bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Ecology and the Archaeological Consequences of Central Place Foraging among the Meriam
Authors: Bird Douglas W.
Published: December 2004

Archaeology is ultimately concerned with explaining variability in the patterns of past human behavior. This chapter illustrates how archaeologically falsifiable hypotheses derived from the neo‐Darwinian framework of behavioral ecology can serve this goal. Most archaeological applications of this approach have focused on explaining differences in the material consequences of subsistence practices with reference to the general predictions of the encounter contingent prey‐choice model. I examine how testing hypotheses grounded in this model illuminate its relevant assumptions and direct our attention toward new questions about human subsistence strategies, especially where patterns in subsistence remains are likely to be influenced by the processing and transport decisions of central place foragers. The argument developed here is that the same neo‐Darwinian logic that provides predictions about prey choice also provides appropriate tools for generating testable explanations of variability in central place foraging strategies, resource transport, and patch choice. I illustrate the advantages of this approach with an analysis of shellfishing efficiency and shell deposition among contemporary Meriam shellfishers in the Torres Strait Islands. The results of this investigation demonstrate that Meriam processing decisions and the archaeological products of intertidal gathering are consistent with an hypothesized goal of maximizing resource delivery rate. This finding has ramifications well beyond the context of shellfishing, with implications for arguments about early hominid subsistence and settlement patterns drawn from interpretations of variability in large mammal remains.
Why the Muddle in the Middle Matters: the Language of Comparative and Direct in Human Evolution
Authors: Gowlett J.A.J.
Published: December 2004

The two fundamental approaches to studying human evolution are those of using data relating to the past itself (i.e., archaeology, palaeontology), and those of establishing comparative frameworks, usually based on the study of extant related species. Work with primates has been important in establishing comparisons of social structure, frameworks of subsistence, and base levels of intelligence, and has recently been used to generate ideas about the origins of language. This chapter examines how archaeology can be used to address critically the application of comparative ideas, especially those which are based on the concept of ‘Machiavellian intelligence’, linking group size and neocortex ratio. Archaeology is able to map out the communication of cultural information in a number of ways. Its direct evidence establishes that early Homo had far greater ranges than those of living apes. Technology used across these ranges had to pay for itself in energetic terms. It is argued that such factors may be as important as group size in accounting for evolutionary change.
Social Ecology as Political Economy: A Case Study in the Anthropology of Complexity
Authors: Deroche Constance P.
Published: December 2004

A VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION of family planners serves a population of about 100,000 in the center of a web of local, regional, and national relationships with other organizations within the family planning movement and with public bureaucracies, a web that structures the association's opportunities and constraints. The dynamics of purposive action within this web are traced using a power‐conscious, open‐systems model that illuminates process at the microsocial level. The analysis of this political economy of voluntary group action suggests that a comprehensive understanding of macrosocial forces requires a view from the bottom, from the actual grounded realities. Examination of resource strategizing necessitates consideration of value rationality, [voluntary associations, social ecology, open‐systems models, political economy, value rationality]
Social Impact of Changing Domestic Architecture in a Neighborhood in Sapporo, Japan
Authors: Mock John
Published: December 2004

Prior to 1965, all of the residential architecture in the Sapporo neighborhood of Hanayama had been single‐family housing. Sixteen small apartment buildings were constructed between 1965 and 1980. This article examines the impact of changing domestic architecture on the social organization of a Sapporo neighborhood. Possible factors in social change, such as raw population growth, increased density, and changes in the larger social and physical arenas, are examined and found not to be causal elements. Rather, the crucial elements are the behavior and cultural values of the entertainers who immigrated into the neighborhood during this period. [Japan, urban, social change, neighborhood, domestic architecture]
Industrial Anthropology: Conditions of Revival
Authors: Moore David G.
Published: December 2004

Anthropologists Made Major Contributions to management and organization research in business and industry in the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s. Since then, anthropologists have largely disappeared from the mainstream of management and organization research in business and industry. This paper examines the conditions that prevailed during the initial flourishing of industrial anthropology and asks whether the prominent role that it once occupied can be revived. The answer of this author is, maybe. While past conditions can never be repeated, there are interesting trends that may open the door for a revival. [management, organization research, industrial anthropology, business]
Aztec: The world of Moctezuma
Authors: Berdan Frances F.
Published: December 2004

Aztec: The world of Moctezuma. Denver Museum of Natural History (September 26 1992 February 21,1993).
Pathways of Tradition: Indian Isights in to Indian Worlds
Authors: Jonaitis Aldona
Published: December 2004

Pathways of Tradition: Indian Isights in to Indian Worlds. National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; Alexander Hamilton Customs House, New York, N.Y. (November 15, 1992 January 24, 1993).
Art of the American Indian Frontier: The Chandler‐Pohrt Collection
Authors: Conn Richard
Published: December 2004

Art of the American Indian Frontier: The Chandler‐Pohrt Collection. David W. Penney. Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts, 1992. 369 pp., 225 color illustrations, 34 duotone illustrations,. maps, bibliography, index. $60.00 (cloth).
The Quest for the Other: Ethnic Tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico
Authors: Levi Jerome M.
Published: December 2004

