bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rehabilitation of Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Infrastructure to Support Rural Development in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Kendall Ann , Drew David
Published: April 2016

For the last 35 years an approach to rural development based on archaeological and environmental data and the accumulation of practical experience has underlain the Cusichaca Trust’s projects in different regions of highland Peru. The challenge has not just been the technical one of reviving centuries old systems of irrigation canals and agricultural terraces. Equally important has been the social goal of working alongside highland farming communities to consolidate traditional knowledge and encourage local capacities and responsibilities. This chapter presents a review of the Trust’s work and an assessment of the future possibilities for this example of ‘applied archaeology’
Other Illicit Drugs of Abuse in Adolescence
Authors: Ramo Danielle , Grov Christian
Published: April 2016

Illicit drugs other than marijuana have a unique and important place in the picture of adolescent substance use and associated problems. Large, epidemiological studies have revealed that, although the use of individual drugs (other than marijuana) may fluctuate widely, the proportion of adolescents using any of them has been more stable in the decade between 2000 and 2010, compared to decades prior. In this chapter, we give an overview of illicit substance use in adolescence, including cocaine/crack, methamphetamine, heroin, ecstasy, MDMA, LSD, and GHB. We review epidemiological patterns of use among youth, including modes of use and common trajectories of use. We discuss cognitive, behavioral, and social contexts of other drug use in adolescence, and we review demographic patterns of use. We conclude by reviewing similarities and differences between substances.
Intimate Relationship Functioning and Psychopathology
Authors: Whisman Mark A. , Robustelli Briana L.
Published: April 2016

This chapter explores the association between intimate relationship functioning and psychopathology. It begins with a review of the literature on intimate relationship functioning and how it is correlated with the prevalence and incidence of psychopathology, focusing on the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It then considers the literature on couple-based interventions as treatments for specific forms of psychopathology such as mood disorders, substance use disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anorexia nervosa. The chapter focuses on three couple-based interventions, namely, cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, emotion-focused couple therapy, and strategic approaches to couple therapy. It concludes by outlining directions for future research to better understand the link between intimate relationship functioning and psychopathology.
Relationship Science and Couple Interventions
Authors: Lawrence Erika
Published: April 2016

Relationship distress and divorce often have profound effects on couples and their children. Relationship science has long sought to prevent and alleviate relationship distress; this chapter is a summary of many important recent developments in the field. Ongoing challenges in studying and assisting intimate relationships are also discussed.
Populism and Political Representation
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M.
Published: April 2016

This article examines populism as a mode of political representation from a cross-regional, comparative perspective and considers some explanations as to why it appears to be thriving and, arguably, spreading in many developing countries. It begins by considering the political and economic conceptualizations of populism, particularly in Latin America and with respect to its logic in the cultural, or ideational, dimension of politics. It then discusses the structural and institutional conditions for populism, such as democracy, authoritarianism, and civil society. The article argues that populism is a natural means of appealing to and incorporating mass political constituencies characterized by weak or widely discredited representative institutions, where many citizens are marginalized or alienated from such institutions due to socioeconomic or political exclusion.
Missing Links in the Institutional Chain
Authors: Krishna Anirudh
Published: April 2016

This article examines how the chain of institutions that links individuals and communities with the state and with markets helps promote economic development and democracy. It argues that strengthening institutional chains with links at the grassroots, or local, level, such as school boards and parent-teacher associations, district offices of congressmen or political parties, or neighborhood councils, would help citizens diminish the power of local oligarchies, make ruling elites more accountable, and do something about indifferent bureaucrats. Citing the case of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in India, the article illustrates how human capabilities and individual agency can help communities close the existing institutional gaps by effectively utilizing collective resources in the service of democracy and development. It shows that economic development is possible through democratic participation and by connecting social capital with programs of the state and with market-based opportunities.
Iroquoia
Authors: Shannon Timothy
Published: April 2016

This chapter explores the history of the region dominated by the Iroquois League—a Native American confederacy made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations. The chapter traces the shifting identity and geographic borders of Iroquoia in the Great Lakes region, from the era of European contact to the present day. Through a deft combination of warfare and diplomacy during the colonial era, the Iroquois established the most powerful Indian confederacy in northeastern America. The political influence and territorial integrity of this confederacy was badly shaken during the revolutionary era, but the cultural identity of the Iroquois remains strongly rooted in modern New York and Canada, and for that reason Iroquoia continues to exist in the present day.
The Pacific Northwest
Authors: Fisher Andrew
Published: April 2016

