bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on Modeling Mixing in Stably Stratified Flows
Authors: Kantha Lakshmi , Carniel Sandro
Published: April 2009

In a recent paper, Canuto et al. made a crucial contribution to modeling mixing in stably stratified flows by discovering that a modification to one of the closure constants can push the critical gradient Richardson number RiCR, beyond which turbulence is extinguished, to infinity. In this note, following their approach, the Kantha model is modified to yield a value of infinity for RiCR. The results are in good agreement with both the Canuto et al. results and the data presented in their paper.
Assessing General Circulation Model Simulations of Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns
Authors: Stoner Anne Marie K. , Hayhoe Katharine , Wuebbles Donald J.
Published: April 2009

The ability of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) to simulate variability in regional and global atmospheric dynamics is an important aspect of model evaluation. This is particularly true for recurring large-scale patterns known to be correlated with surface climate anomalies. Here, the authors evaluate the ability of all Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) historical Twentieth-Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) AOGCM simulations for which the required output fields are available to simulate three patterns of large-scale atmospheric internal variability in the North Atlantic region: the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO); and three in the North Pacific region: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American Oscillation (PNA). These patterns are evaluated in two ways: first, in terms of their characteristic temporal variability and second, in terms of their magnitude and spatial locations.

It is found that historical total-forcing simulations from many of the AOGCMs produce seasonal spatial patterns that clearly resemble the teleconnection patterns resulting from identical calculation methods applied to reanalysis and/or observed fields such as the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis, NCEP–NCAR, or Kaplan sea surface temperatures (SSTs), with the exception of the lowest-frequency pattern, AMO, which is only reproduced by a few models. AOGCM simulations also show some significant biases in both spatial and temporal characteristics of the six patterns. Many models tend to either under- or overestimate the strength of the spatial patterns and exhibit rotation about the polar region or east–west displacement. Based on spectral analysis of the time series of each index, models also appear to vary in their ability to simulate the temporal variability of the teleconnection patterns, with some models producing oscillations that are too fast and others that are too slow relative to those observed. A few models produce a signal that is too periodic, most likely because of a failure to adequately simulate the natural chaotic behavior of the atmosphere. These results have implications for the selection and use of specific AOGCMs to simulate climate over the Northern Hemisphere, with some models being clearly more successful at (i.e., displaying less bias in) simulating large-scale, low-frequency patterns of temporal and spatial variability over the North Atlantic and Pacific regions relative to others.
Ocean Frontal Effects on the Vertical Development of Clouds over the Western North Pacific: In Situ and Satellite Observations*
Authors: Tokinaga Hiroki , Tanimoto Youichi , Xie Shang-Ping , Sampe Takeaki , Tomita Hiroyuki , Ichikawa Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

A suite of shipboard and satellite observations are analyzed and synthesized to investigate the three-dimensional structure of clouds and influences from sea surface temperature fronts over the western North Pacific. Sharp transitions are observed across the Kuroshio Extension (KE) front in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and its clouds. The ocean’s influence appears to extend beyond the MABL, with higher cloud tops in altitude along the KE front than the surroundings.

In winter, intense turbulent heat release from the ocean takes place on the southern flank of the KE front, where the cloud top penetrates above the MABL and reaches the midtroposphere. In this band of high cloud tops, frequent lightning activity is observed. The results of this study suggest a sea level pressure mechanism for which the temperature gradient in the MABL induces strong surface wind convergence on the southern flank of the KE front, deepening the clouds there.

In early summer, sea fog frequently occurs on the northern flank of the subtropical KE and subarctic fronts under southerly warm advection that suppresses surface heat flux and stabilizes the surface atmosphere. Sea fog is infrequently observed over the KE front even under southerly conditions, as the warm ocean current weakens atmospheric stratification and promotes vertical mixing. The KE front produces a narrow band of surface wind convergence, helping support a broad band of upward motion at 700 hPa that is associated with the eastward extension of the baiu rainband from Japan in June–July.
Judges’ Reactions to Ohio’s “Jessica’s Law”
Authors: Griffin Timothy , Wooldredge John
Published: April 2009

In 2007, Ohio lawmakers passed that state’s version of “Jessica’s law” (Senate Bill [SB] 260), which mandates severe prison terms for sex offenses against very young children. Using data from a survey of Ohio judges administered right after SB 260’s passage, the authors found that a majority opposed the new law, as predicted. However, no relationship between political party preference and overall assessment of SB 260 was found, challenging the assumption that judicial “leniency” would explain opposition to the harsh penalties. Instead, quantitative and qualitative data showed that judges who disliked SB 260 feared the loss of judicial discretion and excessively harsh sentences for relatively less serious sex offenders. Opposing judges also perceived SB 260 as derived from cynical politics and popular ignorance. The potential value of consulting practitioner perspectives on sentencing enhancements and considerations for addressing moral panic–driven crime legislation in the long run are explored.
Child maltreatment
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M.
Published: April 2009

