bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐water mark fee structure in variable annuities
Authors: Landriault David , Li Bin , Li Dongchen , Wang Yumin
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a novel high‐water mark fee structure and investigates its impact on the marketability of variable annuities. To evaluate the welfare effects of holding a variable annuity, we adopt mean‐variance analysis. By also examining the welfare effects of holding two alternative investments, we introduce a quantitative measure, namely a compatible set of risk aversions, to assess the marketability of the variable annuity under a certain fee structure. Comparing the compatible sets and the welfare effects of holding the variable annuity under the high‐water mark fee structure with those under a constant and a state‐dependent fee structure, we find that the high‐water mark fee structure improves the variable annuity's marketability in two aspects: First, it makes the variable annuity preferable to the alternative investments for a broader range of policyholders. Second, when the variable annuity is preferred over the alternative investments, it produces the highest welfare for the policyholder.
Dental pain management with prescription opioids by nondental healthcare professionals in a healthcare system network
Authors: Rigert Jillian M. , Napenas Joel J. , Wally Meghan , Odum Susan , Yu Ziqing , Runyon Michael , Hsu Joseph R. , Seymour Rachel B. ,   the PRIMUM Group
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Patients with dental pain seek treatment in Urgent and Emergency Care settings by physicians and advanced practice practitioners (APPs) unable to provide definitive care, often relying on prescriptions for pain management including opioids. In the face of an opioid epidemic, this study assessed the impact of an electronic health record (EHR) clinical decision support tool to identify patients at high risk for opioid misuse using objective, evidence‐based criteria, and guide safer prescribing.

Methods

Dental pain encounters occurring between January 2016 and June 2018 within our healthcare system were identified and linked to the database supporting a real‐time clinical decision support intervention, Prescription Reporting with Immediate Medication Utilization Mapping (PRIMUM), to characterize opioid prescribing patterns and prescribers' response to alert. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed.

Results

There were 30,649 dental pain encounters of which opioids were written in 45.5 percent (N = 13,957) encounters. A total of 16.6 percent of patients prescribed an opioid had a risk factor for misuse and triggered the PRIMUM alert at the point of care. In response to the PRIMUM alert (N = 2,501 encounters), clinician decision‐making was influenced in 9.5 percent (N = 237) of encounters, which was defined by cancelation of the original opioid prescription. Of those 9.5 percent encounters, 48.1 percent (N = 114) resulted in no opioid prescription written.

Conclusions

There is potential for a clinical decision support tool embedded in the EHR to guide safer prescribing practice by alerting providers to objective, evidence‐based risk characteristics at the point of care.
Melatonin effects on bone: Implications for use as a therapy for managing bone loss
Authors: Munmun Fahima , Witt‐Enderby Paula A.
Published: June 2021

Melatonin is the primary circadian output signal from the brain and is mainly synthesized in pinealocytes. The rhythm and secretion of melatonin are under the control of an endogenous oscillator located in the SCN or the master biological clock. Disruptions in circadian rhythms by shift work, aging, or light at night are associated with bone loss and increased fracture risk. Restoration of nocturnal melatonin peaks to normal levels or therapeutic levels through timed melatonin supplementation has been demonstrated to provide bone‐protective actions in various models. Melatonin is a unique molecule with diverse molecular actions targeting melatonin receptors located on the plasma membrane or mitochondria or acting independently of receptors through its actions as an antioxidant or free radical scavenger to stimulate osteoblastogenesis, inhibit osteoclastogenesis, and improve bone density. Its additional actions on entraining circadian rhythms and improving quality of life in an aging population coupled with its safety profile make it an ideal therapeutic candidate for protecting against bone loss in susceptible populations. The intent of this review is to provide a focused discussion on bone loss and disorders of the bone as it relates to melatonin and conditions that modify melatonin levels with the hope that future therapies include those that include melatonin and correct those factors that modify melatonin levels like circadian disruption.
Review on characteristics of trained sensory panels in food science
Authors: Djekic Ilija , Lorenzo José M. , Munekata Paulo E. S. , Gagaoua Mohammed , Tomasevic Igor
Published: June 2021

Sensory analysis has been, is, and will be one of the most important methods in judging food quality. As such, it is an evaluation tool involving human subjects with specific skills to conduct assigned series of tests. This review outlines main characteristics of 179 trained panels published in 16 selected scientific journals in the last 12 months, as well as training methods used for panelists, and type of sensory studies employed. The results reveal that two thirds of the panels have between eight and twelve members, with gender data provided in half of the papers. Overall duration of their initial training is presented only in around 20% of reviewed publications. When provided, duration was below 2 hr per session involving up to 10 sessions. One third of papers confirmed to have conducted training of the panel for methods employed, while almost half used experienced human subjects with no further data. Around 12% of all manuscripts have validated training of their sensory panel, while 20% of papers covered at least one criterion for assessment of their panels' performance. The majority of papers (80%) used descriptive methods, mainly with intensity scales. It is of note that 15% of papers used hedonic tests typical for consumer studies. Almost half of the scholars conducted their research in triplicates (41.3%) while almost one quarter (24%) provided no data on this subject. Type of food analyzed has no effects on the quality of data provided regarding panels, training, sensory methods, and replications.
Controlled spawning and rearing of the sea cucumber, Parastichopus tremulus
Authors: Schagerström Ellen , Christophersen Gyda , Sunde Jan , Bakke Snorre , Matusse Nédia R. , Dupont Sam , Sundell Kristina S.
Published: June 2021

