bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐sensitivity C‐reactive Protein is a Predictive Factor of Adiposity in Children: Results of the Identification and prevention of Dietary‐ and lifestyle‐induced health Effects in Children and InfantS (IDEFICS) Study
Authors: Nappo Annunziata , Iacoviello Licia , Fraterman Arno , Gonzalez‐Gil Esther M. , Hadjigeorgiou Charis , Marild Staffan , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A. , Peplies Jenny , Sioen Isabel , Veidebaum Toomas , Siani Alfonso , Russo Paola
Published: June 2013

Background

Whereas cross‐sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased C‐reactive protein (
CRP
) levels in children, little is known about the impact of low‐grade inflammation on body mass changes during growth.

Methods and Results

We assessed cross‐sectionally and longitudinally the association of high‐sensitivity (hs)‐
CRP
levels with overweight/obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors in the Identification and prevention of Dietary‐ and lifestyle‐induced health Effects in Children and InfantS (
IDEFICS
) cohort. 16 224 children from 8 European countries (2 to 9 years) were recruited during the baseline survey (T0). After the exclusion of 7187 children because of missing hs‐
CRP
measurements and 2421 because of drug use during the previous week, the analysis was performed on 6616 children (Boys=3347; Girls=3269; age=6.3±1.7 years). Of them, 4110 were reexamined 2 years later (T1). Anthropometric variables, blood pressure, hs‐
CRP
, blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured. The population at T0 was divided into 3 categories, according to the baseline hs‐
CRP
levels. Higher hs‐
CRP
levels were associated with significantly higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, body mass index (
BMI
) z‐score and central adiposity indices (
P
values all <0.0001), and with higher blood pressure and lower
HDL
‐cholesterol levels. Over the 2‐year follow‐up, higher baseline hs‐
CRP
levels were associated with a significant increase in
BMI
z‐score (
P
<0.001) and significantly higher risk of incident overweight/obesity.

Conclusions

Higher hs‐
CRP
levels are associated to higher body mass and overweight/obesity risk in a large population of European children. Children with higher baseline levels of hs‐
CRP
had a greater increase in
BMI
z‐score and central adiposity over time and were at higher risk of developing overweight/obesity during growth.
Size Ratio Can Highly Predict Rupture Risk in Intracranial Small (<5 mm) Aneurysms
Authors: Kashiwazaki Daina , Kuroda Satoshi
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose—

Management strategies for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are controversial. This study aimed to identify surrogate parameters that highly predict the rupture risk of small (<5 mm) UIAs.

Methods—

Radiological data were collected from 854 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages who were enrolled in the Sapporo SAH Study. They had a total of 854 ruptured intracranial aneurysms and 180 UIAs. The size, aneurysm-to-vessel size ratio, and distribution were precisely compared between ruptured intracranial aneurysms and UIAs.

Results—

For all aneurysms, the size was significantly larger in ruptured intracranial aneurysms (7.0±1.3 mm) than in the UIAs (3.7±1.2 mm;
P
<0.001). Size ratio was also significantly higher in ruptured intracranial aneurysms (4.3±1.9) than in the UIAs (2.2±1.6;
P
<0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that size and size ratio were correlated with aneurysm rupture. However, in small aneurysms, multivariate logistic regression revealed that only size ratio was associated with ruptured aneurysms (
P
=0.008; odds ratio, 9.1). There were no significant differences in size or aneurysm location. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed for size ratio in small aneurysms, and the threshold separating ruptured and unruptured groups was 3.12 and the area under the curve was 0.801.

Conclusions—

This study revealed that the size ratio, and not the absolute size, may highly predict the risk of rupture in small UIAs. Size ratio measurements are very simple and provide useful information for determining treatment and follow-up strategies for patients with small UIAs.
A Model for Analysing the Collective Dynamic Behaviour and Characterising the Exploitation of Population-Based Algorithms
Authors: Turkey Mikdam , Poli Riccardo
Published: June 2013

Several previous studies have focused on modelling and analysing the collective dynamic behaviour of population-based algorithms. However, an empirical approach for identifying and characterising such a behaviour is surprisingly lacking. In this paper, we present a new model to capture this collective behaviour, and to extract and quantify features associated with it. The proposed model studies the topological distribution of an algorithm's activity from both a genotypic and a phenotypic perspective, and represents population dynamics using multiple levels of abstraction. The model can have different instantiations. Here it has been implemented using a modified version of self-organising maps. These are used to represent and track the population motion in the fitness landscape as the algorithm operates on solving a problem. Based on this model, we developed a set of features that characterise the population's collective dynamic behaviour. By analysing them and revealing their dependency on fitness distributions, we were then able to define an indicator of the exploitation behaviour of an algorithm. This is an entropy-based measure that assesses the dependency on fitness distributions of different features of population dynamics. To test the proposed measures, evolutionary algorithms with different crossover operators, selection pressure levels and population handling techniques have been examined, which lead populations to exhibit a wide range of exploitation-exploration behaviours.
Ficus goiana, a replacement name for a Brazilian species of fig (Moraceae)
Authors: BERG CORNELIS C. , CARAUTA J. PEDRO P. , MACHADO ANDERSON F. P.
Published: June 2013

