bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oncogenic Osteoblastoma: A Rare Clinical Entity in the PNS Arising from Ethmoidal Sinus
Authors: Srinivas Champion Venkateshalu , Jhon Stanley , Kailash N , Savithri L , Jyothi Divya
Published: September 2011

Oncogenic osteoblastoma is a rare clinical entity in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Its presentation is like a nasal polyp. One should keep the diagnosis of oncogenic osteoblastoma in mind as a differential diagnosis for mass in nasal cavity. Excessive bleeding during surgery should arouse the suspicion and the pathologist has to be sounded. A preliminary biopsy of the mass is to be considered. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) should be done, if the suspicion is strong.
A Rare Anatomical Relationship of Spinal Accessory Nerve to Internal Jugular Vein
Authors: Duggal Prahlad , Dhawan Amit , Sandhu Sumeet
Published: September 2011

A patient with a squamous cell carcinoma of right retromolar area of the mandible and undergoing a staging neck dissection was noted to have a unique relationship of the internal jugular vein and spinal accessory nerve. At the upper end of the dissection (level II, Memorial Sloan-Kettering classification), the spinal accessory nerve was observed to pass directly through the internal jugular vein. Although previously described only once in the literature, this finding may be encountered by other surgeons who operate in this area and it is important that these anatomical variations are borne in mind to prevent inadvertent injury. To our knowledge, this must be the first case reported from India.
Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of HIV in Antenatal Women at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Nanda Smiti , Grover Sonal , Dahiya Krishna , Sangwan Roopa
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Globally, women and children are the fastest growing group of HIV-positive individuals. As 90% of the pediatric HIV infection is due to mother to child transmission, determination of the seroprevalence in pregnancy will also enable us to take some measures to decrease the transmission to the newborn.

Objective

To study the seroprevalance of HIV among pregnant women.

Methods

Data of 31,328 women attending the antenatal clinic from January 2006 to December 2009 was analyzed. The pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic for consultation were counseled for HIV testing, informed consent was obtained and blood samples collected for HIV testing. Seropositive women were questioned regarding their awareness of AIDS, personal habits, blood transfusion, drug abuse and methods of contraception. Spouses of the seropositive pregnant women were also counseled and similarly tested for HIV.

Results

Acceptability of the test after patient counseling was 72.85%, and 95.3% women attended post-test counseling and collected reports.

Conclusion

There is no definite treatment for HIV/AIDS; however, the pandemic can be controlled by education and behavioral modification.
An Audit of Pap Smear Cytology
Authors: Kumar Harendra , Narasimha Aparna , Vasavi B , Sapna M
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Cervicovaginal cytology (Pap test) is the commonly used tool for screening of cervical cancers. Its accurate interpretation depends on obtaining adequately cellular samples prepared to a high standard. Its accuracy and cost-effectiveness can be seriously compromised by inadequate samples.

Aim

To audit the adequacy of Pap smears in diagnosing cervical cancer.

Study design

Pap smears reported were retrieved from the hospital records and data were analyzed. Histopathology correlation done for abnormal pap smears.

Results

A total of 1,531 cases were reported; 1,157 (75.57%) cases were adequate and 374 (24.42%) inadequate. Qualitative inadequacy included inadequate fixation and poor quality of staining 10 (2.67%), drying artefacts 15 (4.10%), broken slides five (1.33%). Quantitative inadequacy was sampling errors — lack of junctional component 186 (49.73%), presence of inflammation 138 (36.89%) and blood 20 (5.34%). 998 (86.25%) were labeled as negative. About 159 (13.74%) cases showed epithelial cell abnormalities. Cytohistological correlation revealed significant discrepancy. The majority of these were carcinomas that were misdiagnosed as atypical cells.

Conclusion

Cytopathologists or clinicians must be adequately trained, experienced and subject to regular audit. Reporting of atypical cells needs to be addressed with more stringent training of cytopathologists.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Mature Cystic Teratoma of the Ovary: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Kalyani R , Gayathri BN , Vidyavathi K
Published: September 2011

Up to a quarter of ovarian masses originate from germ cells and many of these are mature cystic teratomas (MCT). The secondary development of malignancy is a rare but well-known phenomenon in patient with ovarian teratomas. The incidence of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is less than 2% as reported in gynecological and pathological literature. Here, we present a case of malignant transformation in MCT of the ovary.
A Rare Case of Lipoid Cell Tumor of Ovary
Authors: Bhute Sindhu , Shrivastava Deepti , Mukherjee Satarupa
Published: September 2011

Lipoid cell tumors are rare hormone producing ovarian neoplasm. Majority of patients with these tumors are diagnosed at an early stage and unlike common epithelial tumors, these tumors have more specific symptoms due to the production of hormones and are associated with signs of virilism (hirsutism, amenorrhea, changed voice, breast atrophy and clitoromegaly).

