bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Protection for Informal Workers in India: Insecurities, Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms
Authors: Unni Jeemol , Rani Uma
Published: November 2003

In this article we present a broad definition of social protection to include basic securities, such as income, food, health and shelter, and economic securities including income–generating productive work. A conceptual framework is developed with which to analyse the causes of insecurities of informal workers, identify the core needs of social protection, develop instruments and visualize the institutional mechanisms to address these needs. Further, we present the macro and micro evidence of these insecurities and discuss the institutional mechanisms for delivering social protection for the workers.
Inclusive education: a critical perspective
Authors: Lindsay Geoff
Published: November 2003

The Gulliford Lecture 2002 was given by Professor Geoff Lindsay, Director of the Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR) at the University of Warwick. Professor Lindsay's lecture, on which this paper is based, addressed a number of key topics, including the development of inclusion and inclusive practices; models of special educational needs and disability; and the values that underpin our thinking about these matters. Basing his argument on the research evidence, Professor Lindsay provides a searching critique of prevailing notions about inclusion and of current approaches to research. His conclusions will be of interest to everyone concerned with the education of children and young people with special educational needs.
Leadership and inclusion: a special school perspective
Authors: Attfield Robin , Williams Chris
Published: November 2003

In July 2002, the National College for School Leadership (NCSL) held a ‘Leading Edge’ seminar focused on the contribution that leaders in special schools can make to the development of Inclusive policies and practices. The day gave colleagues working in specialist contexts an opportunity to share examples and experiences of current initiatives and to speculate about future trends and developments in inclusive education. In this article, Robin Attfield and Chris Williams, Assistant Directors in Programmes and Research respectively at the NCSL, explore the context in which the seminar took place and some of the themes and issues that emerged from discussion on the day. At the end of their paper, they summarise the key messages that the special school leaders who attended the seminar wished to communicate to a wider audience and articulate a further role for leaders in special schools in the development of inclusion.
‘I never thought they would enjoy the fun of science just like ordinary children do’– Exploring science experiences with early years teacher training students and children with severe and profound learning difficulties
Authors: Bishop Alison , Jones Phyllis
Published: November 2003

Alison Bishop and Phyllis Jones both work in the School of Education at Northumbria University where they teach on undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. Phyllis Jones specialises in disability issues and Alison Bishop focuses on early years education. For the project described in this paper, they combined their areas of expertise, devising a small–scale research project to explore the experiences of a group of early years science specialist student teachers as they took part in workshops with a group of early years children with severe and profound learning difficulties. The research explores the changing attitudes and perceptions of the students with regard to the learning and teaching of science with young children. It becomes clear that there is a realization for many students that science can make a significant contribution to the education of children with severe and profound learning difficulties in the early years. The authors also discuss the need for training to equip the students to meet the challenges and rewards of working with children with severe and profound learning difficulties in their future teaching careers.
Support, knowledge and identity: reported gains from involvement in a special email group – the SENCo–Forum
Authors: Lewis Ann , Ogilvie Martin
Published: November 2003

The ‘Points from the SENCo–Forum’ page, compiled by Klaus Wedell, is a regular feature in BJSE. These accounts reveal the lively and relevant nature of the discussions within the Forum itself. In this paper, Professor Ann Lewis and Martin Ogilvie, both from the School of Education at the University of Birmingham, summarise the findings of a project, funded by BECTA and the DfES, to look at the impact of the Forum on current users and to indicate opportunities for further development. It is clear that the SENCo–Forum has been a great success. It provides a highly valued service for its users and, suggest Ann Lewis and Martin Ogilvie, the model has real potential for application in other contexts with other groups of professionals.
Political Activism and Workplace Industrial Relations in a UK ‘Failing’ School
Authors: Calveley Moira , Healy Geraldine
Published: November 2003

The paper draws on a qualitative case study of workplace industrial relations in an inner–city secondary school identified as ‘failing’ and subsequently closed. It considers the way unionized teachers and their representatives interpret, influence and resist the impact of centralized managerial and educational change. The local implementation of such change leads to an engagement with the debates on union renewal. In particular, the paper explores the dynamic interrelationship between political and trade union activism and the tension between workplace relations and formal union organization.
Mistaken Perceptions: Cases and Consequences
Authors: Winter Sidney G.
Published: November 2003

Mezias and Starbuck (2003) review previous work and report striking new evidence indicating that managers can be quite mistaken in their perceptions regarding some matters, even matters quite close to their jobs. This is reminiscent of much evidence on politicians and ordinary citizens that generally show a weak grip on basic facts. In assessing how much difference this weakness makes, it is useful to distinguish among four perspectives on managers as: (i) informants for academic research; (ii) performers of their normal work; (iii) problem‐solvers in novel situations; (iv) strategic thinkers. Mezias and Starbuck's results suggest a negative assessment on (i) and (iii), but are less clearly relevant on (ii); some open questions regarding (iv) are put forward.
Archetype Change in Professional Organizations: Survey Evidence from Large Law Firms
Authors: Pinnington Ashly , Morris Timothy
Published: November 2003

