bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molting and Respiration of Euphausiids
Authors: Paranjape Madhu A.
Published: April 2011

Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoëssa spinifera, T. raschii, T. longipes (unspined form), and Tessarabrachion oculatus molted at 4- to 6-day intervals at 11 to 15 C. The average dry weight of the molts of the first three species was 5.92–9.39% of the animal's final dry weight, and the organic fraction ranged from 73 to 83% of the dry weight of the molts. The oxygen consumption of E. pacifica at 5, 10, 15, and 20 C was directly proportional to the body weight. The slopes of the regression lines were near unity at all temperatures and the difference between the regression coefficients was not significant statistically. The respiration–temperature relation of E. pacifica suggested its eurythermic character. The Q10 value was 2.21 between 5 and 10 C and increased to 2.55 between 10 and 15 C. The Q10 value apparently did not increase with increase in body size. The upper limit of temperature tolerance for the observed population of E. pacifica was close to 20 C. On the day of molting, oxygen consumption of E. pacifica increased by an average of 34.2%. Feeding decreased on the day before and on the day of molting and increased after molting. At 15 C, a daily food intake of 0.022 mg carbon per milligram dry body weight would be required to match the respiratory loss and the loss of integument during the molt.
Oxygen Uptake by Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) of Different Ages in Relation to Zinc Sulphate Resistance
Authors: Skidmore J. F.
Published: April 2011

The routine rate of oxygen uptake, of 12 groups of zebrafish aged 0 to 100 days, was measured in well-aerated water free of zinc. The relationship between the rate of oxygen uptake (X) and survival time (T) in four toxic solutions of zinc was[Formula: see text]throughout the life cycle, where Ts, Xs, and K were constants. T was also related to the dry weight of the fish (W) in fish aged 5 days or over.[Formula: see text]
Status of the Heart Urchin, Brisaster latifrons
Authors: McCauley James E.
Published: April 2011

Brisaster townsendi (Agassiz, 1898) is suppressed as a junior synonym of B. latifrons (Agassiz, 1898). Morphological characters cannot be used to separate the species, and meristic analysis reveals a continuous gradient which includes both species as previously interpreted. Nominal B. latifrons from Asiatic waters are not the same species and probably belong to B. owstoni Mortensen, 1950.
Duration of Fertility of Ova and Sperm of Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Pink (O. gorbuscha) Salmon
Authors: Withler F. C. , Humphreys R. M.
Published: April 2011

At 8–9 C, sockeye ova without added water maintained their initial fertility for 12 hr and a few were still fertile after 175 hr; sockeye milt maintained its initial fertility for 11 hr, and fertilized a few ova after 101 hr. Pink salmon ova maintained their initial fertility for 8 hr and some were still fertile at 129 hr; pink salmon milt maintained its initial fertility for 33 hr and fertilized 67% of the test ova at 57 hr, but none at 81 hr. Comparison of these results with those of tests at lower storage temperatures suggests that cooler storage would extend the period of high fertility.
Growth and Toxicity of a Marine Dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax tamarensis
Authors: Prakash A.
Published: April 2011

Gonyaulax tamarensis, the dinoflagellate species associated with paralytic shellfish toxicity on the Atlantic coast of Canada, was isolated in unialgal culture and studied for its growth and toxigenic characteristics. Although low salinity and high temperature promoted growth in cultures, salinity appears to be a more important ecological factor than temperature in controlling the summer abundance of this dinoflagellate in nature.Toxin yield in unialgal cultures is largely a function of cell density. The toxic principle synthesized by G. tamarensis, for most part, remains within the cell and can be recovered in substantial amounts by lysis of the cells. Comparison with other species indicates that G. tamarensis is potentially the most toxic of the known toxic species of Gonyaulax. Bacteria play no direct role in toxin production, but may influence toxigenesis indirectly by promoting growth of dinoflagellates.
Randomness in Distribution of Pink Salmon Redds
Authors: McNeil William J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Bottom Residual Drift on the Continental Shelf Area of the Canadian Atlantic Coast
Authors: Lauzier L. M.
Published: April 2011

From 1961 to 1965, 14,137 sea-bed drifters were released over the Continental Shelf from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Maine–Bay of Fundy to investigate the residual drift along the bottom. A total of 2772 drifters were recovered either from the sea floor or along the shores. The recovery pattern, in time and in space, is studied for various portions of the Shelf.The inferred residual bottom drift is shown in a series of three charts. The estimated rate of drift lies between 0.2 and 0.7 nautical mile/day. The continuity of bottom drift over large areas is indicated. The relationship of surface to bottom drift is studied. Areas of convergence and upwelling are emphasized. No seasonal variations in the direction of bottom drift and in the speed have as yet been detected.
Decapod Crustacea from Calanus Collections in Hudson Bay in 1953, 1954, and 1958–61
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

