bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Everyday geoeconomics: The belt and road initiative in Oceania
Authors: Szadziewski Henryk
Published: April 2021

Academic writing on geoeconomics often neglects the lived experiences of local scale actors. This commentary develops the idea of ‘everyday geoeconomics’ to broaden the conceptual and methodological tools available to scholars when examining state‐led geoeconomic initiatives. Everyday geoeconomics includes a range of local responses to policies. It can be used to view these social practices as forms of text that are as important as formal, practical, popular texts referred to in critical geopolitics when analysing the spatial dimensions of economic change. Deemphasising lived experiences in geoeconomic work denotes the return of power/knowledge in human geography after its deconstruction within critical geopolitics. The commentary is enriched by reference to China's Belt and Road Initiative, a state policy held up as a model geoeconomic strategy. The work situates the Belt and Road Initiative in Oceania, where popular and academic debate has polarised around a statist discourse of China's presence as a positive or negative force. This polarisation relegates the lived experiences of residents and newly arrived Chinese as irrelevant to the Belt and Road and leaves us with an incomplete understanding about how those transactions and reactions are shaping global politics.
The association of energy and macronutrient intake at dinner vs breakfast with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a cohort study: The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1997‐2011
Authors: Ren Xiyun , Yang Xue , Jiang Haiyang , Han Tianshu , Sun Changhao
Published: April 2021

Background

This study aims to investigate the association of energy and macronutrient intake at dinner vs breakfast with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

A total of 11 153 adults, including 811 with T2DM, completed a questionnaire about energy and macronutrient intake in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997‐2011). The differences (Δ) in energy and macronutrient intake between dinner and breakfast (Δ = dinner − breakfast) were categorized into quintiles. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to explore the association between Δ and the risk of T2DM and to investigate the change of the risk when 5% total energy or energy provided by macronutrients at dinner was substituted with total energy or energy provided by macronutrients at breakfast by isocaloric substitution models.

Results

After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with participants in the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile were more likely to develop T2DM (hazard ratio [HR]Δenergy 1.46, 95% CI 1.13‐1.87; HRΔfat 1.85, 95% CI 1.43‐2.41; HRΔprotein 1.37, 95% CI 1.06‐1.78). Isocalorically replacing 5% energy at dinner with energy at breakfast was associated with a 7% lower T2DM risk. Replacing 5% energy provided by fat at dinner with energy provided by carbohydrate, protein, and fat at breakfast was associated with a 9%, 5%, and 7% lower T2DM risk, respectively. Replacing 5% energy provided by protein at dinner with energy provided by carbohydrate or protein at breakfast was associated with a 5% lower T2DM risk.

Conclusions

Higher intake of energy, protein, and fat at dinner than at breakfast increased the risk of T2DM.
Debut of an endangered bird in zoos raises public interest, awareness and conservation knowledge of the species
Authors: Fukano Y. , Soga M. , Fukuda M. , Takahashi Y. , Koyama M. , Arakawa Y. , Miyano N. , Akiba Y. , Horiguchi M.
Published: April 2021

Raising public awareness and support for endangered species is critical for global biodiversity conservation. However, we know little about which factors drive public interest in wildlife and how an increase in people's interest shapes their behaviours towards wildlife conservation. The animal debut of ex situ endangered species at zoos may raise general public interest in the conservation of these species. We assessed the impact of an animal debut using a case study of ex situ‐bred Japanese rock ptarmigan, a bird subspecies locally endangered in Japan, on people's awareness, knowledge and behaviours regarding Japanese ptarmigan conservation. The public's reactions to ptarmigans were measured by using an online questionnaire survey and online sources of information (Google Trends, Wikipedia, Twitter and the donation website visits). The animal debut events generated a nationwide increase in information‐seeking and sharing behaviours on the web and in conservation‐oriented behaviour (measured by the number of donation website page visits). A significant increase in knowledge of ptarmigans was evident only among people living in prefectures where ptarmigans occurred. Overall, our results suggest that the debut of ex situ‐bred endangered animals has the potential to promote public awareness, knowledge and behaviours for their conservation on a nationwide scale. Policy makers and practitioners should view zoos as important conservation centres and encourage conservation agencies to collaborate with them to reinforce public support for conservation programmes.
Assessing the threat of landscape transformation and habitat fragmentation in a global biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Ntshanga Nasiphi K. , Procheş Serban , Slingsby Jasper A.
Published: April 2021

Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are amongst the major drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Although habitat fragmentation poses additional threats to biodiversity beyond habitat loss alone, the IUCN’s Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) does not provide guidance on how to assess these threats. This study develops an approach for incorporating habitat fragmentation into the RLE threat assessment and investigates additional insights such an analysis could provide beyond the analysis of distribution trends. This is achieved by quantifying RLE criteria A and B (distribution reduction, restricted distribution and decline) and comparing outcomes with indices of habitat fragmentation (core area, Largest Patch Index, Patch Cohesion Index and Aggregation Index) in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Results revealed that much of the Cape Floristic Region is severely threatened by both landscape transformation and habitat fragmentation, but that treating the habitat fragmentation indices as additional RLE criteria did not alter the ecosystem threat assessment outcomes. Whilst this suggests that the existing RLE criteria implicitly account for habitat fragmentation, the relationship between fragmentation indices and RLE criteria were weak and highly variable in some cases, indicating that the RLE criteria alone do not sufficiently account for the threat of habitat fragmentation. Supplementing the RLE with habitat fragmentation measures highlights additional, unique information on threats to ecosystems. This simple approach has the potential to assist in setting conservation priorities and management goals, particularly in fragmented ecosystems.
Developmental stage variation inSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) low temperature tolerance: implications for overwintering
Authors: Keosentse Onalethata , Mutamiswa Reyard , Du Plessis Hannalene , Nyamukondiwa Casper
Published: April 2021

The fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a very destructive polyphagous insect pest of cereal crops accounting for up to 100% yield losses. To survive winter low temperatures in the Americas, adults FAW are known to migrate south for warmer climates and then re‐invade northern USA and Canada the following summer. Since its African invasion, no studies have looked at its overwintering biology. Specifically, there is no information onin situontogenetic low temperature tolerance, despite its significance in explaining overwintering survival. Here, we thus investigated low temperature tolerance of FAW larvae (3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th) and adults from field populations through assessing basal stress tolerance (critical thermal minima [CTmin], supercooling point [SCP] and chill coma recovery time [CCRT]) and plasticity using standardized protocols. Our results showed significant life stage effects on low temperature tolerance, although all were chill‐susceptible. Adults had lower CTminand CCRT than larvae (higher cold tolerance). However, early instar larvae had significantly depressed SCPs than later instars and adults. All larval instars tested showed no plastic responses to CTmin, while for adults, cold hardening appeared to come at a cost of CTmin. These results suggest ontogenetic differences inS. frugiperdacold hardiness albeit all are susceptible to chilling. Second, the absence or cost of hardening confirms FAW's maladaptation to low temperatures. However, Botswana microclimate records show that severe low temperature stress is limited, and thus,in situoverwintering is possible. These results are important in developing informed pest management options for effective management of FAW in Africa.
How might access to postgraduate medical education in regional and rural locations be best improved? A scoping review
Authors: Kiuru Sampsa P. , Webster Craig S.
Published: April 2021

Rural medical education is known as one of the most effective strategies in improving rural recruitment and retention. The aim was to identify modes of delivery to improve access to rural postgraduate medical education. Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework was used for conducting scoping reviews. CINAHL, Google Scholar, ERIC, PsycINFO, Medline and PubMed were searched to identify peer‐reviewed English‐language literature published between 2000 and 2019 focusing on postgraduate rural and regional medical education. A total of 102 articles were identified, with 51 included in the final analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Outcome measures included: article type; research methodology; date of publication; country of origin; and study population. Through iterative reading, common themes were identified. A typology of 6 content themes emerged as follows: rural curriculum; procedural skills; rurally based learning; service delivery; workforce; and distance learning. The majority of articles focused on rural curriculum, and rurally based learning, with half originating from Australia or New Zealand. Although results strongly emphasised context and curriculum in rural environments, lack of specific and pragmatic approaches was noted. Surprisingly, few articles focused on rural distance learning utilising information and communication technology. Pathways to improve rural education access include recognition of the unique rural context in curriculums; development of rural educational faculty; and creation of opportunities for rural specialist training. Emphasis should be given for education provided through rural centres rather than urban facilities. Use of information technology could be increased, for example in remote trainee supervision programs.
Anaemia and its impact on colorectal cancer patients: how can we better optimize surgical outcomes?
Authors: Roberts Vanessa , Deftereos Irene , Mahbub Bilkis , Simons Koen , Faragher Ian , Chan Steven T. F. , Yeung Justin M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Anaemia is a common manifestation of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, appropriate workup prior to surgery and the effect of anaemia on outcomes have not been well defined. This study aimed to describe preoperative anaemia incidence, investigations performed, treatment and associated complications in a CRC surgical population at a single large tertiary institution in Australia.

Methods

Patients who received surgery with curative intent for CRC between 2012 and 2017 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Demographic and clinical outcome data were analysed.

Results

In total, 754 patients with CRC were included. Anaemia was found in 350 (46.4%) patients, of which 124 (35.4%) were microcytic, 20 (5.7%) were macrocytic and 206 (58.9%) were normocytic. Older patients were more likely to have anaemia (mean age 70.28 years, standard deviation (SD) 12.98 versus 64.74 years, SD 11.74). Only 89 patients (25.4%) were tested for iron deficiency, and of these, 76 (85.4%) were found to be iron deficient and 42 (47.7%) had low ferritin. Preoperative anaemia was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.46, 95%, CI 1.04–2.05; P = 0.03) and a longer length of stay (LOS; average 1.8 days; 95% CI 0.3–3.3 days).

