bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

Because of the importance of the hydrogen bond, there have been scores of insights gained about its fundamental nature by quantum chemical computations over the years. Such methods can probe subtle characteristics of the electronic structure and examine regions of the potential energy surface that are simply not accessible by experimental means. The maturation of the techniques, codes, and computer hardware have permitted calculations of unprecedented reliability and rivaling the accuracy of experimental data. This book strives first toward an appreciation of the power of quantum chemistry to analyse the deepest roots of the hydrogen bond phenomenon. It offers a systematic and understandable account of decades of such calculations, focusing on the most important findings. This book provides readers with the tools to understand the original literature, and to perhaps carry out some calculations of their very own on systems of interest.
Groovin’ High
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Declared a “national treasure” by the White House in 1990, John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie was a not only a great musician but also a major innovator in the jazz world. While his first and foremost claim to fame is helping to create the style known as bebop, Gillespie also did much to establish the inclusion of Latin American elements in jazz and was partially responsible for the inception of both Afro-Cuban jazz and bossa nova. Covering Dizzy’s days as a flashy trumpet player in the swing bands of the 1930s, the worldwide fame and adoration he earned through a State Department-backed tour of his big band in the 1950s, and the many recordings and performances which defined a career that ran clear up to the early 1990s, this book fully traces the path and progress of an extraordinary--and most exploratory--American musician.
Monte Carlo Methods for the Self-Avoiding Walk
Authors: Sokal Alan D
Published: November 2023

The self-avoiding walk (SAW) was first proposed nearly half a century ago as a model of a linear polymer molecule in a good solvent. At first glance it seems to be a ridiculously crude model, almost a caricature: real polymer molecules live in continuous space and have tetrahedral (109.47°) bond angles, a non-trivial energy surface for the bond rotation angles, and a rather complicated monomer-monomer interaction potential. By contrast, the self-avoiding walk lives on a discrete lattice and has non-tetrahedral bond angles (e.g., 90° and 180° on the simple cubic lattice), an energy independent of the bond rotation angles, and a repulsive hard-core monomer-monomer potential.
Monte Carlo Simulations of the Glass Transition of Polymers
Authors: Paul Wolfgang , Baschnagel Jörg
Published: November 2023

This introduction will present a very sketchy outline of physical properties of glass forming liquids pertinent to the simulations we want to present and will then focus on two main questions. Why would one want to study the glass transition in polymer melts by means of computer simulations? And if so, what can be the motivation for resorting to the dynamic Monte Carlo simulation of a lattice model as the model of choice?

The essence of the glass transition in undercooled liquids is “solidification without crystallization”. The former manifests itself in a steep increase in the shear viscosity over more than 10 decades (Fig. 6.1) whereas the latter is clearly displayed by a look at the structure factor of the undercooled system (Fig. 6.2).
Morphogenesis And The Kinetics Of Plant Growth
Authors: Erickson Ralph O
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with terms used in studying the kinetics of growth. A few terms are defined within other definitions; these are also printed in boldfaced type. Words in italics are themselves defined elsewhere; italics are also used for symbols that represent physical quantities (as in the rest of this book).
Biological Timing
Authors: Koukkari Willard L , Sweeney Beatrice M
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with terms used in the study of biological timing. A few terms are defined within other definitions; these are also printed in boldfaced type. Words in italics are themselves defined elsewhere.
Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

This first extensive study of Spinoza’s philosophy of mind concentrates on two problems crucial to the philosopher’s thoughts on the matter: the requirements for having a thought about a particular object, and the problem of the mind’s relation to the body. Della Rocca contends that Spinoza’s positions are systematically connected with each other and with a principle at the heart of his metaphysical system: his denial of causal or explanatory relations between the mental and the physical. In this way, Della Rocca’s exploration of these two problems provides a new and illuminating perspective on Spinoza’s philosophy as a system.
Introduction
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present those of Spinoza’s metaphysical and other views upon which my claims in later chapters depend.

