bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The struggle over class, identity,  and language: A case study of  South Korean transnational families1
Authors: Song Juyoung
Published: April 2012

Globalization, while deterritorializing identity and culture, generates new practices and subjectivities that must be understood with reference to relationships between identity, language, and class in multiple markets. Through interviews and ethnographic observations focusing on children's language learning practices, this article examines how transnational South Korean families locate themselves in relation to the phenomenon of jogi yuhak, ‘early study abroad.’ It focuses on two graduate student families’ struggle over securing their social position by portraying themselves as different from other transnational Korean families through investing in alternate forms of linguistic capital. This reflects their contradictory and shifting subjectivities as they negotiate between foregrounding their roles as moral and intellectual elites vs. acting as materialistic parents. These transnational families’ struggles and conflicts underline how globalization in general, and jogi yuhak as a transnational strategy in particular, affects individuals’ subjectivities at the intersection of class, language, and transnationalism.

세계화는 지역사회에 기반한 정체성과 문화를 약화시키기도 하지만, 복수의 국제 시장에서의 개인의 정체성, 언어, 그리고 사회계급간의 관계와 연관 지어 이해해야 하는 새로운 관행과 주관을 생성하기도 한다. 영어와 관련된 학습 관행에 초점을 맞춘 본 연구는 조기유학을 위해 고국을 떠나 외국에 거주하고 있는 한국 학생들과 그 가족들이 어떻게 자신들의 사회적 위치를 설정하는지에 대해서 면담과 민족지학적 관찰을 통해서 고찰한다. 미국에 거주하고 있는 두 대학원 유학생 가족들이 그들의 사회적 지위를 확보하기 위해서 어떻게 자신들의 정체성과 언어적 관행을 다른 조기유학생 가족들로부터 차별화하는지에 대해서 집중적으로 논의한다. 특히, 그들에게 거는 사회에서의 도덕적, 지적 엘리트로서의 역할에 대한 공언과 부모로서의 그들 자녀들의 영어 습득에 대한 물질주의적 갈망사이에서 갈등하는 모순적이고 변덕스러운 주관이 반영된 언어적 자산의 형태를 분석한다. 이들 초국가적 가정들의 노력과 갈등은 전반적으로 세계화와, 특별히 초국가적 전략으로서의 조기유학이 사회계급, 언어 그리고 초국가주의의 교차선상에서 개인의 주관에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 보여준다. [Korean]
Globalization of English teaching and overseas Koreans as temporary migrant workers in rural Korea
Authors: Jeon Mihyon
Published: April 2012

One of the most prominent impacts of neoliberal globalization on language is the rise of the importance of English (Heller 2003; Phillipson 2003). In today's globalized economy, struggles over the resources of English language education tie English to processes of construction and reproduction of social differences and inequality (Heller 2002). Korea's newly launched Teach and Learn in Korea (TaLK) program is one such example. The TaLK program recruits native speakers of English, including overseas ethnic Koreans, as temporary immigrant workers to teach English to rural elementary students. Using the concept of ‘language management,’ this article demonstrates how the Korean government views transnational Koreans’ ethnicity as an asset, while treating their linguistic resources as manageable commodities. Analyses of policy documents, media coverage, and essays by and interviews with TaLK participants reveal how the TaLK program may contribute to sustaining social differences and inequality in multiple ways, although the program's main goal is to provide equal opportunities to rural students.

세계화가 언어에 미치는 영향 중 가장 대표인 현상 중 하나는 영어의 중요성의 부각이다. 세계화되어 가고 있는 경제 체제 하에서 영어 교육을 위한 자원 확보 경쟁이 영어와 사회 불평등의 관계를 심화시킨다. 이러한 관계를 보여 주는 일예로 한국 정부가 새롭게 도입한 정부 초청 해외 영어봉사 장학생 (TaLK) 프로그램을 들 수 있다. 이 프로그램을 통해 한국 정부는 농촌 학교에서 영어를 가르칠 교포를 포함한 원어민을 모집한다. ‘언어 관리’라는 개념을 도입해 본 논문은 어떻게 한국 정부가 한인 교포 TaLK 참가자들의 민족성을 활용가능한 자원으로 개념화하고 참가자들의 언어 능력을 언어 관리의 대상으로 관리하는지를 보여준다. 정책 문건, 대중 매체, 참가자의 수필, 참가자와의 인터뷰를 분석하여 지역간의 영어 격차를 해소 하기위해 도입한 TaLK 프로그램이 그러한 격차를 유지, 심화시키는데 기여하는 역할을 고찰한다. [Korean]
Linguistic competency and citizenship: Contrasting portraits of multilingualism in the South Korean popular media1
Authors: Lo Adrienne , Chi Kim Jenna
Published: April 2012

This paper examines how metapragmatic framings of multilingual competency and incompetency have become indexes of global and South Korean citizenship in the South Korean popular media. Drawing upon depictions of multilingualism in South Korean television deurama (‘drama’), comedy skits, and popular music, it examines how the locus of modernity and cosmopolitanism is moving away from the U.S.‐oriented overseas Korean (gyopo) and towards the figure of the elite transnational returnee (saldaon saram). It argues that as the transnational circulation of people, media, and ideologies accelerates in the age of globalization, intra‐ethnic discourses of linguistic mockery will also intensify.

