bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Threats to the Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) Posed by Modern Terrorism
Authors: Hadji-Janev Metodi
Published: May 2014

The emergence of new non-state actors in the post Cold War reality has dramatically changed security environment around the globe. Modern terrorism practiced by Al Qaeda and its associated movement (AQAM) has posed serious threat to critical information infrastructure given the trend of connecting control systems that run these infrastructures to the internet. Although AQAM have not been successful to launch a cyber-attack that will cause mass casualties, environment damage, or financial effects, the possibility remains alarming since creativity in the age of globalization never ends. Additionally, by using the so called “dot-com culture,” modern terrorists effectively employ negative effects of globalization to rich to the societies' remote pockets and Islamic social nomads and thus enlarge their capabilities to affect our critical information infrastructure. Therefore, to effectively protect our CII from modern terrorists we need to consider comprehensive and holistic approach build on direct and indirect mechanisms.
Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) and Other Free Software for Accounting and Financial Management of Non-Profit Entities
Authors: Montero-Romero Teresa , Cordobés-Madueño Magdalena
Published: May 2014

The non-profit sector is interested in elaborating reliable and clear financial accounting information to achieve several objectives: to know the real volume of activity in each organization, to use it to make financial and investment decision (financial management), and to contribute to improve the management system. This chapter shows the characteristics to identify the financial management and the management accounting in non-profit organizations. This information is used to define how to build an appropriate information system to provide the decision makers with reliable, transparent, and timely information. Besides the above, it also shows the usefulness of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), focusing on its definition, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as developing explanations of the major free software ERP and open source systems.
Issues and Recommendations for Community-Based ICT Implemantation in the Social Sector
Authors: Gutierrez Oscar
Published: May 2014

Complex Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications dedicated to support the provision of community-based services can rarely be implemented by single social services agencies. Technical and funding requirements make it almost prohibitive for such agencies to undertake them in isolation. Furthermore, in the social sector the degree of service interdependence within a community makes it almost necessary that such complex systems be implemented in collaboration as a community-based initiative. But implementations in this context are filled with challenges not normally found in single institutional ICT projects, making community-based ICT initiatives paradoxical and difficult to manage only with conventional project management techniques. This chapter compares ICT management in various sectors. Using the case of Homeless Management Information Systems in the United States, the chapter presents some complexities involved. It then presents a model for understanding the contrasting opposing forces at play in the social sector and offers implementation management recommendations to increase the likelihood of their success.
Accountability and Web Usage in University Foundations
Authors: del Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez María , Caba-Pérez María del Carmen , López-Godoy Manuel
Published: May 2014

Information and Communications Technologies management and, in particular, Web pages are fundamental to an adequate disclosure of information and dialog to NPOs´ stakeholders. Amongst the entities of this sector, the labor of University Foundations (UF) as intermediary agents between the university and society is highlighted in this chapter. In spite of their social mission, the corruption cases of some UF have questioned their legitimacy, so the demand for new models of accountability has increased. Based on these precedents and centered on United States cases, this study presents two objectives: firstly, to analyze the influence of regulation, related to the right to information access, in UF´s Web usage as an accountability mechanism; secondly, to identify the relation between the management of 1.0 Web and the implementation of the new technologies of information—2.0 Web—in the aforementioned Web pages.
Redesigning Teacher Education Programs to Meet the Needs of Today's Second Career Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Dickenson Patricia
Published: May 2014

Research suggests the fastest growing group in teacher training programs is second career teachers (Brooks & Hill, 2004). This chapter examines the profiles of second-career pre-service teachers in a blended online program in Silicon Valley, California. Participants' motivations and reasons for becoming an educator were examined from a sociocultural lens to understand how economic, social, and cultural factors might influence their decision to enter the teaching profession. In addition, formative, social, and personal experiences provide insight as to why this group selected a non-traditional teacher education program, and what prior skills and experiences they bring to the teaching profession.
Getting Personal
Authors: Velliaris Donna M. , Willis Craig R.
Published: May 2014

For educators, understanding what draws an individual to the teaching profession and, arguably more importantly, what keeps them there, involves recognition of how one's professional identity is located in the classroom. This chapter presents the findings of a pilot study focused on qualitative data stemming from an autoethnographic approach in which one author's own narrative of ‘professional identity' is presented alongside several teaching colleagues at the Eynesbury Institute of Business and Technology (EIBT) in South Australia. EIBT offers full fee-paying pre-university pathways for predominantly international students entering one of two partner universities; The University of Adelaide or The University of South Australia. The multiplicity of social, cultural, and educational factors that have influenced the professional identity of these higher education lecturers are shared with the main objective being self-reflection and collaborative action for learning and teaching improvement.
Teachers in Transition
Authors: Martin Phillip
Published: May 2014

This chapter explores the development of the identity of English teachers who have moved from General English teaching into the field of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Many general TEFL teachers move into EAP as their teaching careers develop; however, contemporary TEFL initiation training courses, such as the CELTA, do not as a matter of course provide any sort of grounding for the shift in linguistic knowledge and classroom management skills required to successfully adapt to the requirements of the EAP classroom and its students. Since such initiation training courses often leave an indelible mark on the teaching styles of most practitioners (Alwright & Hanks, 2009), even teachers who go on to become fully TEFL qualified via a DELTA or Master's route may find the new demands of the EAP environment sometimes leave them reliant upon TEFL-orientated classroom protocols, only to find such approaches wholly inappropriate or ineffective on a skills-based syllabus.
The Ball is in Your Court
Authors: Mattera Marina , Baena Verónica
Published: May 2014

