bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El lujo como construcción ontológica ambivalente
Authors: Martín Hurtado Galves José
Published: September 2015

Se analiza críticamente al lujo como «concepto» para comprenderlo dentro de la ontologización del sujeto que lo consume y lo ostenta en la actualidad. Estas dos categorías (consumo y ostentación) permiten distinguir al sujeto en dos sentidos: primero, como alguien que busca satisfacer necesidades creadas a partir de relacionar el consumo con la estetización tanto del sujeto como del mundo que lo rodea (el objeto desde un sentido estetizante); segundo, como alguien para quien el lujo es motivo justificante de relación y de des-relación con los otros. Esto a partir de analizar su forma de «hablar» ambivalente (bidireccional): el lujo dice, pero también calla; sugiere, pero no deja de imponer; abre y cierra constantemente; limita y extiende a la vez; en fin, su manera bivalente de comprender la realidad hace que sea más que una simple forma de estar en el mundo.Lo anterior nos permite explicar el por qué de la dicotomía del lujo: para algunos resulta innecesario o superfluo; para otros, en cambio, el lujo es una forma constante de afirmarse como constructo imaginario. De esto se desprende un análisis del lujo como «objeto» y como «idea de objeto»; viendo, así, la forma en que se vuelve base movible de una estetización de comportamientos ambivalentes. En otras palabras, se trata de mirar al lujo pero sin dejar de mirar al sujeto que vive «en» y «desde el lujo».
Le luxe des montres (xixe-xxe siècle) : réputation et identité de l’horlogerie de Genève
Authors: Sougy Nadège
Published: September 2015

À la fin du xixe siècle, la fabrique horlogère de Genève est confrontée à l’arrivée de montres reprenant abusivement ses marques et le nom de Genève. En réaction, les horlogers, les marchands et les pouvoirs publics mettent en place un dispositif pour protéger ce secteur économique. L’une des solutions retenues est d’identifier les montres faites Genève en certifiant leur qualité. En 1886, la création d’un poinçon de l’État et de la République de Genève est le premier label associant les savoir-faire d’un territoire à la qualité technique de ses produits. A l’origine défensif, le poinçon fait la promotion de produits de haut de gamme caractérisés par une bonne facture, une fiabilité et leur origine, marqueur du luxe des montres de Genève.
Le « parti nationaliste irlandais » au xixe siècle : « facteur d’éloignement » et instrument de conquête
Authors: Collombier-Lakeman Pauline
Published: September 2015

Cet article reprend un des arguments développés par
Paul Brennan dans sa thèse d’Etat, selon lequel le nationalisme
parlementaire irlandais fut un « facteur d’éloignement », pour
poursuivre la réflexion sur les orientations politiques suivies par
l’élite parlementaire irlandaise. Il apparaît que celle-ci présenta
l’idée de la séparation d’avec la Grande-Bretagne sous une forme plus
ambiguë que ne laissait entendre P. Brennan et l’histoire du parti
parlementaire irlandais peut aussi être interprétée comme le résultat
de stratégies visant la conquête des électeurs et du pouvoir politique
en Irlande, de façon à peser davantage à Westminster.
Créer une police nouvelle pour un « État libre » : aux origines de la Garda Síochána (1922-1925)
Authors: Meynard Éric
Published: September 2015

Au moment de la création de l’État Libre d’Irlande,
suite au traité de Londres de décembre 1921, il apparaissait évident
qu’une police nouvelle, comme les autres institutions publiques,
s’engagerait résolument dans une nouvelle voie. Mais l’établissement
d’une police nouvelle, comme la création d’un nouvel ordre politique,
étaient loin d’être une sinécure dans cette période instable. La
légitimité de l’État était mise au défi et son existence même
contestée, au point de conduire à la guerre civile. Dans ces
conditions bien particulières, les traits profonds de la Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) allaient modeler
bien des aspects des Civic Guards : une
institution hyper-centralisée, encline à l’ingérence politique,
caractérisée par un manque de gouvernance démocratique et de
transparence.
Why did they fight for Britain? Irish recruits to the British forces, 1939-45
Authors: O’Connor Steven
Published: September 2015

In spite of Ireland’s neutrality tens of thousands
of Irish people fought in the British forces during the Second World
War. Previous studies of these transnational volunteers have focused
largely on government policies towards the recruits and on
ascertaining an accurate figure for the number of Irish people in the
wartime British forces. However, there remain important questions
about these Irish recruits. This article examines their social
backgrounds and their motives for enlisting. It concludes by assessing
the significance of Irish recruitment within the wider context of the
contribution to Britain’s war effort from members of the British
Commonwealth.
Enjeux de l’immigration féminine en Irlande au xxie siècle et politiques gouvernementales
Authors: Da Col Richert Marie-Jeanne
Published: September 2015

