bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colloidal Noble Metal Catalysts Protected by Surfactant Micelles. Regio-Selectivity in the Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Organized Media
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Takahashi Tadahito
Published: July 2006

Colloidal dispersions of platinum and palladium protected by nonionic surfactants were prepared by photo-irradiation. They work as active catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and their sodium salts. The regio-selectivity was observed in the hydrogenation in the organized media which surround the colloidal particles. Thus, 10-undecenoic acid was more rapidly hydrogenated than 2-undecenoic acid.
Remarkable Activity Enhancement of Rh/Al2O3 Prepared from RhCl3 for CO–H2 Reaction by the Pretreatment of High Temperature Evacuation
Authors: Fujitsu Hiroshi , Ishibashi Hideo , Ikeyama Nobuhide , Mochida Isao
Published: July 2006

Catalytic activity of Rh/Al2O3 prepared from RhCl3 for the CO–H2 reaction at 473 and 523 K was found to be remarkably enhanced by the evacuation after the reduction of catalyst. Evacuation at 773 K after the reduction with hydrogen at 673 K exhibited the maximum activity of 1200 mmol CO/g-Rh h, which is comparable to that of Rh/TiO2. Significant increases in H2 and CO adsorption, especially the irreversible adsorption of CO, as well as the enhanced reactivity of the adsorbed CO by the evacuation treatment may cause the activity enhancement.
A New Deprotection Method for Levulinyl Protecting Groups under Neutral Conditions
Authors: Ono Mitsunori , Itoh Isamu
Published: July 2006

Sulfite ion-induced cleavage of the levulinyl group under neutral conditions provides a convenient and mild deprotection method especially for alkali labile and/or oxygen sensitive compounds.
Active Transport of Formaldehyde through an Anion-Exchange Membrane via the Formation of Bisulfite Adduct
Authors: Igawa Manabu , Hoffmann Michael R
Published: July 2006

Formaldehyde reacts with bisulfite to form hydroxymethanesulfonate, which is a conjugate base of a strong acid, and is able to be transported actively by the coupled countertransport of hydroxide ion through an anion-exchange membrane. The permeation rate is controlled by pH and formaldehyde can be separated readily from other types of organic solutes via this method.
Preparation of Size-Controlled CdS Colloids in Water and Their Optical Properties
Authors: Nosaka Yoshio , Yamaguchi Katsuhiko , Miyama Hajime , Hayashi Hisaharu
Published: July 2006

Size of colloidal CdS particles in aqueous medium was controlled by adding thiols in the procedure of the preparation. The change in optical absorption spectra and the quantum yield of photoinduced electron transfer were measured for these size-controlled CdS colloids.
Photochemical Rearrangement of 16β,17β-Epoxydigitoxigenin 3-Acetate. The Formation of Cyclopropyl Ketones
Authors: Ishii Keitaro , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Sakamoto Masanori , Taira Zenei , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: July 2006

The first photochemical transformation of a cardenolide derivative was studied. The photolysis of 16β,17β-epoxydigitoxigenin 3-acetate prepared from gitoxigenin leads to cyclopropyl ketones, which are formed by oxa-di-π-methane rearrangement of the primary photoproduct, 16-oxodigitoxigenin 3-acetate.
Lipophilic Calix[4]arene Ester and Amide Derivatives as Neutral Carriers for Sodium Ion-Selective Electrodes
Authors: Kimura Keiichi , Matsuo Mitsunori , Shono Toshiyuki
Published: July 2006

Lipophilic calix[4]arenes bearing ester and amide linkages were synthesized and tested for their usefulness as neutral carriers of Na+-selective electrodes. The resulted poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrodes based on the calixarene derivatives were found to be highly selective for Na+.
Meissner Effect in an Organic Superconductor (BEDT-TTF)2[Cu(NCS)2]
Authors: Nozawa Kiyokazu , Sugano Tadashi , Urayama Hatsumi , Yamochi Hideki , Saito Gunzi , Kinoshita Minoru
Published: July 2006

A quite large diamagnetic susceptibility corresponding to 83% of the perfect diamagnetism is observed for (BEDT-TTF)2[Cu(NCS)2] at 2 K. The critical temperature is determined to be 9.8±0.3 K at 30 G. The magnetization shows a hysteresis loop with sharp maxima near 35 G, thereby indicating the type II superconducting nature. The lower critical field and the critical current density are estimated from the analysis of the hysteresis loop.
Ring-Expansion Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrophobic Vitamin B12 in Synthetic Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Ohno Teruhisa , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: July 2006

Heptapropyl cobyrinate perchlorate catalyzed the ring-expansion reactions, which convert 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione and 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone into 1,4-cyclohexanedione and 2-piperidinone, respectively, in single-compartment bilayer vesicles.
Photochemical Epoxidation of Olefins with Molecular Oxygen Activated by Oxo(tetra-p-tolylporphinato)molybdenum(V)
Authors: Matsuda Yoshihisa , Koshima Hiroaki , Nakamura Koichiro , Murakami Yukito
Published: July 2006

