bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultralow‐Frequency Waves in Driving Jovian Aurorae Revealed by Observations From HST and Juno
Authors: Pan Dong‐Xiao , Yao Zhong‐Hua , Manners Harry , Dunn William , Bonfond Bertrand , Grodent Denis , Zhang Bin‐Zheng , Guo Rui‐Long , Wei Yong
Published: February 2021

Large‐scale electrical currents and Alfvénic waves are the two main drivers responsible for producing planetary aurorae. The relative contribution of each process is a central question in terrestrial auroral science, and poorly understood for other planets due to the relatively rare opportunity of in‐situ spacecraft measurements. Here, we present observations of Jupiter's aurorae from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) contemporaneous with Juno magnetometer measurements in the magnetosphere. For three successive days, we found that the magnetospheric ultralow‐frequency (ULF) wave activity (with periods of 1–60 min) was correlated with auroral power. This was especially true for the Alfvénic modes. We further performed a statistical analysis based on HST visits during Juno's third and seventh orbit, which revealed a systematic correlation between ULF wave and auroral activity. Our results imply that Alfvénic wave power could be an important source in driving Jupiter's aurorae, as theoretically predicted.
Asymmetric Magnetic Anomalies Over Young Impact Craters on Mercury
Authors: Galluzzi V. , Oliveira J. S. , Wright J. , Rothery D. A. , Hood L. L.
Published: February 2021

Mercury's crustal magnetic field map includes anomalies that are related to impact craters. Mercury's surface has a low iron abundance, but it is likely that some impactors brought magnetic carriers able to register the planet's magnetic field that was present during impact. Anomalies associated with the relatively young Rustaveli and Stieglitz craters are asymmetric with respect to the crater center. We analyze the location of the magnetic anomalies and the impact crater morphologies to understand whether there is any correlation. We investigate the geological framework of these two craters to constrain the overall impact dynamics. In both cases, magnetic anomalies correlate well with the location of impact melt and the inferred impact direction. Both impact angles were probably 40°–45°, with preferential distribution of the melt downrange. Inversion dipoles suggest that the impact melt located downrange encompasses some magnetized material, which is hence likely responsible for the detected magnetic anomalies.
Aerosol Dynamics in the Near Field of the SCoPEx Stratospheric Balloon Experiment
Authors: Golja C. M. , Chew L. W. , Dykema J. A. , Keith D. W.
Published: February 2021

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) might alleviate some climate risks associated with accumulating greenhouse gases. Reduction of specific process uncertainties relevant to the distribution of aerosol in a turbulent stratospheric wake is necessary to support informed decisions about aircraft deployment of this technology. To predict aerosol size distributions, we apply microphysical parameterizations of nucleation, condensation, and coagulation to simulate an aerosol plume generated via injection of calcite powder or sulfate into a stratospheric wake with velocity and turbulence simulated by a three‐dimensional (3D) fluid dynamic calculation. We apply the model to predict the aerosol distribution that would be generated by a propeller wake in the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx). We find that injecting 0.1 g s−1 calcite aerosol produces a nearly monodisperse plume and that at the same injection rate, condensable sulfate aerosol forms particles with average radii of 0.1 µm at 3 km downstream. We test the sensitivity of plume aerosol composition, size, and optical depth to the mass injection rate and injection location. Aerosol size distribution depends more strongly on injection rate than injection configuration. Comparing plume properties with specifications of a typical photometer, we find that plumes could be detected optically as the payload flies under the plume. These findings test the relevance of in situ sampling of aerosol properties by the SCoPEx outdoor experiment to enable quantitative tests of microphysics in a stratospheric plume. Our findings provide a basis for developing predictive models of SAI using aerosols formed in stratospheric aircraft wakes.
Does the Hook Structure Constrain Future Flood Intensification Under Anthropogenic Climate Warming?
Authors: Yin Jiabo , Guo Shenglian , Gentine Pierre , Sullivan Sylvia C. , Gu Lei , He Shaokun , Chen Jie , Liu Pan
Published: February 2021

Atmospheric moisture holding capacity increases with temperature by about 7% per °C according to the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship. Thermodynamically then, precipitation intensity should exponentially intensify and thus worsen flood conditions as the climate warms. However, regional and global analyses often report a nonmonotonic (hook) scaling of precipitation and runoff, in which extremes strengthen with rising temperature up to a maximum or peak point (Tpp) and decline thereafter. The underlying cause of this hook structure is not yet well‐understood, and whether it may shift and/or regulate storm runoff extremes under anthropogenic climate warming remains unknown. Here, we examine temperature scaling of precipitation and storm runoff extremes under different climate conditions using observations and large ensemble hydroclimatic simulations over mainland China. In situ observations suggest a spatially homogeneous, negative response of relative humidity to warming climates over 34.6% of the land area, and the remaining hook‐dominated regions usually show a colder Tpp than that of precipitation or storm runoff extremes. The precipitation and streamflow series over mainland China's catchments throughout the 21st century are projected by a model cascade chain under a high‐end emission scenario (RCP 8.5), which involves 31 CMIP5 climate models, 11 CMIP6 climate members, a daily bias correction method, and four lumped conceptual hydrological models. The CMIP5 ensemble projects that the hook structures shift toward warmer temperature bins, resulting in 10%–30% increases in storm runoff extremes over mainland China, while the CMIP6 ensemble projects more severe flood conditions in future warming climates.
Congratulations to the 2020 Class of Fellows
Authors:   AGU
Published: February 2021

