bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embeddedness in custodial banking
Authors: Agnes Pierre
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to financial geography by discussing globalisation and local embeddedness in the Australian custodial banking industry. Qualitiative interviews with custodial bankers revealed that the combination of cost pressures, electronic information processing systems, and electronic networking made local (intraurban) embeddedness in the Sydney financial district unimportant. Although it is essential for master custodians to understand domestic securities markets characteristics, the commoditised nature of subcustody makes it cost effective to outsource these functions to external supplier banks through strategic alliances that illustrate flexible corporate integration. These interbank production networks and information flows occur electronically and are co‐ordinated at the global rather than local (intraurban) scale. Furthermore, these formal networks are not underpinned by embedded social relationships and informal information exchanges. Master custodians are embedded at the national scale to understand local accounting and securities regimes and provide client service, which is important given the electronic basis of custody.
The changing spatial networks of large state–owned enterprises in reform–era China: A company case study
Authors: Li Xiaojian
Published: March 2003

In the past two decades China’s transition from a planned economy to a market–oriented economy with enterprise reform – targeting an increase of enterprise autonomy and improvement of productive efficiency – has resulted in many changes in spatial networks of large state–owned enterprises. Detailed data from interviews with China’s largest agricultural machinery company, China First Tractor Group Corporation Ltd, reveal that the density of networks was being strengthened. Except in sales and material supply, networks in management, technology and other types of material linkages were spatially expanding. Behind these changes were many political and economical factors. Personal relationships or guanxi only played a secondary role. State–owned enterprises (SOEs) in China experienced different mechanisms from the chaebols in South Korean and Chinese business in other Asian countries in networks formation and evolution. While the changing patterns of spatial networks in general favoured SOEs, their negative effect of shrinking the market area cannot be ignored.
A Comparative Industrial Profile Analysis of urban regions in Western Europe: an application of rough set classification
Authors: Bruinsma Frank , Nijkamp Peter , Vreeker Ron
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the locational suitability of industrial sites in five urban regions in Western Europe for five classes of economic activity. In the selected regions a total of 46 industrial sites and office locations were visited and judged on their suitability for each of the five classes of economic activity. Given the small sample size and the qualitative nature of the information collected, conventional statistical tools could not be applied, and rough set analysis was used. This proved to be a useful tool in identifying the major driving forces in the relative competitive position of the European regions. The study shows that the regions are not competitors in all aspects, but have their own individual geographic–economic specialisations.
Derivation of a Tidal Inundation Model to Support Environmental Research in Roebuck Bay (Western Australia)
Authors: Carew Ross W. , Hickey Robert J.
Published: March 2003

A method for deriving mean inundation times for a large expanse of intertidal mudflats is presented. Image processing techniques are used to extract waterlines from two Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes at approximately high and low tides, respectively. Along with data based on standard tidal predictions, the waterlines are utilised to derive an initial Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the tidal flat within a GIS environment. As the model fails to fully cover the mean spring tidal range, a routine is developed to linearly extrapolate this surface to the elevation of the mean spring low tide. Tidal interpolation equations are then utilised to generate an inundation time in hours for each cell on this extrapolated DEM. Output from the generalised model is a series of maps showing isolines of inundation for both the mean spring and neap tidal cycles, as well as sets of point data that may be integrated with existing biological sample data. These data will be used to support an ongoing geologic and biologic investigation of the bay and its ecology.
Using GIS and Dispersion Modelling Tools to Assess the Effect of the Environment on Health
Authors: Crabbe Helen , Hamilton Ron , Machin Nuria
Published: March 2003

A feasibility study in progress to integrate health and air quality information is presented. The methods of using integrated GIS and air quality dispersion modelling tools to assess the effect of the environment on health are discussed. The main aim is to model human personal exposure to air pollutants and compare the predictions to respiratory health data for asthmatics in a health telematics project. The MEDICATE project develops and tests the feasibility of using a health telematic system for asthmatics. Key to this is the determination of the real‐time health (lung function) response to the ambient environment. For this, air quality information is related to respiratory measurements by modelling personal exposure through a GIS. The methods of integrating environmental modelling and assessment tools (GIS) in this case are examined. ESRI’s ArcView is used to locate and compile environmental information about the patients’ locations and lifestyles in the study areas (London and Barcelona). A dispersion modelling extension to ArcView, ADMS Urban, is used to interrogate the spatial environmental databases (e.g. emission inventories) to model air pollution concentrations. Patients’ personal exposure is modelled by time‐weighted estimates of their exposure to ambient air quality at each defined location. Lung function data can be compared on a time‐wise basis with these air quality indicators to see if there is a relationship on an hourly, daily or lagged‐day basis. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology and discuss the integration and practicalities of using air quality assessment tools (inventories, dispersion modelling and a GIS) in assessing the impacts of the environment on human health.
Towards a HPC Framework for Integrated Processing of Geographical Data: Encapsulating the Complexity of Parallel Algorithms
Authors: Mineter Michael J. , Dowers Steve , Gittings Bruce M.
Published: March 2003

