bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and Electrochemical Properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Positive Electrode Material Modified by Coating with Al Oxides (2)
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Kikuzono Yasuo , Fukiya Naomi , Taguchi Noboru , Araki Kazuhiro , Okamura Kazuhiro , Kojima Katsunori , Kita Fusaji , Takeuchi Tomonari , Sakaebe Hikari , Tatsumi K. , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Resolution Chemical Imaging of Phase Transformations during Intercalation Reactions
Authors: Cabana Jordi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In Situ TEM Studies of Capacity Fading Mechanisms of Nano-Structured Anode and Cathode for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Chong-Min , Gu Meng , Wang Zhiguo , Li Xiaolin , Hu Shenyang , Xu Wu , Gao Fei , Liu Jun , Zhang Ji-Guang , Thevuthasan Suntharampillai , Baer Donald
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Toward Safe and Long-Cycle Life Li-Ion Batteries: New Polyanion-Cathode and Their Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Yang Yong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Revisiting the Lithium Metal Borate (LiMBO3; M= Fe, Mn, Co) Cathode Systems: Synthetic and Electrochemical Findings
Authors: Yamashita Yasunobu , Barpanda Prabeer , Chung Sai-Cheong , Yamada Yuki , Nishimura Shinichi , Yamada Atsuo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Novel Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Reddy M. V. , Chowdari B.V.R.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Facile Synthesis of FeF3 and Its Application to Positive Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Myung Seung-Taek , Kim Sun-Jae , Hitoshi Yashiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Studies on Reactions and Structures at Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Using Epitaxial Model Electrodes
Authors: Kanno Ryoji , Hirayama Masaaki , Tamura Kazuhisa
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Phosphate-Based Additives for High Voltage Li-Ion Batteries and Their Derivatives
Authors: Cresce Arthur V. , Xu Kang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In Situ Analysis of Interfacial Reactions between Edge Plane Graphite Negative-Electrodes and EC-Based Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Doi Takayuki , Domi Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Hiroe , Tsubouchi Shigetaka , Ochida Manabu , Yamanaka Toshiro , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrodeposition of Copper/Indium-Doped N-Type Bismuth Telluride-Based Thermoelectric Nanomaterials
Authors: Naylor Andrew J. , Koukharenko Elena , Nandhakumar Iris S. , White Neil M.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Factors Contributing to Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Activity Improvement in Pd-Based Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Singh Ramesh Kumar , Neergat Manoj
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Metal Catalyzed Porous n-type GaN Layers: Low Resistivity Ohmic Contacting and Single-Step MgO/GaN Diode Formation
Authors: Bilousov O V , Carvajal Joan J , Drouin D , Vilalta A , Ruterana P , Pujol M C. , Mateos X. , Díaz F , Aguiló M , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Tungsten Electrodes with Rough Surfaces and Their Electrochemical Reactivity
Authors: Park In-Tae , Kim Wan , Kim Eun-Ji , Bae Sang-Eun , Kim Jong-Yun , Yeon Jei-Won , Song Kyuseok , Shin Heon-Cheol
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids of Metal Oxides for Electrochemical Systems
Authors: Tulodziecki Michal , Tarascon Jean-Marie , Taberna Pierre-Louis , Guery Claude
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Spatially Resolved Studies of Copper Electroplating by Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy
Authors: Qin Zhisheng , Lee Vincent , Hitchcock Adam P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrolyte-Electrode Interface and Si Deposition in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Komadina Jason , Akiyoshi Takahiro , Ishibashi Yoko , Fukunaka Yasuhiro , Pianetta Piero , Homma Takayuki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Study On Fundamental Aspects of Seedless Copper Electrodeposition On Diffusion Barriers in an Additive-Free Electrolyte for Silicon-Based Integrated Devices
Authors: Kim Sunjung , Im Byoungyong , Kim Soo-Hyun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery-Photovoltaic Solar Cell Hybrid System
Authors: Lawder Matthew T , Jagwani Akanksha , Suthar BharatKumar , Ramadesigan Venkatasailanathan , Biswas Pratim , Subramanian Venkat R
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In Situ STM Studies of 4,4’-Bipyridine Adsorption At Bi(111) Electrode: Influence of SO4
2- Concentration in Supporting Electrolyte
Authors: Grozovski Vitali , Kasuk Heili , Romann Tavo , Anderson Erik , Pikma Piret , Kallip Silvar , Lust Enn
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
How to Choose an Equivalent Circuit
Authors: Harrington David A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Prato Maurizio
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electroless Plating of Rhenium Base Alloys with Nickel, Cobalt and Iron
Authors: Duhin Alla , Inberg Alexandra , Eliaz Noam , Gileadi Eliezer
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Comparison of Resistive Switching between Tantalum Oxides Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition and E-Beam Physical Vapor Evaporation
