bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori infection alters gastric and tongue coating microbial communities
Authors: Zhao Yubin , Gao Xuefeng , Guo Jiaxuan , Yu Dongbao , Xiao Ying , Wang Huijie , Li Yuchan
Published: February 2019

Objective

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori), especially cytotoxin‐associated gene A‐positive (CagA+) strains, has been associated with various gastrointestinal and extragastric diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize H pylori‐induced alterations in the gastric and tongue coating microbiota and evaluate their potential impacts on human health.

Design

The gastric mucosa and tongue coating specimens were collected from 80 patients with chronic gastritis, and microbiota profiles were generated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Samples were grouped as H pylori negative (n = 32), CagA‐negative H pylori infection (n = 13), and CagA‐positive H pylori infection (n=35). The comparison of bacterial relative abundance was made using a generalized linear model. Functional profiling of microbial communities was predicted with PICRUSt and BugBase. Microbial correlation networks were produced by utilizing SparCC method.

Results

Significant alterations of the gastric microbiota were found in the H pylori+/CagA+ samples, represented by a decrease in bacterial diversity, a reduced abundance of Roseburia, and increased abundances of Helicobacter and Haemophilus genera. At the community level, functions involved in biofilm forming, mobile element content, and facultative anaerobiosis were significantly decreased in gastric microbiome of the H pylori+ subjects. The presence of CagA gene was linked to an increased proportion of Gram‐negative bacteria in the stomach, thereby contributing to an upregulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. The number of bacterial interactions was greatly reduced in networks of both tongue coating and gastric microbiota of the H pylori+/CagA+ subject, and the cooperative bacterial interactions dominated the tongue coating microbiome.

Conclusions

Infection with H pylori strains possessing CagA may increase the risk of various diseases, by upregulating LPS biosynthesis in the stomach and weakening the defense of oral microbiota against microorganisms with pathogenic potential.
HISTORY, AFRICA, AND DEFAMILIARIZATION: A COMMENT
Authors: HELGESSON STEFAN
Published: February 2019

After initially identifying defamiliarization as a central aspect of Nancy Rose Hunt's essay “History as Form,” this comment reflects on the implications that her reading of Georg Simmel and her emphasis on objects and materiality have for the writing of history. If Hunt suggests, with Simmel, that the form of history is autonomous from history as it unfolds, the claim here is rather that there is no necessary relationship between writing and its topic. Considering how earlier European historiography excluded Africa (in particular) from the domain of history, it is no coincidence that this contingent relation between form and history has been particularly energizing for Africanist historiography—leading to innovations both in practice and theory. The comment concludes by briefly discussing three concepts that have informed such innovation: the vernacular, suturing, and multiple temporalities.
Depression, lifestyle factors and cognitive function in people living with HIV and comparable HIV‐negative controls
Authors: De Francesco D , Underwood J , Bagkeris E , Boffito M , Post FA , Mallon PWG , Vera JH , Williams I , Anderson J , Johnson M , Sabin CA , Winston A ,   the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study
Published: February 2019

Objectives

We investigated whether differences in cognitive performance between people living with HIV (PLWH) and comparable HIV‐negative people were mediated or moderated by depressive symptoms and lifestyle factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 637 ‘older’ PLWH aged ≥ 50 years, 340 ‘younger’ PLWH aged < 50 years and 276 demographically matched HIV‐negative controls aged ≥ 50 years enrolled in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study was performed. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized battery (CogState). Scores were standardized into Z‐scores [mean = 0; standard deviation (SD) = 1] and averaged to obtain a global Z‐score. Depressive symptoms were evaluated via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Differences between the three groups and the effects of depression, sociodemographic factors and lifestyle factors on cognitive performance were evaluated using median regression. All analyses accounted for age, gender, ethnicity and level of education.

Results

After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, older and younger PLWH had poorer overall cognitive scores than older HIV‐negative controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Moderate or severe depressive symptoms were more prevalent in both older (27%; P < 0.001) and younger (21%; P < 0.001) PLWH compared with controls (8%). Depressive symptoms (P < 0.001) and use of hashish (P = 0.01) were associated with lower cognitive function; alcohol consumption (P = 0.02) was associated with better cognitive scores. After further adjustment for these factors, the difference between older PLWH and HIV‐negative controls was no longer significant (P = 0.08), while that between younger PLWH and older HIV‐negative controls remained significant (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Poorer cognitive performances in PLWH compared with HIV‐negative individuals were, in part, mediated by the greater prevalence of depressive symptoms and recreational drug use reported by PLWH.
Expectations in the workplace: a qualitative study among Australian and South African academic pharmacists
Authors: Kairuz Therése , Krehula Damir , Truter Ilse
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The education of future pharmacists is the responsibility of a relatively small sector of the pharmacy workforce, and pharmacy academics (faculty) are essential for the continued viability of our profession; many also contribute to research within the profession. However, little is known about the ‘work’ of employees in this sector of pharmacy. The aim of this study was to investigate expectations associated with the working environment of academic pharmacists.

