bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Good nurse–nurse collaboration implies high job satisfaction: A structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Ylitörmänen Tuija , Turunen Hannele , Mikkonen Santtu , Kvist Tarja
Published: April 2019

Aims

To explore the relationship between nurse–nurse collaboration and job satisfaction among hospital nurses and to test and refine a model explaining this relationship.

Design

A secondary analysis of a cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Registered nurses (N = 406, female 88%) in one university hospital in Finland and one in Norway completed a self‐administered questionnaire in 2015. Structural equation modelling analysis was used to analyse the relationships between collaboration and job satisfaction subscales.

Results

The constructed SEM model fit the data well (RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.985, χ2 p‐value > 0.1). The model strongly supported the hypothesized covariance between nurse–nurse collaboration and job satisfaction, while significant and positive relationships were observed between most of the subscales. The results suggest that there is a strong association between nurse–nurse collaboration and job satisfaction such that nurses are more satisfied when there is good collaboration and vice versa.
Knowledge and practice towards care and maintenance of peripheral intravenous cannula among nurses in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Osti Chadani , Khadka Menuka , Wosti Deepa , Gurung Ganga , Zhao Qinghua
Published: April 2019

Aim

The study is mainly concerned about the care and maintenance of peripheral intravenous cannulation: to determine the knowledge and practice of nurses towards care and maintenance of IV cannula and to find out the obstacles encountered in caring and maintaining IV cannula. Intravenous cannulation is a common procedure performed by nurses in every hospital and closely associated with the risk of nosocomial infections if standard care is not provided.

Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional study design was carried out.

Methods

Nurses' knowledge and practice towards care and maintenance of peripheral intravenous cannula were assessed using a validated semi‐structured self‐administered questionnaire through the census method. Data were analysed through SPSS program. The comparison was done between knowledge and practice.

Results

The findings revealed that 84.72% respondents were doing correct practices despite the fact that only 82.47% respondents had proper knowledge. Most nurses have good knowledge of caring and maintaining peripheral intravenous cannulation but there were some without proper knowledge and practice. This could be a potential risk factor for patient safety.
Imaging scours in straightened and braided gravel‐bed rivers with ground‐penetrating radar
Authors: Huber Emanuel , Anders Birte , Huggenberger Peter
Published: April 2019

The genesis of alternate gravel bars in straightened rivers and braided rivers is closely coupled to the formation of scours. Scours can lead to riverbank failure, initiate lateral river dynamics and strongly impact the interaction between surface and subsurface flow and transport. It is, therefore, critical to account for scours in the design of flood protection measures. However, there is still little knowledge on the formation and characteristics of such scours, especially on the dynamic relationship between the riverbed morphology and the scours. Bathymetric riverbed surveys conducted at medium to low discharge may underestimate the real scour sizes and shapes if scours filled with sediments during waning discharge. Furthermore, the literature suggests that gravel bars and scours can jointly migrate on the riverbed, resulting in cut‐and‐fill sedimentary structures in the near subsurface. These cut‐and‐fill structures cannot be observed from the surface. We investigate with ground‐penetrating radar the presence of scour fills below the riverbed of two gravel‐bed rivers and study any indications of bar and scour migration. Thus, two ground‐penetrating radar surveys were conducted, one on the emerged part of an alternate bar of the channelized Alpine Rhine River (Switzerland) and the other on a flat gravel surface in a braided reach of the Tagliamento River (Italy) that is near the pristine state. At both sites, a scour fill could be clearly identified below a 2‐m‐thick sediment layer. The imaged part of the scour of the Alpine Rhine River (30 × 100 × 4.5 m) is located at the front end of the gravel bar next to the riverbank. This scour was only partially imaged by ground‐penetrating radar and is in reality significantly deeper and larger. The scour of the Tagliamento River (20 × 30 × 2.5 m) shows a clear internal structure consisting of inclined, planar cross‐beds that merge tangentially with the lower‐bounding erosional surface of the scour. At the light of the literature, we compare these two scours in terms of sedimentary processes resulting from the complex interplay between scours and gravel bars. The study findings offer a promising research avenue on the dynamic relationship between discharge, sediment transport, scour and bar formation and migration.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru‐Loaded Anodized Aluminum Oxide for Hydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Vandekerkhove Annelies , Negahdar Leila , Glas Daan , Stassen Ivo , Matveev Serguei , Meeldijk Johannes D. , Meirer Florian , De Vos Dirk E. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: April 2019

Anodized aluminum oxides (AAOs) are synthesized and used as catalyst support in combination with Ru as metal in hydrogenation catalysis. SEM and TEM analysis of the as‐synthesized AAOs reveal uniform, ordered nanotubes with pore diameters of 18 nm, which are further characterized with Kr physisorption, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. After impregnation of the AAOs with Ru, the presence of Ru nanoparticles inside the tubular pores is evidenced clearly for the first time via HAADF‐STEM‐EDX. The Ru−AAOs have been tested for catalytic activity, which showed high conversion and selectivity for the hydrogenation of toluene and butanal.
Self‐Suspended Nanoparticles for N‐Alkylation Reactions: A New Concept for Catalysis
Authors: Sarno Maria , Cirillo Claudia , Iuliano Mariagrazia
Published: April 2019

