bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B - 37 Are There Differences In Later-In-Life Brain Health Symptoms among Adults Who Previously Played Contact Sports and Noncontact Sports?
Authors: Rigney Grant H , DeOliveira Nick , Dugan John E , Jo Jacob , Jonzzon Soren , Williams Kristen L , Zuckerman Scott , Terry Douglas P
Published: September 2024

Objectives

There is increasing concern that repetitive head impacts sustained during youth contact sports may be associated with potential long-term brain health consequences. This study evaluated health outcomes in adults with a history of exposure to contact sports, noncontact sports, and no sports.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey study categorized participants based on their prior participation in sports (i.e., contact sports, non-contact sports, and no sports). Outcome variables were scores on the British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory (bc-CCI), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). One-way ANOVA and chi-squared tests assessed group differences, and multivariable linear regressions assessed the effect of sport exposure history and covariates (e.g., age, gender, education, number of prior concussions) on the outcome variables.

Results

Of the 1100 participants (age: 53.6 ± 17.7; 55% women), individuals with contact sport exposure reported more lifetime concussions (Mcontact = 1.7 ± 2.4, Mnoncontact = 0.8 ± 1.3, Mno sport = 0.7 ± 1.3; p.05). Predictors of higher bc-CCI scores included younger age (p < 0.001), lower education (p < 0.001), and number of lifetime concussions (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Although individuals with contact sport exposure reported a greater number of concussions, total years of exposure to contact sports did not predict later-in-life cognitive, depressive, or anxiety symptoms.
B - 41 Mild Head Injury (MHI), Unrelated Abnormal Brain Findings, Collateral Support, Video EEG and Neuropsychological Findings: a Case Study of Functional Seizure Disorder
Authors: Lazarus Theophilus , Lazarus Gershom T
Published: September 2024

Objective

Functional seizure disorders, a form of conversion disorder with contributing biological, psychological, and social factors, pose a differential diagnostic challenge. Integrating video EEG, CT Brain Scan, collateral support and neuropsychological findings in diagnosis is discussed.

Method

The absence of epileptiform activity in video-EEG distinguishes functional and epileptic seizures. A case study is presented of a young adult male who sustained a MHI in a motor vehicle accident, presenting with a seizure disorder two weeks thereafter. Twenty-four-hour video EEG using photic stimulation revealed grunting sounds, head extension, clenched hands, back arching, jerking with associated paradoxical heavy breathing (shown in video clip), similar to family eyewitness descriptions. Hyperventilation was associated with generalized slowing. No epileptiform activity was noted. Unenhanced CT Brain Scan revealed global symmetrical age-incongruent cerebral involutional change.

Results

Neuropsychological assessment using CNS Vital Signs Test revealed variable scores, with “very low” scores on Complex Attention (raw score 17; SS = 68; 2nd Percentile); Cognitive Flexibility (raw score 28; SS =66; 1st percentile) and Processing Speed (raw score = 38; SS = 67; 1st percentile). “Above average” scores were found for Composite Memory (raw score 107; SS = 113; 81st percentile) and Verbal Memory (raw score = 59; SS = 122; 93rd percentile).

Conclusions

Brain involutional changes suggest pre-existing functional immaturity, instability of brain regions, or reduced neural connections may precede the diagnosis of Functional Seizure Disorders, precipitated by the MHI. In addition to video EEG, selected neuropsychological findings and collateral information provide additional support to confirm this complex disorder.
B - 42 Evaluating the MMPI-3 Somatic/Cognitive Scales in Service Members and Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)
Authors: Herring Tristan T , Ingram Paul B , Armistead-Jehle Patrick , Shura Robert D , Turkstra Lyn , Lu Lisa H , Curtiss Glenn C , Bowles Amy O , Eapen Blessen C , Cooper Douglas B
Published: September 2024

Objective

Research on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 3 (MMPI-3) Somatic/Cognitive scales is limited, but primarily focused on their relationships with symptom and performance validity tests. This study expands prior literature by providing extensive Somatic/Cognitive Scale correlates with symptom validity tests and neurocognitive measures in a sample of active-duty personnel and veterans.

Method

The study included Active-duty Service Members (n = 22) and Veterans (n = 31). Various measures of cognitive abilities and symptom validity were examined as a function of the Cognitive Complaints (COG) scale.

Results

Moderate to large differences were observed between COG groups across all MMPI-3 overreporting scales and all somatic/cognitive scales, save the NUC scale (g = 0.66–1.31 [excluding NUC]). Groups differed on three Memory Complaints Inventory memory scales: General (g = 0.89), Visuo-spatial (g = 0.62), and Verbal (g = 0.97). No significant differences were observed across cognitive tests (e.g., WAIS, CVLT). COG was moderately associated with all MMPI-3 overreporting and most somatic/cognitive scales (r = 0.30–0.72). Small to moderate correlations were observed between COG and most external validity and neurocognitive measures (r = 0.05–0.60).

