bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ISSR Marker Based Population Genetic Study ofMelocanna baccifera(Roxb.) Kurz: A Commercially Important Bamboo of Manipur, North-East India
Authors: Nilkanta Heikrujam , Amom Thoungamba , Tikendra Leimapokpam , Rahaman Hamidur , Nongdam Potshangbam
Published: January 2017

Melocanna baccifera(Roxb.) Kurz is an economically important bamboo of North-East India experiencing population depletion in its natural habitats. Genetic variation studies were conducted in 7 populations sampled from 5 districts of Manipur using ISSR molecular markers. The investigation was carried out as a primary step towards developing effective conservation strategies for the protection of bamboo germplasm. ISSR marker analysis showed significant level of genetic variation within the populations as revealed by moderately high average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (H0.1639), Shannon’s diversity index (I0.2563), percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB 59.18), total genetic variation (Ht0.1961), and genetic diversity within population (Hs0.1639). The study also divulged a high genetic variation at species level with Shannon’s diversity index (I), Nei’s genetic diversity (H), and percentage of polymorphic band (PPB%) recorded at 0.3218, 0.1939, and 88.37, respectively. Genetic differentiation among the populations (Gst) was merely 19.42% leaving 80.58% of genetic variation exhibited within the populations. The low genetic diversity between populations was consistent with AMOVA. The low genetic differentiation among populations coupled with existence of significantly high genetic diversity at species level indicated the urgent necessity of preserving and protecting all the existing natural bamboo populations in the region.
A Streaming Algorithm for Online Estimation of Temporal and Spatial Extent of Delays
Authors: Hiriotappa Kittipong , Thajchayapong Suttipong , Chaovalit Pimwadee , Pongnumkul Suporn
Published: January 2017

Knowing traffic congestion and its impact on travel time in advance is vital for proactive travel planning as well as advanced traffic management. This paper proposes a streaming algorithm to estimate temporal and spatial extent of delays online which can be deployed with roadside sensors. First, the proposed algorithm uses streaming input from individual sensors to detect a deviation from normal traffic patterns, referred to as anomalies, which is used as an early indication of delay occurrence. Then, a group of consecutive sensors that detect anomalies are used to temporally and spatially estimate extent of delay associated with the detected anomalies. Performance evaluations are conducted using a real-world data set collected by roadside sensors in Bangkok, Thailand, and the NGSIM data set collected in California, USA. Using NGSIM data, it is shown qualitatively that the proposed algorithm can detect consecutive occurrences of shockwaves and estimate their associated delays. Then, using a data set from Thailand, it is shown quantitatively that the proposed algorithm can detect and estimate delays associated with both recurring congestion and incident-induced nonrecurring congestion. The proposed algorithm also outperforms the previously proposed streaming algorithm.
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Combination with Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring for the Preoperative Cardiac Evaluation of Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Choi Jae Moon , Kong Yu-Gyeong , Kang Joon-Won , Kim Young-Kug
Published: January 2017

Liver transplantation is the best treatment option for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, fulminant liver failure, and end-stage liver diseases. Even though advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved postoperative outcomes, perioperative cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation. Ischemic coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiomyopathy are the most common cardiovascular diseases and could be negative predictors of postoperative outcomes in liver transplant recipients. Therefore, comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations are required to assess perioperative risks and prevent concomitant cardiovascular complications that would preclude good outcomes in liver transplant recipients. The two major types of cardiac computed tomography are the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). CCTA in combination with the CACS is a validated noninvasive alternative to coronary angiography for diagnosing and grading the severity of CAD. A CACS > 400 is associated with significant CAD and a known important predictor of posttransplant cardiovascular complications in liver transplant recipients. In this review article, we discuss the usefulness, advantages, and disadvantages of CCTA combined with CACS as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for preoperative cardiac evaluation and for maximizing the perioperative outcomes of liver transplant recipients.
NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression and Signaling in Human Diabetic Wounds and in High Glucose Induced Macrophages
Authors: Zhang Xiaotian , Dai Jiezhi , Li Li , Chen Hua , Chai Yimin
Published: January 2017

Introduction. To investigate the contribution and mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome expression in human wounds in diabetes mellitus and in high glucose induced macrophages. Methods. In the present study, we compared the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in debridement wound tissue from diabetic and nondiabetic patients. We also examined whether high glucose induces NLRP3 inflammasome expression in cultures THP-1-derived macrophages and the influence on IL-1β expression. Results. The expressions of NLRP3, caspase1, and IL-1β, at both the mRNA and protein level, were significantly higher in wounds of diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic wounds (P<0.05). High glucose induced a significant increase in NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β expression in THP-1-derived macrophages. M1 macrophage surface marker with CCR7 was significantly upregulated after high glucose stimulation. SiRNA-mediated silencing of NLRP3 expression downregulates the expression of IL-1β. Conclusion. The higher expression of NLRP3, caspase1, and secretion of IL-1β, signaling, and activation might contribute to the hyperinflammation in the human diabetic wound and in high glucose induced macrophages. It may be a novel target to treat the DM patients with chronic wound.
Inflammatory Duodenal Polyposis Associated with Primary Immunodeficiency Disease: A Novel Case Report
Authors: Shera Irfan Ali , Khurshid Sheikh Mudassir , Bhat Mohd Shafi
Published: January 2017