This paper examines the proposition that the traditional archetype of the professional partnership is said to have changed into a more ‘business‐like’ entity, the managed professional business. It broadens the restricted case sample base on which much of the evidence has been adduced, by developing a survey questionnaire through which 197 large British law firms were sampled. Change, consistent with the notion of a more commercially oriented and consciously managed organization, is concentrated in the market‐facing area of the firm but coexists with areas of continuity in the governance of the firm and its strategic management. The findings reveal a more managerial form of organization in which the core elements of the traditional form of professional organization have not been transformed. These results contest the assertion of either transformational or sedimented change found in other, case‐based research and suggest that archetype change needs theoretically to be distinguished from the general phenomenon of greater managerialism within the professional service firm.
Re‐appraising Managers' Perceptual Errors: A Behavioural Decision‐Making Perspective
Authors: Maule A. John , Hodgkinson Gerard P.
Published: November 2003

Findings reported by Mezias and Starbuck (2003), indicating that managers have inaccurate perceptions of their organization and its environment, are appraised in the context of work from the field of behavioural decision‐making (BDM) on heuristics and biases. Drawing on theory, research and criticisms concerning calibration of human judgement, continuous versus discrete judgements and the adequacy of the normative solutions used, we identify issues that require further clarification and suggest lines of research to address them.
Decomposition of Net Final Values: Systemic Value Added and Residual Income
Authors: Magni Carlo Alberto
Published: November 2003

This paper proposes a model aiming at decomposing the Net Final Value of a project under certainty. It makes use of a systemic outlook: the investor's net worth is regarded as a dynamic system whose structure changes over time. On this basis, a profitability index is presented, here named Systemic Value Added (SVA), which lends itself to a periodic decomposition: the periodic shares formally translate the economic concept of residual income (or excess profit). While as an overall index the Systemic Value Added coincides with the Net Final Value (NFV) of an investment, the systemic partition of a SVA is shown to differ from the NFV decomposition model proposed by Peccati (1987, 1991, 1992), which in turn bears a strong resemblance to Stewart's (1991) EVA model. The SVA model and the NFV–based model bear interesting relations: by introducing the concept of a shadow project the SVA model can be re–shaped so that the decomposition of the SVA can be accomplished by applying Peccati's argument to the shadow project, or, which is the same, by computing the shadow project's Economic Value Added. The paper then generalizes the approach allowing for a portfolio of projects, multiple debts and multiple synchronic opportunity costs of capital, for which a tetra–dimensional decomposition is easily obtained.
The Interaction Between Efficiency Wage Theories and Labour Turnover Costs
Authors: Toulemonde Eric
Published: November 2003

We develop a simple model to illustrate how the effects of turnover costs on wages can be reinforced by an efficiency wage effect. The insider–outsider theory explains why labour turnover costs allow the insiders to earn higher wages than outsiders. According to the efficiency wage theory, higher wages enhance the insiders’ productivity. Therefore, the costs of replacing an insider by a low–paid, low–productivity outsider are increased, which allows the insiders to raise their wages further. Again, higher wages increase insiders’ productivity, which allows them to earn still higher wages, and so on. Thus, the existence of a link between effort and wages can reinforce the effects of labour turnover costs on wages.
Saints and CEOs: an historical experience of altruism, self‐interest and compromise
Authors: Molyneaux David
Published: November 2003

At a time when social and ethical responsibilities of companies and CEOs are being increasingly emphasised, this paper examines conduct of social business in a different age and culture to discern features of enduring relevance for ethical business practices today.The personal correspondence of three fourth‐century saints gives insights into their relationships and decision‐making.Community expectations were those of sharing rather than of outright giving, with ‘fusion of interest’ prevailing over concerns for ‘con?ict of interest’. Selected incidents show two entrepreneurial bishops, Basil and Gregory of Nyssa, struggling to balance tensions between ’liberality’ and ‘fairness’.They compromised, competed robustly for revenues and were vexed over limited budgets and resources for projects while their disapproving cousin, the academic Gregory of Nazianzus, criticised their worldliness. Their historical experiences suggest four pragmatic and possibly normative ways of blending altruism and self‐interest for the overall advancement of bene?cial change.
Whistleblowing and media logic: a case study
Authors: van Es Robert , Smit Gerard
Published: November 2003

