bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eagle Syndrome- An Entity Often Misdiagnosed
Authors: Nayak Puneeth S , Harugop Anil Kumar S , Debnath Paramita , Patil Prashant H
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Throat pain is one of the most common complaints that an otolaryngologist encounters in daily practice, there can be numerous aetiologies to it. Eagle Syndrome is one such entity which is characterized by chronic throat pain due to elongation of the styloid process or mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament. The vague symptomatology of this condition often leads to delayed diagnosis and treatment.

 

 Case Reports

We report 5 cases of Eagle Syndrome. All the patients presented to us with complaints of chronic throat radiating to neck which did not relieve on taking medications, for the same they have been consulting multiple specialities. The diagnosis of Eagle Syndrome was confirmed by palpation in tonsillar fossa and orthopantomogram revealed enlarged styloid process measuring more than 30mm. Upon confirmation, all the 5 patients underwent tonsillo-styloidectomy and on consequent follow ups, they were symptomatically improved.

Discussion

Eagle Syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion and should raise high index of suspicion in patients with nonspecific throat and neck pain not responding to any conservative treatment. With an increasing incidence of side effects following injudicious treatment given in such cases, this condition requires attention, as it a rare entity and often misdiagnosed.
OS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS E A PANDEMIA COVID-19 - O CIDADÃO DEFICIENTE E O TERCEIRO SECTOR
Authors: Rosário Pedro Trovão do
Published: September 2020

Face à situação epidemiológica global havendo todas as fragilidades, inclusivamente as expressas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), sendo esta uma oportunidade de avaliação e melhoria, pondere-se a ação do Estado e a necessidade de recurso ao terceiro sector, ou Instituição Particulares de Solidariedade Social (IPSS), as quais asseguram o cumprimento e a efetivação de direitos fundamentais como o direito à saúde, o direito à educação, à proteção na infância e na terceira idade, sendo essenciais ao cidadão deficiente. Em momentos de crise o terceiro setor (IPSS) é uma economia que se comporta de forma expansionista e em contraciclo, assegurando a concretização de direitos fundamentais. A par, como com o cidadão deficiente, há que aprender com a sua experiência em situação de diversidade constante e potenciar a sua resiliência. Impõe-se uma definição legal clara, longe do livre arbítrio do Estado no papel das IPSS e, no quadro deste estudo, ao modo de proteção dos cidadãos portadores de deficiência, como da generalidade das IPSS em momento de uma crise pandémica onde uma percentagem relevante dos cidadãos se encontram em particular vulnerabilidade.As IPSS, tantas delas centenárias, tantas temáticas, locais ou regionais, numa relação de proximidade com os cidadãos e com as famílias, devem ser protagonistas neste processo de reconstrução da sociedade, onde o Estado assegurará a inclusão da deficiência como um requisito em todas as ações e sistemas COVID-19.
DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO E A PANDEMIA DO COVID-19
Authors: Carneiro Claudio , Vidal Osvaldo Veloso
Published: September 2020

O coronavírus é um inimigo invisível que parou o mundo e provocou um número significativo de mortes e, por isso, vem sendo considerado como a maior crise sanitária do século XXI. A grave pandemia trouxe a reboque uma forte crise socioeconômica que afetou vários setores, entre eles, a educação pública e privada. Dessa forma, nasceu uma demanda crescente por inovação nos currículos e aplicação de novas metodologias, especialmente com o uso de novas tecnologias. Contudo, essa mudança se mostra como um grande desafio que se resume em preparar estudantes e educadores por meio de novos processos de ensino e aprendizagem e, sobretudo, diante da aplicação das tecnologias existentes e das que vierem a ser desenvolvidas para o mundo que se espera pós-pandemia. Esse quadro demonstra o quanto será necessário reformular a estratégia de políticas educacionais e manter um diálogo com diversos atores governamentais e privados. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo busca trazer uma reflexão crítica acerca da ameaça do COVID-19 e as questões que podem interferir no direito à educação, como por exemplo, o distanciamento social, a educação a distância, a tecnologia e a desigualdade social.
A Study on the Conceptual Understanding Level of the Students of Trained and Untrained Physics Teachers
Authors: Mustafa Javed , Shafqatullah Shafqatullah , Hussain Muhammad Athar
Published: September 2020

The study investigated the conceptual understanding level of 10thgrade students of trained and untrained Physics teachers in boys’ secondary schools of district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. The objectives of the study were; (1) to find out the conceptual understanding level of the students of trained Physics teachers; (2) to investigate the conceptual understanding level of the students of untrained Physics teachers; and, (3) to explore the difference between the conceptual understanding levels of the students of trained and untrained teachers of Physics.Descriptive Research Strategy was used. Population of the study was all the 10th grade students of trained and untrained Physics teachers of district Karak. Multistage sampling technique was used and total 400 students were selected randomly as sample of the study. A self-developed test was administered as an instrument for the collection of data. The test covered the contents of physical quantities, properties of matter, force, work, power and energy and gravitation.The results of the study revealed that in the selected contents, the overall conceptual understanding of the students of trained Physics teachers was hardly satisfactory. While the conceptual understanding level of the students of untrained Physics teachers was good. Although there was no vital difference, however, the conceptual understanding level of the students of trained Physics teachers was comparatively poorer than the conceptual understanding level of the students of untrained Physics teachers.
Budownictwo mieszkaniowe
a polityka funkcjonalno-przestrzenna
– wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Borucińska-Bieńkowska Hanna
Published: September 2020

