bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural meaning of consumer goods: impact of cross cultural values on motives for consuming conspicuous goods in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera A. M. , Jayasinghe-Mudalige U. K. , Patabandhige A.
Published: July 2020

This research examines empirically the impact of cross cultural values of Sri Lankan consumers on their motives for conspicuous consumption, which is broadly defined as “obtaining extravagance goods at higher prices to demonstrate their status and wealth to the public”. The primary data collected from 225 respondents selected from four districts (i.e. Hambantota, Nuwara Eliya, Puttlam, Vavuniya) to represent various ethnicities were taken up with a number of multivariate data analysis techniques to explore their attractiveness towards consumption of conspicuous products in terms of four types of motives, including: Conformist, Hedonic, Status, and Uniqueness. The results suggest that the demand for such products largely increases in line with the perceived scarcity of the product, and there exists a greater variability amongst different ethnic groups with regard to their perception towards conspicuous consumption.
Assessing the demand for a healthy diet in Sri Lanka: the almost ideal demand system with infrequency of purchase
Authors: Nimanthika L. D. M. , Edirisinghe J. C.
Published: July 2020

Due to the high prevalence of diet related diseases and malnutrition, assessing dietary choices in terms of a healthy diet is essential in the Sri Lankan context. By utilizing the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2006/07, Linear Approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) was employed to estimate price and expenditure elasticities, while paying particular concern to the infrequency of purchase. The results revealed that own and relative prices, real expenditure, demographic and socio-economic characteristics will immensely affect the dietary choices and income related policies will have a more impact on promoting food consumption. Hence, the government should pay more attention to these aspects when establishing policies.
Interpolating a low-frequency time to a high-frequency one: programing and estimation procedure for matlab
Authors: Vinayagathasan T.
Published: July 2020

This study provides an estimation procedures and statistical package programing for temporal disaggregation of time series data. That is, this method is used to disaggregate low frequency data to higher frequency data. Temporal disaggregation can be performed with one or more high frequency indicator series.
Child functioning and disability in children living with human immunodeficiency virus in a semi-rural healthcare setting in South Africa
Authors: Maddocks Stacy T. , Mthethwa Lindokhule , Chetty Verusia
Published: July 2020

Background: Children living with HIV (CLHIV) often experience HIV-related impairment and disability.Aim: The study sought to understand the level of child functioning and access to rehabilitative care in the context of South African healthcare in order to inform an integrated rehabilitative framework.Setting: District level semi-rural healthcare facility in KwaZulu-Natal.Methods: The Washington Group/United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund Module on Child Functioning, was administered to carers of CLHIV aged between 5 and 10 years, and accessing care at the study setting.Results: Forty-four caregivers of children receiving treatment from June 2018 to March 2019, at the facility, participated. Four (9.1%) children had difficulty with seeing, 13 (29.5%) children had difficulty with hearing and 10 (22.7%) children had difficulty with walking. In the cognitive and behavioural domains, 17 (38.6%) children reported difficulties in communication and concentration, with 16 (36.4%) children experiencing difficulties in learning and remembering. Difficulties reported in accepting change and controlling behaviour were both experienced by 23 (52.3%) children. Although many children experiencing impairments were referred for rehabilitation, many caregivers did not follow-up after the initial assessment, because of financial constraints, lack of time and transport restrictions.Conclusion: Functional difficulties were frequently experienced by children living with HIV. Disability screening would be beneficial at various points of care to promote early identification and timely referral to healthcare professionals. Decentralising rehabilitative care to homes and communities could offer a solution to some of the reported barriers to accessing care.
The Many Meanings of the Japanese Causative
Authors: Jaklin Petra
Published: July 2020

Causative sentences have long been a topic of research in Japanese linguistics due to the different meanings expressed by the use of the -(s)aseru inflection forming the causative verbal form. This paper presents a wider range of possible interpretations and meanings carried by Japanese causative sentences, the analysis of which was based on Fukada’s (2010) paper. The aim of this paper is to present the Japanese causative in simple terms, with the focus placed on the causer and the causee, i.e. on how their relationship connects to the overall meaning of the sentence. Through the analysis of example sentences, the transfer and expression of different meanings will also be discussed on examples from English and Croatian. Since the meaning of causative sentences often depends on the context, interpretations presented in this paper can serve as guidelines to understanding the versatility of the Japanese causative, and help whenexpressing nuances of meaning in other languages.
FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA LA HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL EN LA POBLACIÓN ADULTA DE LA COMUNIDAD MANGLARALTO, ECUADOR, AÑO 2018
Authors: Hidalgo-Parra Erick Antonio
Published: August 2020

