bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcompartmentalization of extracellular extravascular space (EES) into permeability and leaky space with local arterial input function (AIF) results in improved discrimination between high‐ and low‐grade glioma using dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI
Authors: Sahoo Prativa , Rathore Ram K.S. , Awasthi Rishi , Roy Bhaswati , Verma Sanjay , Rathore Divya , Behari Sanjay , Husain Mazhar , Husain Nuzhat , Pandey Chandra M. , Mohakud Sudipta , Gupta Rakesh K.
Published: August 2013

Purpose:

To modify the generalized tracer kinetic model (GTKM) by introducing an additional tissue uptake leakage compartment in extracellular extravascular space (LTKM). In addition, an implicit determination of voxel‐wise local arterial input function (AIF) Cp(t) was performed to see whether these changes help in better discrimination between low‐ and high‐grade glioma using dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

The modified model (LTKM) was explored and fitted to the concentration–time curve C(t) of each voxel, in which the local AIF Cp(t) could be estimated by a time invariant convolution approximation based on a separately measured global AIF Ca(t). A comparative study of tracer kinetic analysis was performed on 184 glioma patients using DCE‐MRI data on 1.5T and 3T MRI systems.

Results:

The LTKM analysis provided more accurate pharmacokinetic parameters as evidenced by their relative constancy with respect to the length of concentration–time curve used. In addition, LTKM with local AIF resulted in improved discrimination between low‐grade and high‐grade gliomas.

Conclusion:

LTKM with local AIF provides more accurate estimation of physiological parameters and improves discrimination between low‐grade and high‐grade gliomas as compared with GTKM. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:677–688. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Etodolac activates and desensitizes transient receptor potential ankyrin 1
Authors: Wang Shenglan , Dai Yi , Kogure Yoko , Yamamoto Satoshi , Zhang Wensheng , Noguchi Koichi
Published: August 2013

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is well known as a sensor to environmental irritant compounds, cold, and endogenous proalgesic agents. TRPA1 is expressed on sensory neurons and is involved in pain modulation. Etodolac is a cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A recent study indicates that etodolac inhibits allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)‐induced calcium influx in heterologous HEK293 cells and sensory neurons. To examine whether and how etodolac modulates the TRPA1 channels, we applied etodolac to TRPA1‐transfected HEK293 cells or rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and recorded the currents using the whole‐cell patch clamp technique. We found that etodolac at higher doses could activate and then desensitize TRPA1 channels in heterologous expressing HEK293 cells as well as in DRG neurons. The etodolac‐induced currents were significantly attenuated in cysteine residues mutated human TRPA1‐transfected HEK293 cells. Interestingly, application of etodolac at drug plasma levels in clinical usage did not induce significant TRPA1 currents but reduced the subsequent AITC‐induced currents to 25% in HEK293 cells expressing TRPA1. Moreover, no modulatory effect of etodolac on TRPA1 was detected in the cysteine mutant cells. These data indicate a novel mechanism of the anti‐inflammatory and analgesic clinical effects of etodolac, which may be involved with its direct activation and the subsequent desensitization of TRPA1 through the covalent modification of cysteine residues. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased nanoparticle‐loaded exogenous macrophage migration into the brain following PDT‐induced blood–brain barrier disruption
Authors: Madsen Steen J. , Gach H. Michael , Hong Seok Jin , Uzal Francisco A. , Peng Qian , Hirschberg Henry
Published: August 2013

Background and Objective

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)‐induced disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has been investigated as a technique for the delivery of therapeutic agents to selective regions of the brain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PDT on the migration of systemically administered exogenous macrophages (Ma) loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles in non‐tumor bearing rats.

Materials and Methods

A control group consisting of three Sprague–Dawley rats was injected with iron oxide‐loaded rat alveolar Ma via jugular vein catheter while two animals were subjected to intracranial injection of iron oxide‐loaded Ma. PDT‐treated animals were injected with photosensitizer (AlPcS2a; 1 mg/kg i.p.) followed by light irradiation (wavelength = 670 nm; light dose = 2.5 J) 48 hours later. Light irradiation was performed through the skull. Prior to light irradiation, iron oxide‐loaded Ma were administered to each animal. Animals in all groups were imaged in a 7 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) imager to determine the extent of PDT‐induced edema and to evaluate for the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. Animals were sacrificed 7 days post‐Ma administration and their brains analyzed for the presence of iron oxide using Perls staining.

Results

Significant uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles by rat alveolar Ma was observed thus providing the rationale for their use as delivery vectors. Histopathological analyses failed to find evidence of iron oxide in normal rat brain. Accumulations of iron oxide‐loaded Ma were observed in both MR images and histological sections of non‐tumor bearing rat brain following PDT‐induced disruption of the BBB.

