bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: Molecular Diversity in Pulse Seed Starch and Complex Carbohydrates and Its Role in Human Nutrition and Health
Authors: Chibbar Ravindra N. , Ambigaipalan Priyatharini , Hoover Ratnajothi
Published: July 2010

Seven major pulse crops account for ≈90% of global pulse production. Pulses are an important component of human nutrition as sources of proteins, carbohydrates, and minor nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The major pulse seed storage polysaccharide is starch, which is made up of highly branched amylopectin and sparsely branched amylose. Pulse starches generally contain a higher concentration of amylose as compared to cereal and tuber starches. The nonstarch complex carbohydrates are major components of dietary fiber including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectic polysaccharides with considerable structural diversity. Diets rich in pulses are associated with health benefits such as reduced calorific content, reduced or no effect on blood glucose levels (low glycemic index), and improved heart health. These health benefits have been attributed to the high amylose concentration (>30%) that gives rise to resistant starch that, along with dietary fiber, remains undigested in the small intestine but is fermented by the microbiota in the colon. Colonic fermentation increases the growth of beneficial bacteria and production of short chain fatty acids which have been associated with reduced risk of colon cancer. Clinical trials with human subjects to confirm the beneficial effects of diets rich in pulses are inconclusive. Advances in genetic strategies to develop pulse seeds with desired carbohydrate concentration and composition, carbohydrate structure characterization, combined with utilization of in vitro and in animal models may be helpful to identify carbohydrate structure function relationship responsible for beneficial effects on human health associated with pulse consumption.
REVIEW: Molecular Interactions in Starch‐Water Systems: Effect of Increasing Starch Concentration
Authors: Goldstein Avi , Nantanga Komeine Kotokeni Mekondjo , Seetharaman Koushik
Published: July 2010

Starch is a major part of our diet. Food processing determines the physicochemical properties of starch in processed foods. An understanding of such properties is important in the development of strategies to modulate desirable textural attributes as well as the digestibility of starch in foods such as baked and extruded products. This review summarises the molecular interactions that occur during gelatinization and retrogradation of starch molecules studied using starch‐water systems focusing on those with starch concentrations of 60–150% db relevant to baked and extruded foods. Little information exists on effects of starch concentration on digestibility and polymer conformations and structures of processed starch in concentrated systems.
The Föppl-von Kármán equations for plates with incompatible strains
Authors: Lewicka Marta , Mahadevan L. , Pakzad Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2010

We provide a derivation of the Föppl-von Kármán equations for the shape of and stresses in an elastic plate with incompatible or residual strains. These might arise from a range of causes: inhomogeneous growth, plastic deformation, swelling or shrinkage driven by solvent absorption. Our analysis gives rigorous bounds on the convergence of the three-dimensional equations of elasticity to the low-dimensional description embodied in the plate-like description of laminae and thus justifies a recent formulation of the problem to the shape of growing leaves. It also formalizes a procedure that can be used to derive other low-dimensional descriptions of active materials with complex non-Euclidean geometries.
CYP93G2 Is a Flavanone 2-Hydroxylase Required for C-Glycosylflavone Biosynthesis in Rice
Authors: Du Yegang , Chu Hung , Chu Ivan K. , Lo Clive
Published: July 2010

C-Glycosylflavones are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, and many of them have beneficial effects on human health. They are a special group of flavonoid glycosides in which the sugars are C-linked to the flavone skeleton. It has been long presumed that C-glycosylflavones have a different biosynthetic origin from O-glycosylflavonoids. In rice (Oryza sativa), a C-glucosyltransferase (OsCGT) that accepts 2-hydroxyflavanone substrates and a dehydratase activity that selectively converts C-glucosyl-2-hydroxyflavanones to 6C-glucosylflavones were recently described. In this study, we provide in vitro and in planta evidence that the rice P450 CYP93G2 protein encoded by Os06g01250 is a functional flavanone 2-hydroxylase. CYP93G2 is related to the CYP93B subfamily, which consists of dicot flavone synthase II enzymes. In the presence of NADPH, recombinant CYP93G2 converts naringenin and eriodictyol to the corresponding 2-hydroxyflavanones. In addition, CYP93G2 generates 2-hydroxyflavanones, which are modified by O-glycosylation in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Coexpression of CYP93G2 and OsCGT in Arabidopsis resulted in the production of C-glucosyl-2-hydroxyflavanones in the dibenzoylmethane tautomeric form. The same structure was reported previously for the in vitro OsCGT reaction products. Thus, CYP93G2 generates 2-hydroxyflavanone substrates from flavanones for C-glucosylation by OsCGT in planta. Furthermore, knocking down Os06g01250 in rice (O. sativa subsp. japonica 'Zhonghua 11') preferentially depleted the accumulation of C-glycosylapigenin, C-glycosylluteolin, and C-glycosylchrysoeriol but did not affect the levels of tricin, which is frequently present as O-glycosides in cereals. Taken together, our work conclusively assigned CYP93G2 as the first enzyme that channels flavanones to C-glycosylflavone biosynthesis in rice.
Arabidopsis PCR2 Is a Zinc Exporter Involved in Both Zinc Extrusion and Long-Distance Zinc Transport
Authors: Song Won-Yong , Choi Kwan Sam , Kim Do Young , Geisler Markus , Park Jiyoung , Vincenzetti Vincent , Schellenberg Maja , Kim Sun Ha , Lim Yong Pyo , Noh Eun Woon , Lee Youngsook , Martinoia Enrico
Published: July 2010