Conclusions

Results suggest the COG scale primarily captures subjective distress rather than objective neurocognitive performance, consistent with prior work (Gervais et al., 2009). These patterns are especially pronounced in emotional, social, and somatic symptom domains. Additionally, COG scores were associated with MMPI-3 overreporting scores, but COG had weaker associations with external neurocognitive and symptom validity measures. These results suggest that COG has weak convergent validity with other self-report measures of cognition (e.g., Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory).
B - 43 Utility of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) as a Measure of Functional Recovery across the TBI Rehabilitation Continuum
Authors: Tremaine Monique J , Petrosyan Hayk J , Greenwald Brian , Goldin Yelena , Xie Minge , Chandran Onrina
Published: September 2024

Objective

To evaluate the utility of the AM-PAC (Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care) for functional assessment of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) across inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation settings. We evaluated (1) Longitudinal changes (1-year) in cognitive and physical recovery patterns across the rehabilitation continuum (2) Concurrent validity of AM-PAC as compared to traditional measures.

Method

A prospective repeated measures cohort study of adults with TBI (n = 186), where 87 participants received inpatient rehabilitation (IR), and 99 participants received outpatient cognitive rehabilitation (CR). Functional recovery was assessed at IR admission, discharge, 6 months and 1 year, and at admission/discharge from CR for post-acute participants. Functional measures included AM-PAC-Basic Mobility (BM), Daily Activities (DA), and Applied Cognitive (AC) domains, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB), Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O), and Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4: self-awareness).

Results

The AMPAC was sensitive to changes throughout the care continuum, demonstrating medium effect sizes across all three functional domains. Notably, AMPAC scores showed greater change compared to traditional tools (90% and 68% confidence levels). Additionally, analysis of Minimum Detectable Change thresholds demonstrated significant improvements, across settings and within moderate/severe TBI (p < 0.05), followed by predictably smaller gains in the mild TBI population (p < 0.05), underscoring the clinical relevance of these findings.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate that the AM-PAC is a practical, valid and sensitive scale responsive to longitudinal ecological and functional change in TBI. Analysis confirms the effectiveness of functional assessments, particularly emphasizing strengths of the AMPAC.
B - 45 Assessing MMPI-3 Substantive Scales in Service Members and Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI): Association with Criterion Symptom Measures
Authors: Sapp Ali A , Herring Tristan T , Ingram Paul B , Armistead-Jehle Patrick , Shura Robert D , Turkstra Lyn , Lu Lisa O , Curtiss Glenn , Bowles Amy O , Eapen Blessen C , Cooper Douglas B
Published: September 2024

Objective

Research on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Assessment-3’s (MMPI-3) utility in treatment is scarce, primarily investigating prediction of traumatic symptoms and suicidal risk (Keen et al., 2022; Morris et al., 2024). However, few studies have examined these scales in treatment settings. The current study expands prior research by examining the MMPI-3 substantive scales in a neurocognitive rehabilitation setting from baseline through 12 weeks post treatment.

Methods

Relative risk ratios evaluated whether Active-duty (n = 22) and Veterans (n = 31) with MMPI-3 scale elevations had an increased likelihood of elevation on common symptom measures (Post-traumatic Checklist-DSM-5 [PCL-5] ≥ 31; Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CES-D] ≥ 16; Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory [NSI] ≥ 57) across four timepoints (baseline, one week, four weeks, 12 weeks).

Results

Those with elevated (T ≥ 65) scores on MMPI-3 substantive scales, particularly for the internalizing and thought dysfunction scales, have increased likelihood of meeting screening criteria on the PCL-5. Numerous scales also predicted CES-D elevation; however, both CES-D and NSI elevations were less pronounced. The NSI was weakly associated with most MMPI-3 substantive scales.

Conclusions

Veterans and Active-duty personnel with MMPI-3 substantive elevations will likely elevate concurrent measures of symptom severity. Neurocognitive symptoms produce less reliable associations. Longitudinal associations with criterion measures will provide a needed area of expanded validity for the MMPI-3.
B - 46 The Increase of Impulsivity and Irritability under Types of Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Whynot Delaney , Burch Marissa , Foltz Robert
Published: September 2024

Objective

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a global contributor to mortality and incapacitation, afflicting approximately 69 million individuals yearly (Dewan et al., 2019). Despite potential amelioration of physical and neurological symptoms, behavioral alterations such as irritability and impulsivity often persist (Vutakuri, 2023). This study explores how TBIs relate to impulsivity and irritability across demographic and injury factors.

Method

446 trauma-exposed participants were selected for analysis, retrieved from a Midwestern treatment center database. Responses to PCL-5 questions 15 and 16 assessed impulsivity and irritability. Participants were divided into control (n = 192) and experimental (n = 254) groups based on TBI presence and PCL-5 scores. SPSS software facilitated statistical procedures, including multivariate, univariate, and chi square analyses. Participants were categorized by race, gender, and age (11 to 65 years).