Reported is a case of patient with sudden virilization caused by the benign androgen-producing lipoid-cell tumor of the ovary, very infrequently described in the literature.
Acardius Acephalic Monster
Authors: Kakani Anuradha , Shrivastava D , Arora Asha
Published: September 2011

Dermoid cyst in postmenopausal women is a rare entity. It is seen most commonly in young reproductive age group. It constitutes about 10 to 20% of all ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Chance of malignancy is about 1-2%, torsion is common.

Here, we have presented an unusual case of dermoid cyst in a postmenopausal woman who presented with complaints which were not directly related to the cyst. A 16-week mass per abdomen was not bothering the patient at all, rather she presented in the OPD with a mass coming out per vaginum, which was a third degree uterocervical descent. Patient was posted for vaginal hysterectomy and the cyst was removed perabdominally.
Forgotten Lippes Loop associated with Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Nanda Smiti , Singhal Savita Rani , Madan Seema
Published: September 2011

Patients with a forgotten intrauterine device (IUD) present most often with irregular vaginal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding. We report a case of nonmedicated IUD (Lippes loop) associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma in a woman who presented with postmenopausal bleeding and a forgotten IUD. Although the occurrence of endometrial adenocarcinoma with IUD is almost unknown, yet given the serious nature of the disease, endometrial sampling is indicated in any patient with postmenopausal bleeding and IUD in situ.
Female Hypospadias and Congenital Uterine Müllerian Anomaly with Proved Fertility: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Choudhary Rekha , Verma Suniti , Choudhary Gautam Ram
Published: September 2011

Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract result from müllerian duct anomalies and/or abnormalities of the urogenital sinus or cloaca. Due to the close developmental relationship between the genital and the urinary tracts, association of anomalies in both systems are common. This article reviews the appearance of developmental anomalies of the female urinary (hypospadias) and genital tracts and points out complication associated with bicornuate uterus. A 40-year-old primigravid woman conceived a pregnancy after 10 years of primary infertility. The prenatal course was uncomplicated. At 38 weeks’ gestation, she was successfully delivered by elective low transverse cesarean section.
Airborne observations of formic acid using a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer
Authors: Le Breton M. , McGillen M. R. , Muller J. B. A. , Bacak A. , Shallcross D. E. , Xiao P. , Huey L. G. , Tanner D. , Coe H. , Percival C. J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The first airborne measurements of formic acid mixing ratios over the United Kingdom were measured on the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft on the 16 March 2010 with a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer using I− reagent ions. The I− ionisation scheme was able to measure formic acid mixing ratios at 1 Hz in the lower boundary layer. In-flight standard addition calibrations from a formic acid source were used to determine the instrument sensitivity of 35±6 ion counts pptv−1 s−1 and a limit of detection of 25 pptv. Routine measurements were made through a scrubbed inlet to determine the instrumental background. Three plumes of formic acid were observed over the UK, originating from London, Humberside and Tyneside. The London plume had the highest formic acid mixing ratio throughout the flight, peaking at 358 pptv. No significant correlations of formic acid with NOx and Ozone were found. A trajectory model was employed to determine the sources of the plumes and compare modelled mixing ratios with measured values. The model underestimated formic acid concentrations by up to a factor of 2. This is explained by missing sources in the model, considered to be primary emissions of formic acid of mainly anthropogenic origin and lack of precursor emissions, such as isoprene, from biogenic sources.
Dynamics of nutrients, total organic carbon, prokaryotes and viruses in onboard incubations of cold-water corals
Authors: Maier C. , de Kluijver A. , Agis M. , Brussaard C. P. D. , van Duyl F. C. , Weinbauer M. G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The potential influence of the cold-water corals (CWCs) Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata on the dynamics of inorganic nutrient and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and the abundances of prokaryotes and viruses in bottom water was assessed in onboard incubation experiments. Ammonium, nitrite, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and TOC concentrations and N:P ratios were typically higher in incubation water with corals than in controls, whereas nitrate concentrations did not reveal a clear trend. Mucus release (normalized to coral surface) was estimated by the net increase rate of TOC concentrations and averaged 23 ± 6 mg C m−2 h−1 for L. pertusa and 21 ± 8 mg C m−2 h−1 for M. oculata. Prokaryotic and viral abundance and turnover rates were typically stimulated in incubation water with corals. This estimated prokaryotic stimulation averaged 6.0 ± 3.0 × 109 cells m−2 h−1 for L. pertusa and 8.4 ± 2.9 × 109 cells m−2 h−1 for M. oculata, whereas the estimated viral stimulation averaged 15.6 ± 12.7 × 109 particles m−2 h−1 for L. pertusa and 4.3 ± 0.4 × 109 particles m−2 h−1 M. oculata. Our data suggest that prokaryotes and viruses are released from corals and that nutrient and mucus release enhanced prokaryotic and viral production. The result of this stimulation could be a fuelling of bottom water in CWC reefs with nutrients and organic matter and consequently an enhancement of microbe-mediated processes.
Proglacial river dataset from the Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua River northern tributary, Southwest Greenland, 2008–2010
Authors: Rennermalm A. K. , Smith L. C. , Chu V. W. , Forster R. R. , Box J. E. , Hagedorn B.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Pressing scientific questions concerning the Greenland ice sheet's climatic sensitivity, hydrology, and contributions to current and future sea level rise require hydrological datasets to resolve. While direct observations of ice sheet meltwater losses can be obtained in terrestrial rivers draining the ice sheet and from lake levels, few such datasets exist. We present a new dataset of meltwater river discharge for the vicinity of Kangerlussuaq, Southwest Greenland. The dataset contains measurements of river water level and discharge for three sites along the Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua (Watson) River's northern tributary, with 30 min temporal resolution between June 2008 and August 2010. Additional data of water temperature, air pressure, and lake water level and temperature are also provided. Discharge data were measured at sites with near-ideal properties for such data collection. Regardless, high water bedload and turbulent flow introduce considerable uncertainty. These were constrained and quantified using statistical techniques, which revealed that the greatest discharge data uncertainties are associated with streambed elevation change and measurements. Large portions of stream channels deepened according to statistical tests, but poor precision of streambed depth measurements also added uncertainty. Data will periodically be extended, and are available in Open Access at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.762818.
Analyses of impacts of China's international trade on its water resources and uses
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Yang H. , Shi M. J. , Zehnder A. J. B. , Abbaspour K. C.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. This study provides an insight into the impact of China's international trade of goods and services on its water resources and uses. Virtual water flows associated with China's international trade are quantified in an input-output framework. The analysis is scaled down to the sectoral and provincial levels to trace the origins and destinations of virtual water flows associated with the international trade. The results show that China is a net virtual water exporter of 4.8 × 1010 m3 yr−1, accounting for 2.1% of its renewable water resources and 8.6% of the total water use. Water scarce regions tend to have higher percentages of virtual water export relative to their water resources and water uses. In the water scarce Huang-Huai-Hai region, the net virtual water export accounts for 8.0% of the region's water resources and 11.3% of its water uses. For individual sectors, major net virtual water exporters are those where agriculture provides raw materials in the initial process of the production chain. The results suggest that China's economic gains from being a world "manufacture factory" have come at a high cost to its water resources.
The regulation of the air: a hypothesis
Authors: Nisbet E. G. , Fowler C. M. R. , Nisbet R. E. R.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We propose the hypothesis that natural selection, acting on the specificity of rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) for carbon dioxide over oxygen, has controlled the CO2:O2 ratio of the atmosphere since the evolution of photosynthesis and has also sustained the Earth's greenhouse-set surface temperature. Rubisco works in partnership with the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase to control atmospheric pressure. Together, these two enzymes control global surface temperature and indirectly the pH and oxygenation of the ocean. Thus, the co-evolution of these two enzymes may have produced clement conditions on the Earth's surface, allowing life to be sustained.
The Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) – Part 2: Dynamic equilibrium simulation of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Martin M. A. , Winkelmann R. , Haseloff M. , Albrecht T. , Bueler E. , Khroulev C. , Levermann A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We present a dynamic equilibrium simulation of the ice sheet-shelf system on Antarctica with the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK). The simulation is initialized with present-day conditions for bed topography and ice thickness and then run to steady state with constant present-day surface mass balance. Surface temperature and sub-shelf basal melt distribution are parameterized. Grounding lines and calving fronts are free to evolve, and their modeled equilibrium state is compared to observational data. A physically-motivated calving law based on horizontal spreading rates allows for realistic calving fronts for various types of shelves. Steady-state dynamics including surface velocity and ice flux are analyzed for whole Antarctica and the Ronne-Filchner and Ross ice shelf areas in particular. The results show that the different flow regimes in sheet and shelves, and the transition zone between them, are captured reasonably well, supporting the approach of superposition of SIA and SSA for the representation of fast motion of grounded ice. This approach also leads to a natural emergence of sliding-dominated flow in stream-like features in this new 3-D marine ice sheet model.
Finite Element Modelling of Shock-Induced Damages on Ceramic Hip Prostheses
Authors: Uribe Juliana , Hausselle Jérôme , Geringer Jean , Forest Bernard
Published: September 2011

The aim of this work was to simulate the behaviour of hip prostheses under mechanical shocks. When hip joint is replaced by prosthesis, during the swing phase of the leg, a microseparation between the prosthetic head and the cup could occur. Two different sizes of femoral heads were studied: 28 and 32 mm diameter, made, respectively, in alumina and zirconia. The shock-induced stress was determined numerically using finite element analysis (FEA), Abaqus software. The influence of inclination, force, material, and microseparation was studied. In addition, an algorithm was developed from a probabilistic model, Todinov's approach, to predict lifetime of head and cup. Simulations showed maximum tensile stresses were reached on the cup's surfaces near to rim. The worst case was the cup-head mounted at 30°. All
simulations and tests showed bulk zirconia had a greater resistance to shocks than bulk alumina. The probability of failure could be bigger than 0.9 when a porosity greater than 0.7% vol. is present in the material. Simulating results showed good agreement with experimental results. The tests and simulations are promising for predicting the lifetime of ceramic prostheses.
Peripapillary Retinal Thickness Maps in the Evaluation of Glaucoma Patients: A Novel Concept
Authors: Yi Kayoung , Mujat Mircea , Sun Wei , Park B. Hyle , de Boer Johannes F. , Chen Teresa C.
Published: September 2011