Les migrantes en Irlande au xxie siècle souffrent de
discrimination en tant que femmes dans une société patriarcale. Elles
sont aussi confrontées à des difficultés comme employées au statut
précaire, recrutées souvent au-dessous de leurs qualifications. Le
travail domestique dans l’économie grise bafoue leurs droits. La
législation sur l’immigration, complexe, non dénuée d’arbitraire, les
pénalise. Pour démanteler les réseaux de prostitution dont nombre de
migrantes sont victimes, une campagne abolitionniste prend corps en
Irlande.
Reclaiming the Irish Church
Authors: Dooley Mark
Published: September 2015

The Irish Catholic Church is still coming to terms with its dark past. In a series of probing and controversial articles for the Irish Daily Mail, former lecturer in Philosophy at NUI Maynooth Dr Mark Dooley uncovered a culture of clerical disobedience at the heart of the seminary system in Ireland. Those articles became the basis of his book Why Be a Catholic? (London, Continuum, 2011).  'Reclaiming the Irish Church' sheds further light on the seminary system and the Irish Episcopacy, arguing that both need radical restructuring if the Church is to reclaim its moral standing. Only when the seminaries are fit for purpose, and when the Episcopacy is radically reformed, will the Irish Church overcome its past and offer fresh hope for the future.
« La paix sans la réconciliation » en Irlande du Nord : une faiblesse stratégique depuis 1974
Authors: Etchart Joana
Published: September 2015

En 2014, le bilan du processus de paix
nord-irlandais est mitigé. Si la paix a avancé, le deuxième objectif
de la réconciliation a, semble-t-il, failli. Cet article s’interroge
sur les raisons de la relative inefficacité des efforts de paix
fournis depuis les années 1980 dans le champ de peacebuilding. Il propose de remonter jusqu’aux
années 1969-79 pour mieux comprendre cet état de fait.
La notion de neutralité de l’État (séparation Église/État) dans le discours politique irlandais en matière d’éducation : entre confusion sémantique et stratégie d’évitement, années 1970-2000
Authors: Fischer Karin
Published: September 2015

L’article se penche sur les évolutions et
permanences dans l’emploi et la définition implicite en contexte de la
notion de neutralité de l’État vis-à-vis des Églises sur la période
1970-2011 en République d’Irlande (avec une attention particulière au
domaine de l’éducation). Une analyse diachronique et synchronique des
discours politiques irlandais autour de cette question aide à mieux
comprendre le caractère persistant de « l’illusion de neutralité »
mise en évidence par Bill Kissane notamment. À partir d’une conception
idiosyncratique et problématique de la neutralité de l’État en matière
de religion largement partagée jusqu’aux années 1970, on reconnaît par
la suite des réponses politiques diverses, mais correspondant le plus
souvent à des stratégies d’évitement ou de contournement de la
question du sens et de l’application de cette notion de neutralité
d’un point de vue institutionnel en Irlande. En marge de ce courant
toujours dominant, des voix, plus nombreuses mais encore rares, se
font entendre en faveur d’une séparation complète de l’Église et de
l’État et de l’élimination concomitante de toute forme de
discrimination religieuse en République d’Irlande.
Justice for Magdalenes: From Advocacy Support Group to Human Rights Issues
Authors: Sebbane Nathalie
Published: September 2015

On the 17th of May 2013, Justice for Magdalenes
(JFM), the survivor advocacy group, announced the end of its political
campaign, begun in June 2009. It contributed to exposing the Irish
State and the religious congregations that ran the laundries, and
forcing them to take responsibility. Through sustained and relentless
activism and engaging with the political forces of the nation, the
religious orders and national and international human rights
institutions, JFM managed to obtain a formal apology on behalf on the
Irish State by An Taoiseach, Enda Kenny, and a
compensation and redress scheme for former residents of the
institutions. This paper proposes to examine the different aspects of
JFM’s campaign, its achievements and continuous commitment.
Yeats and the Mask of Science
Authors: Lynch Aoife
Published: September 2015

This paper views science through the prism of the
Yeatsian mask, that is, as an appropriation of willed creativity
through the dynamics of opposition. It uses Jean Francois Lyotard’s
philosophy of changing episteme in the twentieth century to provide
for an understanding of science and art as inter-penetrative. It
considers the Yeatsian conception of universal realities as explicated
in A Vision (1925, 1937) and as further expressed through his poetry
as representative of this era of changing knowledge.
Représentations de l’identité irlandaise dans An Irish Journey de Sean O’Faolain
Authors: Sablayrolles François
Published: September 2015

En 1940, année où il fonde The
Bell, Sean O’Faolain publie également An Irish
Journey. Par sa fonction de reportage, ce premier récit de voyage
est représentatif du tournant que prend la carrière de l’auteur à
cette époque et des préoccupations qui seront au cœur du périodique.
Cependant An Irish Journey s’inscrit aussi dans
la continuité de l’œuvre de O’Faolain. L’objet de cet article est donc
de montrer comment, en répondant aux enjeux identitaires qui
occupaient déjà la fiction réaliste irlandaise qui se constituait dans
les années 1920 et 1930, et en faisant usage de procédés exploités
tant dans ses nouvelles que dans ses biographies, An
Irish Journey met en évidence à la fois la cohérence de l’œuvre
particulièrement riche et diverse de O’Faolain, et la spécificité de
son esthétique.
Analyse comparée de séances de géologie à l'école primaire. Problématisation et action conjointe élève-professeur
Authors: Santini Jérôme , Crépin-Obert Patricia
Published: September 2015