Conclusions

MR imaging was shown to be useful for localizing iron‐oxide loaded Ma in rat brains. Exogenous Ma are incapable of traversing the normal BBB and therefore, the use of Ma as delivery vehicles into the brain requires selective disruption of the BBB. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:524–532, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DEVELOPMENT ON MY TERMS: DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS AND KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Borda‐Rodriguez Alexander , Johnson Hazel
Published: August 2013

Consultants are an integral component of development aid. Their involvement is based on an assumption of the transferability of knowledge to clients and beneficiaries. However, this role, its efficacy and the concept of knowledge transfer have all been questioned. Although research has shown interest in northern development consultants in recent years, detailed processes and practices of southern consultants' engagement with knowledge production are less analysed. Drawing on debates about knowledge, power and managing development interventions and on extensive fieldwork exploring a Bolivian consultancy company's assignments for northern development agencies, we analyse the ‘knowledge engagements’ between clients, consultants and beneficiaries. The results suggest a novel theorisation: knowledge engagements are shaped by power relations exercised through discourses and financial aid on one hand and shared and unshared lifeworlds and backgrounds of actors on the other. They are also characterised by collusive behaviour with the discourses and practices of aid on the part of consultants and beneficiaries, which in turn influences outcomes. Southern consultants, although aware of these issues, are in a difficult position to challenge these relationships. A greater recognition of the tensions could lead to a new role for consultants if collective action were to renegotiate their terms of engagement and aim for a new mutuality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syncope during resistance exercise in an individual with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Turner D , Ayles M , Gray BJ , Luzio S , Bain SC , Rees ED , West DJ , Campbell MD , Bastin L , Bracken RM
Published: August 2013

Although metabolic and cardiovascular effects of resistance exercise in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) remain poorly explored, research employing type 2 diabetes suggests glycaemic and cardiovascular benefits. However, this intense exercise carries some risks.

Here we describe the cardiovascular and metabolic responses of a newly diagnosed, previously sedentary T1DM individual experiencing syncope during an unaccustomed acute bout of resistance exercise.

The cause of this exercise‐induced incident was attributed to inappropriate cardiovascular control and lack of habituation to accompanying acid‐base disturbances. Careful consideration of exercise intensity and progression in previously sedentary T1DM performing resistance exercise sessions is warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Cross‐resistance risk of the novel complex II inhibitors cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen in resistant strains of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Khalighi Mousaalreza , Tirry Luc , Van Leeuwen Thomas
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen are novel acaricides acting as complex II inhibitors. This new mode of action is extremely useful for devising efficient resistance management strategies for mite control. The authors determined the cross‐resistance risk of both compounds, using a collection of well‐characterised resistant strains of Tetranychus urticae, and also selected for cyflumetofen resistance in the laboratory.

RESULTS

Cross‐resistance to cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen was detected in field strains, with LC50 values exceeding the registered field dose. Synergism experiments suggested that P450 monooxygenases are involved in resistance, and that the activation mechanism of the two compounds most likely differs. Laboratory selection with cyflumetofen resulted in a highly resistant T. urticae strain that displayed negative cross‐resistance to cyenopyrafen.

CONCLUSIONS

The cross‐resistance risk of cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen documented in this study needs to be integrated in resistance management strategies, especially in regions or crops with a history of frequent acaricide applications, in order to safeguard the efficacy of these compounds with a valuable new mode of action. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Search‐based testing using constraint‐based mutation
Authors: Malburg Jan , Fraser Gordon
Published: August 2013

Many modern automated test generators are based on either metaheuristic search techniques or use constraint solvers. Both approaches have their advantages, but they also have specific drawbacks: Search‐based methods may get stuck in local optima and degrade when the search landscape offers no guidance; constraint‐based approaches, on the other hand, can only handle certain domains efficiently. This paper describes a method that integrates both techniques and delivers the best of both worlds. On a high‐level view, the proposed method uses a genetic algorithm to generate tests, but the twist is that during evolution, a constraint solver is used to ensure that mutated offspring efficiently explores different control flow. Experiments on 20 case study programmes show that on average the combination improves branch coverage by 28% over search‐based techniques while reducing the number of tests by 55%, and improves coverage by 13% over constraint‐based techniques while reducing the number of tests by 73%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of chlorpyrifos on the metabolome of the freshwater carp, Cyprinus Carpio
Authors: Kokushi Emiko , Uno Seiichi , Pal Sandipan , Koyama Jiro
Published: August 2013

This study investigated the effects of waterborne chlorpyrifos with concentrations of 1 and 100 µg/L for L and H‐groups, respectively, on metabolome profiles of carp plasma using 1H‐NMR. Principal component analysis suggests that chlorpyrifos exposure firstly affected in L and H‐groups on day 2 or 4, and followed a second effect in both exposure groups on day 14. Levels of metabolites related to the energy production in the body, such as glucose, glycerol, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lactate, alanine, 3‐D‐hydroxybutyrates and acetoacetate, significantly changed by exposures of chlorpyrifos. Those results suggest that energy production was severely affected in carp. The exposure could also be highly elevated ammonia levels especially in H‐group due to severe convulsion in muscle caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 253–260, 2015.
Preoperative Cardiac Evaluation by Dipyridamole Thallium‐201 Myocardial Perfusion Scan Provides no Benefit in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Shin Sung , Kwon Tae‐Won , Cho Yong‐Pil , Lee Jong‐Young , Park Hojong , Han Youngjin
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the benefits of a preoperative dipyridamole thallium‐201 myocardial perfusion scan in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed findings in a prospectively collected database of patients undergoing open or endovascular repair of AAA at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from January 2001 to May 2011.

Results

Of 373 patients, 11 (2.9 %) had postoperative myocardial infarction (MI), whereas 24 (6.4 %), 17 (4.6 %), 24 (6.4 %), and 8 (2.1 %) were diagnosed with myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure, respectively. The incidence of 30‐day cardiac‐related mortality was 1.6 % (6 of 373 patients). The preoperative variables significantly associated with postoperative cardiac events in multivariate analysis were preoperative congestive heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 8.8, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.36–56.73, p = 0.022), long‐acting nitrates (OR 8.1, 95 % CI 1.22–54.26, p = 0.03), and body mass index (BMI) higher than 26 (OR 3.6, 95 % CI 1.49–8.48, p = 0.004). The variables obtained from dipyridamole thallium‐201 myocardial perfusion scan were not correlates of postoperative cardiac events. The sensitivity of reversible defects for postoperative cardiac events was 14 % and the specificity was 90 %. Subgroup analyses revealed that thallium defects were not significant variables in predicting postoperative cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or in no‐CAD patients.

Conclusions

Preoperative dipyridamole thallium‐201 myocardial perfusion scans were ineffective in predicting postoperative cardiac complications in AAA patients. These results suggest that the routine use of these tests for preoperative screening of patients undergoing AAA repair may not be warranted.
Activation of TRPV4 channel in pancreatic INS‐1E beta cells enhances glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion via calcium‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Skrzypski M. , Kakkassery M. , Mergler S. , Grötzinger C. , Khajavi N. , Sassek M. , Szczepankiewicz D. , Wiedenmann B. , Nowak K.W. , Strowski M.Z.
Published: August 2013

Transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) is a Ca2+‐ and Mg2+‐permeable cation channel that influences oxidative metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The role of TRPV4 in pancreatic beta cells is largely unknown. Here, we characterize the role of TRPV4 in controlling intracellular Ca2+ and insulin secretion in INS‐1E beta cells. Osmotic, thermal or pharmacological activation of TRPV4 caused a rapid rise of intracellular Ca2+ and enhanced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. In the presence of the TRPV channel blocker ruthenium red (RuR) or after suppression of TRPV4 protein production, TRPV4 activators failed to increase [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion in INS‐1E cells.
Early-summer temperature variations over the past 563 yr inferred from tree rings in the Shaluli Mountains, southeastern Tibet Plateau
Authors: Deng Yang , Gou Xiaohua , Gao Linlin , Yang Tao , Yang Meixue
Published: August 2013

We developed a tree-ring chronology (AD 1446–2008) based on 75 cores from 37Abies squamataMast. trees from the Shaluli Mountains, southeastern Tibet Plateau, China, using signal-free methods, which are ideally suited to remove or reduce the distortion introduced during traditional standardization. This chronology correlates best with regional temperatures in June–July, which allowed us to develop a June–July temperature reconstruction that explained 51.2% of the variance in the instrumental record. The reconstruction showed seven cold periods and five warm periods. Cold periods were identified from AD 1472 to 1524, 1599 to 1653, 1661 to 1715, 1732 to 1828, 1837 to 1847, 1865 to 1876 and 1907 to 1926. Warm intervals occurred from AD 1446 to 1471, 1525 to 1598, 1716 to 1731, 1848 to 1864, 1877 to 1906 and 1927 to present. The reconstruction agrees well with nearby tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions. Spatial correlation analyses suggest that our reconstructions provide information on June–July temperature variability for the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its vicinity. Spectral analyses revealed significant peaks at 2–6, 10.7, 51.2, 102.2 and 204.8 yr. The temperature variability in this area may be affected by ENSO, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and solar activity.
Coulomb explosion of nanodroplets drives the conversion of laser energy to nuclear energy
Authors: Last Isidore , Ron Shlomo , Heidenreich Andreas , Jortner Joshua
Published: August 2013

Theoretical–computational studies of table-top laser-driven nuclear fusion of high-energy (up to 15 MeV) deuterons with ${}^{7} \mathrm{Li} $, ${}^{6} \mathrm{Li} $, and D nuclei demonstrate the attainment of high fusion yields within a source–target reaction design. This constitutes a source of Coulomb-exploding deuterium nanodroplets driven by an ultraintense femtosecond near-infrared laser and a solid hollow cylindrical target containing the second element. The source–target reaction design attains the highest table-top fusion efficiencies (up to $4\times 1{0}^{9} ~{\mathrm{J} }^{- 1} $ per laser pulse) obtained to date. The highest conversion efficiency of laser energy to nuclear energy ($1{0}^{- 2} $–$1{0}^{- 3} )$ for table-top DD fusion attained in the source–target design is comparable to that for DT fusion currently accomplished for ‘big science’ inertial fusion setups.
Gravity-driven thin-film flow on a flexible substrate
Authors: Howell P. D. , Robinson J. , Stone H. A.
Published: August 2013

We study the flow of a thin liquid film along a flexible substrate. The flow is modelled using lubrication theory, assuming that gravity is the dominant driving force. The substrate is modelled as an elastic beam that deforms in two dimensions. Steady solutions are found using numerical and perturbation methods, and several different asymptotic regimes are identified. We obtain a complete characterization of how the length and stiffness of the beam and the imposed liquid flux determine the profile of the liquid film and the resulting beam deformation.
From Scandal to Monastic Penance: A Reconciliatory Manuscript from the Early Twelfth-Century Abbey of St. Laurent in Liège
Authors: Snijders Tjamke , Vanderputten Steven
Published: August 2013