These individuals were recognized via video and on social media during Fall Meeting 2020.
Linking Seasonal‐to‐Interannual Variability of Intermediate Currents in the Southwest Tropical Pacific to Wind Forcing and ENSO
Authors: Wang Jianing , Ma Qiang , Wang Fan , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: February 2021

Seasonal‐to‐interannual variability of intermediate circulations in the southwest tropical Pacific is key to interhemisphere and interbasin water mass exchange and is shown to be interconnected with wind forcing and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) based on numerical model results validated by mooring observations. The Lower Equatorial Intermediate Current and the intermediate part of the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent show clear seasonal variability and a significant interannual response to ENSO at a 7–12‐month lag, both of which are induced by Rossby waves. Baroclinic modes 1 and 2 of the direct wind‐forced Rossby waves contribute mainly to the seasonal variability. In contrast, the Rossby waves from baroclinic modes 2 and 4 and the reflection of Kelvin waves are the main contributors to the variability on ENSO time scales. The presence of the southwest tropical Pacific coastline enhances the intermediate seasonal variance and the interannual relationship between intermediate currents and ENSO.
Interface controlled thermal resistances of ultra-thin chalcogenide-based phase change memory devices
Authors: Aryana Kiumars , Gaskins John T. , Nag Joyeeta , Stewart Derek A. , Bai Zhaoqiang , Mukhopadhyay Saikat , Read John C. , Olson David H. , Hoglund Eric R. , Howe James M. , Giri Ashutosh , Grobis Michael K. , Hopkins Patrick E.
Published: February 2021

Phase change memory (PCM) is a rapidly growing technology that not only offers advancements in storage-class memories but also enables in-memory data processing to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck. In PCMs, data storage is driven by thermal excitation. However, there is limited research regarding PCM thermal properties at length scales close to the memory cell dimensions. Our work presents a new paradigm to manage thermal transport in memory cells by manipulating the interfacial thermal resistance between the phase change unit and the electrodes without incorporating additional insulating layers. Experimental measurements show a substantial change in interfacial thermal resistance as GST transitions from cubic to hexagonal crystal structure, resulting in a factor of 4 reduction in the effective thermal conductivity. Simulations reveal that interfacial resistance between PCM and its adjacent layer can reduce the reset current for 20 and 120 nm diameter devices by up to ~ 40% and ~ 50%, respectively. These thermal insights present a new opportunity to reduce power and operating currents in PCMs.
Whole genome sequencing of skull-base chordoma reveals genomic alterations associated with recurrence and chordoma-specific survival
Authors: Bai Jiwei , Shi Jianxin , Li Chuzhong , Wang Shuai , Zhang Tongwu , Hua Xing , Zhu Bin , Koka Hela , Wu Ho-Hsiang , Song Lei , Wang Difei , Wang Mingyi , Zhou Weiyin , Ballew Bari J. , Zhu Bin , Hicks Belynda , Mirabello Lisa , Parry Dilys M. , Zhai Yixuan , Li Mingxuan , Du Jiang , Wang Junmei , Zhang Shuheng , Liu Qian , Zhao Peng , Gui Songbai , Goldstein Alisa M. , Zhang Yazhuo , Yang Xiaohong R.
Published: February 2021

Chordoma is a rare bone tumor with an unknown etiology and high recurrence rate. Here we conduct whole genome sequencing of 80 skull-base chordomas and identify PBRM1, a SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complex subunit gene, as a significantly mutated driver gene. Genomic alterations in PBRM1 (12.5%) and homozygous deletions of the CDKN2A/2B locus are the most prevalent events. The combination of PBRM1 alterations and the chromosome 22q deletion, which involves another SWI/SNF gene (SMARCB1), shows strong associations with poor chordoma-specific survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 10.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.81-39.64, p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (HR = 4.30, 95% CI = 2.34-7.91, p = 2.77 × 10−6). Despite the low mutation rate, extensive somatic copy number alterations frequently occur, most of which are clonal and showed highly concordant profiles between paired primary and recurrence/metastasis samples, indicating their importance in chordoma initiation. In this work, our findings provide important biological and clinical insights into skull-base chordoma.
A single-dose mRNA vaccine provides a long-term protection for hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Huang Qingrui , Ji Kai , Tian Siyu , Wang Fengze , Huang Baoying , Tong Zhou , Tan Shuguang , Hao Junfeng , Wang Qihui , Tan Wenjie , Gao George F. , Yan Jinghua
Published: February 2021

