bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photometric classification of stars around the Milky Way’s central black hole
Authors: Gallego-Cano E. , Fritz T. , Schödel R. , Feldmeier-Krause A. , Do T. , Nishiyama S.
Published: June 2024

Context. The presence of young massive stars in the Galactic Centre (GC) raises questions about how such stars could form near the massive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). Furthermore, the shape of the initial mass function (IMF) in this region seems to differ from its standard Salpeter/Kroupa law. Due to observational challenges such as extreme extinction and crowding, our understanding of the stellar population in this region remains limited, with spectroscopic data available only for selected small and comparably bright sources.

Aims. We aim to improve our knowledge about the distribution and the IMF of young, massive, stars in the vicinity of Sgr A*.

Methods. We used intermediate band (IB) photometry to identify candidates for massive young stars. To ensure robust classification, we applied three different, but complementary methods: Bayesian inference, a basic neural network, and a fast gradient-boosted trees algorithm.

Results. We obtain spectral energy distributions for 6590 stars, 1181 of which have been previously classified spectroscopically. We identify 351 stars that are classified as early types by all three classification methods, with 155 of them being newly identified candidates. The radial density profiles for late and early-type stars fit well with broken power laws, revealing a break radius of 9.2 ± 0.6″ for early-type stars. The late-type stars show a core-like distribution around Sgr A* while the density of the early-type stars increases steeply towards the black hole, consistent with previous work. We infer a top-heavy IMF of the young stars near Sgr A* (R < 9″), with a power-law of 1.6 ± 0.1. At greater distances from Sgr A* a standard Salpeter/Kroupa IMF can explain the data. Additionally, we demonstrate that IB photometry can also constrain the metallicities of late-type stars, estimating metallicities for over 600 late-type stars.

Conclusions. The variation of the IMF with radial distance from Sgr A* suggests that different mechanisms of star formation may have been at work in this region. The top-heavy IMF in the innermost region is consistent with star formation in a disc around Sgr A*.
Catalytic Conversion of Greenhouse Gases Using Sustainable Nanocatalysts
Authors: Mittal Vaibhav , Saxena Anil Kumar , Dhawan Aashim , Kaur Savinder , Govinda Rao S. , Shradhey
Published: June 2024

This study explores the catalytic conversion of greenhouse gases (GHGs) using sustainable nanocatalysts, with the goal of addressing climate change and decreasing human-caused emissions. Four different types of nanocatalysts were synthesized, each with distinct compositions and properties. These include metal oxide, carbon-based, zeolite-based, and perovskite nanocatalysts. The characterization of these materials unveiled their nanostructured composition, significant surface area, and adjustable surface chemistry, which are crucial for their catalytic activity in greenhouse gas conversion reactions. The catalytic performance was evaluated, revealing different levels of efficiency in converting CO2 and CH4. The nanocatalysts made of metal oxide demonstrated the highest efficiency, while carbon-based, perovskite, and zeolite-based nanocatalysts followed suit. In addition, the reaction rate constants were found to be influenced by the composition and structure of the nanocatalyst. Metal oxide and carbon-based nanocatalysts exhibited higher rate constants in comparison to zeolite-based and perovskite nanocatalysts. Upon conducting stability assessments over multiple reaction cycles, it was observed that nanocatalysts made of metal oxide and carbon exhibited superior durability compared to those made of zeolite and perovskite. In summary, the findings highlight the promise of sustainable nanocatalysts in catalytic greenhouse gas conversion. These catalysts provide effective and eco-friendly solutions for tackling climate change and progressing towards a sustainable future. Further research and innovation in nanocatalyst design, synthesis, and performance evaluation are crucial for fully harnessing the potential of nanotechnology in reducing GHG emissions and attaining global sustainability objectives.
The role of patent analytics in ensuring the technological sovereignty of the country’s agriculture
Authors: Mokronosov A.G. , Asylguzhin T.R.
Published: June 2024

The relevance of the problem stated in the article is due to the great importance of patent analytics, used as a tool to ensure the technological sovereignty of the country, its entrance to the advanced level of efficiency and competitiveness. The study is aimed at eliminating the current multiple gap between the Russian economy and the leading countries in terms of the scale and quality of patent activity. The article proposes a structural and functional model for conducting patent analytics, whose algorithm, unlike existing ones, includes the stages of identifying technological trends, defining leaders in patent activity, and substantiating key scientific and technical developments. The model was tested on the example of patent analytics for technological innovations in agriculture of the Russian Federation. The results of the study showed that in order to ensure the competitiveness of Russian agricultural products in world markets and reduce technological risks, it is necessary to expand and strengthen cooperation between the scientific, educational sphere and the real sector to create a technological foundation and advance the implementation of patent-protected innovations in agricultural sectors.
Functioning and development of the military-industrial complex as a factor in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the Ural macroregion
Authors: Novikova Natalya , Ivlev Denis
Published: June 2024