This chapter conducts an in-depth study regarding a European football club's marketing strategy and brand management approach in order to evaluate customers' perceived ethicality and how consumers value corporate social responsibility activities. Specifically, the cases of Real Madrid and Barcelona FC (also named Barça) are analyzed. These two football teams are considered as they are two of the most successful sports teams in terms of worldwide supporters and revenues. The findings highlight how European football clubs should incorporate corporate social responsibility into their marketing strategy through the evaluation of consumer's perceived corporate social responsibility values and ethicality.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Sporting Events
Authors: Bradley Samuel M.
Published: May 2014

All businesses are expected to behave in socially responsible ways. These responsibilities include ethical treatment of employees and all stakeholders, addressing environmental issues in a sustainable manor, and contributing to the community. Corporate social responsibility is not just a concern for the manufacturers of products, but extends to all business organizations including professional teams and sporting organizations. The chapter discusses the importance of corporate socially responsible behavior and then focuses on the importance of such behavior by sporting teams and organizations. A specific discussion is presented about the responsible social behavior undertaken by the National Football League, Major League Baseball, NASCAR, Formula I racing, FIFA, the English Premier League, and the Olympic Games.
The State of Corporate Communications and Marketing in Spanish Professional Sports Clubs
Authors: Peris Guillermo Sanahuja , Arráez Rocío Blay
Published: May 2014

This chapter presents a novel diagnosis of the state of corporate communications and marketing in Spanish professional sports clubs. One by one, it aims to outline the challenges that this sector must meet if it is to evolve and attain excellence, understood as achieving positive recognition by the various interest groups involved and generating greater revenue. The methodology used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques applied to a sample group made up of the 56 sporting bodies that form the Professional Football League (LFP) and the Association of Basketball Clubs (ACB). On ending this chapter, the authors conclude that Spanish sporting bodies maintain an evident conceptual immaturity, a mistrust of the corporate communications philosophy, and a way of working focused on the short term. As regards the challenges ahead, the authors identify 5 mechanisms designed to advance toward the goal of excellent performance.
Fulfilment of righteousness: Historical and ontological perspective of Matthew 3:15
Authors: McCuistion Paul R. , Warner Colin , Viljoen Francois P.
Published: May 2014

This article maintained that the historicity of Jesus’ baptism was intended to flesh out the righteousness of God that was well-documented in the Hebrew Scriptures. Furthermore, the historical event initiated the ontological emphasis on the relationship of baptism to righteousness. To support this proposal, this article focused on Matthew’s fulfilment statement in Matthew 3:15. Looking specifically at this verse within its context, the article examines what Matthew may have intended for his community to grasp regarding the Christian tradition of righteousness. The article is divided into four sections that are intended to examine Matthew’s intentions. Firstly, the immediate context is examined, showing the influences and setting for the fulfilment statement. The following section explores the fulfilment statement within this context. The third section uncovers some of the theological traditions in Paul and the church fathers. Finally, the baptismal statement of Matthew 3:15 will be tied directly to the relationship of the law and righteousness in Matthew’s ἦλθον statement of Matthew 5:17. Hierdie artikel betoog dat die historiese waarheid van Jesus se doop bedoel was om die geregtigheid van God, wat volledig uiteengesit is in die Hebreeuse Bybel, te versterk. Verder het die historiese gebeurtenis die ontologiese klem op die verhouding van die doop tot geregtigheid geïnisieer. Om hierdie voorstel te ondersteun, fokus hierdie artikel op Matteus se verklaring van verwesenliking (Mat 3:15). Deur spesifiek na hierdie vers binne sy konteks te kyk, ondersoek die artikel wat Matteus moontlik beplan het sodat sy gemeenskap die Christelike tradisie van geregtigheid kon begryp. Die artikel is in vier afdelings verdeel om sodoende Matteus se bedoelings te ondersoek. Eerstens word die onmiddellike konteks ondersoek wat die invloede en agtergrond van die verklaring van die verwesenliking uitwys. In die volgende afdeling word die verklaring van die verwesenliking in hierdie konteks verken. In die derde afdeling word ’n paar van die teologiese tradisies van Paulus en die kerkvaders aan die lig gebring. Ten slotte is die doopverklaring van Matteus 3:15 regstreeks aan die verhouding van reg en geregtigheid in Mattheus se ἦλθον verklaring van Matteus 5:17 gekoppel.
Hyperactivated Signaling Pathways of Chemokine RANTES/CCL5 in Osteopathies of Jawbone in Breast Cancer Patients–-Case Report and Research
Authors: Lechner Johann , Von Baehr Volker
Published: May 2014

Background

Hollow spaces in the jawbone have been defined as fatty degenerative osteonecrosis of jawbone (FDOJ) and have been linked with a dysregulated immune system. Little is known about the underlying relationship.

