bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in 2D Superconductors
Authors: Qiu Dong , Gong Chuanhui , Wang SiShuang , Zhang Miao , Yang Chao , Wang Xianfu , Xiong Jie
Published: March 2021

The emergence of superconductivity in 2D materials has attracted much attention and there has been rapid development in recent years because of their fruitful physical properties, such as high transition temperature (Tc), continuous phase transition, and enhanced parallel critical magnetic field (Bc). Tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring different physical parameters to figure out the mechanisms behind the unexpected superconductivity phenomena, including adjusting the thickness of samples, fabricating various heterostructures, tuning the carrier density by electric field and chemical doping, and so on. Here, different types of 2D superconductivity with their unique characteristics are introduced, including the conventional Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superconductivity in ultrathin films, high‐Tc superconductivity in Fe‐based and Cu‐based 2D superconductors, unconventional superconductivity in newly discovered twist‐angle bilayer graphene, superconductivity with enhanced Bc, and topological superconductivity. A perspective toward this field is then proposed based on academic knowledge from the recently reported literature. The aim is to provide researchers with a clear and comprehensive understanding about the newly developed 2D superconductivity and promote the development of this field much further.
A Microfluidic Multisize Spheroid Array for Multiparametric Screening of Anticancer Drugs and Blood–Brain Barrier Transport Properties
Authors: Eilenberger Christoph , Rothbauer Mario , Selinger Florian , Gerhartl Anna , Jordan Christian , Harasek Michael , Schädl Barbara , Grillari Johannes , Weghuber Julian , Neuhaus Winfried , Küpcü Seta , Ertl Peter
Published: March 2021

Physiological‐relevant in vitro tissue models with their promise of better predictability have the potential to improve drug screening outcomes in preclinical studies. Despite the advances of spheroid models in pharmaceutical screening applications, variations in spheroid size and consequential altered cell responses often lead to nonreproducible and unpredictable results. Here, a microfluidic multisize spheroid array is established and characterized using liver, lung, colon, and skin cells as well as a triple‐culture model of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) to assess the effects of spheroid size on (a) anticancer drug toxicity and (b) compound penetration across an advanced BBB model. The reproducible on‐chip generation of 360 spheroids of five dimensions on a well‐plate format using an integrated microlens technology is demonstrated. While spheroid size‐related IC50 values vary up to 160% using the anticancer drugs cisplatin (CIS) or doxorubicin (DOX), reduced CIS:DOX drug dose combinations eliminate all lung microtumors independent of their sizes. A further application includes optimizing cell seeding ratios and size‐dependent compound uptake studies in a perfused BBB model. Generally, smaller BBB‐spheroids reveal an 80% higher compound penetration than larger spheroids while verifying the BBB opening effect of mannitol and a spheroid size‐related modulation on paracellular transport properties.
Insights into Li‐Rich Mn‐Based Cathode Materials with High Capacity: from Dimension to Lattice to Atom
Authors: Cui Shao‐Lun , Gao Ming‐Yue , Li Guo‐Ran , Gao Xue‐Ping
Published: March 2021

Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides are regarded as the most promising cathode materials for advanced lithium‐ion batteries with energy density as high as 400 Wh kg−1. However, decline of capacity and discharge potential derived from phase transformation during cycling is still an obstacle for practical utilization of Li‐rich cathode materials. Undoubtedly, an in‐depth understanding origin and evolution of the phase transformation from bottom to top is crucial to solve the problem finally. Herein, the recent representative progress on Li‐rich cathode materials from top to bottom is summarized: starting from relationship between dimensions and performance, to evolution of phase transformation, finally to participation of anions during charge–discharge cycling. It systematically shows what happens in the different microscopic levels and how these phenomena relate to cycling of Li‐rich cathode materials with the help of emerging state‐of‐the‐art characterization techniques. On the basis of this progress, it is proposed that rational structural design can fully play its role to build high‐performance energy storage materials and enhance structural stability.
Crop rotation, cover crop, and poultry litter effects on no‐tillage cotton profitability
Authors: Zhou Xia Vivian , Larson James A. , Sykes Virginia R. , Ashworth Amanda J , Allen Fred L.
Published: March 2021

