bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of atresia or of luteinization without rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys treated with estradiol‐17β on day 8 of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Dierschke Donald J. , Golos Thaddeus G. , Durning Maureen , Hutz Reinhold J.
Published: June 2005

Previous results have established that 17β‐estradiol (E2) administered in capsules for 24 h on Day 6 of the menstrual cycle results in atresia of the dominant follicle (DF). The present experiment was designed to determine if atresia could be induced similarly as late as Day 8, when the DF is presumably larger, to facilitate biochemical analyses. On the morning of Day 8, laparoscopy was used to confirm the presence of the DF, and 4, 6, or 8 Silastic capsules containing E2 were placed s.c. for 12 or 24 h. Treatment with E2 for 12 h resulted in atresia of the dominant follicle: 2/4,4/5, and 2/5 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules, respectively. Increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) usually occurred following removal of E2 after 12 h; similar increases resulted previously from treatment on Day 6, and are interpreted as the result of removal of E2‐induced negative feedback rather than an effect of positive feedback. In contrast to the efficacy of treatment for 12 h, treatment with E2 for 24 h resulted in a lower incidence of atresia (2/5,1/6, and 1/4 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules), and premature LH surges were seen during treatment in almost all animals, especially with 6 or 8 capsules, initiating luteinization of the DF without ovulation. Regarding intrafollicular changes, E2 treatment resulted in a 10‐fold reduction in follicular fluid concentrations of estrogen, while progesterone (P) levels were augmented; the output of P by granulosa cells in culture was also enhanced by E2 treatment. We conclude that the DF in monkeys remains susceptible to the atretogenic effects of E2 as late as Day 8 of the cycle, but the amount of follicular material recoverable is not increased with the later treatment. Furthermore, the similarity between the luteinized unruptured follicles induced in this study and those occurring spontaneously in women suggests that this model may be valuable in elucidating the factors involved in this source of infertility in women. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between urinary pregnanediol glucuronide and basal body temperature in female orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus
Authors: Asa Cheryl S. , Fischer Frank , Carrasco Emilee , Puricelli Cynthia
Published: June 2005

Changes in basal body temperature (BBT) in relation to the menstrual cycle were investigated in three adult female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). In particular, the relationships of BBT to urinary estrone conjugates (EC) and to pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) were examined using two of the females during two cycles each. Radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted peritoneally to record core body temperatures. Radio signals were received approximately every 2 min, 24 h per day. Because temperatures during the period 0300–0400 h were most stable (i.e., were less likely to be affected by confounding variables such as activity), a mean of these values was used to calculate daily BBT. BBT showed a highly significant positive correlation with PDG but not with EC. Menstrual phases were associated with declining or trough levels of BBT. Although changes in BBT were not sufficiently distinct to predict or to preclsely identify the time of ovulation, the strong association between BBT and PDG suggests that radiotelemetry of BBT may be useful in monitoring ovarian cycles, especially the luteal phase, in this species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimpanzee tool use for honey and termite extraction in Central Africa
Authors: Fay J. Michael , Carroll Richard W.
Published: June 2005

Observations are presented primarily from two study sites located in the extreme southwestern tip of the Central African Republic. The use of flexible stalks and rigid sticks to extract termites from mounds and pounding, prying, and digging tools to penetrate melipone, honey bee, and ground‐dwelling bee hives by Pan t. troglodytes are documented or inferred from circumstantial evidence. Functionally, termite extraction tools were similar to other locations in west and central Africa, but the plant species used were considerably different. Extraction of bees using large pieces of wood as pounding tools has not been recorded elsewhere in wild chimpanzees. No environmental factor that differs between the east and west of the range of P. t. troglodytes that would cause the difference in tool use was identified. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Avoidance of close consanguineous inbreeding in captive groups of rhesus macaques
Authors: Smith David Glenn
Published: June 2005

In three captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) the intensity of inbreeding avoidance was directly correlated with the closeness of kinship. The incidence of inbreeding between matrilineal relatives was lower than expected were mating to occur randomly with regard to matrilineal affiliation. The avoidance of mating between sons and their mothers and between matrilineal sibs contributed about squally to this outcome. The incidence of mating between more remote matrilineal relatives was lower than, but could not be shown to differ significantly from, that expected at the 0.05 level of probability. Familiarity fostered by interactions among matriline members probably provides a focus for avoidance of matrilineal inbreeding, and might influence male dispersal. Results of this study are consistent with reports of female rhesus macaques' avoidance of sexual activity with matrilineal male relatives as predicted by parental investment theory