Photochemical epoxidation of olefins was catalyzed by a molybdenum porphyrin in benzene under aerobic conditions. The catalytic reaction rate was somewhat lower than that observed for the similar reaction catalyzed by the corresponding niobium complex. A reaction mechanism, involving cooperative interaction of an olefin and dioxygen with the molybdenum(IV) species, was postulated.
Spin-Trapped Alkyl Radicals in Dehydrogenation of Alkenes with 4-t-Butyl-o-benzoquinone
Authors: Takada Masayuki , Oshima Ryuichi , Tsuchiya Jun-ichi , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Seno Manabu
Published: July 2006

By the spin-trapping technique using 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane as a spin trap conjugated hydrocarbon radicals have been detected in dehydrogenation of methyl linoleate and (2E,4E,7Z)-tetradecatriene with 4-t-butyl-o-benzoquinone.
Total Synthesis of meso-Triterpene Ether, Teurilene
Authors: Hashimoto Masaru , Yanagiya Mitsutoshi , Shirahama Haruhisa
Published: July 2006

A marine triterpene, teurilene, whose molecule has meso form, was totally synthesized employing chiral assemblies.
Syntheses of Nickel(II) Dinuclear Complexes with Tetraketone and the Effect of Anions on Coordination Geometries
Authors: Fukuda Yutaka , Mafune Kumiko
Published: July 2006

Three nickel(II) mixed ligand dinuclear complexes were prepared, Ni2(tae)(tmen)2X2·nH2O where tae = tetraketonate; tmen = N-alkylethylenediamine; X− = B(C6H5)4−, ClO4−, or NO3−; n = 0 or 3. Each complex assumes the unique combination of square planar and octahedral coordination geometries in the dinuclear entity.
Boron Trifluoride-Assisted Reaction of Perfluoroalkyllithiums with Imines. A Novel Route to Perfluoroalkylated Amines
Authors: Uno Hidemitsu , Shiraishi Yasukazu , Shimokawa Kazuhiro , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: July 2006

In the presence of BF3, perfluoroalkyllithiums were found to react with imines to give perfluoroalkylated amines in moderate to good yields.
Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Phenolphthalein Incorporated within a Poly(Hydroquinone/p-Benzoquinone) Film
Authors: Arai Gorou , Enomoto Katsuyoshi , Yasumori Iwao
Published: July 2006

Electrochemical oxidation-reduction of poly(mercaptohydroquinone/mercapto-p-benzoquinone) causes a rapid and large pH change in the polymer film in an aqueous solution. Phenolphthalein, a typical pH indicator, incorporated within the polymer film on a SnO2 electrode showed a rapid reversible color change from red to colorless when the electrode potential is repetitively stepped between −0.6 (reduction) and +0.4 V vs. SCE (oxidation).
Thin Film Formation of 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline by Ionized Cluster Beam Technique
Authors: Aratani Sukekazu , Isogai Masato , Kakuta Atsushi
Published: July 2006

Thin films of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline were prepared by an ionized cluster beam (ICB) technique. Their SEM photographs suggested that the ICB-deposited films are much denser than vacuum-deposited films. X-Ray diffraction patterns suggested that the control of a preferential orientation is possible by changing the substrate temperature.
Mixed Organocuprates Derived from ortho-Heterosubstituted ArCu Species. Reactions with Simple α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Arevalo F , Castedo L , Fernandez B R , Mouriño A , Sarandeses L
Published: July 2006

We describe the reaction of new organocuprates of the form ArRTCuLi (Ar an ortho-heterosubstituted non-transferable ligand), and their reactions with simple α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Synthesis of Optically Active myo-Inositol 1,3,4-Trisphosphate
Authors: Ozaki Shoichiro , Kohno Masayasu , Nakahira Hiroyuki , Bunya Motonobu , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: July 2006

Synthesis of optically active myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate has been accomplished. Efficiency of a chiral HPLC column for optical resolution of myo-inositols is shown.
Aggregated Structures of Azobenzene-linked Amphiphiles at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Xu Xinfei , Era Masanao , Tsutsui Tetsuo , Saito Shogo
Published: July 2006

With three azobenzene-linked amphiphiles containing designed alkyl and methylene groups, spectroscopic studies on monolayer at the air–water interface were performed. The effects of the alkyl and methylene groups on the molecular orientation and aggregate states in the monolayers were shown.
Complete Mixing of Two Amphiphilic Compounds at Air–Water Interface
Authors: Niino Hiroyuki , Takehara Kenji , Isomura Kazuaki , Taniguchi Hiroshi , Era Masanao , Tsutsui Tetsuo , Saito Shogo
Published: July 2006

Two amphiphilic compounds, 5-(p-hexadecylphenyl)pyrazin-2-oxyacetic acid (1) and p-(5-hexadecylpyrazin-2-yl)phenoxyacetic acid (2), were newly synthesized. The mixture of 1 and 2 formed more closely packed monolayer than pure 1 or 2 did. This phenomenon was revealed to be caused by complete mixing due to the attractive interaction between reversely oriented chromophores of 1 and 2.
Low Temperature Synthesis of TiO2 by Vapor-Phase Hydrolysis of Titanium Isopropoxide
Authors: Kirkbir Fikret , Komiyama Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

At sufficiently high H2O concentration, titanium isopropoxide vapor could almost completely be hydrolyzed to form submicron-size TiO2 powder at a reaction temperature as low as 380 K with little deposition inside a tubular-flow reactor, indicating a highly efficient method for preparation of powders.
Two Bromopyrroles from a Marine Sponge Agelas sp.
Authors: Tada Haruhiko , Tozyo Takehiko
Published: July 2006

