bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Justice: Juvenile and Family Courts
Authors: Ezell Mark
Published: October 2014

This section defines and discusses the jurisdictions of the juvenile and family courts as well as their influences on social work practice. The history of the court, several interpretations of it, as well as various reform efforts are reviewed. Opportunities for social workers to be employed by the numerous agencies affiliated with the court, as well as several nontraditional social work roles, are outlined in this section. The final two parts of the section discuss the major innovations and primary challenges faced by the contemporary court such as gender, class, and racial biases in the system, questions about the effectiveness of the court and associated programs. Finally, proposals to abolish or reinvent the juvenile court are presented.
Latinos and Latinas: Cubans
Authors: de Haymes Maria Vidal
Published: October 2014

In 2004, an estimated 1,614,000 individuals of Cuban origin were residing in the United States, placing Cubans as the third largest Hispanic ethnic group in the United States, constituting ∼4% of the nation's Hispanic population. 84.1% of the Cuban-American population is concentrated in four states: Florida (67.1%), New Jersey (6.2%), California (5.8%), and New York (5.0%). Although Cuban immigration to the United States dates back to the mid-1800s, 68.5% of Cuban Americans are foreign-born and, as a group, represent a wide spectrum of social realities and political interests.
Civic Engagement
Authors: Greenfield Jennifer C. , Arnold-Renicker Heather , McBride Amanda Moore
Published: October 2014

Civic engagement is the backbone of the social work profession. Through our civic mission, we have long organized and empowered citizens in common pursuits to address social, economic, and political conditions, although this mission may conflict with social workers’ roles in maintaining and implementing systems of oppression and social control. In the United States, social and political engagement are receiving increased attention, particularly as emerging research demonstrates a range of effects for participants, their communities, and the broader society. The challenge for social work is to increase the capacity of communities and the nonprofit sector to promote and maximize engagement, especially among historically oppressed and disenfranchised individuals, through theory-driven, evidence-based interventions, while also ensuring that these efforts center the goals, expertise, and voices of those who are marginalized and minoritized.
Lesbians: Practice Interventions
Authors: Morrow Deana F.
Published: October 2014

This entry will provide an overview of psychosocial issues and social work intervention relevant to working with lesbians. Practice issues related to the impact of heterosexism, coming out, lesbian identity development, and lesbian couple and family formation will be discussed. Assessment and intervention methods appropriate for social work practice with lesbians will be addressed.
Life Span: Overview
Authors: Jones Lani V.
Published: October 2014

This entry provides an overview of the life-span perspective focusing on biological developments and social tasks all of which are embedded in a larger sociocultural context from birth to old age within diverse environments, cultures, and historical eras. This section will also focus on how the life-span perspective succeeds traditional life course models that assume to be universal, sequential, and predictable. The life-span perspective of social work departs from approaches based on traditional models that are narrow and focuses on personal deficits, pointing instead to strengths, continued growth, and environmental resources for individuals, families, groups, and communities. Finally, this entry will discuss how the life-span perspective shows great promise for encompassing theory of human development for the purpose of expanding knowledge, promoting “best practice” service delivery, policy regulation and research to enhance the lives of people with whom social workers come into contact.
Life Span: Early Childhood and Preschool
Authors: Harrington Donna , Castellanos-Brown Karen
Published: October 2014

This article focuses on the early childhood years, from 2 to 5 years of age. There are over 12 million children in this age range in the United States, many of whom face a number of challenges. In this article we discuss cognitive, language, motor, and social development, including relevant theories and major language and motor developmental milestones. We also discuss several family and environmental factors that influence development, including attachment, parenting, working parents, and poverty.
Life Span: Parenting
Authors: Cain Daphne S. , Combs-Orme Terri
Published: October 2014

Parenting is a key part of social-work practice and research, particularly in the child welfare arena. Despite significant research and theory in other disciplines about the importance of the parent–child relationship to the quality of parenting, the focus of social work appears to lie in narrow goals such as the prevention of abuse and child placement and to employ interventions that lack significant evidence of effectiveness. This entry summarizes social-work practice and research in the area of parenting and reviews the state of the art overall in research and knowledge about parenting.
Civil Liberties
Authors: Stein Theodore J.
Published: October 2014

Civil liberties refer to certain freedoms granted to all citizens. They have been established as bills of rights in the constitutions of such countries as the United States, India, South Africa, and Great Britain. Civil rights differ from civil liberties in that the former are expressed in statutes enacted by legislative bodies. Civil liberties limit the state's power to interfere in the lives of its citizens, whereas civil rights take a more proactive role to ensure that all citizens have equal protection. Civil liberties are most endangered during national emergencies when governments infringe on individual liberties to safeguard the nation.
Men: Practice Interventions
Authors: Blundo Robert
Published: October 2014

