bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microfoundations of Collaboration in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Salvato Carlo
Published: August 2019

This chapter illustrates a multilevel framework to understand the microfoundations of collaboration in entrepreneurship. Early scholars saw the identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities as an individual endeavor. More recently, researchers started to examine entrepreneurial action as resulting from the collaboration among individuals within a collective such as a nation, an industry, an entrepreneurial ecosystem, a family, a new venture, or an existing company. In this movement toward the identification of higher levels of analysis, the power of macro-level factors tended to prevail in explaining entrepreneurial phenomena. As a result, important details of how individual entrepreneurs and their interactions with other agents shape the emergence of entrepreneurial phenomena are lost. To redress this imbalance, three multilevel mechanisms are introduced to explain the microfoundations of the role collaboration plays in the development of entrepreneurial opportunities. The role of collaboration in each of these mechanisms is illustrated by providing a review of existing studies and detailed directions for future research.
Collaboration in Business Model Innovation
Authors: Amit Raphael , Han Xu , Zott Christoph
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the role of collaboration in the design and operation of innovative business models in the digital era. It surveys and builds on a broad range of related literatures on collaboration and innovation to examine how collaboration affects business model innovation (BMI). The chapter suggests that collaboration within and across firms’ boundaries shapes both the design and operation stages of BMI. It contributes to the extant literature by taking the first step toward explicitly examining the link between collaboration and BMI and by incorporating the ramifications of digitization for both collaboration and BMI.
Collaboration Inside the Firm
Authors: Kulchina Elena
Published: August 2019

Founding and operating a firm is a collaborative process, but still little is known about the nature of collaboration between entrepreneurs and other members of the new-venture team, particularly key employees. For example, traditional entrepreneurship literature believed that founders always run their start-ups personally, at least in the early years of operation. However, recent empirical studies suggest that a significant share of founders hire CEOs for their start-ups at the time of founding or soon thereafter. This chapter explores what motivates founders to delegate managerial control to a hired agent, how founders choose their managers, and how they govern relationships with their CEOs.
The Interplay of Entrepreneurship and Collaboration
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J. , Matusik Sharon F. , Jones Jessica
Published: August 2019

The role of collaboration in entrepreneurship spans across different contexts, varied theoretical perspectives, and multiple units of analysis. This chapter introduces The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Collaboration with an overview of the important role that collaboration plays in value creation, resource acquisition, and the development of entrepreneurial ventures. It is organized in two ways. First, the chapter summarizes each chapter to direct readers to the material of greatest relevance and interest to them. Second, it identifies important research questions to further push connections between the fields of entrepreneurship and interorganizational collaboration.
Science and Aesthetics in American Realism
Authors: Hebard Andrew
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins with William Dean Howells’s 1891 comparison of a realist writer to a naturalist observing a grasshopper. Examining a range of writings that made similar comparisons, the chapter asks how and why scientific observation became such a central framework for both critics and defenders of realist aesthetics. In particular, the chapter provides a context for realist aesthetics by tracing shifts in the biological sciences from a natural history methodology based on careful observation and description to a methodology based on measurement and the statistical analysis of large aggregates of facts. This shifting scientific imaginary allowed realists to reconcile realism’s investments in coherent aesthetic forms, particularly the ideals of totality and organic wholeness, with its descriptive practice of heaping up facts and contingent details.
Realism and Poetry
Authors: Barron Jonathan N.
Published: August 2019

American poetic realism still remains a largely unknown and untold story. Although it came to American poetry relatively late by comparison with fiction, the typical American realist poem has a distinctive nexus combining theme, diction, and style. Chief among the first American realists are Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg, and Sara Teasdale. Specifically, realist poetry expresses a pragmatic philosophy rejecting the individual’s location in the world as something knowable, fixed, and stable. Realist poets reject as amoral and quietist the commitment to beauty for the sake of beauty and tend toward virtues associated with masculinity. Their poetry rejects generic nouns in favor of particulars and depicts recognizable contemporary landscapes and, above all, contemporary American cities such as Chicago, Boston, or New York. It emphasizes the interior space of the self as revealed by the new science of psychology. It also focuses on the living idiom of talk and speech rather than a “literary” language.
Realism and the Cinematic Gaze
Authors: Witschi Nicolas S.
Published: August 2019

