bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of contextual predictors and psychosocial resources in the school‐to‐work transition
Authors: Ayvaz Ahmet , Karacan‐Özdemir Nurten
Published: September 2024

Based on the Psychology of Working Theory, this study examined the influence of contextual factors and psychosocial resources on school‐to‐work transition. Data were collected from 781 senior university students in Türkiye, and the relationships between economic constraints, marginalization, general self‐efficacy, career adaptability, perceived future employability, and future decent work were examined. According to the results, economic constraints and marginalization negatively predicted perceived future employability and future decent work. Marginalization significantly predicted general self‐efficacy and career adaptability, whereas economic constraints were not associated with two psychosocial resources. General self‐efficacy significantly predicted career adaptability, while it was not related to perceived future employability and future decent work. Career adaptability significantly predicted perceived future employability but not future decent work. Lastly, perceived future employability significantly predicted future decent work. The findings revealed the significant influence of contextual factors on the school‐to‐work transition. Implications and suggestions for future research directions were also discussed.
Enhanced Performance for Li & Na Ion Battery Anodes by Charge Modulation of Interface Through SiC4 and SiN1C3 Active Centers on Silicon Nitrogen Co‐Doped Graphene
Authors: Sungur Berkay , Bayram Edip , Kömür Ali İhsan
Published: September 2024

Heteroatom doping of graphene is a powerful approach to develop high‐performance Li and Na ion battery anodes. In this study, silicon‐nitrogen co‐doped graphene (Si−N−GN) nanostructures were successfully synthesized via a rational and scalable solvothermal process. The performances of Si−N−GN in Na+ and Li+ half‐cells were investigated in detail by advanced electrochemical techniques and the obtained results were analyzed in terms of Si−N−GN surface properties, reaction kinetics, and electrode/interface interactions. Si−N−GN exhibited a superior capacity of 540 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 for Li+ and improved rate capability for both Li+ and Na+ which are linked with the increased interlayer spacing and enlarged graphene sheets upon Si‐doping. Importantly, the capacity increased with the number of cycles owing to surface electron density redistribution and Si−N−GN/SEI interactions, supported by DFT.
Electrochemically Created Active Centers in a Bimetallic CoNi‐Triazole Metal–Organic Framework for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity
Authors: Phongsuk Natchaya , Adpakpang Kanyaporn , Pukdeejorhor Ladawan , Atithep Thassanant , Bureekaew Sareeya
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical water oxidation utilizing bimetallic CoNi‐Tz (Tz=1,2,4‐triazole) framework is explored. Initially, CoNi‐Tz possesses active tetrahedral Co center and electron‐mediated octahedral Ni chain. After performing an electrochemical activation, the partial structural transformation on the Ni center occurs. This leads to the generation of excessive active centers which can promote catalytic activity of the framework. The activated CoNi‐Tz catalyst displays a remarkably low OER overpotential of 293 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 49.98 mV dec−1, outperforming the single metal Co‐Tz and benchmark IrO2 catalysts.
Recent advances in MXene nanomaterials: Fundamentals to applications in environment sector
Authors: Nazir Muhammad Altaf , Najam Tayyaba , Ullah Sami , Hossain Ismail , Javed Muhammad Sufyan , Naseer Mamoona , Rehman Aziz ur , Shah Syed Shoaib Ahmad
Published: September 2024

MXenes are a new type of 2D transition metal carbon/nitride or carbonitride, which are composed of Mn+1AXn phase material (MAX phase) through single‐layer or thin‐layer nanosheets obtained by exfoliation. Owning to unique two‐dimensional layered structure, large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, the MXenes have quickly become a research hotspot due to their magnetic and other properties, and have been widely used in many fields such as electrochemical sensors, energy storage, catalysis, and adsorption. This article summarizes and introduces preparation methods of two‐dimensional materials MXenes, and focus on reviewing their application research progress in the electrochemical sensors and environmental field in recent years, including detection of biomarkers and environmental pollutants, adsorption of heavy metals, adsorption of radiation metals, adsorption of organic matter, selective adsorption of carbon dioxide, membrane separation, sensors, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, electromagnetic absorption and shielding, etc. A summary and review were conducted, and finally the existing problems and future development at this stage were analyzed.
Non‐Linearity in Mean Annual Peak Flow Scaling With Upstream Basin Area: Insights From Percolation Theory
Authors: Ghanbarian Behzad
Published: September 2024

