72 patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation after a stroke and documented their outcome using length of stay and function [as measured by the Func tional Independence Measure (FIM) at discharge]. Results: Knee-extension force and the total force of four lower extremity muscle actions (hip flexion, knee extension, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion) were correlated significantly with discharge FIM and length of stay. The correlations involving the actions of the weaker side were higher. Admission FIM was also correlated significantly with discharge FIM and length of stay. Previous stroke and age were correlated significantly with discharge FIM but not length of stay. The set of variables offering the best explanation of discharge FIM (R = 0.867) was admission FIM, admission FIM squared, age, and total force of the weaker side. The set of variables offering the best explanation of length of stay (R = 0.812) was knee- extension force of the weaker side squared, admission FIM, admission FIM squared, and age. Conclusions: Lower extremity muscle force of the weaker side on admission has value as a predictor of function at discharge and length of stay for patients with stroke admitted to inpatient rehabilitation. Muscle force, therefore, is a reasonable target of measurement and treatment. Knowledge of muscle force on admission can assist clini cians, patients, families, and others to anticipate patient outcomes after rehabilitation.
Hemiparetic Gait Parameters in Overground Versus Treadmill Walking
Authors: Harris-Love Michelle L. , Forrester Larry W. , Macko Richard F. , Silver Kenneth H. C. , Smith Gerald V.
Published: March 2007

Objective: Hemiparetic gait is characterized by high stride-cycle variability, di minished stance time, single-limb stance time, and stance/swing ratio in the paretic limb. Recent studies suggest treadmill (TM) training may improve the motor control underlying these variables, but supporting evidence is sparse. Methods: This study compared gait patterns of untrained chronic hemiparetic stroke patients (n = 18; mean, 39.5 months poststroke) during overground (OG) and TM walking at matched velocities. Variables included relative stance time, relative single-limb stance time, stance/swing ratio, peak force, and impulse. Within-subject variability of these meas ures (CV) was used to assess gait pattern stability. Results: OG and TM cycle dura tions were similar, but CVs differed (TM < OG, p < 0.05). In the paretic limb, dif ferences were seen in relative stance time, relative single-limb stance time, and stance/swing ratio, respectively (TM > OG, p < 0.05). These variables decreased in the nonparetic limb during TM walking (p < 0.05 for all). Improved interlimb sym metry and coordination were evidenced by decreased between-limb differences and improved relative temporal phasing, respectively, in the TM condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Collectively, these results demonstrate that the TM induces an imme diate alteration toward a more consistent and symmetric gait pattern. Further inves tigation is needed to determine whether TM training leads to motor relearning and neuroplasticity in chronic hemiparetic subjects. Key Words: Stroke—Rehabilitation— Hemiparetic gait-Treadmill-Gait symmetry.
Problems with Interhemispheric Transfer of Information in Complete or Partial Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
Authors: Joseph R.N. , Bannister C.M.
Published: March 2007

Objective: We assessed the presence of poor interhemispheric communication in agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) and hydrocephalus. Methods: With spe cially designed tests, nine children with ACC were investigated and compared with 11 controls to see the degree of impairment present. Two subjects with a stretched cor pus callosum due to hydrocephalus also were tested. A subject with the corpus callo sum divided was tested for comparison. Results: Significant differences were found in tests of coordination and stereognosis both with ACC patients and the calloso tomy subject. No impairments were found in the hydrocephalics. Conclusions: When compared with controls, ACC patients perform poorly in several tests. The calloso tomy patient also showed evidence of impairment similar to that of the ACC patients.
Isomorphism in Organization and Management Theory
Authors: Srikantia Param , Bilimoria Diana
Published: March 2007

