bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drivers of cocoa encroachment into protected forests: the case of three forest reserves in Ghana
Authors: Brobbey L.K. , Agyei F.K. , Osei-Tutu P.
Published: December 2020

The study sought to unearth the immediate causes and underlying factors that fuel cocoa-driven deforestation in Ghana through four pathways: interviews, participatory rural appraisal techniques, facilitated community workshops and field observations in five forest-fringe and two admitted
communities of Ghana's Ashanti and Western North Regions. The study found agricultural expansion and infrastructure extension to be the proximate causes of deforestation. These are driven by population growth, low cocoa productivity, inadequate cultivable land for cash and subsistence farming,
abrupt shifts in government policies, droughts, wildfires, pests and diseases, land insecurity, limited alternative livelihoods in rural areas and lack of maintenance of admitted farm boundaries. The magnitude of the surge in cocoa encroachment in protected forests requires collaboration among
diverse stakeholders and interlocutory action to stem the challenge while more holistic solutions are sought.
An examination of REDD+ readiness and implementation in Ghana
Authors: Nukpezah D. , Alemagi D.
Published: December 2020

Ghana has participated in REDD+ negotiations since its inception and has been engaged in activities geared at implementing REDD+ in the country. In this paper, we examine initiatives that have been undertaken by relevant stakeholders to advance REDD+ readiness and implementation in
Ghana. Results revealed that several aspects of planning and coordination were ranked high and some progress has been made in the arena of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and audit; benefit sharing; financing; as well as demonstrations and pilots. That said, some challenges still
prevail in the area of policy, laws, and institutions; as well as implementation of an emission reduction program. Therefore, some specific recommendations for advancing REDD+ readiness and implementation in Ghana can be considered going forward including the development of strong institutions
for REDD+ implementation; clarification of carbon and tenure rights; capacity building for data collection; and institutional collaboration. Implementing these recommendations are a fundamental prerequisite for an effective and efficient implementation of REDD+ in Ghana.
Cationic polyacrylamide emulsion with ultra-high concentration as a flocculant for paper mill wastewater treatment
Authors: Yang Kaiji , Chen Jinghuan , Yao Chunli
Published: December 2020

Cationic polyacrylamide emulsions prepared with ultra-high concentration (CPAME-uhc) have the advantages of fast dissolution, convenient operation, and low transportation cost. In order to further improve the molecular weight, solubility, and temperature/salt resistance of CPAME-uhc, in this study the preparation process of CPAME-uhc was optimized, and the effects of solubilizing agents and functional monomers on solubility and temperature/ salt resistance of CPAME-uhc were evaluated. Finally, the flocculation performance of CPAME-uhc on papermaking wastewater was examined. The results showed that the molecular weight of CPAME-uhc can be increased to 14 to 15 million by process optimization, and the solubility of CPAME-uhc can be greatly increased by adding urea and Na2SO4. The temperature/salt resistance of CPAME-uhc can be improved by adding 2 wt% N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2 wt% N-vinylpyrrolidone, and 5 wt% sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropionate, based on the total monomer weight. When CPAME-uhc was added to papermaking wastewater the removal percentages of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) were 95% and 93%, respectively. This study provides a useful reference for the preparation, optimization and application of CPAME-uhc.
Use of Nanomaterials in Cryobiology and Cryomedicine
Authors:   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Goltsev Anatoliy , Bondarovych Mykola ,   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Babenko Natalya ,   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Gaevska Yuliya ,   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Dubrava Tatiana ,   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Ostankov Maksim ,   Department of Cryopathophysiology and Immunology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Published: December 2020

The review considers the possibility of using modern nanotechnological developments aimed to achieve alternative cryobiological goals. On the one hand, the use of nanomaterials will increase the functional value of thawed cells due to such unique characteristics of nanoparticles as size, shape, surface charge, chemical composition, etc. Nanomaterials can be used as nanocontainers for impermeable cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and cause significant changes in crystal formation, thermal conductivity and other properties of cells, tissues and organs, that increases the efficiency of their cryopreservation. On the other hand, the combined use of nanomaterials and low-temperature freezing factors is considered a promising method of destruction of pathologically altered cells and tissues, as it minimizes the risk of recurrence of oncopathology after insufficient freezing-out of the tumor site.
Impact of Craniocerebral Hypothermia and Cryopreserved Cord Blood on Reproductive Function of Male Rats with Chronic Alcohol Intoxication
Authors:   Department of Cryophysiology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Lomakin Іvan , Kudokotseva Olga ,   Department of Cryophysiology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Babiichuk Vladyslav ,   Department of Cryophysiology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Kryshtal Yevhenii ,   Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Published: December 2020

