bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Context for eHealth Development in the Philippines: A Work in Progress from 1997 to 2020
Authors: Lu Jinky Leilanie , Marcelo Portia Grace F.
Published: September 2021

Introduction. eHealth is described by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for health. The use of eHealth closes the gaps in terms of geographical barriers, time constraints, lack of healthcare professionals in healthcare and service delivery. This study is important as it provides the current landscape and status of eHealth in the Philippines. Hence, policymakers, program implementors as well as other stakeholders, including the public, will be able to know which eHealth and telemedicine services and products are available in various sectors of society, either private or government, what are the existing gaps in eHealth, and the trajectory in the future based on the guide of the World Health Organization - International Telecommunication Union (WHO-ITU).

Objectives. The objectives of the study are 1) to provide a landscape of eHealth in the Philippines since its start in the country; 2) to identify programs, services, and technology innovations implemented in the country on eHealth and telemedicine; and 3) to identify Philippine systems that correspond to the eHealth components laid out by WHO-ITU for a successful implementation of eHealth at a national level.

Methods. We conducted an extensive review of the literature and key informant interviews with eHealth experts in the Philippines. The literature review covered research and studies, gray literature, peer-reviewed journals, databases, and government statistics. The years covered in this study span a total of 24 years from 1997, which is the beginning of the information management system as an institutional approach in the country, to 2020. The assessment tool was based on the framework provided by the WHO-ITU on the context for eHealth development.

Results. The National Telehealth Center (NTHC) of the Philippines began with projects for 1) eLearning, 2) eMedicine, 3) eRecords, 4) eHealth Policy and Advocacy, and 5) eSurveillance. Telemedicine services are now being offered by hospitals in the country. This shows eHealth services, in general, and telemedicine are being utilized in not only targeting the poor, but also in giving faster, more efficient, and equally effective virtual health services to the general public, even the private-pay patients.

Conclusion. The sustainability of eHealth in the Philippines still depends on the national effort to institutionalize an eHealth structure and eHealth system where the various components are interrelated.
Analysis of Human Error as a Factor in Road Crash in Metro Manila (2005-2015)
Authors: Lu Sophia Francesca D. , Lu Jinky Leilanie
Published: September 2021

Introduction. In the Philippines, data on road traffic injuries show that road injury is the 11th leading cause of premature deaths in the Philippines. The World Health Organization estimates that 1.24 million die globally due to road traffic crashes.

Objectives. This study aimed to show the trend of the road crash situation in Metro Manila, Philippines, over eleven years (2005–2015) and to analyze human error and other associated hazard factors for road crashes.

Methods. This study is a secondary analysis of an 11-year database culled from 2005–2015, for Metro Manila, Philippines. The variables included road crash classification, incidence over months and time of the day, road crash disaggregated by location, region, and city, and type of vehicle. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the incidence of a road crash, road crash fatalities, and risk factors associated with a road crash in Metro Manila.

Results. The incidence of road crashes in Metro Manila has increased from 65,111 in 2005 to 95,615 in 2015. Fatalities also increased from 348 to 536. The most predominant type of vehicle involved in road crashes were cars from 46% to 67%, followed by jeepneys, vans, and motorcycles. The most commonly reported human errors were speeding, inattentive and bad turning. The reported percentage of speeding from 2005–2010 ranged between 32% and 58%. In 2014, speeding (96%) was the most reported human error among the other reported errors; such as inattentiveness (range, 28 to 41%) and bad turning (0.6% and 33%). Fatigue and traffic violation made up 0.02% to 0.45% of the reported human factors of road crash-related hospitalization cases in Metro Manila for the period. Suspected alcohol use accounted for 0.04% to 4.57% of the human errors reported. For non-fatal and fatal crashes, the associated human errors were suspected alcohol use, inattentiveness, and speeding. The highest adjusted residual for both fatal and non-fatal (injurious) crashes was for inattentiveness. Human error was associated with years, suggesting that for some years, the number of crashes caused by human errors is significantly higher than expected. Alcohol-suspected crashes are significantly higher than expected for 2005 and 2011, with 2011 having the highest adjusted residual. Inattentiveness-caused crashes were significantly higher than expected for years 2005 to 2010, with 2007 having the highest adjusted residual. Bad turning was significantly higher from 2005 to 2007; while disobedience was significantly higher for 2005 to 2008. Speeding was significantly higher than expected from 2005 to 2010.

Conclusion. There is a need to address the public health concern posed by road crashes in Metro Manila, as well as to rectify the ergonomically related risk factors and human error components in a road crash.
Estrategias Psicoconductuales en la Consulta Odontopediátrica
Authors:   Asociación Latinoamericana de Odontopediatría ALOP, Aime de Bilbao Annadinin , Figueroa de Garzon Morella , Sogbe de Agell Rosemary
Published: September 2021

