bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae:
Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: DONATO MARIANO , MAUAD MELINA , FUENTES MARÍA CECILIA
Published: January 2015

Parapsectrocladius setosus sp. n. is described and figured as pupa and male imago, based on material collected in Patagonia, Argentina. The male of the new species groups with P. escondido Cranston & Añón Suárez by having the anal point tapering triangular; inferior volsella simple, rounded, without any dorsal ridge and apically blunt. It can be distinguished from P. escondido by the possession of strong setae on the inner margin of inferior volsella. New material of Parapsectrocladius belonging from several localities allows us to emend the generic diagnosis of the adult male, female and larva of Parapsectrocladius, discuss its phylogenetic position and to expand the geographic distribution of P. acuminatus Cranston, P. escondido and P. reissi. Cranston.
A new species of the highly modified hypogean genus Giraffaphaenops Deuve, 2002 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Authors: TIAN MINGYI , LUO XIAOZHU
Published: January 2015

Giraffaphaenops yangi n. sp. is described from a limestone cave named Shizikou Dadong, Tianlin County, northwestern Guangxi, China. It is the second species of this genus, which is the most morphologically modified in the tribe Trechini in terms of troglobiomorphy. So far, Giraffaphaenops ranges in a small karstic area in northwestern Guangxi. Of the two known species, G. clarkei Deuve, 2002 was recorded from four caves in Leye County, whereas G. yangi n. sp. is known from the only type locality cave in Tianlin County. A distributional map of the genus Giraffaphaenops is also provided. In addition, two females of G. clarkei are recorded from the cave Yanwu Dong, Leye County.
Tadpole of Leptodactylus oreomantis Carvalho, Leite & Pezzuti 2013 (Anura, Leptodactylidae)
Authors: MERCÊS EDNEI DE ALMEIDA , MAGALHÃES FELIPE DE MEDEIROS , AMADO TALITA FERREIRA , JUNCÁ FLORA ACUÑA , GARDA ADRIAN ANTONIO
Published: January 2015

Leptodactylus oreomantis, a member of Leptodactylus fuscus species group (sensu Heyer 1978), is a leptodactylid frog endemic to the montane rocky fields of Chapada Diamantina (the northern portion of the Espinhaço mountain range), Bahia State, Brazil (Carvalho et al. 2013). Although tadpole morphology provides relevant information for anuran taxonomy and systematics (see Langone & de Sá 2005; Miranda et al. 2014), only calls and adult morphology were evaluated in the description of this species. Herein, we describe and illustrate the external morphology and internal oral anatomy of L. oreomantis tadpoles and compare it with tadpoles of related species.
The Banded-wing Moselia infuscata (Claassen) Phenotype from California and Oregon, U.S.A. (Plecoptera: Leuctridae)
Authors: GILL BRIAN A. , KONDRATIEFF BORIS C. , STARK BILL P. , SANDBERG JOHN B.
Published: January 2015

Moselia specimens from California and Oregon with a banded-wing phenotype were found to be indistinguishable morphologically from those of M. infuscata (Claassen) with typical wing pigment pattern. Preliminary DNA barcode data (Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I [COI]), however, show significant genetic variation among four populations including three from northern California sites and one from southern Oregon. Although this genetic variation exceeded standard divergence thresholds often used to recognize distinct stream insect species, no new taxa are proposed at this time due to the preliminary nature of the data.
Regional Variations in Potential Plant Habitat Changes in Response to Multiple Global Warming Scenarios*
Authors: Park Chang-Eui , Jeong Su-Jong , Ho Chang-Hoi , Kim Jinwon
Published: January 2015

This study examines the impacts of global warming on the timing of plant habitat changes in the twenty-first century using climate scenarios from multiple global climate models (GCMs). The plant habitat changes are predicted by driving the bioclimate rule in a dynamic global vegetation model using the climate projections from 16 coupled GCMs. The timing of plant habitat changes is estimated by the first occurrence of specified fractional changes (10%, 20%, and 30%). All future projections are categorized into three groups by the magnitude of the projected global-mean land surface temperature changes: low (<2.5 K), medium (2.5–3.5 K), and high (>3.5 K) warming. During the course of the twenty-first century, dominant plant habitat changes are projected in ecologically transitional (i.e., from tropical to temperate and temperate to boreal) regions. The timing of plant habitat changes varies substantially according to regions. In the low-warming group, habitat changes of 10% in southern Africa occur in 2028, earlier than in the Americas by more than 70 yr. Differences in the timing between regions increase with the increase in warming and fractional threshold. In the subtropics, fast plant habitat changes are projected for the Asia and Africa regions, where countries of relatively small gross domestic product (GDP) per capita are concentrated. Ecosystems in these regions will be more vulnerable to global warming, because countries of low economic power lack the capability to deal with the warming-induced habitat changes. Thus, it is important to establish international collaboration via which developed countries provide assistance to mitigate the impacts of global warming.
Different Rates of Soil Drying after Rainfall Are Observed by the SMOS Satellite and the South Fork in situ Soil Moisture Network
Authors: Rondinelli Wesley J. , Hornbuckle Brian K. , Patton Jason C. , Cosh Michael H. , Walker Victoria A. , Carr Benjamin D. , Logsdon Sally D.
Published: January 2015

