bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'expertise cognitive au jeu d'échecs : quoi de neuf depuis De Groot (1946) ?
Authors: Didierjean André , Ferrari Vincent , Cauzinille-Marmèche Evelyne
Published: November 2007

Summary : Cognitive expertise in the game of chess : What's new since de Groot (1946) ?

More than thirty years ago, de Groot (1946, 1965) then Chase and Simon (1973) showed that contrary to commonly held views chess experts do not have superior memory capacities, nor superior calculation ability, compared to novices. In fact, the nature and organization of knowledge differentiate experts and novices. This paper provides a critical review of work conduced since these landmark studies on the « drosophilia of psychology », namely chess expertise. After a reminder of de Groot and Chase and Simon's research and Chase and Simon's theoretical model of expertise in terms of « chunks », we consider the limits of this model and recent empirical and theoretical developments. These developments emphasize the structure of knowledge representation in long term memory.

Key words : chess expertise, knowledge organization.
Correspondance entre rapport social et autocompétence dans la transmission du savoir par une autorité épistémique : une extension
Authors: Quiamzade Alain , Mugny Gabriel , Buchs C.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

On a étudié les conditions auxquelles une source compétente amène une cible moins compétente à s'approprier un point de vue contradictoire dans un contexte de transmission d'information. Des étudiants universitaires (N = 162) devaient prédire les résultats d'une prétendue étude scientifique sur des groupes d'amis. On leur présentait ensuite les soi-disant résultats, qui contredisaient leurs croyances initiales. Dans un plan 2*2*2, l'auteur de la recherche présentait les résultats dans un style autoritaire ou démocratique ; les étudiants évaluaient ensuite leur compétence en comparaison avec celle de la source, en termes hautement contraignants (interdépendance négative) ou moins contraignants (indépendance) ; sur la base de la compétence qu'ils s'attribuaient, ils ont été séparés en étudiants ayant une plus faible ou plus forte autocompétence perçue. Les principales mesures concernent : a) le degré auquel les sujets ont approuvé les conclusions de l'étude, et b) le degré auquel les sujets se sont appropriés l'information contredisant leurs croyances initiales. Les résultats montrent que : a) l'approbation est moindre lorsque la source a un style autoritaire, et moindre également lorsque la comparaison sociale s'effectue de manière négativement interdépendante ; b) la mesure d'appropriation révèle une interaction tendancielle entre la modalité de comparaison et le degré d'autocompétence perçue, ainsi que l'interaction significative des trois variables : l'information est davantage intégrée dans deux conditions où la source était démocratique, en l'occurrence par les étudiants se percevant peu compétents se comparant à la source sous interdépendance négative, et par les étudiants se percevant davantage compétents se comparant à la source de manière indépendante. Ces résultats confirment partiellement les prédictions issues de l'hypothèse de correspondance selon laquelle l'appropriation de connaissances est favorisée lorsque des caractéristiques pertinentes de la relation avec une autorité épistémique sont congruentes avec les attentes que les individus ont à propos de cette relation.

Mots clés : influence sociale, expertise, compétence, menace de l'identité, appropriation, conflit, hypothèse de correspondance.
Apport du paradigme de production d'informations dans l'étude des dissociations entre les mesures de mémoire
Authors: Taconnat Laurence
Published: November 2007

Summary : Contribution of word generation paradigm to the study of dissociation between memory measures

The generation effect indicates that self-generated stimuli are recalled and recognized better than read stimuli. A positive generation effect is generally observed on generated items, but a negative generation effect can also occur, resulting in a reduction in the recall of information related to the context of encoding. These effects are proposed to be mainly due to the reinforcement ofthe semantic processing implemented at the moment of the production as well as increased of mobilization ofthe attentional resources. The negative generation effect often observed on memory source supports an item-source tradeoff hypothesis in which the encoding of an item and source information are dissociable from one another. However, the generation of information is likely to increase awareness in the recognition memory. Thus, the study of the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the generation effect could corroborate the dissociation already observed in episodic memory, but also dissociation between implicit and explicit memory.

Key words : generation effect, elaboration of processes, episodic memory, source memory, item memory, implicit memory.
Camille Flammarion : prestige de la science populaire
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette
Published: November 2007

En retraçant à grands traits la carrière de Camille Flammarion (1842-1925), cet article vise à situer son œuvre dans la tradition de la science populaire du XIXe siècle. Comment Flammarion définit-il son projet d'astronomie populaire face à la science officielle ? En quoi l'écriture de Flammarion diffère-t-elle de celle d'autres astronomes ? Comment réussit-il enfin à réaliser concrètement l'idéal d'une science libre, attrayante, ouverte à tous ?
Le Conservatoire de Paris et le renouveau du « chant français »
Authors: Hondré Emmanuel
Published: November 2007

Avec la suppression définitive des maîtrises religieuses en 1792 disparaissent les multiples relais provinciaux qui assuraient dans toute la France la formation des chanteurs, il est vrai peu adaptée à l'opéra, mais en revanche très décentralisée. La pénurie de voix se fait si cruellement sentir à la fin du XVIIIe siècle que la renaissance de l'école de chant devient une des priorités du Conservatoire de Paris, désormais seule école nationale à dispenser un enseignement officiel relié aux théâtres lyriques. Les espoirs se tournent spontanément vers l'école italienne, avec autant de passion qu'avec une farouche volonté d'indépendance et une réelle difficulté esthétique à concilier goût français et technique italienne.
Physique de Remy de Gourmont
Authors: Thorel-Cailleteau Sylvie
Published: November 2007