Authors: Orlowski Marius K. , Kang Yuhong , Liu Tong , Potnis Tanmay
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Fuelling Fullerene-based Reactions Centers with Novel Multichromophoric Antennasd
Authors: Bonifazi Davide
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Supramolecular Fullerene Polymers Formed by Host-Guest Complexation Between Calix[5]Arene and C60
Authors: Haino Takeharu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Endohedral CeIII/CeIV Redox Couple in the Nitride Clusterfullerenes
Authors: Popov Alexey A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Structural Studies of Endohedral Fullerenes of the M2C2n Class
Authors: Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L. , Beavers Christine M. , Dorn Harry C. , Yang Hua , Liu Ziyang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) The Endohedral Magnetism: Lanthanide Ions in the Nitride Clusterfullerenes
Authors: Popov Alexey A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Structure Sorting of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Using Gel Column Chromatography
Authors: Kataura Hiromichi , Liu Huaping , Ito Yasuhiro , Shimizu Maki , Urabe Yasuko , Hirano Atsushi , Fujii Shunjiro , Tanaka Takeshi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Micro-Honeycomb Network Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Heterojunction Solar Cell
Authors: Cui Kehang , Chiba Takaaki , Kinoshita Hidenori , Zhao Pei , Thurakitseree Theerapol , Inoue Taiki , Einarsson Erik , Chiashi Shohei , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) The Evolution of Species in Carbon Nanotube Ensembles During Chemical Vapor Deposition and Gas Phase Destruction
Authors: Finnie Paul , Vinten Phillip , Li-Pook-Than Andrew , Marshall Paul , Lefebvre Jacques
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) Colloidal Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Potential Applications for Renewable Energy
Authors: Li Liang-shi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Controlling Ionic Currents in Batteries Using Graphene Gate Electrode
Authors: Grebel J. , Banerjee A , Grebel H.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Engineering Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Sub-Cellular Delivery
Authors: Islam Mohammad F
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Photodynamic and Photothermal Effects of Semiconducting and Metallic-Enriched Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Cancer Cell Killing
Authors: Nakatsuji Hirotaka , Murakami Tatsuya , Inada Mami , Matoba Yoshinori , Umeyama Tomokazu , Tsujimoto Masahiko , Isoda Seiji , Hashida Mitsuru , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Development Of Human Mast Cell-Targeting Fullerenes
Authors: Pamujula Sarala , Dellinger Anthony , Zhou Zhiguo , Sandros Marinella G , Kepley Christopher L
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Numerical Study on the Heat Generation in LiCoO2 Cathode Electrode by Using X-ray Nano-CT Images
Authors: Yan Bo , Lim Cheolwoong , Yin Leilei , Zhu Likun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Over Tin Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Kang Peng , Song Na , Lapides Alexander M , House Ralph , Meyer Thomas
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Deposited Manganese- and Cobalt-Oxides As Catalysts for Water Oxidation
Authors: Bogdanoff Peter , Hillebrand Philipp , Kratzig Andreas , Ramirez-Caro Alejandra , Ellmer Klaus , van De Krol Roel , Fiechter Sebastian
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of H2s On Ni-YSZ SOFC Anodes: A Combined in Situ Raman Spectroscopy-Impedance Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Mai Thi Hai Ha , Sergent Nicolas , Pagnier Thierry
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Observation of Nickel Oxidation Using Transmission X-ray Microscopy
Authors: Kiss Andrew M , Harris William M , Nakajo Arata , Wang Steve , Vila-Comamala Joan , Deriy Alex , Chiu Wilson K. S.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Lithium Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Layered Composite Li2MnO3-LiMO2 (M=Mn, Ni, Co) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: the Effect of Molten Salt Flux Synthesis
Authors: Nosach Tetiana , Gobet Mallory , Greenbaum Steven , Ortiz-Quiles Edwin O. , Soler Jessica , West William C.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Interparticle Phase-Separation Dynamics in Dense Agglomerates of Lithium Iron Phosphate Nanoparticles
Authors: Orvananos Bernardo , Yu Hui-Chia , Malik Rahul , Grey Clare P. , Ceder Gerbrand , Thornton Katsuyo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Phase Transformations and Structural Changes in the Li4Ti5O12 Spinel Monitored Using An in Situ Substrate Curvature System
Authors: Choi Zungsun , Kramer Dominik , Mönig Reiner
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
On the Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Cutoff Voltage Vs. State of Charge Limits
Authors: Benjamin Alex , Agar Ertan , Dennison Christopher R , Kumbur Emin Caglan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nanoporous Separator Development for Various Redox Flow Batteries At Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Authors: Wei Xiaoliang , Wang Wei , Li Bin , Luo Qingtao , Nie Zimin , Chen Baowei , Sprenkle Vincent
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Three-Dimensional Porous Current Collectors As Electrodes for Li/S Battery Applications
Authors: Ganguli Babu , Arava Leela mohana reddy
Published: February 2020