本文檢視南韓大眾媒體中的多語現象, 探討擁有多語能力如何成為判定是世界公民和南韓公民的依據。我們探索在全球化下, 欠缺語言能力的種族化形象的跨國流傳, 以及同民族間的語言嘲諷現象的興起。這篇文章觀察南韓電視連續劇、綜藝節目喜劇單元和流行音樂中對多語現象的呈現, 據此分析多語現代性和世界主義如何從過去曾是南韓旅美僑胞的表徵, 轉變成當今海歸(跨國鍍金後返國)人士的專屬形象。[Mandarin]

본 논문은 한국의 대중문화에 나타난 다국어 사용 능력과 무능력의 메타실용주의적 프레이밍이 어떻게 세계화와 한국화된 현대 시민의 지표로 반영되고 있는지에 관한 연구이다. 드라마, 코미디 쇼, 그리고 대중 음악 등 대한민국의 여러 대중매체에서 드러난 다국어 사용의 실례들을 통해 현대화와 도시화의 주체가 재미교포에서 해외 거주 경험이 있는 엘리트들로 옮겨가는 과정을 고찰한다. 또한, 세계화로 인해 사람과 미디아, 이데올로기의 초국가적 흐름이 가속화 되어가는 이 시대에, 인종간의 조소성 발언들이 늘어날 것으로 예측한다. [Korean]
Optimum Design of Experiments for Statistical Inference
Authors: Gilmour Steven G. , Trinca Luzia A.
Published: April 2012

One attractive feature of optimum design criteria, such as D- and A-optimality, is that they are directly related to statistically interpretable properties of the designs that are obtained, such as minimizing the volume of a joint confidence region for the parameters. However, the assumed relationships with inferential procedures are valid only if the variance of experimental units is assumed to be known. If the variance is estimated, then the properties of the inferences depend also on the number of degrees of freedom that are available for estimating the error variance. Modified optimality criteria are defined, which correctly reflect the utility of designs with respect to some common types of inference. For fractional factorial and response surface experiments, the designs that are obtained are quite different from those which are optimal under the standard criteria, with many more replicate points required to estimate error. The optimality of these designs assumes that inference is the only purpose of running the experiment, but in practice interpretation of the point estimates of parameters and checking for lack of fit of the treatment model assumed are also usually important. Thus, a compromise between the new criteria and others is likely to be more relevant to many practical situations. Compound criteria are developed, which take account of multiple objectives, and are applied to fractional factorial and response surface experiments. The resulting designs are more similar to standard designs but still have sufficient residual degrees of freedom to allow effective inferences to be carried out. The new procedures developed are applied to three experiments from the food industry to see how the designs used could have been improved and to several illustrative examples. The design optimization is implemented through a simple exchange algorithm.
IS THERE EVIDENCE OF THE J‐CURVE IN COMMODITY TRADE BETWEEN THE USA AND HONG KONG?*
Authors: BAHMANI‐OSKOOEE MOHSEN , XU JIA
Published: April 2012

In this paper, when we apply the technique to the bilateral trade balance between the USA and Hong Kong, we find neither short‐run nor long‐run effects. Suspecting that this could be due to aggregation, we disaggregate the trade data between the two countries by commodity and apply the same method. While we find short‐run negative effects in the majority of industries, positive long‐run effects are observed in 58 of 108 industries, supporting the J‐Curve.
High HIV prevalence in a southern semi‐rural area of Mozambique: a community‐based survey
Authors: González R , Munguambe K , Aponte JJ , Bavo C , Nhalungo D , Macete E , Alonso PL , Menéndez C , Naniche D
Published: April 2012

Background

Southern African countries have borne the brunt of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Monitoring epidemiological dynamics is critical to identify the populations at greatest risk of infection and to guide control strategies.

Methods

A cross‐sectional community‐based study to determine age‐ and sex‐specific HIV prevalence among individuals aged 18–47 years was carried out in Manhiça, southern Mozambique. Participants were randomly selected from the demographic surveillance system in place in the area and voluntary HIV counselling and testing were offered at home. In addition, HIV prevalence estimates from the antenatal clinic (ANC) were collected prospectively.

Results

A total of 839 individuals were invited to participate in the study. Of these, 722 were recruited (50.7% women). The overall HIV prevalence in the community was 39.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 35.9–43.8%]. By age, the prevalence was 23.2% (95% CI 17.9–28.6%) in individuals aged 18–27 years, 41.2% (95% CI 35.6–48.3%) in those aged 28–37 years and 44.8% (95% CI 38.4–51.2%) in those aged 38–47 years. HIV prevalence was higher among women than men in all age groups. The overall HIV prevalence estimate for women in the community (43.1%; 95% CI 37.6–48.5%) was 1.4 times higher than that for those attending the ANC (29.4%; 95% CI 26.7–32.0%).

Conclusions

The high HIV prevalence found in this region suggests that the epidemic is in a mature stable phase. The lower rates in the ANC than in the community suggest that ANC evaluations may underestimate community HIV prevalence. Resources to monitor HIV infection dynamics are needed to guide targeted control strategies in countries in which the epidemic exacts the greatest toll.
A novel α‐conotoxin MII‐sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulates [3H]‐GABA release in the superficial layers of the mouse superior colliculus
Authors: McClure‐Begley Tristan D. , Wageman Charles R. , Grady Sharon R. , Marks Michael J. , McIntosh J. Michael , Collins Allan C. , Whiteaker Paul
Published: April 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 48–57.