The catalytic activity of snowman‐like and core‐shell Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles (NPs), obtained through a “wet chemistry” approach which directly restitutes nanocatalysts stable and highly active in the reaction medium, was tested towards N‐alkylation reactions. The nanocatalysts were tested for the synthesis of secondary amines. The core‐shell NPs, thanks to the surface properties, homogeneous dispersion and intimate connection with reagents in the catalyst medium, exhibited an excellent catalytic activity (e. g. >99 % yield and conversion of aniline in very short time and mild conditions). Owing to the magnetic part, the nanoparticles can be easily separated and reused, showing an almost stable activity after 10 cycles.
Neuroplasticity Modifications Following a Lower‐Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Molina‐Rueda Francisco , Navarro‐Fernández Cristian , Cuesta‐Gómez Alicia , Alguacil‐Diego Isabel M , Molero‐Sánchez Alberto , Carratalá‐Tejada María
Published: April 2019

Background

Although there are studies that have examined brain functional reorganization following upper‐limb amputation, understanding of the brain changes that occur in people with lower‐limb amputation is limited.

Objective

To investigate modifications in the brain following lower‐limb amputation.

Methods

We included case‐control studies that evaluate neuroplasticity in the central nervous system using neuroimaging techniques. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane.

Results

Eleven articles were included (total n = 204 people with unilateral lower‐limb amputation). These studies showed an increase in cerebellar gray matter volume in prosthesis users, as well as a decrease in thickness of the premotor cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporo‐occipital junction, precentral gyrus, visual areas, and somatosensory cortex. Regarding white matter, the trials observed a decrease in the integrity at the corona radiata, the connections between the premotor areas, the fronto‐occipital fasciculus and the corpus callosum. In addition, a decreased functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical areas has been described.

Conclusions

Lower‐limb amputation causes changes in several brain structures that may occur in the absence of pain and regardless of prosthesis use. The modifications observed include thinning or loss of gray matter volume, decrease in the integrity of the white matter connections between brain structures and changes in the functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical areas.

Level of Evidence

I.
Binary Modification of Eucommia ulmoides Gum Toward Elastomer with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Good Compatibility
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zhang Hengchen , Ma Cuihong , Han Huijin , Sun Ruyi , Xie Meiran
Published: April 2019

Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) was applied in blend rubber with a heavily limited amount because of its duality of rubber and plastic, and an efficient way of triazolinedione (TAD)‐based Alder‐ene reaction was used to improve the elastic properties of EUG. Binary modification of EUG with two TADs containing hexyl and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) groups were conducted to generate the modified EUG elastomers with tunable mechanical properties and good compatibility by varying TAD contents. When the low hexyl (1%) and POSS (0.2%) TADs incorporated, the modified EUGs displayed high tensile strength of 36.57 MPa with the elongation at break of 876%, and thus high toughness of 152.14 MJ m−3. If high contents of hexyl (20%) and POSS (0.2%) TADs employed, the modified EUGs exhibited excellent elongation at break of 1165% and recovery rate of 60%, and especially its loss factor reached up to 0.83‑0.65 at 20‑70°C. Therefore, the modified EUGs containing the polar urazole and POSS groups should be a novel elastomer with good compatibility, wear resistance, and damping properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019
Origin of Intrinsic Direct Band Gap of Janus Group‐III Chalcogenide Monolayers
Authors: Cheng Xiangrong , Zhang Changcheng , Guan Lixiu , Tao Junguang
Published: April 2019

Using first‐principles calculations, the evolution of electronic properties of InSe based Janus structures has been investigated. The obtained results suggest that the In2SeTe Janus structure has an intrinsic direct band gap which is beneficial for optoelectronic applications. The direct band gap nature of In2SeTe Janus structure is due to the strong coupling of pz orbitals between the Se and Te sublayers, which emphasizes the importance of the intra‐layer interactions. In addition, the effective mass of the holes in In2SeTe is one order of magnitude smaller than that of intrinsic InSe monolayer, which makes it a good candidate for p‐type semiconductor. The broken mirror symmetry of the Janus structures induces out‐of‐plane dipolar polarization, yielding additional built‐in electric field and offering extra channel to tune its electronic band structure. The electric field has dominated effluences on the charge polarization on anions thus exhibiting stronger band tunability on the valence bands. These results indicate that the preparation of In2SeTe Janus structure provides a new way for the future use of two‐dimensional materials in optoelectronic nanodevices.
Celastrol inhibits growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer cell MKN45 by down‐regulating microRNA‐21
Authors: Yao Shan‐Shan , Han Lei , Tian Zi‐Bin , Yu Ya‐Nan , Zhang Qi , Li Xiao‐Yu , Mao Tao , Yang Lin
Published: April 2019