Purpose. To show how peripapillary spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal thickness (RT) maps can complement retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness maps in the evaluation of glaucoma patients. Methods. After a complete eye exam with standard fundus photography and visual field testing, normal and glaucomatous eyes were imaged with an experimental SDOCT system. From SDOCT images, RNFL thickness and RT maps were constructed and then correlated with disc photography and visual field testing. Results. Two normal eyes of 2 patients and 5 eyes of 4 glaucoma patients were imaged. Although both RNFL and RT maps correlated well with visual field defects, glaucomatous arcuate defects were sometimes more easily identified in the RT maps. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to show that peripapillary SDOCT RT maps may provide important supplemental information to RNFL thickness maps in the evaluation of glaucoma patients.
Outcomes of COPD Exacerbations Treated with Corticosteroids, Antibiotics, or Both
Authors: Remakus Christopher B. , Cordova Francis , Ciccolella David , Mamary A. James , Lammi Matthew R. , Shenoy Kartik V. , Grabianowski Carla L. , Gaughan John P. , Criner Gerard J.
Published: September 2011

Background. The outcomes for outpatient treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are poorly described. Design. The results of a daily diary recording symptoms and peak flows were compiled into a severity score to trigger algorithm-based treatments and a symptom index to follow treatment response. Treatment failure (symptom index failing to return to baseline for 2 consecutive days or hospitalization within 21 days) was the main outcome. Results. Twenty-two patients (FEV1 0.81 ± 0.26 L) were treated for 115 AECOPDs (corticosteroids = 36, antibiotics = 41, corticosteroids/antibiotics = 38). Treatment failure was 50% for the corticosteroid/antibiotic compared to 28% () for the corticosteroid and 34% () for the antibiotic group. Patients suffering from AECOPDs treated with corticosteroids had dyspnea, wheezing, and decreased peak flow; those treated with antibiotics had sputum symptoms; those treated with corticosteroids/antibiotics had dyspnea, wheezing, sputum symptoms, and decreased peak flows. Conclusions. AECOPDs with both dyspnea and sputum symptoms are more refractory to standard treatment and likely require closer monitoring.
Molecular-Field-Based Three-Dimensional Similarity Studies on Quinoline-Based CNS Active Agents
Authors: Bali Alka
Published: September 2011

A series of quinoline-based agents with CNS activity have been analyzed for their three-dimensional similarity with respect to a set of standard atypical antipsychotics. The method aligns the molecules based on their molecular fields represented as local extrema of electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic potentials of the molecule termed “field points.” The compounds in the series were found to demonstrate relatively lesser 3D similarity to the dibenzodiazepine derivative clozapine. Similarity values were higher with respect to extended chain compounds ketanserin, ziprasidone, and risperidone. The results obtained were found to agree with the physicochemical similarity of the compounds reported earlier.
Assessment of Styrene Oxide Neurotoxicity Using In Vitro Auditory Cortex Networks
Authors: Gopal Kamakshi V. , Wu Calvin , Moore Ernest J. , Gross Guenter W.
Published: September 2011

Styrene oxide (SO) (C8H8O), the major metabolite of styrene (C6H5CH=CH2), is widely used in industrial applications. Styrene and SO are neurotoxic and cause damaging effects on the auditory system. However, little is known about their concentration-dependent electrophysiological and morphological effects. We used spontaneously active auditory cortex networks (ACNs) growing on microelectrode arrays (MEA) to characterize neurotoxic effects of SO. Acute application of 0.1 to 3.0 mM SO showed concentration-dependent inhibition of spike activity with no noticeable morphological changes. The spike rate IC50 (concentration inducing 50% inhibition) was 511±60 μM (n=10). Subchronic (5 hr) single applications of 0.5 mM SO also showed 50% activity reduction with no overt changes in morphology. The results imply that electrophysiological toxicity precedes cytotoxicity. Five-hour exposures to 2 mM SO revealed neuronal death, irreversible activity loss, and pronounced glial swelling. Paradoxical “protection” by 40 μM bicuculline suggests binding of SO to GABA receptors.
Universality and Constant Scalar Curvature Invariants
Authors: Coley A. A. , Hervik S.
Published: September 2011

A classical solution is called universal if the quantum correction is a
multiple of the metric. Therefore, universal solutions play an important
role in the quantum theory. We show that in a spacetime which is universal
all scalar curvature invariants are constant (i.e., the spacetime is CSI).
Identification of Potential Drug Targets Implicated in Parkinson's Disease from Human Genome: Insights of Using Fused Domains in Hypothetical Proteins as Probes
Authors: Rathankar N. , Nirmala K. A. , Khanduja Varun , Nagendra H. G.
Published: September 2011

