bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory structures on the antenna of soldier and worker castes of the termite species Odontotermes parvidens (Termitidae: Isoptera: Blattaria)
Authors: Das Khirod Sankar , Marwein Cynthia Bansara , Nonglait K. Chanreila L. , Choudhury Sudipta
Published: October 2021

Odontotermes parvidens is a commonly found important pest species of termite that primarily feed on a range of cellulosic sources. In termites, communication among the nestmates is the basis of all their daily activities and the sensory structures present on the sensory appendages play a crucial role in different social behaviors perceiving and processing various signals of the nestmates and external environments. So, it is essential to understand in detail their sensory structures in order to understand the sensory system of the species O. parvidens. Thus, we have studied the antenna which is one of the primary sensory appendages of both soldier and worker individuals of the species to elucidate various antennal sensory structures and their distribution using scanning electron microscopy. Based on the morphological features of various sensilla, we observed seven types of sensilla as sensilla chaetica (subtypes I, II, III, and IV), sensilla trichodea (subtypes I and II), sensilla trichodea curvata (subtypes I and II), sensilla basiconica, sensilla capitula, Böhm bristles, and sensilla campaniformia (subtypes I and II) along with numerous glandular pores on the antenna of soldier and worker castes. We have also discussed the putative functions of all the sensilla observed based on their external morphology and distributional characteristics on the antenna of soldier and worker castes of the species O. parvidens. Furthermore, the abundance of sensillar types on the antenna of both the castes has also been discussed.
Japanese women's reasons for accompaniment status to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer‐focused genetic counseling
Authors: Matsukawa Manami , Torishima Masako , Satoh Chika , Honda Sayaka , Kosugi Shinji
Published: October 2021

Genetic counselors routinely assess and understand clients’ needs at the beginning of a session. Attending a genetic counseling session with or without companions is an objective sign that genetic counselors can easily notice. This study focused on clients’ reasons for their accompaniment status for genetic counseling, which we categorize into attending with or without a companion(s). A questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted using snowball sampling, starting with the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Japanese hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) support group. Of 32 participants, 19 continued with an in‐depth interview after answering the questionnaire. Five themes were identified from the interview: (1) personal confidence, (2) decision‐making style, (3) family members’ habits and time availability, (4) considerations and conflicts with family members, and (5) healthcare provider's suggestion. Our data suggested that the clients expected their companion(s) to play certain roles. This indicates that the reasons of accompaniment status will be helpful for genetic counselors to understand both clients’ and their families’ motivations, personalities, habits, and psychosocial backgrounds. In a high‐context culture such as that of Japan, accompaniment status may be a helpful sign to understand clients’ true worries. In addition, some companions may be future clients in genetic counseling, due to the genetic nature of the disease. In conclusion, our study indicated that it is important for genetic counselors to record accompaniment status before the initial genetic counseling and to pay attention to its reasons at the beginning of the session, which may lead them to understand the client's psychosocial background to facilitate better client‐centered genetic counseling.
Declining HIV incidence in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of empiric data
Authors: Joshi Keya , Lessler Justin , Olawore Oluwasolape , Loevinsohn Gideon , Bushey Sophrena , Tobian Aaron A R , Grabowski M Kate
Published: October 2021

Introduction

UNAIDS models suggest HIV incidence is declining in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to assess whether modelled trends are supported by empirical evidence.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of adult HIV incidence data from sub‐Saharan Africa by searching Embase, Scopus, PubMed and OVID databases and technical reports published between 1 January 2010 and 23 July 2019. We included prospective and cross‐sectional studies that directly measured incidence from blood samples. Incidence data were abstracted according to population risk group, geographic location, sex, intervention arm and calendar period. Weighted regression models were used to assess incidence trends across general population studies by sex. We also identified studies reporting greater than or equal to three incidence measurements since 2010 and assessed trends within them.

Results

Total 291 studies, including 22 sub‐Saharan African countries, met inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in South Africa (n = 102), Uganda (n = 46) and Kenya (n = 41); there were 26 countries with no published incidence data, most in western and central Africa. Data were most commonly derived from prospective observational studies (n = 163; 56%) and from geographically defined populations with limited demographic or risk‐based enrolment criteria other than age (i.e., general population studies; n = 151; 52%). Across general population studies, average annual incidence declines since 2010 were 0.12/100 person‐years (95% CI: 0.06–0.18; p = 0.001) among men and 0.10/100 person‐years (95% CI: −0.02–0.22; p = 0.093) among women in eastern Africa, and 0.25/100 person‐years (95% CI: 0.17–034; p < 0.0001) among men and 0.42/100 person‐years (95% CI: 0.23–0.62; p = 0.0002) among women in southern Africa. In nine of 10 studies with multiple measurements, incidence declined over time, including in two studies of key populations. Across all population risk groups, the highest HIV incidence estimates were observed among men who have sex with men, with rates ranging from 1.0 to 15.4/100 person‐years. Within general population studies, incidence was typically higher in women than men with a median female‐to‐male incidence rate ratio of 1.47 (IQR: 1.11 to 1.83) with evidence of a growing sex disparity over time.

