bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a U.S. National Phenological Assessment: Third USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) and Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 5–9 October 2009
Authors: Henebry Geoffrey M. , Betancourt Julio L.
Published: January 2010

Directional climate change will have profound and lasting effects throughout society that are best understood through fundamental physical and biological processes. One such process is phenology: how the timing of recurring biological events is affected by biotic and abiotic forces. Phenology is an early and integrative indicator of climate change readily understood by nonspecialists. Phenology affects the planting, maturation, and harvesting of food and fiber; pollination; timing and magnitude of allergies and disease; recreation and tourism; water quantity and quality; and ecosystem function and resilience. Thus, phenology is the gateway to climatic effects on both managed and unmanaged ecosystems.
Induction of interleukin‐10 expression through Fcα receptor in human monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells: role of p38 MAPKinase
Authors: Pilette Charles , Detry Bruno , Guisset Amélie , Gabriels Julie , Sibille Yves
Published: January 2010

As previously reported by others for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, we observed that IgA can induce interleukin (IL)‐10 expression in human monocytes. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of IL‐10 induction by IgA in monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MD‐DCs). Monomeric IgA induced IL‐10 production in monocytes and this production was further increased upon IgA cross‐linking. Similar IL‐10 responses were observed in monocytes and autologous MD‐DCs, and were inhibited (by ∼77%) by preincubation with a blocking mAb to FcαRI. IL‐10 induction by IgA correlated with activation of MAPKinases ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, whereas only p38‐inhibitor SB‐203580 inhibited IL‐10 induction. Upon IgA stimulation, AP‐1, NFκB and Sp1 transcription factors were activated and inhibitors of NFκB and of Sp1 suppressed IgA‐driven transcriptional activation of IL‐10. In addition, p38 MAPK activation appeared that it was required to control nuclear translocation of NFκB and Sp1 upon IgA stimulation. Therefore, in human monocytes and MD‐DCs the mechanisms of IL‐10 induction by IgA involve p38 MAPK‐dependent recruitment of both NFκB and Sp1.
Control of ATP homeostasis during the respiro‐fermentative transition in yeast
Authors: Walther Thomas , Novo Maite , Rössger Katrin , Létisse Fabien , Loret Marie‐Odile , Portais Jean‐Charles , François Jean‐Marie
Published: January 2010

Respiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells respond to a sudden increase in glucose concentration by a pronounced drop of their adenine nucleotide content ([ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP]=[AXP]). The unknown fate of ‘lost’ AXP nucleotides represented a long‐standing problem for the understanding of the yeast's physiological response to changing growth conditions. Transient accumulation of the purine salvage pathway intermediate, inosine, accounted for the apparent loss of adenine nucleotides. Conversion of AXPs into inosine was facilitated by AMP deaminase, Amd1, and IMP‐specific 5′‐nucleotidase, Isn1. Inosine recycling into the AXP pool was facilitated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase, Pnp1, and joint action of the phosphoribosyltransferases, Hpt1 and Xpt1. Analysis of changes in 24 intracellular metabolite pools during the respiro‐fermentative growth transition in wild‐type, amd1, isn1, and pnp1 strains revealed that only the amd1 mutant exhibited significant deviations from the wild‐type behavior. Moreover, mutants that were blocked in inosine production exhibited delayed growth acceleration after glucose addition. It is proposed that interconversion of adenine nucleotides and inosine facilitates rapid and energy‐cost efficient adaptation of the AXP pool size to changing environmental conditions.
GroEL dependency affects codon usage—support for a critical role of misfolding in gene evolution
Authors: Warnecke Tobias , Hurst Laurence D
Published: January 2010

It has recently been suggested that the use of optimal codons limits mistranslation‐induced protein misfolding, yet evidence for this remains largely circumstantial. In contrast, molecular chaperones have long been recognized to play crucial roles in misfolding prevention and remedy. We propose that putative error limitation in cis can be elucidated by examining the interaction between codon usage and chaperoning processes. Using Escherichia coli as a model system, we find that codon optimality covaries with dependency on the chaperonin GroEL. Sporadic but not obligate substrates of GroEL exhibit higher average codon adaptation and are conspicuously enriched for optimal codons at structurally sensitive sites. Further, codon optimality of sporadic clients is more conserved in the E. coli clone Shigella dysenteriae. We suggest that highly expressed genes cannot routinely use GroEL for error control so that codon usage has evolved to provide complementary error limitation. These findings provide independent evidence for a role of misfolding in shaping gene evolution and highlight the need to co‐characterize adaptations in cis and trans to unravel the workings of integrated molecular systems.
Detailed investigation of the propagation rate of urethane acrylates
Authors: Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Bennet Francesca , Schneider-Baumann Maria , Voll Dominik , Rölle Thomas , Fäcke Thomas , Weiser Marc-Stephan , Bruder Friedrich-Karl , Junkers Tanja
Published: January 2010