In this work, we have studied the impact of chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI) on reproductive function in male rats. Prolonged alcohol abuse has been shown to significantly reduce the manifestation rate of sexual activation and testosterone level in blood serum of male rats with CAI following exposure to a receptive female, as well as to change their seminal fl uid composition. The rhythmic craniocerebral hypothermia (rCCH), combined with the administration of cryopreserved cord blood leukoconcentrate (cCBL) ensured to a greater extent the dynamics of functional integrity recovery of the CAI-altered reproductive system in male rats, if compared to each of these methods used solely. The authors have hypothesized the rCCH and cCBL to activate the hypothalamicpituitary system, affecting thereby the testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis stimulation.
Kharkiv in the life of I.I. Mechnikov: faces, houses, streets
Authors:   Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Rogozhin B.A.
Published: December 2020

The influence of the cultural environment of the city on the formation and development of the personality of the outstanding scientist, Nobel Prize winner І.І. Mechnikov. The conditions and condition of the city that existed during his stay in Kharkiv were studied. The activity of educational institutions and cultural life of citizens is described. in it. It is concluded that the cultural urban environment and conditions of education are a necessary factor for the success of a creative personality. The university as an educational system contributes to this.
Ilya Mechnikov — the founder of Gerontology
Authors:   Vetek (Seniority) Association — the Movement for Longevity and Quality of Life, Stambler І.
Published: December 2020

In 2020, we celebrate the 175th anniversary of the founder of gerontology, a foundational figure of modern immunology, aging and longevity science, and of modern medicine generally — Ilya Mechnikov (May 15, 1845 — July 15, 1916). For the proponents of healthy longevity and advocates of aging research. Mechnikov may be well credited as “the father” of gerontology — the disciplinary term he coined. Mechnikov was either a direct originator or one of the primary researchers for a variety of key aging-ameliorating and life-extending methods, experiments and research programs that are still being followed today. In view of the immense significance of degenerative aging processes for the emergence of virtually all diseases, both communicable and noncommunicable, and in view of the accelerating development of potential means to intervene into and ameliorate these processes for the sake of achieving healthy longevity, Mechnikov’s pioneering contribution to this field assumes an ever greater global significance and must be remembered and honored.
To the 85th anniversary of the ukrainian historian of medicine, professor Yuri Konstantinovich Duplenko
Authors:   Odesa National Medical University, Vasyliev K.
Published: December 2020

In connection with the 85th anniversary of the Kiev Professor Yuri Konstantinovich Duplenko, the article describes the main stages of his life and work.
The titanium silicate influence on the Zn(II) and Sr(II) migration in the aquatic environment
Authors:   Department of Theoretical Physics, Uzhgorod National University, Uzhgorod, Ukraine, Kylivnik Yu.M. , Tryshyn V.V. , Strilchuk M.V. , Gaidar O.V. , Vasylyeva H.V. , Vuchkan S.I. , Sych O.Ya. , Syika I.Yu. ,   Institute of Sorption and Endoecology Problems, Kyiv, Ukraine,   Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: December 2020

The aim of the present work is titanium silicate influence on the zinc and strontium migration in the aquatic environment. The adsorption capacity of titanium silicate toward zinc and strontium ions was investigated. With the aid of a fluorescent X-ray analyzer and energy dispersive spectroscopy the composition of the sorbent formed was determined as well as zinc and strontium presence on the surface of the sorbent after the sorption process. It was shown, that adsorption of zinc and strontium by titanium silicate strongly depends on time of interaction and solution acidity and increases with increasing of both parameters. It was established, that for the initial concentration of zinc and strontium at the level of 0.005M the presence of ions that cause the natural mineralization of water does not affect their adsorption extraction.
La metáfora conceptual en el discurso político euroescéptico (francés-español)
Authors: Luque Janodet Francisco
Published: December 2020

The second decade of the 21st century has seen the emergence and establishment of a series of movements that have led to the rise of Eurosceptic parties in France and Germany and the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Considering the current political context and given the lack of studies addressing this object of study, this paper analyses the role of metaphor and metonymy in Eurosceptic discourse in French and Spanish. To this end, once the theoretical fundamentals of this research has been submitted, the compiled textual corpus is presented. This corpus consists of documents, political programmes and manifestos drafted by a number of openly Eurosceptic political parties in France, Switzerland and Spain. From this corpus, the underlying conceptual metaphors have been analyzed, as well as the orientational metaphors and the documented metonymies from the metaphorical expressions used. This study concludes that metaphor is, in political discourse, an effective means of transmitting a certain ideology. Thus, the most used conceptual metaphors have been THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A WAY, THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A FIGHT and POLITICS ARE A FIGHT. It is also concluded that the use of metaphor is capable of changing the citizen’s perception and conception of European Community policies and the European Union.
Comparing the Membrane Potential of Wheat Grains of Different Varieties and Productivity Divided into Fractions According to Their Aerodynamic Properties
Authors: Barysheva Nadezhda N. , Pronin Sergey P. , Baryshev Denis D. , Belyaev Vladimir I.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Spring wheat yield depends largely on the wheat variety, seed quality, cultivation technology, and agro-climatic factors. It has been found that the separation of wheat seeds into fractions makes it possible to improve the quality of post-harvest processing, adjust the quality of grain depending on the intended use, and the sowing of the wheat grains divided into fractions allows increasing productivity. The aim of the article is to explore the membrane potential on the shells of wheat grains divided into fractions according to their aerodynamic properties and to compare certain membrane potential features with aerodynamic properties of these grains and the yields of selected varieties.
Materials and Methods. The seeds, divided into fractions, have different sowing qualities. Biologically deficient seeds have poor germination index. The study have found that the division of seeds into fractions contributes to increasing yields, but the main indicators of quality are still germination and viability, for this reason an approach has been developed to determine the quality of wheat seeds divided into fractions.
Results. This article studies the change in membrane potential of wheat seeds, divided into fractions according to their aerodynamic properties. The article presents the results of testing a new clamping electrode with a smooth surface to measure the membrane potential of wheat gains. To study the effect of the wheat variety, the aerodynamic properties of grains and yield on changes in membrane potential, we analyzed three indices: the resting potential level, time of variable potential rise to the maximum value and variable potential maximum value.
Discussion and Conclusion. New informative indicators have been determined because of the two-way analysis of variance of the research results. These indicators reliably reflect the aerodynamic properties of seeds and can be used to predict yields. The use of the obtained results will allow agricultural enterprises and farms to determine the quality of post-harvest processing of wheat seeds, adjust the quality depending on the intended use, and evaluate and forecast the productivity of seeds.
The Entanglement of Nation and Epistemology: Glances into the Backyard of Academic Dignity
Authors: Fox Stephanie
Published: December 2020

This article addresses the phenomenon of ‘national epistemologies’ that areunderstood as particular ways to think about the world, both enabled and restrictedby national(ist) ideologies as cultural thesis about distinct commonality andtogetherness. With regard to methodology, the article describes on a general levelhow these ‘national epistemologies’ can be identified and particularly how theirdevelopment as nationally idiosyncratic ways of conceptualizing and conductingresearch can be explained, taking the academic field of education as an example. Theexistence of such distinct national research thought styles can be detected, at leastin the West: in the United States, in France, in England and in Germany. Thereby,imperial aspirations of these nationally connoted and configured phenomena cometo the fore, indicating their efforts of spreading from epistemologically strongernation(-state)s into weaker ones in the way of ‘travelling ideas’. Starting from thethought style represented by German Idealism, two major reasons or purposes forthese travels can be distinguished: One ‘by invitation’ and one ‘as occupation’, asrepresented by the case of Austria.Key words: Austria; education research; national epistemologies; nationalism;travelling ideas.
Lithium, an old friend and a forgotten enemy
Authors: Figueiredo Cátia , Lemos Joana
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is a polyuric and polydipsic syndrome and can have multiple causing factors. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 69-year-old woman with bipolar disorder medicated with lithium 400mg for 12 years on a daily basis. The patient was admitted, after psychiatric decompensation, with hypernatremia unresponsive to hypotonic iv fluids. The diagnosis of DI was made with high plasmatic osmolality measurement, low urine osmolality, and high levels of antidiuretic hormone. Full clinical recovery was possible with lithium suspension, hydration, and chlorthalidone. DISCUSSION: Although frequently used in the past, Lithium (Li) is nowadays rarely used in clinical practice for prolonged treatments because of its potentially devastating side effects. Clinicians must be aware of those side effects in order to prevent organ damage, mainly in patients with severe bipolar disease and precarious response to alternative treatments.
Smoking and comorbidities are associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality in 565 patients treated in Turkey: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Caliskan Tayfun , Saylan Bengu
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the prevalence of smoking rates and comorbidities and evaluate the relationship between them and disease severity and mortality in inpatients with COVID-19. METHODS: COVID-19 patients were divided into the following groups: clinic group, intensive care unit (ICU) group, survivors, and non-survivors. Non-COVID-19 patients were included as a control group. The groups were compared. RESULTS: There was no difference between patients with and without COVID-19 in terms of smoking, asthma, diabetes, dementia, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, chronic renal failure and arrhythmia (p>0.05). Older age (Odds ratio (OR), 1.061; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.041-1.082; p< 0.0001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR, 2.775; 95% CI: 1.128-6.829; p=0.026) and CAD (OR, 2.696; 95% CI: 1.216-5.974; p=0.015) were significantly associated with ICU admission. Current smoking (OR, 5.101; 95% CI: 2.382-10.927; p<0.0001) and former smoking (OR, 3.789; 95% CI: 1.845-7.780; p<0.0001) were risk factors for ICU admission. Older age (OR; 1.082; 95% CI: 1.056-1.109; p<0.0001), COPD (OR, 3.213; 95% CI: 1.224-8.431; p=0.018), CAD (OR, 6.252; 95% CI: 2.171-18.004; p=0.001) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (OR, 5.917; 95% CI 1.069-32.258; p=0.042), were significantly associated with mortality. Current smoking (OR, 13.014; 95% CI: 5.058-33.480; p<0.0001) and former smoking (OR, 6.507; 95% CI 2.731-15.501; p<0.0001) were also risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Smoking, older age, COPD, and CAD were risk factors for ICU admission and mortality in patients with COVID-19. CHF was not a risk factor for ICU admission; however, it was a risk factor for mortality.
Intraocular pressure predicts premature coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Kaplan Mehmet , Abacýoglu Ozge Ozcan , Yavuz Fethi , Kaplan Gizem Ilgýn , Düzen Betül , Bursa Nurbanu , Zorlu Ferhat
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between intraocular pressure (IOP) and premature atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (PACAD) by comparing central corneal thicknesses (CCTs) measurements. METHODS: One hundred-eighty-six subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, 100 in the PACAD group and 86 in the control group. All participants underwent a physical examination and routine biochemical tests. Ophthalmological examinations, including IOP and CCTs measurements, were performed for each subject. Additionally, pulse wave velocity measurements were obtained and recorded. RESULTS: Participants with PACAD showed significantly higher IOP values than those without atherosclerosis (p = 0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of CCT (p = 0.343). Also, pulse wave velocity (PWV) values were statistically significantly higher in the PACAD group (p = 0.001). High IOP was not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A relationship was found between PACAD and IOP, but CCTs were not associated with PACAD. The IOP measurement is affected by CCT; therefore, CCT is used to correct IOP values. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a positive relationship between PACAD and IOP based on CCTs measurements.
What is the profile of strawberry producers in the south Brazilian region and what do they think about substrate cultivation?
Authors: Alves Marina C , Matoso Ester S , Peil Roberta MN
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT Strawberry production in the south part of Rio Grande do Sul has already been consolidated and, recently, this production has undergone several changes in its cultivation system. The profile of the strawberry producers in this region, and the cultivation systems they use, considering socioeconomic and technological characterization, had not been formally studied since then. This study aimed to characterize the socioeconomic profile of producers, as well as the strawberry production system. Data were obtained through a questionnaire, with questions related to the socioeconomic aspects of the producers and the technical aspects of their cultivation systems. Most of the interviewed producers are male, 26-50 years old, owing up to 20 hectares land, with a monthly income of up to four minimum wages and relying only on family labor. They are considered family producers and have already been growing strawberries in substrate, or are interested in using this modern soilless culture system.
Control of Alternaria brassicicola with thermotherapy and propolis and effect on the physiological quality of kale seeds
Authors: Cardoso Antonio Ismael Inácio , Piacenti Laura Z , Lino Priscilla R , Padovan Iasmim M , Kronka Adriana Z
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT In the organic production system, the use of agrochemicals for seed treatment is prohibited. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and propolis on the germination and vigor of kale seeds and the effect on the control of Alternaria brassicicola. In the treatment with wet thermotherapy, three temperatures (50, 55 and 60°C) were evaluated in separated experiments. For each temperature, five immersion times [0 (control), 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes] were evaluated. In the dry thermotherapy treatment, seeds were submitted to constant 70ºC temperature and five times [0 (control), 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours] were evaluated. In the treatment with propolis, six concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%) were studied, with subsequent washing or not washing of the seeds. Then, seeds were inoculated with A. brassicicola and submitted to the following treatments: wet thermotherapy at 50°C for 60 minutes and at 55°C for 15 minutes and propolis at 1.0% with and without further washing. Two control treatments were included in the experiment (inoculated untreated seeds; and not inoculated and untreated seeds), totalizing six treatments. After inoculation and treatments, the incidence of the fungus on the seeds was evaluated and the effect on the physiological quality of the seeds. Both thermotherapy treatments (50°C for 60 minutes and 55°C for 15 minutes) reduced the pathogen incidence significantly. Both propolis treatments at 1% (with and without subsequent washing) did not provide a satisfactory reduction on A. brassicicola incidence in kale seeds. Thermotherapy at 55°C for 15 minutes is the best option for A. brassicicola control in kale seeds, because it does not affect seed physiological quality.
Distinctness, uniformity and stability and GT biplot tests for the selection of snap bean lines
Authors: Sant’Anna Camila QSS de , Oliveira Tâmara Rebecca A de , Gravina Geraldo de A , Cruz Derivaldo P da , Gomes Andrea BS , Daher Rogério F , Vivas Marcelo , Oliveira Gustavo Hugo F de , Entringer Geovana C , Coelho Fábio C
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT The lack of records about snap bean cultivars is one of the obstacles that has led to a yield gap and low prominence of the crop. This work aimed at indicating snap bean lines obtained by the Breeding Program of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) to assess their performance and to apply for a certificate of plant variety protection. The study was managed using a randomized block design with three replicates in a greenhouse at the Research Support Unit of the UENF. Nine candidate lines were compared to the commercial cultivar “Topseed Blue Line” in accordance with 56 descriptors set by the National Plant Variety Rights. All lines presented themselves as homogeneous. The L31 line provided a total of 30 different descriptors of the commercial cultivar. For the quantitative data added to the Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability, (DUS) tests, the analysis of variance was performed and the GT biplot generated by the R software. Variability was noticed among the genotypes for all assessed traits, excepting days until germination and seed thickness. The lines that showed the best mean performance were L6, L7, L10, L11, and L13. Among those, the L6 and L11 lines provided higher stability.
LEGAL STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS AS SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors:   Ural State Law University, Istomina E. A. , Fedorova M. Yu. ,   Constituional Court of the Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Introduction: the article analyzes current legislation of Russia and some foreign countries as well as the views of Russian and foreign scholars on the legal status of individuals as subjects of the social security legal relations in the context of the social risk management (SRM) conceptual framework. Purpose and objectives: based on the modern ideas of social risks, to study the status of individuals as actors within the SRM system having specific rights and responsibilities. Methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and legal information, historical and comparative methods. Results: today social security is considered a vital part of the SRM system. Having analyzed the specific features and dynamics of social risks, the authors conclude that to some considerable degree these risks are subjective in nature, which should determine a more active role of individuals. The article analyzes not only the legal personality of individuals in the social security legal relations but also – in a broader context – their agency in the SRM system. The authors provide examples of legislative regulation in some foreign countries: the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the United States of America. Different models of the individuals’ participation in the SRM system are presented. Based on the extent of different SRM subjects’ involvement and the distribution of the responsibility for the protection against social risks among them, the authors identify paternalistic, market-based (liberal), mixed (complex), and transitional models. Based on the extent of the individual’s interest in the protection against social risks and their readiness for taking actions in this sphere, the authors distinguish active and passive SRM models (with the latter one including indifferent and parasitical models). Conclusions: the paper offers a new approach to the understanding of social risks and protection against these (including through social security), and also to the role of individuals as subjects of social risk management.
SOVIET MILITARY PERIODICAL PRESS DURING THE RED ARMY’S CAMPAIGN IN EUROPE, MARCH 1944 – MAY 1945: STRUCTURE, NORMS, AND PERSONNEL
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Arinov A. G.
Published: December 2020

The case of the Soviet military periodicals during the Red Army's campaign in Europe (March 1944 – May 1945) is analyzed in the paper based on the materials from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (TsAMO RF) and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). The author analyzes the structure of military periodicals, characterizes the norms established by the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army (GlavPURKKA) regulating the work of military periodicals, and traces the relationship between editorial boards and war correspondents. It is stated that the editorial boards of military periodicals consisted, as a rule, of 27 employees: 19 military personnel and 8 civilian employees. GlavPURKKA controlled the military periodical press. The circulation of military newspapers was determined by the orders of the chief of GlavPURKKA and was repeatedly increased or reduced. The content was controlled by the political administrations of the fronts. GlavPURKKA regulated the main directions of newspapers’ development and revealed shortcomings in the work of editorial boards. Constant supervision by GlavPURKKA and political administrations of the fronts protruded “relations” between editorial boards and war correspondents. The political administrations urged the editorial boards to establish a comprehensive contact with war correspondents and to eliminate the existing shortcomings in working with them. On the whole, the institute of military periodicals was a rather complex “organism” that underwent various changes and improvements throughout the period.
“THE COLD SUMMER OF 1953” IN THE KIROV REGION: AMNESTY, CRIME AND FIGHT AGAINST IT
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Yungblud V. T. , Mashkovtsev A. A. ,   Vyatka State University
Published: December 2020

The article examines the reasons for the 1953 amnesty and its impact on the socio-political and criminal situation in the Kirov region, based on the documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region and the Archives of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Kirov Region, as well as published documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. The authors show that the appearance of several thousand amnesties in the spring and summer of 1953 in the region led to a sharp increase in almost all types of crimes, as well as to an increase in organized crime. Contrary to expectations, the amnesty exacerbated the situation in prisons and caused additional tension in society. The rise in crime became a serious challenge «Холодное лето 1953 года» … 127 for law enforcement. The reasons for the aggravation of tensions in society were laid in the content of March 27, 1953 decree “About Amnesty”, adopted without sufficient elaboration of the amnesty mechanism. In fact, neither the Soviet state and party bodies, nor law enforcement were fully prepared to implement it. The authors of the decree did not pay attention to the issues of social adaptation of persons released from places of detention. As a result, many former prisoners, deprived of their livelihood, began to engage in illegal activities again. By the end of 1953, the situation was stabilized (with the exception of the Vyatlag zone). The research results show that the proposed version of the 1953 amnesty did not help stabilize the situation in the camps and did not become a significant factor in improving the socio-political situation in the region.
THE EFFICIENCY OF REQUISITION AND TAXATION POLICIES IN 1917–1927 IN LETTERS “TO THE AUTHORITIES”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Livshin A. Ya.
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the communicative function of letters to authorities in the context of the population’s assessment of the efficiency of the requisition and taxation policies in the first decade of the Communist regime in power. Many letters during the Civil War represented complaints of confiscation and requisition. The peasants believed that the surplus-appraisal and the collection of an extraordinary revolutionary tax were carried out in violation А. Я. Лившин 150 of instructions and norms established by the Soviet state itself. Correspondents of the authorities noted that the surplus appropriation was carried out through the unlimited use of violence and coercion, leading to the destruction of trust between the government and the people, between the city and the village. The attitude of the population towards taxes in the 1920s was largely determined by the experience of the Civil War, when millions of citizens suffered from violent requisition. In the NEP years, when the regime has pursued better balanced economic and social policies, a large-scale rationalization of popular opinion regarding the principles of relationship between the government and society took place. This rationalization, as the letters to the authorities show, was especially evident in the peasant milieu. This occurred due to different circumstances, including the ability to farm on a market basis embedded in the principles of NEP. The middle-peasant majority of the village considered the policy of encouraging peasants' economic initiative to be effective, since such a policy could lead to an increase in the well-being of the whole society. Most people considered the policy of tax pressure on the peasantry which undermined the economic viability of farms in the NEP era, to be erroneous. The ability and willingness to trust the state determined a lot in the mentality and social behavior of people of the post-revolutionary era. Coercive, driven by class ideology rather than economic practicability, and, therefore, inefficient policies (including taxation policies), according to many authors of the letters, have been destructive to the atmosphere of trust and social balance in the country
PROFESSIONAL REFLECTION OF THE HISTORIAN AND THE CANON OF SCIENTIFIC AND QUALIFICATION RESEARCH IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN SCIENCE
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Leontieva O. B.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of the impact of the “historiographic revolution” occurred at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries to the dissertation culture of contemporary Russian historians. The study is based on the full-text collection “Electronic library of dissertations of the Russian State Library”, an online resource. On the example of doctoral dissertations on Russian history defended in 2015–2019, the author examines the priorities of Russian historians in choosing problematics and chronological framework of scholarly works, analyzes theoretical and methodological foundations of their studies as well as their ideas about the social mission of history. She proves that most authors of doctoral dissertations choose the post-reform or Soviet period of Russian history for study, and highlights two blocks of priority topics: the history of state policy and governance, and social history. An analysis of the methodology of dissertations (scientific and qualification works) led to the conclusion that the nature of Russian historical science has changed as a result of an anthropological turn, which allows us to take a fresh look at the problems of political, economic and social history. Historians are increasingly setting the task of understanding people of the past in the whole variety of their mental structures, social connections, strategies and practices, both in everyday situations and in extreme conditions. But in practice, writing a dissertation requires not only a high degree of professional reflection, but also the ability to fulfil the formal requirements for scientific and qualification work: original ideas are sometimes difficult to fit into template, clichéd formulations that have become generally accepted in the scholarly community
Development of hot deformation rheological model as exemplified by 1424 and V-1461 aluminum-lithium alloys
Authors: Grechnikov F. V. , Erisov Ya. A. , Surudin S. V. , Razzhivin V. A.
Published: December 2020