Crop rotations, cover crops, and manures may enhance yields, improve soils, and provide other ecosystem services. However, farmers may be reluctant to adopt the aforementioned practices because of uncertain profits. This study determined the profitability of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) rotated with other crops and also utilizing cover crops and poultry litter (PL). Whole‐block treatments were 10 sequences of no‐tillage cotton, corn (Zea maysL.), and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] at Milan, TN. Sequences were repeated in 4‐yr cycles called Phases (Phases I, II, III, and IV) starting in 2002 and continuing through 2017 to assess effects of consecutive applications of sequences on cotton net returns (NRs). Split‐block treatments included winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosaL.), PL, and fallow. The ANOVA was used to determine treatment NR differences compared to continuous cotton and fallow for 2002–2017 and for each Phase. Including soybean and corn in rotation with cotton did not positively affect cotton NRs in Phases I, II, and III. Droughts may explain lack of yield and NR response in Phases II and III. However, including soybean and corn in the rotation provided higher cotton NRs in Phase IV (2014–2017). Better weather and improved soils with residue diversity in Phase IV may explain higher yields and NRs of cotton in rotation with other crops. For cover crops and PL, yield benefits and/or N fertilizer savings did not offset input costs, indicating monetary incentives may be needed for famers to include these practices in their cropping system.
Factors that increase risk for poor adherence to phenylketonuria treatment in Brazilian patients
Authors: Teruya Katia Irie , Remor Eduardo , Schwartz Ida Vanessa Doederlein
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Neurotoxic effects caused by high phenylalanine (Phe) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) can be avoided through dietary treatment. However, achieving the recommended Phe levels has been a challenge. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with adherence to PKU treatment among patients followed at a medical genetics public service in southern Brazil. Twenty‐nine patients (early diagnosed, n = 20; late‐diagnosed, n = 9) with classical (n = 16) or mild PKU (n = 13) aged 6–34 years (16.4 ± 7.5) and 16 caregivers were included. Blood Phe levels were recorded, and assessment tools measuring barriers to treatment, IQ, knowledge about disease, treatment, and perceived adherence were collected. Classical PKU patients showed higher current blood Phe levels than mild PKU patients (U = 37.000, p = 0.003). Lifetime and childhood Phe levels were associated with recent metabolic control (τ = 0.76, p = 0.000; τ = 0.70, p = 0.000, respectively). The perception of barriers to treatment was associated with a higher blood Phe level (τ = 0.39, p = 0.003). Tolerance to Phe, metabolic control throughout childhood, and perceived difficulty in living with demands of treatment are important factors of greater vulnerability to poor adherence in PKU patients.
How are gender inequality and violence against women related? Findings from a population‐level community attitudes survey
Authors: Webster Kim , Ward Andrew , Diemer Kristin , Flood Michael , Honey Nikki , Morgan Jenny , Politoff Violeta , Powell Anastasia , Stubbs Julie
Published: March 2021

Low support for gender equality (GE) predicts attitudes supporting violence against women (VAW). However, little is known about the influence of attitudes toward different manifestations of GE. This study extends knowledge by assessing the relative strength of attitudes to GE across seven theoretically derived dimensions, and their association with attitudes toward VAW. 17,542 Australians participated in the 2017 National Community Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women Survey. Population means were calculated for the following scales formed from survey questions: the Community Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women Scale (CASVAWS), the Gender Equality Attitudes Scale (GEAS) and measures within the GEAS representing the theoretical dimensions. There was variation in support for GE between the measures. The lower the support for GE, the higher the support for VAW. Although all GEAS measures included in regression modelling contributed to variance in the CASVAWS, two accounted for more than half. The study suggests benefits in using a multidimensional model of GE to mitigate cultural support for VAW, with emphasis on the private sphere and countering hostility toward women and rigid gender roles and identities.
Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign in large cerebral infarction
Authors: Hou Jie , Sun Yu , Duan Yang , Zhang Libo , Xing Dengxiang , Lee Xiaoqiu , Yang Benqiang
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To evaluate if the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) is an imaging biomarker for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and the functional outcome of patients with large cerebral infarctions without thrombolytic therapy.

Materials and Methods

The clinical and imaging data of 312 patients with large cerebral infarction without thrombolytic therapy were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into patients who presented with HMCAS (n = 121) and those who did not (non‐HMCAS[n = 168] patients), and the clinical data of the 2 groups were compared. This was a retrospective study.

Results

Of the 289 patients, 83(28.7%) developed HT. The incidence of atrial fibrillation, high homocysteine and admission NIHSS score at the time of admission was significantly higher in the HMCAS patients than in non‐HMCAS patients (p < .05). The ASPECTS was significantly lower in HMCAS patients (t = −5.835, p < .001). The incidence of PH‐2 and 3‐month mRS score was also statistically significant higher in HMCAS patients (χ2 = 3.971, p = .046; χ2 = 5.653, p < .001, respectively). A sub‐analysis showed HMCAS patients with HT were significantly older than non‐HMCAS patients with HT (t = 2.473, p = .015). The incidence of atrial fibrillation and the 3‐month mortality rate were higher in HMCAS patients with HT than in non‐HMCAS patients with HT (χ2 = 3.944, p = .047; χ2 = 6.043, p = .014, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed HT was independently associated with HMCAS (adjusted OR/95% CI/p = 2.762/1.571–4.854/p < .001) and admission NIHSS score (adjusted OR/95% CI/p = 1.081/1.026–1.139/0.003). And HMCAS with HT was independently associated with length of HMCAS (adjusted OR/95% CI/p = 1.216/1.076–1.374/0.002).

