bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Battery Thermal Management Design Modeling
Authors: Kim Gi-Heon , Pesaran Ahmad
Published: May 2018

Battery thermal management is critical in achieving performance and the extended life of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles under real-driving conditions. Appropriate modeling for predicting thermal behavior of battery systems in vehicles helps to make decisions for improved design and shortens the development process. For this paper, we looked at the impact of cooling strategies with air and direct/indirect liquid cooling. The simplicity of an air-cooling system is an advantage over a liquid-cooling system. In addition to its intrinsically lower heat transfer coefficient, another disadvantage of air cooling is that the small heat capacity of air makes it difficult to accomplish temperature uniformity inside a cell or between cells in a module. Liquid-cooling is more effective in heat transfer and takes up less volume, but the added complexity and cost may outweigh the merits. The surface heat transfer coefficient, h, and the blower power for air cooling are sensitive to the hydraulic diameter of the cooling channel (Dh). However, because of the added thermal resistances, h evaluated at cell surface is not as sensitive to the variation of Dh in an indirect (water/glycol jacket) cooling system. Due to the high heat transfer coefficient at small Dh, direct liquid cooling using dielectric mineral oils may be preferred in spite of high pressure loss in certain circumstances such as in highly transient large heat generating battery systems. In general, air-cooling should be considered first, as the power demand increases with heavier vehicles and more aggressive driving, water/glycol jacket cooling should be considered next. Results of computational fluid dynamics model simulation imply that capturing the internal heat flow paths and thermal resistances inside a cell using a sophisticated three-dimensional cell model is important for more accurate prediction of cell/battery thermal behaviors. This paper identified analyses and approaches that engineers should consider when they design a battery thermal management system for vehicles.
Statistical Analysis of Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Japan
Authors: Kudoh Yuki , Matsuhashi Keisuke , Kondo Yoshinori , Kobayashi Shinji , Moriguchi Yuichi , Yagita Hiroshi
Published: May 2018

It is quite a well-known fact that there exists a gap between fuel consumption of vehicles measured by driving schedule test cycle and fuel consumption in actual use (actual fuel consumption). In order to investigate the actual fuel consumption statistically, we put focus upon the voluntary reported fuel consumption log data collected through an internet-connected mobile phone system from all over Japan and have been establishing an actual fuel consumption database. In this paper, actual fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles, together with those of internal combustion engine vehicles, in Japanese condition has been estimated.
ELEVES: A NEW SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELING AND SIMULATION
Authors: Nouh Aiman , Chami Mouhcine , Djerdir Abdesslem , Bagdouri Mohammed El
Published: May 2018

Vehicle simulation software is essential to vehicle design and development. Most current vehicle software simulations, however, require that components be specified prior to running the simulations. Within this context, this paper presents a simulator offering to users flexibility enough to add new component and use different level of accuracy. Thus a first version of a new software tool, in order to assist in developing technologies for Electric Vehicle (EV), is described. The ELEctric VEhicle Simulator (ELEVES) is currently being developed as a research project in the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM) by our laboratory Systems and Transportations (SeT). This simulator is developed on the base of the Component Hybrid Dynamic Nets (CHDN). As application, the proposed software tool has been used to modeling and simulation of four motorized wheels electric vehicle. Finally, a comparison between the results obtained by ELEVES with those obtained by Matlab/ Simulink software tool has been included.
Heavy Duty Hybrid Vehicle Evaluations in Utility Fleet Applications
Authors: Smith Jordan W.
Published: May 2018

Southern California Edison Company (SCE) has shown a commitment to deploying vehicles in its fleet that meet or exceed emissions standards, emit lower greenhouse gases, and reduce use of petroleum. This has been best demonstrated by operating the nation's largest electric vehicle utility fleet to conduct daily business, as well as demonstrations of hydrogen, fuel cell, and hybrid vehicles. SCE has also for many years been evaluating heavy-duty hybrid technology for use in its fleet. Heavy duty vehicles use a large amount of fuel, and thus even a small percentage savings is significant in terms of total amount of fuel displaced. SCE's fleet uses millions of gallons of fuel per year, much of that being used to run trucks. In addition, the purchase price premium associated with hybrid vehicles is potentially much lower on a percentage basis than with light-duty vehicles. Recently, SCE took part in a national consortium to specify and order a limited number of prototype Class 6 hybrid-electric utility trucks. In conjunction, SCE developed extensive test and evaluation procedures using sophisticated methods and equipment. SCE received its truck in December of 2006. This paper will detail SCE's evaluation procedures and philosophies and give some details on preliminary experiences.
Production and use of Hydrogen – Regional Energy Systems Analysis of Oslo, Telemark and Rogaland
Authors: Espegren Kari , Rosenberg Eva , Fidje Audun , Stiller Christoph
Published: May 2018