Mouse superficial superior colliculus (SuSC) contains dense GABAergic innervation and diverse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to investigate the subunit compositions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) expressed on mouse SuSC GABAergic terminals. [125I]‐Epibatidine competition‐binding studies revealed that the α3β2* and α6β2* nicotinic subtype‐selective peptide α‐conotoxin MII‐blocked binding to 40 ± 5% of SuSC nAChRs. Acetylcholine‐evoked [3H]‐GABA release from SuSC crude synaptosomal preparations is calcium dependent, blocked by the voltage‐sensitive calcium channel blocker, cadmium, and the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, but is unaffected by muscarinic, glutamatergic, P2X and 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists. Approximately 50% of nAChR‐mediated SuSC [3H]‐GABA release is inhibited by α‐conotoxin MII. However, the highly α6β2*‐subtype‐selective α‐conotoxin PIA did not affect [3H]‐GABA release. Nicotinic subunit‐null mutant mouse experiments revealed that ACh‐stimulated SuSC [3H]‐GABA release is entirely β2 subunit‐dependent. α4 subunit deletion decreased total function by >90%, and eliminated α‐conotoxin MII‐resistant release. ACh‐stimulated SuSC [3H]‐GABA release was unaffected by β3, α5 or α6 nicotinic subunit deletions. Together, these data suggest that a significant proportion of mouse SuSC nicotinic agonist‐evoked GABA‐release is mediated by a novel, α‐conotoxin MII‐sensitive α3α4β2 nAChR. The remaining α‐conotoxin MII‐resistant, nAChR agonist‐evoked SuSC GABA release appears to be mediated via α4β2* subtype nAChRs.
Peripheral blood stem cell collection in allogeneic donors: impact of venous access
Authors: Hölig Kristina , Blechschmidt Matthias , Kramer Michael , Zimmer Kristin , Kroschinsky Frank , Poppe‐Thiede Kirsten , Bornhäuser Martin , Ehninger Gerhard
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection is accepted as a routine procedure in related and unrelated healthy donors worldwide. Venous access can be accomplished by peripheral veins or a central venous catheter (CVC).

STUDY DESING AND METHODS: We compared efficacy and tolerability of 40 PBSC collections via CVC with 6267 PBSC collections via peripheral veins in healthy allogeneic donors. Results of the leukapheresis procedures and side effects in the donors were evaluated.

RESULTS: The median CD34+ cell counts on Day 5 and the results of the stem cell collection were not significantly different between the two groups of allogeneic donors. Pain or problems at the site of puncture or catheter insertion occurred in 58.6% of the donors with a CVC versus 37.8% of the donors with peripheral venous access (p = 0.03). The incidence and severity of paresthesia during the leukapheresis was not significantly different in both groups of donors (p = 0.09). During follow‐up no major adverse events related to CVC were reported.

CONCLUSION: Central femoral lines proved to be safe and tolerable in healthy allogeneic donors but peripheral venous access should be preferred, whenever possible.
The incidence of hepatitis C in patients with thalassemia after screening in blood transfusion centers: a fourteen‐year study
Authors: Azarkeivan Azita , Toosi Mohsen Nasiri , Maghsudlu Mahtab , Kafiabad Sedigheh Amini , Hajibeigi Bashir , Hadizadeh Mohammad
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: Blood safety is important in all transfusion centers. The aim has always been to try to guarantee the recipient's safety through careful screening and examination of donors' blood samples. In Iran the hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening test became mandatory for blood donations from 1996. We decided to determine the incidence of new cases of HCV in patients with thalassemia, after screening of blood bags was initiated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was done on patients with complete files for anti‐HCV test results. Only cases that had a confirmed positive anti‐HCV result after a negative result were considered as new cases. The incidence rate was estimated and expressed in person‐years (PY). Also, for increased accuracy and comparison of incidence in recent years, the incidence rate was calculated at two 7‐year intervals (1996‐2002 and 2003‐2009).

RESULTS: A total of 395 files were studied with a mean age of 27.5 years (SD ± 7.99 years). We had 109 (27.5%) anti‐HCV positive, of which 21 (19.2% of positive cases) were exposed after 1996 and considered as new cases. The incidence of HCV cases in 14 years (1996‐2009) was 4.2/1000 PY. The incidence in the first 7‐year period (1996‐2002) was 6.2/1000 PY and 1.3/1000 PY in the second 7‐year period (2003‐2009).

CONCLUSION: The incidence of HCV is on the decline in Iran, both in blood donors and in recipients. We owe this to the improved blood safety in our transfusion center that has taken up better strategies. Even though the residual risk will never reach zero and we may still have new cases of HCV, it will definitely be with a lower rate. The fact that we have had no new cases among our patients with thalassemia since 2005 bears witness to this matter.
Model Selection for Cox Models with Time‐Varying Coefficients
Authors: Yan Jun , Huang Jian
Published: April 2012

SummaryCox models with time‐varying coefficients offer great flexibility in capturing the temporal dynamics of covariate effects on right‐censored failure times. Because not all covariate coefficients are time varying, model selection for such models presents an additional challenge, which is to distinguish covariates with time‐varying coefficient from those with time‐independent coefficient. We propose an adaptive group lasso method that not only selects important variables but also selects between time‐independent and time‐varying specifications of their presence in the model. Each covariate effect is partitioned into a time‐independent part and a time‐varying part, the latter of which is characterized by a group of coefficients of basis splines without intercept. Model selection and estimation are carried out through a fast, iterative group shooting algorithm. Our approach is shown to have good properties in a simulation study that mimics realistic situations with up to 20 variables. A real example illustrates the utility of the method.
An Omnibus Consistent Adaptive Percentile Modified Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test with Applications in Gene Expression Studies
Authors: Thas Olivier , Clement Lieven , Rayner John C.W. , Carvalho Beatriz , Van Criekinge Wim
Published: April 2012

