bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Harbour Porpoise Liver Tissue by HybridSPE®–UPLC®–MS/MS
Authors: Trimmel Simone , Vike-Jonas Kristine , Gonzalez Susana V. , Ciesielski Tomasz Maciej , Lindstrøm Ulf , Jenssen Bjørn Munro , Asimakopoulos Alexandros G.
Published: August 2021

A rapid hybrid solid phase extraction (HybridSPE®) protocol tailored to ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC®–ESI–MS/MS) analysis was developed for the determination of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in liver tissue from harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). The HybridSPE® technique has been applied in trace concentration bioanalysis, but it was mainly used for liquid biological media until now. In this study, the protocol was applied on tissue matrix, and it demonstrated acceptable absolute recoveries (%) ranging from 44.4 to 89.4%. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient elution program with a total run time of 4 min. The inter-day method precision ranged from 2.15 to 15.4%, and the method limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.003 to 0.30 ng/g wet weight (w.w.). A total of 20 liver samples were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method in liver tissue from a wildlife species.
Intravenous, Intratracheal, and Intranasal Inoculation of Swine with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Buckley Alexandra , Falkenberg Shollie , Martins Mathias , Laverack Melissa , Palmer Mitchell V. , Lager Kelly , Diel Diego G.
Published: August 2021

Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the susceptibility of animals and their potential to act as reservoirs or intermediate hosts for the virus has been of significant interest. Pigs are susceptible to multiple coronaviruses and have been used as an animal model for other human infectious diseases. Research groups have experimentally challenged swine with human SARS-CoV-2 isolates with results suggesting limited to no viral replication. For this study, a SARS-CoV-2 isolate obtained from a tiger which is identical to human SARS-CoV-2 isolates detected in New York City and contains the D614G S mutation was utilized for inoculation. Pigs were challenged via intravenous, intratracheal, or intranasal routes of inoculation (n = 4/route). No pigs developed clinical signs, but at least one pig in each group had one or more PCR positive nasal/oral swabs or rectal swabs after inoculation. All pigs in the intravenous group developed a transient neutralizing antibody titer, but only three other challenged pigs developed titers greater than 1:8. No gross or histologic changes were observed in tissue samples collected at necropsy. In addition, no PCR positive samples were positive by virus isolation. Inoculated animals were unable to transmit virus to naïve contact animals. The data from this experiment as well as from other laboratories supports that swine are not likely to play a role in the epidemiology and spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Suppression of DC-SIGN and gH Reveals Complex, Subset-Specific Mechanisms for KSHV Entry in Primary B Lymphocytes
Authors: Palmerin Nancy , Aalam Farizeh , Nabiee Romina , Muniraju Murali , Ogembo Javier , Totonchy Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of multiple cancers in immunocompromised patients including two lymphoproliferative disorders associated with KSHV infection of B lymphocytes. Despite many years of research into the pathogenesis of KSHV associated diseases, basic questions related to KSHV molecular virology remain unresolved. One such unresolved question is the cellular receptors and viral glycoproteins needed for KSHV entry into primary B lymphocytes. In this study, we assess the contributions of KSHV glycoprotein H (gH) and the cellular receptor DC-SIGN to KSHV infection in tonsil-derived B lymphocytes. Our results show that (1) neither KSHV-gH nor DC-SIGN are essential for entry into any B cell subset, (2) DC-SIGN does play a role in KSHV entry into tonsil-derived B cells, but in all B cell subtypes alternative entry mechanisms exist, (3) KSHV-gH can participate in KSHV entry into centrocytes via a DC-SIGN independent entry mechanism, and (4) in the absence of KSHV-gH, DC-SIGN is required for KSHV entry into centrocytes. Our results provide a first glimpse into the complexity of KSHV entry in the lymphocyte compartment and highlight that multiple subset-dependent entry mechanisms are employed by KSHV which depend upon multiple cellular receptors and multiple KSHV glycoproteins.
Epidemiology and Seasonality of Endemic Human Coronaviruses in South African and Zambian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Study
Authors: Baillie Vicky L. , Moore David P. , Mathunjwa Azwifarwi , Park Daniel E. , Thea Donald M. , Kwenda Geoffrey , Mwananyanda Lawrence , Madhi Shabir A.
Published: August 2021

Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) are capable of causing a range of diseases from the common cold to pneumonia. We evaluated the epidemiology and seasonality of endemic HCoVs in children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls living in countries with a high HIV burden, namely South Africa and Zambia, between August 2011 to October 2013. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected from all cases and controls and tested for endemic HCoV species and 12 other respiratory viruses using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. We found that the likelihood of detecting endemic HCoV species was higher among asymptomatic controls than cases (11% vs. 7.2%; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0). This was however only observed among children > 6 months and was mainly driven by the Betacoronavirus endemic species (HCoV-OC43 and –HKU1). Endemic HCoV species were detected through the year; however, in Zambia, the endemic Betacoronavirus species tended to peak during the winter months (May–August). There was no association between HIV status and endemic HCoV detection.
Natural Products against Sand Fly Vectors of Leishmaniosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pugliese Michela , Gaglio Gabriella , Passantino Annamaria , Brianti Emanuele , Napoli Ettore
Published: August 2021

Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease transmitted to animals and humans by the bite of blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies. These small insects play a crucial role in the diffusion of the disease. To date, the sole strategy recognized for the prevention of leishmaniosis is the use of topical repellent compounds against sand fly bites. Several synthetic insecticides and repellents have been developed; however, the wide and unprejudiced use of these formulations have led to the loss of their effectiveness and the development of resistance phenomena. Moreover, some of these synthetic repellents have severe detrimental effects on the environment and could represent a serious threat to both animal and human health. Recently, an increased interest in the research on alternative approaches to sand fly control has been expressed. In this study, we systematically reviewed the efforts of the scientific community to individuate a phytochemical alternative for the control of sand fly species recognized as vectors of Leishmania spp. Based on literature research using different electronic databases, a total of 527 potentially relevant studies were screened and narrowed down to a final 14 eligible scientific reports. Our analysis suggests that although there is a rapidly growing body of literature dedicated to botanical insecticides and repellents against sand fly vectors of Leishmania spp., much of this literature is limited to in vitro studies conducted in laboratory conditions, and only a few of them investigated the repellency of plant-based products. These studies highlighted that natural compounds display a really short period of action and this significantly limits the use of these products as an alternative to chemical-based repellents.
Correlation Analysis of Landscape Structure and Water Quality in Suzhou National Wetland Park, China
Authors: Gong Yaxi , Ji Xiang , Hong Xiaochun , Cheng Shanshan
Published: August 2021

The newly issued “Guideline of General Planning of Wetland Parks”, China, reclassified the functional zoning of national wetland parks into three categories: conservation areas, restoration and reconstruction areas, and rational utilization areas. Therefore, the country is facing a new round of revision and compilation of the general planning of national wetland parks. The purpose of this paper was to provide information to guide wetland park functional zoning and to formulate the water pollution prevention and control strategy. In this study, 53 sampling points of 6 national wetland parks in Suzhou City were selected. Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression analysis, redundancy analysis, single factor, and comprehensive water quality identification index methods were used to analyze the effects of wetland landscape types and landscape configuration on water quality. (1) Lakes and rivers in the wetland park had positive ecological effects and should be distributed in each functional zone. (2) Grassland ecology is fragile. Grasslands should be distributed in conservation areas and in restoration and reconstruction areas. (3) Woodland and cultivated land have both ecological and economic benefits. They can be used as ecological buffer and entertainment zones, which are respectively distributed in the restoration and reconstruction areas and in the reasonable utilization areas. (4) Built-up land is highly disturbed by humans. It should only occur in the rational utilization areas and far away from the conservation areas.
Improving Accuracy and Robustness of Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV) with Deep Learning
Authors: Watanabe Ken , Fujita Ichiro , Iguchi Makiko , Hasegawa Makoto
Published: August 2021

Image-based river flow measurement methods have been attracting attention because of their ease of use and safety. Among the image-based methods, the space-time image velocimetry (STIV) technique is regarded as a powerful tool for measuring the streamwise flow because of its high measurement accuracy and robustness. However, depending on the image shooting environment such as stormy weather or nighttime, the conventional automatic analysis methods may generate incorrect values, which has been a problem in building a real-time measurement system. In this study, we tried to solve this problem by incorporating the deep learning method, which has been successful in the field of image analysis in recent years, into the STIV method. The case studies for the three datasets indicated that deep learning can improve the efficiency of the STIV method and can continuously improve performance by learning additional data. The proposed method is suitable for building a real-time measurement system because it has no tuning parameters that need to be adjusted according to the shooting conditions and the calculation speed is fast enough for real-time measurement.
Dam Siting: A Review
Authors: Wang Yang , Tian Yongzhong , Cao Yan
Published: August 2021

Dams can effectively regulate the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, where the rationality of dam siting determines whether the role of dams can be effectively performed. This paper reviews the research literature on dam siting in the past 20 years, discusses the methods used for dam siting, focuses on the factors influencing dam siting, and assesses the impact of different dam functions on siting factors. The results show the following: (1) Existing siting methods can be categorized into three types—namely, GIS/RS-based siting, MCDM- and MCDM-GIS-based siting, and machine learning-based siting. GIS/RS emphasizes the ability to capture and analyze data, MCDM has the advantage of weighing the importance of the relationship between multiple factors, and machine learning methods have a strong ability to learn and process complex data. (2) Site selection factors vary greatly, depending on the function of the dam. For dams with irrigation and water supply as the main purpose, the site selection is more focused on the evaluation of water quality. For dams with power generation as the main purpose, the hydrological factors characterizing the power generation potential are the most important. For dams with flood control as the main purpose, the topography and geological conditions are more important. (3) The integration of different siting methods and the siting of new functional dams in the existing research is not sufficient. Future research should focus on the integration of different methods and disciplines, in order to explore the siting of new types of dams.
Simulating Nutrients and Phytoplankton Dynamics in Lakes: Model Development and Applications
Authors: Tasnim Bushra , Fang Xing , Hayworth Joel S. , Tian Di
Published: August 2021