The red sea cucumber, Parastichopus tremulus, a cold water species with commercial potential, has recently attracted attention for wild harvest as well as for potential use in integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture in Scandinavian countries. Overharvesting has put natural stocks of sea cucumbers at risk in several countries. Our goal was to develop a rearing protocol for P. tremulus to enable sustainable production of this species. This study presents results from spawning and larval rearing conducted in both Norway (NO) and Sweden (SWE) during May–August 2019. We describe spawning induction and behavior, fertilization success, embryonic and auricularia larval development rate for this species under laboratory conditions. The larvae were fed a mixture of three species of live microalgae (SWE) and algal paste (NO). Larval development rate and survival were monitored at four different temperatures (7, 10, 13, and 16°C). Results showed faster development with increasing temperature. Daily food consumption rate was highest at the highest temperature. The combined effects of temperature and food availability on survival were investigated for the same four temperatures and three different feed concentrations. Only food availability affected the mortality rate, with the highest mortality in the low feeding regime of 1,000–2,000 cells ml−1 day−1.
Characteristics of candidemia in COVID‐19 patients; increased incidence, earlier occurrence and higher mortality rates compared to non‐COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Kayaaslan Bircan , Eser Fatma , Kaya Kalem Ayşe , Bilgic Zeynep , Asilturk Dilek , Hasanoglu Imran , Ayhan Muge , Tezer Tekce Yasemin , Erdem Deniz , Turan Sema , Mumcuoglu Ipek , Guner Rahmet
Published: June 2021

Severe COVID‐19 patients in ICU are at high risk for candidemia due to exposure to multiple risk factors for candidemia. We aimed to compare the incidence of candidemia in ICU patients with and without COVID‐19, and to investigate epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of candidemia patients and risk factors for mortality in candidemia patients. This retrospective study was conducted in patients followed in the ICUs of Ankara City Hospital for 2 years, divided into pre‐pandemic and pandemic periods. The incidence (event per 1000 patient‐days) and epidemiology of candidemia, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were compared in COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 groups. Candidemia incidence was higher in the COVID‐19 group (2.16, 95% CI 1.77–2.60) than the non‐COVID‐19 group (1.06, 95% CI 0.89–0.125) (p < .001). A total of 236 candidemia episodes (105 in COVID‐19 patients and 131 in non‐COVID‐19 patients) were detected during the study periods. COVID‐19 cases had a higher rate of corticosteroid use (63.8% vs. 9.9%, p < .001). Epidemiology of candidemia and antifungal susceptibility were similar. Candidemia developed 2 weeks earlier in COVID‐19 groups and resulted in higher mortality (92.5% vs. 79.4%, p .005). One‐third of candidemia patients died before receiving any antifungal treatment, and this rate was higher in the COVID‐19 group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, corticosteroid use, presence of sepsis and age older than 65 years were independent risk factors for mortality in candidemia patients. Candidemia with high mortality is a more serious problem for COVID‐19 patients due to its increased incidence, earlier occurrence and a higher rate of mortality.
Germanness and religious universalism in the aftermath of the 1844 Trier pilgrimage
Authors: Kojman Tamar
Published: June 2021

In 1844, an exhibition of a holy relic at the Trier cathedral elicited public outrage, resulting in the foundation of a new anti‐clerical confession, the German Catholics (Deutschkatholiken). This article examines conceptions of Germanness generated by the supra‐confessional public debate that followed by analysing journal publications of contrasting religious affiliations from 1844–1846. I argue that in the context of extensive and highly politicised religious deliberation, confessional divergence was not just decried as an obstacle to unity that had to be overcome but also enshrined as a mark of German singularity. Across confessional divides, the condition of disunity was thought to manifest a unique German aptitude for spiritual exploration and resistance to institutional rigidity. These qualities singled out the Germans for a spiritual quest in search of an ultimate, universal religious creed. This finding raises important questions on the interaction between inclusionary and exclusionary elements in ethnic and national identities formed in the context of internal diversity, as well as their positioning within universalistic structures.
Low FODMAPs diet or usual dietary advice for the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: An open‐labeled randomized trial
Authors: Rivière Pauline , Vauquelin Blandine , Rolland Emiliane , Melchior Chloé , Roman Sabine , Bruley des Varannes Stanislas , Mion François , Gourcerol Guillaume , Sacher‐Huvelin Sylvie , Zerbib Frank
Published: June 2021

Background

The low FODMAPs (fermentable oligo‐, di‐, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet improves lower gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients suffering from proton pump inhibitor (PPI) refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have limited treatment options. We investigated the efficacy of a low FODMAPs diet in patients with PPI refractory GERD.