Ficus Linnaeus (1753: 1059) is the largest genus of Moraceae with ca. 750 species occurring mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions (Rønsted et al. 2008). The taxon known as F. rupicola Berg & Carauta (2002: 249) is endemic to Brazil and has been collected in the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and Goiás as well as the Distrito Federal. The preparation of a worldwide list of published Ficus names revealed that the name Ficus rupicola had previously been used by Lebrun & Toussaint (1948: 43) for a species based on African material. This makes it necessary to provide a new name for F. rupicola Berg & Carauta (2002: 249). We here propose the new name Ficus goiana C.C.Berg, Carauta & A.F.P.Machado.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Trade Wind Cumuli Using Particle-Based Microphysics with Monte Carlo Coalescence
Authors: Arabas Sylwester , Shima Shin-ichiro
Published: June 2013

A series of simulations employing the superdroplet method (SDM) for representing aerosol, cloud, and rain microphysics in large-eddy simulations (LES) is discussed. The particle-based formulation treats all particles in the same way, subjecting them to condensational growth and evaporation, transport of the particles by the flow, gravitational settling, and collisional growth. SDM features a Monte Carlo–type numerical scheme for representing the collision and coalescence process. All processes combined cover representation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation, drizzle formation by autoconversion, accretion of cloud droplets, self-collection of raindrops, and precipitation, including aerosol wet deposition. The model setup used in the study is based on observations from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field project. Cloud and rain droplet size spectra obtained in the simulations are discussed in context of previously published analyses of aircraft observations carried out during RICO. The analysis covers height-resolved statistics of simulated cloud microphysical parameters such as droplet number concentration, effective radius, and parameters describing the width of the cloud droplet size spectrum. A reasonable agreement with measurements is found for several of the discussed parameters. The sensitivity of the results to the grid resolution of the LES, as well as to the sampling density of the probabilistic Monte Carlo–type model, is explored.
Covariance Inflation in the Ensemble Kalman Filter: A Residual Nudging Perspective and Some Implications
Authors: Luo Xiaodong , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: June 2013

This article examines the influence of covariance inflation on the distance between the measured observation and the simulated (or predicted) observation with respect to the state estimate. In order for the aforementioned distance to be bounded in a certain interval, some sufficient conditions are derived, indicating that the covariance inflation factor should be bounded in a certain interval, and that the inflation bounds are related to the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of certain matrices. Implications of these analytic results are discussed, and a numerical experiment is presented to verify the validity of the analysis conducted.
A Prospective Study of Musculoskeletal Outcomes Among Manufacturing Workers
Authors: Gerr Fredric , Fethke Nathan B. , Merlino Linda , Anton Dan , Rosecrance John , Jones Michael P. , Marcus Michele , Meyers Alysha R.
Published: June 2013

Objective:

To better characterize associations between physical risk factors and upper-extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders, a prospective epidemiologic study of 386 manufacturing workers was performed.

Background:

Methodological limitations of previous studies have resulted in inconsistent associations.

Method:

An individual, task-based exposure assessment strategy was used to assess upper-extremity exertion intensity, repetition, and time-in-posture categories. Participants recorded time spent performing daily work tasks on a preprinted log, which was then used to calculate time-weighted-average exposures across each week of follow-up. In addition, a weekly Strain Index (SI) risk category was assigned to each participant. Incident musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders were assessed weekly. Proportional hazards analyses were used to examine associations between exposure measures and incident hand/arm and neck/shoulder symptoms and disorders.

Results:

Incident symptoms and disorders were common (incident hand/arm symptoms = 58/100 person-years (PY), incident hand/arm disorders = 19/100 PY, incident neck/shoulder symptoms = 54/100 PY, incident neck/shoulder disorders = 14/100 PY). Few associations between separate estimates of physical exposure and hand/arm and neck/shoulder outcomes were observed. However, associations were observed between dichotomized SI risk category and incident hand/arm symptoms (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.99, 3.04]) and disorders (HR = 1.93, 95% CI = [0.85, 4.40]).

Conclusion:

Evidence of associations between physical risk factors and musculoskeletal outcome was strongest when exposure was estimated with the SI, in comparison to other metrics of exposure.

