bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CREATION OF A MECHANISM FOR INCREASING THE QUALITY OF TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS FOR THE BANKING SPHERE: PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Haydarov Zohir
Published: September 2021

The scientific article discloses the issues of improving the relationship between students and teachers in the process of gaining knowledge, improving the mechanisms for attracting teachers - practitioners to the educational process, improving the mechanism for passing industrial (banking) practice of students, stimulating the successful study of a student-future specialist, increasing the level of knowledge and productive activity of newly hired specialists, improvement of methods of technical training in commercial banks.Key words: mechanism, banking sector, investment, incentive, training of specialists.
MODERN HOTEL MANAGEMENT STYLES
Authors:   Karshi engineering-economic institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Berdiev Zhasur
Published: September 2021

The article examines the modern style of hotel management, as well as the significant growth in the role of modern management in hotels, as in any other business. Based on the experience of foreign countries, the experience of enhancing the role of modern hotel management has been studied.The purpose of the study is to form a unified system for improving modern hotel management with the aim of further developing the developing tourism industry in the country and to give recommendations for its practical application.Scientific novelty of the research:1. Formation of diagnostics of corporate culture (collection, interpretation and analysis of collected data).2. To study existing values, norms and rules in the regions and apply them in hotel management.3. Further increase and strengthening of the role of managers in hotel management.4. Development of the main features of the method of managing the development of hotel activities.Keywords: hotel management,
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL CLUSTERS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMY
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Makhmasobirova Nigora
Published: September 2021

The article describes the development characteristics and regional significance of agro-industrial clusters in Europe on the example of French and Spanish agro-industrial clusters. In particular, were investigated the activities of the Vegepolys cluster, the Agri Sud-Owest Innovation cluster, the Burgundy wine cluster in France, and Femac, the Catalan Cluster of agricultural production means in Spain
THE CURRENT STATE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE PATH OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Tashkent state technical university named Islam Karimov Of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Samanov Abdurachid
Published: September 2021

This article discusses analyzes of the current state of entrepreneurial activity and the priorities of its development.The purpose of the study is to introduce proposals to withdraw on a new level in practice and to the sustainable development of entrepreneurial activities in Uzbekistan.Scientific novelty research:1. The current state of business activities is the dynamics of the analyzed indicators on the fields.2. Priorities for the development of entrepreneurship inthe context of the modernization of the economy are based scientifically based
PRODUCT COST ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION IN ENTERPRISES
Authors:   Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Turdiev Abdulla , Akmalov Sanjar
Published: September 2021

This article examines the cost structure of the enterprise, the cost structure that makes up the production cost of the product (works, services). As a result of the research, proposals were developed to optimize the cost of the product. In particular, the use of modern innovative technologies in all processes of production and improvement of production; extensive use of local, cheap and quality raw materials in the production of products; increase labor productivity and improve the skills of employees using skilled labor in production; the need to reduce transportation and sales costs by improving the supply chain has been suggested in the study
WORKPLACE INNOVATION IN THE PRODUCTION SPACE SYSTEM
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Khusanova Gulchekhra
Published: September 2021

This article examines the basic concepts of workplaces at enterprises and innovative processes to improve their organization in the context of the digitalization of the economy of Uzbekistan. Theissues of the possibility of introducing innovative processes into the organization of workplaces not only in production, but also at a remote location are discussed, which has become especially important in the context of a pandemic. The issues of organizing jobs for people with disabilities are considered.Keywords:workplace, social workplaces, Bench systems, coworking, virtual workplaces, copywriters, freelancers, mobile workplace, reserved workplaces, modern workplace, workplace specialization, workplace layout, digital economy
IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF COMMODITY STOCKS
Authors:   Tashkent Financial Institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Rustamova Shakhnozakhon
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of accounting in organizing and maintaining inventory accounting at enterprises in accordance with the requirements ofinternational standards. There is a review of the literature on inventories and much attention is paid to the methodology fortheir assessment
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL PAYMENTS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Authors:   Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Rashidov Rahmatullo , Rustamov Azamjon
Published: September 2021

Advances in the field of digital payment methods have fundamentally changed their operation. These technological progressions have helped bring safer, cheaper, more stable and all-inclusive payment systems to the world. This paper provides a brief overview of digital payment systems. It also argues that government identity managements systems have a potential role in supporting more trusted and secure digital payments.The work we are doing today is also sign of the gradual transition to a digital economy
DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC
Authors:   Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islamova Dilobar , Yoqubov Shukurillo , Abduvohidov Xolidbek
Published: September 2021

This article examines the importance of small business and private entrepreneurship during the pandemic, the tasks performed, and the prospects for development. Analysis of investments, loans, tax incentives and achievements in the field of small business and private entrepreneurship, improving the business environment, creating opportunities for small business and private entrepreneurship
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BANKING SYSTEM
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Parpieva Ra’no , Norboyeva Nafisa , Turayeva Adiba
Published: September 2021