Conclusion

A significant proportion of CRC patients had anaemia and the majority were normocytic. Only a small number of anaemic patients were tested for iron deficiency. Preoperative anaemia had an adverse effect on LOS and postoperative complications. The evaluation of anaemic patients is essential in CRC patients undergoing surgery.
Mobilization after joint arthroplasty surgery: who benefits from standing within 12 hours?
Authors: Castle Hannah , Dragovic Milan , Waterreus Anna
Published: April 2021

We undertook a retrospective observational study, reviewing the case notes of 386 patients admitted to an enhanced recovery programme for total hip or total/unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. We found that early mobilization (within 12 h) as part of an enhanced recovery programme was associated with decreased length of stay for patients having total hip arthroplasty; however, this was not the case for knee arthroplasty patients.
Insight into del17p low‐frequency subclones in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): data from the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group (ALLG)/CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) CLL5 trial
Authors: Do Cuc , Best O. Giles , Thurgood Lauren , Hotinski Anya , Apostolou Sinoula , Mulligan Stephen P. , Lower Karen , Kuss Bryone
Published: April 2021

The clinical significance of low‐frequency deletions of 17p13 [tumour protein p53 (TP53)] in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is currently unclear. Low‐frequency del17p clones (<25%) were identified in 15/95 patients in the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group (ALLG)/CLL Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC) CLL5 trial. Patients with low del17p, without tumour protein p53 (TP53) mutation, had significantly longer progression‐free survival and overall survival durations than patients with high del17p clones. In 11/15 cases with low‐frequency del17p, subclones solely with del17p or del13q were also noted. These data suggest that low‐frequency del17p does not necessarily confer a poor outcome in CLL and challenges the notion of del13q as a founding event in CLL.
Influence of climatic variables on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient attendance to a pulmonary rehabilitation program
Authors: Almadana Pacheco Virginia , Benito Bernáldez Cristina , Gómez‐Bastero Fernández Ana Paulina , Muñiz Rodríguez Ana Miriam , López Gutiérrez Yolanda , Valido Morales Agustín S.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Implementing adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programs is key to obtaining the best results. The objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of weather conditions (humidity, temperature, and precipitation) on attendance to a PR program in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

Methods

This prospective observational study, carried out in Seville (Spain), included COPD patients who participated in a 36‐session outpatient mixed (strength and endurance) training program for 12 weeks. The program included educational sessions as well. The attendance at the program scheduled sessions during 1 year was evaluated in relation to the meteorological conditions of relative humidity in percentage (%), temperature in degree centigrade (°C), and precipitation in millimeters (mm) according to the data from the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) and the meteorological center of La Rinconada.

Results

A total of 81 COPD patients who underwent 2903 sessions were analyzed. The annual average attendance of the program was 78.6%. No differences were found in the attendance to the program depending on the climatic conditions evaluated throughout the year.

Conclusions

In a specific geographical area such as Seville, meteorological conditions are not a determining factor of attendance to the PR program for COPD patients.
Human telomerase RNA component (hTERC) gene expression and chromosome 7 ploidy correlate positively with histological grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Aggarwal Divya , Wadhwa Neelam , Arora Tanvi , Rajaram Shalini , Diwaker Preeti , Halder Ashutosh , Jain Manish , Mishra Kiran
Published: April 2021

Objective

Cervical cancer screening by primary human papilloma virus detection and cytology is fraught with low specificity and variable sensitivity, respectively. Cytology‐histology correlation remains modest. Biomarkers associated with early genetic events in cervical squamous carcinogenesis and detectable in cytology material are likely to be relevant. Human telomerase RNA component (hTERC) gene overexpression and aneuploidy are promising candidates in view of their reported early and consistent association with cervical squamous oncogenesis.

Methods

We analysed hTERC gene expression and chromosome 7 ploidy by fluorescent in‐situ hybridisation (FISH) in 50 women with cytological precursor squamous intraepithelial lesions and available histology outcomes. Results were expressed as percentages of cells showing ≥3 signals, mean signals/nucleus, and maximum amplitude across various cytology and histology categories. Proportions of positive cases were calculated from threshold values derived from 6 controls. Distribution of above indices with respect to ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) was explored.

Results

For both genetic aberrations, there was significant positive correlation (for all indices) between the proportion of positive cases and worsening cytological and histological outcomes (P < .05), with significant intergroup differences (P < .05). High‐grade lesions (≥CIN2) had significantly higher results compared to <CIN2 lesions (P ≤ .001). In five discordant cases with ≥CIN2 under‐ or overdiagnosed on cytology, FISH supported the histological diagnosis.

