bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of APP‐containing vesicle trafficking and production of β‐amyloid by AID/DHHC‐12 protein
Authors: Mizumaru Chie , Saito Yuhki , Ishikawa Takao , Yoshida Tomohiro , Yamamoto Tohru , Nakaya Tadashi , Suzuki Toshiharu
Published: September 2009

The metabolism of amyloid β‐protein precursor (APP) is regulated by various cytoplasmic and/or membrane‐associated proteins, some of which are involved in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking. We found that a protein containing Asp–His–His–Cys (DHHC) domain, alcadein and APP interacting DHHC protein (AID)/DHHC‐12, strongly inhibited APP metabolism, including amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) generation. In cells expressing AID/DHHC‐12, APP was tethered in the Golgi, and APP‐containing vesicles disappeared from the cytoplasm. Although DHHC domain‐containing proteins are involved in protein palmitoylation, a AID/DHHC‐12 mutant of which the enzyme activity was impaired by replacing the DHHC sequence with Ala–Ala–His–Ser (AAHS) made no detectable difference in the generation and trafficking of APP‐containing vesicles in the cytoplasm or the metabolism of APP. Furthermore, the mutant AID/DHHC‐12 significantly increased non‐amyloidogenic α‐cleavage of APP along with activation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17, a major α‐secretase, suggesting that protein palmitoylation involved in the regulation of α‐secretase activity. AID/DHHC‐12 can modify APP metabolism, including Aβ generation in multiple ways by regulating the generation and/or trafficking of APP‐containing vesicles from the Golgi and their entry into the late secretary pathway in an enzymatic activity‐independent manner, and the α‐cleavage of APP in the enzymatic activity‐dependent manner.
The Value of Rehabilitating Logged Rainforest for Birds
Authors: EDWARDS DAVID P. , ANSELL FELICITY A. , AHMAD ABDUL H. , NILUS REUBEN , HAMER KEITH C.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The recent advent of carbon crediting has led to a rapid rise in biosequestration projects that seek to remove carbon from the atmosphere through afforestation and forest rehabilitation. Such projects also present an important potential opportunity to reverse biodiversity losses resulting from deforestation and forest degradation, but the biodiversity benefits of different forms of biosequestration have not been considered adequately. We captured birds in mist nets to examine the effects of rehabilitation of logged forest on birds in Sabah, Borneo, and to test the hypothesis that rehabilitation restores avian assemblages within regenerating forest to a condition closer to that seen in unlogged forest. Species richness and diversity were similar in unlogged and rehabilitated forest, but significantly lower in naturally regenerating forest. Rehabilitation resulted in a relatively rapid recovery of populations of insectivores within logged forest, especially those species that forage by sallying, but had a marked adverse effect on frugivores and possibly reduced the overall abundance of birds within regenerating forest. In view of these results, we advocate increased management for heterogeneity within rehabilitated forests, but we strongly urge an increased role for forest rehabilitation in the design and implementation of a biodiversity‐friendly carbon‐offsetting market.
Vagus nerve stimulation might have a unique effect in reflex eating seizures
Authors: Cukiert Arthur , Mariani Pedro Paulo , Burattini Jose Augusto , Cukiert Cristine Mella , Forster Cassio , Baise Carla , Argentoni‐Baldochi Meire , Mello Valeria
Published: September 2009

We studied the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on eating seizures, which theoretically would be triggered by neural activity and signaling from organs innervated by the vagus nerve. Three adult patients with daily nonreflex and reflex eating seizures were studied; one patient also had hot‐water seizures. One patient had bilateral polymicrogyria and two had normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. All patients were submitted to VNS implantation and had at least 2 years of postimplantation follow‐up. Final stimulation parameters were 2.0–2.5 mA, 500 μs, and 30 Hz. Eating seizures decreased 70–95% and nonreflex seizures decreased 0–40% after VNS. There was no improvement in hot‐water seizures. VNS seems to be an especially useful treatment modality in patients with reflex eating seizures not amenable to resective surgery.
Adult‐onset drug‐refractory seizure disorder associated with anti–voltage‐gated potassium‐channel antibody
Authors: Barajas Ramon F. , Eric Collins D. , Cha Soonmee , Geschwind Michael D.
Published: September 2009

Voltage‐gated potassium channels are widely expressed throughout the entire nervous system. These channels play a critical role in establishing the resting membrane potential and generation of neuronal action potentials. There is mounting evidence that autoantibodies reactive to neuronal cell surface antigens, such as voltage‐gated potassium channels, play a pathogenic role in a wide spectrum of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. We report a case of new‐onset drug‐refractory seizure disorder associated with the presence of high levels of serum anti–voltage‐gated potassium channel antibodies that responded only to immunotherapy. As demonstrated by this case report, anti–voltage‐gated potassium channel antibody associated drug‐refractory seizure disorder, although rare, should be considered in patients with unexplained adult‐onset seizure activity. Once the diagnosis has been established the initiation of immunotherapy should be undertaken without delay.
Xp22.3 genomic deletions involving the CDKL5 gene in girls with early onset epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Mei Davide , Marini Carla , Novara Francesca , Bernardina Bernardo D. , Granata Tiziana , Fontana Elena , Parrini Elena , Ferrari Anna R. , Murgia Alessandra , Zuffardi Orsetta , Guerrini Renzo
Published: September 2009

Purpose:  Mutations of the X‐linked gene cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) cause an X‐linked encephalopathy with early onset intractable epilepsy, including infantile spasms and other seizure types, and a Rett syndrome (RTT)–like phenotype. Very limited information is available on the frequency and phenotypic spectrum associated with CDKL5 deletions/duplications. We investigated the role of CDKL5 deletions/duplications in causing early onset intractable epilepsy of unknown etiology in girls.