Extremely unstable bromopyrrole metabolites were isolated from a sponge Agelas sp. and characterized as 2,3-dibromopyrrole and 2,3-dibromo-5-methoxymethylpyrrole.
(E)-(2-Bromoethenyl)diisopropoxyborane. A New Building Block for (E)-Olefins
Authors: Hyuga Satoshi , Yamashina Naoko , Hara Shoji , Suzuki Akira
Published: July 2006

(E)-(2-Bromoethenyl)diisopropoxyborane is a useful precursor for the synthesis of (E)-olefins by the stepwise cross-coupling reaction with organozinc chlorides and then with organic halides in the presence of a base, both catalyzed by Pd complex.
Ring Transformation Reaction of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines to 1,2,4-Triazin-5-ols and -5-thiols by Isocyanato- and Isothiocyanatotrimethylsilane
Authors: Takahashi Masahiko , Kikuchi Hiroyasu
Published: July 2006

A new ring transformation reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines to 1,2,4-triazin-5-ols and -5-thiols on treatment with isocyanato- and isothiocyanatotrimethylsilane, respectively, is described.
Triphenylbismuthonio-4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexane-1-ide and Triphenylbismuthonio-4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-3,5-dioxan-1-ide. Preparation and Properties of the Stable Bismuthonium Ylides
Authors: Suzuki Hitomi , Murafuji Toshihiro , Ogawa Takuji
Published: July 2006

The title two bismuthonium ylides were obtained in pure form and their reactions with some electrophiles were studied. In contrast with stable ylides of arsenic and antimony, these bismuthonium ylides readily react with aldehydes and isothiocyanates but they are inert towards ketones.
Triphenylmethanesulfenyl Group. A New Protecting Group for the Uracil Residue in Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Takaku Hiroshi , Imai Kazuaki , Nagai Masato
Published: July 2006

The selective protection of the N3-imido group of uridine with triphenymethanesulfenyl group is described. This group could be introduced selectively onto the N3-position of the uracil moiety of 3′,5′-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)uridine in a good yield and removed very easily by treatment with aqueous iodine.
Oxidation of Cyclopentene with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by 12-Heteropoly Acids
Authors: Furukawa Hiroshi , Nakamura Teiji , Inagaki Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Eiichiro , Imai Chihiro , Misono Makoto
Published: July 2006

12-Heteropoly acids exhibited high performance for selective oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaraldehyde with hydrogen peroxide. Especially, heteropoly acids with mixed addenda atoms of Mo and W, H3PMo12−xWxO40(x=1–9), showed excellent results.
Regioselective Hydrostannation of Terminal Acetylenes under Transition Metal Catalysis
Authors: Kikukawa Kiyoshi , Umekawa Hideto , Wada Fumio , Matsuda Tsutomu
Published: July 2006

Rhodium complexes (RhClL3, RhCl(CO)L2, [RhCl(COD)]2; L=PPh3) catalyze hydrostannation of terminal acetylenes (RC≡CH; R=Ph, Me3Si, R1OC(R2)(R3), and R1OCH2CH2; R1=THP, OAc; R1, R2=H, Me) with Bu3SnH to produce R(Bu3Sn)C=CH2 selectively. Other transition metal complexes [MCl2L2(M=Ni, Pd, Pt, Co)] are also active for the hydrostannation, but with less selectivity.
Formation of Infrared Absorbing Dyes. Carbazole–Naphthoquinone Intermolecular Charge–Transfer Complexes
Authors: Matsuoka Masaru , Han Liyuan , Kitao Teijiro , Mochizuki Shinobu , Nakatsu Kazumi
Published: July 2006

Intermolecular charge–transfer (CT) complexes derived from carbazoles as donors and naphthoquinones as acceptors were evaluated as coloring matters. The PPP MO design, the relation between color and constitution, and the X-ray analysis of the CT complex dye were conducted.
Synthesis and Radical Cyclization of 2-(β-Haloacyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines by Means of Tin Hydride. One-Pot Synthesis of Benzo[f]indolizidine Systems from Isoquinolines
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryohei , Hamasaki Takashi , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: July 2006

Reactions of isoquinolines activated by 2-halopropionyl chlorides with tributyltin hydride afford selectively 2-(2-halopropionyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines in good yields, the radical cyclizations of which furnish benzo[f]indolizidine systems. The above two reactions can be consecutively achieved in one-pot. Furthermore, the present procedures are extended to synthesis of 12,12a-dihydroisoindolo[2,3-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-one.
Hydroxylation of Benzene with Dinitrogen Monoxide over H-ZSM-5 Zeolite
Authors: Suzuki Eiichi , Nakashiro Katsumi , Ono Yoshio
Published: July 2006

Phenol was obtained from benzene and dinitrogen monoxide over H-ZSM-5 zeolite at 603 K, a phenol yield on a benzene basis being 8.1% at partial pressures of benzene and dinitrogen monoxide of 6.9 kPa and 51 kPa, respectively. Neither CO nor CO2 was detected in the product.
13C CP-MAS NMR of Hofmann-type Clathrates
Authors: Yamasaki Akira , Nishikiori Shin-ichi , Iwamoto Toschitake
Published: July 2006

