bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Organisations and the Challenges of Globalisation
Authors: De Senarclens Pierre
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the role of international organisations in the dynamics of globalisation, with a particular focus on their symbolic and normative functions. It highlights the bureaucratic and political constraints on fulfilment of their mandate, and the overriding responsibility of governments in maintaining institutional structures that are incapable of contributing to a significant reduction in mass poverty and environmental degradation. It concludes by asserting the need for new international regulatory controls.
The Pension Scheme in Belarus: Situation Analysis and Perspectives
Authors: Murashkevich Natalia
Published: March 2003

Following a review of the types of pension available in Belarus and the methods used for their calculation, the author analyses the problems facing policymakers. These include the effects of changes in the socio‐economic situation and a disproportionate relation between pension scheme revenues and expenditures. Reforms under way are based on the creation of a three‐level retirement insurance system with the aim of raising pension levels and rationalizing pension finance. Achieving popular assent for the measures required may be difficult.
Contribution evasion: Implications for social security pension schemes
Authors: McGillivray Warren
Published: March 2003

However well‐conceived a contributory national pension programme may be, however sound the economic principles on which it is founded, irrespective of whether it is based on defined benefits or defined contributions or whether it is publicly or privately managed, if participants fail to meet their contribution obligations the pension scheme cannot achieve the objective of providing adequate retirement income for them and their dependants. Contribution evasion has obvious implications for individuals. But it also has implications for the State, which may be importuned to supplement inadequate pensions from general revenues. The nature of contribution evasion and the reasons why contributions are evaded are surveyed. Possible practical measures which have been applied to promote compliance are described and the dangers of contribution evasion to participants and to the State are outlined.
Fiskalischer Wettbewerb und Einkommensumverteilung
Authors: Feld Lars P.
Published: March 2003

Fiscal competition is supposed to lead to the collapse of the welfare state because, first, it will become difficult for a single jurisdiction to levy a redistribution tax upon the rich and mobile, and second, such a policy, if undertaken in one jurisdiction, will attract poor individuals from other jurisdictions and erode the internal redistribution policy. In this paper, theoretical and empirical studies concerning the impact of taxes and transfer payments on residence decisions of taxpayers are reviewed. The relationship of fiscal competition and the erosion of the welfare state is illustrated with aggregate data on income redistribution in Switzerland.
Der riskante Weg zur Professorin. Ein Kommentar zu Hannelore Weck-Hannemanns „Frauen in der Ökonomie und Frauenökonomik“
Authors: Frank Björn
Published: March 2003

Weck-Hannemann (2000) has argued that the sciences differ in the opportunity costs of temporary leave for child raising, determining the fields which women choose for their academic careers. This article argues that this point should be supplemented by other explanations which are at least as plausible as Weck- Hannemann's reasoning. Specifically, it is shown that women are discouraged to a lesser extent than men by the uncertainty of the prospects of finally becoming a tenured professor.
Die Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Eine ökonomische Analyse
Authors: Müller Christian , Tietzel Manfred
Published: March 2003

The suggested changes to German orthography are among last year’s most fervently debated topics. The article identifies the individual and collective costs and benefits of such a change and, from the point of view of standardization economics, inquires into the conditions under which such a reform can be expected to be successful.
Moralische Geste oder Angst vor Boykott? Welche Großunternehmen beteiligten sich aus welchen Gründen an der Entschädigung ehemaliger NS-Zwangsarbeiter?
Authors: Spoerer Mark
Published: March 2003

The German compensation program for former forced labourers in WWII is jointly financed by the German federation and a voluntarily constituted industry fund. The fund requested all German firms to join, regardless of age and role in the war. We explore the motives behind whether or not firms named in the top 500 joined the fund. In contrast to the public rhetoric which placed an emphasis on moral motives, we find that the most significant cause for a firm's decision to join was its export share, and thus its vulnerability to class-action suits and boycott threats. ß
Eine wirkungsorientierte aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland und der Schweiz: Eine Vision – zwei Realitäten
Authors: Lechner Michael
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a scenario of an interaction between actual governmental active labour market programmes and econometric policy evaluations. It argues that this scenario could and indeed should be implemented. The paper shows also that realities in Switzerland and Germany are very different from this ideal situation. The good news is that both countries appear to move - albeit slowly - towards that vision. It is however apparent that currently Germany is considerably lagging behind.
Are there any differences of impression between real objects and their reproductions viewed through CRT displays and video projectors?1
Authors: Miura Kayo , Inoue Hajime , Tominaga Makiko
Published: March 2003

