bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of maxillary expansion on the upper airways: Evidence from systematic reviews and meta‐analyses
Authors: Bucci Rosaria , Montanaro Danilo , Rongo Roberto , Valletta Rosa , Michelotti Ambra , D'Antò Vincenzo
Published: January 2019

Background

Constricted maxilla is frequently associated with reduced nasal airway dimensions. Wheatear skeletal maxillary expansion (ME) is effective on the dimension of the upper airways is still a debated issue.

Objectives

This overview aimed to report the evidence provided by systematic reviews (SRs) on the effect of ME on the upper airways and to assess the methodological quality of the included SRs.

Methods

Six electronic databases have been explored up to November 2017. After title and abstract screening, SRs addressing the effects of fixed palatal expanders on the dimension and function of the nasal airways were included. The methodological quality of the included SRs was assessed using the updated version of A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review (AMSTAR‐2).

Results

Eight SRs were included. The methodological quality of most of the included SRs ranged between low and critically low. One SR was rated of high quality. A significant increase in nasal linear dimensions was reported both in the short and long term, but supported by low‐/critically low‐quality SRs. The significant increase in nasal cavity volume was the only outcome supported by a high‐quality SR Controversial results were found with regards to nasal function.

Conclusion

Whenever a constricted maxilla is present general dentists, paediatricians and ENTs should be familiar with the potential improvement provided by ME. However, due to the low/critically low quality of SRs supporting these results, ME cannot be indicated only for upper airways enhancement, but should be supported by an orthodontic indication.
Oromandibular dystonia, mental distress and oro‐facial dysfunction—A follow‐up 8‐10 years after start of treatment with botulinum toxin
Authors: Bakke Merete , Baram Sara , Dalager Torben , Biernat Heidi Bryde , Møller Eigild
Published: January 2019

Background

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) with involuntary jaw and tongue movements may be misdiagnosed as temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and because of the complex muscle activity and involvement of several small muscles, OMD is also considered difficult to treat.

Objectives

The aim was to evaluate OMD in patients 8‐10 years after start of treatment with botulinum toxin (BoNT) by self‐reported and standardised global scales and questionnaires.

Methods

Of 21 previously reported patients with OMD, 14 responded to a mail health questionnaire to describe the disease course and treatment effect as well as the overall impact of OMD by a visual analogue scale (VAS), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for depression and anxiety, and the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS). The results were analysed with non‐parametric statistical analysis (Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test and Spearman's rank‐order correlations).

Results

The OMD was still present in 13 patients. In nine patients, the BoNT treatment had continued as monotherapy or combined with oral medication. VAS for OMD was significantly reduced (P < 0.04) over the years, and most patients felt improvement from the treatment. However, the patients had still some functional limitations, typically regarding jaw mobility and communication, and both JFLS and mental distress (PHQ) were significantly correlated with the OMD VAS (rS 0.77 and 0.74).

Conclusion

The results showed marked reduction of the experienced OMD with treatment and over time, and also stressed similarities between OMD and TMD. Both dentists and neurologists should be aware of this overlap and reduce misdiagnosis by applying an interdisciplinary approach.
Temporomandibular joint damage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Diagnostic validity of diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Alstergren Per , Ammendola Lucia , Bucci Rosaria , Alessio Maria , D'Antò Vincenzo , Michelotti Ambra
Published: January 2019

Background

Diagnostic criteria reported in the expanded taxonomy for temporomandibular disorders include a standardised clinical examination and diagnosis (DC/TMD 3.B) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) damage in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); however, their validity is unknown.

Objectives

To assess the validity of DC/TMD 3.B for the identification of TMJ damage in JIA‐patients, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as gold standard, and to investigate the relation between clinical findings and TMJ damage.

Methods

Fifty consecutive JIA patients (9‐16 years) were recruited. DC/TMD 3.B were compared with TMJs MRI (100 TMJs) performed maximum at 1 month from the visit. The severity of TMJ damage was scored in four grades. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), logistic regression models with odds ratio of DC/TMD 3.B and clinical findings respect to MRI were calculated.

Results

The DC/TMD 3.B were inadequate in the identification of TMJ damage (sensitivity = 0.15, specificity = 0.92, PPV = 0.85, NPV = 0.28, P = 0.350). Chin deviation and TMJ crepitus were associated with worse TMJ damage (P = 0.006; P = 0.034). Reduced mouth opening (OR = 3.91, P = 0.039) and chin deviation (OR = 13.7, P = 0.014) were associated with the presence of TMJ damage. Combining “pain” (history of pain, TMJ pain, pain during movements) and “function” (TMJ crepitus, reduced mouth opening, chin deviation) clinical findings, the sensitivity and the specificity were 0.88 and 0.54.

