bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LnCl3×6H2O Crystal Hydrates as Highly Effective Catalysts in the Synthesis of Alkyl‐Substituted Quinolines and Phenanthrolines.
Authors: Bulgakov R. G. , Kuleshov S. P. , Makhmutov A. R. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Hua , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Liu Hua , Cun Lin‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Synthesis of Di(uracilyl)aryl Methanes and 1,ω‐Bis[di(uracilyl)methyl]benzenes.
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Malik Vaishalli , Kaur Navneet , Kaur Kuljit
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convergent Synthesis of Complex Diketopiperazines Derived from Pipecolic Acid Scaffolds and Parallel Screening Against GPCR Targets.
Authors: Dandapani Sivaraman , Lan Ping , Beeler Aaron B. , Beischel Scott , Abbas Athier , Roth Bryan L. , Porco John A. Jr. , Panek James S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Electrosynthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine Derivatives.
Authors: Fotouhi L. , Mosavi M. , Heravi M. M. , Nematollahi D.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NBS as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Wei , More Shivaji V. , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrotalcites as Catalysts for the Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones with Hydrogen Peroxide/Benzonitrile.
Authors: Ruiz Jose Rafael , Jimenez‐Sanchidrian Cesar , Llamas Rafael
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxapolycycles from One‐Pot Cross‐Metathesis/Carbonyl Ylide Formation—Intramolecular Cycloaddition of α‐Diazo‐β‐keto Esters.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Angrish Deepshikha
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Establishment of an Efficient Synthetic Route to 3,4:3′,4′‐Bis(3,6,9‐trioxaundecane‐1,11‐dioxy)benzil.
Authors: Kimura Masaru , Shi Kun , Hashimoto Koji , Hu Zhi Zhi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Alkenylphosphines: A Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Alkynes Using a Silylphosphine.
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Matsuura Yutaka , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Paralemnalia thyrsoides.
Authors: Huang Ho‐Cheng , Wen Zhi‐Hong , Chao Chih‐Hua , Ahmed Atallah F. , Chiang Michael Y. , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Hsu Chi‐Hsin , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
C9‐Iridoids from Scrophularia buergeriana
Authors: Lin Shuang‐Jun , Tan Chang‐Heng , Jiang Shan‐Hao , Li Yi‐Ming , Zhu Da‐Yuan
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sigmatropic Rearrangement as Tools for Amino Acid and Peptide Modification: Application of the Allylic Sulfur Ylide Rearrangement to the Preparation of Neoglycoconjugates and Other Conjugates.
Authors: Crich David , Zou Yekui , Brebion Franck
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Pyruvate Ketals of Carbohydrates.
Authors: Agnihotri Geetanjali , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Entry to Amino Sugars and Derivatives via Asymmetric Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Gronal Christoph , Vrettou Marianna
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies on Perophoramidine and the Communesins: Construction of the Vicinal Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Seo Jae Hong , Artman Gerald D. III , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Highly Substituted 6‐Arylpurine Ribonucleosides by Ni‐Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization. Scope of the Reaction.
Authors: Turek Pavel , Novak Petr , Pohl Radek , Hocek Michal , Kotora Martin
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel L‐N‐MCd4T as a Potent anti‐HIV Agent.
Authors: Park Ah‐Young , Moon Hyung Ryong , Kim Kyung Ran , Chun Moon Woo , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and anti‐HCMV Activity of Novel Cyclopropyl Phosphonic Acid Nucleosides.
Authors: Kim Aihong , Hong Joon Hee , Oh Chang Hyun
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of New 1β‐Methylcarbapenems Having Aminopyrimidinylthioether Moiety.
Authors: Lee K. S. , Lim J. H. , Kang Y. K. , Yoo K. H. , Kim D. C. , Shin K. J. , Kim D. J.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Moderate Voltage Cathodoluminescence of Y2O2S:Eu, SrGa2S4:Eu, and ZnS:Ag,Al for CNT‐FEDs.
Authors: Na Sang‐Hee , Sung Hye‐Jin , You Yong‐Chan , Ko Ki‐Young , Do Young Rag , Huh Young‐Duk
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ultrarapid Materials Processing: Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide on Subminute Timescales.
Authors: Vallance Simon R. , Kingman Sam , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selenium‐Based Glasses and Glass Ceramics Transmitting Light from the Visible to the Far‐IR.
Authors: Calvez Laurent , Ma Hong‐Li , Lucas Jacques , Zhang Xiang‐Hua
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of Reduction‐Oxidation Treatment on the Catalytic Activity over Tin Oxide Supported Platinum Catalysts
Authors: Matsui Toshiaki , Okanishi Takeoh , Fujiwara Katsuhiko , Tsutsui Kazuki , Kikuchi Ryuji , Takeguchi Tatsuya , Eguchi Koichi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanomaterials: A New Dimension in Material Science
Authors: Moulik Satya P. , Chakraborty Indranil
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High Magnetic Field Studies of the Shape Memory Alloy AuZn
Authors: McDonald Ross D. , Goddard Paul A. , Lashley Jason , Harrison Neil , Mielke Charles H. , Singleton John , Harima Hisatomo , Suzuki Michi‐To
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advances in Microwave‐Assisted Combinatorial Chemistry Without Polymer‐Supported Reagents
Authors: Martinez‐Palou Rafael
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diarylprolinol Ethers: Expanding the Potential of Enamine/Iminium‐Ion Catalysis
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Mielgo Antonia
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amide‐Based Ligands for Anion Coordination
Authors: Kang Sung Ok , Begum Rowshan Ara , Bowman‐James Kristin
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bioactive Natural Products from Southern African Marine Invertebrates
Authors: Davies‐Coleman Michael T.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis and Antiviral Properties of Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues with a Phosphonomethoxy Fragment in the Side Chain
Authors: Khandazhinskaya A. , Yasko M. , Shirokova E.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unsymmetric Bidentate Ligands in Metal‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Nozaki Kyoko
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Pauson‐Khand Reaction
Authors: Struebing Dirk , Beller Matthias
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potassium Hydroxide and Potassium Alkoxides
Authors: Venturello P. , Barbero M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potassium Hydride
Authors: Venturello P. , Barbero M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cheminformatics Analysis and Learning in a Data Pipelining Environment
Authors: Hassan Moises , Brown Robert D. , Varma‐O'Brien Shikha , Rogers David
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cover Picture: The Cytotoxicity of Saponins Correlates with Their Cellular Internalization (ChemMedChem 3/2007)
Authors: Wang Yibing , Zhang Yichun , Yu Biao
Published: March 2007

