bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SAPO‐34 Framework Contraction on Adsorption of Ammonia: A Neutron Scattering Study
Authors: Silverwood Ian P.
Published: May 2019

Neutron scattering data was recorded from SAPO‐34 using the OSIRIS instrument before and after repeated ammonia adsorption at pressures up to 8 bar. Coherent scattering from the zeolite framework provides the neutron powder diffraction pattern and gave evidence for anisotropic contraction on ammonia dosing. Incoherent quasielastic scattering from the hydrogen of the ammonia showed that mobile ammonia was present in the framework. The quasielastic data was fitted to a model where the ammonia was confined within the chabazite cage in the c direction of the crystal lattice, with diffusion solely occurring through the perpendicular 8‐membered rings. The calculated diffusion constant reached a maximum of 6.3×10−8 m2 s−1 at 5 bar.
Toward Luminescent Iron Complexes: Unravelling the Photophysics by Computing Potential Energy Surfaces
Authors: Francés‐Monerris Antonio , Gros Philippe C. , Assfeld Xavier , Monari Antonio , Pastore Mariachiara
Published: May 2019

Due to its high societal impact, the replacement of precious metals used in technological devices by more abundant and eco‐friendly metals, such as iron, has stimulated significant scientific efforts in the last years. In the present review, we focus on different computational strategies and techniques used to characterize the potential energy surfaces (PESs) that govern the photophysical pathways of a wide variety of FeII complexes. The different procedures are discussed in terms of accuracy, computational cost and availability of the implementations, and illustrated with specific examples taken from the literature. The determination of minimum energy paths (MEPs) and the optimization of minimum energy crossing points (MECPs) are particularly emphasized since they can be combined to provide connected and optimized PESs independent from any a priori selected coordinate. The use of such computational techniques is exemplified in detail through a recent study on the influence of the facial and meridional isomerism in the triplet PESs of a pyridylcarbene Fe(II) complex, and its implications in the decay mechanism of each isomer.
WRE‐OLSR, a new scheme for enhancing the lifetime within ad hoc and wireless sensor networks
Authors: Belkhira Sid Ahmed Hichame , Boukli Hacene Sofiane , Lorenz Pascal , Belkheir Mohammed , Gilg Marc , Bouziani Merahi
Published: May 2019

Within ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, communications are accomplished in dynamic environments with a random movement of mobile devices. Thus, routing protocols over these networks are an important concern to offer efficient network scalability, manage topology information, and prolong the network lifetime. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) is one of those routing protocols implemented in ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. Because of its proactive technique, routes between two nodes are established in a very short time, but it can spend a lot of resources for selecting the multipoint relays (MPRs: nodes responsible for routing data) and exchanging topology control information. Thus, nodes playing for a long time a role of MPR within networks implementing such protocol can rapidly exhaust their batteries, which create route failures and affect the network lifetime. Our main approach relies on analyzing this concern by introducing a new criterion that implements a combination between the residual energy of a node and its reachability in order to determine the optimal number of MPRs and sustain the network lifetime. Simulations performed illustrate obviously that our approach is more significant compared with the basic heuristic used by original OLSR to compute the MPR set of a node.
The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology: A study of inter‐observer reproducibility
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Esebua Magda , Yang Zhongbo , Vatzmitsel Maryna , Giorgadze Tamara , Schmidt Robert
Published: May 2019

Background

In 2018, the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology was published defining a diagnostic categorization scheme with known malignancy risks and clinical follow up recommendations. Inter‐observer reproducibility of the categories was not defined.

Methods

Salivary gland fine‐needle aspirations (FNA) were reviewed over a 5 year period and classified by three independent observers. Inter‐observer reproducibility was estimated using observed agreement and chance corrected agreement (Cohen's kappa).

Results

Four hundred and eight cases were reviewed with chance corrected agreement of 0.42 for the original Milan System and 0.48 for a modified system using “similar follow up” categories. Categories 4A and 6B showed substantial agreement (kappa =0.71 and 0.72).

Conclusion

The Milan System shows moderate over all agreement between observers. Strongest inter‐observer agreement was seen for categories 4A and 6B.
The use of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in a Chinese population: An analysis of 13 351 specimens
Authors: Ke Jiang , Jianyong Lei , Ying Liu , Genpeng Li , Linlin Song , Zhihui Li , Jinnan Li , Xueying Su , Yong Jiang , Jingqiang Zhu
Published: May 2019

Aims

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has been widely adopted since its introduction. In this study, we aimed to report our experience using this reporting system at a College of American Pathologists (CAP)‐accredited hospital laboratory in a large series of Chinese patients.

Methods

All patients who underwent preoperative ultrasound‐guided thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) from January 2011 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Thyroid FNAs were classified according to the Bethesda System. For patients who underwent subsequent surgery at our institution, the diagnostic performance of the preoperative FNA was further analyzed according to four different calculation criteria. All of the follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma specimens were reviewed to exclude NIFTP (noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features).