Most analyses of whistleblowing are concerned with the whistleblower as an actor or with the act of whistleblowing itself. However, as soon as the whistleblower enters the public arena, a social dynamic emerges of interdependent actors with different responsibilities and different interests.Such a dynamic demands a more comprehensive approach in which the motives of the different actors in the public debate are taken into account.This approach is developed here using an exemplary case of whistleblowing that took place in a Dutch research institute.The intensive media attention damaged both the institute and the whistleblower.In retrospect this could have been avoided.In our analysis we give extra attention to the motives involved and to the inevitability of media logic.In order to avoid unnecessary damage we recommend guidelines to the three basic actors:the whistleblower, the organization and the media.
Anglo‐Saxification of Swedish business: working paper within the project ‘Scandinavian Heritage’
Authors: De Geer Hans , Borglund Tommy , Frostenson Magnus
Published: November 2003

An increasingly globalised world challenges old orders, structures and arrangements. This becomes especially apparent in the ?eld of international business, where mergers, acquisitions and foreign direct investment can trigger job cuts, divestment and the closing‐down of traditional industries. For this reason mergers and acquistions are sensitive issues. When two companies from different countries merge, or when a ?rm is purchased by a foreign actor, a new dimension enters into the life of the companies. This is very likely to cause worry and unrest among employees. In such a situation con?icts and clashes may arise and old values and norms may be challenged by the new order. In this paper we examine that issue. A special focus will be given to the con?icts and clashes that can be the consequence of such an encounter between old and new. We shall exemplify this with a case concerning a Swedish company recently bought by an American competitor. The particular aspect of the problem that we are interested in is the in?uence of the new ownership on the ethical values and virtues of the Swedish company. We look speci?cally at the sense in which the changes in the ethical ?eld are expressions of a new Anglo‐Saxon shareholder‐oriented model, as opposed to a more traditional Scandinavian stakeholder model.
Democracy and Infomediaries
Authors: Latham Mark
Published: November 2003

We can improve our political and economic systems by redesigning our use of informational intermediaries (infomediaries). Examples of infomediaries are political parties, the news media, proxy voting advisory firms and auditors. An infomediary's source of funding influences the information it produces –“follow the money”. Political campaign finance reform is one approach to redesigning our infomediary systems. This paper proposes another approach: starting a few companies with a new corporate bylaw structure designed to enhance management accountability to shareowners. Shareowners would vote annually to hire an infomediary (paid with corporate funds) to advise them on proxy voting. If this system proves effective, it can spread to existing corporations and then to the political arena.
The 1996 Budget: Is this the end of the tax‐cutting road?
Authors: Sentance Andrew
Published: November 2003

Neither the short term outlook for the UK economy nor the state of public finances seem to support the case for tax cuts in the forthcoming Budget. Yet the Chancellor is under pressure to deliver a tax‐cutting package of measures in the run‐up to the General Election. In this article, Andrews Sentance considers how he might square the circle and analyses the outlook for public finances over the medium term. He concludes that recent Budget projections have lulled us into a sense of false security about the medium‐term fiscal outlook.
Measuring growth: Is the new US approach better?
Authors: Barr Alistair
Published: November 2003

In this article, Alistair Barr looks at the new approach adopted by the United States to measure growth. He argues that chain‐weighting is not to blame for the downward revision to estimates of growth during the current recovery. However, it has highlighted the sensitivity of estimates of real growth to different methodologies and this has implications for cross‐country comparisons.
Is Economic Growth Good for the Environment?
Authors: Barrett Scott
Published: November 2003

Recent research shows that environmental quality may improve with economic growth, at least in the high‐income countries. Scott Barrett reviews this research. He argues that it is not very robust and has little significance either for economic or environmental policy.
Will Labour’s Economic Programme Work?
Authors: Sentance Andrew
Published: November 2003

If Labour is elected to government on 1 May, it will inherit the lowest inflation of any incoming government over the last fifty years but the highest unemployment. At the same time, public borrowing is running at an unsustainable high level. In this article, Andrew Sentance examines Labour’s plans to expand employment while reducing public borrowing and containing inflation. He argues that Labour’s economic programme could work but a number of pitfalls need to be avoided. Monetary policy will need to be tightened after the Election and the fiscal squeeze implied by Conservative spending plans maintained – if necessary through higher taxes. The benefits from Labour’s employment policies could also be undermined by a high minimum wage, particularly if applied to young workers.
Inflation Expectations in Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Robson Paul
Published: November 2003

Firms’ expectations regarding the future are useful in understanding economic behaviour and can be used to produce short term forecasts. In this article, Paul Robson examines how price expectations can be derived from business surveys and uses survey data from the CBI Industrial Trends Survey to generate a measure of manufacturers’ price expectations. This series can be used to tell us how the view of firms about future inflation trends has been changing and how firms are now responding to the strength of the pound.
How High do UK Interest Rates Need to Rise?
Authors: Sentance Andrew , Williams Geoffrey
Published: November 2003