High-throughput genome sequencing has led to data explosion in sequence databanks, with an imbalance of sequence-structure-function relationships, resulting in a substantial fraction of proteins known as hypothetical proteins. Functions of such proteins can be assigned based on the analysis and characterization of the domains that they are made up of. Domains are basic evolutionary units of proteins and most proteins contain multiple domains. A subset of multidomain proteins is fused domains (overlapping domains), wherein sequence overlaps between two or more domains occur. These fused domains are a result of gene fusion events and their implication in diseases is well established. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to identify the fused domain containing hypothetical proteins from human genome homologous to parkinsonian targets present in KEGG database. The results of this research identified 18 hypothetical proteins, with domains fused with ubiquitin domains and having homology with targets present in parkinsonian pathway.
Cashew Nut Shell Waste: Availability in Small-Scale Cashew Processing Industries and Its Fuel Properties for Gasification
Authors: Mohod Atul , Jain Sudhir , Powar Ashok
Published: September 2011

The energy and mass flow of the steam cooking operation of three readily
defined small-scale cashew processing industries was studied to
estimate the availability of cashew nut shell. The proximate analysis
of cashew shell waste was carried out using ASTMD 73–75
method. The calorific value of the cashew shell was carried out using
bomb calorimeter (ASTME 711). The thermogravimetric analysis of the
cashew shell was carried out using TG-FTIR with
10∘C/minute heating rate. The study revealed that,
the small-scale cashew processing industries followed steam-cooking
process with average energy consumption accounted to be 2969.7 MJ per
1000 kg of raw cashew seed. The cashew shell waste generated
in small-scale cashew processing industries was found to be 67.5% of
total weight of cashew seed, which can be utilized as fuel for thermal
energy supply. The average higher calorific value of the cashew nut
shell was found to be 4890 kcal/kg. The thermogravimetric
analysis revealed that 85% weight of cashew nut shell has been
degraded at 500∘C and in 13 minutes. The
availability and fuel analysis of the cashew shell as a fuel revealed
its suitability as a supplementary fuel for thermal application
through pyrolysis in the industry.
Predicting Acute Ischaemic Stroke Outcome Using Clinical and Temporal Thresholds
Authors: Sablot Denis , Belahsen Faouzi , Vuillier Fabrice , Cassarini Jean-François , Decavel Pierre , Tatu Laurent , Moulin Thierry , Medeiros de Bustos Elisabeth
Published: September 2011

Background. Few studies have analysed the natural course of cerebral ischaemia for predicting outcome. We aimed to determine the early clinical findings and the thresholds for deficit severity and symptom duration that make it possible to stratify outcome.
Methods. We included 154 patients with transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke. Stroke profiles and neurological status were assessed from onset to 24 hrs, on admission, at 48 hrs, and at discharge. Outcomes were evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated for the different thresholds. The model was subsequently evaluated on a new prospective cohort of 157 patients.
Results. Initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score <5 and symptoms regressing within 135 min were predictive of good outcome. Initial NIHSS score >22 and symptom stability after 1,230 min were predictive of physical dependency or death.
Conclusions. Low and high NIHSS cut-off points are effective positive predictive values for good and poor outcomes. Thresholds for symptom duration are less conclusive.
Complement C3 Genotype Variants and Risk of Lung Cancer Mortality
Authors: Suadicani Poul , Hein Hans Ole , Gyntelberg Finn
Published: September 2011

Inflammation and genetic susceptibility influence the risk of lung cancer. During recent years, the role of complement as a part of the humoral response has advanced from being considered complementary to being regarded as a central element in innate immunity. C3 complement allotypes F and S have been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases. The C3F allele frequency is approximately 20% in Caucasian populations and the C3S approximately 80%, resulting in the three predominant genotypes FF (4%), FS (32%), and SS (64%). To our knowledge, no studies have investigated if different C3 allotypes or genotypes predict the risk of lung cancer. We tested in a long-term followup of 3,197 men aged 53 to 74 years the hypothesis that risk of lung cancer would depend on C3 complement genotypes. During 16 years, 160 subjects (5.0%) died from lung cancer, 68 men (6.1%) among complement C3 genotypes FS/FF, and 92 men (4.4%) among genotype SS; age-adjusted hazard ratio with 95%CI (HR) was 1.42 (1.04–1.94) and strongest, 2.71 (1.34–5.45), among the oldest fifth. C3 complement genotype variants were significantly associated with lung cancer mortality.
Relationship between Surface Abrasion Wear and Brightness in Glazed Porcelainized Stoneware Tiles
Authors: Montedo Oscar Rubem Klegues , Oliveira Antonio Pedro Novaes de
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the results of a research work whose main objective is related to the development of a technical solution that takes into account the relationship between the surface abrasion wear resistance and brightness of glazed ceramic tile products. Thus, glazes formulated from a glass-ceramic composition belonging to the LZSA system reinforced with crystalline particles of zircon were prepared and characterized with respect to their scratching and surface abrasion wear resistances and brightness. In this context, a bright (71.2 UB) porcelainized stoneware ceramic tile with high scratching resistance (9 Mohs), high surface abrasion wear resistance (PEI 5), and good staining resistance (Class 4) was obtained.
Review of Breast Conservation Therapy: Then and Now
Authors: Hoover Susan , Bloom Elizabeth , Patel Sunil
Published: September 2011