Methods

The inductive approach of qualitative research was selected and interviews were conducted among purposive samples in pharmacy programmes at two universities in the Southern Hemisphere, in Australia and in South Africa. Thematic analysis of raw data identified codes; those with mutual properties were grouped into categories which were assimilated under overarching themes.

Key findings

Three themes emerged around perceived expectations in academia: level of motivation, degree of satisfaction and adversity. Challenges in the workplace promoted hardship and adversity and impacted perceived performance. Degree of satisfaction was affected by workplace attributes (e.g. leadership, curriculum) which are modifiable or potentially modifiable, while individual intrinsic (personal) qualities could drive the level of motivation and impact positively on performance. Despite adversity, academic pharmacists demonstrated commitment to their roles as educators.

Conclusions

Level of motivation, degree of satisfaction and adversity impacted perceived performance of academic pharmacists. Addressing factors that contribute to adversity, and modifying workplace factors to improve satisfaction, may lead to enhanced motivation and perceived performance among academic pharmacists; ultimately, this may have a positive influence on this sector of the pharmacy workforce.
In vivo validity of proximal caries detection in primary teeth, with histological validation
Authors: Subka Samiya , Rodd Helen , Nugent Zoann , Deery Chris
Published: February 2019

Background

Detection and diagnosis of proximal caries in primary molars are challenging.

Aim

The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of four methods of proximal caries detection in primary molar teeth.

Design

Eighty‐two children (5‐10 years) were recruited. Initially, 1030 proximal surfaces were examined using meticulous visual examination (ICDAS) (VE1), bitewing radiographs (RE), and a laser fluorescence pen device (LF1). Temporary tooth separation (TTS) was achieved for 447 surfaces, and these were re‐examined visually (VE2) and using the LF pen (LF2). Three hundred and fifty‐six teeth (542 surfaces) were subsequently extracted and provided histological validation.

Results

At D1 (enamel and dentine caries) diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity of VE1, RE, VE2, LF1, and LF2 examination was 0.52, 0.14, 0.75, 0.58, and 0.60 and the specificity values were 0.89, 0.97, 0.88, 0.85, and 0.77, respectively. At D3 (dentine caries) threshold, the sensitivity values were 0.42, 0.71, 0.49, 0.63, and 0.65, respectively, whereas specificity was 0.93 for VE1 and VE2, and 0.98, 0.87, and 0.88 for RE, LF1, and LF2 examinations, respectively. ROC analysis showed radiographic examination to be superior at D3.

Conclusion

Meticulous caries diagnosis (ICDAS) should be supported by radiographs for detection of dentinal proximal caries in primary molars.
A meta‐analysis of interleukin‐6 as a valid and accurate index in diagnosing early neonatal sepsis
Authors: Sun Bo , Liang Lian‐Fang , Li Jie , Yang Dan , Zhao Xiao‐Bing , Zhang Ke‐Gang
Published: February 2019

We aimed to systematically assess the overall value of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) in diagnosing neonates with sepsis. A systematic literature search was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, to identify eligible studies through the index words updated till November 2018. Cross‐sectional studies, as well as prospective cohort studies, were included in the above‐mentioned group of eligible studies. We also searched the literature sources that had a link to the present study, which were further assessed by heterogeneity through the use of a proper‐effects model to calculate pooled weighted specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). We also conducted summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) analyses for neonatal sepsis. In the present meta‐analysis, there were 31 studies exploring IL‐6 for the diagnostic accuracy of neonatal sepsis. The global specificity and sensitivity of IL‐6 for neonatal sepsis were as follows: 88% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83%‐92%) and 82% (95% CI: 77%‐86%), respectively. The global positive and negative likelihood ratio of IL‐6 in diagnosing neonatal sepsis were 7.03 (95% CI: 4.81‐10.26) and 0.20 (95% CI: 0.15‐0.26), respectively. The global DOR was 29.54 (95%CI: 18.56‐47.04) of IL‐6. In addition, the area under the SROC was high for IL‐6 (AUC = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89‐0.94). In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy studies of IL‐6 in diagnosing neonatal sepsis. Our results suggested that IL‐6 is a valid and accurate index in diagnosing early neonatal sepsis, but it still needs to be combined with other laboratory tests and specific clinical manifestations.
Introducing a model for emotional distress in respiratory disease: A systematic review and synthesis of symptom management models
Authors: Schmid‐Mohler Gabriela , Caress Ann‐Louise , Spirig Rebecca , Yorke Janelle
Published: February 2019

Aim

To undertake a theoretical systematic review to develop a conceptual model of illness‐related emotional distress in the context of symptom management in chronic respiratory disease.

Design

We performed a systematic search to identify conceptual models.

Data sources

Electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched and papers included from inception of the search term until June 2017.

