bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO CULTIVARS WITH DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES TO WEATHER FLECK
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , HENDEL JOHN G.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in 1976, 1977 and 1978 to examine the chemical composition of four flue-cured tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with a range of weather fleck tolerances. Weather fleck is associated with the air pollution injury to plants. The amount of surface wax was positively related to the weather fleck tolerance. Individual phenolic constituents, nonvolatile organic acids and fatty acids were not related to weather fleck tolerance in the tobacco cultivars used in the study.Key words: Weather fleck, flue-cured tobacco, surface waxes, phenolic constituents, organic and fatty acids
INFLUENCE DES METHODES CULTURALES SUR LES DONNEES AGRONOMIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DU CULTIVAR DE TABAC A CIGARETTE, DELHI 76
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

Tobacco earliness is influenced by the stage of topping and the planting distance but other parameters are not affected.Key words: Distance, stage, quality, gross return, chemical composition
EFFICACY OF THREE DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN PROCESSING PEAS AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOILS
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , KIMBALL E. R. , IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy and relative persistence of dinitramine (N′,N′-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2-4-diamine), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and trifluralin (α,α,α -trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-diproply-p-toluidine) were studied in a series of field trials conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (P.E.I.) and on a Somerset loamy sand (N.S.). Phytotoxicity, as reflected by weed control and injury to the peas (Pisum sativum L.), was greater on the sandy soil and herbicide rates recommended for the region may reduce yields on light soil types. The margin of crop tolerance was also reduced in one year characterized by an extremely wet growing season. Under field conditions, there was little practical difference in weed control obtained with the three herbicides. Dinitramine and ethalfluralin were more persistent in the Somerset sand than in the Charlottetown sandy loam. The order of decreasing persistence was trifluralin>ethalfluralin>dinitramine, except in the Somerset sand where the persistence of ethalfluralin and trifluralin was similar. Significant detectable levels of all three herbicides remained 320 days after application.Key words: Processing peas, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, residue
VARIATION IN GLUTATHIONE AND ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT AMONG SELECTED CULTIVARS OF Phaseolus vulgaris PRIOR TO AND AFTER EXPOSURE TO OZONE
Authors: GURI ASAF
Published: March 2010

Measurements of reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations in the primary leaves of four bean cultivars, two ozone-sensitive (S) and two ozone-insensitive (I), have revealed that GSH concentrations were not significantly different in all four cultivars prior to the exposure to ozone (0.28–0.32 ppm for 8 h); however, after ozone exposure GSH concentrations were significantly lower in the two sensitive cultivars, PHR and 0669, while in the two insensitive tolerants, FH and Nep-2, the drop in GSH concentrations was slight. The assay of glutathione reductase (GR), the enzyme which catalyzed the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form, namely GSH, indicated that its specific activity in the two insensitive cultivars was almost twice as high as in the two sensitive cultivars. The drop in AA concentration after 8 h of fumigation was moderate (although significant) in all four cultivars, whereas the concentrations of AA in all four cultivars prior to ozone fumigation were not significantly different. From the data it is suggested that differences in GR-specific activity, probably due to different isozymes, could be the reason for insensitivity or sensitivity to ozone among bean cultivars.Key words: Ozone, Phaseolus, glutathione, ascorbic acid, glutathione reductase
WALSH WESTERN WHEATGRASS
Authors: SMOLIAK S. , JOHNSTON A.
Published: March 2010

Walsh is the first cultivar of western wheatgrass(Agropyron smithii Rydb.) to be released in Canada. It was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta. The cultivar is an improved selection of the native species, which is adapted to heavy clay soils, is drought-tolerant, hardy, and creeping-rooted. The grass is noted for its tolerance to salinity and its ability to grow and yield well on spring-flooded clay sites.Key words: Western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii, heavy clay, revegetation, creeping-rooted, spring-flood
RESPONSE OF DURUM WHEAT CULTIVARS TO WATER STRESS IN THE FIELD AND GREENHOUSE
Authors: GEBEYEHOU GETINET , KNOTT D. R.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in the field and in the greenhouse to measure differences in drought resistance among durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) cultivars. Nine cultivars were tested in 1976 and 12 in 1977 in duplicate tests grown adjacent to each other under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the field. The drought resistance of the cultivars was measured as the difference in their performance under the two water regimes. For yield, there was no significant interaction between the cultivars and the water regimes in either year. Thus, the cultivars did not appear to differ significantly in drought resistance. They did differ significantly in the effect of water stress on the yield components. However, the performance of the cultivars was not consistent either for the yield components or between years. In one greenhouse experiment, six cultivars were grown in large containers. One set of plants was watered at regular intervals while a second set was watered only until 5 days after anthesis in the main spikes. Water stress caused major, correlated reductions in grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, and length of the growing period. However, the differences among the cultivars largely depended on their vegetative growth under nonstress, those with the most growth showing the largest reduction from stress. In a second greenhouse experiment, the 12 cultivars were grown in 15-cm pots at three moisture levels. For yield, there was no interaction between cultivars and moisture levels. Overall, the data provided little evidence of consistent differences among cultivars in resistance to moisture stress.Key words: Drought resistance, components of yield, yield, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.).
GENETIC STUDIES ON KERNEL HARDNESS IN WHEAT USING GRINDING TIME AND NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: SAMPSON D. R. , FLYNN D. W. , JUI P.
Published: March 2010