Dans cet article, nous menons des analyses didactiques d’études de cas de séances de géologie en école primaire. Nous conduisons nos analyses dans les cadres théoriques de l’apprentissage par problématisation et de l’action conjointe en didactique. Nos conclusions portent sur les conditions didactiques qui permettent à l’élève d’étudier en classe. Elles interrogent également le travail mené par les professeurs pour aménager ces conditions. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats produits permet de discuter les convergences et les divergences des deux cadres théoriques mobilisés dans cet article, et d’établir des possibilités de travaux communs.
L’État, représentant naturel de l’intérêt environnemental ?
Authors: Billet Philippe
Published: September 2015

L’État n’a pas formellement de compétence exclusive pour défendre les intérêts environnementaux devant le juge, mais c’est lui qui a l’approche la plus globale de l’intérêt général que sous-tend leur protection : les personnes physiques sont limitées dans leur intérêt à agir par leur intérêt personnel et immédiat, comme le sont les associations contraintes par leurs statuts tandis que les collectivités territoriales sont enfermées par les frontières de leur territoire de compétence. La possible carence de l’État dans son action impose de s’interroger sur des solutions de substitution, parallèles, complémentaires ou supplétives, impliquant une compétence partagée de défense de l’environnement.
Les intérêts diffus, instruments pour la justice et la démocratie environnementale
Authors: Aragão Alexandra
Published: September 2015

Pour démontrer que le concept légal d’intérêts diffus est un instrument pour la justice et la démocratie environnementale, il faut tout d’abord le comprendre dans le contexte des fonctions sociales du procès judiciaire. Au-delà des intérêts individuels et de l’intérêt public, il existe dans certains systèmes juridiques, et en particulier dans celui des pays lusophones, une consécration des intérêts trans-individuels, dont les intérêts diffus sont une sous-catégorie. Le système d’action populaire est l’aboutissement de l’objectif de concrétisation de la protection des intérêts diffus sur le plan de la procédure juridictionnelle. La conséquence est une protection plus effective des droits environnementaux, à travers une représentation plus élargie.
Sharpin Controls Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Jeschke Anke , Catala-Lehnen Philip , Sieber Sabrina , Bickert Thomas , Schweizer Michaela , Koehne Till , Wintges Kristofer , Marshall Robert P. , Mautner Andrea , Duchstein Lara , Otto Benjamin , Horst Andrea K. , Amling Michael , Kreienkamp Hans-Juergen , Schinke Thorsten
Published: September 2015

The cytosolic protein Sharpin is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, which regulates NF-κB signaling in response to specific ligands, such as TNF-α. Its inactivating mutation in chronic proliferative dermatitis mutation (Cpdm) mice causes multiorgan inflammation, yet this phenotype is not transferable into wild-type mice by hematopoietic stem cell transfer. Recent evidence demonstrated that Cpdm mice additionally display low bone mass, and that this osteopenia is corrected by Tnf deletion. Because the cellular mechanism underlying this pathology, however, was still undefined, we performed a thorough skeletal phenotyping of Cpdm mice on the basis of nondecalcified histology and cellular and dynamic histomorphometry. We show that the trabecular and cortical osteopenia in Cpdm mice is solely explained by impaired bone formation, whereas osteoclastogenesis is unaffected. Consistently, Cpdm primary calvarial cells display reduced osteogenic capacity ex vivo, and the same was observed with CD11b− bone marrow cells. Unexpectedly, short-term treatment of these cultures with TNF-α did not reveal an impaired molecular response in the absence of Sharpin. Instead, genome-wide and gene-specific expression analyses revealed that Cpdm mesenchymal cells display increased responsiveness toward TNF-α–induced expression of specific cytokines, such as CXCL5, IL-1β, and IL-6. Therefore, our data not only demonstrate that the skeletal defects of Cpdm mice are specifically caused by impaired differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, they also suggest that increased cytokine expression in mesenchymal bone marrow cells contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of Cpdm mice.
NK Cells Preferentially Target Tumor Cells with a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype
Authors: Ames Erik , Canter Robert J. , Grossenbacher Steven K. , Mac Stephanie , Chen Mingyi , Smith Rachel C. , Hagino Takeshi , Perez-Cunningham Jessica , Sckisel Gail D. , Urayama Shiro , Monjazeb Arta M. , Fragoso Ruben C. , Sayers Thomas J. , Murphy William J.
Published: September 2015