Summary We present an adaptive percentile modified Wilcoxon rank sum test for the two‐sample problem. The test is basically a Wilcoxon rank sum test applied on a fraction of the sample observations, and the fraction is adaptively determined by the sample observations. Most of the theory is developed under a location‐shift model, but we demonstrate that the test is also meaningful for testing against more general alternatives. The test may be particularly useful for the analysis of massive datasets in which quasi‐automatic hypothesis testing is required. We investigate the power characteristics of the new test in a simulation study, and we apply the test to a microarray experiment on colorectal cancer. These empirical studies demonstrate that the new test has good overall power and that it succeeds better in finding differentially expressed genes as compared to other popular tests. We conclude that the new nonparametric test is widely applicable and that its power is comparable to the power of the Baumgartner‐Weiß‐Schindler test.
3  Envisioning a Pragmatic Approach to the Archaeology of Religion
Authors: Aldenderfer Mark
Published: April 2012

Over the past decade, many archaeologists have lamented over the parlous state of what is often labeled the “archaeology of religion.” Although much of the problem with the development of a satisfying approach to the study of religion in the past lies with religion itself, a notoriously difficult concept with a plethora of definitions, archaeologists themselves must acknowledge that they too bear responsibility for this unsatisfactory situation. Archaeologists have turned to the analysis of ritual in the past because it is easier to see ritual in the archaeological record than religion. But the result has been the creation of a corpus of disembodied ritual that may not fully capture the essential role that religion played in the past as a force for conservatism, transformation, or both. In this essay I argue that religion be reintroduced into the field by reminding archaeologists of what religion does. I illustrate how this can be accomplished within a program of philosophical pragmatism and an examination of contexts, contrasts, and combinations of archaeological data using two case studies.
7  Deconstructing and Recomposing the Narrative of Spiritual Life in the Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant (4500–3600 B.C.E.)
Authors: Ilan David , Rowan Yorke M.
Published: April 2012

The serendipity of discovery can determine the process and progress of the archaeological interpretation of religious belief and ritual practice. The Chalcolithic period (4500–3600 B.C.E.) of the southern Levant is used as a case study. Had the material expressions of Chalcolithic religion been discovered in a different sequence, our understanding of that religion might have been distinctly altered. We first present a chronological narrative of discovery, with summary headlines, and then proceed to dismantle previous syntheses. Finally, we construct our own framework for understanding Chalcolithic religion, which is essentially a life‐cycle religion with extensive, almost ever‐present, ritual reference to death and the regeneration of life.
8  Materiality and Sacred Landscapes: Ulúa Style Marble Vases in Honduras
Authors: Luke Christina
Published: April 2012

In this chapter, imagery on Ulúa marble vases from the lower Ulúa Valley of Honduras is explored from the perspective of conceptual landscapes and place‐making at Travesía. I argue that the color of the stone—white marble—and the associated iconography are related to localized understandings of paradisical ancestral spheres. The portable nature of Ulúa marble vases enabled this spiritual realm to be presented during social and political events in the region and abroad in both lower Central America and the central Maya lowlands.
11  Signs in Human Hands: A Model for the Intonated Object
Authors: Anderson Emily S. K.
Published: April 2012

Artifacts deemed to have played a religious or ritual role in past societies belong to a broader analytical category of “symbolic” material culture. This chapter explores a new approach to such material culture, in which each symbolic object is understood as a “once‐occurrent” dialogic interaction involving (1) coded cultural content, (2) particular material and contextual attributes, and (3) a situated synthesizing human perspective. Drawing on the work of Mikhail Bakhtin among others, an embodied semiotic approach to symbolic objects is outlined, which identifies the constitution of the object not in its elusive past meaning but in the unique and dynamic relationship of its component parts. This approach positions the human actor not merely as an external evaluator of the object but as a fundamental element of its very definition. Discussion of a group of seal stones from Bronze Age Crete illustrates these ideas.
Implementation of the Exception From Informed Consent Regulations in a Large Multicenter Emergency Clinical Trials Network: The RAMPART Experience
Authors: Silbergleit Robert , Biros Michelle H. , Harney Deneil , Dickert Neal , Baren Jill ,   on behalf of the NETT Investigators*
Published: April 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 448–454 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Clinical trials investigating therapies for acutely and critically ill and injured patients in the earliest phases of treatment often can only be performed under regulations allowing for exception from informed consent (EFIC) for emergency research. Implementation of these regulations in multicenter clinical trials involves special challenges and opportunities. The Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial (RAMPART), the first EFIC trial conducted by the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials (NETT) network, combined centralized resources and coordination with retention of local control and flexibility to facilitate compliance with the EFIC regulations. Specific methods used by the NETT included common tools for community consultation and public disclosure, sharing of experiences and knowledge, and reporting of aggregate results. Tracking of community consultation and public disclosure activities and feedback facilitates empirical research on EFIC methods in the network and supports quality improvements for future NETT trials. The NETT model used in RAMPART demonstrates how EFIC may be effectively performed in established clinical trial networks.
The Effect of Consideration of Future Consequences on Quality and Quantity Aspects of Job Performance1
Authors: GRASO MAJA , PROBST TAHIRA M.
Published: April 2012