Celastrol could inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro. However, effect(s) of celastrol on gastric cancer is not well studied. Therefore, we investigated the effects of celastrol on human gastric cancer cell line MKN45 and the underlying mechanisms. We found that celastrol inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest (p < .05, p < .01, or p < .001). Under celastrol treatment, overexpression of microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) increased cell viability, migration, and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis compared with negative control (p < .05, p < .01, or p < .001). In addition, the phosphorylation of PTEN was significantly up‐regulated, whereas PI3K, AKT, p65, and IκBα phosphorylation was statistically decreased by celastrol (p < .05 or p < .01) and then further reversed by miR‐21 overexpression (p < .05 or p < .01). On the other side, miR‐21 silence showed contrary results (p < .05) as relative to miR‐21 overexpression. In conclusion, celastrol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion and inactivates PTEN/PI3K/AKT and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways in MKN45 cells by down‐regulating miR‐21.
Sensitivity of WRF model simulations to parametrizations of depositional growth of ice crystal during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013)
Authors: Xu Huiyan , Li Xiaofan
Published: April 2019

Uncertainty in the ice nucleation process is still large, yet the torrential precipitation associated with the landfall of a typhoon is strongly contributed by stratiform rainfall, mainly composed of ice‐phase clouds. This study investigates the ice growth parametrization proposed by Zeng et al. under the assumption that the ice crystal concentration is proportional to the mass of ice crystal. Sensitivity tests reveal that simulations with the Zeng scheme are especially sensitive to ice nuclei concentration. Zeng schemes with high ice crystal concentration simulate anomalously large rain rate, weak intensities and abnormal tracks, and this is directly related to the over‐production of ice nuclei concentration propagating into cloud ice and other microphysical fields mainly through the depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water (PIDW). The Shen et al. scheme works better than the Zeng scheme by changing the radius of base ice crystal from 0 to 40 µm and reducing sensitivity of PIDW to the ice nuclei concentration. But Shen schemes simulate the number of ice crystals as anomalously large as those in Zeng schemes, since both Zeng and Shen schemes use the Fletcher equation in the parametrization of ice crystal concentration. When DeMott et al. ice crystal concentration parametrization is applied to the Zeng scheme, the anomalously large rainfall is significantly weakened, further indicating that Zeng schemes with high ice crystal concentration poorly simulate a typhoon, primarily due to the over‐nucleation of ice in the Fletcher parametrization.
Mindfulness in and as education: A map of a developing academic discourse from 2002 to 2017
Authors: Ergas Oren , Hadar Linor L.
Published: April 2019

Since the turn of the millennium there has been a clear rise in the implementation and research of mindfulness across primary, secondary and postsecondary education. These implementations, however, hardly constitute a uniform phenomenon. They reflect a variety of framings, modalities and educational aims, as documented in hundreds of peer‐reviewed papers. To date no overarching review has provided an empirically based mapping of this multifaceted and rapidly developing discourse. This paper offers a first‐of‐its‐kind map of mindfulness in education stemming from the 447 peer‐reviewed papers published between 2002 and 2017 that constitute this academic discourse, and based on grounded theory methodology. The research reveals an exponential rise in the amount of publications over years, with a complex discourse that evolves from seven different framings of the practice, applied to nine different educational domains and based on various types of implementation. It maps this complex discourse and describes its two main patterns to date as they emerged from the research: (1) Mindfulness in education, which comprises mostly of outsourced, secularised interventions aimed at improved mental–physical health, social–emotional learning and cognitive functions, (2) Mindfulness as education, which is a less common yet more transformative strand and manifests in contemplative pedagogy in higher education and in some rare whole‐school implementations. Overall, in the studied period mindfulness has been moving from near‐anonymity towards the mainstream; however, this discourse reflects a nascent phase given that it is only beginning to critique itself. Furthermore, its two patterns reflect a split discourse that is challenged by the practice's psychological–secular framing and its Buddhist framing.
Robust plant by plant control design using model‐error tracking sets
Authors: Pretorius Arnold , Boje Edward
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a method for designing a robust two‐degree‐of‐freedom control scheme, capable of satisfying multiple model‐error specifications on a plant by plant basis. Traditional quantitative feedback theory methods generally use a single model‐error or above‐below magnitude tracking specification, which can result in overdesign for plants located away from the bounding conditions. The performance specifications are also generally hand‐tuned, or iteratively adjusted to keep the underlying time‐domain signals within permissible levels. Our method aims to perform a model‐error design on a per‐plant basis, such that each plant's corresponding model tracking has equal weighting given the plant's inherent feedback requirements and capability. The quantitative feedback theory method allows this per‐plant approach to be undertaken with ease. Additionally, sufficiently low‐order model specifications are designed using simple optimisation, which take into account performance limiting effects, such as non‐minimum phase behaviour and signal constraints. A worked example is presented, showing the viability and transparency of the proposed method.
Regulated state synchronization of homogeneous multiagent systems with partial‐state coupling via low‐gain adaptive protocol
Authors: Stoorvogel Anton A. , Saberi Ali , Liu Zhenwei , Nojavanzadeh Donya
Published: April 2019