Methods

This multicenter, randomized, open‐label study compared the efficacy of a 4‐week low FODMAPs diet and usual dietary advice (ie, low‐fat diet and head of bed elevation) in patients with symptomatic PPI refractory GERD, defined by a Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) score >3 and abnormal pH‐impedance monitoring on PPIs. The primary endpoint was the percentage of responders (RDQ ≤3) at the end of the diet.

Results

Thirty‐one patients (55% women, median age 45 years) were included, 16 randomized in the low FODMAPs diet group and 15 in the usual dietary advice group. Adherence to the assigned diet was good, with a significant difference in the FODMAPs intake per day between the low FODMAPs diet (2.5 g) and the usual dietary advice group (13 g) (p < 0.001). There was no difference in response rates (RDQ score ≤3) between the low FODMAPs diet (6/16, 37.5%) and usual dietary advice (3/15, 20%) groups (p = 0.43). Total RDQ score and dyspepsia subscore decreased significantly over time in both groups (p = 0.002), with no difference according to the assigned diet group (p = 0.85).

Conclusion

Low FODMAPs diet and usual dietary advice have similar but limited beneficial effects on symptoms in patients with PPI refractory GERD.
The crystal structure of SnTox3 from the necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum reveals a unique effector fold and provides insight into Snn3 recognition and pro‐domain protease processing of fungal effectors
Authors: Outram Megan A. , Sung Yi‐Chang , Yu Daniel , Dagvadorj Bayantes , Rima Sharmin A. , Jones David A. , Ericsson Daniel J. , Sperschneider Jana , Solomon Peter S. , Kobe Bostjan , Williams Simon J.
Published: June 2021

Plant pathogens cause disease through secreted effector proteins, which act to promote infection. Typically, the sequences of effectors provide little functional information and further targeted experimentation is required. Here, we utilized a structure/function approach to study SnTox3, an effector from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, which causes cell death in wheat‐lines carrying the sensitivity gene Snn3.

We developed a workflow for the production of SnTox3 in a heterologous host that enabled crystal structure determination and functional studies. We show this approach can be successfully applied to study effectors from other pathogenic fungi.

The β‐barrel fold of SnTox3 is a novel fold among fungal effectors. Structure‐guided mutagenesis enabled the identification of residues required for Snn3 recognition. SnTox3 is a pre‐pro‐protein, and the pro‐domain of SnTox3 can be cleaved in vitro by the protease Kex2. Complementing this, an in silico study uncovered the prevalence of a conserved motif (LxxR) in an expanded set of putative pro‐domain‐containing fungal effectors, some of which can be cleaved by Kex2 in vitro.

Our in vitro and in silico study suggests that Kex2‐processed pro‐domain (designated here as K2PP) effectors are common in fungi and this may have broad implications for the approaches used to study their functions.
Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata
Authors: Band Leah R.
Published: June 2021

Characterising the processes that control auxin dynamics is essential to understanding how auxin regulates plant development. Over recent years, several studies have investigated auxin diffusion through plasmodesmata, characterising this cell‐to‐cell diffusion and demonstrating that it affects auxin distributions. Furthermore, studies have shown that plasmodesmatal auxin diffusion affects developmental processes, including phototropism, lateral root emergence and leaf hyponasty. This short Tansley Insight review describes how these studies have contributed to our understanding of auxin dynamics and discusses potential future directions in this area.
Effect of exercise training before and after bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bellicha Alice , van Baak Marleen A. , Battista Francesca , Beaulieu Kristine , Blundell John E. , Busetto Luca , Carraça Eliana V. , Dicker Dror , Encantado Jorge , Ermolao Andrea , Farpour‐Lambert Nathalie , Pramono Adriyan , Woodward Euan , Oppert Jean‐Michel
Published: June 2021

We aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise training programs in adults with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. A systematic search of controlled trials published up to October 2019 that assigned participants to either a preoperative or postoperative exercise training group or a nonexercise group was performed. Meta‐analyses were conducted using random‐effects models. Twenty‐two training programs were assessed (18 performed after bariatric surgery). The effect of preoperative exercise training on postsurgery outcomes was reported in only one study. Compared with the control condition without exercise, postoperative exercise training led to higher weight loss (N = 14, mean difference [95% CI] = −1.8 [−3.2; −0.4] kg,P = 0.01), fat loss (N = 9,P = 0.01), increase in VO2max (N = 8,P < 0.0001), and increase in muscle strength (N = 9,P < 0.0001). No significant effect was found on lean body mass (N = 11). Preliminary evidence suggests a beneficial effect of postoperative exercise training on bone mineral density (N = 3,P < 0.001) and weight maintenance after the end of the intervention (N = 2,P < 0.001) but no significant effect on quality of life (N = 2), habitual physical activity (N = 2), or cardiometabolic outcomes (N < 4). In conclusion, exercise training performed after bariatric surgery improves physical fitness and leads to a small additional weight and fat loss and may prevent bone loss and weight regain after bariatric surgery.
Metabolomics reveals microbial‐derived metabolites associated with immunoglobulin E responses in filaggrin‐related atopic dermatitis
Authors: Chiu Chih‐Yung , Lin Gigin , Wang Chia‐Jung , Hung Shuen‐Iu , Chung Wen‐Hung
Published: June 2021

