bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miR-29a Is Downregulated in Progenies Derived from Chronically Stressed Males
Authors: Riesco Marta F. , Valcarce David G. , Sellés-Egea Alba , Esteve-Codina Anna , Herráez María Paz , Robles Vanesa
Published: September 2023

Recent research has provided compelling evidence demonstrating that paternal exposure to different stressors can influence their offspring’s phenotypes. We hypothesized that paternal stress can negatively impact the progeny, altering different miRs and triggering different physiological alterations that could compromise offspring development. To investigate this, we exposed zebrafish male siblings to a chronic stress protocol for 21 days. We performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses to identify differentially expressed small noncoding RNAs in 7-day postfertilization (dpf) larvae derived from paternally stressed males crossed with control females compared with the control progeny. We found a single miRNA differentially expressed—miR-29a—which was validated in larva and was also tested in the sperm, testicles, and brain of the stressed progenitors. We observed a vertical transmission of chronic stress to the unexposed larvae, reporting novel consequences of paternally inherited chronic stress at a molecular level. The deregulation of mi-R29a in those larvae could affect relevant biological processes affecting development, morphogenesis, or neurogenesis, among others. Additionally, these disruptions were associated with reduced rates of survival and hatching in the affected offspring.
Short Survey on the Protein Modifications in Plasma during SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Gęgotek Agnieszka , Zarkovic Neven , Orehovec Biserka , Jaganjac Morana , Sunjic Suzana Borovic , Skrzydlewska Elżbieta
Published: September 2023

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has ended, it is important to understand the pathology of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with respiratory failure and high mortality. The plasma proteome, including protein modification by lipid peroxidation products in COVID-19 survivors (COVID-19; n = 10) and deceased individuals (CovDeath; n = 10) was compared in samples collected upon admission to the hospital, when there was no difference in their status, with that of healthy individuals (Ctr; n = 10). The obtained results show that COVID-19 development strongly alters the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of exocytosis and platelet degranulation (top 20 altered proteins indicated by analysis of variance; p-value (False Discovery Rate) cutoff at 5%). These changes were most pronounced in the CovDeath group. In addition, the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts increased 2- and 3-fold, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) adducts increased 7- and 2.5-fold, respectively, in COVID-19 and CovDeath groups. Kinases and proinflammatory proteins were particularly affected by these modifications. Protein adducts with 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) were increased 2.5-fold in COVID-19 patients, including modifications of proteins such as p53 and STAT3, whereas CovDeath showed a decrease of approximately 60% compared with Ctr. This study for the first time demonstrates the formation of lipid metabolism products—protein adducts in plasma from survived and deceased COVID-19 patients, significantly distinguishing them, which may be a predictor of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The Role of mTOR in B Cell Lymphoid Malignancies: Biologic and Therapeutic Aspects
Authors: Karatrasoglou Eleni A. , Dimou Maria , Piperidou Alexia , Lakiotaki Eleftheria , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P.
Published: September 2023

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma’s (NHL) incidence is rising over time, and B cell lymphomas comprise the majority of lymphomas. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and survival. Its role in lymphomagenesis is confirmed in many different types of B cell lymphomas. This review is mainly focused on the PI3K/v-akt/mTOR pathway-related oncogenic mechanisms in B cell NHLs with an emphasis on common B cell lymphoma types [diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)]. Furthermore, it summarizes the literature regarding the clinical applications of the mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus in B cell NHLs, which have been tested in a range of clinical trials enrolling patients with B cell malignancies, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents or regimens.
Time-Dependent Changes in Muscle IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP System after Sciatic Denervation
Authors: Martín Ana Isabel , Moreno-Rupérez Álvaro , Nebot Elena , Granado Miriam , Jaque Daniel , Nieto-Bona M. Paz , López-Calderón Asunción , Priego Teresa
Published: September 2023

Denervation-induced muscle atrophy is a frequent cause of skeletal muscle diseases. However, the role of the most important muscle growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), in this process is poorly understood. IGF-1 activity is controlled by six IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs). In skeletal muscle, IGFBP-5 seems to have an important role in atrophic processes. Furthermore, pappalysins (PAPP-A) modulate muscle growth by increasing IGF-1 bioavailability through IGFBP cleavage. We aimed to study the time-dependent changes in the IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP system and its regulators in gastrocnemius muscle after sciatic denervation. Gastrocnemius atrophy and overexpression of IGF-1 was observed from day 3 post-denervation. The proteolytic factors measured were elevated from day 1 post-denervation onwards. Expression of both IGFBP-5 and pappalysins were increased on days 1 and 3. Subsequently, on days 7 to 14 pappalysins returned to control levels while IGFBP-5 remained elevated. The ratio IGFBP-5/PAPP-A was correlated with the main proteolytic markers. All data suggest that the initial increase of pappalysins could facilitate the IGF-1 action on muscle growth, whereas their subsequent decrease could lead to further muscle wasting.
The P2X7 Receptor in Autoimmunity
Authors: Grassi Fabio , Salina Gaia
Published: September 2023