This paper studies regulated state synchronization for continuous‐time homogeneous multiagent systems with weakly unstable agents where the reference trajectory is given by a so‐called exosystem. The agents share part of their state over a communication network. We assume that the communication topology is completely unknown and directed. An algebraic Riccati equation–based low‐gain adaptive nonlinear dynamic protocol design is presented to achieve the regulated state synchronizations. Utilizing the adaptive control, our nonlinear dynamic protocol is universal and does not depend on any information about the communication topology or the number of agents.
Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Al Alloyed 9Cr ODS Steels with Different Al Contents
Authors: Xu Shuai , Zhou Zhangjian , Jia Haodong , Yao Zhongwen
Published: April 2019

The microstructural evolution of different Al contained (0.4, 2.5, and 4.5 wt%) Fe–9wt%Cr ODS steels (hereinafter referred to as 0.4Al‐ODS, 2.5Al‐ODS, and 4.5Al‐ODS) is investigated using XRD and TEM. The XRD analysis shows that the addition of Al into the Fe–9wt%Cr ODS steels leads to the formation of substitutional solid solutions, and the interplanar spacing increases with the increase of Al content. According to TEM bright field image observation, the 0.4Al‐ODS steel shows ferrite/martensite duplex microstructure, while 2.5Al‐ODS and 4.5Al‐ODS steels show a single‐phase of ferrite, which is in agreement with the thermodynamic phase diagram calculation. The dispersed particles is mainly Y–Al–O oxide according to EDS analysis, and the Y/Al ratio of most of dispersed particles is less than 1 in all Al alloyed ODS steels. The dislocation density of the three steels is calculated by the residual strain of XRD. The results show that, compared to 2.5Al‐ODS and 4.5Al‐ODS steels, the 0.4Al‐ODS steel contains more dislocations. The strengthening mechanism analysis shows that the modified theoretical hardening models fit well with experimental data of yield strength for 2.5Al‐ODS and 4.5Al‐ODS steels.
Transition Decisions: Intersections of Social Class, Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Keskiner Elif
Published: April 2019

The literature on youth transitions generally accepts the prolonged and increasingly complex nature of youth transitions (Furlong A. Handbook of youth and young adulthood. New perspectives and agendas. Routledge, London, 2009), yet we need to scrutinize the factors underlying these processes in order to understand which individuals are able to prolong their transitions (and how), how they cope with complex transitions and what makes for a smooth (or rough) transition. This chapter scrutinizes school-to-work transitions in their full complexity, investigating the prolonged and complex nature of youth transitions among descendants of Turkish migrants in Amsterdam and Strasbourg. Pursuing a mixed methodological approach, that combines secondary data analysis with qualitative interviews, it shows how gendered values in the ethnic community and the resources (especially social capital) of young people in relation to their friends and family are significant in shaping both their (‘subjective’) motivations and their (‘objective’) conditions. Studying social trajectories in detail reveals how young people negotiate structural constraints when trying to achieve their objectives and how, during their transitions, they build different forms of capital in their trajectories across distinct institutional settings. While focusing on the critical decision made at the so-called ‘transition point’, the chapter also illustrates that transitions do not take place at a single point in time.
Significance of Intramural Metastasis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Indicator of Aggressive Cancer Behavior
Authors: Okamura Akihiko , Watanabe Masayuki , Kozuki Ryotaro , Toihata Tasuku , Takahashi Keita , Imamura Yu , Mine Shinji
Published: April 2019

Background

Intramural metastasis (IM) is occasionally noted in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, few recent studies have investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of IM and its survival impact. The present study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of IM in patients with ESCC.

Methods

We retrospectively examined 918 consecutive patients who underwent curative intent esophagectomy for ESCC. IM was defined as a pathologically confirmed metastatic lesion, which was clearly separate from the primary tumor and located within the esophageal or gastric wall. The clinicopathological characteristics and survival impact of IM were evaluated. A propensity score‐matched analysis was performed to further elucidate the prognostic impact of IM.

Results

Among 918 patients, 46 (5.0%) had IM. Advanced tumors were significantly more frequent in patients with IM than in those without IM. The curative resection rate was lower in patients with IM (P = 0.001). Overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were worse in patients with IM (both P < 0.001). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, IM presence was an independent poor prognostic indicator for OS and DSS (both P < 0.001). After propensity score matching, advanced tumors according to pathological N stage and lymphatic invasion were more frequent in patients with IM (P = 0.015 and 0.004, respectively). Additionally, OS and DSS were different between patients with and those without IM (both P = 0.002).