Methods:  We studied 49 girls with early onset intractable epilepsy, with or without infantile spasms, and developmental impairment, for whom no etiologic factors were obvious after clinical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and expanded screening for inborn errors of metabolism. We performed CDKL5 gene mutation analysis in all and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification assay (MLPA) in those who were mutation negative. Custom Array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), breakpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and X‐inactivation studies were performed in patients in whom MLPA uncovered a genomic alteration.

Results:  We found CDKL5 mutations in 8.2% (4 of 49) of patients and genomic deletions in 8.2% (4 of 49). Overall, abnormalities of the CDKL5 gene accounted for 16.3% (8 of 49) of patients.

Discussion:  CDKL5 gene deletions are an under‐ascertained cause of early onset intractable epilepsy in girls. Genetic testing of CDKL5, including both mutation and deletion/duplication analysis, should be considered in this clinical subgroup.
Mutations in LGI1 gene in Japanese families with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy: The first report from Asian families
Authors: Kawamata Jun , Ikeda Akio , Fujita Youshi , Usui Keiko , Shimohama Shun , Takahashi Ryosuke
Published: September 2009

Autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE) caused by LGI1 (leucine‐rich gene, glioma‐inactivated‐1) mutations is a rare familial epileptic syndrome characterized by the auditory ictal manifestation and rare nocturnal generalized seizures. We have examined the sequence of the LGI1 gene in four Japanese families with lateral temporal lobe epilepsy having characteristic auditory features, and identified one novel (1421G>A), and one reported (1418C>T) point mutation each in two families. These two mutations were 3 bp apart in the LGI1 gene and caused adjoining amino acid substitutions. The two families presented different clinical phenotypes and seizure control to drug treatment. These findings suggest that LGI1 mutations in Japanese ADLTE families may not be uncommon, and that diverse clinical phenotypes make adequate diagnosis of ADLTE difficult when only based on clinical information.
Education in donation coping strategies encourages individuals to give blood: further evaluation of a donor recruitment brochure
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Kowalsky Jennifer M. , Cornett Tanya L.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: This study extends our prior assessment of a blood donation recruitment brochure by assessing persistence of observed changes in attitudes toward donation as well as the effects that such changes have on the behavior of registering to give blood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to read 1) a study brochure addressing common donor concerns and suggesting specific coping strategies, 2) a blood center brochure, or 3) a control brochure on healthy eating and exercise. Measures of blood donation attitudes, donation‐related anxiety, confidence in ability to avert vasovagal reactions, and intentions to give blood in the near future were completed before and after reading the brochures and again approximately 1 week later. In addition, participants were given the opportunity to sign up for an upcoming blood drive immediately after reading the brochure.

RESULTS: Relative to the control brochure, the study brochure was associated with improvements in donation attitude, anxiety, confidence, and intention, and all of these effects persisted at follow‐up. Further, participants who read the study brochure were more likely to volunteer to give blood, an effect that was mediated by enhanced confidence in their ability to avoid vasovagal reactions.

CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to a brief educational brochure can enhance prospective donor confidence and increase the likelihood that they will volunteer to give blood.
Partial C antigen in sickle cell disease patients: clinical relevance and prevention of alloimmunization
Authors: Tournamille Christophe , Meunier‐Costes Natacha , Costes Bruno , Martret Jennifer , Barrault Aurélie , Gauthier Philippe , Galactéros Frédéric , Nzouékou Ruben , Bierling Philippe , Noizat‐Pirenne France
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: Partial Rh antigens have been widely described in black individuals. Carriers are prone to immunization when exposed to the normal antigens. In sickle cell disease (SCD), patient alloimmunization is a major cause of transfusion failure. The potential of individuals with partial C antigen to make anti‐C has not been investigated. We sought partial C status and anti‐C production in a cohort of SCD patients with the C+ phenotype, to determine whether exposure to normal C antigen should be avoided.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We constituted a cohort of 177 randomly selected SCD patients expressing C antigen. We screened for (C)ces and RN haplotypes, presumably associated with partial C antigen in Afro‐Caribbeans, and we recorded the number of transfused C+ red blood cell (RBC) units, immunization status, and extended phenotype.

