bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whose Ideas? Whose Words? Authorship of Ronald Reagan's
Radio Addresses
Authors: Airoldi Edoardo M. , Fienberg Stephen E. , Skinner Kiron K.
Published: July 2007

On January 5, 1975, Ronald Reagan completed two terms as governor of
California, and soon thereafter he began taping his nationally
syndicated radio program. Between January 1975 and October 1979,
with the exception of a brief interlude to compete for the
Republican presidential nomination in 1976, the former governor
delivered three-minute commentaries that were broadcast every week
by approximately 300 U.S. radio stations, reaching an audience of
between 20–30 million listeners.
Strategy in War
Authors: Biddle Stephen
Published: July 2007

The conduct of war is among the most important acts of the state. In the last century alone, failure in this undertaking has toppled governments and imposed hostile occupation under a conqueror's rule for hundreds of millions from Paris to Warsaw and Tokyo to Jakarta. Military failure in World War I destroyed the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires and created a host of new states in Eastern Europe and the Balkans in their stead. Allied military victory in World War II made global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and split Germany into two countries; the success of Soviet arms ended Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian independence, and resulted in a generation of subjugation under Soviet satellite rule for the peoples of Eastern Europe. Pyrrhic victory in two world wars exhausted Britain and brought an end to its global economic hegemony. Failure in internal war has toppled governments from Afghanistan to Vietnam; variations in the conduct of such wars can mean the difference between decades of misery in grinding stalemates as in Lebanon or in a rapid, decisive conclusion as in Rwanda's.
Odd Couples: The DoD and NGOs
Authors: Wells Linton , Hauss Charles
Published: July 2007

From the time of the conflict in Vietnam until the end of the Cold
War, NGOs and the military rarely thought of themselves as having
anything in common. In fact, people like ourselves—a career naval
officer and a career pacifist—almost never met. The positions presented in this article do not
represent either those of the Defense Department or Search for
Common Ground.
Reply to Prof. Masters
Authors: Dilworth Richardson
Published: July 2007

I'm happy to report that I agree wholeheartedly with Roger Masters
that we humans have a biological rather than a socially constructed
need for water. In fact, Prof. Masters and I are so much in
agreement on this point that I don't feel it necessary to consult
“the literature on mammalian biological needs” as he suggests. As a
mammal myself, I firmly believe that I would die were I denied water
for a sufficient length of time, though I plan on keeping this an
untested hypothesis.
John W. Lederle
Authors: Mainzer Lewis C. , Alfange Dean
Published: July 2007

John W. Lederle, age 94, born in Royal Oak, Michigan in 1912,
president of the University of Massachusetts, 1960–1970, died
February 13, 2007. His wife of almost 69 years, Angie, died March
4th, both in Naples, Florida, where they lived in retirement. They
leave a daughter, Pamela Marro, and a son, Thomas. John Lederle's papers, some 32.5 linear feet of
shelf space, are in the Special Collections and University
Archives of the Du Bois Library at the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst. They cover chiefly his time as
University president (1960–1970), but the collection spans the
years 1947–1983. The include professional correspondence,
administrative records, subject files, committee notes, reports,
and clippings. Administrative records document the operation of
the Amherst campus as well as the development of two new
campuses (Boston and the Medical School in Worcester).
Extra-university records document other Lederle activities,
including work with various boards and agencies. Personal
correspondence and a transcript of an oral history are
included.
John McGilvrey Maki
Authors: Mainzer Lewis C.
Published: July 2007

John M. Maki, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, died December 7, 2006, at age
97. His wife, Mary, “an ideal wife,” partner in an “ideally happy
marriage,” died in 1990. (Quotations are drawn from his
autobiography, Voyage through the Twentieth Century
[2004].) Two sons, John A. and James P., survive him. So, too, his
good reputation.
Nelson Polsby
Authors: Cain Bruce E.
Published: July 2007

