bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soils and Soil Biota
Authors: Ransom Michel D , Rice Charles W , Todd Timothy C , Wehmueller William A
Published: November 2023

Soils are an integral part of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Jenny (1941) suggested that soil formation results from multiple factors: climate, organisms, topography, and parent material, all interacting over time. In the tallgrass prairie-soils ecosystem, the prairie vegetation has exerted great influence on soil formation, but the physical and chemical properties of soil also affect the kinds, amount, and spatial distribution of the vegetation. The relationships between soils and the biota of the prairie are extremely complex The soil biota in tallgrass prairie represents a diversity of genetic and physiological traits. Although the aboveground flora and fauna often characterize the prairie, the biomass of the soil biota can be of the same order of magnitude as the visible portion of the prairie (Paul et al. 1979). This invisible prairie is responsible for much of the energy flow and nutrient cycling (Chapters 13 and 14, this volume) in the prairie and contributes to the development of soils. Although some soil organisms use sunlight or inorganic substrates to obtain energy, a vast majority of the soil biota are heterotrophs, using organic compounds to obtain their energy. Photosynthetically fixed C produced by plants decomposes, supporting the microbial community. The ecology and diversity of the soil biota of tallgrass prairie remain relatively unexplored despite its importance in decomposition and nutrient cycling (Clark and Paul 1970; Seastedt et al. 1988a; Seastedt and Hayes 1988).
A Landscape Perspective of Patterns and Processes in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Briggs John M , Nellis M Duane , Geoffrey Clarence L Turner , Su M Henebry Haiping
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, landscape position was identified as an important characteristic for understanding many of the spatial and temporal patterns measured at Konza Prairie. For example, annual spring burning consistently increases total aboveground net primary production (ANPP) only in low-lands sites (Chapter 12, this volume). In addition, landscape position may affect the movement and availability of nutrients (Chapter 13, this volume). This chapter will focus on broader issues in landscape ecology, specifically, how a landscape-level perspective can help evaluate the relationship between ecosystem patterns and processes in tallgrass prairie.
Significance Needs Time
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

Themes are both instruments and effects of epic performance, shaping equally the work of invention and that of understanding. Themes are to narration what knowledge is to institutional practice: that which guides and is created by characteristic practical strategies. This chapter explores the strategies used by the bard and the kinds of significance he creates with them.
African American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

The myths of African Americans have generally reflected the condition of blacks in America, first as slaves and then as people rejected by the melting pot. The Africans brought to America as slaves naturally brought religious traditions with them, and they also tended to reinterpret the rituals, myths, and other religious traditions of their owners to fit their own needs and their own heritage.
African American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

The expression of the hero concept among African Americans has necessarily reflected the restricted place of people of African descent in American society. Black heroes around whom legends have developed have included leaders of rebellion or reform, animal tricksters, blues lovers, and workers.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

The few American-based folktales and hero legends of Asian Americans were reactions to conditions faced by Chinese laborers on the western railroads in the nineteenth century. Both these tales and those imported, as most were, directly from the Old World served to remind the immigrants of old values in the face of new temptations and dis tractions. New tales focused on issues such as the difficulty in keeping the young from losing their Asian identity in the depraved and unruly atmosphere of the early West.
Introduction
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

This book is a study on the internal structure of tone. It addresses two issues that are at the center of research in nonlinear phonology: (1) the internal structure of phonological elements, such as segments and tones; and (2) the overall structure of phonological representation. The book deals with the geometry of tone and how it fits into the geometry of laryngeal features. It also addresses the relation ship between tone and other autosegments, particularly syllable structure. In this chapter, I sketch in general terms the theoretical results of this study.
The Mid Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

The formal status of the mid tone has received some attention in the literature of autosegmental phonology, particularly in connection with the concerns of under specification theories. The idea is that if tones are specified with features such as [upper] and [raised], then these features should behave like other, non tonal features, which may be left unspecified in underlying representation. The unspecified feature values are then filled by default rules (cf. Kiparsky l 982a,b). Since tones are defined by the features, the default values define the default tone. In this chapter, I explore this empirical issue.
The Role of the Amygdala in Primate Social Cognition
Authors: Emery Nathan J , Amaral David G
Published: November 2023

Studying the neural basis of primate social cognition is a relatively recent enterprise which has been facilitated by expansive growths in the fields of neuroscience and primatology (Brothers, 1990). A major focus of this research in nonhuman and human primates has been the amygdaloid complex, a prominent telencephalic region located in the anteromedial temporal lobe. In this chapter, we briefly review the anatomical connectivity of the primate amygdaloid complex and initial studies which looked at the effect of amygdala lesions on social behavior in monkeys. We then propose a hypothesis of amygdala function based on its anatomy that specifically addresses how the amygdala might interpret social information (such as facial expressions) and initiate appropriate behavioral responses. We then apply this hypothesis to the everyday behaviors of a macaque monkey, in the neuroethological tradition, and discuss the importance of the amygdala to these behaviors.

