bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood Injury Pattern During Covid 19 Pandemic: A Population - based Study in Rural Area in Basrah City (Iraq)
Authors: AL-Mulla Amall Y.
Published: December 2021

Background: Children injuries are a major public health problem globally and considered as an important social health issue that needs an urgent care and action, regards as a health consideration in the whole world, influencing both developed and developing countries. The increased exposure to potentially hazardous home environments and activities caused by stay-at-home orders and closures of schools due to COVID-19 pandemic may be responsible for a new spate of injuries among children in 2020. method: population based cross sectional study done in rural area (Al-Jazeera/Shatt Al-Arab). This cross sectional study involved households with at least one child in age group of less than 18 years, in rural area in Basra city (2020). Objectives: To determine the magnitude of childhood injuries during COVID-19 pandemic in terms of incidence, to determine nature and causes of injuries and factors that may affect the incidence of childhood injuries that is associated with quarantine and homestay for long periods during pandemic. A total of 652 children under 18 years of age (according to the definition of WHO) were included in the study, 109 children had injuries during the pandemic year (2020). Result: The incidence rate of injury in the area was 167.1/ 1000 children, males show higher incidence rate of injury rather than females. the effect of child sex, mother education and age on the incidence of injury were highly significant, while age of child and birth order were not significant. Soft tissue injuries and burns were the leading causes of injuries in our household study. General improvement and modification of sociocultural environment are recommended, children and adolescent education about safety and necessary precaution. establishing of injury surveillance system is important for preventing and control of injuries Governments and healthcare authorities should proactively implement appropriate intervention programs and better resources to prevent these home injuries during lockdown.
Evaluating Maps and Illustrations in Geography Books for the Middle Stage
Authors: Abdullah Wejdan Saad , Reda Dr. Najdat Abdel Raouf Abdel
Published: December 2021

This research aims to (evaluating maps and illustrations in geography books for the preparatory stage). In order to answer the research questions, the researchers prepared two tools, the first tool represented the quality standard of maps, while the second tool represented the standard of photographers, and the map tool in its final form consisted of (51) fifty-one indicators distributed on (13) thirteen basic elements of the map and a visual variable, either The graphic tool included (39) thirty-nine indicators distributed over (12) twelve criteria, and the validity was confirmed by presenting them to the arbitrators. Stability through time, stability between two analysts, so the reliability coefficient reached: for the researcher over time for the maps criterion (91%) and for the graphics criterion (93%), and the reliability coefficient between the researcher and the other analysts for the maps criterion (88%) and for the graphics criterion (90%). To analyze the data, the researcher used the statistical methods and means represented by: Cooper's equation to calculate the reliability coefficient, frequencies, arithmetic mean and standard deviation to find out the degree of availability of each indicator and each criterion. Most of them were low for these books. As for the pictorial ones (pictures and drawings), the percentage of verification in the fourth and fifth grade book was higher than what was achieved in the sixth grade book.
An Analysis of Virtual Reality Usage through a Descriptive Research Analysis on School Students' Experiences: A Study from India
Authors: Raja M. , Priya G.G. Lakshmi
Published: December 2021

This study aims to enhance learning among school students through Virtual Reality. Virtual learning gives a guaranteed environment in the education field. Recently, many schools have started implementing the Virtual Reality Learning (VRL) platform. Virtual Reality learning creates a friendly human and machine interface. Nowadays, it has become an essential tool in both private and public schools. VRL focuses on interactive learning and reduces the gap between practical experience and learner's knowledge. V.R. connects the students worldwide and develops accessible learning. 330 school students from the southern part of India are surveyed after introducing V.R. enabled classes. Their view on Virtual reality-aided Learning is analyzed. A conceptual model for usage of VRL in school education is designed and developed to examine the students' view and satisfaction towards VRL. The model is estimated using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using AMOS Software. The study has revealed that the students are satisfied with Virtual Reality Learning as it is easy to understand and satisfies all their learning necessities.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak on the Performance of Sign Language Interpreters
Authors: Ellala Saeb Kamel , Hammad Ibrahim , Abushaira Mohamed
Published: December 2021

In general, stress affects the efficiency of workers’ performance. With the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak, sign language interpreters experience increased stress due to various factors. This study aims to determine the stressors faced by sign language interpreters during the pandemic. To achieve this goal, we prepared a questionnaire consisting of 15 paragraphs covering psychological, health, cognitive, linguistic and environmental aspects. Then, we surveyed 57 sign language interpreters in the Arab region. In the analysis, we calculated the average performance levels in addition to the differences between participants’ average scores. We also divided the stress levels into three categories: simple, moderate and severe. Results indicated that the stress was medium on average and no statistically significant differences in the performance average in accordance with the study variables (gender, experience and workplace).
Community Empowerment Synergy Model based on Parenting Programs in Reducing Numbers of Stunting in Cirebon Regency
Authors: Hatimah Ihat , Lutfiansyah Dadang Yunus
Published: December 2021