Here is proposed, rather than a clinic description, a symbolist deciphering of the illness which disfigured Remy de Gourmont and covered his face with a monstruous mask. Huysmans' evocation of the Christ of Grünewald is the implicit reference of that deciphering, that intends to show how the subtle critic mode his works become his true, free and graceful, body.
La transmission des codes sociaux dans l'espace scolaire en Espagne au XIXe siècle
Authors: Guereña Jean-Louis
Published: November 2007

In Spain, since the end of the eighteenth century, there had been an increase in the nwnber of the Etiquette Books (manuales de urbanidad) simultaneously with the introduction and the (quite relative) generalization of the school pattern used as the child socialization space. Hence the quantitative importance of School Etiquette books compared with other Courtesy and Good Manners Treatises, particulary in the nineteenth century. In those books the children of school age could learn the essential norms of social usage, the codes, values, behaviours, and courses of action which were specific to the model of "civilized" man or woman the upper classes intended to diffuse to establish their power.
Carlyle et le culte du héros
Authors: Vitoux Pierre
Published: November 2007

Carlyle was a belated romantic, opposed to what he considered to be the main trends of the Victorian age : utilitarianism, parliamentary reform leading inevitably to the chaos of democracy, and economie "laissez-faire" which reduced all social links to the "cash-nexus" and created the absurdity ofpenury in the midst of so-called over-production. In such a critical age, only the Great Men could satisfy man 's basic aspiration to order, defined as permanent security (included in the Labour contract) and justice (as hierarchy with equal opportunities). Carlyle at first believed that the great men must come from the class he calls in Saint-Simonian style the "Captains of Industry", who had the practical qualifications to become leaders of men. After 1848, his conception of authority became increasingly dictatorial, leading to his ideal of military society, in the shape of a disciplined labour army. However useful Carlyle may have been as a critic of certain aspects of his age, he remained imprisoned in a Romantic conception of the great man as a hero, and of popular election as worship, and he failed to come to terms with the real problems of power and legitimacy in history.
Le « grand homme » selon Guizot
Authors: Jacouty Jean-François
Published: November 2007

Les « grands hommes » tiennent une place privilégiée dans l'œuvre historique et la conception de l'action politique de Guizot. Individualités et expressions d'une totalité, ils assument les nécessités d'un moment de l'Histoire : ils conduisent la « masse » vers le progrès. Mais leur psychologie, et les influences du temps, ne font pas de tous de vrais « grands hommes » s'ils dérogent à l'éthique. Différents dans ces conditions, Clovis, Charlemagne, Philippe-Auguste, saint Louis et Louis XIV n'ont pas moins contribué à bâtir l'ordre politique français. Puis Cromwell et Napoléon ont consolidé l'œuvre politique et sociale des deux grandes révolutions modernes; mais leur immortalité et leur despotisme les condamnent. L'action de Washington qui fut aussi morale leur est supérieure à cet égard. Toujours instable, la France contemporaine a besoin d'un « grand homme » animé par une haute conscience politique et morale, la seule qui le légitimera comme tel. Ce fut aussi l'ambition de Guizot.
La gloire de Pasteur
Authors: Salomon-Bayet Claire
Published: November 2007

In 1906, the newspaper Le Petit Parisien launched a competition, richly endowed, « The game of the Great Men ». It was intended to designate the ten most illustrious Frenchmen of the 19th Century. Pasteur was top of the list, followed by Hugo, Gambetta and Napoleon the First. The Third Republic found in Pasteur the model of its lay-saint. This result, commented upon by the newspaper, created an "icon" of Pasteur, "the man who defeated death" (1885). This icon overshadows two previous images of this "great man". He was considered great within the world of chemistry and academia, "a professor who was not like the others", and for the nation as a whole, he was the "saviour of the French economy", acknowlegded by two national awards in 1874 and 1883. His work has crossed many frontiers.
Mallarmé et le procès d'impersonnification : Narcisse se dévisage
Authors: Mattiussi Laurent
Published: November 2007

Le procès d'impersonnification dont les Divagations font la théorie s'illustre dans la poésie de Mallarmé par la disparition du visage concret comme emblème de l'individualité. Le poème est à la fois un miroir de l'auteur et du lecteur et un instrument de leur passage vers un statut d'impersonnalité. Narcisse se dévisage dans le texte pour se donner un autre visage, fictif, en voie de dépassement vers l'universalité vide d'une intériorité divinisée. Qu'il présente un visage angélique, stellaire ou esquissé par quelques traits schématiques qui ponctuent sa pâleur, le miroir de l'œuvre substitue ainsi au visage extérieur un visage impersonnel, typique, abstrait, apte à rassembler en sa forme vacante, vibrante, multiple, la totalité des individus concrets.
Les «Lettres de Paris» : un genre heinéen
Authors: Oesterle Ingrid
Published: November 2007