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated nonselective cationic channel that, upon intense stimulation, can progress to the opening of a pore permeable to molecules up to 900 Da. Apart from its broad expression in cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, it is expressed in multiple cell types in different tissues. The dual gating property of P2X7R is instrumental in determining cellular responses, which depend on the expression level of the receptor, timing of stimulation, and microenvironmental cues, thus often complicating the interpretation of experimental data in comprehensive settings. Here we review the existing literature on P2X7R activity in autoimmunity, pinpointing the different functions in cells involved in the immunopathological processes that can make it difficult to model as a druggable target.
Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Focus on Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Vargas-Rodríguez Pablo , Cuenca-Martagón Alejandro , Castillo-González Julia , Serrano-Martínez Ignacio , Luque Raúl M. , Delgado Mario , González-Rey Elena
Published: September 2023

Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a broad spectrum of profoundly disabling situations that impact millions of individuals globally. While their underlying causes and pathophysiology display considerable diversity and remain incompletely understood, a mounting body of evidence indicates that the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, resulting in brain damage and neuroinflammation, is a common feature among them. Consequently, targeting the BBB has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy for addressing neurological disorders. Within this review, we not only explore the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combating neurodegeneration but also delve into their recent role in modulating the BBB. We will investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which MSC treatment impacts primary age-related neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke, as well as immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Our focus will center on how MSCs participate in the modulation of cell transporters, matrix remodeling, stabilization of cell-junction components, and restoration of BBB network integrity in these pathological contexts.
The Aβ42 Peptide and IAPP Physically Interact in a Yeast-Based Assay
Authors: Kachkin Daniel V. , Lashkul Veronika V. , Gorsheneva Natalia A. , Fedotov Sergey A. , Rubel Maria S. , Chernoff Yury O. , Rubel Aleksandr A.
Published: September 2023

Numerous studies have demonstrated that people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (associated with IAPP peptide aggregation) show an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (associated with Aβ aggregation), but the mechanism responsible for this correlation is presently unknown. Here, we applied a yeast-based model to study the interactions of IAPP with PrP (associated with TSEs) and with the Aβ42 peptide. We demonstrated that fluorescently tagged IAPP forms detergent-resistant aggregates in yeast cells. Using the FRET approach, we showed that IAPP and Aβ aggregates co-localize and physically interact in yeast cells. We also showed that this interaction is specific and that there is no interaction between IAPP and PrP in the yeast system. Our data confirmed a direct physical interaction between IAPP and Aβ42 aggregates in a living cell. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that this interaction may play a crucial role in seeding Aβ42 aggregation in T2DM patients, thereby promoting the development of AD.
Angiogenesis—An Emerging Role in Organ Fibrosis
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhao Ying , Zhou Yanni , Yang Shaojie , Xiao Xiong , Feng Li
Published: September 2023

In recent years, the study of lymphangiogenesis and fibrotic diseases has made considerable achievements, and accumulating evidence indicates that lymphangiogenesis plays a key role in the process of fibrosis in various organs. Although the effects of lymphangiogenesis on fibrosis disease have not been conclusively determined due to different disease models and pathological stages of organ fibrosis, its importance in the development of fibrosis is unquestionable. Therefore, we expounded on the characteristics of lymphangiogenesis in fibrotic diseases from the effects of lymphangiogenesis on fibrosis, the source of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), the mechanism of fibrosis-related lymphangiogenesis, and the therapeutic effect of intervening lymphangiogenesis on fibrosis. We found that expansion of LECs or lymphatic networks occurs through original endothelial cell budding or macrophage differentiation into LECs, and the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR3) pathway is central in fibrosis-related lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1), as a receptor of LECs, is also involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis. Intervention with lymphangiogenesis improves fibrosis to some extent. In the complex organ fibrosis microenvironment, a variety of functional cells, inflammatory factors and chemokines synergistically or antagonistically form the complex network involved in fibrosis-related lymphangiogenesis and regulate the progression of fibrosis disease. Further clarifying the formation of a new fibrosis-related lymphangiogenesis network may potentially provide new strategies for the treatment of fibrosis disease.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Oxidative Stress—From Bench to Bedside
Authors: Zeber-Lubecka Natalia , Ciebiera Michał , Hennig Ewa E.
Published: September 2023

