bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Subcellular and Circulating Antibody Levels During the Hemolysin Response in Rabbits
Authors: Chapman Susan E. , Sussdorf Dieter H.
Published: January 2023

Microsomal and cell-sap antibody titers in the spleen were compared with serum antibody levels for 18 days following the intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes into rabbits. The microsomal fraction was isolated from individual spleens, sonicated and treated with DOC to release antibody. Both released and unreleased microsomal antibody was titrated. Titers were determined by a modification of the standard, 50% photometric assay for hemolytic antibody.

As compared with the serum hemolysin response, the response measured on the subcellular level displayed a marked shortening of the interval between antigen injection and rise in titer. This interval was 4 days in the serum, 3 days in the microsomal fraction and 1 day in the cell-sap fraction. Subsequently, the subcellular antibody levels increased logarithmically, reached peak titers between days 6 and 12 and then declined. The data suggest an earlier peak titer in the cell sap and a more rapid titer decline in both the cell-sap and microsomal fractions than in the serum.

The apparently earlier titer rise in the subcellular fractions than in the serum may be attributed to the masking effect of natural hemolysin levels in the serum, while the earlier appearance of antibody in the cell sap as compared with the microsomal fraction suggests the existence of an antibody pool in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm.
The Effect of Kaolin on Immunoglobulins: An Improved Technique to Remove the Nonspecific Serum Inhibitor of Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Mann John J. , Rossen Roger D. , Lehrich James R. , Kasel Julius A.
Published: January 2023

The present work has shown that removal of nonspecific inhibitors of hemagglutination by kaolin resulted in the loss of 40 to 60% of the immunoglobulins. The nonspecific inhibitor of reovirus hemagglutination has been shown to be either β-lipoprotein or a substance associated with β-lipoprotein. It was also shown that this inhibitor could be effectively removed by the heparin-MnCl2 method. This method was found to give higher HI antibody titer than kaolin and to remove less than 10% of the immunoglobulins.
Systemic Tuberculin Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Han Shou-Hwa , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

The hypothermic reaction was found to be a reliable indicator of the systemic tuberculin reaction in both actively and passively sensitized C57B1/6Ks mice.

In actively sensitized mice highly significant differences between the body temperatures of sensitized and control mice were recorded from the 3rd to the 12th hr following challenge with PPD.

In passively sensitized mice highly significant differences between the body temperatures of sensitized and control mice were recorded from the 9th to the 12th hr after challenge with PPD.
Systemic Tuberculin Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Han Shou-Hwa , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

Bilateral adrenalectomy increased the susceptibility of the tuberculous C57B1/6Ks mouse to tuberculin shock by approximately 100-fold. A single dose of 2.5 mg of cortisone given subcutaneously was fully protective against fatal tuberculin shock in tuberculous mice when given 12 or 24 hr before challenge and had little or no protective effect when given at the time of challenge or after challenge. When given 24 hr before challenge, this amount of cortisone increased the resistance of adrenalectomized tuberculous mice to tuberculin shock by approximately 1000-fold. The serotonin-depleting agent reserpine, which is effective for protecting mice against anaphylaxis, afforded no protection against tuberculin shock in mice. The anti-mediators Benadryl and Pyribenzamine were also ineffective for protecting mice against tuberculin shock.
Characteristics of Direct and Indirect Complement-Fixing Antibodies Obtained from Turkeys Infected with Ornithosis Agent
Authors: Dreesman Gordon R. , Benedict Albert A. , Moore R. W.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response of turkeys experimentally infected with ornithosis was measured by three different methods: indirect complement-fixation (ICF), direct complement-fixation utilizing a detergent-extracted soluble antigen (DCF-det), and a DCF method in which a small amount of fresh normal fowl serum was added (DCF-Brum). Possible explanations for the discrepancies between the titers obtained by these three assay methods were tested by studying the physical properties of the antibodies. Early acute-phase antisera (9–14 days) contained 7 S γ2 antibody, as determined by all three tests. These early antisera also contained anti-ornithosis activity detectable only by ICF, which sedimented in sucrose gradients intermediate between the 7 S and 19 S fractions. The ICF antibody migrated electrophoretically in the γ1- and γ2-globulin regions.

Primary anti-BSA turkey sera contained three distinct populations of hemagglutinins (HA): 19 S γ1, 19 S γ2 and 7 S γ2. In contrast, only 7S anti-BSA antibodies were detected in primary antisera by an antigen-binding technique. The chromatographic properties of 7 S anti-ornithosis antibody and 7 S anti-BSA HA differed; the anti-ornithosis antibodies were eluted with a lower salt concentration than were the more strongly anionic-binding 7 S anti-BSA HA. Reasons for the absence of 19 S anti-ornithosis antibody are discussed.
The Quantitation of Nonspecific Staining As a Guide for Improvement of Fluorescent Antibody Conjugates
Authors: Pittman Bertie , Ann Hebert G. , Cherry William B. , Taylor Gerald C.
Published: January 2023

