bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple Decompositions of the Exceptional Jordan Algebra
Authors: Tvalavadze M. V.
Published: December 2010

This paper presents some results on the simple exceptional Jordan algebra over an algebraically closed field Φ of characteristic not 2. Namely an example of simple decomposition of H(O3) into the sumof two subalgebras of the typeH(Q3) is produced, and it is shown that this decomposition is the only one possible in terms of simple subalgebras.
Higher-Dimensional Modular Calabi–Yau Manifolds
Authors: Cynk S. , Hulek K.
Published: December 2010

We construct several examples of higher-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifolds and prove their modularity.
Generalized Descent Algebras
Authors: Hohlweg Christophe
Published: December 2010

IfAis a subset of the set of reflections of a finite Coxeter groupW, we define a sub-ℤ-moduleof the group algebra ℤW. We discuss cases where this submodule is a subalgebra. This family of subalgebras includes strictly the Solomon descent algebra, the group algebra and, ifWis of typeB, the Mantaci–Reutenauer algebra.
Exotic Torsion, Frobenius Splitting and the Slope Spectral Sequence
Authors: Joshi Kirti
Published: December 2010

In this paper we show that any Frobenius split, smooth, projective threefold over a perfect field of characteristic p > 0 is Hodge–Witt. This is proved by generalizing to the case of threefolds a well-known criterion due to N. Nygaard for surfaces to be Hodge-Witt. We also show that the second crystalline cohomology of any smooth, projective Frobenius split variety does not have any exotic torsion. In the last two sections we include some applications.
Nonlinear response of ozone to precursor emission changes in China: a modeling study using response surface methodology
Authors: Xing J. , Wang S. X. , Jang C. , Zhu Y. , Hao J. M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Statistical response surface method (RSM) is successfully applied in Community Multi-scale Air Quality model (CMAQ) analysis on ozone sensitivity studies. Prediction performance has been validated through cross validation, out of sample validation and isopleths validation. Sample methods and key parameters including the maximum numbers for variables involving in statistic interpolation as well as training sample number have been tested and selected through computational experiments. Overall impacts from individual sources including local/regional NOx and VOC emission sources and NOx emissions from power plants for three megacities as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have been evaluated through RSM analysis under a July 2005 modeling study. NOx control appears to be beneficial for ozone reduction in the downwind areas where usually have higher ozone levels, and it's likely to be more effective than anthropogenic VOC control during heavy photochemical pollution period. Regional NOx sources are strong contributors to surface ozone mixing. Local NOx emission control without regional involvement may bring the risk of increasing urban ozone levels due to the VOC-limited conditions, but it gives considerable control benefit for ozone in upper layers (up to 1 km, where the ozone chemistry is changed to NOx-limited condition) and helps to improve regional air quality in the downwind areas. Effectiveness of NOx emission control is growing along with stricter control efforts, therefore an integrated regional and multi-pollutant control policy is necessary to mitigate ozone problem in China.
Water uptake of biomass burning aerosol at sub- and supersaturated conditions: closure studies and implications for the role of organics
Authors: Dusek U. , Frank G. P. , Massling A. , Zeromskiene K. , Iinuma Y. , Schmid O. , Helas G. , Hennig T. , Wiedensohler A. , Andreae M. O.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. We investigate the CCN activity of freshly emitted biomass burning particles and their hygroscopic growth at a relative humidity (RH) of 85%. The particles were produced in the Mainz combustion laboratory by controlled burning of various wood types, peat and grass. The water uptake at sub- and supersaturations is parameterized by deriving a soluble volume fraction (ε). It is defined as the volume fraction of ammonium sulfate in the total aerosol material, which would be sufficient to explain the observed water uptake. For the wood burns, soluble volume fractions are low, generally around 0.11. This translates to a hygroscopicity parameter κ (another widely used parameterization; cf. Petters and Kreidenweis, 2007) of around 0.07. The main emphasis of this study is a comparison of ε derived from measurements at sub- and supersaturated conditions εG and εCCN), in order to see whether the water uptake at 85% RH can predict the CCN properties of the biomass burning particles. Differences in εG and εCCN can arise through solution non-idealities, the presence of slightly soluble or surface active compounds, or non-spherical particle shape. We find that εG and εCCN agree within experimental uncertainties (of around 30%) for particle sizes of 100 and 150 nm; only for 50 nm particles is εCCN larger than εG by a factor of 2. The magnitude of this difference and its dependence on particle size is consistent with the presence of surface active organic compounds. These compounds mainly facilitate the CCN activation of small particles, which form the most concentrated solution droplets at the point of activation. The 50 nm particles, however, are only activated at supersaturations higher than 1% and are therefore of minor importance as CCN in ambient clouds. By comparison with the actual chemical composition of the biomass burning particles, we estimate that the hygroscopicity of the organic fraction is roughly 1/3 that of ammonium sulfate and can be represented by κ = 0.15–0.2.
Particle mobility size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions
Authors: Wiedensohler A. , Birmili W. , Nowak A. , Sonntag A. , Weinhold K. , Merkel M. , Wehner B. , Tuch T. , Pfeifer S. , Fiebig M. , Fjäraa A. M. , Asmi E. , Sellegri K. , Depuy R. , Venzac H. , Villani P. , Laj P. , Aalto P. , Ogren J. A. , Swietlicki E. , Roldin P. , Williams P. , Quincey P. , Hüglin C. , Fierz-Schmidhauser R. , Gysel M. , Weingartner E. , Riccobono F. , Santos S. , Grüning C. , Faloon K. , Beddows D. , Harrison R. M. , Monahan C. , Jennings S. G. , O'Dowd C. D. , Marinoni A. , Horn H.-G. , Keck L. , Jiang J. , Scheckman J. , McMurry P. H. , Deng Z. , Zhao C. S. , Moerman M. , Henzing B. , de Leeuw G.