bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Separation of Banking and Commerce in the United States: An Examination of Principal Issues
Authors: Shull Bernard
Published: March 2003

Banking law and regulation in the United States have customarily restricted the nonbanking activities of banks and the banking activities of nonbanking firms, producing a separation of banking from commerce. While such separation is surprising in a free market system that, in general, permits private firms to engage in any lawful business, it is understandable in an historical and institutional context. Proposals for change raise a wide range of economic and other issues. This paper identifies, catalogues, and elaborates these issues to provide a framework for informed judgment and further investigation. It begins with a review of early restrictions on bank activities in the United States and contrasts U.S. developments with those in several other countries in which banks have not been separated from commercial and industrial firms. It, then, reviews relevant issues arising in the financial sector, commercial sector, related to central banking and supervision, and socio‐political concerns. It concludes that limited banking, as it exists in the United States, and universal banking, as it exists in other countries, have differential benefits and costs. Summary evaluation based on standard cost benefit analysis, however, presents serious difficulties. Considerable uncertainty remains about effects in a number of areas. Many of the costs and benefits are not quantifiable, and some that are quantifiable are incomparable. A careful review of all existing evidence, identification of gaps, and further investigation is needed.
Allocate Capital and Measure Performances in a Financial Institution
Authors: Ho Thomas S. Y.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a model for allocating capital and measuring performances for financial institutions. The methodology relates the economic valuation of the balance sheet to the market value of the firm. In so doing, each business unit is evaluated on an economic basis, and the capital allocated to these units is related to the risk premiums that the market demands. The paper's results have broad applications for corporate managers, risk managers, and other market participants in managing financial institutions to increase shareholders’ value.
‘It’s a man’s world’: Recent Studies of Male Representation of the Female in the Middle Ages
Authors: Nip Renée
Published: March 2003

Blamires, Alcuin (ed.) Woman Defamed and Woman Defended. An Anthology of Medieval Texts

Baldwin, John W. The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200

Kay, Sarah and Rubin, Miri (eds) Framing Medieval Bodies

Lomperis, Linda and Stanbury, Sarah (eds) Feminist Approaches to the Body in Medieval Literature

Burns, E. Jane Bodytalk: When Women Speak in Old French Literature

Krueger, Roberta L. Women Readers and the Ideology of Gender in Old French Verse Romance

Cazelles, Brigitte The Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth Century

Meale, Carol M. (ed.) Women and Literature in Britain, 1150–1500

Cherewatuk, Karen and Wiethaus, Ulrike (eds) Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistology Genre
Mobilizing Manhood: Gender and the Great Strike in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Scates Bruce
Published: March 2003

The Great Strike of 1890 in Australia and New Zealand symbolized the rise of class, influenced nationalist discourse, and shaped labour politics. It also signified a crisis in gender relations. Conservatives and unionists openly contested the meaning of masculinity, mobilizing concepts of manhood in ways specific to class, community, ethnicity and age. Both groups were alarmed by the role women played in the dispute; attacks on scabs and special constables and the occupation of public, ‘male’ spaces challenged ascribed boundaries, customs and locales, and revived a rich tradition of pre‐industrial protest.
On Women's Reason, Education and Love: Women and Men of the Enlightenment in Spain and France
Authors: Bolufer Peruga Mónica , Morant Deusa Isabel
Published: March 2003

This article is an exploration of the ways in which Enlightenment discourse constructed the sentimental and intellectual ‘nature’ of women and of the ways cultivated women could situate themselves within this context. They were able to produce a discourse which shared Enlightenment arguments but also displayed a vital and intellectual distance from restrictive definitions of femininity. The lives and writings of three eighteenth‐century French and Spanish women, Mme d'Épinay, Josefa Amar y Borbón and Inés Joyes y Blake are taken as case‐studies. Their participation in the cultural debate of their time and their agreements and disagree‐ments with intellectuals and politicians such as Rousseau, Thomas and Cabarrús are examined. The terms of the debate on gender were established in two different national contexts, particularly in regard to the thorny issue of the politics of love and feelings: the similarities and differences between France and Spain are discussed.
Masculinities, Race and Nationhood – Critical Connections
Authors: Whitehead Stephen
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Hazel V. Carby, Race Men

Gillian Creese, Contracting Masculinity: Gender, Class, and Race in aWhite‐Collar Union, 1944‐1994

Dana D. Nelson, National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and theImagined Fraternity of White Men
The Metamorphosis of Woman: Transmission of Knowledge and the Problems of Gender
Authors: Mulder‐Bakker Anneke B.
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the perceived inequality of male and female education, focusing geographically on the lands of Loire and Rhine and distinguishing between: (a) the way knowledge was acquired; (b) the media in which it was set down; (c) the content of the knowledge; and (d) the way it was transmitted to others. Starting with Guibert of Nogent's characterisation of both his (lay) mother's and his (lay) uncle's religious formation as well as his own training as a cleric and an abbot (c. 1125), developments in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are inventoried and the findings are tested on an example from the late middle ages, Christine de Pizan.
The Substance of Sexual Difference: Change and Persistence in Representations of the Body in Eighteenth–Century England
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: March 2003