A technique for the precise measurement of nonspecific staining produced by conjugates labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate has been described. Since it has given comparable results with two cell lines and in preliminary studies with a third, it is felt that data obtained by this technique can be extrapolated to a prediction of the behavior of more complex tissues when they are exposed to labeled globulins. Quantitative data have been obtained which directly relate NSS to F/P ratios at all levels and which relate specific staining to F/P ratios within certain limits.
Factors Affecting the Degree of Nonspecific Staining Given by Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Labeled Globulins
Authors: Ann Hebert G. , Pittman Bertie , Cherry William B.
Published: January 2023

Experimental data showed that nonspecific staining (NSS) as measured by the tissue culture cell technique increased in a linear fashion as the fluorescein to protein ratios (F/P) increased. Similar results were found at levels of conjugated protein ranging from 0.5 to 2.5%. When the same data were plotted without regard to protein concentration, it was evident that NSS was related directly to the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) content of the conjugates. The F/P ratios were misleading when used to judge the NSS characteristics of conjugates since reagents having the same F/P ratios may differ widely in FITC concentration.

It was shown that the NSS values given by conjugates prepared with some impure dyes were considerably higher than those of conjugates labeled with pure dyes.

Globulins labeled by the dialysis method for short periods of time with the purer dye preparations yielded conjugates which gave markedly reduced NSS but whose specific staining titers were comparable to those of reagents prepared by routine methods.

If conjugates of sufficiently high specific titer can be obtained, dilution is the simplest and most effective way of reducing or eliminating NSS as measured in these studies. Isomer I and II of FITC vary in respect to the nonspecific staining given by their respective conjugates depending upon the filter system employed.
Studies on the Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Tabeyi Kanafu
Published: January 2023

The neutralization of Japanese encephalitis virus by rabbit antiserum was studied by the plaque assay method in porcine kidney stable cell cultures. Neutralizing antibodies in the antiserum were significantly potentiated in the presence of normal fresh guinea pig serum. The kinetic neutralization at pH 8.0 in the presence of fresh guinea pig serum followed the first order kinetics within a certain limited incubation period. The slope of the curve was proportional to the serum concentration and independent of the initial virus concentration. The neutralization rate constant (K value) calculated from each curve was found to be applicable to the antigenic characterization of the virus as a precise measure of neutralizing potency of antiserum against a given virus strain. In reciprocal neutralization each serum neutralized the isologous virus more rapidly than any other strains. The antigenic relationships among strains isolated from the field were examined by this method.
A Tissue Hemadsorption Inhibition Neutralization Test for Rubella Antibody
Authors: Murphy Ray , Scheff George J. , Morrissey Richard A.
Published: January 2023

A rapid, sensitive and reliable neutralization test for rubella virus (RV) antibody has been described. Test readings were made by observing the interference produced by RV infection with tissue hemadsorption of aged guinea pig red blood cells. Test results could be obtained by this method earlier than by cytopathic effect (CPE) readings. They were found to be more sensitive than those obtained by complement fixation tests and comparable to those obtained by CPE neutralization tests.
Infectivity Assay of Reoviruses: Comparison of Immunofluorescent Cell Count and Plaque Methods
Authors: McClain Mary E. , Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

A method of plaque assay for reoviruses using BS-C-1 and L929 cell lines has been described and evaluated by comparison with the immunofluorescent cell counting technique in four cell lines. Both procedures were found satisfactory for infectivity assay of nine strains of reoviruses which included representatives of the three antigenic types. Demonstration of maximal infectivity required prior treatment of viral suspensions with a proteolytic enzyme such as chymotrypsin.

A variety of quantitative and qualitative differences was observed among the reoviruses tested in respect to plaque morphology, plating efficiency, response to enzyme treatment and infectivity for various cell types. These differences are discussed in terms of the function of the protease-sensitive reovirus inhibitor.
The Incidence of HI Antibody to Influenza Virus A2/Singapore/1/57 in Individuals of Blood Groups A and O
Authors: Potter C. W. , Schild G. C.
Published: January 2023

Collections of human sera from individuals of different age groups were studied for the presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibody to influenza virus A2/Singapore/1/57. In all age groups, a higher incidence of antibody was detected in blood group O than in blood group A subjects and statistical analysis showed the differences to be significant in two of the seven age groups studied.

There was no evidence that the findings were due to any interference of human blood group antibody in the mechanism of the hemagglutination inhibition test or that purified human A or B blood group antibody inhibited the tissue culture growth of influenza viruses A2/Singapore/1/57 or A/PR8.