The 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra of two Hofmann-type clathrates, diamagnetic Cd(NH3)2Ni (CN)4·2C6H6 and paramagnetic Ni (NH3)2-Ni (CN)4·2C6H6, were analyzed. The guest benzene gives a singlet spectral line in the diamagnetic host and a doublet in the paramagnetic one. The doublet is due to the paramagnetic anisotropy at the crystallographically-independent two carbon atoms in the crystal structure.
Reactivities of Diastereoisomeric Carbanions in Dianions Generated from β-Hydroxysulfoxides
Authors: Tanikaga Rikuhei , Hamamura Kazumasa , Kaji Aritsune
Published: July 2006

Dianions generated from β-hydroxysulfoxides reacted with n-C8H17I, n-C9H19CHO, and D2O to give products in different threo/erythro ratios, but those ratios were found to be essentially same in the early stage. The configurational interconversion of the diastereoisomeric carbanions would play an important role.
Thiocyanate Solvent Polymeric Membrane Ion-selective Electrode Based on Cobalt(III) α, β, γ, δ-Tetraphenylporphyrin Anion Carrier
Authors: Hodinár Ales , Jyo Akinori
Published: July 2006

A solvent polymeric membrane ion-selective electrode based on thiocyanato(α, β, γ, δ-tetraphenylporphynate)cobalt(III) was developed. The electrode membrane exhibits SCN−>>I−>NO2−>>C1O4−>HCO3−>HPO42−>Cl−≅Br−>NO3−≅SO42− selectivity sequence with a preference for SCN− over ClO4− by 102.5–103.1. Response of the electrode is linear in the 10−5 to 10−1 M concentration range for SCN with a slope of −49±2 mV/log a.
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is associated with parathyroid adenoma secretion in primary hyperparathyroidism: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Moosgaard B , Vestergaard P , Heickendorff L , Melsen F , Christiansen P , Mosekilde L
Published: July 2006

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with reduced plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P-25OHD) and usually increased plasma 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (P-1,25(OH)2D). Parathyroid tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and it is thought that circulating 1,25(OH)2D participate in the regulation of parathyroid cell proliferation, differentiation and secretion.

Aim: To investigate the relations between circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D and 25OHD respectively and parathyroid adenoma weight (AW), plasma-parathyroid hormone (P-PTH) and PTH secretion expressed as P-PTH/AW.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Material: One hundred and seventy-one consecutive hypercalcaemic caucasian patients aged 19–87 years (median 63, 84% females) with surgically proven parathyroid adenoma.

Results: A weak positive correlation was found between P-25OHD and P-1,25(OH)2D (r = 0.24, P < 0.005). AW depended on sex and body mass index. Following adjustment, it was correlated positively to P-PTH, calcium (Ca) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) and inversely to plasma phosphate in a multiple regression model. AW was not associated with vitamin D metabolites. Preoperative P-PTH correlated positively to plasma levels of Ca and AP, but inversely to phosphate and 25OHD (P < 0.001) levels. P-PTH was not associated with P-1,25(OH)2D (P = 0.65). The P-PTH:AW ratio correlated inversely to P-25OHD (P < 0.05), but showed no relations to plasma levels of Ca, phosphate or 1,25(OH)2D (P = 0.22).

Conclusion: In this material, low levels of 25OHD were related to higher levels of P-PTH and higher PTH:AW ratios in patients with PHPT suggesting that vitamin D deficiency increase PTH secretion activity. Neither PTH secretion nor AW was associated with circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D.
The early luteal phase administration of estrogen and progesterone does not induce premature luteolysis in normo-ovulatory women
Authors: Beckers Nicole G M , Platteau Peter , Eijkemans Marinus J , Macklon Nicholas S , de Jong Frank H , Devroey Paul , Fauser Bart C J M
Published: July 2006

Objective: The luteal phase after ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) is insufficient. Therefore, luteal phase supplementation is routinely applied in IVF. It may be postulated that premature luteolysis after ovarian hyperstimulation is due to supraphysiological steroid levels in the early luteal phase. In the present study, high doses of steroids are administered after the LH surge in normo-ovulatory volunteers in order to investigate whether this intervention gives rise to endocrine changes and a shortening of the luteal phase.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Forty non-smoking, normal weight women, between 18 and 37 years of age, with a regular menstrual cycle (24–35 days), received either high dosages of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), E2+P or no medication. Blood sampling was performed every other day from the day of the LH surge until LH+14. Duration of the luteal phase and endocrine profiles were the main study outcomes.

Results: Early luteal phase steroid concentrations achieved by exogenous administration were comparable with levels observed following ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF. No difference in the luteal phase length was observed comparing all groups. However, a significant decrease in LH levels could be observed 6 days after the mid-cycle LH surge (P<0.001) in women receiving P, resulting in accelerated decrease of inhibin A production by the corpus luteum (P=0.001).

Conclusion: The present intervention of high-dose steroid administration shortly after the LH surge failed to induce a premature luteolysis regularly in cyclic women. It seems that the induced transient suppression in LH allowed for a timely recovery of corpus luteum function. Other additional factors may be held responsible for the distinct reduction in luteal phase length observed after ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF.
Androgen receptor gene GGN repeat length and reproductive characteristics in young Swedish men
Authors: Lundin K B , Giwercman Y L , Rylander L , Hagmar L , Giwercman A
Published: July 2006

Background: The human androgen receptor (AR) gene contains two polymorphisms of CAG and GGN repeats respectively. The GGN repeat function is still largely unknown and to date there are no in vivo data on this segment with respect to the general population.