The theoretical and methodological foundation for studying the problems of sustainable development today is insufficiently formed. The issues of knowledge in the field of sustainable development at the state and regional levels remain open. The object of the study is the Ural macroregion, which includes seven constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg regions, Perm Territory, the Republic of Udmurtia and the Republic of Bashkortostan). The set of industries (types of economic activity) that are part of the military-industrial complex is important in ensuring the sustainability for the socio-economic development of the Urals. The findings and conclusions of scientists on the problems of ensuring sustainable development, as well as the functioning of the military-industrial complex, were adopted as the methodological basis for the study. The research methodology is based on formalization and systematization approaches, bibliometric and content analysis of scientific literature devoted to the theoretical and methodological knowledge of sustainable development, as well as the development of territories where the military-industrial complex dominates in the economic space. The main results of the study are: putting forward and proving a scientific hypothesis confirming the influence of the functioning and development of the military-industrial complex on ensuring sustainable socio-economic development in the Ural macroregion. The results obtained during the presented research can be used in the development of strategic documents aimed at forming sustainable socio-economic development of territories at various levels.
Economic and legal aspects of the introduction of green technologies: A critical analysis of doctrinal views
Authors: Kurdyumov A.V. , Mansurov G.Z. , Elfimova E.V.
Published: June 2024

The article discusses some economic and legal problems of the introduction of green technologies. It is noted that the greening of the economy is the next stage of the centuries-old mankind’s struggle to improve the natural environment. Agreeing with the importance of the Green Economy project, the authors state the fact that it does not correspond to the opinion of representatives of natural sciences. The authors prove that the concept of sustainable society development contradicts the nature of the market economic system, which is characterized by periodic changes in technological and world economic structures. As a result of the analysis of regulatory and program acts, as well as doctrinal research, the work revealed typical mistakes of supporters of this “green” economy theory, in particular, the presence of a huge number of documents containing non-coinciding goals and criteria for recognizing the economy as “green”. The role of the green economy as a way to improve the state of the environment is often exaggerated. The attitude of the leadership of the Russian Federation to the “green” economy project is assessed, the conflict on understanding the meaning of the term “green” economy by the Russian leadership and representatives of the countries, which stand for the center of the world economy, as well as some international organizations is revealed.
Environmental informing as a means of developing rational consumption patterns
Authors: Korsun Ksenia , Rukoleev Vitaly , Zadorina Mariia
Published: June 2024

The article addresses the problems of disseminating environmental information among the population in order to encourage reasonable consumption. The research methodology includes general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) and special legal methods (technical and legal, interpretation of legal norms). The research materials comprise scientific articles, official reports, law enforcement practice, as well as regulatory legal acts related to the current research. The legal definition of ‘environmental information’ is analysed. Different approaches to understanding ‘the environment’ are considered. Legal gaps related to ‘environmental information’ are identified. Key environmental problems, which have to be communicated to the population in order to encourage reasonable consumption, are considered. The authors reach the conclusion that successful resolution to problems related to environmental pollution with plastic and other types of waste depends on the quality of legislative regulation, regular interaction between authorities and private companies, as well as the completeness and timeliness of d environmental information delivery to citizens.
Synthesis, properties and ir spectra of a complex compound of manganese chloride with hexamethylenetetramine
Authors: Altybayeva Dilbara Toychuyevna , Tulenbayeva Mavlyuda Abdyganievna , Kamalov Zhyldyzbek Kamalovich , Abdullayeva Mairam Dukuyevna , Akimzhanova Erkinai Abazovna
Published: June 2024

The paper presents experimental data on the interaction of manganese chloride with hexamethylenetetramine in an aqueous medium at 25 °C by the isothermal solubility method and establishes the formation and concentration limits of the release of new complex compounds from saturated equilibrium solutions of the following composition: [MnCI2 · (CH2)6N4 · 2H2O], [MnCI2 · 2(CH2)6N4 ·5H2O] and their physico chemical properties have been studied. IR absorption spectra were studied to determine the structure and location of the bond between the complexant and the ligand. It was determined that in the [MnCI2 · 2(CH2)6N4 · 5H2O] complex, two water molecules and two hexamethylenetetramine molecules are connected to the central manganese atom by a coordinate bond in the first sphere, and three water molecules are located in the second sphere and are connected by a hydrogen bond with hexamethylenetetramine, chlorine ion and coordinated water molecules.
Amphibians of different types of biogeocenoses of the Pamir-Alay and Southwestern Tien Shan under climate change conditions
Authors: Abzhamilov Saparbay , Atabekov Usan , Samatova Abiba , Miraly kyzy Anara , Matibali uulu Sherali
Published: June 2024

The main content of this publication is a description of the species composition, population structure, biotopic distribution, and variability of amphibian population density in the Pamir-Alay and Southwestern Tian-Shan. In different landscape zones and at different altitudes, the species composition of amphibians is heterogeneous. In the lowland zone and zones of the foothills and middle mountains (900-2000 m above sea level), amphibians are represented by two species - the lake frog (Rana ridibunda Pall.) and the Danatine toad (Bufo danatensis Pis.). In high mountain landscapes (2000-3500 m above sea level), only one species is represented, the Danatine toad (Bufo danatensis Pis.). These amphibian species live in different places in the region and their distribution looks quite mosaic. High-mountain landscapes, where the Bufo danatensis lives, look particularly isolated. At the same time, these types of amphibians choose very specific biotopes. Located in different altitude zones. The population density of amphibians in different landscapes was differentiated as a result of census activities in the territories of different types of biogeocenoses and different altitudinal zones. Research has shown that different landscape areas have different levels of lake frog density. So, the highest density values are typical of the plain foothills - an average of 461.0 ind./ha. These values are significantly lower in mid-mountain zones - 71.04 ind./ha, and in the high mountains their population is completely absent. As for the green toad, a high density is observed in the middle mountains - 240.3 ind./ha. In the plain foothills, it is significantly lower and amounts to 97.4 ind./ha. Different levels of population density of these species are explained and depend on the ecological specifics of amphibians and their habitat conditions.
Algae as indicators of water quality based on the example of the Kugart River and their seasonal changes
Authors: Boronbaeva Ainazik , Karimov Bolotbek , Attokurov Kursant , Moombekov Sapar , Abdyrakhmanova Zhazgul
Published: June 2024

