bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To make growth reduce poverty, industrialize: Using manufacturing to mediate the effect of growth on poverty
Authors: Karahasan Burhan Can
Published: January 2023

Motivation

While economic growth is usually necessary to reduce poverty, it is often not sufficient. Industrialization, especially manufacturing, tends to create jobs that are more productive than in other sectors, and which pay more, thereby reducing poverty. Structure of production therefore matters as well as growth of production.

Purpose

How much does industrialization mediate the relation of economic growth to poverty reduction?

Methods and approach

We deploy Causal Mediation Analysis, with industrialization as the mediator. The mechanism decomposes the impact of economic growth into direct effects on poverty, and those that apply indirectly through the mediator of industry.

Data comes from the Groningen Growth and Development Centre and UNU‐WIDER Economic Transformation Database (ETD) which covers 51 countries in the global South from 1990 to 2018.

Findings

Economic growth directly reduces poverty, but the full impact arises from the mediating role of industrialization. Almost 50% of the impact on poverty occurs through employment in manufacturing.

Policy implications

Social policies to reduce poverty will be incomplete if the production structure of economy is disregarded. Economic policy must consider the importance of industrial economic activities to amplify the impact of economic progress. On the contrary, policies promoting economic growth without creating industrial jobs will fail to offer accurate solutions to the poverty problem.
The association between transient childhood psychotic experiences and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood: Examining the role of mental disorders and adult attachment
Authors: Staines Lorna , Healy Colm , Kelleher Ian , Cotter David , Burns Annette , Cannon Mary
Published: January 2023

Aim

Evidence suggest individuals with mental disorders and psychotic experiences (PE), even transient PE, show poorer psychosocial outcomes relative to those with mental disorders. The concept of “attachment” is hypothesized as the mechanism by which people seek support in times of need. This can be measured as discrete styles or as positive (low avoidance/anxiety)/negative (high avoidance/anxiety) dimensions. Adult attachment has previously been examined on PE risk factors, but not outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between transient childhood PE and adult psychosocial outcomes, comparing those with and without mental disorders. Second, to examine the role of adult attachment.

Method

Participants (n = 103) attended baseline (age 11–13) and 10‐year follow‐up. PE and mental disorders were measured using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School‐aged Children. Attachment and outcomes were measured using self‐report measures. Analysis compared those with PE (with/without mental disorders), and mental disorders without PE, to controls, using linear and Poisson regression.

Results

PE was associated with lower self‐esteem (β = −2.28, p = .03), perceived social support from friends (β = −2.80, p = .01), and higher stress in platonic relationships (IRR = 1.64). PE and mental disorders were associated with lower self‐esteem (β = −5.74, p = .002), higher stress in romantic (IRR = 1.40) and platonic (IRR = 1.59) relationships, general stress (β = 5.60, p = .006), and mental distress (β = 5.67, p = .001). Mental disorders alone was not associated with any measure. Adult attachment dimensions attenuated some results.

Conclusions

This paper illustrates the association between transient PE and adult psychosocial outcomes, with & without co‐occurring mental disorders, and demonstrates the role of adult attachment.
Harmonizing the structured interview for psychosis‐risk syndromes (SIPS) and the comprehensive assessment of at‐risk mental states (CAARMS): An initial approach
Authors: Addington Jean , Woods Scott W. , Yung Alison R. , Calkins Monica E. , Fusar‐Poli Paolo
Published: January 2023

The two most used semi‐structured psychometric instruments that define criteria for being at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis are the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS) and the Structured Interview for Psychosis‐Risk Syndromes (SIPS). Although very similar there are important differences between these two measures. Developing harmonized psychometric criteria for defining CHR and associated outcomes would be beneficial for future research. This article describes the first step in this process by reporting on a NIMH workshop held in Washington DC, in February 2019 that was attended by experts in the field. The aim of this workshop was to examine the similarities and differences between the two measures and consider how the harmonization process could proceed.
Analysis of extreme values of soil ecosystem services predicted from associated soil properties and weather conditions
Authors: Kiessé Tristan Senga , Lemercier Blandine , Corson Michael S. , Ellili‐Bargaoui Yosra , Walter Christian
Published: January 2023