Methods: We investigated the impact of CAG and GGN repeats on male reproductive function, one by one and in interaction with each other, in 220 adolescent men from the general Swedish population. Physical examination and semen analysis, including accessory sex gland markers and measurement of reproductive hormone levels, were performed. Lifestyle-associated factors, including maternal smoking during pregnancy, were recorded. GGN and CAG repeat lengths were determined by sequencing.

Results: GGN<23 was associated with lower semen volume when compared to GGN=23 (mean difference −0.6 ml, P=0.02) and GGN>23 (mean difference −0.9 ml, P=0.002). Men with GGN<23, exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy, had higher body mass index compared to men with other GGN lengths, no matter whether their mother had smoked or not during pregnancy (mean difference 4.8 kg/m2, P<0.001).

Conclusions: Short GGN repeats seem to be associated with decreased semen volume, possibly due to suboptimal AR activity. Body composition may be influenced by the combination of fetal exposure to maternal smoking and certain AR genotypes.
Detection of thyroid peroxidase mRNA and protein in orbital tissue
Authors: Lai Oi Fah , Zaiden Norazean , Goh Sui Sin , Mohamed Nur-Ezan , Seah Lay Leng , Fong Kee Siew , Estienne Valerie , Carayon Pierre , Ho Su Chin , Khoo Daphne H C
Published: July 2006

Objective: We have previously reported that the absence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in Graves’ disease (GD) was associated with an increased risk of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). This observation raised the possibility that TPOAb could act as a protective factor. However, the presence of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the orbit has not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to confirm or exclude the presence of orbital TPO.

Methods and design: Relative TPO mRNA expression from GO (n = 6) and normal (n = 5) orbital fat tissue was determined using real-time PCR technique. Orbital fat in the normal group from blepharoplasty represents extraconal (anterior) fat. mRNA expression in fibroblasts grown from these tissues before and after adipocyte differentiation was also documented. Finally, Western blotting was carried out to verify translation of TPO mRNA transcripts.

Results and discussion: TPO transcripts were detected in the orbital fat tissue obtained from normal and GO subjects using the real-time PCR technique. TPO expression was increased in GO compared to normal (N) tissues. However, TPO expression in cultured fibroblasts was similar in both groups and adipogenesis did not appear to alter TPO expression. Protein was detected by Western blot analysis using the TPO MAB 47 (mAb 47). The predicted 110-kDa band was detected in orbital fat as well as in orbital fibroblasts. Our results suggest the presence of TPO in GO and N orbital tissues. We hypothesise that immune responses directed against orbital TPO might play a role in modulating the clinical expression of GO.
The ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3′ UTR of the IGF-II receptor gene is associated with type 2 diabetes and surrogate markers of insulin resistance
Authors: Villuendas Gemma , Botella-Carretero José I , López-Bermejo Abel , Gubern Carme , Ricart Wifredo , Fernández-Real José Manuel , Millán José L San , Escobar-Morreale Héctor F
Published: July 2006

Objective: The IGF-II receptor gene (IGFIIR) is located at chromosome 6q26, a region that harbors a genetic marker linked to insulin-resistant traits in Mexican–Americans. In the present study conducted in Spaniards, we tested a common polymorphism in IGFIIR for association with type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistant traits.

Design: Case–control association study.

Methods: One hundred and forty-five type 2 diabetic patients and 217 non-diabetic controls were genotyped for the ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3′ UTR of IGFIIR. Phenotyping included anthropometrics and a metabolic profile, including serum lipid levels and surrogate indexes of insulin resistance whenever possible.

Results: Diabetic patients were more frequently homozygous for the wild type 144 bp allele of IGFIIR compared with controls (diabetic patients 77.2%, controls 51.6%, P<0.001) suggesting a potential protective role against type 2 diabetes for the IGFIIR 140 bp variant. Carrying 140 bp alleles was associated with an odds ratio of having diabetes of 0.290 (95% confidence interval 0.109–0.770), and controls homozygous for the wild type 144 bp allele presented with lower insulin and triglyceride levels, which are proxies for insulin resistance.

Conclusions: The ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3′ UTR of IGFIIR is associated with type 2 diabetes and influences surrogate markers of insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects.
Invasive Pulmonary and Central Nervous System Aspergillosis After Near-Drowning of a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Leroy Piet , Smismans Annick , Seute Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Invasive aspergillosis is extremely rare in immunocompetent children. Here we describe the clinical, radiologic, and laboratory course of fatal invasive pulmonary and central nervous system aspergillosis in a previously healthy child after a near-drowning incident with submersion in a pond. Findings were compared with data from the literature, which is reviewed. Serum Aspergillus galactomannan levels were determined retrospectively and were compared with the results of routine microbiological and radiologic examinations, showing a significant diagnostic and therapeutic delay of the routine diagnostic approach in comparison with the use of the Aspergillus galactomannan assay. This delay may have contributed to the fatal course. Serial determination of serum Aspergillus galactomannan may be helpful in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis early in case of pulmonary disease after near-drowning and may contribute to an early appropriate treatment. Currently voriconazole, eventually in combination with caspofungin, should be considered as the drug of choice in the management of invasive aspergillosis after near-drowning.
An Update and Review of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Piacenti Frank J.
Published: July 2006