This article will serve to select the system required for the effective use of information and communication technologies in the banking system and the impact of national payment systems in the banking sector on modern society, the effective use of new modern information technologies in the system.Study of foreign experience to select information and communication technologies that should be used in modern banks with information and communication technologies in the banking system, which have been used before.
INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Tashkent state technical university named Islam Karimov Of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirsaidova Shaxnoza
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the development of industry in Uzbekistan in the context of the growing globalization of the world market. During the study, the innovation and investment mechanisms for the development of industry in Uzbekistan were indicated.The article is devoted to the study of the development of industry in Uzbekistan in the context of the growing globalization of the world market. In the course of the study, innovation and investment mechanisms for the development of industry in Uzbekistan were indicated.Scientific novelty of the research:1. It is proposed to conduct a periodic analysis of the level of development of economic sectors, taking into account the development trends of world markets and entrepreneurs' initiatives.2. Determination of mechanisms for attracting investments in "niches".3. Study of the restructuring of the existing system of public administration for the development of industrial innovation
Estudo dos conceitos estatísticos na formação de professores em um contexto de pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: Silva Adriana Costa Santos , Couto Maria Elizabete Souza , Santana Eurivalda Ribeiro dos Santos , Correia Diná Silva
Published: September 2021

A Estatística tornou-se mais evidente no ano de 2020 na situação da Pandemia da Covid-19, com informações apresentadas nas mídias, usando tabelas e gráficos estatísticos. Com isso, é possível perceber o quanto os conceitos estatísticos se mostram um conhecimento necessário, entretanto, o seu ensino ainda é um desafio. Assim, este artigo objetiva analisar o que se revela nas respostas de professores e futuros professores sobre o conhecimento de tabelas e gráficos estatísticos em tarefas, no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Os dados foram coletados por meio de videogravação das tarefas realizadas durante o curso intitulado Matemática #ComVIDa, organizado em três módulos: o primeiro trabalhou os conceitos estatísticos, o segundo apresentou o ciclo investigativo PPDAC e no terceiro foram elaboradas sequências de ensino. Os participantes eram docentes da Educação Básica e estudantes da graduação. Os resultados revelaram que os professores e futuros professores ainda apresentam dificuldades na construção de tabelas e gráficos, não utilizando título e fonte, bem como a construção de quadros quando são solicitadas tabelas. Esperamos que os resultados auxiliem com reflexões para uma possível mudança nos cursos de formação de professores sobre o ensino de conceitos estatísticos.
CalMe Pro — Cálculo mental para professores
Authors: Berticelli Danilene Gullich Donin , Zancan Sabrina
Published: September 2021

O cálculo mental facilita a resolução de problemas, desenvolve o senso numérico, a habilidade de estimar, o pensamento criativo e, de forma independente, é um diferencial no enfrentamento de problemas. Historicamente percebemos a presença do cálculo mental em manuais pedagógicos, programas de ensino e nos livros didáticos, mas notamos que é pouco priorizado ou valorizado por professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Essa desvalorização pode ser fruto da falta de conhecimento para ensinar. Como só ensinamos o que sabemos, professores que não sabem cálculo mental não se sentem capazes de ensiná-lo. Nesta perspectiva, promovemos o curso Cálculo Mental para Professores (CalMe Pro), cujo objetivo é ensinar estratégias de cálculo mental para docentes, para que estes, como protagonistas da sala de aula, passem a ensinar os estudantes. Este texto relata a experiência no planejamento e desenvolvimento do curso CalMe Pro. O curso mostrou que professores seguros frente ao cálculo mental, de posse do conhecimento das estratégias, da sua utilização e da forma de ensinar, sentem-se motivados a inserir as estratégias de cálculo mental em sua prática e oportunizar aos estudantes os benefícios do mesmo.
Geometria plana com GeoGebra: intervenção pedagógica com alunos do Ensino Fundamental II
Authors: Barros Janilson Silva de , Andrade Alexandra Nascimento de , Negrão Felipe Da Costa , Gonçalves Carolina Brandão
Published: September 2021

Este estudo ancora-se na pesquisa qualitativa, ora realizada a partir de uma intervenção pedagógica a fim de investigar o potencial do GeoGebra nas aulas de geometria plana, com alunos do 8º ano, do Ensino Fundamental II, de uma escola pública da cidade de Manaus (AM). Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação sistemática, questionários e entrevistas com os estudantes. A análise dos dados deu-se por meio da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Assim, os resultados sugerem que as Práticas-Pedagógicas-com-Tecnologias-Digitais (PPCTD) são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de uma Matemática contextualizada, de modo que a pesquisa reforça que aulas desenvolvidas com o GeoGebra podem contribuir para um melhor aproveitamento acerca do conteúdo de geometria plana, permitindo a interação com os conhecimentos matemáticos e as tecnologias digitais. Todavia, uma das principais dificuldades encontradas na realização de atividades com tecnologias digitais ainda é a desigualdade no acesso a aparelhos eletrônicos e à internet, cenário que ainda compõe o universo desta pesquisa que explicita a realidade educacional de algumas escolas públicas da periferia de Manaus.
Caleidoscopio sonoro. Músicas urbanas en Chiapas
Authors: López Moya Martín de la Cruz
Published: September 2021