The Quest for the Other: Ethnic Tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico, Pierrel L. Van Den Berghe. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1994. xi. 169 pp. 44 photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95 (cloth).
African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power
Authors: Ottenberg Simon
Published: December 2004

African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power. Suzanne Preston Blier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xii. 476 pp.,. color illus., 165 b/w illus. (including. maps), appendix, bibliography, index. $50.00 (cloth).
From the Land of the Thunder Dragon: Textile Arts of Bhutan
Authors: Grieder Susanne
Published: December 2004

From the Land of the Thunder Dragon: Textile Arts of Bhutan. Edited by Diana K. Myers and Susans Bean London: Serindia Publications and Salem, MA: Peabody Essex Museum, 1994. 247 pp., color and b/w photographs, notes, glossary, catalog, bibliography, index.
Images of Power: Balinese Paintings Made for Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead
Authors: Steedly Mary Margaret
Published: December 2004

Images of Power: Balinese Paintings Made for Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead. HILDRED GEERTZ. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. + 135 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography, index, appendix (biographical notes on artists), and glossary
Drawing shadows to stone: the photography of the jesup north pacific expedition
Authors: Masicia‐Lees Frances E.
Published: December 2004

Drawing Shadows to Stone: the Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897‐1902. american museum of natural history, new york, ny (November 14, 1997‐March 1, 1998)
Aethiopia: Peoples of Ethiopia
Authors: Abbink Jon
Published: December 2004

Aethiopia: Peoples of Ethiopia. Exhibition at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren Belgium. March 21, 1996‐January 12, 1997. Projected itinerary in 1998‐2000: Amsterdam, Munich, Osnabrück, Charlevifle‐Mézières.
Cowboys & Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch.
Authors: Haas Jonathan
Published: December 2004

Cowboys & Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch. Fred M. Blackburn and Ray A. Williamson. santa fe: school of american research press, 1997 188pp.
Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies
Authors: Lefferts Leedom
Published: December 2004

Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies. Edited by W. David Kingery. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. +260 pp. Illustrated, figures, charts.
Review of Live like the Banyan Tree: Images of the Indian American Experience
Authors: Ghosh Pika
Published: December 2004

LIVE LIKE THE BANYAN TREE: IMAGES OF THE INDIAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE. The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, Philadelphia. February 4‐December 31, 1999
Devi: The Great Goddess
Authors: Wolfgram Matthew
Published: December 2004

DEVI: THE GREAT GODDESS. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (Smithsonian Institution) March 28‐ September 6,1999.
Repatriation Reader: Who Owns American Indian Remains?
Authors: Lippert Dorothy
Published: December 2004

Repatriation Reader: Who Owns American Indian Remains? Devon A. Mihesuah. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 335 pp. $20 (paper).
A Country Auction
Authors: Rowe Stacy
Published: December 2004

. Country Auction: The Paul V. Lettzel Estate Sale 1984.By Robert Aibel. Ben Levin. Chris Musello and Jay Ruby. Time: 56:00. Color. Purchase price: $80.00 for vhs; $100 for 3/4" Video; $760 for 16mm film. Rental price (3 day Rental period): $13.00 for vhs; $34.50 for 16mm Film. Available from the pennsylvania state University, audio‐visual services, special services Building, 1127 fox hill road, university park, pa 16802.Tel. 814 865 6314 fax. 814 863 2574.
Impossible Science of Being Dialogues between Anthropology and Photography
Authors: Edwards Elizabeth
Published: December 2004

Impossible Science of Being Dialogues between Anthropology and Photography. Photographers Gallery, London 20 October 1995 ‐13 January 1996 (and tour to Leeds City Art Gallery and Brighton Museum and Art Gallery).
Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: December 2004

Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire. Johannes Fabian with narrative and paintings by Tshibumba Kanda Matulu Berkeley. University of California Press, 1996
Cross‐Cultural FilmmakingA Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos
Authors: Henley Paul
Published: December 2004

Cross‐Cultural Filmmaking. Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos. Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997
Gifts of Circumstance
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: December 2004

Making Forest of Bliss: Intention, Circumstance ami Chance in Nonfiction Film. Conversation between Robert Gardner and Ákos Östör. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard Film Archive, 2001.
Dynamic expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -9 and -14) and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1, -2 and -3) at the implantation site during tubal pregnancy
Authors: Bai S X , Wang Y L , Qin L , Xiao Z J , Herva R , Piao Y S
Published: December 2004