I. Substance, Attribute, and Mode

For Spinoza, a substance is causally and explanatorily independent of any other thing. This emerges from an examination of the definition of “substance”:

By substance I understand what is in itself and is conceived through itself, i.e., that whose concept does not require the concept of another thing, from which it must be formed. (ldef3)

The two crucial notions here are “being in itself’ and “being conceived through it-self.” Because the latter notion will be more relevant to my purposes, I will focus on it. For Spinoza, to be conceived through something is to be explained by or in terms of that thing. This is evident from the second half of 2p7s in which Spinoza says that when we perceive effects through their causes, we are explaining the order of nature. Spinoza sometimes uses “perceives” and “conceives” interchangeably in these contexts (see, e.g., 2p38d), so we can say that for him when we conceive effects through their causes we are explaining the order of nature.
“One and the Same Thing”
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

One of the most famous and puzzling claims in the Ethics appears in 2p7s: “A mode of extension and the idea of that mode are one and the same thing, but expressed in two ways.” Since Spinoza regards my body as a mode of extension and my mind as the idea of that mode, he holds that body and mind are one and the same thing. Thus in 3p2s Spinoza says:

The mind and the body are one and the same thing, which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, now under the attribute of extension.
Cipriano de Rore
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

Cipriano de Rore was one of the most important and celebrated composers of the sixteenth century, a pivotal figure whose innovations in musical style and technique would have ramifications for several decades after his death. No less a composer than Monteverdi would credit him with discovering a new relationship between music and text, the “seconda pratica. “
Runoff, Erosion, and Soil Formation
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

How much of the rain falling into a catchment or basin leaves it as runoff? How is the amount and the seasonal variation of the runoff affected by the catchment’s vegetation? Runoff removes soil from a catchment as matter suspended in the moving water (suspended solid load) or pushed along the bottom of the stream (bed load), and as ions dissolved from the soil or bedrock (solute load). How does topography, vegetation, and land use affect erosion rate? These questions have acquired an urgent practical importance. Exploitation of tropical forest settings by inappropriate techniques can lead to landslides and loss of soil from the catchment, ruining the land and causing flooding and siltation of reservoirs downstream.
Camouflage: The Fine Line of Self-Deception
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

Some HIV-positive gay men talk about AIDS and HIV in uncompromisingly positive terms. One man, Francis, began our interview by declaring “HIV is my blessing—I thank God he gave me this blessing to help me grow:” As he continued to talk, he admit­ ted no doubt to his gratitude, no blemish to the belief that HIV was, for him, something blessed. To hear him rhapsodize on, the bitter seeds of AIDS had blossomed into a desirable bouquet of flowers. These were roses with all their thorns removed.

Listening to Francis, I had to suspect that his words masked as much as they revealed. Could he mean what he said? It sure sounded heartfelt and earnest, but could it be true?

Camouflage is a style of adaptation where hiding—from yourself, from others—is the main feature of facing HIV and AIDS. This needn’t be such a bad thing, and, on first blush, this style bears great similarity to Trans­ formation. HIV infection appears to be a growth-oriented life experience. A person can readily identify positive aspects of living with the virus. He may emphasize these benefits as central to his coping, and may have significant evidence to reflect these gains.
Introduction
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

It is an undoubted fact that we take pleasure in mountain vistas, the sight of a rose, the viewing or hearing of works of art, and the experience of many other things. We also make distinctions among the objects of such experiences, saying of the experienced objects (or their properties) that they are beautiful, sublime, delicate, and so on. Certain sights and sounds displease us, and these also involve various distinctions. Almost from the beginning, philosophers have been concerned to have a theoretical understanding of these experiences and their objects. And we continue to the present to try to give an account of these experiences and their objects. The notion of the aesthetic attitude, the idea of aesthetic experience, and Frank Sibley’s conception of aesthetic qualities are recent examples of attempts to theorize about these matters. The theory of taste was eighteenth-century philosophy’s attempt to give an account of such objects and of the pleasure and displeasure taken in them, and it is with this particular philosophical theorizing that this book is concerned.
Taste and Purpose: Immanuel Kant
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

The theory of taste Kant presents in his Critique of Judgment (1790)-known as the third Critique—is notoriously difficult to understand. The exposition of his theory is usually encountered as the so-called four moments from the beginning of the “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” in the Critique of Judgment, and in this form it is, I believe, virtually impossible to understand. It is not just that his writing is so bad; he frequently just does not provide the information required for explaining why he draws the conclusions he does. For example, his conclusion that “beauty is an object’s form of purposiveness,” in the third-moment context in which he draws it, is baffling. This conclusion, by introducing the notion of purpose as an integral aspect of beauty, deviates sharply from the kind of conclusions that the other theorists of taste drew about the nature of beauty. (Hume does say that a critic ought to take account of an artist’s purposes, but he does not claim that such purpose is an integral aspect of beauty.) The notion of purpose (as perfection) plays a large role in the theories of Kant’s rationalist German predecessors such as Wolff and Baumgarten, but these theorists were not theorists of taste. The German rationalists were, no doubt, the historical source of Kant’s conception.
Morality, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Requirements
Authors: Dahl Norman O
Published: November 2023

There are at least two issues that are central to determining whether genuine moral dilemmas exist. The first is whether moral considerations are bound to “run out” in certain situations, leaving an agent with conflicting moral requirements. The second is what notion of requirement it is that, if a person were faced with conflicting requirements, would be enough all by itself to place the person in a genuine moral dilemma. I shall not try to settle the first of these issues. Rather, I shall call attention to a question that needs to be answered to settle it, a question whose importance has not always been recognized. I shall, however, offer a suggestion as to how the second issue should be settled.