Application:

The results of this study provide evidence that physical exposures in the workplace contribute to musculoskeletal disorder incidence. Musculoskeletal disorder prevention efforts should include mitigation of these occupational risk factors.
Unraveling respect in organization studies
Authors: Grover Steven L
Published: June 2013

Organizational scholars have invoked the concept of respect and relegated it as a common sense, under-specified construct. This article analyzes the notion of respect by drawing on philosophy and defines respectful behavior as the manifestation of believing another person has value. Two types of respect are identified: appraisal respect is based on individual characteristics, and recognition respect is based on being human and having rights. In the organizational context, appraisal respect is acknowledgement of work performance and recognition respect is the quality of interpersonal treatment. This article presents a new theoretical framework that juxtaposes these two types of respect to model how they have different effects on self-esteem and therefore affect attitudes and behaviors differently. This model allows future research in the organization sciences to invoke respect more precisely, especially organizational justice and leadership research that explicitly or implicitly use concepts of respect.
Industrial legislation in Australia in 2012
Authors: McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Tashina
Published: June 2013

The year 2012 produced a high volume of developments in the industrial relations law sphere. The Review of the operation of the Fair Work legislation dominated the federal agenda and, accordingly, is the primary focus of this article. We detail key recommendations and outcomes of the Review, including associated amendments. Next, we consider other federal changes, which were expansive in focus. Federal reforms included: a new legislated employee entitlements scheme to replace the administrative General Employee Entitlements and Redundancy Scheme; new regulation of the road transport industry; an overhaul of workplace gender equality legislation; revised governance obligations for registered organisations; and the introduction of the ‘dad and partner pay’ scheme as part of the Commonwealth's parental leave package. Turning to the states and territories, we summarise public sector workplace law changes in both New South Wales and Queensland and address other notable developments across jurisdictions.
Seeking Empowerment and Spirituality in the Secular Age: Secular and Traditionalist Israelis Consulting Rabbis
Authors: Keshet Yael , Liberman Ido
Published: June 2013

This empirical study investigates the phenomenon of secular and traditionalist ( masorti) Israeli Jews who consult orthodox rabbis on personal matters. The study was conducted using a combined methodology: analysis of data from a large survey ( N = 6056) and conducting 50 in-depth semi-structured interviews. We found that of the 24 percent of the Israeli Jewish population who regularly consulted rabbis, 43 percent defined themselves as secular or traditionalist. People from all social strata regularly consult rabbis. Their socio-demographic characteristics and experiences are presented here. The phenomenon of secular and less religious Jews who consult orthodox rabbis on personal matters indicates the current relevance of religion and spirituality as resources for empowerment when dealing with various kinds of existential and personal difficulty. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the secular age and post-secular societies by examining the middle ground between traditional-religion and secular-modernity. It indicates a contemporary blurring of these categories.
Public Discourses and Migrant Stories of Integration and Inequality: Language and Power in Biographical Narratives
Authors: Cederberg Maja
Published: June 2013

This article considers the role of public discourses in biographical narratives by focusing on discourses of integration and migrant narratives in a contemporary Swedish context. In particular, it explores how public discourses that emphasise migrants’ agency and responsibility to ‘integrate’ help frame the ways in which migrants present themselves. While recognising the importance of biographical research for exploring migrants’ experiences and bringing their voices to the fore, the article argues that we need to pay more attention to how public discourses constrain narratives. It proposes that migrant narratives studied in their social and political context can be used to understand inequalities not only by gaining knowledge of lived experiences of inequalities, but also by considering how dominant discourses help to normalise some of those experiences, and as such may contribute to the reproduction of inequalities.
Anaemia in the older surgical patient: a review of prevalence, causes, implications and management
Authors: Partridge Judith , Harari Danielle , Gossage Jessica , Dhesi Jugdeep
Published: June 2013

This review provides the clinician with a summary of the causes, implications and potential treatments for the management of anaemia in the older surgical patient. The prevalence of anaemia increases with age and is frequently identified in older surgical patients. Anaemia is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Allogenic blood transfusion is commonly used to treat anaemia but involves inherent risks and may worsen outcomes. Various strategies for the correction of pre- and postoperative anaemia have evolved. These include correction of nutritional deficiencies and the use of intravenous iron and erythropoesis stimulating therapy. Clear differences exist between the elective and emergency surgical populations and the translation of research findings into these individual clinical settings requires more work. This should lead to a standardized approach to the management of this frequently encountered clinical scenario.
Thinking about behaviour and conformity in groups: some social psychology resources
Authors: Rowe Mike
Published: June 2013