Plants strictly regulate the uptake and distribution of Zn, which is essential for plant growth and development. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PCR2 is essential for Zn redistribution and Zn detoxification. The pcr2 loss-of-function mutant was compromised in growth, both in Zn-excessive and -deficient conditions. The roots of pcr2 accumulated more Zn than did control plants, whereas the roots of plants overexpressing PCR2 contained less Zn, indicating that PCR2 removes Zn from the roots. Consistent with a role for PCR2 as a Zn-efflux transporter, PCR2 reduced the intracellular concentration of Zn when expressed in yeast cells. PCR2 is located mainly in epidermal cells and in the xylem of young roots, while it is expressed in epidermal cells in fully developed roots. Zn accumulated in the epidermis of the roots of pcr2 grown under Zn-limiting conditions, whereas it was found in the stele of wild-type roots. The transport pathway mediated by PCR2 does not seem to overlap with that mediated by the described Zn translocators (HMA2 and HMA4) since the growth of pcr2 hma4 double and pcr2 hma2 hma4 triple loss-of-function mutants was more severely inhibited than the individual single knockout mutants, both under conditions of excess or deficient Zn. We propose that PCR2 functions as a Zn transporter essential for maintaining an optimal Zn level in Arabidopsis.
The CURLY LEAF Interacting Protein BLISTER Controls Expression of Polycomb-Group Target Genes and Cellular Differentiation ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Schatlowski Nicole , Stahl Yvonne , Hohenstatt Mareike L. , Goodrich Justin , Schubert Daniel
Published: July 2010

Polycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins are important regulators of many developmental processes in plants and animals and repress gene expression by imparting histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Here, we present the identification of the novel, plant-specific Arabidopsis thaliana protein BLISTER (BLI), which interacts with the Pc-G histone methyltransferase CURLY LEAF (CLF). We map the interaction of BLI with CLF to a predicted coiled-coil domain in BLI that shares similarity with STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES proteins. BLI colocalizes with CLF in the nucleus, shows an overlapping expression pattern with CLF throughout plant development that is strongest in dividing cells, and represses a subset of Pc-G target genes. Loss of BLI results in a pleiotropic developmental mutant phenotype, indicating that BLI prevents premature differentiation. Furthermore, bli mutants exhibit severe epidermal defects, including loss of cell adhesion, outgrowth of cells, and increased cotyledon cell size. As these phenotypes have not been observed in Pc-G mutants, we propose that BLI has functions related to Pc-G proteins but can also act independently in Arabidopsis development.
Genetic Framework for Flattened Leaf Blade Formation in Unifacial Leaves ofJuncus prismatocarpus
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Yano Satoshi , Tsukaya Hirokazu
Published: July 2010

Angiosperm leaves generally develop as bifacial structures with distinct adaxial and abaxial identities. However, several monocot species, such as iris and leek, develop unifacial leaves, in which leaf blades have only abaxial identity. In bifacial leaves, adaxial-abaxial polarity is required for leaf blade flattening, whereas many unifacial leaves become flattened despite their leaf blades being abaxialized. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of flattened leaf blades in unifacial leaves. We demonstrate that the unifacial leaf blade is abaxialized at the gene expression level and that an ortholog of the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene may promote flattening of the unifacial leaf blade. In two closely related Juncus species, Juncus prismatocarpus, which has flattened unifacial leaves, and Juncus wallichianus, which has cylindrical unifacial leaves, DL expression levels and patterns correlate with the degree of laminar outgrowth. Genetic and expression studies using interspecific hybrids of the two species reveal that the DL locus from J. prismatocarpus flattens the unifacial leaf blade and expresses higher amounts of DL transcript than does that from J. wallichianus. We also show that leaf blade flattening is a trigger for central-marginal leaf polarity differentiation. We suggest that flattened unifacial leaf blades may have evolved via the recruitment of DL function, which plays a similar cellular but distinct phenotypic role in monocot bifacial leaves.
Dermoscopy
Authors: TANAKA Masaru
Published: July 2010

First, a brief introduction about types of dermoscope and an explanation on the theory of dermoscopy are provided. Second, some introduction on the difference of dermoscopic pictures between benign and malignant neoplasm is given. Basically, benign lesions tend to show symmetrical dermoscopic structures and colors, whereas malignant lesions have a tendency to present irregular and atypical dermoscopic structures. Third, the relationship between dermoscopic images and anatomical structures will be shown. Acral melanocytic lesions have site‐specific dermoscopic patterns, namely parallel furrow pattern or parallel ridge pattern. These parallel patterns are due to different distribution of benign and malignant melanocytes. Benign melanocytes (nevus cells) are mainly found on the tips of crista profunda limitans and supply melanin granules to the furrows of stratum corneum, making a parallel furrow pattern. To the contrary, melanoma cells proliferate mainly on the tips of crista profunda intermedia or rather diffusely and randomly, and supply melanin granules irregularly and diffusely to the ridges of stratum corneum, having parallel ridge pattern. Fourth, the global features of dermoscopic findings are described respectively with definitions of the technical terms. To analyze dermoscopic structures, it is easier to look at global features first and local features next. Basic global features include reticular, globular, cobblestone, homogeneous, starburst and parallel patterns. If a given dermoscopy image has two patterns, the more prominent pattern might be chosen. If it has more than three dermoscopic patterns, then multi‐component pattern is the reasonable selection. If there are no particular dermoscopic structures, then the unspecific pattern will be selected. Finally, some comments on the relationship between dermoscopy and dermatopathology are given briefly. It is always useful to imagine dermatopathological features when examining a dermoscopic image. There are considerable relations between dermoscopy and dermatopathology.
Meta‐analysis: levamisole improves the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients
Authors: Fabrizi F. , Dixit V. , Messa P. , Martin P.
Published: July 2010