Nelson Polsby, Heller Professor of Political Science and former
director of the Institute of Governmental Studies at Berkeley,
passed away on February 6, 2007, at the age of 72. He was a
prominent member of a renowned graduate cohort group that studied
under Robert Dahl at Yale in the fifties and included his long-time
Berkeley colleagues Raymond Wolfinger and Aaron Wildavsky. After
briefly teaching at the University of Wisconsin and Wesleyan
University, Nelson joined the University of California, Berkeley
faculty in 1967, where he remained until his death. Nelson received
many honors during his illustrious career, including honorary
degrees from the University of Liverpool (1992) and the École
Normale Supérieure de Cachan (2001), election to the American
Academy of Arts and Science (1982), and the Frank Goodnow Award
(2003) for Distinguished Service to the Political Science
Profession. He was managing editor of the American Political
Science Review from 1971–1977 and served on the
editorial board of 21 other journals. His death was widely reported
by the press in the U.S. and Europe, including a lengthy obituary in
the Times of London.
Probleme bei der Testkonstruktion nach dem Rasch-Modell
Authors: Kubinger Klaus D. , Draxler Clemens
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die Bedeutung des Rasch-Modells für die Testkonstruktion steht zwar außer Frage, trotzdem ist auf gewisse Probleme bei der Analyse eines Itempools nach dem Rasch-Modell hinzuweisen. Zum ersten kann es Itempools geben, die dem Rasch-Modell widersprechen und trotzdem testtheoretisch brauchbar sind: Es können die Items annähernd einer sog. Guttman-Skala folgen oder sie entsprechen dem 2- bzw. 3-PL Modell von Birnbaum. Zum zweiten geht es im Zusammenhang mit Modelltests um die “α-Überhöhung“ bzw. das Konzept der Effektgrößen: Entweder werden zu viele Modelltests durchgeführt oder es werden Modelltests bestimmt, die hinsichtlich des Effekts zwar signifikant, aber inhaltlich irrelevant sind. In Ermangelung eines methodisch fundierten Regelwerks, welche Modelltests standardmäßig im Sinne eines state of the art durchzuführen sind, um gegebenenfalls den Grad der Bewährung des Rasch-Modells für einen bestimmten Itempool als ausreichend qualifizieren zu können, wird hier ein Vorschlag gemacht.
Automatische Bewertung offener Antworten mittels Latenter Semantischer Analyse
Authors: Lenhard Wolfgang , Baier Herbert , Hoffmann Joachim , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Das Schreiben von Kurzaufsätzen im Rahmen informeller Diagnostik ist weit verbreitet, jedoch mit Problemen der Auswertungsobjektivität behaftet. Durch die computerbasierte Bewertung von Essays lassen sich Entscheidungsheuristiken vermeiden. Die latente semantische Analyse (LSA) ist ein statistisches Verfahren, dass die Repräsentation von Wissensstrukturen im Computer und somit die automatische inhaltliche Bewertung von Aufsätzen ermöglicht. Es wird die Entwicklung eines deutschsprachigen LSA-basierten Systems beschrieben und seine Leistungsfähigkeit in einem Multiple-Choice-Wissenstest, sowie bei der Bewertung von Aufsätzen aufgezeigt. Bei der Klassifikation von Tierarten nach Klassen erzielte es vergleichbare Leistungen wie Studierende. Bei der Bewertung von Aufsätzen wurden Korrelationen mit menschlichen Bewertern im mittleren bis oberen Bereich erzielt. Die Übereinstimmung von Summenscores mehrerer Aufgaben reicht an für standardisierte Verfahren geforderte Reliabilitätskennwerte heran. Neben der automatischen Aufsatzbeantwortung liegen Anwendungen v.a. in intelligenter Lernsoftware und der Ergänzung bestehender psychologischer Modelle durch semantische Module.
Psychometric Properties of the Belief Scale
Authors: Boelen Paul A. , Baars Louisette P.Y.
Published: July 2007

Abstract. This study examined psychometric properties of the Belief Scale - a 20-item self-report measure of irrational beliefs as conceptualized in rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Data were available from 293 inpatients. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the items of the Belief Scale formed eight distinct irrational belief components which were related to one higher order factor. The Belief Scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity. In support of the discriminant validity, items of the Belief Scale and indices of psychopathology clustered into two distinct factors in exploratory factor analysis. In support of the construct validity, scores on the Belief Scale decreased more in patients who underwent training in REBT during their inpatient treatment than in those who did not.
Controls on advance of tidewater glaciers: Results from numerical modeling applied to Columbia Glacier
Authors: Nick F. M. , van der Veen C. J. , Oerlemans J.
Published: July 2007

A one‐dimensional numerical ice flow model is used to study the advance of a tidewater glacier into deep water. Starting with ice‐free conditions, the model simulates glacier growth at higher elevations followed by advance on land to the head of the fjord. Once the terminus reaches a bed below sea level, calving is initiated. A series of simulations was carried out with various boundary conditions and parameterizations of the annual mass balance. The results suggest that irrespective of the calving criterion and accumulation rate in the catchment area, it is impossible for the glacier terminus to advance into deeper water (>300 m water depth) unless sedimentation at the glacier front is included. The advance of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, is reproduced by the model by including “conveyor belt” recycling of subglacial sediment and the formation of a sediment bank at the glacier terminus. Results indicate slow advance through the deep fjord and faster advance in shallow waters approaching the terminal moraine shoal and the mouth of the fjord.
A role for North Pacific salinity in stabilizing North Atlantic climate
Authors: Keigwin Lloyd D. , Cook Mea S.
Published: July 2007

A simple ocean/atmosphere feedback may reduce the amplitude of climate variability in around the North Atlantic during interglacial compared to glacial states. When climate is warm in the North Atlantic region, the Intertropical Convergence Zone has a relatively northward position, and moisture is exported from the tropical Atlantic to the tropical Pacific. At the same time the east Asian summer monsoon is strong, which helps maintain a positive balance of precipitation over evaporation in the subpolar North Pacific. This is thought to account for lower salinity in the North Pacific relative to the North Atlantic, which, in turn, drives northward flow through the Bering Strait to the northern North Atlantic. Freshening in the North Atlantic by water of Pacific origin suppresses the meridional overturning circulation and reduces the heat flux. The opposite situation exists during cold climate. Thus the combination of atmospheric vapor transport and flow through Bering Strait tends to cool the North Atlantic region when warm and warm the region when cool.
Diffraction of a plane wave by a right‐angled penetrable wedge
Authors: Antipov Y. A. , Silvestrov V. V.
Published: July 2007