Oxidative stress (OS) is a condition that occurs as a result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify and neutralize them. It can play a role in a variety of reproductive system conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, preeclampsia, and infertility. In this review, we briefly discuss the links between oxidative stress and PCOS. Mitochondrial mutations may lead to impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and an increased production of ROS. These functional consequences may contribute to the metabolic and hormonal dysregulation observed in PCOS. Studies have shown that OS negatively affects ovarian follicles and disrupts normal follicular development and maturation. Excessive ROS may damage oocytes and granulosa cells within the follicles, impairing their quality and compromising fertility. Impaired OXPHOS and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to insulin resistance (IR) by disrupting insulin signaling pathways and impairing glucose metabolism. Due to dysfunctional OXPHOS, reduced ATP production, may hinder insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, leading to IR. Hyperandrogenism promotes inflammation and IR, both of which can increase the production of ROS and lead to OS. A detrimental feedback loop ensues as IR escalates, causing elevated insulin levels that exacerbate OS. Exploring the relations between OS and PCOS is crucial to fully understand the role of OS in the pathophysiology of PCOS and to develop effective treatment strategies to improve the quality of life of women affected by this condition. The role of antioxidants as potential therapies is also discussed.
Comparison of Four Treatment Protocols with Intra-Articular Medium Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid in Induced Temporomandibular Osteoarthritis: An Experimental Study
Authors: Wen Schilin , Iturriaga Veronica , Vásquez Bélgica , del Sol Mariano
Published: September 2023

The aim was to compare the effect between a single intra-articular infiltration (1i) and two infiltrations (2i) of medium molecular weight hyaluronic acid (MMW-HA) of high viscosity (HV) and low viscosity (LV) on the histopathological characteristics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) induced in rabbits. An experimental study was conducted on Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits, including 42 TMJs, distributed between (1) TMJ-C, control group; (2) TMJ-OA, group with OA; (3) TMJ-OA-wt, group with untreated OA; (4) group treated with HA-HV-1i; (5) group treated with HA-HV-2i; (6) group treated with HA-LV-1i; and (7) group treated with HA-LV-2i. The results were evaluated using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scale and descriptive histology considering the mandibular condyle (MC), the articular disc (AD), and the mandibular fossa (MF). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the statistical analysis, considering p < 0.05 significant. All treated groups significantly decreased the severity of OA compared to the TMJ-OA-wt group. The HA-HV-2i group showed significant differences in the degree of OA from the TMJ-OA group. The degree of OA in the HA-HV-2i group was significantly lower than in the HA-LV-1i, HA-LV-2i, and HA-HV-1i groups. The protocol that showed better results in repairing the joint was HA-HV-2i. There are histological differences depending on the protocol of the preparation used: two infiltrations seem to be better than one, and when applying two doses, high viscosity shows better results.
The Porous Structure of Peripheral Nerve Guidance Conduits: Features, Fabrication, and Implications for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Wan Teng , Wang Yi-Lin , Zhang Feng-Shi , Zhang Xiao-Meng , Zhang Yi-Chong , Jiang Hao-Ran , Zhang Meng , Zhang Pei-Xun
Published: September 2023

Porous structure is an important three-dimensional morphological feature of the peripheral nerve guidance conduit (NGC), which permits the infiltration of cells, nutrients, and molecular signals and the discharge of metabolic waste. Porous structures with precisely customized pore sizes, porosities, and connectivities are being used to construct fully permeable, semi-permeable, and asymmetric peripheral NGCs for the replacement of traditional nerve autografts in the treatment of long-segment peripheral nerve injury. In this review, the features of porous structures and the classification of NGCs based on these characteristics are discussed. Common methods for constructing 3D porous NGCs in current research are described, as well as the pore characteristics and the parameters used to tune the pores. The effects of the porous structure on the physical properties of NGCs, including biodegradation, mechanical performance, and permeability, were analyzed. Pore structure affects the biological behavior of Schwann cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. The construction of ideal porous structures is a significant advancement in the regeneration of peripheral nerve tissue engineering materials. The purpose of this review is to generalize, summarize, and analyze methods for the preparation of porous NGCs and their biological functions in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration to guide the development of medical nerve repair materials.
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Toxigenic Fusarium asiaticum Integrating Recombinase Polymerase Amplification, CRISPR/Cas12a, and Lateral Flow Techniques
Authors: Zhang Jun , Liang Xiaoyan , Zhang Hao , Ishfaq Shumila , Xi Kaifei , Zhou Xueping , Yang Xiuling , Guo Wei
Published: September 2023

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global cereal disease caused by a complex of Fusarium species. Both Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum are the causal agents of FHB in China. F. asiaticum is the predominant species in the Middle–Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) and southwest China. Therefore, detecting F. asiaticum in a timely manner is crucial for controlling the disease and preventing mycotoxins from entering the food chain. Here, we combined rapid genomic DNA extraction, recombinase polymerase amplification, Cas12a cleavage, and lateral flow detection techniques to develop a method for the rapid detection of F. asiaticum. The reaction conditions were optimized to provide a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method for F. asiaticum detection. The optimized method demonstrated exceptional specificity in detecting F. asiaticum while not detecting any of the 14 other Fusarium strains and 3 non-Fusarium species. Additionally, it could detect F. asiaticum DNA at concentrations as low as 20 ag/μL, allowing for the diagnosis of F. asiaticum infection in maize and wheat kernels even after 3 days of inoculation. The developed assay will provide an efficient and robust detection platform to accelerate plant pathogen detection.
Interactions of the N- and C-Terminal SH3 Domains of Drosophila Drk with the Proline-Rich Peptides from Sos and Dos
Authors: Sayeesh Pooppadi Maxin , Iguchi Mayumi , Suemoto Yusuke , Inoue Jin , Inomata Kohsuke , Ikeya Teppei , Ito Yutaka
Published: September 2023