Kernel hardness was measured in 600 random lines from five crosses and in seven control cultivars of spring wheat grown in 2 yr, using grinding time and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Both methods clearly differentiated soft from hard cultivars. Grinding time was the more accurate method because it gave lower coefficients of variation and higher correlations between years but it required five times more grain. The parents of the five crosses represented a range in hardness and were themselves from the cross Opal (hard) × Pitic 62 (soft). A hard × hard cross gave only hard lines; a medium × soft cross gave mostly soft; three soft or medium × hard crosses gave a wide range of hardness types that in two crosses suggested a single gene difference between hard and soft. Heritability of grinding time in standard units ranged from 55 to 92% per progeny and on average was 10% greater for soft lines than for hard.Key words: Wheat, kernel hardness, grinding time, Technicon InfraAlyzer, genetics
GIBBERELLA EAR ROT DEVELOPMENT AND ZEARALENONE AND VOMITOXIN PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED BY MAIZE GENOTYPE AND Gibberella zeae STRAIN
Authors: ATLIN G. N. , ENERSON P. M. , McGIRR L. G. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

In 1980, six corn hybrids were inoculated with each of six strains of G. zeae in order to determine whether hybrid-strain interactions occur with respect to ear rot and mycotoxin accumulation. A statistically significant interaction was observed for mold damage, but no large-rank reversals occurred. All six strains identified the same hybrid as being the most resistant. In 1981, three of the original six hybrids were tested with three new strains. No interaction was observed. Hybrids common to the two seasons maintained their relative ranking over years. Analyses for zearalenone and vomitoxin content were performed for both years. Toxin level was significantly correlated with percent mold damage in both years (r = 0.69 to r = 0.83). When covariance adjustment for mold level was performed, hybrids were found not to differ significantly for toxin accumulation in either year. A strain and hybrid × strain effect was observed only for zearalenone in 1980. These data indicate that a single strain should be adequate for resistance screening, and confirm the importance of reducing mold levels through breeding as a solution to the mycotoxin problem.Key words: Corn, maize, Zea mays L., ear mold, mycotoxins
A MULTIVARIATE APPROACH FOR THE SELECTION OF CULTIVARS WITH ANTAGONISTIC TRAITS
Authors: McRAE K. B. , WHITE R. P.
Published: March 2010

The process of selecting cultivars is discussed from the viewpoints of both plant breeder and crop evaluation committee. Although there are differences in emphasis, both are faced with difficulties in selecting quantitatively on antagonistic traits. A general unweighted multivariate procedure is outlined, including suggestions for adaption to particular circumstances. An example is given of the proposed multivariate performance index for identifying superior performing corn hybrids.Key words: Antagonistic traits, multivariate selection, corn hybrids
A COMPARISON OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION DURING WILTING AND ENSILING OF SIX FORAGE SPECIES
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS Y. A. , McKERSIE B. D.
Published: March 2010

Protein hydrolysis was examined during wilting and ensiling of first and second cut herbage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). During a 24-h wilting period, protein was hydrolyzed to soluble non-protein nitrogen (SNPN) more extensively in first cut than in second cut herbage. In both cuts the amount of protein hydrolysis occurring during wilting was greatest in alfalfa and least in red clover. After 30 days ensiling at 30 °C, SNPN content, expressed as percent of total nitrogen, was influenced by forage species, dry matter (DM) content, and cut. The extent of protein hydrolysis during ensiling was highest in alfalfa and lowest in red clover. In first cut silages, protein hydrolysis increased with DM content, but in the second cut silages, protein hydrolysis decreased as DM content increased. The amount of protein hydrolyzed during wilting or ensiling was not correlated with plant proteinase activity measured using azocasein as substrate. Consequently, the properties of the plant proteolytic enzymes associated with each species as well as the management of the forage prior to ensiling appear to influence the extent of proteolysis.Key words: Proteolysis, silage, haylage, proteinase
INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON FORAGE QUALITY
Authors: ROBERTSON J. A.
Published: March 2010

Mechanization of the harvesting, handling and storage of forage crops has undergone major development in recent years which has resulted in the availability of a variety of systems for both hay and silage. In spite of these developments, a significant proportion of the potential crop, in terms of both quantity and quality, is lost in the field, during storage or when fed. This review begins by examining the effects of the wilting and drying process on plant composition. The effects of various cutting, conditioning and windrowing treatments on field loss are discussed. Several haying systems are examined in terms of the losses which have been measured with each. The objectives involved in ensiling are described and the nature of losses in silage systems are considered. The results of a comparative study of several harvesting systems are presented. Research on the effectiveness of a variety of additives and preservatives which have been evaluated with hay and silage is discussed. The review concludes with a brief comment regarding the need for increased emphasis toward a more integrated approach to forage harvesting research by scientists in a variety of disciplines in order to provide producers with additional practical methods of reducing the extensive losses which many experience in their efforts to conserve forage quality at its optimum.Key words: Forage quality, hay, silage, forage harvesting systems, forage conservation, additives and preservatives
TESTS OF ISOLATION REQUIREMENT IN THREE PERENNIAL GRASSES
Authors: KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