The problem of electromagnetic diffraction (E‐polarization) by two screens is analyzed. The screens are half‐planes which form a right‐angled wedge. The first half‐plane is an electrically resistive sheet, and the second one is a perfectly magnetically conductive surface (ideal ferrite). The problem is formulated as a boundary‐value problem for the Helmholtz equation with respect to the Ez‐component of the electric field. On the conductive screen, the normal derivative of the function Ez vanishes. On the resistive half‐plane, the function Ez is continuous and it is proportional to the jump of its normal derivative. The Sommerfeld integral representation is used to convert the problem to a difference equation of the second order. For a special value of the impedance parameter the problem reduces to two scalar Riemann‐Hilbert (RH) problems on a segment with coefficients having a pole and a zero on the segment. The general solution to the RH problems is derived by quadratures. The RH problems are equivalent to the governing boundary‐value problem when certain conditions are satisfied. These conditions are used to determine unknown meromorphic functions in the solution of the RH problems. Exact formulas for the reflected, transmitted, and diffracted waves are derived, and numerical results for the diffraction coefficient are reported.
Analyticity of the Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen measure for a class of simple Anosov flows
Authors: Amaricci A. , Bonetto F. , Falco P.
Published: July 2007

We consider perturbations of the Hamiltonian flow associated with the geodesic flow on a surface with constant negative curvature. We prove that, under a small perturbation, not necessarily of Hamiltonian character, the Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen measure associated with the flow exists and is analytic in the strength of the perturbation. An explicit example of “thermostated” dissipative dynamics is considered.
Negative refractive heterostructure bicrystal for beam steering or control component action
Authors: Krowne Clifford M.
Published: July 2007

It has been discovered that heterostructure bicrystal arrangements lead to field asymmetry in guided wave structures. Here a study is conducted over a range of nominal permittivity values to see if the effect is present in widely varying dielectric materials. Marked shifts of the field distribution occur in some cases, and this can be the basis of an all electronic device that provides beam steering or a device that gives control component action. Such all electronic devices could be fixed or even constructed as a control component using materials with electrostatically controllable permittivity. Distributions have been obtained to demonstrate the effect using an anisotropic Green’s function solver.
Plasmonic very-small-aperture lasers
Authors: Guo Baoshan , Song Guofeng , Chen Lianghui
Published: July 2007

The fabrication of plasmonic very-small-aperture lasers is demonstrated in this letter. It is an integration of the surface plasmon structures and very-small-aperture lasers (VSAL). The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the transmission field can be confined to a spot with subwavelength width in the far field, and the power output can be enhanced 140% of the normal VSAL. Such a device can be useful in the application of a high resolution far-field scanning optical microscope.
Atomic force microscopic observation of surface-supported human erythrocytes
Authors: Ho Mon-Shu , Kuo Feng-Jia , Lee Yu-Siang , Cheng Chao-Min
Published: July 2007

The nanomechanical characteristics of the membrane cytoskeleton of human erythrocytes were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The self-assembly, fine structure, cell diameter, thickness, and reticulate cytoskeleton of erythrocytes on the mica surface were investigated. The adhesive forces that correspond to the membrane elasticity of various parts of the erythrocyte membrane surface were measured directly by AFM to be 0.64±0.14nN for cell indentation, 4.2±0.7nN for cell hump, and 11.5nN for side waist, respectively. The deformation of erythrocytes was discussed. Standing waves on the membrane that were set up by increased AFM amplitude were observed. The propagating velocity on the erythrocyte membrane was estimated to be ∼2.02×10−2m∕s. Liquid physiological conditions were considered throughout.
Organic molecular nanowires: N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) on KBr(001)
Authors: Fendrich M. , Kunstmann T.
Published: July 2007

The growth of N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (DiMe-PTCDI) on KBr(001) has been studied by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. At low coverages, DiMe-PTCDI forms molecular wires with a length of up to 600nm; at higher coverages, wire networks were found. The height of the wires is two or more molecular layers; if the sample is cooled to 250K during evaporation, also wires of one layer are found. All wires grow along the [110] and [1¯10] directions of the KBr(001) substrate. There is no wetting layer of molecules. Atomic resolution of the substrate could be achieved between the wires. Due to their size and shape, the molecular nanowires might act as a model system for organic electronics research on insulating substrates.
Room-temperature photoluminescence from ZnO∕ZnMgO multiple quantum wells grown on Si(111) substrates
Authors: Gu X. Q. , Zhu L. P. , Ye Z. Z. , He H. P. , Zhang Y. Z. , Huang F. , Qiu M. X. , Zeng Y. J. , Liu F. , Jaeger W.
Published: July 2007

A set of ten-period ZnO∕Zn0.85Mg0.15O multiple quantum wells with well thickness varying from 2.5to5nm has been grown on Si(111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A periodic structure with sharp interfaces was observed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The room-temperature photoluminescence resulting from the well regions exhibits a significant blueshift with respect to the ZnO single layer. The well layer thickness dependence of the emission energy from the well regions was investigated and compared with a simple theoretical model. The results suggest that the quantum confinement effects in the quantum wells can be observed up to room temperature.
Abrupt recent shift in δ
13
C and δ
15
N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica
Authors: Emslie Steven D. , Patterson William P.
Published: July 2007

