bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS AT DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Mijić P. , Gantner V. , Vučković G. , Bobić T. , Baban M. , Gregić M. , Pejić M.
Published: April 2019

Cattle have a constant body temperature, which held up to a certain limit. Due to changing ambient climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, THI index), can lead to certain consequences which have a deleterious effect on the health of the animals, and even can cause death of the animal. The assumption of this research was that the environmental climatic parameters have an impact on cows in milk production.The study involved 50 Holstein cows, which were divided in the same building and in the two groups: the first (n = 25) = 30 kg milk and 2 (n = 25) = 30 and more kg of milk. The results showed that the surface temperature of the body was measured on the left side of the body cows (area rumen) increased no matter what was the level of milk production. However, the surface temperature of the udder measured from the back of the cows showed a different trend. The temperature of the udder of the cow in the first (with a milk production of less than 30 kg) was constant (average of 34.95 ° C), in contrast to the other groups of cows (with a milk production of 30 kg or more), where the surface temperature is increased as the udder increased and THI index in the barn.The increase in metabolic activity in animals (such as dairy cows) and leads to an increase in surface heat in certain parts of the body, and what is even more pronounced when the animals are in inadequate surroundings or barn that is not adapted to cows with high milk production.
Validity of Durkheim's classical study concerning suicides in the XXI century Case study - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Slijepčević Dušanka
Published: April 2019

The goal of this work is a scientific description of Durkheim's notionof suicide and collected data concerning the number of suicide cases,as well as the explanation of the suicide on the basis of overrulingsocial context or social factors. The starting point of this work is thesuicide issue as a global appearance which threatens to endanger publichealth in countries worldwide, and therefore it conditions the needfor introducing multi- sector prevention strategies, as well as continualresearches. Therefore the research subject presents the validationcheck on classical sociological standpoints concerning social causesfor suicide and specifically in the society of Bosnia and Herzegovinaat the beginning of the XXI century, in other words, searching forthe answer to the question-Can Durkheim's classic social study concerningsuicide explain the rate of suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina(further in the text referred as B&H) at the beginning of the XXIcentury? Specifically, is the classic assumption of social conditioningconcerning suicide valid? In this work I used general scientific methods:hypothetical- deductive, statistic and inductive, as well as a casestudy for data gathering. The research outcomes derive from verifiedclassic assumptions about the causes of suicides in contemporary age,as well as unveiling the socially influenced causes of suicides and thepossible measures for their prevention. The suicide rate in B&H atthe beginning of the XXI century confirms the assumption on social-ly predestined suicide. The veracity of the raised rates of suicide inpeaceful rather than in war conditions was proven. The influence ofthe economic stagnancy and age was also proven to affect the rates ofsuicides in B&H at the beginning of the XXI century, and the assumptionon female resistance to suicide was validated as well.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alter the food utilization, growth & development and reproduction of armyworm, Mythimna separata fed on Bt maize
Authors: Wang Long , Pokharel Sabin Saurav , Chen Fajun
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background: The cultivation of Bt maize (maize genetically modified with Bacillus thuringiensis) continues to expand globally. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a kind of beneficially microbial community, closely related to soil fertility and plant nutrition, may influence the resistance risk of Bt crops against target lepidopteran pests.

Methods: In this study, transgenic Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. its parental line of non-Bt maize cv. Xianyu335) was inoculated with a species of AMF, Glomus caledonium (GC) and its outcomes on the food utilization, reproduction and development of armyworm, Mythimna separata were conducted in a potted experiment from 2017 to 2018.

Results: AMF inoculation showed favorable influence on the GC colonization of both modified and non-modified maize, and marked increase in the grain weight per plant and 1000-grain weight of modified and non-modified maize. Meanwhile, the cultivation of Bt maize didn’t significantly affected the AMF colonization. The feeding of M. separata with Bt maize resulted in a notable decrease in the parameters RCR, RGR, AD, ECI and ECD as compared with those observed in larvae fed with non-Bt maize in 2017 and 2018 regardless of GC inoculation. Furthermore, remarkable shortening of the adult longevity, remarkable prolongation of larval life span and remarkable decrease in the rate of pupation, weight of pupa, rate of eclosion and fecundity of M. separata was observed in Bt treatment regardless of GC inoculation during the two year experiment. Also, when M. separata was given Bt, a significant prolongation of larval life and shortening of the adult longevity, and a significant decrease of the pupal weight and fecundity of M. separate, was observed when inoculated with GC. However, it was just the opposite for larvae fed with non-Bt maize and inoculated with GC. The increased percentage of larval life-span, and the decrease percentages of the food utilization and the other indexes of reproduction, growth, and development of M. separata fed on Bt maize relative to non-Bt maize were all obviously lower under GC inoculation in contrast to the CK.