Background  Patients undergoing maintenance dialysis often fail to mount protective antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) following vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Some authors have suggested that levamisole improves immune response to HBV vaccine in dialysis population. However, consistent information on this issue does not exist.

Aim  To evaluate efficacy and safety of levamisole as adjuvant to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in dialysis patients by performing a systematic review of the literature with a meta‐analysis of clinical trials.

Methods  We used the random‐effects model of DerSimonian and Laird, with heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. Only trials comparing the seroresponse rate in study subjects (levamisole plus HBV vaccine) vs. controls (HBV vaccine alone) were included. The end point of interest was the rate of patients showing seroprotective anti‐hepatitis B titres at completion of HBV vaccine schedule in study vs. control groups.

Results  We identified four studies involving 328 unique patients on regular dialysis. Only prospective, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. Pooling of study results showed a significant increase in response rates among study (levamisole plus HBV vaccine) vs. control (HBV vaccine alone) patients; the pooled Odds Ratio was 2.432 (95% Confidence Intervals, 1.34; 4.403), P = 0.002. No study heterogeneity was found. These results did not change in various subgroups of interest.

Conclusions  Our meta‐analysis showed that levamisole significantly improves immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis population. The limited number of patients precluded more conclusions.
Systematic review: the epidemiology of eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults
Authors: Sealock R. J. , Rendon G. , El‐Serag H. B.
Published: July 2010

Background  The epidemiology of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) in adults remains unclear.

Aim  To estimate the prevalence and incidence of EoE through a systematic review of published literature.

Methods  We conducted systematic literature searches in PubMed in September 2009. Studies were excluded if they contained any participants below 18 years of age, published in languages other than English, or had no exact reporting of prevalence or incidence rates.

Results  Nine studies fulfilled the criteria; one evaluated a population‐based sample, one examined patients referred from a defined geographical region and seven studies examined the prevalence in a total of 6018 patients in clinic or hospital settings. The lowest prevalence was reported in population‐based studies (4 and 0.23 per 1000), followed by studies of unselected patients (1.0%, 6.5%) and highest in the other five clinic/hospital based studies (2.2–48.2%). Men were more affected in seven of eight studies (64.5–100%). The sample size weighted average prevalence from the population‐based studies was 0.03%. For studies evaluating symptomatic patients, it was 2.8%.

Conclusions  The prevalence of EoE in adults varies considerably based on the study sampling frame: high in dysphagia patients, quite low in population‐based studies and intermediate among unselected endoscopy patients.
Tentative chromosomal localization of the bovine major histocompatibility complex by in situ hybridization
Authors: FRIES R. , HEDIGER R. , STRANZINGER G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A genetic region, most likely the major histocompatibility complex, was assigned to bands q13–23 of cattle chromosome 23 by in situ hybridization using a cloned DNA sequence of a class I gene of the pig major histocompatibility complex.
Genomic hybridization of bovine class II major histocompatibility genes: 2. Polymorphism of DR genes and linkage disequilibrium in the DQ‐DR region
Authors: ANDERSSON L. , BóHME J. , PETERSON P. A. , RASK L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex have been investigated by Southern blot analysis using human cDNA probes for DQα, DQβ, DRα and DRβ. In this report restriction fragment length polymorphisms of DRα and DRβ are described. The polymorphisms were interpreted genetically by analysing five paternal half‐sib families of the Swedish Red and White Breed, comprising altogether 28 offspring. Using the restriction enzymes BamHI, EcoRI and PvuII, three DRα and three DRβ allelic fragment patterns were resolved. The DRα and DRβ genes thus appear to be much less polymorphic than the previously described DQα and DQβ genes. Also, the observed linkage disequilibrium between DR genes was less pronounced than that between DQ genes, whereas the association between DR and DQ haplotypes was very strong. The family data available indicated strongly that the DQα, DQβ, DRα and DRβ genes are all closely linked.
Genetic variability in fallow deer, Dama dama L
Authors: HARTL G. B. , SCHLEGER A. , SLOWAK M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Twelve blood proteins and enzymes were tested for polymorphism in a herd of fallow deer, Dama dama L., bred for meat production in Western Germany, to investigate the genetic constitution of the population. Although an enzyme polymorphism was detected (Catalase) for the first time in this species, electrophoretic variation is very low in comparison to other large ungulates. Possible explanations for this finding, such as recent inbreeding and a past genetic bottleneck, are given. The relationship between low genetic variation in biochemical marker systems and fitness is discussed.
A microagglutination test for blood typing rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta
Authors: KOCHAN K. L. , KALMIN N. D. , STONE W. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We have developed a microagglutination test for typing rhesus monkey erythrocytes that is sensitive, accurate and easy to perform. The technique requires only μ1 quantities of antiserum and cells, and agglutination is easily detected using an inverted microscope. An advantage of this technique is that the typing plates can be stored at ‐70°C without loss of activity. The results of typing over 400 rhesus blood samples with this technique were 95% concordant with results using the standard microtitre agglutination technique. Preliminary results indicate that this test is also adaptable to typing human blood.
DNA polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex of man and various farm animals*
Authors: VAIMAN M. , CHARDON P. , COHEN D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In the past few years it has been possible by combining enzymatic cleavage of genomic DNA and the Southern blot hybridization technique to explore the endonuclease recognition site polymorphism of the MHC. HLA class I and DR and DQ alpha and beta class II specific probes as well as human C4 and Bf class III probes were used. All these probes were shown to cross‐hybridize with DNA from pigs, cattle, sheep and horses. Hybridization of human genomic DNA with a class I probe showed 15–25 bands per genome depending on the enzyme used. Distinct endonucleases generated clusters of restriction fragments (RF) in HLA‐informative families which correlated with HLA specificites. While numerous clusters were found associated with HLA‐A alleles almost no cluster was related to HLA B or C specificities. Similarly, class II probes provided a large number of clusters. The existence of these clusters suggested that some polymorphic restriction sites are found in strong linkage disequilibrium and that the underlying mechanism might be gene conversion with heteroduplex correction. Since the degree of polymorphism detected by RF appears to be greater than the polymorphism defined by more traditional methods stronger associations between RF and pathological conditions are to be expected.