The amygdaloid complex is a heterogeneous region located just anterior to the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe. The use of the term “amygdaloid complex” emphasizes that this region is composed of a group of at least 13 nuclei and cortical areas. Each of these major subdivisions is typically further partitioned into two or more subdivisions. Having said this, we will use the terms “amygdaloid complex” and “amygdala” synonymously in this chapter. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to provide a detailed review of the cytoarchitectonic organization and intrinsic and extrinsic connectivity of the primate amygdala. A summary of this type can be found in Amaral et al. (1992). Rather, we provide an overview of the features of amygdala neuroanatomy that are relevant to our proposal concerning its role in social cognition.
A Low-Cost Approach To PCR
Authors: Harris Eva
Published: November 2023

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to replicate specific pieces of DNA millions of times, which permits the detection and analysis of minute amounts of nucleic acids. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, this technique has been applied not only in molecular biology research but also in fields as diverse as anthropology, phylogeny, and forensics. However, despite the large impact of PCR, many of its applications remain within the confines of research and the academic environment. Now, in A Low-Cost Approach to PCR: Appropriate Transfer of Biomolecular Techniques, Dr. Eva Harris makes this elegantly simple technique more accessible to researchers, physicians, and laboratory workers throughout the world. She provides a description of the theoretical basis of the technique, the practical details of the method, and the philosophy behind the technology transfer program that she developed over the last ten years. The book serves as a guide for potential users in developing countries and for scientists in developed countries who may wish to work abroad. In addition, the low-cost approach outlined in this book can be useful for high school, undergraduate, or continuing education programs in the United States. While the specific applications of PCR outlined in the book are immediately useful to the study of infectious diseases, the approach presented can be generalized to a number of other technologies and situations. The book will help laboratories in many areas of the world generate information on site for use by physicians, epidemiologists, public health workers, and health policy professionals to develop new strategies for disease control.
Generalizations In Navajo
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

