bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Willow communities, optimal absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Authors: Gorobets A , Silva M
Published: December 2020

High biological productivity of willow communities contributes to the effective performance of carbon dioxide absorption in photosynthesis. In natural communities, shrub willows hectareve a better effect on carbon dioxide balance: the amount of absorbed gas significantly exceeds its emission. Deciduous willows are able to fulfill the same condition, but only when grown in plantations. For the effective absorption of carbon dioxide, willow communities should meet the following parameters depending on the soil conditions. A one-year phytomass growth of axial shoots (in terms of absolutely dry matter) should be more thectaren 3.11 tons⋅hectare−1⋅year−1 on rich soils. This condition is fully met by the Salix dasyclados and S. viminalis communities. When growing on poor soils, annual phytomass growth of axial shoots of more thectaren 0.93 tons⋅hectare−1⋅year−1 is sufficient, which is noted in the communities of S. purpurea. The annual increase in phytomass of axial shoots should be more 2.48 tons⋅hectare−1⋅year−1 when growing on swampy soils. S. dasyclados and S. viminalis are the most suitable for plantation cultivation. These willow species perform the raw material function in the most effective way and, along with this, absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the greatest amount.
The impact of changes in climatic conditions on the dynamics of the phenology of species of nuts of the genus Juglans in the Voronezh region (Russia)
Authors: Slavskiy V , Horbachenko S
Published: December 2020

Taking into account the emerging trend towards temperature increase in the region of the research in recent years, introduction and cultivation of genus Juglans in the Voronezh region is a pressing issue. The studied the dynamics of phenological phases 5 the most promising for the cultivating species of nuts (Juglans regia L., Juglans manshurica Max., Juglans nigra L., Juglans cinerea L. and Juglans cordiformis Max.), which are the most promising for the cultivating. Has been identified a significant increase in air temperature over the past 30 years. A close correlation between the temperature indicators and the dynamics of phenological phases is established (primarily occurring in the spring). With an increase in average annual air temperature by 1 °C and remaining unchanged humidity indicators, the duration of the growing season increases by an average of 4 days. Keeping in mind the emerging tendency of climate change, the cultivation of heat-loving southern forms of Juglans nuts in the Voronezh region will constantly increase.
Density formation along the trunk radius in various wood species based on latitudinal or altitudinal zoning
Authors: Kiseleva A V , Snegireva S N , Platonov A D , Pinchevska O A
Published: December 2020

Wood is a material characterized by anisotropy of structure and variability of properties in the tree trunk. The indicators of wood properties can be predicted by the density value. Wood density formation in a tree trunk is influenced by many factors. The most important are: age changes, the position in the trunk and the impact of the environment. The purpose of this study is to establish the regularity of wood density formation along the trunk radius. Regularity is based on growing conditions and latitude zoning for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and altitude zoning for European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). The studies have been performed on cores including wood sections from bark to core obtained using coring instrument. Density of each annual layer by measuring buoyancy force of specimens immersed in a liquid was determined. The formation features and periods of the maximum density of pine and chestnut wood along the trunk radius were established based on latitudinal and altitudinal zoning of wood in the temperate continental climate of the European part of Russia.
The role of energy potential in the mass transfer of moisture in the capillaries of woody plants
Authors: Korablev R A , Belocurov V P , Busarin E N
Published: December 2020

Theoretical and experimental studies of the growth and development of tree and shrub vegetation are determined by sorption characteristics, which depend on the moisture content in capillary-porous materials of phytomass stands. Thermodynamic parameters of mass transfer and their gradients are of fundamental importance. The purpose of this theoretical study was to solve a scientific problem on the development of theoretical foundations for mathematical modeling of mass transfer of moisture and nutrients in the vascular system of growing wood material, taking into account the energy potential. The research provides a theoretical justification and consideration of the thermodynamics of moisture mass transfer in the capillaries of wood materials. Based on the study of thermodynamic driving forces in capillary-porous growing wood bodies, it is established that the mass transfer potential is the chemical potential, which in the vascular system of wood and bast depends on free and chemically-bound moisture. The equations of filtration effect of moisture and moisture gradients on the mass transfer of moisture in capillary-growing wood materials, given the thermodynamic potential in non-isothermal conditions for wood phytomass, depending on the rate of change of thermodynamic potentials.
Mechanization of coniferous seeds grading in Russia: a selected literature analysis
Authors: Novikov A I , Ersson B T , Malyshev V V , Petrishchev E P , Ilunina A A
Published: December 2020