Background

Filaggrin (FLG) gene mutation and immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated sensitization are the most important predictors of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, a metabolomics‐based approach to address the metabolic impact of FLG mutations on allergic IgE responses for AD is still lacking. We, though, determine the relationships of metabolic profiles in AD with FLG mutations and allergic responses.

Methods

Eighty‐one children with adolescent AD (n = 58) and healthy controls (n = 23) were prospectively enrolled. Mutations in the filaggrin gene were identified using whole‐exome sequencing, and plasma metabolic profiles were determined using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Integrative analyses of their associations related to total serum IgE levels were performed, and further metabolic functional pathways for AD were also assessed.

Results

Metabolites contributed to the separation between AD and controls were identified using the supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis (Q2/R2 = 0.90, Ppermutation <0.001). Nitrogen and amino acid metabolisms for energy production, and microbe‐related methane and propanoate metabolisms were significantly associated with AD compared with healthy controls (FDR‐adjusted p < .05). Five of fifteen metabolites related to FLG mutations were positively correlated with total serum IgE levels. Among them, dimethylamine and isopropanol were strongly associated with methane metabolism and propanoate metabolism, respectively, in AD with FLG mutations (FDR‐adjusted p < .01).

Conclusion

A strong correlation of microbial‐derived metabolites, dimethylamine and isopropanol, with FLG mutations and IgE allergic reactions provides the influence of host genetics on the microbiome to regulate susceptibility to allergic responses in the pathogenesis of AD.
Comparison of midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters to reduce the need for general anesthesia in children with respiratory disease: A feasibility randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kleidon Tricia M. , Schults Jessica A. , Wainwright Claire , Mihala Gabor , Gibson Victoria , Saiyed Masnoon , Byrnes Joshua , Cattanach Paula , Macfarlane Fiona , Graham Nicolette , Shevill Elizabeth , Ullman Amanda J.
Published: June 2021

Background

The optimal intravenous device for antibiotic administration for children with respiratory disease is uncertain. We assessed the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial comparing midline catheters with peripherally inserted central catheters.

Methods

Prospective, two‐arm, feasibility randomized controlled trial in an Australian tertiary, pediatric hospital. Random assignment of 110 children (<18 years) to receive (i) midline catheter and (ii) peripherally inserted central catheters. Primary outcome was feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, protocol adherence, and acceptability), and the primary clinical outcome was general anesthesia requirement for intravenous catheter insertion. Secondary outcomes: insertion time, treatment delays, infusion efficiency, device failure, complications, and cost.

Results

There was 80% recruitment, 100% retention, no missing data, and high patient/staff acceptability. Mean patient experience assessed on a 0–10 numeric rating scale was 8.0 peripherally inserted central catheters and 9.0 (midline catheters), respectively. Participant eligibility was not achieved (49% of screened patients) and moderate protocol‐adherence across groups (89% peripherally inserted central catheters vs. 76% midline catheter). Insertion of midline catheter for pulmonary optimization reduced the requirement for general anesthesia compared to peripherally inserted central catheters (10% vs. 69%; odds ratio = 0.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.00–0.09). Midline catheters failed more frequently (18.1 vs. 5.5 peripherally inserted central catheters per 1000 catheter‐days); however, this reduced over trial duration. Midline catheter insertion compared to peripherally inserted central catheters saved AUD$1451 per pulmonary optimization episode.

Conclusions

An efficacy trial is feasible with expanded eligibility criteria and intensive staff training when introducing a new device. Midline catheter for peripherally compatible infusions is acceptable to patients and staff, might negate the need for general anesthesia and results in significant cost savings.
Bioactive peptides from microalgae: Focus on anti‐cancer and immunomodulating activity
Authors: Skjånes Kari , Aesoy Reidun , Herfindal Lars , Skomedal Hanne
Published: June 2021