The Bank of England has inherited the responsibility for monetary policy at a difficult time. The UK economy has picked up strongly over the last year, but the pound has surged ahead. Consumer windfalls are also boosting the growth of domestic demand though their impact is uncertain. In this article, Andrew Sentance and Geoffrey Williams sift through the evidence relating to the Bank of England’s interest rate dilemma. At present, interest rates appear close to their peak. But that judgement needs to be kept under review as new evidence unfolds about the momentum of domestic demand and the impact of the strength of the pound.
Has the Bank Done Enough to Contain Inflation?
Authors: Nixon James
Published: November 2003

In this article James Nixon urges the Monetary Policy Committee to pay attention to the longer term fundamentals driving the UK economy when setting interest rates. While current demand pressures may produce an inflationary ‘blip’, too myopic a focus on the UK's short term prospects may prompt a significant slowdown in 1998. This in turn would spell an unnecessary increase in unemployment, curtailed investment plans and a reduction in the economy's future growth prospects.
Globalisation: A New Growth, New Trade Perspective
Authors: Chui Michael , Levine Paul , Murshed Mansoob , Pearlman Joseph
Published: November 2003

The current crisis in Asia has seen the case for more open economic policy come under attack in the developing world. In this article Michael Chui, Paul Levine, Mansoob Murshed, and Joseph Pearlman argue that any reversal of the trend towards globalisation would be a great mistake for policymakers. The association of openness with higher growth is one of the most robust empirical results in economics. Here we explore the mechanisms that explain this result. We argue that current high growth rates in Asia are unsustainable and there is a long‐term as well as a short‐term problem of ‘over‐investment’ in Asia. However, we report research findings that show how international knowledge spillovers and free trade can enable the world economy to grow, the developing countries to progress, and the developed countries to benefit.
How Serious are the Problems of Japan’s Banks?
Authors: Barr Alistair
Published: November 2003

One of the three main planks of Japan’s new leader’s election platform was reform of the banking sector, including rapid disposal of bad debts and improved disclosure. In this article, Alistair Barr assesses the scale of Japan’s banking problems and their implications for the Japanese economy. He argues that these problems are a major obstacle to sustained growth. However, in the short run improved disclosure, adequate bad debt provisioning and the rapid disposal of bad debts could have very serious negative impact on the economy.
UK Assessment: Can Recession be Avoided?
Authors: Cooper Adrian
Published: November 2003

There is a growing danger that the UK will suffer a serious recession in 1999. In this article, Adrian Cooper assesses the risks to the OEF/LBS forecast and considers what steps policy‐makers might take to support demand and activity. With the weakness of consumer and business confidence currently posing the biggest threat, they must be seen to be decisive, with further substantial interest rate cuts essential.
The Crisis in Russia: Some Initial Observations
Authors: Henry Brian , Nixon James
Published: November 2003

In this article, Brian Henry and James Nixon argue that the sources of the recent crisis in Russia have been developing for some time. Declining productivity, an overvalued real exchange rate, and a chronic fiscal imbalance were the backcloth to the events in the Summer. The reliance on short term government borrowing, and the exposed state of the banking system were further consequences of this long running malaise. Prospects for the immediate future are bleak. If any improvement is to be made in the medium term serious structural improvement in the government finances and the real economy will be necessary.
Will the Euro be Stable?
Authors: Breedon Francis , Chui Michael
Published: November 2003

In this article Francis Breedon and Michael Chui look at the impact of EMU on exchange rate volatility. Although theoretical evidence is mixed, their empirical evidence suggests that $/Euro volatility will be significantly higher on average than $/DM volatility has been historically, largely because the ECB will put less weight on the exchange rate in their policy deliberations than the Bundesbank has done. This result suggests that EMU‐outs such as the UK may have to cope with potentially larger exchange rates swings until they make a more formal commitment to EMU.
Central Bank Independence and Co‐ordinating Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Authors: Henry Brian , Nixon James , Hall Stephen
Published: November 2003

In this article, Stephen Hall, Brian Henry and James Nixon review the arguments that granting a central bank independence to set monetary policy leads to low inflation. An important extension to the standard analysis considers the problem which may arise if monetary and fiscal policy are then not co‐ordinated. A strategic analysis is needed to assess this. Using such a framework in an empirical analysis, the authors find that an uncoordinated policy may lead to less growth than a co‐ordinated policy, and the main effects of this lack of co‐ordination are an overvalued exchange rate and a reduction in net trade.
Why Have Housing Transactions Been So Weak?
Authors: Meen Geoff
Published: November 2003

Activity in the UK housing market has been surprisingly weak over the last couple of years, particularly given the very cheap, fixed‐rate mortgage deals that are now available. In this article, Geoff Meen asks why the number of transactions has been so low and looks at future prospects for the housing market.
Monetary Policy; Questions of Adequacy, Design and Presentation
Authors: Flemming John
Published: November 2003

