bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutuality in Parent-Child Play: Consequences for Children's Peer Competence
Authors: Lindsey Eric W. , Mize Jacquelyn , Pettit Gregory S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines links between relative balance, or mutuality, in parent-child play and children's social competence. Thirty-five preschoolers and their parents were observed in a laboratory dyadic play session. Videorecords were coded for play initiations and compliance to partner's initiations. Mutuality was operationalized as the relative balance in (a) rate of play initiations between partners and (b) partners' compliance to these initiations. Ratings also were made for dyadic synchrony, based on the extent to which parent and child shared the same focus of attention and engaged in reciprocal and responsive interaction. Children's social competence was assessed with teacher ratings and sociometric interviews. More synchronous mother-child and father-child dyads had higher mutual initiation and mutual compliance scores. Mutual compliance was associated with higher levels of social competence. For father-child dyads, this association held even after controlling for individual dyad members' rates of initiation and compliance. It is argued that parent-child mutuality in play provides children with an opportunity to practice mutual regulation and accommodation, a behavioral style that may translate to cooperative peer play.
`Remembrance of Things Past': Perceptions of Marital Love from its Beginnings to the Present
Authors: Grote Nancy K. , Frieze Irene H.
Published: March 2007

How do married men and women remember their love for their spouse at the beginning of the relationship before marriage and how do they currently perceive their marital love? A total of 581 middle-aged adults, 44 to 47 years old, married an average of 18 years, was surveyed regarding four types of love (Eros, Ludus, Friendship-based Love and Agape) at two relationship stages-retrospectively, at the beginning of the love relationship with their current spouse and currently in the marriage. Findings showed that the perceived strength of erotic and ludic love was higher at the beginning than it was currently for both men and women, and the perceived strength of agapic love was higher currently than it was thought to have been at the beginning, but only for men. The perceived degree of Friendship-based Love (FBL) remained the same across stages. Results also indicated that men and women differed in love experiences to a greater extent at the beginning of the relationship than currently. Most importantly, changes in perceptions of love appeared to have meaningful implications for the current affective quality of the marriage for men and women. Shifts in perceptions of erotic, ludic, friendship-based and agapic love predicted marital satisfaction as well as other salient relationship characteristics, such as sexual satisfaction, non-monogamy, relying upon one's spouse for help and comfort, as well as spending time with, feeling close to, respecting and helping one's spouse.
Characteristics and Consequences of Expectation Violations in Close Relationships
Authors: Afifi Walid A. , Metts Sandra
Published: March 2007

Research on expectation violations in relationships has adopted a conceptual framework of violations that constrains our understanding of the role that unexpected behaviors play in relationships. First, the relational literature has generally studied extreme and highly salient violations in relationships. Second, much of the research on relationship violations has considered only negatively valenced behaviors. Third, violations have almost universally been assumed to increase uncertainty states. Finally, the available evidence about violations in relationship has been descriptive, rather than based on theoretical foundations. In order to address these four concerns, three studies of violations in relationships were conducted. The results (i) provide a typology of expectation violations in close relationships, (ii) confirm that relationship violations vary in intensity, valence and effect on uncertainty, and (iii) support the theoretical logic discussed in Afifi & Burgoon (1996) to predict the relationship outcomes of expectation violations.
Stigmatization of Transitions in Loneliness
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J.
Published: March 2007

A total of 204 college students judged hypothetical peers that represented two types of Current Loneliness (Lonely vs Non-lonely) x two types of Transition in Loneliness (No-transition vs Transition). In the transition condition, the peers were shown as changing over the course of leaving home and attending college, from being lonely to non-lonely or from being non-lonely to lonely. Results showed that the students ascribed psychosocial functioning to the peers in the following order, from lowest to highest: no-transition lonely, transition lonely, transition non-lonely and no-transition nonlonely. Also, students reported less acceptance of the lonely than non-lonely peers and of the transition than no-transition peers, primarily for the non-lonely peer. Consistent with Weiner et al.'s (1988) causal analysis of stigmas, the more the college students believed that the loneliness and behavior of the transition lonely peer were not controllable by him or her, the more the students accepted the peer. Suggestions for future research included the investigation of the stigmatization of various transitions to loneliness, such as divorce or death of a spouse.
Implementing the Adams and Blieszner Conceptual Model: Predicting Interactive Friendship Processes of Older Adults
Authors: Dugan Elizabeth , Kivett Vira R.
Published: March 2007

