bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choice of Contrast Medium in Patients With Impaired Renal Function Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Wessely Rainer , Koppara Tobias , Bradaric Christian , Vorpahl Marc , Braun Siegmund , Schulz Stefanie , Mehilli Julinda , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan
Published: September 2009

Background—

No clinical trial has yet focused on contrast-mediated nephrotoxicity in patients with chronic renal failure exclusively undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of contemporary contrast media on nephrotoxicity in this high-risk patient population.

Methods and Results—

This prospective, randomized, double-blind, comparative clinical trial randomly selected 939 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing coronary angiography with potential PCI to receive either the iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol or the low-osmolar contrast medium iomeprol. Of those 939 patients, 615 received diagnostic angiography only and were not included in the primary study analysis, but were followed up in a registry. Three hundred twenty-four patients underwent PCI, of which one-half received iodixanol or iomeprol, respectively, and were included in the primary study analysis. The primary end point was the peak increase in
S
-creatinine during hospitalization for PCI. Maximum increase in
S
-creatinine after PCI was lower than expected and thus impaired the power of the study. It was not significantly different between the 2 contrast groups (0.19�0.40 mg/dL for iodixanol and 0.21�0.34 mg/dL for iomeprol;
P
=0.53). Albeit contrast media-induced nephropathy rates were lower with iodixanol (22.2% compared with 27.8% for iomeprol), this difference was not statistically different (
P
=0.25). Subgroup analysis suggested a favorable outcome regarding nephrotoxicity in patients who received higher contrast volumes (>340 mL) in the iodixanol group (
P
interaction
=0.016).

Conclusions—

Routine use of iso-osmolar contrast medium is not associated with a significant reduction of nephrotoxicity compared with low-osmolar contrast medium in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing PCI. However, a positive effect was seen in the iso-osmolar contrast group for patients receiving high amounts of contrast medium, which awaits confirmation of a specifically designed randomized clinical trial.

Clinical Trial Registration—

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00390585
More Revisions in Realism
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: September 2009

Thomas Hobbes is regarded as a major intellectual precursor of realist theory. Such veneration has brought about ample reactions from various scholars who aver that the use of Hobbes'vision of anarchy as an analogy for building greater theories of international relations is problematic at best. Yet, while such critiques of the realist analogy have been abundant, they have devoted scant attention to important passages in the Leviathan (that is, the tale of the fool in Chapter 15) that would produce greater clarity about Hobbes' logic regarding the state of nature. Indeed, a careful textual analysis of the tale of the fool demonstrates that as an analogy for a state of war (that is, as an environment devoid of cooperation) Hobbes' vision of anarchy is even more problematic than what previous critiques suggest. The tale strongly re-inforces critical scholarship that embraces ample opportunities for cooperation (covenants) in a Hobbesian state of nature (that is, without a Leviathan to impose order). The precise Hobbesian logic evident in this tale, in fact, reflects both strong neoliberal and constructivist elements in what many would consider a least-likely place: in Hobbes' vision of anarchy. So while Hobbes has been hailed as the first early modern realist, he could also be cited as the first early modern neoliberal and constructivist. In this respect, Hobbes' own synthesis of elements of realism, constructivism and neoliberalism holds much promise for inspiring a new and more sophisticated vision of international relations: Cosmopolitik.
An Afrocentric Approach to Building Cultural Relevance in Social Work Research
Authors: Davis Sarita K. , Williams Aisha D. , Akinyela Makungu
Published: September 2009

Social work researchers who identify and define social problems run the risk of leaving their social fingerprints on such problems, as well as their favored solutions to them. As a result, the direction of the research agenda is driven by the focus of the research problem formulation, instead of the cultural relevance. The purpose of this article is to offer guiding principles for integrating cultural relevance into the social work research process. The authors offer definitions of cultural relevance, a rationale for using cultural relevance in social work research, a framework for constructing cultural relevance in the process of research problem formulation, and an example of how this framework applies within the context of HIV prevention education in the African American community.
Three-dimensional Simulation of the Dynamic Yarn Behavior on Air-jet Looms
Authors: De Meulemeester Simon , Puissant Patrick , Van Langenhove Lieva
Published: September 2009

This paper deals with the three-dimensional computer simulation of the weft insertion process as a possible solution to avoid costly weaving trials when researching this process. A three-dimensional mathematical model of the yarn was developed, in which the behavior of the yarn was described by the Second Law of Newton. For this mathematical model, a second order differential equation needed to be solved. To this end, an explicit integration using Euler’s method was chosen. In order to validate the model, high-speed camera recordings were performed on a test stand and compared with simulations of the same test stand. A very good resemblance was found between simulation and camera recordings. This is the first time that a three-dimensional model for the weft insertion on air-jet looms has been successfully tested.
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Singeing on Cotton Yarn Properties
Authors: Xia Zhigang , Wang Xin , Ye Wenxiang , Xu Weilin , Zhang Jianxiang , Zhao Haito
Published: September 2009