Caleidoscopio es el nombre de un cilindro para mirar composiciones aleatorias de colores,c ompuesto de un juego de lentes que hicieron las delicias de nuestras infancias cuando aún la tecnología computacional no asomaba siquiera el rostro. Martín de la Cruz se apropia del caleidoscopio que lleva dentro de sí para mirar lo bello de las imágenes que producen la música y el baile. Pero no solo eso. El texto llega a lo profundo de esa belleza, según mi propia mirada, y desvela la capacidad transformadora del ser humano al convertir la música en comunicación, en un lenguaje, sellado con la expresión corporal. Su autor nos enseña a mirar, a observar y no solo a distinguir. Caleidoscopio sonoro. Músicas urbanas de Chiapas es una prueba de que es posible ir más allá de lo aparente para descubrir los significados profundos de las conductas humanas. Producir música y bailar es poner en marcha un proceso de comunicación y de praxis. Andrés Fábregas Puig
El ocaso de las fincas y la transformación de la sociedad indígena de los Altos de Chiapas, 1974-2009
Authors: Rus Jan
Published: September 2021

Contra el mito de que las comunidades tsotsiles y tseltales de Los Altos de Chiapas fueron hasta años muy recientes sociedades cerradas y autosuficientes de pequeños agricultores y artesanos, Jan Rus mantiene que desde fines del siglo XIX las economías y las estructuras políticas y sociales de esas comunidades se han basado más bien en su participación como mano de obra estacional en la agricultura comercial de las tierras bajas de Chiapas.
Identidad, racismo y familia en San Cristóbal de Las Casas
Authors: Gutiérrez Narváez Margarita de Jesús
Published: September 2021

En la actualidad, se observa en la ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas que las relaciones entre indígenas y mestizos presentan formas de cooperación, de tensión y de conflicto, de simulación y de hostilidad, lo que se expresa en diversas manifestaciones de racismo, como pued ser la discriminación, la segregación, la intolerancia o la exclusión.
Los pequeños cafeticultores de Chiapas. Organización y resistencia frente al mercado
Authors: Sánchez Juárez Gladys Karina
Published: September 2021

En este libro se analiza el encuentro y desencuentro de los cafeticultores y sus organizaciones con el Estado y el mercado a partir del caso Chiapas. A treinta años del modelo económico el balance para las comunidades rurales productoras de café revela, de nueva cuenta, que la autonomía originalmente planteada presenta serias limitaciones, en buena medida por la naturaleza de la fuerza que representa este sector en el conjunto de la sociedad y por la lógica del mercado. En este libro, el Estado mexicano mantiene sus mecanismos de control sobre los campesinos, que están cada vez más sujetos a la dinámica del mercado a través del as empresas multinacionales, que inciden en gran parte del mundo rural mexicano.
Las siete alianzas: género y poder en las prácticas de justicia en Oxchuc, Chiapas
Authors: Cameras Miers Mariel
Published: September 2021

En este libro se analiza el rol que juega el género en el proceso y en los acuerdos de las audiencias del Cabildo y el Juzgado de Paz Indígena, en el municipio de Oxchuc, Chiapas. La finalidad es entender cómo se presentan las relaciones asimétricas de poder entre los géneros en estos espacios, y por medio de qué discursos son transmitidos valores o principios androcéntricos. Y finalmente, cómo a través de las instancias de justicia se asignan y refuerzan roles de género estereotipados. En las disputas se visibilizan las alianzas en las que hombre y mujeres participan, las cuales están relacionadas con los habitus de los involucrados.
Mujeres migrantes en la frontera sur de México: aproximaciones desde la interseccionalidad
Authors: Ramírez López Dulce Karol
Published: September 2021

Muchas de las mujeres migrantes centroamericanas que llegan a territorio mexicano se sienten desarraigadas, otras van tras un sueño —el sueño americano—, la ilusión de irse a Estados Unidos para garantizar un mejor futuro para ellas y sus familias, y muchas otras han decidido quedarse aquí en el país, vivir su vida, una vida que para muchas es fragmentada ya que tienen hijos en México, pero también han "dejado atrás" no sólo a otros hijos e hijas, sino a padres, madres, hermanos y hermanas; los extrañan, ñoran estar con ellos, añoran también su terruño. Todas estas condiciones atraviesan la experiencia vital de las mujeres migrantes, y en esa ocasión lo que se presenta en este libro es la exploración que hice a su noción de derechos, cómo esos derechos se podían concretar en el ámbito de la vida de estas mujeres, en particular en el de los derechos sobre la sexualidad y la reproducción que las atraviesa como sujetas.
Las pieles que vestimos. Corporeidad y prácticas de belleza en jóvenes chiapanecas
Authors: Cruz Salazar Tania
Published: September 2021