Soil moisture affects the spatial variation of land–atmosphere interactions through its influence on the balance of latent and sensible heat fluxes. Wetter soils are more prone to flooding because a smaller fraction of rainfall can infiltrate into the soil. The Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite carries a remote sensing instrument able to make estimates of near-surface soil moisture on a global scale. One way to validate satellite observations is by comparing them with observations made with sparse networks of in situ soil moisture sensors that match the extent of satellite footprints. The rate of soil drying after significant rainfall observed by SMOS is found to be higher than the rate observed by a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil moisture network in the watershed of the South Fork Iowa River. This leads to the conclusion that SMOS and the network observe different layers of the soil: SMOS observes a layer of soil at the soil surface that is a few centimeters thick, while the network observes a deeper soil layer centered at the depth at which the in situ soil moisture sensors are buried. It is also found that SMOS near-surface soil moisture is drier than the South Fork network soil moisture, on average. The conclusion that SMOS and the network observe different layers of the soil, and therefore different soil moisture dynamics, cannot explain the dry bias. However, it can account for some of the root-mean-square error in the relationship. In addition, SMOS observations are noisier than the network observations.
Observations of the 9 June 2009 Dissipating Supercell from VORTEX2
Authors: Davenport Casey E. , Parker Matthew D.
Published: January 2015

On 9 June 2009, the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) captured a unique dataset of dense observations throughout the lifetime of an isolated supercell, including its demise. This event provides a rare opportunity to explore the conditions and processes associated with supercell demise, as well as add to our understanding of supercell maintenance within the context of storm–environment interactions. The target storm on 9 June formed just to the cool side of a quasi-stationary boundary and initially exhibited strong low-level rotation. Over time, however, the storm moved deeper into the cool air and completely dissipated. Three near-inflow soundings launched over the lifetime of the supercell illustrated an increase in low-level convective inhibition (CIN) over time. However, an elevated layer containing sufficient instability and modest inhibition was also present, suggesting an unrealized potential for elevated convection. The near-storm environment also demonstrated a notable decrease in bulk vertical wind shear and storm-relative helicity over the lifetime of the storm. Although the likely impact of an increasingly stable near-storm environment is seemingly straightforward, the extent to which the evolving wind profile influenced storm dissipation is less certain. Dual-Doppler wind syntheses suggest decreases in the production of updraft vertical vorticity via tilting and stretching, indicating that the storm demise may have resulted from a complicated interplay between stabilization and changing environmental shear.
Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Antioxidant Capacity are Associated With Exercise Performance and Microcirculation in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Gardner Andrew W. , Parker Donald E. , Montgomery Polly S. , Sosnowska Danuta , Casanegra Ana I. , Ungvari Zoltan , Csiszar Anna , Sonntag William E.
Published: January 2015

We determined whether exercise performance and lower extremity microcirculation were associated with endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and with circulating biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant capacity in 160 patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). In a multivariate regression model for peak walking time, significant independent variables included ankle–brachial index ( P < .001), age ( P = .017), hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity ( P = .008), and endothelial cell nuclear factor K-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity ( P = .015). In multivariate analyses for time to minimum exercise calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2), significant independent variables included endothelial cell NF-κB activity ( P = .043) and calf muscle StO2 at rest ( P = .007). Endothelial cell inflammation and circulating biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant capacity were associated with exercise performance and microcirculation of the ischemic calf musculature during exercise. The clinical implication is that interventions designed to alleviate endothelial cell inflammation and circulating inflammatory biomarkers, such as antioxidant therapy, may improve exercise performance of symptomatic patients with PAD.
Eyes on the future: The impact of a university campus experience day on students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds
Authors: Fleming Michele J , Grace Diana M
Published: January 2015