Stable isotope values of carbon (δ
13
C) and nitrogen (δ
15
N) in blood, feathers, eggshell, and bone have been used in seabird studies since the 1980s, providing a valuable source of information on diet, foraging patterns, and migratory behavior in these birds. These techniques can also be applied to fossil material when preservation of bone and other tissues is sufficient. Excavations of abandoned Adélie penguin (
Pygoscelis adeliae
) colonies in Antarctica often provide well preserved remains of bone, feathers, and eggshell dating from hundreds to thousands of years B.P. Herein we present an ≈38,000-year time series of δ
13
C and δ
15
N values of Adélie penguin eggshell from abandoned colonies located in three major regions of Antarctica. Results indicate an abrupt shift to lower-trophic prey in penguin diets within the past ≈200 years. We posit that penguins only recently began to rely on krill as a major portion of their diet, in conjunction with the removal of baleen whales and krill-eating seals during the historic whaling era. Our results support the “krill surplus” hypothesis that predicts excess krill availability in the Southern Ocean after this period of exploitation.
A typology of photoreceptor gene expression patterns in the mouse
Authors: Corbo Joseph C. , Myers Connie A. , Lawrence Karen A. , Jadhav Ashutosh P. , Cepko Constance L.
Published: July 2007

Mutations in photoreceptor-enriched genes have been implicated in dozens of human retinal diseases, yet no systematic analysis of rod and cone gene expression patterns has been carried out. In addition, although cone photoreceptor loss accounts for much of the morbidity of retinal disease, relatively few cone-specific genes are known. In this study, we carried out microarray and
in situ
hybridization analyses of the mouse
Neural retina leucine zipper gene
(
Nrl
) mutant, which shows an
en masse
conversion of rods into cones, to establish a typology of photoreceptor gene expression and to identify novel cone-specific genes. We found a total of 18 new cone-enriched genes, some of which map near uncloned retinal disease loci. Several of these genes have a dorsal–ventral (D–V) pattern of expression similar to that of short- or medium-wavelength opsins. We carried out microarray analysis of dorsal and ventral microdissected WT retina and found additional photoreceptor genes with an asymmetric distribution. Overall, we found that photoreceptor genes fall on an expression spectrum from rod-specific to cone-specific, with many showing varying degrees of rod and cone coexpression. These expression patterns can be reliably predicted from microarray data alone. Our results demonstrate definitive molecular differences between rods and cones that may underlie the physiological differences between these two classes of photoreceptors.
Ring1B is crucial for the regulation of developmental control genes and PRC1 proteins but not X inactivation in embryonic cells
Authors: Leeb Martin , Wutz Anton
Published: July 2007

The Polycomb group (PcG) gene Ring1B has been implicated in the repression of developmental control genes and X inactivation and is essential for embryogenesis. Ring1B protein contains a RING finger domain and functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is crucial for the monoubiquitination of histone H2A (H2AK119ub1). Here, we study the function of Ring1B in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. The deletion of Ring1B causes the loss of several PcG proteins, showing an unanticipated function in the regulation of PcG protein levels. Derepression of lineage genes and an aberrant differentiation potential is observed in Ring1B-deficient ES cells. Despite a crucial function of Ring1B in establishing the chromosome-wide ubiquitination of histone H2A lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1) upon Xist expression in ES cells, the initiation of silencing by Xist is independent of Ring1B. Other chromatin marks associated with the initiation of X inactivation are not affected in Ring1B-deficient cells, suggesting compensation for the loss of Ring1B in X inactivation in contrast to the repression of lineage genes.
Eps15 and Dap160 control synaptic vesicle membrane retrieval and synapse development
Authors: Koh Tong-Wey , Korolchuk Viktor I. , Wairkar Yogesh P. , Jiao Wei , Evergren Emma , Pan Hongling , Zhou Yi , Venken Koen J.T. , Shupliakov Oleg , Robinson Iain M. , O'Kane Cahir J. , Bellen Hugo J.
Published: July 2007

Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15 (Eps15) is a protein implicated in endocytosis, endosomal protein sorting, and cytoskeletal organization. Its role is, however, still unclear, because of reasons including limitations of dominant-negative experiments and apparent redundancy with other endocytic proteins. We generated Drosophila eps15-null mutants and show that Eps15 is required for proper synaptic bouton development and normal levels of synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis. Consistent with a role in SV endocytosis, Eps15 moves from the center of synaptic boutons to the periphery in response to synaptic activity. The endocytic protein, Dap160/intersectin, is a major binding partner of Eps15, and eps15 mutants phenotypically resemble dap160 mutants. Analyses of eps15 dap160 double mutants suggest that Eps15 functions in concert with Dap160 during SV endocytosis. Based on these data, we hypothesize that Eps15 and Dap160 promote the efficiency of endocytosis from the plasma membrane by maintaining high concentrations of multiple endocytic proteins, including dynamin, at synapses.
Oral tolerance: is it all retinoic acid?
Authors: von Boehmer Harald
Published: July 2007

