bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Polymerization of PET in the Presence of Pristine and Organo-modified Clays
Authors: Esmaeili B. , Dubois C. , Carreau P. J. , Heuzey M.-C.
Published: July 2013

In this work two types of montmorillonite, a pristine and an organo-modified clay (Cloisite 30B), were employed to produce (polyethylene terephthalate)-based nanocomposites via in situ polymerization. Using water as an intermediate medium, a stable dispersion of pristine clay in ethylene glycol was achieved. However, after polymerization, no significant gain was obtained in terms of delamination of silicate platelets. The polycondensation reaction when using Cloisite 30B was carried out at a temperature as low as 250°C in order to retain a considerable portion of the organo-modifier. The results showed that Cloisite 30B was successfully intercalated by the polymer chains, resulting in a d-spacing increase from 1.9 nm to about 3.6 nm. Although some mono and double silicate layers were observed in microscopy images, the major part of the organoclay remained in a tactoid intercalated form. Sampling during the polycondensation reaction revealed that, in this process, clay was first swelled efficiently by the monomer, and this structure was preserved in the early stage of polycondensation. However, the silicate platelets collapsed with time as the polycondensation progressed and larger molecular weight oligomers were formed. An investigation on the type of impeller used in the polymerization process showed that a slight improvement was achieved in terms of aggregate size and distribution when the anchor impeller was replaced by a helical one.
Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular First Premolars of Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Islam Mohammad Aminul , Wakia Tasnim , Alam Md Shamsul
Published: July 2013

Background: The presence of a single root canal in mandibular first premolar cannot be assumed always. The variability in canal morpholohy of root canal includes the number & shape of the canal as well as pathways of the canals. Methods: In this study, 100 mandibular first premolar teeth were evaluated by clearing technique. Collected teeth were cleaned and merged with 5.25% NaOCl for 48 hours. Then the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid for 72 hours followed by dehydrated sequentially with 80-100% alcohol. After dehydration, Indian Ink was injected into the canal through the previously prepared access cavity. Finally the teeth were made transperent by 98% methylsalicylate and examined. Results: Out of 100 mandibular first premolar teeth, 89 were single rooted, 10 with double rooted and only 1 was triple. On evaluation of canal configuration according to Weine classification, mandibular first premolars had 64% type I, 5% type II, 22% type III and 9% type IV. Apical delta was found incase of 8% mandibular first premolar tooth. Conclusion: Based on this study, mandibular first premolar teeth of Bangladeshi population have multiple roots and canals and variable canal configurations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15481 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 03-07
Prescribing Practices in the Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Afsan Mohammad , Alam Muhammad Mahbubul , Noor Nushrat , Ahmed AH Hamid
Published: July 2013

A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among individuals attending the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Medicine, Paediatrics, Dermatology & Venerology, ENT, Orthopaedics and Gynaecology & Obstetrics from December 2011 to March 2012 in East-West Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, to see the patterns of prescriptions using World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators and some additional indices. A total of 300 prescriptions were collected and analyzed by the 3rd year MBBS students in this study. The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.22 and 5.33% drugs were prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotic (48.67% of encounters) was frequent, but injection use (6.67% of encounters) was within the recommendation of WHO. Only 26.09% drugs were prescribed from national essential drug list. Percentage of encounters with a NSAID, an anti-ulcerant, an antihistamine, a calcium preparation and a multivitamin & multimineral prescribed were 44.33%, 43.33%, 22.33%, 19.33% and 15.67% respectively. So, the findings from current study showed a trend towards inappropriate prescribing, particularly the over-prescribing of antibiotics and under-prescribing of generic drugs and also most of the drugs were prescribed out of national essential drug list. Hence, there would be needed for effective intervention program to encourage the physicians and healthcare providers in promoting more appropriate drug use. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15483 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 13-17
Burden of Pneumococcal infections among under five children
Authors: Hasan Morshed , Rabbi Ferdous , Shahin SM Abu , Hossain Md Mahfuz , Jahan Shahed
Published: July 2013

Background Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is important to know the impact of Streptococcus Pneumonia to avert under 5 deaths in Bangladesh. Objective The study was to assess the magnitude of Pneumococcal infections among under 5 children in a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. Methods It was a cross-sectional study among under 5 children who were admitted in Dhaka Shishu Hospital with respiratory infections. Purposive sampling strategy was followed and 101 children with respiratory infections were selected as required sample size for the current study. Socio-demographic characteristics, location of kitchen and nature of fuel used by the respondents, nutritional status, weight, weight for age, duration of suffering and respiratory rate of the patients were analyzed in relation to Pneumococcal infections. Results Around 30% of the sample respondents had Pneumonia, 17% had Severe Pneumonia, 26% had been affected by Meningitis and the rest had been suffering from Sepsis. Mothers higher education level had been linked up with the reduction of Pneumonia (p < .05). Additionally, mean difference of Nature of fuel used for cooking (p = .005), weight (p = .001) and weight for age (p = .001) were significantly differ among children with pneumococcal and non- Pneumococcal infection groups. Conclusion Educational status of the parents should be improved regarding overcrowding, smoke particularly during cooking and the nature of fuel. Again interventions like improved weight, weight for age and nutritional status under 5 children should be considered at a priority basis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15530 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 18-22
Submandibular gland sialolith
Authors: Ali Md Shahjahan , Hossain Md Mahfuz , Saha Ashim Kumar , Rashid Md Harun-ur , Hasan Md Nazmul
Published: July 2013