Conclusions

HMCAS in patients with a large cerebral infarction without thrombolytic therapy is an independent biomarker of HT. Length of HMCAS is also a marker of HT with lower ASPECTS in HMCAS patients.
The gray zone of thyroid nodules: Using a nomogram to provide malignancy risk assessment and guide patient management
Authors: Yousefi Elham , Sura Gloria H. , Somma Jonathan
Published: March 2021

Background

Thyroid nodules have a low prevalence of malignancy and most proven cancers do not behave aggressively. Thus, risk‐stratification of nodules is a critical step to avoid surgical overtreatment. We hypothesized that a risk management system superior to those currently in use could be created to reduce the number of clinically indeterminate nodules (i.e., the “gray zone”) by concurrently considering the malignancy risks conferred by clinical, ultrasonographic, and cytologic variables.

Methods

Thyroidectomy cases were reviewed from three institutions. Their benign versus malignant outcome was used to evaluate the variables for correlation. A binary logistic regression model was trained and, using indeterminate nodules with Bethesda III and IV results, validated. A scoring nomogram was designed to demonstrate the application of the model in clinical practice.

Results

One hundred thirty thyroidectomies (28% malignant) met inclusion criteria. The final logistic regression model included difficulty in swallowing, hypothyroidism, echogenicity, hypervascularity, margins, calcification, and cytology diagnosis as input parameters. The model was highly successful in determining the outcome (p value: 0.001) with a R2(Nagelkerke) score of 0.93. The area under the curve as determined by receiver operating characteristics was 0.91. The accuracy of the model on the training dataset was 93% (sensitivity and specificity 92% and 96%, respectively) and, on the validation dataset, 80% (sensitivity and specificity 91% and 67%, respectively).

Conclusions

We report a model for risk assessment of thyroid nodules that has the potential to significantly reduce indeterminates and surgical overtreatment. We illustrate its application via a straightforward nomogram, which integrates clinical, ultrasonographic, and cytologic data, and can be used to create clear, evidence‐based management plans for patients.
Zero contrast optical coherence tomography‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non‐ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Liu Zheng‐Yu , Yin Zi‐hui , Liang Cheng‐Yang , He Jing , Wang Chang‐Lu , Peng Xiang , Zhang Yu , Zheng Zhao‐Fen , Pan Hong‐Wei
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To investigate a strategy for ultra‐low volume contrast percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the aims of preserving renal function and observing the 90‐day clinical endpoint in patients with non‐ST‐elevated myocardial infarction (non‐STEMI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Background

The feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of PCI with ultra‐low radio‐contrast medium in patients with non‐STEMI and CKD are unknown.

Methods

A total of 29 patients with non‐STEMI and CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of ≤60 ml/min/1.73 m2) were included. Ultra‐low volume contrast PCI was performed after minimal contrast coronary angiography using zero contrast optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance. Pre‐ and post‐PCI angiographic measurements were performed using quantitative flow ratio (QFR) for pre‐perfusion assessment and verifying improvement.

Results

The median creatinine level was 2.1 (inter‐quartile range 1.8–3.3), and mean eGFR was 48 ± 8 ml/min/1.73 m2 pre‐PCI. During the PCI procedure, OCT revealed 15 (52%) cases of abnormalities post‐dilation. There was no significant change in the creatinine level and eGFR in the short‐ or long‐term, and no major adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

In non‐STEMI patients with high‐risk CKD who require revascularization, QFR and no contrast OCT‐guided ultra‐low contrast PCI may be performed safely without major adverse events.
Electrochemical Selective Oxidative Synthesis of Diversified Sulfur Heterocycles from β‐Ketothioamides
Authors: Wen Li‐Rong , Wang Ning‐Ning , Du Wu‐Bo , Zhu Ming‐Zhe , Pan Chao , Zhang Lin‐Bao , Li Ming
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A general and practical protocol for the construction of diversified sulfur heterocycles has been described through organic electrosynthesis means. In undivided cell, dihydrothiophenes, thiazolines and 1,4‐dithiines could be easily generated from various available β‐ketothioamides under metal‐free and external oxidant‐free conditions. The transformation underwent smoothly under mild conditions and could be easily scaled‐up. Moreover, different sulfur heterocycles were generated through varying solvent and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) could enable the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of this transformation.
Halogen Bonding of Organoiodines and Triiodide Anions in (NMe3Ph)+ Salts
Authors: Peloquin Andrew J. , Kobra Khadijatul , Li Yuxuan , McMillen Colin D. , Pennington William T.
Published: March 2021

To study the role of the triiodide (I3)− anion in establishing various halogen bonding patterns, the trimethylphenylammonium iodide (NMe3PhI) salt was reacted with diiodine (I2) in the presence of a series of organoiodines, tetraiodoethylene (TIE), 1,2‐diiodo‐3,4,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzene (o‐F4DIB), 1,4‐diiodo‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzene (p‐F4DIB), and 1,3,5‐trifluoro‐2,4,6‐triiodobenzene (1,3,5‐F3I3B) to form cocrystals of the organoiodines with the trimethylphenylammonium triiodide (NMe3PhI3) salt. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography revealed the (I3)− anion served as a halogen bond acceptor for the organoiodine donors, forming a variety of 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D packing arrangements through I⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonding. Significant asymmetry was observed within the (I3)− anion. The melting points of the cocrystalline materials, as determined by simultaneous DSC/TGA, ranged from 43 °C to 119 °C and showed a strong dependence on the identity of the organoiodine incorporated into the crystal lattice.
Influence of landscape condition on relative abundance and body condition of two generalist freshwater turtle species
Authors: Mota Joel L. , Brown Donald J. , Canning Danielle M. , Crayton Sara M. , Lozon Darien N. , Gulette Alissa L. , Anderson James T. , Mali Ivana , Dickerson Brian E. , Forstner Michael R. J. , Watson Mark B. , Pauley Thomas K.
Published: March 2021

