bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the relationship between Arctic ice clouds and polluted air masses over the north slope of Alaska in April 2008
Authors: Jouan C. , Pelon J. , Girard E. , Ancellet G. , Blanchet J. P. , Delanoë J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Recently, two Types of Ice Clouds (TICs) properties have been characterized using ISDAC airborne measurements (Alaska, April 2008). TIC-2B were characterized by fewer (<10 L−1) and larger (>110 μm) ice crystals, a larger ice supersaturation (>15%) and a fewer ice nuclei (IN) concentration (<2 order of magnitude) when compared to TIC-1/2A. It has been hypothesized that emissions of SO2 may reduce the ice nucleating properties of IN through acidification, resulting to a smaller concentration of larger ice crystals and leading to precipitation (e.g. cloud regime TIC-2B) because of the reduced competition for the same available moisture. Here, the origin of air masses forming the ISDAC TIC-1/2A (1 April 2008) and TIC-2B (15 April 2008) is investigated using trajectory tools and satellite data. Results show that the synoptic conditions favor air masses transport from the three potentials SO2 emission areas to Alaska: eastern China and Siberia where anthropogenic and biomass burning emission respectively are produced and the volcanic region from the Kamchatka/Aleutians. Weather conditions allow the accumulation of pollutants from eastern China/Siberia over Alaska, most probably with the contribution of acid volcanic aerosol during the TIC-2B period. OMI observations reveal that SO2 concentrations in air masses forming the TIC-2B were larger than in air masses forming the TIC-1/2A. Airborne measurements show high acidity near the TIC-2B flight where humidity was low. These results strongly support the hypothesis that acidic coating on IN are at the origin of the formation of TIC-2B.
Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B
Authors: Gibson M. D. , Pierce J. R. , Waugh D. , Kuchta J. S. , Chisholm L. , Duck T. J. , Hopper J. T. , Beauchamp S. , King G. H. , Franklin J. E. , Leaitch W. R. , Wheeler A. J. , Li Z. , Gagnon G. A. , Palmer P. I.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The source attribution of observed variability of total PM2.5 concentrations over Halifax, Nova Scotia was investigated between 11 July–26 August 2011 using measurements of PM2.5 mass and PM2.5 chemical composition (black carbon, organic matter, anions, cations and 33 elements). This was part of the BORTAS-B (quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants using aircraft and satellites) experiment, which investigated the atmospheric chemistry and transport of seasonal boreal wild fire emissions over eastern Canada in 2011. The US EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model was used to determine the average mass (percentage) source contribution over the 45 days, which was estimated to be: Long-Range Transport (LRT) Pollution 1.75 μg m−3 (47%), LRT Pollution Marine Mixture 1.0 μg m−3 (27.9%), Vehicles 0.49 μg m−3 (13.2%), Fugitive Dust 0.23 μg m−3 (6.3%), Ship Emissions 0.13 μg m−3 (3.4%) and Refinery 0.081 μg m−3 (2.2%). The PMF model describes 87% of the observed variability in total PM2.5 mass (bias = 0.17 and RSME = 1.5 μg m−3). The factor identifications are based on chemical markers, and they are supported by air mass back trajectory analysis and local wind direction. Biomass burning plumes, found by other surface and aircraft measurements, were not significant enough to be identified in this analysis. This paper presents the results of the PMF receptor modelling, providing valuable insight into the local and upwind sources impacting surface PM2.5 in Halifax during the BORTAS-B mission.
Effects of land use intensity on the full greenhouse gas balance in an Atlantic peat bog
Authors: Beetz S. , Liebersbach H. , Glatzel S. , Jurasinski G. , Buczko U. , Höper H.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Wetlands can either be net sinks or net sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs), depending on the mean annual water level and other factors like average annual temperature, vegetation development, and land use. Whereas drained and agriculturally used peatlands tend to be carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) sources but methane (CH4) sinks, restored (i.e. rewetted) peatlands rather incorporate CO2, tend to be N2O neutral and release CH4. One of the aims of peatland restoration is to decrease their global warming potential (GWP) by reducing GHG emissions. We estimated the greenhouse gas exchange of a peat bog restoration sequence over a period of 2 yr (1 July 2007–30 June 2009) in an Atlantic raised bog in northwest Germany. We set up three study sites representing different land use intensities: intensive grassland (deeply drained, mineral fertilizer, cattle manure and 4–5 cuts per year); extensive grassland (rewetted, no fertilizer or manure, up to 1 cutting per year); near-natural peat bog (almost no anthropogenic influence). Daily and annual greenhouse gas exchange was estimated based on closed-chamber measurements. CH4 and N2O fluxes were recorded bi-weekly, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) measurements were carried out every 3–4 weeks. Annual sums of CH4 and N2O fluxes were estimated by linear interpolation while NEE was modelled. Regarding GWP, the intensive grassland site emitted 564 ± 255 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 and 850 ± 238 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 in the first (2007/2008) and the second (2008/2009) measuring year, respectively. The GWP of the extensive grassland amounted to −129 ± 231 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 and 94 ± 200 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1, while it added up to 45 ± 117 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 and −101 ± 93 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 in 2007/08 and 2008/09 for the near-natural site. In contrast, in calendar year 2008 GWP aggregated to 441 ± 201 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1, 14 ± 162 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 and 31 ± 75 g CO2–C equivalents m−2 yr−1 for the intensive grassland, extensive grassland, and near-natural site, respectively. Despite inter-annual variability, rewetting contributes considerably to mitigating GHG emission from formerly drained peatlands. Extensively used grassland on moderately drained peat approaches the carbon sequestration potential of near-natural sites, although it may oscillate between being a small sink and being a small source depending on inter-annual climatic variability.
Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest
Authors: Korhonen J. F. J. , Pihlatie M. , Pumpanen J. , Aaltonen H. , Hari P. , Levula J. , Kieloaho A.-J. , Nikinmaa E. , Vesala T. , Ilvesniemi H.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The productivity of boreal forests is considered to be limited by low nitrogen (N) availability. Increased atmospheric N deposition has altered the functioning and N cycling of these N-sensitive ecosystems by increasing the availability of reactive nitrogen. The most important components of N pools and fluxes were measured in a boreal Scots pine stand in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The measurements at the site allowed direct estimations of nutrient pools in the soil and biomass, inputs from the atmosphere and outputs as drainage flow and gaseous losses from two micro-catchments. N was accumulating in the system, mainly in woody biomass, at a rate of 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen input as atmospheric deposition was 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Dry deposition and organic N in wet deposition contributed over half of the inputs in deposition. Total outputs were 0.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the most important outputs being N2O emission to the atmosphere and organic N flux in drainage flow. Nitrogen uptake and retranslocation were equally important sources of N for plant growth. Most of the assimilated N originated from decomposition of organic matter, and the fraction of N that could originate directly from deposition was about 30%. In conclusion, atmospheric N deposition fertilizes the site considerably, but there are no signs of N saturation. Further research is needed to estimate soil N2 fluxes (emission and fixation), which may amount up to several kg N ha−1 yr−1.
Export of 134Cs and 137Cs in the Fukushima river systems at heavy rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011
Authors: Nagao S. , Kanamori M. , Ochiai S. , Tomihara S. , Fukushi K. , Yamamoto M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Effects of a heavy rain event on radiocesium export were studied at stations on the Natsui River and the Same River in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan after Typhoon Roke during 21–22 September 2011, six months after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Radioactivity of 134Cs and 137Cs in river waters was 0.011–0.098 Bq L−1 at normal flow conditions during July–September in 2011, but it increased to 0.85 Bq L−1 in high flow conditions by heavy rains occurring with the typhoon. The particulate fractions of 134Cs and 137Cs were 21–56% in the normal flow condition, but were close to 100% after the typhoon. These results indicate that the pulse input of radiocesium associated with suspended particles from land to coastal ocean occurred by the heavy rain event. Export flux of 134Cs and 137Cs by the heavy rain accounts for 30–50% of annual radiocesium flux in 2011. Results show that rain events are one factor controlling the transport and dispersion of radiocesium in river watersheds and coastal marine environments.
Mesoscale connectivity through a natural levee
Authors: Newman A. E. , Keim R. F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Natural levees are potentially locally important zones of lateral seepage between stream channels and floodplain backswamps, because their relatively coarser soils provide pathways of high hydraulic conductivity in an otherwise low conductivity system. Therefore, understanding the rates and mechanisms of subsurface exchange of water and solutes through natural levees may be necessary for understanding biogeochemical cycling in floodplains. We measured imposed hydraulic gradients and solute tracers in 19 shallow monitoring wells within a 580 m3 volume of natural levee in the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana. We modeled residence time distributions of pressure and tracers using a simple linear system to quantify spatially variable transport velocities and infer dominant flow mechanisms at a mesoscale. The spatial mean velocity of pressure transport was faster than the mean velocity of tracer transport by two orders of magnitude (1.7 × 10−2 and 4.6 × 10−4 m s−1, respectively), and the variance of pressure velocities was less than the variance of tracer velocities by seven orders of magnitude (1.4 × 104 min2 and 7.9 × 1011 min2, respectively). Higher spatial variability of tracer velocities compared to pressure velocities indicates different functioning mechanisms of mass versus energy transport and suggests preferential flow. Effective hydraulic conductivities, which ranged in magnitude from 10−1 to 103 m d−1, were higher than would be predicted by soil texture. We conclude that, in this fine-grained system, preferential flow paths control water and solute exchange through natural levees. These findings are important for future studies of water and solute cycling in riverine wetlands, and rates of exchange may be particularly useful for modeling water and nutrient budgets in similar systems.
Robust extraction of image correspondences exploiting the image scene geometry and approximate camera orientation
Authors: Alsadik B. , Remondino F. , Menna F. , Gerke M. , Vosselman G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Image-based modeling techniques are an important tool for producing 3D models in a practical and cost effective manner. Accurate image-based models can be created as long as one can retrieve precise image calibration and orientation information which is nowadays performed automatically in computer vision and photogrammetry. The first step for orientation is to have sufficient correspondences across the captured images. Keypoint descriptors like SIFT or SURF are a successful approach for finding these correspondences. The extraction of precise image correspondences is crucial for the subsequent image orientation and image matching steps. Indeed there are still many challenges especially with wide-baseline image configuration. After the extraction of a sufficient and reliable set of image correspondences, a bundle adjustment is used to retrieve the image orientation parameters. In this paper, a brief description of our previous work on automatic camera network design is initially reported. This semi-automatic procedure