Artykuł omawia wybrane zagadnienia funkcjonalno-przestrzenne dotyczące procesu suburbanizacji. Procesy badane są w okresie transformacji społeczno-gospodarczej Polski. Rozwój samorządności lokalnej i społeczeństwa obywatelskiego oraz urynkowienie procesów gospodarczych przyczyniły się między innymi do przekształcania terenów gmin wiejskich graniczących z dużymi miastami. Analizowano wybrane zjawiska społeczne oraz przestrzenne dotyczące funkcji mieszkaniowych zarówno
w mieście, jak i na terenach wiejskich. Struktura funkcjonalna, a także przestrzenna obszarów mieszkaniowych gmin charakteryzuje się przewagą terenów zabudowy jednorodzinnej wpływających na zmiany krajobrazu wiejskiego. Urbanizacja gmin wiejskich graniczących z miastem centralnym jest powiązana między innymi z migracją ludności na ich tereny. Procesy występujące na terenach gmin wiejskich zachodzą w kontekście ekologicznym, ekonomicznym i społecznym.
Anatomical variations of the innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch flap: A series of 28 clinical cases
Authors: Yang Jae-Won
Published: September 2020

Background The innervated radial artery superficial palmar branch (iRASP) flap was designed to provide consistent innervation by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCMN) to a glabrous skin flap. The iRASP flap is used to achieve coverage of diverse volar defects of digits. However, unexpected anatomical variations can affect flap survival and outcomes.Methods Cases in which patients received iRASP flaps since April 1, 2014 were retrospectively investigated by reviewing the operation notes and intraoperative photographs. The injury type, flap dimensions, arterial and neural anatomy, secondary procedures, and complications were evaluated.Results Twenty-eight cases were reviewed, and no flap failures were observed. The observed anatomical variations were the absence of a direct skin perforator, large-diameter radial artery superficial palmar branch (RASP), and the PCMN not being a single branch. Debulking procedures were performed in 16 cases (57.1%) due to flap bulkiness.Conclusions In some cases, an excessively large RASP artery was observed, even when there was no direct skin perforator from the RASP or variation in the PCMN. These findings should facilitate application of the iRASP flap, as well as any surgical procedures that involve potential damage to the PCMN in the inter-thenar crease region. Additional clinical cases will provide further clarification regarding potential anatomical variations.
A multi-institutional analysis of sternoclavicular joint coverage following osteomyelitis
Authors: Othman Sammy , Elfanagely Omar , Azoury Saïd C. , Kozak Geoffrey M. , Cunning Jessica , Rios-Diaz Arturo J. , Palvannan Prashanth , Greaney Patrick , Jenkins Matthew P. , Jarrar Doraid , Kovach Stephen J. , Fischer John P.
Published: September 2020

Background Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) osteomyelitis is a rare pathology requiring urgent intervention. Several operative approaches have been described with conflicting reports. Here, we present a multi-institutional study utilizing multiple surgical pathways for SCJ reconstruction.Methods A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify patients who underwent surgical repair for sternoclavicular osteomyelitis between 2008 and 2019. Patients were stratified according to reconstruction approach: single-stage reconstruction with advancement flap and delayed-reconstruction with flap following initial debridement. Demographics, operative approach, type of reconstruction, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.Results Thirty-two patients were identified. Mean patient age was 56.2±13.8 years and 68.8% were male. The average body mass index (BMI) was 30.0±8.8 kg/m2. The most common infection etiologies were intravenous drug use and bacteremia (both 25%). Fourteen patients (43.8%) underwent one-stage reconstruction and 18 (56.2%) underwent delayed twostaged reconstruction. Both single and delayed-stage groups had comparable rates of reinfection (7.1% vs. 11.1%, respectively), surgical site complications (21.4% vs. 27.8%), readmissions (7.1% vs. 16.6%), and reoperations (7.1% vs. 5.6%; all P>0.05). The single-stage reconstruction group had a significantly lower BMI (26.2±5.7 kg/m2 vs. 32.9±9.1 kg/m2; P<0.05) and trended towards shorter hospital length of stay (11.3 days vs. 17.9 days; P=0.01).Conclusions Both single and delayed-stage approaches are appropriate methods with comparable outcomes for reconstruction for SCJ osteomyelitis. When clinically indicated, a single-stage reconstruction approach may be preferable in order to avoid a second operation as associated with the delayed phase, and possibly shortening total hospital length of stay.
The utility of three-dimensional models in complex microsurgical reconstruction
Authors: Ogunleye Adeyemi A. , Deptula Peter L. , Inchauste Suzie M. , Zelones Justin T. , Walters Shannon , Gifford Kyle , LeCastillo Chris , Napel Sandy , Fleischmann Dominik , Nguyen Dung H.
Published: September 2020