Agammaglobulinemia is a rare form of B-cell primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by reduced levels of IgG, IgA, or IgM and recurrent bacterial infections. Agammaglobulinemia is most commonly associated with diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. Duodenal polyps are a rare entity; however, due to wide use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, incidental diagnosis of duodenal polyps appears to be increasing. Although inflammatory duodenal polyposis has been reported in the literature, its association with common variable immunodeficiency has not been reported till date to the best of our knowledge. We report a case of a 59-year-old male with chronic symptoms of agammaglobulinemia associated with inflammatory duodenal polyposis.
Numerical Reconstruction of the Covariance Matrix of a Spherically Truncated Multinormal Distribution
Authors: Palombi Filippo , Toti Simona , Filippini Romina
Published: January 2017

We relate the matrixSBof the second moments of a spherically truncated normal multivariate to its full covariance matrixΣand present an algorithm to invert the relation and reconstructΣfromSB. While the eigenvectors ofΣare left invariant by the truncation, its eigenvalues are nonuniformly damped. We show that the eigenvalues ofΣcan be reconstructed from their truncated counterparts via a fixed point iteration, whose convergence we prove analytically. The procedure requires the computation of multidimensional Gaussian integrals over an Euclidean ball, for which we extend a numerical technique, originally proposed by Ruben in 1962, based on a series expansion in chi-square distributions. In order to study the feasibility of our approach, we examine the convergence rate of some iterative schemes on suitably chosen ensembles of Wishart matrices. We finally discuss the practical difficulties arising in sample space and outline a regularization of the problem based on perturbation theory.
HOC Based Blind Identification of Hydroturbine Shaft Volterra System
Authors: Bai Bing , Zhang Lixiang
Published: January 2017

In order to identify the quadratic Volterra system simplified from the hydroturbine shaft system, a blind identification method based on the third-order cumulants and a reversely recursive method are proposed. The input sequence of the system under consideration is an unobservable independent identically distributed (i.i.d.), zero-mean and non-Gaussian stationary signal, and the observed signals are the superposition of the system output signal and Gaussian noise. To calculate the third-order moment of the output signal, a computer loop judgment method is put forward to determine the coefficient. When using optimization method to identify the time domain kernels, we combined the traditional optimization algorithm (direct search method) with genetic algorithm (GA) and constituted the hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). Finally, according to the prototype observation signal and the time domain kernel parameters obtained from identification, the input signal of the system can be gained recursively. To test the proposed method, three numerical experiments and engineering application have been carried out. The results show that the method is applicable to the blind identification of the hydroturbine shaft system and has strong universality; the input signal obtained by the reversely recursive method can be approximately taken as the random excitation acted on the runner of the hydroturbine shaft system.
Myoepithelioma of the Nasal Septum: A Rare Case of Extrasalivary Gland Involvement
Authors: Cunha Gustavo Barreto da , Camurugy Tatiane Costa , Ribeiro Thiago Cavalcante , Costa Nara Nunes Barbosa , Azevedo Amanda Canário Andrade , Vinhaes Eriko Soares de Azevedo , Andrade Nilvano Alves de
Published: January 2017

Introduction. The myoepithelioma is a rare benign tumor, most frequently found in the salivary glands. The extrasalivary gland involvement is even rarer and few cases involving the nasal cavity have been reported in the literature. Case Report. MES, a 54-year-old woman, complaining of progressive nasal obstruction and mild epistaxis through the right nostril which had developed 1 year previously. Computed tomography scan showed tumor with heterogeneous contrast enhancement occupying the right nasal cavity, moving contralaterally in the nasal septum. Excisional biopsy was performed through endoscopic surgery of the mass that was inserted at the nasal septum. Pathological and immunohistochemical exams concluded myoepithelioma. Discussion. The main symptoms of nasal myoepitheliomas are nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Immunohistochemistry is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, typically positive for cytokeratin and S-100, calponin, smooth muscle actin, myosin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and carcinoembryonic antigen. The main marker for myoepithelioma is the S-100 protein. In our case, it was positive for cytokeratin, S-100, calponin, actin smooth muscle, and GFAP. In all cases reported in the literature surgical treatment was performed and the recurrence was associated with incomplete tumor resection. Final Comments. The myoepithelioma is a rare differential diagnosis of nasal tumors and its treatment is the total lesion excision.
Renal Expression and Urinary Excretion of Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter in Obstructive Nephropathy
Authors: Brandoni Anabel , Torres Adriana M.
Published: January 2017

