bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How and How Not to Prepare Students for the New Tests
Authors: Shanahan Timothy
Published: September 2014

“Data‐driven school reform” emphasizes the idea that if teachers analyze the kinds of questions students miss on standardized reading comprehension tests, and then give students lots of practice with such items, they will end up with higher test scores. This approach is likely to be popular with the new Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC; http://www.parcconline.org) and Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC; http://www.smarterbalanced.org) tests given their innovative item designs. However, research shows that reading comprehension tests do not measure these question‐answering skills, but instead estimate how well students can read particular kinds of texts with understanding. PARCC and SBAC are pointedly avoiding making claims that their assessments will reveal whether students are meeting particular standards, but instead provide an overall estimate of reading comprehension. Various alternative approaches to improving achievement on these new tests are recommended.
Pulse fidelity in ultra-high-power (petawatt class) laser systems
Authors: Danson Colin , Neely David , Hillier David
Published: September 2014

There are several petawatt-scale laser facilities around the world and the fidelity of the pulses to target is critical in achieving the highest focused intensities and the highest possible contrast. The United Kingdom has three such laser facilities which are currently open for access to the academic community: Orion at AWE, Aldermaston and Vulcan & Astra-Gemini at the Central Laser Facility (CLF), STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). These facilities represent the two main classes of petawatt facilities: the mixed OPCPA/Nd:glass high-energy systems of Orion and Vulcan and the ultra-short-pulse Ti:Sapphire system of Astra-Gemini. Many of the techniques used to enhance and control the pulse generation and delivery to target have been pioneered on these facilities. In this paper, we present the system designs which make this possible and discuss the contrast enhancement schemes that have been implemented.
Reynolds-number-dependent turbulent inertia and onset of log region in pipe flows
Authors: Chin C. , Philip J. , Klewicki J. , Ooi A. , Marusic I.
Published: September 2014

A detailed analysis of the ‘turbulent inertia’ (TI) term (the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress,$\mathrm{d} \langle -uv\rangle /\mathrm{d} y $), in the axial mean momentum equation is presented for turbulent pipe flows at friction Reynolds numbers$\delta ^{+} \approx 500$, 1000 and 2000 using direct numerical simulation. Two different decompositions for TI are employed to further understand the mean structure of wall turbulence. In the first, the TI term is decomposed into the sum of two velocity–vorticity correlations ($\langle v \omega _z \rangle + \langle - w \omega _y \rangle $) and their co-spectra, which we interpret as an advective transport (vorticity dispersion) contribution and a change-of-scale effect (associated with the mechanism of vorticity stretching and reorientation). In the second decomposition, TI is equivalently represented as the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress co-spectra, which serves to clarify the accelerative or decelerative effects associated with turbulent motions at different scales. The results show that the inner-normalised position,$y_m^{+}$, where the TI profile crosses zero, as well as the beginning of the logarithmic region of the wall turbulent flows (where the viscous force is leading order) move outwards in unison with increasing Reynolds number as$y_m^{+} \sim \sqrt{\delta ^{+}}$because the eddies located close to$y_m^{+}$are influenced by large-scale accelerating motions of the type$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $related to the change-of-scale effect (due to vorticity stretching). These large-scale motions of$O(\delta ^{+})$gain a spectrum of larger length scales with increasing$\delta ^{+}$and are related to the emergence of a secondary peak in the$-uv$co-spectra. With increasing Reynolds number, the influence of the$O(\delta ^{+})$motions promotes viscosity to act over increasingly longer times, thereby increasing the$y^{+}$extent over which the mean viscous force retains leading order. Furthermore, the TI decompositions show that the$\langle v \omega _z \rangle $motions (advective transport and/or dispersion of vorticity) are the dominant mechanism in and above the log region, whereas$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $motions (vorticity stretching and/or reorientation) are most significant below the log region. The motions associated with$\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $predominantly underlie accelerations, whereas$\langle v \omega _z \rangle $primarily contribute to decelerations. Finally, a description of the structure of wall turbulence deduced from the present analysis and our physical interpretation is presented, and is shown to be consistent with previous flow visualisation studies.
English Private Trade on the West Coast of India, c. 1680–c. 1740
Authors: Davies Timothy
Published: September 2014

This article explores the private trade networks of English East India Company merchants on the west coast of India during the first half of the eighteenth century. Existing studies of English private trade in the Indian Ocean have almost exclusively focused on India's eastern seaboard, the Coromandel Coast and the Bay of Bengal regions. This article argues that looking at private trade from the perspective of the western Indian Ocean provides a different picture of this important branch of European trade. It uses EIC records and merchants' private papers to argue against recent metropolitan-centred approaches to English private trade, instead emphasising the importance of more localised political and economic contexts, within the Indian Ocean world, for shaping the conduct and success of this commerce.
Epiphyte assemblages respond to host life-form independently of variation in microclimate in lower montane cloud forest in Panama
Authors: Sanger Jennifer C. , Kirkpatrick James B.
Published: September 2014

