bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation: A study in normal subjects
Authors: Balbi Pietro , Perretti Anna , Sannino Marilena , Marcantonio Lucia , Santoro Lucio
Published: August 2002

The size of the motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation increases soon after a nonexhaustive voluntary contraction of the target muscle (postexercise facilitation). Our aim was to determine whether the duration or intensity of voluntary muscle contraction influenced postexercise facilitation in normal subjects. We recorded the MEP from the thenar muscles following contractions of different durations (5, 15, and 30 s) and intensities (10%, 25%, and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction). We found that every combination of the tested intensities and durations of physical effort could induce postexercise MEP facilitation. Although the degree of postexercise MEP facilitation was comparable across the different durations and intensities, the maximal facilitation was observed with the shortest and strongest muscle contraction. Our study thus defines the optimal setting to study postexercise facilitation for clinical purposes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Parameters for monitoring treatment effects in CIDP with anti‐MAG/SGPG IgM antibody
Authors: Tagawa Yumi , Yuki Nobuhiro , Ohnishi Akio , Hirata Koichi , Hosokawa Shinichi
Published: August 2002

We used cycles of plasma exchange and intravenous cyclophosphamide to treat a patient who had chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with anti–myelin‐associated glycoprotein/sulfoglucuronylparagloboside IgM antibody. After treatment, serum anti‐sulfoglucuronylparagloboside IgM antibody titers were reduced significantly, and clear symptomatic improvement followed. The percentage of CD57‐positive lymphocytes and natural killer cell activity had also returned to normal. Our findings indicate that serial measurements of these parameters are useful for monitoring treatment effect in this disease. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 701–704, 2001
Maximal exercise and muscle energy metabolism after recovery from exercise hyperthermia syndrome
Authors: Vanuxem P. , Vanuxem D. , Raharison L. , Aubert M. , Pouliquen G. , Deslangles O.
Published: August 2002

Muscle energy metabolism was studied in 30 subjects after recovery from exercise hyperthermia syndrome (EHTS subjects) and 15 healthy men with identical physical activities. Blood lactate, free fatty acid (FFA), serum creatine kinase activity (CK), and glycerol and the temperature in the auditory duct (Tc) and on the thumb pad (Tsk) were measured at rest and during and after maximal exercise on a cycloergometer. The EHTS subjects had a limitation of physical performance, with lowered values for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, P < 0.0005), maximal workload (P < 0.05), and ventilatory threshold (Vt, P < 0.0005). The discrepancy between high plasma concentrations of FFA and the lack of decrease in respiratory ratio (RR) suggests that, in EHTS subjects, a very active release of FFA was not balanced by a proportional increase in catabolism. The increased skin temperature was smaller in EHTS subjects (P < 0.05 at 180 and 200 W). At the end of exercise, auditory duct temperature increase was higher in EHTS subjects than in control subjects (P < 0.05). This study thus showed an impairment of muscle metabolism and an abnormality of thermoregulatory mechanisms. These results may provide insight into the underlying physiopathological disturbance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1071–1077, 2001
Simulating the collapse of unsaturated soil by DEM
Authors: Liu S. H. , Sun D. A.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a numerical method to simulate the collapse behaviours of unsaturated soils by distinct element method (DEM). The influence of suction in unsaturated soil is reproduced in DEM simulation by introducing an interparticle adhesive force that acts perpendicular to the tangential plane at contact point. A biaxial compression test on an assembly of circular rigid particles is numerically simulated using DEM by incorporating interparticle adhesive forces. The collapse behaviours of unsaturated soils during isotropic compression and biaxial shear are simulated by means of releasing the interparticle adhesive forces from the initially incorporated values to zero at constant stress state. The numerically simulated results are then compared with the results of triaxial compression tests on unsaturated compacted clays and qualitative similarities are obtained. The influences of the mean stress, the stress ratio and the interparticle adhesive force on the collapse behaviours are numerically investigated. The fabric structure and the particle stability of the simulated specimen before and after collapse are also investigated and discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rendezvous of three agents on the line
Authors: Alpern Steve , Lim Wei Shi
Published: August 2002

This paper considers a three‐person rendezvous problem on the line which was introduced earlier by the authors. Three agents are placed at three consecutive integer value points on the real line, say 1, 2, and 3. Each agent is randomly faced towards the right or left. Agents are blind and have a maximum speed of 1. Their common aim is to gather at a common location as quickly as possible. The main result is the proof that a strategy given by V. Baston is the unique minimax strategy. Baston's strategy ensures a three way rendezvous in time at most 3.5 for any of the 3!23 = 48 possible initial configurations corresponding to positions and directions of each agent. A connection is established between the above rendezvous problem and a search problem of L. Thomas in which two parents search separately to find their lost child and then meet again. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 244–255, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10005
High‐resolution BOLD venographic imaging: a window into brain function
Authors: Reichenbach Jürgen R. , Haacke E. Mark
Published: August 2002