The technology for and, consequently, the artistic potential of cinema emerged at the end of the nineteenth century during a period roughly contemporaneous with the careers of many prominent realist authors. Despite this concurrence, early cinema was, by and large, of relatively little interest to the creators of realist literature. However, their literary works have proven immensely popular with filmmakers. After surveying the limited but ultimately telling responses to the new medium by a number of writers from the realist period, this chapter suggests, through a concluding analysis of three distinctive works of cinema that were based on realist fiction, that the two forms ultimately share an abiding and even structuring affinity for the power of realistic representations to define and direct the reader’s or viewer’s perspective.
Teaching and Researching American Literature and American Realism in China
Authors: Wang Yuping
Published: August 2019

The study and teaching of American literature and American realism in China mirrored the social development and cultural transformation in China and was often fueled by political incentives. This chapter examines the cultural and political forces affecting the reception of American literature in different stages of Chinese history and investigates the teaching of American literature and of American realism in Chinese university classrooms. Different from the teaching of American literature in English-speaking countries, the American literature course in China serves a twofold purpose: to provide cultural nutrient for the cultivation of a broader mind by highlighting the cultural norms and rubrics in literature and to promote students’ language proficiency by a careful study of the text and formal elements of literary works. The history of the Chinese reception of American literature thus reflects the resilience and openness of Chinese culture in its negotiation with foreign cultures.
Realism 2.0
Authors: Rohrbach Augusta
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks to the future of teaching realism with Web 2.0 technologies. After discussing the ways in which technologies of data modeling can reveal patterns for interpretation, the chapter examines how these technologies can update the social-reform agenda of realism as exemplified by William Dean Howells’s attempted intervention into the Haymarket Riot in 1886. The advent of Web 2.0 techologies offers students a way to harness the genre’s sense of social purpose to knowledge-sharing mechanisms to create a vehicle for political consciousness-raising in real time. The result is “Realism 2.0,” a realism that enables readers to engage in their world, which is less text-centric than it was for previous writers.
Interest and Its Development, Revisited
Authors: Renninger K. Ann , Su Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on interest as a cognitive and affective motivational variable that develops and can be supported to develop. It provides an explanation of Hidi and Renninger’s (2006; Renninger & Hidi, 2016) four-phase model of interest development and its relation to other approaches to interest, including interest conceptualized as an emotion, experience, task features, value, or vocational interest, and considers issues pertaining to the identification and measurement of interest as a variable that develops. Following this, the chapter reviews research that tracks interest over time as well as studies that focus on earlier and/or later phases of interest, with particular attention to (a) the triggering of interest in both earlier and later phases of interest, (b) maintaining interest once it has been triggered, (c) fluctuations in interest, and (d) shifts between phases in the development of interest. Two studies of interest development are reviewed in depth and their complementarities are described to illustrate how consideration of study complementarity can provide validation and insight about interest development. Finally, a Punnett square is used to demonstrate how it can enable the identification of relations among a learner’s phase of interest, the achievement demands of the learning environment, and metacognitive awareness, in addition to suggesting next steps for the study of interest development.
Social Cognitive Theory and Motivation
Authors: Schunk Dale H. , Usher Ellen L.
Published: August 2019

Social cognitive theory is a theory of human behavior that emphasizes learning from the social environment. This chapter focuses on Bandura’s social cognitive theory, which postulates reciprocal interactions among personal, behavioral, and social/environmental factors. Persons use various vicarious, symbolic, and self-regulatory processes as they strive to develop a sense of agency in their lives. Key motivational processes are goals and self-evaluations of progress, outcome expectations, values, social comparisons, and self-efficacy. People set goals and evaluate their goal progress. The perception of progress sustains self-efficacy and motivation. Individuals act in accordance with their values and strive for outcomes they desire. Social comparisons with others provide further information on their learning and goal attainment. Self-efficacy is a critical influence on motivation and affects task choices, effort, persistence, and achievement. Recommendations are made for future research.
A Terror Management Theory Perspective on Human Motivation
Authors: Pyszczynski Tom , Kesebir Pelin , Lockett McKenzie
Published: August 2019

The capacity for self-reflection, which plays an important role in human self-regulation, also leads people to become aware of the limitations of their existence. Awareness of the conflict between one’s desires (e.g., to live) and the limitations of existence (e.g., the inevitability of death) creates the potential for existential anxiety. This chapter reviews how this anxiety affects human motivation and behavior in a variety of life domains. Terror management theory and research suggest that transcending death and protecting oneself against existential anxiety are potent needs. This protection is provided by an anxiety-buffering system, which provides people a sense of meaning and value that function to shield them against these concerns. The chapter reviews evidence regarding the role of death and other existential concerns in four domains of existence: physical, personal, social, and spiritual. Because self-awareness is a prerequisite for existential anxiety, escaping or changing the nature of self-awareness can also be an effective way to manage the problems of life and death.
Psychophysiological Models of Stress
Authors: Zakreski Ellen , Pruessner Jens C.
Published: August 2019