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered in 1982, but treatment strategies were not introduced until 5 years later. Early regimens consisted of one or two drugs and often led to treatment failure. Since the advent in 1995 of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which consists of at least three agents, a dramatic improvement has been seen in the number of patients attaining undetectable viral loads, improved CD4 counts, and improved survival. However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment‐limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16–20 pills/day. These treatment barriers often led to patient nonadherence, with subsequent treatment failure and development of resistant strains. The CD4 count and viral load are the most important surrogate markers used to determine if treatment is indicated. Current guidelines suggest starting treatment in patients who are symptomatic with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–defining illness regardless of CD4 count or viral load, as well as in asymptomatic patients with a CD4 count of 350 cells/mm3 or below. In patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm3 and viral loads above 100,000 copies/ml, some clinicians prefer to defer treatment, whereas others will consider starting therapy; treatment is deferred in patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm3 and viral load s below 100,000 copies/ml. If therapy is started, the selection of appropriate agents is based on comorbidities (liver disease, depression, cardiovascular disease), pregnancy status, adherence potential (dosage regimen, pill burden, dosing frequency), food restrictions (dosing with regard to meals), adverse drug effects, and potential drug‐drug interactions. Within the last 8 years, newer antiretroviral agents have focused on ways to improve adherence, such as convenient dosing (fewer pills), pharmacokinetic and formulation changes to reduce dosing frequency or pill burden, and coformulated dosage forms that contain two or three drugs in one convenient pill. Other improvements include increased potency of newer agents, agents sensitive to a highly resistant virus, improved adverse‐effect profile (e.g., less gastrointestinal effects, improved lipid profiles), as well as protease inhibitor boosting with ritonavir, which takes advantage of the potent cytochrome P450 inhibitory action of ritonavir. This review focuses on the concepts of antiretroviral therapy, barriers to successful antiretroviral treatment, developments to limit treatment barriers, and new drug entities for the treatment of HIV.
Short‐Term Memory Loss Associated with Rosuvastatin
Authors: Galatti Laura , Polimeni Giovanni , Salvo Francesco , Romani Marcello , Sessa Aurelio , Spina Edoardo
Published: July 2006

Memory loss and cognitive impairment have been reported in the literature in association with several 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), but we found no published case reports associated with rosuvastatin. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of rosuvastatin‐related short‐term memory loss. A 53‐year‐old Caucasian man with hypercholesterolemia experienced memory loss after being treated with rosuvastatin 10 mg/day. He had no other concomitant conditions or drug therapies. After discontinuation of rosuvastatin, the neuropsychiatric adverse reaction resolved gradually, suggesting a probable drug association. During the following year, the patient remained free from neuropsychiatric disturbances. Clinicians should be aware of possible adverse cognitive reactions during statin therapy, including rosuvastatin.
Induction of prolonged infiltration of T lymphocytes and transient T lymphocyte–dependent collagen deposition in mouse lungs following adenoviral gene transfer of CCL18
Authors: Luzina Irina G. , Papadimitriou John C. , Anderson Richard , Pochetuhen Kerill , Atamas Sergei P.
Published: July 2006

Objective

Levels of CCL18 are elevated in patients with scleroderma lung disease and other fibrotic pulmonary diseases associated with T lymphocyte involvement. We sought to determine whether CCL18 alone can induce pulmonary T lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis in mouse lungs.

Methods

An adenovirus vector was constructed and used for CCL18 delivery to mouse lungs in vivo. Immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analyses were used to assess the resulting changes.

Results

Overexpression of CCL18 led to massive perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of T lymphocytes. Although the expression of CCL18 peaked on day 7, the infiltration persisted up to day 64 after infection. The infiltrates were negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and TUNEL, suggesting the role of cell trafficking, rather than proliferation and apoptosis, in the infiltration dynamics. Patchy destruction of the alveolar architecture and collagen accumulation in association with the infiltrates were also noticed. These changes were infiltration‐dependent, rather than CCL18‐dependent, since treatment with antilymphocyte serum completely abrogated the CCL18‐induced changes. The infiltrates consisted almost exclusively of T lymphocytes that were minimally activated, with a minimal increase in the expression of CD69 and no changes in the expression of CD25, Fas, FasL, or CD40L. There was no increase in total pulmonary levels of profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) or interleukin‐13, although active TGFβ1 was present locally in association with the infiltrates and areas of distorted alveolar architecture. Prestimulation of primary T lymphocytes with CCL18 in vitro caused an up‐regulation of TGFβ1 and collagen production in T lymphocyte/fibroblast cocultures.

Conclusion

CCL18 promotes selective, long‐term pulmonary infiltration of T lymphocytes and infiltration‐dependent accumulation of collagen through a TGFβ1‐dependent mechanism.
Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bernatsky S. , Boivin J.‐F. , Joseph L. , Manzi S. , Ginzler E. , Gladman D. D. , Urowitz M. , Fortin P. R. , Petri M. , Barr S. , Gordon C. , Bae S.‐C. , Isenberg D. , Zoma A. , Aranow C. , Dooley M.‐A. , Nived O. , Sturfelt G. , Steinsson K. , Alarcón G. , Senécal J.‐L. , Zummer M. , Hanly J. , Ensworth S. , Pope J. , Edworthy S. , Rahman A. , Sibley J. , El‐Gabalawy H. , McCarthy T. , St. Pierre Y. , Clarke A. , Ramsey‐Goldman R.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To examine mortality rates in the largest systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort ever assembled.