Discussion: It is presumed that Bt maize has marked adverse impact on the M. separata development, reproduction and feeding, especially in combination with the GC inoculation. And the GC inoculation favors the resistance efficiency of Bt maize against M. separata larvae through reducing their food utilization ability, and then negatively affecting the development and reproduction of the armyworm. So Bt maize inoculated with AMF (here, GC) can lessen the severe threats arising from armyworms, and hence the AMF inoculation may play important ecological functions in the field of Bt maize ecosystem with potentially high control efficiency for the target lepidopteran pests.
Extrinsic and intrinsic dynamics in movement intermittency
Authors: Susilaradeya Damar , Xu Wei , Hall Thomas M , Galán Ferran , Alter Kai , Jackson Andrew
Published: April 2019

What determines how we move in the world? Motor neuroscience often focusses either on intrinsic rhythmical properties of motor circuits or extrinsic sensorimotor feedback loops. Here we show that the interplay of both intrinsic and extrinsic dynamics is required to explain the intermittency observed in continuous tracking movements. Using spatiotemporal perturbations in humans, we demonstrate that apparently discrete submovements made 2–3 times per second reflect constructive interference between motor errors and continuous feedback corrections that are filtered by intrinsic circuitry in the motor system. Local field potentials in monkey motor cortex revealed characteristic signatures of a Kalman filter, giving rise to both low-frequency cortical cycles during movement, and delta oscillations during sleep. We interpret these results within the framework of optimal feedback control, and suggest that the intrinsic rhythmicity of motor cortical networks reflects an internal model of external dynamics, which is used for state estimation during feedback-guided movement.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
In-depth human plasma proteome analysis captures tissue proteins and transfer of protein variants across the placenta
Authors: Pernemalm Maria , Sandberg AnnSofi , Zhu Yafeng , Boekel Jorrit , Tamburro Davide , Schwenk Jochen M , Björk Albin , Wahren-Herlenius Marie , Åmark Hanna , Östenson Claes-Göran , Westgren Magnus , Lehtiö Janne
Published: April 2019

Here, we present a method for in-depth human plasma proteome analysis based on high-resolution isoelectric focusing HiRIEF LC-MS/MS, demonstrating high proteome coverage, reproducibility and the potential for liquid biopsy protein profiling. By integrating genomic sequence information to the MS-based plasma proteome analysis, we enable detection of single amino acid variants and for the first time demonstrate transfer of multiple protein variants between mother and fetus across the placenta. We further show that our method has the ability to detect both low abundance tissue-annotated proteins and phosphorylated proteins in plasma, as well as quantitate differences in plasma proteomes between the mother and the newborn as well as changes related to pregnancy.
Nationally-representative serostudy of dengue in Bangladesh allows generalizable disease burden estimates
Authors: Salje Henrik , Paul Kishor Kumar , Paul Repon , Rodriguez-Barraquer Isabel , Rahman Ziaur , Alam Mohammad Shafiul , Rahman Mahmadur , Al-Amin Hasan Mohammad , Heffelfinger James , Gurley Emily
Published: April 2019

Serostudies are needed to answer generalizable questions on disease risk. However, recruitment is usually biased by age or location. We present a nationally-representative study for dengue from 70 communities in Bangladesh. We collected data on risk factors, trapped mosquitoes and tested serum for IgG. Out of 5866 individuals, 24% had evidence of historic infection, ranging from 3% in the north to >80% in Dhaka. Being male (aOR:1.8, [95%CI:1.5–2.0]) and recent travel (aOR:1.3, [1.1–1.8]) were linked to seropositivity. We estimate that 40 million [34.3–47.2] people have been infected nationally, with 2.4 million ([1.3–4.5]) annual infections. Had we visited only 20 communities, seropositivity estimates would have ranged from 13% to 37%, highlighting the lack of representativeness generated by small numbers of communities. Our findings have implications for both the design of serosurveys and tackling dengue in Bangladesh.
A regulatory module controlling stress-induced cell cycle arrest in Arabidopsis
Authors: Takahashi Naoki , Ogita Nobuo , Takahashi Tomonobu , Taniguchi Shoji , Tanaka Maho , Seki Motoaki , Umeda Masaaki
Published: April 2019

Cell cycle arrest is an active response to stresses that enables organisms to survive under fluctuating environmental conditions. While signalling pathways that inhibit cell cycle progression have been elucidated, the putative core module orchestrating cell cycle arrest in response to various stresses is still elusive. Here we report that in Arabidopsis, the NAC-type transcription factors ANAC044 and ANAC085 are required for DNA damage-induced G2 arrest. Under genotoxic stress conditions, ANAC044 and ANAC085 enhance protein accumulation of the R1R2R3-type Myb transcription factor (Rep-MYB), which represses G2/M-specific genes. ANAC044/ANAC085-dependent accumulation of Rep-MYB and cell cycle arrest are also observed in the response to heat stress that causes G2 arrest, but not to osmotic stress that retards G1 progression. These results suggest that plants deploy the ANAC044/ANAC085-mediated signalling module as a hub which perceives distinct stress signals and leads to G2 arrest.
Variasjon og endring i sogndalsdialekten
Authors: Haugen Ragnhild
Published: April 2019

I denne hovudoppgåva har eg undersøkt 9 fonologiske og 9 morfologiske språktrekk i sogndalsdialekten. Talemålstilfanget har eg fått gjennom samtalar med 30 tilfeldig utvalde sogndøler, 15 frå Sogndalsfjøra og 15 frå Sogndalsdalen. Alle samtalane vart tekne opp på kassett og deretter ekserperte av meg.