There is a paucity of information about the dynamics of friendships among older adults. To address this gap, the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (11) published an integrative conceptual framework for friendship research (Adams & Blieszner, 1994). Briefly outlined, it proposes that individual characteristics, as expressed through a behavioral motif, affect friendship patterns, and that friendship patterns vary by structural and cultural context. The purpose of this research is to advance to the next theoretical step and provide a partial operationalization of the model. This study surveyed 282 older adults, using random sampling techniques, to examine the relationships of older relocated adults. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationship of personal attributes, patterns of daily life, and context to interactive friendship processes. Overt behavioral processes and frequency of contact were best explained by the model. Sex and class were related to interactive processes. However, the framework was less effective in predicting covert affective and cognitive processes. The friendships of older adults were influenced by sex, class and propinquity.
Mixing and Matching: Assessing the Concomitants of Mixed-Ethnic Relationships
Authors: Gurung Regan A.R. , Duong Tenor
Published: March 2007

Does the self-esteem or relationship quality of those dating outside their ethnic group differ from those in a same-ethnic relationship? This study addresses this question, assessing personal (e.g., self-esteem and clarity) and relationship characteristics (commitment, satisfaction, realistic expectations, the level to which expectations were met, and partner preferences) with an emphasis on ethnic identity. We studied 131 undergraduates, 58 in same-ethnic heterosexual relationships (SERs) and 73 from mixed-ethnic heterosexual relationships (MERs). Counter to the assumptions of many lay people and scientists, we found no differences between the two groups. Ethnic identity was more predictive of relationship quality and commitment than was relationship composition (same versus mixed-ethnic). Furthermore, commitment was significantly associated with the extent to which expectations were met for members of MERs, but not for those in SERs. Results are discussed in the context of social psychological theories of group biases, impression formation, and prejudice, and consequences for the welfare of mixed-ethnic couples.
Social Cognition on the Playground: Children's Beliefs about Playing with Girls Versus Boys and their Relations to Sex Segregated Play
Authors: Martin Carol Lynn , Fabes Richard A. , Evans Stephanie M. , Wyman Heidi
Published: March 2007

We examined the relation between children's social cognitions about playing with girls and boys and their self-reported and actual play partner preferences. A total of 184 young children (92 girls, 92 boys; 41-82 months old) answered questions about their preferences for playing with hypothetical peers, their beliefs about others' approval for their playing with these children, and their predictions of other children's play preferences. To assess actual play preferences, a sub-sample of 40 children was observed in naturally occurring free-play peer interactions. Results showed that children held gender-typed beliefs about other children's play partner preferences and these beliefs were stronger for older children. Children also believed that others would be more likely to approve of their behavior when they played with same-sex peers than with other-sex peers, and this belief was stronger in older children. When asked about their own preferences, children reported strong same-sex play partner preferences, which increased with age. Observations confirmed that children have same-sex preferences. Children's gender-typed cognitions about play partners correlated with play partner preferences: the more gender-typed the belief, the more children preferred same-sex playmates. The relation between age and playmate preference was mediated by children's beliefs about others, suggesting a possible causal link between changing gender cognitions and increased tendencies to prefer same-sex partners. Thus, social cognitions may account, in part, for age changes in sex segregation.
An Investigation into Enterprise Support For Younger People, 1975-2000
Authors: Greene Francis J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that we can identify three phases of youth enterprise support in the last 25 years. The first of these, 'free-enterprise', is said to have occurred between 1975 and 1981. This period, a reaction to the problems of the 1970s, saw very limited support for enterprise among young people. In the second period, 'enterprise culture' (1981-91), we saw direct intervention by public, private and voluntary agencies to support enterprise among young people. This article argues that the impetus behind this was not ideological, but a pragmatic urge to reduce the endemic unemployment of the 1980s. The article also identifies a third phase, 'enterprising individuals' (1992 onwards) which has seen a greater focus on improving the entrepreneurial skills and abilities of young people. The first section of the article describes each of these three stages of enterprise support. In the second section, I consider empirical evidence on changes in the take-up of self-employment by young people over the last 25 years.
Small need not be ignorant
Authors: Phillips Julian
Published: March 2007

The recent promotion of IT has emphasised technology and largely ignored the information that the technology is supposed to manipulate Large companies take information seriously Small firms do not They should be encouraged by coordination and better marketing of available services Information is vital in the industrial and commercial regeneration of depressed regions in the UK.
Research Note: A Captive Audience?
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi
Published: March 2007