The cover picture shows three structurally similar steroid glycosides bearing fluorescent tags. One crosses the cell membrane faster (top, straight arrow) than the other (left, curved path) to localize in the lysosome (red sphere). The third (middle), with a cholesterol aglycone moiety, does not enter into the cell at all. Steroid glycosides are abundant natural surfactants known as saponins, which have membrane‐disrupting properties. However, the three saponins represented here are not found in the cell membrane, where cholesterol and carbohydrate chains are abundant. For details, see the Communication by B. Yu et al. on p. 288 ff.
Cross‐correlated and conventional dipolar carbon‐13 relaxation in methylene groups in small, symmetric molecules
Authors: Ghalebani Leila , Bernatowicz Piotr , Nikkhou Aski Sahar , Kowalewski Jozef
Published: March 2007

A theory for dipolar cross‐correlated relaxation processes in AMX or AX2 spin system, with special reference to 13C‐methylene groups, is reviewed briefly. Simple experiments and protocols for measuring the transfer rates between the carbon‐13 Zeeman order and the three‐spin order, and for their analogues in the transverse plane, are discussed using a concentrated solution of the disaccharide trehalose as a model system. Experimental data sets consisting of conventional carbon‐13 relaxation parameters (T1, T2, and NOE), along with the cross‐correlated relaxation rates, are also presented for some small, rigid, polycyclic molecules. These data are interpreted using spectral density functions appropriate to spherical or symmetric tops reorienting according to small‐step rotational diffusion model. The analysis results in a consistent picture of the auto‐ and cross‐correlated spin relaxation processes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 100–115, 2007.
Gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Louafi Samy , Boige Valérie , Ducreux Michel , Bonyhay Luminita , Mansourbakht Touraj , de Baere Thierry , Asnacios Amani , Hannoun Laurent , Poynard Thierry , Taïeb Julien
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND

New systemic therapies are needed to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a Phase II trial involving previously untreated patients with advanced HCC, the more favorable schedule from a previous pilot study was evaluated.

METHODS

Thirty‐four patients with previously untreated advanced‐stage HCC were prospectively enrolled. The GEMOX regimen consisted of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on Day 1 and oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 on Day 2. The treatment was repeated every 2 weeks until disease progression or limiting toxicity.

RESULTS

Thirty‐two patients were assessable for efficacy and 33 for toxicity. In all, 323 treatment cycles were administered. No toxic deaths occurred. Hematological grade 3‐4 toxicity consisted of thrombocytopenia (27% of patients) and neutropenia (24%), including 2 febrile neutropenia and anemia (9%). Grade 3 oxaliplatin‐induced neurotoxicity was observed in 3 (9%) patients. The overall response rate was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8‐34) and disease stabilization was observed in 58% of patients (including 5 minor responses), giving a disease control rate of 76%. Median progression‐free and overall survival times were, respectively, 6.3 months (95% CI: 4.3‐10.1 months) and 11.5 months (95% CI: 8.5‐14.3 months). Treatment was significantly more effective in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis than in those with alcoholic cirrhosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The GEMOX regimen seems to be well tolerated and active in advanced HCC, especially in patients with underlying nonalcoholic liver disease. A Phase II study of the GEMOX regimen plus cetuximab is ongoing. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Soft‐tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Bisogno Gianni , Macaluso Alessandra , Casanova Michela , D'Angelo Paolo , Pierani Paolo , Zanetti Ilaria , Alaggio Rita , Cecchetto Giovanni , Carli Modesto
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND

Patients affected by neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are at higher risk of developing soft‐tissue sarcomas (STS) than the general population. The clinical findings and outcome in 43 children and adolescents with NF1 treated for STS in the Italian protocols between 1988 and 2004 are reported.

METHODS

The study included 37 patients with neurogenic sarcomas (36 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors [MPNST], 1 triton tumor) and 6 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The prevalence of NF1 observed during the study period was 43% in the MPNST population and 1% in the RMS group.

RESULTS

Most patients with neurogenic sarcomas had large, invasive tumors. Five‐year event‐free and overall survival rates were 19% and 28%, respectively. Two of 16 patients with evaluable disease responded to chemotherapy. All 6 RMS patients were ≤3 years old and had embryonal subtype, 5 of 6 arising in the genitourinary tract or pelvis (paravesical); 4 were alive in first remission at the time of the analysis, 1 was alive in second remission after a local recurrence, and 1 died of disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of STS in pediatric patients with NF1 syndrome in Italy is discussed, confirming that NF1 patients have a high risk of developing STS, and particularly MPNST, often with an aggressive clinical presentation and poor outcome. Cases of RMS tended to have particular features (early age, embryonal histotype, genitourinary site) and their outcome seemed to resemble that of the general RMS population. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cover Picture: Ultrathin π‐Conjugated Polymer Films for Simple Fabrication of Large‐Area Molecular Junctions (ChemPhysChem 4/2007)
Authors: Milani Federico , Grave Christian , Ferri Violetta , Samorì Paolo , Rampi Maria Anita
Published: March 2007

The cover picture shows the interface of a junction that incorporates between Au and Hg electrodes self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by molecules of different electronic structure (shown in blue and red) and a layer of ultrathin polymer film based on polyphenylenevinylene‐type chains. The electrons inside the polymer (illustrated by the yellow balls with curved tails) are hopping, both along and across the chains and then they tunnel across the SAMs with a rate that depends on the molecular structure. The polymer film protecting the SAMs allows to fabricate metal–molecule–metal junctions which are mechanically and electrically stable. Find out more in the Communication article by Milani et al. on page 515. George Kaufmann is acknowledged for the cover picture.
Functional activity in vivo of effector T cell populations III. Protection against Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M‐MSV)‐induced tumors in T cell deficient mice by the adoptive transfer of a M‐MSV‐specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clone
Authors: Cerundolo Vincenzo , Lahaye Thierry , Horvath Clotilde , Zanovello Paola , Collavo Dino , Engers Howard D.
Published: March 2007

The functional activity of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M‐MSV)‐specific T lymphocytes in vivo was assayed by the i.v. injection of virus‐specific T lymphocytes into T cell‐deficient “B mice”. Virus‐specific T lymphocytes generated in mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures were transferred i.v. into syngeneic “B mice” injected simultaneously at a distant site with the virus. These experiments indicated that a low dose (1 × 106 cultured cells) of infused lymphocytes can afford protection. To define the T lymphocyte subpopulation which was active, Lyt‐2+ lymphocytes were selected by “panning” on plastic petri dishes coated with anti‐Lyt‐2 monoclonal antibody, and Lyt‐2− lymphocytes selected by treatment with anti‐Lyt‐2 monoclonal antibody and complement. The results indicated that a Lyt‐2+ lymphocyte‐enriched population was more efficient in conferring protection against M‐MSV‐induced tumors.

To investigate if cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) alone had a protective effect, a M‐MSV‐specific CTL clone was transferred in the same model system. The results demonstrated that a M‐MSV‐specific CTL clone prevented M‐MSV‐induced tumor growth and also induced the destruction of syngeneic Moloney murine leukemia virus (M‐MuLV)‐induced MBL‐2 leukemic cells in the peritoneal cavity. However, the cell dose required to obtain protection using a CTL clone was higher than that which was effective when mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture cells were used.

