bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Chitosan Derivatives: Preparation, Properties and Applications in Pharmacy and Medicine
Authors: Žigrayová Dominika , Mikušová Veronika , Mikuš Peter
Published: October 2024

Chitosan (CS) derivatives have been extensively investigated to enhance the physicochemical and biological properties of CS, such as its solubility, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, which are required in various areas of pharmacy and medicine. The present work emphasizes the ongoing research and development in this field, suggesting that the further exploration of CS derivatives could lead to innovative solutions that benefit society. The physicochemical properties, biological activities, methods of preparation, advantages, limitations, intended application areas, and realized practical implementations of particular CS derivatives are summarized and discussed herein. Despite the numerous promising attributes of CS derivatives as reported in this paper, however, challenges like target selectivity, standardization (purity, chitosan structural variability), and cost-effectiveness still need addressing for widespread implementation, especially in drug delivery. Therefore, basic research studies still prevail in CS drug delivery systems. However, for specific applications such as wound healing and tissue engineering, implementations of CS derivatives in practice are found to be more frequent. To obtain a more complex view of the topic, information from the scientific papers reviewed is supplemented with information from actual patents and clinical studies. Both basic research advances and the most successful and important medical implementations of CS derivatives are discussed concerning further challenges and future perspectives.
Quality of Life and Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Study
Authors: AlRuthia Yazed , Alanazi Rayan B. , Alotaibi Sultan F. , Alanazi Miteb
Published: October 2024

Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a relatively uncommon health condition in many countries, but it is prevalent in Saudi Arabia mainly due to the high incidence of consanguineous marriages. Regrettably, there are elevated rates of vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) and blood transfusions, leading to poor quality of life and significant financial strain. Objective(s): This study aimed to assess the frequency of blood transfusions, out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in SCD patients. Methods: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study that involved SCD patients at a university-affiliated tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The patients’ medical and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical records. Data on HRQoL and OOPEs were collected through a questionnaire-based interview. To present the baseline characteristics, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were used. In addition, various statistical tests, including the Chi-Square test, Student t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression, were performed. Results: One hundred and eighteen patients consented to participate and were included in the analysis. Almost 53% of the patients were females. The mean age of the sample was 31 years, while the age-adjusted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) was 24.33 years (p-value < 0.0001). Most patients (83.05%) reside in Riyadh with a monthly family income of less than USD 2666.67 (75.42%). Monthly OOPEs were, on average, USD 650.69 ± 1853.96, and one-third of the adult patients reported income loss due to illness, further exacerbating their financial strain. High frequency of blood transfusion (β = −0.0564, p-value = 0.0066) and higher number of comorbidities (β = −0.10367, p-value = 0.0244) were negatively associated with the HRQoL among adult patients. On the other hand, adult patients with higher levels of education had better HRQoL (β = 0.05378, p-value = 0.0377). Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the negative impact of SCD on patients’ HRQoL and financial well-being. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive systemic approaches to address the challenges posed by SCD in Saudi Arabia.
Caregivers’ Mastery in Handling Gastrostomy at Home after Educational Intervention: Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Santos Jeferson Moreira dos , Pedreira Larissa Chaves , Góes Roberta Pereira , Souza Maria Antônia Alves de , Baixinho Cristina Rosa Soares Lavareda , Ortega Johis , De La Rosa Rosseirys Noelia , Sousa Anderson Reis , Silva Valdenir Almeida da , Pinto Ivana Santos , Santos Jéssica Lane Pereira , Vivas Letícia Chicharo , Oliveira Lélia Mendes Sobrinho de
Published: October 2024