In addition to the rapidly expanding field of using microalgae for food and feed, microalgae represent a tremendous potential for new bioactive compounds with health‐promoting effects. One field where new therapeutics is needed is cancer therapy. As cancer therapy often cause severe side effects and loose effect due to development of drug resistance, new therapeutic agents are needed. Treating cancer by modulating the immune response using peptides has led to unprecedented responses in patients. In this review, we want to elucidate the potential for microalgae as a source of new peptides for possible use in cancer management. Among the limited studies on anti‐cancer effects of peptides, positive results were found in a total of six different forms of cancer. The majority of studies have been performed with different strains of Chlorella, but effects have also been found using peptides from other species. This is also the case for peptides with immunomodulating effects and peptides with other health‐promoting effects (e.g., role in cardiovascular diseases). However, the active peptide sequence has been determined in only half of the studies. In many cases, the microalga strain and the cultivation conditions used for producing the algae have not been reported. The low number of species that have been explored, as opposed to the large number of species available, is a clear indication that the potential for new discoveries is large. Additionally, the availability and cost‐effectiveness of microalgae make them attractive in the search for bioactive peptides to prevent cancer.
Effectiveness of two sensory‐based health education methods on oral hygiene of adolescent with autism spectrum disorders: An interventional study
Authors: Krishnan Lakshmi , Iyer Kiran , Kumar Parangimalai Divakar Madan
Published: June 2021

Aim

This study was undertaken with an aim to evaluate the effectiveness of two sensory‐based interventions namely – Visual pedagogy and Mobile based application (Brush Up) on oral health education in promoting oral health status among 13–17 year old school going adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Chennai city.

Methodology

An interventional parallel arm study consisting of 13‐ to 17‐year‐old school going adolescent with ASD in Chennai city. Plaque Index (Sillness and Loe, 1964) and gingival index (Loe and Sillness, 1963) were assessed at baseline, 6th week and after 12th week.

Results

A significant difference in plaque (p = < 0.001) and gingival scores (p = < 0.001) were seen among the groups after 6 and 12 weeks post‐intervention. There was no statistically significant difference in dental plaque (p = 0.912, 1.023, 0.812) and gingival scores (p = 0.932, 0.264, 0.283) between the groups at all the timelines.

Conclusion

In this present study we found that both the visual cards and mobile based application (Brush Up) had significantly reduced the dental plaque and gingival scores; hence both the modalities can be used as an effective tool in educating these children and thus improve their oral hygiene.
Dietary supplements usage by elite female football players: an exploration of current practices
Authors: Oliveira Catarina B. , Sousa Mónica , Abreu Rodrigo , Ferreira Ângela , Figueiredo Pedro , Rago Vincenzo , Teixeira Vitor Hugo , Brito João
Published: June 2021

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplements usage (types, reasons for usage, sources of information, purchase venues) among elite female football players, using a self‐administered questionnaire. The study participants (n = 103) were recruited through team physicians during an official international tournament. Overall, 82% reported using dietary supplements at least once during the last 12 months. The most common dietary supplements were vitamin D (52%), omega‐3 fatty acids (49%), and protein (45%). Primary reasons for dietary supplement use were to stay healthy (66%), to accelerate recovery (58%), and to increase energy/reduce fatigue (54%). Supplement advice came mainly from medical doctors (46%), dietitians/nutritionists (43%), and coaches/fitness coaches (41%). Most dietary supplements were acquired from supplement stores (30%), a sponsor (26%), or drugstores/pharmacies (22%). Elite female football players are frequent dietary supplement users. Further research needs to explore the frequency, dose, and timing of these supplements.
Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes
Authors: Żerebecki Bartosz G. , Opree Suzanna J. , Hofhuis Joep , Janssen Susanne
Published: June 2021

Until recently, western TV programming rarely featured sexual or ethnic minority members; if present, their representation was mostly negative. Increasingly, though, diverse characters start to play likeable protagonists as well. Thus, television can promote negative diversity attitudes and, at other times, positive ones. The present article reviews and connects theories and research from sociology, psychology, and media and communication studies to clarify the role of television in diversity attitudes formation and to identify directions for future research. Specifically, two research questions are addressed. First, through which processes does television influence diversity attitudes? Second, what features of TV shows contribute to positive diversity attitudes formation among viewers, according to different theories of television effects? Findings indicate that television can entrench existing negative diversity attitudes through the echo chamber phenomenon. However, TV content featuring numerous, likeable, attractive, and typical minority characters that have friendly interactions with the rest of society can promote positive diversity attitudes. Future research should study openness to view content with minority characters, examine the effects of the complete video media diets, check media effects in non‐western countries, explore media effects in longitudinal studies and investigate what constitutes attractive, likeable, and typical representation of ethnic and sexual minorities.
A forward genetics approach integrating genome‐wide association study and expression quantitative trait locus mapping to dissect leaf development in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Miculan Mara , Nelissen Hilde , Ben Hassen Manel , Marroni Fabio , Inzé Dirk , Pè Mario Enrico , Dell’Acqua Matteo
Published: June 2021