The framework for preventing stunting can not only be carried out by government agencies but can also be implemented by public, this implies that stunting prevention is not only the responsibility of the health sector but requires the participation of all parties to contribute together in reducing numbers. Stunting in Indonesia, especially in Cirebon Regency, includes the need for change, attitudes, behavior, and mindset of society that must be changed to handle stunting as one of the efforts is through a synergy model of community empowerment parenting programs carried out synergistically and collaboratively by various institutions either by regional work units or by social organizations.
Problems of Innovative Transformation of Russian Higher Education Developmental Education on the Example of Agrarian University
Authors: Kovaleva G.P. , Dekina A.I.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformational processes in Russian higher education aimed at restructuring the educational environment based on developmental education technologies that contribute to the formation of students' systematic thinking and abilities for self-realization in the professional sphere. Following this agenda, the change in the content of education in the Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy and the use of innovative teaching methods (business games, integrator, storytelling, pedagogical design, etc.) modify the role of the teaching staff. They initiate it as not only a translator of knowledge, but also makes it a key element in creation of prerequisites for employment of graduates and their professional implementation. Advanced training and retraining of teachers and administrative and managerial personnel of the Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy in the profile of developmental education creates conditions for the transition to "systematic thought activity pedagogy", training on its basis highly qualified specialists who are able to form their own individual trajectory of professional and career growth at the request of the employer, providing with their labor stability of the functioning of the agroeconomy of the region. The research used the system-dialectical, comparative and integrative methods.
The Effect of Portfolio Assessment on Students’ Writing Competency during Online Learning Period
Authors: Berliningrum Caecilia , Putrayasa Ida Bagus , Sudiana I Nyoman , Sutama I Made
Published: December 2021

The current study was aimed at investigating students' writing competency before and after the implementation of portfolio assessment during online learning. This study was an experimental study conducted in one private school in Buleleng, Bali. The result of descriptive and inferential analysis found that students writing competency in posttest (8.20) was higher than pretest (7.42). A significant of mean difference was also identified from the result of paired sample t test (Sig. .000). Thus, it can be concluded that portfolio assessment has significant effect on students' writing competency.
The Influence of Human Development Skills on First Intermediate Grade Female Students’ Creative Expression
Authors: Hana Haider Mohamed , Al-Hasnawi Mersal Abdulhameed Oudah
Published: December 2021

The present study aims to identify the influence of human development skills on creative expression among first-grade intermediate female students. The two researchers chose a sample of (61) female students from the first intermediate grade in Al-Siyadah School for Girls affiliated to the Directorate of Education in the Province of Babylon. They were divided into two groups, with (30) female students in the experimental group and (31) female students in the control group. The two researchers studied the experimental group according to Human development skills. They studied the control group in the traditional way. They prepared a test that consisted of (20) items of the type of true and false. The total score of the test was (60) scores, with three scores for each item. The second part was an essay question with a higher score of (40). After verifying the validity and difficulty of its items, the strength of its distinction, and the stability of correction according to the criteria used by the two researchers with a duration of the experiment that lasted an entire semester, the two researchers used the t-test for two independent samples, the item discrimination coefficient, the CHI square, the difficulty coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, And the Spearman-Brown equation. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group students who studied according to human development skills over the control group students who studied in the traditional way in the creative expression skills test. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students which is (79,57) and the average scores of the control group students which is (69,74) in the creative written expression skills test.
Comic Relief and Young Learners - How Exposure to Plays Will Influence their Intellect?
Authors: Geethanadani K. , Rajkumar Dr. Saradha
Published: December 2021

The cognitive ability helps people understand the world and orient themselves with the general perspective they have in their minds. Young learners who are always in a quest for knowledge are busy awaiting to acquire new life experiences. It can happen throughout the entire span of life. Reading books that will educate their minds can be helping them unconsciously enhance their intellect. Here unintentionally, plays can be considered rendering enlightenment by entertaining them and enriching their minds. Comic relief in the farcical plays tells that life is loaded with possibilities. Hence, one could expect the unexpected. Focus is made on the comedies, which can be sarcastic or mocking but incur lessons. Oscar Wilde's saying, "If you want to tell the truth, make them laugh, otherwise they'll kill you", is the concept behind the study. Shakespeare is appreciated here as a writer for all ages and also for generations to come. Experience gained through perspectives with which a literary text can be approached is dealt with in the analysis. This proves that literature can enhance the necessary cognitive knowledge in young learners irrespective of their age and understanding capability. Further, the enormous contribution of literature as text in giving knowledge about life and purpose is also discussed.
5‐Aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate ameliorate muscle aging and extend healthspan in Drosophila
Authors: Nozawa Naoko , Noguchi Marie , Shinno Kanako , Tajima Maki , Aizawa Shingo , Saito Taro , Asada Akiko , Ishii Takuya , Ishizuka Masahiro , Iijima Koichi M. , Ando Kanae
Published: December 2021