Students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds, rural areas, non-English speaking backgrounds and those who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, have traditionally been underrepresented in higher education in Australia. The UC 4 Yourself experience day is an outreach program by the University of Canberra for schools identified as having substantial numbers of students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds. It provides a full day of participation in, and gaining information about, university life. The current article reports on two survey studies ( N = 525; N = 183) investigating the effectiveness of this program. Students who participated in the program were more likely to plan to attend university and were better able to imagine themselves as university students after their campus visit. Findings from the two studies suggest that the actual visit, despite its brevity, provides a unique experience by simultaneously establishing a knowledge base and facilitating the psychological transformation necessary to imagine a new future.
Predicting the Academic Achievement of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students From Individual, Household, Communication, and Educational Factors
Authors: Marschark Marc , Shaver Debra M. , Nagle Katherine M. , Newman Lynn A.
Published: January 2015

Research suggests that the academic achievement of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students is the result of a complex interplay of many factors. These factors include characteristics of the students (e.g., hearing thresholds, language fluencies, mode of communication, and communication functioning), characteristics of their family environments (e.g., parent education level, socioeconomic status), and experiences inside and outside school (e.g., school placement, having been retained at grade level). This paper examines the relative importance of such characteristics to U.S. DHH secondary students’ academic achievement as indicated by the Woodcock-Johnson III subtests in passage comprehension, mathematics calculation, science, and social studies. Data were obtained for approximately 500 DHH secondary students who had attended regular secondary schools or state-sponsored special schools designed for DHH students. Across all subject areas, having attended regular secondary schools and having better spoken language were associated with higher test scores. Significant negative predictors of achievement varied by type of subtest but included having an additional diagnosis of a learning disability, having a mild hearing loss, and being African American or Hispanic. The findings have important implications for policy and practice in educating DHH students as well for interpreting previous research.
Improving Reading Comprehension and Social Studies Knowledge Among Middle School Students With Disabilities
Authors: Swanson Elizabeth , Wanzek Jeanne , Vaughn Sharon , Roberts Greg , Fall Ana-Mari
Published: January 2015

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a content knowledge and reading comprehension treatment implemented by eighth-grade general education social studies teachers among students with disabilities included in the classes. Data on students with disabilities across 2 years of study were combined for the analysis presented here. Students in the treatment conditions ( n = 72) scored statistically higher than students in the comparison conditions ( n = 58) on knowledge acquisition (effect size [ES] = .26) and content reading comprehension (ES = .34) but not standardized reading comprehension. Findings are interpreted as demonstrating support for the treatment in improving both knowledge acquisition and reading comprehension within content area instruction among students with disabilities served in the general education social studies classroom.
Public service values and e-administration: an explosive mix? Illustration drawing on the case of the Family Allowance Funds (Caisses d’Allocations Familiales) in France
Authors: Roux Laetitia
Published: January 2015

Despite the fact that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are considered to be an important state modernization tool, resistance to change can sometimes be observed. The question is why? On the basis of intervention research mobilizing five different corpuses of material over eight years in the family branch of the French social security system, we have established that values can be an (accelerating or blocking) structuring element of an ambiguous e-administration development dynamic. In other words, in the process of enacting or activating technologies intended to modernize public services, sensemaking by managers faced with the conflicts of values generated or exacerbated by the introduction of these new management tools is fundamental to understanding the process of change. Based on this research result, recommendations for action have been drawn up for the managers, the aim being to elucidate these value conflicts within discussion forums, even if this implies a certain cost.

Points for practitioners

This article shows that the e-administration development dynamics depend in part on sensemaking by public service managers around technologies. Indeed, these technologies exacerbate or introduce conflicts of values. Interactivity (a property inherent to ICT that must be respected for the sake of the value of public service adaptability), in particular, may conflict with the value of public sector equality. This is at least what we have observed in the course of the research conducted for nearly eight years in the family branch of the French social security system. This therefore raises questions about the effectiveness of elucidating these value conflicts within discussion forums to facilitate the development of e-administration.
Attitudes Regarding Laws Limiting Black-White Marriage
Authors: Garcia Ginny E. , Lewis Richard , Ford-Robertson Joanne
Published: January 2015

This research effort explores attitudes toward interracial marriage and related behavior patterns in the United States. These patterns are examined longitudinally from the perspective of the general public over a 25-year period. Specifically, responses to whether one favors or opposes laws prohibiting marriages between Blacks and Whites are combined with a measure of social distance (whether one had a member of the opposite race over for dinner in the past year) to produce a hierarchy of responses that include both attitudes and corresponding behaviors, and in essence reflect varying degrees of racial prejudice. These attitudes and behaviors are analyzed using ordinal logistic regression from 1973 through 1996. Through the application of race relations and differential assimilation theories, the impact of racial group membership, age, and socio-economic status on interracial marriage attitudes and behaviors in contemporary American society is assessed. Our findings suggest that while there have been some dramatic shifts in racially patterned attitudes and behaviors across all groups, barriers to assimilation persist, and non-Blacks engage in a greater degree of social closure.
Minding the Mediation
Authors: Stillman Jamy , Anderson Lauren
Published: January 2015