Oral tolerance has been argued to depend on “special” presentation of antigen in the gut. New studies support this idea by showing that the catalysis of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) enhances the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–dependent conversion of naive T cells into regulatory T (T reg) cells and also directs T reg cell homing to the gut. These results reveal new tolerance mechanisms that will aid the use of T reg cells in the clinic.
When cormorants go fishing: the differing costs of hunting for sedentary and motile prey
Authors: Halsey Lewis G , White Craig R , Enstipp Manfred R , Jones David R , Martin Graham R , Butler Patrick J
Published: July 2007

Cormorants hunt both benthic (sedentary) and pelagic (motile) prey but it is not known if the energy costs of foraging on these prey differ. We used respirometry to measure the costs of diving in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) foraging either for sedentary (fish pieces) or motile (juvenile salmon) prey in a deep dive tank. Short dives for sedentary prey were more expensive than dives of similar duration for motile prey (e.g. 20% higher for a 10 s dive) whereas the reverse was true for long dives (i.e. long dives for motile prey were more expensive than for sedentary prey). Across dives of all durations, the foraging phase of the dive was more expensive when the birds hunted motile prey, presumably due to pursuit costs. The period of descent in all the dives undertaken appears to have been more expensive when the birds foraged on sedentary prey, probably due to a higher swimming speed during this period.
Female preferences drive the evolution of mimetic accuracy in male sexual displays
Authors: Coleman Seth William , Patricelli Gail Lisa , Coyle Brian , Siani Jennifer , Borgia Gerald
Published: July 2007

Males in many bird species mimic the vocalizations of other species during sexual displays, but the evolutionary and functional significance of interspecific vocal mimicry is unclear. Here we use spectrographic cross-correlation to compare mimetic calls produced by male satin bowerbirds (
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
) in courtship with calls from several model species. We show that the accuracy of vocal mimicry and the number of model species mimicked are both independently related to male mating success. Multivariate analyses revealed that these mimetic traits were better predictors of male mating success than other male display traits previously shown to be important for male mating success. We suggest that preference-driven mimetic accuracy may be a widespread occurrence, and that mimetic accuracy may provide females with important information about male quality. Our findings support an alternative hypothesis to help explain a common element of male sexual displays.
Individual recognition in crayfish (Cherax dispar): the roles of strength and experience in deciding aggressive encounters
Authors: Seebacher Frank , Wilson Robbie S
Published: July 2007

The outcomes of agonistic interactions modulate access to resources and thereby affect fitness. Success in agonistic encounters may depend on intrinsic physical and physiological performance, and on social experience. Here we test the hypothesis that previous experience will override physical strength in determining the outcome of fights in the freshwater crayfishCherax dispar. Between unfamiliar opponents, greater chelae closing force significantly increases the chances of winning. However, even when the chelae of the original winners were disabled, the winners kept on winning against the same opponents after 30 min and 24 h. This winner effect disappeared when previous winners encountered unfamiliar individuals. Similarly, a previous loss did not affect the outcomes of subsequent encounters with unknown crayfish. We suggest that this prolonged recognition of individuals and their relative fighting ability is a mechanism that can reduce the number of agonistic encounters experienced by individuals.
Expression of L* protein of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in the chronic phase of infection
Authors: Asakura Kunihiko , Murayama Harunobu , Himeda Toshiki , Ohara Yoshiro
Published: July 2007

The DA strain and other members of the TO subgroup of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus synthesize the L* protein from an alternative initiation codon. L* is considered to play a key role in viral persistence and demyelination in susceptible strains of mice, although this hypothesis is still controversial. By using a mutant virus that expresses FLAG epitope-tagged L*, it was demonstrated previously that L* is expressed exclusively in neurons in vivo in the acute phase of infection in the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the mutant virus, the C-H-C-C zinc-binding motif in the leader protein (L) was disrupted by the insertion of the FLAG epitope, resulting in clearance of the virus from the CNS. Therefore, a further two mutant viruses were newly generated, expressing FLAG epitope-tagged L* in which the C-H-C-C zinc-binding motif within L is spared. Both mutant viruses caused persistence and demyelination successfully in spinal cords and enabled us to identify L* immunohistochemically in the demyelinating lesions.
Chimeric pestiviruses: candidates for live-attenuated classical swine fever marker vaccines
Authors: Wehrle Franziska , Renzullo Sandra , Faust Anja , Beer Martin , Kaden Volker , Hofmann Martin A.
Published: July 2007