results in wide-baseline high resolution images covering an object of interest, and including approximations of image orientations, a rough 3D object geometry and a matching matrix indicating for each image its matching mates. The main part of this paper will describe the subsequent image matching where the pre-knowledge on the image orientations and the pre-created rough 3D model of the study object is exploited. Ultimately the matching information retrieved during that step will be used for a precise bundle block adjustment. Since we defined the initial image orientation in the design of the network, we can compute the matching matrix prior to image matching of high resolution images. For each image involved in several pairs that is defined in the matching matrix, we detect the corners or keypoints and then transform them into the matching images by using the designed orientation and initial 3D model. Moreover, a window is defined for each corner and its initial correspondence in the matching images. A SIFT or SURF matching is implemented between every matching window to find the homologous points. This is followed by Least Square Matching LSM to refine the correspondences for a sub-pixel localization and to avoid inaccurate matches. Image matching is followed by a bundle adjustment to orient the images automatically to finally have a sparse 3D model. We used the commercial software Photomodeler Scanner 2010 for implementing the bundle adjustment since it reports a number of accuracy indices which are necessary for the evaluation purposes. The experimental test of comparing the automated image matching of four pre-designed streopairs shows that our approach can provide a high accuracy and effective orientation when compared to the results of commercial and open source software which does not exploit the pre-knowledge about the scene.
VALIDATION OF A PARAMETRIC APPROACH FOR 3D FORTIFICATION MODELLING: APPLICATION TO SCALE MODELS
Authors: Jacquot K. , Chevrier C. , Halin G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Parametric modelling approach applied to cultural heritage virtual representation is a field of research explored for years since it can address many limitations of digitising tools. For example, essential historical sources for fortification virtual reconstructions like plans-reliefs have several shortcomings when they are scanned. To overcome those problems, knowledge based-modelling can be used: knowledge models based on the analysis of theoretical literature of a specific domain such as bastioned fortification treatises can be the cornerstone of the creation of a parametric library of fortification components. Implemented in Grasshopper, these components are manually adjusted on the data available (i.e. 3D surveys of plans-reliefs or scanned maps). Most of the fortification area is now modelled and the question of accuracy assessment is raised. A specific method is used to evaluate the accuracy of the parametric components. The results of the assessment process will allow us to validate the parametric approach. The automation of the adjustment process can finally be planned. The virtual model of fortification is part of a larger project aimed at valorising and diffusing a very unique cultural heritage item: the collection of plans-reliefs. As such, knowledge models are precious assets when automation and semantic enhancements will be considered.
THE REVERSE MODELLING REALIZED BY DIGITAL SCANS AND FOTOMODELLAZIONE: BASED ON POST-PROCESSING COMPARED SEVERAL NOTEWORTHY EPISODES CONTAINED IN THE BASILICAL COMPLEX OF SAN LORENZO FUORI LE MURA IN ROME
Authors: La Mantia M. , Lanfranchi F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In the last decade, the subject area of the survey, and also that of representation, have undergone major changes with the introduction and use of advanced technologies that have revolutionized both the operational processes dedicated to the withdrawal of the measures that those graphic display data in terms of return and performance. The three-dimensional vision deriving from direct observation, or photogrammetric instrumental with the application of images, constitutes the most complete display means of the formal, morphological and material aspects of the detected object. 3D modeling offers many advantages, such as managing even the most complex geometric surfaces and its use is investing many sectors: in particular in the field of architecture serves many purposes including documentation, representation, diagnostics, materials and degradation, the enhancement and conservation of the property, etc.. The laser scanner technology together with that of fotomodellazione, is aimed to the acquisition, modeling and rendering threedimensional (3D) surface observed physical. The laser system to scan, as well as that of photographing, provides as a direct result of the measurement session a set of three-dimensional coordinates, in a reference system linked with the instrument. The high amount of sampled data, in the order of thousands per second, allows to obtain a high level of detail offering an acquisition that could be called pseudo-continuous. In this context, there is a complex major project work on the Basilica di San Lorenzo flm in Roma, – whose first partial results have recently been published – in the course of an activity which has been carried out to study and research for the establishment of procedures for processing the most appropriate and valid to be applied during post-processing for the eventual realization of a proper three-dimensional model. This paper will illustrate, through the analysis of some significant episodes of the Basilica, as the criteria adopted for the choices made at this stage have been crucial to the final outcome.
SHADOWS OF PREVIOUS DAYS – A JOURNEY INTO DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Linsinger S.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In November 2011 the listed state rooms on the second floor of the Viennese city palace Am Hof 2 were largely destroyed by fire. The historic rooms on the ground floor, the monumental, marble-clad bank service hall and the wood-panelled club rooms all suffered badly from other consequences of the fire such as water and smoke damage. Planning and concept development for the reconstruction of the interior elements made of various materials was carried out be a team of specialist conservators in close collaboration with the Bundesdenkmalamt (Federal Monuments Office). This paper will confine itself to describing the planning, concept development and production of the sample areas for the wooden elements although in practice concept development for all materials ran parallel.
