bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drops with insoluble surfactant squeezing through interparticle constrictions
Authors: Gissinger Jacob R. , Zinchenko Alexander Z. , Davis Robert H.
Published: September 2019

The interfacial behaviour of surfactant-laden drops squeezing through tight constrictions in a uniform far-field flow is modelled with respect to capillary number, drop-to-medium viscosity ratio and surfactant contamination. The surfactant is treated as insoluble and non-diffusive, and drop surface tension is related to surfactant concentration by a linear equation of state. The constriction is formed by three solid spheres held rigidly in space. A characteristic aspect of this confined and contaminated multiphase system is the rapid development of steep surfactant-concentration gradients during the onset of drop squeezing. The interplay between two physical effects of surfactant, namely the greater interface deformability due to decreased surface tension and interface immobilization due to Marangoni stresses, results in particularly rich drop-squeezing dynamics. A three-dimensional boundary-integral algorithm is used to describe drop hydrodynamics, and accurate treatment of close squeezing and trapped states is enabled by advanced singularity subtraction techniques. Surfactant transport and hydrodynamics are coupled via the surface convection equation (or convection–diffusion equation, if artificial diffusion is included), the interfacial stress balance and a solid-particle contribution based on the Hebeker representation. For extreme conditions, such as drop-to-medium viscosity ratios significantly less than unity, it is found that upwind-biased methods are the only stable approaches for modelling surfactant transport. Two distinct schemes, upwind finite volume and flow-biased least squares, are found to provide results in close agreement, indicating negligible numerical diffusion. Surfactant transport is enhanced by low drop-to-medium viscosity ratios, at which extremely sharp concentration gradients form during various stages of the squeezing process. The presence of surfactant, even at low degrees of contamination, significantly decreases the critical capillary number for droplet trapping, due to the accumulation of surfactant at the downwind pole of the drop and its subsequent elongation. Increasing the degree of contamination significantly affects surface mobility and further decreases the critical capillary number as well as drop squeezing times, up to a threshold above which the addition of surfactant negligibly affects squeezing dynamics.
THE DETERMINED PROPERTY OF BAIRE IN REVERSE MATH
Authors: ASTOR ERIC P. , DZHAFAROV DAMIR , MONTALBÁN ANTONIO , SOLOMON REED , WESTRICK LINDA BROWN
Published: September 2019

We define the notion of a completely determined Borel code in reverse mathematics, and consider the principle $CD - PB$, which states that every completely determined Borel set has the property of Baire. We show that this principle is strictly weaker than $AT{R_0}$. Any ω-model of $CD - PB$ must be closed under hyperarithmetic reduction, but $CD - PB$ is not a theory of hyperarithmetic analysis. We show that whenever $M \subseteq {2^\omega }$ is the second-order part of an ω-model of $CD - PB$, then for every $Z \in M$, there is a $G \in M$ such that G is ${\rm{\Delta }}_1^1$-generic relative to Z.
Caesar source finder: Recent developments and testing
Authors: Riggi S. , Vitello F. , Becciani U. , Buemi C. , Bufano F. , Calanducci A. , Cavallaro F. , Costa A. , Ingallinera A. , Leto P. , Loru S. , Norris R. P. , Schillirò F. , Sciacca E. , Trigilio C. , Umana G.
Published: September 2019

A new era in radio astronomy will begin with the upcoming large-scale surveys planned at the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). ASKAP started its Early Science programme in October 2017 and several target fields were observed during the array commissioning phase. The Scorpio field was the first observed in the Galactic Plane in Band 1 (792–1 032 MHz) using 15 commissioned antennas. The achieved sensitivity and large field of view already allow to discover new sources and survey thousands of existing ones with improved precision with respect to previous surveys. Data analysis is currently ongoing to deliver the first source catalogue. Given the increased scale of the data, source extraction and characterisation, even in this Early Science phase, have to be carried out in a mostly automated way. This process presents significant challenges due to the presence of extended objects and diffuse emission close to the Galactic Plane.

In this context, we have extended and optimised a novel source finding tool, named Caesar, to allow extraction of both compact and extended sources from radio maps. A number of developments have been done driven by the analysis of the Scorpio map and in view of the future ASKAP Galactic Plane survey. The main goals are the improvement of algorithm performances and scalability as well as of software maintainability and usability within the radio community. In this paper, we present the current status of Caesar and report a first systematic characterisation of its performance for both compact and extended sources using simulated maps. Future prospects are discussed in the light of the obtained results.
ON ALMOST STABLE CMC HYPERSURFACES IN MANIFOLDS OF BOUNDED SECTIONAL CURVATURE
Authors: ROTH JULIEN , UPADHYAY ABHITOSH
Published: September 2019

We show that almost stable constant mean curvature hypersurfaces contained in a sufficiently small ball of a manifold of bounded sectional curvature are close to geodesic spheres.
PROBABLE NEW FRAGMENTS AND A TESTIMONIUM FROM GALEN'S COMMENTARY ON PLATO'STIMAEVS
Authors: Das Aileen R.
Published: September 2019