This study extended prior research on consideration of future consequences (CFC) by exploring its influence on quality and quantity aspects of job performance. CFC is an individual‐differences variable reflecting the importance a person assigns to the immediate vs. future consequences of his or her actions. We hypothesized that individuals with a high future orientation would produce higher quality work, while low‐CFC participants would produce greater quantities. Participants took part in a data‐entry task where they were asked to enter as many words as they could (quantity) while maintaining the highest accuracy (quality) possible. Results supported the primary hypothesis. Workplace implications of the findings are discussed, particularly with respect to selection and the design of performance incentive systems.
The Power of the Unsaid: The Influence of Nonverbal Cues on Implicit Attitudes
Authors: CASTELLI LUIGI , CARRARO LUCIANA , PAVAN GIULIA , MURELLI ELISA , CARRARO ALESSIA
Published: April 2012

Attitudes are often shaped through social influence processes. We examined how observation of nonverbal behaviors can impact on implicit and explicit racial attitudes. In Study 1, participants observed an interracial interaction in which a White actor expressed friendly or unfriendly nonverbal behaviors toward a Black target (e.g., low eye contact, large seating distance). The results show that newly formed implicit attitudes toward the Black actor were shaped accordingly. In Study 2, participants were required to read a passage containing stereotypical contents against Black people while a confederate either remained neutral or expressed her approval (e.g., nodding). Implicit attitudes toward Black people became more negative in the latter condition. The results confirm the power of nonverbal cues in shaping implicit attitudes.
Contact allergy to epoxy resin: risk occupations and consequences
Authors: Bangsgaard Nannie , Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Menné Torkil , Andersen Klaus Ejner , Mortz Charlotte G. , Paulsen Evy , Sommerlund Mette , Veien Niels Kren , Laurberg Grete , Kaaber Knud , Thormann Jens , Andersen Bo Lasthein , Danielsen Anne , Avnstorp Christian , Kristensen Berit , Kristensen Ove , Vissing Susanne , Nielsen Niels Henrik , Johansen Jeanne Duus
Published: April 2012

Background. Epoxy resin monomers are strong skin sensitizers that are widely used in industrial sectors. In Denmark, the law stipulates that workers must undergo a course on safe handling of epoxy resins prior to occupational exposure, but the effectiveness of this initiative is largely unknown.

Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence of contact allergy to epoxy resin monomer (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; MW 340) among patients with suspected contact dermatitis and relate this to occupation and work‐related consequences.

Patients/methods. The dataset comprised 20 808 consecutive dermatitis patients patch tested during 2005–2009. All patients with an epoxy resin‐positive patch test were sent a questionnaire.

Results. A positive patch test reaction to epoxy resin was found in 275 patients (1.3%), with a higher proportion in men (1.9%) than in women (1.0%). The prevalence of sensitization to epoxy resin remained stable over the study period. Of the patients with an epoxy resin‐positive patch test, 71% returned a questionnaire; 95 patients had worked with epoxy resin in the occupational setting, and, of these, one‐third did not use protective gloves and only 50.5% (48) had participated in an educational programme.

Conclusion. The 1% prevalence of epoxy resin contact allergy is equivalent to reports from other countries. The high occurrence of epoxy resin exposure at work, and the limited use of protective measures, indicate that reinforcement of the law is required.
Pheomelanin in the skin of Hymenochirus boettgeri (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae)
Authors: Wolnicka‐Glubisz Agnieszka , Pecio Anna , Podkowa Dagmara , Kolodziejczyk Lukasz M. , Plonka Przemyslaw M.
Published: April 2012

Pheomelanin is supposed to be the first type of melanin found in vertebrates, in contrast to the main type – eumelanin. Our study aimed at detecting pheomelanin in the skin of Hymenochirus boettgerii. We employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), supplemented with standard histology and immunochemistry. We identified pheomelanin in the dorsal skin of adult frogs (not only in the dermis, but also in the epidermis) and in the dorsal tadpole. Our work identifies Hymenochirus boettgerii as a model in the basic study on the mechanism, evolution and role of melanogenesis in animals, including human.
Effects of adding food by‐products mainly including noodle waste to total mixed ration silage on fermentation quality, feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and ruminal fermentation in wethers
Authors: ISHIDA Kyohei , YANI Srita , KITAGAWA Masayuki , OISHI Kazato , HIROOKA Hiroyuki , KUMAGAI Hajime
Published: April 2012

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the applicability of two types of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products. Four food by‐products (i.e., potato waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and noodle waste) were obtained and mixed with commercial concentrate (CC) as TMR silage. The two types of TMR silage, T1 and T2, each contained CC, in addition to all by‐products for T1 (TRE1), and soy sauce cake and noodle waste for T2 (TRE2) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The silage was well‐fermented with low pH values and high lactic acid concentration. As the experimental treatments, T1, T2 and CC (CTL) were fed with a basal diet. The result showed that the digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) were higher for T1 than for CC (P < 0.05), while crude protein digestibility was not significantly different among T1, T2 and CC. The retained nitrogen was not affected by inclusion of food by‐products. Ruminal pH in TRE1 and TRE2 immediately decreased compared to that in CTL. The study suggested that the two types of TMR silage, including food by‐products, might be used as a substitute for commercial concentrate.
Nitrogen balance during compensatory growth when changing the levels of dietary lysine from deficiency to sufficiency in growing pigs
Authors: ISHIDA Aiko , KYOYA Takahito , NAKASHIMA Kazuki , KATSUMATA Masaya
Published: April 2012