Scientists from Ancient Rome and Greece wrote about the possibility of using living organisms as indicators of certain natural conditions. According to modern concepts, bioindicators are organisms, the presence, quantity or developmental features of which serve as indicators of natural processes, conditions or anthropogenic changes in the environment. The ability of ecosystems of surface water bodies to self-purify is used by anthropogenic activities as a mechanism for wastewater treatment, but given the huge role of microalgae in the self-purification of the Kugart River, this article is devoted to the study of the ecological, indicator ability of the algal flora of the studied object. The ecological condition of the Kugart River was examined, indicating the ecological forms of algae, as well as the qualitative
and quantitative composition of indicator species of algae downstream from the discharge of wastewater.
Sustainable Production of Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Energy Storage
Authors: Dixit Saurav , Nautiyal Rishi Dev , Parashar Komal , Sharma Pooja , Mouli K. Chandra , Vyas Anjali
Published: June 2024

This research investigates the manufacture of polymer matrix nanocomposites specifically designed for energy storage applications with a focus on sustainability. Four kinds of polymers (PVA, PLA, PET, PMMA) were created with different percentages of nanofillers (ranging from 1.0% to 2.0%) and polymer concentrations (ranging from 2.5% to 4.0%). The mechanical testing results showed Young's modulus values ranging from 11.8 GPa to 15.2 GPa, and corresponding tensile strengths ranging from 42.9 MPa to 50.2 MPa. The electrical conductivity tests revealed a conductivity range spanning from 1.8 x 10^-3 S/cm to 2.5 x 10^-3 S/cm. The assessment of energy storage capability revealed capacitance values ranging from 115 F/g to 135 F/g, with charge-discharge efficiencies varying between 91.8% and 94.3%. The findings highlight the capability of polymer matrix nanocomposites to achieve customized properties that are favorable for energy storage. This emphasizes the significance of logical design, manufacturing methods, and sustainability factors in advancing these materials for practical use in the renewable energy industry.
Transformation and Efficiency in Agricultural Production Through Natural Energy Systems
Authors: Rashidov Jamshid
Published: June 2024

The goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth examination of the role natural energy systems play in promoting agricultural production efficacy and sustainability across Uzbekistan. Given the trajectory of the world’s transition to alternative sources of energy, the agricultural sector of the republic is at a crossroads. The utilization of natural energy systems can enable the sector’s re-definition of the energy dimension. In this regard, the paper explores the frameworks and applications adopted across the sector, providing an analysis of the key barriers and facilitators of the integration of solar energy, wind power, and biomass into the agricultural value chain. Qualitative and quantitative data extraction from multiple regions across Uzbekistan confirms the substantial advantages of a natural energy system, such as lower carbon emission, reduced operation expenses, and additional national energy outlets. Additionally, the paper examines the aspects of socio-economic implications on the rural farming population, which include higher productivity rates and eco-friendly development patterns. The overall results indicate that a natural energy flow can usher the local agricultural field of Uzbekistan toward a definitively more efficient and sustainable outcome, thus setting the country on the pathway towards a new era of energy-independent and eco-friendly agriculture. In this respect, the study comes up with policy recommendations that would incorporate a fully or accelerated adoption of natural energy systems, which would require cooperation among the government, industry, and research institutions.
Assessing the concentration of agricultural producers
Authors: Plakhin Andrey , Kochergina Tatiana , Guseva Tatiana , Selezneva Maria
Published: June 2024

The relevance of the study is due to the high dependence of industry efficiency on the level of concentration of agricultural producers. The purpose of the study is to determine trends in the concentration and integration of agricultural producers in the Sverdlovsk region. The research method used was a comparison of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the dynamics of the organizational status of the functioning of existing farms. The results of the study show a decrease in the level of concentration of agricultural producers. This trend leads to a lack of manifestation of the benefits of economies of scale both at the level of individual producers and within the regional economy.
Fiber-Optic Sensor For The Quality Of Oil And Petroleum Products
Authors: Murashkina Tatiana , Badeeva Elena , Badeev Vladislav
Published: June 2024