This article considers the ways in which we might use group activities to more effectively introduce some key problems of conformity and obedience to authority. Using some of the classic psychology experiments conducted by Asch and Milgram might open up more critical reflection on the ways groups behave and our own tendencies to look to fit in and avoid conflict.
Mediating Effect of Adult Day Health Care (ADHC) and Family Network on Quality of Life Among Low-Income Older Korean Immigrants
Authors: Kim Bum Jung
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the direct and indirect effects of Adult Day Health Care (ADHC) and family network on Quality of Life (QOL) for low-income older Korean immigrants in Los Angeles County, CA. A cross-sectional survey of low-income older Korean immigrants who use ADHC programs was conducted. Self-reported measures included sociocultural characteristics, acculturation, cognitive function, family network, utilization of ADHC, and QOL. The study found that for QOL, two variables had only direct effects: years in ADHC and acculturation. Family network was directly associated with QOL and indirectly associated with it through the variable “years in ADHC.” Our findings indicate that a strong family network is positively associated with more years of attendance in ADHC, and with higher QOL scores. Thus, policy makers and practitioners should be aware of the positive association among social networks, attendance in ADHC, and higher QOL among low-income older Korean immigrants.
Detection of delirium in palliative care unit patients: A prospective descriptive study of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale administered by bedside nurses
Authors: Detroyer Elke , Clement Paul M , Baeten Nele , Pennemans Michèle , Decruyenaere Marleen , Vandenberghe Joris , Menten Johan , Joosten Etienne , Milisen Koen
Published: June 2013

Background:

The Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOS) is designed to detect delirium by nurses’ observations and has shown good psychometric properties. Its use in palliative care unit patients has not been studied.

Aim:

To determine diagnostic and concurrent validity, internal consistency, and user-friendliness of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale administered by bedside nurses in palliative care unit patients.

Design:

In this descriptive study, psychometric properties of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale were tested by comparing the performance on the Delirium Observation Screening Scale (bedside nurses) to the algorithm of the Confusion Assessment Method and the Delirium Index (DI) (researchers). Paired observations were collected on three time points. Afterward, the user-friendliness of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale was determined by bedside nurses using a questionnaire.

Setting/participants:

In total, 48 patients were recruited from one palliative care unit (PCU) of a university hospital. Of the 14 eligible bedside nurses of the palliative care unit, 10 participated in the study.

Results:

Delirium was present in 22.9% of patients. Diagnostic validity of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale was very good (area under the curve = 0.933), with 81.8% sensitivity, 96.1% specificity, 69.2% positive, and 98% negative predictive value. Concurrent validity of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale with the Delirium Index was moderate (rSpearman = 0.53, p = 0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha for all Delirium Observation Screening Scale shift scores was 0.772. Generally, bedside nurses experienced the Delirium Observation Screening Scale as user-friendly. However, most Delirium Observation Screening Scale items ( n = 11/13 items) need verbally active patients to perform the observations correctly.

Conclusion:

The Delirium Observation Screening Scale can be used for delirium screening in verbally active palliative care unit patients. The scale was rated as easy to use and relevant. Further validation studies in this population are required.
High-precision, consistent EKF-based visual-inertial odometry
Authors: Li Mingyang , Mourikis Anastasios I.
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we focus on the problem of motion tracking in unknown environments using visual and inertial sensors. We term this estimation task visual–inertial odometry (VIO), in analogy to the well-known visual-odometry problem. We present a detailed study of extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based VIO algorithms, by comparing both their theoretical properties and empirical performance. We show that an EKF formulation where the state vector comprises a sliding window of poses (the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter (MSCKF)) attains better accuracy, consistency, and computational efficiency than the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) formulation of the EKF, in which the state vector contains the current pose and the features seen by the camera. Moreover, we prove that both types of EKF approaches are inconsistent, due to the way in which Jacobians are computed. Specifically, we show that the observability properties of the EKF’s linearized system models do not match those of the underlying system, which causes the filters to underestimate the uncertainty in the state estimates. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel, real-time EKF-based VIO algorithm, which achieves consistent estimation by (i) ensuring the correct observability properties of its linearized system model, and (ii) performing online estimation of the camera-to-inertial measurement unit (IMU) calibration parameters. This algorithm, which we term MSCKF 2.0, is shown to achieve accuracy and consistency higher than even an iterative, sliding-window fixed-lag smoother, in both Monte Carlo simulations and real-world testing.
Structural Inequality, Quasi-rents and the Democratic Peace: A Neo-Ricardian Analysis of International Order
Authors: Lees Nicholas
Published: June 2013

This article employs the neo-Ricardian concept of quasi-rents – temporary above-market returns – to vindicate the structuralist claim that patterns of international order are shaped by global inequality and the transnational division of labour. Developing a framework linking the distribution of quasi-rents within the global economy to the process of class formation, the article examines the implications for the influential ‘social market democracy’ explanation of the democratic peace. It argues that the democratic peace is in part predicated on the quasi-rents enjoyed by substantial sections of the workforces of the ‘core’ advanced industrial states. Such a political economy provides the foundations for a ‘social market democracy’ in which economic security can be enjoyed by substantial sections of the population, giving rise to the system of values on which the democratic peace rests. Thus, present patterns of international order result from a historically specific unequal distribution of quasi-rents within the world economy.
A Prospective Study of the Association Between Bone Contusion and Intra-articular Injuries Associated With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear
Authors: Bisson Leslie J. , Kluczynski Melissa A. , Hagstrom Lindsey S. , Marzo John M.
Published: June 2013

Background:

Bone bruising, commonly found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, may be associated with intra-articular injuries, but little is known about this association.