Declines in mitochondrial functions are associated with aging. The combination of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) improves mitochondrial functions in cultured cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with 5‐ALA and SFC (5‐ALA/SFC) on the healthspan and life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Adult Drosophila fruit flies were fed cornmeal food containing various concentrations of 5‐ALA/SFC. Locomotor functions, life span, muscle architecture, and age‐associated changes in mitochondrial function were analyzed. We found that feeding 5‐ALA/SFC mitigated age‐associated declines in locomotor functions and extended organismal life span. Moreover, 5‐ALA/SFC preserved muscle architecture and maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential in aged animals. Since 5‐ALA phosphate/SFC is used as a human dietary supplement, our results suggest that it could be used to slow the age‐related declines in muscle functions, prevent age‐associated clinical conditions such as frailty, and extend healthspan and life span.
Reduced‐order functional observers for descriptor linear time‐invariant systems: a parametric method
Authors: Gu Da‐Ke , Sun Li‐Song , Liu Yin‐Dong
Published: December 2021

This article introduces the parametric design method of the reduced‐order functional observer for descriptor linear time‐invariant systems. First, existence conditions of reduced‐order functional observers are provided. Then, based on the solution of generalized Sylvester equations, completely parameterized expressions of the coefficients matrices of the reduced‐order functional observer are established, and the design algorithm of the reduced‐order functional observer is also proposed. The advantage of the proposed design method is that the observation error system can be transformed into a linear system with an expected eigenstructure. Finally, two examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cholesteric Cellulose Liquid Crystals with Multifunctional Structural Colors
Authors: Zhang Zhuohao , Chen Zhuoyue , Wang Yu , Zhao Yuanjin , Shang Luoran
Published: December 2021

Structural coloration is an intriguing phenomenon that exists widely in living creatures. A genuine bionic design of artificial structural colors requires accommodating of molecular interactions that contribute to dynamic optical responses over various external stimuli. Novel composite cellulose cholesteric liquid crystals are reported with additional molecular interactions and dynamic regulations as a bionic prototype for biological structural coloration. It is found that the incorporation of polymer monomers increases the amount of hydrogen bonds, leading to a broader range of color tunability. In addition, the crosslinking of the polymer is accompanied by a time‐dependent structure alternation of the cellulose cholesteric liquid crystals, which offers a duration control of irradiation over the color. Based on these phenomena, a series of structural color materials is developed with dynamic photonic responsiveness and high‐resolution patterns; their utility in wearable sensors, graphic displays, and information encryption is demonstrated. It is believed that this study presents a next‐generation biomimetic photonic material design and applications for different areas.
The Regioselective Arylation of 1,3‐Benzodioxoles
Authors: Kanai Yuki , Müller‐Borges Dorian , Plenio Herbert
Published: December 2021

The direct arylation of 1,3‐benzodioxole and 2,2‐difluorobenzo[1,3]dioxole with 26 different aryl bromides yields the respective 4‐substitued products in yields of >80% requiring between 0.05–1 mol % Na2PdCl4, 30 mol % pivalic acid, 1.3 equivs. K2CO3 and ca. 250 equivs. of diethylacetamide per Pd at T=120 °C. The nature of the amide and the concentration of the reactants are crucial for the optimization of the reaction conditions. The primary role of the acetamide is that of a ligand to Pd, it is not needed as a solvent.

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Deep eutectic solvents for efficient capture of cyclohexane in volatile organic compounds: Thermodynamic and molecular mechanism
Authors: Li Guoxuan , Gui Chengmin , Zhu Ruisong , Lei Zhigang
Published: December 2021

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as promising green absorbents were first proposed to capture the condensable cyclohexane gas. Choline chloride–ethylene glycol (EG) (Ethaline) and choline chloride–urea (Reline) were prepared using choline chloride as the hydrogen‐bond acceptor (HBA) and urea or EG as the hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD). To explore the potential application of DESs in condensable gas capture, the COSMO‐RS model was used to predict the solubility of cyclohexane in Ethaline and Reline. The thermodynamic properties, that is, Henry's constant and excess enthalpy, were estimated by correlating solubility data with Henry's law equation. Quantum chemical (QC) calculation was applied to understand the absorption mechanism at the molecular level. The results showed that the absorption performance of cyclohexane in Ethaline and Reline was dependent on the weak interaction between O of EG (or N of urea) and H of cyclohexane as well as the free volume effect of DESs.
Intracranial venous malformation masquerading as a meningioma in PI3KCA‐related overgrowth spectrum disorder
Authors: Filippidis Aristotelis , Lidov Hart , Al‐Ibraheemi Alyaa , See Alfred P. , Srivastava Siddharth , Orbach Darren B. , Fehnel Katie Pricola
Published: December 2021