The technical characteristics and performance of the equipment depend on the quality of petroleum products. Optical refractometric methods for determining the composition of oil based on refractive indices have become widespread. The main disadvantage of the known methods of analysis is the long measurement time associated with the need to take a sample from the pipeline. The aim of the work is to develop a fiber-optic sensor of increased reliability for rapid analysis of the quality of oil and petroleum products in difficult operating conditions. A constructive and technological solution of a fiber-optic sensor for the quality of petroleum products of increased reliability has been developed on the basis of a developed two-channel fiber-optic converter with a cylindrical hollow tube with a liquid, the refractive index of which is determined. The developed design and technological solution of a fiber-optic sensor, which performs instantaneous measurement of the refractive index of a liquid in a pipeline, will increase the reliability of the sampling system of oil pipelines, reduce unreasonable costs of the sampling process, and increase the accuracy of measuring the quality of liquid transparent to visible and infrared radiation of petroleum products.
Industrial production: Use of green technologies to conserve the environment and resources
Authors: Efimova Elena , Prostova Dina
Published: June 2024

In the study, the authors provide an overview of the latest technologies used in industry. Such technologies in the modern world have become in demand for many reasons, which have an economic, social and, above all, environmental character. The “green” agenda affects many countries of the world because of the ecological state of the environment, as well as many economic issues can be solved within the framework of this agenda, such as the reduction of resource costs. Limited resources on the Earth represent the most basic problem for the world economy and for each individual country. Therefore, the relevance of applying the latest technologies is a subject of interest for industrialists, science, business and government. The study of the applied technologies makes it possible to determine the prospects for solving economic and environmental problems of the society
Bedside-sensorische-Testungen bei Menschen mit Nackenschmerzen im klinischen Alltag: Äquivalent zur Quantitativen Sensorischen Testung?
Authors: Heidelbach Annika , Dostalová Johanna , Zietz Dörte , Ehrenbrusthoff Katja
Published: June 2024

Hintergrund Nackenschmerzen gehören zu den häufigsten muskuloskelettalen Erkrankungen des physiotherapeutischen Behandlungsspektrums. Für ein angemessenes Management, v. a. bezüglich der Prognostik und Erfassung zentraler Schmerzprozesse, ist die Beurteilung sensorischer Veränderungen unerlässlich. Bisher ist die Quantitative Sensorische Testung (QST) die einzige Methode, die eine umfassende Bewertung veränderter Sensorik ermöglicht. Es handelt sich dabei jedoch um ein kosten- und zeitaufwendiges Verfahren. Daher besteht Bedarf an einer einfach zu handhabenden und kostengünstigen Alternative.

Ziel Untersuchung der Validität und Reliabilität der Bedside-sensorischen-Testung (BST) bei Menschen mit Nackenschmerzen.

Methode Es handelt sich um ein systematisches Review im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit an der Hochschule für Gesundheit Bochum. Die Berichterstattung folgte den Empfehlungen der PRISMA-2020-Checkliste. Im Oktober 2022 wurden die Datenbanken Embase (Ovid), Medline (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science und CENTRAL nach Studien durchsucht, die verschiedene BST-Verfahren mit der QST vergleichen. Die methodische Qualität der Studien wurde anhand der COSMIN-Risk-of-Bias-Checkliste bewertet.

Ergebnisse Es wurden 3 Studien mit 286 Patient*innen und 71 Kontrollpersonen einbezogen. Die Hauptergebnisse betrafen die Kriteriumsvalidität der Druckschmerzschwellen (manuelle Druckapplikation: ρ = –0,1 bis –0,37 und φ = 0,11; Stift-Ende: φ = 0,31), Kältedetektionsschwellen (Eisapplikation: ρ = 0,32–0,42; Münze: φ = 0,42) und Kälteschmerzschwellen (Eisapplikation: φ = –0,1; ρ = 0,64–0,65) sowie die Interrater-Reliabilität und die Test-Retest-Reliabilität der Druckschmerzschwellen (ICC = 0,87–0,89 und ICC = 0,75–0,85 für Messprotokolle mit 1–3 Messwiederholungen). Es wurden keine Ergebnisse bzgl. des Messfehlers und der Konstruktvalidität berichtet. Die methodische Qualität der eingeschlossenen Studien reichte von zweifelhaft bis sehr gut. Die Ergebnisse der Studien weisen eine konsistente Qualität der Testgütekriterien sowie eine
positive Bewertung der Reliabilität der BST auf. Dennoch zeigt die BST keine mit der QST vergleichbaren Testgütekriterien.

Schlussfolgerung Gemäß der aktuellen Studienlage kann die BST nicht als gleichwertiges Äquivalent der QST angesehen werden. Es besteht die Notwendigkeit, standardisierte BST-Protokolle zu erstellen und deren Testgütekriterien, insbesondere den Messfehler, zu untersuchen.
The Hallmarks of Endometriosis
Authors: Psilopatis Iason , Burghaus Stefanie , Au Katharina , Hofbeck Louisa , Windischbauer Lisa , Lotz Laura , Beckmann Matthias W.
Published: June 2024

A heuristic tool called “the hallmarks of cancer” helps to reduce the enormous complexity of cancer phenotypes and genotypes to a preliminary set of guiding principles. Other aspects of cancer have surfaced as possible improvements in our understanding of the disease’s mechanisms. Endometriosis is a gynecological disease condition negatively impacting the quality of life of many women. To date, there is no curative treatment for endometriosis. Therapy is aimed at treating the symptoms using hormone therapy, pain therapy and complementary therapy. Chronic pain and overlapping pain syndromes and illnesses can also be treated with multimodal pain therapy and psychosomatic therapy. Endometriosis is, however, a chronic and complex entity which, in this regard, resembles cancer. The present work investigates the hallmarks of endometriosis with a view to summarizing the current research status and paving new ways for future research projects.
Optimizing strong magnetic fields to scale up semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: June 2024

