bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corpus Luteum Morphology and Vascularization Assessed by Transvaginal Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Ultrasound
Authors: Bajo JM , Gómez B , Álvarez P , Engels V , Martínez A , De la Fuente J
Published: June 2010

Background

Our aim was to describe the corpus luteum morphology by two-dimensional ultrasound correlated by its vascularization and volume by 3D ultrasound and study the possible relationship between serum progesterone levels and the corpus luteum morphology.

Methods

Thirty-eight women were included in an intrauterine insemination program (IUI) in Santa Cristina University's Hospital. All the patients were evaluated in mesoluteal phase, the day +7 after hCG administration, by two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound. The volume and vascular indices of the corpus luteum were calculated off-line using virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCALTM) software.

Results

Four different morphologies were described in the corpus luteum: echo-positive, echo-negative or sonoluscent, mixed echogenicity or nonvisible. Corpus luteum with mixed echogenicity was the most frequent one with 37.5% (12 cases). The corpus luteum vascular indices change in each morphology type, but there was statistically significant association just in vascularization index between echo-negative and mixed echogenicity corpus luteum morphologies, with p = 0.034. The rest of vascular indices do not change in each morphology corpus luteum types. There was statistically significant difference in mean gray value between echo-negative and mixed echogenicity morphologies, with p = 0.007. There were no statistically significant correlations between the corpus luteum morphology and the corpus luteum volume of any of the different types. There either was no statistically significant correlation between the corpus luteum morphology and progesterone serum levels on day +7 postovulation.

Conclusions

The mixed echogenicity corpus luteum morphology has more vessels and more cell mass than echo-negative ones. Progesterone serum levels in mid-luteal phase has no influence in corpus luteum morphology and vascularization.
Clinical Applications of Ultrasound in Assessment of Follicle Development and Growth
Authors: Vlaisavljevic V , Došen M
Published: June 2010

Monitoring of individual follicles during the menstrual cycle demonstrates in a noninvasive way the changes in their number and position during the early and the late follicular phase and the luteal phase. The differences in relations between the follicles near the dominant follicle can be demonstrated with the same technique using 3D reconstruction of the ovary.

An increased perifollicular blood flow can be measured in the perifollicular period using color and pulsed Doppler. Automated estimation of blood volume around the ovarian follicles brought a new concept to this area. Results confirm the observation that vascularity around the follicle is intense in the periovulatory period. The blood volume does not differ between follicles containing an oocyte and those with no oocyte in the aspirate, or a nonfertilizable oocyte. From our results we can hypothesize that those follicles containing oocytes able to produce pregnancy have a more uniform perifollicular vascular network .

Recognition of the follicle growth pattern has a prognostic value for the outcome of assisted reproduction methods. Follicular diameter and changes in growth patterns are more important than follicular wall thickness as parameters having an impact on clinical success.
3D-4D Ultrasound in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Axiana Carolina , Zoppi Maria Angelica , Ibba Rosa Maria , Floris Marcella , Manca Fabiola
Published: June 2010

Three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) imaging is a new technique that allows imaging from volume sonographic data rather than conventional planar data. The volume data can be viewed as a three-dimensional object and displayed in multiplanar mode in three orthogonal planes or in various modes of rendering that can be selected singularly or combined to optimize the visualization of soft tissues, bony structures or vessels.

The 4D imaging has introduced a temporal dimension to the 3D volumetric scansion, associating movement to representation of volumes.

3DUS provides the ability to examine the embryo and the fetus at the first trimester in any arbitrary plane. Various studies have reported a better visualization of the structures in normal fetuses as well as malformed ones, regarding selected cases of facial structures, cranium, abdominal wall and limbs.

3DUS technique is also being considered for measurement of nuchal translucency and the evaluation of the nasal bones.

Several reports exist on the application of 3D-4D techniques regarding conjoined twins.

4DUS allows the evaluation of fetal motorial and behavioral patterns.