RESULTS: Forty‐nine patients carried abnormal C antigen, deduced from the presence of (C)ces and/or RN, not compensated by a normal RHC allele in trans. Among patients with partial C phenotype exposed repeatedly to C+ RBCs, 30% produced anti‐C. Two patients experienced hemolysis. In our hospital, with 22% of SCD patients expressing C, prevention of anti‐C immunization for all individuals with partial C antigen would require a 7% increase in the use of C– RBC units. These RBCs are already in short supply for SCD patients who are C–.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the need to detect partial C within C+ SCD patients and to prevent immunization. A larger number of Afro‐Caribbeans donors is needed to provide these patients with C– RBCs.
Recent advances in laboratory assays for nonhemolytic transfusion reactions
Authors: Hirayama Fumiya
Published: September 2009

Nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (NHTRs) are the most common transfusion reactions and include transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and allergic and febrile reactions. White blood cell (WBC) antibodies (Abs) against human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and human neutrophil antigen (HNA) in blood components are frequently implicated in NHTRs, especially in TRALI. Recently, we established a five‐cell‐lineage immunofluorescence test, a modified granulocyte immunofluorescence test, and a panel of cell lines stably expressing HNAs for efficient detection of Abs against well‐known HNA‐1 to HNA‐5, and also Abs against neutrophil antigens other than HNA‐1 to HNA‐5. Using these techniques, we found that most of the non‐HLA WBC Abs detected in NHTR cases were against antigens other than HNA‐1 to HNA‐5. In addition, using our newly established neutrophil activation test, which assesses neutrophil activation elicited by immunologic stimuli such as WBC Abs and immune complex, we found that heparin‐binding protein is a potential final effector molecule that induces NHTRs, including TRALI. More recently, we reported that the basophil activation test, which was originally developed to identify allergens in the field of allergic diseases, might be useful in transfusion medicine. In this review, we summarize these new techniques and other related tests.
Aortic Elastic Properties of Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope
Authors: SUCU MURAT M. , DAVUTOGLU VEDAT , AKCAY MURAT , YIĞITER REMZI , AL BEHCET
Published: September 2009

Objective: Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common clinical problem; however, hemodynamic mechanism is not clearly understood. Aim of the present study was to investigate aortic elastic parameters of patients with NCS provoked by head‐up tilt test.

Material and Method: We conducted a prospective study of 40 cases referred to our institution for head‐up tilt testing. Group I constituted as 22 patients who developed mixed response and were enrolled for analysis. Hemodynamic data were compared with subjects of negative head‐up tilt test (Group II). Aorta‐diastolic and aorta‐systolic diameters, aortic strain, aortic distensibility, aortic elastic modulus, and aortic stiffness index were calculated from transthoracic echocardiographically derived diameters of thoracic aorta.

Results: Aortic distensibility (mean ± SD; 2.7 ± 1.2 cm2× dyn−1× 10−6 vs 4.0 ± 1.2 cm2× dyn−1× 10−6, P = 0,003) and aortic strain index (mean ± SD; 7.0 ± 1.8% vs 8.7 ± 2.9%, P = 0.042) were lower, and aortic stiffness index (mean ± SD; 27.6 ± 10.9 vs 20.9 ± 6.18, P = 0.035) and aortic elastic modulus (mean ± SD; 0.94 ± 0.7 cm2× dyn−1× 10−6 vs 0.49 ± 0.1 cm2× dyn−1× 10−6, P = 0.009) were higher in patients in Group I compared with those in Group II. There was no difference between two groups for following clinical variables: aorta‐diastolic and aorta‐systolic diameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, E/A, weight, height, and body mass index.

Conclusions: Findings of this study have shown that elastic properties of aorta are impaired in patients with NCS. The data suggest that increase in aortic stiffness might be one of the determinants responsible for NCS. This proposal of novel link should be confirmed in further studies.
Negative Temperature Coefficient Material with Low Thermal Constant and High Resistivity for Low‐Temperature Thermistor Applications
Authors: Luo Wei , Yao Hua‐Ming , Yang Ping‐Hua , Chen Chu‐Sheng
Published: September 2009

The negative temperature coefficient material with low thermal constant B and high resistivity were explored for low‐temperature thermistor applications. The spinel oxide Fe0.5Cu0.2Ni0.66Mn1.64O4 had a required low B value, but its resistivity was much lower than the required value. To increase the resistivity, yttrium‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was introduced into the spinel oxide. The spinel oxide in composite with YSZ (80 mol%) exhibited a much increased resistivity (10 479 Ω·cm at 25°C) while without causing much change in the B value (2842 K). It was found that the electrical conduction of the composite can be described quantitatively using the percolation theory.
Effect of Calcination Temperature and Concentration on Luminescence Properties of Novel Ca3Y2Si3O12:Eu Phosphors
Authors: Bandi Vengala Rao , Nien Yung‐Tang , Lu Tzung‐Heng , Chen In‐Gann
Published: September 2009

In the present work, nanocrystalline Ca3Y2(1−x)Si3O12:Eux (x=1, 5, 10, and 20 mol%) novel phosphors were synthesized by a sol–gel method. The effect of temperature and concentration on structural and luminescence properties of nanocrystalline powders were investigated under UV excitation. The X‐ray diffraction profiles showed that all peaks could be attributed to the orthorhombic Ca3Y2Si3O12 doped Eu phase at the various calcination temperatures with various concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to understand the surface morphological features and grain sizes. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements exhibited the presence of all transitions of Eu3+ dopant, being the 5D0→7F2 transition the most intense under the charge transfer band and it was observed to be located at around 250 nm. It was also found that, the PL intensity was strongly dependent on both the calcination temperature and dopant concentration. The highest PL intensity was observed for x=5 mol% with temperature at 1000°C. It was observed that the spectral features possess sharp and bright emission for potential applications on the flat panel displays and some other related electronic systems, in observing the images of red color.
Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties in Mn‐Modified (1−x)BiFeO3–xBaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Leontsev Serhiy O. , Eitel Richard E.
Published: September 2009