Sialolithiasis is the most common salivary gland disease, occurs most commonly in middle aged patient. There is a slight male predominance. More than 80% of salivary calculi occur in the submandibular glands or its duct. It is estimated that sialolithiasis affect 12 of every 1000 patients in the adult population. It is believed that deposition of mineral salts around a nidus of bacteria, mucous, or desquamated cells develops a salivary calculi. The possible aetiological factors for salivary calculi formation are salivary stagnation, increased alkalinity of the saliva, increased calcium content of the saliva, infection or inflammation, or physical trauma of the salivary duct or gland. The submandibular gland is most susceptible for sialolith formation because its saliva is more alkaline,has a higher mucus content,has a greater concentration of calcium and phosphate, has a longer and irregular duct, has antigravity flow. Here report a case of middle aged female patient with sialolith in right submandibular gland successfully treated with surgical removal of the gland containing sialolith. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15536 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 47-50
Dance and Cultural Memory: Interpreting Fin de Siècle Performances of ‘Olde England’
Authors: Buckland Theresa Jill
Published: July 2013

In late Victorian and Edwardian England, there existed in performance and in popular historical imagination, a cultural memory of the nation's ancient dances. This national repertoire had largely been constructed through nineteenth-century romantic imagery of ‘olde’ and ‘merrie’ England and appeared across a wide variety of genres and contexts. Alongside the morris, country and maypole dances were courtly dances such as the minuet and gavotte which were fashionable at costume balls, salons and on the stage. These dances were also taught to children of the middle and lower classes as a means of embodying what were regarded as earlier more civilised ways of moving and social interaction, as well as celebrating and engendering a vision of England as happy and communal.

This article explores this fascination with England's so-called ancient dances, in particular, the Victorian rococo minuet, as a historically and socially situated manifestation of cultural memory. It raises issues of dance and nationalism, the transmission of fashionable dances across country and class, the recycling of dance imagery and practice, and the trend towards authentication in the revival of dances for popular consumption.
The Celebrated Monsieur Desnoyer, Part 2: 1734–1742
Authors: Goff Moira
Published: July 2013

This article looks at George Desnoyer's repertoire and dancing partnerships during the final phases of his career, at Drury Lane between 1734 and 1740 and at Covent Garden from 1740 to 1742. Following his appearances in John Weaver's The Judgment of Paris and his departure from London, presumably in April 1733, Desnoyer seems to have returned to work for Augustus III of Poland.1A letter from Raymond, dancing master in Württemberg, dated 18 December 1733 (New Style) records ‘nous avons l'honneur d’être connu de Monsieur Desnoyer qui est au service de Sa Majesté le roi Auguste de Pologne’.2After the troubled 1732–1733 season at Drury Lane, George Desnoyer prudently stayed away from London for some time. It was not until 17 October 1734 that the Grub Street Journal reported ‘A few days ago arriv'd Mons. Denoyer from Poland’. On 4 November, Drury Lane advertised entr'acte dancing ‘Serious and Comic, by Monsieur Denoyer, the first time of his performance since his arrival from Poland’. By this time, the company's quarrels had been settled and Drury Lane was under the management of another gentleman-amateur, Charles Fleetwood, with Theophilus Cibber as his deputy manager actually carrying out much of the work.3Desnoyer's erstwhile partner Mrs Booth, briefly one of the theatre's patentees following the death of her husband, had retired from the stage a year earlier. Desnoyer returned to a stable but much changed Drury Lane company.
Concept of a Series-Parallel Elastic Actuator for a Powered Transtibial Prosthesis
Authors: Mathijssen Glenn , Cherelle Pierre , Lefeber Dirk , Vanderborght Bram
Published: July 2013

The majority of the commercial transtibial prostheses are purely passive devices. They store energy in an elastic element during the beginning of a step and release it at the end. A 75 kg human, however, produces on average 26 J of energy during one stride at the ankle joint when walking at normal cadence and stores/releases 9 J of energy, contributing to energy efficient locomotion. According to Winter, a subject produces on average of 250W peak power at a maximum joint torque of 125 Nm. As a result, powering a prosthesis with traditional servomotors leads to excessive motors and gearboxes at the outer extremities of the legs. Therefore, research prototypes use series elastic actuation (SEA) concepts to reduce the power requirements of the motor. In the paper, it will be shown that SEAs are able to reduce the power of the electric motor, but not the torque. To further decrease the motor size, a novel human-centered actuator concept is developed, which is inspired by the variable recruitment of muscle fibers of a human muscle. We call this concept series-parallel elastic actuation (SPEA), and the actuator consists of multiple parallel springs, each connected to an intermittent mechanism with internal locking and a single motor. As a result, the motor torque requirements can be lowered and the efficiency drastically increased. In the paper, the novel actuation concept is explained, and a comparative study between a stiff motor, an SEA and an SPEA, which all aim at mimicking human ankle behavior, is performed.
Generalized Empirical Likelihood-Based Focused Information Criterion and Model Averaging
Authors: Sueishi Naoya
Published: July 2013

