bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of the spanish cultural tourist: Definition of a behavior model
Authors: Montes Botella José Luis , Sánchez Sánchez María Dolores
Published: November 2019

Objective: The objective of this research is to develop a structural model for measuring cultural tourism behavior, which helps to better understand the profile, motivation, and behavior of Spanish cultural tourists in their trips within Spain and abroad.

Methodology: A hypothetic-deductive method has been used where, after reviewing the literature, focusing on the importance of considering the client’s experience, a set of hypotheses are presented that materialize in an exploratory model. These hypotheses are later tested through a system of structural equations (SEM), estimated with data contained in the Tourism Survey of Residents / FAMILITUR of the National Institute of Statistics (INE).

Results: The model allows confirming a set of indicators that make it possible to analyze the behavior of Spanish cultural tourists in their trips within Spain, in the different Autonomous Communities (Comunidades Autónomas).

Limitations: The variables present in the Resident Tourism Survey/FAMILITUR are framed in the general guidelines given by the World Tourism Organization to study the demand, establishing a general framework and not as specific as would be required for a more segmented study of the demand for cultural tourism.

Practical implications: Help to make decisions that facilitate an improvement of the management of tourist destinations with cultural heritage, implementing specific promotional and marketing tourism policies that generate social and economic profitability in the destination.
Nueva arquitectura de la información de un sitio web real
Authors: Handler Florencia
Published: November 2019

La práctica de la asignatura Arquitectura de la Información consistió en hacer una propuesta justificada de mejora de la AI de un sitio web real, creando un árbol de contenidos y los wireframes de las páginas principales. A lo largo del semestre habíamos hecho un análisis concienzudo de este sitio, de los sitios de la competencia y una primera aproximación a su mejora.
Tecnologías para desarrollo de Aplicaciones Rich Media
Authors: González Sancho Marcos
Published: November 2019

Las Aplicaciones Rich Media ocupan desde hace bastantes años un lugar privilegiado en el mundo del software. Apoyadas por los avances tecnológicos (hardware, conectividad, etc.) y por la certeza de que el contenido manda para los usuarios, era una consecuencia lógica que dichos contenidos se enriquecieran al máximo en busca de aportar al usuario un mayor valor.
Entrevista a Víctor Ruiz
Authors: Melenchón Maldonado Javier
Published: November 2019

Víctor Ruiz es fundador y propietario de FXInteractive y director de investigación y desarrollo en la misma. También ocupa un lugar como directivo en el Spain Game DEVelopers Association. Se dedica al mundo de los videojuegos desde muy joven, formando parte también de empresas como Dinamic Software y Dinamic Multimedia.
Entornos de Realidad Virtual para combatir la ansiedad
Authors: Alsina Ivan
Published: November 2019

Hoy en día, los trastornos de ansiedad se han establecido como uno de los trastornos mentales más frecuentes entre la población. Según recientes estudios epidemiológicos su tasa de prevalencia se sitúa entorno al 31% o, dicho de otro modo, prácticamente una de cada tres personas tiene o tendrá en algún momento de su vida un cuadro de este tipo. Ello los convierte en un serio problema de salud pública.
Spécula: una historia transmedia
Authors: Moro Álvarez Manuel
Published: November 2019

En esta experiencia se explica cómo los fundamentos teóricos sirvieron como herramienta ceativa para elaborar una narración transmedia. Las ideas para un guión ¿vienen o se buscan? Y si se buscan, ¿cómo encontrarlas? Una forma posible es llevar la teoría a la práctica. Este artículo describe el nexo entre teoría y creación dentro de un proyecto transmedia.
Entrevista a Mònica Rikic
Authors: Vilà Irma , Berga Quelic , Nalvaiz Ivan
Published: November 2019

Mònica Rikic, es la creadora de Buildasound, un juego de construcción de sonido para niños mediante unos grandes cubos de espuma. Consiste en ir creando o modificando formas a la vez que generas nuevos ritmos y sonidos. Mònica nos da la oportunidad de conocer a fondo su proyecto mediante ésta entrevista.
The Federal Estate Tax
Authors: Joulfaian David
Published: November 2019

A comprehensive and accessible account of the U.S. estate tax, examining its history and evolution, structure and inner workings, and economic consequences.

Governments have been levying some form of inheritance tax since the ancient Egyptians did so in the seventh century BC. In the United States, the federal government experimented with various forms of inheritance taxes, settling on an estate tax in 1916 and a gift tax in 1932. Despite this long history, there are few empirical studies of the federal estate tax. This book offers the first comprehensive look at U.S. estate and inheritance taxes, examining their history and evolution, structure and inner workings, and economic consequences. Written by David Joulfaian, a veteran economist at the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the book provides accessible accounts of such topics as changes in tax laws, issues of equity, the fiscal contribution of the estate tax, and its behavioral effects.