Magnetic fields can be optimized to enhance the yield of extreme ultraviolet radiation from laser-driven plasmas.
The multifunction
Coxiella
effector Vice stimulates macropinocytosis and interferes with the ESCRT machinery
Authors: Bienvenu Arthur , Burette Melanie , Cantet Franck , Gourdelier Manon , Swain Jitendriya , Cazevieille Chantal , Clemente Tatiana , Sadi Arif , Dupont Claire , Le Fe Manon , Bonetto Nicolas , Bordignon Benoit , Muriaux Delphine , Gilk Stacey , Bonazzi Matteo , Martinez Eric
Published: June 2024

Intracellular bacterial pathogens divert multiple cellular pathways to establish their niche and persist inside their host.
Coxiella burnetii
, the causative agent of Q fever, secretes bacterial effector proteins via its Type 4 secretion system to generate a
Coxiella
-containing vacuole (CCV). Manipulation of lipid and protein trafficking by these effectors is essential for bacterial replication and virulence. Here, we have characterized the lipid composition of CCVs and found that the effector Vice interacts with phosphoinositides and membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and lysobisphosphatidic acid. Remarkably, eukaryotic cells ectopically expressing Vice present compartments that resemble early CCVs in both morphology and composition. We found that the biogenesis of these compartments relies on the double function of Vice. The effector protein initially localizes at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells where it triggers the internalization of large vacuoles by macropinocytosis. Then, Vice stabilizes these compartments by perturbing the ESCRT machinery. Collectively, our results reveal that Vice is an essential
C. burnetii
effector protein capable of hijacking two major cellular pathways to shape the bacterial replicative niche.
From screen to game: Translating Iron Man 2 cinematics into Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez Fernández-Peña Alfonso Carlos
Published: June 2024

This article presents a descriptive empirical study of the Spanish translation of the video game Iron Man
2 (Sega 2010) in reference to its 50 cinematic sequences and its
intertextual consistency across other Iron Man and related texts in the Marvel universe of movies and comic
books. We used Rabadán’s (1991) translemic analysis model to analyze the translation
while Vázquez Rodríguez’s (2016) taxonomy was applied to evaluate translation errors
found in the dialogue script. The analysis shows that roughly one in five of the cinematic scenes contains translation errors. In
addition, we have identified intertextual discrepancies of certain key names in Spanish, which, we argue, could disrupt the game’s
enjoyability. Without access to the exact situational contexts we can only assume a breakdown in the work process, involving
translators, dubbing directors, sound engineers, and QA testers. Additionally, our findings suggest the importance of overseeing
the intertextual dimension across the transmedia franchises for coherent storytelling.
Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects on Optical Soliton Propagation and Their Interactions
Authors: Yi 伊 Houhui 厚会 , Li 李 Xiaofeng 晓凤 , Zhang 张 Junling 俊玲 , Zhang 张 Xin 鑫 , Ma 马 Guoli 国利
Published: June 2024

When pursuing femtosecond-scale ultrashort pulse optical communication, one cannot overlook higher-order nonlinear effects. Based on the fundamental theoretical model of the variable coefficient coupled high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we analytically explore the evolution of optical solitons in the presence of high-order nonlinear effects. Moreover, the interactions between two nearby optical solitons and their transmission in a nonuniform fiber are investigated. The stability of optical soliton transmission and interactions are found to be destroyed to varying degrees due to higher-order nonlinear effects. The outcomes may offer some theoretical references for achieving ultra-high energy optical solitons in the future.
Neutrinos as possible probes for quantum gravity
Authors: Torri M D C , Miramonti L
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we aim to explore the interplay between neutrinos and quantum gravity, illustrating some proposals about the use of these particles as probes for the supposed quantized structure of spacetime. The residual signatures of a more fundamental theory of quantum gravity can manifest themselves modifying the free particle dispersion relations and the connected velocity. In neutrino sector these supposed effects can modify the time of flight for astrophysical particles with different energies and can affect the usual neutrino oscillation pattern introducing species depending perturbations. We will highlight how perturbations caused by non-standard interactions in the solar neutrino sector can mimic the presumed quantum gravity effects. In fact, the mathematical formulation of non-standard interactions is equivalent to that of CPT-odd perturbations. We will, therefore, emphasize the need to identify the nature of different contributions in order to disentangle them in the search for quantum gravity effects. As a final point we will discuss the possibility to detect in the neutrino sector decoherence effects caused by the quantum gravity supposed perturbations. By reviewing current experimental constraints and observations, we seek to shed light on the intricate relationship between neutrinos and quantum gravity, and discuss the challenges and future directions in this fascinating field of research.
Toroidal orders and related phenomena in nonmagnetic and magnetic materials
Authors: Kusunose Hiroaki , Hayami Satoru
Published: June 2024

