bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of low methoxyl pectin‐carboxymethyl cellulose based on montmorillonite nanocomposite films
Authors: Yu Wen‐Xi , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Hu Chang‐Ying , Wang Lei
Published: July 2014

In this study, the low methoxyl pectin‐carboxymethyl cellulose‐based montmorillonite (LMP‐CMC‐MMT, LCM) nanocomposite films with nine ratios of LMP:CMC (from 10:0 to 0:10) and different MMT contents (1–8 wt%) were prepared. The mechanical properties, colour, opacity and water vapour permeability (WVP) of composite films were investigated. The maximum of tensile strength (TS) of composite films was 39.85 ± 2.51 MPa at LMP:CMC ratio of 4:6 and 4 wt% MMT (LCM47), which indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between MMT and LMP‐CMC. The reduction of WVP of the LCM47 composite film was 333% of that of the CMC film due to the tortuous path caused by MMT incorporation. LCM composite films had the higher b*‐ and ΔE*‐values and lower L*‐values in comparison with LMP‐CMC (LC) composite films. The LCM composite films showed a decrease in transparency as MMT content increased.
Activities of daily living and cognitive status: associations with urinary incontinence in Korea
Authors: Hong Gwi‐Ryung Son , Park Jeongok , Kang Hye‐Kyung , Palmer Mary H.
Published: July 2014

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition among nursing home (NH) residents and a major cause of undesirable health outcomes and high costs of care. The overall aim is to determine the association between activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive status among elderly residents with UI in NHs in Korea. Secondary analyses from a cross‐sectional study were performed in this study. Records of 221 elderly residents aged 65 or above who had no indwelling Foley catheter, were included. UI, ADL, cognitive status, depressive symptoms and co‐morbidities were measured through interviews with the residents and staff nurses. Logistic regression models were developed to assess the association between UI and ADL and cognitive status. The mean age of the participants was 80·3 (±7·2). Approximately 68% (n = 150) had UI based on information obtained from nurses. Age, gender, hypertension, arthritis, walking ability, ADL and cognitive status were significant factors in the univariate analyses. For the logistic regression model, ADL [odd ratio, 1·41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·26–1·57] and cognitive status (odd ratio, 1·10; 95% CI, 1·02–1·18) remained significant predictors for UI, after controlling for demographics and co‐morbidities. The ability to perform ADL and cognitive status are two factors that are strongly associated with UI. Future studies should examine the impact of environmental and organizational factors on UI in NH residents in Korea to develop a comprehensive and culturally sensitive intervention for this population.
Return Migration Intentions in the Integration–Transnationalism Matrix
Authors: Carling Jørgen , Pettersen Silje Vatne
Published: July 2014

This article asks how return migration intentions are shaped by ties to the country of residence on the one hand, and ties to the country of origin on the other. We discuss these two sets of ties in terms of immigrant integration and transnationalism, respectively. A central tenet of the study is that, at the individual level, integration and transnationalism are neither related in a predictable way nor independent of each other. In our analysis we take methodological steps that reflect this argument, and introduce an integration–transnationalism matrix. In the empirical analysis we use quantitative survey data (N = 3,053) on ten large immigrant groups in Norway, collected by Statistics Norway in 2005–06. We find that it is the relative strength of integration and transnationalism that is decisive for return migration intentions.
Prevalence and predictors of fatigue in haemo‐oncological patients
Authors: Zordan R. , Manitta V. , Nandurkar H. , Cole‐Sinclair M. , Philip J.
Published: July 2014

Background

Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with advanced malignancy, and has been associated with both physiological and psychological factors in patients with solid tumours.

Aim

This study sought to explore the predictors of fatigue in a population with haematological malignancy.

Methods

Consecutive outpatients and inpatients attending a haematology centre completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, and clinical, treatment and demographic information were noted.

Results

Of 180 patients, fatigue was present in 69%, and causing considerable distress in 26%. Univariate analysis revealed fatigue was associated with poor performance status, low haemoglobin, feeling sad, worried, irritable and nervous. Multivariate modeling revealed that those factors predictive of fatigue were poor performance status, having active disease, feeling sad and irritable, while haemoglobin level was not predictive of fatigue.

Conclusions

Fatigue is a multidimensional symptom in patients with haematological malignancy whose presence must prompt a holistic assessment of potential contributors that goes beyond correction of haemoglobin levels.
Evolutionary changes in the integument of the onychophoranPlicatoperipatus jamaicensis(Peripatidae)
Authors: Oliveira Ivo de Sena , Lüter Carsten , Wolf Klaus W. , Mayer Georg
Published: July 2014

