bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Développement de compétences avancées dans la formation des futurs médecins : l’exemple de la médecine familiale au Canada
Authors: Lacasse Miriam , Renaud Jean-Sébastien , Cantat Adrien , Saucier Danielle
Published: March 2017

Au Canada comme ailleurs dans le monde, un mouvement général de transformation des cursus est en cours depuis une vingtaine d’années en vue d’adopter une approche par compétences dans les programmes de formation médicale et autres professions. Cet article décrit la mise en oeuvre de cette approche dans le contexte particulier des programmes de formation postdoctorale (résidence) en médecine familiale au Canada. Après une mise en contexte sur l’éducation médicale et la résidence en médecine familiale au Canada, on y discute de trois défis rencontrés à travers le pays : définir compétence et approche par compétences dans le contexte de l’éducation médicale; enseigner dans une approche par compétences en transformant les dispositifs de formation pour favoriser le développement des compétences; évaluer les compétences pour en soutenir le développement. Pour ce faire, les auteurs se basent sur des écrits en éducation et en éducation des sciences de la santé, de même que sur leur expérience de travail au sein de programmes de résidence et de comités nationaux portant sur le sujet.
La compétence à l’école pensée à partir de la perspective située de l’apprentissage
Authors: Mottier Lopez Lucie
Published: March 2017

Cet article présente une réflexion conceptuelle sur la compétence à partir des travaux de la cognition située et de l’apprentissage situé, particulièrement ceux qui concernent l’apprentissage scolaire. Pour interroger la compétence, l’unité d’analyse sera la « relation dialectique », au sens de Lave (1988), entre la personne en activité et le monde socialement et culturellement organisé expérimenté. Cette unité offre un cadre pour penser les processus de médiation dans la mobilisation des ressources internes et externes au coeur du concept de compétence. Nous choisissons de revenir aux travaux de la fin des années 1980, car, comme l’observe Brougère (2008), ils représentent une contribution majeure et originale à la conceptualisation de l’apprentissage comme un acte de participation à des pratiques sociales et culturelles. L’article examine plus particulièrement deux axes de conceptualisation interreliés : les dimensions données et construites du contexte immédiat à l’activité d’apprentissage, les pratiques socioculturelles des contextes de classe et plus largement. D’une part, la réflexion conceptuelle proposée par l’article amène à envisager le développement de compétences en salle de classe à partir des dimensions contextuelles sur lesquelles l’enseignant ou l’enseignante peut agir en pensant les contraintes et les ressources de l’environnement d’apprentissage et des pratiques de la classe. D’autre part, elle insiste sur l’appréhension de la relation de structuration réciproque entre l’élève en activité et les aspects agissants des contextes, dans leurs dimensions circonstancielles et au regard des normes sociales et des pratiques culturelles dans la classe et en dehors de la classe.
Kinesin-4 KIF21B is a potent microtubule pausing factor
Authors: van Riel Wilhelmina E , Rai Ankit , Bianchi Sarah , Katrukha Eugene A , Liu Qingyang , Heck Albert JR , Hoogenraad Casper C , Steinmetz Michel O , Kapitein Lukas C , Akhmanova Anna
Published: March 2017

Microtubules are dynamic polymers that in cells can grow, shrink or pause, but the factors that promote pausing are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mammalian kinesin-4 KIF21B is a processive motor that can accumulate at microtubule plus ends and induce pausing. A few KIF21B molecules are sufficient to induce strong growth inhibition of a microtubule plus end in vitro. This property depends on non-motor microtubule-binding domains located in the stalk region and the C-terminal WD40 domain. The WD40-containing KIF21B tail displays preference for a GTP-type over a GDP-type microtubule lattice and contributes to the interaction of KIF21B with microtubule plus ends. KIF21B also contains a motor-inhibiting domain that does not fully block the interaction of the protein with microtubules, but rather enhances its pause-inducing activity by preventing KIF21B detachment from microtubule tips. Thus, KIF21B combines microtubule-binding and regulatory activities that together constitute an autonomous microtubule pausing factor.
The Neotropical land snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) collected by the ‘Comisión Científica del Pacífico’
Authors: Breure Abraham S.H. , Araujo Rafael
Published: March 2017

The land snails collected by the ‘Comisión Científica del Pacifíco’ (CCP), a Spanish expedition to South and Central America from 1862–1866, are restudied and revised. The historical context of the expedition and the study of its collected material are described. Biographical data is given for the main persons involved. The land snails were previously studied by Joaquin Hidalgo between 1867 and 1893. A total of 3,470 specimens belonging to 211 species are treated in this paper. Of 34 species mentioned by Hidalgo is his catalogue, the corresponding material could not be located.Bulimus visendusHidalgo, 1869 is now placed in the genusSynapterpesPilsbry, 1896, a new combination.
Acute Appendicitis and Periappendicitis Revealing Squamous and Transitional Cystic and Solid Nests in Adult Patients: Metaplasia or Vestigeal Remnants?
Authors: Handra-Luca Adriana
Published: March 2017