Due to eutrophication, many lakes require periodic management and restoration, which becomes unpredictable due to internal nutrient loading. To provide better lake management and restoration strategies, a deterministic, one-dimensional water quality model MINLAKE2020 was modified from daily MINLAKE2012 by incorporating chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand models into the regional year-around temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) model. MINLAKE2020 was applied to six lakes (varying depth and trophic status) in Minnesota focusing on studying the internal nutrient dynamics. The average root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of simulated water temperature and DO in six lakes are 1.51 °C and 2.33 mg/L, respectively, when compared with profile data over 2–4 years. The average RMSE of DO simulation decreased by 24.2% when compared to the MINLAKE2012 model. The internal nutrient dynamics was studied by analyzing time series of phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and DO over several years and by performing a sensitivity analysis of model parameters. A long-term simulation (20 years) of Lake Elmo shows that the simulated phosphorus release from sediment under the anoxic condition results in surface phosphorus increase, which matches with the observed trends. An average internal phosphorus loading increase of 92.3 kg/year increased the average daily phosphorus concentration by 0.0087 mg/L.
Testing Landscape, Climate and Lithology Impact on Carbon, Major and Trace Elements of the Lena River and Its Tributaries during a Spring Flood Period
Authors: Vorobyev Sergey N. , Kolesnichenko Yuri , Korets Mikhail A. , Pokrovsky Oleg S.
Published: August 2021

Transport of carbon, major and trace elements by rivers in permafrost-affected regions is one of the key factors in circumpolar aquatic ecosystem response to climate warming and permafrost thaw. A snap-shot study of major and trace element concentration in the Lena River basin during the peak of spring flood revealed a specific group of solutes according to their spatial pattern across the river main stem and tributaries and allowed the establishment of a link to certain landscape parameters. We demonstrate a systematic decrease of labile major and trace anion, alkali and alkaline-earth metal concentration downstream of the main stem of the Lena River, linked to change in dominant rocks from carbonate to silicate, and a northward decreasing influence of the groundwater. In contrast, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and a number of low-soluble elements exhibited an increase in concentration from the SW to the NE part of the river. We tentatively link this to an increase in soil organic carbon stock and silicate rocks in the Lena River watershed in this direction. Among all the landscape parameters, the proportion of sporadic permafrost on the watershed strongly influenced concentrations of soluble highly mobile elements (Cl, B, DIC, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mo, As and U). Another important factor of element concentration control in the Lena River tributaries was the coverage of the watershed by light (for B, Cl, Na, K, U) and deciduous (for Fe, Ni, Zn, Ge, Rb, Zr, La, Th) needle-leaf forest (pine and larch). Our results also suggest a DOC-enhanced transport of low-soluble trace elements in the NW part of the basin. This part of the basin is dominated by silicate rocks and continuous permafrost, as compared to the carbonate rock-dominated and groundwater-affected SW part of the Lena River basin. Overall, the impact of rock lithology and permafrost on major and trace solutes of the Lena River basin during the peak of spring flood was mostly detected at the scale of the main stem. Such an impact for tributaries was much less pronounced, because of the dominance of surface flow and lower hydrological connectivity with deep groundwater in the latter. Future changes in the river water chemistry linked to climate warming and permafrost thaw at the scale of the whole river basin are likely to stem from changes in the spatial pattern of dominant vegetation as well as the permafrost regime. We argue that comparable studies of large, permafrost-affected rivers during contrasting seasons, including winter baseflow, should allow efficient prediction of future changes in riverine ‘inorganic’ hydrochemistry induced by permafrost thaw.
Multi-Step Sequence Flood Forecasting Based on MSBP Model
Authors: Zhang Yue , Ren Juanhui , Wang Rui , Fang Feiteng , Zheng Wen
Published: August 2021