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to antiproliferative therapies, able to repopulate tumor bulk, and seed metastasis. NK cells are able to target stem cells as shown by their ability to reject allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells but not solid tissue grafts. Using multiple preclinical models, including NK coculture (autologous and allogeneic) with multiple human cancer cell lines and dissociated primary cancer specimens and NK transfer in NSG mice harboring orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts, we assessed CSC viability, CSC frequency, expression of death receptor ligands, and tumor burden. We demonstrate that activated NK cells are capable of preferentially killing CSCs identified by multiple CSC markers (CD24+/CD44+, CD133+, and aldehyde dehydrogenasebright) from a wide variety of human cancer cell lines in vitro and dissociated primary cancer specimens ex vivo. We observed comparable effector function of allogeneic and autologous NK cells. We also observed preferential upregulation of NK activation ligands MICA/B, Fas, and DR5 on CSCs. Blocking studies further implicated an NKG2D-dependent mechanism for NK killing of CSCs. Treatment of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer tumor-bearing NSG mice with activated NK cells led to significant reductions in both intratumoral CSCs and tumor burden. Taken together, these data from multiple preclinical models, including a strong reliance on primary human cancer specimens, provide compelling preclinical evidence that activated NK cells preferentially target cancer cells with a CSC phenotype, highlighting the translational potential of NK immunotherapy as part of a combined modality approach for refractory solid malignancies.
Prenatal Allogeneic Tolerance in Mice Remains Stable Despite Potent Viral Immune Activation
Authors: Strong Beverly S. I. , Ryken Katherine O. , Lee Amanda E. , Turner Lucas E. , Wadhwani Ram K. , Newkold Tess J. , Alhajjat Amir M. , Heusel Jonathan W. , Shaaban Aimen F.
Published: September 2015

Transplanting stem cells before birth offers an unparalleled opportunity to initiate corrective treatment for numerous childhood diseases with minimal or no host conditioning. Although long-term engraftment has been demonstrated following in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation during immune quiescence, it is unclear if prenatal tolerance becomes unstable with immune activation such as during a viral syndrome. Using a murine model of in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation, the impact of an infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus on prenatal allospecific tolerance was examined. The findings in this report illustrate that established mechanisms of donor-specific tolerance are strained during potent immune activation. Specifically, a transient reversal in the anergy of alloreactive lymphocytes is seen in parallel with the global immune response toward the virus. However, these changes return to baseline following resolution of the infection. Importantly, prenatal engraftment remains stable during and after immune activation. Collectively, these findings illustrate the robust nature of allospecific tolerance in prenatal mixed chimerism compared with models of postnatal chimerism and provides additional support for the prenatal approach to the treatment of congenital benign cellular disease.
Socio-Economic Distribution and Higher Education Participation of Students in Kenya
Authors: Boit John Mugun
Published: September 2015

The disparity in higher education participation is a perverse problem in most developing
countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the socio-economic distribution of
students and higher education participation of students in Kenya from three dimensions:
students’ parents socio-economic backgrounds, parental occupational status, and parental
level of education. The survey sample compromising 581 respondents was selected from
three higher education institutions namely; a public university, a private university and a
polytechnic institution. Findings indicatethat despite the overall expansion towards mass
systems imbalances in participation based on student socio-economic background is a major
factor in Kenyan higher education institutions. The study reveals that higher education is
selective, not only in terms of type of secondary school students attended but across parental
traits such as father’s education and occupation. The economic capacity of parents is very
crucial in determining who can take advantage of the best available education provision and
how far a student goes up the education ladder. These findings further confirm the perverse
social selection and class bias in higher education institutions with students from lower
socioeconomic backgrounds less likely to participate in higher education as students from
middle and higher socioeconomic backgrounds. This makes higher education access in Kenya
to be highly inequitable. This disproportionate representationpresents a major challenge for
education policy. In order to achieve equity and enhance access to tertiary level education,
amongst all socio-economic groups, the government should seriously address disparities in
school outcomes, both at primary school level and between the various secondary school
types and barriers to access that are due to financial obstacles.
Examining Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of the Concept of Migration: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Çetin Turhan , Kilcan Bahadır , Güneş Cennet , Çepni Osman
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of the eighth grade students
regarding the concept of migration covered in the 6th and 7th grades social studies curriculum.
To this end, the metaphors produced by the students in regard to this concept and the
pictures/cartoons drawn by them about it were examined. Survey model was used in this
study. Qualitative research techniques considered suitable for triangulation (collecting data
via metaphors and document analysis) were used together. The study group consisted of 334
eight grade students (176 males and 158 females) attending secondary schools located in the
central districts of Ankara, Kilis, and Gaziantep provinces in the fall semester of the
2014-2015 academic year. The participants were randomly selected through purposeful
sampling. The data obtained from the participants were analyzed and interpreted through
content analysis. Results indicated that most of the participants, whether or not they had been
exposed to migration, perceived migration as “compulsion”, “continuity”, and “cause of
separation”. Another result of this study was that especially the participants exposed to
migration perceived migration as “time-dependent differentiation” and “unhappiness” and
thought that migration is an undesirable temporary event that occurs at certain times and
disappears after a while.
Datafied Life
Authors: Ruckenstein Minna , Pantzar Mika ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2015