A consistent theme for the majority of men in the United States remains the code of manhood. Men are expected by society to be stoic in the face of danger and to play out, in all aspects of life, the idea of the rugged individual going it alone, even in the face of a quickly changing world. Whereas social-work theorists and practitioners talk about male aggression, sexuality, intimacy, depression, anxiety, addiction, ageing, and work-related concerns, most men are less likely to view these as problems. If they do enter into counseling or treatment, they are less likely to remain for any length of time. Faced with these issues, practitioners are challenged to find ways of engaging men and forming successful collaboration and meaningful outcomes.
Mental Illness: Service System
Authors: Snowden Lonnie R.
Published: October 2014

This entry describes the extent of the mental health problem in the United States, trends in treatment rates, and evidence that public recognition of mental illness and related interventions is increasing both in the United States and internationally. Emphasis is given to the structure of the mental health system's major sectors, to the key roles that social workers play, and to the challenges they face, outlined at the conclusion of several sections, in providing effective and quality care against the complex backdrop of this system.
Social Policy: History (Colonial Times to 1900)
Authors: Day Phyllis J.
Published: October 2014

American social welfare began in the colonial period with the adoption of the Elizabethan Poor Laws as the basis for treatment of society's poor and deviant. By the beginning of the Progressive Era (1900), immigration, the Women's Movement, scientific investigation of social problems, and societal growth produced significant innovations in both public and private perceptions, programs, and treatment in such areas as poor relief, mental and physical health, and corrections, and led to the beginnings of professionalization of social work.
Civil Society
Authors: Ferguson Kristin M.
Published: October 2014

Considerable definitional vagueness exists regarding civil society, in part due to the concept's long history and multiple underlying schools of thought. Issues of multiculturalism and social justice are central to the term. Civil society is also a global concept, referring to the supranational sphere. The social work profession can benefit from collaborative action with local civil society associations in working to dismantle structural inequality and enhance opportunities for disadvantaged populations.
Social Work Education: Overview
Authors: Hoffman Kay S.
Published: October 2014

Education in social work has seen considerable growth over the course of the 20th century. Social work education in the United States began with only a few training programs established in partnership with charitable organizations at the end of the 19th century (Austin, 1997), and has grown to 641 accredited baccalaureate and master's programs at of the February, 2007 Commission on Accreditation meeting, and over 70 doctoral programs (Group for the Advancement of Doctoral Education, 2007). These programs represent over 7,000 faculty and administrators and over 60,000 students at the baccalaureate and master's level (Council on Social Education, 2007). Social work education is available at the baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral level with at least one level of program represented in each of the states, as well as in the United States' Territories of Puerto Rico and Guam. Concentrations and specializations are offered in programs in many areas from practice levels (for example, direct practice, policy analysis) or areas of interest (for example, child welfare, medical social work, housing policy). Current trends in social work education include the use of distance education, the call for more accountability from accrediting bodies and social work programs (Watkins & Pierce 2005), and work toward unification in social work professional organizations (Hoffman, 2006).
Social Work Education: Electronic Technologies
Authors: Ouellette Philip M. , Wilkerson David
Published: October 2014

The growth in technological advances in recent years has revolutionized the way we teach, learn, and practice social work. Due to increases in educational costs and the need for students to maintain family and work responsibilities, an increasing number of social work programs have turned to today’s advances in technology to deliver their courses and programs. This change has resulted in the creative use of new multimedia tools and online pedagogical strategies to offer distance web-based educational programming. With increases in technology-supported programs, recent research studies have identified a number of areas needing further investigation to ensure that quality distance education programs are developed.
Social Work Education: Human Behavior and Social Environment
Authors: Hutchison Elizabeth D.
Published: October 2014

This entry provides a brief history of social work's changing knowledge base about human behavior and identifies the current knowledge base as multidimensional, multispherical, multicultural, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, and multitheoretical. It provides an overview of eight broad theoretical perspectives currently used in social work: systems, conflict, rational choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, social behavioral, and humanistic perspectives. Each perspective is analyzed in terms of its central ideas, practice implications, and empirical evidence. The entry ends with a brief discussion of trends and directions.
Social Work Education: Social Welfare Policy
Authors: Colby Ira C.
Published: October 2014

