bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equating Efficiency with Reduction: A Self-Deception in Energy Policy
Authors: Wilhite Harold , Norgard Jorgen S.
Published: February 2005

European energy policy has not faced up to something about which there is increasingly little doubt: Global reduction, or even stabilisation in energy use will not be achieved unless Europe and the other rich OECD countries aim at significantly curbing their energy services (heat, light, motive power, mobility and so on). The policy makers at the centre of the policy discourse on energy sustainability suffer from a form for self-deception which revolves around the equation of ‘efficiency’ with ‘reduction’ and ‘sustainability’, i.e., the untenable contention that technological and market efficiency alone will offset continued growth in energy services to the extent that deep reductions in energy use are possible. Many researchers and environmentalists seem to have, partly for strategic reasons, adapted to this view and thereby supported politicians in the self-deception. In this paper we use results from India and China, with more than one third of the world population, to show how there is likely to be dramatic increases in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in those countries over the next half-century. Much of this increase will be in conjunction with the development of basic services and infrastructure for homes, businesses, transport, health and public services, so that it is neither ethical nor even practical to argue for restrictions in overall energy growth in these and other developing countries. This places the onus for deep reductions in energy use on Europe, North America and the other affluent countries. The paper explores what such a change of focus would mean for policy and research agendas, and why there is friction to moving the policy envelope from ‘efficiency’ to also include ‘sufficiency’.
SAFA: Semi-automated footprinting analysis software for high-throughput quantification of nucleic acid footprinting experiments
Authors: DAS RHIJU , LAEDERACH ALAIN , PEARLMAN SAMUEL M. , HERSCHLAG DANIEL , ALTMAN RUSS B.
Published: February 2005

Footprinting is a powerful and widely used tool for characterizing the structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of nucleic acid folding and ligand binding reactions. However, quantitative analysis of the gel images produced by footprinting experiments is tedious and time-consuming, due to the absence of informatics tools specifically designed for footprinting analysis. We have developed SAFA, a semi-automated footprinting analysis software package that achieves accurate gel quantification while reducing the time to analyze a gel from several hours to 15 min or less. The increase in analysis speed is achieved through a graphical user interface that implements a novel methodology for lane and band assignment, called “gel rectification,” and an optimized band deconvolution algorithm. The SAFA software yields results that are consistent with published methodologies and reduces the investigator-dependent variability compared to less automated methods. These software developments simplify the analysis procedure for a footprinting gel and can therefore facilitate the use of quantitative footprinting techniques in nucleic acid laboratories that otherwise might not have considered their use. Further, the increased throughput provided by SAFA may allow a more comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions. The software and documentation are freely available for download at http://safa.stanford.edu.
Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes
Authors: BASKERVILLE SCOTT , BARTEL DAVID P.
Published: February 2005

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous RNAs known to post-transcriptionally repress gene expression in animals and plants. A microarray profiling survey revealed the expression patterns of 175 human miRNAs across 24 different human organs. Our results show that proximal pairs of miRNAs are generally coexpressed. In addition, an abrupt transition in the correlation between pairs of expressed miRNAs occurs at a distance of 50 kb, implying that miRNAs separated by <50 kb typically derive from a common transcript. Some microRNAs are within the introns of host genes. Intronic miRNAs are usually coordinately expressed with their host gene mRNA, implying that they also generally derive from a common transcript, and that in situ analyses of host gene expression can be used to probe the spatial and temporal localization of intronic miRNAs.
Microbial Arene Oxidations
Authors: Johnson Roy A.
Published: February 2005

The metabolism of organic molecules by living organisms is of fundamental interest to biologists, microbiologists, and biochemists. The primary avenue of metabolism in most living organisms is via oxidative pathways. The aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) are subject to such oxidative degradation; their mammalian and microbial systems have been extensively studied. It is the capacity of certain microorganisms to convert by oxidation arenes into arenecis‐dihydrodiols that provide the foundation of this chapter. Arenes are subject to a variety of oxidations, but the expression “microbial arene oxidation” is used for the specific oxidation discussed here.

The assignment of dihydrodiol configuration and the use of mutant strains of microorganisms laid the groundwork for the development of arene oxidation as a process useful to organic synthesis. Other advances discussed in this chapter led to the development of microbial arene oxidations that are suitable for organic synthesis. Attractive features include: the process is one of a very few that disrupts the aromatic system of arenes; the array of functional groups generated in the dihydrodiol products is useful; the process is highly enantioselective, affording pure enantiomerically pure products in most cases.