The dorsal integument of nearly all species of Peripatidae—one of the two major subgroups of Onychophora (velvet worms)—typically exhibits 12 plicae (=annuli) per segment. The only exception might occur inPlicatoperipatus jamaicensis, from which 24 putative plicae per segment have been reported. Hence, the number of plicae might have been duplicated in this species. If so, one would expect that the structure of the duplicated plicae would resemble that of all other onychophoran species, and that the structures commonly associated with the plicae, including crater‐shaped papillae and hyaline organs, would also have been duplicated. To clarify whether there was indeed such duplication, we compared the structure of the integument in embryos and adults ofPl. jamaicensis(with the putative number of 24 plicae per segment) andPrincipapillatus hitoyensis(with the common number of 12 plicae per segment). Our scanning electron microscopic data revealed that embryos of both species have 12 plicae per segment. While this number persists in adults ofPr. hitoyensis, 12 additional rows of papillae (=pseudoplicae) occur in the dorsal integument in adults ofPl. jamaicensis. These pseudoplicae differ from the typical plicae of other onychophorans in that they are not equipped with primary papillae and are situated in furrows between the true plicae, as evidenced by the position of hyaline organs and crater‐shaped papillae. Our data further show that the number of the ventrolateral plicae, crater‐shaped papillae, and hyaline organs is similar in the two species studied. This suggests that the plicae have not been duplicated in the integument ofPl. jamaicensis, but rather that additional pseudoplicae have been inserted between the 12 original plicae. These pseudoplicae might have led to a denser package of dermal papillae in the dorsal integument ofPl. jamaicensis, but the functional significance of this evolutionary change is unknown.
The anatomy of Lepetella sierrai (Vetigastropoda, Lepetelloidea): implications for reproduction, feeding, and symbiosis in lepetellid limpets
Authors: Judge Jenna , Haszprunar Gerhard
Published: July 2014

The Lepetelloidea, a clade of small limpet‐shaped gastropods, can be used as a case study in continental margin and deep‐sea diversification. Lineages in this clade have been found associated with a combination of different substrates, including hydrothermal vents, seeps, wood, whale carcasses, polychaete tubes, chondrichthyan egg cases, seagrass rhizomes, algal holdfasts, crab carapaces, and sponges. Members of one lepetelloidean family, Lepetellidae, live on or inside empty tubes of members of the polychaete genus Hyalinoecia. The detailed morphology of a Mediterranean species, Lepetella sierrai Dantart & Luque 1944, was reconstructed in three dimensions from serial semi‐thin sections and compared with that of eleven other members of Lepetellidae. The hermaphroditic lepetellid limpets possessed a ciliated seminal groove, distinct testis and ovary with a common distal gonoduct, and a seminal receptacle containing mature sperm. A unique alimentary tract, with huge esophageal pouches, no true stomach, an extensive multilobed midgut, and short intestine, was present. Additionally, a bacteriocyte system throughout the entire mantle rim was revealed via light and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first recognized evidence for intracellular microbial symbiosis in lepetelloidean limpets. Semi‐thin sections showed evidence of a parasite, potentially a chitonophilid copepod, penetrating the body wall of the limpet. Hypotheses about reproductive biology, feeding, and symbiosis are presented based on anatomical features and knowledge of the habitat described herein.
Histochemical and Pharmacological Studies on Amine Mechanisms in the Umbilical Cord, Umbilical Vein and Ductus Venosus of the Human Fetus
Authors: Ehinger B. , Gennser G. , Owman Ch. , Persson H. , Sjöberg N.‐O.
Published: July 2014

The response in vitro of the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus to certain pharmacologically active drugs has been correlated with the adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of this venous system in human fetuses of 20–24 weeks gestational age. No histochemically demonstrable adrenergic or cholinergic nerves occurred in the umbilical cord. In the intra‐abdominal part of the umbilical vein an increasing amount of adrenergic nerves were present in direction towards the ductus venosus. A distinct accumulation of adrenergic nerves was observed at the origin of the ductus venosus, concomitant with an increased thickness of the smooth muscle wall of the vessel. Few, if any, acetylcholinesterase‐containing fibres could be demonstrated in relation to the umbilical vein or ductus venosus. Noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine produced a contractile response in the intra‐abdominal portion of the umbilical vein as well as in the first part of the ductus venosus. The noradrenaline response could be reproduced by tyramine and abolished by phenoxybenzamine, which potentiated the contraction induced by 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Atropine inhibited the effect of acetylcholine, but not that of noradrenaline. The presence of aminergic nerves is not indispensable for the existence of vascular smooth muscle receptors for the amines. The accumulation of adrenergic nerves and smooth muscle cells in the wall at the origin of the ductus venosus supports the theory of an adrenergic sphincter mechanism at this by‐pass.
Effect of Reserpine on the Urinary Excretion and the Tissue Levels of Noradrenaline in the Rat1
Authors: Andén Nils‐Erik , Henning Matts
Published: July 2014

Reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused a reduction to about 10 per cent of the normal in the amount of noradrenaline excreted in the urine by adreno‐demedullated rats. After 48 hrs the noradrenaline excretion had increased significantly (P<0.005) to about 30 per cent and after 72 hrs to about 55 per cent of normal. Simultaneously with these increases the sympathetic nerve function is restored partially and completely, respectively. The noradrenaline levels of sympathetically innervated organs were reduced almost completely after the reserpine injection and there was no significant change of them at the time of the functional recovery. Similar results were obtained when an additional dose of reserpine (1 mg/kg i.p.) was given 72 hrs after the first one.
Nervous Control of Urinary Bladder in Cats
Authors: Edvardsen Per
Published: July 2014