As his writings tend to prioritize the incorporeal over the corporeal, Plato seems an unlikely authority on medicine. He does not appear to have engaged in any systematic investigation of the body through direct examination of animal anatomy, like his pupil Aristotle. Notwithstanding Plato's apparent lack of interest in anatomical research, modern scholars view his dialogues as valuable witnesses for earlier and contemporary theories about the body. Famously, thePhaedrus(270c–e) mentions Hippocrates’ holistic approach to studying the body. Out of all his dialogues, theTimaeusoffers the most extensive comments about the nature of the body and its functions. Many of its physiological ideas, however, seem to derive from earlier medical and philosophical authorities such as Alcmaeon of Croton (fifth century), Empedocles (fifth century) and Philistion of Locri (fourth century) rather than from Plato himself.
Haemostatic changes in urogenital schistosomiasis haematobium: a case-control study in Gabonese schoolchildren
Authors: Mebius M.M. , Adegnika A.A. , Zinsou J.F. , Agobe J.C.D. , Honkpehedji Y.J. , Yazdanbakhsh M. , van Dam G.J. , Corstjens P.L.A.M. , Tielens A.G.M. , de Groot P.G. , Urbanus R.T. , van Hellemond J.J.
Published: September 2019

In many tropical areas schistosomiasis is a major health problem causing hepatosplenic, intestinal or urogenital complaints. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni is also characterized by blood coagulation abnormalities. Liver pathology plays a role in the development of haemostatic changes and the parasitic infection may directly affect coagulation. However, these contributing factors cannot be studied separately in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis infections. This pilot study provides insight in haemostatic changes in urinary schistosomiasis by studying coagulation parameters in schistosomiasis haematobium-infected Gabonese schoolchildren. Selection on urinary schistosomiasis patients without hepatosplenic complaints allows for the investigation of the direct effects of the parasite on haemostasis. Levels of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) antigen, active VWF and osteoprotegerin were elevated, indicating inflammation-mediated endothelial activation. In contrast to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, thrombin–antithrombin complex and D-dimer levels were not affected. Despite its small sample size, this study clearly indicates thatSchistosoma haematobiumdirectly alters the activation status of the endothelium, without initiation of coagulation.
Becoming a Maya Woman: Beauty Pageants at the Intersection of Indigeneity, Gender and Class in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Authors: Rasch Elisabet Dueholm
Published: September 2019

Indigenous beauty pageants can be seen as a way of re-appropriating indigenous identity. This article approaches beauty pageants as being situated in multiple systems of power at four levels of contestation: (1) reproducing gender relations and creating new professional and political opportunities; (2) constituting a site for cultural and political agency and delimiting the ways to ‘be a Maya woman’; (3) reproducing class relations in terms of access to the event and contributing to social awareness of beauty queens; (4) as a social event consolidating (gender) relations within the family. The findings are based on longitudinal (2002–14) ethnographic fieldwork in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.
Investigating the status of Cinnamomum chago (Lauraceae), a plant species with an extremely small population endemic to Yunnan, China
Authors: Zhang Xue , Zhou Xiong-Li , Liu Yuan-Huan , Mo Jin-Qiu , Zhang Li-Qin , Wang Yue-Hua , Shen Shi-Kang
Published: September 2019

Cinnamomum chago is a woody species of the family Lauraceae endemic to Yunnan province, China, previously known from only one location, and categorized as a Plant Species with Extremely Small Population. We surveyed to determine the distribution and population size of C. chago, characterize its habitat, identify any threats, assess its conservation status, and provide guidelines for its management and conservation. During 2014–2017 we found only 64 mature C. chago, in five locations. These small, fragmented populations occur along Lancang River in Dali Prefecture at altitudes of 2,200–2,400 m. The species' extent of occurrence is c. 923 km2, with an area of occupancy of c. 60 km2. The habitat of the species has been degraded by expansion of pastoral activities and deforestation. We recommend categorization of C. chago as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, prevention of the collection of seeds and wood of the species, protection and monitoring, and ex situ propagation for future reintroductions.
Linguistic alignment and theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia patients' dialogic interactions
Authors: Dwyer Karen , David Anthony S. , McCarthy Rosaleen , McKenna Peter , Peters Emmanuelle
Published: September 2019

Background

Impairments of contextual processing and theory of mind (ToM) have both been offered as accounts of the deviant language characterising formal thought disorder (FTD) in schizophrenia. This study investigated these processes in patients' dialogue. We predicted that FTD patients would show a decrement in linguistic alignment, associated with impaired ToM in dialogue.

Methods

Speech samples were elicited via participation in an interactive computer-based task and a semi-structured interview to assess contextual processing abilities and ToM skills in dialogue, respectively, and from an interactive card-sorting task to measure syntactic alignment. Degree of alignment in dialogue and the syntactic task, and evidence of ToM in (i) dialogue and (ii) a traditional ToM task were compared across schizophrenia patients with FTD (n = 21), non-FTD patients (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 21).