The review is intended for international readers or those unable to read Russian. The review is based on long-term research of the affiliated University and search in Russian-language databases. Currently, there is a large number of sites in the Russian forests that need to be restored. Mechanization of grading seeds in Russia has more than half a century of history. The results of retrospective analysis show that the choice of the sorting method depends on the seed characteristics and the level of achieved technologies in equipment design. The prospects for the use of optoelectronic and mechatronic devices for such purposes are due to low costs and negative impact compared to the use of grid and trier. The research materials will allow planning new experiments to find a reliable protocol for testing and preparing coniferous seeds, depending on the method of further seeding or storage. The study will allow to correct plant propagation protocols for sustainable forest management. However, many questions remained unresolved: what types of grader and pelleting apparatus to use, what wavelength range is best used to identify viable seeds?
Combined physical modification of polymer adhesives used in woodworking
Authors: Popov V , Latynin A , Tinkov A
Published: December 2020

There is a shortage of valuable wood species in the world. One of the easiest and affordable ways to replace is to create glued products from scarce wood species by gluing oversized blanks. Products made of glued blanks are not inferior to the products made of solid wood in quality and properties. These products have the properties of rare wood species. However, growing demand on the quality of glued products constantly challenge technologists to increase the strength of adhesive joints. This problem can be solved in several ways: development of new bonding technologies, creation of special adhesives for a specific task and modification of known adhesives. The aim of the research is to increase the adhesive strength of wood due to decrease of adhesive viscosity and decrease in wetting angle. It is achieved due to directional effects of combined physical field to resin. Urea-formaldehyde resin and oak wood specimens have been considered as the object of the research. As a result of the resin modification, strength of the adhesive joint along the fibers increased by 2 times (196%), while the values of the viscosity and wetting edge angle were reduced by 62% and 82%, respectively.
Improving the reliability of chainsaws based on alignment of reliability of component links
Authors: Volkov V S , Kastyrin D Ju
Published: December 2020

A method is proposed for calculating the reliability of components of a chainsaw and its construction as a whole based on a passive experiment to collect information about the failures of components and cases of inoperable condition. The design of a gasoline saw is considered as a mechanical system with sequential connection of elements, when the failure of one element causes the failure of the entire structure as a whole. The proposed calculation method can be used for the modernization and design of such structures in order to increase the failure time of low-reliability units and equalize the reliability indicators of all components of the chainsaw. It was found that the least reliable node of the MP-5 chainsaw is the ignition system with an average time to failure of 114 hours. At the same time, the most reliable element of a chainsaw is its frame, the average time to failure of which is 264 motor hours. The average time to failure of the remaining chainsaw links for a period of 300 hours is in the range of 20 to 80 hours.
Justification of the possibility of cooking eggs without water in an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field
Authors: Novikova G , Orlova O , Mikhailova O , Prosviryakova M , Zaitsev P
Published: December 2020

Rejected hatching eggs after ovoscoping can be used as protein feed for chickens after they have been heat-treated by exposure to an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field. In this regard, the dielectric and physical-mechanical parameters of the components of a chicken egg are analyzed, the heat treatment modes and structural designs of resonators of ultra-high-frequency continuous-flow installations are justified. Studies show that the yolk is endogenously heated two to three times faster than the protein, which is coagulated mainly by heat transfer from the yolk. This is due to the mass difference and the dielectric loss factor of the egg components. Unconventional resonators have been developed that allow controlling the heating rate of raw material components not only by smoothly regulating the generator power. In a quasi-toroidal resonator, this is done by changing the capacitance in the capacitor part; in mobile hemispherical resonators that provide a downhole technological process of less than 0.5 due to the resonant beam electrodynamic system-by changing the speed of movement of the hemispheres; in a biconic resonator - by changing the downhole process.
Installations for defrosting and warming colostrum in continuous mode
Authors: Novikova G , Mikhailova O , Prosviryakova M , Tikhonov A , Tarakanov D , Dulepov D , Kirillov N
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the development of microwave technology and installations for preparing frozen cow colostrum for calf feeding by exposure to an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field in two volume resonators, which allow defrosting and heating of cow colostrum at different doses in a continuous mode. Two resonator microwave installations designed for farms have been developed and described. Effective modes of defrosting and warming up cow colostrum in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency: duration of exposure to ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field in a resonator is 12 min; power of microwave generators 3.5–3.65 kW; plant productivity 25–30 kg/h; energy costs for the process 0.12–0.18 kW-kg/h, heating temperature of raw materials to 38–40 °C. For cattle farms up to 600 heads, one microwave installation is enough to defrost and heat cow colostrum. The annual economic effect due to lower operating costs will be 153600 rubles. The profitability of the process will increase by 3.22%.
Development of technology and means for machine harvesting of head cabbage in the non-damaging mode
Authors: Alatyrev S , Yunusov G , Kruchinkina I , Alatyrev A
Published: December 2020