High‐performance computing (HPC) techniques are still considered an esoteric research branch of GI processing. They are complex to use, deterring both academic modellers and commercial software developers. Yet the use of many environmental models is constrained by computation times. Furthermore, as remote sensing, environmental modelling and GIS converge, so the need for parallel computing becomes more apparent. Several case studies, parallelising the processing of raster, grid and vector‐topology, demonstrate that scope exists for encapsulating the complexity of the parallelism in software frameworks, with strategies of spatial decomposition into sub‐areas maximising the re‐use of code from sequential algorithms. We show that parallel software frameworks can speed both the development and the execution of new applications. Based upon these case studies, the parallelisation of both interpolation and modelling in one software system is considered, with reference to pest infestation models, using both task and data parallelism. We discuss some of the requirements of a parallel software framework to underpin the integrated analysis of geographical data and environmental models.
Road Reduction Filtering for GPS‐GIS Navigation
Authors: Taylor George , Blewitt Geoffrey , Steup Doerte , Corbett Simon , Car Adrijana
Published: March 2003

A novel method of map matching using the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been developed for civilian use, which uses digital mapping data to infer the systematic position errors of less than 100m which result largely from ‘selective availability’ (S/A) imposed by the US military. Selective availability was switched off on the 2nd of May 2000, and is to be replaced with ‘regional denial capabilities in lieu of global degradation’. The system tracks a vehicle on all possible roads (road centre‐lines) in a computed error region, then uses a method of rapidly detecting inappropriate road centre‐lines from the set of all those possible. This is called the Road Reduction Filter (RRF) algorithm. Point positioning is computed using C/A code pseudorange measurements direct from a GPS receiver. The least squares estimation is performed in the software developed for the experiment described in this paper. Virtual differential GPS (VDGPS) corrections are computed and used from a vehicle's previous positions, thus providing an autonomous alternative to DGPS for in‐car navigation and fleet management. Height aiding is used to augment the solution and reduce the number of satellites required for a position solution. Ordnance Survey (OS) digital map data was used for the experiment, i.e. OSCAR 1 m resolution road centre‐line geometry and Land Form PANORAMA 1:50,000, 50 m‐grid digital terrain model (DTM). Testing of the algorithm is reported and results are analysed. Vehicle positions provided by RRF are compared with the ‘true’ position determined using high precision (cm) GPS carrier phase techniques. It is shown that height aiding using a DTM and the RRF significantly improve the accuracy of position provided by inexpensive single frequency GPS receivers.
Accounting for Error When Modelling with Time Series Data: Estimating the Development of Crop Pests Throughout the Year
Authors: Jarvis Claire H. , Stuart Neil
Published: March 2003

In order to attach some statement of reliability to mesoscale maps of how pest risk may develop over time, methods were developed to enable the detection and evaluation of errors in predictions that arise from the use of input data series from remote point sources. Firstly, we investigated how predicted model results may differ as a result of the ordering of the spatial interpolation and the model procedures. Principles of logic were used to detect errors occurring in the daily sequences of predicted pest development. Analyses of spatial autocorrelation within the gridded results showed that areas where a pest was predicted to reach a certain stage of development become more fragmented as a model run progressed over time. We identified that the less intensive approach of running a model only at data points and subsequently interpolating these to a grid can, in some cases, result in errors of logic and unrealistic degrees of autocorrelation. These errors occurred particularly when mapping a non‐indigenous, marginal, pest at the later stages of its development. As a strategy for error evaluation, deterministic process models were run using point‐based estimates of interpolated daily temperature to give RMS data errors at the sample points. This enabled us to investigate how the component of error related to sparsely distributed point data contributed to errors in the gridded estimates of pest development over time. The error detection and evaluation methods outlined are tractable and applicable to a wide variety of cases where point based models running over multiple time steps are extended to provide spatially continuous, landscape‐wide, mappable results.
Automated Parameterization of Land Surface Process Models Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Mackay D S , Samanta S , Ahl D E , Ewers B E , Gower S T , Burrows S N
Published: March 2003