As anyone who is familiar with the literature on moral dilemmas is aware, there are some who approach this topic with the intuition that there clearly are genuine moral dilemmas, and there are others who approach it with the intuition that there are no genuine moral dilemmas. In his contribution to this volume, Alan Donagan asks which traditional moral theories countenance genuine moral dilemmas.
The Diversity of Moral Dilemma
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

We find ourselves confronted with situations we are inclined to call dilemmas. Some are theoretical: What truth value can we assign to the sentence “This sentence is false”? Others are practical: Buridan’s notorious ass faced starvation because it sat poised between two equally attractive piles of hay, with no reason to favor heading toward one rather than the other. Famously, moral choices seem to present us with dilemmas, as, for example, when Churchill had to decide between evacuating Coventry (thereby giving the Germans evidence that the Allies had broken their code) and allowing a murderous air bombing of the city to proceed without warning the populace.
Game Theory, Sibling Rivalry, and Parent—Offspring Conflict
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A , Schwagmeyer P L
Published: November 2023

Because family members are quintessentially “kin,” most theoretical models exploring the evolutionary significance of intrafamily social dynamics are rooted firmly in Hamilton’s Rule. Depending on the biological foci of interest, one can then splice into the model any number of other embellishments that may or may not require genetic relatedness, including such aspects as cooperation versus selfishness (e.g., sexual conflict over biparental care), effects of group size (the family as a Selfish Herd), life-history traits (e.g., parental effort as a function of future reproductive prospects), logic of asymmetric contests (e.g., asynchronous hatching in siblicidal birds), and so on. For example, though we cannot take the space to address how sexual conflict between two supposedly cooperating parents might lower the total food budget for offspring, such outcomes obviously can reshape the economic bases of sibling rivalry and parent-offspring conflict (Parker 1985). In short, there may be numerous connections between the themes featured in this chapter and those show cased elsewhere in this volume and beyond. We shall focus on genetic relatedness per se because it is an essential and rather special component of families.
Multiple Identity, Character Transformation, and Self-Reclamation
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

Proposition 1. We abide by a “one self to a customer” rule. Normally, each body houses one person, one self. Having one and only one self is normative for us. Proposition 2. But identity is scalar. It admits of degrees. Our conception of personal sameness allows for change and transformation. Indeed, our norms of personal and moral development require that the self changes.
I Remember You
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

When I was twenty-six, I returned to New York from Cambridge for a Thanksgiving feast with my parents and my five siblings. Over dinner one of my sisters asked my parents a question about the anxieties of being young parents of young children. My mother reported that one of her most worrisome times was when she, my father, my sister, and I returned from a three-year stint in Puerto Rico, so that my father could take a new job in the States, and so that I could start first grade. Her worry was that at age five, without the experience of kindergarten, and coming from Puerto Rico where I “had no playmates,” I might have trouble adjusting to school. I was incredulous and reminded my mother of my deep and important friendship with Billy Fletcher with whom I had played “all the time.” My mother looked at me as if I was crazy, then at my father, whose face expressed similar bewilderment. She explained that Billy Fletcher was the son of a business relation of my father’s who had visited Puerto Rico for a few days and had spent one afternoon at our home, during which time I had indeed played with him.
Children, Other Minds, and Honesty
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

Two philosophical issues arise persistently in discussions of children and lying. First, there are epistemic issues-issues of what sort of knowledge the child must possess in order to lie. Second, there are issues of moral psychology-issues of how and when children learn that it is wrong to lie, and in what they understand the wrongness of lying to consist. My argument is this: On the epistemic side, lying is a type of action that requires a rich understanding of other minds, of the connections between belief and action, and in particular, of the way mental representations can be transformed into misrepresentations. Children can lie without being able to correctly define the term lie. But they cannot lie without having solved the philosophical problem of other minds.
Ethics Naturalized: Ethics as Human Ecology
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