The claims of Thomas Laqueur for a shift from a one–sex to a two–sex model of sexual difference are incorporated into many recent histories of gender in England between 1650 and 1850. Yet the Laqueurian narrative is not supported by discussions of the substance of sexual difference in eighteenth–century erotic books. This article argues that different models of sexual difference were not mutually exclusive and did not change in linear fashion, but that the themes of sameness and difference were strategically deployed in the same period. Thus, there was an enduring synchronic diversity which undermines claims for linear transformation.
Restructuring Pay Equity for A Restructured Work Force: Canadian Perspectives
Authors: Armstrong Pat , Cornish Mary
Published: March 2003

The province of Ontario, Canada, has developed innovative pay and employment equity legislation. The legal challenges over the pay equity legislation have established some important precedents, especially in the area of gender bias and job evaluation schemes. The Employment Equity legislation established important new principles but was repealed only a year after it was passed by a new Conservative government. The government and economic restructuring, however, are rapidly altering both the legislation and the context in which it operates. This paper considers not only the impact of such legislation in the long and short run, but also the possibilities for future legislative intervention in the new political and economic climate.

One of the authors has been centrally involved in developing the legislation, in mapping alternatives and in bringing legal challenges under the legislation. The other author has been researching and writing about women’s work for more than twenty years and has served as an expert witness in numerous cases related to the issues of concern here.
Employment Breaks, Pay, and Career Development among Australian Women
Authors: Rimmer Russell , Rimmer Sheila
Published: March 2003

Career breaks may be associated with women’s relatively poorer pay and promotion prospects. To test this and other hypotheses, a sample of Australian women was asked to review their lives as paid and unpaid workers. About half of the women reported that they were currently working at the same skill level as in their first job, a quarter had improved, while about 20% were currently in lower‐skilled work than in their first job. Tertiary education and further education after first entering the labour force is associated with continuing to work at the same skill level after a break. Breaks from working were found to last typically for up to one year and were thus unlikely to account for a sustained skill loss. Women’s responsibilities for household tasks rose during breaks, and persisted at a higher level after the return to work.

Different models are appropriate for the analysis of earnings of continuous workers and those with breaks. There appear to be no relative pay penalties for broken work experience for the highly educated or those in highly skilled jobs. Continuous workers in ‘women’s’ occupations receive a higher return than others to their human capital.
‘It's a Man's World!’: Restructuring Gender Imbalance in the Volvo Truck Company?
Authors: Wallace Terry
Published: March 2003

The paper seeks to analyse the relationship between teamwork and gender, in particular how far the new technical division of labour associated with teamwork holds out the prospect of lessening gender segregation in the capitalist labour process. Taking Volvo — a company at the forefront of ‘good work’ experiments — as the focus of the research one could reasonably expect that if teamwork was leading to a lessening of gender segregation in blue collar areas it would be in companies such as Volvo. The evidence suggests that in certain areas and under certain conditions teamworking can lead to more women being employed in blue collar environments on the same terms and conditions as men. However, on adding a normative and governance dimension to teamworking, the evidence is more complex and is suggestive of a strategy drawing upon the utilization of stereotypical images of women as a ‘civilizing’ influence over male workers in a de‐layered organizational environment lacking direct first line supervision. The paper is divided into three substantive sections. The first section will sketch out the development of work organization in the Volvo organization to be followed in the second by a review of the gender segregation literature. The third section of the paper will, through an analysis of Volvo's Commercial Vehicle Division, assess how far teamwork has challenged traditional forms of gender segregation in the capitalist labour process.
Trends in Women's Career Patterns and in Gender Occupational Mobility in Britain
Authors: Jacobs Sheila
Published: March 2003

This paper uses retrospective data from the SCELI surveys to make a detailed investigation of changing career patterns and gender differences in occupational status over the period 1946–86. A summary variable is developed and used to examine the relationships between changing employment trends and respondents' occupational status. Occupational status, as the Hope‐Goldthorpe scale value, is measured throughout the life‐course and changes over time are examined.