An important element of monastic penance and conflict resolution was its repetitive, almost cyclical nature. The manuscripts that were used during these performances often proceed implicitly, which makes them difficult to contextualize and understand. This article considers a possible example of such “hidden” reconciliatory discourse in a manuscript that was produced for the congregation of St. Laurent in Liège around the turn of the eleventh century: Brussels, Royal Library 9361–9367. It examines the sin of pride in monastic dignitaries, discusses the best way to atone for it, and provides tools for the penitent to start living a more virtuous life in the future. The surviving evidence suggests that this manuscript was produced in reaction to the deeds of abbot Berenger, whose actions in 1095 were considered scandalous by contemporaries because he had led his monks into confusion and sin. The article shows how the combination of texts in this manuscript takes on a different meaning because of these politically charged circumstances, and argues that the St. Laurent manuscript was a discreet but methodical way to end the resulting estrangement between Berenger and his monks. In this interpretation, Brussels RL 9361–9367 is a rare and highly relevant testimony to the ways in which monks in the early twelfth century dealt with psychological and social tensions in the wake of an intra-group conflict.
John Quincy Adams at Prayer
Authors: Georgini Sara
Published: August 2013

At seventy-three years old, John Quincy Adams embarked on a winter lecture tour to share his views “On Faith” and drew on his “intercourse with the world” to describe the “many liberal minded and intelligent persons—almost persuaded to become Christians” whom he had met. So powerful was Adams's religious message that when his youngest son came across the manuscript years later, he simply docketed it: “Two sermons/JQA.” The speech, delivered from Boston to Salem and Hartford to Brooklyn—but never printed—laid out his decades of seeking and the formulation of Adams's own theology. Overall, Adams came to believe that man's unity of faith, hope, and charity could defeat earthly ills and clarify choices in the early republic's burgeoning religious marketplace. “Faith must have its bounds, and perhaps the most difficult and delicate question in morals is to define them clearly,” Adams said, praising the American government's nonintervention in forming official articles of faith. “But allow me to say that this unbounded freedom of religious faith, far from absolving any individual from the obligation of believing, does but impose it upon them, with a tenfold force.” This insight was especially true of Adams's own religious history. Therefore this essay offers a reintroduction to America's sixth president based on the diverse circles of prayer that he moved through, and the religious poetics that he created to narrate that pilgrimage. It ends with a glimpse of the curious afterlife that American religious culture assigned to him.
Some Military Inscriptions from Cyrenaica
Authors: Goodchild R. G. , Reynolds J. M.
Published: August 2013

In his historical study of Roman Cyrenaica, published in 1942, Professor Pietro Romanelli brought together the rather scanty information then available regarding the military garrisons of the Roman province. The loss of the page of the Notitia Dignitatum listing the units under command of the Dux Libyarum makes us dependent almost entirely on epigraphic evidence; and whilst Cyrenaica has been proved rich in ancient inscriptions, only few of them refer to military matters. In the following paper are published some recently-discovered texts which help, if in somewhat limited fashion, to fill this void.
Costs, Outlays and Summae Honorariae from Roman Africa
Authors: Duncan-Jones Richard
Published: August 2013

In this survey I have attempted to collect all the building costs and other known outlays or charges that have survived from the cities of Roman Africa, omitting only those examples which are purely military and those which date from after the reign of Diocletian. The list is based primarily on an investigation of the published epigraphy of the area, though I have also been able to use five unpublished price-inscriptions. None of the existing indices to the volumes of African inscriptions are comprehensive in their coverage of prices, and so it has been impossible to check whether the list includes all known examples; but it is unlikely that there are large omissions. The provinces from which the material is drawn are as follows: Africa Proconsularis, Numidia (which became an independent province in 197–198 A.D.) and the Mauretanias, Caesariensis and Tingitana. When giving the locality of cities in the province of Proconsularis, I have followed the Diocletianic divisions (Zeugitana, Byzacena, Tripolitania and Numidia Proconsularis) for the sake of closer definition.
Un contesto ceramico medio-repubblicano nella Valle del Mignone (Frassineta Franco Q. 266)
Authors: Stanco Enrico Angelo
Published: August 2013

A SITE WITH MID-REPUBLICAN POTTERY IN THE VALLE DEL MIGNONE (FRASSINETA FRANCO Q. 266)

During field survey in the area of the Monti della Tolfa, carried out by the Gruppo Archeologico Romano between 1975 and 1984, a clandestine excavation was discovered. It yielded a concentration of pottery sherds from the rubbish dump of a small rural settlement of the second quarter of the second century BC. Some of the pottery was of local production, whilst some had been imported. The study of the finds in comparison with those from published sites dated to between the middle of the third and the end of the second centuries BC allows this pottery facies to be placed clearly within a quite precise chronological framework. This phase coincides with the construction, or the definitive laying out, of the Via Claudia, within the context of the general territorial restructuring that was taking place in South Etruria and central Italy, undertaken by the Roman state between the end of the Second Punic War and the middle of the second century.
The late antique ‘domus’ on the Clivus Suburanus, the early history of Santa Lucia in Selci, and the Cerroni altarpiece in Grenoble
Authors: Barry Fabio
Published: August 2013

