bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Cardiopulmonary Variables and Platelet Count During Anesthesia for Total Hip Replacement in Dogs
Authors: OTTO KLAUS , MATIS ULRIKE
Published: February 2008

Changes in cardiopulmonary function and platelet count were determined in 22 dogs of various breeds that underwent total hip replacement with cemented femoral prostheses. In 11 dogs (group I) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was inserted without venting the reamed and lavaged femoral canal. In a second group of 11 dogs (group II) a urethral catheter (ID: approximately 2.7 mm) was placed into the medullary cavity before the insertion of PMMA. The application of PMMA resulted in a decrease in end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETco2) until 5 minutes after insertion of bone cement. Increases in arterial to end‐tidal pCO2 gradient [P(a‐ET)co2] and physiological dead space (VD/VT) were recorded between 2 minutes before and 5 minutes after insertion of PMMA in 12 dogs. A significant decrease in platelet count occurred in both groups of dogs. Decreases in arterial pO2 (Pao2), arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio (Pao2/PAo2), and percent O2 saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (Sao2) were not statistically significant. No significant differences could be detected between data obtained from both groups of dogs. An increase in femoral intramedullary pressure caused by the insertion of PMMA and subsequent pulmonary microembolism by medullary contents has been considered the most likely cause for changes in pulmonary function. The lack of statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary variables and platelet count between the two groups of dogs could have been related to inefficient pressure reduction by the method used.
Analgesia in Dogs After Intercostal Thoracotomy: A Clinical Trial Comparing Intravenous Buprenorphine and Interpleural Bupivacaine
Authors: CONZEMIUS M.G. , BROCKMAN D.J. , KING L.G. , PERKOWSKI S.Z.
Published: February 2008

We prospectively studied 26 dogs that presented for intercostal thoracotomy. Dogs were pre‐medicated with oxymorphone, induced with diazepam and etomidate, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Preoperatively, animal patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 (n = 13) received buprenorphine (10 μg/kg intravenously [IV]) every 6 hours for 24 hours starting 10 minutes before tracheal extubation. Group 2 (n = 13) received 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) administered interpleural (IP) by slow injection through a pediatric feeding tube fixed to the most dorsal aspect of the thoracotomy incision. Interpleural injections were administered with each dog placed in lateral recumbency with the incision positioned ventrally; IP injections were administered every 4 hours for 24 hours starting 10 minutes before tracheal extubation. All cases were monitored in the intensive care unit for 24 hours postoper‐atively. The analgesic efficacy of each regimen was evaluated using a pain scoring system that included a subjective pain score, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and changes in the electrocardiogram or neurological status were also noted. Significant increases in mean heart rate, respiratory rate, and total pain score occurred after surgery in dogs in the buprenorphine group. In contrast, dogs in the bupivacaine group had no significant changes when compared with their preoperative values. Dogs in the bupivacaine group had significantly decreased total pain scores and better PaO2 and oxygen saturation values when compared with the dogs receiving buprenorphine. Hypoventilation did not occur in either group.
Cardiorespiratory Effects of Four Opioid‐Tranquilizer Combinations in Dogs
Authors: JACOBSON JOHN D. , McGRATH CHARLES J. , SMITH ERIC P.
Published: February 2008

The cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid‐tranquilizer combinations were evaluated in six dogs. The four combinations were administered to each dog in a randomized order. Buprenorphine (BUP; 0.01 mg/kg IV) or oxymorphone (OXY; 0.1 mg/kg IV) was followed in 10.4 ± 1.3 minutes by midazolam (MID; 0.3 mg/kg IV) or acepromazine (ACE; 0.05 mg/kg IV). Nalbuphine (0.16 mg/kg IV) was administered 94.1 ± 2.3 minutes after the tranquilizer was given. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased significantly (P< .05) after each combination. MAP was significantly lower with combinations using ACE. Most dogs panted after opioid administration; this was associated with increased minute volume (VM) and decreased tidal volume (VT). After administration of the tranquilizer, mean breathing rate and VMindex (VMI) were significantly lower with ACE combinations. There were no significant changes in pH and blood gas variables after BUP‐ACE. The other three combinations were associated with significant (P< .05) decreases in pH and increases in Paco2. Mean Pao2decreased significantly (P< .05) with OXY combinations but not BUP combinations. Dysrhythmias (atrial or ventricular escape complexes) were seen with each combination. HR increased significantly (P< .05) after nalbuphine in dogs receiving OXY, but not BUP. Dogs receiving OXY became more alert after nalbuphine on six of 12 occasions, whereas dogs receiving BUP became less alert on six of 12 occasions. OXY‐ACE provided the most chemical restraint/sedation and BUP‐MID provided the least.
A Study of the Biomechanical Properties of the Adult Equine Linea Alba: Relationship of Tissue Bite Size and Suture Material to Breaking Strength
Authors: TROSTLE STEVEN S. , WILSON DAVID G. , STONE WILLIAM C. , MARKEL MARK D.
Published: February 2008