Anthropogenic land use changes have broad impacts on biological diversity, often resulting in shifts in community composition. While many studies have documented negative impacts on occurrence and abundance of species, less attention has been given to native species that potentially benefit from anthropogenic land use changes. For many species reaching high densities in human‐dominated landscapes, it is unclear whether these environments represent higher quality habitat than more natural environments. We examined the influence of landscape ecological integrity on relative abundance and body condition of two native generalist freshwater turtle species that are prevalent in anthropogenic systems, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and red‐eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Relative abundance was negatively associated with ecological integrity for both species, but the relationship was not strongly supported for painted turtles. Body condition was positively associated with ecological integrity for painted turtles, with no strong association for red‐eared sliders. Our study suggests that both species benefitted at the population level from reduced ecological integrity, but individual‐level habitat quality was reduced for painted turtles. The differing responses between these two habitat generalists could partially explain why red‐eared sliders have become a widespread exotic invasive species, while painted turtles have not.
China and the new world order
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: March 2021

“My impression is that the day is not very far distant when they will make the most rapid strides toward modern civilization and become dangerous rivals to all powers interested in the trade of the East.”

— President Ulysses S. Grant, on visiting Shanghai in 1879
Effect of polarization on the link dynamics of a spinning low‐earth orbits satellite aligned with geomagnetic field
Authors: Talashila Rajavardhan , Ramachandran Harishankar
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the dynamic communication link aspects of IIT Madras student Satellite (IITMSAT). It is a Low‐Earth Orbits satellite which has limited Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) ability to align one of its body axes with the geomagnetic field in orbit. The ADCS of IITMSAT has no control over its spin with respect to the axis along the geomagnetic field. This has a destructive influence on the link aspects between the satellite and the ground station. As the satellite spins over its axis, given the two‐axis attitude control, the gain of the downlink antennas in the direction of the ground station vary all through the pass of the satellite over the ground station, which will, in turn, affect the signal received at the ground station. Similarly, the uplink is also affected. A rigorous analysis of the variation of the link strengths for uplink and downlink along typical passes of the satellite above a ground station located in Chennai, India, is presented, taking into account the geomagnetic field at the altitude of the orbit. This analysis helps in choosing the polarization (LHCP or RHCP) for uplink and stresses the need for polarization diversity at the ground station for downlink. This will ensure the link with the ground station remains robust through the pass of the satellite and hence achieving higher amounts of data transfer with the satellite. Further, this work helps design the satellite onboard antennas for better link performance, taking into account the ground station location and assisting in taking system‐level decisions for small satellite missions.
Syn‐ and post‐eruptive gully formation near the Laacher See volcano
Authors: Engel Max , Dotterweich Markus , Fülling Alexander , Brill Dominik , Broisch‐Höhner Manuela , Totschnig Ralf , Seren Sirri , Kehl Martin
Published: March 2021

The Laacher See volcano (LSV) is located at the western margin of the Neuwied Basin, the central part of the Middle Rhine Basin of Germany. Its paroxysmal Plinian eruption c. 13 ka ago (Laacher See event; LSE) deposited a complex tephra sequence in the Neuwied Basin, whilst the distal ashes became one of the most important chronostratigraphic markers in Central Europe. However, some other impacts on landscape formation have thus far been largely neglected, such as buried gully structures in the proximity of the LSV. In this contribution, we map and discuss the spatial extent of these landforms at the site Lungenkärchen c. 4 km south of the LSV based on geophysical prospection as well as contrasting pedo‐sedimentary characteristics of the gully infill (particle‐size distribution, bulk‐sediment density, thin‐section analysis, saturated hydraulic conductivity) and the surrounding soils and tephra layers. These data are combined with a luminescence‐ and carbon‐14 (14C)‐based age model that relates them to the LSE. It is demonstrated how these gullies seem to have been formed and rapidly infilled by rainfall and surface discharge both during and subsequent to the eruptive phase, with modern analog processes documented for the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption (Washington State, USA). Given the density of the gullies at the site and their deviating pedo‐sedimentary properties compared to the surrounding soils, we propose a significant influence on agricultural production in the proximity of the LSV, which remains to be tested in future studies. Finally, in contrast, gullies of similar lateral and vertical dimensions identified in post‐LSE reworked loess and tephra deposits of the Wingertsbergwand (close to the main study site and proximal to the LSV) have shown to be unrelated to the LSE and can either be attributed to periglacial processes at the Younger Dryas‐Preboreal transition or to linear incision during the early Holocene.
Mass collapse and resedimentation on a Brigantian–Early Namurian platform margin,Halkyn–Moldarea, North Wales,UK
Authors: Kirkham Anthony
Published: March 2021

Observations on Late Mississippian strata are summarized including: the Brigantian Cefn Mawr Limestone and Minera formations; and the Namurian Pentre Chert and Cefn‐y‐Fedw Sandstone formations. Many of those observations relate to transitory, commercial quarry exposures, especially in the Cefn Mawr Limestone Formation. During the Late Mississippian, the area was located in proximity to an unstable northeast‐facing platform edge and slope on which earlier workers postulated a megaslide, probably related to the Nant Figillt Fault zone and affecting the Cefn Mawr Limestone and Pentre Chert formations. This study reinforces that general model and highlights new evidence indicative of mass wastage along the platform margin including: synsedimentary faults, slides and slumps. Penecontemporaneous submarine crevassing occurred in the Pentre Chert Formation. Limestone beds previously described as tidal or storm‐related sand bars in the Cefn Mawr Limestone Formation are instead considered as gravity‐driven resedimented deposits. Channelling in relatively deep water facies of the Cefn Mawr Limestone, Pentre Chert, and Cefn‐y‐Fedw Sandstone formations occurred.
An imperfect test for a virus can Be worse than No test at all
Authors: Whitmeyer Mark
Published: March 2021

This note studies the effect of the availability of a test for a virus on the public health of a population. It is shown by example that the existence of a freely available and moderately informative test for a virus may lower society's welfare in comparison to the case where no test exists or access to the test is restricted. In this setting, any test provided to any subset of agents who would find it optimal not to isolate absent the test improves welfare.
Consolidation of primary care physicians and its impact on healthcare utilization
Authors: Zhang Jonathan , Chen Yiwei , Einav Liran , Levin Jonathan , Bhattacharya Jay
Published: March 2021

We use administrative data from Medicare to document the massive consolidation of primary care physicians over the last decade and its impact on patient healthcare utilization. We first document that primary care organizations have consolidated all over the United States between 2008 and 2014. We then show that regions that experienced greater consolidation are associated with greater decline in overall healthcare spending. Finally, in our primary exercise, we exploit transitions of patients across organizations that are driven by changes in the organizational affiliations of their primary care physicians to study the impact of organizational size on overall spending. Our preferred specification suggests that patients switching from small to large physician organizations reduce their overall healthcare spending by 16%, and that this reduction is primarily driven by a 13% reduction in primary care visits and 0.09 (21%) fewer inpatient admissions per year.
Use of point scale models to improve conceptual understanding in complex aquifers: An example from a sandstone aquifer in the Eden valley, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Lafare Antoine E. A. , Peach Denis W. , Hughes Andrew G.
Published: March 2021

Understanding catchment functioning is increasingly important to enable water resources to be quantified and used sustainably, flood risk to be minimized, as well as to protect the system from degradation by pollution. Developing conceptual understanding of groundwater systems and their encapsulation in models is an important part of this understanding, but they are resource intensive to create and calibrate. The relative lack of data or the particular complexity of a groundwater system can prevent the development of a satisfactory conceptual understanding of the hydrological behaviour, which can be used to construct an adequate distributed model. A time series of daily groundwater levels from the Permo‐Triassic sandstones situated in the River Eden Valley, Cumbria, UK have been analysed. These hydrographs show a range of behaviours and therefore have previously been studied using statistical and time series analysis techniques. This paper describes the application of AquiMOD, impulse response function (IRF) and combined AquiMOD‐IRF methods to characterize the daily groundwater hydrographs. The best approach for each characteristic type of response has been determined and related to the geological and hydrogeological framework found at each borehole location. It is clear that AquiMOD, IRF and a combination of AquiMOD with IRF can be deployed to reproduce hydrograph responses in a range of hydrogeological settings. Importantly the choice of different techniques demonstrates the influence of differing processes and hydrogeological settings. Further they can distinguish the influences of differing hydrogeological environments and the impacts these have on the groundwater flow processes. They can be used, as shown in this paper, in a staged approach to help develop reliable and comprehensive conceptual models of groundwater flow. This can then be used as a solid basis for the development of distributed models, particularly as the latter are resource expensive to build and to calibrate effectively. This approach of using simple models and techniques first identifies specific aspects of catchment functioning, for example influence of the river, that can be later tested in a distributed model.
Divot recovery of cool‐season turfgrass species and mixtures in low maintenance fairways
Authors: Bonos Stacy A. , Weibel Eric N. , Honig Josh , Murphy James A. , Hoffman‐Chappell Lindsey , Meyer William A.
Published: March 2021

There is a need to identify turfgrass species and mixtures for golf course fairways that can be managed sustainably with reduced fertility, pesticides, and irrigation. The current study evaluated Agrostis stolonifera L. (creeping bentgrass [AST]), Agrostis capillaris L. (colonial bentgrass [ACP]), Agrostis canina L. (velvet bentgrass [ACN]), Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaudin (Chewings fescue [FRC]), Festuca brevipila Tracey (hard fescue [FBP]), and Festuca rubra L. ssp. littoralis (G. Mey) Auquier (slender creeping red fescue [FRL]) planted as monostands and in mixtures to determine the ideal choice for low maintenance fairway management. Plots were established in the fall of 2014 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Turf quality and disease resistance were evaluated visually from 2015–2018. Divots were mechanically created during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 and evaluated visually for initial divot injury and recovery every two weeks. Monostands and mixtures of ACN had the best turf quality and least brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) but took longer to recover from divots. A. capillaris monostands and mixtures exhibited above average turf quality but were more susceptible to brown patch disease. Compared to all other entries, monostands and mixtures of AST had the lowest turf quality and most dollar spot (caused by Clarireedia jacksonii C. Salgado, L.A. Beirn, B.B. Clarke, & J.A. Crouch sp. nov.). Festuca L. spp. (fine fescue spp.), when mixed with improved ACP cultivars such as ‘Puritan’ and ‘Capri’, exhibited above average turf quality but had below average performance in monostands or when combined with older ACP cultivars such as SR 7100. Divot resistance and recovery were variable between years but the FRL cultivar Shoreline and most FRC cultivars recovered quickly in both years, while ACP cultivar Capri and FBP cultivar Beacon were slow to recover in both years. Most species and mixtures were comparable and, in some cases, better than AST for divot recovery indicating that the alternative species tested in this study could provide sustainable turfgrass management on golf course fairways.
Numerical simulation of water and nitrogen transport in three turfgrass systems
Authors: Sun Hongyan , Kopp Kelly , Cardon Grant , Jones Scott
Published: March 2021

The relative contributions to N leaching in turfgrass systems from over irrigation, over fertilization, N form, and soil texture, require characterization. In this study, water transport parameters were calibrated using an inverse simulation with a Kentucky bluegrass landscape. Subsequently those parameters were applied to simulate water use by tall fescue and buffalograss turfgrasses using numerical modeling. Using the calibrated soil hydraulic parameters obtained from the water transport simulation, N transport and transformation was modeled with Hydrus‐1D. A variable boundary condition was used to describe irrigation and fertilization schedules, including the composition of applied fertilizer and the estimated N content of returned turf clippings. Numerical simulations using multiple fertilization events at two rates (1X, 2X) of actual applied fertilizer (2010) and three irrigation levels (1X, 1.5X, and 2X) of optimized irrigation amounts (2010), and a quick‐release fertilization with 1X irrigation for each turfgrass species were used to compare N leaching from the root zone. To demonstrate the influence of soil texture on N leaching, three different soil textures were also simulated. Simulation results showed that over irrigation was the main contributing factor to NO3‐N leaching and that soil texture also affected NO3‐N leaching rate significantly. However, N form or over fertilization alone, without over irrigation, did not affect NO3‐N leaching in turf.
Pacific shoot‐gall disease control in annual bluegrass putting greens using a new formulation of abamectin
Authors: Orlinski Pawel M. , Petelewicz Pawel , Schiavon Marco , Mundo‐Ocampo Manuel , Becker J. Ole , Baird James H.
Published: March 2021

The Pacific shoot‐gall nematode (Anguina pacificae Cid del Prado Vera & Maggenti, 1984) is a devastating pest on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) putting greens in coastal Northern California, USA. Frequently used plant protection compounds such as fenamiphos and azadirachtin are either no longer registered or very expensive and have often resulted in nematode suppression at best. A new formulation of abamectin (Divanem®; Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) was tested at two rates (0.15 and 0.30 kg a.i. ha−1) and two application frequencies (2X vs. 4X) in comparison to fluopyram (Indemnify®; Bayer CropScience, St. Louis, MO) applied at the rate of 0.5 kg a.i. ha−1 on three California golf courses: Pasatiempo, Santa Cruz; Laguna Seca, Monterey; and Del Monte, Monterey. Fluopyram showed the best efficacy regarding recovery from and protection against the Pacific shoot‐gall disease. Generally, only two applications were required for season‐long protection. Four applications of the new formulation of abamectin at the high rate were often necessary to achieve efficacy similar to fluopyram. Overall, abamectin represents another new plant protection tool that offers a treatment alternative for the management of this pathogen. Neither product had much effect on populations of soil‐dwelling A. pacificae, spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.), ring (Criconemoides spp.), and root‐knot (Meloidogyne spp.) nematodes.
Simulated traffic on turfgrasses during drought stress: II. Soil moisture, soil compaction, and rooting
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Bremer Dale J. , Hoyle Jared A.
Published: March 2021