Gain of function PIK3CA pathogenic variants have been identified in overgrowth syndromes collectively termed “PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum” (PROS). There are no previously reported cases of cerebrovascular venous malformations in PROS syndromes, though somatic activating PIK3CA variants have been identified in extracranial venous malformation. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boar at Boston Children's Hospital. A 14‐year‐old female mosaic for the de novo p.R108H pathogenic variant in the PIK3CA gene was found to have a large tumor involving the superior sagittal sinus with mass effect on the motor cortex most consistent with a parafalcine meningioma. She underwent surgical resection with pathology demonstrating a venous malformation. PIK3CA pathogenic variants have been identified in nonsyndromic extracranial venous and lymphatic malformations as well in brain tumors, including glioma and meningioma. However, PIK3CA variants have not previously been identified in purely intracranial venous malformations. This distinction is relevant to treatment decisions, given that mTOR inhibitors may provide an alternative option for noninvasive therapy in cases of suspected venous malformation.
Automated pose estimation in primates
Authors: Hayden Benjamin Y. , Park Hyun Soo , Zimmermann Jan
Published: December 2021

Understanding the behavior of primates is important for primatology, for psychology, and for biology more broadly. It is also important for biomedicine, where primates are an important model organism, and whose behavior is often an important variable of interest. Our ability to rigorously quantify behavior has, however, long been limited. On one hand, we can rigorously quantify low‐information measures like preference, looking time, and reaction time; on the other, we can use more gestalt measures like behavioral categories tracked via ethogram, but at high cost and with high variability. Recent technological advances have led to a major revolution in behavioral measurement that offers affordable and scalable rigor. Specifically, digital video cameras and automated pose tracking software can provide measures of full‐body position (i.e., pose) of primates over time (i.e., behavior) with high spatial and temporal resolution. Pose‐tracking technology in turn can be used to infer behavioral states, such as eating, sleeping, and mating. We call this technological approachbehavioral imaging. In this review, we situate the behavioral imaging revolution in the history of the study of behavior, argue for investment in and development of analytical and research techniques that can profit from the advent of the era ofbig behavior, and propose that primate centers and zoos will take on a more central role in relevant fields of research than they have in the past.
Adult male–female social bond advertising: The primary function of coordinated singing intensity in a small ape
Authors: Ma Haigang , Ma Changyong , Fan Pengfei
Published: December 2021

Adult male and female coordinated singing occur in diverse animal taxa. Adult male–female social bond advertising and strengthening have been proposed as two important functional hypotheses of coordinated singing. Here we studied these two functions in four groups of cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), a small ape that lives in polygynous family groups and adult members coordinated their sex‐specific songs to produce complex duets or trios (three members sing together), using 6‐year field behavioral data. In this study, we used the number of successful great call sequences per bout or per minute, and latency period from start of the adult male call to the first successful great call sequence to represent singing intensity. We used the proportion of proximity, behavioral synchronization, and grooming between adult male and female to represent bond strength. We used linear mixed‐effects model to investigate the correlation between singing intensity and adult male–female social bond strength. We found a negative correlation between all three bond strength indicators and female latency period (N = 209), and a positive correlation between the number of successful great call sequences per bout (N = 253) and per minute (N = 254) and proximity. We used paired Wilcoxon signed‐rank test to investigate if adult gibbons increase bond strength after singing. We found proximity (hourly level: N = 45; daily level: N = 54), behavioral synchronization (hourly level: N = 57; daily level: N = 49), and grooming (daily level: N = 34) in most of the groups did not increase significantly after singing in an hourly or daily level. Together, these results indicate that cao vit gibbon coordinated singing serves primarily in adult male–female social bond advertising and distinct singing intensity indicators advertise different information on adult male–female social bond strength.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Vanadates as Potential Magnesium‐Ion Cathode Materials through an Ab Initio Guided Carbothermal Reduction Approach**
Authors: Lee Jeongjae , Dey Sunita , Dutton Siân E. , Grey Clare P.
Published: December 2021

Many technologically relevant materials for advanced energy storage and catalysis feature reduced transition‐metal (TM) oxides that are often nontrivial to prepare because of the need to control the reducing nature of the atmosphere in which they are synthesized. Herein, we show that an ab initio predictive synthesis strategy can be used to produce multi‐gram‐scale products of various MgVxOy‐type phases (δ‐MgV2O5, spinel MgV2O4, and MgVO3) containing V3+ or V4+ relevant for Mg‐ion battery cathodes. Characterization of these phases using 25Mg solid‐state NMR spectroscopy illustrates the potential of 25Mg NMR for studying reversible magnesiation and local charge distributions. Rotor‐assisted population transfer (RAPT) is used as a much‐needed signal‐to‐noise enhancement technique. The ab initio guided synthesis method is seen as a step forward towards a predictive synthesis strategy for targeting specific complex TM oxides with variable oxidation states of technological importance.
Remote Amino Acid Recognition Enables Effective Hydrogen Peroxide Activation at a Manganese Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Vicens Laia , Olivo Giorgio , Costas Miquel
Published: December 2021