The volume threshold for micturition is altered by transection of the brain stem at various levels and also by section of the sympathetic nerves to the bladder. The aim of the present experiments has been to investigate whether the supraspinal influences are brought about by means of changes in peripheral sympathetic mechanisms. Mostly male cats were investigated using the ‘direct cystometry’ method. Cystometrograms obtained preoperatively were compared with those obtained after peripheral sympathectomy and during the phase of increased motility following laparotomy. Then the effects of brain stem transection on the micturition threshold in the presence and absence of sympathetic innervation were compared. The peripheral factor responsible for eliciting the micturition reflex was found to be the tension in the bladder wall as assessed from the intravesical pressure. The lower volume threshold found after sympathectomy is due to the hypertonicity of the bladder following this procedure. The tonic supraspinal influence on the micturition reflex, on the other hand, was not altered by interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the bladder. Thus, the expulsion of urine is controlled by two different mechanisms, namely a peripheral regulation of the tension in the bladder wall and a supraspinal regulation of the micturition reflex threshold.
Effect of Reserpine on the Noradrenaline Content of the Vas Deferens and the Seminal Vesicle Compared with the Submaxillary Gland and the Heart of the Rat
Authors: Sjöstrand Nils O. , Swedin GÖRAN
Published: July 2014

A low dose (50 μg/kg) of reserpine was used in order to elucidate the possible difference in rate of noradrenaline depletion between the male genital organs, the submaxillary gland and the heart of the rat. Reserpine reduced the noradrenaline content of the male genital organs more slowly and less completely than that of the submaxillary gland and the heart. There were no differences in reserpine sensitivity between innervated and decentralized genital organs. The decentralized submaxillary gland, however, showed a tendency to less rapid initial depletion when compared with the innervated gland. It is suggested that the differences in depletion rate could be due to different properties of the short adrenergic neurons innervating the genital organs when compared with the ordinary long ones to the heart and the salivary gland. Another contributing factor may be differences in blood flow through the organs. It is further suggested that the genital organs have a lower sympathetic nerve impulse frequency in vivo.
Effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on isolated guinea‐pig heart
Authors: WAHLESTEDT C. , WOHLFART B. , HÅKANSON R.
Published: July 2014

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is present in nerve fibres throughout the mammalian heart. We have elucidated the effects of NPY on the isolated papillary muscle and heart (Langendorff) from the guinea‐pig. The paced papillary muscle was studied with regard to duration of the action potential, peak force, maximum rate of force development, time to peak force, and time from peak force to half relaxation; all these parameters were identical whether or not NPY (5 × 10−7 m) was present in the medium. When a stimulation with trains of pulses was superimposed, the paced papillary muscle exhibited enhanced contractions. This increase in contractility was not observed in the presence of the β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10−6 m) and was thus considered to be adrenergically mediated. The latter (adrenergic) response was markedly attenuated by NPY. Since NPY did not interfere with the response to exogenous noradrenaline (NA) it is suggested that the peptide exerts a pre‐junctional inhibitory affect on adrenergic nerve‐mediated positive inotropy. Neuropeptide Y did not influence the electrocardiogram from the spontaneously beating heart (Lagendorff), nor did the peptide modify the positive chronotropic effect of exogenously applied NA. In conclusion, the results indicate that NPY is without effect on the heart muscle proper but that the sympathetic terminals of the heart possess pre‐junctional receptors for NPY (and/or related peptides) related to suppression of stimulated NA release.
Evidence for the existence of an endogeneous inhibitor of Na,K‐ATPase in plasma from cats and rats
Authors: LUNDGREN O. , MÅRDH S. , HAGLIND E.
Published: July 2014

Plasma samples from cats and rats were filtered through molecular filters to obtain a concentrate of the plasma molecules with a mass between 500 and 10,000. This concentrate was placed on a gel filtration column and eluted with a Tris buffer. Fractions corresponding to a molecular mass of 1500–2000 exhibited a marked Na,K‐ATPase inhibitory ‘activity’, which was not influenced by heating to 95 °C for 10 min or by enzymatic degradation by pronase or trypsin.
Effects of acute haemorrhagic hypotension during pregnancy and lactation in conscious goats
Authors: OLSSON K. , ANDÉN N.‐E. , JOHANSSON K. , THORNSTRÖM U.
Published: July 2014

Effects of acute, short‐lasting haemorrhage have been studied in six goats. The experiments were made 55 ± 3 days (mid‐pregnancy = MP), and 24 ± 2 days (late pregnancy = LP) before parturition, in lactation weeks 3–8, and in the non‐pregnant, non‐lactating (= control) period. The room temperature was kept at 20 ± 1 °C, except during one experimental series in lactating goats, which was performed at + 30 °C. Approximately the same volume of blood had been removed in all periods, when the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) fell. At this moment bleeding was stopped. The volume loss, calculated as per cent of total blood volume, was significantly smaller during pregnancy and lactation than in the control period. The fastest heart rate, both at rest and during haemorrhage, was observed in LP goats. The respiratory frequency of the LP goats increased markedly in response to haemorrhage, but the most rapid respiratory rate was observed in lactating goats bled at the room temperature + 30 °C. The increase in plasma vasopressin (AVP) concentration coincided with the fall in MAP. The AVP rise seen during late pregnancy was significantly higher than in all the other periods. The plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentration increased by about five times in LP goats, but did not change significantly in the other periods. Plasma renin activity did not rise, with the exception of a small increase in lactating goats bled at + 30 °C. The plasma aldosterone concentration rose, but there was no difference between periods. It is suggested that higher plasma levels of AVP and NA are needed in order to restore the arterial blood pressure after haemorrhage during late pregnancy.
Flexibility in Water Resources Management: Review of Concepts and Development of Assessment Measures for Flood Management Systems
Authors: DiFrancesco Kara N. , Tullos Desiree D.
Published: July 2014

