bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Avena Application of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations by United States Courts
Authors: LE MON CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: June 2005

Following the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Avena case, US courts have had a mixed record in applying the decision domestically. In this article, I examine the treatment by US courts of claims by criminal defendants alleging Vienna Convention violations, subsequent to the Avena judgment. First, I discuss the two limited decisions so far taken by the US Supreme Court regarding the Vienna Convention, and briefly explain several of the judicially-created rules that have prevented most US courts from reaching the merits of Vienna Convention claims. Next, I analyse the ICJ judgment in the LaGrand case, and provide an overview of the reception of that case by the US courts. After a summary of the Avena decision, I turn to the latest cases in which Vienna Convention claims based on Avena have been raised in US courts, focusing on the two most important decisions, and examining their contradictory rulings. As the US Supreme Court has now decided to hear an appeal in one of these cases, I conclude by arguing that the Supreme Court should take the opportunity to elucidate the role of the International Court of Justice in US law when the United States has consented to binding treaty interpretation by that court.
Initiation of plate boundary slip in the Nankai Trough off the Muroto peninsula, southwest Japan
Authors: Tsuji Takeshi , Matsuoka Toshifumi , Yamada Yasuhiro , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Ashi Juichiro , Tokuyama Hidekazu , Kuramoto Shin'ichi , Bangs Nathan L.
Published: June 2005

To investigate variations in physical properties accompanying the development of the décollement, we used a neural network analysis of seismic attributes derived from 3D seismic reflection data gathered in the Nankai Trough convergent margin off the Muroto peninsula of southwest Japan. This analysis resulted in a detailed map of the geological features along the décollement and revealed a drastic change in physical properties at the sole of the proto‐thrust. Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) data suggest that the décollement physical property change coincides with the initiation of slip. Furthermore, changes in the structure of the accretionary prism and reorganization of the décollement geometry also attend the initiation of plate boundary slip.
Longshore current forcing by irregular waves
Authors: Johnson B. D. , Smith J. M.
Published: June 2005

The terms in the wave‐averaged depth‐integrated alongshore momentum balance are populated with detailed measurements from a laboratory basin experiment. Obliquely incident irregular waves were generated in a large wave basin equipped with instruments to collect free surface elevation and velocity measurements over a sand beach. Pumps matched the wave‐generated currents, and experimental evidence indicates that the equations can justifiably be simplified by assuming alongshore uniformity. While the use of data measured below the trough level is straightforward, the velocity field in the region near the surface is extrapolated from the measured positions and constrained by conservation of cross‐shore mass flux. The role of the dispersive mixing mechanism due to depth‐dependent currents is shown to be small but acts to shift the peak of the longshore velocity shoreward slightly. Radiation stresses are the primary forcing mechanism, and computed stresses based on measured wave‐induced hydrodynamics are considerably smaller than the widely used linear representation, indicating that the small‐amplitude assumption of linear theory is not appropriate in the surf zone. The time‐averaged bottom shear stress remains as the primary balance to the gradient in alongshore momentum, and the inferred shear stress compares favorably with the values computed using the quadratic drag law and a spatially constant friction coefficient.
Observational evidence of alternating zonal jets in the world ocean
Authors: Maximenko Nikolai A. , Bang Bohyun , Sasaki Hideharu
Published: June 2005

Multiple zonal jets with the east‐west velocity direction alternating with latitude are discovered in satellite altimetry data. The time‐varying jets are shown to populate every part of the world ocean and its marginal seas and are best seen in the anomaly of geostrophic vorticity. At midlatitudes the jets have a meridional wavelength of about 300 kms with r.m.s. sea level, velocity and vorticity values of 2.4 cm, 6.9 cm/s and 1.5 · 10−6 s−1, correspondingly. Realistic data from the high‐resolution OGCM run on the Earth Simulator are used to justify high vertical coherence of the jets structure and relevance of the jets to an evolving mesoscale eddy field. Strong coupling between the jets and mesoscale eddies is hypothesized.
New evidence for a link between lightning activity and tropical upper cloud coverage
Authors: Sato Mitsuteru , Fukunishi Hiroshi
Published: June 2005

We report new evidence for a link between lightning activity and tropical upper cloud coverage. Using 1–100 Hz ELF magnetic field waveform data obtained at Syowa station, we analyzed Schumann resonance (SR) spectral intensity variation to investigate characteristics of lightning activity changes. Further, we performed the cross‐spectral analysis between the spectral intensity variation and the tropical upper cloud coverage at high altitude derived from infrared cloud images. It is found that the tropical upper cloud coverage and the lightning activity change with the same periodicity and a clear anti‐phase relation. These results imply that the lightning activity is closely related to the meteorological dynamics in the troposphere. This fact demonstrates that tropical upper cloud coverage may be continuously monitored by SRs measured at a single site on the Earth's surface.
Infrasound modeling in a spherical heterogeneous atmosphere
Authors: Dessa J.‐X. , Virieux J. , Lambotte S.
Published: June 2005