For this chapter, the literature has been reviewed through 2001.
The Dependence between the Process Technologies and the Effect of MAH‐PP‐ Adhesives in Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Nechwatal A. , Reußmann T. , Böhm S. , Richter E.
Published: February 2005

The theoretical possibilities of improving the adhesion between a polypropylene matrix and cellulose natural fibres are well known. However, less is known of how the way of adding MAH‐PP products into the composite impacts the adhesion. By comparing mat processes and granule processes this influence on the adhesive effect can be seen. A new process manufacturing natural fibre reinforced granules ( developed in TITK ) was used for these comparisons. It could be shown that the adhesive obviously influences the critical fibre length.
Fabrication of Steel Matrix Composite Locally Reinforced with in Situ TiB2 Particulate using Self–Propagating High–Temperature Synthesis Reaction of Ni–Ti–B System During Casting
Authors: Wang H.‐Y. , Jiang Q.‐C. , Ma B.‐X. , Wang Y. , Zhao F.
Published: February 2005

The medium steel matrix composites locally reinforced with in situ TiB2 particulates synthesized by SHS reaction of Ni–Ti–B system during casting are successfully fabricated. Microstructural characterization shows that the size of TiB2 particulate and amount of micro‐porosity in composite are decreased with the increasing of Ni content in Ni–Ti–B system. The wear resistances of composites are higher than those of medium steel and high Cr steel.
Novel Nanostructure and Deformation Behavior in Rapidly Quenched Cu‐ (Zr or Hf)‐Ti Alloys
Authors: Saida J. , Kato H. , Inoue A. , Ohnuma M.
Published: February 2005

Novel nanostructure consisting of the metastable nanocrystalline particles embedded in the glassy matrix are reported in the rapidly quenched Cu60(Zr or Hf)30Ti10 alloys. The transformation behavior and mechanical properties in the nanoscale composite alloys are also investigated. The as‐cast bulk sample of Cu60Zr30Ti10 alloy exhibits the high fracture strength of approximately 2000 MPa in the compressive test at room temperature.
Species Composition and Seasonal Variations of the Gastropoda in Upper Sakarya River System (Turkey) in Relation to Water Quality
Authors: Çabuk Yeşim , Arslan Naime , Yılmaz Veysel
Published: February 2005

Species composition, abundance, and seasonal distribution of the Gastropoda fauna and the physical and chemical variables of Upper Sakarya River System have been investigated between October 1998 and August 1999. Gastropod fauna in the Upper Sakarya River System was represented by 9 species of Prosobranchia and 7 species of Pulmonata. Diversity, dominance, and abundance of the Gastropoda species were recorded seasonally. The abundance of some of the 16 species was correlated positively with temperature, dissolved oxygen and negatively or positively with pH and nitrate. It was observed that Gyraulus albus (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820, and Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826) can tolerate a high level of NO‐N while V. piscinalis (Müller, 1774) spread out in unpolluted water.

Although the species and their numbers change at the stations, the maximum numbers were found during autumn, while minimums were identified during the winter sampling. Gyraulus albus was the most widespread species in our research area. Only 5 species (Gyraulus albus, Physa acuta, Valvata cristata (Muller, 1774), Valvata pulchella, Melanopsis praemorsa costata (Olivier, 1804)) were determined each season. However, no Gastropoda were found at the station 3 that has high BOD, NO‐N, NO‐N, and NH3 levels.
Polyamide nanocomposites with improved toughness
Authors: Kelnar I. , Kotek J. , Kaprálková L. , Munteanu B. S.
Published: February 2005

Polymer nanocomposites containing several percent of exfoliated layered silicates are materials with a unique weight/performance ratio. The only parameter that is not enhanced, but even decreased, is toughness. This work focused on the toughness enhancement of these advanced systems with polyamide matrix prepared via melt‐mixing (i.e., by a conventional method of polymer processing having an advantage of easy simultaneous addition of other components). Analogously to ternary polyamide blends with improved mechanical behavior, containing finely and separately dispersed elastomer and rigid polymer, elastomer particles with an average size of 60 nm were incorporated in the nanocomposite. The very low particle size was achieved by in situ reactive compatibilization by using suitably functionalized elastomers. The simultaneously increasing viscosity of the system enhanced exfoliation of the silicate. Melt exfoliated nanocomposites containing 3 wt % of clay and 5 wt % of elastomer particles exhibit increased toughness without significant loss of other properties. Elastomer particles increase toughness by both acting as stress concentrators (by initiating energy absorbing microdeformations) and influencing the clay‐induced matrix crystalline structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 288–293, 2005
Physical aging behavior of 6F‐PEEK and m‐TPEEK studied by modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Hu Wei , Liu Baijun , Wu Weichun , Jiang Zhenhua , Zhang Wanjin , Wu Zhongwen , Toshihiko Matsumoto
Published: February 2005