The transportation sector in Norway represents approximately 30 % of the CO2-emissions. In order to significantly reduce CO2-emissions, measures towards the transportation sector have to be addressed. This includes both efficiency and new vehicle fuels. The NorWays project has been aiming at providing decision support for introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the Norwegian energy system. Important objectives have been to analyze and evaluate scenarios, market segments as well as geographical regions for introduction of hydrogen. Regional MARKAL models were developed for the counties Oslo, Telemark and Rogaland. The MARKAL models have been used in order to analyze the entire energy system and compare hydrogen technologies to other possibilities, such as bio fuels, plug-in hybrids etc. The analysis focuses on how taxes, restrictions and energy prices have an impact on the production and use of hydrogen towards 2050. The main scenarios analyzed have been a scenario based on assumptions from the EU hydrogen roadmap project HyWays, a scenario with no taxes on transport energy and a scenario with 75 % reduction in CO2-emissions by 2050. In the HyWays scenario all cars in Rogaland and Telemark use hydrogen in 2050. In Oslo, there are no hydrogen cars in this scenario, due to more expensive hydrogen in Oslo than in the other regions. Plug-in hybrids are introduced in Oslo from 2020, and in 2050 all cars are plug-in hybrids.
Cogging Torque Analysis of the PMSM for High Performance Electrical Motor Considering Magnetic Anisotropy of Electrical Steel
Authors: Lee Jeong-Jong , Kwon Soon-O , Hong Jung-Pyo , Ha Kyung-Ho
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with torque and cogging torque analysis of interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor considering anisotropy of electrical steel sheets. Generally, cogging torque is caused by tooth and slot structure in permanent magnet motor. But, magnetizing direction of iron core is changed by each rolling position in the manufacturing process of iron core. In this paper, analysis of cogging torque presents effects of not tooth and slot structures but rolling direction of iron core. It is useful to apply precise electrical motor as EPS.
Power bus control for series hybrid heavy-duty vehicles
Authors: Halme Jukka , Liukkonen Matti , Heiska Matti , Suomela Jussi
Published: May 2018

Heavy-duty vehicles OEMs have an increasing interest in alternative power train solutions. To gain benefits of hybrid power train, proper power bus control must be implemented. Control strategy refers to means necessary to meet duty cycle power demands while maintaining vehicle performance. Cascading controlling strategy division is proposed. Control method layering proposition is presented and control methods are divided into two categories, reactive and predictive methods. Finally these methods are implemented in series hybrid energy system model. Implemented reactive methods are load-based control, voltage-based control, voltage/load hybrid control and peak shaving control. Load data is measured data from electrical power train straddle carrier. One vehicle state predictive control method is implemented. Results are evaluated and discussed.
Performance Evaluation of Micro PEM Fuel Cell through the Numerical Analysis and Fabrication of Micro-Channel
Authors: Choi Injea , Shin Gisoo , Choi Kap-Seung , Kim Hyung-Man
Published: May 2018

A fuel cell is most interesting new power source because it solves not only the environment problem but also natural resource exhaustion problem. In this paper, hydrogen gas flow in micro-channel was numerically analyzed about various channel shapes to improve the efficiency of micro fuel cell. Flow characteristics with the same boundary condition were simulated in six different shapes of micro-channels which have been already developed and newly designed as well. The result of analysis shows that characteristics of flow such as velocity, uniformity, and flow rate, depend highly upon the channel shape itself. That means it is expectable to increase the efficiency of micro fuel cell through optimal configuration of channel shape for hydrogen gas flow. Finally, actual micro flow channels were fabricated using SU-8 and the performance of PEM fuel cell was also carried out with these micro prototypes.
An Overview of Automotive Home and Neighborhood Refueling
Authors: Li Xuping , Ogden Joan M. , Kurani Kenneth S.
Published: May 2018

Home refueling helped address the fuel availability issue for gasoline vehicles a century ago; it may still have important implications for alternative fuel vehicles today. The positive consumer response and lessons learned about home refueling for compressed natural gas vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid vehicles demonstrate its potential and warrant further research. This paper presents a historical review and comparison of home refueling methods for a wide range of motor vehicles; the home refueling experience of these vehicles and consumer preferences and response to these methods are discussed as well. A description of neighborhood refueling is also provided. Furthermore, the important questions, challenges, and opportunities of adopting a home and neighborhood refueling strategy for alternative fuel pathways are summarized. The paper intends to help us understand the potential of home and neighborhood refueling and the difference between home refueling for different alternative fuel pathways, and help facilitate further exploring of the implications.
Heat Recovery for next Generation of Hybrid Vehicles: Simulation and Design of a Rankine Cycle System
Authors: Duparchy Alexandre , Leduc Pierre , Bourhis Guillaume , Ternel Cyprien
Published: May 2018