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and their functions are regulated by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The evidence for the roles of MMPs and TIMPs in implantation and placentation has remained insufficient in humans, especially during the early stages. Tubal pregnancy has some similarities to normal intrauterine pregnancy and therefore may provide a unique model for implantation studies. In the present study, the expression of MMP-2, -9 and -14, and TIMP-1, -2 and -3 at the feto–maternal interface during tubal pregnancy was examined by immunohistochemistry andin situhybridization. We found that MMP-9 and TIMP-1, -2 and -3 are produced by all types of extravillous cytotrophoblast (EVCT) cells, while MMP-2 and -14 mainly exist in distal column cytotrophoblast (CCT) cells and invasive EVCT cells. Meanwhile, the intensity of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 and -2 increased along the invasive pathway toward maternal interstitium. In addition, MMP-2, -9 and -14 and TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were all detected in the villous CT (VCT) cells. Furthermore, both the mRNA level and immunoreactivity of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and -3 increased, while those of TIMP-2 decreased concurrent with the progression of pregnancy during weeks 3–9. The unique expression pattern of various MMPs and TIMPs at the feto–maternal interface suggests that they may have roles in regulating the controlled invasion of trophoblasts during implantation and placentation. Meanwhile, the study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cellular events during human pregnancy, especially at the initiation stage of implantation.
Reduction of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) due to a Voluntary Workplace Influenza Vaccination Program: Who are More Likely to Get the Benefit?
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hung , Huang Li‐Min , Wang Jung‐Der
Published: December 2004

Reduction of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) due to a Voluntary Workplace Influenza Vaccination Program: Who are More Likely to Get the Benefit?: Yi‐Hung Liu, et al. Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taiwan—The study investigated the overall effectiveness and its determinants of an influenza vaccination in the reduction of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) clinic visits and sickness absence for a working population. We collected and compared the data of clinic visits and hours of sick leave among vaccinated and non‐vaccinated workers during January and April in 1998 and 1999. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore possible determinants. The incidence rate of ARI clinic visits dropped 37.9% in 1999, with 57.3% reduction in vaccinated and 14.1% in un‐vaccinated workers. Multiple regression analysis showed that the reduction was significantly associated with vaccination status, a history of diabetes, and occurrence of ARI clinic visits in 1998. Influenza vaccination is effective in reducing ARI clinic visits and sickness absence. Workers with a previous history of ARI, diabetes, and possibly young workers living with children were more likely to get the benefit. The identification of potential susceptible subpopulations can also minimize confusion on company policy for isolation during an epidemic of new infectious disease with flu‐like symptoms.
Predictors of Job Satisfaction among Physiotherapists in Turkey
Authors: Eker Levent , Tüzün Emine Handan , Daşkapan Arzu , Sürenkök Özgür
Published: December 2004

Predictors of Job Satisfaction among Physiotherapists in Turkey: Levent Eker, et al. Mother and Child Health Care and Family Planning General Directorate, Ministry of Health, Turkey— The aim of this study was to investigate the level of job satisfaction among physiotherapists, and to identify the best predictors of job satisfaction. A self‐administrated questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2003. Data were collected from 198 physiotherapists in 13 health care settings (five university hospitals, seven government hospitals, and one municipality hospital) located in Ankara, Turkey. Respondents were asked to complete a 31‐item job satisfaction questionnaire. The response rate was 79.8%. The percentage of satisfied physiotherapists was 45.5%. There were no significant satisfaction differences between genders or between age groups. There was a positive relationship between the global satisfaction and domain scores (all ps<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the most important predictors of job satisfaction were: (1) Leadership (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06), (2) Interpersonal relationships (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05), (3) Advancement (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05), and (4) Salary (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04). Specific job satisfaction dimensions indicate that highest dissatisfaction levels occur in the area of salary and advancement. Areas of dissatisfaction are signals for change.
Religion, Spirituality and Implicit Religion in Psychotherapy
Authors: Gollnick James
Published: December 2004

This article examines psychotherapy’s changing attitude toward religion and spirituality, a change that signals a greater openness not only to explicit religion and spirituality, but also to the key elements of implicit religion. Recent studies indicate that the primary psychological elements of implicit religion are identity, values, worldview, and meaning. To the degree that psychotherapy helps people rewrite their personal story and redraw their cognitive and moral maps of reality, it deals directly with these core aspects of their implicit religion and spirituality. This essay explores how these dimensions of implicit religion are essential factors, dealt with in the course of psychotherapy.
Extended One‐Step Methods: An Exponential Fitting Approach
Authors: Van Daele M. , Vanden Berghe G.
Published: December 2004

Exponentially fitted versions of the extended one‐step methods for first‐order ODEs are constructed following the six‐step flow chart introduced by Ixaru and Vanden Berghe in Exponential fitting, (Mathematics and Its Application 568, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004) and their properties are examined. It is shown how formulae for optimal frequencies can be constructed. Some numerical experiments illustrate the use of the developed algorithms. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Incomplete Cholesky Preconditioners with Band‐Diagonalization for Sparse Symmetric Systems
Authors: Itoh Taku , Fujimoto Daichi , Kitagawa Takashi , Nakata Susumu
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we present a preconditioning method based on Incomplete Cholesky Decomposition (ICD) combined with a band‐diagonalization strategy which enables an efficient ICD. The performance of the ICD preconditioner for sparse symmetric systems has a close relationship to the number of fill‐ins of the exact Cholesky decomposition and the number can be decreased by the band‐diagonalization. We consider an implicit surface reconstruction as a typical problem which has a property that the coefficient matrix can be transformed into a band‐diagonal structure at a low computational cost. The effectiveness of the preconditioning is shown as a result of some numerical experiments. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fracture behavior of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites
Authors: Chen Ning , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Changming
Published: December 2004

