bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Study on the Effects of Peripheral Vessel Network on Blood Flow in the Arterial Circle of Willis
Authors: Tokuda Shigefumi , Unemura Takeshi , Oshima Marie
Published: March 2014

Cerebrovascular disorder such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is 3rd position of the cause of death in Japan [1]. Its initiation and growth are reported to depend on hemodynamic factors, particularly on wall shear stress or blood pressure induced by blood flow. In order to investigate the information on the hemodynamic quantities in the cerebral vascular system, the authors have been developing a computational tool using patient-specific modeling and numerical simulation [2]. In order to achieve an in vivo simulation of living organisms, it is important to apply appropriate physiological conditions such as physical properties, models, and boundary conditions. Generally, the numerical simulation using a patient-specific model is conducted for a localized region near the research target. Although the analysis region is only a part of the circulatory system, the simulation has to include the effects from the entire circulatory system. Many studies have carried out to derive the boundary conditions to model in vivo environment [3–5]. However, it is not easy to obtain the biological data of cerebral arteries due to head capsule.
Thermal ‘Fingerprinting’ of Cells Using FTIR
Authors: Balasubramanian Saravana Kumar , Wolkers Williem F. , Bischof John C.
Published: March 2014

Every cell is composed of a combination of proteins and lipids that define the cell. The biomolecular composition of a cell can yield a unique IR spectral profile, termed chemical “fingerprint”, in the FTIR. Even though it provides overall information on the state and composition, the challenge is in obtaining a more sensitive and mechanistically relevant “fingerprint” of a cell particularly in the protein regime where numerous detection assays are now based [1]. Heat induced denaturation of proteins in a cell, which can be termed as thermal “fingerprint”, offers detailed and mechanistically relevant information for identification and characterization of different cells. For this study, the chemical and the thermal “fingerprint” of four different cell types are characterized and compared — human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), LNCaP prostate tumor cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). Multiple protein denaturation peaks were observed during heating from room temperature to 90°C at 1°C/min that are cell specific. A correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare responses between the cell types (higher ‘r’ implies closer resemblance). For the chemical “fingerprint”, r values of cells compared to HDFs are 0.97 for MVECs, 0.91 for LNCaPs and 0.70 for SMCs. Similarly, for the thermal “fingerprint”, r values of cells compared to HDFs are 0.86 for MVECs, 0.73 for LNCaPs and 0.54 for SMCs. The deviation of ‘r’ values from 1.00 is wider in the case of the thermal “fingerprint” than the chemical “fingerprint”. This result demonstrates that thermal “fingerprinting”, based on protein denaturation, offers a mechanistic basis for enhanced differentiation between cells as compared to chemical “fingerprinting”. Extensive applications ranging from rapid disease diagnostics, forensics, cell culture quality control, cell sorting techniques etc. may benefit from this approach.
Multiscale Fluid-Structure Simulations of the Aortic Valve
Authors: Weinberg Eli , Mofrad Mohammad
Published: March 2014

In the heart aortic valve, maintenance of healthy conditions and transition to diseased conditions are modulated by the cells in the valve. The cells found within the valve leaflets and walls are the valvular interstitial cells (VICs), and those found on the fluid-facing surfaces are the endothelial cells (ECs). Both types of cell are known to respond to their mechanical state; that is, the stresses and deformations imposed on the cell by its surrounding environment. Here, we present a set of simulations to examine the mechanical states of cells as the valve goes through its opening and closing cycle. The simulations span the cell, tissue, and organ length scales. Taken together, these simulations predict the dynamic, three-dimensional mechanical state of VICs and ECs throughout the valve.
Challenge to Biomedical Education Systems for Engineers: REDEEM and ESTEEM Projects
Authors: Matsuki Noriaki , Takeda Motohiro , Yamaguchi Takami
Published: March 2014

Applications of Engineering are extremely progressive in medical area nowadays. To develop new industry in medical area, it is important to train manpower who has knowledge of both medicine and engineering. But it is quite difficult to talk about the same issues between medical doctors and engineers because they do not understand their technical terms nor the ways of thinking each other. Though medical science also advances rapidly, most of those advancements have been based on the technologies of other sciences like engineering. Current technologies of engineering could advance medicine much more quickly. To urge incubation of current technology, bio-medical engineers should actively cultivate medical area. Therefore ideal medical engineers should get acquainted with knowledge of medicine and current engineering [1]. On the point of view, Tohoku University in Japan has managed a re-education project for working engineers named REDEEM (Recurrent Education for Development of Engineering Enhanced Medicine) since 2004 and are planning ESTEEM (Education through the Synergetic Training for the Engineering Enhanced Medicine) project (Figure 1.).
Augmentation With Cortoss Improves Vertebral Body Compression Biomechanics for Lumbar Total Disc Replacement
Authors: Yoder Jonathon H. , Auerbach Joshua D. , Maurer Philip M. , Erbe Erik M. , Entrekin Dean , Balderston Richard A. , Bertagnoli Rudolf , Elliott Dawn M.
Published: March 2014