In this study, combed ring spun and compact spun cotton yarns with different counts were selected from different textile mills to conduct singeing treatment. Yarn properties including hairiness, fineness, unevenness and tensile properties were tested after the treatment and the results were compared with those before treatment. Hairiness was greatly removed after singeing, especially for short hairs with length less than 3 mm. Compact ring spun cotton yarns showed higher tex values and lower weight loss than combed ring spun cotton yarns under the same counts. Coefficient of variation of yarns increased slightly after singeing treatment. The unevenness of yarn was divided into two parts: basic unevenness of yarn body and hairiness unevenness, to explain the worse yarn evenness after singeing treatment. In this way, the effect of singeing on yarn properties was investigated thoroughly so as to improve yarn quality with less hairiness and good evenness.
Comfort Analysis of Woven Cotton/Polyester Fabrics Modified with a New Elastic Fiber, Part 2: Detailed Study of Mechanical, Thermo-Physiological and Skin Sensorial Properties
Authors: Rego Jose M. , Verdu P. , Nieto J. , Blanes M.
Published: September 2009

This paper is a detailed study of the influence of various design parameters on the performance properties of woven polyester/cotton fabrics for professional wear end use. The design parameters studied were the polyester content, the effect of introducing elasticity on the weft (weft stretch) and the use of fabric treatments and, more specifically, the use of a stain repellency treatment. The comfort elements studied here were the fabric thermal and moisture management properties (thermal resistance, water vapor resistance, water buffering, and wicking and drying rates) and the tactile attributes (four selected Kawabata mechanical properties, three Primary Hand parameters and the Total Hand). Fabric mechanical properties were also investigated. All properties were modeled using multivariate correlation techniques. The results obtained showed that the weft stretch has a significant influence on tactile comfort as well as on mechanical properties and fabric thermal resistance. The results also showed that polyester content and the application of the functional treatment are the key design elements in controlling fabric performance.
Improvement of Odor Elimination and Anti-bacterial Activity of Polyester Fabrics Finished with Composite Emulsions of Nanometer Titanium Dioxide-silver Particles-water-borne Polyurethane
Authors: Chen Cheng-Chi , Wang Chyung-Chyung , Yeh Jen-Taut
Published: September 2009

In this study, two bacteria and three odorous chemicals were employed to assess the antibacterial activity and the odor elimination abilities of fabric samples finished with nanometer titanium dioxide/nanometer silver/water-borne polyurethane (nano-TiO2/nano-Ag/WBPU) composite emulsions. It was found that the value of odor elimination, ultraviolet light transmission, and anti-bacteria for the mixture of nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag was higher than the summed value for the individual nanoTiO2 and nano-Ag. The odor elimination ability for individual nano-TiO2 was better than that for individual nano-Ag, but the anti-bacterial activity was found to follow the opposite trend. The mechanisms of the free radical formation for nano-TiO2Ag+ have been discussed, suggested and confirmed with the investigation of the energy gap and conductivity values for the individual and the mixed particles of nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag. The loss of the anti-bacterial activity for the fabrics finished with the mixture of nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag was less than 6% and 13% after 15 times’ washing and 3000 times’ abrasion, respectively. The practicability of the fabrics finished with nano-TiO2/nanoAg/WBPU composite emulsions was strongly supported by the excellent properties of odor elimination, anti-bacteria, washing fastness and abrasion resistance.
Implementation of Steel-based Fabric Panels in a Heated Garment Design
Authors: Kayacan Ozan , Bulgun Ender , Sahin Ozge
Published: September 2009

The smart/interactive textile structures that integrate electronics and textile materials have realized their great potential in recent years. The garments, which can heat the body, will possibly be one of the most widely used products as electrotextiles for future use in daily life. In this study, steel-based conductive yarns were used to produce heating panels within the study about interactive electronic heated garment design. Portable power supplies were applied to fabric-based panels to obtain a heating function. In addition to an electronic circuit, a functional garment containing all of the systems was designed and produced. The performance of the heating garment prototype was evaluated on a thermal mannequin by testing in cold weather environments.
Development of Phase Change Materials in Clothing Part I: Formulation of Microencapsulated Phase Change
Authors: Salaün Fabien , Devaux Eric , Bourbigot Serge , Rumeau Pascal
Published: September 2009

Microcapsules containing phase change material for textile thermal insulation were synthesized and characterized. Prior to the encapsulation, the formation, the stability and phase change behavior of paraffin mixture were studied to define an optimum formulation with a wide temperature range. The addition of approximately 4 wt-% tetraethyl orthosilicate in n-hexadecane-n-eicosane mixture was found to improve latent heat of phase change. Microcapsules with approximately 70 wt-% paraffin in core material were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Performance of the Well-known Color Difference Formulae on Predicting the Visual Color Difference for the Pairs of Specimens in Woolen Serge under Various Light Sources
Authors: Kuo Wen-Guey
Published: September 2009

