bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Devenir employeur de ses aidants pour gagner en autonomie : le choix de 70 000 personnes en situation de handicap
Authors: Bressé Sophie
Published: May 2017

La compensation du handicap passe largement par l’aide humaine dont bénéficient les personnes en situation de handicap. Lorsqu’elles décident de rémunérer directement leurs aidants, elles deviennent particuliers employeurs. 70 000 personnes handicapées font ce choix en France. La majorité d’entre elles rémunèrent des volumes d’aide relativement faibles en emploi direct. Mais 2 %, à peine 1 200 personnes, consomment des volumes d’aide supérieurs ou égaux à 12 heures journalières, soit environ le quart des personnes lourdement handicapées. Chacune d’entre elles employant en moyenne quatre salariés à temps plein. Pour ces dernières, l’organisation de leur aide humaine en emploi direct relève d’un choix délibéré. En effet, plus les personnes concernées ont besoin d’un volume d’aide important, plus être particulier employeur devient porteur d’enjeux pour elles. Choisir et manager les personnes qui les accompagnent leur permet d’accroître leur autonomie, en décidant pour elles-mêmes, avec l’idée que la participation à l’organisation de sa propre existence est la première étape d’une participation sociale plus large.
Typological variation in the phonetic realization of lexical and phrasal stress: Southern British English vs. Tunisian Arabic
Authors: Bouchhioua Nadia
Published: May 2017

Results of phonetic experiments on the acoustic correlates of lexical stress (word-level prominence) and phrasal stress (phrase-level prominence = accent) as two separate concepts in two typologically different languages, Southern British English (SBE) and Tunisian Arabic (TA), are reported in this study. Because of the confusion in the literature between the terms stress and accent, their acoustic correlates were muddled, too. To avoid this confusion, the data in this study are elicited using an experimental paradigm which allows careful investigation of the correlates of each concept independently. The duration, spectral balance, and vowel quality cues are measured. Results show cross-linguistic similarities and differences between the two languages. Unlike most world languages, duration in TA is not a correlate of stress. It is rather a correlate of accent. In the absence of focus on the target words in TA, the only phonetic characteristics of lexical stress that come in the foreground are spectral balance and F1 lowering. However, when the word is focused, Tunisian speakers rely mainly on duration and spectral balance to signal accent. SBE signals stress through three acoustic correlates which are duration, spectral balance, and vowel quality. More similarity is found for accent detection between speakers of the two languages.
Workforce Diversity Curriculum Design Considerations for Diversity Certificates and Study Abroad Experiences
Authors: Sims Atoya
Published: May 2017

Diversity is quickly increasing in the United States, which means the demographics of today's workforce are changing. Also, many companies are going global so there is a need for better cultural awareness and understanding. With the changes in the workforce comes the need for better interpersonal skills, knowledge, and cultural awareness for those who work with diverse individuals as well as those who manage diversity initiatives. Studies show that not only is there a need for better workforce diversity curriculum in higher education, but also for workplace diversity certificates. In addition, studies show the need for better design of study abroad experiences to help with cultural and social differences. This study examines diversity trends in various disciplines, as well as reviews workforce diversity-related courses and study abroad experiences. Based upon conclusions, suggestions are offered for designing curriculum for workforce diversity certificates and for designing study abroad experiences.
Women and Nigerian ICT Policy
Authors: Gapsiso Nuhu D. , Jibrin Rahila
Published: May 2017

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the bedrock for national survival and development in a rapidly changing global environment. Little wonder, every progressive country has a national IT policy and an implementation strategy to respond to the emerging global reality so as to tap from the numerous potential associated with these technologies. However, global reports and statistics reveal that women and girls are grossly underrepresented in the field of ICTs. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 2013 reports that there are currently 200 million fewer women online than men, and this gap could grow to 350 million in three years. The report also reveals that globally women are coming online later and more slowly than men. Out of the world's 2.8 billion Internet users, only 1.3 billion are women. The report also states that women account for fewer than 20% of ICT specialists in developing economies and estimated that, by 2015, 90% of formal employment across all sectors will require ICT skills. The report additionally stated that 21% of women are less likely than their male counterparts to own a mobile phone – representing a mobile gender gap of 300 million. In Africa, only about half of the female population makeup the number of men connected to the internet. This gender divide calls for gender mainstreaming in respect of ICT policy. This chapter examines Nigeria Information Technology Policy and possible areas of encouraging gender mainstreaming in order to encourage and boost the ICT engagement for women empowerment. Thus, having looked at the Gender mainstreaming and Nigeria's IT policy this chapter concludes that there is need for the mainstreaming of the following areas in the IT policy, the issue of access particularly for women to help bridge the gap between men and women, the issue of establishing ICT training centers for women in the rural areas to train them on ICT skills.
Missing Gender Concerns in Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement
Authors: Agarwal Sheetal
Published: May 2017

