bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspect-ratio Dependence of Optical Nonlinearities on Resonance with Longitudinal Surface Plasmon in Au Nanorods: Unique Character versus Common Behavior
Authors: Nature Science
Published: April 2019

Unique character and common behavior are two distinguished things. In frontier nanoscience and nanotechnology, unique characters were normally obtained in some novel exotics materials such as metal-metal core-shell materials, metallic-semiconducting hybrid nanomaterials, and  organic-inorganics complex nano-compounds. On the other hand, normal behavior of natural phenomena including in nano-size objects were obviously predicted based on their exact size related to confinement effect, and capability to interact with another physical system  in nature.  Here, we report an example of unique character due to evolution nonlinear behavior observed in gold nanorod with their aspect-ratio dependence of optical nonlinearities investigated by femtosecond Z-scan measurements closed to resonance longitudinal surface plasmon peak in gold nanorods (Au NRs). Saturable absorption manifests itself at low excitation (laser irradiances < ~7.0 GW/cm2), while reverse saturable absorption dominates at higher excitation. Both the nonlinear processes are found to increase with the aspect ratio of Au NRs.  Based on the discrete dipole approximation, qualitative explanations are presented for the observed nonlinear behavior. While common behavior in metallic quantum dots or other shapes of metallic nanomaterials was not the significant in our observation.
The Sensory Characteristic of Caulerpa Jelly Candy Based on The Consumers Acceptance
Authors: Nature Science
Published: April 2019

To know sensory characteristic of jelly candy based on consumers acceptances. This research used trial method, with ratio between Caulerpa sp and sugar were 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5. Result of consumer acceptances tests toward color, taste, texture and odor of Caulerpa jelly candy was collected using hedonic range. Caulerpa seaweed could be processed to be jelly candy with consumer acceptance level in range “neutral” to “like”. The highest level of consumer acceptance was on the Caulerpa ratio 1:1.5 with acceptance level for color, odor and texture were “not much like”, meanwhile acceptance level for taste was “like”.
Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Penipuan Berbasis Transaksi Elektronik
Authors: Rahmanto Tony Yuri
Published: April 2019

Tindak pidana penipuan saat ini semakin berkembang mengikuti perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi. Aturan hukum dibuat untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut namun aturan yang ada rupanya tidak membuat tindak pidana tersebut semakin berkurang tetapi mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: pertama, mengetahui penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana penipuan berbasis e-commerce; dan kedua, mengetahui faktor-faktor penghambat dalam penegakan hukum pidana terhadap tindak pidana penipuan berbasis e-commerce. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normatif melalui studi kepustakaan dengan menelaah data sekunder meliputi peraturan perundang-undangan, hasil penelitian, jurnal ilmiah dan referensi. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa tindak pidana penipuan berbasis e-commerce pada prinisipnya sama dengan penipuan dengan cara konvensional namun yang menjadi perbedaan terletak pada alat bukti atau sarana perbuatannya yakni menggunakan sistem elektronik (komputer, internet, perangkat telekomunikasi). Oleh karenanya penegakan hukum mengenai tindak pidana penipuan ini masih dapat diakomodir oleh Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Selanjutnya, Hambatan dalam penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana penipuan berbasis Transaksi elektronik masih dipengaruhi oleh lima faktor yaitu faktor hukum, faktor penegak hukum, faktor sarana atau fasilitas yang mendukung penegakan hukum, faktor masyarakat dan faktor kebudayaan.
PENGARUH ROTASI. KERJA. TERHADAP. KINERJA. PEGAWAI STRUKTURAL DI RSUD CIAWI
Authors: Sutrisna Indra , S Zenju Nandang , Pratidina Ginung
Published: April 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of work rotation on employee performance RSUD Ciawi. The method used is the method of associative research, data collection in the form of observation, interview, and questionnaire. Sampling technique used in this research is Probability Sampling technique that is Simple Random Sampling. The correlation used in this study is Rank Spearman correlation, with the number of samples of 55 (fifty five) people. The results showed that the correlation between work rotation variables and employee performance variable was 0.490 in medium relations category, and significant. Significant means the correlation is significant at the level / level of 1%. In this study work rotation affect performance as much as 24.01%. Suggestions in this study that need to be improved again on the dimension of experience, rotation should be done based on the length of time and work experience, because the experience of employees will affect with the work of employees. And should be in the work rotation more tailored to the background of employees. Keywords: Job Rotation, Employee Performance, Structural Employee
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE USEFULNESS OF A WAQF OBJECT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF NAZHIR PROFESSIONALISM BASED ON LAW NUMBER 41 YEAR 2004 ABOUT WAQF IN SUB-DISTRICT CIAWI AND SUB-DISTRICT MEGAMENDUNG BOGOR
Authors: Sulastri Siti , Yumarni Ani , Sihotang Sudiman
Published: April 2019