The educational imperative to study social welfare policy has remained a constant throughout the history of social work education. Although specific policies and social issues may change over time, the need to advocate for and create humane, justice-based social policy remains paramount. The study of welfare policy contributes to the effectiveness of practitioners who are knowledgeable and skilled in analysis, advocacy, and the crafting of justice-based social welfare policies. In addition to traditional policy content areas, students should develop knowledge and skills in critical thinking, understand a range of justice theories, and recognize the direct interaction between globalization and national and local policy matters.
Technology: Overview
Authors: Schoech Dick
Published: October 2014

Information technology (IT), which encompasses tools and prescribed actions, has begun to substantially impact social work, given 50 years of impressive developments. This entry looks at IT trends and their impact on society and social work. The trends covered concern rapid IT development, connectivity, globalization and outsourcing, intelligent applications and devices, centralization and distribution of power and control, and distance education. Issues and challenges for social work are also discussed.
Baldwin, Roger Nash
Authors: Stuart Paul H.
Published: October 2014

Roger Nash Baldwin (1884–1981) was a social worker and progressive reformer. In 1914 he co-authored the first juvenile justice textbook. Jailed in 1918 for refusing to register for the draft, he went on to found the American Civil Liberties Union.
Bogardus, Emory
Authors: Feldman Frances , Soydan Haluk
Published: October 2014

Emory Bogardus (1882–1973) established the first Sociology Department in the West in 1915. His study on “social distance” is still used to examine cultural, ethnic, and religious attitudes. In 1920 he founded Alpha Kappa Delta, the sociology honor society.
Briar, Scott
Authors: Briar-Bonpane Jennifer , Briar-Lawson Katharine
Published: October 2014

Scott Briar (1926–1998) was a practitioner, researcher, scholar, and leader who championed research-informed practice and helped shape modern casework. He was Dean of Washington School of Social Work, edited Social Work, and served as a reviewer for NIMH.
Brockway, Zebulon Reed
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Zebulon Reed Brockway (1827–1920) was a prison reformer primarily associated with New York State Reformatory in Elmira. A believer in rehabilitation rather than punishment, he initiated a program to prepare prisoners for release. His innovations met with considerable official opposition.
Carter, Genevieve
Authors: Soydan Haluk , Feldman Frances
Published: October 2014

Genevieve Carter (1907–1999) was a distinguished social welfare researcher, social work administrator, and educator. She was head of intra-mural research in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, conducting research for policy formulation. She also directed research at other institutions.
Cassidy, Helen
Authors: Marks Ronald
Published: October 2014

Helen Cassidy (1918–1994) was a social work educator, administrator, and practitioner. In Washington, DC she was field director of the American National Red Cross and administrator of social services programs. She developed an international reputation as an expert in social casework.
Collaborative Practice
Authors: Lawson Hal A. , Kramer Catherine S.
Published: October 2014

Social workers are prepared to benefit from and provide cross-boundary leadership for several kinds of collaborative, macro practice, all of which are structured to achieve a collective impact. Examples include teamwork, interorganizational partnerships, and community-wide coalitions. All are needed to respond to complicated practice problems, particularly ones characterized by co-occurring and interlocking needs.

A family of “c-words” (e.g., consultation, coordination) is employed in many macro-level initiatives. Collaboration is the most difficult to develop, institutionalize, and sustain because it requires explicit recognition of, and new provisions for, interdependent relationships among participants. Notwithstanding the attendant challenges, collaborative practice increasingly is a requirement in multiple sectors of social work practice, including mental health, substance abuse, school social work, complex, anti-poverty initiatives, international social work, and workforce development. Beyond interprofessional collaboration, new working relationships with service users connect collaborative practice with empowerment theory and are a distinctive feature of social work practice.
Coyle, Grace Longwell
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Grace Longwell Coyle (1892–1962) was the first to develop a scientific approach to group work practice. She was president of the National Conference of Social Work, the American Association of Social Workers, and the Council of Social Work Education.
De Forest, Robert Weeks
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Robert Weeks De Forest (1848–1931) was a lawyer, philanthropist, and social reformer. He is credited with developing the New York School of Philanthropy and the Russell Sage Foundation. He was the president of the New York City Charity Organization Society from 1881 to 1931.
Devine, Edward Thomas
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Edward T. Devine(1867–1948) was a writer, educator, and administrator. As general secretary of the New York Charity Organization Society, he formed the Wayfarer's Lodge and the Tenement House Committee. He was Director of the New York School of Philanthropy.
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