The article highlights the consequences of isomorphism in organization studies by arguing that current theorizing and research in the discipline often unwittingly legitimize the institutional practices of mainstream business organization. By contrasting the literatures on sustainability in the business and nonbusiness literatures, the authors demonstrate that in organization studies, isomorphic pressures transform the connotation of sustainability to make it consonant with a dominant corporate model. The authors argue that subservience to the institutional models implicit in the conduct of mainstream business organization traps the discipline in a self-perpetuating cycle of normative and mimetic influences, leading scholars and practitioners to mutually reinforce and sustain institutional forms compatible with their jointly held belief systems. The results of the comparative review of the literatures on sustainability is expressed in six observations suggesting a more radical posture among scholars to enable the field to achieve its full potential for critical, generative, and reflexive scholarship.
Development of Acrylic Latex Pressure Sensitive Adhesive for Plasticized PVC Films
Authors: Graziano Louis C. , Sjöstrand Sven Erik
Published: March 2007

The migration of plasticizer from flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films to polymer coatings limits the use of many pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) to non- vinyl applications. Systematic design of a PSA for plasticized PVC films can be accomplished if a good understanding of the mechanisms affecting plasticizer migra tion is developed. Exploitation of appropriate analytical techniques can offer a wealth of information toward understanding the plasticizer migration process and the polymer variables which affect it. Studies focused on understanding these mecha nisms have resulted in development of an aqueous acrylic PSA with excellent reten tion of properties after exposure to plasticized PVC (vinyl) films.
Thermoformability of Thermoplastic Sheets: Towards a Standard Method of Assessment
Authors: Charrier J.-M. , Ciplijauskas R.V. , Hamel F.A. , Ryan M.E.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive method for the assessment of the thermoformability of thermo plastic sheets is presented in this paper. The method, which can be considered as being applicable towards a needed standard, includes the characterization of extruded sheets, the heating phase, and the forming stage plus the study of formed parts. A key feature of the method is the use of a cylindrical negative cavity mold with a movable bottom plate; the device is referred to as a VARIMOLD. An exploratory experimental analysis conducted on sheets of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in terms of material displacement and deformation illustrates several aspects of the method.
Polybutylene Blends as Easy Open Seal Coats for Flexible Packaging and Lidding
Authors: Hwo Charles C.
Published: March 2007

A controllable heat sealing technology, based on blends of DURAFLEX* poly butylene polymer (poly-1-butene) with low density polyethylenes, ethylene-vinyl ace tate copolymers (EVA) and other polyolefins is discussed. A variety of systems are described which provide easy-open or peelable seals on various substrates for both flexible packaging and lidding. The blends are 100% solid (solvent free) and can be processed on standard equipment.

The peeling mechanism and variables which permit tailoring of seal strength are discussed. Examples of material structures for various applications are described, including suggested fabrication techniques.
Religion in Modern Britain: Changing Sociological Assumptions
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: March 2007

This article starts with a discussion of two books published in the mid-1990s; these are publications that provide a benchmark for later comparisons. Some subsequent `episodes' in the life of modern Britain are then considered, all of which throw light on the religious situation in this country and its likely futures. The empirical data that emerge from these case studies provide a framework for a discussion of (a) increasing religious pluralism, and (b) church and state. The article concludes by placing Britain in its European context, underlining the theoretical questions that arise if this approach is adopted.
On Ambivalence and Risk: Reflexive Modernity and the New Human Genetics
Authors: Kerr Anne , Cunningham-Burley Sarah
Published: March 2007

This critical examination of theories of reflexive modernity with respect to the new human genetics draws on a range of empirical studies and conceptual critiques. In it we explore the ways in which genetic knowledge and testing technologies offer new choices, construct new risks and generate public and professional ambivalence. We contrast this with the processes of ordering, reduction and control suffusing these developments. We argue that reductionism and determinism continue to infuse genetic theories and methods, that scientific and social progress are collapsed anew, and that certitude and surveillance remain powerful guiding principles. Within this context, the reflexive potential of individual choice, personal responsibility and risk estimation is seriously undermined. Indeed, in the case of the new human genetics, it seems that reflexive modernisation promotes, rather than curtails, a new modern/counter-modern eugenics. This occurs through the privatisation of lay ambivalence and professionals' successful institutional reflexivity. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implications of our reflections for sociology and participatory democracy more broadly.
Consumption Caught in the `Cash Nexus'
Authors: Dant Tim
Published: March 2007

