bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Cause of Crateriform Sand Dunes and Cwms
Authors: Shone William
Published: May 2009

At St. Anne's-on-the-Sea, Lancashire, there are a great number of very large sand-hills. They are for the most part crateriform in the centre, from the gyratory movement of the wind in stormy weather. There must be some cause, however, which determines the course of the wind, for its natural action one would suppose should be to carry away dunes by sweeping them before it.
II. A few more Words on the Laurentian Rocks, and the Proofs of their Existence in Britain
Authors: Murchison Roderick I.
Published: May 2009

In my observations on the Laurentian Rocks of Birtain which appeared in the last number of the Geological Magazine, there is one statement which calls for midification, and another which I revoke. The striking discordance of direction or strike between the true Laurentian rocks of the North-Western Highlands and Islands, and the superficial strata of Cambrian and Lower Silurian age as described by me, is undoubtedly correct; but in another paragraph it is inadvertently said that the Silurian rocks of Britain trend everywhere from NE. to SW. For ‘everywhere’ the word ‘usually’ should have been employed, as there are tracrs wherein these rocks unquestionably range from W. to E.
IV. On the Connection between the Crag Formations and the Recent North Pacific Faunas
Authors: Carpenter P.
Published: May 2009

All facts from stray sources bearing on the connection between the Newer Tertiaries and existing faunas are worth placing on record, as they may hereafter unexpectedly throw light on important points of inquiry. The existing faunas radiating from the Boreal districts may, indeed, be expected to have much in common, together with species peculiar to each ocean, and to each side of each ocean; and the correspondence extends to species living in the Temperate and even the Sub-tropical districts. Kellia suborbicularis, Lasea rubra, and Saxicava pholadis of the Coralline Crag are now living along the whole coast from Vancouver to the Acapulcan district: and Erato Maugeriw, whose head-quarters are now in the West Indies, appeared in the Coralline, did not disappear in the Red Crag, is now living in the Bay of Panama, and is nearly, if not quite, identical with E. columbella of the Gulf and the Temperate shores of California.
VII. Geological Notes on the Mountain-limestone of Yorkshire
Authors: Roberts G. E.
Published: May 2009

Probably few geologists pass through Yorkshire en route for the North without paying a visit to the large and most interesting museum illustrative of local, as well as of general, British Geology, formed by Mr. Edward Wood, F.G.S., of Richmond. The joint papers by Prof. L. de Koninck (of Liége) and Mr. Wood on the new and remarkable genus of Crinoids, named by De Koninck Woodocrinus, in honor of their enterprising discoverer, which appeared in the ‘Geologist’ and other scientific journals, have given the genus an important standing among Crinoidea; but since that publication of the material acquired by Mr. Wood he has been so fortunate as to add extensively to his fine collection, chiefly through the kindness of his friend and neighbour Mr. Brown, J.P., who opened quarries on his estate at Holwith for the sole purpose of aiding the researches of Mr. Wood; and the wall-cases in the museum devoted to these fine Crinoids now present a wonderful richness of fossil-wealth. Amongst many other fine specimens I would chiefly notice the exceedingly beautiful specimen of Woodocrinus expansus, which is not only, beyond doubt, the finest ever found, but has a peculiar interest from the fact of its retaining, in a purple-coloured suffusion on the tips of some of the rays, which, with their attendant fringe of pinnules, terminate the arms, some indication of the animal substance which clithed them. This colour is probably due to a phosphate of manganese. As this specimen is thus doubly interrsting, I am much indebted to Mr. Wood for permission to have it figured in illustration of my remarks.
I.—On the Foliage of Sigillaria Serlii, Brongn.
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

The rarity of specimens of Sigillaria with foliage attached makes the specimen figured on Plate II. of great value. Since Lindley and Hutton figured a fragment of Sigillarian leaf, and from its nervation referred it to Cyperaceœ under the designation of Cyperites bicarinata (plate 43), not a little has been done to elucidate the foliage of this important genus.
II.—The Fauna of Central Europe during the Period of the Loess.—A Rejoinder to Mr. H. H. Howorth
Authors: Nehring A.
Published: May 2009

In the last volume of the Geological Magazine the question concerning the origin of the Loess has been discussed by several authors in a minute and rather excited manner. Mr. Howorth has firstly expressed his opinion on that question in the Magazine for January and February, 1882, and he there combats the theory of the formation of the Loess as set forth by Baron Kichthofen (China, Bd. I., Berlin 1877). This distinguished geographer and geologist found himself compelled to explain and defend his theory in a detailed letter to the Editor of the Geological Magazine for July last, in which he enumerates and discusses the most important arguments of his theory.
III.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