Studies on the media use of incarcerated persons often depart from a narrow theoretical perspective. Inspired by the media effects tradition or by the uses and gratifications approach, they concentrate on the plausible (causal) relationships between the media preferences of perpetrators and the type of offences they have committed, or on the therapeutic functions of mass media in prison settings. This research note presents the results of an extensive quantitative and qualitative investigation into the media use of convicts in five Flemish penitentiaries. The underlying theoretical model integrates both criminological and communication insights to explain the media consumption of individuals inside prison walls. More particularly, the `imported' sociodemographic and criminal background characteristics of prisoners, their concrete living conditions and the (stress-inducing) interaction between the depriving prison environment and the individual, are considered to be the most important determinants of their media use.
From Communication Policy to Reconstruction of Cultural Identity: Prospects for Catalonia
Authors: Gifreu Josep
Published: March 2007

This article presents proposals for research into the crisis of cultural identity facing Catalonia and similarly placed countries and regions. The crisis stems from subordination to an international communication order, including the diffusion of mass culture and one or more `universal' languages throught the mass media. Two research frameworks are elaborated: a set of dimensions along which Catalan communication sub-systems are undergoing change at present, and a set of alternative scenarios for the developement of Catalan capacities for cultural production and language use in the medium-term future. Finally, certain principles to guide policy for cultural identity and the democratization of Catalan culture are outlined.
Language in the Age of Satellite Television
Authors: Findahl Olle
Published: March 2007

In the age of satellite television foreign languages will be heard in most people's living rooms on a day-to-day basis. Will it improve our command and understanding of foreign languages? In Europe language barriers still prevail in many countries, but in Sweden and other minor language countries the barrier toward English is crumbling. The direction of change is clear. The question is how much and how fast Anglo-American influence will continue to grow. If the orientation of our youth is any indication, Sweden appears to be more susceptible to the change — a danger or a possibility — than many other nations.
On the Institutional Infrastructure of Glasnost: Centralization and Concentration of the Hungarian Press
Authors: Jakab Zoltan
Published: March 2007

`Glasnost Hungarian style' forms part of a process of reform initiated from `above'. From `below', there has been a remarkable renaissance of civil society, with increasing numbers of people becoming actively involved in public and political life. At the same time, gathering social and economic crisis threatens to destabilize the country, while institutional structures inherited almost intact from the Stalinist period serve as a strait-jacket, precluding any meaningful and lasting change. This is particularly evident in the print media, a field which is strictly regulated and controlled. Licensing of newspapers and periodicals, allocation of newsprint, strict price controls, almost non-existent opportunities for the entry of new actors into the field, a high degree of press concentration in the hands of the power elite — all these characterize the situation in the Hungarian press. All of these factors are incompatible with movement towards a democratic and pluralistic socialist society, but change in these areas is predicated on the reform of political institutions.
History as a Communication Event: The Example of the French Revolution
Authors: Wilke Jürgen
Published: March 2007

During 1989 the bicentenary of the French Revolution has been celebrated. The moment is therefore opportune to examine this important event from the perspective of communication and media research. While historical research has provided many different explanations for the French Revolution, the role of communication as an independent factor in the revolutionary process has largely been ignored. The intention of this article is to describe the contribution of mass communication to the outbreak and development of the French Revolution, referring to recent concepts of media effects (i.e. the spiral of silence).
Beyond the News Story: News as Discursive Composition
Authors: Pietilä Veikko
Published: March 2007

The article discusses newspaper news stories in terms of linguistic and literary narratology. It regards the news as a discursive composition, which is produced by the journalist-mobilized news narrator, singling out relevant pieces of information from the discourses of real-life actors, ordering them into definite relationships and binding them together in a linking discourse. The article presents a detailed analysis of the properties of the narrator's linking discourse and of the ways in which the narrator, in making the news, can shape his or her point of view of the discourses of the actors in the news so as to support or undermine them. The article is intended primarily as a methodical experiment, and it concludes that, if appropriately modified, narratological tools and concepts are well suited to the structural analysis of news.
Environmental Concern and the Swedish Press
Authors: Gooch Geoffrey D.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies have shown that concern for the environment is widespread and persistent in many countries, both rich and poor. However, the origins and scope of this concern can differ between different individuals, groups and societies, depending on whether the concern stems from perceived global degradation, or from personally experienced unsatisfactory local living conditions. Regional newspapers have been credited with an important role in the dissemination of environmental concern, especially at the local level. In this study, the types of environmental issues reported in the press, and the results of a survey of citizen concern with specific environmental problems, are examined. The results show that the alleged agenda-setting role of the regional newspapers in environmental issues is not pronounced, and demonstrate that personal experience of local environmental problems, interpersonal communication and levels of trust for news sources, may have more substantial effects on the public's perceptions of local environmental risks than information communicated through the press. The idea of territory, and the obtrusiveness of environmental problems, are then used to explain the weak role of the regional press in influencing public saliency of environmental problems.
The Politics and the Effects of the Deregulation of Greek Television
Authors: Papathanassopoulos Stylianos
Published: March 2007