La hipertensión arterial es considerada un problema de salud a nivel mundial, siendo la causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población adulta, además es el factor de riesgo modificable más común para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Por ende, se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal y analítico; en el cual se incluyeron a todos los pacientes hipertensos que conformaron el grupo de casos e igual número de adultos de la misma población que formaron el grupo de los controles. Previamente se solicitó firmar el consentimiento informado a todos los participantes de la investigación; se aplicó en consulta y/o domicilio una encuesta a ambos grupos. Se determinó que la edad de predominio en la población estudiada fue la comprendida entre 50 a 59 años, con el 20,7%; prevaleciendo el sexo masculino con el 60,7%. Además, se obtuvo valor de p=0,00 en el antecedente patológico familiar, el estrés y el consumo excesivo de sal; y valor de p=0,01 y p=0,03 en el consumo de grasas saturadas y la inactividad física, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación significativa entre la hipertensión arterial y los siguientes factores de riesgo: antecedente patológico familiar, estrés, consumo excesivo de sal, consumo de grasas saturadas y el sedentarismo.
Palabras clave: hipertensión, morbilidad, población, factor de riesgo, asociación.
Functional Outcome Of primary Total Hip Arthroplasty using Harris Hip Score in Arthritic Hip
Authors: Marahatta Suman Babu , RC Dirgha Raj , KC Kapil Mani , Sigdel Arun
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well-established procedure for advanced arthritis of the hip joint. It significantly improves the quality of life by relieving pain and improving functional disability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of primary total hip arthroplasty using the Harris Hip Score.

Method: Prospective study was conducted in Civil Service Hospital. Out of 145 THA performed from Jan 2014 to Dec 2018, the first 100 cases that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were analyzed.  Patient demographic and site, operative indication, and pre-operative Harris Hip Score was documented. Operative time, total intraoperative blood loss, and complications were noted. Patients were followed in 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and yearly. In each visit, clinical evaluation using Harris Hip Score and radiological evaluation was done and documented. The duration of follow up ranged from 12 months to 4.5 years.

Results: Age varied from 21 to 75 years, 59% were male and 41% female, right side involvement was seen in 55% and left side in 45%. The major indication for surgery was avascular necrosis 46% and primary osteoarthritis in 24%. The average operative time was 65 minutes and the average intraoperative blood loss was 655 ml. Pre-operative Harris Hip Score ranged from 25 to 59 with a mean of 45.5. The mean Harris hip score in last follow up increased to 90.5 with a minimum of 76 and a maximum of 97. Our study found that 85% had excellent, 9% had good and 6% had fair results. Complications include 2% dislocation, 1% infection, 1% greater trochanter avulsion and 1% screw irritation.

Conclusion: Primary THA is a safe and effective procedure. It improves pain and function hence improving the activity of daily living and has fewer complications.
El divorcio y su incidencia en el desarrollo emocional de niñas y niños en primera infancia del centro de educación infantil “rosa celeste” del cantón Valencia, Provincia de Los Ríos
Authors: Baltán Márquez Natalia Rosario
Published: July 2020

El divorcio ocurrido en parejas, con hijos en periodo de primera infancia (de 0 a 5 años de edad), causa retardo en el desarrollo emocional y deterioro progresivo en la personalidad, de quienes vivencian la ruptura matrimonial de sus progenitores; en esta edad. Esta decisión terminante tomada por los cónyuges, al momento de sentir o creer que la relación con la pareja ha fenecido, por diferentes motivos, no les permite pensar y considerar el daño irreversible que causa este proceso en el desarrollo emocional de sus hijos, por la ruptura violenta de los lazos familiares. Por tal razón es necesario establecer soluciones de prevención, que orienten a la pareja en cuanto a la práctica de principios familiares, para lograr sabios acuerdos que resulten beneficiosas para la pareja y los hijos, Considerando estas premisas trascendentales de impacto que causa el divorcio en la salud mental del niño, se ha realizado la presente Investigación direccionado con un enfoque modificador de paradigmas conductuales que estimulen el rescate de los principios morales en las personas y el valor de la familia en la sociedad, a fin de formar personas inteligentes emocionales, capaces de manejar serias dificultades y de formar núcleos sociales responsables.
Utilización de los futuros y opciones en el Mercado Financiero Ecuatoriano
Authors: Morales Sanchez Lucy Tanya
Published: July 2020

La utilización de los futuros y opciones en el mercado financiero ecuatoriano en el que se refleja que existe un gran volumen de negociaciones con las herramientas denominadas; contratos a futuro y contratos de opciones, teniendo conocimiento de que estos se negocian en los principales entornos financieros internacionales donde se da comúnmente estos tipos de contratos, mientras que en nuestro país son comúnmente usados por los agricultores en sus operaciones en los se canalizan diariamente. Las inquietudes más relevantes de los empresarios en un sistema de negociación constante, sin una constante inflacionaria, permitiendo al inversionista seleccionar entre esas la más conveniente al momento de su inversión o la que más se ajuste a sus necesidades como inversor dentro del mercado financiero ecuatoriano, dependiendo sobre todo de su estructura de costos, expectativas de precios en el mercado financiero de nuestro país que lo aplica muy poco en comparación a otros mercados internacionales.
Proceso de enseñanza para el aprendizaje de análisis de probabilidad en base a su aplicación en casos de la vida real
Authors: Laborde Joshue , Salvatierra Dayana , Borbor Rommel , Salazar Christopher
Published: July 2020