Realizing the expediency principle of waqf property, one of the efforts that be able to conducted is selecting and appointing nazhir that is conform the criteria and standards of professional nazhir competence. The purpose of study is to determine the criteria and professional nazhir competence in order to realize the expediency principle to assets of waqf in Ciawi and Megamendung district as well as to know the legal effect on waqf asset if nazhir not professional in managing and developing it. The approach method used in this research is sociological juridical (empirical), the law as a symptom of society, as a social institution or behavior that is pattern. Technical data collection used is through observation method, and interview method (interview). Based on results of research conducted by the author that the criteria and standards of professional nazhir competence is proficient, reasonable, law waqf understanding both Syariah and law, behaved as has been exemplified by the prophet Muhammad SAW namely sidiq, amanah, fathanah, tabligh, and possess skills and creativity not only in the field of syariah but law field, management and business. The legal consequences of the unmanaged asset of waqf in accordance to the legislation are the objects of waqf being displaced so that the management and its development can be taken over by the Badan Wakaf Indonesia, accordance to applicable laws and regulations
LEGAL ANALYSIS AGAINST SEX GRATIFICATION ON COURT DECISION NUMBER: 87 /PID.SUS /TPK /2013 / PN.BDG
Authors: Destyani Ade , Gilalo Jopie
Published: April 2019

Gratification in criminal law in Indonesia is a gift in the broad sense of discounts, commissions, interest-free loans, travel tickets, and other facilities as a mode to influence a policy that is contrary to its duties and obligations as a public servant or state administrator. Giving is no exception, including the provision of services in the form of sex. However, in Law Number 20 Year 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption, the enforcement of categorized gratification law on difficult law enforcement, as its proof is bound by laws and regulations concerning the law of evidence, therefore this type of corruption is not can use the conventional legal system. The alternative to overcome the limitations of Law Number 31 Year 1999 in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 200 on Corruption Eradication of Gratification of sex law is to fill the legal vacuum by using the authority of judges during the examination of cases in court. Court verdict Number: 87/ PID.SUS /TPK /2013  PN.BDG found the fact that one of the witnesses in the court provided information that the defendant requested sexual services every Thursday or Friday night, but in legal considerations the fact was not considered, it can be used as evidence against the defendant. The authors, judges in giving consideration of the decision need to elaborate, examine and examine more deeply the facts about the sex gratification associated with the explanation of Article 12 B paragraph 1. For the long term also need to absorb Islamic law as solving the problem of sexual gratification so that found the right solution in legal reform in Indonesia
Pest and beneficial insect species detected on broad bean in the Çukurova region of Turkey
Authors: ATAKAN Ekrem
Published: April 2019

Broad bean plants have
an important status in human nutrition because they are rich in protein.  In this study, harmful and beneficial insect
fauna on pods of broad bean were studied in a limited area. The study was carried out in the commercial broad bean
production areas in Çukurova region of
Turkey between the years 2014-2016. In each survey, 4-8 fields were visited to
determine the numbers of pest and predatory insect species. The size of commercial fields sampled varied from 0.5 to
1.0 ha. Sampling was carried out when plants were in the flowering-pod
formation stage. Insect species were sampled by beating the plants vigorously
into a white plastic container. A total of 14 harmful insects from 4 genera were identified. Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) dominated
the pest insect fauna (a total of 444 individuals) accounting 40.07% of the total number of adults. Relatively high numbers
of thrips and aphids were determined. A total of 9 predatory insect species
from 2 genera were recorded. The most
common predatory bug was Orius niger
(Wollf) accounting for 76.83% of total
adults collected. O. niger was often
detected with thrips species on flowers of plants. No damage due to insect pest
species detected was observed throughout the sampling periods.  This study suggests that growing faba bean in
the winter-spring period, especially in agricultural areas having poor plant
diversity in the Mediterranean region, could be useful for conservation and
augmentation of beneficial insects.
The Development Of E-Tefl (Eepis Test Of English As A Foreign Language) With Web And Android-Based Simulation At Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Authors: Sumarsono Irwan , Kusumawati Eny , Nurisma Radina Anggun
Published: April 2019

English is one of the essential factors to gain access to global information and knowledge of science and technology. The rapid expansion of technological education and knowledge in developing countries, such as Indonesia, calls for the need into foreign language proficiency, especially English to meet the demand of global market. Seeing the current challenges of global competition, many higher education institutions set the graduation requirements by assigning the students to follow TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) in order to measure and determine the capability or proficiency in English-speaking graduates. Considering TOEFL as one of the most ideal test in assessing English skill, this study aims to generate product in the form of E-TEFL (EEPIS Test of English as a Foreign Language) which is established as an evaluation tool to meet the academic needs in Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS). Research and development (R&D) is a method used in this study. The study was conducted through several stages namely (1) need analysis, (2) System design, (3) E-TEFLdevelopment, (4) expert validation (lecturers) and first revision, (5) try-out, (6) final revision. The use of technology in developing E-TEFL application is expected to give another alternative in learning TOEFL and E-TEFL can be used as an ideal assessment tool for proving students’ language proficiency as graduation requirement.