PVC/Blendex/Nano‐CaCO3 composites were prepared by melt‐blending method. The Blendex (BLENDEX® 338) (GE Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer with high butadiene content. The fracture behavior of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites was studied using a modified essential work of fracture model, U/A = u0 + udl, where u0 is the limiting specific fracture energy and ud is the dissipative energy density. The u0 of PVC/Blendex blend could be greatly increased by the addition of nano‐CaCO3, while the ud was decreased. Nano‐CaCO3 with particle size of 38 nm increased the u0 of PVC/Blendex blend more effectively than that with particle size of 64 nm, when nano‐CaCO3 content was below 10 phr. Both the u0 and ud of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites were not much affected by increasing specimen thickness from 3 mm to 5 mm, while the two fracture parameters were increased with increasing loading rate from 2 mm/min to 10 mm/min, and ud was found to be more sensitive to the loading rate than u0. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 953–961, 2005
Study on water resistance of paper treated with polyacrylate microlatex
Authors: Xu Peng , Zhong Wei , Wang Haitao , Lin Yijian , Du Qiangguo
Published: December 2004

Polyacrylate microlatexes were synthesized by microemulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of cationic emulsifiers using a modified process. Paper treated with some of the polyacrylate microlatexes showed good water resistance. Paper's water resistance and its relation to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer, the particle size of the microlatex, and the emulsifier were studied. It was found that paper fiber can be uniformly coated by cationic microlatexes with polymers of lower Tg, resulting in higher resistance to water penetration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 962–966, 2005
Synthesis and properties of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing hemiphasmidic mesogens
Authors: Yao Dan‐shu , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Sun Qiu‐Ju , Zhang Li‐Feng
Published: December 2004

The synthesis of hemiphasmidic monomers 4‐[(3,4,5‐triethoxy)benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M1), 4‐[(3,5‐diethoxy)benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)‐benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M2), and of the corresponding side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes (P1, P2) was carried out. For comparison, rodlike monomer 4‐[(p‐ethoxy)‐benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M3) and its polysiloxanes (P3) were also prepared. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers obtained were confirmed by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra. Their mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The relationship between structures and properties was discussed. It was observed that M1 and M3 were enantiotropic nematic phase, M2 was monotropic mesophase, and their poly(methylsiloxanes) (P1–P3) possessed a broad range enantiotropic nematic phases and high thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 946–952, 2005
Surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, and their charge‐transfer complex. VI. Charge‐transfer complex (2)
Authors: Jianping Deng , Wantai Yang
Published: December 2004

The photografting copolymerization of a low‐density polyethylene/vinyl acetate (VAC)–maleic anhydride (MAH) binary monomer system was studied from the perspective of dynamics. The total conversion percentage (CP) and grafting conversion percentage (CG) were measured by gravimetry. On the basis of plots of CP and CG as functions of the polymerization time, the total polymerization rate (RP) and grafting polymerization rate (RG) were calculated. In addition, the apparent activation energy (Ea) and the reaction orders of the photografting polymerization under different reaction conditions, such as the total monomer concentration and the concentration of benzophenone (BP), were determined also. The results showed that, in comparison with the photografting polymerization of the two single monomers (VAC and MAH), RP and RG noticeably increased for the VAC–MAH binary monomer system. When the total monomer concentration was kept at 4M, the apparent Ea's of the three photografting polymerization systems were as follows: for VAC ([MAH]/[VAC] = 0/4), Ea's for the total polymerization and grafting polymerization were 41.00 and 43.90 kJ/mol, respectively; for MAH ([MAH]/[VAC] = 4/0, Ea's were 39.65 and 43.23 kJ/mol, respectively; and for the VAC–MAH binary monomer system, Ea's were 34.35 and 40.32 kJ/mol, respectively. These results suggested that the polymerization of the binary system occurred more readily than the other two. The reaction orders of RP with respect to the total monomer concentration of the monomers and the concentration of BP were 1.34 and 0.81, respectively. According to these investigations, it could be inferred that in the binary monomer system, both the free monomers and charge‐transfer complex took part in the polymerization; to the termination of the propagating chains, two possible pathways, unimolecular termination and bimolecular termination, coexisted in this binary monomer system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 910–915, 2005
Analogues of cyclolinopeptide a containing α‐hydroxymethyl amino acid residues
Authors: Zubrzak Paweł , Banaś Agnieszka , Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Leplawy Mirosław T. , Sochacki Marek , Kowalski Marek L. , Szkudlińska Barbara , Zabrocki Janusz , Di Lello Paola , Isernia Carla , Saviano Michele , Pedone Carlo , Benedetti Ettore
Published: December 2004