Objectives

Samples of FDOJ were analyzed to assess expression of cytokines which can play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (MaCa).

Material and Methods

Samples of FDOJ extracted from 23 patients with MaCa and 19 healthy control jawbone samples were analyzed for 7 immune messengers.

Results

RANTES was found to be highly overexpressed in disease samples. No change was observed in expression levels of the other immune mediators.

Discussion

This data provides a compelling confirmation that FDOJ produces high levels of RANTES, a cytokine implicated in MaCa and metastasis. Levels detected in FDOJ are five-fold higher than that previously reported for MaCa tissue suggesting its role as a cytokine source in MaCa.

Conclusion

We thus hypothesize that FDOJ may serve as an expeditor of MaCa progression, through RANTES production.
Financial Stress, Regime Switching and Macrodynamics: Theory and Empirics for the US, the EU and Non-EU Countries
Authors: Semmler Willi , Chen Pu
Published: May 2014

Over-borrowing and financial stress has recently become an important issue in macroeconomic and policy discussions in the US as well as in the EU. In this paper the authors study two regimes of financial stress. In a regime of high financial stress, stress shocks can have large and persistent impacts on the real side of the economy whereas in regimes of low stress, shocks can easily dissipate having no lasting effects. In order to study the macroeconomic dynamics, with alternative paths resulting from financial stress shocks, the authors introduce a macromodel with a finance-macro link which uses a multi-period decision framework of economic agents. The agents can, in a finite horizon context, borrow and accumulate assets where however the above two scenarios may occur. The model is solved through nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). Empirically the authors use a multi-regime VAR (MRVAR) to study the impact of financial stress shocks on the macroeconomy in a large number of countries.
NOx cycle and the tropospheric ozone isotope anomaly: an experimental investigation
Authors: Michalski G. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Girsch G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The oxygen isotope composition of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere is a useful tool for understanding the oxidation of NOx into nitric acid / nitrate in the atmosphere. A set of experiments was conducted to examine change in isotopic composition of NOx due to NOx–O2–O3 photochemical cycling. At low NOx / O2 mixing ratios, NOx became progressively and nearly equally enriched in 17O and 18O over time until it reached a steady state with Δ17O values of 39.3 ± 1.9‰ and δ18O values of 84.2 ± 4‰, relative to the isotopic composition of the initial O2 gas. As the mixing ratios were increased, the isotopic enrichments were suppressed by isotopic exchange between O atoms, O2, and NOx. A kinetic model was developed to simulate the observed data and it showed that the isotope effects occurring during O3 formation play a dominant role in controlling NOx isotopes and, in addition, secondary kinetic isotope effects or isotope exchange reactions are also important during NOx cycling. The data and model were consistent with previous studies which showed that the NO + O3 reactions occur mainly via the transfer of the terminal atoms of O3. The model predicts that under tropospheric concentrations of NOx and O3, the timescale of NOx–O3 isotopic equilibrium ranges from hours (for ppbv NOx / O2 mixing ratios) to days (for pptv mixing ratios) and yields steady state Δ17O and δ18O values of 45‰ and 117‰ respectively (relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW)) in both cases. Under atmospheric conditions when O3 has high concentrations, the equilibrium between NOx and O3 should occur rapidly (h) but this equilibrium cannot be reached during polar winters and/or nights if the NOx conversion to HNO3 is faster. The experimentally derived rate coefficients can be used to model the major NOx–O3 isotopologue reactions at various pressures and in isotope modeling of tropospheric nitrate.
High temporal frequency measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from soils
Authors: Savage K. , Phillips R. , Davidson E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Variation in soil moisture can be very dynamic, and it is one of the dominant factors controlling the net exchange of these three GHGs. Although technologies for high-frequency, precise measurements of CO2 have been available for years, methods for measuring soil fluxes of CH4 and N2O at high temporal frequency have been hampered by lack of appropriate technology for in situ real-time measurements. A previously developed automated chamber system for measuring CO2 flux from soils was configured to run in line with a new quantum cascade laser (QCLAS) instrument that measures N2O and CH4. Here we present data from a forested wetland in Maine and an agricultural field in North Dakota, which provided examples of both net uptake and production for N2O and CH4. The objective was to provide a range of conditions in which to run the new system and to compare results to a traditional manual static-chamber method. The high-precision and more-than-10-times-lower minimum detectable flux of the QCLAS system, compared to the manual system, provided confidence in measurements of small N2O uptake in the forested wetland. At the agricultural field, the greatest difference between the automated and manual sampling systems came from the effect of the relatively infrequent manual sampling of the high spatial variation, or "hot spots", in GHG fluxes. Hot spots greatly influenced the seasonal estimates, particularly for N2O, over one 74-day alfalfa crop cycle. The high temporal frequency of the automated system clearly characterized the transient response of all three GHGs to precipitation and demonstrated a clear diel pattern related to temperature for GHGs. A combination of high-frequency automated and spatially distributed chambers would be ideal for characterizing hot spots and "hot moments" of GHG fluxes.
Quantifying the effects of clear-cutting and strip-cutting on nitrate dynamics in a forested watershed using triple oxygen isotopes as tracers