3D-4D techniques are seen as a powerful complement to conventional ultrasound, but not a substitution to it.
Three-dimensional Ultrasound of the Fetal Brain
Authors: Pintucci Armando , Vincenzo FNU , Addario D , Pinto Vincenzo , Cagno Luca Di
Published: June 2010

Three-dimensional ultrasound is the most innovating and attracting modality in the field of ultrasound imaging and represents a superb tool to perform an accurate fetal neuroscan. Once the fetal brain has been scanned, it is then possible to “navigate” in the stored volume choosing among the multiple scanning planes on the three orthogonal spatial axes. Last generation 3D equipments have multiple software facilities which are extremely useful to correctly evaluate the fetal brain such as the multiplanar view, the tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), the volume contrast imaging in the C plane (VCI-C plane), the volume calculation, the surface rendering, the 3D color and power Doppler. Thanks to these imaging modalities it is possible to evaluate the finest anatomical details of the developing brain and to increase the diagnostic accuracy when an abnormal sonographic finding of the fetal brain is recognized during the routine examination.
3D and Thoraco-abdominal Malformations
Authors: Viora E , Sciarrone A , Bastonero S , Errante G , Stillavato S , Campogrande M
Published: June 2010

There are few 3D well-documented studies about thoraco- abdominal malformations, except for the evaluation of fetal lung volume. Three-dimensional ultrasound provides additional diagnostic information for the evaluation of fetal thorax both for the diagnosis of skeletal anomalies and the biometric measurements of lungs.

3D adds few information about the diagnosis of gastrointestinal malformations, but 3D images are an effective tool to make a careful advice with parents and pediatric surgeons, especially in fetuses with anterior wall defects.

Until now its use must be reserved in a research setting and offered to high-risk patients in order to understand which role 3D may play in the study of thoraco-abdominal malformations as a screening or diagnostic tool.
Diagnostic Ultrasound to Evaluate Fecal Incontinence in Women: Clinical Overview and Current Applications
Authors: Minaglia Steven M
Published: June 2010

Ultrasound is now frequently used in the evaluation of women with pelvic floor disorders. It has been applied to such diverse disorders such as voiding dysfunction, urinary and fecal incontinence, and defecatory dysfunction. A well-defined application of ultrasound is in the evaluation of fecal incontinence, where visualization of the anal sphincter complex and puborectalis muscle helps quantify both structure and function. The purpose of this review is to outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence and to define the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of fecal incontinence in women.

Objectives

Outline the clinical problem of fecal incontinence

Describe the anatomy of the anal sphincter complex

Describe the role ultrasound plays in the evaluation of the fecal incontinent patient
The Role of Ultrasound in Obstetric Hemorrhage
Authors: Burlingame Janet M
Published: June 2010

Ultrasound assists in the diagnosis and management of obstetric hemorrhage. With improving technology and increasing availability, there has been a decreased morbidity and mortality from obstetric hemorrhage due to ectopic pregnancy, vasa previa and abnormal placentation. There is also theoretic benefit for the use of ultrasound in less common conditions such as uterine varix. The goal of this article is to review the common causes of obstetric hemorrhage; to review the ultrasound findings in these causes; and to discuss the intraoperative use of ultrasound in the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage.

Objectives

Review common causes of obstetric hemorrhage

Review the ultrasound findings of these causes

Discuss the role of ultrasound during procedures for obstetric hemorrhage
Ultrasound Frontiers: 3D Doppler, Automatic Fetal Biometry, Handheld Ultrasound
Authors: Zalud Ivica
Published: June 2010

Ultrasound frontiers are infinitive and some recent developments are discussed in this review. The author aims to provide the reader with the definition of 3D Doppler and its potential clinical applications. It also describes automatic fetal biometry and discusses clinical potentials of handheld ultrasound. The rapid development of these new sonographic techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of ultrasound applications in obstetrics and gynecology. 3D Doppler is a unique technique that enables assessment of vascular signals within the whole investigated area. Homodynamic changes included in the process of placentation are one of the most exciting topics in the investigation of early human development. The measurement errors produced by automated fetal biometry translate into very small errors regarding gestational age of the fetus. The automation of ultrasound measurements has great potentials in improving productivity and patient throughput, enhancing accuracy and consistency of measurements and reducing the risk of repetitive stress injuries users. Handheld ultrasound exam is reliable in making initial diagnosis required by the limited ultrasound exam in obstetrics and gynecology.

Objectives

Define 3D Doppler and its potential clinical applications

Describe automatic fetal biometry

Discuss clinical potentials of handheld ultrasound
Endoscopic Septoplasty: A Novel Technique- A Case Series of 19 Cases
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Aiyer Ranjan G , Raval Jayman
Published: June 2010

Endoscopic septoplasty is a rapidly evolving substitute to the customary “headlight” septoplasty. The primary advantage of the technique is the ability to reduce morbidity and postoperative swelling in isolated septal deviations by limiting the dissection to the area of the deviation. Other advantages include improved visualization, particularly in posterior septal deformities; improved surgical transition between septoplasty and sinus surgery and its use as an effective teaching tool. We present our experience with endoscopic septoplasty in a series of 19 patients.
Recurrent Massive Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Maxilla-A Rare Case
Authors: Bakshi Jaimanti , Verma Roshan K
Published: June 2010

We present a case of recurrent extensive malignant fibrous histiocytoma of maxilla. The case is unusual because of its massive extent at presentation even after primary surgery and full course of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Even such massive tumor can be excised successfully. Primary malignant histiocytoma is rare; and such huge tumor at presentation is also rare and favorable outcome even rarer.
Blue Nevus: A Rare Pigmented Lesion of Sinonasal Tract
Authors: Bhargava S , Grover M , Verma PC
Published: June 2010

Blue nevi are uncommon lesions of skin and mucosa. Most of these occur in skin. Only occasionally they are seen to involve mucosa. Sinonasal mucosa is one of the rarest of the sites for these lesions to occur. Only four such cases have been reported in international literature till date. We report here one such case which we came across.
Forehead Flap for Nasal Reconstruction
Authors: Thakur JS , Mohindroo NK , Sharma DR
Published: June 2010

Cancers and granulomatous diseases cause wide spread destruction of nose and reconstruction is a challenge to the surgeon. majority of the surgical defects after BCC excision can be reconstructed by full thickness skin grafts, bilobed and rhomboid local flaps but excision of SCC and large BCC lead to large surgical defects which need regional or distant flaps for reconstruction like median forehead flaps.
Etiopathogenesis of Rhinosinusitis in Relation to Ethmoid Anatomy
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Aiyer RG , Pandya VK , Soni GB , Dhameja PJ , Patel Mayank
Published: June 2010

Introduction: Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common ENT disorders in the developed and developing world.

The quest and identification of factors predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis is the key for guiding appropriate management.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of anatomical variations of the ethmoid sinus in patients with rhinosinusitis. This was done to assess and evaluate the significance of the anatomical variations of the ethmoid in the genesis of inflammatory sinus disease.

Material and methods

We reviewed 50 patients with rhinosinusitis, of which 38(76%) had anatomical variations of ethmoid and the extent of mucosal disease.

Results

Concha bullosa was found to be the most common anatomic variation and was seen in 25(50%) patients closely followed by variations in the uncinate process, paradoxically bend middle turbinate. The most commonly affected paranasal sinus was maxillary sinus (84%) followed by anterior ethmoidal sinus, posterior ethmoidal sinus, frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus in descending order.

Conclusion

Anatomical variations of the ethmoid sinuses are important etiological factors in the genesis of inflammatory sinus disease.
Open Safety Pin in Nose: A Tricky Foreign Body
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Verma PC , Grover Mohnish , Rawat Digvijay S
Published: June 2010

Foreign bodies in nose is a very common presentation encountered by the ENT practitioners. A variety of nasal foreign bodies has been described in literature. We present our experience of managing an open safety pin lodged in the nose of a 2 years old child.
Spectral optical properties of long-range transport Asian dust and pollution aerosols over Northeast Asia in 2007 and 2008
Authors: Jung J. , Kim Y. J. , Lee K. Y. , -Cayetano M. G. , Batmunkh T. , Koo J.-H. , Kim J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. As a part of the IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) Mega-cities program, aerosol physical and optical properties were continuously measured from March 2007 to March 2008 at an urban site (37.57° N, 126.94° E) in Seoul, Korea. Spectral optical properties of long-range transported Asian dust and pollution aerosols have been investigated based on the year long measurement data. Optically measured black carbon/thermally measured elemental carbon (BC/EC) ratio showed clear monthly variation with high values in summer and low values in winter mainly due to the enhancement of light attenuation by the internal mixing of EC. Novel approach has been suggested to retrieve the spectral light absorption coefficient (babs) from Aethalometer raw data by using BC/EC ratio. Mass absorption efficiency, σabs (=babs/EC) at 550 nm was determined to be 9.0±1.3, 8.9±1.5, 9.5±2.0, and 10.3±1.7 m2 g−1 in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively with an annual mean of 9.4±1.8 m2 g−1. Threshold values to classify severe haze events were suggested in this study. Increasing trend of aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) with wavelength was observed during Asian dust events while little spectral dependence of SSA was observed during long-range transport pollution (LTP) events. Satellite aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Hysplit air mass backward trajectory analyses as well as chemical analysis were performed to characterize the dependence of spectral optical properties on aerosol type. Results from this study can provide useful information for studies on regional air quality and aerosol's effects on climate change.
Bromoform in the tropical boundary layer of the Maritime Continent during OP3: the contrast between coast and rainforest
Authors: Pyle J. A. , Harris N. R. P. , Robinson A. D. , Gostlow B. , O'Brien L. M. , Ashfold M. J. , Carver G. D. , Warwick N. J. , Manning A. J. , Yong S. E. , Peng L. K. , Ung H. E. , Ong S.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We report measurements of bromoform made by gas chromatography during the OP3 campaign in 2008. Measurements were made simultaneously for a few days at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) site in the Danum Valley, a rainforest location in Sabah, Borneo, and at a nearby coastal site at Kunak. Background values at Kunak were higher than those measured in the rainforest (2–5 ppt compared with 1 ppt) and excursions away from the background were very much higher, reaching 10s of ppt. Measurements of C2Cl4, an industrial tracer, showed no significant difference in background at the two sites. The data are consistent with a strong, local coastal source of bromoform in eastern Sabah. Modelling using two different models can reproduce many of the observed features. The bromoform data are consistent with a lower global source (190 Gg Br yr−1) than indicated by our recent measurements on Cape Verde (O'Brien et al., 2009) and point to the difficulty for short-lived species of extrapolating local measurements to a global source.
Coupling of HOx, NOx and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic boundary layer
Authors: Bloss W. J. , Camredon M. , Lee J. D. , Heard D. E. , Plane J. M. C. , Saiz-Lopez A. , Bauguitte S. J.-B. , Salmon R. A. , Jones A. E.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A modelling study of radical chemistry in the coastal Antarctic boundary layer, based upon observations performed in the course of the CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) campaign at Halley Research Station in coastal Antarctica during the austral summer 2004/2005, is described: a detailed zero-dimensional photochemical box model was used, employing inorganic and organic reaction schemes drawn from the Master Chemical Mechanism, with additional halogen (iodine and bromine) reactions added. The model was constrained to observations of long-lived chemical species, measured photolysis rates and meteorological parameters, and the simulated levels of HOx, NOx and XO compared with those observed. The model was able to replicate the mean levels and diurnal variation in the halogen oxides IO and BrO, and to reproduce NOx levels and speciation very well. The NOx source term implemented compared well with that directly measured in the course of the CHABLIS experiments. The model systematically overestimated OH and HO2 levels, likely a consequence of the combined effects of (a) estimated physical parameters and (b) uncertainties within the halogen, particularly iodine, chemical scheme. The principal sources of HOx radicals were the photolysis and bromine-initiated oxidation of HCHO, together with O(1D)+H2O. The main sinks for HOx were peroxy radical self- and cross-reactions, with the sum of all halogen-mediated HOx loss processes accounting for 40% of the total sink. Reactions with the halogen monoxides dominated CH3O2–HO2–OH interconversion, with associated local chemical ozone destruction in place of the ozone production which is associated with radical cycling driven by the analogous NO reactions. The analysis highlights the need for observations of physical parameters such as aerosol surface area and boundary layer structure to constrain such calculations, and the dependence of simulated radical levels and ozone loss rates upon a number of uncertain kinetic and photochemical parameters for iodine species.
Kinetics of N2O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments
Authors: Weymann D. , Geistlinger H. , Well R. , von der Heide C. , Flessa H.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Knowledge of the kinetics of N2O production and reduction in groundwater is essential for the assessment of potential indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas. In the present study, we investigated this kinetics using a laboratory approach. The results were compared to field measurements in order to examine their transferability to the in situ conditions. The study site was the unconfined, predominantly sandy Fuhrberger Feld aquifer in northern Germany. A special characteristic of the aquifer is the occurrence of the vertically separated process zones of heterotrophic denitrification in the near-surface groundwater and of autotrophic denitrification in depths beyond 2–3 m below the groundwater table, respectively. The kinetics of N2O production and reduction in both process zones was studied during long-term anaerobic laboratory incubations of aquifer slurries using the 15N tracer technique. We measured N2O, N2, NO3-, NO2-, and SO42- concentrations as well as parameters of the aquifer material that were related to the relevant electron donors, i.e. organic carbon and pyrite. The laboratory incubations showed a low denitrification activity of heterotrophic denitrification with initial rates between 0.2 and 13 μg N kg−1 d−1. The process was carbon limited due to the poor availability of its electron donor. In the autotrophic denitrification zone, initial denitrification rates were considerably higher, ranging between 30 and 148 μg N kg−1 d−1, and NO3- as well as N2O were completely removed within 60 to 198 days. N2O accumulated during heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, but maximum concentrations were substantially higher during the autotrophic process. The results revealed a satisfactory transferability of the laboratory incubations to the field scale for autotrophic denitrification, whereas the heterotrophic process less reflected the field conditions due to considerably lower N2O accumulation during laboratory incubation. Finally, we applied a conventional model using first-order-kinetics to determine the reaction rate constants k1 for N2O production and k2 for N2O reduction, respectively. The goodness of fit to the experimental data was partly limited, indicating that a more sophisticated approach is essential to describe the investigated reaction kinetics satisfactorily.
Germinal Centres
Authors: Thielen Caroline , Heinen Ernst
Published: June 2010

Germinal centres are transient lymphoid structures appearing inside lymph follicles after an antigenic stimulation. They are closely associated with T‐dependent zones and oriented in the peripheral lymph organs in accordance with the entry of antigens. During this germinal centre reaction, B cells undergo not only clonal amplification but also affinity maturation and class switching of their immunoglobulins. These events, occurring under the control of T cells and in the peculiar environments created by the follicular dendritic cells, lead B cells to mature into B memory cells or into precursors of plasma cells. Most cells generated inside the germinal centres die by apoptosis and are eliminated by the tingible body macrophages. Peculiar genetic, infectious or proliferative pathological conditions can touch the germinal centres.

Key Concepts:

Germinal centres are polarised structures annexed to T‐dependent zones.

Different cell populations exhibiting peculiar phenotypes compose the germinal centres.

Chemotactism, proliferation, survival and maturation of B cells are guided by follicular dendritic cells and follicular T cells.

Ig affinity maturation requires somatic hypermutations and stringent cell selection.

The germinal centre reaction, induced by antigenic stimulation, involves sequential steps and is time‐limited.

Particular genetic, proliferative or infectious diseases can alter the germinal cell functions.
Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Dyson H Jane
Published: June 2010

A number of spectroscopic methods are available to the biochemical researcher. They give different information on a number of time and wavelength scales, and can be used to determine concentrations and molecular weights, as well as providing information on secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. Spectroscopic methods are utilised to detect rapid changes in the structures of biological macromolecules. Three‐dimensional structures can be calculated using information from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other spectra. Size limitations in NMR spectroscopy have been largely ameliorated through the application of ever‐higher magnetic fields and innovations in pulse sequences. Other recent innovations include applications of fluorescence to single molecules, as well as to the visualisation of particular molecules within cells.

Key Concepts:

Spectroscopic techniques form part of the basic toolset of research in the life sciences.

Spectroscopy utilises the various wavelengths of light in the electromagnetic spectrum to give information on various aspects of the structure, dynamics and function of molecules.
Aggression and Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Israel Salomon , Ebstein Richard P
Published: June 2010

The reasons for criminal and aggressive behaviour in humans are complex and include both biological and nonbiological explanations. Twin studies estimate that up to half of the variance in aggressive behaviour can be attributed to genetic factors. Genes play a role in aggression, and both human and animal studies suggest that common gene variants predispose some people to violent actions and criminality. Several studies have found associations between aggressive behaviour in males and a low‐activity variant of the
monoamine oxidase A
(
maoa
) gene. These associations are often dependent on environmental insults, which dependent on
maoa
genotype may increase susceptibility for aggressive behaviour. These and other findings pose a challenge in determining criminal responsibility as the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of violence becomes better understood.

Key Concepts:

Aggression has an evolutionary basis with both positive and negative aspects.

Criminal behaviour falls under a larger phenotype of antisocial and aggressive behaviour, marked by an inability to conform to social norms.

Twin and adoption studies demonstrate that roughly half of the individual variance in aggressive behaviour is due to genetic factors.

Despite well‐known gender differences in aggressive behaviour, biological evidence in humans tying differences in aggression to sex hormones remains equivocal.

There is a robust literature demonstrating the association between serotonin and aggressive behaviour, highlighted by candidate genes along the serotonergic pathway.