In this article John Flemming considers three possible modifications to the presentation and design of monetary policy. He argues first that it is odd to forecast the target variable – inflation – when it is policy to do what is necessary to deliver the target. What would be interesting would be a forecast of what interest rates might prove necessary. Secondly he considers the possibility that with monetary policy dedicated to price stability and fiscal policy to paying for public expenditure – and stabilising output – a third control might be appropriate to stabilise the financial system. Finally, and overlapping with the last, he explores ways in which asset price changes might be reflected in a broader measure of inflation – as recently suggested by Charles Goodhart and the IMF.
Controlled Tightening Over the Yield Point of a Screw: Based on Taylor’s Series Expansions
Authors: Toth Go¨ran R.
Published: November 2003

The technique presented here focuses on the probabilistic nature of the different variables necessary for the calculation of screwed joints. The technique is based on Taylor’s series expansions or Monte Carlo simulations of the utilization of a screw over its yield point. It is very useful for quality controllers and design engineers since it is able to predict, for instance, the minimum and maximum snug torques, permanent elongation, final torque and preload after tightening. Comparisons are made between the results found of Monte Carlo simulations, series expansions and the extreme-value method. It is suggested that the Monte Carlo method is the most appropriate.
Effects of Axial Deformation Load on In-Plane Instability of U-Shaped Bellows
Authors: Zhiming, Lu , Jie, Jin , Zengliang, and Gao , Yi Qin
Published: November 2003

The in-plane instability pressure of U-shaped bellows can be calculated by Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association standards formulas where only the internal pressure load is taken into account, in this paper, the effects of axial deformation load is presented. The in-plane instability tests are designed based on variety load conditions: internal pressure together with zero, tensile and compressive deformation. It is concluded that the in-plane instability critical pressure of bellows under compressive deformation is apparently lower than that under zero deformation, and the in-plane instability critical pressure of bellows under tensile deformation is higher than that under zero deformation.
A Proposal of Fatigue Life Correction Factor Fen for Austenitic Stainless Steels in LWR Water Environments
Authors: Higuchi Makoto , Tsutsumi Kazuya , Hirano Akihiko , Sakaguchi Katsumi
Published: November 2003

The fatigue life of austenitic stainless steel has recently been shown to undergo remarkable reduction with decrease in strain rate and increase in temperature in water. Either of these parameters as a factor of this reduction has been examined quantitatively and methods for predicting the fatigue life reduction factor Fen in any given set of conditions have been proposed. All these methods are based primarily on fatigue data in simulated PWR water owing to the few data available in simulated BWR water. Recent Japanese fatigue data in simulated BWR water clearly indicated the effects of the environment on fatigue degradation to be milder than under actual PWR conditions. A new method for determining Fen in BWR water was developed in the present study and a revised Fen in PWR water is also proposed based on new data. These new models differ from those previously used primarily with regard to the manner in which strain amplitude is considered to affect Fen in the environment.
Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Conjugate Heat Transfer and Thermal Stress for a Curved Piping System Subjected to Thermal Stratification
Authors: Jo Jong Chull , Choi Young Hwan , Choi Seok Ki
Published: November 2003

This paper addresses three-dimensional numerical analyses of the unsteady conjugate heat transfer and thermal stress for a PWR pressurizer surge line pipe with a finite wall thickness, subjected to internally thermal stratification. A primary emphasis of the present study is placed on the investigation of the effects of surge flow direction on the determinations of the transient temperature and thermal stress distributions in the pipe wall. In the present numerical analysis, the thermally stratified flows (in-surge flow and out-surge flow) in the pipe line are simulated using the standard κ−ε turbulent model and a simple and convenient numerical method of treating the unsteady conjugate heat transfer on a non-orthogonal coordinate system is developed. The unsteady conjugate heat transfer analysis method is implemented in a finite volume thermal-hydraulic computer code based on a non-staggered grid arrangement, SIMPLEC algorithm and higher-order bounded convection scheme. The finite element method is employed for the thermal stress analysis to calculate non-dimensional stress distributions at the piping wall as a function of time. Some numerical calculations are performed for a PWR pressurizer surge line pipe model with shortened length, subjected to internally thermal stratification caused either by insurge or outsurge flow with a specified velocity, and the results are discussed in detail.
Nonlinear Response and Failure of Steel Elbows Under In-Plane Bending and Pressure
Authors: Karamanos S. A. , Giakoumatos E. , Gresnigt A. M.
Published: November 2003