LA DOMUS TARDOANTICA SUL CLIVUS SUBURANUS, LA STORIA DELLA CHIESA DI SANTA LUCIA IN SELCI E LA PALA D'ALTARE CERRONI A GRENOBLE

Questo articolo chiarisce la storia della chiesa di Santa Lucia in Selci a Roma, dalle sue origini fino al Cinquecento, filtrando i fatti dalla leggenda. In questo processo di chiarificazione, si restituisce al luogo di appartenenza un'opera d'arte di straordinaria rarità: la pala d'altare trecentesca di Santa Lucia, ora conservata nel Musée des Beaux-Arts di Grenoble.
Cisterns, drainage and lavatories in Pompeian houses, Casa del Granduca (VII.4.56)
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: August 2013

CISTERNE, DRENAGGI E LATRINE NELLE CASE DI POMPEI, CASA DEL GRANDUCA (VII.4.56)

L'articolo delinea la complessa cronologia del lato orientale dell'Insula 4, Regio VII e procede con l'esame dettagliato del sistema idrico della Casa del Granduca. All'interno della casa si hanno evidenze di canali e di una cisterna relativi alla fase precedente la costruzione della dimora nella sua forma attuale. La prima casa ad atrio del sito sembra avere utilizzato questa cisterna e, quando essa fu ampliata, furono costruite altre cisterne. La cisterna del peristilio è di particolare interesse perché la sua parte superiore è ricavata da un capitello dorico che probabilmente apparteneva al colonnato sannitico del lato meridionale del Foro. Altri capitelli dorici, più piccoli, sono stati riutilizzati nel peristilio e questi potrebbero essere appartenuti all'ordine superiore dello stesso colonnato. Intorno al 40 d.C. fu installato un sistema di acqua corrente con tubi in piombo e fu costruito un ninfeo, probabilmente il primo di Pompei. Viene discussa brevemente anche la tecnica dei mosaici e la loro importanza. L'articolo termina con alcune osservazioni sull'utilità di installare sistemi di acqua corrente nelle case pompeiane.
The Scalae (ex-Graecae) above theNova Via
Authors: Hurst Henry
Published: August 2013

LE SCALAE (EX-GRAECAE) SULLANOVA VIA

Lo studio, iniziato dalla Soprintendenza alle Antichità di Roma, fornisce una ricognizione dettagliata delle mura in elevato e della pianta della scalinata che dallaNova Viaconduceva al cosiddettoClivus Victoriaenell'angolo nord-ovest del colle Palatine Questa superfrcie fu per la prima volta esposta nel 1880 e fu vista da Lanciani come parte di una via cha andava dal tempio di Vesta al sito della Porta Romanula; più recentemente questa è stata identificata con leScalae Graecaenote dai testi antichi. L'attuale gradinata si data all'epoca adrianea e da accesso agli ambienti situati lungo il suo lato orientale, incluso un probabile mulino ad acqua alimentato dall'acqua proveniente da un canale della Domus Tiberiana. Quasi certamente esso non fornisce un collegamento alia parte superiore del colle Palatine Sono stati rinvenuti anche resti precedenti di epoca imperiale, probabilmente risalenti al periodo augusteo, insieme con una massiccia struttura probabilmente spoliata al livello dellaNova Via, che potrebbe costituire un resto della Porta Romanula.
The goldsmith Pietro Spagna (1561–1627): ‘argentiere’ to Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini (1571–1621)
Authors: Salomon Xavier F.
Published: August 2013

L'OREFICE PIETRO SPAGNA (1561–1627): ‘ARGENTIERE’ PRESSO IL CARDINAL PIETRO ALDOBRANDINI (1571–1621)

Documenti inediti dell'Archivio Aldobrandini a Frascati e dell'Archivio Doria Pamphilj a Roma ci permettono di esplorare la produzione artistica dell'orefice Pietro Spagna (1561–1627). Questo articolo sintetizza ciò che è noto su Spagna e discute per la prima volta l suo rapporto con il nipote del papa Clemente VIII, il cardinale Pietro Aldobrandini (1571–1621), e con altri membri della famiglia Aldobrandini. Poiché nessun lavoro di Spagna è stato identificato finora, la registrazione della sua attività ci consente di comprendere la ragguardevole gamma di oggetii prodotti da uno dei più abili orefici di Roma all'inizio del 1600 e dalla sua bottega in via del Pellegrino.
Pirro Ligorio, Cassiano Dal Pozzo and the Republic of Letters
Authors: Russell Susan
Published: August 2013

