bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of biomarkers in colorectal cancer
Authors: Newton K. F. , Newman W. , Hill J.
Published: October 2010

Aim  Advances in molecular technology have resulted in the discovery of many putative biomarkers relevant to colorectal cancer (CRC).

Method  Literature searches were performed on PubMed and EMBASE using the words ‘colorectal cancer’, AND ‘biomarkers OR markers’. Biomarkers that are either currently in clinical use or have potential clinical use were identified.

Results  Most potential markers are in the discovery phase waiting to undergo clinical validation. Hypermethylation of the plasma septin‐9 gene shows promise as a nonstool‐based screening tool. Hypermethylation of the DYPD gene (encodes the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase) and variation of the uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A1) gene have predictive value for side effects and the efficacy of 5‐fluoruracil and irinotecan, respectively. Mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry is able to predict response to 5‐fluorouracil, and the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) and B‐RAF (v‐RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) somatic gene mutation status can predict the response to anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor therapy.

Conclusion  Recent advances indicate that the widespread use of biomarkers may herald the next major advance in the diagnosis and management of CRC.
SYMBIOTIC EMPIRICAL ETHICS: A PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY
Authors: FRITH LUCY
Published: October 2010

Like any discipline, bioethics is a developing field of academic inquiry; and recent trends in scholarship have been towards more engagement with empirical research. This ‘empirical turn’ has provoked extensive debate over how such ‘descriptive’ research carried out in the social sciences contributes to the distinctively normative aspect of bioethics. This paper will address this issue by developing a practical research methodology for the inclusion of data from social science studies into ethical deliberation. This methodology will be based on a naturalistic conception of ethical theory that sees practice as informing theory just as theory informs practice – the two are symbiotically related. From this engagement with practice, the ways that such theories need to be extended and developed can be determined. This is a practical methodology for integrating theory and practice that can be used in empirical studies, one that uses ethical theory both to explore the data and to draw normative conclusions.
Hedge Fund Regulation and Misreported Returns
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Dai Na
Published: October 2010

This paper introduces a cross‐country law and finance analysis of the misreporting behaviour in the hedge fund industry in terms of smoothing returns so that a fund consistently generates positive returns. We find strong evidence that international differences in hedge fund regulation are significantly associated with the propensity of fund managers to misreport monthly returns. We find a positive association between wrappers and misreporting, particularly for funds that do not have a lockup provision. Also, we find some evidence that misreporting is less common among funds in jurisdictions with minimum capitalisation requirements and restrictions on the location of key service providers. We assess the robustness of our finds to a number of specifications, including, different specifications of misreporting bin widths, subsets of the data by fund type, as well as specifications controlling for collinearity and selection effects and other robustness checks. We show misreporting significantly affects capital allocation, and calculate the wealth transfer effects of misreporting and relate this wealth transfer to differences in hedge fund regulation.
Could a Brain in a Vat Self‐Refer?
Authors: Madden Rory
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Radical sceptical possibilities challenge the anti‐realist view that truth consists in ideal rational acceptability. Putnam, as part of his defence of an anti‐realist view, subjected the case of the brain in a vat to a semantic externalist treatment, which aimed to maintain the desired connection between truth and ideal rational acceptability. It is argued here that self‐consciousness poses special problems for this externalist strategy. It is shown how, on a standard model of first‐person reference, Putnam's brain in a vat will be mistaken in its rational self‐ascription of externalist predicates. The natural response, which employs an alternative model of first‐person reference, is shown to have the equally realist consequence that there are enquiry‐transcendent truths about the self.
An intrapatient comparison of quality of life in psoriasis in childhood and adulthood
Authors: de Jager M.E.A. , de Jong E.M.G.J. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Evers A.W.M. , Seyger M.M.B.
Published: October 2010

Background  Chronic diseases can have a great influence on health‐related quality of life. Nevertheless, only little research has been carried out on childhood psoriasis. The perception of quality of life by adults with psoriasis of their childhood psoriasis has never been investigated.

Objectives  The aims of this study were to (i) investigate retrospectively the influence of psoriasis as experienced in childhood as compared with the current quality of life in adulthood; (ii) assess retrospectively the impact of childhood psoriasis on daily life; and (iii) compare the current quality of life in patients with childhood onset psoriasis (COP) and adult onset psoriasis (AOP).

Methods  A survey was performed among all members of the Dutch Psoriasis Society. Validated questionnaires on quality of life, impact on daily life and clinical severity were used.

Results  Questionnaires of 1762 patients were suitable for analysis. Adults with an onset of psoriasis before the age of 18 years retrospectively rate their quality of life during childhood much less as compared with their current quality of life (intrapatient comparison). Influence of psoriasis in childhood particularly had a high degree of limitations on recreational and social activities in 15–30% of patients. Quality of life in adulthood is not determined by age of onset of psoriasis.

Conclusions  In childhood, the quality of life is greatly influenced by psoriasis. The social development domain, which is one of the developmental milestones in a child, is particularly impaired. The current quality of life of patients with COP is equal to that of patients with AOP.
New Parliament, New Cleavages after the Eastern Enlargement? The Conflict over the Services Directive as an Opposition between the Liberals and the Regulators
Authors: CRESPY AMANDINE , GAJEWSKA KATARZYNA
Published: October 2010

This article analyses the parliamentary debates and decision‐making related to the highly contentious EU directive on services. It is intended as a contribution to the academic debate on political conflict lines in the European Parliament. Our argument is that neither the left–right cleavage nor a territorial one (old versus new Member States) can fully explain conflict at stake on socio‐economic issues. Rather, what we can observe is cross‐cutting opposition between ‘regulators’ and ‘liberals’.
Europarties: Agenda‐Setter or Agenda‐Follower? Social Democracy and the Disincentives for Tax Harmonization
Authors: KÜLAHCI EROL
Published: October 2010

This article explains Europarties' inability to act and position themselves cohesively in EU politics. It develops a theoretical framework based mainly on domestic parties' disincentives to agree on a common Europarty position. The framework is applied to the case of social democracy and fiscal competition. Despite opportunity for agreement, (dis)incentives related to self‐economic interests and domestic institutional settlements (and corresponding electoral calculuses) were aggravated by substantive ideological preferences. The case implications are drawn on literatures on the national parties' general positioning on EU issues as well as on Europarties and the EU agenda.
The Diminishing Returns to Trade Policy in the European Union
Authors: MCGUIRE STEVEN M. , LINDEQUE JOHAN P.
Published: October 2010

The notion that the EU is a trade power is central to studies of the Union's international presence. Credible threats to withhold access to Europe's markets are said to provide the Union with leverage in respect of other trade partners. This article queries the continuing ability of the European Union to act effectively this way. The current Doha malaise is a symptom of deeper changes in the international trade system. As emerging markets become more affluent and participate in foreign direct investment, their interest in market access per se become less important relative to other areas of regulation.
An Empirical Assessment of Economic and Political Challenges of European Union Accession
Authors: TAMAZIAN ARTUR , MELIKYAN DAVIT N.
Published: October 2010

The collapse of the Soviet Union was an exceptional experiment in the economic history of the world, which made the post‐socialist countries the subject of various economic studies. Different researchers and organizations tend to monitor the progress of economic and institutional reforms through inventing different indexes (indicators), apparently trying to understand how to detect the end of the transition process. The European Union, opening its door to accession candidates and starting negotiations with a number of eastern European and Baltic states, was the first to rely on those assessments of progress in reforms for making decisions on the readiness of the countries in terms of economic and institutional development to become a member of the European family. This study tries to link the actual assessments of reforms (start of negotiations) and the available set of indicators to construct an empirical model. We apply statistical techniques of limited dependent variable models to reveal the most important criteria followed by the ‘EU admission committee’ and capture them in limited dependent variable models, which are applied to evaluate the readiness of a number of other post‐socialist countries to start hypothetical negotiations with the EU. Based on available empirical results the factors captured in the model include the share of public expenditure in GDP, GDP per capita, private sector share of GDP, share of trade with EU in external turnover, democratization and inflation (macroeconomic stability). Our empirical assessments show that there are several transition economies (Albania, Armenia and Georgia), which despite not having candidate status, offer better general standing in terms of ‘accession criteria’ than the current candidates. This fact may suggest to policy‐makers (other geopolitical conditions being equal) to consider these countries for future EU enlargement waves.
Excitation‐transcription coupling in skeletal muscle: the molecular pathways of exercise
Authors: Gundersen Kristian
Published: October 2010

Muscle fibres have different properties with respect to force, contraction speed, endurance, oxidative/glycolytic capacity etc. Although adult muscle fibres are normally post‐mitotic with little turnover of cells, the physiological properties of the pre‐existing fibres can be changed in the adult animal upon changes in usage such as after exercise. The signal to change is mainly conveyed by alterations in the patterns of nerve‐evoked electrical activity, and is to a large extent due to switches in the expression of genes. Thus, an excitation‐transcription coupling must exist. It is suggested that changes in nerve‐evoked muscle activity lead to a variety of activity correlates such as increases in free intracellular Ca2+ levels caused by influx across the cell membrane and/or release from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, concentrations of metabolites such as lipids and ADP, hypoxia and mechanical stress. Such correlates are detected by sensors such as protein kinase C (PKC), calmodulin, AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ), and oxygen dependent prolyl hydroxylases that trigger intracellular signaling cascades. These complex cascades involve several transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T‐cells (NFAT), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), myogenic differentiation factor (myoD), myogenin, PPARδ, and sine oculis homeobox 1/eyes absent 1 (Six1/Eya1). These factors might act indirectly by inducing gene products that act back on the cascade, or as ultimate transcription factors binding to and transactivating/repressing genes for the fast and slow isoforms of various contractile proteins and of metabolic enzymes. The determination of size and force is even more complex as this involves not only intracellular signaling within the muscle fibres, but also muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Intercellular signaling substances such as myostatin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) seem to act in a paracrine fashion. Induction of hypertrophy is accompanied by the satellite cells fusing to myofibres and thereby increasing the capacity for protein synthesis. These extra nuclei seem to remain part of the fibre even during subsequent atrophy as a form of muscle memory facilitating retraining. In addition to changes in myonuclear number during hypertrophy, changes in muscle fibre size seem to be caused by alterations in transcription, translation (per nucleus) and protein degradation.
Bud set in poplar – genetic dissection of a complex trait in natural and hybrid populations
Authors: Rohde Antje , Storme Véronique , Jorge Véronique , Gaudet Muriel , Vitacolonna Nicola , Fabbrini Francesco , Ruttink Tom , Zaina Giusi , Marron Nicolas , Dillen Sophie , Steenackers Marijke , Sabatti Maurizio , Morgante Michele , Boerjan Wout , Bastien Catherine
Published: October 2010

See also the Commentary by Bielenberg
I do not know you and I am keeping it that way: Attachment avoidance and empathic accuracy in the perception of strangers
Authors: IZHAKI‐COSTI OR , SCHUL YAACOV
Published: October 2010

Two studies examined the association between attachment avoidance and empathic accuracy when perceiving strangers. In Study 1, participants with high attachment avoidance revealed lower accuracy in identifying the thoughts and feelings of their interaction partner compared with participants with low attachment avoidance. High‐avoidance participants also tended to mentally distance themselves from the other and thought less often about him or her. Study 2 replicated the pattern of lower empathic accuracy for high‐attachment‐avoidance participants, this time, when respondents did not actually interact with the target of perception. We discuss reasons for why people with high attachment avoidance might show impaired empathic accuracy while interacting with strangers. We also consider more general influences of attachment avoidance on perception processes and, consequently, on social success.
Three Population‐Patient Care Outcome Indicators for Public Health Nursing: Results of a Consensus Project
Authors: Issel L. Michele , Bekemeier Betty , Baldwin Kathleen A.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Difficulties in recruiting nurses into public health settings threaten the public's health. Gaps in existing data make determining the health impact of workforce changes numbers difficult to perform. Public health practice leaders are left to make difficult staffing and program decisions without knowing how the health of their vulnerable populations will be affected. The objective of this study was to identify indicators that could be used to document the effect of the shortage of public health nurses (PHNs) on the health of a population.

Design and Sample: A consensus‐building process was used. Nursing directors from 6 local health departments (LHDs) in 2 states participated along with 3 public health system researchers.

Results: The findings from this collaborative process suggest that it is possible to identify outcome indicators across states and multiple LHDs that may be sensitive to PHN staffing levels and interventions. Possible connections between PHN staffing and each population‐patient care indicator (rates of Chlamydia, first trimester prenatal care, early childhood immunization) are presented.

Conclusions: The process used here in identifying these indicators and the proposed nursing‐sensitive population outcome indicators themselves provide a template for the development and analysis of additional outcome indicators sensitive to the quality of nursing and other health care.
Antigone's Dilemma: A Problem in Political Membership
Authors: Hartouni Valerie A.
Published: October 2010

What constitutes an adequate basis for feminist consciousness? What values and concerns are feminists to bring to bear in challenging present standards of well‐being and articulating alternative visions of collective life? This essay takes a close and critical look at these questions as they are addressed in the work of political theorist Jean Elshtain. An outspoken defender of “pro‐family feminism,” Elshtain has urged contemporary feminists to reclaim the “female subject” within the private sphere. Enormous problems attend Elshtain's counsel and these have as much to do with the political implications of her argument as with her reading of the Sophoclean tragedy Antigone. With an eye towards foregrounding what some of these problems are, this essay elaborates an alternative reading of Sophocles’ Antigone and moves from that exposition to an examination of why it is that Elshtain's claims and conclusions are politically unsound and unsustainable.
Oppression and Resistance: Frye's Politics of Reality
Authors: Card Claudia
Published: October 2010

Marilyn Frye's first book, The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory, presents nine philosophical lectures: four on women's subordination, four on resistance and rebellion, one on revolution. Its approach combines a lesbian perspective with analytical philosophy of language. The major contributions of the book are its analysis of oppression, highly suggestive discussions of the roles of attention in knowledge and ignorance and in arrogance and love, a defense of political separatism not based on female supremacism, and a development of the idea of lesbian epistemology. Its proposal for resisting White racism will be controversial. Its treatment of gay rights is not balanced by an acknowledgement that drag queens, like “totaled women,” are products of oppression, not simply of intolerance. The most philosophically problematic aspect of the book is its analysis of coercion and of the roles of coercion in women's subordination. This creates an unresolved tension with the positive message of the second half of the book. Despite this difficulty, these essays are an outstanding contribution to contemporary feminist theory.
A Reply to Laura Purdy
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: October 2010

This essay is a response to the comments and critique of Laura Purdy to my earlier paper “Re‐Fusing Nature/Nurture” (1983, 621–632). In it I re‐emphasize that the traditional nature/nurture dichotomy is based upon an unacceptable ontology and briefly note the type of metaphysic that would serve as a more appropriate basis.
Woman: Revealed Or Reveiled?
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A.
Published: October 2010

My aim is to examine Lacan's views on women's sexuality and desire in general. I use Hawthorne's novel The Blithedale Romance to supply a concrete narrative context in which to understand Lacan's two modes of femininity: the “veiled lady” and the “phallic mas-querader.” I criticize Lacan for holding (like Hawthorne) an essentially Romantic picture of the Ideal Woman who achieves happiness or peace outside the male/phallic sphere of activity and strife.
Possessive Power
Authors: Smith Janet Farrell
Published: October 2010

The concept of possessive power as it manifests in reproduction is the focus of criticism in this paper. The analysis utilizes both positive insights and illustrative mistakes from Beauvoir's account of maternity. An alternative notion of power is proposed to replace possessive power as proprietary control.
The Future of Mothering: Reproductive Technology and Feminist Theory
Authors: Donchin Anne
Published: October 2010

An exploration of (I) alternative perspectives toward recent innovations in reproductive technology: support for new techniques for the sake of the kind of feminist future they facilitate; unqualified opposition despite therapeutic benefit to individual women; or qualified opposition depending upon specific threats to women's interests and (II) relationships between these positions and values bound up with mothering practices.
Should a Feminist Choose A Marriage-Like Relationship?
Authors: Weinzweig Marjorie
Published: October 2010

Is “living together” in a marriage-like relationship compatible with the feminist ideal of individual self-development? Paradoxically, while the structure and social-historical context of marriage-like relationships seems in fundamental conflict with the goal of autonomous self-development, the development of individuality also seems to be better fostered by living with a significant other in a committed relationship than by living alone. This paradox is resolved through the suggestion of a three-stage account of self-development: inauthentici-ty, autonomous being oneself, and autonomous being with others. At the third stage, living together in a marriage-like relationship is one social format in which autonomous relating to others is possible. Unless the partners have attained the second stage, however, such a relationship will be destructive rather than conducive to individuality.
Women, Welfare and The Politics of Need Interpretation
Authors: Fraser Nancy
Published: October 2010

I argue that social-welfare struggles should become more central for feminists. To clarify these, I offer an analysis of the U.S. welfare system. I expose the system's underlying gender norms and show how administrative practices preemptively define women's needs. I then situate these state practices in a larger terrain of struggle over the interpretation of social needs where feminists can intervene.
The Feminist Standpoint: A Matter of Language
Authors: Winant Terry
Published: October 2010

This essay is my contribution to two projects currently gaining the attention of feminist theorists. The first is the project of interpreting the work of Hannah Arendt. The second, of providing a secure foundation for the claim that there can be a distinctively feminist position either in political philosophy or more generally in any field of philosophy. I explore in depth candidates for the feminist standpoint developed by Nancy Hartsock and Nancy Fraser. I connect the two projects, showing how feminists can learn from Hannah Arendt crucial lessons concerning speaking and thinking. It is thus in Arendt's work that I discover the missing element in recent attempts to ground the feminist standpoint.
Improper Behavior: Imperative for Civilization
Authors: Janeway Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

The power to define roles and relationships, assign priorities and prescribe behavior is the technique for government which most readily legitimizes authority. Improper behavior challenge and Establishment before conceptual ideologies appear as alternative charts for a social world. Though deviance may result from personal causes, large-scale popular disaffection is socially meaningful. Feminist activism indicates strains in the entire social fabric resulting from long-term economic and cultural shifts. Defining such social movements as important only to their immediate proponents is a political tactic for division.
The New Men's Studies: From Feminist Theory to Gender Scholarship
Authors: Brod Harry
Published: October 2010

The paper situates the new field of men's studies in the context of the evolution of women's studies. It argues that men's studies’ distinctive feminist approach to men is a necessary complement to women's studies, citing paradigmatic examples of new perspectives. In tracing women's studies’ development, the paper argues that reconceptualizations of “gender” resolve tensions between much of women's studies’ non-essentialist empirical social science describing “sex roles” and much of feminist theory's essentialist celebrations of women's core selves.
Pornography and Degradation
Authors: Hill Judith M.
Published: October 2010

I have taken a Kantian approach to the issue of pornography and degradation. My thesis is that by perpetuating derogatory myths about womankind, for the sake of financial gain, the pornography industry treats the class of women as a means only, and not as composed of individuals who are ends in themselves. It thus de-grades all women, as members of this class, imputing to them less than full human status.
The Look In Sartre and Rich
Authors: Murphy Julien S.
Published: October 2010

The relevance of Sartre's theory of “the look” for feminist philosophy is evaluated through juxtaposition of his analysis with images of women's oppression in Rich's early poetry. A theory of liberation that recognizes the existential dimensions of women's situations is presented. Following traces of feminist vision in Rich's recent work challenges the category of “woman” which lies at the root of the sexism.
On Conflicts and Differences Among Women
Authors: Muraro Luisa
Published: October 2010

Jana Sawicki uses the work and methods of Foucault to explore the possibility of a politics of difference. I argue that Foucault may help us overcome some forms of dogmatism inherited from men's political philosophy of the past, but Foucault is otherwise useless, or worse: misleading. Because Sawicki presents a politics of diversity among women regardless of, and independent from, a politics of sexual difference, I believe Foucault is misleading.
Science, Facts, and Feminism
Authors: Hubbard Ruth
Published: October 2010

Feminists acknowledge that making science is a social process and that scientific laws and the “facts” of science reflect the interests of the university-educated, economically privileged, predominantly white men who have produced them. We also recognize that knowledge about nature is created by an interplay between objectivity and subjectivity, but we often do not credit sufficiently the ways women's traditional activities in home, garden, and sickroom have contributed to understanding nature.
The Premenstrual Syndrome “Dis-easing” the Female Cycle
Authors: Zita Jacquelyn N.
Published: October 2010

This paper reflects on masculinist biases affecting scientific research on the Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Masculinist bias is examined on the level of observation language and in the choice of explanatory frameworks. Such bias is found to be further reinforced by the social construction of “the clinical body” as an object of medical interrogation. Some of the political implications of the medicalization of women's premenstrual changes are also discussed.
A Review Essay
Authors: Zita Jacquelyn N.
Published: October 2010

This essay is a critical review of Sandra Harding's The Science Question in Feminism. Her text constitutes a monumental effort to capture an overview of recent feminist critique of science and to develop a feminist dialectical and materialist conception of the history of masculinist science. In this analysis of Harding's work, the organizing categories as well as the main assumptions of the text are reconstructed for closer examination within the context of modern feminist critique of science and feminist theory in general. Although a postive review of Harding's text is presented, questions are raised concerning the adequacy of socialist feminist assumptions for such a project, the limitations of Harding's theorization of gender, and the appropriateness of “postmodernism” as a final category of residence.
Does Women's Liberation Imply Children's Liberation?
Authors: Purdy Laura M.
Published: October 2010

Shulamith Firestone argues that for women to embrace equal rights without recognizing them for children is unjust. Protection of children is merely repressive control: they are infantilized by our treatment of them. I maintain that many children no longer get much protection, but neither are they being provided with an environment conducive to learning prudence or morality. Recognizing equal rights for children is likely to worsen this situation, not make it better.
Anarchic Thinking
Authors: Stenstad Gail
Published: October 2010

This paper explores a possibility of atheoretical feminist thinking. Anarchic thinking is a way of thinking which is neither based on nor yields one account of truth or reality. Its particular value to feminists is its affirmation of multiple voices, ways of being and possibilities for action.
Female Friendship: Separations and Continua
Authors: Card Claudia
Published: October 2010

This review essay on Janice Raymond'sA Passion for Friends, sympathetic to the author's inquiry into the institutional contexts of female friendship, criticizes as unnecessary its rejection of feminist separatism and of the “lesbian continuum” and formulates a possible connection of its account of sources of passionate friendship among women to the new research on women and violence.
Two Interviews with Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Simons Margaret A.
Published: October 2010

In these interviews from 1982 and 1985, I ask Beauvoir about her philosophical differences with Jean-Paul Sartre on the issues of voluntarism vs social conditioning and embodiment, individualism vs reciprocity, and ontology vs ethics. We also discuss her influence on Sartre's work, the problems with the current English translation of The Second Sex, her analyses of motherhood and feminist concepts of woman-identity, and her own experience of sexism.
Introduction to “Sorcerer Love,” by Luce Irigaray
Authors: Kuykendall Eleanor H.
Published: October 2010

“Sorcerer Love” is the name that Luce Irigaray gives to the demonic function of love as presented in Plato's Symposium. She argues that Socrates there attributes two incompatible positions to Diotima, who in any case is not present at the banquet. The first is that love is a mid-point or intermediary between lovers which also teaches immortality. The second is that love is a means to the end and duty of procreation, and thus is a mere means to immortality through which the lovers lose one another. Irigaray argues in favor of the first position, a conception of love as demonic intermediary.
Moral Understandings: Alternative “Epistemology” for a Feminist Ethics
Authors: Walker Margaret Urban
Published: October 2010

Work on representing women's voices in ethics has produced a vision of moral understanding profoundly subversive of the traditional philosophical conception of moral knowledge. 1 explicate this alternative moral “epistemology,” identify how it challenges the prevailing view, and indicate some of its resources for a liberatory feminist critique of philosophical ethics.
Feminist and Medical Ethics: Two Different Approaches to Contextual Ethics
Authors: Sherwin Susan
Published: October 2010

Feminist ethics and medical ethics are critical of contemporary moral theory in several similar respects. There is a shared sense of frustration with, the level of abstraction and generality that characterizes traditional philosophic work in ethics and a common commitment to including contextual details and allowing room for the personal aspects of relationships in ethical analysis. This paper explores the ways in which context is appealed to in feminist and medical ethics, the sort of details that should be included in the recommended narrative approaches to ethical problems, and the difference it makes to our ethical deliberations if we add an explicitly feminist political analysis to our discussion of context. It is claimed that an analysis of gender is needed for feminist medical ethics and that this requires a certain degree of generality, i. e. a political understanding of context.
The Role of Caring in a Theory of Nursing Ethics
Authors: Fry Sara T.
Published: October 2010

The development of nursing ethics as a field of inquiry has largely relied on theories of medical ethics that use autonomy, beneficence, and/or justice as foundational ethical principles. Such theories espouse a masculine approach to moral decision “making and ethical analysis. This paper challenges the presumption of medical ethics and its associated system of moral justification as an appropriate model for nursing ethics. It argues that the value foundations of nursing ethics are located within the existential phenomenon of human caring within the nurse/patient relationship instead of in models of patient good or rights-based notions of autonomy as articulated in prominent theories of medical ethics. Models of caring are analyzed and a moral-point-of-view (MPV) theory with caring as a fundamental value is proposed for the development of a theory of nursing ethics. This type of theory is supportive to feminist medical ethics because it focuses on the subscription to, and not merely the acceptance of, a particular view of morality.
Re-visioning Clinical Research: Gender and the Ethics of Experimental Design
Authors: Rosser Sue V.
Published: October 2010

Since modern medicine is based substantially in clinical medical research, the flaws and ethical problems that arise in this research as it is conceived and practiced in the United States are likely to be reflected to some extent in current medicine and its practice. This paper explores some of the ways in which clinical research has suffered from an androcentric focus in its choice and definition of problems studied, approaches and methods used in design and interpretation of experiments, and theories and conclusions drawn from the research. Some examples of re-visioned research hint at solutions to the ethical dilemmas created by this biased focus; an increased number of feminists involved in clinical research may provide avenues for additional changes that would lead to improved health care for all.
Can Clinical Research Be Both Ethical and Scientific? A Commentary inspired by Rosser and Marquis
Authors: Holmes Helen Bequaert
Published: October 2010

Problems with clinical research that create conflicts between doctors’ therapeutic and research obligations may be fueled by a rigid view of science as determiner of truth, a heavy reliance on statistics, and certain features of randomized clinical trials. 1 suggest some creative, feminist approaches to such research and explore ways to provide choice for patients and to use values in directing both therapy and science — to enhance the effectiveness of each.
The Politics of Communities A Review of H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.'s The Foundations of Bioethics
Authors: Overall Christine
Published: October 2010

This review essay examines H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.'s The Foundations of Bioethics, a contemporary nonfeminist text in mainstream biomedical ethics. it fo-cuses upon a central concept, Engelhardt's idea of the moral community and argues that the most serious problem in the book is its failure to take account of the political and social structures of moral communities, structures which deeply affect issues in biomedical ethics.
The Moral Significance of Birth
Authors: Warren Mary Anne
Published: October 2010

Does birth make a difference to the moral rights of the fetus /infant? Should it make a difference to its legal rights? Most contemporary philosophers believe that birth cannot make a difference to moral rights. If this is true, then it becomes difficult to justify either a moral or a legal distinction between late abortion and infanticide. I argue that the view that birth is irrelevant to moral rights rests upon two highly questionable assumptions about the theoretical foundations of moral rights. If we reject these assumptions, then we are free to take account of the contrasting biological and social relationships that make even relatively late abortion morally different from infanticide.
Is Pregnancy Necessary? Feminist Concerns About Ectogenesis
Authors: Murphy Julien S.
Published: October 2010

To what extent are women obliged to be child-bearers? If reproductive technology could offer some form of ectogenesis, would feminists regard it as a liberating reproductive option? Three lines of reproductive rights arguments currently used by feminists are applied to ectogenesis. Each fails to provide strong grounds for prohibiting it. Yet, there are several ways in which ectogenesis could contribute to women's oppression, in particular, if it were used to undermine abortion rights, reinforce traditional views of fertility, increase fetal rights in pregnancy, and perpetuate the unequal distribution of scarce medical resources. A re-thinking of women's relationship to pregnancy is needed in order to challenge ectogenetic research.
Selling Babies and Selling Bodies
Authors: Ketchum Sara Ann
Published: October 2010

I will argue the free market in babies or in women's bodies created by an institution of paid surrogate motherhood is contrary to Kantian principles of person-hood and to the feminist principle that men do not have—and cannot gain through contract, marriage, or payment of money—a right to the sexual or reproductive use of women's bodies.
Anne Viscountess Conway: A Seventeenth Century Rationalist
Authors: Duran Jane
Published: October 2010

The work of Spinoza, Descartes and Leibniz is cited in an attempt to develop, both expositorily and critically, the philosophy of Anne Viscountess Conway. Broadly, it is contended that Conway's metaphysics, epistemology and account of the passions not only bear intriguing comparison with the work of the other well-known rationalists, but supersede them in some ways, particularly insofar as the notions of substance and ontological hierarchy are concerned. Citing the commentary of Loptson and Carolyn Merchant, and alluding to other commentary on the Cambridge Platonists whose work was done in tandem with Conway's, it is contended that Conway's conception of the “monad” preceded and influenced Leibniz's, and that her monistic vitalism was in many respects a superior metaphysics to the Cartesian system. It is concluded that we owe Conway more attention and celebration than she has thus far received.
Anna Doyle Wheeler (1785–1848): Philosopher, Socialist, Feminist∗
Authors: McFadden Margaret
Published: October 2010

This essay examines the life and work of early socialist thinker Anna Doyle Wheeler, who, with the Owenite theorist William Thompson, was author ofThe Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretentions of the Other Half, Men… (1825). In analyzing her thought, I employ a typological model for the development of a feminist consciousness proposed by Michèle Riot-Sarcey and Eleni Varikas (1986). These authors posit three types of a feminist “pariah” consciousness: 1)exceptional woman feminism2)subversive feminism, and 3)collective feminism. Within this framework Anna Wheeler falls between positions one and two; she was an exceptional or token woman who nevertheless advocated subversive feminist doctrines of radical change, including calls for collective female action (in which she nonetheless did not participate). The essay ends with a discussion of Wheeler's relationship to William Thompson as example of woman's traditional access to philosophy, that is, through a male mentor.
Evolutionary Theory in the Social Philosophy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Authors: Egan Maureen L.
Published: October 2010

This paper examines Charlotte Perkins Gilman's connection with the evolutionist ideas of late nineteenth century Reform Darwinism. It focuses on the assumptions that her language and use of metaphor reveal, and upon her vision of human social evolution as a meUoristic process through which the equality of the sexes must finally emerge.
The First Sophists and Feminism: Discourses of the “Other”
Authors: Jarratt Susan C.
Published: October 2010

In this essay, I explore the parallel between the historical exclusions of rhetoric from philosophy and of women from fields of rational discourse. After considering the usefulness and limitations of deconstruction for exposing marginalization by hierarchical systems, I explore links between texts of the sophists and feminist proposals for rewriting/rereading history by Cixous, Spivak, and others. I conclude that sophistic rhetoric offers a flexible alternative to philosophy as an intellectual framework for mediating theoretical oppositions among contemporary feminisms.
A Review of Andrea Nye's Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man
Authors: Bell Linda A.
Published: October 2010

In this provocative book, Nye argues that feminist attempts to spin coherent theories from the threads of the various philosophies of man fail as the patriarchal assumptions of each theory resist and undermine every effort. Nevertheless, she claims, although the threads cannot be woven into a coherent tapestry, as dedicated feminist Arachnes meticulously separate strand from strand, “the mechanisms of oppression are finally understood” and the patriarchal tapestries begin to unravel.
Recipes, Cooking, and Conflict—A Response to Heldke's “Recipes for Theory Making7rdquo;
Authors: Koch Donald F.
Published: October 2010

This paper contends that Heldke's recipe analogy can be reworked to help us deal with those who hold beliefs and practice activities that are contrary to our own. It draws upon the work of William James and John Dewey to develop a practical approach to such conflict situations.
Comments on Ruth Ginzberg's Paper
Authors: Jahren Neal
Published: October 2010

Ruth Ginzberg has proposed a model for a gynocentric science that might constitute a paradigm as described by Kuhn. The author argues that Ginzberg's model lacks certain essential features of paradigms as described by Kuhn. The differences may stem from more fundamental disagreements between them, including the possibility that some essential features of Ginzberg's gynocentric science place it outside the intended scope of Kuhn's analysis.
Reply to Jahren
Authors: Ginzberg Ruth
Published: October 2010