In this short article, we overview a concept of electronic toroidal multipoles, and their ordering with associated physical properties in non-magnetic and magnetic materials. The toroidal multipoles are introduced as microscopic electronic variables in view of symmetry and connection to Dirac theory. They are classiﬁed according to crystallographic and magnetic point groups, which allows us to discuss various possible cross correlations in a transparent and uniﬁed manner. The representative examples of toroidal orders and related phenomena, and the mutual relationship between these orders are given, with focusing on monopoles and dipoles. The concept of toroidal multipoles would promote future studies toward observations and identiﬁcations of unknown electronic phases and their related physical phenomena.
Adaptive local binarization feature mode decomposition and its application in combined failure identification of rolling bearings
Authors: Ma Ziru , Yu Mingyue , Ge Xiangdong , Wang Yunbo , Qiao Baodong
Published: June 2024

The combined failure of rolling bearings features weakness and complexity and is hard to recognize precisely. A 1D local binary pattern (1D-LBP) manifests failure information of rolling bearings from textural analysis. However, when signals are quantized with 1D-LBP, the periodic impact feature of fault signal itself will be excluded from consideration and consequently, the fault features will be hard to determine sufficiently. Feature mode decomposition (FMD) is sensitive to the impulse and periodicity of fault signals, but the number of decomposition modes and the length of the filter determines the accuracy of signal decomposition. To solve these problems, an adaptive local binarization FMD (ALBFMD) method is proposed. The ALBFMD method represents compound failure information of rolling bearings from textural feature extraction and inherent features of fault signals. Furthermore, with minimum permutation entropy as a criterion, the number of decomposition modes and the length of the filter of ALBFMD were adaptively determined. Based on the power spectrums of the reconstructed signals, the types of combined faults can be precisely identified. The proposed method is compared with FMD and the variational mode decomposition method and analyzed in different situations. Its superiority in terms of feature extraction and combined failure identification of bearings has been verified.
The design and application of magnetic landmark used for magnetic fiducialization of HEPS insertion devices*
Authors: Men Lingling , Zheng LiFang , Liu Xiaoyang , Dong Lan , Ke Zhiyong , Zhang Luyan , Wang Xiaolong , Li Bo , Wang Tong , Liang Jing , Ma Na , He Zhenqiang , Lu Shang , Yan Luping , Han Yuanying , Yan Haoyue
Published: June 2024

Achieving high performance in synchrotron radiation light sources demands increased precision in fiducialization and alignment of insertion devices (IDs). Conventional sensor systems utilizing Hall probes for high-precision magnetic field measurements face limitations in determining the absolute position of the magnetic center of IDs. In this paper, the Magnetic Landmark (MLK), a novel solution based on a magnetized block structure, is designed to address this challenge. The MLK serves as an intermediary, establishing contact between the magnetic center of IDs and their externally accessible fiducials, thus enabling high-precision alignment. Through analysis of magnetic field distribution, self-calibration precision, and practical application of the MLK, the following conclusions are drawn: when the Hall probe is positioned within 0.5 mm of the magnetic field zero point inside the MLK, the measurement accuracy of the zero point for normal and skew quadrupole magnetic fields reaches 7 and 2 μm, respectively. Additionally, the self-measurement accuracy of the MLK is 10 and 4 μm in the transverse and vertical directions, respectively. These accuracies meet our usage requirements. The MLK demonstrates efficacy in aligning the magnetic center of High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) In-air undulators, achieving alignment accuracies of 16 μm in the transverse direction and 11 μm in the vertical direction, surpassing the 30 μm accuracy stipulated in the physical design. Furthermore, the device proves applicable for measuring the magnetic center of other types of HEPS insertion devices, including Cryogenic undulators.
The Batchelor–Howells–Townsend spectrum: large velocity case
Authors: Jolly M S , Wirosoetisno D
Published: June 2024

We consider the behaviour of a passive tracer θ governed by

∂
t

θ
+
u
⋅
∇
θ
=
Δ
θ
+
g

in two space dimensions with prescribed smooth random incompressible velocity

u
(
x
,
t
)

and source g(x). In 1959, Batchelor et al (J. Fluid Mech.
5 113) predicted that the tracer (power) spectrum should scale as

|

θ
k

|

2

∝

|

k

|

−
4

|

u
k

|
2

for

|
k
|

above some

κ
¯

(
u
)

, with different behaviour for

|
k

|

≲

κ
¯

(
u
)

predicted earlier by Obukhov and Corrsin. In this paper, we prove that the BHT scaling does indeed hold probabilistically for sufficiently large

|
k
|

, asymptotically up to controlled remainders, using only bounds on the smaller

|
k
|

component.
Tripping on the Moon
Authors: Blanco Philip , Mungan Carl
Published: June 2024

Two recent lunar lander missions have toppled over on touchdown. We analyse a simplified model to determine the lateral speed of an object that results in tipping, as a practical example of an inelastic collision that conserves angular momentum. The solution employs rotational dynamics and conservation laws covered in an introductory mechanics course. We suggest further investigations, including simple experiments that can be performed in the teaching laboratory.
Study on the properties of deuterium ions in a composite cathode vacuum arc discharge
Authors: Song Mengmeng , Sun Qiang , Yang Wei , Dong Ye , Zhang Hantian , Wang Ziming , Liu Zhaohui , Zhou Qianhong
Published: June 2024