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the nitrogen (N) balance of pigs exhibiting compensatory growth when changing the dietary lysine levels from deficiency to sufficiency. Experiment 1 elucidated whether pigs exhibited compensatory growth with dietary lysine sufficiency. Twenty 6‐week‐old males were assigned to one of two treatments: control and LC (lysine and control). Control pigs were fed a control diet throughout the 24‐day experimental period, whereas LC pigs were fed a low lysine diet until day 21 of the experiment, followed by the control diet until the end of experiment. The dietary lysine sufficiency treatment induced an 80% increase in the growth rate of LC pigs (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 focused on the N balance of pigs that exhibited compensatory growth with dietary lysine sufficiency. Eighteen 6‐week‐old males were assigned to one of three treatments: control, LC, and LL (low lysine). LL pigs were fed a low lysine diet throughout the 24‐day experimental period. Pigs that exhibited compensatory growth with dietary lysine sufficiency tended to retain a higher amount of N than control pigs (P = 0.10). These finding suggest that the compensatory growth induced in pigs by dietary lysine sufficiency was partly attributable to a higher level of N retention.
DEWEY, ECOLOGY, AND EDUCATION: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DEBATES OVER DEWEY'S NATURALISM AND (TRANSACTIONAL) REALISM
Authors: Boyles Deron
Published: April 2012

In the early 1970s, Thomas Colwell argued for an “ecological basis [for] human community.” He suggested that “naturalistic transactionalism” was being put forward by some ecologists and some philosophers of education, but independently of each other. He suspected that ecologists were working on their own versions of naturalistic transactionalism independently of John Dewey. In this essay, Deron Boyles examines Colwell's central claim as well as his lament as a starting point for a larger inquiry into Dewey's thought. Boyles explores the following questions: First, was and is there a dearth of literature regarding Dewey as an ecological philosopher? Second, if a literature exists, what does it say? Should Dewey be seen as biocentric, anthropocentric, or something else entirely? Finally, of what importance are the terms and concepts in understanding and, as a result, determining Dewey's ecological thought in relation to education?
RECONSIDERING EMANCIPATORY EDUCATION: STAGING A CONVERSATION BETWEEN PAULO FREIRE AND JACQUES RANCIÈRE
Authors: Galloway Sarah
Published: April 2012

In this essay Sarah Galloway considers emancipation as a purpose for education through examining the theories of Paulo Freire and Jacques Rancière. Both theorists are concerned with the prospect of distinguishing between education that might socialize people into what is taken to be an inherently oppressive society and education with emancipation as its purpose. Galloway reconstructs the theories in parallel, examining the assumptions made, the processes of oppression described, and the movements to emancipation depicted. In so doing, she argues that that the two theorists hold a common model for theorizing oppression and emancipation as educational processes, distinguished by the differing assumptions they each make about humanity, but that their theories ultimately have opposing implications for educational practices. Galloway further maintains that Freire and Rancière raise similar educational problems and concerns, both theorizing that the character of the relations among teachers, students, and educational materials is crucial to an emancipatory education. Galloway's approach allows discussion of some of the criticisms that have been raised historically about Freire's theory and how these might be addressed to some degree by Rancière's work. Taking the two theories together, she argues that the possibility for an emancipatory education cannot be ignored if education is to be considered as more than merely a process of passing down the skills and knowledge necessary in order to socialize people into current society.
DEGREES OF DISENCHANTMENT: A REVIEW ESSAY
Authors: Brenneman Mark , Margonis Frank
Published: April 2012

In this review essay, Mark Brenneman and Frank Margonis address three recent book‐length contributions to the ongoing discussion around cosmopolitanism and educational thought: Mark Olssen's Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Social Democracy: Thin Communitarian Perspectives on Political Philosophy and Education, Sharon Todd's Toward an Imperfect Education: Facing Humanity, Rethinking Cosmopolitanism, and Ilan Gur‐Ze’ev's Beyond the Modern‐Postmodern Struggle in Education: Toward Counter‐Education and Enduring Improvisation. Brenneman and Margonis argue that these contributions exhibit a marked disenchantment with Enlightenment conceptions of human possibilities as these inform concrete recommendations in the field of the philosophy of education. All three books call for a rethinking of modernist categories in educational thought, a call that is supported by the authors' respective distrust and ultimate disenchantment with the residual presence of ideas of human perfectibility harbored in the philosophical categories that animate discussions in multicultural, liberal, neoliberal, and postmodern educational discussion. Brenneman and Margonis argue that each of these books theorizes from its own respective regionally specific circumstances, and they therefore prove valuable to philosophers of education who struggle toward their own local responses to human difference and the pedagogical possibilities of educational relations.
What Is Transnational Law?
Authors: Cotterrell Roger
Published: April 2012

Is it important to conceptualize transnational law and “map” it as a new legal field? This article suggests that to do so might help both juristic practice and sociolegal scholarship in organizing, linking, and comparing disparate but increasingly significant types of regulation. To explore the idea of transnational law is to raise basic questions about the nature of both “law” and “society” (taken as the realm law regulates). This involves radically rethinking relationships between the public and the private, between law and state, and between different sources of law and legal authority. Taking as its focus Von Daniels's The Concept of Law from a Transnational Perspective and Calliess and Zumbansen's Rough Consensus and Running Code (both 2010), the article considers what approaches may be most productive, and what key issues need to be addressed, to make sense of broad trends in law's extension beyond the boundaries of nation-states.
Der Zitronensäuregehalt des Pferdeserums1
Authors: Hirschlaff‐Lindgren Birgit
Published: April 2012