Conclusions

Empirical incidence data show the rate of new HIV infections is declining in eastern and southern Africa. However, recent incidence data are non‐existent or very limited for many countries and key populations.
DC and RF/analog parameters in Ge‐source split drain‐ZHP‐TFET: Drain and pocket engineering technique
Authors: Saha Rajesh , Panda Deepak Kumar , Goswami Rupam , Bhowmick Brinda , Baishya Srimanta
Published: October 2021

In this article, a Ge‐source is employed in split drain Z‐shaped line TFET structure (SD‐ZHP‐TFET) and named as Ge‐source SD‐ZHP‐TFET. The presence of split drain increases the tunnel width at interface of channel–drain, which reduces the ambipolar current (IAMB). Also, the horizontal pocket at source region and the Ge‐source boost the ON current (ION) of the SD‐ZHP‐TFET. A comparative study in terms of transfer characteristic, current ratio (ION/IOFF and ION/IAMB), transconductance (gm), and cut off frequency (fc) among ZHP, SD‐ZHP, and Ge‐source SD‐ZHP TFETs are highlighted through TCAD simulator. We have reported DC and RF/analog figure of merits (FoM) for the variation in thickness of horizontal pocket (thp) and doping concentration (Nhp) in the horizontal pocket region by plotting transfer characteristic, gm, and fc for Ge‐source SD‐ZHP‐TFET. Furthermore, the impact of drain doping concentration of region 1 (Ndu) and region 2 (Ndl) on transfer characteristic, IOFF, IAMB, gm, Cgg, and fc are studied in proposed TFET. The Ge‐source SD‐ZHP‐TFET provides ION/IOFF and ION/IAMB in the order of 109 and 1011, respectively. Moreover, Ge‐source SD‐ZHP‐TFET has maximum gm and maximum fc at higher value of thp, Nhp, Ndu, and Ndl. It is also seen that the proposed device shows an improved RF/analog and DC characteristic even with scaling down of gate bias (VG). Finally, the various parameters of Ge‐source SD‐ZHP‐TFET is compared with the data exist in the literature.
Biogeochemical limitations of carbon stabilization in forest subsoils#
Authors: Liebmann Patrick , Mikutta Robert , Kalbitz Karsten , Wordell‐Dietrich Patrick , Leinemann Timo , Preusser Sebastian , Mewes Ole , Perrin Eike , Bachmann Jörg , Don Axel , Kandeler Ellen , Marschner Bernd , Schaarschmidt Frank , Guggenberger Georg
Published: October 2021

Background

Soils are important carbon (C) sinks or sources and thus of utmost importance for global carbon cycling. Particularly, subsoils are considered to have a high potential for additional C storage due to mineral surfaces still available for sorptive stabilization.

Aims

Little information exists about the extent to which additional litter‐derived C is transferred to and stabilized in subsoils. This study aimed at evaluating the role of litter‐derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) inputs for the formation of stable mineral‐associated C in subsoils.

Methods

We carried out a multiple‐method approach including field labeling with13C‐enriched litter, exposure of13C‐loaded reactive minerals to top‐ and subsoils, and laboratory sorption experiments.

Results

For temperate forest soils, we found that the laboratory‐based C sink capacity of subsoils is unlikely to be reached under field conditions. Surface C inputs via litter leachates are little conducive to the subsoil C pool. Only 0.5% of litter‐derived C entered the subsoil as DOM within nearly 2 years and most of the recently sorbed C is prone to fast microbial mineralization rather than long‐term mineral retention. Desorption to the soil solution and an adapted microbial community re‐mobilize organic matter in subsoils faster than considered so far.

Conclusions

We conclude that the factors controlling the current mineral retention and stabilization of C within temperate forest subsoils will likewise limit additional C uptake. Thus, in contrast to their widely debated potential to accrue more C, the role of forest subsoils as future C sink is likely overestimated and needs further reconsideration.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 2d Size‐Polydisperse Fluid Close to the Freezing Transition
Authors: Pame Jackson , Shagolsem Lenin S.
Published: October 2021

The effect of particle size‐polydispersity on the static equilibrium properties of a model 2d‐fluid is studied considering two types of size‐distributions, namely, Gaussian (G) and uniform (U) using computer simulations. In this study, constant NPT molecular dynamics simulations is performed and the results are compared with that of the corresponding size‐monodisperse fluid. In particular, the effect of size‐disparity on the liquid‐solid transition, local and global particle ordering around the freezing/melting transition is investigated. It is found that the transition temperature (T*) is elevated by the introduction of size polydispersity in the system. The value of global hexatic order parameter for polydisperse systems is far below 50%, while it is around 80% for size‐monodisperse fluid at the respective T*.
A +3 variant at a donor splice site leads to a skipping of the MYH11 exon 32, a recurrent RNA defect causing Heritable Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection and/or Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Chesneau Bertrand , Plancke Aurélie , Rolland Guillaume , Marcheix Bertrand , Dulac Yves , Edouard Thomas , Plaisancié Julie , Aubert‐Mucca Marion , Julia Sophie , Langeois Maud , Lavabre‐Bertrand Thierry , Khau Van Kien Philippe
Published: October 2021

Background

Pathogenic variants in MYH11 are associated with either heritable thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (HTAAD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) syndrome, or megacystis‐microcolon‐intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS).