Two masses of meteoric iron were discovered in Victoria in 1854, and they were first reported upon by the late W. Haidinger in the Sitzungsberichte A kad. Wiss. in 1861. The smaller block became the property of Mr. Abel, the engineer; the larger one was purchased by Mr. A. Bruce, now of Chislehurst. It appears that Mr. Bruce had seen a piece of iron, which had the appearance of being meteoric iron, in the fireplace of a squatter there, and he asked the man if any more of that kind was to be met with in that neighbourhood. He was conducted to a spot in the adjoining parish of Sherwood, where an irregular spur of iron projected from the surface, and he there and then purchased it with the intention of presenting it to the British Museum. Later on, when they proceeded to dig round it and uncover its sides, they were astonished at its large size. Various sums of money were offered Mr. Bruce for the splendid block, but his one answer to all such offers was, “No; I have bought it for a sovereign; and I am going to give it to the British Museum.” As has been stated, a point only of the iron was above the surface. A photograph was taken on the spot by my late friend, Mr. R. Daintree, the Agent-General for Queensland, after the tertiary sandstone inclosing it had been removed. It is the same sandstone which crops out at Broughton, with basalt from 12–15 feet below, as on the coast at Western Port. Bruce states that the lower bed is Silurian, and that the block of iron penetrated a foot or more into it.
IV.—Canadian Pleistocene
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

Reference is sometimes made, in the course of the active discussion of the Glacial age in the Geological Magazine, to the Pleistocene of Canada, a country which, perhaps, as much as any other, in its great extent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from latitude 45° to the Arctic Sea, affords opportunities for the study of the deposits of this period. It has occurred to me, in connexion with this, that it might be useful to your readers to present to them a short summary of Canadian facts, as I think I have established them in publications on this subject, which are, perhaps, better known in this country than in England.
VI.—Miniature Domes in Sand
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In walking along a stretch of very fine smooth sandy shore at Blundellsands, I was very much struck at finding a portion of it studded over with numerous bosses of sand from ½ in. to 3 inches in diameter. Wondering what could be the cause of this singular phenomenon, I dissected some of them with my knife, and found in all cases a cavity below corresponding in extent and height to the external form of the boss or tumescence. The perfect regularity and smoothness of these protuberances was very remarkable; they appeared to be in all cases segments of spheres connected with the plane of the shore by reflex spherical curves. The largest I dissected measured 3 inches in diameter rising half an inch. The thickness of the dome was ½ an inch and the cavity below was 3 inch diameter also. The following is a section—
VII.—Note on the Synonymy of Phillipsia gemmulifera, Phillips sp. 1836, a Carboniferous Trilobite
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Although the Carboniferous Trilobites are but few in number, and are all included in four genera, they have not escaped the usual trouble arising from incorrect determinations.

One of these occurred in reference to Phillipsia gemmulifera. Phillips, sp., better known by the name of “Phillipsia pustulata,” Schlotheim species, a name first applied to this form by Professor de Koninck in 1842–44 (see Descr. Anim. Foss. Terr. Carbonif. de Belgique, p, 603, tab. liii. fig. 5).

This Trilobite, first known by a pygidium only, was very carefully figured in " Brongniart′s and Desmarest′s Histoire Naturelle des Crust. Foss. 1823, p. 145, pl. iv. fig. 12, 1822," where it is called “Asaphus” from the black limestone in the environs of Dublin.

It was next figured by Phillips in his Geology of Yorkshire, 1836, vol. ii. pl. xxii. fig. 11, p. 240, who named it Asaphus gemmuliferus.

Buckland again repeats the figure later in the same year, and follows Phillips′s name of A. gemmuliferus.
VII.—On Changes of Climate during Long Periods of Time, and the Conjoint Action of Precessional Movements and of the Elevation and Depression of Mountain Ranges in producing them
Authors: Gunn John
Published: May 2009

In my former Paper (see Geological Magazine, 1884, Decade III. Vol. I. pp. 73–78) I endeavoured to show that as the elevation of mountain-ranges caused cold, so their subsidence in long periods of time was the cause of a warm temperature.
III.—On a New Crustacean (Æger Marderi, H. W.), from the Lias of Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The beautiful crustacean, forming the subject of this paper, which is represented of the natural size in the accompanying plate, was obtained by Mr. J. W. Marder, from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire.
I.—A few Remarks on the so-called Lower New Red Sandstones of Central Yorkshire
Authors: Binney E. W.
Published: May 2009

I have lately had an opportunity of taking a hasty examination of the part of Yorkshire lying between Bramham Moor and Fountains Abbey for the especial purpose of examining the “Lower New Red Sandstone,” so elaborately described by Professor Sedgwick many years ago, and lately alluded to by Professor John Phillips, in a paper read before the Geological Society.
II.—On a Genus and Species of Sauroid Fish (Thlattodus suchoïdes, Ow.) from the Kimmeridge Clay of Norfolk
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

But little evidence has, hitherto, been had of the existence of large Sauroid fishes in the Kimmeridge Clay: indications by detached teeth had only, until now, reached me. The very useful “Systematic and Stratigraphical Catalogue of the Fossil Fish in the cabinets of Lord Cole” (now Earl of Enniskillen) “and Sir Philip de M. Grey Egerton,” 4to., did not include any species from that formation at the time of its publication (1837).
II.—Notes on the Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and Tasmania
Authors: Feistamantel Ottokar
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, of Sydney, I had the opportunity of examining two collections of fossil plants from Australia, which that gentleman had kindly placed at my disposal, together with explanatory notes, which he communicated to me in private letters.
IV.—The Age of the “Pennine Chain.”
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: May 2009

The “Pennine Chain” is the name (restored about fifty years ago by Conybeare and Phillips from the “Alpes Penini” of the Romans) for that hilly tract of country that stretches from the borders of Scotland on the North to the centre of Derbyshire on the South. This important range possesses the structure of a great, though complex, anticlinal, the result of a meridional movement of upheaval that took place at a remote period in the physical history of our island.This axis of elevation, which ranges a little west of Narth through North Derbyshire and Yorkshire, throws off the Coal-measures of Yorkshire and Derbyshire on the one side, and those of Lancashire and North Staffordshire on the other, with a steeper did on the West, and a gentler inclination on the East. The maximum of this upheaval is attained in North Derbyshire, where a dome-shaped mass of Mountain Limestone has been exposed at the surface at an altitude of 1500 feet above the sea.
V.—Note on an Olivine Gabbro (Forellenstein) from Cornwall
Authors: Houghton F. T. S.
Published: May 2009

In Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1877, pp. 906, et seq., Prof. Bonney describes a Gabbro from Coverack, on the eastern coast of the Lizard peninsula, which he remarks bears, macroscopically and micropically a close resmblance to the Forellenstein of Volpersdorf. I order to investigate further the nature the rock, I made, at his suggestion, an analysis of it. The piece selected had proved on microscopic examination to be almost free from pyroxenic constituents. No. I. was decomposed by fusion with alkalies. No. II. by hydrochloric acid. The residue in this case was white, and probably consisted of undecomposed felspar, showing that at any rate it was not all anorthite. No. III. is an analysis of the Volpersdorf rock quoted by Zirkel (Lehrb. der Petrog. ii. 139).
I.—Notes on the Cheviot Andesites and Porphyrites
Authors: Teall J. J. Harris
Published: May 2009

Before proceeding to describe the more common porphyrites, I wish to return to the subject of the true andesites, referred to in my last paper, and their relation to Tertiary and recent rocks of a similar chemical and mineralogical composition. On referring to the note appended to that paper, it will be seen that my description of the pyroxenic constituents of these rocks was very imperfect, not to say inaccurate. The number of elongated sections which extinguished parallel with the vibration-planes of the crossed Nicols attracted my attention when first I examined the rock, but seeing that the same feature occurred in the so-called augite-andesites of Hungary and Santorin, and seeing further that as regards cleavage and crystalline form the pyroxenic constituents of the Cheviot rock resembled those of the augite-andesites above mentioned, I came to the conclusion that the prevailing pyroxene in both cases was the same, and also that it was augite. In the former conclusion I still think I was right, but in the latter I was unquestionably wrong.
III.—The Fauna and Flora of the European Loess, being a Reply to Professor Dr. Nehring
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

It is not every controversialist who has the good fortune to persuade two such distinguished warriors as Baron Richthofen and Dr. Nehring to buckle on their armour and do battle with him; and if there were room for vanity in the shifting panorama of Science, I might at least claim to have stated my case with sufficient point and clearness to make it necessary for more than one elaborate reply. There is no room for vanity however. It matters not who wins, so far as I am concerned, if we only get our difficult problem more sifted and get closer to the truth. If there be no room for vanity, there is less for irony; and I am not surprised that Dr. Nehring should feel hurt if he thinks I have openly or covertly had the indecency to sneer at himself or his work. In referring to Cuvier, it was not to minimize what Dr. Nehring has done, but to do justice to an old philosopher, whose memory I reverence, and whose claims had been overlooked by Baron Richthofen. It was he, I must emphatically repeat, if it needs repetition before such an audience as that reached by the Geological Magazine, who first proved the fauna of the European Loess and its correlated deposits in its broad features to be identical with that found under the Siberian tundras. Cuvier was followed by a great crowd of diligent and close students of this subject, especially in France and America, without naming England.
II.—Notes on the Cheviot Andesites and Porphyrites
Authors: Teall J. J. Harris
Published: May 2009