Este libro habla de la persistente tensión entre la imposición y la resistencia, entre las condiciones aplastantes y las subjetividades creativas, entre las adopciones y las adaptaciones en uno de los escenarios chiapanecos de mayor diversidad cultural: San Cristóbal de Las Casas.
Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky
Authors: Krader Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Sumado a sus dotes de etnógrafo, Krader fue un pensador, un notable teórico que ha enriquecido la literatura en antropología y en filosofía. Su erudición en ambos campos fue excepcional. Lawrence Krader fue también un antropólogo explorador de las teorías antropológicas a las que dedicó varios textos. Sobre todo, estudió la teoría de la evolución a la que contrastó con los planteamientos de Karl Marx, leyendo exhaustivamente la obra de este último. No hubo texto de Marx que no pasara por sus ojos. Más todavía, leyó los libros que el propio Marx consultó, lo que le permitió una reconstrucción del pensamiento del filósofo alemán que no tiene parangón entre los pensadores marxistas. Es esta edición uno de los textos más importantes que nos legó Krader, indispensable para comprender las diferencias entre Marx y otros pensadores críticos de su momento, incluyendo a su inseparable y entrañable amigo Federico Engels. Es también un texto que guía al lector para acometer el estudio del pensamiento de Karl Marx como etnólogo y al propio pensamiento de prosapia marxista en antropología.
Papel del entorno escolar en la transición a conductas activas en niños de primaria
Authors: Melchor Moreno Ma. Teresa , Montaño Corona José Guadalupe , Caudillo Cisneros Cipriana , Álvarez Delgado Karina Isabel
Published: September 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el papel del entorno escolar en el estadio o la etapa hacia la adopción de una conducta activa en la población de niños de 10,11 y 12 años de la ciudad de León Guanajuato. Material y métodos: Participaron 93 niños, 39 Mujeres y 54 hombres con edad promedio de11±0.7 años, se entrevistaron para evaluar el nivel de actividad física, entorno escolar y actitud ante la actividad física. Los puntajes del entorno escolar se obtuvieron bajo tres criterios: estimulación, infraestructura y nivel socioeconómico y clasificaron al entorno escolar en medio ambiente, adverso, regular y aceptable. La actitud se midió utilizando el Modelo Transteórico. Se utilizó estadística correlativa, descriptiva e inferencial y análisis de residuos de particiones, α = 0.05 Resultados: Se observó una prevalencia de sedentarismo del 43%. La actividad física escolar no alcanza los criterios de frecuencia e intensidad requeridos (Strong, 2005). El medio ambiente escolar que prevaleció fue el regular (58% de alumnos). En las niñas el medio ambiente adverso fue significativamente asociado con un estado de contemplación, (p>0.05). La actitud que prevalece en los escolares, es la preparación para la acción, (P>0.05). Conclusión: El papel del entorno escolar en la transición a conductas activas en niños de primaria evaluados es ilusorio ya que a pesar de la oportunidad que representa la estancia en la escuela. Esta no ha sido debidamente aprovechada. Afectando principalmente a las niñas de nivel socioeconómico bajo.
Pensamiento Táctico y Efectividad en Lanzadores de Béisbol
Authors: Hechavarrìa Pèrez Angel Manuel
Published: September 2021

En este trabajo se muestra un análisis del pensamiento táctico de los lanzadores y receptores del equipo Dorados de Chihuahua, que participó en el torneo estadal 2019, el mismo tiene como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre el pensamiento táctico y la efectividad de los lanzadores. Para ello se empleó el test de pensamiento táctico elaborado por J. Alvaredo, (1993) el cual consta de 40 preguntas referidas al enfrentamiento táctico, lanzador-bateador en el juego de béisbol. Este análisis permitió determinar el bajo nivel de pensamiento táctico de los lanzadores del equipo desde el punto de vista general e individual, y su relación con el bajo rendimiento en cuanto a promedio de carreras limpias por juegos de 9 entradas y por ende los malos resultados en la competencia, este estudio facilitará a los entrenadores y directivos del equipo a desarrollar estrategias que permitan atenuar y/o erradicar dichas deficiencias y con ello mejorar los resultados en las próximas campañas.PALABRAS CLAVE: Táctica, Pensamiento táctico, Béisbol
CREATING A MODEL OF THE FUTURE OF THE EIGHTH TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
Authors: Glushchenko Valery V.
Published: September 2021

The subject of the article is a model of the future of the eighth technological order; the object of the article is the eighth technological order; the purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the processes of the state's entry into the eighth technological order; to achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: the geopolitical and socio-economic roles and the results of the state's transition to the eighth technological order are described; a systematic analysis of technological orders is carried out; the image of the future eighth technological order is formed; the tasks of the state's entry policy into the eighth technological order are developed; the indicators of evaluating the effectiveness of the state's entry policy into the eighth technological order are described; the scientific methods of this article are: modeling, historical, system, comparative and logical analysis; heuristic synthesis, political science, system approach, heuristic design, expert methods, efficiency theory; The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the synthesis of the image of the future, the paradigm and policy of the state's transition to the eighth technological order, the formation of a system of indicators of the effectiveness of the state's entry into the eighth technological order.
Back Matter
Authors: Bengen Dietriech Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Back Matter
LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY;
Authors: ASIM, HAFIZ MUHAMMAD , QAYYUM, AHMAD , HASHIM, JAWAD ALI
Published: September 2021