The rapid expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic has made the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine a global health and economic priority. Taking advantage of versatility and rapid development, three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials with a two-dose immunization regimen. However, the waning antibody response in convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the emergence of human re-infection have raised widespread concerns about a possible short duration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection. Here, we developed a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine in lipid-encapsulated form that encoded the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, termed as mRNA-RBD. A single immunization of mRNA-RBD elicited both robust neutralizing antibody and cellular responses, and conferred a near-complete protection against wild SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of hACE2 transgenic mice. Noticeably, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice induced by mRNA-RBD vaccination were maintained for at least 6.5 months and conferred a long-term notable protection for hACE2 transgenic mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a sera transfer study. These data demonstrated that a single dose of mRNA-RBD provided long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
Identification of 38 novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic heterogeneity between ancestral groups
Authors: Wang Yong-Fei , Zhang Yan , Lin Zhiming , Zhang Huoru , Wang Ting-You , Cao Yujie , Morris David L. , Sheng Yujun , Yin Xianyong , Zhong Shi-Long , Gu Xiaoqiong , Lei Yao , He Jing , Wu Qi , Shen Jiangshan Jane , Yang Jing , Lam Tai-Hing , Lin Jia-Huang , Mai Zhi-Ming , Guo Mengbiao , Tang Yuanjia , Chen Yanhui , Song Qin , Ban Bo , Mok Chi Chiu , Cui Yong , Lu Liangjing , Shen Nan , Sham Pak C. , Lau Chak Sing , Smith David K. , Vyse Timothy J. , Zhang Xuejun , Lau Yu Lung , Yang Wanling
Published: February 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a worldwide autoimmune disease with high heritability, shows differences in prevalence, severity and age of onset among different ancestral groups. Previous genetic studies have focused more on European populations, which appear to be the least affected. Consequently, the genetic variations that underlie the commonalities, differences and treatment options in SLE among ancestral groups have not been well elucidated. To address this, we undertake a genome-wide association study, increasing the sample size of Chinese populations to the level of existing European studies. Thirty-eight novel SLE-associated loci and incomplete sharing of genetic architecture are identified. In addition to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, nine disease loci show clear ancestral differences and implicate antibody production as a potential mechanism for differences in disease manifestation. Polygenic risk scores perform significantly better when trained on ancestry-matched data sets. These analyses help to reveal the genetic basis for disparities in SLE among ancestral groups.
Conserved arginine residues in synaptotagmin 1 regulate fusion pore expansion through membrane contact
Authors: Nyenhuis Sarah B. , Karandikar Nakul , Kiessling Volker , Kreutzberger Alex J. B. , Thapa Anusa , Liang Binyong , Tamm Lukas K. , Cafiso David S.
Published: February 2021

Synaptotagmin 1 is a vesicle-anchored membrane protein that functions as the Ca2+ sensor for synchronous neurotransmitter release. In this work, an arginine containing region in the second C2 domain of synaptotagmin 1 (C2B) is shown to control the expansion of the fusion pore and thereby the concentration of neurotransmitter released. This arginine apex, which is opposite the Ca2+ binding sites, interacts with membranes or membrane reconstituted SNAREs; however, only the membrane interactions occur under the conditions in which fusion takes place. Other regions of C2B influence the fusion probability and kinetics but do not control the expansion of the fusion pore. These data indicate that the C2B domain has at least two distinct molecular roles in the fusion event, and the data are consistent with a model where the arginine apex of C2B positions the domain at the curved membrane surface of the expanding fusion pore.
The natural history of symptomatic COVID-19 during the first wave in Catalonia
Authors: Burn Edward , Tebé Cristian , Fernandez-Bertolin Sergio , Aragon Maria , Recalde Martina , Roel Elena , Prats-Uribe Albert , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Duarte-Salles Talita
Published: February 2021

The natural history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has yet to be fully described. Here, we use patient-level data from the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) to summarise COVID-19 outcomes in Catalonia, Spain. We included 5,586,521 individuals from the general population. Of these, 102,002 had an outpatient diagnosis of COVID-19, 16,901 were hospitalised with COVID-19, and 5273 died after either being diagnosed or hospitalised with COVID-19 between 1st March and 6th May 2020. Older age, being male, and having comorbidities were all generally associated with worse outcomes. These findings demonstrate the continued need to protect those at high risk of poor outcomes, particularly older people, from COVID-19 and provide appropriate care for those who develop symptomatic disease. While risks of hospitalisation and death were lower for younger populations, there is a need to limit their role in community transmission.
Molecular analysis of cyst fluids improves the diagnostic accuracy of pre-operative assessment of pancreatic cystic lesions
Authors: Haeberle Lena , Schramm Martin , Goering Wolfgang , Frohn Lisa , Driescher Caroline , Hartwig Werner , Preissinger-Heinzel Hubert-Karl , Beyna Torsten , Neuhaus Horst , Fuchs Katharina , Keitel-Anselmino Verena , Knoefel Wolfram Trudo , Esposito Irene
Published: February 2021

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) are increasingly diagnosed. Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology is often used for diagnostic confirmation but can be inconclusive. In this study, the role of molecular analyses in the pre-operative diagnostics of PCL is evaluated. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) applied on cytology smears was retrospectively evaluated in a cohort of 37 resected PCL. Usefulness of NGS on fresh cyst fluids was tested in a prospective cohort of patients with newly diagnosed PCL (n = 71). In the retrospective cohort, cytology plus NGS displayed higher sensitivity (94.1% vs. 87.1%) and specificity (100% vs. 50%) than cytology alone for the detection of mucinous neoplasms. In the prospective cohort, sensitivity and specificity of conventional cytology alone were 54.2% and 100% for the detection of mucinous neoplasia and 50.0% and 100% for the detection of high-grade dysplasia, respectively. Adding NGS, all lesions which underwent histopathologic verification (12/71, 17%) could be classified without false positive or false negative results regarding the detection of mucinous neoplasm so far. NGS analysis of cfDNA in PCL fluids is feasible and can increase diagnostic accuracy in the detection of mucinous neoplasms compared to cytology alone. However, algorithms for the detection of high-risk lesions need further improvement.
An antibody to RGMa promotes regeneration of cochlear synapses after noise exposure
Authors: Nevoux Jerome , Alexandru Mihaela , Bellocq Thomas , Tanaka Lei , Hayashi Yushi , Watabe Takahisa , Lahlou Hanae , Tani Kohsuke , Edge Albert S. B.
Published: February 2021