Die Bestimmungen der Zitronensäuregehalte des Pferdeserums sind nach der Thunberg‐Methode — jedoch mit einigen Abänderungen — gemacht worden. Vier Proben sind untersucht worden, wobei man einen Maximalwert von 56,7 ± 2,6 γ pro ccm und einen Minimalwert von 48,5 ± 2,2, im Mittel 53,2 γ erhielt. Indem ich mich einer sog. Kontrollkurve bediente, habe ich gefunden, daß mit dieser Methode durchschnittlich 90,9 ± 1,8% der Zitronensäuregehalt wiedergefunden wird.
Sauerstoffaufnahme und respiratorische Funktionen in großen Höhen1
Authors: Christensen E. Hohwü
Published: April 2012

Der Einfluß von großen Höhen auf die O2‐Aufnahme bei körperlicher Arbeit und auf die respiratorischen Funktionen in Ruhe und bei körperlicher Arbeit wurde untersucht. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß bei der Arbeit auf dem Fahrradergometer für alle Vpn. die gleiche Relation zwischen Arbeitsintensität und O2‐Aufnahme in verschiedenen Höhen besteht. Der Wirkungsgrad ist also nicht von der Höhe beeinflußt. Die nicht reduzierte Lungenventilation V37 steigt in der Höhe stark an und erreicht Werte von mehr als 120 Liter pro Min. bei körperlicher Arbeit.

Die reduzierte Lungenventilation V0 wurde bei gleicher O2‐Aufnahme in allen untersuchten Höhen konstant gefunden. In allen Höhen lagen die alveolaren O2‐Spannungen höher bei der Arbeit als in Ruhe. In großen Höhen ist die maximale O2‐Aufnahme durch die Lungenventilation begrenzt.

Das Versuchsmaterial dieser Abhandlung entstammt: »The International High Altitude Expedition to Chile« 1935. Die Expedition wurde unterstützt vom Fatigue Laboratory und Milton Fund, Harvard; Duke University; die Universität von Kopenhagen; Carlsberg‐und Rask‐Ørsted‐Fond, Kopenhagen; King's College, Cambridge University; the Corn Industries Research Foundation; Columbia University; the National Research Council, the Royal Society, London; the Josiah Macy Foundation and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, und von zahlreichen Institutionen in Chile.
A Medium‐Controlled Fluorescence Dual‐Responsive Probe for Cu2+ and Hg2+ in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Ma Li‐Jun , Chen Liping , Chen Guirong , Li Hong‐Wei , Yang Liting , Wu Yuqing , Wang Dan , Xie Jiewan
Published: April 2012

In this study, we report a histidine‐based fluorescence probe for Cu2+ and Hg2+, in which the amino group and imino group were modified by two common protective groups, 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl and trityl group, respectively. In a water/methanol mixed solution, the probe displayed a selective fluorescence “turn‐off” response to Cu2+ when the ratio of CH3OH/H2O was higher than 1:1. Specifically, when the solvent is changed to 1:1 methanol/water, the 304 nm fluorescence peak is enhanced, while the 317 nm peak is weakened, upon addition of either Cu2+ or Hg2+ ions. The mechanism for such distinct responses of the probe to Cu2+ and Hg2+ was further clarified by using NMR and molecular simulation. The experiment results indicated that the polarity of solvent could influence the coordination mode of 1 with Cu2+ and Hg2+, and control the fluorescence response as a “turn‐off” or ratiometric probe.
Enhanced expressions of apelin on proliferative hepatic arterial capillaries in human cirrhotic liver
Authors: Yokomori Hiroaki , Oda Masaya , Yoshimura Kazunori , Hibi Toshifumi
Published: April 2012

Aim:  Apelin (APLN), the endogenous ligand of angiotensin‐like receptor 1 (APJ), is a peptide necessary for embryonic and tumor angiogenesis. Little is known about the localization and changes of APLN expression including the sinusoids in human cirrhotic liver, which might contribute to portal hypertension. This study was designed to elucidate the localization and change of APLN expression in human liver during the progression of cirrhosis.

Methods:  Twelve normal liver specimens, eight specimens of Child–Pugh grade A cirrhosis, and 10 specimens of Child–Pugh grade C cirrhosis were studied. APLN protein and gene expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, immunoelectronic microscopy, and laser captured microdissection (LCM) followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in sinusoid.

Results:  In control liver tissue, APLN was localized mainly on arterial endothelial cells and hepatic arterioles in the portal tract. In cirrhotic liver tissue, aberrant APLN expression was observed in periportal capillary endothelial cells corresponding to capillarized sinusoids, and in proliferated arterial capillaries in the fibrotic septa. Significant overexpression of APLN at protein level in cirrhotic liver was demonstrated by western blotting (P < 0.01 Child–Pugh A and C versus control, P < 0.01 Child–Pugh A versus C). APLN mRNA expression in the sinusoid was confirmed by LCM‐PCR.

Conclusion:  In humans, APLN protein and gene were overexpressed in cirrhotic liver compared with normal liver, and the magnitude increased as cirrhosis progressed. Especially in end‐stage cirrhosis, APLN was strongly expressed in proliferated arterial capillaries directly connected with the sinusoids, suggesting a role of APLN in the proliferation of arterial capillaries in cirrhosis.
Eliciting cues to deception by tactical disclosure of evidence: The first test of the Evidence Framing Matrix
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A. , Willén Rebecca M. , Hartwig Maria
Published: April 2012

Purpose. Research on real‐life suspect interviews shows that disclosure of evidence is a very common tactic and that it occurs in all phases of the interview. It is therefore remarkable that there is hardly any research on the effectiveness of different disclosure tactics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of three different disclosure tactics: presenting the evidence early and two versions of the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) technique.