This paper reviews the recent development of a new high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging approach to visualizing small veins in the human brain with diameters in the sub‐millimeter range, which is smaller than a voxel. It briefly introduces the physical background of the underlying bulk magnetic susceptibility effects, on which this approach is based, and it demonstrates the successful application of the method for imaging different intracranial lesions, like venous anomalies, arteriovenous malformations and brain tumors. The susceptibility difference between venous blood and the surrounding tissue is used to generate contrast. Using this method it is possible to visualize draining veins in lesions better than conventional magnetic resonance imaging methods, which often require application of a contrast medium or even conventional catheter angiography. Limitations of the method are discussed. The ability to highlight deoxygenated blood with high spatial resolution yields important vascular parameters which may be helpful for improved modeling of MR signal changes during functional brain activation, it may lead to a better understanding of brain function in diseased states, or it may even offer the possibility of differentiating benign from malignant tumors non‐invasively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of BOLD activation in multi‐echo fMRI data using fuzzy cluster analysis and a comparison with quantitative modeling
Authors: Barth Markus , Windischberger Christian , Klarhöfer Markus , Moser Ewald
Published: August 2002

A combination of multiple gradient‐echo imaging and exploratory data analysis (EDA), i.e. fuzzy cluster analysis (FCA), is proposed for separation and characterization of BOLD activation in single‐shot spiral functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments at 3 T. Differentiation of functional activation using FCA is performed by clustering pixel signal changes (ΔS) as a function of echo time (TE). Further vascular classification is supported by the localization of activation and the comparison with a single‐exponential decay model. In some subjects, an additional indication for large vessels within a voxel was found as oscillation of the fMRI signal difference vs echo time (TE). Such large vessels may be separated from small vessel activation and, therefore, our proposed procedure might prove useful if a more specific functional localization is desired in fMRI. In addition to the signal change ΔS, ΔT2*/T2* is significantly different between activated regions. Averaged over all eight subjects ΔT2* is 1.7 ± 0.2 ms in ROIs with the highest signal change characterized as containing large vessels, whereas in ROIs corresponding to microvascular environment average ΔT2* values are 0.8 ± 0.1 ms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superconnected digraphs and graphs with small conditional diameters
Authors: Balbuena C. , Fàbrega J. , Marcote X. , Pelayo I.
Published: August 2002

The conditional diameter Dν of a digraph G measures how far apart a pair of vertex sets V1 and V2 can be in such a way that the minimum out‐degree and the minimum in‐degree of the subdigraphs induced by V1 and V2, respectively, are at least ν. Thus, D0 is the standard diameter and D0 ≥ D1 ≥ ··· ≥ Dδ, where δ is the minimum degree. We prove that if Dν ≤ 2l − 3, where l is a parameter related to the shortest paths, then G is maximally connected, is superconnected, or has a good superconnectivity, depending only on whether ν is equal to ⌈δ/2⌉, ⌈(δ − 1)/2⌉, or ⌈(δ − 1)/3⌉, respectively. In the edge case, it is enough that Dν ≤ 2l − 2. The results for graphs are obtained as a corollary of those for digraphs, because, in the undirected case, l = ⌊(g − 1)/2⌋, g being the girth. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A CUB‐serine protease in the olfactory organ of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus
Authors: Levine Min Z. , Harrison Paul J. H. , Walthall W. William , Tai Phang C. , Derby Charles D.
Published: August 2002

csp, a gene encoding a protein with high sequence identity to trypsinlike serine protease and CUB domains, was identified from a cDNA library from the olfactory organ (antennular lateral flagellum) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. The full‐length cDNA sequence of csp is 1801 bp, encoding a protein of 50.25 kD, with three domains: signal peptide, trypsinlike serine protease, and CUB (named for a class of compounds including Complement subcomponents Clr/Cls, Uegf, and Bone morphogenic protein‐1). RT‐PCR, Northern blots, and immunoblots showed that csp is predominantly expressed in the lateral flagellum and eyestalk. Immunocytochemistry showed that Csp is present in olfactory (aesthetasc) sensilla around auxiliary cells (glia that surround the inner dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons, ORNs) and ORN outer dendrites. We propose that Csp is expressed and secreted by auxiliary cells, associates with ORN cell membranes or extracellular matrix via the CUB domain, and has trypsinlike activity. In the eyestalk, Csp is associated with cells surrounding axons between neuropils of the eyestalk ganglia. Possible functions in the olfactory organ and eyestalk are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report from any olfactory system of a gene encoding a protein with serine protease and CUB domains. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 277–302, 2001
Changes in spatial memory mediated by experimental variation in food supply do not affect hippocampal anatomy in mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli)
Authors: Pravosudov V. V. , Lavenex P. , Clayton N. S.
Published: August 2002