The main findings of the study are that despite the increase in women's qualifications and the proportion of women in the workforce, their human capital has not greatly increased although their careers have become increasingly variable. Men and childless women experience occupational status increasing over life‐course and time but part‐time employed women do not. Class of origin is more important to status for men than for women, while qualifications are important for both. Women's careers are increasingly affected by discontinuity and part‐time employment.
Feminist Insight on Gendered Work: New Directions in Research on Women and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Mirchandani Kiran
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses research on female entrepreneurs in conjunction with feminist theory on gendered work. I explore the ways in which much of the research on women's experiences of entrepreneurship focuses on identifying similarities and differences between female and male business owners, and on providing explanations for the differences identified. While such an approach is useful in compensating for the exclusion of women in earlier studies of business ownership, it does not illuminate how and why entrepreneurship came to be defined and understood vis‐à‐vis the behaviour of only men. I argue that existing knowledge on women business owners could be enhanced through reflection on two issues — first, on the essentialism in the very construction of the category of ‘the female entrepreneur’ (which prioritizes sex over other dimensions of stratification) and second, on the ways in which the connections between gender, occupation and organizational structure differently affect female and male business owners.
Gender‐Related Effects of Information Technology Implementation
Authors: Zauchner Sabine , Korunka C. , Weiss A. , Kafka‐Lützow A.
Published: March 2003

In investigating gender‐related effects of information technology implementation the contextual factors (e.g. job design, implementation management, external workload) need to be taken into account. In the Vienna Implementation Studies the effects of technology implementation on users' stress levels and satisfaction were investigated in longitudinal research designs.

In our previous study, the 1st Vienna Implementation Study, negative effects of the technology implementations were shown in more women than men. It was argued that women due to their lower qualified jobs and due to the lack of participation, also experienced more negative consequences. In the 2nd Vienna Implementation Study effects of ‘continuous’ implementation of information technology on 212 clerical workers (n women: 142; n men: 70) were investigated. No gender‐related effects of information technology implementation were found, nor did women and men differ in job characteristics and in participation in the implementation process.

It can be concluded from the two studies that potential differences between women and men are caused by differences in the contextual factors of job design and participation. Further, it emerged from our studies that women — at least in the field of clerical jobs — have benefited from the introduction of technology.
Masculinity: Shutting Out the Nasty Bits
Authors: Whitehead Stephen
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

John MacInnes, The End of Masculinity

Lee H. Bowker (ed.), Masculinities and Violence

caroline Sweetman (ed.), Men and Masculinity
Distorted Views Through the Glass Ceiling: The Construction of Women's Understandings of Promotion and Senior Management Positions
Authors: Liff Sonia , Ward Kate
Published: March 2003

The article explores the issue of whether women's under‐representation in senior management positions can be explained in part by the messages they are given about the promotion process and the requirements of senior jobs. Through interviews with over 50 male and female junior and senior managers in a UK high street bank, issues relating to the required personality and behaviour characteristics seen to be associated with success and with the long hours culture emerged as important. In many cases men and women identified the same issues but the significance of them for their own decision‐making and the way others interpreted their behaviour varied — particularly in relation to the perceived incompatibility between active parenting and senior roles. The findings provide an account of the context in which women make career choices which highlights the limitations of analyses which see women's absence as the result either of procedural discrimination or women's primary orientation towards home and family. The findings also highlight the problems of treating commitments towards gender equality as an isolated issue and stress the importance of understanding responses to policies and ways of achieving change within the broader context of an analysis of the organization's culture.
‘There Oughtta Be a Law Against Bitches’: Masculinity Lessons in Police Academy Training
Authors: Prokos Anastasia , Padavic Irene
Published: March 2003

This article draws on participant observation in a law enforcement academy to demonstrate how a hidden curriculum encourages aspects of hegemonic masculinity among recruits. Academy training teaches female and male recruits that masculinity is an essential requirement for the practice of policing and that women do not belong. By watching and learning from instructors and each other, male students developed a form of masculinity that (1) excluded women students and exaggerated differences between them and men; and (2) denigrated women in general. Thus, the masculinity that is characteristic of police forces and is partly responsible for women’s low representation on them is not produced exclusively on the job, but is taught in police academies as a subtext of professional socialization.
The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B.
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.
Optimal Policy for Financial Market Liberalizations: Decentralization and Capital Flow Reversals
Authors: Eicher Theo S. , Turnovsky Stephen J. , Walz Uwe
Published: March 2003

Financial market liberalizations are an integral part of economic development. While initial booms in investment and output are commonly seen as signs of successful deregulation, they often reverse at a later stage as international capital flows turn negative and economic growth slows markedly. Such reversals of fortunes have commonly been attributed to incorrect policies that supposedly followed the initial, appropriate measures. It is unclear, however, if capital flow reversals are actually the result of policy reversals, or if they occur as part of the normal transition when financial liberalization is accompanied by a single suboptimal policy. The later hypothesis has not been explored in the theoretical literature.