Purpose:

To examine demographic factors and intra-articular injuries associated with bone bruising in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients with ACL injury who had an MRI within 6 weeks and arthroscopy within 3 months of injury were included in this prospective study (N = 171). Presence and severity of bone bruising were determined from preoperative MRIs for each anatomic site: lateral femoral condyle (LFC), lateral tibial plateau (LTP), medial femoral condyle (MFC), and medial tibial plateau (MTP). Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of bruising and associations between bruising and intra-articular injuries found during arthroscopy. Outcomes included the presence of bruising and severity of lateral bruising (mild, moderate, severe vs none/minimal bruising).

Results:

Frequencies of bone bruising were as follows: 85% LTP, 77% LFC, 26% MTP, and 6% MFC. Patient age between 18 and 28 years (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.82) and 29 years and older (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05-0.61) predicted less LFC bruising compared with patients aged 17 years and younger. Age (18-28 years: OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.66; ≥29 years: OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.68) and contact injuries (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04-0.78) predicted less moderate LFC bruising. Male sex predicted mild (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 1.44-26.43), moderate (OR, 8.98; 95% CI, 1.96-41.19), and severe (OR, 15.66; 95% CI, 3.19-76.92) LFC bruising. Male sex also predicted mild LTP bruising (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.05-0.83), and contact injuries predicted severe LTP bruising (OR, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.21-20.67). LFC bruising (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.04-6.32) and LTP bruising (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.06-9.23) were associated with lateral meniscal tears. Moderate (OR, 8.14; 95% CI, 1.93-34.27) and severe (OR, 15.30; 95% CI, 2.34-100.10) LTP bruising was associated with medial meniscal tears. MFC bruising and MTP bruising were not associated with any predictors or intra-articular injuries.

Conclusion:

Bone bruising is more common and severe in young men, and lateral bone bruising is associated with lateral meniscal tears. Medial meniscal tears are associated with increased severity of LTP bruising.
Body and the Arts: The Need for Somaesthetics
Authors: Shusterman Richard
Published: June 2013

This essay examines how somaesthetics is related to the field of fine arts, though the scope of somaesthetics is indeed wider, extending into all practices of life in which we can enhance our perception and performance through improved somatic self-use and self-knowledge. I first explain the project of somaesthetics and why it is needed to counterbalance the strong tendencies in mod-ern aesthetics, beginning with its founder Alexander Baumgarten, to neglect or reject the body’s role in aesthetic experience. Because Hegel is a crucial figure in this anti-somatic tradition, I then critically examine his ranking of the arts in terms of their relation to material embodiment. Using his classificatory scheme heuristically to highlight the body’s wide-ranging role in the different arts, the essay demonstrates how somaesthetics can improve our understanding and performance of that role and thereby improve the arts and our aesthetic experience.
Policies to End the Gender Wage Gap in the United States
Authors: Kim Marlene
Published: June 2013

Women continue to earn less than men in the United States. This article surveys the debate about why this occurs and synthesizes the policy remedies. Unionizing women, comparable worth, pay secrecy legislation, affirmative action, stronger non-discrimination legislation, and family-friendly policies can improve the gender wage gap. But doing so means that instead of attempting to pass federal legislation, advocates should target states to pass legislation and undertake pro-active remedies that can improve women’s pay.

JEL Classification: J7, J31, J38
System dynamics model for hospital waste characterization and generation in developing countries
Authors: Eleyan Derar , Al-Khatib Issam A , Garfield Joy
Published: June 2013

Waste management policy makers always face the problem of how to predict the future amount and composition of medical solid waste, which, in turn, helps to determine the most appropriate treatment, recycling and disposal strategy. An accurate prediction can assist in both the planning and design of medical solid waste management systems. Insufficient budget and unavailable management capacity are the main reasons for the scarcity of medical solid waste quantities and components historical records, which are so important in long-term system planning and short-term expansion programs. This article presents a new technique, using System Dynamics modeling, to predict generated medical solid waste in a developing urban area, based on a set of limited samples from Jenin District hospitals, Palestine. The findings of the model present the trend of medical solid waste generation together with its different components and indicate that a new forecasting approach may cover a variety of possible causative models and track inevitable uncertainties when traditional statistical least-squared regression methods are unable to handle such issues.
Parametric study of the effect of exothermic coating properties on blunt nose drag reduction in hypersonic flights
Authors: Tahsini AmirMahdi
Published: June 2013

