bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the Delta locus with genotype by environment interaction for sensory bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: GEIGER-THORNSBERRY GRETCHEN L. , MACKAY TRUDY F. C.
Published: September 2002

The nature of forces maintaining variation for quantitative traits can only be assessed at the level of individual genes affecting variation in the traits. Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in Drosophila sensory bristle number at the Delta (Dl) locus provides us with the opportunity to test a model for the maintenance of variation in bristle number by genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Under this model, genetic variation is maintained at a locus under stabilizing selection if phenotypic values of heterozygotes are more stable than homozygotes across a range of environments, and the mean allelic effect is much smaller than the standard deviation of allelic effects across environments. Homozygotes and heterozygotes for two SNPs at Dl, one affecting sternopleural and the other abdominal bristle number, were reared in five different environments. There was significant GEI for both bristle traits. Neither condition of the model was satisfied for Dl SNPs exhibiting GEI for sternopleural bristle number. Heterozygotes for the abdominal bristle number SNPs were indeed the most stable genotype for two of the three environment pairs exhibiting GEI, but the mean genotypic effect was greater than the standard deviation of effects across environments. Therefore, this mechanism of GEI seems unlikely to be responsible for maintaining the common bristle number polymorphisms at Dl.
Lack of detectable genetic recombination on the X chromosome during the parthenogenetic production of female and male aphids
Authors: HALES DINAH F. , WILSON ALEX C. C. , SLOANE MATHEW A. , SIMON JEAN-CHRISTOPHE , LEGALLIC JEAN-FRANÇOIS , SUNNUCKS PAUL
Published: September 2002

We used polymorphic microsatellite markers to look for recombination during parthenogenetic oogenesis between the X chromosomes of aphids of the tribe Macrosiphini. We examined the X chromosome because it comprises ∼25% of the genome and previous cytological observations of chromosome pairing and nucleolar organizer (NOR) heteromorphism suggest recombination, although the same is not true for autosomes. A total of 564 parthenogenetic females of Myzus clones with three distinct reproductive modes (cyclical parthenogenesis, obligate parthenogenesis and obligate parthenogenesis with male production) were genotyped at three informative X-linked loci. Also, parthenogenetically produced males from clones encompassing the full range of male-producing reproductive strategies were genotyped. These included 391 Myzus persicae males that were genotyped at three X-linked loci and 538 males from Sitobion clones that were genotyped at five informative X-linked loci. Our results show no departure from clonality in parthenogenetic generations of aphids of the tribe Macrosiphini: no recombinant genotypes were observed in parthenogenetically produced males or females.
The break-up of East Gondwana along the northeast coast

of Oman: evidence from the Batain basin
Authors: HAUSER MARC , MARTINI ROSSANA , MATTER ALBERT , KRYSTYN LEOPOLD , PETERS TJERK , STAMPFLI GÉRARD , ZANINETTI LOUISETTE
Published: September 2002

Recent detailed studies on the Batain nappes (northeast coast of Oman), which represent a

special part of the so-called ‘Oman Exotics’, have led to a better understanding of the Neotethyan geo-dynamic

evolution. The Batain Exotics bear witness to volcanic activity, sea-level changes, tectonic

instability, rifting and oceanization along the Eastern Oman margin during Late Palaeozoic and

Mesozoic times. They allow definition of the Batain basin as an aborted Permian branch of Neotethys.

This marine basin was created in Early Permian times extending southward to the East African/

Madagascar region and was linked to the Karoo rift system. The presented revised classification of the

Batain nappes considers the Batain basin to be no longer a part of the Hawasina basin and the

Neotethyan margin proper. We attribute the Batain basin to a Mozambique–Somali–Masirah rift system

(Somoma). This system started in Early Permian, times, creating a marine basin between Arabia

and India/Madagascar; rifting in the Late Triassic and oceanization during Late Jurassic times led to

the separation of East Gondwana.
Permian fragmentation, accretion and subsequent translation
of a low-latitude Tethyan seamount to the high-latitude east
Gondwana margin: evidence from detrital zircon age data
Authors: CAWOOD PETER A. , LANDIS CHARLES A. , NEMCHIN ALEXANDER A. , HADA SHIGEKI
Published: September 2002

Ion microprobe analyses of detrital zircons in the Te Akatarawa Terrane, New Zealand,
reveal that the age of unfossiliferous turbidites overlying a fusuline- and coral-bearing limestone block
olistostromal mélange is no older than 255±4 Ma (Late Permian). This is approximately 15 m.y.
younger than the Kungurian age of the fusulinid limestone. We interpret this to indicate collapse of a
Permian oceanic seamount as it entered a subduction zone along the Pacific margin of Gondwana.
These turbidites differ markedly in composition from adjoining Permian to Middle Triassic sand-stones
of the Torlesse Terrane. Detrital zircon age data indicate predominantly Permian and
Carboniferous ages for source rocks supplying the Te Akatarawa turbidites, but also reveal significant
earlier Palaeozoic and Proterozoic components, ranging back to 1.9 Ga. The warm-water setting
of limestone blocks and the short 15 m.y. time period between sedimentation and accretion onto a
continental margin require the limestone to have formed in a low-latitude position probably off the
northeast Australian (New Guinea) margin of Gondwana. Zircons within the sample underwent re-crystallization
at around 230±11 Ma which may be related to alteration during accretion in a subduction
zone environment. Over a period of 100 to 150 m.y. from 255 Ma the terrane underwent more
than 5000 km translation along the continental margin southward to its current location as an exotic
mini-terrane enclosed within the New Zealand Torlesse Terrane.
The allelic relationships among Russian wheat aphid resistance genes in two Iranian wheat lines and known genes
Authors: ESTAKHR A. , ASSAD M. T.
Published: September 2002