Linear and cyclic cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) analogues containing α‐hydroxymethylleucine (HmL) in positions 1, 4, and 1&4, and α‐hydroxymethylvaline (HmV) in position 5, were synthesized by the solid‐phase peptide strategy and cyclized with the 1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide/1‐hydroxy‐7‐azabenzotriazole (EDC/HOAt) reagent. The peptides were examined for their immunosuppressive activity in the lymphocyte proliferation assays (LPA). Only HmL‐containing peptides demonstrated at about 25% lower immunosuppressive activity, but they are four times more soluble in water solutions than the native CLA. It seems from the LPA results that peptide [(HmL4)CLA] is the most promising for further studies. This peptide was characterized in solution, at room temperature in CDCl3, and the conformation compared with that observed for CLA in the solid state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Novel gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonists with substitutions at position 5
Authors: Samant Manoj P. , Hong Doley J. , Croston Glenn , Rivier Catherine , Rivier Jean
Published: December 2004

Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists with high potency and improved duration of action are needed for potential clinical applications. We synthesized four new antagonists (2–5) of GnRH homologues to Azaline B (1), with a common core sequence of [Aph(X)5, D‐Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B. In these analogs, (X) contains hydrophobic aromatic moieties (like homoveratoyl in 2, homovanillyl in 3, 2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 4, and 3,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 5) designed to improve the duration of action over that of Azaline B. These analogs were tested in vitro for their ability to antagonize the GnRH receptor and in vivo for duration of action in a castrated male rat assay. Analogs 2, 4, and 5 were potent in vitro, but were found to be short acting in vivo. However, analog 3 [Aph(Hvn)5,D‐Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B is a potent human GnRH receptor antagonist in vitro (IC50 1.47 nM) and exhibits a longer duration of action than azaline B. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
‘Brain Aided’ Musk Design
Authors: Kraft Philip
Published: December 2004

This brief review, including new experimental results, is the summary of a talk at the RSC/SCI conference flavours & fragrances 2004 in Manchester, United Kingdom, 12–14 May, 2004. Musk odorants have been a classical domain for computer aided structure–odor relationship (SOR) studies, but, contrary to sandalwood or amber odorants, they belong to structurally very different substance classes, e.g., macrocycles, aromatic polycycles, and nitro arenes. Most SOR computer models are restricted to one class, excluding structural diversity to increase predictability. But even within a musk family, structural similarities are often due to a common synthetic access, and do not reflect binding requirements for the musk receptor. Beyond that, the importance of structural key features can be missed, which is discussed on the example of the (4S)‐Me group of Galaxolide®. By synthesis and olfactory evaluation of Galaxolide®‐like shaped macrobicycles as model compounds for conformationally constrained (12R)‐12‐methyltridecano‐13‐lactone, it was investigated how likely there is more than one musk receptor. Finally, the new family of so‐called linear musks is discussed, especially with respect to the conformational importance of the gem‐2′,2′‐dimethyl moiety in Helvetolide® and the additional 2′‐carbonyl group of Romandolide – structural features that strongly diminish the musk odor of macrocycles. On the example of 2‐methyl‐2‐[(E)‐1,2,4‐trimethylpent‐2‐enyloxy]propyl esters, the ‘brain‐aided’ design and conformational analysis of musk odorants is illustrated. The overview concludes with the synthesis, odor evaluation, and conformational discussion of the new musk odorant 2‐(3,3‐dimethylcyclohexyl)propanoic acid ethoxycarbonylmethyl ester.
Amino Acid Binding by 2‐(Guanidiniocarbonyl)pyridines in Aqueous Solvents: A Comparative Binding Study Correlating Complex Stability with Stereoelectronic Factors
Authors: Schmuck Carsten , Machon Uwe
Published: December 2004

A series of guanidiniocarbonylpyridine receptors has been synthesized, and these compounds bind amino acids (carboxylate forms) in aqueous DMSO with association constants ranging from K = 30 to 460 M−1 as determined by NMR titration experiments. The differences in the complex stabilities can be correlated with steric and electrostatic effects with the aid of calculated complex structures. For example, the electrostatic repulsion between the pyridine nitrogen lone pair and the bound carboxylate makes anion binding less efficient than with the analogous pyrrole receptors previously introduced by us for carboxylate binding in water. Furthermore, steric interactions between the receptor side chain as in 2 b and the bound substrate also disfavor complexation.
Water‐Catalyzed Dehalogenation Reactions of the Isomer of CBr4 and Its Reaction Products and a Comparison to Analogous Reactions of the Isomers of Di‐ and Trihalomethanes
Authors: Zhao Cunyuan , Lin Xufeng , Kwok Wai Ming , Guan Xiangguo , Du Yong , Wang Dongqi , Hung Kam Fa , Phillips David Lee
Published: December 2004