During the traditional mechanized harvesting of cabbage the heads are severely injured. In this regard, the purpose of research is to provide scientific justification for the new technology and devices for machine harvesting cabbage in a sparing mode. Using mathematical modeling, new methods of cabbage harvesting are justified, which provide for a gentle mode of shipment of heads by a combine harvester using a special device, first on a flexible flooring, and then carefully transferring them manually into containers. Thus, the methods of reducing the damage to cabbage heads during machine cleaning are formulated, and the nature of the influence of the main parameters of the proposed devices on the quality of the working process is analytically revealed. As a result, the rational parameters of the devices were determined: the departure of the loading zone of the tray Δ=0.100-0.150 m with its Flexural stiffness EI=16-20 H.m2
, the height difference of the edges of the flexible flooring h=0.25 m. The production test established the consistency of the proposed new technology of machine harvesting of cabbage and the possibility of reducing the damage to the heads to a level not exceeding 5-7% of the total mass of products.
On the use of feed supplements in the system of livestock technological modernization
Authors: Prokopieva M , Nesterova O , Sereda N
Published: December 2020

When feeding of pigs is organized it is necessary to take into account physiological patterns of development that affect both productivity and reproductive qualities which are based on metabolism. This study considers and investigates the use of Provimi protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (PVMS) in the system of livestock technological modernization. Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood were studied in the control and experimental groups using generally accepted standardized methods. The results were processed using the program STATGU1.XLS. In the course of experimental work, the composition and nutritional value of feeding pigs within 60 days after weaning and 210 days of fattening were evaluated. The influence of Provimi products on their growth, development and metabolism was studied, which is judged by the state of morphobiochemical parameters of blood in the dynamics of growth of animals.The use of PVMS of the aforementioned company has had a positive effect on the growth dynamics as evidenced by an average daily body-weight increase of animals of the experimental group compared to the test one by more than 30%.
The influence of curd whey on biotechnological processes during bread baking
Authors: Checheneshkina O , Larionov G
Published: December 2020

The use of waste-free production in the food industry is an urgent problem for the entire world economy. Processing companies most frequently face challenges in managing their waste. This is one of the reasons for low return on production. An example of that is (curd) whey. When making dry-curd cottage cheese and cheese, many dairy plants often do not use whey for further processing, but dispose of it. Therefore, produced in the conditions of the educational and research lab of milk and dairy technology and the educational scientific-production lab of baking, biotechnology and agronomy faculty of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Chuvash State Agricultural Academy, this publication explores the use of whey in baking and its influence on biotechnological processes when baking wheatrye bread. Test lab baking with added whey was successful in terms of organoleptic and physical-chemical properties. Found that in the first experimental group the acidity of the crumb of bread is equal to 9.50 degrees, in the second experimental group 9.02 degrees. The porosity in the second experimental group is 10% higher than in the first group. The moisture content of the crumb in the first experimental group is 2% higher than in the first experimental group.
The vertically aligned carbon nanotubes arrays as biointerface for the E. Coli strain M-17
Authors: Dimitrieva A I , Popov A P , Kovalenko A V , Yumanov D S , Stepanov A V , Shemukhin A A , Vorobyova E A , Elsehly E M , Kazakov V A , Nasakin O E
Published: December 2020

The biological interaction materials study is necessary when creating biocompatible implantable devices, including biosensors. Important criteria for their creation are the bactericidal properties of such materials. In this paper, we study the bacteria with vertically aligned carbon nanotubes interaction. In this work we examined the bioaffinity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes samples with E. Coli strain M17 bacteria. We synthesized carbon nanotubes with various structural features on the surface of silicon wafers. Then westudied of the wettability of the obtained samples and tested bioactivity of E. Coli bacteria using spectrometry and photometry methods. It was found that E. Coli bacteria of strain M-17 demonstrated the best vital signs when interacting with the surfaces of hydrophobic samples of vertically oriented carbon nanotubes.
Use of brooders in growing piglets to enhance their growth and preservation
Authors: Solyanik A V , Semenov V G , Tyurin V G , Kuznetsov A F , Sofronov V G , Kh Volkov A , Solyanik V A
Published: December 2020

A method of heat localization in the resting area of piglets is proposed. It has been established that the combined use of brooder and radiation or contact heating makes it possible to provide a temperature of 30.0 ± 0.17 … 30.4 ± 0.26 °C for the up to three-weeks-old aged young stock, and 26.6 ± 0.26 … 26.5 ± 0.27 °C without heating means for the seven-week-old aged animals, a reduction of air velocity by 40-50%. The installation of brooders for weaners at rearing allows creating a temperature of 23.4 ± 0.32 … 26.2 ± 0.28 °C, reducing its speed by 26.7…35.7% (P≤0.001) in comparison with the control. The use of brooders for heating contributes (P≤0.001) to an increase in the growth of live weight of young animals by the end of growing period by 8.6…9.6%, the livability – by 2…3%, and the improvement of hematopoiesis, in comparison with radiation heating by infrared lamps.
Inter-population genetic diversity of cattle of the Kazakhstan population of Santa Gertrude Breed of Zhetysu type by microsatellite DNA
Authors: Baimukanov D A , Semenov V G , Nurbaev S D , Prmanshayev M , Kalghimbayeva M A , Nazarbekov A B
Published: December 2020