Sidan Sogndal på eit par generasjonar har gått frå å vera ei jordbruks- og fruktbygd til å verta eit kommunikasjons-, handels- og skulesentrum for heile Sogn, ville eg sjå om dette også viste att i språket. Eg ville ved hjelp av ein kvantitativ analyse finna ut om det var mogleg å påvisa variasjon mellom ulike sosiale inndelingar som kjønn, region, utdanning, yrkesgruppe, foreldrebakgrunn eller det å ha budd borte frå Sogn i to år eller meir. Eg ville også prøva å finna ut om det kan ha skjedd store endringar i sogndalsdialekten ut frå frekvensen av tradisjonelle og nyare belegg og ut frå alder.

Det viste seg at det berre var den sosiale inndelinga etter kjønn som gav store nok skilnader til å forkasta ein null-hypotese. På eit djupare nivå kom det fram at denne kjønnsskilnaden var størst for regionen Dalen.

For alle personane og belegga sett under eitt fekk eg ein gjennomsnittleg tradisjonsprosent på 78,4%, noko som tyder på at dei tradisjonelle talemålsformene i Sogndal held seg godt.

For tre variablar, variabel 3 /ø/ -/øy/ framfor palatal, som i , 14 /nd, ld/ - /n, l/, som i  og  og 18 /ei:/ - /i/, som i  var det likevel dei nyare variantane som dominerte.

Ei inndeling i to aldersgrupper synte så mange signifikante utslag på aldersskilnad at null-hypotesen måtte forkastast. Dette gav størst utslag for regionen Dalen. Skilnaden mellom aldersgruppene var størst hjå dei kvinnelege informantane.

Resultata har eg dels forklart ved hjelp av sosiale og psykologiske faktorar og dels ved hjelp av språklege faktorar.
The Pervinca charm: A medieval German love charm
Authors: Cianci Eleonora
Published: April 2019

The Pervinca love charm is an inedited 15th century German text, preserved in clm. 7021, ff. 165v-166r. This article represents the first attempt to make its complete transcription from the manuscript, an interpretative translation into English and a description of its content. The Pervinca charm displays a perfectly coherent rhetorical structure enriched by Christian images of brightness and fire; the structure lays on a large set of older non-Christian motifs, like: “as the wax melts, let N. melt / neither eat nor drink / neither sleep nor be awake”, as well as on ancient rituals with silver, gold, salt and wax. The theological frame gives even more power to the Pervinca, whose (Latin) name is here the key device of its irresistible magical power. A part of this charm is based on ancient curses and maledictions meant as a punishment if the beloved tried to resist the love charm. The performer needs the efficacy of the Pervinca in order to gain emotional, physical and mental power over a woman.
A Hidden Pot of Charm Scholarship: The History of Critical Reflections on Charms in Croatian Folkloristics
Authors: Nikolić Davor , Tomašić Josipa
Published: April 2019

The paper offers an overview of critical reflections on charms in Croatian folkloristics and related disciplines (literary theory and history, paleoslavistics). By highlighting the most important steps in the institutionalization of folklore research in Croatia we are showing the status of verbal charm both in the process of field research and the critical reflection. The most important contribution of Croatian scholars is classification of verbal charm as an oral rhetorical genre, which offered the possibility for different methodological approaches to the study of charms.
Writing on the Hand in Ink: A Late Medieval Innovation in Fever Charms in England
Authors: Olsan Lea T.
Published: April 2019

This paper reviews the types of charms employed to relieve fevers in medieval England from the Anglo-Saxon period to the end of the fifteenth century with attention to the manuscript contexts in which the charms are found. In the second part, the paper focuses more closely on charms and practical rituals for healing fevers that involve inscribing and consuming communion hosts. It argues that the method of writing sacred words on the hand with ink to be washed into a potion and consumed came into favour in the late Middle Ages at a time when writing on wafers was becoming problematic.
Genotypic variation in disease susceptibility among cultured stocks of elkhorn and staghorn corals
Authors: Miller Margaret W. , Colburn Philip J. , Pontes Emma , Williams Dana E. , Bright Allan J. , Serrano Xaymara M. , Peters Esther C.
Published: April 2019

Disease mortality has been a primary driver of population declines and the threatened status of the foundational Caribbean corals, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis. There remain few tools to effectively manage coral disease. Substantial investment is flowing into in situ culture and population enhancement efforts, while disease takes a variable but sometimes high toll in restored populations. If genetic resistance to disease can be identified in these corals, it may be leveraged to improve resistance in restored populations and possibly lead to effective diagnostic tests and disease treatments. Using a standardized field protocol based on replicated direct-graft challenge assays, we quantified this important trait in cultured stocks from three field nurseries in the Florida Keys. Field tests of 12 genotypes of A. palmata and 31 genotypes of A. cervicornis revealed significant genotypic variation in disease susceptibility of both species measured both as risk of transmission (percent of exposed fragments that displayed tissue loss) and as the rate of tissue loss (cm2 d–1) in fragments with elicited lesions. These assay results provide a measure of relative disease resistance that can be incorporated, along with consideration of other important traits such as growth and reproductive success, into restoration strategies to yield more resilient populations.
Efficacy of Upsee Therapy Program with an Enriched Stimulating Active Environment on Improvement Gross, Fine Motor Abilities and Weight Bearing Distribution in Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Children
Authors: M. Azam Ahmed
Published: April 2019

Objectives: This work was carried out to investigate the efficacy of upsee therapy program with an enriched stimulating active environment on improvement gross, fine motor abilities and weight bearing distribution in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy children.