Review methods

The review was conducted following Pound and Campbell's and Turner's theory synthesis. Conceptual models were appraised using Kaplan's criteria. Models were excluded if they referred to a specific condition and/or lacked clarity.

Results

This synthesis, which includes five models and additional evidence, yielded a new conceptual model describing the processes of regulation and symptom self‐management in chronic respiratory disease. Identified sources of illness‐related emotional distress are new or increased symptoms, additional treatment, new restrictions in performance of daily life roles and increased unpredictability. People goals and self‐efficacy were identified as further drivers of symptom self‐management. The regulation process is embedded in contextual factors.

Conclusion

Theory synthesis provided transparent guidance in developing a model to understand of the factors driving self‐management decisions. Therefore, the model has the potential to guide development of interventions that support symptom self‐management in chronic respiratory disease.

Impact

This newly presented conceptual model of illness‐related emotional distress provides an understanding of the factors that drive self‐management decisions when peoples experience new or increased symptoms. Such understanding is critical for nursing practice to developing appropriate interventions, especially in support of people decision‐making.
Sperm head abnormalities are associated with excessive omega‐6 fatty acids in two finch species feeding on sunflower seeds
Authors: Støstad Hanna Nyborg , Rowe Melissah , Johnsen Arild , Tomášek Oldřich , Albrecht Tomáš , Lifjeld Jan Terje
Published: February 2019

In a rapidly changing world, it is important to understand how urban environments impact wildlife. For example, supplementary feeding of birds, though well‐intended, might have unexpected negative effects on the health of individual animals. Sunflower seeds are commonly provided in garden bird feeders, but they contain high levels of linoleic acid (LA), an omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Omega‐6 PUFAs are associated with increased oxidative stress, which can damage cell membranes, and in particular sperm cells. We assessed the level of LA in the blood of two seed‐eating finch species, greenfinches Chloris chloris and hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes, caught in and in environments with direct access to sunflower seed feeders (Norway), and compared these with the level of LA in a smaller number of individuals sampled in in a rural area with low incidence of sunflower seed feeders (Czech Republic). Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the proportion of LA in the blood (as well as the proportion of 10 other fatty acids) and sperm quality (the frequency of sperm head abnormalities and sperm swimming speed). We found that both finch species, but particularly greenfinches caught near feeders, exhibited levels of LA that were considerably higher than those previously reported for other wild birds. We also found that the proportion of LA was positively correlated with the frequency of abnormal sperm heads (sperm missing the acrosome), while there was no significant effect of fatty acid composition on sperm swimming speed. Our results indicate that the sperm quality of finches may be negatively affected by a high intake of sunflower seeds, adding to a growing body of research showing that supplementary feeding may have detrimental side effects for urban animals. This is particularly relevant for the greenfinch, which is currently affected by disease and population declines.
Circulating RNAs as predictive markers for the progression of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ghai Vikas , Baxter David , Wu Xiaogang , Kim Taek‐Kyun , Kuusisto Johanna , Laakso Markku , Connolly Tom , Li Yong , Andrade‐Gordon Patricia , Wang Kai
Published: February 2019

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent form of diabetes in the USA, thus, the identification of biomarkers that could be used to predict the progression from prediabetes to T2DM would be greatly beneficial. Recently, circulating RNA including microRNAs (miRNAs) present in various body fluids have emerged as potential biomarkers for various health conditions, including T2DM. Whereas studies that examine the changes of miRNA spectra between healthy controls and T2DM individuals have been reported, the goal of this study is to conduct a baseline comparison of prediabetic individuals who either progress to T2DM, or remain prediabetic. Using an advanced small RNA sequencing library construction method that improves the detection of miRNA species, we identified 57 miRNAs that showed significant concentration differences between progressors (progress from prediabetes to T2DM) and non‐progressors. Among them, 26 have been previously reported to be associated with T2DM in either body fluids or tissue samples. Some of the miRNAs identified were also affected by obesity. Furthermore, we identified miRNA panels that are able to discriminate progressors from non‐progressors. These results suggest that upon further validation these miRNAs may be useful to predict the risk of conversion to T2DM from prediabetes.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor LMK235 attenuates vascular constriction and aortic remodelling in hypertension
Authors: Choi Sin Young , Kee Hae Jin , Sun Simei , Seok Young Mi , Ryu Yuhee , Kim Gwi Ran , Kee Seung‐Jung , Pflieger Marc , Kurz Thomas , Kassack Matthias U. , Jeong Myung Ho
Published: February 2019