This is a reply to Neal Jahren's “Comments” on my paper, “Uncovering Gynocentric Science,” which appeared in a 1987 issue of Hypatia 2 (3).
Analogy as Destiny: Cartesian Man and the Woman Reader
Authors: Cantrell Carol H.
Published: October 2010

Feminist studies in the history and philosophy of science have suggested that supposedly neutral and objective discourses are shaped by pairs of dualisms, which though value-laden are assumed to inhere in the order of nature. These hierarchical pairs devalue women, particularly their bodies and their labor, as they sanction the domination of nature. Readers of literature can draw on these studies to address texts and genres which do not thematize gender but rather purport to portray “the human condition.” Samuel Beckett's Molloy, with its clear structure of Cartesian divisions, provides a dramatic example of how an examination of dualisms reveals the presence of a language of gender informing a minimalist literary text.
Feminine Perspectives and Narrative Points of View
Authors: Barwell Ismay
Published: October 2010

The search for a unified and coherent feminine aesthetic theory could not be successful because it relies upon “universals” which do not exist and assumes simple parallels among psychological, social and aesthetic structures. However, with an apparatus of narrative points of view, one can demonstrate that individual narrative texts are organized from a feminine point of view. To this extent, the intuition that there is a feminine aesthetic can be vindicated.
Re-enfranchising Art: Feminist Interventions in the Theory of Art
Authors: Lauter Estella
Published: October 2010

Feminist analyses of the roles gender has played in art lead to an alternative theory that emphasizes art's complex interactions with culture(s) rather than the autonomy within culture claimed for it by formalism. Focusing on the visual arts, 1 extrapolate the new theory from feminist research and compare it with formalist precepts. Sharing Arthur Danto's concern that art has been disenfranchised in the twentieth century by its preoccupation with theory, I claim that feminist thought re'enfranchises art by revisioning its relationship to its contexts.
Dressing Down Dressing Up—The Philosophic Fear of Fashion
Authors: Hanson Karen
Published: October 2010

There is, to all appearances, a philosophic hostility to fashionable dress. Studying this contempt, this paper examines likely sources in philosophy's suspicion of change; anxiety about surfaces and the inessential; failures in the face of death; and the philosophic disdain for, denial of, the human body and human passivity. If there are feminist concerns about fashion, they should be radically different from those of traditional philosophy. Whatever our ineluctable worries about desire and death, whatever our appropriate anger and impatience with the merely superficial, whatever our genuine need to mark off the serious from the trivial, feminism may be a corrective therapy for philosophy's bad humor and self-deception, as these manifest themselves when the subject turns to beautiful clothes.
Annotated Bibliography on Feminist Aesthetics in the Visual Arts
Authors: Krumholz Linda , Lauter Estella
Published: October 2010

Feminism compels us to reconceptualize aesthetic inquiries, as it erases the boundaries between the traditional realm of aesthetics—value judgments and personal pleasures—and the historical and social contexts that generate those judgments and pleasures. In the visual arts section of our annotated bibliography, we try to suggest the breadth of feminist interventions in the field of aesthetics in the past twenty years.
Towards a Feminist Reassessment of Intellectual Virtue
Authors: Braaten Jane
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an argument for reconceptualizing (human) intelligence as intellectual virtue, and makes some proposals as to how we would understand intellectual virtue if feminist values were taken into account. Several abilities are identified which are closely connected to one aim that is common to most feminists: the building of communities in which well‐being is possible.
Why Homophobia?
Authors: Card Claudia
Published: October 2010

Suzanne Pharr's Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism may be an effective tool for women committed to overcoming their own homophobia who want practical advice on recognizing and eradicating it, although as an essay in theory it does not advance the issues. The author seems unaware that Celia Kitzinger has argued recently that “homophobia” is not a helpful concept because it individualizes problems better seen as political and begs the question of the rationality of the fear. I argue that “homophobia” has been misused but that freed of the medical model and understood in connection with issues of pride and shame, it can be a helpful concept.
Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics
Authors: Lahar Stephanie
Published: October 2010

This essay proposes several guiding parameters for ecofeminism's development as a moral theory. I argue that these provide necessary directives and contexts for ecofeminist analyses and social/ecological projects. In the past these have been very diverse and occasionally contradictory. Most important to the core of ecofeminism's vitality are close links between theory and political activism. I show how these originated in ecofeminism's history and advocate a continued participator? and activist focus in the future.
Loving Your Mother: On the Woman-Nature Relation
Authors: Roach Catherine
Published: October 2010

In this essay I explore the relation between woman and nature. In the first half, I argue that the environmental slogan “Love Your Mother” is problematical because of the way “mother” and “motherhood” function in patriarchal culture. In the essay's second half, I argue that the question, “Are women closer to nature than men?” is conceptually flawed and that the nature-culture dualism upon which it is predicated is in need of being biodegraded for the sake of environmental soundness.