Lithium-Sulfur (Li/S) chemistry is one of the most promising next-generation battery technologies due to their high theoretical energy density, inexpensive and eco-benign nature of sulfur. However, insulting nature of sulfur and the dissolution of formed intermediate polysulfides during charge-discharge process, have to be resolved to reach mass commercialization. Most of research efforts in Li/S batteries have focused on confining sulfur or dissolved polysulfides using carbon/polymer structures to overcome the detrimental effects they have on battery performance. In this study, we deviate completely from these confined approaches by introducing Metal/polysulfide/Metal configuration rather than focusing on electrochemical byproducts. By engineering electrodes into three dimensional format, we report a novel phonomena of controlling polysulfides shuttle process. We corroborate our findings using a detailed experimental parameters such as surface area of electrodes, different current rates and concentration of polysulfides. As a result, novel Metal/PS/Metal battery configuration delivered a discharge capacity of 900 mAh g-1 and stability over 100 cycles.
In Situ Electrochemical Reactions of Zn4Sb3 Nanowires with Li and Na: Fast Sodiation Rate and Excellent De/Sodiation Cyclablility
Authors: Nie Anmin , Klie Robert F , Vaddiraju Sreeram , Shahbzian-Yassar Reza
Published: February 2020

Besides its abundance and low cost, Na-ion is also in procession of weak Lewis acidity and large polarizability, which allow fast charge transfer reaction at electrode/electrolyte interface and in bulk diffusion.1,2 These advantages make Na-ion battery an attractive and potential alternative to the well established Li-ion battery.  However, the development of Na-ion battery is currently a challenge due to lack of suitable active materials for both cathodes and anodes.

Here, an in-depth comparative study between the electrochemical de/lithiation and de/sodiation of Zn4Sb3 nanowires has been conducted by using in situ transmission electron microscopy. Surprisingly, we found that the sodiation rate of Zn4Sb3 nanowires is almost 10 times higher than their lithiation rate under similar testing conditions. In addition, the cracks were often observed in the first few cycles during de/lithiation of the Zn4Sb3 nanowire. However, there was no crack formed even after 20 cycles during their de/sodiation. Our in situ study indicates that the Zn4Sb3 nanowires exhibit better rate capability and cyclablility in Na-ion battery compared to Li-ion systems. The underlying reason has also been deeply investigated from the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of ions transport in Zn-Sb intermetallics.

1. M. Okoshi, Y. Yamada, A. Yamada, H. Nakai, J. Electrochem. Soc.
160 A2160 (2013)

2. S. P. Ong, V. L. Chevrier, G. Hautier, A. Jain, C. Moore, S. Kim, X. Ma, G. Ceder, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 3680 (2011)
Towards Improved Energy Efficiency of Aprotic Li-O2 Batteries
Authors: Kundu Dipan , Black Robert , Nazar Linda F
Published: February 2020

Aprotic Li-O2 batteries have attracted intensive focus worldwide owing to its high energy density (up to 2-3 kWh kg-1), which is theoretically beyond that provided by any other rechargeable devices. Non-aqueous Li-O2 chemistry is based on reversible formation-decomposition of electrically insulating and corrosive Li2O2 at the cathode interface. Presumably, a chemically stable and conductive cathode interface is prerequisite for sustainable cell operation. Until very recently, carbon was the ubiquitous choice of cathode host in a Li-O2 cell. However, it is now accepted that the corrosion processes triggered by Li2O2 and the in-situ generated reactive oxygen intermediates render the Li-O2 cell employing carbon based cathodes highly energy-inefficient (~70%). And a major part of this inefficiency arises out of very high charge overpotential (1-1.5 V) and incomplete charge. In this context, non-carbonaceous cathode hosts possessing stable conductive interface for reduced polarization in O2 evolution, and soluble oxidation catalysts capable of Li2O2 oxidation without a direct electrical contact with the cathode are gaining immense interest. Here, we introduce novel high surface area and conductive inorganic nanostructures as cathode host in Li-O2 cells that improves charge overpotential to a great extent as a direct consequence of suppressed cathode corrosion. We also propose a novel redox mediator with highly favorable features for soluble oxidation catalysis. Characterization techniques ranging from electron microscopy, surface spectroscopy to operando electrochemical mass spectrometry have been applied to investigate the viability of the proposed systems. Through this presentation we not only discuss novel materials and catalysts capable of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and evolution with improved voltage characteristics, but also present a new understanding of the critical parameters for the positive electrodes in aprotic Li-O2 batteries.
Redox Flow Lithium Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yunguang , Wang Qing
Published: February 2020

Lithium-oxygen battery, because of its extremely high theoretical specific energy, has been intensively pursued as a potential solution for next generation energy storage. Despite numerous studies to date, it suffers from unbearable overpotential loss and poor cycling stability. To address the issues, research has been focused on the development of new cathode and catalysts, while limited success was made so far. The inevitable surface passivation and pore clogging of the cathode by insoluble Li2O2 precipitation severely aggravate the cell performance especially upon relatively deep discharge. Inspired by the development of redox flow lithium-ion batteries1,2, here we introduce a catalyst-free redox flow lithium-oxygen battery (RFLOB) for large-scale energy storage. The new device enables the formation of Li2O2
via redox targeting reactions3 in a gas diffusion tank (GDT), spatially separated from the electrode. With ethyl viologen and iodide as the redox mediators, an integrated RFLOB was demonstrated which presented excellent performance even in the absence of catalysts on the cathode.

