bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Game Mechanics to Measure What Students Learn from Programming Games
Authors: Denner Jill , Werner Linda , Campe Shannon , Ortiz Eloy
Published: October 2014

Despite the growing popularity of teaching children to program games, little is known about the benefits for learning. In this article, the authors propose that game mechanics can be used as a window into how the children are thinking and describe a strategy for using them to analyze students' games. The study involved sixty 10-14 year old students in the US who spent 10 hours learning to use the Alice programming environment, and 10 hours designing and creating their games, alone or with a partner. Forty games were coded for five game mechanics that require the programmers to think in ways that are dynamic, time dependent, or complex. The results describe the mechanics that students were most and least likely to use, and how these varied depending on whether students worked with a partner or alone. The findings contribute to efforts to assess what novice programmers learn by creating games.
On Developing Fair and Orderly Cloud Markets
Authors: Wenge Olga , Schuller Dieter , Rensing Christoph , Steinmetz Ralf
Published: October 2014

While cloud markets promise virtually unlimited resource supplies, standardized commodities and proper services, some providers may not be able to offer effectual physical capacity to serve large customers. A solution is cloud collaborations, in which multiple providers unite forces in order to conjointly offer capacities in the cloud markets. Supposably, both the Quality of Service and security properties of such collaborations will be determined by “the weakest link in the chain”, therefore resulting in a trade-off between the monetary aggregates, cumulative capacity and the non-functional attributes of a cloud collaboration. Based on previous research, this paper examines efficient composition of cloud collaborations from the broker's perspective, considering Quality of Service and information security requirements of multiple cloud providers and users and presents an exact approach CCCP-EXA.KOM for building cloud collaborations. Furthermore, it proposes a Mixed Integer Programming-based heuristic optimization approach CCCP-PRIOSORT.KOM and provides its quantitative evaluation in comparison with prior optimal approach.
MODELLING OF SEDIMENTS CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION IN DREDGED CANALS OF THE NIGER DELTA ESTUARINE REGION, NIGERIA
Authors: Dike Charles Chizom , Agunwamba J. C.
Published: October 2014

Previous sediments concentration distribution models used in the study of sediment characteristics of the dredged canals in the Niger-Delta estuarine region, Nigeria; did not take into consideration the lateral inflow due to tidal effects, which affects tremendously, the sediment intake into the estuarine waters. In the current research, existing models are modified by incorporating the missing lateral inflow parameters, which are peculiar to the Niger Delta environment, to obtain more accurate model results. Details are given herein, of the development and application of a 3-dimensional numerical model (EKU 2.8 Models) to predict sediment concentration distribution (total suspended sediment & bed sediment loads) in the Niger Delta estuarine canals, with Ekulama well 19 access canal as a case study. The approach in this paper involved coupling a sediment transport equation (with the inclusion of lateral inflow parameters), with an estuarine hydro-dynamics equation to generate a generic 3-dimensional sediment concentration distribution model, using deterministic approach. Predicted results using this model compared favorably with measured field results. Average sediment concentration of 29mg/l was obtained compared with 31mg/l measured in the field for bed sediment loads. Finally, the predicted sediment concentration distribution (TSS), when compared with field results, gave average correlation coefficient of 0.9.; hence, the present model will assist in generating adequate information /data on sediment characteristics and transport mechanism, required for effective design of canals to reduce rate of siltation. The application of the above knowledge/parameters generated from this model to effectively design canals to reduce siltation will be treated in subsequent articles.
Fracture resistance of cementum-extended composite fillings in severely damaged deciduous incisors: An in vitro study
Authors: Seraj Bahman , Ehsani Sara , Taravati Shirin , Ghadimi Sara , Fatemi Mostafa , Safa Sahar
Published: October 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to comparatively assess the fracture resistance of the cementum-extended and conventional composite fillings with or without intracanal composite posts in severely damaged deciduous incisors. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 60 extracted deciduous maxillary incisors that were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1: Composite filling (CF); Group 2: Composite filling with composite posts (CF + CP); Group 3: Composite filling extended 0.5 mm to cementum (ceCF); Group 4: Composite filling extended 0.5 mm to cementum with composite posts (ceCF + CP). The fracture resistance was assessed by exerting a progressively increasing load with a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min in a Universal Testing Machine. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 using one-way analysis of variance at ⍱ < 0.05. Results: The mean fracture resistance (MFR) values of the experimental groups were 410.57 ± 139.44 N, 564.44 ± 92.63 N, 507.5 ± 76.37 N and 601.08 ± 96.04 N. A significant difference was found between the MFR of Groups 1 and 2, Groups 1 and 4 and Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A superior outcome was achieved by intracanal composite posts in both conventional and cementum-extended composite fillings.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid on the surface roughness of acrylic resin polymerized by heated water for short and long cycles
Authors: Sczepanski Felipe , Sczepanski Claudia Roberta Brunnquell , Berger Sandrine Bittencourt , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Gonini-Júnior Alcides , Guiraldo Ricardo Danil
Published: October 2014

Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness of acrylic resin submitted to chemical disinfection via 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or 1% peracetic acid (C2H4O3). Materials and Methods: The disc-shaped resin specimens (30 mm diameter ×4 mm height) were polymerized by heated water using two cycles (short cycle: 1 h at 74°C and 30 min at 100°C; conventional long cycle: 9 h at 74°C). The release of substances by these specimens in water solution was also quantified. Specimens were fabricated, divided into four groups (n = 10) depending on the polymerization time and disinfectant. After polishing, the specimens were stored in distilled deionized water. Specimens were immersed in 1% NaClO or 1% C2H4O3 for 30 min, and then were immersed in distilled deionized water for 20 min. The release of C2H4O3 and NaClO was measured via visual colorimetric analysis. Roughness was measured before and after disinfection. Roughness data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: There was no interaction between polymerization time and disinfectant in influencing the average surface roughness (Ra, P = 0.957). Considering these factors independently, there were significant differences between short and conventional long cycles (P = 0.012), but no significant difference between the disinfectants hypochlorite and C2H4O3 (P = 0.366). Visual colorimetric analysis did not detect release of substances. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was the difference in surface roughness between short and conventional long cycles, and disinfection at acrylic resins polymerized by heated water using a short cycle modified the properties of roughness.
New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 1: Methods and Australian temperate forest fires
Authors: Paton-Walsh C. , Smith T. E. L. , Young E. L. , Griffith D. W. T. , Guérette É.-A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Biomass burning releases trace gases and aerosol particles that significantly affect the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere. Australia contributes approximately 8% of gross global carbon emissions from biomass burning, yet there are few previous measurements of emissions from Australian forest fires available in the literature. This paper describes the results of field measurements of trace gases emitted during hazard reduction burns in Australian temperate forests using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In a companion paper, similar techniques are used to characterise the emissions from hazard reduction burns in the savanna regions of the Northern Territory. Details of the experimental methods are explained, including both the measurement set-up and the analysis techniques employed. The advantages and disadvantages of different ways to estimate whole-fire emission factors are discussed and a measurement uncertainty budget is developed. Emission factors for Australian temperate forest fires are measured locally for the first time for many trace gases. Where ecosystem-relevant data are required, we recommend the following emission factors for Australian temperate forest fires (in grams of gas emitted per kilogram of dry fuel burned) which are our mean measured values: 1620 ± 160 g kg−1 of carbon dioxide; 120 ± 20 g kg−1 of carbon monoxide; 3.6 ± 1.1 g kg−1 of methane; 1.3 ± 0.3 g kg−1 of ethylene; 1.7 ± 0.4 g kg−1 of formaldehyde; 2.4 ± 1.2 g kg−1 of methanol; 3.8 ± 1.3 g kg−1 of acetic acid; 0.4 ± 0.2 g kg−1 of formic acid; 1.6 ± 0.6 g kg−1 of ammonia; 0.15 ± 0.09 g kg−1 of nitrous oxide and 0.5 ± 0.2 g kg−1 of ethane.
Amine permeation sources characterized with acid neutralization and sensitivities of an amine mass spectrometer
Authors: Freshour N. A. , Carlson K. K. , Melka Y. A. , Hinz S. , Panta B. , Hanson D. R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. An acid titration method for quantifying amine permeation rates was used to calibrate an Ambient pressure Proton transfer Mass Spectrometer (AmPMS) that monitors ambient amine compounds. The method involves capturing amines entrained in a N2 flow by bubbling it through an acidified solution (~10−5 M HCl), and the amines are quantified via changes in solution pH with time. Home-made permeation tubes had permeation rates (typically tens of pmol s−1) that depended on the type of amine and tubing and on temperature. Calibrations of AmPMS yielded sensitivities for ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine that are close to the sensitivity assuming a gas-kinetic, ion-molecule rate coefficient. The permeation tubes were also designed to deliver a reproducible amount of amine to a flow reactor where nucleation with sulfuric acid was studied. The high proton affinity compound dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), linked to oceanic environments, was also studied and AmPMS is highly sensitive to it. AmPMS was deployed recently in two field campaigns and, using these sensitivities, mixing ratios for ammonia and the alkyl amines are derived from the signals. Correlations between these species and with particle formation events are discussed.
Mental Health Issues of Abused Women: The Perceptions of Shelter Workers
Authors: Tutty Leslie M.
Published: October 2014

While some studies have documented the mental health symptoms of battered women, we know little of the extent to which shelter residents present with mental health and substance abuse symptoms, or the effect of these issues on other residents, staff, and children. Further, it is not clear whether shelter staff feel sufficiently trained to safely and adequately address such concerns. The current survey was an effort to document what proportion of shelter residents present with severe symptomatology and its effect on the shelter environment. The survey was completed by 158 staff from 23 of Alberta's 30 shelters. Since shelters are one aspect of a community network of services, it was of interest to identify how well mental health and substance abuse services complement each other and whether shelters have developed strategies to better connect with other agencies.
Out of the Darkness and Into the Light: Women's Experiences With Depression After Childbirth
Authors: Berggren-Clive Kathy
Published: October 2014