Using wall materials, we compared the impressions of objects when viewed in reality and when reproduced and viewed through visual media: a cathode ray tube (CRT) display and a video projector. The results showed that the materials were evaluated from three different perspectives: evaluation (preference), potency (solidity) and activity (diversity) and that the similarity of the walls was determined according to the two‐dimensional characteristics of visual and tactile textures. Concerning the viewing condition it was found that: (i) a video projector can transmit information about color and pattern, but it cannot transmit enough texture, (ii) a CRT can transmit information about texture such as smoothness, as well as color and pattern, but it gives a tense impression, probably due to the image’s brightness and clarity, and (iii) seeing the objects in reality is the best way to evaluate their visual and factile textures. Although these findings showed the differences among the visual media used, the impression and evaluation of them were similar as a whole. We discussed this similarity of the judgement from the point of view of an observer’s ability to adjust to or to maintain a preset attitude to reproductions.
Failure of Retrospective Inference in Rats' Taste Aversion
Authors: Nakajima Sadahiko , Kawai Nobuyuki
Published: March 2003

Three experiments explored the possibility of retrospective inference in the rat. Experiment 1 revealed that poisoning of an element of a taste compound after single compound poisoning enhanced aversion to the other element, and that presentation of an element without poison after the compound poisoning reduced aversion to the other element. These results were opposite to those predicted by retrospective inference. Experiment 2 eliminated some confounding variables and examined the effect of element poisoning after compound poisoning. The result again was opposite to what the retrospective view predicts. The results, however, accorded with the idea that within‐compound learning was established during compound presentation, and subsequent poisoning or nonpoisoning of one element affected response to the other element via the within‐compound learning. In Experiment 3, the possibility of within‐compound learning was reduced by using sequential presentation of tastes, but there was no indication of retrospective inference even under this condition.
Memorization of Serial Items by Japanese Monkeys, a Chimpanzee, and Humans
Authors: Ohshiba Nobuaki
Published: March 2003

The memorization of serial items was investigated with three Japanese monkeys, a chimpanzee, and six humans. The subjects were trained to touch two to four different‐sized circles in an order determined by the experimenter. Two types of list were presented: monotonic and nonmonotonic. The subjects performed better with monotonic than with nonmonotonic lists, both in terms of the percentage of correct trials and reaction times. The subjects' search strategies were classified as either a serial search or a collective search. The chimpanzee more often used a collective search than a serial search, compared with the Japanese monkeys. This tendency was also prevalent with the human subjects. Therefore, a collective search might be an evolutionarily new cognitive function. A serial search model based on evaluation and motion is proposed, and this could well explain the subjects' reaction times.
Choice model analysis of the “pick any/n” type of binary data
Authors: Takane Yoshio
Published: March 2003

In the “pick any/n” method, subjects are asked to choose any number of items from a list of n items according to some criterion. This kind of data can be analyzed as a special case of either multiple‐choice data or successive categories data where the number of response categories is limited to two. An item response model was proposed for the latter case, which is a combination of an unfolding model and a choice model. The marginal maximum‐likelihood estimation method was developed for parameter estimation to avoid incidental parameters, and an expectation‐maximization algorithm used for numerical optimization. Two examples of analysis are given to illustrate the proposed method, which we call MAXSC.
Controlling the application of the mutual exclusivity assumption in the acquisition of lexical hierarchies
Authors: Haryu Etsuko , Imai Mutsumi
Published: March 2003

The mutual exclusivity assumption is a very useful constraint for learning basic‐level category terms: children can map a novel word on to an object whose label has not yet been learned. It can also help children exclude a newly labeled object from the extension of an originally overextended old category and establish a new category. However, to learn words other than basic‐level category terms, for example subordinate and superordinate category names, this assumption must be overridden. In this paper, to explore under what circumstances children adhere to mutual exclusivity and under what circumstances children override this principle, we discuss two series of studies. One series demonstrated 3½‐year‐old children's failure to consider salient contextual/pragmatic information due to their adherence to mutual exclusivity. In contrast, the second series demonstrated that 36‐month‐old children, by using shape similarity, could override mutual exclusivity and establish a subordinate category. By considering the discrepancy between the two studies, we explore the meta‐mechanism by which young children control the application of mutual exclusivity.
Attenuation of latent inhibition after compound conditioning
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi
Published: March 2003

Using a conditioned suppression procedure with rats, three experiments examined the effects of compound conditioning on the degree of latent inhibition. Experiment 1 suggested that latent inhibition of the preexposed target was not enhanced but rather attenuated when a second stimulus was presented in compound conditioning. Experiment 2 showed that a similar result was obtained when, in subjects given only compound conditioning, the salience of the target was reduced to the level where it was overshadowed by the second stimulus. Experiment 3 proved that addition of the second stimulus only during preexposure, or during both preexposure and conditioning, did not attenuate the latent inhibition to the target. These results are difficult to explain by any model of Pavlovian conditioning which assumes that both latent inhibition and overshadowing effects are a consequence of acquisition deÃcit; other possible accounts are discussed.
Intertask consistency of blood pressure responses to laboratory stressors may increase with prolonged exposure
Authors: Sawada Yukihiro
Published: March 2003

In this study, one of the predictions of the reactivity hypothesis was investigated: the intertask consistency of blood pressure (BP) responses. Twelve young male subjects underwent cold‐pressor (14°C) and digit‐scan (counting even numbers) tests in randomized order. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded during a 2‐min pretask baseline, a 10‐min stressful exposure, and over a 5‐min post‐task baseline. The intertask correlations between the cold pressor and digit scan increased with prolonged exposure and were higher for almost all of the systolic BP measurements than for the diastolic measurements. After prolonged exposure, the hemodynamic mechanisms of BP elevations during the digit scan shifted from an increase in both cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance to solely an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Increased peripheral vascular resistance was the consistent cause of the BP elevations with the cold pressor. Accordingly, the hemodynamic shift on the part of the digit scan seemed to heighten the intertask BP correlations. Some other factors influencing the intertask BP correlations are also discussed.
Standard errors for procrustes solutions
Authors: Ogasawara Haruhiko
Published: March 2003

The asymptotic standard errors for the procrustes solutions are derived for orthogonal rotation, direct oblique rotation and indirect oblique rotation. The standard errors for the first two rotations are obtained using the augmented information matrices. For the indirect oblique solution, the standard errors of rotated parameters are derived from the information matrix of unrotated loadings using the chain rule for information matrices. For all three types of rotation, the standard errors of rotated parameters are presented for unstandardized and standardized manifest variables. Numerical examples show the similarity of theoretical and simulated values.
Constrained multidimensional unfolding of confusion matrices: Goal point and slide vector models
Authors: Adachi Kohei
Published: March 2003

Two constrained multidimensional unfolding models, the goal point and slide vector models, are proposed for analyzing confusion matrices. In both models, the row and column stimuli are expressed as two sets of points in a low‐dimensional space, where the difference vector connecting a column point to the corresponding row point indicates the change in the stimulus representation through a cognitive process. The difference vector is constrained by the hypothesis that the trend in the representational change is invariant across stimuli: the goal point model constrains all difference vectors to point toward a single point, and the slide vector model constrains all difference vectors to be parallel to each other. In both models the coordinates of points are estimated by the maximum‐likelihood method. Examples illustrate that the two models allow us to examine hypotheses about invariant trends in representational changes and to grasp such trends from the resulting configurations.
Physical and conceptual priming effects on picture and word identification
Authors: Matsukawa Junko
Published: March 2003

In the study phase of these experiments, subjects were asked to think of an item suggested by the omission in an incomplete sentence, and then look at a picture or word describing an item and say whether it was the same as theirs. In the test phase, they were asked to identify studied and nonstudied items presented briefly in either picture or word form. Subjects were then required to recall the words or pictures shown in the study phase. Experiment 1, with a within‐subjects design, revealed that the studied pictures were identified more readily than studied words and nonstudied pictures. This indicates a physical priming effect. In word identification, studied words were identified more readily than nonstudied words; however, there was no difference between studied words and studied pictures, and the performance for studied pictures and nonstudied items were largely the same. The physical priming effect on picture identification was also shown in Experiment 2, with a between‐subjects design. Different processing mechanisms in picture and word identification are discussed.
Neuromagnetic signals associated with reading a kanji character formed by combining two kanji radicals
Authors: Imada Toshiaki , Kawakatsu Masaki , Kotani Makoto , Tojo Masaki
Published: March 2003

To find out which brain regions are responsible for the mental construction and recognition of a kanji character initiated by visually presented kanji radicals, rather than by information retained in the memory, a left hen radical and the corresponding right tsukuri radical were simultaneously presented randomly to either the left or right visual field of seven subjects. Thirty left hen radicals and the corresponding right tsukuri radicals were prepared as stimuli; this combination formed over 500 real or pseudo kanji characters. Instead of their usual left and right positions, the left hen radical was always presented above the right tsukuri radical. As quickly and correctly as possible, the subjects released a key when two kanji radicals constituted a single real kanji character and released another key otherwise. We recorded neuromagnetic responses as well as accuracy and reaction time. Left visual field superiority was observed as regards accuracy. This is in good agreement with previous neuropsychological results. Equivalent current dipoles were localized mainly in the left and/or right occipitotemporal regions (ventral visual pathways), the bilateral occipitoparietal regions (dorsal visual pathways) including the supramarginal region, and the areas surrounding the left superior temporal cortex. We suggest that these regions are related to reading and the mental construction of a kanji character from its radicals.
The role of the prefrontal cortex in the go/no‐go task in humans: a positron emission tomography study
Authors: Gondo Yasuyuki , Shimonaka Yoshiko , Senda Michio , Mishina Masahiro , Toyama Hinako
Published: March 2003

To study the localization of response inhibition in the human brain, especially the role of the prefrontal cortex and laterality of its activation, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure regional cerebral blood flow in 11 right‐handed participants while they performed a go/no‐go and a simple control reaction‐time task. In the control task, the participants responded to a target stimulus following a cue stimulus. In the go/no‐go task they were instructed to inhibit the required response if the target stimulus did not appear. These tasks were performed using each hand. The right prefrontal cortex was found to be significantly activated when the go/no‐go task was compared with the control task, regardless of the responding hand. The results indicated that response inhibition per se may be controlled by the right prefrontal cortex regardless of response hand for right‐handed participants.
The effects of sex, self gender type, and partner's gender type on interpersonal adjustment during a first encounter: androgynous and stereotypically sex‐typed couples
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Dohi Itsuko , Yamada Fumio , Miyata Yo
Published: March 2003

The present study compared the effects of sex, self gender type, and partner's gender type on interpersonal adjustment during a 5‐min first encounter of androgynous and stereotypically sex‐typed couples. The 52 subjects were assigned to one of four mixed‐sex couple types: sex‐typed male and female (MF); sex‐typed male and androgynous female (MA); androgynous male and sex‐typed female (AF); and androgynous male and female (AA). Questionnaires (the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Iceberg Profile) and subjects' behaviors during the interaction were assessed. These data were analyzed by sex, self gender type and partner's gender type using a 2 × 2 ×2 analysis of variance. Our hypothesis that androgynous individuals may have better interpersonal relationships was supported by some of our findings. Androgynous individuals may have better interpersonal adjustment.
Enhancement of food aversion by exposure to a poisoned conspecific in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Hishimura Yutaka
Published: March 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether exposure to a poisoned conspecific enhances prior food aversion in rats. In Experiment 1, subjects were serially exposed to two foods, cocoa‐flavored and cinnamon‐flavored ones, and were then poisoned 1 h later. On the next day, they were exposed to a poisoned conspecific that had eaten a cocoa‐flavored food. On the subsequent choice test, subjects had an enhanced aversion to cocoa‐flavored food. The result was replicated in Experiment 2, in which a cinnamon‐flavored food was assigned as a target. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Human perception of verticality: Psychophysical experiments on the centrifuge and their neuronal implications
Authors: Mast Fred W.
Published: March 2003

The role of the otoliths in the perception of verticality is analyzed in two different gravitational environments, 1 g and 1.5 g, and in different roll body positions between upright and upside down. The subjective visual vertical (SVV) is determined when a subject judges the orientation of an indicator as apparently vertical. An increase of g level hardly affects the SVV in the subject's frontal plane (y‐z plane). However, for the first time, a three‐dimensionally adjustable indicator was used for the SVV and this revealed a new phenomenon: An increase of g level induces a backward slant of the SVV into subject's median plane (x‐z plane). The data are discussed with regard to Mittelstaedt's SVV theory; particular emphasis is given to the otolith‐head coordinate transformation and the normalization of afferent otolith components. The results of this study provide evidence that the former is implemented at an earlier level and thus precedes the latter.
The relation of the anger subcomponent of Type A behavior to psychological symptoms in Japanese and foreign students
Authors: Nakano Keiko , Kitamura Toshinori
Published: March 2003

The relations of the Type A behavior subcomponents to psychological symptoms were examined. Participants were 429 Japanese college students and 307 foreign students. Type A behavior was measured by the Everyday Behavior Questionnaire, developed in part from several rating scales and composed of four subcomponents: anger/impatience, speed, competitiveness/hard‐driving, and eagerness/interest. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist was used to measure psychological symptoms. The results of multiple regression analyses on the Type A behavior subcomponents and psychological symptoms indicated strong positive relations between anger/impatience and psychological symptoms, in both Japanese and foreign students. It was concluded that the Type A subcomponents anger and impatience seemed to worsen the psychological health of individuals of various cultural backgrounds.
The relationship between masculinity and the Type A behavior pattern: the moderating effects of femininity
Authors: Dohi Itsuko , Yamada Fumio , Asada Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study was to examine whether a high level of masculinity is associated with the Type A behavior pattern, and whether the level of femininity moderates any main effect for masculinity. The subjects were 743 male and 560 female undergraduate students. In the statistical analysis, we found evidence of the masculinity effect on every Type A score, and a moderating effect of femininity on the “speed‐power” subscale score. We discuss the validity of four models of the functions of masculinity and femininity, and consider the moderating effect of femininity in the light of the interactive androgyny model.
Effects of constrained choice on memory: The extension of the multiple‐cue hypothesis to the self‐choice effect
Authors: Watanabe Tomoyuki
Published: March 2003

The self‐choice effect is the phenomenon whereby self‐chosen items are remembered better than experimenter‐assigned items. This study examined whether the effect occurs when the choice is constrained by cuing, and whether the effect also occurs for unchosen items. In the experiment, 33 participants chose (choice condition) or were assigned (force condition) a target from three alternatives that were followed by a cue sentence as a criterion for the choice. Cue sentences corresponded to any of the three alternatives (free cuing) or to only one (constrained cuing). Participants then engaged in free recall of targets and subsequent recognition of all alternatives (chosen and unchosen items). Memory performance was enhanced by choice regardless of the constraints, but was also enhanced for unchosen items. These results indicate that “free choice” is not always critical for the self‐choice effect, and that multiple cuing involving unchosen items is a plausible account for the retention advantage of choice procedures.
Religious Coping and Church‐Based Social Support as Predictors of Mental Health Outcomes: Testing a Conceptual Model
Authors: Nooney Jennifer , Woodrum Eric
Published: March 2003

This study assesses religious coping and church‐based social support as mechanisms explaining religious benefits to mental health. We build on recent research and test an explanatory model using the 1998 General Social Survey. The model considers both institutional and individual aspects of religiousness, and their interrelations, as predictors of mental health outcomes. It considers negative effects of religion along with the well‐known positive effects. We found that benefits of attendance, a measure of institutional participation, are mediated by church‐based social support. Benefits of prayer, an individual form of religiousness, are mediated by the similarly privatized religious coping. Institutional measures of religion were found to impact individuals’ religious coping styles. Implications are suggested for the scientific study of religion as well as for the applied efforts of clergy, pastoral counselors, and lay church members concerned with improving religious benefits.
Predictors of Religiosity Among Youth Aged 17–22: A Longitudinal Study of the National Survey of Children
Authors: Gunnoe Marjorie Lindner , Moore Kristin A.
Published: March 2003

Predictors of youth religiosity were developed from eight domains: childhood training, religious schooling, cognitive ability, psychodynamic need, parenting style, role models, family life cycle, and background demographics. Data are from the National Survey of Children (NSC). Predictors were assessed when participants were 7–11 and 11–16 years of age. Religiosity was assessed when participants were 17–22 years (N = 1,046). After identifying the best predictors within a domain, an across‐domain regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors' relative contributions. The best predictors of youth religiosity were ethnicity and peers' church attendance during high school. Other predictors were, in order of decreasing magnitude: residence in the south, gender, religious schooling during childhood, maternal religiosity, church attendance during childhood, the importance mothers placed on childhood religious training, and an interaction variable identifying religious mothers who were very supportive. These analyses attest to the primacy of religious role models in the development of youth religiosity.
Believe It Or Not: Religious and Other Paranormal Beliefs in the United States
Authors: Rice Tom W.
Published: March 2003

Paranormal beliefs are often divided between those that are central to traditional Christian doctrine, such as the belief in heaven and hell, and those that are commonly associated with the supernatural or occult, such as the belief in ESP and psychic healing. This study employs data from a recent nationwide random sample general population survey to catalog the social correlates of paranormal beliefs and to examine the relationships between religious and other paranormal beliefs. The results indicate that standard social background factors do a poor job of accounting for who believes in paranormal phenomena and that the importance of specific background factors changes dramatically from phenomenon to phenomenon. The results also show that the correlations between belief in religious phenomena and other paranormal phenomena are largely insignificant. These findings call into question many prevailing theories about paranormal beliefs.
Nature’s Experiments, Society’s Closures
Authors: Leiber Justin
Published: March 2003

The Wild Child, who lives through much of childhood without exposure to language or culture, is exceedingly rare. I examine three of the most famous and most well authenticated cases: Helen Keller, who was isolated from eighteen months until her seventh year; ‘Victor’, the wild boy of the forest near Aveyron, whom Itard studied; and ‘Genie,’ who was isolated from language from age two until the middle of her thirteenth year. Attention is paid both to the development of these individuals and to the conduct and misconceptions of those who examined and trained them. Various morals are drawn, which might also have application to research on non‐human primates.
Adult Sensitivity to Children’s Learning in the Zone of Proximal Development
Authors: Chak Amy
Published: March 2003

Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development (zpd) has brought wide attention to the role of adults in children’s learning and development. The author proposes that beyond understanding its mechanism, its use is influenced by various factors which the adult needs to be sensitive to. Through integrating related literature on the zpd and on adult‐child interactions, this paper aims to shed light on the nature of adult sensitivity in actualizing the zpd. The concept is first analyzed theoretically. Two types of sensitivity will then be discussed: adults’ self‐awareness and their awareness of children as active players in the interaction process. Sigel’s concept of distancing is suggested as a means of enhancing one’s sensitivity.
Intuitions and the Value of a Person
Authors: Haldane John
Published: March 2003

In contemporary moral theory and normative ethics there is frequent recourse to ‘intuitions’ of value. One current instance of this is the appeal in reproductive and population ethics to the thought that the existence of a human being is not as such good or bad. Here the status and substance of this assumption are challenged. In addition, doubt is cast on the value of appeals to intuition where these are not related to some philosophical account of the grounds of value.
On Becoming Redundant or What Computers Shouldn’t Do
Authors: Lenman James
Published: March 2003

I argue here that the development of machines that provide for us what we could previously provide for ourselves may sometimes be a dubious blessing. For the value of many goods is not independent of the way in which they are produced and in particular of the human contribution to their production. With a large range of goods it may matter to us both that people rather than machines contribute to their production and that we ourselves make some such contribution. We have a need to be constructively engaged in the service of our own and one another’s ends. We also have an interest both in the extent to which the society in which we live includes all its members in such engagement and the extent to which the goods we enjoy are the fruits of such inclusive human endeavour. A significant and shared human contribution to the meeting of our needs is itself one of our deepest needs. These thoughts are developed primarily with reference to the values found in art, conversation and work.
Good Soldiers, A Traditional Approach
Authors: Aronovitch Hilliard
Published: March 2003

This article contends that in crucial respects effective soldiers are ethical soldiers, that good soldiers in the military sense are good soldiers in the moral sense, and that this is so for quite traditional reasons. The thesis is defended by identifying and then resolving basic paradoxes regarding what soldiers must be trained to do or be, e.g.: be trained to kill but also not to be brutal; be trained to react in combat situations almost automatically but also to deliberate and decide if a command is unlawful; as peacekeepers, be trained to be impartial but also to know right from wrong and be firmly committed to upholding the former and opposing the latter. It is shown that contradictory things are not really thus being called for. With the aid of a blend of deontology and virtue theory, it is argued that certain standard qualities of effective soldiers have an associated moral dimension. For example, true military courage implies an unwillingness to engage in cruelty; the self‐control on which success of missions depends implies eschewing motives of personal vengeance; and the capacity for comprehending complex equipment and data implies a mentality for assessing the validity of orders.
Gender Conscious
Authors: Baber H. E.
Published: March 2003

Integration has had a bad press in recent years. Feminists and spokesmen for racial and ethnic minorities express concern that the integrationist agenda requires women and members of minorities to divest themselves of features of their “identities” in order to approximate to a restrictive white male ideal which, they hold, should not be a requirement for fair treatment and social benefits. I argue that this concern is unwarranted and that “Integration” with respect to gender, as I shall understand it, is overall more conducive to the happiness of both men and women than what I shall call "Diversity".
Last Rights: the Ethics of Research on the Dead
Authors: Wilkinson T. M.
Published: March 2003

People often have strong views about being the subjects of research after their deaths. Should these views be given any weight and, if so, how much? How could we find out what the views are and what should we do if we cannot? This paper defends the idea of posthumous interests and discusses the significance of those interests for research ethics. It argues that we can be guided by a symmetry between the interests of living and dead people and uses posthumous privacy as an example. It also claims that the weight of those interests might not decline even over long periods of time. The arguments have important implications for the ethics of (amongst others) biomedical, archaeological, anthropological, historical, and sociological research.
Women and Art Education at Birmingham’s Art Schools 1880–1920: Social Class, Opportunity and Aspiration
Authors: Swift John
Published: March 2003

Birmingham’s Art School, through its Central and Branch schools and teaching in elementary schools, offered all art education in the city from the most advanced to the most basic. Its influence was considerable in terms of content, method, selection, progression and opportunity. During the forty year period of increased autonomy and influence, the opportunities available to working and middle class female students is examined in terms of success, difference and opportunity. The factors that contextualised the opportunities – social, cultural, and industrial enable an analysis of the role of female students and staff and interpretations of the evidence.
Gallery of the Future: New Directions in Arts Education
Authors: Baynes Ken
Published: March 2003

The arts at the end of the 20th Century are dynamic: they are playing an increasingly important role in the life of individuals and the structuring of society. But they are also changing dramatically. It is my argument that arts education will need to change practice to match. The aim here is to discuss some of the key changes and values that will require a response from schools. Where do we look for evidence of these changes? Can we say what they are? I believe that we can. There are specific themes or directions now current in the arts which are likely to continue into the future. In the main they stem from the dynamism created by the interaction between art, technology and social change.
Moving Image Media and Future Literacies: The Role of Cineliteracy in Curriculum Development
Authors: Parker David
Published: March 2003

The Education Projects section of the British Film Institute (bfi) is engaged in a range of activities which explore the ways in which moving image media might redefine the current curriculum. In the long term our aim is for this work to effect change at policy level by raising awareness of the educative potential of moving image media both as a means of contextualising other subject areas and as an area of study in its own right. This paper describes the rationale behind one pilot project based in a number of Education Action Zones (EAZs). The aim of the project — called ‘Story Shorts’— is to use films as a resource to develop both print literacy and cineliteracy. After an overview of current research in the area of media and literacy, this paper moves on to describe the ‘Story Shorts’ pilot in some detail. It then focuses on some of the theoretical arguments which suggest this kind of scheme may be a way forward for new curriculum design.
Children's Ethno‐Aesthetic Responses to a Turkish carpet: A Cross‐Cultural Study in Three Cultures
Authors: Stokrocki Mary
Published: March 2003

Through exploratory art criticism, children learn to focus their vision, develop new viewpoints, and exchange ideas. I encouraged children in Turkey, Japan, and on the Navajo Reservation in Northeastern Arizona, United States to explore dimensions of my Turkish carpet. I discovered similarities and differences in their ethno‐aesthetic responses, a group's beliefs and ideas on art and how and why they respond the way they do. The exercise in art criticism began with description, analysis and interpretation questions that served as a springboard for sharing technical information, symbolism, and cultural stories. The paper ends with generated insights not generalised conclusions about changing ethno‐aesthetic meanings and values in traditional cultures.
Power Drawing
Authors: Adams Eileen
Published: March 2003

Power Drawing is the education programme of the Campaign for Drawing initiated by the Guild of St George. Primarily a research and development programme, it focuses on drawing in schools and other educational settings and investigates how the use of drawing can help children and young people learn in a variety of subjects. The intention is to develop a range of strategies, methods and techniques to support learning through drawing. This paper explains the ideas underpinning the programme, how it is organised and the research methods used. It describes and reflects on the experience of the first year of the action research, and comments on some of the satisfactions and tensions that have emerged. It outlines how these will influence further development.
The Effect of Regulatory Announcements on the Cost of Equity Capital of British Telecom
Authors: Antoniou Antonios , Pescetto Gioia M.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the impact of regulatory announcements which affect competition, pricing policy and the supply of services in the telecommunications industry on British Telecom's (BT) systematic risk, as measured by the beta coefficient of a market model. Changes in investors' perception of a company's systematic risk will of course also change its cost of equity capital. Since BT's beta coefficient is found to be unstable over the estimation period, the market model is estimated using a time‐varying parameter model. The results suggest that announcements which allow the price of BT's services to increase and announcements affecting its supply of services are likely to have an impact on BT's cost of equity capital, since they affect the investor's perception of BT's systematic risk. However, our analysis does not detect any effect from the other types of announcements tested. Further examination of the individual announcements included in the groups reveals that, within the non‐significant groups, many individual announcements are significant, but they affect beta in opposite directions and thus no prediction can be made on the sign of their aggregated impact. These findings suggest that when one company dominates the industry, such as in the case of the UK telecommunications industry, the actions of the regulator do not always have the expected effect and problems of regulatory capture are likely to be present.
An Empirical Study of Volatility in Seven Southeast Asian Stock Markets Using ARV Models
Authors: So Mike K.P. , Lam K. , Li W.K.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the volatility persistence, volatility variability from day to day and transmission of volatility in seven Southeast Asian stock markets from 1980 to 1991 using the ARV approach. We found strong evidence that shocks to volatility are persistent in Taiwan. Moreover, the Stock Exchange of Thailand Daily Index has the strongest interday volatility fluctuation. Instantaneous causality of volatility among six of the seven markets (except Seoul) was discovered. Besides, there is significant volatility spillover effect from Hong Kong to Taiwan, Malaysia to Singapore and Singapore to Malaysia in the period 1980 to 1991.
Detecting Information from Directors' Trades: Signal Definition and Variable Size Effects
Authors: Gregory Alan , Matatko John , Tonks Ian
Published: March 2003