The observed incidence of inbreeding between patrilineal relatives was not different from that expected, but significantly fewer of the patrilineally inbred matings involved father/daughter matings than expected were mating random. Recognition of phenotypic similarities might provide a focus for avoidance of inbreeding between fathers and their daughters, but is loss reliable than strategies for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding. Adaptations for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding that are more effective than those for avoiding patrilineal inbreeding might have evolved because the risk of patrilineal inbreeding, and hence the resulting loss in fitness, is marginal compared to that for matrilineal inbreeding in free‐ranging groups. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and menstrual cycle phase influences on the behavior of group‐housed Cebus apella
Authors: Linn G. S. , Mase D. , Lafrancois D. , O'Keeffe R. T. , Lifshitz K.
Published: June 2005

This study examined sexual and other social behavior in relation to menstrual cycle phase in four mixed‐sex social groups of Cebus apella. Groups consisted of two adult males and either six or nine adult females. Menstrual cycles of high (rank 1–2) and low (rank 3–7) dominance‐rank females from each group were monitored via vaginal swabs, and correlated with data collected from ongoing behavioral observations. Only cycles bounded by positive detection of menstrual blood were included in this analysis (n = 15 females, 182 cycles; mean ± s.d., cycle length = 20.8 ± 1.2 days). Rates of copulation and female solicitation of males varied significantly with cycle phase, with highest rates at midcycle. While total rates of solicitation and copulation did not vary with female dominance rank, copulation rates with the dominant male were significantly greater for high ranking females than for low ranking ones. Variance observed in affiliative and agonistic behaviors, including those with males, was attributable to female rank rather than cycle phase. Females and males were also observed attempting to interfere with copulations of lower ranking same‐sex individuals. Although further study, particularly of wild populations, is needed, these results indicate that female‐female reproductive competition should be included as a component of the capuchin breeding system. As in other primate species, both social and hormone‐related factors influence the sexual behavior of Cebus apella. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menopause in female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Walker Margaret L.
Published: June 2005

Fifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8–11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12–month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24–26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E2 and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E2 levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27–34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E2 concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E2 concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group
Authors: Schapiro Steven J. , Bloomsmith Mollie A.
Published: June 2005

Three cohorts of yearling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were maintained in single cages for one year as part of a derivation program to produce a breeding colony of specific pathogen‐free (SPF) monkeys. During this year of social restriction, subjects were provided with three different types of environmental enrichment (physical, feeding, and sensory) to counteract the known effects of social restriction and to quantify the effects of these different conditions of enhancement on their behavior. Focal animal observations were conducted on enriched and control subjects for all cohorts. Enrichment conditions were presented in a different order to each cohort. Monkeys provided with enrichment spent significantly more time playing and less time self‐grooming than did control monkeys in unenriched cages, suggesting that the overall enrichment program was of some benefit to the monkeys, because these changes in behavior were in species‐typical directions. Among enriched subjects only, there were significant differences in the amount of time spent drinking, grooming, feeding, playing, exploring, and using enrichment across the three enrichment conditions. Both the physical and feeding enrichment conditions led to species‐appropriate changes in behavior, therefore enhancing psychological well‐being as some define it. Sensory enrichment was of little benefit. The first cohort was housed indoors, received less stimulation from the environment outside of the single cage, and used enrichment more than did the other two cohorts housed outdoors. This suggests that the external environment influences behavior in the single cage and that enrichment may be most effective for animals housed indoors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wild squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) “caregiver” calls: Contexts and acoustic structure
Authors: Boinski Sue , Mitchell Carol L.
Published: June 2005

A field study of the vocal behavior of 22 wild adult female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru, found that 21% of vocalizations were “caregiver” calls. Caregiver calls are brief, low frequency calls, often with numerous harmonics, that are addressed by caregivers to their own infants in three contexts: 1) prenurse, signalling the caregiver's location and willingness to nurse; 2) nurse, while nursing; and 3) end nurse, indicating the end of the nursing bout. Three measures (start, end, and peak frequency) of the acoustic structure of the fundamental frequency of the caregiver calls significantly differed across the contexts. Duration of caregiver calls, however, was not distinguished by context. Compared to other primate taxa, the specificity and importance of caregiver calls in squirrel monkey vocal behavior appears unusual, if not unique. That S. sciureus caregiver calls are highly developed and employed so extensively probably follows from an unusual combination of ecological and life history factors. These factors include delayed weaning and large infant body size, high levels of indirect foraging competition which encourages spatial separation, susceptibility to predation, and specialization on a densely foliated, branch‐end microhabitat in which visual contact is often impeded. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of gut proportions in four small‐bodied Amazonian cebids
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Lopes M. Aparecida
Published: June 2005

