bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Endothelial Functions and Acetylsalicylic Acid Resistance in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Sahin Tayfun , Celikyurt Umut , Geyik Bilal , Oner Gökhan , Kilic Teoman , Bildirici Ulas , Kozdag Guliz , Ural Dilek
Published: July 2012

Background:

We aimed to investigate the effects and dose dependency of aspirin on endothelial functions and prevalence of aspirin resistance in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients without previous drug therapy and development of cardiac complications.

Hypothesis:

Acetylsalicyclic acid improves endothelial function.

Methods:

Fifty‐eight hypertensive patients and 61 healthy subjects in the control group were included in the study. Endothelial functions of the patient and control groups were evaluated with brachial artery examination. Patient and control groups were divided into 2 groups. A total of 100 mg and 300 mg of aspirin were given to the separate groups for 1 week. After 1 week, endothelial functions were reevaluated and aspirin resistance examined with a platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100; Dade Behring, Marbourg, Germany).

Results:

Baseline flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) change percent in hypertensive patients was 9.8%, and it was significantly lower than in the control group (12%) (P < 0.001). Frequency of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) resistance was 20% and 26% in control and hypertensive patient groups, respectively (P = not significant). ASA resistance was 28% and 24% in 100 mg and 300 mg in hypertensive patients, respectively (P = not significant). FMD change percent increased both in the control and hypertensive groups after ASA treatment from 12.4% to 13.3% and 9.8 % to 11.9 %, respectively. FMD percentage change was significantly increased in hypertensive patients irrespective of ASA resistance (P = 0.02, for ASA resistance [+]; P < 0.012, for ASA resistance [−]).

Conclusions:

Endothelial functions were impaired more in hypertensive patients compared to the control group. Endothelial functions were improved with all ASA doses in hypertensive patients irrespective of ASA resistance.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Kinetics and thermodynamics characteristics of cationic yellow X‐GL adsorption on attapulgite/rice hull‐based activated carbon nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Yao Chao , Wang Maohua , Ji Junling , Ying Lin , Fu Chengyi
Published: July 2012

Attapulgite/activated carbon (ATP/AC) nanocomposites were prepared by the calcination of ATP and rice hull. ATP/AC nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption of cationic yellow X‐GL (CY) in aqueous solution on ATP/AC composites were studied. During all experiments, CY concentration was determined by UV–vis spectrophotometer. Research on the thermodynamic behavior indicated that the adsorption of CY obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption enthalpy was −16.37 kJ/mol, the Gibbs‐free energy was −28.73 to −27.04 kJ/mol, and the entropy was about 35 J mol−1 K−1, which showed that the adsorption process was both exothermic and spontaneous. The kinetic parameters showed that absorption of CY on ATP/AC composites was best described by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 655–662, 2013
Nannochloropsis sp. F&M‐M24: Oil production, effect of mixing on productivity and growth in an industrial wastewater
Authors: Biondi Natascia , Bassi Niccolò , Chini Zittelli Graziella , De Faveri Danilo , Giovannini Arianna , Rodolfi Liliana , Allevi Claudio , Macrì Cosimo , Tredici Mario R.
Published: July 2012

The energy balance of microalgal biodiesel production is rarely considered. Besides, the actual potential of microalgae as triglyceride producers is often overestimated. This work was aimed at investigating these critical aspects using the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. F&M‐M24, a promising oil producing strain, as model organism and the “Green Wall Panel” as culture system. First, the influence of air‐flow rate on volumetric productivity of the microalga was evaluated. At low and medium irradiances, no significant differences in productivity occurred at the three different mixing rates tested, while at high irradiances an increase in the air‐flow rate resulted in significantly higher volumetric productivities. These results allow to foresee a strategy of air‐flow rate tuning in accordance to radiation, that may lead to substantial energy savings and, consequently, to more favorable energy and economic balances in the cultivation process. Second, the lipid content and fraction distribution of the biomasses produced under nutrient sufficient and nitrogen‐starved conditions were analyzed and the neutral lipid fraction was fully characterized. Finally, the alga was grown in bubbled‐tubes using a culture medium prepared with an industrial wastewater, to evaluate its ability to use a free of charge source of nutrients, the exploitation of which may improve biomass production economics. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 846–853, 2013
Comparison of catchment and network delineation approaches in complex suburban environments: application to the Chaudanne catchment, France
Authors: Jankowfsky Sonja , Branger Flora , Braud Isabelle , Gironás Jorge , Rodriguez Fabrice
Published: July 2012

Suburban areas are subject to strong anthropogenic modifications, which can influence hydrological processes. Sewer systems, ditches, sewer overflow devices and retention basins are introduced and large surface areas are sealed off. The knowledge of accurate flow paths and watershed boundaries in these suburban areas is important for storm water management, hydrological modelling and hydrological data analysis. This study proposes a new method for the determination of the drainage network based on time efficient field investigations and integration of sewer system maps into the drainage network for small catchments of up to 10 km2. A new method is also proposed for the delineation of subcatchments and thus the catchment area. The subcatchments are delineated using a combination of an object‐oriented approach in the urban zone and geographical information system–based terrain analysis with flow direction forcing in the rural zone. The method is applied to the Chaudanne catchment, which belongs to the Yzeron river network and is located in the suburban area of Lyon, France. The resulting subcatchment map gives information about subcatchment response and contribution. The method is compared with six other automatic catchment delineation methods based on stream burning, flow direction forcing and calculation of subcatchments for inlet points. None of the automatic methods could correctly represent the catchment area and flow paths observed in the field. The watershed area calculated with these methods differs by as much as 25% from the area computed with the new method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilirubin induces auditory neuropathy in neonatal guinea pigs via auditory nerve fiber damage
Authors: Ye Hai‐Bo , Shi Hai‐Bo , Wang Jian , Ding Da‐Lian , Yu Dong‐Zhen , Chen Zheng‐Nong , Li Chun‐Yan , Zhang Wei‐Tian , Yin Shan‐Kai
Published: July 2012

Bilirubin can cause temporary or permanent sensorineural deafness in newborn babies with hyperbilirubinemia. However, the underlying targets and physiological effects of bilirubin‐induced damage in the peripheral auditory system are unclear. Using cochlear functional assays and electron microscopy imaging of the inner ear in neonatal guinea pigs, we show here that bilirubin exposure resulted in threshold elevation in both compound action potential (CAP) and auditory brainstem response (ABR), which was apparent at 1 hr and peaked 8 hr after drug administration. The threshold elevation was associated with delayed wave latencies and elongated interwave intervals in ABR and CAP. At 72 hr postinjection, these measures returned to control levels, except for the CAP amplitude. Cochlear microphonics remained unchanged during the experiment. Morphological abnormalities were consistent with the electrophysiological dysfunction, revealing fewer auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) in the basal turn, myelin sheath lesions of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and ANFs, and loss of type 1 afferent endings beneath inner hair cells (IHCs) without loss of hair cells at 8 hr posttreatment. Similar to the electrophysiological findings, morphological changes were mostly reversed 10 days after treatment, except for the ANF reduction in the basal turn. These results suggest that hyperbilirubinemia in neonatal guinea pigs impaired auditory peripheral neuromechanisms that targeted mainly the IHC synapses and the myelin sheath of SGNs and their fibers. Our observations indicate a potential connection between hyperbilirubinemia and auditory neuropathy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do dynamic‐based MR knee kinematics methods produce the same results as static methods?
Authors: d'Entremont Agnes G. , Nordmeyer‐Massner Jurek A. , Bos Clemens , Wilson David R. , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: July 2012

MR‐based methods provide low risk, noninvasive assessment of joint kinematics; however, these methods often use static positions or require many identical cycles of movement. The study objective was to compare the 3D kinematic results approximated from a series of sequential static poses of the knee with the 3D kinematic results obtained from continuous dynamic movement of the knee. To accomplish this objective, we compared kinematic data from a validated static MR method to a fast static MR method, and compared kinematic data from both static methods to a newly developed dynamic MR method. Ten normal volunteers were imaged using the three kinematic methods (dynamic, static standard, and static fast). Results showed that the two sets of static results were in agreement, indicating that the sequences (standard and fast) may be used interchangeably. Dynamic kinematic results were significantly different from both static results in eight of 11 kinematic parameters: patellar flexion, patellar tilt, patellar proximal translation, patellar lateral translation, patellar anterior translation, tibial abduction, tibial internal rotation, and tibial anterior translation. Three‐dimensional MR kinematics measured from dynamic knee motion are often different from those measured in a static knee at several positions, indicating that dynamic‐based kinematics provides information that is not obtainable from static scans. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of life in childhood immune thrombocytopenia: International validation of the kids' ITP tools
Authors: Klaassen Robert J. , Blanchette Victor , Burke Tricia A. , Wakefield Cindy , Grainger John D. , Gaedicke Gerhard , Riedlinger Arne , Dufort Gustavo , Citrin Estela , Reguerre Yves , Pellier Isabelle , Curtis Christine , Young Nancy L.
Published: July 2012

Background

The Kids ITP Tools (KIT) is a disease‐specific measure of health‐related quality of life for children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). To facilitate use in international trials it has been cross‐culturally adapted for France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Uruguay. This study assessed the validity and reliability of the translated KIT in comparison to generic quality of life measures.

Methods

Children 2–18 years of age with ITP and their parents were recruited in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Uruguay. Participants completed the KIT, PedsQL and KINDL. We examined the Pearson's correlation between these measures for our pooled sample and estimated the reliability over a 2‐week time period. Findings were further explored by country.