Six well-known color difference formulae CIEL*a*b*, CMC( l : c), BFD( l : c), CIE94, LCD and CIEDE2000 were investigated in this study with a series of visual color-difference data integrated from the experiments conducted under various conditions with changes in illumination and in separation between specimens made of woolen serge. The results indicated that the separation between specimens had a significant effect, with the largest decreasing percentage about 44 % among those for all the experimental conditions used on the magnitude of visual color difference for the pairs of specimens having the color difference larger than three CIEL*a*b* units as juxtaposed. Furthermore, the larger the separation between specimens, the worse the performance of all the color difference formulae tested in estimating visual color differences was, with the exception of those originally visual matching each other under a specific light source. In addition, the color difference formula CIE94 had the best total performance in predicting the visual color difference under all three light sources D65, A and OFF, as well as the conditions of the separation between the specimens used, while the CIEDE2000 and CIEL*a*b* had the worst.
A Mathematical Model for Rotor-Spun Composite Yarn Spinning Process
Authors: Yang Rui-Hua , Wang Shan-Yuan
Published: September 2009

A mathematical model is established for a stable rotor-spun composite yarn spinning process based on force balance and mass conservation. From the established model, we can easily determine the position of the convergent point, the section area and the line density of the composite yarn.
Biological Evaluations of a Smart Shape Memory Fabric
Authors: Meng Qinghao , Hu Jinlian , Zhu Yong , Lu Jing , Liu Baohua
Published: September 2009

A shape memory fiber was prepared and a corresponding shape memory fabric was fabricated by knitting using the prepared shape memory fiber. Both the fiber and fabric showed good shape memory properties. The prepared fiber had much higher mechanical strength than that of corresponding shape memory films due to molecular orientation caused by the spinning process. The biological evaluations of the prepared shape memory fabric were preliminarily assessed in terms of cytotoxicity, hemolysis, sensitization and dermal irritant. The test results show that the shape memory fabric is not cytotoxic, hemolytic, sensitive, or irritant. Due to the special format of shape memory fiber/fabric being more compatible with human bodies compared with shape memory films or bulks, the shape memory fiber/fabric may find broad application in biomedical areas such as artificial tendon, artificial cornea, hernia repair, artificial bone joints, orthodontics, scaffold material, and wound dressing.
Prediction of Wool Knitwear Pilling Propensity using Support Vector Machines
Authors: Poh Hean Yap  , Wang Xungai , Wang Lijing , Ong Kok-Leong
Published: September 2009

The propensity of wool knitwear to form entangled fiber balls, known as pills, on the surface is affected by a large number of factors. This study examines, for the first time, the application of the support vector machine (SVM) data mining tool to the pilling propensity prediction of wool knitwear. The results indicate that by using the binary classification method and the radial basis function (RBF) kernel function, the SVM is able to give high pilling propensity prediction accuracy for wool knitwear without data over-fitting. The study also found that the number of records available for each pill rating greatly affects the learning and prediction capability of SVM models.
The Prediction of Initial Load-extension Behavior of Woven Fabrics Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Hadizadeh Mohsen , Jeddi Ali A. A. , Tehran M. Amani
Published: September 2009

The main advantage of artificial neural network (ANN) approach over theoretical methods lies in the fact that it does not require the accurate mathematical model of the system while modeling complicated nonlinear processes. This paper presents an ANN model for predicting initial load-extension behavior of plain weave and plain weave derivative fabrics. A single hidden layer feed-forward ANN based on a back-propagation algorithm with four input neurons and one output neuron was developed to predict initial modulus in the warp and weft directions. Input values are defined as combination expressions of geometrical parameters of fabric and yarn flexural rigidity, which were obtained from Leaf’s mathematical model. Data were divided into two groups as training and test sets. A very good agreement between the examined and predicted values was achieved.
Effects of Geometry of Ring Spinning Triangle on Yarn Torque: Part II: Distribution of Fiber Tension within a Yarn and Its Effects on Yarn Residual Torque
Authors: Hua Tao , Xiao Ming Tao  , Cheng Kwok Po Stephen , Bin Gang Xu
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of fiber tension distribution within a ring spun yarn without relaxation. Yarn residual torque is determined on the basis of the translation of fiber tension at the spinning triangle, as presented in the first part of this series of papers, into the fiber tension within the yarn. The results from numerical simulations indicate that, with fiber buckling, the yarn exhibits a lower average fiber tension and, thus, a much reduced yarn residual torque than that without fiber buckling. Comparison with experiments confirmed that fiber buckling exists in ring yarns while the assumption of no fiber buckling is not realistic. Generally, a low yarn twist results in low average fiber tension in the yarn and, thus, a reduced yarn residual torque. A symmetrical spinning triangle leads to a slightly higher yarn residual torque than a right-angle spinning triangle when the yarn counts and twists are identical and fiber buckling occurs.
Research on ClO2 as a Fluorescence-Reducing Agent: A Simple Method to Evaluate the Treatment Effect Based on Color Measurement
Authors: Wang J. , Li R.
Published: September 2009