Gut proportions in four small‐bodied Amazonian cebids (Callicebus caligatus, Callicebus moloch, Pithecia irrorata, and Saimiri madeirae) are reported and compared in the context of known differences in feeding ecology. The gastrointestinal tracts of both Callicebus and Pithecia were found to be relatively undifferentiated, as expected from their predominantly frugivorous diets. In Saimiri, the marked dominance of the small intestine correlates with a highly insectivorous diet. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1 induces sleep‐like behavior and alters call structure in juvenile rhesus macaques
Authors: Friedman Elliot M. , Boinski Sue , Coe Christopher L.
Published: June 2005

To date, there have been no investigations of the behavioral effects of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) in nonhuman primates. In this study the locomotor behavior and vocalizations of juvenile rhesus monkeys were monitored for 45 minutes following intravenous injections of recombinant human IL‐1 alpha. In addition, their reaction to a broadcasted recording of infant monkey distress calls was determined 20 minutes after the beginning of each test session. IL‐1 induced sleep‐like inactivity and significantly diminished the monkey's behavioral and vocal responses to the broadcasted calls. The coo calls uttered by the monkeys following IL‐1 treatment also had a longer duration and lower fundamental frequency than calls during the control condition. As several studies have indicated that behavioral effects of IL‐1 may be mediated by corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), a second group of rhesus monkeys was given injections of CRH. CRH did not alter behavior or call structure at the dose administered. These results extend previous research on the behavioral effects of IL‐1 to include the nonhuman primate and provide the first evidence that cytokines can affect vocal communication in rhesus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed dispersal and elevated monoaminergic activity in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. , Fontenot M. Babette , Berard John , Manuck Stephen B. , Mann J. John
Published: June 2005

Male rhesus monkeys typically disperse from their groups of birth when they are between 3 and 5 years of age. Some males, however, delay dispersal from their natal groups until after they are 5 years old. The current study evaluated central monoaminergic neurotransmitter activity as a potential correlate of such “delayed” dispersal among 54 randomly selected adolescent and adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) captured on Cayo Santiago during an annual trapping season. Specifically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA, a serotonin metabolite), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG, a norepinephrine metabolite), and homovanillic acid (HVA, a dopamine metabolite) were compared in monkeys 60 months of age or more that had either dispersed (n = 33) or were still in their natal groups (n = 5). The monkeys still in their natal groups had higher CSF concentrations of both 5‐HIAA and HVA (but not MHPG) than did the animals that had emigrated (Ps < 0.05). Subsequent analysis indicated that only 5‐HIAA independently differentiated dispersing monkeys from delayed dispensers. Of monkeys less than 60 months of age (n = 16), only two had dispersed from their natal groups; in this age class, there were no significant differences between dispersing and natal individuals in any CSF monoaminergic metabolite (all Ps = NS). Finally, there was no difference in the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the five delayed dispersers and those of younger animals (P = NS), suggesting a failure to experience the frequently reported adolescent decline in serotonergic activity. In contrast, the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the dispersing animals were lower than those of the younger animals (P < 0.05), consistent with either an agerelated decline or an effect of dispersal per se. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group size, composition, and reproductive success in wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Koenig A.
Published: June 2005

Data from published sources about size and composition of wild common marmoset groups (Callithrix jacchus) were analyzed to see if the number of juveniles in a group is closely related to the number of other group members. Mean group size was 8.7 members including 4.4 adults (1.8 females, 2.5 males), 2.9 subadults, and 1.4 juveniles. The number of juveniles was significantly positively correlated to the number of adult males. Groups with one or two adult males had significantly fewer juveniles (mean: 1:1 juveniles) than groups containing more than two adult males (mean: 2.0 juveniles). Apart from a different number of subadults, results showed obvious similarities between common marmosets and tamarins of the genusSaguinusin size and composition of subgroups of adults as well as the key role of adult males in mediating the reproductive success of a breeding female. Common marmoset females seem to gain direct fitness benefits in increased reproductive success from the presence of a larger number of adult males. Whether or not other group members get fitness benefits depends on the reproductive strategy of adult males (monogamy vs. polyandry), their kinship, and on the genetic relationship of nonbreeders to the offspring of the breeding female. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location effects of social partner on experimental foraging in the squirrel monkey
Authors: Andrews Michael W. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: June 2005