We investigated the effects of host tree on epiphyte diversity, controlling for microclimate. We measured the light profiles of the lower trunks of 20 individuals, each from three host groups (tree ferns, dicots, palms) occupying the understorey in a tropical montane forest in Panama. The per cent cover and species richness of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes were surveyed on the lower trunks of each understorey host. Light varied considerably between trees (5–21% total transmitted light) but mean light level did not vary between types of host. Light was not significant as a covariate with host in any model. Tree ferns had higher covers than dicots and palms of filmy ferns (15%, 0.02% and 0.2%), other ferns (7%, 0% and 0.5%) and other vascular epiphytes (16%, 3% and 3.4%), and greater species richness of vascular epiphytes (filmy ferns: 3, 0.4 and 0.5; other ferns: 2, 0.2 and 0; other vascular: 7, 2 and 2). Dicots had a higher cover of liverworts (53%) than palms (18%) and tree ferns (27%). Palms and tree ferns were the compositional extremes. We conclude that the differences in species composition and cover between the three host groups relate better to physical differences between hosts than differences in light climate.
Two Forms of Multidirectional Memory:Um Passaporte HúngaroandEl abrazo partido
Authors: Lie Nadia
Published: September 2014

This article confronts two films about the request for a European passport by a Latin American citizen:Um Passaporte Húngaro(A Hungarian Passport, 2001) andEl abrazo partido(Lost Embrace, 2003). Both films deal with memory of the Jewish-Latin American migration that took place within the context of the Holocaust, and both gear this problematic towards other, more contemporary, stories of displacement. It is argued that this multidirectional quality operates in two ways in relation to the concept of nationality: whereas one film puts it to work in order to critique and deconstruct the nation (centrifugal logic), the other uses it to opposite effect: to reaffirm and rebuild it (centripetal logic).
Optimal Sample Preparation to Characterize Corrosion in Historical Photographs with Analytical TEM
Authors: Grieten Eva , Caen Joost , Schryvers Dominique
Published: September 2014

An alternative focused ion beam preparation method is used for sampling historical photographs containing metallic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. We use the preparation steps of classical ultra-microtomy with an alternative final sectioning with a focused ion beam. Transmission electron microscopy techniques show that the lamella has a uniform thickness, which is an important factor for analytical transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the method maintains the spatial distribution of nanoparticles in the soft matrix. The results are compared with traditional preparation techniques such as ultra-microtomy and classical focused ion beam milling.
Neurowissenschaftliche Basis der Sucht
Authors: Johann-Ridinger Monika
Published: September 2014

Die Ergebnisse aus den Neurowissenschaften tragen dazu bei die Hirnprozesse bei akutem und chronischem Konsum psychotroper Substanzen besser zu verstehen. Bei der Entwicklung zur Sucht sind insbesondere Hirnstrukturen des sogenannten Belohnungssystems beteiligt. Der chronische Konsum psychotroper Substanzen führt dort zu Veränderungen von chemischen Gleichgewichten und Anpassungen der Hirnarchitektur. In diesem Artikel werden die komplexen Antworten auf den chronischen Konsum psychotroper Substanzen auf den Ebenen der Nervenzellen und den vernetzten Nervenzellverbänden dargestellt. Diese Veränderungen zeigen Auswirkungen auf Denken, Fühlen und Verhalten und beeinflussen Lernprozesse und Stressverarbeitung. Zusammenfassend sind alle cerebralen Anpassungen eingebettet in ein vielschichtiges Modell von biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren, sodass Sucht nur durch das Zusammenwirken von zahlreichen individuellen Schutz- und Risikofaktoren erklärt werden kann.
Der Suchtpatient in der psychiatrischen Ambulanz
Authors: Hofer Dieter , Wenger Franziska , Kohler Markus , Badertscher Markus
Published: September 2014

Abhängigkeitserkrankungen weisen eine hohe Prävalenz auf und kommen als komorbide Störungen gehäuft sowohl mit anderen psychiatrischen als auch somatischen Krankheiten vor. Sie werden aber leicht „übersehen“, weshalb die Diagnosestellung ein zielgerichtetes Vorgehen erfordert und komorbide psychische Störungen (Affektive- und Angsterkrankungen, Zwangsstörungen, psychotische Erkrankungen sowie ADHS) ausgeschlossen werden sollten. Bei schwerer, meist mehrfacher Abhängigkeit und in fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsstadien sind oft mehrere Therapeuten involviert, hier ist eine enge Absprache ausschlaggebend für eine wirksame Therapie. Die Therapeuten werden bei akuten, schweren Intoxikationen oder gravierenden psychosozialen und somatischen Folgeschäden mit der Frage nach fürsorgerischen Maßnahmen konfrontiert. Ärzte müssen in diesen Situationen sorgfältig zwischen therapeutischem Auftrag des Patienten und dem (in einigen Kantonen) im Rahmen einer Fürsorgerischen Unterbringung staatlich delegierten Auftrag unterscheiden. Suchterkrankungen treten im Alter vermehrt auf, werden aber nicht selten „übersehen“ oder bagatellisiert. Aber auch Low-Dose Abhängigkeiten von Beruhigungsmitteln haben eine hohe Komplikationsrate z. B. durch ein erhöhtes Sturzrisiko, weshalb bei Betagten die Verschreibung dieser Substanzen zurückhaltend erfolgen sollte.
Was bietet die Spezialklinik den Suchtpatienten?
Authors: Soravia Leila , Allemann Peter
Published: September 2014

Der stationäre Klinikaufenthalt von Patienten mit Abhängigkeitserkrankungen ist häufig ein unverzichtbarer Teil in der Behandlungskette von Suchterkrankungen. Es werden die verschiedenen Phasen der Behandlung, deren Therapieelemente sowie Vor- und Nachteile eines stationären Aufenthalts diskutiert. Anhand der Klinik Südhang, welche Patienten und Patientinnen mit einer Alkohol- und/oder Medikamentenabhängigkeit stationär behandelt, zeigt sich die Bedeutung eines individualisierten Therapieangebots je nach Entzugs- und Entwöhnungsphase. Um Patienten mit einer Abhängigkeitserkrankung einen erfolgreichen Entzug, bzw. Entwöhnung zu gewährleisten, ist eine interdisziplinäre Betreuung und Nachsorge essentiell.
A universal linker-RT PCR based quantitative method for the detection of circulating miRNAs
Authors: Ge Qinyu , Tian Fei , Zhou Youxia , Zhu Yanan , Lu Jiafeng , Bai Yunfei , Lu Zuhong
Published: September 2014

A higher sensitivity and reliable qPCR method based on a random pre-adenylated DNA adaptor ligation was developed and validated for the detection of circulating miRNAs.
Polaron stability in semiconducting polymer neat films
Authors: Beatrup Daniel , Wade Jessica , Biniek Laure , Bronstein Hugo , Hurhangee Michael , Kim Ji-Seon , McCulloch Iain , Durrant James R.
Published: September 2014

We describe a spectroelectrochemical approach to accelerated electrochemical stability studies of conjugated polymers under oxidative stress. The polaron stabilities of alternating copolymers based on (i) thiophene and thiazole, namely PTTz, and (ii) bithiophene and thiazole, namely PTTTz, are compared in neat films with that of P3HT. P3HT is found to be the most stable whilst PTTz is found to be the least stable.
M(BH3NH2BH2NH2BH3) – the missing link in the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of light alkali metal amidoboranes
Authors: Fijalkowski K. J. , Jaroń T. , Leszczyński P. J. , Magos-Palasyuk E. , Palasyuk T. , Cyrański M. K. , Grochala W.
Published: September 2014

We report a novel family of hydrogen-rich materials – alkali metal di(amidoborane)borohydrides, M(BH3NH2BH2NH2BH3).
An atom in molecules study of infrared intensity enhancements in fundamental donor stretching bands in hydrogen bond formation
Authors: Terrabuio Luiz A. , Richter Wagner E. , Silva Arnaldo F. , Bruns Roy E. , Haiduke Roberto L. A.
Published: September 2014

A semi-quantitative explanation for infrared intensity enhancements in hydrogen bonding is provided by a charge–charge flux interaction contribution.
Catalytic oxygen activation versus autoxidation for industrial applications: a physicochemical approach
Authors: Liu Xi , Ryabenkova Yulia , Conte Marco
Published: September 2014

The activation of oxygen for the functionalization of organic substrates may occur by means of transition metals orviaautoxidation pathways affecting product selectivity and catalyst design.
Carbon-supported gas-cleaning catalysts enable syn gas methanation at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Variava Meherzad F. , Church Tamara L. , Noorbehesht Nikan , Harris Andrew T. , Minett Andrew I.
Published: September 2014

Though feasible for CO methanations in gas-cleaning applications ([CO] < 1%), carbon-nanotube-supported catalysts have never been implemented for the production of synthetic natural gas.
Lithiated sulfoxides: α-sulfinyl functionalized carbanions
Authors: Ludwig Gerd , Rüffer Tobias , Hoppe André , Walther Till , Lang Heinrich , Ebbinghaus Stefan G. , Steinborn Dirk
Published: September 2014

Lithiated sulfoxides of the type [Li2{CRR′S(O)Ar}2(TMEDA)2], their molecular structures, and diastereoselective C–C bond formation reactions with benzaldehyde and benzophenone are presented.
Microfluidic transfer of liquid interface for parallel stretching and stamping of terminal-unmodified single DNA molecules in zigzag-shaped microgrooves
Authors: Yasaki Hirotoshi , Onoshima Daisuke , Yasui Takao , Yukawa Hiroshi , Kaji Noritada , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: September 2014

On-chip stretching and aligning of single DNA molecules were demonstrated using microfluidic transfer of liquid interface in zigzag-shaped microgrooves.
One-step synthesis of porous cuprous oxide microspheres on reduced graphene oxide for selective detection of mercury ions
Authors: Fang Shaoming , Dong Xiaodong , Zhang Yuanchang , Kang Mengmeng , Liu Shunli , Yan Fufeng , He Linghao , Feng Xiaozhong , Wang Peiyuan , Zhang Zhihong
Published: September 2014

A facile one-step synthesis of Cu2OMS–rGO nanocomposites used as a sensitive layer for selective detection of mercury ions was reported.
Multicomponent isocyanide-based synthesis of reactive styrenic and (meth)acrylic monomers and their RAFT (co)polymerization
Authors: Schmidt Sonja , Koldevitz Miriam , Noy Janina-Miriam , Roth Peter J.
Published: September 2014

A combination of the Passerini reaction and RAFT polymerization is used to produce novel (co)polymers carrying double bond, protected triple bond, protected alcohol, pentafluorophenyl, and diene side group functionality.
Consistent double Gaussian model with non-symmetric potential barriers at contacts for organic diodes
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ammar , Jiu-Xun Sun , Ke Jin , Ling-Cang Cai , Qiang Wu
Published: September 2014

A transport model with double Gaussian density of state (DOS) for organic semiconductors is proposed, with one Gaussian DOS for free carriers and one for trapped carriers.
Conventional polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiencies increased to >9% by a combination of methanol treatment and an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte interface layer
Authors: Yuan Tao , Yang Dong , Zhu Xiaoguang , Zhou Lingyu , Zhang Jian , Tu Guoli , Li Can
Published: September 2014

The power conversion efficiency of a PTB7:PC71BM polymer solar cell was improved up to 9.1% by a combination of methanol treatment followed by conjugation of a water- or alcohol-soluble polyelectrolyte thin layer.
Naturally occurring tetramic acid products: isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity
Authors: Mo Xuhua , Li Qinglian , Ju Jianhua
Published: September 2014

Natural products containing the tetramic acid core scaffold have been isolated from an assortment of terrestrial and marine species and often display wide ranging and potent biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral and antitumoral activities.
A versatile ambient pressure drying approach to synthesize silica-based composite aerogels
Authors: Wang Jin , Wei Yong , He Weina , Zhang Xuetong
Published: September 2014

A general ambient pressure drying approach to synthesize silica-based composite aerogels with high BET surfaces and large pore volumes has been reported.
Single-chain nanoparticles vs. star, hyperbranched and dendrimeric polymers: effect of the nanoscopic architecture on the flow properties of diluted solutions
Authors: Perez-Baena Irma , Moreno Angel J. , Colmenero Juan , Pomposo José A.
Published: September 2014

The intrinsic viscosity of tightly X-linked SCNPs is lower than those of low-functionality stars, hyperbranched polymers and small dendrimers of identical nature andMw.
Effect of the asymmetry of the coupling of the redox molecule to the electrodes in the one-level electrochemical bridged tunneling contact on the Coulomb blockade and the operation of molecular transistor
Authors: Medvedev Igor G.
Published: September 2014

Effect of the asymmetry of the redox molecule (RM) coupling to the working electrodes on the Coulomb blockade and the operation of molecular transistor is considered under ambient conditions for the case of the non-adiabatic tunneling through the electrochemical contact having a one-level RM. The expressions for the tunnel current, the positions of the peaks of the tunnel current/overpotential dependencies, and their full widths at the half maximum are obtained for arbitrary values of the parameter d describing the coupling asymmetry of the tunneling contact and the effect of d on the different characteristics of the tunneling contact is studied. The tunnel current/overpotential and the differential conductance/bias voltage dependencies are calculated and interpreted. In particular, it is shown that the effect of the Coulomb blockade on the tunnel current and the differential conductance has a number of new features in the case of the large coupling asymmetry. It is also shown that, for rather large values of the solvent reorganization energy, the coupling asymmetry enhanced strongly amplification and rectification of the tunnel current in the most of the regions of the parameter space specifying the tunneling contact. The regions of the parameter space where both strong amplification and strong rectification take place are also revealed. The obtained results allow us to prove the possibility of the realization of the effective electrochemical transistor based on the one-level RM.
Most spin-1/2 transition-metal ions do have single ion anisotropy
Authors: Liu Jia , Koo Hyun-Joo , Xiang Hongjun , Kremer Reinhard K. , Whangbo Myung-Hwan
Published: September 2014

The cause for the preferred spin orientation in magnetic systems containing spin-1/2 transition-metal ions was explored by studying the origin of the easy-plane anisotropy of the spin-1/2 Cu2+ ions in CuCl2·2H2O, LiCuVO4, CuCl2, and CuBr2 on the basis of density functional theory and magnetic dipole-dipole energy calculations as well as a perturbation theory treatment of the spin-orbit coupling. We find that the spin orientation observed for these spin-1/2 ions is not caused by their anisotropic spin exchange interactions, nor by their magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, but by the spin-orbit coupling associated with their crystal-field split d-states. Our study also predicts in-plane anisotropy for the Cu2+ ions of Bi2CuO4 and Li2CuO2. The results of our investigations dispel the mistaken belief that magnetic systems with spin-1/2 ions have no magnetic anisotropy induced by spin-orbit coupling.
Energy levels of double triangular graphene quantum dots
Authors: Liang F. X. , Jiang Z. T. , Lv Z. T. , Zhang H. Y. , Li S.
Published: September 2014

We investigate theoretically the energy levels of the coupled double triangular graphene quantum dots (GQDs) based on the tight-binding Hamiltonian model. The double GQDs including the ZZ-type, ZA-type, and AA-type GQDs with the two GQDs having the zigzag or armchair boundaries can be coupled together via different interdot connections, such as the direct coupling, the chains of benzene rings, and those of carbon atoms. It is shown that the energy spectrum of the coupled double GQDs is the amalgamation of those spectra of the corresponding two isolated GQDs with the modification triggered by the interdot connections. The interdot connection is inclined to lift up the degeneracies of the energy levels in different degree, and as the connection changes from the direct coupling to the long chains, the removal of energy degeneracies is suppressed in ZZ-type and AA-type double GQDs, which indicates that the two coupled GQDs are inclined to become decoupled. Then we consider the influences on the spectra of the coupled double GQDs induced by the electric fields applied on the GQDs or the connection, which manifests as the global spectrum redistribution or the local energy level shift. Finally, we study the symmetrical and asymmetrical energy spectra of the double GQDs caused by the substrates supporting the two GQDs, clearly demonstrating how the substrates affect the double GQDs' spectrum. This research elucidates the energy spectra of the coupled double GQDs, as well as the mechanics of manipulating them by the electric field and the substrates, which would be a significant reference for designing GQD-based devices.
Simulations of magnetic hysteresis loops at high temperatures
Authors: Plumer M. L. , van Ek J. , Whitehead J. P. , Fal T. J. , Mercer J. I.
Published: September 2014

The kinetic Monte-Carlo algorithm as well as standard micromagnetics are used to simulate MH loops of high anisotropy magnetic recording media at both short and long time scales over a wide range of temperatures relevant to heat-assisted magnetic recording. Microscopic parameters, common to both methods, were determined by fitting to experimental data on single-layer FePt-based media that uses the Magneto-Optic Kerr effect with a slow sweep rate of 700 Oe/s. Saturation moment, uniaxial anisotropy, and exchange constants are given an intrinsic temperature dependence based on published atomistic simulations of FePt grains with an effective Curie temperature of 680 K. Our results show good agreement between micromagnetics and kinetic Monte Carlo results over a wide range of sweep rates. Loops at the slow experimental sweep rates are found to become more square-shaped, with an increasing slope, as temperature increases from 300 K. These effects also occur at higher sweep rates, typical of recording speeds, but are much less pronounced. These results demonstrate the need for accurate determination of intrinsic thermal properties of future recording media as input to micromagnetic models as well as the sensitivity of the switching behavior of thin magnetic films to applied field sweep rates at higher temperatures.
Advanced passivation techniques for Si solar cells with high-κ dielectric materials
Authors: Geng Huijuan , Lin Tingjui , Letha Ayra Jagadhamma , Hwang Huey-Liang , Kyznetsov Fedor A. , Smirnova Tamara P. , Saraev Andrey A. , Kaichev Vasily V.
Published: September 2014

Electronic recombination losses at the wafer surface significantly reduce the efficiency of Si solar cells. Surface passivation using a suitable thin dielectric layer can minimize the recombination losses. Herein, advanced passivation using simple materials (Al2O3, HfO2) and their compounds H(Hf)A(Al)O deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) was investigated. The chemical composition of Hf and Al oxide films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS depth profiles exhibit continuous uniform dense layers. The ALD-Al2O3 film has been found to provide negative fixed charge (−6.4 × 1011 cm−2), whereas HfO2 film provides positive fixed charge (3.2 × 1012 cm−2). The effective lifetimes can be improved after oxygen gas annealing for 1 min. I-V characteristics of Si solar cells with high-κ dielectric materials as passivation layers indicate that the performance is significantly improved, and ALD-HfO2 film would provide better passivation properties than that of the ALD-Al2O3 film in this research work.
The role of beryllium in the band structure of MgZnO: Lifting the valence band maximum
Authors: Chen S. S. , Pan X. H. , Chen W. , Zhang H. H. , Dai W. , Ding P. , Huang J. Y. , Lu B. , Ye Z. Z.
Published: September 2014

We investigate the effect of Be on the valence band maximum (VBM) of MgZnO by measuring the band offsets of MgxZn1−xO/BexMgyZn1−x−yO heterojunctions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. MgxZn1−xO and BexMgyZn1−x−yO films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The valence band offset (ΔEV) of Mg0.15Zn0.85O (Eg = 3.62 eV)/Be0.005Mg0.19Zn0.805O (Eg = 3.73 eV) heterojunction is 0.01 eV and Be0.005Mg0.19Zn0.805O has a lower VBM. The increased Mg composition is the main factor for the reduction of VBM. The VBM of MgxZn1−xO is lower by 0.03 eV with the enlargement of Eg from 3.62 eV to 3.73 eV by increasing Mg composition. Considering the effect of increased Mg composition, it is concluded that the little amount of Be makes the VBM go up by 0.02 eV when the Eg of the alloy is 3.73 eV. The ΔEV of Mg0.11Zn0.89O (Eg = 3.56 eV)/Be0.007Mg0.12Zn0.873O (Eg = 3.56 eV) heterojunction is calculated to be 0.03 eV and Be0.007Mg0.12Zn0.873O has a higher VBM than Mg0.11Zn0.89O, which means that a little amount Be lifts the VBM by 0.03 eV when the Eg of the alloy is 3.56 eV. The experimental measurements have offered a strong support for the theoretical research that alloying Be in MgxZn1−xO alloys is hopeful to form a higher VBM and to enhance the p-type dopability of MgZnO.
Prefixació / Prefixation
Authors: Ginebra Jordi , Llagostera Roser , Rull Xavier
Published: September 2014

