bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Lessons Learned on the First Use of Tethered Bop in a Major Operator in Brazil, Including the Replacement of the Tension System Using the Rig Drilling String
Authors: Cardoso Cristiano Bernabé , Silva Magno Almeida da , Baptista João Marcelo Mussi , Santos Janaína Barreto , Kupski Sérgio Carlos , Caniçali Otávio , Resende Matheus Rodrigues , Costa Daniel , Rocha Danielle , Santiago Marcos Vinícius Sampaio
Published: April 2022

The use of the tethered BOP at Petrobras intends to enable the operation of Dynamically Positioned Rigs in shallow waters, allowing drilling or workover in wells in congested areas or subject to environmental restrictions due to corals or marine fauna. The BOP tethering technology also allows the use of newer generation rigs, whose BOPs are larger and heavier, in old wells not designed for such loads. ROV and surface images of the critical moments for the BOP tethering show the lessons learned in this operation, such as schematics and drawings of improvements implemented or suggested for future opportunities. During the operations, many opportunities for improvement were identified, such as: the ideal drilling schedule to launch the anchors with the Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessel (AHTS); the imprisonment of the cables by the cement of the surface casing in the mud line; the knots that occurred in the cable after replacing the tensioner system; the feasibility to use the rig drill string instead of an RSV to replace the tensioner; and the need of unlatching the BOP to replace the tensioner system, with suggestions to avoid this in the future. The challenges overcome in this operation allowed the development of new solutions and procedures for tethering the BOP, dispensing with the use of a RSV, and improving the contractor's initial procedure. The success of this system enables rig operations in several locations that are currently unfeasible, whether for plug & abandonment of old wells or for drilling new locations in shallow water. The first use of tethered BOP in association with real-time Riser Analysis in Brazil resulted in the reduction of the risk associated with an emergency disconnection, providing a larger operational window and a more accurate analysis of well structure fatigue.
The Campos Basin Case: Unlocking Value from Mature Offshore Brazilian Assets – Petrobras
Authors: Lameira Otavio Diniz , Dinelli Denis Krambeck , Bordieri Eduardo , Carvalho Daniela Martinelli , Batista Marcio Rodrigues , Lage Daniel Henriques Mesquita , Lira Filipe Silva , Bezerra Leonardo Campos do Amaral
Published: April 2022

The oil shock of the 1970s challenged O&G operators for a step change in R&D with direct impact on investments in new production frontiers, such as the Brazilian offshore. More than 40 years after the first oil, around 14 billion barrels of oil and gas (boe) have already been produced in the Campos Basin and two OTC awards have been granted with the Campos Basin achievements in Marlim and Roncador fields. Today, Campos Basin production accounts for around 30% of all Brazilian O&G output. Moreover, there is still a lot of potential value to be extracted from those assets in association with the extension of the term of the contracts of the main Concessions for another 27 years.

In the continued strategy of Active Portfolio Management, any Campos Basin assets that do not fit into the company's portfolio focus are either divested or decommissioned, but still Campos Basin is a core area with substantial reserves to be booked, low reservoir risk and the potential to further reduce lifting costs. We can name Marlim, Roncador and Jubarte fields as examples of assets prioritized due to their value generating potential. These "world class" assets have been further developed with a specific approach: the Integrated Development Plans, with investments in complementary wells in existing fields to manage risks, enhance the recovery factor, as well as a governance to support decision making process between new Production Units or Lifetime Extension of those currently operating. All this governance is managed under a formal "Campos Basin Renovation Plan", a program that challenges the teams to identify opportunities to increase reserves and add value to the company.

In this context, considering the relevance of this world class oil & gas province, this paper intends to describe how the team is facing the challenge of generating extra value through investments in mature fields in the Campos Basin, considering its decision-making process, the increase in the recovery factor, reduction of costs, strategic alliances, and articulation with Regulatory Agencies.
World's First Offshore Use of Adhesively Bonded Mechanically Lined Pipe
Authors: Toguyeni Grégory , Lee Choon Hua , Omundsen Inge Andre , Jones Richard , Girvan John , Hondebrink Luke , Banse Joachim
Published: April 2022

The use of Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) installed by the reel-lay method is a field proven solution which presents key advantages over other more expensive rigid linepipe and installation methods. Implementing the most commonly used corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) as a thin liner inside a standard carbon steel (CS) pipe has been a differentiator for many projects due to the advantageous procurement lead times and reduced costs over clad pipe made from plates. To prevent the formation of wrinkles on the CRA liner during the reeling process the most reliable method to date was to internally pressurise the pipe with water. This solution, however, can increase the offshore installation time. A solution to prevent liner wrinkling with a standard 3.0mm or even 2.5mm thick liner during reeling without the use of pressurisation has been developed by Butting in the form of the GluBi® lined pipe. Through the liner being adhesively bonded to the outer pipe, its integrity is maintained despite the global plastic strain applied by the installation method. This new linepipe product has been qualified, fabricated and will be installed as a world's first on the AkerBP HOD project in the North Sea in 2022.

