bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yoonia
Authors: Wang Tao , Wirth Joseph S. , Chen Can , Whitman William B.
Published: December 2021

Yoo'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Yoonia
in honor of Jung‐Hoon Yoon, for his contributions to the taxonomy of marine
Alphaproteobacteria
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Yoonia

Gram‐negative‐staining, aerobic, non‐spore‐forming, and catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive cocci, ovoids, or rods. Optimal growth typically occurs between 25 and 30°C, 0–5% (w/v) NaCl, and pH 6.5–8. Capable of utilizing a large variety of organic carbon compounds. All species tested can utilize acetate and
l
‐malate as sole carbon and energy sources. The major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
. The major quinone is ubiquinone 10 (Q‐10). Species have been isolated globally from marine environments such as seawater, marine sediments, and microbial mats. Members of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
. The type species is
Yoonia vestfoldensis
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.4–61.8.

Type species
:

Yoonia vestfoldensis

Wirth and Whitman 2018
VP
(

Loktanella
vestfoldensis

Van Trappen et al. 2004
VP
).
Haloglomus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , Durán‐Viseras Ana , Sánchez‐Porro Cristina
Published: December 2021

Ha.lo.glo'mus. Gr. masc. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. neut. n.
glomus
a ball; N.L. neut. n.
Haloglomus
, a salt ball.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Haloglomus

The genus
Haloglomus
is classified within the family
Haloarculaceae,
order
Halobacteriales
, and class
Halobacteria
. The cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, and pleomorphic, curved to irregular shaped. Colonies are red pigmented. Strictly aerobic. Extremely halophilic. Optimal growth at 5.1 M NaCl, pH 7.5, and 37°C. Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative. Acid is produced from
d
‐glucose and other carbohydrates. Polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), and one glycolipid chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1). Currently, the genus includes a single species,
Haloglomus irregulare
(type species of the genus), that was isolated from a marine saltern.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 68.0 (genome).

Type species
:
Haloglomus irregulare
Durán‐Viseras et al. 2020, VL193.
Molecular Doping Efficiency in Organic Semiconductors: Fundamental Principle and Promotion Strategy
Authors: Yan Han , Ma Wei
Published: December 2021

Molecular doping, a fascinating technique to modulate the electrical property of organic solids by importing additional charges, has been one of the focal points of active research over the last three decades. Due to the potential applications in clean energy and artificial intelligence, molecular doping is experiencing a second golden stage by virtue of its compatibility with solution‐processed organic functional devices. The central challenge at present promoting the doping efficiency. This perspective starts with revisiting the basic concepts in doping process and discusses the recent progress in efficiency improvements. Based on the journey of molecular doping, it is concluded that molecular doping can be as efficient as atomic doping is in inorganic semiconductors; future directions to achieve this goal are shared.
Spatially Patterned Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals for Image‐Integrated Smart Windows
Authors: Kamal Waqas , Li Mengmeng , Lin Jia‐De , Parry Ellis , Jin Yihan , Elston Steve J. , Castrejón‐Pita Alfonso A. , Morris Stephen M.
Published: December 2021

Conventional polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been successful as electrically‐switchable screens for privacy applications. However, spatial patterning of the films so as to generate a visually appealing design, logo, or image typically requires intricate fabrication processes, such as the use of prefabricated photomasks that do not allow for on‐demand designs. Herein is reported on the fabrication and characterization of spatially patterned PDLC “pixels” using drop‐on‐demand inkjet printing, and it is demonstrated how these materials can be used to form a new generation of smart windows that consist of embedded images or company logos, which can be made to disappear with the application of a voltage. Following refinements to the material rheology and the subsequent successful deposition of individual PDLC droplets, arrays of PDLC pixels are printed at a resolution of 250 pixels per inch with an individual pixel size of 130 µm operating at an electric field strength (E) of E = 1.4 V μm−1. Finally, using the approach developed herein, these printed PDLC pixels are arranged to form a college emblem that is embedded within a smart window that can be made to disappear with the application of a voltage.
Amorphous‐Ga2O3 Optoelectronic Synapses with Ultra‐low Energy Consumption
Authors: Zhu Rui , Liang Huili , Hu Sigui , Wang Yan , Mei Zengxia
Published: December 2021