This paper develops model selection and averaging methods for moment restriction models. We first propose a focused information criterion based on the generalized empirical likelihood estimator. We address the issue of selecting an optimal model, rather than a correct model, for estimating a specific parameter of interest. Then, this study investigates a generalized empirical likelihood-based model averaging estimator that minimizes the asymptotic mean squared error. A simulation study suggests that our averaging estimator can be a useful alternative to existing post-selection estimators.
Experimental Studies on the Normal Impact of Fly Ash Particles with Planar Surfaces
Authors: Dong Ming , Li Sufen , Xie Jun , Han Jian
Published: July 2013

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive program of experiments in which fly ash particles were impacted under controlled conditions against a flat steel surface. The overall aim of these experiments was to gain an understanding of the ash deposition process in a pulverized coal boiler system. A continuous nitrogen flow carrying fly ash particles was used to examine the effect of particle incident velocity and particle diameter (dp) on the normal restitution coefficient, and of the particle diameter on the critical velocity. The effect of the incident normal velocity and particle diameter on the normal restitution coefficient was also examined. The results show that the normal restitution coefficient increases rapidly with increasing incident velocity when this incident velocity is less than the yield velocity, and rapidly decreases with increasing incident velocity when the incident velocity is greater than the yield velocity. The critical velocity, determined solely by the first-contact energy loss, is proportional to dp−5/6 and therefore becomes larger for smaller particles. For instance, in the present work, the velocity vc of a particle with diameter of 85 μm is 0.19 m/s, which increases to 0.42 m/s for particles with a diameter of 65 μm.
Quiet as an Environmental Value: A Contrast between Two Legislative Approaches
Authors: Thorne Robert , Shepherd Daniel
Published: July 2013

This paper examines the concept of “quiet” as an “environmental value” in terms of amenity and wellbeing from a legislative context. Critical review of two pieces of environmental legislation from Australia and New Zealand forms the basis of the paper. The Australian legislation is Queensland’s Environmental Protection Act, and the New Zealand legislation is that nation’s Resource Management Act. Quiet is part of the psychoacoustic continuum between a tranquil and an intrusively noisy sound environment. As such, quiet possesses intrinsic value in terms of overall sound within the environment (soundscape) and to individuals and communities. In both pieces of legislation, guidance, either directly or indirectly, is given to “maximum” sound levels to describe the acoustic environment. Only in Queensland is wellbeing and amenity described as environmental values, while in the New Zealand approach, amenity is identified as the core value to defend, but guidance is not well established. Wellbeing can be related to degrees of quietness and the absence of intrusive noise, the character of sound within an environment (“soundscape”), as well as the overall level of sound. The quality of life experienced by individuals is related to that person’s physical and mental health, sense of amenity and wellbeing. These characteristics can be described in terms of subjective and objective measures, though legislation does not always acknowledge the subjective.
Conflation Optimized by Least Squares to Maintain Geographic Shapes
Authors: Touya Guillaume , Coupé Adeline , Jollec Jérémie , Dorie Olivier , Fuchs Frank
Published: July 2013

Recent technologies allowed a major growth of geographical datasets with different levels of detail, different point of views, and different specifications, but on the same geographical extent. These datasets need to be integrated in order to benefit from their diversity. Conflation is one of the solutions to provide integration. Conflation aims at combining data that represent same entities from several datasets, into a richer new dataset. This paper proposes a framework that provides a geometrical conflation that preserves the characteristic shapes of geographic data. The framework is based on least squares adjustment, inspired from least squares based generalization techniques. It does not require very precise pre-matching, which is interesting as automatic matching remains a challenging task. Several constraints are proposed to preserve different kind of shape and relations between features, while conflating data. The framework is applied to a real land use parcels conflation problem with excellent results. The least squares based conflation is evaluated, notably with comparisons with existing techniques like rubber sheeting. The paper also describes how the framework can be extended to other geometrical optimization problems.
Effects of Calorie Restriction and IGF-1 Receptor Blockade on the Progression of 22Rv1 Prostate Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Galet Colette , Gray Ashley , Said Jonathan , Castor Brandon , Wan Junxiang , Beltran Pedro , Calzone Franck , Elashoff David , Cohen Pinchas , Aronson William
Published: July 2013

Calorie restriction (CR) inhibits prostate cancer progression, partially through modulation of the IGF axis. IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) blockade reduces prostate cancer xenograft growth. We hypothesized that combining calorie restriction with IGF-1R blockade would have an additive effect on prostate cancer growth. Severe combined immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously injected with 22Rv1 cells and randomized to: (1) Ad libitum feeding/intraperitoneal saline (Ad-lib); (2) Ad-lib/20 mg/kg twice weekly, intraperitoneal ganitumab [anti-IGF-1R antibody (Ad-lib/Ab)]; (3) 40% calorie restriction/intraperitoneal saline (CR); (4) CR/ intraperitoneal ganitumab, (CR/Ab). CR and ganitumab treatment were initiated one week after tumor injection. Euthanasia occurred 19 days post treatment. Results showed that CR alone decreased final tumor weight, plasma insulin and IGF-1 levels, and increased apoptosis. Ganitumab therapy alone reduced tumor growth but had no effect on final tumor weight. The combination therapy (CR/Ab) further decreased final tumor weight and proliferation, increased apoptosis in comparison to the Ad-lib group, and lowered plasma insulin levels relative to the Ad-lib and Ad-lib/Ab groups. Tumor AKT activation directly correlated with plasma IGF-1 levels. In conclusion, whereas ganitumab therapy modestly affected 22Rv1 tumor growth, combining IGF-1R blockade with calorie restriction resulted in a significant decrease in final tumor weight and improved metabolic profile.
Transcriptional Control of Cell Lineage Development in Epicardium-Derived Cells
Authors: Braitsch Caitlin , Yutzey Katherine
Published: July 2013