This essay investigates the interaction of generic quantification with the interpretations of nominals and predicates in Navajo and in English. For the first time, evidence is presented of a distinction between individual- and stage-level predicates in Navajo. Kratzer’s (1988) Prohibition against Vacuous Quantification and de Hoop and de Swart’s (1989) Plurality Condition on adverbs of quantification are two leading explanations of the well-formedness of generics. Data considered here require contextual information to be added to the restrictions of quantifiers and they require the Plurality Condition to be extended to the nuclear scope in addition to the restriction of a quantifier.
Letters To Robert Goffin (May 7 And July 19, 1944)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Chapters 6 and 7 are discussed here together. Chapter 7, The “Goffin Notebooks,” is a memoir that Armstrong wrote sometime between July 4, 1943, and July 3, 1944. He wrote it for the Belgian Robert Goffin to use in his biography of Armstrong, which would later be published in English as Horn of Plenty. Armstrong wrote the letters in chapter 6 to Goffin while in the middle of the project.
The “Goffin Notebooks” (CA. 1944)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Armstrong organizes the Goffin notebooks by year, covering the period 1918-1931, but within each section he ranges somewhat freely outside of the designated year. His marriage to Lil is placed in a section headed “1923,” but the wedding took place February 5, 1924. Armstrong probably made an error when he headed a second section “1923,” for the events that follow, including Oliver’s tour and Armstrong’s departure for Henderson’s band in New York, happened in 1924. He has numbered the notebooks I, 2, 3, and 5. Notebook 3 ends with the year 1926, with Armstrong at the pinnacle of his Chicago years, and notebook 5 begins with the year 1928, with Armstrong and friends scrambling for a job-” ‘Things gotten so ‘Tough with us until I 5¢ (Fifteen cents) looked like $15.00 (Fifteen dollars)”-and in the middle of a story about a car that was not covered earlier. Thus, even though Armstrong mentions “four books of stories” in his letter to Goffin, it seems likely that a fifth notebook (numbered “4”), covering 1926 and 1927, has been lost.
Letter To Leonard Feather (September 18, 1941)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Leonard Feather was one of many writers with whom Armstrong established mutually beneficial relationships. In this letter, Armstrong asks Feather to relay a request for some written arrangements of recent recordings he has made, since he has experienced the common twentieth-century phenomenon of audiences demanding to hear in person what they have grown accustomed to through recordings. Though other jazz musicians resented such demands, Armstrong happily obliged.
Comparative Arabic Syntax
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces key empirical issues that arise in the context of tense, negation, and agreement in Arabic dialect’> (Moroccan Arabic, MA; Standard Arabic, SA; Egyptian Arabic, EA) and their theoretical implications for current conceptions of the syntax of functional categories. In section 1.1, I lay out the main empirical generalizations that any analysis, regardless of its theoretical assumptions, must deal with. In section 1.2, I discuss the theoretical issues that arise within the minimalist framework as we try to deal with these empirical generalizations.
Negation in Standard Arabic
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I focus on sentential negation in Standard Arabic. The same analysis that I applied to sentential negation in the modern Arabic dialects will be extended to sentential negation in Standard Arabic. Morphologically, there are five main sentential negatives.1 These are laa, lam, lan, laysa, and maa. These negatives can be divided into two groups: laa and its variants, lam, lan, and laysa, on one hand, and maa, on the other. The variants of laa can in turn be divided according to their inflections, lam and Ian inflect for tense but not agreement while laysa inflects for agreement but not tense. laa inflects for neither tense nor agreement. The fact that there are multiple realizations of sentential negation in Standard Arabic makes this dialect appear radically different from the modem colloquial dialects analyzed in chapter 5. I shall argue that this difference is superficial. On close inspection, it will emerge that there are only two negatives in Standard Arabic—namely, laa and maa. The other three negatives, lam, lan, and laysa, are all inflected variants of laa.
Role of Neuroplosticity in Functional Recovery After Stroke
Authors: Nudo Randolph J , BarBay Scott , Kleim Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Clinical stroke is frequently characterized by hemiparesis immediately after the ischemic event and by substantial functional recovery over the ensuing weeks to months. While the most dramatic recovery occurs within the first 30 days after stroke, in many cases of severe stroke recovery can be protracted, reaching a plateau at 6 months or more after injury (Duncan & Lai, 1997; Wade et al., 1985). In these cases, recovery is usually more limited, and chronic impairments are common. The phenomenon of motor recovery after stroke, its underlying causes, and therapeutic techniques for modifying the extent and time course of recovery have been under intense investigation for well over a century. However, many of the most fundamental questions about motor recovery after stroke remain unanswered. While several studies have shown that stroke patients improve during rehabilitative therapy, for example, it has been much more difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of rehabilitation over and above what might be expected to occur spontaneously. Further, the superiority of one type of exercise program over others has not been adequately established.
Reorganization of Motor Function in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Carr L J
Published: November 2023

Cerebral palsy is a descriptive term for the persistent disorder of movement or posture secondary to nonprogressive pathology of the immature brain. The Etiology and outcome of cerebral palsy are diverse. The functional motor outcome cannot be simply predicted by the size and site of the central nervous system (CNS) lesion (Bouza et al., 1994; Kotlarek et al., 1981; Wiklund & Uvebrant, 1991); other factors including additional functional impairments are also important. There is clinical evidence that the outcome is strongly influenced by the age at which the damage occurred; it is generally better when damage is sustained early in development. This has been attributed to the plasticity of the developing CNS and its ability to reorganize. This chapter will discuss the current evidence of such plasticity in children and young adults with cerebral palsy. Some key clinical and neurophysiological studies will be reviewed. Data will be presented to support the view that reorganization of descending motor pathways may occur in humans following early damage and that this reorganization may be functionally significant.
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
Authors: Lewis M J
Published: November 2023

Born Anne Marbury in 1591, in Alford, England, Anne Hutchin son was educated at home, where she had the benefit of her clergyman father’s library. At twenty-one she married William Hutchinson, a successful Alford merchant. They had fifteen children together. In 1634, the Hutchinsons emigrated with a group of fellow Puritans, following their minister, Rev. John Cotton, to Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England.
Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)
Authors: Scruggs Charles
Published: November 2023

Born in West Africa, the person to be named Phillis Wheatley was enslaved as a child and sold in Boston in 1761. Her purchaser, John Wheatley, intended her to be a domestic servant to help his wife Susanna. However, because Phillis showed great intellectual precocity, Susanna Wheatley educated her and fostered her talent. With the rest of the family, she became a member of Boston’s Old South Church. Having demonstrated her poetic abilities, Phillis Wheatley was sent by her owners to England in 1773 to further her literary career.
Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814)
Authors: Geiger Marianne B
Published: November 2023