Results

The analysis found insignificant relationships between TBI types and irritability/impulsivity (p = 0.863; p = 0.638). However, race and age were found to have a significant correlation with TBI presence and type of TBI. Moreover, any TBI correlated with increased irritability and impulsivity (r = 0.11, p = 0.024; r = 0.20, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study underscores the enduring influence of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) on increased irritability and impulsivity. While TBI types showed no significant association with these traits, demographic factors (race and age) emerged as pivotal determinants. Caucasians exhibited a higher TBI incidence, while older individuals displayed increased susceptibility to assault-related TBIs but paradoxically lower levels of irritability and impulsivity. These nuanced findings emphasize the intricate interplay between TBI and demographic variables in shaping behavioral outcomes.
B - 51 Are my Constructs Bass-Ackwards? A Hierarchical Approach to Neuropsychological Factors in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ikonomou Vasilios C , Campbell Ivan , Wagaman Bailey , Hernandez Katherine A , Ton-Loy Adan , Sullivan Sydney , Hill Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study examined neuropsychological measures within a hierarchical framework in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) sample.

Methods

270 individuals (M = 32 years old, SD = 14.8; 70% male, 94% white) with mixed TBI severity (73.7% mild TBI) completed the Meyers Neuropsychological Battery (MNB). Principal Components Analyses (PCAs) were conducted using Goldberg’s (2006) “bass-ackwards” hierarchical approach commonly used to evaluate “stratum” in personality and psychopathology. This involves an iterative top-down approach extracting a single general factor, then using the same data to extract two factors, then three factors, and continues as long as theoretically feasible. Extracted factors are saved as factor scores and correlated to reveal pathways between stratum.

Results

Iterative PCAs revealed a 4-stratum model. The first unrotated principal component (FUPC) was defined by loadings for Arithmetic, AVLT, RCFT, and Block Design. The second stratum factors were defined by AVLT and BNT (factor 1) and RCFT and Block Design (factor 2). The third stratum was defined by RCFT, Block Design, and Finger Localization nondominant (factor 1); Information and BNT (factor 2); and AVLT, Coding, and Finger Tapping dominant (factor 3). Stratum 4 was RCFT and Block Design (factor 1); AVLT (factor 2); Sentence Repetition, Similarities, and Information (factor 3); and Finger Tapping bilateral, Coding, and Trails Making Test (factor 4). Correlational pathways between factors ranged from 0.50 to 0.98.

Conclusion

Factors at lower stratum generally aligned with functions for cortical lobes. For example, Stratum 4 can be conceptualized as right temporoparietal (factor 1), left temporal (factor 2), left frontotemporal (factor 3), and bilateral frontal (factor 4).
B - 52 A Pilot Study for the Responsible Concussion Commentary Checklist: Evaluating Commentary of Head Injury Assessment in the Australian National Rugby League
Authors: Lappin Keeley , Sullivan Karen
Published: September 2024

Objective

Focus on sport-related concussion has increased due to growing concerns regarding the long-term effects of repeated concussion. To improve player safety, some sports have adopted new injury assessment and management protocols. These efforts may be undercut by the live media coverage of concussion, which is known to downplay concussion. This pilot study explored how live sports commentary from the Australian National Rugby League portrays concussion in the context of the newly introduced Head Injury Assessment (HIA) protocol.

Method

15 concussions were randomly selected from the 69 HIA-tiggering events from rounds 1 to 8 of the 2024 season. The live commentary for those events was evaluated using a concussion commentary checklist. This multi-item checklist was developed from existing recommendations for the responsible reporting of concussion. The checklist evaluated the extent to which the commentary met the gold standard requirements (e.g., used the correct injury terminology) and yielded an overall impression score (commentary quality).

Results

Impression ratings revealed that the commentary was rarely scored as high quality, indicating that it did not meet the gold standard expected for accurate and responsible commentary of on field instances of suspected concussion. The scores for the individual checklist items were also frequently low. Commonly identified issues included the use of incorrect injury terminology and injury minimisation.

Conclusion

This pilot study showed that the live commentary of suspected concussion was poor. The findings have implications for concussion awareness through changed practices in live sports commentary. Commentary guidance is needed to prevent the spread of misinformation about concussion among sport spectators.
B - 60 Age of ADHD Diagnosis as a Predictor of Psychiatric Symptom Reporting
Authors: Shoemaker Bonnie E , Piszczor Justyna , Abalos Steven A , Soble Jason R
Published: September 2024

Objective

Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and intervention is thought to mitigate symptom severity and to improve outcomes. Existing literature suggests those who receive later ADHD diagnoses may attribute ADHD symptomatology to personal shortcomings, contributing to a negative self-perception and higher incidence of psychopathology. We evaluated differences in psychological functioning between adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (< 12) versus those first diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood.

Method

Cross-sectional data from 609 patients (Mage = 28.13; Meducation = 15.69; 61.4% Female/38.6% Male; 39.9% White, 27.3% Hispanic, 16.7% Black, 10.3% Asian, 5.7% Other) undergoing neuropsychological evaluation for ADHD was examined. Psychiatric symptomatology was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Patients were grouped by diagnostic history: (1) ADHD diagnosis in childhood and currently (< 12); (2) current ADHD diagnosis without childhood diagnosis; and (3) no ADHD/primary psychopathology diagnosis comparison group.