Joulfaian traces the evolution of U.S. inheritance taxes from 1797 to the present, noting that the estate tax rate and base expanded through 1976, then began to decline. He describes the tax itself, explaining that it currently applies to estates and gifts in excess of $11.18 million, and outlines applicable deductions and credits. He sketches a profile of taxpayers and their beneficiaries; surveys the revenues from estate and gift taxes; and discusses the effect of estate taxation on labor decisions, saving and wealth accumulation, charitable giving, life insurance ownership, and other economic activities. Finally, he addresses criticisms of the estate tax and analyzes its shortcomings. Accompanying tables present a wealth of data gathered by Joulfaian in his research and not available elsewhere.
Taming Uncertainty
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Pleskac Timothy J. , Pachur Thorsten
Published: November 2019

An examination of the cognitive tools that the mind uses to grapple with uncertainty in the real world.

How do humans navigate uncertainty, continuously making near-effortless decisions and predictions even under conditions of imperfect knowledge, high complexity, and extreme time pressure? Taming Uncertainty argues that the human mind has developed tools to grapple with uncertainty. Unlike much previous scholarship in psychology and economics, this approach is rooted in what is known about what real minds can do. Rather than reducing the human response to uncertainty to an act of juggling probabilities, the authors propose that the human cognitive system has specific tools for dealing with different forms of uncertainty. They identify three types of tools: simple heuristics, tools for information search, and tools for harnessing the wisdom of others. This set of strategies for making predictions, inferences, and decisions constitute the mind's adaptive toolbox.

The authors show how these three dimensions of human decision making are integrated and they argue that the toolbox, its cognitive foundation, and the environment are in constant flux and subject to developmental change. They demonstrate that each cognitive tool can be analyzed through the concept of ecological rationality—that is, the fit between specific tools and specific environments. Chapters deal with such specific instances of decision making as food choice architecture, intertemporal choice, financial uncertainty, pedestrian navigation, and adolescent behavior.
Convergent Evolution on Earth
Authors: McGhee George R
Published: November 2019

An analysis of patterns of convergent evolution on Earth that suggests where we might look for similar convergent forms on other planets.

Why does a sea lily look like a palm tree? And why is a sea lily called a “lily” when it is a marine animal and not a plant? Many marine animals bear a noticeable similarity in form to land-dwelling plants. And yet these marine animal forms evolved in the oceans first; land plants independently and convergently evolved similar forms much later in geologic time. In this book, George McGhee analyzes patterns of convergent evolution on Earth and argues that these patterns offer lessons for the search for life elsewhere in the universe.

Our Earth is a water world; 71 percent of the earth's surface is covered by water. The fossil record shows that multicellular life on dry land is a new phenomenon; for the vast majority of the earth's history—3,500 million years of its 4,560 million years of existence—complex life existed only in the oceans. Explaining that convergent biological evolution occurs because of limited evolutionary pathways, McGhee examines examples of convergent evolution in forms of feeding, immobility and mobility, defense, and organ systems. McGhee suggests that the patterns of convergent evolution that we see in our own water world indicate the potential for similar convergent forms in other water worlds. We should search for extraterrestrial life on water worlds, and for technological life on water worlds with continental landmasses.
Real time dynamics of Gating-Related conformational changes in CorA
Authors: Rangl Martina , Schmandt Nicolaus , Perozo Eduardo , Scheuring Simon
Published: November 2019

CorA, a divalent-selective channel in the metal ion transport superfamily, is the major Mg2+-influx pathway in prokaryotes. CorA structures in closed (Mg2+-bound), and open (Mg2+-free) states, together with functional data showed that Mg2+-influx inhibits further Mg2+-uptake completing a regulatory feedback loop. While the closed state structure is a symmetric pentamer, the open state displayed unexpected asymmetric architectures. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we explored the Mg2+-dependent gating transition of single CorA channels: HS-AFM movies during Mg2+-depletion experiments revealed the channel’s transition from a stable Mg2+-bound state over a highly mobile and dynamic state with fluctuating subunits to asymmetric structures with varying degree of protrusion heights from the membrane. Our data shows that at Mg2+-concentration below Kd, CorA adopts a dynamic (putatively open) state of multiple conformations that imply structural rearrangements through hinge-bending in TM1. We discuss how these structural dynamics define the functional behavior of this ligand-dependent channel.
Kinetics of cytokine receptor trafficking determine signaling and functional selectivity
Authors: Martinez-Fabregas Jonathan , Wilmes Stephan , Wang Luopin , Hafer Maximillian , Pohler Elizabeth , Lokau Juliane , Garbers Christoph , Cozzani Adeline , Fyfe Paul K , Piehler Jacob , Kazemian Majid , Mitra Suman , Moraga Ignacio
Published: November 2019