To assess the ability of the transferred cells to home and to repopulate the lymphoid organs of the “B mice”, the frequency of virus‐specific CTL precursors in the spleen was evaluated by limiting dilution analysis. The results indicated that lymphocytes from mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures can be recovered from the spleens of “B mice” injected i.v. 25 days earlier. On the contrary, following the transfer of an active CTL clone, a very low frequency (< 1/200000 cells) of virus‐specific CTL precursors was present in the spleens of recipient animals. The same M‐MSV‐specific CTL clone did not yield protection against M‐MSV‐induced tumors or MBL‐2 leukemic cells when injected i.v. into M‐MuLV tolerant mice.
Involvement of the CD4 molecule in a post‐activation event on T cell proliferation
Authors: Carrera Ana C. , Sanchez‐Madrid Francisco , Lopez‐Botet Miguel , Bernabeu Carmelo , De Landazuri Manuel O.
Published: March 2007

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed to a human leukocyte 55‐kDa cell surface molecule with identical cellular distribution and biochemical properties to the CD4 was able to inhibit T cell proliferation induced either in a mixed lymphocyte culture or by activation with mAb anti‐CD3, anti‐CD2 or phytohemagglutinin. The inhibitory effect of anti‐CD4 was observed in the absence of monocytes and was directly exerted on T4+ cells.

This effect on cellular proliferation appears to be due to an inhibition of a post‐activation event since (a) the rise of cytoplasmic Ca2+ after activation with anti‐CD3 mAb is not affected by the presence of anti‐CD4 and (b) the proliferation that occurs after an activation pulse of 3 h with ionophore and phorbol myristate acetate can be inhibited when the anti‐CD4 is added after the pulse period. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the inhibition of cellular proliferation by anti‐CD4 mAb was observed even if the antibody was added as late as 18–24 h after the initiation of the culture. The effect of this blocking anti‐CD4 mAb on the interleukin (IL) 2/IL 2 receptor signalling pathways was also examined. The presence of anti‐CD4 slightly affected the production of IL 2. In fact, addition of exogenous recombinant IL 2 at the initiation of the cultures did not restore the proliferative response. However, anti‐CD4 had a strong inhibitory effect on the expression of IL 2 receptors as analyzed by direct immunofluorescence cytometry. Taken together, these results indicate that the binding of the anti‐CD4 mAb to T cells interferes with a late metabolic step being capable of abolishing the proliferative activity of fully activated cells.
Plasmodium falciparum‐specific human T cell clones: evidence for helper and cytotoxic activities
Authors: Sinigaglia Francesco , Matile Hugues , Richard J. , Pink L.
Published: March 2007

This report describes the isolation, and the phenotypic and functional characterization of Plasmodium falciparum‐specific human T lymphocyte clones (TLC) obtained from 2 acutely infected and 4 clinically immune donors. Approximately one third of the TLC obtained from the acutely infected patients had the phenotype CD8+/CD4−. No such clones were obtained from the clinically immune donors. P. falciparum‐specific, major histocompatibility complex‐restricted CD8+ clones can lyse unrelated tumor cell targets in the presence of anti‐CD3 antibodies, suggesting that these clones have cytotoxic potential. Conversely no killing was obtained with two CD4+ P. falciparum‐specific TLC, even in the presence of anti‐CD3 antibody. In addition the helper function of a CD4+ clone was demonstrated in a T/B cell cooperation system.
Plasmodium falciparum‐specific human T cell clones: recognition of different parasite antigens
Authors: Richard J. , Pink L. , Rijnbeek Anne‐Marie , Reber‐Liske Rosemaria , Sinigaglia Francesco
Published: March 2007

T lymphocyte clones specific for malarial (Plasmodium falciparum) blood stage antigens were obtained from acutely infected patients or from donors living in a malaria‐endemic area of West Africa. Thirty‐four clones carrying the CD4 antigen, and one CD8+ clone, were tested in a proliferation assay for their capacity to recognize P. falciparum isolates of different geographical origins. Only one clone distinguished between different parasite isolates (it failed to react with a parasite isolate originating from East Africa, but did recognize West African and Asian isolates). All of the clones responded well to intact erythrocytes containing viable parasites, but some responded poorly to extracts of parasitized cells. Eight of 19 clones studied (all CD4+) recognized parasite antigens which had characteristic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐containing polyacrylamide gels. The antigens had apparent molecular weights of about 20000, 35000, 40000, 120000, 150000–200000 and 200000. These results (together with a previous report of two clones recognizing an antigen of molecular weight about 50 000, Sinigaglia and Pink, EMBO J. 1985. 4: 3819) show that T cells in infected individuals react with at least 6 different parasite proteins.
Bone marrow pro‐T and pro‐B lymphocyte clones express functional receptors for interleukin (IL) 3 and IL4/BSF‐1 and nonfunctional receptors for IL2
Authors: Sideras Paschalis , Palacios Ronald
Published: March 2007

It is shown here that the C4‐77 and C4‐86 bone marrow clones with properties of pro‐T lymphocytes and the Bc/Bm 11 and CB/Bm7 clones with characteristics of pro‐B lymphocytes grow in recombinant interleukin 4 (rIL4)/BSF‐1 and IL3, but not in rIL2. The proliferative cell responses to rIL4/BSF‐1 were always less that ∼ 50% of those achieved by the clones in response to IL3. The CC11 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for IL3‐sensitive mouse cells did not affect the action of rIL4/BSF‐1, but it did inhibit the action of IL3 on the clones. The PC61 mAb against IL2 receptors had no effect on either rIL4/BSF‐1‐ or IL3‐driven responses. All four clones carry on the cell membrane the glycoproteins recognized by the CC11 mAb and by the PC61 mAb as assessed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We conclude that the pro‐T and the pro‐B clones express functional receptors for IL3 and rIL4/BSF‐1 and nonfunctional receptors for IL2, that rIL4/BSF‐1 promotes growth of these clones via an IL3‐ and IL2‐independent pathway and discuss the possible biological significance of these findings.
Identification of interleukin 2‐producing T helper cells within murine Lyt‐2+ T lymphocytes: frequency, specificity and clonal segregation from Lyt‐2+ precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Heeg Klaus , Steeg Christiane , Hardt Conny , Wagner Hermann
Published: March 2007

The prime aim of this study was to assess whether the autonomous primary mixed lymphocyte culture response of Lyt‐2+ T cells towards class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens reflects in terms of interleukin 2 (IL2) production and cytotoxicity the activation of multifunctional Lyt‐2+ T cells, or the activation of functionally distinct T cell subsets. The results demonstrate that highly purified Lyt‐2+ T cells proliferate in response to class I MHC antigens, as opposed to L3T4+ T cells which react towards class II MHC antigens. In both responder cell types proliferative responses are associated with IL2 secretion, while only Lyt‐2+ T cells develop measurable cytotoxic effector cells. The precursor frequency of IL 2‐producing helper cells in MHC class I‐reactive Lyt‐2+ T cells equals that in MHC class II‐reactive L3T4+ T cells (f = 1/500–1/1000). In clonal segregation analysis > 90% of Lyt‐2+ colonies secreting IL2 do not develop cytotoxic activity, while > 90% of Lyt‐2+ cytotoxic T cells fail to produce detectable IL2. A minority of < 10% of Lyt‐2+ T cells appears to be bifunctional. As such the results point out the existence of functionally committed T cells within class I MHC‐reactive Lyt‐2+ T cells able to produce either IL2 or to develop into cytotoxic effector cells.
Isogeneic monoclonal antibodies against anti‐α(1 → 3)dextran idiotypes II. Neonatally induced idiotope‐specific suppression: a comparative analysis
Authors: Wilke Joachim , Lehle Georg , Weiler Eberhardt
Published: March 2007

From a panel of isogeneic monoclonal anti‐idiotope antibodies several were used as agents in neonatal idiotope suppression. They differed from one another in isotype, and in idiotope specificity, as described in the preceding report (Eur. J. Immunol. 1987. 17: 255). In their effects they were compared with respect to the following variables: (a) minimum dose required for suppression; (b) duration of suppression, and its relationship to the dose applied neonatally; (c) half‐life of anti‐idiotope in the immune system of the young mice; (d) specificity of suppression as achieved by a given anti‐idiotope: in how far does it affect idiotopes defined by alternate anti‐idiotopes? The following results were obtained: (a) the minimum effective dose varied widely between anti‐idiotopes. One, belonging to the IgM class, was completely ineffective; others varied from ≈ 10 μg/mouse, required for complete suppression, to ≈ 100 μg/mouse. (b) The dose‐response characteristic was independent of whether the state of suppression was tested (by immunization against α(1 → 3)dextran) 26 days or 70 days after neonatal anti‐idiotope treatment. We take this as an indication that the anti‐idiotope effect occurs during an early postnatal period. (c) There appeared to be a relationship between the rate of decay of anti‐idiotope in the system and the dose required for complete suppression: the faster the decay, the more is needed initially. The persistence of effective molecules in the animals appears to depend on their isotype (as has been noted by others before): IgM decays fastest, and was ineffective in our experiments; IgG1 stays longest, and the smallest dose was required for suppression. IgG2b was intermediate. (d) The specificity of neonatal suppression was clearly correlated with the serological specificity of the anti‐idiotope monoclonal antibodies, as well as with the representation of the corresponding idiotopes in physiological anti‐dextran sera, as described in the preceding report: private anti‐idiotopes suppressed their counterpart idiotopes only, while the public anti‐idiotope suppressed all other idiotopes in concert.
Stimulatory effects of cyclosporin A on human and mouse thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Dardenne Mireille , Savino Wilson , Feutren Gilles , Bach Jean‐François
Published: March 2007

When injected daily into normal young or aging mice, cyclosporin A (CsA) induces a significant stimulation of thymic hormone (thymulin) secretion, as measured by the peripheral level of the hormone and the number of thymulin‐producing cells in the thymus. This stimulation is dose dependent and reversible after the end of treatment. Similar findings have been made in primary cultures of human thymic epithelial cells in which CsA increases the percentage of thymulin‐producing cells evaluated by immunofluorescence, as well as the amount of hormone released into the supernatants. No effect of CsA is observed on the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens. CsA also increases the proliferation of cultured human thymic epithelial cells, as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine incorporation. The present study strongly suggests that CsA can stimulate the proliferation and endocrine function of thymic epithelial cells. Its action on the immune system is thus not restricted to lymphoid cells and might be partially mediated by its effect on the thymic epithelium.
Sialylation patterns of lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 (LFA‐1) differ between T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Takeda Akiko
Published: March 2007

Lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 (LFA‐1) was immunoprecipitated from various types of surface‐radioiodinated murine lymphocytes, and analyzed by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LFA‐1 α and β chains from splenic B lymphocytes had the same apparent molecular weights as, but distinct isoelectrofocusing patterns from, their counterparts from thymocytes or splenic T lymphocytes. The splenic B lymphocytes lacked a basically charged population of a chain, while the thymocytes and the splenic T lymphocytes showed both the acidic and the basic portions. Furthermore, the β chain of the former migrated more towards the acidic end than that of the latter. No difference was found between LFA‐1 molecules of the same lineage of cells from several strains of mice whose H‐2 haplotypes were different from one another. When murine lymphocyte lines were examined, LFA‐1 with various isoelectrofocusing patterns were recognized. The charge difference again reflected the difference in lymphocyte lineage, but in a more exaggerated manner than that seen with cells from mice. The average acidity of both chains of LFA‐1 decreased in the order of B cell lines, pre‐B cell lines and T cell lines. The lineage‐dependent charge difference of either chain disappeared after neuraminidase treatment of LFA‐1, indicating that lymphocyte differentation was accompanied by changes in LFA‐1 sialylation.
A new epitope of the T200 molecule family defined by the 3A35 monoclonal antibody and expressed by macrophages and activated T lymphocytes
Authors: Le Corre Rozenn , Gerlier Denis , Martin Anne , Le Garrec Yvonne , Corradin Giampetro , Bron Claude , Toujas Louis
Published: March 2007

A monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3A35, produced against mouse macrophages (MΦ) was found to react against certain activated T cells. This mAb, a rat IgM, resulted from a cell fusion between a mouse plasmacytoma and rat lymphocytes immunized against mouse MΦ. It bound more avidly to activated than to resident MΦ. It did not react against B cells and resting T lymphocytes but recognized certain dividing T cells like EL4 lymphoma, concanavalin A‐activated and interleukin 2‐expanded spleen cells, and helper T cell hybridomas. By contrast, other T lymphocyte‐derived cell lines such as YAC‐1 and CTLL2 were unreactive. No clear relationship was found between the binding of 3A35 to cells and the expression of L3T4 and Lyt‐2 antigens. The specific stimulation of T cell clones with antigen rapidly induced a strong reactivity with 3A35 mAb which declined thereafter to a low (helper clones) or non‐reactivity (cytotoxic clones) after 10 days of culture. Immunoprecipitation experiments, performed with MΦ derived from bone marrow cell cultures, surface iodinated with 125I or metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, showed that 3A35 bound to a 200‐kDa molecule, shifting to 175 kDa under reducing conditions. In peritoneal MΦ activated in vivo, in addition to the 175‐kDa band, new bands migrating at 140, 120 and 85 kDa were identified by 3A35 and could be absorbed on a commercial anti‐T200 mAb bound to Sepharose beads. After strengthening the cell binding of 3A35 to EL4 lymphoma cells by a cross‐linking agent, only a 85‐kDa molecule was immuno‐precipitated. Thus, 3A35 identifies a new epitope of the T200 molecule family which is expressed on MΦ and activated T cells.
Interactions between hepatitis B virus and polymeric human albumin I. Production of monoclonal anti‐idiotypes (anti‐anti‐polymeric human albumin) which recognize hepatitis B virus surface antigen
Authors: Colucci Giuseppe , Waksal Samuel D.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to characterize the polymeric human albumin (polyHSA) receptor expressed on hepatitis B virus and hepatocytes, we have used a human anti‐polyHSA IgG to generate monoclonal anti‐idiotypes (anti‐Id) which bear the internal image of polyHSA and mimic its binding activity. Two monoclonal anti‐Id antibodies, 63.14 and 70.F9, were strongly reactive in both radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the F(ab′)2of the immunogen as well as with purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expressing various subtypes. The specificity of the binding of anti‐Id to HBsAg was confirmed in direct ELISA and by Western blot analysis. These experiments also showed that the anti‐Id bind to a site expressed on the major 24‐kDa protein of HBsAg particles, and that this recognition is specifically inhibited by polyHSA.