Here, we report that LMK235, a class I and histone deacetylase (HDAC6)‐preferential HDAC inhibitor, reduces hypertension via inhibition of vascular contraction and vessel hypertrophy. Angiotensin II‐infusion mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used to test the anti‐hypertensive effect of LMK235. Daily injection of LMK235 lowered angiotensin II‐induced systolic blood pressure (BP). A reduction in systolic BP in SHRs was observed on the second day when SHRs were treated with 3 mg/kg LMK235 every 3 days. However, LMK235 treatment did not affect angiotensin‐converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II receptor mRNA expression in either hypertensive model. LMK235, acting via the nitric oxide pathway, facilitated the relaxing of vascular contractions induced by a thromboxane A2 agonist in the rat aortic and mesenteric artery ring test. In addition, LMK235 increased nitric oxide production in HUVECs and inhibited the increasing of aortic wall thickness in both animal hypertensive models. LMK235 decreased the enhanced cell cycle‐related genes cyclin D1 and E2F3 in angiotensin II‐infusion mice and restored the decreased p21 expression. In addition, LMK235 suppressed calcium calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) α, which is related to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Inhibition or knockdown of HDAC5 blocked the CaMKIIα‐induced cell cycle gene expression. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that class I HDACs were involved in the inhibition of CaMKII α‐induced HDAC4/5 by LMK235. We suggest that LMK235 should be further investigated for its use in the development of new therapeutic options to treat hypertension via reducing vascular hyperplasia or vasoconstriction.
Comparison between multiresponse‐robust process design and numerical optimization: A case study on baking of fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread
Authors: Chakraborty Snehasis , Shrivastava Chandrima
Published: February 2019

The baking conditions (relative humidity, baking time, and temperature) for a fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread were optimized considering multiple responses: crumb hardness, specific loaf volume, color change in crust and crumb. Rotatable central composite design was applied within the baking domain of 175–225 °C/13–22 min/45–95% RH. An intelligent and robust technique based on Taguchi factor‐effect approach, principal component analysis, gray relational analysis, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms was employed for this purpose. Response surface methodology (RSM) with numerical optimization was also applied and the results were compared with the intelligent system‐multiresponse‐robust process design (IS‐MR‐RPD). The optimized conditions suggested by RSM and IS‐MR‐RPD were 195 °C/15 min/85% RH and 201.5 °C/15 min/85% RH, respectively. The ability to predict by RSM toward inferring the relative importance of factors is commendable; however, IS‐MR‐RPD predicted a more accurate data compared to the largely deviated data obtained from RSM.

Practical applications

In the case of a staple food like bread, optimizing the baking condition to produce a cost‐effective, attractive, and nutritive product is the real need for the bakery industry. To fulfill both the consumer and manufacturer demands, different intercorrelated responses like texture, color appearance, and loaf volume are considered prior to process optimization. This study showed the efficacy of optimization between two different techniques for the baking of fermented chickpea flour‐based wheat bread. The two techniques are response surface modeling and multiresponse‐robust process design. The outcome of this study will help the industry to apply the robust process design for any food process optimization.
Environmental analysis of producing biochar and energy recovery from pulp and paper mill biosludge
Authors: Mohammadi Ali , Sandberg Maria , Venkatesh G. , Eskandari Samieh , Dalgaard Tommy , Joseph Stephen , Granström Karin
Published: February 2019

Sweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO2‐equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.
Exploring the approximate number system in Sotos syndrome: insights from a dot comparison task
Authors: Lane C. , Van Herwegen J. , Freeth M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Sotos syndrome is a congenital overgrowth condition associated with intellectual disability and an uneven cognitive profile. Previous research has established that individuals with Sotos syndrome have relatively poor mathematical ability, but domain‐specific numeracy skills have not been explored within this population. This study investigated the approximate number system (ANS) in Sotos syndrome.

Method

A dot comparison task was administered to 20 participants with Sotos syndrome (mean age in years = 18.43, SD = 9.29). Performance was compared to a chronological agematched typically developing control group (n = 25) and a mental age‐matched Williams syndrome group (n = 24).

Results

The Sotos group did not display an ANS deficit overall when compared to chronological agematched control participants. However, for trials where the size of the individual dots and the envelope area were negatively correlated with the total number of dots (incongruent trials), the Sotos group were less accurate than the typically developing group but more accurate than the Williams syndrome group, suggesting an inhibitory control deficit. Better accuracy on incongruent trials, but not congruent trials, was associated with higher quantitative reasoning ability for participants with Sotos syndrome.