Broadcasting has been a source of controversy in Greece since its beginning. It is not surprising that the deregulation of the broadcasting sector has been closely associated with politics rather than a well-organized plan according to the needs of the industry. The speed with which private broadcasters have moved into the broadcasting arena has been impressive, while politicians seem unwilling (or unable) to bring order to the sector. This article attempts to review and analyse the politics of deregulation of Greek broadcasting and the side-effects of an undisciplined television environment.
Satellite Television Viewing among Ethnic Minorities in France
Authors: Hargreaves Alec G. , Mahdjoub Dalila
Published: March 2007

Minority ethnic viewers originating in Islamic countries are more densely equipped with satellite television receivers than the majority population in France. Very little research has so far been conducted on the impact of satellite channels. This article is based on a qualitative survey conducted among 115 viewers in 30 minority ethnic households, mainly of Maghrebi origin. Respondents were asked what they had expected of satellite programmes, how their viewing habits had changed with the installation of satellite receivers and how this had affected personal and family attitudes. The findings reveal major differences between first- and second-generation minority ethnic viewers, as well as significant variations related to gender.
Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms
Authors: Esser Frank
Published: March 2007

Work in newsrooms can be organized in various ways following different principles. For historical reasons, German and Anglo-Saxon newspaper offices operate quite differently. Whereas British and American newspapers favour centralized newsrooms with a high division of labour, German newspapers tend to decentralize their work by maintaining many more branch offices which produce complete sections of the paper. In addition, employees in German newsrooms have more responsibilities and perform a greater range of journalistic tasks than their Anglo-Saxon counterparts. The reason is that in Germany a `holistic' understanding of journalism prevails; editorial work is regarded as an `integrated whole' not to be broken up. As the present study demonstrates, editorial work can be modelled on different organizational principles — each having advantages and disadvantages. The known and established routines of one country are neither the only ones nor necessarily the best. This article sets out to compare British and German newsroom structures, discusses characteristics, causes and consequences of the different models and evaluates them in context of the respective journalistic systems. It also demonstrates that in newsroom analyses, `open' and `closed' organizations as well as `personal' and `organizational bias' must be distinguished.
Introduction
Authors: Tiryakian Edward A.
Published: March 2007

`Civilization' has been a contested term since its inception in the 18th century. However, after the pioneering studies of Weber and Mauss, civilizational analysis dropped from sight in major reference works. The present issue is an endeavor to recapture the significance on the contemporary scene of civilizations and their dynamics as macro-units of analysis. Attention is given to the trio of `second generation' figures, Sorokin, Elias and Nelson, and to more recent conceptualizations, including the controversial thesis of Huntington.
PROPHETS AND PRIESTS IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY: PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE FROM JESUS TO JOHN CHRYSOSTOM
Authors: Kyrtatas Dimitris
Published: March 2007

Prophets and priests were distinct orders in early Christianity. In its first stages, the Christian movement depended for the production of its religious ideas upon the work of charismatic, itinerant individuals called prophets. Gradually, as organisation and consolidation of dogma became of vital importance, leadership passed to a hierarchical order of priests and bishops. The transfer of power progressed in an ever more intense strain between the two types of leadership which ended with the elimination of the order of prophets. Comparative work has helped to develop prophets and priests as essential analytical concepts in the field of the sociology of religion.

The present paper traces the major stages in the formation of the early Christian leadership and argues that the qualities of the prophet were transformed rather than actually eliminated. The task of edifying the masses after the conversion of the empire led to radically new techniques in moral instruction. The imposition of religious ideas through constant preaching became a valuable weapon to priests, but the initial exploration of the human conscience required a prophetic sensitivity. Prophets and priests, it is finally argued, may be viewed as producers and transmitters of new knowledge respectively not only in strictly religious matters but in the educational system at large.
Globalizations
Authors: Therborn Göran
Published: March 2007

Globalization is a plural phenomenon. There are at least five major discourses on it that usually ignore each other: competitive economics, social criticism, state (im)potence, culture and planetary ecology. The dimensions of globalization include a number of substantial social processes as well as two different kinds of dynamics: systemic and interacting exogenous actors. Globalizations are not new phenomena. At least six historical waves, beginning with the spread of world religions, may be identified. An attempt is made to systematize the effects of globalizations on different world regions and social actors. Issues of governance are raised, focusing on states and norms.
Pentecostalism in the Southern Cone Countries
Authors: Oro Ari Pedro , Semán Pablo
Published: March 2007

This article presents a picture of the historical development and the present situation of the various forms of Pentecostalism existing in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. The article also presents a summary of the different theories about some themes: the diversity of the social actors reached by the Pentecostal message, the diversity of theologies, Neo-Pentecostalism, Pentecostalism and politics and Pentecostalism and the media.
Leisure Experience and Imagination
Authors: Lengkeek Jaap
Published: March 2007

Holiday-makers experience the places where they are on holiday in different ways. Back in 1979, Erik Cohen introduced his `modes of tourist experience'. Cohen's approach was promising for better understanding `experiences' in a phenomenological way, but very little happened afterwards with his `modes' either in a theoretical or empirical way. This article reconsiders his theoretical model and reformulates the modes of experience, which have a basis in Alfred Schutz's lifeworld concept, and a theory on imagination and metaphors. The role imagination can play in free-time experiences is that it can provide a new synthesis between the self and the environment. The metaphorical context has a quality that can be referred to as `out-there-ness'. The concept of out-there-ness, instead of Cohen's `centre-out-there', can be well applied to leisure situations where no centres are relevant, but only orientations and metaphorical references.
THE EMIGRATION POTENTIAL OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, LITHUANIA, POLAND AND RUSSIA: RECENT SURVEY RESULTS
Authors: Brym Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the factors that have recently elevated the emigration potential of Russia and Eastern Europe. It also assesses that potential in the light of a unique February 1991 survey of 4,269 respondents conducted in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Russia. Bearing in mind the volatility of the situation in the region, it is demonstrated that the proportion of adults wishing to emigrate from each of these countries in February 1991 varied from a low of 2 per cent in Lithuania to a high of 13 per cent in Poland. Total emigration potential from the region is estimated to have been between 10.2 and 16.7 million. An analysis of bivariate relationships shows that there were negligible rural-urban and educational differences between potential emigrants and others, while young men who were pessimistic about their country's economic and political prospects tended more than others to desire emigration. A multiple regression analysis indicates that age and pessimism concerning democracy are the main factors that were independently associated with desire to emigrate.
THE PERSISTENCE OF CLASSES IN POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Authors: Hout Mike , Brooks Clem , Manza Jeff
Published: March 2007

Class structures have undergone important changes in recent decades with the rise of post-industrial societies. Clark and Lipset have recently interpreted these changs as evidence that class is fragmenting and losing its importance. We reject their analysis. The birth of new sources of inequality does not imply the death of the old ones. We review empirical evidence that shows how class-based stratification continues to be a central factor in social stratification. Clark and Lipset also argue that class affects politics, the economy and the family less than it used to. Their conclusion is based on a selective reading of the empirical literature. We discuss the countervailing evidence and conclude that class effects persist.
MOVING FROM `THE STATUS OF WOMEN' TO `GENDER INEQUALITY': CONCEPTUALISATION, SOCIAL INDICATORS AND AN EMPIRICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Young Gay , Fort Lucia , Danner Mona
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the conceptualisation and refines the operationalisation of gender inequality. The aim is to bridge theory - on gender relations - and measurement - of the reality of gender for women and men - by means of a set of social indicators of gender inequality. We first elaborate the concept of gender inequality and differentiate it from `women's status'. Gender inequality is defined as the departure from parity in the representation of women and men in key dimensions of social life. Next, we operationalise the concept through a set of social indicators developed from statistics provided in the United Nations Women's Statistics and Indicators (WISTAT) database. The 21 indicators measure disparities in the distribution of women and men in socially valued positions in five dimensions - physical well-being, public power, family formation, education and economic activity - within two spheres: human rights and social relations. Finally, we apply the social indicators of gender inequality in a cross-national analysis of the disparities between women and men at different levels of national development. The findings reveal the dismal state of women's human rights across all levels of national income and the disadvantage women experience in the interconnection between social relations of production and reproduction in countries rich or poor. This more complex measure of gender inequality has the potential to inform policy and practices aimed at achieving gender equality.
COLLECTIVE ACTION, MIGRATION AND WELFARE STATES
Authors: Breuer Michael , Faist Thomas , Jordan Bill
Published: March 2007

In current welfare state analysis there is little theory to explain the action of exclusive groups. This article explores the possibilities of a theory that focuses on the interaction between individual choices and strategies, the formal systems, policies and rules of governments and the informal norms and practices of groups. The argument is that club theory, a branch of public choice concepts, represents a promising new element in such an approach. A theoretical frame has to account for both collectivisation and fragmentation processes - how mass solidarities in welfare states come to be created and in turn to be broken up into narrower mutualities. Migration is used as an example to show how the actions of migrants and policy decisions about them affect these dynamics or are affected by them.
THE MEANING OF WAR THROUGH VETERANS' EYES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LIFE STORIES
Authors: Lomsky-Feder Edna
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the meaning of war as it is articulated in war veterans' life stories and with the interpretive-phenomenological mechanisms through which the war experience is integrated into the course of their lives.

The research is based on 63 life stories of Jewish Israeli men (all names are pseudonyms) who fought in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as part of their regular military service, in a variety of roles; half of them held combat positions and half were support staff. The stories were chosen from a clearly defined social group: middle-class, educated and secular men. The analysis of their life stories was derived from a phenomenological conceptual framework. The claim of this paper is that just as war is institutionalised and normalised into the Israeli macrosocial order, so too the individual integrates and co-opts it into his personal biography. Israeli soldiers do not represent the experience of war as a traumatic experience but rather as a `normalised experience' in their lives, contrary to the findings reported in the general literature about war veterans. The life stories reveal two interpretive-phenomenological mechanisms used by interviewees in normalising the war experience: the contiguous (the experience is integrated in the course of life by means of previous social knowledge) interpretation of war and the dual interpretation (the war is simultaneously part of and outside life) of war.
Vocational Integration of University Graduates
Authors: Trottier Claude , Cloutier Renée , Laforce Louise
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the professional integration of university graduates (Bachelor's degree level). The objectives are (a) to delimit the notion of vocational integration; (b) to build a typology of the vocational integration focusing on the process of stabilization in the job market rather than on the correspondence between education and employment; and (c) to measure the influence of the field of studies and of two sociodemographic characteristics (gender and social origin) on the level of vocational integration of graduates, using a logistic-regression analysis. The analysis is based on a data bank on the educational paths and the entry in the labour market of graduates 3 years after graduation in 1986. It was found that the gender, social origin and field of studies at the Bachelor's degree level are all factors that have a direct impact on the level of vocational integration.
Regulating Professionals
Authors: Buchner-Jeziorska Anna , Evetts Julia
Published: March 2007

This article considers aspects of professional regulation in respect to professions in Poland. First, it examines the theoretical background to professional regulation and analyses the main institutional influences on such systems - such as professional associations, states and markets. Then it assesses such institutional influences in the Polish case: an example of professions in transition from a state to a market system of regulation. It is argued that markets are an increasing source of influence and control on systems of professional regulation.
Variations in State Responsiveness
Authors: Alestalo Marja
Published: March 2007

Until the present, the truism of the political system has been that the science system derives its freedom from the state. However, the analysis of various theories of the state and of actual government policies implies that there have been transformations in the adopted strategies. The welfare state has aimed at state-regulated science policy by stressing the importance of societally relevant research and the equalization of opportunity. The neo-liberal state has argued for deregulation and competition and has viewed the promotion of science and higher education as an integral part of the commodification process. Currently, the idea of civil society has been revitalized as an attempt to guarantee more liberties to citizens and to develop political pluralism and a new system of contracts and representation. In government programmes, only inprecise conceptions have been presented about the nature and the role of science in a society where the citizens are capable of organizing their activities and interests.
The Necessity of Opportunity and Community in a Good Society
Authors: Bellah Robert N.
Published: March 2007

Opportunity and community are two central features of a good society. In the USA, however, due to a cultural emphasis on individualism, opportunity is much better understood than community. The meaning of community is often so vague that its critical role, even in making opportunity possible, is obscured.
Population Growth and the Demographic Transition in Kenya
Authors: Wortham Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on patterns of population growth in Kenya. The historical pattern of population growth from the close of the nineteenth century to 1992 is explored in the first two major sections. Estimates of the annual rate of natural population growth have not exceeded 2.5 per cent prior to 1960. Since 1960 the annual natural population growth rate has increased from 3 per cent in 1962 to 3.8-3.9 per cent for the 1977-1990 period. The rate has fallen slightly to 3.6 per cent for 1992, and data from the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey indicate that the total fertility rate declined significantly during the 1980s. The applicability of demographic transition theory to the study of population growth and development in Kenya is addressed in the third section. A fourstage model grounded in the work of Petersen, Caldwell and Chesnais is developed and applied to Kenya. Kenya is observed to have passed through the underdeveloped stage characterised by increasing birth and death rates and entered the transition/developing stage during the 1980s. Issues concerning the prospects of substantial continued reductions in the fertility level are addressed in the concluding section.
Early Adolescent Predictors of Youth Violence as Mediators of Childhood Risks
Authors: Herrenkohl Todd I. , Guo Jie , Kosterman Rick , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Smith Brian H.
Published: March 2007

Analyses were conducted to assess whether risk factors for youth violence measured at 10 years of age influenced later violence directly or indirectly through predictors measured in early adolescence (14 years of age). Analyses revealed that many childhood risks—which included teacher-rated hyperactivity/low attention, teacher-rated antisocial behavior, parental attitudes favorable to violence, involvement with antisocial peers, low family income, and availability of drugs in a neighborhood—had strong and persistent effects on later violence. However, mediation effects also were noted for most factors. Male gender and low neighborhood attachment measured at 10 years of age were the only two risks that appeared not to be mediated partially by predictors at 14 years of age. School and peer predictors of violence measured at 14 years of age were the strongest mediators of the earlier risk factors. Those predictors consistently added to the explanatory power of each model that was tested.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Age and Gender in Relation to Early Adolescent Interests
Authors: Jones Randy M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between age, gender, and early adolescent interests. A total of 662 respondents, ranging in age from ten to fifteen years, rated topics according to their interest. All participants responded to the same list of twenty-five topics. Significant interest differences were observed across age categories. Generally, these changes were occurring earlier for females than males, suggesting that social and psychological change are necessitated by physiological maturation. Significant sex differences were also found on several of the topics. These differences may reflect societal norms and expectations concerning sex appropriateness. Male interests were more often focused around status and achievement while females were interested in life and people.
The Opinions of Mental Health Facility Administrators on the Effects of Children's Rights and Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Quay Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a survey of opinions of mental health administrators in regards to children's rights and deinstitutionalization. Data from 107 respondents (45% of those to whom a survey was mailed) revealed wide variability in responses unrelated to professional discipline, type of agency, or years of experience. While both positive and negative specific effects were noted, the majority of respondents seemed to endorse both movements overall. There was a sufficient degree of agreement by respondents about adverse consequences to suggest that empirical research into the effects of both movements is clearly in order. If empirical findings support expert opinion, a closer look-at the means by which both movements are actualized would be warranted.
Profile of Preadolescent Values: Revisited
Authors: McCartin Rosemarie , Freehill Maurice F. , Greig Laurie M.
Published: March 2007

The findings obtained from a survey of values among sixth grade pupils were compared with those of a survey from an earlier generation of pupils in 1972 using the same questionnaire in the same schools and at the same grade level. There was complete agreement on three of the highest values, all indicating a preference for love and affection. Differences in ranking across the decade were for mid-level items with the 1982 group elevating a few relatively individualistic values and reducing the rankings of more social values such as Politeness and A Secure Country. Comparisons were also made for sub-groups of the 1982 population by sex and ethnicity. The proportion of each sub-group that ranked an item above the mean for the generational group is reported. Only 8 out of 116 values were significantly different across groups, a finding consistent with evidence that agreement within a generational group tends to be strong.
Peer Influences on Adolescent Drinking
Authors: Stattin HAkan , Gustafson Sigrid B. , Magnusson David
Published: March 2007

Using a longitudinal sample of Swedish midadolescents, variations from the normal transition into regular drinking habits were proposed to be linked to particular types of peer relationships. The interpersonal ecology for variations from the age-normative patterns was assumed to be the association with younger, older, or full-time working peers. As predicted, analyses for midadolescent males and females (N = 1,012) at age 14 years showed that having younger peers as friends was related to a lower prevalence of and less frequent drunkenness in midadolescence as compared to having only same-age peers as friends. Similar results were evident for association with older or with working peers. The differential impact of peers, which was evident at the age of 14 years, was still significant 17 months later but not at the age of 26 years. Discussion emphasized the need to assess differential influences on timing in the transitions in social behavior in adolescence.
Maturational Timing and the Development of Problem Behavior
Authors: Silbereisen Rainer K. , Petersen Anne C. , Albrecht Helfried T. , Kracke Bärbel
Published: March 2007