AUTOMATIC FAÇADE SEGMENTATION FOR THERMAL RETROFIT
Authors: Previtali M. , Barazzetti L. , Brumana R. , Cuca B. , Oreni D. , Roncoroni F. , Scaioni M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In this paper we present an automated method to derive highly detailed 3D vector models of modern building façades from terrestrial laser scanning data. The developed procedure can be divided into two main steps: firstly the main elements constituting the façade are identified by means of a segmentation process, then the 3D vector model is generated including some priors on architectural scenes. The identification of main façade elements is based on random sampling and detection of planar elements including topology information in the process to reduce under- and over-segmentation problems. Finally, the prevalence of straight lines and orthogonal intersections in the vector model generation phase is exploited to set additional constraints to enforce automated modeling. Contemporary a further classification is performed, enriching the data with semantics by means of a classification tree. The main application field for these vector models is the design of external insulation thermal retrofit. In particular, in this paper we present a possible application for energy efficiency evaluation of buildings by mean of Infrared Thermography data overlaid to the façade model.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC MODELLING OF BUILDING FAÇADES WITH SHAPE GRAMMARS USING HISTORIC BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING
Authors: Dore C. , Murphy M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. This paper outlines a new approach for generating digital heritage models from laser scan or photogrammetric data using Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM). HBIM is a plug-in for Building Information Modelling (BIM) software that uses parametric library objects and procedural modelling techniques to automate the modelling stage. The HBIM process involves a reverse engineering solution whereby parametric interactive objects representing architectural elements are mapped onto laser scan or photogrammetric survey data. A library of parametric architectural objects has been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded programming language within the ArchiCAD BIM software called Geometric Description Language (GDL). Procedural modelling techniques have been implemented with the same language to create a parametric building façade which automatically combines library objects based on architectural rules and proportions. Different configurations of the façade are controlled by user parameter adjustment. The automatically positioned elements of the façade can be subsequently refined using graphical editing while overlaying the model with orthographic imagery. Along with this semi-automatic method for generating façade models, manual plotting of library objects can also be used to generate a BIM model from survey data. After the 3D model has been completed conservation documents such as plans, sections, elevations and 3D views can be automatically generated for conservation projects.
COMPARISON BETWEEN LASER SCANNING AND AUTOMATED 3D MODELLING TECHNIQUES TO RECONSTRUCT COMPLEX AND EXTENSIVE CULTURAL HERITAGE AREAS
Authors: Fassi F. , Fregonese L. , Ackermann S. , De Troia V.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In Cultural Heritage field, the necessity to survey objects in a fast manner, with the ability to repeat the measurements several times for deformation or degradation monitoring purposes, is increasing. In this paper, two significant cases, an architectonical one and an archaeological one, are presented. Due to different reasons and emergency situations, the finding of the optimal solution to enable quick and well-timed survey for a complete digital reconstruction of the object is required. In both cases, two survey methods have been tested and used: a laser scanning approach that allows to obtain high-resolution and complete scans within a short time and a photogrammetric one that allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of the object from images. In the last months, several methodologies, including free or low cost techniques, have arisen. These kinds of software allow the fully automatically three-dimensional reconstruction of objects from images, giving back a dense point cloud and, in some case, a surfaced mesh model. In this paper some comparisons between the two methodologies above mentioned are presented, using the example of some real cases of study. The surveys have been performed by employing both photogrammetry and laser scanner techniques. The methodological operational choices, depending on the required goal, the difficulties encountered during the survey with these methods, the execution time (that is the key parameter), and finally the obtained results, are fully described and examinated. On the final 3D model, an analytical comparison has been made, to analyse the differences, the tolerances, the possibility of accuracy improvement and the future developments.
THE "ART OF WAR FRIEZE" IN URBINO: A BLEND OF VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION AND SCIENTIFIC ACCURACY
Authors: Baratin L. , Giuliano M. , Checcucci G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The Art of War Frieze was commissioned by Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, to decorate the back of the «wing façade» of the Ducal palace. The Frieze decorated the façade from the time it was realised towards the end of the XVth century until 1756. The Frieze consists of a very particular series of seventy-two limestone bas-reliefs, whose iconographic repertoire represents numerous war and building machines as well as military and political symbols. After it broke away from the outdoor façade it was stored in different rooms in the Palace but despite the many documentary records available, the question of the original sequence of the basreliefs has never been resolved. The primary scope of this paper is to create a "virtual" reconstruction of the original sequence of the bas-reliefs, starting from historical and iconographic records, an analysis of the back and the individual panels using a laser scanner and fully automatic open source photo modelling technologies like the Arc3d, and photogrammetric systems like Image Master together with analyses of the state of conservation, type of degradation correlated to atmospheric parameters (sunlight, temperature, rain). Tests will then be carried out with different systems in order to confirm the accuracy of the model if it is decided to reproduce the individual panels using the rapid prototyping technique associated to a study of the execution techniques.