Southern blot analysis was applied to unrelated pigs and sheep, as well as to families. Preliminary studies have also been performed on a few unrelated cattle and horses. Depending on the endonuclease used the HLA class I probe hybridized with around 15 bands in MHC heterozygous pigs and ruminants while up to 20 bands were found in horses. Therefore, a several‐fold greater number of potential class I genes exist compared to those actually expressed. With the class II beta probe, cattle and sheep showed around 10 bands whereas 15 were observed in pigs and around 20 in horses. Based on limited results obtained with DQ alpha and beta probes and with the DR alpha probe there appeared to be fewer of these respective genes. Only one C4 gene has been detected in pig and this gene maps within the SLA region. Hybridization with the human C4 probe in cattle, sheep and horses revealed two to four bands which could possibly account for two C4 genes. To date their linkage to the MHC has not been established.

The Southern blot hybridization technique represents a powerful tool for future immunogenetic studies. This is even more so in large farm animals where for various reasons it is almost impossible to conduct certain types of investigation that are easily performed in rodents or in man. Although the data are still preliminary, they already extend our knowledge of the MHC in domestic animals far beyond what could have been reasonably anticipated using conventional methods.
DNA fingerprints of dogs and cats
Authors: JEFFREYS A. J. , MORTON D. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Human minisatellite probes consisting of tandem repeats of the ‘core’ sequence, a putative recombination signal in human DNA, cross‐hybridize to multiple polymorphic fragments in dog and cat DNA to produce individual‐specific DNA ‘fingerprints’. Pedigree analysis shows that most of the DNA fragments detected in an individual are heterozygous, and that these fragments are derived from multiple dispersed autosomal loci. DNA fingerprints of cats and dogs should prove suitable for individual identification and for establishing family relationships. They are also suitable for rapid marker generation in large pedigrees and could be applied to linkage analysis in these animals.
A study of BoLA class II antigens with BoT4+ T lymphocyte clones*
Authors: TEALE A.J. , KEMP S.J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. It has hitherto proved difficult to phenotype cattle for class II histocompatibility antigens using standard serological techniques because of problems of reagent specificity and antigen expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMs). We recently described the production of class II‐specific alloreactive bovine T cell clones characterized by the BoT4+ phenotype. In this report we describe studies of the application of four such clones, derived from a single mixed leucocyte culture (MLC), for class II phenotyping in proliferation and cytotoxicity assay systems. Proliferation assays used irradiated PBM as stimulator cells and cytotoxicity assays used Theileria parva‐infected lymphoblastoid cells as targets. Proliferation assays revealed three distinct specificities among the four clones indicating that they detected three different class II determinants. Furthermore, in a family study, the genes encoding the determinants recognized by the clones were found to be linked to the gene encoding the w10 class I A locus product on one of the w10‐bearing haplotypes in our study population. Two of the clones were studied in cytolysis assays. Lack of cytolysis of one of the targets, which was derived from the PBM of an animal carrying a class II determinant detected in proliferation assay, was explained by the total lack of expression of class II antigens on the target cell line in question, as determined with 4 class II‐specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb). We conclude that BoT4+ alloreactive clones provide a potentially useful and particularly discriminating way of detecting polymorphic class II antigens of cattle, especially when applied in assays of proliferative response to PBM.
Murine/bovine hybridomas producing monoclonal alloantibodies to bovine red cell antigens
Authors: TUCKER E. M. , CLARKE S. W. , MÉTÉNIER L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In attempts to produce stable lines secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies, murine/bovine hybridomas (1° xenohybridomas) were selectively cultured in 8‐azaguanine to derive HAT‐sensitive lines that were then used as myeloma partners for further fusions with bovine lymphocytes. The resulting 2° xenohybridomas were further selected to produce 3° xenohybridomas. Four stable lines secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies recognizing blood group determinants X1 (an IgG1), E‘2 (an IgM) and SU'' (an IgGI) and another (an IgGI) as yet unidentified were produced from fusions of 2° xenohybridomas with lymphocytes from calves that had been immunized with bovine red cells.
Relationship between rabbit transferrin electrophoretic patterns and plasma iron concentrations
Authors: ZARAGOZA P. , ARANA A. , AMORENA B.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Rabbit transferrin (Tf) was studied electrophoretically using 1141 blood samples from individuals belonging to seven populations (Spanish Common, Spanish Giant, Butterfly, Lyoné de Bourgogne, New Zealand White, Californian and New Zealand White X Californian hybrids).