Previous research demonstrated a higher risk for problem behaviors among early as compared to late maturing girls. In the present study, the role of maturational timing was assessed within the framework of a developmental model for adolescent problem behavior. Data obtained twice, one year apart, on 62 girls in early adolescence (11 to 12 years of age) and 193 girls in middle adolescence (14 to 15 years of age) were compared. Girls self-reported information on maturational timing, parental support, peer rejection, self-derogation, transgression proneness, and contacts with deviant peers. In both age cohorts, peer rejection was related to more self-derogation, with both related to more contacts with deviant peers, mediated by transgression proneness in middle adolescence. Parental support protected against such contacts and in middle adolescence protected against transgression proneness and self-derogation. In middle adolescence, early maturation led to more contacts with deviant peers but lower self-derogation; similarly, in early adolescence early maturers reported less peer rejection. Thus, the predictions were generally supported except for the surprising result of lower self-derogation among early maturers.
Relocation and Personal Well-Being among Early Adolescents
Authors: Brown Anita C. , Orthner Dennis K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the association between geographical relocations and selected indicators of personal well-being among early adolescents in five communities in the United States. Relocation was measured both by recency of residential change and by the number of lifetime moves between towns that the adolescents had made. Well-being was self-esteem, alienation, depression, and life satisfaction. The results indicated that neither recent relocations nor a history of relocations were associated with well-being among males, but that life satisfaction was negatively affected by recent moves as well as high number of moves in the history of females. A history of frequent moves also resulted in lower levels of depression among females. The results are discussed in terms of gender differences and responses to moving and the reasons why relocations may have only a moderate affect on this age child.
Pubertal Timing, Overweight, and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Alsaker Fransoise D.
Published: March 2007

Different aspects of pubertal timing and of weight were examined in relation to body image, global negative self-evaluations, depressive tendencies, and perceived instability of self-concept among a sample of 1,109 girls and 1,256 boys, aged 13 through 16 years. Perceived early maturation was related significantly to poor body image and global negative self-evaluations in girls in the sixth and eighth grades, and the same tendency was found in seventh graders. Late maturation was generally associated with negative self-evaluations in boys, whereas early maturation was related to more positive evaluations. However, some findings also indicated negative effects of early maturation in boys. The negative effects of perceived early timing in girls could not be explained by overweight. Furthermore, relative overweight showed a significant relationship with poor psychological adjustment, even when controlling for pubertal timing. Thus early timing and overweight appear to contribute independently of each other to girls `negative self-evaluations in this period
Parent-Child Relationships and Peer-Perceived Competence During Middle Childhood and Preadolescence in Israel
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Collins W. Andrew , Dital Mira
Published: March 2007

This study examined parent-child relationships in middle childhood and preadolescence and their significance for children's peer-perceived social competence. A sample of 9-and 11-year-old Israeli children (n = 95 and 98, respectively) completed inventories of mothers' and fathers' perceived acceptance, rejection, psychological autonomy, and psychological control. Their mothers and fathers indicated perceptions of their child on rebellious behavior, impersistence, inability to decide, detachment, and social instability. Classmates also completed peer nomination measures of self-reliance, rebelliousness, and compliance. Eleven-year-olds perceived their parents to allow more autonomy than did 9-year-olds; 11-year-olds also perceived less acceptance by fathers. Parents perceived 9-and 11-year-olds similarly, indicating possible parental insensitivity to differences between these two age groups on characteristics such as rebelliousness, decisiveness, and persistence. Children's and parents' perceptions were associated with peer-perceived competence for 9-year-olds but not for 11-year-olds. Age-related differences in perceptions and in patterns of correlations with peer nominations of social competence imply that aspects of parent-child relationships that have typically been attributed to the adolescent years may have significant precursors in middle childhood and preadolescence.
Family Functioning and Academic Achievement in Middle School A Social-Emotional Perspective
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses relations between family functioning and academic achievement in young adolescents. Toward this end, the literature on links between parenting and children 's cognitive competence is reviewed. It is thenproposed that social and emotional adjustment might play a critical role in mediating relations between parenting practices and young adolescents' academic performance. To support this notion, a program of research on family functioning, emotional distress and self-restraint, and academic performance in early adolescent boys is described. Finally, future directionsfor research in this area are discussed. Issues concerning methodsfor studying parent-child relationships, the use of a broader systems approach for defining family functioning, and intrapersonal processes that might mediate the link between parenting practices and school achievement are raised.