In “Epistemology Naturalized,” Quine suggested that epistemology be assimilated to psychology. The trouble with this idea is apparent. Psychology is not in general concerned with norms of rational belief, but with the description and explanation of mental performance and mentally mediated performance and capacities. The right way to think of epistemology naturalized is not, therefore, one in which epistemology is a “chapter of psychology,” but rather to think of naturalized epistemology as having two components: a descriptivegenealogical-nomological component and a normative component. Furthermore, not even the descriptive-genealogical-nomological component will consist of purely psychological generalizations, for much of the information about actual epistemic practices will come from biology, cognitive neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, and history-from the human sciences broadly construed. More obviously, normative epistemology will not be part of psychology, for it involves the gathering together of norms of inference, belief, and knowing that lead to success in ordinary reasoning, expert practical reasoning of the sort exhibited by good cooks and auto mechanics, and in science.
Polyphony of Texts and Music in the Fourteenth-Century Motet: Tribum que non abhorruit/Quoniam secta latronum/Merito hec patimur and Its “Quotations”
Authors: Bent Margaret
Published: November 2023

The late-medieval motet has been criticized as an art form for the incomprehensibility of its simultaneous texts. It is true that such texts cannot be understood at an unprepared hearing, but neither can heterogeneous texts in an operatic ensemble, or certain kinds of musical art that address the mind and eye as much as the ear. Fourteenth-century motet texts were composed and coordinated at least as artfully as the music to which they are wedded, thus magnifying the “hearing” problem. We can only “hear” these compositions adequately if we also do some “listening” outside the real time of actual performance. Although we have no external evidence that our medieval counterparts practiced anything resembling modern analysis on this music, it is my belief that intelligent contemporary appreciation of motets must have depended on some reflection beyond performance, and that whatever form such reflection took, it must have been less visually determined than ours, conditioned as we are to reading scores. Many aspects of the sounds they heard are now wholly inaccessible to us. Analysis can, however, recover-albeit partially-some of the ingredients of informed listening. It is with such recoverable aspects that the present paper will be concerned, and it is in that sense that it addresses “hearing” the motet. It is true that errors in the words as well as the music in the manuscripts that have come down to us give a clear indication that understanding was never complete or that it rapidly decayed, but although the texts may be corrupt, they are not always incorrigible, and the kind of observation and analysis to be exemplified in this paper may take on the status of tools for textual criticism and point to solutions that can inspire some confidence.
Du Fay and the Cultures of Renaissance Florence
Authors: Nosow Robert
Published: November 2023

As with other Italian cities during the Quattrocento, the fortunes of poly phonic music in Florence tended to wax and wane with the circumstances of patronage, the changing interests of the political and intellectual elites. Al though the palimpsest manuscript Archivio Capitolare di San Lorenzo 2211, compiled ca. 1418-21, testifies to continued Florentine traditions of song and motet, by the following decade these traditions, as nearly as we can determine, had become moribund. The musical life of Renaissance Florence took a decided tum in June 1434 with the arrival of Pope Eugenius IV and the entire papal Curia, seeking refuge from the unsafe precincts of Rome. The papal chapel was dominated by a group of singers from France and the regions of Burgundy, especially Liege and Cambrai, a circumstance that could not but attract the attention of the newly installed Medici party in Florence.
The Rain Forest Roots of HIV-1
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

The Western AIDS epidemic of. the early 1980s was foreshadowed by a subtle epidemic that began in Germany in 1939. With hindsight, we know it spread to other European countries and killed many children, but its pattern and significance were long unnoticed. Its agent was apparently a primitive form of HIV-1 B that was not yet strong enough to cause AIDS as we know it. This “proto-1 B” caused acute immunodeficiency in most infected people but chronic or fatal disease in very few. Mainly newborns were susceptible, and most recovered with no recurrence. Only later, in the permissive 1960s and 1970s, would proto-1 B cycle to greater virulence and become HIV-1 B, the inexorable killer of adults.
Viral Sex and AIDS: Response to Instability
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

AIDS epidemics are unique to retroviruses but not to just one kind of retrovirus. AIDS in humans is caused by three lentiviruses (HIV-0, HIV-1, and HIV-2), which we have traced back to innocent viruses in the jungles of Africa. But AIDS in cats is caused by a very different type of retrovirus (FeLV), which does most harm when working with another (FIV). Such collaboration between retroviruses has been spotted in humans and monkeys. Even if they cause no disease, these double infections are a threat in their potential for recombinants. Sex between lentiviruses and other retroviruses appears to be the main way they obtain new features, and these features can be dangerous.