Epicardial derivatives, including vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac fibroblasts, are crucial for proper development of the coronary vasculature and cardiac fibrous matrix, both of which support myocardial integrity and function in the normal heart. Epicardial formation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) differentiation are precisely regulated by complex interactions among signaling molecules and transcription factors. Here we review the roles of critical transcription factors that are required for specific aspects of epicardial development, EMT, and EPDC lineage specification in development and disease. Epicardial cells and subepicardial EPDCs express transcription factors including Wt1, Tcf21, Tbx18, and Nfatc1. As EPDCs invade the myocardium, epicardial progenitor transcription factors such as Wt1 are downregulated. EPDC differentiation into SMC and fibroblast lineages is precisely regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, including Tcf21 and Tbx18. These and other transcription factors also regulate epicardial EMT, EPDC invasion, and lineage maturation. In addition, there is increasing evidence that epicardial transcription factors are reactivated with adult cardiac ischemic injury. Determining the function of reactivated epicardial cells in myocardial infarction and fibrosis may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Studies on the Alkaloids of the Bark of Magnolia officinalis: Isolation and On-line Analysis by HPLC-ESI-MSn
Authors: Yan Renyi , Wang Weihao , Guo Jian , Liu Hongliang , Zhang Jianyong , Yang Bin
Published: July 2013

The bark of Magnolia officinalis is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine. In the present study, two new alkaloids, named (S)-4-keto-magnoflorine (6) and (R)-3,4-dehydromagnocurarine (11), together with seven known alkaloids: (S)-magnoflorine (5), trans/cis N-feruloylputrescine (7/8), (R)-magnocurarine (10), (S)-tembetarine (12), (R)-oblongine (14), and (R)-asimilobine (17) were isolated and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESI-MS. The absolute configurations of the isoquinoline alkaloids 5, 6, 10–12, 14, and 17 were determined by CD. In vitro inhibitory activities against aldose reductase, lipase, α-glucosidase, DPP–IV and three cancer cell lines (A549, Bel-7402, and HCT-8) were evaluated for all isolated compounds. However, all compounds showed weak activities in all tests at the same concentration as the positive control drugs. An HPLC-ESI-MSn method has been established for screening of alkaloids in the bark of M. officinalis. A total of 23 alkaloids were identified or tentatively characterized; including 13 aporphines, eight benzylisoquinolines and two amides. Plausible fragmentation pathways of the representative compounds 6, 7/8, 11, and 17 were proposed in the present study.
Characterization of Protein and Peptide Binding to Nanogels Formed by Differently Charged Chitosan Derivatives
Authors: Zubareva Anastasia , Ilyina Alla , Prokhorov Aleksander , Kurek Denis , Efremov Mikhail , Varlamov Valery , Senel Sevda , Ignatyev Pavel , Svirshchevskaya Еlena
Published: July 2013

Chitosan (Chi) is a natural biodegradable cationic polymer with remarkable potency as a vehicle for drug or vaccine delivery. Chi possesses multiple groups, which can be used both for Chi derivatization and for particle formation. The aim of this work was to produce stable nanosized range Chi gels (nanogels, NGs) with different charge and to study the driving forces of complex formation between Chi NGs and proteins or peptides. Positively charged NGs of 150 nm in diameter were prepared from hexanoyl chitosan (HC) by the ionotropic gelation method while negatively charged NGs of 190 nm were obtained from succinoyl Chi (SC) by a Ca2+ coacervation approach. NGs were loaded with a panel of proteins or peptides with different weights and charges. We show that NGs preferentially formed complexes with oppositely charged molecules, especially peptides, as was demonstrated by gel-electrophoresis, confocal microscopy and HPLC. Complex formation was accompanied by a change in zeta-potential and decrease in size. We concluded that complex formation between Chi NGs and peptide/proteins is mediated mostly by electrostatic interactions.
Simulation of a Geiger-Mode Imaging LADAR System for Performance Assessment
Authors: Kim Seongjoon , Lee Impyeong , Kwon Yong
Published: July 2013

As LADAR systems applications gradually become more diverse, new types of systems are being developed. When developing new systems, simulation studies are an essential prerequisite. A simulator enables performance predictions and optimal system parameters at the design level, as well as providing sample data for developing and validating application algorithms. The purpose of the study is to propose a method for simulating a Geiger-mode imaging LADAR system. We develop simulation software to assess system performance and generate sample data for the applications. The simulation is based on three aspects of modeling—the geometry, radiometry and detection. The geometric model computes the ranges to the reflection points of the laser pulses. The radiometric model generates the return signals, including the noises. The detection model determines the flight times of the laser pulses based on the nature of the Geiger-mode detector. We generated sample data using the simulator with the system parameters and analyzed the detection performance by comparing the simulated points to the reference points. The proportion of the outliers in the simulated points reached 25.53%, indicating the need for efficient outlier elimination algorithms. In addition, the false alarm rate and dropout rate of the designed system were computed as 1.76% and 1.06%, respectively.
Establishment of Alleycropped Hybrid Aspen “Crandon” in Central Iowa, USA: Effects of Topographic Position and Fertilizer Rate on Aboveground Biomass Production and Allocation
Authors: Headlee William , Hall Richard , Zalesny Ronald
Published: July 2013