The Coquet.—Blindburn.—A dark-grey compact rock with an irregular fracture. A few small scattered felspars may be recognized. Red streaks and blotches occur. Under the microscope two generations of felspar may be recognized; the larger porphyritic crystals abounding in inclusions of the ground-mass of the rock, while the smaller and later crystals are comparatively free from inclusions. Both kinds are somewhat altered, small portions here and there showing aggregate polarization, while the main mass of the crystals gives definite extinctions. The pyroxene has almost entirely disappeared. Sections of characteristic form may however be distinctly recognized. These are now principally occupied by an aggregate of quartz granules or a mixture of quartz and chalcedony; but here and there fibres of a brilliant and peculiar green mineral occur scattered throughout the quartzose aggregate, and these doubtless are an alteration product of the original pyroxene. Iron oxides are comparatively rare in this rock. The ultimate base is a brownish isotropic and minutely granulated substance. Under the highest power at my command (1000 diameters) the granulation cannot be resolved, and I am therefore not able to say that any clear homogeneous glass is present. Veins containing quartz and calcite occur in the rock.
V.—On the Shell-Structure of Chonetes Laguessiana, De Kon
Authors: Young John
Published: May 2009

The specimens selected for illustration of the shell-structure of this species of Chonetes were found in a bed of shale in the Lower Carboniferous Limestone series at Capelrig old quarry, in the parish of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire. The fossils in this shale have their structure generally well preserved, there being less change, through crystallization of the lime present in the shells of the various organisms, than is found in those obtained from most of the other fossiliferous localities in Western Scotland.
V.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Let us move on again. The rolled gravels of Central and Southern England are divisible into two well-marked varieties, which were well discriminated, as Professor Phillips says, as long ago as 1815 by Dr. Kidd, and separated by him into a hill group and a valley group.
II.—On Some Breccias and Crushed Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Professor Hughes in a brief but very valuable paper in the July Namber of this Magazine calls attention to a class of breccias of so much importance to the geologist that I am tempted to make a summary of notes that have been accumulating for some years and present it by way of a supplement. These breccias, produced in situ by mechanical forces, and subsequently modified by chemical, are very liable to mislead the student, andit is on this account (having myself been so misled in former, and often puzzled in recent years), that I call attention again to the subject—of what perhaps sufficient notice is not generally taken in text-books of geology.
I.—Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Griffithides, Portlock, 1883.—Outline oblong oval; glabella pyriform, gibbous in front, destitute of lateral furrows; basal lobes inflated; cervical lobe broad; eyes small, lunate, smooth; axial furrow clearly defined, outline of free cheek broadly triangular, outer posterior angle sometimes produced into a cheek spine. Thorax with nine segments; pygidium rounded, composed of from ten to thirteen coalesced somites.
II.—A few Words Concerning the Periodical Movement of the Ocean
Authors: Trautschold H.
Published: May 2009

Since geology entered the order of exact sciences, it has been acknowledged by all those, who thoroughly studied it, that the history of the earth is to be divided into three great periods, which have been called, after the faunas they contain, Palæozoic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic. Indeed it could not escape the eye of the palæontologist, that between the marine faunas of the Permian period and the Trias on one side, and the Chalk sea and the Eocene period on the other, there is a greater difference than between the animal world of any of the other periods. In the transition-period between Permian and Trias, Corals, Cephalopods, Reptiles, etc., underwent an astonishing change; thousands of forms seemed to have perished, thousands of new ones appeared; in the succeeding time, shortly after the commencement the fauna of the Mesozoic seas showed, on the whole, quite another stamp, than that of the Palæozoic seas. A quite undisturbed development seemed to have reigned from Silurian to Permian, and there seemed to have been a sudden interruption of that development during the Permian period. Again, there followed an era of the most quiet and peaceful evolution during the Triassic, Oolitic and Cretaceous periods, where the connection between the several marine faunas seems to have been an uninterrupted one; then, at the end of the Cretaceous period, the marine fauna underwent a new change. The dawn of a new time (Eocene) begins, thousands of forms again disappear to be replaced a second time by new ones, as had occurred during the Permian period. Again, the Cephalopods seem to have been the class against which a war of annihilation was directed, and in their place the Pelecypods and Gasteropods take the leadership in the new era. The Enaliosaurians having reached a high development die out entirely and the Crocodilians retire to the rivers. The Secondary fauna gives way to the Tertiary, bearing a thoroughly new stamp.
III.—On the Long Meadend Bed
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

In the September Number of this Magazine, Mr. H. Keeping impugns the accuracy of my father’s view as to the shell-bed at Meadend, which it seems has now disappeared; and says that it was a slipped mass from a bed which, by digging, he found in situ higher up the cliff slope, “close under the gravel with all the Lower Headon Freshwater beds below it”; adding “that he wishes to be distinctly understood to maintain that it is the marine Middle Headon of the Geological Survey, and equivalent to the Middle Headon of Colwell bay, Headon hill, Whitecliff bay, and Brockenhurst in the New Forest.” As I am the only survivor of those who in 1843 worked at this bed, and upon whose discoveries in it my father’s description of it was based, I wish to put on record the facrs at that time, and vindicate my father’s accuracy.
VI.—On a Supposed Case of Metamorphism in an Alpine Rock of Carboniferous Age
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A few years since it would have been flat heresy to assert that very clear proof would be necessary before we could accept a crystalline schist as the metamorphosed representative of a rock of Palæozoic age. Yet at the present time many who have made a special study of this branch of petrology would not hesitate to go thus far, and some would even declare that we do not know of any completely metamorphic rock which is not of Archæan age. Certainly the stock instances of metamorphism in Wales, and especially in Anglesey, in Cornwall, in Leicestershire, in Worcestershire, have utterly broken down on careful study. Outside the English Geological Survey probably no person who can use a microscope believes that the schists of Anglesey are altered Cambrian, or that the slates of this age are melted down into the quartz-porphyry of Llyn Padarn. It is becoming evident that even the metamorphic fastnesses of the Highlands are in danger, and that at any rate even there the realm of “altered Lower Silurian” will be grievously curtailed. Startling facts are now and then adduced by the defenders of what we may call the ‘established’ (i.e. non-progressive) geology; fossils are said to have occurred in crystalline non-calcareous rocks, Calamites in gneiss, Trilobites in mica-schist, and so on; but those who are familiar with the molecular changes which take place in the formation of such rocks as these will require the clearest evidence before they can accept statements so antecedently improbable.
VII.—Note on the Nagelflue of the Rigi and Rossberg
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable conglomerate, called nagelflue, which fringes a considerable extent of the northern district of the Swiss Alps, and in places forms almost mountain masses rising some 5000 feet above the sea, has already received much attention from geologists. One might then fear to handle a subject almost as well worn as its pebbles. Still there are one or two points to which in the present state of our knowledge it may be worth while to call attention.
IV.—Remarks on some “Sarsens,” or Erratic Blocks of Stone, found in the Gravel, in the Neighbourhood of Southampton, Hampshire
Authors: Nicolls Liout-Col W. T.
Published: May 2009

My knowledge and observation of facts are neither of them sufficient to enable me to determine the mode of deposit of these blocks in their present sites; probably they may have been glacially trnasported, at the same time with the gravel, to the places where they are now found; or, possibly, they, or some of them, may have been swept away from their original localities in the Tertiary formation, by a flood, or floods, general or partial.
III.—On the Structure of the Valleys of the Blackwater and the Crough, and of the East Essex Gravel, and on the Relation of this Gravel to the Denudation of the Weald
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

In a paper in this Magazine, upon the structure of the Thames Valley, I endeavoured to show that instead of being, as had been asserted, a valley of similar structure to those of the Somme and Seine, and containing deposits of nearly similar order and age, the valley in which the Thames gravel was deposited possessed no outlet to what is now the North Sea, being divided from it by a range of high gravelless country; and that, in lieu of such an outlet, the valley opened, in more than one part, over what is now the bare Chalk country forming the northern boundary of the Valley of the Weald. I also endeavoured to show that all the deposits of the Thames Valley, except the peat and marsh clay, belonged to several successive stages, marking the gradual denudation of the Boulderclay, the lower Bagshot, the London Clay, and the subjacent Tertiaries, which had, at the end of the Glacial period, spread over the south-east of England in a complete order of succession: the sea into which this valley discharged occupying, what is now, the Chalk country of the Counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, inclusive of the interval subsequently scooped out to form the Valley of the Weald: so that, not only was the latter valley newer than that of the Thames, and of the most recent of the Thames Valley deposits, except the peat and marsh clay, but that these deposits in themselves marked a long descent in time from that comparatively remote period of the Boulder-clay.
I.—Description of Cycloptychius Carbonarius, Huxley, from the Coal Measures of North Staffordshire
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The beautiful little fish, from the North Staffordshire ‘Deep Mine Ironstone,” named by Prof. Huxley Cycloptychius car-bonarius, has hitherto never been figured, and only a brief description of it was published in 1865 by Prof. Young, of Glasgow. Cursory allusion has been made to its teeth by Messrs. Hancock and Atthey, and to its scales by Mr. T. P. Barkas.
VI.—Note on the Occurrence of Polypora Tuberculata, Prout, in Scotland
Authors: Young J. , Young J.
Published: May 2009

As the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, in which Prout described this species, are not generally accessible, we quote the description at length.
I.—Notes on Certain Fossil Orthoptera Claiming Affinity with the Genus Gryllacris
Authors: Swinton A. H.
Published: May 2009

The above five insect remains, claiming affinity with the modern genus Gryllacris, of the order Orthoptera, retain for the investigator no characters in common, but such as may be afforded by the central portion of the principal disk or internomediate field of the elytron, and by the lesser marginal field. From comparison of these areas in the specimens from the Coal-measures, as regards configuration and venation, a certain similarity of design is observed, and a general correspondence detected. By taking Heer's descriptions and figures as data, this character is seen to be reproduced—less markedly distinct from the type observable in certain species of the modern genus of Burmeister—both in the profile of G. Ungeri and in other fragments preserved to us in the Eocene strata of the Continent. Complete identification of these species must be the reward of future investigators.
III.—On the Physical Cause of the Submergence and Emergence of the Land During the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