Genetic factors, related to the A or O blood groups are suggested as influencing the susceptibility of individuals to infection with influenza A2 virus.
The Antigens of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Smale C. J.
Published: January 2023

The infective component of vesicular stomatitis virus was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation and then treated with Tween-ether. This treatment reduced the infectivity of the preparation by ca. 4 logs but the complement-fixing activity and immunogenicity for guinea pigs was enhanced. Three fractions possessing complement-fixing activity and immunogenic activity were isolated from the disrupted virion by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: 1) a skeleton-like structure of about the same size as the virion but lacking the fringe structure and possessing a greater sedimentation coefficient than the virion, 2) rosettes with a sedimentation coefficient of 16 S and 3) material of about 3 to 6 S, which is presumably the fringe-like structures removed from the virion by the Tween-ether treatment.
The Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Rabbits Following Injection of Aqueous Preparations of Heterologous Thyroglobulins
Authors: Weigle W. O. , Nakamura R. M.
Published: January 2023

Injection of rabbits with certain aqueous preparations of heterologous thyroglobulin results in the production of both thyroiditis and antibody to rabbit thyroglobulin. Injections of bovine and human thyroglobulin were effective, whereas injections of porcine thyroglobulin were relatively ineffective. Injections of a mixture of several thyroglobulins were more effective than injections of individual thyroglobulins. The thyroid lesions which developed in some of the rabbits injected with the mixture were very extensive, involving most of the thyroid tissue.

Rabbits immunized with bovine thyroglobulin were responsive to injections of rabbit thyroglobulin given as late as 5 months after the injections of bovine thyroglobulin. However, the ability of these rabbits to respond to rabbit thyroglobulin decreased with time. The antibody produced as a result of the subsequent injections of rabbit thyroglobulin was directed to only the determinants on rabbit thyroglobulin related to determinants on bovine thyroglobulin. The similarities between the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis and termination of acquired immunologic unresponsiveness following injections of cross-reacting and altered antigens are discussed.
The Antibody Response in Nasal Washings and Serum to S. Typhosa Endotoxin Administered Intravenously
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Butler William T.
Published: January 2023

Antibody activity was detected in serum and nasal washings from four adult male volunteers 5 to 8 days following the onset of a 14-day series of injections of S. typhosa endotoxin. γA- globulin antibodies sedimenting between 17 S and 9 S, rapidly sedimenting antibodies (21 S to 17 S), possibly belonging to the γM-globulin class, and 7 S γG-globulin antibodies were found in the nasal washings. Rapidly sedimenting antibodies, presumably γM, intermediately sedimenting antibodies, probably of the γA-class, and γG-globulin antibodies were detected in sera from all four volunteers, suggesting that in man the somatic antigens of S. typhosa evoke a heterogeneous antibody response similar to that seen with other antigens.
Allelic Light Chain Allotype Distribution in Purified IgG and IgM Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Hoyer Leon W. , Mage Rose
Published: January 2023

Anti-benzenearsonic acid antibodies were purified from sera of b4b5 heterozygous rabbits and the IgG and IgM antibodies separated by gel filtration. The relative allotype content of the IgG and IgM antibodies was similar to that of the IgG of the serum from which they were isolated. Evidence is thus provided for a regulatory mechanism controlling the relative amounts of light chains of alternative allelic allotypes in total serum γG-immunoglobulins and antibodies of at least two different heavy chain classes.
Evidence for Two Tissue Specific Antigens of the Lung in Rats
Authors: de Halleux F.
Published: January 2023

Two tissue specific antigens were demonstrated in rat lung. These antigens have a characteristic intracellular localization. Their electrophoretic behavior was considered. Similarity between the present data and observations reported by others is discussed.
Comparison Between Hartley and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs—Antibody Production and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Munoz J.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response to hen's egg albumin (HEA) was compared in random bred Hartley guinea pigs and inbred strain 13 guinea pigs. It was found that when HEA was given in complete Freund's adjuvant (CF), both strains responded with high titers of antibody regardless of whether the antigen injection was given subcutaneously (s.c.) or by the footpad (f.p.) route. The number of sites into which the immunizing dose of HEA was given had no appreciable effect on the antibody response. When incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IF) was used, the s.c. route was inferior to the f.p. route.

A marked latent period after immunization, in which antibody could not be detected in the circulating blood, was found in both strains, but this period seemed to be longer in strain 13 guinea pigs than in the Hartley strain, especially when the s.c. route of immunization was employed.

In some cases HEA in CF stimulated the production of slow γ-globulin with antibody activity. Animals immunized by the f.p. route almost invariably develop both slow and fast γ-globulin antibody whether CF or IF was used. By the s.c. route IF stimulated mainly fast γ-antibody production and the f.p. route stimulated both fast and slow γ-antibodies. Antibody from early and late bleedings from both strains of guinea pigs showed some sensitivity to mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity was not exclusively confined to the 19 S antibody as judged by immunoelectrophoresis.

Strain 13 guinea pigs did not develop as intense skin sensitization to PABA-HEA, HEA or PPD, as did Hartley guinea pigs. Strain 13 animals developed delayed hypersensitivity to HEA uncomplicated by immediate reactions when they were immunized with as much as 320 µg of PABA-HEA in CF adjuvant. Hartley guinea pigs, on the other hand, also developed weak immediate sensitivity to HEA.