The characterization of the genetic basis of maize (Zea mays) leaf development may support breeding efforts to obtain plants with higher vigor and productivity. In this study, a mapping panel of 197 biparental and multiparental maize recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was analyzed for multiple leaf traits at the seedling stage. RNA sequencing was used to estimate the transcription levels of 29 573 gene models in RILs and to derive 373 769 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and a forward genetics approach combining these data was used to pinpoint candidate genes involved in leaf development. First, leaf traits were correlated with gene expression levels to identify transcript–trait correlations. Then, leaf traits were associated with SNPs in a genome‐wide association (GWA) study. An expression quantitative trait locus mapping approach was followed to associate SNPs with gene expression levels, prioritizing candidate genes identified based on transcript–trait correlations and GWAs. Finally, a network analysis was conducted to cluster all transcripts in 38 co‐expression modules. By integrating forward genetics approaches, we identified 25 candidate genes highly enriched for specific functional categories, providing evidence supporting the role of vacuolar proton pumps, cell wall effectors, and vesicular traffic controllers in leaf growth. These results tackle the complexity of leaf trait determination and may support precision breeding in maize.
Brauer groups and Galois cohomology of commutative ring spectra
Authors: Gepner David , Lawson Tyler
Published: June 2021

In this paper we develop methods for classifying Baker, Richter, and Szymik's Azumaya algebras over a commutative ring spectrum, especially in the largely inaccessible case where the ring is nonconnective. We give obstruction-theoretic tools, constructing and classifying these algebras and their automorphisms with Goerss–Hopkins obstruction theory, and give descent-theoretic tools, applying Lurie's work on$\infty$-categories to show that a finite Galois extension of rings in the sense of Rognes becomes a homotopy fixed-point equivalence on Brauer spaces. For even-periodic ring spectra$E$, we find that the ‘algebraic’ Azumaya algebras whose coefficient ring is projective are governed by the Brauer–Wall group of$\pi _0(E)$, recovering a result of Baker, Richter, and Szymik. This allows us to calculate many examples. For example, we find that the algebraic Azumaya algebras over Lubin–Tate spectra have either four or two Morita equivalence classes, depending on whether the prime is odd or even, that all algebraic Azumaya algebras over the complex K-theory spectrum$KU$are Morita trivial, and that the group of the Morita classes of algebraic Azumaya algebras over the localization$KU[1/2]$is$\mathbb {Z}/8\times \mathbb {Z}/2$. Using our descent results and an obstruction theory spectral sequence, we also study Azumaya algebras over the real K-theory spectrum$KO$which become Morita-trivial$KU$-algebras. We show that there exist exactly two Morita equivalence classes of these. The nontrivial Morita equivalence class is realized by an ‘exotic’$KO$-algebra with the same coefficient ring as$\mathrm {End}_{KO}(KU)$. This requires a careful analysis of what happens in the homotopy fixed-point spectral sequence for the Picard space of$KU$, previously studied by Mathew and Stojanoska.
Differential weight loss with intermittent fasting or daily calorie restriction in low‐ and high‐fitness phenotypes
Authors: Davis Ashley E. , Smyers Mark E. , Beltz Lisa , Mehta Devanshi M. , Britton Steven L. , Koch Lauren G. , Novak Colleen M.
Published: June 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

How does intrinsic aerobic capacity impact weight loss with 50% daily caloric restriction and alternate‐day fasting?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Intermittent fasting is effective for weight loss in rats with low fitness, which highlights the importance of how intermittent fasting interacts with aerobic fitness.

Recent interest has focused on the benefits of time‐restricted feeding strategies, including intermittent fasting, for weight loss. It is not yet known whether intermittent fasting is more effective than daily caloric restriction at stimulating weight loss and how each is subject to individual differences. Here, rat models of leanness and obesity, artificially selected for intrinsically high (HCR) and low (LCR) aerobic capacity, were subjected to intermittent fasting and 50% calorie restrictive diets in two separate experiments using male rats. The lean, high‐fitness HCR and obesity‐prone, low‐fitness LCR rats underwent 50% caloric restriction while body weight and composition were monitored. The low‐fitness LCR rats were better able to retain lean mass than the high‐fitness HCR rats, without significantly different proportional loss of weight or fat. In a separate experiment using intermittent fasting in male HCR and LCR rats, alternate‐day fasting induced significantly greater loss of weight and fat mass in LCR compared with HCR rats, although the HCR rats had a more marked reduction in ad libitum daily food intake. Altogether, this suggests that intermittent fasting is an effective weight‐loss strategy for those with low intrinsic aerobic fitness; however, direct comparison of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting is warranted to determine any differential effects on energy expenditure in lean and obesity‐prone phenotypes.
Rails on Elastic Foundations Under the Influence of High-Speed Traveling Loads
Authors: Criner H. E. , McCann G. D.
Published: June 2021