Authors: Tsunogai U. , Komatsu D. D. , Ohyama T. , Suzuki A. , Nakagawa F. , Noguchi I. , Takagi K. , Nomura M. , Fukuzawa K. , Shibata H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Temporal variations in the stable isotopic compositions of nitrate dissolved in stream water eluted from a cool-temperate forested watershed (8 ha) were measured to quantify the biogeochemical effects of clear-cutting of trees and subsequent strip-cutting of the understory vegetation, dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis), with special emphasis on changes in the fate of atmospheric nitrate that had been deposited onto the watershed based on Δ17O values of nitrate. A significant increase in stream nitrate concentration to 15 μmol L−1 in spring of 2004 was correlated with a significant increase in the Δ17O values of nitrate. Additionally, the high Δ17O values of +14.3‰ suggest that the direct drainage of atmospheric nitrate accounted for more than 50% of total nitrate exported from the forested watershed. Similar increases in both concentrations and Δ17O values were also found in spring of 2005. Conversely, low Δ17O values less than +1.5‰ were observed in other seasons, regardless of increases in stream nitrate concentration, indicating that the majority of nitrate exported from the forested watershed during seasons other than spring was remineralized nitrate: those retained in the forested ecosystem as either organic-N or ammonium and then been converted to nitrate via microbial nitrification. When compared with the values prior to strip-cutting, the annual export of atmospheric nitrate and remineralized nitrate increased more than 16-fold and 4-fold, respectively, in 2004, and more than 13-fold and 5-fold, respectively, in 2005. The understory vegetation (Sasa) was particularly important to enhancing biological consumption of atmospheric nitrate.
Evaluation of the ability of the Chinese stalagmite δ18O to record the variation in atmospheric circulation during the second half of the 20th century
Authors: Nan S. , Tan M. , Zhao P.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The Chinese stalagmite δ18O (δ18Ocs) has provoked debate worldwide over the past few years due to its lack of quantitative calibration, leading us to questions of whether δ18Ocs records a local or large-scale signal and whether δ18Ocs records the signal of a single remote water vapor source or multiple water vapor sources. In this study, we observe all of the δ18Ocs trends within the instrumental period to verify whether they possess a common trend, which could be used as a basis to determine whether the trends reflect the large-scale signal together or whether each trend reflects the local signal. The results show that most of the δ18Ocs experienced a linear increase from 1960 to 1994, which may indicate that the δ18Ocs could record a trend occurring in large-scale atmosphere circulations. We then quantitatively describe the proportion of water vapor transport (WVT) from different source regions. Using the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data from 1960 to 1994, the ratios of the intensities of three WVTs from the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, and the western North Pacific during the summer are calculated. We define RSCS/BOB as the ratio of the WVT intensities from the South China Sea to those from the Bay of Bengal, RWNP/BOB as the ratio of the WVT intensities from the western North Pacific to those from the Bay of Bengal, and RWNP/SCS as the ratio of the WVT intensities from the western North Pacific to those from the South China Sea. The significant decadal increase occurs in the time series of RWNP/BOB and RWNP/SCS, most likely resulting from the strengthening of the WVT from the western North Pacific in the late 1970s due to the western Pacific subtropical high that extended westward. Further analysis indicates that when the equatorial central and eastern Pacific is in the El Niño phase, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the South China Sea is high, and the SST at the middle latitudes in the North Pacific is low, then the RWNP/BOB and RWNP/SCS values tend to be high. After the late 1970s, the equatorial central and eastern Pacific have often been in the El Niño phase. Therefore, we confirm that the δ18Ocs primarily records the variation in atmospheric circulation during the second half of the 20th century.
Determination of cost coefficients of a priority-based water allocation linear programming model – a network flow approach
Authors: Chou F. N.-F. , Wu C.-W.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a method to establish the objective function of a network flow programming model for simulating river–reservoir system operations and associated water allocation, with an emphasis on situations when the links other than demand or storage have to be assigned with nonzero cost coefficients. The method preserves the priorities defined by rule curves of reservoir, operational preferences for conveying water, allocation of storage among multiple reservoirs, and transbasin water diversions. Path enumeration analysis transforms these water allocation rules into linear constraints that can be solved to determine link cost coefficients. An approach to prune the original system into a reduced network is proposed to establish the precise constraints of nonzero cost coefficients, which can then be efficiently solved. The cost coefficients for the water allocation in the Feitsui and Shihmen reservoirs' joint operating system of northern Taiwan was adequately assigned by the proposed method. This case study demonstrates how practitioners can correctly utilize network-flow-based models to allocate water supply throughout complex systems that are subject to strict operating rules.
How Should I Conduct a Customer‐Complaint Visit?
Authors: Lauer William C.
Published: May 2014

Customers concerned about their water quality need a skilled water professional's attention. It's your goal to find the cause for their dissatisfaction and a satisfactory resolution. To achieve this goal, you must draw on your knowledge of the distribution system, water chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and customer‐relations skills.
Polyfacetic Masks of Corruption: Typologies, Categories, Forms and Levels
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José
Published: May 2014

This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. After reading this paper, readers should have a clear idea about what is corruption and how corruption is classified in different ways. The analysis begins reviewing a typology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of typologies, establishing the levels of corruption and indicating where it can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflect the realities of corruption world.
Analyzing the Economic Costs of Corruption Using a Basic Keynesian Framework: Part 1
Authors: Aliño, Jr. Juanito B.
Published: May 2014

This study attempts to analyze the impact of corruption on the economy by adopting the Keynesian Framework. Current studies show that corruption has adverse effects on GDP, GDP growth rate, and investment, among others.  Such studies, however, used the “economic cost-corruption perception index” model. An alternative model is to adopt a Keynesian framework incorporating corruption as a factor in the model.  Utilizing the concepts of investment and government multipliers, the comparative analysis between the “with”-and“without” corruption is used in analyzing the economic cost of corruption. The results show that government multiplier is less than the investment multiplier when there is corruption. Based on the theses/arguments, this study concludes that (a) when there is corruption, the impact of government expenditure on the economy is less than the impact of investment expenditure on the economy, (b) the Keynesian model can enhance the explanatory power of the existing “economic cost-corruption perception index” model of analyzing the economic cost of corruption, and (c) the results of integrating corruption into the Keynesian model reveal that GDP and GDP growth rate are overestimated for countries with a certain proportion of government expenditure that go to corruption.
Creative Solutions for Higher Education Research Issues In Asia and Beyond
Authors: Padua Roberto N.
Published: May 2014

The current system of journal metrics adopted by most Western countries appears to marginalize many Asian and Latin American authors. Impact factors (both at the author and journal levels) rely heavily on citation indices which, understandably, favor Western authors. Of course, impact factors are used heavily in research funding decisions. Creative solutions are explored in this paper for Asian countries experiencing these problems.Keywords: journal metrics, impact factor, citation indices.
Die Gestaltung des Mietvertrages für Einzelhandelsimmobilien
Authors: Engel Simone
Published: May 2014

Nicht selten machen Investoren ihre Kaufentscheidung von den zugrunde liegenden Mietverträgen abhängig. Umso wichtiger ist es, bei der Vertragsgestaltung die Besonderheiten, die Einzelhandels-Mietverträge mit sich bringen, zu kennen und zu berücksichtigen. Der Aufsatz soll einen Überblick über die besonderen Regelungsinhalte von Einzelhandelsmietverträgen mit Focus auf Ladengeschäfte außerhalb von Shoppingcentern geben.
Reform der Sachaufklärung – Die gütliche Erledigung durch den Gerichtsvollzieher
Authors: Neugebauer Günther R.
Published: May 2014

Mit Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes zur Reform der Sachaufklärung in der Zwangsvollstreckung ergeben sich zum 1.1.2013 neue Anforderungen an die Beitreibung von offenen Forderungen. Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der gütlichen Erledigung. In einem weiteren Aufsatz folgen Erläuterungen zur Vermögensauskunft.
Die verkehrsrechtliche Gesamtschau
Authors: Kirchhoff Guido , Kirchhoff Alexandra
Published: May 2014

Die verkehrsrechtliche Gesamtschau kommt zur Anwendung, wenn ein Unfall durch mehrere selbständige Handlungsbeiträge verursacht wird und auch der Geschädigte selbst mitverantwortlich ist. Wer im Schönfelder das Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Gesamtschau“ durchforstet, wird nicht fündig. Es handelt sich nicht um ein gesetzliches Institut, sondern - wie vieles im Verkehrshaftungsrecht - um eine durch die Rechtsprechung des BGH entwickelte und über viele Jahre weiter geformte Rechtsfigur, die ihren Rechtsgrund in § 242 BGB findet. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert die wesentlichen Merkmale und gibt zahlreiche Fallbeispiele, Berechnungsformeln und Muster für die Praxis an die Hand.
Die Einbeziehung von Kfz-Schiedsstellen zur Herbeiführung einer außergerichtlichen Einigung
Authors: Dötsch Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

Kfz-Schiedsstellen sind zwar seit 40 Jahren durchaus segensreich tätig. Trotzdem ist die Tätigkeit der bundesweit 130 Kfz-Schiedsstellen nicht nur vielen Bürgern, sondern auch den meisten Juristen unbekannt. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Thematik und regt an, bei Ärger mit der Kfz-Werkstatt durchaus auch einmal diesen Weg in die Überlegungen einzubeziehen, anstatt sofort ins Klageverfahren oder selbständige Beweisverfahren zu starten.
Der Rechtsschutzversicherer und sein „durchschnittlicher Versicherungsnehmer“ Rechte des Versicherungsnehmers in der aktuellen BGH-Rechtsprechung
Authors: Wendt Roland
Published: May 2014

Der Beitrag schließt an die in der MDR 2006, 132 ff., 481 ff.; 2008, 717 ff., 902 ff., 1129 ff. und 2010, 786 ff., 1168 ff. veröffentlichten Betrachtungen des Autors zur Rechtsschutzversicherung-Judikatur an.
Experimental assessment of diazotroph responses to elevated seawater pCO2 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Böttjer Daniela , Karl David M. , Letelier Ricardo M. , Viviani Donn A. , Church Matthew J.
Published: May 2014

We examined short‐term (24–72 h) responses of naturally occurring marine N2 fixing microorganisms (termed diazotrophs) to abrupt increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in seawater during nine incubation experiments conducted between May 2010 and September 2012 at Station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) (22°45′N, 158°W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Rates of N2 fixation, nitrogenase (nifH) gene abundances and transcripts of six major groups of cyanobacterial diazotrophs (including both unicellular and filamentous phylotypes), and rates of primary productivity (as measured by 14C‐bicarbonate assimilation into plankton biomass) were determined under contemporary (~390 ppm) and elevated pCO2 conditions (~1100 ppm). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) amplification of planktonic nifH genes revealed that unicellular cyanobacteria phylotypes dominated gene abundances during these experiments. In the majority of experiments (seven out of nine), elevated pCO2 did not significantly influence rates of dinitrogen (N2) fixation or primary productivity (two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), P > 0.05). During two experiments, rates of N2 fixation and primary productivity were significantly lower (by 79 to 82% and 52 to 72%, respectively) in the elevated pCO2 treatments relative to the ambient controls (two‐way ANOVA, P < 0.05). QPCR amplification of nifH genes and gene transcripts revealed that diazotroph abundances and nifH gene expression were largely unchanged by the perturbation of the seawater pCO2. Our results suggest that naturally occurring N2 fixing plankton assemblages in the NPSG are relatively resilient to large, short‐term increases in pCO2.
IPSS‐R in 555 Taiwanese patients with primary MDS: Integration of monosomal karyotype can better risk‐stratify the patients
Authors: Yang Yi‐Tsung , Hou Hsin‐An , Liu Chieh‐Yu , Lin Chien‐Chin , Chou Wen‐Chien , Lee Fen‐Yu , Liu Ming‐Chih , Liu Chia‐Wen , Tang Jih‐Luh , Yao Ming , Li Chi‐Cheng , Kuo Yuan‐Yeh , Huang Shang‐Yi , Ko Bor‐Sheng , Chen Chien‐Yuan , Hsu Szu‐Chun , Lin Chien‐Ting , Wu Shang‐Ju , Tsay Woei , Chen Yao‐Chang , Tien Hwei‐Fang
Published: May 2014

The revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS‐R) was recently developed to better assess the clinical outcome of adult patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of this new risk model on 555 MDS patients in Taiwan. Generally, the IPSS‐R could discriminate MDS patients regarding risk of leukemia evolution and overall survival in our cohort and it further refined prognostic stratification in all IPSS risk categories. However, we could not find the inter‐group difference between IPSS‐R very low and low risk subgroups in both leukemia‐free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS). IPSS‐R couldn't distinguish the prognosis between very good and good and between good and intermediate risk cytogenetic categories in OS, and between very good and good and between intermediate and poor cytogenetic‐risk categories in LFS, either. On the other hand, incorporation of monosomal karyotype (MK) into IPSS‐R could further stratify MDS patients with higher‐risk IPSS‐R (intermediate, high and very high risk) into four groups, rather than three groups, with different OS (P < 0.001). Intriguingly, patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had longer survival than those without in the IPSS‐R high and very high, but not other risk groups. Similarly, patients treated with hypomethylating agents had better survival than those not in the IPSS‐R very high risk group. In conclusion, IPSS‐R can risk‐stratify MDS patients in Taiwan but with some limitations, especially in very low risk category, and MK has additional prognostic value in discriminating MDS patients with higher‐risk IPSS‐R. Am. J. Hematol. 89:E142–E149, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kovalente Oberflächenmodifikationen von Oxiden
Authors: Pujari Sidharam P. , Scheres Luc , Marcelis Antonius T. M. , Zuilhof Han
Published: May 2014

Die Modifizierung von Oberflächen durch robuste Abscheidung einer Deckschicht bietet eine hervorragende Möglichkeit, die Eigenschaften eines sterisch anspruchsvollen Substrats auf die eigenen Interessen abzustimmen. Eine solche Kontrolle über die Oberflächeneigenschaften gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung mit der stetigen Verkleinerung aktiver Bestandteile in allen möglichen optoelektronischen Geräten ebenso wie mit dem entsprechend größeren Oberfläche/Volumen‐Verhältnis. Eine relevante einzustellende Eigenschaft ist z. B. das Ausmaß, in dem eine Oberfläche durch Wasser oder Öl benetzt wird. Zudem besteht für Anwendungen in der Biosensorik ein wachsendes Interesse an “romantischen Oberflächen” – Oberflächen, die alle möglichen biologischen Entitäten abweisen, mit einer Ausnahme, die von ihnen stark gebunden wird. Solche Systeme erfordern eine nachhaltige wie auch hochspezifische Einstellung der Oberflächeneigenschaften. Dieser Aufsatz erläutert eine Vorgehensweise für die Herstellung widerstandsfähiger Oberflächenmodifikationen an Oxiden, nämlich die kovalente Anbindung von Monoschichten.
Nickel(0)‐ und Platin(0)‐Bis‐NHC‐Chelatkomplexe
Authors: Brendel Matthias , Braun Carolin , Rominger Frank , Hofmann Peter
Published: May 2014