 Abstrak

Bahasa Ingris adalah salah satu faktor penting dalam meraih informasi,  pengetahuan an teknologi. perkembangan yrknolgi pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan yang cepat di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, kemampuan bahasa asing, khususnya bahasa Inggris sangat dibutuhkan untuk bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pasar global. Melihat tantangan ini, banyak lembaga pendidikan tinggi menerapkan TOEFL sebagai salah satu syarat kelulusan mahasiswanya. Mengingat TOEFL merupakan salah satu tes yang paling ideal dalam mengukur kemampuan bahasa Inggris, studi ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan sebuah produk yang berbentuk E-TEFL (EEPIS Test of English as a Foreign Language) yang digunakan sebagai alat evaluasi untuk memenuhi tuntutan akademik. Studi ini menggunakan metode Research and Development melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu, analisa, desain, pengembangan, validasi, revisi, uji coba, dan revisi akhir. Penggunaan teknologi dalam pengembangan apilkasi E-TEFL ini diharapkan bisa digunakan sebagai alat pengukuran kemampuan bahasa Inggris mahasiswa yang ideal
Identifikasi Miskonsepsi Siswa Dengan Three Tier Essay Test Item Pada Materi Hukum Newton Di SMA Negeri 1 Pademawu
Authors: Farihah Ummi , Wildani Arin
Published: April 2019

This research is based on students' unappropriate concept during the learning process with concepts from physicists. The incompatibility of understanding the concept is often referred to as misconception. Students' misconceptions need to be identified and then minimized so that the learning process of students goes well. This study aims to determine the profile of physical misconceptions by using three tier essays on the material of Newton's law. This research is descriptive research with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The subjects in this study were students of class X IPA 2 which consints 31 students with sample selection techniques using Random Sampling. The data collection techniques used in the form of tests and interviews. Data analysis of this misconception is carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis of quantitative data to be analyzed is the percentage of scientific knowledge, misconceptions, no self-confidence and lack of knowledge. While qualitative data analysis by processing data from research results in the form of interview recordings presented in the form of descriptive data exposure. Based on data analysis, obtained from the 6 questions tested revealed misconceptions in students with a total of 9 misconceptions profiles, so that it can be concluded that in SMAN 1 Pademawu there were misconceptions in the material of Newton's law.

Keywords: Misconception, three tier essay, Newton’s law

Abstrak: Penelitian ini berlatar belakang ketidaksesuaian konsep siswa pada saat proses pembelajaran dengan konsep dari para ahli fisika. Ketidaksesuaian pemahaman konsep tersebut seringkali disebut sebagai miskonsepsi. Miskonsepsi siswa perlu diidentifikasi dan selanjutnya diminimalisir agar proses belajar siswa berjalan dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil miskonsepsi fisika dengan menggunakan  three tier essay pada materi hukum Newton. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deksriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas X IPA 2 yang berjumlah 31 siswa dengan teknik pemilihan sampel menggunakan Random Sampling. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa tes dan wawancara. Analisis data miskonsepsi ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Analisis data kuantitatif yang akan dianalisis adalah presentase pengetahuan ilmiah, miskonsepsi, tidak ada keyakinan diri dan kurang pengetahuan. Sedangkan analisis data kualitatif dengan mengolah data dari hasil penelitian berupa rekaman wawancara yang disajikan dalam bentuk paparan data secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisis data, diperoleh dari 6 soal yang diujikan terungkap adanya miskonsepsi pada siswa dengan total 9 profil miskonsepsi, sehingga  dapat disimpulkan bahwa di SMAN 1 Pademawu terdapat miskonsepsi pada materi hukum Newton.
Graphic design practice of an image for the Chinese character for "鼓 Drum"
Authors: WANG POHSUN
Published: April 2019