Following a thorough product technology qualification via DNV, the GluBi® pipe was approved for use on the AkerBP HOD project as the inner pipe of the 12"/16" Pipe-in-Pipe (PiP) production line to be installed by the reel-lay method. As part of the project specific qualification tests, the wrinkling resistance of the liner was demonstrated via full scale reeling simulation testing as well as the full set of Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Tests in line with the project specification. Important areas of the GluBi® pipe design are the pipe ends, particularly the transition between the liner and the weld overlay region. A detailed Finite Element model of the pipe system was created including the PiP centralisers; this allowed a verification of the global and local stresses at the most critical locations including the 3.0mm 316L liner close to the transition liner/overlay.

Successful pipe production was run by Butting and the pipes delivered to Subsea7's pipeline fabrication spoolbase in Vigra, Norway, for PiP stalks fabrication using a state-of-the-art mechanised welding solution combining the CMT and PGMAW welding processes. Offshore reel-lay installation with Seven Vega, Subsea 7's most advanced reel-lay vessel, is planned in 2022.

This paper will present the project specific product qualification including the mechanical testing of the outer and inner pipes as well as the adhesive material, the detailed finite element analysis (FEA) performed, the production welding activities and offshore installation by reel-lay.
LLOG Praline Tieback Execution: Fast-Paced Project Execution Delivered by Collaborative Project Management Techniques
Authors: Herbertson Barry Michael , Williams Julian
Published: April 2022

Objectives/Scope

The Praline project was awarded and executed during the COVID-19 pandemic and demonstrated how the right project management principles created transparency and trust between Contractor and Company so that both parties worked openly during project execution to successfully execute the scope in the required timeframe.

Methods, Procedures, Process

This project showcases how creating the right project environment fostered creative engineering, operational flexibility and collaborative decision making. A gate system was developed which enabled several solutions to run in parallel and focused on key dates for specific decisions which allowed for the final offshore scenario to be vetted. In addition, daily task orientated meetings were held with a small team to communicate updates and plans on specific topics between key stakeholders. All attendees were empowered to make decisions and progress tasks in the meeting. A lean and agile approach was deployed.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

The project was able to overcome numerous challenges during a pandemic in a short timeframe by implementing a fast-paced decision-making process which was underpinned by high-level trust between LLOG and Subsea 7. The project shifted from a plan to install the entire pipeline, In-Line Sled (ILS) and Pipeline End Termination (PLET) in a single trip to using multiple assets and mobilisations. The asset changes were required to maintain LLOG's first oil requirements and meant that the design, installation engineering, and procurement activities needed to be condensed and yet still meet high quality and safety standards. The changes in installation assets impacted the structures designs due to the installation equipment and this had a knock-on impact to the procurement and fabrication activities. One example was that the ILS needed to be redesigned to change the mudmat foundation and use an existing foundation from another project. This scope was completed in less than four weeks from the implementation of the vessel change and could only have been done through the transparent and collaborative approach established on the project.

Novel/Additive Information

This paper showcases how collaboration and transparency between all stakeholders enabled fast-paced decision making and selection of the optimal offshore solution in a condensed time frame.
Private Cluster and Revitalization Mature Fields in Brazil
Authors: Teixeira Cotta Diego Resende , Calvi Jean Carlos , Simões Carvalho Iuri Rossi
Published: April 2022

All shallow water fields being divested, as well as some of the deepwater assets. Independents specialized in mature fields jumping into these opportunities. New operators are working on reducing OPEX and decommissioning costs, revitalizing production facilities implementing IOR opportunities, and looking for tieback opportunities to leverage existing underutilised facilities.

This challenge was tackled with PetroRio making it the first independent company to create a private cluster of mature fields in the Campos Basin region, Brazil.

PetroRio are a Brazilian largest independent oil and natural production company with focus on investments and recovering production assets, specialized in efficiently managing reserves and redeveloping mature fields.

The company business model is totally focused on the efficient production of oil fields already in the production phase and on the cost optimization, positioning the Company to capture gains even in adverse external scenarios.
Challenges and Opportunities for Subsea Electrical Power Systems for High Power Subsea Processing and Boosting: HISEP Study Case
Authors: De Oliveira Ana Margarida , Gonçalves André Athayde , Da Silva William Albuquerque , Costa Lilson Terra , Passarelli Fabio Menezes
Published: April 2022

In 2017, Operator developed five feasibility studies with different suppliers to propose system configuration, select equipment and identify technology gaps to conceive a HISEP™ technology system to produce Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs, notoriously in the Mero field. A subsequent de-risking phase of the main technological gaps and critical engineering activities were structured to support a robust solution to be installed and validated in a HISEP™ full-scale application. All feasibility studies have indicated the need of two 6 MW shaft power centrifugal pumps operating in series to reinject HISEP™ dense gas phase (CO2 rich gas) into the reservoir.

