bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charles Darwin, “little Dawkins” and the platycnemic Yale men: introducing a bioarchaeological tale of the descent of man
Authors: Lucas Peter
Published: April 2008

A small box of animal bones, forwarded by Charles Darwin from North Wales, led to excavations by William Boyd Dawkins in Denbighshire between 1869 and 1872 and in Flintshire in 1886. Neglected riches of the archival record allow glimpses of Darwin and his family and contribute to this first narrative account of a pioneering episode in prehistoric archaeology which resulted in the three most important discoveries of Neolithic human remains in North Wales (and their later apparently near total disappearance). Many of the leg bones had features of the flattening of tibia (platycnemia) and femur (platymeria) first noted by George Busk in Neolithic bones from Gibraltar in 1863, and by Paul Broca at Cro-Magnon in 1868. Within a few years flattened leg bones were recognised across the globe, subsequently in samples extending back to the Middle Palaeolithic and forward to modern hunter-gatherers; platymeric shafts have been found at early hominin sites. Busk's platycnemic index and understanding of flattening as related to muscular activity anticipate the work of modern bioarchaeologists. Dawkins was recipient of a much quoted account of the Huxley-Wilberforce confrontation at Oxford and opponent of Darwin's views on human origins: his work opens up instructive perspectives.
Correspondence bearing on the history of ornithologist M. A. Carriker Jr. and the use of arsenic in preparation of museum specimens
Authors: Olson Storrs L.
Published: April 2008

Correspondence in 1936 between the prolific ornithological collector M. A. Carriker Jr. and C. M. B. Cadwalader, director of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, reveals that Carriker, as well as certain other collectors, had abandoned the use of arsenic in specimen preparation by the early twentieth century and its disadvantages are detailed. The correspondence also discloses a professional rift between Carriker and other ornithological staff at the Academy that had important ramifications for Carriker's career.
aConCorde: Towards an open-source, extendable concordancer for Arabic
Authors: Roberts Andrew , Al-Sulaiti Latifa , Atwell Eric
Published: April 2008

There is, currently, a surge of activity surrounding Arabic corpus linguistics. As the number of available Arabic corpora continues to grow, there is an increasing need for robust tools that can process this data, whether for research or teaching. One such tool that is useful for both of these purposes is the concordancer – a simple tool for displaying a specified target word in its context. However, obtaining one that can cope reliably with the Arabic language had proved difficult. Also, there was a desire to add some novel features to the standard concordancer to enhance its usefulness within the classroom – easy-to-use root- and stem-based concordance and integration with corpus clustering algorithms are two examples. Therefore, aConCorde was created to provide such a tool to the community.
Corpora and intuition: a study of Mandarin Chinese adverbial clauses and subjecthood
Authors: Wong May L-Y
Published: April 2008

This paper presents a corpus-based approach to investigating the distribution of adverbial clauses and their subjects (overt vs. non-overt) in spoken and written Mandarin Chinese. It argues that the choice of subject type is determined by three variables, namely, given-new information, semantic function of adverbial clause and text type. In written Chinese, the distribution of subject types varies across semantic classes of adverbial clauses, but not across text categories. The influence of semantic classes on the distribution of subject types, however, depends on text type. For the same semantic function, the decision as to whether to include a subject is governed by given and new information. In contrasting the distribution of subject types of adverbial clauses across speech and writing, it was found that both spoken and written Chinese use more overt subjects in clauses of reason. Methodologically, this study demonstrates how quantitative corpus-linguistic methods can be used to supplement introspective theoretical assumptions with authentic, observable evidence in order to gain better insights into the behaviour of adverbial clauses in speech and writing.
Excavation of a Possible Neolithic Structure, Lithic Finds and Later Ditch Features at Kingarth Quarry, Isle of Bute
Authors: MUDIE GEORGE
Published: April 2008

