bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productivity and profitability of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)-cumin (Cuminum cyminum) cropping system as influenced by nutrient management under arid condition of Rajasthan
Authors: RAJ SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200809 to 201011 at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan to study the effect of nutrient-management practices on the productivity and profitability of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]-cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) cropping system. Application of 50% N by farmyard manure (FYM) + 50% N by urea recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes and seed yield of clusterbean, and the seed yield was 13.9, 12.2 and 34.7% higher over the application of 100% N by FYM, 100% N by urea and control respectively. Maximum growth, yield attributes and seed yield of succeeding cumin (0.49 t/ha) were recorded owing to residual effect of 100% N applied through FYM to clusterbean. Increase in the seed yield of cumin owing to residual effect of 100% N through FYM to clusterbean was 11.2 and 15.3% higher over 100% N by urea and control respectively. Among the direct nutrient-management treatments in cumin, appli- cation of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (40 kg N + 13 kg P) being at par with 75% RDF recorded significantly higher seed yield than 50% RDF and the control. Significantly highest system productivity (1.02 t/ha) of clusterbean-cumin cropping system in terms of cumin seed-equivalent yield (CSEY), net returns ( 60.23 103/ ha), benefit: cost ratio (1.43), crop profitability ( 286.81/ha/day), crop productivity (4.88 kg/ha/day) and nutrient uptake (43.3 kg N, 11.6 kg P and 41.4 kg K/ha) of the cropping system were registered with the combination of 50% N through FYM + 50% N through urea applied to clusterbean. As regards to nutrient management in cumin, an application of 100% RDF also resulted in the highest system productivity (1.03 t/ha), net returns ( 42.48 103/ ha), benefit: cost ratio (1.43), crop profitability ( 289.39/ha/day) and crop productivity (4.92 kg/ha/day) followed by 75% RDF. Interaction effect of nutrient management in clusterbean and in cumin on total system productivity was found significant. However, application of 50% N by FYM + 50% N by urea to clusterbean along with the applica- tion of 100% RDF to cumin was found most effective in obtaining the highest cumin seed-equivalent yield (1.11 t/ ha) and net returns ( 69.01 103/ha) by clusterbean-cumin cropping systems under arid condition of Rajasthan.
Performance of maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping systems and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) + lentil (Lens culinaris) intercropping system under organic conditions
Authors: SHILPA KAUSHAL  , RAMESHWAR  , J.P. SAINI  , PUNAM  , N.K. SANKHYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on a silty clay loam soil of Palampur during 201112 and 201213, to study performance of maize (Zea mays L.)-based intercropping systems and their residual effect on wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] + lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) intercropping under organic conditions. Growth, yield attributes, grain and stover yields of maize were more in sole stand. Intercropping systems resulted in significantly higher grain-maize-equivalent yield than sole stand. Maize + soybean (Glycine max) in both addi- tive and paired series resulted in higher maize-equivalent yield than the other intercrops and resulted in better yield of both maize and soybean crops and proved to be the best intercropping system with a net returns of 68,807 and 65,078 and net returns/rupee invested of 1.13 and 1.08 respectively. However, wheat and lentil on residual basis showed more yield on intercropping treatment than sole maize. Wheat recorded the highest yield when sown under soybean and ricebean treatment both in additive and paired series, whereas lentil recorded the highest grain yield when sown under asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis) additive series and was statistically at par with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in paired series. The highest available nitrogen was recorded in maize + soybean in paired and additive series, whereas the lowest available nitrogen in sole maize. Among the intercrops, soybean fixed more N followed by ricebean (Vigna umbellata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis). Higher values of available Phosphorus (10.5 kg/ha) and Potassium (228.1 kg/ha) was recorded in sole maize.
Response of basmati rice (Oryza sativa) varieties to zinc fertilization
Authors: PRAKASH CHAND GHASAL  , YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY  , VIJAY POONIYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (JulyNovember) seasons of 2013 and 2014 at New Delhi to evaluate the effects of varieties and zinc (Zn) fertilization on yield attributes, yields and economics of basmati/aro- matic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Among the varieties, Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 had the highest yield attributes, viz. dry- matter accumulation (DMA), panicle length and their weight, and grain weight (g)/panicle leading to the highest grain yield (5.67 t/ha), benefit: cost ratio (2.04). Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 led to a significant increase in grain yield which was 17.1, 21.2, 30.0, 39.3 and 88.4% higher than those of Pusa Sugandh 5, Pusa Basmati 1509, Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati 1401 and Pusa Basmati 1460, respectively. Pusa Basmati 1509 rice showed the highest fertility percentage (87.6), 1,000-grain weight (27.7 g) and the lowest chaffy grains/panicle, followed by Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Sugandh 5. Among the Zn fertilization practices, 1.25 kg Zn (Zn-EDTA) + 0.5% fo- liar spray (FS) at maximum tillering (MT) and panicle initiation (PI) stages was found to be best for most of the yield attributes, grain (4.65 t/ha) and straw (7.87 t/ha) yields and gross returns (147.3 103 /ha). A strong posi- tive correlation (r2=0.910.97) was also observed between yield attributes (effective tillers/hill, fertility percentage and grains/panicle) and yield of rice. From net returns and benefit: cost ratio viewpoint, application of 2.5 kg Zn/ha (ZnSO .7H O) + 0.5% FS at MT and PI proved better and gave the highest net returns. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 or 4 2 Pusa Sugandh 5 and Pusa Basmati 1509 in conjunction with 1.25 kg Zn/ha (Zn-EDTA) + 0.5% FS at MT and PI significantly improved yield attributes, leading to enhanced productivity of basmati/aromatic rice.