d10‐ML2‐Fragmente sind seit langem für ihr Potenzial bekannt, unreaktive Bindungen durch oxidative Addition zu aktivieren. Bei der Entwicklung aktiverer Spezies haben sich zwei Ansätze bewährt: Der Einsatz von starken σ‐Donorliganden, die zu elektronenreichen Metallzentren führen, sowie von Chelatliganden, die eine gewinkelte Koordinationsgeometrie erzeugen. Wir haben beide Strategien kombiniert und Nickel(0)‐ sowie erstmals Platin(0)‐Bis‐NHC‐Chelatkomplexe synthetisiert. Bis(1,5‐Cyclooctadien)nickel(0) und ‐platin(0) reagieren mit in situ deprotonierten Bisimidazoliumsalzen bei Raumtemperatur zu tetraedrischen oder trigonal‐planaren Bis‐NHC‐Chelat‐Olefinkomplexen. Die Synthese und Charakterisierung dieser Komplexe sowie ein erstes Beispiel einer C‐C‐Bindungsaktivierung mit diesen Systemen werden beschrieben. Wegen der erzwungenen cis‐Anordnung zweier NHCs eröffnen diese Verbindungen interessante Perspektiven für Bindungsaktivierungen und Katalyse.
Single‐Cell Chemical Proteomics with an Activity‐Based Probe: Identification of Low‐Copy Membrane Proteins on Primary Neurons
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhao Han , Feng Xiaojun , Chen Linhai , Chen Dongjuan , Zhang Yang , Nan Fajun , Liu Jianfeng , Liu Bi‐Feng
Published: May 2014

We propose a novel single‐cell chemical proteomics (SCCP) strategy to profile low‐abundance membrane proteins in single cells. In this approach, the membrane protein GB1 and its splicing variants were targeted on cultured cell lines and primary neurons using a specifically designed activity‐based probe. The functionally labeled single cells were encapsulated in individual buffer droplets on a PDMS microwell array, and were further picked up one at a time and loaded into a capillary electrophoresis system for cell lysis, separation, and laser‐induced fluorescence detection of the targeted proteins. The results revealed the expression of GB1 splicing variants in HEK and MEF cells, which was previously only suggested at the transcriptional level. We further applied this method to investigate single primary cells and observed significant heterogeneity among individual mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Interference experiments with GB1 antagonist and agonist validated this observation.
Oxidationsbeobachtung mit Fluoreszenzspektroskopie offenbart das Alter von Fingerabdrücken
Authors: van Dam Annemieke , Schwarz Janina C. V. , de Vos Judith , Siebes Maria , Sijen Titia , van Leeuwen Ton G. , Aalders Maurice C. G. , Lambrechts Saskia A. G.
Published: May 2014

Es gibt keine forensische Methode, die das Alter von Fingerspuren am Tatort zuverlässig ermitteln kann. Informationen über die Zeit, die seit dem Entstehen des Fingerabdrucks vergangen ist, sind wünschenswert, weil hierdurch zwischen deliktsbezogenen und irrelevanten Fingerabdrücken unterschieden werden kann. Wir stellen eine kontaktlose Methode vor, mit der das Alter von Fingerabdrücken geschätzt werden kann. Fingerabdrücke wurden hierbei als Protein‐Lipid‐Gemisch behandelt, und ein Modell zur Altersschätzung wurde entwickelt, das auf Protein‐Lipid‐Oxidationsreaktionen basiert. Zwei Messgrößen eines Fingerabdrucks sind erforderlich, um dessen Alter zu berechnen: die relative Menge an fluoreszierenden Oxidationsprodukten und die Geschwindigkeit, mit der diese Produkte gebildet werden. Fluoreszenzspektroskopie wurde eingesetzt, um diese Messgrößen zu erhalten. Wir haben die Methode an 44 Fingerabdrücken getestet und konnten das Alter bei 55 % der männlichen Fingerabdrücke bis zu einem Alter von drei Wochen mit einer Unsicherheit von 1.9 Tagen ermitteln.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Difunctionalization of Alkenes with α‐Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides Initiated through a Heck‐type Insertion: A Route to Indolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Fan Jian‐Hong , Wei Wen‐Ting , Zhou Ming‐Bo , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: May 2014

The oxidative interception of various σ‐alkyl palladium(II) intermediates with additional reagents for the difunctionalization of alkenes is an important research area. A new palladium‐catalyzed oxidative difunctionalization reaction of alkenes with α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides is described, in which the σ‐alkyl palladium(II) intermediate is generated through a Heck insertion and trapped using an aryl C(sp2)H bond. This method can be applied to various α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary α‐bromoalkyl esters, ketones, and amides.
Synthetic Disialyl Hexasaccharides Protect Neonatal Rats from Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Yu Hai , Lau Kam , Thon Vireak , Autran Chloe A. , Jantscher‐Krenn Evelyn , Xue Mengyang , Li Yanhong , Sugiarto Go , Qu Jingyao , Mu Shengmao , Ding Li , Bode Lars , Chen Xi
Published: May 2014