Results

A total of 13 351 thyroid FNAs were included in this analysis. Of the 12 530 sampled patients, 3594 (28.7%) underwent thyroidectomy, and the malignancy rates for each cytological category were as follows: 66.7% unsatisfactory, 14.2% benign, 53.5% undetermined significance, 30.2% follicular neoplasm, 82.0% suspicious, and 99.1% malignant. Only 12 (0.36% of all PTC) patients were reclassified as having NIFTP. The sensitivities of the preoperative FNAs were all above 95.0% and were as high as 99.0%. The specificities ranged from 50.3% to 63.9%, depending on which criteria were used. The positive predictive value was 95.4% for criteria 1 and 2 and was 94.2% for criteria 3 and 4. The negative predictive values ranged from 64.5% to 85.8%. The diagnostic accuracies all exceeded 90.0%, with the highest being 94.8%.

Conclusion

This study revealed the great efficacy and accuracy of TBSRTC in a large Chinese population for the first time.
Staging and normal table of postembryonic development of the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
Authors: Roux Natacha , Salis Pauline , Lambert Anne , Logeux Valentin , Soulat Olivier , Romans Pascal , Frédérich Bruno , Lecchini David , Laudet Vincent
Published: May 2019

Background

The clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris is one of the rare coral reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. With relatively short embryonic and larval development, it could be used as a model species to study the impact of global changes such as temperature rise or anthropogenic threats (eg, pollution) on the postembryonic development at molecular and endocrinological levels. Establishing a developmental table allows us to standardize sampling for the scientific community willing to conduct experiments on this species on different areas: ecology, evolution, and developmental biology.

Results

Here, we describe the postembryonic developmental stages for the clownfish A. ocellaris from hatching to juvenile stages (30 days posthatching). We quantitatively followed the postembryonic growth and described qualitative traits: head, paired and unpaired fins, notochord flexion, and pigmentation changes. The occurrence of these changes over time allowed us to define seven stages, for which we provide precise descriptions.

Conclusions

Our work gives an easy system to determine A. ocellaris postembryonic stages allowing, thus, to develop this species as a model species for coral reef fishes. In light of global warming, the access to the full postembryonic development stages of coral reef fish is important to determine stressors that can affect such processes.
Patterns of univariate and multivariate plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide in six European populations ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Jonas Mark , Cioce Brandon
Published: May 2019

The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on plants is a growing concern in evolutionary ecology and global change biology. Characterizing patterns of phenotypic integration and multivariate plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide can provide insights into ecological and evolutionary dynamics in future human‐altered environments. Here, we examined univariate and multivariate responses to carbon enrichment in six functional traits among six European accessions ofArabidopsis thaliana. We detected phenotypic plasticity in both univariate and multivariate phenotypes, but did not find significant variation in plasticity (genotype by environment interactions) within or among accessions. Eigenvector, eigenvalue variance, and common principal components analyses showed that elevated carbon dioxide altered patterns of trait covariance, reduced the strength of phenotypic integration, and decreased population‐level differentiation in the multivariate phenotype. Our data suggest that future carbon dioxide conditions may influence evolutionary dynamics in natural populations ofA. thaliana.
Evidence of stress imprinting with population‐level differences in two moss species
Authors: Liu Weiqiu , Xu Jianqu , Fu Wei , Wang Xiangyuan , Lei Chunyi , Chen Yunfeng
Published: May 2019

Plants are often repeatedly exposed to stresses during their lives and have a mechanism called stress imprinting that provides “memories” of stresses they experience and increases their ability to cope with later stresses. To test hypotheses that primed bryophytes can preserve their stress imprinting after 6 days of recovery and induce higher levels of osmolytes and ROS‐scavenging activities upon later stress exposure, and there exist population‐level differentiation in their desiccation defenses, we transplanted samples of two populations of each of two moss species, Hypnum plumaeforme and Pogonatum cirratum, in a nature reserve in southern China. After 16 months of acclimation, sets of each population were subjected to control, one‐time desiccation stress, duplicated desiccation stress and cross‐stress (low temperature stress followed by desiccation stress) treatments. Levels of oxidant enzymes, osmolytes, and phytohormones in the samples were then determined. The desiccation stress generally led to increases in activities or contents of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, proline, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and stress hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates (JA), and salicylic acid (SA), with differences between both species and populations. After a 6‐day recovery period, contents of phytohormones (including ABA, JA, SA, and cytokinins) in stressed H. plumaeforme had substantially fallen toward control levels. The duplicated and cross‐stress treatments generally led to further accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins, with further increases in activities of antioxidant enzymes in some cases. Furthermore, significant differences between allochthonous and native populations were found in contents of malondialdehyde and osmolytes, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities. Our results confirm the hypotheses and highlight the importance of osmolytes in mosses' stress responses.
Dumbbell‐Shaped T8‐POSS with Functional Organic Linkers
Authors: Rey Nadège , Carenco Sophie , Carcel Carole , Ouali Armelle , Portehault David , Wong Chi Man Michel , Sanchez Clément
Published: May 2019