The article proposes a variant of the rheological model of hot deformation – the law of hyperbolic sine, which, in contrast to the standard one, takes into account not only the strain rate and process temperature, but also the strain ratio. Material constants included in the law of hyperbolic sine are replaced by polynomial functions of the strain ratio with coefficients calculated using the corresponding method developed. The paper describes applications of the rheological model proposed in low-density aluminum-lithium alloys 1424 of the Al–Mg–Li–Zn system and V-1461 of the Al–Cu–Li–Zn system, for which flow curves in the temperature range 400–480 °C and strain rate range 1–60 s–1 up to a strain ratio of 0.6 are defined by physical simulation at the Gleeble 3800 unit. The influence of the initial material state was also investigated – samples were taken from both the ingot and hot-rolled plates. Constants were determined for the rheological model of hot deformation including the Zener–Hollomon parameter and the law of hyperbolic sine for the entire range of stresses and strains. After approximating the dependences of the model parameters on true strains with a 4th degree polynomial law, a rheological model was created that describes the alloy behavior in the temperature-rate range under study. The features of changes in hyperbolic sine law parameters depending on the strain ratio were established. It was shown that, in general, parameters for the cast material are higher than for the rolled one. A comparison between the standard and proposed models showed that the use of the standard model over the entire strain interval leads to too high flow stress values (up to 12 %).
A New System of Preventive Measures Alternative to Remand in Custody: First Results of Application, Development Prospects
Authors: Bertovskij Lev , Kvyk Aleksandr
Published: December 2020

We currently witness a heightened interest for the humanization of penalization measures, specifically, preventive measures, both in the theory and practice of Russian criminal procedure. There is well-grounded criticism of the fact that the number of remands in custody used as preventive measures is high and that their terms are prolongated many times, and on similar grounds, both in the Russian criminal procedure sphere and in the European Court of Human Rights during the examination of specific complaints. The analyzed statistical information showed that in 2015, remand in custody as a preventive measure in the criminal cases of grave and especially grave crimes was used for every second suspect or accused. It could not but contribute to the development of a system of preventive measures alternative to detention, and to the emergence of its new types. The authors analyze changes in the strict hierarchical system of preventive measures in view of Federal Law № 72-ФЗ enacted on April 18, 2018, which changed the procedure of applying the preventing measures of house arrest and bail and provided a measure that is completely new for Russian criminal process - the prohibition of certain actions. A considerable variety of restrictive measures included in the prohibition of certain actions, and the possibility of applying them in combination with a bail created a situation paradoxical for Russian criminal process when the application of a measure of prohibition of certain actions, that is a milder one in the hierarchy of restrictive actions, may restrict the rights and liberties of a person to a greater degree than a bail, which is a stricter measure. Besides, the legislative definition of the essence of house arrest as complete isolation of a person from the society and the prohibition of certain actions as partial isolation has created a competition between these preventive measures when they are enforced in practice. The authors present convincing arguments to show that it is impossible to ensure complete isolation of a person form the society without placing that person in the pre-trial detention facility, which makes it possible to equal house arrest with a prohibition to leave a dwelling in a certain period within the framework of prohibiting certain actions. Although there are some questions regarding the application of preventive measures alternative to remand in custody, we should commend the efforts of lawmakers to develop a system of these measures, and the practice of their enforcement will certainly allow to eliminate the existing competition and solve specific problems of their selection and application.
Criminological Characteristics of Minors in Penitentiary Institutions According to the 2019 Census
Authors: Suslov Yury , Kulakova Svetlana , Makarenko Tamara , Spasennikova Marina
Published: December 2020