The paper investigates the response of elbows under in-plane bending and pressure, through nonlinear finite element tools, supported by experimental results from real-scale tests. The finite element analysis is mainly based on a nonlinear three-node “tube element,” capable of describing elbow deformation in a rigorous manner, considering geometric and material nonlinearities. Furthermore, a nonlinear shell element from a general-purpose finite element program is employed in some special cases. Numerical results are compared with experimental data from steel elbow specimens. The comparison allows the investigation of important issues regarding deformation and ultimate capacity of elbows, with emphasis on relatively thin-walled elbows. The results demonstrate the effects of pressure and the influence of straight pipe segments. Finally, using the numerical tools, failure of elbows under bending moments is examined (cross-sectional flattening or local buckling), and reference to experimental observations is made.
Fluid-Structure Interaction of Stirrers in Mixing Vessels
Authors: Berger Thomas , Fischer Michael , Strohmeier Klaus
Published: November 2003

Mixing stirrers are subject to severe damages when the rotational speed approaches the Eigenfrequency. Because of resonant vibrations, the stirrer deflection approaches infinity in the no damping case. Damping due to fluid-structure interaction between the mixing stirrer and the fluid in the vessel has major influence on the Eigenfrequency. Coupled analysis of the flow field within a mixing vessel and the structural dynamic response of the stirrer is necessary in order to evaluate vibrational amplitudes to guarantee life time safety for the stirrer. A simplified numerical model based on Newmark’s integration scheme is developed for the stirrer dynamics that is suitable to be implemented in a CFD code as a user subroutine. Results in terms of Eigenfrequencies are compared to results of analytical formulas and FEM results and show excellent agreement. The fully fluid-structure coupled analysis is also presented. As a new aspect, a rotating grid (sliding mesh) was combined with a deformable grid to simulate the impeller movement. The results are compared to experimental and analytical data and show good agreement.
Study of the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses in Welding Using Element Birth and Element Movement Techniques
Authors: Fanous Ihab F. Z. , Younan Maher Y. A. , Wifi Abdalla S.
Published: November 2003

The structure in which the welding process is performed highly affects the residual stresses generated in the welding. This effect is simulated by choosing the appropriate boundary conditions in modeling the welding process. The major parameters of the boundary conditions are the method by which the base metal is being fixed and the amount of heat being applied through the torch. Other parameters may include the coefficients of thermal heat loss from the plate which may simulate the media in which the welding is taking place. In modeling the welding process, two-dimensional forms of approximation were developed in analyzing most of the models of such problem. Three-dimensional models analyzing the welding process were developed in limited applications due to its high computation time and cost. With the development of new finite element tools, namely the element movement technique developed by the authors, full three-dimensional analysis of the welding process is becoming in hand. In the present work, three different boundary conditions shall be modeled comparing their effect on the welding. These boundary conditions shall be applied to two models of the welding process: one using the element birth technique and the other using the element movement technique showing the similarity in their responses verifying the effectiveness of the latter being accomplished in a shorter time.
CFD-Tools Qualification for Thermal-Hydraulics Pressurized Thermal Shock Analysis
Authors: Martin A. , Bellet S.
Published: November 2003

This paper explains the numerical program concerning the E.D.F. CFD tools qualification for Safety Injection studies. Within the frame of the plant life time project, an analysis has shown that the most severe loading conditions are generated by a pressurized injection of cold water in the downcomer of a Reactor Pressure Vessel. For this kind of transients, a thermal hydraulics study has to be carried out in order to better adjust the accurate distribution of the fluid temperature in the downcomer. For that, the numerical tools have to be able to simulate the physical phenomena present during the Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS). For this qualification task, we have investigated several configurations related to an injection of cold water particularly in cold leg but also in a downcomer. Two experiment test cases have been studied and this paper gives a comparison between experiment and numerical results in terms of temperature field.
Effects of ion beam application on the deposition of low-resistivity titanium nitride films onto silicon
Authors: Yokota Katsuhiro , Nakamura Kazuhiro , Kasuya Tomohiko , Mukai Katsuhisa , Ohnishi Masami
Published: November 2003

Titanium nitride (TiN) films were deposited onto (111) silicon wafers using an ion beam assisted deposition technique employing an electron cyclotron resonance ion source as a means of ionizing the nitrogen gas. The deposited TiN films consisted predominantly of cubic TiN crystals preferentially oriented in the (200) lattice plane, in addition to a small amount of hexagonal TiN and Ti5Si3 crystals. The growth of the Ti5Si3 crystals, however, was restricted to the case where TiN films were deposited with a large fraction of nitrogen ions. The resistivities of the deposited TiN films, which significantly depended upon the fraction of nitrogen ions in the nitrogen beam, decreased with increasing substrate temperature and film thickness. Furthermore, the resistivities of the deposited TiN films were inversely proportional to the average radius of crystallites.
Stable and unstable behavior of inductively coupled electronegative discharges
Authors: Marakhtanov A. M. , Tuszewski M. , Lieberman M. A. , Lichtenberg A. J. , Chabert P.
Published: November 2003