Cytokines activate signaling via assembly of cell surface receptors, but it is unclear whether modulation of cytokine-receptor binding parameters can modify biological outcomes. We have engineered IL-6 variants with different affinities to gp130 to investigate how cytokine receptor binding dwell-times influence functional selectivity. Engineered IL-6 variants showed a range of signaling amplitudes and induced biased signaling, with changes in receptor binding dwell-times affecting more profoundly STAT1 than STAT3 phosphorylation. We show that this differential signaling arises from defective translocation of ligand-gp130 complexes to the endosomal compartment and competitive STAT1/STAT3 binding to phospho-tyrosines in gp130, and results in unique patterns of STAT3 binding to chromatin. This leads to a graded gene expression response and differences in ex vivo differentiation of Th17, Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide a molecular understanding of signaling biased by cytokine receptors, and demonstrate that manipulation of signaling thresholds is a useful strategy to decouple cytokine functional pleiotropy.
Helix breaking transition in the S4 of HCN channel is critical for hyperpolarization-dependent gating
Authors: Kasimova Marina A , Tewari Debanjan , Cowgill John B , Ursuleaz Willy Carrasquel , Lin Jenna L , Delemotte Lucie , Chanda Baron
Published: November 2019

In contrast to most voltage-gated ion channels, hyperpolarization- and cAMP gated (HCN) ion channels open on hyperpolarization. Structure-function studies show that the voltage-sensor of HCN channels are unique but the mechanisms that determine gating polarity remain poorly understood. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations (~20 μs) of HCN1 channel under hyperpolarization reveals an initial downward movement of the S4 voltage-sensor but following the transfer of last gating charge, the S4 breaks into two sub-helices with the lower sub-helix becoming parallel to the membrane. Functional studies on bipolar channels show that the gating polarity strongly correlates with helical turn propensity of the substituents at the breakpoint. Remarkably, in a proto-HCN background, the replacement of breakpoint serine with a bulky hydrophobic amino acid is sufficient to completely flip the gating polarity from inward to outward-rectifying. Our studies reveal an unexpected mechanism of inward rectification involving a linker sub-helix emerging from HCN S4 during hyperpolarization.
Diatoms as indicators of the effects of river impoundment at multiple spatial scales
Authors: Krajenbrink Hendrik J. , Acreman Mike , Dunbar Michael J. , Greenway Libby , Hannah David M. , Laizé Cédric L.R. , Ryves David B. , Wood Paul J.
Published: November 2019

River impoundment constitutes one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on the World’s rivers. An increasing number of studies have tried to quantify the effects of river impoundment on riverine ecosystems over the past two decades, often focusing on the effects of individual large reservoirs. This study is one of the first to use a large-scale, multi-year diatom dataset from a routine biomonitoring network to analyse sample sites downstream of a large number of water supply reservoirs (n = 77) and to compare them with paired unregulated control sites. We analysed benthic diatom assemblage structure and a set of derived indices, including ecological guilds, in tandem with multiple spatio-temporal variables to disclose patterns of ecological responses to reservoirs beyond the site-specific scale. Diatom assemblage structure at sites downstream of water supply reservoirs was significantly different to control sites, with the effect being most evident at the regional scale. We found that regional influences were important drivers of differences in assemblage structure at the national scale, although this effect was weaker at downstream sites, indicating the homogenising effect of river impoundment on diatom assemblages. Sites downstream of reservoirs typically exhibited a higher taxonomic richness, with the strongest increases found within the motile guild. In addition, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) values were typically higher at downstream sites. Water quality gradients appeared to be an important driver of diatom assemblages, but the influence of other abiotic factors could not be ruled out and should be investigated further. Our results demonstrate the value of diatom assemblage data from national-scale biomonitoring networks to detect the effects of water supply reservoirs on instream communities at large spatial scales. This information may assist water resource managers with the future implementation of mitigation measures such as setting environmental flow targets.
Artificial Reproduction of Zebrafish Dania rerio under Controlled Laboratory Condition
Authors: Dede Kemal , Yalniz Şehriban Çek
Published: November 2019

The objective of this study was to describe a standard universally accepted artificial culture protocol for zebrafish. Also, developmental stages of embryogenesis were also described. Because Zebrafish are considered as a model organism and are widely used in biomedical research to study human genes and human diseases. Despite this, the artificial reproduction of zebrafish is poorly described, and there is not any standard universally accepted artificial culture protocol. To satisfy the scientist working in the biomedical area, a standard culture method of zebrafish under controlled laboratory conditions must be developed.

The present study was conducted at the Aquaria Research unit of Marine Sciences and Technology Faculty of Iskenderun Technical University, Iskenderun Turkey, from March 2018 to October 2018.

Spawn traps and gravels are not used for spawning of broodstock. Female and male broodstock were selected from our previously cultured stock, based on their swollen abdomens. Mean body lengths for female and male were 3.34±0.40, 2.97±0.3 cm and the mean weights were 0.38±0.14, 0.25±0.27 g, respectively. First eggs were squeezed from the ovaries then milt was taken from the testes onto the eggs. Fertilisation was done artificially by the dry method. The eggs hatch within 4-5 days at 28±1°C. The mean diameter of eggs and fecundity were measured using a micrometre attached to a microscope. During the experimental studies, the water quality parameters were also maintained at optimum.