Upon discharging, O2 is reduced by dissolved viologen in the electrolyte, with which Li2O2 is formed in the GDT tank in the presence of Li+. Upon charging, Li2O2 in the GDT tank is oxidized by I3
-, which releases O2. As such, the discharging product Li2O2 could be remotely formed in the GDT tank and reversibly oxidized in the charging process without depositing onto the cathode inside the cell. Such decoupled reactions of Li2O2 provide great flexibility to circumvent the issues confronted by the conventional Li-O2 batteries. The surface passivation and pore clogging of the cathode resulted from Li2O2 precipitations, which is inevitable in conventional cells, are essentially avoided under the new operation mode. In addition, the capacity of the cathode could be expanded by simply enlarging the size of GDT tank, which is however constrained by the pore volume of cathode and catalysts deposited on it in the conventional Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, as the reaction of O2 in GDT is far apart from the electrodes, the tolerance of the cell towards air would be enhanced as well.

References:

Q. Huang, et al., Reversible Chemical Delithiation/ Lithiation of LiFePO4: Towards A Redox Flow Lithium-ion Battery.  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15 (2013), 1793-1797.

F. Pan, et al., Redox Targeting of Anatase TiO₂ for Redox Flow Lithium-ion Battery, Adv. Energy Mater., 4 (2014), 1400567.

Q. Wang, et al., Redox Targeting of Insulating Electrode Materials: A New Approach to High Energy Density Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45 (2006), 8197-8200.

Figure 1
Flexible Lithium Ion Rechargeable Battery with Large Scale Interdigitated Electrodes
Authors: Kim Kee-Bum , Da Costa Avelino Dos Santos , Kang Tae-Hyung , Yu Woong-Ryeol , Kim Nam-In , Oh Kyu Hwan , Choi In-Suk
Published: February 2020

On the advent of flexible devices, developing thin and flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLB) becomes a requisite for full flexible electronic application.  Here, we contrived a co-planar type thin and flexible Lithium ion battery by using the design concept of interdigitated electrodes. Whereas a conventional LIB has its components in layer by layer structures, the co-planar type lithium ion battery has the interdigitated structure of positive and negative electrodes on the same plane without a separator, which possibly leads to a thinner battery thickness and stress relieved electrode structure. Unlike previous co-planar type microbatteries, we fabricated pouch cell type batteries with large scale interdigitated electrode structures (~ mm dimension scale) using conventional electrode materials. Our electrochemical tests showed the energy density per cathode area of ~ 1.4 mAh/cm2 and the specific capacity of cathode of 93.61 mAh/g after the cycle test up to 300, which successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a co-planar design pouch cell LIB with the interdigitated electrodes. Furthermore, our mechanical bending test results showed that the co-planar-type battery is mechanically stable during 4000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 1/8 inch.
Colloidal Synthesis of Alkali Transition Metal Fluorides and Their Applications in Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries
Authors: Plews Michael Rhys , Yi Tanghong , Cabana Jordi
Published: February 2020

The field of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cathodes is currently being dominated by transition metal oxides and transition metal polyanionics. While these oxides provide some of the highest energy storage capacities to date, they are unable to meet the needs of the increasing reliance on Li-ion technology for electric vehicles and grid storage. Candidates for the replacement of oxides would have to maintain or surpass current specific capacities while delivering higher voltages. One such family of compounds are alkali-transition metal fluorides, some of which have theoretical specific capacities more than double the current standard commercial cathodes.1 The highly ionic nature of fluorides (form Lix
MFy, where M = V-Ni) gives rise to higher voltages while being able to stabilize higher oxidation state metals.

Lithium transition metal fluoride compounds are highly ionic, impeding electronic and ionic conduction throughout the bulk of the material. However, methods previously used for colloidal synthesis of Kx
REFy (RE = rare earth)2 and Nax
MFy
3 have been adapted for the synthesis of A
x
MFy (A = alkali) (Fig. 1). Upon shrinking the size of the crystal to the nanoscale, the crystals provide short diffusion lengths for both electrons and Li-ions. These compounds have been investigated and found to be electrochemically active. With the ability of fluorides to stabilize higher oxidation states, it would be expected that compounds such as Li2
MF4, for example, could deintercalate more than one mole of Li+ per mole of material, vastly increasing the current standard of specific capacity. Further investigation into morphologies is currently underway to fine-tune carrier transport.

This research could open up a new avenue of discovery for anion replacement in cathode materials. Changes in the anion causes changes in bonding and atomic ordering, leading to exciting new properties and cathode materials that currently exceed those considered state of the art. 

References:

1. N. Twu, X. Li, C. Moore, and G. Ceder, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A1944–A1951 (2013).

2. Y.-P. Du, Y.-W. Zhang, L.-D. Sun, and C.-H. Yan, Dalton Trans., 8574–81 (2009).

3. Y. Yamada, T. Doi, I. Tanaka, S. Okada, and J. Yamaki, J. Power Sources, 196, 4837–4841 (2011).

Figure 1
Understanding How Libob Improves the Thermal Stability of Electrolytes in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Pena Hueso Adrian , Usrey Monica Lee , Hamers Robert J , West Robert
Published: February 2020

Lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB) is a commonly used salt in lithium ion batteries due to its capability to improve the thermal stability and high temperature cycling. In addition, LiBOB is capable of forming a protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on both graphitic anode and cathode surfaces and has been shown to passivate the aluminum current collector. While LiBOB has been pursued as a primary salt for lithium ion battery electrolytes1, it is most commonly utilized in commercial cells on the additive level with LiPF6as the primary salt because of its lower bulk conductivity and disadvantageous interfacial properties (i.e., higher impedance, lower charge transfer).