Born in Barnstable, Massachusetts, on September 14, 1728, Mercy Otis Warren was not formally schooled, despite the middle-class trappings of her family. She learned from her brother fames’s tutors and was relatively well educated by the time of her marriage in November 1754 to fames Warren, who became a leader within Massachusetts Revolutionary circles. The couple had five sons.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
Authors: Miroff Bruce
Published: November 2023

Elizabeth Cady was born in Johnstown, New York, in 1815. Educated at fohnstown Academy and at the Troy Female Seminary (now the Emma Willard School) in Troy, New York, she married abolitionist Henry Stanton in 1840. When in that year she and Quaker lecturer Lucretia Mott were outraged by the exclusion of female delegates from the floor of the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, they decided to call for a women’s rights convention.
Alice Paul (1885-1977)
Authors: Lunardini Christine A
Published: November 2023

Born into a Quaker family in Moorestown, New Jersey, Alice Paul was reared in the intellectual tradition of her parents, William and Tacie Parry Paul. She attended Swarthmore College, and after graduation went to the New York School of Philanthropy (a school of social work) in 1905 on a fellowship from the College Settlement Association. For the next few years she was a social worker; during this time she cultivated her interest in women’s rights.
Margaret Mead (1901-1978)
Authors: Rosenberg Rosalind
Published: November 2023

Margaret Mead was born on December 16, 1901, in Philadelphia. Her mother, Emily Fogg Mead, was a feminist as well as an academic. After a year at DePauw University in Indiana, Margaret Mead transferred to Barnard College in New York City in 1920. There, her chief mentor was anthropologist Ruth Benedict. Mead earned two degrees at Columbia, an M.A. in psychology (1924) and a Ph.D. in anthropology (1929). She married sociologist Luther Cressman in 1923.
Helen Gahagan Douglas (1900-1980)
Authors: Scobie Ingrid Winther
Published: November 2023

Helen Gahagan Douglas was born November 15, 1900, to Lillian Rose Mussen Gahagan and Walter Hamer Gahagan II, a wealthy New York civil engineer. Douglas attended the Berkeley Institute in Brooklyn and the Capon School in Northhampton, Massachusetts, before entering Barnard College in 1920.
New Media and American Politics
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

New Media and American Politics is the first book to examine the effect on modern politics of the new media, which include talk radio, tabloid journalism, television talk shows, entertainment media, and computer networks. Davis and Owen discuss the new media’s cultural environment, audience, and content, before going on to evaluate its impact on everything from elections to policy making to the old media itself.
A physics of semantics?
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Each Of The Chapters of Investigations broaches new territory. Each is tentative and incomplete, pointing but not fully adequate. Yet, I persistently hope, it is better to light one candle against ... what? the darkness? the veil beyond which we have had no framework of questions before? There are grounds, reasoned about by the best of philosophers and scientists of the past several centuries, to doubt a physics of semantics. We are on shaky ground. Yet when the first hard frost comes, when the birches have been swung, their crimson leaves scattered carelessly, when crystals splint shallow ponds and old egrets stand dark watch the coming dawn, long-legged, knowing how winter is thin, when the first phase transition of water to ice forms slight solidity across meadow streams, small creatures of flesh and concepttiptoe gingerly to some far side where, perhaps, something new is to be found.
Emergence And Story: Beyond Newton, Einstein, And Bohr?
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

How Brazen a chapter subtitle: “Beyond Newton, Einstein, and Bohr?” Yet hints we shall find, for the science of Newton, Einstein, and Bohr remains innocent of the propagating coconstructing organization of autonomous agents, of non equilibrium systems building a biosphere. Yet surely the biosphere is part of the universe and any general laws of the universe must necessarily encompass bio spheres here, and if a general biology is necessary, elsewhere in the vastness we glimpse.
The Persistently Innovative Econosphere
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

It 1s No Accident that the words for economics and ecology have the same Greek root, “house:’ Ecology and economics are, at root, the same. The economy of Homo habilis and Homo erectus, the stunning flaked flint tools of the Magdalinian culture of the magnificent Cro-Magnon in southern France 14,000 years ago when the large beasts had retreated southward from the glaciation, the invention and spread of writing in Mesopotamia, the Greek agora, and today’s global economy are all in the deepest sense merely the carrying on of the more di versified forms of trade that had their origins with the first autonomous agents and their communities over four billion years ago.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy J Gerald
Published: November 2023