In the current work, the bulk (1−x)BiFeO3–xBaTiO3 system has been studied as a potential lead‐free piezoelectric material. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) in solid solution with bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is observed to stabilize the perovskite structure and improve switching behavior. Samples with various content of BaTiO3 were prepared via solid‐state route, and pure perovskite phase was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Modification of the BaTiO3–BiFeO3 material with Mn improved DC resistivity by one to five orders of magnitude (7.6 × 1012 vs. 2.7 × 107Ω·m for 25 mol% BaTiO3 at room temperature) and polarization hysteresis measurements indicated “hard” ferroelectric behavior with the highest strain response at 33 mol% BaTiO3. Finally, low‐field piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 116 pC/N and ferroelectric transition temperature above 450°C are reported for 25 mol% BaTiO3 composition.
Accelerated Conversion of Silicate Bioactive Glass (13‐93) to Hydroxyapatite in Aqueous Phosphate Solution Containing Polyanions
Authors: Fu Qiang , Rahaman Mohamed N. , Day Delbert E.
Published: September 2009

The influence of alginic acid, an anionic polysaccharide, on the conversion of 13‐93 bioactive glass to hydroxyapatite (HA) in aqueous phosphate solution was investigated. Disks of 13‐93 glass were immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) containing 0–1 weight percent (wt%) alginic acid. HA was detected on the glass surface by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after 2 weeks in PBS containing 0.5 wt% alginic acid, compared with 6 weeks in PBS without alginic acid. In the presence of alginic acid (0.5 wt%), the growth of the HA layer on the glass increased almost linearly with time, at a rate that was approximately six times faster than that for the system without alginic acid. The thickness of the HA layer increased with the concentration of alginic acid (0–1 wt%). Chelation of the electron‐donating moieties of alginic acid polymer, such as carboxyls and hydroxyls, to the leached cations from the bioactive glass, in particular calcium ions, is suggested as a mechanism for the enhanced corrosion of the glass and, hence, the enhanced conversion to HA. The use of natural or synthetic polyelectrolytes could provide a method for manipulating the conversion rate of bioactive glass to HA.
Control of Deposits and Porous Properties of Hydrothermally Solidified Materials Using Clays
Authors: Maeda Hirotaka , Furusato Akihiro , Ishida Emile Hideki
Published: September 2009

We examined the addition of quartz to powder compacts consisting of kaolinite and slaked lime to determine the influence of quartz addition on the deposition and porous structure of solidified materials treated by a hydrothermal process. After hydrothermal treatment, hydrogarnet formed in the solidified materials, and hydrogarnet formation was independent of the addition of quartz to the powder compacts. The amount of hydrogarnet in the hydrothermally solidified materials with quartz as a starting material was higher than that in the materials without quartz. The porosity of the hydrothermally solidified materials depended on the amount of hydrogarnet. A different degree of hydration was observed for hydrogarnet in the hydrothermally solidified samples derived from powder compacts with and without quartz. The degree of hydration played an important role in hydrogarnet shape.
Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Nanowires from a Hybrid of Amorphous Biopolymer and Sol–Gel‐Derived Silica
Authors: Mishra Shivani B. , Mishra Ajay K. , Krause Rui W. , Mamba Bhekie B.
Published: September 2009

We report here the formation of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires from inorganic–organic hybrid of sol–gel‐derived silica and the commercially available lignin that is naturally abundant amorphous biopolymer. This organic–inorganic hybrid material in the absence of catalyst was carbothermally reduced for a period of 1 h at 1400°C in inert atmosphere followed by oxidization. The nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy, which show the continuous formation of β‐SiC nanowires in the range of 50–200 nm diameter and length of few micrometers. Transmission electron microscopy revealed Y‐shaped structures (branched) of the nanowires grown in the direction of parallel to the [100] plane having two heads and one leg. The nanowires were formed with joints that were formed at regular intervals as circular rings. The deposition of silica layer on the outer surface of the nanowires was also observed. According to the X‐ray diffraction pattern, peaks at 2θ=35.9° and 59.8° indicate the formation of β‐SiC and a sharp peak at 2θ=22.1° suggests the presence of unreacted crystalline silica (crystoballite). The Raman shifts for β‐SiC appeared as small peaks at 795.6 and 983.1 cm−1, respectively. The characteristic vibration of SiC at 795 cm−1in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was also observed.
Optical Absorption in Polymer‐Derived Amorphous Silicon Oxycarbonitrides
Authors: Wang Yansong , Jiang Tao , Zhang Ligong , An Linan
Published: September 2009

Three amorphous silicon oxycarbonitrides are prepared by thermal decomposition of a polymeric precursor at different temperatures. The optical absorption spectra of these materials are measured over a wide range of excitation energies from 0.4 to 5.0 eV. The spectra are analyzed using theoretical models. Two absorption transitions are identified between the deep defect energy level and the delocalized conduction band and between the two delocalized bands. It is found that the band gaps measured decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The results obtained are discussed.
Influence of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin‐6 on RANKL and OPG expression and release in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: KRAJEWSKI ANNA C. , BIESSEI JANINE , KUNZE MELANIE , MAERSCH Stephan , PERABO LUCA , NOACK MICHAEL J.
Published: September 2009

Recent research into periodontal disease pathology focuses on the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in periodontal bone destruction processes. RANKL regulates the differentiation of osteoclast by binding to its specific receptor RANK, while OPG inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts by binding RANKL and therefore preventing RANKL to bind RANK. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) on RANKL and OPG expression and release in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Human PDL cells were stimulated for 48 h with purified P. gingivalis LPS and IL‐6. OPG and sRANKL release were assessed by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique. OPG and RANKL expression was quantitatively measured by using the real‐time PCR technique. Whereas P. gingivalis LPS induced sRANKL release, expression was only slightly increased, IL‐6 did not show an effect on RANKL expression or release. In conclusion the data demonstrate that stimulation of PDL cells with P. gingivalis LPS leads to an increased release of sRANKL, rather than increased RANKL expression. Through this action, P. gingivalis LPS may exert its biological effect on osteoclast formation and bone resorption.
Prognostic significance of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and its cleaved forms in blood from patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: ALMASI CHARLOTTE ELBERLING , HØYER‐HANSEN GUNILLA , CHRISTENSEN IB JARLE , PAPPOT HELLE
Published: September 2009

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) cleaves its three‐domain cell surface receptor, uPAR, liberating domain I [uPAR(I)] and leaving the cleaved uPAR(II‐III) on the cell surface. Both intact and cleaved uPAR can be shed from the cell surface. uPAR(I) was previously shown to be a prognostic factor in lung tumour extracts. Here we analyse uPAR forms in blood from patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Preoperatively sampled plasma/serum from 32 patients with NSCLC was analysed. Three time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TR‐FIAs) measuring intact uPAR(I‐III) (TR‐FIA 1), uPAR(I‐III) + uPAR(II‐III) (TR‐FIA 2) and uPAR(I) (TR‐FIA 3) were applied. The Spearman rank correlations between plasma and serum levels of uPAR(I‐III), uPAR(I‐III) + uPAR(II‐III), and uPAR(I) were 0.89, 0.94 and 0.68 respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that high levels of all uPAR forms were associated with shorter survival. Adjusted for histological subtype high plasma uPAR(I‐III) and uPAR(I) levels as well as serum uPAR(I) levels were significantly associated with shorter OS (hazards ratios = 4.3, 2.8 and 3.8 respectively). High blood levels of intact uPAR and its cleaved forms are associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC.
β‐adducin (Add2) KO mice show synaptic plasticity, motor coordination and behavioral deficits accompanied by changes in the expression and phosphorylation levels of the α‐ and γ‐adducin subunits
Authors: Porro F. , Rosato‐Siri M. , Leone E. , Costessi L. , Iaconcig A. , Tongiorgi E. , Muro A. F.
Published: September 2009

Adducins are a family of proteins found in cytoskeleton junctional complexes, which bind and regulate actin filaments and actin‐spectrin complexes. In brain, adducin is expressed at high levels and is identified as a constituent of synaptic structures, such as dendritic spines and growth cones of neurons. Adducin‐induced changes in dendritic spines are involved in activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity processes associated with learning and memory, but the mechanisms underlying these functions remain to be elucidated. Here, β‐adducin knockout (KO) mice were used to obtain a deeper insight into the role of adducin in these processes. We showed that β‐adducin KO mice showed behavioral, motor coordination and learning deficits together with an altered expression and/or phosphorylation levels of α‐adducin and γ‐adducin. We found that β‐adducin KO mice exhibited deficits in learning and motor performances associated with an impairment of long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of adducin, a reduction in α‐adducin expression levels and upregulation of γ‐adducin in hippocampus, cerebellum and neocortex of mutant mice. In addition, we found that the mRNA encoding β‐adducin is also located in dendrites, where it may participate in the fine modulation of LTP and LTD. These results strongly suggest coordinated expression and phosphorylation of adducin subunits as a key mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity, motor coordination performance and learning behaviors.
Modulatory role of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism on the effects of serious life events on impulsive aggression in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wagner S. , Baskaya Ö. , Dahmen N. , Lieb K. , Tadić A.
Published: September 2009