We have argued that two harmless viruses can recombine to cross species, and that in some cases this process results in AIDS. Can we find an example that offers us both parents for study? The recombinant HIV-1E will not do because we cannot know if both parents were harmless at their mating, and one parent has completely disappeared. Nor will the recombinant sabaeus SIV agm serve our purposes. Both its parents were apparently harmless but, here again, one is no longer available.
Some Apparatus
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

I want to discuss the family of ideas about ideas that is constituted by the notions concept, conception, ideal, and public conception. I also want to consider pluralism and essential contestability. We will then have an understanding of the vocabulary that is needed to state the main interim thesis of this book – namely, that in view of the incommensurability of some of the values that constitute its ideal, the concept of public justification is apparently an essentially contestable concept, much like the first-order normative concepts that Gallie, Lukes, and Connolly have analyzed.
The Discourse of Southernness Or How We Can Know There Will Still Be Such a Thing as the South and Southern Literary Culture in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Humphries Jefferson
Published: November 2023

History is made up of wisps of narratives, stories that one tells, that one hears, that one acts out; the people does not exist as a subject but as a mass of millions of insignificant and serious little stories that sometimes disperse into digressive elements. Generally, though these are the stories that come together at least approximately to form what is called the culture of civil society. Jean-Francois Lyotard, Pagan Instructions Not just the past but the present and the future also are made up of “wisps of narratives; and narratives about the future must inevitably evolve from narratives of the past. History is just another word for temporal experience in general, and in that sense it engulfs the future with the past and the present. What this means is that before we can hope to say whether there might still be a “southern” literary culture twenty, fifty, or a hundred years from now, we need to say what we mean and have meant by the “South:’ What but a story, or several basic stories with an infinite variety of individual permutations, all of these together making up one grand story of mythic proportions that all southerners, to a greater or lesser degree, feel is their story? This must be the unarticulated, perhaps even unadmitted premise behind all of oral history. Yet it is important to note that it has not been admitted, least of all by most scholars working in southern studies. Most southern writers-poets and novelists-have more or less admitted it, however, though I doubt that any of them knew at the time or knows it now, or would even be willing to admit it in so many words. I have never heard of any “oral historians” specializing in the South-and almost all of them in America do-who did not claim as their ground and premise the very purest empiricism. I believe it is self-evident that they are wrong-not to do what they are doing, but about why they are justified in doing it.
Homosexuality and the Constitution
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

In 1958, Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a black woman, were married in the District of Columbia.I Soon thereafter they returned to their home in Virginia. They were promptly indicted. Their crime was to have married in violation of Virginia’s prohibition on interracial marriage. They pleaded guilty to the charge and were sentenced to a year in jail. The trial judge suspended the sentence on condition that the Lovings leave Virginia and not return for twenty-five years. The judge said: “Almighty God creates the races white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix.” The Lovings challenged the miscegenation law on constitutional grounds. They claimed that the law deprived them of the “equal protection of the laws.” Thus was born the most aptly titled case in the entire history of American law, In the United States Supreme Court, the legal issues were relatively straightforward. In 1954, the Court had decided Brown v. Board of Education. There the Court had made clear that racial discrimination is constitutionally unacceptable and that “separate but equal” is not equal. The Brown Court held that under the Constitution, the government could not discriminate against blacks. This was the issue in Loving: Was the ban on racial intermarriage a form of discrimination in the relevant sense? On this question, there was sharp dispute. Virginia thought that the answer was, “Clearly not.” Virginia’s lawyers argued that miscegenation laws punished whites and blacks equally. They claimed that there was no discrimination against blacks. The only relevant discrimination was against people who sought to participate in mixed marriages, and such people were racially diverse, including members of all races. Unlike in Brown, where racial separation marked racial inequality, here separation was truly equal. Discrimination against people who seek to participate in mixed marriages is not “racial discrimination” at all. It does not draw a line between blacks and whites. It is a form of discrimination, to be sure-but not at all of the form that justifies special judicial skepticism under the Constitution. Because blacks and whites were treated exactly alike, that kind of skepticism was unwarranted.
Natural Law, Morality, and Sexual Complementarity
Authors: Weithman Paul J
Published: November 2023

Natural law theorists have characteristically shared two commitments. They have insisted that the truths of normative ethics are in some way based on ends that are both natural for human beings to pursue and naturally good for them to attain. They have also insisted that the laws which govern human communities must in some way be based on those ethical truths. As with any family of ethical theories, theorists in this family have elaborated their shared commitments in interestingly different ways. The resulting natural law theories differ in their accounts of how ethical truths are grasped, how justification of these truths depends on knowledge of natural teleology, and how civil laws should encourage people to live in accord with them.
All in the Family and In All Families: Membership, Loving, and Owing
Authors: Minow Martha
Published: November 2023