New dumbbell‐shaped octasilsesquioxanes (T8‐POSS) are obtained by the condensation of organobridged silane precursors with partially condensed T7‐triol. The synthesis based on corner‐capping proceeds under mild reaction conditions (60 °C in toluene) upon a nucleophilic fluoride‐catalyzed condensation of the T7‐triol with the alkoxysilyl organics. Two dumbbell‐type T8‐POSS, one with a non‐symmetrical urea‐thiourea linker and the other one with a symmetrical malonamide linker, are described. Their formation is monitored by FTIR, their structures are investigated by NMR spectroscopy (1H,13C and29Si) and confirmed by mass spectrometry.
Alkene Assisted Homolysis of the Si‐H, Ge‐H, and Sn‐H Bond: New Examples of Molecule Assisted Homolysis (MAH)
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Klaassen Gerd , Koch Rainer , Metzger Jürgen O.
Published: May 2019

Radical hydrosilylation, hydrogermylation and hydrostannylation without any added initiator may be initiated by alkene‐assisted homolysis of the respective Si‐H, Ge‐H and Sn‐H bond, three more examples of molecule‐assisted homolysis (MAH). We studied the thermally initiated radical addition of tris(trimethylsilyl) silane 1a, tributylgermane 1b, and tributylstannane 1c to methyl 10‐undecenoate 2a and of 1a to 1‐decene 2b. Computed reaction enthalpies and pathways support the radical formation by MAH. These results give evidence that many respective radical reactions without any added initiator reported in literature may be initiated analogously by MAH.
A New Finding on the Enhancement of the Ability of Polysulfide Adsorption of V2O5 by Doping Tungsten in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Gao Feng , Yan Xinxiu , Li Xuan , Qiao Yingjun , Shang Huimin , Zhang Yanhua , Fan Weifeng
Published: May 2019

Lithium–sulfur batteries are considered to be the most commercially promising lithium metal secondary batteries due to their high specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) in the electrolyte seriously hinders the development of lithium–sulfur batteries. W‐doped V2O5 (W‐V2O5) is prepared by a hydrothermal method, which greatly improves the LiPS adsorption ability of V2O5. The W‐V2O5 powder can discolor the LiPS solution in 1 min. Then, W‐V2O5 is combined with a graphene/carbon nanotube composite (G/CNT) with good conductivity to modify the separator. As a result, the W‐V2O5‐G/CNT‐coated separator allows the sulfur cathode to reach a high initial discharge capacity of 1200 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and a reversible capacity of 815 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and leads to an excellent rate ability (up to 2 C rate) and a high coulombic efficiency of 99.5%. This provides a new direction for designing efficient LiPS catalysts.
Cascading Ecological Impacts of Fullerenes in Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Moore Elizabeth A. , Babbitt Callie W. , Connelly Sandra J. , Tyler Anna Christina , Rogalskyj George
Published: May 2019

Carbonaceous nanomaterials, such as fullerenes (C60, C70) and the derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have promising application in solar energy technologies. Although the acute ecotoxicity of C60 has been reported widely in the literature, ecotoxicity assays for different fullerene forms and broader ecosystem impact studies remain scarce. To address these knowledge gaps, acute, chronic, and life stage exposure studies with freshwater zooplankton, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex, were performed for each material. Experimental results indicated that C60 and PCBM are not acutely toxic at estimated environmentally relevant concentrations; however, C70 had significant acute effects. All forms of fullerene caused a gradual elevation in heart rate over time and visual darkening of the Daphnia spp. carapace. The impact of fullerenes on susceptibility to predation was then assessed experimentally by presenting D. pulex to the visual predator Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill). Predation risk was significantly increased in fullerene-exposed D. pulex. The present study underscores the need to broaden the scope of traditional ecotoxicity for emerging materials: studies are required that evaluate portfolios of related nanomaterials and that capture chronic and cascading ecosystem-level effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1714‒1723. © 2019 SETAC

Abstract

Fullerene exposure can create cascading ecological impacts that are not captured through acute toxicity assays alone. PC61BM = phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.
An optimal multitier resource allocation of cloud RAN in 5G using machine learning
Authors: Bashir Ali Kashif , Arul Rajakumar , Basheer Shakila , Raja Gunasekaran , Jayaraman Ramkumar , Qureshi Nawab Muhammad Faseeh
Published: May 2019