Background: Effective hospital discharge planning is crucial, particularly in educating caregivers on handling medical devices. This education helps manage the patient’s signs and symptoms, prevents post-discharge complications, and reduces early readmissions. This study aimed to understand aspects involved in the acquisition of mastery by home caregivers, in handling care of a patient who just underwent gastrostomy, after educational intervention during hospitalization and telemonitoring upon return home. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study. It followed 15 caregivers of people with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The intervention took place between November 2022 and July 2023 in the neuromusculoskeletal unit of a Brazilian university hospital. Results: The educational intervention had four stages. In stage 1, caregivers felt confused and uncertain about managing PEG. By stage 2, they expressed a desire to be capable of handling care, especially in the event of potential complications, and showed increased awareness and engagement. Stage 3 highlighted the effectiveness of hands-on training with feedback from professionals. In stage 4, during monitoring, several complications were noted, including granuloma formation in the stoma, tube obstruction, and accidental tube loss. However, caregivers demonstrated the ability to handle these situations, indicating the effectiveness of the training and telemonitoring interventions. Conclusions: Nursing professionals should consider various factors when training caregivers in a hospital setting, including providing adequate space, allocating sufficient time for educational interventions, offering both theoretical and practical demonstrations, ensuring effective communication, and taking into account the caregivers’ context, as they play a direct role in acquiring a safe and effective skill set.
The Additional Effect of Neurodynamic Slump and Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition to Passive Stretching of the Short Hamstring: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Eladl Hadaya M. , Ali Olfat Ibrahim , Abdelraouf Osama R. , Ibrahim Zizi M. , Bin Sheeha Bodor , Alabas Alaa Mohammed , Alzare Sara H. , Amin Wafaa Mahmoud
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Hamstring shortening is a significant musculoskeletal condition affecting the posture and mobility of the spine and lower extremities. This study examined the impact of incorporating neurodynamic slump stretch and suboccipital muscle inhibition into passive static stretching on hamstring flexibility in individuals with short hamstrings. Methods: 117 female participants were classified into three groups: the control group, which received passive static stretch of the hamstring muscle; the neurodynamic slump group, which received neurodynamic slump stretch with passive static stretch; and the suboccipital muscle inhibition group, which received suboccipital muscle inhibition with passive static stretch, for three sessions a week, 10 min each, for four weeks. The outcome measures were the popliteal angle test (PAT), straight leg raising (SLR) test, and forward bending test (FBT) at baseline, immediately following the first session and after four weeks. Results: Statistically significant differences were found within groups (p < 0.001) for all outcome measures. Between the groups, there was a more significant improvement in the PAT and the SLR tests, favoring the neurodynamic slump and suboccipital muscle inhibition groups in comparison with the passive static stretch group (p < 0.001) with no significant difference between the two groups after the first session and at four weeks of treatment. However, the FBT showed no significant differences immediately following the first session or at four weeks of treatment (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study found that incorporating neurodynamic slump stretch and suboccipital muscle inhibition into passive static stretch techniques effectively treats short hamstrings in healthy individuals.
Rapid Deterioration and Fatal Outcomes in Colloid Cyst-Induced Obstructive Hydrocephalus: A Case Report
Authors: Basnawi Abdullah , Alustath Alaa
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Colloid cysts are rare intracranial tumors that can cause obstructive hydrocephalus, a potentially life-threatening condition. Despite being typically benign, they often present with insidious symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis and catastrophic outcomes. Case Report: A 29-year-old woman presented with a two-month history of worsening headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Neuroimaging revealed a colloid cyst obstructing the third ventricle, resulting in hydrocephalus. Despite emergency placement of an external ventricular drain, the patient’s neurological condition deteriorated rapidly, culminating in brain death. Conclusions: This case highlights the critical importance of the early diagnosis and aggressive management of colloid cyst-induced hydrocephalus. The rapid progression of symptoms and devastating outcomes underscore the need for increased awareness among healthcare providers. Given the high mortality associated with this condition, further research is warranted to identify predictive factors and develop effective treatment strategies.
Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Older Adults with a Hip Fracture—Findings from a Bi-National Clinical Audit
Authors: Bell Jack J. , Mitchell Rebecca J. , Harris Ian A. , Seymour Hannah , Armstrong Elizabeth , Harris Roger , Fleming Stewart , Hurring Sarah , Close Jacqueline
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Evidence-based guidelines and care standards recommend offering oral nutrition supplements to all older adults with hip fracture, not just those already malnourished. This study aimed to identify the proportion of inpatients in a sample of hospitals in two countries that were provided with oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) following a hip fracture and to identify factors associated with ONS provision. Methods: An analysis of prospectively collected data from a bi-national Hip Fracture Registry nutrition sprint and registry audit data limited to older adults (≥65 years) undergoing surgical intervention for a fractured hip from 1 to 31 August 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with providing ONS. Results: Patient-level data was available for 385 older adults (median 85 years; 60.5% female) admitted to twenty-nine hospitals. Less than half (n = 47.3%) of the audited inpatients were provided ONS. After adjusting for covariates, ONS was more likely to be provided to older adults who were identified as malnourished on formal testing (OR 11.92; 95%CI 6.57, 21.69). Other factors associated with prescription of ONS included those who did not have a preoperative medical assessment (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.19, 4.27) or were cognitively impaired (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.01, 3.32), severely frail, or terminally ill (OR 3.17; 95%CI 1.10, 9.17). Conclusions: ONS was provided in line with evidence-based recommendations for less than half of the older adults with a hip fracture in 29 hospitals in two countries. A structured approach to implementation may be required to reduce complications and improve outcomes for all older adults after a hip fracture, not just those assessed as cognitively impaired, frail, and/or malnourished.
The Association of High Burden Premature Ventricular Contractions with Esophageal/Upper GI Diseases
Authors: Khimani Faria , Kulkarni Chandana , Haase Erin , Moore Peyton , Murdock Paul , Ramanathan Akash , Wolf Adam , Sathyamoorthy Mohanakrishnan
Published: October 2024