This manuscript explores how one teacher educator worked to facilitate preservice teachers’ (PSTs) learning across field- and university-based settings. Using socio-cultural learning theory as a lens, the analysis draws on case study data gathered for two PSTs from the same teacher education program (TEP), who experienced proximal, but considerably different student teaching placements in urban schools. Findings articulate the teacher educator’s repertoire of moves as she worked to mediate PSTs’ development as equity-minded, reflective practitioners. By examining the learner-centered and contextually sensitive aspects of teacher educator mediation, this manuscript challenges notions of “best practices” in teacher education and adds nuance to discussions about “rich” clinical experiences.
Private Journals versus Public Blogs
Authors: Foster Drew
Published: January 2015

This article isolates and observes the impact of peer readership on low-stakes reflective writing assignments in two large Introduction to Sociology classes. Through a comparative content analysis of over 2,000 private reflective journal entries and semipublic reflective blog posts, I find that both practices produce distinct forms of reflection. I argue that these differences can be understood in terms of the risks that students take in their writing. Journals, which do not incorporate peer readership, appear to compel students to take more personal risks and engage in emotional labor to process assigned materials. Blogs, which do incorporate peer readership, enable students to take more intellectual risks and engage in logical mental endeavors. The results suggest that instructors should be cognizant of the variety of risks their assignments are likely to compel students to make as they determine how best to engage students in reflection on sociological materials and ideas.
The Parolee–Parole Officer Relationship as a Mediator of Criminal Justice Outcomes
Authors: Blasko Brandy L. , Friedmann Peter D. , Rhodes Anne Giuranna , Taxman Faye S.
Published: January 2015

Although psychotherapy literature identifies the client–therapist relationship as a key factor contributing to client outcomes, few studies have examined whether relationship quality among corrections populations and supervising officers influences outcomes. This is surprising given that many criminal justice intervention models include quality of the client–practitioner relationship. Parolees enrolled in a six-site randomized clinical trial, where they were assigned to a parole officer–therapist–client collaborative intervention designed to improve relationship quality ( n = 253) or supervision as usual ( n = 227), were asked to rate relationship quality with their supervising officer. Results showed parolees assigned to the intervention endorsed significantly higher relationship ratings and demonstrated a lower violation rate than those assigned to the control group. Ratings of the parolee–parole officer relationship mediated the relationship between study condition and outcomes; better perceived relationship quality was associated with fewer drug use days and violations during the follow-up period, regardless of the study condition. Findings are discussed as they pertain to supervision relationships.
Validation of the Generic Program Performance Measure for Correctional Programs
Authors: Stewart Lynn A. , Usher Amelia M. , Vandermey Katherine
Published: January 2015

The Generic Program Performance Measure (GPPM) was developed to assess the progress and performance of offenders participating in correctional programs. Program facilitators use the GPPM to systematically rate offenders’ skill development, attitude change, motivation level, and program participation. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the GPPM using a total sample of 3,815 offenders who were assessed on the tool at pre-treatment, and 2,120 who were assessed pre- and post-treatment and subsequently released. Results indicated that the measure was sensitive to significant treatment gain in all program areas: for men and women, and Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants. Internal consistency was excellent. Interrater reliability was acceptable. Importantly, offenders who were rated as not demonstrating treatment gain were more likely to return to custody than those who achieved treatment gain. The GPPM is a reliable and valid measure of progress across a range of correctional programs that is not resource intensive.
Variability in Moral Disengagement and Its Relation to Offending in a Sample of Serious Youthful Offenders
Authors: Cardwell Stephanie M. , Piquero Alex R. , Jennings Wesley G. , Copes Heith , Schubert Carol A. , Mulvey Edward P.
Published: January 2015

Bandura’s theory of moral disengagement (MD) refers to the freeing of oneself from moral or ethical standards to engage in wrongdoing. Little is known about heterogeneity in MD among serious adolescent offenders, how MD changes over time in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood, and how such heterogeneity corresponds to offending. We used data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of a sample of serious youthful offenders followed for 7 years, to examine trajectories of MD as well as the relationship of these trajectories to offending. Furthermore, we assessed whether MD varied by demographic and individual characteristics. Results indicated the presence of three trajectories: low, moderate, and high patterns. Females and Whites were more likely to be in the low-MD trajectory, whereas Hispanics were more likely to be in the high-MD trajectory. Respondents in the moderate or high-MD trajectories had more re-arrests at the 7-year follow-up relative to those in the low-MD trajectory, net of controls.
Fighting Flu
Authors: Watterson Christopher , Kamradt-Scott Adam
Published: January 2015