Conclusions

HTERC gene amplification and chromosome 7 ploidy showed positive association with cervical squamous carcinogenesis and could be relevant in settings of discrepant cytology‐histology correlation.
Integrative developmental biology in the age of anthropogenic change
Authors: Sanger Thomas J.
Published: April 2021

Humans are changing and challenging nature in many ways. Conservation Biology seeks to limit human impacts on nature and preserve biological diversity. Traditionally, Developmental Biology and Conservation Biology have had nonoverlapping objectives, operating in distinct spheres of biological science. However, this chasm can and should be filled to help combat the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The means by which to accomplish this goal were already established within the conceptual framework of evo‐ and eco‐devo and can be further expanded to address the ways that anthropogenic disturbance affect embryonic development. Herein, I describe ways that these approaches can be used to advance the study of reptilian embryos. More specifically, I explore the ways that a developmental perspective can advance ongoing studies of embryonic physiology in the context of global warming and chemical pollution, both of which are known stressors of reptilian embryos. I emphasize ways that these developmental perspectives can inform conservation biologists trying to develop management practices that will address the complexity of challenges facing reptilian embryos.
Mobile application for monitoring behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in patients with moderate to severe dementia
Authors: Rangseekajee Poonsri , Aphisitphinyo Sirinapa , Paholpak Pattharee , Piyavhatkul Nawanant , Vadhanavikkit Papan , Kaenampornpan Manasawee , Paholpak Pongsatorn
Published: April 2021

Aim

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common in patients with moderate–severe dementia and have negative impacts on both patients and caregivers. There is a lack of a tool for caregivers to monitor patients' BPSD by themselves. This study aimed to develop and validate a mobile application for caregivers to use in monitoring BPSD.

Methods

A total of 104 pairs of patients with moderate–severe dementia and their caregivers completed the study. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was modified and digitally transformed to a caregiver‐rating mobile application to quantify nine domains of BPSD for their frequency and impact on the emotion of the caregivers. Data collected from the application were compared with the paper‐and‐pencil NPI for prevalence, concurrent validity (Spearman's rho) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha).

Results

The application was able to detect 93% of BPSD compared with the NPI. Concurrent validity was good–very good when compared with the Frequency × Severity score (ρ = 0.77, P < 0.001) and the burden score (ρ = 0.85, P < 0.001) from the NPI. Levels of internal consistency were acceptable for both frequency (α = 0.73) and impact (α = 0.79) scores. 80% of the caregivers reported that the application was “very likely to be helpful in caregiving”.

Conclusions

The mobile application for monitoring BPSD in patients with moderate–severe dementia had an excellent sensitivity, and good–very good validity and consistency. The caregivers had a positive perception of the application as an aid in caregiving. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 472–477.
Gender and telework: Work and family experiences of teleworking professional, middle‐class, married women with children during the Covid‐19 pandemic in Turkey
Authors: Çoban Sevgi
Published: April 2021

This study focuses on the teleworking experiences of professional, middle‐class, married women with children in Turkey in the context of Covid‐19 pandemic. The aim of the study is to understand how switching to telework affected their family and work life during the Covid‐19 lockdown. Semi‐structured interviews were held during the lockdown measures with 18 women for this purpose. Interview questions include description of an ordinary day before and during pandemic; sharing of domestic chores by the spouses and teleworking experiences during the pandemic. A thematic analysis revealed how their work and family lives have been changed by Covid‐19 lockdown. The study has revealed four major themes: women's domestic status during the pandemic, women's work status during the pandemic, status of the husband at home, and women's teleworking experiences. Findings revealed that teleworking regulations that have been implemented due to the pandemic have the risks of detaching women from professional work, precarizing their labor, and consolidating their roles as traditional housewives.
Structure and robustness of the Neotropical ant‐gardens network under climate change
Authors: Morales‐Linares Jonas , Flores‐Palacios Alejandro , Corona‐LÓpez Angélica María , Toledo‐HernÁndez Víctor Hugo
Published: April 2021

Knowing, predicting, and comparing the interactions among species of different assemblages allows the determination of both the structure and robustness of the ecological networks. However, this has been little studied for species assemblages with obligate associations across a wide geographic scale and under a global climate change context.

We studied the Neotropical ant‐gardens (AGs), considered as a specialised mutualist system constituted of epiphytic plants that specifically inhabit nests of arboreal ants. We used the niche modelling and complex networks approaches to infer the interactions (range overlaps) between the ants and epiphytes that comprise the AGs and thus constructed AG quantitative networks for the current time and future scenarios of climate change. Also, we compared the structure (nestedness and modularity) and specialisation of the AG network with other ecological networks, and we evaluated their robustness through the simulated extinction of species.

The AG network was formed by six ant species and 16 epiphyte species, generally of wide distribution. This low species number coincided with specialised networks, but the structure was more similar to that of the facultative networks, since it presented high nestedness and low modularity and specialisation. The network structure was maintained under the climate change scenarios, which also coincides with its high robustness in the face of the extinction of species.