PIRRO LIGORIO, CASSIANO DAL POZZO E LA REPUBBLICA DELLE LETTERE

Pirro Ligorio (ca. 1512/13–83), pittore, architetto e antiquario, ha lasciato un enorme corpus di disegni, commentari e ricostruzioni dell'antica Roma, che sono stati in seguito saccheggiati indiscriminatamente o accantonati come fantasiosio falsi. L'articolo considera la reputazione di Ligorio nella Roma di diciassettesimo secolo, quando materiale dai suoi manoscritti era cercato avidamente dagli accademici della cosiddetta Repubblica delle Lettere, che includeva Lorenzo Pignoria (1571–1631), Girolamo Aleandro (1574–1629), Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580–1637), Giovanni Battista Doni (1594–1647), Jose Maria Suarès (1599–1677), Lucas Holste (1596–1661) e Claude Menestrier (Ménétrier, ob. 1639). L'antiquario collezionista, Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588–1657), un membro della famiglia del cardinale Francesco Barberini, emerge come figura centrale tra questa rete di studiosi, e si arguisce che il suo ruolo nella raccolta di informazioni ottenuta dai manoscritti di Ligorio furono determinanti, specialmente per l'ottenimento di copie di parte dei manoscritti di Ligorio che erano nella collezione farnese a Roma. Come questo materiale è stato usato e disseminato viene anche considerato attraverso le attività e le pubblicazioni del circolo erudito connesso a Dal Pozzo.
French policy in Italy and the Jesuits, 1607–38
Authors: Wright A. D.
Published: August 2013

LA POLITICA FRANCESE IN ITALIA E I GESUITI, 1607–38

Agli inizi della guerra dei Trent'anni (1618–48) le ostilità affliggevano la penisola italiana, benché il conflitto fosse iniziato nei territori boemi e tedeschi. Queste estensioni della guerra erano dovute in gran parte all'intervento francese nella penisola, anche prima che la Francia entrasse apertamente nella guerra principale (1635). Un simile intervento preliminare minacciò da solo di sciogliere la solidarietà cattolica, per cui fu criticato non solo in Italia ma, nella Francia stessa, anche da alcuni estremisti cattolici, che si opponevano alia politica estera del cardinale Richelieu, primo ministro di Luigi XIII. Un recente studio ha dimostrato convincentemente che la presenza, durante la guerra, presso varie corti cattoliche, di confessori della casa reale rappresentati dalla Compagnia di Gesù non risultava in nessuna normale politica adottata dagli stati cattolici che furono coinvolti nella guerra. Un'ulteriore ricerca negli archivi centrali dei Gesuiti a Roma, qui presentata, rivela quanto complessi e ambigui erano gli interessi della società, quando la politica francese colpiva gli affari italiani.
The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—II
Authors: Ashby T.
Published: August 2013

The present is the second instalment of a description of the Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna, which I hope to complete in the course of time. The scale upon which it is written demands, perhaps, some explanation—and for English readers some apology. I can understand that, for those who are not well acquainted with the localities of which I am treating, it may seem that there is a quite unnecessary fulness of detail, which may tend to obscure the points at issue. But my ambition is, so far as possible, to produce a description which shall be complete up to date (more I cannot claim) and which I shall then supplement as occasion arises —as indeed I am now doing for Part i, the Viae Collatina, Praenestina, and Labicana, which appeared in Papers, i. 125 sqq.
A Portrait of Pythagoras
Authors: McDowall Katharine A.
Published: August 2013

The fairly numerous ideal portraits of Homer and the Sages which have come down to us, and the yet more numerous headless herms whose inscriptions bear witness to the frequency of such works in antiquity, naturally suggest that others may exist in our museums representing the more famous rulers and philosophers of the sixtli century, among whom the most interesting and important is Pythagoras. From the Renaissance onwards, archæologists have been on the alert to discover a portrait with some claim to represent him, and no less than seven identifications have been at various times proposed. None, however, has found anything like universal acceptance, in spite of the fact that the numismatic evidence is fuller and more trustworthy than usual. A series of Samian coins show the philosopher either seated or standing before a celestial globe set on a pillar. He is richly draped and is bearded, while a band, whose exact nature is difficult to determine, usually runs round his head. The figures are, however, merely generalized and conventional like those of other poets and sages on the coin types figured by Bernoulli. The Paris contorniate must be reserved for fuller treatment, as a discussion of the literary evidence is important for its right understanding.
The Portraits of the Popes
Authors: Mann H. K.
Published: August 2013

Of late years it would appear that the subject of Papal Iconography has been singularly neglected; nor as far as we are aware has the subject been at all exhaustively treated in any monograph. Yet if its claim to importance calls for justification, it should suffice to quote the following passage in which J. A. Symonds records the impression made upon him by the busts of the Popes (Fig. I) which adorn the walls of the Duomo of Siena:

‘One most remarkable feature’ he wrote ‘of the Duomo of Siena is a line of heads of the Popes carried all round the church above the lower arches. Larger than life, white solemn faces, they lean each from his separate niche, crowned with the triple tiara, and labelled with the name he bore. Their accumulated majesty brings the whole past history of the Church into the presence of its living members. A bishop walking up the nave of Siena must feel as a Roman felt among the waxen images of ancestors renowned in council or in war. Of course these portraits are imaginary for the most part, but the artists have contrived to vary their features and expression with great skill.’
Trajan’s Army on Trajan's Column
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: August 2013

The best illustrations of the army which extended and protected the Roman Empire are to be seen on Trajan's Column. They are not, however, thoroughly known to classical students, for reasons which are worth stating. The primary reason is undoubtedly the scarcity of Cichorius's reproductions of the reliefs and the still greater rarity of plaster casts; but an important contributory factor is the bewildering quantity and peculiar quality of the material. The reliefs tell the story of two wars, the first a series of expeditions leading up to great battles, not unlike Agricola's campaigns in Britain; the second an organised conquest, ending in the burning of the hostile capital, the suicide of the nobles and their King and the enslavement of a people. This narrative picture, as dramatic as the Bayeux tapestry but unprovided with a text, has attracted historians, because it seems to fill a gap in their literature, and students of art, as being among the most extensive and detailed examples of such Roman sculpture.
A Note on Milton's Annotated Copy of Gildas in Harvard University (Widener) Library
Authors: Davies W. H.
Published: August 2013