Analysis of the studied parameters of the population and genetic structure the cattle of Zhetysu type of Santa Gertrude breed has confirmed the presence of poorly differentiated subpopulations of animals in the southern and southeastern regions of Kazakhstan. The population and genetic structure of Zhetysu type of Santa Gertrude breed shows the differentiation of the population as a whole. The total number of alleles found in 11 microsatellite loci made up 135 including 121 – informative alleles, 90.72 – effective, and 14 – private ones. The average expected heterozygosity levels range from 0.7997 to 0.9117. According to Fis coefficient (individual fixation index), an excess of heterozygotes was found at TGLA53, ETH10, TGLA122, INRA23 and BM1824 loci. In other loci, a deficiency of heterizygotes is observed. The inbreeding coefficient Fst (subpopulation fixation index) made up 0.0094 which indicates the subdivision of the population (χ2 = 34.30, df = 1, significance level α < 0.001).
Utilization Study of Carbonized Coal Briquette as Beef Rendang Cooking Fuel
Authors: Pasymi  , Sari E , Rahman E D
Published: December 2020

Finding the cheaper alternative fuels and shortening the rendang cooking time are the potential efforts to reduce the production cost of rendang. This study aims to use low-rank cheap coal to cook beef rendang and to develop a more efficient rendang cooking method. First, the raw coals were carbonized, then the charcoals obtained were crushed and mixed with the filler and binder. After that, the charcoal mixture was molded into briquettes. Furthermore, the carbonized coal briquettes resulted were characterized and used as fuel to cook beef rendang in a semi-closed moveable-grate stove. To get a more efficient cooking time, a modified cooking method was developed. From the research has been obtained that there was almost no significant odor and smoke emissions during the cooking process except at the initial ignition period, which takes between 10-15 minutes. The modified cooking method took time 3 hours to get the dry beef rendang, 1 hour shorter than that of the normal cooking ones. Briquettes consumption for 1 kg of beef rendang cooking, using the modified cooking method, was about 0.75 kg, equivalent to USD 0.18 if 1 kg of briquette is priced USD 0.24. Finally, it can be summarized that carbonized coal briquette is a solid smokeless fuel that is safe and cheap to cook beef rendang.
Physico-mechanical Properties of Low-density GeopolymerMortarSynthesized Using Inexpensive Foam Agent
Authors: Amri A , Reski M , Helwani Z , Aman  , Hendri Y B , Maizir H , Saputro S , Wahyuadi J
Published: December 2020

Low-density geopolymer(LDG) mortars have been synthesized through the use of an inexpensive car-wash foaming agent. LDG mortarswere made by mixing coal fly ash and sand with activator solution of NaOH and Na2SiO3. The slurry mixture was then mixed with a thick foam and stirred using a hand mixer. During the stirring process, the ordinary Portland cement (OPC)was added to the mixture as additive. Once homogeneous, the slurry mixture was then poured into mortar molds and left overnight at room temperature before heat treatment at 60 °C for 24 h. The geopolymer mortars formed were then characterized. The density measurement showed that the density of geopolymerdecreased to about half from the original density at the OPC compositions of 5-15% and the activator solution compositions of 20-26%. In this composition range, the highest compressive strength (2.15 MPa) was shown by the LDG synthesized using a 23% activator solution and 15% OPC. Further addition of activator solution decreased the compressive strength due to the increase of porosity. The thermal durability test indicated that the LDG structure was relatively stable up to a temperature of 300 C. A further increase in temperature would cause structural degradation.
Drinking Water Production from Rainwater Using Radio Frequency Plasma System
Authors: Desmiarti R , Sari E , Vallepi R R , Wahyeni F S , Rosadi M Y , Hazmi A
Published: December 2020

Indonesia has a large amount of rainfall and can be used as raw water of drinking water. A Radio frequencyplasma system radiation can produce active compounds (•OH-, •O, •H+, H2O2, O3 etc) in water, the active compounds have a high oxidation potential and can kill microorganisms present in water (fecal coliform, total coliform and Salmonella). Plasma system is one way to produce drinking water in terms of health aspects because in the process the tool does not contact with the material directly, so the possibility of contamination is small. The purpose of this study is to remove microorganisms in rainwater using plasma radio frequency system continuously. Samples will be filtered using pure and mix polypropylene cartridge filter with a pore size of 1 μm and then contact in plasma system. Plasma is generated by applying a frequency of 0,16 MHz through a glass reactor with a thickness of 2 mm which is wrapped by a 1 mm copper wire. The results show that the removal microorganism in rainwater using plasma coupled with filtration using pure polypropylene filter reached 100% for total coliform, fecal coliform and Salmonella. While the removal microorganisms in rainwater using plasma coupled with filtration using mix polypropylene reached 70–100%, 85–100% and 80–100%, for total coliform, fecal coliform and Salmonella, respectively.
Performance Experimental Study on Stepped Type Basin Solar Still To Produce Salt and Fresh Water
Authors: Mulyanef  , Kaidir  , Kadafi Z , Sopian K
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an experimental performance study of a stepped type solar still for processing seawater into salt and fresh water. Its performance was tested in Padang City, under Indonesian environmental conditions. The experimental setup this study consisted of a tank of seawater, solar distillation and distilled water storage tanks. The working principle is the distillation of sea water put into the basin to be heated with solar power. The water will evaporate and condense on the surface of the cover glass distillation, distillation of fresh water stored in the container. Warming in the distillation carried out continuously until the water evaporates and the depleted salt crystals formed in the basin. The result shows that the productivity of the solar still was highly affected by the increase in solar radiation and ambient temperature. The productivity was 176 gr salt and 3,662 ml water with the average solar intensity 566 W/m2. The time it takes to produce salt is fourdays.
Kinematic analysis on four-bar mechanism model using PID Controller
Authors: Arman R
Published: December 2020