The deployment of a worldwide network for infrasound detection requires numerical methods for modeling these signals over long distances. A ray theoretical approach appears robust and efficient. It furthermore allows a straightforward interpretation of recorded phases. We have developed a three‐dimensional Hamiltonian ray tracing for modeling linear acoustic waves in the atmosphere. Propagating over distances superior to 500 km requires the curvature of the Earth to be considered, which is achieved by using spherical coordinates. High atmospheric winds are properly handled through a modified Hamiltonian. These winds as well as sound velocity can change significantly during long‐lasting propagations; these variations are also included in our modeling. Finally, the amplitude of infrasonic signals is computed by concomitantly solving for paraxial rays and assessing the evolution of the ray tube thus defined. We present the theory for this atmospheric infrasound modeling and some simple applications that establish its robustness and potential.
Rifting of a passive margin and development of a lower‐crustal detachment zone: Evidence from marine magnetotellurics
Authors: Heinson Graham , White Antony , Lilley F. E. M.
Published: June 2005

Rifting of passive margins has, in some places, led to the development of extensive submerged continental platforms. Crustal thinning by a factor of two or more is at least partially accommodated by high‐angle normal faults that extend through the brittle upper crust to the ductile parts of the lower crust. However, an approximately horizontal detachment zone has been postulated to explain the width of the shelf and differences between the amounts of upper crust and lower lithosphere extension. Here, we present magnetotelluric (MT) and geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) measurements across the Exmouth Plateau, a deep (∼1500 m) and wide (>500 km) continental platform on the Northwest Shelf of Western Australia. MT responses across all of the Plateau in the bandwidth 102–104 s exhibit a pronounced apparent resistivity low of less than 1 Ω.m at ∼2 × 103 s. Two‐dimensional smooth inversion of all MT and GDS data images a very low resistivity layer (∼0.1 Ω.m) at a depth of 10–15 km, dipping less than 1° landward from the continent‐ocean boundary. Below this layer, resistivity increases to >103 Ω.m beneath the Moho at 20 km depth. The low‐resistivity mid‐crustal layer coincides with a laterally extensive seismic reflector at 10–15 km observed through much of the Exmouth Plateau. We suggest that this layer represents a decoupling zone between ductile and brittle continental crust, with a concentration of conducting mineralisation along shear zones. The most probable conducting mineral is graphite; this is known to precipitate along shear zones, and would significantly facilitate extensional strain.
Distinct mixtures of muscarinic receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of noradrenaline release in different mouse peripheral tissues, as studied with receptor knockout mice
Authors: Trendelenburg Anne‐Ulrike , Meyer Angelika , Wess Jürgen , Starke Klaus
Published: June 2005

The muscarinic heteroreceptors modulating noradrenaline release in atria, urinary bladder and vas deferens were previously studied in mice in which the M2 or the M4 muscarinic receptor genes had been disrupted. These experiments showed that these tissues possessed both M2 and non‐M2 heteroreceptors. The analysis was now extended to mice in which either the M3, both the M2 and the M3, or both the M2 and the M4 genes had been disrupted (M3‐knockout, M2/3‐knockout and M2/4‐knockout). Tissues were preincubated with 3H‐noradrenaline and then stimulated electrically (20 pulses per 50 Hz).

In wild‐type atria, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) decreased the electrically evoked tritium overflow by maximally 60–78%. The maximum inhibition of carbachol was reduced to 57% in M3‐knockout and to 23% in M2/4‐knockout atria. Strikingly, the effect of carbachol was abolished in M2/3‐knockout atria.

In wild‐type bladder, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) reduced the evoked tritium overflow by maximally 57–71%. This effect remained unchanged in the M3‐knockout, but was abolished in the M2/4‐knockout bladder.

In wild‐type vas deferens, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) reduced the evoked tritium overflow by maximally 34–48%. The maximum inhibition of carbachol was reduced to 40% in the M3‐knockout and to 18% in the M2/4‐knockout vas deferens.

We conclude that the postganglionic sympathetic axons of mouse atria possess M2 and M3, those of the urinary bladder M2 and M4, and those of the vas deferens M2, M3 and M4 release‐inhibiting muscarinic receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1153–1159. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706297
M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor‐mediated contractions in longitudinal smooth muscle of the ileum studied with receptor knockout mice
Authors: Unno Toshihiro , Matsuyama Hayato , Sakamoto Takashi , Uchiyama Mai , Izumi Yusuke , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Yamada Masahisa , Wess Jürgen , Komori Seiichi
Published: June 2005

Isometric contractile responses to carbachol were studied in ileal longitudinal smooth muscle strips from wild‐type mice and mice genetically lacking M2 or M3 muscarinic receptors, in order to characterize the mechanisms involved in M2 and M3 receptor‐mediated contractile responses.

Single applications of carbachol (0.1–100 μM) produced concentration‐dependent contractions in preparations from M2‐knockout (KO) and M3‐KO mice, mediated via M3 and M2 receptors, respectively, as judged by the sensitivity of contractile responses to blockade by the M2‐preferring antagonist methoctramine (300 nM) or the M3‐preferring antagonist 4‐DAMP (30 nM).

The M2‐mediated contractions were mimicked in shape by submaximal stimulation with high K+ concentrations (up to 35 mM), almost abolished by voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC) antagonists or depolarization with 140 mM K+ medium, and greatly reduced by pertussis toxin (PTX) treatment.

The M3‐mediated contractions were only partially inhibited by VDCC antagonists or 140 mM K+‐depolarization medium, and remained unaffected by PTX treatment. The contractions observed during high K+ depolarization consisted of different components, either sensitive or insensitive to extracellular Ca2+.

The carbachol contractions observed with wild‐type preparations consisted of PTX‐sensitive and ‐insensitive components. The PTX‐sensitive component was functionally significant only at low carbachol concentrations.

The results suggest that the M2 receptor, through PTX‐sensitive mechanisms, induces ileal contractions that depend on voltage‐dependent Ca2+ entry, especially associated with action potential discharge, and that the M3 receptor, through PTX‐insensitive mechanisms, induces contractions that depend on voltage‐dependent and ‐independent Ca2+ entry and intracellular Ca2+ release. In intact tissues coexpressing M2 and M3 receptors, M2 receptor activity appears functionally relevant only when fractional receptor occupation is relatively small.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 98–108. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706300
Low-frequency noise of GaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes
Authors: Rumyantsev S. L. , Sawyer S. , Shur M. S. , Pala N. , Bilenko Yu. , Zhang J. P. , Hu X. , Lunev A. , Deng J. , Gaska R.
Published: June 2005

Low-frequency fluctuations of current and light intensity were measured for different types of ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelengths from 280 to 375 nm. These UV LEDs are suitable for studying steady-state and time-varying UV fluorescences of biological materials. The correlation coefficient between the current and light intensity fluctuations varies with the LED current and load resistance. This dependence is explained in terms of contributions to the 1∕f noise from the active region and from the LED series resistance. The noise level could be reduced by operating the UV LEDs at a certain optimum current level and with large external series resistance.
Absorption cross sections and correlation functions of the NH2 ÃA12−X̃B12 Renner–Teller system
Authors: Petrongolo Carlo
Published: June 2005

We present a quantum-mechanical study of absorption cross sections and correlation functions of the title system, using a spinless Hamiltonian that includes the nonadiabatic Renner–Teller (RT) coupling between the electronic states, and taking into account the nuclear-spin statistics. We consider also the stimulated emission, assuming a Boltzmann distribution of the molecular levels, and we express correlation functions in terms of wave-packet (WP) overlaps. Assuming that the body-fixed z component of the angular momentum is a constant of motion of isolated NH2, we calculate X̃ rotational and rovibrational, and X̃+Ã rovibronic cross sections and correlation functions at 4.2 and 300K, up to 26000cm−1 and 3000fs. We also report the rotational spectrum at 3000K. The number of absorbing states is large at high T, and the number of lines with appreciably intensity thus increases remarkably with T, from 67 at 4.2K, to 847 at 300K, and up to 10 609 at 3000K. The cold spectrum consists only of Π lines, due to ground-level absorption. At room and higher T, the hot spectrum presents long progressions of rovibronic lines. The strongest spectral intensities are X̃ Π and Φ rotational lines and Ã bending Σ and Π lines. We also find many Fermi resonances between Ã bending and combination states, and that ∼50% of the lines belong to both electronic states. This latter result points out many RT couplings above 11000cm−1. The theoretical intensities agree very well with the few available experimental data. The time evolution of the correlation functions reflects all internal motions, with periods ranging from ∼750to2fs, from slow rotational modes to ultrafast electronic dynamics. At low T, the correlation function is proportional to the survival probability of an initial WP, it has many recursions, and can be very regular, without decaying on the average. At high T, the correlation function is associated with the dynamics of many WPs, which present different dephasing times, and the dynamics thus becomes very irregular. The internal dynamics is nonadiabatic above 11000cm−1, because the WPs move from the vertical to the linear region of the excited surface, and can jump to the ground surface owing to RT couplings.
Comparing polarizable force fields to ab initio calculations reveals nonclassical effects in condensed phases
Authors: Chelli Riccardo , Schettino Vincenzo , Procacci Piero
Published: June 2005

In a recent work [Giese and York J. Chem. Phys. 120, 9903 (2004)] showed that many-body force field models based solely on pairwise Coulomb screening cannot simultaneously reproduce both gas-phase and condensed-phase polarizability limits. In particular, polarizable force fields applied to bifurcated water chains have been demonstrated to be overpolarized with respect to ab initio methods. This behavior was ascribed to the neglect of coupling between many-body exchange and polarization. In the present article we reproduce those results using different ab initio levels of theory and a polarizable model based on the chemical-potential equalization principle. Moreover we show that, when hydrogen-bond (H-bond) forming systems are considered, an additional nonclassical effect, i.e., intermolecular charge transfer, must be taken into account. Such effect, contrarily to that of coupling between many-body exchange and polarization, makes classical polarizable force fields underpolarized. In the case of water at standard conditions, being H-bonded geometries much more probable than the bifurcated ones, intermolecular charge transfer is the dominant effect.
Role of solvent for globular proteins in solution
Authors: Shiryayev Andrey , Pagan Daniel L. , Gunton James D. , Rhen D. S. , Saxena Avadh , Lookman Turab
Published: June 2005

The properties of the solvent affect the behavior of the solution. We propose a model that accounts for the contribution of the solvent free energy to the free energy of globular proteins in solution. For the case of an attractive square-well potential, we obtain an exact mapping of the phase diagram of this model without solvent to the model that includes the solute–solvent contribution. In particular we find for appropriate choices of parameters upper critical points, lower critical points, and even closed loops with both upper and lower critical points similar to those found before [Macromolecules 36, 5843 (2003)]. In the general case of systems whose interactions are not attractive square wells, this mapping procedure can be a first approximation to understand the phase diagram in the presence of solvent. We also present simulation results for both the square-well model and a modified Lennard-Jones model.
Presentation of electromagnetic multichannel data: The signal space separation method
Authors: Taulu Samu , Kajola Matti
Published: June 2005

Measurement of external magnetic fields provides information on electric current distribution inside an object. For example, in magnetoencephalography modern measurement devices sample the magnetic field produced by the brain in several hundred distinct locations around the head. The signal space separation (SSS) method creates a fundamental linear basis for all measurable multichannel signal vectors of magnetic origin. The SSS basis is based on the fact that the magnetic field can be expressed as a combination of two separate and rapidly converging expansions of harmonic functions with one expansion for signals arising from inside of the measurement volume of the sensor array and another for signals arising from outside of this volume. The separation is based on the different convergence volumes of the two expansions and on the fact that the sensors are located in a source current-free volume between the interesting and interfering sources. Individual terms of the expansions are shown to contain uncorrelated information of the underlying source distribution. SSS provides a stable decomposition of the measurement into a fundamental device-independent form when used with an accurately calibrated multichannel device. The external interference signals are elegantly suppressed by leaving the interference components out from the reconstruction based on the decomposition. Representation of multichannel data with the SSS basis is shown to provide a large variety of applications for improved analysis of multichannel data.
Secondary oxidation product on Si(111)-(7×7) characterized by isotope-labeled vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Okuyama H. , Ohtsuka Y. , Aruga T.
Published: June 2005

The reaction of O2 with Si(111)-(7×7) has been studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy at 82K. In addition to the losses due to Si–O–Si configurations, we observed two Si–O stretch modes depending on the coverage. A 146-meV peak appears at the initial reaction stage and was ascribed to a metastable product with one oxygen atom bonding on top of Si adatom and the other inserted into the backbond. The initial product is further oxidized to produce the second Si–O stretch peak at 150meV. The secondary product was partially substituted with isotopes and analyzed with a simple model of coupled oscillators. The vibrational spectra reflect dynamical couplings between the isotopes, which is consistent with those predicted from the tetrahedral SiO4 structure with one on top and three inserted oxygen atoms.
On Explicit point multimonopoles in SU(2) gauge theory
Authors: Popov Alexander D.
Published: June 2005

It is well known that the Dirac monopole solution with the U(1) gauge group embedded into the group SU(2) is equivalent to the SU(2) Wu–Yang point monopole solution having no Dirac string singularity. We consider a multicenter configuration of m Dirac monopoles and n antimonopoles and its embedding into SU(2) gauge theory. Using geometric methods, we construct an explicit solution of the SU(2) Yang–Mills equations which generalizes the Wu–Yang solution to the case of m monopoles and n antimonopoles located at arbitrary points in R3.
Physical structures of SiO2 ultrathin films probed by grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity
Authors: Azuma Yasushi , Fan Jiangwei , Kojima Isao , Wei Shiqiang
Published: June 2005

The effects of contamination overlayer and density as well as surface and interface roughnesses on the x-ray reflectivity of a SiO2 ultrathin film are discussed from viewpoints of experiment and theory. Grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity (GIXRR) is used to accurately measure physical structures of SiO2 ultrathin films grown on Si substrate by effectively resolving deviations caused by a contamination overlayer (i.e., H2O and carbonaceous compounds). GIXRR results indicate that only the thickness accuracy of a SiO2 film is largely affected by the overlayer. The thickness of a SiO2 film obtained from GIXRR peak extrema and theoretical fitting reveals that if a SiO2 film with the thickness of 2.64nm is considered as a single layer, the H2O overlayer with a thickness of 0.55nm makes the thickness of the SiO2 film increase to 3.09nm, and the deviation is about 17% from its corrected thickness. By evaluating the GIXRR results of three repeating measurements of a nominal 4-nm SiO2 film, its density, thickness, and surface and interface roughnesses are 2.43±0.01g∕cm3, 3.99±0.03nm, and 0.40±0.02nm and 0.25±0.02nm, respectively.
Three-phonon relaxation in isotropic and anisotropic phonon systems of liquid helium at different pressures
Authors: Adamenko I. N. , Nemchenko K. E. , Slipko V. A. , Kitsenko Yu. A. , Wyatt A. F. G.
Published: June 2005