Improvement of vehicle effectiveness thanks to hybridisation are limited by the engine efficiency. In this way, the use of additional energy converters pave the way to a next generation of hybird vehicles.After taking stock of the main sources of recoverable energy of a IC engine, this paper focuses on the Rankine cycle solution. This parametric study relies on a dedicated 0D/1D simulation tool to emphasize the effect of design and operating parameters on heat recovery potential and limitations. So, interactions between working fluid properties, pressure level in boiler and condenser, flow rate, component arrangement and engine operating conditions are discussed.
Factors Determining the Manufacturing Costs of Lithium-Ion Batteries for PHEVs
Authors: Nelson Paul , Santini Danilo , Barnes James
Published: May 2018

In this study, we developed a model for calculating the costs of lithium-ion batteries supporting electric drive in light duty passenger vehicles (LDVs). The model calculates the annual materials requirements from design criteria for the battery pack including power, capacity, number of cells, and cell chemistry parameters. The costs of capital equipment, plant area and labor for each step in the manufacturing process were estimated for a baseline plant. These costs are adjusted for each battery pack studied by comparing the processing rate pertinent for each step (area to be coated, number of cells to be tested, etc.) with that of the baseline process and applying correction factors. We applied the cost modelling method to batteries with four lithium-ion cell chemistries and for several levels of capacity and power. For quality assurance purposes, electrode coating thicknesses are limited to 100 microns by the model. The result of this restriction is that as the capacity of the cells is increased to achieve longer range under electric power, the electrode area and the cell power are also increased and the power of the entire battery pack is also increased. In simulations of our reference chemistry for 16, 32 and 48 -km PHEVs there is almost no cost increase for increasing the pack power from 40 to 60kW; for PHEVs with 48- and 64 km electric range, there was almost no additional cost for power up to 90 kW. For a set value of pack energy storage, a small number of high capacity cells are much less expensive to manufacture than a large number of low-capacity cells. The useable fraction of the state-of-charge range for a battery system is shown to be an important cost factor. In view of cost similarities, the choice of cell chemistry will probably depend more on proven safety, reliability, and long life rather than on initial cost.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Khan Mariam , Kar Narayan C.
Published: May 2018

The demand for gasoline in Canada, especially by light-duty vehicles, continues to increase with economic
growth and development. Fossil fuel driven vehicles are not only creating financial strain due to fluctuating
gas prices but are also polluting the environment and posing health risks to the community. In an effort to
promote public awareness, this paper reviews hybrid vehicle technology as a logical step towards sustainable,
efficient and environment friendly transportation and discusses the measures taken by the Canadian
government to encourage hybrid vehicle sales and to minimize fossil fuel dependency of the transportation
sector.
Drive Train Design and Modeling of a Parallel Diesel Hybrid Electric Bus Based on AVL/Cruise
Authors: Yang Yajuan , Zhao Han , Jiang Hao
Published: May 2018

This paper aims at the parametric drive train design, modeling and performance simulation of a parallel diesel hybrid electric bus(PHEB). AVL/CRUISE and MATLAB/SIMULINK are used for modeling and simulation. The simulation tasks include fuel consumption calculation over the typical city bus drive cycle of China, maximum velocity calculation and acceleration time calculation. Based on the simulation results, a comparative analysis is performed on the portion of fuel consumption in the internal combustion engine consumption map. The simulation shows that the engine operates in a more efficient condition in the hybrid electric bus than that in the conventional bus. Thanks to the hybrid electric drive train system, both fuel economy and traction performance of the bus are enhanced in a considerable step. The simulation analysis fits test results on road and chassis dynamometer well.
Characterization, Analysis and Modeling of an Ultracapacitor
Authors: YANG Fuyuan , Lu Languang , Yang Yuping , He Yongsheng
Published: May 2018

Ultracapacitors are potentially promising power-augmentation devices in hybrid powertrains. A commercial ultracapacitor module was characterized under standard procedures to assess its performance. Tests were carried out on a platform, with which ambient temperature can be regulated and charge/discharge procedures can be implemented. Key parameters of the ultracapacitor module obtained from tests were used to develop a control-oriented ultracapacitor model proposed in the paper. Simulation results of this model in a stable discharge procedure and in dynamic procedures (i.e. driving cycles) showed excellent agreement with results obtained from experiments, indicating that the ultracapacitor model is accurate enough to be used in further electric powertrain control simulation.
Electrochemical model and its parameters identification tool for the follow up of batteries ageing
Authors: Hafsaoui Julien , Sellier Franck
Published: May 2018