This paper presents an electric-analog-computer technique for the analysis of beams on elastic foundations that are subjected to traveling loads. This method is applicable to the study of such conditions as nonuniform beams, load magnitude and velocity variations, and such nonlinear conditions as the beam leaving contact with the foundation for upward deflections. A general set of dimensionless solutions is presented for the specific case of a point load of constant magnitude and velocity traveling over an infinite uniform linear track beam. These show high values of deflection and moment for a rather narrow range of velocity above and below the critical velocities producing peak disturbances. It was found that quite high accelerations are required to produce significantly less disturbance than in the constant velocity case. A range of nonlinear track-bouncing conditions was studied in connection with a specific design problem. For none of these cases could more severe conditions be produced than indicated by the linear solutions.
On Asymmetric Flow in an Axial-Flow Compressor Stage
Authors: Sears W. R.
Published: June 2021

It is suggested that flow patterns without axial symmetry may occur when an axial-compressor stage operates in a steady, uniform stream, provided that the blade airfoil characteristics exhibit certain peculiarities. For example, blades acting close to the stall may show nonlinearity, hysteresis, and/or time lags, and these may cause asymmetric flow patterns. Conditions necessary for existence of such phenomena are analyzed by consideration of an annulus of infinitely many blades and very large radius. It is shown that rotational-flow effects due to vortex shedding by the blades must be considered. The induced velocities resulting from asymmetrical loadings are calculated. The final step of the calculation is to show that these induced effects may actually support the circulation distribution that produces them. This step is only partly taken in the present paper. It is shown that time lag in the development of lift of a blade may produce such “eigen-solutions.” Detailed study of the results of non-linearity in the blade characteristics is left for another investigation.
Stresses Due to Tangential and Normal Loads on an Elastic Solid With Application to Some Contact Stress Problems
Authors: Smith J. O. , Liu Chang Keng
Published: June 2021

The results of two-dimensional approach using real variable method to Hertz’s problem of contact of elastic bodies are presented. Both normal and tangential loads are assumed to be distributed in Hertzian fashion over the area of contact. The magnitude of the intensity of the tangential load is assumed to be linearly proportional to that of the normal load when sliding motion of the body is impending. The stresses in the elastic body due to the application of these loads on its boundary are presented in closed form for both plane-stress and plane-strain cases. A numerical value of f = 1/3 is assumed for the linear proportionality (coefficient of friction) between the tangential and normal loads in order that the distribution of stresses may be illustrated. The significance of the stress distribution, across the contact area and in the body, is also discussed. It is shown that when the combination of loads considered in the paper are applied at the contact area of bodies in contact the maximum shearing stress may be at the surface instead of beneath the surface. For example, for plane strain, if the coefficient of friction is f = 1/3, the maximum shearing stress is at the surface and is 43 per cent larger than the maximum shearing stress, which would be below the surface, that occurs when the normal force acts alone. The effect of range of normal stress and of shearing stress on the plane of maximum shear and on the plane of maximum octahedral shear on failure by progressive fracture (fatigue) is discussed.
Unsteady Radial Flow of Gas Through Porous Media
Authors: Jenkins R. , Aronofsky J. S.
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a numerical method for describing the transient flow of gases radially inward or outward through a porous medium in which the initial and terminal pressures and/or rates are specified. Specific examples are worked out which have application in the study of natural-gas reservoirs. The computations were carried out by means of punch-card machines. The pressure distribution as a function of time has been calculated for various ratios of reservoir diameter to well diameter and for various dimensionless flow rates for a well penetrating the center of a homogeneous disk-shaped reservoir. A simple means of predicting the well pressure at any time in the history of such an idealized field has been developed. Flow rates and pressure distributions within the radial reservoir also have been calculated for the case in which the well pressure is suddenly lowered from its initial static value, and then held constant.
Deflections of Circular Beams Resting on Elastic Foundations Obtained by Methods of Harmonic Analysis
Authors: Volterra Enrico
Published: June 2021

Solutions in form of Fourier series are given for the problem of circular beams resting on elastic foundations on the assumption that the foundation reacts according to the classical Winkler-Zimmermann hypothesis. The case of an arbitrary load distribution is disposed of by separate treatment of the symmetric and antisymmetric load components. Numerical tables of the coefficients of the trigonometric series expressing deflections, angles of twist, bending and twisting moments are presented for both symmetric and antisymmetric loadings.
An Analytical Theory of the Creep Deformation of Materials
Authors: Pao Yoh-Han , Marin Joseph
Published: June 2021

This paper reports on the formulation of an analytical theory of creep. This theory is proposed for an idealized material and may be applied to those materials whose behavior conforms to that of this ideal material. The theory takes into account the initial elastic strain, the transient creep strain, and the minimum rate creep strain. Unlike previous theories, this theory is capable of representing the simultaneous action of creep and creep recovery and may be used for conditions of varying as well as constant stresses. In this respect the theory is more general than those presented in the past. The new theory is of particular importance in the design of many new military and domestic applications where high temperatures over short periods of time make the initial short-time creep strains of importance.
Influence of Viscous Effects on Impact Tubes
Authors: Hurd C. W. , Chesky K. P. , Shapiro A. H.
Published: June 2021