Impulsive aggression belongs to the key features of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the development of BPD, serious life events are known to play a major role. Acute and chronic stress has been suggested to inhibit hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) synthesis and to mediate neural plasticity in response to adverse social experiences. Recently it has been reported that the frequency of violent suicide attempts is higher in adult suicide attempters reporting severe childhood sexual abuse and carrying the Val66Val genotype of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. In this study we analysed modulating effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on the effects of physical maltreatment, rape and childhood sexual abuse on impulsive aggression. One hundred and fifty‐nine BPD patients from Germany and of Caucasian descent were included. Impulsive aggression was assessed by the Buss‐Durkee‐Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Childhood sexual abuse accounted for 23.6% of the variance of BDHI sum score. Childhood sexual abuse decreased BDHI sum score in BDNF Val/Val carriers but not in Met carriers. In contrast to previous findings this study analysing a specific gene × environment interaction in BPD patients suggests a decreasing effect of childhood sexual abuse on impulsive aggression in BPD patients, particularly in BDNF Val/Val carriers. The interrelations between serious life events, impulsive aggression and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism as well as their implication for BPD are far from understood and require further investigations.
High‐throughput behavioral phenotyping in the expanded panel of BXD recombinant inbred strains
Authors: Philip V. M. , Duvvuru S. , Gomero B. , Ansah T. A. , Blaha C. D. , Cook M. N. , Hamre K. M. , Lariviere W. R. , Matthews D. B. , Mittleman G. , Goldowitz D. , Chesler E. J.
Published: September 2009

Genetic reference populations, particularly the BXD recombinant inbred (BXD RI) strains derived from C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, are a valuable resource for the discovery of the bio‐molecular substrates and genetic drivers responsible for trait variation and covariation. This approach can be profitably applied in the analysis of susceptibility and mechanisms of drug and alcohol use disorders for which many predisposing behaviors may predict the occurrence and manifestation of increased preference for these substances. Many of these traits are modeled by common mouse behavioral assays, facilitating the detection of patterns and sources of genetic coregulation of predisposing phenotypes and substance consumption. Members of the Tennessee Mouse Genome Consortium (TMGC) have obtained phenotype data from over 250 measures related to multiple behavioral assays across several batteries: response to, and withdrawal from cocaine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine; “ecstasy” (MDMA), morphine and alcohol; novelty seeking; behavioral despair and related neurological phenomena; pain sensitivity; stress sensitivity; anxiety; hyperactivity and sleep/wake cycles. All traits have been measured in both sexes in approximately 70 strains of the recently expanded panel of BXD RI strains. Sex differences and heritability estimates were obtained for each trait, and a comparison of early (N= 32) and recent (N= 37) BXD RI lines was performed. Primary data are publicly available for heritability, sex difference and genetic analyses using the MouseTrack database, and are also available inGeneNetwork.orgfor quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection and genetic analysis of gene expression. Together with the results of related studies, these data form a public resource for integrative systems genetic analysis of neurobehavioral traits.
In vivo assessment of the effect of an adhesive for complete dentures on colonisation of Candida species
Authors: Oliveira Mario C. S. , Oliveira Viviane M. B. , Vieira Alex C. , Rambob Isabel
Published: September 2009

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00345.x
 

In vivo assessment of the effect of an adhesive for complete dentures on colonisation of Candida species

Objective:  Denture adhesives have long been recognised by denture wearers as a useful adjunct to denture retention and stability. The objective of the present study was to evaluate, in vivo, the effect of a denture adhesive on oral quantities of Candida species by determination of absolute counts of colony‐forming units (CFU) per ml of saliva of individuals who use this denture adhesive for a period of 14 days.

Materials and methods:  Twenty‐four individuals were randomised in two equal groups of 12 (test and control), with the individuals of the test group using the adhesive for 14 days. Samples of saliva were collected from all individuals on days 0 (initial), 7 and 14. Aliquots of saliva were diluted and plated in duplicate on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and incubated for 37°C for 48 h, the CFU/ml were counted in the individuals of each group and the data of each group were compared at the different time periods and analysed statistically by the non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney U‐test (α ≤ 5%).

Results:  There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control groups during the test periods.

Conclusion:  Within of the limitations of this study, the data suggested that the denture adhesive tested did not significantly alter the oral microbiota during the 14‐day trial period.
Spectroscopic investigation of the reaction mechanism of CopB‐B, the catalytic fragment from an archaeal thermophilic ATP‐driven heavy metal transporter
Authors: Völlmecke Christian , Kötting Carsten , Gerwert Klaus , Lübben Mathias
Published: September 2009

The mechanism of ATP hydrolysis of a shortened variant of the heavy metal‐translocating P‐type ATPase CopB of Sulfolobus solfataricus was studied. The catalytic fragment, named CopB‐B, comprises the nucleotide binding and phosphorylation domains. We demonstrated stoichiometric high‐affinity binding of one nucleotide to the protein (Kdiss 1–20 μm). Mg is not necessary for nucleotide association but is essential for the phosphatase activity. Binding and hydrolysis of ATP released photolytically from the caged precursor nitrophenylethyl‐ATP was measured at 30 °C by infrared spectroscopy, demonstrating that phosphate groups are not involved in nucleotide binding. The hydrolytic kinetics was biphasic, and provides evidence for at least one reaction intermediate. Modelling of the forward reaction gave rise to three kinetic states connected by two intrinsic rate constants. The lower kinetic constant (k1 = 4.7 × 10−3 s−1 at 30 °C) represents the first and rate‐limiting reaction, probably reflecting the transition between the open and closed conformations of the domain pair. The subsequent step has a faster rate (k2 = 17 × 10−3 s−1 at 30 °C), leading to product formation. Although the latter appears to be a single step, it probably comprises several reactions with presently unresolved intermediates. Based on these data, we suggest a model of the hydrolytic mechanism.
What price an MP?
Authors: Hencke David
Published: September 2009