Conclusions

IM from ESCC is a local indicator of lymphatic invasion and advanced cancer, as well as an independent factor for poor prognosis.
A phase 2, open-label study of brentuximab vedotin in patients with CD30-expressing solid tumors
Authors: Sharman Jeffrey P. , Wheler Jennifer J. , Einhorn Lawrence , Dowlati Afshin , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Hilton John , Burke John M. , Siddiqi Tanya , Whiting Nancy , Jalal Shadia I.
Published: April 2019

Purpose Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate used in the treatment of several types of lymphomas. Expression of the target antigen has also been reported on a variety of malignant tumors of nonlymphoid origin. This phase 2, open-label study evaluated the safety and antitumor activity of BV in patients with CD30-expressing nonlymphomatous malignancies. Methods Patients were dosed with 1.8 or 2.4 mg/kg BV once every three weeks. Antitumor activity was assessed at Cycles 2, 4, and every 4 cycles thereafter. Patients with stable disease or better were eligible to continue treatment until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or study closure. Results Of the 2693 patients screened, 3.8% had solid tumors with CD30 expression and 63 eligible patients with solid tumors enrolled in this study. The most common CD30 positive solid tumors were testicular cancer and mesothelioma. Both subtypes had more than one patient with an objective response. The median duration of BV exposure was 6.1 weeks. The disease control rate, defined as achieving stable disease or better at any point during the study, was 55%. The objective response rate was 11%, with a median duration of response of 2.92 months. The most common adverse events reported were fatigue (57%), nausea (33%), and decreased appetite (32%). Conclusion The safety profile of BV in patients with solid tumors was similar to the known safety profile of BV. In solid tumors, BV had modest activity as a single agent, which was similar to other second-line treatments already available to patients.
Neighborhood Diversity, Neighborhood Affluence: An Analysis of the Neighborhood Destination Choices of Mixed-Race Couples With Children
Authors: Gabriel Ryan , Spring Amy
Published: April 2019

Past research has indicated that mixed-race couples with children appear to possess a heightened preference for neighborhoods that are racially and ethnically diverse and relatively affluent so as to reside in areas that are requisitely accepting of, and safe for, their children. However, neighborhoods with higher racial and ethnic diversity tend to be lower in socioeconomic status, implying that some residentially mobile mixed-race couples with children encounter trade-offs between neighborhood diversity and neighborhood affluence in their residential search processes. To investigate this, we apply discrete-choice models to longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics linked to neighborhood-level data from multiple population censuses to compare the neighborhood choices of mixed-race couples with children to those of monoracial couples with children, while assessing how these choices are simultaneously driven by neighborhood diversity and neighborhood affluence. We observe that mixed-race couples with children tend to be more likely to choose higher-diversity neighborhoods than white couples with children, even when neighborhood affluence is allowed to determine the residential choices for these couples. Some higher-income mixed-race couples with children seemingly translate their resources into neighborhoods that are both diverse and affluent.
Interactions between vortical, acoustic and thermal components during hypersonic transition
Authors: Unnikrishnan S. , Gaitonde Datta V.
Published: April 2019

Discrete unstable modes of hypersonic laminar boundary layers, obtained from an eigenvalue analysis, provide insight into key transition scenarios. The character of such modes near the leading edge is often identified with the corresponding asymptotic free-stream behaviour of acoustic, vortical or entropic (thermal) content, which we designate fluid-thermodynamic (FT) components. In downstream regions, however, this direct one-to-one correspondence between discrete modes and FT components does not hold, since FT components interact in well-defined ways with the basic state and with each other (even under linear scenarios). In the present work, we perform an FT decomposition of discrete modes using momentum potential theory, to yield a physics-based analysis that complements linear stability theory in the linear regime, and seamlessly extends to the nonlinear domain where direct numerical simulations are appropriate. Linear and nonlinear saturated disturbance effects, different forcing types and wall thermal conditions are considered, with emphasis on phenomena occurring near stability-mode synchronization locations. The results show that, in the linear regime, each discrete mode contains all FT components, whose relative amplitudes vary with streamwise distance. Vortical components are always the largest, followed by thermal and acoustic components. These latter two show distinct fore and aft signatures near mode synchronization. The vortical component displays a series of rope-shaped recirculation-cell patterns across the generalized inflection point. However, both acoustic and thermal components display ‘trapped’ structures. The former contains an alternating monopole array between the wall and the critical layer, while the latter is confined to an undulating region between the wall and a wavy locus straddling the generalized inflection point. Nonlinear saturation in the region of Mack-mode growth further strengthens the rope-shaped structures in the vortical component and higher harmonics appear, whose form and location depend on the specific component. Wall cooling modifies the eigenfunctions such that the acoustic component accounts for more of its composition, consistent with its destabilization. Analysis of energy interactions among the FT components indicates that, even though the vorticity component is the largest, the thermal component induces the most significant source term for the growth of acoustic perturbations, possibly due to the trapped nature of both.
The spread of raised (ay) and (aw) in Yami: From regional distinctiveness to ethnic identity marker
Authors: Lai Li-Fang , Gooden Shelome
Published: April 2019

This article extends previous analyses on (ay) and (aw) raising in Yami, an endangered Austronesian language spoken on Orchid Island, Taiwan. Two patterns of (ay) and (aw) variation co-exist in Yami—the more conservative/unraised variants and the innovative/raised forms—each of which indexes an authentic regional identity. Results from recent data suggest that Yami has undergone significant changes in just one generation as the raised variants are now preferred by younger islanders and have started permeating through non-raising areas. Traumatic shifts in the ecological context on Orchid Island help explain this sound change. Economically, rapid shift from fishing/farming to tourism trades promotes daily face-to-face communications among younger islanders, which has catalyzed the spread of nucleus raising to non-raising areas. Sociopsychologically, ongoing intergroup conflicts between islanders and mainland Taiwanese may further trigger the sound change, altering nucleus raising into a new communal system which highlights Yami identity in opposition to Others.
Borders and boundaries in Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: Twitter data to the rescue
Authors: Ljubešić Nikola , Miličević Petrović Maja , Samardžić Tanja
Published: April 2019