El presente trabajo persigue facilitar la enseñanza y comprensión de la probabilidad en base a ejercicios aplicados a la vida real. Los estudiantes que cursan la asignatura de probabilidad y estadística no comprenden la utilidad de la aplicabilidad de la estadística en la vida real, por lo que este trabajo de investigación permitirá determinar a través de problemas de casos reales la utilidad que esta puede conllevar. Se hará uso de una base de datos proporcionado por la INEC con 400 registros de donde se buscará la probabilidad en diferentes casos en relación a estos datos reales, junto con la implementación de RStudio como herramienta de resolución. Los ejercicios que componer esta investigación demuestran lo importante que puede llegar a ser aplicar la probabilidad. Se prevé que en base a lo desarrollado a continuación pueda existir una mejor comprensión respecto al tema.
Aplicacion de un modelo híbrido de teoria de colas y algoritmo evolutivo para medir la optimizacion en el servicio de atencion al cliente en un local de comidas rápidas
Authors: Cárdenas Estrada Ricardo , Perez Pin Michael , Tejada Solórzano Anthony , Cevallos-Torres Lorenzo
Published: July 2020

En el presente trabajo se expone el análisis del estudio de colas con la finalidad  de optimizar el servicio de atención al cliente ,debido a que  las personas esperan demasiado tiempo para recibir el servicio lo que es probable que el cliente se impaciente y opte por ir a la competencia generando pérdidas económicas y  mala reputación del establecimiento. Para el estudio se tomó en consideración la problemática del local “Burger Ranch” con el propósito  de desarrollar un modelo cuya implementación incluya el Algoritmo Evolutivo en el que está basado en la metodología de recolección de datos en un rango de tiempo de 11 a.m. a 13 p.m. para realizar el procesamiento y análisis respectivo de estos; y a su vez se desarrolla la simulación en Excel, para estimar el uso del servicio, de acuerdo con la cantidad de clientes que recibe diariamente. Para la simulación se tomó en consideración la información recabada en base a la atención que se realizó dentro del servicio en el lapso de los días de la semana hábil, imitando el comportamiento observados en la vida real junto de la mano de la Inteligencia Artificial, dando como resultado que es necesario la adquisición de dos nuevos servidores para llegar a optimizar un 33.84% en el sistema de atención .
Benedicto XVI y San Agustín de Hipona: Magisterios de ayer para el mundo de hoy. Influencia de San Agustín en Benedicto XVI (primera parte)
Authors: Morillo Rey Pablo Antonio
Published: July 2020

Sin duda alguna, es San Agustín de Hipona el Padre de la Iglesia que mayor influjo ha ejercido —y continúa ejerciendo— en esta, así como en numerosos Pontífices. Uno de ellos, Benedicto XVI, será el objeto de nuestro estudio investigativo, estudio que —progresivamente— irá siendo completado, así como viendo la luz, a través de una serie de artículos. En este caso, serán ciertos documentos tales como Encíclicas, Exhortaciones Apostólicas y documentos en motu proprio, los que centren toda nuestra atención. En estos, el lector podrá descubrir con una mayor fluidez cuántas influencias agustinianas, directas o indirectas, se hallan reflejadas en dichos documentos pontificios. Es por ello que invitamos a su lectura pausada y detenida reflexión.
A modelagem matemática como uma metodologia investigativa e crítica nas aulas de Matemática
Authors: Petry Polyanna Possani da Costa , Medeiros Kátia Maria de , Hardoim Edna Lopes , Mansilla Débora Eriléia Pedrotti
Published: July 2020

Ressaltamos que, a busca por metodologias que estejam adequadas a um ensino que possibilite a formação intelectual e cidadã dos alunos, torna-se cada vez mais forte e emergente. Nessa perspectiva, as diferentes tendências da Educação Matemática podem contribuir de modo decisivo e, no caso particular das tendências Modelagem em Educação Matemática e Investigação Matemática na Sala de Aula, observamos aspectos que convergem. Neste sentido, refletimos aqui, possibilidades da Modelagem Matemática como uma metodologia investigativa nas aulas de Matemática, o que pode favorecer ou dificultar a implementação desta metodologia na sala de aula e sobre a importância da comunicação oral entre os participantes das interações, na fase de validação, particularmente.
Palavras-chave: Modelagem Matemática. Investigações Matemáticas na Sala de Aula. Comunicação Oral. Reflexões.
Analysis Conextivity Sidewalk Desaign In Tasikmalaya School Area
Authors: Yogi Arisandi  , Khusnul Khotimah
Published: July 2020

In some areas of Tasikmalaya there is an education zone. Conditions in the zone, some students are forced to walk on the road because of the unavailability of sidewalks or dealing with traffic vehicles passing by and very unfriendly to school children. To improve the safety, comfort and safety of pedestrian users, it is necessary to plan the needs of integrated pedestrian facilities in Tasikmalaya Regency. In this study using pedestrian analysis method that is done on sidewalk and pedestrian way and method of alignment analysis. It was found that the volume of vehicles> 1000 vehicles / 12 hours and pedestrian volume> 300orang / 12 hours. Pedestrian facilities such as sidewalks and pedestrian facilities are indispensable in the education zone of Tasikmalaya Regency to minimize conflicts (vehicles and pedestrians). In one of the research sites, namely on Jl. K. H. Zaenal Musthafa requires pelican crossing because of the huge volume of vehicles and the very high volume of pedestrians. Integrated pedestrian concept is done by connecting Jl. Paledang with Jl. Garut-Tasikmalaya, Jl. Bantar Payung- Jl.Garut-Tasikmalaya.
Relationship between the effectiveness of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) policies with the occurrence of corruption cases in the State-Owned Enterprises environment
Authors: Rahmat Saleh Harahap
Published: July 2020