Influence of weed control methods on weeds, yield, energetics and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa) under sub-mountaineous conditions of Punjab
Authors: MANDEEP KAUR SAINI  , SUMESH CHOPRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 201112 and 201213 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gurdaspur to assess the effect of various weed control methods on grain yield, weed control efficiency, energy and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design having 3 replications and comprised of nine treatments, viz. butachlor 50 EC @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha, pretilachlor 50 EC 0.75 kg a.i./ha, pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 WP @ 15 g a.i./ha, oxadiargyl 80 WP @ 90 g a.i./ha, bispyribac 10 SC @ 25 g a.i./ha, fenoxaprop 6.7 EC @ 67 g a.i./ha, 3 mechanical-weedings with conoweeder (15, 30 and 45 DAT), 2 hand-weedings (15 and 30 DAT) and a weedy check. Mechanical-weeding thrice with conoweeder was signifi- cantly superior over all weed control methods for reducing the density and dry-matter accumulation of weeds, in- creasing the grain yield (3.89 t/ha) and weed control efficiency followed by hand weeding twice. Higher energy productivity (0.44 Kg/MJ) and benefit: cost ratio (1.80) were observed in mechanical weeding thrice with conoweeder. Hand-weeding twice in basmati rice was found to be more energy consuming (9.96 103 MJ/ha) over other treatments.
Effect of fertilizer level and seaweed sap on productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: S.K. SINGH  , R. THAKUR  , M.K. SINGH  , C.S. SINGH  , S.K. PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 and 2013 at Birsa Agricultural Uni- versity, Ranchi, Jharkhand, to study the effect of fertilizer level, seaweed sap and its concentration on the produc- tivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Treatments consisted of 2-fertilizer levels, viz. 100 and 50% recom- mended fertilizer in main plot, 2 sap source, viz. Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria edulis in subplot and 6 sap concentration spray, viz. 0 (water), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 15% in sub-subplot, laid out in a split-split-plot design and replicated thrice. Rice fertilized with 100% recommended fertilizer (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 33.2 kg K/ha) pro-
Productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under potassium and zinc nutrition
Authors: VINAY SINGH  , JAVED ALI  , SEEMA  , ANIL KUMAR  , T.M. CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201011 and 201112 at Bichpuri, Agra , Uttar Pradesh on sandy-loam soil, to assess the effect of potassium and zinc nutrition on wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol]. Treatments comprising 4 levels each of K (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg K O/ha) and Zn (0, 3, 6 2 and 9 kg/ha) were evaluated in randomized complete-block design with 3 replications. Growth and yield param- eters of wheat increased significantly with the increasing levels of K up to 60 kg K O/ha which were statistically at 2 par with 90 kg K O/ha. The mean grain (5.31 t/ha) and straw yields (9.80 t/ha) with 60 kg K O/ha were 15.4 and 2 2 13.7% higher than the control, respectively. Application of 60 kg K O/ha resulted in significantly highest net returns 2 ( 48.1 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.90). Increasing zinc levels up to 6 kg Zn/ha showed significant improve- ment in plant height, effective tillers, grains/spike and 1,000-grain weight over the control. Similarly, application of 6 kg Zn /ha resulted in 8.8% higher grain yield (5.22 t/ha) than the yield obtained in the control (4.80 t/ha). Signifi- cantly highest net returns ( 47.8 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratios (1.95) were recorded at 6 kg Zn/ha. Uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn in wheat crop increased significantly with increasing levels of potassium. Protein content and yield in wheat grain increased significantly with the addition of K O up to 90 kg/ha and Zn up to 9 kg/ha. The nutri- 2 ent uptake (N, K and Zn) in wheat, except those of P and S, increased significantly up to 6 kg Zn/ha. The effi- ciency indices decreased at higher doses of K and Zn and the maximum values were recorded at 60 kg K O/ha 2 and 6 kg Zn/ha.