Establishing a model predicting river flow can effectively reduce huge losses caused by floods. This paper proposes a multi-step time series forecasting model based on multiple input and multiple output strategies, and this model is applied to the flood forecasting process of a river basin in Shanxi, which effectively improves the engineering application value of the flood forecasting model based on deep learning. The experimental results show that after considering the seasonal characteristics of the river channel and screening the influencing factors, a simple neural network model can accurately predict the peak value, the peak time and flood trends. On this basis, we proposed the MSBP (Multi-step Back Propagation) model, which can accurately predict the flow trend of the river basin 20 h in advance, and the NSE (Nash Efficiency) is 0.89. The MSBP model can improve the reliability of flood forecasting and increase the internal interpretability of the model, which is of great significance for effectively improving the effect of flood forecasting.
Dealing with the Understanding of the Dynamics Related to Multifactorial Temporal Interactions That Spatially Affect the Landscape of Coastal Lagoons
Authors: Casarrubias-Jaimez Ana I. , Juárez-López Ana Laura , Tovar-Sánchez Efraín , Rosas-Acevedo José Luis , Reyes-Umaña Maximino , Rodríguez-Herrera América Libertad , Ramos-Quintana Fernando
Published: August 2021

Models based on multifactorial interactions are needed to deal with the dynamics taking place in the eutrophication processes of coastal lagoons. However, as the number of indirect drivers stemming from anthropogenic factors increases, temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may increase, thus hindering the understanding of their dynamics. We have built multifactorial pathways to deal with the dynamics associated with the cultural eutrophication process of a coastal lagoon. The pathways guided the identification of potential temporal disorder patterns between anthropogenic activities, which may exert influence on the disturbances associated with eutrophication process. The identification of temporal disorder patterns derived from anthropogenic activities belonging to different pathways resulted in a valuable form of support for analyzing and evaluating relationships between public policies, technological skills and environmental culture programs. All of which exert influence on the eutrophication process, which in turn cause changes on the trophic state and on the landscape of the coastal lagoon. Pathways composed of multifactorial interactions that take into account spatial and temporal aspects, contribute to improving the understanding of the inherent dynamics of the eutrophication process of coastal lagoons. Temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may be seen to emerge, thus exerting changes on the trophic state and spatial damage on the landscapes of coastal lagoons.
Design of a Thermal Hotel Based on AHP-QFD Methodology
Authors: Kürüm Varolgüneş Fatma , Canan Fatih , del Río-Rama María de la Cruz , Oliveira Cristiana
Published: August 2021

The aim of this investigation was to help select design criteria that highlight customer satisfaction, and thus improve the design quality in buildings, specifically in a building of a thermal hotel. The methodology is based on applying the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique to listen to the voice of the customer, in addition to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which allows selection of the best design alternative. The literature shows that QFD–AHP methods have been tried in different areas of the building industry, but there are few examples of combining building design processes. In the study process, collaboration environments between stakeholders were established and the operability of the method used was tested with real actors. The matrix solutions realised in the horizontal and vertical sections of the framework of the model can be reused in different projects with different user demands. This added a modular and developable feature to the model. This study revealed that the most important customer needs, in order of importance, are “health”, “service”, “comfort”, and “functionality”. These are followed by “accessibility”, “aesthetics”, and “energy conservation”. According to the findings, QFD was shown to be an appropriate method for transferring customer (occupant) requirements to designs in the most accurate manner, given the complex structure of thermal hotel buildings.
Spatiotemporal Variations and Influencing Factors of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration and Its Components during Different Impoundment Periods in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Authors: Ji Yongyue , Tang Qingqing , Yan Lingyun , Wu Shengjun , Yan Liming , Tan Daming , Chen Jilong , Chen Qiao
Published: August 2021

Identifying the spatiotemporal variations and influencing climate factors of evapotranspiration (ET) and its components (vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), and canopy interception evaporation (Ei)) can greatly improve our understanding of water cycle, carbon cycle, and biogeochemical processes in a warming climate. As the world′s largest hydropower project, the construction of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) coupled with the significant land use/land cover change affected the regional water and energy exchange in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variations and influencing climate factors in ET and its components using PML-V2 products in TGRA during 2000–2020. Results showed that the mean annual ET, Ec, Es, and Ei in TGRA were 585.12, 328.49, 173.07, and 83.56 mm, respectively. The temporal variation of ET was dominated by Ec, with no significant change in the time trend. Es decreased (2.92 mm/y) and Ei increased (1.66 mm/y) significantly mainly in the cultivated land. ET, Ec, and Ei showed a similar seasonal variation pattern with a single peak, while Es presented a bimodal pattern. From the pre-impoundment to the first impoundment period, ET and Ec mainly increased in the head of TGRA, meanwhile, Es in urban area increased significantly by 27.8%. In the subsequent impoundment periods, ET and Ec changed slightly while Es sharply decreased. The Ei increased persistently during different impoundment period. The dominant climate factors affecting changes in Ec and Es were air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and sunshine hours, while the variation of Ei was mainly affected by air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation.
Baseflow and Stormflow Zinc Loads in a Small Agricultural River Catchment Influenced by an Industrial Area
Authors: Andarani Pertiwi , Alimuddin Hardianti , Yokota Kuriko , Inoue Takanobu , Obaid Samim , Nguyen Minh Ngoc
Published: August 2021