While becoming a mother can be a fulfilling and joyful experience, 10-28% of women are affected by an intense emotional response commonly called postpartum depression. This phenomenon is distinguishable from the “transitory baby blues” and is often characterized by crying, confusion, fatigue, depression, insomnia, difficulty caring for the baby and self, and suicidal thoughts. Research on postpartum depression has largely concentrated on investigating its possible causes and predictors utilizing quantitative methodology. Women are the experts of their own lives, yet their voices are missing in the existing body of knowledge about depression after childbirth. In this exploratory qualitative study, I used a feminist perspective to explore the experiences of eight women who had recovered from postpartum depression. A three-stage model emerged that demonstrated how women made sense of that time in their lives. The findings of this study provide a contextual picture of women's experiences with depression after childbirth. The knowledge created has important implications for informing the practice of professionals and the implementation of policy and programs that meet the needs of new mothers and their families.
Youth Justice Reform and the Rights of the Child: A Step Forward or Backward?
Authors: Howe R. Brian , Covell Katherine
Published: October 2014

Our purpose is to examine Canada's new Youth Criminal Justice Act in light of Canada's obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and in contrast to the Young Offenders Act. After reviewing the Convention and the Young Offenders Act, we examine the new act to determine its consistency with the Convention. We conclude that the new act is a step forward because of its greater focus on rehabilitation and social reintegration. However, it is an inadequate step because it does not fully ensure the protection, provision, and participation rights of the child as defined by the Convention.
The Knowledge Resource Base: Beginning the Dialogue
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Gladstone Brenda M. , Crawford Elaine Stasiulis
Published: October 2014

The Knowledge Resource Base (KRB) is a conceptual approach to the various types of knowledge used to understand and make sense of mental illness. It is an attempt to go beyond the everyday notion that real knowledge is in the hands of clinical experts and that consumers/survivors, families, and the public have little to contribute. There are four components to the KRB, each of which represents a different perspective or type of knowledge about mental illness; medical/clinical, social scientific, experiential, and customary/traditional. The purpose of this paper is to explore the medical/clinical and experiential components of the KRB by initiating a dialogue between consumers/survivors, families, and mental health professionals regarding these components. The strengths and weaknesses of each component are identified through individual interviews and a focus group.
Lesbian Health and the Assumption of Heterosexuality: An Organizational Perspective
Authors: Daley Andrea
Published: October 2014

This study used a qualitative research design to explore hospital policies and practices and the assumption of female heterosexuality. The assumption of heterosexuality is a product of discursive practices that normalize heterosexuality and individualize lesbian sexual identities. Literature indicates that the assumption of female heterosexuality is implicated in both the invisibility and marked visibility of lesbians as service users. This research adds to existing literature by shifting the focus of study from individual to organizational practices and, in so doing, seeks to uncover hidden truths, explore the functional power of language, and allow for the discovery of what we know and—equally as important—how we know.
Residential Crisis Units. Are We Missing Out on a Good Idea?
Authors: McCabe Laura , Butterill Dale , Goering Paula
Published: October 2014

Residential Crisis Units (RCU) are non-hospital-based facilities that provide mental health crisis intervention. This paper reviews the RCU literature base and finds good evidence of the ability of RCUs to function as alternatives to hospitalization for many consumers, with equivalent effectiveness and for significantly less cost. Despite this promising research, the RCU model has not been widely adopted. Using two crisis units as case examples as well as key informant interviews, this paper explores factors affecting the lack of dissemination and potential barriers to the growth of the RCU model.
Development of a Seniors' Mental Health Policy Lens: An Analytical Tool to Assess Policies and Programs from a Seniors' Mental Health Perspective
Authors: MacCourt Penny , Tuokko Holly
Published: October 2014

The Seniors Mental Health Policy Lens (SMHPL) is an analytical tool developed to identify unintended negative effects of current and planned policies, programs, and practices on seniors' mental health. It is designed (a) to promote social environments, including health services, supportive of older adults' mental health, and (b) to help ensure that the way mental health services are defined, delivered, and funded will result in increased emphasis on mental health promotion and on the prevention of mental health problems. The SMHPL incorporates Canadian seniors' perspectives on the factors influencing their mental health, and reflects the values of older adults.
The Pandemic from Within: Two Surveys of Physician Burnout in Canada
Authors: Boudreau Robert A. , Grieco Renée L. , Cahoon Sandra L. , Robertson Robin C. , Wedel Robert J.
Published: October 2014