Drk, a homologue of human GRB2 in Drosophila, receives signals from outside the cells through the interaction of its SH2 domain with the phospho-tyrosine residues in the intracellular regions of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as Sevenless, and transduces the signals downstream through the association of its N- and C-terminal SH3 domains (Drk-NSH3 and Drk-CSH3, respectively) with proline-rich motifs (PRMs) in Son of Sevenless (Sos) or Daughter of Sevenless (Dos). Isolated Drk-NSH3 exhibits a conformational equilibrium between the folded and unfolded states, while Drk-CSH3 adopts only a folded confirmation. Drk interacts with PRMs of the PxxPxR motif in Sos and the PxxxRxxKP motif in Dos. Our previous study has shown that Drk-CSH3 can bind to Sos, but the interaction between Drk-NSH3 and Dos has not been investigated. To assess the affinities of both SH3 domains towards Sos and Dos, we conducted NMR titration experiments using peptides derived from Sos and Dos. Sos-S1 binds to Drk-NSH3 with the highest affinity, strongly suggesting that the Drk-Sos multivalent interaction is initiated by the binding of Sos-S1 and NSH3. Our results also revealed that the two Sos-derived PRMs clearly favour NSH3 for binding, whereas the two Dos-derived PRMs show almost similar affinity for NSH3 and CSH3. We have also performed docking simulations based on the chemical shift perturbations caused by the addition of Sos- and Dos-derived peptides. Finally, we discussed the various modes in the interactions of Drk with Sos/Dos.
Synthesis of Crocin I and Crocin II by Multigene Stacking in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Xie Lei , Luo Zuliang , Jia Xunli , Mo Changming , Huang Xiyang , Suo Yaran , Cui Shengrong , Zang Yimei , Liao Jingjing , Ma Xiaojun
Published: September 2023

Crocins are a group of highly valuable water-soluble carotenoids that are reported to have many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer properties, and the potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. Crocins are mainly biosynthesized in the stigmas of food–medicine herbs Crocus sativus L. and Gardenia jasminoides fruits. The distribution is narrow in nature and deficient in resources, which are scarce and expensive. Recently, the synthesis of metabolites in the heterologous host has opened up the potential for large-scale and sustainable production of crocins, especially for the main active compounds crocin I and crocin II. In this study, GjCCD4a, GjALDH2C3, GjUGT74F8, and GjUGT94E13 from G. jasminoides fruits were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The highest total content of crocins in T1 generation tobacco can reach 78,362 ng/g FW (fresh weight) and the dry weight is expected to reach 1,058,945 ng/g DW (dry weight). Surprisingly, the primary effective constituents crocin I and crocin II can account for 99% of the total crocins in transgenic plants. The strategy mentioned here provides an alternative platform for the scale-up production of crocin I and crocin II in tobacco.
Exploring the Syndecan-Mediated Cellular Internalization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant
Authors: Letoha Annamária , Hudák Anett , Letoha Tamás
Published: September 2023

SARS-CoV-2 variants evolve to rely more on heparan sulfate (HS) for viral attachment and subsequent infection. In our earlier work, we demonstrated that the Delta variant’s spike protein binds more strongly to HS compared to WT SARS-CoV-2, leading to enhanced cell internalization via syndecans (SDCs), a family of transmembrane HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) facilitating the cellular entry of the original strain. Using our previously established ACE2- or SDC-overexpressing cellular models, we now compare the ACE2- and SDC-dependent cellular uptake of heat-inactivated WT SARS-CoV-2 with the Delta and Omicron variants. Internalization studies with inactivated virus particles showed that ACE2 overexpression could not compensate for the loss of HS in Omicron’s internalization, suggesting that this variant primarily uses HSPGs to enter cells. Although SDCs increased the internalization of all three viruses, subtle differences could be detected between their SDC isoform preferences. The Delta variant particularly benefitted from SDC1, 2, and 4 overexpression for cellular entry, while SDC4 had the most prominent effect on Omicron internalization. The SDC4 knockdown (KD) in Calu-3 cells reduced the cellular uptake of all three viruses, but the inhibition was the most pronounced for Omicron. The polyanionic heparin also hindered the cellular internalization of all three viruses with a dominant inhibitory effect on Omicron. Omicron’s predominant HSPG affinity, combined with its preference for the universally expressed SDC4, might account for its efficient transmission yet reduced pathogenicity.
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Energy Supplement Infrastructure in Highway Networks
Authors: Jin Ding , Zhang Huayu , Han Bing , Liu Gang , Xue Fei , Lu Shaofeng
Published: September 2023