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the UV photolysis of a typical tetrahalomethane, CBr4, in water and acetonitrile/water was performed. Ultraviolet photolysis of low concentrations of CBr4 in water mostly leads to the production of four HBr leaving groups and CO2. Picosecond time‐resolved resonance Raman (Ps‐TR3) experiments and ab initio calculations indicate that water‐catalyzed OH insertion/HBr elimination of the isomer of CBr4 and subsequent reactions of its products lead to the formation of these products. The UV photolyses of di‐, tri‐, and tetrahalomethanes at low concentrations in water‐solvated environments are compared to one another. This comparison enables a general reaction scheme to be deduced that can account for the different products produced by UV photolysis of low concentrations of di‐, tri‐, and tetrahalomethanes in water. The fate of the (halo)formaldehyde intermediate in the chemical reaction mechanism is the key to determining how many strong acid leaving groups are produced and which carbon atom final product is likely formed by UV photolysis of a polyhalomethane at low concentrations in a water‐solvated environment.
Simulation of the Crystal Field Effect on the Pr3+ Ion in K2La1‐xPrxCl5 Ternary Chlorides.
Authors: Cybinska Joanna , Hoelsae Jorma , Lastusaari Mika , Legendziewicz Janina , Meyer Gerd , Wickleder Claudia
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of AlFe3 and AlFe3N Nitride
Authors: Kuhnen C. A. , dos Santos A. V.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Low Temperature Thermoluminescence Properties of Eu2+ and Ln3+ Doped CaAl2O4.
Authors: Aitasalo T. , Durygin A. , Hoelsae J. , Lastusaari M. , Niittykoski J. , Suchocki A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Nanocrystalline Lu2O3:Eu Phosphor via a Molten Salts Route.
Authors: Trojan‐Piegza J. , Zych E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lead‐Free Piezoceramics.
Authors: Saito Yasuyoshi , Takao Hisaaki , Tani Toshihiko , Nonoyama Tatsuhiko , Takatori Kazumasa , Homma Takahiko , Nagaya Toshiatsu , Nakamura Masaya
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cation and Spin Ordering in the n = 1 Ruddlesden—Popper Phase La2Sr2LiRuO8.
Authors: Rodgers Jennifer A. , Battle Peter D. , Dupre Nicolas , Grey Clare P. , Sloan Jeremy
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple and Efficient Route to Prepare Homogeneous Samples of Sr2FeMoO6 with a High Degree of Fe/Mo Order.
Authors: Huang Y. H. , Linden J. , Yamauchi H. , Karppinen M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Deposition of Composite Titania/Vanadia Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition.
Authors: Hoffmann Rudolf C. , Jeurgens Lars P. H. , Wildhack Stefanie , Bill Joachim , Aldinger Fritz
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Amine Sulfonamide Organocatalyst for Promoting Direct, Highly Enantioselective α‐Aminoxylation Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Jian , Li Hao , Liao Lixin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Allylic Substitution Using Chiral (2‐Phosphinophenyl)pyridine Ligand.
Authors: Ito Katsuji , Imahayashi Yoshikatsu , Kuroda Tomomi , Eno Shuuichiro , Saito Bunnai , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Novel Spiro Bisphosphinamidite Ligand for Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Lin Ching Wen , Lin Chi‐Ching , Lam F.‐L. , Au‐Yeung Terry T.‐L. , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: December 2004

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5‐Pyrrolidin‐2‐yltetrazole as an Asymmetric Organocatalyst for the Addition of Ketones to Nitro‐Olefins.
Authors: Cobb Alexander J. A. , Longbottom Deborah A. , Shaw David M. , Ley Steven V.
Published: December 2004

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α‐Hydroxy Ketones in High Enantiomeric Purity from Asymmetric Oxidation of Enol Phosphates with (salen) Manganese(III) Complex.
Authors: Krawczyk Ewa , Koprowski Marek , Skowronska Alexsandra , Luczak Jerzy
Published: December 2004

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Enantiopure Fluorous Amino‐Derivatives: Synthesis and Some Applications in Asymmetric Organometallic Catalysis.
Authors: Bayardon Jerome , Maillard David , Pozzi Gianluca , Sinou Denis
Published: December 2004

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Novel [2 + 2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Enediynes Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes.
Authors: Bennacer Bibia , Fujiwara Masaki , Ojima Iwao
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Some New Cyanopyrans and Cyanopyridines and Their Biological Activities.
Authors: Popat K. H. , Kachhadia V. V. , Nimavat Kiran S. , Joshi H. S.
Published: December 2004

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Highly Diastereoselective Prins‐Type Cyclization of Cyclopropylvinylic Aldehydes Mediated by TiCl4.
Authors: Yu Chan‐Mo , Yoon Seok‐Keun , Hong Young‐Taek , Kim Jimin
Published: December 2004

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Unusual Reaction of Iodofurazans with Nucleophilic Reagents.
Authors: Sheremetev A. B. , Shamshina Yu. L.
Published: December 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Preparation of Cyclic Ureas from Diamines in the Presence of ZnO.
Authors: Kim Yong Jin , Varma Rajender S.
Published: December 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Esters and Amides under Microwave Conditions.
Authors: Bentz Emilie , Moloney Mark G. , Westaway Susan M.
Published: December 2004

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Reaction of Difluorocarbene with 2H‐Azirines: Generation and Transformations of Strained Azomethine Ylides — Aziriniodifluoromethanides.
Authors: Khlebnikov A. F. , Novikov M. S. , Amer A. A.
Published: December 2004

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A Tandem Radical Cyclization Route to Tricyclo[4.3.n.01,5]alkanes.
Authors: Lee Hee‐Yoon , Lee Sejin , Kim Byung Gyu , Bahn Jong Soo
Published: December 2004

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Solid State Oxidation of Alcohols Using 1‐Butyl‐4‐aza‐1‐azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Chlorochromate.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Bagheri Hamid R. , Ruoho Arnold E.
Published: December 2004