Objective: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) has been deemed one of the causative factors for back, sacroiliac conditions andhip pathologies in patients. Increased LLD can exacerbate musculoskeletal impairments in patients that would require the clinician toreflect on the appropriate treatment strategies. The objective of the study was to measure the reliability of “Tape Measure Method” in Leglength discrepancy. Methodology: This is a hospital based study. The procedures for obtaining leg length measures in the study weresimilar to those described by Magee DJ (Orthopedic physical assessment. 5thed).The primary investigator briefly reviewed theprocedures for measuring the leg length with the subjects. Only the subject’s right side was measured for the study. The subject’s weightand height were measured using a standard scale and recorded. The first rater palpated the prominent aspect of the ASIS. The rater thenguided the string to the prominent aspect of the MM. The rater repeated this procedure three times for each subject. After the first raterobtained three strings that correspond to the leg length, the second rater repeated the three measurements using the same procedure.After all cuts of strings were obtained each rater measured the lengths of his three strings with a standard tape measure and was recordedon a separate data sheet. Each rater was blinded to the other measures. Results: Means and standard deviation for each subject’s age,height, weight and BMI were measured. Mean standard deviation and 95% Confidence interval (95% CI) for leg length measurements forboth raters are provided in Table 2. According to the results derived from data there were no significant differences in leg length measuresbetween Rater 1 and Rater 2 (t-value = - 0.000; df = 58; p-value = .9981). The ICC (3, 3) for Rater 1 was .999, (95% CI = .998 to .999).This value indicates almost perfect agreement between the measures for Rater 1. The ICC (3, 3) for Rater 2 was .979 (95% CI = .962 to.990). These findings are indicative of almost perfect agreement between the measures. The ICC (2, 2) between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was.987 (95% CI = .972 to .994). A Bland-Altman plot identifies any bias between the two raters. The bias line is almost on zero, indicating nobias between the two raters. It can be concluded that any observed bias was not clinically important. Conclusions and Discussion: It wasconcluded measuring leg length using the tape measure was simple and highly reliable. There were several limitations that may haveinfluence overall results of the study.
CATARACT;
Authors: MEHBOOB QAMAR , ARIF MUHAMMAD , SYED SARFRAZ HUSSAIN
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Among all ophthalmic diseases, cataract is the most commonest disorder not only in Pakistan but alsoworldwide. There are a number of causes for cataract development. Purpose: The present study was carried out to evaluate the density ofcataract and its relation with axial length of the eye. Study design: In this observational study, the patients with cataract in both eyes wereselected by simple random technique. Period: From June to December 2012. Place: This study was conducted in Diagnostic andResearch Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Subjects and settings: In presentstudy 200 eyes of 100 patients were included having cataract in both eyes. Only those patients were selected who had no pathology otherthan cataract affecting visual acuity. The density of the cataract was assessed by measuring visual acuity. The axial lengths of both eyeswere measured at the time of examination to see the relation between the axial length and density of cataract. Results: The comparison ofthe two eyes regarding the evaluation of the density of cataract and its relation with axial length was performed. Out of 100 patients 74(74%) had a denser cataract or lesser visual acuity in the eye with a longer axial length (DCLAL) and 26 (26%) had a denser cataract or alesser visual acuity in the eye with shorter axial length (DCSAL). On right side the axial length was 24.84±1.73 and on left side, it was21.62±1.63. Our results showed that on right side, the visual acuity was 0.19±0.09 and on left side, it was 0.23±0.08. The axial lengthand visual acuity were statistically analyzed. The correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).The correlation coefficient was -0.04 on right side and on left, it was -0.12 showing inverse correlation between the two variables. Conclusions: There is a strongcorrelation between density of cataract and the axial length of the eyeball.
PATIENT SATISFACTION;
Authors: MUKHTAR FATIMA , ANJUM AFTAB , BAJWA MUHAMMAD ASLAM , Shahzad Shahzana , Hamid Shahzeb , Masood ZAHRA M. , Mustafa Ramsha
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is a relative phenomenon, which embodies the patients perceived need, his expectationsfrom the health system, and experience of health care. Objective: To determine the level of patient satisfaction towards OPD services withreference to doctor-patient interaction, registration desk, waiting area, and overall health facilities. Study Design: Descriptive crosssectional study. Setting: Tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Study Period: April 2013. Material & Methods: A sample of 250 patients wasselected by employing systematic random sampling technique. The patients were interviewed and data was collected using a pretestedquestionnaire. Data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16.00. Data was presented in figuresand tables. It was described using frequencies, percentages and mean. Results: Majority of the patients i.e 232 (94%) reported beingsatisfied with the doctor. A vast majority agreed that hospital was clean 233 (94%) and adequately ventilated 224 (90%). The hospital staffin the waiting area was found to be respectful 220 (89%) and fair 198 (80%) towards the patients. The patients had no difficulty locatingthe reception desk of the health facility 235 (95%). A large proportion of patients i.e.220 (89%) said they would re-visit the hospital.Conclusions: The patients were highly satisfied with their doctors and were ready to re-visit the hospital. It is recommended that furtherstudies should be conducted to assess patient satisfaction in the secondary and primary care health facilities and efforts should be madeto get regular feedback from the patients.
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Authors: Rashid Haroon-ur- , Mahmood Zahid , Awan Saif Ud Din , Bhatti Ahmad Nawaz
Published: September 2021

