bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of quenching mechanisms of carotenoids on the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Jung Mun Y. , Min David B.
Published: July 2007

The effects of 0, 1.0 × 10”−5, 2.5 × 10−5, and 5.0 × 10−5 M β‐apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin on the photooxidation of soybean oil in methylene chloride containing 3.3 × 10−9 M chlorophyll b were studied by measuring peroxide values and conjugated diene content. β‐Apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin contain 10,11, and 13 conjugated double bonds, respectively. The peroxide values and conjugated diene contents of oils containing the carotenoids were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of control oil containing no carotenoid. As the number of conjugated double bonds of the carotenoids increased, the peroxide values of soybean oils decreased significantly (P<0.05). The quenching mechanisms and kinetics of the carotenoids in the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil were studied by measuring peroxide values. The steady‐state kinetics study showed that carotenoids quenched singlet oxygen to reduce chlorophyll‐sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil. The singlet‐oxygen quenching rate constants ofβ‐ apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin were 3.06 × 109, 4.60 × 109, and 1.12 × 1010 M−1sec−1, respectively.
Process conditions for separating fatty acid esters by supercritical CO2
Authors: Liang J. H. , Yeh An‐I
Published: July 2007

The solubilities of ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) and ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA) in supercritical carbon dioxide were determined by a continuous flow method. The solubilities of fatty acid ethyl esters increased with pressure and decreased as the temperature was increased. An empirical equation, similar to Chrastil's equation, was used to describe the relationship between solute solubility and the density of carbon dioxide. The empirical equation was further used to qualitatively estimate the separation efficiency of isolating EPA and DHA ethyl esters from fatty acid esters. The operating conditions yielding high solubility gave fast extraction rate but resulted in low separation efficiency. Experiments were conducted to separate ethyl EPA and ethyl DHA from a model mixture containing four fatty acid ethyl esters and from esterified squid visceral oil. The experimental data compared closely with the calculated values.
The antioxidant effects of phospholipids on perilla oil
Authors: Kashima Minoru , Cha Ga‐Senoung , Isoda Yoshihiro , Hirano Jiro , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: July 2007

Antioxidant effect of phospholipids on the oxidation of refined perilla oil (PO;α‐18:3, 54.5%; 16:0, 7.2%; 18:0, 2.6%; 18:1, 18.6%; 18:2, 15.5%), tocopherol‐free (POF) and tocopherol‐enriched (POR) perilla oil were investigated by measuring weight‐gains and by the oven test at 37°C. The oxidative stability of PO was especially increased by additions of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), but phosphatidylcholine (PC) scarcely showed an antioxidant effect. The oxidative stability of POF was markedly low, and none of the phospholipids (PC, PE, PS) showed an antioxidant effect on the oxidation of POF. The stability of POR was lower than that of PO regardless of its higher tocopherol contents. However, the oxidation of POR was significantly suppressed by additions of PE and PS, as was observed with PO. PC showed a small antioxidant effect on the oxidation of POR. Therefore, it seems that the antioxidant effects of phospholipids, especially of PE and PS, was due to the presence of tocopherols in the perilla oil.
Fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil of calodendrum capense (l.f.) thunb.
Authors: Munavu Raphael M.
Published: July 2007

Seed kernels ofCalodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. yielded 60% of a light yellow oil which had the following fatty acid composition: 23.8% palmitic, 4.5% stearic, 33.7% oleic, 35.6% linoleic, 1.4% linolenic and 1.0% arachidic. Myristic and behenic acids were present in trace amounts, and the kernel cake contained 37.6% crude protein.
Fractional crystallization and gas chromatographie analysis of fatty acids as a means of detecting butterfat adulteration
Authors: Farag R. S. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Ahmed F. A. , Hewedi F. M. , Khalifa H. H.
Published: July 2007

A method has been devised which gives the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of pure and adulterated cow and buffalo ghee with lard or margarine. It involves fractionation of pure and adulterated butterfat into fractions by fractional crystallization. The composition of the fatty acids liberated by the hydrolysis of each of the fractions was determined by gas chromatography. Adulteration of cow and buffalo ghee with various levels of lard or margarine caused significant changes in certain fatty acids, i.e., 22:0, 18:1, 18:0 and 16:0. It is possible to determine the extent of admixture of lard or margarine to either cow or buffalo ghee by applying a simple regression equation for certain fatty acids. This technique provides a basis for the detection of lipid adulteration.
The benefit of detergent enzymes under changing washing conditions
Authors: Maase F. W. J. L. , van Tilburg R.
Published: July 2007

The influence of two commercial proteolytic enzymes, Maxatase® and PB‐92, were studied viz á viz changing phosphate content and washing conditions. (Maxatase® is a registered trademark of Gist‐Brocades N.V.; PB‐92 will be sold under the trademark MaxacalTM.) In the USA and Western Europe, detergent phosphate content is decreasing because of environmental considerations/legislation. Washing conditions are changing towards lower temperatures be‐cause of the increased use of synthetic fibers and the need to con‐serve energy. Both Maxatase and PB‐92 are shown to improve sig‐nificantly the performance of US detergents, even at temperatures as low as 70 F. This conclusion is based on Terg‐O‐Tometer tests on EMPA 116 cloth using US detergents and presoak products.
Effect of carbon chain and phenyl isomer distribution on use properties of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate: A comparison of ‘high’ and ‘low’ 2‐phenyl LAS homologs
Authors: Matheson K. Lee , Matsoim Ted P.
Published: July 2007