Results

A total of 127 families (81 children self‐reported) participated. Mean child‐reported scores were: KIT 74.3 (SD = 15.3), PedsQL 81.3 (SD = 13.0), and KINDL 70.5 (SD = 14.3). Corresponding mean parent proxy‐reported scores were: 70.6 (SD = 18.1), 75.7 (SD = 16.8) and 72.3 (SD = 12.7), respectively. Correlation between KIT and the generic measures was consistent with our a priori hypothesis (PedsQL r = 0.54, KINDL r = 0.48, both P < 0.0001). Child KIT scores for newly diagnosed ITP patients were significantly lower than for chronic ITP patients (67.3 vs. 77.3; P = 0.005). There was a significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the child and parent proxy KIT scores (ICC = 0.52). Child KIT test‐retest reliability was acceptable at 0.71.

Conclusions

The cross‐culturally translated KIT is valid and reliable with acceptable correlation to the PedsQL and KINDL. There is a significant difference in child self‐reported KIT scores between newly diagnosed and chronic ITP. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 95–100. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the cognitive abilities of culturally and linguistically diverse students: Predictive validity of verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal tests
Authors: Lakin Joni M.
Published: July 2012

Verbal and quantitative reasoning tests provide valuable information about cognitive abilities that are important to academic success. Information about these abilities may be particularly valuable to teachers of students who are English‐language learners (ELL), because leveraging reasoning skills to support comprehension is a critical aptitude for their academic success. However, due to concerns about cultural bias, many researchers advise exclusive use of nonverbal tests with ELL students despite a lack of evidence that nonverbal tests provide greater validity for these students. In this study, a test measuring verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal reasoning was administered to a culturally and linguistically diverse sample of students. The two‐year predictive relationship between ability and achievement scores revealed that nonverbal scores had weaker correlations with future achievement than did quantitative and verbal reasoning ability scores for ELL and non‐ELL students. Results do not indicate differential prediction and do not support the exclusive use of nonverbal tests for ELL students. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical behavior of multiferroic hexagonal RMnO3
Authors: Bahoosh S. G. , Wesselinowa J. M.
Published: July 2012

Using a microscopic model and a Green's function technique we have studied the critical behavior of some multiferroics such as hexagonal RMnO3. The temperature dependence and the external field dependence of the magnetization and susceptibility are determined. The critical exponents β and γ are calculated. Applying the scaling laws α, δ, and ν are also obtained. The critical exponents are in very good agreement with the existing experimental data.
Dual apoptotic DNA fragmentation system in the fly: Drep2 is a novel nuclease of which activity is inhibited by Drep3
Authors: Park Ok Kyeung , Park Hyun Ho
Published: July 2012

Drep2 CIDE and Drep‐3 CIDE bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Effect of speed on the upper and contralateral lower limb coordination during gait in individuals with stroke
Authors: Bovonsunthonchai Sunee , Hiengkaew Vimonwan , Vachalathiti Roongtiwa , Vongsirinavarat Mantana , Tretriluxana Jarugool
Published: July 2012

The purposes of this study were to investigate the upper and contralateral lower limb coordination and to study the effect of speed on the upper and contralateral lower limb coordination in individuals with stroke and control groups. Thirty individuals with stroke who were able to walk independently without using any assistive devices and 30 control individuals were recruited for the study. Upper and contralateral lower limb coordination was analyzed using the shoulder and contralateral hip displacements in the sagittal plane. All data were analyzed by three‐dimensional gait analysis. Results demonstrated high degrees of coordination in the upper and contralateral lower limbs of the controls and in the unaffected upper and affected lower limbs of individuals with stroke. Gait speed was found to be associated with the upper and contralateral lower limb coordination in individuals with stroke but not in the controls. The findings implied that the affected upper limb plays an important role for improving gait coordination and is necessary for gait performance in individuals with stroke. Thus, health professionals should exercise the affected arm to increase efficiency of walking in individuals with stroke.
SITTING AND STANDING: HOW FAMILIES ARE FIXING TRUST IN UNCERTAIN TIMES
Authors: Cooper Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

There is widespread apprehension about the resilience of the ‘traditional African’ model of the extended family in maintaining norms and practices of inter-group cooperation and care in conditions of demographic, social and economic change. In Nyanza Province, Kenya, where one of every five children is currently orphaned, and HIV/AIDS and wide-scale poverty continue to render lives and livelihoods insecure, many people are not able to take their families' care for granted. Ideas and practices of kinship have been challenged profoundly by questions regarding who is responsible for the care of orphaned children. This article looks at two complementary practices among Luo families in western Kenya that address such dilemmas: the communal initiative of ‘sitting’ as a family to discuss and resolve issues in a cooperative and consensual manner; and the individualistic initiative of ‘standing’ to represent the interests of another individual. I suggest that while the immediate purposes of sitting and standing are pragmatic in assigning caring responsibilities for specific children, their eventfulness also actualizes something greater: trust, reciprocity and solidarity among extended families.
The Law and Labor Strife in the United States, 1881–1894
Authors: Currie Janet , Ferrie Joseph
Published: July 2012