Understanding how annual peak flow, , relates to upstream basin area, , and their scaling have been one of the challenges in surface hydrology. Although a power‐law scaling relationship (i.e., ) has been widely applied in the literature, it is purely empirical, and due to its empiricism, the interpretation of its exponent, , and its variations from one basin to another is not clear. In the literature, different values of have been reported for various datasets and drainage basins of different areas. Invoking concepts of percolation theory as well as self‐affinity, we derived universal and non‐universal scaling laws to theoretically link to . In the universal scaling, we related the exponent to the fractal dimensionality of percolation, (i.e., ). In the non‐universal scaling, in addition to , the exponent was related to the Hurst exponent, , characterizing the boundaries of the drainage basin (i.e., ). The depends on the dimensionality of the drainage system (e.g., two or three dimensions) and percolation class (e.g., random or invasion percolation). We demonstrated that the theoretical universal and non‐universal bounds were in well agreement with experimental ranges of reported in the literature. More importantly, our theoretical framework revealed that greater values are theoretically expected when basins are more quasi two‐dimensional, while smaller values when basins are mainly quasi three‐dimensional. This is well consistent with the experimental data. We attributed it to the fact that small basins most probably display quasi‐two‐dimensional topography, while large basins quasi‐three‐dimensional topography.
Finerenone and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Filippatos Gerasimos , Anker Stefan D. , Bakris George L. , Rossing Peter , Ruilope Luis M. , Coats Andrew J.S. , von Haehling Stephan , Ponikowski Piotr , Rosano Giuseppe M.C. , Brinker Meike , Farjat Alfredo E. , Roberts Luke , Pitt Bertram ,   the FIDELIO‐DKD and FIGARO‐DKD investigators
Published: September 2024

Aims

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and linked to increased morbidity and mortality. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension is common, and patients with these co‐morbidities additionally have a high prevalence of LVH. This analysis of the prespecified pooled FIDELITY analysis comprising the randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre FIDELIO‐DKD and FIGARO‐DKD phase III studies aimed to explore the CV and kidney effects of finerenone, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in patients with CKD and T2D stratified by a diagnosis of LVH at baseline.

Methods and results

A diagnosis of LVH in the FIDELITY patient population was determined at baseline using investigator‐reported electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. The two efficacy outcomes, assessed by baseline LVH, were the composite CV outcome of time to CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and a composite kidney outcome of time to onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥57% from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or kidney‐related death. Safety outcomes by baseline LVH were reported as treatment‐emergent adverse events. At baseline out of 13 026 patients in FIDELITY, 96.5% had hypertension and 9.6% had investigator‐reported LVH. The relative risk reduction for the composite CV and kidney outcomes with finerenone versus placebo was lower in the LVH subgroup; however, the treatment effect of finerenone was not modified by baseline LVH for either outcome (Pinteraction = 0.1075 for composite CV outcome and Pinteraction = 0.1782 for composite kidney outcome). Analysis of the composite CV outcome components showed a greater reduction in the risk of HHF versus placebo for patients with baseline LVH compared with those without (Pinteraction = 0.0024). Overall safety events were comparable between the LVH subgroups and treatment arms. Treatment‐emergent hyperkalaemia was observed more frequently with finerenone versus placebo, but discontinuation rates were low in both treatment arms and between LVH subgroups.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the overall CV and kidney benefits of finerenone versus placebo were not modified by the presence of LVH at baseline, with overall safety findings being similar between LVH subgroups. A greater benefit was observed for HHF in patients with versus without LVH, suggesting that LVH may be a predictor of the treatment effect of finerenone on HHF.
Improving Wastewater Heat Recovery Using Phase Change Material Heat Exchangers: A Numerical Study of Thermal Performance
Authors: Patel Sunny P. , Rathod Manish K.
Published: September 2024

Industrial processes often generate substantial amounts of wastewater with significant thermal energy content, which is typically discarded as waste. A promising approach to increase energy efficiency and advance sustainable resource management is waste water heat recovery. Utilizing a phase change material (PCM) to extract waste heat from wastewater and transfer it to cold water is an innovative method that separates the demand and supply of heat, while also integrating storage and transmission within a single heat exchanger (HE). A 3D numerical model of PCM‐based HE is developed and simulated. The thermal behavior of PCM and preheating of cold water are investigated in this study. In order to increase the thermal conductivity of the PCM, fins are strategically positioned. Around 71.13% of melting time is reduced by adding fins. Further, the 10° orientation of the fins is also numerically observed and it is found that it helps to improve natural circulation of molten PCM. Thus, melting time is reduced by 34% compared to the vertical fin. A 3.5°C–4.5°C temperature rise in cold water is obtained with the inclined fin, which is 14.28% higher than the vertical fin model.
Ortho‐ and Para‐Nitrile Substituted Effect of (1H‐Indol‐2‐Yl)Benzonitrile‐Boehmite on the Nano Structures, Surface Area and Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Salih Ban D. , Mohammed Ammar S. , Najm Reem S. , Mahmood Ahmed R. , Alheety Mustafa A.
Published: September 2024