Displacement and its impact on the social, cultural, and economic lives of the affected people is a huge discourse in contemporary India, but very little empirical data is available on the issue of displacement from a gender perspective. By law and by custom, women in India have been largely excluded from owning or inheriting property. The lack of ownership makes women vulnerable, dependent, and at a greater risk of being excluded from the decision-making process during displacement because in most cases it is this “ownership” of land that governs one's entitlement to compensation. The concerns of livelihood loss are also closely related to land. Displaced women are often forced to bear a greater burden. In this chapter, how development-induced displacement impacts women differently and how gender-blind resettlement planning and policies can reinforce gender disparities that already exist in society are examined.
Engaging Inclusive Excellence
Authors: Sandoval-Lucero Elena , White Tamara D. , Haynes Derrick E. , Phillips Quill , Brame Javon D. , Sturtevant James Kathryn A.
Published: May 2017

It is the role of community college leaders to guide their campuses in assessing outcomes for students. Additionally, the diversity of our students requires institutions to significantly improve their effectiveness in educating students who have been underrepresented in higher education. Community colleges must more systematically examine their practice in terms of how students experience the campus and how we can intervene to improve student outcomes. Campus initiatives promoting cultural competence, equity, and social justice cannot be delivered to students in isolation. Faculty and staff diversity must increase, and employees must engage in self-reflection to examine their own assumptions and have courageous conversations about race and ethnicity in higher education. The impetus for these initiatives must come from leadership and be articulated at all levels of the organization. This chapter describes the process used to raise cultural awareness, increase cultural competence, and create an equity mindset at a community college.
She Designs Therefore She Is?
Authors: Cunningham Carolyn Michelle
Published: May 2017

Girls and women play video games in equal number to boys, yet they continue to be under-represented in the video game industry. The goal of this chapter is to examine initiatives that encourage gender equality in video game design. This chapter argues that the process of becoming a video game designer may have the potential to shift girls' notions of identity. Drawing on research on girls and video game design, as well as analyses of informal programs that teach girls video game design, this chapter emphasizes the intersection of design and identity. This chapter offers directions and recommendations for future research, including the need for expanded understandings of the cultural and democratic benefits of video game design for girls.
Diversity and Multi-Version Systems
Authors: Siora Alexander , Sklyar Vladimir , Kharchenko Vyacheslav , Brezhnev Eugene
Published: May 2017

To protect safety-critical systems from common-cause failures that can lead to potentially dangerous outcomes, special methods are applied, including multi-version technologies operating at different levels of diversity. A model representing different diversity types during the development of safety-critical systems is suggested. The model addresses diversity types that are the most expedient in providing required safety. The diversity of complex electronic components (FPGA, etc.), printed circuit boards, manufacturers, specification languages, design, and program languages, etc. are considered. The challenges addressed are related to factors of scale and dependencies among diversity types, since not all combinations of used diversity are feasible. Taking these dependencies into consideration, the model simplifies the choice of diversity options. This chapter presents a cost effective approach to selection of the most diverse NPP Reactor Trip System (RTS) under uncertainty. The selection of a pair of primary and secondary RTS is named a diversity strategy. All possible strategies are evaluated on an ordinal scale with linguistic values provided by experts. These values express the expert's degree of confidence that evaluated variants of secondary RTS are different from primary. All diversity strategies are evaluated on a set of linguistic diversity criteria, which are included into a corresponding diversity attribute. The generic fuzzy diversity score is an aggregation of the linguistic values provided by the experts to obtain a collective assessment of the secondary RTS's similarity (difference) with a primary one. This rational diversity strategy is found during the exploitation stage, taking into consideration the fuzzy diversity score and cost.
Bridging Gender Gaps in Provision of Agricultural Extension Service Using ICT
Authors: Sanga C. , Kalungwizi V. J. , Msuya C. P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter was designed to present the assessment of the effectiveness of radio - based, impact driven smallholder farmer extension service system provided by FVR to enhance accessibility of extension services to women and men in the project areas of Tanzania. Specifically, this chapter assessed women and men farmers' access to ICT and factors influencing the utilization of ICT to deliver agricultural information and knowledge. The chapter used data from impact assessment survey of the project conducted between April 2012 and June 2012. These data were complemented by focus group discussion involving members of gender advisory panel that had been established in the selected project sites. Quantitative data were analyzed to yield frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. Even though ownership of mobile phones and radio was higher among women in all study areas both men and women farmers' had almost the same percentage in accessibility to agricultural extension information. The factors that affected women and men farmers to get quality agricultural information via these ICT tools were namely: poor radio signal reception, power outrage and poor timing of radio programs among others. This is important evidence that careful use of ICT can reduce gender imbalance in agricultural extension services and information delivery.
Application of Collaboration Technology to Manage Diversity in Global Virtual Teams
Authors: Santillan Cecilia , Horwitz Sujin K.
Published: May 2017