Psychophysiological models have a long history within stress research of trying to explain the link between stress exposure and psychological and physiological disease. The current chapter tries to offer complementary perspectives on this issue. First, it covers the relevant physiological systems (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous system) and their markers (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure), such that the reader receives an overview of the significant factors at play. Second, it provides an overview of the various forms of stress (acute, chronic, and stress during early life periods) that are believed to put the individual at heightened risk to develop stress-related disease. Finally, it presents the theories and models that have emerged over the years that try to explain how the various forms of stress can eventually lead to psychological and physical disease. The chapter ends with a short outlook on some recent work emphasizing the interaction between the various systems at play, and how that by itself can play a role in the origin of stress-related disease.
Genetic and Epigenetic Models
Authors: Uher Rudolf
Published: August 2019

Both genetic variation and environmental exposures play key roles in the development of mental health or psychopathology. Their roles are interdependent: The effects of genetic variants depend on environment, and the impact of environment depends on the genetic variants. This chapter will explain and critically review the most important models of gene–environment interplay, including gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetics. Gene–environment correlation describes a mechanism where genetic variants influence the likelihood of environmental exposure. Gene–environment interactions refer to a mechanism where genetic variants influence the impact of an environmental exposure on the individual. Finally, epigenetics provides a molecular mechanism through which environmental exposures affect the function of genes for long periods of time. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limits of current knowledge, its implications for treatment and prevention, and directions for further research.
Education in Context
Authors: Welner Kevin , LaCour Sarah
Published: August 2019

Legal directives aimed at schools exist within a complex societal system. Consequently, learning inequalities arise because of opportunity gaps outside of school, not just inside of school. This reality carries sharp implications for those designing litigation and legislation hoping to drive reforms or impose remedies. As this chapter illustrates, a school’s capacity to comply with a mandate and to yield desired outcomes often depends on factors well beyond the control of the school’s leaders and educators. Consequently, legislation and litigation are often ineffective in driving educational equity as they fail to account for external factors. This chapter first presents research showing that variation in outcomes for children in different schools is determined more by outside-of-school inequalities than by differences in what happens inside of schools. Second, it dives deeply into the question of how opportunity gaps arise outside of school. Third, it examines how education laws have focused on efforts directed narrowly at schools. Finally, the chapter considers how litigation might respond to the importance of nonschool factors in driving opportunity gaps.
Accuracy and Bias of Trait Judgments in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Luo Shanhong , Watson David
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a review of recent theoretical developments and empirical evidence regarding accuracy and biases of trait judgments in romantic relationships. Consistent with prior theorizing, personality judgments may be conceptualized to consist of accurate perceptions, systematic biases, and random errors. Two common biases in romantic relationships—positivity bias and similarity bias—are the focus of the chapter. The two major approaches to conceptualizing and assessing accuracy and biases—the variable-centered approach and the person-centered approach—are discussed. A review of the literature on partner personality judgments in both approaches suggests that individuals tend to perceive their partners with both substantial accuracy and a considerable amount of bias. Judges’ personal characteristics, trait properties, and relationship factors may moderate the extent to which the judgments are accurate and biased. Finally, accuracy, positivity bias, and similarity bias all have important positive implications for romantic relationship functioning.
Information as a Moderator of Accuracy in Personality Judgment
Authors: Beer Andrew
Published: August 2019

People inherently believe that additional information is helpful in making accurate personality judgment, an assertion supported by empirical evidence. This chapter reviews the evidence beginning with the cross-sectional and longitudinal study of accuracy in naturally existing groups and continuing through to laboratory-based experiments involving the intentional manipulation of available information. In doing so, it discusses the process of becoming acquainted with others in our social world and makes suggestions for future avenues of research in this area, including but not limited to more clearly defining acquaintanceship, studying information quantity and quality jointly and separately, and better connecting personality judgment with real-world phenomena.
First Language Attrition and Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Blom Elma , Boerma Tessel , de Jong Jan
Published: August 2019