Results

Overall, there was a significant multivariate effect across groups (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.961, F(4,1204) = 5.971, p < 0.001); patients diagnosed with ADHD in childhood had significantly lower BAI and BDI-II scores than both those diagnosed later and those diagnosed with a condition other than ADHD.

Conclusion(s)

Individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood self-reported less symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to those diagnosed with ADHD later in adolescence or adulthood and those without an ADHD diagnosis. This underscores the potential importance of early identification and intervention for ADHD in mitigating subsequent symptoms of anxiety and depression.
B - 62 Cognitive Training Targeting Reward Responsiveness Promotes more Efficient Affective Processing in an Interference Go/NoGo Task
Authors: Dun Danielle , Barretto Sergio , Hovren Hanna , Harlé Katia
Published: September 2024

Objective

Abnormalities in emotional processing are commonly seen in depression and anxiety, disorders also associated with decreased reward sensitivity i.e., anhedonia. We tested a noninvasive, cognitive training program aimed at boosting reward responsiveness and gaged if it may also improve affective processing efficiency.

Methods

Individuals (N = 50; 54% Female; 18–65 yo) with low hedonic tone (Positive and Negative Affect Scale/PANAS score < 25) and diagnostic levels of depression and/or anxiety (Patient Health Questionnaire-8/PHQ-8 or General Anxiety Disorder-7/GAD-7 score ≥ 10) who responded to community-posted flyers completed an affective go/no-go (AGN) task before and after completing an exploratory reward learning task, i.e., a multi-arm bandit (MAB). Participants were randomly assigned to a high-reward MAB training with either high variance (HV) or low variance (LV) in reward rates, HV being expected to boost reward maximization. In the AGN, participants saw negative and positive pictures and had to respond as fast as possible to pictures of a given target category (positive or negative).

Results

Following the HV vs LV training MAB, participants were more accurate (higher likelihood of hits), which was more evident in negative target blocks relative to positive target blocks (odds ratio/OR:0.61, 95% CI = [0.38,0.98]; z = −2.045, p = 0.041). Participants exhibited stronger decreases in hits response times following the HV vs LV training MAB, but across all target blocks (B:-37 ms, 95% CI = [−56,-18]; t = −3.806, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A novel cognitive training program aimed at boosting reward sensitivity may help improve patients’ processing of emotionally taxing stimuli. Targeting reward sensitivity is a critical component of improving clinical outcomes in depressed and anxious patients..
B - 64 Exploring the Role of Education in Predicting Older Veterans’ Functional Performance on the Pillbox Test
Authors: Granier Katie L , McDonald Taylor , Burger Carly , Zartman Andrea
Published: September 2024

Objective

Previous research demonstrates older adults with less education are at higher risk of medication nonadherence (Jin et al. 2016). The Pillbox Test is a process-oriented, performance-based measurement of executive functioning designed and validated by Zartman and colleagues (2013) which may help identify individuals at risk of medication nonadherence and functional impairment. This study aimed to assess the impact educational attainment has on Pillbox Test performance.

Method

Participants (n = 208) included a mixed diagnostic sample of older adults who completed the Pillbox Test as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation within a neuropsychology clinic between 2019–2024 (Mage = 71.54, Meducation = 13, 62.5% Caucasian, 89.9% male). Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between education and Pillbox Test performance.

Results

Pearson correlations revealed a significant negative correlation between years of education and Pillbox Test total errors, r(206) = −0.14, p < 0.05, such that lower education was associated with greater errors. However, linear multiple regression analyses revealed education did not uniquely predict errors on the Pillbox Test when accounting for demographic variables (race, education, age, gender). Race was the only significant predictor of Pillbox errors. Specifically, identification as Hispanic (β = 0.21, p < 0.01) or African American (β = 0.18, p < 0.05) predicted greater errors.

Conclusion(s)

While lower education is associated with poorer Pillbox Test performance, it does not uniquely predict performance when accounting for other demographic variables. That said, the Pillbox Test appears to be a robust measure of functional ability and executive functioning among older adults with diverse educational backgrounds and may be less susceptible to the influence of formal education than other similar measures.
B - 68 Executive Functioning Skills of Verbal and Emotional Intelligence and Borderline Personality Predict Posttraumatic Growth
Authors: Harris Vanessa , Harris Vanessa , Jones Makyla A , Jacquin Kristine M
Published: September 2024

Objective

Research found a positive connection between emotional intelligence and both borderline personality and posttraumatic growth. Prior research has not examined the combination of emotional intelligence, borderline personality, and cognitive intelligence as predictors of posttraumatic growth (PTG); our research helped fill this gap.

Method

American adults (N = 402; M age = 38.7 years, SD = 13.0) were recruited from Prolific to complete an online survey including Shipley Institute of Living Scale-2, Assessing Emotions Scale, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded, and screening questionnaire for DSM-5 Personality Disorders. PTG was measured in relation to any previous trauma. Participants reported being white (67.2%), African American/Black (9.7%), Asian/Asian American (9.7%), Hispanic/Latinx (9.0%), and other ethnicities (4.5%), and men (48.0%), women (47.8%), non-binary (1.5%), transgender men (1.2%) or women (0.5%), or other genders (0.9%).