Auditory neuropathy is caused by the loss of afferent input to the brainstem via the components of the neural pathway comprising inner hair cells and the first order neurons of the spiral ganglion. Recent work has identified the synapse between cochlear primary afferent neurons and sensory hair cells as a particularly vulnerable component of this pathway. Loss of these synapses due to noise exposure or aging results in the pathology identified as hidden hearing loss, an initial stage of cochlear dysfunction that goes undetected in standard hearing tests. We show here that repulsive axonal guidance molecule a (RGMa) acts to prevent regrowth and synaptogenesis of peripheral auditory nerve fibers with inner hair cells. Treatment of noise-exposed animals with an anti-RGMa blocking antibody regenerated inner hair cell synapses and resulted in recovery of wave-I amplitude of the auditory brainstem response, indicating effective reversal of synaptopathy.
Distinguishing three Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) species grown in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India using morphological, biochemical and molecular traits
Authors: Abirami K. , Swain S. , Baskaran V. , Venkatesan K. , Sakthivel K. , Bommayasamy N.
Published: February 2021

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an important tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, dietary fibres and antioxidants. This study aims to distinguish three dragon fruit species well adapted to Andaman and Nicobar Island through morphological (34 quantitative and 26 qualitative traits), biochemical (5 traits) and molecular (14 ISSR primers) characterization. Morphological characterization revealed that presence of considerable amount of genetic variations among them especially for fruit characters viz., colour of peel and pulp. Cladode characters such as number of spines (3–5), length of areoles (mm) as 1–4, margin ribs of cladode (convex or concave) and its waxiness (weak or strong white waxy or light waxy) could be used for identification of three Hylocereus spp. under present study. Highest co-efficient of variation (%) obtained for pulp weight (88.7), whereas, lowest in distance of anthers belowstigma (3.3). Fruit and pulp weight (g) ranged from 26.5–419.3 and 10.3–258.8 with mean value of 204.8 and 125.3, respectively. Comparatively, high phenol (71.3–161.3) and flavonoid (26.6–508.2) content observed in peels than pulp (32.5–130.0 and 45.0–258.2) of fruit indicating higher antioxidant potential. Highest total carotenoids (µg 100 g−1), β-carotene (µg 100 g−1) and xanthophyll (µg g−1) content obtained in pulp on DGF3 (33.8), DGF4 (55.9) and DGF3 (32.7), whereas, in peel on DGF2 (24.3), DGF4 (18.5) and DGF2 (24.1), respectively. DPPH-based scavenging activity (%) revealed higher scavenging activity of peels (55.6–81.2) than pulp (36.0–75.3) extracts. Comparatively, ABTS-based scavenging activity (%) was found more than DPPH-based one. Sixteen ISSR primers screened, 14 were produced 178 reproducible amplified bands. Number of amplified bands varied from 5 in UBC887 to 19 in UBC811 with an average of 12.71 bands per primer. Range of polymorphic bands and % polymorphism observed were 1–13 and 20.0–92.8, respectively. The polymorphic information content value of ISSR marker ranged from 0.42 (UBC895) to 0.91 (UBC 856). Cluster analysis distinguished three different Hylocereus species on the basis of geographic origin and pulp colour by forming separate groups and two genotypes each showed 52% (DGF1 and DGF3) and 76% (DGF2 and DGF4) genetic similarity. Key traits identified for distinguishing three different Hylocereus species were: Pulp/ peel colour of fruits, number of spines and length of areoles in cladode. Genotypes with high carotenoid and xanthophylls content (DGF4 and DGF2) identified under present study may be of industrial importance for development of nutraceutical products to meet out the vitamin-A deficiency among humans in tropical regions needed future focus.
The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy
Authors: van de Ven Dirk-Jan , Capellan-Peréz Iñigo , Arto Iñaki , Cazcarro Ignacio , de Castro Carlos , Patel Pralit , Gonzalez-Eguino Mikel
Published: February 2021

Although the transition to renewable energies will intensify the global competition for land, the potential impacts driven by solar energy remain unexplored. In this work, the potential solar land requirements and related land use change emissions are computed for the EU, India, Japan and South Korea. A novel method is developed within an integrated assessment model which links socioeconomic, energy, land and climate systems. At 25–80% penetration in the electricity mix of those regions by 2050, we find that solar energy may occupy 0.5–5% of total land. The resulting land cover changes, including indirect effects, will likely cause a net release of carbon ranging from 0 to 50 gCO2/kWh, depending on the region, scale of expansion, solar technology efficiency and land management practices in solar parks. Hence, a coordinated planning and regulation of new solar energy infrastructures should be enforced to avoid a significant increase in their life cycle emissions through terrestrial carbon losses.
Vibration direction sensitivity of the cochlea with bone conduction stimulation in guinea pigs
Authors: Zhao Mingduo , Fridberger Anders , Stenfelt Stefan
Published: February 2021