Soils provide services that can increase food security and mitigate global warming. Simulation modelling of biophysical processes is one approach used to estimate values of soil ecosystem services (SES) based on soil properties and climate conditions. The SES are usually investigated using statistical approaches that assume that values of SES are normally distributed. This assumption, however, ignores atypical values of SES, which deviate strongly from average values. Classic approaches have, therefore, failed to identify such atypical values of SES. To address this issue, we applied extreme value theory (EVT) as a statistical tool to identify thresholds above which SES can be considered as ‘extreme’. EVT was applied to a dataset of four SES—climate regulation, groundwater recharge, water‐to‐plant provision and plant biomass provision—estimated by biophysical soil and crop modelling based on a dataset of 64 cultivated soils located in northwestern France under a single climate observed over 30 years (1988–2018) and a single crop management of a maize and wheat rotation. Extreme values of the SES considered in our study were identified, and soil properties associated with these values were characterised. For instance, soils with extreme minimum values of climate regulation service had the highest pH, clay and organic carbon contents and maximum rooting depth. Applying EVT also enabled identification of the ‘return period’, which is the amount of time after which an extreme value of SES is likely to occur again. For instance, under the maize and wheat rotation simulated and weather conditions equivalent to those from 1988 to 2018, storage of organic carbon in the soil of 1000 kg C ha−1 year−1 is expected to be exceeded by at least one of the 64 of soils once every 2 years. This approach can thus be useful for decision making in natural resource management by identifying atypical values of SES and predicting how frequently they may occur.

Highlights

Extreme value theory identified soils with extreme values of ecosystem services (SES).

Some soil properties differed significantly among samples of extreme values of SES.

Soils in extreme samples of SES were identified as a function of their parent material.

The mean extreme maxima of the SES were expected to be exceeded every 2 years.
A Comparison of Spatial and Nonspatial Methods in Statistical Modeling of NO2: Prediction Accuracy, Uncertainty Quantification, and Model Interpretation
Authors: Lu Meng , Cavieres Joaquin , Moraga Paula
Published: January 2023

is a traffic‐related air pollutant. Ground monitoring stations measure concentrations at certain locations and statistical predictive methods have been developed to predict as a continuous surface. Among them, ensemble tree‐based methods have shown to be powerful in capturing nonlinear relationships between measurements and geospatial predictors but it is unclear if the spatial structure of is also captured in the response‐covariates relationships. We dive into the comparison between spatial and nonspatial data models accounting for prediction accuracy, model interpretation and uncertainty quantification. Moreover, we implement two new spatial and a nonspatial methods that have not been applied to air pollution mapping. We implemented our study using national ground station measurements of in Germany and the Netherlands of 2017. Our results indicate heterogeneous levels of importance of modeling the spatial process in different areas. The prediction intervals predicted with ensemble tree‐based methods are more satisfactory than the geostatistical methods. The two new methods implemented each obtained better prediction accuracy compared to the original ensemble tree‐based and stacking methods. The probabilistic distribution of the spatial random field estimated by the geostatistical methods could provide useful information for analyzing emission sources and the spatial process of observations.
All lives matter. An analysis of internationals' living conditions in Seoul, Korea, using an extended image–satisfaction–loyalty mechanism
Authors: Gim Tae‐Hyoung Tommy
Published: January 2023

We indirectly analyze the residential environment for long‐staying internationals in Seoul, Korea, by extending the image–satisfaction–loyalty mechanism widely used in tourism, specifically by examining the internationals' satisfaction and loyalty. We consider residential difficulties, sociodemographics, and survey years along with image as exogenous variables and evaluate satisfaction not only in terms of its absolute but also its relative level, which is the difference between absolute satisfaction (AS) and previous expectation. Tourism studies have measured loyalty using individuals' intention to recommend to another and their own revisit intention, but we evaluate the revisit intention with place attachment/hometown perception, which is more suitable for long‐staying residents. The variables are measured with 2016–2018 data from an annual quality of life survey for Seoul residents (n = 5279 individuals) and analyzed with structural equation modeling. Our results show that the conventionally used AS is associated only with recommendation intention, but the relative satisfaction (RS) both with recommendation intention and hometown perception. Regarding the exogenous variables, AS is substantially affected by image and RS is somewhat strongly influenced by residential difficulties. However, image is the principal determinant of loyalty level, whether recommendation intention or hometown perception. These findings confirm the applicability of the image–satisfaction–loyalty mechanism not only to short‐staying inbound tourists but also to long‐staying international residents.
Respiration rate and dry matter loss of soybeans (Glycine max L.) obtained by a dynamic system
Authors: Zeymer Juliana Soares , Corrêa Paulo Cesar , Oliveira Gabriel Henrique Horta de , Gates Richard Stephen , Araujo Marcos Eduardo Viana de , Gatsakos Ana Beatriz
Published: January 2023