This paper presents the subsea electrical power system (SEPS) topologies and technical solutions studied during HISEP™ de-risking phase to drive those high-power subsea pumps.
Underwater Cold bending - A Novel Solution for Offshore Pipelines Crossing Sharp Slope Transitions
Authors: Pigliapoco Mauro , Lucchese Francesco , Fatica Giulio
Published: April 2022

The exploitation of subsea hydrocarbons fields as well as large subsea gas to market infrastructures often requires pipelines to route across sharp slope transitions. Site conditions are sometime so critical to represent a severe design concern and to require costly seabed preparation works, extremely challenging and environmentally impacting. This paper presents an innovative solution that allows avoiding any preparation work as well as a novel installation method for its effective and safe implementation.

Specifically, the paper presents a design case study for a gas export pipeline crossing a severe escarpment at the intersection between the Continental Shelf and the Continental Slope (Shelf Break). The rigid pipeline installed by normal continuous pipelay across such sharp slope transition would be subject to excessive bending due to localized imposed curvature that requires mitigation. Two alternative design solutions have been developed and compared: one based on excavation (trenching) to shape the escarpment edge and one introducing vertical bends on the pipeline string.

The design solution based on trenching results in large excavation volume with associated environmental impact in term seawater turbidity and damaged seabed surface (biocenosis). The analysis results also show that the solution is very sensitive to trenching profile accuracy and profile long term stability. Constructability is discussed in terms of availability of technology vs water depth, soil uncertainties, excavation volume, excavation tolerances. The alternative design based on bends allows avoiding any seabed preparation works and all the associated issues. The analysis results demonstrate much higher performances in terms of pipeline integrity and safety throughout the pipeline life. However, its implementation requires special installation solutions as bends are not installable with the normal continuous pipelay method. The paper presents a new installation method (Saipem patented) that allows realizing vertical cold bends safely and effectively on the pipeline profile with no interruption of the continuous pipelay process. The novel idea is to realize the bends underwater, when the pipe is landing or close to landing on the seabed, by means of a remotely operated Underwater Bending Machine purposedly designed.

The paper describes the new Underwater Cold Bending technology, presenting the engineering work done to support the demonstration of its robustness and reliability. The paper also presents a case study for escarpment crossing design developed according to two alternative design concepts, the standard and the novel one. The two solutions are compared, listing pros and cons of each one, highlighting relevant design issues as well as construction criticalities and risks.
Repurposing Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas Facilities for the Blue Economy
Authors: Robinson Roy , Englemann Georg , Saterlee Kent
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a summary of the results of a study of the potential for repurposing legacy oil and gas facilities in the Gulf of Mexico for Blue Economy uses. It was a limited study designed to summarize practical options for repurposing. The conclusions list those areas where further modeling or studies are warranted and required with the objective being to build an integrated modeling tool to assist companies, government agencies, and NGO's in assessing the benefits and risks for repurposing specific facilities.

30CFR 585J can be used to expedite permitting the deployment of renewable energy in the Gulf of Mexico. This regulation specifically is written to allow addition of renewable energy and other marine activities on to existing oil and gas leases and is written broadly enough it can be applied to other Blue Economy activities.

For the transition to occur the current policy of removing non-producing assets must be stopped. These facilities, providing they are still in good repair, can be a tremendous asset that can accelerate the decarbonization of the Gulf Coast Region, and become the basis for an industrial transition that will create more employment and value than even the peak of offshore oil and gas.

The Gulf of Mexico has an excellent offshore renewable energy potential. NREL places the total Gross Resource available at 2000GW and the Technical (recoverable) resource at 500GW. Neither value includes geothermal, and because of the conservative way the NREL calculates the resources the actual potential is at least twice as large.

The DOE study, summarized in this paper, provides detailed answer to the following questions:

What is the potential value of legacy platforms, wells, and pipelines to renewable energy and Blue Economy activities? What renewable energy systems are economically viable in the Gulf of Mexico and can be deployed safely on existing leases? What Blue Economy industries can be facilitated by using legacy assets in the Gulf of Mexico? Who can apply for and what is the process for repurposing existing assets or adding new assets to existing leases? What are the benefits to the current owners, the Gulf Coast Region, and environment?

Finally, the paper provides the outline of a process that stakeholders can use to evaluate individual existing facilities for potential use in building a Blue Industrial base in the Gulf of Mexico.
Flexible Pipe Integrity Management by Experimental Assessment Under Industrial Lab-Scale Conditions – LAB-TWIN
Authors: Wallauer Frederico Alberto , Bertoni Fabiano , Clevelario Judimar De Assiss , Polo Marco Angel Gabriel , Ribeiro Mario Luís , Sousa Sílvia , Dos Santos Fabrício Pinheiro , Baptista Ilson Palmieri
Published: April 2022

This paper describes innovative methodologies in industrial lab-scale, named LAB-TWIN, developed within a joint industry project (JIP) for flexible pipes integrity assessment under harsh environments, focused on CO2 induced failure phenomenon (SCC CO2). The LAB-TWIN comprises applying specific conditions according to the pipe application – e.g., production oil (PO), gas injection (GI) – to assess gas permeation through the pipes and explore the SCC CO2 degradation mechanism in a controlled environment, from initiation until failure.