Techno-Anthropology recognizes the intertwining of technology with aims, needs, practices, and skills; ‘the techno’ and ‘the anthro’ are not only interconnected, but historically co-constituted. In this paper developments in ‘personal analytics’ are examined with the aim of proposing epistemological and methodological directions for Techno-Anthropological exploration. Personal analytics refers to the field of interactions that surrounds tracking various bodily and mental functions, including the analysis, visualization, and distribution of the data, thereby encompassing people’s involvements with measuring devices and data movements. By discussing findings from a self-tracking study that focused on heart-rate variability measurement, the article opens for scrutiny ways in which personal data can translate people’s selves into a format that is engaging and actionable. This, in turn, enables researchers to witness and critically assess a terrain where bodily and mental capacities, and life itself, are not taken as given, but become part of the processes of everyday sense-making and contestation.
Spreading of Greenland meltwaters in the ocean revealed by noble gases
Authors: Beaird Nicholas , Straneo Fiammetta , Jenkins William
Published: September 2015

We present the first noble gas observations in a proglacial fjord in Greenland, providing an unprecedented view of surface and submarine melt pathways into the ocean. Using Optimum Multiparameter Analysis, noble gas concentrations remove large uncertainties inherent in previous studies of meltwater in Greenland fjords. We find glacially modified waters with submarine melt concentrations up to 0.66 ± 0.09% and runoff 3.9 ± 0.29%. Radiogenic enrichment of Helium enables identification of ice sheet near‐bed melt (0.48 ± 0.08%). We identify distinct regions of meltwater export reflecting heterogeneous melt processes: a surface layer of both runoff and submarine melt and an intermediate layer composed primarily of submarine melt. Intermediate ocean waters carry the majority of heat to the fjords' glaciers, and warmer deep waters are isolated from the ice edge. The average entrainment ratio implies that ocean water masses are upwelled at a rate 30 times the combined glacial meltwater volume flux.
Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) indistinguishable from white noise
Authors: Stuecker Malte F. , Timmermann Axel , Yoon Jinhee , Jin Fei‐Fei
Published: September 2015

Previous studies proposed that the year‐to‐year variability of seasonal monsoon indices is partly determined by a Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Invoking coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐land processes and the presence of an annual memory, the TBO mechanism describes how a relatively strong monsoon is followed by a year with weaker monsoon and vice versa. Here we revisit the issue of preferred biennial timescales in tropical monsoon systems, by testing the biennial tendencies in observed and simulated monsoon indices against the white noise null hypothesis. According to an analytical expression for the null hypothesis, we expect the probability for this biennial tendency to be 2/3, which is in close agreement with observations, reanalysis products, and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project/Coupled Model Intercomparison Project general circulation model simulations. Thus, it is concluded that biennial tendencies in these monsoon indices and the associated TBO are fully consistent with a white noise process and do not require the presence of a preferred biennial timescale.
Convective transport of trace species observed during the Stratosphere‐Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 experiment
Authors: Siu Leong Wai , Bowman Kenneth P. , Epifanio Craig C.
Published: September 2015

During the Stratosphere‐Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 experiment (START08) the NCAR/NSF Gulfstream V aircraft observed high concentrations of NO and NOy in the upper troposphere downwind of a weakening squall line in northern Texas, suggesting either convective transport of polluted boundary layer air to the upper troposphere or lightning production of nitrogen oxides in the convection. These hypotheses are tested by computing three‐dimensional back trajectories using winds from a high‐resolution simulation of the event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF model simulation reproduces the storm structure and evolution with good fidelity. The back trajectories reveal two distinct layers of outflow air from different mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Most air in the upper layer is transported northward from an MCS in southern Texas, while the lower layer is from both the northern squall line and the southern MCS. In both layers inconsistencies between observed concentrations of CO, NO, and O3 and predictions from a simple mixing model suggest that there is significant production of NO by lightning in the convective systems. This is consistent with lightning observations from the National Lightning Detection Network. Additionally, the model simulation appears to slightly underestimate the depth of vertical transport by the MCS.
Bioaccumulation of decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5): A review
Authors: Gobas Frank A.P.C. , Powell David E. , Woodburn Kent B. , Springer Tim , Huggett Duane B.
Published: September 2015

Decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5) is a widely used, high–production volume personal care product with an octanol–water partition coefficient (log KOW) of 8.09. Because of D5's high KOW and widespread use, it is subject to bioaccumulation assessments in many countries. The present study provides a compilation and an in-depth, independent review of bioaccumulation studies involving D5. The findings indicate that D5 exhibits depuration rates in fish and mammals that exceed those of extremely hydrophobic, nonbiotransformable substances; that D5 is subject to biotransformation in mammals and fish; that observed bioconcentration factors in fish range between 1040 L/kg and 4920 L/kg wet weight in laboratory studies using non-radiolabeled D5 and between 5900 L/kg and 13 700 L/kg wet weight in an experiment using C14 radiolabeled D5; and that D5 was not observed to biomagnify in most laboratory experiments and field studies. Review of the available studies shows a high degree of internal consistency among findings from different studies and supports a broad comprehensive approach in bioaccumulation assessments that includes information from studies with a variety of designs and incorporates multiple bioaccumulation measures in addition to the KOW and bioconcentration factor. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2703–2714. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
A four-country ring test of nontarget effects of ivermectin residues on the function of coprophilous communities of arthropods in breaking down livestock dung
Authors: Tixier Thomas , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Lahr Joost , Floate Kevin , Scheffczyk Adam , Düring Rolf-Alexander , Wohde Manuel , Römbke Jörg , Lumaret Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2015