The Calanus expeditions in Hudson Bay in 1953, 1954, and 1958–61 collected 2240 specimens comprising 13 species of decapod Crustacea. A review of previous collections from this bay indicates that all but one of these species (Eualus macilentus) has been reported from the bay but any one expedition has taken at most only 10 species. The present collections took greater numbers of specimens off the northwest coast than elsewhere but more species off the Belcher Islands where a greater number of hauls were made compared with other areas. The greatest number of E. macilentus was taken in Richmond Gulf. Eualus macilentus appeared to be more cold-adapted than the other species, seven of which showed environmental stress by their apparently low reproductive potential. Most species in the bay, including the only brachyuran crab (Hyas coarctalus), were smaller than their counterparts from adjacent arctic and subarctic areas. As in the same species from other areas in the northwest Atlantic, selective feeding was apparent on detritus and phytobenthos in eight species, on crustaceans in six, on polychaetes in three, and on foraminiferans in two species. The origin of the decapod crustacean fauna in Hudson Bay is suggested to have been from the Pacific but by way of the northern Atlantic after the last great Ice Age.
Primary Productivity in the Babine Lake System, British Columbia
Authors: Narver David W.
Published: April 2011

Primary productivity in Babine Lake, British Columbia, as measured by the C14 in situ method in 1966 was slightly lower in the North Arm (outlet) and Morrison Arm (an inlet) than in the main lake region. An unusually high rate of photosynthesis at one part of the main lake in September may have been related to the decomposition of salmon carcasses in a nearby stream. Morrison Lake, a major tributary, was much lower in rate of photosynthesis, pH, alkalinity, compensation depth, and total dissolved solids than any part of Babine Lake. The rate of carbon fixation of Babine Lake was much less on a per unit area basis than those reported by other workers for the majority of 24 sockeye salmon lakes in southwestern Alaska but was similar to most per unit volume of the euphotic layer. Much of this difference is attributable to a shallower euphotic zone in Babine Lake. Ranked with the 24 Alaskan lakes, Babine was first in alkalinity, third in TDS, and fifth in pH.The productivity measurements suggest that the carrying capacity for sockeye salmon per unit of nursery area of the main lake region is at least as great as that of the North Arm.
Micro- Zooplankton in the Euphotic Zone at Five Locations Across the California Current
Authors: Beers J. R. , Stewart G. L.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative samples of the plankton which passed 202-μ mesh filter cloth were collected with a pumping system at five locations from the slope waters of the Pacific Ocean off San Diego to across the California Current.A general decrease in the numbers of micro-zooplankton, averaged over the depth of the euphotic zone, was found from the slope waters (310,000/m3, Station I) to the site farthest offshore (99,000/m3, Station V). At the various sites Protozoa accounted for between 59% and 83% of the total numbers, but only 18–23% of the total micro-zooplankton volume. The calculated volumes of the micro-zooplankton ranged from 22.9 mm3/m3 (Station I) down to 6.3 mm3/m3 (Station V).
Unusual Fishes Taken by Midwater Trawl off the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
Authors: Taylor F. H. C.
Published: April 2011

On three cruises in 1964 and 1965 the CGS G. B. Reed midwater-trawled beyond the continental slope south and west of the Queen Charlotte Islands to determine the types of fish associated with the open ocean sound-scattering layers. The fish taken included seven species not previously reported from British Columbia, and four which are second records. Species not previously reported from British Columbia are: Sagamichthys abei, Notolepis rissoi rissoi, Scopelosaurus harryi, Borodulina infans, Serrivomer jesperseni, Oneirodes acanthias, and Chaenophryne, cf. parviconus. Species reported once before include: Bathylagus ochotensis, Nansenia Candida, Caristius macropus, and Oneirodes eschrichti-group.
Occurrence of Larval Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Strait of Georgia during July 1966
Authors: Barraclough W. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Measuring Organic Matter Retained by Aquatic Invertebrates
Authors: Johannes R. E. , Satomi Masako
Published: April 2011

not available
Insect Molt-Hormone Activity of an Extract of the Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata)
Authors: Gilgan Michael W. , Retallack M. Elizabeth
Published: April 2011

not available
Phospholipase A Activity in Rainbow Trout Muscle
Authors: Jonas R. E. E. , Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

A sensitive method for assay of phospholipase A activity in the lateral line muscle of rainbow trout is described. 14C labelled lecithin was converted to lysolecithin by the enzyme. Unreacted lecithin was removed by silicic acid column chromatography and the lysolecithin recovered by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of lysolecithin formed was between 43 and 87 mμmoles per gram lateral line muscle per hour under the experimental conditions. The amount formed was directly proportional to time between half an hour and 4 hr and the optimum pH was found to be approximately 7.5. The results are discussed in relation to the enzymic activity previously demonstrated in fish muscle.
Canadian Marine Oils of Low Iodine Value: Fatty Acid Composition of Oils from Newfoundland Turbot (Greenland Halibut), Certain Atlantic Herring, and a Sablefish
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Eaton C. A. , Ke P. J.
Published: April 2011