A vacuum arc discharge with a metal-deuteride cathode can generate a supersonic deuterium ion jet, which finds important applications in vacuum arc ion sources. In this study, a 1D3V spherical particle-in-cell direct simulation Monte Carlo cathode spot model with a titanium-deuteride cathode is developed to investigate the ionization and acceleration of deuterium ions from vacuum breakdown to the steady-arc stage. The effects of cathode deuteration concentration on the deuterium ion fraction and kinetic energy are also analyzed. The results show that the released deuterium atoms start to be ionized at around tens of nanometers from the cathode and then become fully ionized at about

0.4

μ

m

as the cathode potential drop gradually builds up. The proportion of deuterium ions in the plasma is slightly higher than the proportion of deuterium atoms in the cathode material. Velocity separation of deuterium and titanium ions occurs due to the acceleration of the electric field during the vacuum breakdown stage; however, the predominant ion–ion Coulomb collisions wipe out this separation in the steady-arc stage. Shifting the deuterium atom concentration in the cathode under a constant arc burning voltage produces an approximately equal current density, and increases the velocities of all ion species. A higher ion kinetic energy is gained by reducing the ohmic heating dissipation, facilitated by the lower plasma resistivity under the increased deuterium ion density.
Low contact resistance and high breakdown voltage of AlGaN/GaN HEMT grown on silicon using both AlN/GaN superlattice and Al0.07Ga0.93N back barrier layer
Authors: Hieu Le Trung , Rathaur Shivendra K , Lu Chee-How , Weng You-Chen , Lin Yuan , Lin Chun-Hsiung , Chen Quark Yungsung , Chang Edward Yi
Published: June 2024

In this study, the growth of a high-quality AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) heterostructure on silicon (Si) by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition was investigated by utilizing both the AlN/GaN superlattice (SL) and Al0.07Ga0.93N back barrier (BB) techniques. An atomic force microscope and high-resolution x-ray diffractometer confirm a low surface roughness of 0.26–0.34 nm and the formation of a high-quality AlN/GaN SL and GaN channel. The AlGaN/GaN heterostructures exhibit a high electron mobility of up to 1700 cm2 V−1∙s and a high carrier concentration density of (1.02–1.06 × 1013 cm−2) for both heterostructures. The AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices demonstrate a low specific contact resistivity (ρ
c) of 2.7 × 10−6 Ω·cm2 and a low contact resistance (RC
) of 0.3 Ω·mm for the heterostructure with a BB layer. Furthermore, the DC characteristics demonstrate that incorporating Al0.07Ga0.93N BB in the heterostructure results in a 19.2% increase in lateral breakdown voltage (with a 10 µm spacing) and a 27.5% increase in vertical breakdown voltage (at 1 mA cm−2) compared to heterostructures without Al0.07Ga0.93N BB within the AlN/GaN SL structure. Moreover, an improvement of 10.6% in the maximum saturation current (I
DS) and 15.2% in on-resistance (R
ON) has been achieved for the device fabricated on an Al0.07Ga0.93N BB structure. The insertion loss of the buffer layer improves to −1.40 dB mm−1 at 40 GHz. Consequently, the proposed heterostructure investigated in this study demonstrates suitability for electronic device applications.
Scattering of e
± by H-isonuclear series
Authors: Khatun M Mousumi , Ali M Yousuf , Arafin Sk Abdul Kader , Watabe Hiroshi , Haque A K Fazlul , Uddin M Alfaz
Published: June 2024

Calculations are presented for elastic differential and integrated cross-sections like elastic, momentum transfer, viscosity, inelastic, total (elastic + inelastic) and total ionization along with the Sherman functions for electrons and positrons scattering from hydrogen isonuclear series at incident energies from 1 eV to 1 MeV. To describe the scattering from neutral atoms, this work employs the relativistic Dirac partial wave (phase-shift) analysis with a short-range complex optical-potential model (OPM), comprising static, polarization, exchange (for electrons only), and absorption potentials. This potential is supplemented by the modified Coulomb potential for the same purpose for a charged atom. A reasonable agreement is found when we compare our computed results with available experimental data and other theoretical computations.
Temperature evolution in the Early Universe and freeze-in at stronger coupling
Authors: Cosme Catarina , Costa Francesco , Lebedev Oleg
Published: June 2024

Dark matter freeze-in at stronger coupling is operative when the Standard Model (SM) bath temperature never exceeds the dark matter mass. An attractive feature of this scenario is that it can be probed by direct detection
experiments as well as at the LHC.
In this work, we show how the mechanism can be realized in a simple UV complete framework, emphasizing the role of the maximal temperature of the SM thermal bath. We demonstrate that the maximal temperature can coincide with the reheating temperature or be close to it such that dark matter production is always Boltzmann-suppressed. This possibility is realized, for example, if the inflaton decays primarily into feebly interacting right-handed neutrinos, which subsequently generate the SM thermal bath. In this case, the SM sector temperature remains constant over cosmological times prior to reheating.
Non-monotonic behavior of jam probability and stretched exponential distribution in pedestrian counterflow
Authors: Chen 陈 Ze-Hao 泽昊 , Wu 吴 Zhi-Xi 枝喜 , Guan 关 Jian-Yue 剑月
Published: June 2024