In this paper we deal with the spatial distribution of 16 linguistic features known to vary between Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. We perform our analyses on a dataset of geo-encoded Twitter status messages collected in the period from mid-2013 to the end of 2016. We perform two types of analyses. The first one finds boundaries in the spatial distribution of the linguistic variable levels through the kernel density estimation smoothing technique. These boundaries are then plotted over the state borders for a visual comparison. The second analysis deals with linguistic distance between the states. The groupings of linguistic variables and countries are calculated given the state borders and the Jensen-Shannon divergence between distributions of the 16 variables within each state. This analysis is completed with a measure of variable consistency for each country. These analyses are intended to show the extent to which current state borders correspond to linguistic boundaries. They suggest that Croatia and Serbia still represent the two extremes, reflecting a history of normative divergences, while Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, depending on the variable, lean to one or the other side.
RULES AND VALUES IN INTERNATIONAL ADJUDICATION: THE CASE OF THE WTO APPELLATE BODY
Authors: Suttle Oisin
Published: April 2019

Current political challenges facing the WTO Appellate Body raise fundamental questions about the relationship between rules and values in international adjudication. This article applies insights from legal philosophy to identify the role values should play in WTO adjudication. It argues that nothing about the specifics of WTO law would justify excluding values from adjudication; that the doctrinal, political and institutional context of WTO adjudication makes a positivist account of the role of values untenable; but an anti-positivist account requires complementing established economic accounts of WTO law's purpose with an account of fairness and justice in trade and trade regulation.
FORTY YEARS ON: STATE IMMUNITY AND THE STATE IMMUNITY ACT 1978
Authors: Lord Lloyd-Jones
Published: April 2019

This article addresses some of the changes in international law and foreign relations law which have impinged on the operation of the State Immunity Act 1978 in the first 40 years of its operation and some of the ways in which it has been supplemented by judicial decisions. It addresses, in particular, the initial need for legislation in this field, the circumstances in which agents of a State may be entitled to immunity, the relationship between State immunity in domestic law and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the relationship of State immunity and rules of jus cogens, and the respective scope of State immunity and principles of non-justiciability.
Multi-Robot Obstacle Avoidance Based on the Improved Artificial Potential Field and PID Adaptive Tracking Control Algorithm
Authors: Pan Zhenhua , Li Dongfang , Yang Kun , Deng Hongbin
Published: April 2019

As for the obstacle avoidance and formation control for the multi-robot systems, this paper presents an obstacle-avoidance method based on the improved artificial potential field (IAPF) and PID adaptive tracking control algorithm. In order to analyze the dynamics and kinematics of the robot, the mathematical model of the robot is built. Then we construct the motion situational awareness map (MSAM), which can map the environment information around the robot on the MSAM. Based on the MSAM, the IAPF functions are established. We employ the rotating potential field to solve the local minima and oscillations. As for collisions between robots, we build the repulsive potential function and priority model among the robots. Afterwards, the PID adaptive tracking algorithm is utilized to multi-robot formation control. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, a series of simulation results confirm that the approaches proposed in this paper can successfully address the obstacle- and collision-avoidance problem while reaching formation.
Nonlinear Optimal Control for the Wheeled Inverted Pendulum System
Authors: Rigatos G. , Busawon K. , Pomares J. , Abbaszadeh M.
Published: April 2019

The article proposes a nonlinear optimal control method for the model of the wheeled inverted pendulum (WIP). This is a difficult control and robotics problem due to the system’s strong nonlinearities and due to its underactuation. First, the dynamic model of the WIP undergoes approximate linearization around a temporary operating point which is recomputed at each time step of the control method. The linearization procedure makes use of Taylor series expansion and of the computation of the associated Jacobian matrices. For the linearized model of the wheeled pendulum, an optimal (H-infinity) feedback controller is developed. The controller’s gain is computed through the repetitive solution of an algebraic Riccati equation at each iteration of the control algorithm. The global asymptotic stability properties of the control method are proven through Lyapunov analysis. Finally, by using the H-infinity Kalman Filter as a robust state estimator, the implementation of a state estimation-based control scheme becomes also possible.
UNDERSTANDING “NO SPECIAL FAVORS”
Authors: Simmons Alicia D. , Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: April 2019