Precise delivery of a proton plays a key role in O2 activation at iron oxygenases, enabling the crucial O−O cleavage step that generates the oxidizing high‐valent metal–oxo species. Such a proton is delivered by acidic residues that may either directly bind the iron center or lie in its second coordination sphere. Herein, a supramolecular strategy for enzyme‐like H2O2 activation at a biologically inspired manganese catalyst, with a nearly stoichiometric amount (1–1.5 equiv) of a carboxylic acid is disclosed. Key for this strategy is the incorporation of an α,ω‐amino acid in the second coordination sphere of a chiral catalyst via remote ammonium‐crown ether recognition. The properly positioned carboxylic acid function enables effective activation of hydrogen peroxide, leading to catalytic asymmetric epoxidation. Modulation of both amino acid and catalyst structure can tune the efficiency and the enantioselectivity of the reaction, and a study on the oxidative degradation pathway of the system is presented.
Preparation and characterization of self‐emulsifying poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate grafted polyacrylate copolymers modified by waterborne polyester
Authors: Zhou Ye‐xi , Yuan Qing‐xia , Gong Shu‐ling
Published: December 2021

The high molecular weight polyacrylate self‐emulsifying emulsion with 20% hydroxyl monomer and 50% solid content was prepared. Waterborne polyester was used to modify the acrylate resin. Besides acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA) was also used as functional monomer to stabilize the polymerization process and improve the properties of the emulsion. The effects of the amount of waterborne polyester (WP), ammonium persulfate (APS), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA), methacrylic acid (MAA)/acrylic acid (AA) monomer ratio, butyl acrylate (BA)/styrene (St) monomer ratio on the molecular weight, particle size, viscosity, storage stability, and cured film properties of the polyacrylate emulsion were investigated. The average molecular weight of the modified polyacrylate was up to about 2.5 × 104 g mol−1. The emulsion remained stable after 6 months at room temperature. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that the latex particles had core‐shell structure. The films cured with melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin showed excellent water resistance, adhesion, and hardness.
A stakeholder‐supported conservation assessment for a data‐limited species: Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi)
Authors: Kuehne Lauren M. , Hayes Marc P. , Tyson Julie A. , Douville Keith A. , Tabor Roger A. , Olden Julian D.
Published: December 2021

Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi) is the only endemic freshwater fish species in Washington State and is limited to south‐western and northern coastal wetlands there. Population decline has led to its listing as state ‘Sensitive’, while recent genetic analysis has identified north coast populations as a sub‐group of potential concern because of historical isolation and low level of occurrence. Substantial knowledge gaps about the species have made further assessment of conservation status difficult and hampered proactive conservation measures.

This article describes a three‐tiered approach to evaluate conservation status, comprising: (i) a set of high‐priority research questions identified by experts and stakeholders to advance conservation knowledge; (ii) a habitat suitability model to identify environmental factors related to the presence and absence of the species; and (iii) synthesis of information from that suitability model and other research to evaluate status using IUCN Red List criteria. Together these components provide an initial research agenda to guide future management and monitoring.

Evidence for an elevated conservation status of Olympic mudminnow across its entire range is mixed, with knowledge about changes in distribution and population over time lacking in many places. The case for enhanced conservation status is strongest for the genetically distinct populations along the northern coast, where suitable habitat is limited and populations highly disjointed.

Development of a monitoring network that would detect changes in distribution and abundance of key populations is a central requirement for the conservation of the species, which is threatened by the effects of climate, land use change and invasive species.

Involving stakeholders in conservation planning at early stages allows development of robust, practical research questions based on shared data and diverse expertise. This is particularly valuable where species knowledge is highly constrained. These elements produce confidence in implementing research and management actions that are more likely to gain wide acceptance and increase knowledge of conservation status and needs over time.
Co‐occurring conditions and racial‐ethnic disparities: Medicaid enrolled adults on the autism spectrum
Authors: Schott Whitney , Tao Sha , Shea Lindsay
Published: December 2021

Evidence suggests that autistic adults have higher odds of developing several co‐occurring conditions, but less is known about disparities by race and ethnicity in this population. Using 2008–2012 Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data, we (i) identify the prevalence of co‐occurring conditions among the population of autistic adult Medicaid beneficiaries compared to a matched sample of those without an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis, (ii) conduct logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for these health conditions predicted by an autism diagnosis, and (iii) estimate odds of having these health conditions as predicted by racial/ethnic group among the autistic population only. Overall, autistic adults did not have higher prevalence of some major health conditions (cardiovascular conditions, stroke, cancer, cardiovascular disease), but they did have higher odds of others (nutrition conditions, epilepsy, disorders of the central nervous system). Analysis by racial/ethnic group, however, shows that Black, Hispanic, and Asian autistic beneficiaries had higher odds of diabetes, hospitalized cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension, among other conditions. Policymakers should be aware that racial disparities found in the general population persist in the autistic population and should work to implement systems and programs to improve screening and preventive care for minority autistic populations.

Lay Summary

Autistic adults may have several co‐occurring physical and mental health conditions, which could differ by racial/ethnic group. We find that, compared to the general Medicaid population, autistic adult Medicaid beneficiaries have elevated odds of some health conditions, like epilepsy and nutrition conditions, as well as some psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and attention disorders. We also find that many of the same health disparities by racial/ethnic group in the general population persist among the autistic adult Medicaid population. For example, Black, Hispanic, and Asian Medicaid autistic beneficiaries have higher odds of diabetes, and Black and Hispanic autistic beneficiaries have higher odds of obesity and nutrition conditions than white autistic beneficiaries.
MiRNA‐339‐5p promotes isoproterenol‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting VCP to activate the mTOR signaling
Authors: Bi Xueying , Zhang Yuhong , Yu Youhui , Yuan Jing , Xu Siting , Liu Fang , Ye Jiantao , Liu Peiqing
Published: December 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate multiple biological processes and participate in various cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of miR‐339‐5p in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the involved mechanism. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were cultured and stimulated with isoproterenol (ISO). The hypertrophic responses were monitored by measuring the cell surface area and expression of hypertrophic markers including β‐myosin heavy chain (β‐MHC) and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Bioinformatic prediction tools and dual‐luciferase reporter assay were performed to identify the target gene of miR‐339‐5p. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine the levels of miR‐339‐5p and its downstream effectors. Our data showed that miR‐339‐5p was upregulated during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy triggered by ISO. MiR‐339‐5p overexpression resulted in enlargement of cell size and increased the levels of hypertrophic markers. In contrast, inhibition of miR‐339‐5p significantly attenuated ISO‐induced hypertrophic responses of NRCMs. Valosin‐containing protein (VCP), a suppressor of cardiac hypertrophy via inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, was validated as a target of miR‐339‐5p. MiR‐339‐5p suppressed VCP protein expression, leading to elevated phosphorylation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K). VCP depletion activated the mTOR/S6K cascade and could compromise the anti‐hypertrophic effects of miR‐339‐5p inhibitor. Additionally, the hypertrophic responses caused by miR‐339‐5p was alleviated in the presence of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. In conclusion, our research revealed that miR‐339‐5p promoted ISO‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting VCP to activate the mTOR signaling, suggesting a promising therapeutic intervention by interfering miR‐339‐5p.
Realistic Operando‐DRIFTS Studies on Cu/ZnO Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol – Direct Observation of Mono‐ionized Defect Sites and Implications for Reaction Intermediates
Authors: Fehr Samuel M. , Nguyen Karin , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2021

Our recent study in this journal highlighted misassignments of surface intermediates of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) measurements of published Cu/ZnO (CZ) catalyst systems for methanol synthesis. Here we investigate a recent and very active CZ system, in part promoted by oxidative fluorination (i. e., a Cu/ZnO1–x/ZnF2 system), with realistic operando‐DRIFTS measurements of a 3H2/CO2 gas feed (30 bar, 513 K). This DRIFTS setup is linked to an online GC analysis system and the catalytic performance of the Cu/ZnO1–x catalyst showed a similar performance of the catalysis process in the DRIFTS cell as in the catalyst test station. In the DRIFTS measurements, a very broad absorption band with a maximum at about
1500 cm−1 (=I1500) is evident. This I1500 band is absent in nitrogen; its intensity increases in pure hydrogen and is particularly high during methanol synthesis. I1500 results from photoionization of an electron residing in a mono‐ionized oxygen vacancy VO+ in the ZnO1–x part of the Cu/ZnO1–x catalyst. Consequently, the I1500 band intensity provides information on the extent of the strong metal‐support interaction SMSI. Therefore, measurement of the I1500 band intensity could be a novel and efficient tool to characterize any CZ‐based catalyst systems online. Mechanistically, the maximum VO+ photoionization I1500 band intensity in a 3H2/CO2 gas stream is coupled to the reaction of CO2 giving the CO2−. radical anion intermediate that is rapidly trapped in the VO2+ site formed. This trapped intermediate may react by hydrogen migration to the well‐known surface formate (1603, 1371, and 1314 cm−1). However, the long‐lived formate with this spectroscopic signature is only a spectator. It is also visible by DRIFTS in catalyst samples that in the same setup do not produce methanol (GC). By contrast, the band intensities of the surface species at 1759, 1691, 1457 and 1398 cm−1 are directly connected to methanol production and the applied WHSV. Therefore, only these surface species are relevant for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol at higher pressure and likely represent true reaction adsorbates/intermediates.
Der Human Factor bei der Anlagensicherheit
Authors: Gandert Etwina
Published: December 2021