Summary

Topsoil stripping in advance of an extension to sand and gravel quarrying operations at Kingarth, Isle of Bute, revealed a series of ditches, the remains of a small oval structure and discrete concentrations of worked stone artefacts. The site is situated on a raised beach deposit on the east-facing Kilchattan Bay. The ditches formed a discrete grouping on the higher, gravel deposits in the westernmost part of the site whilst the oval structure, defined by a shallow slot trench and enclosing an area measuring 7m by 3.5m, lay in the eastern part of the site on fine sand deposits. Despite the absence of reliable dating material, the ditch features are probably relatively modern features and correspond closely to field boundaries shown on the Ordnance Survey 1st edition map (1863) whilst the oval structure is thought to be a habitation site of possible Neolithic date. Neolithic stone tool working debitage was recorded from a scatter 200m away. If correct, then the discoveries at Kingarth potentially add to the limited corpus of information on Neolithic settlement structures in the West of Scotland and Britain in general.
Excavations at Northton, Isle of Harris By Derek D.A. Simpson, Eileen M. Murphy and Richard A. Gregory. Pp. 282. Black and white illustrations. ISBN 1 84171 936 6 Oxford: BAR British Series 408. 2006. £38 (pb). ann macsween
Authors: MacSween Ann
Published: April 2008

The site of Northton in Harris is known to most of those familiar with Scottish prehistory for the excavations which produced Scotland's largest domestic assemblage of Beaker pottery. This often-quoted fact, along with previous glimpses of what publication of the 1965–6 excavations would offer, such as those in the excavator's preliminary report in Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia BC ( Simpson 1976 ), has had many eagerly awaiting the publication of this important site.

The site was discovered in 1963 by James McEwen of Aberdeen University, and rescue excavations were undertaken by Derek Simpson of the University of Leicester a couple of years later. Excavations revealed a multi-period site which could be divided into two Neolithic, two Beaker and two Iron Age/Historic phases. The Northton project was one of the first multi-disciplinary studies in the Western Isles with the excavation complemented by topographic and geological survey, and palaeoenvironmental analysis.
Tokyo, the Proud
Authors: Guattari Félix
Published: April 2008

Félix Guattari visited Japan on a number of occasions during the 1980s. These visits consisted of invited lectures and a series of conversations and collaborations with Japanese intellectuals, artists, and architects. His collaborative writings with Deleuze, particularly the Kafka and Rhizome books, began to appear in Japanese translation in the late 1970s. By the mid-eighties, however, Anti-Oedipus was available for Japanese readers.

The year 1985 saw the publication of Guattari's conversations and co-authored papers with Japanese dancer Min Tanaka collected under the title of Velocity of Light, Fire of Zen: Assemblage 1985. This was followed in 1986 with the translation of Guattari's jointly authored volume with Antonio Negri, Les nouveaux espaces de liberté. In the same year, the colourful volume Tokyo Theatre: Guattari in Tokyo appeared. This volume includes the present translation. It also contains multiple contributions by leading Japanese intellectuals, especially ‘neo-academicist’ types like Akira Asada who were inspired by Deleuze and Guattari's philosophy in the first two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia.
Review Essay Gilles Deleuze and his Readers A Touch of Voluntarism and an Excess of Out-Worldliness
Authors: Boundas Constantin V.
Published: April 2008

A book review, if you will, can be a powerful tease for readers who anticipate extracting nuggets of insight from its parent source. It can also be—and often is—a way for the reviewer to bask in the glow of a good writer or, by the same token, to flaunt his own cleverness and sense of superiority at the expense of a struggling essayist. I never had conclusive evidence to hold myself immune to either of these temptations. This time, however, I am in a position—temptations notwithstanding—to render my services to interested readers, with the satisfaction that comes from knowing that the pains of composing a review have been fully redeemed by the pleasure of having read two books that made me think long and hard.

May's and Hallward's books are very different from each other, in scope, ambition, and targeted readership: May chose to write an introduction to Deleuze—an introduction that could be read and appreciated even by those who know nothing, or very little, about Deleuze—and he did it with honesty, fidelity to the material he has been working with, and with the exquisite transparency and subtlety of his style. The result is one of the best introductions to the rhizome-Deleuze we have had that can be read profitably by beginners and Deleuze-aficionados alike.
The Existential Breath of al-rahmān and the Munificent Grace of al-rahīm: The Tafsīr Sūrat al-Fātiha of Jāmī and the School of Ibn cArabī
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad H.
Published: April 2008

It has become commonplace to observe that every exegete brings to his commentary his own skills, preunderstandings and preconceptions about the text. Thus, when one reads a commentary from a particular perspective one expects to find the discipline and method of the exegete explicit in his work. This is especially true of philosophical and mystical commentaries on the Qur'an. The current paper considers the case of the tafsīr of the famous Persian poet CAbd al-Rahmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492) on the Fātiha, as an illustration of the metaphysics of the school of Ibn cArabī. In particular I will analyse his understanding of the basmala in the light of the Akbarī doctrine of divine mercy, juxtaposing the famous chapter on Zechariah from the Fusūs al-hikam, which presents the doctrine along with famous commentaries on it including that of Jāmī, with Jāmī's interpretation of the Qur'anic verse. What emerges is a highly systematic hermeneutic of the word of God in terms of a human scheme of metaphysics, in this case the application of the doctrines of the school of Ibn cArabī to the understanding of the basmala.
The Dilemmas of the Dual Channel: Reid on Consciousness and Reflection
Authors: Mishori Daniel
Published: April 2008

As an advocate of the empirical method in both science and philosophy, Reid believed that the central method for studying the mind should be internal observation, whose evidence he believed to be the most reliable in comparison with all other mental operations. The fact that his contemporary “science of mind” was not as highly developed as the natural sciences was explained by Reid to be the fault of philosophers, such as John Locke, who “confounded” two completely different powers of the mind: consciousness and reflection.

In this paper I will present Reid's criticism of Locke, as well as Reid's own attempt to distinguish between consciousness and reflection, and the difficulties he is facing in this process. The paper concludes that Reid failed to depart from the essential Lockean characterizations of inner awareness, because of his failure to dissociate from premises he shares with Locke – such as the belief that we are conscious of all our thoughts, and the primacy of the introspective method in studying the mind. Therefore, while narrowing his concept of consciousness to an internal-sense, perceiving only present mental operations, he broadens respectively his concept of reflection.
George Campbell's Critique of Hume on Testimony
Authors: Pitson Tony
Published: April 2008

At stake in the dispute between Campbell and Hume is the basis for our acceptance of testimony. Campbell argues that, contrary to Hume, our acceptance of testimony is prior to experience, while Hume continues to maintain that the appropriation through testimony of the experience of others depends ultimately on one's own experience. I argue that Hume's remarks about testimony provide a non-circular account of the process by which the experience of others may become one's own; and I suggest that the view of Campbell and Hume as proponents of two radically opposed positions on the epistemology of testimony represents a considerable over-simplification.
The Philosophy of Art in Reid's Inquiry and Its Place in 18th-Century Scottish Aesthetics
Authors: Demoor Michael J.
Published: April 2008

It is argued that the scattered remarks on the fine arts made in Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764) present a conception of the relation between perception and the fine arts that is at once compatible with and different from Reid's mature theory of art in Of Taste (1785). This alternative account of art-relevant perception also points beyond the limits of a philosophy of art developed according to the traditional theory of taste dominant in 18th-century Scottish aesthetic thought, and anticipates certain 20th-century theories.
Philosophy and History in David Hume
Authors: Sauer Jim
Published: April 2008

In this paper, I argue that there is a recursive relationship between history and philosophy that provides the methodological basis for the moral (human) sciences in the work of David Hume. A grasp of Hume's use of history is integral to understanding his project which I believe to be the establishment of “moral science” (i.e., the social sciences) on an empirical basis by linking that history and philosophy as two sides of the same discourse about human beings.
The Status of Animals in Scottish Enlightenment Philosophy
Authors: Wolloch Nathaniel
Published: April 2008

This article examines the consideration of animals by various eighteenth-century Scottish philosophers, with special attention given to the physician and philosopher John Gregory, who utilized the comparison of human beings with animals as a starting point for a discussion about human moral and social improvement. In so doing Gregory, like most of his contemporary fellow Scottish philosophers, exemplified the basic anthropocentrism of the common early modern consideration of animals.
Hutcheson's Divergence from Shaftesbury
Authors: Grote Simon
Published: April 2008

Contrary to the view that Francis Hutcheson attempted to expound, defend, and further develop the philosophical system described in Shaftesbury's Characteristics, some contemporaries of Hutcheson considered Hutcheson's differences from Shaftesbury to be at least as profound as the similarities. The clearest descriptions of those differences can be found in William Leechman's preface to Hutcheson's 1755 System of Moral Philosophy, and more elaborately in a review of Hutcheson's System, probably by Hugh Blair, published in the 1755 Edinburgh Review. Examining Shaftesbury's and Hutcheson's moral philosophies in light of these two descriptions reveals that Shaftesbury's defense of virtue as natural to human beings, while a plausible response to Locke, clearly did not escape Hutcheson's censure of Epicurean egoism.
Introduction to ‘dissolving Hume's Paradox: On Knowledge of Mind and Self’ James Frederick Ferrier University of St Andrews (1845–64)
Authors: Haldane John
Published: April 2008

The following essay, whose title has been provided by me for this occasion, is taken from James Ferrier's work The Institutes of Metaphysic where it appears in Section I., the general theme of which is ‘The Epistemology, or Theory of Knowing’. The essay is a statement and elaboration of the ‘ninth proposition’ of the Institutes, and an examination of its implications as these bear upon knowledge of mind and self. The precise source of the text is the 3rd edition of the Institutes of Metaphysic (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons 1875). Ferrier indicates earlier that ‘generally throughout this work the word “cognition” signifi es the known, the cognitum. This remark is necessary lest the reader should suppose that it signifi es the act rather than the object of knowledge’ (p. 156). In the last section of this introduction I list the preceding eight propositions.
Hume's Phenomenology of the Imagination
Authors: Costelloe Timothy M.
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the role of the imagination in Hume's epistemology. Three specifi c powers of the imagination are identifi ed – the imagistic, conceptual, and productive – as well as three corresponding kinds of fi ctions based on the degree of belief contained in each class of ideas the imagination creates. These are generic fi ctions, real and mere fi ctions, and necessary fi ctions, respectively. Through these manifestations, it is emphasized, Hume presents the imagination both as the positive force behind human creativity and a subversive presence that transforms experience while at once making it possible.
General Rules in the Moral Theories of Smith and Hume
Authors: Remow Gabriela
Published: April 2008

Adam Smith and David Hume agree that first-level general rules of morality may be discovered by induction, and that reflection on these rules may influence human behavior. But Hume thinks a deeper, second level of moral general rules may also be discovered, and used to correct erroneous first-level rules (which correction is a practice followed by the wise). Thus on Hume's view, some reasoned reflection may be needed in order to feel the proper moral sentiment (which sentiment would preferably then be internalized). Smith holds that, because of human inclination toward selfishness, first-level moral rules should be habitually used to override immediate impulse in the motivation of behavior. This is a valuable habit, but since most people are not able to form such rules for themselves, it is a good idea for them to follow moral rules provided by religion. There is something respectable, according to Smith, in sincerely following flawed moral rules provided by religion. Hume disagrees, holding that it is foolish and blameworthy, indeed dangerous, to follow flawed moral rules provided by religion.
Ferrier, Common Sense and Consciousness
Authors: Keefe Jennifer
Published: April 2008

James Frederick Ferrier developed his philosophy from a common sense background. However, his rejection of common sense philosophy in particular and Enlightenment philosophy in general results in the development of a system of idealism. In his series of lectures ‘An Introduction to the Philosophy of Consciousness - Parts I to VII’, which appeared in Blackwoods Magazine (1838–39), he outlines the problem with modern philosophy and argues that philosophy should follow a new direction. In his view, the most peculiar and interesting aspect of humanity is consciousness. He contends that the attempt to develop a ‘science of man’ is impossible because it transforms a person into an object of study and thereby fails to capture the most distinctive aspect of humanity, namely, consciousness. According to Ferrier, philosophy should be an extension of consciousness itself; it is: ‘consciousness sublimed’. This paper will outline the central arguments in ‘An Introduction to the Philosophy of Consciousness’ and show that an early example of British idealism was not only developed out of the common sense tradition but shares with common sense philosophy a focus on the immediate evidence of consciousness, placing the relationship between thought and world at the centre of philosophical inquiry.
‘You Know that Our Old Institute was Entirely Destroyed…’* On the History of the Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute (Fpi) 1929–1933
Authors: Plankers Tomas , Rothe Hans-Joachim
Published: April 2008

Psychoanalytical Institutes had been founded in Berlin in 1920, in Vienna in 1922 and in London in 1925; the Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute (1929-1933) was thus among the first European Institutes. The closure in 1933 at the hands of the National Socialists obliterated virtually all memory, for decades, of psychoanalysis. It was not until the 1980s that a general interest in the history of the movement was revived and the Frankfurt Institute was rescued from oblivion. An interdisciplinary group, in which the authors participated, commenced with the documentation of interviews with survivors and the reconstruction from records and archives. The results were published in a remarkable volume to present the history of psychoanalysis in one city. The article illustrates the opening phase of the history from an institutional viewpoint.

The Frankfurt Psychoanalytical Institute was established with guest status within the Institute for Social Research and under the auspices of Max Horkheimer, one of the founders of ‘Critical Theory’. Horkheimer's subsequent analysis of the relationship of ‘History and Psychology’ was based on the outcome of psychoanalytical work with Karl Landauer, the Director of the FPI in collaboration with Heinrich Meng. Other psychoanalysts from the FPI, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Erich Fromm and S.H. Foulkes, were to reach international acclaim for their pioneering work after their emigration. The intention is to show the inauguration of the FPI in 1929, its concept, members and results and the circumstances of its closure in 1933.
The Organizing of Psychoanalysis in Britain
Authors: Hinshelwood R. D.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the organizations that were the earliest attempts to establish psychoanalysis formally in Britain. This process of institutionalization occurred between the years 1910 and 1925. Interest flowered at times in the universities and in the progressive school movement. However these seem to have been more ephemeral developments. It was the clinical and professional interest which demanded the first and most long-lasting base. A complex process of interaction between a number of organizations occurred. Their memberships initially intermingled and overlapped until the British Psycho-Analytical Society was consolidated by the mid-1920s.
The Discovery of the Child as an Object Sui Generis of Cure and Research by Melanie Klein as Reflected in the Notes of her First Child Analyses in Berlin 1921–1926
Authors: Frank Claudia
Published: April 2008

In the early days of psychoanalysis the child served mainly as an object to demonstrate the correctness of findings inferred from adults' analyses. The author demonstrates that one of the hindrances to the development of child analysis was the negative transference. Based on the author's studies of Klein's handwritten notes of her first child analyses in Berlin, she outlines some factors which contributed to Klein also treating the child as an object sui generis of psychoanalytic cure and research: she proceeded methodologically, she accepted enactment as communication, and she learnt from her experiences. Klein's development in meeting the challenge of the negative transference is a fundamental part in this process, as is shown with reference to the analyses of three children: Grete, Rita and Erna.
John Stuart Mill Translated by Siegmund Freud
Authors: Molnar Michael
Published: April 2008

Freud's translation of J.S. Mill involved an encounter with the traditions of British empirical philosophy and associationist psychology, both of which go back to Locke and Hume. The translation of Mill's essay on Plato also brought Freud into contact with the philosophical controversy between the advocates of intuition and faith and the advocates of perception and reason. A comparison of source and translated texts demonstrates Freud's faithfulness to his author. A few significant deviations may be connected with Freud's ambiguous attitude to women's rights, as advocated in the essay The Enfranchisement of Women. Stylistically Freud had nothing to learn from Mill. His model in English was Macaulay, whom he was also reading at this period.
Sigmund Freud, Translator of The Enfranchisement of Women By J.S. Mill
Authors: Ricaud Michelle Moreau
Published: April 2008

