bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Transition‐Metal‐Free Defluorosilylation of Fluoroalkenes with Silylboronates* (Chin. J. Chem. 10/2019)
Authors: Gao Pan , Wang Guoqiang , Xi Longlong , Wang Minyan , Li Shuhua , Shi Zhuangzhi
Published: September 2019

The cover picture shows a simple, inexpensive and robust method on defluorosilylation of diverse fluoroalkenes with silylboronates in the presence of alkoxy base to directly synthesize various silylated fluoroalkenes. Density functional theory calculations revealed that transient silyl anion complex undergoes SN2’ or SNV substitution, which is responsible for this base‐mediated defluorosilylation reaction, thus obviating the need for copper salts. More details are discussed in the article by Shi et al. on page 1009–1014.

image
Parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: Tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Fernández Máximo , Morales Cristian , Durán Ernesto , Fernández‐Colleman Sara , Sentis Elisa , Mpodozis Jorge , Karten Harvey J. , Marín Gonzalo J.
Published: September 2019

The sensory–motor division of the avian arcopallium receives parallel inputs from primary and high‐order pallial areas of sensory and vocal control pathways, and sends a prominent descending projection to ascending and premotor, subpallial stages of these pathways. While this organization is well established for the auditory and trigeminal systems, the arcopallial subdivision related to the tectofugal visual system and its descending projection to the optic tectum (TeO) has been less investigated. In this study, we charted the arcopallial area displaying tectofugal visual responses and by injecting neural tracers, we traced its connectional anatomy. We found visual motion‐sensitive responses in a central region of the dorsal (AD) and intermediate (AI) arcopallium, in between previously described auditory and trigeminal zones. Blocking the ascending tectofugal sensory output, canceled these visual responses in the arcopallium, verifying their tectofugal origin. Injecting PHA‐L into the visual, but not into the auditory AI, revealed a massive projection to tectal layer 13 and other tectal related areas, sparing auditory, and trigeminal ones. Conversely, CTB injections restricted to TeO retrogradely labeled neurons confined to the visual AI. These results show that the AI zone receiving tectofugal inputs sends top‐down modulations specifically directed to tectal targets, just like the auditory and trigeminal AI zones project back to their respective subpallial sensory and premotor areas, as found by previous studies. Therefore, the arcopallium seems to be organized in a parallel fashion, such that in spite of expected cross‐modal integration, the different sensory–motor loops run through separate subdivisions of this structure.
Ontology reasoning of start‐ups' growth risk based on immune system
Authors: Yang Bo , Liu Chang
Published: September 2019

Under the background of “Internet +” and “dual innovation,” start‐ups are faced with huge, complex, and diverse growth risks with sudden, dominant, and dynamic characteristics during the growth process. It is significant to identify these risks accurately during the growth and development of new ventures. This paper draws on the theory of biological immune system, combines the ontology with the growth risk of start‐ups, and uses SWRL and Jess engine to build an ontology knowledge base of start‐ups' growth risk to identify various risks in the growth process of start‐up. The results show that the ontology model supports the risk identification based on semantic reasoning and can improve the accuracy of the growth risk identification of start‐ups. What's more, it provides new ideas for the research on the growth risk identification of new start‐ups.
Densification Mechanism and Microstructure Evolution of Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Sun Haoxuan , Wang Zhenhua , Du Yulei , Yuan Juntang
Published: September 2019

In this work, Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy is sintered via spark plasma sintering with pre‐alloyed powders prepared by the atomized method. The densification mechanism and microstructure evolution of the spark plasma sintered Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy are analyzed. The sintering process is divided into two stages of densification and microstructure transformation. First, the densification mechanism of the powder materials at different sintering temperatures is investigated. At the beginning of the sintering process, the powder particles are closely rearranged under pressure. In the middle of the sintering process, the plastic deformation of the powder particles and the material migration between the adjacent particles promote the densification into the high‐speed stage. In the late stages of sintering, the unique equilibrium phase transition of the TiAl alloy allows the densification to be completed quickly. Additionally, the formation process and phase transition mechanism of the near gamma structure, the duplex structure, the full‐lamellar structure, and spherical structure in Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy are systematically studied.
Creating Diversity from Biomass: A Tandem Bio/Metal‐Catalysis towards Chemoselective Synthesis of Densely Substituted Furans
Authors: Ravasco João M. J. M. , Monteiro Carlos M. , Siopa Filipa , Trindade Alexandre F. , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni , Simeonov Svilen P. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: September 2019

A new chemoselective (enzymatic desymmetrization/Ru‐catalyzed C−H activation) sequence to obtain differently substituted furans from the largely available 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was developed. Series of di‐ and trisubstituted furans were prepared in very good yields and excellent chemoselectivity. This study discloses a new approach towards valorization of the furanics platform through the use of FDCA as a stable intermediate, thus circumventing the chemical instability of the parent 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural.
Impacts of early social experience on cognitive development in infant rhesus macaques
Authors: Murphy Ashley M. , Dettmer Amanda M.
Published: September 2019