During the last thirty years `consumption' has become a major topic in the study of contemporary culture within anthropology, psychology and sociology. For many authors it has become central to understanding the nature of material culture in the modern world, but this paper argues that the concept is, in British writing at least, too concerned with its economic origins in the selling and buying of consumer goods or commodities. It is argued that to understand material culture as determined through the monetary exchange for things - the cash nexus - leads to an inadequate sociological understanding of the social relations with objects. The work of Jean Baudrillard is used both to critique the concept of consumption as it leads to a focus on advertising, choice, money and shopping and to point to a more sociologically adequate approach to material culture that explores objects in a system of models and series, `atmosphere', functionality, biography, interaction and mediation.
Are there Classes in Post-Communist Societies? A New Approach to Identifying Class Structure
Authors: Evans Geoffrey , Mills Colin
Published: March 2007

If class theory has explanatory and descriptive power it should be possible to provide evidence that social classes exist as phenomena generic to modern industrial societies. This paper addresses this issue by examining the structure of class situations, as defined by job attributes, in two central European, post-communist societies - Hungary and Poland - and then comparing them with a benchmark Western society, Britain. Classes are identified through a latent structure analysis of job attributes and by assessing the correspondence between the latent classes estimated through this procedure and positions on two alternative indicators of class position - the Goldthorpe class schema and self-rated class identity. The structure of latent classes is found to be generally similar across all three societies, as is the correspondence between these latent classes and positions in the Goldthorpe schema in the two societies in which it is measured, and class identification. The main exceptions to this shared pattern relate to variations in the size and organisation of the agricultural sector and the distinctiveness of `intermediate' class positions. The evidence indicates the presence of a considerable degree of cross-national consistency in the structure of class situations across diverse social and political contexts.
Being Constructive: Social Constructionism and the Environment
Authors: Burningham Kate , Cooper Geoff
Published: March 2007

Within environmental sociology realist critiques of the use of social constructionist approaches abound. This paper challenges features of the realist critique and emphasises the appeal and utility of social constructionist approaches for the study of environmental issues. We start by outlining the criticisms levelled at social constructionism, particularly the claim that the approach amounts to a denial of the existence of environmental problems and provides no contribution to managing them. We argue that this characterisation of `extreme' constructionism is problematic in two senses. First, in that it bears little resemblance to the mild approach actually used in the majority of empirical studies and, secondly, that it is a misleading characterisation of a more radical constructionism. We conclude that the utility of constructionism can be formulated in terms of two distinct approaches. One refrains from making overt moral and political claims, and treats such claims as topics for analysis; such an approach can, however, provide resources for social criticism. Another adopts an overtly political or environmentally motivated stance towards the issues investigated. Underlying these suggestions is our conviction that a particular model of engagement is implicit in many realist critiques and that others are possible, and perhaps, preferable.
By Virtue of Pleasantness? Housework and the Effects of Education Revisited
Authors: Van Berkel Michel , De Graaf Nan Dirk
Published: March 2007

Numerous studies have noted the lack of change in the sexual division of housework, despite substantial change in factors believed to affect it. According to popular thought, men are at best making selective inroads, such that change is limited to the more enjoyable work. This paper explores how combined educational attainment levels of spouses affect the division of housework, taking into account the relative `pleasantness' of particular tasks. For this purpose 1992/93 Dutch data are used, including a national survey on the enjoyment of routine housework. Our findings stress the relevance of discriminating between different sorts of tasks. Firstly, men, if they contribute, do so more to the preferred tasks of shopping or cooking than to the less enjoyed cleaning or laundry. Generational differences suggest, however, that change towards equalisation permeates all tasks alike. Secondly, the division of each type of housework varies between couples with different educational compositions. The effects of education are such that an explanation based on egalitarian values fares better than one based on human capital. Finally, comparing the spouses, the results indicate that the influence of wives' education dominates. However, among highly educated wives this does not hold true when it comes to cleaning.
Pulsed magnetization transfer contrast in gradient echo imaging: A two‐pool analytic description of signal response
Authors: Pike G. Bruce
Published: March 2007

Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging with a rapid gradientecho sequence and pulsed saturation provides an efficient means of acquiring high resolution three‐dimensional data in vivo. This paper presents a derivation of the theoretical steady‐state signal equation for this sequence based on the two‐site coupled Bloch equations. Numerical simulations are used to validate the derived expression and experiments are performed on an agar gel model and normal brain. Experimental agar data indicate that direct saturation of the liquid component can be a major source of signal attenuation whereas MT normally dominates in brain tissue. The signal equation presented here establishes the necessary theory for sequence design and optimization and provides insight into model parameters and experimental results.
Dynamic shim updating: A new approach towards optimized whole brain shimming
Authors: Blamire Andrew M. , Rothman Douglas L. , Nixon Terry
Published: March 2007

The static magnetic field within two widely spaced axial slices of the human brain was mapped in five subjects following global shimming. This revealed a first order field shift in the anterior‐posterior direction between the cerebellum and cerebrum, which has implications for functional and spectro‐scopic magnetic resonance imaging. A new method is described called dynamic shim updating (DSU) to compensate for these field differences whereby the shim correction fields are updated in real time during multislice data acquisition to match the current imaging or spectroscopy slice. A hardware unit is presented to demonstrate the method using the first order shim corrections, which can be updated virtually instantaneously between slice acquisitions to give optimal shimming of each slice. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated using field mapping and high speed MR imaging (echo‐planar imaging), which are sensitive to field inhomogeneity.
Pulsed field gradient NMR and nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of water mobility in hydrated collagen II
Authors: Knauss Robert , Fleischer Gerald , Gründer Wilfried , Kärger Jörg , Werner Annett
Published: March 2007

Transverse nuclear magnetic relaxation and self‐diffusion of water were measured in hydrated collagen II. Self‐diffusion measurements were conducted by pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) and weighting of the different species in the signal by variable T2 relaxation in the experiment. Two fractions of water protons were detected, one with a short T2 value but high diffusivity and one with a long T2 value and low, completely restricted diffusion. The distance of the diffusion barriers was determined to be 2.3 μm. Possible reasons for the restriction in the movement of the water molecules in comparison with structural models of collagen II are discussed.
Development of a Thurstone Scale for Measuring Attitudes Toward Adult Education
Authors: Blunt Adrian
Published: March 2007

This study reports the development of a Thurstone Scale to measure attitudes toward adult education. Fifty-four expert judges assigned ratings to 116 items in an item pool. Forty items met the criteria for inclusion in the scale and the method of successive intervals was used to calculate the scale item values. The validity of the scale was assessed against five criterion variables in a study in which 28 of the scale items were used with a sample of 263 adult patients in the medical practice of a family physician. Scores on the attitude scale were correlated with years of schooling, social participation, socio-economic status, internal-external locus of control and participation in adult learning activities. Although small in magnitude the correlation coefficients obtained were all in the anticipated direction and were statistically significant beyond the .01 level supporting the concurrent validity of the scale in the study.

The homogeneity of the 40 scale items was tested by factor analysis of responses from 338 adult education participants. The analysis yielded nine factors accounting for 75.1 per cent of the variance and indicated that attitudes toward adult education, as quantified by the scale, are multifactorial. Second order factor analysis revealed three underlying factors with one dominant factor emerging.
The Relationship Between Teaching Style and Adult Student Learning
Authors: Conti Gary J.
Published: March 2007

Adult education literature suggests that a teacher's actions affect student achievement. To test the appropriateness of the adult education theory base, this study examined the relationship between the teacher's practice of the principles in the literature as measured by the Principles of Adult Learning Scale and student academic achievement based on teacher assessment. It involved 29 teachers and 837 students in an adult basic education program. A significant relationship between teaching style and academic achievement was found. The findings were congruent with the literature base in the basic level and English as a second language classrooms but incongruent with the literature in the GED setting. This contrast was attributed to the differing cognitive and affective focus and the nature of the goals in each type of course. These findings suggest that other situationally specific studies are needed to further clarify the general adult education literature base.
Traditional Culture, Perceptual Style, and Learning: The Classroom Behavior of Hmong Adults
Authors: Hvitfeldt Christina
Published: March 2007