In the economic system, the role of State-Owned Enterprises is as an implementer of public services, distribution of resources that control the lives of many people, as pioneers/pioneers in the business sector that are not yet desirable by the private sector and as a source of state revenue. This role can be realized if the State-Owned Enterprise in its objectives can implement the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) well. But in reality, it is often difficult to face challenges faced by State-Owned Enterprises managers in implementing good governance. The intervention of State-Owned Enterprises business management with a political-bureaucratic approach that is no different from other government agencies. And at worst there are still a series of corruption cases carried out by the leadership of State-Owned Enterprises to seek personal gain. This is certainly a contradiction with State-Owned Enterprise's governance which is always published. Existing GCG implementation policies are deemed ineffective because they are not adhered to. This illustrates that business governance in ` State-Owned Enterprises itself has not been going well. Improvement in the application of good corporate governance (GCG) must be carried out immediately and the improvement of the GCG ecosystem of the State-Owned Enterprise itself must receive the attention of the government. Synergy is needed with the government's commitment to forcing State-Owned Enterprises to implement GCG in a transparent and accountable manner, with a high level of professionalism and effectiveness.

Keywords: Good Corporate Governance State-Owned Enterprises Government Implementation
Socialization of Terms of Use and Privacy Policy on Indonesian e-commerce Websites
Authors: Gunawan Aloysius Bernanda
Published: July 2020

This article aims to identify common practices in Indonesian e-commerce regarding terms of use and privacy policies. Website visit rankings from Alexa and Similarweb were used to identify the 10 most commonly visited e-commerce sites in Indonesia. Then, placement, length, and content structure of the terms of service and privacy policies of these websites were compared. Findings suggest that the information provided by these documents is sufficient and legally compliant, although some of the websites appear to disregard their importance. The actual contents of these documents were not analyzed and are thus open for further study. The information provided in this article may give merchants intending to open e-commerce stores in Indonesia some insight into how the protection of consumers’ personal data leads to better service. This paper also proposes a simple framework for assessing the extent to which an e-commerce website successfully ensures that consumers agree and consent to its terms of use without burdening them with lengthy and obscure legal documents.

Keywords: online privacy e-commerce term of use
PENGARUH KEPATUHAN IBU HAMIL TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENANGANAN PREEKLAMPSIA DI RUMAH SAKIT SANTA ELISABETH BATAM TAHUN 2014
Authors: Sumardiani Liilis
Published: August 2020

Preeclampsia and eclampsia is a pregnancy complication caused directly by pregnancy itself. Successful handling of preeclampsia is determined by the compliance of pregnant women in antenatal care. Pregnant women who do not checkups cause no detection of high risk factors experienced during pregnancy. This is because women do not obey the doctor's orders to carry out checks ANC, diet and adequate rest.This study aims to identify and analyze the effect of maternal adherence (Antenatal Care, diet and rest) to the successful treatment of preeclampsia in Batam Elisabeth Hospital in 2014. The method used is explanatory survey with cross sectional design. The study population is the entire third trimester pregnant women. The research sample that is the entire third trimester pregnant women who checkups at Saint Elisabeth Hospital Batam as many as 47 people. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.The results showed that there was influence compliance in the rest of the successful handling of preeclampsia (p = 0.002), whereas compliance in Antenatal care (p = 0.076) and compliance in the diet (p = 0.631) did not affect the success of treatment of preeclampsia.It is advisable for pregnant women to reduce the routine activities and undertake light activity in an effort to prevent preeclampsia, and it is expected that health professionals, in order to provide counseling for pregnant women who perform health checks, on the benefits of antenatal care, follow the diet and rest in improving maternal health during pregnancy.
PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP APARAT SIPIL NEGARA YANG MELAKUKAN PELANGGARAN HUKUM DALAM MEWUJUDKAN GOOD GOVERNANCE
Authors: Lubis Muhammad Ansori , Dhevi Ria Sinta , Yasid Muhammad
Published: August 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui, menganalisis dan memahami prosedur dan mekanisme yang implementatif dalam penyelenggaraan good governance dan pemerintahan yang baik, untuk mengetahui, menganalisis dan memahami usaha-usaha yang dilakukan dalam meningkatkan pemahaman seluruh komponen stakeholders tentang good governance dan pemerintahan yang baik, untuk mengetahui, menganalisis dan memahami realitas penegakan hukum terhadap PNS melakukan tindak Pidana. Data primer diperoleh dari lapangan dengan mengadakan wawancara dan studi kasus dengan pihak-pihak yang terkait. Data sekunder diperolch melalui penelitian kepustakaan atau studi dokumentasi untuk mendapatkan data sekunder. Melalui penelitian ini didapat pemikiran-pemikiran, doktrin, pendapat atau pemikiran konseptual dari penelitian terdahulu yang berhubungan dengan objek telaahan penelitian Dalam melakukan penelitian digunakan bahan-bahan hukum yang terdiri dari hukum primer, hukum sekunder, dan hukum tertier.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Prosedur dan mekanisme yang implementatif dalam penyelenggaraan good governance dan pemerintahan yang baik. Orientasi good governance adalah: Orientasi Ideal Negara yang diarahkan pada pencapaian tujuan nasional; Orientasi ini, seperti: legitimacy (apakah pemerintah dipilih dan mendapat kepercayaan dari rakyatnya, akuntabilitas, securing of human right, autonomy und devolution of power, dan assurance of civilian control. Pemerintahan yang berfungsisecara ideal, yaitu secara efektif, efisien dalam melakukan upaya mencapai tujuanrasional. Orientasi ini, tergantung pada sejauh mana pemerintahan mempunyaikompetensi dan sejauh mana struktur serta mekanisme politik dan administratifberfungsi secara efektif dan efisien. Usaha-usaha yang harus dilakukan dalammeningkatkan pemahaman seluruh komponen stakeholders tentang good governance dan pemerintahan yang baik adalah bahwa governance dan good governance padadasarnya tidak diatur dalam sebuah undang-undang (UU) Mencapai kondisi sosial-ekonomi di atas, proses pembentukan pemerintahan yang berlangsung secara demokratismutlak dilakukan. Negara dan Masyarakat Madani yang di dalamnya terdapat sektor swasta.Negara dengan birokrasi pemerintahannya dituntut untuk mengubah pola pelayananpublik dari perspektif birokrasi elitis menjadi birokrasi populis. Birokrasi populis adalahtata kelola pemerintahan yang berorientasi melayani dan berpihak kepada kepentinganmasyarakat. Merealisasikan prinsip-prinsip Good and Clean Governance, kebijakanotonomi daerah dapat dijadikan sebagai media transformasi perwujudan modelpemerintahan yang menopang tumbuhnya kultur demokrasi di Indonesia.
Laboratory Findings Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients
Authors: P.V.R. Leelamohan  , Kiran N
Published: July 2020