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Particle mobility size spectrometers often referred to as DMPS (Differential Mobility Particle Sizers) or SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers) have found a wide application in atmospheric aerosol research. However, comparability of measurements conducted world-wide is hampered by lack of generally accepted technical standards with respect to the instrumental set-up, measurement mode, data evaluation as well as quality control. This article results from several instrument intercomparison workshops conducted within the European infrastructure project EUSAAR (European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research). Under controlled laboratory conditions, the number size distribution from 20 to 200 nm determined by mobility size spectrometers of different design are within an uncertainty range of ±10% after correcting internal particle losses, while below and above this size range the discrepancies increased. Instruments with identical design agreed within ±3% in the peak number concentration when all settings were done carefully. Technical standards were developed for a minimum requirement of mobility size spectrometry for atmospheric aerosol measurements. Technical recommendations are given for atmospheric measurements including continuous monitoring of flow rates, temperature, pressure, and relative humidity for the sheath and sample air in the differential mobility analyser. In cooperation with EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Program), a new uniform data structure was introduced for saving and disseminating the data within EMEP. This structure contains three levels: raw data, processed data, and final particle size distributions. Importantly, we recommend reporting raw measurements including all relevant instrument parameters as well as a complete documentation on all data transformation and correction steps. These technical and data structure standards aim to enhance the quality of long-term size distribution measurements, their comparability between different networks and sites, and their transparency and traceability back to raw data.
The effect of soil redistribution on soil organic carbon: an experimental study
Authors: Van Hemelryck H. , Fiener P. , Van Oost K. , Govers G. , Merckx R.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Soil erosion, transport and deposition by water drastically affect the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) within a landscape. Furthermore, soil redistribution is assumed to have a large impact on the exchange of carbon (C) between the pedosphere and the atmosphere. There is, however, significant scientific disagreement concerning the relative importance of the key-mechanisms at play. One of the major uncertainties concerns the fraction of SOC that is mineralized when soil is eroded by water, from the moment when detachment takes place until the moment when the SOC becomes protected by burial. In this study, the changes in C-exchange between soil and atmosphere as affected by soil redistribution processes were experimentally quantified. During a laboratory experiment, three types of erosional events were simulated, each of which was designed to produce a different amount of eroded soil material with a different degree of aggregation. During a 98-day period, CO2-efflux was measured in-situ and under field conditions on undisturbed soils with a layer of deposited soil material. Depending on the initial conditions of the soil and the intensity of the erosion process, a significant fraction of eroded SOC was mineralized after deposition. However, results also suggest that deposition produces a dense stratified layer of sediment that caps the soil surface, leading to a decrease in SOC decomposition in deeper soil layers. As a result, the net effect of erosion on SOC can be smaller, depending on the functioning of the whole soil system. In this study, soil redistribution processes contributed an additional emission of 2 to 12% of total C contained in eroded sediment.
Channel network identification from high-resolution DTM: a statistical approach
Authors: Sofia G. , Tarolli P. , Cazorzi F. , Dalla Fontana G.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A statistical approach to LiDAR derived topographic attributes for the automatic extraction of channel network is presented in this paper. The basis of this approach is to use statistical descriptors to identify channel where terrain geometry denotes significant convergences. Two case study areas of different morphology and degree of organization are used with their 1 m LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). Topographic attribute maps (curvature and openness) for different window sizes are derived from the DTMs in order to detect surface convergences. For the choice of the optimum kernel size, a statistical analysis on values distributions of these maps is carried out. For the network extraction, we propose a three-step method based (a) on the normalization and overlapping of openness and minimum curvature in order to highlight the more likely surface convergences, (b) a weighting of the upslope area according to such normalized maps in order to identify drainage flow paths and flow accumulation consistent with terrain geometry, (c) the z-score normalization of the weighted upslope area and the use of z-score values as non-subjective threshold for channel network identification. As a final step for optimal definition and representation of the whole network, a noise-filtering and connection procedure is applied. The advantage of the proposed methodology, and the efficiency and accurate localization of extracted features are demonstrated using LiDAR data of two different areas and comparing both extractions with field surveyed networks.
Monitoring water quality in estuarine environments: lessons from the MAGEST monitoring programme in the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system
Authors: Etcheber H. , Schmidt S. , Sottolichio A. , Maneux E. , Chabaux G. , Escalier J.-M. , Wennekes H. , Derriennic H. , Schmeltz M. , Quéméner L. , Repecaud M. , Woerther P. , Castaing P.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The Gironde estuary, one of the largest European ones, presents temporary low dissolved oxygen content in its fluvial section close to the Bordeaux urban area. In a context of population growth and of long-term environmental changes, the development of a high-frequency monitoring programme of the fluvial-estuarine system of the Gironde, called MAGEST (MArel Gironde ESTuary), had appeared essential to address current and future water-quality issues/evaluations. The objectives of the MAGEST survey programme are to establish a reference database to improve the knowledge of the Gironde estuary functioning, encompassing the aspects of hydrology, sediment dynamics and biogeochemistry. Through examples of results from intratidal to seasonal time scales, we demonstrate how such a time-series is of valuable interest to extract the main trends of its functioning and of the water quality in relation to external forcings (climatology, urban wastes, land use, ...) and to predict the future evolution of the Gironde estuary with global and environmental changes.
Unveiling the dynamics and molecular landscape of a rare chronic lymphocytic leukemia subpopulation driving refractoriness: insights from single‐cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Kurucova Terezia , Reblova Kamila , Janovska Pavlina , Porc Jakub Pawel , Navrkalova Veronika , Pavlova Sarka , Malcikova Jitka , Plevova Karla , Tichy Boris , Doubek Michael , Bryja Vitezslav , Kotaskova Jana , Pospisilova Sarka
Published: May 2024