The Hmong, the largest ethnic minority in Laos, represent the greatest proportion of refugees from that country now resettled in the United States. Having been socialized into a preliterate, pretechnical society, Hmong adults perceive the world and relate to others in ways which differ significantly from those of mainstream American culture. When Hmong adults participate in American basic education, their culturally influenced perceptions and attitudes affect their classroom behavior. This article reports the findings of a microethnographic study of an English language and literacy class for Hmong adults. The discussion centers on Hmong interaction with other classroom participants and with classroom materials, relating observed behavior to theories of perception and cognitive style. Implications for teacher practice and further research are suggested.
Environmental Determinants for Organizing Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Belsheim David J.
Published: March 2007

Offices of continuing professional education (i.e., CPE centers) are organized to link learners and knowledge resources via learning formats and needs assessment procedures. Two primary organizing dimensions, a service and an education orientation, were evident in a sample of 184 CPE centers randomly selected from lists of centers serving clergy, attorneys, education, and health professionals. A division of the centers into four groups based on scores on these two primary orientations allowed a test of environmental influences. A discriminant function analysis weighted 19 environmental variables to distinguish service-oriented centers from education-oriented centers with an accuracy rate of 92%. Conclusions direct us away from profession and parent organization as the basis of classifications for organizing CPE providers. In their place are posited functional orientations of CPE centers and characteristics of their environments.
Role Shock: An Occupational Hazard of American Technical Assistants Abroad
Authors: Byrnes Francis C.
Published: March 2007

American technical assistants abroad frequently experience a range of frustrations and stresses in carrying out their overseas professional and work roles. They manifest these frustrations particularly in the antagonism and criti cisms directed against the American work organizations, their American colleagues, and, to a lesser extent, host nationals and their bureaucracies. Recent studies provide evidence of the role-shock phenomenon and help to identify these major professional problems of the United States technical assistant abroad: ambiguity in the professional role, relationships with host-country counterparts, communication and participation in the indigenous hierarchy, the administrative context of the project, and the complex demands of development. Despite their frustrations, most respondents view their own efforts as successful and their professional qualifications as more than equal to the challenges of the overseas situations. They re port a vast range of personal dividends for themselves and their families, although most assess the professional returns from the experience as being minimal. Through the mech anism of technical assistance, several thousand additional Americans each year find their first opportunity to travel, live, and work abroad. In so doing, they are helping to build and define a "third culture" of intersocietal relationships.
How Hostilities Have Ended: Peace Treaties and Alternatives
Authors: Wright Quincy
Published: March 2007

On the basis of tables in the author's A Study of War, the number of wars terminated by treaties of peace, unconditional surrender, unilateral declaration, or general recognition is indicated. The formalities of traditional inter national law for beginning, waging, and ending war were observed to occur increasingly after the seventeenth century, and to reach a high point in the first two decades of the twentieth century. The radical change in conditions, owing to modern technology, convinced statesmen during World War I that changes in international law and organization were necessary. But neither the Covenant of the League of Na tions nor the Charter of the United Nations has been suc cessful in preventing or terminating hostilities. No peace treaties have been made since World War II, and the thirty- four hostilities of sufficient magnitude to be called war since 1945 have been ended temporarily by armistice or cease-fire, and more permanently by a recognition of independence or political change, in some cases with assistance by the United Nations. Two, however, remain active, and others dormant. Abandonment of the system of power politics and strengthening of international organization is necessary if peace is to be established.
Who Participates in Education Exchange?
Authors: Edgerton Wallace B.
Published: March 2007