No Tf polymorphism was found by starch gel electrophoresis, but six patterns, differing in the presence and/or intensity of three bands (‘a’, anodic; ‘b’, intermediate; and ‘c’, cathodic) were observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No genetic model could explain these patterns, since they reflect differences in plasma Tf iron content. The electrophoretic test allowed a direct observation of the relativein vivolevels of the different Tf molecular species; saturated (band ‘a’, Fe2Tf); semi‐saturated (band ‘b’, Fe1Tf); and without iron (band ‘c’ Fe0Tf, apotransferrin).

The degree of iron saturation of Tf varied among individuals and throughout the individual's life. Specifically, in pregnant females, Fe2Tf and Fe1Tf are generally observed, except in late pregnancy (from day 25 to parturition), when mainly apotransferrin is observed. Significantly, within 24h post‐partum, high levels of Fe2Tf are reached in the female's serum.
The serum protease inhibitor linkage group in Belgian pig breeds
Authors: VAN DE WEGHE A. , VAN ZEVEREN A. , BOUQUET Y. , VAREWYCK H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genetic variants of pig serum alpha‐protease inhibitors (protease inhibitors‐1 and ‐2, PI1 and PI2; postalbumin‐1A and ‐1B, PO1A and PO1B) were studied by 2‐D electrophoresis of serum samples. The inheritance data confirmed the close linkage between the loci of these inhibitors. The order between these loci was indicated as Pi1‐Po1A‐Po1B‐Pi2 and these were spread over a distance of about 1cM. Very strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the alleles at these loci. The two breeds studied (Belgian Landrace and Piétrain) showed very different allele and haplotype frequencies. Both breeds showed extensive polymorphism at Po1A and Pi2 loci.
Joint Report of the Fourth International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Lexington, Kentucky, 12–22 October 1985
Authors: BERNOCO D. , ANTCZAK D. F. , BAILEY E. , BELL K. , BULL R. W. , BYRNS G. , GUERIN G. , LAZARY S. , McCLURE J. , TEMPLETON J. , VAREWYCK H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The workshop consisted of 12 monthly cell exchanges of full‐sibling families among the 10 participating laboratories. A total of 33 parents, 52 offspring and five unrelated horses were typed by each laboratory using local antisera. The raw data were submitted for central analysis before any identification of the animals was revealed.

Confidence derived from the consistent agreement between the laboratories on the assignment and segregation of the first 10 ELA‐W specificities led to the removal of the W (workshop) notation and acceptance of full status as locus A antigens. The seemingly supertypic W11 specificity, however, remained unchanged.

Ten additional specificities were seen to segregate with the ELA system, suggesting either splits of previously described specificities or products of linked loci. The workshop (W) notation was given to the 10 specificities W12‐W21, befitting their status as specificities under study.

The previously described ELY‐1.1 specificity, characterized by segregation independent from the ELA system, was confirmed along with a new specificity, ELY‐1.2, which behaves as an allele of ELY‐1.1. For informative families, the two specificities showed codominant expression and appeared to constitute a closed, autosomal system.

The ELY‐2.1 specificity was confirmed to segregate independently from the ELA‐A and ELY‐1 loci.
Evidence of a second polymorphic ELA class I (ELA‐B) locus and gene order for three loci of the equine major histocompatibility complex
Authors: BERNOCO D. , BYRNS G. , BAILEY E. , LEW A.M.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Two antisera, B‐442 and R‐2046, were produced by immunizing offspring with purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from a parent matched for the ELA‐A specificity carried on the unshared haplotype. Absorption analysis demonstrated that these antisera contained at least two families of cytotoxic antibodies, one directed against antigens present on T and B cells, and a second directed preferentially against antigens present on surface Ig positive cells. Immunoprecipitation studies using these antisera demonstrated that both antisera contain antibodies specific for glycoproteins with molecular weights characteristic of class I and class II MHC antigens. In lymphocyte typing tests of unfractionated lymphocytes, only the class I activity was readily detectable since the class II activity killed less than 25% of the cells.