Although much is known about the influences of early life experiences on the neurobiology and behavior of macaque models of child development, there is scant literature on cognitive development with respect to early rearing. Here, we examined the effects of rearing condition on affective reactivity and cognitive development in infant rhesus macaques. Infants were pseudo‐randomly assigned to one of the two rearing conditions: nursery reared (NR, N = 32; 16 peer‐reared, 16 surrogate‐peer‐reared) or mother‐peer‐reared (MPR, N = 7). During the first month of life, infants were administered the Primate Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment (PNNA). Beginning at 4 months old, infants were tested on cognitive tasks that assessed reward association, cognitive flexibility, and impulsivity. We found no gross cognitive differences between MPR and NR infants. However, MPR infants were more reactive than NR infants on the PNNA. Additionally, reactivity on the PNNA correlated with impulsivity, such that infants who were more reactive at 1 month of age completed fewer trials correctly on this task at 8–10 months. These findings are the first to directly compare cognitive development in MPR and NR infants, and add to the existing literature elucidating the influences of early social experience on temperament and development.
Temperament moderates developmental changes in vigilance to emotional faces in infants: Evidence from an eye‐tracking study
Authors: Fu Xiaoxue , Morales Santiago , LoBue Vanessa , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly
Published: September 2019

Affect‐biased attention reflects the prioritization of attention to stimuli that individuals deem to be motivationally and/or affectively salient. Normative affect‐biased attention is early‐emerging, providing an experience‐expectant function for socioemotional development. Evidence is limited regarding how reactive and regulatory aspects of temperament may shape maturational changes in affect‐biased attention that operate at the earliest stages of information processing. This study implemented a novel eye‐tracking paradigm designed to capture attention vigilance in infants. We assessed temperamental negative affect (NA) and attention control (AC) using laboratory observations and parent‐reports, respectively. Among infants (N = 161 in the final analysis) aged 4 to 24 months (Mean = 12.05, SD = 5.46; 86 males), there was a significant age effect on fixation latency to emotional versus neutral faces only in infants characterized with high NA and high AC. Specifically, in infants with these temperament traits, older infants showed shorter latency (i.e., greater vigilance) toward neutral faces, which are potentially novel and unfamiliar to infants. The age effect on vigilance toward emotional faces was not significant. The findings support the argument that the development of affect‐biased attention is associated with multiple temperament processes that potentially interact over time.
Effect of coupled reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soil mite community composition in a wheat field
Authors: Zheng Chunyan , Ouyang Fang , Liu Xianghui , Ma Junhua , Zhao Fenghua , Ouyang Zhu , Ge Feng
Published: September 2019

Groundwater and nitrogen fertilizer overuse severely threatens crop productions; thus, current ecological agriculture requires low irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. The effects of combined reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil organism (e.g., mite) community and biodiversity remain poorly understood. We analyzed soil mite community composition, wheat grain yield, and soil characteristics in a 10‐year manipulation experiment with two levels of irrigation (reduced and conventional irrigation) and five nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha). Reduced irrigation (20% reduction, from 280 to 220 mm) and nitrogen fertilizer (25% reduction, from 280 to 210 kg N/ha) addition did not significantly influence soil mite community and wheat yield. The relative abundances of fungivores and predators showed negative quadratic relationships with wheat yield, while that of plant parasites showed a positive relationship. The relationships between soil mite trophic groups and wheat yield revealed that we can evaluate the impacts of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition from the perspective of soil fauna. Soil mite community composition was altered by soil abiotic factors prior to reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition. Overall, moderate reductions of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer may not threaten to soil mite community and diversity or decrease crop production; in contrast, such reductions will benefit mite community development and the sustainable agriculture.
Exposure to anti‐PD‐1 causes functional differences in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in rare solid tumors
Authors: Creasy Caitlin A. , Forget Marie‐Andrée , Singh Gopal , Tapia Coya , Xu Mingxuan , Stephen Bettzy , Sabir Sharjeel , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Haymaker Cara , Bernatchez Chantale , Naing Aung
Published: September 2019

The pervasive use of therapeutic antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) to boost anti‐tumor immunity has positioned this approach to become the standard‐of‐care for some solid tumor malignancies. However, little is known as to how blockade of PD‐1 may alter the function or phenotype of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). We used our ongoing Phase II clinical trial of pembrolizumab for patients with rare solid tumors from various types (NCT02721732) with matched core biopsies taken at baseline and after initial dose of anti‐PD‐1 (15–21 days post‐dose) to elucidate this question. One fresh core needle biopsy was used to propagate TIL ex vivo to analyze phenotype and function using flow cytometry in both CD8+ and CD4+ TIL populations. An enriched CTLA‐4 expression in the CD4+ TIL population was observed in TIL expanded from the on‐treatment samples compared to TIL expanded from the matched baseline (n = 22, p = 0.0007) but was not observed in patients who experienced tumor regression. Impact on functionality was evaluated by measuring secretion of 65 soluble factors by expanded TIL from 26 patients at baseline and on‐treatment. The CD8+ TIL population demonstrated a diminished cytokine secretion profile post‐pembrolizumab. Overall, our study assesses the ramifications of one dose of anti‐PD‐1 on TIL in rare solid tumor types.
Molecular Recognition of Strong Acids by Using a 2‐Ureido‐4‐Ferrocenyl Pyrimidine Receptor
Authors: Keszei Soma J. , Balogh Szabolcs , Fehér Csaba , Nagy Lívia , Tumanov Nikolay , Wouters Johan , Lendvay György , Skoda‐Földes Rita
Published: September 2019