Basic shape is one of the most important components of the learning design process. Using Western design thinking to understand shape, color and composition layout and attempting to reinterpret the application of traditional calligraphy from a design point of view—whether it is the expression of form or the meaning of content—are both important aspects of design thinking. The writing patterns of traditional calligraphy and the design creation of modern experiments may have different biases. If the artistic value of "the brush and ink of the time" is compared to the science and technology of innovation as the main appeal, the expressiveness of the traditional writing mode is obviously difficult to achieve. Using science and technology as an option for design creation is a difficult way to proceed; however, technology, ideas and thinking can still be in sync with the cultural issues of an entire era. This is also the test of the times to which contemporary creations are subjected. There are infinite possibilities for development, and it is worthwhile to explore these possibilities together with artistic aspirants. On the other hand, if we follow the well-beaten path of the status quo, the creativity of traditional calligraphic art will wither, it will deviate from the larger environment of the era in which it operates, and it will inevitably be neglected and pushed out by other art categories. The design and creation process uses the traditional calligraphy characters and drums as the theme, assisted by digital tools in the creation, and finally transforms the traditional calligraphy visual form into an expression of the art of science and technology.
Dedisatria_175100009_static routing dan dynamic routing
Authors: satria dedi
Published: April 2019

Perkembangan IT saat ini menuju dengan konsep-kosenp social networkingnya, openess, share, colaborations, mobile, easy maintenance, one click, terdistribusi / tersebar, scalability, Concurency dan Transparan, Saat ini terdapat trend teknologi yang masih terus digali dalam penelitian-penelitian para pakar IT di dunia, yaitu Cloud Computing.Routing adalah suatu protokol yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan rute dari satu jaringan ke jaringan yang lain. Rute ini disebut dengan route dan informasi route secara dinamis dapat diberikan ke router yang lain ataupun dapat diberikan secara statis ke router lain.Konsep dasar dari routing adalah bahwa router meneruskan paket-paket IP berdasarkan pada IP address tujuan yang ada dalam header IP paket. Dia mencocokkan IP address tujuan dengan routing table dengan harapan menemukan kecocokan entri; suatu entri yang menyatakan kepada router ke mana paket selanjutnya harus diteruskan. Jika tidak ada kecocokan entri yang ada dalam routing table, dan tidak ada default route, maka router tersebut akan membuang paket tersebut. Untuk itu adalah sangat penting untuk mempunyai isian routing table yang tepat dan benar.Kata Kunci : STATIC ROUTING DAN DYNAMIC ROUTING
We praise our heroes : Notes, translation of "The School of Vienna at Prague” by Jean Cavailles. – and the limits of our world.
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: April 2019

In this highly influential 1935 text, Jean Cavailles, after describingthe historical sociological characteristics of the so-called “Vienna Circle”,turns to an analysis of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, andthree of its thesis specifically which he considers to be central to the under-standing of their ideas. Vienna Circle : a diverse group of philosophers andscientists, and philosopher-scientists, and scientists-turned-philosophers,from the whole array of disciplines, mathematics to social sciences, thatmet regularly at the University of Vienna in the 1920s and 1930s untilthe rise of far-right politics forced them into exile, or killed them. BeforeNazism, they organized meetings and talks to make sense of important ad-vances and works of the sciences of their times; discussions out of whichemerged theirs, which Cavailles renders here for us.
Computational optimized finite element modelling of mechanical interaction of concrete with fiber reinforced polymer
Authors: Alipour Roozbeh , Toghroli Ali , Khorami Majid , Mu’azu M.A. , Katebi Javad , Mohammadhassani Mohammad , Khalafi Seyedamirhesam , Mohamad Edy Tonnizam , Wakil Karzan , Khorami Majid
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a computational rational model to predict the ultimate and optimized load capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened by a combination of longitudinal and transverse fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite plates/sheets (flexure and shear strengthening system). Several experimental and analytical studies on the confinement effect and failure mechanisms of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped columns have been conducted over recent years. Although typical axial members are large-scale square/ rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns in practice, the majority of such studies have concentrated on the behavior of small-scale circular concrete specimens. A high performance concrete, known as polymer concrete, made up of natural aggregates and an orthophthalic polyester binder, reinforced with non-metallic bars (glass reinforced polymer) has been studied. The material is described at micro and macro level, presenting the key physical and mechanical properties using different experimental techniques. Furthermore, a full description of non-metallic bars is presented to evaluate its structural expectancies, embedded in the polymer concrete matrix. In this paper, the mechanism of mechanical interaction of smooth and lugged FRP rods with concrete is presented. A general modeling and application of various elements are demonstrated. The contact parameters are defined and the procedures of calculation and evaluation of contact parameters are introduced. The method of calibration of the calculated parameters is presented. Finally, the numerical results are obtained for different bond parameters which show a good agreement with experimental results reported in literature
RPP PPKn
Authors: Matondang Rahma Wati
Published: April 2019

Tugas terstruktur jurusan PGMI
The relationship between anhedonia and delay discounting task: a replication of Lempert and Pizzagalli (2010) study
Authors: Somatori Keita , Kunisato Yoshihiko
Published: April 2019

Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder, and it has been pointed out that anhedonia is related to decreased motivation to reward and increased several behavioral problems such as suicide. Lempert & Pizzagalli (2010) showed that anhedonia negatively correlated to the discounting rate in the delay discounting task. Result of Lempert & Pizzagalli (2010) is important at a point of revealing the relationship between anhedonia and reward sensitivity. However, recently, reproducibility of psychological research has been criticized. In the present study, we conducted a replication study about Lempert & Pizzagalli (2010). One hundred sixty-five participants from Japanese crowdsourcing service completed the questionnaire about anhedonia and delay discounting task. We found that anhedonia did not significantly correlate with delay discounting rate. We could not replicate the results of Lempert & Pizzagalli (2010). We seemed because individual difference studies of delay discounting hard to replicate, integration of results by meta-analysis will be needed. Lastly, we discussed the signification of “pre-review” and “pre-registration” for the reproducibility crisis.
Cultural Determinants of Power for Women Within the Family: A Neglected Aspect of Family Research
Authors: Conklin George H.
Published: April 2019

Sources of power family for the United within the States and India are compared based on empirical studies from Blood and Wolfe for the United States and a replication carried out by the author in 1969. It was found that for both the United States and India the spouse with the greatest power was the spouse with the greatest competency. Urbanization increases power for women in the Indian sample, a factor not important in the United States according to Blood and Wolfe. However, the idea that "tradition" means lower power for women in India is not proved in that love matches seem actually to lower power scores for women. From evidence on family separations and other empirically based research in India, it is concluded that while structural changes in family and society lead to increased power for women, women seem to be using their power in India to de-emphasize the "love match" approach to the family and to re-emphasize the "business alliance" or power approach to marital decision-making. Several implications of this finding for social theory as it relates to the field of the sociology of the family are discussed.
Black Families and Black Identity Development: Rediscovering the Distinction Between Self-esteem and Reference Group Orientation
Authors: Cross William E.
Published: April 2019

The sociological and socio-historical literature on the evolution of the Black American family, covering slavery through the present period, is interfaced with the trend of empirical studies of Black identity development for studies conducted between 1939 to the present. The former defines the structural aspects (one parent, two parent kin network) of Black house-holds, while evidence of high or low selfesteem in Black children, contained in the latter, reflects how well Black families have been performing certain socialization tasks.

It is pointed out that the trend of the empirical literature on Black identity development from 1939 to about 1968, which shows Black children have low self-esteem and a negative group identity, supports the Frazierian perspective on Black families, a view which holds that significant structural aberrations exist in most Black households resulting in the inadequate socialization of Black children. Furthermore, evidence pointing to a positive change iri Black identity as a product of the Black Power Movement would also seem to represent support for the Frazier Model, for implicit in such a trend is the proposition that Black identity was negative before the movement.
Caribbean Family and Household Organization: Some Conceptual Clarifications
Authors: Rubenstein Hymie
Published: April 2019

The need to further refine the concepts of “family” and “household” in kinship studies is suggested by the organization of domestic group life in a peasant village in the Eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent. Family life in Leeward Village exhibits a variable and changing relation among family /household activities (sexual regulation, reproduction, economic cooperation, co-residence, and commensality) and the structures required to carry them out. It is argued that a form of domestic organization in which various functions and structures are either independent of or variably associated with each other provides poor villagers with much needed manoeuverability in family arrangements.
Conflict Resolution Tactics in Japan, India, and the USA
Authors: Kumagai Fumie , Straus Murray A.
Published: April 2019

The Conflict Resolution Tactics between spouses, namely Reasoning, Verbal Aggression, and Violence, in Japan, India, and America were studied. Information concerning family structures reported by 635 Japanese, 391 Indian, and 139 American high school seniors to the family conflict resolution study questionnaires is the basis of this study. Four major findings emerged. First, high reliability and _adequate validity of the Conflict Resolution Tactics Scale (CTS) were obtainad. This fact reassured us about our usage of the scale in cross-cultural studies in this area. Secondly, the degree of conjugal violence was exceedingly high in American spouses followed by Japanese and then by Indian couples. This finding may reflect the nature of culture in each society, i.e., expressive American culture, reserved Japanese culture, and non-violent Indian culture. Thirdly, conflict resolution tactics between spouses in these three societies related closely to the principle of reciprocity. If the husband is intellectually oriented, his wife also tries to be intellectual in their conflict management. However, there is a tendency for the wife to become more aggressive if her husband tends to be abusive. Fourthly, it was revealed that the application of catharsis theory for the analysis of conjugal violence was not adequate. In other words, verbal aggression could not be conceived of as an alternative to physical violence. More constructive utilization of the conflict resolution tactics in familial conflict management might contribute to establishing a healthy and positive family relationship in our society.
Maternal Employment and Child Socialization Practices: An Intracultural Test of Cross-Cultural Theory
Authors: Reis Janet , Burton Roger
Published: April 2019