The most recent idea of using the exothermic coating to reduce the drag coefficient on blunt noses in hypersonic flows is numerically simulated to study parametrically the effect of material properties. The conjugate heat transfer is considered by simultaneous solution of flow and solid phase governing equations in numerical procedure. The results show that changing some effective parameters in material properties may increase the coating effectiveness significantly. Using such analysis leads to choose the proper materials for specific flight missions.
General Cognitive Ability and the Psychological Refractory Period
Authors: Lee James J. , Chabris Christopher F.
Published: June 2013

Identifying the precise locus of general cognitive ability ( g) in the flow of information between perception and action is an important goal of differential psychology. To localize the negative correlation between g and reaction time to a specific processing stage, we administered a speeded number-comparison task to two groups differing in average g. The participants had to respond to two stimuli in each trial, which produced the well-known slowing of the second reaction time known as the psychological refractory period. The difference in the second reaction time favoring the high- g group doubled as the stimulus onsets became very close together. This finding affirms that the faster reaction times of higher- g individuals reflect an advantage exclusively in the serial bottleneck of central processing and not in the parallel peripheral stages.
Oxidative stress and DNA damage in utero and embryo implantation of mice exposed to carbon disulfide at peri-implantation
Authors: Yang L , Zhang B , Yuan Y , Li C , Wang Z
Published: June 2013

Carbon disulfide (CS2) has reproductive toxicity but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oxidative stress and DNA damage on embryo implantation of mice exposed to CS2 at peri-implantation. CS2 exposure was on gestational day 3 (GD3), GD4, GD5 and GD6, separately, and the number of embryonic day 9 (E9) mouse embryos was obtained. DNA damage of endometrial cells, oxidative stress and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level in uterus tissues were tested with time series at different end points after exposure. The number of E9 mouse embryos significantly decreased in all CS2 exposure groups, especially on GD4 exposure. The rates of embryo implantation decreased by 43.05%, 63.74%, 60.45% and 47.26% for CS2 exposure on GD3, GD4, GD5 and GD6, respectively. Oxidative stress significantly increased within 24 h and reached the top level at 18 h after exposure. The same time-dependent trend was observed no matter when the exposure happened at peri-implantation. 8-OH-dG significantly increased at 18 h and 24 h after exposure by 893.8% and 647.4%, respectively, when compared with the control. The indexes of DNA damage significantly increased at 6 h after exposure, which appeared earlier than the changes of oxidative stress and 8-OH-dG. Besides, both oxidative stress and DNA damage showed a strong negative correlation with the number of E9 mouse embryos. The present study illustrated that CS2 directly induced DNA damage in endometrial cells and enhanced the action through oxidative stress, both of which were responsible for CS2-induced embryo loss.
Specificity of Quantitative Latex Agglutination Assay for D-dimer in Exclusion of Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department
Authors: Stein Paul D. , Matta Fadi , Sabra Michel J. , Tana Christopher , Gough Andrew , Chabala Steve , Kakish Edward , Tworek Joseph
Published: June 2013

We assessed the prevalence of elevated quantitative latex agglutination assay for D-dimer in patients in the emergency department in whom pulmonary embolism (PE) was excluded. D-dimer was normal (<230 ng/mL) in 435 (83%) of the 522 patients. D-dimer was normal in 88% of the patients with musculoskeletal or related chest pain, 74% with pleurisy or pleuritic chest pain, and 85% with upper respiratory tract infection. D-dimer was 230 to 500 ng/mL in 65 (75%) of the 87 in whom D-dimer was elevated. Clinical probability was low in 31 (48%) of the 65 patients with D-dimer levels of 230 to 500 ng/mL. D-dimer was 230 to 500 ng/mL and clinical probability was low in 31 (36%) of the 87 patients who had computed tomographic (CT) angiograms because of elevated D-dimer. Negative likelihood ratio for PE is sufficiently low that PE can be excluded with reasonable certainty in such patients. Tailoring cutoff value to 500 ng/mL in patients with low clinical probability would have reduced CT angiograms by 36%.
Influence of some packaging materials and of natural tocopherols on the sensory properties of breakfast cereals
Authors: Paradiso Vito M , Caponio Francesco , Summo Carmine , Gomes Tommaso
Published: June 2013