Propagation rate coefficients are provided—for the first time—for an entire class of urethane moieties containing acrylates, which display an extremely high propagation rate.
On the role of built-in electric fields on the ignition of oxide coated nanoaluminum: Ion mobility versus Fickian diffusion
Authors: Henz Brian J. , Hawa Takumi , Zachariah Michael R.
Published: January 2010

Using the classical molecular dynamics method we simulate the mechanochemical behavior of small (i.e., core diameter<10 nm) oxide coated aluminum nanoparticles. Aluminum nanoparticles with core diameters of approximately 5 and 8 nm are simulated with 1 and 2 nm thick oxide coatings or shells. In addition to thickness the shells are parametrized by varying degrees of crystallinity, density, and atomic ratios in order to study their effect on the ignition of nanoparticle oxidation. The oxide shells are parametrized to consider oxide coatings with the defects that commonly occur during the formation of an oxide layer and for comparison with a defect free crystalline oxide shell. Computed results include the diffusion coefficients of aluminum cations for each shell configuration and over a range of temperatures. The observed results are discussed and compared with the ignition mechanisms reported in the literature. From this effort we have found that the oxidation ignition mechanism for nanometer sized oxide coated aluminum particles is the result of an enhanced transport due to a built-in electric field induced by the oxide shell. This is in contrast to the currently assumed pressure driven diffusion process. This induced electric field accounts for approximately 90% of the mass flux of aluminum ions through the oxide shell. The computed electric fields show good agreement with published theoretical and experimental results.
Degradation and breakdown characteristics of thin MgO dielectric layers
Authors: O’Connor Robert , Hughes Greg , Casey Patrick , Newcomb Simon B.
Published: January 2010

MgO has been suggested as a possible high-k dielectric for future complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processes. In this work, the time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics of 20 nm MgO films are discussed. Stress induced leakage current measurements indicate that the low measured Weibull slopes of the TDDB distributions for both n-type and p-type devices cannot be attributed to a lower trap generation rate than for SiO2. This suggests that much fewer defects are required to trigger breakdown in MgO under voltage stress than is the case for SiO2 or other metal-oxide dielectrics. This in turn explains the progressive nature of the breakdown in these films which is observed both in this work and elsewhere. The reason fewer defects are required is attributed to the morphology of the films.
Annealing temperature and initial iron valence ratio effects on the structural characteristics of nanoscale nickel zinc ferrite
Authors: Calvin S. , Shultz M. D. , Glowzenski L. , Carpenter E. E.
Published: January 2010

Nickel zinc ferrite (NZFO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a reverse micelle method with a nonionic surfactant. Three different initial Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios were employed along with three different firing temperatures (200, 500, 1000 °C) to investigate the effects on the NZFO system. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results reveal zinc loss at high annealing temperatures; at 1000 °C, the loss is nearly total for Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios other than 10:90. Annealing at 500 °C, however, appears necessary for fully incorporating the zinc and nickel into the spinel phase. The best nanoferrite was thus obtained using an initial Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of 10:90 and a moderate firing temperature of 500 °C. This sample exhibits a room temperature saturation magnetization of 58 emu/g as measured via vibrating sample magnetometry, comparable with bulk values and greater than that of confirmed nano-NZFOs found in the literature. EXAFS also indicates that in all cases in which the elements adopted a spinel structure, the nickel occupies only octahedral sites and the zinc primarily tetrahedral sites.
Nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of graphene families
Authors: Feng Miao , Zhan Hongbing , Chen Yu
Published: January 2010

The nonlinear optical (NLO) and optical limiting (OL) properties of graphene families, including graphene oxide nanosheets, graphene nanosheets (GNSs), graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs), and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), were investigated at 532 and 1064 nm using a nanosecond regime. GNSs, GONRs, and GNRs exhibited broadband NLO and OL properties. Reduced graphene samples exhibited stronger NLO and OL responses than their graphene oxide precursors because of their increased crystallinity and conjugation. Nonlinear scattering and two-photon-absorption were found to have strong effects on the NLO and OL responses of the graphene nanostructures.
Weak signal detection based on the information fusion and chaotic oscillator
Authors: Xiang Xiuqiao , Shi Baochang
Published: January 2010

Based on the chaotic oscillator, a method for weak signal detection using information fusion technology is proposed in this paper. On the one hand, various methods are employed to the amplitude detection of the same weak periodic signal, then the detection outcomes are fused by the adaptive weighted fusion method. On the other hand, during the detection course, information entropy, statistic distance, and Walsh transform are, respectively, used in the state recognition of chaotic oscillator from the viewpoint of time domain or frequency domain, then the recognition results are fused by the k/l fusion method. Numerical results show that the proposed approach detects signal more precisely, identifies state more accurately, and represents information more completely compared with traditional methods.
A laser-Compton scattering prototype experiment at 100 MeV linac of Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
Authors: Luo W. , Xu W. , Pan Q. Y. , Cai X. Z. , Chen J. G. , Chen Y. Z. , Fan G. T. , Fan G. W. , Guo W. , Li Y. J. , Liu W. H. , Lin G. Q. , Ma Y. G. , Shen W. Q. , Shi X. C. , Xu B. J. , Xu J. Q. , Xu Y. , Zhang H. O. , Yan Z. , Yang L. F. , Zhao M. H.
Published: January 2010