We adopt a floor field cellular automata model to study the statistical properties of bidirectional pedestrian flow moving in a straight corridor. We introduce a game-theoretic framework to deal with the conflict of multiple pedestrians trying to move to the same target location. By means of computer simulations, we show that the complementary cumulative distribution of the time interval between two consecutive pedestrians leaving the corridor can be fitted by a stretched exponential distribution, and surprisingly, the statistical properties of the two types of pedestrian flows are affected differently by the flow ratio, i.e., the ratio of the pedestrians walking toward different directions. We also find that the jam probability exhibits a non-monotonic behavior with the flow ratio, where the worst performance arises at an intermediate flow ratio of around 0.2. Our simulation results are consistent with some empirical observations, which suggest that the peculiar characteristics of the pedestrians may attributed to the anticipation mechanism of collision avoidance.
Optimization of lithium vapor box divertor evaporator location on NSTX-U using SOLPS-ITER
Authors: Emdee E.D. , Goldston R.J. , Khodak A. , Maingi R.
Published: June 2024

Commercial fusion reactors will be faced with extremely high divertor target heat fluxes that will require mitigation. Simulations of detachment in an NSTX-U scenario projected to have 92 MW m−2 unmitigated peak target heat flux are presented, which reaches sub-10 MW m−2 target heat flux using a highly dissipating lithium vapor box divertor design. The lithium vapor box is a detached divertor design which employs lithium vapor evaporation and condensation to contain lithium below the X-point. Previous SOLPS modeling has indicated a lithium vapor box can reduce the heat flux down to 10 MW m−2 via simultaneous evaporation from the Private Flux Region (PFR) and the Common Flux Region (CFR) sides of the vapor box. It is found here that PFR evaporation has improved access to the separatrix leading to significantly more efficient power dissipation than CFR evaporation. Simulations of target evaporation with an evaporation distribution that is self-consistent with the temperature of a Capillary Porous System with Fast flowing liquid lithium could reach

n
Li

/

n
e

∼

0.025–0.030 at the Last Closed Flux Surface (LCFS) depending on the liquid metal flow speeds and lithium sputtering yield, while PFR-side evaporation can reach acceptable heat fluxes with

n
Li

/

n
e

∼

0.038 at the LCFS. However, PFR evaporator performance can be improved if the target is allowed to be hot enough such that it reflects lithium, reaching

n
Li

/

n
e

∼

0.028 and reducing required lithium evaporation. Ultimately PFR evaporation and target evaporation are found to have similar ability to produce acceptable heat flux solutions with minimal upstream concentration.
Coaxial electrohydrodynamic printing of core–shell microfibrous scaffolds with layer-specific growth factors release for enthesis regeneration
Authors: Bai Lang , Xu Meiguang , Meng Zijie , Qiu Zhennan , Xiu Jintao , Chen Baojun , Han Qian , Liu Qiaonan , He Pei , Wen Nuanyang , He Jiankang , Zhang Jing , Yin Zhanhai
Published: June 2024

The rotator cuff tear has emerged as a significant global health concern. However, existing therapies fail to fully restore the intricate bone-to-tendon gradients, resulting in compromised biomechanical functionalities of the reconstructed enthesis tissues. Herein, a tri-layered core–shell microfibrous scaffold with layer-specific growth factors (GFs) release is developed using coaxial electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing for in situ cell recruitment and differentiation to facilitate gradient enthesis tissue repair. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is loaded in the shell, while basic fibroblast GF, transforming GF-beta, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 are loaded in the core of the EHD-printed microfibrous scaffolds in a layer-specific manner. Correspondingly, the tri-layered microfibrous scaffolds have a core–shell fiber size of (25.7 ± 5.1) μm, with a pore size sequentially increasing from (81.5 ± 4.6) μm to (173.3 ± 6.9) μm, and to (388.9 ± 6.9 μm) for the tenogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic instructive layers. A rapid release of embedded GFs is observed within the first 2 d, followed by a faster release of SDF-1 and a slightly slower release of differentiation GFs for approximately four weeks. The coaxial EHD-printed microfibrous scaffolds significantly promote stem cell recruitment and direct their differentiation toward tenocyte, chondrocyte, and osteocyte phenotypes in vitro. When implanted in vivo, the tri-layered core–shell microfibrous scaffolds rapidly restored the biomechanical functions and promoted enthesis tissue regeneration with native-like bone-to-tendon gradients. Our findings suggest that the microfibrous scaffolds with layer-specific GFs release may offer a promising clinical solution for enthesis regeneration.
From Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth: a swarm-intelligence perspective
Authors: Tao Yong
Published: June 2024

The correlation between decentralized decision-making and swarm intelligence has emerged as a significant subject within self-organization phenomena. Here, we demonstrate that, if an exponential probability distribution of income emerges in a decentralized economic system, then the total income of all agents can be represented by an aggregate production function, in which the technology factor precisely aligns with the information content inherent in the event of decentralized decision-making by all agents. In particular, for sufficiently large population sizes, the emergence of this technology factor enables the income per capita to increase with the population size, akin to a manifestation of swarm intelligence. More importantly, we find that an exponential probability distribution of income can be generated within a peer-to-peer economy governed by specific game rules, characterizing a decentralized-decision economic system. Building upon this discovery, we propose a swarm-intelligence explanation to elucidate the transition from thousands of years of Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth.