bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abrupt Weaning Significantly Increases Mortality Following a Secondary Bacterial Respiratory Infection
Authors: Griebel Philip J. , Hodgson Paul D.
Published: February 2023

Secondary bacterial respiratory infections are a major cause of mortality in fall-weaned feedlot calves, and epidemiological studies implicate a variety of stressors as significant contributing factors. Experimental studies have identified stressors that may compromise pulmonary defense mechanisms but there is no evidence that these functional changes alter respiratory disease outcome. We used a model of combined viral and bacterial respiratory disease to determine if nutritional and psychological stressors (abrupt weaning; AW) altered respiratory disease mortality. Mortality was doubled in AW calves challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica four days after a primary bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) respiratory infection, when compared to calves adapted to weaning (pre-conditioned; PC) for two weeks prior to respiratory challenge. Reduced survival time and decreased lung pathology in the AW group suggested death was due to an acute systemic reaction. Viral shedding did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. AW calves and all calves developing fatal pneumonia had significantly elevated interferon (IFN)-y levels in nasal secretions and increased systemic proinflammatory responses. Analysis of blood leukocytes revealed significantly increased CD14 and TLR4 gene expression in animals with fatal pneumonia. These analyses support the conclusion that stress enhanced innate immune responses to viral infection without altering the level of BHV-1 infection. These studies provide the first quantitative evidence that stress associated with abrupt weaning contributes significantly to fatal bovine respiratory disease.
Application of "Pregnancy Specific Protein B" Testing Technology in a Commercial Dairy
Authors: Prather Richard C.
Published: February 2023

Our world and particularly our profession changes around us daily. Regardless of whether we choose to embrace change, or choose not to embrace change, it will occur. Our physical features and abilities are constant reminders of change. This brief presentation addresses one practitioner's attempt to keep up with change and stay ahead of the aging process. Data sets presented demonstrate current trends in lab testing for pregnancy diagnosis, as well as comparisons between laboratory results and rectal palpation. Protocols for personnel implementing synchronization and testing are discussed.
A Less-palpation Dairy Practice?
Authors: Vlietstra Robert J.
Published: February 2023

West Michigan Veterinary Service began offering clients the in-house BioPRYN laboratory test for pregnancy diagnosis in February 2008. Previous, the WMVS veterinarians utilized the test in individual cases plagued with uterine adhesions, peri-rectal abscesses or other abnormalities which made trans-rectal examination of the uterus too risky or impossible. It became obvious that the test had the potential for a much broader application and WMVS needed to address the following question: How can we utilize the test on a herd program basis? A four-month study was conducted on a 1,200-cow Michigan dairy to discover the best practical application of the test within the context of our reproduction program and its protocols. A comprehensive reproductive program was the result of the study, which led to a dramatic increase in conception rates. The conclusion of the study left one emotion-packed question unanswered: Now, what do I do?
Practitioner Approach to Consulting and Monitoring a Dairy Heifer Replacement Operation
Authors: Goodell Gregory M.
Published: February 2023

This paper is a review of this practitioner's approach to consulting and monitoring dairy heifer replacement programs. It begins by covering key areas of veterinary involvement such as vaccinology, reproduction, health management, and monitoring as it encompasses the life cycle of a custom-raised heifer. Within each of these areas, examples are provided to show how data is collected, analyzed, and reported. The goal of this article is to provide practitioners new to replacement heifer operations a baseline for which to build their own consulting business.
Pre-harvest Feeding, Feeding Duration, and Inclusion of a β-agonist on Market Dairy Cow Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Ewing A. E. , Ahola J. K. , Doumit M. E. , Hunt C. W.
Published: February 2023

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of pre-harvest feeding, feeding duration, and use of a beta agonist (zilpaterol hydrochloride) on market dairy cow feedlot performance and carcass characteristics.

The experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with pen as the experimental unit. A total of 160 lactating market dairy cows (already culled from herds) were used for the project. Cattle were assigned to one of the following five treatments: harvest immediately on day 0 (Con), feed for 70 days without zilpaterol (70no), feed for 70 days with zilpaterol from day 4 7 to day 67 (70zil), feed for 105 days without zilpaterol (105no), and feed for 105 days with zilpaterol from day 82 to day 102 (105zil).

Cattle were fed in a commercial feedlot in southern Idaho and received a high concentrate potato by-product- based ration. There was a feeding duration length x zilpaterol interaction (P < 0.005) for final body weight (BW). The 70no, 70zil, and 105no cows had greater (P < 0.05) final BW compared to control cows, while 105zil cows had greater (P < 0.05) final BW compared to control and all other fed treatments. The effect of zilpaterol supplementation on average daily gain (ADG) was inconsistent, since 105zil cows had a greater (P < 0.05) ADG vs. 105no cows, yetADG was not different (P > 0.10) among 70no and 70zil cows. No differences were observed (P > 0.10) for the feed-to-gain ratio from the main effects of feeding length or zilpaterol supplementation. Final hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater (P < 0.0001) among fed compared to control cows, and cows receiving zilpaterol had greater (P < 0.03) HCW than cows not receiving a B-agonist. Measured ribeye area (REA) was greater among fed (P < 0.001) compared to control cows and also greater (P < 0.01) among cows receiving zilpaterol compared to no zilpaterol. The effects of feeding duration and zilpaterol supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were inconsistent.
Mycoplasma as an Environmental Isolate on Dairy Farms
Authors: Wilson David J. , Justice-Allen Anne , Goodell Greg
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasma bovis is an important bovine pathogen causing mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, and metritis. Mycoplasma infections are considered contagious, with transmission from cow to cow as a contagious mastitis spread at milking time or as a respiratory disease. As part of follow up to an earlier mycoplasma prevalence study, this study evaluated the possibility of mycoplasmas as environmental pathogens on dairy farms with mycoplasma mastitis affecting their herds. During a clinical mastitis outbreak caused by Mycoplasma spp, a sample of recycled sand bedding from lactating cow housing areas was culture-positive for mycoplasma. Additional sampling found 14/20 sand-bedded pens positive for Mycoplasma spp on the same farm. Mycoplasma spp were subsequently isolated from other used bedding samples from two other farms with mycoplasma mastitis in their herds; all positive beddings were sand, with the exception of straw bedding from one pen. Presence of M. bovis was verified with PCR testing of samples from two of the three farms; no PCR testing was done on samples from the third farm. The possibility of mycoplasma infections in dairy cattle being transmitted from contaminated bedding or other environmental sources should be investigated further.
Fracture of the Long Bones
Authors: Newman Kenneth D. , Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Fracture management in alpacas and llamas presents a unique and interesting challenge to the veterinary surgeon. The increasing popularity of camelids in North America means veterinarians are more likely to see them as patients; therefore, dealing with camelid fractures is quickly becoming part of the normal caseload. Because of the relatively high commercial value of most camelids, clients will usually be willing to pursue treatment.

Camelids are considered to be excellent patients for the treatment of orthopedic injuries because of their relative low body weight, their ability to ambulate on three legs postoperatively, and tolerate external coaptation devices and prolonged periods of recumbency for recuperation after surgery. For these reasons, the veterinary surgeon has a full repertoire of repair techniques available to choose from when determining the ideal repair option. Not surprisingly, the scientific literature has lagged behind the relatively rapid rise in camelid popularity; there are currently 62 case reports on camelid long bone fracture fixation. This paper will review the published literature on the management of long bone fractures. Fracture management includes the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative time periods. Emergency treatment, clinical workup, principles of fracture repair, treatment, and prognosis for specific long bone fractures and their complications will be discussed.
Laparoscopy in Llamas and Alpacas
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Accurate differentiation of medical and surgical lesions in the abdomen of camelids often is difficult because of their stoic nature. Peritoneal fluid samples are difficult to obtain and changes in peritoneal fluid constituents may not be specific to surgical or medical conditions. Laparoscopy may provide a rapid method for examination of the abdomen with reduced morbidity compared to that for exploratory celiotomy. Routine laparoscopy for evaluation of reproductive structures in llamas and alpacas appears to be a safe procedure; however, systemic effects of laparoscopy have not been objectively evaluated.

Surgical approach for laparoscopy and laparoscopic anatomy have been described in cattle, horses, and llamas. Abdominal anatomy in camelids is markedly different from horses and cattle. In the context of this article, the term "camelid" is used to refer to procedures equally applicable to llamas and alpacas. When specific differences are notable, the term llama or alpaca is used.
Enterotoxemia of Small Ruminants
Authors: Van Metre David C.
Published: February 2023

Enterotoxemia is a common, frequently fatal disease of small ruminants caused by enteric superinfection with Clostridium perfringens. C. perfringens type C causes hemorrhagic enteritis of lambs. Type D causes colitis in goats and rapidly progressive, multi-organ failure in sheep, characterized by recumbency, convulsions, and opisthotonus. Prevention of enterotoxemia requires careful attention to feeding practices such that sudden ingestion of large quantities of concentrates or protein does not occur. Diligent vaccination is the cornerstone to enterotoxemia prevention; however, sheep and goats differ in their immune responses to conventional vaccines, and different vaccination regimens are necessary for these two species.
Evaluation of Retreatment and Case Fatality Rates for Calves Treated with Antimicrobials and Ancillary Flunixin Meglumine for BRD Complex
Authors: Linsenmeyer E. D. , Thomson D. U. , Fox J. T. , Lindberg N. N.
Published: February 2023

