bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypothetical anatomical model to describe the aberrant gag reflex observed in a clinical population of orally deprived children
Authors: Scarborough D.R. , Isaacson L.G.
Published: September 2006

In this ‘clinical conundrum’, we propose a hypothetical anatomical model to explain the abnormal gag reflex that is consistently observed in a clinical population of children experiencing feeding delays. This model is based on the presence of ‘transient’ connections formed during the normal development of autonomic brainstem circuitry involving the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We propose that, as a result of normal feeding and swallowing, the activity of these transient fibers typically diminishes shortly after birth. In children who are orally deprived during infancy, these transient connections persist and the aberrant gag reflex is maintained into childhood. The most critical feature of the proposed model is the idea that swallowing during feeding initiates the retraction of the tactile ‘transient’ input to NTS. In the NICU feeding clinics, it has been suggested that triggering the gag reflex in neonates by tactile stimulation of non‐oral body areas and anterior portions of the mouth directly or indirectly may contribute to oral feeding delays. To the contrary, we propose an anatomical model to suggest that oral feeding delays and lack of swallowing food, when experienced by neonates, actually contribute to the development of the aberrant gag reflex observed in later developmental stages. Clin. Anat. 19:640–644, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Recognition: Preorganization of a Bis(pyrrole) Schiff Base Derivative for Tight Dimerization by Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Munro Orde Q. , Joubert Sandra D. , Grimmer Craig D.
Published: September 2006

Multiple techniques have been used to delineate the self‐assembly of a bis(pyrrole) Schiff base derivative (compound 4, C16H14N4), which forms an unusual dimer through complementary NH⋅⋅⋅NC hydrogen bonds between twisted, C2‐symmetric monomer units. The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure comprises one and a half dimer units, with one dimer exhibiting approximate D2 point‐group symmetry and the other exact D2 symmetry (space group C2/c). The dimers pack into columns whose axes are collinear with the a axis of the unit cell. The columns assemble into discrete layers with two distinct types of hydrogen‐sized voids residing between the layers. Despite the promising architecture of the voids within the lattice of 4, the absence of genuine channels to interconnect the voids precludes the uptake of hydrogen gas, even at elevated pressures (10 bar). AM1 calculations of the structure of dimeric 4 indicate that self‐recognition through hydrogen bonding depends primarily on favorable electrostatic interactions. The potential‐energy surface for monomeric 4 mapped by counter‐rotation of an adjacent pair of CC‐NC torsion angles indicates that the X‐ray structures of the four monomeric units are global minima with highly nonplanar conformations that are preorganized for self‐recognition by hydrogen bonding. The in vacuo enthalpy of association for the dimer was calculated to be significantly exergonic (ΔGassoc=−21.9 kJ mol−1, 298 K) and in excellent agreement with that determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy in CDCl3 (ΔGassoc=−16.6(4) kJ mol−1, 298 K). Using population and bond order analyses, in conjunction with the conformation dependence of the frontier MO energies, we have been able to show that π‐electron delocalization is only marginally diminished in the nonplanar conformers of 4 and that the electronic structures of the constituent monomers of the dimer are well mixed.
A multipath interference cancellation technique for WCDMA downlink receivers
Authors: Liu Derong , Zare Hossein
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we present a simple interference cancellation technique for the downlink of wideband code‐division multiple‐access (WCDMA) systems in multipath environment. With the same knowledge required by a RAKE receiver, the present method acts as an equalizer and cancels the interfering multipath signals from the received signal to retrieve the orthogonality property of the received signal. The present receiver has a simple structure and it has significant performance gain against the RAKE receiver. In addition, the noise enhancement is negligible when there is a line of sight path or the channel power delay profile has an exponential decaying form. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of pancreatic endocrine development in GDF11‐deficient mice
Authors: Dichmann Darwin S. , Yassin Hani , Serup Palle
Published: September 2006

Here, we examine the role of GDF11 in pancreatic development. Using in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses, we show that Gdf11 transcripts are expressed in embryonic pancreas epithelium before the secondary transition but decrease rapidly afterward. To determine the function of GDF11 during pancreas development, we analyzed Gdf11−/− mouse embryos. In such embryos, pancreas size is twofold reduced at embryonic day (E) 18 compared with wild‐type littermates. Quantification of the different tissue compartments shows a specific hypoplasia of the exocrine compartment, while the endocrine and ductal compartments are unaffected. Notably, NGN3+ endocrine precursor cells are increased fourfold at E18, although the amount of endocrine cells in the pancreas of these animals is unchanged compared with wild‐type littermates. Similarly, the maturation of endocrine cells as well as the ratio between α‐ and β‐cells appears normal. Developmental Dynamics 235:3016–3025, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions of Trimethylphosphane‐Supported Cobalt Complexes with Salicylaldimines – Formation and Structures of Cobalt Compounds Containing Salicylaldiminato [N:O] Ligands
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Yu Fengli , Sun Hongjian , Huang Liye , Hou Haoqing
Published: September 2006

