bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptomatology and Egocentrism in Adolescence
Authors: Schonert-Reichl Kimberly A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the relationship between depressive symptomatology and the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs in order to determine the manner in which these indexes of social cognitive development interrelate with depressive symptomatology during the adolescent age period. Sixty-one adolescents, ranging in age from 12 to 17 years, completed the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), the Elkind Imaginary Audience Scale (IAS), and the Lapsley New Personal Fable Scale (NPFS). Results indicated that adolescent females scored significantly higher than adolescent males on the Uniqueness subscale of the NPFS and the Transient Self subscale of the IAS. The IAS was positively related to depressive symptomatology for adolescent females but not for adolescent males. The NPFS was negatively related to depressive symptomatology for both adolescent males and adolescent females. Different patterns emerged for males and females regarding the interrelationships between NPFS subscales and depressive symptomatology. Findings are discussed with respect to recent research on depression during adolescence and Lapsley and Rice's (1988) "new look" at the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs. Suggestions for future research are put forth
Differences in Young Adolescents' Coping Strategies Based On Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Copeland Ellis P. , Hess Robyn S.
Published: March 2007

The differences in young adolescent coping responses were investigated to determine whether their reported differences in strategies would vary by gender and/or ethnicity (Anglo or Hispanic). Two hundred forty-four ninth-grade adolescents completed the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (A-COPE) to provide a measure of their self-reported coping strategies. The subjects' responses were factor analyzed and a factor structure of 13 variables was constructed that appeared to reflect the developmental level of the subjects. A MANOVA indicated that there were significant differences across gender and ethnicity on these individual factors. Females reported engaging in social relationships and creating change either in actual or cognitive terms more frequently, whereas males tended to rely on stress reduction activities or diversions. Ethnic differences supported the more frequent use of social activities and seeking spiritual support among Hispanics when faced with difficulties. Implications for these results and their usefulness in intervention programs are discussed.
Relations between Friendship, Group Acceptance, and Evaluations of Summer Camp
Authors: Hanna Nancy A. , Berndt Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Relations between friendship and group acceptance were examined by assessing multiple dimensions of adolescents' (N = 77) peer relationships at a summer camp. Adolescents whose best friendships at camp had more positive features were viewed more positively by the other campers in their group than were other adolescents. Adolescents whose best friendships prior to camp had more positive features formed better friendships at camp but were not viewed more positively by their camp groups than were other adolescents. Adolescents whose best friendships prior to camp had more negative features were viewed as more antagonistic by the other campers in their group but did not have a more antagonistic relationship with their best friend at camp than did other adolescents. Adolescents who came to camp with a friend evaluated camp more positively than did those who came alone. The results indicate that distinctions should be made between friendships and group acceptance and between the positive and negative aspects of those peer relationships. Results also indicate that both types of relationships are important in adapting to a new social setting.
Predictive and Concurrent Correlates of Gambling in Early Adolescent Boys
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Ladouceur Robert , Bujold Annie
Published: March 2007

This study had two objectives: (a) to identify a link between gambling, delinquency, and substance use in a sample of early adolescent males and (b) to verify if behavioral precursors of gambling are similar to behavioral precursors of delinquency and substance use. Results indicated a concurrent link between gambling, delinquency, and substance use. They also revealed that low anxiety/withdrawal at 10 and 11 years of age predicted, although modestly, gambling. Somewhat different predictors were related to delinquency and substance use. Gambler and nongambler groups also were compared on concurrent self-ratings of delinquency and substance use and on antecedent teacher ratings and mother ratings of behavior problems. Results revealed that gamblers reported more delinquency and more substance use than nongamblers. Gamblers also were rated by teachers as less anxious/withdrawn than were nongamblers. Implications of the present results for understanding behavioral dimensions leading to gambling are discussed.
Student Perceptions of Educational Technology Tools
Authors: Clarke Irvine , Flaherty Theresa B. , Mottner Sandra
Published: March 2007

In this age of rapid technological innovation, marketing professors are using various educational technology tools to assist learning in their classes. However, little is known about students’ perceptions of how these unique teaching tools influence their overall experience. Consequently, marketing professors may be unsure which educational technology tools to incorporate into their courses. This study investigates how various educational technology tools affect students’perceptions in three outcome-oriented areas: overall learning, ability to get a job, and expected job performance. Student perceptions were obtained through a survey administered in a “Marketing on the Internet” course that simultaneously employed various educational technology tools. Findings reveal that students have differing opinions on the impact of these technologies on their learning, ability to get a job, and job performance. Suggestions are provided so instructors can select the appropriate educational technology tools to maximize teaching effectiveness.
The Effectiveness of Audio-Visual Presentations
Authors: Lipson Harry A. , Gur-Arie Oded
Published: March 2007