Conclusion

Overall, the findings suggest that ANS acuity is not impaired in Sotos syndrome but that numerical difficulties may be associated with an inhibitory control deficit for individuals with Sotos syndrome.
Candida albicans‐associated sepsis in a pre‐term neonatal rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Pecoraro Heidi L. , Berg Melissa R. , Dozier Brandy L. , Martin Lauren Drew , McEvoy Cindy T. , Davies Michael H. , Ducore Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Invasive Candida infections (ICI) have been associated with neurodevelopmental impairment or death in human pre‐term neonates. Candidiasis in nonhuman primates is seen mostly in immunosuppressed animals, and ICI is not commonly reported. Here, we report a case of Candida albicans‐associated ICI in a pre‐term neonatal rhesus macaque.
Chicken embryos share mammalian patterns of apoptosis in the posterior placodal area
Authors: Washausen Stefan , Knabe Wolfgang
Published: February 2019

In the posterior placodal area (PPA) of C57BL/6N mice and primate‐related Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia), apoptosis helps to establish morphologically separated otic and epibranchial placodes. Here, we demonstrate that basically identical patterns of apoptosis pass rostrocaudally through the Pax2+ PPA of chicken embryos. Interplacodal apoptosis eliminates unneeded cells either between the otic anlage and the epibranchial placodes 1, 2 and/or 3, respectively (type A), or between neighbouring epibranchial placodes (type B). These observations support the idea that in chicken embryos, as in mammals, interplacodal apoptosis serves to remove vestigial lateral line placodes (Washausen & Knabe, 2018, Biol Open 7, bio031815). A special case represents the recently discovered Pax2−/Sox2+ paratympanic organ (PTO) placode that has been postulated to be molecularly distinct from and developmentally independent of the ventrally adjacent first epibranchial (or ‘geniculate’) placode (O'Neill et al. 2012, Nat Commun 3, 1041). We show that Sox2+ (PTO placodal) cells seem to segregate from the Pax2+ geniculate placode, and that absence of Pax2 in the mature PTO placode is due to secondary loss. We further report that, between Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stages HH14 and HH26, apoptosis in the combined anlage of the first epibranchial and PTO placodes is almost exclusively found within and/or immediately adjacent to the dorsally located PTO placode. Hence, apoptosis appears to support decision‐making processes among precursor cells of the early developing PTO placode and, later, regression of the epibranchial placodes 2 and 3.
Change in gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Lee Young Chan , Jahng Geon‐Ho , Ryu Chang‐Woo , Byun Jae Yong
Published: February 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) using structural MRI and arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI, respectively, in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 12 patients with BMS and 14 healthy controls. Volumetric T1‐weighted magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo imaging and pseudo‐continuous ASL were performed to obtain GMV and CBF, respectively. We analyzed differences in the GMV and CBF between the two groups, and their correlations with clinical parameters.

Results

The GMV was smaller in the left thalamus and left middle temporal gyrus in the BMS group when compared to controls. Regional CBF in the BMS group was significantly decreased in the left middle temporal gyrus, left insula, right middle temporal gyrus, and right insula compared with controls. In BMS patients, there was a significant correlation between GMV and pain severity in the left middle temporal gyrus.

Conclusion

The reduced GMV seen in the thalami of BMS patients is consistent with the pattern observed in those with chronic pain disease, which implies that the pathogenesis of BMS may be associated with atrophy of the brain structures associated with thalamocortical processing. In addition, changes in CBF in the insula and middle temporal gyrus were also observed.
The Psychology of Neoliberalism and the Neoliberalism of Psychology
Authors: Adams Glenn , Estrada‐Villalta Sara , Sullivan Daniel , Markus Hazel Rose
Published: February 2019

In this article, we approach the relationship between neoliberalism and psychological science from the theoretical perspective of cultural psychology. In the first section, we trace how engagement with neoliberal systems results in characteristic tendencies—including a radical abstraction of self from social and material context, an entrepreneurial understanding of self as an ongoing development project, an imperative for personal growth and fulfillment, and an emphasis on affect management for self‐regulation—that increasingly constitute the knowledge base of mainstream psychological science. However, as we consider in the second section, psychological science is not just an observer of neoliberalism and its impact on psychological experience. Instead, by studying psychological processes independent of cultural–ecological or historical context and by championing individual growth and affective regulation as the key to optimal well‐being, psychological scientists reproduce and reinforce the influence and authority of neoliberal systems. Rather than a disinterested bystander, hegemonic forms of psychological science are thoroughly implicated in the neoliberal project.
Set them (almost) free: Discretion in electoral campaigns under incomplete information
Authors: Baghdasaryan Vardan , Manzoni Elena
Published: February 2019

The paper analyzes a model of electoral campaigning as a problem of competitive delegation. We consider an environment characterized by two sources of uncertainty: uncertainty on the nature of the optimal policy and uncertainty on the candidates’ biases. Although voters know whether the candidate is left‐ or right‐wing, they do not know the extent of the bias. In this environment, discretion may benefit voters as it allows the elected politician to adjust his policies to the state of the world. The paper shows that the optimal set of promises must be a closed interval, whose size is decreasing in the expected bias of the candidate. An example where the set of types is finite shows that an increase in the variability of candidates’ types may either increase or decrease the voters’ willingness to grant discretion to politicians.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the subgingival microbiome of the restored and unrestored teeth
Authors: Rademacher Steven W. H. , Zaura Egija , Kleverlaan Cornelis J. , Buijs Mark J. , Crielaard Wim , Loos Bruno G. , Laine Marja L.
Published: February 2019

Background and Objective

Metal‐based dental restorations with a subgingival outline may enhance plaque accumulation and bacterial colonization. This study aimed to investigate whether metal‐based restorations influence the composition of subgingival microbiome.