Endplate subsidence and vertebral body (VB) fracture are potential complications following lumbar total disc replacement (TDR) [1]. Early clinical evidence suggests that these events can be ameliorated in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis by vertebral augmentation performed at the time of TDR [2]. However, the biomechanical basis to support vertebral augmentation of TDR has not been established. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of vertebral augmentation with Cortoss on VB mechanics under compression by a TDR implant. We hypothesize that augmentation with Cortoss will improve the mechanical behavior in compression.
Change in Quality of Life Among Breast Cancer Survivors After Resistance Training: Is There an Effect of Age?
Authors: Benton Melissa J. , Schlairet Maura C. , Gibson David R.
Published: March 2014

To evaluate the effect of age on quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors after resistance training, 20 women were assigned to 1 of 2 groups based on age (YRT 40–59 yr, ORT 60–80 yr). Both groups completed 3 sets of 8 exercises twice a week for 8 wk. Measurements were obtained before and after the training program. QOL was measured using the Body Image and Relationship Scale (BIRS). Both groups improved in chest press (p < .001), leg press (p < .001), arm curls (p < .05), and chair stands (p < .001). For QOL, YRT reported greater improvements compared with ORT in BIRS total score (Group × Time interaction, p = .002) and strength and health subscale score (Group × Time interaction, p = .001), and greater age was related to greater perceived impairment (BIRS total: r = .61, p = .004; strength and health subscale: r = .69, p = .001). Despite significant improvements in strength and function, older women perceived relatively little improvement in QOL compared with younger women, and age had a differential negative influence on improvements in QOL.
Intrarater Reproducibility and Validity of Nintendo Wii Balance Testing in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Jorgensen Martin G. , Laessoe Uffe , Hendriksen Carsten , Nielsen Ole B.F. , Aagaard Per
Published: March 2014

The aims of the current study were to examine the intrarater intersession reproducibility of the Nintendo Wii agility and stillness tests and explore the concurrent validity in relation to gold-standard force-plate analysis. Within-day intersession reproducibility was examined in 30 older adults (age 71.8 ± 5.1 yr). No systematic test–retest differences were found for the Wii stillness test; however, the Wii agility test scores differed systematically between test sessions (p < .05). The Wii stillness test yielded a test–retest ICC of .86 (95% CI 0.74–0.93), CV of 6.4%, LOA of 11.0, and LOA% of 17.9%. Likewise for the Wii agility test ICC was .73 (95% CI 0.50-0.86), CV 5.3%, LOA 1.8, and LOA% of 14.6%. Wii stillness scores correlated to force plate measures (r = .65–.82, p < .01), reflecting moderate to excellent validity. In conclusion, it appears that the Wii stillness test represents a low-cost, objective, reproducible, and valid test of undisturbed postural balance in community-dwelling older adults.
Reliability and Validity of Thickness Measurements of the Supraspinatus Muscle of the Shoulder: An Ultrasonography Study
Authors: Temes William , Temes Clifton Amy , Hilton Valerie , Girard Leslie , Strait Neisha , Karduna Andrew
Published: March 2014

Context: The supraspinatus is the most commonly affected muscle with rotator-cuff pathology and necessary for stability of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) of skeletal muscles provides a safe and clinically accessible measure of intact human muscle function at rest or during contracted states. The ability to perform accurate assessment of supraspinatus function has not been studied and may be of value in assessment and treatment. Objectives: To determine the validity and reliability of measures obtained using RUSI for assessing supraspinatus muscle at rest and contracted conditions. Design: Reliability and validity Setting: Outpatient physical therapy clinic. Subjects: 15 asymptomatic subjects age 30-49 y. Main Outcome Measures: The supraspinatus muscle was measured at rest and contracted with a 0.9-kg weight with the arm positioned in 45° of abduction in the plane of the scapula. Repeated ultrasound images of the supraspinatus were collected by 3 physical therapists on 2 separate days. Main Outcome Measures: Reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Validity was tested by comparing mean difference between active and passive states for all 3 rates on both days. Results: All ICC values were found to be at .9 or above. In addition, for all days and raters, the active condition was significantly thicker than the passive condition (P < .001). Conclusions: Thickness measures of the supraspinatus using RUSI, during passive and active conditions, demonstrate high interrater and intrarater reliability and can easily distinguish between active and passive states. These findings suggest that RUSI may provide an appropriate quantitative measure for changes in the thickness of supraspinatus that are important for determining improvement or deterioration in muscle function.
Maladapted Endothelial Cells Flip the Mesenchymal Switch
Authors: James Daylon , Rafii Shahin
Published: March 2014

Endothelial cells in the neointima undergo a transition to the mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting a therapeutic target for vein graft restenosis (Cooley
et al
., this issue).
Sifting for Diagnostic Gold
Authors: Chow Edward Kai-Hua
Published: March 2014

Nanoporous silica thin films can enrich for low-abundance serum peptides in clinical samples.
New Biology Identified by Genetic Analysis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Neale Benjamin
Published: March 2014

Genetic variation in TM6SF2 predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, potentially through impairment of VLDL secretion.
Autophagy Facilitates
Salmonella
Replication in HeLa Cells
Authors: Yu Hong B. , Croxen Matthew A. , Marchiando Amanda M. , Ferreira Rosana B. R. , Cadwell Ken , Foster Leonard J. , Finlay B. Brett
Published: March 2014