El Odontopediatra debe cuidar las intervenciones psicológicas que realiza en su ejercicio profesional porque en primer lugar, trata un material humano delicado: el niño y el adolescente, al que debe proteger de situaciones traumáticas, y, en segundo lugar, trata a los padres quienes pueden sentir ansiedad ante el tratamiento de su hijo. Aplicar un pluralismo de intervenciones terapéuticas en donde predomine el conocimiento, comprensión, sentido común y la intención de mantener relaciones interpersonales gratificantes, es lo que garantizará el éxito. Este libro está dirigido a Odontopediatras, estudiantes de Odontopediatría, Odontólogos, estudiantes de Odontología y todos aquellos profesionales de la salud quienes tienen en sus manos cuidar la salud bucal y el bienestar de los niños. El objetivo es plantear de una forma amena y de simple comprensión todas las herramientas que permiten un abordaje positivo para lograr una consulta Odontopediátrica exitosa, manteniendo la motivación y actitudes positivas del niño y su entorno familiar hacia el cuidado de la salud bucal.
İnfodemik Dünya: Sağlık Habercilerinin Pandemi Sürecinde İnfodemiye İlişkin Tespit ve Önerileri
Authors: PAKKAN Şükran
Published: September 2021

Covid-19 salgını; geleneksel medya araçları ve sosyal medya platformlarında yanlış ve yanıltıcı bilgi fırtınası yaratmakla kalmamış, kitle iletişim araçları aracılığıyla doğru bilgiye ulaşmak için güvenilir sistemlere ihtiyaç duyulduğunu bir kez daha belirgin olarak ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre, kontrolsüz, eksik ve yanlış bilgilerin Covid-19 virüsünden daha hızlı yayılmasına neden olan infodemik ortam, psikolojik paniğe, yanıltıcı tıbbi tavsiyelere ve sosyal medyada dramatik bir yapısal bozulmaya neden olmuştur.

Pandemi süreci, gerçekle ilgisi olmayan söylentilerin ve yanlış bilgilerin virüsle yarışırcasına hızla ilerlemesi nedeniyle, gazetecilikte sağlık gibi önemli alanlarda uzmanlaşmanın ve kriz yönetiminin önemini bir kez daha ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu makale infodeminin salgın sürecine etkisine odaklanarak uzman sağlık gazetecileri perspektifinden bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Medyanın pandemi haberciliğine nasıl yaklaştığını belirleme noktasında bu çalışmayı gerekli kılan sorun, Covid-19'un ortaya çıkışı ile, bütün dünyayı etkisi altına alan krizin medyadaki çerçevesinin sorunu hafifletmeye (ya da tırmandırmaya) nasıl etkili olduğu ve sağlık gazeteciği etik kriterlerinin ele alınıp alınmadığı sorularında gizlidir.

Bilgi tüketim alışkanlıkları ve medyanın haber üretim süreçlerinin analiz edilmesi amacıyla yürütülen çalışma kapsamında, ulusal medyada görev yapan kıdemli sağlık gazetecileri ile görüşülmüştür. Çalışma gazetecilerin salgın sırasında yalan haber ve bilgi üretimi konusundaki deneyim, gözlem ve endişelerini ortaya koymaları açısından önemlidir. Sağlık gazetecileri yanlış bilgilerin “nasıl” üretildiğini, bu bilgilerin yayılmasında “kim”lerin etkili olduğunu, “neden” yayıldığını ortaya koymakta, infodemiyle mücadele için resmi mecralar, medya ve okurlar için önerilerini sunmaktadırlar.

Çalışma ile, bilime dayalı ve objektif haberciliğin post-truth hakikat çağında her zamankinden çok daha önemli olduğu gerçeğini kanıtlamakta, yanlış bilgi ve komplo teorilerinin medya aracılığıyla toplumun geniş kesimlerine erişmesinin önüne geçilmesi amacıyla öneriler ortaya koymaktadır.
Gramaticalização, variação, multifuncionalidade e tudo: circunscrição da variável discursivo-pragmática e tal
Authors: Tavares Maria Alice , Duarte Ana Clarissa Viana
Published: September 2021

À luz de uma interface variação-gramaticalização, os objetivos deste estudo são: (i) descrever e exemplificar duas das estratégias que podem ser adotadas para a delimitação de uma variável linguística – a perspectiva da variação estrita e a perspectiva de percurso de gramaticalização; (ii) aplicar a perspectiva de percurso de gramaticalização à delimitação de uma variável discursivo-pragmática, a extensão geral. Essa variável pode ser considerada um macrodomínio funcional que agrega formas cujas funções são provenientes de um processo de gramaticalização que se desenvolveu entre dois microdomínios. Os extensores gerais tomados como variantes são E TAL e E TUDO. Os dados foram extraídos do Banco de Dados FALA-Natal. Mostramos que variáveis discursivo-pragmáticas podem ser circunscritas em consonância com a perspectiva de percurso de gramaticalização, mais especificamente aquela que leva em conta a distinção entre macro e microdomínios funcionais. A aplicação dessa estratégia para dar conta da multifuncionalidade de formas discursivo-pragmáticas permite um tratamento uniforme à variação em todos os níveis da língua.
O pretérito perfeito composto em português: uma análise de funções e valores marcados pela leitura iterativa ou durativa
Authors: Bittencourt Diana Reis de
Published: September 2021