The purposes of this study were to mechanically determine the optimal tissue bite size and to evaluate seven suture materials at their largest commercially available size for breaking strength and stiffness using cadaveric adult equine linea alba. Soft tissues were removed from the abdominal fascia of 16 adult horses. Individual test sections were created from the entire linea alba and labeled (1 through 6) starting at the umbilicus and extending craniad. A single biomechanical test was performed on each test section. Tissue bite size (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 mm) significantly altered breaking strength directly in a logarithmic fashion (P < .0001; R2= 0.94). Tissue bite size accounted for 44% and linea alba thickness for 24% of the variability in breaking strength of the equine linea alba. The optimal tissue bite size for adult horses was 15 mm from the edge of the linea alba based on lack of significant gain in breaking strength. There were no differences in breaking strength among horses, horses weight, or left and right test sections. Test sections taken from near or at the umbilicus had greater breaking strength (P < .005) and thicker linea alba (P < .001) when compared with more cranial test sections. Linea alba thickness alone accounted for 34% of the variability in breaking strength associated with test section position. There were no differences in linea alba stiffness among tissue bite sizes. All suture loops failed before complete fascial disruption, and 52 of 56 (93%) suture loops failed at the knot. Suture breaking strength and stiffness were significantly affected by the type of suture material examined (P < .0001). Size 5 polyester had a greater breaking strength and stiffness compared with the other suture materials tested. The next strongest suture materials were size 3 polyglactin 910 and size 2 polyglycolic acid, which were similar in breaking strengths and stiffness. Size 2 nylon was significantly weaker in breaking strength when compared with the other suture materials.
Clinicopathologic Effects of a 21‐Aminosteroid Compound (U74389G) and High‐Dose Methylprednisolone on Spinal Cord Function After Simulated Spinal Cord Trauma
Authors: COATES JOAN R. , SORJONEN DONALD C. , SIMPSON STEPHEN T. , COX NANCY R. , WRIGHT JAMES C. , HUDSON JUDITH A. , FINN‐BODNER SUSAN T. , BROWN SCOTT A.
Published: February 2008

A model simulating acute‐compressive spinal cord trauma at the second lumbar spinal cord segment (100 g, 300 seconds) was used to evaluate the efficacy of a vehicle control, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS), and a 21‐aminosteroid compound (U74389G). Dogs were allocated into one of five treatment groups (A to E) using ultrasonographic determination of spinal cord diameters to ensure even distribution of spinal cord diameters among the treatment groups. Initial dosages of the vehicle control (A), methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg of body weight) (B), or U74389G (30 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg of body weight) (C, D, or E, respectively) were administered intravenously 30 minutes after trauma. Dosages were reduced by one‐half for 2 and 6 hour treatments. Then every 4 hours for 42 hours, dosages were reduced one‐third and one‐sixth from the original dose of methylprednisolone and U74389G, respectively. Neurological examinations were performed daily for 21 days. Histopathological examination of the traumatized spinal cord showed malacic and degenerative lesions. Although significant differences in some portions of the neurological and histopathologic examinations were observed, clinical efficacy for MPSS and U74389G could not be established in this model.
The Intercondylar Fossa of the Normal Canine Stifle: An Anatomic and Radiographic Study
Authors: FITCH RANDALL B. , MONTGOMERY RONALD D. , MILTON JAMES L. , GARRETT PHILLIP D. , KINCAID STEVEN A. , WRIGHT JAMES C. , TERRY GLENN C.
Published: February 2008

The intercondylar fossa (ICF) in dogs consists of a cranial outlet, intercondylar shelf, caudal arch, caudal outlet, a medial wall, and a lateral wall. The normal cranial outlet is bell‐shape and, in mixed‐breed dogs (mean body weight 19.2 kg, N = 21), measured 5.8 mm cranially, 8.1 mm centrally, and 10.3 mm caudally. The ICF is oriented 12° from the dorsal plane of the femoral diaphysis and obliqued 7°, proximolateral to distomedial, in the sagittal plane. To adjust for dog size, a fossa width index (FWI) was calculated by dividing the cranial outlet width by the distance between epicondyles. The normal FWI as determined in this study was 0.18 cranially, 0.25 centrally, and 0.32 caudally. The fossa height index was 0.31. Contact between the ICF and the cranial cruciate ligament began at about 115° of extension. The contact area moved cranially in the intercondylar fossa as the stifle was extended. Evaluation of the ICF can be performed radiographically but positioning is critical.
Contact Area and Static Pressure Profile at the Plate‐Bone Interface in the Nonluted and Luted Bone Plate
Authors: STALLER GREGORY S. , RICHARDSON DEAN W. , NUNAMAKER DAVID M. , PROVOST MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

Contact area and pressure between 6‐hole broad dynamic compression plates and 20 pairs of equine third metatarsal bones were measured using nonluted and luted plating techniques. Pressure‐sensitive film (pressure ranges 10 to 50 MPa and 50 to 130 MPa) was used as the static pressure transducer. Nonluted and one of two luting techniques were tested on each pair of bones; each luting technique was tested on 20 bones. Quantitative determinations of contact area and pressure were made using computerized image processing techniques. Mean (±SD) total contact area for nonluted plates was 18.49%± 3.5% of the potential plate‐bone contact area. Luting increased (P<.05) total contact area to 25.56%± 4.0% and 31.29%± 6.6% for the respective luting techniques. The effects of luting on contact area were dependent on the contact pressure. At contact pressure ranges 10 to 20 and 21 to 35 MPa, luting increased contact area. In contact pressure ranges 36 to 45 and 50 to 65 MPa, plate‐bone contact was inherently greatest and plate luting had no significant effect on contact area. In contact pressure ranges 66 to 99 and 100 to 126 MPa, luting decreased contact area. Contact area was increased at lower contact pressures at the expense of higher pressure contact. Contact in the middle third of the plate was 20% to 40% of the contact at either end of the plate. Plate luting increased contact area best where plate‐bone contour was most similar.
Evaluation of Tissue Adhesive to Contain Axonal Regeneration in Horses
Authors: TURNER A. S. , TROTTER G. W. , POWERS B. E.
Published: February 2008