Autophagy is a process whereby a double-membrane structure (autophagosome) engulfs unnecessary cytosolic proteins, organelles, and invading pathogens and delivers them to the lysosome for degradation. We examined the fate of cytosolic
Salmonella
targeted by autophagy and found that autophagy-targeted
Salmonella
present in the cytosol of HeLa cells correlates with intracellular bacterial replication. Real-time analyses revealed that a subset of cytosolic
Salmonella
extensively associates with autophagy components p62 and/or LC3 and replicates quickly, whereas intravacuolar
Salmonella
shows no or very limited association with p62 or LC3 and replicates much more slowly. Replication of cytosolic
Salmonella
in HeLa cells is significantly decreased when autophagy components are depleted. Eventually, hyperreplication of cytosolic
Salmonella
potentiates cell detachment, facilitating the dissemination of
Salmonella
to neighboring cells. We propose that
Salmonella
benefits from autophagy for its cytosolic replication in HeLa cells.

IMPORTANCE
As a host defense system, autophagy is known to target a population of
Salmonella
for degradation and hence restricting
Salmonella
replication. In contrast to this concept, a recent report showed that knockdown of Rab1, a GTPase required for autophagy of
Salmonella
, decreases
Salmonella
replication in HeLa cells. Here, we have reexamined the fate of
Salmonella
targeted by autophagy by various cell biology-based assays. We found that the association of autophagy components with cytosolic
Salmonella
increases shortly after initiation of intracellular bacterial replication. Furthermore, through a live-cell imaging method, a subset of cytosolic
Salmonella
was found to be extensively associated with autophagy components p62 and/or LC3, and they replicated quickly. Most importantly, depletion of autophagy components significantly reduced the replication of cytosolic
Salmonella
in HeLa cells. Hence, in contrast to previous reports, we propose that autophagy facilitates
Salmonella
replication in the cytosol of HeLa cells.
Successful medical management of tuberculous broncho-oesophageal fistula
Authors: Madan Karan , Venkatnarayan Kavitha , Shalimar  , Mohan Anant
Published: March 2014

Broncho-oesophageal fistula (BEF) of benign aetiology is rare. BEF is a rare complication of intrathoracic involvement with tuberculosis. A high index of suspicion and appropriate investigations can lead to achieving an early diagnosis following which appropriate management can be timely instituted. Surgery can be avoided if the condition is recognised in early stages. We present a case of a young female patient with tubercular mediastinal lymphadenopathy complicated by left broncho-oesophageal fistulisation. Timely initiation of conservative medical management was followed by an uneventful recovery.
Differential recovery of δ13C in multiple tissues of white sucker across age classes after the closure of a pulp mill
Authors: Arciszewski T.J. , Farwell A.J. , Servos M.R. , Jardine T.D. , Munkittrick K.R.
Published: March 2014

Techniques to document recovery after the closure of pulp mills that discharge enriching effluents are not well established, but δ13C may be a useful tool. In the 1990s, the muscle tissue of white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) collected downstream of two pulp and paper mills discharging into separate streams (Mattagami and Kapuskasing rivers) was enriched in 13C compared with upstream fish, suggesting uptake of pulp-derived C. The Mattagami River mill was closed in 2006, and analysis of muscle and gonad for δ13C was performed in 2011. As expected, fish captured in 2011 downstream of the operational Kapuskasing mill still showed the influence of the pulp-derived C in muscle and gonad tissue. After the closure of the Mattagami River mill, muscle tissue of white sucker was still enriched in 13C compared with upstream fish, while gonad tissue was not. The patterns observed in the Mattagami River were, however, related to age; the oldest fish showed enrichment of δ13C in both muscle and gonad tissue, suggesting the residual occurrence of pulp-derived C. This study suggests that measurements of stable isotopes in fish across a broad age range may indicate ecosystem improvements. These techniques may also be useful where no data prior to the upgrade or closure are available for comparison.
Assessment of the genetic composition of triploid hybridPopulususing SSR markers with low recombination frequencies
Authors: Dong Chun-Bo , Suo Yu-Jing , Kang Xiang-Yang
Published: March 2014

The induction of nonreduced gametes, whether from first-division restitution (FDR), second-division restitution (SDR), or both, is an important approach for polyploidization. However, an accurate method for determining the genetic constitution of polyploid hybrids is not available. In this study, based on both flow cytometric analysis and somatic chromosome counting, 164 triploid hybrids of the female parent Populus pseudo-simonii × P. nigra ‘Zheyin3#’ (2n = 2x = 38, abbreviated ZY3) and male parent P. × beijingensis (2n = 2x = 38, abbreviated BJY) were produced by high-temperature treatment during ZY3 megasporogenesis. Using six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with low recombination frequencies to reduce the impact of recombination, we analyzed the allelic configurations of the obtained triploid hybrids. Although the allelic configurations were not always consistent at all six loci, by combining the allelic configurations at the six loci, we inferred that 40 triploids originated from FDR 2n eggs of ZY3, whereas the others originated from SDR 2n eggs. In conclusion, our study provides a novel and effective tool for analyzing 2n gametes and performing early selection to improve triploid poplar breeding programs.
Higgs inflation on braneworld
Authors: Zhang Hongsheng , Zhang Yi , Li Xin-Zhou
Published: March 2014