Background Three-dimensional (3D) model printing improves visualization of anatomical structures in space compared to two-dimensional (2D) data and creates an exact model of the surgical site that can be used for reference during surgery. There is limited evidence on the effects of using 3D models in microsurgical reconstruction on improving clinical outcomes.Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing reconstructive breast microsurgery procedures from 2017 to 2019 who received computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans only or with 3D models for preoperative surgical planning were performed. Preoperative decision-making to undergo a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) versus muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MS-TRAM) flap, as well as whether the decision changed during flap harvest and postoperative complications were tracked based on the preoperative imaging used. In addition, we describe three example cases showing direct application of 3D mold as an accurate model to guide intraoperative dissection in complex microsurgical reconstruction.Results Fifty-eight abdominal-based breast free-flaps performed using conventional CTA were compared with a matched cohort of 58 breast free-flaps performed with 3D model print. There was no flap loss in either group. There was a significant reduction in flap harvest time with use of 3D model (CTA vs. 3D, 117.7±14.2 minutes vs. 109.8±11.6 minutes; P=0.001). In addition, there was no change in preoperative decision on type of flap harvested in all cases in 3D print group (0%), compared with 24.1% change in conventional CTA group.Conclusions Use of 3D print model improves accuracy of preoperative planning and reduces flap harvest time with similar postoperative complications in complex microsurgical reconstruction.
Cartilage tissue engineering for craniofacial reconstruction
Authors: Kim Min-Sook , Kim Hyung-Kyu , Kim Deok-Woo
Published: September 2020

Severe cartilage defects and congenital anomalies affect millions of people and involve considerable medical expenses. Tissue engineering offers many advantages over conventional treatments, as therapy can be tailored to specific defects using abundant bioengineered resources. This article introduces the basic concepts of cartilage tissue engineering and reviews recent progress in the field, with a focus on craniofacial reconstruction and facial aesthetics. The basic concepts of tissue engineering consist of cells, scaffolds, and stimuli. Generally, the cartilage tissue engineering process includes the following steps: harvesting autologous chondrogenic cells, cell expansion, redifferentiation, in vitro incubation with a scaffold, and transfer to patients. Despite the promising prospects of cartilage tissue engineering, problems and challenges still exist due to certain limitations. The limited proliferation of chondrocytes and their tendency to dedifferentiate necessitate further developments in stem cell technology and chondrocyte molecular biology. Progress should be made in designing fully biocompatible scaffolds with a minimal immune response to regenerate tissue effectively.
Adeno‐associated virus serotype 1‐based gene therapy for FTD caused by GRN mutations
Authors: Hinderer Christian , Miller Rod , Dyer Cecilia , Johansson Julia , Bell Peter , Buza Elizabeth , Wilson James M.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Dominant loss‐of‐function mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal protein, progranulin, cause 5‐10% of frontotemporal dementia cases. As progranulin undergoes secretion and endocytosis, a small number of progranulin‐expressing cells can potentially supply the protein to the entire central nervous system. Thus, gene therapy is a promising treatment approach.

Methods

We evaluated adeno‐associated viral vector administration into the cerebrospinal fluid as a minimally invasive approach to deliver the granulin gene to the central nervous system in a murine disease model and nonhuman primates.

Results

In progranulin‐deficient mice, vector delivery into the lateral cerebral ventricles increased progranulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and normalized histological and biochemical markers of progranulin deficiency. A single vector injection into the cisterna magna of nonhuman primates achieved CSF progranulin concentrations up to 40‐fold higher than those of normal human subjects and exceeded CSF progranulin levels of successfully treated mice. Animals treated with an adeno‐associated virus serotype 1 vector exhibited progranulin expression fivefold higher than those treated with an AAV5 vector or the AAV9 variant, AAVhu68, apparently due to remarkably efficient transduction of ependymal cells. Progranulin expression mediated by adeno‐associated viral vectors was well tolerated in nonhuman primates with no evidence of dose‐limiting toxicity, even at vector doses that induced supraphysiologic progranulin expression.

Interpretation

These findings support the development of AAV1‐based gene therapy for frontotemporal dementia caused by progranulin deficiency.
Positive Psychological Factors and Impairment in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease: Do Psychopathology and Sleep Quality Explain the Linkage?
Authors: Hirsch Jameson K. , Altier Heather R. , Offenbächer Martin , Toussaint Loren , Kohls Niko , Sirois Fuschia M.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Little is known about potential mechanisms of action linking protective positive psychological variables and functional disability in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease. The present study was undertaken to examine symptoms of psychopathology, including stress, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality, as serial mediators of the association between gratitude, self‐compassion, self‐forgiveness, and functional impairment.

Methods

We assessed risk and protective factors for functional disability in patients with fibromyalgia (FM), osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who were recruited from an Austrian health care facility. Respondents completed online surveys, including the Gratitude Questionnaire 6‐item form, the Self‐Compassion Scale short form, the Self‐Forgiveness and Forgiveness of Others Index, the Perceived Stress Scale 4, the Patient Health Questionnaire 2, the 2‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, the Sleep Condition Indicator, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Bivariate and serial mediation analyses were conducted.

Results

For our sample of 1,218 patients (52% female, n = 632; AS [37%], OA [34%], RA [14%], and FM [24%]), stress, depression, and anxiety, in parallel as first‐order mediators, and sleep quality as a second‐order mediator, explained the association between positive psychological variables and functional disability.