A stringent environmental quality standard for zinc (Zn) has been enacted by regulators because of its toxicity to aquatic life. This study’s objective was to evaluate the variability of Zn concentrations and fluxes in the baseflow and stormflow and to estimate the contribution of Zn from point and non-point sources. By using high-resolution temporal sampling, the suspended solids (SS), iron (Fe), and Zn concentrations were measured in a small agricultural river catchment. Fe, as the natural non-point source, and Zn were evaluated using the end member mixing analysis (EMMA) to identify the source apportionment (point and non-point). The results indicate that in the baseflow, Zn mainly originated from point sources and was possibly discharged by manufacturing industries. By contrast, the non-point sources (diffuse sources) were responsible for extremely high SS, Fe, and Zn levels in the stormflow. In addition, Zn discharge during the stormflow was 93 times higher than that during the baseflow. According to the EMMA, approximately 74% of the Zn was from point sources. River management can be improved if Zn point sources are adequately treated. During a storm event, it is also important to control the particulate Zn released into the river.
Assessing the Uncertainty of Hydropower-Environmental Conflict-Resolution Management under Climate Change
Authors: Xu Yuni , Hui Yu
Published: August 2021

To balance the water demands of different departments and produce a win–win result for reservoir operation, a series of conflict-resolution methods have been developed to define the socio-optimal operation strategy for specific conflict problems. However, given the inherent uncertainty of reservoir operation brought by climate change, the compromised strategies selected by conflict-resolution methods can vary. Therefore, quantifying the impacts of climate change on the decision characteristics of conflict-resolution methods can help to address questions about whether conflict-resolution decisions are sustainable given unforeseen changes. In this study, the Yangtze River is regarded as study area. As a world-class hydropower project located on the midstream of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Station can transfer plenty of water energy into electricity. To alleviate the ecological water shortage caused by hydropower operation, sustainable and balanced operation strategies considering the water demands of two departments needs to be studied. In the context of hydropower-environmental conflict-resolution management, the decision behaviors of two fuzzy social choice methods and four game-theoretical bargaining methods under 25 kinds of future climate scenarios are analyzed. Comparing the strategy selection results of different methods for a future period (2021–2082) shows that in all proposed climate scenarios, the decisions of the Nash bargaining method, alternating offer method, and unanimity fallback bargaining method in game-theoretical bargaining methods are more stable than other studied methods, which means that climate change affects the decision behaviors of these three methods slightly. In addition, balanced strategies selected by these three methods could formulate adaptable reservoir operation policies that would satisfy the interests of hydropower and environmental stakeholders equally, and avoid a very low satisfaction level of individual stakeholder and whole stakeholders in the water-conflict year. Therefore, against the background of an increasing demand for environmental protection, these three methods can provide socio-optimal strategies considering social and economic benefits for water resource management.
Correction of metabolism in steers on fattening when using a mineral additive
Authors: Volokhovich A. A. , Fatkullin R. R. , Derkho M. A.
Published: August 2021

There is a need to develop more rational technologies for rearing and fattening steers by adjusting the rations taking into account the technological features of rearing animals in this natural zone and the genetic characteristics of specific animal breeds under the modern conditions of the market economy in order to obtain high-quality products from livestock enterprises with intensive production rates. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the feed additive expanded vermiculite on the nature of the course of lipid metabolism in steers of Kazakh White-headed breed during fattening. The experimental part of the work was performed in Terra LLP, which is located in the village of Nadezhdinka in the Karabalyksky district in the Kostanay region in the Republic of Kazakhstan. We have found the following differences in the experimental groups: in the period from 6 to 9 months of age the total lipid concentration index increased by 19 % in the control group, by 29 % in the 2nd experimental group, and by 35 % in the 3rd experimental group. This indicates the positive influence of the feed additive on the steers of the experimental groups. When the concentration of this indicator decreased in the subsequent age period, the percentage ratio between the groups remained until the age of 15 months. The mineral feed additive expanded vermiculite had the favorable influence on the growth of live weight in the experimental groups by an average of 15 % per head compared to the control group, the highest increase in live weight was observed in the 3rd experimental group, which was given the additive of 15 g/head. Therefore, the amount of drug intake in the body directly affects its positive effect on the physiological status of the animal body.
Productivity of laying hens when fed probiotic feed additive Amilocin
Authors: Kornienko P. P. , Martynova E. G.
Published: August 2021