Correctional influence on juvenile convicts is one of the priorities of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. Even though there is a trend for a reduction in the level of juvenile crimes in Russia, new approaches to their prevention are needed. The effectiveness of correctional influence directly depends on the systemic and complex character of its implementation. It is necessary to take into account the criminological characteristics of the analyzed category of convicts, which will make it possible to fully and accurately determine key trends of preventing repeat offences by juveniles and of helping their re-socialization. This work should be based on data that objectively reflect the characteristics of inmates in educational penal colonies. One of the fundamental ways of obtaining objective data is a census. The goal of this research was to carry out a census of all underage inmates in the penitentiary institutions in October 2019, to collect information on the criminological characteristics of minors, to identify the trends for their changes and to use the obtained information in the preventive work with them. The authors studied all inmates (1 214 people) in all 23 penitentiary institutions for juvenile delinquents in Russia. Research results were used to create a generalized criminological portrait of a juvenile inmate. It is a male person (91,5 %), 16-17 years of age (67,3 %) who lived in an urban area prior to conviction (58,4 %), studied in a comprehensive secondary school (72,0 %), lived in a dysfunctional or socially vulnerable family (86,6 %; single-parent family - 40,4 %), who has borderline psychiatric (48,3 %) or drug-related (16,2 %) disorders (they do not impair sanity, but influence the mechanisms of deviant behavior), who has no work experience (89,6 %), no prior convictions (67,9 %) for intentional very grave crimes (50,2 %), mostly committed without accomplices. Only 8 % claim that they respect the traditions of criminal subculture and want to be professional criminals in the future. In almost half of the cases (48,4 %), the imprisonment sentence does not exceed 3 years. The obtained results can be used to improve the practice of preventive work with juvenile delinquents, their re-socialization and the future development of criminology.
Perspectives of pulsed electric field application for larvae biomass drying
Authors:   Kuban State University of Technology, Shorstky I.A. , Parniakov O. ,   Elea, Smetana S. ,   German Institute of Food Technologies
Published: December 2020

The perspectives of pulsed electric field (PEF) application for larvae biomass drying are considered. Drying process optimization was carried out using two-way analysis of variance in the range of applied specific energy input of from 0 up to 20 kJ/kg and drying temperature of from 50 up to 90°С. It was found out that application of pulsed electric field treatment allowed marked decreasing of larvae biomass drying time from 183 to 124 minutes for the samples treated with electric filed intensity of E = 2 kV/cm and specific energy of 20 kJ/kg. Based on the obtained experimental data the optimal drying and PEF treatment parameters for larvae biomass were determined for the ranges of drying temperature – 82–85℃ and specific energy input – 4.1–6.6 kJ/kg.
Rationale for the use of buckwheat husk for the production of functional food colors
Authors:   Ural State Economic University, Shkolnikova M.N. , Kadritskaya E.A. ,   Ural State Economic University
Published: December 2020

The aim of the work was to substantiate the use of buckwheat husk for obtaining a functional food colorant melanin. The objects of the study were samples of buckwheat husk Fagopýrum esculéntum and isolated water-soluble melanin. The isolation of melanin was carried out by extraction of buckwheat husk with 4% NaOH at a hydraulic modulus of 1:20. The sorption capacity of the melanin extract was determined by its interaction with copper salt solutions in an alkaline medium. It has been established that a distinctive feature of buckwheat hulls is its low ash content, a rather high fiber content – 24.7–26.5%, and a sufficient content of pectin substances – 7.2–7.7% and melanin – 15.7–16.2%. The husk can be used for further processing in order to obtain the food coloring melanin. The experiment proved the ability of a melanin sample to bind copper ions: one gram of a 0.5% solution of buckwheat husk melanin extract bounded 966.6 mg/ml copper, and the antioxidant activity of one gram of melanin extract corresponds to the antioxidant activity of 0.056 g of rutin. Thus, water-soluble samples of melanin isolated from buckwheat hulls can be used as food coloring agents, as well as antioxidants and biosorbents, which makes it possible to recommend them as functional food ingredients in food.
Mutual influence of hydrodynamic conditions and phase transitions during boiling of multicomponent viscous liquids
Authors:   All-Russian research Institute of fats, Volkov S.M. , Fedorov A.V. ,   ITMO University, Tambulatova E.V. ,   ITMO University, Novoselov A.G. ,   ITMO University, Tsvetkov O.B. ,   ITMO University, Fridman I.A. ,   St. Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Fedorov A.A. ,   ITMO University
Published: December 2020

The paper presents results on the intensity of heat and mass transfer during boiling of viscous liquids in a heated channel on the example of distillation of vegetable oil miscella. For the first time, local characteristics of heat transfer along the channel length were obtained for miscella containing linoleic sunflower oil. The values of the heat transfer coefficients are 100–250 W/m2·K. The mechanism of mass and energy transfer in the active working zone of the heated channel is described. The choice of the channel length with a diameter of 30 mm depending on the input mass concentration of vegetable oil in the misсella is justified: up to 60–70% no more than 1500–2000 mm, above 60–70% up to 4000–6000 mm. An experimental study of the formation in miscella of an oil-rich layer near heated surface is carried out. We think the thickness may be 0.3–0.4 microns. Dependences are obtained and a simple formula for calculating the thickness of this layer is proposed. The relationship between the hydrodynamic environment and the intensity of heat exchange along the length of the channel is established. The best mode is the bubble mode of the two-phase flow.