Child maltreatment has become a major concern in countries throughout the world. This article presents a study conducted among 164 Arab social workers in Israel. The study asked the following questions: How do Arab social workers define child maltreatment? What signs are used to identify potential cases? What are the risk factors for child maltreatment as perceived by the social workers? How do social workers perceive their role in reporting maltreatment? The results reveal that the respondents’ definitions of maltreatment focus more on abuse than on neglect.
The invisible visibles
Authors: Lee Judith A. B. , Odie-Ali Stella , Botsko Michael
Published: April 2009

This study explores the needs of the homeless and mentally ill in the heavily populated coastal area of Guyana. The process, findings and implications of this international social work collaboration are discussed. Many of the respondents have coexisting mental and substance abuse disorders. Living on the street is associated with serious physical health problems and violent victimization. Loss of family support precipitates homelessness for respondents, who summarize their needs as a home, a meal and a job.
The harm reduction approach revisited
Authors: Tsui Ming-sum
Published: April 2009

The harm reduction approach has been used in substance abuse prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for three decades. This article re-examines its underlying assumptions, redefines the major concepts and reviews the main features of existing programs in an international perspective. The author finds that harm reduction is pragmatic, incremental, comprehensive, scientific, proactive and accessible. Its effectiveness is supported by empirical studies. Although it is still an alternative approach in some parts of the world, it will soon become an internationally adopted, mainstream approach.
International inclusiveness
Authors: Goicoechea-Balbona AnaMaria , Conill-Mendoza Enrique
Published: April 2009

This article looks at past and present relations between the US and Cuba. Social work students, practitioners and faculty will gain insight into the historical and social events that have led to present-day confrontations. After the end of the cold war, Cuba implemented substantial changes to build civil society. The authors believe that these freedoms are irreversible and will lead Cuba to a greater acceptance of US contributions in the fields of human services, social welfare and social work. The traveler to Cuba should benefit from this succinct account, full of keen personal observations of Cuba today.
Partnership in education
Authors: Tesoriero Frank , Rajaratnam Abel
Published: April 2009

A partnership intended to be of educational mutual benefit has been developed between the School of Social Work and Social Policy of the University of South Australia and the Rural Unit for Health and Social Affairs, Tamil Nadu, India. The challenge of developing a mutually beneficial partnership between north and south, given the inequality in wealth that exists between the two, is a critical component in an ethically based relationship, most especially when it includes a profession that espouses social justice as a central value.
Culture and child welfare
Authors: Ernst Joy Swanson
Published: April 2009

This article examines child welfare practices under New Zealand’s Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act of 1989. Insights offered by New Zealand’s experiences fall under four interrelated areas: the recognition of culture, the meaning of family and belonging, partnership with families, and the issues surrounding support and supervision.
Mental health needs among Cambodian refugees in Utah
Authors: Blair Robert G.
Published: April 2009

A total of 124 Cambodian refugees in Utah were interviewed about their mental health and demographic characteristics. Results indicate that 51 percent met the DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and 45 percent for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Findings of other mental health diagnoses were less frequent. It was also found that in spite of high rates of psychopathology, utilization of health and mental health services was limited. A number of barriers prevented easy access to such services, particularly for those with PTSD.
Africentric social work practice
Authors: Daniels Jean E.
Published: April 2009

This article identifies the Africentric approach as a viable link to understanding multicultural social work practice. This Africentric social work model views the client with an African ancestry with minority status in the community as in need of unique cultural understanding in the helping process. Although most of the research and articles in this article are from the United States, social workers worldwide can find it useful in helping racial or ethnic minority clients everywhere. Examples are given with the treatment and prevention of violent and criminal problems using this Africentric approach.
Politically oriented social work intervention
Authors: Shamai Michal , Boehm Amnon
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the influence of attitude toward national politics on social work intervention. Although national political affairs seem irrelevant to social work intervention, they are sometimes crucial, especially when foreign policy affects physical and mental existence, such as in the US during the Vietnam War, in the Middle East, in Hong Kong and in the former republic of Yugoslavia. Avoiding overt discussions on political issues can indirectly affect the intervention, especially through the worker’s role performance as social advocate and social change agent and sharing similar threats with clients, and client-worker relationships. However, such intervention requires special caution from the worker in order to avoid turning the intervention into a political debate, becoming judgemental towards clients or over-identifying with them. It also requires a professional policy that allows and supports the development and implementation of such interventions. This article is illustrated with the implementation of such intervention in Israel in regard to the peace process.
Deconstructing the journey from assimilation to acculturation in academia
Authors: Kissman Kris
Published: April 2009