Phenyl isomer distributions, within current commercial limits of HF and A1C13 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), have little effect on dishwashing performance in light‐duty liquids (LDL), detergency performance in heavy‐duty powders (HDP), and interfacial tension value. The most important factor in determining performance differences among commercial LAS samples is carbon chain homolog distribution. Both HF and A1C13 LAS perform equally well and can be used interchangeably in high‐performance products. The optimum for foam stability in light‐duty liquids shifts towards shorter alkyl chain length as water hardness increases. At 0 ppm water hardness the optimum occurs at C13: at 50–150 ppm the optimum moves to C11 and C12; and above 150 ppm the optimum shifts to include C10, C11 and C,12. The detergency performance optimum range in a phosphate built heavy‐duty powder at 50 and 150 ppm water hardness includes the C12, C13 and C14 alkyl chain lengths. In a nonphosphate built powder the optimum is similar at 50 ppm hardness to that of a phosphate built powder, but shifts at 150 ppm hardness to include C11, C12 and C13.
Heavy‐duty liquid detergent
Authors: Palicka Jadwiga
Published: July 2007

A highly concentrated liquid detergent was developed. For the consumer, the quality and costs of this detergent correspond to the light‐duty washing powders, The new detergent can be used in washing machines as well as for hand‐washing. For the consumer, the liquid product is ready for immediate use, gives no solubility problems in hte washing bath and saves both time and energy by surfactants and containing an enzyme, the liquid detergent is activated for strain removal. It is recommended especially for such strains as collar soil, blood, grass and many kinds of food strains. For the best result, the instruction advises the application of “Flytande Tvättmedel” directly on visible stains in a prespotting fashion.
Extraction and identification of antioxidants in oats
Authors: Duve Karen J. , White Pamela J.
Published: July 2007

Eight separate solvent systems were used with groats and hulls of several lines of oats to determine which system resulted in the most effective, rapid extraction of antioxidants. Antioxidant activity at room temperature was estimated by using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) along with a β‐carotene spray. The greatest antioxidant activities were obtained with methanolic antioxidant extracts derived from Noble and Ogle oats and hulls. These extracts were added to soybean oil (SBO) and their effectiveness was compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and a control (no additives) at 32°C, 60°C and 180°C. A petroleum ether extract of Noble oats also was tested in SBO at 180°C. Peroxide values (PV) for oils with added antioxidants during storage at 32°C and 60°C showed that the Ogle oat extract was more effective than the other oat and hull extracts or the control. There were no significant differences in effectiveness among the extracts and the control at 60°C. At 180°C, the stability of each oil was determined by measuring conjugated dienoic acid values (CD) and the relative amounts of the unoxidized fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 18:2, 18:3 and 18:2/16:0. All oils with added oat and hull extracts had significantly lower CD and significantly higher 18:2/16:0 than oils with added BHT, TBHQ or the control during 14 days at frying temperature. Phenolic and hydroxy‐phenolic antioxidant compounds with acids, alcohols, sugars or glycerides attached were tentatively identified in the oat and hull extracts by using TLC and Chromatographic sprays.
Use of lipases in multiphasic systems solely composed of substrates
Authors: Ergan F. , Trani M. , André G.
Published: July 2007

Three lipase‐catalyzed reactions have been investigated in relation to specificity and water dependence. The reactions in question include: the synthetic reaction between oleic acid and glycerol; the enzymatic hydrolysis of triolein; and alcoholysis/glycerolysis transesterification reactions. All reactions were carried out under solventfree conditions. In each case, the medium composition and reaction conditions were optimized in order to work at elevated substrate concentrations and to minimize the production of by‐products. Different lipase preparations have been tested in each reaction. In the synthetic reaction, the effective removal of produced water was found to be vital for the production of triolein. With water removal and glycerol amounts not higher than required by the stoichiometry of the reaction, 95% of the available oleic acid was converted to triolein in 48 hr. The production of triolein was also found to be dependent on the availability of the 1,2‐diglyceride to react with oleic acid. In the hydrolysis reaction, best conversion yields of triolein towards monoolein, diolein and free fatty acid were obtained when water was considered simply as a substrate of the reaction. In glycerolysis reactions, the reaction of triolein to give monoolein and diolein followed much the same pattern as for hydrolysis, when water was replaced by glycerol. It was shown again that near stoichiometric amounts of substrates led to the best conversion to mono‐ and diglycerides. A small excess of glycerol was found to be very inhibitory to the reaction. All possible isomers were formed during the reaction. Conversely, in alcoholysis reactions between triolein and stearyl alcohol the specificity of the lipase was upheld. Excess alcohol in this instance was found to be beneficial.
The prediction of lathering and solubility properties of bar soaps by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Gupta Shyam
Published: July 2007

The present differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study of eight commercial bar soap products has resulted in the assignment of DSC thermal absorptions to three key polymorphic states of soap (also known as“soap phases”): Δ,β,Ω. The DSC data have also been correlated with polymorphic states of soap identified previously by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) method. The correlations of quantitative DSC data with consumer‐perceived lathering attributes and experimentally determined solubility properties of these bars also are discussed.
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on hepatic and muscle lipids in hybrid striped bass
Authors: Twibell Ronald G. , Watkins Bruce A. , Rogers Laura , Brown Paul B.
Published: July 2007

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are the focus of numerous studies, yet the effects of these isomers of octadecadienoic acids have not been evaluated in many species of fish. In this study, graded amounts of CLA‐0,0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% of the diet—were fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass for 8 wk. Dietary treatments were fed to apparent satiation twice daily to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 13.4 g/fish. Feed intake and weight gain of fish fed 1.0% CLA were significantly reduced compared to fish fed no CLA. Fish fed 0.5 and 0.75% CLA exhibited reduced feed intake similar to fish fed 1.0% CLA, but had growth rates that were not significantly different from those of fish fed no CLA. Feed efficiency improved significantly in fish as dietary CLA concentrations increased. Total liver lipid concentrations were significantly reduced in fish fed the diets containing CLA compared to those of fish fed the control diet, and intraperitoneal fat ratio was significantly lower in fish fed 1.0% CLA compared to fish fed no CLA. Fish fed dietary CLA exhibited significant increases in hepatosomatic index and moisture content of muscle and carcass. The CLA isomers were detected in liver and muscle of fish fed the diets containing CLA, while a low concentration of one isomer was detected in liver and muscle of fish fed the control diet. Dietary CLA resulted in a significant increase in 18∶2(c‐9,c‐12) concentration in liver and muscle, but a significant reduction in 18∶1n−7 in these tissues. Furthermore, feeding CLA resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in liver, but a reduction of these fatty acids in muscle. This study showed that feeding CLA elevated tissue concentrations of these fatty acid isomers, reduced tissue lipid contents, improved feed efficiency, and altered fatty acid concentrations in liver and muscle of fish.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipoxygenase products in bovine corneal epithelium by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry with an ion trap
Authors: Liminga Maria , Oliw Ernst
Published: July 2007

Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectra of 5‐, 12‐, and 15‐hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic (HPETE), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), and ketoeicosatetraenoic (KETE) acids were recorded. The HPETE were partly dehydrated to the corresponding KETE in the heated capillary of the mass spectrometer. 12‐HPETE and 15‐HPETE were also converted to KETE by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in the ion trap, whereas CID of 5‐HPETE yielded little formation of 5‐KETE. Subcellular fractions of bovine corneal epithelium were incubated with arachidonic acid (AA) and the metabolites were analyzed. 15‐HETE and 12‐HETE were consistently formed, whereas significant accumulation of HPETE and KETE was not detected. Biosynthesis of 12‐ and 15‐HETE was quantified with octadeuterated 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE as internal standards. The average biosynthesis of 15‐HETE and 12‐HETE from 30μM AA by the cytosol was 38±8 and below 3 ng/mg protein/30 min, respectively, which increased to 78±21 and 10±4 ng/mg protein/30 min in the presence of 1 mM free Ca2+. The microsomal biosynthesis was unaffected by Ca2+. The microsomes metabolized AA to 15‐HETE as the main metabolite at a low protein concentration (0.3 mg/mL), whereas 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE were formed in a 2∶1 ratio at a combined rate of 0.7±0.2 μg/mg protein/30 min at a high protein concentration (1.8 mg/mL). The level of 12‐HETE in corneal epithelial cells was 50±13 pg/mg tissue, whereas the endogenous amount of 15‐HETE was low or undetectable (<3 pg/mg tissue). Incubation of corneas for 20 min at 37°C before processing selectively increased the amounts of 12‐HETE in the epithelium fourfold to ∼0.2 ng/mg tissue. We conclude that 12‐HETE is the main endogenously formed lipoxygenase product of bovine corneal epithelium.
Analysis of triglycerides by consecutive chromatographic techniques. i.cuphea llavia seed fat
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Farquhar Margaret , Reiser Raymond
Published: July 2007

The triglycerides ofCuphea llavia var.miniata seed fat were separated according to the number of double bonds/molecule using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silicic acid impregnated with silver ion. The recovered frac‐tions were quantitated by the chromotropic acid technique. Each fraction was then separated ac‐cording to mol wt using gas‐liquid chromatog‐raphy (GLC). This multiple chromatography procedure resolvedC. llavia triglycerides into 17 different components. The triglyceride composition ofC. llavia seed fat was calculated from the above results. Since the fat contains 91.2 mole % decanoic acid, it was expected that each triglyceride molecule would contain at least two molecules of decanoic acid. Results showed this to be generally true, but sev‐eral minor component triglycerides not conform‐ing to this pattern were found.
Fat emulsion. Effect of heat on solubility of hydrophilic emulsifiers
Authors: Benerito Ruth R. , Singleton W. S.
Published: July 2007

The bonds between some water‐soluble emulsifiers and water are hydrogen bonds with low energies of dissociation, of the order of 7 kcal./mole. In the absence of other factors such bonds can be broken by the kinetic energy of motion at elevated temperatures.

The solubility of several emulsifiers was determined, and emulsions containing these emulsifiers at concentrations 2 to 4 times the amount required to make a monomolecular film of the oil droplets were made.