Developing optoelectronic synaptic devices with low energy consumption is of critical importance for neuromorphic computing and visualization systems. In this work, amorphous‐Ga2O3 (a‐Ga2O3) is adopted to realize a low‐power optoelectronic synapse considering its distinguished features of ultra‐wide bandgap, high responsiveness to light stimulation, and strong persistent photoconductivity effect. The basic synaptic functions such as short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term plasticity (LTP) have been successfully mimicked. A noise suppression capability is achieved as well, similar to the visual cells. Strikingly, the total energy consumption for triggering an LTP synaptic event is only 136 fJ, approaching the one of a biological synapse. The underlying mechanism for the a‐Ga2O3 synaptic performance is explored with a combined research of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electric tests, and Technology Computer‐Aided Design simulations. The consistent results suggest the key role of the synergetic modulation effect of optical and electric fields on the dynamic behaviors of oxygen vacancy (VO) defects. This work indicates the potential applications of a‐Ga2O3 in low‐power optoelectronic synapses.
Spin‐Torque Switching in Rare‐Earth‐Free Compensated Ferrimagnet Mn4N Films
Authors: Bai Hao , Xu Teng , Dong Yiqing , Zhou Heng‐An , Jiang Wanjun
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the growth of rare‐earth‐free compensated ferrimagnet (C‐FIM) Mn4N single crystalline films is reported, with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) on the MgO(001) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. Subsequently, the current‐induced spin‐orbit torque (SOT) switching is experimentally demonstrated through passing currents in the Hall bar device made of Mn4N/Pt bilayer, with the thickness of Mn4N approaching 60 nm. Furthermore, the accompanied SOT efficiencies are characterized by employing the harmonic Hall voltage measurements. In particular, an enhanced effective SOT efficiency with the increased thickness of Mn4N films is observed, suggesting the existence of a bulk‐like spin torque in the present material system. The results demonstrate that the perpendicularly magnetized C‐FIM Mn4N films can provide a promising material platform for developing the rare‐earth‐free FIM spintronics devices.
Beneficial Effect of Na2CO3 Additions on the Thermoelectric Performance of Melt‐Route Cu2Se
Authors: Nazrul‐Islam Sheik Md Kazi , Rahman Md Rezoanur , Ahmed Al Jumlat , Yun Frank Fei , Cortie David L. , Wang Xiaolin , Cortie Michael B.
Published: December 2021

High‐performance thermoelectric materials require simultaneous reduction of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, among other criteria. Here it is shown that the introduction of Na2CO3 into the melt‐route fabrication process for the well‐known thermoelectric Cu2Se has a beneficial and surprisingly strong effect. There is a significant enhancement in electrical conductivity which density functional theory calculations suggest may be due to the effect of Na and O doping in the Cu2Se matrix. There is also a 34% reduction in thermal conductivity which is likely due to a high density of defects causing scattering of phonons. Overall, however, there is only relatively a small change in Seebeck coefficient. A higher power factor of 12.6 µW cm−1 K−2 is achieved versus 8.8 µW cm−1 K−2 for standard Cu2Se. A very high value of zT of 2.3 is obtained at 804 K versus 1.1 for standard Cu2Se.
Organic Synaptic Transistors for Bio‐Hybrid Neuromorphic Electronics
Authors: Kim Kwan‐Nyeong , Sung Min‐Jun , Park Hea‐Lim , Lee Tae‐Woo
Published: December 2021

Neuromorphic electronics that emulate biological synapses and nerves can provide a solution to overcome the limitation in energy efficiency of von Neumann computing systems. With increasing demands on bio‐medical applications such as healthcare monitoring and neuroprosthetic devices, bio‐hybrid neuromorphic electronics are evaluated as ways to process biological information and replace biological systems. Successful realization of bio‐hybrid neuromorphic systems requires replication of various synaptic properties in a single device, along with other characteristics such as biomimetic neural functionality, biocompatibility, soft mechanical properties, and low energy consumption. To satisfy these requirements, organic synaptic transistors (OSTs) are widely investigated as essential components of these applications. If the requirements can be met, bio‐hybrid neuromorphic systems that use OSTs can be compatible with biological systems, and can operate stably at bio‐electronic interfaces. Here, fundamentals of the OSTs emulating biological synapses and nerves are presented followed by a discussion of the requirements of the neuromorphic device/systems for bio‐hybrid application. Finally, recent research on implementations of bio‐hybrid neuromorphic devices and systems with future research directions, are reviewed.
Addressing new data privacy realities affecting agricultural research and development: A tiered‐risk, standards‐based approach
Authors: Wilgenbusch James C. , Pardey Philip G. , Hospodarsky Naomi , Lynch Benjamin J.
Published: December 2021

Concerns related to data ownership and privacy cut across all sectors of our economy, shape public–private research relationships, and, if left unaddressed, threaten to limit the potential gains to be had from the “big data” revolution. Rather than offer a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to dealing with data privacy and security concerning food and agricultural research and development (R&D), we propose a three‐tiered data security approach based on three tiers of risk tolerance: high, medium, and low with general guidelines explicitly mapped to standards. Data privacy and security are not costless, and so an economically informed approach that weighs the cost of a potential security breach against the benefits from accessing and using data for R&D is a more practical approach than treating all data equally from a risk management perspective. These tiers of risk must be understood in relation to standards for there to be meaningful governance of these data. We begin by characterizing the rapidly evolving nature of data privacy in an agricultural R&D context before providing an overview of the key means by which the privacy of agricultural data is presently being governed in various regions of the world. As an illustration of the approach that we propose, we apply our tiered risk and standards‐based approach to the CGIAR's Responsible Data Guidelines. This approach is similar to that used by the healthcare sector to effectively implement data privacy requirements and promote an awareness among key stakeholders of the need for and importance of well‐defined data privacy standards.
Enhancing electrocatalytic N2 reduction via tailoring the electric double layers
Authors: Tao Haolan , Lian Cheng , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong , Liu Honglai , van Roij René
Published: December 2021