Sound and vibrations that cause the skull bone to vibrate can be heard as ordinary sounds and this is termed hearing by bone conduction (BC). Not all mechanisms that causes a skull vibration to result in BC hearing are known, and one such unknown is how the direction of the vibration influences BC hearing. This direction sensitivity was investigated by providing BC stimulation in five different directions at the vertex of the guinea pig skull. The hearing thresholds for BC stimulation was obtained in the frequency range of 2 to 20 kHz by measurements of compound action potential. During the stimulation by BC, the vibration of the cochlear promontory was measured with a three-dimensional laser Doppler vibrometer resulting in a set of unique three-dimensional velocity magnitude combinations for each threshold estimation. The sets of three-dimensional velocity magnitude at threshold were used to investigate nine different predictors of BC hearing based on cochlear promontory velocity magnitudes, six single direction (x, y and z directions in isolation, the normal to the stapes footplate, the oval to round window direction, and the cochlear base to apex direction), one linear combination of the three dimension velocity magnitudes, one square-rooted sum of the squared velocity magnitudes, and one sum of the weighted three dimensional velocity magnitudes based on a restricted minimum square error (MSE) estimation. The MSE gave the best predictions of the hearing threshold based on the cochlear promontory velocity magnitudes while using only a single direction gave the worst predictions of the hearing thresholds overall. According to the MSE estimation, at frequencies up to 8 kHz the vibration direction between the right and left side gave the greatest contribution to BC hearing in the guinea pig while at the highest frequencies measured, 16 and 20 kHz, the anteroposterior direction of the guinea pig head gave the greatest contribution.
Variability in competitive decision-making speed and quality against exploiting and exploitative opponents
Authors: Dyson Benjamin James
Published: February 2021

A presumption in previous work has been that sub-optimality in competitive performance following loss is the result of a reduction in decision-making time (i.e., post-error speeding). The main goal of this paper is to test the relationship between decision-making speed and quality, with the hypothesis that slowing down decision-making should increase the likelihood of successful performance in cases where a model of opponent domination can be implemented. Across Experiments 1–3, the speed and quality of competitive decision-making was examined in a zero-sum game as a function of the nature of the opponent (unexploitable, exploiting, exploitable). Performance was also examined against the nature of a credit (or token) system used as a within-experimental manipulation (no credit, fixed credit, variable credit). To compliment reaction time variation as a function of outcome, both the fixed credit and variable credit conditions were designed to slow down decision-making, relative to a no credit condition where the game could be played in quick succession and without interruption. The data confirmed that (a) self-imposed reductions in processing time following losses (post-error speeding) were causal factors in determining poorer-quality behaviour, (b) the expression of lose-shift was less flexible than the expression of win-stay, and, (c) the use of a variable credit system may enhance the perceived control participants have against exploitable opponents. Future work should seek to disentangle temporal delay and response interruption as determinants of decision-making quality against numerous styles of opponency.
Combined analysis of miR-200 family and its significance for breast cancer
Authors: Fontana Andrea , Barbano Raffaela , Dama Elisa , Pasculli Barbara , Rendina Michelina , Morritti Maria Grazia , Melocchi Valentina , Castelvetere Marina , Valori Vanna Maria , Ravaioli Sara , Bravaccini Sara , Ciuffreda Luigi , Graziano Paolo , Maiello Evaristo , Copetti Massimiliano , Fazio Vito Michele , Esteller Manel , Bianchi Fabrizio , Parrella Paola
Published: February 2021

While the molecular functions of miR-200 family have been deeply investigated, a role for these miRNAs as breast cancer biomarkers remains largely unexplored. In the attempt to clarify this, we profiled the miR-200 family members expression in a large cohort of breast cancer cases with a long follow-up (H-CSS cohort) and in TCGA-BRCA cohort. Overall, miR-200 family was found upregulated in breast tumors with respect to normal breast tissues while downregulated in more aggressive breast cancer molecular subtypes (i.e. Luminal B, HER2 and triple negative), consistently with their function as repressors of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In particular miR-141-3p was found differentially expressed in breast cancer molecular subtypes in both H-CSS and TCGA-BRCA cohorts, and the combined analysis of all miR-200 family members demonstrated a slight predictive accuracy on H-CSS cancer specific survival at 12 years (survival c-statistic: 0.646; 95%CI 0.538–0.754).
Risk factors for HPV infection and high-grade cervical disease in sexually active Japanese women
Authors: Yamaguchi Manako , Sekine Masayuki , Hanley Sharon J. B. , Kudo Risa , Hara Megumi , Adachi Sosuke , Ueda Yutaka , Miyagi Etsuko , Enomoto Takayuki
Published: February 2021