The reducing effects of fluorescent whitening agent-treated cotton under the action of chlorine dioxide were studied. Various factors were studied, including pH value, temperature, ClO2 concentration, and treating time. Furthermore, a simple method to evaluate the effect of fluorescence-reducing agent (ClO2) was proposed. By measuring the spectral radiance factor of the samples, the total absorption energy, total emission energy, and fluorescence quantum efficiency were calculated. It is demonstrated that fluorescence quantum efficiency could be used as a criterion to judge the fluorescence-reducing effect of ClO2.
Silver-supporting Modification of Viscose Rayon-Based Activated Carbon Fabrics
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Peng Chao-Chun , Lu Yi-Cun
Published: September 2009

This study examines the properties and microstructure of viscose rayon-based activated carbon fabric (ACF) modified by supporting silver. ACF with different pore characteristics is prepared using different active gases, followed by silver-supporting modification. The effect of variation in decomposition temperature and the reaction time on the chemical properties and microstructure of silver-containing activated carbon fabric (ACF-Ag) absorbents are investigated. In addition, the antibacterial ability and absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the ACF-Ag absorbent are also measured.

Experimental results show that carbon fiber activated by steam and air has more mesopores and a larger BET specific surface area (based on the formula of multilayer absorption by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller). In addition, the crystals thus formed are thicker and denser with relatively higher true density values. The ratio of the oxygen containing functional groups is also higher. Among the functional groups of ACF-Ag, the peak value of the carbonyl function group will increase, and so will the peak value of alcohol and ether. Comparing the ACF adsorbent before and after silver deposition shows that the ACF-Ag adsorbent has a lower isotherm, less BET specific surface area and a smaller mean pore diameter. The maximum adsorption of VOCs by the ACF-Ag adsorbent reduces more significantly as a result of increased silver content than the weight of VOCs adsorbed by ACF before silver deposition. In any case, different ACF-Ag adsorbents all show effective antibacterial and sterilizing properties.
Bio-bleaching of Dyed Cotton Fabric Using a Bacterial Catalyst
Authors: Pearce Carolyn I. , Guthrie James T. , Lloyd Jonathan R.
Published: September 2009

Anaerobically grown cells of Shewanella strain J18 143 were able to bio-bleach the color from cotton fabric that was dyed with Remazol Black B (C.I. Reactive Black 5), a common diazo reactive dye. This bio-bleaching process, involving a bacterial catalyst, offers potential benefits to the color industry as the removal of color from dyed fabric opens up the potential for fabric re-use. Growing cells removed the color with greater efficiency than that achieved using pre-grown “resting” cells. Assays of resting cells were used to determine the effect of cell concentration and depth of shade of the dyeing on the color removal process. Further resting cell assays were carried out to ascertain if an electron donor was required for the color removal process, and suggested that the cotton substrate could supply some reducing power to the biocatalyst, although dye reduction rates were maximal with added electron donor (formate). The Shewanella cells were also able to remove the color from dyed cotton fabric that was isolated inside a dialysis membrane to prevent contact with the cells. This indicates that Shewanella strain J18 143 is able to synthesize and excrete endogenous extracellular electron shuttles, eliminating the need for direct contact between the intracellular electron transport components and the extracellular terminal electron acceptors. The dyed cotton fabric was assessed visually, and by reflectance spectroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy.
Objective Evaluation of Textile Fabric Appearance. Part 2: SET Opti-grade Tester, Grading Algorithms, and Testing
Authors: Cherkassky Arkady , Weinberg Amotz
Published: September 2009

This is the second paper in a series devoted to the problem of textile fabric quality evaluation. The statistical evidence, basic principles of objective evaluation, and different approaches for the grading procedure are described in Part 1. The second part of the paper contains implementation of the results for all types of test methods and testing results for the SET Opti-Grade device that were elaborated on the basis of this research. High level correspondence between the expert and the SET machine grades has shown the effectiveness of the conception that is based on an analysis of the fabric profile and probability neural networks for hologram/picture, pills, and fuzzy grading. Furthermore, it has shown that the threshold approach has good results for hairiness and snagging grading.
Detection of Wrapping Defects by a Machine Vision and its Application to Evaluate the Wrapping Quality of the Ring Core Spun Yarn
Authors: Kim Hyung J. , Kim Jong S. , Lim Jung H. , Huh You
Published: September 2009

Core spun yarn is understood as a cross-sectionally structured composite yarn in which the core strand is wrapped by staples. The quality of the core spun yarn is thus determined by the structural characteristics, if the core filaments are firmly located in the center of the yarn and well covered by the sheath-staples. A variety of core spun yarns can be attained by various combinations of sheath staples and core filaments, which leads to a better mechanical, thermal, or physiological performance of the yarn. Applying the ring spinning principle, however, to manufacture the core spun yarn often causes defects in the yarn; for example, the aesthetic defects due to the appearance of the core filaments on the yarn surface. In this study we conceived and constructed a measuring system that operates on the machine vision along with programs for recognizing the surface defects and monitoring the measuring process. We checked the feasibility of the new measurement system. Experimental trials demonstrated that the wrapping defect measurement system gave reproducible and trustable results. The twist effect on the surface defects of the core spun yarn, which is closely related with the probable occurrence of the core filaments on the yarn surface, can be described by a wrapping defect index and it revealed that there is a twist level that provides the yarn with the minimum number of defects on the surface.
Abrasion Properties of Upholstery Flocked Fabrics
Authors: Bilisik Kadir , Yolacan Gaye
Published: September 2009

Flocked fabrics are particularly used in outwear and home upholstery since they are comfortable and soft. In this study, Martindale abrasion and token rubbing properties of the flocked fabrics were investigated and characterized. It was observed that the surface abrasion properties of the flocked fabrics varied depending on the flock fiber density and flock fiber length. The abrasion resistance of flocked fabrics was increased by increasing flock fiber length and decreasing flock fiber density. The surface rubbing properties of flocked fabrics showed similar tendencies with the abrasion properties. However, the flocked fabrics showed more resistance to rubbing in dry form than wet form. These results were in agreement with the optical microscope images.
Mechanical Behaviors in Shearing and Transverse Compression of Fibrous Asperities: Application to the Characterization of Surface Quality of Textile Materials
Authors: Fontaine Stéphane , Renner Marc , Marsiquet Cyril
Published: September 2009

In many fields, it is today important to determine in detail the surface quality of materials. Well beyond only roughness, it is necessary to characterize texture and the properties related to friction. In order to meet this need, a patented method named Modalsens is under development within the LPMT (Laboratoire de Physique et de Mécanique Textiles — UMR CNRS 7189). This method is based on the analysis of the vibratory behavior of a fine blade in dynamic contact with surface being tested. The modes of vibration of the blade provide information where roughness, texture, friction, adhesion, and compressibility are mixed. In order to characterize surface quality in detail, it is necessary to divide these various characteristics and to connect them to specificities of measured materials. This work consists of an experimental approach on the basis of varied fibrous materials (paper, non-woven materials, textiles) selected according to their surface conditions (textures) and their transverse properties (compressibility). Modalsens is then compared with reference apparatus Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) used for textiles metrology. A modeling of the dynamic contact has been developed to study the divergences between the methods of measurement to identify new parameters for a better characterization of surfaces and to identify the mechanical behaviors of fibrous asperity in shearing and transverse compression. Thus, both transverse and shearing properties, roughness, and friction will be measured and compared based on Modalsens results.
Characterization of TiO2/TiO2—SiO2 Coated Cellulose Textiles
Authors: Veronovski N. , Sfiligoj-Smole M. , Viota J.L.
Published: September 2009

This paper describes work directed at forming nanoparticle-populated titanium surfaces on man-made cellulose fibers that facilitate photocatalysis. One of the techniques placed a spacer of silica (SiO2) between the tethered titanium nanoparticles and the underlying cellulose. While the latter treatment provided the best protection of the cellulose from the damage facilitated by the titanium particle when exposed to sunlight, the former provided better photocatalysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed particle morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles captured by the silica network. In that way silica is used as a binder between TiO2 nanoparticles and cellulose fibers. The differences in surface morphologies between TiO 2 and TiO2—SiO2 coatings were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the results of streaming potential measurements ( US) clearly indicate changes of the fibers’ surface properties, which confirmed the presence of TiO2 and SiO2 particles, respectively.
Determining Pseudo Poisson’s Ratio of Woven Fabric with a Digital Image Correlation Method
Authors: Hursa A. , Rolich T. , Ražić S. Ercegović
Published: September 2009

In this paper the determination of pseudo Poisson’s ratio of woven fabric with a digital image correlation method is presented. Measurements were performed on three cotton woven fabric samples which were prepared according the standard ISO 13934-1:1999. The fabric sample was exposed to tensile loading of 1% strain on a tensile test machine. Testing was simultaneous recording with a digital video camera. These video recordings were afterwards processed in the MATLAB program and the pseudo Poisson’s ratio determined according to the displacement in the x and y axis directions. The pseudo Poisson’s ratio was determined for three woven fabrics in the warp and weft directions. The results of the investigation show that the values of the pseudo Poisson’s ratio are in the range from 0.2 to 0.5, which agrees with results also found in the literature. According to the investigation it can be concluded that the value of the pseudo Poisson’s ratio depends on the weave type and the number of yarns in the fabric. For woven fabric in plain weave a higher pseudo Poisson’s ratio is determined (warp direction from 0.335 to 0.500, weft direction from 0.392 to 0.484). The pseudo Poisson’s ratio for woven fabric in twill weave has values in the warp direction from 0.281 to 0.329, and in the weft direction from 0.183 to 0.214.
New Intelligent Method of Evaluating the Regularity of Weft-knitted Fabrics by Computer Vision and Grading Development
Authors: Semnani Dariush , Sheikhzadeh Mohammad
Published: September 2009

In this research, a new intelligent method was used to evaluate the deformation of stitches in various weft-knitted fabrics based on an ideal shape of stitches and angle of direction of stitches in a knitting machine. To measure deviation of stitch direction against internal stresses, an image analysis technique was applied to images taken from different fabrics with constant front light. In this method, evaluation of fabric regularity with emphasis on the deformation of stitches was studied based on analyzing the images of the fabric using Radon transformation analysis. The index of fabric regularity was obtained from the deviation of stitches from the original direction of ideal regular fabric. Also, the grading of weft-knitted fabric was expanded with a new aspect of regularity grades as a novel grading development. The computer vision method was applied to models of ideal fabric with different stitch sizes. Different weft-knitted fabrics of various structures and yarns were evaluated by the computer vision method. The results showed that this method is capable of grading various weft-knitted fabrics with different fabric structures, densities and yarn types. Therefore, it is possible to use this method for every type of weft-knitted fabric. The results indicated that tuck and miss stitches caused more regularity in fabric, whereas the type of yarn has a major effect on fabric regularity.
Objective Evaluation of Textile Fabric Appearance Part 1: Basic Principles, Protrusion Detection, and Parameterization
Authors: Cherkassky Arkady , Weinberg Amotz
Published: September 2009

In this paper we present a new approach to the problem of textile surface quality evaluation. The approach is based on the capture and analysis of the profile of protrusions. The specific methods of image processing for protrusion detection and parameterization have been elaborated. New algorithms for the grading of four types of fabric defect — pilling, fuzziness, snagging, and hairiness — have been suggested, realized, and tested. The testing results have demonstrated a high level of coincidence between the obtained grades of all types of defect with expert grades.
The Precursory Analysis of the Influence of Garments on Corona Discharge Created Around a Human Fingertip
Authors: Ciesielska Izabela L.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the experiment was to analyze the corona discharge films (CDF) taken from fingertips of human subjects who had contact for a long period of time with two sets of clothes, and find out in what way a long period of contact with textiles influences life’s parameters: heart beat, blood pressure, and volunteers’ level of comfort. Three volunteers took part in the experiments. They placed a fingertip in the area of a strong electrical field of high voltage (10 kV) and high frequency (1024 Hz) to register a CDF. A digital camera placed within the area of corona discharges recorded this phenomenon. The analysis showed that there were no statistical differences between parameters of CDF taken from fingertips of volunteers after five hours of wearing two sets of clothes.
A Functional Fabric for Pressure Ulcer Prevention
Authors: Basal Guldemet , Ilgaz Sevcan
Published: September 2009

Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores, pressure sores and decubitus ulcers, are localized areas of tissue damage that develop due to pressure usually over a bony prominence. They are associated with adverse health outcomes and high treatment costs. This study focused on developing a functional fabric for pressure ulcer prevention. For this purpose, face-to-face velour weaving technique was utilized to produce a spacer fabric from the different combinations of engineered polyester, polypropylene, cotton and viscose fibers. Thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal absorptivity, water vapor permeability, wicking ability, compressibility and fabric hand properties of the resultant 32 fabrics were examined. Based on the results, channeled polyester, cotton and polypropylene were determined as the most promising fiber types for the final product.
Numerical Study of the Three-dimensional Flow Field in Compact Spinning with Inspiratory Groove
Authors: Zhang Xichang , Zou Zhuanyong , Cheng Longdi
Published: September 2009

In compact spinning with inspiratory groove, the computational fluid dynamic model, computed with parallel technologies and Fluent 6.3, was developed to simulate the flow field in the compact zone with 3D computational fluid dynamic technology. Flowing state, distributions of static pressure and velocity in the compact zone were characterized and analyzed. The results showed that the compact principle of compact spinning with inspiratory groove consists of compact by airflow and compact by the shape of the inspiratory groove, and the static pressure in the condensing zone is negative, as well as the velocity of airflow in the compact zone is not zero. The fluctuation of the static pressure and velocity near the bottom of the inspiratory groove is relatively bigger and the number of the fluctuation is equal to the number of the round holes in the compact zone.
Influence of Relative Humidity on Textile Antenna Performance
Authors: Hertleer Carla , Van Laere Annelien , Rogier Hendrik , Van Langenhove Lieva
Published: September 2009

The next generation of garments is sensorized, and therefore requires an adapted wireless communication tool such as a textile antenna. However, when integrating this flexible antenna into clothing, stable and reliable functioning in the operating frequency range is required. Climatic changes, especially altering relative humidity, might influence the textile antenna performance. This effect has to be taken into consideration when selecting the textile materials that comprise the antenna. A variety of antenna substrate materials has been investigated in this paper. It was found that antennas based on materials with a small moisture regain (less than 3 %) provided a more stable antenna characteristic, and can therefore preferably be applied as antenna substrate.
Comparison of the 2-D Deformation of Ironed and Non-Ironed Plain Weave Fabric during Relative Humidity Cycles
Authors: Bhouri N. , Badel E. , Perré P. , Bennasrallah S.
Published: September 2009

The 2-D deformation of bleached plain weave cotton ready-to-wear clothing was measured during adsorption and desorption cycles. A digital X-ray imaging system was coupled with a climatic chamber to control temperature and relative humidity. An image of each sample was recorded for several equilibrium states. The strain along warp (ε cc) and weft (ε ww) directions and the shear deformation (ε wc) were evaluated by image correlation process. The dimensional variations are explained by geometrical consideration of the structure at microscopic (fibers scale) and macroscopic levels (yarns scale). Indeed, the reaction between water vapor molecules and material enlightens two steps. At first, the swelling fibers fill the micropores inside the yarns. Then, the yarns swell and push on their neighbors to fill up the macropores and cause the macroscopic swelling of the overall structure. During the desorption phase, the fibers shrink to create a free space inside the plain weave structure that will be relaxed to find its initial state. The isotropy between the two main directions is explained by the weave symmetry and the similar yarn properties. The shear deformation is related to the cohesion by twist between cotton fibers. This work is more specifically focused on the ironing process ( T = 200°C + steam). The ironing generates flattened yarns and increases their friction, which amplifies the deformation during the first adsorption cycle. However, this effect is cancelled at the end of the first adsorption/desorption cycle with no memory effect of the ironing process.
Performing the Electrospraying Process for the Application of Textile Nano Finishing Particles
Authors: Güneşoglu Cem , Kut Dilek , Orhan Mehmet
Published: September 2009

We have performed the electrospraying process via a conventional configuration for the application of nanoparticles, used for water and oil repellency of textile fabrics, onto the surface of the textile to avoid undesirable agglomeration of those particles. This approach shows by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images that such an application (electrospraying) would avoid agglomeration by using the electrostatic forces produced and gave acceptable oil repellency, which also points to commercial market interest.
Optimization of Conditions for Nanocrystal ZnO in-situ Growing on SiO2-Coated Cotton Fabric
Authors: Hong Kan  , Linping Zhang  , Hong Xu  , Zhiping Mao  , Huantian Cao
Published: September 2009

Nano ZnO crystal in-situ growth on SiO2 nano sol-coated cotton fabric via a reaction between Zn(NO3)2 and (CH 2)6N4 through a low-temperature hydrothermal method was studied. The effects of hydrothermal reaction conditions and SiO 2 nano sol coating on the size and crystalline perfection of nano ZnO, and the UV protection property of the fabric were investigated. The optimal treatment conditions for the highest Zn content and the best ZnO crystalline perfection on the fabric surface were obtained. Under optimal conditions, the cotton fabric was covered with 25 to 30 nm diameter ZnO crystallites and had an excellent UV-blocking property.
Analysis of the Relaxation Modulus of Spun Yarns
Authors: Liu H. , Tao X.M. , Choi K.F. , Xu B.G.
Published: September 2009

In this paper, the relaxation modulus of a single spun yarn is modeled in terms of the relaxation modulus of the constituent fibers of the yarn. A generalized Maxwell model is employed to describe the viscoelastic characteristic function of individual fibers subject to a given step function of tensile strain. The thermal history is considered by a temperature-related reduced time by assuming a thermo-rheologically simple material. The physical ageing process of textile fibers is considered by introducing an ageing related reduced time for glassy semi-crystalline polymer fibers. The effect of humidity is ignored. The model is extended to consider relaxation moduli of fibers undergoing different initial strain levels. With this general relaxation model of fiber, the response of the yarn to a step function of the yarn tensile strain is calculated using a force analysis method and a discrete fiber modeling approach. Experimental validation shows that the prediction agrees reasonably well with the experimental data.
Effect of Refined Processing on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Hemp Bast Fibers
Authors: Zhang Jinqiu  , Zhang Jianchun
Published: September 2009

In this study we focus on some key problems encountered in the processing of bast fibers from hemp for the production of textiles. These problems include the high content of pectin, the excessive rigidity and the poor “spinnability” of hemp fibers. The results of a thorough analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the fibers at each step of the process are presented. The parameters measured include the length, fineness, surface appearance, tensile properties, moisture absorption, flexibility and crystallinity of the fibers. The refinement of the processing described here results in fibers that are thinner, cleaner, more flexible and more uniform in length, all of which contributed to an improved spinning performance of the hemp fibers.
Extraction of Yarn Positional Information from a Three-dimensional CT Image of Textile Fabric using Yarn Tracing with a Filament Model for Structure Analysis
Authors: Shinohara Toshihiro , Takayama Jun-ya , Ohyama Shinji , Kobayashi Akira
Published: September 2009

In this paper, a novel method is proposed to extract the yarn positional information for the structure analysis of a textile fabric from its three-dimensional (3D) image obtained from its X-ray computed tomography (CT) images. In this paper, the sequence of the points on the yarn centerline is defined as the yarn positional information. The sequence is extracted by tracing the yarn. The yarn is traced using the yarn direction obtained by estimating the directions of its filaments and averaging the estimated filament directions. The filament direction is estimated by correlating the filament part in the 3D CT image with a 3D filament model. The trajectory of the yarn tracing corresponds to the yarn positional information. The validity of the proposed method is discussed by experimentally applying the proposed method to a 3D CT image of a plain knitted fabric. Furthermore, the usefulness is discussed through an experiment, in which the proposed method is applied to a 3D CT image of a plain woven fabric, which is made of a two-folded yarn.
A New Approach for Testing Medical Stockings
Authors: Harpa Rodica , Piroi Cristina , Doru Radu Cezar
Published: September 2009

Knitted medical stockings destined for the treatment of venous diseases must fulfill proper functions during wear, with some restrictions of criteria demanded by the raw material and the design parameters (including gradual compression and size). As the end use of the knitted stockings implies a complex of stresses applied in more than one direction, the grab method was used in an original way to assess the fabric behavior in three directions (wale, course and bias), with a few seconds time delay between tests. This testing method was applied in order to determine the capacity of medical compression hosiery to retain its designated gradual compression after repeated wearing—washing cycles. Additionally, the study revealed the manner of preservation of the gradual compression following the wearing—washing process, in connection with the patients’ physical dimensions for panty hosiery.
Differences Between Cotton and Viscose Fibers Crosslinked with BTCA
Authors: Šauperl Olivera , Stana-Kleinschek Karin
Published: September 2009

Presently polycarboxylic acids are being used for cellulose crosslinking. Among these, 1,2,3,4-buthanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) is the most effective in combination with a corresponding catalyst. In this research, a comparison of crosslinking effects on mercerized cotton fibers and viscose was identified using certain physical— chemical methods. The extent of crosslinking was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The crosslinking of cellulose increases wrinkle resistance and reduces the mechanical properties, therefore, for this purpose the wrinkle recovery angle and the breaking force, was evaluated together with breaking elongation. When considering the crosslinking mechanism, those additional free BTCA carboxyl groups that are accessible in the cellulose polymer reflect the effectiveness of cotton-fiber crosslinking. The evaluation of accessible carboxyl was performed using the methylene blue method, where the adsorption of methylene blue dye on the cellulose material was monitored spectroscopically. The purpose of this research is mainly (i) to evaluate how different types of cellulose matrices/substrates influence the crosslinking of fibers crosslinked with different mass fractions of BTCA and (ii) to establish the most appropriate mass fraction of BTCA in the impregnation bath for sufficient crosslinking of mercerized cotton fibers, as well as viscose.
Argon Plasma Treatment for Improving the Physical Properties of Crosslinked Cotton Fabrics with Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea-Acrylic Acid
Authors: Chen Cheng-Chi , Chen Jui-Chin , Yao Wei-Hua
Published: September 2009

In this study, argon plasma treatment was added to the traditional pad-dry-cure process between dry and cure treatment. This new process was assign as pad-dry-plasma-cure. The crosslinking agent was a mixture of dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and acrylic acid (AA). The results showed that argon plasma treatment could increase the bonded crosslinking agent (nitrogen content). Dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), wet crease recovery angle (WCRA) and tensile strength retention (TSR) of pad-dry-plasma-cure-finished fabrics were higher than that of traditional pad-dry-cure finished fabrics at a given value of nitrogen content. Additionally, it was found that the number of crosslinks per anhydroglucose unit (CL/AGU) and the length of crosslinks of pad-dry-plasma-cure-finished fabrics were higher than that of traditional pad-dry-cure-finished fabrics at a same resin concentration in the pad bath. DCRA, WCRA and TSR values of pad-dry-plasma-cure-finished fabrics were higher than that of pad-dry-cure-finished fabrics at a same CL/AGU value. The pad-dry-plasma-cure process is thought to be excellent for improving the physical properties and decreasing the formaldehyde release of the finished cotton fabrics.
Quantity and Distribution of Oily Contaminants Present in Flame-resistant Thermal-protective Textiles
Authors: Mettananda Chathuri V. R. , Crown Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

This paper reports an experimental study wherein the quantity and distribution of oily contaminants present in flame-resistant fabrics (FR) after contamination and decontamination was determined using radiotracer analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental variables were fabric type, laundry treatment, and number of contamination/decontamination cycles. Laundry treatments involving a pre-wash product were the most effective in removing oil from all FR fabrics regardless of the number of contamination/ decontamination cycles. Accumulation of oily contaminants was noted after five contamination/ decontamination cycles regardless of the fabric type or laundry treatment. FR cotton/nylon retained the most residual oil for all laundry treatments. No oil remained in the interior of the aramid, viscose, and nylon fibers, but rather remained on the surface so that it was removed easily during decontamination. A significant quantity of oil was located in the interior of the cotton fibers, making it difficult to remove during decontamination.