The electric vehicle (EV) market is expanding rapidly to achieve the future goal of eco-friendly transportation. The scientific planning of energy supplement infrastructures (ESIs), with appropriate locations and capacity, is imperative to develop the EV industry. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to optimize the location and capacity of ESIs, including vehicle charging stations (VCSs), battery swapping stations (BSSs), and battery charging stations (BCSs), in highway networks. The objective of this model is to minimize the total cost with the average waiting time for EVs being constrained. In this model, battery swapping and transportation behaviors are optimized such that the EV average waiting time can be reduced, and the average queue and service process waiting time is estimated by the M/M/1 model. Real-world data, i.e., from the London M25 highway network system, are used as a case study to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that considering battery transportation behaviors is more cost efficient, and the results are sensitive to the EV average waiting time tolerance, battery cost, and charging demand.
Combined Metabolic and Functional Tumor Volumes on [18F]FDG-PET/MRI in Neuroblastoma Using Voxel-Wise Analysis
Authors: Chaika Maryanna , Männlin Simon , Gassenmaier Sebastian , Tsiflikas Ilias , Dittmann Helmut , Flaadt Tim , Warmann Steven , Gückel Brigitte , Schäfer Jürgen Frank
Published: September 2023

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between the [18F]FDG standard uptake value (SUV) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in neuroblastoma (NB) by voxel-wise analysis. Methods: From our prospective observational PET/MRI study, a subcohort of patients diagnosed with NB with both baseline imaging and post-chemotherapy imaging was further investigated. After registration and tumor segmentation, metabolic and functional tumor volumes were calculated from the ADC and SUV values using dedicated software allowing for voxel-wise analysis. Under the mean of thresholds, each voxel was assigned to one of three virtual tissue groups: highly vital (v) (low ADC and high SUV), possibly low vital (lv) (high ADC and low SUV), and equivocal (e) with high ADC and high SUV or low ADC and low SUV. Moreover, three clusters were generated from the total tumor volumes using the method of multiple Gaussian distributions. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the ADC and the SUV was calculated for each group. Results: Out of 43 PET/MRIs in 21 patients with NB, 16 MRIs in 8 patients met the inclusion criteria (PET/MRIs before and after chemotherapy). The proportion of tumor volumes were 26%, 36%, and 38% (v, lv, e) at baseline, 0.03%, 66%, and 34% after treatment in patients with response, and 42%, 25%, and 33% with progressive disease, respectively. In all clusters, the ADC and the SUV correlated negatively. In the cluster that corresponded to highly vital tissue, the ADC and the SUV showed a moderate negative correlation before treatment (R = −0.18; p < 0.0001) and the strongest negative correlation after treatment (R = −0.45; p < 0.0001). Interestingly, only patients with progression (n = 2) under therapy had a relevant part in this cluster post-treatment. Conclusion: Our results indicate that voxel-wise analysis of the ADC and the SUV is feasible and can quantify the different quality of tissue in neuroblastic tumors. Monitoring ADCs as well as SUV levels can quantify tumor dynamics during therapy.
Modeling of the Modification Process of an Epoxy Basalt-Filled Oligomer in Traveling Wave Microwave Chambers
Authors: Bekeshev Amirbek , Vasinkina Ekaterina , Kalganova Svetlana , Trigorly Sergey , Kadykova Yulia , Mostovoy Anton , Shcherbakov Andrey , Lopukhova Marina , Zhanturina Nurgul
Published: September 2023

This paper presents modeling data to select the optimal industrial unit for the microwave modification of an epoxy basalt-filled oligomer (EBO) at electric field strength E of an electromagnetic wave equal to 11.9 × 103 V/m and a uniform distribution of the temperature field over the entire volume of the modified object. A mathematical description of the electrodynamic and thermal processes occurring in the object under consideration subjected to microwave exposure includes the Helmholtz equation for the electric field strength vector and the heat conduction equation. The joint solution of this problem in a three-dimensional formulation is based on the use of the finite element method, which in this work was implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics® 6.1 software environment. According to the modeling results, the use of microwave chambers with a traveling wave of a waveguide type is inefficient because the required value of the electric field strength E is not achieved, while the modeled microwave chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide makes it possible to achieve the required value of the electric field strength E and uniform distribution of the temperature field over the entire volume of the modified object by reducing the generated power for the modification of an EBO from 400 W up to 300 W. Optimal parameters for modifying an epoxy basalt-filled oligomer in the microwave electromagnetic field in the working chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide have been developed, which provide a uniform microwave modification of an EBO with a microwave installation capacity of 11.6 kg/h. A sketch of an industrial microwave working chamber has been developed, which provides a mode of the uniform modification of the oligomer at electric field strength E = 12.3 × 103 V/m. The proposed microwave chamber with a traveling wave on a quasi-coaxial waveguide can be replicated for the microwave modification of filled oligomers of various chemical compositions.
Towards the Early Detection of Gymnodinium catenatum Algal Blooms in the Northern Gulf of California
Authors: Reséndiz-Colorado Gabriela , García-Mendoza Ernesto , Almazán-Becerril Antonio , Medina-Elizalde Jennifer , Cepeda-Morales Jushiro A. , Rivera-Caicedo Juan P.
Published: September 2023