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for NH3 synthesis is still far from being practical and competitive with the common Haber–Bosch process. The rational design of highly selective NRR electrocatalyst is therefore urgently needed, which requires a deep understanding of both the electrode–electrolyte interface and the mass transport of reactants. Here, we develop a theoretical framework that includes electric double layer (EDL), mass transport, and the NRR kinetics. This allows us to evaluate the roles of near‐electrode environment and N2 diffusion on the NRR selectivity and activity. The EDL, as the immediate reaction environment, remarkably impedes the diffusion of N2 to the cathode surface at high electrode potentials, which explains experimental observations. This article also gives microscopic insights into the interplay between N2 diffusion and reaction activity under the nano‐confinement, providing theoretical guidance for future design of advanced NRR electrocatalytic systems.
Venous thromboembolism rates and risk factors following endoscopic skull base surgery
Authors: Chang Michael T. , Jitaroon Kawinyarat , Song Sunhee , Roozdar Pooya , Wangworat Yossawee , Ibrahim Nour , Ma Yifei , Rao Vidya K. , Chang Steven D. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Patel Zara M. , Dodd Robert L. , Hwang Peter H. , Harsh Griffith R. , Nayak Jayakar V.
Published: December 2021

Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially fatal perioperative complication. The objective of this study was to assess the rate and risk factors for VTE in endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of adults undergoing ESBS at a tertiary academic center. Incidence of VTE in the 30‐day postoperative period was recorded. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with VTE.

Results

A total of 1122 ESBS cases performed at Stanford University School of Medicine between 2009 and 2019 were studied. Almost all cases (96.1%) did not employ perioperative VTE chemoprophylaxis. The overall incidence of VTE was 2.3% (26/1122). Malignant pathologies had a higher rate of VTE compared with nonmalignant pathologies (4.5% vs 2.0%, odds ratio [OR] 2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–6.66). Factors associated with an increased risk of VTE included a Caprini score greater than 5 (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28–1.83); multiple preoperative endocrinopathies such as the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) (OR 22.48, 95% CI 3.93–128.70), adrenal insufficiency (OR 5.24, 95% CI 1.82–15.03), hypercortisolism (OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.47–13.56), and hypothyroidism (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.66–8.20); each 10‐hour increment of lumbar drain duration (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08–1.25); and each 10‐hour increment for duration of hospitalization (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06).

Conclusions

The incidence of VTE following ESBS is relatively low at 2.3%. Factors with a higher association of VTE include malignancy, preoperative endocrinopathies, higher Caprini score, prolonged lumbar drain duration, and prolonged hospitalization. Larger, multi‐institutional studies are needed to validate these findings and to better refine clinical decision‐making regarding perioperative VTE prophylaxis.
Scalable Molten Salt Synthesis of Platinum Alloys Planted in Metal–Nitrogen–Graphene for Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Zaman Shahid , Su Ya‐Qiong , Dong Chung‐Li , Qi Ruijuan , Huang Lei , Qin Yanyang , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Li Fu‐Min , You Bo , Guo Wei , Li Qing , Ding Shujiang , Yu Xia Bao
Published: December 2021

Fuel cells are considered as a promising alternative to the existing traditional energy systems towards a sustainable future. Nevertheless, the synthesis of efficient and robust platinum (Pt) based catalysts remains a challenge for practical applications. In this work, we present a simple and scalable molten‐salt synthesis method for producing a low‐platinum (Pt) nanoalloy implanted in metal–nitrogen–graphene. The as‐prepared low‐Pt alloyed graphene exhibits a high oxygen reduction activity of 1.29 A mgPt−1 and excellent durability over 30 000 potential cycles. The catalyst nanoarchitecture of graphene encased Pt nanoalloy provides a robust capability against nanoparticle migration and corrosion due to a strong metal–support interaction. Similarly, advanced characterization and theoretical calculations show that the multiple active sites in platinum alloyed graphene synergistically account for the improved oxygen reduction. This work not only provides an efficient and robust low‐Pt catalyst but also a facile design idea and scalable preparation technique for integrated catalysts to achieve more profound applications in fuel cells and beyond.
Photo‐aging deterioration of hybrid intumescent flame retarding coatings simultaneously modified by silicon aerogel, β‐cyclodextrin, and nano‐ZnO
Authors: Wang Ya Chao , Kou Xiaofei , Deng Jun , Zhao Jiang Ping , Shi Hongxing
Published: December 2021

Photo‐aging has been manifested as the main threat to the service performance of organic coatings, but the deterioration of intumescent flame retarding coatings (IFRC) is scarcely reported. Therefore, the finish IFRC is benignly designed by simultaneously incorporating silicon aerogel, β‐cyclodextrin, and nano‐ZnO, its deterioration mechanism under photo‐aging (composed of xenon lamp radiation and water spraying) is quantitatively investigated. The results show that the photo‐aging facilitates the declined flame retardancy, as measured by the rising fire growth index from 1.07 to 2.43 kW m−2·s−1 and the reduced fire performance index from 0.493 to 0.196 s·m2·kW−1 with the flame retardancy index of 0.18 for S30d, as well as the diminished smoke suppression. Because the cleavage of C═N bonding occurs for the IFRC subjected to photo‐aging, presenting the serious yellowing of the IFRC surface with enhanced hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, the light‐humidity cycles of photo‐aging lead to the transformation from glassy residue to crystalline SiP2O7 during firing, presenting the disorder and fluffy char for S30d. Thirdly, the photo‐aging makes the pyrolysis Eα of 370 ~ 320°C drop from 177.9 to 120.2 kJ·mol−1 by the modified Coats‐Redfern integral method. It probes the photo‐aging deterioration mechanism of organic–inorganic hybrid IFRCs.
Rheum ribes extract‐loaded nanoliposome as a novel phytogenic antibiotic alternative in mice challenged by Escherichia coli (O157:H7)
Authors: Shamansoori Mona Taghipoor , Karimi Ehsan , Oskoueian Ehsan
Published: December 2021

This study was performed to compare the noncapsulated with nanoliposome‐encapsulated phenolic‐rich fraction (PRF) obtained from Rheum ribes as a dietary additive and to assess their health‐promoting potentials in the mice infected by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (O157:H7). Upon fractionation, the ethyl acetate fraction with 46.9 ± 2.17 mg GAE/g DW was found as a highest phenolic content. The PRF successfully loaded into nanoliposome structure with a nanometer in size (193.2 nm) and spherical shape and homogeneous dispersion. The gallic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid are bioactive phenolics present in the nanoliposome‐loaded PRF; however, the main bioactive compounds are cinnamic acid (911 μg/g DW) and ellagic acid (826 μg/g DW). The infection caused by E. coil impaired the weight gain and food intake, liver function, morpho structural characteristics of jejunum, upregulated the expression of inflammatory genes (Cox2, iNOS), downregulation of antioxidant‐related genes (SOD, GPX), and increased the ileal population of E. coil. The addition of nonencapsulated PRF and nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day improved these parameters although the nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF revealed more potential as compared with the nonencapsulated PRF in improving the health parameters in mice. The higher health‐promoting activity of nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF could be associated with its enhanced intestinal absorption, bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and bioactivity. Consequently, the nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF could be considered as a promising phytobiotic against E. coil infection in mice.
Quantifying uncertainty in method of moments estimates of the heterogeneity variance in random effects meta‐analysis
Authors: Sidik Kurex , Jonkman Jeffrey N.
Published: December 2021

The between‐study variance or heterogeneity variance is an important parameter in random effects meta‐analysis. This paper uses an M‐estimation framework to introduce and discuss variance estimators for quantifying the uncertainty in estimates of the heterogeneity variance using the noniterative generalized method of moments estimator and some related method of moments estimators. An example is used to further illustrate the variance estimators, and simulation results are presented for assessing the empirical properties of the proposed variance estimators.
A primer on TMS with a focus on its use in treatment‐resistant depression
Authors: Kumar Mudit
Published: December 2021

I recently met Ms. B — a woman in her forties with a history of multiple episodes of severe depression since her teenage years. She attempted suicide multiple times in the past and had multiple psychiatric admissions. She had trialed multiple anti‐depressants (and augmentation agents) and was referred for TMS treatment by her outpatient psychiatrist after another bout of depression leading to hopelessness and poor functioning at home. After doing treatment for 3 weeks, her affect started to change, her hygiene improved, she became hopeful, and wanted to do things such as sit by the lake, dip her toes in the water, and enjoy the sunshine. After completing treatment for 6 weeks, she was in remission. She told me “TMS is my lifesaver.” This was her second round of treatment in the last 3 years, and she was one of the 40%–60% of treatment‐resistant patients with depression who respond well to TMS.
Binge drinking and 18‐year‐olds: Pay attention
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2021

Dangerous binge drinking is going down in 18‐year‐olds, but don't be fooled. By the time they are adults, binge drinking is going up among this same cohort, researchers have found.
The Children's Mental Health Crisis and Pediatric Mental Health Care Programs: An option for expanded treatment options
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: December 2021

Over the past 18 months, children's mental health professionals have warned of the building level of crisis among our nations' youth. Recently, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), and Children's Hospital Association (CHA) declared a national emergency in children's mental health, citing the serious toll of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the struggle for racial justice (AAP news, 2021). In the first half of this year, children's hospitals reported a 45% spike in reported cases of self‐injury and suicide among children 5–17 years compared to 2019, per the CHA. An estimated 140,000 children lost a caregiver to the virus as of this summer, per the National Institutes of Health, which translates to one in 500 children. During a recent grand rounds held in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University, the speaker noted that the crisis is not limited to the United States, global estimates are that pediatric anxiety and depression have doubled during the past year (Dwyer, 2021). These estimates are not likely to be a surprise to those working with children and adolescents during this particularly challenging time. We have watched with dismay as the level of need has steadily increased to crisis proportions, after months of concern about the effect of isolation, loss, and stress on a nation of children.
Stresses of COVID‐19 include parental concerns
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2021

In March 2021, just as some school districts were re‐opening, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) asked parents about concerns that their children may be falling behind in school during COVID‐19.
A case of diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor in a 10‐year‐old boy: First report from Iran
Authors: Karimzadeh Parvaneh , Nilipour Yalda , Khalili Mitra , Nikkhah Ali , Taghavijelodar Mehdi , Moradi Ehsan
Published: December 2021

A 10‐year‐old boy who was referred due to acute hydrocephalus symptoms was diagnosed as the first case of pediatric DLGNT in Iran. The results suggested that using shunting for hydrocephaly and anti‐seizure medicines, as well as chemotherapeutic agents, can be an effective treatment strategy for DLGNT. Although the patient was stable without a tumor recurrence for a limited follow‐up period of 22 months, further studies are expected.
Depositional characteristics of Ningdong coal under a reducing atmosphere
Authors: Xia Zhiwen , Wang Feng , Ma Zhao , Li Ping , Du Changzong , Kan Haoyong , Guo Qingjie
Published: December 2021

As an important raw coal for gasification, the deposition characteristics of Ningdong coal have a great influence on the long‐term stability of the gasifier. In this work, a one‐dimensional drop‐tube furnace was employed to examine the depositional behaviour of Ningdong coal under a reducing atmosphere at different temperatures and deposition times. The thickness and morphology of the minerals in the deposits were analyzed by Digimizer image analysis software, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy–electron dispersion spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). With the temperature increases from 1050 to 1300°C, the thickness of the deposit at each deposition time monotonously decreases, whereas the deposition rate initially decreases until reaching its minimum at 1100°C before increasing again at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the deposit morphology changes from a grain‐like form into a floccule‐like form as the temperature increases to 1050°C, and the deposition rate increases with deposition time. It was found that Fe‐containing minerals are the dominant factors of deposit formation based on SEM–EDS analysis. The transformation of the mineral matters of the coal ash at each temperature was simulated using FactSage computational thermochemistry software. It was found that the Fe‐containing minerals responsible for deposit formation are clinopyroxenes (FeO) and liquid slag (Fe2O3). This work could be used as a theoretical guide to reveal the mechanism of deposit formation with Ningdong coal gasification.
‘The knowledge question’ in the Norwegian curriculum
Authors: Sundby Anniken Hotvedt , Karseth Berit
Published: December 2021

‘The knowledge question’, addressing what students need to know and learn, becomes particularly relevant during the process of a new school reform. This paper examines the political messages and the role of knowledge in the current curriculum reform initiative for primary and secondary education in Norway (2020). The study is based on a document analysis of four key policy documents and one subject curriculum. Analysis reveals that, although the messages in the policy documents express expectations of strengthening the knowledge dimension in the school subjects, analysis of a new subject curriculum framework indicates that it more clearly prescribes skills, methods and strategies than the specialised knowledge content to teach. We conclude that the continuation of a competency‐oriented curriculum model, wherein the competence aims are the governing category, explicit content is difficult to prescribe because of the contrasting assumptions that underline a content‐oriented versus a competence‐oriented curriculum. The two curriculum models demand different approaches to ‘the knowledge question’, and raises questions about whether combining these two orientations in one curriculum model is possible.
Metabolic phenotype mediates the outcome of competitive interactions in a response‐surface field experiment
Authors: Schuster Lukas , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: December 2021

Competition and metabolism should be linked. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rates and, hence, resource demands covary with competitive ability. The effects of metabolism on conspecific interactions, however, have mostly been studied under laboratory conditions. We used a trait‐specific response‐surface design to test for the effects of metabolism on pairwise interactions of the marine colonial invertebrate, Bugula neritina in the field. Specifically, we compared the performance (survival, growth, and reproduction) of focal individuals, both in the presence and absence of a neighbor colony, both of which had their metabolic phenotype characterized. Survival of focal colonies depended on the metabolic phenotype of the neighboring individual, and on the combination of both the focal and neighbor colony metabolic phenotypes that were present. Surprisingly, we found pervasive effects of neighbor metabolic phenotypes on focal colony growth and reproduction, although the sign and strength of these effects showed strong microenvironmental variability. Overall, we find that the metabolic phenotype changes the strength of competitive interactions, but these effects are highly contingent on local conditions. We suggest future studies explore how variation in metabolic rate affects organisms beyond the focal organism alone, particularly under field conditions.
Nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in milk based on mass defect filtering using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Tiantian , Liang Wenying , Zhang Xiuqiong , Lu Xin , Zhao Chunxia , Xu Guowang
Published: December 2021

The development of nontargeted screening strategy for veterinary drugs and their metabolites is very important for food safety. In this study, a nontargeted screening strategy was developed to find the potentially hazardous substances based on mass defect filtering (MDF) using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry. First, the drug metabolites of 112 veterinary drugs from seven classes of antimicrobials were predicted. Second, three MDF models were established, including the traditional rectangular MDF, the enhanced parallelogram MDF, and the polygonal MDF. Finally, the strategy was applied to nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs in 36 milk samples. The polygonal MDF model based on the distribution area of parent drugs and their metabolites showed a better filtering effect. After removing food components and performing MDF, about 10% of the substances remained, and four veterinary drugs and six drug metabolites were discovered and identified, showing the effectiveness of this strategy. The nontargeted screening strategy can rapidly remove interfering substances and find the suspected compounds. It can also be used for nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in other food matrices.
Fine‐Tuning Active Layer Morphology via Modification of Both Side Chains and Terminal Groups toward High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Jinfeng , Gao Cai-Yan , Fan Xin-Heng , Zhu Xiaozhang , Yang Lian-Ming
Published: December 2021

Both the structures and the phase properties of electron acceptors with nonfused aromatic cores (NCAs) have received intensive investigation in very recent years, nevertheless, there remains a large space for manipulating their phase properties through synergistically tuning the side chains and end groups of the NCAs. Herein, four unfused acceptors based on quinoxaline‐core, namely QOD‐4H, QOD‐2Cl, QOS‐4H, and QOS‐2Cl, are designed and synthesized by simple steps, and multiple characterizations are conducted to further explore their blend morphology properties and stacking orientations. Particularly, the alkyl side chains in QOS‐4H and QOS‐2Cl with lower steric hindrance slightly decrease the crystallinity, optical absorption, and tendency toward the face‐on orientation but distinctly cause shorter π–π stacking distance. Meanwhile, two chlorine atoms introduced to the end caps of QOD‐2Cl and QOS‐2Cl produce weaker crystallinity, but with more compact molecular packing, stronger face‐on orientation, and distinctly larger extinction coefficients. As a combinative result, the better nanofibrillar networks and closer molecular stacking are detected in QOD‐2Cl‐ and QOS‐2Cl‐based blends, which lead to a higher efficiency of 10.67% and 12.19%, respectively, of the related devices than those from acceptors QOD‐4H (6.94%) and QOS‐4H (8.01%).
Short overview on combustion systems scale‐up with emphasis on NOx emissions of gas‐fired furnaces
Authors: Drubetskoi Eugen , Eckart Sven , Krause Hartmut
Published: December 2021

Historically, scale‐up of technologies have been a fundamental driver for successful economies in enhancing performance of applications. In the context of combustion technologies, several scale‐up approaches were developed with the aim of transferring relevant characteristics of combustion systems from laboratory‐ to industrial‐scale system. A reasonable selection of scaling approaches is required to perform a proper scaling of a combustion system. In the current study, the development of scaling methods and their use for technical applications is presented. In order to provide a guideline for the examination of combustion systems to be scaled up, common and recently published scale‐up methods are compared qualitatively, as well as the investigation on scale‐up of combustion chambers, is addressed. Due to the expected further technical and environmental restrictions, the focus of the implementation is directed towards NOx emissions.
Evaluation of tolerance to artificial gastroenteric juice and fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus strains isolated from human
Authors: Liu Chen , Han Fei , Cong Lin , Sun Ting , Menghe Bilege , Liu Wenjun
Published: December 2021

Fifty‐seven strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from fecal samples of healthy young people in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia using pure culture methods. Lactobacillus ruminis and Lactobacillus gasseri were the dominant Lactobacillus species isolated from the intestinal microflora, accounting for 54.4% and 14.0% of the total isolates, respectively. Isolated strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, and their tolerance to gastric acid and bile salt, and fermentation characteristics were evaluated. The results of experiments in vitro showed that nine of the isolated strains of Lactobacillus grew well at pH 3.0. After 11 h of incubation in artificial digestive juices, the isolated L. plantarum and the control strain L. plantarum P8 still had high survival rates. Most of the isolates and control isolates have strong tolerance to bile salts. The evaluation of fermentation characteristics indicated that the ability of the intestinal Lactobacillus to ferment skimmed milk was lower than that of the reference L. plantarum P8. In the process of storage, the viable count of screened isolates of human origin in fermented milk decreased to some extent, but remained above 7.01 ± 0.22 log CFU/ml, showing good storage characteristics.
Impact of specific high‐risk human papillomavirus genotypes on survival in oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Garset‐Zamani Martin , Carlander Amanda F. , Jakobsen Kathrine K. , Friborg Jeppe , Kiss Katalin , Marvig Rasmus L. , Olsen Caroline , Nielsen Finn C. , Andersen Elo , Grønhøj Christian , von Buchwald Christian
Published: December 2021

The increases observed in incidence and survival of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have been attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, but the survival‐impact of specific genotypes is poorly understood. We investigated the potential influence of HPV genotypes on survival in HPV‐positive (HPV+) OPSCC. All patients with HPV+/p16+ OPSCC and available genotype data within the period 2011 to 2017 in Eastern Denmark were included. Descriptive statistics on clinical and tumor data, as well as overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) with Cox hazard models and Kaplan‐Meier plots were performed. Overall, 769 HPV+/p16+ OPSCC patients were included of which genotype HPV16 accounted for 86% (n = 662). Compared to high‐risk non‐HPV16 genotypes (HR non‐HPV16), HPV16 patients were younger at diagnosis (median years, 60 vs 64), had a higher male to female ratio (3.7:1 vs 2.1:1), and lower performance scores of ≤1 (90%, n = 559, vs 81%, n = 74). Regarding 5‐year OS and RFS, no difference was observed between HPV16 and HR non‐HPV16 patients. Subgrouping the HR non‐HPV16 group into HPV33 (n = 57), HPV35 (n = 26) and “other genotypes” (n = 24) a significantly worse OS in the “other genotypes” group (hazard rate: 2.33, P = .027) was shown. With similar survival results between HPV16 and non‐HPV16 genotypes, genotyping in OPSCC is interesting from an epidemiological point of view as well as in vaccination programs, but not a necessary addition in prognostication of HPV+/p16+ OPSCC.
Adult Literacy Learners are (Mostly) Missing from JAAL: Rethinking Adulthood, Adult Literacy, and doing Antiracist Research
Authors: Belzer Alisa
Published: December 2021

This commentary urges researchers and readers to rethink definitions of adulthood and its relevance in literacy research by arguing that adult readers are distinct from children and even college students. More specifically, it argues that adult literacy learners (those reading at the 8th‐grade level equivalent or below and those who did not complete high school) have challenges and needs that are distinct yet often ignored. Taking up a focus in this area is antiracist because it seeks to undue the disproportionate impact of inequitable educational opportunities for adult learners of color.
Investigation of serum levels of orexin‐A, transforming growth factor β, and leptin in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Moharami Sepideh , Nourazarian Alireza , Nikanfar Masoud , Laghousi Delara , Shademan Behrouz , Joodi Khanghah Omid , Khaki‐Khatibi Fatemeh
Published: December 2021

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease affecting various inflammatory and nutritional parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) of MS patients and the serum levels of leptin, orexin‐A, and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF‐β).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 25 patients suffering from MS and 40 healthy individuals as the case and control groups, respectively. The serum levels of leptin, orexin‐A, and TGF‐β were assessed in the participants using the Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods. Moreover, data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical indices, t‐test, chi‐square test, and linear regression test.

Results

According to our results, the participants’ mean age was 38.04 ± 7.53 and 40.23 ± 5.88 in the case and control groups, respectively. Also, the groups were not significantly different in gender, age, alcohol consumption, and smoking (p > 0.05). It was found that the mean serum levels of orexin‐A and TGF‐β were significantly lower in the MS patients compared to the control group, while the mean serum leptin levels were significantly higher (42.8 vs. 18.9 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the BMI of the MS patients and their serum levels of orexin‐A, TGF‐β, and leptin (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, we found significantly lower levels of orexin‐A and TGF‐β and a significantly higher level of leptin in the MS patients compared to the control group. In addition, there was no significant relationship between the BMI and the serum levels of orexin‐A, TGF‐β, and leptin in MS patients.
The winding roads to adulthood: A twin study
Authors: Rimfeld Kaili , Malanchini Margherita , Packer Amy E. , Gidziela Agnieszka , Allegrini Andrea G. , Ayorech Ziada , Smith‐Woolley Emily , McMillan Andrew , Ogden Rachel , Dale Philip S. , Eley Thalia C. , Plomin Robert
Published: December 2021

Aims

Here we report the results of the first systematic investigation of genetic and environmental influences on 57 psychological traits covering major issues in emerging adulthood such as aspirations, thoughts and attitudes, relationships and personality. We also investigate how these traits relate to physical and mental health, educational attainment and wellbeing.

Materials & Methods

We use a sample of nearly 5000 pairs of UK twins aged 21–25 from the Twins Early Development Study. We included 57 measures of traits selected to represent issues in emerging adulthood (EA) such as aspirations, thoughts and attitudes, life events, relationships, sexual and health behaviour and personality. We also included measures related to what are often considered to be the core functional outcomes even though here we refer to the data collected at the same time: adverse physical health, adverse mental health, wellbeing, and education.

Results

All 57 traits showed significant genetic influence, with an average heritability of 34% (SNP heritability ~10%). Most of the variance (59% on average) was explained by non‐shared environmental influences. These diverse traits were associated with mental health (average correlation 0.20), wellbeing (0.16), physical health (0.12) and educational attainment (0.06). Shared genetic factors explained the majority of these correlations (~50%). Together, these emerging adulthood traits explained on average 30% of variance in the outcomes (range = 8% to 69%), suggesting that these traits relate to the outcomes additively.

Discussion & Conclusions

We conclude that even as the majority of individual differences in EA traits is explained by non‐shared environmental factors, genetic influence on these traits is still substantial; the environmental uncertainties of emerging adulthood in the 21st century do not diminish the importance of genetics. As adolescents travel down long and winding roads to adulthood, their trip is substantially influenced by genetic proclivities that nudge them down different paths leading to different destinations.
Structure and distribution of antennal sensilla in Pseudosymmachia flavescens (Brenske) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)
Authors: Li Ya‐Ya , Shao Kai‐Min , Liu Deguang , Chen Li
Published: December 2021

Morphology, microstructure, and distribution of antennal sensilla were compared between female and male Pseudosymmachia flavescens (Brenske) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Lamellate antennae of P. flavescens were shown to have typical scape, pedicel, and flagellum segments. The flagellum consists of a four‐segmented funicle and a three‐segmented club. The lengths of their pedicel and funicle were found to be similar in females and males. Distinct sexual differences were observed in the length of lamellar segments. Nine types/subtypes of sensilla were identified on the antennae of both sexes, including Böhm sensilla, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica (SB), and two subtypes for sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla placodea each. Olfactory sensilla (e.g., SB and placodea) are mainly located on three lamellar segments of the antennal club.

Variation was also seen in abundance of various types of antennal sensilla, with males possessing significantly more sensilla than females. Sensilla placodea were the most abundant, and their number in males was twice of that in females, showing a clear sexual dimorphism. The difference in the distribution of sensilla placodea might reflect their roles in sexual chemical communication.
Extracellular vesicles derived from radioresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells contribute to the acquisition of radioresistance via the miR‐503‐3p‐BAK axis
Authors: Yamana Keisuke , Inoue Junki , Yoshida Ryoji , Sakata Junki , Nakashima Hikaru , Arita Hidetaka , Kawaguchi Sho , Gohara Shunsuke , Nagao Yuka , Takeshita Hisashi , Maeshiro Manabu , Liu Rin , Matsuoka Yuichiro , Hirayama Masatoshi , Kawahara Kenta , Nagata Masashi , Hirosue Akiyuki , Toya Ryo , Murakami Ryuji , Kuwahara Yoshikazu , Fukumoto Manabu , Nakayama Hideki
Published: December 2021

Despite advancements in treatments, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not significantly improved in prognosis or survival rate primarily due to the presence of treatment‐resistant OSCC. The intercellular communication between tumour cells is a molecular mechanism involved in acquiring OSCC treatment resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and encapsulated miRNAs are important mediators of intercellular communication. Here, we focused on EVs released from clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) OSCC cells. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between miRNA expression in the serum samples of patients who showed resistance to radiotherapy and in EVs released from CRR OSCC cells. We found that EVs released from CRR OSCC cells conferred radioresistance to radiosensitive OSCC cells via miR‐503‐3p contained in EVs. This miR‐503‐3p inhibited BAK and impaired the caspase cascade to suppress radiation‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, OSCC cells with BAK knockdown had increased radioresistance. Additionally, the expression of circulating miR‐503‐3p in patients with OSCC was correlated with a poor treatment response and prognosis of radiotherapy. Our results provide new insights into the relationship between EVs and the radioresistance of OSCC and suggest that the miR‐503‐3p–BAK axis may be a therapeutic target and that circulating miR‐503‐3p is a useful prognostic biomarker in the radiotherapy of OSCC.
Autoimmune pancreatitis: What we know so far
Authors: Masood Muaaz
Published: December 2021

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare, often‐missed disease that involves inflammation of the pancreas and strictures of the pancreatic duct. Its prevalence and incidence in the United States remain scarce. The disease has a varied presentation and often mimics pancreatic malignancy, which can make the diagnosis challenging. Most patients have an excellent response to corticosteroid therapy. Immunomodulators may be used in some cases. Rituximab is an effective, emerging treatment in steroid‐refractory cases. This study aims to review the two distinct types of AIP and provide a detailed analysis of the diagnostic approach and treatment modalities.
One‐pot effective synthesis of new heterocyclic system: Pyrano[4′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐6‐one
Authors: Harutyunyan Arpine S. , Dashyan Shushanik Sh. , Shahkhatuni Astghik A.
Published: December 2021

One‐pot effective methods for the synthesis of derivatives of 6‐amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐7‐aryl substituted‐8‐thioxo(oxo)‐pyrano[3,4‐c]pyridineswere developed. The proposed mechanisms of one‐pot reactions are presented. The derivatives of 8‐oxo‐pyrano[3,4‐c]pyridines served as starting materials for the synthesis of a new heterosystem—pyrano[4′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐6‐one. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds was studied.