Bilateral palmar and plantar digital neurectomies were completed in 10 horses (a total of 80 neurectomies) using one of three methods: (1) simple transection (guillotine method); (2) epineural capping; (3) n‐butyl cyanoacrylate injected into the epineural sheath to act as a nerve sealant. Horses were regularly evaluated clinically for tenderness in and around the surgical site, as well as skin sensation at the coronary band in the heel region, during the 12‐week course of the study. None of the surgical sites exhibited any signs of drainage or infection. Horses were then euthanatized, the nerve stumps were dissected from surrounding tissues, and the length and width of the tissue mass that had formed on the end of the nerve was recorded. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the nerve endings were examined histologically for numbers of proliferating axon sprouts (neuroma formation); whether the axons had penetrated the epineurium; degree of Schwann cell proliferation; degree of chronic inflammation; extent of foreign body reaction; extent of retrograde degeneration of the nerve bundles; and amount of fibro vascular proliferation. The proportion of legs exhibiting tenderness or heel sensation did not differ significantly between the three different treatments at any of the six different times they were examined. There was no difference between the three treatments in the length or width of the fibrous tissue scar on the ends of the nerves or in the number of sprouting axons from the ends of the nerves. Of 80 nerves examined, only two nerves were not confined to the epineurium. Both these nerves had been treated by simple transection. Statistically there was more chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction in the acrylic treated nerves, but no difference in Schwann cell proliferation or retrograde degeneration between the three treatments. There was slightly less fibrovascular proliferation in the transected nerves than in those subjected to epineural capping or acrylic, but the difference was not statistically significant. The use of the tissue adhesive n‐butyl cyanoacrylate to prevent the continuous growth of axons after digital neurectomy seems to offer little advantage over more traditional methods of neurectomy.
Long‐Term Results of Complete and Partial Ligation of Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs
Authors: HOTTINGER HEIDI A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , HAUPTMAN JOE G.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 65 dogs that underwent complete or partial ligation of a single congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) were reviewed to determine the long‐term clinical results. Information retrieved from the records included age at surgery, preligation (baseline) portal pressure, postligation portal pressure, change in portal pressure from baseline, complete or partial occlusion of the shunting vessel and fasting, and 2‐hour postprandial bile acids from the preoperative, early postoperative (PO), and greater than 1 year PO time periods. A clinical rating score derived from a follow‐up examination greater than 1 year PO was assigned to each dog. Of the 56 dogs that survived the perioperative period, 29 (52%) had complete and 27 (48%) had partial ligations. Age at surgery, pre‐ and postligation portal pressure, change in portal pressure from baseline and serum bile acid concentrations were not related to long‐term clinical outcome. Clinical rating scores were significantly greater for dogs with partial CPSS ligations compared with dogs with complete ligations, indicating a less favorable clinical outcome for partial ligations. Fasting and 2‐hour postprandial bile acid values at both PO time intervals were significantly greater in partial versus complete ligation groups. Follow‐up information for more than 1 year was available on 18 of 29 dogs (62%) with complete ligations. All were clinically normal. Of 27 dogs with partial ligations, 11 dogs (41%) developed recurrence of clinical signs resulting in presentation to the university or referring veterinarian for additional surgery, medical management, or euthanasia. Only three dogs with partial CPSS ligation (11%) were clinically normal. Another nine dogs (33%) were operated on again before the possible development of clinical signs and four dogs (15%) were unavailable for follow‐up. It was concluded that partial ligation of CPSS is associated with a greater recurrance of clinical signs and patient morbidity than complete ligation.
Ultrasound‐Guided Transection of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Muscle (Distal Check Ligament Desmotomy) in Horses
Authors: II N. A. WHITE
Published: February 2008

Transection of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (distal check ligament desmotomy) was completed in 44 horses using an ultrasound‐guided technique. The technique used real‐time ultrasound with a 7.5 MHz transducer to observe the dissection and isolation of the check ligament through a 1 to 1.5 cm incision and to check for complete transection of the check ligament. The technique was effective in correcting flexural deformity of the distal inter‐phalangeal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint in all but three horses. Check ligament desmotomy at a young age (median, 6 months) resulted in more horses with normal foot conformation than when surgery was completed at an older age (median, 12 months). Age at surgery had no effect on subsequent appearance of the surgical site. Based on the authors experience this technique reduced immediate postoperative wound morbidity.
The Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Desflurane in Cats
Authors: McMURPHY R.M. , HODGSON D.S.
Published: February 2008