International education has been a growing field in the United States since the beginning of major exchange activity with the establishment of the Fulbright-Hays Fellow ships shortly after World War II. In its various aspects in the United States—exchange of American and foreign students, faculty, leaders, and specialists—international education as sists a minimum of 250,000 individuals each year to study, teach, or perform research. Worldwide, the number of exchangees is several times this total. Many of the factors that have promoted the growth of large-scale exchange can be expected to con tinue to promote growth in the future, but there are a number of new elements that will affect the make-up of the exchange population in the future. This article briefly examines a number of these factors and discusses reasons why they can be expected to play a significant role in determining the future of exchange.
Political Modernization in the Developing World: Contributions from American Experience
Authors: Park Richard L.
Published: March 2007

The collapse of Western imperial systems at the end of World War II may be seen a century later as a more important structural political change than the revolutions starting with England's in the seventeenth century. The American Revolution was a pioneer movement in decoloni zation. Over a 200-year span, American political experience has had an impact on the development of other countries. For the many new states formed after 1945, American pro cesses of integration and the shaping of a political consensus have been found useful, as have federalism, judicial review, and developmental forms of public administration. American principles of limiting governmental power, however, contrast with the new states' search for concentrated power. In many respects, institutions of political form and style made familiar and natural by centuries of imperial tutelage have been more readily adopted by the new states. The United States has assisted in the process of political modernization in the developing world, but the American system of govern ment grew under special conditions, and, for the most part, is not transferable.
The Impact of Black Mayors on Urban Policy
Authors: Keller Edmond J.
Published: March 2007

This article is an exploratory assessment of whether or not black mayors, as compared to white mayors, demonstrate patterned differences in their policy preferences and expenditures. It is hypothesized that black mayors are inclined to spend more on welfare related items than on other budgetary items. Employing urban expenditure data over time in six cities and focusing upon seven expenditure categories, it is found that, as a rule, black mayors do not differ greatly from white mayors in the way they spend. However, their preferences do seem to differ. Black mayors, even when they would like to, are constrained from spending according to their preferences. It is argued that differences in expenditure patterns are highly conditioned by environmental and structural factors. Suggestions are made for further research.
Race Relations and Residential Segregation in New Orleans: Two Centuries of Paradox
Authors: Spain Daphne
Published: March 2007

Because of its origins as one of the oldest slave trading centers in the country, New Orleans has a unique history in both race relations and residential segregation. Slavery required blacks to live in close proximity to their white owners. This created a mixed residential pattern that was characteristic of other southern cities in the nineteenth century. The rigid caste/race system defined social distance when physical distance was lacking. In the twentieth century, the advent of civil rights and equality for blacks has led to less patriarchal race relations but, paradoxically, greater residential segregation. Blacks have become more residentially isolated since the turn of the century. This essay documents the disappearance of the classic "backyard pattern" in New Orleans.
The Limits of Public Support
Authors: Roper Burns W.
Published: March 2007

Polls reveal that the American public's interest in foreign affairs remains consistently low. In only three of ten to twelve areas of government spending, polled since 1971, did the public feel that the United States was spending too much; of these, foreign aid—both economic and military— was an easy first.
Urbanization and Counterurbanization in the United States
Authors: Berry Brian J.L.
Published: March 2007

Urbanization, the process of population concentration, has been succeeded in the United States by counterurbanization, a process of population deconcentration characterized by smaller sizes, decreasing densities, and increasing local homogeneity, set within widening radii of national interdependence. This article reviews this shift, the means by which a national society is producing a national settlement system.
Changing Views on Historical Conservation in Cities
Authors: Collins Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Historic preservation has become a major force in urban development, urban planning, and city design. It has been propelled into the stream of political action, and controversy, because of a series of demographic, economic, and legal changes which have generated a "back-to-the-city" movement. This movement, although still highly selective in area, particularly affects older urban neighborhoods with distinctive architectural quality and downtown areas with a stock of old but distinctive buildings. The 1966 Historic Preservation Act, especially the provisions of Section 106, is comparable to the National Environmental Policy Act in its impact on redevelopment in built-up areas and in its requirement for environmental impact statements in natural settings. An expanded federal law calling for the inclusion of properties on the National Register of Historic Places and the creation of the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation creates leverage for the national heritage movement in development decisions. The 1966 Historic Preservation Act gives advantages to rehabilitating historic properties rather than to demolishing them and also includes economic disincentives to those who would construct new properties on those sites. This same law provides for federal certification of local historic districts in order to establish eligibility for the tax provisions. Developments in historic preservation are changing local planning and zoning concepts.
Chapter 5
Authors: Adams Arvil V.
Published: March 2007