The combined effect of natural antioxidants and packaging materials on the quality decay of breakfast cereals during storage was evaluated. Corn flakes were produced on industrial scale, using different packages and adding natural tocopherols to the ingredients, and stored for 1 year. The samples were then submitted to sensory analysis and HS-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC/MS) analysis. The packaging had a significant influence on the sensory profile of the aged product: metallized polypropylene gave the highest levels of oxidation compounds and sensory defects. The sensory profile was improved using polypropylene and especially high-density polyethylene. Natural tocopherols reduced the sensory decay of the flakes and the oxidative evolution of the volatile profile. They gave the most remarkable improvement in polypropylene (either metallized or not) packs. Polypropylene showed a barrier effect on the scalping of volatiles outside of the pack. This led to higher levels of oxidation volatiles and faster rates of the further oxidative processes involving the volatiles.
Identity and acculturation: The case of naturalised citizens in Britain
Authors: Andreouli Eleni
Published: June 2013

This paper advances a dialogical perspective on acculturation. Drawing on the theories of social representations and dialogical self, it conceptualises acculturation as a process of negotiation between different or conflicting social representations and identity positions. It is argued that, in order to understand acculturation, we need to explore how migrants represent different cultures and how they position themselves towards them. Drawing on 33 interviews with new British citizens, the paper examines how participants made sense of their place in Britain by studying the meanings of acculturation for participants themselves. In the interviews British culture was represented in a polyphasic way incorporating both negative and positive values. Therefore, acculturation represented both an enrichment of identity and an identity threat for many of the participants. Participants negotiated their position within this representational field by engaging in a dialogical negotiation between identity positions. The paper concludes that a dialogical approach to knowledge construction (social representations theory) and identity (dialogical self theory) provides appropriate theoretical tools for understanding acculturation as an ongoing process, not a single static outcome.
The many challenges of theorizing subjectivity
Authors: Kirschner Suzanne R
Published: June 2013

Cultural psychologists and other social researchers have demonstrated a strong interest in subjectivity in recent years. It has become apparent that there are a number of challenges and tensions inherent in such projects, some of which are acknowledged more often than others. One such challenge is how to theorize subjectivity as both socioculturally constituted and experiential, embodied, and singular. Another less frequently articulated problem is the question of how to accord a prominent place to affective and emotional experience when subjectivity is often framed and analyzed in predominantly cognitive, rationalistic or “sociorational” terms. Recent approaches that highlight embodiment are intended, in part, to address this concern, but they can be accompanied by a drift toward neurobiological reductionism. Other problems include the tension between phenomenological, narrative and psychoanalytic approaches to subjectivity, and the need to differentiate between methods used to analyze literal “texts” and those appropriate for studying the ways texts and other cultural products are read and used by embodied persons. These challenges and complexities notwithstanding, current projects concerned with developing theories of subjectivity, and with highlighting its “affective” dimension in particular, are extremely valuable and should be encouraged.
Managing a marginalised identity in pro-anorexia and fat acceptance cybercommunities
Authors: Smith Naomi , Wickes Rebecca , Underwood Mair
Published: June 2013

This study examines how members of pro-anorexia (PA) and fat acceptance (FA) cybercommunities manage their ascribed ‘offline’ socially marginalised identity in an ‘online’ environment. While much of the sociological literature continues to focus on the corporeal or face-to-face practices of socially marginalised groups, we use online non-participant observation to explore how members of these sites use the internet to manage their marginalised identities. We find that cybercommunities provide a safe place for identity management where members come together to understand, negotiate and, at times, reject the marginalised identity ascribed to them in their offline environment. From the accounts of the PA and FA members we studied, we find that online and offline identities are mutually reinforcing and collectively inform and shape identity. However, the online environment provides an anonymised space for identity work, emotional support and an acceptance of their body, whatever their shape or size.
A Language Stimulation Analysis of Cantonese-English Bilingual Infants in Hong Kong
Authors: Yip Michael C. W.
Published: June 2013

This study measured naturalistic language stimulation in Hong Kong among eight bilingual (Cantonese, English) infants. Two findings were that (a) infants received more indirect (adult-to-adult) than direct (adult-to-infant) language stimulation and (b) infants received 6.8 hr of language stimulation per day with more fillers, vocatives, and baby talk than declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives.
Pilot randomised controlled trial comparing C-Trac splints with Beta Wrist Braces for the management of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Storey Philip , Armstrong Daniel , Dear Helen , Bradley Mary , Burke Frank
Published: June 2013

Introduction

The C-Trac splint has been designed to mechanically stretch the transverse carpal ligament and is advertised as an alternative to surgical Carpal Tunnel Decompression. The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of the C-Trac splint with standard splinting in mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.

Methods

This is a pilot parallel randomised controlled trial. Forty-nine patients with clinically and neurophysiologically proven carpal tunnel syndrome were randomised into the two treatment groups, C-Trac and Beta Wrist Brace, and reassessed clinically for one year.