Starting from the kinetic equation for phonons in superfluid helium, expressions for the rates of three-phonon scattering in isotropic and anisotropic phonon systems are obtained for different pressures. These expressions are valid in the whole range of energies where three-phonon processes are allowed. Limiting cases are analyzed and compared with the results of previous theoretical investigations. The obtained pressure and angular dependence of three phonon scattering rate allows one to explain the experimental data on interaction of phonon pulses.
Electrical resistivity of Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 quasicrystals in the temperature region 0.3–300 K
Authors: Azhazha V. M. , Khadzhay G. Ya. , Merisov B. A. , Malikhin S. V. , Pugachov A. T. , Ott H. R. , Sologubenko A. V.
Published: June 2005

The electrical resistivity of icosahedral quasicrystals Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 is investigated in the temperature region between 0.3 and 300 K on samples of different quality. At temperatures between 0.3 and 2 K the influence of external magnetic fields up to 16 kOe on the superconducting transition of these materials is investigated. The temperature dependence of the resistivity in the region of the superconducting transition varies in a step-like manner. The data of the x-ray analysis imply the presence of several different quasicrystalline phases. Above the superconducting transition a resistivity minimum is observed.
Stationary Josephson effect in a weak link between nonunitary triplet superconductors
Authors: Rashedi G. , Kolesnichenko Yu. A.
Published: June 2005

A stationary Josephson effect in a weak link between misoriented nonunitary triplet superconductors is investigated theoretically. The non-self-consistent quasiclassical Eilenberger equation for this system is solved analytically. As an application of this analytical calculation, the current-phase diagrams are plotted for the junction between two nonunitary bipolar f-wave superconducting banks. A spontaneous current parallel to the interface between superconductors is observed. Also, the effect of misorientation between crystals on the Josephson and spontaneous currents is studied. Such experimental investigations of the current-phase diagrams can be used to test the pairing symmetry in the above-mentioned superconductors.
On the influence of magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities on the properties of yttrium-based high-Tc superconductors
Authors: Sanikidze J. G. , Kokhreidze R. G. , Mestvirishvili A. N. , Mumladze G. A. , Odenov S. V. , Papunashvili N. A. , Chubabria M. Ya.
Published: June 2005

The influence of impurities on the physical properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconducting ceramics is investigated. Samples of yttrium ceramics with different Ni, Zn, Co, Fe, and Ga impurity contents were prepared for this study, and the superconducting fraction, the low-frequency susceptibility in an external dc field, and the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility in a weak ac field were measured for each sample. The last of these measurements permits a more precise determination of the critical temperature (the start of the transition) without regard for percolation effects. The experimental results show a stronger suppression of the superconducting state by nonmagnetic impurities, thus confirming the presence of d-state pairs in these superconductors. The degree of suppression of superconductivity by magnetic impurities depends on the preference of the impurities to locate in Cu(1) or Cu(2) sites.
Nonlinear interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a transport current in a hard superconductor
Authors: Nesterov M. L. , Slipchenko T. M. , Yampol’skii V. A.
Published: June 2005

It is predicted that the time dependence of the electric field at the surface of a superconducting slab carrying a transport current will have jumps that occur as a result of the interaction of the current with the field of the electromagnetic wave. A theoretical analysis of the phenomenon is carried out in a simple model for arbitrary monotonic dependence of the critical current density on the magnetic induction. The dependence of the value of the jump of the electric field on the amplitude of the wave and the strength of the transport current is investigated. The predicted effect can be observed experimentally by measuring the emf of a coil wound on the slab in the plane perpendicular to the external ac magnetic field.
Energy pumping in a quantum nanoelectromechanical system
Authors: Nord T. , Gorelik L.Y.
Published: June 2005

The fully quantized mechanical motion of a single-level quantum dot coupled to two voltage-biased electronic leads is studied. It is found that there are two different regimes, depending on the applied voltage. If the bias voltage is below a certain threshold (which depends on the energy of the vibrational quanta) the mechanical subsystem is characterized by a low level of excitation. Above a threshold the energy accumulated in the mechanical degree of freedom increases dramatically. The distribution function for the energy level population and the current through the system in this regime is calculated.
Fano resonance in a multimode tapered fiber coupled with a microspherical cavity
Authors: Chiba Akito , Fujiwara Hideki , Hotta Jun-ichi , Takeuchi Shigeki , Sasaki Keiji
Published: June 2005

Fano resonance in a tapered optical fiber in contact with a high-Q microsphere is demonstrated. Multimode waves propagating in a 2.3μm diameter taper were coupled with a single whispering gallery mode of a 220μm sphere, and their coherent interaction resulted in Fano resonance. The asymmetric line shapes of the transmission spectra changed periodically with scanning of the coupling position along the taper. The observed 24μm period was due to modal dispersion in the tapered fiber.
Anisotropy dependence of irreversible switching in Fe∕SmCo and FeNi∕FePt exchange spring magnet films
Authors: Davies Joseph E. , Hellwig Olav , Fullerton Eric E. , Jiang J. S. , Bader S. D. , Zimányi G. T. , Liu Kai
Published: June 2005

Magnetization reversal in exchange-spring magnet films has been investigated by a first-order reversal curve (FORC) technique and vector magnetometry. In Fe∕epitaxial-SmCo films, the reversal proceeds by a reversible rotation of the Fe soft layer, followed by an irreversible switching of the SmCo hard layer. The switching fields are clearly manifested by separate steps in both longitudinal and transverse hysteresis loops, as well as sharp boundaries in the FORC distribution. In FeNi∕polycrystalline-FePt films, particularly with thin FeNi, the switching fields are masked by the smooth and step-free major loop. However, the FORC diagram still displays a distinct onset of irreversible switching and transverse hysteresis loops exhibit a pair of peaks, whose amplitude is larger than the maximum possible contribution from the FeNi layer alone. This suggests that the FeNi and FePt layers reverse in a continuous process via a vertical spiral. The successive versus continuous rotation of the soft∕hard layer system is primarily due to the different crystal structure of the hard layer, which results in different anisotropies.
Interfacial and electrical characteristics of Al2O3 gate dielectric on fully depleted SiGe on insulator
Authors: Di Zengfeng , Zhang Miao , Liu Weili , Shen Qinwo , Luo Suhua , Song Zhitang , Lin Chenglu , Huang Anping , Chu Paul K.
Published: June 2005

The interfacial and electrical characteristics of as-deposited or annealed A2O3 gate dielectric films grown on fully depleted SiGe-on-insulator are investigated. An interfacial layer composed of SiOx and GeOx is observed in the as-grown film. The interfacial silicate formation is effectively suppressed by GeOx formation. However, GeOx is reduced to Ge and extensive silicate formation occurs after annealing. The formation of silicate and disappearance of GeOx after annealing leads to a decrease in the density of the interfacial states.
Conditional knockout of focal adhesion kinase in endothelial cells reveals its role in angiogenesis and vascular development in late embryogenesis
Authors: Shen Tang-Long , Park Ann Y.-J. , Alcaraz Ana , Peng Xu , Jang Ihnkyung , Koni Pandelakis , Flavell Richard A. , Gu Hua , Guan Jun-Lin
Published: June 2005

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical mediator of signal transduction by integrins and growth factor receptors in a variety of cells including endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we describe EC-specific knockout of FAK using a Cre-loxP approach. In contrast to the total FAK knockout, deletion of FAK specifically in ECs did not affect early embryonic development including normal vasculogenesis. However, in late embryogenesis, FAK deletion in the ECs led to defective angiogenesis in the embryos, yolk sac, and placenta, impaired vasculature and associated hemorrhage, edema, and developmental delay, and late embryonic lethal phenotype. Histologically, ECs and blood vessels in the mutant embryos present a disorganized, detached, and apoptotic appearance. Consistent with these phenotypes, deletion of FAK in ECs isolated from the floxed FAK mice led to reduced tubulogenesis, cell survival, proliferation, and migration in vitro. Together, these results strongly suggest a role of FAK in angiogenesis and vascular development due to its essential function in the regulation of multiple EC activities.
Musculin/MyoR is expressed in kidney side population cells and can regulate their function
Authors: Hishikawa Keiichi , Marumo Takeshi , Miura Shigeki , Nakanishi Asato , Matsuzaki Yumi , Shibata Katsunori , Ichiyanagi Tomoko , Kohike Hiroko , Komori Takuya , Takahashi Ichiro , Takase Osamu , Imai Naohiko , Yoshikawa Masahiro , Inowa Toshihiko , Hayashi Matsuhiko , Nakaki Toshio , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Okano Hideyuki , Fujita Toshiro
Published: June 2005

Musculin/MyoR is a new member of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, and its expression is limited to skeletal muscle precursors. Here, we report that musculin/MyoR is expressed in adult kidney side population (SP) cells and can regulate their function. SP phenotype can be used to purify stem cell–rich fractions. Microarray analysis clarified that musculin/MyoR was exclusively expressed in kidney SP cells, and the cells resided in the renal interstitial space. Musculin/MyoR-positive cells were decreased in acute renal failure, but infusion of kidney SP cells increased musculin/MyoR-positive cells and improved renal function. Kidney SP cells in reversible acute renal failure expressed a high level of renoprotective factors and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), but not in irreversible chronic renal failure. In cultured kidney SP cells, LIF stimulated gene expression of renoprotective factors, and down-regulation of musculin/MyoR augmented LIF-induced gene expression. Our results suggest that musculin/MyoR may play important roles not only in developmental processes but also in regenerative processes in adult tissue.
Histone H1 is essential for mitotic chromosome architecture and segregation in Xenopus laevis egg extracts
Authors: Maresca Thomas J. , Freedman Benjamin S. , Heald Rebecca
Published: June 2005

During cell division, condensation and resolution of chromosome arms and the assembly of a functional kinetochore at the centromere of each sister chromatid are essential steps for accurate segregation of the genome by the mitotic spindle, yet the contribution of individual chromatin proteins to these processes is poorly understood. We have investigated the role of embryonic linker histone H1 during mitosis in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Immunodepletion of histone H1 caused the assembly of aberrant elongated chromosomes that extended off the metaphase plate and outside the perimeter of the spindle. Although functional kinetochores assembled, aligned, and exhibited poleward movement, long and tangled chromosome arms could not be segregated in anaphase. Histone H1 depletion did not significantly affect the recruitment of known structural or functional chromosomal components such as condensins or chromokinesins, suggesting that the loss of H1 affects chromosome architecture directly. Thus, our results indicate that linker histone H1 plays an important role in the structure and function of vertebrate chromosomes in mitosis.
Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells transfer HIV-1 preferentially to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
Authors: Loré Karin , Smed-Sörensen Anna , Vasudevan Jayanand , Mascola John R. , Koup Richard A.
Published: June 2005

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential antigen-presenting cells for the induction of T cell immunity against pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. At the same time, HIV-1 replication is strongly enhanced in DC–T cell clusters, potentially undermining this process. We found that immature CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and CD11c+ myeloid DCs (MDCs) were susceptible to both a CCR5- and a CXCR4-using HIV-1 isolate in vitro and were able to efficiently transfer that infection to autologous CD4+ T cells. Soon after HIV-1 exposure, both PDCs and MDCs were able to transfer the virus to T cells in the absence of a productive infection. However, once a productive infection was established in the DCs, newly synthesized virus was predominantly spread to T cells. HIV-1 exposure of the MDCs and PDCs did not inhibit their ability to present cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens and activate CMV-specific memory T cells. As a result, both PDCs and MDCs preferentially transmitted HIV-1 to the responding CMV antigen–specific CD4+ T cells rather than to nonresponding T cells. This suggests that the induction of antigen-specific T cell responses by DCs, a process crucial to immune defense, can lead to preferential HIV-1 infection and the deletion of responding CD4+ T cells.
No audible wheezing
Authors: Boyce Joshua A. , Austen K. Frank
Published: June 2005

Mouse models of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell–biased pulmonary inflammation have elucidated mechanisms of sensitization, cell traffic, and induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Nonetheless, most mice lack intrinsic AHR, a central property of human asthma, and disparities persist regarding the contributions of eosinophils and mast cells and the sensitivity to induced AHR in the commonly used mouse strains. We suggest that these discordances, reflecting methodological and genetic differences, may be informative for understanding heterogeneity of human asthma.
Power bounded operators and supercyclic vectors II
Authors: Müller V.
Published: June 2005

We show that each power bounded operator with spectral radius equal to one on a reflexive Banach space has a nonzero vector which is not supercyclic. Equivalently, the operator has a nontrivial closed invariant homogeneous subset. Moreover, the operator has a nontrivial closed invariant cone if

1
1

belongs to its spectrum. This generalizes the corresponding results for Hilbert space operators. For non-reflexive Banach spaces these results remain true; however, the non-supercyclic vector (invariant cone, respectively) relates to the adjoint of the operator.
Can a large cardinal be forced from a condition implying its negation?
Authors: Apter Arthur , Sargsyan Grigor
Published: June 2005

In this note, we provide an affirmative answer to the title question by giving two examples of cardinals satisfying conditions implying they are non-Rowbottom which can be turned into Rowbottom cardinals via forcing. In our second example, our cardinal is also non-Jonsson.
A variant of the Reynolds operator
Authors: Chu Huah , Hu Shou-Jen , Kang Ming-chang
Published: June 2005

Let

G
G

be a linearly reductive group over a field

k
k

, and let

R
R

be a

k
k

-algebra with a rational action of

G
G

. Given rational

R
R

-

G
G

-modules

M
M

and

N
N

, we define for the induced

G
G

-action on Hom

R

(
M
,
N
)

_{R}(M,N)

a generalized Reynolds operator, which exists even if the action on Hom

R

(
M
,
N
)

_{R}(M, N)

is not rational. Given an

R
R

-module homomorphism

M
→
N

M \rightarrow N

, it produces, in a natural way, an

R
R

-module homomorphism which is

G
G

-equivariant. We use this generalized Reynolds operator to study properties of rational

R
R

-

G
G

modules. In particular, we prove that if

M
M

is invariantly generated (i.e.

M
=
R
⋅

M

G

M = R \cdot M^{G}

), then

M

G

M^{G}

is a projective (resp. flat)

R

G

R^{G}

-module provided that

M
M

is a projective (resp. flat)

R
R

-module. We also give a criterion whether an

R
R

-projective (or

R
R

-flat) rational

R
R

-

G
G

-module is extended from an

R

G

R^{G}

-module.
Ordered fields satisfying Pólya’s theorem
Authors: Guangxing Zeng
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this paper is to characterize ordered fields satisfying Pólya’s theorem on positive representations of polynomials. As a main result, it is proved that an ordered field

(
F
,
≤
)

(F,\le )

satisfies Pólya’s theorem if and only if

≤
\le

is an archimedean ordering and

F
F

is a real closed field.
On the absence of uniform denominators in Hilbert’s 17th problem
Authors: Reznick Bruce
Published: June 2005

Hilbert showed that for most

(
n
,
m
)

(n,m)

there exist positive semidefinite forms

p
(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)

p(x_1,\dots ,x_n)

of degree

m
m

which cannot be written as a sum of squares of forms. His 17th problem asked whether, in this case, there exists a form

h
h

so that

h
2

p

h^2p

is a sum of squares of forms; that is,

p
p

is a sum of squares of rational functions with denominator

h
h

. We show that, for every such

(
n
,
m
)