Family studies demonstrated that these antisera recognize products of genes linked to the ELA system. Based on two recombinants in an extended family it became apparent that the specificities detected by B‐442 and R‐2046 are not products of the ELA‐A locus, but rather they are products of at least one other locus, defined in this paper as ELA‐B. In this family a third recombinant was found between the A blood group system and the ELA‐A locus. Based on these three recombinants, the most probable linear relationship of the following genes is: A blood group system/ELA‐A/ELA‐B.
Production of alloantibodies against caprine lymphocyte antigens
Authors: NESSE L. L. , LARSEN H. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In all, 217 primiparous goats were each injected with blood cells from their own newborn kid. Eighty‐five goats were given mononuclear cells, 61 were given leucocytes and 71 received whole blood. The goats were injected one, two or three times before collection of sera. Sera were also collected from 42 non‐injected, primiparous goats. The sera were compared with regard to their potential value in class I histocompatibility typing. The percentage of potentially valuable sera was highest in the group of animals injected twice with whole blood (66.7%). However, this percentage was not significantly higher than the percentage in the group of animals injected once with whole blood (54.7%). It is concluded that injecting primiparous goats once with whole blood from their own newborn kid, is a rapid and easy method, which gives a high yield of alloantisera with potential value in class I histocompatibility typing.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in dairy and beef cattle at the growth hormone and prolactin loci*
Authors: HALLERMAN E. M. , NAVE A. , KASHI Y. , HOLZER Z. , SOLLER M. , BECKMANN J. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two bovine populations, a Holstein‐Friesian dairy stock and a synthetic (Baladi X Hereford X Simmental X Charolais) beef stock, were screened for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the growth hormone and prolactin genes. Most RFLPs at the growth hormone gene are apparently the consequence of an insertion/deletion event which was localized to a region downstream of the structural gene. The restriction map for the genomic region including the growth hormone gene was extended. Two HindIII RFLPs at the growth hormone locus, as well as several RFLPs at the prolactin gene, seemed to be the consequence of a series of point mutations. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that minor genomic variability underlies quantitative genetic variation.
Expression and genetics of caprine haemoglobins
Authors: BRAEND M. , NESSE L. L. , EFREMOV G. D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The expression of haemoglobin (Hb) has been studied in 260 Norwegian Dairy goats by the Immobiline technique at pH ranges 6.7–7.7, 6.9–7.6 and 6–9‐7.5. The majority of goats exhibited two‐ or four‐band patterns. In two‐band types the average ratio between the anodal and cathodal band was 74:26. PAGE with 8m urea distinguished three phenotypes for the beta chains, proving that the Hb variation described is in the beta chain. Segregation data in 106 complete sire‐dam‐offspring families agreed with the existence of four β globin alleles – A2, A4, A6 and A8. Twenty‐seven animals had reversed ratios (R) of Hb bands. In two‐band phenotypes the average ratio was 36:64. In 15 complete families where one of the parents had reversed ratio, eight offspring received the R type, indicating a simple genetic control. After urea PAGE the R animals all showed the same alpha chain phenotype which differed from that of goats having common ratios of bands. An additional polymorphism appeared in nine animals as three‐ and five‐band patterns which is assumed to be the result of heterozygosity for IIα and for IIα and β globin genes respectively.
A partial cDNA clone for porcine glucosephosphate isomerase: isolation, characterization and use in detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
Authors: DAVIES W. , HARBITZ I. , HAUGE J. G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A cDNA library for porcine skeletal muscle was established in the vector pBR322. The library was screened with an oligonucleotide probe coding for a hexapeptide from glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi). A positive clone with an insert of about 450 bp and restriction sites for PstI, BamHI and PvuII was isolated. A 362‐bp PstI fragment was sequenced and shown to contain the codons for the hexapeptide as well as the remaining 29 amino acids of this Gpi peptide. The PstI fragment was used to probe pig genomic DNA. The restriction enzymes PvuII and SacI detected a set of polymorphisms with five bands, behaving as a set of insertion/deletion polymorphisms.
Lymphocyte antigens in Norwegian goats: serological and genetic studies
Authors: NESSE L. L. , LARSEN H. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Altogether, 292 goat alloantisera were screened for antilymphocyte reactivity in a two‐step dye exclusion microcytotoxicity test. Fifteen different lymphocyte antigen specificities were characterized by cluster analysis and absorption studies. The specificities were designated N1‐N15 (N for Norwegian). Lymphocytes from 247 Norwegian dairy goats were tested. Each animal displayed from none to four of the characterized specificities. Lysostrip testing and family studies indicated that the specificities N1‐N14 were coded for by multiple alleles belonging to at least two closely linked loci. It is suggested that these loci are part of the caprine major histocompatibility complex. Family studies gave strong evidence that the specificity N15 was not coded for by genes located in the same region as the other 14 specificities. Absorption studies showed that this specificity was located on both lymphocytes and erythrocytes.
Genetic differentiation associated with gait within American Standardbred horses
Authors: COTHRAN E. G. , MacCLUER J. W. , WEITKAMP L. R. , BAILEY E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. American Standardbred horses are divided into two groups based upon gait: the trot and the pace. The tendency to trot (diagonally opposite legs moving forward together) or pace (the two legs on the same side of the body moving forward together) appears to be genetically determined, although no formal genetic analysis has been undertaken. There is nearly complete assortative mating for gait; however, about 20% of the offspring sired by trotters are registered as pacers, while fewer than 1% of those sired by pacers are registered as trotters. Electrophoretically detectable genic variation at 13 protein loci has been analysed for 371 trotters and 856 pacers, and 10 blood group loci have been examined for 600 trotters and 1227 pacers. Trotters and pacers shared common alleles at 20 of the 23 loci; however, there were significant differences in allele frequencies at 21 of the 23 loci. Highly significant fixation indices (FSTS) were observed for 17 of the loci. The extent of genetic difference between Standardbred trotters and pacers was as great as or greater than that seen between some distinct horse breeds.
Parentage testing of dogs using variants of blood proteins: description of five new plasma protein polymorphisms
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , ARNOLD I. C. J. , GAHNE B. , BOUW J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Plasma samples of 1126 dogs belonging to 21 different European breeds were analysed by two‐dimensional agarose gel (pH 5.4 or pH 8.6) – horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis, followed by general‐protein staining of gels. Genetic polymorphism was detected for five as yet unidentified proteins designated pretransferrin‐1 and ‐2 (Prt1 and Prt2) and postalbumin‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 (Pa1, Pa2 and Pa3). Three alleles are reported in the Prt1 and Pa2 systems and two alleles in the Prt2, Pa1 and Pa3 systems. While Prt2 variation was observed only in the cocker spaniel breed, each of the other four proteins showed a high degree of polymorphism in most of the breeds studied. Pa3 fractions were clearly observed only in samples stored at ‐20°C for more than 2 years. Prt1, Pa1 and Pa2 proteins are additional useful markers for parentage control in dogs. This study corroborated previously published results that dog plasma proteins, in general, show considerably more polymorphism than that reported for haemoglobin and for several blood cell enzymes in this species.
Expression and genetic segregation of parental BoLA serotypes in bovine embryos
Authors: TEMPLETON J. W. , TIPTON R. C. , GARBER T. , BONDIOLI K. , KRAEMER D. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The detection of parentally derivedBoLAserotypes was attempted in 68 bovine embryos. 23 bovine embryos were tested for genetic segregation of maternally derivedBoLAserotypes. 45 bovine embryos were tested for genetic segregation of paternally derivedBoLAserotypes. The expected parentally derivedBoLAgene products were detectable on approximately 50% of the embryos tested. A 1:1 segregation ratio of expression or non‐expression of parentalBoLAserotypes in 7‐day‐old preimplantation bovine embryos, which is expected for codominant alleles, could not be rejected.
Relationship between the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA), erythrocyte markers and susceptibility to mastitis in Icelandic cattle
Authors: ODDGEIRSSON O. , SIMPSON S. P. , MORGAN A. L. G. , ROSS D. S. , SPOONER R. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Milk and blood samples were obtained from three Icelandic dairy herds. The herds were monitored regularly for mastitis incidence. Cell counts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and antitrypsin levels of the milk samples were recorded. In addition, red cell and BoLA typing were performed on the blood. Although cell counts and ATP levels showed significant associations with mastitis, antitrypsin levels did not. Red blood cell antigens N'2 and S1 and the lymphocyte antigen detected by the monoclonal antibody M7 were associated with low cell counts, whilst BoLA w6 and w6.1 were associated with high cell counts. BoLA w6.2 and w11 showed significant association with high antitrypsin levels. Only ED116 showed a significant association with mastitis.
Electrophoretic variants of serum transferrin in wild pig populations of Japan
Authors: KUROSAWA Y. , TANAKA K.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