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is an impairment specific to language that affects about 5% to 7% of all children, monolingual as well as bilingual. In this chapter, we aim to demonstrate that knowing more about attrition is important for accurately diagnosing bilingual children whose language abilities raise concerns and who may have DLD. The focus is on bilingual children who are raised in a migration context and whose home language, which is also their first language (L1), may be subject to attrition. We discuss whether the effects of attrition and DLD are expected to show overlap, whether they would accumulate, and whether DLD would influence attrition. In so doing, we often refer to research that has looked at the second language (L2) of bilingual immigrant children, as much less is yet known about their L1. We conclude by summarizing the main issues and suggesting promising avenues for future research.
Neuroimaging Perspectives on L1 Attrition and Language Change
Authors: Rossi Eleonora , Prystauka Yanina , Diaz Michèle T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the neuroimaging literature on language attrition, and how functional and structural aspects of language(s) are modulated under various contact and attrition phenomena. It focuses on the use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and neural oscillations in studies of language attrition, and how such methods might be used in the future to better understand changes in neural activity corresponding to changes in language. Seminal literature is discussed, describing studies that mapped language maintenance and language loss (i.e., the case of adoptees in Pallier et al., 2003; Ventureyra et al., 2004). The neuroimaging literature on bilingual language control is examined more generally, proposing that the functional and structural patterns of activation and change for the native language observed in experimental paradigms to understand bilingual language processing at large might be used as a test-bed to investigate the earliest stages of L1 attrition.
Language Attrition and the Competition Model
Authors: MacWhinney Brian
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores ways in which the Competition Model can illuminate our understanding of language attrition. The analysis begins by formulating four key puzzles that arise from empirical studies of language attrition. These involve the role of permastore, variation across linguistic levels, patterns of forgetting during childhood, and the neural network problem of catastrophic interference. We then consider how the interplay between cognitive and social processes envisioned in the Competition Model can help in the formulation of solutions to these various puzzles.
Introduction to Extralinguistic Factors in Language Attrition
Authors: Schmid Monika S. , Cherciov Mirela
Published: August 2019

One of the most puzzling explanatory challenges to language attrition research is to identify the circumstances and predictors under which any particular speaker is likely to experience more or less attrition phenomena: it is a well-established finding that speakers who use more than one language in their daily lives develop increased variability concerning their first language (L1) skills across the full range of the linguistic repertoire, from phonetics through the lexicon and morphosyntax to pragmatics and beyond. However, the search for predictive factors—those features of an individual’s personal background, language habits and experience, and attitudes and motivation which may contribute to making someone a good vs. a poor L1 maintainer—has, to date, been largely inconclusive. This chapter provides a brief overview of the available research and sketches some open questions, before introducing the contributions to the present section.
L2 Lexical Attrition
Authors: Larson-Hall Jenifer
Published: August 2019

Thirty years of research in second language (L2) lexical attrition has focused on the question of whether L2 vocabulary attrites in a variety of situations. This research has necessarily been exploratory and descriptive, but has essentially treated the lexicon as a collection of separate words. This chapter outlines a proposal for future study of the L2 lexicon as an integrated network by introducing Meara’s constant decay hypothesis. Since lexical loss is so strongly linked with memory, classic and more recent findings on how lexical memory degrades when the words are not integrated into a cohesive lexical system is reviewed and provides a floor against which to measure attrition of integrated systems. A review of significant research results in L2 lexical attrition focuses on how attrition is affected by the factors of age of learning, length of incubation, types of words, and target language.
How Bilingualism Affects Syntactic Processing in The Native Language
Authors: Dussias Paola E. , Kroff Jorge R. Valdés , Johns Michael , Villegas Álvaro
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, we survey recent contributions to the research on bilingual language processing that demonstrate how exposure to a second language, even for a brief period of time, can impact processing in the native language. We focus our discussion primarily on syntactic and morpho-syntactic processing. In light of this evidence, we argue that claims of language attrition may not be as clear-cut as one may think when online language processing is taken into account. A second goal of our chapter is to show that eye-tracking is a premier behavioural method by which we can come to understand fine-grained changes in online language processing. In doing so, we hope to illustrate how the study of online language processing via eye-tracking can help to clarify issues in language attrition.
Implicit Measures in the Aesthetic Domain
Authors: Palumbo Letizia
Published: August 2019

The current chapter is concerned with implicit levels of information processing underlying hedonic responses. Commencing with an overview of the processes involved in the formation of the aesthetic experience, the discourse will focus on models that ascribe a role to the implicit dimension, a role that is marginal but necessary. We will see how a range of experimental procedures have contributed to measure automatic components of the aesthetic appreciation. The aim is to assign a specific place to the study of implicit processes within the broader debate on aesthetic experience. Ultimately, this will lead to some general remarks for the discipline of empirical aesthetics.
The Role of Attention, Executive Processes, and Memory in Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Mullennix John W.
Published: August 2019