The properties of a ferrocenyl ureidopyrimidine derivative, a potential electrochemical sensor for trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid, were investigated using UV/Vis, NMR, and CV measurements. Upon protonation, a structural change was found to take place leading to the formation of a proper binding site for the anion of the acid. Anion binding has been proved for both CF3SO3– and CF3CO2–as well as for the BF4– anion by 1H NMR measurements. Moreover, titration experiments carried out with CF3SO3H and CF3CO2H resulted in different responses in the NMR spectra of the pyrimidine host. Cyclic voltammetry was found to be suitable to follow the addition of the acids to the host molecule. DFT calculations and X‐ray diffraction were used to explore the properties of anion binding.
Feasibility Study on the Determination of the Solid Fat Content of Fats Using Temperature‐Modulated Optical Refractometry
Authors: Häupler Michaela , Hutschenreuter Valeska , Rudolph Susanne , Flöter Eckhard
Published: September 2019

The solid fat content (SFC) at different temperatures is an important characteristic of fat phases because it correlates to functionality in product applications. Consequently, this characteristic is also used to specify fat compositions in trade. Of three methods applicable, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pMNR) is predominantly applied. Dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) find much less application. Handling with glass vials and high equipment costs make the search for alternatives to pNMR a useful endeavor. Optical refractometry is evaluated with respect to its potential to determine SFC values. Since refractometry is in the first place not suited for suspensions the positive results found are surprising. Applying temperature modulated optical refractometry (TMOR), isothermal optical refractometry with a superimposed temperature undulation yields repeatable results that are highly comparable to pNMR data. For the system studied (palm oil, coconut oil, partially hydrogenated palm oil), TMOR clearly outperforms DSC when pNMR is considered the method of reference. The key finding that refractive index is suitable to determine properties of suspensions is accompanied by the indications that refractometry has the potential to enable competitive methods within the fat technology.

Practical Applications: The observation that refractometry can deliver quantitative data on fat suspensions enables the development of an array of new analytical methods. Next to SFC values and melting point, studies on the characterization of polymorphism can be envisioned. Since the device is robust and affordable, it could be in product development and quality control.
Organic Photocatalysis: Carbon Nitride Semiconductors vs. Molecular Catalysts
Authors: Markushyna Yevheniia , Smith Christene A. , Savateev Aleksandr
Published: September 2019

The development of novel chemical transformations calls for environmentally friendly synthetic methods. Visible light photoredox catalysis has gained attention as a versatile tool to address these challenges. Due to the well‐defined structure of homogeneous transition metal‐based catalysts and organic dyes, they have been widely used to drive a wide variety of organic transformations. On the other hand, due to low cost, simple preparation procedure, and chemical stability of carbon nitride semiconductors, they have been known almost exclusively in environmental applications and water splitting. Until recently the applicability of carbon nitride semiconductors in organic synthesis has remained hidden from the broad community of organic chemists. In this review, we summarize reactions mediated by heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysts and common homogeneous photocatalysts in the same organic reactions, such as carbon‐carbon or carbon‐heteroatom bond formation reactions. We compare performance of both groups of catalysts in the discussed organic reactions.
Synthesis of Ferrosoferric Oxide‐graphene Oxide Nanocomposite by Isoelectric Point Method for the Detection of Catechol
Authors: Wang Kaiqian , Cheng Yalin , Tu Biyang , Tao Haisheng
Published: September 2019

Ferrosoferric oxide functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite with layer by layer structure was synthesized by isoelectric point method in this work. The prepared material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Then the material was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the detection of catechol. The electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance towards the detection of catechol with a linear response in the range of 5–205 μM and a detection limit of 2.32 μM. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor showed excellent selectivity, stability and repeatability. These results revealed ferrosoferric oxide functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite has potential applications in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors.
A Simple Approach to Simultaneous Electroanalytical Quantification of Acetaminophen and Tramadol Using a Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode in the Existence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Yunusoğlu Oruç , Allahverdiyeva Shabnam , Yardım Yavuz , Şentürk Zühre
Published: September 2019