W. E. B. Du Bois (1882–1973) was a Black scholar, writer, and militant civil rights activist. He actively fought against discrimination in all aspects of American life. He founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909 and edited The Crisis, the organizational magazine he founded in 1910.
Eliot, Martha May
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Martha May Eliot (1891–1978) was an educator and public health official. She was the first woman president of the American Public Health Association. She became chief medical consultant for UNICEF in 1947. She was later assistant director general of WHO, and the U.S. representative to the executive board of UNICEF.
Epstein, Laura
Authors: Marsh Jeanne C.
Published: October 2014

Laura Epstein (1914–1996) was a social worker, writer, and academic. She developed the task centered treatment method of social work intervention. Her search for more humane and effective therapies has influenced many students, practitioners, and clients.
Fauri, Fedele Frederick
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Fedele Fauri (1909–1981) was a specialist in social legislation and public welfare in the United States. He was dean of the University of Michigan School of Social Work for nearly 20 years and helped found the school's doctoral program which combined social work and the social sciences.
Flexner, Abraham
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Abraham Flexner (1866–1959) was a teacher and educational reformer. He challenged the professional status of the field of social work, concluding that it did not qualify as a profession as it lacked individual responsibility and educationally communicable techniques.
Germain, Carel Bailey
Authors: Hartman Ann
Published: October 2014

Carel Bailey Germain (1916–1995) was a scholar, teacher, writer, and theoretician at the University of Connecticut and at Columbia University. Born in San Francisco, Germain's interest in nature had major significance for the future development of social work practice theory.
Gibelman, Margaret
Authors: Dinerman Miriam , Lorber Kim , Weiner Adele
Published: October 2014

Margaret Gibelman (1947–2005) was a scholar of the social work profession, the social service delivery system, and social work education. She was a faculty member at Rutgers University, Catholic University, and Yeshiva University.
Gonzalez Molina de la Caro, Dolores
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Dolores Gonzalez Molina de la Caro (1910–1979) was a pioneer in mental health training, public welfare, public health, school health, and university counseling in Puerto Rico. She was director of the Bureau of Medical Social Work and Mental Health Program.
Gottlieb, Naomi R.
Authors: Hooyman Nancy R.
Published: October 2014

Naomi R. Gottlieb (1925–1995) was concerned with feminist and gender issues in the social work curriculum, evaluation of social work practice, and the PhD program in social welfare at the University of Washington School of Social Work.
Gurin, Arnold
Authors: Bernstein Philip
Published: October 2014

Arnold Gurin (1917–1991) was a leader in advancing community organization, social work policies and practices, planning and research, education, and administration in voluntary, government, and Jewish services in the United States, Canada, Israel, and France.
Hall, Helen
Authors: Olmsted Edith
Published: October 2014

Helen Hall (1892–1982) was a Henry Street Settlement house leader, social reformer, and consumer advocate. She served with the American Red Cross in France during and after World War I and in the Far East during World War II.
Hearn, Gordon
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Gordon Hearn (1914–1979) was an influential theoretician and group worker who introduced general systems theory into social work. He taught and wrote in the field of human relations training at Berkeley and Portland State University.
Hoey, Jane M.
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Jane M. Hoey (1892–1968) helped to establish and enforce standards in public welfare administration. She was the director of social research for the National Tuberculosis Association and served as president of the National Conference of Social Work.
Howard, Donald S.
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Donald S. Howard (1902–1982), an eminent social work educator and administrator, became the first dean of the School of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, in 1948. Later, he served as president of the American Association of Social Workers.
Huantes, Margarita R.
Authors: Hernández Santos H.
Published: October 2014

Margarita R. Huantes (1914–1994) was a social worker, an adult educator, and pioneer in the adult literacy movement. She founded the San Antonio Literacy Council to combat adult illiteracy, particularly among Mexican Americans.
Community Economic Development
Authors: Soifer Steven D. , McNeely Joseph B.
Published: October 2014

The basic concepts and history of community economic development (CED) span from the 1960s to the present, during which there have been four different waves of CED. During this time period, practitioners in the field have worked with limited resources to help rebuild low-to-moderate-income communities in the United States. There are particular values, theories, strategies, tactics, and programs used to bring about change at the community level. The accomplishments in the CED field are many, and social workers have played a role in helping with community building at the neighborhood, city, county, state and federal levels.
Johnson, Campbell Carrington
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Campbell Carrington Johnson (1895–1968) worked to improve military services and social conditions for Black people. He worked at the national Selective Services for 28 years and in 1946 was awarded the Army Commendation Ribbon and the Army Distinguished Service Medal.
Keith-Lucas, Alan
Authors: Lebold Daniel
Published: October 2014