This paper describes research into the definition of experimental protocols, and the development of a numerical model of a battery, associated with a parameterization assistant tool in order to follow battery ageing. This work was carried out as part of the SIMSTOCK program. The experimental characterizations (ageing cycle tests and characterization protocols) are defined in association with the different research lab partners of the project. They were performed on Lithium-ion VL6P cells supplied by Johnson Control - SAFT (J.C.S). The characterization protocols are performed at different phases of a program: initially to establish the reference value parameters and periodically, in order to follow all the changes occurring during the ageing of a Li-Ion battery. The different numerical tools presented in this paper are adapted to the LMS-Imagine Lab AMESim simulation platform. The present model makes it possible to simulate the dynamical voltage response of the battery as a function of inlet current and temperature. The identification tool associated is able to determine from a temporal experimental characterization of the battery (U and I), the data necessary for the implementation of the parameters in the model. The assistant tool identifies the parameters of the numerical model at different ages of the Li-Ion battery. Its results are used in order to quantify the influence of ageing phenomena on the performance of the battery considered.
Control of A high-Performance Z-Source Inverter for Fuel Cell/ Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ellabban Omar , Van Mierlo Joeri , Lataire Philippe
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a supercapacitor (SC) module connected in parallel with fuel cell (FC) stack to supply a high-performance Z-Source Inverter (HP-ZSI) feeding a three phase induction motor for hybrid electric vehicles applications. The supercapacitor is connected between the input diode and the bidirectional switch of the highperformance ZSI topology. The indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) method is used to control an induction motor speed during motoring and regenerative braking operations to produce the modulation index and a dual loop controller is used to control the Z-network capacitor voltage to produce the shoot-through duty ratio. MATLAB simulation results verified the validity of the proposed control strategy during motoring and regenerative braking operations.
Definition And Optimization Of The Drive Train Topology For Electric Vehicles
Authors: Pesce Thomas , Lienkamp Markus
Published: May 2018

Due to the limited range of battery electric vehicles, a low energy consumption is more desirable, than it is in conventional vehicles. To accomplish this objective the paper focuses on an increased efficiency of the drive train, its topologies and its components, as this is one of the most promising approaches. With a set of basic characteristics of the desired vehicle (such as maximum speed, acceleration, climbing ability, class and range) an optimal fitted drive train according to the energy consumption should be found. This includes number, type and power of electric machines, transmission ratios, dynamic running radius, axle load distribution and battery capacity. The general approach uses a method consisting of a developed optimization routine and a specific simulation model. The developed optimization algorithm reduces the value ranges or even the design parameters to minimize the number of iterations. This intelligent algorithm is compared to conventional optimizers like pattern search or genetic algorithms. For the vehicle model valid results are important. To ensure validity for all possible topologies, vehicle and power classes an appropriate method is presented. Each relevant component model and its respective scaling concept are validated. After validation of a vehicle model with these component models, the scalability is transferable to the entire vehicle model. Some exemplary results of the model are shown, such as the influence of axle load distribution, choice of high-energy or highpower cells and potential of longitudinal torque-vectoring for multi-motor topologies.
Web Management of Electric Vehicle Fleets
Authors: Callegati Franco , Pilati Alessio , Ramilli Marco , Rossi Claudio
Published: May 2018

An architecture for enabling the internet connection of a fleet of electric vehicles is presented in the paper. The connection is based on the on-board integration of an Arduino platform with the CAN-bus communication network of the vehicle powertrain. The system allows a plurality of networking interface: GPRS, LAN, Wi-fi for the present and Wi-Max, LTE for the future. The proposed system manages the main powertrain parameters and warning/fault condition. Local and remote data storage is possible, such as direct web interface of the vehicle powertrain. Data post processing from the remote server allows the implementation of an automatic diagnostic procedure for the detection of incipient faults in the powertrain.
Fuel Consumption Potential of Different Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Architectures in the European and American Contexts
Authors: Da Costa A. , Kim N. , Le Berr F. , Marc N. , Badin F. , Rousseau A.
Published: May 2018

Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have demonstrated the potential to provide significant fuel displacement across a wide range of driving cycles. Companies and research organizations are involved in numerous research activities related to PHEVs. One of the current unknown is the impact of driving conditions and standard test procedure on the true benefits of PHEVs from a worldwide perspective. To address this issue, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) have partnered under the IEA Annex XV task to evaluate the market specificities between Europe and U.S. Four different PHEV powertrain configurations with four All Electric Range will be analyzed under different standards (i.e., NEDC, UDDS, HWFET) and real world drive cycles (i.e. ARTEMIS…). The impact of different driving behavior for Europe and the US market will be analyzed through component sizing, fuel consumption benefits as well as Green House Gases (GHGs) considering the electricity production mix. The study will provide insight on how PHEVs can be designed to support worldwide market introduction of a limited number of vehicle options to maximize market penetration.
Fuel Economy of Series Hybrid Electric Bus by Matching the Gear Ratio of Different Capacity Traction Motors
Authors: Kim Minjae , Jeung Daebong , Min Kyoungdoug
Published: May 2018