All land surface process models require parameters that are proxies for spatial processes that are impractical or impossible to measure. Recent developments in model parameter estimation theory suggest that information obtained from calibrating such models is inherently uncertain in nature. As a consequence, identification of optimum parameter values is often highly non–specific. A calibration framework using fuzzy logic is presented to deal with such uncertain information. An application of this technique to calibrate the sub–canopy controls on transpiration in a land surface process model demonstrates that objective estimates of parameter values and expected ranges of predictions can be obtained with suitable choices for objective functions. An iterative refinement in parameter estimates was possible with conditional sampling techniques. The automated approach was able to correctly identify parameter tradeoffs such that two strongly different sets of parameters could
Markedness and Agreement
Authors: Blevins James P.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an account of the interpretation of unmarked verb forms in which the entries of unmarked forms are uniformly unspecified for agreement features. The entries of impersonal verbs directly sanction agreement‐neutral syntagmatic structures. However, the entries of unmarked personal verbs sanction structures with negative agreement values, as a consequence of an inflectional blocking principle that preserves paradigmatic contrasts by ‘inferring’ values in the mapping from lexical entries to syntagmatic structures. The interpretation of an unmarked form thus reflects the opposition of marked forms in its paradigm.
Prolonged Stagnation, Hesitant Recovery: Japan from an ‘Austrian’ Perspective
Authors: Snowden P. N.
Published: March 2003

Tentative indications of recovery at the turn of the millennium offer the prospect of an end to the economic crisis that has afflicted the world's second largest economy since 1991. Both the duration of these difficulties and their insusceptability to conventional policy stimuli have presented challenges to mainstream macroeconomic thinking. It is argued here that the business cycle theory developed by Friedrich Hayek on the basis of the Austrian economic tradition, although eclipsed by the contemporary writings of Keynes, offers insight into the intractable nature of the Japanese crisis. This contrasting perspective stresses the links between monetary policy and the evolution of capital structure to provide an explanation for the inevitable dislocation following a credit‐financed boom. On these grounds, the application to Japan emphasises relaterd monetary and exchange rate developments in the 1980s as the underlying cause of the long stagnation of the 1990s. It therefore contradicts the view of the IMF and other multilateral bodies that the country's financial sector deficiencies were the primary factor. The structural focus of the analysis also suggests that the current (uncharacteristic) Fund emphasis on the need for demand stimulation is misplaced. Arguing that the surrounding economies have a particular interest in the means chosen to consolidate economic recovery in Japan, a policy approach consistent with the Austrain diagnosis is set out. It provides a framework in which fiscal consolidation and monetary policy normalisation, as desired by some elements of the country's administration, would be an appropriate strategy for the promotion of recovery.
The IMF After the Asian Crisis: Merits and Limitations of the ‘Long‐term Development Partner’ Role
Authors: Mosley Paul
Published: March 2003

We examine the view, espoused by a number of commentators in recent months, that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) should seek to withdraw from its long‐term lending operations, in the wake of the recent financial crisis in Asia and elsewhere, and restrict itself to its ‘core competency’ of preventing and where necessary lending into financial crisis. This view is based on a belief that such long‐term lending crowds out both private sector operations and short‐term IMF lending; and that it is ineffective, because of weaknesses in the IMF’s conditionality. Both of these propositions, we argue, can be challenged. In the poorer developing countries there is virtually no private sector to crowd out, and Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) operations have been conspicuously successful, not only at promoting growth, but also at achieving structural changes not at all achieved by aid donors such as strengthening the tax base. Such changes inevitably require a longer time‐period than the standard three years of an IMF standby, not only in order to induce a production response but also in order to achieve the necessary measure of stabilisation and economic reform without imposing social pressures which wreck the production response. The latter argument is particularly powerful in middle income countries, and provides an argument for IMF support to these countries also whilst they are temporarily excluded from international capital markets. Often also a long‐term presence is needed to achieve effective leverage in short‐term operations. In such cases the IMF’s long‐term lending should be seen as preconditional to the success of, and not as an alternative to, its short‐term operations. We therefore argue for the retention of the Fund’s long‐term lending function; and for this function not to be transferred to the World Bank, which has less credibility in global financial markets and less comparative advantage in macro‐economic management. Measures are indeed needed to reduce the level of the IMF’s exposure to risk in poorer developing countries, but those, we believe, should consist of the preventive measures currently going on, and measures to increase the ratio of equity to debt, rather than measures which would jeopardise the progress in long‐term poverty alleviation capacity achieved by the Fund over recent years
Settlement of Disputes Within the World Trade Organisation: A Guide to the Jurisprudence
Authors: Waincymer Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

The Urugauy Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations led to the development of a revised set of procedures on dispute settlement. These procedures dealt with a number of significant problems that had arisen under GATT dispute settlement experience. In spite of these important reforms, there are numerous, complex and contentious questions of legal adjudication that any formal dispute settlement system must face. The article outlines the aims and organs of dispute settlement under the WTO. It addresses some of the key questions as to standing, interpetation, evidence and adjudicatory practices and processes. While ongoing moitoring and reform is necessary, an important thesis is that the inherent nature of legal adjudication forces uncertain determinations that can too easily give rise to unwarranted criticism of the system as a whole.
An Asian Perspective on a World Environmental Organisation
Authors: Jha Raghbendra , Panda Manoj , Ranade Ajit
Published: March 2003