This study presents the results of an intracultura I test of cross-cultural theory concerning the relationship between mothers’ economic responsibilities, child rearing practices, and the development of socialized behavior. The relationship between these variables was examined through behavioral observations and self reports of 44 employed and 56 unemployed Western mothers of 7 and 10 year old girls and boys. Comparisons on the self-reported measures of attitudes toward child rearing showed employed mothers to be more discipline oriented and more generally satisfied with their employment status as assessed by their plans for the future and commitment to work than nonemployed mothers. Comparisons of measures of mothers’ game playing behavior with their children showed that employed mothers gave, accepted, and sought information and gave and accepted evaluation in the course of playing the game significantly more frequently than did nonemployed mothers. Except for a significantly more pronounced alternating win-lose pattern in the nonemployed mother-child pairs, mothers’ employment status was unrelated to game playing behavior in the children. However, helping behavior involving the experimenter revealed the children of employed mothers to be more helpful than children of the nonemployed mothers. Observed differences between the two groups are interpreted as supportive of an adaptive relationship between mothers’ economic responsibilities and child socialization techniques, a finding in accordance with cross-cultural research on this topic.
Modernization of Family Values and Norms Among Armenians in Sydney
Authors: Kirkland James R.
Published: April 2019

The process of modernization occurs simultaneously at the social structural and the individual-cultural levels in a society. With respect to the latter the principal arena of, as well as the main bulwark against such change is the family, where changes in values, norms and attitudes involve a shift from the more traditional to the more modern. An examination of the degree and direction of these changes allows for a determination of the level of modernization reached and the factors most strongly influencing this process.

In this paper the author examines the maintenance of and changes in the traditional structure and values of first generation Armenian immigrant families in Sydney, Australia taking the traditional Armenian family as the point of departure and the contemporary Australian family as the modernized’ end point, an attempt is made to show what and how changes in traditional family values and structure have occurred both prior to migration and since arrival in Australia, and thus the level of modernization reached by these immigrants. In particular, an examination is made of: family type, composition, and household structure; the relationship of children and parents; decision-making within the family; the relationship of husbands and wives.

The principal findings of this study indicate that most changes in traditional values occurred prior to migration to Australia, although changes are continuing in Australia which are leading to convergence of Armenian and Australian family values. Consequently, the degree to which Armenians can be considered to be modernized today is attributed not so much to the effects of living in Australia as to the extent their values converged’ with those of Australian society at time of arrival.
The Valuation of Children and Parenthood Among the Voluntarily Childless and Parental Couples in Canada
Authors: Ramu G.N. , Tavuchis Nicholas
Published: April 2019

Recent demographic evidence indicating a declining fertility rate, developments such as the increase in the participation of married women in the labor force, and the emergence of alternatives to traditional marriage and family patterns seem to suggest a subtle shift in attitudes toward children and parenthood in Canada. The present study attempts to examine the nature of such a shift by exploring certain values that presumably influence fertility decisions among a nonrandom sample of couples with children and those who are intentionally childless. The two main reasons for bearing and rearing children are ‘the satisfaction of emotional needs’ of parents and ‘perpetuation of the family name and other symbolic attributes.’ The childless couples perceived children as impediments to self-actualization which entails educational and occupational success. They tended to view children as obstacles to the development of a couple-centered marital relationship and conjugal solidarity.
Family Stability in Black Families : Values Underlying Three Different Perspectives
Authors: Fine Mark , Schwebel Andrew I. , James-Myers Linda
Published: April 2019

Three models�the pathology, structural-functional, and emergent�have been used to address the issue of stability in black families. It is presently argued that the lack of consensus in their conclusions is due to the impact of differing, underlying, and only implicitly stated, assumptions and values held by the researchers. In support of this thesis, a brief discussion of the role of values and assumptions in social scientific research is followed by a review and evaluation of research reported by advocates of each model. This examination suggested that the primary dimensions on which value differences exist are : (a) the extent to which black families should be assessed by standards developed in mainstream culture; (b) the relative importance of assessing stability in terms of socioeconomic status as opposed to socioemotional constructs; and (c) the role of African heritage in the lives of modern black American families. It is suggested that future researchers explicitly acknowledge their assumptions and values on these dimensions, use an ethnographic/parti- cipant observation methodology, and adopt a developmental perspective. Finally, the social policy implications for black families of this debate among social scientists are discussed.
Race, Class and Child Maltreatment
Authors: Hampton Robert L.
Published: April 2019

Data from the National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect are used to examine ethnic differences within a population of substantiated cases of child maltreatment. The results provide support for socioeconomic and demographic factor differences among Black, Whites, and Hispanics as suggested by previous investigators. In general, Black maltreating families were poorer, more likely to be on public assistance and in father absent households. Physical neglect was the most frequently diagnosed form of maltreatment.