Breast conservation therapy (BCT), which is the marriage of breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy to the breast, has revolutionized the treatment of breast cancer over the last few decades. Surgical direction had seen a heightened interest in the performance of cosmetically superior partial and segmental resections in breast conservation as well as increased demand by patients for breast preservation. The broadening of approaches to delivery of breast irradiation from whole breast to accelerated partial breast has allowed more patients to opt for breast conservation and allowed for what appears to be comparable measurable outcomes in emerging data. As well, the addition of state-of-the-art chemotherapeutic and hormonal therapies has allowed improved outcomes of patients from both local regional recurrence and overall survival standpoints. This paper will provide an overview of BCT and review some of the newest developments in optimizing this therapy for patients with breast cancer from a surgical-, medical-, and radiation-oncology standpoint.
Two Types of Laminoplasty for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy at Multiple Levels
Authors: Hirabayashi Shigeru , Matsushita Takashi
Published: September 2011

Based on the results from pathological analysis and computer simulations by means of finite element analysis that were reported before, the pathological changes of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) seem to begin at the posterolateral parts of the spinal cord, because the mechanical stress is mainly concentrated in these parts. With progression of the compression, the pathological changes become distributed to a wider area of the spinal cord. In patients with spinal canal stenosis, these changes spread to multiple levels of the cervical spine. Therefore, posterior decompression surgery at multiple levels such as cervical laminoplasty is thought to be reasonable.
Eighth-Order Iterative Methods without Derivatives for Solving Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Thukral R.
Published: September 2011

A new family of eighth-order derivative-free methods for solving nonlinear equations is presented. It is proved that these methods have the convergence order of eight. These new methods are derivative-free and only use four evaluations of the function per iteration. In fact, we have obtained the optimal order of convergence which supports the Kung and Traub conjecture. Kung and Traub conjectured that the multipoint iteration methods, without memory based on evaluations, could achieve optimal convergence order . Thus, we present new derivative-free methods which agree with Kung and Traub conjecture for . Numerical comparisons are made to demonstrate the performance of the methods presented.
Interpretation of Controversial Teratogenic Findings of Drugs Such As Phenobarbital
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Dudás Istvan , Bánhidy Ferenc
Published: September 2011

Objective. To check the debated association between phenobarbital treatment during pregnancy and risk for congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children.
Study Design. It is a comparison of phenobarbital treatment in the mothers of cases with CA and matched controls without CAs in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities.
Results. Of 22,843 cases with CA, 149 (0.65%) had mothers with phenobarbital treatment, while of 38,151 control newborn infants without CA, 209 (0.55%) were born to mothers with phenobarbital treatment (100–400 mg daily) (OR with 95% CI : 1.3, 1.1–1.7). Of 16 CA groups, only hypospadias had a higher risk after phenobarbital treatment in the critical period of this CA (OR with 95% CI : 2.4, 1.1–5.4). However, if only medically recorded phenobarbital treatments were evaluated and multiple testing bias was considered, this association would disappear.
Conclusions. This study stresses the importance of the exclusion of recall bias and multiple testing bias.
Fisher-Information-Matrix Based Analysis of Semiblind MIMO Frequency Selective Channel Estimation
Authors: Jagannatham Aditya K. , Rao Bhaskar D.
Published: September 2011

We present a study of semiblind (SB) estimation for a frequency-selective (FS) multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel using a novel Fisher-information matrix
(FIM) based approach. The frequency selective MIMO system is modeled as a matrix
finite impulse response (FIR) channel, and the transmitted data symbols comprise of a
sequence of pilot symbols followed by the unknown blind symbols. It is demonstrated
that the FIM for this system can be expressed as the sum of the blind FIM Jb and pilot
FIM Jp. We present a key result relating the rank of the FIM to the number of blindly
identifiable parameters. We then present a novel maximum-likelihood (ML) scheme for
the semiblind estimation of the MIMO FIR channel. We derive the Cramer-Rao Bound
(CRB) for the semiblind scheme. It is observed that the semi-blind MSE of estimation of
the MIMO FIR channel is potentially much lower compared to an exclusively pilot-based
scheme. Finally, we derive a lower bound for the minimum number of pilot symbols
necessary for the estimation of an FIR MIMO channel for any general semi-blind
scheme. Simulation results are presented to augment the above analysis.
Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement of Etoricoxib by Solid Dispersion Technique Using Sugar Carriers
Authors: Das Abhisekh , Nayak Amit Kumar , Mohanty Biswaranjan , Panda Satyabrata
Published: September 2011