Turf is often subject to traffic stresses during drought. Our objectives were to evaluate the impacts of golf cart traffic applied during simulated drought on soil properties and turfgrass rooting. Soil and roots in the upper profile (0–30.5 cm) were evaluated in two cool‐season (C3) [Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)] and two warm‐season (C4) turfgrasses {buffalograss [Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)} maintained at golf course mowing heights (1.6 [fairway] and 6.3 cm [rough]) during a 41‐d drought (with traffic) and subsequent 40‐d recovery (without traffic). After drought, soil bulk density was ≤1.40 g cm−3 and generally below the 1.55 g cm−3 threshold, where root‐growth restriction is more problematic. After drought, soil penetration resistance exceeded 2.0 MPa at lower depths, especially at fairway height, which may impede root‐growth. The C3 turfgrasses had 46–70% more root biomass and 150–290% more root length density than C4 turfgrasses. However, only root diameter was correlated with turf canopy performance (r = 0.501; P < .001), which was 20–23% less in Kentucky bluegrass; a smaller root diameter may have diminished its ability to explore for moisture as soils dried. Most differences in soil and root characteristics resulted from drought and not traffic stress, since the traffic main effect was not significant. Results indicate cart traffic during acute drought may have negligible effects on soil compaction and rooting.
Poa trivialis, Lolium perenne or Poa annua as nurse crops for faster establishment of Agrostis stolonifera putting greens in Nordic climates
Authors: Heltoft Pia , Thorvaldsson Gudni , Jensen Anne Mette Dahl , Espevig Tatsiana , Hesselsøe Karin Juul , Waalen Wendy , Petersen Torben Kastrup , Pettersen Trond , Tangsveen Jan , Sørensen Per , Gneist Tania , Hannesson Bjarni , Sundsdal Kristine , Aamlid Trygve S.
Published: March 2021

Seed mixtures with a nurse grass that germinates quickly at low soil temperatures can be an option for faster establishment of Agrostis stolonifera (AS) putting greens after winter damage. From 2015 to 2018 Poa trivialis (PT) ‘Dark Horse’ and Lolium perenne (LP) ‘Chardin’ were evaluated as nurse grasses in comparison with pure AS ‘Independence’ at two experimental sites in each of the two major climatic zones of the Nordic countries. Poa annua (PA) ‘Two‐Putt’ was also included as a nurse grass in the northern zone. As an overall trend, establishment was faster with AS+LP than with AS+PT and AS+PA, which both had faster establishment than pure AS. In the northern zone, AS+PT produced better turf quality than pure AS in the seeding year and year after and tended to be superior even on average for the entire trial period (mean value 6.0 versus 5.8 for pure AS, 5.3 for AS+LP, and 4.6 for AS+PA; scale 1–9 where 9 is the highest quality). Within the same zone, AS+PT also suffered less overall winter damage than the other combinations and was less infected with microdochium patch than pure AS. In the southern zone, PT and especially LP were far more persistent than in the northern zone and compromised turfgrass quality compared with pure AS. In conclusion, we recommend PT as a nurse grass for faster establishment of AS putting in the northern zone, but not in the southern zone where AS should rather be seeded in a pure stand.
Coagulation dysfunction in patients with AECOPD and its relation to infection and hypercapnia
Authors: Liu Mei , Hu Ruixue , Jiang Xuqin , Mei Xiaodong
Published: March 2021

Background

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often have coagulation abnormalities. However, the factors that lead to coagulation dysfunction in acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting coagulation status in patients with COPD and their influence on thrombosis.

Methods

Data of COPD patients, including 135 cases in acute exacerbation stage and 44 cases in stable stage from Nov 2016 to Nov 2019 in our hospital, were collected. Healthy people (n = 135) were enrolled as the controls. The coagulation parameters, blood gas indexes and blood routine examination results were collected and analyzed.

Results

White blood count (WBC), neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage (N%), platelet (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), fibrinogen (FIB), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) increased, plasma thrombin time (TT) decreased in AECOPD group compared with the control group. In AECOPD group, PT, APTT, and FIB were positively correlated with neutrophils and C‐reaction protein levels. PT was positively correlated with PCO2 and negatively with pH. Thrombosis was observed in five acute exacerbation and three stable stage COPD patients.

Conclusions

Patients with AECOPD presented abnormal coagulation status, which was correlated to infection and hypercapnia and might be potentially the risk factor of thrombosis.
Effects of the Competitive Season and Off‐Season on Knee Articular Cartilage in Collegiate Basketball Players Using Quantitative MRI: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Rubin Elka B. , Mazzoli Valentina , Black Marianne S. , Young Katherine , Desai Arjun D. , Koff Matthew F. , Sreedhar Ashwin , Kogan Feliks , Safran Marc R. , Vincentini Dominic J. , Knox Katelin A. , Yamada Tomoo , McCabe Andrew , Majumdar Sharmila , Potter Hollis G. , Gold Garry E.
Published: March 2021

Background

Injuries to the articular cartilage in the knee are common in jumping athletes, particularly high‐level basketball players. Unfortunately, these are often diagnosed at a late stage of the disease process, after tissue loss has already occurred.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To evaluate longitudinal changes in knee articular cartilage and knee function in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball players and their evolution over the competitive season and off‐season.

Study Type

Longitudinal, multisite cohort study.

Population

Thirty‐two NCAA Division 1 athletes: 22 basketball players and 10 swimmers.

Field Strength/Sequence

Bilateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a combined T1ρ and T2 magnetization‐prepared angle‐modulated portioned k‐space spoiled gradient‐echo snapshots (MAPSS) sequence at 3T.