To provide emulsion stability at homogenization and sterilization temperatures the emulsifiers must be more hydrophilic than many oil‐in‐water emulsifiers that are satisfactory in ordinary use and must have an increased affinity for water in the temperature range of 5° to 120°. For a given type of emulsifier containing a given alkyl group, an optimum weight percentage of polyoxyethylene groups is required.

The solubility of an amine type emulsifier with the same alkyl group and approximately the same weight percentage of polyoxyethylene groups per molecule is greater than that of the corresponding amide compound, which, in turn, is more soluble than the corresponding ester type of emulsifier, because of differences in chemical type. Polyethylene‐propylene oxide had the longest solubility range of the emulsifiers tested.

An increase in particle size or an appearance of two phases in emulsions prepared with emulsifiers which undergo solubility inversion below 85° was found. Emulsions prepared with emulsifiers whose inversion temperatures were above 85° maintained, generally, a low particle size on autoclaving, did not separate into a watery phase and an emulsion phase, and did not form a layer of oil.

Emulsions prepared with two emulsifiers, such that one had some lipophilic characteristics stronger than the other, were found to be stable and maintain a low particle size on autoclaving.
Amino and fatty acid composition ofPentaclethra macrophylla andTreculia africana seeds
Authors: Ikediobi C. O.
Published: July 2007

Two tropical oilseeds,Pentaclethra macropbylla andTreculia africana, are rich sources of edible well‐balanced protein and the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid.
Medium chain length fatty acid esters and their medical and nutritional applications
Authors: Babayan Vigen K.
Published: July 2007

Caprylic and capric acid esters and their applications in medical, nutritional and dietetic uses are described. Medium chain triglycer‐ides (MCT) as a tool in the control of obesity, control in the choles‐terol deposition in the tissues as well as a means of lowering serum cholesterol are cited as unique characteristics of such lipids. MCT as a source of quick energy and high energy is suggested as an alternative to the conventional fats and oils (LCT). Dietetic and nutritional application utilizing the unique characteristics of caprylic and capric acid esters is indicated as alternatives to conventional fats and oils. The mono‐diglycerides of caprylic and capric acid as cholesterol dis‐solving agents in treating of patients having cholesterol gallstones is described to illustrate the unique solvency properties of such mono esters in medical applications. The possibility of such mono esters of di‐ and polyhydric alcohols to act as co‐solvents for oil and water systems is suggested which can be applied in medical, pharmaceuti‐cal and allied fields. Structured lipids with a predominance of capry‐lic and capric acid to modify the properties of triglycerides is described for hyperalimentation uses as well as the special nutritional and dietetic needs.
Standardization of nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of solids in fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L.
Published: July 2007

An investigation of factors that influence the measurement of solids in fats and shortenings by nuclear magnetic resonance was directed toward standardization of the method. The aim was to select abbreviated tempering conditions that would yield results comparable with those existing at temperature equilibrium. Conditions were found which reduced the time and gave an accuracy that made the method suitable for both research and control purposes.
Interaction of an anionic surfactant with hydrous ferric oxide sol
Authors: Schott Hans , Kazella I. J.
Published: July 2007

The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on positively charged hydrous ferric oxide sols (FOS) was studied by following turbidity and electrophoretic mobility as a function of increasing concentration of added SDS and by determining the adsorption isotherm. Adsorption of SDS reduced the electric charge of FOS and caused flocculation. Complete precipitation occurred near zero charge. Further increase in SDS concentration resulted in smaller additional adsorption, charge reversal, and redispersion of FOS. The effect of increasing particle size, resulting from aging or dialysis, on SDS adsorption is discussed qualitatively.
Selective hydrogenation of the cyclopropene acid groups in cottonseed oil
Authors: Ward T. L. , Tango Joao Shojiro , Cousins E. R. , Feuge R. O.
Published: July 2007

The cyclopropene acid groups in cottonseed oil can be modified by a light hydrogenation which will not produce large amounts oftrans isomers or lower the iodine value to a significant extent. Optimum conditions, as indicated by this investigation, are 105–115C, 20 psig hydrogen pressure, 0.1% electrolytic nickel as catalyst, and a low hydrogen‐dispersion rate. Under milder conditions of hydrogenation the elimination of the cyclopropenes was accompanied by a lower formation oftrans isomers and a lower hydrogenation of noncyclopropenes, but the time required increased. In one hydrogenation carried out with commercial nickel catalyst, the 0.4% of malvalic acid groups in the cottonseed oil was hydrogenated completely whereas the iodine value was reduced by only 1.7 units and only 2.1% oftrans isomers was formed. AVinterization of cottonseed oils which had been hydrogenated to the point of eliminating their response to the Halphen test and in which only small amounts of saturated acid groups andtrans isomers had been formed gave yields equal to or better than those of the original oil. Hydrogȳnation actually increased the ease of winterization.
Crystal properties of stearate esters of racemic and L(+) propylene glycol
Authors: Stauffer C. E.
Published: July 2007

The 1‐monostearate and the distearate of pro‐pylene glycol were prepared with racemic propylene glycol and L ( + ) propylene glycol, and their crystal properties were compared. Racemic propylene glycol‐l‐monostearate shows four dif‐ferent polymorphic modifications whereas opti‐cally active propylene glycol‐1‐monostearate is monomorphic, with a melting point of 54.0C and a long spacing of 50.6A. Racemic propylene glycol distearate has an unstable Form II, which transforms irreversibly to Form I near 44C. Form I melts at 58.8C. The two forms have long spacings of 53.4A (Form II) and 43.4A (Form I). Optically active propylene glycol distearate exhibits three crystalline modifications: an un‐stable Form II which transforms irreversibly to Form I near 37C, with Form I melting at 53.9C, and a third, stable form, termed Form III, melt‐ing at 58.80. The long spacings of the three forms are 51.9A, 43.6A, and 46.9A respectively. Heats of transition for the various phase changes are given.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclopropene fatty acids
Authors: Raju P. K. , Reiser Raymond
Published: July 2007

A gas‐liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropene fatty acids as their methyl mercaptan derivatives. This method estimates individual cyclopropene acids as well as normal and cyclopropane acids. Nine seed oils were analyzed for their cyclopropene fatty acid content.

Evidence was obtained for the presence of a cyclopropene fatty acid of shorter chain length than malvalic inAlthaea rosea cav and one with a higher chain length than sterculic inBombacopsis glabra seed oil. This method is less accurate for cottonseed oil than for the other oils tested because of the appearance of some unsymmetrical peaks of unknown origin.

The mercaptan derivatives of the cyclopropene acids may be isolated by silver ion thin‐layer chromatography.

Small amounts of cyclopropane fatty acids were found in a number of the oils analyzed for cyclopropene fatty acids.
Metabolism of brain glycolipid fatty acids
Authors: Kishimoto Yasuo , Radin Norman S.
Published: July 2007

The metabolism of the fatty acid moieties of brain cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides is reviewed and discussed. The methodology involved in the isolation of the fatty acids is described briefly. It seems clear now that most of these acids are made by chain elongation of intermediate length fatty acids by addition of acetate residues. The unsaturated acids are made by desaturation of the intermediate length acids (palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic) followed by chain elongation. The hydroxy acids are made directly from the corresponding nonhydroxy acids, saturated, unsaturated, and odd‐numbered. All the hydroxy acids undergo oxidative decarboxylation to yield fatty acids containing one less carbon atom. The odd‐numbered acids are also made from propionate, which is elongated to intermediate length acids and then to longer acids. The major intermediate length “primer” acid seems to be palmitate, but there is evidence that the stearate used for cerebroside synthesis is also madede novo from acetate. The ganglioside fatty acids were found to turn over somewhat faster than the other fatty acids. Two metabolic pools for the cerebroside acids were found, one with a very high turnover rate, the other with a very low turnover rate.
Effect of stabilization on the quality characteristics of rice‐bran oil
Authors: Nasirullah  , Krishnamurthy M. N. , Nagaraja K. V.
Published: July 2007

The effect of acid, heat and cold stabilization of rice‐bran on the quality characteristics of rice‐bran oil obtained thereof were studied. Acid and heat stabilizations were found to be equally effective as far as the control of free fatty acids is concerned. The iodine value (90‐92.2), saponification value (186‐188) and butyro‐refractometer reading (56‐58) of oils obtained from the stabilized rice‐bran were very much similar to unstabilized/control samples: IV (90‐92.2), SV (188) and BRR (56.0). However, the Bellier turbidity temperature could not be read, due to the presence of residual wax, even up to 70°C. The fatty acid composition of oils obtained from stabilized rice‐bran and determined by gas‐chromatography showed the presence of myristic (1.2–3.3), palmitic (18.0–20.3), stearic (0.5–1.2), oleic (34.0–43.9), linoleic (31.0–35.7), linolenic (2.3–3.7) and arachidic (0.5–2.8%) acids. With the fatty acid composition they resembled control oil samples. There was no effect of stabilization on the PFA quality standards/characteristics of rice‐bran oil. The effect of the chilling of rice‐bran over oil extractability and oil content has also been studied.
Polymorphism of POP and SOS. I. occurrence and polymorphic transformation
Authors: Sato K. , Arishima T. , Wang Z. H. , Ojima K. , Sagi N. , Mori H.
Published: July 2007

The polymorphic modifications of POP and SOS were identified with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), DSC and Raman spectroscopy by using pure samples (99.9%). In POP, six polymorphs, α,γ, pseudo‐β′2, pseudo‐β′1, β′2 and β′1, were obtained, whereas five polymorphs, α, γ, pseudo‐β′, β2 and β1, were isolated in SOS. Thermodynamic stability increased from α to β1 straightforwardly both in POP and SOS, because the polymorphic transformation went monotropically in the order described above. Additionally, the 99.2% sample of POP crystallized another form, δ, but the 99.9% sample did not, implying subtle influences of the impurity. The four forms, α, γ, β2 and β1, of POP, revealed XRD and DSC patterns identical to the four forms of SOS designated by the same symbols. The chain length structure was double inα and triple in the other three forms in both POP and SOS. Peculiarity of POP was revealed partly in the chain length structure of pseudo‐β′2 and pseudo‐β′1 which were double, whereas pseudo‐β′ of SOS was triple. This apparently showed contrast to the facts that the three forms revealed rather similar XRD short spacing patterns. Another peculiarity of POP was revealed in enthalpy value of the melt crystallization of α: ΔHc (α) = 68.1 kJ/mol which was much larger than that of SOS (47.7 kJ/mol), and also than AOA and BOB. These peculiarities mean that the double chain length structures of POP are more stabilized than the others. Raman bands of CH2 scissoring mode of SOS indicated parallel packing in γ, β2 and β1, and orthorhombic perpendicular packing in pseudo‐β′. The polymorphic transformation mechanisms were discussed based on the proposed polymorphic structure models.
Kinetics of oxirane cleavage in epoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Zaher F. A. , El‐Mallah M. H. , El‐Hefnawy M. M.
Published: July 2007

The kinetics of oxirane ring cleavage in epoxidized soybean oil have been studied using glacial acetic acid at 60, 70, 80 and 90°C. It was shown that the reaction can be successfully modelled as first order with respect to the epoxide concentration and second order with respect to acetic acid. The reaction velocity constant at 70°C was found to be 2 × 10−3 1−3 hr−1 mol−2, the frequency factor, A, = 2.321 × 107 hr−1 and the energy of activation, Ea = 15.84 k cal mol−1. The effects of the concentration of acetic acid and the temperature on the net yield of epoxides by in situ epoxidation were also studied on the basis of the predicted kinetic parameters of the reaction system.
Inter‐relationships among the properties of fatty oils
Authors: Dutt N. V. K. , Prasad D. H. L.
Published: July 2007

Properties of fatty oils, such as viscosity (η), iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV), are useful in the design of methods and equipments for the processing of the fatty oils to value‐added products. This investigation is aimed at the development of generalized empirical relationships based on a model similar to the Antoine equation for vapor pressure. Two equations resulted. The first equation: log η = [−1.4 + 1.25 (IV/SV)] + [500 − 375 (IV/SV)]/ [(t + 140) − 85 (IV/SV)] relating the logarithm of viscosity to the ratio of iodine value to saponification value (IV/SV) and temperature in degrees centigrade (t), gives an average absolute deviation of 13.0% at 77 data points of several fatty oils. The second equation, somewhat simpler in form: log η = −0.6298 + [273.66/ (t + 88.81)] relating the logarithm of viscosity directly to the temperature in degrees centigrade (t), gives an average absolute deviation of 14.5% at 89 data points of a larger group of fatty oils ranging from almond to tallow.

The two equations can be used conveniently to predict either viscosity, iodine value or saponification value, when the other two properties are known, for design purposes.
Hydrogen bromide titration for soaps in fat products
Authors: Zarins Z. M. , White1 J. L. , Feuge1 R. O.
Published: July 2007

Since none of the existing methods for determining soaps in fat products have been found to be entirely satisfactory, a method has been devised for the determination of alkali metal soaps by direct titration with Durbetaki reagent (hydrogen bromide dissolved in glacial acetic acid). When the titration was conducted at room temperature in acetic acid‐benzene solution with crystal violet as indicator, soaps of potassium, sodium and lithium could be determined accurately in anhydrous oils, monoglycerides, and sucrose esters. The presence of alcohols, glycerol and sucrose did not interfere in the direct titration. However, oxidized oils, epoxides, and cyclopropenoid acids, which are known to consume hydrogen bromide, did interfere. Products containing the interfering substances could be analyzed by a modified procedure in which the alkali metal cations were extracted from a mixture of amyl acetate andn‐butanol (1:3) into an aqueous solution of acetic acid, and titrated as the acetates.
Maleyl esters of monoglycerides of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Friedman M. , Garti N.
Published: July 2007

Esterification between maleic anhydride and monoglycerides of saturated fatty acid has been studied. The nature of reaction vessels, temperature and reaction time have been evaluated in view of the product distribution in the final product. Concentration of monoesters (half‐esters) diesters and dimers has been calculated and related to the reactants’ ratio, time and temperature of the esterification.
Composition of total lipids in rapeseed
Authors: Zaderimowski R. , Sosulski F.
Published: July 2007

Total lipids in medium and low erucic acid cul‐tivars of rapeseed(Brassica napus var. Sinus and Janpol, resp.) were fractionated into polar and non‐polar constituents. Triglycerides, diglycerides, mono‐glycerides, free fatty acids, sterol esters, sterols, phos‐pholipids and glycolipids were quantitated and their fatty acid compositions determined. Triglycerides and phospholipids constituted 92 and 3.4%, resp., of the total lipid from each cultivar. Triglycerides were lower in saturated fatty acids but higher in monoun‐saturated acids and linolenic acid than other lipid fractions. Phospholipids and glycolipids were higher in linoleic acid content than other lipid classes. Generally, the reduction in long chain, monoenoic, fatty acids was associated with a corresponding increase in oleic acid in most low erucic acid frac‐tions.
Conversion of soybean extraction plant in Bolivia to production of flours for human consumption: Feasibility study
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Milligan E. D. , Taborga A. J. , Fellers D. A.
Published: July 2007

During an on‐site visit to a commercial soybean crushing plant in Bolivia, two engineers investigated the modifications required to produce a food‐grade soy flour. Differences between processing for human food and for animal feed are described and the various processing stages were evaluated to determine their effects on finished product quality. These stages are: (a) pretreatment of the beans, (b) oil extraction, (c) meal desolventization, and (d) grinding and handling of the flour. Bacteriological control was maintained throughout the plant. The information gained from this study should be useful and directly applicable to other soybean crushing plants in the world.
Determination of dimethylpolysiloxanes in fats and oils
Authors: Doeden W. G. , Kushibab E. M. , Ingala A. C.
Published: July 2007

A direct aspiration, flame atomic absorption method has been developed for the determination of dimethylpolysiloxanes (DMPS) in fats and oils. The detection limit of the method is approximately 1 ppm with a standard deviation for samples containing 1–10 ppm DMPS of 0.3. The technique is reasonably rapid, requires a minimum of sample preparation, and is applicable to the analysis of both hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated products.
Sulfur content of crude rapesseed oil from aqueous extraction
Authors: Embong M. S. B. , Jelen P.
Published: July 2007

Dry heating of rapeseed before grinding increased the sulphur content of the crude rapeseed oil. Boiling the seeds in H2O before grinding caused a slight decrease in the sulphur level of the oil. Control of pH during boiling of the ground rapeseed increased the sulphur content of the oil from ca. 2 ppm at pH 3.1 to ca. 10 ppm at pH 7.6.
Breast‐conserving Therapy for Palpable and Nonpalpable Breast Cancer: Can Surgical Residents Do the Job Irrespective of Experience?
Authors: Cleffken Berry , Postelmans Job , Olde Damink Steven , Nap Marius , Schreutelkamp Ineke , van der Bijl Hans
Published: July 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of operative experience in obtaining tumor‐free margins in breast‐conserving therapy. In the case of palpable breast cancers, lumpectomies can safely be performed by any surgical resident. For nonpalpable breast cancers, lumpectomies should be treated only by senior residents or attending surgeons, even if supervision during the operation is given by an attending surgeon for junior residents. Radicality of breast carcinoma excision, defined by the tumor‐free margin of the removed specimen has been determined to be the major prognostic factor for local recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of operative experience in obtaining tumor‐free margins in breast‐conserving therapy (BCT). Can lumpectomy for breast carcinoma be performed by surgical residents safely?

Methods

All lumpectomies for breast carcinoma between 1999 and 2003 were included out of a prospective database of a single institution. Radicality of resection and patient and histopathologic tumor characteristics were analyzed for 660 lumpectomies. Operative experience of the surgeon performing the lumpectomy was staged as junior residents (JR, years 1–3 in residency), senior residents (SR; years 4–6 in residency), and attending surgeon (AS).

Results

A significant difference in obtaining tumor‐free margins for palpable tumors was found between ASs (81%) vs. SRs assisted by another resident (92%). For nonpalpable tumors, a significant difference was found in two groups: (1) SRs assisted by another surgical resident (86%) vs. JRs assisted by another surgical resident (61%) and (2) ASs (83%) vs. JRs assisted by another resident (61%) or assisted by an AS (73%).

Conclusion

Surgical residents can safely perform BCT in patients with palpable breast cancer. The level of experience has no statistical significance for palpable tumors in a high‐volume center. Nonpalpable lesions should be treated only by SRs or ASs.
The pathogenesis and treatment of acid sphingomyelinase‐deficient Niemann–Pick disease
Authors: Schuchman E. H.
Published: July 2007

Patients with types A and B Niemann–Pick disease (NPD) have an inherited deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity. The clinical spectrum of this disorder ranges from the infantile, neurological form that results in death by 3 years of age (type A NPD) to the non‐neurological form (type B NPD) that is compatible with survival into adulthood. Intermediate cases also have been reported, and the disease is best thought of as a single entity with a spectrum of phenotypes. ASM deficiency is panethnic, but appears to be more frequent in individuals of Middle Eastern and North African descent. Current estimates of the disease incidence range from ~0.5 to 1 per 100 000 births. However, these approximations likely under estimate the true frequency of the disorder since they are based solely on cases referred to biochemical testing laboratories for enzymatic confirmation. The gene encoding ASM (SMPD1) has been studied extensively; it resides within an imprinted region on chromosome 11, and is preferentially expressed from the maternal chromosome. Over 100 SMPD1 mutations causing ASM‐deficient NPD have been described, and some useful genotype–phenotype correlations have been made. Based on these findings, DNA‐based carrier screening has been implemented in the Ashkenazi Jewish community. ASM ‘knockout’ mouse models also have been constructed and used to investigate disease pathogenesis and treatment. Based on these studies in the mouse model, an enzyme replacement therapy clinical trial has recently begun in adult patients with non‐neurological ASM‐deficient NPD.
Preparation and Characterization of Nano structured Materials from Fly Ash: A Waste from Thermal Power Stations, by High Energy Ball Milling
Authors: Paul K Thomas , Satpathy SK , Manna I , Chakraborty KK , Nando GB
Published: July 2007