The aim of the present study was to improve solubility and dissolution of the poorly aqueous soluble drug, etoricoxib by solvent evaporation technique using various sugar carriers, such as lactose, sucrose, and mannitol. Etoricoxib solid dispersions and their respective physical mixtures using lactose, sucrose, and mannitol were prepared in different ratios by solvent evaporation technique. The percent yield, drug content, saturation solubility, and in vitro dissolution of etoricoxib solid dispersions and physical mixtures were analyzed. Etoricoxib solid dispersions were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and DSC analysis. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in various solid dispersions. The XRD and DSC studies indicated the transformation of crystalline etoricoxib (in pure drug) to amorphous etoricoxib (in solid dispersions) by the solid dispersion technology. Both the aqueous solubility and dissolution of etoricoxib were observed in all etoricoxib solid dispersions as compared with pure etoricoxib and their physical mixtures. The in vitro dissolution studies exhibited improved dissolution in case of solid dispersion using lactose than the solid dispersions using both sucrose and mannitol. The in vitro dissolution of etoricoxib from these solid dispersions followed Hixson-Crowell model.
Testosterone, Endothelial Health, and Erectile Function
Authors: Castela Angela , Vendeira Pedro , Costa Carla
Published: September 2011

Experimental and clinical studies have reported that testosterone has a critical role in the maintenance of homeostatic and morphologic corpus cavernosum components, essential for normal erectile physiology. Although the exact mechanisms mediated by testosterone in erectile function are still under investigation, recent research has suggested an important role in the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) biological functions. Besides stimulating the production of EC mediators, testosterone is also thought to promote the vasculogenic reendothelialization process, mediated by bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Additionally, testosterone seems to modulate other erectile tissue components, including trabecular smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, and tunica albuginea structure, all essential for the erectile process. This paper summarizes current data regarding testosterone-induced cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate penile tissue components, focusing particularly on the role of testosterone in endothelial health and erectile function.
Development of a New Cracked Mindlin Plate Element
Authors: Liu Chengyin , DeWolf John , Kim Jeong-Ho
Published: September 2011

This work addresses the development of a new four-noded rectangular Mindlin plate bending element (MP4C) with a crack which consists of three degrees of freedom (DOF) at each corner node. The crack in the element is assumed to be not closed and nonpropagating. The crack affects the elastic strain energy and the flexibility matrix of the element, whereas the mass matrix remains unchanged. The complete element stiffness matrix is constructed as the inverse of the combined flexibility matrix of both noncracked and cracked elements. To evaluate the behavior of the proposed cracked Mindlin plate element, numerical examples are provided. They are based on developing user subroutines in ABAQUS. The finite element analysis results using the developed plate element are in excellent agreement with those reported in previous work. The cracked plate element developed in this paper provides a simple and robust approach to model the real service conditions in plate-like structures.
Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord Are the Major Lesions in Each Relapse of Japanese Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Warabi Yoko
Published: September 2011

For the purpose of predicting multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) relapses in Japanese population, we evaluated the localization and age of each demyelinating attack. We retrospectively analyzed the 78 medical records of Japanese MS and NMO patients. Then we identified 49 cases of relapsing-remitting-type patients and defined each of 116 demyelinating attacks. NMO had an older age at onset than MS, although the initial symptoms cannot predict the clinical phenotypes. Only 21.3% of demyelinating attacks were localized in the cerebrum and 78.7% were optic-spinal lesions, although MS comprised 70% and NMO comprised 30% of these 78 cases. Brainstem lesion had a relative male predominancy and a young age at attack. Our findings showed that optic nerve and spinal cord lesions are the major and critical lesions in each attack of Japanese CNS demyelinating diseases. There might be distinctive Japanese pathogenic features even in Western type MS.
Glycogen as a Putative Target for Diagnosis and Therapy in Brain Pathologies
Authors: Cloix Jean-François , Hévor Tobias
Published: September 2011

Brain glycogen, a glucose polymer, is now considered as a functional energy store to the brain. Indeed, when neurons outpace their own possibilities to provide themselves with energy, astrocytic metabolism is in charge of feeding neurons, since brain glycogen synthesis is mainly due to astrocyte. Therefore, malfunctions or perturbations of astrocytic glycogen content, synthesis, or mobilization may be involved in processes of brain pathologies. This is the case, for example, in epilepsies and gliomas, two different situations in which, brain needs high level of energy during acute or chronic conditions. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate how brain glycogen might be relevant in these two pathologies and to pinpoint the possibilities of considering glycogen as a tool for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in brain pathologies.
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Read Robert W. , Black Robin M.
Published: September 2011

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is the direct coupling of a chromatographic separation of analytes dissolved in a liquid phase with mass spectrometric detection/identification. Analytes are separated by one or more mechanisms, usually involving hydrophobic, polar, or ionic interactions. The components eluting from the liquid chromatography (LC) are introduced directly into the mass spectrometer via an interface, which removes the solvent and ionizes the analyte molecules to produce positive or negative ions. These ions are separated by the mass spectrometer on the basis of their mass‐to‐charge (m/z) ratios. The availability of versatile and robust interfaces, that use atmospheric pressure ionization (API) (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI)), has led to widespread application of LC/MS to the analysis of chemical warfare‐related chemicals.

Although LC/MS can be used for the direct analysis of chemical warfare agents in aqueous samples, its major application in this field is for the analysis of hydrolysis products of chemical warfare agents, and other polar degradation products and precursors. Reversed‐phase LC/MS provides a rapid screening procedure for hydrolysis products such as phosphonic acids and thiodiglycol, avoiding the tedious isolation and derivatization required for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Increased structural information for unequivocal identification, or improved limits of detection (LODs) in trace analysis, can be obtained using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). LC/MS/MS is particularly useful for detecting biological markers of poisoning by chemical warfare agents.
Diode Laser Spectroscopic Monitoring of Trace Gases*Update based on original article by Frank K. Tittel and Konstantin P. Petrov, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Authors: Schilt Stephane , Tittel Frank K. , Petrov Konstantin P.
Published: September 2011

Modern diode laser spectroscopy is becoming an important and a more widely used tool for detection and measurement of trace gases. The change is driven by the recent advances in diode laser technology and diode laser frequency conversion techniques, which now push the limits of emission wavelength, output power, operating temperature, miniaturization, and cost. Basic features of the diode laser now find new, interesting, and unique use in well‐established laboratory and field applications related to trace‐gas detection and, in some instances, even transform the traditional spectroscopic methods. It is the purpose of this chapter to familiarize the reader with the key elements of diode laser technology and analytical methods used in diode laser spectroscopy.
Determination of β‐ emitters by Cherenkov Counting
Authors: Alfassi Zeev B. , Levinson Shmuel , Tsroya Shimon , Gonen Refael
Published: September 2011

A charged particle traveling through a transparent medium at a speed faster than the velocity of light in this medium will produce photons of light — Cherenkov photons. These photons can be used to measure the intensity of β
−
radiation. The main advantage of this method compared to LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counting) is the higher efficiency of light collection due to the volume ratio of the LS cocktail and the original solution and to the possibility to use the original solution as it is. The chapter discusses the possibility to use the External Source (ES) method.
Solid‐StateNMRInvestigations on Complex Disordered Materials
Authors: Villanueva‐Garibay Jorge A. , Abele Matthias , Müller Klaus
Published: September 2011

We describe the use of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy for studies of order and disorder in solids. A short overview of different aspects of order and disorder in solid materials is given, addressing the differences between static and dynamic disorders. A brief introduction to the basics of broad‐line, high‐resolution, and dynamic solid‐state NMR spectroscopy follows. Subsequently, we present representative applications of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy on various types of disordered materials. The experiments primarily involve dipolar recoupling techniques for structural characterization, as well as dynamic broad‐line and high‐resolution methods for examination of motional features. Selected examples demonstrate the potential of advanced solid‐state NMR methods for characterization of both static and dynamic disorders in the solid state.
Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Nonspectroscopic Interferences in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Spectrometry
Authors: Todolí José Luis , Mermet Jean Michel
Published: September 2011

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) are well‐established techniques for elemental analysis. However, matrix effects can be considered to be their main pitfall. Changes in the performance of the system induced by the main sample component (or matrix) are referred to as
matrix effects
. As a result, the concentration obtained does not correspond to the actual one. Therefore, this is a problem that should be overcome. To do so, matrix effects must be understood. A full comprehension of the interferences begins with an evaluation of the contribution of each part of a spectrometer to the overall effect. This is only accomplished by means in‐depth fundamental studies. For more than 40 years, basic research has allowed to reach quite a high knowledge of the phenomena responsible for matrix effects. A representative sample of these is given in the present article. Some of the results of these investigations have allowed for the design and application of methods to find solutions that are appropriate for more or less general applications. In general terms, it may be stated that matrix effects have still not been fully mastered and more research is needed in this field in order to extend the field of applicability of ICP/AES and ICP/MS. Besides, the methods for overcoming interferences cannot be applied universally and new methods must be developed.
Planar Chromatography Using Electroosmotic Flow
Authors: Dzido Tadeusz H. , Polak Beata , Chomicki Adam , Płocharz Paweł W.
Published: September 2011

Application of electroosmotic flow to drive mobile phase in planar chromatography is presented. There are two techniques of this mode: planar electrochromatography (PEC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). In the former technique, three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) are involved in separation process in the later but two phases (solid and liquid). Theoretical backgrounds of the mode are presented and historical overview as well. The techniques are described regarding development of equipment and methodology in respect of operating variables (composition of the mobile phase, pressure exerted on adsorbent layer, mobile phase flow velocity, temperature of separating system, mode of sample application, etc.) influencing separation efficiency. Advantages of the techniques, especially PPEC, such as high kinetic performance, short time of electrochromatogram development, and different separation selectivity in comparison to conventional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) are presented and discussed. Kinetic performance of PPEC and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is compared. Two‐dimensional separations (2D) using PPEC and TLC are demonstrated to show high separation potential of the mode. The PPEC technique is still in beginning stage of development, so its challenges are discussed as well.