The greatest extent of the displacement of the earth's centre of gravity, and consequently the greatest rise of the ocean resulting from that displacement, would of course occur at the time of maximum glaciation, when the ice would be all on one hemisphere. But owing to the following circumstance, a still greater rise than that resulting from the displacement of the earth's centre of gravity alone might take place at some considerable time, either before or after the period of maximum glaciation.
IV.—On the West Indian Tertiary Fossils
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine (Vol IV. p. 496) I have given some notes on West Indian Geology, with descriptions of a few new species of fossils. The notes were intended, in part, as supplementary to the papers published in the Journal of the Geological Society, and in the Geological Magazine, on the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies, and in part to exhibit an improved classification of the Caribean upper and middle Tertiaries.
II.—Descriptions of New Fossils from the Devonian Formation of Canada
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Polyzoary forming a flattened expansion of unknown but apparently considerable size. Branches almost perfectly straight, bifurcating at intervals of from one quarter of an inch to one inch, nearly parallel, united by straight transverse dissepiments, sub-angular or obtusely carinated, and closely striated on the non-cefiuliferous side. About four branches in the space of three lines; measured across the frond. Dissepiments about equalling the branches in diameter, usually placed at intervale of from one line to one-tenth of an inch apart. Fenestrules oblong, rectangular, nearly equal, from one line to one-tenth of an inch in length by two-thirds of a line in width; nine fenestrules in one inch measured vertically, twelve in the same space toeasured diagonally. The fenestrules of contiguous rows nearly, but not quite, at the same level. Celluliferous face unknown.
III.—On the Substitution of Zinc For Magnesium in Minerals
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine of last October I have noticed the occurrence of zinc in small quantities in the White Limestone (Chalk) of the Co. Tyrone, and also in the overlying basalt. When that paper was read, exception was taken to the latter part of it, on the ground that-the metal in question had never been known to exist in rocks of igneous origin; but as my analysis seemed perfectly trustworthy, I saw no reason to modify it on the objections then put forward. Since then, whilst making an investigation.– with a different object–on a specimen of basalt from another locality in the neighbourhood of that whence the one originally examined was obtained, I succeeded in again finding zinc in it; and I think it well to mention the fact now, as an addendum to, and as confirming my former statement.
II.—Notes on the Impression of Palæontina oolitica in the Jermyn Street Museum
Authors: Butler A. G.
Published: May 2009

It will be remembered that, in the Geological Magazine for 1873, Vol. X. p. 2, Pl I. Figs. 1, 2, I described a fossil Butterfly from the Stonesfield Slate under the name of Palæontina oolitica; the type was in the possession of Mr. E. Charles worth, who subsequently discovered that the twin impression had been obtained by Mr. J. W. Judd, F.G.S., who presented it to the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street.
V.—Note on the Phonolite from the “Wolf Book”
Authors: Allport S.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, Vol. VIII. 1871, p. 247, I gave a short account of the composition and structure of a Phonolite which forms the mass of the Wolf Rock lying between the Land's End and the Scilly Islands. The account there given has been noticed by Prof. Zirkel in a work recently published, in which he refers to my description of some of the crystals stated to be nepheline, and suggests that they may be nosean. The passage to which, he refers is as follows:—“The grey dust filling some of the crystals is frequently collected together so as to form a dark or even black mass in the centre, the edges of which are sharply defined, and correspond exactly with those of the crystal. Hexagonal crystals, for example, exhibit a border filled with a fine grey dust, and a central portion occupied by a well-defined black hexagon, or there is sometimes a black band running parallel with, and at some distance from the sides.” To this I may now add, that some of the crystals and irregular grains are traversed by a number of very fine straight lines of a bluish-black colour, and that with a high magnifying power these lines are resolved into rows of extremely minute dark granules similar to those forming the dust. This remarkable structure, combined with that previously given, is so thoroughly characteristic of nosean that there can be no doubt of its presence in the rock; the mineralogical composition of which is thus found to be in complete accordance with that of the large series examined by Zirkel.
III.—On Drift
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

In a letter to Nature for 14th May, 1874, Mr. Belt has expressed his belief that the presence of shells in glacial deposits, at whatever elevation they may be found, does not necessarily constitute a proof that the land has been depressed to that extent relatively to the level of the sea; but that in such cases as those of the drifts of the basin of the Irish Sea the shells occur in their present positions because they were thrust thither out of the bed of the sea by the ice-sheet which was advancing from the North.
IV.—Descriptions of New Corals from the Carboniferous Limestone of Scotland
Authors: Thomson Jas.
Published: May 2009

Having been engaged for many years in collecting and studying the corals of the Mountain Limestone of Scotland, I propose, in the present communication, to describe some of the new species which have come under my notice. Some of these were discovered in a thin bed of shale from five to nine inches thick, which overlies the low post of limestone in Trearn Quarry, near Beith, Ayrshire. Indeed, this horizon throughout Great Britain may be safely said to be the zone in which simple corals existed in greater abundance, and attained greater dimensions, than in any other section of the Mountain Limestone. There are a few forms found in the upper members of the period. So far, however, as my investigations have gone, these are limited both in genera and species; and, with only one or two exceptions, are all more or less simple in their organization. It is not my intention at present to enter into any elaborate stratigraphical arrangement of beds, or classification, or distribution of the different genera or species. That will form matter for a memoir, in which I hope to delineate not only the almost imperceptible gradation from one species into another, but also the persistent modifications that occur between the different genera. Indeed, those modifications are so constant, that it often becomes difficult to say where one genus begins, and its next ally ends. This is a result that can only be safely attained by examining an extensive collection of specimens, all of which must be sectioned with great care. From my own personal observations, assisted by my friends, I shall be able to note the stratigraphical distribution of the genera and species throughout the three kingdoms. Such a memoir is a great desideratum; and it can only be prepared from personal investigation and examination of sections. Only thus can we ascertain in what condition the genera and species are found.
V.—The Devonian Question: Reply to Mr. Kinahan's Note
Authors: Hull E.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for February will be found a “Note in Press,” appended by Mr. Kinahan to his paper on the “ Silurian Rocks of Ireland,” read some time ago before the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, and which I had an opportunity of hearing and replying to. On that occasion I pointed out some of the numerous defects and erroneous views which this paper contains; and could have wished that the matter had rested here, because I consider it highly unbecoming that the Director of the Survey should enter into a public controversy with one of his staff on points connected with the geological structure of the country which has been entrusted to him for elucidation. on the english and scotch surveys such conduct is happily unknown, and however the field surveyors may differ amongst themselves, and maintain their opinions in print, there has always existed a sufficient feeling of respect for the heads of the survey, as well as a just consideration of the interest and credit of the survey itself, to prevent open controversies with the heads of the survey in the public prints the solitary exception. I cannot take blame to myself for having provoked the “Note in press” to which I have referred, because there is nothing in my paper, published in the Geological Magazine, Decade II. vol. v. 1878, p. 529, to call forth the statement on the part of Mr. Kinahan that I had made “various errors in reference to the Irish rocks.”
I.—Notes on the Devonian Fishes of Campbelltown and Scaumenac Bay in Canada.—No. 2
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Damon of Weymouth having recently received a third consignment of fossil fishes and Fish-remains from the Devonian Rocks of Canada, an interesting selection has been made for the Edinburgh Museum, and I am thus enabled to contribute some additional notes regarding the palæozoic ichthyology of this region. The specimens were, as before, collected by Mr. Jex.
V.—The True Horizon of the Mammoth
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

I am highly gratified that some of the difficult problems connected with the Mammoth and its surroundings, which have been too long ignored, are at last attracting something like adequate attention; and I regret that Mr. Jukes-Browne should withdraw from the controversy without, as it seems to me, doing justice to the cause he represents. In his concluding letter he adds nothing but a reference fo Mr. Clement Eeid and Mr. Horace B. Woodward, neither of whom need a vicarious spokesman. I wish he had been able to point to one well attested example to prove his case. I must again press upon him the fact that mere rhetoric is of no avail in this or any other scientific discussion. What we need is to be pointed to some example within our four seas of the occurrence of a land-surface dating from the Mammoth period underlaid by true drift.
VI.—Restoration of Mastodon Americanus, Cuvier
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The great abundance and good preservation of the remains of the American Mastodon have led to various restorations of the skeleton. The best known of these is that made by Prof. Richard Owen, in 1846, based upon a skeleton from Missouri, now in the British Museum. Another restoration was made a few years later by Dr. J. C. Warren, based mainly on a very perfect skeleton from Orange county, New York. This skeleton is now preserved in the Warren Museum in Boston. A third restoration was made by Prof. James Hall, from a skeleton found at Cohoes, New York, and now in the State Museum of Natural History, in Albany. These restorations are all of importance, and taken together have made clear to anatomists nearly all the essential features of the skeleton of this well-known species.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists. No. 8
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: May 2009

Our venerable friend Professor Prestwich, who has now attained his 82nd year, may serve as an admirable illustration of the law of “the survival of the fittest,” for years have failed to dim either the brightness of his eyes, or the clearness of his intellect; the only sign of advanced longevity being the inability to undertake those long walks over the Chalk Hills around Shoreharu, in which he, till lately, delighted to indulge.
III.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A series of specimens showing successive stages in the development of a remarkable malformation of this species seems to me quite worth recording. The specimens are all from the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle.
V.—On the Thickness, Expansion, and Resulting Elevation of Marine Deposits
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