The objective of this study was to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by soybeans stored at 25 °C, with moisture contents (MC) of 12%, 14%, 18% and 22% (wet basis – w.b.), in a dynamic respiration measurement system, as well as to evaluate the accumulated dry matter loss (DML) throughout the stoichiometric relation between glucose and CO2, the safe storage time of stored soybeans and quantify the aflatoxins of the soybeans during storage. Also, the presence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 within soybeans were evaluated. Soybeans with high MC contributed to a significant increase in respiration rate (RR) and, consequently, greater DML during the storage. Compared to the MC of 12% (w.b.), the soybean RR increased 1.3, 2.8 and 19 times for soybeans at 14%, 18% and 22% (w.b.) respectively. Maximum storage time of soybean increased with the decrease of MC. Soybeans stored with 22% (w.b.) obtained high contamination by aflatoxin B1 and B2.
Quantifying the childhood and adolescent overnutrition attributable to specific risk factors: The Young Lives Study in Peru
Authors: Bernabe‐Ortiz Antonio , Mendoza‐Quispe Daniel , Jimenez M. Michelle , Ugaz María Elena , Rojas‐Dávila Carlos E.
Published: January 2023

Objective

Launching priority actions demand a comprehensive appraisal of the size effect that risk factors have on the burden of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, with special emphasis on the role of specific risk factors.

Materials and Methods

Secondary analysis of data from the younger cohort of the Young Lives Study in Peru (2002–2017). The outcomes were: overweight and obesity, defined by the World Health Organization standards; whereas the exposures included caesarean birth, physical activity levels, sodas and sugar‐sweetened beverages consumption, snacks consumption, and maternal body mass index (BMI). We used multilevel Poisson regression models, considering the repetitive nature of data, to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs).

Results

A total of 2052 children, mean age 1 (SD 0.4) year, and 50% girls, were enrolled at baseline. After 14 (SD 0.5) years of follow‐up, the incidence of overweight and obesity were 7.9 (95% CI 7.6–8.2) and 2.2 (95% CI 2.0–2.4) per 100 person‐year, respectively. Maternal BMI (IRRs 3.51; PAF 31.8%), low physical activity (IRR 1.64; PAF 27.4%), caesarean birth (IRR 1.63; PAF 11.4%), almost daily snack consumption (IRR 1.60; PAF 32.1%), and almost daily consumption of sweetened beverages (IRR 1.47; PAF 26.0%) increased the risk of developing obesity.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence on the risk of overweight and obesity attributable to diet habits, physical activity and the obesogenic niche among children and adolescents in Peru, which may guide the implementation of evidence‐based interventions.
Screening chloride Li‐ion conductors using high‐throughput force‐field molecular dynamics
Authors: Aizu Shin , Takimoto Shuta , Tanibata Naoto , Takeda Hayami , Nakayama Masanobu , Kobayashi Ryo
Published: January 2023

The realization of high‐energy‐density all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries requires materials exhibiting both high Li‐ion conductivity and high deformability, as exemplified by Li3MCl6‐type chlorides. Herein, we optimized the classical force‐field (FF) parameters for 36 Li‐ and Cl‐containing compounds to reproduce the results of high‐precision first‐principles calculations and performed rapid FF molecular dynamics (MD) calculations to determine their Li‐ion conductivities. In addition, shear moduli were evaluated by first‐principles calculations and used as a deformability index. Li4Mn3Cl10 was selected based on its Li‐ion conductivity, stiffness, and thermodynamic stability. In accordance with the low calculated shear modulus (11.7 GPa), the cold‐pressed compact had a high relative density of 98%, which indicated good deformability. The room‐temperature conductivity (3.9 mS cm−1) was similar to that (1.6 mS cm−1) obtained by high‐precision first‐principles MD calculations. The Li‐ion conductivity of synthesized Li4Mn3Cl10 (18 µS cm−1) was relatively rather high compared to those of known chloride materials but much lower than the calculated value, which was ascribed to the fact that calculations were performed for the high‐temperature phase, whereas synthesis yielded the low‐temperature phase. The material screening method greatly increases the speed of material exploration and expands the application possibilities of chloride materials for all‐solid‐state batteries.
Benchmarking in a beef cattle breeding program: Lessons from the best breeders
Authors: Toral Fabio Luiz Buranelo , Menezes Gilberto Romeiro de Oliveira , da Silva Luiz Otavio Campos , Martin Nieto Leonardo , de Souza Maury Dorta , Torres Roberto Augusto de Almeida
Published: January 2023