We analyse the possible response from Asian developing countries (ADC) to the proposal for the formation of an international legal entity called World Environmental Organistion (WEO) designed to facilitate the internalisation of global environmental externalities. We argue that the WEO must recognise the fundamental indivisibility of the economic growthenvironment agenda in these countries. If suitable side payments in the shape of tariff concessions, relaxation of non‐tariff barriers and transfers of technology and cash are made and the WEO is seen to be relevant to the environmental problems of ADC, they may well participate in such a venture.
Some Notes on Current Problems of Foreign Economic Relations of Russia
Authors: Abalkin Leonid
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses developments on the trade front in Russia since the deep structural crisis during the 90s which significantly affected the dynamics and structure of Russian foreign trade. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the consequent formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a major part of the Soviet Union’s internal trade has become a component of Russia’s foreign trade, the ‘export versus import’ structure in Russia has deteriorated, and there has been a rapid increase in the export of energy resources and metals, however, the export of high‐technology products, including those in the defence sectors, have actually been reduced. The opening of boundaries in the domestic market has resulted in saturation with foreign‐made consumer goods, machinery, and equipment all of which have hindered national development.
Promoting Foreign Language Competence in the European Community: The LINGUA Programme
Authors: Hermans Stefaan
Published: March 2003

The European Community promotes through the LINGUA programme a quantitative and qualitative improvement in foreign language competence. This article describes the emergence of such a programme as the result of political agenda setting and the ongoing process of European integration and situates the legislation and implementation of the programme in its socio‐political environment. From a theoretical viewpoint, I will argue that LINGUA is an example of ‘language planning’ as defined by Cooper (1989). On the level of linguistic and communicative objectives, I will analyze the five actions of the programme in terms of the goals set, the target public envisaged, the activities promoted and the results achieved. I will provide empirical data to investigate whether and how the priority given to the promotion of the least widely used and taught languages is realized in practice and how this relates to the ‘market’ of languages. In particular the position of English is relevant here. By way of conclusion, I will outline how the LINGUA programme has been integrated in a modified way into the new Community programme SOCRATES (education) and LEONARDO (professional training).
Beyond the body: Walt Whitman’s lavender language and ‘Out of the cradle endlessly rocking’
Authors: Peterson David
Published: March 2003

In contradistinction to recent readings of later editions of Walt Whitman’s poetry, which claim those Leaves represent ‘dehomoeroticized,’ heterosexually‐normative texts, I explore one possible way of reading the poetry as gay text, even when homoeroticism is not the apparent poetic subject. This involves reading the instability of the self that is given a central position in the later texts as representing not a retreat from the celebration of the (erotic) self but as a means whereby Whitman can explore the nature of same‐sex desire and sexual identity. I argue that the poet figures the self not as an already fully present entity (as in earlier editions) but as the fragmented product of the discontinuity of the self he sees as arising from his own radical sexual difference. This sense of sexual otherness and the discontinuous self it leads to is the subject of several important mid‐career poems, especially ‘Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking’ and ‘As I Ebb’d with the Ocean of Life.’
English in Albania: Contact and convergence
Authors: Dushku Silvana
Published: March 2003

The status of English in Albania has changed as this formerly communist country has embarked on the road to a free market economy. This paper provides an overview of the current status and usage of English in Albania. By taking a historical approach, it outlines the Albanian sociolinguistic context in which such a change has taken place. It also presents evidence of the increasing contact areas of English and Standard Albanian under the new sociopolitical and economic circumstances after the downfall of communism. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the need for further research on English language planning and education in Albania.
Wole Soyinka’s Poetry as Bilingual’s Creativity
Authors: Osakwe Mabel I.
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts an identification and examination of some of the features that make Wole Soyinka’s poems unmistakably bilingual and bicultural.

Four linguistic strategies revealing some features often employed in Yoruba poetic discourse are identified across the poet’s four anthologies to date (1967–89). While drawing attention to the poet’s manner of incorporating these features into his poetry of English L2 (EL2) expression, the paper also focuses on stylistic translation; an imitation of Yoruba poetic forms. Consequently the stylistic imitation of two Yoruba forms: Owe and Ofo are also explored across the four anthologies.