Results

Patients were generally satisfied with both splints, but two out of the 24 C-Trac patients developed problematic side effects possibly due to using the splint: De Quervains tenosynovitis and basal joint arthritic pain. There was no clinically relevant or statistically significant difference in the success and failure rates of the two splints by eight weeks, six months or at one year. Three of the 25 C-Trac splints (costing £130 each) used during the one-year study required replacement, compared with eight of the Beta Wrist Braces (costing approximately £10 each).

Conclusions

These results suggest that C-Trac splint is not dissimilar in efficacy to a resting Beta Wrist Brace. The reported side effects raise questions as to the wisdom of its unregulated use.
Prevention of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: current controversies and clinical guidance
Authors: Brooks Johanne , Warburton Richard , Beales Ian L.P.
Published: June 2013

Acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common medical emergency and associated with significant morbidly and mortality. The risk of bleeding from peptic ulceration and oesophagogastric varices can be reduced by appropriate primary and secondary preventative strategies. Helicobacter pylori eradication and risk stratification with appropriate gastroprotection strategies when used with antiplatelet drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in preventing peptic ulcer bleeding, whilst endoscopic screening and either nonselective beta blockade or endoscopic variceal ligation are effective at reducing the risk of variceal haemorrhage. For secondary prevention of variceal haemorrhage, the combination of beta blockade and endoscopic variceal ligation is more effective. Recent data on the possible interactions of aspirin and NSAIDs, clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and the increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events associated with all nonaspirin cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors have increased the complexity of choices for preventing peptic ulcer bleeding. Such choices should consider both the GI and cardiovascular risk profiles. In patients with a moderately increased risk of GI bleeding, a NSAID plus a PPI or a COX-2 selective agent alone appear equivalent but for those at highest risk of bleeding (especially those with previous ulcer or haemorrhage) the COX-2 inhibitor plus PPI combination is superior. However naproxen seems the safest NSAID for those at increased cardiovascular risk. Clopidogrel is associated with a significant risk of GI haemorrhage and the most recent data concerning the potential clinical interaction of clopidogrel and PPIs are reassuring. In clopidogrel-treated patients at highest risk of GI bleeding, some form of GI prevention is indicated.
A Pharmacy-Only Refill Program at a Large HIV Clinic in Uganda
Authors: Nakiwogga-Muwanga Alice , Katabira Elly , Sempa Joseph , Kambugu Andrew , Nakibuuka-Lubwama Esther , Lamorde Mohammed , Mawejje Joseph , Colebunders Robert
Published: June 2013

Background:

The purpose of this study was to assess patients’ experience and satisfaction with pharmacy-only refill program (PRP) and to compare those who were removed from the PRP with those still in the program.

Methods:

A sample of 446 patients was selected from 1503 patients on antiretroviral therapy that had been enrolled in the PRP for at least 24 months. The study used interviewer-administered questionnaires to assess patients’ experience and satisfaction with PRP.

Results:

Of the 446 patients, 133 (29.8%) were removed from the PRP. By multivariate analysis, it was found that wanting to see a clinician before their scheduled clinic visit, Christian religion, and not understanding why they were enrolled in PRP were associated with having been removed from the PRP. Patients felt that the greatest benefit from the program was the time that they saved to do other activities. Patients preferred to collect their medication every 3 months instead of every month.

Conclusion:

All patients interviewed scored the program high, and all recommended that the PRP should continue. Stable patients prefer to see clinicians less frequently and visit clinic less often.
The Potentials of Fas Receptors and Ligands in Monitoring HIV-1 Disease in Children in Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Ikomey G. , Assoumou M.-C. Okomo , Atashili J. , Mesembe M. , Mukwele B. , Lyonga E. , Eyoh A. , Kafando A. , Ndumbe P. M.
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Difficulties in systematically monitoring HIV viral load in resource-limited settings prompt the search for alternate approaches. The authors aimed at assessing the correlation between the plasma levels of soluble forms of Fas receptors (Fas) and Fas ligands (FasL) with standard indicators of HIV disease progression in children.

Methods:

Twenty-two HIV-1-positive children were enrolled in Yaounde. CD4 counts, CD4% counts, plasma levels of Fas, FasL, and HIV-1 RNA levels were assayed.

Results:

The correlation coefficients ( P values) between FasL levels and each of HIV-1 viral load, CD4 counts, and CD4% were, respectively, .56 (.01), −.29 (.18), and .30 (.18). On the other hand, the respective correlation coefficients ( P values) with Fas levels were .12 (.60), −.30 (.18), and −.29 (.19).

Conclusion:

The significant correlation between levels of HIV-1 viral load and FasL suggests that the latter needs to be further studied as a potential biomarker to monitor HIV-1 disease progression in children in resource-limited setting.