Conclusion

Positive psychological factors exert a beneficial downstream effect on mental well‐being, sleep health, and health‐related functional impairment. Therapeutic promotion of gratitude, self‐compassion, and self‐forgiveness may improve mental and physical health in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease.
Performance and Predictors of Minimal Disease Activity Response in Patients With Peripheral Spondyloarthritis Treated With Adalimumab
Authors: Coates Laura C. , Abraham Sonya , Tillett William , Mease Philip J. , Ramiro Sofia , Wu Tianshuang , Wang Xin , Pangan Aileen L. , Song In‐Ho
Published: September 2020

Objective

To examine the concurrent validity and discrimination of criteria for modified minimal disease activity (MDA) in peripheral spondyloarthritis (SpA) following filter principles of Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) and to determine predictors of modified MDA response.

Methods

Four modified MDA versions were derived in the ABILITY‐2 study using the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) enthesitis index or the Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI) while excluding psoriasis. To assess concurrent validity, modified MDA versions were correlated with Peripheral Spondyloarthritis Response Criteria (PSpARC) remission, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score showing inactive disease (ASDAS ID), and physician global assessment of disease activity. Treatment discrimination was assessed between adalimumab and placebo at week 12. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine baseline predictors of long‐term modified MDA responses and sustained modified MDA.

Results

The 4 modified MDA versions showed a stronger positive correlation with PSpARC remission (rtet > 0.95) versus ASDAS ID (rtet > 0.75) at week 12 and years 1–3 and were able to show discrimination (P < 0.001). Responsiveness was shown at week 12; significantly more patients receiving adalimumab versus placebo achieved all 4 versions of modified MDA. Approximately 40–60% of patients treated with adalimumab achieved modified MDA using the LEI or SPARCC enthesitis index at years 1–3. Achieving modified MDA response after 12 weeks of adalimumab treatment was a robust positive predictor of attaining long‐term modified MDA through 3 years (odds ratio [OR] 11.38–27.13 for modified MDA using the LEI; OR 17.98–37.85 for modified MDA using the SPARCC enthesitis index).

Conclusion

All 4 versions of modified MDA showed concurrent validity and discriminated well between adalimumab and placebo treatment groups. Early modified MDA response is a more consistent predictor of long‐term modified MDA achievement than baseline characteristics. The 5 of 6 versions of modified MDA could be an appropriate treatment target in patients with peripheral SpA.
Inflammation of the Sacroiliac Joints and Spine and Structural Changes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Five‐Year Data From the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Sepriano Alexandre , Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert , Moltó Anna , Claudepierre Pascal , Wendling Daniel , Dougados Maxime , van der Heijde Désirée
Published: September 2020

Objective

To test the impact of inflammation on structural changes occurring in the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the spine detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Patients with early axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) from the Devenir des Spondylarthropathies Indifferérenciées Récentes (DESIR) cohort were included. MRIs of the SI joints (MRI‐SI joints) and spine (MRI‐spine), obtained at baseline, 2 years, and 5 years, were scored by 3 central readers. Inflammation and structural damage on MRI‐SI joints and MRI‐spine were defined by the agreement of ≥2 of 3 readers (binary outcomes) and by the average of 3 readers (continuous outcomes). The effect of inflammation (MRI‐SI joints/MRI‐spine) on damage (MRI‐SI joints/MRI‐spine, respectively) was evaluated in 2 models: 1) a baseline prediction model (the effect of baseline inflammation on damage assessed at 5 years); and 2) a longitudinal model (the effect of inflammation on structural damage assessed during a 5‐year period).

Results

A total of 202 patients were included. Both the presence of bone marrow edema on MRI‐SI joints and on MRI‐spine at baseline were predictive of 5‐year damage (≥3 fatty lesions) on MRI‐SI joints (odds ratio [OR] 4.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.4, 7.3]) and MRI‐spine (OR 10.7 [95% CI 2.4, 49.0]), respectively, when adjusted for C‐reactive protein level. The association was also confirmed in longitudinal models (when adjusted for Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score) both in the SI joints (OR 5.1 [95% CI 2.7, 9.6]) and spine (OR 15.6 [95% CI 4.8, 50.3]). Analysis of other structural outcomes (i.e., erosions) on MRI‐SI joints yielded similar results. In the spine, a significant association was found for fatty lesions but not for erosions and bone spurs, which occurred infrequently over time.

Conclusion

We found a predictive and longitudinal association between inflammation detected on MRI and several types of structural damage detected on MRI in patients with early axial SpA, which adds to the evidence for a causal relationship.
Collective Transport of Magnetic Microparticles at a Fluid Interface through Dynamic Self‐Assembled Lattices
Authors: Martínez‐Pedrero Fernando , Ortega Francisco , Rubio Ramón G. , Calero Carles
Published: September 2020

The transport of confined micron‐sized particles plays an important role in a range of phenomena in biology, colloidal science, and solid‐state physics. Here, an easily implementable strategy that allows for the collective and monitored transport of magnetic colloidal particles along fluid–fluid interfaces is introduced. Adsorbed microparticles are carried on time‐dependent magnetic potentials, generated by dynamic self‐assembled lattices of different‐sized particles confined onto a parallel plane. In such binary system, the synchronized inversion of the precessing applied field allows for the ballistic and directional transport of the motile components along prescribed directions. The transportation mode can be tuned through the stoichiometry or the strength and orientation of the applied field. The described methodology can be used in the capture and manipulation of drugs or pollutants adsorbed on liquid surfaces, the segregation of colloidal mixtures or the assisted mixture of surface active molecules.
Simultaneous Regeneration of Bone and Nerves Through Materials and Architectural Design: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Wan Qian‐Qian , Qin Wen‐Pin , Shen Min‐Juan , Ma Yu‐Xuan , Li Bei , Liu Shi‐Yu , Tay Franklin R. , Jiao Kai , Niu Li‐na
Published: September 2020