Neste estudo, discutimos a semântica do pretérito perfeito composto (PPC), a partir das leituras de pluralidade que nele se pode obter, distribuídas em iterativa ou durativa, em razão da característica de cada predicado verbal. Apontamos ainda que essas leituras afastam o PPC de uma competição funcional com o pretérito simples na sincronia, refletindo uma situação linguística divergente da diacrônica, em que o pretérito composto alcançava valores que se aproximavam mais da expressão do pretérito simples. Assim, a contribuição da análise não está na investigação e apontamento das diferentes funções das duas formas de pretérito, mas sobretudo em retratar a caracterização semântica do PPC contemporâneo também como resultado da competição funcional entre as diferentes leituras do PPC ao longo de sua história: a leitura resultativa e as leituras de pluralidade que foram se estabelecendo em sua trajetória, conforme descreve Becker (2016). Do mesmo modo, a discussão proposta busca contribuir destacando a complexidade em se traçar uma definição única e rigorosa para esse tempo verbal. Dessa forma, buscamos desenvolver uma análise qualitativa com enfoque semântico, que toma como fundamentação principal a descrição de Ilari (2001) para esse tempo verbal e situa ainda as definições do perfeito a partir de Comrie (1976), Klein (1992) e Kiparsky (2005). Para tanto, os dados do Corpus do Português (CdP) são utilizados como um recurso para identificarmos as várias leituras do PPC. Nessa perspectiva, justifica-se a incompletude de descrições a partir de um valor semântico único para o PPC, posto que esse se configura de modo diferente em cada predicado que transita, de forma similar a uma expressão de quantificação. Por fim, a partir dessa caracterização semântica, propomos possíveis funções discursivas para a forma, em razão da repetição inferida na expressão do evento denotado pelo PPC. Como apontamento final, sublinhamos a forte presença da leitura durativa associado ao PPC a partir do século XIX, que pode ter sido o fator decisivo no afastamento das funções entre as formas simples e compostas de pretérito, o que está de acordo também com os resultados de Becker (2016, 2020) e Barbosa (2008).
A contribuição de Edair Maria Görski para a descrição de marcadores discursivos do português falado em Florianópolis
Authors: Snichelotto Claudia Andrea Rost , Mago Diane Dal
Published: September 2021

Neste artigo reunimos uma compilação de trabalhos orientados pela professora Edair Maria Görski, notadamente que tratam da descrição de marcadores discursivos derivados de diferentes categorias gramaticais, como formas verbais (sabe? e entendeu? olha, veja, vê e quer dizer), reduções frasais (tá?), adjetivos (certo? e bom) e advérbios (bem). A partir da confluência entre a perspectiva teórica da Sociolinguística Variacionista e da Linguística Funcional norte-americana, centramos nossa análise nos resultados dos estudos que investigaram a multifuncionalidade e a variação dos MDs a partir de quatro amostras sincrônicas de fala do português da região Sul do Brasil, provenientes do Banco de Dados do Projeto Interinstitucional VARSUL (Variação Linguística Urbana na Região Sul do Brasil) da cidade de Florianópolis, apesar de certas diferenças metodológicas. De modo geral, as quatro amostras do VARSUL/Florianópolis coletaram 2689 dados de marcadores discursivos, dentre os quais os de base verbal, até este momento, foram os mais investigados nas pesquisas. Os resultados das amostras sincrônicas investigadas apontaram variação e tendência de uso das formas.
Entrevista com a professora Edair Maria Görski, nossa homenageada
Authors: Valle Carla Regina Martins , Snichelotto Cláudia Andrea Rost , Görski Edair Maria
Published: September 2021

Coube a nós a desafiadora tarefa de entrevistar a professora Edair Maria Görski, nossa orientadora de mestrado e doutorado, parceira de publicações, projetos e eventos e homenageada nesta edição da revista Working Papers em Linguística. Procuramos lançar questionamentos que levassem a professora Edair a rememorar sua jornada como pesquisadora e que possibilitassem uma retomada dos principais temas que foram e são objeto de seu interesse. Entendemos que as respostas concedidas pela professora refletem sua sólida carreira na UFSC e seu olhar para a língua em uso, que integra multifuncionalidade, variação e mudança, considerando aspectos sociais, identitários/estilísticos e culturais constitutivos das línguas.
Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, cultured in the Tieshangang Bay of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi Province, China
Authors: Lim Leong-Seng Leong-Seng , Liew Kit-Shing , Yap Tzuen-Kiat , Tan Nai-Han , Shi Cheng-Kai
Published: September 2021

Tieshangang Bay in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi of China, is a strategic location for pearl farming. Although water pollution has been reported in this bay but the general health of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, farmed there has never been assessed. The present study examined the condition of P. fucata martensii farmed in the Tieshangang Bay by analyzing its length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor (RCF). A total of 111 specimens were sampled for measuring their shell height and total weight for determining the LWR and RCF. The coefficient of correlation of the LWR was high (R2 = 0.93), significant at 0.01 level. Negative allometric growth (b = 2.7048) was observed. However, P. fucata martensii achieved the expected growth in terms of weight, as determined through the RCF (mean 1.13). Negative allometric growth is commonly reported on the wild Pinctada spp. collected from different regions. Apparently, the water pollution in the Tieshangang Bay did not compromise the general health of the pearl oyster cultured there. Nevertheless, further study on the farm’s surrounding water quality and plankton availability is necessary to investigate the interaction between the growth of the oyster and its culture environment. In conclusion, the P. fucata martensii farmed in the Tieshangang Bay was considered healthy and the bay is still suitable for pearl oyster farming.
A comparative analysis of the effect of low-cost fish and commercially compounded feed on growth performance and organoleptic quality of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) in cage farming in Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and nutritional costs
Authors: Chor Wei Kang , Andin Victor Charlie , Gopalakrishnan Chitra Devi , Amer Amierah , Mohamed Shaheera , Matsumoto Hiroyoshi , Lim Leong Seng
Published: September 2021