Eight adult cats, 4 male and 4 female, (3.5 ± 0.9 [SD] kg) were used to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane. Desflurane (DES) anesthesia was induced in a 20 L chamber with an oxygen inflow of 10 L/min and the DES vaporizer set at 18%. After 3.5 ± 0.5 min, the cats were removed from the chamber and anesthesia was maintained via mask (14% DES, 3L/min O2) until successful intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with DES in oxygen at a flow of at least 200 mL/kg/min through a nonrebreathing circuit. The time from the start of induction to completion of intubation was 6.2 ± 1.1 min. Esophageal temperature was maintained between 37.8°C and 38.6°C. Hand‐collected end‐tidal gas samples were obtained from a catheter positioned inside the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Inspired and end‐tidal DES concentrations were measured with a Biochem 8100 anesthetic agent monitor that was calibrated with known gas standards and modified to accept hand‐collected samples. A constant alveolar concentration of DES was maintained for at least 15 minutes, then a clamp was applied to the tail and the cat observed for gross purposeful movement. The end‐tidal DES was then increased (if a positive response) or decreased (if a negative response) by 20% and the test repeated after 15 minutes of constant conditions. The final iteration was 10%. The MAC of DES in these cats was 9.79 ± 0.70 vol %. The FA/FI ratio for desflurane was always greater than 0.97.
Popliteal Tendon Transposition for Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle Joint in Dogs: An Experimental Study
Authors: MONNET ERIC , SCHWARZ PETER D. , POWERS BARBARA
Published: February 2008

Popliteal tendon transposition was performed in five dogs with surgically induced cranial cruciate ligament rupture. After a lateral approach to the stifle joint, the popliteal tendon was severed distal to the sesamoid bone and transposed cranially onto the tibial crest to mimic the sagittal orientation of the cranial cruciate ligament. The origin of the popliteal tendon on the lateral femoral condyle was preserved. Lameness was not clinically detectable 2 months after surgery. At 6 months postoperatively, there was minimal radiographic and histopathologic evidence of degenerative joint disease in the stifle joints that had underwent surgery. There was no gross or microscopic evidence of meniscal damage found at necropsy 6 months after surgery. Biome‐chanical studies are warranted before recommending the procedure.
Metabolic, Hormonal, and Hemodynamic Changes During Dopamine Infusions in Halothane Anesthetized Horses
Authors: ROBERTSON SHEILAH A. , MALARK JOHN A. , STEELE CYNTHIA J. , CHEN CHAO‐LING
Published: February 2008

Selected metabolites, hormones and cardiovascular variables were measured in halothane anesthetized horses during 1 hour of dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 μg/kg/min (low) and 10 μg/kg/min (high), and for 1 hour after infusion. Plasma Cortisol increased twofold in the low‐infusion group but did not change significantly in the high‐infusion group. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids, blood glucose, blood lactate, and plasma insulin increased in the high‐infusion group. There was little difference in heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure between the two groups. The high infusion was associated with arrhythmias in several horses, and one horse showed ventricular fibrillation and died. If metabolic and hormonal changes are used as markers of a “stress response” in anesthetized horses the results must be carefully interpreted if a sympathomimetic agent such as dopamine is administered to maintain cardiovascular stability.
The Effect of Triple Pelvic Osteotomy on Hip Force in Dysplastic Dogs: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: DEJARDIN LOIC M. , PERRY RUBY L. , ARNOCZKY STEVEN P. , TORZILLI PETER A.
Published: February 2008

The effect of a triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) procedure on the forces acting about the hip joint was examined in five dysplastic canine hips using a previously described theoretical analysis. Hip reaction force (Fh) and its angle of application (θh) were calculated from radiographic measurements made before and after TPO procedures which sequentially increased acetabular ventroversion from 0° to 20°, 30°, and 40°. The results of the in vitro study showed that Fh decreased with increasing acetabular ventroversion reaching an asymptotic value between 30° and 40°. The decrease in Fh corresponded to an increase in θh toward the vertical, with statistical significance found in both Fh and θh between 0° and 20°. The changes observed in Fh and θh after TPO were attributed to the medialization of the femoral head resulting from the reduction of the subluxated head. The results of this study suggest that the noted reduction in the magnitude of the forces acting on the hip joint may act in concert with increased coverage of the femoral head to effect the beneficial clinical results observed with the TPO procedure.
The Diagnosis and Surgical Correction of Congenital Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies in Two Calves and Two Foals
Authors: FORTIER LISA A. , FUBINI SUSAN L. , FLANDERS JAMES A. , DIVERS THOMAS J.
Published: February 2008

Two calves and two foals presented with episodic clinical signs of diffuse central nervous system disease. Portosystemic anomalies were tentatively diagnosed based on the history, clinical signs, and increased serum concentrations of blood ammonia and total serum bile acids with normal concentrations of liver derived enzymes. One calf died before intraoperative contrast portography, whereas the other calf and both foals had marked clinical improvement after intensive medical therapy. Surgical correction was attempted in these three animals and was successful in one foal. A right paracostal celiotomy was superior to a ventral median approach for exposure to the portal vascular system and shunt access.
Detection of Bacteria in Equine Synovial Fluid by Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: CRABILL M.R. , COHEN N.D. , MARTIN L.J. , SIMPSON R.B. , BURNEY N.
Published: February 2008