Results

Hierarchical regression revealed that emotional and verbal intelligence significantly predicted PTG, F(2, 391) = 78.54, p < 0.001, adj. R2 = 0.28, 95% CI [0.20, 0.35]. Adding borderline characteristics to the model resulted in significantly greater prediction of PTG, F(3, 390) = 61.22, p < 0.001, F change p < 0.001, and explained 32% of the variance in PTG, adj. R2 = 0.32, 95% CI [0.24, 0.39]. Greater emotional intelligence (beta = 0.535), more borderline personality characteristics (beta = 0.189), and lower verbal reasoning (beta = −0.159) predicted more PTG.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that executive functions and borderline characteristics play a complex role in the development of posttraumatic growth after trauma.
B - 69 Exploring Gratitude: its Associations with Executive Function and Mental Health in College Undergraduates
Authors: Dalokay Lauren A , Mohlman Jan
Published: September 2024

Objective

Strength-related traits, particularly gratitude, have received little attention in the literature on the psychological and cognitive well-being of undergraduate students. This study examined whether dispositional gratitude predicts both objective and perceived executive functions, and reconsidered other known predictors such as mood, gender, and positive affect in a diverse sample of 270 undergraduate students.

Method

The students completed self-report mood and executive skill measures, then participated in the computerized version of the Trails Making Test, parts A and B. Students with prior brain injury, Dx of ADHD, or learning disability were excluded. Correlations, T-tests, and ANOVAs were used to analyze data.

Results

Gratitude was negatively correlated with depression (r = −0.492), anxiety (r = −0.377), and stress (r = −0.260). Conversely, it was positively correlated with positive affect (r = 0.503), all statistically significant at p < 0.001. Additionally, students with higher levels of gratitude self-reported higher executive functioning skills, such as planning and emotional regulation, representing small sized effects. However, there was no significant relationship between gratitude and objective performance on a task of cognitive flexibility, nor were there differences in gratitude scores between male and female participants. Eighty-six percent of students who identified as Asian were in the lower level of gratitude group.

Conclusion

These findings support prior research suggesting that gratitude has a stronger influence on boosting mood and positive emotions, rather than on higher-order executive skills, such as cognitive flexibility. The study also highlights cultural considerations of gratitude interventions, taking into account differences found between ethnic groups.
B - 71 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition—Adult Version (BRIEF2A) Scale Elevations in Adults with Mild and Moderate/Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Sady Maegan D , Barrett-Clarke Adam P , Gioia Gerard A , Isquith Peter K , Roth Robert M
Published: September 2024

Objective

Adults with persisting symptoms after mild (mTBI) or moderate-to-severe (msTBI) TBI may show problems with executive functions (EF) on testing and, in some studies, in everyday life. We examined self- and informant-report EF in mTBI and msTBI using the BRIEF2A.

Method

Participants were 62 patients with persisting symptoms after mTBI (57 self-, 22 informant report) and 31 with msTBI (28 self, 17 informant) seen for neuropsychological evaluation at least one-year post-injury, compared to demographically-matched healthy adults (HA) from the standardization sample. BRIEF2A scales are Inhibit (INHIB), Self-Monitor (SM), Shift (SHFT), Emotional Control (EC), Initiate (INIT), Working Memory (WM), Plan/Organize (P/O), Task-Monitor (TM), and Organization of Materials (OM).

Results

mTBI self-ratings were higher than HA on all scales, especially WM, SM, INHIB, and SHFT. The majority of patients had elevated scores on 6/9 scales, most notably WM (82.5%) and P/O (64.9%). Informants also scored higher than HA on all scales, most commonly elevating on WM (77.3%), INIT (54.5%), SHFT and P/O (50%). In msTBI, greater self-rated difficulty than HA on all scales except OM, most common elevations being WM and INHIB (46.4%). msTBI Informant report was higher for the same 8/9 scales, especially elevating on WM (82%), P/O (76.5%), EC and SM (70.6%).

Conclusions

Patients and informants of those with persisting symptoms after mTBI and msTBI commonly endorse executive dysfunction in their everyday lives. Those persons with msTBI self-endorsed fewer problems with EF than seen in mTBI, contrasting with msTBI informants who observe a broader range of challenges than self-report, possibly related to reduced self-awareness.
B - 73 Neurocognitive Correlates of Impulsivity: Lack of Perseverance Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Control
Authors: Abid Arooj , Mach Russell J , Middlebrooks Morgan , Lamm Connie , Judah Matt
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study investigated associations between cognitive control, specifically proactive and reactive control, and impulsivity. Impulsivity is linked to low cognitive control and has been associated with substance use, self-harm, and dementia. Studies suggest that impulsivity is linked to poorer reactive and proactive control, but the unique facet of impulsivity implicated in this link has not been established. This study aimed to understand how impulsivity subdomains are related to both proactive and reactive control during a continuous performance task.