Despite persisting disagreement about Edgar Allan Poe’s liter achievement, no American writer of the antebellum peoys greater current popularity and recognizability. One hundred fifty years after the author’s death, cartoon characters Garfield and Bart Simpson entertain young television viewers by reciting “The Raven,” and the new National Football League team in Baltimore owes its team nickname and logo to that famous poem. The compact disc “Tales of Mystery and Imagination” by the Alan Parsons Project has dazzled rock fans with its pulsating interpretations of Poe texts; such Roger Corman films as The Fall of the House of Usher and The Masque of the Red Death (both featuring Vincent Price) have become cult classics; and Generation-X readers, especially those attracted to the “Goth” counterculture, revel in Poe’s dark fantasies. Apart from Freder ick Douglass, he is the only American writer of his era yet featured on the popular Arts and Entertainment “Biography” series.
Poe and the American Publishing Industry
Authors: Whalen Terence
Published: November 2023

When Poe died in 1849 at the age of forty, “Poor Poe!” was a com refrain in many obituaries and reminiscences of his life. George Lippard remembered him as “a man of genius, hunted by the world, trampled upon by the men he had loaded with favours, and disappointed on every turn of life.” Magazine proprietor George Graham saw Poe’s peculiar genius as the primary cause of his sufferings: “The passionate yearnings of his soul for the beautiful and the true, utterly unfitted him for the rude jostlings and fierce competitorship of trade.” Given the events of his life and the tormented characters depicted in his tales, it is no surprise that eulogists seized upon the romantic outcast as a convenient symbol for Poe’s career. An obituary in the American Whig Review summed up the general lament: “Poor Poe! It was a sad day for him when he was forced from dreams into the real world.”
Poe and the Issue of American Privacy
Authors: Renza Louis A
Published: November 2023

At first glance, few readers would identify Poe as a socially representative writer. But at least in one important social area, the increasingly critical issue of :American private freedoms becoming threatened by “the inquisition of popular sentiment,” one could make precisely this case. Tocqueville gave special notice to this problem in mid-nineteenth-century democratic culture: “[T]he power exercised by the mass upon the mind of each individual is extremely great. . . . Wherever social conditions are equal, public opinion presses with enormous weight upon the minds of each individual. . . . :As men grow more alike, each man feels himself weaker in regard to all the rest” (2:275). This way of formulating the issue tends to reduce it to the sociological shibboleth of an ideological ethos—American individualism—contradicted by the very mass society to which it gives rise. If only in his fiction, however, Poe stages the crisis besetting individual freedom in terms of a compromised private sphere, which, inextricably bound to its particular, social construction, permits one to entertain the notion of such freedom in the first place.
Ernest Hemingway, 1899–1961
Authors: Reynolds Michael
Published: November 2023

Born in a Chicago suburb on July 21, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was a child of the twentieth century, responding to its every pressure, recording its progress, and aging as it aged. His life seemed to embody the promise of America: with good fortune, hard work, talent, ambition, and a little ruthlessness a man can create himself in the image of his choosing. As a young man in Paris, Hemingway dedicated himself to his writing, and he let nothing interfere with his goal, not parents nor wives, not friends nor children. He created a public persona to match his prose, becoming the person he wanted to be. Like other self-made Americans, however, Hemingway’s invented self was a mask that he wore with less and less ease as he grew older. Despite this public image, his raucous life and several wives, and the critics who turned on him, he left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become a permanent part of our cultural inheritance.
Neuroplasticity: Evidence from Unilateral Brain Lesions in Children
Authors: Aram Dorothy M
Published: November 2023

A longstanding issue in developmental neuropsychology has been specialization versus plasticity in the neural substrates for various behavioral functions. Previous reports had suggested that early in life the two hemispheres were equivalent for language functioning (e.g., Marie, 1922), but Lenneberg was the one who was instrumental in developing the commonly held view that language functions were not lateralized early in childhood and that the two hemispheres were comparable in their ability to assume language. Lenneberg’s thesis (1967) was that until 2 years of age a perfect equipotentiality existed for language residing in either hemisphere; that un til 3 years of age, the right hemisphere “can easily adopt sole responsibility for language”; and that from 3 to 10 years of age when language has become localized pre dominantly in the left hemisphere “it is possible to re-establish language presumably by reactivating language functions in the right hemisphere” (pp. 180-181).Contrary to Lenneberg and his followers, evidence for anatomical and functional differences between the hemispheres in infants and young children has continued to build, suggesting that the substrate for at least some aspects of language specialization in the left hemisphere exists at a very early age (e.g., Molfese and Segalowitz, 1988).
Responsible Politics
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