To reproduce, as closely as possible, the operational field conditions, the experiments were designed to allow the application of specific boundary conditions in flexible pipe sections, including chemical content in the pipe bore (such as gas mixtures and oil), internal and external pressure and temperature, and axial static loads. The flexible pipe samples were assembled with customized test end-fittings that provide privileged annulus access, allowing the monitoring and measuring of annulus conditions throughout the tests. The samples were submitted to a corrosion process called degradation. After this period (months or even years), each pipe sample is dissected and inspected. Then, the materials are assessed at the laboratory level to determine the environmental impact in their main mechanical properties.

During the experiments, the gas permeation phenomenon through the polymeric layers occurs. It allows the generation of experimental data that can be used to calibrate theoretical permeation models based on annular pressure building up and annulus environment content, such as CO2.

The LAB-TWIN delivers valuable data to support permeation methodologies, better understand the SCC CO2 phenomena, and the up-to-date assessment of the flexible pipes service life prediction.
Shape Optimization of Steel Lazy Wave Risers for Slugging Fatigue
Authors: Singha Angshuman , Agarwal Puneet , Xu Wei , R V Bharath , Mukhopadhyay Saswata , Campbell Brad , Curtis Christopher
Published: April 2022

While Steel Lazy Wave Risers (SLWRs) are an attractive riser system from wave fatigue perspective in deep waters, it has recently been found that they can be susceptible to fatigue from slugging. Slugging may occur under certain combination of gas and liquid rates for multiphase (oil-gas-water) flow. For a given flow rate, the magnitude of slugging fatigue is a function of the SLWR shape, i.e., length and location of the hog bend that is created by the buoyancy modules, as well as the length of the lower catenary. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology to optimize the SLWR shape against slugging fatigue.

The first step was to generate candidate riser shapes by varying key geometrical parameters for SLWR, which included the hang-off angle, length of the buoyancy, and the location of the buoyancy. For this purpose, an automated riser design tool was developed in the intelligent Deepwater Advanced Solutions Hub. This produced several hundred SLWR shapes. Static strength analysis and dynamic wave fatigue analysis were performed for all these shapes, and the shapes that passed both criteria were selected for slugging fatigue analysis.

Slugging fatigue consists of first running the flow assurance software Olga which produced time series of mixture density at each riser node. This spatial and temporal density data was used to compute gravity loads due to slug flow (centrifugal and Coriolis forces were found to be negligible), which were fed into the OrcaFlex software as an external load. Time domain dynamic analysis was performed and results post- processed to compute fatigue as well as extract stress time series at key locations for detailed assessment and sense checks. All these steps were coded in a Python module with parallel running capability. This enabled running hundreds of cases in a few days. Slugging fatigue was combined with other sources of fatigue (wave, VIV, and installation) to select riser shapes that meet fatigue requirements.

Results showed that the slugging fatigue can vary by up to a factor of 28 among various riser shapes for a given flow rate, demonstrating the value of shape optimization from slugging perspective. However, in scenarios involving sour service and production profiles with low flow rates causing severe slugging fatigue, even the optimized SLWR shape may require cladding or other solutions requiring further fatigue mitigation. It was found that a longer riser or a flatter arch gives higher slugging fatigue lives. Higher arch flatness alleviates long period slugging, which drives the slugging fatigue due to integral effect over the lower catenary, and increases fatigue life. Another interesting finding was that the shorter period slugging, which are due to local weight variations, provides an upper bound on slugging fatigue lives.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Value Chain
Authors: Khurana Sandeep , Beck Steven
Published: April 2022

The objective of this paper is to demystify the components of the value chain for carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS). The focus is on the technological challenges and advancements in capture, compression, transportation, and storage as well as the incentives available to deliver economic CCUS projects.

The paper identifies main components in the value chain, related costs and ways to reduce the overall breakeven carbon price, and shares economic case studies from recent projects and developments underway in the industry. The paper specifically compares and contrasts between two distinct case studies to assess the CCUS value chain as follows:

A standalone project case study from carbon capture to injection with a breakdown of the cost along with an economic analysis to establish the breakeven carbon price and ways to reduce it. A regional development case study in which the paper evaluates various development concepts of carbon capture sources and distribution of carbon for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage to contemplate ways to reduce further the breakeven carbon price.