The manner of these usages by the poet are examined vis‐a`‐vis their stylistic effect in the new L2 linguistic and extra linguistic environment.
On the Origin and Nature of Standard English
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at: the origin in the Middle Ages of the word standard and how it came to be applied to language; the emergence in classical times of the concept of the ‘best’ Greek and Latin, and an account of how this concept later had a profound influence on the development of the ‘high’ vernaculars of Europe; the establishment of le bon fran¸ais and good English, and in due course the application of the terms standard and Standard English to ‘good English’ (also known as the King's or Queen's English); and perceptions of the standard language in the UK, the US, and the English‐speaking world generally.
Review Article: South Africa’s Multilingualism
Authors: Pandey Anita
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Kamwangamalu, Nkonko, ed., Aspects of Multilingualism in Post‐Apartheid South Africa. Special Issue of Multilingua: Journal of Cross‐Cultural and Interlanguage Communication
English, identity and the Malaysian workplace
Authors: Nair‐Venugopal Shanta
Published: March 2003

This paper, which is an outgrowth of an ethnographic study of code and style choice in two Malaysian business organizations, explains individual and institutional choices as locally motivated pragmatic selections within the specific contexts of the workplace settings and the larger Malaysian sociolinguistic context of English as the normative choice of Malaysian business and Malay as the lingua franca. Malaysian English (ME) as the prevailing sociolect emerged as the unmarked choice in Malaysian business, rather than approximations to exonormative models, such as Standard British English, thereby challenging traditionally imposed norms of speech in Malaysian business settings which are a legacy of British rule and business links. Localized speech variation was consistently demonstrated. Sub‐variants of ME spoken in ethnically distinct ways, mainly in the prosody of the native languages of the speakers, as ethnolects, together with style shifting along the full varietal range of ME, and the code‐mixing of English and Malay and code‐switching into Malay, were the most common ways of speaking in these settings. They voice local notions of language and communication through ethnic speech diversity in the projection of specific social and cultural personae and identities.
English in Brazil: functions and attitudes
Authors: Friedrich Patricia
Published: March 2003

The present survey project aims at investigating and describing the attitudes of Brazilian EFL learners towards the target language. The focus is on their perception of the importance of English as a language for international communication, the role of English within Brazil and the learners' expectaitons of time and energy to be consumed in the learning of the language. The participants are 190 adult learners attending a private institute in the metropolitan area of Sa˜o Paulo who answered a survey questionnaire. The answers are discussed and the results analyzed vis‐a`‐vis the importance of creating a curriculum which addresses not only the formal features of the language but also the cultural and attitudinal elements which are brought into the classroom.
Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English
Authors: Hung Tony T. N.
Published: March 2003

Whether or not Hong Kong English (HKE) has acquired the status of a ‘new variety of English’, there is no doubt that there exists an identifiable ‘HKE accent’, and therefore a HKE phonology. The paper embodies the author's findings in the first part of his research project on HKE phonology, which covered segmental phonology—in particular the underlying phonemic system of HKE speakers, and the phonetic realisations of its phonemes in different phonological environments. The subjects comprised 15 undergraduates at the Hong Kong Baptist University. The initial batch of data consisted of a number of key words designed to capture all potential vowel and consonant contrasts in a variety of phonological environments. With the help of spectrographic analysis, it was found that the typical HKE speaker operates with a considerably smaller set of vowel and consonant contrasts than in native varieties of English. In particular, there is no length/tenseness contrast in vowels, and no voicing contrast in fricatives. HKE also exhibits a number of interesting and possibly unique phonological properties. An underlying phonemic system is postulated for HKE, and a number of allophonic variations are described.
Defining Hong Kong poetry in English: an answer from linguistics
Authors: Lam Agnes
Published: March 2003

In recent years, interest in Hong Kong poetry in English has grown remarkably. Amidst all the excitement, the question has arisen as to how to define Hong Kong poetry in English. This paper is an attempt to provide an answer from linguistics. Subsumed under this controversy are three questions: What is poetry? What is good poetry? What is Hong Kong poetry? The first question has to take into account the revived interest in relating literary English to the general use of English. The second one relates to literary standards, which are inevitably tied to cultural norms of interaction and interpretation. The last one can be answered with reference to sociolinguistic concepts of speech communities. The paper deals briefly with the first two questions and focuses on the last. It affirms the existence of Hong Kong poetry in English. Each poet writing in or for Hong Kong may identify with more than one poetic community just as many users of English in Hong Kong may communicate with more than one group of English speakers. The application of linguistics to the task of defining Hong Kong poetry should offer insights towards a framework for identifying literary communities elsewhere.
From Yinglish to sado‐mastication
Authors: Vittachi Nury
Published: March 2003