Plasma instabilities have been observed in low-pressure inductive discharges, in the transition between low density capacitively driven and high density inductively driven discharges when attaching gases such as SF6 and Ar/SF6 mixtures are used. Oscillations of charged particles, plasma potential, and light, with frequencies from a few hertz to tens of kilohertz, are seen for gas pressures between 1 and 100 mTorr and discharge powers in the range of 75–1200 W. The region of instability increases as the plasma becomes more electronegative and the frequency of plasma oscillations increases as the power, pressure, and gas flow rate increase. Time-resolved measurements of electron temperature, and time averaged ion energy distribution at the wall have been made. A volume-averaged (global) model of the instability has been developed, for a discharge containing time varying densities of electrons, positive ions, and negative ions, and time invariant excited states and neutral densities. The particle and energy balance equations are integrated to produce the dynamical behavior. The model agrees well with experimental observations, and also shows a significant influence of the matching network. Values of plasma parameters and of chemical composition are measured to set the values used in the model, as required to obtain the good agreement with experiment. Capacitive coupling plays a crucial role in the instability process. A variable electrostatic (Faraday) shield has been used to control the capacitive coupling from the excitation coil to the plasma. The plasma instability disappears when the shielded area exceeds 65% of the total area of the coil. The model gives a slightly higher value of 85% for instability suppression with the same discharge conditions (Ar/SF6 1:1, 5 mTorr).
Antimony segregation in the oxidation of AlAsSb interlayers
Authors: Andrews A. M , van Horn K. L. , Mates T. , Speck J. S.
Published: November 2003

The lateral wet oxidation of strained AlAsSb was studied. AlAs0.80Sb0.20 interlayers were grown on a GaAs substrate and capped with a lattice-matched In0.25Ga0.75As layer. The AlAsSb was oxidized between 350 and 450 °C. Oxidation temperatures >400 °C resulted in poor surface morphology and delamination. Oxidation of thicker AlAsSb interlayers (h≈2000 Å) resulted in metallic Sb layers forming between the AlOx and the semiconductor interfaces. The remaining Sb metal at the oxide–semiconductor interface was ∼15% oxidized. Lateral wet oxidation of thinner AlAsSb interlayers (h⩽500 Å) resulted in Sb inclusions at the oxide–semiconductor interface. The Sb inclusions were 1.5–2.0 μm in diameter and the inclusion thickness was approximately equal to the AlAsSb layer thickness. Methanol (CH3OH) was added to the water mixture with the intent to stabilize the otherwise unstable stibine (SbH3) such that Sb could be removed from the oxidizing structure. However, methanol addition resulted in a decreased oxidation rate and a change in the Sb precipitate morphology. The Sb inclusions observed in pure water oxidation changed to a Sb finger-like morphology with increasing methanol concentration. The Sb fingers were 1.0–2.0 μm wide and as long as the oxidation depth. Oxidation of AlAsSb interlayers h⩽200 Å were limited by the incorporation of Ga from the substrate and capping layer into the oxidation layer. Doping the oxidation AlAsSb interlayer 1×1018 cm−3 n type (Si or Te) did not result in any improvement in Sb segregation.
Influence of carbon content and average energy of deposited ions on mechanical and optical properties of Si–C–N films grown by plasma ion immersion processing
Authors: Afanasyev-Charkin Ivan V. , Nastasi Michael
Published: November 2003

Amorphous silicon nitride and silicon carbonitride films were deposited by the plasma immersion ion processing technique. The SiCxNy films were obtained in the range of compositions 0⩽x/(x+y)⩽0.53. Gas pressure during the deposition was kept around 0.13 Pa (1 mTorr) and SiH4, N2, Ar, and C2H2 gas mixtures were used. The composition of the film grown without addition of C2H2 was close to that of Si3N4. With the addition of C2H2 the areal density of Si and N atoms remains almost constant, whereas the concentration of C increases. The addition of carbon to the films causes a decrease in hardness from 13.5 to 0.85 GPa, a reduction in the band gaps from about 5 to about 2 eV, and a decrease in the refractive index from about 1.63 to 1.5. The density of the films with the addition of carbon decreases from 2.37 to 0.46 g/cm3. The evolving physical properties in these films are shown to result from both the increasing fraction of C2H2 in the gas mixture and a reduction in the average energy imparted to the growing film during deposition.
Fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer coating for the stability enhancement of electroactive and photoactive systems
Authors: Zhao Luping , Neoh K. G. , Zhang Yan , Kang E. T.
Published: November 2003