The aging behavior of two novel poly(ether ether ketone)s, 6F‐PEEK and m‐TPEEK, which were aged at 20°C below their glass transition temperatures, were studied by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The total, nonreversing heat flows and complex heat capacities of MDSC of the two kinds of materials were discussed. Similar total heat flows of MDSC to the ordinary DSC were achieved. They both grew in magnitude and moved to higher temperature as the aging time increased, which is associated with and characteristic of physical aging in heat flow. The complex specific heat capacity became sharper with aging time, which resulted in a higher Tmid. The relaxation time was calculated from the excess enthalpy. SAXS measurement added another proof that dense amorphous phase formed in the metastable glass resulted from the rearrangement of molecular segments during aging. The increasing speed of dense amorphous phase fraction XDAP of m‐TPEEK was bigger than that of 6F‐PEEK, which means the molecular segments of m‐TPEEK are quicker to form dense amorphous phase than that of 6F‐PEEK. This conclusion is consistent with their structures. The molecular chains of 6F‐PEEK with bigger pendant group are more difficult to rearrange than those of m‐TPEEK. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 312–317, 2005
Classifying “Kinase Inhibitor‐Likeness” by Using Machine‐Learning Methods
Authors: Briem Hans , Günther Judith
Published: February 2005

By using an in‐house data set of small‐molecule structures, encoded by Ghose–Crippen parameters, several machine learning techniques were applied to distinguish between kinase inhibitors and other molecules with no reported activity on any protein kinase. All four approaches pursued—support‐vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), k nearest neighbor classification with GA‐optimized feature selection (GA/kNN), and recursive partitioning (RP)—proved capable of providing a reasonable discrimination. Nevertheless, substantial differences in performance among the methods were observed. For all techniques tested, the use of a consensus vote of the 13 different models derived improved the quality of the predictions in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 value. Support‐vector machines, followed by the GA/kNN combination, outperformed the other techniques when comparing the average of individual models. By using the respective majority votes, the prediction of neural networks yielded the highest F1 value, followed by SVMs.
Molecular Chemisorption of Oxygen on Cu6 Cluster Anions.
Authors: von Gynz‐Rekowski Felix , Bertram Nils , Gantefoer Gerd , Kim Young Dok
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Ternary Compounds in the Sm—Rh—Ge System.
Authors: Morozkin A. V.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Core—Shell—Shell Nanocrystals.
Authors: Talapin Dmitri V. , Mekis Ivo , Goetzinger Stephan , Kornowski Andreas , Benson Oliver , Weller Horst
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Properties and Magnetic Structures of LnCoxSn2 (Ln: Gd—Er) Compounds.
Authors: Gil A. , Penc B. , Wawrzynska E. , Hernandez‐Velasco J. , Szytula A. , Zygmunt A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermodynamic Investigations in the Lanthanum—Cadmium System.
Authors: Richter Klaus W. , Besana Sonia , Borzone Gabriella , Ipser Herbert
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Equilibria in the HgSe—HgBr2—HgI2 System and Crystal Structure of Hg3Se2Br2 and Hg3Se2I2.
Authors: Minets Yu. V. , Voroshilov Yu. V. , Pan'ko V. V. , Khudolii V. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐β‐trifluoromethylated Ketones via the First Example of the in situ Generation of Trifluoroacetaldehyde and Its Successive Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reaction with Chiral Imines.
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Hashimoto Wataru , Matsui Masaki
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereochemical Control of the Passerini Reaction.
Authors: Andreana Peter R. , Liu Chang C. , Schreiber Stuart L.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aza‐Reformatsky‐Type Reaction of α‐Iodomethyl Ketone O‐Alkyl Oximes Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide.
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Toyoda Tadahiro
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthetic Strategy of N‐Arylated Heterocycles via Sequential Palladium‐Catalyzed Intra‐ and Inter‐Arylamination Reactions.
Authors: Omar‐Amrani Rafik , Schneider Raphael , Fort Yves
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrosilylation of (Hetero)‐Aromatic Aldimines in the Presence of a Pd(I) Complex.
Authors: Iovel I. , Golomba L. , Fleisher M. , Popelis J. , Grinberga S. , Lukevics E.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Addition of Methyl 3,3,3‐Trifluoropyruvate to “Push‐Pull” Enamines Having a Methyl Group at α‐Position.
Authors: Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Kostyuk Aleksandr N. , Sibgatulin Dmitriy A. , Petrenko Aleksandr E.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neutral Alumina‐K2CO3: An Eco‐Friendly System for Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Narsaiah A. Venkat , Nagaiah K.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Efficient Lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica for the Resolution of 2‐Bromo‐arylacetic Acid Esters.
Authors: Guieysse David , Sandoval Georgina , Faure Laeticia , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Monsan Pierre , Marty Alain
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Selective Mannich Reaction on Catechols and para Substituted Phenols: A Convenient Route to Catechol‐ and Phenol‐Iminodiacetic Acid Ligands
Authors: du Moulinet d'Hardemare Amaury , Jarjayes Olivier , Mortini Florent
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: A New Method for the Synthesis of Alkyl Aryl Sulfones by Alkylation of Sodium Arenesulfinates with Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Le Zhang‐Gao , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ratiometric Dual Fluorescent Receptors for Anions under Intramolecular Charge Transfer Mechanism.
Authors: Wen Zhen‐Chang , Jiang Yun‐Bao
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzene‐1,3‐dicarbonitrile.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Saxena Shilpi , Rastogi Shweta