In this work, x(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)benzonitrile; where x = ortho or para were used to synthesize boehmite composites using one‐pot electrochemical method in the presence of NaCl as an electrolyte. The prepared composites were characterized using UV–vis, XRD, SEM, and BET. The measurements showed that the type of substituents (ortho, para) had an effect on the resulting nanostructure of the composites, which appeared in the form of nanosheets and nanoballs. The composites were used as materials to store hydrogen at different temperatures (77, 173, 223, and 273 K) under different pressures (10–90 bar) in order to determine the equilibrium pressure for each nanocomposite. The study demonstrated that the composite boehmite‐ortho‐(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)benzonitrile nano balls has a storage capacity of 3.82 wt% at an equilibrium pressure of 75 bar, while the composite boehmite‐para‐(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)benzonitrile nanosheets have the highest storage capacity of 4.49 wt% and an equilibrium pressure of 45 bar.
Enhancing Thermal Performance and Cooling Solutions of Phase Change Material in Battery Thermal Management System: A Computational Analysis
Authors: Singh Gourav Kumar , Patel Jay R. , Rathod Manish K.
Published: September 2024

Batteries, particularly lithium‐ion batteries, are sensitive to temperature changes. Battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are essential in various battery‐powered applications, especially electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices. This study examines the importance of phase change material (PCM) in battery packs using numerical analysis. An examination is conducted on a battery pack consisting of 18 650 battery cells arranged in a 5 × 5 configuration. A comparative analysis is performed to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the battery pack with and without PCM. The study examines the influence of ambient conditions and charging rates on the selection of PCM for battery packs. A hybrid cooling solution utilizing PCM and a water tube has also been investigated against conventional passive PCM‐based BTMS. Additionally, two types of fins, namely circular and spiral fins, are introduced to improve the heat transfer rate. PCM‐based cooling systems are most effective when the ambient temperature is below the melting temperature of the PCM. However, when the ambient temperature exceeds the melting temperature of the PCM, this cooling system outperforms conventional PCM‐based cooling. The maximum temperature is found as 319, 316.9, and 315.3 K using without fin, circular fin and spriral fina, respectively. The spiral fins are found more effective than circular fins under high ambient temperature. In conclusion, The PCM‐with spiral‐fin system demonstrates notable benefits in high‐temperature environments.
Sensitivity of Alabama Freshwater Gastropod Species to Nickel Exposure
Authors: Barrick Andrew , Parham Sean , Johnson Paul , Brewer Shannon , Hoang Tham
Published: September 2024

Snails are effective bioindicators due to their prolific distribution, high level of endemism, and capacity to accumulate contaminants. Freshwater snails have unique ecological niches which are imperiled by land-use change and the introduction of hazardous chemicals. To assess how environmental alterations affect gastropods, lab-based studies are needed to characterize the toxicity of specific stressors. This can help guide policy decisions and remediation efforts. The aim of this research was to characterize acute toxicity of nickel (Ni) on endemic snails (Somatogyrus georgianus [Walker, 1904], Elimia cahawbensis [Lea, 1861], and Elimia spp.) and measure the accumulation of Ni and mineral elements including calcium (Ca), magnesium, potassium, and sodium (Na). Snails were exposed to six concentrations (25–800 µg/L) of Ni for 96 h. Among the studied snail species, E. cahawbensis was the most sensitive to Ni, with the lowest lethal concentration where 50% of the organisms died (LC50) at 88.88 µg/L Ni after 96 h. The LC50 at 96 h for S. georgianus was 167.78 µg/L Ni, and 393.13 μg/L Ni for Elimia spp. Except for Elimia spp., mortality of the other two snail species corresponded to the whole-body uptake of Ni. Nickel exposure also influenced Ca and Na uptake for Elimia spp. All three endemic species are potential candidate species for evaluating localized effects of human activities, and the present study provides a first step in characterizing how snails would be affected by environmental alterations. More research could further characterize potential effects of other human stressors on these endemic snail species. Future research into subindividual responses and routes of exposure can further elucidate variations in species sensitivity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2578–2588. © 2024 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Post‐intubation hypotension risk factors in patients with COVID‐19 undergoing endotracheal intubation in the emergency department: A prospective observational study
Authors: Abbaszadeh Mahla , Mirafzal Amirhossein , Movahedi Mitra , Alizadeh Seyed Danial , Mirkamali Hanieh , Nafeli Mohammad , Pourzand Pouria , Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd Mohammad
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe manifestation of COVID‐19, prompts the critical intervention of endotracheal intubation (ETI). However, ETI is associated with complications, notably post‐intubation hypotension (PIH), linked to an increased adverse prognosis. Our purpose was to investigate risk factors for PIH in COVID‐19 patients in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

This observational study was conducted at the Afzalipour Hospital, Iran. Adult COVID‐19 patients undergoing ETI were included, with data collected on demographic variables, medical history, and hemodynamic parameters. PIH was defined as the occurrence of any of the following: reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) to 90 mmHg or less; reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 65 mmHg or less; reduction of SBP by at least 20% of the initial value; or the need for vasopressor support during the 30 min after intubation.

Results

Among 145 patients, the mortality rate was 82.7%, and PIH occured in 22.7%. Univariate analysis revealed associations between PIH and initial SBP (SBP‐0) and initial MAP. Multivariable regression revealed that each 1 mmHg decrease in SBP‐0 increased the risk of PIH by 5%. Patients with SBP‐0 of less than 116 mmHg had a PIH odds ratio of 4.1. A history of hypertension (HTN) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) increased the likelihood of PIH sixfold. The receiver operating characteristic curves for SBP‐0 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54–0.79), lower than the AUC of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64–0.86) for the model incorporating SBP‐0, history of HTN or IHD, and total severity score. Despite this, the Z score comparing the AUCs of SBP‐0 and the multivariable model did not indicate a statistically significant difference.

Conclusions

History of HTN or IHD, as well as low SBP‐0, are independently associated with an increased risk of PIH in COVID‐19 patients.
Microglia synchronizes with the circadian rhythm of the glymphatic system and modulates glymphatic system function
Authors: Yang Ting , Tang Yan , Liu Xinghua , Gong Song , Yao Ensheng
Published: September 2024

Microglia, as immune cells in the central nervous system, possess the ability to adapt morphologically and functionally to their environment. Glymphatic system, the principal waste clearance system in the brain, exhibits circadian rhythms. However, the impact of microglia on the glymphatic system function remains unknown. In this study, we explored the intricate relationship between microglia and the glymphatic system. Examining diurnal patterns, we identified synchronized behaviors in glymphatic activity and microglial morphology, peaking during sleep and exhibiting distinct changes in branching complexity. Depleting microglia using PLX5622 or in P2Y12 knockout mice enhanced glymphatic function. Chemogenetic manipulation of microglia demonstrated that activating HM3D improved glymphatic function, while inhibiting HM4D unexpectedly increased microglial complexity. These findings highlight the dynamic influence of microglia on the glymphatic system.
Potential of Raman‐Reflectance Combination in Quantifying Liver Steatosis and Fat Droplet Size: Evidence From Monte Carlo Simulations and Phantom Studies
Authors: Guo Hao , Zions Vanessa S. , Law Brent A. , Hewitt Kevin C.
Published: September 2024

This study explores a combined strategy of Raman and reflectance spectroscopy for quantifying liver fat content and fat droplet size, crucial in assessing donor livers. By using Monte Carlo simulations and experimental setups with oil‐in‐water phantoms, our findings indicate that Raman scattering can solely differentiate between varying fat contents. At the same time, reflectance intensity is influenced by both fat content and oil droplet size, with a more pronounced sensitivity to fat droplet size. This study demonstrates the efficacy of combined Raman and reflectance spectroscopy in assessing liver steatosis and fat droplet size, potentially aiding in assessing donor livers for transplantation.
Characterization of Limbus Biomechanical Properties Using Optical Coherence Elastography
Authors: Zhang Yubao , Wang Yue , Han Xiao , Luo Jiahui , Lin Chuanqi , Zhang Qin , He Xingdao
Published: September 2024

The elasticity of the limbus is crucial for ocular health, yet it remains inadequately explored. This study employs acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF‐OCE) to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the limbus under varying intraocular pressures. The method was validated using a heterogeneous phantom and subsequently applied to ex vivo porcine limbus samples. Elastic wave velocity at specific locations within the limbus was calculated, and the corresponding Young's modulus values were obtained. Spatial elasticity distribution maps were generated by correlating Young's modulus values with their respective locations in the two‐dimensional structural images. The results indicate that ARF‐OCE enhances the understanding of limbus biomechanical behavior and holds potential for diagnosing regional variations caused by ocular diseases.
High failure rate but promising clinical performance after implantation of a flexible medial meniscus prosthesis at 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: van Minnen Branco S. , Heesterbeek Petra J. C. , Defoort Koen C. , Emans Pieter J. , van Arkel Ewoud R. A. , Struik Thijmen , Jutten Liesbeth M. , Susan Saskia , van de Groes Sebastiaan A. W. , Verdonschot Nico , van Tienen Tony G.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

After unsatisfactory results in a first‐in‐human clinical investigation with an anatomically shaped medial meniscus prosthesis, the prosthesis and its fixation technique were altered. This interim analysis of a prospective single‐arm clinical investigation aims to evaluate safety and clinical performance in a first‐in‐human study with the redesigned meniscus prosthesis system.

Methods

Ten patients suffering from medial postmeniscectomy pain syndrome were treated with the meniscus prosthesis. Patient‐reported outcome measures were obtained at baseline and at 6‐week, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained to evaluate joint degeneration and prosthesis location.

Results

The device alterations resolved the issues occurring with the previous design, but four prostheses were explanted after fixation failure or subluxation of the prosthesis. Five out of six patients who reached 1‐year follow‐up reported a clinically significant improvement of the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score pain subscale. Imaging revealed no adverse effects on joint degeneration.

Conclusion

The failure mechanisms that occurred with the previous design have been resolved, but the new fixation technique introduced new safety issues. Improvement of positioning and fixation techniques are considered essential future adaptations to reduce the risk of failure. The good clinical outcomes reported by the patients reaching 1‐year follow‐up indicate that the medial meniscus prosthesis is a potential solution for patients suffering from postmeniscectomy pain syndrome.

Level of Evidence

Level II.
Microwave‐to‐Optics Conversion Using Magnetostatic Modes and a Tunable Optical Cavity
Authors: Wu Wei‐Jiang , Wang Yi‐Pu , Li Jie , Li Gang , You Jian‐Qiang
Published: September 2024

Quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum networks rely on hybrid quantum systems operating in different frequency ranges. For instance, the superconducting qubits work in the gigahertz range, while the optical photons used in communication are in the range of hundreds of terahertz. Due to the large frequency mismatch, achieving the direct coupling and information exchange between different information carriers is generally difficult. Accordingly, a quantum interface is demanded, which serves as a bridge to establish information linkage between different quantum systems operating at distinct frequencies. Recently, the magnon mode in ferromagnetic spin systems has received significant attention. While the inherent weak optomagnonic coupling strength restricts the microwave‐to‐optical photon conversion efficiency using magnons, the versatility of the magnon modes, together with their readily achievable strong coupling with other quantum systems, endow them with many distinct advantages. Here, the magnon‐based microwave‐light interface is realized by adopting an optical cavity with adjustable free spectrum range and different kinds of magnetostatic modes in two microwave cavity configurations. By optimizing the parameters, a conversion efficiency of with bandwidth of 24 MHz is achieved. The impact of various parameters on the microwave‐to‐optics conversion is analyzed. The study provides useful guidance and insights to further enhancing the microwave‐to‐optics conversion efficiency using magnons.
Polarization‐Induced Buildup and Switching Mechanisms for Soliton Molecules Composed of Noise‐Like‐Pulse Transition States
Authors: Si Zhi‐Zeng , Ju Zhen‐Tao , Ren Long‐Fei , Wang Xue‐Peng , Malomed Boris A. , Dai Chao‐Qing
Published: September 2024

Buildup and switching mechanisms of solitons in complex nonlinear systems are fundamentally important dynamical regimes. Using a novel strongly nonlinear optical system, including saturable absorber metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐253@Au and a polarization controller (PC), the work reveals a new buildup scenario for “soliton molecules (SMs)”, which includes a long‐duration stage dominated by the emergence of transient noise‐like pulses (NLPs) modes to withstand strong disturbances arising from “turbulence” and extreme nonlinearity in the optical cavity. The switching between SMs and NLPs is controlled by the cavity polarization state. The switching involves the spectral collapse, following spectral oscillations with a variable period, and self‐organization of NLPs, following energy overshoot. This switching mechanism applies to various patterns with single, paired, and clustered pulses. In the multi‐pulses stage, XPM (cross‐phase‐modulation)‐induced interactions between solitons facilitate a specific mode of energy exchange between them, proportional to interaction duration, ensuring pulse stability during and after state transitions. Systematic simulations reveal the effects of the PC's rotation angle and intra‐cavity nonlinearity on the periodic phase transitions between the different soliton states and accurately reproduce the experimentally observed buildup and switching mechanisms. These findings can enhance the fundamental study and points to potential uses in designing information encoding systems.
Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum in Fossil Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel From Chicken Eggshell‐Alumina‐Catalyzed Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Popoola Lekan Taofeek , Agbo Alfred Ogbodo , Taura Usman , Yusuff Adeyinka Sikiru , Asmara Yuli Panca , Olagunju Olusegun A. , Chima Onyemaechi Melford
Published: September 2024

To curb environmental pollution emanating from the exhausts of engines using fossil diesel fuel (DF), studies on the use of biodiesel from renewable energy source are ongoing. However, engine components have been observed to corrode easily in biodiesels. In this study, a comparative study of the corrosion rate of aluminum coupon (AC) in biodiesel from waste cooking oil over chicken eggshell‐supported alumina catalyst (WCOB) and fossil DF was executed. Weight loss method was used to examine the corrosion rate. Highest corrosion rates of 0.0381 and 0.0052 mm year−1 were recorded for AC in WCOB and DF, respectively. The developed mathematical models proved effective for corrosion rate prediction. At optimum prediction, the minimum corrosion rates for the AC in WCOB and DF were 1.822 × 10−3 and 1.222 × 10−3 mm year, respectively. Characterization revealed pits formation and presence of oxygen and carbon on AC surface with loss of Al ions from the AC surface into WCOB and DF after corrosion. In conclusion, all results revealed high corrosion rates of AC in WCOB than DF.
Use of Free Internal Mammary Artery Perforator Flap Harvested With Minimally Invasive Approach for Facial Reconstruction: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Choi Yun , Lee Kyeong‐Tae
Published: September 2024

The internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap has been widely used for chest wall and neck reconstruction. The color of its skin paddle closely resembles that of facial skin, making it attractive for facial reconstruction. However, there has been insufficient investigations reporting the use of free IMAP flap. Furthermore, even in such studies, somewhat invasive procedures, including rib cartilage resection, were employed to ensure sufficient pedicle length, potentially increasing donor morbidity. Our report presents two cases of successful facial defect reconstruction using a free IMAP flap harvested with minimal donor site damage, showing its feasibility. In the first case, a 48‐year‐old male underwent wide excision for a malignant melanoma on his right cheek, resulting in a 4 × 4.5 cm full‐thickness defect. A free IMAP flap with a 2.5 cm pedicle, was harvested without rib cartilage resection, preserving IMA main trunk, and transferred with anastomosed to the angular vessels within the defect. The second patient presented with a 4.5 × 3.5 cm basal cell carcinoma on the left cheek, necessitating wide excision and leaving a 6 × 5 cm defect. A free IMAP flap was harvested with the same approach and successfully reconstructed the defect with connected to the superficial temporal vessels using vascular bridge. Both patients were discharged complication‐free, with no recurrence during 24 and 15 months of follow‐up, respectively. They were highly satisfied with the final skin color and texture outcomes. Harvesting a free IMAP flap while minimizing donor morbidity may offer an attractive option for facial reconstruction.
Design of a multilayer absorber for ultra‐wideband radar cross section reduction
Authors: Li Liang , Gao Hongwei , Zhang Binchao , Wang Junwei , Jin Cheng
Published: September 2024

This study proposes an ultra‐wideband multilayer absorber by combining frequency selective surface (FSS) and absorbing material. The structure is composed by three layers which are FSS loaded with resistors, absorbing material at the bottom and each layer is separated by air. The FSS in bottom has good absorption performance at high frequency while the upper layer is used to achieve low‐band absorption. To extend the absorption band to the low frequency, it further add a layer of absorbing material at the bottom. Equivalent circuit is employed to analyze the principle of the designed absorber. The simulation results show that an ultra‐wide absorption band from 0.61 to 12.33 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 181% is realized for both TE and TM waves under the normal incidence. Furthermore, the thickness of the structure is only 0.07λL, where λL represents the wavelength of the minimum operating frequency. The designed absorber is fabricated and measured, and the measurement is in good agreement with the simulation.
A subspace‐adaptive weights cubature method with application to the local hyperreduction of parameterized finite element models
Authors: Bravo J. R. , Hernández J. A. , Ares de Parga S. , Rossi R.
Published: September 2024

This article is concerned with quadrature/cubature rules able to deal with multiple subspaces of functions, in such a way that the integration points are common for all the subspaces, yet the (nonnegative) weights are tailored to each specific subspace. These subspace‐adaptive weights cubature rules can be used to accelerate computational mechanics applications requiring efficiently evaluating spatial integrals whose integrand function dynamically switches between multiple pre‐computed subspaces. One of such applications is local hyperreduced‐order modeling (HROM), in which the solution manifold is approximately represented as a collection of basis matrices, each basis matrix corresponding to a different region in parameter space. The proposed optimization framework is discrete in terms of the location of the integration points, in the sense that such points are selected among the Gauss points of a given finite element mesh, and the target subspaces of functions are represented by orthogonal basis matrices constructed from the values of the functions at such Gauss points, using the singular value decomposition (SVD). This discrete framework allows us to treat also problems in which the integrals are approximated as a weighted sum of the contribution of each finite element, as in the energy‐conserving sampling and weighting method of C. Farhat and co‐workers. Two distinct solution strategies are examined. The first one is a greedy strategy based on an enhanced version of the empirical cubature method (ECM) developed by the authors elsewhere (we call it the subspace‐adaptive weights ECM, SAW‐ECM for short), while the second method is based on a convexification of the cubature problem so that it can be addressed by linear programming algorithms. We show in a toy problem involving integration of polynomial functions that the SAW‐ECM clearly outperforms the other method both in terms of computational cost and optimality. On the other hand, we illustrate the performance of the SAW‐ECM in the construction of a local HROMs in a highly nonlinear equilibrium problem (large strains regime). We demonstrate that, provided that the subspace‐transition errors are negligible, the error associated to hyperreduction using adaptive weights can be controlled by the truncation tolerances of the SVDs used for determining the basis matrices. We also show that the number of integration points decreases notably as the number of subspaces increases, and that, in the limiting case of using as many subspaces as snapshots, the SAW‐ECM delivers rules with a number of integration points only dependent on the intrinsic dimensionality of the solution manifold and the degree of overlapping required to avoid subspace‐transition errors. The Python source codes of the proposed SAW‐ECM are openly accessible in the public repository
https://github.com/Rbravo555/localECM.
Intelligent integration of ANN and H‐infinity control for optimal enhanced performance of a wind generation unit linked to a power system
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Abd‐El‐Hakeem , Kamel Salah , Zeinoddini‐Meymand Hamed
Published: September 2024

This article focuses on utilizing intelligent H‐∞ synthesis to create a controller for a wind generation system linked to a power system via a static VAR compensator. The purpose of the control approach is twofold: firstly, to enhance the system's dynamic reactions to turbulent wind variations, and secondly, to elevate the quality of power generation. To achieve optimal control of the system, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is combined with the H‐∞ control method. This integration leverages the strengths of both ANN, which excels in modeling and optimization, and H‐∞, which prioritizes robustness to enhance dynamic performance. The resultant control strategy, connecting ANN and H‐∞, demonstrates the capability to deliver superior performance, precise tracking, and minimal overshooting. This approach is adaptive to changing control signals and exhibits robust characteristics, effectively managing uncertainties and disturbances. Through a simulation study, the effectiveness of this presented technique is showcased in enhancing the dynamic response of the system when compared to alternative control strategies.
A comparison of physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of bio‐polyester hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Rath Abjesh Prasad , Krishnan P. Santhana Gopala , Kanny Krishnan
Published: September 2024

It is imperative to improve the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid (PLA), poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT), and polycaprolactone (PCL) in order to employ them on a larger scale. The development of hybrid nanocomposite materials using nano inclusions can improve desired qualities. Here we introduced an interactive nano reinforcement approach to improve the properties by combining graphene oxide (GO) and carboxyl functionalized MWCNT (f‐MWCNT), to provide for their chemical bonding for synergic reinforcement. A constant filler 2 wt.% was added to the biopolyesters by melt blending process and examined the different physical properties like water absorption, intrinsic viscosity, and hardness. To completely evaluate the functionalization of the nanofillers, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) analyses were used. The paired nanoparticles and polymer matrix appear to mix well together, as shown by electron microscopy, which also reveals good dispersion and the creation of a reinforcing network microstructure across the matrix layer. A thorough analysis of the results showed that effective stress transmission, delaying the start of faults and generating microcracks, and dissipating additional mechanical energy all contributed to efficient hybrid network formation, which improved the mechanical properties of hybrid filler nanocomposites except some nanocomposites. These findings offer a viable technique for chemically altering biodegradable polymers, like PLA, PBAT, and PCL for use in biomedical, wastewater management, and agricultural applications.
Comprehensive identification of polyphenolic metabolites in aspen knotwood by combination of 2D NMR and HPLC‐HRMS
Authors: Faleva Anna V. , Falev Danil I. , Onuchina Aleksandra A. , Ulyanovskii Nikolay V. , Kosyakov Dmitry S.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

European aspen (Populus tremula L.) knotwood contains large amounts of polyphenolic metabolites, mainly flavonoids, and can be considered as a promising industrial‐scale source of valuable bioactive compounds. Valorization of knotwood extractives requires detailed information on their chemical composition and a relevant analytical methodology.

Objective

This study proposes combined analytical strategy for non‐targeted screening and identification of polyphenolic plant metabolites and is aimed at comprehensive characterization of knotwood extractives.

Materials and methods

Aspen knotwood acetone extract with determined antioxidant activity was an object of the study. Two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy with Structure Elucidator expert system was used for preliminary search of major components and specific structures. Liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC‐HRMS) with data‐dependent MS/MS spectra acquisition was used as a complementary technique providing molecular‐level characterization and identification of the detected metabolites.

Results

Twenty‐eight phenolic metabolites were found and identified. Among them, flavonoids, aromadendrin and naringenin, as well as their glycosylated derivatives (mainly O‐glucosides) and methyl ethers, dominated. Taxifolin and its 7‐O‐glucoside were detected as minor components. Other detected compounds are represented by p‐coumaric acid and its rutinoside and small amounts of glycosylated ferulic acid. Nineteen of the detected compounds were discovered in aspen knotwood for the first time. The results were confirmed by preparative isolation of individual compounds and NMR studies.

Conclusion

The proposed analytical strategy based on 2D NMR and HPLC‐HRMS can be considered a powerful tool in the analysis of plant extractives and allowed for the identification and semi‐quantification of a large number of polyphenols in aspen knotwood.
Aufgedrehte Rydberg‐Atome leben länger
Authors: Hölzl Christian , Meinert Florian
Published: September 2024

Hoch angeregte Rydberg‐Atome sind die Grundlage für Quantencomputer und Quantensimulatoren mit Neutralatomen. Bislang schränkt die kurze Lebensdauer jedoch mögliche Anwendungen ein. Die Erzeugung langlebiger zirkularer Rydberg‐Zustände erlaubt es, fundamentale Grenzen dieser Architektur zu überwinden.
Langsamen Elektronen auf der Spur
Authors: Werner Wolfgang S. M.
Published: September 2024

Wie deponieren langsame Elektronen Energie in Festkörpern? Koinzidenzmessungen geben Aufschluss über bislang schlecht verstandene Prozesse.
One‐Step Aerosol Synthesis of Thiocyanate Passivated Hybrid Perovskite Microcrystals: Impact of (Pseudo‐)Halide Additives on Crystallization and Access to a Novel Binary Model
Authors: Bahnmüller Ulrich J. , Krysiak Yaşar , Seewald Tobias , Yalçinkaya Yenal , Pluta Denis , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Weber Stefan A. L. , Polarz Sebastian
Published: September 2024

Hybrid Perovskite materials have gone through an astonishing development due to their unique optoelectronic behavior, leading to the creation of a wide range of synthetic strategies. As the materials’ surface is found to play a crucial role with respect to the properties, e.g. hydration, stability and carrier mobilities, considerable efforts have been made to optimize the surface through various approaches. Especially the passivation of the perovskite surface attracted a lot of attention in this field, often resulting in more complex, multi‐step synthetic processes. In this study, a simple one‐step aerosol‐assisted synthetic approach is presented to obtain thiocyanate (SCN) passivated single‐crystal MAPbBr3 microcrystals. To elucidate the role of the additive in the crystallization process, mixed (pseudo‐)halide precursors are systematically investigated. The as processed, passivated microcrystals exhibit enhanced stability and charge carrier lifetimes. Additionally, a decrease in surface photovoltage, attributed to the presence of the SCN additive, is observed. Furthermore, the aerosol process is further developed resulting in a novel binary system containing MAPbBr3‐SCN perovskite microcrystals and Au nanostructures. This system serves as a promising model for further investigations into potential interactions between plasmonic and semiconducting materials, with initial results indicating prolonged charge carrier lifetimes.
Thonningianin A from Penthorum chinense Pursh as a targeted inhibitor of Alzheimer's disease‐related β‐amyloid and Tau proteins
Authors: Yu Lu , Wang Huimiao , Yao Qianfang , Li Keru , Qu Liqun , Tang Bin , Zeng Wu , Qiao Gan , Tang Yong , Hu Guishan , Hu Guangqiang , Wong Vincent Kam‐Wai , Wang Qiong , Qin Dalian , Wu Jianming , Zhou Xiaogang , Sun Xiaolei , Law Betty Yuen‐Kwan , Wu Anguo
Published: September 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathogenesis mechanisms. Among these, β‐amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein tangles have been identified as significant contributors to neuronal damage. This study investigates thonningianin A (TA) from Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) as a potential inhibitor targeting these pivotal proteins in AD progression. The inhibitory potential of PCP and TA on Aβ fibrillization was initially investigated. Subsequently, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry and biolayer interferometry were employed to determine TA's affinity for both Aβ and Tau. The inhibitory effects of TA on the levels and cytotoxicity of AD‐related proteins were then assessed. In 3xTg‐AD mice, the therapeutic potential of TA was evaluated. Additionally, the molecular interactions between TA and either Aβ or Tau were explored using molecular docking. We found that PCP‐total ethanol extract and TA significantly inhibited Aβ fibrillization. Additionally, TA demonstrated strong affinity to Aβ and Tau, reduced levels of amyloid precursor protein and Tau, and alleviated mitochondrial distress in PC‐12 cells. In 3xTg‐AD mice, TA improved cognition, reduced Aβ and Tau pathology, and strengthened neurons. Moreover, molecular analyses revealed efficient binding of TA to Aβ and Tau. In conclusion, TA, derived from PCP, shows significant neuroprotection against AD proteins, highlighting its potential as an anti‐AD drug candidate.
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of elastin‐like polypeptides combining low‐PH/low‐temperature bottom‐up and intact protein liquid chromatography mass spectrometric analysis
Authors: Vente André , Mladic Marija , Schouten Olaf , Thies Jens , van der Hoeven Rob
Published: September 2024

Rationale

Elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs) are elastic and thermoresponsive biopolymers composed of VPGXG repeats (X can be any amino acid except proline), used in biomedical applications, for example, tissue engineering and drug delivery. As different variants of ELP are mostly produced fermentatively, there is a need for the development of analysis methods that allow for absolute protein quantification in both complex matrices and purified samples and MW determination of the final products.

Methods

ELPs were intracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli quantified after cell lysis and enzymatic digestion using a proline‐specific protease ProAlanase (Promega) at acidic conditions. Resulting peptides were separated by liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry analysis was conducted by electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The addition of a stable isotopically labeled internal standard enabled quantification in complex matrices. Prior to intact mass analysis, ELPs were purified from fermentation broth by inverse temperature cycling. Intact protein analysis was performed using reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry analysis was conducted by electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry using a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer.

Results

Absolute quantification of ELPs was achieved by utilizing ELP‐specific properties, that is, proline‐rich, soluble at low pH and low temperature. The repetitive nature of ELPs allows for sensitivity increase and use of higher dilution factors to minimize the matrix effects. Despite the lack of amino acids with charged side chains (Arg, His, Lys, Asp, and Glu) in ELP, we demonstrated successful intact protein analysis using reversed‐phase LC coupled to electrospray ionization TOF MS. Moreover, truncated protein forms could be chromatographically separated and characterized as well as N‐terminal modifications.

Conclusions

Both methods combined enabled quantitative and qualitative characterization of fermentatively produced ELPs.