The effect of social context on experimental foraging in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was investigated. The 12 subjects comprised six pairs in which strong social preference and attraction had been demonstrated during observations of a stable group. Individuals were first trained to discriminate spatially separated rich and poor foraging bins containing 75% and 25% of the food items, respectively, with their partners restrained equidistant from the two bins. The monkeys invested an average of 75.5% of their foraging time in the rich bin. Each individual was then tested with its partner restrained in different locations relative to the bins to determine the effect of partner proximity on foraging patterns. Foraging efficiency at the start of a session was enhanced when the partner was restrained adjacent to the rich bin compared to restraint away from this bin. Over an entire foraging session, however, all conditions providing partner accessibility were similar in yielding enhanced foraging efficiency compared to partner absence. Little time was spent in close physical proximity to the partner under any condition. It is suggested that accessibility of the social partner, rather than close physical proximity, has an important influence on the foraging squirrel monkey. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral characterization of sleep in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) in exterior captivity by means of high‐sensitivity videorecording
Authors: Muñoz‐Delgado Jairo , Luna‐Villegas Gustavo , Mondragón‐CeballoS Ricardo , Fernández‐Guardiola Augusto
Published: June 2005

There are reasons to consider incomplete the description of sleep in many non‐human primate species. Recording animals by highly sensitive videos to obtain detailed descriptions of nighttime behavior and evidence of muscle activity while in a resting posture, seems a promising approach to the non‐invasive study of sleep in non‐human primates. The present work describes the use of ultrasensitive videocameras to record and analyze spontaneous nighttime behaviors in captive non‐human primates. Its main purpose is to emphasize the utility of videorecordings to analyze nighttime behavior. A heterosexual group of nine stumptail macaques (M. arctoides) was studied. It was possible to identify resting postures: immobility or lying on the floor as well as sleep movements and behavioral signs of sleep. This procedure permits recognition of each animal individually and the data suggest that videorecordings, among other techniques available, may be a useful, non‐invasive method to study sleep. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlates of molt in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: Dietz James M. , Baker Andrew J. , Allendorf Terilyn D.
Published: June 2005

In this paper we describe the timing and correlates of molt for a native population of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). We conducted 820 examinations of 267 adult tamarins over a 7.75 year period to determine the annual molting cycle in this population. Dorsal molt was an annual event for most individuals in the study population; however, 10% of sampled individuals apparently molted twice in a 12 month period. Duration of molt was estimated at 5–6 weeks. The proportion of samples in which tamarins were in molt was significantly greater during the wet season than the dry season and positively correlated with mean monthly precipitation and minimum temperature but not tamarin births, suggesting an environmental component to timing of molt. We found no sex differences in the occurrence of molt during wet or dry seasons. However, the relative frequency of samples in molt was significantly less for gravid females than for nongravid females. In four polygynous groups, socially dominant females gave birth before subordinate females, and younger reproductive females completed molt before older reproductive females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fecal steroid analysis of ovarian cycles in free‐ranging baboons
Authors: Stavisky Ronda , Russell Elizabeth , Stallings Joy , Smith E. O. , Worthman Carol , Whitten Patricia L.
Published: June 2005

This paper reports field and laboratory tests of serial sampling, solid phase extraction, and microradioimmunoassay methods for the collection, preservation, and analysis of fecal steroids. The field study was conducted in a troop of 87 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Tana River Primate Reserve, Kenya. Serial samples of four focal females and opportunistic sampling of 18 additional females over 22 days of sampling yielded a total of 62 samples, X = 3.1 ± 0.4/day, demonstrating the feasibility of regular field collection and extraction. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the field‐extracted samples exhibited high recovery and statistically significant correlations (P < 0.05) with concentrations in the lab‐extracted samples, suggesting that solid phase extraction could provide a useful alternative to freezing in sites where electricity or liquid nitrogen is not available. Tests of microradioimmunoassays demonstrated that these assays were sensitive, accurate, and precise when applied to the assay of fecal extracts, providing estimates of ovarian steroids that varied significantly with reproductive state. The demonstration that testosterone could be accurately and reliably assayed in fecal extracts suggests that these techniques also could be applied to the study of male reproductive function. Parallels between fecal profiles of cycling and pregnant baboons with patterns reported for serum steroids in baboons suggest that fecal steroids might be useful in distinguishing amenorrhea from early pregnancy in free‐ranging baboons as well as in species lacking external indices of reproductive state. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleeping habits of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in French Guiana
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Yi
Published: June 2005

Sleeping habits of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were studied during 19 months in French Guiana. High forest, covering 89% of the 355 ha home range of the studied group, was the only vegetal formation used for sleeping. The sleeping‐focused area of 94 ha, located in the center of the home range, was more frequently used for daily activities. Twenty‐six percent of the individuals spent the night in patawa palms, which account for only 0.62% of the plants of diameter at breast height ≥ 16.1 in the 43 1 ha quadrats used for sleeping. Three major factors seem to affect the preference of patawas as sleeping trees: security, comfort, and social contact. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and social dominance among group‐living primates
Authors: Pereira Michael E.
Published: June 2005