Variants of serum transferrin in Japanese wild pig, Sus scrofa leucomystax, and Ryukyu wild pig, S.s. riukiuanus, of Japan were investigated by using starch gel electrophoresis. Five phenotypes, TfB, BC, C, CX and X, were observed, of which two, TfCX and X, are new variants. Comparison of gene frequency estimates which were calculated for each population showed remarkable geographic differences among several populations of these two subspecies.
The A system of horse erythrocyte alloantigens: a new allele and another look at factor Ae
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , EWALT‐EVANS R.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

Family data are presented for a new allele (Aabdg) in the A system of horse erythrocyte alloantigens which includes factors Aa and Ab traditionally thought to be products of allelic genes. Evidence for incorrect assignment of the codominant factor Ac in the presence of Ab and Ac and the absence of Aa is discussed.
A third variant of glucose phosphate isomerase in pigs
Authors: VAN DE WEGHE A. , YABLANSKI TS. , VAN ZEVEREN A. , BOUQUET Y.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

A new variant of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), also known as phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), was detected in a primitive pig population.
Haemoglobin polymorphism in Norwegian Red Cattle
Authors: BRAEND M.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

By the use of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and the Immobiline method at pH range 7.1–7.7, three haemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes were observed in Norwegian Red Cattle. Two one‐band phenotypes named HbA4and HbA6occurred in unequal proportions in their two‐band combination type with the cathodal HbA6being the stronger. In 76 dam‐offspring pairs the distribution of phenotypes were in agreement with codominant single gene inheritance. In an unselected material of 140 animals, gene frequencies were HbA4=0.94 and HbA6=0.06.
Characterization of class I bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA) by one‐dimensional isoelectricfocusing
Authors: JOOSTEN I. , OLIVER R. A. , SPOONER R. L. , WILLIAMS J. L. , HEPKEMA B. G. , SANDERS M. F. , HENSEN E. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.BoLA class I antigens were characterized in a group of British and Dutch Friesian cattle by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D‐IEF) and the results compared with serology using alloantisera and microcytotoxicity.

For IEF analysis, non‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) were metabolically labelled with35S methionine, detergent lysates were prepared and MHC molecules precipitated with the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) W6/32 or B1. 1G6. Staphylococcus protein A precipitated antigens were separated on a vertical slab gel under denaturing conditions. The banding patterns seen for the W6/32 precipitated molecules obtained by 1D‐IEF were compared with the serological specificities. Characteristic banding patterns were observed for most serological specificities as well as workshop undefined haplotypes. These patterns were seen both in families and the outbred population. In families IEF haplotypes segregated with serotypes. Additional MHC class I products were suggested by variable banding patterns for different w10 haplotypes and when using the different mAbs. A pulse chase experiment with a w12 animal also suggested more than one expressed product.

The w2 and w5 specificities were not precipitated by either W6/32 or B1.1G6 and w6.2 and w6.4 were precipitated by W6/32 but not by B1.1G6. These results show that ID‐IEF is useful for BoLA typing. For the characterization of class I antigens, however, much depends on the mAbs used.
Mapping of bovine prolactin and rhodopsin genes in hybrid somatic cells
Authors: HALLERMAN E. M. , THEILMANN J. L. , BECKMANN J. S. , SOLLER M. , WOMACK J. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The genes encoding bovine prolactin and rhodopsin were assigned to syntenic groups on the basis of hybridization of DNA from a panel of bovine‐hamster hybrid somatic cell lines with cloned prolactin and rhodopsin gene probes. Prolactin was found to be syntenic with previously mapped glyoxalase, BoLA and 21‐hydroxylase genes, establishing a syntenic conservation with human chromosome 6. The presence of bovine rhodopsin sequences among the various hybrid cell lines was not concordant with any gene previously assigned to one of the 23 defined autosomal syntenic groups. Thus, rhodopsin marks a new bovine syntenic group, U24, leaving only five cattle autosomes unmarked by at least one biochemical or molecular marker.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of DQ and DR class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex
Authors: SIGURDARDÓTTIR S. , LUNDÉN A. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. DQα, DQß, DRα and DRß class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were investigated by Southern blot hybridizations using human probes. Hybridizations of these probes to genomic DNA, digested with Pvull or Taql, revealed extensive restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The polymorphisms were interpreted genetically by analysing a family material, comprising five sires, 48 dams and 50 offspring, and a population sample comprising 197 breeding bulls. The analysis resolved 20 DQα, 17 DQß, 5 DRα and 25 DRß RFLP types. The segregation data were consistent with simple Mendelian inheritance of the RFLPs. The analysis of the bull sample showed that it is possible to apply the RFLP method for routine typing of class II polymorphism in population samples. The linkage disequilibrium in the DQ‐DR region was found to be extremely strong as only about 20 DQ and about 30 DQ‐DR haplotypes were observed despite the large number of possible haplotypes. Close linkage to the blood group locus M was also found; the M' allele occurred in strong linkage disequilibrium with the class II haplotype DQ1B DRα4 DRß1B. A population genetic analysis of the DQ data in the sample of breeding bulls revealed that the frequency of homozygotes was significantly lower than Hardy‐Weinberg expectation and that the allele frequency distribution deviated significantly from the one expected for selectively neutral alleles.
BoLA antigens are associated with increased frequency of persistent lymphocytosis in bovine leukaemia virus infected cattle and with increased incidence of antibodies to bovine leukaemia virus
Authors: STEAR M. J. , DIMMOCK C. K. , NEWMAN M. J. , NICHOLAS F. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The association between bovine major histocompatibility system (BoLA) type and persistent lymphocytosis in cattle with antibodies to bovine leukaemia virus was examined by comparing antigen frequencies in cattle with persistent lymphocytosis to controls matched for age, sex, breed and presence of antibodies to BLV. The cattle came from nine dairy herds in south‐east Queensland, Australia; six herds were Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (AIS), two herds were Jersey and one herd was Friesian. Antigen W6 and Eu28R were more common in cattle with persistent lymphocytosis than in controls. Antigen W8 was less common in AIS cattle with persistent lymphocytosis. A study of 24 offspring from one sire, heterozygous for W10 and Eu28R, showed that offspring inheriting Eu28R from the sire were significantly more likely to have antibodies to BLV than offspring inheriting the opposing W10 haplotype.
Breed differences in the distribution of BoLA‐A locus antigens in American cattle
Authors: STEAR M. J. , POKORNY T. S. , MUGGLI N. E. , STONE R. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A total of 627 cattle representing seven breeds from south central Nebraska, USA were tested for 37 BoLA antigens which behave as products of 37 distinct alleles of the class 1 BoLA‐A locus. Four antigens were absent from all breeds tested. The other antigens showed marked and statistically significant differences in breed distribution. There was no evidence for blank (null) alleles. The number of alleles in each breed ranged from 10 to 20. The Hereford and Simmental populations tested were less polymorphic than the Angus, Brown Swiss, Charolais, Gelbvieh and Limousin populations.