The use of attenuated classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains as live vaccines is no longer allowed for the control of classical swine fever in Europe, due to the inability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals; DIVA), except as emergency vaccines or as bait vaccines for wild boars. Thus, the establishment of a DIVA vaccine(s) is of pivotal importance for the control of this infectious disease. In this study, recombinant versions of the live-attenuated vaccine strain CSFV Riems were generated by replacing parts of the E2 gene with the corresponding sequence of border disease virus strain Gifhorn. Three cDNA clones were constructed: pRiems-ABC-Gif, pRiems-A-Gif and pRiems-BC-Gif. Infectious particles were obtained from clones pRiems-ABC-Gif and pRiems-BC-Gif only, whereas transfected RNA from clone pRiems-A-Gif behaved like a replicon. Based on its ability to be differentiated in vitro from wild-type CSFV by mAbs, vRiems-ABC-Gif was assessed for immunogenicity and protection against challenge infection in pigs. Before challenge, no CSFV-specific anti-E2 antibodies could be detected with commercial E2-blocking ELISAs in vRiems-ABC-Gif-vaccinated animals, whereas vRiems-vaccinated pigs developed high titres of anti-E2 antibodies, confirming the marker properties of this vaccine candidate. After oral vaccination, only partial protection against challenge infection was observed in the vRiems-ABC-Gif vaccinees, whereas all intramuscularly vaccinated animals and all vRiems-vaccinated animals were fully protected. These experiments suggest that the strategy of exchanging specific antigenic epitopes among pestiviruses is a promising tool for the development of new CSFV marker vaccines.
Bovine papillomavirus load and mRNA expression, cell proliferation and p53 expression in four clinical types of equine sarcoid
Authors: Bogaert L. , Van Poucke M. , De Baere C. , Dewulf J. , Peelman L. , Ducatelle R. , Gasthuys F. , Martens A.
Published: July 2007

Equine sarcoids, the most common skin tumours in horses, are induced by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Their clinical appearance varies from small stable patches to aggressively growing masses. Differences in BPV load and mRNA expression and Ki67 and p53 immunostaining among four clinical types (fibroblastic, occult, nodular and verrucous sarcoids) were evaluated to test the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of equine sarcoids correlates with BPV activity. Viral load and expression of the BPV E2, E5, E6 and E7 genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The proliferative fraction (PF) of the tumours was determined by Ki67 immunostaining and expression of p53 was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Nodular sarcoids showed a significantly higher viral load than the other types. A significant overall difference among the four types was observed for E2, E5, E6 and E7 mRNA expression. Nodular sarcoids showed the highest expression level for each BPV gene examined, followed by verrucous, fibroblastic and occult tumours. Viral DNA and mRNA outcomes correlated with each other, indicating a similar transcription pattern in each type of sarcoid. The PF was significantly higher in the superficial layers of verrucous and fibroblastic sarcoids compared with occult and nodular types. No significant difference was observed for the PF in the deep layers and for p53 expression. These results clearly demonstrate the omnipresence and active transcription of BPV in equine sarcoids. However, the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of an equine sarcoid can be explained on the basis of differences in BPV activity could not be demonstrated.
Attenuation of chicken anemia virus by site-directed mutagenesis of VP2
Authors: Peters Michelle A. , Crabb Brendan S. , Tivendale Kelly A. , Browning Glenn F.
Published: July 2007

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a significant immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens, but relatively little is known about the effect of specific mutations on its virulence. In order to study the virulence of CAV, an infection model was developed in embryos. Significant growth depression, measured as a reduction in mean body weight, was found for wild-type CAV infection. Infection with wild-type CAV resulted in a significant reduction in thymic and splenic weights and consistently produced severe lesions in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, as well as haemorrhages. CAVs mutated in the VP2 gene were infectious for embryos, but were highly attenuated with respect to growth depression and CAV-specific pathology. Relative to wild-type infection, viruses Mut C86R, Mut R101G, Mut H103Y, Mut R129G, Mut Q131P, Mut R/K/K150/151/152G/A/A, Mut D/E161/162G/G and Mut E186G were highly attenuated, and viruses Mut L163P and Mut D169G were moderately attenuated. Attenuation of the ability to produce lesions was found consistently for the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, thymic and splenic weights, and for CAV-induced haemorrhage. There was no growth depression associated with infection by the group of highly attenuated mutant viruses and a moderate reduction in mean body weight was only found for virus Mut L163P. These findings show that mutations in the VP2 gene can reduce the virulence of CAV and these mutant viruses may have value as vaccine candidates.
Nucleosome positioning signals in genomic DNA
Authors: Peckham Heather E. , Thurman Robert E. , Fu Yutao , Stamatoyannopoulos John A. , Noble William Stafford , Struhl Kevin , Weng Zhiping
Published: July 2007

Although histones can form nucleosomes on virtually any genomic sequence, DNA sequences show considerable variability in their binding affinity. We have used DNA sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose nucleosome binding affinities have been experimentally determined (Yuan et al. 2005) to train a support vector machine to identify the nucleosome formation potential of any given sequence of DNA. The DNA sequences whose nucleosome formation potential are most accurately predicted are those that contain strong nucleosome forming or inhibiting signals and are found within nucleosome length stretches of genomic DNA with continuous nucleosome formation or inhibition signals. We have accurately predicted the experimentally determined nucleosome positions across a well-characterized promoter region of S. cerevisiae and identified strong periodicity within 199 center-aligned mononucleosomes studied recently (Segal et al. 2006) despite there being no periodicity information used to train the support vector machine. Our analysis suggests that only a subset of nucleosomes are likely to be positioned by intrinsic sequence signals. This observation is consistent with the available experimental data and is inconsistent with the proposal of a nucleosome positioning code. Finally, we show that intrinsic nucleosome positioning signals are both more inhibitory and more variable in promoter regions than in open reading frames in S. cerevisiae.
The Conductance model of plant growth and competition in monoculture and species mixtures: a review
Authors: BENJAMIN L R , PARK S E
Published: July 2007