The availability of more resistance genes to Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) may provide additional protection from new virulent strains or biotypes of the insect. This genetic study was conducted to determine the allelic relationships of resistance genes in two Iranian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines, SHZ.W.102 and SHZ.W.104 and lines PI 137739, PI 262660, PI 372129, PI 294994 and PI 243781, carrying resistance genes Dn1, Dn2, Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6 respectively. The two Iranian lines were crossed to each of the other resistant lines, and F1 and F2 seedlings were screened for RWA reaction. The resistance gene in 102 was allelic to Dn1, however, the resistance gene in 104 was different from other known genes. The resistant line 104 is an effective source of genetic resistance to RWA and the gene symbol Dn7 is proposed for its resistance gene.
Role of gibberellic acid in cotton fibre development
Authors: GOKANI S. J. , THAKER V. S.
Published: September 2002

Fibres of three cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum H-4, H-8 and G. arboreum G. Cot-15) were analysed for growth in terms of fibre length and dry weight and endogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) content thrice during 1997–2000, at Rajkot. The development of cotton fibre was divided into four distinct growth phases but overlap between elongation and secondary thickening was considerable which suggests that both these phases are independent of each other. During fibre elongation, GA3 content remained low and increased after a decrease in the rate of fibre elongation in all three genotypes. The long staple cultivar (H-4) showed highest endogenous GA3 content followed by the middle one (H-8) and the short staple cultivar (G. Cot-15). In in vitro studies when GA3, NAA or GA3+NAA was supplemented to the media, increase in fibre length of the short staple cultivar was maximum, followed by the middle one and the long staple cultivar. Both in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that GA3 is one of the important factors that determine fibre length.
SON PREFERENCE AND FERTILITY IN CHINA
Authors: POSTON JR DUDLEY L.
Published: September 2002

This paper examines the effect of son preference on the hazards of having a second and a third birth. With data from the Two-per-thousand National Sample Survey on Fertility and Contraception conducted in 1988 by the State Family Planning Commission of China, the hazard of having a second birth among 62+ thousand married women who have had a first birth, and the hazard of having a third birth among 43+ thousand married women who have had two births was examined. These two hazards (i.e. the hazard of moving from the first to the second birth, and the hazard of moving from the second to the third birth) were analysed by estimating Cox proportional hazard models. The major covariate in the first analysis is whether or not the first-born was a daughter. In the second analysis the main covariate is whether both of the first two children were girls. In both models seven covariates known to have independent effects on the transition to a second (or third) birth are controlled for, namely, whether the woman is a Han, whether she is a farmer, her age at the birth of the first (or second) child, whether she had her first (or second) birth prior to the initiation in 1979 of the one-child policy, and three dummy variables reflecting her level of education. The results show the important influence of son preference on the hazard of having another birth.
DOES EARLY AGE AT MARRIAGE INFLUENCE GYNAECOLOGICAL MORBIDITIES AMONG PAKISTANI WOMEN?
Authors: SAJAN FATIMA , FATMA FIKREE FARIYAL
Published: September 2002

This paper presents the prevalence of and investigates predictors for specific perceived gynaecological morbidities in Pakistani women. A total of 717 women were identified from eight squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Detailed information on demographics, contraceptive use and gynaecological morbidities was elicited. The perceived prevalence of uterine prolapse was 19·1% and that of pelvic inflammatory disease 12·8%. The prevalence of uterine prolapse (adjusted odds ratio 1·8; 95% confidence interval 1·0–3·0) was significantly higher among women who married at younger ages (≤16 years), independent of education, socioeconomic status and parity. That of pelvic inflammatory disease was significantly higher among those under 21 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 2·3; 95% confidence interval 1·1–4·8), independent of education, socioeconomic status and parity. Young Pakistani women report an immense burden of reproductive ill health, especially those who began sexual activity at an early age.
From Indra to Maitreya: Buddhist Influence in Vietnamese Political Thought
Authors: Anh Nguyen The
Published: September 2002

Until the fifteenth century, Vietnam was essentially a Buddhist country. The piety of the dynasties constituted their source of legitimacy, and Buddhism provided a means for royal authority to penetrate and incorporate the local political structure. In the face of the development of social unrest, however, Confucian literati started to voice their concern for the maintenance of order and eventually emerged in the fifteenth century as spokesmen for royal authority, definers of public morality and guardians of the court. As a result, institutional Buddhism lost the court patronage it had previously enjoyed, and henceforth its political influence declined steadily.
Retrospective assessment of long-term conservation management of elephants in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Authors: Whitehouse Anna M. , Kerley Graham I. H.
Published: September 2002