Evidence from the NEOXOC project confirms that trends related to prefixation in Catalan are in line with the expectations derived from previous research. Between 2008 and 2010, the Project collected 1.890 neologic lexical units coined by use of prefixation, 16.20% of the total neologisms collected, which positions prefixation as the second most productive word formation process after suffixation. The set of prefixes – in terms of number, inventory and productivity – also follows the guidelines indicated in previous studies.
No one prefix could be associated with a specific node, and therefore considered characteristic of a given territorial area. We can most likely, then, deduce that language in the media register is very homogenous across the linguistic domain. Although samples with regional specificity can be found, this specificity is based on the lexical component. Thus, among the neologisms, the words pseudoensaïmada, vicebatle, antimallorquí, and interinsular clearly have a Balearic flavor. The neologisms interparroquial and interpirinenc sound like they are from Andorra, while the word hemidelta evokes the Terres de l’Ebre. Words like the adjective antilínia (Girona, Barcelona, Perpignan), the verb desestacionalitzar (Andorra, Tarragona), and the words sobreexplotar and sobreoferta (Balearic Islands, Alacant) suggest specific territorial realities, as well.
The comparative analysis of the data from each of the nodes suggests heterogeneity in the frequency of prefixes and of grammatical categories. Regarding the weight of prefixation among the whole set of word formation processes, data from Girona contrasts with the project globally considered: figures range from 5.24% (Girona) to 14.34% (Lleida, the next), and peaks at 23.94% (Alacant). The global distribution of data from Tarragona is also surprising: this node obtains very similar figures for nouns, adjectives and verbs, which is outstanding when compared to data from all the other nodes. Productivity of different prefixes in every node compared to the global result also shows some unpredictable mismatches. At present we have no explanation for these contrasts. They could be traces of specific trends in each area, or they could be due to our analysis of the data still being too limited, that is, that we still have not done enough analysis to be able to project the results to the whole language. For this reason the continuity of the research project seems necessary. The systematic and extensive collection of data for several years would allow us to reach some firm conclusions.
Sufixació / Suffixation
Authors: Domènech Bagaria Ona , Estopà Bagot Rosa
Published: September 2014

The derivative process of suffixation has always been considered one of the most common and genuine mechanisms that the romance languages have to form new words. Therefore, the study of this process in the diatopic varieties of
Catalan is crucial to the linguistic knowledge available about the language.
In this chapter we present the results obtained through the description and comparative analysis of the suffixed neologisms collected during three years (2008–2010) in different linguistic domains of the Catalan language. The data collected by the NEOXOC network prove that suffixation is (16.8%), together with prefixation (16%), one of the most productive mechanisms in the formation of neologisms in the territory of the Catalan langauge, as in the majority of the zones suffixation is either the first or second most recurrent resource.
In general, we will see how the neologisms documented in texts of a standard and formal register use suffixes with little difference between the diverse territories. Nevertheless, the analyzed data allow us to detect some singularities amongst the different zones, both in as far as the type of suffixes used and the specific neologisms or lemmas are concerned.
Regarding the suffixes used, we will see how vernacular suffixes (of the Catalan language) predominate. They are mostly lexical in type (rather than evaluative), and tend to be nominalizers and adjectivizers (much more so than the verbalizers). The majority of the zones largely coincide in choosing the most productive suffixes (-ista, -isme, -itzar, -itat and -dor/dora), but the data obtained also allow the detection of some interesting differences, such as the scarce productivity of certain suffixes in specific zones or the high productivity of other suffixes in other specific zones.
As for the documented neologic forms, the analysis reveals that (a) the suffixes used to create neologisms are those that had already been detected in previous studies (even though some vary in frequency of use with respect to what is mentioned in classic grammar books); (b) there are no new suffixes in some of the studied linguistic varieties, and (c) although the different zones use the same suffixes, there is scarce coincidence in lemmas amongst the extraction resources. Thus, the absence of specific neologic forms is greatly significant since, in spite of the homogenity of the comparative corpus, the majority of the neologisms documented in a specific zone are present only in the extraction carried out in that territory, and not in the others.
Manlleus del castellà / Spanish loanword
Authors: Bastida Carolina
Published: September 2014

Loanwords are a strategy to expand the vocabulary of a language, by which a word is borrowed from a donor language and directly incorporated into a recipient language. In written language, these borrowed units can go through a process of graphic adaptation to the recipient language, or they can preserve their original orthography. The use of loanwords may be motivated by the need to describe a new reality or just by linguistic creativity and expressivity. One of the languages that most frequently lends lexical units to Catalan is, after English, Spanish (32% of all loanwords, and 9.2% of all neologisms). Within Spanish loanwords we find a high percentage of (graphically) adapted neologisms. Overall, the adapted loanwords represent 48.9% of all Spanish loanwords. This high proportion of adapted loanwords reflects the degree of assimilation of certain lexical units to the Catalan orthographic system. Some lexical units show great formal variation (pelotazo, pelotaso, pelotasso), due to fluctuation between the normative form in Spanish and different degrees of graphic adaptation to Catalan, and also great productivity (apijar, pijada, pijerío…). The typological proximity and the contact between both languages result in speakers using words in Catalan that they do not perceive as loanwords from a psychological perspective. This phenomenon is known as interference. In our data, approximately 60% of all loanwords may be the result of this phenomenon. This proportion is fairly high if we bear in mind that our extraction sources undergo several editing filters. Regarding the thematic aspects, the most outstanding feature is the large number of derogatory nouns and adjectives, used mostly as personal qualifiers. We also find numerous units related to Spanish and Latin American cultural expressions. In regards to the occurrence of Spanish loanwords across the different territories, the data show great variability. The scarce coincidence of lexical units across regions leads us to the conclusion that there is a high degree of idiosyncrasy regarding the use of Spanish loanwords in each territory. Most units recorded in a specific region are not found in the rest of territories. The analysis of Spanish loanwords shows that, due mostly to cultural proximity and typological similarity of the Spanish and Catalan languages, they are one of the most frequent strategies to incorporate new words into written Catalan language.
Truncació / Truncation
Authors: Fàbregas Alegret Immaculada
Published: September 2014

The present chapter is dedicated to the study of neologisms obtained through a truncation process, particularly through abbreviation, blending and initialisation. Although traditional grammars do not deal with such processes and they represent only 2% of the data collected by the NEOXOC network, it can be observed that truncation is a rather common phenomenon in Catalan which affects the whole Catalan-speaking area.
The chapter has been divided into three sections, each of them corresponding to one of the truncation types: abbreviation, defined as the shortening of a word (profe < professor) or a syntagma (motora < llanxa motora); blending, defined as a combination of word segments coming to form a syntagmatic structure (catanyol < català + espanyol); and initialization, defined as the lexicalization of an initialism that begins to function as a new word in the language (“un api”, “les pimes”, “els pecés”).
Each section contains a quantitative and qualitative analysis, since the objective here is to compare the attitudes towards truncation in the distinct nodes of the NEOXOC area.
The data evidence that, during the studied period, the most productive truncation process was abbreviation, followed by blending and then initialization. They also show that the proportion of neologisms created through truncation is very similar from one node to another, at the quantitative level as well as at the qualitative one. The markedly spontaneous and often short-lived nature of this kind of neologisms explains why most words occur only once. Similarly, the attitudes in the distinct nodes are quite homogeneous as far as spelling and morphological variation is concerned. Nor do they present significant differences when the variety of semantic fields or the influence of other languages are investigated.
Neologismes semantics / Semantic change
Authors: Creus Imma , Julià-Muné Joan
Published: September 2014

Semantic neologisms contribute to renewing and enlarging the capacity of expression and communicating resources of languages. They usually help speakers to make their descriptions more powerful and their speech more effective. However, neologisms related to semantic change are rather difficult to detect by automatic procedures, because changes in meaning within a word may be covered up, so to say, by its spelling and formal phonetic wrappings. This contribution to the work on neology in the media written in Catalan during the period of 2008–2010 allows us to confirm that semantic neologisms hold the 6th place in the productivity ranking. In fact, they represent 5% of all neologisms analyzed in the study. As far as semantic neologisms are concerned, the Balearic Islands, Barcelona and Lleida are highly productive, whereas Alacant, Andorra and
Girona are the less productive zones. From the formal point of view, this kind of neologisms is usually written with no typographic emphasis and very few spelling variations. In addition, they are found in nouns and adjectives, mostly in the masculine and singular form, or verbs, generally transitive, in which different word formation processes may converge, such as derivation and composition. Semantic neology resources are mainly related to homonymy, meaning narrowing and broadening, meaning shifts, metonymy, metaphor, loanwords and eponyms, which are words that are coined from proper names. These are among the most creative ways that the vocabulary of a language may expand. The collected data also indicate that semantic neologisms may be found in a great variety of thematic areas, especially in sports and technology, but also in politics, economy, culture, means of transportation, food, agriculture and stockbreeding. Nevertheless, according to the available data, we may conclude so far that dialectal contrasts are rather faint in the press written in Catalan.
The typical development of simultaneous bilinguals
Authors: Thordardottir Elin
Published: September 2014