Calves in a feed yard setting are commonly treated for respiratory disease (BRD). Often there are ancillary drugs used in addition to a primary antimicrobial. One of the ancillary treatments used is flunixin meglumine. Flunixin meglumine is labeled as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antipyretic activity. Calves treated with flunixin meglumine show decreased body temperature in 24 hours. There is little data showing the effects of ancillary use on retreatment and case fatality rates. The objective of this trial was to evaluate repull rates and case fatality rates on BRD complex treated with or without ancillary flunixin meglumine.
Comparison of the Timing of the Second Dose of Prostaglandin F2 Alpha in a Five-Day Progesterone-based Timed AI Synchronization Protocol in Angus Cross Beef Cows
Authors: Whittier W. D. , Kasimanickam R. , Currin J. , Schramm H. , Vlcek M.
Published: February 2023

Artificial insemination (AI) is a highly effective reproductive technology for promoting genetic improvement in beef cattle. The most commonly used timed-AI program in beef cattle is the CO-Synch program. Pregnancy rates achieved through this program have ranged from 31 to 66% across a series of published reports, a rate that is acceptable to many beef producers. It has been shown that reducing the interval from the initial GnRH treatment to PGF2a (and withdrawal of a progestin) improves the outcome of timed-AI. With this protocol, termed the 5-day Co-Synch+ CIDR protocol, cows are given GnRH and have a CIDR device placed intravaginally, have the device removed after five days, and are given PGF2a, and then are time inseminated at 72 hours. However, this protocol requires the injection of two doses of PGF2a with an inconvenient 12-hour wait between the two doses. Reducing the interval between the two doses of PGF2a will allow cows to be handled twice with only a single penning and sorting to remove calves. The objective of this study was to compare reproductive performance of Angus cross beef cows synchronized with 5-day Co-Synch+ CIDR protocol and two doses of dinoprost tromethamine (PGF) given at CIDR removal and either at 2 h or 8 h following CIDR withdrawal.
Herd Alarm Levels for Health, Reproductive, and Production Effects Based on Non-esterified Fatty Acid and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Dairy Herds
Authors: Ospina P. A. , Nydam D. V. , Stokol T. S. , Overton T. R.
Published: February 2023

Cows normally visit a state of negative energy balance (NEB) during the transition period in response to decreased dry matter intake and increased energy demands early in lactation. Energy balance is commonly measured with non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, and several studies have shown that excessive NEB is associated with detrimental health, reproduction, and production effects at the cow-level. The objectives of this study were to determine the herd alarm level for the proportion of sampled cows with elevated metabolites resulting in herd-level effects, and to describe the herd-level prevalence of elevated metabolite concentrations.
Periparturient Effects of Feeding a Low Dietary Cation-Anion Difference Diet on the Metabolism of High-Producing Dairy Cows
Authors: Grunberg W. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

Feeding rations with low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) to dairy cows during late gestation is a commonly used strategy in large herds to prevent periparturient hypocalcemia. Although the efficacy of low DCAD rations in reducing the incidence of clinical hypocalcemia is well documented, it is not clear whether the ensuing metabolic acidosis is associated with deleterious side effects during the transition period. The objective of the study presented here was to determine the effect of fully compensated metabolic acidosis on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, insulin responsiveness, and insulin sensitivity as well as on indices for protein metabolism.
Rumenotomy and Rumenostomy in Cattle
Authors: Niehaus A. , Anderson D. E.
Published: February 2023

Few studies report long term information on how cattle perform following rumen surgery. The purpose of this study was to gather information from medical records of cattle having rumenotomy or rumenostomy to determine how these cattle functioned following surgery. The objective of the study was to determine if there were any preoperative factors (clinical signs, radiographic findings, laboratory values, etc.) that were correlated with outcome.
Apparent Differences in Xylazine, Ketamine, and Butorphanol Pharmacokinetics Linked with Pain Associated with Dehorning and Castration
Authors: Coetzee J. F. , Gehring R. , Barron S. , Anderson D. E. , Havel J.
Published: February 2023

Management of pain following dehorning and castration is a significant challenge for veterinarians. Physiological effects such as peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate are associated with pain and distress. These effects may alter the pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered sedative-analgesics.
Variation in Viremic Concentration among Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Nickell J. S. , White B. J. , Larson R. L . , Renter D. R.
Published: February 2023

Cattle persistently infected (Pl) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the main viral reservoir of the disease. Despite associations between BVDV and negative health and performance effects, previous research suggests that PI cattle have minimal impact on non-PI cattle. This discrepancy is likely multi-faceted but may suggest that all PI cattle are not equally effective in transmitting BVDV. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to assess differences in BVDV viremia concentrations among multiple PI cattle at one time point, and (2) to determine if BVDV viremia changed over time among PI cattle.
Impact of a Coagulase-negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection during the First Month of Lactation on Somatic Cell Count, Milk Yield, and Culling in Primiparous Cows
Authors: Paradis M. É. , Bouchard É. , Scholl D. , Miglior F. , Roy J. P.
Published: February 2023

Mastitis in heifers is not uncommon. During the last 20 years, numerous investigations have described the nature of mastitis in heifers (Fox, 2009). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most prevalent cause of intramammary infections (IMI) in heifers around calving, but Staphylococcus aureus should not be ignored as it is also prevalent, contagious, and more likely to persist into lactation. Some studies have shown a negative impact of an elevated early lactation somatic cell count (SCC) on subsequent test-day SCC, milk production and survival in heifers (De Vleigher et al, 2004-2005). The impact should vary according to the pathogen causing the IMI. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an IMI caused by CNS or S. aureus diagnosed during the first month of lactation in heifers on SCC, milk production, and culling risk during the first lactation.
Effect of the Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based on On-farm Culture on Secondary Therapy, Days to Clinical Cure, Days out of Tank, Mastitis Recurrence, Somatic Cell Count, Milk Yield, and Culling
Authors: Lago A. , Godden S. , Bey R. , Ruegg P. , Leslie K.
Published: February 2023

Lago et al (2008) reported that the adoption of an on-farm culture (OFC) system to guide strategic treatment decisions resulted in a reduction in antibiotic use, but no decrease in bacteriological cure risk for mild or moderate cases of clinical mastitis (CM). The objective of this abstract is to describe the effect of the aforementioned treatment program on other short and long term outcomes after CM.
Evaluation of Techniques for Diagnosis of Endometritis in Dairy Cows
Authors: Dubuc J. , Duffield T. F. , Leslie K. E. , Walton J. S. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

Endometritis in postpartum dairy cows has been shown to decrease reproductive performance. Endometritis has been classified as clinical (CE; visible purulent discharge on vaginal examination or by measurement of cervical diameter) or subclinical (SCE; inflammation measured with endometrial cytology). Various techniques have been proposed for their diagnosis, including the Metricheck™ (MTCK) device (Simcrotech, New Zealand) and measuring cervical diameter (CERV) by rectal palpation for diagnosing CE, and the cytobrush technique (CYBR) for SCE. It has been assumed that cows with CE are a more severe or evident subset of cows with SCE but little is known about the relationship of CE to SCE. The objectives of this study were to compare the findings of vaginal discharge and cervical diameter with endometrial cytology and to assess the relationship between these results and subsequent reproductiveperformance.
Effects of Feeding Xylose-treated Soybean Meal and Parity on Performance of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
Authors: Moghadam M. J. , Amanlou H. , Fard F. , Noushari A. R. , Yazdi M. H.
Published: February 2023

Dairy cows require sufficient protein in the diet to optimize microbial growth and adequate amounts of essential AA to be available in the small intestine to provide for their increased metabolic and lactation demands. Soybean meal (SBM) is the most commonly used protein supplement and is an excellent supplemental protein in dairy diets because of good palatability, as well as high availability and similar AA balance relative to the composition of milk protein. However, relative to other protein sources, SBM has a low AA efficiency because of extensive ruminal degradation. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of xylose-treated of soybean meal (XSBM) on the productive performance of lactating cows fed XSBM as the major source of rumen undegradable protein (RUP).
Examination of the Use of Intrauterine or Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy to Prevent Puerperal Metritis in Dairy Cows with Dystocia
Authors: Pinos-Rodriguez J. M. , O'Boyle N. J. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

Cows with dystocia are considered as abnormal calving if delivered by hand or with a calf puller, and as having risk factors for puerperal metritis (PM) if a discharge occurs following calving. In recent years, untreated cows with postpartum metritis have increased the debate over the need of intrauterine or systemic antibiotic in the treatment of PM. This is further complicated by the studies that lack good control groups of untreated cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of non-treatment, intrauterine antibiotic, and systemic antibiotics on PM incidence of dairy cows with abnormal calving.
Role of Bovine Veterinarians in the Future
Authors: Thomson John U. , Thomson Daniel U.
Published: February 2023

Studies have been conducted, organizations formed, and recommendations made to assist in keeping bovine veterinarians on the farm. These efforts have provided some positive outcomes; however, current legislative action supported by some agriculture organizations could redefine bovine practice.
Vaccination of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Cortese Victor
Published: February 2023

Studies continue to design the best vaccination programs for today's dairy herds and to maximize immune function. Designing a vaccination program involves a good history of the individual farm as well as a basic understanding of the immune system. The vaccines chosen should have good solid efficacy studies (as well as effectiveness and efficiency studies if possible) to ensure that the product can fulfill the needs of the farm or ranch. Management decisions may be made that do not maximize the potential of the product chosen and realistic expectations of all products should be well explained to the producer before they are used. The owner should be involved in the vaccine decision making process and all of the information on the product should be shared.

The establishment of good baseline immunity in replacement heifers is the foundation of the vaccination program and can have dramatic effects on the health and profitability of the herd and needs to be well planned.
Nutritional Management of the Dairy Heifer to Maximize Growth and Productivity
Authors: Corbett Robert B.
Published: February 2023

The dairy replacement heifer has historically been considered to be only a cost to the dairy operation and not a potential profit center. Dairy heifers have a tremendous genetic capability to utilize nutrients in their diet to maximize growth and reach puberty at a much earlier age than previously thought. If heifers are provided with sufficient amounts of protein and energy in the right ratios, they can reach puberty and breeding height and weight by 11 months of age without adverse affects on ease of calving, reproductive efficiency or milk production. Heifers on this higher plane of nutrition also have a lower incidence of morbidity and mortality, thus increasing the number of heifers available as replacements on the dairy. This allows the dairy to expand internally without the purchase of outside animals for replacements, as well as increase the rate of voluntary culling.
Contract Rearing Programs for Replacement Dairy Heifers
Authors: Gardner Don
Published: February 2023

The demand for contract heifer-rearing business is growing because environmental, land, capital, and labor requirements on producing dairy farmers is increasing, especially among larger farms. Specialized growers that offer cost competitive services that return a quality heifer are in demand. Growers that provide good facilities and management can prevent common heifer diseases and provide consistent gains so heifers will calve at 24 months or less. Good accounting and record systems allow for the goals of the grower and dairy to be monitored and achieved.
Clinical Mastitis
Authors: Roberson Jerry R.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis represents one of the most common reasons for antibiotic usage on a dairy farm, especially if a dairy uses a blanket mastitis treatment program. With a blanket mastitis treatment program, many cows are treated unnecessarily or treated with an ineffective antibiotic. The first eight days represent a time period in which, if the antibiotic is effective, a bacterial cure due to an antibiotic should take place. Daily culturing of the clinical mastitis case and the use non-treated controls (for research) is really the only way to determine the effect of an antibiotic, as self-cures can occur with any organism. In this study, cows that developed naturally occurring clinical mastitis were treated with various antibiotics and methods and had the following monitored for the first eight days, then once a week until completely cured, culled, or dead: temperature, pulse, respiration, hydration status, rumen status, secretion color, udder firmness, somatic cell count (SCC), culture, and colony forming units (cfu). Conclusions: It is usually safe to wait for culture results (one to two days) before determining if antibiotic treatment is necessary for cows with mild to moderate clinical mastitis. The majority of clinical mastitis cases are mild to moderate. About 25% of clinical mastitis cases are no-growth and require no treatment. Mild cases of Escherichia coli do not require antibiotic treatment. Intramammary antibiotics are warranted for streptococcal clinical mastitis. First lactation cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis should be treated with an intramammary antibiotic. While these results and conclusions are based on findings from a single dairy, utilizing culture-based therapy and following up with daily culturing on clinical mastitis cases will help any dairy to develop the most prudent and justified mastitis treatment plan. It will also result in savings through decreased milk loss due to improper treatment, milk discard due to drug withholding periods, and drug costs.
Talking with Friends and Clients about their Concerns with Animal Agriculture
Authors: Smith David R. , Slattery Racheal G.
Published: February 2023

It is not unusual these days for popular media stories to voice concerns about how food is produced, particularly food from animals. Important societal concerns are about how cattle production systems affect the health and well-being of humans, animals, and the environment. It takes effort to stay current on the worries of society associated with cattle production, and what to tell friends and clients when asked. It is also difficult to know which sources of information on these topics are accurate and reliable. The objective of this paper is to help veterinarians and technicians become better aware of the issues being discussed by society about how cattle production systems affect the health and well-being of the cattle, the public, and the world so they can help their friends and clients become more informed. It is a paradox that in an era with information so readily available, what we read and hear is so hard to trust.
Roles for Veterinary Technicians in Preventing Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Herds
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R.
Published: February 2023

Dairy technicians can play an essential role in preventing and monitoring metabolic diseases in dairy herds. Routine herd-level monitoring of eating space, resting space, pen moves, urinary pH before calving, blood non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) before calving, blood calcium at calving, and blood ketones after calving can be performed by technicians. The use of technicians in these roles can greatly enhance the partnership between veterinarians, nutritionists, and dairy producers that is needed to prevent metabolic diseases.
Effect of Paste or Wrap Oxytetracycline Treatment on Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis
Authors: Higginson J. H. , Walter J. , Cramer G. , Kelton D. F.
Published: February 2023

Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is a contagious and painful foot lesion causing lameness in cattle. One of the common treatments for PDD is oxytetracycline powder held onto the hoof with a bandage wrap. The objective of this study was to determine if application of oxytetracycline in a topical paste without bandaging would be as effective as the wrap for the treatment of PDD.
Variation in Daily Shedding Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in Naturally Occurring Intramammary Infections
Authors: Walker J. B. , Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Walker W. L. , Matthews J. L. , Gebreyes W. J. , DeGraves F. J.
Published: February 2023

The cost of mastitis has been calculated at 6% of the value of production; at 2007 prices that is upwards of 2.1 billion dollars. It is estimated that 70-80% of this loss is due to subclinical intramammary infections (IMI) caused by organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA). The control of SA is contingent on accurate diagnosis of IMI, yet currently there exists no standard for the diagnosis of SA IMI. As a result, comparisons between published works are difficult. In addition, the shedding of SA from infected quarters has been described as "intermittent", resulting in recommendations for the diagnosis of SAIMI that are cumbersome and cost-prohibitive in veterinary practice and field research. The goal of this study was to describe shedding patterns of naturally occurring SA IMI over an extended period of time and to provide a reasonable foundation upon which to determine appropriate diagnostic criteria for SAIMI. The effect of PFGE pulsotype on shedding was also examined.
Comparison of Feeding Lacteal- and Plasma-derived Commercial Colostrum Replacers on Fecal Scores and Pathogen Shedding in Heifer Dairy Calves
Authors: Bents Andrew , Place Nickolas , Leslie Ken , Nelson Brian , Haines Deborah , Godden Sandra
Published: February 2023

Failure of passive transfer (FPT), defined as serum IgG <10 mg/mL at 24-48 hours of age, is an important problem on dairy farms. If an adequate supply of high-quality colostrum is not available, producers may feed a colostrum replacer (CR) product. However, studies are lacking to compare the effects of different CR products on passive transfer and calf health during the preweaning period. The objectives of this study were to describe the effect of feeding two different commercially available CR products, one lacteal-derived (LD CR) and one plasma-derived (PD CR) on 1) serum IgG levels during the first nine weeks, 2) the risk for development of scours, and 3) the risk for fecal shedding of common enteric pathogens in the first 14 days of age.
Feedlot Beef Cattle Health and Well-being Recommendations
Authors: Terrell S. P. , Thomson D. U. , Wileman B. W. , Apley M. D.
Published: February 2023

Animal health recommendations are given daily to feedyard managers relating to all areas of cattle management, from vaccination and metaphylaxis to pregnant heifer management and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) PI testing. Research and reports on the costs and benefits of these various options are conducted on a somewhat routine basis. However, little data is available about what practices are being advised or implemented in the majority of feedlot settings. The objective of this survey was to observe which feedlot practices are being recommended by consulting veterinarians for the health and well-being of feedlot cattle.
E. coli 0157:H7 Shedding in Beef Calves Vaccinated with E. coli 0157:H7 SRP® Vaccine Born to Cows Vaccinated Prepartum with E.coli 0157:H7 SRP® Vaccine
Authors: Wileman B. W. , Thomson D. U. , Olson K. C. , Pacheco L. A. , Jaeger J. R. , Bolte J.
Published: February 2023

Cattle are the reservoir for E. coli O157:H7 which is a contaminant of beef products and has been associated with food-borne illnesses in humans. Recently an E. coli O157:H7 SRP® vaccine extract received conditional licensure in the United States for the control of E. coli 0157 in cattle. Cattle are believed to become colonized with E. coli 0157 around the time of birth. The majority of existing research and control strategies attempt to control E.coli 0157 at the feedyard and harvest stages of production. These approaches are addressing the problem post-colonization. The objective of this study was to determine the shedding characteristics and performance of E. coli O157:H7 SRP-vaccinated beef calves born to E. coli O157:H7 SRP-vaccinated dams.
Is Mycoplasma bovis in Bedding Sand Transmissible to Naive Dairy Calves?
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Justice-Allen A. , Goodell G. , Baldwin T. J. , Skirpstunas R. T. , Cavender K. B.
Published: February 2023

The primary objective was to evaluate the possible transmission of Mycoplasma bovis from positive sand bedding to naive dairy calves. Mycoplasma spp, most commonly M. bovis, can infect calves and adults, causing arthritis, pneumonia, septicemia, or death. Cows may also contract mastitis, metritis, or agalactia.
Juvenile Vaccination against Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Impacts Incidence and Cull Rates
Authors: Esch K. J. , Royer R. L. , Thoen C. O.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (MAP) is significant and costly to dairy producers. These costs manifest from increases in culls and opportunity costs derived from losses in the genetic potential of the herds. Vaccination with the USDA-approved vaccine (Mycopar) between five and 35 days of age reduces the incidence of clinical MAP infection. Limitations of vaccination with Mycopar for MAP are economic losses incurred during the period between vaccination and integration into the lactating dairy herd, and the possibility of vaccinated animals exhibiting continued shedding of bacteria. This pragmatic trial examines the efficacy of Mycopar vaccination in dairy heifers up to 15 months of age on the incidence of clinical Johne's disease.
Case-control Study
Authors: Pillars R. B. , Bolton M. W. , Grooms D. L.
Published: February 2023