Discussions around adapting water management systems to climate change often express the need to increase system flexibility. Yet despite the frequent use of the term flexibility, very little work has examined what exactly it means to have a flexible water management system, what features of a system make it more flexible than another system, or when the costs to implement flexible options outweigh the benefits gained from increased flexibility. To define and operationalize the concept of flexibility in the field of water resources management, this article reviews and analyzes concepts of flexibility from the fields of information technology, manufacturing, management, and adaptive social‐ecological systems. We identify five characteristics of flexible water resources systems, namely: slack, redundancy, connectivity, compatibility/coordination, and adjustability. We then operationalize the assessment of flexibility for flood management systems by proposing original flexibility metrics and discussing their application. We conclude with a discussion on the tradeoffs of increasing flexibility.
Application of a Modified Health Belief Model to the Pro‐Environmental Behavior of Private Well Water Testing
Authors: Straub Crista L. , Leahy Jessica E.
Published: July 2014

A social cognition model of health behavior, the health belief model, was applied to the pro‐environmental behavior of private well water testing. Conceptualizing environmental behaviors as health behaviors may provide new insight into pro‐environmental behavior change. A groundwater education program was provided to K‐12 children throughout New England. Both child participants and their parents completed surveys pertaining to private well water behavior. Results indicate that perceived barriers and socioeconomic status significantly influenced past well water testing of parent participants. Perceived barriers included: participants' concern related to the cost of treating their water, and how a well water problem would influence their property value. Parent participants also indicated that they would perform future well water testing if they received a reminder cue to action that might include: getting a discount or reminder in the mail, if a well testing program was available, and state or local requirement. Our findings reinforce the need for continued private well water research and parallels to additional environmental behaviors.
Geographical patterns in the body‐size structure of European lake fish assemblages along abiotic and biotic gradients
Authors: Emmrich Matthias , Pédron Stéphanie , Brucet Sandra , Winfield Ian J. , Jeppesen Erik , Volta Pietro , Argillier Christine , Lauridsen Torben L. , Holmgren Kerstin , Hesthagen Trygve , Mehner Thomas
Published: July 2014

Aim

Our aim was to document geographical patterns of variation in the body‐size structure of European lake fish assemblages along abiotic gradients, and any differences in fish assemblage structure. We hypothesized that patterns in the body‐size structure of entire lake fish assemblages are primarily temperature driven and consistent with the dominant pattern of the temperature–size rule, which suggests a decrease in adult body size with increasing developmental temperature for many ectothermic species.

Location

356 European lakes.

Methods

Variation in the body‐size structure of fish assemblages was explored on a continental scale along gradients of temperature, morphometry, productivity and fish assemblage structure for 356 European lakes. The mean fish assemblage body‐size and individual body‐size distributions were selected as size metrics. Separate analyses were conducted for lakes located within five ecoregion subsets (Borealic Uplands/Tundra, FennoScandian Shield, Central Plains, Western Plains and Western Highlands) and for lakes with different functional fish classifications (cold‐, cool‐ and warmwater fish assemblages).

Results

Geographical patterns of variation in the body‐size structure of European lake fish assemblages could be clearly discerned along a temperature gradient for both the continental dataset (356 lakes) and the smaller geographical (ecoregion) subsets. We found systematic changes in fish assemblage body‐size structure across temperature gradients in correspondence with the dominant thermal fish guild. The majority of the lakes, mainly located in the warmer European lowlands, were dominated by eurythermic cool‐ and warmwater fish assemblages, with smaller sized individuals characterized by linear individual body‐size distributions. Lakes located in colder regions and dominated by stenothermic coldwater salmonids with larger sized individuals were characterized by unimodal or bimodal size distributions. The mean body size of cold‐, cool‐ and warmwater fish assemblages changed uniformly along the temperature gradient.