When considering the cognitive processes involved in aesthetic experiences, one approach is to focus on the different components in the cognitive system. In this chapter, research on the roles of dual-mode processing, cognitive effort and control, and memory in the aesthetic experience are reviewed. Automatic and controlled processes, respectively, appear to be engaged at different times when viewing art, with one’s goal (e.g., forming a quick impression of art or closely evaluating an artwork) determining how those processes are utilized. Shifts in cognitive control affect how art is processed, as well as attention and memory load demands at the time art is being viewed. Memory comes into play when considering how knowledge about art and expertise is used. Overall, the growing literature on cognitive processing of art and related brain imaging research is producing numerous exciting findings of interest both to the researcher and to persons working in the arts.
History and Faust in Doctor Atomic
Authors: Cypess Rebecca
Published: August 2019

The libretto of John Adams’s Doctor Atomic (2005), by Peter Sellars, was “drawn from original sources”—one of a number of factors that endowed the opera with an aura of historical truthfulness. Yet from its inception, the composer also acknowledged a relationship between the opera and Faust mythology, even as he downplayed its impact on the work. In fact, analysis of the libretto and the musical setting reveals that they contain numerous references to earlier Faustian works, musical and literary. These references take the form of direct verbal quotation, the adaptation of musical material, and the incorporation of Faustian themes. The opera’s engagement with Faustian works by Baudelaire, Thomas Mann, Goethe, Stravinsky, and Liszt conflicts with attributions of historical authenticity that appeared at the time of its premiere.
Musical Remembering in Schubert’s Faust Settings
Authors: Hirsch Marjorie
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the musical representation of memory in three of Franz Schubert’s Faust settings. “Gretchen am Spinnrade” (“Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel”) (D. 118) fuses qualities of a spinning song and an operatic aria, creating seamless transitions among Gretchen’s “field” memories (remembering events as if reliving) of intimate encounters with Faust, her present awareness, and her fantasizing. “Szene aus ‘Faust’” (“Scene from Faust”) (D. 126) reveals the connection between Gretchen’s guilt-inducing “observer” memories (remembering from the perspective of an outside observer) of childhood purity and her anxiety about Judgment Day by interlacing passages of operatic recitative and pseudo-archaic church music. In “Der König in Thule” (“King of Thule”) (D. 367), Gretchen’s singing of an ostensible “cultural memory” (a vessel of wisdom and truth handed down through the ages), suggested by the interfusion of folk ballad and chorale, expresses longing for an idealized mythic past.
Liszt’s Faust Complexes
Authors: Kregor Jonathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers Franz Liszt’s engagement with Faustian themes during three periods of his career: an initial stage during his concert years in which he ambivalently cultivated a Mephistophelean image through arresting performances and extraordinarily virtuosic compositions; a middle stage in which Goethe’s Faust inspired several choral compositions and the controversial Faust-Symphonie (Faust Symphony), premiered in 1857; and a final period in which, frustrated by the failure of the Faust-Symphonie in particular and criticism of his artistic goals and musical output in general, Liszt reinterpreted Mephistopheles in the Mephisto-Walzer (Mephisto Waltzes) as an artistically transgressive figure. These various engagements with Faustian themes are linked by Liszt’s constant struggles to balance a progressive musical orientation with inherited tradition.
Select Committees: Agents of Change
Authors: Mellows-Facer Adam , Challender Chloe , Evans Paul
Published: August 2019

Some select committees are increasingly adopting campaigning characteristics, acting not just as scrutineers of government but also as high-profile agents of change in the public and private sectors. The popularity of such committees with members, the media and the public means this trend is likely to continue. This will increase the already evident strains on the committee powers and the wider established framework within which committees operate. This article considers the implications for the future of select committees.
The Creation and Evolution of Crystal Mush in the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Vukmanovic Z , Holness M B , Stock M J , Roberts R J
Published: August 2019

The Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex contains the world’s largest Fe–Ti–V ± P deposit and formed from the last major injection of magma into the chamber. Quantitative textural analysis of Upper Zone rocks was undertaken to constrain the processes operating during mush formation and solidification, focussing on horizons with the greatest density contrast to isolate the effects of gravitational loading. We examined three magnetitite layers, together with their underlying and overlying anorthosites. The similarity of microstructures in anorthosites above and below the dense magnetitite layers suggests that the rocks were not affected by viscous compaction driven by gravitational loading. The magnetitite cumulate layers formed by crystal accumulation from a mobile crystal slurry dominated by the Fe-rich conjugate of an unmixed immiscible liquid. We suggest a new mechanism of crystal nucleation in deforming crystal-rich systems, driven by undercooling caused by cavitation as grains slide past each other during simple shear. We propose that the super-solidus deformation recorded in these rocks was caused by prolonged regional subsidence of the magma chamber at Upper Zone times.
Elevated free secretory component in early rheumatoid arthritis and prior to arthritis development in patients at increased risk
Authors: Martinsson Klara , Roos Ljungberg Karin , Ziegelasch Michael , Cedergren Jan , Eriksson Per , Klimovich Vladimir , Reckner Åsa , Griazeva Irina , Sjöwall Christopher , Samoylovich Marina , Skogh Thomas , Wetterö Jonas , Kastbom Alf
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Considering growing evidence of mucosal involvement in RA induction, this study investigated circulating free secretory component (SC) in patients with either recent-onset RA or with ACPA and musculoskeletal pain.