Despite multiple reports regarding the enhanced thermal stability of electrolytes using LiBOB as an additive, there is not enough understanding of the mechanism by which this improvement is achieved.2 In this work, the reaction between LiBOB and LiPF6 at 100°C in both carbonate and organosilicon-based electrolytes is described. Specifically, the reaction products formed when LiBOB reacts with LiPF6have been identified using nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) and tracked as a function of time.

The thermal stability of LiBOB-containing electrolytes was evaluated at 100°C using a custom analysis method where neat electrolyte samples were sealed in Teflon-lined glass NMR tubes. The LiBOB/LiPF6 reaction was tracked and quantified using 1H, 19F and 31P NMR. This work shows that the initial LiBOB degradation products are tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (TFOP) and difluorooxalato borate (DFOB). Over time, all of the boron from the LiBOB becomes tetrafluoroborate (BF4
-) and the tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (TFOP) becomes difluorophosphate (O2PF2
-). Once the TFOP and DFOB are consumed, the thermal protection of LiBOB disappears and degradation of the solvent with LiPF6begins. Therefore, the TFOP concentration can be used as a benchmark for predicting the onset of thermal decomposition.

This reaction pathway has been analyzed and quantified for several carbonate electrolytes (EC/DEC or EC/EMC, 3/7 by volume).

References:

1. L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, S. Harring, M. Straughan, R. Butorac, Z. Chen, L. Lyons, K. Amine, R. West. J. Mater. Chem., 2008, 18, 3713

2. A. Xiao, L. Yang, B. L. Lucht. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2007 10, 11, A241

Figure 1
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Coated Lithium Titanate (LTO) By Simple Reflux Method for High Power Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Long Du Hoang , Jeong Min-Ki , Oh In-Hwan , Jung Hun-Gi
Published: February 2020

Nitrogen doped carbon which is homogeneous coated on lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) is prepared via a facile chemical refluxing process with use of ethylenediamine (EDA) solution as the carbon and nitrogen source. The process incorporates a carbon coating layer doped with a relatively high nitrogen content which formed a conducting network in LTO matrix. Moreover, the introduction of N-dopant in the carbon layer leads to buckling up on the surface with a certain higher variation for the carbon atoms against the carbon layer itself, thereby relates to the lattice mismatch of two materials which are absorbed carbon layer and LTO. It is a process of the production of more C-vacancies, and correspondingly this resulted to the improvement of the lithium diffusion. Furthermore, the increasing of electrical conductivity is also caused by the reduction of Ti4+ to more conducive phase, Ti3+ which is ascribed to the presence of Ti-N phase. The nitrogen doped carbon coated LTO (LTO-NC) anode exhibits significantly improved rate capability and cycling performance compared with the pristine LTO in a half cell of Lithium-Ion battery. The specific capacity of LTO-NC at charge/discharge rate of 20C is 127.31 mA h g-1. Additionally, LTO-NC anode achieved high capacity retentions of 97% and 86.94% at 1C and 10C rates after 100 cycles, respectively.
(Invited) Monolithic Integration of III-V Semiconductors by Selective Area Growth on Si(001) Substrate: Epitaxy Challenges & Applications
Authors: Merckling Clement , Jiang Sijia , Liu Ziyang , Waldron Niamh , Boccardi G , Rooyackers R , Wang Zhechao , Tian Bin , Pantouvaki Marianna , Collaert Nadine , Van Campenhout Joris , Heyns Marc , Van Thourhout Dries , Vandervorst Wilfried , Thean Aaron
Published: February 2020

Driven by fabrication cost reduction and device performance improvement, the Silicon semiconductor  industry continues its never-ending pursuit of new approaches for fabricating integrated circuits. Monolithic integration of III-V semiconductors epitaxially grown on Si substrate have been attracting much attention as building blocks for next-generation electronics and photonics due to their potential intrinsic properties.

Direct heteroepitaxy of III-V compound semiconductors on Si has traditionally represented a formidable challenge, due to the extensive lattice mismatch of 8%  between the Si substrate and high mobility III-V compounds, such as In0.53Ga0.47As/InP heterostructure. The defect confinement technique has recently attracted great interest due to the possibility of obtaining high quality III-V based active layers on Si. Using this approach we integrate III-V materials monolithically on Si through the epitaxial growth of III-V materials into a pre-patterned structure by Selective Area Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy.

We report here on the growth of InP on STI patterned Si wafers using the defect confinement technique while focusing on scaled trench widths (W < 50 nm). We demonstrate the impact of the crystalline alignment of the InP layer with the underlying substrate by exploring as starting geometry at the bottom in between the STI either a rounded etch pit covered with a Ge buffer layer versus a crystalline <111> V-groove structure in Si. We show the large impact of the main layer growth temperature and the growth pressure on the trench filling, the growth uniformity and the crystal quality which we could correlate with changes in resistivity and the presence of impurity diffusion in the III-V layer. Moreover, we derived a fundamental understanding and theoretical modeling of the growth mechanisms in STI trenches and the determining role of  the nucleation layer. This lead to a strong enhancement of the crystalline quality and growth uniformity of the InP semiconductor.

As a conclusion, this study of III-V selective area growth brings some elements for the optimization of the heteroepitaxy of III-V compounds on (001) oriented Si substrates. The demonstration of a clear reduction in defect density along the trench orientation is original and obviously confirm the potential of this heterogeneous integration option for high mobility logic devices, and photonic applications on a common Si platform.
Influence of Annealing Condition on TSV Pumping and Microstructure Evolution
Authors: Jing Xiangmeng , Lee Ui-Hyoung , Xu Cheng , Niu Zhongcai , Song Chongshen , Zhang Wenqi , Bae Jong-yong , Won Jaihyung
Published: February 2020

Stacking of ICs using three-dimensional (3D) integration technology helps in significantly reducing wiring lengths, interconnection latency, and power dissipation while enhancing performance. Through silicon vias (TSVs) are regarded as a key enabling technology for 3D IC integration which assists in the realization of highly miniaturized and complex next-generation systems. Due to the thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between copper and silicon, the copper in silicon vias tends to pump up as a result of thermal-mechanical stress during the post fabrication processes and/or during the lifetime of chip usage. One way to minimize or get rid of copper pumping is through heat treatment, for instance annealing or aging. The TSV wafers could be annealed right after copper plating process, or after chemical mechanical polish (CMP) process, or both. The residual stress might be thoroughly released by repeating annealing and CMP processes several times, however, the cost for fabricating the TSVs is increasing drastically, which is mainly attributed to the use of expensive CMP. To lower down the cost and minimize the CMP steps is one of the concerns from industry. In this paper, we report the thermal mechanical assessment of Cu pumping treated at different annealing conditions. moreover, the impact of different integration approaches on the TSV pumping behavior is also investigated. The finite element analysis method, ANSYS, is used to model and simulate the copper pumping at different temperatures, as shown in Fig.1. The pumping is measured by optical profiler, BRUKER ContourGT-X3, as shown in Fig.2. It has been found out that the copper grain size increases with annealing temperature, which is potentially contributed to larger protrusion. The preliminary results show that the annealing after copper plating process affects the microstructure evolution and pumping of TSVs.

Figure 1
On the Origin of the Gate Oxide Failure Evaluated by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Yokogawa Ryo , Tomita Motohiro , Mizukoshi Toshikazu , Hirano Takehiro , Kusano Kenichiro , Sasaki Katsuhiro , Ogura Atsushi
Published: February 2020

1. Background and purpose

 In the miniaturization of the large-scale integrated-circuit (LSI), gate oxide thinning is one of the most important techniques for the performance improvement. However, the ultimately thinned gate oxide causes in the failure with high leakage current. Thus, the evaluation and control of the gate oxide integrity is indispensable in the present LSI technology. In this study, we evaluated the origin of the gate oxide failure by Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) analysis.

2. Experiments

 Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were used as the samples. The 2.8 nm thick gate oxinitrid insulator film and the poly-Si gate electrode layer were formed on a P type Si substrate. The poly-Si layer was deposited at 620 oC with the SiH4 flow rate of 150 or 350 sccm. The gate oxide integrity was evaluated by the test element group (TEG) measurements. The failure was observed only for the 150 sccm SiH4 flow. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were shown in Fig. 1. The positions with high leakage current were specified by OBIRCH, and evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. One-dimensional measurements were performed for the Raman spectroscopy by using a quasi-line excitation source at the same time. Excitation laser was Nd:YAG laser (wavelength: 532 nm), and the focal length of the spectrometer was 2,000 mm. The length of the quasi-line laser was approximately 100 μm. We investigated the origin of the gate oxide failure by Raman Spectroscopy obtained at the leakage position determined by OBIRCH.

3. Result
s
and
Discussion

 Figure 2 shows the light emission image obtained by OBIRCH at the MOS capacitor with gate oxide failure fabricated with 150 sccm SiH4 flow. We confirmed that there are two defect points in the MOS capacitor. Figure 3 shows the Raman intensity distribution across the leakage position in the sample. The higher Raman intensity than the surroundings was confirmed at the failure position. Figure 4 shows the distribution of the Raman shift and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) across the failure position. As shown in Fig. 4, we verified that the Raman peaks at the defect positions shifted toward the lower wave number compared with the other positions. It can be considered that the gate oxide failure was induced by the high tensile strain in the poly-Si layer, probably due to the lack of the SiH4 supply during the deposition. Furthermore, FWHM of Raman spectra were not different comparing with the other position. Thus, there is no difference in the crystallinity and the grain size of the poly-Si. In conclusion, we have evaluated the gate oxide failure with leakage current by Raman spectroscopy and found that the origin was high tensile strain in the gate poly-Si.