In the present study, temperature and pH were maintained at 28±1°C, and 7.28 respectively and which were the best for reproduction of zebrafish. Fecundity differed widely between individuals, and the number of eggs ranged from 7 to 110. The average diameter of the eggs ranged from 405± 0,001 to 570 ± 0,001 µm. Mainly seven developmental stages of embryogenesis were described; the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching stages.

The results of the present study suggest that with the right artificial culture conditions and proper manual stripping, the required number of eggs and embryos for biomedical research can be easily obtained.
The Effect of Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Citrullus lanatus and Moringa oleifera Seed Meals on Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles
Authors: Avwemoya F. E. , Eze F.
Published: November 2019

Four experimental diets were formulated to contain Citrullus lanatus, Moringa oleifera seed meal, Citrullus lanatus and Moringa oleifera seed meals as partial replacement for fishmeal (Treatment 2, 3 and 4 respectively) and Treatment 1 as control, which included fishmeal and soy bean meal as the protein sources. The fed were to one hundred and twenty (120) African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) of mean weight of 25±5.0 g and mean length of 14±2.0 cm in replicates for 10 weeks growth period. The results obtained showed that fish fed treatment 3 had highest mean weigh gain. More so, treatment 1 had the highest percentage weight gain and specific growth rate. Treatment 4 had the highest food conversion ratio and treatment 1 had the highest length increase. The result of the economic analysis of the four treatments showed the treatment 4 and 3 are the cheapest while treatment 1 is the most expensive. All the treatment diets showed that growth due to the different protein sources were not significant (p>0.05). The result of this study therefore revealed that partial replacement of fishmeal with Moringa oleifera seed meal can be used in the diet of Clarias gariepinus juveniles.
Fish Species Composition and Morphological Descriptions of Five Dominant Families from Inland Waters of Kebbi State-Nigeria
Authors: Bawaa D. Y. , Amin S. M. Nurul , Arshad Aziz bin , Yusoff Fatimah Md , Argungu L. A.
Published: November 2019

A study was conducted on fish species composition and morphological features of five dominant fish families from the inland waters of Kebbi state, Nigeria between January and December 2017. Three major fishing communities (Argungu, Sabiyel and Yauri) were selected for the study. Fish samples were qualitatively collected from the commercial landings of the fishermen using gill nets. The analysis of the distribution of fish species were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software In total 18 fish species belonging to 10 families were identified from the inland waters of Kebbi state. Viz: Bagridae, Cichlidae, Claridae, Mormyridae, Citharacidae, Characidae, Mochokidae, Melaptaruridae, Schilbeidae and Cyprinidae. Among the 10 identified families, Bagridae (22.22%) and Mormyridae (16.66%) which accounted for four and three species respectively, were the most dominant families.
Phytoplankton Diversity and Abundance in Lake Ribadu, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Hassan E. I. , Bonjoru R. , Ndeham V. R.
Published: November 2019

This study was carried out to look at the phytoplankton diversity and abundance in Lake Ribadu, Fufore Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study was carried out for a period of 6 months (July to December 2016). Phytoplanktons sampling was carried out by using the plankton net of mesh size 55µm by hauling horizontally for five meters. Frequency counts, percentages were used to analyzing the phytoplankton species composition and abundance while ComEcolPaC (a Microsoft Excel 2003 based program) was used to analyze the variation in the diversity indices. A total of Twenty one (21) species were observed in the study sites. Bacillariophyceae recorded the highest with the percentage abundance of 37.8% followed by Chlorophyceae with 35.12%, Myxophyceae with 25.82% while Chrysophyceae with 1.53% is the least abundant. The study recommends that Monitoring of the lake by the immediate community and regulation of all anthropogenic activities should be given topmost priority as part of the environmental management policy for the sustainability of aquatic resources of the lake.
Evaluation of Bexar County community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction
Authors: Shedd Mikali , Bozhkova Anna , Kalich Bethany A. , Wilkening G. Lucy
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Harm reduction is a term for strategies that minimize the negative outcomes of drug use. Given the progressing opioid epidemic, identifying barriers to harm reduction dispensing in community pharmacies is essential.

Methods

This online, survey-based study assessed community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction and perceived dispense rates of both naloxone and needles/syringes to patients without verifiable injectable prescriptions. The online survey was distributed to members of the Bexar County Pharmacist Association and university alumni. The survey collected demographics, perceived dispense rates of naloxone, needles and syringes, availability of pharmacy protocols for dispensing these products, and Likert-scaled attitudinal questions. Responses were collected for 6 weeks.

Results

Thirty-two survey responses were analyzed. Participants were generally white (n = 14) or Hispanic/Latino (n = 14), had a median age of 37 years (interquartile range, 32-49 years), and had a median graduation year of 2011 (interquartile range, 1988-2016). Most pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed they should be involved in harm reduction (n = 26) and that pharmacies are an appropriate place to access these resources (n = 26). However, most reported never or rarely dispensing both naloxone (n = 19) and needles and syringes (n = 22). Naloxone or needle and syringe protocol use was reported by 66% (n = 21) and 47% (n = 15) of pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy protocols significantly enhanced the likelihood of naloxone dispensing (P = .007) but not needle and syringe dispensing (P = .24).

Conclusion

Community pharmacists exhibited positive attitudes toward harm reduction but reported low rates of dispensing both naloxone and needles and syringes. Pharmacy protocols could be enhanced to better support community pharmacists in this area.
Imaging the adenovirus infection cycle
Authors: Pied Noémie , Wodrich Harald
Published: November 2019

Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus is the site for viral gene expression, genome replication, and the production of progeny for the next round of infection. By taking control of the cell, adenoviruses also suppress cell‐autonomous immunity responses. To succeed in their production cycle, adenoviruses rely on well‐coordinated steps, facilitated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors. Interactions between virus and host can impose remarkable morphological changes in the infected cell. Imaging adenoviruses has tremendously influenced how we delineate individual steps in the viral life cycle, because it allowed the development of specific optical markers to label these morphological changes in space and time. As technology advances, innovative imaging techniques and novel tools for specimen labeling keep uncovering previously unseen facets of adenovirus biology emphasizing why imaging adenoviruses is as attractive today as it was in the past. This review will summarize past achievements and present developments in adenovirus imaging centered on fluorescence microscopy approaches.
State‐of‐the‐art human adenovirus vectorology for therapeutic approaches
Authors: Gao Jian , Mese Kemal , Bunz Oskar , Ehrhardt Anja
Published: November 2019

Human adenoviruses (Ads) have long been studied in the basic virology field and are exploited as vectors for gene therapy, vaccination, and oncolytic therapy. Ads are usually mild pathogens, but they can cause severe infections and symptoms in immunocompromised individuals. Ads show a large natural diversity and a broad spectrum of hosts. However, replication‐competent and replication‐deficient Ad vectors with therapeutic applications have been built mainly starting from human Ad type 5, because generating vectors from other human and animal Ads has proven challenging. This review provides an updated overview of vectors that are not derived from human Ad type 5. We discuss genetic engineering techniques for getting access to the natural diversity of human Ads and for vectorization of alternative Ad types. A catalogue of currently available vectorized human Ads and translational applications thereof is also compiled. We conclude with a perspective on Ad vectorology that looks into the future of Ad vectors in translational medicine.
Impact of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on the Risk of Newly Diagnosed Hip Fracture: A General Population‐Based Study
Authors: Li Lingyi , Xie Hui , Lu Na , Esdaile John M. , Aviña‐Zubieta J. Antonio
Published: November 2019

Objective

Hip fractures have serious consequences, including a 1‐year mortality rate of 30%. Population‐based studies on hip fractures in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce. Our objective was to assess the independent risk of hip fractures in patients with newly diagnosed SLE compared to the general population, accounting for baseline and time‐varying confounders.

Methods

A cohort of all patients with incident SLE who received health care between January 1, 1997 and March 31, 2015 was assembled. The primary outcome was the occurrence of the first hip fracture since the study entry date. Individuals without SLE were randomly selected from the general population and matched (5:1) to those with SLE based on age, sex, and index year. Cumulative incidence was calculated after accounting for competing risks of death. Marginal structural Cox models were used to estimate the impact of SLE on hip fractures, adjusting for baseline and time‐dependent covariates (i.e., glucocorticoid use and the number of outpatient, inpatient, and rheumatologist visits).

Results

Among 5,047 individuals with incident SLE and 25,235 individuals without SLE (86% female, mean age 40 years), we found 73 and 272 hip fractures during 78,915 and 395,427 person‐years, respectively. The crude incidence rate ratio was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–1.75). After adjusting for baseline covariates, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.86 (95% CI 1.37–2.52). After further adjustment for time‐dependent covariates, the HR remained significant at 1.62 (95% CI 1.06–2.48).

Conclusion

Patients with newly diagnosed SLE have a 62% increased risk of hip fractures compared to individuals without SLE. For patients with SLE, this result has important implications for prevention of osteoporosis, which may lead to hip fractures.
Treatment Satisfaction With and Adherence to Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Adult Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Tollisen Anita , Flatø Berit , Selvaag Anne M. , Aasland Astrid , Ingebrigtsen Trude , Sagen Joachim , Lerdal Anners
Published: November 2019

Objective

To examine medication satisfaction and adherence and their relationships to disease variables and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Patients (n = 96, mean age 25 years, 67% female) completed questionnaires about their health status 19 years after disease onset. Patients receiving biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) or methotrexate (MTX) were assessed with the 8‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‐8) and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), including dimensions of effectiveness, side effects, convenience, and global satisfaction.

Results

DMARDs were received by 52 patients (54%) (mean age 25 years, 75% female), of which 28 received MTX and 37 received bDMARDs. Patients receiving combination therapy of MTX and bDMARDs (n = 15) reported higher satisfaction with bDMARDs than MTX in the dimensions of side effects and global satisfaction (mean ± SD 92.9 ± 15.5 versus 56.2 ± 30.9, and mean ± SD 67.6 ± 19.8 versus 47.1 ± 21.7; P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). Patients receiving either bDMARDs (n = 22) or MTX (n = 13) reported higher satisfaction with bDMARDs than MTX for the dimensions of effectiveness and global satisfaction (mean ± SD 78.7 ± 15.4 versus 60.2 ± 19.9, and mean ± SD 73.6 ± 17.7 versus 52.3 ± 23.9; P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively). Nearly one‐half of patients (46%) reported low adherence (MMAS‐8 score <6) and 25% high adherence (MMAS‐8 score = 8). Higher levels of pain, psychological distress, more active joints, and current MTX use were the strongest correlates of lower medication satisfaction. Perceived medication effectiveness and global satisfaction correlated positively with physical and mental HRQoL.

Conclusion

Patients with JIA were more satisfied with bDMARDs than MTX, and 46% reported low adherence. Higher medication satisfaction was associated with better HRQoL.
Characterization of Bimetallic Interface in Cu–Al and Ni–Cu Rods Cold Welded by Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Zhilyaev Alexander P. , Werner Thomas , Cabrera Jose Maria
Published: November 2019

While cold welding by equal channel angular pressing has already been confirmed to be a viable alternative to join materials that commonly tend to exhibit unwanted brittleness and other heat‐induced properties, the exact processes taking place at the interface as well as their effects have not been well studied. Herein, the exact chemical composition along the bimetal interface is analyzed by multiple energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy line scans. Furthermore, microhardness maps are drawn up based on Vickers microindentations in the same area. Based on these findings, the presence and distribution of intermetallics, as signs of successful welding, are determined, as well as their influence on the mechanical properties of the weld.
Changes to the ACGME Common Program Requirements and Their Potential Impact on Emergency Medicine Core Faculty Protected Time
Authors: Greenberger Sarah M. , Finnell John T. , Chang Bernard P. , Garg Nidhi , Quinn Shawn M. , Bird Steven , Diercks Deborah B. , Doty Christopher I. , Gallahue Fiona E. , Moreira Maria E. , Ranney Megan L. , Rives Loren , Kessler Chad S. , Lo Bruce , Schmitz Gillian
Published: November 2019

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), which regulates residency and fellowship training in the United States, recently revised the minimum standards for all training programs. These standards are codified and published as the Common Program Requirements. Recent specific revisions, particularly removing the requirement ensuring protected time for core faculty, are poised to have a substantial impact on emergency medicine training programs. A group of representatives and relevant stakeholders from national emergency medicine (EM) organizations was convened to assess the potential effects of these changes on core faculty and the training of emergency physicians. We reviewed the literature and results of surveys conducted by EM organizations to examine the role of core faculty protected time. Faculty nonclinical activities contribute greatly to the academic missions of EM training programs. Protected time and reduced clinical hours allow core faculty to engage in education and research, which are two of the three core pillars of academic EM. Loss of core faculty protected time is expected to have detrimental impacts on training programs and on EM generally. We provide consensus recommendations regarding EM core faculty clinical work hour limitations to maintain protected time for educational activities and scholarship and preserve the quality of academic EM.
Stress Testing the Resuscitation Room: Latent Threats to Patient Safety Identified During Interprofessional In Situ Simulation in a Canadian Academic Emergency Department
Authors: Mastoras George , Poulin Cari , Norman Larry , Weitzman Brian , Pozgay Anita , Frank Jason R. , Posner Glenn
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Emergency department (ED) resuscitation is a complex, high‐stakes procedure where positive outcomes depend on effective interactions between the health care team, the patient, and the environment. Resuscitation teams work in dynamic environments and strive to ensure the timely delivery of necessary treatments, equipment, and skill sets when required. However, systemic failures in this environment cannot always be adequately anticipated, which exposes patients to opportunities for harm.

Methods

As part of a new interprofessional education and quality improvement initiative, this prospective, observational study sought to characterize latent safety threats (LSTs) identified during the delivery of in situ, simulated resuscitations in our ED. In situ simulation (ISS) sessions were delivered on a monthly basis in the EDs at each campus of a large tertiary care academic hospital system, during which a variety of scenarios were run with teams of ED health care professionals. LSTs were identified by simulation facilitators and participants during the case and debriefing and then grouped thematically for analysis.

Results

During the study period, 22 ISS sessions were delivered, involving 58 cases and reaching 383 ED health care professionals. 196 latent safety threats were identified through these sessions (mean = 3.4 LSTs per case) of which 110 were determined to be “actionable” at a system level. LSTs identified included system/environmental design flaws, equipment problems, failures in department processes, and knowledge/skill gaps. Corrective mechanisms were initiated in 85% of actionable cases.

Conclusions

Effective quality improvement and continuing education programs are essential to translate these findings into more resilient patient care. ISS, beyond its role as a training tool for developing intrinsic and crisis resource management skills, can be effectively used to identify system issues in the ED that could expose critically ill patients to harm.
Extensive interlineage hybridization in the predominantly clonal Hydrilla verticillata
Authors: Benoit Lori K. , Les Donald H. , King Ursula M. , Na Hye Ryun , Chen Lei , Tippery Nicholas P.
Published: November 2019

Premise

The submersed aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata (“hydrilla”) is important ecologically and economically due to its aggressive growth in both indigenous and nonindigenous regions. Substantial morphological variation has been documented in hydrilla, including the existence of monoecious and dioecious “biotypes.” Whereas plastid sequence data have been used previously to explore intraspecific diversity, nuclear data have yet to be analyzed in a phylogenetic context. Molecular and morphological analyses were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of native and introduced populations.

Methods

Nuclear (internal transcribed spacer—ITS; phytoene desaturase—PDS) and plastid (trnL‐F) sequence data were evaluated phylogenetically using likelihood and Bayesian methods. Leaf morphologies were compared among clades that were identified in phylogenetic analyses.

Results

Data from both ITS and PDS show multiple instances of polymorphic sequences that could be traced to two or more lineages, including both invasive biotypes in the Americas. Leaf morphological data support the distinctness of lineages and provide a metric for distinguishing monoecious and dioecious biotypes in the United States.

Conclusions

Nuclear molecular data indicate far greater genetic diversity than could be estimated using plastid markers. Substantially divergent copies of nuclear genes, found in multiple populations worldwide, likely result from interlineage hybridization. Invasive monoecious and dioecious hydrilla biotypes in the Americas are genetically distinct, with both biotypes resulting from admixture among Eurasian progenitors. Genetic similarity to populations in India and South Korea, respectively, implicates these as likely origins for the dioecious and monoecious biotypes.
Fire damage to cambium affects localized xylem anatomy and hydraulics: the case of Nothofagus pumilio in Patagonia
Authors: Mundo Ignacio A. , González Carina V. , Stoffel Markus , Ballesteros‐Cánovas Juan A. , Villalba Ricardo
Published: November 2019

Premise

Fire scars on trees are created by excessive heat from a fire that kills the vascular cambium. Although, fires are one of the most important forest disturbances in Patagonia, the effects of fire on tree physiology and wood anatomy are still unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that abnormal functioning of the cambium after a fire will induce anatomical changes in the wood. We also assumed that these anatomical changes would affect xylem safety transport.

Methods

We quantified wood anatomical traits in Nothofagus pumilio, the dominant subalpine tree species of Patagonia, using two approaches: time and distance. In the first, anatomical changes in tree rings were compared before, during, and after fire occurrence. In the second, the spatial extent of these changes was evaluated with respect to the wound by measuring anatomical traits in sampling bands in two directions (0° and 45°) with respect to the onset of healing.

Results

Reductions in lumen diameter and vessel number were the most conspicuous changes associated with fire damage and observed in the fire ring and subsequent post‐fire rings. In addition, the fire ring had more rays than in control rings. In terms of distance, anatomical changes were only restricted to short distances from the wound.

Conclusions

Post‐fire changes in wood anatomical traits were confined close to the wound margins. These changes might be associated with a defense strategy related to the compartmentalization of the wound and safety of water transport.
Recurrent anaphylaxis in the United States: time of onset and risk factors
Authors: Chaaban Mohamad R. , Stuart Jared , Watley Duncan , Baillargeon Gwen , Kuo Yong‐Fang
Published: November 2019

Background

Studies have not yet examined the trends and risk factors of biphasic and recurrent anaphylaxis in the United States using International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD‐10) CM codes. The goal of this study is to examine the trends of biphasic and recurrent anaphylaxis in all patient care settings (inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, and observation).

Methods

We used the Clinformatics database from 2015 to 2017. Our main outcome measure was recurrent anaphylactic events occurring within 1 year after the initial event. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to assess the factors associated with recurrent anaphylaxis and the Kaplan‐Meier method to estimate time to recurrence.

Results

There were a total of 19,039 patients with incident anaphylaxis in 2016 and, of these, 2017 had a recurrent anaphylaxis event in the 12‐month period after the index date (10.6%). The most common trigger for recurrent anaphylaxis is venom followed by food allergens. Pediatric patients aged <18 years were more likely to develop recurrent anaphylaxis compared with patients aged 18 to 64 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53). Patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma were more likely to develop recurrent anaphylaxis compared to those without these comorbidities (HR, 1.15 and 1.27, respectively).

Conclusion

This is the first national study using ICD‐10 CM codes looking at rates of biphasic and recurrent anaphylaxis in all patient care settings. Recurrent anaphylaxis is more common in the first 3 days after the initial event, in younger patients (<18 years), and in patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Physicians need to prescribe epinephrine auto‐injectors and educate their patients about the risk of recurrence.
Enantioselective Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Aminofluorination of Unactivated Alkenes with Et4NF⋅3 HF as a Fluoride Source
Authors: Hou Chuanqi , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng
Published: November 2019

The first asymmetric PdII‐catalyzed aminofluorination of unactivated alkenes using chiral quinoline‐oxazolines (Quox) as ligands has been developed. This reaction provides easy access to a wide array of enantiomerically enriched β‐fluoropiperidines in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivity. Notably, Et4NF⋅3 HF as a readily accessible nucleophilic fluoride source was found to play an essential role in the enantioselective control, and CsOCF3 also acts a key additive to improve the excellent ee value of products.
Novel structurally characterized hetero‐bimetallic [Zn(II)2M(II)] (M = Ca and Sr) bis(salamo)‐type complexes: DFT calculation, Hirshfeld analyses, antimicrobial and fluorescent properties
Authors: Liu Chang , An Xiao‐Xin , Cui Yong‐Fan , Xie Ke‐Feng , Dong Wen‐Kui
Published: November 2019

Two hetero‐bimetallic [Zn(II)2M(II)] (M = Ca and Sr) complexes [Zn2Ca(L)(OAc)2] (1) and [Zn2Sr(L)(OAc)2] (2) with a novel asymmetrical bis(salamo)‐type tetraoxime ligand (H5L) were designed and synthesized, and characterized by elemental analyses, FT‐IR spectra, UV–vis absorption spectra, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation, Hirshfeld surface analyses and X‐ray single crystal diffractions. Compared with the symmetric bis(salamo)‐type ligands, the ligand H5L and its [Zn(II)2M(II)] (M = Ca and Sr) asymmetrical bis(salamo)‐type complexes synthesized for the first time in this paper have more novel structures and better properties. The results of ultraviolet titration show that the coordination ratio of ligand, alkaline earth metal and transition metal is 1:1:2. Complexes 1 and 2 have good luminescent properties and obvious antimicrobial activities.
Photocross‐linked polymers based on plant‐derived monomers for potential application in optical 3D printing
Authors: Lebedevaite Migle , Ostrauskaite Jolita , Skliutas Edvinas , Malinauskas Mangirdas
Published: November 2019

Photocross linking of the resins composed of plant‐derived monomers, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), myrcene (MYR) and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) or divinylbenzene (DVB, for comparison), was performed using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone as photoinitiator. Photocross‐linking rate and properties of the crosslinked polymers depended on the resin compositions. The higher amount of MYR caused not only the better homogenization and lower viscosity of the resin but also the reduction of polymerization rate and the worse mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting polymers. The higher amount of aromatic component (VDM or DVB) improved mechanical and thermal properties of polymers. Moreover, the use of VDM instead of DVB in the system led to the higher photocross‐linking rate and higher yield of insoluble fraction. The resin composed of only plant‐derived monomers AESO/MYR/VDM, molar ratio 1:1:3, showed characteristics comparable to those of commercial petroleum‐derived photoresins and was selected as a potential renewable photoresin for application in optical 3D printing. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48708.
High data density electrical resistivity tomography survey for sediment depth estimation at the Romuald's Cave site
Authors: Becker Rory J. , Janković Ivor , Ahern James C.M. , Komšo Darko
Published: November 2019

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted at the Velika Pećina near Kličevica and Romuald's Cave sites in Croatia in 2014 and 2015. The goal of the surveys was to estimate sediment depth to bedrock. However, neither survey produced reliable results at the 0.5 m probe spacing. In 2017, the Romuald's Cave site was revisited utilizing a high data density survey of 0.1 m probe spacing. All three surveys were conducted with a GeoScan RM85 in a pole–pole configuration. The high data density survey produced reliable results given the subsurface information available from three excavation trenches in the first chamber of the cave. The 2015 and 2017 ERT survey results are presented along with the results from two additional high data density ERT surveys located in the back chamber of Romuald's Cave. These results suggest that utilizing high data densities may improve the reliability of ERT surveys in cave environments.
High value‐added monomer chemicals and functional bio‐based materials derived from polymeric components of lignocellulose by organosolv fractionation
Authors: Zhang Jingzhi , Cai Di , Qin Yanlin , Liu Dehua , Zhao Xuebing
Published: November 2019

Organosolv fractionation (OF) is a promising method for lignocellulosic biomass biorefining to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. The fractionated polymeric components may be good feedstocks to produce bio‐based materials such as green polymers via chemical or biological conversion. However, related work to specify the bio‐based materials production via organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass is relatively scarce. In this work we have provided a comprehensive review of typical organosolv fractionation for isolating cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, as well as the high value‐added monomer chemicals and functional materials derived from the fractionated components and their potential applications developed in recent years, primarily including the modified cellulose fibers for polymer materials, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), polysaccharide‐derived platform precursors for synthesis of bio‐based polymers, lignin‐derived dispersants, surfactants, carbon materials, and hemicellulose‐derived functional materials, etc. This work suggests that organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass could be a good entry to biomass refinery for high value‐added and functional materials production. However, there are still many challenges that should be overcome in terms of the fundamental, technical, and economic aspects for the organosolv fractionation process, formation of precursor compounds, synthesis of the bio‐based materials, design of product properties and functions, and the integration of the entire process. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd