bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Troponins in Canine Babesiosis
Authors: Lobetti Remo , Dvir Eran , Pearson Joyce
Published: March 2010

This study compared the sensitivity of ECG and cardiac troponins to predict cardiac histopathological changes, clinical severity, and survival in canine babesiosis. One control group (n = 9) and 4 groups of dogs with mild uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 8), severe uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 9), complicated babesiosis (n = 8), and babesiosis and concurrent immune‐mediated he‐molytic anemia (IMHA) (n = 9) were studied. A 1‐minute lead II ECG was recorded, and cardiac troponin I (cTnl) and T (cTnT) concentrations in plasma were measured. cTnl concentrations were significantly higher in the complicated (mean, 9.9; SE, ±5.76) and concurrent IMHA (mean, 6.53; SE, ±4.32) groups and in the 3 dogs that died of the disease (mean, 22.17; SE, ±12.85) than in the control dogs (concentration below detection limit of test, —0.3 ng/mL). The 3 nonsurvivors had the most severe cardiac histopathological changes, but no arrhythmia and minimal other ECG changes. Dogs with babesiosis developed a variety of ECG abnormalities, but the abnormalities were not associated with disease severity, outcome, or plasma cardiac troponin concentrations. The exception was the presence of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), which were associated with high cardiac troponin concentrations. This study showed an association between cTnl concentration and histological changes, clinical severity, and survival and no correlation between ECG abnormalities and histological changes or biochemical evidence of myocardial damage as reflected by cTnl concentrations. From this study, it was concluded that the analysis of plasma cTnl is a feasible and sensitive test and is superior to cTnT in diagnosing cardiac involvement in dogs with babesiosis.
Effect of Body Position on the 6‐Lead ECG of Dogs
Authors: Rishniw Mark , Porciello Francesco , Erb Hollis N. , Fruganti Gabrielle
Published: March 2010

ECGs recorded from dogs show characteristic morphology and changes in morphology with various disease states. These changes are determined by comparing individual recordings to reference ranges established from recordings obtained from normal dogs in right lateral (RL) recumbency. Using these reference ranges for ECGs recorded from dogs in other positions may not be valid. We compared ECG complexes from 39 normal dogs obtained in RL, left lateral (LL), and standing (ST) body positions. ECGs from dogs in ST position showed increased Q‐wave and R‐wave amplitudes in leads I and II, increased R‐wave and S‐wave amplitudes in leads aVR and aVL, and decreased R‐wave and S‐wave amplitudes in lead III when compared with recordings obtained in RL position. ECGs from dogs in LL position showed increased R‐wave amplitude in leads II, III, and aVF and S‐wave amplitude in lead aVL but decreased R‐wave amplitude in lead aVR when compared with recordings obtained in RL position. The mean electrical axis (MEA) shifted to the left in ST position but remained within the normal range in LL position. We determined that both a change in the relative position of the recording electrodes with respect to the heart as well as a change in intrathoracic cardiac position contributed to these changes. P‐wave amplitude, P‐R and S‐T intervals, and QRS complex durations remained unaltered by changes in body position. Our findings indicate that ECGs of dogs recorded in RL, LL, and ST positions yield dramatically different results, and investigators should use position‐specific reference ranges to minimize potential misinterpretation of ECG results.
Efficacy of Enalapril for Prevention of Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs with Myxomatous Valve Disease and Asymptomatic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Kvart Clarence , Häggström Jens , Pedersen Henrik Duelund , Hansson Kerstin , Eriksson Anders , Järvinen Anna‐Kaisa , Tidholm Anna , Bsenko Karina , Ahlgren Erik , Lives Mikael , Åblad Björn , Falk Torkel , Bjerkås Ellen , Gundler Susanne , Lord Peter , Wegeland Gudrun , Adolfsson Eva , Corfitzen Jens
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the long‐term effect of early angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition (enalapril maleate) as monotherapy to postpone or prevent congestive heart failure (CHF) in asymptomatic dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) attributable to myxomatous valvular disease (MVD) in a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial involving 14 centers in Scandinavia. Two hundred twenty‐nine Cavalier King Charles (CKC) Spaniels with MR attributable to MVD but no signs of CHF were randomly allocated to treatment with enalapril 0.25–0.5 mg daily (n = 116) or to placebo groups (n = 113). Each dog was evaluated by physical examination, electrocardiography, and thoracic radiography at entry and every 12 months (±30 days). The number of dogs developing heart failure was similar in the treatment and placebo groups (n = 50 [43%] and n = 48 [42%], respectively;P= .99). The estimated means, adjusted for censored observations, for the period from initiation of therapy to heart failure were 1,150 ± 50 days for dogs in the treatment group and 1,130 ± 50 days for dogs in the placebo group (P= .85). When absence or presence of cardiomegaly at the entrance of the trial was considered, there were still no differences between the treatment and placebo groups (P= .98 and .51, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that enalapril had no significant effect on the time from initiation of therapy to heart failure (P= .86). Long‐term treatment with enalapril in asymptomatic dogs with MVD and MR did not delay the onset of heart failure regardless of whether or not cardiomegaly was present at initiation of the study.
Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinomas: Clinical Presentation and Response to Therapy
Authors: Bennett Peter F. , DeNicola Denis B. , Bonney Patty , Glickman Nita W. , Knapp Deborah W.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study of 43 dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) was performed to characterize the clinical presentation and response to treatment. Clinical signs at presentation varied considerably, with signs related either to sublumbar nodal metastasis (tenesmus or constipation) or hypercalcemia (polyuria‐polydipsia and anorexia) being the most frequent findings. At the time of presentation, 23 (53%) dogs had hypercalcemia and 34 (79%) had metastases, with the regional lymph nodes (31 dogs, 72%) being the most common site of metastasis. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents were administered, with partial remission (PR) recorded in 4 of 13 (31%) dogs treated with cisplatin and in 1 of 3 (33%) dogs treated with carboplatin. The median survival for all dogs was 6 months (range, 2 days‐41 months). There was no statistical association between the presence of hypercalcemia and survival, although the power of the study to detect an increase in survival of 3 months was low (.33). We conclude that platinum chemotherapy has antitumor activity in canine apocrine gland carcinoma and that further study of these agents is warranted.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Tumor, Stromal Tissue, and Serum from Cats with Malignancies
Authors: Jankowski Monika K. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Lana Susan E. , Fettman Martin J. , Hansen Rodney A. , Powers Barbara E. , Mitchener Kathy M. , Lovett Samantha D. , Richardson Kristi L. , Parsley Lisa , Walton Judy A.
Published: March 2010

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that play key roles in angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis in a wide variety of species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pro and active MMP 2 and 9 concentrations in tumor, normal stromal tissue, and serum from tumor‐bearing cats. We hypothesized that serum concentrations of pro and active forms of MMPs 2 and 9 would be predictive of MMP concentrations in tumor tissue and that these MMP concentrations would correlate with the histo‐pathologic grade of the malignancies. Pro and active forms of MMPs 2 and 9 were determined by gelatin zymography and subsequent computerized densitometry from tumor and nearby stromal tissue and serum from 49 cats with various malignancies. The serum concentrations of MMPs from these tumor‐bearing cats were compared with serum concentrations of MMPs from 44 normal cats of similar age and gender. Measurable concentrations of MMPs 2 and 9 were found within tumor, stromal, and serum samples. Mean concentrations of total pro and active MMPs 2 and 9 within tumor tissue were significantly higher (P values <.0001, .0031, <.001, and .0064, respectively) when compared with stromal tissue from the same animals. Serum MMP concentrations from tumor‐bearing cats were higher than those from normal cats. Poor correlation was found between serum MMP concentrations and tissue MMP concentrations of increasing histologic grades of malignancies.
Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone in Adult Euthyroid and Hypothyroid Horses
Authors: Breuhaus Babetta A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to validate a thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) assay in a model of equine hypothyroidism. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests were performed in 12 healthy adult mares and geldings, aged 4 to greater than 20 years, before and during administration of the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 weeks. Serum concentrations of equine TSH, total and free thyroxine (T4), and total and free triiodothyronine (T3) were measured. Before PTU administration, mean ± standard deviation baseline concentrations of TSH were 0.40 ± 0.29 ng/mL. TSH increased in response to TRH, reaching a peak concentration of 0.78 ± 0.28 ng/mL at 45 minutes. Total and free T4increased from 12.9 ± 5.6 nmol/L and 12.2 ± 3.5 pmol/L to 36.8 ± 11.4 nmol/L and 23.1 ± 5.9 pmol/L, respectively, peaking at 4–6 hours. Total and free T3increased from 0.99 ± 0.51 nmol/L and 2.07 ± 1.14 pmol/L to 2.23 ± 0.60 nmol/L and 5.78 ± 1.94 pmol/L, respectively, peaking at 2–4 hours. Weekly measurements of baseline TSH and thyroid hormones during PTU administration showed that total and free T3concentrations fell abruptly and remained low throughout PTU administration. Total and free T4concentrations did not decrease dramatically until weeks 5 and 4 of PTU administration, respectively. A steady increase in TSH concentration occurred throughout PTU administration, with TSH becoming markedly increased by weeks 5 and 6 (1.46 ± 0.94 ng/mL at 6 weeks). During weeks 5 and 6 of PTU administration, TSH response to TRH was exaggerated, and thyroid hormone response was blunted. Results of this study show that measurement of equine TSH in conjunction with thyroid hormone measurement differentiated normal and hypothyroid horses in this model of equine hypothyroidism.
Recognition and Diagnosis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Cat and Dog
Authors: Skelly Barbara J. , Franklin Robin J.M.
Published: March 2010

Lysosomal storage diseases are rare, inherited disorders caused by the deficiency of 1 or more enzymes within the lysosomes of cells or by the deficiency of an activating protein or cofactor necessary for enzyme activity. The enzyme deficiency leads to a catabolic blockade and subsequent accumulation of storage material, and this in turn leads, albeit indirectly, to a wide array of clinical signs. Many features of storage diseases make them difficult to recognize and diagnose. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of these diseases and outline the steps required to confirm a diagnosis.
Morphology of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Boxer as Measured by 12‐Lead Electrocardiography with Pace‐Mapping Comparison
Authors: Kraus Marc S. , Moïse N. Sydney , Rishniw Mark , Dykes Nathan , Erb Hollis N.
Published: March 2010

The QRS amplitude and polarity were determined in 12‐lead electrocardiograms recorded from 22 Boxers with ventricular arrhythmias. Eighty‐one percent (18/22) of dogs displayed a positive QRS morphology in the caudoventral leads (II, III, and aVF) and 77% (17/22) of dogs displayed a positive QRS morphology in the left precordial leads (V2‐V6). In leads I and V1, the polarity of the QRS complex was variable (positive or negative). To determine if these morphologic features were suggestive of ventricular complexes arising from the right or left ventricle, a comparison was made to the QRS complexes in a pace‐mapping study performed in 7 healthy mixed‐breed dogs. A total of 3 right and 4 left ventricular sites were paced. None of the left ventricular paced sites resulted in a QRS morphology similar to the most common spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in the Boxers. In contrast, QRS morphology in each of the 3 right ventricular sites was similar to that observed in the Boxers (P< .033). Each of these produced positive deflections in the caudoventral and left precordial leads, but both positive and negative QRS complexes were observed in leads I and V1only when the right ventricular septum was paced. This finding suggested that the right ventricular septum might be a site of origin for the ventricular rhythm observed in the Boxers because in the Boxers the polarity of leads I and V1also varied. Pacing the right ventricular outflow tract always resulted in a negative QRS complex in lead I, whereas pacing the right ventricular apex always resulted in a positive QRS complex in lead I and a negative QRS complex in V1. However, these locations cannot be excluded as possible sites of origin for the spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in the Boxers because the arrhythmias could be originating from both of these locations. The spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia of the Boxer is most similar to that of paced ventricular rhythms arising from the right ventricle. More precise localization to a region of the right ventricle such as outflow tract, septal, or apical could not be made.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentrations in Body Cavity Effusions in Dogs
Authors: Clifford Craig A. , Hughes Dez , Beal Matthew W , Henry Carolyn J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Sorenmo Karin U.
Published: March 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has potent angiogenic, mitogenic, and vascular permeability enhancing properties specific for endothelial cells. VEGF is present in high concentrations in inflammatory and neoplastic body cavity effusions and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neoplastic and inflammatory effusion formation. In this study, VEGF was quantitated by solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) in samples of pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal effusions (N = 38) from dogs (N = 35) with neoplastic and non‐neoplastic diseases. VEGF was detected in 37 of 38 effusions (median, 754; range, 18‐3,669 pg/mL) and was present in much higher concentrations than in previously established normal concentrations for canine plasma (median, <1 pg/mL; range, <1–18 pg/mL) or in those previously noted in the plasma of dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA; median, 17 pg/mL; range, <1–67 pg/mL). In 4 dogs with HSA, the concurrent plasma VEGF concentration was much lower than in the abdominal effusion (P= .029). No significant correlation was demonstrated between VEGF effusion concentration and effusion total protein content or nucleated cell count. Mean VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in pericardial (median, 3,533; range, 709‐3,669 pg/mL) and pleural effusions (median, 3,144; range, 0–3,663 pg/mL) compared to peritoneal effusions (median, 288; range, 18‐2,607 pg/mL; P < .05). There was no marked difference demonstrated between effusions associated with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of VEGF in body cavity effusion formation in dogs.
Idiopathic Asymptomatic Thrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Is an Autosomal Recessive Trait
Authors: Pedersen Henrik D. , Häggström Jens , Olsen Lisbeth H. , Christensen Knud , Selin Anna , Burmeister Malene L. , Larsen Heidi
Published: March 2010

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) often have idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia. In affected dogs, the thrombocytes often are large, and it has been speculated that the condition could be an inherited macrothrombocytopenia. The aim of this study was to examine the inheritance of idiopathic, asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in CKCS. Sixteen families (both parents and ≥3 offspring) of privately owned CKCS were included. There were 105 clinically healthy dogs (50 from Denmark and 55 from Sweden): 81 offspring and 26 parents (2 dogs had both roles). Because autoanalyzers have difficulty counting large platelets, the platelets were counted manually, with a counting chamber. Platelet counts were not influenced by age, gender, or heart murmur status. Thrombocytopenia (≤100,000 platelets/|μL) was found in 46% of the parents. The pedigrees indicated that thrombocytopenia segregated as an autosomal recessive trait and that 100,000 platelets/|μL was appropriate as a lower limit of normal. Affected offspring were found in all families, showing that all of the included parents were at least carriers. Therefore, the expected segregation ratios (which were in good accordance with the observed ones) were 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3 for the 3 crosses: affected X affected, normal X affected, and normal X normal. Within a given cross, the mean parental platelet count had no influence on the platelet counts of the offspring. We conclude that idiopathic, asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in CKCS is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The condition most likely constitutes an inherited macrothrombocytopenia in dogs.
Chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisolone (COP) in Cats with Malignant Lymphoma: New Results with an Old Protocol
Authors: Teske Erik , van Straten Giora , van Noort Ronald , Rutteman Gerard R.
Published: March 2010

This retrospective study in 61 cats with malignant lymphomas examined the efficacy of a well‐established chemotherapy protocol (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone [COP]) in the Netherlands, a country with a low prevalence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Twenty‐two cats (36.1%) had mediastinal lymphoma, 11 (18.0%) had alimentary lymphoma, 7 (11.5%) had peripheral lymphoma, 8 (13.1%) had nasal lymphoma, and 13 (21.3%) had miscellaneous lymphoma (including renal lymphoma in 2 [3.3%]). Of the 54 cats that were tested, only 4 (7.4%) were FeLV positive. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 46 of the 61 cats (75.4%). The estimated 1‐ and 2‐year disease‐free periods (DFPs) in the 46 cats with CR were 51.4 and 37.8%, respectively, whereas the median duration of remission was 251 days. The overall estimated 1‐year survival rate in all cats was 48.7%, and the 2‐year survival rate was 39.9%, with a median survival of 266 days. The median survival time and the 1‐year survival rate for mediastinal lymphoma were 262 days and 49.4%, respectively. Siamese cats had a more favorable prognosis for survival and remission than other breeds. Response to therapy in this study was shown to be a significant prognostic indicator. CR is necessary for long‐term survival. Cats that did not achieve CR had little chance of survival for longer than 1 year. Young Siamese cats in this study had a greater tendency to develop mediastinal malignant lymphoma at a young age, and all were FeLV negative. In comparison with results reported in other studies with different combination chemotherapy protocols, these are among the highest percentages of remission and the longest survival rates for cats with malignant lymphoma.
Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Calves Fed Fresh Colostrum or a Colostrum Supplement
Authors: Holloway Nicole M. , Tyler Jeff W. , Lakritz Jeff , Carlson Steven L. , Tessman Ronald K. , Holle Julie
Published: March 2010

This study compared serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves fed colostrum with those of calves fed a colostrum supplement containing spray‐dried serum. Twenty‐four Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (fresh colostrum or colostrum supplement). Each calf was fed 4 L of colostrum (n1= 12) or 4 L of colostrum supplement (n2= 12) via oroesophageal intubation at 3 hours of age. The concentration of the colostrum supplement fed to calves was twice the manufacturer's recommendation. The median and range values for colostral IgG concentration were 6,430 mg/dL and 1,400‐17,000 mg/ dL, respectively. Median serum IgG concentrations at 2 days of age differed significantly (P= .001) between calves receiving fresh colostrum (3,350 mg/dL) and the colostrum supplement (643 mg/dL). Eight percent of calves force fed colostrum had serum IgG concentrations <1,000 mg/dL, whereas 75% of calves force‐fed supplement had IgG concentrations below this threshold. The calculated population relative risks for mortality associated with passive transfer for calves force‐fed colostrum and calves force‐fed colostrum supplement were 1.09 and 1.90, respectively. Force‐fed fresh colostrum is superior to the colostrum supplement studied, but the colostrum supplement has similar efficacy to routine colostrum administration practices.
Effects of Chronic Oral Amiodarone on Left Ventricular Function, ECGs, Serum Chemistries, and Exercise Tolerance in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Bicer Sabahattin , Nakayama Tomohiro , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: March 2010

Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic with beta‐adrenergic blocking and antimuscarinic properties, has a wide spectrum of clinical use in humans. This study was conducted to establish the effects of a 25 mg/kg ql2h loading dose and a 30 mg/kg q24h maintenance dose of amiodarone, each given PO for 3.5 weeks, on systemic arterial pressure, echocardiographic (ECHO) indices of left ventricular function, ECGs, exercise tolerance, and serum biochemistries in adult, clinically normal dogs. Means were calculated and were compared by analysis of variance with repeated measures. When a significant F statistic was identified, specific means were compared by Bonferroni's post hoc test. Body weight and heart rate (HR) decreased, and PQ, QT, and corrected QT (QTc) increased significantly (P< .05) for the weeks that the dogs received the loading dose, but all parameters returned to values the same as those in the pretest for the weeks when dogs received the maintenance dose. Serum activity of hepatic enzyme activities and cholesterol concentrations increased, and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]), phosphorous, and total carbon dioxide decreased. The changes in PQ, QT, and QTc are similar to those obtained previously, but the detailed ECG and ECHO observations have not been reported. A dose of 25 mg/kg ql2h, but not 30 mg/kg q24h, is an appetite suppressant, and the lower dose produces neither ECG nor ECHO changes of clinical or toxicological significance in normal dogs.
A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study of Pimobendan in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Fuentes Virginia Luis , Corcoran Brendan , French Anne , Schober Karsten E. , Kleemann Rainer , Justus Claus
Published: March 2010

A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was conducted to examine the effect on heart failure class and survival of pimobendan, an oral calcium‐sensitizing inodilator, in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Pimobendan (0.3–0.6 mg/kg body weight/d) or placebo was administered to English Cocker Spaniels (CSs; n = 10) and Doberman Pinschers (DPs; n = 10) that had DCM in addition to background therapy of furosemide, enalapril, and digoxin. Addition of pimobendan to standard triple therapy was associated with a significant improvement in heart failure class, regardless of breed (P< .02, Mann‐Whitney rank sum test). Overall, 8 of 10 animals in the pimobendan‐treated group, and 1 of 10 animals in the placebo group improved their heart failure status by at least 1 modified New York Heart Association functional class after initial stabilization (P= .005, Fisher's exact test). Pimobendan had no significant effect on survival in the CSs (P= 0.77, log‐rank test), but DPs treated with pimobendan had significantly longer survival times compared with placebo (P< .02, log‐rank test), with a median survival time of 329 days in the pimobendan group compared with 50 days in the placebo group, and a hazard ratio of 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.4–39.8). Pimobendan resulted in significant improvement in heart failure class when added to standard therapy in this group of dogs with DCM, and may have contributed to improved survival in DPs.
A Cross‐Sectional Study of Epilepsy in Danish Labrador Retrievers: Prevalence and Selected Risk Factors
Authors: Berendt Mette , Gredal Hanne , Pedersen Lotte Gam , Alban Lis , Alving Jørgen
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and selected risk factors of epilepsy, the proportion of dogs with epilepsy in remission, and the types of seizures in Danish Labrador Retrievers. A prospective cross‐sectional study of epilepsy was conducted in 1999–2000. The study was carried out in 2 phases in a reference population consisting of 29,602 individuals. In phase 1, 550 dogs were selected by random sampling stratified by year of birth. A telephone interview was used to identify dogs with possible epilepsy. In phase 2, dogs judged during phase 1 as possibly suffering from epilepsy were further subjected to physical and neurologic examination, CBC, blood chemistry, and a questionnaire on seizure phenomenology. Seventeen dogs were diagnosed with epilepsy, yielding a prevalence of 3.1% (95% CI 1.6–4.6%) in the Danish population of Labrador Retrievers. A diagnosis of epilepsy was 6 times more probable in dogs >4 years (born before 1995) than in younger dogs (born between 1995 and 1999) (P= .004, relative risk = 6.5). No significant difference in risk between genders was observed, nor could any effect of neutering be proven statistically. The frequencies of primary generalized seizures and partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) were 24 and 70%, respectively. The type of seizures could not be classified in 6%. In conclusion, the 3.1% prevalence of epilepsy in Danish Labrador Retrievers is higher than the 1% prevalence of epilepsy described in the general canine population, establishing that this breed is at increased risk.
Genetic Characterization of 2 Novel Feline Caliciviruses Isolated from Cats with Idiopathic Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Authors: Rice Cheryl C. , Kruger John M. , Venta Patrick J. , Vilnis Aivars , Maas Kara A. , Dulin Jennifer A. , Maes Roger K.
Published: March 2010

Feline caliciviruses (FCVs) are potential etiologic agents in feline idiopathic lower urinary tract disease (I‐LUTD). By means of a modified virus isolation method, we examined urine obtained from 28 male and female cats with nonobstructive I‐LUTD, 12 male cats with obstructive I‐LUTD, and 18 clinically healthy male and female cats. All cats had been routinely vaccinated for FCV. Two FCVs were isolated; 1 (FCV‐U1) from a female cat with nonobstructive I‐LUTD, and another (FCV‐U2) from a male cat with obstructive I‐LUTD. To determine the genetic relationship of FCV‐U1 and FCV‐U2 to other FCVs, capsid protein gene RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA, amplified, and sequenced. Multiple amino acid sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were constructed for the entire capsid protein, hypervariable region E, and the more conserved (nonhypervariable) regions A, B, D, and F. When compared to 23 other FCV isolates with known biotypes, the overall amino acid sequence identity of the capsid protein of FCV‐U1 and FCV‐U2 ranged from 83 to 96%; identity of hypervariable regions C and E ranged from 58 to 85%. Phylogenetically, FCV‐U1 clearly separated from other FCV strains in phenograms based on nonhypervariable regions. In contrast, FCV‐U2 consistently segregated with the Urbana strain in all phenograms. Clustering of isolates by geographic origin was most apparent in phenograms based on nonhypervariable regions. No clustering of isolates by biotype was apparent in any phenograms. Our results indicate that FCV‐U1 and FCV‐U2 are genetically distinct from other known vaccine and field strains of FCV.
Water Transport in the Kidney and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Cohen Michele , Post Gerald S.
Published: March 2010

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine despite adequate concentration of vasopressin in blood and is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, and hyposthenuria in the presence of plasma hyperosmolality. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is the result of defects in water homeostasis in the kidney. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys cannot or do not respond to vasopressin. There are 2 categories of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a rare, inherited, irreversible cause of polyuria and polydipsia in humans that is even rarer in animals. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is more common and is often secondary to illness or medication that interferes with the action of vasopressin in the renal tubules. Unlike congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acquired or secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is often reversible with correction of the associated or causative problem.
Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency: Presence of the Cys36Ser β‐2 Integrin Mutation in an Affected US Irish Setter Cross‐Breed Dog and in US Irish Red and White Setters
Authors: Foureman Polly , Whiteley Mary , Giger Urs
Published: March 2010

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent bacterial infections in the presence of marked leukocytosis. The disease was 1st described in the mid‐1980s in a cross‐breed Irish Setter Dog in the United States. It results from a defective β‐2 subunit of heterodimeric leukocyte adhesion proteins. The causative mutation for CLAD in Irish Setter Dogs from Europe has been identified as a missense mutation at base pair position 107 in the β‐2 integrin subunit gene (ITGB2) that results in an amino acid change from cysteine to serine at amino acid 36 (Cys36Ser) in the β‐2 integrin subunit protein. In the current work, the originally described dog with CLAD has been genetically tested and shown to have the same mutation as the European Irish Setters. This suggests that the mutation has been in the Irish Setter population for many generations spanning more than 2 decades. A related breed, the Irish Red and White Setter, has a history of interbreeding with Irish Setters and shares a common ancestry with the Irish Setter breed. DNA from Irish Red and White Setters residing in the United States was screened either by sequencing or by the newly developed restriction enzyme test for the Irish Setter Cys36Ser CLAD mutation. Seven of 54 dogs tested (13%) were found to be carriers of the Irish Setter CLAD mutation. Five of these were directly related to a sire from the UK, demonstrating the importation of an allele from another continent and establishing the need for genetic testing in this breed in the United States.
The Effects of Doxapram Hydrochloride (Dopram‐V) on Laryngeal Function in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Miller Carrie Jean , McKiernan Brendan C. , Pace Jennifer , Fettman Martin J.
Published: March 2010

Laryngeal dysfunction is assessed most accurately by direct visualization of the larynx under a light plane of anesthesia. If the plane of anesthesia used is too deep, laryngeal structures may appear paralyzed and remain in a paramedian position. Doxapram hydrochloride is a known respiratory stimulant. We hypothesized that doxapram would significantly increase intrinsic laryngeal motion in healthy anesthetized dogs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of doxapram on the area of rima glottidis (RG) in healthy dogs. Thirty healthy dogs were studied. Dogs were premedicated with butorphanol tartrate (0.22 mg/kg IV), acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg/kg SC), and glycopyrrolate (0.005 mg/kg SC), followed by induction with propofol (4 mg/kg IV). Intrinsic laryngeal motion observed in each dog was recorded on videotape after induction. Doxapram then was administered (2.2 mg/kg IV) and respirations again were recorded. Representative breaths for each dog were photographed during 4 phases of respiration (inspiration at rest, inspiration with doxapram, expiration at rest, and expiration with doxapram). The area of the RG then was calculated by using a computer‐assisted analysis program. Results of each category were compared by using a 1‐way analysis of variance;P≤ .05 was considered significant. Doxapram visibly increased respiratory effort, and was associated with increased intrinsic laryngeal motion. Compared to the resting state, the area of the RG was significantly increased after doxapram administration during both inspiration and expiration. We propose the routine use of doxapram during laryngoscopy to increase intrinsic laryngeal motion and aid in the diagnosis of laryngeal dysfunction.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization ofClostridium perfringensandClostridium difficilein Diarrheic and Healthy Dogs
Authors: Marks Stanley L. , Kather Elizabeth J. , Kass Philip H. , Melli Ann C.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this study were to examine the potential roles ofClostridium difficileand enterotoxigenicClostridium perfringensin diarrhea in dogs by comparison of isolation, determination of toxin status via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These techniques were used to evaluate fecal specimens in 132 healthy and diarrheic dogs. These dogs were prospectively evaluated by grouping them into the following 3 categories: hospitalized dogs with diarrhea (n = 32), hospitalized dogs without diarrhea (n = 42), and apparently healthy outpatient dogs without diarrhea (n = 58). All fecal specimens were cultured using selective media forC difficile, Salmonellaspp., andCampylobacterspp. and selective media after heat shock forC perfringens.No significant difference was found in the isolation ofC perfringensorC difficileamong the 3 groups. A significant association was found between the presence of diarrhea and detection ofC perfringensenterotoxin (CPE) or toxin A via ELISA for bothC perfringensandC difficile, respectively. PCR performed onC difficileisolates for toxin A and toxin B genes revealed no significant differences among the 3 groups, but diarrheic dogs were significantly more likely to be positive for the enterotoxin gene ofC perfringens.Based on the results of this study, the use of ELISA for detection of CPE in feces combined with the detection of enterotoxigenic fecal isolates obtained via heat shock provides the strongest evidence for the presence ofC perfrigences‐associated diarrhea.
Cardiac Troponin I in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hemdon William E. , Kittleson Mark D. , Sanderson Karen , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Clifford Craig A. , Gelzer Anna , Summerfield Nuala J. , Linde Annika , Sleeper Meg M.
Published: March 2010

Measurement of plasma cardiac troponin I concentration ([cTnI]) is a sensitive and specific means for detecting myocardial damage in many mammalian species. Studies have shown that [cTnI] increases rapidly after cardiomyocyte injury. The molecular structure of cTnl is highly conserved across species, and current assays developed for its detection in humans have been validated in many species. In this study, [cTnI] was quantified using a 2‐site sandwich assay in plasma of healthy control cats (n = 33) and cats with moderate to severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (n = 20). [cTnI] was significantly higher in cats with HCM (median, 0.66 ng/mL; range, 0.05–10.93 ng/mL) as compared with normal cats (median, <0.03 ng/mL; range, <0.03‐0.16 ng/mL) (P< .0001). An increase in [cTnI] was also highly sensitive (sensitivity = 85%) and specific (specificity = 97%) for differentiating cats with moderate to severe HCM from normal cats. [cTnI] was weakly correlated with diastolic thickness of the left ventricular free wall (r2= .354;P= .009) but not with the diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum (P= .8467) or the left atrium: aorta ratio (P= .0652). Furthermore, cats with congestive heart failure at the time of cTnl analysis had a significantly higher [cTnI] than did cats that had never had heart failure and those whose heart failure was controlled at the time of analysis (P= .0095 andP= .0201, respectively). These data indicate that cats with HCM have ongoing myocardial damage. Although the origin of this damage is unknown, it most likely explains the replacement fibrosis that is consistently identified in cats with moderate to severe HCM.
MOPP Chemotherapy for Treatment of Resistant Lymphoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 117 Cases (1989–2000)
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Mauldin Glenna E. , Al‐Sarraf Renee , Mauldin G. Neal , Moore Antony S. , Mooney Samantha C.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the MOPP chemotherapy protocol (mechlor‐ethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) as a rescue regimen in dogs with lymphoma. One hundred seventeen dogs that had resistance to previously administered chemotherapy were evaluated. Before treatment with MOPP, all dogs received a median of 6 chemotherapy drugs for a median duration of 213 days. Thirty‐one percent (36 of 117) had a complete response (CR) to MOPP for a median of 63 days, and 34% (40 of 117) had a partial response (PR) for a median of 47 days. Sixteen percent (19 of 117) had stable disease (SD) for a median of 33 days. Predictors for response to MOPP were not identified. Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity occurred in 28% (33 of 117) of the dogs, and 13% (15 dogs) required hospitalization. Five dogs developed septicemia, and 2 died as a result. MOPP was an effective treatment for dogs with resistant lymphoma and was well tolerated by the majority of affected dogs.
Antigen‐Specific Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Intramuscular Injection of Ovalbumin in Horses
Authors: Furr Martin
Published: March 2010

Eighteen normal horses were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups to investigate the effects of IM or intrathecal (IT) administration of ovalbumin on serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody production. Horses of group 1 were injected intramuscularly with ovalbumin and adjuvant, while horses in treatment groups 2 and 3 received ovalbumin intrathecally or intravenously, followed by IM injection as in group 1. Serum and CSF antibody titers were tested in group 1 every 30 days for 4 months, while serum and CSF were collected in group 2 and 3 horses at postvaccination day 60. Horses of group 1 (IM) developed a serum antibody titer that peaked at postadministration day 60 (1:24,320 ± 7,680) (mean ± 1 SEM). Anti‐ovalbumin antibodies were detected in CSF, and titers paralleled that of the serum, although at a much lower concentration (peak, 1:166 ± 87). Horses of groups 2 and 3 developed significantly (P= .02) lower serum titers (1:720 and 1:2,067, respectively), but the difference in CSF titers did not achieve statistical significance (P= .06). The results confirm that antigen‐specific antibody can be found in the CSF of horses in which antigen is not administered intrathecally. This may affect the interpretation of CSF analysis in diseases such as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Further, the findings suggest that IT injection of the soluble antigen ovalbumin induces a state of antigenic tolerance in the horse. The clinical significance of this finding remains unknown at this time.
Hemoglobin Solutions and Tissue Oxygenation
Authors: Muir William W. , Wellman Maxey L.
Published: March 2010

Oxygen (O2) delivery to tissues plays an important role in determining microcirulatory autoregulatory responses. The balance between O2delivery by whole blood and tissue O2consumption likely has evolved based on regulatory processes designed to accommodate the encapsulation of hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood cells (RBCs). The hemodynamic, rheologic, and physical properties of blood, or an alternate O2‐carrying solution, can have important consequences for O2delivery to tissue. The development of acellular hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOC) requires reassessment of the O2loading and unloading charactistics of Hb, the effects of altering the rheologic properties of blood, and the impact of these changes on microcirculatory autoregulation and tissue oxygenation. A variety of experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of HBOCs. However, mechanisms responsible for HBOC‐facilitated, O2‐dependent autoregulatory changes in the microcirculation have not been completely elucidated.
Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mutsaers Anthony J. , Widmer William R. , Knapp Deborah W.
Published: March 2010

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder, the most common malignancy of the urinary tract in dogs, is challenging to both diagnose and treat effectively. The prevalence of this disease may be increasing. The etiology of canine TCC is likely multifactorial. Epidemiological studies of TCC in the dog have revealed a number of risk factors, including breed and female gender, as well as environmental factors, such as insecticide exposure. This tumor is difficult to remove surgically and responds poorly to chemotherapy. The efficacy of radiotherapy and other treatment modalities needs further investigation. Cyclooxygenase‐inhibiting drugs have some activity against TCC, and studies to further define these effects are ongoing. Use of the tumor/node/ metastasis (TNM) classification scheme for bladder cancer has allowed for the identification of prognostic factors. Urinary tract obstruction and metastatic disease remain challenges to treat. Work with canine TCC has demonstrated how closely this disease resembles human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Therefore, future research has the potential to benefit both dogs and humans with TCC.
Lymphoma as a Model for Chronic Illness: Effects on Adrenocortical Function Testing
Authors: Gieger T.L. , Feldman E.C. , Wallack S.T. , Dank G.
Published: March 2010

Many dogs with chronic illness have serum biochemical abnormalities consistent with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Lymphoma (LSA) is a chronic disease of dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adrenocortical screening test results in dogs with LSA to evaluate their specificity. Criteria for inclusion in the study included a diagnosis of LSA, an expected survival time of 16– 56 weeks, no glucocorticoid treatment beyond 4 weeks after the initiation of chemotherapy, no evidence of HAC, and owner consent. Post–ACTH stimulation plasma cortisol concentrations (PACs), urine cortisol:creatinine (UC:Cr) ratios, and maximal left adrenal width measurements were performed at the time of LSA diagnosis before the initiation of chemotherapy and at 16, 24, 32, 40, and 52 weeks or until the loss of remission or the development of another disease. Ten dogs met the criteria for inclusion. Forty‐two PACs were performed; 1 abnormal, 2 borderline, and 39 normal values were detected. Thirty‐five maximal left adrenal width measurements were obtained; 0 abnormal, 5 borderline, and 30 normal measurements were detected. Thirty‐six UC:Cr ratios were obtained, with 26 abnormal, 4 borderline, and 6 normal values detected and 9 of 10 dogs having at least 1 abnormal value. These data suggest that in dogs with LSA, the UC:Cr ratio frequently is abnormal and may not be a specific test for HAC, or it may be the most sensitive test for increases in cortisol secretion due to chronic illness. Maximal left adrenal width measurements and PACs were almost always normal and may be more specific for HAC or less sensitive for demonstrating chronic increases in cortisol secretion.
Efficacy of Omeprazole for the Prevention of Exercise‐Induced Gastritis in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs
Authors: Davis M.S. , Willard M.D. , Nelson S.L. , McCullough S.M. , Mandsager R.E. , Roberts J. , Payton M.E.
Published: March 2010

Exercise‐induced gastritis and gastric ulcers are common in humans and horses, and recently have been described in racing sled dogs. The cause of exercise‐induced gastric disease is not completely understood in any species, but pharmacologic suppression of acid secretion is an effective treatment in humans and horses. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that omeprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor shown to reduce gastric acid secretion in dogs, would reduce the severity of exercise‐induced gastric disease. Three teams of 16 dogs each competing in the 2002 Iditarod Sled Dog Race were recruited for participation. Within each team, dogs were randomly assigned to either treatment (20 mg omeprazole PO q24h) or placebo. Treatments were administered until either completion of the race or withdrawal of an individual dog from competition. Gastric endoscopy was performed in all dogs 24 hours after completion or withdrawal, and the gastric mucosa was scored by using a subjective severity score (0 = normal, 3 = numerous bleeding ulcers). Treatment with omeprazole significantly reduced mean gastric severity score compared to placebo (omeprazole: 0.65 ± 0.17, placebo: 1.09 ± 0.18;P= .028), but also was associated with increased frequency of diarrhea during the race (omeprazole 54%, placebo 21%;P= .017). Examination of our data suggests that omeprazole may be an effective treatment for exercise‐induced gastric disease in racing sled dogs. However, further investigation regarding the cause and clinical relevance of diarrhea associated with omeprazole treatment must be conducted before omeprazole can be recommended for routine prophylactic treatment in these athletes.
Etiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs
Authors: Buchanan James W. , Patterson Donald F.
Published: March 2010

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital heart disease in dogs and usually causes heart failure and death unless corrected at a young age. Previous histologic studies in a line of dogs derived from Miniature Poodles with hereditary PDA identified varying degrees of hypoplasia and asymmetry of ductus‐specific smooth muscle and the presence of aortalike elastic tissue in the ductus wall sufficient to cause patency. To determine if similar structural abnormalities cause PDA in other dogs, serial‐section, 3‐dimensional histology of ductal architecture was studied in 8 non‐Poodle purebred dogs with PDA with no immediate family history of PDA. Morphologic abnormalities were observed in 7 of 8 dogs with PDA and essentially were the same as those in dogs known to have a hereditary form of PDA. These findings suggest that apparently sporadic PDA in these breeds is caused by a genetic defect in the structure of the ductus arteriosus that is similar or identical to that in the Poodle. The relatives of dogs with PDA, particularly parents, offspring, and siblings, should be screened for evidence of PDA. Dogs with PDA should not be used for breeding, regardless of breed.