The possibilities of increasing the productivity of different poultry species by increasing the absorption of feed nutrients can be realized through the use of new biologically active components that are usually added to traditional feed based on live cultures of microorganisms of the normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. The effectiveness of different probiotic drugs varies depending on the types and strains of microorganisms that are included in their composition, the dose of the drug, the scheme of its use, age, type, physiological state and productivity of animals. The research has been carried out to study the influence of the use of the probiotic feed additive Amilocin in the diets of laying hens of the cross Hisex Brown on their productivity. The positive influence of the studied feed additive on the live weight and livability of laying hens, egg productivity, quality and quantity of eggs obtained, morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of experimental poultry, slaughter parameters and chemical composition of the meat of experimental laying hens has been established. The optimal rate of introduction of probiotic feed additive Amilocin into the diet of laying hens has been determined (0,5 g/head/day at the beginning of egg laying during 10 days, 1,0 g/head/day at the peak of egg laying during 10 days, followed by 1 g/head/day monthly for 10 days until the end of egg laying). The economics effectiveness of using the probiotic feed additive Amilocin per 1,0 ruble of costs was 1,24– 1,35 ruble. According to the research data recommendations for the use of the probiotic feed additive Amilocin have been proposed.
External Image as a Geopolitical contour of the National Idea of Russia
Authors: Vinokurov V.
Published: August 2021

Taking into account the historical features of the development of the Russian statehood, the article considers the importance of having a national idea that could spiritually unite the numerous peoples and nationalities of our country. Today, many proposals are put forward on this occasion, among which there is the idea of patriotism — a sense of love for the Motherland, a willingness to sacrifice for it. However, in this capacity, according to many experts, the feeling can not be a national idea, as a driving force in the development of society; it can only be a necessary and obligatory condition for this movement and its development. Using historical examples, the author shows that the national idea cannot exist without the state ideology — a kind of soul of the nation, the value and ideological basis of society, which forms the meaning of the existence of the state and its citizens. It is the state ideology that should form the basis of the national idea and include a whole system of unifying ideals and values that derive from the entire history and culture of the country. Since today the solution of the problem of searching for a national idea largely depends on the attitude to our country abroad, the article suggests using the external image of the country as a living, visual representation of the characteristics of a particular state in the historical, military, demographic, economic, political, recreational, tourist, etc. spheres as the geopolitical contour of the national idea. In this regard, the main directions and performers of the implementation of this proposal are specified.
Transformations of the spanish party-political landscape: internal and external vectors
Authors: Gavrilova S. , Vilchinskii A.
Published: August 2021

The paper examines the party-political crisis in the Kingdom of Spain. The triggers of the political crisis are analyzed, the results of the parliamentary election in 2015, 2016 and 2019 are considered and the main trends in the Spanish electoral process are highlighted. The study carries out a content analysis of the programs presented by leading Spanish political parties prior to the 2016 and 2019 parliamentary election. The article describes the run-up to the off -year voting on November 10, 2019. The research presents a comparative analysis of sociological surveys, distinguishes the most topical issues for Spanish voters and fi gures out their political preferences. The article shows the infl uence the internal political situation has on the international position of the Kingdom and its role in the European Union. The research identifi es the main problems in forging party coalitions, underscores the stances of regional and nationalist parties, analyzes the results of the resolved crisis in 2020 and characterizes new Spanish government.
Implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative in the post-Soviet space: pros and cons for Russia
Authors: Karpovich O.G. , Smagina L.A.
Published: August 2021

The implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, designed as a fl agship foreign policy concept, in the post-Soviet space in modern conditions is associated with such processes as expanding the real horizons for launching investment projects, involving more participants, diversifying existing and developing new tools, clarifying the regulatory framework, etc. These trends, in turn, require updating the system of criteria and practices for cooperation between China and the post-Soviet states. Initially, the "One Belt, One Road" format was perceived as a concept of creating an acceptable investment and trade and economic space used to maintain regional stability and create investment attractiveness for more economic niches of the countries involved, on the one hand, and building a more or less stable geopolitical infl uence of China and fi nding new niches for the transnationalization of Chinese business, on the other hand. The dynamics of the growth of exports of Chinese technologies and ideas in the context of the post-Soviet region reveals, among other things, serious concerns of less infl uential participants interested in protecting national economies and maintaining the eff ectiveness of state regulation, which is associated at least with increasing the pace of economic development and the establishment of their own rules of the game by the Chinese side. Accordingly, the commercial and political elite of the People's Republic of China is interested in ensuring more trusting and open relations through the development of special free trade zones and the adjustment of public diplomacy methods.
Strategies of deterrence and coercion as tools of 21st century diplomacy
Authors: Bartosh A. A.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the correlation between deterrence and coercion strategies as tools of modern diplomacy. The transformation of the deterrence strategy from post-war times to the present is traced. A comparative analysis of deterrence and coercion strategies is carried out.
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Latvian statehood and the signing of the peace treaty between Latvia and Russia. Diplomatic struggle for recognition from the West
Authors: Kovalevskaia N.V. , Fedoritenko J.A.
Published: August 2021

In this article, the authors raise the problem of the political situation of Latvia on the world stage after the First World War and the formation of statehood in Latvia. The authors set themselves the task of studying the problem of relations between Latvia and Germany, Latvia and Soviet Russia in the established period, and analyzing the main provisions of the Paris Conference of 1919–1920. and the approaches of the participating countries to the Latvian issue. The logical conclusion of the above topic is the consideration of the stage of the struggle for diplomatic and legal recognition by the West in the post-war years and the national consolidation of Latvia, the signing and signifi cance of the Riga Peace Treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia (1920) in the context of current political events.
Diplomatic heritage of a prominent live
Authors: Musatova Tatyana L.
Published: August 2021

22.06.2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the prominent Soviet diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR L. N. Musatov (1921–2001). His handwritten legacy reflects the stages of a great life, from the party leadership (since 1957-second secretary of the Ulyanovsk Regional Party Committee) to work in the USSR Foreign Ministry, where he became "one of the best ambassadors"-Africanists. Ambassador to Mali (late 1965–1970), Guinea (1973–1978), Guinea-Bissau (1974–1975), Madagascar (1980–1986), he always worked with enthusiasm, achieving great achievements, for which he was awarded orders. He was a non-capitalist theorist with an "African face", in the most flexible economic forms. He focused on economic diplomacy, the study of which during the Soviet period is just beginning. These developing countries now rely on the bauxite plant in Guinea, Kindia, a cement plant and gold mining in Mali. L. N. Musatov emphasized common values in the development of cooperation, the donation of cultural objects, the sending of Africans to study in the USSR, which helped to form a benevolent elite towards Russia. Such facts contributed to the birth of the traditions of Russian-African cooperation and the holding of the Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi in 2019, as well as to the adoption of strategic decisions on the revival of bilateral cooperation. L. N. Musatov made a great contribution to the study of classical diplomacy, "the diplomacy of trust " (first, on the experience of his communication with the President of Madagascar). He loved working with people, and a whole galaxy of new Russian diplomats with the rank of ambassadors and envoys came out of his embassies. In general, the memory of a diplomat is determined not only and not so much by appointments and business trips, but by the creative contribution of everyone in their field of work, embodied in constructive deeds. Only they remain in history and are in demand by descendants.
Current state and trends in the global grain market
Authors: Rybinskaya Ekaterina Gennadievna
Published: August 2021

Food production and agriculture play a key role in providing the world’s population with food. A special place in the world food market is given to the grain complex, which occupies an important position in the system of world agri-food markets and is a strategic branch of the national economy of each individual country. This article assesses the current state and conjuncture of the world grain market based on the analysis of statistical data on the production, consumption, trade and prices of cereals, as well as on the basis of studying reviews and reports of leading analytical agencies, in particular FAO reports. In view of the relevance of recent events related to the experienced global economic shock, an assessment of the impact of the global pandemic on the world grain market is given. The forecasts of further growth of the world grain market and the subsequent position of its leading participants are presented. It is concluded that the markets for major cereals are well secured, the outlook for global production and consumption is generally positive, and that cereal trade is expected to grow, but at a slower pace. Large exporters and importers of cereals will maintain their leading positions with some possible changes in their participation shares. The main trends in the development of the world market for cereals are listed and disclosed, associated mainly with population growth, increased yields, changes in consumption patterns, expansion of the livestock sector, technological progress, the functioning of global value chains and the actions of large participants in relation to state and tariff regulation of the grain complex.
Agrifood export potential of the Russian Federation: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Shurakova Natalia Nikolaevna
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the search for opportunities to expand agrifood export potential of the Russian Federation in the rapidly changing landscape of global development. Despite the improved country’s position in the ranking of the world’s main food exporters at the end of 2020, there are a number of problems that hinder the achievement of the ambitious goal, set by the President in 2018 — the supply of agricultural products to the world market, equivalent to 45 billion dollars by 2025. Among these are: limited production opportunities for increasing exports while saturating the domestic market, inadequacy of the methodology for calculating the self-sufficiency ratio with the status of Russia as a food-exporting country, traditionally and mainly raw materials and grain export orientation, not corresponding to the actual capabilities of the Russian agroindustrial complex high expectations of an increase in supplies to the Chinese market, an increase in domestic food prices in retail and, as a result, a deterioration in food security in terms of economic availability for the population. The author put forward a proposal to revise the methodological approach to the assessment of the food self-sufficiency ratio and the subsequent determination of export product groups and the corridor of maximum permissible exports for them. It is concluded that export restrictions are justifi ed only for those commodity groups for which food independence has not been achieved. The need to diversify the export supply through the creation of a new commodity mass with added value produced on the territory of Russia is noted. The article emphasizes the principality of creating the food image of Russia as a producer of environmentally friendly safe products, and performing advertising campaigns when entering the Chinese market.
Implementasi Algoritma Apriori Untuk Menentukan Strategi Promosi STIE-Graha Karya Muara Bulian
Authors: Anas Azwar
Published: August 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengimplementasikan algoritma apriori untuk mendapatkan gambaran terhadap data mahasiswa baru STIE-GK Muara Bulian. Penulis menggunakan algoritma apriori untuk menganalisis data mahasiswa baru STIE-GK Muara Bulian tahun akademik 2018/2019. Algoritma apriori dipilih karena kemampuannya dalam menganalisis data yang muncul secara bersamaan dan berulang dan data yang telah menumpuk lama, sehingga perlu kiranya digunakan penambangan data, untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan. Data yang penulis gunakan adalah data mahasiswa baru STIE-GK Muara Bulian secara random sebanyak 100 orang. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah dengan menghitung data menggunakan algoritma apriori kemudian dilakukan uji coba terhadap software data mining Weka. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, secara parsial Variabel SMK dan jurusan TKJ adalah penyumbang mahasiswa baru terbanyak dengan tingkat confidence mencapai 13%. Variabel SMK dan jurusan ADM adalah penyumbang mahasiswa baru terbanyak kedua dengan tingkat confidence mencapai 10%. Program studi manajemen berasal dari jurusan TKJ dengan tingkat confidence mencapai 7%. Progam studi akuntansi berasal dari jurusan TKJ dengan tingkat confidence mencapai 5%. Maka strategi yang digunakan untuk promosi mahasiswa baru tahun berikutnya adalah dengan meningkatkan intensitas di sekolah SMK pada jurusan TKJ.Kata kunci: algoritma, apriori, data mining, promosi.
Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Kolesterol pada Remaja dengan Metode Certainty Factor
Authors: Muhammad  , Nur  , Nur Qomariyah
Published: August 2021

Sistem Pakar adalah suatu sistem yang dapat menikuran keahlian pakar tertentu ke dalam komputer. Sistem pakar sering digunakan untuk mendiagnosa penyakit. Di mana penyakit yang didiagnosa hanya satu penyakit dengan beberapa jenis gejala. Alasan dibuat suatu sistem pakar untuk mendiagnosa penyakit salah satunya membantu pihak dokter yang masih belum mempunyai pengalaman kerja yang banyak, serta mengurangi tingkat kesalahan manusia. Dalam penelitian ini akan membuat suatu sistem untuk mendiagnosa penyakit kolesterol dengan 3 jenis penyakit, dan 8 gejala. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat suatu aplikasi berbasis web untuk mendiagnosa penyakit kolesterol dengan menggunakan perhitungan nilai ketidakpastian (certainty factor). Jenis penyakit kolesterol yang didiagnosa terdapat 3, yaitu kolesterol LDL, kolesterol HDL, dan Disiplidemia. Dari masing-masing penyakit mempunyai gejala dan nilai CF. Sistem ini mempunyai gejala 8, yaitu sakit dan pegal di kepala, mudah mengantuk, pegal sampai pundak, mudah capek, kadar kolesterol di bawah 90 Mg/dl, kadar kolesterol di atas 120 Mg/dl, nyeri dada, kram kaki. Masing-masing gejala terhadap penyakit mempunyai nilai CF. Di mana nilai CF masing-masing gejala terhadap penyakit menggunakan nilai MB MD. Dan nilai MB MD didapatkan dari pakar dokter penyakit dalam. Hasil dari penelitian ini, yaitu aplikasi dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosa penyakit kolesterol dengan nilai CF tertinggi.

Kata Kunci: certainty factor, MB MD, kolesterol.
Penerapan Algoritma Apriori Untuk Menentukan Impor Barang Pada PT. Pafa Mandiri Sakti
Authors: Lea  , Jenie
Published: August 2021

In the world of international trade, export and import activities are very important activities especially for countries that have an open economy, such as our country, Indonesia. Where export is the activity of sending goods from abroad, while import is the activity of importing goods from abroad into the country. In Indonesia alone many companies are engaged in imports. As an importer company many obstacles are experienced, one of which is the accumulation of goods in the warehouse which causes losses for the company. This happens because of an imbalance between imported goods and market demand. Because of these problems, a method is needed to find out which products have the most sales and how the product is related to one another, one of the algorithms in the data mining algorithm is a priori algorithm.  Apriori algorithms include types of association rules in data mining. One of the stages of association analysis that attracts many researchers to produce efficient algorithms is analysis of high frequency patterns (frequent pattern mining). The importance of an association can be known by two benchmarks, namely: support and confidence. Support (supporting value) is the percentage of the combination of these items in the database, while confidence (certainty value) is the strength of the relationship between items in the association rules. Apriori algorithms can help to develop an inventory strategy in order to facilitate marketing.