Method: Thirty children were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned into two groups; group A received (upsee therapy program plus specific physiotherapy training) and group B (specific physiotherapy training program only). Gross motor functional measure (GMFCS), pegboard test and weight bearing distribution stages evaluation were used to detect and follow gross, fine motor abilities and weight bearing distribution. This measurement was taken before initial treatment and after 12 weeks of treatment. The children parents in both groups A and B were instructed to complete 3 hours of the home routine program every day. Dependent t-test was used to compare pre to post treatment changes.

Results: Data analysis was available on the 30 spastic diplegic cerebral palsied children participated in the study. The difference between pre and post-treatment results was more significant in (GMFCS) upsee group than the control group. Weight-bearing distribution stages evaluation and pegboard test demonstrate representative improvement in the study groups (p=0.0001) while insignificant in the control groups.

Conclusion: The addition of upsee therapy program to specific physiotherapy training is recommended in improving gross, fine motor abilities and weight bearing. So this suggested approach may be used as a selective choice for improving walking, hand functions and weight bearing abilities in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy children.
A First Approach to Loop Quantum Gravity in the Momentum Representation
Authors: Chagas-Filho W. F.
Published: April 2019

We present a generalization of the first-order formalism used to describe the dynamics of a classical system. The generalization is then applied to the first-order action that describes General Relativity. As a result we obtain equations that can be interpreted as describing quantum gravity in the momentum representation.
Identification of lncRNAs associated with early‐stage breast cancer and their prognostic implications
Authors: Deva Magendhra Rao Arunagiri Kuha , Patel Krishna , Korivi Jyothiraj Suneetha , Meenakumari Balaiah , Sundersingh Shirley , Sridevi Velusami , Rajkumar Thangarajan , Pandey Akhilesh , Chatterjee Aditi , Gowda Harsha , Mani Samson
Published: April 2019

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, with the highest incidence rate worldwide. Dysregulation of long noncoding RNAs during the preliminary stages of breast carcinogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to identify long noncoding RNA expression profiles associated with early‐stage breast cancer. RNA sequencing was performed on six invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissues along with paired normal tissue samples, seven ductal carcinoma in situ tissues, and five apparently normal breast tissues. We identified 375 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in IDC tissues compared to paired normal tissues. Antisense transcripts (~ 58%) were the largest subtype among DElncRNAs. About 20% of the 375 DElncRNAs were supported by typical split readings leveraging their detection confidence. Validation was performed in n = 52 IDC and paired normal tissue by qRT‐PCR for the identified targets (ADAMTS9‐AS2, EPB41L4A‐AS1, WDFY3‐AS2, RP11‐295M3.4, RP11‐161M6.2, RP11‐490M8.1, CTB‐92J24.3, and FAM83H‐AS1). We evaluated the prognostic significance of DElncRNAs based on TCGA datasets and report that overexpression of FAM83H‐AS1 was associated with patient poor survival. We confirmed that the downregulation of ADAMTS9‐AS2 in breast cancer was due to promoter hypermethylation through in vitro silencing experiments and pyrosequencing.
Calibrating TrueBeam jaws by considering collimator walkout to improve the dose uniformity at abutting field junctions
Authors: Corns Robert A. , Zhao Yingli
Published: April 2019

Jaw positions on a linear accelerator are calibrated to have accurate field size values over the range of jaw positions and to have excellent junctions when matching fields. It is sufficient to have field size accuracy on the order of a millimeter for most clinical applications but good junctions require submillimeter precision and accuracy in the jaw positioning. Presented is a method to measure collimator walkout with the MV imager and a mathematical model to determine an optimal origin for calibrating jaws on the TrueBeam accelerator. The calibration procedure uses the jaw position encoders which are sufficiently accurate and precise enough to achieve a homogeneous junction dose for abutting fields.
Multicomponent Hierarchical Cu‐Doped NiCo‐LDH/CuO Double Arrays for Ultralong‐Life Hybrid Fiber Supercapacitor
Authors: Guo Yaqing , Hong Xufeng , Wang Yao , Li Qi , Meng Jiashen , Dai Runtao , Liu Xiong , He Liang , Mai Liqiang
Published: April 2019