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensors for Cadmium in Water.
Authors: Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur , Lee T. Clive , Parkesh Raman
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituted Epoxides by Lithiation of Terminal Epoxides.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Reynolds Nigel J. , Coote Steven J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Radical Additions of Trialkylboranes to 2H‐Azirine‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Risberg Erik , Fischer Andreas , Somfai Peter
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Bromotetrahydrofurans from Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: Chirskaya Marina V. , Vasil'ev Andrei A. , Sergovskaya Natalia L. , Shorshnev Sergey V. , Sviridov Sergey I.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Terpyrrolic Analogue of Dipyrrolylquinoxalines: An Efficient Optical‐Based Sensor for Anions in Organic Media.
Authors: Shevchuk Sergiy V. , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Benzothiazoles via ipso Substitution of ortho‐Methoxythiobenzamides.
Authors: Downer Nadale K. , Jackson Yvette A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic Thiones and Their Analogues in Reactions of 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition. Part 3. Reaction of Benzothiazole‐2‐thione with a Double Excess of Nitrilimine.
Authors: Firsova O. V. , Dolgushina T. S. , Polukeev B. A. , Zavodnik V. E. , Stash A. I. , Bel'skii V. K. , Galishev V. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
On the Reactivity of Isoxazoles with Mo(CO)6.
Authors: Donati Donato , Ferrini Serena , Fusi Stefania , Ponticelli Fabio
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydrobenzo[g]isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones and 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinoline‐1(2H)‐ones via Intramolecular Electrophilic Cyclization.
Authors: Tsai Min‐Ruei , Hung Ta‐Chao , Chen Bo‐Fong , Cheng Chih‐Ching , Chang Nein‐Chen
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sonogashira Reaction on Quinolizium Cations.
Authors: Garcia Domingo , Cuardo Ana M. , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Nitrogen Heterocycles of Spiro[furo[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Jursic Branko S. , Stevens Edwin D.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthesis of 1,2,3,5‐Tetrahydroimidazo[2,3‐b][1,3]benzodiazocines.
Authors: Cho Hyun In , Lee Seung Won , Lee Kee‐Jung
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Alkynylstannanes with Migration of the Stannyl Group.
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Morita Ryotaro , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Cationic Bacteriochlorins.
Authors: Mironov Andrey F. , Grin Mikhail A. , Tsiprovskii Alexander G. , Titeev Rustam A. , Nizhnik Evgeniya A. , Lonin Ivan S.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetracyclic Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Azadirachta indica.
Authors: Siddiqui Bina S. , Afshan Farhana , Gulzar Tahsin , Hanif Muddasar
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concise Synthesis of Quinazoline Alkaloids, Luotonins A (IV) and B (V), and Rutaecarpine (VII).
Authors: Harayama Takashi , Hori Akihiro , Serban Georgeta , Morikami Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Takuya , Abe Hitoshi , Takeuchi Yasuo
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Severe Impairment of Nucleotide Synthesis Through Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration
Authors: Gattermann N. , Dadak M. , Hofhaus G. , Wulfert M. , Berneburg M. , Loeffler M. L. , Simmonds H. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Estrogen Attenuates P2X7‐R — Mediated Apoptosis of Uterine Cervical Cells by Blocking Calcium Influx
Authors: Gorodeski George I.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Serum Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels in Children from Mozambique
Authors: Leoncini R. , Vannoni D. , Guerranti R. , Cinci G. , Tabucchi A. , Carlucci F. , Marinello E. , Agostinho A. G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Absolute Stereostructures of Acylated Khellactone‐Type Coumarins from Angelica furcijuga.
Authors: Morikawa Toshio , Matsuda Hisashi , Ohgushi Teruki , Nishida Norihisa , Ishiwada Tomoko , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microstructural, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Bi1.7V0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3 Ox Glass‐Ceramic Superconductor.
Authors: Kayed T. S. , Calinli N. , Aksu E. , Koralay H. , Guenen A. , Ercan I. , Aktuerk S. , Cavdar S.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Methodology for the Synthesis of Benzoazacrown Ethers by Transformation of the Macrocycle of Benzocrown Ethers
Authors: Gromov S. P. , Dmitrieva S. N. , Vedernikov A. I. , Churakova M. V.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemical Transformations of Chromones
Authors: Gupta Satish C. , Kamboj Ramesh C.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,3,2‐Oxathiazoles, 1,3,2‐Dithiazoles, and Related Compounds
Authors: Argyropoulos N. G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocycles by Transition Metal Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Acetylene Compounds
Authors: Vizer S. A. , Yerzhanov K. B. , Dedeshko E. C.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of One‐Dimensional Bis‐Porphyrinic Compounds with a Transition Metal Complex as Bridging Unit
Authors: Chambron Jean‐Claude , Collin Jean‐Paul , Dixon Isabelle , Heitz Valerie , Salom‐Roig Xavier J. , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Contributions to the Chemistry of Anionic Water‐Soluble Tetraarylporphyrins and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Buchler Johann W.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Schiff Base Porphyrin and Expanded Porphyrin Analogues
Authors: Callaway Wyeth B. , Veauthier Jacqueline M. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalysis
Authors: Weitkamp Jens , Glaeser Roger
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lamprey neurofilaments contain a previously unreported 50‐kDa protein
Authors: Jin Li‐Qing , Zhang Guixin , Selzer Michael E.
Published: February 2005