The growing trend toward the securitization of infectious disease has legitimated a role for national militaries in responding to public health crises. This apparent “militarization” of health has met with resistance from the health and security sectors alike, who argue that it risks politicizing health outcomes while also draining limited military resources. This article attempts to place such concerns within the broader historical context of military involvement in public health. With specific reference to pandemic influenza—a disease of great historical import and a current policy priority in the context of securitized global public health—this article details the pedigree of military involvement in fighting the disease and draws on the established record to demonstrate the role that militaries can play in improving public health outcomes. The article argues for an ongoing military role in the global fight against pandemic influenza, both in augmenting civil influenza programs and in improving their own preparation and response mechanisms for future pandemics.
What is Controlled by Civilian Control of the Military? Control of the Military vs. Control of Militarization
Authors: Levy Yagil
Published: January 2015

This article addresses a gap in the scholarly literature. Students of militarism do not link the propensity to use force to the broader issue of what type of civilian control may restrain the use of force. Similarly, even students of civilian control who acknowledge that civilian control and military restraint do not necessarily go hand in hand have not questioned the extent to which we should decouple the two different processes as different modes of control rather than different effects of control. A revised conceptualization of civilian control is therefore offered that distinguishes between two modes of civilian control over military affairs: control of the military, which concerns itself primarily with the military organization, and control of militarization, which draws on the political discourse in which the citizenry plays an active and autonomous role aimed at subjecting the decision to use force to a deliberative process that addresses its legitimacy.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia and pluralism in Indonesia
Authors: Hasyim Syafiq
Published: January 2015

This article highlights the role of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, the Council of Indonesian Ulama) in making anti-pluralism discourse and practice which are evident in its fatwa on belief (Arabic: ‘aqīda). It begins with the explanation of MUI which in the first three decades of its establishment was a fatwa body that supported pluralism, but since the downfall of the authoritarian Suharto regime in 1998, has changed its position from supporter to detractor of pluralism. This article argues that the institutionalization of anti- pluralism discourse through the MUI fatwa creates complexity especially because Indonesia contains the idea of pluralism (respecting cultural and religious diversity) in its constitution. The situation becomes more complex when the state and also Muslim organizations strengthen the position of MUI in monopolizing fatwa-making on ‘aqīda issues. The monopolization of fatwa on Islamic belief issues creates such a negative impact for religious freedom in Indonesia due to its fundamental characteristics that allow only a single judgment for the Muslim communities in understanding and interpreting their Islamic belief. Finally this article concludes the importance of Indonesia for protecting pluralism for maintaining the diversity of cultures and religions in this country.
Discourse theory’s sociological claim
Authors: Gaus Daniel
Published: January 2015

In the quest for a workable ideal of democracy, the systems approach has recently shifted its perspective on deliberative democratic theory. Instead of enquiring how institutionalized decision-making might mirror an ‘ideal deliberative procedure’, it asks how democracy might be construed as a ‘deliberative system’. This leads it to recommend de-emphasizing the role of parliament and focusing instead on non-institutionalized actors and communications. Though this increased emphasis is undoubtedly warranted, the importance of parliament must not be downplayed. In the debate about transnational democracy – and about EU democratization in particular – it is widely held that making democracy safe for transnational politics entails finding new, non-parliamentary ways of organizing it. Here, the deliberative systems perspective may be misunderstood as offering an alternative, non-parliamentary route to transnational democracy. This article argues that a deliberative system without a parliamentary legislature is tantamount to deliberation without democracy and that an elected parliamentary legislature is constitutive of democracy as a deliberative system – national or transnational. To substantiate this claim, the article suggests looking at Habermas’ discourse theory in a new light, as a sociological-reconstructive approach that aims to explicate the cognitive dimension of modern democratic decision-making. Acknowledgement of discourse theory’s sociological intent enhances our understanding of democracy as a deliberative system in two important ways. First, it helps elucidate the epistemic meaning of democracy differently from the accounts given in alternative theories. Discourse theory holds that what generates democratic legitimacy in modern democracies is a particular epistemic quality which the democratic process lends to decisions by enabling citizens to view the latter as valid outcomes of a cooperative practice of collective problem-solving among equals. From this pragmatist understanding it follows, second, that the presence of a parliamentary legislature is crucial to the establishment and operation of democracy as a deliberative system.
Attenuation of Streptomycin Ototoxicity by Tetramethylpyrazine in Guinea Pig Cochlea
Authors: Cui Cheng , Liu Dajun , Qin Xin
Published: January 2015

Objective

Tetramethylpyrazine has been suggested to have a therapeutic effect on impaired hearing that is induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. However, its effectiveness on streptomycin ototoxicity and its cellular mechanisms are relatively unknown. Here we investigate the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on streptomycin‐induced ototoxicity in guinea pig cochlea.