Fiber supercapacitors have aroused great interest in the field of portable and wearable electronic devices. However, the restrained surface area of fibers and limited reaction kinetics of active materials are unfavorable for performance enhancement. Herein, an efficient multicomponent hierarchical structure is constructed by integrating the Cu‐doped cobalt copper carbonate hydroxide@nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide (CCCH@NiCo‐LDH) core–shell nanowire arrays (NWAs) on Cu fibers with highly conductive Au‐modified CuO nanosheets (CCCH@NiCo‐LDH NWAs@Au–CuO/Cu) via a novel in situ corrosion growth method. This multicomponent hierarchical structure contributes to a large accessible surface area, which results in sufficient permeation of the electrolyte. The Cu dopant could reduce the work function and facilitate fast charge transfer kinetics. Therefore, the effective ion diffusion and electron conduction will facilitate the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the electrode. Benefiting from this unique structure, the electrode delivers a high specific capacitance (1.97 F cm−2/1237 F g−1/193.3 mAh g−1) and cycling stability (90.8% after 30 000 cycles), exhibiting superb performance compared with most oxide‐based fiber electrodes. Furthermore, the hybrid fiber supercapacitor of CCCH@NiCo‐LDH NWAs@Au–CuO/Cu//VN/carbon fibers is fabricated, providing a remarkable maximal energy density of 34.97 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 13.86 kW kg−1, exhibiting a great potential in high‐performance fiber‐shape energy‐related systems.
X‐Ray Writing of Metallic Conductivity and Oxygen Vacancies at Silicon/SrTiO3 Interfaces
Authors: Chikina Alla , Caputo Marco , Naamneh Muntaser , Christensen Dennis Valbjørn , Schmitt Thorsten , Radovic Milan , Strocov Vladimir N.
Published: April 2019

Tunable electronic properties of transition metal oxides and their interfaces offer remarkable functionalities for future devices. The interest in these materials has been boosted with the discovery of a 2D electron gas (2DEG) at SrTiO3 (STO)‐based interfaces. For the majority of these systems, oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in the emergence of interface conductivity, ferromagnetism, and high electron mobility. Despite its great importance, controlling the density and spatial distribution of oxygen vacancies in a dynamic way remains extremely challenging. Here, lithography‐like writing of a metallic state at the interface between SrTiO3 and amorphous Si using X‐ray irradiation is reported. Using a combination of transport techniques and in operando photoemission spectroscopy, it is revealed in real time that the X‐ray radiation induces transfer of oxygen across the interface leading to the on‐demand formation of oxygen vacancies and a 2DEG in STO. The formed 2DEG stays stable in ambient conditions as the interface oxygen vacancies are stabilized by the capping of Si. The study provides a fundamental understanding of X‐ray‐induced redox reactions at the SrTiO3‐based interfaces and in addition shows the potential of X‐ray radiation for patterning stabile conductive pathways for future oxide‐based electronic devices.
Simultaneous Detection and Repair of Wetting Defects in Superhydrophobic Coatings via Cassie–Wenzel Transitions of Liquid Marbles
Authors: Tenjimbayashi Mizuki , Samitsu Sadaki , Naito Masanobu
Published: April 2019

Superhydrophobic materials that prevent unwanted liquid adhesion can easily lose this property because of limited mechanical durability despite topological/chemical control and/or robust material selection. Here, long‐lasting superhydrophobic coatings with a system to effectively detect and repair damaged areas with “liquid marble,” a droplet covered with hydrophobic nanoparticles, are reported. The particles prevent direct contact between the droplet and the substrate (Cassie state). However, they can adhere to the non‐superhydrophobic damaged area in response to the substrate wettability via an external force or an increase in liquid volume via penetration of the outer nanoparticle layer (Wenzel state). This Cassie–Wenzel transition thus induces self‐assembly of the nanoparticles onto the non‐superhydrophobic area in response to the wettability, restoring superhydrophobicity.
Engineering Fe–Fe3C@Fe–N–C Active Sites and Hybrid Structures from Dual Metal–Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in H2–O2 Fuel Cell and Li–O2 Battery
Authors: Wang Hao , Yin Feng‐Xiang , Liu Ning , Kou Rong‐Hui , He Xiao‐Bo , Sun Cheng‐Jun , Chen Biao‐Hua , Liu Di‐Jia , Yin Hua‐Qiang
Published: April 2019

Dual metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, i.e., MIL‐100(Fe) and ZIF‐8) are thermally converted into Fe–Fe3C‐embedded Fe–N‐codoped carbon as platinum group metal (PGM)‐free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. Pyrolysis enables imidazolate in ZIF‐8 rearranged into highly N‐doped carbon, while Fe from MIL‐100(Fe) into N‐ligated atomic sites concurrently with a few Fe–Fe3C nanoparticles. Upon precise control of MOF compositions, the optimal catalyst is highly active for the ORR in half‐cells (0.88 V in base and 0.79 V versus RHE in acid in half‐wave potential), a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (0.76 W cm−2 in peak power density) and an aprotic Li–O2 battery (8749 mAh g−1 in discharge capacity), representing a state‐of‐the‐art PGM‐free ORR catalyst. In the material, amorphous carbon with partial graphitization ensures high active site exposure and fast charge transfer simultaneously. Macropores facilitate mass transport to the catalyst surface, followed by oxygen penetration in micropores to reach the infiltrated active sites. Further modeling simulations shed light on the true Fe–Fe3C contribution to the catalyst performance, suggesting Fe3C enhances oxygen affinity, while metallic Fe promotes *OH desorption as the rate‐determining step at the nearby Fe–N–C sites. These findings demonstrate MOFs as model system for rational design of electrocatalyst for energy‐based functional applications.
Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Shi Sanjun , Kong Na , Feng Chan , Shajii Aram , Bejgrowicz Claire , Tao Wei , Farokhzad Omid C.
Published: April 2019