Interpollination of 0.125-ha seed plots separated by 50 m was studied from 1977 to 1981 using genetic markers for three grasses. Average contamination of smooth bromegrass was 2.4% in one direction and 4.6% in the opposite direction. Average contamination for crested wheatgrass was 1.2% and for reed canarygrass 3.9%. Contamination was more severe in the border two rows (m) being 6.7 and 9.4% for bromegrass, 5.5% for crested wheatgrass, and 9.4% for reed canarygrass. These tests support current regulations requiring 50-m isolation for the production of certified seed.Key words: Reed canarygrass, bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, certified seed isolation requirement
INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF APPLICATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND PARAQUAT WITH AND WITHOUT TWEEN 20 ON THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASS SPECIES
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , O’DONOVAN J. T. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in the field at Lacombe in 1980 and 1981 to determine the influence of leaf stage at application (one to six-leaf) on the effectiveness of glyphosate at 0.21 kg/ha and paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha with or without Tween 20 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween is a trademark of ICI Amercas Inc.) for control of three annual grass species. Visual estimates of percent control were taken 3 wk after the last herbicide application. Curvilinear regression analysis of the data using linear plus quadratic effects produced a significant fit (P < 0.01) for determining percent control for a given leaf stage. Ninety percent control was selected as the minimum acceptable level, and the most restrictive leaf stage of application ranges to achieve this level of control over both years were determined. For glyphosate the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 3 to >6-leaf for wild oats (Avena fatua L.). For glyphosate plus Tween 20, the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley and wheat and 2 to >6-leaf for wild oats. For paraquat, the leaf stage ranges were 2 to 4.5-leaf for barley and wheat, and 2 to 5-leaf for oats (Avena sativa L.). For paraquat plus Tween 20, the ranges for barley, wheat and oats were 2- to 5-leaf, 2- to 4.5-leaf and 1.5- to 4.5-leaf, respectively. The data are presented so that any acceptable level of control may be selected, confidence bands [Formula: see text] may be included and the leaf stage range to obtain the selected level of control may be determined.Key words: Glyphosate, paraquat, surfactant, leaf stage, zero tillage
IDENTIFICATION OF CICER MILKVETCH CULTIVARS USING SDS-POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: EVANS ROBERT K. , ABERNETHY ROLLIN H.
Published: March 2010

With the release of Monarch cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), which has greatly facilitated stand establishment when compared to older cultivars, the desirability of a method for identifying seed of cultivars was recognized. An SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic method was developed to differentiate cicer milkvetch cultivars. Densitometric scanning of the resultant polypeptide banding pattern on the polyacrylamide gel provided identification of seed lots of the cultivars Oxley, Lutana and Monarch produced in several different years and locations.Key words: Astragalus cicer L., forage legumes, seed proteins, varietal purity
THE EFFECT OF FALL AND SPRING HARVESTING ON THE SUGAR CONTENT OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TUBERS
Authors: CHUBEY B. B. , DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

The Columbia cultivar of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), a potential fructose-producing crop, was grown at Morden, Manitoba and harvested in the fall from mid-August to mid-October, and in the spring from mid-April to mid-May. The total reducing sugar content increased as the tubers enlarged in the fall and decreased in the spring with the initiation and elongation of tuber sprouts. The fructose content, however, decreased with sequential fall harvest dates whereas it remained relatively stable during spring harvesting but at a lower concentration than in the fall-harvested tubers.Key words: Reducing sugars, fructose, harvest date
EFFECT OF ROW WIDTH AND POPULATION ON SOYBEAN YIELD IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McLAREN A. D. , ABLETT G. R. , SCHLEIHAUF J. C.
Published: March 2010

