bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Similarity in Neural Representations of Immorality and Harm
Authors: Chester David , Chavez Robert , Lasko Emily , Schein Chelsea , Rebollar Carlos , Dagher Abigale C , West Samuel James , Gray Kurt
Published: January 2024

How do people decide what actions are or are not immoral? One theory suggests that the psychological process of moral judgments revolves around the perceived harm that is done by a given agent, however past tests of this idea rely upon self-reports. Here we provide a critical test of this perspective with functional brain imaging, recruiting a diverse community sample of 35 healthy men who each completed 100 judgments (3500 total) of diverse scenarios, including whether they were immoral, harmful, unpleasant, gross, intentional, and weird, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Mean levels of whole-brain activity during immorality and harm judgments did not statistically differ. Further, the pattern of activity in a neural ‘morality network’ during immorality judgments was more similar to the pattern of activity during harm judgments (versus other judgment-types). These neural findings suggest that judgements of immorality are, at their heart, determinations of intentional harm-doing.
Personal reflections on science communication and sharing retrieval practice research with teachers
Authors: Agarwal Pooja K.
Published: January 2024

Although research on retrieval practice—the process of bringing previously learned information to mind via quizzes, flashcards, etc.—dates back to the late 1800’s, it took nearly 100 years to gain popularity among educators as a teaching strategy. This was due, in part, to the limited availability of practical recommendations on how to use retrieval practice to improve learning. Recently, there has been a rapid expansion in science communication of retrieval practice research in many forms, including books, blogs, podcasts, and engagement on social media. As one indication of growing interest among the general public, in 2019 the phrase “retrieval practice” became more frequently searched than “testing effect” on Google. In this commentary, I reflect on my personal experience in the science communication of retrieval practice research, with a specific focus on a website (retrievalpractice.org), an email newsletter, and brief practice guides I developed for teachers over the previous decade. We currently lack empirical measurement of the impact of science communication on classroom implementation, thus I offer five recommendations for translating research based on my own trials and errors. Looking forward to the next 100 years, I am optimistic that retrieval practice will be common knowledge as a valuable learning strategy and that teachers will leverage it to increase student achievement.
Life History Strategy in Poland: Population Displacement as a Life History Accelerating Event
Authors: Koljević Slobodan
Published: January 2024

Population-level life history research on humans has proven to be a fruitful research programme, establishing numerous socioeconomic and behavioral correlates of life history strategy. Herein, this research programme is extended to the Republic of Poland. Life history speed is estimated for 380 powiats and cities with powiat status. To investigate how life history associates with socioeconomic development, the general socioeconomic factor (S factor) is also extracted. Presidential election results are used to emulate differences in political behavior. In line with previous research, the data show negative correlation between fast life history strategy, the S factor, and percentage of votes for the conservative presidential candidate. Notably, powiats located within Western Borderlands (territories that were part of Germany prior to World War II) tend to have faster life history strategy. This pattern could be explained by forced population displacement of over 1.5 million people that were resettled from USSR into Western Borderlands, thus replacing prior German inhabitants. Forced population displacement can be understood as a disruptive life event that accelerates life history strategy. This can have long-lasting effects, and the present study provides additional insight into the detrimental consequences of population displacement.
ABUSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND VIOLENCE COMMITTED AGAINST ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN BANGLADESH: AN ANALYSIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Raka Israt Alam , Rahman Muhammed Atiqur
Published: January 2024

This research article attempts to examine human rights violations and violence against ethnic and religious minorities in Bangladesh, with an emphasis on constitutional protections and their implementation. Bangladesh has a diversified population made up of several ethnic and religious groupings, however, these groups are frequently victims of violence and prejudice. The study will look into the core causes of such violence as well as the constitutional protections in place to protect the rights of this minority. A qualitative method will be used in the research, which will include a review of current literature, case studies, and interviews with experts in the subject. The study's findings show that, notwithstanding constitutional protections protecting the rights of ethnic and religious minorities, there are major gaps in their implementation. Minority groups are frequently subjected to discrimination in education, employment, and other fundamental rights. Both state and non-state entities frequently commit violence against them with impunity. The study also stresses the need for legislative reforms and policy improvements to remedy gaps in minority rights protection. The document suggests that organizations responsible for preserving minority rights, such as the National Human Rights Commission, be strengthened, and that minority groups be included in decision-making processes. The research findings will have ramifications for governments, civil society groups, and human rights campaigners in Bangladesh and other nations dealing with comparable concerns. The study will also contribute to the scholarly literature on human rights violations and minority rights protection in Bangladesh. Overall, this research paper will be a helpful resource for anybody interested in learning about the issues that ethnic and religious minorities confront in Bangladesh, as well as the efforts that must be taken to defend their rights.
Science in Formation: The Indexed Scientist and the Inaccessibility of Scientific Information
Authors: Knöchelmann Marcel
Published: January 2024