This article examines the effect of state-level legal innovations governing labor disputes in the late 1800s. This was a period of legal ferment in which worker organizations and employers actively lobbied state governments for changes in the rules governing labor disputes. Cross-state heterogeneity in the legal environment provides an unusual opportunity to investigate the effects of these laws. We use a unique data set with information on 12,965 strikes to show that most of these law changes had surprisingly little effect on strike incidence or outcomes. Important exceptions were maximum hours laws and the use of injunctions.
Could Southern Italians Cooperate? Banche Popolari in the Mezzogiorno
Authors: 'Hearn Brian A
Published: July 2012

Recent work by Robert Putnam has revived a contentious debate about the role of culture in Italian regional disparities. Southern Italy is argued to have been locked in an impoverishing, no-trust equilibrium. This article explores an apparent exception to Putnam's historical evidence: the South's late-nineteenth-century cooperative banks (banche popolari). Econometric investigation reveals important differences in the strategy and performance of these banks in North and South during the crucial decade of the 1890s, and shows that these differences cannot be attributed to differences in the local environment. In fact, the evidence is broadly consistent with Putnam's hypothesis.
Revolution, Restoration, and Debt Repudiation: The Jacobite Threat to England's Institutions and Economic Growth
Authors: Wells John , Wills Dougals
Published: July 2012

This study provides an empirical test of North and Weingast's theory of British capital-market development after the Glorious Revolution. The evidence is consistent with the hypotheses that institutional innovation in the 1690s led to the dramatic growth in London capital markets, and that threats to these institutions caused financial turmoil. We also find the economic motivation for these innovations to be consistent with the work of Ekelund and Tollison.
Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality among Men of Amherst College, 1834–1949
Authors: Murray John E.
Published: July 2012

Whether anthropometric-mortality risk relationships as found in present day populations also characterized past populations is disputed. This article finds U-shaped body mass index (BMI)-mortality risk relationships among nineteenth-century men that were similar to such relationships as found in twentieth-century men. No relationship between height and mortality could be detected. This article infers from the socioeconomic homogeneity of the sample that the BMI-mortality risk relationship, although apparently invariant with respect to time, is driven by noneconomic factors.
Without Coal in the Age of Steam: A Factor-Endowment Explanation of the Italian Industrial Lag Before World War I
Authors: Bardini Carlo
Published: July 2012

The performance of the Italian economy just before World War I was relatively poor as a result of a backward productive structure. Among other reasons, this may have been caused by the lack of domestic coal reserves, especially given the features of nineteenth-century technology. However, many economic historians resist this argument since coal could be either imported or substituted. Although both solutions were attempted in Italy, this article demonstrates that neither solved the Italian energy problem. In particular, the contribution made by electricity was much less effective than many contemporaries and historians have suggested.
Agriculture in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Grant J. W. , MacLeod A.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The Inner Hebrides consist of a long chain of islands varying greatly in topography and extending from Skye in the North to Islay off the southern coast of Argyll. The group includes the islands of Raasay, South Rona, Soay. Scalpay, Pabay, Canna, Rhum, Eigg, Muck, Coll, Tiree, Colonsay, Oronsay, Jura, Gigha, Luing, Scarba, Mull, Ulva, Gometra, Lismore, Kererra, Shuna and Iona.

There are in addition numerous small islands which, although no longer cultivated or inhabited are utilised for grazing stock by farmers and crofters from adjacent islands and from the mainland.

Agricultural land use and livestock production on the islands is governed largely by soil type, elevation, exposure and grazing quality. An aspect of increasing importance is the proportion of arable land relative to hill and mountain grazing. Cattle stocks in particular tend to be limited to the quantity of winter fodder which can be home-conserved since the prohibitive costs of importing fodder by road and sea are a serious constraint on the profitability of cattle raising.

Until recent times cropping on the arable land of many of the islands followed a traditional seven year rotation of oats, roots and potatoes, sow-out to grass under a cereal nurse crop followed by three years of hay conservation or grazing. During the past ten years there has been an increasing swing from mixed cropping towards grasslands production. On many farms and crofts the emphasis on conservation lies in hay-making but silage has become increasingly popular particularly on larger farm units in Islay, Gigha, Luing and Mull.

Current statistics indicate that the livestock population of the islands consists of 166,250 breeding ewes, 13,850 beef type breeding cows and 1,770 dairy cows together with their followers.

Sheep are mainly of Blackface breed but on Skye are found some 12,000 Cheviots with further Cheviot flocks located on Eigg, Canna, Rhum, Scalpay and Soay.

On the fertile machairs of Tiree and Iona sheep stocks are composed of Leicester/Down X ewes which are mated usually with Suffolk and X Suffolk rams.

Dairy farming is centred mainly on Islay and Gigha. There is a creamery on each of those islands, the Islay Creamery processing some 3,043 million litres of milk annually while the creamery unit on Gigha has a throughput of 1·431 million litres.

Transport costs, ageing population in the crofting sector and the vast number of small units all contribute to the many problems which face islands agriculture at the present time.
Linguistic Description Moderates the Evaluations of Counterstereotypical People
Authors: Rubin Mark , Paolini Stefania , Crisp Richard J.
Published: July 2012

The present research investigated linguistic description as a moderator of biased evaluations of counterstereotypical individuals. Members of an online participant pool (N = 237) indicated their liking for stereotypical and counterstereotypical individuals who were described using adjectives or behaviors. There was a significant interaction between target typicality and linguistic description: People liked counterstereotypical individuals more than stereotypical individuals when target individuals were described using adjectives. In contrast, they showed no bias or a negative bias against counterstereotypical individuals who were described using behaviors. This interaction effect generalized across gender targets (men/women) and sexuality targets (gay/straight), and it was partially mediated by subjective processing fluency. Implications for the backlash effect and prejudice reduction are discussed.
Fulfilling the metabolic requirements for cell proliferation
Authors: Moncada Salvador , Higgs E. Annie , Colombo Sergio L.
Published: July 2012

The activity of key metabolic enzymes is regulated by the ubiquitin ligases that control the function of the cyclins; therefore the activity of these ubiquitin ligases explains the coordination of cell-cycle progression with the supply of substrates necessary for cell duplication. APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome)-Cdh1, the ubiquitin ligase that controls G1- to S-phase transition by targeting specific degradation motifs in cell-cycle proteins, also regulates the glycolysis-promoting enzyme PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoform 3) and GLS1 (glutaminase 1), a critical enzyme in glutaminolysis. A decrease in the activity of APC/C-Cdh1 in mid-to-late G1 releases both proteins, thus explaining the simultaneous increase in the utilization of glucose and glutamine during cell proliferation. This occurs at a time consistent with the point in G1 that has been described as the nutrient-sensitive restriction point and is responsible for the transition from G1 to S. PFKFB3 is also a substrate at the onset of S-phase for the ubiquitin ligase SCF (Skp1/cullin/F-box)-β-TrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein), so that the activity of PFKFB3 is short-lasting, coinciding with a peak in glycolysis in mid-to-late G1, whereas the activity of GLS1 remains high throughout S-phase. The differential regulation of the activity of these proteins indicates that a finely-tuned set of mechanisms is activated to fulfil specific metabolic demands at different stages of the cell cycle. These findings have implications for the understanding of cell proliferation in general and, in particular, of cancer, its prevention and treatment.
Linear-response theory for Mukherjee's multireference coupled-cluster method: Excitation energies
Authors: Jagau Thomas-C. , Gauss Jürgen
Published: July 2012

The recently presented linear-response function for Mukherjee's multireference coupled-cluster method (Mk-MRCC) [T.-C. Jagau and J. Gauss, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 044115 (2012)]10.1063/1.4734308 is employed to determine vertical excitation energies within the singles and doubles approximation (Mk-MRCCSD-LR) for ozone as well as for o-benzyne, m-benzyne, and p-benzyne, which display increasing multireference character in their ground states. In order to assess the impact of a multireference ground-state wavefunction on excitation energies, we compare all our results to those obtained at the single-reference coupled-cluster level of theory within the singles and doubles as well as within the singles, doubles, and triples approximation. Special attention is paid to the artificial splitting of certain excited states which arises from the redundancy intrinsic to Mk-MRCC theory and hinders the straightforward application of the Mk-MRCC-LR method.
Phase diagram of hard snowman-shaped particles
Authors: Dennison Matthew , Milinković Kristina , Dijkstra Marjolein
Published: July 2012

We present the phase diagram of hard snowman-shaped particles calculated using Monte Carlo simulations and free energy calculations. The snowman particles consist of two hard spheres rigidly attached at their surfaces. We find a rich phase behavior with isotropic, plastic crystal, and aperiodic crystal phases. The crystalline phases found to be stable for a given sphere diameter ratio correspond mostly to the close packed structures predicted for equimolar binary hard-sphere mixtures of the same diameter ratio. However, our results also show several crystal-crystal phase transitions, with structures with a higher degree of degeneracy found to be stable at lower densities, while those with the best packing are found to be stable at higher densities.
Entanglement, Bell inequality and all that
Authors: Narnhofer Heide , Thirring Walter
Published: July 2012

We start from the geometrical observation that a finite set of pure states correspond to some points on a sphere and their convex span cannot be the whole set of states. If we call the left over entangled we can pursue this picture from the simplest case of a two dimensional Hilbert space to the usual Alice-and-Bob game of entangled states and then move to bigger systems and finely to quantum field theory where almost everything is entangled. On the way we encounter more or less known old friends up from the shell structure of states to the monogamy of squashed entanglement. We study how entanglement can be concentrated on a small slice and how it depends on the particular factorization of the Hilbert space.
Examinations of electron temperature calculation methods in Thomson scattering diagnostics
Authors: Oh Seungtae , Lee Jong Ha , Wi Hanmin
Published: July 2012

Electron temperature from Thomson scattering diagnostic is derived through indirect calculation based on theoretical model. χ-square test is commonly used in the calculation, and the reliability of the calculation method highly depends on the noise level of input signals. In the simulations, noise effects of the χ-square test are examined and scale factor test is proposed as an alternative method.
Physical characteristics of gliding arc discharge plasma generated in a laval nozzle
Authors: Lu S. Y. , Sun X. M. , Li X. D. , Yan J. H. , Du C. M.
Published: July 2012

The dynamic behavior of gliding arc discharge generated in a Laval nozzle has been investigated by electrical diagnostics and a high-speed camera. The results show that the voltage waveform keeps the initial shape as the gas flow rate is small, while it becomes less stable with increasing flow rate. During the first half of a cycle, the voltage rises and after that it decreases. In nitrogen and oxygen, the break down voltage for the arc is between 3.3 and 5.5 kV, while it is between 3.3–7.5 kV in air. The waveform of current I remains almost stable; and for nitrogen and oxygen, the maximum value of current I is between 0.28 and 0.46 A. With increasing flow rate, the power consumption in air first increases and then decreases; it remains in the range of 110–217 W, and gradually increases in nitrogen and oxygen. The power consumption in oxygen is lower than that in nitrogen; the input of the energy density decreases with increasing flow rate for all the three gases. The development of the arc is tracked and recorded by a high-speed camera. The cycle is stable at 10 ms for flow rates up to 1 m3 h−1. At a higher flow rate, the cycle becomes unstable.
Existence, uniqueness, and stability of mild solutions for second-order neutral stochastic evolution equations with infinite delay and Poisson jumps
Authors: Ren Yong , Sakthivel R.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we study a class of second-order neutral stochastic evolution equations with infinite delay and Poisson jumps (SNSEEIPs), in which the initial value belongs to the abstract space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {B}$\end{document}B. We establish the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for SNSEEIPs under non-Lipschitz condition with Lipschitz condition being considered as a special case by means of the successive approximation. Furthermore, we give the continuous dependence of solutions on the initial data by means of a corollary of the Bihari inequality. An application to the stochastic nonlinear wave equation with infinite delay and Poisson jumps is given to illustrate the theory.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Influence of Genetic Origin on Emigration Behavior and Physiology of Resident and Anadromous Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Hayes Sean A. , Hanson Chad V. , Pearse Devon E. , Bond Morgan H. , Garza John Carlos , MacFarlane R. Bruce
Published: July 2012

We investigated the interaction among genetically identified origin, behavioral tendency to emigrate, and Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme activity in recently diverged subpopulations of resident (above-barrier) rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) in Scott Creek, California. Genetic assignment tests found that the frequency of resident and anadromous origin fish varied by sampling location within the watershed. Individuals immediately below barriers assigned to both above-barrier (37%) and anadromous (63%) subpopulations, and distinct differences in size and age were observed. However, the majority of downstream migration behavior occurred in fish of anadromous ancestry, which represented 97% of the fish sampled as outmigrating smolts. Nonmigratory fish of both life history types and origins typically had low Na+, K+-ATPase activity levels throughout most of the year, but significantly elevated levels were observed in individuals from both groups during the spring smolt migration period. Conversely, many fish sampled in the upper watershed with anadromous genotypes were greater than typical smolt size thresholds for this population yet appeared unlikely to migrate based on low Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Life history pathways of O. mykiss in this population are strongly influenced but not entirely determined by origin in the resident or anadromous subpopulation, and this relationship has implications for recovery of populations impacted by dams, water diversions, and residualized hatchery fish. Further, this work demonstrates the need to consider resident rainbow trout as potentially important resources for recovery of threatened and endangered steelhead populations.

Received September 4, 2011; accepted April 12, 2012
Roth and Pilling's competence framework for clinical supervision: How generalisable is it?
Authors: Owen-Pugh Valerie , Symons Clare
Published: July 2012

Background: Roth and Pilling's (2009) competence framework for the supervision of psychological therapies was commissioned as a training resource for the UK Government's ‘Improving Access to Psychological Therapies’ (IAPT) programme. Aims: This paper considers the extent to which it reflects current supervisory practice in the UK. Method: Supervisors' opinions of the non‐modality‐specific competences were surveyed using an online survey form and two emailed survey forms. Findings: Regardless of their professional background, participants felt able to identify with the majority of competences surveyed; however, a minority elicited disagreement. Here, findings suggest that those who drew on cognitive and/or behavioural theory, and were members of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) might be more confident in their ownership than others. However, small sample sizes in the email surveys prevent firm conclusions from being drawn. Conclusions: Regardless of the theoretical approach they subscribe to, supervisors should find the framework helpful as a guide to best practice.
Bayesian ontology querying for accurate and noise-tolerant semantic searches
Authors: Bauer Sebastian , Köhler Sebastian , Schulz Marcel H. , Robinson Peter N.
Published: July 2012

Motivation: Ontologies provide a structured representation of the concepts of a domain of knowledge as well as the relations between them. Attribute ontologies are used to describe the characteristics of the items of a domain, such as the functions of proteins or the signs and symptoms of disease, which opens the possibility of searching a database of items for the best match to a list of observed or desired attributes. However, naive search methods do not perform well on realistic data because of noise in the data, imprecision in typical queries and because individual items may not display all attributes of the category they belong to.

Results:: We present a method for combining ontological analysis with Bayesian networks to deal with noise, imprecision and attribute frequencies and demonstrate an application of our method as a differential diagnostic support system for human genetics.

Availability: We provide an implementation for the algorithm and the benchmark at http://compbio.charite.de/boqa/.

Contact:  Sebastian.Bauer@charite.de or Peter.Robinson@charite.de

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary Material for this article is available at Bioinformatics online.
Clinical assessment of older people
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Consultation skills 52

Multiple pathology and aetiology 54

Taking a history 56

Other sources of information 58

Problem lists 60

General physical examination 62

HOW TO . . . Assess gait in an older person 63

Investigations 66

Common blood test abnormalities 68

Comprehensive geriatric assessment 70

There are certain skills that are key to any consultation, but some are more important with an older patient....
Chest medicine
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing lung 312

Respiratory infections 314

Influenza 316

HOW TO . . . Treat influenza-like illness in older people 317

Pneumonia 318

Pneumonia: treatment 320

HOW TO . . . Manage the patient with pneumonia who fails to respond to treatment 322

Vaccinating against pneumonia and influenza 324

Pulmonary fibrosis ...
Endocrinology
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing endocrine system 420

Diabetes mellitus 422

HOW TO . . . Diagnose diabetes in older people 423

Diabetes: treatment 424

Diabetes: oral drug treatment 426

HOW TO . . . Manage older diabetic people in care homes 427

Diabetes: insulin treatment 428

Diabetes: complications 430

Diabetic emergencies 432

HOW TO . . . Manage diabetes in the terminally ill patient ...
Musculoskeletal system
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Osteoarthritis 466

Osteoarthritis: management 467

Osteoporosis 468

Osteoporosis: management 470

HOW TO . . . Manage non-operative fractures 471

Polymyalgia rheumatica 472

Giant cell arteritis 474

HOW TO . . . Manage steroid therapy in giant cell arteritis 476

Muscle symptoms 478

HOW TO . . . Grade muscle strength 479

Paget's disease 480...
Incontinence
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Urinary incontinence: causes 532

Urinary incontinence: assessment 534

Urinary incontinence: management 536

Catheters 538

HOW TO . . . Manage urinary incontinence without a catheter 539

HOW TO . . . Treat catheter complications 540

Faecal incontinence: causes 542

Faecal incontinence: assessment 543

Faecal incontinence: management 544

HOW TO . . . Treat ‘overflow’ faecal incontinence ...
Eyes
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing eye 568

Visual impairment 569

Blind registration 570

HOW TO . . . Optimize vision 570

Visual hallucinations 571

Cataract 572

Glaucoma 574

Age-related macular degeneration 576

HOW TO . . . Use an Amsler grid to detect macular pathology 578

The eye and systemic disease 579

Drugs and the eye ...
Skin
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing skin 586

Photoageing 588

Cellulitis 589

Other bacterial skin infections 590

Fungal skin infections 591

Chronic venous insufficiency 592

Leg ulcers 593

Management of venous leg ulcers 594

Pruritus 596

Pruritic conditions 598

HOW TO . . . Recognize and manage scabies 599

Blistering diseases 600...
Malignancy
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Malignancy in older people 628

HOW TO . . . Describe performance status 628

An approach to malignancy 629

Presentation of malignancy 630

HOW TO . . . Screen for malignancy 631

Treating malignancy in older people 632

HOW TO . . . Manage symptomatic hypercalcaemia 633

Cancer with an unknown primary 634

Cancer is a disease of the elderly population, being relatively rare in people under 35 years of age, and increasing in incidence with each decade....
Finances
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Making a will 678

Taxation 679

Pensions 680

Benefits 682

• Everyone over 18 should make a will. This need not be complicated—there are cheap will writing ‘kits’ available to buy, and forms can be downloaded from the Internet even more cheaply, eg http://freeguard.co.uk/aboutus.aspx

•...
Infectious diseases
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Incubation periods 220

Notifiable infectious diseases 221

Childhood infectious diseases 222

Meningitis 224

Gastroenteritis/food poisoning 226

Fish poisoning 229

Infestations 230

Tuberculosis 232

Anthrax 233

Streptococcal infections 234

Staphylococcal infections 235

Tetanus 236

Gas gangrene 237

Botulism 237

Sexually transmitted diseases 238

Hepatitis 239

Leptospirosis (Weil's disease) ...
Analgesia and anaesthesia
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Pain relief 272

Analgesics: aspirin and paracetamol 274

Analgesics: NSAIDs 275

Analgesics: opioids 276

Analgesics: Entonox® and ketamine 278

Analgesia for trauma 279

Analgesia in specific situations 280

Local anaesthesia 282

Local anaesthetic toxicity 284

General principles of local anaesthesia 286

Topical anaesthesia 288...
Surgery
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Approach to abdominal pain 504

Causes of acute abdominal pain 506

Acute appendicitis 507

Acute pancreatitis 508

Biliary tract problems 510

Peptic ulcer disease 511

Intestinal obstruction 512

Mesenteric ischaemia/infarction 514

Large bowel emergencies 516

Anorectal problems 518

Retention of urine 520

Testicular problems 522...
Ophthalmology
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Approach to eye problems 534

Ophthalmological trauma 536

Corneal trauma 538

Contact lens problems 539

Sudden visual loss 540

The red eye 542

Always take a full ophthalmic history. Which eye is affected (are both)? What is the disturbance? Are there flashing lights or floaters? How quickly did the symptoms come on? How does it affect the patient's lifestyle (job, reading, watching TV)? Ask about prior ophthalmic/optician treatment and take a full medical and drug history. Family history of glaucoma may also be relevant....
Psychiatry
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Approach to psychiatric problems 602

Glossary of psychiatric terms 603

The psychiatric interview 604

Mental state examination 606

The aggressive patient: background 608

Safe consultations with potentially violent patients 609

Managing aggression 610

Emergency sedation of a violent patient 611

Deliberate self-harm 612

Assessment of suicide risk ...
History and epidemiology
Authors: McNamara-Goodger Katrina , Feudtner Chris
Published: July 2012

In this chapter, we first briefly cover the history in the twentieth century both of childhood illness in developed countries and of hospice and palliative medicine. We set forth several key definitions necessary for an epidemiological understanding of paediatric palliative care. Then we present a conceptual model of ‘illness journeys’ as a useful framing device for a broad understanding of palliative care. Drawing on the framework of illness journeys, we then present epidemiological and health services data regarding different events and stages in the journey for the patient and their family. We conclude by drawing out several implications of these data for the further development and monitoring of palliative care service delivery systems.
Ethics
Authors: Larcher Vic , Carnevale Franco
Published: July 2012

This chapter is concerned with the ethical considerations that pertain to how our society responds to children whose lives are limited. Not all societies will respond, or have responded, in the same way. Both Spartans and Romans practised infanticide for reasons that we would now regard as morally reprehensible. However, although most societies place great emphasis on the principle of respect for human life, it is not clear whether all societies do believe that all life demands equal respect and carries equal value. This is especially relevant in the context of life-limiting illnesses (LLIs). This account is primarily grounded in the Anglo-Saxon ethical and legal tradition, but we hope that it will be accessible to readers from other disciplines.
Using medications in children
Authors: Ballantine Nigel , Daglish Elizabeth Bing
Published: July 2012

The term ‘therapeutic orphans’ was coined by H. Shirkey in 1968 when referring to the lack of a sound scientific basis for the delivery of drug treatment to children and neonates. More than four decades later, our understanding of the maturation of physiological processes has undoubtedly grown, enabling drug treatment to be delivered more rationally to children from a more informed position. However, certain groups of children remain therapeutic orphans. This is particularly true of those receiving palliative care. The complexities of the interaction between maturing physiological function, underlying disease, terminal illness, and ethical considerations result in a lack of research data. These difficulties are addressed in the following sections through an examination of the maturation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic function, and the effect of acute and chronic disease.
Pharmacological approaches to pain. 1: ‘By the ladder’—the WHO approach to management of pain in palliative care
Authors: Hain Richard D. W. , Friedrichsdorf Stefan J.
Published: July 2012

This chapter sets out some of the principles of pharmacological pain management in children’s palliative care. The fundamental precept that links them is that of simplicity. The default intervention should always be the simplest one that will achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This is arguably an important principle for good clinical care generally, but it becomes paramount during the palliative phase, when the focus is on carefully weighing the potential benefit of any intervention against its burden. Treatment will inevitably be made more complex by polypharmacy, by the use of intravenous, epidural, or intrathecal routes rather than enteral, transcutaneous, or subcutaneous ones, or by the prescription of esoteric medications that are unfamiliar to those providing bedside care. The WHO pain ladder was the first rational and systematic approach to the management of pain in palliative medicine in adults or children. Its aim was to provide logical and simple structure through a set of principles — not to be exhaustive or to provide detailed guidelines. Its intention was to teach, rather than to instruct. Now, 25 years after its publication, the WHO approach remains the yardstick against which new interventions in the management of pain in palliative medicine should be measured. However, this does not mean that the guidelines should not be subjected to critical evaluation and review. Such scrutiny is particularly important when applying them to children, who were not the population for whom the original guidelines were designed.