Equine synovial fluid aliquots were inoculated withSalmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus equuli, Staphylococcus aureus, andStreptococcus zooepidemicusto obtain approximate concentrations of 1000, 100, 10, and 1 colony forming U/mL. Synovial fluid aliquots were also inoculated with an unquantitated inoculum ofBacteroides fragilisandClostridium perfringens.Inoculated synovial fluid was incubated in trypticase‐soy broth or Columbia broth for approximately 12 hours. Then aliquots were removed for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for detection of a 531 base‐pair segment of bacterial DNA corresponding to a region of the 16S ribosomal gene. Duplicate samples of inoculated synovial fluid were prepared for microbial culture. Bacteria were detected in all samples inoculated with bacteria but not in control synovial fluid samples. Under experimental conditions there was no difference between microbial culture and PCR analyses for detection of bacteria. Experimentally, PCR was able to detect bacteria in synovial fluid within 24 hours of inoculation.
A Comparison of Laparoscopic and Belt‐Loop Gastropexy in Dogs
Authors: WILSON ERIC R. , HENDERSON RALPH A. , MONTGOMERY RONALD D. , KINCAID STEVEN A. , WRIGHT JAMES C. , HANSON R. REID
Published: February 2008

A simplified technique for laparoscopic gastropexy (group 1) was compared to belt‐loop gastropexy (group 2) in eight adult male dogs randomly divided into two groups of four dogs each. Our hypothesis was that a satisfactory laparoscopic gastropexy would approximate the strength and operative time required for belt‐loop gastropexy. Operative time, surgical complications, postoperative morbidity, gross and histological appearance, radiographic microvascularization, and maximal tensile strength were measured and compared between the two groups. All dogs recovered from surgery. No morbidity was associated with either procedure. The mean (±SD) duration of surgery was 69.75 ± 7.23 minutes for group 1 and 58.75 ± 7.63 minutes for group 2. Fifty days after surgery, the microvascular appearance of the gastropexy site was similar for both groups. Blood vessels were observed within each seromuscular flap but vascular ingrowth to the abdominal musculature was observed in only two dogs, one from each group. The maximum tensile strength at 50 days was 76.55 ± 22.78 for group 1 and 109.21 ± 22.29 N for group 2. Differences between surgical duration and maximum tensile strength were not statistically significant (P>.05). Histologically, all gastropexies consisted of an adhesion composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. The results of this study indicate that laparoscopic gastropexy provides a minimally invasive alternative to open abdominal prophylactic gastropexy in dogs.
Differences in Quantitated Electroencephalographic Variables During Surgical Stimulation of Horses Anesthetized With Isoflurane
Authors: OTTO KLAUS A. , VOIGT SUSANNE , PIEPENBROCK SIEGFRIED , DEEGEN ECKEHARD , SHORT CHARLES E.
Published: February 2008

The effects of noxious surgical stimulation on the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 15 horses anesthetized with isoflurane were evaluated during orthopedic (group 1) and soft tissue (group 2) procedures. The quantitative EEG variables theta/delta ratio (T/D), alpha/delta ratio (A/D), beta/delta ratio (B/D), median power frequency (MED), and 80% spectral edge frequency (SEF 80) recorded during surgeries at 1.7% end‐tidal concentration of isoflurane (ETiso) were compared with values from five nonstimulated control horses anesthetized at 1.7% ETiso. The EEG variables T/D, A/D, MED, and SEF 80 from surgically stimulated horses were significantly higher compared with controls. These differences in measured EEG variables were accompanied by a significantly lower relative power in the delta frequency band and a concomitant significantly higher alpha activity. Because the A/D ratio, MED, and SEF 80 in surgically stimulated horses were significantly higher than in nonstimulated control horses these measured EEG variables may provide a valuable tool for identification of nociceptive transmission in isoflurane anesthetized horses.
Miniplate Fixation for Repair of Mandibular and Maxillary Fractures in 15 Dogs and 3 Cats
Authors: BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. , KUDISCH MICHELE
Published: February 2008

Maxillofacial miniplates and screws were used for skeletal fixation in 15 dogs and 3 cats that sustained a variety of mandibular and maxillary fractures. These implants were used as neutralization or buttress fixation in 11 caudal (junction of the ramus with the mandibular body) and 2 rostral mandibular fractures, 4 maxillary fractures, and 2 zygomatic arch fractures. All but one of the fractures healed with appropriate occlusion and excellent function. In one case of a rostral mandibular fracture, soft tissue dehiscence occurred accompanied by a loss of the fixation and subsequent distraction of the bone fragments; reasonable function was obtained by performing a rostral mandibulectomy. Plate contouring and application of the miniplates along the appropriate biomechanical lines of stress was easily performed and permitted the biomechanical principles of tension band fixation to be applied in most cases. Miniplate fixation, either used alone or in combination with other fracture fixation techniques, achieved sufficiently rigid skeletal fixation to provide uncomplicated healing and good to excellent functional and cosmetic results in 14 dogs and 3 cats.
Computed Tomographic Assessment of Noninvasive Intranasal Infusions in Dogs With Fungal Rhinitis
Authors: MATHEWS KYLE G. , KOBLIK PHILIP D. , RICHARDSON ELISABETH F. , DAVIDSON AUTUMN P. , PAPPAGIANIS DEMOSTHENES
Published: February 2008