References

[1] M. Yamano et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53(2014)

[2] M. Takei et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51(2012)

Figure 1
(Invited) Thermal Limitations in Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductor Power Switching Devices
Authors: Shenai Krishna
Published: February 2020

Power switching devices made using wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) have the potential to make transformative impact on electrical energy generation, transmission, distribution and conditioning [1]. Although SiC power diodes and power MOSFETs are commercially available for voltage ratings up to 1,700 volts, a careful review of the published data suggests that reliability of WBG power devices may be severely compromised compared to identically rated silicon power devices. For example, dv/dt, avalanche, and safe-operating area (SOA) of SiC power diodes and MOSFETs are inferior to silicon power devices with identical ratings. This paper will present a simple physics-based thermal analysis of the power handling capability of WBG power devices and explain the possible causes of lower reliability ratings.

[1] K. Shenai et al, “Current status and emerging trends in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power devices,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. and Tech.
2(8), N3055-N3063, Jul. 2013.
ALD NiO Thin Films As a Hole Transport-Electron Blocking Layer Material for Photo-Detector and Solar Cell Devices
Authors: Nam Wook Jun , Gray Zachary , Stayancho John , Plotnikov Victor , Kwon Dohyoung , Waggoner Shawn , Shenai-Khatkhate Deodatta V , Pickering Michael , Okano Terumi , Compaan Alvin , Fonash Stephen J
Published: February 2020

A thin layer of a wide bandgap material disposed between an electrode and an absorber material in a photo-detector or solar cell can play important transport and optical roles in enhancing device performance. When the energy band edges of the materials are properly aligned, the thin layer can control the flow of photo-generated carriers preferentially: i.e., it can permit   the transport of one type of carrier while blocking the other type.1 Further such wide band gap materials can affect light trapping.2 NiO is a p-type conductive oxide, and has, due to its band edge positions, a high potential as a hole transport-electron blocking layer (HT-EBL) material. Due to its wide bandgap, it is also a transparent material. Both the potential transport and the optical roles of wide bandgap thin film materials in opto-electronic devices require the ability to precisely control film deposition thickness and conformality. In the case of HT-EBL candidate materials, atomic layer deposited (ALD) NiO has proven to have the material properties and excellent deposition control potential needed for hole transport and electron blocking optical layers. Because of this ALD NiO has become a subject of research in many research groups.3-6

In this report, we demonstrated the usefulness of ALD NiO thin films as HT-EBL/optical material by using it in very thin CdTe solar cells with a superstrate configuration. The CdTe cells were fabricated on a soda-lime glass substrate, and configured with layers of 200nm of SnO2:F/ 50 nm CdS/ 500nm CdTe/4nm Cu and 20nm Au. In test samples, a 3nm thick ALD NiO layer was deposited on the CdTe layer before the Cu/Au deposition. The resulting test and control cells were characterized under AM 1.5G (100mW/cm2) spectrum. The results of the device performance are summarized in Table 1. As may be noted, the CdTe cells with the ALD NiO layer on the anode showed better Voc and FF, and resulted in 15% higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than that of the control cells. The enhancement of the Voc and FF were ascribed to the enhanced control of the photo-generated carriers. It remains to be determined if the reduction of. Jsc in the test samples is due to optically non-optimized NiO thickness and therefore reflection loss at the back contact or to non-optimized hole collection at the back contact.

 

References

S. J. Fonash, Solar cell device physics, 2nd ed., Elsevier, (2010).

S. J. Fonash, Introduction to light trapping in solar cell and photo-detector devices, Elsevier, (2014).

S. Lattante, Electronics, 3, 132, (2014).

E. Thimsen, et., al., J. Phys. Chem. C., 116(32), 16830, (2012).

T. S. Yang, et., al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A., 23(4), 1238, (2005).

H. L. Lu, et., al., J. Crystal Growth, 310, 5464, (2008).

Figure 1
(Invited) Benchmarking and Protocol Development for Data Comparison Between Laboratories
Authors: Bender Guido , Kocha Shyam S
Published: February 2020

Comparison of the performance and durability of fuel cell materials and components across laboratories is a challenging undertaking that requires attention to detail with respect to test hardware, protocols, operating conditions and instrument calibration. NREL has fuel cell capabilities ranging from materials to component and systems research. At the materials level, research is being conducted on novel electrocatalyst synthesis methods. These materials are screened in rotating disk electrodes for ORR activity and cyclic durability and compared to statistically reproducible benchmark values for commercial Pt/C using test protocols specifically developed for this purpose. At the component level, research includes studying the effects of contaminants that originate from stack and balance of plant materials. To enable a comparison between the data of the laboratories participating in these studies a significant effort was made to benchmark test stations to achieve identical results for identical tests and operating conditions.