The paper elaborates on challenges of carbon sequestration in the reservoirs and carbon resource storage-resource-management-system. It covers carbon tax credits available in the market place. Finally, the paper highlights a way forward for the industry to optimize the value chain segments with use of new technology and elaborate on configuration of regional concepts.
Revealing the Natural Fracture System in the LongMaxi Shale Gas Reservoir, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Jiang Liwei , Zhang Lei , Luo Yufeng , Rui Yun , Ji Yubing , Wang Gaocheng , Liu Bo , Pan Feng , Wang Yue , Li Shenzhuan , Yu Daiguo , Sultan Gamal
Published: April 2022

Shale gas reservoirs in the LongMaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin, are the biggest proven shale gas reservoirs in China. The natural fracture system plays an important role in the shale gas exploration and development. Both high-angle calcite-cemented fractures and low-angle bedding fractures were observed in the core and resistivity image logs but the relationships between these two kinds of fractures is still not clear. Identifying and characterizing the natural fracture system in the shale gas reservoir were the objective of this case study.

The borehole resistivity image logs were acquired in several shale gas wells in southeast Sichuan Basin. Weobserved a spiky resistivity log response in some intervals of Longmaxi Formation. Image logs reveal that all these intervals have low-angle conductive features. Based on the crosscutting relationship of bedding and fractures, these features are conductive bedding fractures, which cut the high-angle resistive fractures in the formation. Both conductive and resistive bedding fractures are identified in the image logs and core data. The geochemical spectroscopy logs in this interval show low pyrite volume, which indicates the conductive bedding fractures are not filled by conductive minerals. It could be an effective pathway of fluid flow.

The natural fractures can be divided into three types: low-angle conductive bedding fracture, low-angle resistive bedding fracture, and high-angle resistive fracture. The bedding fractures and high-angle resistive fractures are mainly in the brittle zone of the LongMaxi Formation. We observed that the high density of the conductive bedding fractures will appear spiky on the resistivity logs, which will cause high horizontal permeability. Multiwell correlation shows that there will be more conductive bedding fractures in areas where the shale gas reservoir was undergoing tectonic stresses, which could have a negative impact on the shale gas enrichment. The bedding fractures were formed after the high-angle resistive fractures. Some bedding fractures were cemented by calcite, while some are still open. The identification of bedding fractures will help to understand the complex natural fracture system in the tight shale gas reservoir. The conductive bedding fractures will greatly enhance the horizontal permeability and will influence the fluid flow dramatically.
ISO/TC 67 Framework for Developing Semantic, Data/Term Centric Information Model
Authors: Olsen Helge , Stolk Sander , Anders Gjerver
Published: April 2022

ISO/TC 67 Advisory Group 1 – "Digital Implementation" has studied current status on the ISO/IEC Information Model along with current Internet (W3C) standards and systems engineering principles in order to conclude on a possible future ISO/IEC Information Model facilitating production, publication, and utilization of content in standards and other governing type documents on a digital format that is interoperable and consumable by all types of end-user applications and digital markets.

The resulting Information Model aims at becoming standardized data/term-centric, directly consumable by semantic applications. This Information Model framework can be applied by: —ISO/IEC to revise its Information Model to facilitate production and publication of content on a semantic, data/term-centric machine-readable and -interpretable format—Government bodies creating and publishing laws and regulations—Companies and their project organizations creating and publishing company- and project-specific governing documents covering projects life cycles—Developers of end-user applications supporting the actual corporate work processes and their projects through their life cycles—Developers of digital markets

A globally standardized Information Model facilitating semantic, data/term-centric interoperability is possible to develop, and a framework is provided by this presentation. This Information Model differs significantly from the current ISO/IEC version that is very low-granular and demands massive manual interaction.

This Information Model framework presents a granularity level that can facilitate true machine-to-machine interoperability with minimized human interference – in contrast to current manual management of content in standards (and laws, regulations, company governing docs, etc) that is a very resource-consuming process prone to errors.
Qualification Program for End Fittings of Flexible Pipes
Authors: Geusti Lucas Alban , Rigon Henrique Chiaradia , Bertoni Fabiano , Clevelario Judimar de Assis , Carpigiani Marcos
Published: April 2022

Flexible pipes and their accessories are a pillar in the ultra-deep water oil and gas exploration, making them the focal points of analyses for integrity management, risk reduction and performance of the entire system. Responsible for the connection between two flexible pipes or between pipes and equipment, the end fittings are considered, in certain applications, a critical point of the system, requiring special attention to its design in order to ensure the highest reliability and minimize its impacts on flexible pipe design.

Every end fitting must, in its interface with the flexible pipe, provide internal and external sealing capacity as well as tensile strength when under various operational conditions. Additionally, the end fitting design should aim to reduce as much as possible the impact on the performance of the flexible pipe.

The qualification tests are divided into 3 levels – small, mid, and full-scale – representing, respectively, the characterization of interfaces and materials, individual systems and the product as a whole. In addition to this division, the tests are also divided based on their load cases as static, such as burst, axial tension, external and internal pressure, and dynamic, such as cyclic tensile tests combined with internal pressure.

All test results are related with predictions of design methodologies and application scenarios, thus validating the respective methodologies and categorizing the end fitting for an operational envelope.

