bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel Calculation of Random Vibration for Reentry Vehicles in Fluctuating Pressure Environment
Authors: Fan Xuanhua , Liang Jun , Wang Keying , Zhou Huan
Published: September 2021

The reentry vehicle is in an unconstrained free‐flight state during the reentry process. The pressure of air fluctuations acts on the external surface of the vehicle and induces a random vibration environment with a wide‐frequency range, which makes great influences on the structural dynamic properties of vehicles. This paper aims at the parallel calculation of the wide‐frequency random vibration problems for the free body under multipoint fluctuating pressure loads. The calculation method is based on the self‐developed JAUMIN framework and PANDA platform. The novel algorithm based on the modal superposition method reduces the computational complexity, realizes the parallel calculation, and achieves the maximum numerical simulation calculation capacity of 1.045 billion degrees of freedom (DOFs) while improving the calculation efficiency and the accuracy of the results. Finally, this article also uses typical examples to verify the correctness and parallel scalability of algorithms and programs.
Association between Serum Testosterone Levels and Body Composition among Men 20–59 Years of Age
Authors: Ye Jiajie , Zhai Xiaojun , Yang Jinxiao , Zhu Zhongxin
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and maintenance of bone and muscle mass. However, studies regarding serum testosterone levels, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia in men are relatively sparse and have led to contradictory conclusions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum testosterone levels and body composition, including bone mineral density (BMD), appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), and appendicular fat mass index (AFMI), among men 20–59 years of age through a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Materials and Methods. Our analysis was based on the data for 3,875 men, 20–59 years of age. Weighted multiple regression analyses were used to estimate the independent association between serum testosterone levels and body composition. Weighted generalized additive models and smooth curve fittings were used to characterize the nonlinear associations between them. Results. The association between the serum testosterone level and lumbar BMD was positive in each multivariable linear regression model. In the model adjusted for age and race, the serum testosterone level was negatively associated with ALMI. However, in the models adjusted for body mass index, this association became positive. In addition, the association between the serum testosterone level and AFMI was negative in each multivariable linear regression model. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated a positive association of serum testosterone level with lumbar BMD and ALMI, and a negative association with AFMI, among men 20–59 years of age, suggesting that increasing testosterone levels may be beneficial to skeletal health in young and middle-aged men with low testosterone levels.
Extraction vs. Nonextraction on Soft‐Tissue Profile Change in Patients with Malocclusion: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Moon SangYoun , Mohamed Abdelrahman Magdi Ahmd , He YaLi , Dong WenJie , Yaosen Chen , Yang Yan
Published: September 2021

Objectives. We aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the impact of extraction vs. nonextraction in orthodontic treatment on patients’ soft‐tissue profile with malocclusion. Methods. Between April 30th and November 30th, 2020, we searched PubMed and SCOPUS for published papers from inception to November 2020 using “orthodontic,” “extraction,” “nonextraction,” and “Malocclusion.” Included studies were summarized, and relevant data were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Results. Pooled data from four controlled trials demonstrated a nonsignificant difference between extraction and nonextraction in terms of SNA (MD = 0.50, 95% CI: ‐0.37, 1.38; p = 0.26), SNB (MD = 0.11, 95% CI: ‐1.23, 1.44; p = 0.88), FMA (MD = 1.82, 95% CI: ‐2.39, 6.02; p = 0.40), IMPA (MD = 0.06, 95% CI: ‐8.83, ‐8.94; p = 0.99), overjet (MD = −1.47, 95% CI: ‐6.21, 3.26; p = 0.54), and overbite (MD = 0.50, 95% CI: ‐1.40, 2.40; p = 0.60). On the other hand, the extraction method significantly increased the ANB compared with the nonextraction group (MD = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.31; p = 0.004). Conclusion. The current evidence demonstrated that nonextraction protocols for orthodontic treatment are a safe and effective alternative to extraction protocols; individually tailored treatment strategies should be applied. More randomized controlled trials are critically needed to safely make an evidence‐based treatment conclusion.
IIBE: An Improved Identity-Based Encryption Algorithm for WSN Security
Authors: Cao ChunHua , Tang YaNa , Huang DeYan , Gan WeiMin , Zhang Chunjiong
Published: September 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have problems such as limited power, weak computing power, poor communication ability, and vulnerability to attack. However, the existing encryption methods cannot effectively solve the above problems when applied to WSN. To this end, according to WSN’s characteristics and based on the identity-based encryption idea, an improved identity-based encryption algorithm (IIBE) is proposed, which can effectively simplify the key generation process, reduce the network traffic, and improve the network security. The design idea of this algorithm lies between the traditional public key encryption and identity-based public tweezers’ encryption. Compared with the traditional public key encryption, the algorithm does not need a public key certificate and avoids the management of the certificate. Compared with identity-based public key encryption, the algorithm addresses the key escrow and key revocation problems. The results of the actual network distribution experiments demonstrate that IIBE has low energy consumption and high security, which are suitable for application in WSN with high requirements on security.
Multigraph Modeling for Urban Distribution of Emergency Commodities with Semisoft Time Windows under Uncertainty
Authors: Tikani Hamid , Setak Mostafa , Abbasi Darya
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we studied a stochastic bi-objective mathematical model for effective and reliable rescue operations in multigraph network. The problem is addressed by a two-stage stochastic nonlinear mixed-integer program where the reliability of routes is explicitly traded-off with total weighted completion time. The underlying transportation network is able to keep a group of multiattribute parallel arcs between every pair of nodes. By this, the proposed model should consider the routing decision in logistic planning along with the path selection in an uncertain condition. The first stage of the model concerns with the vehicle routing decisions which is not involved with random parameters; besides, the second stage of the model involves with the departure time at each demand node and path finding decisions after observation of random vectors in the first stage considering a finite number of scenarios. To efficiently solve the presented model, an enhanced nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is proposed. The effectiveness of the introduced method is then evaluated by conducting several numerical examples. The results implied the high performance of our method in comparison to the standard NSGA-II. In further analyses, we investigated the beneficiary of using multigraph setting and showed the applicability of the proposed model using a real transportation case.
Association of Polymorphisms of Metabolism‐Related Genes with Psoriasis Vulgaris in Han Chinese
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Xin , Huang Yan-Ping , Cui Zi-Yu , Bao Jia , Zhang Xue-Li , Guo Yan , Su Min-Jing , Lv Xin-Xiang , Han Jian-Wen
Published: September 2021

Aim. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex etiology, and psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) is the most common type of psoriasis. Recent studies suggest the relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome in different ethnicities. This study is aimed at evaluating the association of metabolism‐related gene variants with the risk of PsV in Chinese Han population. Material and Methods. PsV patients (1030) and healthy controls (965) were enrolled in this study. Eighteen single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported to be significantly associated with metabolic syndrome were selected. SNPs were detected by next‐generation sequencing. Results. Seven SNPs were significantly associated with PsV: rs805303 (P = 0.012, OR = 0.85), rs3177928 (P = 1.37 × 10−15, OR = 2.51), and rs2247056 (P = 3.73 × 10−4, OR = 0.67) located in the HLA gene region; rs1047781 (P = 0.012, OR = 1.18), rs281379 (P = 0.014, OR = 1.71), and rs492602 (P = 0.005, OR = 1.86) located in the FUT2 region; and rs2303138 (P = 0.014, OR = 1.18) located in the LNPEP region. After stratified analysis, rs805303 (P = 0.017, OR = 0.74) and rs2303138 (P = 0.041, OR = 1.30) were associated with PsVs when HLA‐C ∗06 : 02 was positive, and rs805303 (P = 5.62 × 10−5, OR = 0.68), rs3177928 (P = 0.003, OR = 1.75), rs281379 (P = 0.034, OR = 1.96), and rs492602 (P = 0.025, OR = 2.04) were associated with PsVs when HLA‐C ∗06 : 02 was negative. Conclusion. PsV and metabolic syndrome may have overlapped susceptible genes in Chinese Han population.
Therapeutic Mechanism of Lapatinib Combined with Sulforaphane on Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yi Huixing , Li Zheming , Liu Xiaoxi , Dai Shijie , Li Shouye
Published: September 2021

Background. Lapatinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that plays important roles in cell proliferation and survival. Administration of lapatinib with capecitabine is an effective treatment for HER2-positive metastatic BC. However, the effects of lapatinib on gastric cancer (GC) remain to be clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of lapatinib combined with sulforaphane on GC and its underlying mechanisms. Methods. SGC-7901 and lapatinib-resistant SGC-7901 cells were treated with lapatinib (0.2 μM), sulforaphane (5 μM), or their combinations. Cell viability, invasion, cycle, and apoptosis of SGC-7901 and lapatinib-resistant SGC-7901 cells were evaluated by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Boyden chamber assay, and flow cytometer. The protein expressions of HER-2, p-HER-2, AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK were detected by Western blotting. Results. We observed that lapatinib combined with sulforaphane significantly decreased cell viability and inhibited cell migration of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells. Lapatinib sulforaphane also remarkably induced cell apoptosis with G0/G1 arrest. In addition, Western blotting revealed that the expressions of HER-2, p-HER-2, AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK were downregulated by lapatinib-sulforaphane treatment. Conclusion. Combination of lapatinib and sulforaphane might be a novel and promising therapeutic treatment for lapatinib-sensitive or lapatinib-resistant GC patients.
Employing Synthetic T-cell Biology to Target AML without On-Target/Off-Cancer Toxicity
Authors: Velasquez M. Paulina , Gottschalk Stephen
Published: September 2021

Ideal targets for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain elusive. In this issue of Blood Cancer Discovery, Richards and colleagues explore CD93 as a potential AML target antigen, and devise an approach to mitigate “on-target/off-cancer toxicity.”

See related article by Richards et al., p. 648.
Periosteal Myxoid Leiomyosarcoma Histologically Mimicking Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: Report of a Case with Histopathological and Cytopathological Comparison with Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshinao , Watabe Shiori , Yamamoto Asako , Sato Kenji , Fujinuma Wataru , Kawano Junichi , Yuzawa Kazuhiko , Aso Tatsuya , Eguchi Masanobu , Ishida Tsuyoshi , Motoi Toru , Uozaki Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

Myxoid leiomyosarcoma (MLS) is a rare variant of leiomyosarcoma, with most cases occurring in the uterus. A case of MLS arising in the periosteal region of the tibia, mimicking extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC), is described. The evaluation included histological and cytological comparison with EMC. The patient was a 77-year-old man with a palpable mass at the anterior aspect of the right lower leg. After diagnosis by cytopathology and biopsy examination, a wide resection was performed. The resulting cytological smears were composed primarily of spindle-shaped tumor cells in a myxoid and hemorrhagic background. Histologically, the tumor showed abundant myxoid matrix and tumor cells proliferating in a cord-like to reticular pattern, exhibiting a lace-like arrangement that mimicked EMC. Although immunohistochemical findings suggested leiomyosarcoma, a diagnosis of EMC eventually was excluded by the lack of a split signal when assessed for a rearrangement of NR4A3 by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Despite histological similarity to EMC, characteristic cytological findings of EMC such as epithelioid structures with a cord-like pattern and chondroblast-like lacunar structures were not observed in the smears of this patient’s MLS. We propose that cytopathological examination of bone and soft tissue lesions is useful as a diagnostic tool in similar cases. A total diagnostic workup, including clinical, radiographic, cytopathological, histopathological, and molecular findings, is needed to ensure an accurate final diagnosis and to reduce diagnostic error.
Evolutionary Learning-Derived Clinical-Radiomic Models for Predicting Early Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection
Authors: Lee I-Cheng , Huang Jo-Yu , Chen Ting-Chun , Yen Chia-Heng , Chiu Nai-Chi , Hwang Hsuen-En , Huang Jia-Guan , Liu Chien-An , Chau Gar-Yang , Lee Rheun-Chuan , Hung Yi-Ping , Chao Yee , Ho Shinn-Ying , Huang Yi-Hsiang
Published: September 2021

Background and Aims: Current prediction models for early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgical resection remain unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to develop evolutionary learning-derived prediction models with interpretability using both clinical and radiomic features to predict early recurrence of HCC after surgical resection. Methods: Consecutive 517 HCC patients receiving surgical resection with available contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) images before resection were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to a training set (n = 362) and a test set (n = 155) in a ratio of 7:3. Tumor segmentation of all CECT images including noncontrast phase, arterial phase, and portal venous phase was manually performed for radiomic feature extraction. A novel evolutionary learning-derived method called genetic algorithm for predicting recurrence after surgery of liver cancer (GARSL) was proposed to design prediction models for early recurrence of HCC within 2 years after surgery. Results: A total of 143 features, including 26 preoperative clinical features, 5 postoperative pathological features, and 112 radiomic features were used to develop GARSL preoperative and postoperative models. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for early recurrence of HCC within 2 years were 0.781 and 0.767, respectively, in the training set, and 0.739 and 0.741, respectively, in the test set. The accuracy of GARSL models derived from the evolutionary learning method was significantly better than models derived from other well-known machine learning methods or the early recurrence after surgery for liver tumor (ERASL) preoperative (AUC = 0.687, p < 0.001 vs. GARSL preoperative) and ERASL postoperative (AUC = 0.688, p < 0.001 vs. GARSL postoperative) models using clinical features only. Conclusion: The GARSL models using both clinical and radiomic features significantly improved the accuracy to predict early recurrence of HCC after surgical resection, which was significantly better than other well-known machine learning-derived models and currently available clinical models.
Estimation of Baseline Serum Creatinine with Machine Learning
Authors: Ghosh Erina , Eshelman Larry , Lanius Stephanie , Schwager Emma , Pasupathy Kalyan S. , Barreto Erin F. , Kashani Kianoush
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Comparing current to baseline serum creatinine is important in detecting acute kidney injury. In this study, we report a regression-based machine learning model to predict baseline serum creatinine. Methods: We developed and internally validated a gradient boosting model on patients admitted in Mayo Clinic intensive care units from 2005 to 2017 to predict baseline creatinine. The model was externally validated on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC III) cohort in all ICU admissions from 2001 to 2012. The predicted baseline creatinine from the model was compared with measured serum creatinine levels. We compared the performance of our model with that of the backcalculated estimated serum creatinine from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Results: Following ascertainment of eligibility criteria, 44,370 patients from the Mayo Clinic and 6,112 individuals from the MIMIC III cohort were enrolled. Our model used 6 features from the Mayo Clinic and MIMIC III datasets, including the presence of chronic kidney disease, weight, height, and age. Our model had significantly lower error than the MDRD backcalculation (mean absolute error [MAE] of 0.248 vs. 0.374 in the Mayo Clinic test data; MAE of 0.387 vs. 0.465 in the MIMIC III cohort) and higher correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] of 0.559 vs. 0.050 in the Mayo Clinic test data; ICC of 0.357 vs. 0.030 in the MIMIC III cohort). Discussion/Conclusion: Using machine learning models, baseline serum creatinine could be estimated with higher accuracy than the backcalculated estimated serum creatinine level.
Adverse Events following AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare and Nonhealthcare Workers
Authors: Alghamdi Ahlam A. , Alkazemi Afrah , Alissa Abdulrahman , Alghamdi Isra , Alwarafi Ghada , Waggas Hadeel A.
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Many COVID-19 vaccines have been emerging with different efficacy and safety profiles. So far, very little attention has been paid to severity and reactogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the side effects associated with the first dose of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers (HCWs) and nonhealthcare workers (non-HCWs). Method: This is an observational cross-sectional study conducted at King Abdullah bin AbdulAziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia, between February 28 and March 12, 2021. The major outcomes were the reported side effects of day 1, day 2, and day 3 after vaccination among HCWs and non-HCWs. Other outcomes included the onset and the duration of the reactions or the side effects that were reported. Results: A total of 526 participants completed the survey with 173 (32.8%) HCWs and the remaining majority were non-HCWs. Some of the most frequently reported side effects among the participants on the first day were muscle aches (49%), followed by fever (42%) and headache (40%). HCWs experienced more muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and abdominal pain, which were statically significant, compared to non-HCWs. The mean onset of symptoms was 16 (±15.3) h in the HCW arm compared with 12.2 (±10.2) h in non-HCWs (p = 0.0024). Furthermore, the mean duration of symptoms in the HCW group was 37 (±19) h compared with 32.3 (±13) h in the non-HCW group (p = 0.067). Conclusion: The reported side effects were common but not pressing in both groups. HCW respondents appeared to have more COVID-19 vaccine-associated symptoms.
Uso do SIG para o cadastro do patrimônio urbano: o Quadrilátero Central de Ribeirão Preto (SP)
Authors: Villela Ana Teresa Cirigliano , Zeoti Gustavo Nogueira
Published: September 2021

Este artigo objetiva apresentar a sistemática de cadastro de edificações de interesse histórico do Quadrilátero Central de Ribeirão Preto (SP) por meio de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com destaque para a inclusão das arquiteturas menores. O interesse pela preservação destas arquiteturas remonta ao ambiente italiano do final do século XIX, quando se discutiam as estratégias de proteção das ambiências pitorescas. Ganhou relevância com a Carta de Veneza, em 1964, que considerou como monumentos históricos não apenas as criações arquitetônicas grandiosas e isoladas, como também as obras modestas. No Quadrilátero Central, onde teve início a ocupação urbana, está concentrada a maior parte do patrimônio cultural tombado do município. Dentre as edificações tombadas, são marcantes as características monumentais, associadas ao café e a personagens da elite local, contrapondo-se às características singelas das arquiteturas de caráter menor. Ambas caracterizam a área como uma paisagem histórica urbana, essencialmente heterogênea, cuja preservação demanda estudos e cadastros sistemáticos. Com o objetivo de documentar e oferecer subsídios para sua preservação, entre 2016 e 2019, foi desenvolvido o projeto “Levantamento histórico-patrimonial do Quadrilátero Central de Ribeirão Preto (SP)”. Em 2019, nesse projeto adotou-se um SIG, que possibilitou o armazenamento, a espacialização, a classificação e o processamento de grande volume de dados das edificações de interesse histórico remanescentes na paisagem. A criação desse sistema abre possibilidade de aplicação a outros recortes territoriais, tanto do próprio município quanto de outros, bem como do delineamento de estratégias de preservação a partir de parcerias entre administração pública e universidades.
HE.SU.TECH. Laboratory: academic research combined with the practice applied in the documentation, representation, and preservation of the Architectural Heritage. The case of the Palladio Villa Forni Cerato
Authors: Adami Andrea , Fregonese Luigi , Vizioli Simone Helena Tanoue , Taffurelli Laura , Treccani Daniele , Rosignoli Olga , Helder Jacopo
Published: September 2021

This article runs an in-depth examination of documentation, representation and conservation praxis of Architectural Heritage in the field of applied academic research. The focus is put on technological advances in digital documentation applied to Cultural Heritage. The architectural survey is one of the first actions taken in the knowledge process of an asset and, as such, it becomes essential for subsequent conservation, restoration and management operations. This paper describes an experience of integrated digital surveying techniques for the digitalization of an architecture by Andrea Palladio: Villa Forni Cerato. This experience has been carried out by the Heritage Survey Technology (HE.SU.TECH.) Group, from Politecnico di Milano - Polo di Mantova that has been carrying out research and consulting activities with institutions related to Italian Heritage since 2000. The case of Villa Forni Cerato is particularly interesting because, in this instance, digitization was integrated with other documental sources. The survey of the villa required the integration of all the different technologies used in the geomatic field for cultural HeritageThis case study, in particular, became an opportunity to test photogrammetric techniques with different photographic sets, acquired both from the ground and by means of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). This work has been the subject of discussion within the exchange project between the two universities: Politecnico di Milano and Universidade de São Paulo.
Agricultores como sujeitos da produção do território-patrimônio: ensaio metodológico em propriedades familiares na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte/SP
Authors: Martins Nayla Ingrid Ramos , Monteiro Antonio Miguel Vieira , Almeida Renata Hermanny de , Anazawa Tathiane Mayumi
Published: September 2021

Elaborar cartografias que representem as potências dos lugares, com abordagem territorial do patrimônio, auxilia no planejamento territorial em escala regional. Na perspectiva da Escola Territorialista Italiana, identifica-se valores patrimoniais presentes no território de acordo com regras de formação histórica e geográfica. Assim, o objetivo principal deste artigo é investigar a relação dos agricultores familiares como "produtores do território" em espaços abertos. O foco da análise são tipos de produção agrícola de média e pequena escala e pecuária, e caracterizar estruturas familiares dos produtores, em toda sub-região 2, componente da Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte (RMVPLN). Investigou-se esses agentes por meio de consulta aos dados censitários do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) referentes ao Censo Agropecuário de 2017 e Censo Demográfico de 2010 para aplicação de técnicas de análise de dados espaciais. Associado aos procedimentos de processamento digital de imagens de sensoriamento remoto do satélite CBERS-4, e classificação dos padrões de uso e cobertura da terra presentes em três grupos de municípios subdivididos de acordo com as características do relevo. Identificou-se a distribuição espacial das propriedades familiares a partir da técnica de regionalização baseada na composição dos arranjos familiares, nucleares e anaparentais, e atividades produtivas observadas sob unidade dos setores censitários. Espera-se que a representação cartográfica desses agentes contribua para reintegrar a força produtiva e revalorizar locais de produção familiar. Com o objetivo de desenvolver estratégias para a gestão e construção de ordenamento territorial inclusivo, considerando valores patrimoniais, características socioculturais e ambientais presentes no território.
Primer on Pulsed Electrical Field Ablation
Authors: Verma Atul , Asivatham Samuel J. , Deneke Thomas , Castellvi Quim , Neal Robert E
Published: September 2021

Pulsed electrical field (PEF) energy is a promising technique for catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. In this article, the key aspects that need to be considered for safe and effective PEF delivery are reviewed, and their impact on clinical feasibility is discussed. The most important benefit of PEF appears to be the ability to kill cells through mechanisms that do not alter stromal proteins, sparing sensitive structures to improve safety, without sacrificing cardiomyocyte ablation efficacy. Many parameters affect PEF treatment outcomes, including pulse intensity, waveform shape, and number of pulses, as well as electrode configuration and geometry. These physical and electrical characteristics must be titrated carefully to balance target tissue effects with collateral implications (muscle contraction, temperature rise, risk of electrical arcing events). It is important to note that any combination of parameters affecting PEF needs to be tested for clinical efficacy and safety. Applying PEF clinically requires knowledge of the fundamentals of this technology to exploit its opportunities and generate viable, durable health improvements for patients.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension in Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 Years: A School-Based Study in China
Authors: Liu Kai , Li Chen , Gong Haibin , Guo Ye , Hou Bingjie , Chen Liangyu , Liu Fusong , Liu Yajuan , Wang Jizheng , Hou Qing , Wang Zengwu , Hui Rutai , Jiang Xiongjing , Zou Yubao , Zhang Yuqing , Song Lei
Published: September 2021

Hypertension in adolescents has attracted increasing attention. However, large, well-designed studies accurately demonstrating epidemiological characteristics of adolescent hypertension remain insufficient. We, therefore, conducted a population-based multicenter study with repeated blood pressure visits to offer precise prevalence of it. We randomly recruited 42 025 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in 6 centers throughout China from 2018 to 2019. The initial hypertension was estimated in all centers through one blood pressure measurement visit. Confirmed hypertension was evaluated in 3 blood pressure visits in 2 of 6 centers including 16 220 subjects. Hypertension was defined using American and Chinese guidelines and standardized by sex and age using 2010 China population census data. Standardized prevalence of initial and confirmed hypertension were 18.6% (95% CI, 17.3%–20.0%) and 5.9% (95% CI, 4.7%–7.2%) using 2017 American Association Pediatrics hypertension guidelines, respectively and which were 24.5% (95% CI, 23.0%–25.9%) and 8.8% (95% CI, 7.3%–10.3%) using 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines. Male (odds ratio [OR], 1.275 [95% CI, 1.070–1.520]), parental hypertension history (OR, 1.387 [95% CI, 1.159–1.660]), higher heart rate (OR, 1.043 [95% CI, 1.037–1.049]), higher waist circumference (OR, 1.036 [95% CI, 1.027–1.046]), and adiposity indexes including overweight (OR, 2.211 [95% CI, 1.781–2.745]), and obesity (OR, 3.085 [95% CI, 2.330–4.084]) were identified as risk factors. In conclusion, the prevalence of hypertension was quite high evaluated by both guidelines with several risk factors, and a single blood pressure measurement visit leads to an overestimation of hypertension prevalence among adolescents.
Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Young Adults With Isolated Diastolic, Isolated Systolic, and Systolic-Diastolic Hypertension
Authors: Lee So-Ryoung , Han Kyung-Do , Choi Eue-Keun , Ahn Hyo-Jeong , Oh Seil , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: September 2021

There is limited evidence regarding the risks of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with stage 1 isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH), especially among young adults. We aimed to evaluate the association between early stage of hypertension and AF in young adults. From the Korean nationwide health screening database, 2 958 544 subjects aged 20 to 39 years who were not prescribed antihypertensive medication at the index examination in 2009 were included. Subjects were categorized into 8 groups according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure (BP) guidelines: normal BP, elevated BP, stage 1 IDH, stage 1 ISH, stage 1 SDH, stage 2 IDH, stage 2 ISH, and stage 2 SDH. The primary outcome was new-onset AF. During a median follow-up of 8.3 years, 7347 subjects had incident AF (0.3 per 1000 person-years). Compared with normal BP, stage 1 IDH (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.160 [95% CI, 1.086–1.240]) and stage 1 SDH (1.250 [1.165–1.341]) were associated with higher risks of incident AF, but not stage 1 ISH. Stage 2 IDH, ISH, and SDH were associated with higher risks of incident AF by 24%, 37%, and 61%, respectively. Stage 1 IDH and SDH were associated with higher risks of incident AF compared with normal BP. The risk of incident AF with stage 2 IDH was similar to that of stage 1 SDH. Optimal BP control, including diastolic BP, is associated with the lowest risk of new-onset AF, even among young adults.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During Pregnancy and the Early Postpartum Period
Authors: Dicpinigaitis Alis J. , Sursal Tolga , Morse Catherine A. , Briskin Camille , Dakay Katarina , Kurian Christeena , Kaur Gurmeen , Sahni Ramandeep , Bowers Christian , Gandhi Chirag D. , Mayer Stephan A. , Al-Mufti Fawaz
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a rare occurrence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Existing literature evaluating endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for this patient population is limited.

Methods:

The National Inpatient Sample was queried from 2012 to 2018 to identify and characterize pregnant and postpartum patients (up to 6 weeks following childbirth) with AIS treated with MT. Complications and outcomes were compared with nonpregnant female patients treated with MT and to other pregnant and postpartum patients managed medically. Complex samples regression models and propensity score matching were implemented to assess adjusted associations and to address confounding by indication, respectively.

Results:

Among 4590 pregnant and postpartum patients with AIS, 180 (3.9%) were treated with MT, and rates of utilization increased following the MT clinical trial era (2015–2018; 1.9% versus 5.3%,
P
=0.011). Compared with nonpregnant patients with AIS treated with MT, they experienced lower rates of intracranial hemorrhage (11% versus 24%,
P
=0.069) and poor functional outcome (50% versus 72%,
P
=0.003) at discharge. Pregnant/postpartum status was independently associated with a lower likelihood of development of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.09–0.70];
P
=0.008) following multivariable analysis adjusting for age, illness severity, and stroke severity. Following propensity score matching, pregnant and postpartum patients treated with MT and those medically managed differed in frequency of venous thromboembolism (17% versus 0%,
P
=0.001) and complications related to pregnancy (44% versus 64%,
P
=0.034), but not in functional outcome at discharge or hospital length of stay. Pregnant and postpartum women treated with MT did not experience mortality or miscarriage during hospitalization.

Conclusions:

This large-scale analysis utilizing national claims data suggests that MT is a safe and efficacious therapy for AIS during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In the absence of prospective clinical trials, population-based cross-sectional analyses such as the present study provide valuable clinical insight.
Everyday Experiences of Water Insecurity: Insights from Underserved Areas of Accra, Ghana
Authors: Harris Leila M.
Published: September 2021

At least half of Accra's residents do not enjoy safe, secure, and affordable access to water on a regular basis. Focused on underserved communities in and around urban Accra, this essay highlights the meanings and importance of water insecurity for residents' daily lives. In particular, this essay extends beyond the well-established ways that the lack of safe and affordable access conditions poor public health outcomes, to a broader understanding of well-being informed by residents' own experiences of irregular and insecure access to water. This essay thus seeks to broaden understandings of water insecurity beyond the basic and minimum access required for daily needs, and to consider broader social-contextual dynamics, such as reported experiences of stress or conflict, that residents face daily in negotiating water insecurities.1
Hydropolitics versus Human Security: Implications of South Africa's Appropriation of Lesotho's Highlands Water
Authors: Mwangi Oscar Gakuo
Published: September 2021

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which exports water to South Africa, has enhanced the unequal structural relationship that exists between both states. Lesotho, one of the few countries in the world that exports water, has transformed from one of the largest sources of labor for South Africa to a water reservoir for South Africa. Though the project provides mutual strategic economic and political benefits to both riparian states, its construction has negatively affected environmental and human security in Lesotho. Due to hydropolitics, environmental threats in Lesotho caused by the project's construction are overlooked. These threats, which have devastating effects on resettled communities and the country's ecosystem, also constitute a threat to domestic and international security. The desire to prevent interstate conflict and maintain cooperation between the two riparian states further enhances the lopsided interstate relationship.
Revisiting Few-shot Relation Classification: Evaluation Data and Classification Schemes
Authors: Sabo Ofer , Elazar Yanai , Goldberg Yoav , Dagan Ido
Published: September 2021

We explore few-shot learning (FSL) for relation classification (RC). Focusing on the realistic scenario of FSL, in which a test instance might not belong to any of the target categories (none-of-the-above, [NOTA]), we first revisit the recent popular dataset structure for FSL, pointing out its unrealistic data distribution. To remedy this, we propose a novel methodology for deriving more realistic few-shot test data from available datasets for supervised RC, and apply it to the TACRED dataset. This yields a new challenging benchmark for FSL-RC, on which state of the art models show poor performance. Next, we analyze classification schemes within the popular embedding-based nearest-neighbor approach for FSL, with respect to constraints they impose on the embedding space. Triggered by this analysis, we propose a novel classification scheme in which the NOTA category is represented as learned vectors, shown empirically to be an appealing option for FSL.
Towards Question-Answering as an Automatic Metric for Evaluating the Content Quality of a Summary
Authors: Deutsch Daniel , Bedrax-Weiss Tania , Roth Dan
Published: September 2021

A desirable property of a reference-based evaluation metric that measures the content quality of a summary is that it should estimate how much information that summary has in common with a reference. Traditional text overlap based metrics such as ROUGE fail to achieve this because they are limited to matching tokens, either lexically or via embeddings. In this work, we propose a metric to evaluate the content quality of a summary using question-answering (QA). QA-based methods directly measure a summary’s information overlap with a reference, making them fundamentally different than text overlap metrics. We demonstrate the experimental benefits of QA-based metrics through an analysis of our proposed metric, QAEval. QAEval outperforms current state-of-the-art metrics on most evaluations using benchmark datasets, while being competitive on others due to limitations of state-of-the-art models. Through a careful analysis of each component of QAEval, we identify its performance bottlenecks and estimate that its potential upper-bound performance surpasses all other automatic metrics, approaching that of the gold-standard Pyramid Method.1
Let’s PlayMono-Poly: BERT Can Reveal Words’ Polysemy Level and Partitionability into Senses
Authors: Garí Soler Aina , Apidianaki Marianna
Published: September 2021

Pre-trained language models (LMs) encode rich information about linguistic structure but their knowledge about lexical polysemy remains unclear. We propose a novel experimental setup for analyzing this knowledge in LMs specifically trained for different languages (English, French, Spanish, and Greek) and in multilingual BERT. We perform our analysis on datasets carefully designed to reflect different sense distributions, and control for parameters that are highly correlated with polysemy such as frequency and grammatical category. We demonstrate that BERT-derived representations reflect words’ polysemy level and their partitionability into senses. Polysemy-related information is more clearly present in English BERT embeddings, but models in other languages also manage to establish relevant distinctions between words at different polysemy levels. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the knowledge encoded in contextualized representations and open up new avenues for multilingual lexical semantics research.
Neural Modeling for Named Entities and Morphology (NEMO2)
Authors: Bareket Dan , Tsarfaty Reut
Published: September 2021

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a fundamental NLP task, commonly formulated as classification over a sequence of tokens. Morphologically rich languages (MRLs) pose a challenge to this basic formulation, as the boundaries of named entities do not necessarily coincide with token boundaries, rather, they respect morphological boundaries. To address NER in MRLs we then need to answer two fundamental questions, namely, what are the basic units to be labeled, and how can these units be detected and classified in realistic settings (i.e., where no gold morphology is available). We empirically investigate these questions on a novel NER benchmark, with parallel token- level and morpheme-level NER annotations, which we develop for Modern Hebrew, a morphologically rich-and-ambiguous language. Our results show that explicitly modeling morphological boundaries leads to improved NER performance, and that a novel hybrid architecture, in which NER precedes and prunes morphological decomposition, greatly outperforms the standard pipeline, where morphological decomposition strictly precedes NER, setting a new performance bar for both Hebrew NER and Hebrew morphological decomposition tasks.
Unsupervised Abstractive Opinion Summarization by Generating Sentences with Tree-Structured Topic Guidance
Authors: Isonuma Masaru , Mori Junichiro , Bollegala Danushka , Sakata Ichiro
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a novel unsupervised abstractive summarization method for opinionated texts. While the basic variational autoencoder-based models assume a unimodal Gaussian prior for the latent code of sentences, we alternate it with a recursive Gaussian mixture, where each mixture component corresponds to the latent code of a topic sentence and is mixed by a tree-structured topic distribution. By decoding each Gaussian component, we generate sentences with tree-structured topic guidance, where the root sentence conveys generic content, and the leaf sentences describe specific topics. Experimental results demonstrate that the generated topic sentences are appropriate as a summary of opinionated texts, which are more informative and cover more input contents than those generated by the recent unsupervised summarization model (Bražinskas et al., 2020). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the variance of latent Gaussians represents the granularity of sentences, analogous to Gaussian word embedding (Vilnis and McCallum, 2015).
Towards a better understanding of the genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae): evidence from an integrative study
Authors: GALEA HORIA R. , MAGGIONI DAVIDE , DI CAMILLO CRISTINA G.
Published: September 2021

The genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 is reassessed based on fertile specimens from Indonesia and Australia, using both morphological and genetic approaches. The genus is resurrected and kept distinct from Nemertesia Lamouroux, 1812 on the account of its long, tubular hydrothecae, and the gonothecae (of which only the female ones are known) provided with nematothecae. Stellate gonothecae correspond to S. indivisa Allman, 1883, while urn-shaped gonothecae are subjectively attributable to S. cylindrica (Kirchenpauer, 1876), comb. nov., a nominal species originally described based on sterile material. The taxonomy of the latter species is discussed in light of the available literature data, and Antennularia cylindrica Bale, 1884 is confidently assigned to its synonymy. Plumularia dolichotheca Allman, 1883 is provisionally transferred to Sciurella, as S. dolichotheca comb. nov., pending the discovery of fertile specimens and reliable evidence from molecular studies. The newly-generated genetic data for S. indivisa and S. cylindrica clearly confirm the distinction between Sciurella and Nemertesia, the two genera occupying divergent positions within the Plumulariidae phylogenetic hypotheses.
Two new species and four unknown larvae of Amphinemurinae (Plecoptera, Nemouridae) from southern China
Authors: MO RAORAO , WANG GUOQUAN , YANG DING , LI WEIHAI , MURÁNYI DÁVID
Published: September 2021

Two new nemourid species, Amphinemura meizhouensis sp. n. and A. tulipa sp. n., are described from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, respectively. Four larvae of the stonefly subfamily Amphinemurinae, A. bifascia Mo, Wang, Yang & Li, 2020, A. hamiornata Li & Yang, 2008, A. yao Mo, Yang, Wang & Li, 2017, and Indonemoura scalprata (Li & Yang, 2007) are described and illustrated on the basis of recently collected specimens from southern China. The female adult of A. hamiornata is also described from the type locality. Both new species are typical members of the A. sinensis (Wu, 1926) species group and the taxonomic relationships are discussed with related congeners.
The family Onychiuridae (Collembola) from karst caves of the Basque biospeleologic district, with description of four new species
Authors: BERUETE ENRIQUE , ARBEA JAVIER I. , BAQUERO ENRIQUE , JORDANA RAFAEL
Published: September 2021

The study of Onychiuridae from 42 caves of the north of the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France has revealed the existence of 32 species inhabiting the caves of the Basque bio-speleological district, among which four new species are described: Deuteraphorura bizkaiensis sp. nov., Deuteraphorura bolivari sp. nov., Onychiurus arbailakensis sp. nov. and Protaphorura leitzaldeaensis sp. nov. Furthermore, three species, Deuteraphorura boneti (Gisin, 1953), Deuteraphorura akelaris (Jordana & Beruete, 1983) and Spinonychiurus vandeli (Cassagnau, 1960), are redescribed based on type and new material to furnish the description of some characters, especially concerning the chaetotaxy, not considered in the original description. Keys to the recorded species are also reported.
Two new species and three new provincial records of Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Nanling Mountains, China
Authors: MO RAORAO , WANG YING , WANG GUOQUAN , LI WEIHAI , MURÁNYI DÁVID
Published: September 2021

Two species of the genus Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) are described as new: Neoperla annulatispina Mo, Li & Wang, sp. nov. from Guangdong and Neoperla similidelphina Mo, Li & Murányi, sp. nov. from Guangxi. Distinctness of Neoperla annulatispina from morphologically similar Neoperla nigromarginata Li & Zhang, 2014 was confirmed by comparing COI barcode sequences. Three additional Neoperla species are presented as new provincial records from the Nanling Mountains are given: Neoperla chebalinga Chen & Du, 2016, Neoperla leigongshana Du & Wang, 2007 and Neoperla maolanensis Yang & Yang, 1993. Illustrations and color photographs are provided for each species, and the new species are compared to similar taxa. Distributions of Neoperla species recorded in the present study are also presented.
A new species of the genus Hylcalosia from China (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae)
Authors: LI JIMIN , WANG LINGMIN , CHEN JIAHUA , YU SHENKAI , YAO JUNLI
Published: September 2021

Hylcalosia Fischer, 1967, is a small braconid genus with 18 described species from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. A new species, Hylcalosia yongjingzengi Yao n. sp. from Wuyi Mountain Nature Reserve, Fujian, China is described and illustrated. A key to all known species of the genus Hylcalosia is presented.
An Analytical Model for Spatially Varying Clear-Sky CO2 Forcing
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir , Seeley Jacob T. , Paynter David , Fueglistaler Stephan
Published: September 2021

Clear-sky CO2forcing is known to vary significantly over the globe, but the state dependence which controls this is not well understood. Here we extend the formalism of Wilson and Gea-Banacloche (2012) to obtain a quantitatively accurate analytical model for spatially-varying instantaneous CO2forcing, which depends only on surface temperatureTs, stratospheric temperature, and column relative humidity RH. This model shows that CO2forcing can be considered a swap of surface emission for stratospheric emission, and thus depends primarily on surface-stratosphere temperature contrast. The strong meridional gradient in CO2forcing is thus largely due to the strong meridional gradient inTs. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, however, the presence of H2O modulates the forcing by replacing surface emission with RH-dependent atmospheric emission. This substantially reduces the forcing in the tropics, introduces forcing variations due to spatially-varying RH, and sets an upper limit (with respect toTsvariations) on CO2forcing which is reached in the present-day tropics.

In addition, we extend our analytical model to the instantaneous tropopause forcing, and find that this forcing depends onTsonly, with no dependence on stratospheric temperature. We also analyze the ‘τ= 1’ approximation for the emission level, and derive an exact formula for the emission level which yields values closer toτ= 1/2 than toτ= 1.