bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the origin of cyclical gravel front and shoreline progradation and retrogradation in the stratigraphic record
Authors: Armitage John J. , Burgess Peter M. , Hampson Gary J. , Allen Philip A.
Published: May 2016

Nearly all successions of the near‐shore strata exhibit cyclical movements of the shoreline, which have commonly been attributed to cyclical oscillations in relative sea level (combining eustasy and subsidence) or, more rarely, to cyclical variations in sediment supply. It has become accepted that cyclical change in sediment delivery from source catchments may lead to cyclical movement of boundaries such as the gravel front, particularly in the proximal segments of sediment‐routing systems. In order to quantitatively assess how variations in sediment transport as a consequence of change in relative sea‐level and surface run‐off control stratigraphic architecture, we develop a simple numerical model of sediment transport and explore the sensitivity of moving boundaries within the sediment‐routing system to change in upstream (sediment flux, precipitation rate) and downstream (sea level) controls. We find that downstream controls impact the shoreline and sand front, while the upstream controls can impact the whole system depending on the amplitude of change in sediment flux and precipitation rate. The model implies that under certain conditions, the relative movement of the gravel front and shoreline is a diagnostic marker of whether the sediment‐routing system experienced oscillations in sea level or climatic conditions. The model is then used to assess the controls on stratigraphic architecture in a well‐documented palaeo‐sediment‐routing system in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America. Model results suggest that significant movement of the gravel front is forced by pronounced (±50%) oscillations in precipitation rate. The absence of such movement in gravel front position in the studied strata implies that time‐equivalent movement of the shoreline was driven by relative sea‐level change. We suggest that tracking the relative trajectories of internal boundaries such as the gravel front and shoreline is a powerful tool in constraining the interpretation of stratigraphic sequences.
Detrital zircons as palaeodrainage indicators: insights into southeastern Gondwana from Permian basins in eastern Australia
Authors: Shaanan Uri , Rosenbaum Gideon
Published: May 2016

Radioisotope geochronology of detrital grains coupled with quantitative classification of grain morphology can provide valuable insight into the history of sediment transportation and recycling. Here we present ca. 750 new concordant U‐Pb ages from detrital zircon grains from a relatively understudied Permian sedimentary succession in the New England Orogen (eastern Australia), coupled with values of abrasion that provides a proxy for the relative source‐to‐sink distance. We show that cumulative proportion curves for age groups that correspond to plausible source regions provide insights into the palaeodrainage, even if the basin stratigraphy is relatively poorly constrained. This approach is particularly suitable for investigating complex depositional systems that received inflow from different provenance, such as back‐arc and intra‐cratonic basins. Using the example from eastern Australia, our results show that during the Early Permian, a large regional fluvial system transported detritus from continental Gondwana across the landscape of the former active continental margin (New England Orogen) and the simultaneously developing East Australian Rift System. In addition, a local drainage system mobilised detritus within the New England Orogen. Our new constraints for the Early Permian palaeogeography support the idea that the Lower Permian successions of the southern New England Orogen were deposited in a back‐arc region that was likely linked to a retreating subduction zone.
Fostering student mental well‐being through supportive learning communities
Authors: Conradson David
Published: May 2016

Key Messages

The proportion of contemporary university students experiencing mental distress appears to be increasing.

The development of supportive learning communities is a preventative and collectively oriented response to student mental distress, and complements the individually focused work of mental health professionals.

Three relatively common pedagogical practices within Geography—group work, residential fieldwork, and reflective assignments—can be used to develop supportive learning communities.
Two‐Year‐Olds Distinguish Pretending and Joking
Authors: Hoicka Elena , Martin Catriona
Published: May 2016

Although children understand intentions to joke and pretend by 2 or 3 years, it is unclear whether they distinguish these intentional acts. Using a normativity paradigm, this study found (N = 72) 2‐year‐olds protest against jokes more than pretending, suggesting, for the first time, they distinguish these acts. Furthermore, toddlers protested more generally after pretend than literal or joke contexts but only if intentional cues were used. Additionally, children objected more to joking than pretending after pretend and literal contexts but not after joke contexts. Thus, toddlers distinguish the intentional nature of pretending and joking. Furthermore, a pretend intentional context establishes specific rules to be followed, whereas a joke intentional context allows an open space to perform various types of acts.
Protein Kinases Alter the Allosteric Modulation of the Serotonin Transporter In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Mnie‐Filali Ouissame , Lau Thorsten , Matthaeus Friederike , Abrial Erika , Delcourte Sarah , El Mansari Mostafa , Pershon Alan , Schloss Patrick , Sánchez Connie , Haddjeri Nasser
Published: May 2016

Aim

Studies using S‐ and R‐enantiomers of the SSRI citalopram have shown that R‐citalopram exerts an antagonistic effect on the efficacy of the antidepressant S‐citalopram (escitalopram) through an interaction at an allosteric modulator site on the serotonin transporter (SERT). Here, we show that protein kinase signaling systems are involved in the allosteric modulation of the SERT in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

We assessed the effects of nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine in the action of escitalopram and/or R‐citalopram using electrophysiological and behavioral assays in rats and cell surface SERT expression measures in serotoninergic cells.