Over the past two decades, an ecophysiological model has been developed for annual horticultural crops and weeds, which has the powerful ability to predict the growth of plants in monoculture and mixed species stands from parameter values derived from plants grown in isolation, even if the species display contrasting canopy architecture. The model can also simulate the effects of different spatial arrangements on plant growth. The purpose of the model is to describe, in simple yet mechanistically‐based terms, the effects of contrasting environments and competitive interactions on the growth of individual plants. In the simplest form of the model, growth is described by an empirical growth equation, using time calculated from an integration of the growth‐promoting effects of environmental factors. More complex versions of the model include a self‐shading component, which provides an algorithm for inter‐plant competition based on crown zone areas. This model is termed the ‘Conductance model’ and this article outlines its development, applications to date, goodness of fit to experimental data, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and scope for further testing and application. This article, which is dedicated to the late David Aikman, also sets out how the model can be applied to simulating weed–crop competition from simple data sets.
Self‐incompatibility in Mikania micrantha in South China
Authors: HONG L , SHEN H , YE W H , CAO H L , WANG Z M
Published: July 2007

Mikania micrantha is a successful invasive weed in many parts of the world, but we do not know how its mating system may have contributed to this. Therefore, its mating system was studied in an open M. micrantha population during the flowering seasons of 2004 and 2005. Pollen/ovule ratio was determined and pollination treatments were applied on entire inflorescences to estimate the seed/ovule ratio. The pollen/ovule ratio of M. micrantha was 4008, and seed/ovule ratio was 0.56 for open pollination and 0.0034 and 0.0038 for wind pollination and selfing respectively. These data indicate that the weed is self‐incompatible and needs insect pollination.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children with leukemia using human leukocyte antigen‐mismatched unrelated donors
Authors: Sedlacek Petr , Formankova Renata , Mejstrikova Ester , Keslova Petra , Hubacek Petr , Dobrovolna Marie , Vrana Milena , Kupkova Libuse , Pittrova Helena , Stary Jan
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Allogeneic HSCT is a curative treatment, when chemotherapy fails, for certain malignant diseases. In Europe, only 15% of the indicated children have an HLA‐matched sibling available; in 65–70% of others, HLA allele‐matched (9–10/10) UDs can be identified. For the rest, it is necessary to identify other alternative donors (HLA‐mismatched family or unrelated cord blood). We present our data of HSCT using HLA partially allele‐mismatched (7–8/10) UDs in 24 children with leukemia. Uniform GvHD prophylaxis was used (rATG, CsA and MTX). Acute GvHD grade II was diagnosed in 70.8% of the patients and grade III–IV in 12.5%. Overall incidence of chronic GvHD was 38.7% (extensive in 30%). The probability of EFS was 60.3% (95% CI 35.5–78.1) and OS was 74.9 (95% CI 49.1–88.9). No difference in survival between PBSC and BM recipients was observed. TRM at day + 100 was 4%, and overall was 12.5%. We conclude that used combination of drugs for GvHD prophylaxis is efficient even for patients transplanted with grafts from a HLA‐mismatched UDs. It enables stable engraftment, good control of GvHD, full reconstitution of immunity, and is not connected with unacceptable transplant‐related mortality.
SYSTEMIC PLASMA LEVELS OF NITRITE/NITRATE (NOX) REFLECT BRACHIAL FLOW‐MEDIATED DILATION RESPONSES IN YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Casey Darren P , Beck Darren T , Braith Randy W
Published: July 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between plasma levels of nitrite/nitrite (NOx) and brachial flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) in healthy young men and women.

Brachial artery FMD was assessed non‐invasively using high‐resolution ultrasound in 36 young men and women (21 ± 3 years; 18 men and 18 women). Blood samples for NOx assays were collected from an indwelling venous catheter in the forearm following an overnight fast and a 36 h low‐nitrate diet.

Plasma levels of NOx were related to peak brachial FMD% (r = 0.53; P = 0.001). The relationship was maintained when the brachial dilation was expressed as absolute diameter change (Δmm; r = 0.51; P = 0.002) and when it was normalized (/s) to the mean shear rate (r = 0.50; P = 0.002).

The present study demonstrates a relationship between peak FMD in the brachial artery and plasma levels of NOx in young men and women. This relationship suggests that brachial FMD and/or plasma NOx may be used as markers of peripheral endothelial function.
Selective ablation of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells increases amyloid plaques in a mouse Alzheimer's disease model
Authors: Butovsky Oleg , Kunis Gilad , Koronyo‐Hamaoui Maya , Schwartz Michal
Published: July 2007

We have recently shown that the ability of microglia to effectively fight off aggregated β‐amyloid plaque formation and cognitive loss in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (Tg‐AD), is augmented in response to T‐cell‐based immunization, using glatiramer acetate (GA). The immunization increases incidence of local CD11c+ dendritic‐like cells. It is unclear, however, whether these dendritic cells are derived from resident microglia or from the bone marrow. To determine the origin of this dendritic‐cell population, we used chimeric mice whose bone marrow‐derived cells express a transgene that allows the cells to be specifically ablated by diphtheria toxin. We show here that T‐cell‐based immunization of these mice, using GA, induced the recruitment of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Depletion of the dendritic cells by systemic injection of diphtheria toxin resulted in significantly increased formation of amyloid plaques. Thus, recruitment of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells evidently plays a role in reducing plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Reduction of metabotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated heterosynaptic inhibition of developing MNTB‐LSO inhibitory synapses
Authors: Nishimaki Takuya , Jang Il‐Sung , Ishibashi Hitoshi , Yamaguchi Junya , Nabekura Junichi
Published: July 2007

The lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) is an auditory relay centre within the brain stem that encodes interaural level differences for sound localization by integrating GABA/glycinergic input from the contralateral ear via the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), and glutamatergic input from the ipsilateral ear via the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). To study the development of the circuits that contribute to the establishment of sound localization, the heterosynaptic modulation mediated by glutamate released from VCN terminals and group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) expressed on MNTB inhibitory terminals was investigated using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques. At postnatal day‐4–8 (P4–8), repetitive stimulation of the VCN–LSO excitatory afferents caused significant inhibition of MNTB–LSO inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in amplitude with an increase of its coefficient of variation and changed the paired‐pulse ratio. These effects were antagonized by LY341495, an mGluR2/3 antagonist. Thus, the suppression of MNTB–LSO synaptic responses induced by repetitive stimulation applied to the VCN–LSO glutamatergic afferent is presumably due to an activation of mGluR2/3 existing on MNTB–LSO presynaptic terminals. The suppression rate of MNTB–LSO IPSCs by DCG IV, an mGluR2/3 agonist, decreased with development and became negligible by the third week after birth. The immunohistochemical staining of mGluR2/3 in the LSO was also less apparent at P18 compared with that at P4. We suggest that mGluR‐mediated heterosynaptic modulation of MNTB–LSO GABAergic/glycinergic transmission might contribute to the development of appropriate adult auditory circuits.
Culturally sensitive therapy? Examining the practice of cross‐cultural family therapy
Authors: Pakes Kirsty , Roy‐Chowdhury Sim
Published: July 2007

This article is drawn from a research project that examines cross‐cultural family therapy sessions in order to consider what constitutes culturally sensitive practice. A discourse analytic approach was adopted in the analysis of three sessions from two families where the family and the therapists originated from different ethnic backgrounds. This article is based around part of the research findings connected to one of the families, and focuses upon the ways in which ‘culture’ is talked about in therapy (the term ‘culture’ will be referred to in inverted commas in order to acknowledge its complexity as is emphasized in this article). This allows for an examination of the cultural assumptions that we hold as therapists, which are enacted in therapy with effects on all participants and upon the course of the therapy. The value of qualitative research methods in examining the cultural assumptions we bring to therapy is highlighted as one way of improving culturally sensitive therapeutic practice, especially with regard to therapist reflexivity.
‘Outback’ Romance? A Reading of Nature and Heterosexuality in Rural Australia
Authors: Little Jo , Panelli Ruth
Published: July 2007

This article examines the relationship between the sexuality and understandings of nature. Employing a case of ‘romance’ in ‘outback’ Australia, we dissolve the boundaries between ‘nature’ and ‘society’ to show some of the varied ways in which the construction and performance of heterosexuality is shaped by (and is integral to) dominant ways of knowing nature. In practical terms, we draw on a reality TV series in which single men in ‘outback’ Australia (‘bush bachelors’) advertise for potential partners (‘sheilas’) from the UK. The series charts the development of the relationships as they are played out in remote parts of Western Australia. In this article we critically read the series and draw out three key themes characterising the relationality of nature and heterosexuality. Initially, we look at how nature frames the expectation and reality of sexual relationships in the ‘outback’, particularly in terms of its power and hostility. We then explore the centrality of nature to constructions of ‘outback’ masculinity and the way such constructions dominate the heterosexual relationships that develop between the couples. Finally, we show how a further dynamic of the nature/sexuality relationship involves the expectation of a particular kind of femininity as appropriate to the physical, social and cultural nature of the ‘outback’.
What is a Promise from the Government Worth? Quantifying Political Risk in State and Personal Pension Schemes in the United Kingdom
Authors: BLAKE DAVID
Published: July 2007

There are three key types of political risk facing pension schemes: those induced by demographic, economic, and pure political factors. The state scheme in the United Kingdom has been susceptible to all three types since 1980, with the result that the annual real internal rate of return on the second‐pillar state pension for the average male worker fell from 5.1% to 1.5% over 25 years. The flat‐rate, first‐pillar Basic State Pension has also experienced a fall in its IRR of 3 percentage points as a result of the indexation basis changing from earnings to prices.
From Licence Raj to Market Forces: The Determinants of Industrial Structure in India after Reform
Authors: SOO KWOK TONG
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the relationship between factor endowments, technology and industrial structure, using a panel data‐set of Indian industries across states, industries and time. Factor endowments and technology are found to be significantly related to industry shares, and this is robust to controlling for the slow adjustment of industrial structure. I also consider the impact of the liberalization of the Indian economy beginning in 1985 and 1991 on the relationship between these variables. While industrial structure is always positively related to technological advantage, factor endowments play an increasingly significant role after liberalization.