(n,m)

there does not exist a single form

h
h

which serves in this way as a denominator for every positive semidefinite

p
(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)

p(x_1,\dots ,x_n)

of degree

m
m

.
Compact orthoalgebras
Authors: Wilce Alexander
Published: June 2005

We initiate a study of topological orthoalgebras (TOAs), concentrating on the compact case. Examples of TOAs include topological orthomodular lattices, and also the projection lattice of a Hilbert space. As the latter example illustrates, a lattice-ordered TOA need not be a topological lattice. However, we show that a compact Boolean TOA is a topological Boolean algebra. Using this, we prove that any compact regular TOA is atomistic , and has a compact center. We prove also that any compact TOA with isolated

0
0

is of finite height. We then focus on stably ordered TOAs: those in which the upper set generated by an open set is open. These include both topological orthomodular lattices and interval orthoalgebras – in particular, projection lattices. We show that the topology of a compact stably-ordered TOA with isolated

0
0

is determined by that of its space of atoms.
Characterization of bilinear spaces with unimodular isometry group
Authors: Đoković Dragomir , Szechtman Fernando
Published: June 2005

We study finite-dimensional bilinear spaces and their isometry groups. To each bilinear space

V
V

we associate two canonical filtrations, which yield structural results on

V
V

. Prominent among these is an explicit formula for the number of indecomposable and degenerate blocks of

V
V

of a given dimension. Equipped with this material, we proceed to characterize those bilinear spaces whose isometry group is contained in the special linear group. This characterization can easily be implemented in practice by means of an algorithm. As an application, we determine the real

n
n

-by-

n
n

matrices whose congruence class is disconnected.
Centralizer sizes and nilpotency class in Lie algebras and finite 𝑝-groups
Authors: Jaikin-Zapirain A.
Published: June 2005

In this work we solve a conjecture of Y. Barnea and M. Isaacs about centralizer sizes and the nilpotency class in nilpotent finite-dimensional Lie algebras and finite

p
p

-groups.
Class groups of imaginary function fields: The inert case
Authors: Lee Yoonjin , Pacelli Allison
Published: June 2005

Let

F

\mathbb {F}

be a finite field and

T
T

a transcendental element over

F

\mathbb {F}

. An imaginary function field is defined to be a function field such that the prime at infinity is inert or totally ramified. For the totally imaginary case, in a recent paper the second author constructed infinitely many function fields of any fixed degree over

F

(
T
)

\mathbb {F}(T)

in which the prime at infinity is totally ramified and with ideal class numbers divisible by any given positive integer greater than 1. In this paper, we complete the imaginary case by proving the corresponding result for function fields in which the prime at infinity is inert. Specifically, we show that for relatively prime integers

m
m

and

n
n

, there are infinitely many function fields

K
K

of fixed degree

m
m

such that the class group of

K
K

contains a subgroup isomorphic to

(

Z

/

n

Z

)

m
−
1

(\mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z})^{m-1}

and the prime at infinity is inert.
Towards a vulnerability assessment of the UK and northern European coasts: the role of regional climate variability
Authors: Tsimplis M.N , Woolf D.K , Osborn T.J , Wakelin S , Wolf J , Flather R , Shaw A.G.P , Woodworth P , Challenor P , Blackman D , Pert F , Yan Z , Jevrejeva S
Published: June 2005

Within the framework of a Tyndall Centre research project, sea level and wave changes around the UK and in the North Sea have been analysed. This paper integrates the results of this project. Many aspects of the contribution of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to sea level and wave height have been resolved. The NAO is a major forcing parameter for sea-level variability. Strong positive response to increasing NAO was observed in the shallow parts of the North Sea, while slightly negative response was found in the southwest part of the UK. The cause of the strong positive response is mainly the increased westerly winds. The NAO increase during the last decades has affected both the mean sea level and the extreme sea levels in the North Sea. The derived spatial distribution of the NAO-related variability of sea level allows the development of scenarios for future sea level and wave height in the region. Because the response of sea level to the NAO is found to be variable in time across all frequency bands, there is some inherent uncertainty in the use of the empirical relationships to develop scenarios of future sea level. Nevertheless, as it remains uncertain whether the multi-decadal NAO variability is related to climate change, the use of the empirical relationships in developing scenarios is justified. The resulting scenarios demonstrate: (i) that the use of regional estimates of sea level increase the projected range of sea-level change by 50% and (ii) that the contribution of the NAO to winter sea-level variability increases the range of uncertainty by a further 10–20 cm. On the assumption that the general circulation models have some skill in simulating the future NAO change, then the NAO contribution to sea-level change around the UK is expected to be very small (<4 cm) by 2080. Wave heights are also sensitive to the NAO changes, especially in the western coasts of the UK. Under the same scenarios for future NAO changes, the projected significant wave-height changes in the northeast Atlantic will exceed 0.4 m. In addition, wave-direction changes of around 20° per unit NAO index have been documented for one location. Such changes raise the possibility of consequential alteration of coastal erosion.