The distribution of infusate administered to 12 dogs with fungal rhinitis, using a noninvasive, intranasal technique, was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). In every dog, contrast medium was identified on the postinfusion CT images, within the frontal sinuses, and throughout all areas of the nasal cavity. Adverse effects were transient and mild. The results of this study indicate that intranasal infusion may be a viable alternative to trephination of the frontal sinuses to administer antifungal medications in dogs with fungal rhinitis.
Cephalad Distribution of Three Differing Volumes of New Methylene Blue Injected Into the Epidural Space in Adult Goats
Authors: JOHNSON REBECCA A. , LOPEZ MANDI J. , HENDRICKSON DEAN A. , KRUSE‐ELLIOTT KRIS T.
Published: February 2008

Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are popular regional anesthetic techniques in many animal species. However, we have not found any reports of studies in animals that have investigated the extent of cephalad migration and level of sensory blockade achieved based only on the volume of drug injected into the epidural space. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the volume (mL/kg) of an injectate injected epidurally and the extent of its cephalad migration within the epidural space. Twelve adult goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on the volume of 0.12% New Methylene Blue (NMB), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg, injected into the epidural space. The site and speed of injection, animal position, and direction of needle bevel were held constant. All injections were performed at the lumbo‐sacral space immediately following euthanasia. At necropsy, the vertebral columns were transected longitudinally. The extent of cephalad migration of dye within the epidural space was easily determined by staining of the dura. Measurements were rounded to the nearest intervertebral space to which the dye had migrated. The individual making assessments was blinded to all treatments. In goats treated with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg NMB, the number of stained spinal segments was 3.5 ± 0.6, 6.5 ± 0.9, and 8.8 ± 0.6, (mean ± SEM), respectively. Linear regression performed on the data was significant (P<.05) with R2= 0.86. There was a strong linear relationship between volume (mL/kg) of epidurally injected NMB and cranial migration, with the larger volumes producing more cephalad spread within the epidural space. These results provide evidence for the volume of epidural injectate needed to produce a desired level of sensory blockade in adult goats.
Hemodynamic Effects of Epidural Ketamine in Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTIN DAVID D. , TRANQUILLI WILLIAM J. , OLSON WILLIAM A. , THURMON JOHN C. , BENSON G. JOHN
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic effects of epidural ketamine administered during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.

Study Design—Prospective, single‐dose trial.

Animals—Six healthy dogs (five males, one female) weighing 25.3 ± 3.88 kg.

Methods—Once anesthesia was induced, dogs were maintained at 1.5 times the predetermined, individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. Dogs were instrumented and allowed to stabilize for 30 minutes before baseline measurements were recorded. Injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine in 1 mL saline/4.5 kg body weight was then performed at the lumbosacral epidural space. Hemodynamic data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after epidural ketamine injection. Statistical analysis included an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures over time. All data were compared with baseline values. AP< .05 was considered significant.

Results—Baseline values ±standard error of the mean (X ± SEM) for heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, and rate‐pressure product were 108 ± 6 beats/min, 85 ± 10 mm Hg, 10 ± 2 mm Hg, 3 ± 1 mm Hg, 5 ± 2 mm Hg, 2.3 ± 0.3 L/min/m2, 21.4 ± 1.9 mL/beat/m2, 3386 ± 350 dynes/sec/cm5, 240 ± 37 dynes/sec/cm5, and 12376 ± 1988 beats/min±mm Hg. No significant differences were detected from baseline values at any time after ketamine injection.

Conclusions—The epidural injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine is associated with minimal hemodynamic effects during isoflurane anesthesia.

Clinical Relevance—These results suggest that if epidural ketamine is used for analgesia in dogs, it will induce minimal changes in cardiovascular function.
Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine on Atracurium‐Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTINEZ ELIZABETH A. , WOOLDRIDGE ANNE A. , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M.
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ketorolac tromethamine or placebo on the neuromuscular blockade induced by an infusion of atracurium in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Design—Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals—Six healthy, adult mixed‐breed dogs (five female, one male) weighing 24.8 ± 2.8 kg.

Methods—Dogs were studied on two occasions with a minimum of 7 days between studies. Dogs were induced with 5% isoflurane in oxygen and maintained with 1.6 ± minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) end‐tidal isoflurane. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed using the train of‐four response. Once 50% depression of the first twitch (T1) was achieved, the atracurium infusion rate was held constant for 30 minutes. Then ketorolac, 0.5 mg/kg, or the same volume of placebo (0.9% sodium chloride solution) was administered intravenously and the atracurium infusion maintained for an additional 60 minutes. Before and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after ketorolac or placebo, the percent depression of T1and the fourth twitch to the first twitch (T4/T1) ratio were recorded. The atracurium infusion was discontinued and the time for T1to recover from 50% to 75% of its original value was recorded. At 75% T1, edrophonium, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, was administered to antagonize the residual blockade.

Results—There was no significant difference in T1%, T4/T1ratio, or recovery time after ketorolac administration compared with placebo.