This article includes reflections and analyses of the process of immigration and attempts to assimilate or fit into the host culture in the US and the academic setting. Later acculturation, the blending of two cultures, became more of a challenge and influenced my research, teaching and contributions to the field of social work.
Social work and Koranic mental health healers
Authors: Al-Krenawi Alean , Graham John R.
Published: April 2009

The healing activities of six Arab Muslim Koranic healers working in the Negev desert, West Bank and the Gaza Strip are analysed with respect to healer characteristics, the process of becoming a healer, and the stages of treating mental illness, including pre-diagnosis, diagnosis, and treatment. Prospects are considered for mutual integration, observation, and dissemination between social work and Koranic healing.
Ethnocultural perspectives on childrearing practices in the Caribbean
Authors: Gopaul-McNicol Sharon-Ann
Published: April 2009

Given the recent increase in allegations of child abuse in the Caribbean community, the influence of sociocultural factors on various aspects of behavior including childrearing practices needs to be examined. Evidently, cultural differences substantially add to the existing complexity of defining maltreatment, neglect or abuse. Recommendations for researchers and clinicians who work with Caribbean families are elucidated with respect to disciplinary practices. The focus of this article is to help clinicians not to erroneously diagnose a parent as abusive when he or she is, in the eyes of that culture, merely disciplining the child.
Planning, communities and empowerment
Authors: Bar-On Arnon A. , Prinsen Gerard
Published: April 2009

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a family of methods that enables communities to share and enhance their experience, and to plan and act together with external service-providers to enrich their lives. The methodology remains unknown outside development work circles, to the detriment of other professionals concerned with community empowerment. This article introduces PRA, and outlines some of its advantages compared with conventional community planning approaches.
Discriminatory attitudes to people with intellectual disability or mental health difficulty
Authors: Lau Joseph Tak-fai , Cheung Chau-kiu
Published: April 2009

The integration of people with intellectual disability and mental health difficulty in the community is an issue in Hong Kong because it has encountered public resistance. Understanding the public’s discrimination against them is of theoretical and practical concern. This survey of 822 residents in Hong Kong examined associations of the public’s personal interaction, education, age and sex with its discriminatory attitudes.
The Genesis of the US–Israeli Military-Strategic Relationship and the Dimona Issue
Authors: Gazit Mordechai
Published: April 2009

President Kennedy was the first American president to enunciate commitment to maintaining an arms balance between Israel and its Arab neighbours. He defined the US–Israeli relationship as ‘special’. He told the Israelis that if Israel were invaded, the USA would come to its support. US diplomatic documents show that, in August 1963, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff were still reserved on the question of arms for Israel, but by December 1963 their approach was already positive. In June 1963, Kennedy told his assistants that he favoured staff talks with Israel. While neither the Kennedy nor the Johnson administrations consented to military staff talks, a seminal meeting on the question of the arms balance in the Middle East in fact took place just ten days before Kennedy's assassination in November 1963. Yitzhak Rabin, then Israel's Deputy Chief of Staff, took part in that meeting. This article also discusses the question whether concern over Israel's nuclear policy (the Dimona reactor) influenced American thinking on the development of the US–Israeli defence relationship.
The Liverpool Boys' Association and the Liverpool Union of Youth Clubs: Youth Organizations and Gender, 1940–70
Authors: Latham Emma
Published: April 2009

Employing the hitherto little used archive of the Merseyside Youth Association (MYA), an association which was created in 1969 out of the amalgamation of the Liverpool Boys' Association (LBA) and the Liverpool Union of Youth Clubs (LUYC), this article explores the role played by youth organizations in the dissemination of ideologies of gender and highlights its persistence into the post-1945 era. Using the respective positions adopted by the two organizations regarding the issue of paid work outside the home as evidence, it argues that the LBA and LUYC both aimed to train the city's young people to conform to conservative definitions of femininity and masculinity. Contrasting conceptions of appropriate work for young people of both sexes illustrates that the LBA and the LUYC defined femininity and masculinity according to middle-class precepts and that, thus, gender identity is inextricably linked with class identity. Hostility from the National Association of Boys' Clubs' (NABC) to the proposal to amalgamate the LBA and the LUYC provides further evidence of the persistence of the dissemination of conservative gender ideologies by youth organizations well into the latter half of the twentieth century.Due to the limitations of the documentary sources contained within the MYA's archive, this article focuses on the intentions of the youth organizations; research into young people's responses to these conservative prescriptions of femininity and masculinity remains to be done.
Co-operation of European Catholic Politicians in Exile in Britain and the USA during the Second World War
Authors: Kaiser Wolfram
Published: April 2009