Die Sicherheit einer chemischen Anlage hängt einerseits von technischen Einrichtungen und andererseits von Entscheidungen der handelnden Personen ab. Beides, Mensch und Prozess sind daher beim Aufbau der Sicherheitsbausteine zu betrachten. Das neue Dechema‐Seminar behandelt Lücken, die das risikobasierte Process Safety Management hinterlässt und durch die es überproportional viele Ereignisse aus vermeintlich ‘einfachen’ Gründen gibt. Aus der Veranstaltung im September konnten die Teilnehmenden pragmatische Hilfen und Werkzeuge mitnehmen, die in der Praxis zum Verhindern von Ereignissen beitragen und die sich damit positiv auf Sicherheit, Effizienz und Effektivität auswirken.
Schutzkonzepte für ‐ Batteriespeichersysteme
Authors: Saling Carlo , Kemmling Alexander
Published: December 2021

Lithiumionen‐Akkumulatoren – auch als Lithium‐ionen‐Batterien bezeichnet – sind aus unserem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sie bewähren sich seit vielen Jahren aufgrund ihres hohen Wirkungsgrads als wiederaufladbare Speicher in Kleingeräten wie z. B. Handys, Notebooks, Kameras, Werkzeugen und dem Modellbau. Inzwischen haben Lithium‐ionen‐Batterien ihren Siegeszug auch auf Elektroautos, Fahrräder, Flur‐förderfahrzeuge und Batteriespeichersysteme (BESS = Battery Energy Storage Systems) ausgedehnt.
Intra‐abdominal hemorrhage as a rare complication of endoscopic ultrasonography: A case report
Authors: Ishigaki Kazunaga , Nakai Yousuke , Inokuma Akiyuki , Suzuki Yukari , Noguchi Kensaku , Kanai Sachiko , Suzuki Tatsunori , Sato Tatsuya , Hakuta Ryunosuke , Saito Kei , Saito Tomotaka , Takahara Naminatsu , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Mizuno Suguru , Kogure Hirofumi , Nakai Yudai , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: December 2021

Intra‐abdominal hemorrhage after endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an uncommon complication, which can lead to potentially fatal outcomes. We describe a case of intra‐abdominal hemorrhage due to left gastric arterial bleeding after EUS. The patient developed severe epigastric pain 10 h after diagnostic EUS for pancreatic cysts. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed extravasation from the left gastric artery as well as a hematoma in the lesser omentum, which was confirmed by emergent angiography. Spontaneous hemostasis was obtained without embolization and the patient did not have further episodes of intra‐abdominal hemorrhage. Endoscopists should be aware of this rare but serious complication after endoscopic procedures.
Comparative riverscape genomics of the rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) in glaciated and unglaciated environments
Authors: Luiken Jon M. , Gamble Tony , Berendzen Peter B.
Published: December 2021

Periodic glaciation during the Quaternary period shaped the contemporary riverscape and distribution of freshwater fishes in the Mississippi River drainage of central North America. The rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) is a member of this ichthyofauna and has a disjunct distribution in glaciated and unglaciated environments west of the Mississippi River. Based on glacial history of the region, there are different expectations on the observed spatial genetic structure of populations in these environments. The aim of this study was to utilize genome‐wide SNP data to compare the population genomic structure of the rainbow darter in river networks with disparate glacial histories; the Volga River in the glaciated upper Mississippi River basin and the Meramec River in the unglaciated Ozark Plateau. Individuals were sampled from localities within each river system at distances dictated by the organismal life history and habitat preferences. Riverscape analyses were performed on three datasets: total combined localities of both rivers and one for each river independently. The results revealed a lasting influence of historic glaciation on the population genomic structure of rainbow darter populations. There was evidence of population expansion into the glaciated northern region following glacial retreat. The population genetic signature within the Volga River did not fit expectations of the stream hierarchy model, but revealed a pattern of repeated colonization and extirpation due to cyclic glaciation. The population within the unglaciated Meramec River adhered to the stream hierarchy model, with a directional order of genetic diversity based on the life history and habitat preferences of the species. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the geologic and climatic history of a region as well as the life history of an organism when interpreting spatial genetic patterns.
Energy‐sparing by 2‐methyl‐2‐thiazoline protects heart from ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Nishi Masahiro , Ogata Takehiro , Kobayakawa Ko , Kobayakawa Reiko , Matsuo Tomohiko , Cannistraci Carlo Vittorio , Tomita Shinya , Taminishi Shunta , Suga Takaomi , Kitani Tomoya , Higuchi Yusuke , Sakamoto Akira , Tsuji Yumika , Soga Tomoyoshi , Matoba Satoaki
Published: December 2021

Aims

Cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a critical issue in the therapeutic management of ischaemic heart failure. Although mild hypothermia has a protective effect on cardiac I/R injury, more rapid and safe methods that can obtain similar results to hypothermia therapy are required. 2‐Methyl‐2‐thiazoline (2MT), an innate fear inducer, causes mild hypothermia resulting in resistance to critical hypoxia in cutaneous or cerebral I/R injury. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the protective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury and to elucidate the mechanism underlying this effect.