Squamous metaplasia of the appendix serosa is rare. We aimed to report the clinical and morphological features of 3 such cases. The patients presented with abdominal pain (n = 1 man, 2 women; age range, 29–35 years). The clinical diagnosis was appendicitis/periappendicitis (in the context of hydro/pyosalpinx). The surgical resected appendix showed several cystic and solid epithelial nests (1 mm and less) in the serosa/subserosa. Epithelial cells expressed p63, cytokeratin 5/6, as well as cytokeratins 7, 20, and CD10. Cystic and solid squamous and transitional epithelial nests of the appendix subserosa/serosa in adult patients may be revealed by acute appendicitis/ periappendicitis. The presence of such lesions, metaplastic or vestigial in nature, should be acknowledged since they can be misdiagnosed with metastatic epithelial tumor nests or they may undergo malignant change.
Extreme sea levels on the rise along Europe's coasts
Authors: Vousdoukas Michalis I. , Mentaschi Lorenzo , Voukouvalas Evangelos , Verlaan Martin , Feyen Luc
Published: March 2017

Future extreme sea levels (ESLs) and flood risk along European coasts will be strongly impacted by global warming. Yet, comprehensive projections of ESL that include mean sea level (MSL), tides, waves, and storm surges do not exist. Here, we show changes in all components of ESLs until 2100 in view of climate change. We find that by the end of this century, the 100‐year ESL along Europe's coastlines is on average projected to increase by 57 cm for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)4.5 and 81 cm for RCP8.5. The North Sea region is projected to face the highest increase in ESLs, amounting to nearly 1 m under RCP8.5 by 2100, followed by the Baltic Sea and Atlantic coasts of the UK and Ireland. Relative sea level rise (RSLR) is shown to be the main driver of the projected rise in ESL, with increasing dominance toward the end of the century and for the high‐concentration pathway. Changes in storm surges and waves enhance the effects of RSLR along the majority of northern European coasts, locally with contributions up to 40%. In southern Europe, episodic extreme events tend to stay stable, except along the Portuguese coast and the Gulf of Cadiz where reductions in surge and wave extremes offset RSLR by 20–30%. By the end of this century, 5 million Europeans currently under threat of a 100‐year ESL could be annually at risk from coastal flooding under high‐end warming. The presented dataset is available through this link:
http://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/LISCOAST.

Plain Language Summary

Future extreme sea levels and flood risk along European coasts will be strongly impacted by global warming. Here, we show changes in all acting components, i.e., sea level rise, tides, waves, and storm surges, until 2100 in view of climate change. We find that by the end of this century the 100‐year event along Europe will on average increase between 57 and 81 cm. The North Sea region is projected to face the highest increase, amounting to nearly 1 m under a high emission scenario by 2100, followed by the Baltic Sea and Atlantic coasts of the UK and Ireland. Sea level rise is the main driver of the changes, but intensified climate extremes along most of northern Europe can have significant local effects. Little changes in climate extremes are shown along southern Europe, with the exception of a projected decrease along the Portuguese coast and the Gulf of Cadiz, offseting sea level rise by 20–30%. By the end of this century, 5 million Europeans currently under threat of a 100‐year coastal flood event could be annually at risk from coastal flooding under high‐end warming.
Potential controls of isoprene in the surface ocean
Authors: Hackenberg S. C. , Andrews S. J. , Airs R. , Arnold S. R. , Bouman H. A. , Brewin R. J. W. , Chance R. J. , Cummings D. , Dall'Olmo G. , Lewis A. C. , Minaeian J. K. , Reifel K. M. , Small A. , Tarran G. A. , Tilstone G. H. , Carpenter L. J.
Published: March 2017

Isoprene surface ocean concentrations and vertical distribution, atmospheric mixing ratios, and calculated sea‐to‐air fluxes spanning approximately 125° of latitude (80°N–45°S) over the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans are reported. Oceanic isoprene concentrations were associated with a number of concurrently monitored biological variables including chlorophyll a (Chl a), photoprotective pigments, integrated primary production (intPP), and cyanobacterial cell counts, with higher isoprene concentrations relative to all respective variables found at sea surface temperatures greater than 20°C. The correlation between isoprene and the sum of photoprotective carotenoids, which is reported here for the first time, was the most consistent across all cruises. Parameterizations based on linear regression analyses of these relationships perform well for Arctic and Atlantic data, producing a better fit to observations than an existing Chl a‐based parameterization. Global extrapolation of isoprene surface water concentrations using satellite‐derived Chl a and intPP reproduced general trends in the in situ data and absolute values within a factor of 2 between 60% and 85%, depending on the data set and algorithm used.
Propagation characteristics of plasmaspheric hiss: Van Allen Probe observations and global empirical models
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cao J. B. , Chen L. , Wang J. , Yang J.
Published: March 2017

Based on the Van Allen Probe A observations from 1 October 2012 to 31 December 2014, we develop two empirical models to respectively describe the hiss wave normal angle (WNA) and amplitude variations in the Earth's plasmasphere for different substorm activities. The long‐term observations indicate that the plasmaspheric hiss amplitudes on the dayside increase when substorm activity is enhanced (AE index increases), and the dayside hiss amplitudes are greater than the nightside. However, the propagation angles (WNAs) of hiss waves in most regions do not depend strongly on substorm activity, except for the intense substorm‐induced increase in WNAs in the nightside low L‐region. The propagation angles of plasmaspheric hiss increase with increasing magnetic latitude or decreasing radial distance (L‐value). The global hiss WNAs (the power‐weighted averages in each grid) and amplitudes (medians) can be well reproduced by our empirical models.
SAB
Medium for

M
ethanomassiliicoccus
Authors: Nkamga Vanessa Demonfort , Khelaifia Saber , Drancourt Michel
Published: March 2017

Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis is the sole cultured representative of the new order Methanomissiliicoccales of methanogens. We present the optimized composition of a medium allowing for the isolation and culture of M. luminyensis from any environmental or clinical specimen.
Defluviitaleaceae
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Postec Anne , Ollivier Bernard
Published: March 2017

De.flu.vi.i.ta.le.a.ce'a.e. N.L. n.
Defluviitalea
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Defluviitaleaceae
, the
Defluviitalea
family.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Defluviitaleaceae

The family
Defluviitaleaceae
belongs to the order
Clostridiales
. To date, it is currently represented by only one genus containing two validly named species and one species whose name has not been validated. The genus
Defluviitalea
is phylogenetically distant to the genera
Parasporobacterium, Clostridium
spp., and
Robinsoniella,
pertaining to the family
Lachnospiraceae
with sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene of approximately 87%. The delineation of the novel family
Defluviitaleaceae
was primarily based on phylogenetic, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, with
Defluviitalea
as the type genus of the family.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.2.

Type genus
:
Defluviitalea
Jabari, Gannoun, Cayol, Hamdi, Fauque, Ollivier and Fardeau 2012, 553
VP
.
A
equorivita
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: March 2017

Ae.quo.ri.vi'ta. L. n.
aequor ‐oris
the even surface of the sea in its quiet state; L. fem. n.
vita
life; N.L. fem. n.
Aequorivita
life (living being) at the sea surface.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Aequorivita

Cells are straight or slightly curved
rods or filaments
, 0.5–20 × 0.2–2.2 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly or in pairs. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase test is negative or only weakly positive.
Chemoheterotrophic. Nonagarolytic. Colonies are orange or yellow
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Most species
require sea salts or Na
+
ions for growth. Tolerates up to 6% NaCl; growth with 10% NaCl is either weak or absent. Best growth occurs in organic media containing 1–3% NaCl or seawater salts. All species

produce alkaline phosphatase and esterase (Tween 80) and hydrolyze
l
‐tyrosine and gelatin

. Some species are strongly proteolytic and/or lipolytic. Growth occurs between 4 and 25°C. Some species can grow at 37°C.
Optimal growth occurs at 20–30°C depending on the species.
Optimal growth occurs at pH 7.0–8.5. The major fatty acids are C
15:1
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
17:1
iso, C
15:0
3‐OH iso, and C
17:0
3‐OH iso.
Known habitats include polar ocean seawater, sea‐ice, quartz stone sublithic biofilm, and surfaces of seaweed communities
. Also reported to be associated with deep‐sea invertebrates.

DNA G + C content
(
mol%
): 33–39 (
T
m
, HPLC, genome sequences).

Type species
:
Aequorivita antarctica
Bowman and Nichols 2002, 1539
VP
emend. Park et al., 2009, 726
VP
emend. Liu, Zhang, Pan, Sun, Zhang, Li, Zhu and Wu 2013 3194
VP
.
M
ethylobacter
Authors: Collins David A. , Akberdin Ilya R. , Kalyuzhnaya Marina G.
Published: March 2017

Me.hy.lo.bac'ter. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl radical; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Methylobacter
methyl rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylobacter

Cells are
rods, spherical, or elliptical
, 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–3.0 µm. Occur singly, in pairs, and in chains.
Gram‐negative
. The cells are usually motile. Some strains
might form a cyst‐like resting stage
, which usually confers
desiccation resistance
.
Obligate utilizers of methane for carbon and energy
. Require oxygen for methane oxidation. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Neutrophilic
, optimum pH is observed between 6.5 and 7.5. Majority of species are
mesophilic,
with optimal growth between 23 and 35°C. Some representatives are psychrotolerant and
psychrophilic.
Two species require sodium ions for growth. Their
fatty acid composition depends on growth conditions
(salinity, pH, and temperature). In nonhalophilic strains and halophilic strains grown at low salinity, pH 6.8–7.2 and 30°C, the main fatty acid is

C
16:1
ω7
c
. Ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8)

is the predominant lipoquinone. The genome sizes vary slightly ranging between 4.7 and 5.3 Mb.
Methylobacter
strains are typical inhabitants of freshwater and saline lake sediments, river and wetland muds, activated sludge, arctic and tundra soils, wastewater, and oceanic water.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 49–52.

Type species
:
Methylobacter luteus
(Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1981) Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993, 749
VP
(
Methylococcus luteus
Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1981, 382; Effective publication: Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1978, 124).
C
hryseoglobus
Authors: Baik Keun Sik , Park Seong Chan , Kim Ho Jun , Seong Chi Nam , Lee Kang Hyun
Published: March 2017

Chry.se.o.glo'bus. Gr. adj.
chryseos,
golden; L. masc. n.
globus
ball; N.L. masc. n.
Chryseoglobus
yellow ball.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Chryseoglobus

Cells are Gram‐positive, nonsporulating, motile, catalase‐positive, oxidase‐negative,
pleomorphic, and short slender rods
.
Bulbous protuberances are formed at the ends or in the middle of the cell
. Colonies are yellow, translucent, and circular. Produce diffusible yellow pigments.

Cell wall peptidoglycan contains
d
‐lysine as diamino acid and acetyl residues found in glycan moiety

. The respiratory quinones are
MK‐12
,
MK‐13,
and
MK‐14
. Mycolic acids are not present. Polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids. Branched saturated fatty acids are predominant.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 68.3 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Chryseoglobus frigidaquae
Baik, Park, Kim, Lee and Seong 2010, 1314
VP
.
Candidatus
Nitrosocaldales
Authors: Qin Wei , Jewell Talia N. M. , Russell Virginia V. , Hedlund Brian P. , de la Torre José R. , Stahl David A.
Published: March 2017

Ni.tro.so.cal.da'les. N.L. masc. n.
Nitrosocaldus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Nitrosocaldales
the
Nitrosocaldus
order.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria /
Candidatus
Nitrosocaldales

Coccoid cells reproduce by binary fission. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. Obligately aerobic. Chemolithoautotrophic growth by ammonia oxidation to nitrite using CO
2
as carbon source. Some members can also use urea as an alternative source of energy for growth. Cell membrane is composed of isoprenoid tetraether lipids, including large amounts of acyclic and cyclized glycerol trialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GTGTs) and crenarchaeol (a unique glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) containing one cyclohexane ring and four cyclopentane rings). Fully saturated and monounsaturated menaquinones with six isoprenoid units are present. They are globally distributed in various geothermal environments. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and
amoA
gene sequences place the monophyletic order
Ca
. Nitrosocaldales as a basal lineage within the phylum
Thaumarchaeota
. This order can be distinguished from the closest order
Nitrososphaerales
by a lower mol% G + C content, a higher growth temperature (>60°C), and a higher relative abundance of GTGT. The order
Ca
. Nitrosocaldales is currently represented by a single family
Ca
. Nitrosocaldaceae.

Type genus
:

Ca
.

Nitrosocaldus
de la Torre, Walker, Ingalls, Könneke and Stahl 2008, 815.
Overview of Composite Metal Foams and Their Properties and Performance
Authors: Marx Jacob , Rabiei Afsaneh
Published: March 2017

This paper reviews the background and evolution of composite metal foam (CMF) from its inception until now. A broad understanding of the processing and basic mechanical, microstructural, and physical properties of different types of composite metal foams is discussed in the first part of the paper. In the second part, some recent studies on high strain rate properties, ballistic performance, radiation attenuation, and thermal properties of composite metal foams are discussed and compared with other bulk and control materials. These properties suggest many potential applications for this novel material in a broad range of engineering structures from ballistic armors to trains', cars', buses', helicopters' crashworthiness systems, and many others such as nuclear casks and thermal insulating units.
Probing a Device's Active Atoms
Authors: Studniarek Michał , Halisdemir Ufuk , Schleicher Filip , Taudul Beata , Urbain Etienne , Boukari Samy , Hervé Marie , Lambert Charles‐Henri , Hamadeh Abbass , Petit‐Watelot Sebastien , Zill Olivia , Lacour Daniel , Joly Loïc , Scheurer Fabrice , Schmerber Guy , Da Costa Victor , Dixit Anant , Guitard Pierre André , Acosta Manuel , Leduc Florian , Choueikani Fadi , Otero Edwige , Wulfhekel Wulf , Montaigne François , Monteblanco Elmer Nahuel , Arabski Jacek , Ohresser Philippe , Beaurepaire Eric , Weber Wolfgang , Alouani Mébarek , Hehn Michel , Bowen Martin
Published: March 2017

Materials science and device studies have, when implemented jointly as “operando” studies, better revealed the causal link between the properties of the device's materials and its operation, with applications ranging from gas sensing to information and energy technologies. Here, as a further step that maximizes this causal link, the paper focuses on the electronic properties of those atoms that drive a device's operation by using it to read out the materials property. It is demonstrated how this method can reveal insight into the operation of a macroscale, industrial‐grade microelectronic device on the atomic level. A magnetic tunnel junction's (MTJ's) current, which involves charge transport across different atomic species and interfaces, is measured while these atoms absorb soft X‐rays with synchrotron‐grade brilliance. X‐ray absorption is found to affect magnetotransport when the photon energy and linear polarization are tuned to excite FeO bonds parallel to the MTJ's interfaces. This explicit link between the device's spintronic performance and these FeO bonds, although predicted, challenges conventional wisdom on their detrimental spintronic impact. The technique opens interdisciplinary possibilities to directly probe the role of different atomic species on device operation, and shall considerably simplify the materials science iterations within device research.
Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR‐CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen‐associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men
Authors: Ryan Calen P. , Georgiev Alexander V. , McDade Thomas W. , Gettler Lee T. , Eisenberg Dan T. A. , Rzhetskaya Margarita , Agustin Sonny S. , Hayes M. Geoffrey , Kuzawa Christopher W.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates expression of androgen‐associated somatic traits such as muscle mass and strength. Within the human AR is a highly variable glutamine short‐tandem repeat (AR‐CAGn), and CAG repeat number has been inversely correlated to AR transcriptional activity in vitro. However, evidence for an attenuating effect of long AR‐CAGn on androgen‐associated somatic traits has been inconsistent in human populations. One possible explanation for this lack of consistency is that the effect of AR‐CAGn on AR bioactivity in target tissues likely varies in relation to circulating androgen levels.

Materials and Methods

We tested whether relationships between AR‐CAGn and several androgen‐associated somatic traits (waist circumference, lean mass, arm muscle area, and grip strength) were modified by salivary (waking and pre‐bed) and circulating (total) testosterone (T) levels in young adult males living in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines (n = 675).

Results

When men's waking T was low, they had a reduction in three out of four androgen‐associated somatic traits with lengthening AR‐CAGn (p < .1), consistent with in vitro research. However, when waking T was high, we observed the opposite effect—lengthening AR‐CAGn was associated with an increase in these same somatic traits.

Discussion

Our finding that longer AR‐CAGn predicts greater androgen‐associated trait expression among high‐T men runs counter to in vitro work, but is generally consistent with the few prior studies to evaluate similar interactions in human populations. Collectively, these results raise questions about the applicability of findings derived from in vitro AR‐CAGn studies to the receptor's role in maintaining androgen‐associated somatic traits in human populations.
A study of the effect of introduction of JTAS in the emergency room
Authors: Koyama Toru , Kashima Takeshi , Yamamoto Motoyoshi , Ouchi Kenjiro , Kotoku Takayuki , Mizuno Yuta
Published: March 2017

Aim

The purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of introducing the Japan Triage and Acuity Scale (JTAS) in the emergency room for walk‐in patients.

Methods

A simple triage was used in Term A (from April 2006 to December 2010, 4 years and 9 months) and the JTAS was introduced in Term B (from January 2011 to September 2015, 4 years and 9 months). The number of patients who had a sudden turn for the worse after arrival in the emergency room and the time between attendance and emergency catheterization (TBAEC) due to acute coronary syndrome were reviewed.

Results

There were 653 patients in Term A and 626 patients in Term B who were finally diagnosed as having serious causes. There was no significant difference in the frequency of a sudden turn for the worse between the two terms. There were 182 patients in Term A and 167 patients in Term B who underwent emergency catheterization due to acute coronary syndrome. When ST elevation was recognized in the first electrocardiogram, the median time between attendance and medical attention during Term B improved significantly, by 4.5 min. However, there was no significant difference in medians for TBAEC. When ST elevation was not recognized, there was no significant difference between the two terms, neither in terms of median time between attendance and medical attention, nor TBAEC.

Conclusion

The data suggests that the effects of introducing the JTAS in the emergency room were restrictive in these two aspects.
Expansion of the ADOR Strategy for the Synthesis of Zeolites: The Synthesis of IPC‐12 from Zeolite UOV
Authors: Kasneryk Valeryia , Shamzhy Mariya , Opanasenko Maksym , Wheatley Paul S. , Morris Samuel A. , Russell Samantha E. , Mayoral Alvaro , Trachta Michal , Čejka Jiří , Morris Russell E.
Published: March 2017

The assembly–disassembly–organization–reassembly (ADOR) process has been used to disassemble a parent zeolite with the UOV structure type and then reassemble the resulting layers into a novel structure, IPC‐12. The structure of the material has previously been predicted computationally and confirmed in our experiments using X‐ray diffraction and atomic resolution STEM‐HAADF electron microscopy. This is the first successful application of the ADOR process to a material with porous layers.
Synthesis of C3‐Fluorinated Oxindoles through Reagent‐Free Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Wu Zheng‐Jian , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: March 2017

Reported herein is an unprecedented synthesis of C3‐fluorinated oxindoles through cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of C(sp3)‐H and C(sp2)‐H bonds from malonate amides. Under the unique and mild electrochemical conditions, the requisite oxidant and base are generated in a continuous fashion, allowing the formation of the base‐ and heat‐sensitive 3‐fluorooxindoles in high efficiency with broad substrate scope. The synthetic usefulness of the electrochemical method is further highlighted by its easy scalability and the diverse transformations of the electrolysis product.
Alkenyl Isocyanide Conjugate Additions: A Rapid Route to γ‐Carbolines
Authors: Chepyshev Sergiy V. , Lujan‐Montelongo J. Armando , Chao Allen , Fleming Fraser F.
Published: March 2017

Isocyanides are exceptional building blocks, the wide deployment of which in multicomponent and metal‐insertion reactions belies their limited availability. The first conjugate addition/alkylation to alkenyl isocyanides is described, which addresses this deficiency. An array of organolithiums, magnesiates, enolates, and metalated nitriles add conjugately to β‐ and β,β‐disubstituted arylsulfonyl alkenyl isocyanides to rapidly assemble diverse isocyanide scaffolds. The intermediate metalated isocyanides are efficiently trapped with electrophiles to generate substituted isocyanides incorporating contiguous tri‐ and tetra‐substituted centers. The substituted isocyanides are ideally functionalized for elaboration into synthetic targets as illustrated by the three‐step synthesis of γ‐carboline N‐methyl ingenine B.
Next‐Generation Polymer Shells for Inorganic Nanoparticles are Highly Compact, Ultra‐Dense, and Long‐Lasting Cyclic Brushes
Authors: Morgese Giulia , Shirmardi Shaghasemi Behzad , Causin Valerio , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Reimhult Erik , Benetti Edmondo M.
Published: March 2017

Cyclic poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOXA) ligands for superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) generate ultra‐dense and highly compact shells, providing enhanced colloidal stability and bio‐inertness in physiological media. When linear brush shells fail in providing colloidal stabilization to NPs, the cyclic ones assure long lasting dispersions. While the thermally induced dehydration of linear PEOXA shells cause irreversible aggregation of the NPs, the collapse and subsequent rehydration of similarly grafted cyclic brushes allow the full recovery of individually dispersed NPs. Although linear ligands are densely grafted onto Fe3O4 cores, a small plasma protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) still physisorbs within their shells. In contrast, the impenetrable entropic shield provided by cyclic brushes efficiently prevents nonspecific interaction with proteins.
Development of poly(vinylcarbazole)/alumina nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection of 316L stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl medium
Authors: Elangovan Natarajan , Srinivasan Arthanari , Pugalmani Sivashanmugam , Rajendiran Nagappan , Rajendran Nallaiyan
Published: March 2017

Poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and PVK‐alumina (Al2O3) nanocomposite coatings were electrochemically coated on 316 L stainless steel (SS) substrates for corrosion protection of 316 L SS in 3.5 weight (wt) % NaCl medium. The formation of PVK and incorporation of nanoalumina particles in PVK‐Al2O3nanocomposite coatings were confirmed from attenuated total reflectance‐infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR). Thermal analysis (TG) results showed enhanced thermal stability for the composites relative to PVK. Incorporation of Al2O3nanoparticles enhanced the micro hardness of PVK coated 316 L SS. The dispersion of alumina nanoparticles was examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) and revealed distinct features. The influence of nanoparticles on the barrier properties of PVK and PVK‐Al2O3nanocomposites was evaluated in aqueous 3.5 wt % NaCl by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. The results proved that PVK nanocomposite coatings provided better protection for 316 L SS than PVK coatings. The drastic increase in impedance values is due to the high corrosion resistance offered by the PVK nanocomposite coatings that arises due to the interaction between Al2O3nanoparticles and PVK. The highest corrosion protection shown by the 2 wt % nano Al2O3incorporated PVK composite coatings proved enhanced corrosion resistance compared to PVK. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44937.
The influence of filler surface modification on mechanical and material properties of layered double hydroxide‐containing polypropylene composites
Authors: Moyo Lumbidzani , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Sebati Wilhemina , Ojijo Vincent
Published: March 2017

The processing and properties of layered double hydroxides (LDHs)‐containing polypropylene (PP) composites have been studied extensively. However, no detailed studies have reported on how stearic acid (SA)‐intercalated and SA‐coated LDHs influence the properties of melt‐processed PP/LDH composites. Here, four different types of LDHs: synthesized (cLDH1) and commercial (cLDH2) SA‐coated LDH, SA‐intercalated LDH (iLDH), and unmodified LDH (nLDH), were used to fabricate composites using a master‐batch‐dilution technique in a twin‐screw extruder. The characterization results showed that microcomposites were formed when cLDH2 and nLDH were used, whereas nanocomposites were formed when iLDH and cLDH1 were used. Strong nucleating behavior was observed for the nLDH‐, cLDH1‐, and cLDH2‐containing composites, whereas iLDH delayed the crystallization process of the PP matrix. A significant improvement in modulus, with a balance of tensile and impact strengths, was observed in the case of the cLDH1‐containing composite, whereas the nLDH‐containing composite showed good improvement in temperature‐dependent load‐bearing capacity. On the other hand, the PP/iLDH composite showed a remarkable improvement in thermal stability and a reduction in the peak‐heat‐release rate. Therefore, this study gives us an opportunity to design PP composites with desired properties by the judicious choice of LDH, which further widens the application of PP matrices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45024.
Thermally activated shape memory behavior of melt‐mixed polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites
Authors: Nicharat Apiradee , Shirole Anuja , Foster E. Johan , Weder Christoph
Published: March 2017

Building blocks made from renewable sources attract increasing attention for the design of new polymer systems. Recently, in this particular context, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained great interest in both academic research and industry, mainly on account of their ability to reinforce range of polymer matrices and afford nanocomposites with attractive mechanical properties. The limited thermal stability of conventionally produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has, however, so far limited the range of polymers that could be used as basis for melt‐processed CNC nanocomposites. We herein show that a commercially accessible nanocrystal source, a particular grade of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), can easily be converted into thermally stable CNCs by ultrasonication in phosphoric acid. A scalable melt‐mixing process was used to produce nanocomposites of these CNCs with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer. A significant improvement of the room temperature storage modulus from 40 MPa (neat polymer) to 120 MPa (10% w/w CNC) was observed. The introduction of CNCs not only increased the stiffness of the polymer matrix, but also improved the shape memory properties of the nanocomposite. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45033.
Immobilization of α‐amylase in polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Kübelbeck Sonja , Mikhael Jules , Schoof Sebastian , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette , Baier Grit
Published: March 2017

Herein, we report the formation of α‐amylase containing polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). The method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase is based on interactions between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI). We could show that electrostatic interactions ensure the incorporation of the enzyme into the formed polyelectrolyte complexes. The encapsulation has no negative effect on enzyme activity and protects against denaturation of the enzyme initiated by low pH values. The resulting PECs are 150–250 nm in size with narrow size distribution, appear in a spherical shape and are colloidally stable. The complexation of both polyelectrolytes and the immobilization of α‐amylase are investigated using fractionating techniques mainly the analytical ultracentrifugation and asymmetrical‐flow field‐flow fractionation. The formation of PECs represents a simple method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase without the use of organic solvents and requires no additional purifications steps. This one‐step approach, yielding high encapsulation efficiencies, shows the potential as a drug delivery system for sensitive hydrophilic actives in future. α‐amylase is immobilized in polyelectrolyte complexes made of polyethylenimine and poly(acrylic acid). Optimized encapsulation conditions and the resulting polyelectrolyte complexes are investigated via determination of IEP, α‐amylase activity assays, nanoDSC measurements, zeta potential values, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and fractionating techniques. The encapsulated enzyme is protected against denaturation initiated by low pH values. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45036.
Nanoencapsulation of montmorillonite clay within poly(ethylene glycol) nanobeads by electrospraying
Authors: Mahmood Wan Ahmad Kamil , Azarian Mohammad Hossein , Wan Fathilah Wan Farahhanim bt , Kwok Eunice
Published: March 2017

The present study describes the preparation and characterization of a novel nanocomposite, based on montmorillonite clay (MMT) encapsulation in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) by an electrospraying process. PEG/MMT nanocomposites with MMT contents ranging from 1 to 5 wt % were successfully prepared and characterized in relation to their morphological, spectroscopic, structural, and thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy micrographs showed that the PEG nanobeads formed spherical shapes, and with increasing amount of MMT clay, the size of the beads decreased significantly, ranging from 120 to 3.7 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested that there was no significant chemical interaction between PEG and MMT clay. However, the d‐spacing of MMT clay in PEG/MMT increased, a clear indication of the intercalation of PEG in the interlayer spaces of MMT clay. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PEG polymer decreased upon encapsulation of MMT clay in PEG/MMT composites. Nanoindentation results showed that the hardness and Young's modulus of the PEG/MMT composites increased with 3 wt % loading of MMT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45048.
Phase‐separation of heterophasic polymer in solution: A model case of impact‐resistant polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Rungswang Wonchalerm , Jarumaneeroj Chatchai , Petcharat Nuchanat , Soontaranon Siriwat , Rugmai Supagorn
Published: March 2017

Impact‐resistance polypropylene copolymer (IPC) has been well known as commercial heterophasic polymer in which ethylene–propylene random copolymer (EPR) domain is dispersed in the homo‐polypropylene matrix. The phase‐separation of those phases is one of the keys to control the polymer properties. However, especially in the solution, there is rarely report that addresses to the phase‐separation of the IPC due to the difficulties in the investigation; i.e., (i) the proximity of the refractive indices of those phases and (ii) the small size of the EPR droplet. Here, the phase‐separation of the commercial IPC in xylene is traced by thein situsmall angle X‐ray scattering which the phase‐separation temperature is clearly revealed. The results also show that the evolution of the EPR domain is strongly depended on the polymer composition. Moreover, the migrations of the copolymers are evidenced, and this could be a model for other heterophasic systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 45069.
TLR4 Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via Akt/GSK3β/β‐Catenin Pathway upon LPS Stimulation
Authors: Li Jun , Yin Jing , Shen Wenzhi , Gao Ruifang , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yanan , Li Xiru , Liu Chenghu , Xiang Rong , Luo Na
Published: March 2017

Bacteria/virus‐induced chronic inflammation is involved in both tumor initiation and tumor progression. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in the development of several types of cancer. In this study, we explored the impact of TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on breast cancer metastasis and associated signaling molecules. We first examined TLR4 expression levels in breast tissue using a human breast tissue microarray and breast cell lines. We then studied the role of TLR4 activation by LPS stimulation in breast cancer metastasis using both in vitro and in vivo models. Finally, we investigated signaling molecules involved in the process using Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining. The results showed that TLR4 expression levels increased in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue. In addition, our results also showed that TLR4 pathway activation by LPS stimulation in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells caused the following actions: (1) promotes migration of breast cancer cells, (2) triggers the β‐catenin signaling pathway via PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and (3) promotes transcription of downstream β‐catenin target genes leading to breast cancer metastasis. This study substantiates and further extends the relationship between TLR4 activation by LPS and breast cancer using both in vitro and in vivo models. The results suggest that the Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signal transduction pathway may serve as a viable clinical treatment target in breast cancer. Anat Rec, 300:1219–1229, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Follow‐up of eROSITA and Euclid Galaxy Clusters with XMM‐Newton
Authors: Reiprich T. H.
Published: March 2017

A revolution in galaxy cluster science is only a few years away. The survey machines eROSITA and Euclid will provide cluster samples of statistical quality never seen before. XMM‐Newton will be the key instrument to exploit these rich datasets in terms of detailed follow‐up of the cluster hot gas content, systematically characterizing subsamples as well as exotic new objects.
Heterogeneous platoon flow dispersion model based on truncated mixed simplified phase‐type distribution of travel speed
Authors: Jiang Yangsheng , Yao Zhihong , Luo Xiaoling , Wu Weitiao , Ding Xiao , Khattak Afaq
Published: March 2017

Existing research on platoon dispersion models either describe homogeneous traffic flow feature, or are in lack of analytical solutions. By analyzing the field data, the truncated mixed simplified phase‐type distribution is proved to be capable of capturing the characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow with an excellent fitting result. In light of this, we derive a generic heterogeneous platoon dispersion model with truncated mixed simplified phase‐type of speed in the forms of integrable functions. Numerical case studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed model and the conventional models (i.e., the Robertson model and truncated mixed Gaussian model). The results show that the proposed model not only better captures the platoon dispersion laws of heterogeneous traffic flow, but also presents higher computational efficiency, which provides practical implications on traffic signal control. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baukalkulatorische Bandbreiten von üblichen Einheitspreisen für Standardpositionen im Hochbau
Authors: Čadež Ivan , Wapelhorst Vincent
Published: March 2017

Der Angebotspreis ist meistens das wesentliche Wertungskriterium bei der Vergabe von Bauaufträgen. Der hohe Wettbewerbsdruck führt zu einem Preiswettbewerb, der einige Bieter dazu verleitet, Angebote mit spekulativen Einheitspreisen abzugeben. Bausolländerungen und daraus resultierende Mehrvergütungsansprüche führen dann immer wieder zu Konflikten zwischen Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer.

Mit dieser Untersuchung wird durch die Anwendung einer „baubetriebswirtschaftlich richtigen Kalkulation” eine erste Abschätzung für Bandbreiten von „üblichen Einheitspreisen” für Standardpositionen im Hochbau aufgezeigt. Im Ergebnis konnte eine erste Größenordnung für die Bandbreite von üblichen Einheitspreisen für Standardpositionen im Hochbau von etwa 25–50 %, ausgehend vom üblichen Einheitspreis, festgestellt werden.

Eine Überschreitung dieser Bandbreiten kann auf Handlungsbedarf für den Auftraggeber im Vergabeverfahren hinweisen. Dabei ist die Erläuterung der abweichenden Einheitspreise durch den Auftragnehmer eine Option. Darüber hinaus kann es auch ein Hinweis sein, dass die Ausschreibung weiter präzisiert werden muss, um eine genauere Kalkulation zu ermöglichen bzw. um die Kalkulationsrisiken zu verringern oder Streitigkeiten bezüglich der angemessenen Höhe der Vergütung bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen zu reduzieren.
Methodological overview of systematic reviews to establish the evidence base for emergency general surgery
Authors:   EMSurg Collaborators, Savović J , Blencowe N , Blazeby J , Strong Sean , Howes Noah , Chalmers K , Whale K , Crichton J , Gould L , Kariyawasam S , Mason J , Pegna V , Richards S , Rowlands C , Stevens D
Published: March 2017

Background

The evidence for treatment decision-making in emergency general surgery has not been summarized previously. The aim of this overview was to review the quantity and quality of systematic review evidence for the most common emergency surgical conditions.

Methods

Systematic reviews of the most common conditions requiring unplanned admission and treatment managed by general surgeons were eligible for inclusion. The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases were searched to April 2014. The number and type (randomized or non-randomized) of included studies and patients were extracted and summarized. The total number of unique studies was recorded for each condition. The nature of the interventions (surgical, non-surgical invasive or non-invasive) was documented. The quality of reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR checklist.

Results

The 106 included reviews focused mainly on bowel conditions (42), appendicitis (40) and gallstone disease (17). Fifty-one (48·1 per cent) included RCTs alone, 79 (74·5 per cent) included at least one RCT and 25 (23·6 per cent) summarized non-randomized evidence alone. Reviews included 727 unique studies, of which 30·3 per cent were RCTs. Sixty-five reviews compared different types of surgical intervention and 27 summarized trials of surgical versus non-surgical interventions. Fifty-seven reviews (53·8 per cent) were rated as low risk of bias.

Conclusion

This overview of reviews highlights the need for more and better research in this field.
Randomized clinical trial of 270° posterior versus 180° anterior partial laparoscopic fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Roks D J , Koetje J H , Oor J E , Broeders J A , Nieuwenhuijs V B , Hazebroek E J
Published: March 2017

Background

Partial fundoplications provide similar reflux control with fewer post-fundoplication symptoms compared with Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). The best choice of procedure for partial fundoplication remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of two different types of partial fundoplication for GORD.

Methods

A double-blind RCT was conducted between 2012 and 2015 in two hospitals specializing in antireflux surgery. Patients were randomized to undergo either a laparoscopic 270° posterior fundoplication (Toupet) or a laparoscopic 180° anterior fundoplication. The primary outcome was postoperative dysphagia at 12 months, measured by the Dakkak score. Subjective outcome was analysed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Objective reflux control was assessed before and 6 months after surgery.

Results

Ninety-four patients were randomized to laparoscopic Toupet or laparoscopic 180° anterior fundoplication (47 in each group). At 12 months, 85 patients (90 per cent) were available for follow-up. Objective scores were available for 76 (81 per cent). Postoperative Dakkak dysphagia score at 12 months was similar in the two groups (mean 5·9 for Toupet versus 6·4 for anterior fundoplication; P = 0·773). Subjective outcome at 12 months demonstrated no significant differences in control of reflux or post-fundoplication symptoms. Overall satisfaction and willingness to undergo surgery did not differ between the groups. Postoperative endoscopy and 24-h pH monitoring showed no significant differences in mean oesophageal acid exposure time or recurrent pathological oesophageal acid exposure.

Conclusion

Both types of partial fundoplication provided similar control of GORD at 12 months, with no difference in post-fundoplication symptoms. Registration number: NTR5702 (www.trialregister.nl).