Landslide susceptibility assessment by using a neuro-fuzzy model: a case study in the Rupestrian heritage rich area of Matera
Authors: Sdao F. , Lioi D. S. , Pascale S. , Caniani D. , Mancini I. M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The complete assessment of landslide susceptibility needs uniformly distributed detailed information on the territory. This information, which is related to the temporal occurrence of landslide phenomena and their causes, is often fragmented and heterogeneous. The present study evaluates the landslide susceptibility map of the Natural Archaeological Park of Matera (Southern Italy) (Sassi and area Rupestrian Churches sites). The assessment of the degree of "spatial hazard" or "susceptibility" was carried out by the spatial prediction regardless of the return time of the events. The evaluation model for the susceptibility presented in this paper is very focused on the use of innovative techniques of artificial intelligence such as Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic and Neuro-fuzzy Network. The method described in this paper is a novel technique based on a neuro-fuzzy system. It is able to train data like neural network and it is able to shape and control uncertain and complex systems like a fuzzy system. This methodology allows us to derive susceptibility maps of the study area. These data are obtained from thematic maps representing the parameters responsible for the instability of the slopes. The parameters used in the analysis are: plan curvature, elevation (DEM), angle and aspect of the slope, lithology, fracture density, kinematic hazard index of planar and wedge sliding and toppling. Moreover, this method is characterized by the network training which uses a training matrix, consisting of input and output training data, which determine the landslide susceptibility. The neuro-fuzzy method was integrated to a sensitivity analysis in order to overcome the uncertainty linked to the used membership functions. The method was compared to the landslide inventory map and was validated by applying three methods: a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, a confusion matrix and a SCAI method. The developed neuro-fuzzy method showed a good performance in the determination of the landslide susceptibility map.
Owen Ridge deep-water submarine landslides: implications for tsunami hazard along the Oman coast
Authors: Rodriguez M. , Chamot-Rooke N. , Hébert H. , Fournier M. , Huchon P.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The recent discovery of voluminous submarine landslides along the Owen Ridge may represent a source of tsunami hazard for the nearby Oman coast. We assess the severity of this potential hazard by performing numerical simulations of tsunami generation and propagation from the biggest landslide (40 km3 in volume) observed along the Owen Ridge. A finite-difference model, assimilating the landslide to a visco-plastic flow, simulates tsunami generation. Computation results show that Salalah city (190 000 inhabitants) is impacted by 2.5 m-high tsunami waves one hour after sediment failure. Higher wave elevation values (4 m) are reached in the low populated Sawqara Bay over 80 min after slide initiation. Although large submarine failures along remote oceanic ridges are infrequent, this study reveals an underestimated source of tsunami hazard in the Arabian Sea.
Seismic imaging of sandbox experiments – laboratory hardware setup and first reflection seismic sections
Authors: Krawczyk C. M. , Buddensiek M.-L. , Oncken O. , Kukowski N.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. With the study and technical development introduced here, we combine analogue sandbox simulation techniques with seismic physical modelling of sandbox models. For that purpose, we designed and developed a new mini-seismic facility for laboratory use, comprising a seismic tank, a PC-driven control unit, a positioning system, and piezoelectric transducers used here for the first time in an array mode. To assess the possibilities and limits of seismic imaging of small-scale structures in sandbox models, different geometry setups were tested in the first 2-D experiments that also tested the proper functioning of the device and studied the seismo-elastic properties of the granular media used. Simple two-layer models of different materials and layer thicknesses as well as a more complex model comprising channels and shear zones were tested using different acquisition geometries and signal properties. We suggest using well sorted and well rounded grains with little surface roughness (glass beads). Source receiver-offsets less than 14 cm for imaging structures as small as 2.0–1.5 mm size have proven feasible. This is the best compromise between wide beam and high energy output, and is applicable with a consistent waveform. Resolution of the interfaces of layers of granular materials depends on the interface preparation rather than on the material itself. Flat grading of interfaces and powder coverage yields the clearest interface reflections. Finally, sandbox seismic sections provide images of high quality showing constant thickness layers as well as predefined channel structures and indications of the fault traces from shear zones. Since these were artificially introduced in our test models, they can be regarded as zones of disturbance rather than tectonic shear zones characterized by decompaction. The multiple-offset surveying introduced here, improves the quality with respect to S / N ratio and source signature even more; the maximum depth penetration in glass-bead layers thereby amounts to 5 cm. Thus, the presented mini-seismic device is already able to resolve structures within simple models of saturated porous media, so that multiple-offset seismic imaging of shallow sandbox models, that are structurally evolving, is generally feasible.
Ocular Hemodynamics and Glaucoma: The Role of Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Harris Alon , Guidoboni Giovanna , Arciero Julia C. , Amireskandari Annahita , Tobe Leslie A. , Siesky Brent A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose.