The AGs are a specialised system of wide distribution, but ant–epiphyte interactions are generalist, suggesting that the Neotropical AG network is cohesive and robust in the face of global perturbations.
Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and δ‐tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long‐term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties
Authors: Jacques Carine , Bacqueville Daniel , Jeanjean‐Miquel Corinne , Génies Camille , Noizet Maité , Tourette Amelie , Bessou‐Touya Sandrine , Duplan Hélène
Published: April 2021

Objective

We investigated the dermal bioavailability and antioxidative properties of a sunscreen formulation containing two antioxidants, oxothiazolidine (OTZ) and δ‐tocopheryl glucoside (DTG). OTZ reacts directly with reactive oxygen species to form taurine, while DTG is metabolized in δ‐tocopherol to achieve antioxidative activities.

Methods

After topical application to a hair follicle‐derived reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model, followed by solar‐simulated radiation, kinetics of bioavailability and antioxidative responses were measured over 24 h. Markers for oxidative stress were malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities.

Results

The two antioxidants had different bioavailability profiles: OTZ was rapidly and extensively absorbed, whereas DTG was slowly absorbed and converted to δ‐tocopherol. Compared to OTZ alone, the protection against effects on MDA levels and SOD and catalase activities was higher when DTG was used alone or in combination with OTZ. When used in combination, the degree of protection increased over time and remained constant over 24 h with maximal protection 2 h post‐irradiation. DTG slowly penetrated into the skin and was present in the skin at all post‐irradiation timepoints, thus allowing a slow but constant supply of δ‐tocopherol over at least 24 h. By contrast, the oxidative protection by OTZ was immediate but short‐lived due to its rapid penetration through the RHE and into the receptor fluid.

Conclusion

These results indicate a complementary sunlight protective action of OTZ and DTG with an immediate delivery of OTZ just after topical application of the formulation, and a prolonged skin delivery of δ‐tocopherol from the slower penetration and metabolism of DTG.
Developing acute care‐based mental health nurses' knowledge and skills in providing recovery‐orientated care: A mixed methods study
Authors: Nardella Natalie , Hooper Suzie , Lau Rosalind , Hutchinson Anastasia
Published: April 2021

Recovery‐oriented principles have progressively been accepted as a standard of mental health practice in many countries, including Australia. A private mental health Clinic in Melbourne, Australia, is dedicated to embedding the principles of recovery‐oriented practice into care by (i) providing recovery education and training for their staff and (ii) co‐designing resources with consumers to promote active consumer engagement and participation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of these initiatives on staff knowledge and provision of recovery‐oriented care in acute care. Two groups of study participants were recruited: the first group completed the staff training programme introducing the concept of recovery‐oriented practice, and the second group was a convenience sample of nurses recruited 12 months later working on the acute inpatient wards at the study site. Nurses completed Recovery Knowledge Inventory (RKI) and Recovery Self‐Assessment (RSA‐Provider) surveys and participated in a focus group discussion. The three major themes identified from the focus group discussion were as follows: (i) nurses’ understanding of personal recovery‐orientated practice, (ii) how to embed personal recovery‐oriented care into practice, and (iii) barriers to consumer participation in recovery‐oriented activities in acute care. There were significant differences between the two groups on the RKI subscale scores of ‘Expectations regarding recovery’ and the ‘Roles of self‐definition and peers in recovery’ and ‘Life goals’ and ‘Choice’ factors on the RSA subscale scores. There were some gaps in the nurses’ knowledge and implementation of personal recovery‐oriented concepts, highlighting the need for further training and cultural change.
Chemical durability of borosilicate pharmaceutical glasses: Mixed alkaline earth effect with varying [MgO]/[CaO] ratio
Authors: Yang Rui , Liu Hongshen , Ding Zhijie , Zheng Jinfeng , Mauro John C. , Kim Seong H. , Zheng Qiuju
Published: April 2021

Glass for pharmaceutical packaging requires high chemical durability for the safe storage and distribution of newly developed medicines. In borosilicate pharmaceutical glasses which typically contain a mixture of different modifier ions (alkali or alkaline earth), the dependence of the chemical durability on alkaline earth oxide concentrations is not well understood. Here, we have designed a series of borosilicate glasses with systematic substitutions of CaO with MgO while keeping their total concentrations at 13 mol% and a fixed Na2O concentration of 12.7 mol%. We used these glasses to investigate the influence of R = [MgO]/([MgO] + [CaO]) on the resistance to aqueous corrosion at 80°C for 40 days. It was found that this type of borosilicate glass undergoes both leaching of modifier ions through an ion exchange process and etching of the glass network, leading to dissolution of the glass surface. Based on the concentration analysis of the Si and B species dissolved into the solution phase, the dissolved layer thickness was found to increase from ~100 to ~170 nm as R increases from 0 to 1. The depth profiling analysis of the glasses retrieved from the solution showed that the concentration of modifier ions (Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) at the interface between the solution and the corroded glass surface decreased to around 40%–60% of the corresponding bulk concentrations, regardless of R and the leaching of modifier cations resulted in a silica‐rich layer in the surface. The leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions occurred within ~50 and <25 nm, respectively, from the glass surface and this thickness was not a strong function of R. The leaching of Na+ ions varied monotonically; the thickness of the Na+ depletion layer increased from ~100 nm at R = 0 to ~200 nm at R = 1. Vibrational spectroscopy analysis suggested that the partial depletion of the ions may have caused some degree of the network re‐arrangement or re‐polymerization in the corroded layer. Overall, these results suggested that for the borosilicate glass, replacing [CaO] with [MgO] deteriorates the chemical durability in aqueous solution.
Managing extended supply chains
Authors: Choi Thomas Y. , Narayanan Sriram , Novak David , Olhager Jan , Sheu Jiuh‐Biing , Wiengarten Frank
Published: April 2021