Alan Keith-Lucas (1910–1995) served on the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Social Work from 1950 to 1975. He was internationally known for his unique insights into the needs of children.
Kelley, Florence
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Florence Kelley (1859–1932) crusaded against child labor, which led to the establishment of the U.S. Children's Bureau in 1912. In 1892 she was head of the Factory Inspection Department and became director of the National Consumer League in 1899.
Kenworthy, Marion Edwena
Authors: Sperling Rebecca L.
Published: October 2014

Marion Edwena Kenworthy (1891–1980) was a psychiatrist who introduced psychoanalytic concepts into the social work curriculum. She was influential in the professionalization of social work and specialized in child psychiatry and mental health services for the armed forces.
Kitano, Harry H. L.
Authors: Giovannoni Jeanne M.
Published: October 2014

Harry H. L. Kitano (1926–2006) taught at the UCLA Departments of Social Welfare and Sociology. His scholarship involved the application of social science theories to the understanding of racial and ethnic conflict and interactions, with particular regard to Japanese Americans.
Community Needs Assessment
Authors: Ohmer Mary , Underwood Emily
Published: October 2014

Community assessments in macro social work practice focus on identifying the needs and assets of a community that can be mobilized for community improvement and change. Macro social workers engage with residents and community members as partners in conducting and utilizing the findings from community assessments. The first section describes the values and principles underlying community assessments. This is followed by a discussion of approaches for conducting community assessments. The overall approach to community assessment discusses the shift in community assessment from focusing mainly on needs and deficits to understanding both community assets and needs. Two specific approaches to community assessment are then described in greater detail, including the consensus organizing approach to conducting a community analysis and the asset-based community development approach to conducting asset mapping. This section is following by an overview of the key methods for collecting and reporting data for a community assessment.
Konopka, Gisela
Authors: Reinardy James R.
Published: October 2014

Gisela Konopka (1910–2003) was a social justice advocate and humanitarian who became nationally and internationally famous as an expert in group work—particularly work targeted to troubled youth—and in research on delinquent adolescent girls.
Leashore, Bogart
Authors: Tolliver Willie
Published: October 2014

Bogart Leashore (1947–2007) was dedicated to high standards of social work education, social justice and cultural diversity, sound social work practice, and the welfare of children. He was Dean of Hunter College School of Social Work from 1991 to 2003.
Lenroot, Katharine Fredrica
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Katharine Fredrica Lenroot (1891–1982), praised for her contributions to child welfare, juvenile delinquency, and child labor laws, worked at the U.S. Children's Bureau for 37 years. She became its chief in 1934 and represented the United States at UNICEF.
Community Organizing
Authors: Wilkinson Geoffrey W. , Staples Lee , Slay Ashley , Panameño Iliana
Published: October 2014

Community organizing centers the leadership of community members in developing and controlling organizations created to express, sustain, and build community power through action for social justice. It is distinguished from other forms of community practice by the ethos, “nothing about us without us,” and may combine elements of community development, direct action, popular education, and community action research. Community organizing promotes individual and collective empowerment. It is practiced in communities of geography, identity, shared experience, and other arenas. In the United States, organizing takes three major approaches to building sustainable bases of community power—organizations formed through individual membership, institutional networks, and coalitions. Innovations in community organizing arising particularly from the leadership of women and people of color—known as transformational organizing—take an intersectional approach to addressing racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of systemic oppression while also addressing the personal and social needs of community members. Organizing increasingly takes advantage of internet technology and is effective for influencing legislation and electoral politics, as well as a wide range of community-based issues.
Loeb, Martin B.
Authors: Wasow Mona
Published: October 2014

Martin B. Loeb (1913–1983), a leader in social work education and gerontology, was director of the School of Social Work at the University of Wisconsin (1965–1973) and founding director of the McBeath Institute on Aging and Adult Life (1973–1980).
Lucas, Elizabeth Jessemine Kauikeolani Low
Authors: Ewalt Patricia L.
Published: October 2014

Elizabeth Low Lucas (1895–1986), an advocate for children and the first Hawaiian woman to receive a professional education in social work, worked in Hawaii's Department of Social Welfare and was director of pupil guidance in the Department of Public Instruction.
Manning, Leah Katherine Hicks
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Leah Katherine Hicks Manning (1917–1979), a Shoshone-Paiute, was instrumental in the development of the Indian Child Welfare Act. She worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and promoted a better understanding of American Indian families and culture among social workers.
Community Violence
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M. , Guterman Neil B. , Antunes Maria João Lobo
Published: October 2014

Community violence is a widespread concern that is receiving increasing attention by social workers. We consider here the problem of community violence and the present understanding of its rates, risk factors, protective factors, consequences, and some orientations for prevention and intervention. Growing evidence identifies a multifaceted and multisystemic ecological perspective of risk and protective factors linked with community violence exposure and its effects. Current research points to potentially helpful ameliorative and preventive strategies for social workers to consider at the micro and macro levels; however, the main focus of this article is on the macro-level factors and processes.
Morris, Robert
Authors: Olmsted Edith
Published: October 2014

Robert Morris (1910–2005), professor of social planning at Brandeis University, became director of the Levinson Policy Institute in 1970. He wrote on social planning, gerontology, and medical care, and was editor of Journal of Social Work from 1960 to 1972.
Newstetter, Wilber I.
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Wilber I. Newstetter (1896–1972) developed specialized training for social workers in youth and group leadership. He established Cleveland's University Settlement, which provided neighborhood outreach services, and became first dean of the School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, in 1938.
Comorbidity
Authors: DiNitto Diana M.
Published: October 2014

This entry defines comorbidity and similar terms used in various fields of practice. It addresses the prevalence of comorbidity, suggests explanations for comorbidity, and discusses integrated treatment for comorbid conditions and the importance of the concept of comorbidity in social work practice.
Northen, Helen
Authors: Arnold Robert Carter
Published: October 2014

Helen Northen (1912–2006) spent her teaching career at the University of Southern California and was considered one of the foremost authorities on social work with groups. She also published extensively on clinical social work practice and health care.
Perkins, Frances
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Frances Perkins (1882–1965) was the first female U.S. Cabinet member, appointed secretary of labor in 1933 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. She helped standardize state industrial legislation, promoted the adoption of the social security system, and pushed for improved workers' conditions.
Rankin, Jeannette
Authors: Stuart Paul H.
Published: October 2014

Jeanette Rankin (1880–1973) was the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress and only member to vote against U.S. participation in both world wars. Representing Montana as a progressive Republican, she favoured women's suffrage, children's protective legislation, Prohibition, and peace.
Reid, Bill
Authors: Arnold Robert Carter
Published: October 2014

Bill Reid (1928–2003) was acclaimed in the social welfare field for his task-centered model—a new method and philosophy of practice for social work—which is now widely used as the basis for delivering and managing private and public social work services.
Richmond, Mary Ellen
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Mary Ellen Richmond (1861–1928) formulated the first comprehensive statement of direct social work practice principles. She founded the Public Charities Association, the juvenile court, and the Housing Association, and helped to develop teaching materials for Charity Organization Societies nationwide.
Ripple, Lillian
Authors: Kendall Katherine A.
Published: October 2014

Lillian Ripple (1911–1993) was a social work educator, scholar, and research specialist. In 1964 she produced a pioneering study of continuance and discontinuance in social treatment. In 1968 she became associate director of the Council on Social Work Education.
Robison, Sophie Moses
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Sophie Moses Robison (1888–1969) was a social worker, educator, and researcher who helped create social policy changes for juvenile delinquents. She held a PhD in sociology from Columbia University. Her research efforts and recommendations resulted in urban educational reform.
The Relationships Between Impulse-Control Disorders, Compulsion Disorders, and Addictions
Authors: MacNeil Gordon , Brazeal B. Michelle
Published: October 2014

This article presents information regarding the evolving understanding of the relationships between impulse-control disorders, compulsion-related disorders, and addictions (both substance-related and behavioral). The traditional model describing the relationship between impulse-control disorders and compulsion-related disorders is now considered overly simplistic. New research suggests that this relationship is complex, and distinctions between these disorders are not as solid as previously thought. Information about this dynamic relationship also has implications for substance use disorders and behavioral addictions.
Rubinow, Isaac Max
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Isaac Max Rubinow (1875–1936) was a consultant to the President's Committee on Economic Security and director of the Jewish Welfare Society of Philadelphia. He led the American social insurance movement and contributed to Jewish American welfare programs.
Salomon, Alice
Authors: Healy Lynne M.
Published: October 2014

Alice Salomon (1872–1948) was a leader in international movements for social work education. She opened the first school of social work in Germany in 1908 and was the first president of the International Association of Schools of Social Work.
Saunders, Cicely
Authors: Otis-Green Shirley
Published: October 2014

Dame Cicely Saunders (1918–2005) was the founder of the modern hospice and palliative care movement. As a nurse, social worker, and eventually a physician, she developed a systematic approach to studying the symptom management needs of the terminally ill.
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication
Authors: Polowy Carolyn I. , Morgan Sherri , Bailey W. Dwight , Gorenberg Carol
Published: October 2014