Bilateral communication between bone and nerves is crucial for optimal repair of large bone defects as well as repair of peripheral nerves within the skeleton. However, simultaneous regeneration of bone and nerves is an issue that has long been overlooked in prior literature. Incongruous or even contradictory requirements or regeneration environments for bone and nerves make simultaneous regeneration of multiple tissues challenging. The present review commences with introducing natural crosstalk between bone and nerves, highlighting the rationale for simultaneous regeneration of bone and nerves. These issues will pave the way for the development of inspirational materials design concepts that capitalize on the principles of osteoconduction, osteoinduction, neuroconduction, neuroinduction, and neuroattraction. Potential strategies based on selection of appropriate scaffolds, acellular biological factors and architectural design will be addressed.
Permanent Electrochemical Doping of Quantum Dots and Semiconductor Polymers
Authors: Gudjonsdottir Solrun , Houtepen Arjan J.
Published: September 2020

Arguably the most controllable way to control the charge density in various semiconductors, is by electrochemical doping. However, electrochemically injected charges usually disappear within minutes to hours, which is why this technique is not yet used to make semiconductor devices. In this manuscript, electrochemical doping of different semiconductor films (ZnO Quantum Dots (QDs), PbS QDs, and P3DT) is investigated in various high melting‐point nitrile‐based solvents. It is shown that by charging the semiconductors at elevated temperatures, then cooling down to room temperature where these solvents are frozen, the doping stability increases immensely. Measurements performed in cyanoacetamide show that ion transport is entirely halted at room temperature, and that the n‐type conductivity is stable for days, and only drops marginally (≈10%) in several weeks. For p‐doped P3DT films, the conductivity is even completely stable during the entire 76 days of the measurement. In an ambient atmosphere, the p‐type doping is stable, while the n‐type doping disappears in several hours, as electrons react with molecular oxygen. Finally, a pn‐junction diode made of a PbS QD film is demonstrated. These results highlight the possibility of using solidified electrolytes for electrochemical doping and for obtaining semiconductor devices wherein the doping density is controlled electrochemically.
Coating of a Novel Antimicrobial Nanoparticle with a Macrophage Membrane for the Selective Entry into Infected Macrophages and Killing of Intracellular Staphylococci
Authors: Li Yuanfeng , Liu Yong , Ren Yijin , Su Linzhu , Li Ang , An Yingli , Rotello Vincent , Zhang Zhanzhan , Wang Yin , Liu Yang , Liu Sidi , Liu Jian , Laman Jon D. , Shi Linqi , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J.
Published: September 2020

Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages can inactivate bacterial killing mechanisms, allowing intracellular residence and dissemination of infection. Concurrently, these staphylococci can evade antibiotics that are frequently unable to pass mammalian cell membranes. A binary, amphiphilic conjugate composed of triclosan and ciprofloxacin is synthesized that self‐assemble through micelle formation into antimicrobial nanoparticles (ANPs). These novel ANPs are stabilized through encapsulation in macrophage membranes, providing membrane‐encapsulated, antimicrobial‐conjugated NPs (Me‐ANPs) with similar protein activity, Toll‐like receptor expression and negative surface charge as their precursor murine macrophage/human monocyte cell lines. The combination of Toll‐like receptors and negative surface charge allows uptake of Me‐ANPs by infected macrophages/monocytes through positively charged, lysozyme‐rich membrane scars created during staphylococcal engulfment. Me‐ANPs are not engulfed by more negatively charged sterile cells possessing less lysozyme at their surface. The Me‐ANPs kill staphylococci internalized in macrophages in vitro. Me‐ANPs likewise kill staphylococci more effectively than ANPs without membrane‐encapsulation or clinically used ciprofloxacin in a mouse peritoneal infection model. Similarly, organ infections in mice created by dissemination of infected macrophages through circulation in the blood are better eradicated by Me‐ANPs than by ciprofloxacin. These unique antimicrobial properties of macrophage‐monocyte Me‐ANPs provide a promising direction for human clinical application to combat persistent infections.
Biodegradable Untethered Magnetic Hydrogel Milli‐Grippers
Authors: Goudu Sandhya Rani , Yasa Immihan Ceren , Hu Xinghao , Ceylan Hakan , Hu Wenqi , Sitti Metin
Published: September 2020

Small‐scale magnetic soft‐bodied robots based on biocompatible and biodegradable materials are essential for their potential high‐impact minimally invasive medical applications inside the human body. Therefore, a strategy for fully biodegradable untethered soft millirobots with encoded 3D magnetic anisotropy for their static or dynamic shape programming is presented. Such a robot body is comprised of a porcine extracellular matrix‐derived collagen‐based hydrogel network with embedded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). 3D magnetization programming inside the hydrogel body is achieved by directionally self‐assembled SPION chains using an external permanent magnet. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, a hydrogel milli‐gripper that can undergo flexible and reversible shape deformations inside glycerol and biologically relevant liquid media is presented. The gripper can perform cargo grabbing, transportation by rolling, and release by controlling magnetic field inputs. These milli‐grippers can be completely degraded by the matrix metalloproteinase‐2 enzyme in physiologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, biocompatibility tests using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells with the degradation products of the grippers demonstrate no acute toxicity. The approach offers a facile fabrication strategy for designing biocompatible and biodegradable soft robots using nanocomposite materials with programmable 3D magnetic anisotropy toward future medical applications.
Piezocatalysis and Piezo‐Photocatalysis: Catalysts Classification and Modification Strategy, Reaction Mechanism, and Practical Application
Authors: Tu Shuchen , Guo Yuxi , Zhang Yihe , Hu Cheng , Zhang Tierui , Ma Tianyi , Huang Hongwei
Published: September 2020