This chapter focuses on the effect of the relative amount of exposure bilingual children have received in each of their languages on their performance on tests of language knowledge (vocabulary and grammar) and language processing (nonword repetition and sentence imitation). Results are reported on studies of two age groups of monolingual and bilingual preschoolers in Montreal, Canada, learning English and French. Amount of input exerted a strong effect on the rate of development of both vocabulary and grammar, but had little impact on children’s ability to repeat nonwords. Children with unequal amounts of exposure to each language had similarly unequal levels of performance both in vocabulary and grammar. Grammatical development followed strongly language specific patterns in terms of order of acquisition, accuracy and error types. Normative data are reported on bilingual children with different levels of exposure that aid in the language assessment of bilingual children. Nonword repetition accurately distinguished children with and without language impairment regardless of bilingual exposure.
Global identification of invasive species: the CABI Invasive Species Compendium as a resource.
Authors: Diaz-Soltero H. , Scott P. R.
Published: September 2014

The number, spread and impact of invasive species in the latter half of the 20th century has been without historical precedent. Now, as human activity causes a precipitous rise in greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. CO2), there is growing concern that climate change may also be a significant, long-term driver enhancing invasive species introduction and spread. New and more powerful tools that facilitate linking invasive species and climate change are required to identify and manage these consequences. One such tool, which exploits a wide range of traditional and social media, is the Invasive Species Compendium, or ISC. The ISC is a scientific, web-based encyclopedia that compiles the latest information on the invasive species that have the most negative impacts on the environment, the economy and/or animal or human health. The information in the ISC, updated weekly with the latest scientific findings, can be used; to infer future climate change impacts on an invasive species; to understand the potential environmental and/or economic impacts of the species, and to identify ways to control and manage the species in question. This chapter discusses the value and efficacy of the ISC, with a particular emphasis on its application in a globally warmed future.
Well-posedness of the equation for the three-form field in eleven-dimensional supergravity
Authors: Ettinger Boris
Published: September 2014

We analyze a semi-linear gauge-invariant wave equation which arises in the theory of supergravity. We prove that the Cauchy problem is well-posed globally in time for the fixed-gauge version of the equation for small compactly supported smooth data. We employ the method of Klainerman vector fields along with a finer analysis of the nonlinearity to establish an integrable decay in the energy estimate.
The quenching behavior of a semilinear heat equation with a singular boundary outflux
Authors: Selcuk Burhan , Ozalp Nuri
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we study the quenching behavior of the solution of a semilinear heat equation with a singular boundary outflux. We prove a finite-time quenching for the solution. Further, we show that quenching occurs on the boundary under certain conditions and we show that the time derivative blows up at a quenching point. Finally, we get a quenching rate and a lower bound for the quenching time.
Predicting Future Forest Ranges Using Array-based Geospatial Semantic Modelling
Authors: Mulder Osenga Elise
Published: September 2014

Studying the impacts of climate change requires looking at a multitude of variables across a broad range of sectors [1, 2]. Information on the variables involved is often unevenly available or offers different uncertainties [3, 4], and a lack of uniform terminology and methods further complicates the process of analysis, resulting in communication gaps when research enterprises span different sectors. For example, models designed by experts in one given discipline might assume conventions in language or oversimplify cross-disciplinary links in a way that is unfamiliar for scientists in another discipline.

Geospatial Semantic Array Programming (GeoSemAP) offers the potential to move toward overcoming these challenges by promoting a uniform approach to data collection and sharing [5]. The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission has been exploring the use of geospatial semantics through a module in the PESETA II project (Projection of economic impacts of climate change in sectors of the European Union based on bottom-up analysis).
Thinking too positive? Revisiting current methods of population-genetic selection inference
Authors: Bank Claudia , Ewing Gregory B. , Ferrer-Admettla Anna , Foll Matthieu , Jensen Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2014

In the age of next-generation sequencing, the availability of increasing amounts and quality of data at decreasing cost ought to allow for a better understanding of how natural selection is shaping the genome than ever before. Yet, alternative forces such as demography and background selection obscure the footprints of positive selection that we would like to identify. Here, we illustrate recent developments in this area, and outline a roadmap for improved selection inference. We argue (1) that the development and obligatory use of advanced simulation tools is necessary for improved identification of selected loci, (2) that genomic information from multiple-time points will enhance the power of inference, and (3) that results from experimental evolution should be utilized to better inform population-genomic studies.
3 lessons for successful transformational change
Authors: Franklin Melanie
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that defining how a change is to be planned and implemented is as important for its success as defining what the change is expected to achieve.

Design/methodology/approach

– All information is drawn from the questions asked and the challenges raised by the senior managers responsible for the transformation of their organisation. For this reason, their names and the name of their organisation have been withheld and the description of what the organisation does contains insufficient information to enable it to be easily identified.

Findings

– Lack of central support for the change activities had led to duplication of effort, implementing the change via a “silo” based mentality has led to a lack of cooperation across business units, poor recognition of the time and effort needed to implement change has led to competition between change activities and business as usual activities.

Research limitations/implications

– The information contained in this paper is from the perspective of an executive coach not working full time in the organisation, so who may be unaware of other initiatives in the organisation that may have contributed to the change effort.

Practical implications

– The conclusions drawn from this case study can be applied to any type of organisational change, in any industry and any size of organisation.

Originality/value

– The practical activities and lessons learned shared in this paper are based on author's experiences with an ongoing transformational change initiative.