The present work describes the individual, selective and simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen (ACP) and tramadol hydrochloride (TRA) using a modification‐free boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode. Cyclic voltammetric measurements revealed that the profile of the binary mixtures of ACP and TRA were manifested by two irreversible oxidation peaks at about +1.04 V (for ACP) and +1.61 V (for TRA) in Britton‐Robinson (BR) buffer pH 3.0. TRA oxidation peak was significantly improved in the presence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), while ACP signal did not change. By employing square‐wave stripping mode in BR buffer pH 3.0 containing 8×10−4 mol L−1 SDS after 30 s accumulation under open‐circuit voltage, the BDD electrode could be used for quantification of ACP and TRA simultaneously in the ranges 1.0–70 μg mL−1 (6.6×10−6–4.6×10−4 mol L−1) and 1.0–70 μg mL−1 (3.3×10−6–2.3×10−4 mol L−1), with detection limits of 0.11 μg mL−1 (7.3×10−7 mol L−1) and 0.13 μg mL−1 (4.3×10−7 mol L−1), respectively. The practical applicability of the proposed approach was tested for the individual and simultaneous quantification of ACP and/or TRA in the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Enhanced Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Cobalt and Iron Porphyrin/Ionic Liquid Systems
Authors: Gidi Leyla , Honores Jessica , Arce Roxana , Arévalo M. C. , Aguirre M. J. , Ramírez Galo
Published: September 2019

Oxygen reduction reaction mediated by electrodes composed of graphite powder, octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate as a binder, and cobalt and iron metal octaethylporphyrins is studied. Morphological and composition changes of the electrodic surfaces are observed employing the ionic liquid (IL) as a binder by scanning electron microscopy along with X‐ray microanalysis. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that both the ILs and porphyrins are capable of generating an electrocatalytic effect in terms of current and/or potential toward this reaction, as well as increasing the conductive ability of the systems, presenting a synergistic effect between the ILs and the porphyrins. Scan rate studies determine that with the mixing of Co–Fe porphyrins, an oxygen reduction close to four electrons, either directly or through the production of a hydrogen peroxide intermediate, is generated.
Electrolytic Conversion of Sacrificial Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films into an Electrocatalytically Active Monolithic Oxide Coating for the Oxygen‐Evolution Reaction
Authors: Begum Salma , Hashem Tawheed , Tsotsalas Manuel , Wöll Christof , Alkordi Mohamed H.
Published: September 2019

The electrolytic conversion of SURMOFs, monolithic surface‐anchored metal–organic framework (MOF) thin films, to yield Ni(OH)2 coatings for utilization as electrocatalysts in the water oxidation reaction is described. The electrocatalytic properties of the hydroxide coating, namely an oxygen‐evolving reaction (OER) onset overpotential of 330 mV and overpotential of only 440 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, are well comparable to some of the most efficient materials used for the OER process. This electrolytic transformation process represents a facile pathway for the fabrication of electrochemically and electrocatalytically active coatings, and is potentially transferrable to several other systems. This approach is an attractive alternative to the commonly utilized, energy intensive pyrolysis, where heating the samples to temperatures above 600 °C is common to induce full transformation into electroactive catalysts.
Destination: The Ultraslow Gakkel Ridge
Authors: Schlindwein Vera
Published: September 2019

Plate tectonics, volcanic activity and ocean floor spreading in the Arctic: Following several complex research expeditions and earthquake measurements, the Emmy Noether group MOVE has obtained some surprising findings about the formation and structure of the ocean lithosphere. A look at the results so far
Design, synthesis of (Z)‐3‐benzyl‐5‐((1‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐((1‐ substituted phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione analogues as potential cytotoxic agents
Authors: Kolluri Prashanth Kumar , Gurrapu Nirmala , Edigi Praveen Kumar , N. J. P. Subhashini , Putta Shravani , Singh Surya Satyanarayana
Published: September 2019

In an attempt to achieve promising cytotoxic agents, a series of new (Z)‐3‐benzyl‐5‐((1‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐((1‐substituted phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐diones 10 a‐n were designed, synthesized, and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and ESI‐MS techniques. These compounds synthesized from appropriate reaction procedures with better yields. All the novel synthesized compounds 10a‐n were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the MCF‐7 cell line (Human breast cancer cell line) at different concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM, respectively. The cytotoxic evaluation assay is presented in terms of IC50 values and percentage cell viability reduction compared against standard drug cisplatin. Among all novel synthesized compounds 10a‐n, some of the representative analogues particularly 10g and 10e exhibit remarkable cytotoxic activity with IC50 values 0.454 and 0.586 μM, comparable to that of the standard drug cisplatin, and some analogues 10d, 10f, 10k, and 10m also have shown significant activity.
Volume‐Based Protocol Improves Delivery of Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Trauma Patients
Authors: Sachdev Gaurav , Backes Kehaulani , Thomas Bradley Winston , Sing Ronald Fong , Huynh Toan
Published: September 2019

Background

Critically ill patients on enteral nutrition (EN) often do not receive goal nutrition support. Factors impeding delivery of EN include interruption for procedures, tube dislodgement, and high gastric residuals. A volume‐based feeding protocol (VP) is designed to adjust the infusion rate to compensate for interruptions. We hypothesize that implementation of a VP would increase delivery of EN over the conventional hourly rate method (CM).

Methods

This study compared patients on CM to those on VP. The primary outcome measured was percentage of goal EN delivered during the entire intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Inclusion criteria for the study consisted of patients aged >18 years, traumatic mechanism of injury and admission to the ICU >72 hours, hemodynamic stability to receive EN per the trauma ICU standard of practice, and EN via nasogastric or post‐pyloric feeding tube.

Results

We evaluated 227 patients over a 20‐month period. Seventy‐nine patients in the VP group were compared with the control group of 148 patients. Patients on VP received a significantly higher percentage of goal EN than those on CM (73.3% vs 65%, P = .0002). There was no difference in the incidence of diarrhea (CM 4.16% vs VP 5.19%; P = .29) or tube dislodgment (CM 2.04% vs VP 1.61%; P = .51).

Conclusion

Implementation of a VP significantly increased delivery of EN by 8.3% over that given by the CM in critically ill trauma patients with no difference in feeding‐related complications.
Traces of volcanic ash from the Mediterranean, Iceland and North America in a Holocene record from south Wales, UK
Authors: Jones Gwydion , Davies Siwan M. , Staff Richard A. , Loader Neil J. , Davies Sarah J. , Walker Michael J. C.
Published: September 2019

A tephra record is presented for a sediment core from Llyn Llech Owain, south Wales, spanning the early‐ to mid‐Holocene. Seven cryptotephra deposits are discovered with three thought to correlate with known eruptions and the remaining four considered to represent previously undocumented events. One deposit is suggested to correlate with the ~6.9 cal ka bp Lairg A tephra from Iceland, whereas more distant sources are proposed as the origin for two of the tephra deposits. A peak of colourless shards in early‐Holocene sediments is thought to tentatively correlate with the ~9.6 cal ka bp Fondi di Baia tephra (Campi Flegrei) and a second cryptotephra is tentatively correlated with the ~3.6 cal ka bp Aniakchak (CFE) II tephra (Alaska). The Fondi di Baia tephra has never been recorded beyond proximal sites and its discovery in south Wales significantly extends the geographical distribution of ash from this eruption. The remaining four cryptotephra deposits are yet to be correlated with known eruptions, demonstrating that our current understanding of widespread tephra deposits is incomplete. This new tephra record highlights the potential for sites at more southerly and westerly locations in northwest Europe to act as repositories for ash from several volcanic regions.
Tracheostomy in Extremely Preterm Neonates in the United States: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Wang Cynthia S. , Kou Yann‐Fuu , Shah Gopi B. , Mitchell Ron B. , Johnson Romaine F.
Published: September 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and invasive respiratory support is increasing among extremely preterm neonates. Yet, it is unclear if there is a corresponding increase in tracheostomies. We hypothesize that in extremely preterm neonates with BPD, the incidence of tracheostomy has increased.

Study Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis.

Methods

We analyzed the 2006 to 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Databases (KID) for hospital discharges of nonextremely preterm neonates (gestational age >28 weeks and <37 weeks or birth weight >1,500 g) and extremely preterm neonates (gestational age ≤28 weeks or birth weight ≤1,500 g). We studied tracheostomy placement trends in these two populations to see if they are increasing among extremely preterm neonates, especially those with BPD.

Results

The study included 1,418,681 preterm neonates (52% male, 50% white, 19% black, 20% Hispanic, 4.2% Asian), of whom 118,676 (8.4%) were extremely preterm. A total of 2,029 tracheostomies were performed, of which 803 (0.68%) were in extremely preterm neonates. The estimated percent change of occurrence of extremely preterm neonates with BPD increased 17% between 2006 and 2012, and tracheostomy placement increased 31%. Amongst all who received tracheostomies, mortality rate was higher in extremely preterm neonates compared to nonextremely preterm neonates (18% vs. 14%, P = .05). However, in extremely preterm neonates, those with tracheostomies had a lower mortality rate compared to those without (18% vs. 24%, P = .002).

Conclusions

Extremely preterm neonates, compared to nonextremely preterm neonates, experienced a marked increase in tracheostomies placed from 2006 to 2012 as well as an increased incidence of BPD, confirming our primary study hypothesis.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130: 2056–2062, 2020
Natural Silk Film for Magnesium Protection: Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Interaction and Self‐Healing Effect
Authors: Ulasevich Sviatlana A. , Nenashkina Anastasia V. , Ryzhkov Nikolai V. , Kiselev Grigorii , Nikolaeva Valeria , Kiseleva Aleksandra , Mosina Kseniia , Skorb Ekaterina V. , Krivoshapkina Elena F.
Published: September 2019