Background: An epidemic of diabetes is currently, both in developed and developing nations. The seriousness of the association of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus was first noted by the great Arab Physician Avicenna nearly 1000 years ago. The global figure of people with diabetes is projected to rise from the current estimate of 220 million to 300 million in 2025. Subjects and Methods: All type 2 diabetic patients reporting to MVJMC and RH will form the subjects for study. The study conducted over a period of 2 yrs. Adult patients with diabetes mellitus with pulmonary tuberculosis were included while Diabetic patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were excluded from the study. Results: LDL- 18% of the patients had an LDL value below 100. 40% of the patients had LDL value between 100 – 120. Only 42% of the patients had LDL values between 120-140. HDL: 22.0% of the patients had an HDL value below 30. 24% of the patients had HDL values between 30 – 40. Only 36.0% of the patients had HDL value between 40-50 and 18% of the patients had an HDL value between 50-60. Triglycerides: 56.0% of the patients had Triglycerides value below 150. 42% of the patients had Triglycerides value between 150 – 199. Only 2.0% of the patients had Triglycerides value between 200-499. Conclusion: Male preponderance of the disease was noted and Peak incidence of the disease was noted in the age groups of 31 – 40 and 41 – 50. The majority of our patients had poorly controlled blood sugars, suggesting that severe hyperglycemia is associated with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis and sputum positivity was more in patients aged ≤ 50 yrs. Early diagnosis and properly monitored treatment regimen is the only time tested answer to this problem.
Assessment of Correlation of Vitamin D Level with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Shaik Reddi Basha Saheb , Madhumitha Rondla
Published: July 2020

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The present study was conducted to assess correlation of plasma 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D level with angiographic severity in coronary artery disease. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted on 120 patients of CAD. Group I were cases and group II were control. Hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus status, smoking etc. was recorded. 2 ml of blood sample was taken from all patients and measurement of 25(OH) vit D levels was performed. Results: The mean BMI in group I was 24.6 kg/m2 and 24.8 kg/m2 in group II, smoking habit was seen in 78 in group I and 34 in group II, hypertension was seen in 65 in group I and 26 in group II, diabetes was seen in 52 in group I and 30 in group II, alcoholism in 36 in group I and 10 in group II, dyslipidemia was seen in 48 in group I and 15 in group II. The mean 25 (OH) vitamin D in group I was 15.1 ng/ml and 19.6 ng/ml in group. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Maximum dyslipidemia (80.5%) patients had low vitamin D level followed by DM, smoking, BMI, alcoholism and alcoholism. There was no correlation between risk factors and vitamin D deficiency (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that in cases, vitamin D level was lowered as compared to control, however, there was no correlation between risk factors and CAD.
Correlation between Vitamin D and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Sudhir Chandra Jha  , Himanshu Kumar  , Syed Yousuf Faisal
Published: July 2020