Two surveys were conducted to examine the prevalence and severity of burnout in physicians. In the first survey, a total of 1,161 Alberta physicians responded to a series of demographic questions and 4 burnout measures, including a modified Maslach Burnout Inventory (MMBI). In the second survey, a total of 2,251 Canadian physicians completed the Boudreau Burnout Questionnaire (BBQ) as part of the Canadian Medical Association Physician Resource Questionnaire. Using these measures of burnout and the Phase Model approach, physician burnout levels were identified. Overall, 45.7% of Canadian physicians and 48.6 to 55.5% of Alberta physicians were classified as being in the advanced phases of burnout.
Organizational Characteristics Related to the Adoption of Employee Assistance and Drug Testing Programs in Canada
Authors: Macdonald Scott , Csiernik Richard , Durand Pierre , Rylett Margaret , Wild T. Cameron , Lloyd Sari
Published: October 2014

This study examines characteristics of work sites related to the establishment of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) and drug testing programs. A sample of 633 human resources managers at work sites with 100 or more employees across Canada completed a questionnaire on their work site characteristics and the types of programs available (response rate = 77.8%). Work sites with EAPs had significantly (p < .01) fewer visible minorities, were more likely to be unionized (p < .0001), and had less hierarchical management styles (p < .00001) than work sites without EAPs. For drug testing programs, significant differences were found across provinces (p < .00001) for work sites that delivered goods to the United States (p < .01), and for those in the safety-sensitive work sectors (p < .00001). Results suggest that the presence of an EAP is an indication of an employee benefit and is more likely to exist in work sites with nonhierarchical management styles, and that drug testing programs are linked to geopolitical issues and safety concerns.
Reductions in urinary collection frequency for assessment of reproductive hormones provide physiologically representative exposure and mean concentrations when compared with daily collection
Authors: Allaway Heather C.M. , Williams Nancy I. , Mallinson Rebecca J. , Koehler Karsten , De Souza Mary Jane
Published: October 2014

Objective

To determine if reducing the frequency of urinary sample collection from daily to 5, 3, or 2 days per week during a menstrual cycle or 28‐day amenorrheic monitoring period provide accurate representations of the reproductive hormone metabolites estrone‐1‐glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) exposure and mean concentrations.

Methods

Exercising women presenting with eumenorrhea or exercise‐associated menstrual disturbances collected daily urine samples for the assessment of E1G and PdG concentrations. After enzyme immunoassay analysis of the daily samples, E1G and PdG data were systematically removed from each menstrual cycle or amenorrheic monitoring period to mimic three reduced collection frequencies, representing 5, 3, and 2 days per week. Exposure and mean concentration were calculated for both hormones and all four urinary collection frequencies.

Results

E1G and PdG exposure and mean cycle concentrations derived from reduced collection frequencies were not different from daily collection (P > 0.05), independent of whether menstrual cycles and monitoring periods were analyzed together or separately. Bland‐Altman analysis indicated acceptable agreement between each reduced collection frequency and daily collection.

Conclusions

Compared with daily urinary collection, a reduced collection frequency of 5, 3, or 2 days each week provides accurate E1G and PdG profiles of collection periods of various lengths and types of menstrual function. Reduction of urinary sample collection frequency may enable researchers to reduce participant burden and costs, increase compliance, and study a wider range of study populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:358–371, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Assembly through Interactions between Molecular Dipoles and Alkali Metal Ions
Authors: Shimizu Tomoko K. , Jung Jaehoon , Imada Hiroshi , Kim Yousoo
Published: October 2014

Establishing a way to fabricate well‐ordered molecular structures is a necessary step toward advancement in organic optoelectronic devices. Here, we propose to use interactions between electric dipoles of molecules and alkali metal ions to form a well‐developed homogeneous monolayer of diarylethene molecules on the Cu(111) surface with the aid of NaCl co‐deposition. Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation results indicate that the formation of a row‐type structure occurs as a result of interactions between the Na+ ions and the diarylethene molecular dipoles, drastically changing the adsorption configuration from that without Na+.
‘Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is!’: Effects of Streaks on Confidence and Betting in a Binary Choice Task
Authors: Studer Bettina , Limbrick‐Oldfield Eve H. , Clark Luke
Published: October 2014

Human choice under uncertainty is influenced by erroneous beliefs about randomness. In simple binary choice tasks, such as red/black predictions in roulette, long outcome runs (e.g. red, red, red) typically increase the tendency to predict the other outcome (i.e. black), an effect labeled the “gambler's fallacy.” In these settings, participants may also attend to streaks in their predictive performance. Winning and losing streaks are thought to affect decision confidence, although prior work indicates conflicting directions. Over three laboratory experiments involving red/black predictions in a sequential roulette task, we sought to identify the effects of outcome runs and winning/losing streaks upon color predictions, decision confidence and betting behavior. Experiments 1 (n = 40) and 3 (n = 40) obtained trial‐by‐trial confidence ratings, with a win/no win payoff and a no loss/loss payoff, respectively. Experiment 2 (n = 39) obtained a trial‐by‐trial bet amount on an equivalent scale. In each experiment, the gambler's fallacy was observed on choice behavior after color runs and, in experiment 2, on betting behavior after color runs. Feedback streaks exerted no reliable influence on confidence ratings, in either payoff condition. Betting behavior, on the other hand, increased as a function of losing streaks. The increase in betting on losing streaks is interpreted as a manifestation of loss chasing; these data help clarify the psychological mechanisms underlying loss chasing and caution against the use of betting measures (“post‐decision wagering”) as a straightforward index of decision confidence. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Two Pairs of C‐8 − C‐9′ Linked Neolignan Enantiomers
Authors: Bao Jing‐Mei , Cheng Zhong‐Bin , Zhang Jun‐Sheng , Zhu Jian‐Yong , Tang Gui‐Hua , Gan Li‐She , Yin Sheng
Published: October 2014

Two pairs of new neolignan enantiomers, (±)‐torreyayunan A (1a/1b) and (±)‐torreyayunan B (2a/2b), featuring a rare C‐8 − C‐9′ linked skeleton, were isolated from leaves and twigs of Torreya yunnanensis. Their absolute configuration involving two chiral centers was determined by combined spectral and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of this group of neolignans. Chirality 26:825–828, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dose‐response studies with benazepril in mild to moderate hypertension
Authors: Gomez Hector J.
Published: October 2014

The dose‐response curve for benazepril, a new angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, has been established from a systematic series of controlled clinical studies in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The studies included a dose‐ranging study, four dose‐response studies (placebo‐controlled or crossover), and four titration trials. The dose‐response studies involved 803 patients and evaluated doses from 2 to 80 mg. Analysis of the data revealed the existence of a dose‐response relationship over the dosage range of 10 to 80 mg given once daily. Efficacy of once‐daily administration was shown by the persistence of significant blood pressure reduction over the 24‐h dosing interval. In addition, the net trough‐to‐peak ratio (an indicator of net antihypertensive effect at the end of the dosing interval) was generally greater than 50%. The dose‐determination studies with benazepril were conducted according to a well‐designed strategy in which parameters were carefully defined. Based on these trials, the initial dosage for benazepril appears to be 10 mg once daily. Additional response may be observed at dosages up to 80 mg once daily.
Cardioprotective potential of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Gavras Irene , Gavras Haralambos
Published: October 2014

Antihypertensive drugs have various effects, both positive and negative, on metabolic and hemodynamic risk factors for coronary artery disease. Cardioprotective effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have recently been described. The benefits of ACE inhibition include not only a reduction in blood pressure but also improved insulin responsiveness, prevention of potassium loss, diminished myocardial oxygen demand, suppression of catecholamines, and interaction with bradykinin and prostaglandins. These benefits result in improved perfusion of vital organs, diminished cardiac work, and protection of coronary vessels, evident in improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, elevation of the anginal threshold in ischemic heart disease, and decreased morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure.
Metrics for comparing and analyzing two colour gamuts
Authors: Deshpande Kiran , Green Phil , Pointer Michael R
Published: October 2014

In printing industry, it is often necessary to be able to compare two or more colour gamuts, to determine how similar they are. For example, if a colour image is to be retargeted from one output medium to a different medium, we may wish to know whether the second has a sufficiently similar gamut to make an acceptable reproduction a possibility. The gamut volume alone enables a comparison of the size of the gamut, but not whether the gamuts intersect sufficiently to meet the reproduction aims. This can be achieved by visual comparison of the two gamut volumes in a pseudo‐3D rendering, but it is also useful to have a single‐number value, which enables this comparison to be computed from the gamut boundary description of the two gamuts. CIE TC8‐05 defined metrics for evaluating single colour gamuts and these metrics can be used to make some comparisons between gamuts. However, they do not give information on how well one gamut can match another in terms of both intersection and volume. In this work, a number of metrics are proposed for comparing and analyzing two colour gamuts. The primary metric is the Gamut Comparison Index (GCI), which quantifies the similarity between gamuts. A number of other related metrics are also defined, and several test cases for the metrics are computed. The results indicate that the metrics give a consistent prediction of how well the two gamuts compared. Use of the resulting GCI value should enable users to select the transform or device that best matches the reproduction aim. It should also help vendors and users evaluate the gamuts of their devices against the appropriate standard colour gamuts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 465–471, 2015
Direct Evaluation of the Electrokinetic Properties of Electrolytes in a Nanochannel using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pungetmongkol Porpin , Mogi Katsuo , Hatsuki Ryuji , Yamamoto Takatoki
Published: October 2014

An electric double layer is the local distribution of ions created at any liquid and solid interface. The thickness of the electric double layer is typically in nanometers, so that it is dominant in the nanoscale. Because the size of the nanospace is the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the electric double layer, the nanospace should be partially/totally filled with an electric double layer. Therefore, the investigation of the electrokinetics inside the electric double layer in nanospaces, such as nanopores and nanochannels, is very important for electrical/electrochemical analysis and for the manipulation of molecules and nanoparticles in nanofluidic systems. Here, electrical impedance spectroscopy was used to comprehensively investigate how the ionic concentration and the volume of the nanospace influenced the electrical properties of various ionic solutions in a nanochannel. The electrokinetic properties and the thickness of the electric double layer in the nanospace were determined to be dependent on the hydration diameter, mobility, and ionic strength of the various ion species. The electric double layer overlaps under particular conditions, such as with sufficiently narrow channels, and the qualitative properties of this were consistent with the Debye‐Hückel‐Onsager equation. These results should be a significant contribution to the improvement of the analysis and manipulation of molecules and particles in nanochannels, which could lead to further development in the application of nanofluidics.
Photocatalyzed ozonation by Ce doped TiO2 catalyst degradation of pesticide Dicamba in water
Authors: Maddila Suresh , Oseghe Ekemena O , Jonnalagadda Sreekanth B
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The photocatalyzed and ozonated degradation of a widely used pesticide, Dicamba, was studied using Ce loaded on titania as photocatalyst under visible light. The work is aimed at reducing environmental pollution by pesticides. Photocatalysts are important because they have many advantages: noncorrosive, environmentally benign and fewer disposal problems. They are also much easier to separate from liquid products and can be designed to give higher activity and longer catalyst lifetimes. This work aims to develop a novel method for degradation and mineralization of pesticides using a heterogeneous photocatalyst.

RESULTS

Ce/TiO2 photocatalysts with metal loadings zero, 0.25, 0.50 and 1% wt% on TiO2 were synthesized using a wet‐impregnation technique and characterized by XRD, UV‐DRS, BET, TEM, SEM‐EDX, FT‐IR and ICP analyses. Photocatalyzed ozonation with 1%Ce/TiO2 yielded 100% degradation and mineralization of Dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) in 2 h under basic pH conditions. The aggregate of degradation of pesticide and mineralization were monitored by GC‐MS. For 20 mg L−1 Dicamba, 0.1 g L−1 of catalyst was found to be the optimum to generate small chain aliphatic acids and mineralization. Results show that photocatalyzed ozonation of Dicamba with Ce/TiO2 catalyst is a very practical means for its degradation.

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst had high catalytic activity for the degradation of Dicamba pesticide. The catalyst is fully recoverable and reusable multiple times with no loss of activity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and isolated perfusion (ILP) interventions in sarcoma
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Baratti Dario , Kusamura Shigeki , Deraco Marcello , Gronchi Alessandro
Published: October 2014

Locally advanced sarcomas in the extremity and in the retroperitoneum/abdominal cavity (peritoneal sarcomatosis, PS) can be managed administering chemotherapy locally using isolated limb perfusion (ILP) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), respectively. In this review, the authors discuss the pros and cons of the use of these locoregional therapies in locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma, with a view to establishing their role in the multidisciplinary approach to these difficult diseases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:570–579. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Features of Patients with Concomitant Parkinson's Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Pathology
Authors: Rigby Heather B. , Dugger Brittany N. , Hentz Joseph G. , Adler Charles H. , Beach Thomas G. , Shill Holly A. , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Sue Lucia I. , Caviness John N.
Published: October 2014

The pathologic changes of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) have been reported to coexist, but whether PSP pathology modifies the clinical course of those individuals is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinical features of pathologically confirmed PD subjects with concomitant PSP pathology differ from those with PD alone. Subjects enrolled in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders had annual movement and cognitive evaluations from enrollment until death/autopsy. All cases between 1997 and 2014 with a final clinicopathological diagnosis of PD with or without PSP at autopsy were analyzed. Overall, 12 of the 125 cases with pathologically confirmed PD had coexisting PSP pathology (9.6%). Those with PD‐PSP had more‐prominent postural instability, body bradykinesia, difficulty arising from a chair, and falls; asymmetric onset was less common in this group. Downgaze palsy and square wave jerks were infrequent in both groups. Gender, age at death, disease duration, rate of dementia, and presence of rest tremor did not differ between groups. Only 58% of subjects in the PD‐PSP group were correctly given a final diagnosis in life of PD, compared to 91% of those with PD alone. The combination of PD and PSP pathology yields a heterogeneous clinical syndrome that often resembles PD, but may be more symmetric at onset and have more‐prominent postural instability and falls. Our observations suggest that coexisting PSP pathology may be an important factor contributing to the clinical heterogeneity in PD and a potential confounder in diagnosis.
Non‐targeted analyses of organic compounds in urban wastewater
Authors: Alves Filho Elenilson G. , Sartori Luci , Silva Lorena M. A. , Silva Bianca F. , Fadini Pedro S. , Soong Ronald , Simpson Andre , Ferreira Antonio G.
Published: October 2014

A large number of organic pollutants that cause damage to the ecosystem and threaten human health are transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The problems regarding water pollution in Latin America have been well documented, and there is no evidence of substantive efforts to change the situation. In the present work, two methods to study wastewater samples are employed: non‐targeted 1D (13C and 1H) and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis to characterize the largest possible number of compounds from urban wastewater and analysis by HPLC‐(UV/MS)‐SPE‐ASS‐NMR to detect non‐specific recalcitrant organic compounds in treated wastewater without the use of common standards. The set of data is composed of several compounds with the concentration ranging considerably with treatment and seasonality. An anomalous discharge, the influence of stormwater on the wastewater composition and the presence of recalcitrant compounds (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant homologs) in the effluent were further identified. The seasonal variations and abnormality in the composition of organic compounds in sewage indicated that the procedure that was employed can be useful in the identification of the pollution source and to enhance the effectiveness of WWTPs in designing preventive action to protect the equipment and preserve the environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of hybrid nucleating agents on glass fiber‐reinforced polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate alloy crystallization
Authors: Fu Jie‐Hui , Chen Xiao‐Dong , Xu Qun‐Jie , Wang Rui‐Yuan , Wang Xi‐Jun
Published: October 2014

In this article, the Surlyn® 8920 and AX 8900 were mixed as hybrid nucleating agents for glass fiber (GF)‐reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) alloy. The crystallization behaviors on GF‐reinforced PET/PBT alloy with compound nucleating agents of Surlyn® 8920 and AX 8900 were studied by differential scanning calorimeter. The Jeziorny method, Mo method, and Kissinger method were used for studying the non‐isothermal crystallization process of the composite alloys. While single AX 8900 cannot further improve the crystallization properties of the alloy and reduced the crystallization rate, the introduction of Surlyn® 8920 can effectively ameliorate the condition. The results demonstrated the hybrid nucleating agents of Surlyn® 8920 and AX 8900 not only can accelerate crystal growth, but also can significantly reduce the energy barrier, and it has a good effect in the alloy to the nucleation. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1167–1172, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation of AlGaInP heterostructures under gamma‐irradiation in the field of restructuring defect structure
Authors: Gradoboev Alexander , Orlova Ksenia
Published: October 2014

The given paper presents the results of studying the resistance of AlGaInP heterostructures with multiple quantum wells to 60Co gamma‐quantum irradiation. The research was completed for light emitting diodes (λ = 630 nm). The irradiation was completed under the passive powering mode without the imposition of the electric field while the level of exposure was characterized by the absorbed dose. It has been established that the emission power reduction has three stages. At the first stage the radiation power reduces due to radiation‐induced transformation of the initial structure defects, at the second stage – due to the introduction of radiation defects, in the extreme case the second stage transforms into the third stage (low electron injection mode). On the boundary between the first and the second stages transient processes are observed – restoration of emission power against its general reduction. The authors identify the heterostructures for which a pronounced effect of small doses is observed – restoration of emission power due to radiation‐induced relaxation of mechanical stresses without formation additional structural defects. The given process precedes the first stage of emission power reduction under gamma quantum irradiation. Besides, the authors identify the heterostructures which demonstrate two additional transient processes at the first stage. The researchers also establish the relations allowing describing the emission power change at the given stages. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An introduction to recurrent nucleotide interactions in RNA
Authors: Sweeney Blake A. , Roy Poorna , Leontis Neocles B.
Published: October 2014

RNA secondary structure diagrams familiar to molecular biologists summarize at a glance the folding of RNA chains to form Watson–Crick paired double helices. However, they can be misleading: First of all, they imply that the nucleotides in loops and linker segments, which can amount to 35% to 50% of a structured RNA, do not significantly interact with other nucleotides. Secondly, they give the impression that RNA molecules are loosely organized in three‐dimensional (3D) space. In fact, structured RNAs are compactly folded as a result of numerous long‐range, sequence‐specific interactions, many of which involve loop or linker nucleotides. Here, we provide an introduction for students and researchers of RNA on the types, prevalence, and sequence variations of inter‐nucleotide interactions that structure and stabilize RNA 3D motifs and architectures, using Escherichia coli (E. coli) 16S ribosomal RNA as a concrete example. The picture that emerges is that almost all nucleotides in structured RNA molecules, including those in nominally single‐stranded loop or linker regions, form specific interactions that stabilize functional structures or mediate interactions with other molecules. The small number of noninteracting, ‘looped‐out’ nucleotides make it possible for the RNA chain to form sharp turns. Base‐pairing is the most specific interaction in RNA as it involves edge‐to‐edge hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) of the bases. Non‐Watson–Crick base pairs are a significant fraction (30% or more) of base pairs in structured RNAs. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:17–45. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1258

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
Godly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I
Authors: Best Jeremy
Published: October 2014

In 1910 Gustav Warneck received nominations and support for both the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature. His boosters, mostly from Germany but also from elsewhere in Europe, later speculated that Warneck's failure to secure an award was because his dual nomination prevented enough support for either prize. Instead, they went to theBureau international permanent de la Paix(Permanent International Peace Bureau) and to German poet and author Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse. The laudatory merits of the Permanent International Peace Bureau and Heyse aside, what had made Warneck worthy in the minds of so many for a Nobel Prize?
Introduction: Labour in Transport: Histories from the Global South (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), c.1750 to 1950
Authors: Bellucci Stefano , Corrêa Larissa Rosa , Deutsch Jan-Georg , Joshi Chitra
Published: October 2014

This introduction highlights the main subjects and research questions addressed in the articles making up this Special Issue on the labour histories of transport in the Global South. Although historiographical interest in the history of transport labour is growing, scientific knowledge on the subject is still very limited. This is especially true for histories from outside Europe and North America. Important topics and research problems covered here are: (1) transport labour as facilitating the exchange and mobility of goods but also of peoples and ideas – as such transport constitutes a noteworthy element of social history; (2) transport labour as a factor of production which is relevant for industrial and agrarian societies, as well as for market-driven and socialist economies; (3) the extent to which the processes of globalization, imperial expansion, and the emergence of global capitalism owe a debt to transport labour of the global south and its micro-histories.
Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall's English Translation of the First Books of Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels)
Authors: FINKEL CAROLINE
Published: October 2014

In 2007 the translation into English of the first two books of Evliya Çelebi's (EÇ)Seyahatnâmeby the celebrated Austrian diplomat and orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall was republished in the Royal Asiatic Society (RAS) series Classics of Islam. Hammer's translation was based on what is now ms. RAS 22 in the RAS Library, and was first published under the auspices of theOriental Translation Fund(OTF) in three parts: in 1834 (as Vol. I/i), 1846 (Vol. I/ii) and 1850 (Vol. II). It includes EÇ's account of his home city of Istanbul (Vol. I) and his first trip away – to Bursa in 1640 – as well as subsequent travels during the 1640s, including to Crimea, the Caucasus and northern Anatolia (Vol. II). The Committee of the OTF agreed to buy the manuscript and its continuation, now ms. RAS 23, from Hammer in 1832.
Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: More than a Frontostriatal Dysfunction
Authors: Galtier Iván , Nieto Antonieta , Lorenzo Jesús N. , Barroso José
Published: October 2014

Cognitive deficit in Parkinson’s disease has been traditionally considered as being mainly related to executive dysfunction secondary to frontostriatal affectation. However, this traditional consideration has recently been challenged. Forty-three nondemented PD patients (mean age = 59.19; SD = 9.64) and twenty control group subjects (mean age = 60.85; SD = 12.26) were studied. They were assessed on a wide range of cognitive functions. Patients showed motor slowing (p = .012), along with alterations in visuoperceptive (p = .001), visuospatial (p = .007) and visuoconstructive functions (p = .017), as well as in visual span (direct: p = .008; inverse: p = .037). Regarding executive functions, differences were not observed in classical measures for verbal fluency (phonetic: p = .28; semantic: p = .27) or in response inhibition (Stroop test: p = .30), while execution was altered in other prefrontal tasks (Wisconsin Test: p = .003; action fluency: p = .039). Patients showed altered performance in verbal learning processes (p = .005) and delayed memory (free: p = .032; cued: p = .006), visuospatial learning (p = .016) and linguistic functions (naming: p < .001; comprehension: p = .007). Poor performance in visuospatial memory is predicted by deficits in working memory and visuospatial perception. Taken together, the observed alterations not only suggest prefrontal affectation, but also temporal and parietal systems impairment. Thus, cognitive dysfunction in nondemented PD patients cannot be exclusively explained by frontostriatal circuit affectation and the resulting executive dysfunction.
Stuhlinkontinenz – ein Update
Authors: Buhmann Helena , Nocito Antonio
Published: October 2014

Stuhlinkontinenz bezeichnet den ungewollten Stuhlverlust oder die Unfähigkeit, das Absetzen von Stuhl kontrollieren zu können. Klinisch können drei Subtypen unterschieden werden: passive Inkontinenz, Dranginkontinenz und Stuhlschmieren. Rund 8% der Erwachsenenbevölkerung sind von einer Stuhlinkontinenz betroffen, jedoch sucht nur ein Drittel der Patienten ärztlichen Rat. Neben der individuellen Belastung hat die Stuhlinkontinenz grosse sozio-ökonomische Auswirkungen. Die Ursachen der Stuhlinkontinenz können in vier Gruppen unterteilt werden: Änderungen der Stuhlquantität und -qualität, strukturelle Störungen, funktionelle Störungen und andere Ursachen. Die Diagnostik der Stuhlinkontinenz umfasst Anamnese, klinische Untersuchung inklusive digital-rektaler Untersuchung, Bildgebung (insbesondere endoanaler Ultraschall), sowie Funktionsdiagnostik (Analmanometrie und Defäkographie). Die viel versprechendste konservative Therapie beinhaltet heutzutage die medikamentöse Stuhlregulation kombiniert mit einer Biofeedbacktherapie. Die erfolgreichste invasive Therapie ist die sakrale Neuromodulation.