In venturing to speak here, perhaps all too boldly for some, of a ‘new paradigm of politics’, as a theologian of course I do not want to present the outline of a theory of international relations, their changes and their continuity, thought out in detail. Such a theory was presented, for example, by the American political scientist James N.Rosenau immediately before the great European revolution of 1989.x Against the background of a world situation in which there are no longer great conflicts which overshadow everything, and a number of power centres have formed, sometimes with very different interests, I want to concentrate on the basic ethical structure of the new paradigm of politics, though this has a variety of consequences for political practice. For in my view ‘a new global politics’ cannot be realized without ‘a new global ethic’.
Introduction Genres of Life-Writing
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

After her death in October 1904, Emilia Dilke was memorialized as an “exceptionalwoman” by diverse mourners. Involved with the Women’s Trade Union League fromits foundation in 1874, Dilke had been its president from 1886 until her death;accordingly, the Women’s Trade Union Review, the League’s journal, grieved as “her colleagues in the work to which she devoted the larger part of her life and the choicest powers of her ®ne intellect,” regretting the loss of “one . . . ®tted, as few human beings . . . to ®ll the post of leader in a crusade against the tyranny of social tradition and the callousness of social indifference.” Her funeral was attended by representatives of the Trades Union Congress and the Miners’ Federation and by such trade-union luminaries as Mary Macarthur and Ben Tillett. Their testimonials spoke of tradeunionismas “[her life’s] chief enthusiasm, its ruling aim and purpose.” The Reviewprinted letters of mourning from dozens of individuals and organizations in the labor movement along with plans for a memorial fund to support the League’s work. But a year after her death, an anonymous article entitled “The Art-Work of Lady Dilke”appeared
On Not Being An Orphan
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

Victorian novelists notoriously relied on orphanhood to foreshadow the exceptionality of a hero’s or heroine’s adult life; dead or missing parents often seema prerequisite for an interesting plot. The characters for which Francis Strong has been seen as a model in George Eliot’s Middlemarch and Rhoda Broughton’s Belinda are orphans; Dorothea Brooke and Belinda Churchill are each under the nominal guardianship of loving but sometimes unwise older relatives and each has a single sister who is a loyal, commonsensical contrast to the imaginative exceptionality of the central character. But although the Strong family—and the Dilke and Pattison families discussed in the next two chapters—produced members whose stories have circulated in public texts and whose lives have been written as narratives of exceptional characters, neither Francis Strong nor the other “characters” whose childhoods I describe were orphaned as children.
Optimizing Cognitive Test Norms for Detection
Authors: Sliwinski Martin , Lipton Richard , Buschke Herman , Wasylyshyn Christina
Published: November 2023

Neuropsychological testing is often used to provide objective and sensitive evidence of mild cognitive impairment in older adults that may indicate the presence of a dementing illness such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unfortunately, standard techniques for norming cognitive tests in older adults can diminish a test’s discriminative validity for detecting mild cognitive impairment caused by the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. The focus of this chapter is on how to construct norms that are optimal for detecting mild cognitive impairment caused by preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (pAD).
Introduction
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

Geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T) are interconnected hardware, software, data, people, organizations, and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and communicating particular types of information about the Earth. The particular types of information are transportation systems and geographic regions that affect or are affected by these systems (Fletcher 2000).
Data Modeling and Database Design
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the fundamental data requirements and data modeling techniques with special reference to GIS-T. This will set the stage for chapter 3 that focuses on data models developed specifically for GIS-T applications. At first glance, developing data models to meet GIS-T requirements may not appear to be a formidable problem. In contrast with many other GIS application domains, GIS-T has a central object of study, namely, the transportation network in a study area.
Transportation Planning
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the first of several on applications of geographic information science and systems in transportation. In this chapter, we discuss the role of GIS and spatial analysis in transportation planning. The objective of transportation planning is to guide development of a land-use/transportation system to achieve beneficial economic, social and environmental outcomes. This can range from tactical decisions such as planning new right-of-ways or public transit routes to long-term, strategic planning of the entire system. (Issues concerning operational or day-to-day transportation management will be discussed in the next chapter on intelligent transportation systems.)
Hurricane Climate Data
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