Confidentiality of client communications is one of the ethical foundations of the social work profession and has become a legal obligation in most states. Many problems arise in the application of the principles of confidentiality and privilege to the professional services provided by social workers. This entry discusses the concepts of client confidentiality and privileged communications and outlines some of the applicable exceptions. While the general concept of confidentiality applies in many interactions between social workers and clients, the application of confidentiality and privilege laws are particularly key to the practice of clinical social workers in various practice settings.
Seton, Elizabeth Ann Bayley (Mother Seton)
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton (Mother Seton) (1774–1821) founded the religious order of the Sisters of Charity, which operated the first Catholic orphanage. She established free schools for poor children in Philadelphia, forming the core of the parochial school system.
Simkhovitch, Mary Kingsbury
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch (1867–1951) founded the Greenwich House social settlement in New York City. She was professor in social economy at Barnard College and associate professor in social economy at Teachers College of Columbia University.
Snyder, Mitchell “Mitch”
Authors: DiBlasio Frederick A. , Belcher John R.
Published: October 2014

Mitchell “Mitch” Snyder (1943–1990) was an activist who engaged in nonviolent civil disobedience. He was a member of the Creative Community for Non-Violence, which helps cities to provide emergency facilities for poor and homeless people.
Specht, Harry
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: October 2014

Harry Specht (1929–1995) was a social work educator who began his professional career in New York’s settlement houses. In 1977, he was appointed dean of the School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley.
Spellman, Dorothea C.
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Dorothea C. Spellman (1907–1979) headed the group work specialization at the Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver. Her primary contributions were in group work and as an advocate for a unified profession.
Switzer, Mary Elizabeth
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Mary Elizabeth Switzer (1900–1971) was an administrator who became head of the Social and Rehabilitation Service in 1967. She influenced the evolution and expansion of federally funded services to those in need and improved services to people with disabilities.
Taft, Julia Jessie
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Julia Jessie Taft (1882–1960) founded the “functional” school of social casework practice. She was director of the Child Study Department of the Children's Aid Society in Pennsylvania and developed a psychologically oriented curriculum at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work.
Tubman, Harriet
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Harriet Tubman (1820–1913) escaped bondage in 1849 and fled to Philadelphia. Known as the Moses of Black people for her leadership in the Underground Railroad movement, she is thought to have rescued up to 300 slaves before the Civil War.
Wald, Lillian
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Lillian Wald (1867–1940) was a pioneer in public health nursing. In 1893, she co-founded the Henry Street Settlement which provided professional nursing care to poor people at little or no cost. She is credited with the proposal that led to the establishment of the Children's Bureau in 1912.
Washington, Booker Taliaferro
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856–1915) was an educator and proponent of industrial education for Blacks. He was known for his accommodationist approach to race relations in the segregated South. He was head of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and founded the Negro Business League.
White, Eartha Mary Magdalene
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Eartha Mary Magdalene White (1876–1974) was a civic-minded Black businesswoman. She organized health and welfare services for the Black community in Jacksonville, Florida. She founded the Clara White Mission for the homeless and later founded the Eartha M. M. White Nursing Home.
Consumer Rights
Authors: Linhorst Donald M.
Published: October 2014

Consumers of health and mental health services are afforded numerous legal rights. Broad categories of rights include self-determination, access to health information, protections for mental health consumers who are hospitalized, and a right to community integration. Two areas of consumer rights are emerging: a greater emphasis on human rights, and the right of consumers to participate in developing and implementing programs and services within the organizations from which they receive services. Various means for enforcing rights exist in both the private and the public sectors. Social workers play critical roles in ensuring that consumer rights become a reality.
Action Research
Authors: Moxley David P.
Published: October 2014

Through cycles of systematic and purposeful iterative engagement with problems they face in specific practice settings, social workers engaging in action research build knowledge that is useful in advancing practice for the purposes of social betterment. This entry situates action research in the development of social-work knowledge and then examines variants of action research formed when degrees of participation and control vary among members of vulnerable populations, particularly within community situations involving coping with a degraded quality of life. The author identifies the importance of methodological pluralism and addresses how sound action research results in knowledge dissemination and utilization for the purposes of social betterment, often through alternative methods of inquiry. The entry concludes with caveats social workers engaged in action research should heed, and the author emphasizes the pivotal role social work can serve in local efforts to engage in knowledge development for social betterment.
Adoption: Intercountry
Authors: Rotabi Karen Smith
Published: October 2014