Organisms are integrated systems whose physical and behavioral components codevelop and coevolve. Ontogenetic requirements in one domain are satisfied in part by prior or concurrent developments in another. This work explores how characteristic growth patterns in two primate groups interact with ecological, social, and other life‐history constraints to promote the development of particular systems of agonistic relationship. First, the markedly size‐dimorphic savanna baboons are contrasted with relatively nondimorphic macaques, where the pubertal growth capacity of males, relative to that of females, is comparatively modest. In baboons and other dimorphic Papionines, maturing males can be expected to invest more heavily in successful feeding competition, and known variation in the ontogeny of male‐female dominance relations is well explained by this prediction. Data from five of the best‐known species, for example, suggest that the female inclination to promote offspring dominaxice over male peers before puberty diminishes with increases in relative male size and growth potential at puberty. Potential mechanisms for the development of this pattern are discussed. Next, ontogenies are considered for ringtailed lemurs, a highly social, monomorphic prosimian primate in which seasonal scheduling of growth causes a large proportion of adult size to be achieved before weaning. In this species, daughters invariably develop strong alliances with their mothers, and pubertal females must overturn adults in dominance to remain in large natal groups. Despite life‐history parallels between ringtails and the focal Papionines, the lemurs do not collaborate agonistically in ways that ensure matrilineal “inheritance” of dominance status, as seen in the monkeys. Body weight and individual fighting ability appear to determine dominance relations among infants, and asymmetries established before weaning typically remain stable until sexual maturation. Anatomical and behavioral data suggest that low visual acuity prevents ringtailed lemurs from developing a system of agonistic intervention that could stabilize adult dominance hierarchies and mediate rank inheritance. In any case, failure to promote the dominance of close kin is argued to have influenced life‐history evolution in ringtailed lemurs extensively, including aspects of growth, reproductive biology, and social structure. These analyses identify foci for future research and illustrate the importance of bidirectional effects and feedback in the development and evolution of primate life histories and behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal weight in gibbons (Hylobates spp.)
Authors: Geissmann Thomas , Orgeldinger Mathias
Published: June 2005

Neonatal and birth weights of gibbons have mostly been reported for single individuals, and larger samples (n = 2–8) have apparently been published for only two species of gibbons (Hylobates lar and H. syndactylus). In addition, a critical examination of the few published neonatal weights of gibbons shows that several of them should not be used. Neonatal weights are here defined as weights taken on infants up to seven days old, whereas birth weights include only those taken on the day of birth. This paper presents neonatal weights for six representative species of gibbons (H. lar, H. leucogenys, H. moloch, H. muelleri, H. pileatus, H. syndactylus) and some of their hybrids. Most of our data stem from surviving animals that were subsequently hand‐reared and include 80 infants, thus making the previously available dataset 5 times larger. Our neonatal weights fall roughly into three different classes: neonates of the lar group (about 390 g, n = 27), the concolor group (about 510 g, n = 7), and the siamang (about 540 g, n = 46). This grouping corresponds not only to taxonomic units within the hylobatids, but also to grouping of gibbons by adult body weight. No weight difference between males and females is evident in our sample, and hybrids of the lar group do not appear to differ in weight from pure species. True birth weights (i.e., weights recorded on the day of birth) are available for only a few individuals. These weights are, on average, 7% higher than neonatal weights, but the difference is not statistically significant. Additional samples of neonatal weights suggest that infants that die on the day of birth weigh, on average, 17% less, twins weigh 29% less, and infants born by Cesarean section weigh 19% more than our reference sample of neonates. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou
Authors: Sugiyama Yukimaru
Published: June 2005

Use of drinking tools by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the context in which the tools were used were studied at Bossou, Republic of Guinea, West Africa. During the middle to late dry season and early wet season liquids are available occasionally in the holes of trees. Chimpanzees drank water or sap using a leaf (or fiber) as a sponge or spoon. When the chimpanzees were on the ground, they tended to use one of a few kinds of soft, hairless leaves, if they were available nearby. Females, particularly juveniles and adolescents, were thought to be the main users of the drinking tool. In a few episodes, a tool set was used to procure liquid. Once a chimpanzee used a stick to push a leaf sponge into a water hole and to pull it out from the hole. In addition, three chimpanzees used a pestle to squeeze sap from an oil‐palm tree before using a fiber sponge. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urine and fecal sample collection on filter paper for ovarian hormone evaluations
Authors: Shideler S. E. , Munro C. J. , Johl H. K. , Taylor H. W. , Lasley B. L.
Published: June 2005