The historical record of tropical cyclones over the North Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico extends back more than half a millennium. Geological records provide clues to hurricane activity farther back still. This chapter identifies the sources of historical hurricane data for the North Atlantic basin. It provides a chronology of the technological advances that make it possible to accurately account for past and present tropical cyclone activity. Caveats concerning the limitation of the classifications outlined in Chapter 2 within the context of data resolution and reliability are considered. The chapter concludes with a look at the potential for improvements and extensions to the historical hurricane record through the use of proxy reconstruction methods.
North Atlantic Hurricanes
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Hurricanes are a regular feature of the North Atlantic basin during late summer and early autumn. But, what is the average hurricane frequency and where are hurricanes most likely to form? These are some of the questions addressed in this chapter. Specifically, a climatology of North Atlantic hurricanes (historically referred to as West Indian hurricanes) is presented based on the best-track data set. The focus is on frequencies, duration, origins, tracks, and dissipation of the known North Atlantic hurricanes over the period 1886 through 1996 (111 years). The North Atlantic basin includes the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The recent updates to the best-track data made by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry F. Diaz are not included in this chapter as they constitute rather minor adjustments to the data set.
U.S. Hurricanes
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Landfalling hurricanes cause significant social and economic hardships. Understanding when and where they occur is important for planning and mitigation. This chapter examines the statistics of U.S. landfalling hurricanes. Landfall is observed when all or part of the hurricane eye wall (see Chapter 1) crosses the shoreline. Landfalling hurricanes have the greatest potential to do damage and inflict casualties. The impacts are most acute along the immediate coastline and barrier islands. Over the open ocean, small islands are particularly vulnerable to a disaster even when the eye of the hurricane stays out to sea. Major hurricanes that skirt the coast can cause considerable damage to property even if the center remains out over the ocean. Storm surge and wind are responsible for much of the damage along the immediate coastline. Flooding rains are a significant concern inland.
Hurricane Cycles and Trends
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

The prospect of “global warming” leading to a future with more frequent and intense hurricanes has surfaced in the public imagination (see, e.g., Schneider 1989, Easterbrook 1995). Fluctuations in North Atlantic hurricanes have important implications for planning and development. Trends in abundance, duration, location, and intensity of hurricanes are of concern to both public and private economic sectors. Social benefits may be realized through accurate predictions of future activity. Practical considerations aside, there is a desire to understand nature in terms of simple explanations. Given a set of observations it is natural and practical to examine it for regular patterns and trends. This chapter looks at the case for oscillations and long-term trends in North Atlantic hurricane activity. The presentation follows the work of Elsner et al. (1999b).
Prospects for Extended Range Outlooks
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Forecast utility is a function of both skill and lead time. Seasonal hurricane forecasts of activity several years in advance have the potential for greater utility. Presently, lead time is about 9 months for seasonal forecasts issued in early December. However, as discussed earlier, annual North Atlantic hurricane frequencies show preferred periods of oscillation on times ranging from months to years. This offers the possibility for extended-range seasonal forecasts. Assuming the past is a good indicator of the future, regularities in the time series can be exploited to make multi-season prognostications.
Integrated Assessment
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Economic losses in the United States caused by hurricanes have risen dramatically during the past several decades. In the early 1980s losses averaged approximately $1 billion annually, five times the losses in years during the 1950s. Concerning the U.S. hurricane problem, the challenge is to improve public and private decision making with the help of scientific research (Pielke and Pielke 1997b). Knowledge of uncertainty and risk are important for understanding the economics associated with the hurricane peril. For example, the insurance industry (Chapter 19) depends on a careful assessment of various risks. It is essential to have an adequate record of the past and present behavior of hurricane climate as well as a proper interpretation of it. According to Changnon and Changnon (1990), there are four components of climate data important for the analysis of risks relevant to property insurance. The components include averages, variances, frequencies, and intensities of extreme events. A critical aspect of these components are long-term shifts. Beyond knowledge of the past and present climate, predictions of future climate changes are integral to risk analysis. Emphasis on the economics of hurricane activity affecting the United States is not meant to downplay the seriousness of the threat to human lives, both in the United States and elsewhere.
Category Inference
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

The general picture to emerge from studies of category implication is one in which speakers attach a general extender (e.g., and things) to a named exemplar or exemplars (e.g., forks) to create an expression (e.g., forks and things) that implicates a category (e.g., cutlery). From this expression and its implication, the hearer can infer additional or alternate members (e.g., spoons, knives) of the category that the speaker has in mind. Stated in this way, with these particular examples, the category implication analysis seems to be a straight forward and relatively simple way of accounting for general extenders and the cognitive processing involved in their interpretation.
Expectations, Evaluations, and Emphasis
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

In this description, Lyons is actually discussing sentence-initial adverbs such as Frankly, but in many respects, it is a remarkably accurate account of how some general extenders are used. Just as the sentence-initial adverbs in Lyons’s analysis are used to express modality-the speaker’s attitude to the proposition or situation described-so too are many of the general extenders that occur in interactive discourse.
Affect, Aggression, and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Berkowitz Leonard
Published: November 2023