Conclusions—Ketorolac, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, has no significant effect on either atracuriuminduced neuromuscular blockade or recovery time for T1in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Clinical Relevance—The concurrent use of atracurium should not be a contraindication for the administration of ketorolac for intraoperative or postoperative analgesia.
Laparoscopic Abdominal Anatomy of Foals Positioned in Dorsal Recumbency
Authors: BOURÉ LUDOVIC , MARCOUX MARCEL , LAVERTY SHEILA
Published: February 2008

Eleven foals (nine cadavers and two anesthetized) positioned in dorsal recumbency were examined to describe normal abdominal anatomy viewed by laparoscopy. The foals ages ranged from 1 to 150 days. Insertion sites were selected for a Verres needle, laparoscope and instrument portals to avoid trauma to the umbilical structures. The abdominal cavity was insufflated to a pressure of 10 to 12 mm Hg using an automatic carbon dioxide insufflator. Laparoscopic examination allowed excellent observation of the umbilical structures, the bladder, the genital tract, the inguinal area, the liver and segments of the intestinal tract in all foals. However, the duodenum and ileum were not identified. An embryonic vestige of the yolk stalk (ductus pedunculi vitellini) was identified in six foals. In four foals, this appeared as a fibrous band extending from the umbilicus to the cranial abdominal cavity where it inserted on the small intestine. In two foals only the fibrous umbilical portion of the band was observed.
Bacterial Culturing of Ventral Median Celiotomies for Prediction of Postoperative Incisional Complications in Horses
Authors: INGLE‐FEHR J.E. , BAXTER G.M. , HOWARD R.D. , TROTTER G.W. , STASHAK T.S.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ The purpose of this study was to determine whether detection of bacterial contamination of ventral midline incisions was predictive of postoperative incisional complications in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic.

Study Design‐ Prospective study.

Animal or Sample Population‐ Horses that had ventral median celiotomies for colic at Colorado State University between May 1, 1991 and April 30, 1993 were studied prospectively. Complete information was obtained on 66 horses.

Methods‐ Bacterial cultures were obtained from ventral midline incisions at surgery. Information regarding the type of surgery performed (celiotomy vs celiotomy plus enterotomy or enterectomy), preoperative total nucleated cells and presence of a left shift, postoperative fever (>38.5°C), incisional drainage, incisional herniation, and outcome were obtained from medical records. Additional information concerning incisional drainage, herniation, and survival was obtained at a minimum of 18 months after surgery.

Results‐ Examination of odds ratio (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) revealed that a celiotomy plus enterotomy or enterectomy was positively, but not significantly, associated (OR > 1) with positive culture results, presence of incisional drainage and incisional herniation. A significant association between incisional drainage and hernia formation was found; odds of incisional herniation were 62.5 times greater in horses that had incisional drainage. Incisional drainage and herniation were negatively associated with patient survival. The later association was significant (OR = 0.18, P=.04).

Conclusions‐ This study indicated that detection of bacterial contamination at incisional closure by the swab culture technique was not beneficial in the prediction of postoperative incisional problems in horses undergoing colic surgery. Incisional drainage or infection appeared to be associated with hernia formation.

Clinical Relevance‐ Immediate treatment of incisional drainage or methods to prevent incisional infections may decrease hernia formation.
Evaluation of Low Level Laser Therapy on Primary Healing of Experimentally Induced Full Thickness Teat Wounds in Dairy Cattle
Authors: GHAMSARI SEYED MEHDI , TAGUCHI KIYOSHI , ABE NORITSUGU , ACORDA JEZIE A. , SATO MOTOYOSHI , YAMADA HARUO
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle.

Study Design—By using the Latin square design, the effect of LLLT was evaluated by radiography, measurement of microcirculation flow, histopathology, tensiometry, and hydroxyproline analysis.

Animals or Sample Population—Sixteen teats of four dairy cattle.

Methods—Full thickness wounds were made on the cranial surface of the teats. Teats were distributed into four groups; group A and B wounds were closed with a Gambee pattern, group C and D wounds were closed with three‐layers of continuous suture pattern. Group B and D wounds were treated with 3.64 J/cm2 of LLLT using a helium‐neon system continuous wave (632.8 nm) output of 8.5 mW.

Results—The teat wall in non‐LLLT groups was significantly thicker than in LLLT groups on day 7, 14 and 21. The mean blood flow differences between control and sutured sites in LLLT groups were significantly lower than those in non‐LLLT groups. The morphology of the epidermis in LLLT groups more closely resembled the normal epidermis than that of non‐LLLT groups. Collagen fibers in LLLT groups were denser, thicker, better arranged and more continuous with existing collagen fibers than those in non‐LLLT groups. The mean tensile strength was significantly greater in LLLT groups than in non‐LLLT groups.

Conclusion—The LLLT affects various aspects of the healing process, including minimizing inflammation, formation of edema, improvement of skin regeneration and enhancement of collagen synthesis.

Clinical Relevance—The LLLT could accelerate healing of sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle.
Acute, Unilateral Transverse Sinus Occlusion During Craniectomy in Seven Dogs With Space‐Occupying Intracranial Disease
Authors: BAGLEY RODNEY S. , HARRINGTON MICHAEL L. , PLUHAR G. ELIZABETH , GAVIN PATRICK R. , MOORE MICHAEL P.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion on intracranial pressure (ICP) and postoperative mortality in dogs with structural intracranial disease.