The MPs expenses scandal is prompting a sea change in attitudes towards the claiming of money by the UK's elected representatives and will cause the composition of Parliament to be very different in the future, says David Hencke
Brain Neurons Express Ornithine Decarboxylase‐Activating Antizyme Inhibitor 2 with Accumulation in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mäkitie Laura T. , Kanerva Kristiina , Polvikoski Tuomo , Paetau Anders , Andersson Leif C.
Published: September 2009

Polyamines are small cationic molecules that in adult brain are connected to neuronal signaling by regulating inward‐rectifier K+‐channels and different glutamate receptors. Antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) regulate the cellular uptake of polyamines and activate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‐limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis. Elevated levels of ODC activity and polyamines are detected in various brain disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

We originally reported a novel brain‐ and testis‐specific AZIN, called AZIN2, the distribution of which we have now studied in normal and diseased human brain by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We found the highest accumulation of AZIN2 in a pearl‐on‐the‐string‐like distribution along the axons in both the white and gray matter. AZIN2 was also detected in a vesicle‐like distribution in the somas of selected cortical pyramidal neurons. Double‐immunofluorescence staining revealed co‐localization of AZIN2 and N‐methyl D‐aspartate‐type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) in pyramidal neurons of the cortex. Moreover, we found accumulation of AZIN2 in brains affected by AD, but not by other neurodegenerative disorders (CADASIL or Lewy body disease). ODC activity is mostly linked to cell proliferation, whereas its regulation by AZIN2 in post‐mitotically differentiated neurons of the brain apparently serves different purposes. The subcellular distribution of AZIN2 suggests a role in vesicular trafficking.
The evolving role of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities
Authors: Chenier John A.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Following its near demise in 1982, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) adopted new goals and processes designed to increase satisfaction and deliver concrete results to its member municipalities. Over time, the FCM assumed the role of primary interlocutor or broker, establishing a bridge between federal intentions and local government needs and playing a central role in the aggregation, definition, articulation and advocacy of local government issues at the federal level. These FCM actions, in conjunction with the significant improvements in the financial position of the federal government, resulted in significant monetary transfers from the federal to local governments and large increases in FCM membership. At the close of 2005, the FCM was poised to achieve its ultimate goal of establishing a joint federal‐local mechanism for policy development as part of the New Deal. However, the election of the Harper government in 2006 led to a change in the federal position, leaving the FCM in a position remnminiscent of 1982 and a way forward that was suddenly less clear. While continuing to lobby strongly for fiscal transfers to municipalities, the FCM is assuming a broader role of filling the research void on local issues at the federal level.

Sommaire : Après avoir pratiquement disparu en 1982, la Fédération canadienne des municipalités (FCM) a adopté de nouveaux objectifs et processus afin d'accroître la satisfaction de ses municipalités membres et de leur fournir des résultats concrets. Au fil des ans, la FCM a assumé le rôle de principal interlocuteur ou représentant, en servant d'intermédiaire entre les intentions du gouvernement fédéral et les besoins des administrations municipales et en jouant un rôle majeur dans le regroupement, la définition, la formulation et la défense des questions relatives aux administrations municipales à l'échelle fédérale. Ces mesures prises par la FCM, de concert avec les améliorations importantes de la situation financière du gouvernement fédéral, ont eu pour résultat d'importants transferts monétaires du gouvernement fédéral aux administrations municipales et de fortes augmentations d'adhésion à la FCM. À la fin de 2005, la FCM était sur le point d'atteindre son but ultime qui était d'établir un mécanisme conjoint fédéral‐municipal pour l'élaboration de politiques, dans le cadre du Nouveau pacte pour les municipalités canadiennes. Cependant, l'élection du gouvernement Harper en 2006 a entraîné un changement dans la position du gouvernement fédéral, laissant la FCM dans une position très similaire à celle de 1982 et avec des perspectives d'avenir soudainement plus obscures. Tout en continuant à exercer de fortes pressions en faveur des transferts fiscaux aux municipalités, la FCM assume un rôle plus vaste en comblant le vide dans la recherche sur les questions municipales à l'échelle fédérale.
Federal grants to municipalities in Canada: Nature, importance and impact on municipal investments, from 1990 to 2005
Authors: Bojorquez Fabio , Champagne Eric , Vaillancourt François
Published: September 2009

Abstract: This article examines the nature, importance and impact of federal grants on municipal capital expenditures in Canada. The first part recaps the history of federal grants to Canadian municipalities, focusing mainly on the last twenty years; the second presents some quantitative evidence on the amounts involved; and the third examines their impact on municipal capital expenditures for recent years.

Sommaire : Le présent article examine la nature, l'importance et l'incidence des subventions fédérales sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au Canada. La première partie récapitule l'historique des subventions fédérales accordées aux municipalités canadiennes, se concentrant essentiellement sur les vingt dernières années; la deuxième partie présente des informations quantitatives sur les montants en question; et la troisième examine l'effet de ces subventions sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au cours des dernières années.
Association between Hyperglycemia and Survival in 228 Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: Hassel D.M. , Hill A.E. , Rorabeck R.A.
Published: September 2009

Background:Glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in critically ill humans resulting in hyperglycemia and decreased survival. Hyperglycemia is common in horses presenting with abdominal crisis, and this might be associated with a worse prognosis for survival.