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of Johne's disease (JD), is common in US dairy herds with over 68% of herds containing infected cattle. As there is no approved or effective treatment for JD, control depends on minimizing transmission of MAP to uninfected cattle. Early identification and removal of infected cattle would help minimize JD transmission. Unfortunately, because of the slow progression of JD, early identification of infected cattle is problematic due to poor sensitivity and specificity of currently available diagnostic tests in young, subclinically infected heifers. Moreover, it is unclear whether testing young heifers is cost-effective, given the constraints and costs of current tests, as well as the indefinite effects of subclinical MAP infection on individual cow productivity reported in the literature. Repeated exposure to high levels of MAP accelerates JD progression such that clinical signs are exhibited in relatively young cattle. Accordingly, these cattle should test positive for MAP at a younger age. Multiple studies have documented fecal shedding of MAP in naturally infected calves less than 24 months of age, but none have followed these calves into adulthood to see how they perform as mature cows. The objective of this study was to compare herd longevity, production performance, and adult MAP test status of cows testing positive for MAP <24 months of age to age-matched herdmates.
Use of a New Bulk-tank Milk Test to Measure Prevalence of Johne's Disease in Utah and the Intermountain West
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Rood K. , Wareham C. , Byrem T. M.
Published: February 2023

The objectives were estimation of dairy herd-level prevalence of Johne's disease (JD) in Utah and parts of surrounding states, and estimation of the sensitivity of a single bulk-tank milk test for detection of JD. Johne's disease is a chronic intestinal disease of dairy cattle; effects can include milk production loss, weight loss, diarrhea, death, and increased culling risk. Most US dairy farms do not test for the disease, therefore prevalence is unknown.
Is Serum Total Protein a Useful Predictor of Clinical Johne's Disease in Dairy Cows that are ELISA-positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis?
Authors: Kalthoff J. , Godden S. , Wells S. , Fetrow J. , Espejo Luis
Published: February 2023

ELISA tests are often used to identify cows subclinically infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). However, they lack diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and are not necessarily useful to predict if or when a subclinically infected cow might develop clinical signs of Johne's disease (CSJD). If producers could predict this, they might cull a cow sooner to avoid economic losses associated with CSJD. A study of one infected herd reported that cows with low serum total protein levels (STP<6. 7 g/dl) in the pre-calving period were at increased risk of culling due to CSJD in the subsequent lactation (Raizman et al, Prev Vet Med 80: 166, 2007). The objective of this study was to describe, for ELISA-positive cows, whether STP, serum albumin (SALB), ELISA SP ratio (ESPR), or level offecal shedding (FS) on ELISA test day are associated with subsequent risk for developing CSJD.
Practice Makes Perfect
Authors: Collins M. T. , McDonald J. , Horn E. A. , Worrell C. K. , Longoria B. , Cheetam J.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (JD) control in dairy herds requires changes in herd management in combination with routine use of diagnostic tests and specific actions on test results. Outcomes of JD control programs, i.e. changes in prevalence, take at least five or more years to be seen on farms. Thus, it takes many years before bovine practitioners personally experience the success or failure of JD control programs in their clients' herds - a long learning cycle. Computer simulations allow for gaining clinical experience on virtual farms before tackling JD control in reality. Gaming concepts challenge learners to attain a passing score or improve their score by repeated attempts; in effect, trying to model expert behavior.
Randomized Clinical Field Trial of the Effect of Preweaning Viral Vaccination on the Incidence of Respiratory Disease in Dairy Heifer Calves Up to Four Months of Age
Authors: Windeyer C. , LeBlanc S. J. , Lissemore K. D. , Hodgins D. C. , Godden S. M. , Leslie K. E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important illness of dairy replacement heifer calves that has substantial impacts on growth, survival and profitability. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of one or two doses of a commercial, multivalent,  (MLV) vaccine, administered to heifer calves prior to weaning. It was hypothesized that vaccination would reduce the incidence of BRD and that two doses would be more efficacious than one.
Effect of BRD Following First Movement to Group Housing on Survival to First Lactation, Dystocia Rates and Age at First Calving in Commercial Dairy Heifers
Authors: Stanton A. L. , LeBlanc S. J. , Kelton D. F. , Millman S. T. , Wormuth J. , Leslie K. E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common following weaning and movement of calves from individual to group housing. The objective for this preliminary analysis was to evaluate the effect of BRD in the 60 days following grouping on the survival, dystocia rates, and age at first calving for replacement heifers.
Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Field Isolates
Authors: Hause B. M. , Bey R. F. , Stine D. L. , Simonson R. R.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is commonly found in cattle and causes significant economic losses. Despite long term and widespread use of commercial modified live vaccines, BVD remains problematic. BVDV are classified into two genotypes, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, and are further subdivided within the genotype by sequence analysis. Most genetic analysis is performed on the 5'-untranslated region of the genome as it is relatively conserved, however, this region does not code for an antigen. The objective of this study was to characterize recent BVDV field isolates using genetic analysis of the E2 gene in combination with antigenic methods using antisera generated against multiple isolates in a high throughput serum neutralization assay.
Analysis of the Stability of Rumen pH Measurements Obtained Postmortem in Feeder Calves
Authors: Lee T. L.
Published: February 2023