This paper investigated the different gear ratio matching effect on the series hybrid electric bus especially for the 90 kW & 150kW traction motors on the fuel economy. The 90 kW & 150 kW traction motors make the system use more efficient operating points; thus, the system is more efficient than when the 240 kW single unit is used. Furthermore, matching the different gear ratios allows the nonlinear characteristics in the traction motor efficiency to be used more efficiently; thus the standard for how to select the gear ratios was proposed. The fuel economy selection was optimized by the hybrid optimization methodology using RSM and the univariate search method, both of which are well known for their straightforward concepts and adequate performances; thus, the new suggested matching theory noticeably improved the system efficiency. The work presented here has profound implications for future studies for the design of the hybrid electric vehicle, as well as the plug-in hybrid and the electric vehicles and was carried out on the AMEsim-Simulink Co-simulation platform.
Low-cost FC Stack Concept with Simplified Configuration Utilizing Advanced MEA and FC Module
Authors: Abe Mitsutaka , Ichihara Keiji , Oku Takanori , Kageyama Kazuhiro , Numao Yasuhiro , Yanagisawa Masanari
Published: May 2018

The development of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) at Nissan proceeded to the level of limited customer leasing with the X-TRAIL FCV equipped with an in-house FC stack (2005- model). Subsequently, a further improved 2008-model FC stack was developed with double the power density and using only half the amount of precious-metal catalysts, thus giving the vehicle subzero startability at -20°C. For the coming stage of FCV commercialization, we have proposed the concept of a compact and low-cost FC stack (2011 model) that increases the maximum power density to 2.5 kW/L and reduces the estimated production cost to a level that comes very close to meeting the target of the DOE Hydrogen Program for the adoption of 2010 technologies. These advances were achieved mainly by improving membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance and simplifying the FC stack structure. This paper presents an overview of the simplified structure of the new FC stack incorporating various new features: a shell-enclosed FC module and simplified configuration. This remarkable evolution of the FC stack structure was brought about by the development of various technologies: an advanced MEA, an adhesive seal, and a fastening enclosure. The advanced MEA has an integrated molded frame around it to reduce the production cost. Another benefit of the advanced MEA is the ability to build a stiff insulating shell around a FC module when the frames are bonded together with adhesive seals to form the module. As a result, the FC module can be fastened directly using steel plates uniquely shaped in both the stacking direction and the direction perpendicular to it, thereby maintaining proper compression to prevent the stacked FC modules from sliding. These improvements reduce the variety of components of the new FC stack by an estimated 75%, thus increasing the maximum power density by 30%, compared with the 2008-model FC stack.
Analysis of the Fault Tolerance of a Switched Reluctance Machine with Distributed Inverter
Authors: Hennen Martin , Boesing Matthias , De Doncker Rik
Published: May 2018

This paper analyzes how distributed inverters can further increase the fault tolerance of switched reluctance traction drives. The drive under investigation is an outer-rotor direct-drive switched reluctance machines (SRM) for railway traction. The phases of SRMs are magnetically and to a certain extend electrically decoupled. Hence, in case of a fault inside a phase, the remaining phases can continue operation with reduced power. With the distributed inverter concept at hand, each coil of a phase is excited by its own modular inverter. This increases the redundancy, simplifies integration of machine and inverter, and enables a new degree of freedom regarding the control of the machine. Especially for electric drives used in railway traction or electric vehicles, redundancy avoids all the inconveniences of a standstill in case of a fault, enabling a so-called limp home capability. This paper shows, how open- and short-circuit faults of single coils or modules of the proposed drive influence average torque, torque ripple, and noise and vibration. Therewith, it will be shown that with the SRM and the distributed inverter it is possible to continue operation in case of the analyzed faults.
Making the Impossible, Possible – Overcoming the Design Challenges of In Wheel Motors
Authors: Kostic Perovic Dragica
Published: May 2018

For many, in wheel motors offer a panacea for vehicle design. However history shows the delivery of an acceptable in wheel motor is a deeply challenging task which is dedicated to understanding aggressive torque and speed requirements behind demands on vehicle performance such as high speeds or sustained hill climb, and even aggressive driving, all of which are allowed by delivery of high continuous torque; limited in wheel packaging space, harsh environment, and safety requirements. Protean Electric is entirely focussed on overcoming these challenges and believes that, with its novel technology, it has delivered a product that will allow vehicle manufactures to exploit the benefits of in wheel motors. Protean’s in wheel solution is based on a direct drive, permanent magnet brushless machine with an outer rotor. High torque is delivered from a space envelope based on high ratio between the motor radius and axial length and the key to maintaining this high continuous torque is effective thermal management of the motor. Power electronics together with control circuitry is integrated into the motor architecture, while the wheel bearing provides the mounting point for the motor. This paper offers a holistic view of an in wheel motor design with special attention to overcoming the design challenges presented by harsh operating environments, high performance demands and safety aspects.
Pipe Shield High-Voltage Wiring Harness
Authors: Mizutani Yoshio , Weiss Oliver
Published: May 2018