Marine oils with iodine values in the range 83–108 from Newfoundland turbot or Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and certain Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), were examined for fatty acid composition by gas–liquid chromatography. The herring oils differed from the other oils in having high levels of C20and especially C22fatty acids (chiefly monounsaturated). The sablefish oil had a high level of C18fatty acids, the turbot oil a composition intermediate between the herring and sablefish oils. All of these oils contained moderate amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (7.3–14.4%). The low iodine values were primarily due to monounsaturated fatty acids and not to saturated fatty acids (17.1–21.0%)
Turnover and Urinary Excretion of Free and Acetylated M.S. 222 by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Hunn Joseph B. , Schoettger Richard A. , Willford Wayne A.
Published: April 2011

Rainbow trout: (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized in 100 mg/liter of M.S. 222 at 12 C excreted the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during a 24-hr recovery period in freshwater. Of the M.S. 222 excreted, 77–96% was acetylated. Blood levels of free drug in anesthetized trout approximated 75% of the anesthetic concentration, but the amount of acetylated M.S. 222 was relatively insignificant. The blood and urine were cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr respectively. Low levels of aromatic amines of natural origin occurred in blood and urine and were subtracted from measurements of M.S. 222. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–100 mg/kg of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after anesthesia by immersion. Only 15–21% of the injected dose was found in the urine, suggesting a second route of drug elimination.
DDT Residues and Metabolites in Canadian Atlantic Coast Fish
Authors: Duffy J. R. , O'Connell D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Blood Lactate Concentrations and Mortality in Sockeye and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka and O. tshawytscha) After Exercise
Authors: Gronlund William D. , Hodgins Harold O. , Simon Raymond C. , Weber Douglas D.
Published: April 2011

Blood lactate concentrations in 306 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), taken at sea in 1965 and 1966 by purse seine, gillnet, and longline, and in 98 starved or fed immature chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) that had been exercised in a saltwater pond were generally below those reported in the literature as related to stress-induced mortality in salmon. No sockeye salmon held in shipboard tanks for observation died within 2 days after capture, although most of the fish died later. Few fish died among starved or fed immature chinook salmon in salt water within 10 days after capture by hook and line or after being chased to exhaustion; blood lactate concentrations in these fish were generally higher than in sockeye salmon after stress but were still usually below the reported critical level of 125 mg/100 ml.We concluded that neither the adult sockeye nor immature chinook salmon suffered immediate fatigue-related mortality, but the possibility that fatigue could induce delayed mortality was not excluded.
Induction of Skin Pallor in Juvenile Salmonids by Guanidine Compounds
Authors: Todd W. R. , Laastuen L. E. , Fowler L. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Preliminary Results in the Fertilization of Eggs with Frozen Sperm of Atlantic Salmon (Saltno salar)
Authors: Hoyle R. J. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effect of Hypophysectomy on Plasma Osmolarity in Goldfish and its Reversal by Ovine Prolactin and a Preparation of Salmon Pituitary "Prolactin"
Authors: Donaldson Edward M. , Yamazaki Fumio , Clarke W. Craig
Published: April 2011

not available
Cytotaxonomic Studies of the Coregonine Fishes of the Great Lakes, USA: DNA and Karyotype Analysis
Authors: Booke Henry E.
Published: April 2011

Coregonine fishes are difficult taxonomically because they exhibit great plasticity in both morphological and physiological characters. The purpose of this study, based on the Great Lakes coregonine fishes, was to determine from cytogenetic parameters the possible basis for phenotypic plasticity as an approach to understanding systematic relationships within the family Salmonidae."Nearness-of-relationship" among these fishes was judged by the percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C mole %) in DNA isolations (from livers) from eight Great Lakes plus one Canadian species of coregonines. Polyploidy as a factor in this group's evolution and speciation was examined by measuring and comparing, by microspectrophotometry, the amount of DNA per corneal epithelial cell for nine coregonine and one thymalline species. The karyotypes of seven whitefishes were determined from blastula materials as the morphology and count of chromosomes have been recognized as species-specific characters.There was a significant difference between the G + C values for species of Prosopium and Coregonus plus Stenodus. These data and those from other parameters cited possibly confirm the early dichotomy between Prosopium and Coregonus. There were no differences in G + C values for the species of Coregonus (true whitefish and cisco) and Stenodus. No one coregonine species had multiple units of the DNA amount nor chromosome number of another species. Therefore, polyploidy as a means of speciation in this group is not operating. A correlation between amount of DNA and chromosome arm number is apparent. Karyotype analysis revealed a stabilization at the diploid number of 80 for species of Coregonus. Prosopium coulteri and P. cylindraceum have a diploid number of 82 and 78, respectively. The major differences among the species-specific karyotypes were in the number of chromosome arms with the more primitive species having higher numbers than the recent species.A hypothesis concerning the possible derivation of cisco from whitefish karyotypes was stated. The similarity of whitefish karyotypes has probably permitted introgression and geneflow in this group. Coregonine genera (Coregonus, Prosopium, and Stenodus) were defined on the basis of the new parameters studied.
Atlantic Salmon Scales as Records of Spawning History
Authors: White H. C. , Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