As a prototype of the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, an x-ray source based on laser-Compton scattering (LCS) has been installed at the terminal of the 100 MeV linac of the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. LCS x-rays are generated by interactions between Q-switched Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser pulses [with wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse width of 21 ns (full width at half maximum)] and electron bunches [with energy of 108 MeV and pulse width of 0.95 ns (rms)] at an angle of 42° between laser and electron beam. In order to measure the energy spectrum of LCS x-rays, a Si(Li) detector along the electron beam line axis is positioned at 9.8 m away from a LCS chamber. After background subtraction, the LCS x-ray spectrum with the peak energy of 29.1±4.4∣stat±2.1∣syst keV and the peak width (rms) of 7.8±2.8∣stat±0.4∣syst keV is observed. Normally the 100 MeV linac operates with the electron macropulse charge of 1.0 nC/pulse, and the electron and laser collision repetition rate of 20 Hz. Therefore, the total LCS x-ray flux of (5.2±2.0)×102 Hz can be achieved.
Ultraviolet light emission and excitonic fine structures in ultrathin single-crystalline indium oxide nanowires
Authors: Wei Z. P. , Guo D. L. , Liu B. , Chen R. , Wong L. M. , Yang W. F. , Wang S. J. , Sun H. D. , Wu T.
Published: January 2010

We report the ultraviolet light emission from ultrathin indium oxide (In2O3) nanowires fabricated by the vapor-liquid-solid method. The high crystalline quality of the samples is confirmed by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Strong ultraviolet light emission is consistently observed in the temperature dependent photoluminescence measurements carried out between 10 and 300 K. Emissions related to free excitons and bound exciton complexes, donor-acceptor pair transition and its relevant longitudinal optical phonon replicas are identified and their temperature-dependent evolution is discussed in details.
Surface passivation of n-type Czochralski silicon substrates by thermal-SiO2/plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiN stacks
Authors: Larionova Yevgeniya , Mertens Verena , Harder Nils-Peter , Brendel Rolf
Published: January 2010

The surface passivation properties of thermal-SiO2/plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiN stacks on 2.5 Ω cm n-type Czochralski silicon substrates have been investigated. By annealing these stacks in air we achieve surface recombination velocities (SRV) lower than 2.4 cm/s for thin SiO2 layers. We find a clear correlation between the thickness of the oxide layers and the annealing duration. We also show that the absolute passivation quality of the SiO2/SiN stacks correlates to the SiO2 thickness. We find that the SRV increases with increasing oxide thickness. We also present data of the surface passivation of these SiO2/SiN stacks after storage in the dark for several weeks.
Thermal hysteresis of ferroelectric transition in Sr4R2Ti4Nb6O30 (R=Sm and Eu) tetragonal tungsten bronzes
Authors: Zhu X. L. , Chen X. M.
Published: January 2010

Sr 4 R 2 Ti 4 Nb 6 O 30 (R=Sm and Eu) tungsten bronze ceramics were prepared, and the dielectric properties and ferroelectric transition were investigated together with the crystal structure. A ferroelectric transition peak and a low temperature dielectric relaxation were observed from the curve of permittivity versus temperature during heating process for both ceramics. The ferroelectric transition indicated large thermal hysteresis during the heating and cooling cycles for both ceramics, where the ferroelectric transition peak disappeared during the cooling process, and the low temperature dielectric relaxation was obviously enhanced. Moreover, extremely large depression of the Curie–Weiss temperature (T0) was observed in the present ceramics. These abnormal features were associated with the complex tetragonal tungsten bronze structure with two ferroelectrically active cations over two sets of sites and weak superstructure change from incommensurate to commensurate on cooling. The low temperature dielectric relaxation was due to the oxygen octahedron rotation in the ab plane and the possible compositional variations in the microscale.
Power scaling of widely-tunable monochromatic terahertz radiation by stacking high-resistivity GaP plates
Authors: Jiang Yi , Ding Yujie J. , Zotova Ioulia B.
Published: January 2010

A high-resistivity GaP crystal was used to generate monochromatic THz pulses with peak output powers reaching 722 W at 108.1 μm by mixing two coherent beams at about 1 μm based on phase-matched difference-frequency generation. By stacking two and three GaP plates with their second-order nonlinear coefficients being switched between the adjacent ones, we have increased the peak power at 120.3 μm from 433.4 W to 1.36 and 2.36 kW, respectively. 2.36 kW corresponds to the photon conversion efficiency of 25%, which is two orders of magnitude higher than our previous result. In contrast, if they are stacked for having the same sign of the nonlinear coefficients, the wavelength corresponding to the highest peak power is red-shifted to 204.8 and 303.9 μm, respectively. Such a result indicates that there is an optimal interaction length for each specific output wavelength.
A density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory investigation on the anchor comparison of triarylamine-based dyes
Authors: Peng Bo , Yang Siqi , Li Lanlan , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun
Published: January 2010