Objective:To determine if hyperglycemia in horses with acute abdominal disease is associated with increased odds of failure to survive to hospital discharge.

Animals:Two hundred and twenty‐eight adult horses with acute gastrointestinal disease.

Methods:Observational retrospective study. Records of horses > 1 year of age presenting for treatment of colic over a 3‐year period were reviewed. Data collected included age, duration of colic, glucose, heart rate, PCV, total protein, anion gap, cost of hospitalization, breed, sex, pain at admission, diagnosis, whether surgery was performed, and life status at hospital discharge. Potential risk factors for nonsurvival were screened by univariable logistic regression and the best‐fitting univariable model was used as the basis for multivariable regression modeling.

Results:Mean blood glucose was 155 mg/dL (8.5 mM) with 45% of the population above the reference range; 16.7% (38 of 228) of horses had severe hyperglycemia (>195 mg/dL; 10.7 mM). Factors associated with increased odds of failure to survive included glucose, severity of pain at admission, heart rate, PCV, anion gap, and diagnosis. The best‐fitting multivariable model included glucose and diagnosis, with age included as a confounding variable. The model correctly classified outcome for 92.5% of horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This study has confirmed prior reports that hyperglycemia is common in horses with colic and is associated with a worse prognosis for survival to hospital discharge.
Caffeine in the neonatal period induces long‐lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats
Authors: Montandon Gaspard , Horner Richard L. , Kinkead Richard , Bairam Aida
Published: September 2009

Caffeine is commonly used clinically to treat apnoeas and unstable breathing associated with premature birth. Caffeine antagonizes adenosine receptors and acts as an efficient respiratory stimulant in neonates. Owing to its persistent effects on adenosine receptor expression in the brain, neonatal caffeine administration also has significant effects on maturation of the respiratory control system. However, since adenosine receptors are critically involved in sleep regulation, and sleep also modulates breathing, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal caffeine treatment disrupts regulation of sleep and breathing in the adult rat. Neonatal caffeine treatment (15 mg kg−1 day−1) was administered from postnatal days 3–12. At adulthood (8–10 weeks old), sleep and breathing were measured with a telemetry system and whole‐body plethysmography respectively. In adult rats treated with caffeine during the neonatal period, sleep time was reduced, sleep onset latency was increased, and non‐rapid eye movement (non‐REM) sleep was fragmented compared to controls. Ventilation at rest was higher in caffeine‐treated adult rats compared to controls across sleep/wake states. Hypercapnic ventilatory responses were significantly reduced in caffeine‐treated rats compared to control rats across sleep/wake states. Additional experiments in adult anaesthetized rats showed that at similar levels of arterial blood gases, phrenic nerve activity was enhanced in caffeine‐treated rats. This study demonstrates that administration of caffeine in the neonatal period alters respiratory control system activity in awake and sleeping rats, as well as in the anaesthetized rats, and also has persistent disrupting effects on sleep that are apparent in adult rats.
Involvement of Na+/Ca2+exchanger in migration and contraction of rat cultured tendon fibroblasts
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuho , Owada Yuki , Shikama Yayoi , Wada Ikuo , Waguri Satoshi , Iwamoto Takahiro , Kimura Junko
Published: September 2009

In response to injury and inflammation of tendons, tendon fibroblasts are activated, migrate to the wound, and eventually induce contraction of the extracellular matrices to repair the tissue. Under such conditions, Ca2+signalling is involved in motility and contractility of tendon fibroblasts. Using cultured tendon fibroblasts isolated from rat Achilles tendons, we investigated functional expression of Na+/Ca2+exchangers (NCX). The fluorometric study showed that the intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) was increased by reducing extracellular Na+concentration ([Na+]o) in tendon fibroblasts. Selective NCX inhibitors, KB‐R7943 and SEA0400, both attenuated [Na+]o‐dependent [Ca2+]ielevation and the resting [Ca2+]iin tendon fibroblasts. RT‐PCR, Western blots and sequence analyses revealed that NCX1.3 and NCX1.7 were expressed in cultured tendon fibroblasts. NCX2 mRNA was undetected. NCX3 expression was negligibly low. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that NCX1 protein localized in the plasma membrane especially at the microspikes of tendon fibroblasts. In the wound‐healing scratch assay, the cells migrated toward the space created by a scratch and almost completely filled the space within 48 h. This phenomenon was significantly suppressed by KB‐R7943 and SEA0400. Furthermore, the NCX inhibitors abrogated the tendon fibroblast‐mediated collagen‐matrix contractions. Two types of siRNAs for NCX1 also suppressed the migration and contraction of tendon fibroblasts. We conclude that NCX is expressed and mediates Ca2+influx in cultured tendon fibroblasts. Since the pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA for NCX1 suppressed motility and contractility of tendon fibroblasts, NCX may play an important role in the function of tendon fibroblasts in the wound healing.