The networks are evolving drastically since last few years in order to meet user requirements. For example, the 5G is offering most of the available spectrum under one umbrella. In this work, we will address the resource allocation problem in fifth‐generation (5G) networks, to be exact in the Cloud Radio Access Networks (C‐RANs). The radio access network mechanisms involve multiple network topologies that are isolated based on the spectrum bands and it should be enhanced with numerous access technology in the deployment of 5G network. The C‐RAN is one of the optimal technique to combine all the available spectral bands. However, existing C‐RAN mechanisms lacks the intelligence perspective on choosing the spectral bands. Thus, C‐RAN mechanism requires an advanced tool to identify network topology to allocate the network resources for substantial traffic volumes. Therefore, there is a need to propose a framework that handles spectral resources based on user requirements and network behavior. In this work, we introduced a new C‐RAN architecture modified as multitier Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks in a 5G environment. This architecture handles spectral resources efficiently. Based on the simulation analysis, the proposed multitier H‐CRAN architecture with improved control unit in network management perspective enables augmented granularity, end‐to‐end optimization, and guaranteed quality of service by 15 percentages over the existing system.
A community‐based, cross‐sectional study of hrHPV DNA self‐sampling‐based cervical cancer screening in rural Karnataka, India
Authors: Adsul Prajakta , Srinivas Vijaya , Gowda Savitha , Nayaka Shivamma , Pramathesh Rashmi , Chandrappa Kavitha , Khan Anisa , Jayakrishna Poornima , Madhivanan Purnima
Published: May 2019

Objective

To examine the feasibility of implementing a high‐risk HPV (hrHPV) DNA‐based screening program for cervical cancer and the prevalence of hrHPV DNA‐positive women in a community setting in rural India.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the community level in the Hunsur taluk of the Mysore district from January to August 2016. Cervical cancer screening was conducted with self‐collected vaginal samples that were analyzed using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay (Qiagen, USA).

Results

The majority of participants were aged 30–39 years, with no formal schooling, from a lower caste, and lived below an annual household income of US$1499. After group health education and one‐on‐one counseling, a total of 473 women underwent self‐sampling. Of these, 36 (7.6%) were positive for hrHPV and only 24 (66.6%) underwent follow‐up diagnostic triaging. Cancer was detected in two women, who were referred to appropriate healthcare facilities for further treatment.

Conclusion

Implementation of hrHPV DNA‐based screening tests using self‐sampling can be feasible in rural settings in India. However, substantial resources are required for providing health education and one‐on‐one counseling to inform asymptomatic women about the benefits of testing and, more importantly, to improve compliance with follow‐up.
Biological nascent evolution of snail bone and collagen revealed by nonlinear optical microscopy
Authors: Li Rui , Wang Lei , Mu Xijiao , Chen Maodu , Sun Mengtao
Published: May 2019

Using nonlinear optical microscopy of coherent antistokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG) and two‐photo excitation fluorescence, we in situ observed how the collagen and the bone grow synergistically and competitively during nascent biological evolution. The and ions were first observed to be dispersed in the liquid environment, and the collagen was observed 2 days later. With the help of the collagen, the and ions gradually moved closer to the collagen, and then the bone was produced in the forms of CaCO3 and CaPO3. When the bone was completed with the help of the collagen, the collagen gradually disappeared. The biological evolution of snail bone and collagen can be well revealed by CARS and SHG, and in addition, the biological evolution of structure and morphology can be clearly observed day by day.
Enhancing expression level and stability of transgene mediated by episomal vector via buffering DNA methyltransferase in transfected CHO cells
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Yin , Yi Dan‐Dan , Wang Tian‐Yun , Wu Yan‐Fang , Chai Yu‐Rong , Xu Dan‐Hua , Zhao Chun‐Peng , Song Chao
Published: May 2019

Nonviral episomal vectors present attractive alternative vehicles for gene therapy applications. Previously, we have established a new type of nonviral episomal vector‐mediated by the characteristic motifs of matrix attachment regions (MARs), which is driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. However, the CMV promoter is intrinsically susceptible to silencing, resulting in declined productivity during long‐term culture. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and DNA methyltransferase‐deficient (Dnmt3a‐deficient) CHO cells were transfected with plasmid‐mediated by MAR, or CHO cells were treated with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Flow cytometry, plasmid rescue experiments, fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH), and bisulfite sequencing were performed to observe transgene expression, its state of existence, and the CpG methylation level of the CMV promoter. The results indicated that all DNA methylation inhibitor and methyltransferase deficient cells could increase transgene expression levels and stability in the presence or absence of selection pressure after a 60‐generation culture. Plasmid rescue assay and FISH analysis showed that the vector still existed episomally after long‐time culture. Moreover, a relatively lower CMV promoter methylation level was observed in Dnmt3a‐deficient cell lines and CHO cells treated with 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. In addition, Dnmt3a‐deficient cells were superior to the DNA methylation inhibitor treatment regarding the transgene expression and long‐term stability. Our study provides the first evidence that lower DNA methyltransferase can enhance expression level and stability of transgenes mediated by episomal vectors in transfected CHO cells.
V617F‐independent upregulation of JAK2 gene expression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Asadzadeh‐Aghdaei Hamid , Mashayekhi Kazem , Koushki Khadijeh , Azimzadeh Pedram , Rostami‐Nejad Mohammad , Amani Davar , Chaleshi Vahid , Haftcheshmeh Saeed Mohammadian , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Zali Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2019

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the most important immune‐mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Besides, IBD is associated with numerous extraintestinal complications such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), an important risk factor for vascular complications, which results in the increased morbidity and mortality. The JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) V617F mutation is a well‐known point mutation which is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, and VTE. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate expression of JAK2 and association of V617F mutation in JAK2 of Iranian patients with IBD.

Methods

Two hundred and forty‐six patients with IBD (209 UC and 37 CD) and 206 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, the JAK2 V617F mutation detection was performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. In addition, the JAK2 mRNA expression was evaluated using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q‐PCR) using the SYBR Green assay.

Results

There was no association of V61F mutation in patients with IBD with or without thrombosis compared with healthy control. However, the relative mRNA expression of JAK2 was significantly upregulated in patients with IBD in comparison with healthy control (P < 0.0001). In addition, the JAK2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in patients with IBD having thrombosis compared with those without thrombosis (
P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Taken together our findings suggested that JAK2 V61F‐independent upregulation of JAK2 mRNA expression in patients with IBD. Moreover, despite the absence of JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with IBD, the increased gene expression of JAK2 can be explained by another molecular mechanism such as regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level which may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Plasma metabolite biomarkers related to secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone
Authors: Shen Qixia , Xiang Wenyu , Ye Sen , Lei Xin , Wang Lefeng , Jia Sha , Shao Xue , Weng Chunhua , Shen Xiujin , Wang Yucheng , Feng Shi , Qu Lihui , Wang Cuili , Chen Jianghua , Zhang Ping , Jiang Hong
Published: May 2019

Background

Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are typical abnormalities of uremic patients with Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). However, metabolic imbalance associated with SHPT is not well understood.

Methods

A total of 15 SHPT patients with an intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level > 600 pg/mL were set as preoperative (PR) group, 15 age‐ and gender‐matched controls who had undergone parathyroidectomy plus forearm transplantation because of hyperparathyroidism and achieved an iPTH level <150 pg/mL were set as postoperative (PO) group. Metabolite profiling of these 30 uremic patients and five healthy controls (HC) was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.

Results

Five differential metabolites, including allyl isothiocyanate, L‐phenylalanine, D‐Aspartic acid, indoleacetaldehyde, and D‐galactose correlated with PTH were identified in this study. Taking them as a biomarker signature, PR group can be distinguished from HC group with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.947 (95% CI, 0.76‐1) and PO group with an AUC of 0.6 (95% CI, 0.38‐0.807).

Conclusions

The serum metabolome correlated with PTH is successfully demonstrated for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of SHPT.
Modulation of cancer cell signaling by long noncoding RNAs
Authors: Mirhosseini Seyed Ali , Sarfi Mohammad , Samavarchi Tehrani Sadra , Mirazakhani Mohammad , Maniati Mahmood , Amani Jafar
Published: May 2019

Cellular signaling pathways play a very important role in almost all molecular processes in the cell, and are generally composed of a complex set of cascades in which enzymes and proteins play a key role. These signaling pathways include different types of cellular signaling classified based on their receptors and effector proteins such as enzyme‐linked receptors, cytokine receptors, and G‐protein‐coupled receptors each of which is subdivided into different classes. Signaling pathways are tightly controlled by different mechanisms mostly thorough inhibiting/activating their receptors or effector proteins. In the last two decades, our knowledge of molecular biology has changed dramatically and today we know that more than 85% of the human genome expresses noncoding RNAs most of which are crucial in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cells. One of these noncoding RNAs are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) containing more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs participate in the progression of cancer growth through several mechanism including signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize some of the most important of lncRNAs and their effect on important signaling pathways.
Identification of circular RNA‐associated competing endogenous RNA network in the development of cleft palate
Authors: Shu Xuan , Cheng Liuhanghang , Dong Zejun , Shu Shenyou
Published: May 2019

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and indirectly regulate gene expression through shared microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the regulatory mechanisms of circRNA as ceRNA associated with the fusion of palatal shelves in palatogenesis are yet unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism underlying the role of circRNA as ceRNA in cleft palate (CP). First, we systematically analyzed RNA‐seq and miRNA‐seq data after high‐throughput sequencing for embryonic palatal shelf tissues from a mouse CP model induced by maternal exposure to all‐trans retinoic acid on embryonic gestation day 14.5 (E14.5). Thirty‐nine circRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 936 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were significantly dysregulated (log2 [fold change {FC}] > 1; P < 0.05). Thereafter, we constructed a circRNA‐associated ceRNA network. Finally, we determined the circRNA_0954–miRNA‐881‐3p‐PRKAR1α ceRNA network as a hub involved in palatogenesis. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that ceRNA‐related genes were associated with facial morphogenesis and developmental gene silencing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that ceRNA‐related genes are involved in apoptosis (P < 0.05, fold enrichment >1). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify the results of ceRNA analysis. We found that the circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA ceRNA network is involved in palatogenesis. The present results imply that circRNA_0954‐miRNA‐881‐3p‐PRKAR1α ceRNA network may cause dysfunctional palatal fusion and might facilitate the development of novel epigenetic biomarkers to treat CP in the future.
S100A16, a novel lipogenesis promoting factor in livers of mice and hepatocytes in vitro
Authors: Kan Jingbao , Zhao Cuiping , Lu Shan , Shen Geqian , Yang Jie , Tong Pei , Xi Ling , Zhang Rihua , Liang Xiubin , Su Dongming , Li Dong , Liu Yun
Published: May 2019

To investigate the role of S100 calcium‐binding protein A16 (S100A16) in hepatic lipid metabolism, S100a16 transgenic, S100a16 knockdown, and wildtype C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high‐fat diet (HFD) or normal‐fat diet (NFD) for 16 weeks. The results showed that for HFD‐fed mice, S100a16 transgenic mice showed significantly more severe fatty liver than other HFD‐fed mice, with a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG) concentration, with more and larger lipid droplets in the liver, whereas S100a16 knockdown mice were completely opposite, with liver fat lesions and TG serological changes being the mildest; for NFD‐fed mice, liver fat accumulation and serum TG concentrations were significantly lower than those fed HFD, and no significant lipid droplets were found in the liver. Further, we found that calmodulin (CaM) interacts with S100A16, a member of the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Our research found that S100A16 regulates the AMPK pathway‐associated protein by interacting with CaM to regulate liver lipid synthesis. S100A16 regulates liver lipid metabolism through the CaM/CAMKK2/AMPK pathway. Overexpression of S100A16 promotes the deterioration of fatty liver induced by HFD, and low expression of S100A16 can attenuate fatty liver.
Silibinin encapsulation in polymersome: A promising anticancer nanoparticle for inducing apoptosis and decreasing the expression level of miR‐125b/miR‐182 in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Hossainzadeh Samaneh , Ranji Najmeh , Naderi Sohi Alireza , Najafi Farhood
Published: May 2019

Silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonolignan, is well‐known as a safe therapeutic drug without any side effects in the treatment of many malignancies especially cancerous cells. In this study, to overcome problems such as low solubility of silibinin and to enhance its delivery to cancerous cells, we encapsulated silibinin in polymersome nanoparticles. Physicochemical measurements such as dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy confirmed the proper encapsulation of silibinin in nanoparticles. Furthermore, antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of silibinin encapsulated in polymersome nanoparticles (SPNs) on MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell line were validated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Annexin V/Propidium Iodide measurement, and cell cycle analysis. In addition, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that SPNs can repress oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR‐125b and miR‐182, as well as antiapoptotic genes such as Bcl2. SPNs can also induce overexpression of proapoptotic target genes such as P53, CASP9, and BAX directly and/or indirectly (through regulation of miRNAs). Our results suggested that polymersomes can be used as stable carriers in nano‐dimensions and SPNs can be considered as a promising pharmacological agent for cancer therapy.
A giant, well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the left atrioventricular groove: Case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Wang Xin , Ren Weidong , Xiao Yangjie , Qiao Wei , Li Ying , Cui Li , Zhang Xintong
Published: May 2019

Of the primary cardiac tumors, well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) is very rare, with only one case report documenting WDPM of the pericardium. We report herein a 17‐year‐old boy who had an abnormal chest X‐ray on a routine college‐entrance examination. A giant cardiac tumor was detected by echocardiography. The neoplasm was partially resected, and histopathological examination revealed a WDPM. The patient recovered without any complication.
Current status of hepatopulmonary syndrome in liver transplantation in Japan: a Japanese multicenter analysis
Authors: Kotera Yoshihito , Egawa Hiroto , Ogata Satoshi , Teramukai Satoshi , Kaido Toshimi , Shirabe Ken , Taketomi Akinobu , Takada Yasutugu , Yamamoto Masakazu , Yamaue Hiroki ,   the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery
Published: May 2019

Background

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) negatively affects the outcomes of deceased donor liver transplantation (LT).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with HPS who underwent LT and studied the impact of risk factors on clinical outcomes to determine strategies to overcome complications. Patients with symptoms of hypo‐oxygenemia and a shunt ratio >15% on 99mTc‐MAA lung perfusion scintigraphy were defined as having HPS.

Results

Forty‐eight patients in 10 centers were enrolled. Diseases included biliary atresia, liver cirrhosis, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, congenital hepatic fibrosis, and others. The length of ICU stay was 2–170 days. The respirator was used for 41.6% of patients on post‐operative day (POD) 3 and 20.8% on POD 14. The patient survival rate was 87% at 1 year and 82% at 5 years. The causes of hospital mortality were sepsis, thrombotic microangiopathy, intracranial bleeding, pulmonary fibrosis, and transplant rejection. An amount of shunt ratio prior to LT was a significant risk factor for hospital mortality. Hypoxia from POD 3 to POD 14 was a risk factor for biliary stenosis. The shunt ratio of all surviving patients significantly improved.

Conclusion

Although LT is feasible for patients with HPS, early transplantation and avoiding hypo‐oxygenemia immediately after transplantation are important.
RhoGDI2 positively regulates the Rho GTPases activation in response to the β2 outside-in signaling in T cells adhesion and migration on ICAM-1
Authors: Liu Wenai , Wang Xuehao , Wang Shan , Ba Xueqing , Xu Tingshuang , Wang Xiaoguang , Zeng Xianlu
Published: May 2019

Cytoskeletal reorganization driven by Rho GTPases plays a crucial role in the migration of T cells, which are key regulators of immunity. The molecular mechanisms that control actin cytoskeleton remodeling during T cell movement have only partially been clarified as the function of many modulators has not been evaluated in these cells. Here, we report a new function of RhoGDI2 by showing that this protein positively regulates Rho GTPase activation during T cell adhesion and migration. RhoGDI2 knockdown significantly reduced T cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, RhoGDI2 knockdown decreased the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, 2 members of Rho GTPases, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Upon P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 engagement, RhoGDI2 was phosphorylated at Y24 and Y153 by kinases related to β2 integrin outside-in signaling, Src, c-Abl, and Syk, resulting in the accumulation of RhoGDI2 at the cell membrane. Subsequent phosphorylation of S31 induced the opening of RhoGDI2 and the release of Rho GTPases, whereas phosphorylation of Y153 might promote the activation of Rho GTPases by recruiting Vav1. Moreover, the disruption of lipid rafts with methyl-β-cyclodextrin blocked the interaction between integrins and RhoGDI2, reducing the level of phosphorylated RhoGDI2 and the activation of downstream Rho GTPases. Based on these observations, RhoGDI2 is a target of intergrin outside-in signaling that activates Rho GTPases during T cell adhesion and migration, and RhoGDI2-mediated signal transduction is based on the lipid rafts integrity.
Exendin‐4 analogs in insulinoma theranostics
Authors: Jansen Tom.J.P. , van Lith Sanne.A.M. , Boss Marti , Brom Maarten , Joosten Lieke , Béhé Martin , Buitinga Mijke , Gotthardt Martin
Published: May 2019

Insulinomas are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the pancreatic beta cells. Currently, surgical resection is the therapy of choice, and therefore, preoperative localization of insulinomas is essential. Nearly all insulinomas show overexpression of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R), and therefore, radiolabeled GLP‐1 peptide analog exendin‐4 can be used for diagnosis and preoperative localization with nuclear imaging. Here, we present an overview of the development and clinical implementation of exendin‐4–based tracers for single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of insulinomas, and we address the potential use of this molecule for optical imaging. At last, we discuss the possibilities and pitfalls of the use of exendin‐4–based tracers for therapeutic applications such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) or targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT), giving a future outlook on the use of exendin‐4 in insulinoma theranostics.
A fatal case of COQ7‐associated primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency
Authors: Kwong Anna K.‐Y. , Chiu Annie T.‐G. , Tsang Mandy H.‐Y. , Lun Kin‐Shing , Rodenburg Richard J. T. , Smeitink Jan , Chung Brian H.‐Y. , Fung Cheuk‐Wing
Published: May 2019

Background

Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiencies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders associated with defects of genes involved in the CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway. COQ7‐associated CoQ10 deficiency is very rare and only two cases have been reported.

Methods and Results

We report a patient with encephalo‐myo‐nephro‐cardiopathy, persistent lactic acidosis, and basal ganglia lesions resulting in early infantile death. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified compound heterozygous variants in the COQ7 gene consisting of a deletion insertion resulting in frameshift [c.599_600delinsTAATGCATC, p.(Lys200Ilefs*56)] and a missense substitution [c.319C>T, p.(Arg107Trp), NM_016138.4]. Skin fibroblast studies showed decreased combined complex II + III activity and reduction in CoQ10 level.

Conclusion

This third patient presenting with lethal encephalo‐myo‐nephro‐cardiopathy represents the severe end of this ultra‐rare mitochondrial disease caused by biallelic COQ7 mutations. The response to CoQ10 supplement is poor and alternative treatment strategies should be developed for a more effective management of this disorder.
2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: Cronin Edmond M. , Bogun Frank M. , Maury Philippe , Peichl Petr , Chen Minglong , Namboodiri Narayanan , Aguinaga Luis , Leite Luiz Roberto , Al‐Khatib Sana M. , Anter Elad , Berruezo Antonio , Callans David J. , Chung Mina K. , Cuculich Phillip , d'Avila Andre , Deal Barbara J. , Della Bella Paolo , Deneke Thomas , Dickfeld Timm‐Michael , Hadid Claudio , Haqqani Haris M. , Neal Kay G. , Latchamsetty Rakesh , Marchlinski Francis , Miller John M. , Nogami Akihiko , Patel Akash R. , Pathak Rajeev Kumar , Saenz Morales Luis C. , Santangeli Pasquale , Sapp John L. , Sarkozy Andrea , Soejima Kyoko , Stevenson William G. , Tedrow Usha B. , Tzou Wendy S. , Varma Niraj , Zeppenfeld Katja
Published: May 2019

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta‐analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow‐up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
Contribution of Genetic and Clinical Risk Factors to Development of Candidemia in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Wouters Yannick , Roelofs Hennie M. J. , Netea Mihai G. , te Morsche René H. M. , Wanten Geert J. A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) have an increased risk for central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), including candidemia. Recently, 7 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR1, CD58, LCE4A‐Clorf68, and TAGAP have been associated with the development of candidemia. Identification of host‐genetic as well as clinical risk factors may help to identify patients who have an increased susceptibility to such infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of the reported SNPs in patients receiving HPN, and to explore clinical risk factors associated with candidemia.

Methods

We analyzed blood samples of adult patients who started HPN between 1976 and 2017 at our referral center for intestinal failure. Primary outcome was the association between TLR1, CD58, LCE4A‐Clorf68, or TAGAP SNPs and candidemia. Secondary outcomes included the relation between severity of infection and these SNPs, and clinical risk factors for candidemia.

Results

Of 341 included patients, 42 (12%) experienced a candidemia (range 1–6). None of the 7 SNPs were associated with candidemia or the severity of infection. The rate of non‐Candida‐related CLABSIs was significantly associated with candidemia (rate ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14–1.46; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

None of 7 known SNPs in TLR1, CD58, LCE4A‐Clorf68, or TAGAP were associated with candidemia or severity of infection in patients receiving HPN. The rate of non‐Candida‐related CLABSIs was significantly associated with the development of candidemia. The latter supports the key role of aseptic catheter handling with respect to Candida susceptibility in patients receiving HPN.
Tip‐enhanced spectroscopy of 2D black phosphorus
Authors: Gao Man , Sun Mengtao , Meng Lingyan
Published: May 2019

Optical studies on black phosphorus (BP) are crucial for its applications in plasmon‐enhanced spectroscopy, biomedicine, and energy. Plasmonic enhancement, spatial resolution, and directional emission, which related to tip‐enhanced spectroscopy of few‐layer BP, have been theoretically investigated. Calculated Raman and fluorescence enhancement factors are 8 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The spatial resolutions for Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy could reach 6 and 7 nm, respectively, under the 633‐nm laser wavelength. Directional tip‐enhanced spectroscopy emission reveals a tunable optimized collection angle by changing the tilted angle of the tip. Our theoretical results provide a deep understanding of the underlying enhanced mechanism of BP spectroscopy, useful for the design of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.
Probing of structural phase transitions in barium titanate modified sodium niobate using Raman scattering
Authors: Jauhari Mrinal , Mishra S.K. , Mittal R. , Chaplot S.L.
Published: May 2019

Raman spectroscopic measurements are carried out to investigate the structural phase transitions as a function of composition in modified sodium niobate [(1‐x) NaNbO3‐xBaTiO3:NNBTx] for x = 0.0 to 0.15 at room temperature. The characteristic antiferroelectric modes at around 93.4 and 123.6 cm−1, along with a mode at 155.5 cm−1 were found to disappear across the structural phase transition from antiferroelectric orthorhombic phase (Pbcm) to ferroelectric orthorhombic phase (Pmc21) for x > 0.02. The redistribution of intensities and positions of the Raman lines in bending (150–350 cm−1) and stretching modes (>550 cm−1) on increasing the concentration x > 0.05, also confirms the occurrence of another phase transition from ferroelectric orthorhombic phase (Pmc21) to another ferroelectric orthorhombic phase (Amm2) phase across x~0.10. The phase transitions as observed from Raman measurements are consistent with previous X‐ray diffraction study.
Microfunnel‐filter‐based emulsification microextraction followed by gas chromatography for simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples
Authors: Talaee Mitra , Lorestani Bahareh , Ramezani Majid , Cheraghi Mehrdad , Jamehbozorgi Saeed
Published: May 2019

A simple and fast method named microfunnel‐filter‐based emulsification microextraction is introduced for an efficient determination of some organophosphorus pesticides including diazinon, malathion, and chlorpyrifos in the environmental samples including the river, sea, and well water. This method is based upon the dispersion of a low‐toxicity organic solvent (dihexyl ether), as the extractant, in a high volume of an aqueous sample solution (45 mL). It is implemented without a centrifugation step, and using a syringe filter and a micro‐funnel, the phase separation and transfer of the enriched analytes to the gas chromatograph are simply achieved. By filtration of the extractant phase, a suitable sample clean‐up is obtained, and the total extraction time is just a few minutes. The factors influencing the extraction efficiency are optimized, and under the optimal conditions, the proposed method provides a good linearity (in the range of 15–1500 ng/mL (R2 > 0.996). A high enrichment factor is obtained (in the range of 306–342), and the method provides low limits of detection and quantification (in the ranges of 4–8 and 15–25 ng/mL, respectively).