To understand the effects of the anchor part in organic dyes on the energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), two different anchor groups used in metal-free triphenylamine (TPA)-based organic dyes for DSCs have been theoretically compared. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) study of geometry properties, excitations, and electronic structures of triarylamine-based dyes (TC1 and TPAR1) before and after binding to titanium has been performed under the level of TD-PBE1PBE/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). The result shows that cyanoacrylic acid anchor favors better photoelectrochemical properties of DSCs than that of rhodanine-3-acetic acid anchor via providing more shift of TiO2 conduction band toward the vacuum energy levels (larger open circuit potentials) and more favorable conjugation with titanium. This study is expected to shed light on the design of metal-free organic dyes for DSCs.
Formation, structure, and electric property of CaB4 single crystal synthesized under high pressure
Authors: Liu Zhongyuan , Han Xianyue , Yu Dongli , Sun Yaxin , Xu Bo , Zhou Xiang-Feng , He Julong , Wang Hui-Tian , Tian Yongjun
Published: January 2010

Via the combination of theoretical and experimental investigations, we have synthesized the single crystal of pure calcium tetraboride (CaB4) under the conditions of high pressure and high temperature. The Temperature (T)-Pressure (P) phase diagram of Ca–B binary system has been obtained. The recovered CaB4 after decompression of high pressure is characterized to have a ThB4-type tetragonal structure. Both the calculated band structure and the measured temperature-dependent resistivity are indicative of the intrinsic metallic property of CaB4, contrary to the hypothetical semiconducting behavior.
Electron trap memory characteristics of LiNbO3 film/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure
Authors: Hao L. Z. , Zhu J. , Luo W. B. , Zeng H. Z. , Li Y. R. , Zhang Y.
Published: January 2010

LiNbO 3 film (LNO)/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure was fabricated and its memory characteristics were studied. The heterostructure exhibited a wide range clockwise hysteresis (0.3–12.1 V) likely due to the electrons trapping and distrapping from the Li vacancies in the LNO film. After 10 years retention, 10% of the window could remain. In addition, a slight decrease for the memory window happened after 105 cycles. These results indicated that LNO film combined with AlGaN/GaN would hold promise for next-generation nonvolatile memory devices. Possible operating mechanism for the memory effect in the heterostructure was explained qualitatively by the energy band diagram.
Kinetic rougheninglike transition with finite nucleation barrier
Authors: Lutsko James F. , Basios Vasileios , Nicolis Grégoire , Kozak John J. , Sleutel Mike , Maes Dominique
Published: January 2010

Recent observations of the growth of protein crystals have identified two different growth regimes. At low supersaturation, the surface of the crystal is smooth and increasing in size due to the nucleation of steps at defects and the subsequent growth of the steps. At high supersaturation, nucleation occurs at many places simultaneously, the crystal surface becomes rough, and the growth velocity increases more rapidly with increasing supersaturation than in the smooth regime. Kinetic roughening transitions are typically assumed to be due to the vanishing of the barrier for two-dimension nucleation on the surface of the crystal. We show here, by means of both analytic mean-field models and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, that a transition between different growth modes reminiscent of kinetic roughening can also arise as a kinetic effect occurring at finite nucleation barriers.
Electron acceleration in vacuum induced by a tightly focused chirped laser pulse
Authors: Li Jian-Xing , Zang Wei-Ping , Tian Jian-Guo
Published: January 2010

Electron acceleration in vacuum induced by a tightly focused chirped laser pulse has been studied. For a fixed laser output power, the tightly focused chirped laser pulse can accelerate electrons to much higher energies. Focusing laser down to the order of wavelength requires inclusion of terms of third order at least in the diffraction angle ε in the description of the associated field. Retained electron energy depends strongly on frequency chirp parameter and initial position of the electron. Besides, retained energy increases with laser intensity, pulse duration, and initial velocity of electron, and varies periodically with laser constant phase.
GRASP55 and GRASP65 play complementary and essential roles in Golgi cisternal stacking
Authors: Xiang Yi , Wang Yanzhuang
Published: January 2010

In vitro studies have suggested that Golgi stack formation involves two homologous peripheral Golgi proteins, GRASP65 and GRASP55, which localize to the cis and medial-trans cisternae, respectively. However, no mechanism has been provided on how these two GRASP proteins work together to stack Golgi cisternae. Here, we show that depletion of either GRASP55 or GRASP65 by siRNA reduces the number of cisternae per Golgi stack, whereas simultaneous knockdown of both GRASP proteins leads to disassembly of the entire stack. GRASP55 stacks Golgi membranes by forming oligomers through its N-terminal GRASP domain. This process is regulated by phosphorylation within the C-terminal serine/proline-rich domain. Expression of nonphosphorylatable GRASP55 mutants enhances Golgi stacking in interphase cells and inhibits Golgi disassembly during mitosis. These results demonstrate that GRASP55 and GRASP65 stack mammalian Golgi cisternae via a common mechanism.
Darboux transformation and soliton solutions for a system describing ultrashort pulse propagation in a multicomponent nonlinear medium
Authors: Guo Rui , Tian Bo , Wang Lei , Qi Feng-Hua , Zhan Yan
Published: January 2010

In this paper, a system of multi-coupled equations describing the propagation of ultrashort pulses (USPs) in a multicomponent nonlinear medium is investigated. Based on the Lax pair, the N-fold Darboux transformation (DT) is constructed. As an application of the DT, the soliton solutions are presented by means of symbolic computation. Some figures are plotted to illustrate the dynamical features of the solutions. The results may be useful for the study of USP propagation in situations such as the model of a multicomponent nonlinear medium.
Influence of free volume on magnetoelastic coupling in iron-based amorphous alloys
Authors: Haneczok G , Madej Ł , Chrobak A , Kwapuliński P , Stokłosa Z , Rasek J
Published: January 2010

In this paper, the influence of structural relaxation on magnetoelastic coupling in iron-based amorphous alloys is carefully examined. In order to change free volume content, the as-quenched samples were annealed for 1 h at temperatures corresponding to the structural relaxation. Magnetostriction measurements were carried out at room temperature using the infrared magnetodilatometer. It was shown that both the parallel magnetostriction coefficient λ∥ and the perpendicular magnetostriction coefficient λ⊥ decrease with decreasing free volume content, whereas the saturation magnetostriction λS (proportional to λ∥−λ⊥) remains constant. In contrast, the volume magnetostriction ω strongly depends on free volume content and follows the relation ω∝ m
2 (where m is the reduced magnetization). Moreover, it was confirmed that λS can be attributed to one-ion spin correlations, short range in nature.
Expanded calculation of weak-interaction-mediated neutrino cooling rates due to 56Ni in stellar matter
Authors: Nabi Jameel-Un
Published: January 2010

An accurate estimate of the neutrino cooling rates is required in order to study the various stages of stellar evolution of massive stars. Neutrino losses from proto-neutron stars play a crucial role in deciding whether these stars would be crushed into black holes or explode as supernovae. Both pure leptonic and weak-interaction processes contribute to the neutrino energy losses in stellar matter. At low temperatures and densities, the characteristics of the early phase of presupernova evolution, cooling through neutrinos produced via the weak interaction, are important. Proton–neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation (pn-QRPA) theory has recently been used with success for the calculation of stellar weak-interaction rates of fp-shell nuclide. The lepton-to-baryon ratio (Y

e
) during early phases of stellar evolution of massive stars changes substantially, mainly due to electron captures on 56Ni. The stellar matter is transparent to the neutrinos produced during the presupernova evolution of massive stars. These neutrinos escape the site and assist the stellar core in maintaining a lower entropy. Here, an expanded calculation of weak-interaction-mediated neutrino and antineutrino cooling rates due to 56Ni in stellar matter using the pn-QRPA theory is presented. This detailed scale is appropriate for interpolation purposes and is of greater utility for simulation codes. The calculated rates are compared with earlier calculations. During the relevant temperature and density regions of stellar matter the reported rates show few differences compared with the shell model rates and might contribute in fine-tuning of the lepton-to-baryon ratio during the presupernova phases of stellar evolution of massive stars.
2 Creating a God: The Reception of Edgard Varèse
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

When Edgard Varèse arrived in New York City in the midst of World War I, he joined the wave of European immigrants that also brought Ernest Bloch, E. Robert Schmitz, and Dane Rudhyar. His work ultimately may have come to define an important strain in the history of American music, but his European origins provided a strong international identity that he maintained throughout his career. Historians of 20th-century music assessed Varèse's work with an exceptionally serious tone. But it is the collective weight of the Varèse bibliography that makes the biggest statement, including the valuable (if incomplete) memoirs of his wife Louise, as well as a growing series of studies produced by music theorists and historians. What has been forgotten is the degree to which this admiration for Varèse took shape from his earliest years in New York. Far from being ignored or harshly criticized during the 1910s and 1920s, as legend has it Varèse was put on a pedestal. He became the matinee idol of modernism.
3 The Arrival of European Modernism
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

The first period of the arrival of European modernism in New York City stretched from approximately 1914 to 1923. This was the time when Aaron Copland, Henry Cowell, Ruth Crawford, Virgil Thomson, and other American composers of the generation born around 1900 were adolescents. Their youth unfolded as modernism emerged. Even though so many of these figures eventually spent substantial residencies abroad, most of them first discovered the newest music from Europe while still at home, and the ways they did so depended on a blend of socioeconomic background, education, geographic location, and serendipity. For some, the newest works were readily accessible in the United States, while for others they were totally unknown. European modernism traveled through live performances, published scores, written accounts, and verbal testimony. Among those European composers who made an impact on New York's music scene were Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Alexander Scriabin, Erik Satie, and Manuel de Falla.
7 The Ecstasy of Carl Ruggles
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