The effect of seeding rate (seeds per hectare) and row width (distance between rows) was examined for various adapted soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars in southwestern Ontario. Maple Arrow, Harosoy 63 and Harcor cultivars were grown in 18-, 35-, 53-, 71-, and 89-cm row widths seeded at 198 000, 395 000, and 593 000 seeds/ha during 1978 and 1979. The greatest yields were associated with the two narrowest row widths and the two highest seeding rates. Plant height, lodging, and bottom pod height varied mainly with seeding rate and cultivar. In another 2-yr study (1980 and 1981) Maple Arrow, Evans, S1346, Hodgson, A2575, and Harcor were grown at four row widths (18, 35, 53, and 71 cm) and two seeding rates (395 000 and 593 000 seeds/ha). A significant cultivar × row width interaction for yield occurred with Maple Arrow and Harcor showing the greatest yield response. Although a small seeding rate × cultivar interaction occurred, generally, seeding rates between 395 000 and 593 000 seeds/ha were adequate for all cultivars and all row widths.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., seeding rate, row spacing, lodging, yield
INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS, DES DATES ET DES DOSES DE SEMIS SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA QUALITÉ DE LA LUZERNE L’ANNÉE DU SEMIS
Authors: BELZILE L. , RIOUX R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cultivars, seeding rates and dates on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and quality in the seeding year were studied from 1971 to 1975 on a Kamouraska clay. Results showed the importance of seeding alfalfa before the end of May. Seedings made in early and in mid-May resulted in equivalent yield. Differences between cultivars were more important on the second than on the first cut. Regrowth was an important factor in the seedling year. The total yield of the Alfa cultivar is higher than Vernal and Narragansett and it is also higher for every combination of rates and seeding dates. Seeding rates were not an important factor except at the first cut where a rate of 6.7 kg/ha gave a lower yield than a rate of 13.4 kg/ha. Dry matter digestibility of Alfa is sometimes higher than for the other cultivars in the study. Late seeding generally increased the digestibility of the second cut dry matter, whereas rates of seeding have no effect on either first or second cut material. The crude protein content is not affected by seeding rates and the effects of cultivars are generally very small. With a delay in seeding dates the crude protein content of the second cut material is sometimes increased.Key words: Medicago sativa L., cultivar, date, rate
INFLUENCE OF TIME AND RATE OF N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND CRUDE PROTEIN OF THREE COOL SEASON GRASSES GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: MALZER G. L. , SCHOPER R. P.
Published: March 2010

Three separate experiments were conducted with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) to determine the timing and rate effects of N fertilization for forage production on organic soils in northern Minnesota. Nine N treatments, using 0, 168 and 336 kg N/ha, were applied in single or split (up to four) applications during the growing season. Dry matter (DM) production and crude protein content of the forage were determined in a four-clipping management program. With N fertilization total DM production for the 2-yr study was increased, on the average, by 104, 37, and 121% for orchardgrass, quackgrass, and reed canarygrass. Total production of all three grasses was significantly increased up to the 336 kg N/ha application. On the control areas (0 N) quackgrass produced an average of 61 and 82% more total forage than orchardgrass and reed canarygrass. Split applications of fertilizer N during the growing season had relatively little influence on total DM productions. However, applying N later in the growing season significantly increased DM production of reed canarygrass for the third and fourth clippings. Late N applications significantly influenced orchardgrass in the third and fourth clippings consistently during only 1 yr of the experiment and did not alter quack-grass production in either year.Key words: Histosols, Dactylis glomerata L., Agropyron repens L., Phalaris arundinacea L.
PEPPER SEED TREATMENT FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE GERMINATION
Authors: O’SULLIVAN JOHN , BOUW W. J.
Published: March 2010

Low-temperature germination and emergence of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) seed was accelerated by imbibition in salt (KNO3 + K3PO4∙H2O) and PEG solutions at 20 °C. Salt-treated seed had a faster rate of germination and emergence than PEG-treated seed. The stimulating effect of salt solutions on germination was most marked at 12.5 °C. At this temperature, time to 50% germination was up to 14 days less for treated seed than for untreated seed. Similar effects were noted on emergence at 17.5/7.5 °C and 20/10 °C, day/night temperatures. Imbibed seed emerged up to 6 days earlier than untreated seed. The concentration of the salt solution determined the duration of the treatment period. Surface drying the seed at room temperature for 1 day prior to sowing resulted in only a slight reduction on advancement of rate of germination and emergence. Drying followed by storage for up to 21 days did not markedly reduce the beneficial effect on germination and emergence of seeds imbibed in a 1.5% solution, but, for seeds imbibed in water or dilute salt solutions, most of the effect on stimulating germination and emergence was lost by drying for 7 days.Key words: Capsicum annum, osmoconditioning, KNO3 + K3PO4∙H2O, polyethylene glycol, germination, emergence
INDICATORS OF WATER STRESS IN CORN (Zea mays L.)
Authors: DWYER L. M. , STEWART D. W.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to monitor the response of corn (Zea mays L.) to water stress conditions during and following tasselling, and to compare several indicators of water stress. Daily measurements of soil water content and of evaporative demand were made. The degree of plant water stress was indicated by estimates of minimum daily stomatal resistance, comparison of estimated actual and potential transpiration rates, diurnal patterns of leaf water potential and predawn leaf water potentials taken on lower leaves. Analysis of the series of measurements necessary to estimate minimum daily stomatal resistance, actual to potential transpiration rate ratios, and diurnal patterns of leaf water potential identified periods of relative water stress. The simpler and less time-consuming measurement of predawn leaf water potential compared favorably with these other indicators of water stress. We therefore suggest that predawn leaf water potential is an appropriate diagnostic measurement of water stress with promise for irrigation scheduling, particularly for crops in which irrigation is important for a short but critical period.Key words: Leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, transpiration, vapor pressure deficit, soil water deficit
THE PRECISION OF CULTIVAR TRIALS WITHIN EASTERN COOPERATIVE TESTS
Authors: LIN C. S. , BINNS M. R.
Published: March 2010