Experiments on cellular staining and radioimmunoprecipitation on HBsAg‐positive and ‐negative cell lines showed that the anti‐Id recognize intracellular HBsAg but not other liver cell proteins, including the putative polyHSA receptor. These data indicate, therefore, that the monoclonal anti‐Id mimic the binding activity of polyHSA and recognize its binding site on the virus. The inability of both anti‐Id to react with the hepatocyte surface suggests either the absence of a specific hepatic polyHSA receptor or the expression of one with a different configuration.
Interactions between hepatitis B virus and polymeric human serum albumin II. Development of syngeneic monoclonal anti‐anti‐idiotypes which mimic hepatitis B surface antigen in the induction of immune responsiveness
Authors: Colucci Giuseppe , Beazer Yasmin , Waksal Samuel D.
Published: March 2007

We used monoclonal anti‐idiotypes (anti‐Id) 63.14, previously shown to mimic polymeric human serum albumin (polyHSA) and bind its receptor on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), to produce syngeneic monoclonal anti‐anti‐Id (Ab3) which could bear the internal image of HBsAg and mimic its immunogenicity in vivo. Nine hybridomas obtained from spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with 63.14 were isolated, which were able to inhibit the binding of alkaline phosphatase‐conjugated 63.14 to HBsAg. Both direct and competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that 4 of these clones were able to mimic HBsAg since they reacted with polyHSA and inhibited the binding of monoclonal and polyclonal anti‐HBsAg to the viral antigen. To determine whether these Ab3 could induce an immune response against HBsAg in vivo, we injected a series of rabbits with Ab3 G11 or HBsAg and tested their sera after the second boost. ELISA, radioimmunoassay and Western blot experiments showed that G11 was as effective as HBsAg in inducing a specific anti‐HBsAg immune response. These data indicate that our Ab3 can mimic HBsAg both in vitro and in vivo and might be useful as alternative vaccine for HBV infection.
Targeting cytotoxic T cells to antigen‐specific B lymphocytes
Authors: Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Julius Michael H. , Nemazee David , Langhorne Jean , Lamers Rinus , Köhler Georges
Published: March 2007

A recent development in immunomanipulation involves the targeting of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to cell‐bound antigens using bispecific antibodies. These antibodies have been engineered such that specificity is directed against the T cell receptor (TCR) or TCR‐associated T3 molecules, as well as against the chosen antigen. The present study was aimed to force interactions between T and B cells by bridging their receptors. F23.1 antibodies, which are specific for gene products of the TCR Vβ8 gene family, were conjugated with TNP (2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl) and this construct was used to bridge the receptors of Vβ8+ T cells with the receptors of TNP‐specific B cells. The bridging was demonstrated by direct killing of both a TNP‐specific B hybridoma and of blast cells from mice transgenic for μ,x of the TNP‐specific antibody Sp6. Further, F23.1‐TNP constructs in conjunction with Vβ8+ CTL were shown to specifically deplete Ig‐secreting B cells from Sp6 transgenic mice. Conjugates of TCR‐specific antibodies and antigen are theoretically useful in vivo to either deplete or expand B cells of a given specificity by coupling their receptors to the TCR of CTL or T helper cells, respectively.
Mouse fibroblasts that express a cloned gene for the human transferrin receptor induce a specific cytolytic T cell response
Authors: Maryanski Janet L. , Kühn Lukas C. , Corradin Giampietro
Published: March 2007

From CBA mice immunized with mouse L cells that express a cloned gene for the human transferrin receptor (hTR) we have isolated cytolytic T cells (CTL). The CTL were Lyt‐2+/L3T4− and lysed L cell transfectant clones that expressed the hTR gene but not control untransfected L cells or transfectants selected for the expression of an unrelated human cell surface antigen, 4F2. Lysis of independent hTR transfectant clones correlated with the relative level of receptor expression. The availability of CTL directed against a non‐major histocompatibility complex‐controlled cellular protein‐like hTR may provide an interesting model system for studying antigen processing and recognition.
Comparison of inhibitory effect of galactose analogs on the binding and cytotoxicity of an anti‐globotriaosylceramide monoclonal antibody coupled or not coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein
Authors: Junqua Simone , Wils Pierre , Mishal Zohar , Le Pecq Jean‐Bernard
Published: March 2007