A four-bar mechanism is used in most mechanical equipment to achieve the process or movement. Such mechanisms consist of linksthat move relative to one another. To identify kinematics analysis of a mechanism such as displacement and angular velocity of a four-bar mechanism in one positiongraphically. The analysis conducted throughout the four-bar rotating in 3600 will take a lot of time. For such cases, a computer-assisted analytical is the right way of settlement. The analyses were performed using the Matrix Laboratory software, and establish a four-bar mechanism as a case of study research. Controller PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) is one type of regulator that is widely used, the characteristics of each P, I, and D controllers as well as how to use it to get the desired response. The analysis was made on the variation of rotation and crank length, while the dimension of the link and follower circuit is considered permanent. Comparison of angular velocity for varying stem lengths can conclude that if there is a change in input bar length, it will affect the angular velocity. The greater the length of the input link and so that the angular velocity would be getting lower.
The Utilization of Hydrodinamics Models in Validating the East Java Rip Current in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0
Authors: Hermawan S , Harsono K , Bong N , Gho D
Published: December 2020

The earth has an ocean area larger than the land area so that there are many beaches found throughout the world, including Indonesia. Behind its beauty, there is one phenomenon that endangers tourists when doing activities on the near shore area, namely: rip current. For example, the incident at the research location, namely Klayar Beach, East Java, on January 2, 2015, claimed lives. Therefore, this study aims to validate the existence of rip current in East Java, especially at the research location by utilizing hydrodynamic modeling in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 based on data, internet, and technology as well as human resources during this corona pandemic. There are 3 stages of the methodology in this research, namely data collection and processing, modeling, and modeling validation. The outcomes of this research prove that the phenomenon of rip current with rip current speeds occurs in the range 0.16 - 0.18 m/s which causes 2 tourists to die. It is hoped that the results of this research can be used as input for the stakeholder concerned for the development of coastal tourism in coastal areas on the south coast of East Java in making policies.
Design and analysis of suspended core channel waveguide made using As2Se3 glass system for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation
Authors: Karim M R , Al Kayed Nayem , Kanti Dey Golap , Rahman B M A
Published: December 2020

In this study, we propose a promising 5 mm long air-clad suspended core channel waveguide made of As2Se3 chalcogenide glass for ultra-broadband supercontinuum generation (SCG) in the mid-infrared (MIR). The linear analysis of the proposed waveguide is carried out numerically by considering the potential application of pump sources at three different wavelength regions such as 1.55, 2.8, and 3.5 µm. Among several waveguide geometries analyzed, numerical simulation for SCG at the output of an optimized structure shows that a flat supercontinuum coverage from 1.5 to 15 µm can be predicted using a pump at 3.5 µm with a moderate peak power of 2000 W. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this would be the broadest spectra in the MIR by the suspended planar waveguide design. In addition, waveguide structural imperfection has also been discussed as it is difficult to control the waveguide dimensions during the fabrication process precisely. The effect of possible deviations along the transverse dimensions is rigorously analyzed and an imperfection among the several deviations is found which could lead to a substantial supercontinuum bandwidth reduction at the waveguide output. Finally, the degree of coherence of the obtained supercontinuum coverage is also tested and it has been achieved nearly coherent spectral outcome from the proposed suspended waveguide design.
Coupled localized surface plasmon resonances in periodic arrays of gold nanowires on ion-exchange waveguide technology
Authors: Tellez-Limon Ricardo , Gardillou Florent , Coello Victor , Salas-Montiel Rafael
Published: December 2020

Coupled localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in periodic arrays of metallic nanowires are attractive for use in sensing applications due to their light enhancement and their sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Due to the interwire coupling, they behave as plasmonic waveguides with high wavevector modes that require bulky methods for efficient excitation. In this contribution, we demonstrate the excitation of coupled LSPRs in gold nanowires with photonic modes supported by an optical waveguide made with ion exchange technology. Currently, although weakly-coupled LSPRs are experimentally demonstrated, strongly-coupled LSPRs are only demonstrated numerically due to the challenge represented by the fabrication of a high density nanowire array with current electron beam lithography. Due to their operation across the visible spectrum and its low-loss coupling to standard optical fibers, integrated nanowires on glass waveguides open new perspectives for the development of hybrid photonic-plasmonic integrated optical devices.
Long-distance heat transfer between molecular systems through a hybrid plasmonic-photonic nanoresonator
Authors: Ashrafi S Mahmoud , Malekfar R , Bahrampour A R , Feist Johannes
Published: December 2020

We theoretically study a hybrid plasmonic-photonic cavity setup that can be used to induce and control long-distance heat transfer between molecular systems through optomechanical interactions. The structure we propose consists of two separated plasmonic nanoantennas coupled to a dielectric cavity. The hybrid modes of this resonator can combine the large optomechanical coupling of the sub-wavelength plasmonic modes with the large quality factor and delocalized character of the cavity mode that extends over a large distance (∼µm). We show that this can lead to effective long-range heat transport between molecular vibrations that can be actively controlled through an external driving laser.
One-pot in situ synthesis of eco-friendly cellulose magnetic nanocomposite (Cf-MNCs) for dye adsorption application
Authors: Tade Rahul S , Patil Pravin O , Chatap Vivekanand K
Published: December 2020

Cellulose-based magnetic nanocomposites (Cf-MNCs) have been introduced using a modified one-pot in situ co-precipitation method using iron salts with various concentrations in the alkali solution. Fabricated nanocomposites investigated for structural and functional properties with different spectroscopic characterization techniques prior to use in dye degradation study. The scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphological structure of the synthesized nanofibers and nanocomposites. The elemental analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry emphasized the presence of Fe elements attributed to the iron salts. The HRTEM analysis showed a destructed cellulose fiber network indicating its arrangement into nanocomposites. Moreover, the crystal properties of the Cf-MNCs were accomplished using x-ray powder diffraction (79.3% crystallinity). The Fourier transform infrared analysis and differential scanning calorimetry gives the idea about the structural and functional changes in the cellulose fibers loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles. The functional adsorption properties of the prepared nanocomposites have been evaluated using methylene blue and Alizarin red S carcinogenic dyes. The dye adsorption of the fabricated Cf-MNCs nanocomposites was found to be 93%. We affirmed that this novel eco-friendly degradable polymer-based nanocomposite has great potential in the field of catalyst fabrication for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater.
Revised subunit order of mammalian septin complexes explains their in vitro polymerization properties
Authors: Soroor Forooz , Kim Moshe S. , Palander Oliva , Balachandran Yadu , Collins Richard F. , Benlekbir Samir , Rubinstein John L. , Trimble William S.
Published: December 2020

Septins are filamentous GTPases that polymerize from hetero-oligomeric complexes. Their order was based on crystallographic studies, but we provide evidence that the canonical organization is inverted. This revised septin organization is congruent with the organization and behavior of yeast septins, suggesting that their properties are conserved.
Whole-Brain Dynamics in Aging: Disruptions in Functional Connectivity and the Role of the Rich Club
Authors: Escrichs Anira , Biarnes Carles , Garre-Olmo Josep , Fernández-Real José Manuel , Ramos Rafel , Pamplona Reinald , Brugada Ramon , Serena Joaquin , Ramió-Torrentà Lluís , Coll-De-Tuero Gabriel , Gallart Luís , Barretina Jordi , Vilanova Joan C , Mayneris-Perxachs Jordi , Essig Marco , Figley Chase R , Pedraza Salvador , Puig Josep , Deco Gustavo
Published: December 2020

Normal aging causes disruptions in the brain that can lead to cognitive decline. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have found significant age-related alterations in functional connectivity across various networks. Nevertheless, most of the studies have focused mainly on static functional connectivity. Studying the dynamics of resting-state brain activity across the whole-brain functional network can provide a better characterization of age-related changes. Here, we employed two data-driven whole-brain approaches based on the phase synchronization of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals to analyze resting-state fMRI data from 620 subjects divided into two groups (middle-age group (n = 310); age range, 50–64 years versus older group (n = 310); age range, 65–91 years). Applying the intrinsic-ignition framework to assess the effect of spontaneous local activation events on local–global integration, we found that the older group showed higher intrinsic ignition across the whole-brain functional network, but lower metastability. Using Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis, we found that the older group showed reduced ability to access a metastable substate that closely overlaps with the so-called rich club. These findings suggest that functional whole-brain dynamics are altered in aging, probably due to a deficiency in a metastable substate that is key for efficient global communication in the brain.
Perirhinal Cortex is Involved in the Resolution of Learned Approach–Avoidance Conflict Associated with Discrete Objects
Authors: Chu Sonja , Margerison Matthew , Thavabalasingam Sathesan , O’Neil Edward B , Zhao Yuan-Fang , Ito Rutsuko , Lee Andy C H
Published: December 2020