Dans la lignée des Allemands - Campe, Humboldt - accourus à Paris dès 1789 pour assister au spectacle de la Révolution, Heine, sous la pression de l'histoire vécue, va faire de Paris, «Capitale de l'univers», une lecture non plus topographique mais historique. De ce fait, il donne aux Lettres de Paris un véritable statut littéraire, celui de transmettre au plus près le vécu de l'histoire. En même temps que «l'historiographie du présent» entre dans le champ de la littérature, cette dernière s'ouvre à l'histoire du présent.
L'histoire romantique, l'encyclopédie et le moi
Authors: Petitier Paule
Published: November 2007

Romantic history, in its desire to take into account all the aspects of humanity, seems to be connected to the 18th century's encyclopaedic project. Volney is an important link between the Enlightenment philosophers and the historians of the Restoration. Nevertheless, the «complete resurrection of past life» matches a new conception of totality on two levels (perception and production), and is animated by a debate about the relative rank of explanatory elements. According to Michelet, the «ego» and totality create and explain each other reciprocally : this relationship guarantees the existence of a political subject in the midst of a society which now seems difficult to consider globally.
Erlkönig de Goethe et ses traducteurs français
Authors: Vanhese Gisèle
Published: November 2007

In order to take a closer look at the status of translation, as a genre, in the French literary System of the 19th century, we have focused our study on a survey of the translations of Goethe's ballad, Erlkönig, achieved between 1818 and 1860. Our questioning is about the modes of re-statement of the Foreign (its vision of the world, its imaginary world, its « sense-forms »), about the fantasies which determine them, as well as the underlying stakes. In the first place, we are considering the process of annexion and reduction of Otherness to Sameness which characterizes the « belles infideles », and we show how translation belongs to an hyper-textuality involving imitation and adaptation, beside parody and fragment. The second part of our study is then centered on the problems linked to the transposition of the fantastic from one language and culture to another one. In a third part, we approach the topic of the relationship between the translations of the Romantic ballad and the working out of the poem in prose. In the fourth and last part, we consider the 19th century translations of Erlkönig from the view-point of intercultural communication in order to define more precisely the mythical image of Germany which they carried and passed on to us.
Sortilèges photographiques, de Villiers à Strindberg
Authors: Grojnowski Daniel
Published: November 2007

Les métaphores que suscite l'invention de la photographie (impression, chambre noire, bain révélateur) contaminent le langage des journalistes, des savants, des essayistes et des romanciers, comme en témoignent diverses œuvres, dont la célèbre étude sur Les Rêves et les moyens de les diriger d'Hervey de Saint-Denys. L'imaginaire de 1'«optogramme» (empreinte accusatrice qui marque la rétine d'une personne assassinée) inspire des récits que signent tour à tour E. Hello, L. Bloy, J. Claretie ou J. Verne. Mais il revient à Villiers de l'Isle-Adam de tirer parti, dans Claire Lenoir (1867 et 1887), de cette observation «scientifique» pour faire triompher les thèses de l'idéalisme. Elles connaîtront leur «âge d'or» avec le spiritisme et des rêveries de chercheurs, en des domaines divers, qui à la fin du siècle dernier, concernent aussi bien la perception (A. Strindberg) que la vie spirituelle (H. Baraduc).
Le «romance» daguerrien de Hawthorne
Authors: Brunet François
Published: November 2007

Published in 1851, The House of the Seven Gables stages in 19th century New England a daguerreotypist who unmasks a corrupt and hypocritical judge. Behind this rhetoric of revelation lies an inquiry into modernity, which this paper shows to have a strong political dimension : the daguerreotypist or « sun artist» is both a product and a metaphor of egalitarianism. In view, however, of the deep ambiguities of a character that is simultaneously photographer, sorcerer, and an analogue of the writer, this political reading is in turn correlated with a reflection on photography as a paradoxical emblem for the genre of the romance, defined as a display of illusions.
Être au parfum : la pyramide de Flaubert
Authors: Laroche Hugues
Published: November 2007

The pyramid is in Flaubert's works the sign of literature as a process that implies self-vanishing or embalming while life and love only survive as remembrance and mourning.
« Qu'il est dur à monter et à descendre l'escalier d'autrui ». L'exil des proscrits français sous le Second Empire
Authors: Aprile Sylvie
Published: November 2007

L'exilé, qui est par définition «hors de soi», offre l'une des figures les plus extrêmes de la représentation de soi-même et des autres. Exclus d'une catégorisation sociale précise, d'un statut juridique défini et d'appartenances culturelles et politiques stables, les proscrits français du Second Empire doivent redéfinir, pour une durée inconnue, leurs manières singulières et collectives d'être-au-monde. Ces reconfigurations qui induisent les discours, les formes d'écritures et les projets politiques se construisent autour d'un incessant va-et-vient entre un je et un nous, entre nous et les autres. Les modalités d'inclusion et d'exclusion dans le passé et le présent, la confrontation permanente avec l'altérité rythment la vie des proscrits. Ces échelles et ces tensions entre représentations permettent peut-être de mieux comprendre les modalités d'une action qui reste circonscrite à un acte de langage.
Baudelaire poète latin
Authors: Saminadayar-Perrin Corinne
Published: November 2007