Hybrid poplars have demonstrated high productivity as short rotation woody crops (SRWC) in the Midwest USA, and the hybrid aspen “Crandon” (Populus alba L. × P. grandidenta Michx.) has exhibited particularly promising yields on marginal lands. However, a key obstacle for wider deployment is the lack of economic returns early in the rotation. Alleycropping has the potential to address this issue, especially when paired with crops such as winter triticale which complete their growth cycle early in the summer and therefore are expected to exert minimal competition on establishing trees. In addition, well-placed fertilizer in low rates at planting has the potential to improve tree establishment and shorten the rotation, which is also economically desirable. To test the potential productivity of “Crandon” alleycropped with winter triticale, plots were established on five topographic positions with four different rates of fertilizer placed in the planting hole. Trees were then harvested from the plots after each of the first three growing seasons. Fertilization resulted in significant increases in branch, stem, and total aboveground biomass across all years, whereas the effects of topographic position varied by year. Allocation between branches and stems was found to be primarily a function of total aboveground biomass.
Revealing the Value of “Green” and the Small Group with a Big Heart in Transportation Mode Choice
Authors: Gaker David , Walker Joan
Published: July 2013

To address issues of climate change, people are more and more being presented with the greenhouse gas emissions associated with their alternatives. Statements of pounds or kilograms of CO2 are showing up in trip planners, car advertisements, and even restaurant menus under the assumption that this information influences behavior. This research contributes to the literature that investigates how travelers respond to such information. Our objective is to better understand the “value of green” or how much travelers are willing to pay in money in order to reduce the CO2 associated with their travel. As with previous work, we designed and conducted a mode choice experiment using methods that have long been used to study value of time. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we employ revealed preference data, whereas previous studies have been based on stated preferences. Second, we provide new insight on how the value of green is distributed in the population. Whereas previous work has specified heterogeneity either systematically or with a continuous distribution, we find that a latent class choice model specification better fits the data and also is attractive behaviorally. The best fitting latent class model has two classes: one large class (76% of the sample) who are not willing to spend any time or money to reduce their CO2 and a second class (24% of the sample) who value reducing their CO2 at a very high rate of $2.68 per pound of reduction—our so-called small group with a big heart. We reanalyzed three datasets that we had previously collected and found considerable robustness of this two class result.
Evaluating the Effect of Within-Household Subsampling on the Precision of Crime Victimization Rates
Authors: Iannacchione Vincent , Shook-Sa Bonnie
Published: July 2013

The decision to select a subsample of eligible members of a sampled household is influenced by a number of factors including burden on the household, data quality, cost, and the sampling variance of survey estimates. Design effects quantify the influence of a complex sampling design on the variance of survey estimates. Selecting a subsample of eligible persons within a sampled household can have counteracting impacts on design effects. On one hand, subsampling increases the design effects attributable to unequal weighting. On the other hand, subsampling could reduce the design effects attributable to clustering because the potential intra-household correlation among respondents in the same household may be reduced or eliminated. If the reduction in correlation is greater than the increase caused by unequal weighting, subsampling can achieve the same sampling variance as selecting all eligible household members, with less cost and burden. We present the results of a simulation study that evaluates the design effects associated with subsampling household members on personal victimization rates based on the 2008 National Crime Victimization Survey, which selected all persons 12 and older in a sampled household.
L'intensification des qualités dans le Traité des formes (pars posterior) de walter burley
Authors: Lamy Alice
Published: July 2013

Avec la diffusion du péripatétisme arabe, l’époque médiévale voit pleinement se développer des discussions, à la croisée des spéculations disciplinaires, entre théologie et philosophie naturelle sur l’intensification des qualités. Ces formes sont à l’origine de changements accidentels, notamment dans le cas du corps du Christ consacré lors de la transsubstantiation. C’est l’occasion pour les maîtres parisiens, à l’époque, d’opposer deux théories : celle de la succession des formes, défendue par Walter Burley, et la théorie additive. Ce débat, bien représenté dans le Traité des formes, pose à son terme la nécessaire mesure des qualités, tant dans leur extension que dans leur intension, et annonce l’ère mathématique de la théorie des proportions.
Qui suis-je pour juger ?
Authors: Colson Lea
Published: July 2013

Enquêtant sur le jugement politique, Pierre Bourdieu critique une démocratie qui s’appuie sur le sondage, l’opinion publique et le vote, en niant les inégalités entre les conditions sociales de formation de l’opinion. Si, pour le sociologue, la production du jugement est essentiellement une question de ressources culturelles, de capital politique, comment expliquer alors qu’il y ait de la révolte à des points de l’espace social où chacun ne possède pas les moyens d’une analyse systémique de l’injustice dénoncée ? L’idée que le jugement politique exige un savoir particulier serait donc à remettre en cause au même titre que le mythe démocratique de l’opinion personnelle spontanée. Dans cette perspective, l’article s’intéresse au lien qui unit le jugement politique à une situation sociale déterminée.
Königsberg, capitale de la Nouvelle Russie ? La Prusse orientale sous l'occupation russe (1758-1762)
Authors: Liechtenhan Francine-Dominique
Published: July 2013