Renal damage due to urinary tract obstruction accounts for up to 30% of acute kidney injury in paediatrics and adults. Bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) is associated with polyuria and reduced urinary concentrating capacity. We investigated the renal handling of water and electrolytes together with the renal expression and the urinary excretion of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) after 1 (BUO-1), 2 (BUO-2), and 7 (BUO-7) days of release of BUO. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical studies showed that NKCC2 expression was upregulated in apical membranes both from BUO-2 and from BUO-7 rats. The apical membrane expression, where NKCC2 is functional, may be sufficient to normalize water, potassium, sodium, and osmolytes tubular handling. NKCC2 abundance in homogenates and mRNA levels of NKCC2 was significantly decreased in almost all groups suggesting a decrease in the synthesis of the transporter. Urinary excretion of NKCC2 was increased in BUO-7 groups. These data suggest that the upregulation in the expression of NKCC2 in apical membranes during the postobstructive phase of BUO could contribute to improving the excretion of sodium and consequently also the excretion of potassium, osmolytes, and water. Moreover, the increase in urinary excretion of NKCC2 in BUO-7 group could be a potential additional biomarker of renal function recovery.
3D Printing Aids Acetabular Reconstruction in Complex Revision Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Hughes Andrew J. , DeBuitleir Cathal , Soden Philip , O’Donnchadha Brian , Tansey Anthony , Abdulkarim Ali , McMahon Colm , Hurson Conor J.
Published: January 2017

Revision hip arthroplasty requires comprehensive appreciation of abnormal bony anatomy. Advances in radiology and manufacturing technology have made three-dimensional (3D) representation of osseous anatomy obtainable, which provide visual and tactile feedback. Such life-size 3D models were manufactured from computed tomography scans of three hip joints in two patients. The first patient had undergone multiple previous hip arthroplasties for bilateral hip infections, resulting in right-sided pelvic discontinuity and a severe left-sided posterosuperior acetabular deficiency. The second patient had a first-stage revision for infection and recurrent dislocations. Specific metal reduction protocols were used to reduce artefact. The images were imported into Materialise MIMICS 14.12®. The models were manufactured using selective laser sintering. Accurate templating was performed preoperatively. Acetabular cup, augment, buttress, and cage sizes were trialled using the models, before being adjusted, and resterilised, enhancing the preoperative decision-making process. Screw trajectory simulation was carried out, reducing the risk of neurovascular injury. With 3D printing technology, complex pelvic deformities were better evaluated and treated with improved precision. Life-size models allowed accurate surgical simulation, thus improving anatomical appreciation and preoperative planning. The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of the technique should prove invaluable as a tool to aid clinical practice.
Effects of Different Pediatric Drugs on the Color Stability of Various Restorative Materials Applicable in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Tüzüner Tamer , Turgut Sedanur , Baygin Ozgul , Yilmaz Nagehan , Tuna Elif Bahar , Ozen Bugra
Published: January 2017

Background. The chronic recommendation of pediatric drugs could exhibit erosive and cariogenic problems.Objective. To evaluate the effects of different pediatric drugs on the color stability of various restorative materials.Methods. Five specimens (1 mm × 3 mm) were prepared and immersed in ten different pediatric drugs and agitated every 8 hours daily for 2 min up to 1 week. Between immersion periods, the samples were stored in artificial saliva. After 1-week period,ΔE⁎values were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test were used for statistical analysis at a level ofp<0.05.Results.ΔE⁎values were only significantly influenced by restorative material factorp<0.001and varied in the range of 2.08 and 6.55 units for all drugs/restorative materials. The highestΔE⁎was found in Ferrosanol B-composite(6.55±1.38)and the lowest one was found in Dolven-glass ionomer(2.08±0.40)pairwise. The most prominentΔE⁎value elevations were obtained in composite material compared to the compomer and/or glass ionomers in Macrol, Ferrosanol B, and Ventolin (p<0.001; for all) and also for other drugsp<0.05. Dolven exhibited significantly higher values compared to Augmentinp=0.021, Macrolp=0.018, and Ventolinp=0.013in compomer group.Conclusion. The clinically perceptible color changes for tested composite/pediatric drug pairwise can be more problematic than compomer and glass ionomers in pediatric dentistry.
Dimethyl Fumarate Controls the NRF2/DJ-1 Axis in Cancer Cells: Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Saidu Nathaniel Edward Bennett , Noé Gaëlle , Cerles Olivier , Cabel Luc , Kavian-Tessler Niloufar , Chouzenoux Sandrine , Bahuaud Mathilde , Chéreau Christiane , Nicco Carole , Leroy Karen , Borghese Bruno , Goldwasser François , Batteux Frédéric , Alexandre Jérôme
Published: January 2017