This article details a qualification program of a new model of end fitting for offshore flexible pipes evidencing the strategy adopted and applicability in shallow to ultra-deep water fields, under static or dynamic loads.
Automated Measurement of Corrosion Thickness and Metal Loss
Authors: Windrim Lloyd , Ferguson Eric L. , Potiris Steven , Dunne Toby , Aziz Zarif , Gong Yuze , Bargoti Suchet , Ahsan Nasir
Published: April 2022

If not closely monitored, corrosion on the surface of offshore oil and gas platforms leads to the increased risk of unplanned shutdowns. On-site fabric maintenance inspections of corrosion defects are labor-intensive and require frequent travel offshore. As a result, only a sample of the total defects are monitored during each inspection campaign, and a high-risk defect could be missed completely. Through the use of laser scanning techniques, this work develops an automated approach to measuring the height of blistering corrosion or depth of surface pitting. A workflow is suggested where inspectors use a web-based implementation of this technology to conduct maintenance inspections remotely from their computers, to filter high-priority defects that should be scheduled for follow-up inspection. In doing so, on-site inspections can be more targeted and efficient. The experimental results show that the calibrated blister height measurements using the measurement method had R2 correlations of 0.98 to 0.91 (depending on surface type) with hand-measurements done on-site by inspectors, which correspond to average root-mean-squared errors between 0.27 to 0.57 mm.
Digital Transformation for Promoting Renewable Energy & Sustainability: A Systematic Approach for Carbon Footprint Reduction in Well Construction
Authors: Mahmood Azfar , Thibodeaux Robert , Angelle Jeremy , Smith Logan
Published: April 2022

As the industry recovers from the recent downturn in petroleum commodity prices and the economic impacts from coronavirus (COVID-19), governing authorities in most countries are imposing methodological measures to promote the reduction of carbon footprint. This affects every industry including the petroleum sector. Therefore, most investors and stakeholders have increased their focus on Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) policies. During the well construction phase, a transition from a hydraulic to an electric tong is achieved, resulting in carbon footprint reduction.

Achieving carbon neutrality or carbon emission reduction while producing hydrocarbons is one of the topmost key performance indicators (KPIs) in the industry. With the implementation of digital technologies in the tubular and casing connection make-up process, a hydraulic tong is substituted with an electric tong of an equivalent specification. The energy consumption for both systems are calculated and compared. Other important KPIs on tracking operational cost are also assessed and the results are then compared to determine the benefits of implementing the upgraded digitalized tong solution.

The electric tong digitalized solution, commercially available in the petroleum industry, is a key enabler for carbon emission reduction while running tubulars in/out of the wellbore. This solution is one of the milestones that serve as foundation to advocate carbon reduction. Eventually, this will lead to establishing carbon neutrality during hydrocarbon extraction and production.

The results concluded that a digitalized solution eventually reduced personnel on board working in the "red zone," which eventually leads to carbon emission reductions caused by a decrease in fuel consumption. The decrease of 43% in CO2 emission is observed while performing tubular connection process. Moreover, an overall comparison between a legacy system with the digitalized electric system displayed more than 59% reduction in CO2 during the tubular running services. In addition to carbon reduction, this electric power and control solution allows for more precise torque control, leading to enhanced system integrity and increased reliability achieved by cleaner energy.

With this digital solution, not only is the safety and well-being of rig personnel enhanced to avoid any recordable incidents, the reduction of carbon emission is also achieved, aligning to the objectives of current ESG regulatory authorities. This paper will provide comprehensive details on the novelty of this technology and solution offered to the industry.
Race and gender in the evolution of career decision-making: A psycho-anthropological review
Authors: Pillay Indira
Published: April 2022

Background: On 12 July 2021, riots broke out in the KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces of South Africa. Regardless of the various political theories, the issue surrounding these riots had the theme of inequality and poverty below the surface. The reality is that many people live in poverty, have no jobs and are desperate. It is, therefore, necessary for us to look at the issue of work and career development in a way that addresses the deepening poverty crisis in South Africa. Specifically, it may be helpful to consider how the evolution of career development led to the deep-seated inequality that we see today, with race and gender being key considerations.Objectives: In this article, the author draws primarily from the existing literature to explore how evolutionary developments and globalisation influenced career decision-making and the roles that social forces and agents of power have played, especially in the context of race and gender.Method: The author conducted a brief literature review. Issues relating to the social, political and systemic influences in the evolution of career development and decision-making were incorporated into this review, with special focus on race and gender.Results: As the historic literature was analysed, the role of social factors such as race and gender on the evolutionary path of career development came to the fore. Colonisation, apartheid, race and gender discrimination were dominant.Conclusion: Race and gender issues played significant roles in hindering career-development, with especially destructive consequences. As we proceed further into the 21st century, focus needs to be on advancing career-development initiatives for marginalised groups.
Use of the Vula App to refer patients in the West Coast District: A descriptive exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Steyn Louwrens , Mash Robert J. , Hendricks Gavin
Published: April 2022