A number of studies have identified interactions between environmental adversity and the low‐activity variants of the MAOA gene as a predictor of aggressive behaviour.
Animal Models of Human Behaviour
Authors: Maxson Stephen C
Published: June 2010

Animal models should be viewed only as generating hypotheses about human behaviour, because there are differences between animal and human behaviour as well as similarities. There are two ways that gene‐based behavioural variants of animals can be used for this. The first way is in identifying and mapping genes with effects on human behaviour. This is considered for genes with effects on alcohol consumption, tolerance and withdrawal in mice. The second way is in developing hypotheses about the biological causes of human behaviour. This is considered for the role of the cyclic amp response element‐binding protein (CREB) gene and protein in learning and memory of a mollusc, fruitflies and mice. CREB is a transcription factor. The success and relevance of these and other gene‐based animal models of human behaviour depends on the occurrence of homologous genes in animals and humans and on the occurrence of similar biological mechanism for the animal and human behaviour.

Key Concepts:

Animal and humans are both similar and different biologically and behaviourally.

Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour may be due to homologous genes acting on homologous behaviours or to homologous genes acting on analogous behaviours.

Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour are best considered as hypothesis generators.

Animal models generate hypotheses as to which genes may be involved in a human behaviour and how to find those genes from either comparative gene maps or molecular similarity.

Animal models generate hypotheses as to the developmental, molecular, cellular or physiological effects of a gene on human behaviour.
Plant–Fungal Interactions in Mycorrhizas
Authors: Bonfante P
Published: June 2010

Mycorrhizas are widespread symbiotic associations established between the roots of the majority of land plants, and a heterogeneous group of beneficial fungi belonging to diverse fungal taxa. Their ubiquitous presence argues that they have been favoured during evolution thanks to the benefits gained by both the plant and fungal partners. Advances in
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) technology coupled to high‐throughput sequencing have allowed the genomes of some symbionts to be studied, as well as the molecular basis of cross‐talk between plant and fungus. We are beginning to see the contributions of the partners to the functioning of mycorrhizal associations. Advanced microscopy of the living partner cells has unravelled some processes determining compatibility which are a peculiar feature of mycorrhizal interactions.

Key Concepts:

The term Mycorrhiza comes from two Greek words for ‘fungus’ and ‘root’ and describes root–fungus associations which may be morphologically and functionally diverse.

Molecular approaches have solved questions about the identity of mycorrhizal fungi both free in the soil and root associated in symbiotic structures.

Nutritional interactions among plants and fungi in the rhizosphere may be saprotrophic, pathogenic or symbiotic.

Recent advances in genome sequencing of ectomycorrhizal fungi identify some basic features which are characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi, that is the absence of effectors which may elicit plant defence.

Transcriptome profiles of ectomycorrhizal roots reveal differential regulation of both plant and fungus.

Glomeromycota possess peculiar features (i.e. an obligate biotrophic status and multinucleated hyphae) which at the moment limit a full understanding of their biology.

Many model plants are compatible hosts for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

The transduction signalling pathways which control arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment and legume/rhizobium nodule formation are at least partly the same.

Plant cells undergo complex cellular and molecular reprogramming when they accommodate the AM fungus.

The core of a functioning arbuscular mycorrhiza lies at the interface between the two partners.
Micro
RNA
s in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Neppl Ronald L , Wang Da‐Zhi
Published: June 2010

MicroRNAs are recently discovered group of small noncoding RNAs (
ribonucleic acids
) which have been demonstrated to repress the expression of protein‐coding genes in multiple biological processes. Rapid expansion of studies has begun to reveal roles for miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis as well as in human diseases, such as cancer. miRNAs are expressed in the developing and adult heart, and dysregulated miRNA expression has been correlated with cardiovascular disorders. Genetic studies have identified distinct roles for specific miRNAs during cardiovascular development and cardiomyopathy. In addition, miRNAs have been shown to be necessary for normal development and physiological homeostasis. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of the molecular mechanisms and processes that miRNAs modulate within the multifaceted processes of cardiovascular development and progression of cardiovascular disease.

Key Concepts:

miRNAs are noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally.

miRNAs are abundantly expressed in most organisms.

A single miRNA may potentially repress hundreds of target genes.

miRNA expression is altered in cardiovascular diseases.

miRNAs modulate gene expression during normal cardiovascular development and in pathophysiological conditions.