In Shanghai in the mid‐1930s, Lin Yu‐tang was dubbed the ‘King of humour’. In Hong Kong in the 1980s, this title might well have been bestowed on Nury Vittachi, whose articles in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the ‘Lai See’ column of the South China Morning Post won him an enthusiastic reading public who relished his wry commentaries on the quirks of Hong Kong life as well as the revelations of scandal in government and business that accompanied them. Nury Vittachi is also a productive writer, and has thus far produced over a dozen comic books charting the highways and byways of Hong Kong, co‐authored an expose´ of the local sex trade, and written a novel of cross‐cultural encounters: Asian Values (1996). In addition, Vittachi has also played a leading role in setting up Dimsum, a new Hong‐Kong‐based journal for Asian writing in English. In the following article, Vittachi takes a humourous look at the idiosyncrasies of local English usage, not, it should be emphasised from the perspective of the linguist, but from that of the humourist.
Writing the literature of non‐denial
Authors: Xi Xu
Published: March 2003

The paper is divided into three sections, and traces my evolution as a ‘Hong Kong writer’ in English through questions of identity, language and creativity. In ‘Ethnicity and culture,’ I discuss how both factors constrain and heighten my creative process. Despite my Hong Kong origins, I am questionably ‘local’ because of my ethnicity and personal history. The city itself embraces a schizophrenic identity, neither Chinese nor Western, and lacks a ‘national culture’. This offers rich material for fiction but is also confusing. ‘Language as stumbling block’ delves into being jammed between two national Englishes, British and American, in trying to give voice to Hong Kong’s socio‐political situation. The other linguistic issue, Chinese, is addressed by studying Mandarin in the US, so that my English is ultimately enriched by Chinese. Finally, ‘Beyond the denial of self’ focuses on my most recently completed novel The Unwalled City. In writing it, I come to grips with many of the issues raised in the first two sections of this paper. Not denying reality as I know it is central to the process. The novel becomes my Hong Kong statement of a city and its people whose curious reality cannot be ignored.
The pragmatics of letter‐writing
Authors: Al‐Khatib Mahmoud A.
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on personal letter‐writing as a mode of communication between an L2 writer and an L1 reader, a little explored discourse type, yet particularly vital and salient in the process of language teaching and learning. The corpus is composed of 120 personal letters. They are supposed to be written to British English native speakers. The data were analyzed and discussed in the light of the theoretical insights of a number of modern linguists, notably Grice's Cooperative Principle and Leech's Principle of Politeness as well as Brown and Levinson's views of politeness strategies. The main objective of the study is to examine the corpus of letters in terms of the sociocultural background of the writers, that is, to establish interpretive links between the type of material collected and its situational and cultural context. As a non‐nativized variety of English, the language used by the students exhibits certain peculiarities likely to be the result of contradiction between two different cultures. The major argument therefore developed in this study is that these peculiarities can be seen as “errors” which are the by‐product of incomplete understanding of the sociocultural background of the target language.
“Homogeneity” and Constitutional Democracy: Coping with Identity Conflicts through Group Rights
Authors: Offe Claus
Published: March 2003

In this article I explore some ancient issues of political theory in the light of some contemporary social and cultural issues. After developing a check list of the virtues and vulnerabilities of constitutional democracy (Section I), I go on to discuss some types and symptoms of difference, conflict, fragmentation and heterogeneity (Section II). I then proceed to a critical review of a particular set of strategies and institutional solutions—political group rights—that are often thought promising devices for strengthening the virtues and overcoming the vulnerabilities of the constitutional democratic form of regime (Section III).

Much of the contemporary philosophical and political discussion of these issues is enchanted by the post‐modern spirit of “multiculturalism,”“diversity” and “identity.” It tends to neglect issues of citizenship and social justice. It also tends to fixate on North American examples, neglecting some of the less benign West European and, in particular, Central East European varieties of identity politics. The discussion here, while mostly raising questions rather than claiming to provide definitive answers, nevertheless tries to overcome some of these biases.
An Economic Analysis of Biproportional Properties in an Input‐Output System
Authors: Okuyama Yasuhide , Hewings Geoffrey J.D. , Sonis Michael , Israilevich Philip R.
Published: March 2003

Various methods, such as biproportional adjustment and econometric estimating have been used to generate time series for input‐output tables. In this paper, temporal changes of input‐output coefficients are examined in order to analyze their behavior. Within the Chicago Region Econometric Input‐Output Model, a set of input‐ output relationships has been extracted analytically for the period 1980–1997. Using the empirical evidence for Chicago, this paper conducts econometric time series analysis to determine whether or not certain coefficients or sets of coefficients exhibit tendencies toward stability or predictable change or whether others require more extensive econometric estimation.
Aquinas and Luther on War and Peace: Sovereign Authority and the Use of Armed Force
Authors: Johnson James Turner
Published: March 2003