Methods

Our sample was a multisite international SLE cohort (23 centers, 9,547 patients). Deaths were ascertained by vital statistics registry linkage. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR; ratio of deaths observed to deaths expected) estimates were calculated for all deaths and by cause. The effects of sex, age, SLE duration, race, and calendar‐year periods were determined.

Results

The overall SMR was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 2.3–2.5). Particularly high mortality was seen for circulatory disease, infections, renal disease, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and lung cancer. The highest SMR estimates were seen in patient groups characterized by female sex, younger age, SLE duration <1 year, or black/African American race. There was a dramatic decrease in total SMR estimates across calendar‐year periods, which was demonstrable for specific causes including death due to infections and death due to renal disorders. However, the SMR due to circulatory diseases tended to increase slightly from the 1970s to the year 2001.

Conclusion

Our data from a very large multicenter international cohort emphasize what has been demonstrated previously in smaller samples. These results highlight the increased mortality rate in SLE patients compared with the general population, and they suggest particular risk associated with female sex, younger age, shorter SLE duration, and black/African American race. The risk for certain types of deaths, primarily related to lupus activity (such as renal disease), has decreased over time, while the risk for deaths due to circulatory disease does not appear to have diminished.
Anti–β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies in complex with β2‐glycoprotein I can activate platelets in a dysregulated manner via glycoprotein Ib‐IX‐V
Authors: Shi Tong , Giannakopoulos Bill , Yan Xiaokai , Yu Pei , Berndt Michael C. , Andrews Robert K. , Rivera Juan , Iverson G. Michael , Cockerill Keith A. , Linnik Matthew D. , Krilis Steven A.
Published: July 2006

Objective

Results of previous studies suggest that anti–β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI) antibodies in complex with β2GPI activate platelets in a dysregulated manner, potentially contributing to the prothrombotic tendency associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We undertook this study to investigate the possible contribution of the GPIb‐IX‐V receptor to platelet activation mediated by the anti‐β2GPI antibody–β2GPI complex.

Methods

In vitro methods were used in the present study. The interaction between β2GPI and the GPIbα subunit of the GPIb‐IX‐V receptor was delineated using direct binding and competitive inhibition assays. The interaction between the anti‐β2GPI antibody–β2GPI complex and platelets was studied using a novel method in which the Fc portion of the antibody was immobilized using protein A coated onto a microtiter plate. Platelet activation was assessed by two methods; one involved measuring thromboxane B2 production and the other involved assessment of the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β intracellular signaling pathway. The contribution of the GPIbα receptor to platelet activation induced by the anti‐β2GPI antibody–β2GPI complex was assessed by observing the influence of 2 anti‐GPIbα antibodies (AK2 and SZ2) directed against distinct epitopes.

Results

This study showed that β2GPI could bind to the GPIbα receptor. The anti‐β2GPI antibody–β2GPI complex was able to activate platelets, and this effect was inhibited by anti‐GPIbα antibody directed against epitope Leu‐36–Gln‐59, but not by anti‐GPIbα antibody directed against residues Tyr‐276–Glu‐282.

Conclusion

Our findings show that inappropriate platelet activation by the anti‐β2GPI antibody–β2GPI complex via the GPIbα receptor may contribute to the prothrombotic tendency associated with APS.
Diurnal variation of serum and urine biomarkers in patients with radiographic knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Kong S. Y. , Stabler T. V. , Criscione L. G. , Elliott A. L. , Jordan J. M. , Kraus V. B.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To evaluate diurnal variation of biomarkers in subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.

Methods

Twenty subjects with radiographic knee OA were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center of Duke University for an overnight stay to undergo serial blood and urine sampling. Biomarkers measured included serum hyaluronan (HA), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), keratan sulfate (KS‐5D4), aggrecan neoepitope (CS846), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), osteocalcin, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and type II collagen (CII)–related epitopes (neoepitope from cleavage of CII [C2C], carboxy‐terminus of three‐quarter peptide from cleavage of CI and CII [C1,2C], and type II procollagen carboxy‐propeptide [CPII] in serum, and C‐terminal telopeptides of CII [CTX‐II] and C2C in urine).

Results

Levels of serum HA, COMP, KS‐5D4, and TGFβ1 increased significantly from T0 (before arising from bed) to T1 (1 hour after arising). More diurnal variation in HA was observed in patients with higher daily mean HA concentrations. CPII increased significantly from T0 to T2 (4 hours after arising). Urinary concentrations of CTX‐II were also found to vary with morning activity, decreasing significantly from T0 to T2. Urinary C2C concentrations increased significantly from T0 until T3 (early evening). No diurnal variations in CS846, hsCRP, osteocalcin, serum C2C, or C1,2C were observed. Six biomarkers (serum C2C, C1,2C, COMP, KS‐5D4, TGFβ1, and urinary CTX‐II) were associated with radiographic knee OA (expressed as the sum of Kellgren/Lawrence radiographic severity grades), with the strongest correlations observed with measurements obtained at later time points (either T2 or T3).