We address how to manage extended supply chains that lie beyond the first‐tier suppliers. The first‐tier suppliers have their suppliers who provide them with goods or services. While lower‐tier suppliers are often not an explicit concern of the focal firm, the firm's performance not only depends on the performance of its first‐tier suppliers, but also on the performance of their suppliers and beyond. These lower‐tier suppliers are much less visible and may not even be known to the focal firm. Our intention is to bring awareness to the importance of these lower‐tier suppliers and capture possible strategies that buying companies may pursue to manage them. Extended supply chains are complex and involve evolving relationships between various buyers and suppliers that are located along different tiers of the chain and across different parts of the globe. We address several topic areas and suggest emerging research focuses that should be considered in coming years.
Elevated CO2‐mediated plant VOCs change aggravates invasive thrips occurrence by altering their host‐selection behaviour
Authors: Qian Lei , Huang Zujin , Liu Hui , Liu Xiaowei , Jin Yixuan , Pokharel Sabin Saurav , Chen Fajun
Published: April 2021

Globally rising atmosphere CO2 has been predicted to affect the emission of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the interaction with insect herbivores. CO2‐mediated plant VOCs change might contribute to develop effective management strategies for insect pests by using VOCs related biological control methods. In this study, we analysed the effect of elevated CO2 on the host‐selection behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and studied how they were affected by the release of VOCs from kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). A four‐chamber olfactometer was used to quantify the host‐selection of F. occidentalis for P. vulgaris. Elevated CO2 increased F. occidentalis' selection for P. vulgaris wounded by mechanical damage (MD) and thrips infestation (TI) that might via regulating the gene expression of CSP1, CSP1‐q, OBP1 and OBP1‐q in F. occidentalis. Besides, we cultivated kidney beans at ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (800 ppm), and quantified the emission of plant VOCs by using GC‐MS. Thirty VOCs belonging to ten chemical groups were identified from P. vulgaris, including aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, alkanes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, alkenes, aromatic derivatives, phenols, ketones and esters. Furthermore, six VOCs from P. vulgaris were significantly affected by CO2 level, wounding way and the interaction between them, including ethyl benzene, 1,3‐dimethyl benzene, 1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐ethyl benzene, (E,E,E,E)‐squalene, 2,6‐ditert‐butyl‐4‐methyl phenol and dioctyl phthalate. Our study indicates that elevated CO2 might increase the host‐selection of F. occidentalis for wounded P. vulgaris due to the changed plant VOCs.
First evidence of fish nocardiosis in Mexico caused by Nocardia seriolae in farmed red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus, Linnaeus)
Authors: del Rio‐Rodriguez Rodolfo Enrique , Ramirez‐Paredes Jose Gustavo , Soto‐Rodriguez Sonia Araceli , Shapira Yechiam , Huchin‐Cortes Mariana del Jesus , Ruiz‐Hernandez Judith , Gomez‐Solano Monica Isela , Haydon David J.
Published: April 2021

Between August and December 2013, the offshore cages of a commercial marine farm culturing red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Campeche Bay Mexico were affected by an outbreak of an ulcerative granulomatous disease with up to 70% cumulative mortality. Thirty‐one adults displaying open ulcers on the skin were submitted for diagnosis. At necropsy, multiple white‐yellowish nodules (0.1–0.5 cm in diameter) were present in all internal organs, where the kidney and the spleen were the most severely affected. Histopathology evinced typical systemic granulomatous formations. Gram and Ziehl–Neelsen stains on tissue imprints, bacterial swabs and tissue sections revealed Gram‐positive, acid‐fast, branching beaded long rod filamentous bacteria. Tissue samples resulted positive for nocardiosis with a Nocardia genus‐specific nested PCR. Definite identification at the species level and taxonomic positioning of the fastidious pathogen were achieved through a specific Nocardia seriolae PCR and by sequencing the gyrB gene of pure isolates. After administration of antibiotics during fry production, a posterior follow‐up monitoring (from 2014 to 2017) detected mild but recurrent outbreaks of the bacteria with no seasonality pattern. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report of piscine nocardiosis in Mexico and the first time this disease is detected in red drum.
Metamorphic P–T–t–d evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Pur‐Banera supracrustal belt, Aravalli Craton, northwestern India: Insights from phase equilibria modelling and zircon–monazite geochronology of metapelites
Authors: D’Souza Joseph , Prabhakar N. , Sheth Hetu , Xu Yigang
Published: April 2021