Background: Referral systems play a pivotal role in coordination and quality of care and should be evaluated for their utility. The Vula App is used by various disciplines and hospitals in South Africa to refer patients. The aim was to explore the perceptions of medical practitioners regarding the use of the Vula App in the West Coast District.Methods: A descriptive, exploratory qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with 11 medical practitioners. The highest and lowest users of the Vula App were selected from seven district hospitals. Qualitative data analysis used the framework method and Atlas-ti.Results: There were five themes: impact on the referral process, quality of care, coordination of care, continuous professional development, and how to improve the Vula App. Its use was well established in the outpatient and semi-urgent setting, but participants were hesitant to rely on it for immediate advice. Specialist advice via the Vula App enabled practitioners to manage patients remotely. The referral hand-over function had a positive impact on the coordination of care. Advice and feedback via the Vula App assisted with continuous professional development.Conclusion: The Vula App is a useful tool to refer patients to the emergency centre and outpatient departments. It can improve the immediate quality of care and sequential coordination of care. It has the potential to enable continuous professional development. There is a need to standardise its use, to ensure electronic information flows back to the district and to integrate the data into the district’s health information system.
Unpacking assisted admissions under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002
Authors: Narsi Kalpesh
Published: April 2022

The Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 (MHCA) is a progressive piece of mental health legislation that has the potential to transform mental health services by emphasising patient rights and promoting integration and accessibility. The MHCA allows for the care, treatment and rehabilitation of mental healthcare users, who lack the competence to consent but who do not refuse treatment to be managed as assisted users. This article unpacks the concept and procedure of assisted admissions, comparing it with other types of admissions described in the MHCA. Relevant clinical and legal factors influencing the assisted admission status are discussed. The article concludes with a description of the advantages and challenges of assisted care, together with recommendations for its implementation.
Embracing complexity in primary care
Authors: Von Pressentin Klaus B.
Published: April 2022

No abstract available.
Corrigendum: Teachers’ perspectives on learners with reading and writing difficulties in mainstream government primary schools in Mauritius
Authors: Veerabudren Sattiavany , Kritzinger Alta , Ramasawmy Savila T. , Geertsema Salome , Le Roux Mia
Published: April 2022

No abstract available.
Nonischemic priapism treated with selective arterial embolization
Authors: Hsu Ting-Jui , Jiann Bang-Ping , Hsueh Cheng-Hsun
Published: April 2022

Nonischemic priapism is a rare, painless, and nonurgent type of priapism which is usually related to a history of perineal trauma. It can be distinguished from ischemic priapism by history taking and oxygenated, nonacidotic blood in cavernous blood gas analysis. The diagnosis is further confirmed by elevated cavernosal artery blood flow under color Doppler ultrasound. This article reviews the diagnosis and intervention of two cases with nonischemic priapism. The patients received selective arterial embolization with either microcoil or Gelfoam. Both of them were satisfied with their erectile function 1 week after embolization. Our practice reflects that selective arterial embolization is a safe and effective treatment for patients with nonischemic priapism.
Traumatic blunt aortic injury
Authors: Yeh Che-Hui , Li Jiun-Yi
Published: April 2022

Background:

Traumatic blunt aortic injury (TBAI) is a rare event with an incidence rate of approximately 2.6 patients per year at a medical center. However, high rates of early mortality render it the second leading cause of mortality among traumatic injuries. The optimal management and long-term outcomes after intervention therapy remain unclear. We reviewed TBAI cases in our hospital and discussed the surgical strategy.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed ten patients diagnosed with TBAI between 2006 and 2019 in our Health insurance database. We used the grading system of the Society of Vascular Surgery. Patients who were classified as Grade 1 or 2 injuries received nonoperative treatment. Patients who were classified as Grade 3 or 4 injuries underwent surgical intervention. Follow-up computed tomography angiography was arranged within 1 year of discharge.

Results:

Two and seven patients presented with Grade 2 and 3 aortic injuries, respectively. One patient incidentally found chronic Type B aortic dissection after trauma. For one early case, open aortic replacement was performed. Four (including one brain dead) patients received nonoperative treatment. Five patients underwent percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Nine patients survived after treatment. Three of the five patients who underwent endovascular repair developed postoperative complications, including endoleak and paraplegia. Two patients who underwent nonoperative treatment showed complete resolution within 2 months.