We have previously hypothesized that regeneration of axons after spinal cord injury in the lamprey may involve assembly and transport of neurofilaments (NFs) into the growing tip. A single NF, NF‐180, has been cloned in this laboratory and until now was thought to be the only NF subunit in lamprey nervous system. However, homopolymerization of NF‐180 has not been observed either in experiments on transfected cells or in self‐assembly tests in vitro. Forty‐three monoclonal antibodies designated as LCM series were generated previously against cytoskeletal proteins of the lamprey nervous system. Seven LCMs were NF specific, and five were keratin specific, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. In the present study, one antibody, LCM40, selectively labeled axons in immunohistochemical sections and recognized a single 50‐kDa protein in Western blots. Other neuron‐specific LCMs and anti‐NF antibodies, e.g., LCM39, recognized a known NF subunit, NF‐180. Two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis was employed to separate otherwise indistinguishable individual cytoskeletal proteins. Western blot analysis with an antibody (IFA) that selectively labels all known intermediate filaments indicated that this 50‐kDa protein is an intermediate filament (IF). The new protein was incorporated into IF polymers in vitro. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that neuronal IFs contain this novel protein. These results suggest that the 50‐kDa protein is a previously unrecognized neuronal IF subunit in the lamprey. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:403–414, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of a possible Grid message infrastructure
Authors: Pallickara Shrideep , Fox Geoffrey , Uyar Ahmet , Liu Hongbin , Rao Xi , Walker David , Yildiz Beytullah
Published: February 2005

In this paper we present the results pertaining to the NaradaBrokering middleware infrastructure. NaradaBrokering is designed to run on a large network of cooperating broker nodes. NaradaBrokering capabilities include, among other things, support for a wide variety of transport protocols, Java Message Service compliance, support for routing JXTA interactions, support for audio/video conferencing applications and, finally, support for multiple constraint specification formats such as XPath, SQL and regular expression queries. This paper demonstrates the suitability of NaradaBrokering to a wide variety of applications and scenarios. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance technology for parallel and distributed component software
Authors: Malony A. , Shende S. , Trebon N. , Ray J. , Armstrong R. , Rasmussen C. , Sottile M.
Published: February 2005

This work targets the emerging use of software component technology for high‐performance scientific parallel and distributed computing. While component software engineering will benefit the construction of complex science applications, its use presents several challenges to performance measurement, analysis, and optimization. The performance of a component application depends on the interaction (possibly nonlinear) of the composed component set. Furthermore, a component is a ‘binary unit of composition’ and the only information users have is the interface the component provides to the outside world. A performance engineering methodology and development approach is presented to address evaluation and optimization issues in high‐performance component environments. We describe a prototype implementation of a performance measurement infrastructure for the Common Component Architecture (CCA) system. A case study demonstrating the use of this technology for integrated measurement, monitoring, and optimization in CCA component‐based applications is given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web Service Grids: an evolutionary approach
Authors: Atkinson Malcolm , DeRoure David , Dunlop Alistair , Fox Geoffrey , Henderson Peter , Hey Tony , Paton Norman , Newhouse Steven , Parastatidis Savas , Trefethen Anne , Watson Paul , Webber Jim
Published: February 2005

The U.K. e‐Science Programme is a £250 million, five‐year initiative which has funded over 100 projects. These application‐led projects are underpinned by an emerging set of core middleware services that allow the coordinated, collaborative use of distributed resources. This set of middleware services runs on top of the research network and beneath the applications we call the ‘Grid’. Grid middleware is currently in transition from pre‐Web Service versions to a new version based on Web Services. Unfortunately, only a very basic set of Web Services embodied in the Web Services Interoperability proposal, WS‐I, are agreed by most IT companies. IBM and others have submitted proposals for Web Services for Grids—the Web Services ResourceFramework and Web Services Notification specifications—to the OASIS organization for standardization. This process could take up to 12 months from March 2004 and the specifications are subject to debate and potentially significant changes. Since several significant U.K. e‐Science projects come to an end before the end of this process, the U.K. needs to develop a strategy that will protect the U.K.'s investment in Grid middleware by informing the Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute's (OMII) roadmap and U.K. middleware repository in Southampton. This paper sets out an evolutionary roadmap that will allow us to capture generic middleware components from projects in a form that will facilitate migration or interoperability with the emerging Grid Web Services standards and with ongoing OGSA developments. In this paper we therefore define a set of Web Services specifications, which we call ‘WS‐I+’ to reflect the fact that this is a larger set than currently accepted by WS‐I, that we believe will enable us to achieve the twin goals of capturing these components and facilitating migration to future standards. We believe that the extra Web Services specifications we have included in WS‐I+ are both helpful in building e‐Science Grids and likely to be widely accepted. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WS‐GAF: a framework for building Grid applications using Web Services
Authors: Parastatidis Savas , Webber Jim , Watson Paul , Rischbeck Thomas
Published: February 2005