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of viscosity on the pressure rise recorded by a blunt-nosed impact tube in incompressible flow. The results are presented in terms of the pressure coefficient (Cp ≡ 2Δp/ρV∞2) as a function of Reynolds number (Rey ≡ V∞α/ν), where Δp is the excess of stagnation-point pressure over free-stream static pressure, V∞ is the free-stream velocity, α is the radius of the impact tube, ρ is the fluid density, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Above Reynolds numbers of 1000, there is no effect of viscosity, and Cp is equal to unity. Between Rey ≌ 50 and Rey ≌ 1000, Cp is slightly less than unity, but has a minimum value of 0.99. For values of Rey less than 50, Cp is always greater than unity. When the Reynolds number is below unity, the pressure rise is independent of the fluid density, and the data may be represented approximately by the formula Cp ≌ 5.6/Rey. The results are compared with the experimental investigations of Barker and of Homann, and with the theoretical studies of Stokes and of Homann.
Two-Dimensional Flow Through a Diffuser With an Exit Length
Authors: Galle K. R. , Binder R. C.
Published: June 2021

A diffuser with an “exit length” is one with a channel of uniform cross section following the diffuser. Tests were made of different diffusers with and without exit lengths. The data were for steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow. The performance of each diffuser was improved by the presence of an exit length. As compared to flow without an exit length, flow with an exit length is characterized by a reduced boundary-layer growth, by a small decrease in the pressure rise across the diverging section, and by a decrease in the static-pressure gradient at the diffuser inlet.
Skin Friction and Heat Transfer for Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow With Variable Properties and Variable Free-Stream Velocity
Authors: Levy S. , Seban R. A.
Published: June 2021

Numerical solutions of the momentum and energy equations are presented for particular types of laminar boundary-layer flow analogous to the Hartree “wedge flows.” Variation of the viscosity and of the thermal conductivity is considered under the circumstances of no dissipation, favorable pressure gradient, and the product of conductivity and density a constant. The solution is based on approximate representations of the velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer and these are of such character that the labor of calculation is minimized and the accuracy of the results preserved. The differential equations are reduced to two algebraic equations which rapidly yield the skin friction and the heat transfer in terms of the wall to free-stream temperature ratio for the desired value of Prandtl number. Numerical results are given for a range of wedge flows with gases of Prandtl number 0.70 and 1.0. These results reveal that when the free-stream velocity is variable the temperature difference between the wall and the free stream exerts a substantial effect on the velocity distribution in the boundary layer and on the skin-friction coefficient. Alternatively, the heat-transfer coefficient is not affected radically. A calculation method is presented for the determination of the heat transfer and skin friction for a flow with an arbitrary variation of velocity over an isothermal surface. This method utilizes the results of the present analysis for the variable property wedge flows.
Diametral Expansion of Helical Compression Springs During Deflection
Authors: Wahl A. M.
Published: June 2021

Design formulas are derived for the diametral expansions of helical compression springs assuming (1) ends free to rotate about the helix axis and (2) ends fixed against rotation. The results are of particular interest where helical compression springs are used in cylindrical guides.
On Application of a Quasi-Static Variational Principle to a System With Damping
Authors: Morduchow Morris
Published: June 2021

The principal bending modes of vibration of a beam with a damping force proportional to the velocity are considered. It is shown that, in an important class of cases, the damping has exactly no effect on the mode shapes. It is further shown that the linear differential equation for the vibrating beam with damping can be transformed mathematically into a stationary condition after eliminating the time as a variable. Application of the Rayleigh method to this condition then leads to general approximate results for the logarithmic decrement, and for the effect of damping on the natural frequency, not only in the fundamental mode, but also in any higher principal mode.
The Stepped Thrust Bearing—A Solution by Relaxation Methods
Authors: Kettleborough C. F.
Published: June 2021

Analytical investigation into the stepped thrust bearing was first carried out by Lord Rayleigh, whose solution neglected side leakage. More recently Archibald has presented a solution with side leakage not neglected but limited by the step being straight across the bearing surface perpendicular to the direction of motion. This paper gives an alternative solution, using relaxation methods, which is applicable to any shape of the step. Results show that the load capacity of the completely internal step is much greater than that for the simple tilting slider.
Contact of Elastic Spheres Under an Oscillating Torsional Couple
Authors: Deresiewicz H.
Published: June 2021

The traction, moment-twist relation, torsional compliances, and frictional energy loss per cycle are computed for two like, elastic spheres in Hertz contact acted upon by a small oscillating torsional couple.
On the Strain Energy of Shells
Authors: Langhaar H. L. , Carver D. R.
Published: June 2021

In a previous paper, the strain energy of a shell was derived with the aid of the assumption that only the linear terms in the thickness co-ordinate z need be retained in the expressions for the strains. Recently, Bleich and DiMaggio derived a strain-energy expression for circular cylindrical shells without using power series in z. The present paper shows that power series in z may be eliminated, in general, and that the errors caused by linearizing approximations are frequently significant.