Earlier reports suggested that seasonal variation in food‐caching behavior (caching intensity and cache retrieval accuracy) might correlate with morphological changes in the hippocampal formation, a brain structure thought to play a role in remembering cache locations. We demonstrated that changes in cache retrieval accuracy can also be triggered by experimental variation in food supply: captive mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) maintained on limited and unpredictable food supply were more accurate at recovering their caches and performed better on spatial memory tests than birds maintained on ad libitum food. In this study, we investigated whether these two treatment groups also differed in the volume and neuron number of the hippocampal formation. If variation in memory for food caches correlates with hippocampal size, then our birds with enhanced cache recovery and spatial memory performance should have larger hippocampal volumes and total neuron numbers. Contrary to this prediction we found no significant differences in volume or total neuron number of the hippocampal formation between the two treatment groups. Our results therefore indicate that changes in food‐caching behavior and spatial memory performance, as mediated by experimental variations in food supply, are not necessarily accompanied by morphological changes in volume or neuron number of the hippocampal formation in fully developed, experienced food‐caching birds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 142–148, 2002
Inactivation of olfactory sensilla of a single morphological type differentially affects the response of Drosophila to odors
Authors: Park S.‐K. , Shanbhag S.R. , Dubin A.E. , de Bruyne M. , Wang Q. , Yu P. , Shimoni N. , D'Mello S. , Carlson J.R. , Harris G.L. , Steinbrecht R.A. , Pikielny C.W.
Published: August 2002

The olfactory organs on the head of Drosophila, antennae and maxillary palps, contain several hundred olfactory hairs, each with one or more olfactory receptor neurons. Olfactory hairs belong to one of three main morphological types, trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla, and show characteristic spatial distribution patterns on the surface of the antenna and maxillary palps. Here we show that targeting expression of the cell‐death gene reaper to basiconic sensilla (BS) causes the specific inactivation of most olfactory sensilla of this type with no detectable effect on other types of olfactory sensilla or the structure of the antennal lobe. Our data suggest that BS are required for a normal sensitivity to many odorants with a variety of chemical structures, through a wide range of concentrations. Interestingly, however, in contrast to other odorants tested, the behavioral response of ablated flies to intermediate concentrations of propionic and butyric acids is normal, suggesting the involvement of sensilla unaffected by ectopic reaper expression, probably coeloconic sensilla that respond strongly to these two organic acids. As inactivation of BS causes an underestimation of the concentration of both acids detectable at both the highest and lowest odorants concentrations, our results suggest that concentration coding for these two odorants relies on the integration of signals from different subsets of sensilla, most likely of different morphological types.
Local preconditioners for two‐level non‐overlapping domain decomposition methods
Authors: Carvalho L. M. , Giraud L. , Meurant G.
Published: August 2002

We consider additive two‐level preconditioners, with a local and a global component, for the Schur complement system arising in non‐overlapping domain decomposition methods. We propose two new parallelizable local preconditioners. The first one is a computationally cheap but numerically relevant alternative to the classical block Jacobi preconditioner. The second one exploits all the information from the local Schur complement matrices and demonstrates an attractive numerical behaviour on heterogeneous and anisotropic problems. We also propose two implementations based on approximate Schur complement matrices that are cheaper alternatives to construct the given preconditioners but that preserve their good numerical behaviour. Through extensive computational experiments we study the numerical scalability and the robustness of the proposed preconditioners and compare their numerical performance with well‐known robust preconditioners such as BPS and the balancing Neumann–Neumann method. Finally, we describe a parallel implementation on distributed memory computers of some of the proposed techniques and report parallel performances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On convergence of SOR methods for nonsmooth equations
Authors: Chen Xiaojun
Published: August 2002

We study the choice of relaxation parameters ω for convergence of the SOR Newton method and the SOR method for the system of equations F(x)=0 in a unified framework, where F is strongly monotone, locally Lipschitz continuous but not necessarily differentiable. Applications to non‐smooth Dirichlet problems are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generalized differential quadrature rule for fourth‐order differential equations
Authors: Wu T. Y. , Liu G. R.
Published: August 2002

The generalized differential quadrature rule (GDQR) proposed here is aimed at solving high‐order differential equations. The improved approach is completely exempted from the use of the existing δ‐point technique by applying multiple conditions in a rigorous manner. The GDQR is used here to static and dynamic analyses of Bernoulli–Euler beams and classical rectangular plates. Numerical error analysis caused by the method itself is carried out in the beam analysis. Independent variables for the plate are first defined. The explicit weighting coefficients are derived for a fourth‐order differential equation with two conditions at two different points. It is quite evident that the GDQR expressions and weighting coefficients for two‐dimensional problems are not a direct application of those for one‐dimensional problems. The GDQR are implemented through a number of examples. Good results are obtained in this work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edge‐based finite element techniques for non‐linear solid mechanics problems
Authors: Coutinho Alvaro L. G. A. , Martins Marcos A. D. , Alves José L. D. , Landau Luiz , Moraes Anderson
Published: August 2002

Edge‐based data structures are used to improve computational efficiency of inexact Newton methods for solving finite element non‐linear solid mechanics problems on unstructured meshes. Edge‐based data structures are employed to store the stiffness matrix coefficients and to compute sparse matrix–vector products needed in the inner iterative driver of the inexact Newton method. Numerical experiments on three‐dimensional plasticity problems have shown that memory and computer time are reduced, respectively, by factors of 4 and 6, compared with solutions using element‐by‐element storage and matrix–vector products. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lumped mass numerical model for cellular materials deformed by impact
Authors: Tu Z. H. , Lim C. T. , Shim V. P. W.
Published: August 2002

When impacted by a relatively rigid body, cellular materials undergo severe deformation and extensive material failure. However, such behaviour may not be well described using traditional numerical approaches such as the finite element method. This paper presents a lumped mass numerical model which can accommodate high degrees of deformation and material failure. The essence of this model is to discretize a block of material into contiguous element volumes, each represented by a mass point. Interactions between a node and its neighbours are accounted for by defining ‘connections’ that represent their interfaces which transmit stresses. Strains at a node are calculated from the co‐ordinates of the surrounding nodes; these also determine the stresses on the interfaces. The governing equations for the entire solution domain are then converted into a system of equations of motion with nodal positions as unknowns. Failure criteria and possible combinations of ‘connection’ breakage are incorporated to model the occurrence of damage. A practical contact algorithm is also developed to describe the contact interactions between cellular materials and rigid bodies. Simulations for normal and oblique impacts of rigid rectangular, cylindrical and wedge‐tipped impactors on crushable foam blocks are presented to substantiate the validity of the model. The generally good correlation between the numerical and experimental results demonstrates that the proposed numerical approach is able to model the impact response of the crushable foam. However, some limitations in modelling crack propagation in oblique impacts by a rigid impactor on foam blocks are observed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency‐domain analysis of time‐integration methods for semidiscrete finite element equations—part I: Parabolic problems
Authors: Muǧan Ata , Hulbert Gregory M.
Published: August 2002

Time‐integration methods for semidiscrete equations emanating from parabolic differential equations are analysed in the frequency domain. The discrete‐time transfer functions of three popular methods are derived, and subsequently the forced response characteristics of single modes are studied in the frequency domain. To enable consistent comparison of the frequency responses of different algorithms, three characteristic numbers are identified. Frequency responses and L2‐norms of the phase and magnitude errors are compared for the three time‐integration algorithms. The examples demonstrate that frequency‐domain analysis provides substantial insight into the time‐domain properties of time‐integration algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fixed‐mesh finite element thermally coupled flow formulation for the numerical analysis of melting processes
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela A. , Celentano Diego J.
Published: August 2002

In the framework of the finite element method, a temperature‐based thermally coupled flow formulation including phase‐change effects is proposed to study melting processes. The governing equations of the problem, written in terms of its primitive variables, are solved using a generalized streamline operator technique that enables the use of equal interpolation functions for the unknowns: velocity, pressure and temperature. Moreover, a unique fixed finite element mesh is used to avoid the difficulties related to moving meshes. This methodology is applied and assessed in the numerical analysis of a benchmark problem known as the melting process of gallium in a differentially heated recipient using distinct geometric aspect ratios. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of spheroidal infinite elements
Authors: Astley R. J. , Coyette J.‐P.
Published: August 2002

A number of spheroidal and ellipsoidal infinite elements have been proposed for the solution of unbounded wave problems in the frequency domain, i.e solutions of the Helmholtz equation. These elements are widely believed to be more effective than conventional spherical infinite elements in cases where the radiating or scattering object is slender or flat and can therefore be closely enclosed by a spheroidal or an ellipsoidal surface. The validity of this statement is investigated in the current article. The radial order which is required for an accurate solution is shown to depend strongly not only upon the type of element that is used, but also on the aspect ratio of the bounding spheroid and the non‐dimensional wave number. The nature of this dependence can partially be explained by comparing the non‐oscillatory component of simple source solutions to the terms available in the trial solution of spheroidal elements. Numerical studies are also presented to demonstrate the rates at which convergence can be achieved, in practice, by unconjugated‐(‘Burnett’) and conjugated (‘Astley‐Leis’)‐type elements. It will be shown that neither formulation is entirely satisfactory at high frequencies and high aspect ratios. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and momentum conserving elastodynamics of a non‐linear brick‐type mixed finite shell element
Authors: Miehe Christian , Schröder Jörg
Published: August 2002

The paper presents aspects of the finite element formulation of momentum and energy conserving algorithms for the non‐linear dynamic analysis of shell‐like structures. The key contribution is a detailed analysis of the implementation of a Simó–Tarnow‐type conservation scheme in a recently developed new mixed finite shell element. This continuum‐based shell element provides a well‐defined interface to strain‐driven constitutive stress updates algorithms. It is based on the classic brick‐type trilinear displacement element and is equipped with specific gradient‐type enhanced strain modes and shell‐typical assumed strain modifications. The excellent performance of the proposed dynamic shell formulation with respect to conservation properties and numerical stability behaviour is demonstrated by means of three representative numerical examples of elastodynamics which exhibit complex free motions of flexible structures undergoing large strains and large rigid‐body motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New ways to bind a fragmented workforce into a cultural community
Authors: Cairncross Frances
Published: August 2002

A strong culture benefits a company in many ways, but today's instability and speed of business, along with
geographical dispersion of staff, make it difficult to instill and maintain the company's basic mission.

Most companies spend much more time and money on talking to their customers than to their staff. Yet, if a
company cannot communicate its values to its employees, how can it expect to sell them to its customers?

One answer is to create a corporate culture, not from the top, but among overlapping, small units to which
people can feel they belong. With the proper links among such communities—and appropriately using technology
to maintain them—a corporate culture can become a real competitive advantage. © 2002 Harvard
Business School Publishing Corporation.
How companies are responding to post‐9/11 workplace values
Authors: Williams Sandra L.
Published: August 2002

Last September, the world watched in horror as tragedy struck innocent individuals who were simply going to
work. When planes piloted by terrorists crashed into American symbols of commerce and national defense in New
York and Washington, D.C., the American worker was shocked out of complacency about the sense of stability,
security, and community that had traditionally been found in the workplace. Issues of physical safety and
security came to the forefront of workplace concerns, and individuals began coping with new business
conditions, such as longer travel times.

No one knows what the full impact of the tragedies of September 11 will be on the psyche of the American
worker or the productivity of the workplace. But as the impact of terrorism is absorbed, it is obvious that
interpersonal relations in workplaces around the country are undergoing substantial long‐term changes.
Many individuals are rethinking the meaning and purpose of their work, as well as the support they derive from
their fellow co‐workers. And evidence shows that the terrorist attacks were a shock that accelerated a
change in workplace perspective that was already underway. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Quantal analysis of the late phase of long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the guinea pig hippocampal slices: Sharp microelectrode recordings
Authors: Kleschevnikov Alexander M. , Kuhnt Ulrich , Voronin Leon L.
Published: August 2002

Previously a predominant increase in the quantal content (m) with a smaller increase in quantal amplitude (v) has been revealed during the early (<1 h) phase of LTP (LTP1) in CA1 hippocampus. Our aim was to perform quantal analysis of the late (>2 h) phase of LTP (LTP2) with use of sharp microelectrode recordings. Only the cases with a high level of LTP (189–465%) were taken for the analysis (5 out of 91 inputs). The coefficient of variation of the response amplitude and the number of failures decreased, whereas m and to a lesser extend v increased after the tetanus. All changes were similar for LTP1 and LTP2, but the LTP magnitudes correlated differently with the initial m and the post‐tetanic changes of paired‐pulse facilitation. The results are compatible with the view of predominantly presynaptic LTP expression during both phases, but suggest mechanistic differences between the LTP1 and LTP2 expression mechanisms. The major suggested LTP1 mechanism is an increased probability of neurotransmitter release (Pr). LTP2 mechanisms could be related to mixed pre‐ and postsynaptic rearrangements, including: (i) increase of Pr; (ii) addition of new transmission zones; (iii) stronger synchronization of the neurotransmitter release; (iv) growth of new synapses. Independent of the underlying mechanisms, our data suggest only a small (if any) increase in the number of postsynaptic receptors per one transmission site.
Nitric oxide and cortico‐striato‐pallidal motor circuitry: Quantitative EEG analysis of surface and depth recordings
Authors: Ferraro Giuseppe , Sardo Pierangelo , Di Giovanni Giuseppe , Galati Salvatore , La Grutta Vittorio
Published: August 2002

Rats treated with i.p. 7‐NI showed a significant increase in cortical higher frequency EEG bands, associated with a corresponding and significant decrease in delta band activity. In the striatum, reduced levels of NO induced an increase in the low frequency band, and a decrease at higher frequencies. Pallidal depth recordings showed modifications to several frequency bands, similar to those found in the cortex. Although 7‐NI was administered at increasing doses (from 40 to 70 mg kg–1), it was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between modified band activities and the dose of 7‐NI. As suggested indirectly by the quantitative EEG data reported in this study, NO plays a fundamental role in the modulation of several neurotransmitters that are functionally involved in the cortico‐striato‐pallidal interactions. In fact, striatal NO seems to integrate cortical‐glutamatergic and nigral‐dopaminergic inputs and to modulate the efferent pathway toward the globus pallidus.
The Poisson equation with local nonregular similarities
Authors: Yakhot Alexander , Yosibash Zohar
Published: August 2002

Moffatt and Duffy [1] have shown that the solution to the Poisson equation, defined on rectangular domains, includes a local similarity term of the form: r2log(r)cos(2θ). The latter means that the second (and higher) derivative of the solution with respect to r is singular at r = 0. Standard high‐order numerical schemes require the existence of high‐order derivatives of the solution. Thus, for the case considered by Moffatt and Duffy, the high‐order finite‐difference schemes loose their high‐order convergence due to the nonregularity at r = 0. In this article, a simple method is outlined to regain the high‐order accuracy of these schemes, without the need of any modification in the scheme's algorithm. This is a significant consideration when one wants to use a given finite‐difference computer code for problems with local nonregular similarity solutions. Numerical examples using the modified scheme in conjunction with a sixth‐order finite difference approximation are provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:336–346, 2001
High‐resolution monotone schemes based on quasi‐characteristics technique
Authors: Kwak Do Young , Levin Mikhail P.
Published: August 2002

In this article, we consider a new technique that allows us to overcome the well‐known restriction of Godunov's theorem. According to Godunov's theorem, a second‐order explicit monotone scheme does not exist. The techniques in the construction of high‐resolution schemes with monotone properties near the discontinuities of the solution lie in choosing of one of two high‐resolution numerical solutions computed on different stencils. The criterion for choosing the final solution is proposed. Results of numerical tests that compare with the exact solution and with the numerical solution obtained by the first‐order monotone scheme are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 262–276, 2001
Thematic analysis of the experience of making a decision to place a family member with Alzheimer's disease in a special care unit¶
Authors: Butcher Howard Karl , Holkup Patricia A. , Park Myonghwa , Maas Meridean
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide an in‐depth description of the experience of making the decision to place a family member in a special care unit among a diverse sample of family caregivers. To achieve purposive maximum variation of the sample, the sample of 30 family caregivers was chosen from an original study of 256 family caregivers. The sample was randomly stratified according to ethnicity, gender, and relationship to the care receiver. Three independent researchers used Luborsky's method of thematic analysis to analyze the interviews. After mutual consensus, 1565 themes (descriptive statements) were identified and synthesized into 21 topics. The topics were then synthesized into four patterns describing the decision‐making experience: moving toward the unavoidable decision, struggling with the decision, seeking reassurance, and remaining connected. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:470–480, 2001
Using measures of agreement to develop a taxonomy of passivity in dementia
Authors: Antonakos Cathy L. , Colling Kathleen B.
Published: August 2002

A comprehensive taxonomy categorizing passive behaviors in people with dementia was developed and revised through the use of expert raters. The taxonomy was first derived from the synthesis of 15 empirical studies that addressed this phenomenon, then was rated by an expert panel of six nurse‐scientists with expertise in dementia and neuroscience research. This article describes the application of two measures of agreement, multiple rater kappa and proportion of agreement for multiple raters, calculated using Stata and SPSS, to evaluate and revise the taxonomy. The method proved useful for estimating the content validity of the taxonomy and provided evidence of stronger agreement among raters for the revised and final forms of the taxonomy. Nurse researchers will find this methodology to be an efficient, practical approach to applying measures of agreement for a variety of purposes, including taxonomy development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:336–343, 2001
Designing effective nursing interventions
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Rantz Marilyn J. , Wipke‐Tevis Deidre D. , Maas Meridean L.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this article is to present issues scientists must consider to design effective experimental interventions. The efforts of nurse‐researchers to test diverse interventions are consistent with the central role of interventions for the nursing discipline. Despite the importance of interventions, limited literature has addressed the actual design of these interventions. Many experimental interventions lack content validity, and others are inadequate to affect outcomes. Eight issues to consider in the development of interventions are discussed, including the conceptual basis of the intervention, descriptive research linking key concepts to the proposed outcome, previous intervention literature testing similar or related interventions, the intervention target, intervention specificity/generality, single or bundled interventions, intervention delivery, and intervention dose. Strategies are recommended for designing effective experimental interventions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:433–442, 2001
Estimating age and season of death of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana Ord) by means of tooth eruption and wear
Authors: Lubinski Patrick M.
Published: August 2002

Age and season of death information for prey animals at archaeological sites can address issues such as season of site occupation and prey hunting or harvesting strategies. Unfortunately, adequate reference information for estimating age and season is lacking for many wild species, including pronghorn antelope. To address this problem, new methods of scoring tooth eruption and wear have been developed and have been applied to a sample of over 500 pronghorn mandibles to obtain improved eruption and wear schedules. One implication of this study is that ‘age class discreteness’ is an unreliable method for demonstrating mass mortality of prey. This study provides a much larger comparative sample than previously available, although larger known‐age mandible samples are still needed for pronghorn and many other wild species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quit blubbering: an examination of Nuu'chah'nulth (Nootkan) whale butchery
Authors: Monks Gregory G.
Published: August 2002

Archaeological research on North America's northwest coast has produced evidence of aboriginal whale use spanning the past 4000 years. The Toquaht Archaeological Project, on the west coast of Canada's Vancouver Island, recovered numerous whale skeletal elements, many of which show butchering marks. This paper examines these elements from the points of view of element frequency, and of type and location of butchering marks. The examination of these marks reveals the portions into which the whales were cut, the sequence of butchering events, the kinds of tools used, and the frequency with which these elements were transported onto the site. These observations are compared with other archaeological data, especially from the Ozette site in neighbouring Washington state, and with ethnographic records. The importance of a variety of whale products, not just blubber and the oil rendered from it, is emphasized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two ‘Medical’ Cases from Medieval Oslo
Authors: Holck Per
Published: August 2002

An Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15(2) 2005, 153–154.

More than one century of archaeological excavations in Oslo has brought several thousand medieval skeletons to light. Many of these are silent witnesses of the health conditions in the Norwegian capital during the 12th–16th centuries. This paper presents a description of two cases of special interest. One is a tibia that shows traces of cut marks due to a severe osteomyelitis; the other one has a depression in the bregma area which has perforated the skull roof and led to an inflammation of the bone surface. Both cases are probably proofs of deliberate medical care and skill of a high professional standard at that time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized sampled‐data hold functions for robust multivariable tracking and disturbance rejection
Authors: Werner Herbert
Published: August 2002

A new design procedure for a multivariable sampled‐data output feedback controller with generalized hold function is proposed. The controller can be designed for different operating points simultaneously. The design of the hold function is carried out in two steps: first the closed‐loop discrete‐time behaviour is determined by choosing a suitable output injection gain; integral action is incorporated to guarantee zero steady‐state error. In a second step this discrete‐time behaviour is approximately realized by output feedback with generalized hold. Minimization of a quadratic performance index simultaneously for all operating points yields hold functions with good intersample behaviour. A practical design example and experimental results illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The decentralization of primary health care delivery in Chile
Authors: Gideon Jasmine
Published: August 2002

The article argues that during the 1980s the process of decentralization in Chile under the military government of General Pinochet shifted the delivery of primary health care to the municipal level. Despite the return to more democratic forms of government in 1990 the overall structure of local‐level service delivery has remained largely unchanged. The municipalities have retained responsibility for service delivery but resources remain centrally determined. In an attempt to enhance accessibility, choice and the responsiveness of the system to individual and local need, reform has been made to the financial transfer mechanisms and a new model of primary health care delivery has recently been introduced. However, problems of resourcing and implementation limit the effectiveness of some of the changes that have accompanied decentralization. Problems have resulted in primary health care delivery because administrative decentralization has not been accompanied by fiscal decentralization, nor effective political decentralization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiber‐forming blend polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Marcinčin Anton , Jurčišinová Zuzana , Borsig Eberhard , Krištofič Michal , Marcinčinová Tatiana
Published: August 2002

The preparation of a fiber‐forming blend consisting of polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol mixed with glycerol and with polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride were studied. The physical and mechanical properties of blend fibers were also studied. The rheological measurements for semiquantitative evaluation of technological compatibility of the components and for processing the polymeric material in extruding and spinning process were carried out. The experimental results revealed the technological compatibility of the polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol blend in the presence of glycerol and polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride. The colloidal structure of interface layer is assumed to be in a three‐ or four‐component system. The mixture of polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol allows for the preparation of well spun fiber‐forming polypropylene blends. Polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol blend fibers consisting of up to 20% polyvinyl alcohol with sufficient mechanical properties, higher porosity and significantly higher sorption of water than polypropylene fibers alone were prepared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiconducting polymers from triphenylamine derivatives‐benzaldehyde polymers by oxidization with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)
Authors: Wangwijit Tidarat , Sato Hisaya , Tantayanon Supawan
Published: August 2002

4‐Tolyldiphenylamine (TDPA) and N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(4‐methylphenyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine (TPD), were reacted with benzaldehyde (BA) using p‐toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst to yield linear polymers. The polymers were reacted with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature.
1H‐NMR showed that all the methine protons in the residue of BA were completely removed at the mole ratio of repeating unit : DDQ, 2 : 1. The resulting polymers showed good solubility in chloroform or THF. The reacted TDPA‐BA and TPD‐BA polymers gave new UV absorption peaks at 697.0 and 722.5 nm and showed reversible redox potentials about 0.994 and 1.021 V, respectively. Direct current (d.c.) conductivity of the reacted polymers was in the range of 10−11 S/cm, which is more than two orders higher than the unreacted polymers. The polymer showed pentad split electron spin resonance (ESR) signal, whose concentration was one in 670 or 230 repeating unit for TDPA‐BA and TPD‐BA polymers, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amphiphilic copolymers with pendant ­carbazolylalkyl groups. ­Effect of polymer structure on ­retardation of self‐quenching
Authors: Itoh Yoshihiro , Shirai Hirofusa
Published: August 2002

A series of amphiphilic polyanions containing (9‐carbazolyl)alkyl methacrylamide or acrylamide were prepared and their fluorescence properties were compared in organic and aqueous solution. In organic solution, all copolymers exhibited a monomer emission which decayed exponentially, indicating no self‐quenching. Decreasing the length of the methylene spacer in the side chain induced the spectral broadening and sharpening, depending on the carbazolyl content in the copolymer. This may be related to the interchromophore interactions and the mobility of chromophores. In H
2O, by contrast, quenched fluorescence was observed for the copolymers. It should be however noted that acrylamide‐type of amphiphilic copolymers, poly(9‐carbazolylmethyl‐acrylamide‐co‐sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate), are the least quenched polymers among those reported so far. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anionic and ionic coordinative polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone
Authors: Stere Cristina , Iovu Mihaela‐Corina , Iovu Horia , Boborodea Adrian , Vasilescu Dan Sorin , Read Simon James
Published: August 2002

The polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone initiated by two catalyst systems was studied: (1) carbazole‐potassium in the presence of 18‐crown‐6 ether and (2) NdCl3/TBP/TIBA (neodymiumtrichloride/tri‐n‐butyl‐phosphate/triisobutylaluminium) at the molar ratio 1/3/1. For both initiator systems conversion/time plots were determined and the polymers were characterized by IR, GPC and by 1H‐ and 13C−NMR spectroscopy. Polyesters with the highest molecular weight (M
n≅44 000 g/mol) were obtained for the polymerizations initiated by the carbazole‐potassium/18‐crown‐6 ether system. The features of the polymerization initiated by the carbazole‐potassium/18‐crown‐6 ether system are discussed on the basis of a simple scheme. The nature of this polymerization is non‐living. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetry C18 column: a better choice for the analysis of indole alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus†
Authors: Uniyal G. C. , Bala Shashi , Mathur A. K. , Kulkarni R. N.
Published: August 2002

By virtue of the different elution patterns of vindoline, catharanthine, vincristine and vinblastine present in the leaves of Catharanthus roseus plants, a Symmetry® C18 column provided a better resolution for all of these compounds as compared with other C18 columns. The binary gradient system with a linear gradient profile, employed in a method developed using a Symmetry C18 column, gave excellent peak symmetry, resolution and reproducibility. Detection was performed at 220 nm which presented better absorptivity for these indole alkaloids giving a minimum detection limit of 0.5 µg. Photodiode array detection was used to determine the homogeneity and purity of each compound. The described analysis is rapid and economical to perform as small amounts of solvent are consumed per analysis, and the method will find application where a large number of samples are to be analysed as, for example, in crop improvement studies where plants need to be selected regularly on the basis of alkaloid production. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trisomy 10: ultrasound features and natural history after first trimester diagnosis
Authors: Brizot M. L. , Schultz R. , Patroni L. T. , Lopes L. M. , Armbruster‐Moraes E. , Zugaib M.
Published: August 2002

We report on the ultrasound features and natural history of trisomy 10. At 12 weeks' gestation in a routine scan examination, the fetus presented with increased nuchal translucency thickness, mild skin oedema, bilateral pleural effusion, marked micrognathia, cardiomegaly, unilateral talipes and reversed A‐wave in the ductus venosus blood flow. Karyotyping on chorionic villus sampling (CVS) led to the diagnosis of trisomy 10, which was confirmed by fetal blood sampling at 22 weeks' gestation. As the parents opted to continue with the pregnancy, the natural history and following ultrasound features are described. This is the third case of trisomy 10 in the literature reporting on the physical features. The most frequent ultrasound findings presented in trisomy 10 are increased nuchal translucency, micrognathia, renal agenesis, facial cleft, limbabnormalities, cardiac defects and early severe growth retardation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.