Despite decades of neglect by professional historians, the Pacific Northwest brings particular clarity to major themes in Native American history. On both sides of the Cascade Mountains and the US-Canadian border, Native communities have carried on the struggle for territorial integrity, political authority, economic viability, and cultural legitimacy that began in the late eighteenth century. Scholars, in turn, have broadened their studies temporally, culturally, and thematically to create a fuller picture of the region’s past. This chapter surveys recent trends in the ethnohistorical literature concerning the diverse indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast and Columbia Plateau. For the sake of brevity, it emphasizes three themes of particular salience in the Northwest: the porous character of cultural and political boundaries, the fluidity of racial and tribal identities, and the determination of Native nations to protect their ancestral lands and resources.
Intellectual History
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: April 2016

This chapter traces some of the routes of Native American intellectual exchange, a long, vibrant tradition of Native thinking and writing, which is only now being recovered, after centuries of suppression. It describes the Quiché Maya Popol Vuh and the Iroquois Great Law as important hubs in the network of an indigenous American intellectual tradition. This chapter provides an overview of Native American intellectual history and literature, focusing on the conversations and debates among indigenous writers, leaders, and activists over a wide geographic and temporal range. It also considers contributions and changes in the scholarship on Native American intellectual history and the relationship between intellectual labor and movements toward greater self-determination and decolonization.
The South
Authors: Snyder Christina
Published: April 2016

Surveying the history of Native Americans of the South from ancient times through the early twenty-first century, this chapter draws on oral tradition, material culture, climatology, and historical documents. Like all Native North Americans, Southern Indians have a dynamic past. They repeatedly adapted their societies to meet challenges arising from climate change 10,000 years ago, population growth during the Mississippian era, population collapse due to the introduction of new diseases following contact, warfare, and slaving in the colonial era, Indian removal, and ongoing US racial discrimination and imperialism. While pointing out diversity within the region, as well as the ties that linked Southern Indians to other people and places over time, this chapter also marks the cultural characteristics that make Native peoples of the South a distinctive group, namely their traditions of matrilineal kinship, dense populations, their long history of agriculture, and distinctive art forms and architecture.
Native American Expressive Arts
Authors: Montiel Anya
Published: April 2016

Opening with the life and art of Dakota artist Oscar Howe, the chapter discusses the “Indianness” of Native art and the frustrations experienced by Native artists over the years surrounding their creative expressions. The chapter is arranged chronologically, opening in the late nineteenth century and highlighting sample exhibitions, artworks, and artists from the United States in order to illustrate broad conceptual issues. These include Indian authenticity and identity, differences between fine art and “crafts,” traditional versus contemporary art forms, the role of the arts in economic development, and the impact of federal power on the arts. The chapter draws examples from painting, sculpture, photography, video, and performance art. It concludes with a proposal for understanding Native art inspired by the words of Santa Clara artist Rose Simpson.
Surviving in the Twentieth Century, 1890–1960
Authors: Rosier Paul C.
Published: April 2016

This chapter highlights a generation of historical scholarship that has contested prevailing notions of American Indians as a passive minority group unable and unwilling to adapt to Western “progress.” Such notions persisted into the late twentieth century, finding expression in narratives that ignored the cultural and social heterogeneity of an increasingly urban Native American population, whose sophistication in resisting coercive federal assimilation programs such as termination developed within the context of Cold War politics and decolonization. As they struggled to defend their homelands and way of life, American Indians drew heavily on their cultural traditions, history of treaty making with the United States, and wartime sacrifices to assert themselves in modern America, as citizens of the United States and of indigenous nations.
The Great Lakes
Authors: Doerfler Jill , Redix Erik
Published: April 2016

The experience of Native people in the Great Lakes region is crucial to understanding the larger history of American Indians. The region was (and remains) a microcosm of the experiences of Native peoples in North America. Most major issues in American Indian history either originated in the Great Lakes or have had a corresponding impact, including removal, military conflict, allotment, termination, challenges of urban life, Indian activism, treaty rights, and economic development via gaming. This chapter reviews those events and topics while exploring the central and critical role that relationships have played in the lives and experiences of Native people in the Great Lakes.
Telemann’s Musique de table and the Tafelmusik Tradition
Authors: Zohn Steven D.
Published: April 2016

Georg Philipp Telemann’s Musique de table (1733) has become emblematic of a long and rich Tafelmusik tradition in which music accompanied meals of all types. Yet the collection’s relationship to this tradition has never been adequately explained, nor has the tradition itself attracted much scholarly attention. Drawing on a variety of sources, including published music, visual artworks, treatises on courtly etiquette, festival books, travel diaries, and menus, this article relates the Musique de table to Tafelmusik composed and performed across Europe from the late medieval period through the Enlightenment. Such rich contextualization suggests how Telemann’s music might have functioned in a banquet setting (placement of musicians, intermittent versus continuous performance) and interacted with the highly ritualized aspects of celebratory meals. It also clarifies the music’s status vis-à-vis other published examples of Tafelmusik from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Stretesky Paul B. , Lynch Michael J.
Published: April 2016

This article examines the concept of environmental justice and its implications for criminology, criminal justice, and victimology. It first considers two different definitions of environmental justice before turning to a review of criminological studies related to environmental justice. It then summarizes the growing evidence on environmental injustice across disciplines, taking into account some important methodological considerations. It also illustrates how a concern with environmental justice can change the nature of research undertaken by criminologists, focusing on toxins as a cause of crime and the construction of crime. Finally, the article discusses four areas of potential environmental justice scholarship for criminologists, criminal justice, and victimology scholars and stresses the role of criminologists in these areas to help move environmental justice studies forward.
Juvenile Justice in Italy
Authors: Gatti Uberto , Verde Alfredo
Published: April 2016

This article provides an overview of juvenile justice in Italy. It begins by charting the birth and evolution of the Italian juvenile justice system, from the establishment of juvenile courts in 1934 to the expansion of the administrative sector after 1956. It then turns to juvenile justice after the decentralization and reform of the country’s welfare system and the changes produced by the introduction of a new juvenile justice procedure after 1989. It also examines the penal code provisions relating to the arrest and detention of minors, with particular emphasis on judicial pardon, acquittal on the grounds of inability to understand and to form intent, dismissal on the grounds of the insignificance of the offense, suspension of the trial and imposition of a probation order, and custodial sentence. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the trends and patterns of youth crime in Italy.
Introduction
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. , Muller Richard A. , Roeber A. G.
Published: April 2016

This handbook presents essays from a wide range of scholars about Christian theological literature in the period 1600 to 1800. Our introduction addresses several issues concerning the shape and contents of the handbook: first, the intention and scope of the volume; second, what are the actual boundaries of a study of early modern theology that is broadly assigned to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; third, why we use the term “early modern”; fourth, how early modern theology should be examined, analyzed, and understood given the varied intellectual, social, and political contexts of the era; and fifth, how the present volume is organized.
Whole genome SNP typing to investigate methicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus carriage in a health-care provider as the source of multiple surgical site infections
Authors: Roe Chandler C , Horn Kimberly S , Driebe Elizabeth M , Bowers Jolene , Terriquez Joel A , Keim Paul , Engelthaler David M
Published: April 2016

Background

Prevention of nosocomial transmission of infections is a central responsibility in the healthcare environment, and accurate identification of transmission events presents the first challenge. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole genome sequencing provides a high-resolution approach for accurately relating isolates to one another, allowing precise identification or exclusion of transmission events and sources for nearly all cases. We sequenced 24 methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) genomes to retrospectively investigate a suspected point source of three surgical site infections (SSIs) that occurred over a one-year period. The source of transmission was believed to be a surgical team member colonized with MRSA, involved in all surgeries preceding the SSI cases, who was subsequently decolonized. Genetic relatedness among isolates was determined using whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data.

Results

Whole genome SNP typing (WGST) revealed 283 informative SNPs between the surgical team member’s isolate and the closest SSI isolate. The second isolate was 286 and the third was thousands of SNPs different, indicating the nasal carriage strain from the surgical team member was not the source of the SSIs. Given the mutation rates estimated forS. aureus, none of the SSI isolates share a common ancestor within the past 14 years, further discounting any common point source for these infections. The decolonization procedures and resources spent on the point source infection control could have been prevented if WGST was performed at the time of the suspected transmission, instead of retrospectively.

Conclusions

Whole genome sequence analysis is an ideal method to exclude isolates involved in transmission events and nosocomial outbreaks, and coupling this method with epidemiological data can determine if a transmission event occurred. These methods promise to direct infection control resources more appropriately.
Approach-induced biases in human information sampling
Authors: Hunt Laurence T. , Rutledge Robb B. , Nishantha Malalasekera W. M. , Kennerley Steven W. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: April 2016

Information sampling is often biased towards seeking evidence that confirms one’s prior beliefs. Despite such biases being a pervasive feature of human behavior, their underlying causes remain unclear. Many accounts of these biases appeal to limitations of human hypothesis testing and cognition, de facto evoking notions of bounded rationality, but neglect more basic aspects of behavioral control. Here we demonstrate involvement of Pavlovian approach biases in determining which information humans will choose to sample. We collected a large novel dataset from 32,445 human subjects, making over 3 million decisions, who played a gambling task designed to measure the latent causes and extent of information-sampling biases. We identified three novel approach-related biases, formalized by comparing subject behavior to a dynamic programming model of optimal information gathering. These biases reflected the amount of information sampled (‘positive evidence approach’), the selection of which information to sample (‘sampling the favorite’), and the interaction between information sampling and subsequent choices (‘rejecting unsampled options’). The prevalence of all three biases was related to a Pavlovian approach-avoid parameter quantified within an entirely independent economic decision task. Our large dataset also revealed that individual differences in information seeking are a stable trait across multiple gameplays, and can be related to demographic measures including age and educational attainment. As well as revealing limitations in cognitive processing, our findings suggest information sampling biases reflect the expression of primitive, yet potentially ecologically adaptive, behavioral repertoires. One such behavior is sampling from options that will eventually be chosen, even when other sources of information are more pertinent for guiding future action.
A study of the use of simulated work task situations in interactive information retrieval evaluations
Authors: Borlund Pia
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to report a study of how the test instrument of a simulated work task situation is used in empirical evaluations of interactive information retrieval (IIR) and reported in the research literature. In particular, the author is interested to learn whether the requirements of how to employ simulated work task situations are followed, and whether these requirements call for further highlighting and refinement.

Design/methodology/approach

– In order to study how simulated work task situations are used, the research literature in question is identified. This is done partly via citation analysis by use of Web of Science®, and partly by systematic search of online repositories. On this basis, 67 individual publications were identified and they constitute the sample of analysis.

Findings

– The analysis reveals a need for clarifications of how to use simulated work task situations in IIR evaluations. In particular, with respect to the design and creation of realistic simulated work task situations. There is a lack of tailoring of the simulated work task situations to the test participants. Likewise, the requirement to include the test participants’ personal information needs is neglected. Further, there is a need to add and emphasise a requirement to depict the used simulated work task situations when reporting the IIR studies.

Research limitations/implications

– Insight about the use of simulated work task situations has implications for test design of IIR studies and hence the knowledge base generated on the basis of such studies.

Originality/value

– Simulated work task situations are widely used in IIR studies, and the present study is the first comprehensive study of the intended and unintended use of this test instrument since its introduction in the late 1990’s. The paper addresses the need to carefully design and tailor simulated work task situations to suit the test participants in order to obtain the intended authentic and realistic IIR under study.
The effect of HRM attributions on emotional exhaustion and the mediating roles of job involvement and work overload
Authors: Shantz Amanda , Arevshatian Lilith , Alfes Kerstin , Bailey Catherine
Published: April 2016

Although some research suggests that perceptions of HRM practices are associated with lower levels of employee well‐being, other research shows just the opposite. In the present study, we attempt to reconcile these discrepant findings by incorporating the role of HRM attributions. Our model posits that when employees perceive that their organisation's HRM practices are intended to improve their job performance, they experience higher levels of job involvement, which leads to lower levels of emotional exhaustion. Conversely, when employees believe that their organisation's HRM practices are intended to reduce organisational costs, they experience work overload, which translates into higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Parallel mediation analyses of survey data collected from employees of a construction and consultancy organisation at two time periods (n = 180) supported this theoretical model.
Modelling and Managing Learner Satisfaction: Use of Learner Feedback to Enhance Blended and Online Learning Experience
Authors: Li Nai , Marsh Vicky , Rienties Bart
Published: April 2016

A key concern for most institutions and instructors is whether students are satisfied with their learning experience. However, relatively few studies have unpacked what the key drivers for learner satisfaction are in blended and online courses. Using logistical regression modelling, learner satisfaction data of 62,986 learners in 401 undergraduate blended and online modules was analyzed. The data included over 200 potential explanatory variables based on learner and module learning design characteristics. Findings indicate that learning design has a strong and significant impact on overall satisfaction for both new and continuing learners. Learners who are more satisfied with the quality of teaching materials, assessment strategies, and workload are more satisfied with the overall learning experience. Furthermore, long‐term goals of learners (i.e., qualifications and relevance of modules with learners’ professional careers) are important predictors of learner satisfaction. Individual learner characteristics are mostly insignificant, indicating that despite a wide diversity of learners studying at the Open University, UK, the underlying learning experiences are similar. Future research should focus on how learning design changes can enhance the learning experiences of students.
Recent decline in cod stocks in the North Sea–Skagerrak–Kattegat shifts the sources of larval supply
Authors: Jonsson Per R. , Corell Hanna , André Carl , Svedäng Henrik , Moksnes Per‐Olav
Published: April 2016

Cod stocks in the North Sea, including the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, have declined dramatically since the 1970s. Occasionally there is a high recruitment of juveniles in Kattegat/Skagerrak, without leading to the rebuilding of adult cod stocks despite reduced fishing mortality. In a biophysical model of egg and larval drift, we examined the potential importance of extant and historical spawning grounds for recruitment of cod in the Kattegat/Skagerrak seas using data of spawning stock biomass from the 1970s and from today's reduced stocks. The results suggest that Kattegat in the 1970s relied on largely locally retained (83%) larvae with little annual variation in recruitment. Kattegat also provided a substantial proportion of larvae recruiting in Swedish Skagerrak (72%). This is in contrast to present conditions where the Kattegat spawning stock has been reduced by 94%, and Kattegat only provides 34% of locally retained larvae and 30% to Swedish Skagerrak. Instead, the protected area in the Öresund and the Belt Sea are expected today to provide most larvae recruiting in Kattegat. Also, the inflow of larvae from the North Sea to Skagerrak and Kattegat can be significant although highly variable between years, with a positive correlation to the North‐Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO). The rebuilding of healthy spawning areas in the Kattegat may be key for restoring local cod stocks in both Kattegat and along the Skagerrak coast. This poses a management challenge if cod with local ‘Kattegat’ adaptations, e.g., in terms of egg density and migration patterns, are lost or reduced to non‐resilient densities.
Unacceptable forms of work: A multidimensional model
Authors: McCANN Deirdre , FUDGE Judy
Published: April 2016

Unacceptable forms of work (UFW) have been identified as an “area of critical importance” for the ILO as it approaches its centenary. Yet there is currently no comprehensive elaboration of the dimensions, causes or manifestations of UFW. This article reports on a research project that has proposed such a framework. The article first investigates and reconceptualizes key discourses on contemporary work to identify their contribution to an analytically rigorous conception of UFW. It then outlines a novel Multidimensional Model that has been designed for use by local policy actors in identifying and targeting UFW in countries across a range of income levels.
Discontinuation of statins in a population of older New Zealanders with limited life expectancy
Authors: Nishtala P. S. , Gnjidic D. , Chyou T. , Hilmer S. N.
Published: April 2016

Discontinuation of statins may be considered for older individuals with a cancer, multi‐morbidity, approaching end‐of‐life and in primary prevention. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the rates of statin discontinuation in the last 12 months of life and a diagnosis of cancer, and in individuals using statins for primary or secondary prevention. A case–control study of matched cases and controls. Matching was based on age, Charlson comorbidity index scores and socioeconomic status. Prescription and diagnostic data for 20 482 individuals who were aged over 75 years, were in their last 12 months of life and were receiving statins during the study period (1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012). After propensity score matching, we identified 4832 cases with a diagnosis of cancer and 4809 matched controls. We used Cox regression to test the relationship between the relative risk of statin discontinuation and a diagnosis of cancer, and in individuals using statins for primary or secondary prevention. Statins were discontinued in 70.4% of older adults with a diagnosis of cancer and 55.8% of those without cancer (P < 0.05). The Cox regression analysis supports that a diagnosis of cancer can increase the rate of statin discontinuation compared with individuals without a diagnosis of cancer regardless of whether statins were used for primary or secondary prevention (P < 0.05). The findings from this study support that statins are likely to be discontinued in the last year of life in older people with limited life expectancy from cancer, even if statins were indicated for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
In Brief
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: April 2016

Price index row in Argentina costs statistician her job, yet again
What would Happen if UK Residents Stopped Having Babies?
Authors: Timaeus Ian
Published: April 2016

The Year 6 children of Milwards Primary School ask: If current UK residents stopped having babies, how long would it take for the human population to drop to zero?

What would happen if UK residents stopped having babies? Demographer Ian Timæus offers some projections
Historical Perspective
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: April 2016

An interview with Stephen Stigler, historian and Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago
Remembering Peter Gavin Hall
Authors: Titterington Mike
Published: April 2016

Peter Hall's untimely death has robbed the international probability and statistics community of an exceptional member, says Mike Titterington, honorary senior research fellow at the University of Glasgow
LMNA‐Mediated Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Type 2B1: A Patient‐Discovered Unifying Diagnosis
Authors: LIANG JACKSON J. , GOODSELL KIM , GROGAN MARTHA , ACKERMAN MICHAEL J.
Published: April 2016

LMNA‐Mediated ARVC and CMT‐Type 2B1

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an uncommon cardiomyopathy most classically associated with mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins. Recent literature has identified mutations in several non‐desmosomal proteins including lamins that may result in the ARVC phenotype. We describe a patient who discovered her own pathogenic LMNA mutation that offered a unifying diagnosis explaining her ARVC and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth phenotypes as well as musculoskeletal abnormalities. Suspicion for LMNA‐mediated cardiomyopathy should arise in patients with extracardiac manifestations of laminopathies and testing for specific gene mutations may be helpful in establishing an unifying diagnosis.
Acute severe asthma
Authors: Powell Colin VE
Published: April 2016

Abstact

Acute exacerbations of asthma are very common reasons for a presentation to emergency departments. This paper focuses on defining the high‐risk group, consideration of the concept of phenotypes of acute asthma, the assessment of severe and life‐threatening exacerbations and an emphasis on the management of the more severe end of the exacerbation severity. A number of evidence‐based guidelines exist throughout the world and are all slightly different. This reflects the poor evidence base for some of those recommendations. Thus, a large variation of treatment drugs, doses and regimen are used and clearly not standardised. This paper aims to present a summary of the best evidence and discuss some of these controversies. The most important aspect of treating an exacerbation of acute asthma is to review regularly and assess response to treatment. Severe and life‐threatening episodes should be treated with early use of intravenous treatment in a stepwise manner following the local guidelines. Non‐invasive ventilation and high flow nasal cannulae delivery of oxygen in the emergency department are evolving modalities, but evidence for their use is currently limited.
Respiratory support for children in the emergency department
Authors: Schibler Andreas , Franklin Donna
Published: April 2016

Respiratory support in paediatric emergency settings ranges from oxygen delivery with subnasal oxygen to invasive mechanical ventilation. Recent data suggest that oxygen can cause reperfusion injuries and should be delivered with caution within well‐defined clinical target ranges. Most mild to moderate respiratory distress conditions with an oxygen requirement may benefit from early use of continuous positive airway pressure. High‐flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) is an emerging alternative way to support the inspiratory effort combined with oxygen delivery and positive expiratory pressures without the need of complicated equipment or good compliance from the child. Besides a positive pressure support effect, HFNC therapy reduces the physiological dead space with improved CO2 clearance. A decrease in heart and respiratory rate within the first few hours after initiation of HFNC therapy is likely to identify responders of the treatment. The use of non‐invasive ventilation such as continuous positive airway pressure or the use of bi‐level positive airway pressure ventilation in emergency departments has increased, and it has been recognised that continuous positive airway pressure support for older children with asthma is particularly efficient.
Paediatric procedural sedation within the emergency department
Authors: Krieser David , Kochar Amit
Published: April 2016

Procedural sedation and analgesia in children requires the use of non‐pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to facilitate the management of painful procedures. The development of skills in such techniques has mirrored the development of paediatric emergency medicine as a subspecialty. Governance, education and credentialing must facilitate safe sedation practice, using a structured approach, as sedating children in the busy environment of an emergency department is not without risk. Emergency clinicians, patients and caregivers all have a role to play in developing a safe, effective sedation plan.
Managing adolescent behavioural and mental health problems in the Emergency Department
Authors: McCaskill Mary E. , Durheim Earle
Published: April 2016

Children and young people with behavioural issues frequently present to Emergency Departments. These are complex cases, often with a long preceding history. Caring for them requires a structured approach to ensure safety for the patient and all those involved. The HEADSS assessment is used as a framework. The Emergency Department focuses on treatment of the acute behavioural issues in the least restrictive manner possible. Ongoing behavioural issues are managed with referral to community and specialist resources.
Pain management in the acute care setting: Update and debates
Authors: Palmer Greta M
Published: April 2016

Pain management in the paediatric acute care setting is underutilised and can be improved. An awareness of the analgesic options available and their limitations is an important starting point. This article describes the evolving understanding of relevant pharmacogenomics and safety data of the various analgesic agents with a focus on agents available in Australia and New Zealand. It highlights the concerns with the use of codeine in children and discusses alternative oral opioids. Key features of oral, parenteral, inhaled and intranasal analgesic agents are discussed, as well as evidence supported use of sweet tasting solutions and non‐pharmacological interventions. One of the biggest changes in acute care pain management has been the advent of intranasal fentanyl providing reliable potent analgesia without the need for intravenous access. The article will also address the issue of multimodal analgesia where a single agent is insufficient.
Promotion and consumption of commercially produced foods among children: situation analysis in an urban setting in Senegal
Authors: Feeley Alison B. , Ndeye Coly Aminata , Sy Gueye Ndeye Yaga , Diop Elhadji Issakha , Pries Alissa M. , Champeny Mary , Zehner Elizabeth R. , Huffman Sandra L.
Published: April 2016

This study assessed the promotion of commercially produced foods and consumption of these products by children less than 24 months of age in Dakar Department, Senegal. Interviews with 293 mothers of children attending child health clinics assessed maternal exposure to promotion and maternal recall of foods consumed by the child on the preceding day. Promotion of breastmilk substitutes and commercially produced complementary foods outside health facilities was common with 41.0% and 37.2% of mothers, respectively, reporting product promotions since the birth of their youngest child. Promotion of commercially produced snack food products was more prevalent, observed by 93.5% of mothers. While all mothers reported having breastfed their child, only 20.8% of mothers breastfed their newborn within the first hour after delivery, and 44.7% fed pre‐lacteal feeds in the first 3 days after delivery. Of children 6–23 months of age, 20.2% had consumed a breastmilk substitute; 49.1% ate a commercially produced complementary food, and 58.7% ate a commercially produced snack food product on the previous day. There is a need to stop the promotion of breastmilk substitutes, including infant formula, follow‐up formula, and growing‐up milks. More stringent regulations and enforcement could help to eliminate such promotion to the public through the media and in stores. Promotion of commercial snack foods is concerning, given the high rates of consumption of such foods by children under the age of 2 years. Efforts are needed to determine how best to reduce such promotion and encourage replacement of these products with more nutritious foods.
Hybridization and endangered species protection in the molecular era
Authors: Wayne Robert K. , Shaffer H. Bradley
Published: April 2016

After decades of discussion, there is little consensus on the extent to which hybrids between endangered and nonendangered species should be protected by US law. As increasingly larger, genome‐scale data sets are developed, we can identify individuals and populations with even trace levels of genetic admixture, making the ‘hybrid problem’ all the more difficult. We developed a decision‐tree framework for evaluating hybrid protection, including both the processes that produced hybrids (human‐mediated or natural) and the ecological impact of hybrids on natural ecosystems. We then evaluated our decision tree for four case studies drawn from our own work and briefly discuss several other cases from the literature. Throughout, we highlight the management outcomes that our approach provides and the nuances of hybridization as a conservation problem.
Unidirectional diploid–tetraploid introgression among British birch trees with shifting ranges shown by restriction site‐associated markers
Authors: Zohren Jasmin , Wang Nian , Kardailsky Igor , Borrell James S. , Joecker Anika , Nichols Richard A. , Buggs Richard J. A.
Published: April 2016

Hybridization may lead to introgression of genes among species. Introgression may be bidirectional or unidirectional, depending on factors such as the demography of the hybridizing species, or the nature of reproductive barriers between them. Previous microsatellite studies suggested bidirectional introgression between diploidBetula nana(dwarf birch) and tetraploidB. pubescens(downy birch) and also betweenB. pubescensand diploidB. pendula(silver birch) in Britain. Here, we analyse introgression among these species using 51 237 variants in restriction site‐associated (RAD) markers in 194 individuals, called with allele dosages in the tetraploids. In contrast to the microsatellite study, we found unidirectional introgression intoB. pubescensfrom both of the diploid species. This pattern fits better with the expected nature of the reproductive barrier between diploids and tetraploids. As in the microsatellite study, introgression intoB. pubescensshowed clear clines with increasing introgression fromB. nanain the north and fromB. pendulain the south. UnlikeB. pendulaalleles, introgression ofB. nanaalleles was found far from the current area of sympatry or allopatry betweenB. nanaandB. pubescens. This pattern fits a shifting zone of hybridization due to Holocene reduction in the range ofB. nanaand expansion in the range ofB. pubescens.
Computationally efficient method for estimation of angle of arrival with non-uniform reconfigurable receiver arrays
Authors: Lee Hua
Published: April 2016

The main focus of this paper is the design and formulation of a computationally efficient approach to the estimation of the angle of arrival with non-uniform reconfigurable receiver arrays. Subsequent to demodulation and matched filtering, the main signal processing task is a double-integration operation. The simplicity of this algorithm enables the implementation of the estimation procedure with simple operational amplifier (op-amp) circuits for real-time realization. This technique does not require uniform and structured array configurations, and is most effective for the estimation of angle of arrival with dynamically reconfigurable receiver arrays.
Predictions of middle-ear and passive cochlear mechanics using a finite element model of the pediatric ear
Authors: Wang Xuelin , Keefe Douglas H. , Gan Rong Z.
Published: April 2016

A finite element (FE) model was developed based on histological sections of a temporal bone of a 4-year-old child to simulate middle-ear and cochlear function in ears with normal hearing and otitis media. This pediatric model of the normal ear, consisting of an ear canal, middle ear, and spiral cochlea, was first validated with published energy absorbance (EA) measurements in young children with normal ears. The model was used to simulate EA in an ear with middle-ear effusion, whose results were compared to clinical EA measurements. The spiral cochlea component of the model was constructed under the assumption that the mechanics were passive. The FE model predicted middle-ear transfer functions between the ear canal and cochlea. Effects of ear structure and mechanical properties of soft tissues were compared in model predictions for the pediatric and adult ears. EA responses are predicted to differ between adult and pediatric ears due to differences in the stiffness and damping of soft tissues within the ear, and any residual geometrical differences between the adult ear and pediatric ear at age 4 years. The results have significance for predicting effects of otitis media in children.
Binaural hearing in children using Gaussian enveloped and transposed tones
Authors: Ehlers Erica , Kan Alan , Winn Matthew B. , Stoelb Corey , Litovsky Ruth Y.
Published: April 2016

Children who use bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs) show significantly poorer sound localization skills than their normal hearing (NH) peers. This difference has been attributed, in part, to the fact that cochlear implants (CIs) do not faithfully transmit interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs), which are known to be important cues for sound localization. Interestingly, little is known about binaural sensitivity in NH children, in particular, with stimuli that constrain acoustic cues in a manner representative of CI processing. In order to better understand and evaluate binaural hearing in children with BiCIs, the authors first undertook a study on binaural sensitivity in NH children ages 8–10, and in adults. Experiments evaluated sound discrimination and lateralization using ITD and ILD cues, for stimuli with robust envelope cues, but poor representation of temporal fine structure. Stimuli were spondaic words, Gaussian-enveloped tone pulse trains (100 pulse-per-second), and transposed tones. Results showed that discrimination thresholds in children were adult-like (15–389 μs for ITDs and 0.5–6.0 dB for ILDs). However, lateralization based on the same binaural cues showed higher variability than seen in adults. Results are discussed in the context of factors that may be responsible for poor representation of binaural cues in bilaterally implanted children.
λ Recombination and Recombineering
Authors: Murphy Kenan C.
Published: April 2016

The bacteriophage λ Red homologous recombination system has been studied over the past 50 years as a model system to define the mechanistic details of how organisms exchange DNA segments that share extended regions of homology. The λ Red system proved useful as a system to study because recombinants could be easily generated by co-infection of genetically marked phages. What emerged from these studies was the recognition that replication of phage DNA was required for substantial Red-promoted recombination
in vivo
, and the critical role that double-stranded DNA ends play in allowing the Red proteins access to the phage DNA chromosomes. In the past 16 years, however, the λ Red recombination system has gained a new notoriety. When expressed independently of other λ functions, the Red system is able to promote recombination of linear DNA containing limited regions of homology (∼50 bp) with the
Escherichia coli
chromosome, a process known as recombineering. This review explains how the Red system works during a phage infection, and how it is utilized to make chromosomal modifications of
E. coli
with such efficiency that it changed the nature and number of genetic manipulations possible, leading to advances in bacterial genomics, metabolic engineering, and eukaryotic genetics.
The Spore Coat
Authors: Driks Adam , Eichenberger Patrick
Published: April 2016

Spores of
Clostridiales
and
Bacillales
are encased in a complex series of concentric shells that provide protection, facilitate germination, and mediate interactions with the environment. Analysis of diverse spore-forming species by thin-section transmission electron microscopy reveals that the number and morphology of these encasing shells vary greatly. In some species, they appear to be composed of a small number of discrete layers. In other species, they can comprise multiple, morphologically complex layers. In addition, spore surfaces can possess elaborate appendages. For all their variability, there is a consistent architecture to the layers encasing the spore. A hallmark of all
Clostridiales
and
Bacillales
spores is the cortex, a layer made of peptidoglycan. In close association with the cortex, all species examined possess, at a minimum, a series of proteinaceous layers, called the coat. In some species, including
Bacillus subtilis
, only the coat is present. In other species, including
Bacillus anthracis
, an additional layer, called the exosporium, surrounds the coat. Our goals here are to review the present understanding of the structure, composition, assembly, and functions of the coat, primarily in the model organism
B. subtilis
, but also in the small but growing number of other spore-forming species where new data are showing that there is much to be learned beyond the relatively well-developed basis of knowledge in
B. subtilis
. To help summarize this large field and define future directions for research, we will focus on key findings in recent years.