Results

Acute administration of R‐citalopram counteracted the escitalopram‐induced suppression of the serotonin (5‐HT) neuronal firing activity and increase of the head twitches number following L‐5‐hydroxytryptophan injection. Importantly, these counteracting effects of R‐citalopram were abolished by prior systemic administration of staurosporine. Interestingly, the preventing effect of staurosporine on 5‐HT neuronal firing activity was abolished by direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate. Finally, in vitro, quantification of the amount of cell surface‐expressed SERT molecules revealed that R‐citalopram prevented escitalopram‐induced SERT internalization that was completely altered by staurosporine.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results highlight for the first time an involvement of protein kinases in the allosteric modulation of SERT function.
Addressing challenges for future strategic‐level emergency management: reframing, networking, and capacity‐building
Authors: Bosomworth Karyn , Owen Christine , Curnin Steven
Published: May 2016

The mounting frequency and intensity of natural hazards, alongside growing interdependencies between social‐technical and ecological systems, are placing increased pressure on emergency management. This is particularly true at the strategic level of emergency management, which involves planning for and managing non‐routine, high‐consequence events. Drawing on the literature, a survey, and interviews and workshops with Australia's senior emergency managers, this paper presents an analysis of five core challenges that these pressures are creating for strategic‐level emergency management. It argues that emphasising ‘emergency management’ as a primary adaptation strategy is a retrograde step that ignores the importance of addressing socio‐political drivers of vulnerabilities. Three key suggestions are presented that could assist the country's strategic‐level emergency management in tackling these challenges: (i) reframe emergency management as a component of disaster risk reduction rather than them being one and the same; (ii) adopt a network governance approach; and (iii) further develop the capacities of strategic‐level emergency managers.
Disaster risk, social vulnerability, and economic development
Authors: Ward Patrick S. , Shively Gerald E.
Published: May 2016

This paper examines the extent to which economic development decreases a country's risk of experiencing climate‐related disasters as well as the societal impacts of those events. The paper proceeds from the underlying assumption that disasters are not inherently natural, but arise from the intersection of naturally‐occurring hazards within fragile environments. It uses data from the International Disaster Database (EM‐DAT), representing country‐year‐level observations over the period 1980–2007. The study finds that low‐income countries are significantly more at risk of climate‐related disasters, even after controlling for exposure to climate hazards and other factors that may confound disaster reporting. Following the occurrence of a disaster, higher income generally diminishes a country's social vulnerability to such happenings, resulting in lower levels of mortality and morbidity. This implies that continued economic development may be a powerful tool for lessening social vulnerability to climate change.
Lower limb muscle growth in unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Theis Nicola
Published: May 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Barber et al. on pages 1146–1152 of this issue.
Early cognitive basic symptoms are accompanied by neurocognitive impairment in patients with an ‘at‐risk mental state’ for psychosis
Authors: Eisenacher Sarah , Rausch Franziska , Ainser Fabian , Englisch Susanne , Becker Anna , Mier Daniela , Fenske Sabrina , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andreas , Kirsch Peter , Zink Mathias
Published: May 2016

Aim

Patients with an increased risk for psychosis (‘at‐risk mental state’ (ARMS)) present various neurocognitive deficits. Not least because of differences in identifying the ARMS, results of previous studies are inconsistent. In most studies ARMS‐patients are classified by the experience of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and/or brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS). Few studies additionally assessed cognitive basic symptoms (BS). A comprehensive assessment in the very early stage of the ARMS is missing.

Methods

In the present study we characterized ARMS‐patients for cognitive BS (ARMS‐BS), APS and BLIPS (ARMS‐A/B) according to the Early Recognition Inventory based on IRAOS (ERIraos). Furthermore, we assessed neurocognitive deficits using the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery for schizophrenia with a primary hypothesis regarding working memory performance. Groups of 38 ARMS‐patients and 38 healthy controls were matched for age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence.

Results

Between‐group comparisons revealed significant poorer working memory performance in addition to lower verbal learning and problem solving, slower processing speed and lower global neurocognitive functioning in ARMS‐patients as compared to controls. ARMS‐BS did not differ from ARMS‐A/B.