Delayed hypersensitivity to HEA in strain 13 guinea pigs had almost disappeared by 112 days after sensitization and could not be detected at 168 days. Immediate sensitivity to PABA-HEA was still present at this time.
Human Diphtheria Antitoxin in Immunoglobulin Classes IgG and IgA
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: January 2023

Diphtheria antitoxin that could be attributed to each immunoglobulin class (γG, γA and γM) in human sera was measured using radioiodinated diphtheria toxoid. Soluble toxoid-antitoxin complexes were formed, following which each immunoglobulin was precipitated with rabbit antisera specific for that class. Comparisons of the antigen-binding activity with toxin-neutralizing and hemagglutinating activities of the same samples indicated that the antitoxin associated with γG- and γA-globulins can quantitatively be measured by the technique.

The kinetics of the response to immunization were studied by measuring antigen-binding activity of γG and γA antitoxins. In general, γG and γA antitoxins appeared in circulation at the same time after the immunization but there was no correlation between the concentration of the immunoglobulins and antitoxin belonging to the proteins. In addition, γA antitoxin was fractionated into polymer and monomer fractions; results of studies on these fractions suggested a preponderance of antitoxin activity associated with the polymer form of γA-globulin.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Injury of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Valentine Martin D. , Bloch Kurt J. , Austen K. Frank
Published: January 2023

Rabbits injected with concentrated rat peritoneal mast cells emulsified with Freund's adjuvant produced an antiserum, Ra anti-RMC, capable of sensitizing peritoneal mast cells for histamine release by complement in normal serum. An absolute requirement for second component and sixth component of complement was established by demonstrating that serum genetically deficient in these components failed to produce histamine release unless reconstituted with the respective purified component. The cytotoxic nature of the reaction was indicated by the association of histamine release with the uptake of vital dye.

The specificity of Ra anti-RMC for mast cells was indicated by: the ability of the antiserum to sensitize concentrated mast cells (90% purity) for complement-dependent histamine release, the removal of sensitizing activity by absorbing the antiserum with concentrated mast cells, and the immunofluorescent demonstration that the antiserum interacts with antigen(s) on the surface of the mast cell.

The capacity of Ra anti-RMC to sensitize rat mast cells for cytotoxic histamine release was demonstrated in vivo in skin and peritoneal cavity.
Human Reactions to Staphylococcal Antigens
Authors: Martin R. Russell , Crowder Jackson G. , White Arthur
Published: January 2023

Skin hypersensitivity to two isolated staphylococcal antigens, protein antigen A and teichoic acid, was demonstrable in all adult subjects.

Immediate hypersensitivity was not correlated with the presence of or high titers of precipitating antibody.

Delayed central necrosis following the injection of teichoic acid occurred only in subjects with high levels of antibody to teichoic acids. Release of a lysosomal enzyme, lysozyme, from leukocytes into supernatants occurred following incubation of these cells and high titered teichoic acid antibody with teichoic acid. The concentrations of antibody required for the greatest release of lysozyme were present infrequently in normal sera but were found frequently in patients with active staphylococcal diseases.

In contrast the delayed skin reactions to antigen A were not correlated with the titer of serum antibodies. Release of lysozyme did not occur following incubation of antigen A and leukocytes with high titered human sera.
California Group Arboviruses: Immunodiffusion Studies
Authors: Murphy Frederick A. , Coleman Philip H.
Published: January 2023

Differentiation of members of the California group of arboviruses was accomplished using the double diffusion in gel technique of Ouchterlony. Eight antigenic subgroups were defined on the basis of unique antigenicities. These groupings confirmed the individuality of isolates described in the literature and allowed classification of new isolates. Unique, yet identical, patterns of antibody specificity were found in convalescent sera of 11 individuals with central nervous system disease.
Production of Immunoglobulins and Their Subunits by Human Tissue Culture Cell Lines
Authors: Wakefield J. D. , Thorbecke G. J. , Old L. J. , Boyse E. A.
Published: January 2023

Tissue culture cell lines established from Burkitt's lymphoma tissue or from peripheral blood of patients with various forms of leukemia were examined for their ability to incorporate C14-labeled amino acids into serum proteins. Autoradiographs of immunoelectrophoretic patterns showed that the great majority of these cell lines synthesized immunoglobulin(s). The use of antisera specific for individual classes and types of immunoglobulins demonstrated a wide variety in the immunoglobulins produced by the various cell lines. The characteristics of the globulin produced by any given cell line were remarkably constant.

Some lines synthesized more than one class of immunoglobulin, often IgM and IgG, though usually only one type of L-chain was produced. The immunoglobulins were frequently of restricted electrophoretic mobility. Analysis of culture fluids in the ultracentrifuge showed that in many cases subunits rather than intact immunoglobulin molecules were produced.

Burkitt's cell lines produced proteins of µ- or L-chain specificities, or combinations of these two, but never proteins with other H-chains. Cell lines derived from patients with lymphatic or myeloid leukemia, however, formed proteins of α-, µ- or γ-, and of L-chain specificities.
Studies on Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Borjeson Jan , Chessin Lawrence N.
Published: January 2023

In a fine-structural study of the immunoglobulin-producing EB-2 and nonimmunoglobulin-producing AL-1 cell lines of Burkitt lymphoma a similar distribution of cell types was observed. Both cell lines contained a spectrum of blast-like cells ranging in type from cells which displayed a well developed Golgi apparatus, nonaggregated ribosomes and sparse endoplasmic reticulum to cells containing numerous aggregated ribosomes and an extensively developed, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum forming large dilated cisternac. In both Burkitt cell lines, cell types were present which resembled, phyto-mitogen-transformed blast cells. There was no consistent association of cytoarchitectural features with the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin.
Comparison of Ability of Defective Foreign Genomes (Para and Mac) Carried by Human Adenoviruses to Induce SV40 Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Rapp Fred , Butel Janet S. , Tevethia Satvir S. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The induction of SV40 transplantation resistance in weanling hamsters by PARA-adenovirus 7 (SV40-adenovirus “hybrid”) was confirmed and extended. Transcapsidant populations, PARA-adenovirus 2 and PARA-adenovirus 12, were also able to confer SV40 transplantation immunity. Progeny derived from PARA-adenovirus 7 by plaque purification in human cells and no longer able to induce the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen were not able to protect animals against the production of tumors by SV40-transformed cells. These results indicate that the information for SV40 tumor antigen and for SV40 transplantation antigen are genetically linked in the PARA particle.

Adenovirus populations carrying the defective monkey cell-adapting component (MAC) and unable to induce SV40 T antigen failed to induce SV40 transplantation resistance. This is further evidence that MAC is not defective SV40.
In Vitro Demonstration of Suppressive Antibody in Mouse Antisera vs. Allogeneic Spleen Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Ogburn Clifton A.
Published: January 2023

Antisera produced by the injection of inbred mice with spleen cells of another inbred mouse strain were examined for cell-suppressive antibody against donor strain spleen cells by an in vitro test, using the hemolytic antibody plaque technique. Suppressive antibodies were detected by a reduction in plaque number, so that an endpoint of 50% plaque reduction could be determined for each serum. The plaque-reducing titers were found to be maximal in the 2nd or 3rd week after a second injection of allogeneic spleen cells. Some effects of dose and of time interval between injections were studied.

In mice given an intraperitoneal irritant as well as being immunized with allogeneic spleen cells, plaque-reducing antibody was also found in ascitic fluids, at first considerably below the concentration in the serum but reaching approximately log2=0.5 below the serum titer after the 10th day.

The plaque-reducing effect of the antisera could be inhibited by prior incubation of the sera with antigens from cell fragments of donor-strain liver or spleen solubilized by triton and butanol. The specificity of both the plaque-reducing antisera and the inhibiting soluble cell-antigen was demonstrated.
Studies on the Transfer of Myeloma Protein Synthesis with RNA Isolated from the C3H Plasma Cell Tumor (X5563)
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S.
Published: January 2023

Uptake of exogenous RNA by normal lymphoid cells amounted to only 0.2% of the input RNA. Pretreatment of the cells with protamine sulfate, however, resulted in a 20- to 30-fold enhancement in uptake. A further additional increase was observed when cells from mice injected with phytohemagglutinin were treated with the basic protein. Uptake by protamine-treated cells was very rapid and a nearly maximal amount was taken up after only 15 min of incubation. With a given RNA concentration, increasing the number of cells in the incubation mixture diminished the amount of RNA incorporated. Similarly, an inverse relationship was found between RNA concentration and uptake. Comparable amounts of RNA were taken up by lymph node and spleen cells and no difference was observed in the uptake of the different molecular species of RNA. However, rapid intracellular degradation of the RNA of exogenous origin was found. Uptake by peritoneal cells was marginal even after treatment with protamine. The cells involved in the uptake of exogenous RNA appeared to be lymphoblasts.
Disc Electrophoretic Patterns of the Polypeptide Chains of Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Aron Ber , Lamm Michael E.
Published: January 2023

Extensively reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains of guinea pig γ1 and γ2 anti-hapten antibodies have been examined by disc electrophoresis in the presence of urea at acid and alkaline pH. L-chains of different specificity yielded different banding patterns. At alkaline pH the patterns of H-chains from γ1 and γ2 antibodies varied with specificity. The H-chain differences were parallel in both Hγ1 and Hγ2, i.e., in both populations HARS migrated faster than HDNP and Hpipsyl.
Studies on the Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness
Authors: Golub E. S. , Weigle W. O.
Published: January 2023

The kinetics of induction of immunologic unresponsiveness to human γ-globulin (HGG) were studied in the adult C57BL/6 mouse using a cell transfer system. Either 0.5 or 5.0 mg soluble HGG was injected into mice and spleen cells transferred to lethally irradiated, isologous recipients which were then challenged with HGG in adjuvant. When the cells of the donor had been in contact with soluble HGG for 5 or more days, they did not respond to challenge after transfer. Cells transferred before 5 days were able to make an antibody response indicating that there is an induction period of at least 4 days in the establishment of immunologic unresponsiveness. Cells transferred before 5 days, but not challenged in the recipient until well after the induction period, i.e., 8 days, were still able to respond, indicating that extracellular antigen is needed throughout the induction period.

The induction period is not observed when soluble form of HGG is followed by HGG in adjuvant in the same animal. This is probably due to a competition between soluble and adjuvant forms of the antigen.
Sites of Synthesis of Serum Proteins
Authors: Stecher V. J. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

Various cell types from adult rats, including thoracic duct cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, fractions of peritoneal exudate cells rich in mast cells, eosinophils or macrophages (monocytes), were examined for their ability to incorporate C14-amino acid into serum proteins. Autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns prepared with concentrated culture fluids demonstrated that macrophages, isolated by means of their adherence to glass, were much more active than any other cell type in the production of β1C and transferrin.

Peritoneal and lung macrophages from various other species, including mice, rabbits and guinea pigs, invariably produced β1C, and in the case of primates also β1E. The role of macrophages in the production by various tissues of serum proteins associated with the complement system was discussed.

Rats and mice were the only species studied in which transferrin was produced by lymphoid tissue and peritoneal macrophages.
Suppression of Allogeneic Rabbit Lymph Node Cells: Antigen-Bearing Cell Membrane Fragments and the Specifically Purified Suppressive Antibody
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Ogburn Clifton A. , Farber Miriam B.
Published: January 2023

For study of the suppressive antibody in rabbit anti-rabbit-leukocyte serum, a fraction of lymph node cells was sought which could bind this antibody. In preliminary serologic exploration, complement fixation vs. the anti-leukocyte serum was used. On sonic disruption of washed cells, differential centrifugation yielded a fraction—a high-speed sediment of the supernatant of lower speed centrifugation—which had almost all of the complement-fixing activity of the original suspension of whole cells. A far better source of material of the same centrifugal properties and serologic activity was unexpectedly found in the cell wash fluids, where detached cell membrane fragments could be found in 4 to 5 times the yield obtained from disruption of the same cells after washing.

The association of the antigenic material in cell membrane fragments with suppression of allogeneic lymph node cells was shown by ability of these fragments to absorb the suppressive antibody from an anti-leukocyte serum, to induce actively, on injection into rabbits, the suppression of antibody synthesis by subsequently transferred lymph node cells, and to stimulate the production of suppressive antibody on injection into normal rabbits.

From the specific complexes produced by absorption of the allo-antibodies in anti-leukocyte serum on cell fragments, it was possible to elute the suppressive antibody with recovery of about 25%. The antibody was found to be a water-soluble γ-globulin of 6.6 S.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Cowan K. M. , Trautman R.
Published: January 2023

The three known antigenic components demonstrable in foot and mouth disease infectious tissue culture fluids were isolated and examined for complement-fixing activity. Antisera containing antibody to the three antigens titered higher against the 140 S virus particles than with the 12 S protein subunit or infection-associated antigens. The difference in serum titers with the three antigens was more evident using a fixation period of 1 ½ hr at 37°C than one of 20 hr at 4°C. Advantage was taken of this fact to develop a quantitative assay for 140 S antigen. It was found that 0.231 ± 0.035 µg/ml of 140 S antigen fixed 4 of 5 50% hemolytic units of complement with a selected antiserum dilution using a fixation period of 1 ½ hr at 37°C.

Assay for the infection-associated antigen could be performed with heterologous antisera in view of the non-type specificity of this antigen. An assay for 12 S antigen in mixed antigen preparations could not be made. However, an assay with the isolated 12 S component indicated 0.039 µg/ml provided the end point using a fixation period of 20 hr at 4°C.

The implications of the findings with respect to antibody titrations and diagnostic virus typing were discussed. The limitations of the complement-fixation technique as applied to foot and mouth disease were presented and the necessity of preparing specific antisera indicated.
Correspondence of the Relative Cellular Distribution and Serum Concentration of Allelic Allotypic Markers in Normal and “Allotype-Suppressed” Heterozygous Rabbits
Authors: Lummus Zana , Cebra John J. , Mage Rose
Published: January 2023

The numbers of splenic plasma cells containing b4 or b5 allotypic markers on light chains were determined in b4b5 heterozygous rabbits and in heterozygotes “allotype-suppressed” for b5. The cell count values were compared to relative serum levels of the allotypic markers in each rabbit. Similar comparisons were made for plasma cell and serum percentage of a1 and a2 in normal rabbits and one rabbit allotype-suppressed for a2. General agreement was found between relative serum levels and relative numbers of plasma cells staining for allelic allotypes. In the splenic plasma cells of these heterozygotes, complete cellular segregation of allelic allotypic markers was observed. The allotype-suppressed animals had correspondingly fewer cells containing the allotypic marker which was deficient in the circulating serum immunoglobulins.
Synthesis of Normal and “Immunogenic RNA” in Peritoneal Macrophage Cells
Authors: Bishop David C. , Pisciotta Anthony V. , Abramoff Peter
Published: January 2023

RNA extracted from rat peritoneal macrophage cells following the phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) caused the synthesis of specific hemagglutinating antibody by normal rat spleen cells. The majority of the biological activity of the RNA was contained in the lightest of three distinct regions, the 6 to 10 S region identified by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. Pulse-labeling studies indicate that synthesis of RNA in the 6 to 10 S region is completed 30 min following the pulse in peritoneal cells during the phagocytosis of SRBC, and 60 min following the pulse in cells not exposed to antigen. Pulse-chase studies show that this RNA remains stable for at least 2 ½ hr following the pulse. Both the antibody response, and the synthesis of RNA in the 6 to 10 S region were inhibited by actinomycin D.
The Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Rubella: A Comparison of Its Sensitivity to That of Neutralization, Complement Fixation and Fluorescent Antibody Tests for Diagnosis of Infection and Determination of Immunity Status
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L.
Published: January 2023

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for rubella was compared to neutralization, complement fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) tests for sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of infection and detection of antibody elicited by past infection (determination of immunity status). The FA and HI tests were the most sensitive techniques for demonstration of significant antibody titer rises in rubella infections, and the combination of the HI and CF tests was the most useful for serodiagnosis. CF antibodies appear more slowly than do HI antibodies, and significant increases in CF antibody may be demonstrated in certain instances in which HI antibody has reached maximum levels at the time the acute-phase serum is collected. Levels of HI antibody produced by rubella infection were higher than those demonstrated in the three other test systems. Correlation between the presence or absence of HI and neutralizing or fluorescent antibody was good, and the HI test was found to be as sensitive as these two tests for determination of immunity status to rubella.
Effect of Heterologous Antibody on Tolerance to Bovine γ-Globulin in CBA Mice
Authors: Badgett Barbara A. , Tong James L.
Published: January 2023

Experiments to determine the effect of heterologous specific antibody on an established bovine γ-globulin (BGG)-tolerant state and on the induction of tolerance to BGG in CBA mice were performed. The results indicate that passively administered antibody was not able to terminate a tolerant state. The results further indicate that passive antibody interferes with the establishment of tolerance and that this interference was dependent on the dose of antibody. Possible explanations for the observed results and suggestions for experiments to test these explanations were made.
Binding of Albumin to γA-Myeloma Proteins and Waldenström Macroglobulins by Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Mannik Mart
Published: January 2023

The in vivo complexing of albumin with γA-myeloma proteins and Waldenström macroglobulins was investigated. Such complexes were partially purified. Blocking of free sulfhydryl groups in serum proteins was an essential step to prevent dissociation of these complexes during purification. The γA-myeloma protein-albumin complexes and macroglobulin-albumin complexes were not dissociated by 5.0 M guanidine hydrochloride but were dissociated upon reduction by mercaptoethanol. Thus in vivo formed intermolecular disulfide bonds result in the complexes of albumin and γA-globulins and in the complexes of albumin and γM-globulins.
Enhancement Activity of Mouse Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Irvin George L. , Eustace John C. , Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

Enhancing activity of immunoglobulins was studied by means of allogeneic growth of a tumor graft (C57BL tumor EL4 into DBA/2 mice). The active components were obtained by gel filtration followed by electrophoretic fractionation of the 7 S globulins.

Enhancing activity was associated with 7 S γ2-immunoglobulin components of the immune serum. Enhancement activity of the serum was not detected in IgM, IgA or 7 S γ1-immunoglobulins. Cytotoxic antibody activity also was found in the slow migrating electrophoretic immunoglobulin fractions.
Photodynamically Inactivated Vaccines Prepared by Growing Viruses in Cells Containing Neutral Red
Authors: Wallis Craig , Scheiris Charlotte , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Three enteroviruses (echovirus type 7, coxsackieviruses B3 and A9), herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus were grown in cells that had been pretreated with neutral red. Even though the harvests were visibly free of dye, the virus progency had become totally sensitive to light. Photodynamically inactivated vaccines yielded immune responses in rabbits superior to those with formalinized vaccines. Neutralizing antibody-combining tests also showed that the photodynamically inactivated vaccines were antigenically more potent, for they bound more antibody than was bound by formalinized preparations.
Characterization and Isolation of Specific Renal Tubular Epithelial Antigens
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. , Glassock Richard J. , Watson J. Ian , Dixon Frank J.
Published: January 2023

Two renal tubular epithelial specific antigens were found to be membrane-bound and localized to the brush border of cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the rat. Cross-reacting or identical antigens were also identified in the brush border of the small bowel mucosa. Both antigens were isolated biochemically and one was highly purified. One antigen, renal tubular epithelium (RTE)-α4, appears to be a lipoprotein, so20w of 28S, and the other a protein, so20w of 9.8S. RTE-α3 is immunogenic but is masked in situ so that direct interaction with humoral antibody does not occur. This antigen does appear in the serum following tubular epithelial injury. Neither of the isolated RTE-specific antigens is the pathogenetic antigen responsible for experimental allergic glomerulonephritis induced with tubular antigen.
Fractionation of Splenic Antibody-Forming Cells on Glass Bead Columns
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Talal Norman
Published: January 2023