Metabolic diseases occur when normal metabolic processes are disrupted in the human body, which can be congenital or acquired. The incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has reached epidemic proportions. So far, various methods including systemic drug therapy and surgery are exploited to prevent and treat metabolic diseases. However, current pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of these metabolic disorders remain limited and ineffective, especially reducing patient compliance to treatment. Therefore, it is desirable to exploit effective drug delivery approaches to effectively treat metabolic diseases and reduce side effects. This brief review summarizes novel delivery strategies including local, targeted, and oral drug delivery strategies, as well as intelligent stimulus‐responsive drug delivery strategy, for the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
Photoluminescence Quenching Probes Spin Conversion and Exciton Dynamics in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials
Authors: Yurash Brett , Nakanotani Hajime , Olivier Yoann , Beljonne David , Adachi Chihaya , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: April 2019

Fluorescent materials that efficiently convert triplet excitons into singlets through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rival the efficiencies of phosphorescent state‐of‐the‐art organic light‐emitting diodes. This upconversion process, a phenomenon known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), is dictated by the rate of RISC, a material‐dependent property that is challenging to determine experimentally. In this work, a new analytical model is developed which unambiguously determines the magnitude of RISC, as well as several other important photophysical parameters such as exciton diffusion coefficients and lengths, all from straightforward time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements. From a detailed investigation of five TADF materials, important structure–property relationships are derived and a brominated derivative of 2,4,5,6‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)isophthalonitrile that has an exciton diffusion length of over 40 nm and whose excitons interconvert between the singlet and triplet states ≈36 times during one lifetime is identified.
Programmable Self‐Assembling 3D Architectures Generated by Patterning of Swellable MOF‐Based Composite Films
Authors: Troyano Javier , Carné‐Sánchez Arnau , Maspoch Daniel
Published: April 2019

The integration of swellable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymeric composite films is a straightforward strategy to develop soft materials that undergo reversible shape transformations derived from the intrinsic flexibility of MOF crystals. However, a crucial step toward their practical application relies on the ability to attain specific and programmable actuation, which enables the design of self‐shaping objects on demand. Herein, a chemical etching method is demonstrated for the fabrication of patterned composite films showing tunable self‐folding response, predictable and reversible 2D‐to‐3D shape transformations triggered by water adsorption/desorption. These films are fabricated by selective removal of swellable MOF crystals allowing control over their spatial distribution within the polymeric film. Upon exposure to moisture, various programmable 3D architectures, which include a mechanical gripper, a lift, and a unidirectional walking device, are generated. Remarkably, these 2D‐to‐3D shape transformations can be reversed by light‐induced desorption. The reported strategy offers a platform for fabricating flexible MOF‐based autonomous soft mechanical devices with functionalities for micromanipulation, automation, and robotics.
Colloidal Transfer Printing–Mediated Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanorods for Self‐Cleaning Applications
Authors: Banik Meneka , Chakrabarty Poulomi , Das Anuja , Ray Samit K. , Mukherjee Rabibrata
Published: April 2019

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with extremely low contact angle hysteresis (θCAH < 4°), which exhibits excellent self‐cleaning behavior by colloidal template–guided hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs), is reported. A hexagonal close packed monolayer of polystyrene (PS) colloids is first deposited by spin coating on a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film. Subsequently, the colloidal array is transferred to a substrate precoated with sputtered zinc oxide seed layer by UV‐Ozone (UVO) mediated colloidal transfer printing. ZnO NRs are grown with colloids of different diameter (dD) varying between 300 and 800 nm, and for each dD the growth time (tG) is optimized to obtain maximum level of hydrophobicity. These experiments show that best self‐cleaning property is achieved with colloids having dD = 600 nm and tG = 4 h, which do not require any subsequent low surface energy coating. Using transfer printing allows uniform coverage of the monolayer colloidal array over the sputtered seed layer spanning over large areas, irrespective of the roughness or curvature of the target substrate.
Antiicing Properties of Bioinspired Liquid‐Infused Double‐Layer Surface with Internal Wetting Transport Ability
Authors: Guo Zhenyu , Gao Chunlei , Li Jinghui , Liu Yufang , Zheng Yongmei
Published: April 2019

Inspired by the poison dart frog skin that secretes functional liquid after being stimulated, a liquid‐infused double‐layer surface (LDS) is designed by integrating superhydrophobic layer with liquid‐infused layer. Both layers generate the wettability gradient to drive tiny condensed droplet into the liquid‐infused layer, and the liquid‐infused layer would effectively lower the freezing point for nonicing. Especially, the internal wetting transport ability appears between both layers, greatly reducing icing possibility of the surface, i.e., the tiny condensed droplets in the micropores can be transported to liquid‐infused layer with nonfrozen properties. Thus, the surface of LDS thereby keeps superhydrophobic property for antiicing and antifrosting in a long term. This design makes LDS achieve excellent antiicing and antifrosting properties against cold environments with high humidity. And it may be significant for such materials to be extended into some realms, e.g., antiicing in aviation and power for long‐term durability in cold and high moisture environment.
Long‐Range Non‐Coulombic Electron–Electron Interactions between LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Nanowires
Authors: Tang Yuhe , Tylan‐Tyler Anthony , Lee Hyungwoo , Lee Jung‐Woo , Tomczyk Michelle , Huang Mengchen , Eom Chang‐Beom , Irvin Patrick , Levy Jeremy
Published: April 2019