Six patients in our clinical program who were diagnosed with high burden (>10%) premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and concomitant significant upper GI disease with no other significant cardiac history demonstrated a significant reduction in the burden of PVCs following surgical or procedural interventions of the upper GI tract (68.34% reduction, p = 0.024). Furthermore, in all cases, the origin of the PVCs was from the base of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). This is the first report in the literature that we are aware of that makes the unique association that we propose a dual mechanism of action of the upper GI and vagally mediated PVCs and through direct, anatomical extrinsic triggering of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) of the heart. These are very preliminary findings that warrant larger clinical and mechanistic studies that if confirmed, may define a new physiologic subset of PVCs for which we propose a new term, “E-PVCs”.
Real-World Study of US Adults with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Treated with Pegcetacoplan
Authors: Mulherin Brian , Shenoy Apeksha , Arnett Lily , Jiao Weiqi , Guarinoni Joseph , Sarda Sujata , Min Jinny , Dingli David
Published: October 2024

Background: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired, life-threatening disease characterized by complement-mediated hemolysis. OPERA is the first US longitudinal real-world study on C3 inhibitor therapy, known as pegcetacoplan. Methods: OPERA enrolled US patients with PNH, age ≥18, who were prescribed pegcetacoplan, and data were collected from routine care. Hemoglobin was reported by patients during regular follow-up (censored from transfusions). The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue (0–52 score) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scale for Cognitive Function Abilities (PROMIS-CF; 23.27–67.09 t-score) were completed electronically (low score = negative outcome). Patients self-reported incidence of healthcare resource utilization (HCRU). Results: By January 2024, 70 patients (mean age 44.6 years; 57.1% female) reported up to 9 months of pegcetacoplan treatment, with a median [IQR] follow-up of 6.6 [3.8] months. The latest reported hemoglobin levels improved by a mean (SD) of 2.6 (1.9) g/dL from baseline. At 3, 6 and 9 months, patients reported clinically meaningful improvements (≥5 points) in FACIT-F (53.3–69.0%) and (≥2 points) PROMIS-CF (46.7–55.2%). Patients reported a <10% incidence rate per person month of all HCRU events. Conclusions: This first longitudinal real-world US study indicates a positive trend in Hb, fatigue, and cognition with limited HCRU during pegcetacoplan treatment in adults with PNH.
The Role of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1A (ASIC1A) in the Behavioral and Synaptic Effects of Oxycodone and Other Opioids
Authors: Fuller Margaret J. , Andrys Noah R. R. , Gupta Subhash C. , Ghobbeh Ali , Kreple Collin J. , Fan Rong , Taugher-Hebl Rebecca J. , Radley Jason J. , Lalumiere Ryan T. , Wemmie John A.
Published: October 2024

Opioid-seeking behaviors depend on glutamatergic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc). Here we investigated whether the behavioral and synaptic effects of opioids are influenced by acid-sensing ion channel 1A (ASIC1A). We tested the effects of ASIC1A on responses to several opioids and found that Asic1a−/− mice had elevated behavioral responses to acute opioid administration as well as opioid seeking behavior in conditioned place preference (CPP). Region-restricted restoration of ASIC1A in NAcc was sufficient to reduce opioid CPP, suggesting NAcc is an important site of action. We next tested the effects of oxycodone withdrawal on dendritic spines in NAcc. We found effects of oxycodone and ASIC1A that contrasted with changes previously described following cocaine withdrawal. Finally, we examined α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic currents in NAcc. Oxycodone withdrawal, like morphine withdrawal, increased the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio in Asic1a+/+ mice, whereas oxycodone withdrawal reduced the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio in Asic1a−/− mice. A single dose of oxycodone was sufficient to induce this paradoxical effect in Asic1a−/− mice, suggesting an increased sensitivity to oxycodone. We conclude that ASIC1A plays an important role in the behavioral and synaptic effects of opioids and may constitute a potential future target for developing novel therapies.
SARS-CoV-2 Displays a Suboptimal Codon Usage Bias for Efficient Translation in Human Cells Diverted by Hijacking the tRNA Epitranscriptome
Authors: Eldin Patrick , David Alexandre , Hirtz Christophe , Battini Jean-Luc , Briant Laurence
Published: October 2024

Codon bias analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals suboptimal adaptation for translation in human cells it infects. The detailed examination of the codons preferentially used by SARS-CoV-2 shows a strong preference for LysAAA, GlnCAA, GluGAA, and ArgAGA, which are infrequently used in human genes. In the absence of an adapted tRNA pool, efficient decoding of these codons requires a 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2) modification at the U34 wobble position of the corresponding tRNAs (tLysUUU; tGlnUUG; tGluUUC; tArgUCU). The optimal translation of SARS-CoV-2 open reading frames (ORFs) may therefore require several adjustments to the host’s translation machinery, enabling the highly biased viral genome to achieve a more favorable “Ready-to-Translate” state in human cells. Experimental approaches based on LC-MS/MS quantification of tRNA modifications and on alteration of enzymatic tRNA modification pathways provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 induces U34 tRNA modifications and relies on these modifications for its lifecycle. The conclusions emphasize the need for future studies on the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 codon bias and its ability to alter the host tRNA pool through the manipulation of RNA modifications.
Attachment and Detachment of Oil Droplets on Solid Surfaces: Insights from Molecular Simulations
Authors: Borówko Małgorzata , Staszewski Tomasz
Published: October 2024