Differential patterns for the type of maltreatment and factors associated with maltreatment were observed when income was controlled. Among lower income families, rates of physical abuse were similar, however, Blacks had the highest rates for physical abuse in the higher income categories. Implications for conceptual models and for service delivery programs are discussed.
The Study of Polyandry: A Critique and Synthesis
Authors: Cassidy Margaret L. , Lee Gary R.
Published: April 2019

Polyandry, the marriage of woman to two or more men, is a rare form of marriage that has engendered much controversy and speculation. This paper examines how certain ethnocentric and/ or androcentric biases have hindered the objective study of polyandry and explanations for its existence. A synthesis of the characteristics shared by polyandrous societies is also presented, in order to further our understanding of the conditions under which polyandry might be practiced and culturally endorsed.
Women in Transition: The Case of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsuwaigh Siham A.
Published: April 2019

This research investigates the impact of socio-economic changes on the traditional role of women in Saudi Arabia. A descriptive-comparative study was conducted using sixty-two women and their daughters, representing two generations and three economic groups all living in an urban community of Dammam. The information obtained from older women who had lived in Arabia prior to its oil boom supplied the baseline date for the comparison with young generation women, born and living in Arabia following the discovery of oil.

The study found major social and cultural changes reflected in family structure and marriage styles, as well as in the rising number of educated women. Despite these changes, however, no significant modification in the traditional role of women was observed. This is believed to be because employment opportunities for women in the modem sectors of the economy remain extremely limited while the traditional economic contributions of women have become undervalued.
Marriage and Marital Dissolution Among Black Americans
Authors: Cherlin Andrew J.
Published: April 2019

Over the past few decades, the place of marriage in American family life has declined, and the decline has been sharper among Blacks than among Whites. This article describes the trends in marriage and marital dissolution among Black Americans, often making comparisons to White Americans. Blacks are less likely to ever marry, more likely to separate, and less likely to remarry. They are also more likely to bear and rear children outside of marriage. In part, these differences are due to the severity with which changes in the American economy have affected Blacks. In part, they are due to longstanding cultural patterns, such as a greater reliance on extended kin, which Blacks have drawn upon to subsist during worsening economic conditions.
African American Families in Diversity: Gay Men and Lesbians as Participants in Family Networks
Authors: Mays Vickie M. , Tiers Linda M. Cha , Cochran Susan D. , Mackness Joanna
Published: April 2019

Although recent research on African American families has focused on the roles of extended family members and fictive kin (i.e., non-biological members), the participation of openly gay-identified men and women within African American family systems has received little attention. The study examines gay men’s and lesbians’ disclosure of sexual orientation to immediate and distant kin. Questionnaires assessing disclosure and demographic backgrounds were completed by African American lesbians (n=506) and gay men (n=673), recruited nationally. Results indicate that most had disclosed their sexual orientation to immediate family (i.e., mothers, fathers and siblings) but fewer to other relatives. There was a clear preference for disclosure to females in the immediate family. Significant positive predictors of disclosure for both immediate and more distant family members were being older and reporting initiating homosexual sexual activity at a younger age. Self-reported HIV infection among men predicted immediate family awareness of the individual’s homosexuality, but not awareness by the extended family. Apparently over time, individuals disclose homosexuality to those within the close family network. Results are discussed within the context of African American family networks.
Armoring: Leaming to Withstand Racial Oppression
Authors: Bell Ella L. J. Edmondson , Nkomo Stella M.
Published: April 2019

This article explores the concept of psychological armor among African American women. Armor is a concept found in the psychological literature describing a selfprotection strategy against racism. Using narratives taken from life histories, we examine this process among African American women raised in two kinds of family systems: families of nurturance and support; and families of struggle and stress. Our analysis reveals that armoring is as much a coping mechanism against racism, as it is against sexism, and that a woman’s family class origin is a strong moderating factor.
The Family Costs of White Racism: The Case of African American Families
Authors: Jean Yanick St. , Feagin Joe R.
Published: April 2019

Drawing on 209 interviews with middleclass African Americans across the nation, we examine the impact of racial discrimination in the workplace and other arenas on Black family life. We argue that discrimination not only affects how workers feel about themselves but also how they relate to kinfolk, for African Americans frequently share accounts of racial humiliation and discrimination with their families. We establish what kinds of support are sought from kin by Black men and women in the aftermath of injustice, and whether the responses to help-seeking are favorable. We examine how and when individual experiences with racial bigotry and discrimination activate in other family members memories of similar events. In summary, we explore the central role and consequences of collective memories about racism for African American individuals, families, and communities.
Children of Two Cultures: Immigrant Children from Ethiopia in Israel
Authors: Bar-Yosef Rivka W.
Published: April 2019