The annual occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in the northern Gulf of California (NGC) during winter and spring has negative ecological, economic, and social impacts on the local coastal population. G. catenatum produces paralytic shellfish toxins, and a robust monitoring program of the species is necessary to sustain mitigation actions against their detrimental effects. Here, we applied the maximum-likelihood classification (MLC) method to classify satellite images from MODIS and Sentinel-3 to evaluate their effectiveness to detect G. catenatum. Different classes associated with the presence of the species were developed from data of two HABs that occurred in 2015 and 2017. Two classes derived from Sentinel-3 data from the 2017 HAB allowed the detection of this species. These Sentinel-3 classes adequately represented the temporal and geographical distribution of G. catenatum in the region and the no-bloom condition during the summer. The concordance between the detection of the Sentinel-3 classes on the west coast of the NGC and the recorded presence of G. catenatum (75% of concordance) in the area indicates that the MLC method could be applied for early detection of the species in the NGC, using Sentinel-3 full resolution images.
Production of Phenylacetylcarbinol via Biotransformation Using the Co-Culture of Candida tropicalis TISTR 5306 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5606 as the Biocatalyst
Authors: Kumar Anbarasu , Techapun Charin , Sommanee Sumeth , Mahakuntha Chatchadaporn , Feng Juan , Htike Su Lwin , Khemacheewakul Julaluk , Porninta Kritsadaporn , Phimolsiripol Yuthana , Wang Wen , Zhuang Xinshu , Qi Wei , Jantanasakulwong Kittisak , Nunta Rojarej , Leksawasdi Noppol
Published: September 2023

Phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) is a precursor for the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and norephedrine. PAC is commonly produced through biotransformation using microbial pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) in the form of frozen–thawed whole cells. However, the lack of microorganisms capable of high PDC activity is the main factor in the production of PAC. In addition, researchers are also looking for ways to utilize agro-industrial residues as an inexpensive carbon source through an integrated biorefinery approach in which sugars can be utilized for bioethanol production and frozen–thawed whole cells for PAC synthesis. In the present study, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the co-culture of both strains were compared for their biomass and ethanol concentrations, as well as for their volumetric and specific PDC activities when cultivated in a sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate medium (SCBHM). The co-culture that resulted in a higher level of PAC (8.65 ± 0.08 mM) with 26.4 ± 0.9 g L−1 ethanol production was chosen for further experiments. Biomass production was scaled up to 100 L and the kinetic parameters were studied. The biomass harvested from the bioreactor was utilized as frozen–thawed whole cells for the selection of an initial pyruvate (Pyr)-to-benzaldehyde (Bz) concentration ([Pyr]/[Bz]) ratio suitable for the PAC biotransformation in a single-phase emulsion system. The initial [Pyr]/[Bz] at 100/120 mM resulted in higher PAC levels with 10.5 ± 0.2 mM when compared to 200/240 mM (8.60 ± 0.01 mM). A subsequent two-phase emulsion system with Pyr in the aqueous phase, Bz in the organic phase, and frozen–thawed whole cells of the co-culture as the biocatalyst produced a 1.46-fold higher PAC level when compared to a single-phase emulsion system. In addition, the cost analysis strategy indicated preliminary costs of USD 0.82 and 1.01/kg PAC for the single-phase and two-phase emulsion systems, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that the co-culture of C. tropicalis and S. cerevisiae can effectively produce bioethanol and PAC from SCB and would decrease the overall production cost on an industrial scale utilizing the two-phase emulsion system with the proposed multiple-pass strategy.
Enabling Private Investment in Affordable Housing in Nigeria: Lessons from the Experience of the Millard Fuller Foundation Projects in Nasarawa State
Authors: Nwachukwu Lilian , Rodrigues Lucelia , Kiamba Lorna
Published: September 2023

Despite the shift to private sector-driven affordable housing in Nigeria for decades, the housing deficit has continued to increase to the disadvantage of low-income families. This paper explores the enabling strategies for stimulating private-driven affordable housing in Nigeria. A case study of the Millard Fuller Foundation projects was undertaken, and semi-structured interviews were administered to 12 residents of the estates and the developer to explore their experience and highlight the considerations for designing appropriate strategies. The data generated were analysed using thematic analysis with the support of Nvivo. This study identifies four major components of construction costs—land, design, materials, and finance—that policy improvement can target to stimulate private investment. It shows that developers are likely to adopt practices that will reduce these costs with repercussions for end-users. Mindful of this, and the concern to make returns on investment, strategies should aim to harmonise both developers’ interest and that of the end-users through widespread infrastructural development to make land available in all locations, and an incremental owner-building approach so that end-users can take decisions for their housing. Furthermore, access to National Housing Fund (NHF) mortgages should be enhanced by recognising supplementary incomes in the loan origination procedures.
Advances in the Study of the Transcriptional Regulation Mechanism of Plant miRNAs
Authors: Teng Caixia , Zhang Chunting , Guo Fei , Song Linhong , Fang Yanni
Published: September 2023