A 25-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the growth performance, organoleptic quality, and to estimate the viability of nourishing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) with low-cost fish (LCF) and commercially compound feed (CCF). A group of 3600 juvenile fish (182g) were released in four sea cages and fed with either LCF or CCF in duplicate. At the end of the trial, the hybrid grouper provided LCF attained a significantly higher (P<0.05) final body weight (971.00±24.04g) than those fed with CCF (838.50±17.68g). While the estimated feed cost of hybrid grouper fed with LCF (RM7.84 ± 0.45) was lower than those fed with CCF (RM9.28 ± 0.37), no significant difference was found in the fish survival and there was no clear bias in consumer preferences for either fish fed with LCF or CCF (P>0.05). Although technicalities of fish fed with LCF suggest that LCF is more efficient than CCF, feeding LCF to high-value fish is an unsustainable practice as LCF is usually obtained through trawling – a destructive fishing method for the marine ecosystem. Therefore, feeding with CCF without the use of LCF as the source of protein for its fishmeal will contribute to sustainable aquaculture. In order to convince the local farmers in Sabah to adopt the practice of feeding CCF, future research should focus on completing the species-specific diet formulation to promote optimum growth, and find ways to reduce the CCF local selling price.
Advances in the use of photoheterotrophic, mixotrophic and multi-trophic systems in marine shrimp farming
Authors: Moraes Laenne Barbara Silva de , GÃ¡lvez Alfredo Olivera
Published: September 2021

The growth of aquaculture can cause different environmental impacts, from the use of large amounts of water to the excessive release of effluent. Shrimp farming can be done in different systems: extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and super-intensive. Extensive systems with low productivity (<500 kg ha-1 year-1), exhibit low technological levels and less control of environmental conditions. The semi-intensive system requires food supplementation, reasonable natural productivity, biomas yield of 3,000 - 5,000 kg ha-1 year-1) and water change (5 to 10 % day-1). To increase production, different culture systems are used, such as photoheterotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic, with minimal water exchange (0.5 to 3 % day-1), providing greater biomass yield (intensive 10 to 20 ton ha-1 cycle-1 and super-intensive 20 up to 40 ton ha-1 cycle-1). These can be developed in nursery or grow-out tanks, but with high operating costs, high technological levels, disease control and better control of environmental conditions. However, intensive and super-intensive systems accumulate nitrogen, phosphorus and solid waste that can be transformed into biomass in multi-trophic aquaculture systems. In this review, we will discuss the effects of these systems on water quality and productivity of marine shrimp. The photoheterotrophic, mixotrophic and multi-trophic systems are interesting alternatives to the photoautotrophic systems in shrimp production, demonstrated by the higher zootechnical performance, as well as the environmental quality, since these models promote the minimum exchange of water and the transformation of nutrient residues in biomass.
Evolution of Handloom Weaving Activity in India
Authors:   Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim., Faruque Saddam , Islam Bodrul ,   Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim.
Published: September 2021

This paper seeks to place the evolution of handloom weaving activity and its current scenario in Indian economy. Though the handloom weaving of India had a glorious past, the colonial regime shattered the hand spinning culture of traditional handloom sector of India and forced the country as the supplier of raw materials to Britain. Factory-made cheap cloths had replaced the Indian hand-woven fabrics within the country, and weavers lost their employment due to the shutdown of handloom units. Despite such adversity of handloom sector, Indian artisans had stood the test of time and had kept this great craft alive. The phasing out of the MFA has placed India in an advantageous position in international market for handloom.
Causes of Delay for Construction Projects
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering ,Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore -14., C Shankar , K Saranya ,   Department of Civil Engineering ,Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-22., G Podipara Col Jacob ,   Department of Civil Engineering ,Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-14., Srinithee V S ,   Department of Civil Engineering , Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-14.
Published: September 2021

Delay can be delay can be defined as the extra time required or incurred either beyond the stipulated completion date or beyond the date that the project stakeholders agreed upon for the completion of the project. The various effects of delay include time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, Total abandonment, Litigation, Arbitration. The objective this study is to review various journals on causes of delay for construction projects. Hence in this paper a number journals are summarized and suggestion for reducing delay in construction is given.
ԱՆՁՆԱՅԻՆԻ ԵՎ ՎԵՐԱՆՁՆԱՅԻՆԻ ԵՐԿՎՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ՀԱՅԿԱԿԱՆ ԷԹՆՈՀՈԳԵԲԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԱՎԱՆԴՈՒՅԹՆԵՐՈՒՄ / THE DILEMMA OF THE PERSONAL AND THE TRANSPERSONAL IN THE TRADITIONS OF ARMENIAN ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY
Authors: DEMIRTSHYAN MOVSES
Published: September 2021