The paper deals with the adjustment problems of children of immigrant parents coming from Ethiopia based on a secondary analysis of the available research material. Three aspects of adjustment are discussed: 1. the aspect common to all immigrants who are leaving an established way of life and starting a new one in a different and unknown country; 2. adjustment from the perspective of children, especially immigrant children; and 3. the specific problems of the Ethiopian children in Israel. Among all the immigrants the culture and community structure of the Ethiopian Jews was the less known and the most remote from the Israeli western-type urban society. The paper analyzes different facets of the effects of the culture shock from the perspective of the Ethiopian children in Israel: the trauma of migration, ethnicity, loss of home, communication barriers and identities; the culture of the home and the culture of the school and ways of solution for living in two cultures.
Patriarchal Family Ideology and Female Homicide Victimization in Fiji
Authors: Adinkrah Mensah
Published: April 2019

Despite the burgeoning scholarship on femicide, there has been surprisingly little empirical investigation of the phenomenon in non-Western societies. This study addresses this empirical lacuna by focusing on female homicide victimization in Fiji, a non-Western society. Homicide data spanning an 11 -year period are analyzed for nature, scope and trends. The findings demonstrate that femicides in Fiji are associated with entrenched patriarchal ideologies and asymmetrical gender relations that privilege males.
Correlates of Conjugal Power: A Five Culture Analysis of Adolescent Perceptions
Authors: Buehler Marilyn H. , Weigert Andrew J. , Thomas Darwin L.
Published: April 2019

The study of conjugal power centers around two broad theoretical approaches: resource theory and ideology theory. This secondary analysis of self-reports from purposive samples of Catholic male and female adolescents from five cultural contexts (New York; St. Paul; Bonn, Germany; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seville, Spain; Merida, Yucatan) attempts to incorporate both perspectives by comparing the relationships between selected resource and ideological variables across a continuum of putative traditionalism. In each cultural context, males attribute more power to father than do females. There is slight support for the traditionalism continuum (mainly Latin versus non-Latin), and the predicted relationships between husband’s occupation and wife’s employment outside the home and the relative power of the husband. The thinness of the findings point to the critical need for increased theoretical and methodological work for an adequate understanding of conjugal power.
A Hidden Dimension of Family Development in the Modern Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Marcus George E.
Published: April 2019

The significance of geographically dispersed networks of kinsmen as analytical isolates in the conceptualization of the family is illustrated for the modern Kingdom of Tonga. During the phase of dispersion in the developmental cycles of Tongan domestic groups, relations among widely dispersed siblings and their families of procreation constitute family estates with corporate qualities. These discrete networks of relationships, strongly patterned through traditional concepts of kinship rank, are the channels through which individual social and economic mobility occurs in Tonga. Two case examples describe variations in family estate relationships. It is suggested that the dispersed family estate is as crucial a dimension of analysis in family studies as domestic or household groups localized in communities. The comparative significance of the family estate construct is noted particularly for island areas of the world.
Why They Fail: A Socio-Historical Analysis of Religious and Secular Communes
Authors: Kephart William M.
Published: April 2019

In spite of recurrent attempts to establish alternative family life-styles in America, most of the ventures have failed. The 19th century experiments tended to have a religious base, exemplified by Bethel, Amana, Oneida, and the Shakers. Twentieth century communes - which for the most part started to flourish in the late 1960’s - may be either religious or secular. But irrespective of the century, and irrespective of the type, one of the characteristic features of American communes is their propensity for failure.

The chief causes of failure appear to be economic fragility, defective leadership, inadequate social organization, lack of commitment, aberrant membership, failure to satisfy primary group needs, and difficulty in the realm of child-rearing.

Supporting evidence - based on personal interviews - is presented.

It is hypothesized that if a specific communal-organizational problem is found to exist in both 19th century and 20th century communes, and in both religious and non-religious communes, then the problem may be endemic to American communal culture.
Structuralism, Systems Theory, and Ethnomethodology In The Sociology Of The Family
Authors: Wieting Stephen G.
Published: April 2019

Structuralism, systems theory, and ethnomethodology advocate revisions within the social sciences which are fundamental and general. Consequently, they solicit consideration for adoption in the study of the family. Social science use may ultimately entail selective application and integration, but both of these kinds of use require some set of reference axes for making distinctions, documenting points of convergence, and charting developments. This statement attempts to provide some reference axes suitable for aiding judgments about potential application of the approaches in the study of the family. Comparisons of structuralism, systems theory, and ethnomethodology are made, first, in terms of the reference of respective plans and assumptions, a reference which includes facets of communication, rules, formalization, and human cognition. Secondly, comparisons are made in terms of the reference of respective methodological implications, which includes facets of the focus of research and the location of the researcher viz. a viz. the social action. Thirdly, following these comparisons, examples of how each has been used in the study of the family and might be used in future study are provided.