On pages 75–80 of the Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, Vol. XX (1938), is an article (with facsimiles) by Mr. J. Milton French entitled ‘Milton's Annotated Copy of Gildas’. It deals with a copy, in the Widener Library (shelf number Br. 98.319 F), of H. Commelinus' Rerum Britannicarum … Scriptores Vetustiores ac Praecipui, Heidelberg (1587), given to the library about 1765 by Thomas Hollis. This book contains on pages 113–146 the ‘De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae Epistola' of Gildas. A former owner has inserted thirteen brief marginal notes on pages 114–123, i.e. explanatory comments on various matters in Ch. 1–33 of the ‘De Excidio’ (numbered according to Mommsen's edition; Mon. Germ. Hist., Auct. Ant., XIII, Chron. Min. iii, Berlin 1894–8). The remainder of the book, containing Geoffrey's ‘Historiae Regum Britanniae’ (pp. 1–92), the ‘Historia Britannica’ in six books of Ponticus Virunnius (pp. 93–112), Bede's ‘Ecclesiastical History’ (pp. 147–280), a ‘De Gestis Anglorum Libri Tres’ (pp. 281–348), William of Newburgh's ‘Rerum Anglicarum Libri Quinque’ (pp. 353–496) and Froissart’s ‘Historiarum Epitome’ (pp. 497–568), has no marginalia.
Some Inscriptions from Lepcis Magna
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: August 2013

In 1816 the Bey of Tripoli presented to the Prince Regent a cargo of antiquities from Lepcis Magna. They were brought to England in 1817, and, after a sojourn in the courtyard of the British Museum, went to Virginia Water with material from other sources, to be disposed in a sham ruin. One inscribed stone was subsequently returned to the British Museum. Its findspot is certain, for it was seen c. 1806 at Lepcis Magna by J. D. Delaporte, among the remains of a building since identified as, possibly, the Temple of Jupiter Dolichenus.

It is a block of the grey limestone typical of public building at Lepcis in the first and early second centuries A.D., part of an entablature, with mouldings above and below, a socket for a roofbeam at the back, and a monumental inscription on the face. Previous publications of the text are incomplete. There are two lines of Latin, followed by one in neo-Punic. The Latin text reads:

… VESPASIAN]I F DOM[ITIAN… (erased)

…] AVG SVFE[…
Excavations in the Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna, 1951
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

During the summer of 1951, the British School undertook an examination of the remaining unexcavated Byzantine levels within the Severan basilica at Lepcis Magna. In converting the basilica to Christian use, Justinian's architects had raised the floor-level at a number of points, and it was hoped that the deposits stratified between the two floor-levels might yield evidence of the condition of the building immediately before the Byzantine reconquest of Tripolitania. In this respect the excavations proved uninformative. A section cut through the low platform built out from the south-east apse into the first two bays of the nave, to house the sixth-century chancel, revealed a uniform and deliberate fill of earth and rubble lying directly on the cement basis of the earlier floor, which here, as everywhere else, had been previously stripped of its Severan paving of slabs of Proconnesian marble. A section in the southernmost of the four chapels that fill the angles of the building, flanking the two apses, revealed a similar fill, the only difference being that, in this case, the original paving slabs were found re-used at the sixth-century level and had evidently been prised up from the earlier pavement at the time of the sixth-century reconstruction. By the sixth century, the pavement of the adjoining forum had already been buried beneath half a metre of flood-sand, and we may suspect that the Byzantine architects had to remove a similar accumulation from the basilica before putting it into repair.
Oasis Forts of Legio III Augusta on the Routes to the Fezzan
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: August 2013

The two well-preserved Roman fortresses to be described in this paper have been known for many years. They were first brought to European notice by the British-sponsored geographical expeditions of the nineteenth century, when Tripoli was the spring-board for repeated attempts to find a route into Central Africa. Although important discoveries have been made in one of these forts (Bu Ngem) in more recent years, no detailed ground-plans have previously been published.

The following notes and illustrations are primarily intended to fill this lacuna in the documentation of the African limes; but it is hoped that they may also serve to increase our knowledge of early third-century trends in Roman military architecture. The European frontiers of the Roman Empire have yielded, and are still yielding, numerous examples of first- and second-century forts, and equally numerous examples of the forts erected during the later-third and early-fourth centuries, when barbarian invasion threatened the whole Roman world.
A Byzantine(?) castle in the Val di Magra: Surianum—Filattiera
Authors: Bullough D. A.
Published: August 2013

The steep-sloped, one-hundred-and-ninety-foot hill on the north crest of which lies the village of Filattiera dominates the valley of the Magra between Pontremoli and Aulla and provides a remarkable view of the mountain-ranges to the northeast, north and west. The village itself still has very much the appearance of a late-medieval community in which considerations of defence predominated over all others. First recorded in 1029 among lands sold to the Otbertings and subsequently an important ‘fief’ of the Malaspina, Filattiera's documented history is carried back another three centuries by a unique inscription of the reign of Aistulf (749–757) discovered in 1910 in the chapel of S. Giorgio. In spite of a puzzling reference to the destruction of idols, there seems no good reason for doubting the inscription's authenticity. It has been the starting-point of a number of local studies of great interest, coming in particular from the pen of Signor U. Formentini, which because of their publication in periodicals with a limited circulation have not attracted the attention they deserve.