Methods and Results

We report a family referred for molecular diagnosis with HTAAD/PDA phenotype in which we found a variant at a non‐conserved position of the 5’ donor splice site of intron 32 of MYH11 potentially altering splicing (NM_002474.3:c.4578+3A>C). Although its cosegregation with disease was observed, it remained of unknown significance. Later, aortic surgery in the proband gave us the opportunity to perform a transcript analysis. This showed a skipping of the exon 32, an RNA defect previously reported to be translated to an in‐frame loss of 71 amino acids and a dominant‐negative effect in the smooth muscle myosin rod. This RNA defect is also reported in 3 other HTAAD/PDA pedigrees.

Conclusion

This report confirms that among rare variants in MYH11, skipping of exon 32 is recurrent. This finding is of particular interest to establish complex genotype–phenotype correlations where some alleles are associated with autosomal dominant HTAAD/PDA, while others result in recessive or dominant visceral myopathies.
A wideband filtering Wilkinson power divider integrated with good harmonic suppression
Authors: Qaedrahmati Amirhossein , Sheikhi Akram , Abdipour Abdolali
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a wideband filtering Wilkinson power divider embedded with square‐loop resonators and short‐circuit stubs is designed and presented. Shunt short‐circuit meander line stubs are utilized at both output ports to provide extra transmission zeros (TZs) at 7, 14, and 19 GHz. Moreover, the square‐loop resonators, which are placed along the conventional λ/4 transmission lines, provide TZs at 9 and 14 GHz. Over the frequency range from 3 to 6 GHz, insertion loss of 0.3 dB, return loss greater than 12 dB and isolation better than 10 dB have been obtained. The proposed power divider has a compact size of 0.237 λg × 0.415 λg. Finally, the proposed circuit has been fabricated, and the measurement results have a good agreement with the simulation results.
Interpretation of CPT in unsaturated sands under drained conditions: A numerical study
Authors: Keshmiri Ehsan , Ahmadi Mohammad Mehdi
Published: October 2021

A finite difference‐based numerical model simulating the cone penetration process in unsaturated sands is presented. Mohr–Coulomb model (MCM) with simple modifications and Sun model (SM) were implemented to capture the unsaturated sand behaviour. It was shown that the cone tip resistance values resulting from the two models were fairly comparable. Predicted cone tip resistance values in dry, saturated and unsaturated sands using MCM were validated by the results of field and calibration chamber tests. Sensitivity analyses were performed, and the influence of parameters including relative density, mean effective stress and apparent cohesion due to suction on the tip resistance was investigated. Based on a large number of numerical analyses, a simple relationship was suggested to predict the cone tip resistance in dry, saturated and unsaturated sands. The accuracy of the proposed relationship was evaluated by a large database of Cone penetration test (CPT) results performed in various calibration chambers containing different sands. Finally, the applicability of the suggested equation in the estimation of the soil relative density and friction angle from CPT results was shown through useful and practical charts and illustrative examples.
Racial and ethnic representation among a sample of nutrition‐ and obesity‐focused professional organizations in the United States
Authors: Carson Tiffany L. , Cardel Michelle I. , Stanley Takara L. , Grinspoon Steven , Hill James O. , Ard Jamy , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth , Stanford Fatima Cody
Published: October 2021

Objective

Obesity is a chronic disease that disproportionately affects individuals from nonmajority racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Research shows that individuals from minority racial/ethnic backgrounds consider it important to have access to providers from diverse backgrounds. Health care providers and scientists from minority racial/ethnic groups are more likely than their non‐Hispanic White counterparts to treat or conduct research on patients from underrepresented groups. The objective of this study was to characterize the racial/ethnic diversity of nutrition‐ and obesity‐focused professional organizations in the United States.

Methods

This study assessed race/ethnicity data from several obesity‐focused national organizations including The Obesity Society, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), the American Society for Nutrition, and the American Board of Obesity Medicine (ABOM). Each organization was queried via emailed survey to provide data on racial/ethnic representation among their membership in the past 5 years and among elected presidents from 2010 to 2020.