Social Indicators III contains a wealth of information on the nation's employment and unemployment trends in the postwar period. This chapter examines the particular problems of rising unemployment and diminishing productivity growth in the 1970s and their relation to demographic changes in the labor force of this period. The expansion of youth and adult women's participation in the work force during the 1970s is described as compounding the problems of an economy wracked by energy shortages and inflation. Pressures from this source are expected to diminish in the decade ahead. The prospects for improvements in the economy related to this are reviewed along with the likelihood of new problems emerging to affect the American work force of the 1980s. A better understanding of these and other labor market problems in the decade ahead will be one of the payoffs to changes planned in the nation's labor force data system in response to the recommendations of a presidential commission. These changes are described.
The Wisdom of Gun Prohibition
Authors: Kaplan John
Published: March 2007

The fact that not everyone will obey a law is a very important determinant of the wisdom of its enactment. As applied to gun prohibition legislation, widespread violation of the law may place upon us unacceptable societal costs of enforcement, which would cast doubt upon the wisdom of enacting what might be thought to be a reasonable policy.
Technology Choice and the Distribution of Income
Authors: Ranis Gustav
Published: March 2007

This article first explores the meaning that attaches to the flexibility in the choice of technology and defines the concept of equity in the distribution of income. It then proceeds to demonstrate how the ability to explore the limits of technological flexibility, both in its static and dynamic senses, can be linked to alternative distributional outcomes. The harshness of the typical import substitution sub-phase of development, the extent attention is paid to agricultural productivity growth, to the decentralization of industry, to the search for efficient labor intensity in both product mix and process choice, are all shown to make a substantial difference to the strength of the potential positive relationship between technology and equity. The real world experience of the East Asian developing countries that have managed to avoid conflict between growth and distribution largely via efficient technology choices is cited and contrasted with the more typical Latin American cases.
The Political Management of Economic and Social Change: Contrasting Models of Advanced Industrial Society in Sweden and West Germany
Authors: HANCOCK M. DONALD
Published: March 2007

In countries characterized by a tradition of an active rather than a passive state, such as Sweden and West Germany, politics constitutes an important autonomous factor in determining policy choices and hence economic and social outcomes over time. The key actors in this context are political parties and their aligned or affiliated interest groups. During the postwar period the Social Democrats initiated a policy shift toward neo-Keynesian expansionist economic measures in an effort to sustain growth and minimize unemployment in both countries, whereas the more conservative Christian Democrats were responsible for implementing a less interventionist policy based on social market economic principles during the formative years of the Federal Republic. As a result of these policy similarities and differences—buttressed by the contrasting role of organized labor in the two countries—Sweden and West Germany have experienced both convergence and continued divergence with respect to their economic and social performance. An important consequence is that they appear to have evolved different types of corporatism—with concomitant implications for both the comparative study of advanced industrial societies and democratic theory.
Judicial Review of Complex Administrative Agency Decisions
Authors: WALD PATRICIA M.
Published: March 2007

A significant portion of the work of the U.S. Courts of Appeals is reviewing decisions and rules of administrative agencies. These cases often require generalist judges to deal with highly technical and complex matters for which their backgrounds have not necessarily prepared them. Their difficulty in dealing with the cases is compounded not only by various requirements of the litigation process that frustrate complete judicial access to the facts of the case, but also by practices of the agencies and their attorneys. This article reviews various proposals to remedy these problems. It concludes that the advantages of an independent review by generalist judges outweigh any advantages of specialized courts or panels. It proposes, however, various procedural innovations that would hold the parties to a more responsible role in the process and promote more informed communication between the parties and the court.
Addressing Terrorism in the United States
Authors: MONROE CHARLES P.
Published: March 2007