Before embarking on this examination of the influence of feelings on antisocial behavior, I must spell out what this concept antisocial behavior refers to as far as this chapter is concerned. The term is employed frequently in psychology and psychiatry (although not in sociology), but it does not always have the same specific meaning and/or involve exactly the same issues. Sometimes it refers, relatively narrowly, only to behavior. However, most discussions involving this notion—usually those focused on persistent patterns of conduct—often have a broader meaning in mind, one that has to do with both actions and personality characteristics. Farrington (1997) has highlighted this latter, broader usage. He noted that definitions and measurements of the “antisocial syndrome” typically encompass both a wide variety of behaviors—ranging from those that are illegal (such as violent offenses and drug use) to those that deviate from conventional norms but are not criminal (such as sexual promiscuity and repeated lying)—and also such personality features as impulsiveness, selfishness, and aggressiveness. This wide-ranging conception is certainly warranted for many purposes; research has repeatedly demonstrated that the people who frequently engage in antisocial behaviors tend to have the particular personality qualities just listed (e.g., Farrington, 1982; Robins & Price, 1991). Nevertheless, this chapter concentrates only on actions, not on personality dispositions, because I am concerned primarily with situational influences on what people are apt to do. Furthermore, the behaviors of interest here are more than violations of traditional rules of conduct. I deal mainly with those counternormative actions that harm others directly—primarily acts of aggression—and do not take up other antisocial behaviors, such as imbibing alcohol or abusing drugs, that lack this feature. The injury can be inflicted in many different ways, of course— through burglary, embezzlement, the sale of drugs, partner battering, child abuse, barroom brawls, and so on—but in order to keep the literature review within manageable limits, I combine these various behaviors conceptually into one broad class. There is some empirical justification for such a general notion of antisocial behavior, at least when dealing with relatively long-lasting individual differences. Investigations of troublesome adolescents have found that these youths often can be grouped meaningfully into just a few categories. Some researchers have even proposed that this typology is unidimensional (see Berkowitz, 2000a; Loeber & Schmaling, 1985; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992). As one example, the Loeber and Schmaling (1985) analysis of 22 studies of school-age children indicated that the youngsters’ antisocial behaviors could be ordered along a “covert-overt” continuum.
The Moral Emotions
Authors: Haidt Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Morality dignifies and elevates. When Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, God said “Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil” (Gen. 3:22). In many of the world’s religious traditions, the good go up, to heaven or a higher rebirth, and the bad go down, to hell or a lower rebirth. Even among secular people, moral motives are spoken of as the “highest” and “noblest” motives, whereas greed and lust are regarded as “baser” or “lower” instincts. Morality is therefore like the temple on the hill of human nature: It is our most sacred attribute, a trait that is often said to separate us from other animals and bring us closer to God. For 2,400 years, the temple has been occupied by the high priests of reason. Plato (4th century B.C./1949) presented a model of a divided self in which reason, firmly ensconced in the head, rules over the passions, which rumble around in the chest and stomach (Timaeus, 69). Aristotle had a similar conception of reason as the wise master and emotion as the foolish slave: “anger seems to listen to reason, but to hear wrong, like hasty servants, who run off before they have heard everything their master tells them, and fail to do what they were ordered, or like dogs, which bark as soon as there is a knock without waiting to see if the visitor is a friend” (Ethics, 1962, 1149a). Throughout the long history of moral philosophy, the focus has generally been on moral reasoning, whereas the moral emotions have been regarded with some suspicion (Solomon, 1993). Even when moral psychology finally separated itself from moral philosophy and began to make its own empirical contributions, it invested almost all of its capital in the study of moral reasoning. Piaget (1932/1965) studied the child’s developing understanding of fairness and rules. Kohlberg (1969; Kohlberg, Levine, & Hewer, 1983) built on Piaget to provide both a measurement tool and a conceptual framework for the study of moral reasoning, and the field grew rapidly. Kohlberg’s work was an important part of the cognitive revolution, demonstrating that morality, like language, could be studied as a system of transformations of underlying cognitive constructs. Yet as the cognitive revolution matured, researchers recognized the growing need for a parallel “affect revolution” (Tomkins, 1981). Table 45.1 shows that this revolution has indeed taken place, for the moral emotions have been growth stocks in the 1980s and 1990s. Although the number of journal articles on morality and moral reasoning rose in the 1980s and then began to decline in the 1990s, the number of articles on emotion in general, and on the moral emotions in particular, has increased greatly. Table 45.1 shows that the “old academy” stocks of empathy and guilt, which were the most widely studied moral emotions in the 1970s, have not grown in the 1990s, whereas the “new academy” stocks of anger, shame, and disgust have racked up impressive gains in scholarship.