A practical method for collecting, storing, and transporting liquid biological samples in a dry state for subsequent hormone metabolite analyses is presented. This method employs the use of ordinary filter paper strips that imbibe liquid samples. Samples taken up by the filter paper were allowed to dry and were retained at ambient conditions in capped vials for up to 5 years prior to analysis. Examples presented in the present report include urine samples from human and nonhuman primates as well as solubilized fecal samples from nonhuman primates. Hormone metabolite analysis of the paper‐stored samples provided data that were comparable to the results obtained from analyses of the original liquid samples. One year of storage had no effect on hormone concentration. Five years of storage resulted in concentrations that were quantitatively less but qualitatively similar to the concentrations obtained by direct analysis of the initial samples. These data demonstrate the versatility and reliability of paper as a matrix for biological samples that may provide a more convenient approach for collecting and transporting samples collected in the field. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homo erectus: Ancestor or evolutionary side branch?
Authors: Rightmire G. Philip
Published: June 2005

Controversies in paleoanthropology wax and wane, but substantial interest is currently focused on Homo erectus. This species has traditionally been regarded as a member in good standing of the human family, where it is placed as an evolutionary intermediate between earlier Homo habilis and later Homo sapiens. Recently, however, some workers have questioned whether the species exists at all. If its populations have been transformed slowly toward the modern condition, and if continuity with living people can be demonstrated in many geographic regions, then any separation of Homo erectus from Homo sapiens must be largely arbitrary. In that case, only one species should be recognized and this slowly changing lineage would have to be called Homo sapiens. Other paleontologists adopt a different view, arguing that Homo erectus is not only anatomically distinctive but also restricted in its geographic distribution. They claim that the fossils from Java and China are so specialized in appearance that they cannot lie in the mainstream of human evolution. Homo erectus, strictly defined as limited to the Far East, probably went extinct without issue. If so, more modern populations must have evolved from another source, perhaps one outside of Asia altogether.
VNTRs in review
Authors: Harding Rosalind M.
Published: June 2005

In the last decade the study of human genetic variation has made a quantum leap from the analysis of protein and antigen intermediaries to the investigation of DNA itself.1 The DNA double helix codes genetic information as a sequence of four different nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Nucleotides are nitrogenous bases that bind the complementary strands of the double helix, giving rise to the use of base pairs (bp) as a unit of DNA length. So far so good. Within the human genome there are DNA sequences that do not code for proteins and that consist of short runs of nucleotides, say GTGGACAGG, repeated in tandem hundreds, or even thousands of times. This particular sequence, known as MS1 for minisatellite 1, is found on human chromosome 1 at a locus called D1S7. Although it is old news that there are a lot of repetitive DNAs in the human genome, it is new and very interesting to find that many repetitive DNA loci have arrays of different numbers of repeats in different individuals. These loci are referred to as VNTRs, shorthand for “variable numbers of tandem repeats” or, more flippantly for “very nasty types of repeat.” The finding of hundreds of VNTR loci distributed across all chromosomes exposes a richness of genetic diversity for anthropologists studying human evolutionary history.
Intentional deception in primates
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M.
Published: June 2005

Deception can be defined as the projection, to one's own advantage, of an inaccurate or false image of knowledge, intentions, or motivations. A great many scientists have reported the use of deception by nonhuman primates. Their accounts have been based on observations of primates in close contact with people, in captive groups, and in the wild. Qualitative descriptions are presented along with experimental evidence for the phenomenon. The accumulated evidence is quite suggestive, implying sophisticated cognitive mechanisms, particularly in the great apes. Primates not only suppress or hide certain signals, but also project false images or seem to react to nonexisting external events to redirect another's attention. The predominantly descriptive evidence needs to be complemented by experiments on the possibility of attribution and intentional manipulation of other individuals' mental states.
Cannibalism in prehistoric Europe
Authors: Villa Paola
Published: June 2005

The key argument for the identification of prehistoric cannibalism is provided by analysis of close similarities in the treatment of human and animal remains. Such analysis requires precise data on depositional context, meticulous excavation records, detailed bone modification studies, a relatively large sample of human and animal postcranial bones, and data on local mortuary practices. With the exception of Fontbrégoua Cave, these necessary conditions are lacking at all Stone Age European sites where it has been hypothesized that cannibalism occurred. The alternative hypothesis of secondary burial practices has been proposed informally for some sites and, in a more formal and detailed way, for Krapina and Fontbrégoua. However, this hypothesis does not have a higher probability, is not justified by current data, and uses ethnographic analogies to prop up interpretations of materials for which contextual data are missing or have been neglected. At Fontbrégoua, cannibalism remains the simplest and most plausible explanation of the evidence; at Krapina and other sites the available evidence is insufficient to prove either secondary burial or cannibalism.
Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies?orLife in the slow lane
Authors: Charnov Eric L. , Berrigan David
Published: June 2005

A major goal of life history studies is to identify and explain features of the life history of individual species that follow broad rules across many groups of organisms, features that are characteristic of particular phylogenetic lineages, and features that are specific adaptations, to local ecological situations. In recent years we have developed a general theory of life history that interrelates many aspects of ontogeny and reproduction across a wide range of organisms. Contrasted to most other mammals, primates have long average adult lifespans and few babies per year for their adult body size. This new theory suggests that these aspects of life history follow directly from the fact that primates have slow individual growth rates. This slow growth rate is thus the basic phenomenon that needs explanation to understand primate slowness.
Diamonds in the desert: The discovery of Otavipithecus namibiensis
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Pickford Martin , Senut Brigitte , Mein Pierre
Published: June 2005

The mountains and deserts of Namibia hide many treasures—diamonds, gold, uranium, strategic minerals. But on the afternoon of June 4, 1991, we were searching Namibia's mountains for a rarer kind of stone, fossilized evidence of human evolution in southern Africa. What we found instead was the rarest “diamond” of all, one that no one had ever seen before on the African continent south of equatorial East Africa. What we found was incontrovertible evidence that prehuman “apes” were living in southern Africa millions of years before Australopithecus roamed the veld.
DNA and recent human evolution
Authors: Stoneking Mark
Published: June 2005

The study of recent human evolution, or the origin of modern humans, is currently dominated by two theories. The recent African origin hypothesis holds that there was a single origin of modern humans in Africa about 100,000 years ago, after which these humans dispersed throughout the rest of the world, mixing little or not at all with nonmodern populations. The multiregional evolution hypothesis holds that there was no single origin of modern humans but, instead, that the mutations and other traits that led to modern humans were spread in concert throughout the old world by gene flow, leading to genetic continuity among old world populations during the past million years. Although both of these theories are based on observations stemming from the fossil record, much discussion and controversy during the past six years has focused on the application and interpretation of studies of DNA variation, particularly mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The past year, especially, has brought new data, interpretations, and controversies. Indeed, I initially resisted writing this review, on the grounds that new information would be likely to render it obsolete by the time it was published. However, now that the dust is starting to settle, it seems timely to review various investigations and interpretations and where they are likely to lead. While the focus of this review is the mtDNA story, brief mention is made of studies of nuclear DNA variation (both autosomal and Y‐chromosome DNA) and the implications of the genetic data with regard to the fossil record and our understanding of recent human evolution.
Life history theory and evolutionary anthropology
Authors: Hill Kim
Published: June 2005

Life‐history theory has been developed in biology to explain the variation in timing of fertility, growth, developmental rates, and death of living organisms, as well as events directly tied to these parameters. The theory is useful in explaining variations in age‐specific human fertility and mortality patterns, as well as understanding how the human life course evolved to patterns so divergent from those that characterize our close primate relatives. Surprisingly, this same theory can also be used to explain why people often ignore the long‐term consequences of behaviors that produce short‐term gain.
Hominoid trichotomy: A molecular overview
Authors: Bailey Wendy J.
Published: June 2005

The subject of this review is an issue that was hotly debated even before the emergence of molecular data into the field of primate systematics. It is an understatement to say that dissenting opinions exist as to whether the chimpanzee (Pan) or gorilla (Gorilla) is the closest relative of humans (Homo) or whether, in fact, a three‐way split in an ancestral population resulted in three separate lineages that are evolutionarily equidistant. The purpose of this review is to introduce the novice to the problems and methodologies of molecular phylogenetic analysis and to summarize the studies that have applied this approach in attempting to resolve the human‐African ape trichotomy. The intent is to present the contribution of each study to the resolution of higher primate relationships.
Ancient DNA studies
Authors: Hagelberg Erika
Published: June 2005

Now that the hype surrounding Jurassic Park has settled down and we have become relatively used to dramatic headlines announcing the recovery of DNA from exotic fossilized remains, scientists working on ancient DNA are beginning to reflect on the long‐term prospects and implications of the subject.1 The science of ancient DNA has grown exponentially since its birth only ten years ago, and despite serious technical difficulties, it promises to become a revolutionary research tool in anthropology and molecular evolution. The use of bone DNA typing in particular has already yielded useful insights into Polynesian prehistory as well as spectacular applications in the forensic identification of skeletal remains.
Dental microwear and dental function
Authors: Teaford Mark F.
Published: June 2005