As in most developing countries, incidence of cancer is also increasing inPakistan. It is important that information on the frequency and epidemiology of malignant tumorsbe updated, as it is the basis of future health planning for the population at risk. This retrospectivestudy was carried out to find the prevalence of various cancers in the population of Sargodhadistrict (central Punjab, Pakistan) and to compare the regional and international studies, so as toplan and develop the oncology setup of Sargodha Medical College on a rationalized basis ofdisease prevalence. Data from July 2010 to June 2013 was retrieved from the department ofstatistics of the hospital and variables of interest were collected and analyzed using SPSS 10.0. Itwas observed that the most frequent cancer in our patients was breast cancer (n=172) whilecarcinoma of lungs was the most frequent carcinoma in male population (n=24). However ourobservations were a bit different from the international studies published on the subject, theprobable reason being the availability of treatment facility and easier access in the nearbydistricts of Faisalabad and Lahore where many patients still go directly. More over the illiterateand poorer faction of the society does not come to the hospitals for management of the diseasebut rather go to the quakes and faith healers to relieve them of their sufferings. It is concluded thatthe department of clinical oncology should arrange cancer awareness programs for the generalpopulation to avoid delays in getting consultation, as at present they report to the hospital whenthe disease is quite advance and surgery is often not possible. Our study also revealed asomewhat different pattern of malignancies in our community raising a need for further studies toevaluate the reasons for this changed pattern in relation to various etiological factors.
PROSTATE CANCER;
Authors: Fatima Izhar , Nigar Soofia , Hasan Mohammed Khalid
Published: September 2021

Introduction: A study was done on the prostate cases received in pathologydepartment, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, from different hospitals ofKarachi to see the frequency of prostate cancer. Objectives: Benign hyperplasia prostate iscommon in middle and old age men, while prostate cancer is found more in older age group, itcan occur in middle age also. Methodology: Slides / paraffin blocks were taken for study from 1stJanuary 2008 to 31st December 2011 retrospectively and from 1st January 2012 to 31stDecember 2012 prospectively. Results: In present study 300 cases of prostate slides werestudied in which 274 (91.33%) cases of benign hyperplasia prostate and 26 (8.67%) cases ofprostate carcinoma were found of 46-74 years of age, including 2 (7.70%) cases, of 45 years ofage. Conclusions: It is observed that the increased tendency of prostate carcinoma was foundmore after 50 years of age and in present study 2 cases, of 45 years of age, showing theoccurrence of prostate carcinoma in early age.
OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME;
Authors: Batool ASMA , Perveen Saima , Sultana Mussarat
Published: September 2021