The article examines two levels of thinking and human activity -
personal and transpersonal. It is argued, that for personal activity "everyday
life" is the most favorable, and the more it is rooted in the socio-cultural
model of life of a given society, the more it affects other types of relations and
spheres of social life - economy, politics, upbringing, education, etc. The
transpersonal is formed in the human psyche on the basis of the personal as
a necessary requirement for further development. But when the
transpersonal does not come naturally from the personal and is not the result
of its development, then it (transpersonal) is artificially implanted from the
outside through upbringing, education or ideology. In this case, in the mental
system of the individual, the personal, figuratively speaking, is oppressed,
limited by the transpersonal (national, religious, moral or other ideas and
phenomena), which ultimately can lead to deindividualization of a person.
This tendency is peculiarly expressed in the ethnopsychology of the
Armenians, which was formed in many respects in a foreign cultural
environment and, as a result, became a "hostage" of the narrowest sphere of
human being - everyday life. It is the most favorable for the personal level of
thinking and human activity, which can explain individualism and the
collectivism in the ethnopsychology of the Amenians, which does not go
beyond the framework of everyday - family, friendship - relations. For further
transpersonal development of a person a qualitative transition in thinking
from ideology to worldview, from dogmatism to critical rationalism is
required, which is almost impossible within the framework of the dominant
everyday social and cultural model of life organization. This means that the
dominant everyday relations are transferred to many spheres of social life -
politics, economics, education, etc., and the vacuum in the transpersonal
sphere of the human psyche in the process of upbringing, education and
socialization is filled with some historical, national, religious and other
narratives, that have little meaningful connection with the everyday life and, in
total, depress, limit the personal development of a person.
Analytical approximation of cross sections of collisions of electrons with atoms of inert gases
Authors: Golyatina Rusudan , Maiorov Sergei
Published: September 2021

The paper presents an analysis of data on the cross sections of elastic and inelastic collisions of electrons with noble gas atoms. The transport (diffusion) cross sec-tion, the excitation and ionization cross sections are considered. For the selected sets of experimental and theoretical data, optimal analytical formulas are found and approximation coefficients are selected for them. The obtained semi-empirical formulas allow us to reproduce the cross section values in a wide range of colli-sion energies from 0.001 to 10000 eV with an accuracy of several percent.
Study of electric currents excitation in the plasma of the L-2M stellarator with its electronic cyclotronic creation and heating
Authors: Grebenshchikov Stanislav , Vasilkov Dmitriy , Ivanov Vyacheslav , Sarksyan Karen , Tereshchenko Maksim , Kharchev Nikolay
Published: September 2021

The results of measuring the longitudinal electric current excited in the toroidal plasma of the L-2M stellarator as a result of powerful pulsed microwave heating (power up to 600 kW, pulse duration up to 20 ms) are presented. In the experi-ments, to create and heat plasma in the stellarator, microwave radiation of gyro-trons with a frequency of 75 GHz, equal to the frequency of the 2nd harmonic of electron cyclotron resonance for a magnetic field with induction B = 1.34 T at the center of the plasma column, was used. To measure the currents in the plasma, di-agnostic systems of the stellarator were used, designed to record changes in time of the transverse and poloidal magnetic fields. It is shown that the presence of an ohmic heating iron transformer in the stellarator design significantly affects the temporal development of equilibrium currents due to the significant inductance of the toroidal plasma. When compensating the inductance of these devices, the ex-pected value of the current excited in the plasma can reach a value of about 7 kA.
The discharge initiation in vacuum gap by moderate intensity optical range radiation
Authors: Davydov Sergei , Dolgov Alexander , Katorov Alekcey , Revazov Vladislav , Yakubov Rustam
Published: September 2021

The hypothesis of discharge initiation in vacuum gap by optical range radiation based on previously obtained experimental data. During the laser pulse interaction with electrode erosion products the glow discharge has ignited. In result of ioniza-tion-overheating instability the discharge has had current channel contraction and has transferred to arc. The dependences of material of target thermo dynamical parameters on the minimal and threshold laser pulse energy have demonstrated. The threshold laser pulse energy – the energy which enough to effective impact on the laser plasma.
Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities: A 2021 Update
Authors: Banerjee Srabani , Gunn Holly , Spry Carolyn
Published: September 2021

The relevant publications identified comprised 1 overview of systematic reviews and 2 systematic reviews.

There is a suggestion that for seniors living in long-term care facilities, compared to control, vitamin D supplementation, with or without calcium, may reduce the rate of falls and fractures; however, the reductions were not always statistically significant.

There were no statistically significant differences in the number of seniors who fell with vitamin D supplementation, with or without calcium, compared with control groups.

Findings need to be interpreted with caution, considering the limitations such as primary studies of variable quality (critically low to moderate) and lack of clarity with respect to the type of long-term care setting.

No cost-effectiveness studies regarding vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of falls and fractures in elderly patients residing in long-term care facilities were identified.

No evidence-based guidelines regarding vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of falls and fractures in elderly patients residing in long-term care facilities were identified.
Harm Reduction Interventions to Prevent Overdose Deaths
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Overdose deaths have been occurring at high rates in many parts of Canada. From January 2016 (when national surveillance began) to March 2019, an estimated 12,800 Canadians died of an opioid overdose.1 In addition to opioid-related harms, stimulants such as methamphetamine have re-emerged in some regions and are also contributing to the current rise in overdose deaths.

COVID-19 has resulted in a more compromised illicit drug supply, and those who use drugs have had limited access to formal and informal supports because of public health measures regarding physical distancing. As a result, overdose deaths have increased during the pandemic.

Harm reduction approaches provide a mechanism to prevent overdose deaths and have additional health and public safety benefits. The current crisis has been exacerbated by COVID-19; therefore, it is an appropriate time to consider the entire continuum of harm reduction approaches available to reduce preventable overdose deaths.

People with lived experience of drug use should be meaningfully included in policy discussions about harm reduction and overdose prevention interventions. This would enhance the person-centredness of programs and ensure they are reflective of the lived realities of those who use drugs.

Although societal attitudes about drug use are changing, harm reduction interventions remain politically contentious. Countering stigma, being prepared to engage with community concerns, and clearly articulating that harm reduction services are intended to complement and not replace drug treatment are all important in enhancing public understanding of harm reduction.
Dupilumab (Dupixent)
Authors: Reimbursement Team
Published: September 2021

CADTH reimbursement reviews are comprehensive assessments of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, as well as patient and clinician perspectives, of a drug or drug class.
The assessments inform non-binding recommendations that help guide the reimbursement decisions of Canada's federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the exception of Quebec.
This review assesses dupilumab (Dupixent), 200 mg or 300 mg, single use syringe, solution for subcutaneous injection.
Indication: As add-on maintenance treatment in patients aged 12 years and older with severe asthma with a type 2/eosinophilic phenotype or oral corticosteroid–dependent asthma
Reimbursement request: For patients with type 2 or eosinophilic asthma characterized by the following:

2 or more clinically significant asthma exacerbations in the last 12 months and

blood eosinophils ≥ 150 cells/µL, or
fractional exhaled nitric oxide ≥ 25 parts per billion, or
treatment with maintenance oral corticosteroids, or
clinically allergen-driven asthma.
Family Structure and Adolescent Victimization in Finland: Investigating the Stepfamily as a Source of Risk
Authors: Savolainen Jukka
Published: September 2021

Sociological research on family structure suggests that living in a stepfamily may constitute an important risk factor for a number of outcomes of adolescent well-being. In our data, the prevalence of violent victimization is significantly higher among children from stepfamilies than among those living in either single parent or intact two-parent families. In an effort to develop an explanation for the stepfamily effect, we draw on two theoretical perspectives, the stress-conflict model and evolutionary psychology. The mediating variables derived from the stress-conflict model explain a meaningful share of the increased risk associated with stepfamily status. By contrast, our research finds little support for the assumptions of evolutionary psychology.
Toxicologia: uma abordagem multidisciplinar – Volume II
Authors: Bachur Tatiana Paschoalette Rodrigues
Published: September 2021