Recent just war thought has tended to prioritize just cause among the moral criteria to be satisfied for resort to armed force, reducing the requirement of sovereign authority to a secondary, supporting role: such authority is to act in response to the establishment of just cause. By contrast, Aquinas and Luther, two benchmark figures in the development of Christian thought on just war, unambiguously gave priority to the requirement of sovereign authority as instituted by God to carry out the responsibilities of ensuring a just and peaceful order in the world. On this conception it is the sovereign, in deciding whether to resort to armed force, who must make sure to satisfy the other moral requirements of the jus ad bellum. This paper examines Aquinas and Luther on sovereign authority for use of armed force. Recapturing the importance of this conception is important both for the proper understanding of just war tradition and for working out its implications for such contemporary issues as humanitarian intervention and “regime change.”
John‐Jerome of Prague (1368–1440) and the Errores Graecorum: Anatomy of a Polemic Against Greek Christians
Authors: Hyland William P.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the anti‐Greek writings of the Camaldolese John‐Jerome of Prague from 1409 to 1433. It demonstrates how his varied experiences in Poland and the Middle East helped shape his views on eastern Christians, and how these views were further affected by the role Greek theology played in the thought of his great opponents, the Hussites. His hostile statements about the Greeks provide some indication of the depth of the antipathy between the two sides, as well as the limited knowledge of many in the Latin West about the details of ecclesiastical history and Greek theology on the eve of the Council of Florence. A discussion of his writings over a quarter century illustrates how John‐Jerome’s opinions about Greek Christians changed as he experienced different aspects of the relationship between the Latin and Greek churches. It is interesting to compare John‐Jerome’s views with two contemporaries whom he knew personally, the Camaldolese humanist Ambrogio Traversari and the Greek Dominican theologian Andrew Chrysoberges.
‘These Untutored Masses’: The Campaign for Respectability Among White and Black Evangelicals in the American South, 1870–1930
Authors: Harvey Paul
Published: March 2003

In the post‐Civil War American South, leaders of both white and black denominations sought to root out southern ‘folk’ religious practices from their churches. Denominational modernizers preached the middle‐class virtues necessary to the building of a new southern social order: piety, sobriety and the systematic accumulation of wealth. They built bureaucracies of benevolence and conceived of ‘intelligent worship’ as a means of schooling their ‘untutored masses’ in the ways of bourgeois religiosity. In response, white and black believers, predominantly small farmers and sharecroppers with limited educations, adopted certain forms suggested by the advocates of respectable religion while also maintaining publicly emotive and physically tactile expressions of southern religiosity derived both from the camp‐meeting past as well as African‐derived rituals of worship. By focusing on worship practices and musical styles, this article illuminates an episode in the dialectic of traditional spirituality and bourgeois decorum in a region in, but not fully of, America.
“For God Distinguishes the People of Earth as in Heaven”: Hildegard of Bingen’s Social Ideas
Authors: Flanagan Sabina
Published: March 2003

Despite the massive increase in scholarship dealing with various aspects of the work of Hildegard of Bingen over the last decade, her social ideas have been comparatively neglected. This is not surprising since Hildegard made few direct pronouncements on social relations and when she did, most famously in her letter to Tenxwind of Andernach, she appears to be defending an elitist notion of hereditary privilege against the more egalitarian views of her correspondent.

This paper seeks to identify and describe Hildegard’s social ideas by examining her direct and indirect statements on the subject and comparing her notions about the division of society with those of her contemporaries. The idea that Hildegard’s social thought was predicated on a strict division between the free and unfree, par‐ticularly the free and non‐free nobility (Edelfrei and ministeriales), a classification peculiar to twelfth‐century Germany, is examined in the light of these findings. I argue that Hildegard’s views are more complicated than a reading of the Tenxwind letter would suggest and that her understanding allows for a more nuanced view of society than that of her contemporaries. It is also suggested that Hildegard’s views reflect a real grasp of the power relations operating in the world around her and that her practice is, in turn, founded upon this understanding.
Catholicism, Science, and Modernity: The Case of William Miles Maskell
Authors: Stenhouse John
Published: March 2003