Historical data from Eastern Cooperative tests (1977–1982) were used to find the distributional pattern of participating stations (locations) with respect to the coefficient of variation (CV) and D, the difference between the best check cultivar and the best test cultivar expressed as percentage of the mean at each location. The average CV in these cooperative tests is about 12%, which is adequate for detecting D values greater than 15% only. However, differences of this magnitude occur in no more than about 19% of the trials. To be able to have a good chance of detecting a difference of 5% within locations, (68% and 56% of recent trials for barley and oats respectively had D values greater than 5%), the present level of CV should be cut by up to half.Key words: Precision, cooperative tests, coefficient of variation
COMPARISON OF GROWTH, FORAGE YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF DIPLOID AND AUTOTETRAPLOID MAIZE SYNTHETICS
Authors: ATLIN G. W. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Three autotetraploid maize synthetics were compared with four diploid synthetics of similar adaptation in yield trials and growth analysis experiments at several southern Ontario locations, in order to assess the potential of tetraploid maize as a source of forage. No differences were observed among ploidy levels in productivity of whole-plant dry matter, or in nutritional quality of forage. Tetraploids appeared to be lower in dry matter content at harvest and through much of their period of growth.Key words: Silage corn, forage corn, autotetraploid, (Zea mays L.)
IN SITU NITROGEN FIXATION BY WHITE CLOVER IN MIXED SWARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: VESSEY J. K. , PATRIQUIN D. G.
Published: March 2010

At three sites, clover cover increased from less than 10% in April to 50–70% during anthesis in July. It began to decline in September, reaching 20–30% in December. Acetylene-reduction activity (ARA), measured by an in situ technique, commenced in April when soil temperature was 5–7 °C. "Clover-specific ARA" (ARA measured in clover patches where cover of clover was 100%) was generally high through most of May, June and July, and then declined, reaching low levels by November. Clover-specific ARA was correlated with total rainfall during the period between 7 and 28 days before the assay (r = 0.720, P < 0.01). The amount of N2 fixed by white clover over a 1-yr period was estimated at 66 and 81 kg N/ha for two pasture sites and 100 kg N/ha at a lawn site. Clover cover and thermal regime appeared to be the two main factors influencing the amount of N2 fixed by white clover at a site. Eight sites of widely varying clover cover (2–53%) were compared in July with regard to cover, clover-specific ARA, edaphic characteristics and fertilizer and grazing management. Management strategy appeared to have the greatest influence on clover abundance in pasture.Key words: White clover, Trifolium repens, nitrogen fixation
OAC RICO FIELD BEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

OAC Rico, a backcross-derived anthracnose-resistant cultivar of field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) similar in agronomic performance to Ex Rico 23, was developed by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph. OAC Rico carries the Are gene that confers resistance to alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, and lambda races of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Briosi and Cav.).Key words: Cultivar description, anthracnose resistant, bean (white)
OAC SEAFORTH FIELD BEAN
Authors: BKVERSDORF W. D. , BUZZELL R. I.
Published: March 2010

OAC Seaforth, a backcross-derived anthracnose-resistant cultivar of field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) similar in agronomic performance to Seafarer, was developed cooperatively by Agriculture Canada Research Station, Harrow and the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph. OAC Seaforth carries the Are gene that confers resistance to alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and lambda races of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Briosi and Cav.).Key words: Cultivar description, anthracnose resistance, bean (white)
CLASSEUR PORTATIF POUR POIS DE CONSERVERIE
Authors: VIGIER BERNARD , THERIAULT ROGER
Published: March 2010

The grading of canning peas in different categories is necessary for the evaluation of varieties. The authors have built and tested a new portable and mechanical grader for canning peas which reduced by half the grading time as compared to hand-grading and, further, is adequate for research purposes.Key words: Grading, category, peas
NITROGEN NUTRITION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL AND OPAQUE-2 MAIZE GENOTYPES
Authors: HANDA SANGITA , WARREN H. L. , HUBER D. M. , TSAI C. Y.
Published: March 2010

Early seedling growth and glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities of the normal and opague-2 (o2) genotypes of maize were compared in the presence or absence of added N. In the absence of exogenous N, the dry weight of o2 seedlings was only 60% of the dry weight of normal seedlings at 21 days after germination; however, the dry weights were comparable when exogenous N, especially as NO−3, was supplied to both genotypes. Thus, exogenous N appears to be more critical for early growth of o2 than normal seedlings. Growth of o2 seedlings was more severely restricted than of the normal genotype by high concentrations of NH+4. A combination of NH+4 and NO−3 resulted in better growth of both genotypes than either form on N alone. There was no difference in the capacity of the two genotypes to accumulate N from exogenous NH+4 or NO−3. However, both genotypes accumulated relatively more N from NH+4 than from NO−3. Glutamine synthetase activity in o2 roots was twofold higher than in the normal genotype in the absence of exogenous N but was similar in the roots of both gentoypes when seedlings were grown in either NO−3 or NH+4. In the absence of exogenous N, glutamate dehydrogenase activity in o2 roots was 2.8-fold higher than in normal roots and remained higher when NH+4 was added.Key words: Nitrogen form, ammonium, nitrate, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, zein
OAC TRITON SPRING RAPESEED
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