Conclusion

DC/TMD 3.B present a low sensitivity to diagnose TMJ damage. Chin deviation, reduced mouth opening and TMJ crepitus are associated with TMJ damage. We suggest combining “pain” and “function” findings for the evaluation of TMJ damage in JIA patients.
Effects of exercise therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Shimada Akiko , Ishigaki Shoichi , Matsuka Yoshizo , Komiyama Osamu , Torisu Tetsurou , Oono Yuka , Sato Hitoshi , Naganawa Takuya , Mine Atsushi , Yamazaki Yoko , Okura Kazuo , Sakuma Yasushi , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: January 2019

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions among orofacial pain. Painful TMD condition such as myalgia and arthralgia can be managed by exercise therapy. However, as it is hard to access actual effect of each modality that is included in an exercise therapy programme due to multiple choice of the management modality, their efficacy remains controversial. Therefore, this review focused on the effects of exercise therapy for the management of painful TMD. The aims of this review were to summarise the effects of exercise therapy for major symptoms of painful TMD and to establish a guideline for the management of painful TMD, resulting in higher quality and reliability of dental treatment. In this review, exercise modalities are clearly defined as follows: mobilisation exercise, muscle strengthening exercise (resistance training), coordination exercise and postural exercise. Furthermore, pain intensity and range of movements were focused as outcome parameters in this review. Mobilisation exercise including manual therapy, passive jaw mobilisation with oral appliances and voluntary jaw exercise appeared to be a promising option for painful TMD conditions such as myalgia and arthralgia. This review addressed not only the effects of exercise therapy on various clinical conditions of painful TMD shown in the past, but also an urgent need for consensus among dentists and clinicians in terms of the management of each condition, as well as terminology.
Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates the ETB and α1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Zeng Zhong-San , Lin Jie , Xu Cang-Bao , Cao Lei , Chen Chen , Li Jie
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The current study aimed to explore whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) via tail vein injection upregulates the ETB and α1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Methods

The contraction curves of the mesenteric arteries caused by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c, ETB receptor agonist) and phenylephrine (PE, α1 receptor agonist) were measured by a myograph system. Serum oxLDL was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels of the ETB receptor, the α1 receptor, PI3K, p-PI3K and p-Akt were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses.

Key findings

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein noticeably enhanced the contraction effect curves of S6c and PE, with significantly increased Emax values (P < 0.01), compared to those of the control group. This treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of the ETB and α1 receptors and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt in the vessel wall (P < 0.01). LY294002 inhibited the effect of mmLDL.

Conclusions

An increase in mmLDL activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, which upregulated the expression of the ETB and α1 receptors and enhanced the ETB and α1-receptor-mediated contractile function.
Systematic review of young children's writing on screen: what do we know and what do we need to know
Authors: Kucirkova Natalia , Wells Rowe Deborah , Oliver Lucy , Piestrzynski Laura E.
Published: January 2019

Writing is part and parcel of children's active meaning‐making on and with screens, but it has been relatively neglected in the literature focused on children's digital literacies. This study synthesises existing empirical evidence focused on young children's (aged between 2 and 8 years) writing on screen and identifies the relationships between dominant themes in published literature and contemporary theories of children's technology use. A systematic literature review that included studies from diverse disciplines yielded 21 papers. Constant comparative analysis generated five themes that indicate four key directions for future research. We call attention to researchers'theoretical framingto supplement mono‐disciplinary approaches and single levels of analysis. We suggest that future research should provide greaterspecification of the purposeof children's writing on screen and the differenttypes of tools and applicationssupporting the activity. We also highlight the need for interdisciplinary approaches that would capture the composing stages involved in the writing process with andaroundscreens. Finally, we point out possibleage‐related differencesin documenting and reporting the composing process in classrooms. Overall, limitations in the current evidence base highlight the need for research conducted from a critical perspective and focused more directly on multimodality.
Children with autism and picture books: extending the reading experiences of autistic learners of primary age
Authors: Tabernero Rosa , Calvo Virginia
Published: January 2019

Autistic learners master visual and spatial abilities; they use visual language to organise, understand and give meaning to the world. Although they might struggle with verbal skills, they have an associative way of thinking. Taking into consideration the characteristics of seven autistic pupils, the aim of this paper was to identify the potential of picture books in relation to autistic readers in order to explain why picture books can be supportive tools for improving verbal and social communication skills. The findings, based on a qualitative case study and a reader response framework, show that picture books help children with autism develop social and communication skills as well as foster imagination. Their written outcomes clearly showed children's need to tell stories.
Bile acids increase steroidogenesis in cholemic mice and induce cortisol secretion in adrenocortical H295R cells via S1PR2, ERK and SF‐1
Authors: Liu Lei , Panzitt Katrin , Racedo Silvia , Wagner Martin , Platzer Wolfgang , Zaufel Alex , Theiler‐Schwetz Verena , Obermayer‐Pietsch Barbara , Müller Helmut , Höfler Gerald , Heinemann Akos , Zollner Gernot , Fickert Peter
Published: January 2019

Background and Aims

Bile acids are now accepted as central signalling molecules for the regulation of glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Adrenal gland cortex cells express the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the G protein‐coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) and the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). We aimed to determine the effects of cholestasis and more specifically of bile acids on cortisol production.