Results

FTD patients showed less alignment than the other two groups in dialogue, and than healthy controls on the syntactic task. FTD patients showed poorer performance on the ToM task than the other two groups, but only compared to the healthy controls in dialogue. The FTD group's degree of alignment in dialogue was correlated with ToM performance in dialogue but not with the traditional ToM task or with syntactic alignment.

Conclusions

In dialogue, FTD patients demonstrate an impairment in employing available contextual information to facilitate their own subsequent production, which is associated with a ToM deficit. These findings indicate that a contextual processing deficit impacts on exploiting representations via the production system impoverishing the ability to make predictions about upcoming utterances in dialogue.
Religious gestures and secular strengths: Emerson, Nagel, and Kateb on the religious temperament
Authors: HOSSEINI REZA
Published: September 2019

What would happen to the reception of Emerson if one does not share his religious sentiments? I argue that appreciating Emerson does not depend upon sharing a similar attitude towards religion not only because we can discern a secular sense of wonder in his writings, as George Kateb claims, but also because his literary excellence shows us ways of wonder in the first place. Further, I show that though there is a brief exchange of similar ideas between Emerson and Thomas Nagel in the latter's engagement of ‘the religious temperament’, their responses to what they call the tremendousness of existence is fundamentally different.
What is lost through no net loss
Authors: O’Neill John
Published: September 2019

No net loss approaches to environmental policy claim that policy should maintain aggregate levels of natural capital. Substitutability between natural assets allows losses in some assets to be compensated for by gains in others while maintaining overall levels of natural capital. This paper argues that significant goods that matter to people’s well-being will be lost through a policy of no net loss. The concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services that underpin the no net loss approach to environmental policy cannot capture important dimensions of value that are central to human well-being.
The other side of the Article 21(3) coin: Human rights in the Rome Statute and the limits of Article 21(3)
Authors: Irving Emma
Published: September 2019

The drafters of the Rome Statute sought to accord human rights a central place within the legal framework of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This was done not only through numerous provisions on the rights of the accused, victims, and witnesses, but also through the inclusion of the overarching Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute. Article 21(3) Rome Statute requires that the interpretation and application of all ICC law be consistent with internationally recognized human rights. While this provision has been employed on numerous occasions to bolster human rights protection in the ICC legal framework, it is not without its limits. In a series of decisions over the past few years, ICC judges have placed limits on the protections that can be read into the ICC legal framework on the basis of Article 21(3). Beyond stating that the ICC ‘is not a human rights court’, the decisions in question articulate no clear justification for the limitations imposed on Article 21(3). The present article analyses these decisions and identifies the underlying rationale for the Court’s approach: the principle of speciality. However, the picture is further complicated by the judges’ willingness to overlook the principle of speciality when particularly serious violations of human rights are involved. This leaves the precise contours of human rights protection in the ICC legal framework undefined.
Clues to echocardiographic diagnosis of isolation of right subclavian artery in a patient with DiGeorge syndrome and its transcatheter management with its associated anomalies
Authors: Mohakud Asish R. , Pavithran Sreeja , Sivakumar Kothandam
Published: September 2019

Isolated subclavian artery is a rare anomaly. A second steal due to a patent arterial duct further reduces arm perfusion. Surgical anastomosis of the isolated vessel to aorta normalises arm perfusion. Simple echocardiographic clues aid in the diagnosis. An associated moderate sized ventricular septal defect was non-surgically closed along with catheter closure of the duct resulting in improved arm perfusion.
Real-world continuous physiologic monitoring in paediatric cardiomyopathy patients: a safety and feasibility study
Authors: Lebo Catherine A. , Lin Kimberly Y. , Rossano Joseph W.
Published: September 2019

Chronic disease management may be improved with the integration of mobile technologies capable of real-world physiologic monitoring. We performed a prospective, single-centre, pilot study to assess the feasibility of a consumer-based activity monitor use in outpatient management of adolescent cardiomyopathy patients. During the 3-month study period, the activity monitor was worn consistently and provided detailed physiologic and activity data with no adverse events related to the device use. Survey data revealed that the majority of subjects approve of these technologies becoming integrated into routine clinical care. Ongoing study is in need to define optimal disease management for this complex patient population in the age of consumer-driven healthcare.
Learning strategies among adult CHD fellows
Authors: Bokma Jouke P. , Daily Joshua A. , Kovacs Adrienne H. , Oechslin Erwin N. , Baumgartner Helmut , Khairy Paul , Mulder Barbara J.M. , Veldtman Gruschen R.
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Subspecialisation is increasingly a fundamental part of the contemporary practice of medicine. However, little is known about how medical trainees learn in the modern era, and particularly in growing and relatively new subspecialties, such as adult CHD. The purpose of this study was to assess institutional-led and self-directed learning strategies of adult CHD fellows.