Material and Methods

Per subject one site with a metal‐based restoration and one contra‐lateral site without a restoration were selected on basis of radiographic bone loss ≤2 mm, restoration outline at sulcus level/subgingivally, pocket depth ≤4 mm, and no root canal treatments. Subgingival samples were collected with sterile paper‐points, and microbial profiles were obtained by 16SrRNAgene amplicon sequencing. Restorations were sampled with an Arkansas‐stone and the metal composition was determined using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.

Results

A total of 22 sites from 11 subjects were included. No significant differences for the clinical parameters were found between the restored and unrestored sites. The average age of the restorations was 14.9 ± 7.1 years.Firmicuteswas the most prevalent phylum at the restored sites (32% vs 20% of the reads of the unrestored sites,P = 0.016), andActinobacteriaat the unrestored sites (33% vs 18% of the reads of the restored sites,P = 0.01). Overall, sequences clustered into 573 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Species richness of the restored sites was significantly higher than species richness of the unrestored sites (117 ± 32 and 96 ± 20OTUs, respectively,P = 0.013). No associations between the metal composition and bacterial profiles were found.

Conclusion

This study shows that metal‐based restorations may enhance colonization ofFirmicutesand the neighboring pocket may harbor more diverse microbial communities.
The effect of feeding a novel multistrain yeast fraction on European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) intestinal health and growth performance
Authors: Rawling Mark D. , Pontefract Nicola , Rodiles Ana , Anagnostara Ilektra , Leclercq Eric , Schiavone Marion , Castex Mathieu , Merrifield Daniel L.
Published: February 2019

Fish were fed a single‐strain yeast fraction (SsYF; 2 g/kg) or a multistrain yeast fraction (MsYF; 0.8 g/kg) for 10 weeks. The results demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.03) elevations in weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion ratio in fish fed the yeast fraction‐supplemented diets. In the distal intestine, a significant elevation in microvilli density was observed after 5 and 10 weeks of dietary supplementation with MsYF and SsYF, respectively, compared to control fed fish (p < 0.001). A significant elevation (p = 0.02) in the perimeter ratio was observed in fish fed diets supplemented with the yeast fractions. After 10 weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, Rt‐qPCR demonstrated a significant downregulation (p < 0.05) in the stress response genes, heat‐shock protein 70 (hsp70) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna), in fish fed diets supplemented with the yeast fractions. Significant (p < 0.05) elevations in interleukin 1‐beta (il1β) and interleukin‐10 (il10) gene expression were observed in fish fed diets supplemented with the MsYF compared to the other dietary groups. These findings suggest that feeding an MsYF specifically at a lower incorporation rate < 1 g/kg, compared to a commercial SsYF at 2 g/kg, is effective in improving the intestinal health status and growth performance of European seabass.
Relationships among Special Education Teachers' Knowledge, Instructional Practice and Students' Performance in Reading Fluency
Authors: Park Yujeong , Kiely Mary Theresa , Brownell Mary T. , Benedict Amber
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among (1) special education teachers’ knowledge for teaching reading fluency, (2) the specific instructional practices they used in fluency instruction, and (3) gains of students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) on a performance measure of oral reading fluency (ORF). Analyses based on multilevel linear modeling and analysis of covariance indicated that for 42 special education teachers teaching third, fourth, and fifth graders with SLD in intensive reading groups, teachers’ knowledge for teaching reading fluency predicted student gains on ORF measures, but did not predict their instructional practice. Furthermore, teacher practice did not predict student gains on ORF. Practical implications and future research are discussed.
(Un) Natural Grief: Novelty, Tradition and Naturalization in Israeli Discourse on Posthumous Reproduction
Authors: Katz Ori , Hashiloni‐Dolev Yael
Published: February 2019

This article examines Israeli discourse on posthumous reproduction (PR) and the related cultural construction of “(un)natural” grief. Based mainly on an analysis of in‐depth interviews with family members who submitted a request for PR, we examine the regimes of justification used by supporters and opponents of this technology. With both sides using the notion of “nature” to support their claim, the dispute centers on whether PR constructs a new social expression of grief (and hence should be seen as unnatural) or is only a reflection of an age‐old grieving process (and is thus natural). We argue that by employing a twofold, novel/traditional justification, PR supporters aim to go one step further, from a symbolic continuity of the dead to a so‐called real one. This progression highlights the flexibility of the natural category at the intersection of technology and culture and the abandonment of such binary distinctions as life/death and nature/culture.
Testing for the phenomenal: Intuition, metacognition, and philosophical methodology
Authors: Egler Miguel
Published: February 2019