Assessment

We calculated T2 and T1ρ relaxation times to compare compositional cartilage changes between three timepoints: preseason 1, postseason 1, and preseason 2. Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were used to assess knee health.

Statistical Tests

One‐way variance model hypothesis test, general linear model, and chi‐squared test.

Results

In the femoral articular cartilage of all athletes, we saw a global decrease in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times during the competitive season (all P < 0.05) and an increase in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times during the off‐season (all P < 0.05). In the basketball players' femoral cartilage, the anterior and central compartments respectively had the highest T2 and T1ρ relaxation times following the competitive season and off‐season. The basketball players had significantly lower KOOS measures in every domain compared with the swimmers: Pain (P < 0.05), Symptoms (P < 0.05), Function in Daily Living (P < 0.05), Function in Sport/Recreation (P < 0.05), and Quality of Life (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that T2 and T1ρ MRI can detect significant seasonal changes in the articular cartilage of basketball players and that there are regional differences in the articular cartilage that are indicative of basketball‐specific stress on the femoral cartilage. This study demonstrates the potential of quantitative MRI to monitor global and regional cartilage health in athletes at risk of developing cartilage problems.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 2
Fully automated identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution‐online solid phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Tu Xiang‐ting , Zhou Han‐xiao , Wang Shu‐ting , Guo Feng , Rao Zhu , Zhan Nan , Zhu Shuai , Jia Jing , Yang Hong‐bo , Chen Ling‐yu
Published: March 2021

A fully automated method for identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution‐online solid‐phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry was developed. After one step of filtration, an aliquot of a 7.5‐ml water sample was automatedly preconcentrated and purified on a turbulent Cyclone SPE column. The analytes were eluted in backflush mode, then separated on an analytical column and acquired by full MS/dd‐MS2 scan in negative and positive ions mode. The major parameters for sample loading, cleanup, and elution were optimized in detail. Preconcentration and ionization efficiency were highly improved by using 0.1% acid solution in the mobile phase. The method provided good linearity of calibration coefficients (R2 > 0.995), sensitive method limits of detection (0.5–10.0 ng/L), accurate mass spectra (within 5 ppm error), satisfactory matrix spiking recoveries (98.4% to 109%), and high precision (intraday/interday relative standard deviations 1.57–8.90%). The method was successfully applied to analyze large batch groundwater of National Groundwater Monitoring Project and suspect screening of potential pesticides in groundwater. The study provided a practical alternative for a simple, robust, sensitive, and accurate identification and qualification of five polar pesticides in groundwater.
Analysis of aristolochic acids in Houttuynia cordata by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chan Chi‐Kong , Pan Guanrui , Chan Wan
Published: March 2021

Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) is a popular vegetable in Asian countries and is also used extensively as herbal medicine in treating various diseases. H. cordata contains aristolactams, which have a similar Chinese name as aristolochic acids (AAs); hence, an emerging concern in the greater China region has arisen about the potential linkage between H. cordata and aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). However, only a single study has tested for the presence of AAs in H. cordata samples, and the analysis was limited by the analytical sensitivity of the method. Thus, further analysis of AAs in H. cordata using analytical method of higher sensitivity is needed to alleviate public anxiety over the use of this popular vegetable. In this study, a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was used to analyze H. cordata samples for the natural existence of aristolochic acid I (AA‐I) and aristolochic acid II (AA‐II), which are the most carcinogenic and nephrotoxic compounds in the AA family. After evaluating the method performance by fortifying blank samples with three concentrations of AAs, the validated method was applied to identify AA‐I and AA‐II in both fresh and sun‐dried H. cordata samples (n = 20) collected from different cities in China. The LC–MS/MS method achieved method detection limits (MDLs) as low as 2 ng/g of AAs in H. cordata. Analysis of the collected fresh and sun‐dried H. cordata samples revealed that AA‐I and AA‐II either do not exist naturally in H. cordata or exist at concentrations below the MDLs. Therefore, it is not very likely that consumption of H. cordata will result in AAN because AA‐I and AA‐II, the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic culprits of AAN, are not produced naturally in the plant or are produced at levels that do not pose a risk of AAN.
Postvaccination prevalence of vaccine‐Human Papillomavirus (vHPV) genotypes among the target population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sabeena Sasidharanpillai , Ravishankar Nagaraja
Published: March 2021

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are safe and are highly effective in reducing the prevalence of HPV infections and subsequent HPV associated diseases in the target population. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was carried out searching electronic databases for articles published between January 2007 and September 2020 reporting the prevalence estimates of vaccine HPV (vHPV) types in women who had received one or more doses of quadrivalent or bivalent vaccines. This systematic review was based on standard systematic review guidelines and the meta‐analysis was performed by pooling the HPV vaccine type prevalence data with 95% confidence interval (CI) among 16,929 young women who had received the prophylactic HPV vaccines before the age of 27 years. The overall pooled prevalence of vHPV types was.0.04 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.05). The meta‐analysis concludes that prophylactic HPV vaccination before the age of 27 years results in a decline of vHPV types in young women.