OAC Triton is the first licensed, triazine-resistant spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). It produces seed low in erucic acid and glucosinolate content. Yield levels have averaged approximately 80% of Regent and oil content has averaged 2.4% less than Regent. OAC Triton is expected to be used where rapeseed production is restricted or inhibited by serious cruciferous weed infestations, other triazine-susceptible weed problems, or by atrazine herbicide residues.Key words: Rapeseed, triazine-resistant, Brassica napus L., canola, cultivar description
THE EFFECTS OF SEED SIZE AND SEED DENSITY ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: HOY DANIEL J. , GAMBLE EDWIN E.
Published: March 2010

The germinability and vigor of seeds of different sizes and densities from each of 18 soybean seedlots were tested using the standard rolled towel germination test, the single seed conductivity test, and the bulk leachate conductivity test. The largest seeds and the low density seeds performed worst in the standard germination test, although there was an indication that the viability of extremely small seeds may also be low. Single seed leachate conductivity levels were highest for large seeds and low density seeds, indicating low vigor. Bulk conductivity tests showed high levels of leakage in large seeds, but did not detect differences between seeds of high and low density. Seed size and seed density effects were usually less pronounced or non-existent in seedlots of extremely high or extremely low vigor. Furthermore, the effects of seed size and density on viability and vigor do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to allow for significant seedlot improvement through conditioning unless cleanout percentages are prohibitively high.Key words: Soybean, seed size, seed density, germination, vigor
COMPOSITION, INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY AND ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS SILAGES
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , KUNELIUS H. T. , WINTER K. A. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first-cut wilted silages in 1979 and 1980 and were compared on the basis of composition, intake and digestibility. Timothy silage had more cell wall content and was less digestible than the annual ryegrass silages in both years (P < 0.05). Seeding year timothy was consumed less than Aubade ryegrass in 1979 but the postseeding year timothy silage was equal in intake to 1980 Aubade silage but inferior to Italian ryegrass in digestible protein content and also intake (P < 0.05). Leafier Italian and Promenade ryegrasses were consumed more than the stemmy Aubade ryegrass (P < 0.05). Annual ryegrasses were not significantly different in their composition during 1979 but in 1980, Italian ryegrass contained less cell wall and was more digestible than Aubade ryegrass silage (P < 0.05). Prolonged field wilting in humid weather appeared to be more detrimental to the stemmy Aubade for intake and feed value than to the leafier Promenade and Italian ryegrasses. Seeding year timothy silage had lower feed value than the postseed year timothy silage.Key words: Silage, timothy, annual ryegrass, intake, digestibility, composition
INTERACTIONS ENTRE LES TEMPERATURES RACINAIRES ET NOCTURNES SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT FOLIAIRE ET LA CAPACITE PHOTOSYNTHETIQUE DE PLANTS DE TOMATE CV. VENDOR
Authors: GOSSELIN ANDRÉ , TRUDEL MARC-J.
Published: March 2010

Six-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’) were maintained at five root temperatures (12, 18, 24, 30 or 36 °C) and five night air temperatures (8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 °C) for a period of 4 wk. Increase in root temperature partly offset the negative effects of low night air temperature on leaf dry weight and leaf area. Our results showed that higher root temperatures (30 °C) are required at low night air temperature (8 °C) for optimum plant growth. Lower rates of plant photosynthesis at low root and/or night air temperatures resulted mainly from reduced leaf growth and expansion, but also from a decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. Our results suggest combining split-night temperature and soil warming techniques to improve the productivity of tomato plants and to reduce greenhouse heating costs.Key words: Tomato substrate, temperature, photosynthesis, growth
TOLERANCE AND RESIDUES OF HEXAZINONE IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , KIMBALL E. R.
Published: March 2010

Applications of 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha hexazinone in the spring of the sprout year in native lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) gave more effective selective weed control than fall treatments and increased crop stand and berry yields by about 30 and 50%, respectively. These treatments also gave excellent control of sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L.) and some herbaceous weeds. Applications in the spring of the fruiting year resulted in crop injury and reduced yields. Hexazinone and the metabolites A, B, D and E were not detected in any field-treated berry samples using an analytical technique that could detect below the established tolerance of 0.1 ppm.Key words: Lowbush blueberries, herbicide tolerance, hexazinone, hexazinone metabolites, residue levels
SOURCES OF COLD TOLERANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM
Authors: SINGH SHREE P.
Published: March 2010

The term "cold tolerance" refers to the ability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes to germinate, grow and produce satisfactory grain yields under conditions of relatively cold (but above-freezing) air and soil temperatures. Sources of cold tolerance and their usefulness in grain sorghum were investigated. Of 380 excessively tall, photoperiod-sensitive, and late-maturing accessions obtained from China, Ethiopia, and Uganda, 39 were cold-tolerant, 157 partially tolerant, and the remainder were susceptible when rated at physiological maturity. Highest levels of cold tolerance were found among accessions from Ethiopia (e.g. Alemaya 70, Jejewegere 935, and Muyra) and Uganda (Mabere, Magune, and Nyundo). Cold tolerance appeared to be a dominant trait. However, in cold-susceptible × cold-tolerant crosses there was a wide range of variation among cold-tolerant genotypes, and the frequency of highly tolerant segregates was less than 10% in the F2, suggesting that several genes controlled the inheritance of the character and that their effects were largely cumulative. A relatively large number of dwarf, photoperiod-insensitive, early-maturing, and cold-tolerant experimental lines were developed. Some of these were very well adapted to the highlands of Honduras, Kenya, and Mexico. In general, they were poorly adapted to high-latitude sites in the northwestern USA, southern Canada and West Germany.Key words: Cold-tolerant sorghum, adaptation, international testing, Sorghum bicolor
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 65. Salsola pestifer A. Nels.
Authors: CROMPTON C. W. , BASSETT I. J.
Published: March 2010