We discuss a Higgs inflation model in the warped DGP braneworld background. It generates reasonable primordial perturbations. At the same time, with enhanced nonminimal coupling, it overcomes the severe problem in the Higgs inflation in four dimensions, which says that the effective field theory becomes invalid at an energy scale far below the energy scale for inflation exit. Furthermore, we present the constraints for the parameters confronted to PLANCK and related observations. PLANCK low-l data almost fixes the inflation energy scale in this Higgs inflation model with specific brane parameters.
Phase transition, electronic and optical properties of NaCl under pressure
Authors: Naeemullah  , Murtaza G. , Khenata R. , Alahmed Z. A. , Reshak A. H.
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we have carried out a theoretical investigation on the structural and optoelectronic properties of NaCl under pressure effect via first principle calculations within the density functional theory. The structural phase transition from NaCl(B1) to CsCl(B2) -type structures is determined. The compound has a very wide bandgap in both phases. Optical properties including the absorption coefficient, optical conductivity and frequency dependent reflectivity are explained to characterize the optical nature of NaCl up to pressure of 134 GPa.
ST and ALE-VMS methods for patient-specific cardiovascular fluid mechanics modeling
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Bazilevs Yuri , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Long Christopher C. , Marsden Alison L. , Schjodt Kathleen
Published: March 2014

This paper provides a review of the space–time (ST) and Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) techniques developed by the first three authors' research teams for patient-specific cardiovascular fluid mechanics modeling, including fluid–structure interaction (FSI). The core methods are the ALE-based variational multiscale (ALE-VMS) method, the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized ST formulation, and the stabilized ST FSI technique. A good number of special techniques targeting cardiovascular fluid mechanics have been developed to be used with the core methods. These include: (i) arterial-surface extraction and boundary condition techniques, (ii) techniques for using variable arterial wall thickness, (iii) methods for calculating an estimated zero-pressure arterial geometry, (iv) techniques for prestressing of the blood vessel wall, (v) mesh generation techniques for building layers of refined fluid mechanics mesh near the arterial walls, (vi) a special mapping technique for specifying the velocity profile at an inflow boundary with non-circular shape, (vii) a scaling technique for specifying a more realistic volumetric flow rate, (viii) techniques for the projection of fluid–structure interface stresses, (ix) a recipe for pre-FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, (x) the Sequentially-Coupled Arterial FSI technique and its multiscale versions, (xi) techniques for calculation of the wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI), (xii) methods for stent modeling and mesh generation, (xiii) methods for calculation of the particle residence time, and (xiv) methods for an estimated element-based zero-stress state for the artery. Here we provide an overview of the special techniques for WSS and OSI calculations, stent modeling and mesh generation, and calculation of the residence time with application to pulsatile ventricular assist device (PVAD). We provide references for some of the other special techniques. With results from earlier computations, we show how these core and special techniques work.
Synthesis and Investigation of the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alloyed CdSe0.3Te0.7Nanocrystals
Authors: Bahari H. S. , Dehghani Z. , Saievar-Iranizad E. , Molaei M. , Ara M. H. Majles
Published: March 2014

Alloyed CdSe 0.3 Te 0.7nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared by a thermochemical method using Thioglycolic acid (TGA) as a capping agent molecule. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated hexagonal phase NCs with an average size of around 2.5 nm. Synthesized NCs indicated a narrow band emission with a peak located at 561 nm. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the CdSe 0.3 Te 0.7NCs have been investigated by z-scan technique using Continuum Wave H e– Ne laser. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refraction index were obtained in the order of 10-2 and 10-8, respectively. The results revealed that these NCs exhibit strong NLO properties effects such as self-defocusing and two photons absorption.
Interspersed discrete harmonic wavelet packet transform based OFDM — IHWT OFDM
Authors: Suma M. N. , Narasimhan S. V. , Kanmani B.
Published: March 2014

A new interspersed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based on Hadamard coded Discrete Harmonic wavelet transform (DHWT), is proposed for complex modulation under exponential channel model. In this method, real part of complex signal is transformed by DCHWT and imaginary part by DSHWT and summed to form interspersed harmonic wavelet based OFDM (IHWT OFDM). DHWT exploits the useful properties of DCT and DST viz., energy compaction/low leakage, frequency resolution and its real nature, compared to DFT. This wavelet is simple as it has reduced processing due to its harmonic wavelet nature. The harmonic nature has built in decimation, easy interpolation by concatenation of different scales in frequency (DCT and DST) domain without associated anti-aliasing filters for analysis, image rejection filters and complicated delay compensation for synthesis. In this work, we have explored advantages of DHWT to implement IHWP-OFDM for QPSK modulated signals. Hadamard codes are employed in proposed method to further improve BER and PAPR performance. New OFDM provides PAPR reduction of 2.6, 3.8 and 1.4 dB as compared to Haar, Daubechies WT OFDM and DFT, respectively.
Rapid dehazing algorithm based on large-scale median filtering for high-resolution visible near-infrared remote sensing images
Authors: Hu Changmiao , Tang Ping
Published: March 2014

In recent years, China's demand for satellite remote sensing images increased. Thus, the country launched a series of satellites equipped with high-resolution sensors. The resolutions of these satellites range from 30 m to a few meters, and the spectral range covers the visible to the near-infrared band. These satellite images are mainly used for environmental monitoring, mapping, land surface classification and other fields. However, haze is an important factor that often affects image quality. Thus, dehazing technology is becoming a critical step in high-resolution remote sensing image processing. This paper presents a rapid algorithm for dehazing based on a semi-physical haze model. Large-scale median filtering technique is used to extract large areas of bright, low-frequency information from images to estimate the distribution and thickness of the haze. Four images from different satellites are used for experiment. Results show that the algorithm is valid, fast, and suitable for the rapid dehazing of numerous large-sized high-resolution remote sensing images in engineering applications.
Entanglement of Identical Particles
Authors: Benatti F. , Floreanini R. , Titimbo K.
Published: March 2014

Unlike for bipartite states consisting of distinguishable particles, in the case of identical parties the notion of entanglement is still under debate. In the following, we review two different approaches to the entanglement of systems consisting of two bosons or fermions; the first approach is based on the particle aspect typical of first quantization and identifies separable pure states as those that allow to assign two orthogonal single particle vector states to both parties. The second approach makes full use of the mode aspect of second quantization whereby separability can be formulated as absence of nonlocal correlation among two different sets of modes. While the first approach applies to pure states only, the second one is more general and characterizes generic entangled states. In the following, we shall show that the mode-based approach indeed contains the particle-based one.
On Time-Local Generators of Quantum Evolution
Authors: Chruściński Dariusz
Published: March 2014

We present a basic introduction to the dynamics of open quantum systems based on local-in-time master equations. We characterize the properties of time-local generators giving rise to legitimate completely positive trace preserving quantum evolutions. The analysis of Markovian and non-Markovian quantum dynamics is presented as well. The whole discussion is illustrated by the family of many instructive examples.
Non-Markovian Quantum Probes
Authors: Haikka P. , Maniscalco S.
Published: March 2014

We review the most recent developments in the theory of open quantum systems focusing on situations in which the reservoir memory effects, due to long-lasting and non-negligible correlations between system and environment, play a crucial role. These systems are often referred to as non-Markovian systems. After a brief summary of different measures of non-Markovianity that have been introduced over the last few years we restrict our analysis to the investigation of information flow between system and environment. Within this framework we introduce an important application of non-Markovianity, namely its use as a quantum probe of complex quantum systems. To illustrate this point we consider quantum probes of ultracold gases, spin chains, and trapped ion crystals and show how properties of these systems can be extracted by means of non-Markovianity measures.
A Pedagogical Overview of Quantum Discord
Authors: Modi Kavan
Published: March 2014

Recent measures of nonclassical correlations are motivated by different notions of classicality and operational means. Quantum discord has received a great deal of attention in studies involving quantum computation, metrology, dynamics, many-body physics, and thermodynamics. In this article I show how quantum discord is different from quantum entanglement from a pedagogical point of view. I begin with a pedagogical introduction to quantum entanglement and quantum discord, followed by a historical review of quantum discord. Next, I give a novel definition of quantum discord in terms of any classically extractable information, an approach that is fitting for the current avenues of research. Lastly, I put forth several arguments for why discord is an interesting quantity to study and why it is of interest to so many researchers in the community.
Stochastic Schrödinger Equations for Markovian and non-Markovian Cases
Authors: Semina I. , Semin V. , Petruccione F. , Barchielli A.
Published: March 2014

Firstly, the Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equations are presented, together with their connections with the theory of measurements in continuous time. Moreover, the stochastic evolution equations are translated into a simulation algorithm, which is illustrated by two concrete examples — the damped harmonic oscillator and a two-level atom with homodyne photodetection. We then consider how to introduce memory effects in the stochastic Schrödinger equation via coloured noise. Specifically, the approach by using the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is illustrated and a simulation for the non-Markovian process proposed. Finally, an analytical approximation technique is tested with the help of the stochastic simulation in a model of a dissipative qubit.
Measurement of Purity, the Simplest Nonlinear Functional of the Density Matrix
Authors: Tanaka Tohru , Nakazato Hiromichi
Published: March 2014

After reviewing the earlier ideas to measure the purity of a quantum system, a new scheme for the measurement of purity is presented, which aims at providing a simple, direct and efficient procedure without resorting to quantum state tomography. The scheme is also illustrated in the Bloch-vector representation for a two-level quantum system (qubit) and for a general D-level quantum system. As a variant, a simple example implemented in a one-dimensional scattering process to measure the purity of the target qubit is also given.
Counting squarefree values of polynomials with error term
Authors: Murty M. Ram , Pasten Hector
Published: March 2014

It was shown by Granville that the ABC conjecture allows one to prove asymptotic estimates on the number of squarefree values of polynomials. However, his proof gives no information on the error term of the asymptotic formula. On the ABC conjecture, we prove an asymptotic formula with error term using a different technique. From the ABC conjecture we also deduce an asymptotic formula with error term for the number of squarefree values of polynomials on certain sets of integers that are residually well distributed in a suitable sense.
A REPRESENTATION OF PARAMEDIAL n-ARY GROUPOIDS
Authors: Ehsani Amir , Movsisyan Yuri
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we prove that paramedial n-ary groupoid with an idempotent regular element has a linear representation. Also, we obtain a linear representation for paramedial n-ary groupoids without an idempotent element. As a consequence of the above results, we obtain the linear representation for paramedial n-ary quasigroups.
A novel orange-red phosphor Ca3B2O6:Sm3+, A+(A = Li, Na, K) for white light emitting diodes
Authors: Liu Qingbo , Liu Yufeng , Yang Fu , Han Bing , Feng Hao , Yu Quanmao
Published: March 2014

A novel orange-red phosphor Ca 3 B 2 O 6: Sm 3+, A+( A = Li , Na , K ) has been synthesized by solid-state reaction at 950°C. The phase purity and photoluminescence (PL) behavior of the phosphor are studied in detail using the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and PL measurements. Ca 3 B 2 O 6: Sm 3+ phosphor can be efficiently excited by near ultraviolet (n-UV) and blue light, and the emission spectrum consists of four emission peaks at 563, 599, 646 and 709 nm, generating bright orange-red light. When a cation A+ is introduced into Ca 3 B 2 O 6: Sm 3+ as charge compensator, the emission intensity of Ca 3 B 2 O 6: Sm 3+ is evidently enhanced, but the PL spectral profile is unchanged. The integral intensity of the emission spectrum of Ca 2.96 Sm 0.02 Na 0.02 B 2 O 6 excited at 401 nm is about 1.2 times than that of Y 2 O 2 S : Eu 3+ commercial red phosphor. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of Ca 2.96 Sm 0.02 Na 0.02 B 2 O 6 phosphor were (0.608, 0.365), which are close to that of the commercial red phosphors Y 2 O 3: Eu 3+ (0.655, 0.345), Y 2 O 2 S : Eu 3+ (0.622, 0.351) and Sr 2 Si 5 N 8: Eu 2+ (0.620, 0.370).
Preparation of activated carbon monolith by application of phenolic resins as carbon precursors
Authors: Sajad Mehran , Kazemzad Mahmood , Hosseinnia Azarmidokht
Published: March 2014

In the current work, activated carbon monoliths have been prepared by application of different phenolic hydrocarbons namely catechol and resorcinol as carbon precursors. For synthesis of carbon monolith, the precursors have been mixed with Genapol PF-10 as template and then polymerized in the presence of lysine as catalyst. Then the polymerized monolith carbonized in inert atmosphere at 700°C and activated by water steam at 550°C. It was found that resorcinol polymerization is easier than catechol and occurred at 90°C while for polymerization of catechol elevated temperature of 120°C at hydrothermal condition is necessary. The prepared activated carbon samples have been characterized by various analysis methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area measurement, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adsorptions of three different aromatic hydrocarbons by the prepared activated carbon samples have also been investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. It was found that carbon monolith prepared by catechol as carbon precursor has higher adsorpability and strength in comparison with the other sample. The higher performance of carbon monolith prepared by catechol can be associated with its higher active sites in comparison with resorcinol.
Trees with unique Roman dominating functions of minimum weight
Authors: Chellali Mustapha , Jafari Rad Nader
Published: March 2014

A Roman dominating function on a graph G is a function f : V(G) → {0, 1, 2} satisfying the condition that every vertex u of G for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v of G for which f(v) = 2. The weight of a Roman dominating function is the value f(V(G)) = ∑u∈V(G)f(u). In this paper we provide a constructive characterization of trees with unique Roman dominating functions of minimum weight.
Nanotoxicology in the Skin: How Deep is the Issue?
Authors: Zhao Yun , Ng Kee Woei
Published: March 2014

Nanotoxicology is a concern. While skin exposure is generally perceived as less hazardous than inhalation or ingestion of engineered nanoparticles, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the topic to suggest greater caution in making a conclusion. Penetration of nanoparticles across an intact skin barrier is low. However, the verdict is still out on how this will change in situations where the skin barrier is compromised. Many studies on the interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems including skin cells have been reported. Under different scenarios, nanoparticles commonly found in topical skin products have been shown to be capable of exerting a variety of toxicological influences. These influences include causing cell death, stress, inflammation and damage to DNA. While alarming, it should also be noted that there remains much confusion and contradiction in the literature due to the complexity of studying cell–nanoparticle interactions. This review aims to provide a concise perspective on our current understanding of nanotoxicology in the skin, and identify the knowledge gaps where research efforts may be focused to help clarify the uncertainties in the field.
Can an Anthropocene Series be defined and recognized?
Authors: Zalasiewicz Jan , Williams Mark , Waters Colin N.
Published: March 2014

We consider the Anthropocene as a physical, chronostratigraphic unit across terrestrial and marine sedimentary facies, from both a present and a far future perspective, provisionally using an approximately 1950 CE base that approximates with the ‘Great Acceleration’, worldwide sedimentary incorporation of A-bomb-derived radionuclides and light nitrogen isotopes linked to the growth in fertilizer use, and other markers. More or less effective recognition of such a unit today (with annual/decadal resolution) is facies-dependent and variably compromised by the disturbance of stratigraphic superposition that commonly occurs at geologically brief temporal scales, and that particularly affects soils, deep marine deposits and the pre-1950 parts of current urban areas. The Anthropocene, thus, more than any other geological time unit, is locally affected by such blurring of its chronostratigraphic boundary with Holocene strata. Nevertheless, clearly separable representatives of an Anthropocene Series may be found in lakes, land ice, certain river/delta systems, in the widespread dredged parts of shallow-marine systems on continental shelves and slopes, and in those parts of deep-water systems where human-rafted debris is common. From a far future perspective, the boundary is likely to appear geologically instantaneous and stratigraphically significant.
Estrogen receptor-β regulates mechanical signaling in primary osteoblasts
Authors: Castillo Alesha B. , Triplett Jason W. , Pavalko Fredrick M. , Turner Charles H.
Published: March 2014

Mechanical loading is an important regulator in skeletal growth, maintenance, and aging. Estrogen receptors have a regulatory role in mechanically induced bone adaptation. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is known to enhance load-induced bone formation, whereas ERβ negatively regulates this process. We hypothesized that ERβ regulates mechanical signaling in osteoblasts. We tested this hypothesis by subjecting primary calvarial cells isolated from wild-type and ERβ-knockout mice (BERKO) to oscillatory fluid flow in the absence or presence of estradiol (E2). We found that the known responses to fluid shear stress, i.e., phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK and upregulation of COX-2 expression, were inhibited in BERKO cells in the absence of E2. Flow-induced increase in prostaglandin E2(PGE2) release was not altered in BERKO cells in the absence of E2, but was increased when E2was present. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis and estrogen response element luciferase assays revealed increased ERα expression and flow- and ligand-induced nuclear translocation as well as transcriptional activity in BERKO cells in both the presence and absence of E2. Taken together, these data suggest that ERβ plays both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent roles in mechanical signaling in osteoblasts. Furthermore, our data suggest that one mechanism by which ERβ regulates mechanotransduction in osteoblasts may result from its inhibitory effect on ERα expression and function. Targeting estrogen receptors (e.g., inhibiting ERβ) may represent an effective approach for prevention and treatment of age-related bone loss.
Loss of HIF-1α impairs GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Sakagami Hidemitsu , Makino Yuichi , Mizumoto Katsutoshi , Isoe Tsubasa , Takeda Yasutaka , Watanabe Jun , Fujita Yukihiro , Takiyama Yumi , Abiko Atsuko , Haneda Masakazu
Published: March 2014

Defects in glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle cause diseases linked to metabolic disturbance such as type 2 diabetes. The molecular mechanism determining glucose disposal in the skeletal muscle in response to cellular stimuli including insulin, however, remains largely unknown. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor operating in the cellular adaptive response to hypoxic conditions. Recent studies have uncovered pleiotropic actions of HIF-1α in the homeostatic response to various cellular stimuli, including insulin under normoxic conditions. Thus we hypothesized HIF-1α is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism stimulated by insulin in the skeletal muscle. To this end, we generated C2C12myocytes in which HIF-1α is knocked down by short-hairpin RNA and examined the intracellular signaling cascade and glucose uptake subsequent to insulin stimulation. Knockdown of HIF-1α expression in the skeletal muscle cells resulted in abrogation of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake associated with impaired mobilization of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Such defect seemed to be caused by reduced phosphorylation of the protein kinase B substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). AS160 phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation by AMP-activated protein kinase activation were abrogated as well. In addition, expression of the constitutively active mutant of HIF-1α (CA-HIF-1α) or upregulation of endogenous HIF-1α in C2C12cells shows AS160 phosphorylation comparable to the insulin-stimulated level even in the absence of insulin. Accordingly GLUT4 translocation was increased in the cells expressing CA-HIF1α. Taken together, HIF-1α is a determinant for GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle cells thus as a possible target to alleviate impaired glucose metabolism in, e.g., type 2 diabetes.
A dissociation between propriospinal facilitation and inhibition after bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: McCambridge Alana B. , Stinear James W. , Byblow Winston D.
Published: March 2014

Propriospinal premotoneurons (PN) are essential for accurate control of the upper limb. They receive bilateral input from premotor (PM) and primary motor (M1) cortices. In humans, excitability of PNs can be estimated from motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) by pairing a descending volley using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to summate with an ascending volley from peripheral nerve stimulation at the C3–C4 level of the spinal cord. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alters excitability of cortical and subcortical areas. A recent study demonstrated that cathodal tDCS can suppress facilitatory (FAC) and inhibitory (INH) components of PN excitability, presumably via effects on corticoreticulospinal neurons (Bradnam LV, Stinear CM, Lewis GN, Byblow WD. J Neurophysiol 103: 2382–2389, 2010). The present study investigated the effects of bilateral tDCS with healthy subjects. The cathode was placed over left dorsal PM or M1 and the anode over right M1 in separate sessions (PM-M1, M1-M1, or Sham). TMS of right M1 elicited MEPs in left biceps brachii across a range of TMS intensities chosen to examine PN-mediated FAC and INH. Conditioning was applied using median nerve stimulation with an interstimulus interval that coincided with TMS and peripheral volleys summating at the C3–C4 level. All participants showed FAC at TMS intensities near active motor threshold and INH at slightly higher intensities. After tDCS, FAC was reduced for M1-M1 compared with Sham but not after PM-M1 stimulation. Contrary to an earlier study with cathodal tDCS, INH was unchanged across all sessions. The difference between these and earlier findings may relate to dual- vs. single-hemisphere M1 stimulation. M1-M1 tDCS may be a useful adjuvant to techniques that aim to reduce upper limb impairment after stroke.
Risk Estimation as a Decision‐Making Tool for Genetic Analysis of the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Authors: Chang-Claude Jenny , Becher Heiko , Caligo Maria , Eccles Diana , Evans Gareth , Haites Neva , Hodgson Shirley , Møller Pål , Weber Bernhard H. F. , Stoppa-Lyonnet Dominique
Published: March 2014

For genetic counselling of a woman on familial breast cancer, an accurate evaluation of the probability that she carries a germ‐line mutation is needed to assist in making decisions about genetic‐testing.

We used data from eight collaborating centres comprising 618 families (346 breast cancer only, 239 breast or ovarian cancer) recruited as research families or counselled for familial breast cancer, representing a broad range of family structures. Screening was performed in affected women from 618 families for germ‐line mutations in BRCA1 and in 176 families for BRCA2 mutations, using different methods including SSCP, CSGE, DGGE, FAMA and PTT analysis followed by direct sequencing. Germ‐line BRCA1 mutations were detected in 132 families and BRCA2 mutations in 16 families. The probability of being a carrier of a dominant breast cancer gene was calculated for the screened individual under the established genetic model for breast cancer susceptibility, first, with parameters for age‐specific penetrances for breast cancer only [7] and, second, with age‐specific penetrances for ovarian cancer in addition [20]. Our results indicate that the estimated probability of carrying a dominant breast cancer gene gives a direct measure of the likelihood of detecting mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. For breast/ovarian cancer families, the genetic model according to Narod et al. [20] is preferable for calculating the proband′s genetic risk, and gives detection rates that indicate a 50% sensitivity of the gene test. Due to the incomplete BRCA2 screening of the families, we cannot yet draw any conclusions with respect to the breast cancer only families.
Guidelines for Follow‐Up of Women at High Risk for Inherited Breast Cancer: Consensus Statement from the Biomed 2 Demonstration Programme on Inherited Breast Cancer
Authors: Møller P. , Evans G. , Haites N. , Vasen H. , Reis M. M. , Anderson E. , Apold J. , Hodgson S. , Eccles D. , Olsson H. , Stoppa-Lyonnet D. , Chang-Claude J. , Morrison P. J. , Bevilacqua G. , Heimdal K. , Mæhle L. , Lalloo F. , Gregory H. , Preece P. , Borg Å. , Nevin N. C. , Caligo M. , Steel C. M.
Published: March 2014

Protocols for activity aiming at early diagnosis and treatment of inherited breast or breast‐ovarian cancer have been reported. Available reports on outcome of such programmes are considered here. It is concluded that the ongoing activities should continue with minor modifications. Direct evidence of a survival benefit from breast and ovarian screening is not yet available. On the basis of expert opinion and preliminary results from intervention programmes indicating good detection rates for early breast cancers and 5‐year survival concordant with early diagnosis, we propose that women at high risk for inherited breast cancer be offered genetic counselling, education in ‘breast awareness’ and annual mammography and clinical expert examination from around 30 years of age. Mammography every second year may be sufficient from 60 years on. BRCA1 mutation carriers may benefit from more frequent examinations and cancer risk may be reduced by oophorectomy before 40–50 years of age. We strongly advocate that all activities should be organized as multicentre studies subjected to continuous evaluation to measure the effects of the interventions on long‐term mortality, to match management options more precisely to individual risks and to prepare the ground for studies on chemoprevention.
Assessment of Erythropoietin Levels and Some Iron Indices in Chronic Renal Failure and Liver Cirrhosis Patients
Authors: Mady Essam , Wissa Gehane , Khalifa Ali , El-Sabbagh Mahmoud
Published: March 2014

This study was constructed to investigate the relationship between renal anaemia and erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and to evaluate the possible role of the liver. Serum EPO levels were measured in blood samples from 20 CRF patients on hemodialysis (HD), 20 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, 20 patients having both CRF and LC and undergoing HD, and 20 normal control subjects. Blood cell counts, iron indices (iron, total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin), renal function (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine), hepatic function (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin) investigations were carried out for all the subjects enrolled in this study. CRF patients without LC had serum EPO concentration of 6.21 ± 0.53 mU/ml (mean ± SE), which was significantly higher than that in patients having both CRF and LC (4.32 ± 0.52) (p < 0.01). Both groups showed significantly lower values than the controls (12.75 ± 0.70) (p < 0.001). LC patients with intact kidneys had significantly higher EPO level (22.70 ± 1.70) (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between EPO level and any of the hematologic or iron indices.