The effectiveness of radio frequency sputtered fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) for the stability enhancement of electroactive and photoactive systems was investigated. Two kinds of electroactive polymer systems, polyaniline (PANI) coated low density polyethylene (LDPE) film and PANI-viologen assembly, were tested. In both cases, a sputtered FEP coating of <10 nm in thickness significantly enhanced the electrical stability of the films in water. The enhancement of the electrical stability of the PANI-LDPE film was also achieved in basic aqueous solution of pH up to 12 with a FEP coating of 40–50 nm in thickness. The deposition of a FEP coating on the photoactive viologen system (viologen grafted on LDPE film) prolonged its photochromic effect by inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen, and hence the reoxidation of the highly colored viologen radical cations to the dication state.
Fe-doped photocatalytic TiO2 film prepared by pulsed dc reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Li Ying , Zhu Shenglong , Wang Fuhui
Published: November 2003

Fe-doped TiO2 films were prepared by means of the pulsed dc reactive magnetron cosputtering method using Ti and Fe mixed target. The deposition condition was optimized to produce uniform and transparent TiO2 films. The mixed target was more difficult to sputter out than the pure titanium target, whereas the threshold remained stable in spite of the variation of the fixed iron surface area, which controlled iron concentration in the Fe-doped TiO2 films. The sputtering rates of iron oxides were higher than that of titanium oxides. The surface morphologies of the Fe-doped films changed from uniform to rough when the iron concentration increased. The rutile phase took the place of the anatase phase after the iron concentration exceeded 15 at. %. Iron oxides phases appeared in the high iron concentration samples. The absorption edges of the Fe-doped TiO2 films shifted to visible region with the increasing concentration of iron oxides. The films with low iron concentrations showed better photocatalytic activity than the pure TiO2.. On the contrary, the photocatalytic degradation rates of methyl orange on the highly iron doped TiO2 films decreased abruptly.
Plasma etching selectivity of ZrO2 to Si in BCl3/Cl2 plasmas
Authors: Sha Lin , Chang Jane P.
Published: November 2003

To improve the etching selectivity of ZrO2, a promising high-k dielectric material on silicon, BCl3 was added to a Cl2 plasma to enhance the ZrO2 etch rate while suppressing the silicon etch rate. The electron temperature, ion density, and gas-phase composition in BCl3/Cl2 plasmas were characterized by Langmuir probe, optical emission spectroscopy, and quadrupole mass spectrometry. The maximum ZrO2 etch rate coincides with the highest ion density obtained at 40% of BCl3 in BCl3/Cl2 plasmas. In etching ZrO2, oxygen was removed as boron-oxygen-chlorine compounds, in contrast to its removal as ClO+ in a pure Cl2 plasma. Boron passivation of silicon forming B–Si bonds was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The threshold energies for etching ZrO2 and Si in pure BCl3 plasmas were determined to be 21 and 28 eV, respectively. At an ion energy of 75 eV, the etching selectivity between ZrO2 and Si was ∼0.01 in a pure Cl2 plasma to ∼1.5 in a pure BCl3 plasma. The etching selectivity was increased to be greater than 10 at ion energies near and above the ZrO2 etching threshold.
Structural, electrical, and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
Authors: Broitman E. , Lindquist O. P. A. , Hellgren N. , Hultman L. , Holloway B. C.
Published: November 2003

The electrical and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering on Si substrates at room temperature have been measured as a function of the ion energy (Eion) and ion-to-carbon flux (Jion/JC). The results show that, in the ranges of 5 eV⩽Eion⩽85 eV and 1.1⩽Jion/JC⩽6.8, the presence of defective graphite formed by subplanted C and Ar atoms, voids, and the surface roughness, are the dominant influences on the resistivity and optical absorption.
Spatially resolved mass spectrometric sampling of inductively coupled plasmas using a movable sampling orifice
Authors: Li Xi , Oehrlein Gottlieb S. , Schaepkens Marc , Ellefson Robert E. , Frees Louis C.
Published: November 2003

A quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a special sampling tube and positioned on a linear-motion table is shown to be capable of obtaining important information on the variation of the discharge properties with position. We measured signals obtained by post-ionization of species sampled from Ar and C2F6 high-density plasmas using electron ionization energies of 30 and 16 eV. The variation of the ion signal with position of the sampling orifice inside the reactor provides evidence of the spatial nonuniformity of the discharge and the processes that control these variations. For Ar discharges we show evidence of gas heating which produces a nonuniform radial distribution of the neutral species. The neutral species are depleted in the center of the discharge due to plasma heating. The neutral gas temperature that can be extracted from the variation in density is consistent with temperature measurements using spectroscopic probes. We also monitored the intensity of different fluorocarbon ions as a function of sampling position. We find that the fluorocarbon mass spectrometer signals show qualitatively different dependencies on sampling position. For instance, the CF2+ signal increases towards the center of the discharge and decreases towards the wall of the chamber, whereas the CF3+ signal shows a maximum near the reactor wall. The CF3+ signal also grows as the wall temperature increases, indicating production at the wall. The application of this setup to spatially resolved monitoring of etching and deposition processes is also described.