The practice of intercountry adoption is first considered from a historical framework, beginning with World War II, to other conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. In this historical overview, factors that contributed to the rise of the global circulation of children for adoption in the 20th century are discussed, as well as efforts for reform in the 21st century in response to problems of abuse, fraud, and exploitation and the development of policies to regulate intercountry adoption and ultimately protect children. Specifically, The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption is presented from a social justice perspective, using Guatemala as a case example, as well as relevant U.S. policies regulating intercountry adoption practices. Finally, direct practice considerations for social workers are discussed. These include pre- and post-adoption issues to support families and children through the intercountry adoption process and across the child’s lifespan with considerations for trans-racial adoptions and the unique child-family support issues. In conclusion, the significant decline in the practice is reflected upon pragmatically; the need for true reform in the practice is necessary to preserve intercountry adoption for orphaned and vulnerable children.
Roberts, Albert R.
Authors: Gibson Priscilla
Published: October 2014

Albert R. Roberts (1944–2008), PhD, BCETS, DACFE, was a renowned professor and prolific writer. He taught at various universities for 35 years and wrote more than 250 journal articles and 38 books or book chapters.
Asian Americans: Filipinos
Authors: Morelli Paula T. , Trinidad Alma , Alboroto Richard
Published: October 2014

Filipinos are the second largest group of Asians in the United States; more than 3.4 million Filipino Americans live primarily within the largest U.S. continental cities (including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, New York) and Hawaii. Annexation of the Philippines, following the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), granted Filipinos unrestricted immigration to the United States as “American nationals” without right to U.S. citizenship. Throughout this more than one-hundred-year relationship, Filipinos in the United States endured discrimination, race-based violence, and a series of restrictive federal legislation impacting civil rights and immigration. Filipinos may present with a distinctly Western orientation in areas such as values and contemporary ideas; however, their traditional social and cultural characteristics contrast considerably with mainstream American culture. This entry provides a brief historic, geopolitical and cultural context to facilitate the work of social work practitioners.
Bullying in Youth
Authors: Singer Jonathan , Slovak Karen
Published: October 2014

Bullying is the most common form of violence in schools and has been shown to disrupt the emotional and social development of both the targets and the perpetrators of bullying (Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007). Bullying can be physical, verbal, relational, and direct or indirect. There are well-established age and sex trends (Olweus, 1993; Smith, Madsen, & Moody, 1999). There has been considerable research on bullying-prevention programs and scholarship on best-practice guidelines for school social workers (Dupper, 2013). An emerging concern is with the use of electronic and Internet devices in bullying, referred to as “cyberbullying.” In this article we define bullying and cyberbullying; discuss risk factors associated with being a bully, a victim, and a bully-victim; describe prevention and intervention programs; and discuss emerging trends in both bullying and cyberbullying.
Capacity Building
Authors: Johnson Karen A. , Wilkes Sherron , Alameda-Lawson Tania
Published: October 2014

A half-century since its emergence, capacity development and building (CDB) remains an important strategy in countering societal and structural inequities. Yet, despite its importance, 20 years into the 21st century, these schisms have sorely deepened. Macro levels of divide are juxtaposed against a backdrop of meaningful CDB efforts and gains, nationally and internationally. The social work profession and social work educators should critically examine the ways in which CDB has been enacted to date. CDB efforts have directly and indirectly created transformational and sustainable improvements at individual, organizational, community, and societal levels of practice. CDB strategies may further deepen their impact on unjust systems, community, and societal change and have implications for social work education, practice, and research.
Children’s Development Accounts (Children's Savings Accounts)
Authors: Elliot William , Lewis Melinda
Published: October 2014

Children’s Development Accounts (CDAs) are a policy vehicle for allocating intellectual and financial resources to low- and moderate-income children. Unlike basic savings accounts, CDAs leverage investments by individuals, families, and, sometimes, third parties. By giving families savings incentives and building universal and progressive vehicles for saving, CDAs may improve the financial health of low-income families and the educational outcomes of their children, reducing or even eliminating asset advantages currently enjoyed by wealthier families.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Weaver Addie , Himle Joseph , Steketee Gail , Muroff Jordana
Published: October 2014

This entry offers an overview of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Cognitive behavioral therapy is introduced and its development as a psychosocial therapeutic approach is described. This entry outlines the central techniques and intervention strategies utilized in CBT and presents common disorder-specific applications of the treatment. The empirical evidence supporting CBT is summarized and reviewed. Finally, the impact of CBT on clinical social work practice and education is discussed, with attention to the treatment’s alignment with the profession’s values and mission.