Study Design

Prospective randomized laboratory study.

Setting

Hearing Research Laboratory of China Medical University.

Subjects and Methods

Adult guinea pigs were randomized to 4 groups. Hearing sensitivity of guinea pigs was tested by auditory brainstem response measurements before streptomycin exposure and again 10 days later. The cochlear tissues were prepared for electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on streptomycin‐induced activation of caspase‐3 was evaluated by Western blotting.

Results

Co‐therapy with tetramethylpyrazine reduced a profound streptomycin‐induced auditory threshold shift compared with streptomycin treatment alone (P =. 0002 or P =. 00008). Tetramethylpyrazine also attenuated the structural disruption in streptomycin‐treated outer hair cells and marginal cells of vascular stria by transmission electronic microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. Moreover, tetramethylpyrazine decreased the streptomycin‐stimulated expressions of HSP70 and caspase‐3. The correlation analysis demonstrated that HSP70 expression had a positive correlation with auditory brainstem response thresholds (|R| = 0.6‐0.9, P =. 0073 or P =. 0169).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on hearing function is associated with the reduction of stress response and inhibition of apoptosis. Tetramethylpyrazine may have therapeutic potential for patients with ototoxicity diseases.
Esophageal Visualization as an Adjunct to the Videofluoroscopic Study of Swallowing
Authors: Miles Anna , McMillan Jessica , Ward Katie , Allen Jacqui
Published: January 2015

Objective

Complaints of dysphagia for solids lead to speech‐language pathology (SLP) referral. Yet many of these patients are later diagnosed with esophageal rather than oropharyngeal dysphagia. Fluoroscopic screening involving the oropharynx alone fails to identify these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of esophageal abnormalities in an SLP‐led videofluoroscopic study of swallowing (VFSS) clinic.

Study Design

Prospective, observational study.

Setting

Radiology suite, public hospital.

Subjects and Methods

In total, 111 consecutive mixed‐etiology patients referred to the clinic by otorhinolaryngology (ORL) (59) or by a speech‐language pathologist (52) were recruited. A VFSS was performed according to protocol, and at completion, esophageal visualization (in anterior‐posterior plane) was performed by administration of a large liquid barium bolus and a barium capsule. All VFSS recordings were analyzed using objective digital measures of timing and displacement.

Results

Sixty‐eight percent of patients had an abnormal esophageal transit. One‐third of those referred presented exclusively with esophageal abnormalities, while one‐third had both oropharyngeal and esophageal abnormalities. Oral abnormalities, reduced pharyngoesophageal segment maximum opening (PESmax), and increasing age were significantly associated with esophageal abnormalities.

Conclusion

Fluoroscopic evaluation of the pharynx alone, without esophageal review, risks incomplete diagnosis of patients with esophageal disorders. Using esophageal visualization allows timely referral for further investigation by appropriate medical specialties, avoiding incomplete management of patients with dysphagia.
228 Cases of Cochlear Implant Receiver‐Stimulator Placement in a Tight Subperiosteal Pocket without Fixation
Authors: Sweeney Alex D. , Carlson Matthew L. , Valenzuela Carla V. , Wanna George B. , Rivas Alejandro , Bennett Marc L. , Haynes David S.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

(1) To investigate the outcomes of cochlear implant receiver‐stimulator (RS) placement using a tight subperiosteal pocket technique without device fixation and (2) to compare the efficiency of this approach with the traditional bony well and trough technique.

Study Design

Case series with planned chart review.

Setting

Single tertiary academic referral center.

Subjects and Methods

All cochlear implant surgeries utilizing a tight subperiosteal pocket without additional fixation or use of a bone well were identified retrospectively. Revision cases were only included if the tight subperiosteal pocket technique was used during the initial surgery. Patients with less than 6 months of postoperative follow‐up were excluded. Primary outcome measures included RS migration, flap complications, device failure, and percentage reduction in operative time.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐eight cases (average age 45.3 years) met inclusion criterion and were analyzed. At a mean follow‐up of 18.1 months, no patient experienced RS migration. One patient experienced a postoperative hematoma that was managed with observation. One patient developed a surgical site infection that resolved following exploration and intravenous antibiotics. The subperiosteal pocket technique resulted in an 18.9% reduction in total operative time compared to a more conventional RS placement method (P <. 01).