We construct a general equilibrium growth model of a small open economy, in which capital flow reversals are the result of a single, suboptimal policy imposed at the beginning of the financial liberalization. We show how improper taxation of foreign borrowing initially leads to strong growth fuelled by an investment boom and foreign borrowing. Still along the transition, however, the model predicts that capital flows must reverse endogenously at a later stage, as the debt burden rises and the country-specific risk premium increases. Our data on the Latin American and East Asian countries provide strong support for our hypothesis.
Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data 1978±93
Authors: Ilmakunnas Pekka , Kanniainen Vesa
Published: March 2003

We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.
Trade Policies for Exporting Industries under Free Entry
Authors: De Santis Roberto A. , Stähler Frank
Published: March 2003

This paper computes optimal export taxes and domestic production subsidies for exporting industries under free entry.We show that domestic welfare is not at maximum, as is typically believed, when the export price is a monopoly price, and the domestic price is a competitive price, because a market structure effect has to be taken into account. Furthermore, we show that the optimal tax/subsidy formulas for an oligopoly coincide with those under perfect competition, if foreign and domestic demand functions are both linear. We also discuss optimal trade policies when only one instrument is available, and we run numerical simulations to determine and compare optimal trade taxes under endogenous and exogenous market structures.
Inflationary Financing of Government Expenditure in an Endogenous Growth Model
Authors: Palokangas Tapio
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the role of inflation in economies with endogenous growth and congestion in public services. Optimal policy rules are derived for public services and investment. The other findings are as follows. Monetary policy should maximize economic growth. The more inefficient the public sector is, the higher the growth-maximizing inflation rate is. If a currency union accepts a new member with an inefficient public sector, this will boost inflation in the union and decrease growth and welfare in all member economies of the union.
Almost an English Author: Robert Neumann’s English‐language Novels
Authors: Dove Richard
Published: March 2003

This article traces Robert Neumann’s emergence as an ‘English’ novelist in the 1940s and his rediscovery in Germany through the German translations of his English‐language novels. Arriving in Britain in 1933, Neumann continued to write and publish in German, though his work was also translated into English. The pattern of his publications up to 1939 illustrates his increasing dependence on the English market and therefore on the translator. His first novel in English, Scene in Passing (1942), demonstrated a remarkable facility in his adopted language which subsequent novels The Inquest (1944) and Children of Vienna (1946) confirmed. The article assesses these novels as English texts by an author whose concerns remained largely Central European, going on to compare them to the German translations which appeared in 1948–50. Two of the novels were later re‐published in new translations prepared by Neumann himself: Treibgut (The Inquest) (1960) and Kinder von Wien (1974). Although Neumann’s English‐language novels were widely and favourably reviewed when they appeared, they are now forgotten and long out of print. In Germany and Austria he is equally forgotten, remembered only as the brilliant parodist of the 1920s.
The Americanisation of Günther
Authors: Stern Guy
Published: March 2003

Tutored by an eccentric former Brooklyn teacher in American language and life, recently returned to his and my home town of Hildesheim, I had a roseate impression of life in America. Some of my imaginings were fulfilled — the excellent high‐school teaching, the free performances at the outdoor opera in St. Louis, the rapid acquiring of friends. The bitter experience, caused by the narrownesss of a lawyer, consisted in my inability to gain affidavits for my family, who perished during the Holocaust. But in that year of transition of 1938 I could not foresee my personal tragedy and I became, at least halfways, an American as a seventeen‐year‐old with the help of my St. Louis neighbourhood, my teachers and the sensitive guidance of a distant relative. And I could enroll, a year after graduating from high school, at a university, because I had found employment as a busboy, then as a waiter at a restaurant near the university. Some of my interests were shaped that year: my love for the American musical, an interest in baseball, and involvement in public education.
Dichtung und Wahrheit bei Thomas Mann: Manns ‘Letzte Liebe’ und ihre Verarbeitung im Felix Krull in Doppelter Form
Authors: Jang Sung‐Hyun
Published: March 2003

Thomas Manns Tagebücher sind zweifellos die privateste und heimlichste Sphäre aller seiner Schriften und besitzen einen ungleich höheren Bekenntnischarakter als seine öffentlichen Essays und Vorträge. Insbesondere die 1991 veröffentlichten Tagebücher 1949–1950 erwiesen sich als besonders enthüllend, denn sie zeigen uns die faszinierende Kehrseite des fünfundsiebzigjährigen Leistungsethikers und protestantischen Bürgers, indem sie die hinreißende letzte Liebe Thomas Manns darstellen. Während seines Aufenthalts im Grand Hotel Dolder in Zürich im Sommer 1950 verliebte sich Thomas Mann in den jungen Hotelpagen Franz Westermeier. Diese Liebeserfahrung als die Krönung von Manns homoerotischen Phantasien hat sich in seinem Roman Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (1954) niedergeschlagen, dessen ‘einziger Reiz’ nach einer Tagebucheintragung Thomas Manns ‘darin besteht, mein Leben % hineinzulegen’. Interessanterweise verteilte Thomas Mann sein Liebeserlebnis auf zwei verschiedene Liebesbeziehungen in diesem Roman: eine mißglückte homosexuelle und eine gelungene heterosexuelle Beziehung. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie Thomas Manns Liebeserfahrung vom Sommer 1950 in diesen zwei Liebesepisoden jeweils verarbeitet ist, und was für eine tiefere Bedeutung diese Aufteilung hat im Hinblick auf Thomas Manns Einstellung zur Homosexualität.
Non‐standard Language in Translation: Roddy goes to Germany
Authors: Horton David
Published: March 2003