The transcription factor NRF2 (NFE2L2), regulates important antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. It enhances cancer cell proliferation and promotes chemoresistance in several cancers. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is known to promote NRF2 activity in noncancer models. We combined in vitro and in vivo methods to examine the effect of DMF on cancer cell death and the activation of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. We demonstrated that at lower concentrations (<25 μmol/L), DMF has a cytoprotective role through activation of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. At higher concentrations, however (>25 μmol/L), DMF caused oxidative stress and subsequently cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. High DMF concentration decreases nuclear translocation of NRF2 and production of its downstream targets. The pro-oxidative and cytotoxic effects of high concentration of DMF were abrogated by overexpression of NRF2 in OVCAR3 cells, suggesting that DMF cytotoxicity is dependent of NRF2 depletion. High concentrations of DMF decreased the expression of DJ-1, a NRF2 protein stabilizer. Using DJ-1 siRNA and expression vector, we observed that the expression level of DJ-1 controls NRF2 activation, antioxidant defenses, and cell death in OVCAR3 cells. Finally, antitumoral effect of daily DMF (20 mg/kg) was also observed in vivo in two mice models of colon cancer. Taken together, these findings implicate the effect of DJ-1 on NRF2 in cancer development and identify DMF as a dose-dependent modulator of both NRF2 and DJ-1, which may be useful in exploiting the therapeutic potential of these endogenous antioxidants. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 529–39. ©2017 AACR.
Papular Epidermal Nevus with “Skyline” Basal Cell Layer Syndrome – Natural Course: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Zahn Carole Anouk , Itin Peter
Published: January 2017

Papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer (PENS) is a very rare type of keratinocytic nevus and is associated with extracutaneous findings such as neurological symptoms in about 50% of the cases. Therefore, it is also referred to as PENS syndrome. Clinically visible hyperkeratotic papules and plaques already appear at birth or shortly thereafter, while neurological symptoms such as epilepsy and mental retardation manifest themselves during childhood. Genetics suggests gonadal mosaicism as a possible cause for the disease. Another hypothesis is that genetic mutation can occur in a mendelian trait or through a paradominant inheritance.
The Impact of State Aid Reform on Property Values: A Case Study of Maryland's Bridge to Excellence in Public Schools Act
Authors: Chung Il Hwan , Duncombe William , Yinger John
Published: January 2017

A major feature of the school finance landscape over the last two decades has been the reform of state school finance systems. Using the case of Maryland's Bridge to Excellence in Public Schools Act, this paper extends the current literature by developing a conceptual framework for residential bidding and sorting and using it to estimate housing market responses to the Maryland state aid reform. With repeat-sales data and many control variables, we find that an increase of $1,000 in current state aid per pupil induced by the reform is associated with an increase of 5 percent to 13 percent in property values. Moreover, within a district the property-value increases are greater in higher-income tracts, where the demand for school quality is likely to be greater.
On Constructing Ensembles for Combinatorial Optimisation
Authors: Hart Emma , Sim Kevin
Published: January 2017

Although the use of ensemble methods in machine-learning is ubiquitous due to their proven ability to outperform their constituent algorithms, ensembles of optimisation algorithms have received relatively little attention. Existing approaches lag behind machine-learning in both theory and practice, with no principled design guidelines available. In this article, we address fundamental questions regarding ensemble composition in optimisation using the domain of bin-packing as an example. In particular, we investigate the trade-off between accuracy and diversity, and whether diversity metrics can be used as a proxy for constructing an ensemble, proposing a number of novel metrics for comparing algorithm diversity. We find that randomly composed ensembles can outperform ensembles of high-performing algorithms under certain conditions and that judicious choice of diversity metric is required to construct good ensembles. The method and findings can be generalised to any metaheuristic ensemble, and lead to better understanding of how to undertake principled ensemble design.
New records of coral-associated crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Carpilioidea, Trapezoidea) from Easter Island
Authors: BOYKO CHRISTOPHER B. , MENDOZA JOSE C. E. , CASTRO PETER
Published: January 2017

A review is made of those brachyurans that are symbiotic or otherwise associated with scleractinian corals on Easter Island, southeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of seven species is reported, including three species from two families not previously known from the island. Earlier records of Trapezia are analyzed and, although as many as six species have been previously reported, we conclude that only three species are known to occur on the island with certainty.
Build Your Own Earth: A Web-Based Tool for Exploring Climate Model Output in Teaching and Research
Authors: Schultz David M. , Fairman Jonathan G. , Anderson Stuart , Gardner Sharon
Published: January 2017

Build Your Own Earth was designed as a web-based tool for the user to select various characteristics of a planet and see what the climate of that planet would be like. Because of the limitations of computer resources, presimulated Earths were run using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model at relatively coarse resolution. The tool provides 50 different Earth configurations in three categories: Recent, Ancient, and Alien Earths. Recent Earths fix the continental configuration at the present day and vary the axial tilt, eccentricity, and greenhouse gas concentrations. Ancient Earths include a series of paleoclimate simulations from the Last Glacial Maximum 21,000 years ago to the Ediacaran 600 million years ago. Alien Earths include an aquaplanet, terraplanet, ice planet, and various idealized continental configurations. Fifty different monthly averaged quantities are available to view in an annual cycle from four different map projections. Build Your Own Earth was built and designed for a massive open online course, but it has also been used in the classroom at the University of Manchester, as well as research projects on paleoclimate and planetary habitability, for example. The tool is freely available online (www.buildyourownearth.com) for anyone to access.
Surgery for Cholesteatomatous Labyrinthine Fistula
Authors: Lim John , Gangal Anupriya , Gluth Michael Brian
Published: January 2017

Objective:

There is uncertainty regarding the ideal surgical management of cholesteatomatous labyrinthine fistulae. The objective was to review the published evidence to determine whether a difference exists in hearing outcome for cholesteatoma matrix removal or matrix exteriorization.

Data Sources:

Systematic MEDLINE and Web of Science searches identified publications describing hearing results after cholesteatoma matrix removal or matrix exteriorization.

Review Methods:

Three reviewers appraised the studies for quality, level of evidence, and extracted data. Fistula characteristics such as single-site, multisite, size, grade, and follow-up time were extracted for subanalyses, and when appropriate, data were pooled for statistical analysis.

Results:

Twenty-eight articles met inclusion criteria, and the level of evidence was judged no better than level 3b. There was no difference in hearing preservation detected between matrix removal and exteriorization (87% for matrix removal, 95% CI, 0.82-0.90; 95% for exteriorization, 95% CI, 0.85-0.98). An analysis of the individual cohort studies that compared these groups directly did not show a difference in calculated odds ratio (OR), 0.96 (95% CI, 0.66-1.40).

Conclusion:

The level of evidence on which to base surgical decision making related to cholesteatomatous labyrinthine fistula is poor, and the data do not demonstrate significant differences in hearing outcomes based on surgical technique.
How Good Am I at School Work and Compared with Whom?
Authors: Bornholt L.J. , Cooney G.H.
Published: January 2017

This study explores students' responses to social comparisons made within and between gender groups about perceptions of their own achievement. The social comparisons were made explicit, in this case, compared with most boys and with most girls in the class. Students rated their perceptions of performance and effort in contrasting subject domains of mathematics and English. The results were consistent with traditional gender stereotypes in an interaction between the comparison group and gender, but only for English. In comparison with the opposite sex, females rated their English performance higher and males rated their performance lower, with corresponding opposite effects for effort. At least for English, gendered social comparison is one way traditional gender stereotypes are reflected in students' perceptions of their own achievement.
Minority Stress and Bisexual Women’s Disordered Eating
Authors: Watson Laurel B. , Velez Brandon L. , Brownfield Jenna , Flores Mirella J.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the link between bisexual women’s experiences of anti-bisexual discrimination and disordered eating, while examining potential mediating variables underlying this link: outness/identity concealment and maladaptive coping (i.e., coping via internalization, detachment, and drug and alcohol use). A total of 353 bisexual women participated in this study. The relationship between outness and disordered eating was not significant. Higher levels of anti-bisexual discrimination were related to more disordered eating behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by coping via internalization. However, anti-bisexual discrimination was directly related to more coping via detachment and drug and alcohol use. Findings from the study suggest that attending to bisexual women’s experiences of discrimination in counseling is particularly important. Moreover, assisting bisexual women in resisting internalization of discriminatory experiences may be a potential point of intervention for mental health professionals working with bisexual women experiencing disordered eating.
Estimation of Oxygen Consumption from Pulmonary Ventilation during Exercise
Authors: BERNARD THOMAS E. , KAMON ELIEZER , FRANKLIN BARRY A.
Published: January 2017

Pulmonary ventilation ( E) and oxygen uptake ( O2) were measured and regressions between them were found for men and for women exercising from light levels (1.3 kcal/min) to maximal levels (20 kcal/min) of work. Increases in pulmonary ventilation were proportionately greater than increases in oxygen consumption, and, therefore, nonlinear regressions were determined for a range of E which was wider than the linear regressions previously suggested by other investigators. Because the data for men and women diverged, two separate curves were computed. In addition to the sex differences, each equation had an adjustment for age. The standard error of estimate for O2 was 0.21/min.
Fatal orbito-cerebral penetration by industrial grease viscous: Rare case report
Authors: Chauhan Mohit , Behera Chittaranjan , Dikshit PC
Published: January 2017

Assorted projectiles including shrapnel, sling shots, stones, metal and rock fragments and other missiles cause fatal penetrating skull injuries. In this case, a 34-year-old foreman suffered a fatal penetrating orbito-cerebral injury while lubricating a hydraulic rock-splitting machine with industrial grease viscous.
“I thought they should know… that daddy is not completely gone”
Authors: Steffen Edith , Coyle Adrian
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to explore the experiences, responses, and conceptualizations of sense of presence experiences in bereavement in terms of family meaning-making. A case study framework was chosen, using group and individual interviews and ethnographically derived observations in a father-bereaved family in the south of England. Interview data were analyzed by applying both phenomenological and social constructionist perspectives to the same data set. It was observed that there was a division between the mother, who had derived much personal benefit from sense of presence experiences, and the children, who dismissed the experiences as incompatible with their own worldviews and how they made sense of their father’s death.
Effect of a 6-Week Active Play Intervention on Fundamental Movement Skill Competence of Preschool Children
Authors: Foulkes J. D. , Knowles Z. , Fairclough S. J. , Stratton G. , O’Dwyer M. , Ridgers N. D. , Foweather L.
Published: January 2017

This study examined the effectiveness of an active play intervention on fundamental movement skills of 3- to 5-year-old children from deprived communities. In a cluster randomized controlled trial design, six preschools received a resource pack and a 6-week local authority program involving staff training with help implementing 60-minute weekly sessions and postprogram support. Six comparison preschools received a resource pack only. Twelve skills were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and at a 6-month follow-up using the Children’s Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol. One hundred and sixty-two children (Mean age = 4.64 ± 0.58 years; 53.1% boys) were included in the final analyses. There were no significant differences between groups for total fundamental movement skill, object-control skill or locomotor skill scores, indicating a need for program modification to facilitate greater skill improvements.
Physical Activity Levels and Well-Being in Older Adults
Authors: Bae Wonyul , Ik Suh Young , Ryu Jungsu , Heo Jinmoo
Published: January 2017

The objective of this study was to identify the interconnectedness of different intensity levels of physical activity and psychological (life satisfaction and positive affect) and physical (physical health) well-being. Participants were from the National Study of Midlife in the United States with assessments in 2004 and aged 25 to 74 living in the United States were included in the analyses. We conducted bivariate correlations to examine significant relationships among the study variables. In addition, after multicollinearity among the independent variable was checked, a series of hierarchical regression analyses with physical health, positive affect, and life satisfaction as criterion variables were conducted. The results showed that light physical activities were positively associated with physical health and life satisfaction in summer, whereas light physical activities and all dependent variables were positively correlated in winter. Furthermore, engaging in moderate physical activities was positively related only with physical health. Meanwhile, vigorous physical activities were not associated with life satisfaction, physical health, and positive affect in summer and winter.
Drug-Related Deaths in Grampian, Scotland
Authors: Stenhouse G , Grieve J H K
Published: January 2017

Aims — To analyse the demographic data from fatalities arising directly from illicit drug abuse in the Grampian area and compare the findings with trends in drug seizures in Grampian to ascertain if these reflect the recorded deaths, and to attempt to identify a subgroup of the abusing population which might be at greater danger from overdose of controlled substances. Methods — Cases in which the cause of death was directly attributed to illicit drugs from the beginning of January 1995 until the end of December 1999 were identified, and their epidemiological and toxicological data were analysed. The information regarding drug seizures was gained from Home Office publications for the same time period. Results — One hundred and thirteen cases were retrieved consisting of 93 males and 20 females, aged 16 to 43 years (Median 25). The most commonly isolated substance was morphine followed by benzodiazepines. In 97 cases two or more drugs were involved with five cases showing positive toxicology for four or more drugs. Of the female deaths 75% fell into the 16 – 25 year age range. Drug seizures rose by 49% from 1995 to 1998 with both heroin and benzodiazepine seizures increasing by more than five fold in the same period. Conclusions — Deaths directly due to illicit drugs showed a significant increase over the study period and were concentrated in the young male population. The drug seizures increased but the extent of this was not mirrored in the deaths. A shift in emphasis to an older age group is also indicated; drug misuse educational programmes should continue to be targeted at all populations but information may also be targeted at the older age groups and at females under 25 years of age.
Epidemiology of Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss in Glasgow, 1985–1994
Authors: MacAndie C , Kubba H , McFarlane M
Published: January 2017

This retrospective study was undertaken to document the epidemiology of permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) in Glasgow and to make some assessment of the current practice to identify these children before universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) is implemented. Subjects were those with bilateral permanent hearing impairments of at least 40dB in the better hearing ear, born between 1985 and 1994, in Greater Glasgow. The subjects were identified and data extracted from the Educational Audiology database. The case records at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children were also reviewed to identify possible aetiology groups. The prevalence rate of all permanent hearing impairments was 1.23 per thousand live births. Eleven percent of all hearing impairments were acquired or progressive. There was no significant effect of sex on aetiology (X2 = 6.509, df=6, p, = 1), age at identification of hearing impairment and hearing aid provision (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.484. and 0.782 respectively). For those identified as congenitally hearing impaired, the median ages at diagnosis of hearing impairment and hearing aid provision were 18 months and 31 months respectively. Age at diagnosis of hearing impairment and hearing aid provision were unaffected by aetiology of hearing impairment (Kruskal Wallis, p = 0.782 and p = 0.484 respectively). The prevalence rate of PCHI and the ages at identification and intervention in Glasgow are typical of the rest of the UK. Audiological surveillance measures are falling well below the standard of care expected today and the introduction of UNHS is likely to improve outcomes as long as the additional health and educational resources are in place to deal with the earlier identification of these children.
Experiences in the Surgical Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Short D. W. , Mackey W. A.
Published: January 2017

From 1954 until 1967, a total of 52 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were referred to the University Surgical Unit and in 44 instances the aneurysm was resected.

Nine patients (including one who had the aneurysm resected at a later date) were either rejected for surgery on general grounds or were explored but did not have the aneurysm resected. These cases are discussed.

Out of the 44 cases undergoing aneurysmectomy, 11 died during the operation or in the first week after the operation, giving an overall mortality rate of 25 per cent. There were 13 asymptomatic aneurysms with no deaths, 16 aneurysms with symptoms indicating rapid expansion of the aneurysm with 2 deaths (mortality rate of 12.5%) and 15 aneurysms which had ruptured with 9 deaths (mortality rate of 60%). The main operative complications were haemorrhage, cardiac arrest and peripheral arterial thrombosis. Post-operative complications were respiratory insufficiency, renal insufficiency or failure, bowel ischaemia, wound infection and wound dehiscence.

Of the 44 patients operated upon, 33 survived operation and left the hospital alive. Three patients have been lost to follow-up and there were 9 known late deaths due to suture-line rupture (2), coronary artery thrombosis (1), renal failure (1), pneumonia (2), embolism (1), bronchial carcinoma (1). Twenty-one patients are still alive having survived the operation for periods ranging from 6 months to 9 years.

Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysms occur in elderly patients with other evidence of advanced systemic atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, these aneurysms are specifically dangerous and in the absence of surgical treatment the majority of the patients may be expected to die from rupture of the aneurysm. At the present time, in good circumstances, resection of an unruptured aortic abdominal aneurysm has an overall mortality rate of less than 10 per cent but, should surgery be deferred until the aneurysm has ruptured, the operative mortality rate is 50 per cent or more. Patients surviving operation can expect a very satisfactory restoration of physical well-being.
Effective Artwork
Authors: Bourg H. L.
Published: January 2017

The two principal factors determining effectiveness of artwork are simplicity and legibility of material that is being presented.
Severe Salmonella Gastroenteritis Associated with Hypochlorhydria
Authors: Gray J. A. , Trueman Angela M.
Published: January 2017

An unusually severe and prolonged salmonella enteritis is described in 6 adults; 5 had previously undergone gastric surgery and one had pernicious anaemia. Possible causes are discussed but the probable common aetiological factor was deficient gastric juice. Hypo- or achlorhydric subjects appear more prone to salmonellosis and may become seriously ill as a result. Any diarrheal illness in them should be investigated by the bacteriologist before being attributed to altered physiology alone.
The Use of a Drug Marker in a Clinical Trial
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Stowers J. M.
Published: January 2017

A search was made for an ideal drug marker to use in a long-term clinical trial. Sodium fluorescein (4 mg.) was shown to impart urine fluorescence which could be easily and specifically detected. The incorporation of this substance as a marker in the chlorpropamide versus placebo trial for sub-clinical diabetes mellitus is described.
Comparison of Absorption of ‘Slow-Fe’ and Ferrous Sulphate Tablets B.P. in Patients following Partial Gastrectomy
Authors: Parker A. C. , Simpson J. D. , Richmond J.
Published: January 2017

Absorption of ‘Slow-Fe’ and Ferrous sulphate tablets B.P. has been compared in patients who have undergone polya partial gastrectomy. No significant difference in absorption between the two preparations has been found.
The Birth of a Child with Down's Syndrome: A Medico-Social Study of Thirty-One Children and Their Families
Authors: Stone H.
Published: January 2017

In a study of 31 children with Down's syndrome and their families in the Glasgow area, medico-social help was found to be adequate in dealing with the major physical problems (especially congenital heart disease) of the child, and in providing genetic advice to those families in whom recurrence was a major anxiety.

Help was deficient in catering for the emotional and social needs of many of the families of these children.

It is suggested that these findings reflect the narrow medical concept of Down's syndrome as an isolated pathological entity, and that a major shift of emphasis of medical attention from the child on to the family unit is required to effect changes in the standards of care of such children and their families.
Macroamylasaemia: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Imrie C. W. , King J. , Henderson A. R.
Published: January 2017

The case histories of 2 patients with macroamylasaemia are presented together with biochemical findings. Members of each patient's immediate family have been screened and no further cases found.
Experience with Duodenofiberscopes
Authors: Dellipiani A. W.
Published: January 2017

The endoscopic experience in a district general hospital is described in two consecutive six monthly periods during the first of which 112 patients were examined using the Olympus Duodenofiberscope model JF-B and during the the second of which 148 patients were examined using this instrument in conjunction with the Olympus Gastrointestinal Fiberscope model GIF-D. The cases examined were a group of dyspeptic patients (patients with suspected peptic ulceration with chronic anaemia, weight loss or suspected carcinoma), a group of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and a group of patients who had undergone gastric surgery. In this total of 260 patients the duodenal bulb was examined in 169 cases. During the period when both instruments were available there was a preference for using the end viewing Olympus GIF but for a complete examination both instruments are required in a very significant proportion of cases. During the period when both instruments were available, examination of the duodenal bulb was possible in every case apart from two in which there was organic obstruction. In general with either instrument adequate histological material was obtained.

When the endoscopic and radiological results are compared it is seen that the radiologist and the endoscopist agree in over half of the cases examined. However, in the others the endoscopist plays an important part in establishing the presence of radiologically undetected or undetectable disease and in confirming or excluding radiologically doubtful disease.
Pulmonary Embolism—A Clinical and Autopsy Study
Authors: Macintyre I. M. C. , Ruckley C. V.
Published: January 2017

This paper reports 2 retrospective 5-year studies. A clinical review of 120 cases of pulmonary embolism at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, between 1965 and 1969 is followed by a review of 303 cases of embolism detected at 2291 routine autopsies in the Edinburgh Northern Hospital Group between 1967 and 1971.

The main conclusions drawn from the studies are:

1. Venous thrombo-embolic disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Edinburgh Northern Group of Hospitals; 2. Greater use should be made of special diagnostic techniques in thrombo-embolic disease; 3. Oral anticoagulants do not protect from further embolism; 21 per cent of patients had recurrent emboli whilst on anticoagulant treatment; 4. The fatal episode in those patients with an otherwise good prognosis had been preceded by a clinically recognised minor episode in 27 per cent. At autopsy 52 per cent of patients dying of embolism showed evidence of previous smaller episodes. Minor embolism must be regarded as heralding major embolism unless phlebography proves otherwise; and 5. Every hospital should have a policy for the management of pulmonary embolism.
Meningitis Due to an Unusual Type of Haemophilus Influenzae
Authors: Bone F. J.
Published: January 2017

An infant was admitted to hospital with suspected meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type ‘a’ was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) and blood. Haemophilus meningitis due to types other than type ‘b’ is rare, and only a few due to type ‘a’ have so far been recorded. Investigations of the family are included together with a discussion of the implications for the diagnostic bacteriologist.
The Epidemiology of Enteroviruses
Authors: Grist N. R. , Bell Eleanor J. , Reid D.
Published: January 2017

International and local Scottish data illustrate the epidemiology of enteroviruses in recent years. Polioviruses still predominate as causes of serious paralytic disease, except where controlled by vaccination and require continuing surveillance. Aseptic meningitis is the commonest reported illness due to enterovirus infection, but notable clinical manifestations of certain types (particularly coxsackie group A) involve the skin and mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. Gastrointestinal disturbance has been reported in some echovirus infections, and cardiac disease is particularly associated with group B coxsackie virus infections. Although most enterovirus infections are silent or trivial in severity, the trend towards periodic epidemicity of different enteroviruses involving older age-groups may entail the emergence of new disease problems of which heart disease may be one example.
An Evaluation of Goniometry as an Objective Parameter for Measuring Joint Motion
Authors: Mitchell W. S. , Millar Jill , Sturrock R. D.
Published: January 2017

The inter and intra observer variations for a knee goniometer have been quantitated and found to be acceptable. Diurnal variation in knee movement did not occur in a group of controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The goniometer assessed is a simple, reliable and accurate tool for measurement of changes in knee joint motion.
Out-Patient Curettage: A Comparison of Vabra and Gravlee Methods
Authors: Kerr-Wilson R. H. J. , Chaudhury N. , Harris V. G. , Stanton S. L.
Published: January 2017

A prospective survey was carried out on 64 patients comparing the the use of the Gravlee and Vabra methods of out-patient curettage. The Gravlee jet was more difficult to use and had a higher rate of failure of introduction. Provided it is technically possible, however, the Gravlee has similar results to the Vabra in terms of patient acceptance and diagnostic reliability.
Neonatal Tetanus in St Kilda
Authors: Collacott R. A.
Published: January 2017

Neonatal tetanus was prevalent in the Scottish Islands in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the island of St Kilda, neonatal mortality reached 690 per 1,000 live births, and was passively accepted by the community. Many speculative ideas concerning its aetiology were propounded until unsanitary conditions were counteracted by simple measures of hygiene in caring for the newborn babies.
Diagnosis of Haemoglobinopathies in West of Scotland
Authors: Bulloch Catherine , Helenglass Gilla , Lucie N. P.
Published: January 2017

The incidence of various haemoglobinopathies has been recorded for one laboratory for the period 1961 to 1979.

Over this period, the heterozygous conditions, particularly the thalassaemic group of disorders, have been found with an increasing frequency, though the more serious homozygous forms have not shown the same trend.

Improved diagnostic methods and a raised index of suspicion to a potential haemoglobinopathy contribute to this increase, but the major factor is probably the rise in the immigrant population.
Robert Burn's Illness Revisited
Authors: Buchanan W. W. , Kean W. F.
Published: January 2017

A careful review of Robert Burns's terminal illness, especially as documented in his correspondence, supports the widely held contention that death may have been due to subacute bacterial endocarditis secondary to chronic rheumatic heart disease. However, it is also possible that death may have been caused by brucellosis or some non-infectious process such as malignant lymphoma. There is no evidence that Robert Burns suffered from either chronic alcoholism or venereal disease. The evidence that he may have died a doctor's martyr as a result of treatment with a mercury ointment is critically examined.