Are audio media more effective than visual media? Is a picture worth 1, 000 words? Research studies in this area are inconclusive and subject to numerous inter pretive difficulties; however, there is general agreement that the use of both media reinforces the transmission of a message (DeBoth and Dominowski 1978).
Business Ethics of Future Marketing Managers
Authors: Fritzsche David J. , Becker Helmut
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the findings of a study which examined the business ethics of college students. The study utilized a series of ten vignettes which posed five different types of ethical problems. The responses were analyzed to determine student values.
Toward Greater Responsiveness in Marketing Education: A Social Marketing Framework
Authors: Laric Michael V. , Tucker Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how marketing educators can apply the social marketing concept to more effectively serve an important constituent public-employers of marketing graduates. First, a literature review focusing on efforts to survey practitioners' attitudes towards marketing education is presented. Next, a model is developed, based on a social marketing conceptual framework, to guide marketing educators in the collection and use of feedback from practitioners. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the major implications and the related benefits of adopting a social marketing posture by the marketing academics.
Team-Teaching within Schools of Business: Increasing the Chance for Success
Authors: Klein Gary D.
Published: March 2007

Applications of team-teaching within schools of business appear to contain inherent defects, which lead to superficiality. A three-fold modification is suggested and a case history applying this solution is presented. A preliminary general model for teamteaching success is also presented.
The Use of Videotaped Cases in the Teaching of Marketing
Authors: Madden Charles S.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses an alternative to the traditional use of business cases in marketing courses. The skills required of a student in dealing with written case materials are quite different from skills later needed on the job: listening, taking notes, and formulating responses to problems communicated verbally. The author has developed several variations of audiovisually based cases. Advantages and disadvantages of these pedagogical alternatives are discussed.
The Marketing Educator Shortage: A Supply Side Perspective
Authors: Fisher James E. , Garrett Dennis E.
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted of marketing faculty at doctorate granting institutions to obtain their perceptions of the current shortage of marketing educators. Results focus on activities used to recruit marketing doctoral students, an evaluation of the potential of various groups to provide future doctoral students, reasons for the shortage, and projections for the status of the shortage in five years.
Work Experience: The Essential Ingredient in British Programs
Authors: Nevett Terry
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the need for education to include practical experience is as great in marketing as in medicine, and that this need can only be fully met by incorporating into the marketing program an extended period spent in a "real" job.
Client-Sponsored Projects: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice
Authors: de los Santos Gilberto , Jensen Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

Client-sponsored projects are suggested as a vehicle for helping students in marketing courses integrate theoretical and applied perspectives. Client-sponsored projects are described and suggestions for the implementation and management of client-sponsored projects are offered. Potential benefits as well as problems associated with these projects are elucidated.
Consumer Behavior Textbooks: A Comparative Review
Authors: Finn Adam
Published: March 2007

Research in education suggests that the text used in a course is the primary determinant of what students learn in a course. As recently as 1981, a review of consumer behavior textbooks concluded that instructors had several good books to choose from, but that there was little choice in terms of structure and approach. A number of new books has now appeared, giving instructors a much wider choice. A comparative review of those books can assist instructors in a most important choice.
An Empirical Investigation of the Validity of McCarthy's Multiple-Choice Question Classification Matrix
Authors: Dickinson John R. , Faria A. J. , Whiteley T. Richard
Published: March 2007

Multiple-choice question examinations and their incorporation of questions accompanying introductory marketing texts are common. Within the framework of a standard hierarchy of learning taxonomy, this study investigates the validity of the typology classifying the questions accompanying one of the most widely adopted texts.
Integrating Courses in Marketing Research and Engineering Design: An Instructional Technique for Enhancing the Product Development Process
Authors: Lunsford Dale A. , Henshaw John M.
Published: March 2007

The integration of undergraduate marketing research and engineering design courses is discussed, and the nature of and need for such integration is established as vital to new product development. Individual courses in marketing research and engineering are described, and the objectives of integrating the courses and plans for implementation are presented. Critical issues for success are revealed.
Bringing Consumer Behavior to the Workbench: An Experiential Approach
Authors: Titus Philip A. , Petroshius Susan M.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines an experiential project to be used in an undergraduate consumer behavior course that encourages students to focus on the integration of course concepts into a coherent framework. The project not only illustrates how marketing strategy depends on market behavior, but also facilitates students' ability to synthesize and apply information.
Perceived Causes, Effects, and Remedies for Plateauiing among Marketing Professors
Authors: King John O. , O'Hara Bradley S. , Cudd Mike
Published: March 2007