Despite its predictive power, there is substantial debate about the attitudes measured by the racial resentment scale (RRS) and the relative weight of each. One group contends that the RRS is a valid measure of racial animus, foregrounding a basic psychological acrimony; some foreground social concerns about group status hierarchies; and yet others assert that the RRS is an invalid measure of racial enmity, instead primarily tapping non-racial principles and politics. We use a multimethod approach to address these debates, mapping the frames of reference respondents use in explaining their RRS answers. We find that the RRS fundamentally measures racial concerns and minimally taps non-racial politics. Although RRS responses reflect psychological acrimony, this orientation is substantially outweighed by social concerns about relative group position. Moreover, RRS responses substantially reflect beliefs about the relevance of race in the contemporary US and the sources of racial inequality, and values about individualism and fairness. We discuss how one of the most potent measures of present-day racial prejudice is rightly understood, and the implications for theory and research at the intersection of race and politics.
Breast milk provides inadequate amounts of vitamin B12 for predominantly breastfed Guatemalan infants
Authors: Anaya-Loyola Miriam A. , Brito Alex , Brown Kenneth H. , Allen Lindsay H.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Vitamin B12 (B12) plays in an important role in the development and function of the brain and nervous system, and adequate B12 status is especially important for the normal development of infants. In previous research conducted in Guatemala City we reported a high prevalence of B12 deficiency in lactating women and their infants 3 and 12 months of age, and low B12 concentrations in breast milk. The objective of this study was to assess predictors of serum B12 concentration in predominantly breastfed Guatemalan infants including intake of B12 from breast milk and other foods. Serum B12, breast milk and other food intakes, anthropometry, morbidity and socioeconomic status were assessed in infants 6.7 ± 0.6 months of age (n = 127, 52% female) in peri-urban Guatemala City. Twenty-four percent of infants had deficient B12 status (serum B12 concentration < 148 pmol/L) and 37% had marginal B12 status (148–220 pmol/L). Serum B12 concentrations were negatively correlated with infants’ consumption of energy from breast milk (r = −0.37, p = 0.001), and positively correlated with their total consumption of animal source foods, especially cow’s milk (r = 0.40, p = 0.001). Based on previously analyzed breast milk B12 concentrations in a nearby community, breast milk provided < 10% of the recommended daily B12 intake for this age. We conclude that there was a high prevalence of B12 deficiency in these Guatemalan infants by 6 months of age. Serum B12 was higher in infants consuming more cow’s milk and lower in those consuming more breast milk.
Prognose motorischer Auffälligkeiten von Kita-Kindern für das Grundschulalter durch Einschätzungen von Eltern und pädagogischen Fachkräften
Authors: Michel Eva , Molitor Sabine , Fahmer Natascha , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Bei Kindern mit motorischen Auffälligkeiten ist die Früherkennung entscheidend für eine frühe Intervention. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich Einschätzungen des motorischen Entwicklungsstandes von Kindergartenkindern durch Eltern und pädagogische Fachkräfte eignen, um den Stand in der Grundschule vorherzusagen. Ferner wurden weitere potenzielle Prädiktoren (Alter der Kinder, frühe Lokomotionsentwicklung, Händigkeit, Body-Mass-Index (BMI), sozioökonomischer Status (SÖS), Freizeitverhalten) geprüft. Dazu absolvierten N = 208 anfangs fünf- und sechsjährige Kinder längsschnittlich zu drei Messzeitpunkten (MZP) im Ein-Jahres-Abstand motorische und kognitive Tests. Per Elternfragebögen wurden Hintergrundvariablen und Lokomotionsentwicklung erfasst. Aufgrund fehlender Werte konnten nur N = 136 Kinder einbezogen werden. Zum ersten MZP beurteilten Eltern und Fachkräfte die motorische Entwicklung der Kinder. Insgesamt gelang es in etwa der Hälfte der Fälle, Kinder mit ungünstiger Entwicklung früh zu erkennen. Die Vorhersage durch die pädagogischen Fachkräfte gelang etwas besser. Mittels Eltern-Screening konnte dagegen etwas besser eine unauffällige motorische Entwicklung korrekt vorhergesagt werden. Die Einschätzungen von Eltern und Fachkräften korrelierten mittelhoch miteinander und mit dem SÖS und dem BMI der Kinder, sowie die Eltern-Einschätzungen mit dem Alter bei Laufbeginn. Regressionsanalytisch erwiesen sich beide Einschätzungsverfahren als prädiktiv. Bei den sechsjährigen Kindern ließ sich dadurch 32% der Varianz der motorischen Leistungen in der 2. Klasse aufklären, bei den fünfjährigen 19% der Varianz in der 1. Klasse. Der SÖS, das Alter bei Laufbeginn und der BMI hatten darüber hinaus keinen bedeutsamen Vorhersagewert. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen Chancen und Grenzen früher Screenings und insbesondere den Nutzen eines sehr ökonomischen Kurzscreenings durch pädagogische Fachkräfte.
Gesprächsführung und Elternberatung in der Ausbildung von frühpädagogischen Fachkräften
Authors: Grund Jessica , Behr Michael , Engel Eva-Maria , Aich Gernot
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Ausbildung von kommunikativen Kompetenzen für pädagogische Fachkräfte gilt bis heute oft als zu randständig, obwohl diverse Expertisen diesen hohe berufspraktische Relevanz beimessen und Elterngespräche zum Kita-Alltag gehören. Die Wirksamkeits-Forschung zu Trainings der Gesprächsführung mit Eltern beschränkt sich auf schulische Arbeitsfelder und auf geringe Follow-up Zeitspannen. Zeigen Bachelor- gegenüber Fachschul-Fachkräften Kompetenzvorteile, wenn sie in der Domäne der Gesprächsführung und Beratung ein Schwerpunkt-Curriculum absolvierten, hier beispielhaft an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd (PHSG)? 30 BA-kindheitspädagogische und 31 Fachschul-Fachkräfte wurden in einem Rollenspiel zu einem typischen Elterngespräch hinsichtlich fünf Outcomevariablen miteinander verglichen: Elternzufriedenheit, Überzeugungskraft, Güte empathischer Reaktionen, Echtsein und Direktivität. Die kindheitspädagogischen BA-Fachkräfte erzielten bei allen Variablen hochsignifikant bessere Werte mit sehr hohen Effektstärken. Die Studie belegt Kompetenzunterschiede zwischen Fachschul- und Hochschulabsolvent_innen in der untersuchten Domäne.
Modeling Energetic Electron Nonlinear Wave‐Particle Interactions With Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves
Authors: Zheng Liheng , Chen Lunjin , Zhu Hui
Published: April 2019