Methods

Two prospective cohorts were studied: TIRA-2 comprising 452 recent-onset RA patients with 3 years of clinical and radiological follow-up, and TIRx patients (n = 104) with ACPA IgG and musculoskeletal pain followed for 290 weeks (median). Blood donors and three different chronic inflammatory diseases served as controls. Free SC was analysed by sandwich ELISA.

Results

Serum levels of free SC were significantly higher in TIRA-2 patients compared with TIRx and all control groups (P < 0.01). Among TIRx patients who subsequently developed arthritis, free SC levels were higher compared with all control groups (P < 0.05) except ankylosing spondylitis (P = 0.74). In TIRA-2, patients with ACPA had higher baseline levels of free SC compared with ACPA negative patients (P < 0.001). Free SC status at baseline did not predict radiographic joint damage or disease activity over time. In TIRx, elevated free SC at baseline trendwise associated with arthritis development during follow-up (P = 0.066) but this disappeared when adjusting for confounders (P = 0.72). Cigarette smoking was associated with higher levels of free SC in both cohorts.

Conclusion

Serum free SC levels are increased in recent-onset RA compared with other inflammatory diseases, and associate with ACPA and smoking. Free SC is elevated before arthritis development among ACPA positive patients with musculoskeletal pain, but does not predict arthritis development. These findings support mucosal engagement in RA development.
Cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: health care system and societal perspectives
Authors: Streatfeild Jared , Hillman David , Adams Robert , Mitchell Scott , Pezzullo Lynne
Published: August 2019

Study Objectives

To determine cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Australia for 2017–2018 to facilitate public health decision-making.

Methods

Analysis was undertaken of direct per-person costs of CPAP therapy (according to 5-year care pathways), health system and other costs of OSA and its comorbidities averted by CPAP treatment (5-year adherence rate 56.7%) and incremental benefit of therapy (in terms of disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] averted) to determine cost-effectiveness of CPAP. This was expressed as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (= dollars per DALY averted). Direct costs of CPAP were estimated from government reimbursements for services and advertised equipment costs. Costs averted were calculated from both the health care system perspective (health system costs only) and societal perspective (health system plus other financial costs including informal care, productivity losses, nonmedical accident costs, deadweight taxation and welfare losses). These estimates of costs (expressed in US dollars) and DALYs averted were based on our recent analyses of costs of untreated OSA.

Results

From the health care system perspective, estimated cost of CPAP therapy to treat OSA was $12 495 per DALY averted while from a societal perspective the effect was dominant (−$10 688 per DALY averted) meaning it costs more not to treat the problem than to treat it.

Conclusions

These estimates suggest substantial community investment in measures to more systematically identify and treat OSA is justified. Apart from potential health and well-being benefits, it is financially prudent to do so.
Effects of a single initial and delayed release implant on arrival compared with a non-coated initial implant and a non-coated terminal implant in heifers fed across various days on feed
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Holland Ben P , Word Alyssa B , Crawford Grant I , Nichols Wade N , Nuttelman Brandon L , Streeter Marshall N , Hutcheson John P , Johnson Bradley J
Published: August 2019