Methods and results

A single subcutaneous injection of 2MT (50 mg/kg) was given prior to reperfusion of the I/R injured 10 week‐old male mouse heart and its efficacy was evaluated 24 h after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. 2MT preserved left ventricular systolic function following I/R injury (ejection fraction, %: control 37.9 ± 6.7, 2MT 54.1 ± 6.4, P < 0.01). 2MT also decreased infarct size (infarct size/ischaemic area at risk, %: control 48.3 ± 12.1, 2MT 25.6 ± 4.2, P < 0.05) and serum cardiac troponin levels (ng/mL: control 8.9 ± 1.1, 2MT 1.9 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) after I/R. Moreover, 2MT reduced the oxidative stress‐exposed area within the heart (%: control 25.3 ± 4.7, 2MT 10.8 ± 1.4, P < 0.01). These results were supported by microarray analysis of the mouse hearts. 2MT induced a transient, mild decrease in core body temperature (°C: −2.4 ± 1.4), which gradually recovered over several hours. Metabolome analysis of the mouse hearts suggested that 2MT minimized energy metabolism towards suppressing oxidative stress. Furthermore, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed that 2MT reduced the activity of brown adipose tissue (standardized uptake value: control 24.3 ± 6.4, 2MT 18.4 ± 5.8, P < 0.05). 2MT also inhibited mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in rat cardiomyoblasts.

Conclusions

We identified the cardioprotective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury by sparing energy metabolism with reversible hypothermia. Our results highlight the potential of drug‐induced hypothermia therapy as an adjunct to coronary intervention in severe ischaemic heart disease.
Mechanisms of Reaction Between Co(II) Complexes and Peroxymonosulfate
Authors: Shamir Dror , Meyerstein Dan , Katsaran Dmitry , Pochtarenko Lyudmila , Yardeni Guy , Burg Ariela , Albo Yael , Kornweitz Haya , Zilbermann Israel
Published: December 2021

Advanced oxidation technologies often use peroxymonosulfate in the presence of CoIIaq. It is commonly assumed that the reaction of Co(H2O)62+ with HSO5− yields CoIIIaq and SO4.−. DFT results point out that first CoII(SO5)(H2O)2 is formed. The homolysis of CoII(SO5)(H2O)2 to yield (H2O)CoII(SO5)OH.+SO4.−, is exothermic but has a large activation energy. However the cobalt is not oxidized in this reaction. CoII(SO5)(H2O)2 reacts with a second HSO5− to form CoII(SO5)2(H2O)2− that decomposes via disproportionation of the monoperoxysulfate ions without oxidation of the central cobalt ion. Surprisingly even in the presence of ligands, L, that stabilize CoIII, i. e., pyrophosphate; tri‐polyphosphate and ATP, the experimentally observed reaction mechanism involves the formation of LCoII‐OOSO3aq which then reacts with another HSO5− to form LCoII‐(OOSO32−)2. The latter complex decomposes via disproportionation of the monoperoxysulfate ligands followed by oxidation of the central cobalt cation. Alternatively, in the presence of excess CoIILaq, LCoII‐OOSO3aq reacts with CoIILaq to form 2CoIIILaq. These results point out that the mechanism of advanced oxidation processes initiated by a mixture of Co(H2O)62+ and HSO5− must be re‐considered.
Flower‐like NiCo‐carbonate Hydroxides for High‐performance Solid‐state Hybrid Supercapacitor
Authors: Wang Jingruo , Zhang Deyi , She Wenna , Gao Shiyao , Wang Kunjie , Wang Yi , Han Zhiyong , Chen Xuefu , Li Lan
Published: December 2021

Compared to the traditional transition metal layered double hydroxides, transition metal layered carbonate double hydroxides (TMC‐LDHs) possess superior electrochemical performance in theory. But TMC‐LDHs have not received its deserved attention, especially for application in the energy storage field. In this work, a flower‐like TMC‐LDH (Ni0.75Co0.25(CO3)0.125(OH)2, NCCO) material was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method, which exhibits a high specific capacity of 306.8 mAh g−1 (0.52 mAh cm−2) at 0.5 A g−1 with capacity retention of 70.5 % after 2000 cycles. The solid‐state hybrid supercapacitor device NCCO//PVA/KOH//IHPC based on the prepared NCCO material and an interconnected hierarchical porous carbon (IHPC) delivers a high specific energy of 50.96 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 1.06 kW kg−1, and a high specific energy of 36.39 Wh kg−1 still can be delivered at a high specific power of 10.49 kW kg−1. More than 181.2 % of initial specific capacity is retained after 12000 cycles. The specific energy, energy retention under large specific power, and the cycle stability of the assembled device are better than most of the solid‐state hybrid supercapacitors that have been reported. These results demonstrate the promising prospect of the TMC‐LDH material in the practical application in advanced solid‐state supercapacitors.