Desde os períodos mais remotos, nas civilizações primitivas, substâncias presentes na natureza eram utilizadas para fins diversos, como a caça e extermínio de inimigos. Com a evolução da humanidade, muitos esforços têm sido feitos para o avanço no conhecimento acerca do uso seguro de substâncias presentes em diversos contextos da vida, através da identificação e caracterização do potencial tóxico e das condições de exposição a estas substâncias que podem repercutir em perigo para os seres vivos. Deste modo, o objetivo principal destes avanços consiste em prevenir agravos relacionados ao contato ou exposição com substâncias potencialmente tóxicas. Em nosso cotidiano, estamos constantemente expostos a potenciais agentes tóxicos, mesmo que não percebamos, a exemplo dos medicamentos, alimentos, substâncias presentes nos meios ocupacional e ambiental, além das substâncias produzidas e usadas intencionalmente por exercer atividades tóxicas no organismo, como as drogas de abusos lícitas e ilícitas. Assim, a Toxicologia surge como a ciência que, em suas diferentes áreas de atuação, busca compreender a natureza, os mecanismos das ações tóxicas e as alterações biológicas resultantes da exposição de um organismo vivo a diferentes substâncias químicas. No contexto da saúde humana, o papel principal desta ciência é a avaliação de risco e o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas e corretivas para a utilização segura destas substâncias pelo homem. O estudo acerca de acidentes por animais peçonhentos também se enquadra no escopo da Toxicologia. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) estima que ocorrem 5 milhões de acidentes por picada de serpente por ano, resultando em 2,5 milhões de envenenamentos e em, pelo menos, 100.000 mortes. Portanto, tanto as intoxicações exógenas como os envenenamentos por animais peçonhentos correspondem a relevantes situações de risco à saúde que requerem atendimento especializado, constituindo um sério problema sanitário mundial. De modo agudo, as intoxicações e envenenamentos ocorrem em diversos contextos, como intenção suicida, acidentes, abuso de substâncias, prescrições médicas equivocadas, dentre outros. Porém, também a exposição crônica a substâncias com potencial tóxico pode desencadear consequências deletérias ao organismo a longo prazo, a exemplo da mutagênese e da carcinogênese. Este cenário requer a formação aaaaa LLLLLLLLLIIIII de profissionais de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, especialmente da área da saúde, com visão integrada, multidisciplinar e abrangente sobre Toxicologia. Neste contexto, a proposta da obra “Toxicologia: uma abordagem multidisciplinar” é trazer, ao leitor, estudos que contemplam as diversas áreas da Toxicologia demonstrando o impacto de diferentes tipos de substâncias sobre a saúde humana. Boa leitura!
UPAYA PENINGKATAN MINAT DAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA DENGAN MENERAPKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) DI KELAS XII.MIPA.2 SMAN 3 MUARO JAMBI TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: GINTING HERMINA FLORIA BR
Published: September 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan dari minat dan prestasi belajar Matematika siswa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) di kelas XII.MIPA.2 SMA Negeri 3 Muaro Jambi Provinsi Jambi pada semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2018/2019 pada pokok bahasan Matrik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelas XII.MIPA.2 di SMA Negeri 3 Muaro Jambi Provinsi Jambi pada semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2018/2019 yang terdiri dari 36 siswa. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ini terdiri dari dua siklus. Tiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Hasil analisis minat belajar siswa pada siklus I dengan minat tinggi 25 % dan minat rendah 41.67%. Adapun prestasi belajar siswa yang sudah mencapai KKM pada siklus I mencapai 61.12%. Pada siklus II hasil analisis mengalami peningkatan, yakni minat belajar tinggi naik menjadi 47.22 % dan minat belajar rendah turun sebesar 22.22%. Prestasi belajar pada siklus II mengalami kenaikan, siswa yang sudah mencapai KKM menjadi sebesar 80.55%. Hal ini menunjukkan hasil dari penelitian bahwa pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) dapat meningkatkan minat dan prestasi belajar siswa kelas XII.MIPA.2 semester ganjil di SMA Negeri 3 Muaro Jambi Provinsi Jambi pada tahun pelajaran 2018/2019.
Redistribution of total reactive nitrogen in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere during the cold winter 2015/2016
Authors: Ziereis Helmut , Hoor Peter , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Zahn Andreas , Stratmann Greta , Stock Paul , Lichtenstern Michael , Krause Jens , Afchine Armin , Rolf Christian , Woiwode Wolfgang , Braun Marleen , Ungermann Jörn , Marsing Andreas , Voigt Christiane , Engel Andreas , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Oelhaf Hermann
Published: September 2021

Abstract. During winter 2015/2016 the Arctic stratosphere was characterized by extraordinarily low temperatures in connection with the occurrence of extensive polar stratospheric clouds. From mid of December 2015 until mid of March 2016 the German research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and Long–Range Research Aircraft) was deployed to probe the lowermost stratosphere in the Arctic region within the POLSTRACC (Polar Stratosphere in a Changing Climate) mission. More than twenty flights have been conducted out of Kiruna/Sweden and Oberpfaffenhofen/Germany, covering the whole winter period. Besides total reactive nitrogen (NOy), observations of nitrous oxide, nitric acid, ozone and water were used for this study. Total reactive nitrogen and its partitioning between gas- and particle phase are key parameters for understanding processes controlling the ozone budget in the polar winter stratosphere. The redistribution of total reactive nitrogen was evaluated by using tracer–tracer correlations. In January air masses with extensive nitrification were encountered at altitudes between 12 and 15 km. The excess NOy amounted up to about 6 ppb. During several flights, along with gas–phase nitrification, indications for extensive occurrence of nitric acid containing particles at flight altitude were found. These observations support the assumption of sedimentation and subsequent evaporation of nitric acid containing particles leading to redistribution of total reactive nitrogen. Remnants of nitrified air masses have been observed until mid of March. Between end of February and mid of March also de-nitrified air masses have been observed in connection with high potential temperatures. Using tracer–tracer correlations, missing total reactive nitrogen was estimated to amount up to 6 ppb. This indicates the downward transport of air masses that have been denitrified during the earlier winter phase. Observations within POLSTRACC, at the bottom of the vortex, reflect heterogeneous processes from the overlying Arctic winter stratosphere. The comparison of the observations with CLaMS model simulations confirm and complete the picture arising from the present measurements. The simulations confirm, that the ensemble of all observations is representative for the vortex–wide vertical NOy-redistribution.
Two- and three-dimensional structures of the descent of mesospheric trace constituents after the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming elevated stratopause event
Authors: Siskind David E. , Harvey V. Lynn , Sassi Fabrizio , McCormack John P. , Randall Cora E. , Hervig Mark E. , Bailey Scott M.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. We use the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended (SD-WACCMX) to
model the descent of nitric oxide (NO) and other mesospheric tracers in the extended, elevated stratopause
phase of the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). The dynamics are specified with a high-altitude version of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM-HA). Consistent with our earlier published results, we find that using a high-altitude meteorological analysis to nudge WACCMX allows for a realistic simulation of the descent
of lower-thermospheric nitric oxide down to the lower mesosphere, near 60 km. This is important because these simulations only included auroral electrons and did not consider additional sources of NO from higher-energy
particles that might directly
produce ionization, and hence nitric oxide, below 80–85 km. This suggests that the
so-called energetic particle
precipitation indirect effect (EPP-IE) can be accurately simulated, at least in years of low geomagnetic
activity, such as 2013, without the need for additional NO production, provided the meteorology is accurately
constrained. Despite the general success of WACCMX in bringing upper-mesospheric NO down to 55–60 km, a detailed comparison
of the WACCMX fields with the analyzed NAVGEM-HA H2O and satellite NO and H2O data from the Solar
Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform
Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)
reveals significant differences in the latitudinal and longitudinal distributions
at lower altitudes.
This stems from the tendency for WACCMX descent to maximize at sub-polar latitudes, and while such sub-polar descent is seen in the NAVGEM-HA analysis, it is more transient than in the WACCMX simulation. These differences
are linked to differences in the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) circulation between NAVGEM-HA and WACCMX, most likely arising from differences in how gravity wave forcing is represented.
To attempt to compensate for the differing distributions
of model vs. observed NO and to enable us to quantify the total amount of upper-atmospheric NO delivered to the stratopause region, we use potential vorticity and equivalent latitude coordinates.
Preliminary results suggest both model and observations are generally consistent with NO totals
in the range of 0.1–0.25 gigamoles (GM).
IRIS analyser assessment reveals sub-hourly variability of isotope ratios in carbon dioxide at Baring Head, New Zealand's atmospheric observatory in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Sperlich Peter , Brailsford Gordon W. , Moss Rowena C. , McGregor John , Martin Ross J. , Nichol Sylvia , Mikaloff-Fletcher Sara , Bukosa Beata , Mandic Magda , Schipper Ian , Krummel Paul
Published: September 2021