This is a case study of William Miles Maskell, an eminent entomologist, devout Roman Catholic, and the foremost scientific critic of evolutionary theory in nineteenth‐century New Zealand. Modern Western intellectual history, built on the assumption that secular, scientific modes of thought inexorably swept aside traditional metaphysical and religious ones, has generally written off such persons as ignorant reactionaries battling truth, enlightenment, and progress. But this grand narrative — of scientific light banishing religious darkness — oversimplifies and dis‐torts the past. Maskell failed to prevent evolution from becoming paradigmatic in New Zealand biology, to be sure. But it is far from clear that he lost what he regarded as the more important fight — against the scientism and agnosticism he saw as characteristic of modern science. We need to develop a considerably more subtle and nuanced historiography of science‐and‐religion that gives the religious and philosophical critics of nineteenth century science their due. They battled modernity’s scepticism and scientism more successfully than historians have generally acknowledged.
The Archbishop of York and Anglo–American RelationsDuring the Second World War and Early Cold War, 1942–1955
Authors: Kirby Dianne
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the relationship which developed during the Second World War and ﬁrst decade of Cold War between the Foreign Ofﬁce and one of Britain’s leading Anglican clerics, Cyril Forster Garbett, archbishop of York 1942–55, widely respected as a liberal and the “conscience of the nation.” It offers a model case study of relations between church and state by drawing upon state papers as well as upon ecclesiastical ones. It illustrates how religion was a crucial propaganda tool, advocating the defence of Western civilization and Christianity against ﬁrst the paganism of Nazi Germany and then the atheism of Soviet Russia. Garbett’s evolution from a domestic cleric concerned with social deprivation to an ecclesiastic statesman and Cold Warrior, reveals the signiﬁcance of the religious component in Anglo–American relations. The presentation of the alliance as a crusade bonded together the two nations despite the differing political outlooks of their respective peoples.
The professional reader and the text: insights from L2 research
Authors: Ulijn Jan , Salager‐Meyer Françoise
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an overview of recent research related to the reading process, where this is of particular relevance to Reading for Professional Purposes (RPP), a term which refers to any reading activity carried out for purposes connected with work or study (academic or professional) whether in the first language (L1) or in a foreign language (L2). Key elements of the professional reading process are highlighted, with specific reference to the role of background knowledge and schema theory and to the controversial issue of whether reading in a first and a second language is a linguistic or a reading problem. Findings from a variety of relevant research areas are considered, including the process of inferencing, the concepts of coherence and cohesion, the structure of professional texts, reading strategies used by scientists when reading professional literature, the role of culture in professional text structuring and the concept of reader‐responsible vs. writer‐responsible languages. The review concludes by examining some limitations inherent in applying theories and models of reading to RPP.
Schema effects in EFL reading comprehension
Authors: Bensoussan Marsha
Published: March 2003

Schemata are known to play an important a role in reading comprehension. Comprehension is seen as the interaction between top‐down processing from activated schemata and bottom‐up processing from concepts expressed by the text. If readers activate an inappropriate schema, they may miss the meaning of the text. The present study examines the effects of faulty schemata on reading comprehension.

At the end of an advanced English reading course at Haifa University, a test of reading comprehension was administered to 125 students. One section of the test contained an advanced level text about love and marriage, a text close to the personal experience of the examinees. Using dictionaries, students translated expressions and sentences and answered short‐answer comprehension questions in English. Results indicated that 23% of the wrong answers to the comprehension questions were driven by schemata which differed substantially from the actual content of the text.
Self‐correction patterns and metalinguistic awareness: a proposed typology for studying text‐processing strategies of proficient readers (Research Note)
Authors: Francis Norbert
Published: March 2003

Miscue analysis offers a number of possibilities for examining how second language (L2) readers process text. The present exploratory investigation of six case study subjects (bilingual 4th and 6th grade students, speakers of Spanish and Na??huatl from Central Mexico) seeks to develop a typology of one aspect of text processing that would be difficult to assess by other evaluation approaches that do not require oral reading: self‐correction of reading miscues. In principle, different self‐correction strategies should be related to broader tendencies in literacy development. For example, a more reflective and analytical posture toward language in general might be evidenced in self‐corrections that are also more reflective and sensitive to sentence‐level context constraints. In other words, readers who are more metalinguistically aware would also tend to monitor their own comprehension to a greater degree.
Is it Cash that the Deprived are Short of?
Authors: Davies H. , Joshi H. , Clarke L.
Published: March 2003

In using census data, a range of indicators is commonly used to indicate deprivation. This paper examines the validity of these indicators by exploring how well they predict income in surveys (the Family Expenditure Surveys of 1983 and 1990 and the General Household Survey of 1984) which also collect income data. A reasonably parsimonious set of seven socioeconomic variables (as well as controls for age, sex and region) explains about 40% of the variation in log-income. Our results provide a set of weights for a deprivation index and offer no support for the practice of assigning equal weights to the indicators. A census-based proxy would miss a sizable minority of the actual poor and misclassify some with higher incomes. A majority of the ‘deprived’ are poor by a cash yardstick, but some are not.
Participation in the National Lottery—Evidence from the Family Expenditure Survey
Authors: King J. R. B.
Published: March 2003

The limitations of survey data for monitoring the National Lottery are discussed, including problems of recording expenditure on the National Lottery. Data from the Family Expenditure Survey are used to describe participation in, and levels of expenditure on, the National Lottery.