In Canada, Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer A. Nels.) occurs in disturbed habitats in every province except Newfoundland. A key that separates three other closely elated species, Salsola kali L., S. collina Pall, and S. paulsenii Litv. is provided. Salsola kali occurs mainly on sandy beaches in the Maritime Provinces. S. collina is spreading in the province of Saskatchewan along railway tracks. It has recently been discovered in Ontario. Both S. collina and S. paulsenii are weedy in the adjacent western or in the southwestern United States, respectively. The biology of S. pestifer, the most common weedy species in the genus, is discussed.Key words: Weed biology, Salsola pestifer, Russian thistle
PRIMA WINTER RYE
Authors: McLEOD J. G. , McBEAN D. S. , PAYNE J. F. , BUZINSKI S. R.
Published: March 2010

Prima, a high yielding cultivar of winter rye (Secale cereale L.), was developed at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan and was licensed in July 1984. In addition to its high yielding potential, Prima has good winterhardiness, high kernel mass and test mass. It is rated medium both in maturity and resistance to lodging. Prima is well adapted to Western Canadian growing conditions. Breeder seed of Prima will be maintained at Regina Research Station, Agriculture Canada. Seed will be distributed through SeCan.Key words: Rye (winter), cultivar description
OAC ACTON WINTER BARLEY
Authors: REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

OAC Acton is a new six-rowed winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with good lodging resistance, higher yield, and better scald and BYD resistance than OAC Halton, the currently recommended winter barley cultivar for Ontario. It was licensed on 2 Aug. 1984. Breeder seed of OAC Acton is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., barley (winter), BYD resistance, scald resistance, cultivar description
OAC DECADE WINTER TRITICALE
Authors: POYSA V. W. , REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

OAC Decade is a new winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar with higher yield, shorter straw, better lodging resistance, and earlier maturity than OAC Wintri, the only presently licensed winter triticale cultivar in Canada. It is well adapted to the growing conditions in Eastern Canada, Quebec, and Ontario. It received license No. 2440 on 13 Aug. 1984. Breeder seed of OAC Decade is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.Key words: Triticale (winter), X Triticosecale Wittmack, cultivar description
GRASSES FOR IRRIGATED PASTURE IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: KNOWLES R. P. , SONMOR L. G.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of grasses clipped four times per season showed highest yields for meadow bromegrass and orchardgrass, followed in order by timothy, smooth bromegrass, and six strains of Kentucky bluegrass. Orchardgrass, meadow bromegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass gave most uniform production from spring to fall. Smooth bromegrass and some Kentucky bluegrass strains showed serious deterioration of stands after 6 yr.Key words: Smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, orchardgrass, timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, yield
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY AND ROW SPACING ON AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC RETURNS OF NONOILSEED SUNFLOWER IN SOUTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: HOLT N. W. , ZENTNER R. P.
Published: March 2010

Years, locations and planting density are significant factors that influence the agronomic performance of Sundak nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in southeastern Saskatchewan. As plant densities of sunflower were increased from 37 500 to 75 000 plants/ha at Indian Head from 1975 to 1977, achene (seed) yield and test weight increased linearly with density while percentages of roasting and dehulling seed categories decreased. Row spacings of 30–90 cm affected plant height and seed yield and size, but absolute amounts were not large. Based on 1984 prices of four seed-size categories, highest gross economic returns were favored by the higher plant densities. In a second test at Indian Head and Oxbow in 1979 and Areola in 1980, a range of plant densities from 22 900 to 76 400 plants/ha did not significantly affect seed yield or gross economic returns. However, yield and returns tended to be greatest for 50 000-60 000 plants/ha. Percentages of large seed decreased as plant population increased. Because markets generally favor the large-seed size categories and the price differentials among seed size categories tend to increase, plant densities of 40 000 to 50 000 plants/ha might better be recommended to allow for years with greater price differentials.Key words: Nonoilseed sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., plant density, row spacing, seed size, economic returns
EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE TRAFFIC ON YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE STANDS IN QUEBEC
Authors: PESANT A. R. , FERNET C. , DIONNE J. L. , BELZILE L.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of snowmobile traffic on forage stands in Quebec. In exp. I, two trial areas received 150 snowmobile passes a week for two winters from the beginning of December to the end of March. Three timothy legume swards (alfalfa, red clover, ladino clover) treated with snowmobile traffic showed no significant effects on yield or botanical composition. In exp. II, established forage stands in farmers’ fields crossed by snowmobile club trails were used over three consecutive winter periods. Spring soil-root core samplings taken on 30 location years showed a reduction in yield and legume stands following snowmobile traffic. No significant difference was found in the proportion of grasses but weed numbers increased. The factors believed to influence the yields and botanical composition were also investigated by using step-wise regression analysis. Yields and proportion of legumes and weeds were affected most by winter rain, snow depth and the clay content of the soils, respectively. The results suggested that snowmobile traffic in farmers’ fields was detrimental to alfalfa. Snowmobile trails should avoid legume fields and be located on waste lands, even though this may cause a lengthening of the trails.Key words: Snowmobile, cold hardiness, snow compaction, forage crops
NO-TILL ALFALFA ESTABLISHMENT AS INFLUENCED BY PREVIOUS COVER CROP
Authors: WOLF D. D. , HAGOOD Jr. E. S. , LENTNER M.
Published: March 2010

Conventional tillage was compared with no tillage for establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the residue of previous cover crops. The influences of planting methods and interim cover crops were studied near Blacksburg, Virginia. Alfalfa was seeded (a) in late March into a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, (b) in late April after a rye cover crop was harvested for silage, and (c) in late August into stubble left after removing millet (Setaria italica L.) as hay. Millet for the summer cover crop was planted after a rye cover crop was removed for silage. Alfalfa yields in the year after establishment showed no-till plantings to be equal to conventional planting methods. Previous cover crop did not affect alfalfa yields in the year after establishment. Alfalfa was successfully established into residue from rye and millet. Conditions were ideal for late August plantings after removing Millet for hay. Alfalfa stands were weed-free. These data indicate that alfalfa can be established with no-tillage methods into residue from interim cover crops such as rye and millet and will provide good conservation practices.Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), rye, Secale cereale L., no-till, erosion control
PEGASUS FABA BEAN
Authors: McVETTY PETER B. E. , BERNIER C. C. , EVANS L. E. , NUGENTRIGBY J.
Published: March 2010

Pegasus is a new cultivar of faba bean (Vicia faba minor) originating from phenotypic mass selection bulking of an F3 family from the cross Ackerperle × USDA PI 221517.Key words: Cultivar description, faba bean
CITRIC ACID AND POTASSIUM CONTENTS OF RUSSET BURBANK POTATO IN ALBERTA
Authors: LYNCH D. R. , KALDY M. S.
Published: March 2010

Citric acid and potassium contents were determined for Russet Burbank tubers collected from the major production areas in Alberta. An increase in the ratio of citric to chlorogenic acid content is known to be associated with a decrease in the tendency for potato tubers to darken after cooking. Tuber citric acid and potassium contents were higher in southerly locations than in central locations. The trend for citric acid is the reverse of that for chlorogenic acid established in a previous study. Thus, potatoes grown at southern Alberta locations have a higher citric to chlorogenic acid ratio than those grown in central locations, suggesting that they would be less subject to after-cooking darkening.Key words: Darkening (after-cooking), citric acid, chlorogenic acid, potassium content, Russet Burbank, potato
APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID TO CONTROL TILLERING IN EARLY-MATURING MAIZE
Authors: ROOD S. B.
Published: March 2010

In greenhouse and field trials, gibberellic acid (GA) pipetted directly into the leaf whorls of the extremely early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred 66A4-2 and four of its hybrids reduced the prolific tillering of these genotypes. Early applications were maximally effective and increasing the dosage from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/plant slightly improved the treatment efficacy. Both auxiliary tiller number and dry weights of auxiliary tillers were reduced following early GA application. In field trials the latter character was reduced to 36, 20, 7 and 22% of the control values in 66A4-2, 66A4-2 × CG8, 66A4-2 × CM7, and CM49 × 66A4-2, respectively, following the earliest GA application. Promotions of height growth as a result of both leaf sheath and leaf blade elongation were only temporary as final heights were similar in GA treated and control plants. The inhibition of auxiliary tiller dry weight accumulation was not accompanied by changes in principal shoot dry weight. Thus, GA treatment early in the life cycle can reduce tillering in early-maturing maize without the undesirable side-effect of shoot elongation.Key words: Zea mays L., corn, suckers, plant growth regulators
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON AXILLARY BRANCH DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWER PRODUCTION OF A NEW GUINEA Impatiens HYBRID
Authors: SIMMONDS JOHN
Published: March 2010

The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the production of flowers by a New Guinea hybrid Impatiens, cv. Starburst, was investigated. Delayed flowering below 20 °C was due only to effects on flower bud development. Although flower initiation was day-neutral, the number of flowers produced was significantly influenced by photoperiodic control of axillary branch elongation. In 8-, 14- or 16-h photoperiods axillary branches on the lower nodes remained compact but in a 12-h photoperiod the axillary branches elongated, and flower production on these axillary branches was enhanced. Night-break (NB) treatments indicated that this was a photoperiodic effect. This photoperiodic control of plant growth habit provides a means of regulating the rate of flowering of this cultivar.Key words: Impatiens, photoperiod, flowering, apical dominance