Like Rimbaud and Sainte-Beuve, Baudelaire excelled in the study of Latin poetry when he was at school. It is nonetheless legitimate to ask how much this allows us to better understand the radically new aesthetics he advocated. Baudelaire articulated original ideas about the role of the Latin language in French poetry and engagea in aesthetic reflection about the relationship between the Latin poetry of the decadent period and literary modernity. Furthermore, the poet believed that there was a mysterious, even mystical affinity between the Latin and French languages. Underlying the intertextuality and rewriting that mark Baudelairian verse, and give it its present/absent Latinity, is a constantly renewed process of reflection about the stylistic influences proper to the «lieu commun». Baudelaire's poetry tends to impose Latin upon the French to such a degree that this internal tension becomes central to the meaning, the oblique inscription of the Latinity revealing both the ontological power of the Word and its limits. It is as if the writing is constantly pointing to an «ailleurs» that emblematizes the diffuse and anamorphic presence of Latin in the text. This deliberate use of poetic practice mirrors a shattered reality, whose reflection is an empty transcendence that the poet at the same time denies. Baudelaire's Latin poetics is the linguistic projection of an ontology that is inseparable front hermeneutics.
« Grotesque XIXe siècle » : le vertige relativiste des exhumations littéraires
Authors: Lavaud Martine
Published: November 2007

During the nineteenth century, a good part of the romantic criticism fed itself on the rediscovery of the «grotesques»: Nerval, Philarete Chasles, Saint-Marc Girardin, Nodier, Sainte-Beuve, Gautier and some others wanted to exhume these writers condemned by Boileau, and to find out a truth buried beneath strata of lies (about Théophile de Viau, for example). Everything leads to believe that this archaeological criticism makes of the «grotesques» the expression of a relativistic vertigo : the deep meditation on the contingency of history and judgments, the classification of «jeunes-France» writers as «poetae minores»... To refuse a normative and theoretical language, this cultural relativism expresses itself in an aesthetic, analogical, polymorphous and metaphorical mode. Nevertheless, because it underlies a narcissistic and anguished obsession about posterity, Nodier, Gautier... feel that such a relativistic bet can not be entirely won.
La morale du musée : 1789-1830
Authors: Poulot Dominique
Published: November 2007

French art museums are born, against the european tradition of the so-called "enlightened despotism", in a revolutionary moment: they obey to democratic and republican inspirations. The jacobin-centralized control of their scientific and patriotic standards profoundly marked the general characteristics of their exhibitions during the first half of the nineteenth century. Their goals are of educating people, promoting patriotism, modernizing spirits, etc. but, simultaneously, they are accused of promoting iconoclasm and destructing the true culture of collectors of Ancien regime France.
Collections : ce que disent les dictionnaires
Authors: Hamon Françoise
Published: November 2007

Le collectionneur du XIXe siècle est d'abord un aristocrate anticomane et érudit, puis l'éclectisme engendre dans la décennie 1830 la formation de collections hétérogènes (bric-à- brac oriental mêlé au Moyen Âge européen...) ou consacrées à de nouveaux champs: tout peut être matière à collection, les timbres autant que les faïences révolutionnaires, les pipes comme la peinture hollandaise. Les dictionnaires et autres ouvrages de référence rendent compte de l'ironie que provoque cette évolution. La curiosité au milieu du siècle devient un commerce florissant servi par des revues spécialisées. Chacun veut être l'inventeur ou le découvreur d'un trésor méconnu. La période est alors féconde en impostures. À la fin du siècle, la collection formée par des riches amateurs est destinée à terminer sa carrière dans une institution publique, et elle prend alors un tour plus sérieux; ou bien, elle s'oriente vers l'avant-garde.
Puff, bluff et humbug : de Barnum à Jules Vernes
Authors: Compere Daniel
Published: November 2007

In a posthumous Jules Verne's short story, «Le Humbug», an American businessman called Hopkins claims to have found the skeleton of a giant man near Albany. This character recalls Barnum's outstanding features (presented in Pierre Larousse's dictionary): the art of displaying invented rather than genuine freaks, the diversion of the scientific langage, the use of the «puff». Written after a visit in the U.S.A. in 1867, «Le Humbug» is also an echo of other discoveries (the remains of a mammoth found in 1866 near Albany, collections of prehistoric bones exhibited by Henry Augustus Ward). Curiously, the subject of this story is very close to the Giant of Cardiff, a false fossil «discovered» in 1869 near Albany. This may be the reason why Verne seems to have given up publishing this short story.
Paradis mélancoliques de Jean Paul à Edgar Poe
Authors: Peyrache-Leborgne Dominique
Published: November 2007

L'argumentation cherche à montrer comment est retournée, au cours du dix-neuvième siècle, la tradition hédoniste du jardin-paysage issue de la sensibilité des Lumières. Il s'agit d'explorer quelques-unes des racines qui relient le jardin romantique (en particulier chez Jean Paul et Edgar Poe) à ces grands hypotextes que sont La Nouvelle Héloïse, Werther ou encore Paul et Virginie. Dans un cadre qui se veut explicitement hédoniste, la mélancolie prédomine pourtant et semble s'articuler à la sublimation religieuse, artistique, voire philosophique du travail de deuil.
Le Tombeau de Gautier, par ses disciples et quelques autres
Authors: Brunet François
Published: November 2007

Le Tombeau de Théophile Gautier, recueil de 93 poèmes composés par 81 auteurs différents et publié en 1873 à l'initiative de l'éditeur Lemerre, est l'un des monuments par lequel le Parnasse a rendu hommage à l'un de ses «Maîtres». L'hétérogénéité générale de l'inspiration est visible, mais est-elle absolue ou bien une conception unitaire de la poésie et du poète y apparaît-elle à travers l'invocation répétée au Maître? Gautier fut-il seulement le «maestro» ou bien le «magister», et d'ailleurs, ces deux acceptions ne se complètent-elles pas? À côté d'éloges conventionnels, certaines contributions, comme celle de John Payne, montrent que Gautier a pu être considéré comme un guide dont les théories esthétiques sont approuvées et mises en pratique. Par ailleurs, le virtuose en poésie est unanimement loué et son exemple s'est révélé stimulant et souvent fécond. Mais c'est dans Toast funèbre que le rôle du poète est défini de la façon la plus ouverte car Mallarmé voit plutôt en Gautier un «emblème» du poète qu'un maître au sens classique du terme.
La province à l'école : les acteurs parisiens en excursion à Rouen (1800-1851)
Authors: Naugrette Florence
Published: November 2007

The arrival of Parisian actors in Rouen's playhouses during the first half of the 19h century was a sensation in the local cultural life. What were its repercussions on Rouen's actors ? Our present concern is to study the complex pedagogical relationship involving the Parisian masters and their provincial disciples. We resort to newspaper articles and to various texts authored by those involved in the process: actors 'memoirs, personal correspondence and professional letters involving theater managers or administrators as well as actors. We examine how, through his living example, the Parisian actor opens his colleagues to the new practices of acting in terms of pantomime, articulation and staging. Ranging from unfair competition to emulation, the visit of some fashionable Paris actor forced some provincial actors to act as mere foils, while it acted as an unhoped-for springboard for some others. We study these "double binds " which forced the provincial actor to attempt a necessarily imperfect imitation. Whatever the circumstances, we see that Paris remains the reference against which the quality of each production is judged, since the institutional, economic and ideological structure remained extremely centralized.
The Locus of Free Charge‐Carrier Generation in Solution‐Cast Zn1–xMgxO/Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Bilayers for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Piris J. , Kopidakis N. , Olson D. C. , Shaheen S. E. , Ginley D. S. , Rumbles G.
Published: November 2007

The photoconductivity of solution‐cast Zn1–xMgxO (x=0‐0.4) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films, and Zn1‐xMgxO/P3HT bilayers is investigated using Time‐Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) with the aim of determining the locus of free charge carrier generation in the bilayer system. The photoconductivity of Zn1–xMgxO thin films, under illumination with 300 nm laser pulses, is limited by the formation of stable excitons and by scattering of the carriers at grain boundaries. The electron mobility in Zn1–xMgxO films decreases exponentially with Mg concentration, up to x=0.4. In agreement with previous work, free carriers are observed in the P3HT film under illumination with 500 nm pulses in the absence of an acceptor. Under illumination with 500 nm pulses, where only the polymer absorbs, the TRMC signal for the Zn1–xMgxO/P3HT bilayers for x≥0.2 is the same as that of pure P3HT, indicating that free carrier generation in these bilayers occurs predominately by exciton dissociation in the polymer bulk, and not at the interface between the polymer and the solution‐cast oxide. At lower Mg concentrations (x<0.2) the TRMC signal increases with decreasing x following the dependence of the electron mobility in the oxide but its light intensity dependence remains consistent with free carrier generation in the polymer bulk. To explain these results and previously published photovoltaic device data (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 264) we propose that free carrier generation in the bilayers predominantly occurs in the bulk of P3HT, and is followed by electron injection to the oxide to yield photocurrent in photovoltaic cells. The dependence of the TRMC signal of the bilayers on Mg concentration is explained in terms of the yield for free carrier generation in the polymer and the relative contributions of electrons in the oxide and holes in the polymer.
A New Donor–Acceptor–Donor Polyfluorene Copolymer with Balanced Electron and Hole Mobility
Authors: Gadisa A. , Mammo W. , Andersson L.  M. , Admassie S. , Zhang F. , Andersson M. R. , Inganäs O.
Published: November 2007

A new alternating polyfluorene copolymer poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluoren)‐alt‐5,5‐(5′,8′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐(2′,3′‐bis‐(3′′‐octyloxyphenyl)‐quinoxaline))] (APFO‐15), which has electron donor–acceptor–donor units in between the fluorene units, is synthesized and characterized. This polymer has a strong absorption and emission in the visible range of the solar spectrum. Its electroluminescence and photoluminescence emissions extend from about 560 to 900 nm. Moreover, solar cells with efficiencies in excess of 3.5 % have been realized from blends of APFO‐15 and an electron acceptor molecule, a methanofullerene [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). It has also been observed that electron and hole transport is balanced both in the pure polymer phase and in polymer/PCBM bulk heterojunction films, which makes this material quite attractive for applications in opto‐electronic devices.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Directed Crystallization of ZnO with Tunable Morphology and Bandgap
Authors: Zhang J. , Liu H. , Wang Z. , Ming N. , Li Z. , Biris A. S.
Published: November 2007

A novel polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐directed crystallization route is successfully developed for the shape‐selective synthesis of ZnO particles with distinctive shapes, including monolayer, bilayer, and multilayer structures, gears, capped pots, hemispheres, and bowls, at temperatures as low as 32 °C. This route is based on exploiting a new water/PVP/n‐pentanol system. In the system, PVP can greatly promote ZnO nucleation by binding water and direct ZnO growth by selectively capping the specific ZnO facets, which is confirmed by IR absorption spectra. The bandgap of the ZnO particles is readily tuned by modifying the product morphology by adjusting the PVP chain length, PVP amount, water volume, and reaction temperature. The remarkable ZnO structures and the biomimetic method demonstrated here not only expand the structures and applications of ZnO but also provide a new approach to explore the unusual structures for novel physicochemical properties and technological applications. Furthermore, the novel ZnO/Au/ZnO sandwich structure is successfully fabricated by inserting a Au plate into the bilayer ZnO structure.
Synthesis and Characterization of Discrete Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles: Effect of Surface Ligation Chemistry on Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophene
Authors: Senevirathne K. , Burns A. W. , Bussell M. E. , Brock S. L.
Published: November 2007

Discrete, unsupported nanoparticles of Ni2P have been prepared by using a solution‐phase method with bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(COD)2] as the nickel source and trioctylphosphine (TOP) as the phosphorus source in the presence of the coordinating solvent trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). Ni2P nanoparticles prepared at 345 °C have an average crystallite size of 10.2 ± 0.7 nm and are capped with TOP and/or TOPO coordinating agents. The surface of the Ni2P nanoparticles can be modified by washing with CHCl3or by exchanging TOP/TOPO groups with mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA). The surface areas of these nanoparticles are on the order of 30–70 m2g–1. As‐prepared and MUA‐capped nanoparticles undergo a phase transformation at 370 °C under reducing conditions, but CHCl3‐washed Ni2P nanoparticles retain the Ni2P structure. CHCl3‐washed and MUA‐capped nanoparticles exhibit higher HDS catalytic activity than as‐prepared nanoparticles or unsupported Ni2P prepared by temperature‐programmed reduction of a phosphate precursor. The surface modifications have a clear effect on the catalytic activity as well as the thermal stability of Ni2P nanoparticles under reducing conditions.
Evaluation of Ligands for Ketone Reduction by Asymmetric Hydride Transfer in Water by Multi‐Substrate Screening
Authors: Zeror Saoussen , Collin Jacqueline , Fiaud Jean‐Claude , Zouioueche Louisa Aribi
Published: November 2007

Various ligands for the ruthenium‐catalyzed enantioselective reduction of ketones in water have been investigated. Multi‐substrate reactions have been carried out for the comparison of various proline amides and aminoalcohol ligands. Two sets of six aromatic ketones have been selected in order to evaluate the enantiomeric excesses of all the resulting alcohols by a single chromatographic analysis. The proline amide derivative prepared from (1R,2S)‐cis‐aminoindanol revealed as the best ligand for most of the ketones used in the multi‐substrate reductions. This ligand has been employed for the enantioselective reduction of a variety of other aromatic ketones and in all cases the enantiomeric excesses were improved compared to those obtained with phenylprolineamide used in our previous work.
Selective Light Supported Oxidation of Hexoses Using Air as Oxidant – Synthesis of Tetrahydroxyazepanes
Authors: Gassama Abdoulaye , Hoffmann Norbert
Published: November 2007

Unprotected alkyl glycosides have been oxidized using air as oxidant and copper(I) chloride/TEMPO as the catalytic system. The primary hydroxy group in the 6 position is selectively transformed into an aldehyde equivalent. The process was optimized by irradiation with visible light. Without further purification and with high yields, the resulting lactols have been transformed into tetrahydroxyazepane.
Synthesis of Versatile Building Blocks through Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Itaconic Acid Mono‐Esters
Authors: Hekking Koen F. W. , Lefort Laurent , de Vries André H. M. , van Delft Floris L. , Schoemaker Hans E. , de Vries Johannes G. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: November 2007

The rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of several β‐substituted itaconic acid monoesters, using a library of monodentate phosphoramidite and phosphite ligands is described. Two β‐alkyl‐substituted substrates were readily hydrogenated by the rhodium complex Rh(COD)2BF4 in combination with (S)‐PipPhos as a ligand resulting in ees of 99 %. In contrast, the corresponding more hindered β‐aryl‐substituted substrates did not exhibit acceptable enantioselectivities under these conditions. However, the use of a 48‐membered ligand library led to the identification of several suitable ligands for these substrates, resulting in ees of 89–99 %. The resulting optically active succinic acid derivatives are potentially useful building blocks for more elaborate compounds, because of the ability to differentiate between the carboxylic acid and the ester groups on either side of the molecule.
The impact of group fissions on genetic structure in Native South America and implications for human evolution
Authors: Hunley K.L. , Spence J.E. , Merriwether D.A.
Published: November 2007

In a series of publications beginning in the 1960s, Neel and colleagues suggested that genetically nonrandom, or “lineal”, population fissions contributed to genetic structure in ancient human groups. The authors reached this conclusion by studying the genetic consequences of village fissions among the Yanomamo, a Native South American group thought to have been relatively unaffected by European contact and, therefore, representative of the human past. On the basis of ethnographic accounts and pedigree data, they further concluded that patrilineal relationships were particularly important in shaping the genetic structure of villages following fissions. This study reexamines the genetic consequences of village fissions using autosomal STRs, Y‐chromosome STRs, and mitochondrial DNA sequences collected from large samples of individuals from multiple Yanomamo villages. Our analyses of the autosomal STRs replicate the previous finding that village fissions have produced substantial genetic structure among the Yanomamo. However, our analyses of Y‐chromosome STRs and mtDNA d‐loop polymorphisms suggest that other population processes, including village movements, inter‐village migration, and polygynous marriage, affect genetic structure in ways not predicted by a simple model of patrilineal fissions. We discuss the broader implications of population fissions for human evolution and the suitability of using the Yanomamo as a model for the human past. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Comparison of methods for estimating chronological age at linear enamel formation on anterior dentition
Authors: Martin Sarah A. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Sciulli Paul W. , Walker Phillip L.
Published: November 2007

Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is an enamel defect that records the effects of physiological stress on tooth formation. Estimating the age at which LEH defects form is integral to the reconstruction of population health in bioarcheological studies. Two principal methods for aging LEH defects have been introduced in the literature. The conventional approach employs regression equations based on a linear model of tooth growth. The newer, Reid and Dean [Am J Phys Anthropol 113 (2000) 135–139] approach, is based upon a histologically derived curvilinear model of enamel development and therefore likely provides more accurate age estimates. However, the extent to which the Reid and Dean method produces estimated ages at defect formation differing from those of the regression equations has not, until now, been determined. This study quantifies the differences between these two methods. Evaluating the degree to which these methods differ is essential for interpreting the accuracy of LEH age estimates given in previous bioarcheological studies. Age estimates of LEH defects on 338 anterior teeth from the Hamann–Todd osteological sample were calculated using both methods. The resulting estimated ages were compared through a randomized block ANOVA. However, the mean differences between the estimated ages yielded by both methods range from 4 months or less depending on the tooth type with an overall average of 2.63 months. The discussion focuses on the degree to which this difference affects answers to bioarcheological questions. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Höhere Acene: vielseitige organische Halbleiter
Authors: Anthony John E.
Published: November 2007

Acene werden wegen ihrer einzigartigen elektronischen Eigenschaften, die auf der Topologie ihrer π‐Systeme beruhen, seit langem untersucht. Berichte über die bemerkenswerten Halbleitereigenschaften höherer Homologe haben in letzter Zeit zu verstärkten Forschungsaktivitäten geführt. Es wurden neue Verfahren zur Synthese, Funktionalisierung und Reinigung sowie zur Herstellung organoelektronischer Bauteile entwickelt. Durch Untersuchungen an hochreinen Acen‐Einkristallen wurden die charakteristischen elektronischen Eigenschaften und Kenngrößen für die Beurteilung von Dünnschichtbauteilen ermittelt. Um die Verarbeitbarkeit in Lösung zu verbessern, wurden neuartige Funktionalisierungsmethoden entwickelt. Die für elektronische Anwendungen erwünschten Eigenschaften nichtfunktionalisierter Acene bleiben bei der Funktionalisierung erhalten. Mit diesen Verfahren wurden kürzlich Derivate höherer Acene als Pentacen, die zuvor kaum zugänglich waren, erhalten, sodass Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen untersucht werden konnten.
Polymer–Fullerene Composite Solar Cells
Authors: Thompson Barry C. , Fréchet Jean M. J.
Published: November 2007

Fossil fuel alternatives, such as solar energy, are moving to the forefront in a variety of research fields. Polymer‐based organic photovoltaic systems hold the promise for a cost‐effective, lightweight solar energy conversion platform, which could benefit from simple solution processing of the active layer. The function of such excitonic solar cells is based on photoinduced electron transfer from a donor to an acceptor. Fullerenes have become the ubiquitous acceptors because of their high electron affinity and ability to transport charge effectively. The most effective solar cells have been made from bicontinuous polymer–fullerene composites, or so‐called bulk heterojunctions. The best solar cells currently achieve an efficiency of about 5 %, thus significant advances in the fundamental understanding of the complex interplay between the active layer morphology and electronic properties are required if this technology is to find viable application.
Properties of phenol–formaldehyde resin modified with organic acid esters
Authors: Mirski Radosław , Dziurka Dorota , Łęcka Janina
Published: November 2007

Properties of liquid and cured phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin modified with esters were analyzed in this study. Esters with different carbon chain lengths, both in the acid and alcohol groups, were applied in the experiments. It was found that the modification of phenolic resin with applied esters does not deteriorate its pot life at the temperature of 20°C. It results in an increase of its reactivity at higher temperatures, manifested in the shortening of gel time at 130°C and a decrease of activation energy. Results of FTIR tests of polycondensed modified PF resin showed that products of alkali hydrolysis of esters not only catalyze the curing reaction of resin, but also become embedded in its structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Some N‐Phenyl‐2‐phtalimidoethanesulfonamide Derivatives
Authors: Akgul Ozlem , Sultan Kilic Fatma , Erol Kevser , Pabuccuoglu Varol
Published: November 2007

In this study, inspired by the structures of the taltrimide, 2‐phthalimidoethanesulphonamide, and the anilide pharmacophore known to be synthetically produced anticonvulsant compounds, fifteen N‐phenyl‐2‐phtalimidoethanesulfonamide derivatives bearing substituents with diverse electronic and hydrophobic features on N‐phenyl ring were synthesized. The structural confirmation of the title compounds was achieved by interpretation of spectral and analytical data. The anticonvulsant activity of the title compounds was determined against maximal electroshock seizure in mice at a dose level of 100 mg/kg. The preliminary screening results indicated that the exchange of the N‐isopropyl moiety for an N‐phenyl ring in the taltrimide molecule abolished the anticonvulsant activity. However, introducing certain substituents, such as nitro, methyl, and chloro, into the N‐phenyl ring lead to more active compounds in comparison to the unsubstituted derivatives.
Setup and dosimetry for exposure of human skin in vivo to RF‐EMF at 900 MHz
Authors: Toivonen Tommi , Toivo Tim , Puranen Lauri , Jokela Kari
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was a dosimetrical analysis of an experimental setup used in the exposure of 10 female volunteers to GSM 900 radiation. The exposure was carried out by irradiating a small region of the right forearms of the volunteers for 1 h, after which biopsies were taken from the exposed skin for protein analysis. The source of irradiation was a half‐wave dipole fed with a computer controlled GSM phone. The specific absorption rate (SAR) induced in the skin biopsy was assessed by computer simulations. The numerical model of the arm consisted of a muscle tissue simulating cylinder covered with thin skin (1 mm) and fat (3 mm) layers. The simulation models were validated by measurements with a homogeneous cylindrical liquid phantom. The average SAR value in the biopsy was 1.3 W/kg and the estimated uncertainty ±20% (K = 2). The main source of error was found to be variations in the distance of the forearm from the dipole (10 ± 1 mm). Other significant sources of uncertainty are individual variations of the fat layer and arm thicknesses, and the uncertainty of radio frequency (RF) power measurement. Bioelectromagnetics 29:207–212, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impairment in rats after long‐term exposure to GSM‐900 mobile phone radiation
Authors: Nittby Henrietta , Grafström Gustav , Tian Dong Ping , Malmgren Lars , Brun Arne , Persson Bertil R.R. , Salford Leif G. , Eberhardt Jacob
Published: November 2007

Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implications on cognitive functions. In this study we investigated in a rat model the long‐term effects of protracted exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication‐900 MHz (GSM‐900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed for 2 h each week for 55 weeks to radio‐frequency electromagnetic radiation at different SAR levels (0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period) emitted by a (GSM‐900) test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After this protracted exposure, GSM‐900 exposed rats were compared to sham exposed controls. Effects on exploratory behaviour were evaluated in the open‐field test, in which no difference was seen. Effects on cognitive functions were evaluated in the episodic‐like memory test. In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P = 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure. Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (P = 0.02). Bioelectromagnetics 29:219–232, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anwendung der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse auf Messungen mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren am Beispiel der Tunnelinnenschalenprüfung
Authors: Taffe Alexander , Gehlen Christoph
Published: November 2007

Bemessungsregeln werden im Bauwesen derzeit auf der Grundlage der so genannten Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse entwickelt. Auf ihr ist auch das Sicherheitskonzept der EUROCODES gegründet. Seit ungefähr einem Jahrzehnt werden auch Dauerhaftigkeitsanalysen nach dieser Vorgehensweise durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie Methoden der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse nun auch auf Messaufgaben angewandt werden können. Dies wird am Beispiel der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Tunnelinnenschalen mit dem Ultraschallecho‐Verfahren erläutert, dessen Anwendung in der Richtlinie RI‐ZFP‐TU des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung geregelt ist. Es wird gezeigt, wie Messdaten weitergehend ausgewertet werden können und welche Rückschlüsse daraus gezogen werden können. Damit kann die Eignung zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren im Bauwesen bezogen auf die vorhandenen Randbedingungen der Prüfaufgabe auch quantitativ angegeben werden.
Elementwände im drückenden Grundwasser. Diskrepanz zwischen Theorie und Praxis?
Authors: Hohmann Rainer
Published: November 2007

Elementwände im drückenden Grundwasser erfordern eine besondere Sorgfalt bei der Planung, Ausführung und Überwachung. Voraussetzung für die Funktionsfähigkeit von Elementwänden im drückenden Grundwasser ist, dass die hohen Anforderungen der WU‐Richtlinie an die Planung und Ausführung, aber auch an die Herstellung der Elementwandplatten im Werk auch umgesetzt werden. Wie bei wasserundurchlässigen Bauwerken aus Ortbeton sind auch bei WU‐Bauwerken in Elementwandbauweise Fugen und Durchdringungen mögliche Schwachstellen, die fachgerecht und dauerhaft abzudichten sind. Häufig zeigt sich aber eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen Theorie und Praxis. In dem Beitrag werden grundlegende Zusammenhänge aufgezeigt, typische Fehler erläutert und Hinweise zur Fehlervermeidung gegeben.
Examining the effectiveness of an intervention designed for the restoration of competency to stand trial
Authors: Mueller Crystal , Wylie A. Michael
Published: November 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of the Fitness Game, an intervention created for the restoration of competency to stand trial. Of 28 participants who completed either the experimental or control intervention at Hawai'i State Hospital (HSH), it was found that both groups had significant pretest to posttest improvements on Understanding and Appreciation subsets of the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool—Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT‐CA). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups on competency measures, indicating that the Fitness Game was not significantly more effective at restoring competency than non‐legal programming. In other words, individuals committed to a psychiatric hospital for care and treatment were as likely to improve as those receiving additional specialized competency restoration treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.