Methods:

This international, cross-sectional online survey was conducted by the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease and consisted primarily of categorical questions and Likert rating scales. All current or recent (i.e., those within 2 years of training) fellows who reported training in adult CHD (within adult/paediatric cardiology training or within subspecialty fellowships) were eligible.

Results:

A total of 75 fellows participated in the survey: mean age: 34 ± 5; 35 (47%) female. Most adult CHD subspecialty fellows considered case-based teaching (58%) as “very helpful”, while topic-based teaching was considered “helpful” (67%); p = 0.003 (favouring case-based). When facing a non-urgent clinical dilemma, fellows reported that they were more likely to search for information online (58%) than consult a faculty member (29%) or textbook (3%). Many (69%) fellows use their smartphones at least once daily to search for information during regular clinical work.

Conclusions:

Fellows receiving adult CHD training reported a preference for case-based learning and frequent use of online material and smartphones. These findings may be incorporated into the design and enhancement of fellowships and development of online training resources.
Learning keyphrases from corpora and knowledge models
Authors: Silveira R. , Furtado V. , Pinheiro V.
Published: September 2019

Extraction keyphrase systems traditionally use classification algorithms and do not consider the fact that part of the keyphrases may not be found in the text, reducing the accuracy of such algorithms a priori. In this work, we propose to improve the accuracy of these systems with inferential mechanisms that use a knowledge representation model, including symbolic models of knowledge bases and distributional semantics, to expand the set of keyphrase candidates to be submitted to the classification algorithm with terms that are not in the text (not-in-text terms). The basic assumption we have is that not-in-text terms have a semantic relationship with terms that are in the text. To represent this relationship, we have defined two new features to be represented as input to the classification algorithms. The first feature refers to the power of discrimination of the inferred not-in-text terms. The intuition behind this is that good candidates for a keyphrase are those that are deduced from various textual terms in a specific document and that are not often deduced in other documents. The other feature represents the descriptive strength of a not-in-text candidate. We argue that not-in-text keyphrases must have a strong semantic relationship with the text and that the power of this semantic relationship can be measured in a similar way as popular metrics like TFxIDF. The method proposed in this work was compared with state-of-the-art systems using five corpora and the results show that it has significantly improved automatic keyphrase extraction, dealing with the limitation of extracting keyphrases absent from the text.
IDENTIFYING NEWS SHOCKS WITH FORECAST DATA
Authors: Hirose Yasuo , Kurozumi Takushi
Published: September 2019

The empirical importance of news shocks—anticipated future shocks—in business cycle fluctuations has been explored by using only actual data when estimating models augmented with news shocks. This paper additionally exploits forecast data to identify news shocks in a canonical dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The estimated model shows new empirical evidence that technology news shocks are a major source of fluctuations in US output growth. Exploiting the forecast data not only generates more precise estimates of news shocks and other parameters in the model, but also increases the contribution of technology news shocks to the fluctuations.
Evaluation of set-up errors and determination of set-up margin in pelvic radiotherapy by electronic portal imaging device (EPID)
Authors: Noghreiyan Vajiheh Vejdani , Nasseri Shahrookh , Anvari Kazem , Naji Maryam , Momennezhad Mehdi
Published: September 2019

Introduction and purpose:

The error in set-up of patients is an inherent part of treatment processes. The positioning errors can be used to determine the margins of the planning target volume (PTV) to cover the target volume, while minimising the radiation dose delivered to normal tissues. This study aimed to evaluate random and systematic errors occurring in inter-fraction set-ups of pelvic radiotherapy measured by electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and then to propose the optimum clinical target volume (CTV) to PTV margin in pelvic cancer patients.

Materials and methods:

This study examined 22 patients treated with pelvic radiotherapy. A total of 182 portal images were evaluated. Population random (σ) and systematic (Σ) errors were determined based on the portal images in three directions (X, Y and Z). The set-up margin for CTV to PTV was calculated by published margin formulae of International Commission on Radiation Units and measurements (ICRU) report No. 62 recommendation and formulas presented by Stroom and Heijmen and Van Herk et al.

Results:

Systematic set-up errors for radiotherapy to patients ranged between 2·36 and 4·99 mm, and random errors ranged between 1·51 and 2·74 mm. The margin required to cover the target volume retrospectively was calculated based on ICRU 62 and formulas presented by Stroom and Heijmen and Van Herk et al. were used to calculate the range 2·8–5·7 mm, 5·7–11·9 mm and 6·9–14·4 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:

According to our findings, it can be concluded that by extending the CTV margin by 6·9–14·4 mm, we can ensure that 90% of the pelvic cancer patients will receive ≥ 95% of the prescribed dose in the CTV area.
Working in partnership with communities to improve health and research outcomes. Comparisons and commonalities between the UK and South Africa
Authors: Wilson Patricia , Mavhandu-Mudzusi Azwihangwisi Helen
Published: September 2019

Community and public participation and involvement is an underpinning principle of primary health care, an essential component of a social justice-orientated approach to health care and a vehicle to improving health outcomes for patients, public and communities. However, influenced by history and context, there are intrinsic issues surrounding power imbalance and other barriers to partnerships between communities, public, policy makers and researchers. It is important to acknowledge these issues, and through doing so share experiences and learn from those working within very different settings.