Two experiments evaluated the effect of implant number, type, and total steroidal dose on live animal performance and carcass traits in heifers fed for three different days on feed (DOF). In experiment 1, heifers (n = 3,780; 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial body weight [BW] = 309 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were as follows: 1) implant (all from Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS): 200 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 20 mg estradiol-17β (E2) administered on arrival (SINGLE), or 80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2 administered on arrival followed by 200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2 after approximately 90 d (REPEATED) and 2) duration of DOF: harvested after approximately 172, 193, and 214. In experiment 2, heifers (n = 3,719; 65 to 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial BW = 337 kg) were used with the same factors as experiment 1, except DOF were 150, 171, and 192. No implant × DOF interaction (P ≥ 0.06) was noted for any performance parameters in either experiment. Heifers administered REPEATED had improved (P ≤ 0.05) live gain to feed ratio (G:F) and carcass-adjusted G:F and tended (P = 0.09) to have greater hot carcass weight (HCW) in experiment 1. Increasing DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted final BW and decreased (P = 0.01) live ADG in experiment 1. As DOF increased, HCW, HCW gain, and dressing% (P ≤ 0.01) increased in experiment 1. The mean carcass transfer was 79.6% across the 42 d terminal window in experiment 1. In experiment 2, REPEATED had improved (P = 0.03) carcass-adjusted G:F compared with SINGLE, but HCW was not different (P = 0.36) between treatments. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) final live and carcass-adjusted BW, decreased (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted ADG, and poorer (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted G:F in experiment 2. In experiment 2, dressing percentage was greater (P = 0.02) in REPEATED compared with SINGLE. Heifers given SINGLE had greater (P = 0.01) back fat and estimated empty body fat (EBF), whereas REPEATED had fewer (P = 0.01) Yield Grade 4 carcasses and greater (P = 0.01) longissimus muscle (LM) area. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.04) HCW, HCW gain, dressing%, back fat, LM area, marbling, EBF%, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Prime-grading carcasses, Yield Grade 4 and 5, and over 454-kg carcasses in experiment 2. Carcass ADG and carcass transfer indicate a 0.70 kg carcass ADG between 150 and 192 DOF, resulting in an average carcass transfer of 72.2% in experiment 2. Although feedlot growth performance and HCW did not differ between the implant regimens tested, increasing DOF resulted in decreased live growth performance while increasing the proportion of USDA prime carcasses and HCW.
Nail and Plate Combination Fixation for Periprosthetic and Interprosthetic Fractures
Authors: Yoon Richard S. , Patel Jay N. , Liporace Frank A.
Published: August 2019

Nail plate combination technique can be applied in the setting of periprosthetic and interprosthetic fractures to promote reliable healing with a biomechanically favorable construct. Here, technical aspects and discussion of the technique are reviewed through a case of an 87-year-old woman who suffered from an interprosthetic “floating” total knee arthroplasty (TKA); a supracondylar distal femur fracture in between a total hip arthroplasty and a TKA, with a proximal tibial metaphyseal fracture below the TKA tibial base plate.
Surgical Management of Enneking Stage 3 Aggressive Vertebral Hemangiomas With Neurological Deficit by One-stage Posterior Total En Bloc Spondylectomy
Authors: Ji Xinran , Wang Song , Oner F. Cumhur , Bird Justin E. , Lu Ning
Published: August 2019

Study Design.

Clinical case series.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of aggressive vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) with neurological deficit treated with total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) in a single institute.

Summary of Background Data.

Despite increasing utilization of surgery to treat aggressive VHs, owing to the rarity, the diagnosis and treatment protocols of aggressive VHs are still questionable and disputable.

Methods.

All patients with Enneking stage 3 aggressive thoracic or lumbar VHs with neurological deficit and treated with TES from January 2005 to January 2013 were included. Clinical characteristics and surgery outcomes of patients, including Tomita classification, operation time, blood loss, pre- and postoperative American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, visual analogue score (VAS), and Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS), were retrospectively reviewed.

Results.

A total of 23 VHs patients were enrolled in this study, including 17 in the thoracic spine and six in the lumbar spine. All patients suffered neurological deficits caused by direct spinal cord compression with or without associated mechanical instability. The average SINS score was 9.78 ± 1.51. The mean operation time of patients with preoperative embolization was 426.6 ± 104.3 minutes and the mean blood loss was 1883.3 ± 932.1 mL. There were no technical difficulties or serious complications. After surgery, all patients recovered to ASIA-E levels. The VAS pain score decreased from 8.0 ± 0.9 to 2.8 ± 0.8 (P < .05).

Conclusion.

TES is a good treatment option for patients with aggressive VHs with bony destruction and neurological deficit.

Level of Evidence:4
Accuracy of Pedicle Screw Placement and Clinical Outcomes of Robot-assisted Technique Versus Conventional Freehand Technique in Spine Surgery From Nine Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Li Hui-Min , Zhang Ren-Jie , Shen Cai-Liang
Published: August 2019

Study Design.

A meta-analysis.

Objective.

To investigate whether robot-assisted techniques are superior to conventional techniques in terms of the accuracy of pedicle screw placement and clinical indexes.

Summary of Background Data.

Robot-assisted techniques are increasingly applied to spine surgery to reduce the rate of screw misplacement. However, controversy about the superiority of robot-assisted techniques over conventional freehand techniques remains.

Methods.

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for potentially eligible articles. The outcomes were evaluated in terms of risk ratio (RR) or standardized mean difference and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software and subgroup analyses were performed based on the robot type for the accuracy of pedicle screw placement.