Main conclusions

Patterns of variation in the body‐size structure of European lake fish assemblages are consistent with the temperature–size rule. Temperature modifies fish assemblage size structure uniformly within the thermal fish guilds and in different ecoregions. Furthermore, our results indicate an increasing predictive power of temperature to explain variability in body‐size structure when moving from warmer to colder geographical regions.
Serum supplemented culture medium masks hypertrophic phenotypes in human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Dambrot Cheryl , Braam Stefan R. , Tertoolen Leon G. J. , Birket Matthew , Atsma Douwe E. , Mummery Christine L.
Published: July 2014

It has been known for over 20 years that foetal calf serum can induce hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes but this is rarely considered when examining cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSC). Here, we determined how serum affected cardiomyocytes from human embryonic‐ (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and hiPSC from patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy linked to a mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. We first confirmed previously published hypertrophic effects of serum on cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes demonstrated as increased cell surface area and beating frequency. We then found that serum increased the cell surface area of hESC‐ and hiPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes and their spontaneous contraction rate. Phenylephrine, which normally induces cardiac hypertrophy, had no additional effects under serum conditions. Likewise, hiPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes from three MYBPC3 patients which had a greater surface area than controls in the absence of serum as predicted by their genotype, did not show this difference in the presence of serum. Serum can thus alter the phenotype of human PSC derived cardiomyocytes under otherwise defined conditions such that the effects of hypertrophic drugs and gene mutations are underestimated. It is therefore pertinent to examine cardiac phenotypes in culture media without or in low concentrations of serum.
PAIN OUT: an international acute pain registry supporting clinicians in decision making and in quality improvement activities
Authors: Zaslansky Ruth , Rothaug Judith , Chapman Richard C. , Backström Ragnar , Brill Silviu , Engel Christoph , Fletcher Dominique , Fodor Lucian , Funk Peter , Gordon Debra , Komann Marcus , Konrad Christoph , Kopf Andreas , Leykin Yigal , Pogatzki‐Zahn Esther , Puig Margarita , Rawal Narinder , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Taylor Rod S. , Ullrich Kristin , Volk Thomas , Yahiaoui‐Doktor Maryam , Meissner Winfried
Published: July 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

Management of post‐operative pain is unsatisfactory worldwide. An estimated 240 million patients undergo surgery each year. Forty to 60% of these patients report clinically significant pain. Discrepancy exists between availability of evidence‐based medicine (EBM)‐derived knowledge about management of perioperative pain and increased implementation of related practices versus lack of improvement in patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). We aimed to assist health care providers to optimize perioperative pain management by developing and validating a medical registry that measures variability in care, identifies best pain management practices and assists clinicians in decision making.

Methods

PAIN OUT was established from 2009 to 2012 with funding from the European Commission. It now continues as a self‐sustaining, not‐for‐profit project, targeting health care professionals caring for patients undergoing surgery.

Results

The growing registry includes data from 40 898 patients, 60 hospitals and 17 countries. Collaborators upload data (demographics, clinical, PROs) from patients undergoing surgery in their hospital/ward into an Internet‐based portal. Two modules make use of the data: (1) online, immediate feedback and benchmarking compares PROs across sites while offline analysis permits in‐depth analysis; and (2) the case‐based clinical decision support system offers practice‐based treatment recommendations for individual patients; it is available now as a prototype. The Electronic Knowledge Library provides succinct summaries on perioperative pain management, supporting knowledge transfer and application of EBM.

Conclusion

PAIN OUT, a large, growing international registry, allows use of ‘real‐life’ data related to management of perioperative pain. Ultimately, comparative analysis through audit, feedback and benchmarking will improve quality of care.
Masking Ability of Bi‐ and Tri‐ Laminate All‐Ceramic Veneers on Tooth‐Colored Ceramic Discs
Authors: Farhan Daniel , Sukumar Smitha , von Stein‐Lausnitz Axel , Aarabi Ghazal , Alawneh Ahmad , Reissmann Daniel R.
Published: July 2014

Statement

A predictable esthetic outcome is imperative when placing ceramic veneers. Discolored teeth pose a major challenge as sufficient material thickness is required to achieve a good esthetic result. There is limited evidence in the literature that compares the masking ability of multi‐laminate veneers.

Purpose

The aim of this in‐vitro study was to compare the masking ability of bi‐laminate (BL) and tri‐laminate (TL) all‐ceramic veneers cemented on tooth‐colored ceramic discs.

Materials and Methods

A total of 40 veneers (shade A1, 10‐mm diameter, 0.8‐mm thick) were manufactured—20 BL veneers (0.4‐mm pressable ceramic coping veneered with 0.4‐mm thick enamel layer) and 20 TL veneers (0.4‐mm coping veneered with 0.2‐mm thick opaque interlayer and 0.2‐mm thick enamel layer). A bonding apparatus was utilized to adhesively cement all veneers on the ceramic discs (shade A1), simulating teeth of light and dark color. The resulting groups (N = 10 each) were the reference groups (shade A1 ceramic base) BL‐1 and TL‐1 veneers, and the test groups (shade A4 ceramic base) BL‐4 and TL‐4 veneers. The color of the cemented veneers was measured using a spectrophotometer. The data were converted to CIE L*a*b* coordinates, and ΔE* were calculated to allow for statistical analysis.

Results

The color differences between the samples with the A1 and A4 ceramic bases were significantly lower when covered with TL veneers (mean ΔE*: 3.2 units) than with BL veneers (mean ΔE*: 4.0 units: p < 0.001), indicating a better masking ability of the TL veneers.

Conclusion

The 0.8‐mm thick TL veneer was able to mask darker tooth‐colored ceramic disc within clinically acceptable limits.

Clinical Significance

Increased understanding of the masking ability of ceramics and of color science is necessary in these esthetically aware times. Providing tri‐laminate veneers for darker colored teeth seems to result in more predictable esthetical results than when using bi‐laminate veneers. Patients with discolored/darker teeth may benefit from a more predictable esthetic result when teeth restored with tri‐laminate rather than bi‐laminate veneers.
Speculative Accumulation: Property‐Making in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Campbell Jeremy M.
Published: July 2014

Este artigo explora como os assentados não‐indígenas na Amazônia brasileira adotam estratégias territoriais com o intento de tornar legíveis e legítimas suas propriedades de acordo aos parâmetros das novas reformas governamentais. Na Amazônia, representações oficiais para o desenvolvimento da região são inúmeras ao longo das últimas cinco décadas, estabelecendo uma série de procedimentos contraditórios para reivindicar, manter e dispor da propriedade. Etnografia revela que os colonos tratam como recursos estratégicos a história ambígua da posse e também a sua familiaridade com a terra. Querendo parecer acatar uma possível reforma da situação fundiária, os colonos se envolvem em uma forma de acumulação especulativa: não se trata de uma acumulação de territórios como tal, porem dos meios para defender ou ampliar uma futura reivindicação de terras. Permanecer viá velem um sistema emergente de governança faz com que os colonos busquem uma variedade de práticas discursivas e materiais surpreendentes.
Las fronteras del sabor: Taste as Consciousness, Kinship, and Space in the Mexico–U.S. Borderlands
Authors: Pérez Ramona Lee
Published: July 2014

Informada por teorías sobre corporeización, investigaciones regionales sobre el parentesco, y nociones del espacio social, este artículo presenta un modelo etnográfico del sabor. Más que el ejercicio práctico de la ideología doméstica, el sabor influye la mentalidad, la sociabilidad y la espacialidad. Es una conciencia sensual centrada en gozar, aprender y compartir. Como una intervención epistemológica, se desestabiliza al concepto de gusto como racional y fijo y se lo reubica como encarnado y personal y aun así social y dinámico. El parentesco es el modo primario para la construcción del sabor; de este modo, las madres, hermanas, hijas, nueras, vecinas y amigas son socias en el ciclo de cuidado familiar y la búsqueda del sabor. Además, mientras se subvierten las divisiones sociales y espaciales entre cuerpo y mente, doméstico y público, local y global, el sabor se abre el camino para repensar las nociones del espacio social y sus fronteras.
Soil Science, Development, and the “Elusive Nature” of Colombia's Amazonian Plains
Authors: Lyons Kristina Marie
Published: July 2014

Desde el 2000, la gobernanza y capacidad productiva de los suelos Amazónicos surge como un asunto político en la “Guerra contra las Drogas” de EEUU‐Colombia. Los científicos estatales son convocados a producir una entidad clasificable cuya definición depende de sus cualidades productivas: un “buen suelo” es robustamente productivo, orientado al mercado, y una entidad perfectible mediante la acción humana. No obstante, agricultores en el departamento del Putumayo realizan prácticas materiales donde los suelos son menos un objeto que un enredo de relaciones propagadoras de vida. Desde una perspectiva etnográfica en fincas y laboratorios, este artículo reflexiona sobre cómo las prácticas ‘científicas’ y ‘locales’ con los suelos pueden (o no) posicionarse en simetría. Los suelos Amazónicos no solo cuestionan los sistemas de clasificación del Estado y sus agentes humanos, sino que revelan límites a los imperativos del desarrollo donde la ‘producción’ está basada en una profunda división entre ‘naturaleza’ y ‘cultura’.
Amphetamine potency varies with dopamine uptake rate across striatal subregions
Authors: Siciliano Cody A. , Calipari Erin S. , Jones Sara R.
Published: July 2014

Amphetamine is a central nervous system psychostimulant with a high potential for abuse. Recent literature has shown that genetic and drug‐induced elevations in dopamine transporter (DAT) expression augment the neurochemical and behavioral potency of psychostimulant releasers. However, it remains to be determined if the well‐documented differences in DAT levels across striatal regions drive regionally distinct amphetamine effects within individuals. DAT levels and dopamine uptake rates have been shown to follow a gradient in the striatum, with the highest levels in the dorsal regions and lowest levels in the nucleus accumbens shell; thus, we hypothesized that amphetamine potency would follow this gradient. Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, we examined DAT inhibition and changes in exocytotic dopamine release by amphetamine across four striatal regions (dorsal and ventral caudate‐putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell). Consistent with our hypothesis, amphetamine effects at the DAT and on release decreased across regions from dorsal to ventral, and both measures of potency were highly correlated with dopamine uptake rates. Separate striatal subregions are involved in different aspects of motivated behaviors, such as goal‐directed and habitual behaviors, that become dysregulated by drug abuse, making it critically important to understand regional differences in drug potencies.