Recent empirical studies raise significant methodological concerns about the use of intuitions in philosophy. According to one prominent line of reply, these concerns are unwarranted since the empirical studies motivating them do not control for the putatively characteristic phenomenology of intuitions. This paper makes use of research on metacognitive states that share the phenomenology of intuitions to argue that this reply fails. Furthermore, it shows how empirical findings about these metacognitive states can help philosophers make better informed assessments of their warrant for relying on intuitions in inquiry.
Interleukin‐33 in the developing lung—Roles in asthma and infection
Authors: Johansson Kristina , McSorley Henry J.
Published: February 2019

It has become increasingly clear that interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) plays a crucial role in initiation of type 2 immunity. The last decade of intense research has uncovered multiple mechanisms through which IL‐33 targets key effector cells of the allergic immune response. Recently, IL‐33 has been implicated in shaping the immune system of the lungs early in life, at a time which is crucial in the subsequent development of allergic asthma. In this review, we will address the current literature describing the role of IL‐33 in the healthy and diseased lung. In particular, we will focus on the evidence for IL‐33 in the development of immune responses in the lung, including the role of IL‐33–responsive immune cells that may explain susceptibility to allergic sensitization at a young age and the association between genetic variants of IL‐33 and asthma in humans. Finally, we will indicate areas for potential therapeutic modulation of the IL‐33 pathway.
The angle range of leg abduction with external hip rotation which can minimize femoral artery and vein overlap in pediatric patients
Authors: Ahn Jin Hee , Park Jiyeon , Song In Sun , Kim Keoung Ah , Park Jungchan , Min Jeong Jin , Kim Chung Su , Lee Jong‐Hwan
Published: February 2019

Background

Since the femoral artery frequently overlaps the femoral vein, femoral central venous catheterization carries the risk of arterial puncture in pediatric patients.

Aims

We evaluated the angle range of leg abduction with external hip rotation to minimize the overlap between the femoral artery and vein in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Methods

Eighty‐two pediatric patients who underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. Using ultrasonography, patients were divided into groups N (patients with non‐overlap) and O (patients with continuing overlap) based on the presence of non‐overlap range between the femoral artery and vein. The range minimizing the overlap was defined as the range without overlap in group N and as the range presenting the overlap that was less‐than‐half of the radius of the femoral vein in group O. By increasing the angle of leg abduction with external hip rotation, the starting and ending angles minimizing the overlap were found using ultrasonographic images.

Results

The angle range of leg abduction with external hip rotation minimizing the overlap between the femoral artery and vein was defined as the range from the maximum 99% confidence interval of starting angles to the minimum 99% confidence interval of ending angles, which was between 45° and 65° in group N and between 48° and 58° in group O, respectively.

Conclusion

Positioning patients in a range of 48° and 58° leg abduction with external hip rotation can minimize the overlap between the femoral artery and vein. However, the clinical usefulness of this positioning for femoral venous catheterization remains to be seen.
The OsmiR396–OsGRF8–OsF3H‐flavonoid pathway mediates resistance to the brown planthopper in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Dai Zhengyan , Tan Jiang , Zhou Cong , Yang Xiaofang , Yang Fang , Zhang Shijuan , Sun Shichen , Miao Xuexia , Shi Zhenying
Published: February 2019

Multi‐functional microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key modulators of plant–pathogen interactions. Although the involvement of some miRNAs in plant–insect interactions has been revealed, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most notorious rice (Oryza sativa)‐specific insect that causes severe yield losses each year and requires urgent biological control. To reveal the miRNAs involved in rice–BPH interactions, we performed miRNA sequencing and identified BPH‐responsive OsmiR396. Sequestering OsmiR396 by overexpressing target mimicry (MIM396) in three genetic backgrounds indicated that OsmiR396 negatively regulated BPH resistance. Overexpression of one BPH‐responsive target gene of OsmiR396, growth regulating factor 8 (OsGRF8), showed resistance to BPH. Furthermore, the flavonoid contents increased in both the OsmiR396‐sequestered and the OsGRF8 overexpressing plants. By analysing 39 natural rice varieties, the elevated flavonoid contents were found to correlate with enhanced BPH resistance. Artificial applications of flavonoids to wild type (WT) plants also increased resistance to BPH. A BPH‐responsive flavanone 3‐hydroxylase (OsF3H) gene in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was proved to be directly regulated by OsGRF8. A genetic functional analysis of OsF3H revealed its positive role in mediating both the flavonoid contents and BPH resistance. And analysis of the genetic correlation between OsmiR396 and OsF3H showed that down‐regulation of OsF3H complemented the BPH resistance characteristic and simultaneously decreased the flavonoid contents of the MIM396 plants. Thus, we revealed a new BPH resistance mechanism mediated by the OsmiR396–OsGRF8–OsF3H–flavonoid pathway. Our study suggests potential applications of miRNAs in BPH resistance breeding.
Globular structures in roots accumulate phosphorus to extremely high concentrations following phosphorus addition
Authors: Ryan Megan H. , Kaur Parwinder , Nazeri Nazanin K. , Clode Peta L. , Keeble‐Gagnère Gabriel , Doolette Ashlea L. , Smernik Ronald J. , Van Aken Olivier , Nicol Dion , Maruyama Hayato , Ezawa Tatsuhiro , Lambers Hans , Millar A. Harvey , Appels Rudi
Published: February 2019