My own interest in Filattiera was aroused by the statement of a guide-book that the chapel of S. Giorgio was associated with the remains of a ‘castle.’
The Norman royal charters of S. Bartolomeo di Carpineto
Authors: Holtzmann Walter
Published: August 2013

The history of the old Benedictine abbey of S. Bartolomeo di Carpinetoi n the Abruzzi was written at the end of the twelfth century by one of its monks, Alexander. This chronicler tells us much concerning the quarrels of the abbots during his lifetime with their unruly neighbours, chiefly the famous count palatine Roberto di Loritello and the bishop of Penne. Although he very seldom gives the year of the events he records, Alexander's narrative is firmly based for, as he tells us, he made use of the documents contained in the archives of the monastery. His statement to this effect is confirmed, in the case of the papal bulls, by several original documents which are known to have survived in the archives of the Cistercian abbey of S. Maria di Casanova, to which foundation Carpineto had been united in 1258. Of the remaining documents, royal and private charters, only a few were till recently known.
Jeanne Ière de Naples et Rome
Authors: Léonard Emile G.
Published: August 2013

Pour avoir passé de longues années de ma jeunesse à travailler a Rome, dans les Archives Vaticanes, sur l'histoire de la reine Jeanne de Naples, il me vient naturellement, à l'âge où Ton regroupe, en une unité toute personnelle, les divers centres d'intérêt d'une vie de recherches, la curiosité d'etablir avec plus de précision que dans un exposé général, d'ailleurs encore inachevé, quels furent les rapports entre ‘ma’ reine et ‘notre’ Ville. Peut-être quelques traits du caractère de la souveraine et quelques problèmes de ses dernières années en seront-ils éclairés.

Rome avait tenu une place assez considérable dans la vie des premiers Angevins. Charles Ier en avait été élu sénateur (1264) avant son arrivée en Italie et avait été reçu, au mois de juin 1265, dans la Ville Eternelle par une foule chargée de palmes et dansante, mais fort déçue de n'être pas arrosée, en retour, de piécettes de monnaie. On sait qu'il y fut couronné roi de Sicile, y fut rejoint par son armée françoprovençale et en repartit le 20 Janvier 1266 pour la conquête du Royaume, qu'il y avait organisee. Sa statue, au Musée du Capitole, illustre l'important aspect romain de sa carriere. Cet aspect est aussi notable dans le règne de son petit-fils, le roi Robert. Ce sont les troupes angevines qui, en mai-juin 1312, empêcherent l'empereur Henri VII d'arriver à Saint-Pierre pour s'y faire couronner. Robert fut appelè en conséquence (1313) à une longue sénatorerie romaine, dont sa lutte avec Louis de Bavière fut l'un des épisodes. On ne saurait oublier que Pétrarque eût voulu recevoir de lui le laurier des poètes au Capitole.
Early Medieval Fortifications near Rome
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: August 2013

The few scholars who have specialised upon military architecture in Italy have, very naturally, concentrated their attention on the spectacular work of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, chiefly in Apulia and Sicily, to a lesser extent in the North; Central Italy as a whole, has been neglected, and particularly the neighbourhood of Rome. There alone can the unimpressive fortresses of the early middle ages be seen in abundance, most of them untouched except by natural decay, because they were not rebuilt when their obsolescence became recognised, but abandoned—in a large number of instances, so documents imply, during the fourteenth century. This article is an attempt to trace the course of local development down to 1300, as shown mainly at certain key-sites. The argument rests on a basis of combined archaeological and documentary evidence; the former is limited by the amount of field-work done by my predecessors or by myself, the latter I have derived entirely from the regional historians of the past hundred years. Investigation of sites not yet reported, and of documents not yet searched for relevant information, should eventually lead to a more precise chronology than is now feasible.
Adamklissi
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: August 2013

The geographical position of the monument of Adamklissi is at first sight unimpressive. There is nothing dramatic about the low and rolling hills of the southern Dobrudja, but in a wider setting its northern end looms large. Physically, it blocks the direct eastward flow of the Danube, causing the formation of the wellknown double bend by which the great river reaches the Black Sea. In fact, in relation to human movement, the Dobrudja and it alone provides a natural land bridge, from 25 to 30 miles wide, between Bessarabia and the Balkans, by which it is possible to avoid the numerous flat and marshy valleys which furrow the Wallachian plain and made it in ancient times an unwelcome spot. It is as the principal gateway to the Eastern Balkans from the teeming Scythian plains and from Eastern Germany that these hills became of importance, for this is a door which any power desiring mastery of Southern Europe must bolt and bar. In the narrow confines of the gate itself no deployment is at first possible : but at Adamklissi come the cross-roads. Here the invader makes his choice: shall he fare southwards to Turkey and Greece or westwards to Bulgaria or Serbia ? If this, then, is the stage, what of its furnishings ?