When one refers back to such a paper as that by Babbage on the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli, one feels humiliated by the little advance which has been made in certain branches of dynamical geology within the last sixty years. That paper contains a full and elaborate account of the plan and history of the Temple and of the remarkable changes of level which its site has undergone gone; and the author speculates among other causes upon the expansion and contraction of the underlying rocks, owing to changes of temperature arising from its being situated in a volcanic district, and he is thence led to speculate on the larger question of the depression and elevation of regions of the earth's surface through the fall and rise of the isogeotherms, caused by denudation and deposition respectively.
X.—Was the Deposit of Flint and Chalk Contemporaneous?
Authors: Abbott G.
Published: May 2009

Many difficulties remain to be solved and much work to be done before we rest satisfied that we can understand how flint took the peculiar shapes and position in which we find it in the Cretaceous strata.
XI.—Another View of the Submergence of the British Isles during the Glacial Period
Authors: Hardy James D.
Published: May 2009

I quite agree with the submergence of the British Isles during the last or any Glacial period; but I totally disagree with the theory that there has been any such depression of the land as is generally put forward by geologists. Where is the evidence of such depression? Certainly not since Pliocene times, unless the whole of Great Britain sunk and rose simultaneously like the parallel motion of a beam engine. Such a motion would imply not only a surface movement, but also a sinking of all underlying strata.
I.—On some Flint-cores from the Indus, Upper Scinde
Authors: Evans John
Published: May 2009

The following letter has been forwarded to me with a request ot make a few remarks upon the flint-cores mentioned by General Twemlow:—
III.—Notes on the Comparative Structure of Surfaces produced by Subaërial and Marine Denudation
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

The article by Mr. Mackintosh on “The Cliffs, Gorges, and Valleys of Wales,” in the September number of the Geological Magazine, raises so many questions in opposition to the views I endeavoured to support in the previous number, that I venture to offer a few further observations on some of the more salient points in which Mr. Mackintosh differs from the advocates of subaërial denudation.
IV.—Note on the Mimosa-Dale Chalybeate, Uitenhage, South Africa
Authors: Church A. H.
Published: May 2009

A small quantity of a highly ferruginous water was lately given to me for analysis by my friend and former colleague, Dr. John Bayldon. He had collected the sample himself at the spring in Mimosa-Dale, Uitenhage, South Africa, where also he had obtained specimens of the iron-salts which are freely deposited by the chaly-beate waters.
II.—The Wings of Pterodactyles.
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The first Pterosaurians discovered were recognized as flying animals, but were thought to be bats. As soon as their general structure became known, they were classed with the Reptiles, although it was considered possible that their power of flight was due to feathers. Later, their bones were mistaken for those of Birds by various experienced anatomists, and others regarded them as sharing important characters with that group. Some anatomists, however, believed that the fore limbs of Pterodactyles were used for swimming, rather than for flight, and this view has found supporters within the present decade. A single fortunate discovery, made a few years since, has done much to settle the question as to the wings of Pterodactyles, as well as their mode of flight, and it is the aim of the present article to place on record some of the more important facts thus brought to light.
III.—The Loess—A Rejoinder
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

whatever the result of this controversy, your readers will not be ungrateful to me for having been the means of drawing from such a distinguished explorer and geologist as Baron von Richthofen, the vigorous defence of his views which appears in the last Number of the Geological Magazine. The admirable work he has done in China it would be an impertinence in me to praise; but I may be allowed to say that a large part of it will outlive any ephemeral discussions about the Loess—discussions in which there must be a considerable element of doubt, whatever theory is adopted.
V.—On Some Points in Anglesey Geology
Authors: Roberts R. D.
Published: May 2009

In my former short communication on this subject, I referred only to the question of the age of the quartz conglomerate at Nebo, which Dr. Callaway mistook for a part of the granitoidite series, but which Prof. Hughes has shown to be Cambrian conglomerate. What Dr. Callaway says in reply may be seen at page 287. The second point which I stated I should deal with later, I now take up. Dr. Callaway wrote (GEOL. MAG. 1881, p. 423), as follows :—
V.—On the Classification of the European Rocks known as Permian and Trias
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

Of the fauna of the Dyas Credner remarks that it is much poorer than that of Carboniferous times, and with the exception of a few reptiles and fishes, limited to the marine formation of the series. of all the lower forms Brachiopoda are by far the most prevalent, and furnish the most characteristic and most widely distributed of Zechstein remains. Lamellibranchiata assume, however, an importance unknown to them in earlier periods, and in their general character tend more towards Mesozoic than Palæozoic forms; he even suggests that Schizodus may be considered the ‘precursor (Vorläufer) of the Trigonia’
II.—First Impressions of Assynt
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

It must be admitted that first impressions are to a certain extent instinctive, and need not, therefore, be taken for more than they are worth. To do any really valuable work in such a troubled district as Assynt would require a considerable length of time. Still, after having been nearly a fortnight in the place—a fortnight in which the rainy days and the dry ones were about equally balanced —it is almost impossible to avoid forming some idea as to the respective merits of the interpretations which have been put forth. And this one is all the more apt to do in order to be able to institute comparisons with other districts of the North-West already visited in previous years.