Gain‐ and lost‐of‐function studies indicate that miRNAs are key regulators of cardiovascular system homeostasis in responding to stress.
Graphite Oxide as a Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water
Authors: Yeh Te‐Fu , Syu Jhih‐Ming , Cheng Ching , Chang Ting‐Hsiang , Teng Hsisheng
Published: June 2010

A graphite oxide (GO) semiconductor photocatalyst with an apparent bandgap of 2.4–4.3 eV is synthesized by a modified Hummers' procedure. The as‐synthesized GO photocatalyst has an interlayer spacing of 0.42 nm because of its moderate oxidation level. Under irradiation with UV or visible light, this GO photocatalyst steadily catalyzes H2 generation from a 20 vol % aqueous methanol solution and pure water. As the GO sheets extensively disperse in water, a cocatalyst is not required for H2 generation over the GO photocatalyst. During photocatalytic reaction, the GO loses some oxygen functional groups, leading to bandgap reduction and increased conductivity. This structural variation does not affect the stable H2 generation over the GO. The encouraging results presented in this study demonstrate the potential of graphitic materials as a medium for water splitting under solar illumination.
Resilience does not predict academic performance in gross anatomy
Authors: Elizondo‐Omaña Rodrigo Enrique , García‐Rodríguez María de los Angeles , Hinojosa‐Amaya José Miguel , Villarreal‐Silva Eliud Enrique , Avilan Rosa Ivette Guzmán , Cruz Juan José Bazaldúa , Guzmán‐López Santos
Published: June 2010

Few studies have evaluated resilience in an academic environment as it relates to academic success or failure. This work sought to assess resilience in regular and remedial students of gross anatomy during the first and second semesters of medical school and to correlate this personal trait with academic performance. Two groups of students were compared: the first group included first‐year medical students in the regular course, and the second group included first‐year medical students who did not pass the regular anatomy course and so were enrolled in the remedial course. Both groups completed anonymous surveys designed to gather demographic data and establish scores on the Connor‐Davidson resilience scale, which includes 25 statements rated zero to four on a Likert scale (maximum score 100). The average resilience score was the same for both groups, 80 ± 9. The average anatomy grades differed significantly between regular students (67± 15.0) and remedial students (61 ± 12.0). While there was no overall correlation between resilience score and anatomy grade, regular students with resilience scores of 75 or greater showed slightly better academic performance than their classmates. Similarly, remedial students with resilience scores of 87 or greater faired better academically. Resilience does not predict academic performance in gross anatomy, and further work is necessary to identify those intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence students' achievements. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
The communication of meaning and the structuration of expectations: Giddens' “structuration theory” and Luhmann's “self‐organization”
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet
Published: June 2010

The communication of meaning as distinct from (Shannon‐type) information is central to Luhmann's social systems theory and Giddens' structuration theory of action. These theories share an emphasis on reflexivity, but focus on meaning along a divide between interhuman communication and intentful action as two different systems of reference. Recombining these two theories into a theory about the structuration of expectations, interactions, organization, and self‐organization of intentional communications can be simulated based on algorithms from the computation of anticipatory systems. The self‐organizing and organizing layers remain rooted in the double contingency of the human encounter, which provides the variation. Organization and self‐organization of communication are reflexive upon and therefore reconstructive of each other. Using mutual information in three dimensions, the imprint of meaning processing in the modeling system on the historical organization of uncertainty in the modeled system can be measured. This is shown empirically in the case of intellectual organization as “structurating” structure in the textual domain of scientific articles.
Adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control with prespecified tracking performance for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Zhao Qichao , Lin Yan
Published: June 2010

This paper aims at exploring an adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control (DSC) with prespecified tracking performance for a class of nonlinear systems in strict‐feedback form. Incorporating DSC technique into fuzzy logic systems (FLSs), it is shown that the design procedure and the computational burden can be greatly reduced. Moreover, by introducing a performance function in controller design, the prespecified tracking performance, i.e. the convergence rate, the allowed maximum overshoot and the steady state error, can be achieved. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Critical elements of the crisis intervention team model of jail diversion: An expert survey
Authors: McGuire Alan B. , Bond Gary R.
Published: June 2010