Biodegradable implants are required in order to provide successful treatment of injuries. Temporary magnesium‐based implants with particular properties are needed in cases when it is desirable not only to maintain vital activity, but also to initiate the self‐healing process of damaged bones or tissues as well. Unfortunately, the use of magnesium alloys is limited due to the fast biodegradability of the applied material. The aim of this research is to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys by sonochemical treatment in silk solution followed by additional layer‐by‐layer deposition of natural silk on the magnesium surface. The sonication process is carried out at a frequency of 20 kHz during 5–10 min, while the duration of the silk layer deposition is 15 min. The corrosion behavior of magnesium substrates modified by natural silk layer‐by‐layer assembly is studied. Magnesium substrates sonochemically treated in silk solution demonstrate three times better corrosion resistance compared to control samples sonochemically treated in water. Additional deposition of a silk layer enhances obtained corrosion resistance by 18 times, resulting in a 54‐fold increase overall.
Efficient glycerol transformation by resting Gluconobacter cells
Authors: Jackson Erienne , Ripoll Magdalena , Betancor Lorena
Published: September 2019

In the present work, glycerol biotransformation using Gluconobacter strains was studied with a process intensification perspective that facilitated the development of a cleaner and more efficient technology from those previously reported. Starting from the industrial by‐product, crude glycerol, resting cells of Gluconobacter frateurii and Gluconobacter oxydans were able to convert glycerol under batch reactor conditions in water with no other additive but for the substrate. The study of strains, biomass:solution ratio, pH, growth stage, and simplification of media composition in crude glycerol bioconversions facilitated productivities of glyceric acid of 0.03 g/L.h and 2.07 g/L.h (71.5 g/g % pure by NMR) of dihydroxyacetone (DHA). Productivities surmounted recent reported fermentative bioconversions of crude glycerol and were unprecedented for the use of cell suspended solely in water. This work proposes a novel approach that allows higher productivities, cleaner production, and reduction in water and energy consumption, and demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach.
Effects of exogenous glucose on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance
Authors: She Pengfei , Wang Yanle , Liu Yiqing , Tan Fang , Chen Lihua , Luo Zhen , Wu Yong
Published: September 2019

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in nosocomial and life‐threatening infections in patients. Biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa exhibit much greater resistance to antibiotics than the planktonic form of the bacteria. Few groups have studied the effects of glucose, a major carbon source, and metabolite, on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and on its metabolic pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose on the biofilm formation ability of P. aeruginosa and carried out a metabolomic analysis to identify whether glucose alters the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa in biofilms. We found that glucose efficiently promoted P. aeruginosa biofilm formation by upregulating the expression of the extracellular polysaccharide‐related gene pslA. Treatment with glucose caused an increase in 7 metabolites (including 3‐hydroxypropionic acid, glucose‐6‐phosphate, and 2,3‐dimethylsuccinic acid) and a decrease in 18 metabolites (including myo‐inositol, glutamine, and methoxamedrine) in the biofilm. In addition, there was a synergistic effect between glucose and horse serum on biofilm formation when the two were added in combination, which also increased the resistance of biofilm to levofloxacin therapy. Thus, our work sheds light on the underlying mechanisms by which glucose may enhance biofilm formation and identifies novel targets for developing strategies to counteract biofilm formation.
Evaluation of the neuromuscular junction in a middle‐aged mouse model of congenital myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Leite Schetino Luana Pereira , de Castro Fonseca Matheus , Magalhães Gomes Matheus Proença Simão , Costa Valadão Priscila Aparecida , de Camargo Wallace Lucio , Rodrigues Hermann Alecsandro , Andrade Jéssica Neves , Arantes‐Costa Fernanda Magalhães , Naves Lígia Araujo , Prado Carla Máximo , Prado Vânia Ferreira , Prado Marco Antônio Máximo , Guatimosim Cristina
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Reduced expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) leads to changes in the distribution and shape of synaptic vesicles (SVs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), suggesting vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) as a key component of synaptic structure and function. It is poorly understood how long‐term changes in cholinergic transmission contribute to age‐ and disease‐related degeneration in the motor system.

Methods

In this study we performed confocal imaging, electrophysiology, electron microscopy, and analyses of respiratory mechanics of the diaphragm NMJ components in 12‐month‐old wild‐type (WT) and VAChTKDHOM mice.

Results

Diaphragms of NMJs of the VAChTKDHOM mice were similar to those in WT mice in number, colocalization, and fragmentation of pre−/postsynaptic components. However, they had increased spontaneous SV exocytosis, miniature endplate potential frequency, and diminished MEPP amplitude. No impairment in respiratory mechanics at rest was observed, probably due to the large neurotransmission safety factor of the diaphragm.

Discussion

The present findings help us to understand the consequences of reduced ACh release at the NMJs during aging.
The social context of substance use among older adults: Implications for nursing practice
Authors: Thandi Manpreet Kaur Gill , Browne Annette J.
Published: September 2019

Aim

The purposes of this paper are (a) to critically analyse the social context of substance use among older adults and (b) to offer strategies for nurses and other health care providers to support the health of older adults experiencing problematic substance use.