In Japan, recommendations for HPV vaccines were suspended in 2013 due to unfounded safety fears. Although vaccine opponents claim modifying sexual behavior can prevent cervical cancer, no comprehensive data exist on sexual behavior and the risk of high-grade cervical disease in a Japanese population. This study investigates sexual behavior and the risk of HPV infection and cervical disease in 3968 women aged 20–41 yrs undergoing cervical screening between April 2014 and March 2016. Mean age at first intercourse was 18.4 yrs ± 2.8 and 32% of women reported ≥ 6 lifetime sexual partners. In regression analyses, number of partners was a significant risk factor for HPV infection. However, for high-grade disease (CIN2+), when HPV genotype was adjusted for, number of partners was not statistically significant. The greatest risk factor was an HPV16/18 infection (adjusted odds ratio 113.7, 95% CI: 40.8–316.9). In conclusion, we found that having an HPV16/18 infection and not sexual behavior was the most significant risk factor for high grade cervical disease in young Japanese women. These infections can be prevented by a highly effective vaccine and we recommend that the Japanese government resume proactive recommendations for the HPV vaccine immediately.
Neural correlates underpinning synchronized movement of double scull rowers
Authors: Hirao Takahiro , Masaki Hiroaki
Published: February 2021

We investigated the neural correlates underpinning synchronized movement in rowers using a neural index for social interaction termed the phi complex. Phi 1 and phi 2 indicate the enhancement and reduction of mirror neuron activation, respectively. We hypothesized that in a leader–follower relation, followers would exhibit a larger phi 2 power than leaders due to enhanced mirror neuron activation by the followers to accurately mimic their partner’s movements. We also expected that brain activation underlying social interaction would be enhanced during synchronization. Although phi 2 was not modulated by role (leader vs. follower) or condition (usual-pair vs. unusual-pair), the statistical analysis suggested the relationship between the magnitude of phi 2 and empathetic ability in followers in the usual-pair condition. Given that the activation of the mirror neuron system underlies empathic ability, it is plausible that the participants used the mirror neuron system to follow the movement of a usual partner. In other words, the leader in the synchronization did not need to use the mirror neuron system, which was consistent with the result of a larger phi 1 for leading than following the movement. These results suggest that the neural correlates of empathy may be used to synchronize with partners as the follower.
A longitudinal study over 40 years to study the metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Lind Lars , Sundström Johan , Ärnlöv Johan , Risérus Ulf , Lampa Erik
Published: February 2021

The impact of most, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors decline by age. We investigated how the metabolic syndrome (MetS) was related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) during 40 years follow-up in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, 2,123 men all aged 50 at baseline with reinvestigations at age 60, 70, 77 and 82). The strength of MetS as a risk factor of incident combined end-point of three outcomes (CVD) declined with ageing, as well as for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and heart failure when analysed separately. For CVD, the risk ratio declined from 2.77 (95% CI 1.90–4.05) at age 50 to 1.30 (95% CI 1.05–1.60) at age 82. In conclusion, the strength of MetS as a risk factor of incident CVD declined with age. Since MetS was significantly related to incident CVD also at old age, our findings suggest that the occurrence of MetS in the elderly should not be regarded as innocent. However, since our data were derived in an observational study, any impact of MetS in the elderly needs to be verified in a randomized clinical intervention trial.
Scientific, societal and pedagogical approaches to tackle the impact of climate change on marine pollution
Authors: Alves Tiago M. , Kokinou Eleni , Ekström Marie , Nikolaidis Andreas , Georgiou Georgios C. , Miliou Anastasia
Published: February 2021

Marine pollution impacts coastal nations around the world, and more so: (a) in confined maritime areas with significant marine traffic, (b) where exploitation of natural and mineral resources is taking place, or (c) in regions witnessing pressure from tourism, local population growth, and industry. In this work, Digital Elevation Models, hydrographic, and climatic data are used together with computer simulations to understand the control of climate change on marine pollution. The results show that different climate change signals can potentially alter the flow and concentration of pollution in the European Seas, when compared to the present day. Ultimately, this work identifies the main sources of marine pollution as: (1) rivers and streams near cities and industrialised areas, (2) coastal areas experiencing sudden demographic pressures, (3) offshore shipping lanes in which oil and other marine debris are released, and (4) areas of rugged seafloor where industrial fishing takes place. This paper finishes by describing new educational material prepared to teach school children around the world. It explains why how a new training curriculum and e-game developed by Sea4All can be crucial in future Environmental Education and Education for a Sustainable Development.
Surface acoustic wave nebulization improves compound selectivity of low-temperature plasma ionization for mass spectrometry
Authors: Kiontke Andreas , Roudini Mehrzad , Billig Susan , Fakhfouri Armaghan , Winkler Andreas , Birkemeyer Claudia
Published: February 2021