Conclusions

The tight subperiosteal pocket without fixation is a safe, durable, and time‐saving technique for RS placement during cochlear implantation. Notably, device migration and flap complications are very uncommon.
Searching in a global environment
Authors: Weiss Arthur
Published: January 2015

Global information is required to facilitate trade, international business expansion, research and for international comparisons. The amount of data available varies in what exists, its age and its accuracy. Information from one area may not be comparable with that from another. The global searcher needs to consider these points and why information may be findable, prior to searching. Anticipating such issues can aid the search approach – whether via a local search engine or by going directly to a range of websites holding relevant data. Global and national information can come from supranational bodies, governments, public and private sector organizations as well as specialist sites. Some information sources will require payment or a subscription to gain access.
Market intelligence gathering in executive search firms
Authors: Gresty Martin
Published: January 2015

Market intelligence is crucial in ensuring executive search consultants make suitable decisions and deliver informed advice, knowledge and talent to clients. This article examines the types of market intelligence required by executive search consultants and the methodologies and sources used in intelligence gathering. An assessment as to whether the intelligence-gathering process is about who you know or what you know is also provided. The article considers the impact of demands for market intelligence on executive search firms and discusses knowledge management principles and processes as a means of aiding the effective capture, sharing and use of market intelligence. The article concludes with some observations on the skill sets required of researchers in executive search.
Perspectives
Authors: White Martin
Published: January 2015

This article highlights recent papers on information management skills, the impact of culture on team performance, understanding how cross-enterprise teams work together, the role of internal communications in supporting organizational change and an article on career development in a law firm which has implications across all professional services firms in terms of knowledge management and support for international relocation.
Manufacturing consent through integration: Social networks of German journalists in the elite milieu and their effects on coverage
Authors: Krüger Uwe
Published: January 2015

Most of the previous research concerning the interaction between journalists and their elite sources was done by questioning the players, the results being anonymized. This study has chosen a different methodological approach in order to pinpoint any possible influence by elite sources on journalistic content. First, a social network analysis focuses on the social environment of German journalists, in particular that of four senior foreign policy editors with the leading newspapers Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Die Welt and Die Zeit. These were involved in a number of associations, think tanks and policy-planning groups, which have ties with the German federal government, the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization where they potentially had contact with national and international political and business elites. Following this, a frame analysis shows that the output of the four journalists on the controversial issues of the definition of security (‘extended security concept’) and of deployments of the German army abroad (especially in Afghanistan) follows the same line as that of the identified peer groups. Finally, the implications of this coincidence are discussed.
The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 is a reliable and valid instrument for older cardiac rehabilitation patients selecting music for exercise
Authors: Clark Imogen N. , Baker Felicity A. , Peiris Casey L. , Shoebridge Georgie , Taylor Nicholas F.
Published: January 2015

Music with motivating qualities might support exercise adherence in older adults with cardiac disease. The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (BMRI-2), a 6-item scale with motivational quotients ranging from 6 to 42 developed to facilitate music selection for exercise, has been validated with young adults. However, the suitability of the BMRI-2 for older adults is unknown. We tested reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error) and validity (content and construct) of the BMRI-2 with older adults in cardiac rehabilitation. Eleven men and 9 women (M age = 71.6 years, SD = 8.9) selected two pieces of music and used the BMRI-2 to rate the motivational quality of these for a walking task. BMRI-2 ratings demonstrated high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability and levels of measurement error were acceptable. Content was evaluated as relevant and comprehensive. There was convergence with flow scales, and discrimination between music selections with differing motivational quotients ( p < .01). The BMRI-2 demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties for older adult cardiac rehabilitation patients.
‘It’s all about our great Queen’: The British National Anthem and national identity in 8–10-year-old children
Authors: Winstone Naomi , Witherspoon Kirsty
Published: January 2015

National anthems are salient representations of nation states, used to define social and personal boundaries (Folkestad, 2002). Whilst children develop knowledge of national symbols such as national anthems by the age of 5 (Jahoda, 1963), little is known about how a national anthem contributes to a sense of national identity, or the affective reactions elicited by hearing it. Two exploratory studies investigated 8–10-year-old children’s ( N = 92) thoughts, feelings and associations when listening to the British National Anthem, in comparison to pieces of music varying in their degree of national salience. The 10-year-old children generated more national associations to the National Anthem than younger children. More national associations were generated to the National Anthem by children with high, as opposed to low, national identity, but only for the 9- and 10-year-old children. It is argued that the National Anthem might play a role in the maintenance and validation of national identity, but that there are developmental effects operating within this relationship.
Thinking science with thinking machines: The multiple realities of basic and applied knowledge in a research border zone
Authors: Hoffman Steve G
Published: January 2015

Some scholars dismiss the distinction between basic and applied science as passé, yet substantive assumptions about this boundary remain obdurate in research policy, popular rhetoric, the sociology and philosophy of science, and, indeed, at the level of bench practice. In this article, I draw on a multiple ontology framework to provide a more stable affirmation of a constructivist position in science and technology studies that cannot be reduced to a matter of competing perspectives on a single reality. The analysis is grounded in ethnographic research in the border zone of Artificial Intelligence science. I translate in-situ moments in which members of neighboring but differently situated labs engage in three distinct repertoires that render the reality of basic and applied science: partitioning, flipping, and collapsing. While the essences of scientific objects are nowhere to be found, the boundary between basic and applied is neither illusion nor mere propaganda. Instead, distinctions among scientific knowledge are made real as a matter of course.
Tensions in agnotology: Normativity in the studies of commercially driven ignorance
Authors: Pinto Manuela Fernández
Published: January 2015

As scientific research moves increasingly to the private sector, the social organization of science undergoes important transformations. Focusing on the production of ignorance, agnotology has been a fruitful approach to understanding the social and epistemic consequences of the recent commercialization of scientific research. Despite their important contributions, scholars working on agnotology seem to hold implicit normative commitments that are in tension with their descriptive accounts of ignorance-constructive practices. The main aim of this article is to uncover these commitments and to expose the emerging tensions. Thus, this article begins an exploration into normative aspects of the studies of ignorance. In particular, it shows that agnotology still needs the support of a well-articulated normative approach capable of identifying and evaluating the epistemic and social concerns raised by the private funding and performance of science.
Response to Lipow on Climate Change Policy
Authors: Hahnel Robin
Published: January 2015

This article responds to criticisms of “Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy” ( RRPE vol. 44 no. 2) made by Gar Lipow in “Shutting Down the Fog Machine” ( RRPE vol. 47 no. 2). It explains (a) why Lipow’s criticisms are either beside the point or invalid; (b) why once national emissions are capped fairly for all countries, trading emission reduction credits cannot possibly undermine global reductions if countries meet their treaty obligations; and (c) why if national caps are set fairly – i.e. according to differential responsibility and capability – carbon trading would not only reduce political resistance in advanced economies to deeper global reductions, but generate annual flows of payments from MDCs to LDCs far in excess of any “climate reparation payments” that could be expected.
Higher Education Learning Experiences Among Vietnamese Immigrant Women in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Ya-Ling , Wu Hsing-Chen
Published: January 2015

Based on a sociocultural approach to adult learning and poststructural feminist theories, this study draws on interviews with 11 married Vietnamese women to explore the higher education learning experiences of Vietnamese immigrant women in Taiwan. On the basis of their husbands’ permission and support, Vietnamese immigrant women embraced the instrumental value of education and pursued higher education to play their expected motherhood roles. During the higher education learning process, the women persevered in learning with resilience, negotiated their voices and cultural identity, and fulfilled multiple roles. Participating in and even completing higher education in Taiwan empowered these women through learning based on their bicultural competence.
Relationships Between Sport Participation, Problem Alcohol Use, and Violence
Authors: Scholes-Balog Kirsty E. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Kremer Peter J. , Toumbourou John W.
Published: January 2015

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a link between sport participation and violent behavior outside of the sporting context. However, there have been few studies that have investigated the basis of this relationship. The current study examined longitudinal relationships between sport participation, problem alcohol use, and various violent behaviors, and whether sport participation moderates relationships between problem alcohol use and violence. The sample comprised 2,262 young adults (55% female, age range at Time 1 = 17-24 years) from Victoria, Australia, surveyed in 2010 and 2012. When controlling for common risk factors, substance use, and past violence, sport participation was not associated with any violent behaviors 2 years later. However, sport participation moderated the relationship between problem alcohol use and fighting, whereby problem alcohol use was associated with engaging in fights 2 years later for sport participants, but not for nonparticipants. These findings suggest that it is not sport participation per se that influences later violence but the drinking norms or culture embedded within certain sporting contexts. Prevention approaches that address the drinking culture and social approval of excessive alcohol consumption within sporting contexts may reduce the incidence of violent behavior in the community.