Conclusion

Our study results suggest that serum and urine sampling for HA, COMP, KS‐5D4, TGFβ1, CPII, urinary CTX‐II, and urinary C2C should be standardized in future OA clinical trials. Serum and urine sampling at late midday time points may be the optimal approach for OA studies, although this result should be validated in a larger cohort.
Rates of serious infection, including site‐specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register
Authors: Dixon W. G. , Watson K. , Lunt M. , Hyrich K. L. , Silman A. J. , Symmons D. P. M.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To determine whether the rate of serious infection is higher in anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF)–treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with RA patients treated with traditional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods

This was a national prospective observational study of 7,664 anti‐TNF–treated and 1,354 DMARD‐treated patients with severe RA from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. All serious infections, stratified by site and organism, were included in the analysis.

Results

Between December 2001 and September 2005, there were 525 serious infections in the anti‐TNF–treated cohort and 56 in the comparison cohort (9,868 and 1,352 person‐years of followup, respectively). The incidence rate ratio (IRR), adjusted for baseline risk, for the anti‐TNF–treated cohort compared with the comparison cohort was 1.03 (95% confidence interval 0.68–1.57). However, the frequency of serious skin and soft tissue infections was increased in anti‐TNF–treated patients, with an adjusted IRR of 4.28 (95% confidence interval 1.06–17.17). There was no difference in infection risk between the 3 main anti‐TNF drugs. Nineteen serious bacterial intracellular infections occurred, exclusively in patients in the anti‐TNF–treated cohort.

Conclusion

In patients with active RA, anti‐TNF therapy was not associated with increased risk of overall serious infection compared with DMARD treatment, after adjustment for baseline risk. In contrast, the rate of serious skin and soft tissue infections was increased, suggesting an important physiologic role of TNF in host defense in the skin and soft tissues beyond that in other tissues.
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin as a biomarker of nephritis in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Brunner Hermine I. , Mueller Michelle , Rutherford Cynthia , Passo Murray H. , Witte David , Grom Alexei , Mishra Jaya , Devarajan Prasad
Published: July 2006

Objective

Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with poor prognosis. Currently available renal biomarkers are relatively insensitive and nonspecific for diagnosing SLE nephritis. Previous research suggests that neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a high‐quality renal biomarker of acute kidney injury, while its usefulness in SLE is unclear. We undertook this study to determine the relationship between urinary NGAL excretion and SLE disease activity or damage, with a focus on nephritis.

Methods

A cohort of 35 patients diagnosed as having SLE prior to age 16 years (childhood‐onset SLE) was assessed for disease activity (using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 update) and damage (using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology SLE Damage Index) in a double‐blind, cross‐sectional study. Information on current markers of renal function and disease was obtained and compared with NGAL levels (ng/mg of urinary creatinine) measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Eight children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) served as controls.

Results

NGAL levels did not differ with the age, weight, height, sex, or race of the patients. Patients with childhood‐onset SLE had significantly higher NGAL levels than did those with JIA (P < 0.0001). NGAL levels were strongly to moderately correlated with renal disease activity and renal damage (Spearman's r ≥ 0.47, P < 0.0001 for both comparisons), but not with extrarenal disease activity or extrarenal damage. NGAL levels of >0.6 ng/mg urinary creatinine were 90% sensitive and 100% specific for identifying childhood‐onset SLE patients with biopsy‐proven nephritis.

Conclusion

Urinary NGAL is a promising potential biomarker of childhood‐onset SLE nephritis. The results of the current study require validation in a larger cohort to more accurately delineate urinary NGAL excretion in relation to the diverse SLE phenotypes.
Change in joint space width: Hyaline articular cartilage loss or alteration in meniscus?
Authors: Hunter D. J. , Zhang Y. Q. , Tu X. , LaValley M. , Niu J. B. , Amin S. , Guermazi A. , Genant H. , Gale D. , Felson D. T.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To explore the relative contribution of hyaline cartilage morphologic features and the meniscus to the radiographic joint space.

Methods

The Boston Osteoarthritis of the Knee Study is a natural history study of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Baseline and 30‐month followup assessments included knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluoroscopically positioned weight‐bearing knee radiographs. Cartilage and meniscal degeneration were scored on MRI in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints using a semiquantitative grading system. Meniscal position was measured to the nearest millimeter. The dependent variable was joint space narrowing (JSN) on the plain radiograph (possible range 0–3). The predictor variables were MRI cartilage score, meniscal degeneration, and meniscal position measures. We first conducted a cross‐sectional analysis using multivariate regression to determine the relative contribution of meniscal factors and cartilage morphologic features to JSN, adjusting for body mass index (BMI), age, and sex. The same approach was used for change in JSN and change in predictor variables.

Results

We evaluated 264 study participants with knee OA (mean age 66.7 years, 59% men, mean BMI 31.4 kg/m2). The results from the models demonstrated that meniscal position and meniscal degeneration each contributed to prediction of JSN, in addition to the contribution by cartilage morphologic features. For change in medial joint space, both change in meniscal position and change in articular cartilage score contributed substantially to narrowing of the joint space.

Conclusion

The meniscus (both its position and degeneration) accounts for a substantial proportion of the variance explained in JSN, and the change in meniscal position accounts for a substantial proportion of change in JSN.