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in duskside plasmasphere and plasmaspheric plume scatter megaelectron volt electrons into the loss cone and are considered a major loss mechanism for the outer radiation belt. Wave‐particle interaction between energetic electrons and EMIC waves has been studied extensively by the quasi‐linear diffusion theory. However, EMIC waves are typically strong enough to trigger nonlinear wave‐particle interaction effects and transport electrons in very different ways from quasi‐linear diffusion. New mathematical method is therefore in demand to study the evolution of energetic electron distribution in response to nonlinear wave‐particle interaction. In this work, we present a Markov chain description of the wave‐particle interaction process, in which the electron distribution is represented by a state vector and is evolved by the Markov matrix. The Markov matrix is a matrix form of the electron response Green's function and could be determined from test particle simulations. Our modeling results suggest that electron loss rate is not significantly affected by phase bunching and phase trapping, but for strong EMIC waves, electron distribution is more saturated near loss cone than quasi‐linear theory prediction, and negative electron phase space density slope develops inside loss cone.
Aerosolization of Crude Oil‐Dispersant Slicks Due to Bubble Bursting
Authors: Sampath Kaushik , Afshar‐Mohajer Nima , Chandrala Lakshmana D. , Heo Won‐Seok , Gilbert Joshua , Austin David , Koehler Kirsten , Katz Joseph
Published: April 2019

Bubble bursting is a primary source of marine aerosols, yet little is known about particle emissions due to the bubble bursting in slicks containing oil‐dispersant mixtures. In this study, bubbles with mode sizes of 86 μm (denoted as small), 178 μm (medium), and 595 μm (large) are injected into a seawater column covered by slicks of crude oil, pure dispersant, and dispersant premixed with oil at a ratio of 1:25. The aerosol size distributions are monitored in the 0.5‐ to 20‐μm and 10‐ to 380‐nm ranges both in clean and ambient air environments. In ambient air, a tenfold increase in submicron particle concentration occurs when large bubbles burst on slicks of 500‐μm dispersant premixed with oil at a ratio of 1:25 oil or 50‐μm pure dispersant. Yet, in multiple tests performed at different ambient particle concentrations, the elevated size distributions persistently maintain the same shape as that of the ambient air. In contrast, smaller bubbles and tests not involving dispersants do not cause such an increase. Nanodroplets are also generated by large bubbles in particle‐free air, but their concentrations are much lower. All plumes generate micron‐sized aerosols, but trends vary. For the same contaminant, the microdroplet concentration decreases with increasing slick thickness. Particularly striking is a reduction of 2 orders of magnitude in the microdroplet concentration when medium and small bubbles burst on 500‐μm crude oil slicks. Chemical analysis of air and particulates collected from filters sampling the particles confirms the presence of airborne oil above the slicks.
Numerical Simulation of Midlatitude Upper‐Level Zonal Wind Response to the Change of North Pacific Subtropical Front Strength
Authors: Chen Qiuyu , Hu Haibo , Ren Xuejuan , Yang Xiu‐Qun
Published: April 2019

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, numerical experiments with reconstructed ideal zonally uniform sea surface temperatures were designed to discuss the midlatitude upper‐level zonal wind response to the change of subtropical front strength over the North Pacific in winter. The results show that the enhancement of the subtropical frontal zone (STFZ) of the North Pacific leads to the stronger upper zonal wind, without considering the lateral boundary barotropic and baroclinic disturbances in this regional model. The enhanced STFZ first results in positive meridional temperature gradient anomalies by affecting the sea surface sensible heat flux. Then the low‐level wind increases because of the increased thermal wind. In addition, the temperature gradient anomalies spread to middle and upper troposphere by baroclinic waves, causing the increase of Eady growth rate and enhanced storm tracks on the southern side of the STFZ and the decrease on the northern side. The strengthened storm tracks give rise to a stronger midlatitude westerly jet accompanied with a southward movement through wave‐mean flow interaction, including both barotropical energy conversion and the Rossby wave breaking.