The translation of non‐standard language has often been recognised as a particular problem, although the issue has rarely been given detailed consideration. Most studies treat it as an isolated phenomenon. The present discussion explores implications arising from the interlingual transfer of dialectal forms of language where these are the dominant mode of discourse rather than merely sporadic devices in texts. The novels of the Irish writer Roddy Doyle are used here as an illustration of the central aspects of the problem. German translators of Doyle employ a variety of techniques in an attempt to convey the demotic idiom of the original texts, although inconsistencies remain, especially with regard to the regional quality, idiomaticity, modernity and extremism of the discourse.
The Insider As Outsider: Ricarda Huch’s Autobiographical Texts
Authors: Anderson Susan C.
Published: March 2003

Current discussions about how Germans can live together harmoniously arise from a long tradition of ideas about the meaning of Germany as a cultural, political, or geographic entity. Especially deserving of attention with regard to such debates are earlier texts which have challenged the insider/outsider dichotomy in positing a collective German identity, writings which simultaneously represent and under‐mine the term ‘German’. A set of narratives from the earlier half of this century which are striking in their veneration of ‘German tradition’ and concurrent questioning of traditional ideas of German identity are the autobiographical texts of Ricarda Huch (1864–1947). This essay investigates Huch’s depiction of herself as an exotic insider/alien. A comparison of how she recreates herself as ‘foreign’ to her cursory treatment of other outsiders, such as her family’s former slaves, adds a new perspective to her ideas about collective German identity. Her position as an ‘Inappropriate Other’ connects to the current questioning of distinctions between insider and outsider. Huch’s texts destabilise the idea of Germanness, blurring the differences that separate it from what is foreign.
Myth And History In Irmtraud Morgner’s Amanda
Authors: Bridge Helen
Published: March 2003

This article examines how Morgner’s Amanda: Ein Hexenroman uses myth in order to present a feminist critique of history. The novel shows how both the course and the writing of history have been determined by patriarchal values, and voices the need to change the course of history by creating a balance between values regarded as masculine and those seen as feminine. I show how myth is presented within the novel as a mode of thought which both plays a determining role in the course of patriarchal history and, as a fantastic model, can serve as a valuable complement to modern thought and so help to achieve wholeness in the place of destructive polarisations. I analyse the mythological realms in the novel to show how Morgner simultaneously creates her own myths as models of the western world and its history, and exposes the myths which play a part in forming modern consciousness and are functional in upholding patriarchy.
The Reception of Heine’s Jewishness in the Soviet Zone/GDR, 1945–1961 1
Authors: O’Doherty Paul
Published: March 2003

Heine was seen in the Soviet Zone/GDR after 1945 as a ‘revolutionary’ German poet whose contacts with Marx made him an ideal part of the German literary tradition to be claimed by the new socialist state. However, Heine was also a Jew, and the early years of the GDR were marked by show trials that were carried on in a distinctly anti‐Semitic atmosphere. This paper examines the treatment of Heine’s Jewishness in literature on the poet published in the Soviet Zone/GDR to 1961. It establishes that there were three phases in the reception of Heine’s Jewishness: the surprising openness of the period up to 1952, the silence in the wake of the show trials, and finally a tentative reopening of the issue in the late 1950s. The paper argues that German critics, who attached varying degrees of importance to the question of Heine’s Jewishness, were allowed to publish only in accordance with the prevailing political wind. The paper also distinguishes between the many German critics for whom Heine’s Jewishness played a significant part in his development as a poet and Soviet critics published in the GDR who dismissed the poet’s Jewishness as irrelevant.
Wieland And The Phallic Breast
Authors: Richter Simon
Published: March 2003

In recent years the cultural history of the female breast has become a focus of attention. Scholars of the eighteenth century have explored the construction of motherhood and the anti‐wet‐nursing debates that followed the European reception of Rousseau’s Émile. The present article proceeds under the assumption that powerful cultural fantasies relating to the breast are at work in the late eighteenth century. By investigating the works of one of the more breast‐obsessed writers of the Rococo and Classical periods, Christoph Martin Wieland, the article shows both Wieland’s rhetorical efforts to materialise the breast in the text for his readers and the unexpected propensity of the breast to attain threatening or phallic proportions. The article pays particular attention to Wieland’s Musarion, Agathon, and ‘Gedanken über die Ideale der Alten’.
The Revenge Of The ‘Untere Seelenvermögen’ In Schiller’s Plays
Authors: Bell Matthew
Published: March 2003