Beef cattle breeding programs offer genetic evaluations and consulting services on animal breeding practices to help breeders improve the genetic merit of their herds. Some breeders are more willing to apply best practices and technologies than others. Consequently, the average genetic merit and genetic trends differ across herds. We benchmarked some parameters of an average herd (AVE) and the corresponding parameters of herds with higher genetic merit (TOP), both participating in a commercial Nellore breeding program. Expected progeny differences (EPD) for growth, reproductive and carcass traits and a selection index (SI) of animals born from 2005 to 2019 on 128 farms located in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay were used to compute the AVE parameters. The 20 herds with higher mean SI of animals born in the last five birth seasons were classified as TOP herds. The mean SI and EPD of animals born in the last five seasons in the TOP herds were, respectively, 89% and 79% to 206% higher (p ≤ 0.001) than those of animals from the AVE herd. Genetic trends over the entire period were also higher (50% for SI and 31% to 88% separately for each trait, p ≤ 0.006) in the TOP herds compared to the AVE herd. Although the difference in the numbers of cows, bulls and calves between the TOP and AVE herds did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.175, p = 0.273 and p = 0.061, respectively), the numbers of progeny per cow and per bull were 21% (p = 0.012) and 26% (p = 0.047) higher in the TOP herds, respectively. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (MOET/IVF) accounted for a higher percentage of births in the TOP herds compared to AVE (24.6% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.002). The generation interval was 17% shorter (p < 0.001) in the TOP herds compared to AVE. The average inbreeding coefficient of animals from the TOP herds (1.08 ± 0.52%) did not differ (p = 0.78) from that of AVE animals (1.26 ± 0.96%). In general, AVE herds are evolving in the desirable direction but differences in genetic merit between AVE and TOP herds are increasing over time. The more frequent use of MOET/IVF, a lower cow‐to‐bull ratio, and a larger family size (progeny per cow or per bull) can help achieve larger selection differentials and increase genetic trends and average genetic merits of TOP herds compared to AVE herds.
Iridescent scales signal male fighting ability to access females in the jewelled splitfin Xenotoca variata
Authors: Moyaho Alejandro , Salazar‐Bautista José Luis , Beristain‐Castillo Evelyn , Amira Flores‐Urbina
Published: January 2023

Jewelled splitfin males (Xenotoca variata) possess multi‐colour iridescent scales (speckles) on the flanks. This study tested the hypothesis that the number of speckles could be a good proxy for predicting fighting ability in contests for access to females. The experiments consisted in observing and recording males' agonistic behaviour, courtship displays and mating attempts in mixed‐sex groups. The data were analysed and presented based on a Bayesian approach, which revealed that the density (cm−2) of speckles was positively correlated with the increase observed in the proportional frequency of attacks. Similarly, the density of speckles was positively associated with the increase observed in the frequency of courtship behaviour and with the frequency of mating attempts. Male–male aggressions drastically diminished (by eightfold) when females were removed from the observation tanks. These results indicate that the number of speckles is a consistent predictor of successful access to females and therefore, speckled males are likely to be able to gain more mating opportunities. This finding highlights the ubiquitous role iridescent colours play in visual signalling.
Nocebo response in dentistry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of adverse events in analgesic trials of third molar removal
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Sieg Mette , Lunde Sigrid Juhl , Persson Mads , Taneja Pankaj , Baad‐Hansen Lene , Pigg Maria , Vase Lene
Published: January 2023

Background

The nocebo response refers to the phenomenon where non‐specific factors, including negative verbal suggestion and treatment expectations, cause adverse events (AE) following a placebo treatment. Non‐specific factors are also likely to influence AE occurrence following administration of active pharmacological treatments.

Objective

This meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the nocebo response in dentistry by assessing the AEs prevalence in placebo‐ and active arms of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing analgesic treatment following third molar (M3) surgery.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Eligible studies had to report the number of patients experiencing at least one drug‐related AE (patients with AE ≥ 1) separately for the active and placebo arms. The proportion of patients with AE ≥ 1 and drug‐related dropouts were pooled, and risk differences (RDs) between patients in the placebo‐ and active arm were calculated.

Results

In 50 independent RCTs of 47 identified articles, the pooled rates of patients with AE ≥ 1 were 22.8% in the placebo arm and 20.6% in the active arm. The pooled rates of drug‐related dropout were 0.24% in the placebo arm and 0.08% in the active arm. There were no significant RDs in patients with AE ≥ 1 and drug‐related dropouts.

Conclusion

These results show that patients in the placebo arm reported AEs to the same extent as patients receiving active treatment, suggesting that most AEs in analgesic medication following M3 surgery may be attributed to the nocebo phenomenon.
NHS mental health services' policies on leave for detained patients in England and Wales: A national audit
Authors: Barlow Emily May , Dickens Geoffrey L.
Published: January 2023

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

‘Leave’ is a common occurrence for patients detained in mental health settings. The term covers multiple scenarios, for example short periods to get off the ward through to extended periods at home prior to discharge.

Despite the frequency and importance of leave, there is very little research about how it is implemented and whether, and in what circumstances, it is effective.

While there is legislation about leave in the Mental Health Act (1983) mental health services are free to implement their own policies or not to implement one at all.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The leave policies of NHS mental health services in England and Wales are highly inconsistent.

The extent to which policies are consistent with guidance differs depending on which service is providing care.

What are the implications for practice?

It is very likely that, because of inconsistencies between services and policies, practice also differs.

Clinicians need to understand their responsibilities in the leave process to ensure that patients are supported in their recovery journey.