Conclusion:

In selected cases with Grade 2 injury, nonoperative treatment may be appropriate and complete resolution of intramural hematoma may occur.
La recepción etnológica de Marx: del evolucionismo antropológico a la crítica del sistema colonial
Authors: Pérez Ochoa María Fernanda
Published: April 2022

El presente texto tiene como objetivo hacer un breve recuento de la recepción etnológica de Marx entre 1879 y 1882, particularmente de las obras de M. M. Kovalevsky y de L. H. Morgan, antropólogos contemporáneos a él. Los escritos que Marx hizo sobre estas obras contienen extractos, resúmenes y anotaciones en los que se manifiesta el interés que tuvo, durante los últimos años de su vida, en las sociedades no occidentales, en su desarrollo histórico y en sus particulares formas de organización social. En este texto se hace una revisión tanto de los escritos etnológicos de Marx como de los análisis que otros autores han hecho respecto a este cruce teórico. A través de este recuento se manifiesta que el acercamiento del autor de El Capital a la etnología y a la teoría evolucionista da cuenta de la centralidad que llegó a tener en su proyecto teórico y político, la preocupación sobre las sociedades antiguas y las formas no capitalistas de existencia, así como la importancia que otorgó a las investigaciones empíricas para el análisis de dichas problemáticas. Resultado de esta indagación bibliográfica se concluye que en las obras de Kovalevsky y de Morgan, Marx encontró importantes aportaciones para su crítica al sistema capitalista, las cuales se articularon en torno a la renovación de su paradigma teórico desde una concepción multilineal de la historia y se sumaron a la profundización de su crítica al colonialismo de su época.
The gift relationship (reissue)
Authors: Titmuss Richard
Published: April 2022

In this reissued classic, Richard Titmuss compares blood donation in the US and UK, contrasting the British system of reliance on voluntary donors to the American one in which the blood supply is in the hands of for-profit enterprises, concluding that a system based on altruism is safer and more economically efficient.
Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Jual Beli Bibit Ikan Lele Di Desa Kanci Kec. Astanajapura Kab. Cirebon
Authors: Agam Prasnuary
Published: April 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis adat kebiasaan dari proses perhitungan bibit ikan lele di Desa Kanci Kec. Astanajapura Kab. Cirebon, dalam hukum islam serta untuk menganalisis proses penetapan dalam jual beli bibit ikan lele di desa Kanci Kanci Kec.Astanajapura Kab.Cirebon,dalam hukum islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan pendekatan kualitatif sehingga hasil yang di dapat menunjukan tidak adanya kejelasan dari takaran bibit lele yang dijual dan dibeli. Walaupun demikian telah adanya kerelaan antara penjual dan pembeli, baik dari takaran itu sendiri maupun dari harga bibit lele tersebut.

Kata kunci: Hukum Islam, Jual beli, bibit lele
Meningkatkan Pendapatan Obyek–Obyek Pariwisata dengan Metode Integritas
Authors: Sabariah Etika
Published: April 2022

Sektor Pariwisata cukup berpengaruh pada kontribusi pendapatan pemerintah, sehingga kinerja dari produktivitas adalah bagian terpenting untuk menjadi perhatian dengan melihat perubahan lingkungan globalisasi. Prospek sector pariwisata di Indonesia sangat menjanjikan pertumbuhan karena Indonesia Negara agraris, Negara maritime, beriklim tropis, tempat sejarah, memiliki berbagai sumber tujuan wisata. Banyak masalah yamg terjadi di bidang pariwisata seperti terdapat ketimpangan pendapatan wisata dari hari kerja dan hari libur dan berbagai resiko usaha yang melekat pada obyek pariwisata. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan strategi yang menekankan pada metode integrasi agar dapat meningkatkan pendapatan obyek – obyek wisata.

Kata kunci : Produktivitas, strategi, metode terpadu
Sistem Informasi Pengolahan Data Proyek Berbasis Website pada PT. Positive Management Consulting Jakarta
Authors: Setiaji Setiaji , Anggraeni Sita , Santoso Saptono
Published: April 2022

Pada era globalisasi sekarang ini, teknologi informasi yang semakin maju. PT. Positive Management Consulting sangat membutuhkan aplikasi yang dapat membantu manajemen melakukan kontrol terhadap proyek-proyek yang dikerjakan. Keakuratan dan kecepatan dalam pengolahan data  sebagai sumber informasi sangat dibutuhkan dimasa akan datang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas penerapan aplikasi manajemen proyek dalam rangka membantu perusahaan dalam menyajikan informasi mengenai proyek yang sedang dikerjakan ataupun informasi petugas dan klien. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode waterfall mengingat sistem yang masih menggunakan alat pengolahan data yang sederhana seperti microsoft excel, mulai dari pencatatan data, penyimpanan data sampai dengan pembuatan laporan. Sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya kesalahan dalam pencatatan serta kurang akuratnya laporan yang dibuat. Pembuatan aplikasi berbasis website pemrogramannya menggunakan HTML dan PHP dengan MySQL digunakan sebagai database servernya. Hasil dari analisis ini yaitu menyatakan bahwa aplikasi ini merupakan solusi yang terbaik untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan yang ada pada PT. Positive Management Consulting, seperti pencatatan data-data proyek dan penyimpanan dokumen-dokumen proyek yang terpusat. Selain itu juga memudahkan staf dalam mengolah data-data proyek agar tercapainya suatu kegiatan yang efektif dan efisien dalam menunjang aktifitas proyek.

Kata kunci : Website, manajemen dan aplikasi proyek.