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model of jail diversion is a promising approach to addressing the over‐involvement of people with mental illness with the criminal justice system. Despite its popularity and promising empirical support, the literature has yet to clarify CIT's critical elements. The aim of this study was to assess the degree to which experts agreement on the importance and perceived implementation of the critical elements of CIT. Study 1 used a literature review to cull potential elements. Three experts familiar with the CIT model reviewed these elements. Study 2 utilized an online survey of 55 CIT co‐ordinators/officers and published experts to assess agreement regarding importance and degree the element is implemented. A preliminary list of 36 elements was identified with a high level of expert agreement on their importance regarding importance and implementation. This study developed a preliminary list of elements of the CIT's program. Further research should develop consensus, explore elements' association with outcomes, and differentiate elements from those common to all jail diversion programs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Crystal Structural Studies of Hexagonal Fluoride Perovskites AMIIF3 (MII: Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni).
Authors: Schmidt R. E. , Welsch M. , Kummer‐Doerner S. , Babel D.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Speciation of the Uranyl Ion under Highly Alkaline Conditions. Synthesis, Structures, and Oxo Ligand Exchange Dynamics.
Authors: Clark David L. , Conradson Steven D. , Donohoe Robert J. , Keogh D. Webster , Morris David E. , Palmer Phillip D. , Rogers Robin D. , Tait C. Drew
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformation Isomerism of Nonagermanide Ions. Crystal Structures of Brown and Red [K‐([2.2.2]crypt)] 6Ge9Ge9×(ethylenediamine)x (x = 0.5, 1.5).
Authors: Faessler Thomas F. , Schuetz Uwe
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gd3GaO6 by X‐Ray Powder Diffraction.
Authors: Yamane Hisanori , Sakamoto Takashi , Kubota Shun‐ichi , Shimada Masahiko
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: SrFeP2O7, a New Homologue in the AMP2O7 Series.
Authors: Le Meins Jean‐Marc , Courbion Georges
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Ordered Oxygen‐Deficient Manganite Perovskite: LaBaMn2O5.5. Crystal and Magnetic Structure.
Authors: Caignaert V. , Millange F. , Domenges B. , Raveau B. , Suard E.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [Cd2(H2O)4] [Re6S8(CN)6]×14H2O: A Cyano‐Bridged Cluster—Cluster Framework Solid with Accessible Cubelike Cavities.
Authors: Shores Matthew P. , Beauvais Laurance G. , Long Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Oxidation of vic‐Diols to Optically Active α‐Hydroxy Ketones by a Fructose‐Derived Dioxirane.
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Saha‐Moeller Chantu R. , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cycloisomerization Reactions.
Authors: Gilbertson Scott R. , Hoge Garrett S. , Genov Daniel G.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Aldol‐Allylation Reactions: Double C—C Bond Formation Using Silicon‐Tethered Dinucleophiles.
Authors: Frost Lisa M. , Smith Julian D. , Berrisford David J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Property of Copper(I) Chloride as a Radical Initiator as well as a Lewis Acid: Application to CuCl‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones with Bu3SnH.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Doda Kanae , Sakai Daiki , Maruoka Keiji
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Recyclable Ru‐Based Metathesis Catalyst.
Authors: Kingsbury Jason S. , Harrity Joseph P. A. , Bonitatebus Jr. Peter J. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ions in the Gas Phase. Part 7. Wagner—Meerwein Rearrangements in the Gas Phase: Deuterium Isotope Effects on Acid‐Induced Dissociation of Optically Active Phenylpropanols.
Authors: Speranza Maurizio , Filippi Antonello
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simultaneous Functional Group Manipulation in the Meerwein—Ponndorf—Verley Reduction Process Catalyzed by Bidentate Aluminum Reagent.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Itagaki Yoshifumi , Miura Tomoya , Maruoka Keiji
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heck Reactions in the Presence of P(t‐Bu)3: Expanded Scope and Milder Reaction Conditions for the Coupling of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Littke Adam F. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Remote Non‐Activated δ‐Carbon Atoms: Addition of δ‐Carbon Radicals, Generated by 1,5‐Hydrogen Transfer in Alkoxy Radical Intermediates, to Activated Olefins.
Authors: Petrovic Goran , Cekovic Zivorad
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive N‐Alkylation of Amides, Carbamates, and Ureas.
Authors: Dube Daniel , Scholte Andrew A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin—Spin Interactions in the Oxides A3M′MO6 (M: Rh, Ir; A: Ca, Sr; M′: Alkaline Earth, Zn, Cd, Na) of the K4CdCl6 Structure Type Examined by Electronic Structure Calculations.
Authors: Lee K.‐S. , Koo H.‐J. , Whangbo M.‐H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.