Design

Discussion paper.

Methods

This analysis is informed by two theoretical lenses: an intersectional lens in examining the various factors influencing health and health care access; and a social justice lens, focusing on promoting health equity for older populations.

Results

As a result of various social and sociopolitical factors, key issues are likely to arise for older adults experiencing problematic substance use including health and social inequities, stigma, and discrimination, all of which can result in serious negative health outcomes. Health care providers can help mitigate these effects by (a) promoting harm reduction principles; (b) participating in social justice actions; and (c) engaging in contextual assessments of substance use.
Acceptability of escitalopram versus duloxetine in outpatients with depression who did not respond to initial second‐generation antidepressants: Study protocol for a randomized, parallel‐group, non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Yokoi Yuma , Nakagawa Atsuo , Yoshimura Naoki , Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Mimura Masaru , Iwanami Akira , Abe Takayuki , Nakagome Kazuyuki
Published: September 2019

Aim

The purpose of this study is to compare acceptability of two second generation antidepressants for major depressive disorder patients who have not responded to the first antidepressant for current episode. We will investigate the treatment discontinuation rate and treatment adherence as well as incidence of adverse events in order to evaluate safety.

Methods

This is a two‐arm, three‐phased randomized controlled trial in which independent assessors will be blinded while treating psychiatrists and patients remain unblinded to treatment allocation. Patients will be randomized to escitalopram or duloxetine in Step 1 (8 weeks), and when entering Step 2 (8 weeks), the drug will be switched to the other if the first one is not effective at the end of Step 1. The acceptability of the allocated drugs, improvements in depression from baseline, adverse events, and attrition rates will be recorded and assessed for up to 52 weeks, including the follow‐up step.

Results

It is going to be disseminated via our following reports or presentations.

Conclusions

This study will provide valuable information for clinicians who encounter patients who failed to respond to their first treatment.
Engage international grad students, alumni to support recruitment goals
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2019

TORONTO — International students can be a vital part of your graduate enrollment management plan. To convince them your institution is right for them, enlist your current international students and alumni in your recruitment efforts. Katie Beczak, Assistant Director of International Outreach and Admissions at the Rochester Institute of Technology, explained how she uses international graduate students at all stages of the student life cycle in recruitment efforts at a session at the NAGAP, The Association of Graduate Enrollment Management annual conference.
Know how to manage office controversies
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2019

“They don't teach us in grad school what to do when embroiled in a controversy or litigation,” said Jason A. Laker, Ph.D., Professor in the Department of Counselor Education at San Jose State University, where he previously served as VP of Student Affairs. “My story is one of a whistleblower. There will be times in the course of your work that you will witness something you weren't looking for necessarily, and you have some decisions to make,” he said.
Macrophage‐Derived microRNA‐155 Increases in Obesity and Influences Adipocyte Metabolism by Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Gamma
Authors: Tryggestad Jeanie B. , Teague April M. , Sparling David P. , Jiang Shaoning , Chernausek Steven D.
Published: September 2019

Objective

This study aimed to investigate cellular sources of microRNAs (miRNA) within adipose tissue and the impact of obesity on miRNA expression, as well as to examine targets of miRNAs.

Methods

miRNA expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction was examined in adipocytes, adipose tissue macrophages (ATM), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from and individuals with normal weight and with obesity. Differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were cocultured with macrophages, and 3T3‐L1 and differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells were transfected with miR‐155, with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (GLUT4) abundance measured via Western blot analysis.

Results

Abundance of miR‐155 and miR‐210 was increased in ATM of participants with obesity by 6.7‐fold and 2.9‐fold (P = 0.002 and P = 0.013, respectively). miR‐130b expression was increased 1.8‐fold in ATM and 4.3‐fold in adipocytes from participants with obesity (P = 0.007 and P = 0.02, respectively). PPARG mRNA expression decreased 32% (P = 0.044) in adipocytes from individuals with obesity. In 3T3‐L1 cells exposed to macrophages, PPARG expression decreased 99.4% (P = 0.02). PPAR‐γ protein content declined 75% (P = 0.001) in 3T3‐L1 cells transfected with miR‐155. GLUT4 protein levels were reduced by 55% (P = 0.021) in differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to miR‐155.