Results.

Nine randomized controlled trials with 696 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that the robot-assisted technique was more accurate in pedicle screw placement than the freehand technique. Subgroup analyses showed that the TINAVI robot-assisted technique was more accurate in screw positions Grade A (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06–1.14), Grade B (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28–0.75), and Grades C + D + E (RR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.09–0.45) than the freehand technique, whereas the Renaissance robot-assisted technique showed the same accuracy as the freehand technique in screw positions Grade A, Grade B, and Grades C + D + E. Furthermore, the robot-assisted techniques showed equivalent postoperative stay, visual analogue scale scores, and Oswestry disability index scores to those of the freehand technique and shorter intraoperative radiation exposure time, fewer radiation dose and proximal facet violations but longer surgical time than the freehand technique.

Conclusion.

The robot-assisted technique is more accurate in pedicle screw placement than the freehand technique. And TINAVI robot-assisted pedicle screw placement is a more accurate alternative to conventional techniques and the Renaissance robot-assisted procedure.

Level of Evidence: 1
Neuroprotective Agents as an Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Joaquim Andrei F. , Daniel Jefferson W. , Schroeder Gregory D. , Vaccaro Alexander R.
Published: August 2019

Study Design:

This was a systematic literature review.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to evaluate randomized clinical trials that address potential neuroprotective agents used to improve neurological outcome in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Summary of Background Data:

Clinical treatment of acute SCI has evolved significantly, but neurological recovery of severely injured patients remains modest. Neuroprotective agents may act to limit secondary damage in the sequence of pathophysiologic insults that occur after primary SCI.

Methods:

We performed a systematic review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines of all clinical randomized trials that evaluated potential neuroprotective agents (drugs, stem cells, and any type of medicative interventions) in neurological outcome of acute SCI. All the studies were graded according to their level of evidence in accordance with the Oxford Level of Evidence-based Medicine.

Results:

A total of 16 randomized clinical trials were included and fully analyzed in our review. The following 12 substances/drugs were analyzed: methylprednisolone (MP), naloxone, tirilizad, nimodipine, Sygen, autologous incubated macrophages, autologous bone marrow cells, minocycline, erythropoietin, ganglioside, vitamin D, and progesterone. Modest benefits were attributed to minocycline and Sygen (without statistical significance), and some benefits were obtained with erythropoietin and progesterone plus vitamin D in neurological outcome. For MP, the benefits are also controversial and may be attributed to statistical artifacts and with a high risk of adverse effects. The other substances did not change the final outcome. All studies were considered as grade B of recommendation (100%) and levels of evidences as B2 (81.25%) and B3 (18.75%).

Conclusions:

Our review reported some potential substances that may improve neurological outcome in acute SCI: MP, vitamin D associated with progesterone, and erythropoietin. Their potential benefits were modest in the evaluated studies, requiring further randomized clinical trials with large samples of patients, without statistical artifacts, for routine clinical use. Furthermore, potential adverse effects must be considered with the use of neuroprotective agents in SCI. Until then, the use of these substances may be experimental or restricted to specific clinical situations.
Activating Communal Coping Related to Diabetes Risk in Mexican-Heritage Families
Authors: Lin Jielu , Myers Melanie F. , Wilkinson Anna V. , Koehly Laura M.
Published: August 2019

We investigate how interpersonal ties influence communication about type 2 diabetes risk and encouragement to maintain or adopt a healthy lifestyle between family members of Mexican heritage, after a family history-based risk assessment intervention. Results suggest that individuals are more likely to initiate risk communication with another family member if they are close to, already seek advice from, or discuss health with him or her. Risk communication precedes encouragement, which is initiated by the older generation of the family. Understanding the role of interpersonal relationships in Mexican-heritage families can help identify who best to target in future health behavior interventions.
Concordance and Discordance of the Knowledge, Understanding, and Description of Children's Experience of Food Insecurity Among Hispanic Adults and Children
Authors: Frongillo Edward A. , Fram Maryah S. , Escobar-Alegría Jessica L. , Pérez-Garay Melly , Macauda Mark M. , Billings Deborah L.
Published: August 2019

Food insecurity is highly detrimental for children, who experience food insecurity differently than do adults. We aimed to understand concordance and discordance of adults' and children's knowledge, understanding, and description of children's experience of food insecurity. In-depth interviews were conducted with the primary caregiver, another caregiver, and a child 9 to 16 years of age in 16 Hispanic families at risk of food insecurity in South Carolina. Adults often lacked knowledge of the food insecurity experiences of their children, which presents challenges for adults with roles as caregivers, educators, or policy makers to recognize and address these experiences.