In South Africa, community participation is seen as a route to decolonisation. It is also integral to the core functions of South African Higher Education Institutes, alongside teaching and research. In the UK, there has also been a history of participation and involvement as part of a social rights movement, but notably public involvement has become embedded in publicly funded health research as a policy imperative.

In this paper, we draw on our respective programmes of work in public and community participation and involvement. These include a South African community engagement project to reduce teenage pregnancy and HIV infection working through a partnership between teachers, students and university academics, and a national evaluation in England of public involvement in applied health research. We begin by highlighting the lack of clarity and terms used interchangeably to describe participation, engagement and involvement. Frameworks for partnership working with relevance to South Africa and the UK are then analysed, suggesting key themes of relationships, working together, and evaluation and monitoring. The South African project and examples of public involvement in English primary and community care research are examined through these themes. We conclude the paper by mapping out common enablers and barriers to partnership working within these very different contexts.
Assessment of the biogeographical variation of seed size and seed oil traits in wildSilphium integrifoliumMichx. genotypes
Authors: Reinert Stephan , Van Tassel David L. , Schlautman Brandon , Kane Nolan C. , Hulke Brent S.
Published: September 2019

Silphiumspp. have garnered interest in Europe as a bioenergy crop and in North America as a perennial oilseed crop. However, very little has been done at this early stage of domestication to characterize wild collections for many key characteristics, including important oilseed traits. The objective of this work was to develop a basic understanding of how biogeography and associated population genetic forces have shaped seed phenotypes in plant collections across the native range ofSilphium integrifoliumMichx. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), the primary domestication candidate for oilseed use. A collection of 53 accessions was grown in a common environment in Salina, KS, which is a location well within the native range of the species in central North America. Plants from each collection site were randomly mated by hand to produce seed representative of each accession, and the seeds subjected to seed dimensional trait, oil content and oil composition analyses. Kernel width varied along a latitudinal cline of collection site, while kernel length varied across a longitudinal cline. Palmitic and linoleic acids were inversely correlated with each other and varied along a longitudinal cline of the collection site. The results indicate that accessions collected from more southwesterly sites tended to have larger seed and those from more westerly sites had higher linoleic acid content and lower palmitic and myristic acids, which are all desirable phenotypes for an oilseedSilphium.
Slot loaded EBG-based metasurface for performance improvement of circularly polarized antenna for WiMAX applications
Authors: Verma Alka , Singh Anil Kumar , Srivastava Neelam , Patil Shilpee , Kanaujia Binod Kumar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) metasurface (MS) superstrate-based circularly polarized antenna for the WiMAX (3.5 GHz) band is proposed. The proposed structure comprises a 2 × 2 slot-loaded rectangular patch MS array that can be perceived as a polarization-dependent EBG MS superstrate. Furthermore, to achieve circular polarization, the proposed antenna has an inclined coupling slot onto the ground with a conventional coplanar waveguide feed line. The proposed antenna has a compact structure with a low profile of 0.037λ0 (λ0 stands for the free-space wavelength at 3.48 GHz) and a ground size of 30 × 30 mm2. The measured results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth for the proposed antenna is 34.6% and the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 6.8% with a peak gain of 3.91 dBi in the desired operating band. Good agreement between the simulated and the measured results verifies the performance of the proposed antenna.
Effects of Sand Addition and Bed Flushing on Gravel Bed Surface Microtopography and Roughness
Authors: Bertin Stéphane , Friedrich Heide
Published: September 2019

Gravel riverbeds naturally present a range of sediment size that can span several orders of magnitude. However, fine sediment (i.e., size <2 mm) additions affect sediment transport and are potentially harmful to the river ecology. Limited research has been done to understand the effects of sand addition on gravel bed topography. For this study, we conducted flume experiments testing the effectiveness of topography remote sensing to measure the response of a water‐worked gravel bed to varying sand additions and bed flushing. Repeated measurements of the bed topography with through‐water photogrammetry show that sand deposits primarily in low‐lying areas of the bed, where it is sheltered. Observed changes in bed elevation standard deviation, skewness, and inclination index indicate a smoother bed, as sand fills the depressions on the surface and conceals gravel imbrication. The overall bed morphology (e.g., small bedforms and coarse grain arrangement), however, is preserved. Increasing the sand supply resulted in a gravel bed buried by sand and the formation of sand dunes. Bed flushing with a flow sufficient to move sand allowed a return of the bed roughness to the prepulse conditions, while flushing the bed with a discharge equivalent to the armoring discharge reworked the normally stable surface layer without removing infiltrated sand from the subsurface. This new data set contributes to providing missing information on the small‐scale topographic effects of sand addition upon gravel beds. It might be used with measurements of near‐bed flow hydraulics obtained in other studies to explain variations of sediment transport.
Sediment Respiration Pulses in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams
Authors: von Schiller D. , Datry T. , Corti R. , Foulquier A. , Tockner K. , Marcé R. , García‐Baquero G. , Odriozola I. , Obrador B. , Elosegi A. , Mendoza‐Lera C. , Gessner M. O. , Stubbington R. , Albariño R. , Allen D. C. , Altermatt F. , Arce M. I. , Arnon S. , Banas D. , Banegas‐Medina A. , Beller E. , Blanchette M. L. , Blanco‐Libreros J. F. , Blessing J. , Boëchat I. G. , Boersma K. S. , Bogan M. T. , Bonada N. , Bond N. R. , Brintrup K. , Bruder A. , Burrows R. M. , Cancellario T. , Carlson S. M. , Cauvy‐Fraunié S. , Cid N. , Danger M. , de Freitas Terra B. , Dehedin A. , De Girolamo A. M. , del Campo R. , Díaz‐Villanueva V. , Duerdoth C. P. , Dyer F. , Faye E. , Febria C. , Figueroa R. , Four B. , Gafny S. , Gómez R. , Gómez‐Gener L. , Graça M. A. S. , Guareschi S. , Gücker B. , Hoppeler F. , Hwan J. L. , Kubheka S. , Laini A. , Langhans S. D. , Leigh C. , Little C. J. , Lorenz S. , Marshall J. , Martín E. J. , McIntosh A. , Meyer E. I. , Miliša M. , Mlambo M. C. , Moleón M. , Morais M. , Negus P. , Niyogi D. , Papatheodoulou A. , Pardo I. , Pařil P. , Pešić V. , Piscart C. , Polášek M. , Rodríguez‐Lozano P. , Rolls R. J. , Sánchez‐Montoya M. M. , Savić A. , Shumilova O. , Steward A. , Taleb A. , Uzan A. , Vander Vorste R. , Waltham N. , Woelfle‐Erskine C. , Zak D. , Zarfl C. , Zoppini A.
Published: September 2019

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32‐fold to 66‐fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modeling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use, and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2–0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting‐drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks.
Measurements of the Vorticity in the Bursty Bulk Flows
Authors: Zhang L.Q. , Baumjohann W. , Dai L. , Khotyaintsev Yu V. , Wang C.
Published: September 2019

Curlometer analysis from 4‐point Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft measurements is applied to obtain the vorticity (ω) in the bursty bulk flow (BBF) from tail reconnection. Increases of the vorticity is associated with enhancements of the high‐energy ion flux (above 10 keV) and the flow speed during the BBF. Finger‐like structure, consisting of the lower‐energy ions below 10 keV, occurs mainly during intervals of small vorticity. The vorticity during BBF consistently shows a dominant −Z Geocentric solar magnetospheric (GSM) component, indicating clockwise vortexes in the flows. Combined with bipolar signals of Vy‐geocentric solar magnetic, the Magnetospheric Multiscale observations provide evidence for flow eddies in the BBF. Power spectral analysis suggests existence of kinetic Alfvénic wave emissions, in addition to the flow eddy, in the high‐frequency regime in the BBF turbulence.
An Objective and Efficient Method for Assessing the Impact of Reduced‐Precision Calculations On Solution Correctness
Authors: Zhang Shixuan , Wan Hui , Rasch Philip J. , Singh Balwinder , Larson Vincent E. , Woodward Carol S.
Published: September 2019

Recent studies have shown that reducing the precision of floating‐point calculations in an atmospheric model can improve the model's computational performance without affecting model fidelity, but code changes are needed to accommodate lower precision or to prevent undue round‐off error. For complex and computationally expensive systems like the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, a method is needed to objectively and efficiently assess the quality of the lower‐precision simulations and to quickly identify problematic code pieces. This paper demonstrates that the accuracy of the computed solution can be evaluated through a simple and quantitative error metric based on time step convergence. The proposed test method can unambiguously detect the accumulation of precision error and objectively assess its impact on solution accuracy. Furthermore, since fast physical processes are known to affect key features of the multiyear mean climate in atmospheric models, we show that the convergence test applied to short simulations can provide useful information about the impact of reduced precision on a model's long‐term behavior. In contrast, the traditional method of climate model evaluation requires multiple years of simulations and involves inspecting many physical quantities for statistical significance in the presence of natural variability. The simplicity, computational efficiency, and objectivity of the proposed method makes it very attractive for high‐resolution model development. The method is also expected to be applicable to other models that numerically solve time evolution equations.
Emerging role of machine learning in light-matter interaction
Authors: Zhou Jiajia , Huang Bolong , Yan Zheng , Bünzli Jean-Claude G.
Published: September 2019