Study Design‐Affected dogs had a single transverse sinus occluded during craniectomy for intracranial mass biopsy or removal.

Animals‐Seven dogs with space‐occupying intracranial disease in the cerebellopontine angle area.

Methods‐The ipsilateral transverse sinus was permanently occluded during the surgical approach to the intracranial lesion to increase surgical exposure by allowing a caudal lateral rostrotentorial craniectomy to be combined with a suboccipital craniectomy. In five dogs, intracranial pressure was monitored during surgery using a fiberoptic intracranial pressure monitoring device.

Results‐Initial ICP varied among dogs, ranging from 7 to 21 mm Hg. Intracranial pressure, however, decreased in all dogs after craniectomy and durotomy (P<.05). No increase in intracranial pressure occurred after transverse sinus occlusion (P=.42). All dogs survived the surgical procedure.

Conclusions‐Acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion during craniectomy in dogs with space‐occupying intracranial lesions did not result in significant increases in ICP or intraoperative mortality.

Clinical Relevance‐Acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion during craniectomy can be used to increased surgical exposure to the caudal fossa of the brain without increased risk of increasing ICP.
Use of Colostomy to Manage Rectal Disease in Dogs
Authors: HARDIE ELIZABETH M. , GILSON STEPHEN D.
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to develop a diverting colostomy technique for use in dogs.

Study Design— Clinical case series.

Animals— Five client‐owned dogs presented for diseases requiring diverting colostomy during treatment.

Methods— Diverting colostomy was performed in five dogs. A ventral approach was used in the first dog and the colon was exteriorized adjacent to the linea alba. The technique used in the next four dogs involved creation of a left flank rod‐supported loop colostomy in which the colon was exteriorized through a muscle‐separating flank approach to the abdomen.

Results— Peritoneal leakage of fecal material resulted in the perioperative death of the first dog. The flank colostomies were maintained for times ranging from 3.5 weeks to 7 months. No major complications were observed, but skin excoriation occurred occasionally around the stomasites in all dogs.

Conclusion— Diverting colostomy is a technique that is suitable for use in treatment of dogs with obstruction or leakage involving the distal colon or rectum.
Intestinal Entrapment and Strangulation Caused by Rupture of the Duodenocolic Ligament in Four Dogs
Authors: HASSINGER KIRK A.
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to describe four dogs with intestinal entrapment and strangulation caused by a rupture of the duodenocolic ligament.

Study Design— This case series documents historical findings, physical examination findings, diagnostic workup, surgical intervention, and outcome of four dogs confirmed at surgery with duodenocolic ligament rupture.

Results— Three of four dogs were German shepherds, and two of three German shepherds were intact males. The history, clinical signs, and physical examination findings were not specific for intestinal entrapment. The clinical signs in three of four dogs included chronic vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy. In the remaining dog, the clinical signs were vomiting and peracute collapse. This dog rapidly deteriorated over a few hours because of strangulation of the entrapped intestines. In two of four dogs, abdominal radiographs showed a distended colon displaced to the right side of the abdominal cavity. Surgery involved transection of the remaining ventral remnant of the duodenocolic ligament and replacing the colon into its normal anatomic position. The three dogs with chronic clinical signs were either still alive, or were euthanatized for unrelated problems. The dog with strangulation of the entrapped intestines was euthanatized at the time of surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Duodenocolic ligament rupture with secondary bowel entrapment can occur in dogs. The prognosis for these animals is favorable provided there is no vascular compromise of the entrapped bowel segments. The peracute history, progression of the disease process, and outcome of the fourth dog in this study indicate that surgery should be performed as an emergency procedure.
Mechanical Characteristics and Comparisons of Cerclage Wires: Introduction of the Double‐Wrap and Loop/Twist Tying Methods
Authors: ROE SIMON C.
Published: February 2008

Objective— Evaluate the mechanical properties of twist, loop, double loop, double‐wrap and loop/twist cerclage.

Methods— The initial tension generated by 18 cerclage of each type was determined using a materials testing machine after tying around a testing jig. Six wires from each type were distracted and the initial stiffness and yield load were determined. Yield behavior was further investigated in six wires of each type by determining the load required to reduce cerclage tension below 30 Newton (N) following an incremental (50 N) stepwise load and unload regimen. The amount of collapse of the simulated bone fragments that resulted in the reduction of initial tension to 30 N was measured for the final six wires of each group. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a multiple comparison test.

Results— Twist type cerclage generated less tension than loop‐type cerclage. The yield load of these two types was similar. Double‐loop and double‐wrap cerclage generated superior tension and resisted a greater load before loosening. Loop/twist cerclage had an intermediate initial tension but had the greatest resistance to loading. In the collapse test, the greater the initial tension, the more collapse could occur before the wire was loose. For all types of cerclage wire fixation, a reduction of diameter of the testing jig of more than 1% caused loosening.

Clinical Relevance— Double‐loop and double‐wrap cerclage provide greater compression of fragments and resist loads associated with weight‐bearing better than the twist and loop methods. Loop/twist cerclage may have advantages because of their superior resistance to loading. All cerclage will loosen if fracture fragments collapse.