This paper presents the motivation and design decisions for the Web Services Grid Application Framework (WS‐GAF), which is a mapping of Grid architecture requirements onto the Web Services Architecture. The goal for WS‐GAF is to describe a framework for building Grid applications that adheres to the principles of service‐oriented architectures and utilizes existing Web Services technologies. The proposed solution addresses issues including stateful interactions, logical resource naming, metadata, and lifetime management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special Issue: Grids and Web Services for e‐Science
Authors: Hey Tony , Fox Geoffrey
Published: February 2005

This editorial describes four papers that summarize key Grid technology capabilities to support distributed e‐Science applications. These papers discuss the Condor system supporting computing communities, the OGSA‐DAI service interfaces for databases, the WS‐I+ Grid Service profile and finally WS‐GAF (the Web Service Grid Application Framework). We discuss the confluence of mainstream IT industry development and the very latest science and computer science research and urge the communities to reach consensus rapidly. Agreement on a set of core Web Service standards is essential to allow developers to build Grids and distributed business and science applications with some assurance that their investment will not be obviated by the changing Web Service frameworks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of influenza vaccination timing
Authors: Yoo Byung Kwang , Frick Kevin
Published: February 2005

New guidelines recommend different influenza vaccination timing for different subpopulations due to the limited availability of flu shots (FS). This study's objectives are to develop a theoretical model to demonstrate why some individuals choose to receive an early FS while others choose a late FS and to empirically explore the determinants of vaccination timing. Empirical results generally supported the theoretical results. Individuals vary their FS timing in response to variations in perceived risks, chronic condition levels reflecting their risk of influenza infection, and opportunity costs, measured by the presence of medical care other than an FS. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective study of N‐acetyltransferase‐2 genotypes, meat intake, smoking and risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Chan Andrew T. , Tranah Gregory J. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Willett Walter C. , Hunter David J. , Fuchs Charles S.
Published: February 2005

Consumption of red meat has been associated with elevated risk of colorectal cancer; however, mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well established. N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) appears to activate carcinogenic heterocyclic amines found in meat as well as cigarette smoke. Genetic variation in this enzyme, associated with rapid acetylation, may modulate the influence of meat intake on cancer risk. We examined the risk of incident colorectal cancer according to NAT2 genotypes, meat intake and smoking in a prospective, nested case‐control study among 32,826 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study who provided prediagnostic blood specimens. We matched 183 women with colorectal cancer to 443 controls. Although acetylator genotype alone was not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, women with rapid acetylator genotypes experienced a greater risk associated with intake of ≥0.5 serving of beef, pork or lamb as a main dish per day compared to intake of less meat (multivariate OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.10–8.18). In contrast, among slow acetylators, intake of beef, pork or lamb was not associated with risk of colorectal cancer (multivariate OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.35–2.17). The interaction between acetylator genotype and meat intake approached statistical significance (Pinteraction = 0.07). Moreover, compared to slow acetylators who smoked ≤35 pack‐years and ate <0.5 serving/day of red meat, the OR for rapid acetylators who smoked >35 pack‐years and ate ≥0.5 serving/day was 17.6 (95% CI 2.0–158.3). These prospective data suggest that red meat may increase the risk of colorectal cancer, particularly among genetically susceptible individuals. The influence of NAT2 genotype on this association supports a role for heterocyclic amines in mediating the effect of red meat on colorectal carcinogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cells in fluidic environments are sensitive to flow frequency
Authors: Balcells Mercedes , Suárez Marta Fernández , Vázquez María , Edelman Elazer R.
Published: February 2005

Virtually all cells accommodate to their mechanical environment. In particular, cells subject to flow respond to rapid changes in fluid shear stress (SS), cyclic stretch (CS), and pressure. Recent studies have focused on the effect of pulsatility on cellular behavior. Since cells of many different tissue beds are constantly exposed to fluid flows over a narrow range of frequencies, we hypothesized that an intrinsic flow frequency that is optimal for determining cell phenotype exists. We report here that cells from various tissue beds (bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), rat small intestine epithelial cells (RSIEC), and rat lung epithelial cells (RLEC)) proliferate maximally when cultured in a perfusion bioreactor under pulsatile conditions at a specific frequency, independent of the applied SS. Vascular endothelial and pulmonary epithelial cell proliferation peaked under 1 Hz pulsatile flow. In contrast, proliferation of gastrointestinal cells, which in their physiological context are subject to no flow or higher wavelength signal, was maximum at 0.125 Hz or under no flow. Moreover, exposure of BAEC to pulsatile flow of varying frequency influenced their nitric oxide synthase activity and prostacyclin production, which reached maximum values at 1 Hz. Notably, the “optimal” frequencies for the cell types examined correspond to the physiologic operating range of the organs from where they were initially derived. These findings suggest that frequency, independent of shear, is an essential determinant of cell response in pulsatile environments. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infinite paths in planar graphs II, structures and ladder nets
Authors: Yu Xingxing
Published: February 2005