Dane Rudhyar's closest bond during the early 1920s was with Carl Ruggles and Henry Cowell. Together, the three earnestly encouraged one another in their pursuit of a distinctive modernist idiom. Late in the decade, the young Ruth Crawford also entered their realm. Though never gaining full status in this nuclear brotherhood, she ended up being inspired most directly by Rudhyar. Among this select group of cohorts, Ruggles was the one most championed by Rudhyar himself. A New Englander by birth, Ruggles (1876-1971) gained a reputation as a salty eccentric, living in a converted Vermont schoolhouse and turning up regularly in New York City for performances of his music. Ruggles's music was consistently knotty and non-tonal, posing stiff challenges for listeners. It was precisely to confront this challenge that Rudhyar stepped in. As critic and advocate, Rudhyar tried to enrich the listening experience by applying his spiritual philosophy of dissonance to Ruggles's music. Ruggles's fusion of spirituality and dissonance aimed high on the whole, not low, and Rudhyar's ideas about tone and space opened up new perceptual possibilities in approaching his music.
15 Virgil Thomson’s “Cocktail of Culture”
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

Virgil Thomson was one of the most outspoken critics of neoclassicism, at one point disparaging it as a “lingua franca” that was essentially “an indigestible mixture cocktail of culture”. Thomson's contradictory behavior is intriguingly present in Capital, Capitals, a work from 1927 that mixed sex, religion, and music. It was performed twice on the Copland-Sessions Concerts, first in New York City in February 1929 and two years later in London, England. Capital, Capitals is a key transitional work, reflecting a time when Thomson switched from a branch of neoclassicism that exhibited the acerbic harmonic edge of Igor Stravinsky to one which embraced the ultra-diatonicism of Erik Satie. It is daring for its simplicity rather than its complexity. But the internal tensions in Capital, Capitals reached beyond neoclassicism to involve an impish fusion of sacred and secular, both in its particular blend of historic styles and in the way it encoded a homosexual message within an aura of high church. With Capital, Capitals, Thomson found the voice that so distinguished him from other neoclassically inclined American composers.
Protesting Authority
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the generational rebellion of 1968 and discusses its negative effects upon social discipline, as well as its liberalizing contribution towards transforming German political culture.
Abandoning Socialism
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter addresses the East German democratic awakening of 1989 that rejected socialism, restored democratic practices, and sought to find a Third Way between East and West.
Conclusion
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It addresses the following questions: Why did a more crushing defeat in World War II and the attending collapse of the Nazi dictatorship lead most Germans instead to eschew war, to abjure radical nationalism, and to reject special paths of modernization in the future? How have the lessons of the National Socialist past affected the German response to the new challenges of globalization? In recent decades, postcolonial criticism has begun to question the goal of transformation—whether it is called Westernization, liberalization, or civilization. To what extent were the successive changes really a positive gain? Answering such questions requires not just a reexamination of the record but some reflection on the criteria used to pass judgment.
A Difference amongst Ourselves”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter stresses that the English Crown relied on surrogates to project its sovereignty to the English overseas colonies. Colonial administrators, clergymen, missionaries, and schoolmasters undertook the assignment of transplanting English institutions of governance and English-derived cultural institutions and systems of representation in the colonial frontier.
“The Happiness of Liberty of Which I Knew Nothing Before”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that the final split between the English colonial rulers and settlers in British North America provided passports to freedom for runaway slaves, who during the white American War for independence deserted their passport masters. It provides a historical analysis of the formation of the binary racial division that arose out of the project of colony building on Manhattan Island during the early modern era and took shape in articulation with divisions of class, religion, birthplace, gender, sexuality, and language.
Epilogue: “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the abolition of slavery in the United States. It notes that the civil rights amendments were promulgated to protect the liberty of recently emancipated black citizens and their descendants. It explains that race no longer means something biological, but something political that race thinking continues to operate as a seemingly indispensable way of knowing the world.
Vocal Forces in Bach’s Passions
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

What vocal forces did Bach use for his passion performances, and does that matter today? Few issues in 18th-century music have attracted as much attention as the size and composition of Bach's vocal forces. Our performing tradition has inherited the use of large choirs (and orchestras to match), but recent research suggests that Bach did not perform his compositions this way. We have also inherited a sharp distinction between the roles of vocal soloists and choir members, but this was not an 18th-century way of thinking about singers. Today we typically hear forces that are not only larger than Bach's, but that are also organized and deployed very differently.
Singers and Roles in Bach’s Passions
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