It is known that most cases of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) areassociated with the therapies for ovulation induction. However, OHSS may rarely be associatedwith a spontaneous ovulatory cycle, usually in the case of multiple gestations, hypothyroidism orpolycystic ovarian syndrome. We report a case of moderate OHSS in spontaneously conceivedtwin pregnancy in a 24 years old woman. The clinical picture showed amenorrhea,nausea,vomiting, abdominal pain and moderate ascites. After examinations, imaging and laboratoryinvestigations, the diagnosis was established. The patient was managed expectantly with nocomplications. Although spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation is a rare entity, it is important thatthe physician recognizes this condition. Prompt diagnosis and successful management is likelyto avoid serious complications, which may develop rapidly.
INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR;
Authors: Bhatti Iftikhar Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Objective: To compare the results of Inguinal Hernia repair using commonly employed methods of Bassini’s and Mesh repair. Methodology: This study included 90 cases of hernia repair ranging over a period of 18 months from October 2008 to Mar 2010 at Social Security Hospital Lahore. All the cases were done by the consultants and senior surgeons. The methods of repair included Bassini’s and Hernioplasty with Prosthetic mesh. Results: Out of 90 patients, 88 were males (97.78%) and 02 were females (2.22%). Male – female ratio 45 : 1. The peak incidence was found in 3rd and 4th decades of life. 56(62.22%) had Rt.sided Inguinal hernia, 29 (32.22%) had Lt. sided and 5(5.56%) had bilateral Inguinal hernia. 72 patients (80%) had Indirect Inguinal hernia, 17 (18.89%) had direct inguinal hernia while 1(1.11%) had both types. All the cases were done under Spinal anaesthesia. The Bassini’s repair was performed in 50% cases, using non-absorble no. 1 Prolene interrupted suturing (Group- A). In the Group – B, 50% cases underwent Hernioplasty with prosthetic prolene mesh 6x11 cms. Post-operative follow up was done for a period of 01 year. In the group- A, 3 (6.67%) patients had recurrence and 3 (6.67%) had infection of the wound. In group – B, 01 patient (2.22%) got infected and none of the cases did not get recurrence over a period of 01 year. Conclusions: Hernioplasty with prosthetic mesh is a better treatment modality for inguinal hernia repair to get a low recurrence rate.
CHILD BIRTH
Authors: Zaibunnisa Zaibunnisa , Ara Firdos , Ara Bilqees , Kaker Palwasha , Aslam Mahrang
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the complications ofdelivery in squatting and lithotomy position of mother. Study Design: Randomized controlledtrial. Setting: Gynecology/Obstetrics Unit-II, Sandeman Provincial Teaching Hospital, Quetta.Period: 6 months (05 Oct, 2011 to 05 April, 2012) Methods: Hundred and fifty one patients withlithotomy position in delivery were compared with hundred and fifty one patients with squattingposition in delivery regarding risks of perineal tears, periurethral tear, extended episiotomy,instrumental delivery, caesarean section and primary postpartum hemorrhage. Data wasrecorded on a specially designed Performa and was analyzed by using SPSS.V. 10. Resultswere compared using Chi-square test by keeping the p-value of < 0.05 as significant. Results:151 patients in lithotomy position and 151 patients in squatting position were compared andstudied for complications during delivery. Extension of the episiotomy was observed in (7%) ofnon-squatting groups. There were no extensions of episiotomy in squatting group. There wereno second degree, or third degree perineal tears in squatting group which were encounteredin (9%) patients in the lithotomy position group (P<0.05). Forceps application was also lessin squatting position group 11% patients, whereas 24% patients were delivered by forcepsin lithotomy group, (P<0.05). One patient in the lithotomy position had to have a caesareansection due to persistent occipito-posterior position. There was no case of retained placentaor postpartum hemorrhage in squatting group whereas there were 4% cases of retainedplacenta and 1 case of postpartum hemorrhage due to atony of the uterus in lithotomy positiongroup. Conclusions: It appears that the routine use of lithotomy position may have somedisadvantages in terms of more instrumental deliveries and episiotomies. Moreover womenexperience significant pain in this position. It is suggested that more trials should be conductedand the position at the moment of birth should be registered to measure its influence on birthoutcome.
COLLES FRACTURE
Authors: Shah Jehanzaib , Bashir Muhammad Ali , Gul Navid
Published: September 2021

Colles fracture is the fracture of distal radius occurring most commonly inelderly because of the osteoprotic bone. Objectives: To compare outcome in fracture treatedwith Colles Plaster Case and Colles Junctional Brace. Study Design: Observational Study.Period: February 2013 to August 2013. Setting: Department of Orthopedics Bainazir BhuttoShaheed Hospital, Rawalpindi. Methods: A study was conducted on 140 patients sufferingfrom Colles fracture in a period of 6 months. Patients were divided in 2 groups. In group Aconventional Colles cast for 6 weeks was administered and in group B Colles cast was replacedbe a functional brace after 2 weeks. Functional outcome was recorded in both groups at theend of 12 weeks. Functional outcome was analyzed as given on the performa. Results: Outof 140 patients 78(55.7%) were male with a mean age of 35.87.The total number of femalepatients were 62(44.3%) with a mean age of 46.10 The total number of patients that hadexcellent functional outcome at 6 weeks were 92 out of 140 patients. The excellent functionaloutcome was achieved in 57(40.7%) patients treated with colles brace. However, in patientstreated with colles cast the functional outcome was excellent in 35(25%) patients. Conclusions:The best functional outcome after the treatment of colles fracture is achieved by the use ofcolles functional brace.
STRESS IN FEMALE MEDICAL DOCTORS
Authors: Azmi Muhammad Bilal , Ali Syed Adnan , Azmi Sarah Shamim , Qureshi Shamim A. , Sohail Arisha
Published: September 2021

In present era stress remains a favorite subject of research especially in medicalprofession because with high competitive roles and responsibilities, this profession serves theneed of mankind. Objective: Assessment of professional stress in female medical doctorsemployed at different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design: The crosssectionalnon-experimental survey. Setting: Different tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. Period:November, 2012 to July, 2013. Methodology: Internationally validated and standardizedquestionnaire was used as survey tool for present research. It was distributed to total twohundred and twenty eight 228 female medical doctors. Results: Total 191 respondents filledthe research survey. 64.39% were MBBS, 20.42% were BDS and 15.18% were postgraduaterespondents. Cronbach’s alpha was 73.60%. Mean age of respondents was 29.32 ± 6.96years, average stress score was 12.09 ± 4.33 with average years of experience were 4.58 ±5.57 years. Stress scores on the basis of demographic variables like age groups, experience,qualification and marital status showed average scores in range between10-12 units. However,high frequency of respondents scored moderate to severe stress when probed on the basis oflevels of stress they have possess. Categorizing the equation for stress scores observed in thepresent survey as, MBBS respondents showed more stress units i.e., 12.50, BDS doctors havehad 11.50 units stress and postgraduate respondents had 10 units stress scores. Conclusions:Results concluded that stress in female medical professionals is never underestimated as itis clearly indicated through present survey that all female respondents possess average jobstress which need to address.
LIGATURE MARK ON THE NECK
Authors: Arif Mariam
Published: September 2021

Introduction: There are three types of compression of neck which are of primeforensic importance – (1) Manual strangulation (2) Hanging (3) Ligature strangulation. Ligaturemark is found in the latter two types.1 Ligature mark is a pressure mark on the neck underneaththe ligature. Initially it appears as a pale groove which on drying becomes yellowish brownparchment like.2,5 Objective: The aim is to study the information provided by a ligature markin ligature asphyxial deaths. Methodology: Study Design: A retrospective study on ligatureasphyxial deaths. Setting: Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Departments of King EdwardMedical University, Lahore and Nishtar Medical College, Multan. Period: January, 2012 toDecember, 2013. Results: The incidence of violent ligature asphyxial deaths was 4.21% of thetotal medicolegal deaths autopsied. Age group 21 to 30 years accounted for the maximumcases (37.6%). Male: female ratio was 1.02. Nylon rope (44.7%) was the most common ligaturematerial used. Ligature mark was single in all cases and was situated above thyroid cartilage in82.92% cases of hanging. In ligature strangulation deaths, mark was one in number in 93.18%cases and was below thyroid cartilage in 97.72% cases. The manner of death in hangingwas mostly suicidal (90.24%) as compared to homicidal in all cases of ligature strangulation.Ligature mark was incompletely encircling the neck in 85.36% cases and obliquely present in100% cases of hanging. In all deaths due to ligature strangulation, it was completely encirclingand transversely present around the neck. Underlying soft tissues of neck were glisteningwhite in all hanging deaths while it showed extravasations of blood in all ligature strangulationcases. Conclusions: A meticulous examination of the ligature mark during autopsy, though notconclusive, can give valuable information that can be very helpful in diagnosing deaths due tohanging and ligature strangulation.
VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA
Authors: Bohio Rabail , Brohi Zahida Perveen , Bohio Farrukh
Published: September 2021

Objectives: To screen the women suffering from vesico-vaginal fistulae fordepression prior to surgery and different potential precipitating factors that may be involved.Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 22 women diagnosed withvesico-vaginal fistula admitted. Period: 15 April 2014 to 15 October 2014. Setting: Welfareward of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit at Isra University Hospital Hyderabad, Sindh–Pakistan, waiting for surgery were included in the study. Material and method: Women withother causes of urinary incontinence, any co-morbidity and pregnant women were excluded.All data collected on a preformed proforma including the demographic data, profile of fistulaand attitude of the husbands, family and neighbors towards them and Hamilton rating scalefor depression (HAM-D) was used for screening the patients for depression, after the verbalconsent of individuals and was analyzed on SPSS version 16.0. Results: The mean age of 22study participants was 36.36(±9.204) years ranging from 22-55.Majority 81.8% patients weresuffering from different severity of depression. Many patients wished they were dead, felt lifeis not worth living, had suicidal ideas, and even one attempted to commit suicide. Majority ofpatient’s husbands and family were sympathetic and encouraging but many were maltreated bytheir neighbors (p=0.04). Conclusion: These patients are living with more than just a physicaldefect which needs to be considered as part of their treatment.
CHILD HEALTH
Authors: Manzoor Adeela , Siddique Aisha , Asghar Kanwal , Nazir Rizwan , Hassan Sarfraz
Published: September 2021

Subjective well-Being (SWB) means people’s feelings, emotions, innersatisfaction, happiness and their positive or negative thinking towards life events. Highersocio-economic status (SES) is associated with higher levels of SWB. Objective: The aim ofthe present study was to determine the level of SWB in Pakistani children. Furthermore, theimpact of age and SES on SWB of children was also investigated. Study Design: A randomsampling technique was employed. Setting: Private and public schools of Faisalabad. Period:two months. Material & Methods: Two hundred Students (100 girls and 100 boys) betweenthe ages of 9-12 years were taken from the private and public schools of Faisalabad. The datawas collected from the participants through face to face interview. A validated and reliableinventory Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS-4) was employed. The collected data wasanalysed by bivariate correlation and independent t test. Results: Results show that most(81.5%) of the children has high level of SWB. Young children (9-10 years) have significantly (p=0.005) higher level of SWB than older children (11-12 years). Furthermore, the study found asignificant positive relationship (p = 0.008, r= 0.187) between SWB and SES. Conclusions: Itis concluded that the level of SWB in Pakistani children is high and SWB varies with regard toage. SWB and SES are positively associated with each other. When programmes and policiesare developed for improvement of human life satisfaction particularly for children, involvementof age and SES factors must be considered.