The elephant population of South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park increased in number from 11 elephants when the park was created in 1931, to 284 elephants in 1998. We studied management records throughout this period in conjunction with demographic data, enabling retrospective assessment of the long-term impacts of management actions. Problem animal control during the 1930s left no sexually mature bulls in the population for a period of 9 years, hindering the population's initial recovery. Population growth prior to 1954 was also limited by high mortality: between 1931 and 1954 inadequate fencing allowed elephants to stray outside their protected area resulting in elephants being shot by farmers or dying from collisions with trains. Secure elephant-proof fencing was constructed in 1954. Subsequently, there was a significant decrease in mortality (from 5.0% to 1.2%) and an increase in population growth (from 3.2% to 6.1%). However, evidence suggests that confinement might have had a negative impact on survival and social behaviour of adult males. We suggest that the concepts of social carrying capacities and behavioural conservation of populations need to be incorporated into management. The case studies described here highlight the importance of treating conservation management and research as necessary partners, and monitoring should be an integral part of any management plan.
A major increase in the population of brown lemurs on Mayotte since the decline reported in 1987
Authors: Tarnaud Laurent , Simmen Bruno
Published: September 2002

The population of the Mayotte brown lemur Eulemur fulvus fulvus on the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean was reported to have decreased by 50% between 1975 and 1987, from 50,000 to 25,000. From a series of censuses carried out in 1999 and 2000 in the various vegetation types of the island, we estimate that the lemur population now numbers 42,000–72,000. The decline observed in 1987 may have been largely caused by the cyclone that devastated Mayotte in 1984. That the population has recovered must not obscure the fact that loss of forest, increased human pressure associated with further development of infrastructure, and changes in agricultural practices will undoubtedly continue to affect this species on Mayotte.
American Philosophy: ‘Scotch’ or ‘Teutonic’?
Authors: Haldane John
Published: September 2002

Given as an address to the American Philosophical Association on the occasion of its centennial, this paper examines the character and standing of American philosophy now and at the outset of the twentieth century as seen (then and now) from a British point of view. A century ago Britain was itself the unquestioned leader of Anglo-Saxon thought. Now, however, as in so many areas, the US is the pre-eminent world power. This status brings prestige and various benefits but it also carries responsibilities. In considering the latter I recall some virtues of an earlier generation of American philosophers, especially as they were possessed by William James.
What I Believe
Authors: Magee Bryan
Published: September 2002

The ultimate survival or annihilation of each one of us is in question. Will my death be the end of me completely, or shall I survive it in some way? No one knows the answers to these questions, and many philosophers since Kant have contended that the answers are inherently unknowable. If this is so, the supreme challenge that faces us is to live in a way that permanently acknowledges and confronts this ignorance, not seeking to finesse it by pretending to ourselves that we really do know, or by embracing a faith, or by evading thinking about it. This, easy to say, is very hard to do.
How Original a Work is the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?
Authors: Goldstein Laurence
Published: September 2002

Wittgenstein's Tractatus is widely regarded as a masterpiece, a brilliant, if flawed attempt to achieve an ‘unassailable and definitive … final solution’ to a wide range of philosophical problems. Yet, in a 1931 notebook, Wittgenstein confesses: ‘I think there is some truth in my idea that I am really only reproductive in my thinking. I think I have never invented a line of thinking but that it was always provided for me by someone else’. This disarming self-assessment is, I believe accurate. The Tractatus, despite making significant advances on the logical doctrines of Frege and Russell, is essentially a derivative work—Wittgenstein, as he elsewhere acknowledges, provided a fertile soil in which the original seeds of other peoples' thought grew in a unique way. In a play of mine, published in Philosophy (1999), Wittgenstein fails a tough viva on the Tractatus because he fails to properly support some of the weak arguments in the work and because of his inadequate acknowledgment of sources. The present paper further explores some of the antecedents of Wittgenstein's early views and answers some criticisms of the play.
Human rights: the globalisation and fragmentation of moral discourse
Authors: Langlois Anthony J.
Published: September 2002

The language of human rights, along with much else in international relations, presently exhibits the features of globalisation and fragmentation. Globalisation in that human rights is used throughout the world at many levels to discuss moral approval and condemnation. Fragmentation in that human rights means different things to different people, and may well be used in contradictory ways by agents of social change. Yet most advocates of human rights wish to retain the adjective ‘universal’ along with a sense of the moral objectivity of human rights. This article suggests that a better way to ensure human rights universalism is to think of the concept as a tool, not an objectively existing moral standard or entity.
When is a cause just?
Authors: HOLLIDAY IAN
Published: September 2002

The September 11 terrorist strikes prompted renewed interest in a debate about just cause that has been increasingly open since the demise of the Cold War and the shift to a more multilateral and interventionist world order. This article contributes to that debate by looking first into the just war tradition to argue for a conceptual revision that equates just cause with jus ad bellum (just recourse to war). It then seeks to specify the component parts of just cause understood in this way, holding that demonstrable injustice should take the place formerly occupied by just cause in just war theory. Towards the end it uses three real-world cases to develop a mechanism for validating just cause claims. The argument is that a cause is just only when its proponents can convince an international forum of intractable injustice, responsible intervention, and an appropriate balance of contingent factors. The article closes by considering how the current war on terrorism might be assessed in such a forum.
The influence of exposure to phonological neighbours on preschoolers' novel word production
Authors: DEMKE TAMARA L. , GRAHAM SUSAN A. , SIAKALUK PAUL D.
Published: September 2002

We investigated the influence of exposure to phonologically similar words on four-year-olds' acquisition of novel object words. In Experiment 1, hearing phonological neighbours BEFORE learning a new word did not influence children's novel word productions. In Experiment 2, when children heard the phonological neighbours of a novel word AFTER learning a new word, they correctly produced the target word more often than children who did not receive this exposure. These findings suggest that exposing children to similar sounding words after a novel word was introduced may have helped maintain a representation of that word in working memory, leading to enhanced word learning.
Streptococcus pyogenes prtFII, but not sfbI, sfbII or fbp54, is represented more frequently among invasive-disease isolates of tropical Australia
Authors: DELVECCHIO A. , CURRIE B. J. , McARTHUR J. D. , WALKER M. J. , SRIPRAKASH K. S.
Published: September 2002

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) strains may express several distinct fibronectin-binding proteins (FBPs) which are considered as major streptococcal adhesins. Of the FBPs, SfbI was shown in vitro to promote internalization of the bacterium into host cells and has been implicated in persistence. In the tropical Northern Territory, where group A streptococcal infection is common, multiple genotypes of the organism were found among isolates from invasive disease cases and no dominant strains were observed. To determine whether any FBPs is associated with invasive disease propensity of S. pyogenes, we have screened streptococcal isolates from bacteraemic and necrotizing fasciitis patients and isolates from uncomplicated infections for genetic endowment of 4 FBPs. No difference was observed in the distribution of sfbII, fbp54 and sfbI between the blood isolates and isolates from uncomplicated infection. We conclude that the presence of sfbI does not appear to promote invasive diseases, despite its association with persistence. We also show a higher proportion of group A streptococcus strains isolated from invasive disease cases possess prtFII when compared to strains isolated from non-invasive disease cases. We suggest that S. pyogenes may recruit different FBPs for different purposes.
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccine distribution and use in primary care and hospital settings in Scotland: coverage, practice and policies
Authors: KYAW M. H. , WAYNE B. , CHALMERS J. , JONES I. G. , CAMPBELL H.
Published: September 2002

A survey of the coverage, distribution and the factors associated with use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among general practitioners (GPs) in primary care and in hospital settings was carried out in 53 general practices in Scotland taking part in the ‘Continuous Morbidity Recording’ (CMR) programme. The annual vaccine distribution increased substantially among 53 general practices from 1993 to 1999 and in Scotland as a whole from 1984 to 1999. From the questionnaire, overall coverage was 43% (95% CI 38–48) for influenza vaccine in the 2000–1 season and 13% (95% CI 9–16) for pneumococcal vaccine in the last 5 year period, in high-risk patients recommended for these vaccines by the Department of Health (DoH). Influenza vaccine coverage was highest in the elderly (65 years of age and above) at 62% (95% CI 59–74). Although pneumococcal vaccination is not currently recommended for all elderly, coverage of this vaccine was also higher in this group (22%, 95% CI 16–29). In the majority of patients (influenza vaccine, 98% and pneumococcal vaccine, 94%), vaccination was carried out in general practice. Only 2% of patients had received pneumococcal vaccination in a hospital setting. The level of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination varied with the level of deprivation. Most GPs considered that the responsibility for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination lay with them. Forty-five percent of GPs reported having a written policy with set target for influenza vaccination and 11% for pneumococcal vaccination.
Human papillomaviruses in Amerindian women from Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: BRITO E. B. , MARTINS S. J. , MENEZES R. C.
Published: September 2002

We evaluated the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Amerindian women from a tribe in Brazilian Amazonia. Demographic data, pap smears and cervical samples for HPV DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained for women aged above 10 years old. In total, 79 (85·9%) out of 92 eligible women who lived there were interviewed; all women already had engaged in sexual activity. Seventy-eight and 49 women allowed collection of pap smears and PCR samples, respectively. Cytological signs of HPV infection were observed in 11 patients; 6 of these were probed for HPV infection and 1 shown to be HPV 16. Overall prevalence of HPV infection detected by PCR was 14·3%. Three patients presented high-risk HPV DNA types[ratio ]two HPV 16 and one co-infection of HPV 16 and 58. Cervical infection by oncogenic HPV types occurs in Amerindian women and cervical cancer screening should be a priority in this setting.
Water economy in the casque‐headed tree‐frog Corythomantis greeningi (Hylidae): role of behaviour, skin, and skull skin co‐ossification
Authors: Navas Carlos A. , Jared Carlos , Antoniazzi Marta M.
Published: September 2002

The Brazilian tree‐frog Corythomantis greeningi inhabits the Caatinga, a semi‐arid habitat. This species exhibits putative adaptations to a dry environment, including a flat head, co‐ossification of the cranial skin, and phragmotic behaviour (retreat to crevices using the head to seal the entrance). Real frogs were compared with agar models to study water balance under simulated Caatinga conditions and to investigate the ability of C. greeningi to find small water sources. The benefits of skin co‐ossification were also studied by comparing agar models with and without nail polish on the head. Tree‐frogs repeatedly preferred a humid test tube out of 10 possible choices, and adopted phragmotic behaviour inside it. In both agar models and tree‐frogs, total water evaporation increased with body size, but relative water loss was higher in smaller individuals. The presence of nail polish on agar models barely reduced water loss, suggesting that cranial skin co‐ossification has a small role in water economy. Although both models and tree‐frogs evaporated about 90% more water when exposed than when phragmotic, tree‐frogs evaporated about 50% less water than agar models at any test condition. We conclude that reduced skin permeability, phragmotic behaviour and a keen capacity to identify humid crevices, explain the success of this species in a semi‐arid habitat.
Hypoxaemia and stroke
Authors: Roffe C
Published: September 2002

Hypoxaemia is a common complication of stroke, and an association between adverse
outcomes and hypoxaemia has been reported. However, it remains unclear whether hypoxaemia
is the cause or just a sign of poor prognosis. While clinical guidelines unanimously
recommend treatment of hypoxaemia after stroke, the guidance does not specify at
what level of hypoxaemia treatment should be started. Recent evidence from a Swedish
study suggests that overtreatment can also have detrimental effects on outcome.
The aim of this review is to explore issues relating to hypoxaemia after stroke.
Alternatives to acute hospital care
Authors: Gentles H , Potter J
Published: September 2002

The National Bed Inquiry indicated that up to 20% of older people might
be inappropriately occupying acute hospital beds and could be discharged if alternative
services were available. The report proposed the concept of ‘Intermediate
Care’ as a scenario that might contribute to resolving issues around the use
of acute hospital beds. The Department of Health (DoH) Circular to Health
Authorities and Local Councils with regard to Intermediate Care and the
publication of the National Service Framework for Older People have brought
intermediate care into mainstream health policy.
And Finally . . . COGNITIVE THERAPY TRAINING STRESS DISORDER: A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Worthless I. M. , Competent U. R. , Lemonde-Terrible O.
Published: September 2002

A cognitive perspective of cognitive therapy training stress disorder (CTTSD) is presented. The authors present a cognitive model of CTTSD, preliminary data from randomized treatment trials, and discuss implications for effective treatment of CTTSD trainees.
Reading “Suluk Wayang”: Javanese Shadow Puppets, “Nala”-Vision, Private Self, Bodily Self
Authors: Cohen Matthew Isaac
Published: September 2002

Wayang kulit (shadow puppet theatre; henceforth “wayang”) as practiced in Java (Indonesia) has been recognized by exegetes – European and Indonesian alike – for its centrality as both a performative vehicle for and a symbolic figuration of understandings of the human developmental cycle, the variety of character models available to individuals, the precarious balance of chaos and stability in society, and kinship dialectics of conflict and complementariness. It is Java's most complex art form, in terms of dramaturgy, music, and repertoire, and also one of its most highly mediated. The beginning of what I would like to discuss is located at the end of Ward Keeler's exemplary ethnography of Central Javanese wayang and the dialogical play of selves and others in relations of hierarchy. Keeler concludes his evocative account of Javanese selves and theatre (and here I paraphrase) with the statement that “the peculiar fascination” of the dhalang in Javanese culture stems from his ability to dissimulate his self in performance. The puppeteer's voice is splintered, his presence veiled by a screen and mediated by puppets and the constraints of tradition, and his authority derived from indirect relations to a ritual sponsor, the Javanese autarchy, the ancestors, and the unseen world. “He is at once a dissembled authority, one whose power is great, non-coercive, and unworldly, and a dissembled interpreter, one who mediates between an unreal but persuasive and distracting world, and our own”.
Dual private pension households and the distribution of wealth in the United States
Authors: JIANAKOPLOS NANCY AMMON , BAJTELSMIT VICKIE L.
Published: September 2002

Using data from the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances, this paper examines the impact of dual private pension households on the distribution of household wealth in the United States. This paper builds on three lines of previous research: inquiries into ‘assortative mating’, i.e., the tendency for people with similar characteristics to marry; studies emphasizing the importance of pensions as a component of household wealth; and recent research examining how wives' earnings alter the distribution of household income. Evidence of ‘assortative private pensions’, i.e., the tendency for people with private pensions to be married to people with private pensions, is presented. Estimates of the expected value of private pension and social security wealth are added to measures of household non-retirement net worth to obtain the value household wealth. These data indicate that wives' private pensions in dual private pension households contribute marginally to greater equality in the wealth distribution.
Modeling of Preparative Reversed‐Phase HPLC of Insulin
Authors: Liu Xiaoda , Kaczmarski Krzysztof , Cavazzini Alberto , Szabelski Pawel , Zhou Dongmei , Guiochon Georges
Published: September 2002

The adsorption isotherms of three recombinant proteins, human insulin, porcine insulin, and Lispro, were measured by frontal analysis on a YMC‐ODS C18 column with an aqueous solution at 31% acetonitrile (0.1% TFA) as the mobile phase. The retention behavior of insulin, its related molecular structure, its conformation, and its aggregation in this phase system are discussed. The experimental isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir, the Langmuir‐Freundlich, and the Toth models. The results allow for a quantitative comparison of the saturation capacities, the equilibrium constants, and the exponents that represent the heterogeneity of the stationary phase obtained for the different insulin variants studied. The Toth model provided the best fit of the experimental data. The overloaded band profiles were calculated using the lumped pore diffusion and the equilibrium‐dispersive model of chromatography. An excellent agreement between calculated and experimental profiles was demonstrated.
Mathematical Model of the Oxidation of Ferrous Iron by a Biofilm of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Mesa M. M. , Macías M. , Cantero D.
Published: September 2002

Microbial oxidation of ferrous iron may be a viable alternative method of producing ferric sulfate, which is a reagent used for removal of H2S from biogas. The paper introduces a kinetic study of the biological oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidansimmobilized on biomass support particles (BSP) composed of polyurethane foam. On the basis of the data obtained, a mathematical model for the bioreactor was subsequently developed. In the model described here, the microorganisms adhere by reversible physical adsorption to the ferric precipitates that are formed on the BSP. The model can also be considered as an expression for the erosion of microorganisms immobilized due to the agitation of the medium by aeration.
Optimizing the design of geophysical experiments: Is it worthwhile?
Authors: Curtis Andrew , Maurer Hansruedi
Published: September 2002

Determining the structure, composition, and state of the Earth's subsurface from measured data is the principal task of many geophysical experiments and surveys. Standard procedures involve the recording of appropriate data sets followed by the application of data analysis techniques to extract the desired information. While the importance of new tools for the analysis stage of an experiment is well recognized, much less attention seems to be paid to improving the data acquisition.

A measure of the effort allocated to data analysis research relative to that devoted to data acquisition research is presented in Figure 1. Since 1955 there have been more than 10,000 publications on inversion methods alone, but in the same period only 100 papers on experimental design have appeared in journals. Considering that the acquisition component of an experiment defines what information will be contained in the data, and that no amount of data analysis can compensate for the lack of such information, we suggest that greater effort be made to improve survey planning techniques. Furthermore, given that logistical and financial constraints are often stringent and that relationships between geophysical data and model parameters describing the Earths subsurface are generally complicated, optimizing the design of an experiment may be quite challenging. Here we review experimental design procedures that optimize the benefit of a field survey, such that maximum information about the target structures is obtained at minimum cost. We also announce a new Web site and e‐mail group set up as a forum for communication on survey design research and application.
Decadal survey lays out ambitious U.S. astronomy research goals
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2002

Building on four previous decadal surveys of ground‐ and space‐based astronomy a new report by the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee of the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) reaches for the stars in both its ambition and funding recommendations.

The report, issued on May 19, calls for $4.7 billion in federal funding for new investments in astronomy and astrophysics for the decade of 2000–2010. Leading the priority and cost list is a request for $1 billion in federal funding for the development of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), which Survey Committee Co‐Chair Christopher McKee of the University of California called a “worthy successor” to the Hubble Space Telescope.
An Introduction to the World's Oceans, 6th Edition
Authors: Duncan Robert A.
Published: September 2002

This book is a significantly updated sixth edition of a popular and widely used introductory text in ocean sciences. The audience—students without a strong background in mathematics, chemistry, physics, geology, or biology, but with a basic curiosity and interest in the oceans—is an increasingly large group at most universities, where such introductory courses are offered to fulfill distributional requirements in physical science. In this latest version, the Duxburys have teamed up with Keith Sverdrup to expand sections on geology, tectonics, and seismology, and add descriptions of major interdisciplinary research programs. Almost every subject about the ocean is addressed in some way, and a rich array of additional sources of information is provided through sidebars on special topics, Internet links, and a text Web site.
Enigmatic stable isotope dynamics of deep peat methane
Authors: Waldron Susan , Hall Allan J. , Fallick Anthony E.
Published: September 2002

The carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of methane and carbon dioxide from Ellergower Moss, a raised peat bog in SW Scotland, were measured to characterize the isotopic composition of peatland gas flux that is not subject to near‐surface bacterial oxidation. Two profiles of gas samples, collected in situ under pools at 1 m intervals from the surface to a depth of 5 m, gave mean isotopic signatures of δ13C(CH4) = −76±3‰ (n=22), δ13C(CO2) =3.8±5.3‰ (n=22), and δD(CH4) = −294±39‰ (n=21). The profiles revealed two isotopically distinct methane reservoirs within Ellergower Moss, with a boundary layer at 2–2.5 m. The zonation appears to be independent of methanogenic pathway and of changes in δ13C or δD of bulk substrate, but there is a positive correlation between an increase in δD(CH4) and reported increasing partial pressure of methane with depth (r= 0.943 and n = 18, >99.9% significant). To reflect C and H cycling within the peat and gas storage mechanisms, we propose the zones can be termed dynamic (0–2 m) and static (from 3–5 m). The δD(CH4) profiles exhibit the zonation and boundary most clearly, with a 52±18‰ difference between methane in the dynamic zone (−332±17‰) and that in the static zone (−260±9‰). Only if the static zone is breached, will its methane be released to the atmosphere; thus unoxidized peatland flux to the atmosphere will be similar in composition to that produced in the dynamic reservoir, where δ13C(CH4) = −76±4‰ and δD(CH4) = −332±17‰.
Anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Sabine C. L. , Key R. M. , Johnson K. M. , Millero F. J. , Poisson A. , Sarmiento J. L. , Wallace D. W. R. , Winn C. D.
Published: September 2002

This study presents basin‐wide anthropogenic CO2 inventory estimates for the Indian Ocean based on measurements from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study global survey. These estimates employed slightly modified ΔC* and time series techniques originally proposed by Gruber et al. [1996] and Wallace [1995], respectively. Together, the two methods yield the total oceanic anthropogenic CO2 and the carbon increase over the past 2 decades. The highest concentrations and the deepest penetrations of anthropogenic carbon are associated with the Subtropical Convergence at around 30° to 40°S. With both techniques, the lowest anthropogenic CO2 column inventories are observed south of 50°S. The total anthropogenic CO2 inventory north of 35°S was 13.6±2 Pg C in 1995. The inventory increase since GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections Program) was 4.1±1 Pg C for the same area. Approximately 6.7±1 Pg C are stored in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, giving a total Indian Ocean inventory of 20.3 ±3 Pg C for 1995. These estimates are compared to anthropogenic CO2 inventories estimated by the Princeton ocean biogeochemistry model. The model predicts an Indian Ocean sink north of 35°S that is only 0.61–0.68 times the results presented here; while the Southern Ocean sink is nearly 2.6 times higher than the measurement‐based estimate. These results clearly identify areas in the models that need further examination and provide a good baseline for future studies of the anthropogenic inventory.
Charge states of solar energetic particles using the geomagnetic cutoff technique: SAMPEX measurements in the 6 November 1997 solar particle event
Authors: Mazur J. E. , Mason G. M. , Looper M. D. , Leske R. A. , Mewaldt R. A.
Published: September 2002

We report on the ionization states of ∼0.5–50 MeV/nucleon ions in the 6 November 1997 solar particle event using instrumentation on the SAMPEX satellite and the geomagnetic cutoff technique. Using the geomagnetic cutoffs of ∼10 MeV 4He and ∼20 MeV protons, we infer the ionization states of ∼0.5–50 MeV/nucleon C‐Fe by measuring their latitude distributions. The geomagnetic cutoff method extends the measurement of ionization states beyond 10 MeV/nucleon, where charge state information is inaccessible with present electrostatic deflection techniques. In contrast to an increase of the Fe charge state observed above ∼20 MeV/nucleon in events in late 1992, we find in the 6 November 1997 event that Si & Fe charge states increased dramatically across 0.5–50 MeV/nucleon. While the origin of this newly discovered energy dependence is unknown, such significant event to event variations of solar particle charge states should be considered in models of acceleration and transport processes.
Interaction of the North Atlantic Current with the Deep Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone Throughflow
Authors: Schott Friedrich , Stramma Lothar , Fischer Jürgen
Published: September 2002

The Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), a passage of 3600 m sill depth through the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 52°N, is a known gateway for the passage of deep waters from the Northeast Atlantic into the western basin. During a shipboard survey of August 1997 deep current profiling yielded eastward deep flow through the passage while geostrophy calculated against an intermediate reference level resulted in westward relative deep transport. The reason was an unusual and deep‐reaching northward excursion of the North Atlantic Current (NAC). Inspection of historical data showed that such interference of the NAC with the CGFZ regime occured occasionally in the past. Relocation of surface circulation patterns by decadal ocean‐climate anomalies may thus be of significance also for the deep circulation.
Fluid overpressure and stress drop in fault zones
Authors: Gudmundsson Agust
Published: September 2002

Using the average aspect (length/maximum thickness) ratios of 379 mineral‐filled extension (mode I) veins from an active fault zone, the fluid overpressure, during their development, with reference to the minimum compressive principal stress, σ3, is estimated at 20 MPa. Emplacement of such veins increases σ3 and can generate a temporary stress barrier to the propagation of subsequent hydrofractures. On meeting a subhorizontal stress barrier, vertically propagating hydrofractures may change into water sills where the fluid pressure is at or above lithostatic. In this model, stress barriers, and thus water sills, can form at any depth in, and in any type of, fault zones. For such a high fluid pressure, the product of the coefficient of sliding friction and the normal stress in the Modified Griffith Criterion becomes essentially zero and the driving stress associated with faulting equal to twice the in situ tensile strength of the host rock. For typical in situ tensile strengths of 2–3 MPa, the driving stresses for slip on overpressured fault planes is 4–6 MPa. These results are in good agreement with the commonly measured average static stress drops of 3–6 MPa during earthquakes.
Effects of slab mineralogy on subduction rates
Authors: Marton Frederic C. , Bina Craig R. , Stein Seth , Rubie David C.
Published: September 2002

Although velocities of subducting slabs should be controlled primarily by their negative thermal buoyancies, their mineralogy can also have significant effects. We explore this by using thermo‐kinetic modeling to predict mineralogy and compare the resultant buoyant (driving) force to the opposing viscous drag. Phase transitions of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 in subducting slabs depend on thermal structure in two ways. First, equilibrium phase boundaries should be deflected, causing local buoyancy anomalies whose sign depends upon that of the Clapeyron slope. As slabs first enter the transition zone, negative anomalies should accelerate them, but positive anomalies that arise when they fully penetrate the transition zone should slow them. Such effects may induce geologically abrupt changes in plate motions. Second, olivine that persists metastably in slabs will form regions of positive buoyancy which should reduce slab velocities. The coldest and fastest slabs should be slowed more greatly, thus narrowing the range of feasible subduction rates. Decreased descent rates, however, allow slabs to warm and metastable wedges to thermally erode. Such negative feedback mechanisms may serve to regulate subduction rates.
First measurement of ∼10 keV neutral atoms in the low‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Asamura K. , Mukai T. , Saito Y. , Kazama Y. , Machida S.
Published: September 2002

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) with energies of 4 to 35 keV were measured at altitudes of 170 to 570 km by a new ENA instrument on board a sounding rocket. The instrument measured particles precipitating into the ionosphere from the equatorial region of the magnetosphere at a magnetic local time of ∼1830. The geomagnetic activity was quiet for a prolonged period before the launch. The measured ENA flux was ∼10² (cm² s str keV)−1 at energies of ∼10 keV. The energy spectrum is in a good agreement with an expected spectrum of hydrogen atoms originating from the ring current region as reported by Milillo et al. [1996]. The altitude profile is also discussed in terms of collisional interaction of ENAs with upper‐atmospheric constituents.
STARE: Observations of a field‐aligned line current
Authors: Nielsen E. , Bruns M. , Pardowitz I. , Perplies H. , Bemmann L. , Janhunen P. , Huuskonen A.
Published: September 2002

For the first time a magnetospheric line current entering the ionosphere has been unambiguously observed. The observation was made with STARE ( = Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment), a ground based coherent radar system, which has been updated with modern computer technique, and recently taken into operation. A counter clockwise turning swirl of ionospheric electron drift velocities is synonymous with the presence of a line current flowing along the geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere. A Flux Transfer Event on the magnetopause has been predicted to connect to the ionosphere via a line current.
Spring ozone column values over Thule, Greenland in the period 1991–1998
Authors: Andersen Signe B.
Published: September 2002

Eight years of continuous measurements of the ozone column at Thule, Greenland are presented. Monthly average values of the ozone column have been observed to decrease significantly in spring during this decade. Lower ozone columns with large interannual variations have been observed when the polar vortex was above the site. In 1995 and 1996 March monthly mean values were very low with an average deficit in the vertical column of more than 30% or 150 DU, when considering only days where the site was inside the vortex. There are two contributions to the changes in the total column ozone one is transport and the other is chemical depletion. From the variation in the geopotential height of 250 hPa level and the temperature at the 475 K isentropic level an estimate of the part of the decrease in the vortex March monthly mean ozone column which could be explained by vertical transport was obtained. It was found that vertical transport could explain a 10% decrease in 1995 and a 5% decrease in 1996, leaving 25% to be explained by chemical ozone destruction.
Correction to “Formation of power‐law energy spectra in space plasmas by stochastic acceleration due to whistler‐mode waves”
Authors: Ma Chun‐yu , Summers Danny
Published: September 2002

A non‐relativistic Fokker‐Planck equation for the electron distribution function is formulated incorporating the effects of stochastic acceleration by whistler‐mode waves and Coulomb collisions. The stationary solution f to the equation, subject to a zero‐flux boundary condition, is found to be a generalized Lorentzian (or kappa) distribution, which satisfies f ∝ υ−2(κ+1) for large velocity υ, where κ is the spectral index. The parameter κ depends strongly on the relative wave intensity R. Taking into account the critical energy required for resonance of electrons with whistlers, we calculate a range of values of R for each of a number of different space plasmas for which kappa distributions can be expected to be formed. This study is one of the first in the literature to provide a theoretical justification for the formation of generalized Lorentzian (or kappa) particle distribution functions in space plasmas.