Integrated nutrient management for enhancing productivity and profitability of long-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under rainfed condition
Authors: I.B. PANDEY  , R.K. PANDEY  , RAKESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during rainy (kharif) season for 4 consecutive years 2008 to 2012 at Dholi, Bihar to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity and profitability of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under rainfed condition. Plant height, yield indices, viz. branches/plant, pods/plant, 100-seed weight, leaf area index, fruiting efficiency (15.6%), grain (2.01 tonnes/ha.) and stalk yields, harvest in- dex, protein content, water-use-efficiency (2.9 kg grain/ha/mm), production efficiency (8.3 kg/ha/day), NPK uptake, net returns (67.55 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.9) were significantly higher at recommended dose of fertil- izer (RDF) than 50% RDF. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) 5.0 tonnes/ha besides increasing these indices significantly also enhanced nodules number and dry-weight/plant, Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) count, phosphorus-solubilizing efficiency and acetylene reduction activity than no FYM. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB and Rhizobium + PSB + plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were found equally effective and significantly enhanced branches/plant and pods/plant, fruiting efficiency, grain and stalk yields, har- vest index, production efficiency, NPK uptake, number and dry- weight of nodules/plant, Rhizobium and PSB count, phosphorus-solublizing and acetylene reduction activity, net return and benefit: cost ratio than uninoculated condition. Application of FYM 5.0 tonnes/ha together with 50% RDF resulted in significantly higher grain yield of pigeonpea (2.08 tonnes/ha) than RDF alone (1.90 tonnes/ha). Likewise, seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB (1.95 tonnes/ha) and Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR (2.02 tonnes/ha) fertilized with 50% RDF recorded similar grain yield to that of RDF alone (2.01 tonnes/ha). Application of RDF, FYM 5.0 tonnes/ha and seed inoculation with biofertilizers, increased organic carbon, available N, P and K contents and reduced the bulk density of the soil over compared with initial soil value.
Effect of bio-compost and zinc application on sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrid complex) productivity, quality and soil health
Authors: C.K. JHA  , S.K. SINHA  , M. ALAM  , S.S. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200912 at Pusa, Bihar to study the effect of bio-compost and zinc (Zn) levels on productivity, quality and soil health of BO 137 spring sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrid com- plex) grown in Calciorthent, rich in free calcium carbonate. Application of recommended dose fertilizer (RDF) along with bio-compost and graded levels of Zn (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kg/ha) significantly increased cane length, single cane weight, number of tillers and millable canes over the control. Combination of 100% NPK along with bio-compost @ 20 t/ha and 10 kg Zn/ha resulted in the highest cane yield (83.73 t/ha) and sugar yield (10.13 t/ha), being at par with treatment receiving RDF along with bio-compost either 5.0 or 7.5 kg Zn /ha but significantly supe- rior to plots treated with organic/inorganic only. Application of 100% NPK + bio-compost @ 20 t/ha + 7.5 Zn kg/ha was found optimum for getting higher cane/sugar yield and substituting 25% Zn sulphate in sugarcane production system. Brix and sucrose per cent of juice increased significantly with the bio-compost either alone or in combina- tion with inorganic fertilizer. The uptake of nutrients followed the similar trend as cane yield. The addition of or- ganic manure was found beneficial on Zn uptake in particular, Fe, Mn and Cu in general. Application of bio-com- post alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer resulted in significant reduced pH, but increase in electrical conductivity, organic carbon and available macro and micronutrients content of post-harvest soil. Organic carbon content of post-harvest soil increased by 29.6% in bio-compost treated plot. Bio-compost addition significantly re- duced bulk density (0.09 to 0.17 units) from control. Increase in water infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and soil aggregates and decrease in bulk density were observed, indicating significant improvement in physical condi- tion of post-harvest soil. The hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.19 to 0.24 cm/hr and water infiltration rate from 0.22 to 0.36 cm/hr. However, addition of inorganic fertilizer alone showed net negative balance of available nutri- ents and deterioration in physical condition of soil compared with initial value.
Effect of crop-establishment methods and integrated nitrogen management on productivity of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: A.L. JAT  , V.K. SRIVASTAVA  , RAJESH KUMAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the 2 rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (201214) on sandy- clay-loam soil at Varanasi, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and integrated nitrogen management on productivity of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, comprising crop-establishment methods (normal transplanting and system of rice intensification) and 2 hybrids (PHB 71 and Arize 6444) in combination as main plot and 6 in- tegrated nitrogen-management practices [100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 125% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 50% RDN + 50% N through farmyard manure (FYM), 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum, 100% N through FYM and No fertilizer)] as subplot treatments, replicated thrice. System of rice inten- sification (SRI) improved the growth attributes, viz. plant height, number of tillers, dry-matter accumulation, and in- creased the grain yield by 14.7% over normal transplanting (5.69 t/ha) and recorded significantly higher net mon- etary returns and output: input ratio over normal transplanting. Rice hybrid, Arize 6444 showed significantly higher growth attributes, grain yield, economic return/day and net return with output: input ratio. Integrated N man- agement with 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum resulted in high growth, yield, crop productivity, re- turn/day and net returns. However output: input ratio were recorded higher with 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN. Residual effect of preceding experimental variables particularly normal transplanting, hybrid PHB 71 and application of 50% RDN + 50% N through FYM + Azospirillum recorded the highest number of effective tillers, grains/ear 1,000-seed weight and grain and straw yield of succeeding wheat.
Effect of sowing time, varieties and plant growth regulators on growth, physiological indices and productivity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
Authors: B.R. KURI  , N.L. JAT  , A.C. SHIVRAN  , Y.S. SAHARAWAT  , R.S. BANA  , R.S. DADARWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 201112 and 201213 at Agronomy Farm, Jobner, Rajasthan, to study the response of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties to plant-growth regulators under normal and late-sown conditions grown on irrigated loamy sand soil of semi-arid Eastern Plains Zone of Rajasthan. The experiment consisting of 2 sowing times (normal in the first week of November and late sown in the third week of November), 3 varieties (RCr 41, RCr 435 and RCr 480) and 5 plant-growth regulators (PGR), i.e. control (water sprayed), triacontanol @ 1,000 ppm, brassinolide @ 1 ppm, thiourea @ 1,000 ppm and naph- thalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 50 ppm at 40 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) making 30 treatment combinations, were replicated thrice in split a plot design, keeping dates of sowing and varieties in main-plots and PGR treat- ments in subplots. The crop sown at normal sowing time showed significantly higher values of the growth param- eters and physiological indices and seed yield (1.48 t/ha), stover yield (2.20 t/ha) and net returns ( 32,810/ha) than the late-sown crop. Variety RCr 435, being at par with RCr 480, showed significantly higher growth and bet- ter physiological indices at all the growth stages. However, the highest seed (1.37 t/ha) and stover (2.03 t/ha) yields and net returns ( 28,478/ha) were obtained from RCr 480 coriander. Foliar spray of 1,000 ppm thiourea significantly increased the crop growth at all the stages/phases over other PGRs and remained at par with triacontanol. However, foliar spray of 1,000 ppm triacontanol significantly increased the seed (1.40 t/ha) and sto- ver (2.12 t/ha) yields and net returns ( 30,020/ha) as compared to the other PGRs, while it was at par with brassinolide.
Response of maize hybrids (Zea mays) to staggered sowing
Authors: ASHOK JADHAV  , ASHOK KUMAR  , A.K. SINGH  , ISHWAR SINGH  , T.K. DAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 to study growth and yield behavior of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids Vivek QPM 9, PEHM 5, DHM 117 and PMH 3 under staggered sowing (25 June, 10 July, 25 July and 10 August). Sowing on 10 July was better than 25 June, 25 July and 10 August as it recorded taller plants with higher leaf area index, dry weight/ plant, cob length and cob weight. Maize hybrid PMH 3 recorded higher cob weight, cob length, shelling (%) and grain and stover yields than Vivek QPM 9, PEHM 5 and DHM 117. Uptake of N, P and K was high at 10 July, with PHM 3. Sowing on 10 July recorded higher net returns ( 48.1 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.78) as compared to other dates of sowing. PHM 3 gave the highest net returns ( 46.5 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.65). The highest values of N, P and K uptake were found at 10 July planting. Among the hybrids PMH 3 had the highest N and K uptake. For getting more yields and profit, PMH 3 hybrid should be planted on 10 July.
Integrated nutrient management in maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: MOHAMMAD HASHIM  , SHIVA DHAR  , A.K. VYAS  , V. PRAMESH  , BIPIN KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of inte- grated nutrient management on growth and yield attributes, yield and economics of maize (Zea mays L.)wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.} cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) during the first year of maize and in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) in successive crops with 3 replications, consisting of 5 different treatments in rainy and winter season each comprising 25 treatment combinations. The results revealed that 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF-120 kg N, 60 kg P O and 40 2 5 kg K O/ha) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN-120 kg N/ha) through crop residue mixed farmyard ma- 2 nure resulted in significantly higher maize grain yield (4.24 t/ha) over the control (2.23 t/ha) during first year, but during the second year (5.25 t/ha) it was significantly higher than the control (3.07 t/ha) and 50% RDF + 25% RDN + biofertilizer (4.83 t/ha). Application of 100% RDF to maize recorded significantly maximum net profit ( 28.22 103, 42.74 103 /ha), followed by 75% RDF + 25% RDN. However, benefit: cost (B:C) ratio of 1.33 and 1.60 were recorded significantly higher under the control over the other treatments followed by 100% RDF, during 2011 and 2012 respectively. In wheat crop, 100% RDF showed significantly higher growth and yield attributes over the control. The maximum wheat grain yield (4.97 t/ha) and net returns (66.96 103) were recorded with the applica- tion of 100% RDF through chemical fertilizers, whereas, maximum B: C ratio (2.76) was recorded in control.
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana)groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) strip cropping for enhanced productivity and resource conservation in uplands of Eastern Ghats of Odisha
Authors: PRAVEEN JAKHAR  , P.P. ADHIKARY  , B.S. NAIK  , M. MADHU
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy seasons (JulyOctober) of 2011, 2012 and 2013 at Koraput, Odisha, to access the performance of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-based strip crop combinations in ratios 6:4, 8:4, 10:4 and 12:4. The experiment was laid out in 3 rep- lications on 2% slope in a randomized complete-block design. Among the tested ratios, strip cropping of 6 rows of finger millet with 4 rows of groundnut steadily gave higher finger millet equivalent yield to the tune of 57, 44 and 59% than sole finger millet in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Sole finger millet cultivation recorded the mini- mum production efficiency of 12.3 kg/ha/day, whereas finger millet + groundnut strip cropping showed a mean im- provement of 17%. The maximum net returns of 22,183/ha accrued from planting 6:4 ratio which was nearly double the net returns from sole finger millet cultivation and the ratio also registered the highest benefit: cost ratio (2.87). The superiority of strip ratio 6:4 was also reflected in the monetary advantage index and income-equivalent ratio, registering the maximum values of 6166 and 1.62 respectively. Pooled data of 3 years indicate that runoff conservation potential of finger millet + groundnut strip ratios 6:4, 8:4, 10:4 and 12:4 was 22.4, 11.9, 10.6 and 8.7%, respectively, compared to sole finger millet. On an average, 6:4 ratio gave the lowest values of soil loss (3.02 t/ha) and conserved soil loss by 18.1, 19.6 and 17.4% in 8:4, 10:4 and 12:4 ratios respectively. Sole ground- nut arrested the maximum organic carbon loss, i.e. 44.6 t/ha, followed by 6:4 ratio (55.8 t/ha) which also recorded higher values for other nutrients conservation. Water productivity of different strip ratios specified the advantage in 6:4 systems, registering maximum values of 4.28 kg/mm. Maximum value of land-equivalent ratio (1.38) was cal- culated in 6:4 ratio, indicating 38% area advantage over sole cropping. All the strip cropping systems were advan- tageous than sole planting systems because the product of relative crowding coefficient (K) of main and intercrops was more than 1. Maximum values of K and K , (7.84 and 1.34) were obtained from 6:4 and 8:4 strip ratios, re- FM GN spectively, directing greater advantage with higher values of product of K (10.15).
Methods of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) establishment and zinc fortification in cotton-based cropping systems: Direct and residual effect on onion (Allium cepa) and system productivity of cottononion cropping system
Authors: T. PAUL  , D.S. RANA  , T.K. DAS  , K.S. RANA  , S.K. RAJPOOT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201314 and 201415 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of 2 methods of cotton establishment (direct sowing and transplanting) and 5 zinc-levels (control, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 kg Zn/ha and 0.5% zinc sulphate foliar spray at 60 and 90 days after planting ) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their residual and direct effect of 5.0 kg Zn/ha in place of foliar treatment on the succeeding wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] and onion (Allium cepa L.) crop. In this re- search paper residual effect of treatments applied to cotton and direct effect of Zn on onion has been presented along with system productivity and resource-use efficiency. Productivity of cotton and onion was higher during 201314 than 201415. Onion recorded significantly higher economic parameters and nutrient uptake after trans- planted cotton than direct sown. Onion produced statistically similar growth and yield attributes, bulb yield, gross and net returns and nutrient uptake, due to direct application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha and residual effect of 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha to cotton, which were significantly superior to control and residual effect of 2.5 kg Zn/ha. Based on 2 years average, gain in net returns was 40,350, 43,200 and 47,950/ha due to residual effect of 5.0/7.5 kg Zn/ha and direct effect of 5.0 kg Zn/ha over control. Both residual and direct effect of Zn found to enhance the quality of bulb in terms of Zn enrichment and on an average 32.0, 31.8% and 36.2% increase in Zn uptake was recorded due to residual effect of 5.0/7.5 kg Zn/ha and direct effect of 5.0 kg Zn/ha respectively. Based on 2-years average, sys- tem productivity in terms of seed cotton equivalent yield (9.45 t/ha), production efficiency (27.0 kg/ha/day), eco- nomic efficiency (736.9 /ha/day) and irrigation water productivity (1.16 kg/m3) of transplanted cottononion crop- ping system was significantly greater than the direct sown cottononion system. Successive increase in Zn-levels caused significant increase in system productivity, production efficiency, economic efficiency and irrigation water productivity up to application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha. So based on the study it is concluded that in Bt cottononion crop- ping systems 5.0 kg Zn/ha to Bt cotton is sufficient to meet the zinc requirement of both the crop and transplanted cotton is better than direct sown cotton.
Yield analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping system through computation of intercropping indices
Authors: RANJEET KOUR  , B.C. SHARMA  , ANIL KUMAR  , NEETU SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter (rabi) season of 20092010 and 20102011 at Chatha, Jammu to assess the yields of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) czernj. & cosson] by computing intercropping indices along with weed-management practices. Significantly higher yields of chickpea (903 kg/ha) and Indian mustard (1,156 kg/ha) were obtained in their respective sole crops. The highest land-equivalent ratio, aggressivity, land-use efficiency, production efficiency and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) were obtained in additive series and replacement series, whereas highest relative yield total (1.30) was re- corded in replacement series. Among the weed-management treatments, pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha recorded higher value of land-use efficiency (44.52) and production efficiency (7.35), followed by fluchloralin @ 1 kg/ha. Ap- plication of pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha as pre-emergence recorded the maximum net returns ( 20,373/ha) and ben- efit: cost ratio (1.71), followed by the application of fluchloralin @ 1 kg/ha.
Effect of weed management practices on productivity, economics, quality and soil fertility of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)-based pasture intercropped with legumes
Authors: S.N. RAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 20062011 on sandy loam soil at Central Research Farm of Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi to find out the effect of weed control measures on forage pro- ductivity, quality, soil fertility status and economics of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.)-based pasture in- tercropped with legumes. Intercropping of Stylosanthes seabrana B.L. Maass &t Mannetje with Guinea grass pro- duced significantly higher total green and dry forage yields (25.10 and 6.68 t/ha) than Clitoria ternatea vine (19.10 and 5.41 t/ha), Macroptillium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. (20.17 and 5.60 t/ha) and Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub., (23.36 and 6.29 t/ha). Intercropping of Stylosanthes seabrana with Guinea grass also resulted in significantly higher total crude protein yield (582.0 kg/ha) as compared to Clitoria ternatea (457.7 kg/ha) and Macroptillium atropurpureum (474.9 kg/ha). In weed management practices, hand-weeding 35 days after sowing in first year and 25 days after onset of monsoon rain from second year onwards recorded significantly higher green forage, dry forage and crude protein yields of both Guinea grass (16.48 and 5.02 t/ha and 344.0 kg/ha) and legumes (9.05 and 2.0 t/ha and 271.8 kg/ha) than weedy check, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and weeding with weeder cum mulcher. The highest net returns ( 13,733/ha) and net returns/rupee invested ( 1.48) were obtained by intercropping of Guinea grass with Stylosanthes seabrana. Hand-weeding 35 days after sowing in first year and 25 days after onset of monsoon rain from second year onwards also recorded maximum net returns ( 12,746/ha). Intercropping of Stylosanthes seabrana with Guinea grass resulted in significant im- provement in organic carbon (0.48%) and available nitrogen (228 kg/ha) than Clitoria ternatea and Macroptillium atropurpureum. Available nitrogen (226.2 kg/ha), phosphorus (9.91 kg/ha) and potassium (195.8 kg/ha) were also significantly higher in hand weeded plots than weedy check (211.3, 9.05 and 179.1 kg/ha).
Effect of iron fertilization on dry-matter production, yield and economics of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: VIKASH KUMAR  , DINESH KUMAR  , Y.V. SINGH  , RISHI RAJ
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2011 and 2012 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of iron fertilization on dry-matter produc- tion, yield and economics of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatments comprised 2 rice varieties (PRH 10 and PS 5) and 8 sources and modes of iron fertilizationcontrol (no iron), iron sulphate @ 50 kg/ha + 1 foliar spray of 2.0% iron sulphate, iron sulphate @ 50 kg/ha + 1 foliar spray of 0.5% iron chelate, iron sulphate @ 100 kg/ha, 2 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate, 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate, 2 foliar sprays of 0.5% iron chelate and 3 foliar sprays of 0.5% iron chelate. Variety PRH 10 showed significantly higher dry-matter, yield attributing characters and yield than PS 5. Highest dry-matter accumulation and number of effective tillers/m2 and grain yield were recorded with 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate followed by 3 foliar sprays of 0.5% iron chelate. Grain yield differed significantly among the 2 varieties of rice. Variety PRH 10 gave significantly higher grain yield than PS 5. The highest grain yield was recorded from the 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate followed by 3 foliar sprays of 0.5% iron chelate, 2 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate and two foliar sprays of 0.5% iron chelate, whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded in the control plot (no iron). The benefit: cost ratio was recorded the highest with 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate followed by 2 foliar sprays of 2.0% iron sulphate and found significantly higher over all other treat- ments.
Weed-management and wheat productivity in a conservation agriculture-based maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum)mungbean (Vigna radiata) system in north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India
Authors: C.P. NATH  , T.K. DAS  , K.S. RANA  , H. PATHAK  , RANJAN BHATTACHARYYA  , SANGEETA PAUL  , SHASHI BALA SINGH  , M.C. MEENA
Published: December 2023

In this study, a possible weed management has been envisaged in zero-till (ZT) and conventional till (CT) wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] with and without residue during 201314 and 201415 using residue, N and weed-control treatments. It was observed that ZT with 5 t/ha maize (Zea mays L.) residue retention (ZT + R) + 75% N + rest N-based on GreenSeeker (GS) caused a considerable reduction in the population of nar- row-leaf, broad-leaf and total weeds compared to CT and ZT without residue. Pendimethalin (PMT) followed by sulfosulfuron (SSF) application significantly reduced the weeds population and dry weight than the unweeded con- trol (UWC). Wheat yield attributes were higher in ZT with residue retention (ZT + R) than conventional-tilled treat- ments. Application of PMT @ 1 kg/ha followed by SSF 25 g/ha combined with ZT with 5 t/ha maize residue reten- tion (ZT + R) + 75% N + rest N based on GreenSeeker (GS) resulting in higher wheat yield which was comparable with that in weed-free check (WFC). Zero tillage with or without residue reduced the nutrient uptake by weeds than the conventional tillage which led to the higher uptake of nutrients by crop in zero tillage condition over the years. The sum total amount of N, P and K removed by the crop was higher in ZT + R + 75% N + rest N based on GreenSeeker (GS) than CT-R + 100% N (farmer practice) to the tune of 23.8% and 34.6% in 201314 and 2014 15, respectively. The sequential application PMT and SSF had an edge over the ready-mix application of SSF+ metsulfuron methyl (MSM) in respect of nutrients uptake by crop which was due to the reduction in nutrients up- take by weeds by the former than the later. The treatment combination ZT + R + 75% N + rest N based on GreenSeeker (GS) and sequential application of PMT-SSF secured highest output energy than the CTR + 100% N with UWC and ready-mix application of SSF + MSM. The interaction between tillage, residue and N manage- ment with weed control practices for net benefit: cost ratio revealed that irrespective of residue the zero tillage fetched the higher net benefit: cost than conventional tillage. The partial cost-benefit of sequential as well as ready-mix application of herbicide was on a par under both the tillage condition. Therefore, ZT + R + 75% N + rest N based on GreenSeeker (GS) and sequential application of PMT-SSF can be recommended for wheat produc- tion in north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India.
Productivity, profitability and nitrogen-use efficiency of barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by weed management and nitrogen fertilization under hot semi-arid ecologies of Rajasthan
Authors: M.M. PUNIYA  , S.S. YADAV  , A.C. SHIVRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) 201213 and 201314 at research farm, Jobner, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of weed-management practices and nitrogen fertilization on productivity, profit- ability and N-use efficiency of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results indicate that plots under twice hand-weed- ing (HW) 25 and 50 days after sowing (DAS) had the highest growth and yield attributes followed by metsulfuron methyl 4.0 g/ha applied at 3035 days after sowing (DAS). Among weed-management practices, the highest grain and straw yields (5.21 t/ha; 7.13 t/ha) were obtained with 2 HWs and metsulfuron methyl (4.76 t/ha; 6.40 t/ha) treatments (pooled data 2 years). The highest net returns were also obtained with 2 HWs, and the increment to the tune of 7.0, 12.2 and 15.5% over metsulfuron methyl, 1 HW and 2,4-D ester (0.5 kg/ha) respectively. Nitrogen 90 kg/ha significantly improved the yield attributes and yields over the control and 30 kg N/ha; however, it remained statistically at par with 60 kg N/ha. Metsulfuron methyl along with 90 kg N/ha was found to be best for benefit: cost ratio (4.37), followed by 2,4-D ester (E) (4.09) over the HWs treatments. Two HWs proved the best for agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent recovery (RE) of applied N (16.2 kg grain/kg N; 69.1%). Physiological-use efficiency (PE) of applied N was the highest in plots under carfentrazone-ethyl 15 g/ha at 3035 DAS and 30 kg N/ha.
Weed dynamics and productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under pre- and post-emergence application of herbicides
Authors: NARENDRA KUMAR  , K.K. HAZRA  , S.L. YADAV  , S.S. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201113 at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the performance of post-emergence application of quizalofop-ethyl in combination with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The treatments comprised 5 doses of quizalofop-ethyl (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 g/ha) in combination with pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha, and pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha fol- lowed by (fb) manual weeding. The broad-leaf weeds like Coronopus dedymus, Melilotus officinalis and Chenopo- dium album were dominant. In case of grassy weeds, Phalaris minor was the most dominant weed. Significant re- duction in total weed density and weed dry weight was recorded under application of pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha fb quizalofop-ethyl @ 100150 g/ha and pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha fb manual weeding. Weed-control indices also showed improvement under these treatments. The poor crop-weed competition due to effective control of weeds under these treatments resulted in higher nodulation and yield. Similarly, higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio were recorded in pendimethalin @1.25 kg/ha fb quizalofop-ethyl @ 125 g/ha.
Effect of irrigation scheduling, conjunctive use of water sources and fertilizer levels on yield and water productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: O.P. VERMA  , M. DAS  , A. KUMAR  , R.R. SETHI  , R.B. SINGANDHUPE  , S.K. RAUTARAY  , K.G. MANDAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 2 consecutive years 200809 and 200910 at Deras, Mendhasal, Odisha, to study the effect of conjunctive use of water sources and fertilizer levels on yield and water use of winter (rabi) season groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The treatments included 3 levels of conjunctive use of water [C 1 (2 irrigations through canal water only, C 2 irrigations with canal water + 1 irrigation with ground water and C 2 2 3 irrigations with canal and 2 irrigations with ground water)] and 5 fertilizer treatments, [(F , no NPK; F , 100% NPK 0 1 (20, 40 and 40 kg/ha as N, P O and K O), F , sugarcane trash bio-compost (STBC) alone (1 t/ha); F , 75% NPK + 2 5 2 2 3 sugarcane trash bio-compost (0.25 t/ha) and F , 50% NPK+ sugarcane trash bio-compost (0.50 t/ha)]. Pod and 4 haulm yields of groundnut were significantly increased with conjunctive-use of water sources (ground and canal water) compared to canal water irrigation alone. The increase in pod yield was 45.3% and haulm yield 40.3% with conjunctive use of 2 irrigations through canal and 2 irrigations through ground water over 2 irrigations with canal water. This treatment also gave the maximum gross returns ( 47,714/ha), net returns ( 35,166/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.80). With application of 75% NPK + STBC (0.25 t/ha) 70.3% and 73.4% increase in pod and haulm yields was observed compared to the control (no fertilizer application). The highest water use (434 mm), water-use efficiency (5.06 kg/ha-mm) and benefit: cost ratio (3.11) were recorded with application of 75% NPK + STBC (0.25 t/ha).
Relevance of water-soluble foliar-grade fertilizers on groundnut (Arachis hopogaea) under Konkan condition
Authors: V.V. SAGVEKAR  , B.D. WAGHMODE  , A.S. KAMBLE  , V.C. NAVHALE
Published: December 2023

A field investigation was conducted on the lateritic soils of Konkan at Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201114, to elicit response of groundnut (Arachis hypocaea L.) cultivar TKG Bold to water-soluble foliar-grade fertilizers. Twelve treatments replicated thrice laid out in randomized block design. The application of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 100% recommended dose of NPK (RDNPK) (25 : 50 : 00 NPK kg/ha) along with starter dose of 2% foliar-grade water-soluble fertilizer (starter dose of 11 : 36 : 24 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and booster dose of 8:16:39 NPK kg/ha at 45 DAS recorded significantly higher pod and kernel yields (2.9 and 2.24 t/ha, respectively) and was at par with FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 85% RDNPK + foliar application of water-soluble grade fertilizer (FAWSGF) and 100% RDNPK + FAWSGF. However, FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 100% RDNPK along with FAWSGF resulted in significantly higher haulm yield (3.25 t/ha) but at par with FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 100% RDNPK. The increment in pod, kernel and haulm yields owing to FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 100% RDNPK (25 : 50 : 00 NPK kg/ha) along with 2% FAWSGF was to the tune of 52.6, 55.3 and 53.2% respectively, over the absolute control. The highest net returns ( 33,022/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1 : 1.41) was obtained with applica- tion of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + 100% RDNPK along with FAWSGF.
Effect of moisture conservation practices on productivity, profitability and moisture-use pattern of rainfed linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
Authors: J.P. TETARWAL  , BALDEV RAM  , B.S.MEENA  , PRATAP SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 200910 to 201112 at Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, to find out the best moisture-conservation practices as abiotic stress management in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) for higher productivity under rainfed conditions. Straw mulch @ 10 t/ha significantly in- creased the growth, yield attributes, seed yield (1,037 kg/ha), oil yield (403.3 kg/ha), net returns ( 18,930/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.22) over rest of the moisture-conservation practices and was statistically on a par with spreading of FYM 10 t/ha as mulch. The maximum production and economic efficiency, consumptive use (215 mm), moisture-use rate (1.58 mm/day) and water-use efficiency (4.82 kg/ha-mm) were recorded with straw mulch 10 t/ha, indicating 56.2, 79.3, 28.0, 27.4 and 22.0% increase over no mulch respectively. The maximum soil mois- ture depletion (46.2%) was registered from top soil layer (015 cm) in no-mulch, while the least (42.5%) with straw mulch 10 t/ha. However, the reverse trend was observed in deeper soil layer from 1630 and 3145 cm, and the maximum depletion of soil moisture was recorded under straw mulch 10 t/ha (33.0 and 24.6%) followed by spreading FYM 10 t/ha as mulch (32.8 and 24.5%) and least with no-mulch (30.8 and 23.0%) respectively.
Effect of planting methods and irrigation schedules on cane yield, quality, economics and water productivity of spring sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in South Western Punjab
Authors: KULDEEP SINGH  , A.S. BRAR
Published: December 2023

The present experiment was conducted during 200910 to 201112 at Faridkot, Punjab, to study the influence of planting methods and irrigation schedules on cane and sugar yields and water productivity of sugarcane (Sac- charum officinarum). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete-block design with combinations of 3 planting methods [conventional flat planting at 75-cm-row spacing, paired-row trench planting at 30 : 120-cm-row spacing and furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) method at 75-cm-row spacing methods] and 3 irrigation schedules [irrigation at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE)]. The paired-row trench and FIRB planting systems while being statistically at par with each other resulted in significantly higher cane and sugar yields than conventional flat planted sugarcane. The paired-row trench and FIRB planting systems provided 16.1 and 13.7, and 16.9 and 14.1% higher cane and sugar yield than conventional planting, respectively. The net returns and benefit: cost also followed the similar trends. The sugarcane and sugar yields increased significantly with successive increase in frequency of irrigation from 0.5 to 1.0 IW: CPE, while reverse trend was observed for water productivity. The highest cane and sugar yields were recorded in paired-row trench-planted crop irrigated at 1.0 IW: CPE, which was statistically at par with paired-row trench-planted cane irrigated at 0.75 and FIRB irrigated at 1.0 IW: CPE but significantly better than other combinations of irrigation schedules and methods of planting. Paired-row trench-planted sugarcane resulted in statistically at par cane yield with FIRB and significantly better than conventional planting with 25% less water.
Land productivity enhancement and soil health improvement in rainfed rice (Oryza sativa) farms of Odisha through integrated farming system
Authors: H.K. SAHOO  , B. BEHERA  , U.K. BEHERA  , TIRJYAK KUMAR DAS
Published: December 2023

Field investigation was carried out at 5 clusters located in 5 different blocks viz. Khajuripada of Kandhamal dis- trict, Dhenkanal Sadar and Odapada of Dhenkanal district, Golamunda and Narla of Kalahandi District of Odisha, under rain-fed medium land situations across 20102013. The experiment aimed at comparing performance of pond based integrated farming system (IFS) model comprising rice (Oryza sativa L.)onion (Allium cepa L.) crop- ping system, pisciculture + on dyke plantation, poultry and mushroom with conventional cropping system of rice greengram (Vigna radiata L.) for system productivity and impact on soil health. The IFS model gave total system productivity of 31.92 tonnes rice equivalent yield (REY) as compared to 3.78 tonnes and net returns of 1,61,148 as compared to 11,631 under rainfed ricegreengram cropping system. There was decrease in bulk density, in- crease in soil pH, organic carbon, soil N, P and K status and increase in the population of heterotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes and Azotobacter compared to initial values.