The Class F fly ash has been subjected to high energy ball milling and has been converted into nanostructured material. The nano structured fly ash has been characterized for its particle size by using particle size analyzer, specific surface area with the help of BET surface area apparatus, structure by X-ray diffraction studies and FTIR, SEM and TEM have been used to study particle aggregation and shape of the particles. On ball milling, the particle size got reduced from 60 μm to 148 nm by 405 times and the surface area increased from 0.249 m2/gm to 25.53 m2/gm i.e. by more than 100%. Measurement of surface free energy as well as work of adhesion found that it increased with increased duration of ball milling. The crystallite was reduced from 36.22 nm to 23.01 nm for quartz and from 33.72 nm to 16.38 nm for mullite during ball milling to 60 h. % crystallinity reduced from 35% to 16% during 60 h of ball milling because of destruction of quartz and hematite crystals and the nano structured fly ash is found to be more amorphous. Surface of the nano structured fly ash has become more active as is evident from the FTIR studies. Morphological studies revealed that the surface of the nano structured fly ash is more uneven and rough and shape is irregular, as compared to fresh fly ash which are mostly spherical in shape.
Surface tension of fatty acids and triglycerides
Authors: Chumpitaz Lucy D. A. , Coutinho Lilian F. , Meirelles Antonio J. A.
Published: July 2007

Surface tension as a function of temperature was measured for four fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic) and two triglycerides (tricaprylin and tripalmitin). These surface tension measurements were performed using a K12 vers. 3.1 (Krüss GmbH) tensiometer at temperatures from 20 (or the melting point of each substance) to 90°C. The constants for a van der Waals‐type correlation as well as for a linear equation are presented. Both equations are quite accurate, presenting mean deviations not exceeding 0.570%. Such correlation constants are valuable in the design or evaluation of processing equipment, especially that involving gas‐liquid contact such as distillation and stripping columns, deodorizers, reactors, and equipment for physical refining.
Critical illness and changes in sensory perception
Authors: Schiffman Susan S.
Published: July 2007

Impairments of sensory perception that occur during a period of critical care can seriously impact on health and nutritional status, activities of daily living, independence, quality of life and the possibility of recovery. It is emphasized from the outset that sensory losses in critically-ill patients may or may not be related to their current medical condition. The present paper provides an overview of all five senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch) and describes the factors that contribute to sensory losses in critically-ill patients, including medications, medical conditions and treatments and the process of aging itself. Cancer and stroke are two critical illnesses in which profound sensory decrements often occur. Many sensory complaints in patients with cancer are related to alteration in sensory signals caused by damage to the sensory receptors. However, some complaints, such as taste aversions in patients with cancer, are not related to altered sensory physiology per se but to learned aversions that arise during the noxious effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The paper also reviews a study in which the sensory performance (of all five senses) was compared in three groups of elderly subjects: (1) patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery; (2) patients with cardiovascular conditions but with no history of surgery; (3) healthy non-medicated age-matched controls. Performance of patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery was worse than that for the other two groups, with taste and smell losses greater than for the other senses. The study demonstrates that critical illness (e.g. coronary artery bypass surgery) can exacerbate sensory losses in an older cohort.
The structure of rank-one convex quadratic forms on linear elastic strains
Authors: Zhang Kewei
Published: July 2007

We classify the Morse indices for rank-convex quadratic forms defined on the space of linear elastic strains in two- and three-dimensional linear elasticity. For the higher-dimensional case n > 3, we give a universal lower bound of the largest possible Morse index and various upper bound of this index. We show in the three-dimensional case that the Morse index is at most 1, and in this case the nullity cannot exceed 2. Examples are given that show that the estimates can be reached. We apply the results to study the critical points for smooth rank-one convex functions defined on the space of linear strains. We also examine an example and construct a quasiconvex function that vanishes in a finite set in the direct sum of the null subspace and the negative subspace of the rank-one quadratic form.
The structure of the bounded trajectories set of a scalar convex differential equation
Authors: Alonso A. I. , Obaya R.
Published: July 2007

The present paper describes the topological and ergodic structure of the set of bounded trajectories of the flow defined by a scalar convex differential equation. We characterize the minimal subsets, the ergodic measures concentrated on them, and study the longtime behaviour of the bounded trajectories in terms of the Lyapunov exponents of the linearized equations. In particular, we obtain conditions that guarantee the existence of almost-periodic, almost-automorphic and recurrent solutions.
On the parallelizability of generalized complex projective Stiefel manifolds
Authors: Astey L. , Micha E. , Pastor G.
Published: July 2007

We address the problem of parallelizability and stable parallelizability of a family of manifolds that are obtained as quotients of circle actions on complex Stiefel manifolds. We settle the question in all cases but one, and obtain in the remaining case a partial result.
Extinction and wavefront propagation in a reaction-diffusion model of a structured population with distributed maturation delay
Authors: Gourley S. A. , So J. W.-H.
Published: July 2007

Starting from an age-structured model, we derive a partial differential equation satisfied by the total number of mature adult members of a population, on an infinite one-dimensional domain. The formulation involves a distribution of possible ages of maturation and uses a probability density function on which ecologically realistic assumptions are made. It is found that the existence and value of a positive equilibrium solution depends on the mean maturation delay. When no positive equilibrium exists, we prove global attractivity of the zero solution. For a particular ecologically reasonable choice of the distribution function, we show that travelling fronts exist connecting the zero equilibrium with the positive one provided the mean maturation delay is sufficiently small, and the dependence of the front's propagation speed on the mean delay is discussed.