By degrading the dung of livestock that graze on pastures, coprophilous arthropods accelerate the cycling of nutrients to maintain pasture quality. Many veterinary medicinal products, such as ivermectin, are excreted unchanged in the dung of treated livestock. These residues can be insecticidal and may reduce the function (i.e., dung-degradation) of the coprophilous community. In the present study, we used a standard method to monitor the degradation of dung from cattle treated with ivermectin. The present study was performed during a 1-yr period on pastures in Canada, France, The Netherlands, and Switzerland. Large effects of residue were detected on the coprophilous community, but degradation of dung was not significantly hampered. The results emphasize that failure to detect an effect of veterinary medicinal product residues on dung-degradation does not mean that the residues do not affect the coprophilous community. Rather, insect activity is only one of many factors that affect degradation, and these other factors may mask the nontarget effect of residues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1953–1958. © 2015 SETAC
Water uptake by saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in a desert riparian forest: responses to intra‐annual water table fluctuation
Authors: Sun Ziyong , Long Xiang , Ma Rui
Published: September 2015

There is considerable interest in naturalizing flow regime on managed rivers to slow the spread of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) invasion in southwestern USA or to preserve riparian forests dominated by saltcedar and other species in northwestern China. However, little is known about the responses of established saltcedar in water sources to frequent intra‐annual fluctuation of water table resulting from this new, more dynamic flow regime. This study investigates how saltcedar at a riparian site in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China, responds in water sources use to intra‐annual water table fluctuations. Stable oxygen isotope was employed to determine accurate depth at which saltcedar obtains its water supply, and soil moisture monitoring was used to determine sources of plant‐available soil water. We found that the primary zone of water uptake by saltcedar were stable at 25–60 cm depth, but the water sources used by saltcedar switched between groundwater and soil moisture with the water table fluctuations. Saltcedar derived its water from groundwater when water table was at depth less than 60 cm but switched to soil moisture at 25–60 cm depth when water table declined. It is supposed that the well‐developed clay layer at 60–80 cm depth constrained lateral roots of saltcedar to the soil layers above 60 cm, while the fine‐textured soils at this site, which were periodically resaturated by rising groundwater before the stored soil moisture had become depleted, provided an important water reservoir for saltcedar when groundwater dropped below the primary zone of fine roots. The root distribution of saltcedar may also be related to local groundwater history. The quick decline in water table in the early 1980s when the riparian saltcedar had established may strand its roots in the shallow unsaturated zone. We suggested that raising the water table periodically instead of maintaining it invariably above the rooting depth could sustain desired facultative phreatophytes while maximizing water deliveries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrogenic potential of physically treated bovine cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds on human dermal fibroblast cells
Authors: Moradi Ali , Ataollahi Forough , Sayar Katayoun , Pramanik Sumit , Chong Pan‐Pan , Khalil Alizan Abdul , Kamarul Tunku , Pingguan‐Murphy Belinda
Published: September 2015

Extracellular matrices have drawn attention in tissue engineering as potential biomaterials for scaffold fabrication because of their bioactive components. Noninvasive techniques of scaffold fabrication and cross‐linking treatments are believed to maintain the integrity of bioactive molecules while providing proper architectural and mechanical properties. Cartilage matrix derived scaffolds are designed to support the maintenance of chondrocytes and provide proper signals for differentiation of chondroinducible cells. Chondroinductive potential of bovine articular cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds on human dermal fibroblasts and the effect of scaffold shrinkage on chondrogenesis were investigated. An increase in sulfated glycosaminoglycans production along with upregulation of chondrogenic genes confirmed that physically treated cartilage matrix derived scaffolds have chondrogenic potential on human dermal fibroblasts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 245–256, 2016.
Alexidine Dihydrochloride Attenuates Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption and Protects Against LPS-Induced Osteolysis
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Gao Junjie , Ng Pei Y , Qin An , Steer James H , Pavlos Nathan J , Zheng Ming H , Dong Yang , Cheng Tak S
Published: September 2015

Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic infection leading to inflammatory osteolysis is a major complication associated with total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The liberation of bacterial products and/or implant-derived wear particles activates immune cells that produce pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines that enhance osteoclast recruitment and activity, leading to bone destruction and osteolysis. Therefore, agents that prevent the inflammatory response and/or attenuate excessive osteoclast (OC) formation and bone resorption offer therapeutic potential by prolonging the life of TJA implants. Alexidine dihydrochloride (AD) is a bisbiguanide compound commonly used as an oral disinfectant and in contact lens solutions. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties; however, its effects on OC biology are poorly described. Here, we demonstrate that AD inhibits OC formation and bone resorption in vitro and exert prophylatic protection against LPS-induced osteolysis in vivo. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that AD suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, p38, and JNK), leading to the downregulation of NFATc1. Furthermore, AD disrupted F-actin ring formation and attenuated the ability of mature OC to resorb bone. Collectively, our findings suggest that AD may be a promising prophylactic anti-osteoclastic/resorptive agent for the treatment of osteolytic diseases caused by excessive OC formation and function. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Characterizing brain tissue by assessment of the distribution of anisotropic microstructural environments in diffusion‐compartment imaging (DIAMOND)
Authors: Scherrer Benoit , Schwartzman Armin , Taquet Maxime , Sahin Mustafa , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Warfield Simon K.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To develop a statistical model for the tridimensional diffusion MRI signal at each voxel that describes the signal arising from each tissue compartment in each voxel.

Theory and Methods

In prior work, a statistical model of the apparent diffusion coefficient was shown to well‐characterize the diffusivity and heterogeneity of the mono‐directional diffusion MRI signal. However, this model was unable to characterize the three‐dimensional anisotropic diffusion observed in the brain. We introduce a new model that extends the statistical distribution representation to be fully tridimensional, in which apparent diffusion coefficients are extended to be diffusion tensors. The set of compartments present at a voxel is modeled by a finite sum of unimodal continuous distributions of diffusion tensors. Each distribution provides measures of each compartment microstructural diffusivity and heterogeneity.

Results

The ability to estimate the tridimensional diffusivity and heterogeneity of multiple fascicles and of free diffusion is demonstrated.

Conclusion

Our novel tissue model allows for the characterization of the intra‐voxel orientational heterogeneity, a prerequisite for accurate tractography while also characterizing the overall tridimensional diffusivity and heterogeneity of each tissue compartment. The model parameters can be estimated from short duration acquisitions. The diffusivity and heterogeneity microstructural parameters may provide novel indicator of the presence of disease or injury. Magn Reson Med 76:963–977, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image reconstruction
Authors: Ianni Julianna D. , Grissom William A.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To estimate k‐space trajectory errors in non‐Cartesian acquisitions and reconstruct distortion‐free images, without trajectory measurements or gradient calibrations.

Theory and Methods

The Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction method jointly estimates k‐space trajectory errors and images, based on SENSE and SPIRiT parallel imaging reconstruction. The underlying idea is that parallel imaging and oversampling in the center of k‐space provides data redundancy that can be exploited to simultaneously reconstruct images and correct trajectory errors. Trajectory errors are represented as weighted sums of trajectory‐dependent error basis functions, the coefficients of which are estimated using gradient‐based optimization.

Results

Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction was applied to reconstruct images and errors in golden angle radial, center‐out radial, and spiral in vivo 7 Tesla brain acquisitions in five subjects. Compared to reconstructions using nominal trajectories, Trajectory auto‐corrected image reconstructions contained considerably less blurring and streaking and were of similar quality to images reconstructed using measured k‐space trajectories in the center‐out radial and spiral cases. Reconstruction cost function reductions and improvements in normalized image gradient squared were also similar to those for images reconstructed using measured trajectories.

Conclusion

Trajectory Auto‐Corrected image Reconstruction enables non‐Cartesian image reconstructions free from trajectory errors without the need for separate gradient calibrations or trajectory measurements. Magn Reson Med 76:757–768, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous quantification of glutamate and glutamine by J‐modulated spectroscopy at 3 Tesla
Authors: Zhang Yan , Shen Jun
Published: September 2015

Purpose

The echo time (TE) averaged spectrum is the one‐dimensional (1D) cross‐section of the J‐resolved spectrum at J = 0. In multiecho TE‐averaged spectroscopy, glutamate (Glu) is differentiated from glutamine (Gln) at 3 Tesla (T). This method, however, almost entirely suppresses Gln resonance lines around 2.35 ppm, leaving Gln undetermined. This study presents a novel method for quantifying both Glu and Gln using multi‐echo spectral data.

Methods

A 1D cross‐section of J‐resolved spectroscopy at J = 7.5 Hz—referred to as J‐modulated spectroscopy—was developed to simultaneously quantify Glu and Gln levels in the human brain. The transverse relaxation times (T2s) of metabolites were first determined using conventional TE‐averaged spectroscopy with different starting echo time and then incorporated into the spectral model for fitting J‐modulated data.

Results

Simulation and in vivo data showed that the resonance signals of Glu and Gln were clearly separated around 2.35 ppm in J‐modulated spectroscopy. In the anterior cingulate cortex, both Glu and Gln levels were found to be significantly higher in gray matter than in white matter in healthy subjects (P < 10−10 and < 10−5, respectively).