Methods

FXR and TGR5 knockout mice and controls were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) feeding to model cholestasis. Human adrenocortical H295R cells were challenged with bile acids for mechanistic studies.

Results

We found that CBDL and CDCA feeding increased the levels of corticosterone, the rodent equivalent to human cortisol and mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenesis‐related enzymes in adrenals independent of FXR and TGR5. Taurine‐conjugated CDCA (TCDCA) significantly stimulated cortisol secretion, phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and expression of steroidogenesis‐related genes in human adrenocortical H295R cells. FXR and TGR5 agonists failed to induce cortisol secretion in H295R cells. S1PR2 inhibition significantly abolished TCDCA‐induced cortisol secretion, lowered phosphorylation of ERK and abrogated enhanced transcription of steroidogenesis‐related genes in H295R cells. Likewise, siRNA S1PR2 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and cortisol secretion. Steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1) transactivation activity was increased upon TCDCA treatment suggesting that bile acid signalling is linked to SF‐1. Treatment with SF‐1 inverse agonist AC45594 also reduced TCDCA‐induced steroidogenesis.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that supraphysiological bile acid levels as observed in cholestasis stimulate steroidogenesis via an S1PR2‐ERK‐SF‐1 signalling pathway.
On the Same Wavelength: Exploring Team Neurosynchrony in Undergraduate Dyads Solving a Cyberlearning Problem With Collaborative Scripts
Authors: Antonenko Pavlo D. , Davis Robert , Wang Jiahui , Celepkolu Mehmet
Published: January 2019

As teammates adjust their cognition and behavior, synchronizations of information can be observed across verbal, postural, and neurophysiological systems. This study explored the synchrony of mutually interacting brains, or team neurosynchrony, during cyber‐enabled collaborative problem solving. Mixed‐sex dyads defined and solved an authentic problem using either a social script or an epistemic script. Alpha‐band phase‐locking value, or the absolute value of the sum of the phase differences of electrodes at a particular time and frequency across a number of epochs, was used as a measure of team neurosynchrony. Contrary to our hypotheses, analyses revealed greater alpha‐band phase‐locking values between the central and parietal electrodes of dyad members in the epistemic script condition. Mean alpha phase‐locking values were positively correlated with collaborative problem solving performance and negatively correlated with time spent on the problem solving process, suggesting that epistemic scripts were more effective scaffolds of collaborative problem solving compared to social scripts in this study.
Compassion fatigue among nurses working in a long‐term care facility: The Israeli experience
Authors: Shahar Irit , Asher Irit , Ben Natan Merav
Published: January 2019

Nurses working in a long‐term care facility could be at risk of developing compassion fatigue due to the nature of their work. In this descriptive, cross‐sectional survey, we explored the level of compassion fatigue among nurses working in a long‐term care facility, as well as the associated sociodemographic and occupational factors. In total, 103 nurses employed in various departments of a long‐term care facility in central Israel completed the Hebrew version of the Professional Quality of Life Scale R‐IV. Nurses scored moderate–high on the compassion fatigue (mean = 3.6, standard deviation = .5), burnout (mean = 3.5, standard deviation = .5), and compassion satisfaction (mean = 3.8, standard deviation = .5) scales. Older nurses scored lower on compassion fatigue, while nurses with higher qualifications scored higher on compassion satisfaction. In this study, we implicate that it is necessary to raise awareness about compassion fatigue, both in nursing education and training and in long‐term care organizations. It is necessary to improve understanding of this phenomenon in order to help nurses acquire appropriate coping skills to address this critical issue.
Accuracy and Credal Imprecision
Authors: Berger Dominik , Das Nilanjan
Published: January 2019

Many have claimed that epistemic rationality sometimes requires us to have imprecise credal states (i.e., credal states representable only by sets of credence functions) rather than precise ones (i.e., credal states representable by single credence functions). Some writers have recently argued that this claim conflicts with accuracy‐centered epistemology, i.e., the project of justifying epistemic norms by appealing solely to the overall accuracy of the doxastic states they recommend. But these arguments are far from decisive. In this essay, we prove some new results, which show that there is little hope for reconciling the rationality of credal imprecision with accuracy‐centered epistemology.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Biomarkers predicting lymphoma in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome—A systematic review
Authors: Delli Konstantina , Villa Alessandro , Farah Camile S. , Celentano Antonio , Ojeda David , Peterson Douglas E. , Jensen Siri Beier , Glurich Ingrid , Vissink Arjan
Published: January 2019

Objective

To conduct a systematic review of studies exploring potential biomarkers for development, course, and efficacy of treatment of lymphomas in salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

Material and Methods

Eligible studies were identified through a comprehensive search of two databases, that is, PubMed and EMBASE. Quality of included articles was assessed with the “Quality In Prognosis Studies” (QUIPS) tool. The “CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies” (CHARMS) was used to facilitate data extraction.

Results

Fifty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Only one study assessed the progression of lymphoma. Moderate risk of bias was detected in “outcome measurement,” “study participation,” and “study confounding” domains. Parotid gland enlargement, mixed monoclonal cryoglobulins, and low C4 levels represented strongest predictors of lymphoma development. The role of histological biomarkers, and specifically germinal centers, remains controversial. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies precluded conduct of a meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

Specific biomarkers in combination with clinical manifestations represent potential candidates for advancing precision medicine approaches to lymphoma prediction in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Current focus has increasingly been on genetic and epigenetic markers as candidate predictors. Predictive accuracy of key biomarker candidates remains to be tested in well‐designed prospectively followed Sjögren's syndrome cohorts.
Natural alleles of GLA for grain length and awn development were differently domesticated in rice subspecies japonica and indica
Authors: Zhang Yanpei , Zhang Zhanying , Sun Xingming , Zhu Xiaoyang , Li Ben , Li Jinjie , Guo Haifeng , Chen Chao , Pan Yinghua , Liang Yuntao , Xu Zhijian , Zhang Hongliang , Li Zichao
Published: January 2019

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars harbour morphological and physiological traits different from those of wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.), but the molecular mechanisms underlying domestication remain controversial. Here, we show that awn and long grain traits in the near‐isogenic NIL‐GLA are separately controlled by variations within the GLA (Grain Length and Awn Development) gene, a new allele of GAD1/RAE2, which encodes one member of the EFPL (epidermal patterning factor‐like protein) family. Haplotype analyses and transgenic studies revealed that InDel1 (variation for grain length, VGL) in the promoter region of GLA (GLAVGL) increases grain length by promoting transcription of GLA. Absence of InDel3 (variation for awn formation, VA) in the coding region (CDS) of GLA (GLAva) results in short awn or no awn phenotypes. Analyses of minimum spanning trees and introgression regions demonstrated that An‐1, an important gene for awn formation, was preferentially domesticated and its mutation to an‐1 was followed by GLA and An‐2. Gene flow then occurred between the evolved japonica and indica populations. Quality analysis showed that GLA causes poor grain quality. During genetic improvement, awnlessness was selected in ssp. indica, whereas short–grained and awnless phenotypes with good quality were selected in japonica. Our findings facilitate an understanding of rice domestication and provide a favourable allele for rice breeding.
Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus granules in pediatric de novo liver, kidney, and heart transplantation: The OPTION study
Authors: Webb Nicholas J. A. , Baumann Ulrich , Camino Manuela , Frauca Esteban , Undre Nasrullah ,   the OPTION Study Group
Published: January 2019

Tacrolimus granules were developed for patients who are unable to swallow capsules. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is required to optimize efficacy and safety, which is based on Ctrough for tacrolimus capsules. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data for tacrolimus granules are required to establish the basis for TDM in those who are unable to swallow capsules. In this phase IV study (NCT01371331) of children undergoing liver, kidney, or heart transplantation, patients received tacrolimus granules 0.15 mg/kg twice daily; first dose was administered within 24 hours of reperfusion. PK analysis samples were collected after reperfusion, after first dose of tacrolimus (Day 1), and at steady state (Day 7; >4 days stable dose). Of the 52 transplant recipients enrolled, 38 had two evaluable PK profiles. Mean AUCtau after first dose of tacrolimus was 211, 97, and 224 hour*ng/mL in liver, kidney, and heart transplant recipients, respectively; corresponding mean AUCtau at steady state was 195, 208, and 165 hour*ng/mL. Ctrough and AUCtau were positively correlated after first dose of tacrolimus and at steady state (Pearson's coefficients: r = 0.81 and r = 0.87, respectively). This study demonstrated that Ctrough is a reliable marker for TDM in pediatric transplant recipients treated with tacrolimus granules, consistent with TDM for other tacrolimus formulations.
Cutaneous Photoprotective Activity of a Short‐term Ingestion of High‐Flavanol Cocoa: A Nutritional Intervention Study
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo , Calzavara‐Pinton Irene , Arisi Mariachiara , Rossi Maria Teresa , Scapagnini Giovanni , Davinelli Sergio , Venturini Marina
Published: January 2019

In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that prolonged oral administration of flavanol‐rich cocoas extracts have photoprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the photoprotective activity of short‐time administration of a new variety of naturally selected cocoa extract rich in bioactive compounds. We selected a cocoa powder particularly rich in polyphenols, flavanols, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. We then investigated, in 10 healthy subjects, the photoprotective effects of one week of daily oral administration of two doses of such powder. Phototesting with solar simulated radiation was performed at baseline and after cocoa supplementation. Visual assessment of the minimal erythema dose and spectrophotometric measurement of the “a” parameter were done after 24 h from the irradiation. Oral daily supplementation of 1 g of high‐flavanol cocoa was not effective but a one‐week administration of 4–6 g of cocoa induced a statistically significant increase in the visual erythema threshold and a significant reduction in the “a” parameter. We demonstrated that a new variety of naturally selected cocoa extract, even when administered for a short time, retains a dose‐dependent photoprotective effect. These results are also indicative of the fact that topical sunscreens could be supplemented by a specific diet.
Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay method of assessing relative resistance of oat (Avena sativa) to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae)
Authors: Admassu‐Yimer B. , Gordon T. , Bonman J. M. , Esvelt Klos K.
Published: January 2019

Evaluation of oat crown rust resistance is usually based on visual assessment of disease severity or infection types. Visual assessment is subjective, prone to rater bias and requires expert knowledge. PCR‐based quantitative assays can overcome challenges associated with visual assessment. New TaqMan primers and probes were designed from Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca) sequences. The primer–probe sets were specific to Pca, amplified using as little as 0.5 pg fungal DNA (fDNA) and allowed for scaling to variation in sample total DNA quantity. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was validated using oat recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the Provena × 94197A1‐9‐2‐2‐2‐5 cross evaluated under a controlled environment. For comparison with fDNA load, inoculation with the Pca race LCBB provided segregation data on the hypersensitive response, while Pca race LSLG provided data on segregation for reduced pustule number. fDNA content was positively correlated with both pustule number and infection type (IT). Composite interval mapping identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on oat linkage groups Mrg12 and Mrg20 using visual and qPCR assessments (pustule number, IT and fDNA). In this study a qPCR assay method that can be used to assess the relative resistance of oat to crown rust was refined and validated, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely linked with two QTLs derived from the crown rust resistant line 94197A1‐9‐2‐2‐2‐5 were identified.
Mother’s age at delivery and daughters’ risk of preeclampsia
Authors: Basso Olga , Weinberg Clarice R. , D’Aloisio Aimee A. , Sandler Dale P.
Published: January 2019

Background

Some cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with both risk of preeclampsia and having been born to a younger or older mother. We examined whether mother's age at delivery predicts a primiparous daughter's risk of preeclampsia.

Methods

The analysis included 39 803 Sister Study participants (designated as “daughters”) born between 1930 and 1974. Using log‐binomial regression, we estimated relative risks (RR) of preeclampsia in the first pregnancy ending in birth (“primiparous preeclampsia”) associated with mother's age at the daughter’s birth. Models included: number of older full and maternal half‐siblings, income level growing up, daughter's age at delivery, race/ethnicity, and 5‐year birth cohort. We examined self‐reported relative weight at age 10 (heavier than peers versus not) as a potential effect measure modifier.

Results

Overall, 6.2% of daughters reported preeclampsia. Compared with those who had been born to 20‐24‐year old mothers, daughters of teenage mothers had a relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.43) and daughters of mothers ≥25 had a ~10% lower risk. Relative weight at age 10 modified the association, with an inverse association between mother's age at delivery and preeclampsia seen only among daughters with low/normal childhood relative weight. In this subset, results were consistent across strata of daughter's age at menarche and age at first birth.

Conclusions

These findings, based on self‐reported data, require replication. Nevertheless, as women increasingly delay childbearing, they provide some reassurance that having been born to an older mother is not, per se, a risk factor for primiparous preeclampsia.
Medicaid Expansion and the Political Fate of the Governors Who Support It
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Patton Dana J.
Published: January 2019

We provide evidence regarding potential policy feedback effects of healthcare reform by estimating the effect of Medicaid expansion on public support for the state actor most closely associated with responsibility for the expansion decision—the governor. The discretion granted to state governments concerning Medicaid expansion has created the potential for significant variation in mass feedback effects across the states. We are particularly interested in how these effects are influenced by the emerging racial polarization over healthcare policy, and how this may lead to different types of feedback effects that align with partisan, ideological, and racial cleavages. We estimate the impact of Medicaid expansion on gubernatorial approval, utilizing five waves of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (2008–16). We find that on average, expansion led to a modest, yet statistically significant increase in gubernatorial approval. However, there is important variation both within and across states in the effect of expansion. Specifically, we find that governors were more likely to be rewarded for expansion by those who supported President Obama, and those who resided in states where the Medicaid recipient population is more likely to be white.
Who Benefits from Production Outcomes? Gendered Production Relations among Climate‐Smart Agriculture Technology Users in Rural Ethiopia
Authors: Tsige Meseret
Published: January 2019

The use of agricultural technologies is generally expected to increase production and household incomes. Gendered disparities in making use of agricultural outcomes could result in inequitable agricultural development. However, too little is known about whether the use of agricultural technologies improves gendered production relations, particularly in the Global South. This study investigates the question of gender‐equitable production relations by drawing on empirical data from women and men smallholders involved in conservation agriculture and small‐scale irrigation schemes in three study areas in Ethiopia. Findings show that the use of agricultural technologies does not improve unequal gendered production relations; rather, gender norms that exist within patriarchal social structures continue to influence production relations in at least three ways. First, societal norms restrict women from asserting their self‐interest in gendered bargaining. Second, there is a customary law in all the study areas that allows men (but not women) to inherit land—thus providing men with better bargaining and decision‐making positions over production outcomes, as they bring land to the marriage. Third, the restricted access of women to rural institutional services further contributes to unequal gendered production relations, as these services support men more than women in the use of agricultural technologies for enhanced production.
Rural Depopulation: Growth and Decline Processes over the Past Century
Authors: Johnson Kenneth M. , Lichter Daniel T.
Published: January 2019

This article highlights the rise and geographic spread of depopulation in rural America over the past century. “Depopulation” refers to chronic population losses that prevent counties from returning to an earlier period of peak population size. In this article, we identify 746 depopulating counties—mostly nonmetropolitan—representing 24 percent of all U.S. counties. More than 46 percent of remote rural counties are depopulating compared to 24 percent of the adjacent nonmetropolitan counties and just 6 percent of metropolitan counties. Rural county populations often peaked in size during the 1940s and 1950s, especially in the agricultural heartland. Depopulation today reflects a complex interplay of chronic net out‐migration and natural decrease that is rooted in the past. Depopulation not only is a direct result of persistent out‐migration but also reflects large second‐order effects expressed in declining fertility and rising mortality (usually associated with population aging). Depopulation has become a signature demographic phenomenon in broad regions of rural America.
Quality of life, fatigue and changes therein as predictors of return to work during breast cancer treatment
Authors: Porro Bertrand , Michel Aude , Zinzindohoué Cécile , Bertrand Pierre , Monrigal Emilie , Trentini Frédéric , Baussard Louise , Cousson‐Gélie Florence
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To our knowledge, only one study has assessed Quality of Life (QOL) as a predictor of return to work (RTW) during breast cancer treatment and one has evaluated multidimensional cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) as a determinant of RTW. However, no study has assessed the impact of changes in these variables on RTW. The objective of this study was to evaluate QOL, multidimensional CRF and changes in these variables as determinants of RTW during breast cancer treatment.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal study of 68 patients with a mean age of 46.97 years (SD = 6.92), who were employed at the time of diagnosis. Women were assessed at the beginning of adjuvant treatments (T0) and followed up with by telephone at three (T1) and 6 months later (T2), using questionnaires (QLQ‐C30; MFI‐20).

Results

Global QOL, OR = 1.12 [1.01–1.25], sleep disturbance, OR = 1.04 [1.002–1.08], fatigue (QLQ‐C30), OR = 0.93 [0.88–0.99], nausea‐vomiting, OR = 0.84 [0.73–0.97], reduced motivation, OR = 1.49 [1.05–2.11] and general fatigue, OR = 0.79 [0.63–0.99] at T0 were associated with RTW at T1. At T2 global QOL, OR = 1.09 [1.01–1.17], cognitive functioning, OR = 1.10 [1.03–1.17], general fatigue, OR = 1.82 [1.04–3.17] and mental fatigue, OR = 0.29 [0.11–0.81] were associated with RTW. Furthermore, changes in mental fatigue were associated with RTW at T2, OR = 0.02 [0.001–0.29].

Conclusions

Quality of life, fatigue and their changes in them, especially cognitive functioning and mental fatigue, can play an important role in predicting the RTW of women with breast cancer. This confirms the importance of multidisciplinary care for cancer and the emergence of a theoretical psychological model of RTW.
New coring study in Augusta Bay expands understanding of offshore tsunami deposits (Eastern Sicily, Italy)
Authors: Smedile Alessandra , Molisso Flavia , Chagué Catherine , Iorio Marina , De Martini Paolo Marco , Pinzi Stefania , Collins Philip E. F. , Sagnotti Leonardo , Pantosti Daniela
Published: January 2019

Tsunami deposits present an important archive for understanding tsunami histories and dynamics. Most research in this field has focused on onshore preserved remains, while the offshore deposits have received less attention. In 2009, during a coring campaign with the Italian Navy Magnaghi, four 1 m long gravity cores (MG cores) were sampled from the northern part of Augusta Bay, along a transect in 60 to 110 m water depth. These cores were taken in the same area where a core (MS06) was collected in 2007 about 2·3 km offshore Augusta at a water depth of 72 m below sea level. Core MS06 consisted of a 6·7 m long sequence that included 12 anomalous intervals interpreted as the primary effect of tsunami backwash waves in the last 4500 years. In this study, tsunami deposits were identified, based on sedimentology and displaced benthic foraminifera (as for core MS06) reinforced by X‐ray fluorescence data. Two erosional surfaces (L1 and L2) were recognized coupled with grain‐size increase, abundant Posidonia oceanica seagrass remains and a significant amount of Nubecularia lucifuga, an epiphytic sessile benthic foraminifera considered to be transported from the inner shelf. The occurrence of Ti/Ca and Ti/Sr increments, coinciding with peaks in organic matter (Mo incoherent/coherent) suggests terrestrial run‐off coupled with an input of organic matter. The L1 and L2 horizons were attributed to two distinct historical tsunamis (ad 1542 and ad 1693) by indirect age‐estimation methods using 210Pb profiles and the comparison of Volume Magnetic Susceptibility data between MG cores and MS06 cores. One most recent bioturbated horizon (Bh), despite not matching the above listed interpretative features, recorded an important palaeoenvironmental change that may correspond to the ad 1908 tsunami. These findings reinforce the value of offshore sediment records as an underutilized resource for the identification of past tsunamis.
How organizational characteristics shape gender difference and inequality at work
Authors: Gorman Elizabeth H. , Mosseri Sarah
Published: January 2019

Why should students and scholars who are interested in gender difference and inequality study organizations? In recent years, as research on organizations has migrated to business schools and become less connected to other subfields of the discipline, the value of organizational sociology has become less evident to many. Yet characteristics of organizations contribute in important ways to producing different experiences and outcomes for women and men, by constraining certain individual actions and enabling or bringing about others. In this essay, we trace the consequences of four categories of organizational characteristics—the formal structure of work, employment practices, informal structure and culture, and organizational networks and fields—for gender inequality in three areas: workplace experiences, work–family conflict, and career outcomes. We close with some brief reflections on future directions for research linking organizations and gender.
A CACTA‐like transposable element in the upstream region of BnaA9.CYP78A9 acts as an enhancer to increase silique length and seed weight in rapeseed
Authors: Shi Liuliu , Song Jurong , Guo Chaocheng , Wang Bo , Guan Zhilin , Yang Pu , Chen Xun , Zhang Qinghua , King Graham J. , Wang Jing , Liu Kede
Published: January 2019

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a model plant for polyploid crop research and the second‐leading source of vegetable oil worldwide. Silique length (SL) and seed weight are two important yield‐influencing traits in rapeseed. Using map‐based cloning, we isolated qSLWA9, which encodes a P450 monooxygenase (BnaA9.CYP78A9) and functions as a positive regulator of SL. The expression level of BnaA9.CYP78A9 in silique valves of the long‐silique variety is much higher than that in the regular‐silique variety, which results in elongated cells and a prolonged phase of silique elongation. Plants of the long‐silique variety and transgenic plants with high expression of BnaA9.CYP78A9 had a higher concentration of auxin in the developing silique; this induced a number of auxin‐related genes but no genes in well‐known auxin biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that BnaA9.CYP78A9 may influence auxin concentration by affecting auxin metabolism or an unknown auxin biosynthesis pathway. A 3.7‐kb CACTA‐like transposable element (TE) inserted in the 3.9‐kb upstream regulatory sequence of BnaA9.CYP78A9 elevates the expression level, suggesting that the CACTA‐like TE acts as an enhancer to stimulate high gene expression and silique elongation. Marker and sequence analysis revealed that the TE in B. napus had recently been introgressed from Brassica rapa by interspecific hybridization. The insertion of the TE is consistently associated with long siliques and large seeds in both B. napus and B. rapa collections. However, the frequency of the CACTA‐like TE in rapeseed varieties is still very low, suggesting that this allele has not been widely used in rapeseed breeding programs and would be invaluable for yield improvement in rapeseed breeding.
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled evaluation of orally administered heat‐killed Enterococcus faecalis FK‐23 preparation in atopic dogs
Authors: Osumi Takafumi , Shimada Takashi , Sakaguchi Masahiro , Tsujimoto Hajime
Published: January 2019

Background

Gastrointestinal microbiome modulation is reported to be an effective therapy to reduce the clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). The killed strain of Enterococcus faecalis FK‐23 has been shown to reduce allergic responses in mice and people.

Hypothesis/Objective

The aim of this multicentre, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an orally administered heat‐killed E. faecalis FK‐23 preparation (FK‐23p) for the control of cAD.

Animals

Thirty‐nine client‐owned dogs with clinical signs of nonseasonal cAD were enrolled by 10 veterinarians at 15 hospitals.

Methods and materials

Dogs were randomized to either FK‐23p at a dose of ≥100 mg/kg/day or placebo. Owner‐assessed pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS), clinician‐assessed Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐4) and daily medication scoring (DMS) were evaluated on days 0, 28, 56 and 84. Owners and clinicians were interviewed about the overall response to treatment (RTT), after the study.

Results

The CADESI‐4 significantly decreased in the FK‐23p group compared to the placebo group, by Day 84 (P = 0.035; Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U‐test). There was no significant difference in pVAS and DMS between the groups. Owners and clinicians reported significantly better RTT in the FK‐23p group than the placebo group (P = 0.043 and 0.002, respectively; Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U‐test). There were no adverse events associated with FK‐23p.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Oral administration of FK‐23p provided a small, but measurable benefit when used as an adjunct treatment, in reducing clinical signs of atopic dogs.
Left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration for bilateral equine ovariectomy
Authors: Devick Ian F. , Hendrickson Dean A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To describe a standing left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration for bilateral equine ovariectomy.

Study design

Prospective experimental clinical study.

Animals

Four healthy client‐owned mares and 1 client‐owned Molly mule.

Methods

Mares were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with an α2‐agonist continuous infusion to effect. The abdominal cavity was approached via a left paralumbar fossa approach, and the contralateral right ovary was accessed through an incision in the mesocolon. The location of the window was adjusted to allow triangulation, adequate visualization, and manipulation of the contralateral right ovary. Each ovarian pedicle was ligated with extracorporeal ligatures prior to sharp transection. The ovaries were dropped and left within the abdomen as part of another study. The incision in the mesocolon was closed with laparoscopic staples. Mares were monitored hourly while hospitalized, and a questionnaire was completed by the owners 90 days after surgery.

Results

Both ovarian pedicles were successfully ligated and transected in all mares through the left paralumbar fossa approach and mesocolon fenestration. The only complications consisted of mild incisional emphysema in 2 of 5 equids, with all resolving spontaneously. All equids returned to intended use at 90 days.

Conclusion

The left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration provided adequate access to both ovaries with minimal morbidity in this small population.

Clinical significance

A unilateral left paralumbar fossa approach and fenestration of the mesocolon should be considered as an alternative to traditional approaches for bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomies in equids.
Alterations in cardiovascular function in an experimental model of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Darwiche Tamara , Collum Scott D. , Bi Weizhen , Reynolds Julia O. , Wilson Cory , Wareing Nancy , Hernandez Adriana M. , Mertens Tinne C. J. , Zhou Zhen , Pandit Lavannya M. , Karmouty‐Quintana Harry
Published: January 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

We have evaluated changes in cardiovascular physiology using echocardiography in an experimental model of lung fibrosis.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Remarkably, we report changes in cardiovascular function as early as day 7, concomitant with evidence of vascular remodelling. We also report that isolated pulmonary arteries were hypercontractile in response to a thromboxane A2 agonist. These findings are significant because the development of pulmonary hypertension is one of the most significant predictors of mortality in patients with lung fibrosis, where there are no available therapies and a lack of animal models.

Group III pulmonary hypertension is observed in patients with chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) develops as a result of extensive pulmonary vascular remodelling and resultant changes in vascular tone that can lead to right ventricle hypertrophy. This eventually leads to right heart failure, which is the leading indicator of mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Treatments for group III PH are not available, in part owing to a lack of viable animal models. Here, we have evaluated the cardiovascular changes in a model of lung fibrosis and PH. Data obtained from this study indicated that structural alterations in the right heart, such as right ventricular wall hypertrophy, occurred as early as day 14, and similar increases in right ventricle chamber size were seen between days 21 and 28. These structural changes were correlated with decreases in the systolic function of the right ventricle and right ventricular cardiac output, which also occurred between the same time points. Characterization of pulmonary artery dynamics also highlighted that PH might be occurring as early as day 21, indicated by reductions in the velocity–time integral; however, evidence for PH is apparent as early as day 7, indicated by the significant reduction in pulmonary acceleration time values. These changes are consistent with evidence of vascular remodelling observed histologically starting on day 7. In addition, we report hyperactivity of bleomycin‐exposed pulmonary arteries to a thromboxane A2 receptor (Tbxa2r) agonist.
Negatividad de la subjetividad y esperanza en la antropología teológica de Juan Alfaro
Authors: Ábrigo Carlos
Published: January 2019

En la antropología teológica de Juan Alfaro, S. J. (1914-1993), la subjetividad (conciencia y libertad) constituye la dimensión humana donde coexisten aspectos de positividad y negatividad. En la negatividad el hombre vive la experiencia de amenaza del sinsentido de su existencia por el hecho de nunca estar en posesión plena de sí, pero fundamentalmente por la experiencia de la muerte. Esta negatividad, sin embargo, es la dimensión existencial desde donde emerge la actitud de rebelión contra tales amenazas y se incita el don de la esperanza. Para la expresión de estos contenidos, el autor señala que las categorías esencialistas orientadas a demostrar deben dar lugar a categorías personalistas orientadas a mostrar, desafío aún pendiente según lo que expresa el papa Francisco.
Inhibition of Yeast-to-Hypha Transition and Virulence of
Candida albicans
by 2-Alkylaminoquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Meng Lili , Zhao He , Zhao Shuo , Sun Xiuyun , Zhang Min , Deng Yinyue
Published: January 2019

A rapid increase in
Candida albicans
infection and drug resistance has caused an emergent need for new clinical strategies against this fungal pathogen. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of a series of 2-alkylaminoquinoline derivatives against
C. albicans
isolates.
Population Genomics Insights into Adaptive Evolution and Ecological Differentiation in Streptomycetes
Authors: Li Yisong , Pinto-Tomás Adrián A. , Rong Xiaoying , Cheng Kun , Liu Minghao , Huang Ying
Published: January 2019

Species are the fundamental units of ecology and evolution, and speciation leads to the astounding diversity of life on Earth. Studying speciation is thus of great significance to understand, protect, and exploit biodiversity, but it is a challenge in the microbial world. In this study, using population genomics, we placed
Streptomyces albidoflavus
strains in a spectrum of speciation and showed that the genetic differences between phylogenomic clusters evolved mainly by environmental selection and gene-specific sweeps. These findings highlight the role of ecology in structuring recombining bacterial species, making a step toward a deeper understanding of microbial speciation. Our results also raise concerns of an underrated microbial diversity at the intraspecies level, which can be utilized for mining of ecologically relevant natural products.