Conclusions

These results underscore the presence of cognitive limitations in patients only presenting with cognitive BS. Knowledge of these early cognitive deviations supports the inclusion of early ARMS‐stages into a comprehensive concept of the psychosis risk state. Therapeutic interventions already applied at this stage might prevent deterioration of constraints. Longitudinal and interventional studies investigating the interaction of cognitive BS and neurocognitive as well as metacognitive deficits are warranted.
The Meta Marriage: Links Between Older Couples' Relationship Narratives and Marital Satisfaction
Authors: McCoy Alexandra , Rauer Amy , Sabey Allen
Published: May 2016

Drawing upon a relatively understudied population and a unique observational task, the current study sought to examine how older couples' interactional behaviors during a relationship narrative task were associated with marital satisfaction over time. Using observational data from a sample of 64 older, higher‐functioning married couples, we analyzed a series of Actor–Partner Independence Models (APIM) to explore how couples' interactional behaviors during a relationship narrative task were associated with spouses' marital satisfaction both concurrently and one year later. Analyses revealed that spouses' behaviors (e.g., expressions of positive affect, negative affect, communication skills, engagement) were associated with their self‐reported marital satisfaction both at the time of the narrative and with changes in marital satisfaction. We found particularly robust evidence for the role of husbands' negative affect during the narrative task in predicting changes in both spouses' marital satisfaction over time. Our results indicate that researchers and clinicians should carefully consider the influence of development on the associations between spouses' behaviors and marital satisfaction. Further, those seeking to improve marriages in later life may need to consider the meaningful role that gender appears to play in shaping the marital experiences of older couples.
The Complicit Gaze: Michael Haneke's Cinema of Guilt
Authors: Blumenthal‐Barby Martin
Published: May 2016

Michael Haneke's film Das weiße Band (2009) centers on a community whose children secretly commit heinous crimes that terrorize the early‐twentieth‐century German village in which they live. While Haneke's film has been typically read as a sociopsychological analysis of the conditions that allowed for the rise of fascism in twentieth‐century Germany, this article problematizes the spectatorial position of the viewer and explores our culpable involvement in the ethical issues at stake. In the context of the totalitarian subtext on which the film draws, the essay asks: what kind of guilt is implied in the act of spectatorship in which Haneke's characters so frequently partake, but also, and perhaps primarily, that we as Haneke's cinematic spectators perform as well? I argue that a sensation of guilt accompanies us as Haneke's spectators throughout the film, and it does so, if we adhere to Das weiße Band‘s visual architectonics, not merely in a strictly theological but indeed in an anthropological sense.
The Rock of Gibraltar re‐visited
Authors: Rose Edward P.F.
Published: May 2016

Gibraltar, a 6km2 peninsula jutting south from Spain at the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, is dominated by its 424 m‐high Rock: famous as a landmark to seafarers since ancient times. Twenty‐five years ago, an article in Geology Today (1991, v.7, pp.95–101) interpreted the Rock as a partly overturned mass of Early Jurassic dolomitic limestone, thrust into position during continent–continent collision about 15–20 million years before present and shaped finally by shoreline processes active during Quaternary tectonic uplift. Later articles featured the complex of tunnels and chambers excavated between 1782 and 1968 by British military engineers within its 2.6 km‐long main ridge (1992, v.8, pp.92–98), and the Neanderthals known to have used some of its caves (1997, v.13, pp.179–184). Significant aspects of the Rock's geological history have clarified since then.
Early Permian climate change in the Falkland Islands
Authors: Stone Phil , Horan Kate
Published: May 2016

An Early Permian glacial diamictite forms a distinctive unit within the Falkland Islands sedimentary succession and two aspects of its significance have recently been serendipitously enhanced. Fossil discoveries in exotic limestone clasts bear on palaeogeography, whilst a series of mineral‐exploration borehole cores have allowed a detailed study of the sedimentary record of deglaciation that followed deposition of the diamictite. Statistical analysis of reflectance and XRF core‐scanning data has identified likely Milankovitch periodicities and enabled tentative time‐scale modelling. The ‘icehouse to greenhouse’ transition appears to have spanned approximately 1.2 million years, with waning cycles of re‐advance superimposed on overall glacial retreat. The new results play into a long‐debated geological paradox: although the Falkland Islands are now proximal to the South Atlantic coastline of South America, their geology bears an uncanny resemblance to that of the Cape Fold Belt and Karoo Basin in South Africa. This puzzled the geological pioneers, but became readily explicable when first continental drift and then plate tectonics were invoked to reconstruct the break‐up of the Gondwana supercontinent—although the details remain controversial. One of the key stratigraphical correlation levels throughout the major fragments of southern Gondwana—South Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia—is the glacigenic deposit left behind by the extensive, Late Carboniferous to Early Permian regional glaciation; in the Falkland Islands it is designated the Fitzroy Tillite Formation.
Relationship of serum uric acid level with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and its inflammation progression in non‐obese adults
Authors: Liu Jing , Xu Chengfu , Ying Limei , Zang Shufei , Zhuang Zhenjie , Lv Haifeng , Yang Wenjun , Luo Yan , Ma Xaojie , Wang Lei , Xun Yunhao , Ye Dewei , Shi Junping
Published: May 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non‐obese adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out among 4098 adults, including 1936 non‐obese and 2162 obese individuals. An additional 93 non‐obese adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were also included.

Results

The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 39.51% in the study group, and 14.88% in non‐obese adults. The NAFLD patients had significantly higher SUA levels than controls in both men and women. The non‐obese group had a higher NAFLD risk with increased SUA levels than the obese group, with odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.559 (1.870–3.503) and 1.692 (1.371–2.087), respectively. In 93 non‐obese adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, SUA levels were significantly higher in those with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis. The prevalence of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and lobule inflammation tended to increase to 57.58% and 66.67% as the SUA level increased to the fourth quartile. Subjects with hyperuricemia had significantly higher NAFLD activity scores and more serious lobule inflammation than the normal group.

Conclusion

Non‐obese adults have higher NAFLD risk with increased SUA levels than obese individuals, and the inflammation progression of NAFLD is associated with increased SUA level in non‐obese subjects.
Determination and confirmation of isopropyl p‐toluenesulfonate in cosmetics by HPLC‐diode array detector method and GC–MS
Authors: Tay B. Y. P. , Yung S. C. , Teoh T. Y.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Isopropyl p‐toluenesulfonate (IPTS) is a potentially genotoxic by‐product formed during the esterification of palm oil‐based palmitic and palm kernel oil‐based myristic acid with isopropanol to produce isopropyl palmitate or isopropyl myristate. There are no methods described for the analysis of IPTS in cosmetic products. In this work, we have established a simple, precise and accurate method to determine the presence and level of IPTS in various finished cosmetic products which contain palm‐based esters in their formulations.

Methods

An Agilent 1200 series high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) unit using a diode‐array detector (DAD) has been employed and optimized to detect IPTS in cosmetic products. For the separation, a reverse‐phase Hypersil Gold C8 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm i.d. 250 mm) 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate buffer 50 : 50, (v/v) solution in acetonitrile as mobile phase, in isocratic mode and a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 were used. A second method using a gas chromatography/mass selective detector GC–MSD was also developed to confirm the IPTS identity in the cosmetic products.

Results

Recoveries of IPTS from cosmetic matrices such as a lotion, cleansing milk and a cream ranged from 94.0% to 101.1% with <5% relative standard deviation (%RSD) showing good accuracy and repeatability of the method. The six‐point calibration curves (determined over the range 0.5–50 μg mL−1) have a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 (based on HPLC peak area) and 0.9998 (based on HPLC peak height). The intra‐ and interday precisions (measured by the %RSD) of the method were <2% and <5%, respectively, indicating that the developed method is reliable, precise and reproducible. The detection and quantification limit of the method were found to be 0.5 μg mL−1 and 1.6 μg mL−1, respectively. Analyses of 83 commercial cosmetics showed no presence of IPTS.

Conclusions

The validation data indicated that this method was suitable for the quantitative analysis of IPTS in commercial cosmetics. This method is applicable for analyses of trace levels of IPTS in cosmetics and has the advantage of using only simple sample preparation steps.
HMGCR‐associated myositis: a New Zealand case series and estimate of incidence
Authors: Kennedy N. , Keating P. , O'Donnell J.
Published: May 2016

Statins are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in New Zealand, with 525 772 or 16.5% of the adult New Zealand population prescribed a statin between June 2013 and July 2014. While generally well‐tolerated, statins are known to cause a range of muscle‐related side effects, ranging from myalgia to life‐threatening rhabdomyolysis. Recently, it has been recognised that in rare instances, statins can induce an immune‐mediated necrotising myositis with antibodies against 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the enzymatic target of statins. In 2014, anti‐HMGCR antibody testing was introduced to Canterbury Health Laboratories (CHL), with this being the only laboratory in New Zealand performing this test during the period of this case series. This article describes an index case and characterises the clinical features of a subsequent 12‐month series. From this series, we estimated the yearly incidence of HMGCR‐associated myositis at 1.7/million/year or ~1/90 000 New Zealand statin users.
Seasonality of birth patterns in an Australian cohort of patients with biopsy‐confirmed idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Authors: Woodman R. , Hakendorf P. , Limaye V.
Published: May 2016

Environmental exposures in the foetal period may predispose to autoimmunity. Aim of this study is to investigate whether seasonality in birth patterns exists in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). We used Stata (StataCorp USA, version 13.0) and the user‐written routine command ‘circsummarise’ to assess birth seasonality among South Australian patients with histologically confirmed IIM subsequent to 1980 using their date of birth. There was no evidence for a seasonal birth pattern among IIM patients overall (n = 568), however there were some ethnic variances in birth patterns among non‐Caucasian patients. There was evidence for birth seasonality among both Aboriginal (mean = 7 July, Rayleigh P = 0.04) and Asian patients (mean = 12 August, Rayleigh P‐value = 0.038). Non‐Caucasians born in the third quarter of the calendar year may have an increased risk of developing IIM. Large international studies of IIM patients of diverse ethnicity are required to clarify the role of perinatal exposures in disease susceptibility.
Novel approaches to the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Galligan A. , Greenaway T. M.
Published: May 2016

Control of hyperglycaemia is a fundamental therapeutic goal in patients with type 2 diabetes. The progressive nature of β‐cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes leads to the need for escalating anti‐hyperglycaemic treatment, including insulin, in most patients. Given the prevalence of complications such as weight gain and hypoglycaemia associated with traditional anti‐hyperglycaemic agents (AHA), including sulphonylureas and insulin, it is unsurprising that recent years have seen the development of novel agents to treat hyperglycaemia. With increasing evidence supporting the need for a multi‐faceted approach to the prevention of adverse cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes, a patient‐centred and individualised management strategy addressing lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factor modification and glycaemic control remains critical in improving outcomes in these patients.
Physical injury and workplace assault in UK mental health trusts: An analysis of formal reports
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Lavelle Mary , Brennan Geoffrey , Stewart Duncan , James Karen , Richardson Michelle , Williams Hilary , Price Owen , Bowers Len
Published: May 2016

Workplace violence is a significant problem for health service personnel, with National Health Service (NHS) workers subject to 68 683 physical assaults between 2013 and 2014. Almost 70% of assaults occur in the mental health sector, and although serious, non‐fatal injury is rare, the individual and economic impact can be substantial. In the present study, we analysed mandatory incident reports from a national database to examine whether there were identifiable precursors to incidents leading to staff injury, and whether staff characteristics were associated with injury. In line with previous descriptions, we found injury occurred either as a direct result of patient assault or during physical interventions employed by staff to contain aggression. Importantly, we found little evidence from staff reports that patients' symptoms were driving aggression, and we found less evidence of patient perspectives among reports. We make several recommendations regarding the reporting of these events that could inform policy and interventions aimed at minimizing the likelihood of injury.
Directionally Solidified Boride and Carbide Eutectic Ceramics
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ting , White Ryan M. , Goto Takashi , Dickey Elizabeth C.
Published: May 2016

Borides and carbides generally have outstanding hardness, excellent wear resistance, and high melting points due to their covalent bonding. Directionally solidified eutectic (DSE) composites of boride and carbide constituent phases have been investigated since the 1970s as an approach to produce dense composite microstructures with added control over the microstructure. A variety of DSE ceramic composites have been developed and evaluated as potential materials for structural and functional applications due to their unique thermo‐electro‐mechanical properties. Renewed interest over the past few decades has been motivated, in part, by the needs for ultrahigh‐temperature composites for aerospace applications along with low‐density composites for armor applications. Some directionally solidified boride and carbide DSEs exhibit advantages in material properties over monolithic materials. This study reviews historical and recent research on processing methods, microstructure, crystallography, and material properties (mechanical, electrical, thermal properties, and oxidation resistance) of directionally solidified boride and carbide eutectic ceramic composites. Opportunities along with current limitations and needs for future developments are also reviewed and discussed.
Research Review: Changes in the prevalence and symptom severity of child post‐traumatic stress disorder in the year following trauma – a meta‐analytic study
Authors: Hiller Rachel M. , Meiser‐Stedman Richard , Fearon Pasco , Lobo Sarah , McKinnon Anna , Fraser Abigail , Halligan Sarah L.
Published: May 2016

Background

Understanding the natural course of child and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has significant implications for the identification of, and intervention for, at‐risk youth. We used a meta‐analytic approach to examine longitudinal changes in youth PTSD prevalence and symptoms over the first 12 months posttrauma.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review to identify longitudinal studies of PTSD in young people (5–18 years old), excluding treatment trials. The search yielded 27 peer‐reviewed studies and one unpublished dataset for analysis of pooled prevalence estimates, relative prevalence reduction and standardised mean symptom change. Key moderators were also explored, including age, proportion of boys in the sample, initial prevalence of PTSD and PTSD measurement type.

Results

Analyses demonstrated moderate declines in PTSD prevalence and symptom severity over the first 3–6 months posttrauma. From 1 to 6 months posttrauma, the prevalence of PTSD reduced by approximately 50%. Symptoms also showed moderate decline, particularly across the first 3 months posttrauma. There was little evidence of further change in prevalence or symptom severity after 6 months, suggesting that it is unlikely a child would lose a PTSD diagnosis without intervention beyond this point.

Conclusions

The current findings provide key information about the likelihood of posttrauma recovery in the absence of intervention and have important implications for our understanding of child and adolescent PTSD. Results are discussed with reference to the timing of PTSD screening and the potential role of early interventions. Findings particularly highlight the importance of future research to develop our understanding of what factors prevent the action of normal recovery from the ‘acute’ posttrauma period.
Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars
Authors: Rostami E. , Madadi H. , Abbasipour H. , Allahyari H. , Cuthbertson A. G. S.
Published: May 2016

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato plants originating from South America. In this study, the effect of three tomato cultivars on the life table parameters of T. absoluta was investigated. Data were analysed based on age‐stage, two‐sex life table theory. The net reproduction rate (R0) of T. absoluta on Falkato, Isabella and Grandella cultivars was determined as 15.73 ± 3.35, 17.66 ± 3.33 and 10.03 ± 4.10 eggs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) value on those cultivars was 0.09 ± 0.007, 0.095 ± 0.006 and 0.074 ± 0.017 day−1, respectively. Finite population rates of increase (λ) were 1.095 ± 0.008, 1.099 ± 0.007 and 1.076 ± 0.018 day−1, and mean generation times (T) on the three cultivars were 30.09 ± 0.29, 30.22 ± 0.27 and 31.12 ± 0.65 days, respectively. The egg incubation period, pre‐adult duration and fecundity on these tomato cultivars was also calculated. The results showed no significant differences between r, R0, and T on the three tested tomato cultivars. These findings can be useful for developing an integrated pest management strategy against this noxious pest.
Jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists in the Bizan area, Sambagawa metamorphic belt, eastern Shikoku, Japan: significance and extent of eclogite facies metamorphism
Authors: Kabir M. F. , Takasu A.
Published: May 2016

Eclogite facies metamorphic rocks have been discovered from the Bizan area of eastern Shikoku, Sambagawa metamorphic belt. The eclogitic jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists occur as lenticular or sheet‐like bodies in the pelitic schist matrix, with the peak mineral assemblage of garnet + glaucophane + jadeite + phengite + quartz. The jadeitic clinopyroxene (XJd 0.46–0.75) is found exclusively as inclusions in porphyroblastic garnet. The eclogite metamorphism is characterized by prograde development from epidote–blueschist to eclogite facies. Metamorphic P–T conditions estimated using pseudosection modelling are 580–600 °C and 18–20 kbar for eclogite facies. Compared with common mafic eclogites, the jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists have low CaO (4.4–4.5 wt%) and MgO (2.1–2.3 wt%) bulk‐rock compositions. The P–T– pseudosections show that low XCa bulk‐rock compositions favour the appearance of jadeite instead of omphacite under eclogite facies conditions. This is a unique example of low XCa bulk‐rock composition triggered to form jadeite at eclogite facies conditions. Two significant types of eclogitic metamorphism have been distinguished in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, that is, a low‐T type and subsequent high‐T type eclogitic metamorphic events. The jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists experienced low‐T type eclogite facies metamorphism, and the P–T path is similar to lawsonite‐bearing eclogites recently reported from the Kotsu area in eastern Shikoku. During subduction of the oceanic plate (Izanagi plate), the hangingwall cooled gradually, and the geothermal gradient along the subduction zone progressively decreased and formed low‐T type eclogitic metamorphic rocks. A subsequent warm subduction event associated with an approaching spreading ridge caused the high‐T type eclogitic metamorphism within a single subduction zone.
Congenital urethrovaginal fistula with transverse vaginal septum
Authors: Amer Mohamed Ibrahim , Ahmed Mortada El‐Sayed , Ali Ali Hagag
Published: May 2016

Congenital urethrovaginal fistula is an extremely rare genitourinary anomaly. Literature search identified only five reported cases, all of which were associated with urogenital abnormalities. Transverse vaginal septum is another rare condition, resulting from abnormalities in the vertical fusion between the vaginal components of the Mullerian ducts and the urogenital sinus; and associated fistulous connection of the vagina with the urethra is even rarer. Herein we describe the case of a 35‐year‐old woman who presented with dyspareunia, and a 1‐year history of infertility, who was found to have a urethrovaginal fistula with low transverse vaginal septum. The patient was successfully treated with excision of the septum and closure of the urethrovaginal fistula.
Effects of carvedilol on an ischemia/reperfusion model: Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation
Authors: Özsoy Asker Zeki , Nursal Ayşe Feyda , Arıcı Akgül , Bütün İlknur , Uysal Murat , Irmak Sapmaz Hilal , Kunt İşgüder Çiğdem , Yılmaz Doğru Hatice , Taş Ufuk
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carvedilol (CVD) on experimentally induced ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.

Methods

An ovarian I/R model was applied to rats, classified into three groups: 1 (n = 7), sham operated (control); 2 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + 3 h reperfusion (I/R); 3 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + CVD + 3 h reperfusion (I/R + CVD). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in ovarian tissues and serum were measured. Tissue damage was examined histopathologically; Bax and caspase‐3 expression was determined immunhistochemically. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to show apoptotic cell death.

Results

MDA levels in ovarian tissues were significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the control. CVD administration significantly decreased tissue MDA levels in the I/R + CVD in comparison with the I/R group. GSH‐Px activities in serum were higher in the I/R + CVD than in the I/R group. SOD activities in tissue and serum were significantly decreased in the I/R compared with the control group. Histological examination showed a significant improvement in ovarian morphology in the I/R + CVD compared with the I/R group. Bax and caspase‐3 protein was more strongly expressed in the I/R group compared with the control and I/R + CVD groups. Apoptotic index detected by TUNEL assay was significantly increased in the I/R and decreased in the I/R + CVD group.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that CVD reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative damage on ovaries in a rat I/R model.
Transcranial Color‐Coded Duplex in Acute Encephalitis: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Kargiotis Odysseas , Safouris Apostolos , Magoufis Georgios , Stamboulis Eleftherios , Tsivgoulis Georgios
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUP AND PURPOSE

There are limited data regarding the diagnostic yield of transcranial color‐coded Doppler (TCCD) in acute encephalitis. We present our preliminary observations of consecutive ultrasound evaluations in 2 patients with acute encephalitis and we review the possible diagnostic role of TCCD in such cases.

METHODS

We describe two cases of acute encephalitis that presented with aphasia and confusion and underwent repeat TCCD evaluation at baseline and after 48 hours in both patients. We also critically review the current literature regarding potential TCCD applications in acute central nervous system infections.

RESULTS

Serial TCCD evaluations revealed the following triad of abnormal findings in both patients: (i) elevated pulsatility index (PI) in the left middle cerebral artery (M1 MCA) at baseline (>1.2), (ii) increased PI in left M1 MCA by >25% in comparison to right M1 MCA, and (iii) decrease in PI in left M1 MCA by >25% at the follow‐up evaluation at 48 hours. The decrease in PI in left M1 MCA coincided with symptom improvement in both patients.

DISCUSSION

The focal transient increase in left M1 MCA PI may be attributed to focally increased intracranial pressure or peripheral vasospasm of distal left MCA branches. Since there are limited reports in the literature concerning TCCD evaluation of patients with central nervous system infections, our preliminary findings require independent confirmation in a larger series of patients.
Working the Edges of the Nineteenth‐Century British Empire
Authors: Watson Tim
Published: May 2016

In this essay, I pay attention to some of the edges, margins, and middle spaces of the nineteenth‐century empire and suggest that the movements, people, and cultural practices of the edges of empire were crucially important for the construction of empire itself. I tell the stories of two imperial middlemen, people who worked from the edges of the nineteenth‐century British imperial world, in Jamaica, New Zealand/Aotearoa, and Britain, who worked with the constraints in which their economic, racial, and national situations placed them and tried to generate cultural capital to offset their marginal status. Hosting musical soirees in Kingston, Jamaica and performing ethnographic masquerades in the provincial lecture halls and theatres of Britain, Louis Celeste Lecesne and Barnet Burns, the subjects of this article, put a human face to the abstract logic of speculative finance and demonstrate the importance of cultural practice to the institutions of empire.
Introduction: Labor Travels, Art Forms
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: May 2016

This GCP special cluster “Labor Travels, Art Forms” highlights the ways that laborers and arts have traveled together through transnational political economies. The editor outlines the models and genealogies presented in the essays and proposes that there is more to consider about what might be called “labor's aesthetic diasporas.” Exploring some of these possibilities, the Introduction asks what different story of the arts emerges when we follow links between the history of aesthetics and the history of labor? What fuller history of labor comes into view? Might we enrich current analyses of globalization through interdisciplinary study of arts' labored travels as they have shaped states and economies? Finally, how might we differently conceive of the mediating work of the arts in this light?
The trigger matters – outcome of hepatorenal syndrome vs. specifically triggered acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients with ascites
Authors: Bucsics Theresa , Schwabl Philipp , Mandorfer Mattias , Bota Simona , Sieghart Wolfgang , Ferlitsch Arnulf , Trauner Michael , Reiberger Thomas , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus
Published: May 2016

Background

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) represents a severe form of renal injury in cirrhotic patients with ascites in the absence of certain triggers.

Methods

Patients with cirrhosis and ascites were longitudinally screened for renal dysfunction. HRS was diagnosed by an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥100% to ≥1.5 mg/dl. If specific triggers (i.e. nephrotoxins, parenchymal kidney damage, hypovolaemia, infections) were found, these cases were defined as specifically triggered acute kidney injury (sAKI).

Results

Four hundred ninety‐seven cirrhotic patients were screened for AKI and we identified 71 patients with HRS and 84 with sAKI. The most common triggers of sAKI were parenchymal damage in 33%, nephrotoxins in 30% and hypovolaemia in 29%. sAKI patients showed significantly more often complete remission than HRS patients (51% vs. 13%, P < 0.001), whereas persisting impairment of renal function was more common in HRS than in sAKI (56% vs. 37%, P = 0.006). Short‐term (30 days) mortality was significantly higher in HRS than in sAKI (62% vs. 45%, P = 0.038). Remission rates and mortality varied between sAKI triggers. Transplant‐free survival (TFS) was not significantly, but numerically lower in HRS than in sAKI [14 (IQR: 2–99) vs. 36 (IQR: 5–371) days; P = 0.102].

Conclusion

Patients with HRS show worse outcome and higher 30‐day mortality than patients with severe triggered AKI. Different triggers of sAKI seem to influence prognosis. Prospective data are needed to implement effective screening and treatment algorithms for kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
Evaluation of seed and leaf epidermis characters in the taxonomy of some annual species of the genus Papaver (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Tavakkoli Zahra , Assadi Mostafa
Published: May 2016