Methods

To examine the full spectrum of impulsivity, a premorbid risk-factor, a total of 251 healthy undergraduates were included in the study (106 male, 143 female, and 2 another gender; mean age = 19.51, SD = 2.76). Thirty-seven were excluded due to missing data. Participants completed the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation-seeking, Positive-urgency (UPPS-P) Scale and the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) for course credit.

Results

Lack of perseverance was correlated with longer reaction times on proactive control, r = 0.143, p = 0.023, and reactive control trials, r = 0.180, p = 0.004. Lack of perseverance was also found to be a unique and significant predictor of proactive control reaction time, controlling for the other four facets of impulsivity (β = 0.152, p = 0.049).

Conclusions

We found a positive relationship between lack of perseverance and both proactive and reactive cognitive control, indicating that lower perseverance is linked to poorer cognitive control. Impulsivity is a multi-faceted risk-factor that has also been linked to symptoms of dementia and general disinhibition. These findings contribute to the growing literature on how higher impulsivity increases vulnerability to cognitive control deficits.
B - 74 The Effect of Perimenopause on Women’s Executive Functioning: a Systematic Review
Authors: Kardel Devon , Weber Sarah
Published: September 2024

Objective

This systematic review aims to examine the existing literature on the impact of perimenopause/menopause on cognitive function, identify overlaps with adult ADHD symptoms, and provide evidence-based recommendations for distinguishing between the two conditions, guiding clinical practice and identifying considerations for selection of neuropsychological testing with this population.

Data Selection

A search of electronic databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE, will be conducted to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024. Studies examining cognitive changes during perimenopause/menopause, diagnostic challenges in distinguishing perimenopause/menopause-related cognitive decline from adult ADHD symptoms, and interventions for accurate assessment and management will be included. Data extraction and synthesis will be performed following PRISMA guidelines.

Data Synthesis

The analysis will review a range of literature on the cognitive changes associated with perimenopause/menopause, including deficits in attention, memory, and executive function, which may overlap with symptoms of adult ADHD. Attention will be paid to looking for distinct patterns of cognitive impairment and hormonal profiles between perimenopause/menopause-related cognitive decline and adult ADHD. Various screening tools and neuropsychological assessments will be examined for their utility in differentiating between the two conditions.

Conclusions

The current systematic review, with its focus on the impact of menopause and perimenopause on women’s cognitive functioning, particularly executive functioning, has the potential to significantly advance our understanding in this area. It will be able to provide clinical recommendations and considerations for individuals administering and interpreting neuropsychological testing with this population. Recommendations for best practices will be proposed, potentially revolutionizing the way we approach and manage these conditions.
B - 79 Examining the MMPI-2-RF Profiles of Diagnosed Autistic Adults
Authors: Duran Julia K , Emerson Joules , Rieske Robert
Published: September 2024

Objective

The current study examined the psychopathology and personality trait presentation in Autistic adults utilizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. We sought to identify patterns in the overall MMPI-2-RF score profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder as well as to explore group differences between an ASD sample and a non-ASD group.

Method

Archival data was collected from a private clinic specializing in differential diagnosis in the Midwestern United States. 26 participants in the ASD group (57.7% male; 18–60 years old; 65.4% Caucasian) and 26 participants in the non-ASD group (53.9% male; 19–62 years old; 76.9% Caucasian) were matched using a one-to-one propensity score match with verbal composite score, age, and sex as the variables. The non-ASD group included clients administered the MMPI-2-RF and diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Results

Results showed statistically significant group differences on three validity scales as well as the scales of Ideas of Persecution, Dysfunctional Negative Emotions, Aberrant Experiences, Behavior-Restricting Fears, Juvenile Conduct Problems, Disaffiliativeness, Psychoticism-Revised, and Thought Dysfunction.

Conclusion

Several statistically significant and clinically relevant group differences were identified such as on scales of Aberrant Experiences and Disaffiliativeness which may be explained by social alienation & maladjustment experienced by autistic adults. Furthermore, differences on validity scales assessing infrequent responses and Uncommon Virtues may reflect rigid thinking. Findings also align with past research showing higher levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidality experienced by Autistic individuals. Overall, we established a pattern of elevated psychopathology and personality trait presentation in autistic adults which may be used to guide treatment interventions.
B - 87 The Moderating Effects of Current Substance Use on the Relationship between Neighborhood Deprivation and Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Ande Namitasai , Murphy Blakely , Ray Arjun , Puente Antonio
Published: September 2024

Objective

Numerous studies have illustrated the importance of social determinants of health (SDH) on neuropsychological outcomes (Zuelsdorff, 2020); however, what moderates this relationship is poorly understood. One factor that negatively affects neuropsychological outcomes is substance use (Volkow et al., 2016). This study, the first to our knowledge, examines the intersection between a composite measure of SDH, the Area Deprivation Index (ADI; Kind et al., 2018), and current substance use (CSU). We hypothesized that CSU would moderate SDH’s effect on neuropsychological test performance.