Rat spleen cell suspensions were separated into two fractions by passage over glass bead columns. The fraction passing through the column in the presence of divalent cations consisted predominantly of small mononuclear cells and was depleted of antibody-synthesizing cells, as measured by the Jerne technique. The fraction eluted from the beads by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was enriched in antibody-synthesizing and deoxyribonucleic acid-synthesizing cells, granulocytes and large mononuclear cells. Although the enrichment was small, the results revealed an interesting heterogeneity of splenic mononuclear cells.
Antibody Concentration and Temperature as Determinants of In Vitro Sensitization and Histamine Release in Isolated Cardiac Tissues
Authors: Vurek Gerald G. , Prager Denis J. , Feigen George A.
Published: January 2023

The process of cardiac anaphylaxis was studied on the isolated hearts and separate cardiac tissues obtained from actively and passively sensitized guinea pigs, as well as on tissues obtained from normal animals and sensitized in vitro with rabbit antiovalbumin.

The results of studies made on whole hearts and the individual tissues confirm that the histaminase activity of the organ is negligible, that the atria, which comprise only 12% of the mass of the heart, account for 50% of the histamine release of the whole organ, and that the histamine content of the right atrium is 44% greater than that of the left.

The degree and velocity of in vitro sensitization was shown to be influenced by antibody concentration, the proportion of specific to nonspecific γ-globulin molecules and by temperature, even though the overall magnitude of physical binding of antibody proved to be temperature independent. At a constant degree of sensitization, histamine release depends on the concentration of antigen used for challenge.

The anaphylactic release of histamine from both actively and passively sensitized atria takes place in the temperature range 24° to 44°C and has a maximum at 40°C. Following challenge, atrial histamine release reaches a maximum at 1.5 min, with a velocity dependent on the temperature. From the variation of initial velocity with temperature in tissues having a constant degree of sensitization, it was possible to show the activation energy of histamine release to be 23 kcal.
Studies on Bovine Glomeruli
Authors: Sharp John T. , Anderson M. Sidney , Lidsky Martin D.
Published: January 2023

Evidence is presented that collagen is a major constituent of glomerular capillary basement membrane. Electron microscopic examination of bovine glomeruli digested with collagenase demonstrated that a large portion of the capillary basement membrane was removed. However, collagenase-treated glomeruli were still capable of removing by absorption the antibodies in antiglomerular serum which localized on glomerular basement membrane when the serum was injected intravenously in mice.
Antigenicity of Chemically Modified Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: January 2023

Extensive modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by guanidination, nitroguanidination and amidination did not greatly affect the ability of modified BSA to precipitate with anti-BSA antibodies. The ability of succinylated BSA to precipitate with heterologous antibodies was influenced by the conformation of the antigen as determined by Stokes radius. Modified bovine serum albumins acquired new antigenic determinants dependent on the groups introduced. Su32-BSA, b, while maintaining a large portion of the antigenic determinants of BSA, contained new antigenic patches with specificity toward succinyl groups comprised in these antigenic patches. Antibodies produced by rabbits as a result of injection of Su21Gu33BSA showed three distinct specificities, 71% of the antibodies had a specificity toward BSA and the remaining showed a specificity toward Su21BSA and toward guanyl groups in BSA. On the other hand, injection of Su21NG34BSA, b resulted in production of antibodies with three distinct specificities, the major specificity (59% to 65%) was directed against nitroguanyl groups while the remainder had specificities against BSA and Su21BSA.
Pendampingan Sharaf untuk Mahasiswi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Da'wah Mohammad Natsir
Authors: Muhammad Muchlis Madian
Published: January 2023

Sharaf merupakan bidang keilmuan yang harus dipelajari dalam memahami bahasa Arab. Meskipun demikian Sharaf dianggap oleh sebagian besar pembelajar bahasa Arab sebagai hal yang sulit dipelajari. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian/pendampingan ini yaitu metode ABCD. Dengan melakukan pendampingan ilmu Sharaf kepada mahasiswi Sekolah Tinggi Islam Da'wah Mohammad Natsir jurusan Komunikasi Penyiaran Islam mampu memahami Sharaf dan penggunaannya. Setelah pendampingan didapatkan bahwa respon mahasiswa/I terhadap pendampingan yang dilakukan mendapat respon positif.
Subjetividad, objetividad y verdad en educación formal. Una perspectiva filosófica y dialéctica.
Authors: Mujica-Johnson Felipe
Published: January 2023

Este ensayo pretende comprender la relación de la verdad con las perspectivas subjetivas y objetivas en los contextos de educación formal. Para aclarar esta relación se desarrolló una discusión dialéctica entre los significados filosóficos sobre lo subjetivo, lo objetivo y la verdad. Se logró reconocer que la verdad en entornos educativos es inherente a ambas categorías; no obstante, estas serían representadas en términos parciales, donde la intersubjetividad es una de las principales representaciones de la objetividad. Tanto las técnicas subjetivas como las objetivas podrían ser confiables para verificar verdades pedagógicas, por lo que se exponen algunas ejemplificaciones para favorecer la comprensión de dicha idea. Se considera necesario repensar las interpretaciones en la cultura educativa que desconfían excesivamente de la subjetividad.