Mass spectrometry coupled to low-temperature plasma ionization (LTPI) allows for immediate and easy analysis of compounds from the surface of a sample at ambient conditions. The efficiency of this process, however, strongly depends on the successful desorption of the analyte from the surface to the gas phase. Whilst conventional sample heating can improve analyte desorption, heating is not desirable with respect to the stability of thermally labile analytes. In this study using aromatic amines as model compounds, we demonstrate that (1) surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) can significantly improve compound desorption for LTPI without heating the sample. Furthermore, (2) SAWN-assisted LTPI shows a response enhancement up to a factor of 8 for polar compounds such as aminophenols and phenylenediamines suggesting a paradigm shift in the ionization mechanism. Additional assets of the new technique demonstrated here are (3) a reduced analyte selectivity (the interquartile range of the response decreased by a factor of 7)—a significant benefit in non-targeted analysis of complex samples—and (4) the possibility for automated online monitoring using an autosampler. Finally, (5) the small size of the microfluidic SAWN-chip enables the implementation of the method into miniaturized, mobile LTPI probes.
Applications of cell resealing to reconstitute microRNA loading to extracellular vesicles
Authors: Sonoda Yuki , Kano Fumi , Murata Masayuki
Published: February 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are cargo carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are associated with cell–cell interactions. The response to the cellular environment, such as disease states, genetic/metabolic changes, or differences in cell type, highly regulates cargo sorting to EVs. However, morphological features during EV formation and secretion involving miRNA loading are unknown. This study developed a new method of EV loading using cell resealing and reconstituted the elementary miRNA-loading processes. Morphology, secretory response, and cellular uptake ability of EVs obtained from intact and resealed HeLa cells were comparable. Exogenously added soluble factors were introduced into multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) and their subsequent secretion to the extracellular region occurred in resealed HeLa cells. In addition, miRNA transport to MVEs and miRNA encapsulation to EVs followed a distinct pathway regulated by RNA-binding proteins, such as Argonaute and Y-box binding protein 1, depending on miRNA types. Our cell-resealing system can analyze disease-specific EVs derived from disease model cells, where pathological cytosol is introduced into cells. Thus, EV formation in resealed cells can be used not only to create a reconstitution system to give mechanistic insight into EV encapsulation but also for applications such as loading various molecules into EVs and identifying disease-specific EV markers.
Growth and bioactive phytochemicals of Panax ginseng sprouts grown in an aeroponic system using plasma-treated water as the nitrogen source
Authors: Song Jong-Seok , Jung Sunkyung , Jee Sunghoon , Yoon Jung Woo , Byeon Yong Seong , Park Seungil , Kim Seong Bong
Published: February 2021

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) sprouts are grown to whole plants in 20 to 25 days in a soil-less cultivation system and then used as a medicinal vegetable. As a nitrogen (N) source, plasma-treated water (PTW) has been used to enhance the seed germination and seedling growth of many crops but has not been investigated for its effects on ginseng sprouts. This study established an in-situ system for N-containing water production using plasma technology and evaluated the effects of the PTW on ginseng growth and its bioactive phytochemicals compared with those of an untreated control. The PTW became weakly acidic 30 min after the air discharge at the electrodes because of the formation of nitrate (NO3‒) and nitrite (NO2‒) in the water. The NO3‒ and NO2‒ in the PTW, together with potassium ions (K+), enhanced the shoot biomass of the ginseng sprout by 26.5% compared to the untreated control. The ginseng sprout grown in the PTW had accumulated more free amino acids and ginsenosides in the sprout at 25 days after planting. Therefore, PTW can be used as a liquid N fertilizer for P. ginseng growth and phytochemical accumulation during sprouting under aeroponic conditions.
Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers
Authors: Yakushev Evgeniy , Gebruk Anna , Osadchiev Alexander , Pakhomova Svetlana , Lusher Amy , Berezina Anfisa , van Bavel Bert , Vorozheikina Elena , Chernykh Denis , Kolbasova Glafira , Razgon Ilia , Semiletov Igor
Published: February 2021

Plastic pollution is globally recognised as a threat to marine ecosystems, habitats, and wildlife, and it has now reached remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic is particularly underreported. Here we present analyses of 60 subsurface pump water samples and 48 surface neuston net samples from the Eurasian Arctic with the goal to quantify and classify microplastics in relation to oceanographic conditions. In our study area, we found on average 0.004 items of microplastics per m3 in the surface samples, and 0.8 items per m3 in the subsurface samples. Microplastic characteristics differ significantly between Atlantic surface water, Polar surface water and discharge plumes of the Great Siberian Rivers, allowing identification of two sources of microplastic pollution (p < 0.05 for surface area, morphology, and polymer types). The highest weight concentration of microplastics was observed within surface waters of Atlantic origin. Siberian river discharge was identified as the second largest source. We conclude that these water masses govern the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic. The microplastics properties (i.e. abundance, polymer type, size, weight concentrations) can be used for identification of the water masses.
Multivalent Glycosylated Carbon Nanostructures: Efficient Inhibitors of Emergent Viruses Infection
Authors: Ramos-Soriano Javier , Pérez-Sánchez Alfonso , Illescas Beatriz M. , Rojo Javier , Delgado Rafael , Martín Nazario
Published: February 2021

The infection of humans by lethal pathogens such as Ebola and other related viruses such as Zika and Dengue viruses has not been properly addressed so far. The entry of these viruses to the host cell takes place through several receptors including DC-SIGN, so that multivalent glycoconjugates are considered as good candidates to inhibit the viral infection process. In particular, we have focused on fullerene C60 and other carbon nanostructures as biocompatible platforms for the multivalent presentation of carbohydrates. The antiviral activity of these compounds in an Ebola pseudotyped infection model reached IC50 values in the subnanomolar range in the case of tridecafullerenes appended with 120 mannoses. SWCNTs, MWCNTs and SWCNHs have also been employed as viruses mimicking nanocarbon platforms for the multivalent presentation of carbohydrates. In particular, MWCNTs functionalized with glycofullerenes have been shown as potent inhibitors of Ebola virus infection. In order to get enhanced multivalency in biocompatible systems, tridecafullerenes appended with up to 360 1,2-mannobiosides have been synthesized using a strain promoted cycloaddition of azides to alkynes (SPAAC) strategy. These systems have been tested against ZIKV and DENV infection, showing an inhibitory activity in the picomolar range.
Biological Applications of Magnetically Empowered Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Stopin A. , Bonifazi D.
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, the biological applications of magnetic carbon nanotubes are studied. While intrinsically magnetic due to their structures, carbon nanotubes are sensitive to only high-power magnetic fields. By combining them with magnetic nanoparticles, the materials obtained are much more responsive to magnetic fields. After describing the synthesis of these magnetic carbon nanotubes, we will detail their different biological applications. These applications will be separated into three main categories according to their responses to a magnetic field: movement, heat production and contrast creation.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Neuronal Tissue Engineering
Authors: Araque Myriam Barrejón , Bosi Susanna
Published: February 2021