The rodent ventral and primate anterior hippocampus have been implicated in approach–avoidance (AA) conflict processing. It is unclear, however, whether this structure contributes to AA conflict detection and/or resolution, and if its involvement extends to conditions of AA conflict devoid of spatial/contextual information. To investigate this, neurologically healthy human participants first learned to approach or avoid single novel visual objects with the goal of maximizing earned points. Approaching led to point gain and loss for positive and negative objects, respectively, whereas avoidance had no impact on score. Pairs of these objects, each possessing nonconflicting (positive–positive/negative–negative) or conflicting (positive–negative) valences, were then presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants either made an AA decision to score points (Decision task), indicated whether the objects had identical or differing valences (Memory task), or followed a visual instruction to approach or avoid (Action task). Converging multivariate and univariate results revealed that within the medial temporal lobe, perirhinal cortex, rather than the anterior hippocampus, was predominantly associated with object-based AA conflict resolution. We suggest the anterior hippocampus may not contribute equally to all learned AA conflict scenarios and that stimulus information type may be a critical and overlooked determinant of the neural mechanisms underlying AA conflict behavior.
Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Human Taste Perception
Authors: Smith Sharon A , Trotter Paula D , McGlone Francis P , Walker Susannah C
Published: December 2020

Taste perception has been reported to vary with changes in affective state. Distortions of taste perception, including blunted recognition thresholds, intensity, and hedonic ratings have been identified in those suffering from depressive disorders. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter implicated in the etiology of anxiety and depression; systemic and peripheral manipulations of serotonin signaling have previously been shown to modulate taste detection. However, the specific effects of central serotonin function on taste processing have not been widely investigated. Here, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, acute tryptophan depletion was used to investigate the effect of reduced central serotonin function on taste perception. Twenty-five female participants aged 18–28 attended the laboratory on two occasions at least 1 week apart. On one visit, they received a tryptophan depleting drink and on the other, a control drink was administered. Approximately, 6 h after drink consumption, they completed a taste perception task which measured detection thresholds and supra-threshold perceptions of the intensity and pleasantness of four basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, and salt). While acutely reducing central levels of serotonin had no effect on the detection thresholds of sweet, bitter, or sour tastes, it significantly enhanced detection of salt. For supra-threshold stimuli, acutely reduced serotonin levels significantly enhanced the perceived intensity of both bitter and sour tastes and blunted pleasantness ratings of bitter quinine. These findings show manipulation of central serotonin levels can modulate taste perception and are consistent with previous reports that depletion of central serotonin levels enhances neural and behavioral responsiveness to aversive signals.
Pneumocystis jiroveciiDisease: Basis for the Revised EORTC/MSGERC Invasive Fungal Disease Definitions in Individuals Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Lagrou Katrien , Chen Sharon , Masur Henry , Viscoli Claudio , Decker Catherine F , Pagano Livio , Groll Andreas H
Published: December 2020

Background

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) causes substantive morbidity in immunocompromised patients. The EORTC/MSGERC convened an expert group to elaborate consensus definitions for Pneumocystis disease for the purpose of interventional clinical trials and epidemiological studies and evaluation of diagnostic tests.

Methods

Definitions were based on the triad of host factors, clinical-radiologic features, and mycologic tests with categorization into probable and proven Pneumocystis disease, and to be applicable to immunocompromised adults and children without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Definitions were formulated and their criteria debated and adjusted after public consultation. The definitions were published within the 2019 update of the EORTC/MSGERC Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease. Here we detail the scientific rationale behind the disease definitions.

Results

The diagnosis of proven PCP is based on clinical and radiologic criteria plus demonstration of P. jirovecii by microscopy using conventional or immunofluorescence staining in tissue or respiratory tract specimens. Probable PCP is defined by the presence of appropriate host factors and clinical-radiologic criteria, plus amplification of P. jirovecii DNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in respiratory specimens and/or detection of β-d-glucan in serum provided that another invasive fungal disease and a false-positive result can be ruled out. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis disease requires demonstration of the organism in affected tissue by microscopy and, preferably, PCR.