The conventional high-voltage wiring harness for HEV is composed of wires and plastic protectors. Because of low heat transfer of the plastic protector, the larger sized wire is needed for high-voltage wiring harness to reduce the Joule-heat loss. Furthermore, high design cost and long lead-time are required to make the mould for a new or modified protector. We have developed the pipe shield wiring harness to eliminate these problems. The pipe shield wiring harness is already in mass-production for Honda CIVIC HYBRID, INSIGHT, CR-Z and FIT HYBRID etc. In this paper, we explain the characteristics and the structure of the conventional high-voltage wiring harness against those of the innovative pipe shield wiring harness. Heat resistance against an external source, weight reduction, simplification of wiring harness assembly and sheath design, electromagnetic shielding performance, and resistance to stone chipping, are described.
Design of Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Robust Yaw Stabilization of In-wheel-motor-driven Electric Vehicles
Authors: Nam Kanghyun , Oh Sehoon , Fujimoto Hiroshi , Hori Yoichi
Published: May 2018

A robust yaw stability control system is designed to stabilize the vehicle yaw motion. Since the vehicles undergo changes in parameters and disturbances with respect to the wide range of driving condition, e.g., tire-road conditions, a robust control design technique is required to guarantee system stability. In this paper, a sliding mode control methodology is applied to make vehicle yaw rate to track its reference with robustness against model uncertainties and disturbances. A parameter adaptation law is applied to estimate varying vehicle parameters with respect to road conditions and is incorporated into sliding mode control framework. The control performance of the proposed control system is evaluated through computer simulation using CarSim vehicle model which proved to give a good description of the dynamics of an experimental in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicle. Moreover, field tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive sliding mode controller
Torque Vectoring for Electric Vehicles with Individually Controlled Motors: State-of-the-Art and Future Developments
Authors: De Novellis Leonardo , Sorniotti Aldo , Gruber Patrick , Shead Leo , Ivanov Valentin , Hoepping Kristian
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the description of current and future vehicle technology related to yaw moment control, anti-lock braking and traction control through the employment of effective torque vectoring strategies for electric vehicles. In particular, the adoption of individually controlled electric powertrains with the aim of tuning the vehicle dynamic characteristics in steady-state and transient conditions is discussed. This subject is currently investigated within the European Union (EU) funded Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) consortium E-VECTOORC, focused on the development and experimental testing of novel control strategies. Through a comprehensive literature review, the article outlines the stateof- the-art of torque vectoring control for fully electric vehicles and presents the philosophy and the potential impact of the E-VECTOORC control structure from the viewpoint of torque vectoring for vehicle dynamics enhancement.
A First Look at the Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on the Electric Grid in The EV Project
Authors: Schey Stephen , Scoffield Don , Smart John
Published: May 2018

ECOtality was awarded a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to lead a large-scale electric vehicle charging infrastructure demonstration, called The EV Project. ECOtality has partnered with Nissan North America, General Motors, the Idaho National Laboratory, and others to deploy and collect data from over 5,000 Nissan LEAFsTM and Chevrolet Volts and over 10,000 charging systems in 18 regions across the United States. This paper summarizes usage of residential charging units in The EV Project, based on data collected through the end of 2011. This information is provided to help analysts assess the impact on the electric grid of early adopter charging of grid-connected electric drive vehicles. A method of data aggregation was developed to summarize charging unit usage by the means of two metrics: charging availability and charging demand. Charging availability is plotted to show the percentage of charging units connected to a vehicle over time. Charging demand is plotted to show charging demand on the electric gird over time. Charging availability for residential charging units is similar in each EV Project region. It is low during the day, steadily increases in evening, and remains high at night. Charging demand, however, varies by region. Two EV Project regions were examined to identify regional differences. In Nashville, where EV Project participants do not have time-of-use electricity rates, demand increases each evening as charging availability increases, starting at about 16:00. Demand peaks in the 20:00 hour on weekdays. In San Francisco, where the majority of EV Project participants have the option of choosing a time-of-use rate plan from their electric utility, demand spikes at 00:00. This coincides with the beginning of the off-peak electricity rate period. Demand peaks at 01:00.
Poly Segment Monorail, a conductive method as an alternative for highway electrification.
Authors: Olsson Oscar , Pettersson Stefan , Sebestyen Richard
Published: May 2018