Abstract. We assess the performance of an Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer (IRIS) to measure carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and report observations from a 26 day field deployment trial at Baring Head, New Zealand, NIWA's atmospheric observatory for Southern Ocean baseline air. Our study describes an operational method to improve the performance in comparison to previous publications on this analytical technique. By using a calibration technique that reflected the principle of identical treatment of sample and reference gases, we achieved a reproducibility of 0.07 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.06 ‰ for δ18O-CO2 over multiple days. This performance is within the "extended compatibility goal" of 0.1 ‰ for both δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2, which was recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) for studies of regional or urban CO2 fluxes. One goal of this study was to assess the capabilities and limitations of the IRIS analyser to resolve δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2 variations under field conditions. Therefore, we selected multiple events within the 26 day record for Keeling Plot Analysis. This resolved the isotopic composition of end members with an uncertainty of ≤ 1 ‰ when the magnitude of CO2 signals is larger than 10 ppm. The uncertainty of the Keeling Plot Analysis strongly increased for smaller CO2 events (2–7 ppm), where the instrument performance is the limiting factor and may only allow for the distinction between very different end members, such as the role of terrestrial versus oceanic carbon cycle processes. Further improvement in measurement performance is desirable to meet the WMO "network compatibility goal" of 0.01 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.05 ‰ for δ18O-CO2, which is needed to resolve the small variability that is typical for background air observatories such as Baring Head.
Spatial patterns of aboveground phytogenic Si stocks in a grass-dominated catchment – results from UAS-based high-resolution remote sensing
Authors: Wehrhan Marc , Puppe Daniel , Kaczorek Danuta , Sommer Michael
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Various studies have been performed to quantify silicon (Si)
stocks in plant biomass and related Si fluxes in terrestrial biogeosystems.
Most studies are deliberately designed on the plot scale to ensure low
heterogeneity in soils and plant composition, hence similar environmental
conditions. Due to the immanent spatial soil variability, the
transferability of results to larger areas, such as catchments, is therefore
limited. However, the emergence of new technical features and increasing
knowledge on details in Si cycling lead to a more complex picture at
landscape and catchment scales. Dynamic and static soil properties change
along the soil continuum and might influence not only the species
composition of natural vegetation but also its biomass distribution and related
Si stocks. Maximum likelihood (ML) classification was applied to
multispectral imagery captured by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) aiming at the
identification of land cover classes (LCCs). Subsequently, the normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ground-based measurements of biomass
were used to quantify aboveground Si stocks in two Si-accumulating plants
(Calamagrostis epigejos and Phragmites australis) in a heterogeneous catchment and related corresponding spatial
patterns of these stocks to soil properties. We found aboveground Si stocks
of C. epigejos and P. australis to be surprisingly high (maxima of Si stocks reach values up to 98 g Si m−2), i.e. comparable to or markedly exceeding reported values
for the Si storage in aboveground vegetation of various terrestrial
ecosystems. We further found spatial patterns of plant aboveground Si stocks
to reflect spatial heterogeneities in soil properties. From our results, we
concluded that (i) aboveground biomass of plants seems to be the main factor
of corresponding phytogenic Si stock quantities, and (ii) a detection of
biomass heterogeneities via UAS-based remote sensing represents a promising
tool for the quantification of lifelike phytogenic Si pools at landscape
scales.