L’occupation russe commença avec douceur, de manière à faire oublier les exactions commises lors de la campagne de 1757. La tsarine entendait aussi faire planer jusqu’au traité de paix la menace d’une annexion de la « Nouvelle-Russie » à son empire. La population, sans toutefois oublier ses liens avec le monarque Hohenzollern, se montra obéissante et sensible à la double opération de séduction et de russification, ce qui provoqua la rancune de Frédéric II qui ne revint jamais Königsberg lorsqu’il eut récupéré la ville.
Mieux lutter contre les discriminations
Authors: Ploux-Chillès Adélaïde
Published: July 2013

Cette conférence proposait d’évoquer la question des discriminations à travers les approches complémentaires de l’économie et du droit. Présidée par Alain Trannoy 1 , elle rassemblait Bruno Decreuse 2 , Gwénaële Calvès 3 , Maryvonne Lyazid 4  et Ginette Vagenheim 5 , qui a participé à l’élaboration de la loi relative à l’accès à l’emploi titulaire et à l’amélioration des conditions d’emploi des agents contractuels dans la fonction publique et à la lutte contre les discriminations, dite « loi Sauvadet », instaurant des quotas de femmes dans la haute fonction publique. Le journaliste Hervé Nathan ( Marianne ) était le modérateur des débats. Ce dialogue entre les deux disciplines, mais aussi entre théorie et applications pratiques, enrichit les débats sur les meilleurs moyens de lutter contre les discriminations en France.
Quel bilan pour les pôles de compétitivité français ?
Authors: Lafféter Quentin
Published: July 2013

La mise en place des pôles de compétitivité en France, à partir de 2005, a été présentée comme un tournant dans les politiques industrielles et d’aménagement du territoire. L’esprit de ce dispositif témoigne d’une conception offensive du soutien à la compétitivité des entreprises françaises, inspirée d’expériences semblables menées à l’étranger. S’il est encore trop tôt pour identifier les effets concrets de cette politique, et malgré l’aspect séduisant du dispositif, les attentes importantes que suscitent les pôles de compétitivité doivent être nuancées : quel que soit le degré de volonté des pouvoirs publics de favoriser la recherche et le développement appliqués à l’innovation, cette dernière, pas plus que la croissance, ne se décrète...
Quelle culture défendre ?
Authors: Passeron Jean-Claude
Published: July 2013

Jean-Claude Passeron est, sans conteste, un des plus grands sociologues français contemporains. Outre ses travaux épistémologiques essentiels [1], son œuvre est marquée par une réflexion approfondie sur la culture. Dans ses travaux pionniers écrits avec Pierre Bourdieu[2], il s’intéresse aux processus de transmission de la culture, générateurs d’inégalités scolaires, tout en dénonçant la violence symbolique que les classes dominantes exercent sur les classes populaires par le biais de la culture. Il propose ensuite une analyse approfondie de la culture populaire, dans la lignée des travaux de Richard Hoggart[3]. Dans cet entretien accordé à Joël Roman en 2002, il revient sur ses recherches et prône une véritable démocratie culturelle. [1] Les nombres entre crochets renvoient à la bibliographie en fin d’article. [2] P. Bourdieu, J.-C. Passeron, Les Héritiers , Paris, Minuit, 1964, et La Reproduction , Paris, Minuit, 1970. [3] C. Grignon, J.-C. Passeron, Le Savant et le Populaire : misérabilisme et populisme en sociologie et en littérature , Paris, Gallimard-Hautes Études, Le Seuil, 1989.
Dialogique de la filiation et de la parentalité dans la gestation pour autrui : création d'un modèle matriciel paradigmatique
Authors: Cailleau Françoise
Published: July 2013

La pratique de la gestation pour autrui n’entre dans aucun réseau symbolique permettant de comprendre les liens qui se constituent. Afin d’aborder la spécificité et la complexité de ces situations, nous avons élaboré un modèle théorique paradigmatique qui propose un rapport dialogique entre les concepts de filiation et de parentalité . Présenté sous forme matricielle, le modèle nous permet de connecter les savoirs issus de diverses disciplines. Il ouvre également sur la possibilité de repenser nos schémas conceptuels à l’ère des modifications de la reproduction, de la gestation et de la naissance.
Zone euro : le calice de l'austérité jusqu'à la lie
Authors: Antonin Céline , Blot Christophe , Schweisguth Danielle
Published: July 2013