Terrorism presents a serious threat to democratic governments that must protect themselves without trampling individual rights. Federal Bureau of Investigation successes have shown that the U.S. government can effectively deal with this threat while protecting the constitutional rights of citizens.
Models of Transitions in Middle and Later Life
Authors: GEORGE LINDA K.
Published: March 2007

The topic of change during adulthood is receiving increased attention from social and behavioral scientists, as well as from the general public. This article describes and evaluates the contributions of four types of models designed to further our understanding of the causes and consequences of change during middle and later life: developmental models, life event models, adult socialization models, and integrated models that incorporate elements of multiple perspectives. Special attention is devoted to the recent and appropriate shift from an emphasis upon change as crisis to the more neutral view of change as transition. Two issues are suggested as critical to any useful model of change during middle and later life. First, such models must incorporate recognition of the importance of both individual and social factors for understanding the causes and consequences of change. Second, such models must identify the factors that place individuals at risk for adaptive problems as a result of change.
Program Evaluation and Appropriate Governmental Change
Authors: CHELIMSKY ELEANOR
Published: March 2007

Examining the potential and the limitations of evaluation, this article envisions an essential role for evaluation in achieving appropriate governmental change. That role is a deliberate one that seeks to improve the basis for policymaking, rather than to influence the direction of policy. Evaluation can do this by bringing objective information to bear on whether a proposed change—in any policy direction—is likely to reach its goals. Current limitations of evaluation are identified as resulting from the newness of the evaluation field, from differing perspectives among evaluation producers and users, and from various systemic situations which block or vitiate the evaluative effort. New uses of evaluation methodologies are proposed, along with creative management of evaluation performance. Finally, a clearinghouse to ensure the cumulative use of evaluation findings is recommended.
Health Care Policy: Lessons from the Past and Issues of the Future
Authors: BERKI S. E.
Published: March 2007

Liberal distributional values, the increasingly powerful capacity of medicine to provide more and better care, and concern about the health hazards of an industrial society fueled the vast expansion of the health care sector during the last 20 years. That growth was facilitated by a growing economy. The current health policy debate at one level reexamines the distributional bases of entitlement programs, and at another seeks alternative resource allocation mechanisms to reduce the cost of health care. This article has two themes. First, distributional and allocational policies are shown to be intrinsically related, so that the health policy debate is fundamentally a clash between liberal and libertarian values. Second, the inexorable social forces driving the health care system are shown to be the aging of the population and the rapid expansion of technology. The resulting dynamics imply the further growth of the health sector, now in the environment of a sluggish economy. Future policies will have to struggle with how to ration scarce health resources and how to reorient the health care sector to the problems of the aged.
Polling as a News-Gathering Tool
Authors: ISMACH ARNOLD H.
Published: March 2007

The use of public opinion research by news organizations has graduated from the publication of commercial syndicated polls to the widespread adoption of social science research methods as a reporting tool. As many as 500 to 600 news papers are conducting polls and other quantitative research projects on a regular or occasional basis. In-house polling appears to be established as a new journalistic genre, and those working in the field expect it to grow in both use and sophistication. Newsroom research activities have gone far beyond the traditional preelection preference poll to include both attitude and behavioral studies on a range of public affairs issues and sociological topics. Critics, however, say some media research efforts are conceptually and methodologically poor, and they worry about the negative effects on society of the uncritical use and presentation of flawed public opinion data. Journalists, nevertheless, generally welcome the power offered by public opinion research.
Employee Ownership and the Future of Unions
Authors: WHYTE WILLIAM FOOTE , BLASI JOSEPH R.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1970s employee ownership was on the fringes of public consciousness. Within the last few years, in various forms, employee ownership has emerged as a growing trend demanding attention from Congress, management, and union and community leaders. Over this same period the reaction of union leaders has shifted from indifference mingled with skepticism or hostility to growing interest balanced by ambivalence. The first step toward union policy development is a review of past experience and an examination of current trends.