Conclusions

These updated definitions of Pneumocystis diseases should prove applicable in clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic research in a broad range of immunocompromised patients without HIV.
Leveraging Existing and Soon-to-Be-Available Novel Diagnostics for Optimizing Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship in Patients With Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Cawcutt Kelly A , Patel Robin , Gerber Jeff , Caliendo Angela M , Cosgrove Sara E , Ashley Elizabeth Dodds , Garzaro Piero , Miller Melissa , Lautenbach Ebbing ,   IDSA Research Summit “Leveraging Existing and Novel Diagnostics for Optimizing Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections” Group, Banerjee Ritu , Boyd Sarah E , Ebell Mark H , File Thomas M , Graf Erin H , Keller Sara C , Koo Sophia , Livorsi Daniel J , May Larissa , Moehring Rebekah , Nolte Frederick (Rick) , Pinsky Benjamin , Szymczak Julie , Timbrook Tristan , Tsalik Ephraim , Virk Abinash , Jezek Amanda , Levy Jaclyn , Zetts Rachel , Hicks Lauri , Wiecek Joanna , Nettles Rick , Wittek James , Murray Patrick , Ginocchio Christine
Published: December 2020

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) drive many outpatient encounters and, despite being predominantly viral, are associated with high rates of antibiotic prescriptions. With rising antibacterial resistance, optimization of prescribing of antibiotics in outpatients with RTIs is a critical need. Fortunately, this challenge arises at a time of increasing availability of novel RTI diagnostics to help discern which patients have bacterial infections warranting treatment. Effective implementation of antibiotic stewardship is needed, but optimal approaches for ambulatory settings are unknown. Future research needs are reviewed in this summary of a research summit convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America in the fall of 2019.
Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of multiple forms of mitophagy in the heart
Authors: Saito Toshiro , Hamano Kimikazu , Sadoshima Junichi
Published: December 2020

Mitochondria, the primary ATP-producing organelles, are highly abundant in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial function readily deteriorates in the presence of stress and, thus, maintenance of mitochondrial quality is essential for sustaining pump function in the heart. Cardiomyocytes under stress attempt to maintain mitochondrial quality primarily through dynamic changes in their morphology, namely fission and fusion, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific form of autophagy, is a major mechanism of degradation. The level of mitophagy is altered in stress conditions, which, in turn, significantly affects mitochondrial function, cardiomyocyte survival, and death and cardiac function. Thus, mitophagy has been emerging as a promising target for treatment of cardiac conditions. To develop specific interventions, modulating the activity of mitophagy in the heart, understanding how mitochondria are degraded in a given condition is important. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that there are multiple mechanisms by which mitochondria are degraded through mitophagy in the heart. For example, in addition to the well-established mechanism commonly utilized by general autophagy, involving Atg7 and LC3, recent evidence suggests that an alternative mechanism, independent of Atg7 and LC3, also mediates mitophagy in the heart. Here, we describe molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria are degraded in the heart and discuss their functional significance. We also discuss molecular interventions to modulate the activity of mitophagy and their potential applications for cardiac conditions.
Usefulness of excimer laser in acute coronary syndrome with left main coronary artery: a case series
Authors: Imaoka Takuro , Takagi Kensuke , Morita Yasuhiro , Kanzaki Yasunori , Nagai Hiroaki , Watanabe Naoki , Tsuboi Hideyuki , Morishima Itsuro
Published: December 2020

Background

Acute coronary syndrome caused by unprotected left main coronary artery (ACS-ULMCA) occlusion has a high mortality due to the formation of plaques and rich thrombi. Although excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) is effective in debulking and ablation of plaque burden and rich thrombi, its effectiveness in ACS-ULMCA remains unknown.

Case summary

We conducted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using ELCA for six patients with ACS-ULMCA from February 2016 to May 2019. This case series includes a 65-year-old man who presented with sudden-onset chest pain. Angiography revealed subtotal occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). The use of a 0.9-mm ELCA catheter advanced from LMCA to the left anterior descending artery markedly improved coronary blood flow, and intravascular ultrasound revealed debulking of the plaque and thrombus. Another 79-year-old man presented with chest pain. Angiography revealed total occlusion of LMCA. Use of a 0.9-mm ELCA catheter improved coronary blood flow. Subsequent kissing balloon technique led to satisfactory results. All cases needed mechanical support (such as intra-aortic balloon pumping or percutaneous cardiopulmonary support) prior to PCI. Five patients survived finally, and one died 34 days after primary PCI.

Discussion

After stabilizing haemodynamics by mechanical support, ELCA could be a good option to improve coronary blood flow in patients with ACS-ULMCA.
Management of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the value of optical coherence tomography: a case report
Authors: Al-Lawati Kumayl , Osheiba Mohammed , Lester Will , Khan Sohail Q
Published: December 2020

Background 

Treating myocardial infarction in the setting of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is always a challenge especially if the platelet count is labile. Cardiologists dealing with such patients should keep a delicate balance between thrombotic and bleeding complications.

Case summary 

A 50-year-old gentleman with treatment-challenging ITP presented with acute inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction after receiving recent intravenous immunoglobulin. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance, it was decided to treat him with percutaneous old balloon angioplasty especially with the labile nature of his platelet count. Subsequently, dual antiplatelet therapy was a challenge and he remained on clopidogrel for a period of only 10 weeks.

Conclusion 

This case highlights the rare presentation of patients with ITP with thrombotic complications and the usefulness of OCT in formulating a management plan.