The reactions of low‐valent cobalt complexes CoMe(PMe3)4, CoCl(PMe3)3 and Co(PMe3)4 with salicylaldimines are described to give tetrahedral complexes 7–12, an octahedral complex 13 and a π‐coordinated imine complex 15. The crystal structures of 13 and 15 are reported. The formation and likely mechanisms are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Expedient Route to New Spiroheterocycles: Synthesis and Structural Studies
Authors: Goubert Marlène , Canet Isabelle , Sinibaldi Marie‐Eve
Published: September 2006

We have developed a short, efficient and enantioselective synthesis of 1,4,7,10‐tetraoxa‐ and 1,7‐dioxa‐4,10‐dithiaspiro[5.5]undecanes. The method involved the reaction of solketal 5 or thiol derivative 6 with 1,3‐dichloropropanone O‐benzyloxime (4) which affords the conveniently protected symmetrical ketones 7 and 8. Elaboration of the required 4,10‐disubstituted‐1,7‐dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane systems 1 and 2 entailed a final “one‐pot” deprotection–spirocyclization process in an acidic medium. The structures and configurations of the spiroketals were established unambiguously by NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Confinement effects on electromigration of long DNA molecules in an ordered cavity array
Authors: Zeng Yong , Harrison D. Jed
Published: September 2006

Confinement effects on the electromigration of long dsDNA molecules in an array of well‐ordered, molecular sized cavities interconnected by nanopores are described. The array was prepared by replicating the structure of a colloidal crystal of microspheres in a polymer matrix. Both conformation and mobility studies show that the electrophoretic behavior of large DNA molecules is distinct from that in gels and other microfabricated sieves, showing a peak in mobility versus electric field, and an inversion in the separation order with field strength. A simple model was proposed to interpret this unexpected observation qualitatively. We conclude that the molecular behavior of DNA can be modified by the combination of entropic effect and electric trapping as a consequence of both unique geometry and conductivity of this cavity array material. This approach provides insights for design and optimization of on‐chip molecular sieving structures for rapid separation of long DNA molecules. It may lead to a promising material for manipulation and size fractionation of other biological macromolecules.
Assessment of normal fetal brain maturation in utero by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Girard Nadine , Gouny Sylviane Confort , Viola Angèle , Le Fur Yann , Viout Patrick , Chaumoitre Kathia , D'Ercole Claude , Gire Catherine , Figarella‐Branger Dominique , Cozzone Patrick J.
Published: September 2006

Cerebral maturation in the normal human fetal brain was investigated by in utero localized proton MR spectroscopy (1H MRS). Fifty‐eight subjects at 22–39 weeks of gestational age (GA) were explored. A combination of anterior body phased‐array coils (four elements) and posterior spinal coils (two to three elements) was used. Four sequences were performed (point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence with short and long TEs (30 and 135 ms), with and without water saturation). A significant reduction in myo‐inositol (myo‐Ins) and choline (Cho) levels, and an increase in N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) content were observed with progressing age. A new finding is the detection of NAA as early as 22 weeks of GA. This result is probably related to the fact that oligodendrocytes (whether mature or not) express NAA, as demonstrated by in vitro studies. Cho and myo‐inositol were the predominant resonances from 22 to 30 weeks and decreased gradually, probably reflecting the variations in substrate needed for membrane synthesis and myelination. The normal MRS data for the second trimester of gestation (when fetal MRI is usually performed) reported here can help determine whether brain metabolism is altered or not, especially when subtle anatomic changes are observed on conventional images. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatially resolved time‐course studies of free radical reactions with an EPRI/MRI fusion technique
Authors: Hyodo Fuminori , Yasukawa Keiji , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Utsumi Hideo
Published: September 2006

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) using nitroxyl radicals is a useful technique for visualizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the pharmacokinetics of probes. To unambiguously identify anatomical locations, coregistration of EPRI with images obtained by MRI is necessary. In this study the feasibility of performing reliable EPRI/MRI fusion imaging using nitroxyl radical fiducial markers was tested. The pharmacokinetics of the nitroxyl radicals were observed after oral or intravenous administration in C57BL6 mice. To fuse both images, the nitroxyl radical was used as fiducial markers. The EPR and MR images corresponded well and clearly illustrated minimal changes in pharmacokinetics between carbamoyl‐PROXYL and carboxy‐PROXYL. These results demonstrate that the EPRI/MRI fused imaging technique is useful for investigating in vivo pharmacokinetics and provides unambiguous anatomic details. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bayesian inference of hemodynamic changes in functional arterial spin labeling data
Authors: Woolrich Mark W. , Chiarelli Peter , Gallichan Daniel , Perthen Joanna , Liu Thomas T.
Published: September 2006

The study of brain function using MRI relies on acquisition techniques that are sensitive to different aspects of the hemodynamic response contiguous to areas of neuronal activity. For this purpose different contrasts such as arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI techniques have been developed to investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygenation, respectively. Analysis of such data typically proceeds by separate, linear modeling of the appropriate CBF or BOLD time courses. In this work an approach is developed that provides simultaneous inference on hemodynamic changes via a nonlinear physiological model of ASL data acquired at multiple echo times. Importantly, this includes a significant contribution by changes in the static magnetization, M, to the ASL signal. Inference is carried out in a Bayesian framework. This is able to extract, from dual‐echo ASL data, probabilistic estimates of percentage changes of CBF, R, and the static magnetization, M. This approach provides increased sensitivity in inferring CBF changes and reduced contamination in inferring BOLD changes when compared with general linear model approaches on single‐echo ASL data. We also consider how the static magnetization, M, might be related to changes in CBV by assuming the same mechanism for water exchange as in vascular space occupancy. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CSB investigation of the explosions and fire at the BP texas city refinery on March 23, 2005
Authors: Holmstrom Don , Altamirano Francisco , Banks Johnnie , Joseph Giby , Kaszniak Mark , Mackenzie Cheryl , Shroff Reepa , Cohen Hillary , Wallace Stephen
Published: September 2006

At approximately 1:20 p.m. on Wednesday, March 23, 2005 a series of explosions and fire occurred at the BP Texas City oil refinery during the start‐up of an isomerization (ISOM) process unit. Fifteen workers were killed and about 170 other people were injured. Many of those killed were working in or around office trailers located near a blowdown drum and stack open to the atmosphere. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) found that because of problems that began during the ISOM process unit start‐up, a sudden, geyser‐like release of flammable hydrocarbon liquid and vapor discharged from the atmospheric vent stack. This release created a flammable vapor cloud, which ignited, causing as many as five explosions and fire in and around the ISOM unit. CSB identified multiple possible ignition sources in and around the blowdown drum area, including idling vehicles; however, the exact ignition source remains unknown.

CSB deployed a team of investigators to BP Texas City to conduct a root‐cause investigation immediately after the incident. This team examined blast patterns to determine the explosion origin; reviewed the design of the isomerization unit equipment; and examined plant safety and operating procedures, past accidents, maintenance procedures, and oversight and inspection. Investigators also reviewed the adequacy of applicable regulations and industry standards for the placement of temporary structures such as trailers in refineries. This article presents the preliminary findings from the CSB investigative team regarding the technical and underlying causes of the incident and discusses three urgent recommendations issued by the CSB stemming from the BP incident. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Er‐ and Eu‐doped GaP‐oxide porous composites for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Sirbu L. , Ursaki V. V. , Tiginyanu I. M. , Dolgaleva Ksenia , Boyd Robert W.
Published: September 2006

We demonstrate the controlled preparation of Er‐ and Eu‐doped GaP‐oxide porous composites. The fabrication procedure entails the use of porous semiconductor templates and the impregnation of rare earth ions from a rare earth salt solution in alcohol and thermal treatment. The composites exhibit strong green and red emission that comes from finely dispersed ErPO4 and EuPO4 oxide submicron phases in the composite. These materials may prove useful in future generations of optoelectronic and photonic devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvating, manipulating, damaging, and repairing DNA in a computer
Authors: Bunta Juraj , Dahlberg Martin , Eriksson Leif , Korolev Nikolai , Laaksonen Aatto , Lohikoski Raimo , Lyubartsev Alexander , Pinak Miroslav , Schyman Patric
Published: September 2006

This work highlights four different topics in modeling of DNA: (i) the importance of water and ions together with the structure and function of DNA; the hydration structure around the ions appears to be the determining factor in the ion coordination to DNA, as demonstrated in the results of our MD simulations; (ii) how MD simulations can be used to simulate single molecule manipulation experiments as a complement to reveal the structural dynamics of the studied biomolecules; (iii) how damaged DNA can be studied in computer simulations; and (iv) how repair of damaged DNA can be studied theoretically. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
3D ultrasound in robotic surgery: performance evaluation with stereo displays
Authors: Novotny Paul M. , Jacobsen Stephen K. , Vasilyev Nikolay V. , Kettler Daniel T. , Salgo Ivan S. , Dupont Pierre E. , Del Nido Pedro J. , Howe Robert D.
Published: September 2006

Background

The recent advent of real‐time 3D ultrasound (3DUS) imaging enables a variety of new surgical procedures. These procedures are hampered by the difficulty of manipulating tissue guided by the distorted, low‐resolution 3DUS images. To lessen the effects of these limitations, we investigated stereo displays and surgical robots for 3DUS‐guided procedures.

Methods

By integrating real‐time stereo rendering of 3DUS with the binocular display of a surgical robot, we compared stereo‐displayed 3DUS with normally displayed 3DUS. To test the efficacy of stereo‐displayed 3DUS, eight surgeons and eight non‐surgeons performed in vitro tasks with the surgical robot.

Results

Error rates dropped by 50% with a stereo display. In addition, subjects completed tasks faster with the stereo‐displayed 3DUS as compared to normal‐displayed 3DUS. A 28% decrease in task time was seen across all subjects.

Conclusions

The results highlight the importance of using a stereo display. By reducing errors and increasing speed, it is an important enhancement to 3DUS‐guided robotics procedures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How nursing personnel judge patients’ pain
Authors: Igier Valérie , Mullet Etienne , Sorum Paul Clay
Published: September 2006

The study examined how nurses, student nurses, and nurse's aides judge patients’ level of pain from five indicators: facial grimacing, maintenance of abnormal body position, restriction of movement, complaints about pain, and signs of possible depression. In Toulouse, France, 214 participants were presented with 48 vignettes describing an elderly patient suffering from osteoarthritis who showed various levels of these signs. The three most important factors in judging pain were the difficulty in making social contact with the patient, the patient's avoidance of changing position, and her avoidance of movements. The nurses put more emphasis on the difficulty in making social contact than did the student nurses and nurse's aides. In all groups, each sign of pain contributed independently and additively to the level of pain that the patient was thought to be experiencing.
Cholera and homœopathic medicine
Authors: Jeulin Dominique , Peycru Patrick , Pla Anna , Amengual Carles , Gaucher Catherine
Published: September 2006

In March 1991 the charity Homeopathes sans Frontieres established an aid programme for cholera victims in Peru which continued intermittently for 8 months. Homœopathic treatment was administered in combination with rehydration. In the course of the mission a method was established with which to evaluate the importance of the use of homœopathic medicines in the treatment of cholera.
The smaller hospitals
Authors: Leary Bernard
Published: September 2006

The evolution and history of the so-called homœopathic cottage hospitals is discussed.
Homœopathy and physics
Authors: Bernal German Guajardo
Published: September 2006

It has been recognized since the early days of homœopathy that the very high, ultramolecular dilutions employed in homœopathy pose fundamental scientific problems. Hahnemann was the first to recognize that the solution to these problems must be sought in physics, not chemistry. The views of Hahnemann are summarized. The influence of contemporary developments in physics on homœopathic theoreticians in the 19th and 20th centuries is described. The latter part of the 20th century has seen the advent of experimental studies using various forms of spectroscopy, particularly nuclear magnetic resonance. Contemporary developments in the understanding of the physical basis of ultramolecular dilutions, particularly information theory, are outlined.
Homœopathy in treatment of patients with fibromyoma of the uterus
Authors: Popov A.V.
Published: September 2006

The efficacy of homœopathic treatment of patients with fibromyoma of the uterus has been studied. Eighty-four patients with various clinical manifestations of the disease were under our observation. All patients received homœopathic therapy only. Besides pelvic examination, real-time ultrasonic scanning was used for evaluation of tumour volume. The period of observation varied from one to three years.

In our opinion homœopathy used alone is an effective method of treatment of patients with fibromyoma of the uterus. It is possible to stop the growth of a tumour and even to reduce its size, as well as to control pain and abnormal endometrial bleeding. In the course of investigation certain patterns of response to treatment were found. These require further investigation.
Evolution of 26 cases of bronchial asthma with homœopathic treatment
Authors: Castellsagu Anna Pia I
Published: September 2006

This is a review of a series of asthmatic patients to evaluate the efficacy of their homœopathic treatment and the prognostic features to take into account. Data of 26 patients suffering from bronchial asthma (BA) are analyzed, with a follow-up from 18 months to 11 years. Their evolution and special circumstances and conditions that seem to facilitate or to impede the cure under homœopathic criteria have been considered. The effectiveness of the homœopathic treatment (57% cured) is confirmed and a relationship between BA and vaccinations and suppressive treatments of exanthemata was detected.
Complementary cancer care
Authors: Clover Anne
Published: September 2006

The demand for complementary cancer care (CCC) is increasing. Cancer is a systemic process and involves psychological factors. A study published in the Lancet purporting to show that CCC had a negative effect has been discredited. The role of CCC and the modalities employed, including homœopathy, acupuncture, Iscador, relaxation, diet and massage, are discussed.
International perspectives in education
Authors: Rose Barry
Published: September 2006

The Executive Dean of the Faculty of Homœopathy describes recent developments in the Faculty's international relationships. There are plans to establish the MFHom examination in India. The Special Committee for Education of the LMHI has organized discussions aimed at harmonizing standards of education for homœopathic doctors throughout Europe. The present situation of homœopathy in a number of European countries is summarized and the future plans and role of the Faculty of Homœopathy are presented
An agricultural application of homœopathy
Authors: Kayne Steven
Published: September 2006

A field trial in which four homœopathic sprays were applied to rye grass is reported. The aim of the trial was to determine whether any significant effect on growth could be achieved when compared with similar applications of nitrogen fertilizer, and a control. At the particular dosages and strengths chosen no such effect was perceived; however a method for testing homœopathic sprays were established. The results are presented and analyzed. Suggestions are made for further work.
Computer-aided homœopathy
Authors: Fichefet J.
Published: September 2006

Homœopathy has now come to a turning point. Thanks to Knowledge Base Expert Systems, which appeared recently and are orientated towards drug diagnosis, homœopaths have been made aware of the enormous possibilities that computers can offer them. This applies particularly to the gathering of clinical data and analysis of a collection of clinical files. The purpose of this paper is to summarize what has already been done and suggest what can be done in the future.
Ultrasonic study of homœopathic solutions
Authors: Silvio Maranta , Arnaldo Paparelli
Published: September 2006

Ultrasonic velocity and absorption measurements have been performed in homœopathic solutions and in corresponding placebo solutions. The possibility of microstructural differences between ‘normal water’ and ‘homœopathic’ water solutions was investigated by propagation of ultrasonic waves in diluted water-ethanol mixtures. Our spectroscopic results do not display any difference between the two liquid systems.
An assessment of treatment of migraine/headache syndrome in patients seen in private practice
Authors: Fox Anthony Dunstan
Published: September 2006

Fifty-four patients suffering from headache/migraine syndrome as well as other symptoms who had consulted me approximately 18 months previously and were treated by diet and homœopathy were sent a questionnaire to assess their progress. Forty-three replied—of these 35 did well and enjoyed improvement in their symptoms in the first four weeks after the first consultation. Thirty-five still keep moderately well to date.
The children of Chernobyl and cina
Authors: Zakharchenko G.A. , Vasilyeva L.G.
Published: September 2006

The authors have under their care fifty-four children exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster of 1986. The radiation exposure and the most common pathologies are discussed. Response to treatment, especially in terms of general health was good. Cina was the most commonly indicated medicine. The plant Artemisia cina is traditionally associated with Chernobyl.
Quality control of homoeopathic medicines
Authors: Davey R. William , McGregor Julia A. , Grange John M.
Published: September 2006

Homœopathic medicines are being increasingly scrutinized by regulatory authorities. There is considerable variation in methods of preparation and no generally accepted standard. The authors have tested 55 different mother tinctures for anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, using a previously described method. Twenty mother tinctures were available from more than one manufacturer. In 40% there were significant differences in anti-bacterial activity between tinctures from different manufacturers.
Towards a new method for improving clinical homœopathy
Authors: Van Haselen R.A. , Fisher Peter
Published: September 2006

Most prescribing indications in homœopathy are derived from clinical experience. There is a need to revise and update them. A new method known as systematic outcome correlation, which correlates outcome as measured by a standard clinical assessment, with prescription, is described. The method uses information technology and the Read clinical classification. Preliminary results in rheumatoid arthritis are presented. The method and results are critically examined with recommendations for future developments.
The cost and effectiveness of homœopathy
Authors: Swayne Jeremy
Published: September 2006

The results of a pilot study suggest that doctors practising homœpathic medicine issue fewer prescriptions and at a lower cost than their colleagues. Despite the severe limitations of the study the implications of these figures justify fuller and more rigorous enquiry. The limitations of this study and requirements for future cost effectiveness of studies are discussed.
Haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice and rats suppressed by orally pre-administered potentized Agaricus
Authors: Paul A. , Sinhababu S.P. , Ghosh S. , Sukul N.C.
Published: September 2006

Agaricus muscarius 30s, a potentized homoeopathic drug prepared by successive dilution and sonication from the alcoholic extract of the fungus of the same name, significantly reduced haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice and rats. The drug produced the anticataleptic effect when administered orally and no such effect when administered intraperitoneally. Open field activity of the mice was suppressed more with haloperidol (hal) alone than with the combination of Agaricus 30s (oral) and hal. Agaricus 30s, given intraperitoneally, did not alter hal-induced suppression of the spontaneous activity of mice. Based on the previously reported results with Agaricus in combination with apomorphine, D1 and D2 agonists, it was thought that Agaricus might have served as a D1 blocker. It was further assumed that the effect of Agaricus was mediated through the oral taste receptors.
How does homoeopathy cure?
Authors: Bernal German Guajardo
Published: September 2006

A classification of hypotheses concerning the mode of action of potentized medicines is proposed. Hypotheses are analysed according to their adequacy for explaining the phenomenon. 2 main groups are proposed, depending on the active or passive role of the organism during homoeopathic treatment, with subdivisions and differences described. Links with the main body of knowledge must be maintained so the hypotheses may gradually acquire the status of a successful explanation. The need to introduce the Hahnemannian concept of biological reaction stems from the principles of homoeopathy.
The semantics of homoeopathy
Authors: Searcy Roberto , Reyes Oscar , Guajardo Germán
Published: September 2006

Homoeopathy is often referred to as a form of ‘alternative’ or ‘complementary’ medicine. This results in the marginalization of homoeopathy and tends to equate allopathy with medicine. In fact homoeopathy is a medical speciality and our semantics should reflect this: There is a need to improve our courses and incoporate interdisciplinary topics. The use of the terms dilution and potency is also discussed.
Neuro-sensory aspects of malignant disease
Authors: Twentyman L.R.
Published: September 2006

Migraine has been characterized as cephalic dysmenorrhoea, and dysmenorrhoea as uterine migraine. Conception can occur in the head or uterus, and in the legend of the birth of Pallas Athene, Zeus' migranious headache or labour pains is relieved by her delivery from his head.

In the migraine attack, substantial processes push up into the head which is properly the place of insubstantial images or reproduction. Substantial reproduction belongs properly to the uterus.

In migraine, sclerotic tendencies in the head are healed to some extent by the inflammatory processes from the blood, but of course these may themselves go too far. There are correspondences between gout and migraine.

The unilateral component in the migraine points to the metabolic origin, and in the drug pictures of Chelidonium, Sanguinaria and Spigelia, for instance, we can trace the dynamic process further.

Six cases (five with malignant tumours) are reported which suggest a migrainous process manifesting as inflammation in the limbs. These cases further illustrate the idea of a tumour as a displaced sense organ and the reactive, potentially healing process arising from the blood.

The importance of Hahnemann's concept of one-sided disease is related to the Bahnson's spectrum of disease and to Steiner's concept of the polarity between cancer and inflammation and insanity, and the polarity between cancer and migraine.
Calcium carbonicum and the concept of constitution in homœopathy
Authors: Von Keller Georg
Published: September 2006

The idea of “constitution in homœopathy” is analysed first, on the example of Calcium carbonicum. It is noted that this concept consists of two parts, the general physical appearance and the temperament, and, later on, the manner in which the patient reacts to environmental influences, which is very much in line with Kent's general symptoms. It is ascertained with respect to Calcium carbonicum that the dull, obese individual does not represent the usual constitutional expression of the remedy so much as the plethoric, robust, intensely-reacting individual. Corpulence and dullness appear to be signs of illness, not the normal constitution. Then the difference is brought out between simple constitutional indications, which apply in each instance to many remedies, and which characterize a single remedy only in combination with several others; and precisely described, fully developed symptoms, each one of which suffices for diagnosing the particular remedy. To exemplify such a living symptom, a Calcium carbonicum syndrome is considered in detail, out of daily practice. It reads: Hunger; the patient eats more and more, until it is too late, since the painful full feeling or the feeling as if there were stones in the stomach does not come on immediately to warn the patient, but only a quarter of an hour after eating.
Ageing, arteriosclerosis, dizziness and Baryta carb
Authors: Ghosh A.
Published: September 2006

Twelve patients with arteriosclerosis and dizziness are discussed. Because baryta poisoning causes arteriosclerosis the same remedy was used to treat these patients; twice-daily doses of Baryta carb. 6x or 30c for six months were found to be effective.
Arthritis and rheumatism
Authors: Martin Geoffrey
Published: September 2006

With an eye to effect it is said that doctors get the patients they deserve. A more true general statement is that they get the patients with diseases in which they are interested. Nevertheless, the rheumatic diseases are so common at all ages after youth, and homœopathy has so much to contribute to the management of these illnesses, that it is instructive to record and analyse the caseload of rheumatic disease referred to one consultant physician over a twelve-month period. There will be a brief reference to the concept of the chronic pain syndrome, and to certain aspects of homœopathic prescribing in general, but not to the materia medica of individual remedies or the homœopathic treatment of individual patients.
Self-awareness and homœopathy
Authors: Hehr G.S.
Published: September 2006

Synopsis

Hahnemann recommended a psychological exercise that was based on the experience of the ancients. Recent scientific studies have shown that it is likely to be of immense value to everybody. This exercise should have become an integral part of homœopathy, but has not done so. Stalwarts of homœopathy have missed this point. In every commentary on Hahnemann's work and in every restatement of the same, this aspect of Hahnemann's teaching has been overlooked.
Mineral in man and animal
Authors: Wolff H.G.
Published: September 2006

The effectiveness of Mineral, in the treatment of dogs is demonstrated on the basis of case histories and statistics for eighty-three cases. The results are of significance and suggest that trials in human medicine as well as further veterinary studies would be of value.
Genital herpes and homœopathy
Authors: Ghosh A.
Published: September 2006

The aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of genital herpes are described. One patient with primary infection and another with recurrent herpes were treated with homœopathic remedies. It is observed that Rhus tox. alleviates the clinical features of genital herpes and if given early may prevent recurring illness. Recurring herpes may be treatable with a constitutional remedy.
Pertussin 30—Preventive for whooping cough?
Authors: English J.M.
Published: September 2006

The primary purpose of this study was to be a pilot for a further, larger study to determine whether the homœopathic preparation Pertussin 30c was effective in preventing whooping cough. It was recognized that neither the numbers involved, nor the method followed would of themselves be sufficient to prove efficacy, but it was hoped that a positive result would permit the conclusion to be drawn that a further study would be in the public interest.

694 valid replies from 1100 questionnaires sent to the parents of children who had had Pertussin 30 were compared with Hillingdon District's notified figures. Hillingdon FPC provided evidence of a wide degree of variability in the notification rates of pertussis. When there were taken into account the result suggested a degree of activity for Pertissin in excess of 50%. Although the assumptions are reasonable in themselves, no claim can be made to have demonstrated the effect of Pertussin in a statistially valid way. It is reasonable, however, to conclude that there is a good technical case for further investigation to be undertake, although with rising immunization rates it may not be justified in terms of reward for its cost. The trial has helped to define a possible method for doing this, which is described.
Microdose effects of drugs and chemicals on the enzymes urease, diastase and trypsin
Authors: Persson W.M.
Published: September 2006

Twelve medicinal agents and chemicals were assessed for microdose effects on the enzymes urease, diastase and trypsin. Silver nitrate and mercuric chloride had a slight effect on urease; mercuric chloride, sulphur and after them calcium chloride had marked effect on diastase, microdoses of Iris, phosphoric acid and arsenic on trypsin. Gold chloride had only a slight effect on diastase. The remaining preparations—benzoic acid, platinum chloride and insulin—had no effect.

An investigation was made to determine the effect of dynamized dilutions of iodine on starch, and the pH of phosphoric acid dilutions by electrometric methods.

It has been empirically shown that colorimetry provides the most sensitive method for assessing microdose effects (dilutions up to 10−100).
The effect of anti-tissue antibodies in healthy volunteers
Authors: Seguin P.
Published: September 2006

There is currently no aetiological therapy for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Treatment is directed only towards the opportunistic diseases which develop in these patients. The author shows that the use of antilymphocyte serum (ALS), normally used following organ transplantation, is capable of inducing biological and clinical manifestations which are analogous to those of patients suffering from AIDS.

Recent work in immunology demonstrates that very small doses of specific anti-tissue antibodies are capable of inducing specific biological modifications of the immune response in healthy subjects.

In view of the similia principle, the author opens a new field of research and proposes a specific treatment of infection with HIV in the light of his clinical experiment. This treatment may be of value in healthy carriers as well as patients who have already developed some clinical manifestations.
Cyclosporin: Similimum for AIDS?
Authors: Finnegan M.J.B.
Published: September 2006

The therapeutic vacuum in the wake of the AIDS epidemic invites speculation and the utilization of likely existing therapeutic agents in the treatment of HIV infected patients. Immunosuppressive agents, by virtue of their therapeutic action, produce toxic symptoms which have similarities to AIDS. Cyclosporin A (CyA) has a selective action on the T series of lymphocytes and is considered below.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Is phytolacca americana homœopathic to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
Authors: Irwin M.K.S.
Published: September 2006

The aim of this article was to consider a pathological similimum for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The primary defect in AIDS is in lymphocytes, therefore an agent which acts on lymphocytes might be useful in the homœopathic treatment of AIDS.

In this article AIDS, its immunology and clinical presentation, are compared with the toxicological and haematological actions of Phytolacca americana, and finally with the homœopathic materia media of Phytolacca.

Phytolacca americana does not appear to be specifically homœopathic to the pathology of AIDS. The materia medica of Phytolacca however shares some important features with the clinical presentation of AIDS.
A chemo-pharmacological study of Hypericum perforatum L.
Authors: Kumar S. , Lohar D.R. , Chaturvedi D. , Gaur G.D. , Varma P.N.
Published: September 2006

Arthritis was produced in adult albino rats weighing 120±10 g through intramuscular injections of 0.5 ml of 2% w/w formalin beneath the plantar aponeurosis on the first and third day. The anterioposterior diameter of the ankle was recorded and statistically analyzed. It was evident that relatively low doses, 0.25 ml/100 g body weight, of tincture of Hypericum perforatum produced a significant 48% anti-inflammatory effect, whereas higher doses, 0.5 ml/100 g body weight, of the drug showed 32% activity under identical conditions. Parallel studies with 1 mg/100 g body weight hydrocortisone administration gave similar anti-inflammatory effects.

Local application of an alcoholic extract of the drug in very small doses also produced significant skin softness and flexibility of muscle.
Homœopathy and morphic resonance
Authors: Van Galen E.
Published: September 2006

On a theoretical basis, the possible relation is discussed between the ‘morphic resonance’ theory of Dr Rupert Sheldrake and its possible contribution to establishing homœopathy in a scientific frame. Sheldrake's hypotheses on ‘formative causation’ and morphic resonance initially influenced biological views on the processes of evolution and have been verified by psychological experiments.

However, the theoretical background of Sheldrake's hypotheses may also be relevant to forming hypotheses on a yet unknown physical principle, which are to explain the working of homeopathic potencies.
Contaminants in commercial homoeopathic medicines
Authors: Zacharias Carlos Renato
Published: September 2006

2 sets of homoeopathic medicines prepared from Lycopodium clavatum (6cH, 12cH and 100cH) and the dynamized water and ethanol mixture used (3cH and 6cH) were analysed using ultraviolet spectroscopy. The spectra for each set of Lycopodium and dynamized solvent were similar and differed from that of the inert solvent. The 2 sets of dynamized medicines nevertheless showed significant differences. These results suggest the possible introduction of contaminants during the dynamization process, the effects of which on clinical results are considered.
What conclusions should we draw from the data?
Authors: Vickers Andrew
Published: September 2006

Critical appraisal of a scientific trial involves deciding on its internal validity— whether the hypothesis has been correctly accepted or rejected—and its external validity—the extent to which the trial's findings can be generalized. Discourse on homoeopathic research has focused on the former at the expense of the latter and an analysis of homoeopathic research demonstrates that it has low external validity. One solution would be to split the research process in two. Large scale, triple-blind trials could be used to determine the extent to which the action of homoeopathy may be explained by placebo. Importantly, no assessment of external validity would be made. Audit and cohort studies could then be used to examine questions usually associated with external validity, such as the conditions most suitable for treatment and the long-term clinical value of homoeopathy.
Retrospective study of rheumatological patients in a private homoeopathic medical practice
Authors: Wassenhoven Michel Van
Published: September 2006

A retrospective study of rheumatological patients seen in a private homoeopathic practice was conducted. 3,555 computerized patient files were surveyed, yielding 99 patients with a primary diagnosis of arthritis. Patient files were analysed by diagnosis, demographic variables and duration of follow-up.

Response to treatment, level of similarity, medicines and dilutions prescribed are presented. Forty-three patients were able to stop all conventional medication, most of the treatment failures were in-patients with relatively brief follow-up.

Some representative case histories are described.
When does unbiased become biased?
Authors: Kaptchuk Ted J.
Published: September 2006

Since the 1960s, homoeopaths, along with biomedical physicians, have generally acknowledged the double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (RCT) as the ‘gold standard’ for establishing the efficacy of a clinical intervention. The homoeopathic profession has, however, been ambivalent about the incorporation of the RCT model for the internal validation of homoeopathic medicines. This paper looks at important components of the RCT such as blind assessment, randomization and statistical inference and examines some of the historical and scientific issues about their adoption for homoeopathic provings.
Effects of individually chosen homoeopathic medicines on recurrent URTI in children
Authors: Blommers J. , Kuik D.J. , Feenstra L. , Bezemer P.D. , De Lange-De Klerk E.S.M.
Published: September 2006

The effects of homoeopathic medicines on children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were studied in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted at the paediatric outpatients department of the university hospital of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam from 1987 to 1992.

The study was designed to meet both the requirements of proper homoeopathic practice and the current standards of a clinical trial. The purpose of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial is to identify the effects of the agents under investigation by equalizing the effects of other factors that may influence outcome.

The object of the trial, eligibility criteria, follow-up period, treatments and concurrent interventions, data collection and effect measures are discussed in the light of homoeopathic thinking.
Homoeopathic treatment of bronchial asthma
Authors: Eizayaga Francisco Xavier , Eizayaga Francisco Xavier , Eizayaga Jose
Published: September 2006

A retrospective evaluation of the results of the homoeopathic treatment of 62 patients suffering from bronchial asthma showed a very significant statistical improvement in the condition. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied after a random trawl of cases from our files. The results were evaluated in terms of the general population and according to age at start of treatment, to take account of the high incidence of spontaneous remission in children. The clinical approach of the homoeopath is discussed, with reference to the prescribing of medicines.
Homoeopathic potencies on the internet
Authors: Van Galen E.
Published: September 2006

The introduction of further means of electronic communication will be an absolute necessity for the entrance of homoeopathy into the 21st century.

The possibilities Internet already offers for homeopathy are illustrated by introducing the Homoeopathic Internet Resources List (a guide to homoeopathic resources on the Internet which has been available online on the Internet since January 1995). The first homoeopathic webserver on an academic level called HOMEOWEB is also introduced.
Dose-dependent suppression of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by potentized Agaricus muscarius
Authors: Ghosh Souvik , Babu S.P. Sinha , Sukul N.C.
Published: September 2006

Agaricus muscarius 30c, a potentized homoeopathic drug prepared by successive dilution with 90% alcohol followed by sonication, suppressed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss albino mice significantly. This anticataleptic effect was dose-dependent being greatest with the undiluted Agaricus 30c and least if diluted 1:20,000. Higher dilutions like 1:40,000 and 1:50,000 did not produce an anticataleptic effect. The effect reappeared when the 1:50,000 dilution was sonicated. The anticataleptic effect of potentized Agaricus was observed with the drug administered both before and after haloperidol. However, the pre-treatment effect was more pronounced than the post-treatment effect.

It is thought that potentized Agaricus contains an active principle that can be attenuated by dilution and multiplied by mechanical agitation or sonication.
Primary sources in homoeopathic history
Authors: Leary Bernard
Published: September 2006

The importance of primary sources in the history of homoeopathy is discussed in particular relation to newly discovered letters addressed to Frederic Quin.
Physical modelling of dynamization
Authors: Castellizacharias Analia , Zacharias Carlos Renato
Published: September 2006

A physical model of the dynamization process is proposed. It is based on some postulates and introduces the concept of saturation, the most important feature of dynamization. We discuss the ideal number of succussions, frequency and dilution ratio to produce a more effective medicine. Our model is a step towards understanding the dynamization process and, by extension, homoeopathy.