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IBX in an Ionic Liquid: Eco‐Friendly Oxidation of 17α‐Methylandrostan‐3β,17β‐diol, an Intermediate in the Synthesis of Anabolic Oxandrolone.
Authors: Chhikara Bhupender S. , Chandra Ramesh , Tandon Vibha
Published: December 2004

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Indium(III) Acetate‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Reduction and Reductive Aldol Reactions of α‐Enones with Phenylsilane.
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Yamada Yusuke , Tomita Mitsuru , Hosomi Akira
Published: December 2004

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A Simple, and Highly Selective Method for the Iodination of Alcohols Using ZrCl4/NaI.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Jafarpour Maasoumeh
Published: December 2004

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Sulfur Dioxide Mediated One‐Pot, Three‐ and Four‐Component Syntheses of Polyfunctional Sulfonamides and Sulfonic Esters: Study of the Stereoselectivity of the Ene Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide.
Authors: Bouchez Laure C. , Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Turks Maris , Vogel Pierre
Published: December 2004

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Hydroxyapatite Supported Copper Catalyst for Effective Three‐Component Coupling.
Authors: Choudary Boyapati M. , Sridhar Chidara , Kantam Mannepalli L. , Sreedhar Bojja
Published: December 2004

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S,S‐Dimethyl Dithiocarbonate: A Useful Reagent for Efficient Conversion of Aldoximes to Nitriles.
Authors: Khan Taukeer Ahmad , Peruncheralathan Saravanan , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Junjappa Hiriyakkanavar
Published: December 2004

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Facile Synthesis of Dendralenes Based on the Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 2,3‐Bis(pinacolato)boryl‐1,3‐butadiene.
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Tanaka Kei , Kurahashi Takuya , Shimono Katsuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2004

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Iodine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of β‐Keto Enol Ethers.
Authors: Bhosale Rajesh S. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Wang Tianyu , Zubaidha P. K.
Published: December 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Organobismuth Compounds with Aryl and Alkenyl Chlorides.
Authors: Yamazaki Osamu , Tanaka Toshifumi , Shimada Shigeru , Suzuki Yohichi , Tanaka Masato
Published: December 2004

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Opening of Epoxides with Aromatic Amines Promoted by Indium Tribromide: A Mild and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Rodriguez Juan Ramon , Navarro Antonio
Published: December 2004

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Ionic Liquids as Catalytic Green Solvents for Cracking Reactions.
Authors: Wang Yong , Li Haoran , Wang Congmin , Jiang Hui
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids Based on Oxidative Cleavage of Dihydropyridone Derivatives.
Authors: Ege Markus , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: December 2004

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Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Amphiphilic Activation of Bis‐allyl Alcohol and Ether.
Authors: Mukai Ryutaro , Horino Yoshikazu , Tanaka Shuji , Tamaru Yoshinao , Kimura Masanari
Published: December 2004

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Stereocontrolled Synthesis of All Eight Stereoisomers of the Putative anti‐Androgen Cyoctol.
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Kaselow Ulrich , Graske Klaus‐Dieter , Kuehne Holger , Sieg Andreas , Martin Harry J.
Published: December 2004

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Enantioselective Catalysis of Claisen Rearrangement by DABNTf—Pd(II) Complex.
Authors: Akiyama Katsuhiro , Mikami Koichi
Published: December 2004

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Construction of the Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenone Core by Successive Michael Reactions of 2‐Cyclohexenone Derivatives.
Authors: Takagi Ryukichi , Nerio Takashi , Miwa Yukiko , Matsumura Shuji , Ohkata Katsuo
Published: December 2004

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Novel Application of Phosphonium Salts as Co‐Catalysts for the Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Johnson Claire L. , Donkor Rachel E. , Nawaz Wafaa , Karodia Nazira
Published: December 2004

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Palladium Bipyridyl Complex Anchored on Nanosized MCM‐41 as a Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Heck Reaction.
Authors: Tsai Fu‐Yu , Wu Chen‐Lin , Mou Chung‐Yuan , Chao Man‐Chien , Lin Hong‐Ping , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: December 2004

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Asymmetric Intramolecular Michael Addition of α‐Sulfinyl Vinylic Carbanion to Enoates.
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Sawamoto Hiroaki , Yuyama Sachiko , Yoshigami Ryoko , Suzuki Tomoko , Izumi Mayuko , Ohishi Hirofumi , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: December 2004

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4‐Acylamino‐ and 4‐Ureidobenzamides as Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Receptor 1 Antagonists
Authors: Receveur Jean‐Marie , Bjurling Emelie , Ulven Trond , Little Paul Brian , Noerregaard Pia K. , Hoegberg Thomas
Published: December 2004

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A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Optically Active Trisubstituted 1,2‐Ethylenediamines: The First Example of Grignard Addition to N‐Diphenylphosphinoyl Ketimines Derived from Amino Acids.
Authors: Kohmura Yoshinori , Mase Toshiaki
Published: December 2004

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Michael‐Type Addition of Hydroxide to Alkynylselenonium Salt: Practical Use as a Ketoselenonium Ylide Precursor.
Authors: Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Asaka Shinsuke , Kataoka Tadashi
Published: December 2004