Vehicles driven on alternative fuels, such as electric vehicles (EVs), are becoming more common while awareness of a diminishing oil supply, oil prices and environmental pollution are increasing. Despite technical breakthroughs, the low energy density in the battery is a problem that limits long distance travel, especially for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The low energy density combined with the high cost and the uncertain predictable lifetime of the battery could be estimated to hamper the expansion of the long distance EVs. Electrified highways connecting cities could be one solution to reduce the battery and fuel dependency by supplying electricity continuously to the vehicles. Different technical solutions of electric roads, both conductive and inductive, have been proven functional but are today mainly used in the tram and train industry. Despite the inductive system’s major benefit of not relying on a physical contact, an inductive system is not necessarily the best option due to high costs and questionable efficiency. This said, also a conductive system intended for highway transport, despite the mature technology used, is far from problem free. This paper presents the new concept Poly segment monorail (PSM), intended to reduce the drawbacks of the general conductive system for highways. PSM utilizes segments alternating each other at road level, in contrast to traditionally being parallel and sometimes partially buried. With the new design and segments that are galvanically insulated, reduced losses and increase safety could be achieved. The paper also highlights the complexity for the new technology, involving several stakeholder markets, to achieve an international standard, which could be estimated a requirement for such a system to be beneficial and reasonable.
Developing a Test Procedure to Evaluate Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and Chargers
Authors: Hodson Richard , Smith Jordan
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the processes used and the choices made while developing a procedure to evaluate Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) chargers and provides some results of the testing process. The procedure defines the battery charging system (i.e., the battery charger, EVSE, battery storage system, auxiliary loads, and vehicle). Each test element is evaluated in terms of function, reliability, safety, quality, cost, efficiency and power quality. The development of a charging system evaluation procedure comes from Southern California Edison’s (SCE) responsibility to ensure safe and reliable function and to minimize system impact. Up to one million PEVs have been projected to be operating in SCE’s service area by 2020. SCE must not only serve these PEVs, but must ensure that they do not have a negative impact on the utility grid. Therefore it is critical that SCE understand the impact of those battery charging systems. SCE also supports the creation of standards to limit wasted energy and negative power quality impacts that these battery charging systems may create. SCE is also using the test procedure to evaluate EVSEs and PEV charging systems for implementation in SCE’s fleet. The results of this procedure are used to give fleet managers the information needed to acquire the most effective and efficient PEV charging equipment. The results will also tell a fleet manager or PEV owner what EVSE would work best with their selected vehicle or vice versa. The procedure provides for the discovery of PEV and EVSE individual and compatibility issues before the PEV is deployed. The final result ensures optimum performance of the PEV system. Through this process, SCE has been able to work with manufacturers of PEVs and EVSEs in order to improve the functionality, robustness, and interoperability of the products.
Building the Business Case for Telematics Based Diagnostics at Mahindra Reva
Authors: Gopal Kartik , Prakash R.
Published: May 2018

Mahindra Reva began a program of developing telematics capabilities in its electric vehicles around 4 years ago. The primary motivation for considering this technology was to enable remote diagnostics capabilities for our cars that are spread over 24 countries. This paper describes the evolution of telematics enabled capabilities at Mahindra Reva. This paper is divided into four broad sections: (1) we first present a technical overview of the telematics system; (2) we then briefly describe the categories of beneficiaries of telematics and the features and benefits to each category; (3) we then present the results from a survey of our existing battery electric vehicle owners on their perceived utility for such features; (4) based on these we develop a simple cost-benefit analysis to enable investment decisions in this technology and understand the payoffs from the investment.
Effect of demand response on the marginal electricity used by plug-in electric vehicles
Authors: Dallinger David , Wietschel Martin , Santini Danilo
Published: May 2018

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are considered to be a potentially sustainable alternative to conventional vehicles for private transport and a way of balancing intermittent generation from renewable energy sources (RES). Using RES for electric mobility would be superior to all available fossil generation alternatives in terms of emissions and efficient energy conversion. To quantify the marginal energy from RES used, two charging strategies last trip charging and optimized demand-side management (DSM) with dynamic pricing are investigated for a German long-term high RES power mix scenario. The results for both charging cases indicate that the power demand for PEVs will not be met by RES. For last trip charging 1.40% comes from RES. In terms of DSM this share increases to 7.38% but results in higher overall CO2 emissions because for Germany coal provides the lowest cost fossil power. Hence DSM charging reduces peak load and helps to balance RES generation but is contrary to the original idea of clean transportation because of higher marginal emissions caused by the utilisation of coal. To account for contractual arrangements allowing consumers to directly purchase RES electricity, a second scenario with additional installed RES capacity is analysed. Because of the high RES share of over 50 % a complete usage of the RES is not possible and a small fraction of power must still be provided by dispatchable power plants. For the second scenario, DSM charging also allows for an increased use of RES compared to last trip charging (99 % versus 90% RES). In addition, total marginal CO2 emissions are lower and DSM helps to balance the ramping of RES. Therefore, it is concluded that for Germany the installation of additional RES and DSM charging would guarantee clean transportation using electric vehicles.
Impact of electromobility on automotive architectures
Authors: Luccarelli Martin , Matt Dominik , Spena Pasquale
Published: May 2018