Are Bach's passions dramatic? Whether we hear Bach's passions in concert performances or (rarely nowadays) as part of a liturgy, there is no missing the importance of narrative. The passion settings each tell a story in the voice of an Evangelist using the words of the New Testament; individual characters speak, and the work takes its structure, organization, and pacing from the progress of the narrative. But the tendency to hear Bach's passions as dramatic, and to interpret them by the standards of musical drama, has consequences for the way we perform and listen to these works today. In particular, it is central to figuring out what to make of performances likes Bach's own, that use small ensembles in which a very few singers took on multiple duties.
A St. Mark Passion Makes the Rounds
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

What should we make of the 18th-century practice of reworking passion settings for performances in various times and places? In Bach's time passion settings were freely adapted to local needs. This practice is well-documented in an anonymous St. Mark Passion that Bach performed (in several different versions) throughout his career, a work which also saw adapted performances in other places as well.
Parody and Reconstruction: The St. Mark Passion BWV 247
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

Can the 18th-century practice of reusing vocal music help us recover a lost passion setting by Bach? There have been many attempts to reconstruct Bach's lost St. Mark Passion by drawing on the compositions whose music Bach evidently reworked to create the passion in a process known as parody. But there are gaps and problems, raising serious questions about the status of a work reassembled in this way.
Bach/Not Bach: The Anonymous St. Luke Passion BWV 246
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

How did an anonymous passion come to be attributed to Bach, and what does it mean that it did? The St. Luke Passion BWV 246 sets Luke's words as a biblical oratorio with interpolated poetic arias and chorales, just like Bach's other passions. Everyone now agrees that the passion is not by Bach, but the work is still known today because, even after scholars gave up on the idea that the work was his, they clung to the problematic claim that he had performed the piece as part of his working repertory in Leipzig. The St. Luke Passion illustrates one of the most serious problems in the study of old music, and offers some discomforting insights into the assumptions we make about Great Musical Works and their composers.
Inside Early Music
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

The attempt to play music with the styles and instruments of its era—commonly referred to as the early music movement—has become immensely popular in recent years. For instance, Billboard’s “Top Classical Albums” of 1993 and 1994 featured Anonymous 4, who sing medieval music, and the best-selling Beethoven recording of 1995 was a period-instruments symphony cycle led by John Eliot Gardiner, who is Deutsche Grammophon’s top-selling living conductor. But the movement has generated as much controversy as it has best-selling records, not only about the merits of its results, but also about the validity of its approach. To what degree can we recreate long-lost performing styles? How important are historical period instruments for the performance of a piece? Why should musicians bother with historical information? Are they sacrificing art to scholarship? This book has invited many of the leading practitioners to speak out about their passion for early music—why they are attracted to this movement and how it shapes their work. Readers listen in on conversations with conductors Gardiner, William Christie, and Roger Norrington, Peter Phillips of the Tallis Scholars, vocalists Susan Hellauer of Anonymous 4, forte pianist Robert Levin, cellist Anner Bylsma, and many other leading artists. The book is divided into musical eras—Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Classic and Romantic—with each interview focusing on particular composers or styles, touching on heated topics such as the debate over what is “authentic,” the value of playing on period instruments, and how to interpret the composer’s intentions.
Introduction: An Atmosphere of Controversy
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

A music performance can try both to reconstruct early practice and to give pleasure or dramatic effect. The results can be surprisingly vital, but the tension between the goals may explain part of why the early music movement has, as Joseph Kerman says, “always flourished in an atmosphere of multiple controversy”. This book presents insiders’ views of many of the controversies—what they are about, and why they might matter. Without such views, we cannot really understand why these artists play as they do. Some of the controversies arise within the realm of musicology, but others reflect the tension between scholarship and art. The crux of this book can be expressed in a question: How can you use historical information to enliven modern performance? Answers to that question fall on a spectrum from ignoring the evidence to following it to the letter. Those two responses, and others less extreme, underlie the most obvious of the controversies—what Kerman called “disputes over turf”.
You Can’t Sing a Footnote
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Medieval composers rarely expected their sacred music to be listened to for its own sake. They designed it to accompany church services—events of solemn meaning for medieval worshippers, but not for modern concert audiences. On top of that, they set texts with little appeal or resonance for most modern listeners. For these reasons, their music translates to the modern concert hall with difficulty. Anonymous 4 have been unusually successful in this act of translation. This chapter presents an interview with Susan Hellauer, who discusses how the group approaches it, how the group translates music written for one context to others that are very different, how they deal with objectionable texts, their performance of chant, expressiveness in singing chant, issues of authenticity, and the role of women in performing medieval music.
Other Kinds of Beauty
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

One could locate an endless number of beginning points for the early-music revival, from late 18th-century Handel-reverence to early 20th-century clavichord making. Wherever the revival first sprouted though, one could argue that it was foreshadowed by the 16th-century composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Palestrina was the first composer to remain influential not just for a few decades after his death, but for at least 300 years. What kept Palestrina influential was something that theorists derived (more or less) from his music—a set of rules of counterpoint. These became central to musical education and remain so today. This chapter presents an interview with Peter Phillips on the Tallis Scholars and Palestrina, Palestrina’s rules of counterpoint, issues of authenticity in the performance of Renaissance choral music, tempo, use of women instead of boys in choirs, and serenity and balance in Palestrina’s music.
Singing Like a Native
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Alan Curtis and Rinaldo Alessandrini are gifted keyboardists who have founded vocal groups to explore the madrigals of Claudio Monteverdi and other Italian composers. The gist of their efforts is to have the music sung not by the early-music specialists—often British, who have dominated the field—but by native Italian speakers. No one else, the two believe, can equal Italian singers in this music. That may suggest nationalism, and in the 1990s many of us find ourselves recoiling from nationalism, or to be more precise, from the ideal of ethnic purity. Yet most of us do like local color. Which, then, of the two faces of nationalism show in the Monteverdi debates: the bad essentialism, or the good cultural integrity? This chapter presents the views of Curtis, Alessandrini, and Anthony Rooley on Monteverdi, Italian music, and early music.
“One Should Not Make a Rule”
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of Dutch musicians created one of the world centers of what we now call the early music movement. Through the work of the Kuijken brothers, the recorder virtuoso Frans Brueggen, as well as Gustav Leonhardt and Anner Bylsma, the Netherlands became to Baroque performance what Switzerland is to chocolate, watches, and banks. Just as young musicians had long flocked to the Schola Cantorum in Basel for instruction, they now came from all over the world to Amsterdam. Leonhardt and his associates raised their instrumental technique to new heights. More significantly, they developed a new approach to playing Baroque music. In contrast to the motor-like “sewing machine” style prevalent in preceding decades, these players emphasized the metrical hierarchy that John Butt explains in the last chapter; and their playing, says Laurence Dreyfus, sounded “strikingly speech-like by mimicking ever-shifting patterns of thought”. This chapter presents an interview with Gustav Leonhardt on the use of keyboard instruments in Baroque music, early fingerings, and registration. He also discusses the interchangeability of harpsichord, clavichord, and portative organ.
Aladdin’s Lamp
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

When the Baroque cello is mentioned, Anner Bylsma always comes up. Bylsma took up the Baroque cello in the 1960s, by which time he already had a distinguished career as a modern cellist. In the ferment of the early music scene of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, it was inevitable that Bylsma would be drawn to the early cello. That he still plays both instruments makes him a sharp observer of their differing challenges, and of current issues in their use. He also spoke about one of his favorite composers, Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi was the most influential Italian composer of his day, but serious musical thinkers often dismiss him. Bylsma, however, thinks that musicians play and hear Vivaldi wrong; he believes that the key to Vivaldi is his interest in depicting character. This point may reflect changes in musical aesthetics. The chapter presents an interview with Anner Bylsma on Vivaldi’s music and the cello, the style of Baroque cello playing, the use of rubato, vibrato and portamento, and the difference between French and Italian string-playing.
Taking Music Off the Pedestal
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Was Ludwig van Beethoven the first great Romantic or the last great Classic? If you believe the movies or the booklet notes for certain mass-market CDs, he was the ultimate Romantic, the rebel who burst the chains of Classicism. But if you believe most modern scholars, he was “the culminating composer of the Classical style”. Yet recently, some Beethoven scholars, such as Maynard Solomon, have argued that focusing entirely on Beethoven’s “derivation from 18th century traditions” can oversimplify matters, by understating Beethoven’s “radical modernism” and the “overlapping of Beethoven and Romanticism”. Solomon concludes that “Beethoven’s masterworks—like his life—arise out of a perpetual tension between archaic sources and utopian possibilities”. Perhaps it is this tension that allowed even Beethoven’s disciples to put their own spin on him. This chapter presents an interview with conductor Roger Norrington on Beethoven, his views on bar lines, movements in the Beethoven symphonies, improvisation in classical music, dramatic structure, adagio, articulation and phrasing, Beethoven’s tempos, rubato, and the roughness of Beethoven’s music.
Reviving Idiosyncrasies
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Since the 1960s, John Eliot Gardiner has spent much of his career conducting two groups he founded in his native England, the English Baroque Soloists and the Monteverdi Chorus. It has become obvious, though, that to categorize him as an English choral conductor and early music specialist would be unfair. Not only was he conducting opera at Sadler’s Wells in 1969; he has performed alongside such composers as Georges Bizet and Emmanuel Chabrier with the opera of Lyon (whose orchestra he founded), and he has more recently turned his attention to even later music. Concerning the use of early instruments in Romantic music, some observers have dismissed experiments in this field as simple empire-building by the historical-performance movement. Yet Hector Berlioz himself wrote that “at no period in the history of music has there been greater mention made of instrumentation” than in his own. This chapter presents an interview with Gardiner on Berlioz and Johannes Brahms, 19th century music, orchestras and period instruments, the use of violins, tone color in music, and the use of vibrato and portamento.