Le recul de l’activité observée dans la zone euro depuis le quatrième trimestre 2011 s’est amplifié en fin d’année 2012 malgré le retour annoncé de la confiance. Depuis l’été 2012, la ratification du TSCG (Traité sur la stabilité, la coordination et la gouvernance) ainsi que l’annonce par la BCE de l’OMT (Outright monetary transactions ou aussi Opérations monétaires sur titres) avaient écarté les risques d’un éclatement de la zone euro contribuant à la baisse des primes de risques sur les marchés obligataires publics. Cet espoir fut cependant insuffisant pour compenser le fort impact récessif de la consolidation budgétaire. Les demandes interne et externe, du fait des fortes interdépendances entres les pays de la zone euro, ont par conséquent continué à fléchir. Le vote des budgets pour l’année 2013 annonce d’ores et déjà la poursuite de ce scénario. Bien qu’en léger recul, l’impulsion budgétaire serait de -1,1 point de PIB. 2013 sera par conséquent une nouvelle année de récession dans la zone euro, le PIB reculerait de 0,4 %. En 2014, le rythme de consolidation marquera encore le pas dans la mesure où certains pays auront atteint la cible de 3 % pour le déficit budgétaire (Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Finlande) ou en seront assez proches (Pays-Bas). La croissance serait alors positive (0,9 %) mais insuffisante pour permettre une décrue du chômage. Les risques resteront orientés à la baisse en raison des pressions déflationnistes qui vont s’intensifier. La déflation est déjà enclenchée en Espagne et en Grèce et pourrait se généraliser à tous les pays où le taux de chômage se maintient à des niveaux très élevés, d’autant plus qu’à ce mécanisme s’ajoutent de nombreuses réformes ou mesures visant à réduire le coût du travail. La concurrence entre pays de la zone euro pour gagner des parts de marché devrait s’intensifier ce qui amplifiera les pressions déflationnistes sans réussir à générer l’effet positif escompté sur la croissance de l’ensemble de la zone euro.
France : tenue de rigueur imposée
Authors: Heyer Éric , Cochard Marion , Ducoudré Bruno , Péléraux Hervé , Plane Mathieu
Published: July 2013

En moyenne annuelle, l’économie française devrait connaître en 2013 un léger recul de son PIB (-0,2 %) et une modeste reprise en 2014, avec une croissance de 0,6 %. Cette performance particulièrement médiocre est très éloignée du chemin que devrait normalement emprunter une économie en sortie de crise. Quatre ans après le début de la crise, le potentiel de rebond de l’économie française est important : il aurait dû conduire à une croissance spontanée moyenne de près de 2,6 % l’an au cours des années 2013 et 2014. Mais cette reprise spontanée est freinée, principalement par la mise en place de plans d’économies budgétaires en France et dans l’ensemble des pays européens. Afin de tenir son engagement d’un déficit public à 3 % en 2014, le gouvernement français devrait poursuivre la stratégie – adoptée en 2010 – de consolidation budgétaire imposée par la Commission européenne à l’ensemble des pays de la zone euro. Cette stratégie budgétaire devrait amputer de 2,6 points de PIB l’activité en France en 2013 et de 2,0 points de PIB en 2014. En s’établissant à un rythme éloigné de son potentiel, la situation sur le marché du travail devrait continuer à se dégrader. Le taux de chômage augmenterait régulièrement pour s’établir à 11,6 % fin 2014. Seul un changement de cap dans la stratégie budgétaire européenne permettrait d’enrayer la hausse du chômage. Elle supposerait que les impulsions budgétaires négatives se limitent à -0,5 point de PIB au lieu de -1,0 point prévu au total dans la zone euro en 2014. Cet effort budgétaire plus faible pourrait être répété jusqu’à ce que le déficit public ou la dette publique atteigne un objectif à définir. Par rapport aux plans actuels, parce que l’effort serait plus mesuré, le fardeau de l’ajustement pèserait de façon plus juste sur les contribuables de chaque pays. Cette nouvelle stratégie conduirait certes à une réduction plus lente des déficits publics (-3,4 % en 2014 contre -3,0 % dans notre scénario central) mais également et surtout à plus de croissance économique (1,6 % contre 0,6 %). Ce scénario « moins d’austérité » permettrait à l’économie française de créer 119 000 emplois en 2014, soit 232 000 de plus que dans notre prévision centrale et le chômage baisserait au lieu de continuer à augmenter.
De l'hygiène du corps à l'obsession des records. Les mutations politiques et idéologiques de la fizkul'tura en Russie, 1921-1937
Authors: Gounot André
Published: July 2013

L’article se penche d’abord sur le concept de fizkul’tura tel qu’il s’est établi en Russie après la guerre civile. Celui-ci intègre tous les aspects de conservation et d’amélioration de la santé corporelle (entre autres le repos et le sommeil) et se distingue ainsi de la notion occidentale de « culture physique ». Cependant, la fizkul’tura connaît un processus de sportivisation considérable dès la seconde moitié des années 1920. Au cours des années 1930 s’opère un glissement significatif de la politique sportive soviétique vers l’encouragement de la haute performance, avec l’objectif de dominer les compétitions sportives internationales. L’identification et l’analyse de ces étapes s’appuient en premier lieu sur des sources en provenance des archives du communisme à Moscou.
La place du sport dans la propagande fasciste à travers la presse et le cinéma, son impact chez les immigrés italiens de France
Authors: Favero Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2013

L’Italie fasciste a contrôlé le cinéma dès le milieu des années 1920 en mettant en place une censure au service du régime. L’événement sportif qui prend une ampleur considérable sur la scène internationale est le fer de lance de la propagande qu’il faut montrer à tous les Italiens y compris ceux vivant à l’étranger. En effet, il s’agit de créer un Homme nouveau au service d’une idéologie totalitaire dont le but est de former des soldats en vue de la conquête de l’Empire. Le sportif sert de modèle et doit être perçu comme un soldat au service de la Nation. La propagande fasciste qui s’exporte en France rencontre de la part de la presse et du monde du cinéma national une certaine adhésion. Par contre, si une partie de l’immigration italienne dans le bassin de Briey est sensibilisée par la propagande fasciste, largement dénoncée par les antifascistes, une majorité d’Italiens vivant dans cette région a déjà entamé un processus d’intégration, en particulier les jeunes dont les modèles cinématographiques identificateurs sont les héros des cinémas américains et français.
Quand l'événement sportif révèle l'événement politique. Les matchs de football entre la Turquie et l'Arménie (2008-2009)
Authors: Polo Jean-François
Published: July 2013

Les deux matchs éliminatoires de la coupe du monde 2010 entre la Turquie et l’Arménie ont donné lieu aux premiers déplacements officiels des deux chefs d’État dans le pays de l’autre alors que leurs relations diplomatiques avaient été rompues depuis 1991. Les espoirs soulevés par ces deux visites ont provoqué des débats passionnés dans la société turque et ravivé les questions douloureuses et non réglées du génocide arménien et de la minorité arménienne de Turquie. Cette contribution analyse cet événement et cherche à saisir la signification sociale et politique de l’émotion qu’il a pu susciter.
Espèces d’origine. Darwin et la métaphore biologique dans la critique génétique
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: July 2013

Dans les pays anglophones, la résistance à l’application du terme « génétique » à un domaine de critique littéraire résulte pour une part de l’héritage du New Criticism, mais aussi de la dichotomie artificielle entre « textual scholarship » et « literary criticism ». L’enjeu théorique est la question de savoir si la base matérielle de chaque investigation génétique exige également une méthodologie plus « empirique ». Une approche trop strictement empirique risque de limiter l’exégèse aux vestiges matériels de l’écriture, qui souvent ne sont qu’une fraction de ce que l’auteur a lu, pensé ou écrit. Si cette approche scientifique est perçue comme une prescription méthodologique, la critique génétique risque d’occasionner une séparation entre une « science de la littérature » et une approche non falsifiable. Au lieu de créer une telle dichotomie stérile, il s’agit plutôt de faciliter activement une pollinisation croisée plus productive entre la dimension génétique et la dimension critique.
Génétique et dialogisme
Authors: Cavaillès Nicolas
Published: July 2013

Rapprocher la critique génétique et la théorie du dialogisme de Mikhaïl Bakhtine, c’est envisager à la fois l’écriture du dialogisme (la genèse d’un texte dialogique) et le dialogisme de l’écriture (le dialogue des différentes versions d’un texte). Mais au gré de leur commune manifestation d’une même temporalité ouverte, marquée par la scission perpétuelle du sujet d’avec lui-même, ces deux objets d’étude sont, à l’instar des pluralités auctoriale et énonciative, intimement entremêlés. Aussi proposons-nous de les rassembler sous un syntagme unique, l’écriture suicidaire, pour en mieux souligner la négativité processuelle, et l’intense et féconde irrésolution. On verra ainsi à quel point Bakhtine comme le généticien s’écartent d’une herméneutique des textes dont on a tué l’auteur, et œuvrent au contraire à une heuristique de l’immense dialogue solitaire de l’écriture avec l’écrivain.
Réseaux de la création : construction de l’œuvre d’art
Authors: Almeida Salles Cecilia
Published: July 2013

Cet article se propose de discuter le processus de création en tant que réseau en construction, en établissant des relations entre le concept de semiosis de Charles S. Peirce et celui de réseau de Pierre Musso. En accompagnant les processus créatifs, on se trouve confronté à un phénomène marqué par une intense dynamique d’interaction, caractérisée par la simultanéité des actions, l’absence de hiérarchie et de linéarité. D’où la nécessité de se doter d’une perspective théorique qui se situe dans un paradigme lié à une pensée des relations, capables d’aborder des nœuds multiples ou des connexions en mouvement permanent. Sont discutées également quelques-unes des multiples implications de l’adoption de cette approche du point de vue de la méthodologie du critique génétique.
Journaux de genèse
Authors: Viollet Catherine
Published: July 2013

Si de nombreux journaux d’écrivains sont à juste titre considérés comme « atelier » d’écriture et « laboratoire » de l’œuvre littéraire, il existe, à côté de la forme bien délimitée des carnets, des journaux (constitués d’entrées datées) dont l’objet principal est de réfléchir à la genèse d’une œuvre en particulier, de témoigner des interrogations, des doutes, des conflits intérieurs, des choix qui président à la phase rédactionnelle, et parfois l’accompagnent. Seront brièvement examinés quatre journaux de travail, différents les uns des autres tant dans leur forme et leur pratique scripturale que dans leur contenu, mais correspondant tous, d’une certaine manière, à l’idée que l’on peut se faire d’un journal-témoin de la genèse d’une œuvre littéraire. Deux sont largement connus puisque publiés, et ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études : le Journal des Faux-Monnayeurs d’André Gide, le Journal du « Docteur Faustus » de Thomas Mann. Deux autres sont partiellement ou totalement inédits : le journal de Christiane Rochefort accompagnant la genèse du roman La Porte du fond, et le « journal d’écriture » concernant le récit Passion simple d’Annie Ernaux.