Investigators have used many techniques to understand diet and tooth use in prehistoric species. A promising new addition to the analytical arsenal is dental microwear analysis—the study of microscopic wear patterns on teeth. On‐going work is proceeding on a number of fronts. Studies of modern animals are showing some of the limits of resolution of the technique, while studies of prehistoric animals are answering many new questions and raising still more in the process. Much work remains to be done, but one thing is clear: if we proceed cautiously, we can provide new insights into the evolution of diet and tooth use.
The earliest primates
Authors: Rose Kenneth D.
Published: June 2005

Remarkable new fossil discoveries and intensive study of fossil evidence has led, during the past decade, and particularly the last few years, to exceptional advances and modifications in our understanding of early primate evolution. New insights have also come from research on extant primates, especially detailed anatomical, functional, and molecular studies. This review, however, focuses on the paleontological evidence. New fossils are spawning novel, sometimes controversial ideas about the relationships within and among primates and their allies—a situation that has caused temporary instability, but should eventually lead to elucidation, if not resolution, of outstanding problems.
The road less traveled: Phylogenetic perspectives in primatology
Authors: Rendall Drew , di Fiore Anthony
Published: June 2005

Interest in phylogeny is increasing in many areas of evolutionary biology. One area of evolutionary anthropology that has not yet fully embraced this growth in phylogenetic thinking, however, is the study of primate behavior and ecology.1The predominant framework for behavioral studies of primates over the last three decades has been socioecological. The goals have been to identify broad correlations between species' behaviors and current environmental conditions. As such, the socioecological approach has been largely nonhistorical, taking little account of phylogeny. In contrast, phylogenetic approaches view the behavior of contemporary taxa within an explicitly historical framework. Although socioecology has proven extremely productive, there are many reasons to think that research in primatology could be profitably supplemented by a phylogenetic perspective.2,3
Primate seed dispersal: Coevolution and conservation implications
Authors: Chapman Colin A.
Published: June 2005

Early studies of primates have demonstrated that many species rely heavily on fruit, and that primates constitute a large component of the frugivore biomass in tropical forests. Consequently, primates have long been thought to be important seed dispersers. It is only recently that studies have been conducted that have illustrated the complex nature of the interactions between fruit‐eating primates and their food trees. Such studies have raised questions as to the causes and conse‐quences of the intriguing differences between primate communities, the importance of other animals in the interactions (such as dung beetles and rodents that secon‐darily disperse seeds), how primate‐plant interactions evolve, and the significance of primates in forest regeneration and conservation. Since subsistence and com‐mercial hunting of primates has heavily impacted frugivore communities, but left the physical structure of the forest relatively unaltered, studies of primate seed dispersal have important implications for the future of forests where seed dispersers have declined or disappeared.
Bipedalism and human birth: The obstetrical dilemma revisited
Authors: Rosenberg Karen , Trevathan Wenda
Published: June 2005

…adaptation to bipedal locomotion decreased the size of the bony birth‐canal at the same time that the exigencies of tool use selected for larger brains. This obstetrical dilemma was solved by delivery of the fetus at a much earlier stage of development. (Washburn1)

…there can be no doubt that many of the obstetrical problems of Mrs. H. Sapiens are due to the combination of a narrower pelvis and a bigger head in the species. (Krogman2)
New developments in Pleistocene art
Authors: Bahn Paul G.
Published: June 2005

Research on Pleistocene art is a dynamic and thriving area. Many new advances and discoveries have been made since the last major review of this topic.1 Indeed, thanks to the introduction of direct dating and detailed analysis of pigments, the last few years can arguably be described as the most exciting and most important phase in Ice Age art studies since such art was first discovered and validated.
Genetic epidemiology of breast cancer: Segregation analysis of 200 Danish pedigrees
Authors: Williams Wick R. , Anderson David E. , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

An investigation of the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer involving complex segregation analysis of 200 breast cancer pedigrees of Danish extraction is presented. The observed distribution of breast cancer is compatible with transmission of an autosomal‐dominant gene with no evidence for residual family resemblance. The gene frequency of the abnormal allele is 0.00756, and the displacement between the homozygous genotype means is 1.695. The gene frequency accounts for a significant proportion of breast cancer in young women, whereas by an advanced age a majority (87%) of affected women are phenocopies. Genetic modeling of other breast cancer families and results of linkage studies are reviewed.