To what extent does a ‘rehabilitation of the senses’ take place in Schiller’s writing? Traditionally, Schiller criticism has seen mind and body as equal partners, ideally in harmony, but actually in conflict. But recent theoretically‐inclined criticism would tend to see the body in Schiller’s writing as a false replica that has been created by a domineering rationality. In the analysis offered here, mind‐body con‐flict in Schiller’s writing is seen in the context of dramatic ‘hubris and revenge’ plots. The ‘lower mental faculties’ take revenge on reason for its political hubris. The moment of revenge is presented as a psychosomatic crisis or ‘revolution’, which is accompanied by symbols of disrupted harmony. In the early plays, crisis is part of a teleological anthropology inherited from classical medicine; the violent crisis brought on by political rationality can be curative. But after the French Revolution Schiller limits the extent of the violence in psychosomatic crises. Real revenge is excluded as the world of the dramas is reorganised according to the rationality of the ‘aesthetic state’.

Exemplo quodcumque malo committitur, ipsi displicet auctori. prima est haec ultio, quod se iudice nemo nocens absolvitur, improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna.
Poiesis Des Körpers. Künstlerische Produktivität Und Konstruktion Des Leibes In Der Erotischen Dichtung Des Klassischen Goethe
Authors: Begemann Christian
Published: March 2003

Goethes Römische Elegien und Venezianische Epigramme entfalten eine ‘Poiesis des Körpers’ in einem doppelten Sinn. 1. In ihren selbstreflexiven poetologischen Passagen zeigen sie Liebe und Sexualität als die Affektbasis der Hervorbringung von Kunst, die sich selbst erotisch auflädt. Sie entwerfen damit eine Anthropologie des künstlerischen Prozesses in nuce. 2. Damit verzahnt ist die Arbeit an einem neuen Blick auf den weiblichen Körper und an der Konstitution eines spezifischen Geschlechtskörpers des Künstlers selbst. Dieser Vorgang beinhaltet zugleich eine Verschiebung und Umformierung der Sexualität. Diese Aspekte werden in Zusam‐menhang gebracht 1. mit epochenspezifischen kulturhistorischen Phänomenen (Attitude und Tableau vivant; Blick auf die antiken Statuen; Konjunktur des Pygmalionmythos), 2. mit Goethes ästhetischen Reflexionen. Im Zusammenhang mit der Bestimmung des ambivalenten Verhältnisses von Kunst und Natur entwerfen diese eine Ästhetik des lebendigen Kunstwerks: Kunst wird in Natur verankert und in Analogie zum natürlichen Leben – so die Leitmetaphorik –‘gezeugt’ und ‘geboren’. Diese Gesichtspunkte umreißen eine Art Biologie der Kunst, in die sich die erotische Dichtung nahtlos einfügt, indem sie Kunstschöp‐fung auf Sexualität bezieht.
Friedrich Friese’s Dialect Comedy of 1687: A Taste of Altenburg School Theatre
Authors: Carrdus Anna
Published: March 2003

The little‐known work of Friedrich Friese, pupil and then teacher at the school in Altenburg during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, displays an interest in the popular culture of his day which he united with pedagogic responsibilities. His interest in the customs of the peasant and artisan classes is reflected in his preference for the comic genre, which traditionally focuses on behaviour and misbehaviour among the lower social levels. Friese’s work offers insights into school thratre in Altenburg, which flourished in the seventeenth century but has as yet attracted little scholarly attention. The school not only put on hitherto unrecorded performances of plays by the well‐known Christian Weise and Andreas Gryphius; between 1660 and 1703 it also presented independent dramas to mark the annual ’Gregoriusfest’. This civic school festival originated in ancient Rome and had many popular elements. Although it was widely celebrated in early modern Germany, celebration in Altenburg was particularly highly developed. Friese prepared several comedies for performance in ’Gregoriusfeste’ as ’Nachspiele’ to the main, more elevated dramatic pieces by the current Rector of the school. The text of his dialect comedy of 1687 is reprinted at the end of this article as a sample of his work and of Altenburg school theatre.
’O, dass die Welt man uns zur Heimat lasse’: Gottfried Kapps Erzählsammlung Wandellose Götter
Authors: Eilert Hildegard , Battafarano Italo Michelle
Published: March 2003