Two novel synthetic α2–6‐linked disialyl hexasaccharides, disialyllacto‐N‐neotetraose (DSLNnT) and α2–6‐linked disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (DS′LNT), were readily obtained by highly efficient one‐pot multienzyme (OPME) reactions. The sequential OPME systems described herein allowed the use of an inexpensive disaccharide and simple monosaccharides to synthesize the desired complex oligosaccharides with high efficiency and selectivity. DSLNnT and DS′LNT were shown to protect neonatal rats from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and are good therapeutic candidates for preclinical experiments and clinical application in treating NEC in preterm infants.
Enhancement of Lithium Storage Performance of Carbon Microflowers by Achieving a High Surface Area
Authors: Li Yao , Xiao Ying , Wang Xia , Cao Minhua
Published: May 2014

High‐surface‐area, nitrogen‐doped carbon microflowers (A‐NCFs‐4) assembled from porous nanosheets are prepared in a three‐step process: soft‐templating self‐assembly, thermal decomposition, and KOH activation. The hydrazine hydrate used in our experiment serves not only as a structure‐directing agent, but also as a nitrogen source. The resultant A‐NCFs‐4 has a hierarchical porous structure and its specific surface area is as high as 2309 m2 g−1. When used as anode, it exhibits a reversible capacity as high as 807 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, and an excellent rate capability of 200 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 8 A g−1. Compared with unactivated counterpart, A‐NCFs‐4 exhibits a significantly improved lithium storage capacity and rate capability; this can be attributed to its unique structural characteristics and high surface area. The hierarchical micro‐/mesopore structure, high surface area, and nitrogen doping of A‐NCFs‐4 could guarantee fast mass transport for lithium species, enhance the A‐NCFs‐4/electrolyte contact area, shorten the lithium‐ion diffusion length, and accommodate strain induced by volume changes during the electrochemical reaction. The results indicate that the as‐prepared A‐NCFs‐4 could be a promising candidate as a high‐performance anode for lithium‐ion batteries.
Disilanyl Double‐Pillared Bisternaphthyl (SiDPBT): Synthesis and Interfused Packing Structures with Herringbone and π‐Stack Motifs
Authors: Nakanishi Waka , Matsuyama Naoto , Hara Daisuke , Saeki Akinori , Hitosugi Shunpei , Seki Shu , Isobe Hiroyuki
Published: May 2014

A silacyclophane molecule with two disilanyl pillars and two oligoarylene units was synthesized. The molecule was packed in a single crystal with a new motif interfusing π‐stack and herringbone packing structures. The hole transporting ability of the solid was revealed by using the flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity method. The molecular structure, albeit a singly‐bonded arylene macrocycle, was rigidified by the unique packing array, which favorably contributed to the hole transporting ability of the solid via the small reorganization energy through the charge transport.
Active Disturbance Rejection Control Applied To A Delta Parallel Robot In Trajectory Tracking Tasks
Authors: Ramírez‐Neria Mario , Sira‐Ramírez Hebertt , Luviano‐Juárez Alberto , Rodrguez‐Ángeles Alejandro
Published: May 2014

In this article, the problem of robust trajectory tracking, for a parallel robot is tackled via an observer‐based active disturbance rejection controller. The proposed design method is based on purely linear disturbance observation and linear feedback control techniques modulo nonlinear input gain injections and cancellations. The estimations are carried out through Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) observers, endowed with output integral injection to ease the presence of possible zero mean measurement noise effects. As the lumped (both exogenous and endogenous) disturbance inputs are estimated, they are being used in the linear controllers for on‐line disturbance cancellation, while the phase variables are being estimated by the same GPI observer. The estimations of the phase variables are used to complete a linear multivariable output feedback controller. The proposed control scheme does not need the exact knowledge of the system, which is a good alternative to classic control schemes such as computed torque method, reducing the computation time. The estimation and control method is approximate, ensuring small as desired reconstruction and tracking errors. The reported results, including laboratory experiments, are better than the results provided by the classical model‐based techniques, shown to be better when the system is subject to endogenous and exogenous uncertainties.
The bioactivity and fractionation of peptide hydrolysates in cultures of CHO cells
Authors: Spearman Maureen , Lodewyks Carly , Richmond Meika , Butler Michael
Published: May 2014

Peptide hydrolysate supplements in mammalian cell cultures provide enhanced growth and productivity. The objective of this study was to compare the bioactivity of ten different commercially available hydrolysates from plant, microbial, and animal sources. The peptide hydrolysates were tested as supplements to cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that produce human beta interferon (β‐IFN). A soy hydrolysate was shown to support high cell growth but not protein productivity compared to an animal component hydrolysate (Primatone RL). On the other hand, a yeast hydrolysate showed lower cell growth, but comparable productivity of the recombinant protein. Glycosylation analysis showed that the glycan profile of β‐IFN produced in yeast hydrolysate supplemented cultures was equivalent to that from Primatone RL‐supplemented cultures. Fractionation of the yeast hydrolysate and Primatone RL produced a similar protein‐assayed pattern except for one extra peak at around 1 kDa in the Primatone RL profile. A fraction taken at a molecular weight range of 1.5–1.7 kDa showed the highest growth promoting activity in both samples. However, four other fractions in yeast hydrolysate and two in Primatone RL at lower molecular weights showed some growth promoting activity. In conclusion, the yeast hydrolysates provided a good alternative to the animal sourced Primatone RL for high productivity of β‐IFN from CHO cells with equivalent glycosylation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:584–593, 2014