In the last two decades, carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest in the field of neuronal tissue engineering and regeneration, mainly for their peculiar characteristics of electrical conductivity and biocompatibility. In this chapter an overview of the potential applications of these materials as substrates for the culture of different types of neuronal cells is given, describing the evolution of the research in this field and analyzing all the possible criticalities they present. The focus is put on the most representative members of the carbon nanomaterial family, namely carbon nanotubes and graphene, but other carbon allotropes are also mentioned.
New insights into the facilitated dissolution and sulfidation of silver nanoparticles under simulated sunlight irradiation in aquatic environments by extracellular polymeric substances
Authors: Yang Yi , Zheng Shimei , Li Ruixuan , Chen Xin , Wang Kunkun , Sun Binbin , Zhang Yinqing , Zhu Lingyan
Published: February 2021

Impacts of extracellular polymeric substances on the dissolution and sulfidation of silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments.
Impact of sodium silicate on lead release from lead(ii) carbonate
Authors: Li Bofu , Trueman Benjamin F. , Locsin Javier M. , Gao Yaohuan , Rahman Mohammad Shahedur , Park Yuri , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: February 2021

Sodium silicate has been used to control lead levels in drinking water, but there is little theoretical support for this practice. We find that sodium silicate is not effective in controlling lead release from lead(ii) carbonate.
Separation, identification and cardiovascular activities of phospholipid classes from the head of Penaeus vannamei by lipidomics and zebrafish models
Authors: Zhang Mengqi , Li Peihai , Wang Fengxia , Zhang Shanshan , Li Haonan , Zhang Yun , Wang Ximin , Liu Kechun , Li Xiaobin
Published: February 2021

Five phospholipid classes of Penaeus vannamei head were separated, analyzed and quantified. They had different cardiovascular activities evaluated in zebrafish models, which may provide a research basis for pharmaceutical use of marine phospholipids.
The role of emerging micro-scale vegetables in human diet and health benefits—an updated review based on microgreens
Authors: Teng Jing , Liao Pan , Wang Mingfu
Published: February 2021

Microgreens as good sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds play an increasingly vital role in health-promoting diets.
A new strategy for achieving high K+ storage capacity with fast kinetics: realizing covalent sulfur-rich carbon by phosphorous doping
Authors: Wei Wenrui , Zheng Yulong , Huang Minghua , Shi Jing , Li Lei , Shi Zhicheng , Liu Shuai , Wang Huanlei
Published: February 2021

The high sulfur doping and the structure of the coexisting of ordered and disordered regions for P-doped S-rich mesoporous carbon derived from carrageenan play vital roles in increasing K+ adsorption and enhancing reaction kinetics.
Self-assembly of supramolecular chemoenzymatic poly-l-phenylalanine
Authors: Romero-Montero Alejandra , Aguirre-Díaz Isabel S. , Puiggalí Jordi , del Valle Luis J. , Gimeno Miquel
Published: February 2021

The self-assembly behavior of chemoenzymatic high molecular weight (ca. 30 000 Da) poly-l-phenylalanine (ePLP) and the nano-morphologies thereof are investigated.
A new twist on an old ligand: a [Mn16] double square wheel and a [Mn10] contorted wheel
Authors: Tziotzi Thomais G. , Coletta Marco , Gray Mark , Campbell Cameron L. , Dalgarno Scott J. , Lorusso Giulia , Evangelisti Marco , Brechin Euan K. , Milios Constantinos J.
Published: February 2021

The use of 1,3,5-tri(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (LH3) in manganese cluster chemistry leads to the synthesis of a {Mn16} double square wheel and a {Mn10} contorted wheel.
Conducting polymers: a comprehensive review on recent advances in synthesis, properties and applications
Authors: K Namsheer , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: February 2021

Conducting polymers are extensively studied due to their outstanding properties, including tunable electrical property, optical and high mechanical properties, easy synthesis and effortless fabrication and high environmental stability over conventional inorganic materials.
Research progress of catalysts for synthesis of low-carbon alcohols from synthesis gas
Authors: Xue Xiaoxiao , Weng Yujing , Yang Shicheng , Meng Shihang , Sun Qi , Zhang Yulong
Published: February 2021

The reaction process of the CO hydrogenation catalyzed synthesis of lower alcohols.
Coexistence of metamagnetism and slow relaxation of magnetization in ammonium hexafluoridorhenate
Authors: Louis-Jean James , Balasekaran Samundeeswari M. , Lawler Keith V. , Sanchis-Perucho Adrián , Martínez-Lillo José , Smith Dean , Forster Paul M. , Salamat Ashkan , Poineau Frederic
Published: February 2021

Unusual magnetic behaviour of 5d metal ions as studied in (NH4)2[Re(IV)F6].