Conclusion

Gln resonances can be clearly separated from Glu and N‐acetyl‐aspartate around 2.35 ppm using J‐modulated spectroscopy. This method can be used to quantitatively measure Glu and Gln simultaneously at 3T. Magn Reson Med 76:725–732, 2016. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Crystal structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptional regulator Rv0302
Authors: Chou Tsung‐Han , Delmar Jared A. , Wright Catherine C. , Kumar Nitin , Radhakrishnan Abhijith , Doh Julia K. , Licon Meredith H. , Bolla Jani Reddy , Lei Hsiang‐Ting , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R. , Su Chih‐Chia , Purdy Georgiana E. , Yu Edward W.
Published: September 2015

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial species, which is neither Gram positive nor Gram negative. It has a unique cell wall, making it difficult to kill and conferring resistance to antibiotics that disrupt cell wall biosynthesis. Thus, the mycobacterial cell wall is critical to the virulence of these pathogens. Recent work shows that the mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) family of transporters contributes to cell wall biosynthesis by exporting fatty acids and lipidic elements of the cell wall. The expression of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL proteins is controlled by a complicated regulatory network system. Here we report crystallographic structures of two forms of the TetR‐family transcriptional regulator Rv0302, which participates in regulating the expression of MmpL proteins. The structures reveal a dimeric, two‐domain molecule with architecture consistent with the TetR family of regulators. Comparison of the two Rv0302 crystal structures suggests that the conformational changes leading to derepression may be due to a rigid body rotational motion within the dimer interface of the regulator. Using fluorescence polarization and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrate the recognition of promoter and intragenic regions of multiple mmpL genes by this protein. In addition, our isothermal titration calorimetry and electrophoretic mobility shift experiments indicate that fatty acids may be the natural ligand of this regulator. Taken together, these experiments provide new perspectives on the regulation of the MmpL family of transporters.
Destabilization of the dimer interface is a common consequence of diverse ALS‐associated mutations in metal free SOD1
Authors: Broom Helen R. , Rumfeldt Jessica A. O. , Vassall Kenrick A. , Meiering Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2015

Neurotoxic misfolding of Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is implicated in causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Disease‐linked mutations in SOD1 have been proposed to promote misfolding and aggregation by decreasing protein stability and increasing the proportion of less folded forms of the protein. Here we report direct measurement of the thermodynamic effects of chemically and structurally diverse mutations on the stability of the dimer interface for metal free (apo) SOD1 using isothermal titration calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography. Remarkably, all mutations studied, even ones distant from the dimer interface, decrease interface stability, and increase the population of monomeric SOD1. We interpret the thermodynamic data to mean that substantial structural perturbations accompany dimer dissociation, resulting in the formation of poorly packed and malleable dissociated monomers. These findings provide key information for understanding the mechanisms and energetics underlying normal maturation of SOD1, as well as toxic SOD1 misfolding pathways associated with disease. Furthermore, accurate prediction of protein–protein association remains very difficult, especially when large structural changes are involved in the process, and our findings provide a quantitative set of data for such cases, to improve modelling of protein association.
A test case for the inviscid shallow‐water equations on the sphere
Authors: Scott R. K. , Harris L. M. , Polvani L. M.
Published: September 2015

A numerically converged solution to the inviscid global shallow‐water equations for a predefined time interval is documented to provide a convenient benchmark for model validation. The solution is based on the same initial conditions as a previously documented solution for the viscous equations. The solution is computed using two independent numerical schemes, one a pseudospectral scheme based on an expansion in spherical harmonics and the other a finite‐volume scheme on a cubed‐sphere grid. Flow fields and various integral norms are documented to facilitate model comparison and validation. Attention is drawn to the utility of the potential vorticity supremum as a convenient and sensitive test of numerical convergence, in which the exact value is known a priori over the entire time interval.
Belief in Human Sinfulness, Belief in Experiencing Divine Forgiveness, and Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E. , Ellison Christopher G. , Flannelly Kevin J. , Burdette Amy M.
Published: September 2015

Many mental health and religious professionals have long argued that belief in human sinfulness is associated with poor mental health. Others argue that the deleterious mental health effects of belief in sinfulness may be buffered by a concomitant belief in divine forgiveness, which may itself have positive mental health benefits. We test these ideas using data from a national survey of US adults ( N = 1629). Our results indicate a positive association between belief in human sinfulness and all eight classes of psychiatric symptoms we examine, and a negative relationship between belief in being divinely forgiven and six of the classes of psychiatric symptoms. Moreover, there are significant interaction effects between believing humans to be sinful and belief in being forgiven for seven of the eight outcomes such that the net effects of believing in sin on mental health are attenuated for those who believe they have experienced God's forgiveness in their lives. Among those who report feeling forgiven by God “many times,” belief in human sinfulness is only associated with four of the psychiatric outcomes, and these associations are modest in size. Our findings provide partial support for the idea that belief in sinfulness is bad for mental health, but also show that religious beliefs are best understood in relation to other beliefs. Believing in human sinfulness is not necessarily harmful if it is accompanied by belief in having experienced divine forgiveness. This study contributes to a growing body of research explicating the relationships among religious beliefs and mental health.