To get a better understanding of their taxonomic importance, we examined morphological, leaf epidermal and seed micromorphological characters of 19 taxa of annual Papaver L. belonging to the sections Papaver, Carinatae Fedde and Rhoeadium Spach. Among the studied taxa, the pattern of the coat of the seed testa cells and seed epidermal cell showed large variation. The granulate type of testa sculpturing was most common, but other types were represented by one or two species. In contrast, most of the taxa have broadly similar leaf epidermal characteristics. We conclude that variation in seed characters are significant for the taxonomy at the specific and generic levels, whereas leaf epidermis morphology, with few exceptions, is mostly only useful for separation of taxa within species. Based on the results, P. lacerum Popov is regarded as a synonym of P. commutatum Fisch. & C. A. Mey, while P. piptostigma Bienert ex Fedde, P. halophilum (Fedde) Cullen and P. tubuliferum Fedde are regarded as synonyms of P. macrostomum Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. var. macrostomum. Further, Papaver gaubae Cullen & Rech. f. and P. bipinnatum C. A. Mey. are included into the synonymy list of P. glaucum Boiss. et Hausskn. and P. arenarium M.‐Bieb., respectively. In contrast, Papaver chelidoniifolium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. var. pinnatum Tavakkoli & Assadi from Gilan province is described as a new variety, and P. rhoeas L. var. strigosum Boenn. and var. glabrum Fedde and P. commutatum subsp. euxinum Kadereit are introduced as new records to Iran. The evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of the observed variation in seed characteristics are also discussed.
Methods for obtaining more complete species lists in surveys of lichen biodiversity
Authors: Vondrák Jan , Malíček Jiří , Palice Zdeněk , Coppins Brian , Kukwa Martin , Czarnota Paweł , Sanderson Neil , Acton Andy
Published: May 2016

We tested two methods to obtain more complete species inventories in surveys of lichen biodiversity. The first was to employ eight lichenologists (all experienced, some specialists) acting as individuals in parallel in a competitive survey. The second was to organize those lichenologists into two competing teams. We show that overall recorded biodiversity is distinctly higher than the part of lichen biodiversity recorded by each single lichenologist (45–66%) or team (79–83%). Use of these methods in a survey of epiphytic and epixylic lichens resulted in a list containing 112 species in 1 ha, 192 species in 12.5 ha and 212 species for 30 km2 of lowland floodplain old‐growth forest in southeastern Czech Republic. Eleven recorded species are new to the country; four are rediscovered after more than 50 years. In comparison, few previous surveys of mixed montane forests in the same region have yielded more than 200 species, even though it is certain that those forests have greater lichen diversity than our lowland forest.
New records of intrahymenial heterobasidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) in north Europe
Authors: Spirin Viacheslav , Nordén Jenni , Svantesson Sten , Larsson Karl‐Henrik
Published: May 2016

The first records of Occultifur corticiorum, Spiculogloea occulta, S. subminuta (Pucciniomycotina), Phragmoxenidium mycophilum and Serendipita sigmaspora (Agaricomycotina) from Norway and Sweden are presented, and morphological characters and ecology of these species are discussed. In addition, Spiculogloea limonispora and S. minuta are reported as new to Russia, and Serendipita evanescens as new to USA.
Foonchewia coriacea, a new combination to replace F. guangdongensis (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Song Zhu‐Qiu , Xu Dong‐Xian
Published: May 2016

Examination of both specimens and literature has shown that Mycetia coriacea (based on Adenosacme coriacea; Rubiaceae) has apically dehiscent dry capsules, quite different from the indehiscent berries of other species of the genus Mycetia. In various characters including the fruits, the species is found to be identical with the newly described species Foonchewia guangdongensis, the only species of the genus Foonchewia and the tribe Foonchewieae. Therefore, the new combination Foonchewia coriacea is here proposed to replace F. guangdongensis.
Towards a multidimensional root trait framework: a tree root review
Authors: Weemstra Monique , Mommer Liesje , Visser Eric J. W. , van Ruijven Jasper , Kuyper Thomas W. , Mohren Godefridus M. J. , Sterck Frank J.
Published: May 2016

The search for a root economics spectrum (RES) has been sparked by recent interest in trait‐based plant ecology. By analogy with the one‐dimensional leaf economics spectrum (LES), fine‐root traits are hypothesised to match leaf traits which are coordinated along one axis from resource acquisitive to conservative traits. However, our literature review and meta‐level analysis reveal no consistent evidence of an RES mirroring an LES. Instead the RES appears to be multidimensional. We discuss three fundamental differences contributing to the discrepancy between these spectra. First, root traits are simultaneously constrained by various environmental drivers not necessarily related to resource uptake. Second, above‐ and belowground traits cannot be considered analogues, because they function differently and might not be related to resource uptake in a similar manner. Third, mycorrhizal interactions may offset selection for an RES. Understanding and explaining the belowground mechanisms and trade‐offs that drive variation in root traits, resource acquisition and plant performance across species, thus requires a fundamentally different approach than applied aboveground. We therefore call for studies that can functionally incorporate the root traits involved in resource uptake, the complex soil environment and the various soil resource uptake mechanisms – particularly the mycorrhizal pathway – in a multidimensional root trait framework.

Contents

Summary
1159

I.
Introduction
1159

II.
The root economics spectrum
1161

III.
Why the one‐dimensional resource economics spectrum does not work for tree roots
1164

IV.
Outlook
1166

Acknowledgements
1167

References
1167