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of endogenous, non-coding, small RNAs with about 22 nucleotides (nt), that are widespread in plants and are involved in various biological processes, such as development, flowering phase transition, hormone signal transduction, and stress response. The transcriptional regulation of miRNAs is an important process of miRNA gene regulation, and it is essential for miRNA biosynthesis and function. Like mRNAs, miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and these transcription processes are regulated by various transcription factors and other proteins. Consequently, the upstream genes regulating miRNA transcription, their specific expression, and the regulating mechanism were reviewed to provide more information for further research on the miRNA regulatory mechanism and help to further understand the regulatory networks of plant miRNAs.
Open-Cell AlSn6Cu-SiC Composites: Fabrication, Dry-Sliding Wear Behavior, and Machine Learning Methods for Wear Prediction
Authors: Kolev Mihail , Drenchev Ludmil , Petkov Veselin , Dimitrova Rositza , Kovacheva Daniela
Published: September 2023

Open-cell AMMCs are high-strength and lightweight materials with applications in different types of industries. However, one of the main goals in using these materials is to enhance their tribological behavior, which improves their durability and performance under frictional conditions. This study presents an approach for fabricating and predicting the wear behavior of open-cell AlSn6Cu-SiC composites, which are a type of porous AMMCs with improved tribological properties. The composites were fabricated using liquid-state processing, and their tribological properties are investigated by the pin-on-disk method under different loads (50 N and 100 N) and with dry-sliding friction. The microstructure and phase composition of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mass wear and coefficient of friction (COF) of the materials were measured as quantitative indicators of their tribological behavior. The results showed that the open-cell AlSn6Cu-SiC composite had an enhanced tribological behavior compared to the open-cell AlSn6Cu material in terms of mass wear (38% decrease at 50 N and 31% decrease at 100 N) while maintaining the COF at the same level. The COF of the composites was predicted by six different machine learning methods based on the experimental data. The performance of these models was evaluated by various metrics (R2, MSE, RMSE, and MAE) on the validation and test sets. Based on the results, the open-cell AlSn6Cu-SiC composite outperformed the open-cell AlSn6Cu material in terms of mass loss under different loads with similar COF values. The ML models that were used can predict the COF accurately and reliably based on features, but they are affected by data quality and quantity, overfitting or underfitting, and load change.
Advanced Composite Materials Utilized in FDM/FFF 3D Printing Manufacturing Processes: The Case of Filled Filaments
Authors: Kantaros Antreas , Soulis Evangelos , Petrescu Florian Ion Tiberiu , Ganetsos Theodore
Published: September 2023

The emergence of additive manufacturing technologies has brought about a significant transformation in several industries. Among these technologies, Fused Deposition Modeling/Fused Filament Fabrication (FDM/FFF) 3D printing has gained prominence as a rapid prototyping and small-scale production technique. The potential of FDM/FFF for applications that require improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties has been restricted due to the limited range of materials that are suitable for this process. This study explores the integration of various reinforcements, including carbon fibers, glass fibers, and nanoparticles, into the polymer matrix of FDM/FFF filaments. The utilization of advanced materials for reinforcing the filaments has led to the enhancement in mechanical strength, stiffness, and toughness of the 3D-printed parts in comparison to their pure polymer counterparts. Furthermore, the incorporation of fillers facilitates improved thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and flame retardancy, thereby broadening the scope of potential applications for FDM/FFF 3D-printed components. Additionally, the article underscores the difficulties linked with the utilization of filled filaments in FDM/FFF 3D printing, including but not limited to filament extrusion stability, nozzle clogging, and interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. Ultimately, a variety of pragmatic implementations are showcased, wherein filled filaments have exhibited noteworthy benefits in comparison to standard FDM/FFF raw materials. The aforementioned applications encompass a wide range of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, medical, electronics, and tooling. The article explores the possibility of future progress and the incorporation of innovative reinforcement materials. It presents a plan for the ongoing growth and application of advanced composite materials in FDM/FFF 3D printing.
Reinforcement of Different Sands by Low-pH Bio-Mineralization
Authors: Lai Yongming , Liu Shiyu , Cai Yanyan , Yu Jin
Published: September 2023

Different sands have significant influences on MICP reinforcement effects. Using calcium carbonate production and bioflocculation lag period as evaluation criteria, this study investigates the optimal theoretical pH values of bacterial solutions with different concentrations. We reinforced four different sands using MICP at the optimal theoretical pH, and based on permeability, moisture retention, raindrop erosion, wind erosion, penetration, and SEM tests, the influence of sand properties on low-pH MICP reinforcement was analyzed and the low-pH MICP mechanism was revealed. The results indicate the following: (1) The optimal theoretical pH values for bacterial solutions with concentrations of 0.67 × 108 cells/mL, 3 × 108 cells/mL, and 10 × 108 cells/mL are 4.5, 3, and 4, respectively. (2) With 0.67 × 108, 3 × 108, and 10 × 108 cells/mL bacterial solutions, the strength of tailings sand containing calcium salt was 21.15%, 44.42%, and 13.61% higher than that of quartz sand, respectively. The effective reinforcement depth of alkaline reclaimed sand was 10, 8, and 6 mm lower than that of neutral calcareous sand, respectively. The strength of fine tailings sand was 70.41%, 58.04%, and 22.6% higher than that of coarse reclaimed sand. The effective reinforcement depth of fine quartz sand was 6, 4, and 4 mm lower than that of coarse calcareous sand. (3) Low pH temporarily suppresses urease activity, delaying calcium carbonate flocculation and enhancing reinforcement uniformity. To achieve optimal reinforcement effects, adjusting the actual optimal pH values of bacterial solution based on sand properties is essential in engineering applications.
Co(II)-Based Metal-Organic Framework Derived CA-CoNiMn-CLDHs with Peroxidase-like Activity for Colorimetric Detection of Phenol
Authors: Tan Wenjie , Xin Rui , Zhang Jiarui , Yang Lilin , Jing Min , Ma Fukun , Yang Jie
Published: September 2023

Given the serious harm of toxic phenol to human health and the ecological environment, it is urgent to develop an efficient, low-cost and sensitive nanoenzyme-based method to monitor phenol. MOF-derived nanozyme has attracted wide interest due to its hollow polyhedra structure and porous micro-nano frameworks. However, it is still a great challenge to synthesize MOF-derived multimetal synergistic catalytic nanoenzymes in large quantities with low cost. Herein, we reported the synthetic strategy of porous hollow CA-CoNiMn-CLDHs with ZIF-67 as templates through a facile solvothermal reaction. The prepared trimetallic catalyst exhibits excellent peroxidase-like activity to trigger the oxidative coupling reaction of 4-AAP and phenol in the presence of H2O2. The visual detection platform for phenol based on CA-CoNiMn-CLDHs is constructed, and satisfactory results are obtained. The Km value for CA-CoNiMn-CLDHs (0.21 mM) is lower than that of HRP (0.43 mM) with TMB as the chromogenic substrate. Because of the synergistic effect of peroxidase-like activity and citric acid functionalization, the built colorimetric sensor displayed a good linear response to phenol from 1 to 100 μM with a detection limit of 0.163 μM (3σ/slope). Additionally, the CA-CoNiMn-CLDHs-based visual detection platform possesses high-chemical stability and excellent reusability, which can greatly improve economic benefits in practical applications.
Assessment of pH Value and Release of Calcium Ions in Calcium Silicate Cements: An In Vitro Comparative Study
Authors: Herrera-Trinidad Rubén , Molinero-Mourelle Pedro , Fonseca Manrique , Weber Adrian Roman , Vera Vicente , Mena María Luz , Vera-González Vicente
Published: September 2023

The goal of this study was to evaluate the pH and the release of calcium from four calcium-silicate-based cements. Methods: Four materials were tested (ProClinic MTA; Angelus MTA; ProRoot MTA; Biodentine). The palatal canal root of acrylic upper molars was filled with each cement. Afterwards, they were set in phosphate-buffered saline. Measurements were taken by atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) at 3, 24, 72, 168, 336, 672, and 1008 h. The pH was measured at the same timepoints. Kruskal–Wallis tests were carried out in each period, as the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests showed no parametric results. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release were found at the 3-, 24-, and 72-hour evaluations. All of the analyzed groups presented a release of calcium ions up to 168 h, and the general tendency was to increase up to 672 h, with a maximum release of 25.45 mg/g in the ProRoot group. We could only observe significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH value over 168 h between the Biodentine (7.93) and Angelus MTA (7.31) groups. Conclusions: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release. Nevertheless, no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pH values were found at the studied timepoints, except for the values at 168 h.
Fatigue-Induced HCP-to-FCC Phase Transformation Resulting in Two FCC-Zr Variants in Pure Zirconium
Authors: Jiang Qing , Chen Yao , Shuai Qi , Liu Fulin , Li Lang , He Chao , Zhang Hong , Wang Chong , Liu Yongjie , Wang Qingyuan
Published: September 2023

This study utilized transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and on-axis transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) to investigate the fatigue-induced HCP-to-FCC phase transformation in industrial pure zirconium under a stress ratio of R = 0.1. The results show that fatigue damages result from phase deformations during cyclic loadings. The fatigue-induced FCC-Zr phases exhibit a B-type orientation relationship with the HCP-Zr matrix. Notedly, due to the different growth directions of Shockley partial dislocations relative to nucleation points, there are two FCC-Zr variants after the HCP-to-FCC phase transformation. The content of these two variants accounts for 65% and 35% of the total FCC-Zr, respectively, appearing as lamellae morphology embedded parallelly within the matrix. The distribution of the two variants includes isolated distribution and adjacent distribution. For the adjacent distribution, a twinning relationship is observed between the two variants. Meanwhile, as an intermediate transition stage of the HCP-to-FCC phase transformation, stacking faults are observed at the boundaries of the FCC-Zr lamellae. These findings offer insights into the microstructural features and formation mechanisms of fatigue-induced HCP-to-FCC phase transformation.