The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system exhibits unusual magnetic and superconducting behavior arising from electron–electron interactions whose physical origin is not well understood. Quantum transport techniques, especially those involving mesoscopic geometries, can offer insight into these interactions. Here evidence for long‐range electron–electron interactions in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanowires, measured through the phenomenon of frictional drag, is reported, in which current passing through one nanowire induces a voltage across a nearby electrically isolated nanowire. Frictional drag mediated by the Coulomb interaction is predicted to decay exponentially with interwire separation, but with the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanowire system it is found to be nearly independent of separation. Frictional drag experiments performed with three parallel wires demonstrate long‐range frictional coupling even in the presence of an electrically grounded central wire. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a new long‐range non‐Coulombic electron–electron interaction unlike anything previously reported for semiconducting systems.
Extremely Sensitive, Allochroic Airflow Sensors by Synergistic Effect of Reversible Water Molecules Adsorption and Tunable Interlayer Distance in Graphene Oxide Film
Authors: Huang Yinan , Wang Shuguang , Wang Zhongwu , Gong Xu , Meng Yancheng , Li Hongwei , Tan Ziting , Yuan Liqian , Li Jie , Chen Yigang , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2019

In nature, the accurate flow sense of skin or hair gives the creatures incredible power for flight control and escaping danger, which stimulates the vigorous pursuit for the construction of extremely sensitive artificial airflow sensor. Here, inspired by the nasal skin and chameleon, a kind of extremely sensitive, allochroic airflow sensor is developed based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets, which senses airflow with dual output signals (current and color) by synergistic effect of reversible water molecules adsorption and tunable interlayer distance. This kind of sensor demonstrates extremely high sensitivity (i.e., huge conductivity changes of several orders of magnitude), a response time of about 1 s, and a detection limit as low as 0.2 mm s−1 that is even lower than the detection limit of human skin. Remarkably, just like the chameleon changes color by tuning the guanine nanocrystal lattice, this sensor achieves the impressive color changing ability via tunable interlayer distance under gas flow, which implies its potential application for the visualized airflow sensors.
An Etching‐Free Approach Toward Large‐Scale Light‐Emitting Metasurfaces
Authors: Brière Gauthier , Ni Peinan , Héron Sébastien , Chenot Sébastien , Vézian Stéphane , Brändli Virginie , Damilano Benjamin , Duboz Jean‐Yves , Iwanaga Masanobu , Genevet Patrice
Published: April 2019

A new class of quasi 2D optical components, known as metasurfaces and exhibiting exceptional optical properties have emerged in recent years. The scattering properties of their subwavelength patterns allow molding the wavefront of light in almost any desired manner. While the proof of principle is demonstrated by various approaches, only a handful of low cost and fabrication friendly materials are suitable for practical implementations. To further develop this technology toward broadband application and industrial production, new materials and new fabrication methods are required. In addition, moving from passive to active devices with, for instance, dynamic tuning requires to move from dielectrics to semiconductors. Here, an etching‐free process is presented that combines nanoimprint and selective area sublimation of a semiconductor material to realize centimeter‐scale metalenses of high optical quality. Use of gallium nitride is chosen for this demonstration, as it is a widespread semiconductor which can be transparent and active in the visible. The sublimation leads to reduced surface roughness and defects compared to reactive ion etching. As a result, the devices show enhanced photoluminescence efficiency with respect to etched devices. Amplification due to gain in the semiconductor based metaoptics could lead to a new type of optoelectronic devices.
Flow‐Induced Long‐Term Stable Slippery Surfaces
Authors: Baumli Philipp , Teisala Hannu , Bauer Hoimar , Garcia‐Gonzalez Diana , Damle Viraj , Geyer Florian , D'Acunzi Maria , Kaltbeitzel Anke , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Vollmer Doris
Published: April 2019

Slippery lubricant‐infused surfaces allow easy removal of liquid droplets on surfaces. They consist of textured or porous substrates infiltrated with a chemically compatible lubricant. Capillary forces help to keep the lubricant in place. Slippery surfaces hold promising prospects in applications including drag reduction in pipes or food packages, anticorrosion, anti‐biofouling, or anti‐icing. However, a critical drawback is that shear forces induced by flow lead to depletion of the lubricant. In this work, a way to overcome the shear‐induced lubricant depletion by replenishing the lubricant from the flow of emulsions is presented. The addition of small amounts of positively charged surfactant reduces the charge repulsion between the negatively charged oil droplets contained in the emulsion. Attachment and coalescence of oil droplets from the oil‐in‐water emulsion at the substrate surface fills the structure with the lubricant. Flow‐induced lubrication of textured surfaces can be generalized to a broad range of lubricant–solid combinations using minimal amounts of oil.
Extraction of phenolic compounds from spent blackberry pulp by enhanced‐fluidity liquid extraction
Authors: Dávila Javier A. , Rosenberg Moshe , Cardona Carlos A.
Published: April 2019