The value of rumen pH readings postmortem as a diagnostic aid in feeder cattle has long been debated. Obtaining a rumen pH measurement as part of a routine postmortem examination has been described to help determine cause of death due to digestive system disorders such as acidosis. Some dispute the use of pH readings, arguing that rumen pH will continue to change after death, yielding inaccurate results. The goals of this study were to determine the difference in postmortem pH levels between cattle fed one of two diets, and to determine how stable postmortem pH is over a 24-hour period.
Risk Factors and Impacts of Retained Placenta and Metritis in Dairy Cows
Authors: Dubuc J. , Duffield T. F. , Leslie K. E. , Walton J. S. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

Retained placenta (RP) is a condition associated with aspects of immune function during the prepartum period. Retained placenta has been shown to be a risk factor for uterine diseases and for reduced reproductive performance. Metritis is a condition causing systemic signs of illness (fever, anorexia, decreased milk production) characterized by a foul-smelling, brown-red watery vaginal discharge, occurring within the first 20 days-in-milk (DIM). Metritis has been associated with risk factors thought to contribute to greater uterine bacterial contamination, such as dystocia and RP. Conflicting data are reported on the impacts of RP and metritis on milk production, reproduction, and culling. In particular, many studies have considered RP and metritis in isolation, and have used only short-term outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate risk factors and impacts of RP and metritis in postpartum dairy cows.
Effect of Tail Docking on Health and Performance on Feedlot Calves Housed in Confined Slotted Floor Facilities
Authors: Grooms D. , Schweihofer J. , Swanson J. , Metz K. , Rust S.
Published: February 2023

Tail docking of cattle is a management procedure used in many confined slotted floor feedlot operations, particularly in the upper Midwest. The practice is instituted to reduce injury due to tails being stepped on and/or caught in between the slats on slotted floors. This, in turn, is thought to prevent subsequent tail infection, ascending myelitis, septicemia, and lameness caused from these injuries. Although this procedure is performed with the intent to improve animal health and welfare by avoiding injuries, little research has been done to determine whether the practice is neutral, advantageous, or detrimental to the animal and/or production. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance and health of calves that have had their tails docked as part of normal management practices used in midwestern confined slotted barn feedlots when compared to calves without docked tails.
Estimated Prevalence and Distribution of Anaplasmosis in a Subpopulation of Alabama Cattle
Authors: Rodning S. P. , Rowe S. E. , Smith Lisa , Gard J. A. , Hoerr F. J. , Frazier T. G.
Published: February 2023

A prospective survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and geographical distribution of cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale throughout Alabama to gain a greater understanding of the risk anaplasmosis poses to the Alabama cattle industry.
Survey of Management Practices in Indiana Dairy Farms Related to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Control
Authors: Negron M. , Raizman E. A. , Pogranichniya R. , Hilton M. , Levy M.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a Pestivirus from the Flaviridae family. Several countries from the European Union have included BVDV as part of their list of notifiable diseases. In the United States, several professional associations like the Academy of Veterinary Consultants and the American Association of Bovine Practitioners have called for the establishment of BVDV control programs and eventual eradication of BVDV in the US. Nevertheless, in order to establish suscessful control programs, we must address those particular management areas that represent a potential source of BVDV infection to the farms. This will assist herd owners and veterinarians being more efficient in their efforts.
Efficacy of Intrauterine Dextrose Therapy on Fertility of Lactating Dairy Cows Diagnosed with Clinical Endometritis
Authors: Brick T. , Bas S. , Silveira F. , Daniels J. , Pinto C. , Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Sanders D. , Schuenemann G.
Published: February 2023

Clinical endometritis (CE) is a common uterine disorder in high producing dairy cows that negatively impacts reproductive performance, thus diminishing profitability and sustainability. Reducing pathogenic bacteria load and uterine inflammation while enhancing immune defense are the general principle for endometritis therapy. An in vitro study has shown mannose to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria to the epithelial cells of the equine endometrium (King et al, AJVR 61:446, 2000). The use of PGF2alpha (PG) is generally recommended, but the lack of concrete experimental evidences makes it difficult to promote an effective therapy approach for CE. Therefore, the use of non-pharmaceutical antimicrobial therapy (50% dextrose in water) that targets the uterine environment rather than the bacterial pathogen itself may be a viable and cost-effective strategy for conventional and organic dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine whether an intrauterine flushing with a hypertonic solution (50% dextrose in water) of lactating dairy cows diagnosed with CE result in comparable fertility to conventional therapy (parental ceftiofur) as opposed to non-treated CE animals (control group) and healthy cows (without CE).
Efficacy of a Botanical Preparation for the Intramammary Treatment of Clinical Mastitis on an Organic Dairy Farm
Authors: Pinedo P. , Karreman H. , Bothe H. , Risco C. , Velez J.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis is an economically important disease and constitutes a major reason for antibiotic use in conventional dairy farms. In contrast, organic dairy farms are restricted in the use of antibiotics, resulting in a reduced availability of therapies for treatment of clinical mastitis. Consequently, alternative medications to antibiotics for effective treatment of clinical mastitis would be beneficial to organic dairies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a botanical preparation (PHYTO-MAST®) in the treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.