Method

This sample is 236 diverse adults (M age = 55; 64% female; 44% White) who completed a neuropsychological examination in an outpatient neuropsychology clinic between 2017–2023. The composite measure of SDH was the ADI (Kind et al., 2018), which uses 17 socioeconomic indicators. Test scores were converted to z-scores for six cognitive domains (processing speed, attention, executive functioning, language, visuospatial abilities, and memory) and a global cognitive function score. CSU was self-reported use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. Regressions were used to test the hypothesized interaction.

Results

Results partially supported CSU’s moderation of ADI and cognition. CSU only moderated the relationship between ADI and memory functioning (b = −0.08,p = 0.008); the indirect association between ADI and memory ability was stronger for those who endorsed CSU, even after controlling for covariates.

Conclusions

Findings demonstrate the interaction between CSU and ADI in predicting memory abilities. Analyses suggest using substances compounds the detrimental effects of neighborhood deprivation on memory, independent of demographic factors. Such results underscore the importance of considering socioecological factors in neuropsychological evaluations and test development.
B - 88 Depression Mediates Right Cingulum-Hippocampal Integrity and Logical Memory Performance in Spanish-Speaking Mexican Americans
Authors: Sullivan Sydney C , Campbell Ivan , Ikonomou Vasilios C , Hill Benjamin D
Published: September 2024

Objective

To investigate whether depression mediates the relationship between right cingulum-hippocampal integrity and Logical Memory I (LM I) in Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans.

Method

Participants were 456 Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans (70.2% female; mean age = 63.3 years, SD = 8.05; mean education = 6.75 years, SD = 3.96) from the Health & Aging Brain Study - Health Disparities (HABS-HD). They underwent standard neuropsychological testing and MRI scans. Right cingulum-hippocampal integrity was measured using mean diffusivity. Depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).

Results

The total effect of right cingulum-hippocampal integrity on LM 1 performance was significant [F(1, 413} = 15.24; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.04; 95% CI = −6589.52, −2175.98]. Among the participants, 32.1% of participants reported depressive symptoms on the GDS, while only 21.1% received a clinical diagnosis. Depression demonstrated a significant indirect effect on LM 1 total score [B = −345.19; 95% CI = −811.34, −36.97]. The direct effect of right cingulum-hippocampal integrity on memory function remained significant [B = −4037.56; p < 0.001; 95% CI = −6243.45, −1831.66] even after accounting for depression.

Conclusions

Depression partially mediated the relationship between right cingulum-hippocampal integrity and LM 1 performance. This suggests that the effect of right cingulum-hippocampal integrity on memory encoding is modulated by depression severity. However, a significant direct effect remained even after accounting for depression, indicating independent contributions of both factors. Further research is needed to examine additional variables that may influence the relationship between right cingulum-hippocampal integrity and LM 1 performance.
B - 96 Relationships between Self-Reported Cognitive Dysfunction, Functional Activities, and Intraindividual Cognitive Variability in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (Pwms)
Authors: Riegler Kaitlin , Neto Lindsay O , Turner Aaron P , Raskin Sarah A , Gromisch Elizabeth S
Published: September 2024

Objective

To examine the relationships between intraindividual cognitive variability (IIV) and self-reported cognitive and functional difficulties in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). We hypothesized higher perceived cognitive and functional difficulties would be associated with higher IIV.

Method

Participants (n = 35) were pwMS from a prospective memory intervention study. During the baseline evaluation, participants completed an objective neuropsychological test battery and a self-report measure of cognitive functioning (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire; PDQ Total). Participants were asked if they had problems in eight different functional areas due to their memory, with the number of endorsed problems summed. Two measures of IIV, an intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) score and maximum discrepancy score (MDS), were created from 11 indices. The relationship between the IIV and PDQ were assessed with individual linear regressions, controlling for demographics and disease-related characteristics, while Spearman correlations examined the associations with the number of reported functional memory problems.

Results

The PDQ was not significantly associated with either the ISD (b = −0.03, 95% CI: −0.15, 0.10, p = 0.672) or MDS (b = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.51, 0.32, p = 0.645). The overall number of functional memory problems was correlated with both the PDQ (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.018) and ISD (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.039), but not MSD (ρ = −0.22, p = 0.201).

Conclusion(s)

Perceived cognitive dysfunction was not associated with IIV. However, self-reported functional problems with memory were associated with perceived cognition, as well as one metric of IIV. ISD may better reflect moment to moment fluctuations that lead to difficulties with daily functioning, as opposed to MDS which may reflect underlying variation (e.g., base rates of impairment) in cognitive performance.
B - 98 Effect of Insomnia on Sustained Attention in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)
Authors: Cao Tony , Hammond Jared B , Darwazah Hannah , Roth Robert M , Moncrief Grant G
Published: September 2024

Objective

Insomnia symptoms are prevalent among individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and may, to some extent, reflect virally-mediated neurological changes. Mood disturbance and cognitive impairment, including weaknesses in attention and processing speed, are also observed. There is limited research examining the association between insomnia, mood, and cognition in PASC, which we aimed to elucidate.