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that can affect nearly every organ system in the body. Recently, Vitamin D3 was given some importance worldwide in the pathogenesis of diabetes. The extraskeletal effects of Vitamin D3 have attracted considerable interest. The identification of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1-Alpha-Hydroylase expression in pancreatic Beta cells, in cells of the immune system,and in various  other tissues besides the  bone  system , supports the role of Vit D3 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Vit D3 deficiency appears to be related to development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. Aim of the Study:The goal of this study is to find out whether this correlation between vitamin D and Diabetes is present or not. Mainly in this study we have tried to correlate vit D with HbA1C levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Methods: The present one and half years, cross sectional study was carried out in department of medicine, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar from March – 2018 to  September – 2019. A total of 125 patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were studied. The estimation of vitamin D was done. Using Siemens, ADVIA centraurVit D assay a one pass 18 minute antibody competitive immunassay. Results: Maximum no. of cases was in the age group of 51 to 60 that is 40 patients (32%).The mean age of studied population was 60.22 +- 11.65 years. Out of 125 patients 77(61.6%) were males and 48 patients (38.4%) were females, with a ratio of male to female of 1.60:1. In 104 patients (83.2%), the level of vitamin D were below normal, in 11 patients (8.8%) the levels insufficient  and in remaining 10 patients , the levels were either normal or more than normal. Conclusion: There was an inverse association between vitamin D and HbA1C in patients with type -2 Diabetes Mellitus. Lower Vit D levels are associated with poor glycemic control. That means – Low vit D – high HbA1C. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in Diabetes mellitus type 2 so by supplementation of vitamin D we can improve glycemic controls in patients of Diabetes mellitus type 2. By improving glycemic control, we can reduce the complication of Diabetes.
Assessment of Glutathione Level in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients
Authors: Y. Pavan Kumar Reddy  , Suraj Uppalapati
Published: July 2020

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a range of hepatic disorders associated with fatty deposits in liver, which occur in the absence of alcohol consumption or alcohol abuse. NAFLD. The present study assessed glutathione level in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Internal Medicine, Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Chintareddy Palem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Duration of the study was from February 2018 to January 2019. 40 patients of NAFLD and 20 cases of fatty liver disease were recruited. Serum levels of 8-OHdG were measured using the highly sensitive 8-OHdG Check enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum levels of GGT were measured using the Qualigent® GGT kit. Serum levels of glutathione (GSH) were measured using the GSH kit. Results: The mean total bilirubin in group I was 1.2 mg/dL and in group II was 0.7 mg/dL, aspartate transaminase was 58.2 U/l in group I and 62.6 U/l in group II, alanine transaminase in group I was 142.4 U/l in group I and 128.2 U/l in group II, alkaline phosphatase was 284.2 U/l in group I and 302.4 U/l in group II and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in group I was 98.2 U/l and 118.4 U// in group II. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). The mean glutathione level in group I was 0.6 and in group II was 0.4 and which increased to 1.4 in group I and 1.2 in group II after 3 months. The difference within the group found to be significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that there was reduction in alanine transaminase, glutathione and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase level. Antioxidant therapy with glutathione may reduce the pathological oxidative stress in the liver in NASH, preventing the progression from NAFLD to NASH cases.
Urine Uric Acid Creatinine Ratio as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker of Neonatal Birth Asphyxia
Authors: Krishnan Ashwi R , Nayak Praveen , Bellipady Sumanth Shetty , Shenoy Rathika D.
Published: July 2020

Background: Cerebral hypoxia can result in anaerobic glycolysis which leads to decreased phosphorylase production and increased uric acid which gets excreted in the urine where it can be easily detected. The aim of the study is to assess the utility of urine uric acid creatinine ratio (UA/Cr) as an additional marker of neonatal depression and birth asphyxia and its utility as a potential prognostic indicator for the immediate outcome. Subjects and Methods: It was a case-control study that included 30 newborns born with an APGAR score of less than 7 at 1-min and requiring positive pressure ventilation. Cases were sub-grouped into neonatal depression and birth asphyxia. Newborns with moderate and severe encephalopathy were considered to have an unfavourable outcome. The urine UA/Cr was estimated in both groups. One-way Anova test, Spearman’s rho and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean differences of urine UA/Cr were statistically significant (p=0.011) in birth asphyxia (3.02 1.34), neonatal depression (2.31 0.81) and controls (2.01 0.69). A significant negative correlation was seen with APGAR at 1-min (r=-0.43; p=0.001) and 5-min (r=-0.52; p=0.001) and umbilical cord blood pH (r= -0.29; p=0.021). The mean difference of UA/Cr between those with unfavorable (3.23 1.49) and favourable (2.14 0.73) outcomes was significant (p=0.006). A ratio 2.85 suggested the unfavourable outcome. Conclusion: The urine UA/Cr is a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in newborns with birth asphyxia.
A Study on Correlation of Umbilical Cord Arterial Blood pH with Perinatal Asphyxia & Early Neonatal Outcome
Authors: Singh Nutan , Gupta Asheesh Kumar , Arya Ajay Kumar
Published: July 2020

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity & mortality. Asphyxia can damage almost every organ of neonate. Our purpose was to determine the correlation of cord blood pH with birth asphyxia & early neonatal outcome. Subjects and Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a period of one year at STH Haldwani. We enrolled 108 term neonates with signs of fetal distress, thick MSL, non-reassuring NST & there were subjected for estimation of umbilical cord blood pH, APGAR score, outcome looked were resuscitation needed, NICU admission, delay in feed & encephalopathy (sarnat & sarnat stage). Results: In our study, cord blood pH had significant correlation with perinatal asphyxia(R=-0.926). Area under ROC curved showed that mean pH <7.1 (ROC=0.998) is very significant in predicting the adverse outcome. Conclusion: Cord blood pH is very sensitive and specific & has good correlation in predicting the birth asphyxia & adverse neonatal outcome. Measurement of cord blood pH is recommended in all the neonates with signs of fetal distress.
Clinical Proﬁle of Neonatal Early Onset Sepsis: A Study on the Current Scenario
Authors: Kiran C Pankaj  , Ganguly Sristi , Upadhyay Manas R
Published: July 2020

Background: Neonatal early onset sepsis remains to be a challenge in India, owing to its variable presentation, diagnostic difficulty and high fatality. An attempt needs to be made to study its clinical profile for easy identification of such babies, with new antibiotic guidelines formulated based on current microorganisms isolated. The aim of the study is to study the clinical profile of early onset sepsis in neonates in terms of      the risk factors, clinical factors and etiology, and ascertain factors associated with definite sepsis. Subjects and Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study enrolled neonates with suspected early onset sepsis. Those with congenital anomalies, surgical conditions, gestation <28 weeks and birth weight <1kg excluded. Subjects were subjected to sepsis screen and blood culture, and their perinatal history recorded. Blood culture positive babies were considered to have definite sepsis. Data was analysed using Chi square with SPSS 18. Results: Among 300 babies enrolled, 70 babies had definite sepsis. The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella (27.1%) and Staphylococcus hemolyticus (21.4%), most showing sensitivity to Ampicillin and Gentamicin. Respiratory distress was the commonest presentation (71.3%). A significant association with definite sepsis was seen with prematurity (p =0.0026) and low birth weight (p =0.0052), perinatal risk factors namely premature rupture  of membranes (p =0.004), foul smelling liquor (p=0.016) and birth asphyxia (p-value=0.02). 28.3% had positive sepsis screen, which was significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Early onset sepsis needs prompt identification and treatment initiation, possible with aid of sepsis screen and high index of suspicion with certain perinatal risk factors and gestational age and birth weight.
Financial Crises and Adaptive Market Hypothesis: An Evidence from International Commodities traded at New York Stock Exchange
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Naeem , Latif Khalid , Chaudhary Ghulam Mujtaba , Adil Shahid
Published: July 2020

This study evaluates the varying degree of predictability of commodities return through empirical analysis of AMH (Adaptive Market Hypothesis). We divide daily returns data (from 1996 to 2013) of commodities indices (Gold, Metal, Oil& Silver) into different crisis periods. We subject all the subsamples to linear/nonlinear tests to reveal how market efficiency (independency of returns) has behaved over time. All the linear (except variance ratio) and nonlinear tests are evident that commodity indices returns have been predictable (dependent) in some crisis periods while unpredictable (dependence) in the others thus consistent with the implication of AMH. Therefore, commodities markets are adaptive markets. The findings suggest the behavior of commodities’ markets is best explained by AMH than conventional/traditional EMH (Efficient Market Hypothesis).
Abnormal Returns, Corporate Financial Policies and the Dynamics of Leverage: Empirical Evidence from Non-Financial Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Hamid Kashif , Hussain Zahid , Ghafoor Muhammad Mudasar
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study is to evaluate impact of corporate financial policies and the dynamics of leverage on financial performance of non-financial sector in Pakistan. In this study we used the data from Fertilizer, Chemical and Cement sector for the period 2008-2017. Abnormal return has been taken as dependent variable and Change in cash to lagged market values, Change in EBIT to lagged market values, Change in dividend to lagged market value, Net Financing to lagged market value, Lagged cash values to lagged market values, Lagged cash values to lagged market values crossed by change in cash to lagged market value, Change in total assets net of cash to lagged market values, Change in interest to lagged market values, Operating leverage, Financial leverage, Total leverage, Leverage ratio, Leverage ratio to change in cash crossed by lagged market values  and  WACC are taken as explanatory variables. OLS, Fixed effect and Random effect models has been used to express the impact of these variables on return. Hence it is concluded that leverage dynamics are significant contributors in designing the corporate financial policies. Corporate financial policies have significant impact on the financial performance of the non-financial sector of Pakistan.
Long-Run Relationship Between Economic Development and International Tourism in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asif , Chaudhary Ghulam Mujtaba , Latif Khalid , Ahmed Naveed
Published: July 2020

This article examines the link between economic development and international tourism in the context of Pakistan. The study uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag tests (ARDL) for the long-term relationship; the short-term relationship is examined with Error Correction model, and the VECM-Granger causality to determine the direction of the causal flow. The study uses annual data from the CEIC and World Bank databases for the period 1990-2017. The novelty stems from the perspective that there is no formal evidence on long-run dynamics between economic development indicators and international tourism from Pakistan. It contributes to the existing literature on this vital phenomenon. The empirical results document the long-term and short-term association between the variables. We also find a two-way causal flow between economic development and tourism. In addition, it offers policy implications for focusing on three economic dimensions, e.g. economic development, financial development, and stock market development, which subsequently attracts international tourism. Intuitively, promulgates National culture and image across borders and strengthens the National Treasury as well.
Mediating Role of Perception of Job Insecurity on the Relationship between Despotic Leadership and Work Engagement: Pakistani Perspective
Authors: Jabeen Riffut , Rahim Nazahah
Published: July 2020

The importance of work engagement (vigor, dedication, absorption) in enhancing employee performance is a recognized area of research. In this competitive and hyper turbulent work environment, disengaged workforce is costly for any organization. Despite its importance, a very low rate of work engagement (i.e.5%) has been found in Pakistan. Drawing on conservation of resource theory (COR), this paper proposes a conceptual framework to find out the impact of despotic leadership behavior on work engagement of employees with a mediating mechanism of employee’s perception of job insecurity. In previous literature little research has been done on despotic leadership and no study has found on this relationship before.
General Public Perception Regarding Police Department and Factors That Influence Police Image in Public: A Case Study of District Kasur, Pakistan
Authors: Shabbir Syed Waqas , Malik Nazia , Hussain Alia , Dad Allah
Published: July 2020

This study was attempted to investigate the general public perception about police department and factors that influence them perception. Policing is a major controlling part of citizen and is necessary for modifiable their behavior, controlling crime and protecting the citizens. The objective of the study is to identify major factors which influence police image in the public.  The study was conducted among 250 citizen of district Kasur using a five-point Likert scale structured questionnaire. The researcher used multistage simple random sampling. The respondents of the study were advocate, doctor, labour, student and businessman. Results revealed that corruption, favoritism, political interference, bad behavior of police personnel, lack of accountability and misuse of power by police department are influence public image and they considered that police department only took action when FIR was registered by economically or politically strong people of the city. Study found that police department doesn’t have any monitoring system and people can get job after giving bribe. Study concluded that there was a small number of respondents who had to pay bribe to police department for their illegal activities but majority considered that police was a major corrupt department. They study suggested that police department should be hold a meeting with public to reduce their misperception and when police went to investigation any place, it should be humble and respected. Police should took under accountability and improve recruitment system with high merit so that Pakistan can compete with international level of policing. Study also suggested that police should take action on FIR without any social status and should be write FIR without any lame excuses and bribe.
Quantity of Feedback Provision: University Students’ Perceptions from Gender Perspectives and Association with Achievement
Authors: Hussain Bashir , Riaz Asma , Shahzadi Uzma
Published: July 2020

Current Feedback plays a highly significant role in enhancing students’ learning. Feedback provision helps students grow and learn from their mistakes. Feedback also informs students about their strengths, weaknesses, and helps them in determining their level of success. It is, therefore, important to supply students enough information, useful for them to future their learning. In this context, the quantity of feedback provision is also important in addition to the quality of feedback as provides base. The researchers observed that this basic component of quantity of feedback provision is also in question in universities of Pakistan before moving to the most useful component of quality of feedback. This research was, therefore, conducted to examine the quantity of feedback practices in three universities of Multan city. The study further examines quantity of feedback provisions to students from the perspective of their gender and its association with their achievement. The study was descriptive in nature, so a questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale was used to collect data from the students. The population of the study included students from three selected universities of Multan city i.e., the largest one Bahauddin Zakariya University, and medium size Women University and Multan campus of the University of Education, Lahore. Population included of all students from three selected universities of Multan and a sample of 871 students was selected using the multistage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed by using mean and standard deviation from descriptive statistics, along with independent sample t-test and correlation from inferential statistics. The key findings showed that the quantity of feedback provisions to students is not enough. It was also found that female students perceive that they get more quantity of feedback as compared to male students. Furthermore, results also revealed that quantity of feedback provisions and quantity of feedback provisions to students are positively associated with each other.
Need of Legal, Administrative and Judicial Reforms in Pakistan to Combat Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing: An Analytical Study
Authors: Haider Khalil , Akhtar Naureen
Published: July 2020

The main objective of this article is to discuss, review and analyze money laundering and terrorism financing simultaneously as both share common incentives, line of action and executing strategies. Money laundering and financing of terrorism are global problems which not only threaten security but also compromise the stability, transparency and efficiency of financial systems, thus undermining economic prosperity and peace of a country. This research defines and expounds the terms ‘money laundering’ and ‘terrorism financing’, and common strategies to execute both of these criminal activities. It also analyzes the current predicament of legal, administrative and judicial skeleton of Pakistan which makes the country more vulnerable to money laundering and terrorism financing. Furthermore, it would also provide its readers with the most needed reforms in the all-over blueprint of the country, and imperative amendments to make the Anti-money Laundering Act, 2010 and the Anti-terrorism Act, 1997 more efficacious to encounter money laundering and terrorism financing in one fell swoop.