Piezoelectric‐based catalysis that relies on the charge energy or separation efficiency of charge carriers has attracted significant attention. The piezo‐potential induced by strain or stress can induce a giant electric field, which has been demonstrated to be an effective means for charge energy shifting or transferring electrons and holes. In recent years, intense efforts have been made in this subject, and the research has mainly focussed on two aspects: i) Alteration of surface charge energy by piezo‐potential in piezocatalysis; ii) the separation of photo‐generated charge carriers and the catalytic activity enhancement of an integrated piezoelectric semiconductor or coupled system composed of piezoelectrics and semiconductors. Systematically summarizing the advances of the above two aspects is helpful in the context of deepening understanding of the relevant issues and developing new ideas for piezoelectric‐based catalysis. In this review, a comprehensive summary on piezocatalysis and piezo‐photocatalysis is provided. The charge transfer behaviors and catalytic mechanisms over a large variety of piezocatalysts and piezo‐photocatalysts are systematically analyzed. In addition, the types of mechanical energy, strategies for enhancing piezocatalysis, and the advanced applications of piezocatalysis and piezo‐photocatalysis are discussed. Finally, the promising development directions of piezocatalysis and piezo‐photocatalysis, such as materials, assembly forms, and applications in the future are proposed.
Observation of Strong Bulk Damping‐Like Spin‐Orbit Torque in Chemically Disordered Ferromagnetic Single Layers
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Zhang Xiyue S. , Muller David A. , Ralph Daniel C. , Buhrman Robert A.
Published: September 2020

Strong damping‐like spin‐orbit torque (τDL) has great potential for enabling ultrafast energy‐efficient magnetic memories, oscillators, and logic. So far, the reported τDL exerted on a thin‐film magnet must result from an externally generated spin current or from an internal non‐equilibrium spin polarization in non‐centrosymmetric GaMnAs single crystals. Here, for the first time a very strong, unexpected τDL is demonstrated from current flow within ferromagnetic single layers of chemically disordered, face‐centered‐cubic CoPt. It is established here that the novel τDL is a bulk effect, with the strength per unit current density increasing monotonically with the CoPt thickness, and is insensitive to the presence or absence of spin sinks at the CoPt surfaces. This τDL most likely arises from a net transverse spin polarization associated with a strong spin Hall effect, while there is no detectable long‐range asymmetry in the material. These results broaden the scope of spin‐orbitronics and provide a novel avenue for developing single‐layer‐based spin‐torque memory, oscillator, and logic technologies.
Recent Advances of Synthesis, Properties, Film Fabrication Methods, Modifications of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene), and Applications in Solution‐Processed Photovoltaics
Authors: Jiang Youyu , Liu Tiefeng , Zhou Yinhua
Published: September 2020

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a very unique polymer. It can be very conductive, highly transparent, and environmentally stable. It is highly switchable between its oxidation state and neutral state. It forms a micellar complex with polystyrene sulfonate in aqueous conditions, and then can be solution‐processible and printable. Based on these advantages, PEDOT has been widely used as conductors and transparent electrodes in electronics and optoelectronics. The device performance is highly correlated with the structure and properties of PEDOT. In this review, advances in the synthesis, optoelectronic and chemical properties are comprehensively described and analyzed, as well as the strategies for tuning these properties to fulfill the requirement for device applications. Film processing techniques (printing and transfer printing) for the conducting polymer are also presented. Then, the applications of PEDOT as conductors for versatile organic and perovskite solar cells (single‐junction, tandem, semitransparent, colorful, flexible and ultraflexible, fully printed solar cells) are summarized. Finally future study directions for PEDOT in terms of conductivity enhancement and application‐oriented formulations are discussed.
Nanoconfined Water‐Molecule Channels for High‐Yield Solar Vapor Generation under Weaker Sunlight
Authors: Lu Qichen , Shi Wenxiong , Yang Haozhou , Wang Xun
Published: September 2020

Solar vapor generation is a promising method to efficiently produce fresh water. However, the insufficient vapor yields under natural daylight restrict its practical applications, and the basic evaporation mechanisms are deficient for reasonable design of evaporator structure. Here, hydrophobic nano‐confined water molecule channels (NCWMCs) are demonstrated, which can reduce the vaporization enthalpy for water evaporation and achieve a record vapor generation rate of 1.25 kg m−2 h−1 under 0.5 sun irradiation. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the cluster‐evaporation process in the NCWMC system. As a result, the evaporator with NCWMC system can effectively purify seawater and wastewater samples using this environmentally friendly strategy.
Iron‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Functionalization of Non‐Activated Aliphatic C−H Bonds via Carbene Transfer
Authors: Rodríguez Mònica , Font Gemma , Nadal‐Moradell Joel , Hernán‐Gómez Alberto , Costas Miquel
Published: September 2020

The modification of strong Csp3−H bonds via iron carbene intermediates under mild reaction conditions has been an important challenge with attractive prospective in organic synthesis. In this work, we show the efficient combination of an electrophilic iron catalyst with a lithium Lewis acid for the functionalization of strong Csp3−H bonds of cyclic and linear alkanes by the activation of commercially available ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). The reaction proceeds with good yields, under mild reaction conditions (40 °C) and large excess of substrate is not needed. In addition, excellent activity is observed in the cyclopropanation of challenging aliphatic olefins.