To discuss the role of mathematical modeling in studying ocular hemodynamics, with a focus on glaucoma.

Methods.

We reviewed recent literature on glaucoma, ocular blood flow, autoregulation, the optic nerve head, and the use of mathematical modeling in ocular circulation.

Results.

Many studies suggest that alterations in ocular hemodynamics play a significant role in the development, progression, and incidence of glaucoma. Although there is currently a limited number of studies involving mathematical modeling of ocular blood flow, regulation, and diseases (such as glaucoma), preliminary modeling work shows the potential of mathematical models to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute most significantly to glaucoma progression.

Conclusion.

Mathematical modeling is a useful tool when used synergistically with clinical and laboratory data in the study of ocular blood flow and glaucoma. The development of models to investigate the relationship between ocular hemodynamic alterations and glaucoma progression will provide a unique and useful method for studying the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Developmental Hip Dysplasia in the Medici Family: Giovanna from Austria (1548-1578) and Her Daughter Anna (1569-1584)
Authors: Giuffra Valentina , Fornaciari Gino
Published: February 2013

The skeletal remains of Giovanna from Austria (1548-1578), first wife of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Francesco I (1541-1587), and their daughter Anna (1569-1584) were exhumed from the Medici Chapels in the Basilica of S. Lorenzo in Florence and submitted to anthropological and paleopathological study. The superior portion of the acetabulum of Giovanna is sloping, and reveals bilateral acetabular dysplasia. The same defect is also present in Anna, together with sacral spina bifida occulta. In both women the anatomical abnormality is limited to a deformation in the roof of both acetabulae and the femoral heads continued to articulate normally within the hip joint. The presence of bilateral acetabular dysplasia in the skeletal remains of Giovanna and her daughter Anna can be explained by a series of risk factors to which the two Medici women were exposed: female sex, practice of swaddling in the first months of life, as well as scoliosis and pelvic deformity for Giovanna and family history for Anna.
Commentary: Mathematics Teacher Educator: A Milestone in the History of the Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators
Authors: Strutchens Marilyn
Published: February 2013

The Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators (AMTE) is excited to serve as a co-partner with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in publishing Mathematics Teacher Educator (MTE), a practitioner journal for mathematics teacher educators, which will serve as a milestone in the history of AMTE. The mission and goals of MTE, listed below, support our members and our organizational goals.
The Role of Writing Prompts in a Statistical Knowledge for Teaching Course
Authors: Groth Randall E.
Published: February 2013

Teachers of grades Pre-K-8 are charged with the responsibility of developing children's statistical thinking. Hence, strategies are needed to foster statistical knowledge for teaching (SKT). This report describes how writing prompts were used as an integral part of a semester-long undergraduate course focused on building SKT. Writing prompts were designed to help assess and develop the subject matter knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of prospective teachers. The methods used to design the prompts are described. Responses to a sample prompt are provided to illustrate how the writing prompts served as tools for formative assessment. Pretests and posttests indicated that prospective teachers developed both SKT and knowledge of introductory college-level statistics during the course. It is suggested that teacher educators employ and refine the prompts in their own courses, as the method used for writing and assessing the prompts is applicable to a broad range of statistics and mathematics courses for teachers.
Tüketim, Nüfus Ve Çevre Sorunları: Orantısız Denklem / Consumption, Population And Environment Problems: Disproportionate Equation
Authors: Ardoğan Recep
Published: February 2013

Çevre sorunlarının temel nedenlerinden biri de artan tüketim ve israftır. tüketim, günümüzde israf kavramınının dışında tutulur hale gelmiş, sosyalleşmenin, mutluluğun göstergesi olarak görülmeye başlamıştır. İsrafın temel nedenleri arasında tüketimin bir yaşam biçimi olarak görülmesi, ben merkezci yaklaşım, mülkiyetin mutlaklaştırılması başta gelmektedir. bunun yanında çevre sorunlarının nedenleri arasında gelişmemiş ülkelerdeki nüfusun gösterilmesi dikkat çekmektedir. Çünkü nüfus oranının az olduğu bazı ülkelerdeki tüketim, soruna neden olarak gösterilen nüfusun tüketiminden kat kat fazladır. İslam’ın teshir ve emanet anlayışı da israf ve lüks (gösteriş ve prestij amaçlı) tüketimi reddeder. İsraf ve lüksün yasaklanması da çevre sorunlarının temel bir nedenini önlemektedir. Consumption, Population And Environment Problems: Disproportionate Equation Environment problems that are increased recently necessitate studying relation between human and nature. In this issue, the illustrating of the present population and population growth as a major factor of environment problems is a misconception. Whereas, consumption of minority group of the world has been exceeding multiplex the volume of the consumption of others people. This study examines the consumption inequalities between different social strata.
Iğdır İli Tarım İşletmelerinin Zirai Mücadele Uygulamalarında Çevreye Duyarlılıkları / Environmental Awareness of Agricultural Enterprises in the Igdir Province of Turkey at Implementation of Plant Protection
Authors: ERTÜRK Yakup Erdal , BULAK Yeşim , ULUDAĞ Ahmet
Published: February 2013

Bu çalışmada Iğdır ilinde ve ilçelerinde bitki üretimi yapan tarım işletmesi sahiplerinin bitki korumayla ilgili uygulamalarını gerçekleştirirken, tabiata ve insan sağlığına verebilecekleri zarar hakkında bilgili olup olmadıkları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Iğdır İl Müdürlüğünün Çiftçi Kayıt Sisteminde kayıtlı toplam 104 tarım işletmesinin sahipleriyle yüz yüze yapılan anket çalışmalarıyla elde edilmiştir. Tarım ilâçlarının çevreye zararı konusunda çiftçilerin yarısına yakın kısmının zarar yoktur demesi, dörtte birinin de kalıntılar konusunda zararsız olacağını ifade etmesi çiftçinin bilinç seviyesinde yetersizliği ifade etmektedir. Bilhassa ilâçlama âletlerinin temizleme sularının atılmasında yeterli dikkatin gösterilmemesi, ilâç ambalajları ile kalan ilâçların muhafaza ve imhasındaki cevaplar çiftçilerin hem çevre hem de ziraî mücadele konusunda ki bilinçsizliğini göstermektedir. Environmental Awareness of Agricultural Enterprises in the Igdir Province of Turkey at Implementation of Plant Protection In this study, it was researched if farmers from the Igdir Province of Turkey have knowledge and awareness on effect of plant protection implementations on environment and human health. The data were collected from 104 enterprises, which have been recorded in Farmer Records System of the Igdir Province directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry, through discussions face to face. Almost half of the farmers told that pesticides are harmless, and one forth that pesticide residues are harmless, which shows insufficiency in conciseness of farmers. Especially, that no attention was given cleaning water’ deposits, removing empty chemical’s packages, and storing remaining pesticides, showed lack of awareness on plant protection and environment.
Karabük İlindeki Hava Kirliliğinin Doğal Gaz Kullanımı İle Değişimi / The Change of Air Pollution in Karabuk with the Usage of Natural Gas
Authors: ÇAY Yusuf , Yıldız Abdulaziz , ÖZER Firdevs
Published: February 2013

Fosil kaynaklı yakıtların kullanımı, hava kirliliğine sebebiyet veren en önemli unsurlardan bir tanesidir. Bu yakıtların bilinçsizce kullanılması sonucunda çevre problemlerine özellikle de hava kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada, Karabük ilinin doğalgaz kullanmaya başlamadan önceki ve doğalgaza geçiş ile hava kirlilik parametreleri (SO2 ve PM10) incelenmiştir. Doğal gaz kullanımının hava kalitesine etkisi araştırılmıştır. İlde ısınma ihtiyacını karşılamak için kömür, fuel-oil ve mazot kullanılırken 2010 yılı itibariyle doğal gaza geçilmiştir. Doğal gazın kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla bu yakıtların kullanımı azalmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, Hava Kalitesi Değerlendirme ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliğinde (HKDYY) belirtilen, SO2 için 250 Î¼g/m3 değerinin doğal gaz kullanımına geçilmeden önce bazı aylarda üzerinde olduğu görülmüş ve doğal gaz kullanılmaya başlanmasından sonraki dönemlerde ise 250 Î¼g/m3 değerinin aşılmadığı görülmüştür. PM10 için yönetmelikte belirtilen 200 Î¼g/m3 değerinin kış sezonunda aşıldığı tespit edilmiştir. 2010 yılında Doğal gaz kullanımına geçiş ile birlikte bu değerde tekrar bir düşüş gözlenmiştir. Doğal gaz kullanım oranı artıkça havadaki SO2 ve PM10 değerlerinde ciddi düşüşler olduğu gözlenmiştir. The Change of Air Pollution in Karabuk with the Usage of Natural Gas The Usage of fossil origin fuels is one of the most important cause of air pollution. The usage of these fuels unconsciously causes environmental problems especially air pollution. In this study air pollution parameters (SO2 ve PM10) were analyzed before and after the usage of natural gas in Karabuk. The effect of usage natural gas on air quality is researched. In this city before 2010 coal, foul-oil and diesel were used to provide heat demanded then it is started using natural gas by 2010.With starting the usage of natural gas, the usage of these kind of fuels (coal, foul-oil, and diesel) has been decreased. At the end of the study-in the Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation (AQAMR)- it is concluded that the value of 250 Î¼g/m3 for SO2 is over in some months before using natural gas but it hasn’t exceeded 250 Î¼g/m3 after starting the usage of natural gas. It has been identified that the value of 200 Î¼g/m3 which is specified in regulations for PM10 has been exceeded and reached to 267 Î¼g/m3 in the winter season. It has been observed that with starting the usage of natural gas, this value is again decreased in 2010.It is observed that while the usage of natural gas is getting more and more the value of SO2 ve PM10 are significantly decreased.
Karabük İçin Dış Duvar Optimum Yalıtım Kalınlığının Enerji Tasarrufu Ve Hava Kirliliğine Etkileri / The Effect Of External Wall Optimum Insulation Thickness On Energy Saving And Air Pollution For Karabük
Authors: Gürel Ali Etem , ÇAY Yusuf , DAŞDEMİR Ali , KÜÇÜKKÜLAHLI Enver
Published: February 2013

Bina dış duvarlarında yapılacak ısı yalıtım uygulamaları, yakıt tüketimini düşürerek ekonomik kazanç sağlamanın yanında, fosil kaynaklı yakıt kullanımından kaynaklanan ve hava kirliliğine neden olan emisyonların düşürülmesinde de son derece etkilidir. Bu çalışmada Karabük’te kömür ve doğalgaz kullanımında dış duvar optimum yalıtım kalınlığı tespitinin ekonomik ve çevresel analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın ekonomik boyutu, yaşam döngüsü maliyet analizine (LCCA) dayanan P1-P2 yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, yakıt olarak kömür kullanıldığında optimum yalıtım kalınlığı ve enerji tasarrufunun sırasıyla 0.135 m ve 129.42 TL/m² olduğunu göstermiştir. Yakıt olarak doğalgaz kullanımında ise bu değerler sırasıyla 0.118 m ve 98.01 TL/m² olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum yalıtım kalınlığının hava kirliliğine olan etkileri incelendiğinde, yalıtımsız bina dış duvarında hesaplanan yıllık yakıt tüketimi, CO2 ve SO2 emisyonlarının yakıt tipine bağlı olarak optimum yalıtım kalınlığı noktasında %86’ya kadar azaldığı hesaplanmıştır. The Effect Of External Wall Optimum Insulation Thickness On Energy Saving And Air Pollution For Karabük Heat insulation applications carried out on external walls of building provides energy saving by decreasing fuel consumption and also quite important in decreasing emission which results from fossil-based fuel usage and causes air pollution. In this study, economic and environmental analyses were done for determination of external wall optimum thickness in using coal and natural gas usage in Karabük. Economic extent of the study was done with P1-P2 method which is based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). The results show that optimum insulation thickness and energy saving are 0.134 m and 117.14 TL/m² respectively when coal is used as a fuel. These values are 0.116 m and 88.39 TL/m² when natural gas is used as fuel. When the effects of optimum insulation thickness on air pollution are observed, CO2 and SO2 emissions calculated on external wall of uninsulated building decreased up to 85.4% at the point of optimum insulation thickness according to fuel type.
Şeriat ve Tasavvuf Bağlamında Din-Çevre İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme / The Relationship between Religion and Environment in the Context of Shari'a and Sufism
Authors: YÜCER Hür Mahmut , Yılmaz Sinan
Published: February 2013

Din-çevre ilişkisi, dinî araştırmalarda çok sayıda çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Bu çalışma ise, diğerlerinden farklı olarak, din çevre ilişkisinin sadece şeriat bağlamında değil, aynı zamanda tasavvuf bağlamında da ele alınabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde din-çevre ilişkisi şeriat bağlamında ele alınmış, din-fiziki çevre, din-sosyal çevre ve din-beden ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, din-beden ilişkisinin çevre bağlamında değerlendirilmesi konusunda önemli açılımlar getirilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, tasavvuf bağlamında din-çevre ilişkisine değinilmiş, ilk bölümde ele alınan konuların tamamı tasavvuf düşüncesi bağlamında yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çevre konusunda aslında şer’î ve tasavvufi düşüncenin birbirlerinden farklı argümanlar üretmediği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. A Sociological Approach to the Relationship between Religion and Environment in the Context of the Shari'a and Sufism The relationship between religion and the environment has been discussed in numerous studies. However this study, unlike the others, presents that the relationship between religion and the environment could be dealt with not only in the context of the Shari’a but also in the context of Sufism. In the first part of the study, the relationship between religion and the environment is dealt with in the context of the Shari’a. In this part, the relation between religion and the physical environment, religion and the social environment and religion and the body has been examined. In this part, significant developments over examination of the relation between religion and the body in the context of the environment have been provided. In the second part, the relationship between religion and the environment is touched upon in the context of Sufism. In this part, all the issues that have been addressed in the first part have been re-examined in the context of the thought of Sufism. Meanwhile, it has been endeavored to prove that the thought of the Shari’a and that of Sufism have not produced different arguments regarding with the environment.
Yeni Anayasa Yapım Sürecinde Çevre / The New Constitutional Process of Turkey and Environment
Authors: Güneş Ahmet Mithat
Published: February 2013

Yeni bir anayasanın oluşturulmasına dair tartışmalar, uzun bir zamandan beri Türkiye gün-deminin önde gelen başlıklarından birini meydana getirmektedir. Çevre, bu tartışmalar bağ-lamında göze çarpan konulardan biridir. Bu çalışmamızda, ülkemiz için hazırlanabilecek yeni bir anayasada çevrenin nasıl düzenlenebileceği sorusuna yanıt aranacaktır. The New Constitutional Process of Turkey and Environment Discussions on forming a new constitution have constituted one of the leading topics of Turkey’s agenda for a long time. Environment is one of the outstanding issues in the con-text of these discussions. In this study, the answer to the question of how environment can be regulated in the new constitution to be prepared for our country will be searched.
Fatigue Damage Behavior of Freestanding 40 µm‐Thick Nickel Foils for MEMS Applications
Authors: Xu Jin , Zhang Guang‐Ping
Published: February 2013

Fatigue damage behavior of freestanding 40 µm‐thick Ni foils was investigated. We found that there were evident differences in fatigue behaviors of the foils loaded normal to and parallel to the rolling direction. EBSD analyses revealed that fatigue cracking along grain boundaries (GBs) or slip bands in two kinds of the foils depended on the difference in Schmid factor of the grains along both sides of the GBs and the misorientation angle of the GB. Fatigue damage mechanism was discussed.