Machine learning has provided a huge wave of innovation in multiple fields, including computer vision, medical diagnosis, life sciences, molecular design, and instrumental development. This perspective focuses on the implementation of machine learning in dealing with light-matter interaction, which governs those fields involving materials discovery, optical characterizations, and photonics technologies. We highlight the role of machine learning in accelerating technology development and boosting scientific innovation in the aforementioned aspects. We provide future directions for advanced computing techniques via multidisciplinary efforts that can help to transform optical materials into imaging probes, information carriers and photonics devices.
Deep learning in holography and coherent imaging
Authors: Rivenson Yair , Wu Yichen , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: September 2019

Recent advances in deep learning have given rise to a new paradigm of holographic image reconstruction and phase recovery techniques with real-time performance. Through data-driven approaches, these emerging techniques have overcome some of the challenges associated with existing holographic image reconstruction methods while also minimizing the hardware requirements of holography. These recent advances open up a myriad of new opportunities for the use of coherent imaging systems in biomedical and engineering research and related applications.
Imaging global auroras in space
Authors: Lui A. T. Y.
Published: September 2019

China’s initial participation in the global monitoring of auroras for scientific and space weather investigations has been enabled by the successful launch of the Chinese Fengyun-3D satellite, which carries a wide-field auroral imager.
ATF6 regulates the development of chronic pancreatitis by inducing p53-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Zhou Lei , Tan Jie-hui , Cao Rong-chang , Xu Jia , Chen Xue-mei , Qi Zhao-chang , Zhou Su-ying , Li Su-bing , Mo Qi-xin , Li Zhi-wei , Zhang Guo-wei
Published: September 2019

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive, recurrent inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. Initiation and progression of CP can result from serine protease 1 (PRSS1) overaccumulation and the ensuing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, how ER stress pathways regulate the development and progression of CP remains poorly understood. In the present study we aimed to elucidate the ER stress pathway involved in CP. We found high expression of the ER stress marker genes ATF6, XBP1, and CHOP in human clinical specimens. A humanized PRSS1 transgenic mouse was established and treated with caerulein to mimic the development of CP, as evidenced by pathogenic alterations, collagen deposition, and increased expression of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. ATF6, XBP1, and CHOP expression levels were also increased during CP development in this model. Acinar cell apoptosis was also significantly increased, accompanied by upregulated p53 expression. Inhibition of ATF6 or p53 suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors and progression of CP in the mouse model. Finally, we showed that p53 expression could be regulated by the ATF6/XBP1/CHOP axis to promote the development of CP. We therefore conclude that ATF6 signalling regulates CP progression by modulating pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis, which provides a target for ER stress-based diagnosis and treatment of CP.
Calcium-signaling proteins mediate the plant transcriptomic response during a well-established Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection
Authors: Tortosa Maria , Cartea Maria E. , Velasco Pablo , Soengas Pilar , Rodriguez Victor M.
Published: September 2019

The plant immune system is divided into two branches; one branch is based on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP-triggered immunity), and the other relies on pathogenic effector detection (effector-triggered immunity). Despite each branch being involved in different complex mechanisms, both lead to transcription reprogramming and, thus, changes in plant metabolism. To study the defense mechanisms involved in the Brassica oleracea–Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) interaction, we analyzed the plant transcriptome dynamics at 3 and 12 days postinoculation (dpi) by using massive analysis of 3′-cDNA ends. We identified more induced than repressed transcripts at both 3 and 12 dpi, although the response was greater at 12 dpi. Changes in the expression of genes related to the early infection stages were only detected at 12 dpi, suggesting that the timing of triggered defenses is crucial to plant survival. qPCR analyses in susceptible and resistant plants allowed us to highlight the potential role of two calcium-signaling proteins, CBP60g and SARD1, in the resistance against Xcc. This role was subsequently confirmed using Arabidopsis knockout mutants.
Different brain networks mediate the effects of social and conditioned expectations on pain
Authors: Koban Leonie , Jepma Marieke , López-Solà Marina , Wager Tor D.
Published: September 2019

Information about others’ experiences can strongly influence our own feelings and decisions. But how does such social information affect the neural generation of affective experience, and are the brain mechanisms involved distinct from those that mediate other types of expectation effects? Here, we used fMRI to dissociate the brain mediators of social influence and associative learning effects on pain. Participants viewed symbolic depictions of other participants’ pain ratings (social information) and classically conditioned pain-predictive cues before experiencing painful heat. Social information and conditioned stimuli each had significant effects on pain ratings, and both effects were mediated by self-reported expectations. Yet, these effects were mediated by largely separable brain activity patterns, involving different large-scale functional networks. These results show that learned versus socially instructed expectations modulate pain via partially different mechanisms—a distinction that should be accounted for by theories of predictive coding and related top-down influences.
Gene-diet interactions associated with complex trait variation in an advanced intercross outbred mouse line
Authors: Vorobyev Artem , Gupta Yask , Sezin Tanya , Koga Hiroshi , Bartsch Yannic C. , Belheouane Meriem , Künzel Sven , Sina Christian , Schilf Paul , Körber-Ahrens Heiko , Beltsiou Foteini , Lara Ernst Anna , Khil’chenko Stanislav , Al-Aasam Hassanin , Manz Rudolf A. , Diehl Sandra , Steinhaus Moritz , Jascholt Joanna , Kouki Phillip , Boehncke Wolf-Henning , Mayadas Tanya N. , Zillikens Detlef , Sadik Christian D. , Nishi Hiroshi , Ehlers Marc , Möller Steffen , Bieber Katja , Baines John F. , Ibrahim Saleh M. , Ludwig Ralf J.
Published: September 2019