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Visible‐Light Catalyzed [1+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Enabled by the Formation of Methylene Nitrones
Authors: Guo Jing , Xie Ying , Zeng Wen‐Tian , Wu Qiao‐Lei , Weng Jiang , Lu Gui
Published: September 2020

Nitrones are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the first photo‐redox synthesis of methylene nitrone intermediates from nitroarenes and arylamines. The highly reactive methylene nitrones are in situ trapped by alkenes to afford various isoxazolidines. This three‐component reaction features the use of N,N‐dimethylanilines or N‐aryl glycines as C1 building blocks, which allow for the one‐pot formal [1+2+2] cycloaddition from simple starting materials. A wide range of useful isoxazolidines can be obtained under mild conditions with moderate to good yields. Mechanistic investigations support the formation of methylene nitrone via selective N−CH3 bond cleavage and methylene transfer.

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Solvent‐Controlled Hydrogenation of 2’‐Hydroxychalcones: A Simple Solution to the Total Synthesis of Bussealins
Authors: Soto Martín , Soengas Raquel G. , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto
Published: September 2020

A solvent‐controlled hydrogenation of 2’‐hydroxychalcones to selectively obtain different hydrogenation products is herein reported. Thus, hydrogenation of 2’‐hydroxychalcones using EtOH as solvent provided the corresponding 1,3‐diarylpropanes in excellent yields. On the contrary, when the hydrogenation was performed in DCM, the corresponding dihydrochalcones were isolated. Switching the reaction solvent to n‐BuOH/H2O (1:1), afforded 1,3‐diarylpropanols from moderate to good yields. The methodology here reported offers a straightforward, simple and cost‐effective method for the preparation of a wide variety of 2’‐hydroxy‐1,3‐diarylpropanes derivatives, and was also applied to the preparation of natural Bussealins C and D.

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A Convenient FeCl3‐Mediated Synthesis of 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles from Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides and Hydrazides
Authors: Du Shiying , Wang Le‐Cheng , Yang Zuguang , Chen Zhengkai , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: September 2020

A low cost FeCl3‐mediated cascade annulation of trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides and hydrazides for the efficient synthesis of 5‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles has been developed. The transformation proceeds through a cascade base‐promoted intermolecular C−N bond formation and FeCl3‐mediated intramolecular dehydration sequence under mild conditions. The protocol exhibits many notable features and can be readily scaled up to gram scale.

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Comparison of 5‐year postoperative outcomes after Billroth I and Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction following distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: Results from a multi‐institutional randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kimura Yutaka , Mikami Jota , Yamasaki Makoto , Hirao Motohiro , Imamura Hiroshi , Fujita Junya , Takeno Atsushi , Matsuyama Jin , Kishi Kentaro , Hirao Takafumi , Fukunaga Hiroki , Demura Koichi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Takiguchi Shuji , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Doki Yuichiro
Published: September 2020

Aim

We previously reported in a randomized controlled trial that Billroth I and Roux‐en‐Y reconstructions were generally equivalent regarding body weight change and nutritional status 1 year after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. We describe the long‐term follow‐up data 5 years after distal gastrectomy.

Methods

We analyzed consecutive gastric cancer patients who were randomly assigned to undergo Billroth I or Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction after distal gastrectomy. We evaluated body weight change, nutritional status, late complications, quality of life (QOL) using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core QOL Questionnaire, and dysfunction using the Dysfunction After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery for Cancer, 5 years after surgery.

Results

A total of 228 patients (Billroth I = 105; Roux‐en‐Y = 123) were eligible for efficacy analyses in this study. Body weight loss 5 years after surgery did not differ significantly between the Billroth I and Roux‐en‐Y groups (10.0% ± 7.9% and 9.6% ± 8.4%, respectively; P = .70). There were no significant differences in other aspects of nutritional status between the two groups. Reflux esophagitis occurred in 19.0% of the patients in the Billroth I group vs 4.9% in the Roux‐en‐Y group (P = .002). Regarding QOL, Billroth I was significantly inferior to Roux‐en‐Y on the diarrhea scale (Billroth I: 28.6, Roux‐en‐Y: 16.0; P = .047). Regarding dysfunction, no score differed significantly between the two groups.