Christian Democracy had a formative influence on western Europe after 1945. This article studies the transnational co-operation of European Catholic politicians in exile during the second world war and evaluates how this might have influenced postwar developments. It argues that Catholic transnationalism was not well organized. The analysis of its contacts in the People and Freedom Group and the International Christian Democratic Union also shows that there is no political continuity from the thinking of Catholic politicians in exile on such crucial issues as the future role of Britain in Europe or policy towards Germany, to postwar European reconstruction. Postwar Europe was not made in exile.
‘Rendering the Strike Innocuous’: The British Government's Response to Industrial Disputes in Essential Industries, 1953–55
Authors: Thorpe Keir
Published: April 2009

This article considers the strikes in essential industries which the Churchill and Eden governments faced in the mid-1950s. These strikes affected oil distribution, the docks and the railways and appeared to threaten the prospering economy. The article demonstrates that ministers held back from using the strong powers that were available to them to counter such strikes. These Conservative governments were dedicated to removing the lingering wartime economic powers, but had to balance this desire against the powers' utility in the face of such industrial action. When these powers were used, they were targeted carefully to reduce the effects of the strike on society but with an eye to avoiding spreading the dispute. The article also considers the government's emergency machinery which was revived and became established in this period. Thus this article shows how plans and structures developed in response to these strikes between 1953 and 1955 subsequently became a permanent part of the government's arsenal for dealing with industrial unrest.
Image of a Churchman-Resister: Bishop von Galen, the Euthanasia Project and the Sermons of Summer 1941
Authors: Griech-Polelle Beth
Published: April 2009

This article offers a re-evaluation of a high-ranking German Catholic clergyman, Bishop von Galen, and his position under the National Socialist regime. In particular, the article focuses on three critical sermons the Bishop gave in the summer of 1941 which instantly propelled him to national and international fame. These sermons have traditionally been pointed to as examples of anti-nazi resistance on the part of the Catholic Church in Germany. Although these sermons were forthright denunciations of certain nazi policies, this article argues that von Galen's three summer sermons were never calls for insurrection against the nazi state, nor were they pleas for German Catholics to rise up and protect all of their neighbours who were experiencing nazi persecution. By placing the summer sermons in their appropriate context, one can see how the example of von Galen complicates the picture of what constitutes resistance. His life represents a complex portrait of a high-ranking German Catholic clergyman who mixed some selective opposition with conformity, accommodation and surrender in order to achieve a sense of balance in his life.
An ‘Entirely Tactless Nietzschean Jew’:Oscar Levy's Critique of Western Civilization
Authors: Stone Dan
Published: April 2009

A much neglected figure in the history of the reception of Nietzsche in Britain, Oscar Levy not only headed the Nietzsche movement, but went on to produce a challenging Nietzschean Zivilisationskritik of his own. Focusing especially on the role of the Jews in western civilization, Levy took on the majority of political ideologies of his day, including popular Nietzscheanism, and called into question the ability of Christianity, liberalism, communism or fascism to deal with the ills of contemporary society. Levy's consistent Nietzscheanism makes him stand alone in the history of Nietzschean thought, and illustrates the complexity of the history of ideas of the first half of the twentieth century. Yet his apparently bizarre views on the Jews are actually closer to Nietzsche's own than are the views of many better known Nietzschean thinkers, especially nazi philosophers. And his writings, incompatible with today's mainstream beliefs as they are, nevertheless demonstrate why Nietzsche was himself no fascist.
‘An Amateur Learns his Job’? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940–42
Authors: Wylie Neville
Published: April 2009

During the first years of its existence, Special Operations Executive looked to neutral Europe as an area in which it could deploy its limited resources against German interests with a reasonable chance of success. By early 1942, however, it was clear that neutral Europe had failed to live up to SOE's expectations. Most of SOE's plans had either been aborted or cancelled. This article examines SOE's work in Portugal between early 1941 and summer 1942. During this period, SOE not only failed to achieve any of its objectives but also suffered the indignity of having its station in Lisbon exposed by the Portuguese and was ultimately forced to withdraw its officer from the country. The article argues that SOE's lack of success was due not so much to the practical difficulties it encountered in the field, or even the opposition of other departments in Whitehall, which did so much to blight its operations elsewhere in Europe, but to its failure to create a sustainable role within British political and military policies towards Portugal.
The Success of Collaboration: Denmark's Self-Assessment of its Economic Position after Five Years of Nazi Occupation
Authors: Giltner Phil
Published: April 2009