The Pur‐Banera belt of metasedimentary rocks, in the Bhilwara region of the Aravalli Craton, northwestern India, constitutes a Mesoproterozoic rift‐related supracrustal sequence. The Pur‐Banera belt, while containing psammitic, calcareous, and ferruginous metasediments, is dominated by garnet–staurolite–kyanite‐bearing metapelites. Here we integrate data on outcrop‐ and microscopic‐scale deformation structures with pseudosection modelling and zircon–monazite geochronology to decipher the P–T–t–d evolution of these metapelites. The metapelites record three distinct deformation events. The first two (D1–D2) produced a composite S1//S2 foliation, and a younger event of dextral shearing (D3) produced crenulations superimposed on the foliation. Textural and compositional data indicate two stages of growth of garnet, whose core compositions were significantly altered during peak metamorphism. The textures combined with pseudosection modelling and conventional thermobarometry reveal that the garnet cores continued to grow up to staurolite‐grade prograde metamorphism, followed by a second stage of garnet growth (syn‐D2; 7.3–7.9 kbar and 665–690°C) during kyanite‐grade peak metamorphism. Fibrolite grew in the matrix during post‐peak readjustments due to uplift and decompression, whereas fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism (480–540°C) resulted in the formation of euhedral staurolite prisms and narrow rims around garnet porphyroblasts. Detrital zircons of magmatic origin yield a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1,827 ± 7 Ma (95% confidence) indicating a Palaeoproterozoic igneous source rock for the sediments, consistent with a Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.3 Ga) age of deposition as inferred in previous work on the Pur‐Banera quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Monazite U–Th–(total) Pb ages indicate the timing of commencement of prograde metamorphism at c. 1.3 Ga, peak metamorphism at c. 1.2–1.1 Ga, and fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism at c. 0.85–0.75 Ga. Our combined results indicate that the metapelites experienced two deformation events (D1 and D2) during the closure of the Pur‐Banera basin and the consequent burial of the sediments to lower crustal depths. These were followed by post‐collisional uplift and exhumation, and fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism during D3 shearing. Southwestward tilting of the rocks during the D3 event, and subsequent erosion, have exposed rock units in the western, central, and southeastern parts of the belt which were buried deeper than those in the southwestern parts. This explains the observed northeastward increase in the metamorphic field gradient along the NE–SW strike of the belt. These new insights into the Meso‐ to Neoproterozoic tectonometamorphic evolution of the Pur‐Banera belt help relate it to the amalgamation and fragmentation of the supercontinent Rodinia.
What are the most common restraint techniques taught by expert practitioners?
Authors: Hollins Lee , Seagrave Luke , Stubbs Brendon
Published: April 2021

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Physical restraint is used across the NHS in Mental Health, Learning disability and other specialist settings.

Physical restraint should be used as a last resort, with least amount of force for the minimum amount of time.

There is no national set of skills from which trainers or practitioners choose what might be appropriate for them and the population they care for.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

A national online survey gathered insights from representatives of public and private training services in relation to 20 selected techniques and their perceived risks.

The most frequently taught techniques are identified and evident trends were seen among respondents according to their perceived suitability for different population groups.

The need to be able to compare and contrast techniques is discussed, and the utility of developing an evaluative framework is outlined.

What are the implications for practice?

In England the restraint training is now being regulated.

This survey reveals the variation in the techniques used across groups or settings.

The ability to compare techniques and make informed decisions around which techniques to commission, specify or use, could support the aims of the RRN Training Standards (RRN, 2020a) and Towards Safer Services (RRN, 2020b) and in so doing support the goals of safer, less restrictive person‐centred practice.

Individuals are encouraged to reflect on their practice and think critically about what is a good restraint technique.

Introduction

Despite widespread use of restraint techniques, it is unclear what techniques are taught.

Aim

To identify the types of techniques commonly taught.

Method

A national online survey was developed through iteration and stakeholder involvement. Ethical approval was obtained and it was disseminated through the Positive and Safe network, and the Restraint Reduction Network Community of Practice where expert practitioners answered questions relating to 20 randomly selected used physical ‘Holds’.

Results

One hundred seventy‐two people completed the survey. The most commonly taught techniques were a Guiding Posture (71%), a Guiding Hold (44%), a Two‐Handed Forearm Hold (36%), a Finger, Thumb & Wrist Hold (27%) and a Cupped/Capped Fist Hold (26%). The Guiding Posture (71%), and Guiding Hold were used most commonly across populations. Despite the potential to induce pain, the Finger, Thumb and Wrist Hold was deemed suitable for Adult populations, but not Older Adults, Young Persons and Children. Wrap‐Type Holds were seen as unsuitable for all populations.

Discussion

There is currently high variation in which techniques are taught across different settings. An evaluation framework could be beneficial.