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Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Aziridination of Allyl‐Substituted Sulfonamides and Carbamates.
Authors: Padwa Albert , Flick Andrew C. , Leverett Carolyn A. , Stengel Thomas
Published: December 2004

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Use of Palladium‐Mediated Allylic Substitution Reactions in the Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted‐2,5‐dihydrofurans.
Authors: Williams D. Bradley G. , Evans Stephen J.
Published: December 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Direct Addition of Cycloethers to Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Reactions of Paramagnetic Aromatic Aldehydes as Useful Synthetic Building Blocks.
Authors: Kalai Tamas , Kulcsar Gyoezoe , Jekoe Jozsef , Oesz Erzsebet , Hideg Kalman
Published: December 2004

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A Facile Synthesis of 4‐, 5‐ and 6‐Chloromethyl‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxylates: Replacement of a Sulfonic Acid Functionality by Chlorine.
Authors: Pete Bela , Parlagh Gyula
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and GABA Receptor Potency of 3‐Thiomethyl‐4‐(hetero)aryl‐5‐amino‐1‐phenylpyrazoles.
Authors: Meegalla Sanath K. , Doller Dario , Sha DeYou , Soll Rich , Wisnewski Nancy , Silver Gary M. , Dhanoa Dale
Published: December 2004

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Zirconium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Hydrazones to Olefins Leading to Optically Active Pyrazolidine, Pyrazoline, and 1,3‐Diamine Derivatives.
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shu
Published: December 2004

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First Acetylenic Derivatives of Stable 3‐Imidazoline Nitroxides.
Authors: Vasilevsky Sergei F. , Klyatskaya Svetlana V. , Korovnikova Olga L. , Stass Dmitri V. , Amitina Svetlana A. , Grigir'ev Igor A. , Elguero Jose
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Oxazoline MMP Inhibitors.
Authors: Cook Gregory R. , Manivannan Ethirajan , Underdahl Thane , Lukacova Viera , Zhang Yufen , Balaz Stefan
Published: December 2004

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A Three‐Component Reaction of Phenol, Aldehyde, and Active Methylene Substrate under Lewis Acid Catalysis: Successful Trapping of o‐Quinone Methide to Afford Benzopyran Systems.
Authors: Mashraqui Sabir H. , Patil Mamta B. , Mistry Hitesh D. , Ghadigaonkar Shailesh , Meetsma Auke
Published: December 2004

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New Aspects of the Aldol Condensation of Acetylpyridines with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Vatsadze S. Z. , Nuriev V. N. , Leshcheva I. F. , Zyk N. V.
Published: December 2004

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Alkynes and Isocyanates.
Authors: Duong Hung A. , Cross Michael J. , Louie Janis
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of New 2,3‐Dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐4‐quinolone Derivatives; Aza Analogues of Flavanone.
Authors: Park Myung‐Sook , Lee Jae‐In
Published: December 2004

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3‐Thio‐quinolinone Maxi‐K Openers for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction.
Authors: Boy Kenneth M. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinolines via the Reaction of ortho‐Alkynylarylimines with Bis‐π‐allylpalladium.
Authors: Ohtaka Manabu , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: December 2004

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Quinone Methide Initiated Cyclization Reaction: Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Raju B. China , Neelakantan Parvathi , Bhalerao U. T.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of 4b,5,10a,11‐Tetrahydroindeno[1,2‐b]quinolin‐10‐ones from Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Lee Chang Gon , Lee Ka Young , GowriSankar Saravanan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: December 2004

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Direct Conversion of an ortho‐Allylphenol into a Chlorosulfonyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2‐benzoxathiin 2,2‐Dioxide.
Authors: Qaisi Ali M. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Hydrolytic Cleavage of 1‐Aryl‐5‐cyano‐6‐(2‐dimethylaminovinyl)‐4‐oxo (thioxo)‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Ivanov A. S. , Tugusheva N. Z. , Alekseeva L. M. , Granik V. G.
Published: December 2004

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Pyrimidine Methyl Anilines: Selective Potentiators for the Metabotropic Glutamate 2 Receptor
Authors: Hu Essa , Chua Peter C. , Tehrani Lida , Nagasawa Johnny Y. , Pinkerton Anthony B. , Rowe Blake A. , Vernier Jean‐Michel , Hutchinson John H. , Cosford Nicholas D. P.
Published: December 2004

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Identification of 4‐Piperazin‐1‐yl‐quinazoline Template Based Aryl and Benzyl Thioureas as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Receptor.
Authors: Heath Julie A. , Mehrotra Mukund M. , Chi Shannon , Yu Jin‐Chen , Hutchaleelaha Athiwat , Hollenbach Stanley J. , Giese Neill A. , Scarborough Robert M. , Pandey Anjali
Published: December 2004

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Discovery of Orally Active Prostaglandin D2 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Torisu Kazuhiko , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

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Pyridazine Derivatives and Related Compounds. Part 13. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pyridazino[3′,4′:3,4]pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazines.
Authors: Deeb Ali , El‐Mariah Fatma , Hosny Mona
Published: December 2004

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