The first part of my title, “All in the Family,” refers to the television show by that name because it captures the theme I would like to sound here. Otherwise known as the Archie Bunker show, the central character exhibited gross racial, ethnic, and sexual prejudices-and yet the show itself celebrated the capacity of human beings to grow and change within families. What interests me here in particular is the shift in the constellation of people treated as family over the years the show was on the air. Initially, Archie and his wife Edith shared their home with their daughter and her husband-not quite a nuclear family, but a rather traditional extended family. Over time, however, Archie meets Edith’s lesbian cousin. He also learns to deal with divorce. Ultimately, Edith dies, Archie’s daughter separates from her husband and they both move away, and Archie becomes the custodian of a niece who is half-Jewish. All inside this “family,” then, the variety of shifting relationships mirrored the variety of potential family memberships in the larger society. Once a show exhibiting the prejudices of a white ethnic patriarch toward his diverse society, “All in the Family,” over time, brought that diversity inside the family itself.
“Why Ask My Name?”
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

Unnamed characters--such as Lot’s wife, Jephthah’s daughter, Pharaoh’s baker, and the witch of Endor--are ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible and appear in a wide variety of roles. Adele Reinhartz here seeks to answer two principal questions: first, is there a “poetics of anonymity,” and if so, what are its contours? Second, how does anonymity affect the readers’ response to and construction of unnamed biblical characters? The author is especially interested in issues related to gender and class, seeking to determine whether anonymity is more prominent among mothers, wives, daughters, and servants than among fathers, husbands, sons and kings and whether the anonymity of female characters functions differently from that of male characters.
The Bit Players
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

The Majority Of Unnamed Biblical Characters are obscure, incidental figures, who make only fleeting appearances in the narrative. Some are defined by the most general of terms: man (uitt) and woman (:-rum), boy (,11l) and girl (:-r,11l),1 amplified, if at all, by place name or tribal affiliation only. Many of them carry out a single act and then disappear. These bit players, minor as they are, have major literary functions in the narrative as a whole. In this chapter, I examine their contribution to the plot and characterization as well as their role in conveying the narrator’s ideology to the reader.
Servants, Stewards and Armor-Bearers
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

A Large Group Within the category I have called the bit players is comprised of personal attendants: the servants, stewards, armor-bearers or “lads” of kings, prophets and other dignitaries. Like the briefly mentioned and unnamed mothers, husbands, and children, they are given scant narrative attention. What distinguishes personal attendants from unnamed family members, though, is the nature of the designated role itself. The servant participates in a hierarchical relationship in which he or she is the subordinate party. Because the task of the servant is to serve, the servant’s activity draws attention to the needs and desires of the one being served. In this way, servants identify the one they serve as a person of wealth and power. The nature of the servant role itself therefore adds another layer to the veil over the personal identity of these sketchy characters. Personal attendants are formally identified in a variety of ways. A youth (illl, o1illl) is not necessarily a personal attendant except when defined as such by the possessive form, such as “his young man” (iilll; 1 Sam 9:5, “the boy who was with him”), or the narrative context, as in 1 Sam 20:21, in which Jonathan tells David that he will send “the boy” (,i,m) to tell him whether he should flee from Saul. The designations servant (,:ii,) and youth (illl) can denote either a slave or servant.1 Most narratives featuring slaves/servants do not address their legal status.
Friday’s foot print
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

A psychiatrist who has received international recognition for her research on the neural basis of primate social cognition, Leslie Brothers, M.D., offers here a major argument about the social dimension of the human brain, drawing on both her own work and a wealth of information from research laboratories, neurosurgical clinics, and psychiatric wards. Brothers offers the tale of Robinson Crusoe as a metaphor for neuroscience's classic (and flawed) notion of the brain: a starkly isolated figure, working, praying, writing alone. But the famous castaway of literature, she notes, came from society and returned to society. So too with our brains: they have evolved a specialized capacity for exchanging signals with other brains--they are designed to be social. This can be seen in the brain's sensitive attunement to the meanings of facial expressions and physical gestures and the way it assigns mental lives to physical bodies--a feat we too often take for granted. (Brothers describes fascinating case studies that show that certain kinds of brain damage can destroy a patient's ability to interpret faces, leaving him or her with the sense that they are surrounded by zombies.) She takes us down to the level of the individual neuron, exploring the response of brain cells to social events. Perhaps most important, she connects neuroscience, psychiatry, and sociology as never before, showing how our daily interaction creates an organized social world--a network of brains that generates meaningful behavior and thought. Emotion, the sense of self--the entire spectrum of the mind--has no existence outside of a social context. Brothers conducts her argument with grace and style. By broadening our approach to the brain, this groundbreaking book makes an important contribution to our understanding of the human mind.
The Brain’s Social Specialization
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

I have been referring to brain structures that allow us to attribute mind to bodies. I even suggested that the brain has an “editor” that encourages the recording of social features during infancy, inscribing them preferentially onto the hardware of the developing human brain. Where are these brain structures, and how do they work together to produce such remarkable effects? In this chapter, we begin to look at the “social brain” and how its secrets were unlocked by scientists working in places as varied as brain research laboratories and African jungles.
The Shift to a Social Perspective
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

Neuroscientists want to understand how the brain produces behavior. They ask how the brain makes it possible for us to perceive objects, to attend to and remember events, to reason. Like all scientists, their goal is to seek ever-more-accurate knowledge of the natural world-in this case, brain function-by formulating testable hypotheses and testing them in a way that can be reproduced and discussed by the scientific community. Underpinning this goal is the concept of a reality that is “out there,” independent of us, that our minds may grasp and come to know, just as we use our eyes to grasp visually what is before us. The idea that there is a relationship between a mind and the things outside it in the world is the essence of the natural sciences-it is the faith in human knowledge. Although it was explicated most vigorously and confidently in the Enlightenment, contemporary empirical sciences are still grounded in the idea of this basic relationship.
The Birth of Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Bioethics represents a dramatic revision of the centuries-old ethics that governed the behaviour of physicians and their relationships with patients. Those ethics were challenged in the years after World War II by remarkable advances in biomedical science and medicine that raised questions about the defintion of death, the use of life-support systems, organ transplantation, and reproductive manipulation. In response, philosophers and theologians, lawyers and social scientists joined with physicians and scientists to rethink and revise the old standards. Governments established commissions to recommend policies. Courts heard arguments and legislatures passed laws. This book is the first broad history of the growing field of bioethics. Covering the period 1947-1987, it examines the origin and evolution of the debates over human experimentation, genetic engineering, organ transplantation, termination of life-sustaining treatment, and new reproductive technologies. It assesses the contributions of philosophy, theology, law and the social sciences to the expanding discourse of bioethics. Written by one of the fields founders, it is based on extensive archival research into resources that are difficult to obtain and on interviews with many leading figures. A very readable account of the development of bioethics, the book stresses the history of ideas but does not neglect the social and cultural context and the people involved.
The Theologians: Rediscovering the Tradition
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

The scientists who gathered at the conferences of the early 1960s confessed their concerns about the problems raised by the new medicine and biology, and they often called those problems “ethical.” Like their fellow scientist Van Renssellaer Potter, they probably understood that word in its broadest sense, describing the values that should frame human life. When scholars from the classical disciplines of theology and philosophy joined those early conversations, they brought a sharper concept of ethics, one more like that of Andre Hellegers: the critical, analytic study of the norms for human behavior. These professional students of ethics molded these conversations into a shape designed by their disciplines, their traditions, and their personalities. The bioethics that began to appear during the 1970s, while generated by the new medicine and science encountering human values and customs, was their creation. Theologians were the first to appear on the scene. This chapter will provide a brief summary of theological ethics and will identify the theological pioneers.
0 Brave New World: The Ethics of Human Reproduction
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Socrates’ friends once asked him to describe family life in his ideal republic and “how citizens will bring children into the world and rear them when they have arrived.” Socrates replied, “The answers to these questions are far from easy. I approach the subject with great reluctance.” He overcame his reluctance enough to declaim about how to choose the fittest parents and even proposed that wives and offspring be held in common. His novel suggestions astonished Socrates’ friends. During the second half of the twentieth century, novel ways of procreating children astonished the world. The settled ethics about how people beget children and rear them has been disturbed by the scientific ability to conceive children without sexual intercourse, by joining sperm and ovum outside the body and inserting the resulting zygote into a womb. These novel ways of procreation raised questions that, as Socrates admitted, are far from easy to answer. The questions are even difficult to comprehend without understanding the old ethics about reproduction that placed the generation of children within the legal and moral setting of monogamous marriage, discouraged the deliberate inhibition of conception, and prohibited abortion. This chapter begins, then, by tracing many almost forgotten paths of the old ethics of reproduction and goes on to review the questions and answers about the ethics of the new reproductive technologies.
Poor Surgical Risk Patients
Authors: Halevy Amir , Baldwin John C
Published: November 2023

Patients deemed to be poor surgical risks pose special challenges to the medical care team in general, and to the surgeon in particular. These challenges result from the ambiguity that arises from the very concept of poor risk and the reality that decision making in such cases reflects the views and values of the surgeon, the referring physician, and the patient. Successfully managing such cases requires an understanding of the perspectives of the three parties involved in the determination of poor surgical risk and of the role of the informed consent process in bringing potentially diverse perspectives into a coherent decision.
Understanding, Assessing, and Managing Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Khushf George , Gifford Robert
Published: November 2023

Certain types of financial arrangements have long been frowned upon by the medical profession. Many of these were grouped under the heading of ‘‘fee splitting’’ and directly prohibited. Thus, for example, a generalist could not obtain a kickback for referring a patient to a surgeon; a surgeon could not use an agent to ‘‘drum up’’ business, and so forth. The reason generally given for prohibiting such practices was that financial arrangements were inappropriately introduced into a decision-making process that should be exclusively directed by medical factors. However, the various discouraged financial arrangements were addressed independently of one another, and they were discussed under the name of the particular practice in question (e.g., advertising, fee splitting). They were not grouped together under a principle that accounted for why the practice was ethically problematic. Recently this has changed. The previously prohibited financial arrangements have been grouped together with a host of other types of practices, and they are now addressed under the rubric of conflicts of interest.
Nations, Identity, and Conflict
Authors: Glover Jonathan
Published: November 2023

There are two histories of nationalism. One history, repeated many times, is of a people rightly struggling to be free. They eventually break away from their large neighbor, a colonial power, or the Soviet Union to attain the dignity of self governing nationhood. The other history, repeated many times, is of nationalism as tribal conflict. This is the story of the European nations and their quarrels that culminated in war in 1914. More recently it is the story of seemingly endless reciprocal killing: the story of Armenia and Azerbaijan, of Israel and Palestine, of the factions in the Nigerian civil war, of Iran and Iraq, of Greeks and Turks in Cyprus, of nationalists and unionists in Northern Ireland, of the participants in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. It is the story of what was once Yugoslavia.
Nationalism in a Comparative Mode
Authors: Feinberg Walter
Published: November 2023

I will make three points in this chapter. The first is that Charles Taylor is right in viewing dignity as an essential feature of nationalism, but he is wrong in thinking that it can help us very much in understanding contemporary nationalist movements. Dignity functions at a very deep level within the nationalism issue and not at the level of explanation that Taylor addresses. The kind of social imagination that Taylor attaches to dignity involves the constitutive conceptual features of nationalism, but it will not get us very far when we seek to understand particular nationalisms. In other words, the idea that dignity is tied to national identity tells us about the meaning of nationalism. It does not tell us a great deal about the cause of this or that nationalist movement.
The Case for Linguistic Self-Defense
Authors: Fletcher George
Published: November 2023

A near-majority of Quebec residents want to secede from Canada, in part because they think that the French language will thereby become more secure against the pervasive threat of English culture. This motive for secession puzzles many American intellectuals. It seems petty and irrational to break up a country for the sake of an incremental advantage to a language. We smile as well at the efforts of the French in France to outlaw the onslaught of English culture. What is the point of trying to banish universal words like “cheeseburger”? After all, Americans are willing to adopt expressions like “c’est la vie” and “gemiitlich” when they are useful. Why can’t everyone be as flexible as we are?
Some Basic Formal Functions: An Overview
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Most musicians have a general notion of what constitutes musical form. If asked, they would probably respond that form concerns itself with how the various parts of a composition are arranged -and ordered; how standard patterns of repeated material appear in works; how different sections of a work are organized into themes; and how the themes themselves break down into smaller phrases and motives. Indeed, this general understanding of form is a fairly accurate one and can be used as the basis of a more detailed investigation into how the parts of a musical work are defined and distinguished from one another.
Sentence
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The sentence is an eight-measure theme built out of two four-measure phrases. In this grouping structure, which Ratz indicates as (2 x 2) + 4,2 the theme expresses three formal functions-presentation, continuation, and cadential.3 The opening phrase contains the first of these functions and thus is termed a presentation phrase. The second phrase incorporates the remaining two functions. For the sake of simplicity (if not absolute theoretical consistency), this unit is normally termed a continuation phrase.