The behavior of oil droplets at solid surfaces is a key aspect of oil production and environmental protection. In this paper, the mechanisms of attachment and detachment of oil aggregates are studied via molecular dynamics simulations. The influence of oil–surface interactions on the shape and structure of adsorbed clusters is discussed. Using selected shape metrics, we prove quantitatively that the shape of oil aggregates changes from almost spherical droplets, through multilayer structures, to monolayer films. The oil detachment from solid surfaces plays a major role in enhanced oil recovery. Here, we investigated oil droplet detachment from the solid surface immersed in Janus nanoparticle suspensions. The nanoparticle is modeled as a dimer built of segments that exhibit different affinities to oil and solvent molecules. Our results indicated that the adsorption of Janus dimers on the surface of oil droplets played an essential role in the oil removal processes. Stronger adsorption causes faster detachment of the oil droplet. Based on our findings, suspensions of Janus dimers can be considered to be high-performance agents in removing oil droplets from solid surfaces.
Convergence of Neuroinflammation, Microbiota, and Parkinson’s Disease: Therapeutic Insights and Prospects
Authors: Domínguez Rojo Nerea , Blanco Benítez Mercedes , Cava Ramón , Fuentes José Manuel , Canales Cortés Saray , González Polo Rosa Ana
Published: October 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Recent evidence reveals connections between neuroinflammatory processes and intestinal microbiota alterations in the progression of this pathology. This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationships between them, highlighting their combined impact on PD. Neuroinflammation, characterized by immune activation in the central nervous system, is increasingly acknowledged as a critical factor in the development of PD. Concurrently, alterations in the gut microbiota composition have been linked to PD, suggesting a potential modulatory role in disease progression. Thus, bidirectional communication along the gut–brain axis has become pivotal in comprehending the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies that target these interconnected pathways, providing insights into potential avenues for PD treatment. The elucidation of these intricate relationships establishes a promising foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at altering disease progression and improving the quality of life for individuals affected by PD.
Educational Roles and Scenarios for Large Language Models: An Ethnographic Research Study of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Alfirević Nikša , Rendulić Darko , Fošner Maja , Fošner Ajda
Published: October 2024

This paper reviews the theoretical background and potential applications of Large Language Models (LLMs) in educational processes and academic research. Utilizing a novel digital ethnographic approach, we engaged in iterative research with OpenAI’s ChatGPT-4 and Google’s Gemini Ultra—two advanced commercial LLMs. The methodology treated LLMs as research participants, emphasizing the AI-guided perspectives and their envisioned roles in educational settings. Our findings identified the potential LLM roles in educational and research processes and we discussed the AI challenges, which included potential biases in decision-making and AI as a potential source of discrimination and conflict of interest. In addition to practical implications, we used the qualitative research results to advise on the relevant topics for future research.
Effect of Olive Waste Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement on the Volume Stability of Cement Paste
Authors: Ghazzawi Safa , Ghanem Hassan , Khatib Jamal , El Zahab Samer , Elkordi Adel
Published: October 2024

Over the last decades, concrete has been excessively prone to cracks resulting from shrinkage. These dimensional changes can be affected by the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials. This work used olive waste ash (OWA), which could substantially tackle this problem and achieve sustainability goals. For this issue, five cement paste mixes were prepared by replacing cement with OWA at different percentages varying from 0 to 20% by weight with a constant increment of 5%. The water-to-cement ratio was 0.45 for all mixes. Compressive strength and flexural strength were investigated at 7, 28, and 90 days. In addition, three shrinkage tests (drying, autogenous, and chemical) and expansion tests were also conducted for each mix and measured during 90 days of curing. The experimental findings indicated that there was a loss in compressive and flexural strength in the existence of OWA. Among all mixes containing OWA, the samples incorporating 10% OWA exhibited maximum strength values. Furthermore, the chemical and autogenous shrinkage decreased with the incorporation of OWA. However, the drying shrinkage decreased at lower levels of substitutions and increased at higher replacement levels. In addition, there was a growth in expansion rates for up to 10% of OWA content, followed by a decrease at higher levels (beyond 10%). Additionally, correlations between these volumetric stability tests were performed. It was shown that a positive linear correlation existed between chemical shrinkage and autogenous and drying shrinkage; however, there was a negative relationship between chemical shrinkage and expansion.
Salvage Treatment for Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumours: High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes—A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Topal Alper , Erturk Ismail , Koseoglu Caglar , Dumludag Aysegul , Kuzu Ömer Faruk , Karadurmus Berkan , Kaplan Tuzun Esmanur , Atacan Huseyin , Mammadzada Nurlan , Yildirim Gizem , Acar Ramazan , Karadurmus Nuri
Published: October 2024