This research describes an enhance‐fluidity liquid extraction process for extracting total phenolic compounds (TPC) from spent blackberry pulp (SBP) using a modified solvent (CO2–ethanol mixture). Effects of particle size (from 1,400 to 180 μm), pressure (150–300 bar), and cosolvent (ethanol)‐to‐solid ratio (64, 128, and 192 mL ethanol/32 g solid) on the extraction of TPC at 40°C were investigated. Experimental data was processed using the Sovova's model to obtain the solubility of TPC in the modified solvent. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate the solubility of phenolic compounds at high pressures. Results indicated that particle sizes ranging from 600 to 850 μm and pressure of 300 bar allowed obtaining extracts with higher antioxidant activity (94.71% of inhibition) and TPC content (11.59 mg GA/g SBP). High pressure and the modified solvent increased the solubility up to 3.4 × 10−4 (mol fraction).
Autosomal recessive Treacher Collins syndrome due to POLR1C mutations: Report of a new family and review of the literature
Authors: Ghesh Leila , Vincent Marie , Delemazure Anne‐Sophie , Boyer Julie , Corre Pierre , Perez Fabienne , Geneviève David , Laplanche Jean‐Louis , Collet Corinne , Isidor Bertrand
Published: April 2019

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a frequent cause of mandibulofacial dysostosis. To date, TCS‐causing mutations in three genes, namely TCOF1, POLR1D, and POLR1C have been identified. TCS is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with a high clinical variability and no phenotype–genotype correlation. Up‐to now, five families have been reported with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance due to mutations in POLR1D or POLR1C. We report here a new family with two sisters affected by mild TCS carrying compound POLR1C heterozygous mutations, and review the literature on mild forms of TCS, autosomal recessive inheritance in this syndrome and POLR1C mutations.
Review of pediatric abdominal trauma: operative and non‐operative treatment in combined adult and pediatric trauma center
Authors: Shimizu Toru , Umemura Takehiro , Fujiwara Naoki , Nakama Tsukasa
Published: April 2019

Aim

More than 90% of pediatric solid organ abdominal injuries are treated non‐operatively. It remains difficult to decide who should graduate to surgical management, more so if adult physicians must make these decisions on pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes of all pediatric abdominal trauma cases in a single center, focusing on the decision‐making algorithm for operative or non‐operative treatment by pediatric and adult physicians.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective review of a pediatric trauma database from April 2006 to March 2016. Groups were divided into operative and non‐operative, single or multi‐organ injury, and adult or pediatric physician. Operative treatments included laparotomy or interventional radiology procedures. Primary outcome was survival within 30 days.

Results

There were 53 abdominal trauma cases; among them, 48 (90.6%) survived and 5 (9.4%) died within 30 days. The probability of survival for mortalities was less than 11%. Forty‐two cases were treated non‐operatively and 11 operatively. Injury Severity Score was higher in operative group (17 [9, 41]/9 [4, 16.3]). Adult physicians saw 33 patients including seven operative, whereas pediatric physicians saw 20 including four operative cases. There was no statistical difference for the management decision between adult and pediatric physicians.

Conclusion

Our decisions for intervention were within acceptable rates. Adult physicians did not tend to operate more, but there were cases that did not fit the criteria of the algorithm. Further investigation is needed to look at which factors should be focused on to determine whether or not operative treatments are indicated.
Progress in Precise Measurements of the Gravitational Constant
Authors: Wu Junfei , Li Qing , Liu Jianping , Xue Chao , Yang Shanqing , Shao Chenggang , Tu Liangcheng , Hu Zhongkun , Luo Jun
Published: April 2019

The Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the earliest fundamental constants introduced by human beings, plays an important role in cosmology, astrophysics, geophysics, metrology, and so on. In spite of the measurement of G having a relative longer history and more than 200 measurement results having been obtained during the past 200 years, G still remains the least precisely known among all fundamental physical constants up to now. Over the past three decades, many experimental physicists devoted themselves to the G measurement with various methods and resulted in a dozen precise values of G. However, the determined results are still in poor agreement with each other. A brief overview of the significance of the gravitational constant G is given herein, followed by an introduction into the history of G measurement. A summary of the five latest precise measurements performed during the past few years is presented. Finally, an outlook of the future development of G measurement is provided.
Graphene oxide–polyoctahedral silsesquioxane–chitosan composite films with improved mechanical and water‐vapor‐transport properties
Authors: Xie Dongmei , Liu Qin , Xu Dan , Ren Dan , Wu Xiyu
Published: April 2019

Graphene oxide (GO) and ball‐milled maleamic acid–isobutyl polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes (MAIPSs) were incorporated simultaneously into chitosan (CS) via solution blending to evaluate their combined effects on the structures and properties of composite films. GO and MAIPS aggregates were homogeneously dispersed in CS and affected the crystallinities of the composite films. The binary addition of GO and MAIPS resulted in synergistic enhancements of the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films. Composite films containing 3% w/w MAIPS and 0.25% w/w GO (CS–GO–MAIPS‐3) exhibited the highest strength and modulus, which were 48 and 42.2% higher, respectively, than the values of the CS film. The water‐vapor‐sorption isotherms revealed that monolayer sorption sites decreased with the addition of GO or/and MAIPS, but the dissolution process was not significantly influenced. The water‐vapor permeability reached its lowest value for the CS–GO–MAIPS‐3 film because of hindered diffusion with the presence of impermeable nanoparticles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47748.