Crops with improved uptake of fertilizer phosphorus (P) would reduce P losses and confer environmental benefits. We examined how P‐sufficient 6‐week‐old soil‐grown Trifolium subterraneum plants, and 2‐week‐old seedlings in solution culture, accumulated P in roots after inorganic P (Pi) addition. In contrast to our expectation that vacuoles would accumulate excess P, after 7 days, X‐ray microanalysis showed that vacuolar [P] remained low (<12 mmol kg−1). However, in the plants after P addition, some cortex cells contained globular structures extraordinarily rich in P (often >3,000 mmol kg−1), potassium, magnesium, and sodium. Similar structures were evident in seedlings, both before and after P addition, with their [P] increasing threefold after P addition. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed seedling roots accumulated Pi following P addition, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed large plastids. For seedlings, we demonstrated that roots differentially expressed genes after P addition using RNAseq mapped to the T. subterraneum reference genome assembly and transcriptome profiles. Among the most up‐regulated genes after 4 hr was TSub_g9430.t1, which is similar to plastid envelope Pi transporters (PHT4;1, PHT4;4): expression of vacuolar Pi‐transporter homologs did not change. We suggest that subcellular P accumulation in globular structures, which may include plastids, aids cytosolic Pi homeostasis under high‐P availability.
Relationship between hyperthymic temperament, self‐directedness, and self‐transcendence in medical students and staff members
Authors: Kobayashi Shunsuke , Terao Takeshi , Shirahama Masanao , Hatano Koji , Hirakawa Hirofumi , Kohno Kentaro , Shiotsuki Ippei , Ishii Nobuyoshi
Published: February 2019

Aim

We aimed to investigate the hypotheses that hyperthymic temperament may be positively associated with self‐directedness and self‐transcendence with adjustment for relevant factors.

Methods

Using the database of our previous studies, the data from 111 healthy subjects with scores for both the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire were secondarily used for the present study.

Results

Hyperthymic Temperament scores were significantly and positively associated with Self‐Transcendence scores, but not with Self‐Directedness scores, following adjustment for relevant factors. Despite the lack of association between self‐transcendence and self‐directedness, cooperativeness was significantly and positively associated with self‐transcendence and self‐directedness, but not with hyperthymic temperament. Moreover, despite the lack of association between hyperthymic temperament and self‐directedness, harm avoidance was significantly and negatively associated with hyperthymic temperament and self‐directedness, but not with self‐transcendence.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest that hyperthymic temperament may be positively associated with self‐transcendence, but not with self‐directedness. Moreover, hyperthymic temperament may be, a selfish and reckless trait, self‐transcendence may be altruistic and not reckless, and self‐directedness may be altruistic but reckless.
Characterisation of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria from rhizosphere soil of heat‐stressed and unstressed wheat and their use as bio‐inoculant
Authors: Ashraf A. , Bano A. , Ali S. A.
Published: February 2019

High temperature induces several proteins in plants that enhance tolerance to high temperature shock. The fate of proteins synthesised in microbial cells or secreted into culture media by interacting microbes has not been fully elucidated. The present investigation aimed to characterise plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat genotypes (differing in tolerance to high temperature stress) and evaluate their performance as bioinoculant for use in wheat.

Four bacterial strains, viz.Pseudomonas brassicacearum,Bacillus thuringiensis,Bacillus cereusstrain W6 andBacillus subtilis, were isolated from the rhizosphere of heat‐stressed and unstressed wheat genotypes. The wheat genotypes were exposed to high temperature stress at 45 °C for 10 days (3 h daily) at pre‐anthesis phase. Isolates were identified on the basis of morphology and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole cell protein profiles. Results were further complemented by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and SDS PAGE of 80% ammonium sulphate precipitates of the cell‐free supernatants.

Isolates were positive for catalase, oxidases and antimicrobial activity.P. brassicacearumfrom the rhizosphere of the heat‐tolerant genotype was more efficient in phosphate solubilisation, bacteriocin production, antifungal and antibacterial activity againstHelminthosporium sativum, Fusarium moniliformeandKlebsiella pneumonia, respectively. The inoculated seedlings had significantly higher root and shoot fresh weight, enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline and protein content. Total profiling of the culture with SDS‐PAGE indicated expression of new protein bands in 95 kDa inP. brassicacearum.

Temperature‐induced changes in PGPR isolates are similar to those in the host plant.P. brassicacearummay be a good candidate for use in biofertiliser production for plants exposed to high temperature stress.