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Amphetamine is a central nervous system psychostimulant with a high potential for abuse, which may be augmented by increased dopamine transporter (DAT) expression. We here show that the ability of amphetamine to inhibit dopamine (DA) transport and deplete dopamine vesicles increases in a graded manner across striatal subregions from ventral to dorsal with the greatest effects on DA neurotransmission in the dorsal caudate‐putamen. Additionally, DA uptake rate and amphetamine potency positively correlated, suggesting that differences across regions result from disparate DA transporter levels.
Acute stress delays brain mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening
Authors: Batandier Cécile , Poulet Laurent , Hininger Isabelle , Couturier Karine , Fontaine Eric , Roussel Anne‐Marie , Canini Frédéric
Published: July 2014

Since emotional stress elicits brain activation, mitochondria should be a key component of stressed brain response. However, few studies have focused on mitochondria functioning in these conditions. In this work, we aimed to determine the effects of an acute restraint stress on rat brain mitochondrial functions, with a focus on permeability transition pore (PTP) functioning. Rats were divided into two groups, submitted or not to an acute 30‐min restraint stress (Stress, S‐group, vs. Control, C‐group). Brain was removed immediately after stress. Mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic activities (complex I, complex II, hexokinase) were measured. Changes in PTP opening were assessed by the Ca2+retention capacity. Cell signaling pathways relevant to the coupling between mitochondria and cell function (adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,MAPK, andcGMP/NO) were measured. The effect of glucocorticoids was also assessedin vitro. Stress delayed (43%) the opening ofPTPand resulted in a mild inhibition of complex I respiratory chain. This inhibition was associated with significant stress‐induced changes in adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway without changes in braincGMPlevel. In contrast, glucocorticoids did not modifyPTPopening. These data suggest a rapid adaptive mechanism of brain mitochondria in stressed conditions, with a special focus onPTPregulation.

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In a rat model of acute restraint stress, we observed substantial changes in brain mitochondria functioning. Stress significantly (i) delays (43%) the opening of permeability transition pore (PTP) by the calcium (Ca2+), its main inductor and (ii) results in an inhibition of complex I in electron transport chain associated with change in AMPK signaling pathway. These data suggest an adaptive mechanism of brain mitochondria in stressed condition, with a special focus on PTP regulation.
Melatonin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and preserves sirtuin 1 expression in neuronal cells of newborn rats after hypoxia–ischemia
Authors: Carloni Silvia , Albertini Maria Cristina , Galluzzi Luca , Buonocore Giuseppe , Proietti Fabrizio , Balduini Walter
Published: July 2014

Conditions that interfere with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, referred to as ER stress, and activate a homeostatic signaling network known as unfolded protein response (UPR). We have previously shown that in neonatal rats subjected to hypoxia–ischemia (HI), melatonin administration significantly reduces brain damage. This study assessed whether attenuation of ER stress is involved in the neuroprotective effect of melatonin after neonatal HI. We found that the UPR was strongly activated after HI. Melatonin significantly reduced the neuron splicing of XBP‐1 mRNA, the increased phosphorylation of eIF2α, and elevated expression of chaperone proteins GRP78 and Hsp70 observed after HI in the brain. CHOP, which plays a convergent role in the UPR, was reduced as well. Melatonin also completely prevented the depletion of SIRT‐1 induced by HI, and this effect was observed in the same neurons that over‐express CHOP. These results demonstrate that melatonin reduces ER stress induced by neonatal HI and preserves SIRT‐1 expression, suggesting that SIRT‐1, due to its action in the modulation of a wide variety of signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection, may play a key role in the reduction of ER stress and neuroprotection observed after melatonin.
Melatonin prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Teodoro Bruno G. , Baraldi Flavia G. , Sampaio Igor H. , Bomfim Lucas H. M. , Queiroz André L. , Passos Madla A. , Carneiro Everardo M. , Alberici Luciane C. , Gomis Ramon , Amaral Fernanda G. , Cipolla‐Neto José , Araújo Michel B. , Lima Tanes , Akira Uyemura Sérgio , Silveira Leonardo R. , Vieira Elaine
Published: July 2014

Melatonin has a number of beneficial metabolic actions and reduced levels of melatonin may contribute to type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated the metabolic pathways involved in the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle. The effect of melatonin was tested both in vitro in isolated rats skeletal muscle cells and in vivo using pinealectomized rats (PNX). Insulin resistance was induced in vitro by treating primary rat skeletal muscle cells with palmitic acid for 24 hr. Insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake was reduced by palmitic acid followed by decreased phosphorylation of AKT which was prevented my melatonin. Palmitic acid reduced mitochondrial respiration, genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and the levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates whereas melatonin counteracted all these parameters in insulin‐resistant cells. Melatonin treatment increases CAMKII and p‐CREB but had no effect on p‐AMPK. Silencing of CREB protein by siRNA reduced mitochondrial respiration mimicking the effect of palmitic acid and prevented melatonin‐induced increase in p‐AKT in palmitic acid‐treated cells. PNX rats exhibited mild glucose intolerance, decreased energy expenditure and decreased p‐AKT, mitochondrial respiration, and p‐CREB and PGC‐1 alpha levels in skeletal muscle which were restored by melatonin treatment in PNX rats. In summary, we showed that melatonin could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance via activation of CREB‐PGC‐1 alpha pathway. Thus, the present work shows that melatonin play an important role in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function which could explain some of the beneficial effects of melatonin in insulin resistance states.
Passive Immunity Stimulated by Vaccination of Dry Cows with aSalmonellaBacterial Extract
Authors: Smith G.W. , Alley M.L. , Foster D.M. , Smith F. , Wileman B.W.
Published: July 2014

Background

Diarrhea because ofSalmonellainfection is a cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The stimulation of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam forSalmonellahas shown some success in previous studies; however, there are no data on the use of currently licensed vaccines in theUnitedStates.