The issue of career plateauing among marketing professors is examined in this survey of deans, marketing department heads, and faculty members. Analysis demonstrates that a plateauing problem is perceived to exist in our marketing departments. Specifically, individuals felt that major contributors to this phenomena were institutional factors such as the tenure system and a lack of incentives beyond tenure and promotion. However, those who are most able to do something about this problem are least likely to believe that institutional conditions are the root of this issue. This may be an unfortunate situation, as findings also demonstrate that plateaued marketing faculty not only desire to be productive, but feel they have the capability of doing so.
Paradigm Shifts in Business Education: Using Active Learning to Deliver Services Marketing Content
Authors: Wright Lauren K. , Bitner Mary Jo , Zeithaml Valarie A.
Published: March 2007

Business schools have recently been criticized for failing to prepare students for the increasingly complex, fast-paced, and global work environments they will face as employees of organizations in the 1990s and beyond. Students must be taught both new content and new skills in order to meet the changing needs of U.S. businesses. Services marketing is a prime example of the new content that must be added to business school curricula, since services now account for more than 70% of our GNP Services marketing courses can also provide an excellent opportunity for students to practice critical new workplace skills.

The objectives of this article are to describe the changes necessary in marketing curricula to ensure that students have the appropriate skills and content to adequately meet the needs of their future employers; to provide an overview of services marketing course content; to describe the traditional and the active learning educational paradigms; to demonstrate how active learning techniques can be used to teach both content and skills in a services marketing course; and to provide specific examples of active learning exercises designed to address key content areas in services marketing.
Local Finance and Services in Kansas City SMSA
Authors: Reeves Earl J.
Published: March 2007

Any readers who wish to submit reports for inclusion in this column should send a brief statement (250-500 words) to Earl J. Reeves, Research Editor, Midwest Review of Public Administration, University of Tulsa, 600 South College, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104. Articles for the February, 1973 issue must be received by November 30, 1972.
To Define and to Rule: The IRS and Clergy Self-Employment
Authors: Miller Will
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the implications of recent Internal Revenue Service rulings that have challenged the employment classification of selected religious leaders. Such actions raise important questions concerning the possible coercive actions of the state in shaping religious life. This work explores the role of ideology in such decisions, as well as the questionable role of bureaucratic discretion in these decisions. The IRS uses the employer/employee paradigm, which is central to corporate capitalist ideology to define the clergy/community relationship. The employer/employee paradigm conflicts with the communitarian ideology inherent in many religious communities. This article explores the significance of the free exercise and the establishment clauses of the federal constitution and argues that the present clergy status (self-employed) minimizes the conflict between church and state. This leaves the religious community free to debate the role of leadership within its internal polities.
Mentoring Women in Organizations: Practice in Search of Theory
Authors: Hale Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Does mentoring really increase an individual's or an organization's capacity to develop? In response to proponents who assume that mentonng is automatically helpful to women, this research argues that deficiencies in the literature keep us from informing and improving the practice of mentorship, particularly for women. In juxtaposing what we know about mentoring women in the work-place with what we do not know, this article suggests the theoretical implications of mentoring and the related areas of inquiry that we should explore. I note that we need certain kinds of inquiry to increase our understanding of how mentoring enhances the individual's and organization's capacity to change and develop and urge scholars and practitioners to work together in developing and testing mentoring theory to answer these questions. Doing so will advance our knowledge of how mentoring helps individuals, particularly women, and organizations reach development goals.
Marketing to Ethnic Minority Consumers: A Historical Journey (1932-1997)
Authors: Cui Geng
Published: March 2007

This study provides a historical survey of the research on ethnic minority consumers and related marketing issues and includes more than two hundred articles and books dated from 1932 to 1997. Quantitative analyses of longitudinal data reveal several historical transitions and the amount of research activities in various subject areas, thus providing an overview of the history and recent development in this area. Content analyses identify the key research topics, theoretical propositions, and empirical findings. It further explores directions for future research and provides suggestions for marketing educators, researchers, and practitioners.
Consumption Choices at the Macro Level
Authors: Firat A. Fuat , Dholakia Nikhilesh
Published: March 2007

Macro phenomena in the sphere of consumption have not been the focus of inquiry in marketing or other disciplines. Consumption patterns are the main analytical categories for macro level studies of consumption. The concept and dimensions of consumption patterns are explored in this article. It is argued that the formation and transformation of consumption patterns at a societal level are central phenomena in the domain of macromarketing.
Multiprocessor Control of a Telemanipulator with Optical Proximity Sensors
Authors: Wampler Charles
Published: March 2007

The complexity of robotic systems usually necessitates the use of digital computers in their control. When a sensory- feedback control loop is closed around a robot and its com puter system, the real-time flow of data through the computer strongly influences the fidelity of the resultant motion. The purpose of this paper is to identify characteristics of the com puter controller that have the greatest impact on the perform ance of the system and to show, by means of an example, how the performance may be enhanced through the use of digital control techniques.

The Stanford Robotic Aid is a computer-assisted telemanip ulator equipped with optical proximity sensors and a multi processor control system. Digital control techniques are used in the study of its application to a surface-following task. Thè dynamic behavior of the manipulator and the computer network is modeled by a set of difference equations. Propor tional sensory feedback is analyzed through use of a root- locus method, and a pole-placement method is used to design a state-feedback controller. The actual behavior of the system in a step-response test is compared to the prediction of the model.
A Kinematic CAD Tool for the Design and Control of a Robot Manipulator
Authors: Wu Chi-haur
Published: March 2007

The correct relationship between two connective joint coordi nates of a robot manipulator is defined by four link parame ters ; one being the joint variable and the other three the geometric values. The basis for all open-loop manipulator control is the relationship between the Cartesian coordinates of the end-effector and the joint coordinates; therefore, the fidelity of the Cartesian position and orientation of the end- effector to the real world depend on the accuracy of the four link parameters of each joint. In this paper, a linear analytic error model describes the six possible Cartesian errors and the four independent kinematic errors from which the Carte sian error envelopes due to any combination of four kinds of kinematic errors can be uniquely determined. From a design standpoint, this error model can be used as a guide to mini mize the open-loop kinematic errors of the robot manipulator. Finally, a new calibration technique based on this model has also been developed that can be used to correct the kinematic errors of the robot manipulator.
Robotic Taction for Industrial Assembly
Authors: Harmon Leon D.
Published: March 2007

Assembly-line tasks were studied in order to acquire realistic estimates of requisite gripper and finger touch-sen sor design parameters. This was done in the context of noted time-and-motion variables, object configuration, weight and other physical characteristics, and any perceived requirements having to do with speed, accuracy, and delicacy. Small- and medium-sized parts assem bly was used to estimate requisite tac tile-pad-array size, resolution, and sensitivity. For each task studied, esti mates were also made for gripper con figuration and for overall difficulty of achieving the technology required. The estimated tactile-array, spatial-resolu tion needs are surprisingly small for a large variety of industrial assembly tasks. Arrays of no more than 8 X 8 pressure-sensitive points with interpoint spacing of 0.1 in and capable of sensing slippage appear to promise consider able capability. Such arrays, placed on two-jawed grippers and three-fingered anthropomorphic hands are concluded to be able to permit robotic replacement of humans in more than 80% of the assembly tasks studied.
A Spatial Operator Algebra for Manipulator Modeling and Control
Authors: Rodriguez G. , Jain A. , Kreutz-Delgado K.
Published: March 2007

A recently developed spatial operator algebra for manipu lator modeling, control, and trajectory design is dis cussed. The elements of this algebra are linear operators whose domain and range spaces consist of forces, moments, velocities, and accelerations. The effect of these operators is equivalent to a spatial recursion along the span of a manipulator. Inversion of operators can be efficiently obtained via techniques of recursive filtering and smoothing. The operator algebra provides a high- level framework for describing the dynamic and kinematic behavior of a manipulator and for control and trajectory design algorithms. The interpretation of expressions within the algebraic framework leads to enhanced concep tual and physical understanding of manipulator dynamics and kinematics. Furthermore, implementable recursive algorithms can be immediately derived from the abstract operator expressions by inspection. Thus the transition from an abstract problem formulation and solution to the detailed mechanization of specific algorithms is greatly simplified.
The ORCCAD Architecture
Authors: Borrelly Jean-Jacques , Coste-Manière Eve , Espiau Bernard , Kapellos Konstantinos , Pissard-Gibollet Roger , Simon Daniel , Turro Nicolas
Published: March 2007

The ORCCAD programming environment for robotic systems allows users to address automatic control laws in continuous time at the lower levels, and aspects of discrete-time logic at the higher lev els. ORCCAD provides tools of specification, formal verification, simulation, and real-time code generation integrated within a set of dedicated graphical interfaces. Basic robot actions, which are in trinsically hybrid entities, are handled by the ROBOT-TASK struc ture, which smartly interfaces aspects of continuous and discrete time. ROBOT-TASKS are further logically composed into more complex actions, ROBOT-PROCEDURES, through a dedicated lan guage. While system performance can be checked using simula tions, crucial properties such as deadlock avoidance, safety, and liveness can be formally verified at both levels. The approach is illustrated with an underwater inspection mission.
Design and Control of a Novel 3-DOF Flexible Robot, Part 2
Authors: Arocena J.I. , Daniel R.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to present the design of a practical controller for a flexible, industrially competent, robot arm. The language used is that of a practicing control engineer, with emphasis on the physical in sights useful to the designer during the design process. This contrasts with most experimental results presented in the literature, which are usually for one- and two-link planar arms and are amenable to closed-form analysis and simulation. Such arms also manifest limited performance with respect to rigid-body manipulators, and underline the difficulties in extending controller design to more than two flexible links. Furthermore, experimenters invariably rely on the efficacy of the control algorithm, rarely exploiting their understand ing of control theory to add mechanical design features to ease the control task. The work presented in this paper centers on a three-link (spatial) flexible and industry-sized prototype arm, the Rotabot, and the purpose is to demonstrate that the control task can be simplified by using control-theory-driven mechanical design. The special de sign features of the Rotabot facilitating ease of arm dynamic control are presented in a companion paper, Part 1. The final control task, despite the care taken with the arm design, was hampered by driver nonlinearities such as torque ripple, Coulombic friction, and pure time delays within the commutation circuitry of the motors. The use of direct drive means that drive nonlinearities, which tend to have high bandwidths, are closely coupled to the vibration characteristics of the arm—a problem that tends not to arise in geared robots. These nonideal drive characteristics had to be dealt with by the controller. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling such an arm and pave the way for a new practical research path on flexible manipulators.
Music in the Education of Children with Severe or Profound Learning Difficulties: Issues in Current U.K. Provision, A New Conceptual Framework, and Proposals for Research
Authors: Ockelford Adam
Published: March 2007

Little is currently known about the provision of music in the education of children who have severe learning difficulties (SLD) or profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLD) in the U.K., and virtually nothing about the broader place of music in their lives. The inadequacy of this position is compounded by the fact that there is a lack of conceptual clarity as to what constitutes music education for this group as opposed to music therapy. To elicit - and hopefully to inform - future debate, this article develops a new model of music education for those with SLD and PMLD which has two strands: activities that are undertaken primarily for their intrinsic musical value, and those which are intended principally to promote wider learning and development. The validity of this framework is explored in the context of the broader experience of music in the lives of children with severe and profound learning difficulites and, in particular, it is analysed in relation to the role of music therapy. It is suggested that some of the work currently undertaken by music therapists with children with learning difficulties could reasonably be defined as "educational", while much of the activity of music teachers with these pupils has a high therapeutic content. Finally, new research is proposed to identify the music provision that currently exists in special schools, and to assist in further clarifying the distinction between education and therapy in this context.
The Development of a Multidimensional Instrument for the Measurement of Affective Responses to Music
Authors: Asmus Edward P.
Published: March 2007

A measurement device for the assessment of the feelingful, emotional state developed by listeners in response to musical stimuli was developed. Ninety-nine affect terms were rated by 2,057 subjects in response to three musical excerpts. Principal component factor analytic techniques identified nine dimensions of affect to occur in 75 per cent or more of the analyses. These were named: Evil, Sensual, Potency, Humour, Pastoral, Longing, Depression, Sedative, and Activity dimensions. Forty-one terms loading highly on these factors were organised into a device for measuring affective response, the 9-Affective Dimensions (9-AD). Results of factor comparison techniques and reliability analyses indicated the viability of the instrument for researchers who require the measurement of feelingful, emotional responses on homogeneous yet discrete dimensions of musical affect.
The Effect of an Accompanying Situation on the Improvement of Students' Sight Reading Skills
Authors: Watkins Alice , Hughes Marie Adele
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that accompanying a tape-recorded soloist has on the ability of music students to sight read vocal and instrumental accompaniments at the piano. Specifically, the study examined a tape-recorded accompanying situation and its effects on the accuracy of the following sight reading skills: pitch, rhythm, and expression.

The null hypotheses for the study were tested by the Student's t test (a parametric test), the Mann-Whitney U test (a non-parametric test), and an analysis of covariance (a parametric test). Since the results of all three tests agreed, the validity of the findings was enhanced.

The treatment group that employed a tape-recorded soloist as an aid to teaching sight reading had significantly higher mean posttest rhythm accuracy scores than did the group that employed no taped soloist. The pitch accuracy and expression accuracy mean posttest scores of the two groups were not significantly different.
Effects of Interpersonal Dynamics in the Student-Teacher Dyads on Diagnostic and Remedial Content of Four Private Violin Lessons
Authors: Gustafson Ruth I.
Published: March 2007

Theories of interpersonal dynamics have been an integral part of research in the fields of psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences but have not been systematically applied to music teaching.

The present study makes use of Sigmund Freud's theory of the defence mechanisms of the personality, demonstrating how these mechanisms operate in shaping the diagnostic and remedial content of the student- teacher dyad in four private violin lessons. Drawn from 12 hours of videotaped lessons, the psychoanalytic interpretation of the behaviours of eight subjects supports the hypothesis that the manifest contents of the lesson interactions are dominated by the unconscious aims of either or both members of the dyad. These findings are consistent with the extensive psychiatric literature on the defences of personality in everyday life and suggest that observation and interpretation of these phenomena are of value to teachers and educators interested in the relation between task and personality in the setting of the private lesson.
Lullabies and Simplicity: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Unyk Anna M. , Trehub Sandra E. , Trainor Laurel J. , Schellenberg E. Glenn
Published: March 2007

Pairs of folk lullabies and comparison songs from different cultures were presented to adult listeners, who were required to choose the simpler song in each pair. Adults judged the lullaby excerpts as simpler whether presented with original field recordings, low-pass filtered versions that made the words unintelligible or excerpts synthesised with a uniform (piano) timbre. Structural analyses of the songs failed to reveal musical features that differentiated lullabies from other songs. Nevertheless, such analyses revealed melodic features that predicted adults' identification of lullabies.
An Expert-Novice Comparison in Musical Composition
Authors: Colley Ann , Banton Louise , Down Julia , Pither Anthony
Published: March 2007

The study reported here investigated expert and novice performance on a simple composition task. One Expert and three Novices were given a four phrase Bach Chorale with half of the first phrase and the soprano line provided. They were required to complete as much of the Chorale as possible within one hour. Think-aloud protocols were recorded and retrospective interviews were conducted. The protocols, scores and interview responses were compared. Only the Expert completed the task. The Expert was able to attend to the basic technical aspects of the task and to simultaneously consider part movement, balance and typical features of the genre. The Novices concentrated on chord-by-chord solution, applying the basic rules of harmony and largely neglected the shape and balance of the emerging score. The comparison of the protocols from the Expert and Novice provided evidence of characteristics of expertise found in problem-solving tasks in other domains.
Emotional Responses to Music: Implicit and Explicit Effects in Listeners and Performers
Authors: Waterman Mitch
Published: March 2007

Three experiments that focus on explicit and implicit response effects when listening to or performing music are reported. Experiment 1 involved musically trained and untrained subjects listening to 5 musical extracts. Quantitative and qualitative measures were adopted in the form of a number of emotional responses per bar, and interview data focusing upon how subjects felt during each extract. Experiment 2 involved 8 of the 30 subjects from experiment 1 listening to two of the same five extracts, approximately one year after the earlier study. Similar measures were recorded. Experiment 3 involved four trained performers, paired as two duets. The same quantitative and qualitative measures were recorded from their performances of two duet pieces. Data from all three experiments indicated few systematic patterns. Trained and untrained listeners differed in their qualitative responses, but not quantitatively in their emotional responses. Both explicit and implicit effects were evident in the qualitative data, with variation in both being greatest amongst untrained listeners. Performers exhibited both explicit and implicit effects. Explicit effects were more evident when referring to their own performance, and implicit effects were more evident in responses to the performance of the other instrumentalist. The qualitative data are discussed with reference to contemporary cognitive theories of emotion, context and congruency effects in memory, and traditional views of the emotional response to music.
Duration of Perceived and Performed Sounds
Authors: JEON JIN Y. , FRICKE FERGUS R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a study on the perception and reproduction of sound durations. First, the duration discrimination abilities of musician and non-musician subjects were measured. An experiment was then carried out to find the effect of frequency difference on duration discrimination in pairs of pure tones (musical note durations). Finally, three experiments were undertaken to investigate any effect of frequency difference on the performed duration of tones. The major findings were: (i) that musicians show lower discrimination thresholds than non-musicians for short stimuli durations (25-100 msec), (ii) that higher frequencies are perceived as being longer in duration than lower frequencies, and (iii) that when the performed sound should be double or longer than a presented tone, subjects typically perform the sound longer than is appropriate.
Making a Place for Science
Authors: Henke Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the complex interaction between a group of University of California `farm advisors' and the farm community that they are meant to advise. In contrast with previous literature in science and technology studies (S&TS) on the distinctions between `laboratory science' and `field science', I show how advisors' work is a blend of these modes. More specifically, I focus on the advisors' use of `field trials' - field-based experiments conducted on growers' land - to convince their agricultural clientele to farm in a new way. Field trials retain some characteristics of lab science, such as control groups and special, experimental methods, but they are also solidly in the field, as they are often conducted on a grower's property, and the data from the experiment are a grower's crop. Drawing from my fieldwork with farm advisors and growers, I use the case of agricultural field trials to illustrate the role of `place' in applied science, highlight issues of `control' between scientists and their `public' in the field, and point to the challenges of producing consent through field trials.
`A New Way of Flying'
Authors: Mody Cyrus C.M.
Published: March 2007

The autogiro, a rotary-wing aircraft driven by a propeller, was created after World War I as a safe alternative to the airplane. Its resemblance to helicopters and airplanes made differentiating it an important rhetorical task for its supporters. With time, the autogiro took on new interpretations, and with them new processes of differentiation. The autogiro, airplane and helicopter all evolved, leading to instabilities of meaning, fixed temporarily by mechanisms of closure. I explore the relevance of Derridean différance for constructivist views of technology in tracing the flexible, differential meanings of the autogiro.
The Thought Style of Physicians
Authors: de Camargo Kenneth Rochel
Published: March 2007

The differential selection and assessment of knowledge is a key feature of medical practice. This paper presents a study of how doctors select and assess information in practice. Fourteen internal medicine professors from a relevant medical school in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were selected through preliminary interviews with medical students. The professors were subjected to open-ended interviews. The resulting material was interpreted through a conceptual framework derived from Ludwik Fleck, in order to establish the relevant elements of the thought style characteristic of the way they select and acquire new knowledge. The thought style that emerged from this set of interviews can be briefly characterized as a largely intuitive, pragmatic, result-oriented search of relevant (that is, potentially useful in practice) information. The doctors sought sources with academic credibility, but they maintained primary interest in practical, experiential knowledge. They also expressed a rather sceptical stance, at times bordering on cynicism. Despite this mistrust, doctors lack the resources (time, knowledge of technical aspects of research, particularly in terms of epidemiology and statistics) to effectively assess knowledge that is constantly being force-fed to them. This relative lack of resources is worsened, on one side, by the perception of medicine as subject to frequent and major changes, and on the other by the vastly disproportionate forces available to those who effectively produce and distribute such knowledge.
Science in a Bilingual Society: The Case of Two Engineering Schools in Quebec
Authors: Eisemon Thomas O. , Rabkin Yakov M.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the influence of language of work on the professional attitudes and activities of scientists. This Issue is of considerable significance to those linguistically-defined scientific communities in which the medium of scientific training does not coincide with the dominant lingua franca of scientific communication and recognition Does language of work, for Instance, serve to isolate scientific communities, thereby depressing research activity? This and other questions have been studied in the case of academic engineers affiliated with an English-medium and a French-medium university in Quebec - a society where the relationship between the two linguistic groups used to be described as 'two solitudes'. Considerable variations have been found between the two universities m terms of professional orientations, research activity, etc. Yet attempts to introduce the local language and to respond to local needs and priorities do not seem to be incompatible with the capacity to be cosmopolitan - although some of the data indicate that relationships to the international scientific system may be weakened.
National and International Politics in US-USSR Scientific Cooperation
Authors: Lubrano Linda L.
Published: March 2007

The universal and culturally specific characteristics of science are difficult to delineate, since science exists simultaneously in both a national and an international context. The same is true of politics. The boundary line traditionally set between domestic and foreign politics has been eroded by the growing Interdependence of political and economic communities, and by the realization that the politician acts in both national and international arenas. Nowhere is the merging of science, foreign affairs, and domestic politics more evident than in the area of scientific cooperation between the USA and the USSR, especially in the aftermath of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the arrest of Andrei Sakharov This paper begins with a brief overview of the inter-Academy exchange programme and the bilateral agreements of the 1970s - the dominant Institutional channels for scientific communication between American and Soviet scientists. Next, there is a discussion of the ways in which American scientists supported their Soviet colleagues against governmental repression. This is followed by an assessment of détente and human rights in relation to science. Finally, there is an analysis of 1980 Congressional and executive actions in the United States which turned the attention of the American scientific community to the protection of their professional rights on the domestic front.
Expertise Lost: An Early Case of Technology Assessment
Authors: Joerges Bernward
Published: March 2007

This Note traces the curious history of an early technological risk assessment from three vantage points: that of historians of technology, of technology assessment (TA) experts, and of those knowledgeable in SSK. The principle of `double coincidence' is introduced, and the uncertain status of expertise in TA is discussed.
On Interests and their Transformation: Enrolment and Counter-Enrolment
Authors: Callon Michel , Law John
Published: March 2007

A way of treating interests which differs from those of both Woolgar and Barnes is here recommended. This third `enrolment' or `networking' theory approach notes that actors attempt to enlist one another in a variety of different ways, including the transformation of imputed interests. Some of the strategies adopted in this process are considered. Overall, it is suggested that interests should not be imputed to actors as background causes of action, but rather that they should be seen as attempts to define and enforce contingent forms of social order on the part of actors themselves.
Why Einstein Became Famous in America
Authors: Missner Marshall
Published: March 2007

An attempt is made to explain why Einstein became a celebrity in America in 1919-21. The initial factor was the sudden great interest in the theory of relativity that developed because of the dramatic way it was announced as being confirmed, and because of the phrases that happened to be associated with it. These phrases were particularly suited to generate interest in America, which at that time was especially xenophobic, suspicious of science, fearful of domination, but also greatly concerned with advancement and self-improvement. The fame of the theory naturally led to curiosity about Einstein, the theory's creator. When Einstein came to the United States in 1921 as part of a Zionist delegation, the warm welcome American Jews gave the delegation, and Chaim Weizmann in particular, was mistakenly described by the American press as a hero's welcome for Einstein. This led to a complex series of interactions between the Yiddish and English language press that resulted in Einstein being considered a hero and a secular saint. But the xenophobia and suspicion that had played a part in the theory's fame, also contributed to Einstein's growing personal fame.
The `Glasgow School' of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: Conservative Thought in Chemical Physiology, Nutrition and Public Health
Authors: Smith David , Nicolson Malcolm
Published: March 2007

In the early decades of the twentieth century, the `Glasgow School' of D. N. Paton, L. Findlay and E. P. Cathcart developed a distinctive approach to the scientific study of nutrition and to the social application of scientific knowledge. They adhered to the practice of chemical physiology, which they defended against the encroachment of a reductionist, modernizing biochemistry. In the face of rival claims from the emergent professional biomedical scientists, Paton, Findlay and Cathcart upheld a more traditional view of medical education and the relationship between the doctor and the laboratory scientist. They also lent their medical and scientific authority to the then Government's policy of minimal intervention in the condition of the poor, employing arguments hostile to rational, scientistic reform. Using Karl Mannheim's concept of `styles of thought', the paper characterizes the rhetoric of the Glasgow School as being `conservative' in style. It is suggested that Paton, Findlay and Cathcart used conservative thought as a useful tactic in the defence of a wide variety of social interests. This study of the Glasgow School is intended as a contribution to the history of physiology, biochemistry and nutrition, to the understanding of the interactions between the laboratory and the clinic, and to the literature on styles of thought.
On the Sociology of Science and the Continuing Importance of Epistemologically Couched Accounts
Authors: Henderson David K.
Published: March 2007

I argue that there remains a significant place in the sociology of science for epistemologically couched accounts. By examining `strong programme' work, particularly Andrew Pickering's history of HEP, I show how the decidedly social aspects accentuated in sociological accounts typically have parallel epistemic aspects. The treatment of such aspects as explanatory factors often complements decidedly sociological accounts. This view is defended against the objection that epistemic norms or values are really of only secondary importance in comparison with social practice, perhaps only epiphenomenal. Epistemic values can be understood in a way that is compatible with an appreciation of the importance of practice. The place for epistemologically couched accounts is also defended by showing that generally telling objections to rationalizing explanation as it is commonly understood can be avoided in a superior, fully naturalist, understanding of such explanation.
The `Costs' of Institutional Isomorphism: Science in Non-Western Countries
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda A. , Kamens David H.
Published: March 2007

The theoretical section of this paper describes three mechanisms through which science in non-Western countries is institutionalized to follow the forms that are prevalent in the major industrial nations. The empirical section, which is based on a sample of 73 less developed countries (LDCs) and underdeveloped countries (UDCs) demonstrates that the findings are inconsistent with predictions made by theories of economic development and modernization. These theories predict a positive relationship between the degree of institutionalization and economic performance, but, for LDCs we find no such relationship; for the UDCs, it is even negative. Thus we conclude that institutional isomorphism and conformity to external rational myths are loosely coupled with internal economic efficiency.