Conclusions

Billroth I and Roux‐en‐Y reconstructions were generally equivalent regarding body weight change, nutritional status, and QOL 5 years after distal gastrectomy, although Roux‐en‐Y more effectively prevented reflux esophagitis and diarrhea.
The prognostic value of additional copies of 1q21 in multiple myeloma depends on the primary genetic event
Authors: Locher Maurus , Steurer Michael , Jukic Emina , Keller Markus A. , Fresser Friedrich , Ruepp Carmen , Wöll Ewald , Verdorfer Irmgard , Gastl Günther , Willenbacher Wolfgang , Weger Roman , Nachbaur David , Wolf Dominik , Gunsilius Eberhard , Zschocke Johannes , Steiner Normann
Published: September 2020

Hyperdiploidy (HRD) and specific immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH) translocations are primary chromosomal abnormalities (CA) in multiple myeloma (MM). In this retrospective study of 794 MM patients we aimed to investigate clinical features and common CA including gain(1q) in separate subgroups defined by primary CA. In the entire group, we confirmed that gain(1q) was associated with short time to next treatment and adverse overall survival (OS). The impact was worse for four or more copies of 1q21 as compared to three copies. However, in a subgroup of patients with clonal gain(11q) and without known primary IGH translocations (CG11q), already three copies of 1q21 were associated with a poor outcome; in the absence of gain(1q), patients in this subgroup had a remarkably long median OS of more than nine years. These cases were associated with HRD, coexpression of CD56 and CD117, male gender, and IgG subtype. In non‐CG11q patients, four or more copies of 1q21 (but not three copies) had a significant adverse impact on outcome. Several associations with CA and clinical findings were observed for the defined subgroups. As an example, we found a predominance of early tetraploidy, plasma cell leukemia, and female gender in the t(14;16) subgroup. Our results underscore the importance of subgrouping in MM.
Super‐Enhancement Focusing of Teflon Spheres
Authors: Yue Liyang , Wang Zengbo , Yan Bing , Monks James N. , Joya Yasir , Dhama Rakesh , Minin Oleg V. , Minin Igor V.
Published: September 2020

A Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) sphere can be used as a focusing lens in the applications of imaging and sensing due to its low‐loss property in the terahertz band. Herein, field intensities and focusing parameters are analytically calculated for Teflon spheres at different low‐loss levels and then a super‐enhancement focusing effect in the spheres with particular size parameters was discovered, which can stimulate about 4000 times stronger field intensity than that for incident radiation as well as the great potential of overcoming diffraction limit despite high sensitivity to the magnitude of Teflon loss. A subsequent analysis of scattering amplitudes proves that the strong scattering of a single‐order mode in the internal electric or magnetic field is the main factor causing this phenomenon.
Structural Basis for α‐Helix Mimicry and Inhibition of Protein–Protein Interactions with Oligourea Foldamers
Authors: Cussol Léonie , Mauran‐Ambrosino Laura , Buratto Jérémie , Belorusova Anna Y , Neuville Maxime , Osz Judit , Fribourg Sébastien , Fremaux Juliette , Dolain Christel , Goudreau Sébastien R. , Rochel Natacha , Guichard Gilles
Published: September 2020

Efficient optimization of a peptide lead into a drug candidate frequently needs further transformation to augment properties such as bioavailability. Among the different options, foldamers, which are sequence‐based oligomers with precise folded conformation, have emerged as a promising technology. We introduce oligourea foldamers to reduce the peptide character of inhibitors of protein–protein interactions (PPI). However, the precise design of such mimics is currently limited by the lack of structural information on how these foldamers adapt to protein surfaces. We report a collection of X‐ray structures of peptide–oligourea hybrids in complex with ubiquitin ligase MDM2 and vitamin D receptor and show how such hybrid oligomers can be designed to bind with high affinity to protein targets. This work should enable the generation of more effective foldamer‐based disruptors of PPIs in the context of peptide lead optimization.
A Synthetic Method for Site‐Specific Functionalized Polypeptides: Metal‐Free, Highly Active, and Selective at Room Temperature
Authors: Zhao Wei , Lv Yanfeng , Li Ji , Feng Zihao , Ni Yonghao , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: September 2020

Functionalized polypeptides have attracted tremendous interest in recent years and found many stimulating applications owing to their tunable physicochemical characteristics including hydrophilicity and stimuli‐responsive behavior. The development of new strategies to produce these polymers without metallic contaminants is crucial for their applications in high‐value and sensitive domains, such as biomedical, microelectronic, food‐packaging, and personal beauty care fields. Herein, a highly efficient strategy to access well‐defined site‐specific functionalized polypeptides is developed by combining Michael reaction with hydrogen‐bonding organocatalytic ROP of NCA. A library of chain‐end and chain‐middle functionalized polypeptides (14 examples) with predesigned molecular weights and low polydispersities are readily prepared with this approach. Specifically, the whole synthetic process is metal‐free, fulfilling high activity and selectivity at room temperature.
Amine–Boranes as Transfer Hydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reagents: A Mechanistic Perspective
Authors: Lau Samantha , Gasperini Danila , Webster Ruth L.
Published: September 2020

Transfer hydrogenation (TH) has historically been dominated by Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reactions. However, with growing interest in amine–boranes, not least ammonia–borane (H3N⋅BH3), as potential hydrogen storage materials, these compounds have also started to emerge as an alternative reagent in TH reactions. In this Review we discuss TH chemistry using H3N⋅BH3 and their analogues (amine–boranes and metal amidoboranes) as sacrificial hydrogen donors. Three distinct pathways were considered: 1) classical TH, 2) nonclassical TH, and 3) hydrogenation. Simple experimental mechanistic probes can be employed to distinguish which pathway is operating and computational analysis can corroborate or discount mechanisms. We find that the pathway in operation can be perturbed by changing the temperature, solvent, amine–borane, or even the substrate used in the system, and subsequently assignment of the mechanism can become nontrivial.