Methods

Patients were 69 consecutive adults (M-age = 46.5 ± 11.6 years; M-education = 15.03 ± 2.66 years; M-TOPF-SS = 104.6 ± =12.58; 69.6% female; 95.7% White) seen for neuropsychological evaluation in a PASC clinic. They completed the Conners Continuous Performance (CPT-3), Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Insomnia Severity Index, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory as part of a larger battery of measures. Cognitive performance was compared between patients with elevated versus non-elevated insomnia symptoms. Models were also adjusted for mood symptoms via MANCOVA.

Results

Group demographics were unrelated to mood, sleep, and cognition. MANOVA yielded a significant main effect (Wilks’ Λ = 0.656, F(7,61) = 4.57, p < 0.001), with more CPT-3 commission errors (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.247), faster reaction times (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.090), and more variable response speed consistency (p = 0.027, ηp2 = 0.071) in those with insomnia. Commission errors and reaction times remained significant after covarying for mood. The insomnia group displayed slower responses across block changes (p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.065) when mood was controlled.

Conclusion

Patients with PASC with elevated insomnia symptoms showed greater inaccuracy and more variable reaction times on a sustained attention task, in a pattern suggesting impulsivity, even after controlling for mood symptoms. Findings suggest that improving sleep may ameliorate attention deficits in persons with PASC.
B - 99 Timely Matters: Processing Speed and Other Cognitive Corelates of Identi-Fi Accuracy and Time to Completion
Authors: Hammond Jared B , Darwazah Hannah , Graefe Anna C , Moncrief Grant G , Roth Robert M
Published: September 2024

Objective

The Identi-Fi is a test of visuospatial organization with overall performance represented by the Visual Organization Index (VOI). Though untimed, the Professional Manual indicates administration takes ~10 minutes in the standardization sample. We examined Identi-Fi time of completion (TOC) in a mixed clinical sample and explored whether TOC and VOI are differentially associated with other neuropsychological measures.

Method

Participants were 240 adults referred for clinical neuropsychological evaluation, 78.3% being aged 60+ (M = 64.50 ± 12.38 years, range = 21–79), male (54.6%), with 14.80 ± 2.89 years of education (range = 7–21). They completed the Identi-Fi and other cognitive tests (WAIS-IV Block Design and Digit Span; Trail Making Test; Boston Naming Test; D-KEFS Color-Word Interference). Correlation and linear regression were used to examine relationships.

Results

Overall, VOI was low average (M = 85.61 ± 19.00, range = 40–125). TOC was slightly longer (M = 12.92 ± 6.04 minutes, range = 4.07–47.78) than reported in the manual. VOI was correlated with visuoconstruction, confrontation naming, attention, processing speed and executive functions (all p ≤ 0.001), as well as TOC (r = −0.195, p = 0.002) and education (r = 0.136, p = 0.035). TOC was corelated with age (r. = 384, p < 0.001), education (r = 0.141, p = 0.029), processing speed (TMT-A: r = −0.329, p < 0.001; CW1: r = −0.171, p = 0.014), cognitive flexibility (r = −0.230, p = 0.001), and response inhibition (r = −0.269, p < 0.001). TOC was predicted by processing speed (β = −4.986, p = 0.049) even after accounting for age and education.

Conclusion

TOC may be longer in clinical populations, though this may reflect the older age of this sample. Although time and accuracy on the Identi-Fi correlated with processing speed, accuracy was also associated with other cognitive abilities. Further research into the clinical utility of Identi-Fi TOC is warranted.
B - 100 Psychomotor Vs. Cognitive Processing Speed in Episodic Verbal Memory
Authors: Arreola Langarica Ashley L , Boynton Harrison G , Zamora Joel , DiGiovanna Ben J , Motley John E , Tran Sarah , Way Sarah , Barnett Michael D
Published: September 2024

Objective

Processing speed has been shown to positively correlate with episodic memory. However, few studies have explored the nuanced relationship between processing speed and memory. This study explores the types of processing speed measures (e.g., psychomotor vs. cognitive) in relation to episodic verbal memory.

Method

Participants (N = 231; Mage = 56.73; female = 62.3%) completed the Weschler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Grooved Pegboard Test (GPB), Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Coding (WAIS-CD), Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System-Word Reading (DKEFS-1), and the DKEFS-Color Naming (DKEFS-2) as part of a neuropsychological assessment. Sum of normed z-scores from the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition Immediate Recall, List-B, Short-Delayed Free Recall, and Long-Delayed Free Recall created a composite score representing memory.

Results

Hierarchical linear regression showed premorbid (p < 0.001) and motor functioning (p < 0.001) in a significant Model 1 (p < 0.001), explaining 19.8% of the variance (AdjustedR2 = 0.198). Model 2 was significant (F (6, 178) = 12.95, p < 0.001) and explained an additional 8.2% (AdjustedR2 = 0.280). Only WAIS-CD (β = 0.20, p = 0.014) and TMT-A (β = 0.19, p = 0.012) emerged as significant independent predictors.

Conclusion

Results showed that both variables involving psychomotor processing speed were independent predictors of episodic verbal memory even after controlling for premorbid and motor functioning. Results provide further clarity into the relationship between processing speed and episodic memory. Future research should attempt to more stringently control for other physical factors that may account for variance in this relationship to ensure replicability.