This presentation will focus on the challenges encountered and solutions found when developing test protocols for benchmarking electrocatalyst performance via RDE experiments. It will also cover strategies for comparing and reporting on single cell performance with and without contaminants across collaborating industry, university institutions and national labs.
The Effect of Blockages in a PEM Electrolyzers Flow-Field on Performance and Temperature Distribution
Authors: Fritz David L , Carmo Marcelo , Müller Martin , Stolten Detlef
Published: February 2020

The ever growing demand for renewable energies is currently focused primarily on wind and solar energy. The technologies that capture these renewable energies have developed greatly in the past few decades with an ever increasing installed capacity all around the world. This capacity is however limited by grid demand and intermittency of the source1. In order to fully utilize the installed capacity of sustainable and renewable energy harnessed in wind and solar farms the energy collected at off-peak hours needs to be stored. By coupling a water electrolyzer to the wind and solar power farms the normally unutilized wind and solar energy can then be stored as hydrogen2. Hydrogen has a distinct advantage over other storage methods such as batteries, compressed air or pumped water as it can be stored and then employed into a variety of applications. The stored hydrogen could be used to fuel transportation, process chemicals, produce fertilizers and regenerate electricity1. Hydrogen also shares the ability to be produced, stored and distributed locally or centralized making it a versatile solution that can be brought very quickly into real, already existing commercial markets1.

The major hurdles facing PEM electrolysis before it can truly and competitively enter commercial markets, is the cost of production and the operational cost of the system. The production costs have been a major focus of research since 2010, and a 41% reduction in cost has been shown at the stack level alone in the past 5 years3. The reduction of operational costs and increase in life expectancy and performance of the stacks also plays a critical role in the overall cost of hydrogen production. Some external factors such as poor water supply quality, hot spots from areas of high contact resistance or uneven loading of the catalyst layer, or even blockages in the flow-fields may limit a PEM electrolysis systems lifetime as well as its performance.

In this article the effect of a blockage, as well as multiple blockages in a parallel flow channel were investigated using a segmented cell capable of reading temperature and current distribution over the entire active area of the test cell. A blockage in the flow-field could arise in an electrolysis cell through a large variety of sources, broken pieces of sealing material, poor water quality, large particles from corroded supply tubing and errors made during assembly. This could cause increases in mass transport losses and increased degradation rates on the rest of the cell. The cells operating parameters were also varied to explore and determine how to mitigate the effects a flow blockage has on cell performance.

Figure 1
(Invited) Electrosynthesis of Fuels Directly from CO2
Authors: Co Anne C. , Billy Joshua , Muhlenkamp Katheriine
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a readily available industrial byproduct that can be used to produce useful chemical compounds.  Electrochemical reduction is a highly effective method for converting CO2 to CO, organic acids, low molecular weight hydrocarbons and alcohols.  Product distribution from the reduction of CO2 is highly dependent on the composition and preparation of the catalysts and reduction potential, as such, multiple reduction pathways are observed depending on the catalysts material and the preparation methods.

Copper-based catalysts have been found to produce higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as ethylene, methanol and ethanol.  Here we demonstrate a high surface area Cu catalysts that has a preferential selectivity towards the formation of C2 and C3 species.  This paper will also discuss our attempts to understand the mechanistic pathway using in-situ vibrational spectroscopy under reaction conditions.

Experimental

A copper/aluminum alloy was used as the starting material for producing a high surface area copper catalyst.  The aluminum was removed through an etching procedure in strong base. The resulting nanoporous copper was crushed and mixed with Nafion, a binding agent, then casted over a copper foil substrate.  Carbon dioxide electroreduction was performed by placing the catalyst in a specially designed flow cell. A bubbler in the cell was used to deliver CO2 to saturate the electrolyte, 0.1 M KHCO3, at a rate of 10 mL/min. The catalyst acts as the working electrode in this electrochemical cell. The product distribution from the electroreduction process was collected at a series of potentials. Gaseous products were identified and quantified using gas chromatography coupled with both mass spectrometry and a thermal conductivity detector.  Liquid products were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance.

                The surface morphology and composition of the catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).  The SEM images show a rough surface that retains a porous structure before and after experiments. XPS studies incorporated depth profiling, and show that ruthenium from the surface of the material migrates to the bulk after electrolysis.
Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Mesoporous/Macroporous Carbon (H-C) Prepared from the Combined Silica Templates with Different Size for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Wu Mingjie , Shi Jingjing , Wang Qiang , Qiao Jinli , Liu Yuyu
Published: February 2020

The doped mesoporous carbon as the cathotdic electrode materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have drawn great attention due to the high specific surface area and porous structure, which can facilitate the accessible part of active sites and the transport properties of ORR-relevant species.1,2 For obtaining the specified morphology and predetermined microstructure, the mesoporous carbon were usually synthesized using a sacrificial support method (SSM), during which the excess amount of hydrofluoric acid (HF) have to be added to vacate the silica and other metal-containing precursors.2,3 The waste liquid generated in the process of centrifugal brings a lot of damage for the environment. Therefore, try to develop and/or find a green and effective method for the preparation of mesoporous/microporous carbon materical is no doubt an urgent issue.

Here, by combining a simple two-step graphitization of the impregnated carbon with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a green and efficient  procedure has been demonstrated for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped hierarchical mesoporous/microporous carbon material using poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 7H2O) as precursors. The obtained doped mesoporous carbon shows very high catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Additionally, the suction filtration can be adopted  rather than centrifuge and, 50% more yield of cathotdic electrode material can be obtained. Therefore we can completely use sodium hydroxide instead of hydrofluoric acid to vacate the silica, which is very green and environmentally friendly.