Gottfried Kapp starb 1938 unter der Folter der Gestapo. Seine Novellensammlung Wandellose Göttererschien posthum 1960. In ihr geht Kapp der Bedeutung der antiken Kultur für eine Zeit totalitärer Regime nach, in denen kriegerisched Heldentum gepriesen wird. Dem stellt Kapp als Erbe der Antike ein Menschenbild entgegen, das sich durch Selbstbewßtsein und Lebensfreude auszeichnet und im Alltag bewährt. Doma, die weibliche Titelgestalt der umfangreichsten Erzählung der Sammlung, verkörpert Kapps Ideal am beeindruckendstren. Die junge Capreserin, Tochter reicher Schiffer und Kaufleute, bleibt sich und ihrer Liebe gegen den Willen ihrerd Vaters und ihrer Brüder treu und heiratet enterbt einen Bauernsohn, mit dem sie in die USA auswandert. Nach einer kurzen Zeit des Glücks stirbt ihr kränklicher Mann, sodaß sie mit ihren drei Kindern nach Capri zurückkehren muß, wo sie als Magd in ihrer Familie lebt. Dennoch verbittert Doma nicht, sondern wird allen Einwohnern der Insel wie eine Mutter. Der sinnbildliche Name Domas, der aus donna und madre, Frau und Mutter, zusammengesetzt ist, sowie der Insel‐Schauplatz am Anfang und Ende der Erzählung unterstreicht, daß für Kapp menschliche Größe geschichtslos ist, der Mensch im Alltag göttergleich wird.
Der reiche Mann und die arme Frau: German Women Writers and the Eighteenth–Century Literary Market–Place
Authors: Fronius Helen
Published: March 2003

How did women writers, despite obvious disadvantages, engineer their entry into the literary market in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? An examination of women's correspondence with publishers such as Georg Joachim Göschen and Friedrich Nicolai goes some way towards providing an explanation. These letters, all unpublished, reveal the full extent of women's proactive pursuit of publication, in defiance of contemporary gender ideology. They also indicate the way in which women authors were able to use eighteenth–century gender constructs to their own advantage: to enhance the sale of their publications and to appeal to publishers. At the same time, they did not feel bound by the behaviour prescribed for them, and show themselves to have been adept at playfully manipulating the gender code. Correspondence is shown to bridge the gap between the private and the public sphere, thereby allowing women to become their own agents and publicists in the eighteenth–century market–place.

Was will der Buchhändler der Dichterin, der reiche Mann der armen Frau, für den Bogen dieser [Arbeit] geben? Bald erbitt ich mir Antwort auf diese Frage.
‘Bekanntlich sind Dreiecksbeziehungen am kompliziertesten’: Turkish, Jewish and German Identity in Zafer Şenocak's Gefährliche Verwandtschaft
Authors: Hall Katharina
Published: March 2003

Zafer Şenocak is one of Germany's most prolific Turkish German writers, known both for his wide–ranging essays on questions of minority identity and as the author of a tetralogy of ‘Prosabände’ that treat similar themes: Der Mann im Unterhemd (Berlin 1995), Die Prärie (Hamburg 1997), Gefährliche Verwandtschaft (Munich 1998) and Der Erottomane (Munich 1999). This article looks in detail at Gefährliche Verwandtschaft, exploring its representations of contemporary Turkish German and Jewish German identity, as well as its vision of a possible trialogue between Germans, Turks and Jews. Particular attention is given to the depiction of the novel's unusual Turkish–Jewish–German narrator, Sascha Muhteschem, and the way in which he is used to challenge cultural images of the Turk or Jew as victim within German society. This, it is argued, is designed to unsettle dominant perceptions of ethnic and national identity both in order to highlight the inadequacy of available categories of identity and to suggest that the key to moving beyond these lies in the recognition of the importance of individual biography. The article's reading of the novel is supported by an examination of its conceptualisations of history, memory and the imagination, as well as Şenocak's own reflections on issues of identity in his latest collection of essays, Zungenentfernung (Munich 2001), and in two as yet unpublished interviews.
From Nationalization to Marketization: Changing Governance in Taiwan's Higher‐Education System
Authors: Mok Joshua Ka‐ho
Published: March 2003

The shift from “government” to “governance” has been widely debated both in the West, where the debate originated, and in the Asia‐Pacific, where it is a strong emergent theme. In the West, early work concentrated on problems of government failure in the realms of regulation, welfare and development. This developed into a focus on the increasingly complex challenges facing modern states. By the mid‐1990s, bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were devoting considerable attention to issues affecting “governance in transition.” At this time, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) issued its first discussion paper on governance. This emphasized the importance of bringing together the realms of governance, namely civil society, the state, and the private sector. All these developments signify a fundamental administrative paradigm shift to the “sociopolitical governance” model. This paper discusses the theme “from nationalization to marketization” by examining the origins and driving forces for changing governance in Taiwan’s higher‐education system. More specifically, the paper examines the changes in the role of the state in terms of three major aspects: provision, financing, and regulation in higher education, reflecting on how a new governance model has evolved in Taiwan.
Banking Employment in the 1990s: Regional Effects of Consolidation
Authors: Kashian Russell , Monaco Kristen
Published: March 2003