The present global competitive landscape is urging organizations to reach beyond the conventional limits to gain competitive advantage. With the advent of information and communication technologies available, more organizations are forming Global Virtual Teams (GVTs) that promise more advantages and greater flexibility due to their unique ability to transcend the traditional boundaries of time, geographic locations, and organizational constraints. However, managing globally dispersed and culturally diverse GVTs also poses unique challenges to organizations wishing to capitalize on the potential benefits of GVTs. This chapter explores some of the documented challenges faced by GVTs due to diversity, team conflict, and collaboration technology and further argues that organizations will benefit from integrating the ThinkLet-based CE approach to GVT workflow processes. This method is intended to develop predictable patterns of team collaboration that provide a greater sense of structure in the highly uncertain environment where GVTs operate.
Prejudicial Evaluation
Authors: Tucker Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers a simple but important question: can students fairly assess each other's individual contribution to team designs? The chapter focuses on a key problem when using online self-and-peer assessment to individualising design grades for team assignments, namely rater bias – the possibility of students being biased when assessing their own and their peers' contributions. Three rater-bias issues are considered in depth: (1) self-overmarking; (2) gender bias and gender differences; and (3) out-group bias in the peer assessment of international students in multicultural cohorts. Each issue is explored via the analysis of eight years of quantitative data from the use of an online self-and-peer assessment tool. Evidence is found of self-overmarking and of out-group bias in nonhomogeneous cohorts. However, no evidence is found of gender bias. The chapter concludes with recommendations for design teachers around the assessment of individual contributions to teamwork using self-and-peer assessment.
Diverse Student Scholars
Authors: Sims Jeanetta D. , Shuff Jalea , Lai Hung-Lin , Lim Oon Feng , Neese Ashley , Neese Sarah , Sims Atoya
Published: May 2017

With student co-authors, this book chapter shares the impetus, background, origin, and sources of institutional support for Diverse Student Scholars, which is a predominantly undergraduate, interdisciplinary research program created and founded by the first faculty author. Along with offering student involvement details on the Diverse Student Scholars program, the relevance of institution-mission fit for undergraduate research is discussed. The authors summarize the Diverse Student Scholars program impact and connect student undergraduate research engagement with the potential for advancing workforce diversity competencies.
Trans*Forming Higher Education to Advance Workforce Diversity
Authors: Langford Catherine L.
Published: May 2017

The discrimination transgender persons experience in their educational pursuits, as well as their personal, public, and private lives, negatively impacts their ability to obtain and to maintain work. Trans individuals experience frequent harassment and violence in school, discrimination in the workplace, and high rates of poverty. This chapter reviews the prevalence and implications of trans targeting before surveying judicial opinions and legal statutes that work to protect or to discriminate against transfolk. Although the laws are mixed, more and more legislative codes and judicial opinions advance trans rights and consider gender identity and expression a protected class of people. This chapter suggests different policies, programs, and protocols college campuses can adopt to create a safe, inclusive, and productive educational environment for trans students. Doing so will educate cisgender individuals about trans issues and legal rights as well as prepare trans workers to enter into the workforce.
When Demographic and Personality Diversity Are Both at Play
Authors: Trinh Mai P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews what we know about the effects of demographic diversity (age, sex, and ethnicity) and personality diversity (conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, emotional stability, and agreeableness) in teams in organizations. It also outlines challenges to today's diversity management and Human Resource (HR) practices, such as the lack of definite conclusions from research results, the mismatch between team diversity research designs and organizations' needs, and the lack of research examining simultaneously different aspects of diversity. Drawing from analysis results of team data from 55 teams of volunteers from Shanghai, the author recommends that HR training and selection take specific team contexts into account and increase attention on functions that support important team processes such as communication and mutual support among team members.
Women's Empowerment and Socio-Economic Development in MENA Region
Authors: Jihene Malek
Published: May 2017