A female sea-run Salmo salar L. was caught in an experimental trap in East Apple River, Nova Scotia, during her upstream migration in October 1934. She was captured again in the same trap in 1935 and 1936. Counts of spawning marks on different scales from the same samples were inconsistent among themselves and with the history of the fish as shown by trapping records. Scale readings alone do not give a dependable estimate of the number of times a salmon has spawned if it has spawned two or more times.
Interrenalectomy and Stress in Relation to Some Blood Components of an Elasmobranch (Raja radiata)
Authors: Idler D. R. , Szeplaki B. J.
Published: April 2011

From the literature there was a doubt as to whether interrenalectomy would result in elevated plasma potassium levels in a elasmobranch; in this study, no elevation was observed by comparison with sham-operated thorny skate (Raja radiata) held in sea water for up to 44 days post-operative.Blood calcium levels were significantly elevated in the interrenalectomized animals between 13 and 23 days but the increase was only 10%.There was no change in osmolality, sodium chloride, magnesium, or urea which can be attributed to interrenalectomy. Noteworthy was the manner in which both sham and interrenalectomized animals were able to maintain plasma electrolyte levels during the long period of starvation after surgery. Whenever significant changes occurred during the course of the experiment, sham and interrenalectomized fish were similarly affected, apart from the exception noted for calcium.Plasma urea levels were significantly depressed after interrenalectomy when the skates were held in a 3:1 mixture of sea water: fresh water for 7–9 days. The same trend was observed for sham-operated animals but the decrease was not significant. Normal animals maintained plasma urea in 75% sea water but not in 60% sea water.
Cryogenic Preservation of Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua) Sperm
Authors: Mounib M. S. , Hwang P. C. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

Cryogenic preservation of cod sperm, with retention of fertilizing capacity, was achieved. Sperm were deep frozen to −79 C or −196 C in the presence of protecting agents. Of the conditions tested, most satisfactory freezing was accomplished in a mixture containing 1 part semen and 3 parts of a medium that consisted of 40 parts 0.4 M NaCl − 0.1 M glycine: 8 parts of 1.3% sodium bicarbonate: 10 parts of glycerol. A freezing rate of 5 degrees C/min was more successful than one of 1 degree C/min.When frozen sperm were stored at −196 C for periods up to 60 days the average fertility was 36 ± 12% (seven samples) compared with 79 ± 6% (seven samples) for fresh sperm on the same batch of eggs. Successful storage of cod sperm at −79 C for a year was achieved.
Upper Lethal Temperatures at Various Levels of Salinity in the Euryhaline Cyprinodontids Fundulus heteroclitus and F. diaphanus after Isosmotic Acclimation
Authors: Garside E. T. , Jordan C. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Standing Crop of Benthic Infauna in Puget Sound and Off the Coast of Washington
Authors: Lie Ulf
Published: April 2011

During the period May 28 to August 1, 1967, benthic infauna was collected at 37 stations in Puget Sound and off the coast of Washington. When large but rare species were excluded from the samples, the variability in standing crop (ash-free dry weight) among replicate samples was less than among means from different stations. The mean standing crop for the offshore stations was 1.92 g/m2, which is comparable with the standing crop on the shelf in the Gulf of Alaska, but less than half the mean standing crop for the Puget Sound stations; the difference may be explained in part by differences, previously reported, in primary productivity of the water masses. For the offshore stations there was a weak trend of increasing standing crop with depth. The standing crop at the shallow-water offshore stations, in substrates characterized as fine sand, was dominated by crustaceans and small lamellibranchs, whereas at the deeper stations, in sediments with high percentages of silt and clay, polychaetes and echinoderms were the most important contributors.
Additional Comments on the Genus Anonyx (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of the Atlantic and Arctic Coasts of North America
Authors: Steele D. H.
Published: April 2011

Recent examination of type specimens at the Zoological Institute in Leningrad has shown that a previous identification of Anonyx pacificus Gurjanova for the northwest Atlantic is changed to A. makarovi Gurjanova. Anonyx pacificus Gurjanova (in part) and A. kurilicus are considered to be synonyms of A. nugax. Other problems concerning the taxonomy of the eight northwest Atlantic species of Anonyx are discussed.
Validity of the Binomen Caligus elongatus for a Common Parasitic Copepod Formerly Misidentified with Caligus rapax
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

The parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, is redescribed from the syntypes, and virtually all of the "C. rapax" of Baird, 1850, and later authors is identified with it. A review of hosts and localities reveals that this species parasitizes representatives of 14 orders of fishes including 34 families and at least 64 species. Its known distribution shows it to be mainly restricted to the temperate zones, extending northward in the Atlantic with the Gulf Stream. In the southern hemisphere it has been reported from the South Atlantic at Uruguay and the South Pacific at Southern Australia–Tasmania.
Some Nematodes from Australian Gulls and Terns
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: April 2011

A table is given showing the incidence of helminth parasites in gulls and terns from South Australia, from which it may be seen that nematodes occur less frequently than cestodes or trematodes. The only new species recorded is Capillaria thomascameroni from Larus novaehollandiae. Other species recorded with some redescription are: Cosmocephalus jaenschi Johnston and Mawson from Chlidonias hybrida fluviatilis; Pectinospirura argentata Wehr and Streptocara pectinifera (Neumann) from Hydroprogne caspia; Seuratia shipleyi (Stossich) from Sterna fuscata and Anous stolidus; and Contracaecum magnicollare from A. stolidus and Anous minutus. Tetrameres spp. are noted from Chlidonias hybrida fluviatilis and Geochelidon nilotica macrotarsa; Eufilaria sp. from L. novaehollandiae; and Paryseria sp. from Sterna bergii cristata. Four female worms in very bad condition from G. nilotica macrotarsa appear to belong to the Habronematinae.
Phytoplankton Nutrient Enrichment Experiments off Baja California and in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: April 2011

Natural phytoplankton populations were enriched with various nutrients both singly and as mixtures. After 4 or 5 days of incubation in natural light, the effects of enrichment were assessed by measuring the rate of 14C uptake or changes in chlorophyll. Off Baja California, in June 1964, September 1965, and November 1966, increases in chlorophyll or 14C uptake occurred in treatments containing added nitrate or trace metals. In February 1967, three enrichment experiments done in nutrient-poor water well offshore and both north and south of the Equator showed that nitrogen was the most likely limiting nutrient. In two experiments in equatorial upwelling water, no nutrient appeared to limit phytoplankton growth since chlorophyll increases were nearly as great in controls containing no enrichment as in treatments containing a complete mixture.
First Massachusetts Bay Record of the Arctic Shanny Stichaeus punctatus
Authors: Collette Bruce B. , MacPhee Jr. John A.
Published: April 2011

The second Gulf of Maine specimen of the amphiboreal northern blenny Stichaeus punctatus is reported. This record extends the known southern range from Mount Desert, Maine, to Nahant in Massachusetts Bay. Ecological and morphological data on the specimen are also presented.
Tanypleuridae fam.nov. (Copepoda: Caligoida), Parasitic on Fishes in the Canadian Atlantic
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: April 2011

The discovery, in Canadian Atlantic waters, of Tanypleurus alcicornis Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861, is reported. This is the first find of the species since its description. Its morphology, including the structure of appendages, is examined. A new family Tanypleuridae is proposed.
Histology and Fine Structure of the Accessory Boring Organ of Polinices lewisi (Gastropoda, Prosobranchiata)
Authors: Bernard F. R. , Bagshaw J. W.
Published: April 2011

The histology of the accessory boring organ of the naticid clam drill Polinices lewisi (Gould) was investigated by means of electron microscopy and standard histological techniques.The organ consists of two distinct epithelial regions, one producing typical mucin histochemical reaction and a central region which secretes a proteinaceous substance. Overlying the central epithelium is a brush border consisting of numerous microvilli passing through a matrix of protein and chitin.
Isopropanol–Water Mixtures for the Production of Fish Protein Concentrate From Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Dambergs N.
Published: April 2011

The efficiency with which isopropanol extracts fat and other materials from minced round herring depends upon the water to solvent ratio in the liquid phase. Optimum dilutions for maximum extractive efficiency are determined. There is a considerable difference in the efficiency with which isopropanol–water mixtures extract fat from herring and cod.
Geographic Variation in the Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans, and Notes on Nomenclature and Distribution
Authors: Nelson Joseph S.
Published: April 2011

Clinal variation in dorsal and pelvic spine lengths was observed in the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, in an examination of 1366 specimens from 62 localities. Mean spine length was longest in the Wisconsin to Ohio area and generally decreased to the west, north, and east of this area. Shortest spines were observed in the northwestern part of the range of the species. A population in New Mexico, believed to be relict, was highly variable, but most specimens had long spines. Pelvic spines, and the supporting skeleton, were absent in most specimens from five localities in Alberta. Pelvic skeleton size and body depth were generally greatest in the area east of Wisconsin and least in the northwestern part of the range. Although C. inconstans is generally described as being naked, a series of about 30–36 small bony scutes was found along the lateral line in all populations examined. No marked geographic variation was observed in number of pectoral rays, caudal rays, soft dorsal-fin rays, soft anal-fin rays, gill rakers, scutes, or vertebrae. The nomenclature and distribution of C. inconstans are reviewed. The historical origin of clinal variation in spine length is discussed.
Derivation of Average Lengths of Different Age-Groups in Fishes
Authors: Jhingran V. G. , Natarajan A. V.
Published: April 2011

Fishes in general show much growth variation between years from environmental influences, food availability, and stock density, and this variation is especially more pronounced in the tropics. Average growth rate and average length at age of constituent age-groups of fish stocks, under the circumstances, appear more appropriate especially for yield computations. By the method elaborated in this note, the modal values of sizes of constituent age-groups (derived from Petersen's method of length-frequency analysis) as obtained each month for all months over a number of years (9 years, in the present case, covering the period 1957–65) are simultaneously plotted and this results in as many oblique rows as there are age-groups. Regression lines corresponding to the oblique rows of scatters of modal plots are statistically derived and used to read off the average lengths at ages. The slopes of the lines represent the average growth rates for the size ranges delimited by regression lines.
Pugheadedness in Landlocked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Leggett William C.
Published: April 2011

A mature, male, pugheaded, landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linn.) was collected from Gambo Pond, Newfoundland, in 1964. Analysis of age, growth, and spawning histories for this specimen, relative to other members of the population, indicated that the pugheaded condition did not affect its ability to compete successfully.
Control of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Disease by Elevating the Water Temperature
Authors: Amend Donald F.
Published: April 2011

Studies were performed to determine if increasing water temperatures could control infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHN) disease in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Mortalities could be prevented if the water temperature was raised to at least 18 C within the first 24 hr after infection of the fish and if the fish were maintained at this temperature for 4–6 days. The disease did not recur after the elevated temperature treatment, but the fish would still contract the disease if they were reinfected. Reasons for the protecting action are discussed.
Effects of Sublethal DDT on a Simple Reflex in Brook Trout
Authors: Anderson J. M. , Prins H. B.
Published: April 2011

Brook trout were conditioned in about 30 trials to exhibit the propeller-tail reflex, with electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus and light as the conditioning stimulus. When the trout were exposed for 24 hr to sublethal DDT (20 ppb), more than half could not be conditioned at all; the remainder required significantly more trials than did the untreated ones. Three to four weeks after initial testing, the DDT effect had largely disappeared. It seemed likely that the DDT was acting upon central nervous system structures. The general ecological implications of the results are discussed.
The Morid Fish Halargyreus johnsonii from the New York Bight
Authors: Haedrich Richard L. , Horn Michael H.
Published: April 2011

Three specimens of Halargyreus johnsonii Günther, 1862, 190, 345, and 381 mm standard length were trawled in 700 fath at 39°09′N, 72°11′W, a westerly range extension of some 1200 miles. The two larger specimens were just barely mature. The stomachs of all three were everted; the lower intestine of the largest specimen contained some grit. The largest specimen was host to a caligoid copepod. In addition to Halargyreus, the trawl captured 515 individuals in 22 species of deepwater fishes.
Record Size and Age of Atlantic Capelin, Mallotus villosus
Authors: Winters G. H.
Published: April 2011

A female capelin caught in Trinity Bay, Nfld., in March 1967 represents a record size (252 mm total length) and age (10 years) for Atlantic capelin. It is suggested that this capelin was maturing for the first time.
Reproduction and Growth of Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieui, in a Precambrian Lake
Authors: Turner Gary E. , MacCrimmon Hugh R.
Published: April 2011

Nest building by smallmouth bass in Tadenac Lake, Ontario, began in early June at 15–18 C and lasted less than 1 week. Nests were constructed at 0.3–2.4 m from the leaward shore. Egg incubation lasted 4 days at 15.2–18.2 C. Postlarval fish rose off nests at 8–11 days after hatching. Schools of young fish dispersed at 19–28 days. Both sexes matured at ages IV (18.7–25.0 cm) to VI (26.4–36.6 cm). Oldest fish (41.2 cm) were age IX. Temperature and shelter in the epilimnion determined summer distribution of fish of all ages. Annual littoral harvest (1963–66) averaged 4.0 k/ha, or 1.1 fish per angling hour.
Mercury Determination in Fish Samples by Wet Digestion and Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Uthe J. F. , Armstrong F. A. J. , Stainton M. P.
Published: April 2011

A simple, rapid method is given for determination in fish of mercury at concentrations measured in parts per million (ppm). Samples are digested at 50–60 C with sulphuric acid and oxidised with permanganate. Mercury in the digest is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Recovery of mercury added to samples was complete, with good precision. Standard deviations from triplicate analyses were ±0.039 at the 0.1 ppm level and ±0.051 at the 0.5 ppm level. In a day, three workers analysed 15–20 samples in triplicate.
Primary Production Measurements on a Natural Plankton Bloom
Authors: Platt Trevor , Rao D. V. Subba
Published: April 2011

A comprehensive series of observations made throughout a natural phytoplankton bloom suggested that culture experiments are satisfactory analogues of natural plankton systems, at least under bloom conditions. Calorific values suggested that there was no tendency for the phytoplankton to store fat in the senescent phase of the bloom. No single quantity was found to be a suitable indicator of the physiological vigour of the population.
Flavor Effects of Different Woods on Whitefish Smoked in a Kiln with Controlled Temperature, Humidity, and Air Velocity
Authors: Lantz A. W. , Vaisey M.
Published: April 2011

The use of a stainless steel kiln capable of careful environmental control permitted a comparison of the effects of 12 different Canadian woods on the flavor of smoked white-fish (Coregonus clupeaformis). A panel of 61 untrained judges, scoring on a 9-point hedonic scale, liked canned smoked whitefish better when it was smoked with red maple, red oak, trembling aspen, white ash, balsam, and birch. The flavors from beech and white oak were moderately well liked, whereas those from hard maple and hickory were of only borderline acceptability. Diamond willow and burr oak gave distinctly distasteful flavors. Comments from the untrained judges together with flavor descriptions from a panel of five trained judges classified distasteful flavors as medicinal, astringent, gasolinelike, and sour, depending on the wood source. Smoked products from female fish were liked slightly better than those from male fish.
Effects of Copper on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Physa integra, and Campeloma decisum in Soft Water
Authors: Arthur John W. , Leonard Edward N.
Published: April 2011

Three invertebrate species were subjected to acute (96-hr), followed by long-term (6-week) copper exposures under continuous-flow bioassay conditions. Survival, growth, reproduction, and feeding were the responses used for measuring toxicant effects. The average 96-hr median tolerance limits (TLm) values for Campeloma decisum, Physa integra, and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus were 1.7, 0.039, and 0.020 mg/liter total copper, respectively. The total copper concentration having no effect after 6 weeks exposure for all three species was between 8.0 and 14.8 μg/liter. The newly hatched amphipods obtained from the second 6-week study were exposed to copper for 9 additional weeks, and grew to the adult stage only in copper concentrations ≤ 4.6 μg/liter. After 5 weeks exposure to a water system, survival of newly hatched Gammarus was markedly reduced when copper concentrations were between 12.9 and 6.2 μg/liter.
A Modified Version of the Blazka Respirometer and Exercise Chamber for Large Fish
Authors: Smith Lynwood S. , Newcomb Timothy W.
Published: April 2011

A tube-within-a-tube respirometer has been built in which a jet outboard impeller propels the water. A towline attached to the fish through its dorsal musculature to keep it out of the pump avoids the electrolysis problems of an electric grid when using sea water.
Behavior of Skipjack Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, as Determined by Tracking with Ultrasonic Devices
Authors: Yuen Heeny S. H.
Published: April 2011

A 50-kHz transmitter was placed in the stomach of a 44-cm (estimated) skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, at Kaula Bank, Hawaii. With a few interruptions the fish was tracked from August 30 to September 6, 1969. The fish made nightly journeys of 25–106 km away from the bank and, with one exception, returned to the bank every morning to remain there for the day. Another skipjack tuna, about 40 cm long, was tracked for 12 hr at Penguin Bank, Hawaii. It also stayed at the bank during the day and left at night. Both fish swam close to the surface at night but swam at various depths during the day. The repeated morning returns of the skipjack tuna to Kaula Bank imply that skipjack tuna can navigate and that they have a sense of time.
Meristics and Morphometries of Sand Launce in the Newfoundland Area
Authors: Winters G. H.
Published: April 2011

Analyses of meristic and morphometric data of sand launce in the Newfoundland area revealed that the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank specimens were slender with relatively short heads and high meristic counts whereas those from Trinity Bay and St. Mary's Bay were deep-bodied with relatively longer heads and low meristic counts. Consequently, offshore launce were provisionally assigned to Ammodytes dubius and inshore specimens as Ammodytes hexapterus. Differences in body form and meristics were also evident within the two groups.
An Effect of Thyroxine upon the Swimming of Cod
Authors: Woodhead P. M. J.
Published: April 2011

Cod treated with the hormone thyroxine, and held in a large aquarium, swam 35% faster than saline-treated controls held in the same conditions. The difference in swimming activity of the two groups was highly significant.
Fistulicola plicatus (Cestoda) and Tristoma spp. (Trematoda) on Swordfish from the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Iles Christine
Published: April 2011

Data on the incidence, location, and morphology of the scolex of Fistulicola plicatus in 24 specimens of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from the northwest Atlantic are given. The occurrence of normal scolices in tubular sheaths or bladderlike cysts on the outer surface of the rectum is recorded for the first time for this species. The incidence and location on the gills of Tristoma coccineum and T. integrum are given and the possibility of using these monogenetic trematodes as biological tags is discussed. The increase in the number of dorsomarginal rows of comb teeth with body length for immature specimens of T. coccineum is demonstrated.
Differences in Benthos Upstream and Downstream of an Impoundment
Authors: Spence J. A. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: April 2011

Pronounced differences were found in the macroinvertebrate riffle fauna upstream and downstream of a flood control impoundment. Downstream differences were comparable with those occurring after mild organic enrichment. Plecoptera were absent, but numbers of Baetis and Caenis (Ephemeroptera) increased, and the abundance and number of species of Stenonema were considerably reduced. Numbers of Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Optioservus (Coleoptera), Hydropsychidae, and Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) increased downstream. These changes are associated with downstream increase in the availability of detritus, a lag of about 4 weeks in the early summer rise in water temperature and a maximum temperature more than 6 degrees C lower than upstream, and alteration of other environmental factors.
Differences in Fish Populations Upstream and Downstream of a Mainstream Impoundment
Authors: Spence J. A. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: April 2011

Four species of cyprinid fishes, Hybopsis biguttata, H. micropogon, Pimephales notatus, and Notropis spilopterus found in a river upstream of a flood control dam are absent downstream. With the release downstream of cold hypolimnial waters from the dam there was a lag of about 4 weeks in the spring rise of water temperatures and a maximum summer temperature 7 degrees C lower than upstream. Of the fish present in the river these four species had the most southerly distributions, all south of the 64 F (17.8 C) July isotherm, and it is concluded that the lower water temperatures are mainly responsible for their absence downstream of the dam.
Differential Growth Rate in the Tail of the Pacific Big Skate, Raja binoculata
Authors: Ford Peter
Published: April 2011

Over a period of years the egg cases of Raja binoculata Girard were collected from waters in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, and measurements of the total body lengths and tail lengths were recorded. From these data an hypothesis was formulated suggesting that the relative growth rate of the tail to the growth of embryos is related to the mode of respiration utilized at a given time during development.The method of respiration employed by embryos of elasmobranchs follows a chronological sequence of integumentary, external gill filament, and spiracular–branchial respiration. To determine whether this hypothesis was tenable the data were subjected to a statistical analysis. A linear regression on the logarithms of the data was performed for caudal lengths below and above 8.5 cm. In each instance the probability that the resulting slope was not zero was Jess than 0.0001. Further, an analysis of covariance was performed that indicated that the two slopes were significantly different with a probability of less than 0.005.It would seem reasonable on the basis of the above analysis to assume that the tail length-respiration relation is a tenable hypothesis.
Meristic Differences Between Anadromous and Freshwater-Resident Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) in the Sagavanirktok River Drainage, Alaska
Authors: McCart P. , Craig P.
Published: April 2011

Both anadromous and freshwater-resident populations of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) occur in the Sagavanirktok River drainage, Alaska. A comparison of the gill-raker and pyloric-caeca counts of populations of the two types revealed that anadromous fish had lower gill-raker and pyloric-caeca counts than freshwater-resident fish. Freshwater-resident populations correspond meristically to McPhail's Eastern Arctic form, and anadromous population scor-respond to his Western Arctic–Bering Sea form (McPhail, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 18: 793–816, 1961). It is suggested that the former was the original inhabitant of the area but has been replaced by the latter except in inaccessible, headwater lakes.
Crustacean Plankton of 146 Alpine and Subalpine Lakes and Ponds in Western Canada
Authors: Anderson R. Stewart
Published: April 2011

Investigations of crustacean plankton communities in 146 alpine and subalpine waters in some western Canadian national parks and environs showed that species composition varied little from year to year and that there was a mean of 2.93 species per community Diaptomus arcticus occurred in 60% of the communities. More cladoceran species than copepod species were found, but there were usually more copepod than cladoceran species in a community. Many of the species found in subalpine waters did not occur in alpine waters, where they were probably limited more by physical factors — such as temperature and morphometry — and the presence of large predators than by altitude. Except for anostracans, few species seemed to be restricted to either lakes or ponds in the study area. Congeneric occurrences of large cladocerans or nonpredaceous diaptomid copepods were uncommon, as were co-occurrences of large cladocerans and nonpredaceous diaptomids.
Effects of Salinity on the Survival and Growth of Pre-Smolt Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: Otto Robert G.
Published: April 2011

Salinity tolerance of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) increased markedly during the period from approximately [Formula: see text] months after emergence from the gravel to the onset of the smolt transformation, except for a decline in the fall. In January, salinity tolerance ceased to limit dispersal to the sea. The limiting effects of high salinities on survival were less for larger fish than for smaller individuals and were substantially reduced by a period of exposure to dilute salinities. Growth rate, food intake, and gross food conversion efficiency had the highest values at salinities of 5–10 ppt throughout the pre-smolt period. The results are discussed in relation to the feasibility of using saltwater impoundments as a management tool in increasing coho production.
Satiation Time, Appetite, and Maximum Food Intake of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Brett J. R.
Published: April 2011

Three aspects of feeding relations in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were studied, using Abernathy pellets. When food was presented in excess at 15 C, mean satiation time was found to be 43 ± 8 min, independent of fish size. Voluntary food intake (appetite) increased with time, approaching a plateau after 25–30 hr deprivation. The greatest increase in appetite occurred between 7 and 11 hr of fasting. The relation between the capacity of the stomach (% body weight) and fish weight (grams) was exponential (Y = 14.1 − 4.95 log10X). Five-gram fish consumed 11% dry body weight at one feeding, and 17% on a daily basis.
Reproductive Patterns of Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastodes alutus) off Washington and British Columbia and their Relation to Bathymetric Distribution and Seasonal Abundance
Authors: Gunderson Donald R.
Published: April 2011

Females of the ovoviviparous species Sebastodes alutus release their larvae in March in the Washington–British Columbia area. Male maturity data from Queen Charlotte Sound indicated that males probably inseminate females in September or October. Examination of the annual bathymetric cycle in three major commercial trawling areas showed that mating and insemination occur while Pacific ocean perch are moving to deep water from the shallow-water regions inhabited in summer and that females release their larvae while in the deepest part of their bathymetric range.Total 1955 through 1965 catch by month, and 11-year mean monthly catch rates were used to indicate relative seasonal abundance on major fishing grounds. Where deepwater regions were trawled, these indices showed a spring maximum associated with the March spawning period. In all areas studied there was a midsummer slump in catch and catch rate, and an October maximum occurring during the suggested mating period.