Phenotypic variation of quantitative traits is orchestrated by a complex interplay between the environment (e.g. diet) and genetics. However, the impact of gene-environment interactions on phenotypic traits mostly remains elusive. To address this, we feed 1154 mice of an autoimmunity-prone intercross line (AIL) three different diets. We find that diet substantially contributes to the variability of complex traits and unmasks additional genetic susceptibility quantitative trait loci (QTL). By performing whole-genome sequencing of the AIL founder strains, we resolve these QTLs to few or single candidate genes. To address whether diet can also modulate genetic predisposition towards a given trait, we set NZM2410/J mice on similar dietary regimens as AIL mice. Our data suggest that diet modifies genetic susceptibility to lupus and shifts intestinal bacterial and fungal community composition, which precedes clinical disease manifestation. Collectively, our study underlines the importance of including environmental factors in genetic association studies.
The CONSTANS flowering complex controls the protective response of photosynthesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas
Authors: Tokutsu Ryutaro , Fujimura-Kamada Konomi , Matsuo Takuya , Yamasaki Tomohito , Minagawa Jun
Published: September 2019

Light is essential for photosynthesis, but the amounts of light that exceed an organism’s assimilation capacity can result in oxidative stress and even cell death. Plants and microalgae have developed a photoprotective response mechanism, qE, that dissipates excess light energy as thermal energy. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, qE is regulated by light-inducible photoprotective proteins, but the pathway from light perception to qE is not fully understood. Here, we show that the transcription factors CONSTANS and Nuclear transcription Factor Ys (NF-Ys) form a complex that governs light-dependent photoprotective responses in C. reinhardtii. The qE responses do not occur in CONSTANS or NF-Y mutants. The signal from light perception to the CONSTANS/NF-Ys complex is directly inhibited by the SPA1/COP1-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase. This negative regulation mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the CONSTANS/NF-Ys complex is common to photoprotective response in algal photosynthesis and flowering in plants.
A GABAergic and peptidergic sleep neuron as a locomotion stop neuron with compartmentalized Ca2+ dynamics
Authors: Steuer Costa Wagner , Van der Auwera Petrus , Glock Caspar , Liewald Jana F. , Bach Maximilian , Schüler Christina , Wabnig Sebastian , Oranth Alexandra , Masurat Florentin , Bringmann Henrik , Schoofs Liliane , Stelzer Ernst H. K. , Fischer Sabine C. , Gottschalk Alexander
Published: September 2019

Animals must slow or halt locomotion to integrate sensory inputs or to change direction. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the GABAergic and peptidergic neuron RIS mediates developmentally timed quiescence. Here, we show RIS functions additionally as a locomotion stop neuron. RIS optogenetic stimulation caused acute and persistent inhibition of locomotion and pharyngeal pumping, phenotypes requiring FLP-11 neuropeptides and GABA. RIS photoactivation allows the animal to maintain its body posture by sustaining muscle tone, yet inactivating motor neuron oscillatory activity. During locomotion, RIS axonal Ca2+ signals revealed functional compartmentalization: Activity in the nerve ring process correlated with locomotion stop, while activity in a branch correlated with induced reversals. GABA was required to induce, and FLP-11 neuropeptides were required to sustain locomotion stop. RIS attenuates neuronal activity and inhibits movement, possibly enabling sensory integration and decision making, and exemplifies dual use of one cell across development in a compact nervous system.
Broadband on-chip single-photon spectrometer
Authors: Cheng Risheng , Zou Chang-Ling , Guo Xiang , Wang Sihao , Han Xu , Tang Hong X.
Published: September 2019

Single-photon counters are single-pixel binary devices that click upon the absorption of a photon but obscure its spectral information, whereas resolving the color of detected photons has been in critical demand for frontier astronomical observation, spectroscopic imaging and wavelength division multiplexed quantum communications. Current implementations of single-photon spectrometers either consist of bulky wavelength-scanning components or have limited detection channels, preventing parallel detection of broadband single photons with high spectral resolutions. Here, we present the first broadband chip-scale single-photon spectrometer covering both visible and infrared wavebands spanning from 600 nm to 2000 nm. The spectrometer integrates an on-chip dispersive echelle grating with a single-element propagating superconducting nanowire detector of ultraslow-velocity for mapping the dispersed photons with high spatial resolutions. The demonstrated on-chip single-photon spectrometer features small device footprint, high robustness with no moving parts and meanwhile offers more than 200 equivalent wavelength detection channels with further scalability.