Early identification of resistant cancer cells is currently a major challenge, as their expansion leads to refractoriness. To capture the dynamics of these cells, we made a comprehensive analysis of disease progression and treatment response in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient using a combination of single‐cell and bulk genomic methods. At diagnosis, the patient presented with unfavorable genetic markers, including notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1) mutation and loss(11q). The initial and subsequent treatment lines did not lead to a durable response and the patient developed refractory disease. Refractory CLL cells featured substantial dysregulation in B‐cell phenotypic markers such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, immunoglobulin (IG) genes, CD19 molecule (CD19), membrane spanning 4‐domains A1 (MS4A1; previously known as CD20), CD79a molecule (CD79A) and paired box 5 (PAX5), indicating B‐cell de‐differentiation and disease transformation. We described the clonal evolution and characterized in detail two cell populations that emerged during the refractory disease phase, differing in the presence of high genomic complexity. In addition, we successfully tracked the cells with high genomic complexity back to the time before treatment, where they formed a rare subpopulation. We have confirmed that single‐cell RNA sequencing enables the characterization of refractory cells and the monitoring of their development over time.
Targeting chondroitin sulfate suppresses macropinocytosis of breast cancer cells by modulating syndecan‐1 expression
Authors: Yen Hung‐Rong , Liao Wen‐Chieh , Chen Chia‐Hua , Su Ying‐Ai , Huang Ying‐Wei , Hsiao Chi , Chou Yu‐Lun , Chu Yin‐Hung , Shih Pin‐Keng , Liu Chiung‐Hui
Published: May 2024

Accumulation of abnormal chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains in breast cancer tissue is correlated with poor prognosis. However, the biological functions of these CS chains in cancer progression remain largely unknown, impeding the development of targeted treatment focused on CS. Previous studies identified chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF; also known as chondroitin sulfate synthase 2) is the critical enzyme regulating CS accumulation in breast cancer tissue. We then assessed the association between CHPF‐associated proteoglycans (PGs) and signaling pathways in breast cancer datasets. The regulation between CHPF and syndecan 1 (SDC1) was examined at both the protein and RNA levels. Confocal microscopy and image flow cytometry were employed to quantify macropinocytosis. The effects of the 6‐O‐sulfated CS‐binding peptide (C6S‐p) on blocking CS functions were tested in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that the expression of CHPF and SDC1 was tightly associated within primary breast cancer tissue, and high expression of both genes exacerbated patient prognosis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) signaling was implicated in the regulation of CHPF and SDC1 in breast cancer cells. CHPF supported CS–SDC1 stabilization on the cell surface, modulating macropinocytotic activity in breast cancer cells under nutrient‐deprived conditions. Furthermore, C6S‐p demonstrated the ability to bind CS‐SDC1, increase SDC1 degradation, suppress macropinocytosis of breast cancer cells, and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Although other PGs may also be involved in CHPF‐regulated breast cancer malignancy, this study provides the first evidence that a CS synthase participates in the regulation of macropinocytosis in cancer cells by supporting SDC1 expression on cancer cells.
Addressing current issues in assessing professional rapport: A systematic review and synthesis of existing measures
Authors: Brouillard Celine , Gabbert Fiona , Scott Adrian J.
Published: May 2024

The role of rapport facilitating cooperation and information disclosure has been widely acknowledged by both researchers and practitioners across professional information‐gathering contexts. However, the definition and assessment of rapport are still debated, resulting in a lack of reliable and commonly used tools to effectively measure rapport. This review explored how rapport has been measured in professional information‐gathering contexts and illustrates key characteristics of published measures in a searchable systematic map. A total of 111 research articles and 126 measures of rapport were evaluated based on standards in scale development and validation. The measures' conceptualisation of rapport was also examined with their individual items being coded for the following theorised components of rapport: (i) paying attention, (ii) personalising the interview/interaction, (iii) being approachable and (iv) establishing a mutual connection. Findings are synthesised and discussed in relation to the overarching patterns found, including limited consistency and validity in current measures of rapport.
Relationship of Fatigue, Pain Interference, and Physical Disability in Children Newly Diagnosed With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Choong Naomi , Batthish Michelle , Berard Roberta A. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Feldman Brian M. , Houghton Kristin M. , Huber Adam M. , James Sarah , Proulx‐Gauthier Jean‐Philippe , Rumsey Dax G. , Schmeling Heinrike , Toupin‐April Karine , Guzman Jaime ,   for the CAPRI Registry Investigators
Published: May 2024

Objective

Our objectives were to quantify the relationships among fatigue, pain interference, and physical disability in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to test whether fatigue mediates the relationship between pain interference and physical disability in JIA.

Methods

Patients enrolled within three months of JIA diagnosis in the Canadian Alliance of Pediatric Rheumatology Investigators (CAPRI) Registry between February 2017 and May 2023 were included. Their parents completed the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System fatigue and pain interference short proxy questionnaires and the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index at registry enrollment. Associations were assessed using Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test if fatigue mediates the relationship between pain interference and physical disability.

Results

Among 855 patients (61.4% female, 44.1% with oligoarthritis), most reported fatigue and pain interference scores similar to those in the reference population, but 15.6% reported severe fatigue and 7.3% reported severe pain interference, with wide variation across JIA categories. Fatigue was strongly correlated with pain interference (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) and with physical disability (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Pain interference (β = 0.027, P < 0.001) and fatigue (β = 0.013, P < 0.001) were both associated with physical disability after controlling for each other and potential confounders. SEM supported our hypothesis that fatigue partially mediates the relationship between pain interference and physical disability.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest both fatigue and pain interference are independently associated with physical disability in children newly diagnosed with JIA, and the effect of pain interference may be partly mediated by fatigue.
Aqueous Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Route to Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Jing , Miró Roger , Wrzesińska‐Lashkova Angelika , Yu Jing , Arbiol Jordi , Vaynzof Yana , Shavel Alexey , Lesnyak Vladimir
Published: May 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as a focal point in electrocatalysis, particularly for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), owing to their notable catalytic activity, chemical stability, and cost‐efficiency. Despite these advantages, the challenge of devising a practical and economical method for their large‐scale application in HER remains an unresolved and critical issue. In this study, a facile, scalable, and cost‐effective approach is introduced for producing high‐yield, catalytically active TMD nanoparticles, including MoS2, MoSe2, RuS2, and RuSe2. These nanoparticles are synthesized through an aqueous room‐temperature process, which is not only environmentally friendly but also economically feasible for large‐scale production. Remarkably, these TMD nanoparticles exhibit versatile catalytic activity across a broad pH range for HER. Among them, RuSe2 nanoparticles demonstrate catalytic performance comparable to that of a commercial Pt/C electrode. Upon scaling up, the nanomaterials show great potential for integration into practical proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, maintaining high efficiency even at large current densities and exhibiting very stable performance for up to 100 h. This research paves the way to a sustainable synthesis method of high‐performance catalysts, tailored for industrial hydrogen production applications.
Ruthenium–Nickel Nanoparticles with Unconventional Face‐Centered Cubic Crystal Phase for Highly Active Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Kang , Liu Ziyang , Zhu Shiyu , Liu Yuan , Liu Yun , Wang Lingrui , Xia Tianyu , Zhao Zhonglong , Gao Han , Cheng Shaobo , Guo Haizhong
Published: May 2024

Ru‐based nanomaterials are promising alternatives to Pt electrocatalysts for green hydrogen energy generation, and crystal phase engineering holds the key to unlocking their catalytic potential to new heights. However, controllable phase regulation on Ru‐alloys remains a formidable challenge, and unraveling the crystal phase‐related electrocatalytic performance is of great significance. Herein, RuNi nanoparticles are successfully synthesized with an unconventional face‐centered cubic (fcc) phase via a facile route. Comprehensive transmission electron microscopy confirmed the structural characteristics of the fcc‐RuNi and electrochemical analyses indicate the impressive electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction of fcc‐RuNi. Notably, the anomalous fcc‐RuNi nanoparticles possess an extraordinarily low overpotential of 16 mV in hydrogen evolution. Density functional theory calculations indicate that these nanoparticles are energetically conducive to intermediate desorption and H2O dissociation. This study enhances comprehension of phase regulation in Ru‐based nanostructures and will propel phase engineering in diverse catalytic applications.
Hemostatic Dressing Immobilized with ε‐poly‐L‐lysine and Alginate Coated Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Prevents Blood Permeation by Pseudo‐Dewetting Behavior
Authors: Wu Zilin , Ding Yilin , Qin Zhihao , Sun Zhipeng , Wang Zetao , Cao Xiaodong
Published: May 2024

The integration of hemostats with cotton fabrics is recognized as an effective approach to improve the hemostatic performance of dressings. However, concerns regarding the uncontrollable absorption of blood by hydrophilic dressings and the risk of distal thrombosis from shed hemostatic agents are increasingly scrutinized. To address these issues, this work develops an advanced dressing (AQG) with immobilized nano‐scale mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) to safely and durably augment hemostasis. The doubly immobilized MBGs, pre‐coated with ε‐poly‐L‐lysine and alginate, demonstrate less than 1% detachment after ultrasonic washing. Notably, this MBG layer significantly promotes the adhesion, aggregation, and activation of red blood cells and platelets, adhered five times more red blood cells and 29 times more platelets than raw dressing, respectively. Specially, with the rapid formation of protein corona and amplification of thrombin, dense fibrin network is built on MBG layer and then blocked blood permeation transversely and longitudinally, showing an autophobic pseudo‐dewetting behavior and allowing AQG to concentrate blood in situ and culminate in faster hemostasis with lower blood loss. Furthermore, the potent antibacterial properties of AQG extend its potential for broader application in daily care and clinical setting.
Bioconjugated Antibody‐Trojan Immune Converter Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy with Minimized Toxicity by Programmed Two‐Step Immunomodulation of Myeloid Cells
Authors: Park Soyoung , Jin Seung Mo , Kim Suhyeon , Cho Ju Hee , Hong JungHyub , Bae Yong‐Soo , Lim Yong Taik
Published: May 2024

Current immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) predominantly targets T cells to harness the antitumor effects of adaptive immune system. However, the effectiveness of ICBT is reduced by immunosuppressive innate myeloid cells in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Toll‐like receptor 7/8 agonists (TLR7/8a) are often used to address this problem because they can reprogram myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor‐associated M2 macrophages, and boost dendritic cell (DC)‐based T‐cell generation; however, the systemic toxicity of TLR7/8a limits its clinical translation. Here, to address this limitation and utilize the effectiveness of TLR7/8a, this work suggests a programmed two‐step activation strategy via Antibody‐Trojan Immune Converter Conjugates (ATICC) that specifically targets myeloid cells by anti‐SIRPα followed by reactivation of transiently inactivated Trojan TLR7/8a after antibody‐mediated endocytosis. ATICC blocks the CD47‐SIRPα (“don't eat me” signal), enhances phagocytosis, reprograms M2 macrophages and MDSCs, and increases cross‐presentation by DCs, resulting in antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell generation in tumor‐draining lymph nodes and TME while minimizing systemic toxicity. The local or systemic administration of ATICC improves ICBT responsiveness through reprogramming of the immunosuppressive TME, increased infiltration of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells, and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis. These results highlight the programmed and target immunomodulation via ATICC could enhance cancer immunotherapy with minimized systemic toxicities.
Tissue Ablation: Applications and Perspectives
Authors: Keum Hyeongseop , Cevik Enes , Kim Jinjoo , Demirlenk Yusuf M , Atar Dila , Saini Gia , Sheth Rahul A , Deipolyi Amy R , Oklu Rahmi
Published: May 2024

Tissue ablation techniques have emerged as a critical component of modern medical practice and biomedical research, offering versatile solutions for treating various diseases and disorders. Percutaneous ablation is minimally invasive and offers numerous advantages over traditional surgery, such as shorter recovery times, reduced hospital stays, and decreased healthcare costs. Intra‐procedural imaging during ablation also allows precise visualization of the treated tissue while minimizing injury to the surrounding normal tissues, reducing the risk of complications. Here, the mechanisms of tissue ablation and innovative energy delivery systems are explored, highlighting recent advancements that have reshaped the landscape of clinical practice. Current clinical challenges related to tissue ablation are also discussed, underlining unmet clinical needs for more advanced material‐based approaches to improve the delivery of energy and pharmacology‐based therapeutics.
A Smart Self‐Healing Material with Reversible Optical, Mechanical, and Electrical Transition Induced by Humidity and Temperature
Authors: Koh Junqiang Justin , Zhang Xuan , Ling Shaohua , Liu Ximeng , Zhou Lili , Qiao Zhi , Tan Yu Jun
Published: May 2024

Smart responsive materials that can alter their function in response to environmental changes are attractive for their potential applications in intelligent devices and products. Herein, a smart material that exhibits reversible changes in multiple properties upon variations in humidity or temperature is created. The material spontaneously transits between hydrated and dehydrated states in response to fluctuations in the surrounding humidity or temperature. Consisting of a mixture of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) with urea linkages (PPGurea) and ionic liquid [EMIM][TFSI], the transition is attributed to a series of synergetic interactions among various chemical components and groups, including ether‐cation coordination, water‐anion complex, urea‐urea bidentate hydrogen bonds, and cation–anion electrostatic interactions. In the hydrated state, with a very small amount (4–5 wt%) of spontaneously absorbed moisture content, the smart material is soft, transparent, and conductive, and possesses rapid self‐healing ability. Upon dehydration, the material transits into a phase‐separated system with PPG‐rich and IL‐rich phases, resulting in opacity, severely reduced ionic conductivity, yet significantly enhanced stiffness, strength, and toughness. The drastic change in multiple properties makes it an intelligent material well‐suited for various smart applications such as sensors, 3D printed optoelectronics and smart windows, which can automatically alter their functions to adapt to environmental changes.
Miniaturized AlGaN‐Based Deep‐Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting and Detecting Diode with Superior Light‐Responsive Characteristics
Authors: Yu Huabin , Memon Muhammad Hunain , Wang Rui , Xiao Shudan , Li Dong , Luo Yuanmin , Wang Danhao , Gao Zhixiang , Yao Jikai , Shen Chao , Li Shuiqing , Zheng Jinjian , Zhang Jiangyong , Ooi Boon S. , Liu Sheng , Sun Haiding
Published: May 2024

The progressive downscaling of silicon‐based microelectronic devices delivers compact and advanced integrated circuits for fast data processing and computing. Similarly, the miniaturization of conventional optoelectronics is also an important frontier of technology for emerging lighting, imaging, communication, and sensing. Herein, this study reports a miniature dual‐functional diode (DF‐diode) with both light‐emitting and light‐detecting functionalities. The proposed micro‐scale DF‐diode exhibits a record high responsivity of 300 mA W−1 at 265 nm with an ultrafast response rise time of 3.7 ns in light‐detecting mode. While operating in emitting mode, it demonstrates an extraordinarily high −3 dB optical bandwidth above 585 MHz with an enhanced external quantum efficiency performance. Significantly, the development of micro‐scale DF‐diodes has opened up a new avenue toward the realization of an effective and long‐distance solar‐blind optical communication system in the future.
High‐Efficiency and Long‐Lifetime Near‐Infrared OLEDs Based on Iridium Complexes with Enhanced Horizontal Emitting Dipole Orientation
Authors: Zhang Yanxin , Li Shaman , Xu Jingyi , Dai Yu , Qiao Juan
Published: May 2024

High‐efficiency and long‐lifetime near‐infrared (NIR) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are rarely reported. Herein, three efficient NIR Ir(III) complexes 1–3 are developed with specially designed cyclometallated ligands based on pyrido[3,4‐b]pyrazine and oriented substitutions along the Ir─N bond axis. Electron‐deficient pyrazine ring effectively stabilizes LUMO energy, leading to significant emission bathochromic shift. Importantly, for complexes 2 and 3, oriented substitutions along the direction of the Ir─N bond axis considerably enhance the horizontal emitting dipole orientation ratio up to 90%. Their OLEDs demonstrate high maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs), negligible efficiency roll‐offs, superior radiance, and long lifetimes. The maximum EQEs and radiances of devices are 9.84% and 158 W Sr−1 m−2 at 725 nm for 1, 6.98% and 14.03 W Sr−1 m−2 at 760 nm for 2, and 12.49% and 18.94 W Sr−1 m−2 at 735 nm for 3, respectively. The device lifetime LT97 at 10 mA cm−2 is 453 h for complex 2, which sets a champion lifetime for NIR‐OLEDs. This work demonstrates that pyrido[3,4‐b]pyrazine is a desired building block for robust NIR emitting Ir(III) complexes, providing a superior paradigm to combine high efficiency, negligible roll‐off, and long device lifetime simultaneously toward practical applications.
Toward Safe and Reliable Aqueous Ammonium Ion Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Kulkarni Abhishek , Padwal Chinmayee , MacLeod Jennifer , Sonar Prashant , Kim TaeYoung , Dubal Deepak
Published: May 2024

Aqueous batteries using non‐metallic charge carriers like proton (H+) and ammonium (NH4+) ions are becoming more popular compared to traditional metal‐ion batteries, owing to their enhanced safety, high performance, and sustainability (they are ecofriendly and derived from abundant resources). Ammonium ion energy storage systems (AIBs), which use NH4+ ions with tetrahedral geometry, a small hydrated ionic radius, and relatively low ionic weight, are emerging as strong candidates in non‐metal ion battery chemistry. Various electrode materials (both inorganic and organic) are investigated as hosts for NH4+ ions, however, a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is still lacking. This gap limits the ability to optimize performance and identify further research opportunities in AIBs. In this review, the charge storage mechanisms in AIBs are discussed, offering insights into the interactions between NH4+ ions and different electrode materials. Additionally, existing literature on electrode materials, highlighting key structural, and electrochemical achievements are summarized. The review also outlines various electrolytes and examines how their properties influence AIB performance. Finally, the shortcomings of current research are discussed and potential solutions are suggested to advance AIB technology, with the goal of inspiring researchers to explore real‐world applications for ammonium ion batteries.
Classification of isolated versus multiple birth defects: An automated process for population‐based registries
Authors: Benjamin Renata H. , Nguyen Joanne M. , Drummond‐Borg Margaret , Scheuerle Angela E. , Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. , Shumate Charles J. , Mitchell Laura E. , Agopian A. J.
Published: May 2024

Epidemiologic studies of birth defects often conduct separate analyses for cases that have isolated defects (e.g., spina bifida only) and cases that have multiple defects (e.g., spina bifida and a congenital heart defect). However, in some instances, cases with additional defects (e.g., spina bifida and clubfoot) may be more appropriately considered as isolated because the co‐occurring defect (clubfoot) is believed to be developmentally related to the defect of interest. Determining which combinations should be considered isolated can be challenging and potentially resource intensive for registries. Thus, we developed automated classification procedures for differentiating between isolated versus multiple defects, while accounting for developmentally related defects, and applied the approach to data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry (1999–2018 deliveries). Among 235,544 nonsyndromic cases in Texas, 89% of cases were classified as having isolated defects, with proportions ranging from 25% to 92% across 43 specific defects analyzed. A large proportion of isolated cases with spina bifida (44%), lower limb reduction defects (44%), and holoprosencephaly (32%) had developmentally related defects. Overall, our findings strongly support the need to account for isolated versus multiple defects in risk factor association analyses and to account for developmentally related defects when doing so, which has implications for interpreting prior studies.
Are Redox‐Active Centers Bridged by Saturated Flexible Linkers Systematically Electrochemically Independent?
Authors: Vaněčková Eva , Dahmane Mustapha , Forté Jérémy , Cherraben Sawsen , Pham Xuan‐Qui , Sokolová Romana , Brémond Éric , Hromadová Magdaléna , Lainé Philippe P.
Published: May 2024

The extent to which electrophores covalently bridged by a saturated linker are electrochemically independent was investigated considering the charge/spin duality of the electron and functionality of the electrophore as a spin carrier upon reduction. By combining computational modeling with electrochemical experiments, we investigated the mechanism by which tethered electrophores react together within 4,4′‐oligo[n]methylene‐bipyridinium assemblies (with n=2 to 5). We show that native dicationic electrophores (redox state Z=+2) are folded prior to electron injection into the system, allowing the emergence of supra‐molecular orbitals (supra‐MOs) likely to support the process of the reductive σ bond formation giving cyclomers. Indeed, for Z=+2, London Dispersion (LD) forces contribute to flatten the potential energy surface such that all‐trans and folded conformers are approximately isoenergetic. Then, upon one‐electron injection, for radical cations (Z=+1), LD forces significantly stabilize the folded conformers, except for the ethylene derivative deprived of supra‐MOs. For radical cations equipped with supra‐MOs, the unpaired electron is delocalized over both heterocycles through space. Cyclomer completion (Z=0) upon the second electron transfer occurs according to the inversion of redox potentials. This mechanism explains why intramolecular reactivity is favored and why pyridinium electrophores are not independent.
Accelerated Screening of Alternative DNA Base‐Organic Molecule‐Base Architectures via Integrated Theory and Experiment
Authors: Feng Xinyu , Wang Xianwen , Liu Jiahe , Fu Aiting , Wang Ying , Wei Shuheng , Chen Huichao , She Rui , Wang Yangying , Cui Xiao , Hou Hui , Xu Yuanyuan , Wu Yujing , Meng Qian , Zhang Lingling , Wang Song , Zhao Jiemin
Published: May 2024

Organic molecule‐mediated noncanonical DNA self‐assembly expands the standard DNA base‐pairing alphabets. However, only a very limited number of small molecules have been recognized as mediators because of the tedious and complicated experiments like crystallization and microscopy imaging. Here we present an integrative screening protocol incorporating molecular dynamics (MD) for fast theoretical simulation and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for convenient experimental validation. Melamine, the molecule that was confirmed mediating noncanonical DNA base‐pairing, and 38 other candidate molecules were applied to demonstrate the feasibility of this protocol. We successfully identified seven stable noncanonical DNA duplex structures, and another eight novel structures with sub‐stability. In addition, we discovered that hairpins at both ends can significantly stabilize the noncanonical DNA structures, providing a guideline to design small organic molecule‐incorporated DNA structures. Such an efficient screening protocol will accelerate the design of alternative DNA‐molecule architectures beyond Watson–Crick pairs. Considering the wide range of potential mediators, it will also facilitate applications such as noncovalent, highly dense loading of drug molecules in DNA‐based delivery system and probe design for sensitive detection of certain molecules.
Transient Covalent Polymers through Carbodiimide‐Driven Assembly
Authors: Saha Nirob K. , Salvia William S. , Konkolewicz Dominik , Hartley C. Scott
Published: May 2024

Biochemical systems make use of out‐of‐equilibrium polymers generated under kinetic control. Inspired by these systems, many abiotic supramolecular polymers driven by chemical fuel reactions have been reported. Conversely, polymers based on transient covalent bonds have received little attention, even though they have the potential to complement supramolecular systems by generating transient structures based on stronger bonds and by offering a straightforward tuning of reaction kinetics. In this study, we show that simple aqueous dicarboxylic acids give poly(anhydrides) when treated with the carbodiimide EDC. Transient covalent polymers with molecular weights exceeding 15,000 are generated which then decompose over the course of hours to weeks. Disassembly kinetics can be controlled using simple substituent effects in the monomer design. The impact of solvent polarity, carbodiimide concentration, temperature, pyridine concentration, and monomer concentration on polymer properties and lifetimes has been investigated. The results reveal substantial control over polymer assembly and disassembly kinetics, highlighting the potential for fine‐tuned kinetic control in nonequilibrium polymerization systems.
Aromatic 1,4,2,3‐Diazadiborole Featuring an Unsymmetrical B=B Entity: A Versatile Synthon for Unusual Boron Heterocycles
Authors: Mu Yu , Dai Yuyang , Ruiz David A. , Liu Liu Leo , Xu Li‐Ping , Tung Chen‐Ho , Kong Lingbing
Published: May 2024

The replacement of a CC unit with an isoelectronic BN unit in aromatic systems can give rise to molecules and materials with fascinating properties. We report here the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a 1,4,2,3‐diazadiborole species, 2, featuring an unprecedented 6π‐aromatic BN‐heterocyclic moiety that is isoelectronic to cyclopentadienide (Cp−). Bearing an unsymmetrical B=B entity, 2 exhibits reactivity toward oxidants, protic reagents, electrophiles, and unsaturated substrates. This reactivity facilitates the synthesis of a variety of novel mono‐ and bicyclic organoboron derivatives through mechanisms including ring retention, cleavage/recombination, annulation, and expansion. These findings reveal innovative synthetic routes to BN‐embedded aromatic compounds via desymmetrization, affording unique building blocks for synthetic chemistry.
A General Descriptor for Single‐Atom Catalysts with Axial Ligands
Authors: Qiao Zelong , Jiang Run , Xu Haoxiang , Cao Dapeng , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: May 2024

Decoration of an axial coordination ligand (ACL) on the active metal site is a highly effective and versatile strategy to tune activity of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). However, the regulation mechanism of ACLs on SACs is still incompletely known. Herein, we investigate diversified combinations of ACL‐SACs, including all 3d–5d transition metals and ten prototype ACLs. We identify that ACLs can weaken the adsorption capability of the metal atom (M) by raising the bonding energy levels of the M−O bond while enhancing dispersity of the d orbital of M. Through examination of various local configurations and intrinsic parameters of ACL‐SACs, a general structure descriptor σ is constructed to quantify the structure–activity relationship of ACL‐SACs which solely based on a few key intrinsic features. Importantly, we also identified the axial ligand descriptor σACL, as a part of σ, which can serve as a potential descriptor to determine the rate‐limiting steps (RLS) of ACL‐SACs in experiment. And we predicted several ACL‐SACs, namely, CrN4‐, FeN4‐, CoN4‐, RuN4‐, RhN4‐, OsN4‐, IrN4‐ and PtN4‐ACLs, that entail markedly higher activities than the benchmark catalysts of Pt and IrO2 for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively, thereby supporting that the general descriptor σ can provide a simple and cost‐effective method to assess efficient electrocatalysts.
Application of antimicrobial properties of copper
Authors: Yu Jinsong , Huang Xu , Ren Fangyuan , Cao Hui , Yuan Min , Ye Tai , Xu Fei
Published: May 2024

The antimicrobial properties of copper ions can reduce the overgrowth of microorganisms to a certain extent. That reduces the amount of antibiotics used, to avoid superbugs and potential harm. The authors reviewed the antimicrobial mechanisms of copper and copper‐containing nanoparticles (NPs), focusing on the factors influencing their antimicrobial properties. They concluded that the antimicrobial properties were better in environments conducive to the precipitation of copper ions and exposure to microorganisms. Comparing copper with other metal ions leads to the question of why copper is such an important antimicrobial metal ion. In recent years, with the development of science and technology and the understanding of the microscopic world, scientists have skillfully applied the antimicrobial properties of copper in various settings, from direct contact with food to breeding and hygienic environments, and have confirmed the safety of the application. However, because of the toxic effect of NPs, the future goal is to synthesize a copper‐containing NP with good biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency to benefit human society.
Eu‐based coordination polymer with fluorescence enhancement for Cu2+/prochloraz and quenching for nitrobenzene/pyrimethanil
Authors: Yuan Nana , Gao Ting , Ren Yixia , Chai Hongmei , Zhang Meili , Wang Jijiang
Published: May 2024

The detection of pollutants is an important part of environmental protection. A one‐dimensional Eu(III) coordination polymer (CP1), [Eu2(3‐pyia)2(Ac)2 (H2O)4]·(2,2′‐bipy)0.5·4.25H2O, based on 5‐(pyridin‐3‐ylmethoxy) isophthalic acid (3‐H2pyia) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (2,2′‐bipy) was designed and prepared under hydrothermal condition. The structure was characterized as one‐dimensional ladder‐like structure with water and 2,2′‐bipy guest molecules. The excellent luminescence properties of CP1 prompted us to investigate its fluorescence sensing performance for pollutants. It exhibited fluorescence enhancement for Cu2+ and prochloraz, but quenching for nitrobenzene and pyrimethanil, and the fluorescence sensing mechanism has been further investigated by experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work expands the exploitation of rare earth coordination polymers for fluorescence sensing and contributes to pollutant detection.