Implications for practice

An evaluation framework could aid training commissioners, providers and practitioner reflect on what constitutes a good restraint technique.
Petrocodon vietnamensis sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from karst caves in northern Vietnam
Authors: Xin Zi‐Bing , Do Truong Van , Fu Long‐Fei , Huang Zhang‐Jie , Maciejewski Stephen , Wen Fang
Published: April 2021

Petrocodon vietnamensis, a new species from karst cave in north Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is morphologically close to P. bonii, but can be distinguished from the latter by having a green, 3–6 cm long peduncle; green, ca 5 mm long calyx lobes; narrow infundibuliform, a 1.1–1.2 cm long corolla tube; ovate abaxial lip lobes; pink to white, 9.5–10.5 mm long filaments; lateral staminodes adnate to ca 12 mm above the corolla base; densely white glandular‐puberulent pistil; a pink to white, 5.5–7.5 mm long style; a white stigma, and a 2–3 cm long capsule. Information on ecology, phenology, preliminary conservation assessment of the new species and a key for the taxonomic identification of Petrocodon species in Vietnam are also provided.
Hemostatic rebalance in neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency
Authors: Aoki Hirosato , Ogiwara Kenichi , Hasegawa Mari , Nogami Keiji
Published: April 2021

Background

Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency (NICCD) results in coagulopathy due to decreased levels of vitamin (V)K‐dependent clotting factors, similar to biliary atresia (BA). However, the involvement of VK‐independent coagulant and anticoagulant factor(s) remains unknown. We examined relationships between coagulant and anticoagulant potential before and after nutritional treatment in NICCD.

Methods

Three cases (aged 12, 21, and 45 days) with NICCD‐associated coagulopathy were evaluated with standard coagulation/anticoagulation tests and comprehensive coagulation assays, rotational thromboelastometry, and protein C/protein S (PC/PS) pathway function assay (ThromboPath®), before and after nutritional treatment.

Results

In all cases, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were significantly prolonged, which is associated with very low levels of VK‐independent fibrinogen and antithrombin. The initiation of nutritional treatment of medium‐chain triglycerides oil improved these levels within the normal range, although low levels of other clotting factors were modestly increased. Whole blood‐ rotational thromboelastometry analysis revealed near‐normal coagulation potential, even before treatment, comparable to healthy adults, and supportive of their non‐bleeding symptoms. The introduction of nutritional treatment had further improved comprehensive coagulation potential. The global PC/PS‐pathway function assay demonstrated the absence of the features of this function associated with the pathogenesis of NICCD. Compared to BA, the plasma levels of fibrinogen and antithrombin in all cases were markedly low, whilst those after treatment improved, especially to similar level of BA.

Conclusions

Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis with citrin deficiency has the characteristic of rebalancing hemostatic mechanisms associated with coagulant and anticoagulant potential involving low levels of fibrinogen and antithrombin, suggesting a pathophysiological coagulopathy distinct from BA.
High‐grade salivary gland carcinoma with the ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion: A case report and literature review of secretory carcinoma with high‐grade transformation
Authors: Asai Satsuki , Sumiyoshi Shinji , Yamada Yosuke , Tateya Ichiro , Nagao Toshitaka , Minamiguchi Sachiko , Haga Hironori
Published: April 2021

Secretory carcinoma or mammary analog secretory carcinoma is an entity of salivary gland carcinoma that is characterized by the ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion. Although it is generally considered to be a low‐grade malignancy, some cases of secretory carcinoma with high‐grade transformation (SCHG) have been reported. We herein describe a case of SCHG composed almost exclusively of the high‐grade component. The patient presented with a growing mass in the buccal mucosa and underwent surgery. Tumor cells showing high‐grade nuclear atypia were arranged in solid or cribriform nests with comedo‐like necrosis. A differential diagnosis included high‐grade salivary gland carcinoma, such as salivary duct carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were focally positive for S‐100 and negative for mammaglobin and showed nuclear positivity for pan‐Trk. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay showed that the tumor harbored the ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion. A histological review of microscopic slides of the tumor did not reveal a typical secretory carcinoma component, except for a very focal area. We ultimately diagnosed this tumor as SCHG. This case underscores the importance of recognizing the histological spectrum of SCHG and the utility of pan‐Trk immunohistochemistry to detect secretory carcinoma, which may be targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Private authority and public policy interactions in global context: Governance spheres for problem solving
Authors: Cashore Benjamin , Knudsen Jette Steen , Moon Jeremy , van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2021

Private organizations play a growing role in governing global issues alongside traditional public actors such as states, international organizations, and subnational governments. What do we know about how private authority and public policy interact? What are the implications of answering this question for understanding support for, and effects of, policy development generally? The purpose of this article is to reflect on these questions by introducing, and reviewing, a special issue that challenges explicit claims, and implicit methodologies, that treat private and public governance realms as distinct and/or static. We do so by advancing a theoretical and conceptual framework with which to explore how the contributions to this special issue enhance an understanding about governance interactions across a range of empirical, sectoral, and regional domains. We specifically introduce the concept of governance spheres to capture the proliferation of issue domains denoted by highly fluid interactions across public and private governance boundaries.