Women plays a vital role in business and they are a major resource potential in entrepreneurship. Unfortunately, women entrepreneurs tend to face greater obstacles in access to credit, market knowledge, business needs and by the limits of trade agreements and the constraints of trade policies. Thus, there is a need for more efficient policies for the development of female entrepreneurship. The chapter offer analysis of state of the empowerment of women in the globalization. Then, the analysis of the theoretical foundations is for justifying the role of women as entrepreneur and promoter of gender equality and constraints that they are facing. Then, it is an opportunity to offer a brief overview about women in the socio-economic development in MENA region. Finally, the question is how to create policies for the business sector to promote their empowerment. A SWOT analysis is done to explore challenges and limits and offer some recommendations .This chapter is an opportunity to explore new area about the degree of adaptation of women's entrepreneur to the trade policies rules.
ICT Is Not Gender Blind
Authors: Ibrahim Adamkolo Mohammed , Adamu Mohammed Alhaji
Published: May 2017

This chapter critically reviewed literature on gender disparity associated with access and usage of ICT, focusing on the less developed world, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors used relevant online literature sourced from research databases such as Google Scholar, Elsevier and Wiley Online Library. With the aid of graphical illustrations, the chapter aligned its argument with some critical global research findings regarding gender-based mobile phone and Internet usage and the concept of ICT and gender. The chapter concluded that ICT gender gap negatively affects the socio-economic development of women, and recommended that ICTs manufacturers should integrate gender-balanced software and hardware right at the time of production of the technologies.
Innovation Through Diversity
Authors: Szczur Samantha
Published: May 2017

Organizations operating on a global scale encounter much pressure to be innovative in order to survive. For many, embracing diversity is a means of enhancing creativity, and thus, success. A common organizational strategy to harness diversity is through structures and cultures that organizational scholars would identify as post-modern alternatives to traditional, tall bureaucracies. While such organizations claim that these structures and cultures cater to diversity, particularly gendered diversity, they can often operate to mitigate gendered equality. This occurs because organizations, despite their best intentions and efforts, reinscribe masculine norms of working and organizing. This chapter examines two highly recognizable technology organizations, Google and Facebook, and closely attends to the ways in which their structures and cultures privilege masculinity.
Coding CLIL Paths Inworld
Authors: Bartoli Fabrizio
Published: May 2017

Cross-curricular, content-based CLIL learning paths have been experienced extensively in a middle school class TEFL context, with students aged 11 to 13 for a period of three years. A Learning Management System (Google Apps for Education), fully integrated with free/open web tools, open source software and a school virtual world 3D environment based on Sim-on-a-stick and OpenSim, through overlapping ‘making' activities based on coding (Scratch animations), textual collaborative editing (Google Drive/Doc), web design (Mozilla html tools) to graphic design of 3d shapes (Blender) and virtual world texturing, building and scripting “learning objects” on prims. The primary aim has been the cooperative construction of ‘one' three-layered (real world + web + virtual world), synergic, learning environment that would increase students engagement by challenging their cognitive, socio-emotional and making skills and propose itself as a functional model of blended environment for the whole educational community.
Virtual Learning Environments for a New Teaching Methodology
Authors: Caponata Iolanda , Ferraro Anna Pietra
Published: May 2017

The potential and new educational perspectives offered by virtual environments are the arguments with which you want to highlight the opportunity, through the experience of the simulation offered by environments such SecondLife®, to organize and expand the involvement and motivation of pupils through active participation. It will be explained, in detail, how to plan a lesson in SecondLife® after having designed and built a learning environment by creating Holodeck, Teleport, Script, and the use of numerous Tools needed to implement a teaching unit.
An Informal Methodology for Teaching Through Virtual Worlds
Authors: Pacchiega Claudio
Published: May 2017

The target of this chapter is to provide an insight on an informal methodology exploiting the strongest possibilities of Virtual Reality worlds (supported by a full usage of other web-based and social media tools), as a viable effective and rewarding tool both for teachers and students to assist in Educational classes on many teaching subjects. This is shown using a practical example effectively performed in Summer 2016. The goal is obtained using already established methodologies like Flipped Classroom, Educational Marketing, Gamification, Cooperative Learning. The result is quite attractive and immersive and easy to organize and use even by teachers not too technically experts.
Classroom Technology Acceptance for Teachers in 3D
Authors: Camilleri Vanessa , de Freitas Sarah , Dunwell Ian , Montebello Matthew
Published: May 2017

The acceptance and adoption of technology in the classroom has been identified as a major challenge that many teacher education programs are striving to overcome. This article presents a case study about a 3D immersive VW that has been used as a medium for learning during a teacher education programme. One-hundred-eleven pre-service teachers were enrolled in a 13-week long study unit focusing on the use of different technologies for teaching and learning. A multi-strategy approach was used for data collection and analysis employing quantitative, qualitative and a social network analysis. The findings show that the experience has positively affected the pre-service teachers' perceptions towards different learning technologies. Social network analysis shows that the experience supported learner centric practices. Based on the findings this paper proposes a macro-structure framework that describes a Connectivism-driven agenda for the integration of 3D immersive experiences integrated in teacher education programs.
Lessons from Cypris Chat
Authors: DuQuette Jean-Paul Lafayette
Published: May 2017

What makes a successful online community? This is a question that would probably not have much meaning to someone in the early 1990. At the time, use of the World Wide Web had just begun to spread, first across college campuses and then among the general public in North America and Western Europe. A more common question, and one that Wellman and Gulia (1999) asked, was do online groups even call themselves communities at all? This chapter examines how much has changed about how we perceive online community since 1995: the people we converse with, the reasons for communicating online and the pitfalls encountered. It also introduces Cypris Chat, a virtual world community within Second Life that stubbornly clings to Internet first adopter values and goals, a group that reminds us that an online existence dominated by social networking sites has its alternatives.
Techland
Authors: Occhioni Michelina
Published: May 2017

This work describes Techland, an OpenSim-based VW developed and owned by the author for educational purposes for middle school students. Techland is a group of islands focused on math, and science, where explore various approaches to VW, in different and mutually not exclusive learning sets and degrees of immersion. The main objectives are to simplify abstract concepts by using scripted 3D learning objects and to engage students offering a way to go beyond the classroom as the only learning environment. So Techland can be considered a giant 3D book. Activities range from viewing the contents of the world on an IWB, as a support for the teacher's lesson, to logging on the student's avatars into the world for exploration, producing machinima videos and collaborating together. Most islands are public access and reachable from other similar virtual worlds by the HG system, so other schools could take advantage from its contents or they could share projects. Techland has got the proper requirements to will become a meeting place between students and teachers who want to find new approaches to scientific matters.
Geometry and Pastry Making/Tesselations and Decorations
Authors: Giannetti Luisa
Published: May 2017

One of many projects in virtual worlds in Opensim, platform devoted to teaching, perhaps the most distinctive and significant, was the one that had as its purpose the application of mathematics to the culinary art in a hotel school. It was an experimentation iTEC (Innovative Technologies for an Engaging Classroom) and innovative teaching methodology was used, with the help of new technologies, using Opensim and several useful widgets to your project. Studying geometry, using various geometric shapes conceived, designed and processed, they are built in 3D tessellations in opensim, then reproduced in laboratory confectionery, sugar paste and used to decorate cakes with colored geometric elements and special shapes. All through insights, searches on the net, development of concept maps, team work, aimed at the development of pupils' blog and lots of fun. Was also attended by the industry's most experienced students and faculty kitchen, for processing geometric tessellations cakes.
Popularization of Science in 3D Virtual Environments With “Scienza on the Road”
Authors: Fabbri Franco L.
Published: May 2017

Online virtual words, i.e., digital territories where people can interact with each other and with elements of their environment via their avatars, offer a great potential for communication, training and teaching. In this chapter, the author focuses on the popularization of science. The virtual world considered here is Second Life. Besides the mentioned characteristics, the avatar users can digitize elements of their environment, creating grounds, seas, animals, plants and manu facts, school buildings museums and coliseums. Thus, it is possible to make instruments for communicating and teaching like slide beamers, multi-channel monitors and lab tools, but also to geometrically illustrate formulas, take objects to pieces, build hyper-solids and animate physics interactions of sub-nuclear particles. The author describes best practices in the popularization of science implemented in Second Life within the Italian communities of the non-profit groups “Second Physics” and “Immersive_2Life” as designed and managed in the “Scienza on the road” project.
Virtualization in Mobile Cloud Computing (VMCC) Environments
Authors: Kumar Raghvendra , Pattnaik Prasant Kumar , Pandey Priyanka
Published: May 2017

Unfortunately, most of the widely used protocols for remote desktop access on mobile devices have been designed for scenarios involving personal computers. Furthermore, their energy consumption at the mobile device has not been fully characterized. In this chapter, we specially address energy consumption of mobile cloud networking realized through remote desktop technologies. In order to produce repeatable experiments with comparable results, we design a methodology to automate experiments with a mobile device. Furthermore, we develop an application that allows recording touch events and replaying them for a certain number of times. Moreover, we analyze the performance of widely used remote desktop protocols through extensive experiments involving different classes of mobile devices and realistic usage scenarios. We also relate the energy consumption to the different components involved and to the protocol features. Finally, we provide some considerations on aspects related to usability and user experience.
The Effect of Cultural Values in Mobile Payment Preference
Authors: Khan Jashim , Pelet Jean-Éric , Rivers Gary James , Zuo Na
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study is to compare French and New Zealand consumers' perceptions of mobile payments (m-payments) relative to other options to identify the preferred mode of payment and related spending behaviour. Evidence suggests that payment modes can influence spending behaviours and therefore this is important to commerce to promote payment modes that facilitate transactions. Using the Perceptions of Payment Mode (PPM) scale, this study was able to identify cultural differences on perceptions of cash payments, though both countries' consumers held negative perceptions of, and emotions towards, m-payments relative to other options. The empirical results are useful in understanding cultural aspects of payment modes and for companies to recognise consumers' associations with these modes to enhance relations, services and the use of m-payments.
International Student Mobility in Indian Higher Education
Authors: Pawar Sanjay Krishnapratap
Published: May 2017

The need to support International Student Mobility has been globally accepted and has been actively promoted by some countries. India is a prominent source country of international students to many leading host countries. As compared to the large number of Indian students studying abroad the number of international students studying in India is low and this is a matter of concern. It is therefore imperative that a concerted and well laid out strategy is put in place to attract international students to Indian campuses. The purpose of this chapter is to study the ongoing policy initiatives aimed at enhancing international student mobility in Indian higher education, to list and analyze international student mobility trends, and to discuss the way forward by specifically identifying aspects that would act as enablers to international student inflow into Indian higher education institutions.
Expanding Access While Narrowing Outcomes
Authors: Stephenson Grace Karram , Rajendram Shakina
Published: May 2017

As Malaysia attempts to expand access for their minority groups using international branch campuses (IBCs), the IBC emphasis on developing students into tech-savvy, English-speaking, business leaders is leading to divisions based on language and ability that present new accessibility challenges. This chapter draws on the findings from a qualitative study conducted at three IBCs in the greater Kuala Lumpur area of Malaysia to understand how IBCs both facilitate and obstruct access to higher education for Malaysia's diverse population, and to reframe how access is understood in an area of cross-border higher education. This study found that: a) the instructional approach used in the business degrees at Malaysia's IBCs provides a very different pedagogical experience for students compared with the forms of instruction at their secondary schools; b) the new English-only, group-based learning highlights students' ethnic and linguistic differences; and c) students' successful transition to the surrounding business sector depends on their ability to acquire skills offered at the IBC.
Issues on Financing Higher Education in Tanzania
Authors: Komba Sotco Claudius
Published: May 2017

Education is a key to the development of any nation. Higher Education, in particular, is expected to produce graduates with knowledge and skills required for solving open and closed ended socioeconomic problems with a view of improving livelihoods. In order to achieve this end, it is mandatory for national governments to invest heavily in education and ensure equity and equality in accessing education opportunities. However, a critical examination of trends in financing higher education in Tanzania has revealed that higher education sector is currently being underfunded by the government. This trend does not only affect the issues of accessibility to and equity and equality in higher education, but also impinges on the provision of quality higher education. Thus, this chapter examines the trends and proposes a way forward for sustainable higher education funding policies.
The Accessibility of Internationalisation
Authors: Soorenian Armineh
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the complexities associated with the genuine accessible and inclusive internationalised higher education (HE) practises. With the diversification of international student population, it is all the more necessary to ensure that the university policy and practice is compliant and responsive to the differing needs related to students' multiplicity of identities. Practices, which may on surface appear to be inclusive of international students, in reality may not necessarily be accessible to those international students who also belong to one or more other minority groups. This chapter will therefore consider the application of some ‘inclusive' practice insights that accommodate diversity of international students' needs. The conclusion will highlight the benefits of all-encompassing inclusive practices and the resulting wider implications for the student population at large.
eLearning and Distance Education in Higher Education Accessibility
Authors: Baloyi Gezani Phineas
Published: May 2017

The Ministry of Education in South Africa has identified distance education as a system that should extend educational opportunities and provide access to individuals who do not have the opportunity to study fulltime. The White Paper 3 - the National Plan for higher education (DoE, 2001a) advocates an increase in the general participation rate in public higher education in South Africa, with the aim of facilitating lifelong learning, developing the skills base of the country and redressing historical inequities in the provision of education. Badat (2005) adds that through distance education access is presented to people who would not have the opportunity to study fulltime because of work commitments, personal and social circumstances, geographical distance or poor quality or inadequate prior learning experiences. Distance education offer flexible learning to students. The flexibility of learning at a distance using new technologies gives students an opportunity to study while working. The technology can make an impact in supporting teaching and learning.
Child mortality inequalities across Rwanda districts: a geoadditive continuous-time survival analysis
Authors: Niragire François , Achia Thomas N.O. , Lyambabaje Alexandre , Ntaganira Joseph
Published: May 2017

Child survival programmes are efficient when they target the most significant and area-specific factors. This study aimed to assess the key determinants and spatial variation of child mortality at the district level in Rwanda. Data from the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey were analysed for 8817 live births that occurred during five years preceding the survey. Out of the children born, 433 had died before survey interviews were carried out. A full Bayesian geo-additive continuous-time hazard model enabled us to maximise data utilisation and hence improve the accuracy of our estimates. The results showed substantial district- level spatial variation in childhood mortality in Rwanda. District-specific spatial characteristics were particularly associated with higher death hazards in two districts: Musanze and Nyabihu. The model estimates showed that there were lower death rates among children from households of medium and high economic status compared to those from low-economic status households. Factors, such as four antenatal care visits, delivery at a health facility, prolonged breastfeeding and mothers younger than 31 years were associated with lower child death rates. Long preceding birth intervals were also associated with fewer hazards. For these reasons, programmes aimed at reducing child mortality gaps between districts in Rwanda should target maternal factors and take into consideration district-specific spatial characteristics. Further, child survival gains require strengthening or scaling-up of existing programmes pertaining to access to, and utilisation of maternal and child health care services as well as reduction of the household gap in the economic status.
Epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Campos Roseane , Santos Márcio , Tunon Gabriel , Cunha Luana , Magalhães Lucas , Moraes Juliana , Ramalho Danielle , Lima Sanmy , Pacheco José Antônio , Lipscomb Michael , Ribeiro de Jesus Amélia , Pacheco de Almeida Roque
Published: May 2017

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic disease endemic in tropical countries and transmitted through sand flies. In particular, Canis familiaris (or domesticated dogs) are believed to be a major urban reservoir for the parasite causing the disease Leishmania. The average number of human VL cases was 58 per year in the state of Sergipe. The city of Aracaju, capital of Sergipe in Northeastern Brazil, had 159 cases of VL in humans. Correlatively, the percentage of serologically positive dogs for leishmaniasis increased from 4.73% in 2008 to 12.69% in 2014. Thus, these studies aimed to delineate the spatial distribution and epidemiological aspects of human and canine VL as mutually supportive for increased incidence. The number of human cases of VL and the frequency of canine positive serology for VL both increased between 2008 and 2014. Spatial distribution analyses mapped areas of the city with the highest concentration of human and canine VL cases. The neighbourhoods that showed the highest disease frequency were located on the outskirts of the city and in urbanised areas or subjected to development. Exponential increase in VL-positive dogs further suggests that the disease is expanding in urban areas, where it can serve as a reservoir for transmission of dogs to humans via the sand fly vector.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of schistosomiasis in Rwanda between 2001 and 2012: impact of the national Neglected Tropical Disease control programme
Authors: Nyandwi Elias , Veldkamp Tom , Osei Frank Badu , Amer Sherif
Published: May 2017

Schistosomiasis is recognised as a major public health problem in Rwanda. We aimed to identify the spatio-temporal dynamics of its distribution at a fine-scale spatial resolution and to explore the impact of control programme interventions. Incidence data of Schistosoma mansoni infection at 367 health facilities were obtained for the period 2001-2012. Disease cluster analyses were conducted using spatial scan statistics and geographic information systems. The impact of control interventions was assessed for three distinct sub-periods. Findings demonstrated persisting, emerging and re-emerging clusters of schistosomiasis infection across space and time. The control programme initially caused an abrupt increase in incidence rates during its implementation phase. However, this was followed by declining and disappearing clusters when the programme was fully in place. The findings presented should contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of schistosomiasis distribution to be used when implementing future control activities, including prevention and elimination efforts.
Novel strategies to improve the endocrine therapy of breast cancer
Authors: Castrellon Aurelio Bartolome
Published: May 2017

Endocrine therapy (ET) constitutes the usual first-line of therapy for patients in the treatment of metastatic hormone receptorpositive breast cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to first-line endocrine treatment due to intrinsic resistance, while others may initially respond but eventually progress with secondary acquired resistance leading to disease progression. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-estrogen therapy include, loss of expression for estrogen or progesterone receptor, upregulation of epidermal receptor growth factor 2, increased receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, leading to activation of various intracellular pathways that are involved in signal transduction such as PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, and others. Growing understanding of the signal cascade of estrogen receptors and the signaling pathways that interact with estrogen receptors has revealed the complex role of these receptors in cell growth and proliferation, and on the mechanism in development of resistance. These insights have led to the development of targeted therapies that may prove to be effective options for the treatment of breast cancer and may overcome hormone therapy resistance. In this review we summarize some of the mechanisms of endocrine resistance, selected clinical trials of ET and targeted therapies, which might interfere with estrogen receptor pathways and might reduce or reverse resistance to traditional, sequential, single-agent ET.
Gold grains in till samples from the southern Core Zone, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador (NTS 23-P and 23-I): potential for undiscovered mineralization
Authors: McClenaghan M B , Paulen R C , Rice J
M , Campbell H E , Pyne M
D
Published: May 2017

This report presents the indicator mineral content of till samples (n=86) collected during the summer of 2016, in the southern sector of the Core Zone located within Woods Lake (NTS 23-I) and Lac Résolution (NTS 23-P) map areas, approximately 50 km east of
Shefferville, Quebec. Of potential interest for mineral exploration in this region is the presence of gold grains (7 to 63 grains /10 kg) in 15 till samples principally collected over the Doublet Zone mafic volcanic rocks. One sample located over the Core Zone orthogneiss contains a noticeably large
sand-sized gold grain, which is in contrast with the silt-sized gold particles in the other till samples. The source(s) of gold in the till is unknown. The 2016 till sampling survey was the third of three field seasons of reconnaissance-scale surficial mapping and till sampling in the south part of
the Core Zone and was conducted as part of the GSC's Core Zone Surficial Activity (2014-2017) of the Geomapping for Energy and Minerals 2 (GEM 2) Program. Indicator mineral results for the 2014 and 2015 till samples, which were originally presented in McClenaghan et al. (2016) and Rice et al.
(2017), are included for completeness.
The transition to general management in South Africa
Authors: Mallaby Stephen J. , Price Gavin , Hofmeyr Karl
Published: May 2017

Orientation: Understanding the nature and challenges of making the transition from a functional role to a general management role in South African organisations.Research purpose: The objective of this study was to gain insight into the obstacles that affect the transition from functional to general management and identify steps that may be taken to overcome these challenges.Motivation for the study: One of the most difficult crossroads for a manager is making the shift from being a functional specialist to becoming a general manager. New competencies and behaviours are required, as well as a more strategic mind set. If the transition is not made successfully, the manager and the organisation suffer.Research design, approach and method: A qualitative design was used consisting of in-depth, semi-structured interviews, with 19 senior business leaders who had successfully made the transition. The interviews were used to gather insights into the challenges they faced during their transitions, and how these were overcome.Main findings: To make the transition successfully, functional managers need to gain relevant experience to prepare them for the broader scope of a general management role. They need to develop appropriate skills, attitudes and personal characteristics. Mentoring is an effective development process. Newly appointed general managers need to learn to let go of control while maintaining ownership, build relationships and strike the right balance between strategic thinking and execution. There are unique aspects of being a general manager in South Africa, such as dealing with Black Economic Empowerment and challenges of race and identity, given the country’s history.Practical and managerial implications: Specific interventions are suggested which are directed at both aspiring general managers and organisations seeking to assist middle managers to make the transition to general managers.Contribution: This study contributes to knowledge concerning the skills and attributes required by potential general managers, and the practical steps to be taken by South African organisations to facilitate the development of general managers.