A graph is k‐indivisible, where k is a positive integer, if the deletion of any finite set of vertices results in at most k – 1 infinite components. In 1971, Nash‐Williams conjectured that a 4‐connected infinite planar graph contains a spanning 2‐way infinite path if and only if it is 3‐indivisible. In this paper, we prove a structural result for 2‐indivisible infinite planar graphs. This structural result is then used to prove Nash‐Williams conjecture for all 4‐connected 2‐indivisible infinite planar graphs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 48: 247–266, 2005
Disjoint clique cutsets in graphs without long holes
Authors: Eschen Elaine M. , Hoàng Chính T. , Petrick Mark D. T. , Sritharan R.
Published: February 2005

A biclique cutset is a cutset that induces the disjoint union of two cliques. A hole is an induced cycle with at least five vertices. A graph is biclique separable if it has no holes and each induced subgraph that is not a clique contains a clique cutset or a biclique cutset. The class of biclique separable graphs contains several well‐studied graph classes, including triangulated graphs. We prove that for the class of biclique separable graphs, the recognition problem, the vertex coloring problem, and the clique problem can be solved efficiently. Our algorithms also yield a proof that biclique separable graphs are perfect. Our coloring algorithm is actually more general and can be applied to graphs that can be decomposed via a special type of biclique cutset. Our algorithms are based on structural results on biclique separable graphs developed in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 48: 277–298, 2005
A posteriori error estimation for the dual mixed finite element method of the elasticity problem in a polygonal domain
Authors: Boulaajine L. , Farhloul M. , Paquet L.
Published: February 2005

In this article, we propose a residual based reliable and efficient error estimator for the new dual mixed finite element method of the elasticity problem in a polygonal domain, introduced by M. Farhloul and M. Fortin. With the help of a specific generalized Helmholtz decomposition of the error on the strain tensor and the classical decomposition of the error on the gradient of the displacements, we show that our global error estimator is reliable. Efficiency of our estimator follows by using classical inverse estimates. The lower and upper error bounds obtained are uniform with respect to the Lamé coefficient λ, in particular avoiding locking phenomena. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005.
Juvenile papillomatosis of the breast in a male infant with Noonan Syndrome, café au lait spots, and family history of breast carcinoma
Authors: Pacilli Maurizio , Sebire Neil James , Thambapillai Elmo , Pierro Agostino
Published: February 2005

Juvenile papillomatosis (JP) of the breast is a rare condition, usually affecting women under 30 years of age. Although this is considered a benign lesion, follow‐up is recommended for the patient and family since there is an association with a family history of breast carcinoma and increased risk of development of breast carcinoma. We report an infant with JP, Noonan syndrome (NS), café au lait spots, and family history of breast carcinoma. Seven previously reported cases of JP in males exist, two occurring in infants. The association between JP and NS has not been previously reported. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copolymerization of ethylene with cycloolefins or cyclodiolefins by a constrained‐geometry catalyst
Authors: Naga Naofumi
Published: February 2005

The copolymerization of ethylene and cycloolefins [cyclopentene (CPE), cyclohexene (CHX), cycloheptene (CHP), cyclooctene (COT), cyclododecene (CDO), norbornene (NB), and 5,6‐dihydrodicyclopentadiene HDCPD] and cyclodiolefins [1,3‐cyclopentadiene (CPD), 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (CHD), 1,5‐cyclooctadiene (COD), 2,5‐norbornadiene (NBD), and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)] was investigated with a constrained‐geometry catalyst, dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(N‐tert‐butyl)titanium dichloride, with methyl isobutyl aluminoxane as a cocatalyst. In the copolymerization with cycloolefins, the olefins, except for CHX, CDO, and HDCPD, were copolymerized via the 1,2‐insertion mode with the following reactivity: NB > CHP > COT > CPE. In the copolymerization with cyclodiolefins, corresponding copolymers, except for copolymerization with CHD, were obtained. A crosslinking fraction was detected in the copolymers with COD and NBD. The reactivity of the cyclodiolefins, except for COD, was higher than that of the cycloolefins. CPD was copolymerized via 1,2‐insertion, 1,4‐insertion or 1,2‐insertion of dimerized DCPD. The copolymerization with COD showed peculiar behavior under the copolymerization condition of a high COD concentration in the feed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1285–1291, 2005
Some mixed cyclopentadienyl–indenyl zirconium complexes with PhCH2 or PhCH2CH2 substituents in ethylene polymerization
Authors: Zhang Yong , Huang Jiling , Yang Xiaoxia , Zhang Jun , Qian Yanlong
Published: February 2005