Objective: Extragonadal germ cell tumours have a more unfavourable prognosis than gonadal germ cell tumours. We aimed to evaluate the survival analysis, response rates, and factors affecting responses to high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with relapsed/refractory extragonadal germ cell tumours. Methods: This study included patients diagnosed with extragonadal germ cell tumours who underwent HDCT + ASCT between November 2016 and January 2023 at Gülhane Training and Research Hospital. Clinical characteristics and follow-up data from patient records and the hospital’s electronic system were retrospectively analysed. Patients under 18 years of age and those without medical records were excluded. Patient characteristics, post-HDCT progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) data, and factors affecting survival were examined. The relationship between clinical factors and OS/PFS was analysed. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study. Complete response (CR) was observed in seven patients (28%), partial response (PR) was observed in nine patients (36%), stable disease (SD) was observed in one patient, and progressive disease (PD) was observed in eight patients (32%) after HDCT + ASCT. The median follow-up period was 25.4 months. The median PFS and OS after HDCT + ASCT were calculated as 6.1 months and 12.2 months, respectively. Conclusions: Salvage HDCT + ASCT is an option in the treatment of extragonadal germ cell tumours, offering the potential for prolonged survival and curing.
Comparative Genomics Reveals Species-Specific Genes and Symbiotic Adaptations in Tricholoma matsutake
Authors: Kim Jea Hyeoung , Bae Eun-Kyung , Hue Yoeguang , Choi Byungheon , Kang Min-Jeong , Park Eung-Jun , Kim Ki-Tae
Published: October 2024

Tricholoma matsutake, a highly valued ectomycorrhizal fungus, requires a symbiotic relationship with pine trees for growth, complicating its cultivation. This study presents a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of Tricholoma species, with a focus on T. matsutake. Genomic data from 19 assemblies representing 13 species were analyzed to identify genus-, species-, and strain-specific genes, revealing significant evolutionary adaptations. Notably, T. matsutake exhibits a higher proportion of repetitive elements compared to other species, with retrotransposons like LTR Gypsy dominating its genome. Phylogenomic analyses showed that T. matsutake forms a monophyletic group closely related to T. bakamatsutake. Gene family expansion and contraction analyses highlighted the unique evolutionary pressures on T. matsutake, particularly the loss of tryptophan-related metabolic pathways and the gain of genes related to iron ion homeostasis, which may be crucial for its adaptation to nutrient-limited environments. Additionally, the reduction in secreted proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes reflects the host-dependent lifestyle of T. matsutake and related species. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the complex symbiotic relationships of T. matsutake, offering potential avenues for optimizing its cultivation and commercial value.
Investigating Online Mis- and Disinformation in Cyprus: Trends and Challenges
Authors: Giomelakis Dimitrios , Constandinides Costas , Noti Maria , Maniou Theodora A.
Published: October 2024

Information disorder constitutes a critical threat to the public sphere, posing significant challenges and negatively affecting society, public trust, and overall democratic stability. This article investigates the phenomenon of online mis- and disinformation in Cyprus, drawing on people’s perceptions of this topic as well as the characteristics that enable disinformation campaigns to go viral. The study explores news consumption habits, people’s concerns about the impact of online disinformation, exposure to false or misleading content, common sources, verification methods, and media literacy. Furthermore, the study aims to shed light on the phenomenon of online mis- and disinformation in Cyprus and identify users’ perspectives.
Credit Choices in Rural Egypt: A Comparative Study of Formal and Informal Borrowing
Authors: Mansour Sarah , Samak Nagwa , Gad Nesma
Published: October 2024

Access to finance is essential for fostering financial inclusion, improving household economic well-being, and stimulating economic growth. However, if not prudently managed, it can become a double-edged sword, increasing the risk of over-indebtedness, particularly among low-income households. This paper investigates the borrowing behavior of rural households in Egypt, exploring whether it is motivated by the optimization of intertemporal consumption or reflects deeper financial vulnerabilities. The study enhances our understanding of rural households’ financial behavior in Egypt and contributes to the literature by introducing perceived general self-efficacy as a key behavioral factor. The paper employs a quantitative methodology using a probit analysis of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey to explore the factors affecting the demand for formal loans, informal borrowing, and Rotating Saving and Credit Associations (RoSCAs). The results show that informal credit plays a dominant role in meeting rural households’ financial needs. A significant positive relationship between formal and informal credit suggests they are complementary. Elderly, married, less educated, and poorer individuals are more likely to seek both forms of credit, with employment stability being a key differentiator. Self-efficacy also has a significant positive effect. No significant regional differences are observed, except in the case of informal borrowing, with rural households in Upper Egypt showing less reliance, suggesting that social image may influence financial behavior in this region. The results suggest that demand for credit is driven by economic and financial vulnerability of rural households. The paper highlights key policy implications. First, to enhance participation in formal credit market, credit policies should offer more affordable, tailored credit relevant to starting a business rather than financing consumption, part of which is conspicuous. Second, the low self-efficacy among the rural poor suggests a need for policies that combine credit access with financial literacy and debt management support to prevent over-indebtedness.
Various Configurations for Improving the Efficiency of Metallic and Superconducting Photocathodes Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition: A Comparative Review
Authors: Perrone Alessio , Aziz Muhammad Rizwan , Gontad Francisco
Published: October 2024

This paper presents an innovative exploration of advanced configurations for enhancing the efficiency of metallic and superconducting photocathodes (MPs and SCPs) produced via pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These photocathodes are critical for driving next-generation free-electron lasers (FELs) and plasma-based accelerators, both of which demand electron sources with improved quantum efficiency (QE) and electrical properties. Our approach compares three distinct photocathode configurations, namely: conventional, hybrid, and non-conventional, focusing on recent innovations. Hybrid MPs integrate a thin, high-performance, photo-emissive film, often yttrium or magnesium, positioned centrally on the copper flange of the photo-injector. For hybrid SCPs, a thin film of lead is used, offering a higher quantum efficiency than niobium bulk. This study also introduces non-conventional configurations, such as yttrium and lead disks partially coated with copper and niobium films, respectively. These designs utilize the unique properties of each material to achieve enhanced photoemission and long-term stability. The novelty of this approach lies in leveraging the advantages of bulk photoemission materials like yttrium and lead, while maintaining the electrical compatibility and durability required for integration into RF cavities. The findings highlight the potential of these configurations to significantly outperform traditional photocathodes, offering higher QE and extended operational lifetimes. This comparative analysis provides new insights into the fabrication of high-efficiency photocathodes, setting the foundation for future advancements in electron source technologies.
Phase, Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Al0.3FeCoNiCrx High-Entropy Alloys via Cr Addition
Authors: Chen Mengyao , Shen Haicheng , Wen Cheng , Wang Nanchuan , Tian Yuwan , Zhong Weihua , Huang Haiyou
Published: October 2024

The microstructure evolution of Al0.3FeCoNiCrx (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were studied using X-Ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer. The short-term and long-term corrosion behaviours of these alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarisation measurement, immersion test and corrosion morphology analysis. The results show that all the designed HEAs present single-phase FCC structure, and the increase in Cr content changes the microstructural morphology from cellular to a typical dendritic–interdendritic state. Without the influence of phase transformation, the corrosion resistance of Al0.3FeCoNiCrx HEAs gradually increases with the increase in Cr content. Our designed alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance compared to the existing HEAs in the AlFeCoNiCr composition system.
Stress–Dilatancy Behavior of Highly Elastic Rubber-Added Cohesionless Materials
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Zhang Xinrui , Li Linjie , Jiang Zihua
Published: October 2024

Dilatancy is commonly defined as the ratio of the rates of plastic volumetric strain to plastic deviatoric strain, denoted as Dp. Owing to the high modulus of elasticity, the elastic volumetric and deviatoric strain rates under shear stress in conventional cohesionless materials are negligible. Therefore, using the ratio of the rates of total volumetric to deviatoric strain (Dt) as an approximation is common in studying stress–dilatancy behavior and calibrating dilatancy model parameters. This approach is also common in the study of rubber-added cohesionless materials (RCM). However, RCM with a common range of rubber content exhibit a significantly lower modulus of elasticity compared to conventional cohesionless materials. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of elastic strain rates in RCM on stress–dilatancy analysis. Therefore, comparisons were conducted on the stress–dilatancy responses of a series of tests on RCM, where dilatancy is calculated by Dp and Dt, respectively. Furthermore, a modified method for calibrating the parameters of a state-dependent dilatancy model considering Dp is presented. It turns out that Dp is better suited and more precise for dilatancy analysis on highly elastic RCM. Additionally, the dilatancy model can more precisely capture the test results of RCM with parameters calibrated by the proposed method.
Enhancing Portfolio Optimization: A Two-Stage Approach with Deep Learning and Portfolio Optimization
Authors: Huang Shiguo , Cao Linyu , Sun Ruili , Ma Tiefeng , Liu Shuangzhe
Published: October 2024

The portfolio selection problem has been a central focus in financial research. A complete portfolio selection process includes two stages: stock pre-selection and portfolio optimization. However, most existing studies focus on portfolio optimization, often overlooking stock pre-selection. To address this problem, this paper presents a novel two-stage approach that integrates deep learning with portfolio optimization. In the first stage, we develop a stock trend prediction model for stock pre-selection called the AGC-CNN model, which leverages a convolutional neural network (CNN), self-attention mechanism, Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), and k-reciprocal nearest neighbors (k-reciprocal NN). Specifically, we utilize a CNN to capture individual stock information and a GCN to capture relationships among stocks. Moreover, we incorporate the self-attention mechanism into the GCN to extract deeper data features and employ k-reciprocal NN to enhance the accuracy and robustness of the graph structure in the GCN. In the second stage, we employ the Global Minimum Variance (GMV) model for portfolio optimization, culminating in the AGC-CNN+GMV two-stage approach. We empirically validate the proposed two-stage approach using real-world data through numerical studies, achieving a roughly 35% increase in Cumulative Returns compared to portfolio optimization models without stock pre-selection, demonstrating its robust performance in the Average Return, Sharp Ratio, Turnover-adjusted Sharp Ratio, and Sortino Ratio.
Boosted Whittaker–Henderson Graduation
Authors: Jin Zihan , Yamada Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

The Whittaker–Henderson (WH) graduation is a smoothing method for equally spaced one-dimensional data such as time series. It includes the Bohlmann filter, the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, and the Whittaker graduation as special cases. Among them, the HP filter is the most prominent trend-cycle decomposition method for macroeconomic time series such as real gross domestic product. Recently, a modification of the HP filter, the boosted HP (bHP) filter, has been developed, and several studies have been conducted. The basic idea of the modification is to achieve more desirable smoothing by extracting long-term fluctuations remaining in the smoothing residuals. Inspired by the modification, this paper develops the boosted version of the WH graduation, which includes the bHP filter as a special case. Then, we establish its properties that are fundamental for applied work. To investigate the properties, we use a spectral decomposition of the penalty matrix of the WH graduation
Order-Preserving Pattern Matching with Partition
Authors: Na Joong Chae , Kim Youngjoon , Kang Seokchul , Sim Jeong Seop
Published: October 2024

Order-preserving pattern matching, which considers the relative orders of strings, can be applied to time-series data analysis. To perform a more meaningful analysis of time-series data, approximate criteria for the order-isomorphism are necessary, considering diverse types of errors. In this paper, we introduce a novel approximation criterion for the order-isomorphism, called the partitioned order-isomorphism. We then propose an efficient O(n+sort(m))-time algorithm for the order-preserving pattern matching problem considering the criterion of partition. A comparative experiment demonstrates that the proposed algorithm is more effective than the exact order-preserving pattern matching algorithm.
Quasigroups, Braided Hopf (Co)quasigroups and Radford’s Biproducts of Quasi-Diagonal Type
Authors: Gu Yue , Wang Shuanhong
Published: October 2024

Given the Yetter–Drinfeld category over any quasigroup and a braided Hopf coquasigroup in this category, we first mainly study the Radford’s biproduct corresponding to this braided Hopf coquasigroup. Then, we investigate Sweedler’s duality of this braided Hopf coquasigroup and show that this duality is also a braided Hopf quasigroup in the Yetter–Drinfeld category, generalizing the main result in a Hopf algebra case of Ng and Taft’s paper. Finally, as an application of our results, we show that the space of binary linearly recursive sequences is closed under the quantum convolution product of binary linearly recursive sequences.
Attack-Dependent Adaptive Event-Triggered Security Fuzzy Control for Nonlinear Networked Cascade Control Systems Under Deception Attacks
Authors: Liu Xi-Ming , Chang Xiao-Heng , Hou Li-Wei
Published: October 2024

This article investigates the issue of H∞ security output feedback control for a nonlinear networked cascade control system with deception attacks. First, to further reduce the amount of communication data, reasonably schedule network resources, and alleviate the impact of multi-channel deception attacks, an attack-dependent adaptive event-triggered mechanism is introduced into the primary network channel, and its adaptive triggered threshold can be adjusted according to the random attack probability. Secondly, the output dynamic quantization of the secondary network channel is considered. Then, a novel security cascade output feedback controller design framework based on the Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy networked cascade control system under deception attacks is established. In addition, by introducing the Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability theory, the design conditions of the controller are given. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed design strategies are verified by two simulation examples of power plant boiler–turbine system and power plant boiler power generation control system.
A Self-Compensating Non-Intrusive Ring-Type AC Voltage Sensor Based on Capacitive Coupling
Authors: Wang Junpeng , Li Jiacheng , Peng Chunrong , Wu Zhengwei , Ju Dengfeng , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2024

In order to reduce the influence of coupling capacitance variations on cable voltage measurement, this paper proposes a self-compensating non-intrusive ring-type AC voltage sensor based on capacitive coupling. A theoretical model of the sensor was established, and the influence of parasitic capacitance changes on sensor output was analyzed. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis shows that the parasitic capacitance between the external cable and the sensing probe, as well as between the ground and the sensing probe, will significantly affect the sensitivity of the sensor and increases the measurement error. A ring-type inductive probe and a signal processing circuit were designed, incorporating a reference signal to compensate for the influence of coupling capacitance variations. Additionally, to minimize the impact of parasitic capacitance on sensor output, the length of the outer ring electrode was extended, and a PTFE housing was designed for protection. A prototype of the sensor was developed and tested. This prototype has a good linear response to AC voltage in the measurement range of 0–1000 V with a linearity of 0.86%. The effects of changes in cable diameter and cable position on the measurement were tested separately. The worst-case error of the sensor output is less than 6.44%, representing a reduction of 21.4% compared to the uncompensated case. Under external cable interference, the sensor exhibited an output error of less than 1.85%. The results show that the designed sensor can accurately measure cable voltage despite changes in cable diameter or installation position, and also demonstrates effective shielding against external interference.
CMOS Point-of-Care Diagnostics Technologies: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Authors: Moeinfard Tania , Ghafar-Zadeh Ebrahim , Magierowski Sebastian
Published: October 2024

This review provides a comprehensive overview of point-of-care (PoC) devices across several key diagnostic applications, including blood analysis, infectious disease detection, neural interfaces, and commercialized integrated circuits (ICs). In the blood analysis section, the focus is on biomarkers such as glucose, dopamine, and aptamers, and their respective detection techniques. The infectious disease section explores PoC technologies for detecting pathogens, RNA, and DNA, highlighting innovations in molecular diagnostics. The neural interface section reviews advancements in neural recording and stimulation for therapeutic applications. Finally, a survey of commercialized ICs from companies such as Abbott and Medtronic is presented, showcasing existing PoC devices already in widespread clinical use. This review emphasizes the role of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology in enabling compact, efficient diagnostic systems and offers insights into the current and future landscape of PoC devices.
The Absence of CXCL10 Activity Does Not Affect the Capability of CD8+ T Cells to Migrate and Eliminate the Tissue Cysts of Toxoplasma gondii from the Brains of Chronically Infected Mice
Authors: Mani Rajesh , Suzuki Yasuhiro
Published: October 2024

Toxoplasma gondii forms tissue cysts in neurons and astrocytes in the brain to establish chronic infection, and astrocytes express the CXCL10 chemokine in chronically infected mice. Since chemokines mediate the migration of T cells to attack their targets, and since CXCL10 plays key roles in T cell-mediated control of the proliferation of tachyzoites (the acute stage form) of T. gondii during the acute stage of infection, we examined whether CXCL10 is involved in recruiting anti-cyst CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to eliminate the cysts in their brains. We employed adoptive transfer of CD8+ immune T cells to infected, T cell-deficient SCID and RAG1−/− mice in combination with blocking CXCL10 activity by neutralizing antibody or a deletion of this chemokine gene. The treatment of chronically infected (infected and treated with sulfadiazine) SCID mice with the anti-CXCL10 antibody did not inhibit the recruitment of the transferred CD8+ T cells into their brains and the removal of cerebral T. gondii cysts by the T cells. In addition, the neutralization of CXCL10 did not reduce the cerebral expression of mRNA for the mediators (perforin and granzyme B [GzmB]) of the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells in the SCID mice. Consistently, the adoptive transfer of CD8+ immune T cells to chronically infected RAG1−/−CXCL10−/− mice did not show any defects in recruiting the CD8+ T cells into their brains and eliminating the cysts when compared to infected RAG1−/− mice. The former rather displayed enhanced cyst removal with increased cerebral expression of GzmB mRNA. These results indicate that the absence of CXCL10 activity does not ablate the capability of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to migrate into the brain and eliminate T. gondii cysts from the brains of chronically infected mice. These results also suggest that the immune system utilizes distinct chemokines to control T. gondii depending on the two different life cycle stages, tachyzoite and cyst, of this protozoan parasite.
Genetic Diversity and Recombination Analysis of Canine Parvoviruses Prevalent in Central and Eastern China, from 2020 to 2023
Authors: Pan Shunshun , Man Yuanzhuo , Xu Xin , Ji Jun , Zhang Shiyuan , Huang Honghui , Li Ying , Bi Yingzuo , Yao Lunguang
Published: October 2024

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), the primary causative agent of serious canine enteric diseases, is highly contagious and associated with high fatality rates worldwide. To comprehend the current emergence of CPV-2 in central and eastern China, 130 rectal swabs from domestic or stray dogs with gastroenteritis symptoms were collected during 2020–2023. A total of 118 positive samples were detected via polymerase chain reaction, and further used to amplify and sequence the VP2 gene. Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acids of VP2 protein indicated that CPV-2c was the most prevalent variant (n = 106, 89.83%), followed by the novel CPV-2a (n = 10, 8.47%) and CPV-2b (n = 2, 1.69%) variants. The VP2 protein from the obtained and reference strains showed 86.95% (AH2103 and HB2108) to 99.94% identity. Based on the nine predicted recombination events, some prevalent CPV-2c strains were highly similar to previously isolated strains, indicating their complex evolution and recombination. The predicted analysis suggested that mutations in the antigen epitope (Val219Ile, Phe267Tyr, and Asn426Glu) and other mutations (Met87Leu, Ile101Thr, and Ser297Ala) affect the tertiary structure of the VP2 protein. This research will help us understand the recent evolution and mutation of Chinese CPV-2 and provide suggestions for updating the CPV-2 vaccine.