Methods. For the SUE‐Basic technique (SUE‐B), the evidence was disclosed late in the interview. For the SUE‐Incremental technique (SUE‐I), we used a stepwise disclosure tactic derived from the so‐called Evidence Framing Matrix. The tactic consists of revealing evidence of increasing strength and precision. A mock‐theft scenario was employed with 195 participants who were randomly allocated to one of six conditions: guilty or innocent suspects were interviewed with one of the three techniques. Two measures of inconsistency were used as dependent variables: statement‐evidence inconsistency and the newly developed within‐statement inconsistency.

Results. By interviewing with SUE‐I, strong cues to deception were elicited, especially for the statement‐evidence inconsistency variable. For the SUE‐B, significant but smaller differences between guilty and innocent suspects were obtained.

Conclusions. We found that both when and how the evidence was disclosed moderated the effectiveness of disclosure. With respect to when, it was more effective to disclose the evidence late (vs. early), and with respect to how, it was more effective to disclose the evidence in a stepwise (vs. direct) manner. The tactical aspects of evidence disclosure are discussed.
Neural Network-Based Prediction and Control of Air Flow in a Data Center
Authors: de Lorenzi Flavio , Vömel Christof
Published: April 2012

As modern data centers continue to grow in power, size, and numbers, there is an urgent need to reduce energy consumption by optimized cooling strategies. In this paper, we present a neural network-based prediction of air flow in a data center that is cooled through perforated floor tiles. With a significantly smaller execution time than computational fluid dynamics, it predicts in real-time server inlet temperatures and can detect whether prevalent air flow cools the servers sufficiently to guarantee safe operation. Combined with a cooling system model, we obtain a temperature and air flow control algorithm that is fast and accurate enough to find an optimal operating point of the data center cooling system in real-time. We also demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on a reference data center and show that energy consumption can be reduced by up to 30%.
Computational Models for Predicting Cooling Tower Fill Performance in Cross-Counterflow Configuration
Authors: Reuter H. C. R. , Kröger D. G.
Published: April 2012

In cooling towers packed with trickle or splash fills, which have anisotropic flow resistance, the air flow through the fill is oblique or in cross-counterflow to the water flow, particularly at the cooling tower inlet when the fill loss coefficient is small or when the fill hangs down into the air inlet region. This results in that the fill Merkel number or transfer characteristic for cross-counter flow is between that of purely counter- and crossflow fills. When using CFD to model natural draught wet-cooling tower performance for isotropic fill resistance, two- or three-dimensional models are therefore required to determine fill performance. In this paper, the governing fundamental partial differential equations are derived in cylindrical and Cartesian coordinates to determine the cooling water temperature, water evaporation rate, air temperature, and air humidity ratio in two-dimensional cross-counterflow fills for both saturated and supersaturated air. To solve these equations, a relation is proposed to determine Merkel numbers for oblique air flows by linear interpolation and extrapolation of purely cross- and counterflow Merkel numbers in terms of the air flow angle. This model is compared to analytical Merkel numbers obtained for different air flow angles using a single drop trajectory model. A linear upwind computational model and an Eulerian FLUENT® model are developed to evaluate fill performance characteristics from test data and to model fill performance in cooling towers, respectively. The results of these two models are compared and verified with a FLUENT Euler–Lagrange model, showing minor deviations.
Electrical conductivity of copper–graphene composite films synthesized by electrochemical deposition with exfoliated graphene platelets
Authors: Jagannadham Kasichainula
Published: April 2012

Films of graphene/copper composite in copper matrix were deposited on copper foil using an aqueous electrolyte solution of 0.2 M CuSO4 containing graphene oxide suspension at a low current density of 1.75 mA cm−2. Graphene oxide is reduced by further heating the samples in flowing hydrogen atmosphere maintained at 20 Torr and 400 °C for 3 h. The composite samples with different thickness, between 365 and 515 μm, deposited on a Cu foil of thickness 135 μm were characterized for graphene structure, morphology, and distribution. Electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of the samples at 300 K were measured using a four-probe method. The results were used to determine the electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of the composite layers. The volume fraction and resistivity of graphene were evaluated using effective mean field analysis of the resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance of the composite films. The results illustrate that the resistivity of graphene is much lower than that of copper and copper–graphene composite films are favorable for electrofriction applications.
PECVD growth of carbon nanotubes: From experiment to simulation
Authors: Neyts Erik C.
Published: April 2012

Nanostructured carbon materials show a tremendous variety in atomic structure, morphology, properties, and applications. As all properties are ultimately determined by the structure of the material, a thorough understanding of the growth mechanisms that give rise to the particular structure is critical. On many occasions, it has been shown that plasma enhanced growth can be strongly beneficial. This review will describe the authors’ current understanding of plasma enhanced growth of carbon nanotubes, the prototypical example of nanostructured carbon materials, as obtained from experiments, simulations, and modeling. Specific emphasis is put on where experiments and computational approaches correspond, and where they differ. Also, the current status on simulating PECVD growth of some other carbon nanomaterials is reviewed, including amorphous carbon, graphene, and metallofullerenes. Finally, computational challenges with respect to the simulation of PECVD growth are identified.