The effects of consolidation in the banking sector on employment are analyzed using data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Statistics on Banking. Previous efficiency studies of consolidation find that there is no relationship between consolidation and non‐interest expenses (a proxy for employment). This study finds a negative relationship between consolidation and employment. It also finds no positive employment effects in states that were net beneficiaries of the savings and loan (S&L) bailout.
Quality Assessment in Higher Education: the Scottish Experience
Authors: Sharp Stephen , Munn Pamela , Paterson Lindsay
Published: March 2003

Quality assessment has been a feature of higher education in Scotland for the academic years from 1992 to 1996. As part of a review of its quality assessment procedures, the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council commissioned a survey of perceptions of the process, both amongst those involved in conducting the assessment and those subject to it. The aims of this paper are firstly to present the profile of opinion amongst 366 respondents to the questionnaire and secondly to investigate whether any patterns are discernible within this group by examining whether TQA is viewed differently by different constituencies within the academic community. Implications for the future direction of quality assessment are discussed.
The Treatment of Research
Authors: Kogan Maurice
Published: March 2003

The recommendations of the Dearing Report concerning research organisation and content are critically examined. Many of them are seen to be benign and to adopt an appropriately pluralist approach to the objectives and working of the higher education system. The report is criticised, however, on several grounds. The Committee had a fragile grasp of the nature of knowledge and of its modes of production, and failed to remedy this by consulting sufficiently available international and national research. It is, therefore, inadequate as an example of the way in which research on higher education should be used in determining higher education policy. It takes for granted conventional wisdom on several key issues: the application of selectivity in research funding; the priority to be given to areas identified in the still largely unevaluated Technology Foresight programmes, and the relationships between uni‐ and multi‐disciplinary work.
Stress and the Contemporary Student
Authors: Humphrey Robin , McCarthy Peter
Published: March 2003

Is contemporary student life stressful? And if so, what factors are associated with stress among students? This paper attempts to provide answers to these questions in reporting a research project that explored physical and mental health among students studying at Newcastle University in 1995. Forty‐nine per cent of a stratified random sample of students (956 students) completed a postal questionnaire which, as well as addressing questions of health, covered numerous aspects of student living conditions and lifestyle. Stress was measured by the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire, which was converted into a 36‐point scale. The analysis identifies various factors that were associated with stress, and culminates in the construction of a multi‐variate model that explains 25 per cent of the variance in student stress. The findings are discussed within the context of the changing nature of higher education in Britain
Developing University Managers
Authors: Bone Alison , Bourner Tom
Published: March 2003

This article reports the results of a study of the extent of management development programmes for managers of universities. The method used was a postal survey of all UK universities, which produced a response of over 60 per cent of universities. According to the responses received, about half of UK universities provide some organised management development for their managers with the other half doing nothing to develop their managers in any systematic way. On this basis, universities provide less management development for their managers than most other UK organisations. A few universities have achieved, and some are intending to seek, the Investors in People standard. Personnel managers within the universities are convinced of the need for management development for those who manage our universities. However, lack of resources and lack of commitment from vice‐chancellors and other senior academics are the main barriers to the successful implementation of systematic management development.
Mainstreaming the Digital Revolution
Authors: Arnold Michael
Published: March 2003

The University of Melbourne, Australia, is in the process of defining its profile in respect of teaching and learning and high‐technology, and is in the process of implementing a decision to employ sophisticated communications and information technologies in what will remain a campus‐based setting. Many other Universities are of course engaged in the same process. The following paper points out the significant steps taken to mediate this change, and from the perspective of a curious ‘rank and file’ academic, provides a commentary and critique of the measures taken. Although the University of Melbourne is the case in point, the issues raised will have a currency in many University settings.
Universities and Mid‐Career Professionals: The Policy Potential
Authors: Becher Tony
Published: March 2003

To date, few universities have become substantially involved in providing for the learning needs of professionals in mid‐career. This paper argues the case for their doing so in the future. It begins with a review of the current provision of formal continuing professional development (CPD) – in which universities can be seen to perform only a limited role – and goes on to examine the attitudes of practitioners towards various forms of learning experience and their resulting interactions with the academic world. The reasons why such interactions are predominantly ad hoc and individualistic, rather than systematic and collective, are briefly considered before the opportunities for greater, more coherent mutual involvement are explored. The concluding section briefly reviews the policy decisions and organisational changes which appear to be needed before the full potentialities are realised.