Results

Two of the three professional societies queried did not systematically track race/ethnicity data at the time of query. Limited tracking data available from AND show underrepresentation of Black (2.6%), Asian (3.9%), Latinx (3.1%), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (1.3%), or indigenous (American Indian or Alaskan Native: 0.3%) individuals compared with the US population. Underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities was also reported for ABOM diplomates (Black: 6.0%, Latinx: 5.0%, Native American: 0.2%). Only AND reported having racial/ethnic diversity (20%) among the organization’s presidents within the previous decade (2010–2020).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that (1) standardized tracking of race and ethnicity data is needed to fully assess diversity, equity, and inclusion, and (2) work is needed to increase the diversity of membership and leadership at the presidential level within obesity‐ and nutrition‐focused professional organizations. A diverse cadre of obesity‐ and nutrition‐focused health care professionals is needed to further improve nutrition‐related health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and undernutrition, in this country.
Humanitarian crisis in Myanmar: Another failure for “responsibility to protect”
Authors: Güneş Gülal Asiye Gün , Seyirci Taylan , Tuncer Fatih Fuat
Published: October 2021

In 2005, the R2P was adopted unanimously at the UN World Summit. After the discussions and resolutions, the R2P has been invoked and implemented in several crises. Despite human rights violations and war crimes in Myanmar, the UN Security Council has failed to respond to these crimes and to implement R2P in this case. The passive approach of the UNSC led to atrocity crimes. In 2017, the Myanmar military launched a “clearance operation,” thousands of people had to leave the country. Since then, the UNSC has neither adopted a resolution, nor applied sanctions or reminded the R2P to Myanmar government. This article explores the Myanmar crisis and analyzes the UN Security Council's muted response to the Rohingyas crisis. In conclusion, we argue that the veto power of China and Russia restrains the effectiveness of the UNSC in Myanmar case.
Thickness evaluation of AlOx barrier layers for encapsulation of flexible PV modules in industrial environments by normal reflectance and machine learning
Authors: Grau‐Luque Enric , Guc Maxim , Becerril‐Romero Ignacio , Izquierdo‐Roca Víctor , Pérez‐Rodríguez Alejandro , Bolt Pieter , Van den Bruele Fieke , Ruhle Ulfert
Published: October 2021

Flexible photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as those based on Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and perovskites, use polymeric front sheets for encapsulation that do not provide sufficient protection against the environment. The addition of nanometric AlxO layers by spatial atomic layer deposition (S‐ALD) to these polymeric materials can highly improve environmental protection due to their low water vapor transmission rate and is a suitable solution to be applied in roll‐to‐roll industrial production lines. A precise control of the thickness of the AlOx layers is crucial to ensure an effective water barrier performance. However, current thickness evaluation methods of such nanometric layers are costly and complex to incorporate in industrial environments. In this context, the present work describes and demonstrates a novel characterization methodology based on normal reflectance measurements and either on control parameter‐based calibration curves or machine learning algorithms that enable a precise, low‐cost, and scalable assessment of the thickness of AlOx nanometric layers. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied for precisely determining the thickness AlOx nanolayers deposited on three different substrates relevant for the PV industry: monocrystalline Si, Cu (In,Ga)Se2 multistack flexible modules, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible encapsulation foil. The proposed methodology demonstrates a sensitivity <10 nm and acquisition times ≤100 ms which makes it compatible with industrial monitoring applications. Additionally, a specific design for in‐line integration of a normal reflectance system into a roll‐to‐roll production line for thickness control of nanometric layers is defined and proposed.
Electrical properties of perovskite solar cells by illumination intensity and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence imaging
Authors: Bui Anh Dinh , Mozaffari Naeimeh , Truong Thien N. , Duong The , Weber Klaus J. , White Thomas P. , Catchpole Kylie R. , Macdonald Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T.
Published: October 2021

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics. Further improvement in their performance, particularly efficiency, durability and reproducibility, requires a deep understanding of recombination losses during fabrication and within a device itself. In this work, we report a contactless, imaging‐based procedure to spatially resolve electronic properties of PSCs including implied open‐circuit voltage (iVoc) and its temperature coefficient, ideality factor (nid) and activation energy of recombination (EA) by employing illumination intensity and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence. The illumination intensity dependence of iVoc allows the extraction of nid whereas its temperature dependence allows the extraction of the temperature coefficient and EA. This imaging approach is then applied to investigate changes of these electronic parameters on fully and partially fabricated devices.
Carbon nitride‐coated transparent glass vials as photoinitiators for radical polymerization
Authors: Kumru Baris , Giusto Paolo , Antonietti Markus
Published: October 2021

Benign polymerization routes offer new perspectives in current polymer technology. Especially for automated or continuous flow synthesis of polymers, new devices and principles have to be considered by the means of minimizing addition or separation sequences as well as the type of a polymer initiation. Near‐UV and visible light‐induced polymerization utilizing metal‐free semiconductor polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) as heterogeneous photocatalyst was a first step into this direction. Moving from heterogeneous powder catalysis (which still requests catalyst separation) to surface photocatalysis via coating glass tubes or vials with pCN thin films is presented. Performance and effectivity of those photoactive reactors are proven by free radical photopolymerization of variety of monomers. Reusability of vials is demonstrated via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization‐assisted block copolymer synthesis. This strategy eliminates the necessity of adding or removing initiators, works at room temperature, and offers a platform for cheap and effective polymer synthesis at the age of automated synthesis.
Fractons and Exotic Symmetries from Branes
Authors: Geng Hao , Kachru Shamit , Karch Andreas , Nally Richard , Rayhaun Brandon C.
Published: October 2021

The emerging study of fractons, a new type of quasi‐particle with restricted mobility, has motivated the construction of several classes of interesting continuum quantum field theories with novel properties. One such class consists of foliated field theories which, roughly, are built by coupling together fields supported on the leaves of foliations of spacetime. Another approach, which we refer to as exotic field theory, focuses on constructing Lagrangians consistent with special symmetries (like subsystem symmetries) that are adjacent to fracton physics. A third framework is that of infinite‐component Chern‐Simons theories, which attempts to generalize the role of conventional Chern‐Simons theory in describing (2+1)D Abelian topological order to fractonic order in (3+1)D. The study of these theories is ongoing, and many of their properties remain to be understood. Historically, it has been fruitful to study QFTs by embedding them into string theory. One way this can be done is via D‐branes, extended objects whose dynamics can, at low energies, be described in terms of conventional quantum field theory. QFTs that can be realized in this way can then be analyzed using the rich mathematical and physical structure of string theory. In this paper, we show that foliated field theories, exotic field theories, and infinite‐component Chern‐Simons theories can all be realized on the world‐volumes of branes. We hope that these constructions will ultimately yield valuable insights into the physics of these interesting field theories.
Keep within sight and reach: teaching paediatric prescribing
Authors: McAlinden Jack , Masson Catrin
Published: October 2021

Although knowledge of paediatric prescribing is particularly important for medical students, most undergraduate medical training is spent in adult settings. In this article, two medical students provide their perspectives on the teaching of paediatric prescribing in an undergraduate curriculum and provide suggestions for how this could be improved.
The economics of state violence: Explaining mass deportation
Authors: Baker Beth F.
Published: October 2021

Over the past twenty years, the U.S. government has deported approximately 5 million people, one of the largest forced population movements of modern times. Drawing on ethnographic and quantitative data from Southern California, I describe the devastating economic, social, and emotional impacts of deportation on families, households, and communities. High rates of deportation usually are framed by policymakers as a public good, but the data reported in this study suggest they may have widespread negative repercussions not just for the deported and their loved ones but for the country as a whole, especially in regions with large immigrant populations. In addition, I speculate about why such clearly damaging policies continue to exist despite their economic liabilities and how to understand the policy landscape that maintains them.
An Overview on Recent Trends in Deep‐Ultraviolet (DUV) and Ultraviolet (UV) Nonlinear Optical Crystals
Authors: Sekar Anand , Muthurakku Usha Rani , Sivaperuman Kalainathan
Published: October 2021

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high second‐order nonlinearity are the need of the hour, as they play a key role in frequency conversion, so that coherent radiation in the Ultraviolet (UV) and Deep UV (DUV) (absorption edge<200 nm) region can be achieved. Technologically, these materials have a broad range of applications. This review mainly focuses on the recent trends in inorganic UV and DUV crystals and their possibilities of replacing the existing commercially available crystal. Following the introduction, the manuscript explains UV and DUV crystals based on the inorganic anions, namely borates, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates and hydrated borates. Main criteria that define the role of crystals in the Deep UV region like crystal symmetry, structural groups, cut‐off edge, Second‐harmonic generation properties and its origin were explained in detail. The conclusion part states the future scope of this field.
Self‐Assembly of Protein‐Containing Lipid‐Bilayer Nanodiscs from Small‐Molecule Amphiphiles
Authors: Mahler Florian , Meister Annette , Vargas Carolyn , Durand Grégory , Keller Sandro
Published: October 2021

When membrane proteins are removed from their natural environment, the quality of the membrane‐solubilizing agent used is critical for preserving their native structures and functions. Nanodiscs that retain a lipid‐bilayer core around membrane proteins have attracted great attention because they offer a much more native‐like environment than detergent micelles. Here, two small‐molecule amphiphiles with diglucose headgroups and either a hydrocarbon or a fluorocarbon hydrophobic chain are shown to directly assemble lipids and membrane proteins to form native nanodiscs rather than mixed micelles. Self‐assembly of nanodiscs of increasing complexity from both defined, artificial vesicles as well as complex, cellular membranes is demonstrated. A detailed investigation of bilayer integrity and membrane‐protein activity in these nanodiscs reveals gentle effects on the encapsulated bilayer core. The fluorinated amphiphile appears particularly promising because its lipophobicity results in gentle, non‐perturbing interactions with the nanoscale lipid bilayer. A sequential model of nanodisc self‐assembly is proposed that proceeds through perforation of the original membrane followed by saturation and complete solubilization of the bilayer. On this basis, pseudophase diagrams are established for mixtures of lipids and nanodisc‐forming diglucoside amphiphiles, and the latter are used for the extraction of a broad range of membrane proteins from cellular membranes.
A new crack spacing model for reinforced concrete specimens with multiple bars subjected to axial tension using 3D nonlinear FEM simulations
Authors: Naotunna Chavin Nilanga , Samarakoon S. M. Samindi M. K. , Fosså Kjell Tore
Published: October 2021

Crack spacing is a governing parameter in widely used crack width calculation models. Axial tensile experiments are conducted to examine the crack spacing behavior of reinforced concrete specimens with multiple reinforcement bars. To reduce the time, cost, and labor of the experiments, nonlinear finite element simulations are widely used. In this study, 3D non‐linear finite element simulation models have been developed with the smeared cracking approach to predict the average crack spacings. These models are calibrated and validated using both the experiment conducted by the authors and an experiment given in the literature. The governing crack spacing parameters have been identified as concrete cover thickness and clear distance between tensile bars. After conducting a series of 3D nonlinear finite element method simulations with the calibrated model, an equation is developed to predict the average crack spacings using multiple linear regression analysis. The validity of the proposed crack spacing equation has been checked with 18 recent experimental results in the literature. The proposed crack spacing equation gives a good agreement with the results of these experiments.
Research on Cogging Torque Weakening of Direct‐Drive Permanent Magnet Motor with Inner Enhance Force
Authors: Zhang Jiaxu , Zhang Bingyi , Li Dongming , Feng Guihong
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes a simple and efficient method to weaken the cogging torque of the direct‐drive permanent magnet motor with inner enhance force (IEF‐DDPMM). It is characterized by adjusting the relative position of the inner and outer permanent magnets so that the cogging torque generated by the inner and outer air‐gaps is opposite in phase, thus eliminating or weakening a certain order of cogging torque. For IEF‐DDPMM, the expression of cogging torque and the variation law of cogging torque with the staggered‐pole angle are derived by the analytical method. The relationship between optimal staggered‐pole angle and the pole‐slot combination is analyzed. The influence of staggered‐pole on average torque and torque ripple is analyzed. Finally, the commercial finite element software ANASYS‐Maxwell is used for simulation, and the simulation results are consistent with the analytical results. The results show that the cogging torque of IEF‐DDPMM is the linear superposition of cogging torque from inner and outer parts; choosing a suitable staggered‐pole angle can effectively weaken the cogging torque and reduce the torque ripple. Besides, the average torque reduction caused by the staggered‐pole method can be compensated by adopting the internal power factor angle compensation strategy. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Design and Analysis of Dual‐Stator Brushless Doubly‐Fed Generator for Wind Turbine
Authors: Zhang Changguo , Cheng Ming , Zeng Yu
Published: October 2021

Brushless doubly‐fed generator (BDFG) is a most promising candidate for the wind turbine due to its simple structure, high reliability, and low converter capacity. To improve space utilization and achieve higher power density, this paper proposes a new dual‐stator BDFG (DS‐BDFG), which provides two separated windings, namely, the power winding (PW) placed in the outer stator and the control winding (CW) placed in the inner stator. A cup‐shaped rotor sandwiched between the inner and outer stators consists of the short‐circuited coil and the salient‐pole core. The coupling between the PW and the CW is realized via the rotor based on the general airgap magnetic field modulation theory for electrical machines. A prototype of the DS‐BDFG with rated PW power of 7.2 kW is designed and optimized. The keys of this paper are the power equation derivation, the determination of pole/slot combinations, and the rotor optimization. The electromagnetic characteristics and unbalanced magnetic force of the DS‐BDFG are analyzed by 2D finite element analysis to verify the reasonableness of the proposed model. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Correction to: Interagency Relations and the EU Migration Crisis: Strengthening of Law Enforcement Through Agencification?
Authors: Loschi Chiara , Slominski Peter
Published: October 2021

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Correction to: The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism
Authors: Le Anne
Published: October 2021

After initial publication of the book, various errors were identified that needed correction. All corrections listed below have been updated within the current version.
Tropical land use drives endemic versus exotic ant communities in a global biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Rakotomalala Anjaharinony A. N. A. , Wurz Annemarie , Grass Ingo , Martin Dominic A. , Osen Kristina , Schwab Dominik , Soazafy Marie Rolande , Tscharntke Teja , Raveloson Ravaomanarivo Lala H.
Published: October 2021

Understanding how land-use change affects biodiversity is a fundamental step to develop effective conservation strategies in human-modified tropical landscapes. Here, we analyzed how land-use change through tropical small-scale agriculture affects endemic, exotic, and non-endemic native ant communities, focusing on vanilla landscapes in north-eastern Madagascar, a global biodiversity hotspot. First, we compared ant species richness and species composition across seven land-use types: old-growth forest, forest fragment, forest-derived vanilla agroforest, fallow-derived vanilla agroforest, woody fallow, herbaceous fallow, and rice paddy. Second, we assessed how environmental factors drive ant species richness in the agricultural matrix to identify management options that promote endemic and non-endemic native while controlling exotic ant species. We found that old-growth forest, forest fragment, and forest-derived vanilla agroforest supported the highest endemic ant species richness. Exotic ant species richness, by contrast, was lowest in old-growth forest but highest in herbaceous fallows, woody fallows, and rice paddy. Rice paddy had the lowest non-endemic native ant species richness. Ant species composition differed among land-use types, highlighting the uniqueness of old-growth forest in harboring endemic ant species which are more sensitive to disturbance. In the agricultural matrix, higher canopy closure and landscape forest cover were associated with an increase of endemic ant species richness but a decrease of exotic ant species richness. We conclude that preserving remnant forest fragments and promoting vanilla agroforests with a greater canopy closure in the agricultural matrix are important management strategies to complement the role of old-growth forests for endemic ant conservation in north-eastern Madagascar.
Spatial and temporal patterns of urea content in a eutrophic stream continuum on the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Swarbrick Vanessa J. , Bergbusch Nathanael T. , Leavitt Peter R.
Published: October 2021

Urea can degrade water quality and stimulate toxic phytoplankton in P-rich lakes, yet little is known of its sources, abundance, or transportation in lotic systems, particularly within the Northern Great Plains. We measured physico-chemical parameters biweekly during May–September 2010–2012 at 16 stations along a 250 km lotic continuum to quantify spatial and temporal variation in urea concentrations and discharge, and to identify potential regulatory processes. Urea concentrations were similar to those in regional prairie lakes (range 5.2–792.1, median 78.6 μg N L−1) with variable seasonal mean (± SD) concentrations (96.6  ± 96.1 μg N L−1) and fluxes (4.22 × 105 ± 257.6 μg N s−1). Landscape analysis with generalized additive models explained 68.3% of deviance in urea concentrations, with high temporal variability predicted mainly by positive relationships with nutrient content and chlorophyte abundance, but not temperature, dissolved organic matter, bacterial abundance, or urban effluent. Seasonal analysis revealed that during spring, urea content was correlated negatively with leguminous forage cover (% area) and positively with stream discharge, oilseed and cereal crops, and shrubs or deciduous plants, while during summer, urea concentrations were correlated negatively with discharge and leguminous crop cover, as well as nutrient levels. Mean porewater urea concentrations (528.5 ± 229.8 μg N L−1) were over five-fold greater than stream concentrations, suggesting that hyporheic production may offset declining influx from terrestrial sources during summer. We conclude that urea may be ubiquitous in eutrophic prairie streams and that management of its export from land may reduce detrimental effects on downstream lakes.
Risk assessment framework for Mediterranean airports: a focus on extreme temperatures and precipitations and sea level rise
Authors: De Vivo Carmela , Ellena Marta , Capozzi Vincenzo , Budillon Giorgio , Mercogliano Paola
Published: October 2021

The increase of frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change gives evidence of severe challenges faced by infrastructure systems. Among them, the aviation sector is particularly at risk from the potential consequences of climate change. Airports are classified as critical infrastructures because they provide fundamental functions to sustain societies and economic activities. More specifically, Mediterranean airports face risks associated with sea level rise, higher occurrence of extreme temperature and precipitation events. These aspects require the implementation of appropriate risk assessments and definition of targeted adaptation strategies, which are still limited in the Mediterranean region. The aim of the present paper is to provide theoretical frameworks in order to assess risks of climate change on Mediterranean airports, related to extreme temperature, extreme precipitation and sea level rise. Starting from a review of the literature, we first identify the sources of climate risk that may induce potential impacts on airports, here divided in air side and land side components. In order to do so, we select a series of indicators used as proxies for identifying hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The application of these theoretical frameworks allows defining the level of risk associated to each hazard, with the goal to support the identification of specific adaptation measures for the Mediterranean airports.
Bounding the execution time of parallel applications on unrelated multiprocessors
Authors: Voudouris Petros , Stenström Per , Pathan Risat
Published: October 2021

Heterogeneous multiprocessors can offer high performance at low energy expenditures. However, to be able to use them in hard real-time systems, timing guarantees need to be provided, and the main challenge is to determine the worst-case schedule length (also known as makespan) of an application. Previous works that estimate the makespan focus mainly on the independent-task application model or the related multiprocessor model that limits the applicability of the makespan. On the other hand, the directed acyclic graph (DAG) application model and the unrelated multiprocessor model are general and can cover most of today’s platforms and applications. In this work, we propose a simple work-conserving scheduling method of the tasks in a DAG and two new approaches to finding the makespan. A set of representative OpenMP task-based parallel applications from the BOTS benchmark suite and synthetic DAGs are used to evaluate the proposed method. Based on the empirical results, the proposed approach calculates the makespan close to the exhaustive method and with low pessimism compared to a lower bound of the actual makespan calculation.
Assessing the reliability of raptor pellets in recording local small mammal diversity
Authors: Viteri Maria C. , Stegner Mary Allison , Hadly Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2021

Understanding how raptors select prey is important to determine taphonomic biases both in modern and paleo pellet assemblages. We tested whether pellets more closely represent raptor dietary specialization or local small mammal diversity by sampling pellets from seven raptor species across four study sites in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. We identified small mammal craniodental elements from each pellet and tested for differences among small mammal assemblages for each raptor species and study site. We found that reconstructed avian predator diets clustered significantly by site but not by predator species. Bray-Curtis diet dissimilarities were also significantly lower when comparing different raptor species within a site than when comparing the same raptor species across different sites. Our results suggest that raptors choose to eat a diversity of small mammal species close to their roosts rather than fly long distances to specialize on a particular prey species. Neontologists and paleoecologists alike can therefore be confident that raptor pellets faithfully represent local small mammal diversity.
The route from informal peasant landownership to formal tenancy and eviction in Palestine, 1800s–1947
Authors: Nadan Amos
Published: October 2021

Exogenous intervention in land ownership began with few court judgments prior to the weighty Land Code in 1858; but it was especially this law which officially overturned the status quo by permitting registration of cultivated land in the names of non-cultivators. This changed the rules of the game for the peasantry in Palestine. Informally, yet practically, peasants had been the de facto owners of almost all cultivated lands in Palestine for generations. Following the landmark intervention of 1858, non-peasants seized the opportunity to acquire economic assets. They purchased and confiscated peasant lands or manipulated registration of peasant lands into their own names, and the peasants often became their tenants. The additional purchase of lands by Zionist settlers in latter years, compounded by rural demographic growth, intensified this pressure. By 1930, three-quarters of Arab peasants in Palestine cultivated lands they no longer formally owned, while others were pushed to migrate to cities.
War, Duties to Protect, and Military Abolitionism
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: October 2021

Just war theorists who argue that war is morally justified under certain circumstances infer implicitly that establishing the military institutions needed to wage war is also morally justified. In this paper, I mount a case in favor of a standing military establishment: to the extent that going to war is a way to discharge duties to protect fellow citizens and distant strangers from grievous harms, we have a duty to set up the institutions that enable us to discharge that duty. I then respond to four objections drawn from Ned Dobos's recent book Ethics, Security, and the War-Machine.
Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions
Authors: Knez Marija , Stangoulis James C.R.
Published: October 2021

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a worldwide problem, and this review presents an overview of the magnitude of Zn deficiency with a particular emphasis on present global challenges, current recommendations for Zn intake, and factors that affect dietary requirements. The challenges of monitoring Zn status are clarified together with the discussion of relevant Zn bioaccessibility and bioavailability issues. Modern lifestyle factors that may exacerbate Zn deficiency and new strategies of reducing its effects are presented. Biofortification, as a potentially useful strategy for improving Zn status in sensitive populations, is discussed. The review proposes potential actions that could deliver promising results both in terms of monitoring dietary and physiological Zn status as well as in alleviating dietary Zn deficiency in affected populations.
Charge transport modelling of Lithium-ion batteries
Authors: RICHARDSON G. W. , FOSTER J. M. , RANOM R. , PLEASE C. P. , RAMOS A. M.
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the current state of mathematical modelling of the electrochemical behaviour of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as they are charged and discharged. It reviews the models developed by Newman and co-workers, both in the cases of dilute and moderately concentrated electrolytes and indicates the modelling assumptions required for their development. Particular attention is paid to the interface conditions imposed between the electrolyte and the active electrode material; necessary conditions are derived for one of these, the Butler–Volmer relation, in order to ensure physically realistic solutions. Insight into the origin of the differences between various models found in the literature is revealed by considering formulations obtained by using different measures of the electric potential. Materials commonly used for electrodes in LIBs are considered and the various mathematical models used to describe lithium transport in them discussed. The problem of upscaling from models of behaviour at the single electrode particle scale to the cell scale is addressed using homogenisation techniques resulting in the pseudo-2D model commonly used to describe charge transport and discharge behaviour in lithium-ion cells. Numerical solution to this model is discussed and illustrative results for a common device are computed.
Political and ideological normalization: quality of government, mainstream-right ideological positions and extreme-right support
Authors: Vrakopoulos Christos
Published: October 2021

This article aims to explain the variation in the electoral support for extreme-right parties (ERPs) in Europe. The extant literature on the far-right party family does not answer this question specifically with regard to the extreme-right variants for two main reasons. Firstly, theories did not expect the electoral success of these parties in post-war Europe due to their anti-democratic profiles and association with fascism. Secondly, despite the fact that they acknowledge the differences between the parties under the far-right umbrella – namely, the extreme and the radical – they normally do not take these differences into account, and if so, they focus on the radical-right parties. This article shows that electoral support for ERPs is associated with low quality of government and highly conservative mainstream-right parties. The former creates political legitimization for anti-democratic parties and the latter ideological normalization of extreme right.