(RCp)(R′Ind)ZrCl2 complexes 1–6 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl; Ind = indenyl; 1, R = PhCH2 and R′ = H; 2, R = PhCH2 and R′ = PhCH2; 3, R = PhCH2CH2 and R′ = H; 4, R = PhCH2CH2 and R′ = PhCH2; 5, R = o‐MePhCH2CH2 and R′ = H; 6, R = o‐MePhCH2 and R′ = H) were synthesized and characterized with 1H NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy. Their catalytic behaviors were compared with those of (Et3SiCp)(PhCH2CH2Cp)ZrCl2, (PhCH2Cp)2ZrCl2, (PhCH2‐ CH2Cp)2ZrCl2, (o‐MePhCH2CH2Cp)2ZrCl2, and (Ind)2ZrCl2 in ethylene polymerization in the presence of methylaluminoxane. Complex 5 showed high activity up to 2.43 × 106 g of polyethylene (PE)/mol of Zr h, and complex 4 produced PE with bimodal molecular weight distributions. The methyl group at the 2‐position of phenyl in complex 5 increased the activity greatly. The relationships between the polymerization results and the structures were analyzed with NMR spectral data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1261–1269, 2005
Protection of Silver‐Based Alloys from Tarnishing by Means of Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: d'Agostino Riccardo , Fracassi Francesco , Palumbo Fabio , Angelini Emma , Grassini Sabrina , Rosalbino Francesco
Published: February 2005

Summary: SiO2‐like coatings have been deposited onto silver‐based alloys by means of plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) fed with a tetraethoxysilane/oxygen mixture in order to study their capability to protect the alloys from tarnishing. Chemical and morphological characterization of the coatings has been carried out by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, while tarnishing susceptibility has been evaluated by means of visual inspection after intermittent immersions in Na2S solution at room temperature. It has been found that coatings deposited from oxygen‐rich mixtures at high input power are characterized by excellent protective properties.

An Ag90Cu10 alloy sample after 24 h of immersion in 0.1 M Na2S solution having been coated with a 900 nm PECVD SiOx film after H2‐plasma treatment.

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An Ag90Cu10 alloy sample after 24 h of immersion in 0.1 M Na2S solution having been coated with a 900 nm PECVD SiOx film after H2‐plasma treatment.
Characterizations of undoped and Cu doped CdS thin films using photothermal and other techniques
Authors: Paulraj M. , Ramkumar S. , Varkey K. P. , Vijayakumar K. P. , Sudha Kartha C. , Nair K. G. M.
Published: February 2005

Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) technique was used to study undoped and copper (Cu) doped cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films. Variation in grain size and lattice strain due to Cu doping were analysed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Changes in mobility of carriers in CdS with Cu concentration was studied using PDS technique for the first time and results are compared with the earlier ones. Thickness of Cu diffused region in CdS was also calculated and compared with results from X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ellipsometry. Results from PDS technique are found to be agreeing with those from other experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Small‐angle X‐ray scattering and nitrogen adsorption study of the nanoporosity elimination in TEOS sonohydrolysis‐derived xerogels
Authors: Vollet D. R. , de Castro W. C. , Donatti D. A. , Ibañez Ruiz A.
Published: February 2005

Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and nitrogen adsorption techniques were used to study the temperature and time structural evolution of the nanoporosity in silica xerogels prepared from acid‐ and ultrasound‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Silica xerogels present a structure of nanopores of fully random shape, size, and distribution, which can be described by an exponential correlation function γ(r) = exp (–r/a), where a is the correlation distance, as predicted by the Debye, Anderson, and Brumberger (DAB) model. The mean pore size was evaluated as about 1.25 nm from SAXS and about 1.9 nm from nitrogen adsorption. The nanopore elimination in TEOS sonohydrolysis‐derived silica xerogels is readily accelerated at temperatures around 900 °C probably by the action of a viscous flow mechanism. The nanopore elimination process takes place in such a way that the pore volume fraction and the specific surface are reduced while the mean pore size remains constant. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel method for preparing microcrystalline films from the amorphous phase by shot‐like IR laser light irradiation
Authors: Kondo S. , Saito T.
Published: February 2005

A novel method is presented for preparing microcrystalline films of metal halide semiconductors. The method is based on fast crystallization and subsequent crystal growth of amorphous films by means of shot‐like IR laser light irradiation and includes in situ monitoring of exciton luminescence. It is possible to prepare high‐quality microcrystalline films at various size levels of the crystallites. There is an optimum size level at which the microcrystalline films show much stronger free‐exciton luminescence than polycrystalline films and bulk single crystals (as exemplified for CuCl and CsPbCl3). The microcrystalline films provide extremely densely dispersed nanoparticles for studying mesoscopic enhancement of linear and nonlinear optical properties at various particle size levels. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)