There have been three empirical studies examining the share price reaction following trades by directors of UK companies (King and Poell, 1988; Pope, Morris and Peel, 1990; and Gregory, Matatko, Tonks and Pukiss, 1994). All three of these UK studies used different definitions of ‘buy’ and ‘sell’ signals resulting from the transactions of directors and employ different controls to detect the presence of any ‘size effects’. We investigate whether the signal definition explains the different conclusions drawn by these earlier studies, and examine whether or not any observed abnormal returns are explicable by the small companies effect. We also investigate trading strategies based on holding a long portfolio of shares purchased or a short portfolio of shares sold by directors held until the end of the study period or until a ‘reserving event’ (e.g. a sale following a purchase by director[s] is observed).
Glamour and Value Strategies on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Authors: Cai Jun
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates the performance of glamour and value strategies and tests the extrapolation model for the Japanese equity market. In general, value stocks outperform glamour stocks by between 6 and 12 percent per annum for the five years after portfolio formation. Evidence from past, future and expected growth provides strong support for the story developed in Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994). It is difficult to attribute the value premia to the difference, if any, in risk factors. In addition, the book‐to‐market premium is much closer to an arbitrage opportunity than the size premium.
The Impact of Settlement Procedures on Day‐of‐the‐week Effects: Evidence from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
Authors: Clare A.D. , Ibrahim M.S.B. , Thomas S.H.
Published: March 2003

Using daily data from 1983 to 1993 for the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index (KLSI) we examine the day‐of‐the‐week effect. Our initial findings indicate that there is a marginally significant negative Monday effect (in keeping with US studies) and a significant positive Wednesday and Thursday effect for the whole period. We consider a number of possible explanations for these results including the impact of: closed market effects; the time zone hypothesis; market size and price; the January Effect; and the possibility of mismeasured risk. However, we believe that the most likely cause of the seasonal effects documented between 1983 and 1993, can be traced to the pre‐1990 settlement procedures on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange since we find that after this date nearly all of the seasonal variation in daily stock returns disappears. Thus we highlight in this paper the importance of considering the microstructure of financial markets in empirical tests of apparent market anomalies.
Cross‐sectional Variation in Price Anticipation of Earnings
Authors: Donnelly Raymond
Published: March 2003

Estimates of the earnings response coefficient (ERC) can be improved by including leading returns in return‐earnings models. This improvement in estimated ERC can be used to measure price anticipation of earnings. It is posited that this price anticipation is related to the information environment of a firm. Theories and prior empirical research pertaining to the information environment (e.g. Bhushan, 1989; Frankel et al., 1994) are used to identify three variables, breadth of trading, capital issues and volatility of returns, which potentially determine the extent of price anticipation of earnings. The empirical tests suggest that the tendency of prices to lead earnings is negatively related to thin trading and is positively related to the propensity for external financing and return volatility in the year immediately prior to that to which the anticipated earnings pertain.
Earnings Management Using Asset Sales: An International Study of Countries Allowing Noncurrent Asset Revaluation
Authors: Black Ervin L. , Sellers Keith F. , Manly Tracy S.
Published: March 2003

Bartov (1993) demonstrates that US firms time asset sales to smooth income and affect debt/equity relationships. This study examines earnings management behavior through asset sales in countries that allow asset revaluation: Australia/New Zealand (ANZ) and the United Kingdom (UK). Earnings management behavior differs across these two country groups when their accounting rules differed prior to 1993, but is similar during the 1993–95 period when the UK implemented FRS 3. The results also find that revaluer companies do not use asset sales to smooth income in ANZ nor in the UK after FRS 3 was implemented in 1993. UK revaluers (prior to FRS 3) and both countries’ non‐revaluers sell assets consistent with income smoothing.
Do Investors Expect Mean Reversion in Asset Prices?
Authors: Fraser Patricia , McKaig Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the existence and source of equilibrium mean reversion in UK non‐financial and financial asset prices over the period 6 April, 1981, through 31 October, 1995. Our results indicate substantial expected transitory components in commodity and metals markets but report expected mean reversion for financial assets only at the near to maturity horizons. Implied cash flow yields appear to have a role in driving the mean reverting process particularly at short horizons while the role of interest rate movements varied across assets and across maturities. Our results reject the existence of a common risk premium across market term structures.
Quarterly Earnings Announcements and Market Risk Adjustments
Authors: Hsieh Su‐Jane , Jerris Scott I. , Kross William
Published: March 2003

We examine (1) whether there is a shift in beta for individual securities around quarterly earnings announcements, and (2) whether these beta changes relate to certain characteristics of the firms. We find a statistically significant upward (downward) beta shift during the two‐day earnings announcement period for 25 per cent (9 per cent) of a sample of 195 US firms. We also find that the beta shift at the time of the earnings announcement is significantly higher for small firms (i.e., more precise announcements).