The introduction of alternative powertrain technologies has brought increased design freedom in spaces within a vehicle that were previously constrained by traditional ones. Such freedom will affect the overall architecture and appearance of future alternative cars. However, these vehicles require the design, development, and integration of new specific components that are not relevant in conventional combustiondriven cars. This paper is a short review of challenges and methodological approaches regarding the design for changeability in future alternative vehicle production and design, and in particular, of methods coping with interchangeability. Modularity is seen as an appealing design approach that supports vehicle manufacturers for a wider spectrum of different interchangeable technologies, involving both production processes and products. The concepts of modularity in production, modularity in design, modularity in use, and technical modularity are here presented.
An E.Bike Design for the Fourth Generation Bike-Sharing Services
Authors: Meireles Ricardo , Silva Jose , Teixeira Alexandre , Ribeiro Bernardo
Published: May 2018

Bicycle sharing systems have proven their value towards urban sustainable mobility. Appropriate design of bikes for this application is fundamental for bike-sharing systems viability. A new e.Bike was designed for the specific application of bike-sharing. This bike model has a significant number of new features that improve the user experience through an adequate position of motor, as well as the addition of new functions such as the locking of the bike and rider safety. At the same time the reduction of number of parts and the use of new materials, contribute to the viability of this e.Bike model and the associated bike-sharing system.
Control Systems for High Performance Electric Cars
Authors: Pedret Paula
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicle technology opens doors to a wide range of research and improvement possibilities which can be used to develop a High Performance Full Electric Competition Car. However, in our modern-day society, there are numerous prejudices against electric vehicles which lead to their slow introduction in the market. In this context, IDIADA has been commissioned to build Volar-e with the aim to help overcoming the current technological and social barriers of electric vehicles and to set new standards in their behaviour. In order to achieve this target, Volar-e incorporates four independently controlled electric motors. What is more, a central concept to the vehicle is the integration of an intelligent torque distribution strategy to enhance road holding, handling and performance. Applus IDIADA’s knowledge of torque vectoring technologies has led to further developments and, thus, to the incorporation of four active systems in the prototype: iTORQ+, iTORQ-, Traction Control and Launch Control. These systems have been designed with the objective of both maximizing lateral acceleration while maintaining vehicle stability and drivability and, in the overall, minimizing lap time around IDIADA’s tracks. This paper highlights the improvement of Volar-e’s behaviour thanks to implementing in it the previous mentioned control systems. A detailed model of Volar-e has been parameterized in CarSim©, encompassing not only a thorough powertrain model obtained from testing Volar-e’s electric motors on a test-bench, but also a complete suspension model defined from K&C tests. By means of different simulation manoeuvres, the systems have been finely developed and adapted to fulfil the premise of achieving a high performance electric vehicle and to define the best initial set of parameters before passing from theory to practice. Last but not least, some conclusions are presented.
Real-time electric vehicle mass identification
Authors: Wilhelm Erik , Rodgers Lennon , Bornatico Raffaele
Published: May 2018

A technique capable of identifying electric vehicle (EV) mass in real-time has been a topic of research for several years due to the advantages it presents, such as the ability to dramatically improve range estimates, perform more effective torque vectoring for ABS/ESC, track delivery vehicle weight, etc.. Some crucial issues in mass identification impede an easy implementation of such an algorithm, however, and this work introduces a simple method to calculate EV mass on-the-fly using standard data available on most CAN buses and therefore without the need of additional sensors. The results presented here are achieved using an eight step technique suitable for accurate mass estimations during wide-open-throttle acceleration events. The algorithm’s instantaneous error is less than 10%, and converges to better than 3% absolute accuracy performance with subsequent measurements. A preliminary analysis of trips lacking hard acceleration presented in this paper show an inability to differentiate between loaded and unloaded conditions.
Energetic Macroscopic Representation and Inversion- Based control of a CVT-based HEV
Authors: Chouhou M. , Grée F. , Jivan C. , Bouscayrol A. , Hofman T.
Published: May 2018

A Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) is introduced in the simulation model of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The CVT-based vehicle simulation and its control are deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). Simulations are provided to show the interest of the CVT in term of fuel consumption