Objective

To determine whether vaccinating cows at dry‐off with a commercially availableSalmonellabacterial extract would stimulateSalmonella‐specific antibodies in the colostrum of cows at calving and whether these antibodies would be transferred to the calf.

Animals

Sixty Holstein cattle and 59 calves from a herd presumed to be naïve toSalmonella.

Methods

Prospective clinical trial. Thirty cows were vaccinated at dry‐off with aSalmonella entericaserovarNewport bacterial extract and again 4 weeks later. An additional 30 cows received only saline. Calves fed fresh colostrum from their dam within 4 hours of birth had blood collected 24 hours later.

Results

Vaccinated cattle had increasedSalmonellaNewport antibody titers at calving in blood (P = .01) and colostrum (P = .011). Calves that received colostrum from vaccinated cattle also had significant increase inSalmonellaantibodies (1.04 ± 0.03) as compared to calves born to unvaccinated cows (0.30 ± 0.02).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The results indicate that the use of a commercially availableSalmonellavaccine can stimulate antibodies that are passed on to the calf via colostral transfer. Further studies need to be done to determine whether these antibodies will offer protection againstSalmonellachallenge.
Schedule Flexibility, Family Friendly Policies and Absence
Authors: Heywood John S. , Miller Laurie A.
Published: July 2014

Using establishment data, we show a strong association between flexible schedules and reduced absence rates even after controlling for other family friendly policies also thought to reduce absence. The evidence suggests that the other polices, financial support for caregivers and family leave for caregivers, play a weaker role in explaining absence. The primacy of the role of schedule flexibility remains in a variety of robustness exercises including an effort to account for endogeneity. The size of the influence also shows heterogeneity as it emerges as larger in female dominated workplaces. The estimates help to inform current policy deliberations.
An Interpretation and Extension of Sellars's Views on the Epistemic Status of Philosophical Propositions
Authors: Christias Dionysis
Published: July 2014

This article examines Wilfrid Sellars's views on the epistemic status of philosophical propositions. It suggests that according to Sellars philosophical propositions are normative and practically oriented. They do not form a theory for the description of reality; their function is, rather, that of motivating actions which aim at changing reality. The article argues that the role of philosophical propositions can be illuminated if they are understood as a special kind of (proposed) “material” rules of inference, provided that the latter are construed as being firmly entrenched in practice. To this end, a distinction between “theoretical” and “practical” anomalies is drawn to better elucidate—and in some cases criticize and further expand—Sellars's position on the relation between the theoretical and practical dimensions of philosophical activity. In this connection, the Weberian notion of the “disenchantment of the world” is used to throw light on the relation between these two dimensions.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Philosophy
Authors: Higgins Andrew , Dyschkant Alexis
Published: July 2014

Many philosophers would, in theory, agree that the methods and tools of philosophy ought to be supplemented by those of other academic disciplines. In practice, however, the sociological data suggest that most philosophers fail to engage or collaborate with other academics, and this article argues that this is problematic for philosophy as a discipline. In relation to the value of interdisciplinary collaboration, the article highlights how experimental philosophers can benefit the field, but only insofar as they draw from the distinctive methods of philosophy and overcome the charge of “amateur psychology” by more consistently collaborating with the scientists they seek to emulate. It concludes that philosophers ought to collaborate with other academics in order to gain an experience‐based understanding of the methods of other disciplines in addition to an understanding of the content of these disciplines.
ClpXP and ClpAP proteolytic activity on divisome substrates is differentially regulated following the Caulobacter asymmetric cell division
Authors: Williams Brandon , Bhat Nowsheen , Chien Peter , Shapiro Lucy
Published: July 2014

Proteolytic control of Caulobacter cell cycle proteins is primarily executed by ClpXP, a dynamically localized protease implicated in turnover of several factors critical for faithful cell cycle progression. Here, we show that the transient midcell localization of ClpXP that precedes cytokinesis requires the FtsZ component of the divisome. Although ClpAP does not exhibit subcellular localization, FtsZ is a substrate of both ClpXP and ClpAP in vivo and in vitro. A peptide containing the C‐terminal portion of the FtsA divisome protein is a substrate of both ClpXP and ClpAP in vitro but is primarily degraded by ClpAP in vivo. Caulobacter carries out an asymmetric division in which FtsZ and FtsA are stable in stalked cells but degraded in the non‐replicative swarmer cell where ClpAP alone degrades FtsA and both ClpAP and ClpXP degrade FtsZ. While asymmetric division in Caulobacter normally yields larger stalked and smaller swarmer daughters, we observe a loss of asymmetric size distribution among daughter cells when clpA is depleted from a strain in which FtsZ is constitutively produced. Taken together, these results suggest that the activity of both ClpXP and ClpAP on divisome substrates is differentially regulated in daughter cells.