The results described here provided an example of a human IgM monoclonal antibody against a tumor‐associated glycolipid and of the unusual properties of its corresponding immunotoxin (IT). The monoclonal antibody referred to as 38‐13 has been previously described and reacted with the globotriaosylceramide [Gb3: Gal(α1→4)‐Gal(β1→4)‐Glc(β1→1)ceramide] specifically expressed on surface membrane of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells. An immunotoxin (38‐13 IT) combined with the pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) toxin via S‐S bridges showed paradoxically a lower cytotoxic effect in BL Ramos cells than in non‐BL cells such as leukemic mouse L1210 cells, while these cells appeared not to be involved by flow cytometric analysis and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity. Consequently, the inhibitory effect of selective galactose analogs on the binding and the cytotoxicity of 38‐13 antibody conjugated or not to PAP toxin was compared on BL and non‐BL cells. Only the galactose blocked in α configuration provided a fine inhibition of 38‐13 binding on BL Ramos cells and both α and β‐galactose allowed us to establish a clear distinction between the pathway entry of 38‐13 IT in BL and non‐BL cells; (a) in close correlation with the 38‐13 binding specificity the 38‐13 IT cytotoxic effect in Ramos BL cells could also be prevented by α‐Gal only, suggesting that this toxic action is probably mediated through the IT binding to Gb3 antigenic sites. (b) In contrast, on apparently irrelevant L1210 cells, 38‐13 IT showed a cytotoxic effect which was inhibited preferentially by lactose (Gal in β configuration). It was discussed that IT binding alone to either antigenic sites which are inhibited by the hapten α‐Gal, or nonspecific sites which can compete with the hapten β‐Gal is unable to induce efficient killing of cells. But cooperation of both bindings might give an attractive explanation of IT cytotoxic effect. It was concluded that the unexpected activity of 38‐13 IT in non‐BL cells probably could be mediated through an active macromolecular transport process which could implicate a β‐galactoside‐binding protein (lectin).
Provision of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer downstream of a test gene is sufficient to confer lymphoid‐specific expression in transgenic mice
Authors: Reik Wolf , Williams Gareth , Barton Sheila , Norris Mike , Neuberger Michael , Surani M. Azim
Published: March 2007

To test whether the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer is sufficient to direct lymphoid specific gene expression in vivo, we have incorporated into the mouse germ line a test gene (chloramphenicol‐acetyl transferase) whose transcription is potentiated by the enhancer. Analysis of transgenic mice bearing single‐copy integrations of the injected DNA indicates that provision of the enhancer downstream of the test gene (beyond the polyadenylation site) is sufficient to direct lymphoid‐specific expression. The tissue specificity is considerable as judged by the fact that transgene expression is at least one thousandfold higher in spleen than in liver. Within the lymphoid family, expression of the transgene is much higher in surface IgM+ spleen cells than in thymocytes high in Thy‐1 expression, suggesting that the enhancer preferentially directs expression to cells of the B lineage.
Immune recognition of human major histocompatibility antigens: localization by a comprehensive synthetic strategy of the continuous antigenic sites in the first domain of HLA‐DR2 β chain
Authors: Ulrich Robert G. , Atassi Hammad , Lutz Paula , Cresswell Peter , Atassi M. Zouhair
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive synthetic approach, previously developed in this laboratory, has been applied to screen the entire first domain (residues 1–95) of the HLA‐DR2 β chain for the full profile of continuous regions that are recognized by human alloantisera and anti‐DR or anti‐β chain antisera raised in other species. Nine consecutive peptides, that were 15 residues each and overlapped by 5 residues, covering the first domain of the DR2 β chain were synthesized, purified and characterized. The antibody‐binding activities of the peptides were determined by radioimmunosorbent titrations. This established the full profile of peptides having specific antibody‐binding activity with these various antisera. Three continuous antigenic sites were localized in this domain by all of antisera tested. Peptide 81–95 appeared to be the most immunodominant (i.e. bound the highest amounts of antibodies) in most antisera tested. Although their immunodominance varied with the antisera and boundary shifts were present, the submolecular regions recognized on the first domain of DR2β appeard to be similar with antisera against the DR2 (αβ1) complex or against the isolated β chain. Furthermore, recognition was independent of the host species from which the antisera were obtained.