Policymakers need to revisit leave policies in light of evidence from this study.

Introduction

Considerable guidance is available about the implementation of leave for detained patients, but individual mental health services are free to determine their own policies.

Aim

To determine how consistent leave policies of NHS mental health services in England and Wales are with relevant guidance and legislation.

Method

A national audit of NHS mental health services leave policies. Data were obtained through web searching and Freedom of Information requests. Policies were assessed against 65 criteria across four domains (administrative, Responsible Clinician, types of leave and nursing). Definitions of leave‐related terms were extracted and analysed.

Results

Fifty‐seven (91.9%) policies were obtained. There were considerable inconsistencies in how policies were informed by relevant guidance: Domain‐level consistency was 72.3% (administrative), 64.0% (Responsible Clinician), 44.7% (types of leave) and 41.9% (nursing). Definitions varied widely and commonly differed from those in relevant guidance.

Discussion

Mental health professionals are inconsistently supported by the policy in their leave‐related practice. This could potentially contribute to inconsistent practice and leave‐related patient outcomes.

Implications for Practice

To ensure patients are treated fairly clinicians need to be aware of their responsibilities around leave. In some services, they will need to go beyond their organization's stated policy to ensure this occurs.
Regime switching models for circular and linear time series
Authors: Harvey Andrew , Palumbo Dario
Published: January 2023

The score‐driven approach to time series modelling is able to handle circular data and switching regimes with intra‐regime dynamics. Furthermore it enables a dynamic model to be fitted to a linear and a circular variable when their joint distribution is a cylinder. The viability of the new method is illustrated by estimating models for hourly data on wind direction and speed in Galicia, north‐west Spain. The modelling of intra‐regime dynamics is shown to be of critical importance.
Light availability and plant shade tolerance modify plant–microbial interactions and feedbacks in subtropical trees
Authors: Xi Nianxun , McCarthy‐Neumann Sarah , Feng Jiayi , Wu Hangyu , Wang Weitao , Semchenko Marina
Published: January 2023

Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are an important mechanism of species coexistence in forest communities. However, evidence remains limited for how light availability regulates PSFs in species with different shade tolerance via changes in plant–microbial interactions.

Here we tested in a glasshouse experiment how PSFs changed as a function of light availability and tree shade tolerance. Soil bacterial and fungal communities were profiled using the 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequencing, respectively.

Under low light, individual PSFs were positively related to shade tolerance, while the least shade‐tolerant species produced the most positive PSFs under high light. Pairwise PSFs between species with contrasting shade tolerance were strongly positive under high light but negative under low light, thereby promoting the dominance of less shade‐tolerant species in forest gaps and species coexistence under closed canopy, respectively. Under high light, PSFs were related to soil microbial composition and diversity, with the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi being the primary driver of PSFs. Under low light, none of soil microbial properties were significantly related to PSFs.

These findings indicate PSFs and plant shade tolerance interact to promote species coexistence and improve our understanding of how soil microbes contribute to variation in PSFs.
Identification of key miRNAs in unilateral mastication‐induced disruption of cartilage homeostasis
Authors: Wu Mengjie , Wang Xuebin , Shuai Jing , Deng Liquan , Lu Haiping , Zhou Yiqun , Wu Mengrui
Published: January 2023

Objective

The present study identified potentially pivotal miRNAs contributing to chondrogenic differentiation in temporomandibular joint suffering abnormal stress.

Materials and Methods

Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and experimental unilateral mastication (EUM) group. Bone micro‐structure parameters was detected by micro‐CT, and FGF‐1 and MMP‐1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Differentially expressed miRNAs of bilateral condyle cartilage were screened via miRNA microarray at 4‐ and 8‐week EUM, then further verified using quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR. Over‐expression of five differentially expressed miRNAs in chondrocytes was triggered by transfecting miRNA mimics. The expression of MMP‐13, Col‐II, OPN, and Runx2 was verified by western blotting.

Results

Expressions of FGF‐1 and MMP‐1 in right condyles gradually increased from 2 to 6 weeks after EUM. A total of 20 differentially expressed miRNAs were regulated by EUM, which related to cell proliferation, invasion, and osteoblast differentiation pathways. The over‐expression of miR‐148a‐3p and miR‐1‐3p led to down‐regulation of Col‐II, while MMP‐13 and Runx2 were up‐regulated by induction of hypotrophic differentiation or IL‐1β stimulation. These findings suggested that miR‐148a‐3p and miR‐1‐3p promote chondrogenic differentiation.

Conclusions

Several pivotal miRNAs were found to be related to chondrogenic differentiation, which provides novel insight into pathogenic mechanisms of cartilage homeostasis.
Undetected Intraoperative Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Liu Yubo , Li Chao , Cao Zheng , Wang Xin , Wen Jiaxin , Ping Hangyu , Kong Xiangpeng , Chai Wei
Published: January 2023

Objective

Periprosthetic fracture in total hip arthroplasty (THA) can be catastrophic, and early detection and appropriate management are vital to the overall prognosis. This study aimed to describe and summarize the features of undetected intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures (IPFFs) in primary THA patients and treatment measures and to review the relevant literature.

Methods

We reviewed a total of 6350 primary THAs performed at our institution between January 2013 and December 2020 and screened all IPFFs. Of 138 IPFFs, 24 were undetected and met the inclusion criteria. We recorded and compared basic patient and operative information and measured some parameters to evaluate canal morphologies based on preoperative radiographs. We also compared fracture line characteristics using postoperative radiographs to summarize the features of intraoperative fractures and propose treatment strategies. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the variable distributions. Measured parameters in all groups were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance and compared using Dunnett's test. The χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to compare reoperation rates across the groups. Interrater and intrarater reliability were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results

Among the 24 hips, there was no significant difference in patient demographics, basic operative information or morphology. The incidence of IPFFs in primary THA patients was 2.17%, and up to 17.4% of IPFFs were undetected until postoperative fluoroscopy. The incidence of undetected IPFFs among all primary THA patients was 0.38% and varied by stem type, with the highest incidence in femurs with either anatomical (1.04%, 4/385) or modular stems (0.90%, 9/1003). Femurs with anatomical stems had a higher reoperation rate. The distal periprosthetic (Gruen zone 4) fracture line of femurs with tapered stems was more prone to involve the medial or lateral bone cortex, which could cause instability.

Conclusion

An undetected IPFF is most likely in femurs fitted with a prosthesis of an inappropriate size or type. Anatomical stems will most likely cause unstable fractures; thus, it is recommended to use them with caution and note the possibility of medial distal femoral fracture. Improper modular stem type or size selection results in longitudinal fractures of the distal femur, and prophylactic cerclage wire binding is recommended in dysplastic hips. Incorrect use of tapered stems in well‐ossified femurs may cause distal femoral fractures involving the medial or lateral bone cortex. Intraoperative fluoroscopy after implantation may help detect hidden fractures.
Cell dehydration of intergeneric hybrid induces subgenome‐related specific responses
Authors: Hura Tomasz , Hura Katarzyna , Dziurka Kinga , Ostrowska Agnieszka , Urban Karolina
Published: January 2023

The aim was to identify subgenome‐related specific responses in two types of triticale, that is, of the wheat‐dominated genome (WDG) and rye‐dominated genome (RDG), to water stress induced in the early phase (tillering) of plant growth. Higher activity of the primary metabolism of carbohydrates is a feature of the WDG type, while the dominance of the rye genome is associated with a higher activity of the secondary metabolism of phenolic compounds in the RDG type. The study analyzed carbohydrates and key enzymes of their synthesis, free phenolic compounds and carbohydrate‐related components of the cell wall, monolignols, and shikimic acid (ShA), which is a key link between the primary and secondary metabolism of phenolic compounds. Under water stress, dominance of the wheat genome in the WDG type was manifested by an increased accumulation of the large subunit of Rubisco and sucrose phosphate synthase and a higher content of raffinose and stachyose compared with the RDG type. In dehydrated RDG plants, higher activity of L‐phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and L‐tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), as well as a higher level of ShA, free and cell wall‐bound p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, free homovanillic acid, free sinapic acid, and cell wall‐bound syringic acid can be considered biochemical indicators of the dominance of the rye genome.
Resilience analysis of cyber‐physical systems: A review of models and methods
Authors: Cassottana Beatrice , Roomi Muhammad M. , Mashima Daisuke , Sansavini Giovanni
Published: January 2023

Cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) are monitored and controlled by a computing and communicating core. This cyber layer enables better management of the controlled subsystem, but it also introduces threats to the security and protection of CPSs, as demonstrated by recent cyberattacks. The resulting governance and policy emphasis on cybersecurity is reflected in the academia by a vast body of literature. In this article, we systematize existing knowledge on CPS analysis. Specifically, we focus on the quantitative assessment of CPSs before and after the occurrence of a disruption. Through the systematic analysis of the models and methods adopted in the literature, we develop a CPS resilience assessment framework consisting of three steps, namely, (1) CPS description, (2) disruption scenario identification, and (3) resilience strategy selection. For each step of the framework, we suggest established methods for CPS analysis and suggest four criteria for method selection. The framework proposes a standardized workflow to assess the resilience of CPSs before and after the occurrence of a disruption. The application of the proposed framework is exemplified with reference to a power substation and associated communication network.The case study shows that the proposed framework supports resilience decision making by quantifying the effects of the implementation of resilience strategies.
Nonconstant steady states and pattern formations of generalized 1D cross‐diffusion systems with prey‐taxis
Authors: Luo Demou , Wang Qiru , Chen Li
Published: January 2023

Cross‐diffusion effects and tactic interactions are the processes that preys move away from the highest density of predators preferentially, or vice versa. It is renowned that these effects have played significant roles in ecology and biology, which are also essential to the maintenance of diversity of species. To simulate the stability of systems and illustrate their spatial distributions, we consider positive nonconstant steady states of a generalized cross‐diffusion model with prey‐taxis and general functional responses in one dimension. By applying linear stability theory, we analyze the stability of the interior equilibrium and show that even in the case of negative cross‐diffusion rate, which appeared in many models, the corresponding cross‐diffusion model has opportunity to achieve its stability. Meanwhile, in addition to the cross‐diffusion effect, tactic interactions can also destabilize the homogeneity of predator–prey systems if the tactic interaction coefficient is negative. Otherwise, taxis effects can stabilize the homogeneity.
Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy
Authors: Wickham Kate A. , Spriet Lawrence L.
Published: January 2023

Top‐class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real‐world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top‐class athletes.
Unilateral blindness presumed as sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in one Dachshund and four Maltese dogs
Authors: Susanti Lina , Kwon Dohyoung , Ahn Jaesang , Seo Kangmoon , Kang Seonmi
Published: January 2023

Objective

To describe blindness, initially presenting as a unilateral condition and diagnosed as sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS).

Animals Studied

One Dachshund and four Maltese dogs presented with unilateral blindness, for which the results of general ophthalmic examinations were insufficient to explain the blindness. All dogs were spayed females.

Results

Intraocular pressures were normal, and the optical media of the eyes were clear. Fundus appearances of the initially blind eyes were within normal variations, with slightly attenuated retinal blood vessels in some cases when compared with the sighted contralateral eyes. Electroretinography (ERG) amplitudes of the affected eyes were flat and reduced in the contralateral‐sighted eyes in four dogs. One dog underwent ERG after the blindness progressed bilaterally 8 days after initial presentation (despite topical steroid medication). Two dogs had no recheck visits, but phone call follow‐ups reported bilateral blindness 3 months later in one dog. One dog received no medication and retained vision in the contralateral eye until the last follow‐up (94 days later). One dog received systemic cyclosporine and steroid medications and maintained vision in the contralateral eye; however, regular ERG rechecks showed a trend of declining amplitude (448 days). In this dog, optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed different stages of disorganized retinal layers as well as different retinal thickness between the eyes.

Conclusions

Despite normal‐looking fundi, ERG and OCT revealed different degrees of retinal changes between both eyes in this study. Eyes with vision might develop progressive blindness after a substantial amount of time in these presumed SARDS cases.
Asymmetries in Two-Dimensional Trunk and Knee Kinematics During a Single-Leg Drop Landing Post Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Vorensky Mark , Peredo Daniel , Colón Wil , Rao Smita , Kakar Rumit Singh
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this study was to compare interlimb asymmetries in trunk and knee kinematics during a single-leg drop landing between athletes 9 months post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (post-ACLR) and healthy athletes using two-dimensional analysis. Thirty-three recreational athletes (12 post-ACLR and 21 healthy) participated in the study. Participants post-ACLR showed significantly higher limb symmetry indices in peak trunk flexion (144.0%, SE drop landing kinematics: 22.7%) when compared to healthy participants (100.6%, SE: 10.5%; z = 2.17, p = .03) and lower limb symmetry indices in peak knee flexion (85.3%, SE: 3.6%) when compared to healthy participants (98.0%, SE: 3.3%; z = −2.43, p = .01). Two-dimensional analyses of a single-leg drop landing is a clinically applicable tool that can identify interlimb asymmetries in peak trunk flexion and peak knee flexion kinematics in athletes greater than 9 months post-ACLR when compared to healthy athletes.
The Effect of Flying Sprints at 90% to 95% of Maximal Velocity on Sprint Performance
Authors: Skoglund Anders , Strand Martin Frank , Haugen Thomas A.
Published: January 2023

Purpose: Submaximal sprinting allows for larger accumulated work to be reached before the onset of fatigue, compared with maximal efforts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint running at 90% to 95% of maximal velocity (Vmax) on sprint performance. Methods: Recreationally active adults were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 12, 27 [5] y, 172 [9] cm, 72 [15] kg) and a training group (n = 14, 26 [4] y, 171 [9] cm, 69 [11] kg). Both groups completed pretesting and posttesting in form of a 30-m sprint separated by a 6-week period. The training group performed a weekly sprint-training session consisting of 30-m flying sprints at 90% to 95% of Vmax, while the control group performed no intervention training. Results: Significant improvements in the training group were observed for 10- (P = .003), 20- (P = .001), and 30-m sprint time (P = .002). These improvements were accompanied by higher step rate (P = .006) and theoretical Vmax (P = .007) and maximal power (P = .004). Significant between-groups differences were observed for 10- (P = .008), 20- (P < .001), and 30-m sprint time (P < .001), as well as for step rate (P = .015), theoretical Vmax (P = .016), and maximal power (P = .008). All within- and between-groups differences were in the range of trivial to small. Conclusion: Sprint running at 90% to 95% of Vmax can enhance 10- to 30-m sprint performance in recreationally active adults.
A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis Approach for the Evaluation of a Passive Back Support Exoskeleton on Mechanical Loading During a Simulated Patient Transfer Task
Authors: Latorre Erezuma Unai , Zelaia Amilibia Maialen , Espin Elorza Ander , Cortés Camilo , Irazusta Jon , Rodriguez-Larrad Ana
Published: January 2023

This study assessed the effectiveness of a passive back support exoskeleton during a mechanical loading task. Fifteen healthy participants performed a simulated patient transfer task while wearing the Laevo (version 2.5) passive back support exoskeleton. Collected metrics encompassed L5-S1 joint moments, back and abdominal muscle activity, lower body and back kinematics, center of mass displacement, and movement smoothness. A statistical parametric mapping analysis approach was used to overcome limitations from discretization of continuous data. The exoskeleton reduced L5-S1 joint moments during trunk flexion, but wearing the device restricted L5-S1 joint flexion when flexing the trunk as well as hip and knee extension, preventing participants from standing fully upright. Moreover, wearing the device limited center of mass motion in the caudal direction and increased its motion in the anterior direction. Therefore, wearing the exoskeleton partly reduced lower back moments during the lowering phase of the patient transfer task, but there were some undesired effects such as altered joint kinematics and center of mass displacement. Statistical parametric mapping analysis was useful in determining the benefits and hindrances produced by wearing the exoskeleton while performing the simulated patient transfer task and should be utilized in further studies to inform design and appropriate usage.
Blood Flow Restriction Training in Clinical Rehabilitation: Occlusion Pressure Methods Relative to the Limb Occlusion Pressure
Authors: Chulvi-Medrano Iván , Cortell-Tormo Juan Manuel , Hernández-Sánchez Sergio , Picón-Martínez Moisés , Rolnick Nicholas
Published: January 2023

Context: Resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) has increased in clinical rehabilitation due to the substantial benefits observed in augmenting muscle mass and strength using low loads. However, there is a great variability of training pressures for clinical populations as well as methods to estimate it. The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage of maximal BFR that could result by applying different methodologies based on arbitrary or individual occlusion levels using a cuff width between 9 and 13 cm. Design: A secondary analysis was performed on the combined databases of 2 previous larger studies using BFR training. Methods: To estimate these percentages, the occlusion values needed to reach complete BFR (100% limb occlusion pressure [LOP]) were estimated by Doppler ultrasound. Seventy-five participants (age 24.32 [4.86] y; weight: 78.51 [14.74] kg; height: 1.77 [0.09] m) were enrolled in the laboratory study for measuring LOP in the thigh, arm, or calf. Results: When arbitrary values of restriction are applied, a supra-occlusive LOP between 120% and 190% LOP may result. Furthermore, the application of 130% resting brachial systolic blood pressure creates a similar occlusive stimulus as 100% LOP. Conclusions: Methods using 100 mm Hg and the resting brachial systolic blood pressure could represent the safest application prescriptions as they resulted in applied pressures between 60% and 80% LOP. One hundred thirty percent of the resting brachial systolic blood pressure could be used to indirectly estimate 100% LOP at cuff widths between 9 and 13 cm. Finally, methodologies that use standard values of 200 and, 300 mm Hg far exceed LOP and may carry additional risk during BFR exercise.
Supplemental Material: Implications of an integrated late Ediacaran to early Cambrian stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform, Russia
Authors: Bowyer Fred T. , al. et
Published: January 2023

Supplemental text, Table S1, and Figures S1–S7.
Absorption and scattering of a high dimensional non-commutative black hole
Authors: Wan Mao-Yuan , Wu Chen
Published: January 2023

In this work, we investigate the scattering of massless plane scalar waves by the high dimensional non-commutative Schwarzschild–Tangherlini black hole. We use the partial wave approach to determine the scattering and absorption cross sections in the incident wavelength range. Our numerical results demonstrate that the bigger the non-commutative parameter, the smaller the maximum value of the related partial absorption cross section, however the tendency is slightly. We also discovered that when the non-commutative parameter is weak, the absorption cross section of the high dimensional black hole oscillates in the low frequency zone. The total absorption cross section oscillates around the geometrical optical limit in the high frequency range, and the scattering characteristics of black holes with various parameters are visibly different. The influence on the differential scattering cross section is particularly pronounced at large angles.