Conclusions

Adipose tissue miRNAs are influenced in a cell type–specific fashion by obesity, with macrophage miR‐155 potentially impacting neighboring adipocytes.
Proteomics Analysis Identifies IRSp53 and Fascin as Critical for PRV Egress and Direct Cell–Cell Transmission
Authors: Yu Fei‐Long , Miao Huan , Xia Jinjin , Jia Fan , Wang Huadong , Xu Fuqiang , Guo Lin
Published: September 2019

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been widely used as a live trans‐synaptic tracer for mapping neuronal circuits. Systematically identifying mature PRV virion proteomes and defining co‐purified host proteins are necessary to fully understand the detailed mechanism underlying PRV transmission processes. Here, a PRV virion purification strategy based on sorting with flow cytometry is developed and the mature extracellular and intracellular PRV virion proteomes using LC coupled with MS/MS are characterized. In addition to viral proteins, a large number of host proteins are also identified, including proteins related to actin cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane protrusion. How many of these host proteins are true virion components are unknown and the majority of these may not be. Through functional analysis, it is found that IRSp53 and fascin are critical for the egress process and play a role in direct cell–cell transmission. Moreover, it is shown that CDC42 and Rac1 are also involved in the production of mature extracellular virions. The results suggest that the formation of the filopodia‐like cytoskeleton and the rearrangement of the membrane, which are both associated with IRSp53 and fascin, may be important for the transmission of viruses used in neuronal tracing.
Cyclonona‐3,5,7‐trienylidene and its Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb analogs versus their α‐halogenated derivatives at B3LYP and MP2 methods
Authors: Koohi Maryam
Published: September 2019

Five sets of group 14 sextet cyclic unsaturated divalent species including carbenes (1X), silylenes (2X), germylenes (3X), stannylenes (4X), and plumbylenes (5X) are compared and contrasted at B3LYP/AUG‐cc‐pVTZ//B3LYP/6‐311 + G* and MP2/AUG‐cc‐pVTZ//MP2/6‐311 + G* levels of theory, where X = H, F, Cl, and Br. The scrutinized carbenes consisting of cyclonona‐3,5,7‐trienylidene (1H) and its 2,2,9,9‐tetrahalo derivatives (1Cl, 1Br) appear as boat shaped minima except for 1H which turns out as a boat shaped transition state for having a negative force constant. All of carbenes (1H, 1Cl, and 1Br) have triplet ground states except for 1F. In contrast, all of the corresponding 2X‐ 5X metallylenes appear as singlet boat shaped minima on their potential energy surfaces. Stability (estimated by ΔEs‐t, ie, energy gap between singlet [s] and triplet states) appear as a function of size and decreases by going down in group 14 column: 5X > 4X > 3X > 2X > 1X. Exclusive of carbene set, within other four sets stability decreases by going down in group 17 column: Br > Cl > F > H. Hence, singlet 2,2,9,9‐tetrabromocyclonona‐3,5,7‐trienplumbylene, 5Br, appears as the most stable sextet divalent with no tendency for dimerization. Comparison is extended to the structural parameters, band gap, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, isodesmic reactions, and dimerization.
Media Diet on Facebook During a Political Crisis: The Case of Judicial System Reform in Poland in 2017
Authors: Matuszewski Paweł Michał , Walecka Katarzyna
Published: September 2019

This article examines the media preferences of individuals on Facebook during a political crisis and tests a theoretical model, which explains their behavior. In 2017, the Polish Parliament passed three laws that reformed the judicial system, which according to critics violated the rule of independence of the judiciary from the government. In consequence, thousands of people were mobilized and protested in over two hundred and fifty places in Poland and abroad. We examined 1.8 million Facebook users, who were active on the Facebook pages of the most popular news media outlets, the largest political organizations, and their leaders during this period. Our findings indicate that users who liked posts related to the crisis were less likely to change their liking patterns than users who did not like such posts. These results are valid for users who liked posts published by politically biased sources as well as politically diversified ones. Furthermore, those who liked posts related to the crisis also liked those posts that were congruent with their previous liking patterns. We, therefore, find proof that social media users are relatively consistent in what they like, and that such consistency can be strengthened in situations of political crisis.
RCSB Protein Data Bank: Enabling biomedical research and drug discovery
Authors: Goodsell David S. , Zardecki Christine , Di Costanzo Luigi , Duarte Jose M. , Hudson Brian P. , Persikova Irina , Segura Joan , Shao Chenghua , Voigt Maria , Westbrook John D. , Young Jasmine Y. , Burley Stephen K.
Published: September 2019

Analyses of publicly available structural data reveal interesting insights into the impact of the three‐dimensional (3D) structures of protein targets important for discovery of new drugs (e.g., G‐protein‐coupled receptors, voltage‐gated ion channels, ligand‐gated ion channels, transporters, and E3 ubiquitin ligases). The Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive currently holds > 155,000 atomic‐level 3D structures of biomolecules experimentally determined using crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The PDB was established in 1971 as the first open‐access, digital‐data resource in biology, and is now managed by the Worldwide PDB partnership (wwPDB; wwPDB.org). US PDB operations are the responsibility of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics PDB (RCSB PDB). The RCSB PDB serves millions of RCSB.org users worldwide by delivering PDB data integrated with ∼40 external biodata resources, providing rich structural views of fundamental biology, biomedicine, and energy sciences. Recently published work showed that the PDB archival holdings facilitated discovery of ∼90% of the 210 new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration 2010–2016. We review user‐driven development of RCSB PDB services, examine growth of the PDB archive in terms of size and complexity, and present examples and opportunities for structure‐guided drug discovery for challenging targets (e.g., integral membrane proteins).