Although it is known that Germany exploited the countries it occupied during the second world war, Denmark was an exception. The low level of German exploitation in Denmark was acknowledged by the Danish government and leaders of industry, whose concerns during the last half of the occupation and immediately after lay not in overcoming any after-effects of German exploitation but rather in returning Denmark to the fold of world trade, traditionally very important to the Danish economy. It can be said that, in comparison to its experience during the first world war, when the country was not occupied but was blockaded by the western Allies, Denmark fared better economically in the second world war when it was more prepared for the hardships it faced.
National and Provincial Influences on Public Sector Pay: Northern Ireland after 1945
Authors: Black Boyd
Published: April 2009

This article examines the national and regional pressures in Northern Ireland in the post-war period for parity in public sector pay with the rest of the UK. Northern Ireland had a devolved legislature and government within the UK from 1921 and was constitutionally in an essentially federal relationship with the rest of the UK. However, the Stormont Government chose to use legislative devolution to minimize policy differences with the rest of the UK. The article highlights the national industrial relations environment as the backdrop for provincial developments in pay setting. It establishes the important role played by the Social Services Agreement negotiated with the Labour Government at Westminster in triggering the principle of parity in public sector pay in the early post-war years. The principle of pay parity subsequently became a benchmark for regional trade union coercive comparisons in collective bargaining across the devolved public sector. The article highlights the policy relevance of these developments both to the UK Treasury and to devolved Governments in the UK, as they address the issue of regional public sector pay.
The Psychological Impact of Industrial Strikes: Does Involvement in Union Activity during Strikes make a Difference?
Authors: Fowler Jane L. , Gudmundsson Amanda J. , Whicker Leanne M.
Published: April 2009

The current study investigated the psychological impact of a United Steelworkers of America strike on the steelworkers involved, and the relationship between psychological well-being and individuals' levels of involvement in union activity during the strike. Three hundred and fifty-one steelworkers (302 `strikers' and 49 `non-strikers') completed surveys measuring a range of demographic and psychological well-being variables. Strikers, compared to non-strikers, reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and irritation, and lower levels of mental health. For strikers, engaging in higher levels of union activity during the strike was associated with better psychological well-being. Jahoda's theory of deprivation during unemployment is used as the lens through which to explain some of the results, supporting the view that latent benefits associated with work are important for psychological well-being. A range of practical implications are offered for unions and their members.
Getting Tough on Juvenile Crime: An Analysis of Costs and Benefits
Authors: Fass Simon M. , Pi Chung-Ron
Published: April 2009

Recent decades have seen juvenile justice broaden its focus from the child and treatment to include offenses and accountability. This expansion, manifest in juvenile codes that support punishment and doctrines that include transfers to adult criminal court, has had significant caseload and fiscal impacts. However, a scarcity of pertinent research and of cost-benefit analyses leaves unclear whether this newer, get tough focus achieves greater delinquency reduction than previously attained. Combined with a quasi-experimental empirical simulation of the effects of punitive sanctions, a cost-benefit analysis of alternative dispositions in Dallas County, Texas, suggests that harsher sentencing can indeed prevent some offenses. The value of this gain, however, is much less than its cost to produce. As a result, by consuming public resources that might otherwise be invested in more productive purposes within or outside the justice system, the policy of toughness visits substantial opportunity costs on communities that embrace it.
Illegal Acts Committed by Adolescents Under the Influence of Alcohol and Drugs
Authors: White Helene Raskin , Tice Peter C. , Loeber Rolf , Stouthamer-Loeber Magda
Published: April 2009

This study examined the proximal effects of alcohol and drug use on adolescent illegal activity. Four years of longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study were analyzed for 506 local male adolescents. Participants reported committing offenses against persons more often than general theft under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Aggressive acts were more often related to self-reported acute alcohol use than to marijuana use. Those who reported committing illegal acts under the influence reported committing offenses with other people and being arrested more often than those who did not. Offenses under the influence were more prevalent among heavier alcohol and drug users, more serious offenders, more impulsive youth, and youth with more deviant peers. There were no significant interaction effects of alcohol and drug use with impulsivity or deviant peers in predicting whether illegal acts were committed under the influence. The association between drug use and illegal activity during adolescence is complex.
Building Employment Training Partnerships Between Vocational Rehabilitation and Community Colleges
Authors: Lindstrom Lauren E. , Flannery K. Brigid , Benz Michael R. , Olszewski Brandon , Slovic Roz
Published: April 2009

This article examined the implementation of an occupational skills training partnership developed between the Oregon Office of Vocational Rehabilitation Services and four local community colleges. Case study methods were used to describe the pattern of services provided to rehabilitation consumers and document the resulting changes in the community college and rehabilitation systems. Data were collected through individual and group interviews, document review, and written surveys. All consumers served in the case study sites received (a) orientation to the community college; (b) career exploration and planning; (c) individualized curriculum and customized training plans; (d) access to additional college services; (e) ongoing progress monitoring, support, and advocacy; and (f) exit planning and job placement services. Partnership services resulted in improved access to the community college and increased the ability of consumers with disabilities to successfully navigate the community college system.
Protective Influences on the Negative Consequences of Drinking Among Youth
Authors: Randolph Karen A. , Russell David , Harker Tillman Kathryn , Fincham Frank D.
Published: April 2009

The prevention of underage drinking and related outcomes focuses on strengthening protective factors. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( N = 3,862), the authors examine the effects of protective factors from three domains of adolescents’ lives (individual, familial, and extrafamilial) on experiencing negative consequences of alcohol use, while controlling for relevant risk factors, among youth who have already started drinking. Results showed that protective factors had relatively little influence on not experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences, regardless of social context. One individual protective factor, strategic decision making, was related to negative drinking outcomes in cross-sectional models. In longitudinal models, maternal attachment reduced the likelihood of experiencing negative outcomes over time. The effects of the risk factors remained strong in all models. Findings suggest “mixed-methods” preventive approaches, attending to risk factors, and including strategies to strengthen protective factors across multiple domains of adolescents’ lives when striving to affect negative drinking-related outcomes.
Destination Image, Self-Congruity, and Travel Behavior: Toward an Integrative Model
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph , Su Chenting
Published: April 2009

An integrative model of destination image, self-congruity, and travel behavior is described in this article. In particular, the model postulates relationships between destination environment, destination visitor image, tourists’ self-concept, self-congruity, functional congruity, and travel behavior. Travel behavior is hypothesized to be influenced significantly by both self-congruity and functional congruity. Self-congruity is the match between the destination visitor image and tourists’ self-concept (actual, ideal, social, and ideal social self-image). Functional congruity is the match between the utilitarian attributes of the destination and the tourist’s ideal expectations related to those attributes. Self-congruity is hypothesized to influence functional congruity. It is argued that the destination environment influences the formation and change of the destination visitor image and the tourist-perceived utilitarian destination attributes.
Adoption of Information Technology in U.S. Hotels: Strategically Driven Objectives
Authors: Siguaw Judy A. , Enz Cathy A. , Namasivayam Karthik
Published: April 2009

Using two unique, independent samples of U.S. hotels, this study examines the utilization of information technology (IT) in all hotel sectors, from deluxe to budget, to reveal strategic differences and similarities. Overall, the findings suggest that the U.S. lodging industry has focused on employing technologies that improve employee productivity and enhance revenue but has not given strategic priority to technologies designed to improve guest services. The hotel sector, lodging type, size/complexity of the property, and independent versus chain affiliation influenced the number and type of technologies adopted. Luxury and upscale hotels adopted more IT than economy and budget hotels. Similarly, IT development was greatest for certain lodging types such as convention hotels, conference centers, and casinos, and lowest for other types, such as motels and bed-and-breakfasts. Chain-affiliated properties typically adopted more technologies than independent hotels.
Toronto’s Image As a Destination: A Comparative Importance-Satisfaction Analysis by Origin of Visitor
Authors: Joppe Marion , Martin David W. , Waalen Judith
Published: April 2009

The purposes of this study were to examine Toronto visitors’ perceptions of products and services in terms of importance and satisfaction by visitor origin and to apply the results to the importance-satisfaction model to identify strengths in service. The sample consisted of 359 visitors to Toronto in either August or November 1998. The results suggest that, in general, the overall visitors’ image of Toronto is similar. Closer analysis of the visitors’ country of origin, however, shows that there are some important differences in the attributes seen as important as well as in levels of satisfaction.
Tourism Research in Australia
Authors: Bushell Robyn , Prosser Gary M. , Faulkner H. W. , Jafari Jafar
Published: April 2009

The number of inbound tourist arrivals to Australia has increased markedly in the past 15 years, along with the economic, social, and environmental significance of tourism. One of the consequences of this growth has been a new interest in tourism-related education and research. This article traces the rapid changes in this research in the past 15 years, identifies some of the achievements so far, and suggests the future for tourism research in Australia.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Cruise Vacation Market Potential: Demographic and Trip Attribute Perception Factors
Authors: De La Viña Lynda , Ford Jamie
Published: April 2009

This article describes the demographic and trip attribute factors of potential cruise passengers based on a nationwide sample of persons who previously requested travel information for tourist destinations in South Texas from regional convention and visitors bureaus. The analysis used logistic regression modeling. The key factors in determining the propensity to choose a cruise vacation are marital status, income, previous cruise vacation experience, cost, the duration of the cruise, visiting new destinations, and the availability of a precruise or postcruise package. Factors that were not found to be statistically significant included the typical number of pleasure trips per year, the itinerary, direct air flights to the departure city, accessibility from the airport to the ship, gender, age, educational attainment, and number of children in the household.
The Future of the Theme Park and Attraction Industry: A Management Perspective
Authors: Milman Ady
Published: April 2009

The study solicited opinions from 122 general managers representing North American theme parks and attractions regarding the future of the industry. The findings revealed that economic forces, employees, and changing demographic forces were perceived to have the greatest impact on the future operation of the industry. General managers also thought that consumers would most likely seek interactive adventure, fantasy and mystery, movies and television shows, and science fiction/futuristic themes. The future health of the industry was associated with the impact of economic forces and the quality of service provided. Other dimensions such as the franchising of the industry, the impact of the senior market, and the ability of small attractions to invest were perceived to have a negative impact on the future health of the theme park and attraction industry.
Highlights of the 32nd Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference—Fort Myers, Florida, June 10-13, 2001
Authors: Goeldner C. R. , DiPersio Cindy E.
Published: April 2009

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 32nd annual conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA) held in Fort Myers, Florida. For conference registrants and premier TTRA members who request a copy, conference proceedings are available at no charge. Standard TTRA members and student members may purchase copies for $125; nonmembers may purchase copies for $150. Copies may be ordered from Patty Morgan, TTRA Executive Director, P.O. Box 2133, Boise, ID 83701-2133; phone: 208-429-9511; e-mail: ttra@att.net.
A Model of Tourist Information Search Behavior
Authors: Fodness Dale , Murray Brian
Published: April 2009

This research empirically examines, for the first time, the correlates of tourist information search behavior. A model is specified and tested in which tourist information search strategies are related to search contingencies, individual (tourist) characteristics, and behavioral search outcomes. Using survey data from a large sample of leisure travelers, tests of association showed substantial support for hypothesized relationships. Tourist information search strategies were found to be the result of a dynamic process in which travelers used various types and amounts of information sources to respond to internal and external contingencies in vacation planning. A discussion of the key findings of the model provides a rich source of managerial implications.
U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors
Authors: Baloglu Seyhmus , McCleary Ken W.
Published: April 2009

This study compares U.S. international pleasure travelers’ images of four Mediterranean destinations—Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy—for both visitors and nonvisitors. The image construct was conceptualized as having three components: cognitive, affective, and overall image. MANOVA analysis indicated that significant differences exist in all image components between the four destination countries. The findings revealed strengths and weaknesses of the four competing destinations and implications for positioning in the U.S. international pleasure market as well as product development and promotion strategy for the destinations.
Why Science Studies Has Never Been Critical of Science
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: April 2009

Research in Science and Technology Studies (STS) tends to presume that intellectual and political radicalism go hand in hand. One would therefore expect that the most intellectually radical movement in the field relates critically to its social conditions. However, this is not the case, as demonstrated by the trajectory of the Parisian School of STS spearheaded by Michel Callon and Bruno Latour. Their position, “actor-network theory,” turns out to be little more than a strategic adaptation to the democratization of expertise and the decline of the strong nation-state in France over the past 25 years. This article provides a prehistory of this client-driven, contract-based research culture in U.S. sociology of the 1960s, followed by specific features of French philosophical and political culture that have bred the distinctive tenets of actor-network theory. Insofar as actor-network theory has become the main paradigm for contemporary STS research, it reflects a field that dodges normative commitments in order to maintain a user-friendly presence.
The Sociology of Philosophies
Authors: Collins Randall
Published: April 2009

A chapter-by-chapter précis is presented of Randall Collins’s book, The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. It presents a sociological theory of intellectual networks that connect thinkers in chains of masters and pupils, colleagues and rivals, and of the internalized conversations that constitute the social processes of thinking. The theory is used to analyze long-term developments of the intellectual communities of philosophers in ancient Greece, ancient and medieval China and India, medieval and modern Japan, medieval Islam and Judaism, medieval Christendom, and modern Europe through the early 20th century.
Agents and Norms in the New Economics of Science
Authors: Downes Stephen M.
Published: April 2009

In this article, the author focuses on Philip Kitcher’s and Alvin Goldman’s economic models of the social character of scientific knowledge production. After introducing some relevant methodological issues in the social sciences and characterizing Kitcher’s and Goldman’s models, the author goes on to show that special problems arise directly from the concept of an agent invoked in the models. The author argues that the two distinct concepts of agents, borrowed from economics and cognitive psychology, are inconsistent. Finally, the author discusses some of the normative implications that arise from adopting economic concepts of agents in the study of science.
Complexity Theories, Social Theory, and the Question of Social Complexity
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: April 2009

In this article, the author argues that complexity theories have limited use in the study of society, and that social processes are too complex and particular to be rigorously modeled in complexity terms. Theories of social complexity are shown to be inadequately developed, and typical weaknesses in the literature on social complexity are discussed. Two stronger analyses, of Luhmann and of Harvey and Reed, are also critically considered. New considerations regarding social complexity are advanced, on the lines that simplicity, complexity that can be modeled, and incondensible complexity permeate society simultaneously. The difficulty of establishing complexity models for processes involving ongoing interpretation is discussed. It is argued that the notions of system and environment need recasting in social studies. Existing social studies and literature, it is argued, reflect a polymorphous, contextual, contingent, labyrinthine, dramatic and political face to social complexity. Students of social complexity must be literate in such studies.
A Defense of Darwinian Accounts of Morality
Authors: Lemos John
Published: April 2009

This article is a defense of Michael Ruse’s sociobiological account of the origins and nature of morality. In the piece, the author provides a summary explanation of Ruse’s views and arguments. Then he goes on to explain and critically discuss a variety of objections that have been made against sociobiological accounts of morality. He argues that the criticisms that have been made often work against less sophisticated sociobiological theories but that Ruse’s theory is immune to the criticisms. The author responds to the arguments of the following critics of sociobiology: Kitcher, Flew, Flanagan, Nagel, Miles, Singer, and Jacquette.
Innovative Therapies, Suspended Trials, and the Economics of Clinical Research
Authors: Wible James R. , Dietrich Susan
Published: April 2009

Most approaches to the philosophy of the natural and social sciences are based on completed scientific investigations. However, there are many important cases in science in which testing is incomplete. These cases are termed suspended trials and are particularly significant in biomedical and allied health fields. Initially, the authors’ interest in suspended trials was piqued by a controversial method for assisting autistic children known as facilitated communication. This article examines facilitated communication and other examples of suspended trials from the perspective of an economics of science and game theory. The model is consistent with recent evolutionary approaches to the philosophy of the natural and social sciences and with recent contributions to an economic understanding of science.
Evolutionary Games without Rationality?
Authors: Bunzl Martin
Published: April 2009

It is sometimes claimed that evolutionary game theory provides a basis for doing without rationality. The author defends the thesis that on any plausible construal of the assumptions underlying evolutionary game theory, it cannot provide a plausible basis for deviations from rationality. But on any plausible construal of rationality, evolutionary game theory cannot provide an alternative that coincides with the outcomes dictated by considerations of rationality, either.
Popper’s Critique of Scientific Socialism, or Carnap and His Co-Workers
Authors: Notturno Mark A.
Published: April 2009

Karl Popper is widely regarded as the twentieth century’s greatest critic of Marxism. This article, based upon his 1942-47 correspondence with Rudolf Carnap, shows that Popper’s critique of scientific socialism had less to do with Marx’s social goals than with the attitudes that Marxists adopted toward their means of achieving them. It also reveals how Carnap, who tried to keep his politics separate from his epistemology, managed to mix the two when refusing to give Popper his wholehearted support in finding both a publisher for The Open Society and Its Enemies and a position that would give him greater opportunities for research.
Offense-Focused Problem Solving
Authors: Mcguire James , Hatcher Ruth
Published: April 2009

Large-scale reviews of research on offender treatment have given clear indications that it is possible to reduce offender recidivism. Recently, a consensus has emerged concerning some of the features more likely to contribute to positive effects in this regard. One important consideration is that of focusing on criminogenic needs and employing methods designed to help offenders acquire cognitive problem-solving skills. In this article, a specially prepared group program is described, drawing on this research. The program has been run in probation service settings in the United Kingdom. In this preliminary report, short-term outcomes on intermediate treatment targets are presented for a sample of offenders ( n = 220) who completed the program. Significant pretest to posttest changes were found on variables associated with criminogenic attitudes. The results demonstrate the viability of providing a structured group program for delivery on a significant scale within community-based correctional services.