What is inhibiting access to scientific information? The treatment of scientists is comparable to the treatment of scientific information; they are both processed bureaucratically by means of quantifiable metrics and indices. The symbolic form that represents scientific substance is as important as this substance itself. Scientists have to index themselves within the body of scientific knowledge, instead of vice versa; knowledge itself is without authorship. This employment of metrics and indices has made authorship an objective on its own; it requires publishing for the published name, instead of publishing as a communicative means. This, in return, is foundational for the inaccessibility of scientific information. In this chapter, we will reconstruct this shift of means and ends. To do so, we need to start with the information and see how it is being treated to conform to the form of the publication and how it becomes enclosed with meta data (section A). In the following two sections, we will turn towards economic criteria, specifically the low price elasticity of demand that seems to explain science’s serials crisis (B), and how open access to scientific publications failed as a solution for liberating scientific information (C). We will arrive at a utopian technological determinism towards making scientific information more accessible, partially realised by open science but constrained by a lack of democratic foundations.
Soil research in Yakutia at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries
Authors: Desyatkin R. V.
Published: January 2024

The main patterns of soil cover development in Yakutia and the morphogenetic features of permafrost soils were identified in the first few years of the 20th century by researchers representing the scientific school of V.V. Dokuchaev. The soil scientists of the Complex Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences between 1925 and 1930 significantly broadened the scope of soil-geographical research. The Yakut School of Soil Science emerged during the post war period. The works of Yakut scientists on the study of permafrost soils throughout the republic and soil maps of various scales have earned recognition from soil scientists of the Soviet Union. In the 1990s, the modern era of soil science development in Yakutia began on an international scale.
Antibiotic Resistant Profile of Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Paneer Sample of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Pradhan Manisha , Khanal Vagyashree , Shrestha Atmaz Kumar , Thapa Suchitra
Published: January 2024

Microbial contamination with antibiotic- resistant bacteria are major threats to public health in Nepal. This study aims to detect microbial quality of paneer and determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coliforms and S. aureus isolated from Paneer. For this, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops in Kathmandu and respective bacterial count were determined by using pour plate technique. All isolated organisms were identified by biochemical tests using appropriate selective media. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) was carried out by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. In this study, Total Bacterial Count (TBC) of 18 (60.1%) samples, Total Coliform Count (TCC) of 5 (16.6%) samples and Total Staphylococcal Count (TSC) of 6 (50%) samples were within the limit of FSSAI guideline (2012). A total of forty-six bacteria were isolated in this study, of which 34 (73.9%) were identified as coliforms and 12 (26.1%) were identified as S. aureus. The coliform bacteria showed higher resistance towards Azithromycin (100%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Gentamicin in descending order. While in case of S. aureus, higher resistance was shown against Penicillin. G (41.7%) and Nalidixic acid (41.7%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin. 4 (33.4%) MRSA were identified based on their full resistance towards Cefoxitin. Also, 24 multiple-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria were detected and higher MDR was observed among coliforms 21 (87.5%). To summarize, the maximum number of samples exceeding microbial quality specification and presence of multiple antibiotic resistance among isolated bacteria signifies poor quality of the paneer available in the market and can be considered a possible threat to consumers. Therefore, it is utmost necessary to monitor and control the quality of paneer sold in Kathmandu.
Sexual Harassment Among Nepali Non-Migrating Female Partners of International Labor Migrant Men
Authors: Gyawali Kalpana , Simkhada Padam , Van Teijlingen Edwin R. , Manandhar Shraddha , Silwal Ram Chandra
Published: January 2024

International migration shows an increasing trend around the world. The majority of labor migrants, particularly low/semi-skilled migrants from low- and middle-income countries, immigrate to destination countries leaving their family members behind, leading to an increasing number of transnational families. While non-migrating spouses often receive financial support in the form of remittances, their husbands’ migration also creates numerous social and personal problems. This general qualitative study aimed to explore non-migrating spouses’ experience of sexual harassment/abuse and its impact on their mental health. Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data. Participants reported experiencing harassment by men they knew, including their teachers and colleagues, who knew their husbands were abroad. None of the women reported taking any action against the perpetrators. Policy level changes to spread awareness on sexual harassment, encouraging victims to report such acts, and establishing and implementing appropriate laws are essential to mitigate this serious problem.
Does Maila Speak? A Journey of a Common Man in Mahananda Dhakal’s Burhan
Authors: Tharu Raj Kumar , Paudel Bhagbat
Published: January 2024

This paper examines the reasoning behind the voice (lessness) of Maila Tharu and his son Somlal Tharu, the prominent characters in Mahananda Dhakal’s novel Burhan, representing the western Nepalese Tharu community, in the context of the discussion on subaltern awareness within Nepal’s caste-based elite structure. The paper observes the novel’s present presumptions regarding subaltern consciousness and resistance by looking at Maila, one of the leaders of the Nepali socio-political movement, and their seemingly unquestioned goal of mainstreaming. Furthermore, it highlights the Tharus’ social reality in the light of how the subaltern is misrepresented and altered during transitions, particularly in Nepal’s numerous political- cultural movements, both before and after the Maoist insurgency and the Tharu Liberation movement. The study, which is a qualitative analytical research work, tries to conclude that despite the political liberation movements that took place throughout Nepal’s political history, the voice for prosperity is still overshadowed by the contemporary governmental structure, where marginalized people like Tharus have turned into the victims of all kinds of wars and movements. In fact, Maila Tharu cannot speak nor is heard if today’s power politics continues. Characters like Maila Tharu and his son Somlal experience the biases of cultural interactions and political changes as well as so-called right-based activism, which, until this day, works against economic prosperity.
Survey on Tree Carbon Stock inside Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj, Banke
Authors: Nag Pramod , Magar Gyanu Thapa
Published: January 2024

Carbon stock in plant bodies is the significantly longer period reservoir for the atmospheric CO2 that causes adverse impacts on living and non-living climatic and environmental factors while increasing its proportional concentration in air. The present study aimed to estimate the carbon stock in trees of Mahendra Multiple Campus territory. The study was carried out by purposive sampling method, where altogether ten plots were laid of size 8.92m radii and measured diameter at breast height (DBH) (1.3m) and angle of inclination was taken from 5m horizontal distance from the tree pole. The calculation was made following the equation given by Chave et al., 2005 for wet forests. In total 17 species of trees were reported with the dominant species Dalbergia sissoo followed by Corymbia citriodora based on DBH and population density. The total carbon stored by trees inside the territory of MMC, Nepalgunj was 76.44 tons per hectare which is approximately 1/3rd of the world’s tropical forest average carbon stock. It implies the importance of trees outside the forest in carbon sequestration and balancing carbon emissions. Further estimation of carbon dioxide emitted from the territory, by different carbon emitters inside the area is recommended.
संस्कृत काव्यशास्त्रको रससिद्धान्तमा रसनिष्पत्ति सम्बन्धी मतमतान्तर र निष्कर्ष
Authors: तिमिल्सिना हरि प्रसाद
Published: January 2024

संस्कृत साहित्य समालोचनामा रससिद्धान्त महत्त्वपूर्ण सिद्धान्तका रूपमा स्थापित रहेको छ । संस्कृत समालोचनाको सुदीर्घ परम्परामा द्रुहिण, नन्दिकेश्वर हुँदै भरतमुनिले रससूत्रको निर्माण सहित चर्चा गरी सिद्धान्तका रूपमा स्थापित रससिद्धान्त उत्तरवर्ती आचार्यहरूद्वारा व्यापक चर्चा परिचर्चा, व्याख्या, विश्लेषण भई विकसित हुन पुगेको साहित्यिक मान्यता हो । रसभाव सम्बन्धी चर्चाका क्रममा आचार्य भरतमुनिले आप्mनो लक्षणग्रन्थ नाट्शास्त्रमा ‘विभावानुभावव्यभिचारीसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्ति’ अर्थात् विभाव, अनुभाव र व्यभिचारी भावको संयोगले रसको निष्पत्ति हुन्छ भन्ने उल्लेख गरेका छन् । भरतमुनिले यस सूत्रमा आएका ‘संयोग’ र ‘निष्पत्ति’ शब्दले दिने अर्थको स्पष्ट व्याख्या गरेको पाइँदैन । भरतमुनिको नाट्यशास्त्रमा मूल पात्र, नटनटी वा पाठक, भावक, स्रोता कसमा रसास्वादन हुन्छ भन्ने स्पष्ट उल्लेख नभएकाले परवर्ती आचार्यहरूले ‘संयोग’ र ‘निष्पत्ति’ शब्दको अर्थ आआप्mनै ढङ्गले लगाएको र आआप्mनै ढङ्गले व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरेको पाइन्छ । यस क्रममा रसनिष्पत्ति सम्बन्धी मान्यताको व्याख्या, विश्लेषण र मत मतान्तरमा कास्मिरी आचार्य भट्टलोल्लटको उत्पत्तिवाद, श्रीशङ्कुकको अनुमितिवाद, भट्टनायकको भुक्तिवाद तथा अभिनव गुप्तको अभिव्यक्तिवाद प्रमुख छन् । यी आचार्यहरू भन्दा पछाडि पनि आनन्दवर्धन, मम्मट, विश्वनाथ, जगन्नाथ र धनञ्जय समेतले भट्टलोल्लट, श्रीशङ्कुक, भट्टनायक तथा अभिनव गुप्तका अभिमतको उल्लेख गरेको पाइन्छ । यिनै प्रमाणहरूका आधारमा रसनिष्पत्ति सम्बन्धी सिद्धान्त वा मान्यताको व्याख्या विश्लेषण हुँदै आएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा रसास्वादन मूलपात्र (अनुकार्य), नटनटी (अनुकर्ता) र दर्शक, पाठक, स्रोता कसमा हुन्छ भन्ने सन्दर्भमा आआप्mनो मत प्रस्तुत गर्दै जाँदा अनुकार्यदेखि पाठक, भावक, स्रोतासम्म रसास्वादन हुने धारणाबाट उत्पत्तिवाद, अनुमितिवाद, भुक्तिवाद र अभिव्यक्तिवादको स्थापना हुन पुगेको र अभिव्यक्तिवाद नै वैज्ञानिक तथा पाठक, भावक र दर्शकको रसाभिव्यक्तिसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
नेपाली राजनीतिमा वी.पी.कोइराला र उनको दर्शन, समिक्षात्मक अध्ययन
Authors: पोखरेल अर्जुन प्रसाद
Published: January 2024

विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला नेपालका प्रख्यात राजनीतीक नेता तथा विचारक थिए । नेपालको राजनीतिक परिवेश निर्माणमा उनको महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रह्यो । कोइराला प्रजातान्त्रिक समाजवादका कट्टर पक्षधर थिए, जुन एक राजनीतिक विचारधारा हो जसले उत्पादनका साधनको सामाजिक स्वामित्वमा लोकतन्त्रका सिद्धान्तहरू जोड्न खोज्छ । बी.पी. कोइरालाले सामाजिक–आर्थिक समानताको आवश्यकतामा जोड दिँदै यो लक्ष्य हासिल गर्न लोकतान्त्रिक सिद्धान्तको प्रयोगमा विश्वास व्यक्त गरे । नेपालको लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्ने राजनीतिकदल नेपाली कांग्रेसको स्थापनामा उहाँ प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व थिए । कोइरालाको लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी विचारले समाजमा व्याप्त सामाजिक–आर्थिक असमानतालाई लोकतान्त्रिक माध्यमबाट सम्बोधन गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको थियो । उनको विचारले नेपालको राजनीतिक परिस्थितीलाई प्रभाव पारेको थियो र उनले एक पटक नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री भइ अल्पकालीन समय सरकार सञ्चालन समेत गरिसकेका थिए । बी.पी. कोइरालाको विरासतमा नेपालको राजनीतिको सन्दर्भमा लोकतन्त्र, सामाजिक न्याय र आर्थिक समानताको प्रवद्र्धन गर्ने प्रयासहरू समावेश छन् ।
Peran ChatGPT Sebagai Artificial Intelligence Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Pertanahan dengan Metode Studi Kasus dan Black Box Testing
Authors: Darman Ridho
Published: January 2024

In the current digital era, technology is rapidly advancing. One of the increasingly popular technologies being used is Artificial Intelligence (AI). ChatGPT is one of the AI chatbots, computer programs designed to mimic human interactions through chat or text. AI chatbots are now widely used in various sectors, including the legal industry. Land issues are a common legal problem in Indonesia. Handling land-related issues requires precise decision-making to minimize conflicts and expedite  resolution. However, sometimes resolving land issues can be time-consuming and costly. The aim of this research is to provide a clearer perspective on the role of ChatGPT in addressing land issues and an understanding of its limitations. Testing of the free accessible version of ChatGPT is conducted using a black box testing method. The final results of the study indicate that ChatGPT has the potential to provide real-time and valuable information, helping the general public understand legal land issues. However, it is important to note that ChatGPT has limitations. ChatGPT cannot entirely replace the role of humans in making complex legal decisions, ChatGPT can only function as an informant providing general information.
 
Dalam era digital seperti saat ini, teknologi semakin berkembang pesat. Salah satu teknologi yang semakin populer digunakan adalah Artificial Intelligence (AI). ChatGPT merupakan salah satu chatbot AI, yaitu sebuah program komputer dirancang untuk meniru interaksi manusia melalui chat atau teks. Saat ini chatbot AI sudah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai sektor, termasuk sektor hukum. Pertanahan merupakan salah satu persoalan hukum yang sering terjadi di Indonesia. Menangani masalah pertanahan memerlukan dan pengambilan keputusan yang tepat agar dapat meminimalisir konflik dan mempercepat proses penyelesaian. Namun, terkadang penyelesaian masalah pertanahan memerlukan waktu yang lama dan biaya yang besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan pandangan yang lebih jelas tentang peran ChatGPT dalam menangani masalah pertanahan serta pemahaman akan keterbatasan-keterbatasannya. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan ChatGPT versi gratis dengan metode black box testing. Hasil akhir menunjukkan bahwa ChatGPT memiliki potensi untuk memberikan informasi yang berguna secara real-time serta membantu masyarakat umum memahami isu-isu hukum pertanahan. Namun, penting untuk diingat bahwa ChatGPT memiliki keterbatasan. ChatGPT tidak dapat menggantikan peran manusia sepenuhnya dalam pengambilan keputusan hukum yang kompleks, ChatGPT hanya mampu berperan sebagai informan yang memberikan informasi bersifat umum.
Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat dalam Pendaftaran Peralihan Hak Atas Tanah
Authors: Taolin Fitriana Trinengsi , Mujiburohman Dian Aries , Widarbo Koes
Published: January 2024

Transfers of land rights must be registered at the local land office. However, there are still people who have not registered the transfer of land rights due to low legal awareness. This lack of awareness can have legal repercussions and hinder the objectives of land registration. This research aims to analyze the level of legal awareness of the community regarding the importance of registering the transfer of land rights and the potential impacts that could occur if the community does not carry out this registration in the Banyuraden District. The method used is an empirical legal method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques involve observation, interviews, and document study. The results of the analysis show that of the 37 respondents, only 14% have taken concrete action by registering the transfer of their land rights. Thus, it can be concluded that public legal awareness in Banyuraden District is still low. The causes of low legal awareness regarding registration and transfer of land rights involve a number of factors, including lack of socialization, low level of education, lack of interest, limited information, and distrust of the relevant agencies. Meanwhile, potential impacts that may arise as a result of not registering the transfer of rights include legal uncertainty for new rights holders, limitations in carrying out other legal actions, land administration irregularities, and potential land disputes.
 
Peralihan hak atas tanah wajib didaftarkan di Kantor Pertanahan setempat. Namun, masih ada masyarakat yang belum mendaftarkan peralihan hak tanah karena rendahnya kesadaran hukum. Kurangnya kesadaran ini dapat menimbulkan dampak hukum dan menghambat tujuan pendaftaran tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kesadaran hukum masyarakat terhadap pentingnya pendaftaran peralihan hak atas tanah dan potensi dampak yang dapat terjadi jika masyarakat tidak melakukan pendaftaran tersebut di Kalurahan Banyuraden. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melibatkan observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumen. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari 37 responden, hanya 14% yang telah mengambil tindakan konkret dengan mendaftarkan peralihan hak atas tanah mereka. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesadaran hukum masyarakat di Kalurahan Banyuraden masih rendah. Penyebab rendahnya kesadaran hukum terkait pendaftaran peralihan hak atas tanah melibatkan sejumlah faktor, antara lain kurangnya sosialisasi, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, kurangnya minat, keterbatasan informasi, dan ketidakpercayaan terhadap instansi yang terkait. Sementara itu, potensi dampak yang mungkin timbul akibat tidak mendaftarkan peralihan hak meliputi ketidakpastian hukum bagi pemegang hak baru, keterbatasan dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum lainnya, ketidakteraturan administrasi pertanahan, dan potensi sengketa tanah.
Povezanost karakteristika vozača s njihovim kažnjivim ponašanjem u prometu
Authors: Borovec Krunoslav
Published: January 2024

Sigurnost u prometu na cestama predstavlja važno istraživačko područje jer su posljedice prometne nesigurnosti značajan sigurnosni i javno zdravstveni problem. O čovjekovoj aktivnoj ulozi sudionika u prometu na cestama, njegovom ponašanju i radnjama koje čini ili propušta najviše ovisi prometna sigurnost. U skladu s tim glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učestalost kršenja prometnih propisa koji se odnose na vozače te istražiti povezanost između određenih sociodemografskih karakteristika vozača, kao i vozačkog iskustva s njihovim kažnjivim ponašanjem, odnosno kršenjem pojedinih prometnih pravila. Na temelju podataka dobivenih u anketi na nacionalnom uzorku od 2072 ispitanika, obrađenih deskriptivnim statističkim analizama, korelacijskom te kanoničkom korelacijskom analizom utvrđeno je kako određene prometne propise vozači učestalije krše, prije svega prekoračenje brzine, neodržavanje sigurnosnog razmaka te nedopušteno korištenje mobitela za vrijeme vožnje, kao i da su dob, spol, zaposlenost, razina mjesečnih primanja, obrazovanje i vozačko iskustvo značajni za predviđanje kršenja prometnih propisa od strane vozača. Ovo istraživanje značajno je za razumijevanja razlika između pojedinih kategorija (skupina) vozača kada je u pitanju učestalost kršenja prometnih propisa. Međutim, da bi se stekao bolji uvid u čimbenike koji pridonose razlikama među vozačima, uz sociodemografske varijable i vozačko iskustvo, u obrade bi trebalo uvrstiti i varijable koje definiraju druga svojstva vozača, prije svega, osobine ličnosti, stavove o prometnoj sigurnosti te percepciju rizika u prometu.
Theoretical analysis of low flammable and ecological-save mixtures of liquefied petroleum gas and tetrafluoroethane as refrigerants
Authors: Bolaji Bukola Olalekan , Bolaji Deborah Olufunke , Amosun Semiu Taiwo
Published: January 2024

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), like other hydrocarbon gases, has good thermo-physical and ecological properties, but its high-flammability has limited its direct use in refrigeration applications. Therefore, this paper investigates the thermodynamic performance of low flammable and ecological-save mixtures of LPG and tetrafluoroethane refrigerant in a refrigeration system. The computational results of global warming potential (GWP) and low flammability limit shown that the blends with 50 – 90 % LPG contents have GWP below 750 and fall within the lower flammability safety class of which five were selected for further analysis. The results showed that the thermal conductivity and the refrigerating effects produced by the selected blends are greater than those of the reference refrigerant (R134a). Also, the selected blends exhibited appropriate lower pressure ratio, discharge temperature and specific power than R134a refrigerant. Four of the blends required low power input and exhibited higher coefficient of performance which are clear indication that they are more energy efficient than R134a in the refrigeration systems.
SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY AS A SERVICE OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST IN THE TIME OF RISING ENERGY PRICES
Authors: Jaś-Nowopolska Magdalena
Published: January 2024

The purpose of the article is to indicate the particular importance of classifying the supply of energy as a service of general economic interest in the time of the recent increase in energy prices. The analysis of the characteristics of a service of general economic interest and a universal service, in particular, its price, allows to indicate the importance of it being competitive, easily and clearly comparable, transparent, and non-discriminatory. Selected actions and measures taken both at the EU level and at the national level – in the Federal Republic of Germany – are presented. These are actions and measures which are aimed at relieving end consumers from high prices and, on the other hand, creating an incentive to save electricity.
PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE BANKING SYSTEM REGULATION
Authors: Jurkowska-Zeidler Anna
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with issues related to public interest and Polish banking system regulation. It brings several general arguments regarding the actual legal regulation of the banking system, raises questions about the reasons for such detailed regulation, and discovers the public interest in the banking system law. In addition, the author explains what has changed in the architecture of the entire financial market after the global financial crisis of 2008. In the middle part of the paper, several important facts about the functioning of the banking safety net can be found. To be more precise, the activity of the central bank, financial supervision, bank deposit guarantee system, as well as protection of consumers are mentioned and analyzed.
Ameliorative Effect of Galium Verum (Rubiaceae Family) Methanolic Extract on Folic Acid-induced Acute kidney Injury in Male Rats.
Authors: Rashed Aya , Mohamed Ayman Saber , Soliman Amel
Published: January 2024

Background: Antioxidant, sedative, anticancer, and antibacterial properties are among the numerous pharmacological characteristics of Galium verum. Aim: The primary goal of this research was to investigate the therapeutic effects of G. verum extract against folic acid-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Materials and methods: 18 male rats were assigned into three groups:  Control, AKI, and G. verum. AKI was induced by a dose of folic acid (250 mg/kg, i.p.) while G. verum (250 mg/kg) was administrated for 7 consecutive days. Results: G. verum methanol extract contains flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, iridoids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and saponins, while it free of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. G. verum extract significantly decreased levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, chloride, potassium, microalbumin, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide while it increased creatinine clearance, glutathione reduced, and catalase levels. Meanwhile, histological examination of the kidney’s tissues revealed apparently normal structure. Conclusions: Underlying renal therapeutic mechanisms of G. verum action include a diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of G. verum extract resulting in improving kidney structure and enhance recovery of renal function.
The Hepatoprotective Effect of Omega-7 Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats
Authors: Hameed Hadeel Ali , Ali Faris Hassan
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Paracetamol toxicity, whether accidental or not is a worldwide issue that leads to hepatotoxicity, acute liver failure, as well as irreversible liver injury requiring liver transplantation. Omega-7 is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a number of beneficial properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential protective role of omega-7 fatty acid against hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in male rats. Thirty male Rats were separated into five groups (six rats in each group) and received the following treatment: group 1 received liquid paraffin orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, group 2 received liquid paraffin  orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, and on day eight, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (500 mg/kg/day), group 3 received omega-7 (300 mg/kg/day) orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, group 4 received omega-7 (100 mg/kg/day) orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, and on day eight, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (500 mg/kg/day), group 5 received omega-7 (300 mg/kg/day) orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, and on day eight, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (500 mg/kg/day). On day nine, rats have been sacrificed by cervical dislocation and liver homogenate samples were collected for analysis. This study showed that there was a significant decrease in hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-peroxidase and glutathione levels, accompanied with significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde level in paracetamol group compared to the negative control group. However, administration of omega-7 resulted in significant increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels and significant decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde level compared to paracetamol group. In conclusion, omega-7 has a protective effect on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity, Omega-7, Oxidative stress, Paracetamol.
Emerging Social Waqf Model for the Welfare of Pandemic Orphans
Authors: Busari Saheed
Published: January 2024

The increasing number of COVID-19 orphans in Malaysia poses an alarming threat to the socio-economic fabric of the nation. Hence, policymakers are confronted with this escalating dilemma, as the surging population of COVID-19 orphans could lead to a rise in problems, such as child sexual abuse, children dropping out of school and suicide. The pandemic of orphans as one of the hidden tragedies of COVID-19 has triggered the need for a sustainable social intervention that can guarantee the socio-economic protection and psycho-emotional care of orphans, especially in Muslim societies. Moreover, the reported number of orphans in the world is over 140 million children, with almost six million pandemic orphans arising from COVID-19 deaths across the globe. Recent studies also suggest that some of the children in orphanages in Malaysia are malnourished from skipping breakfast, lack dental care and even basic needs because of limited funding. Nevertheless, social waqf has been receiving significant attention as an Islamic social intervention to cater to vulnerable members of society. Studies have shown that Islamic religious institutions and organisations have been sustained through the waqf system. The enormity of the challenge posed by the COVID-19 orphans is such that some activists have been calling on the government to adopt the children into its social scheme. Overwhelmed by the socio-economic challenges arising from the pandemic, the government has also been appealing to private stakeholders to extend their social mission to the care of pandemic orphans. It also requires funding for individual families willing to provide care and protection for orphans. Hence, this highlights the need for an appropriate intervention to take care of the pandemic orphans.
This study conducts a qualitative analysis of the potential of social waqf interventions for orphans’ care. Extensive desk research on the classical evidence of the socio-economic protection of orphans in Islam was detailed. The study explores the Islamic guidelines for fostering orphans through kafala (custody), for fostering orphans and children without biological parents. From the findings, the study proposed a Waqf model useful for providing social welfare intervention and adequate financial support for the sustainable care of orphans' needs through social workers, orphanages, foster care families, and further empowerment of orphans with needy single parents.
The basic principles of developing an algorithm for the organizational and economic mechanism of a fair wage system for employees of agricultural enterprises
Authors:   Saratov State University of genetics, biotechnology and engineering named after N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia, Kolotyrin Konstantin P. , Nayanov Alexander V. ,   Saratov State University of genetics, biotechnology and engineering named after N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia, Sidelnikova Margarita V. ,   Saratov State University of genetics, biotechnology and engineering named after N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia, Borodastova Ekaterina V. ,   Saratov State University of genetics, biotechnology and engineering named after N.I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russia
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes the current situation in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, identifies problems and factors that negatively affect the pace of development of agricultural enterprises and suggests measures to eliminate them. The basic principles of developing an algorithm for constructing an organizational and economic mechanism of a fair wage system and the stages of implementing this mechanism at enterprises are presented. The influence of the organizational and economic mechanism of a fair wage system on the performance and profitability of enterprises in conditions of fierce competition is determined.
Formation of the investment potential of agriculture in the regions of the Russian Federation based on cluster analysis
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics”, Moscow, Russia, Maslova Vlada V. , Zaruk Natalya F. ,   Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics”, Moscow, Russia, Silaeva Lidia P. ,   Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics”, Moscow, Russia, Avdeev Mikhail V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics”, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2024

The article presents the assessment of the investment potential of agriculture in the regions of the Russian Federation based on the cluster analysis using the system of indicators characterizing the level of development of production, labor, consumer, infrastructure and financial potentials. The study was carried out in four stages: the development of the system of indicators characterizing the level of development of investment potential components; formation of enlarged components using factor analysis to identify groups of regions based on selected indicators; using cluster analysis to identify groups of regions (clusters) that are differentiated by the conditions of investment potential formation; characteristics of clusters based on a system of indicators that form investment potential in order to identify regions with the closest conditions for its formation. The methodology allowed us to identify 7 groups of regions of the country with similar parameters of investment attractiveness. This approach can be used to improve the measures of the state agrarian investment policy.
Typology of regional agricultural systems in Russia
Authors:   Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia, Kazibekova Naida A. , Kislitsky Pavel M. ,   Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, Russia
Published: January 2024

The modern conditions for the functioning of the Russian agro-industrial complex, due to both objective and subjective reasons, require improvement of adaptation and management mechanisms. The consequences of the coronavirus crisis have created a demand for transformation of the food security system. The regional level of management has the potential to overcome existing challenges and threats and solve emerging problems in the Russian agro-industrial complex. The transformation of regional agricultural systems requires comprehension both from the standpoint of an institutional approach and a theoretical and methodological one. The purpose of the study is to improve the theoretical principles of the functioning of regional agro-industrial complex systems by developing their typology. The article presents the scientific views of leading Russian scientists, as well as the results of their own research.
Formation of an innovative environment as a necessary factor in the innovative development of the agricultural sector of the economy
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, Sklyarov Igor Yu. , Sklyarova Yulia M. ,   Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, Zaporozhets Dmitry V. ,   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Institute of Agrarian Research, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2024

Within the framework of the country’s innovative development model currently being formed, the dominant direction of the economy is the formation of innovation and investment potential and an innovative environment. These processes are particularly clearly reflected in agriculture, where the development of a holistic concept for ensuring investment in the innovative activities of agricultural organizations is of particular importance. The formation of an integral, strategically oriented innovation and investment process determines the futility of investment in obsolete technologies in favor of intensifying Russia’s innovative transition to a new technological structure. The purpose of this study is to analyze trends in the formation of an innovative environment in the agricultural sector of the economy, in order to determine the prospects for further increasing the innovative potential of the industry. During the research process, statistical, monographic, calculation-constructive, analysis, synthesis, economic-mathematical and other general scientific methods were used. The analysis made it possible to identify problem areas in the formation of an innovation environment and identify conceptual directions for its development.
The mechanism of economic interactions: the content of the category and essential characteristics
Authors:   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia, Kovalenko Yulia N. , Ulez’ko Andrey V. ,   Research Institute of Economics and Organization of Agro-Industrial Complex of the Central Chernozem Region – Branch of Voronezh Federal Agricultural Scientific Centre named after V.V. Dokuchaev, Voronezh, Russia
Published: January 2024

The mechanism of economic interactions is represented by mechanisms of three main types: vertical, horizontal and network interactions. The essence of these types of interaction mechanisms, the features of their organization and formation are demonstrated. The mechanism of vertical interactions implies the presence of a certain center that determines the «rules of the game» within the boundaries of the economic space it controls. This type of mechanisms includes, for example, the mechanism of interaction between the state and economic entities, the mechanism of interaction between management companies and various subdivisions in holding-type structures. The mechanism of horizontal interactions is focused on the initiation and maintenance of intersystem and intrasystem interactions. Also there are the issues of organizing interpersonal interactions of individuals acting as independent economic entities in the sphere of influence of this mechanism. The mechanism of network interactions ensures the formation of network communities of an open type, within which there is a trusting cooperation of heterogeneous entities that share the values of these communities and are ready to interact with each other in order to achieve common interests within the framework of formal and informal ties with different levels of scale, intensity and frequency of transactions. As the essential characteristics of these mechanisms, the following are distinguished: the predominant direction of influences, the presence of entities that implement the functions of management, regulation and coordination, the predominant type of interactions, economic spaces within which interactions are organized, the functions of mechanisms.
Organizational models of contract farm production
Authors:   D.N. Pryanishnikov Research Institute of Agrochemistry, Moscow, Russia, Shkurkin Sergey I. , Zhdanov Vasiliy Yu. ,   D.N. Pryanishnikov Research Institute of Agrochemistry, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2024

One of the disadvantages of traditional approaches to stimulating entrepreneurial activity in agriculture is the unresolved issue related to the sale of products, which limits the sustainable development of small businesses in this area. The strategy of contract production can become an effective tool for solving the issue of product sales. . It allows businesses to focus on their core competencies, manufacturing and improving the quality of their products. The article discusses three main models of contract farming depending on the supplier of resources. These models are universal for different markets and regions. Alternative models of contract farming are also presented, such as: centralized, a model with a main field, a multilateral model, an informal model, and an intermediary model. The organizational mechanism of interaction in each of them is determined. Based on the results of the analysis of foreign and Russian contract companies, the peculiarities in their business models are highlighted. The specific features of the contract agreement between farmers and the customer company are indicated. A list of advantages and disadvantages of contractual relations has been compiled for both the farmer and the customer.
The state and trends in the development of rice farming in the Krasnodar Region
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «State University of Land Use Planning», Moscow, Russia, Goverdovskaya Maria D.
Published: January 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state and trends in the development of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory from the standpoint of environmentally safe production. Based on the current trend, it presents a forecast of yield, acreage and gross rice harvest for the period up to 2035. It has been established that the yield of rice in the Krasnodar Territory is steadily growing, but the presented dynamics of changes in acreage and gross rice harvest indicate the insufficient effectiveness of the applied technology of cultivation of this crop, based on the introduction of high doses of mineral fertilizers. The presented forecast of the growth of the volumes of applied mineral fertilizers indicates their enormous increase with a rapid decrease in the proportion of humus and deterioration of the environmental situation. To change the current practice, the article proposes the use of an ecosystem approach as a conceptual basis for the organization of land use in rice-growing areas. This approach is based on resource-saving technologies and the use of moderate, environmentally and economically justified doses of mineral fertilizers.
Agrarian space of the Non-Chernozem Region: macroeconomic management on the way to the development of high-tech grain farming in the region
Authors:   Federal Scientific Center for Agrarian Economics and Social Development of Rural Areas – VNIIESH, Moscow, Russia, Zhukov Nikolay I.
Published: January 2024

The functioning of the grain industry is based on the combined use of biological, economic and spatial (territorial) resources, which, combined with heterogeneous natural soil fertility and remoteness from sales markets, create a complex system of interaction characteristic of the macro-regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Among them, the Central macroregion with a capacious grain market is distinguished by the greatest agricultural potential, but with low self-sufficiency in land resources, as well as their insufficient natural fertility. This together causes a shortage of grain production here, amounting to almost two thirds of the demand. To reduce such an imbalance in grain consumption with its own production, it is necessary to use the latest achievements in breeding, seed production, technologies and equipment, which, along with investment investments, will increase the self-sufficiency of grain in the Central macro-region of the Non-Chernozem zone.