After the death of Mill's official translator, Freud (then a brilliant and impoverished student) was offered by Gomperz, thanks to the recommendation of his philosophy teacher von Brentano, the translation of the last volume of John Stuart Mill's works. This included the revolutionary essay of 1851 (by Mill and/or by his partner Mrs Harriet Taylor) on the enfranchisement of women. My hypothesis is that, far from leaving Freud unscathed, this commissioned work had affected some of his negative views about women, which were anyway common in the culture of his times. J.S. Mill (1806–1873), the utopian philosopher whose influence on his theories Freud never acknowledged, might have had an effect, without him becoming aware of it, on his way of listening to the complaints and demands of his female patients, who had cooperated with him in the creation of his technique. The activity of translating (which, according to Valery Larbaud, has ‘something sexual about it’) was able later to play a part in giving birth to Freud's theories on the issue of ‘femininity’, in relation to both women and men.

Apres la mort du traducteur officiel, Freud, etudiant brillant et necessiteux, se voit confer par Gomperz et sur la recommandation du philosophe von Brentano dont it est l'etudiant, la traduction du dernier volume des oeuvres de John Stuart Mill, dans lequel se trouve l'essai revolutionnaire (de Mill et/ou sa compagne Mrs Harriet Taylor) de 1851 sur l'affranchissement des femmes. Loin de laisser Freud indemne, ce travail de commande va - c'est mon hypothese - entamer quelques uns de ses prejuges negatifs a l'encontre des femmes (qui flottaient d'ailleurs dans fair du temps). Ce philosophe utopiste, J. S. Mill (1806–1873) - dont Freud ne mentionne pourtant jamais l'influence sur sa propre theorie - pourrait avoir, a son insu et pour une large part, modifie son ecoute des plaintes et revendications de ses patientes, devenues co-creatrices de sa technique. L'acte de traduction (qui a selon Valery Larbaud ‘quelque chose de sexuel’), a pu produire plus tard chez Freud un enfant theorique, en particulier autour du ‘feminin’, questionnee chez la femme et chez F homme.
Thoughts on the Influence of Brentano and Comte on Freud's Work
Authors: Domenjo Blanca Anguera
Published: April 2008

My interest in this paper is to show that currently one of the most controversial aspects in psychoanalytic theory - metapsychology - is influenced by positivistic thought. Whereas the importance of relationships and affects, central pillars of current psychoanalysis, are reminiscent of Brentano's ideas. To do this I have analysed the correspondence between Freud as a young man and his friend Silberstein, written from 1871 to 1881, that is, during his university years. In these letters one can observe the enormous interest shown by Freud in the philosophy of his teacher Brentano. Brentano's thesis is: what characterizes psychic phenomena is intention, inferring that there is always a relation which links the subject to the object, and that this relation is always emotionally tinged.
At the Origins of Jungian Thought: Culture and Method. Elements of a Separation'
Authors: Devescovi Pier Claudio
Published: April 2008

The author argues that Jung, at the time of his first meeting with Freud, had already developed his own understanding of the Unconscious and of psychic functioning and had autonomously elaborated a research method of his own.

Jung's ideas, formed during his university years, had been influenced by the humanistic cultural climate prevailing in Basel, in particular, by the works of Renaissance historian Jakob Burckhardt. Jung further developed his thinking during his placement at the Burgholzli Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich. The author's views are supported by published documents and still unpublished material from the archives of Basel and Zurich.

After reading Freud's early works, in particular, The Interpretation of Dreams, which were consistent with his own views, Jung approached him in the hope to collaborate with him. Freud was looking for new followers who would spread his ideas and was well disposed towards Jung as a successor who could pursue his work. The two men, however, had different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking and had built their own hypotheses independently of each other. The author believes that their relationship and their separation turned around this fundamental problem.
Schopenhauer, Heine, Freud: Dreams and Dream-Theories in Nineteenth-century Germany
Authors: Robertson Ritchie
Published: April 2008

There is a long-standing distinction between trivial and significant (often prophetic) dreams, which Freud annuls. For him, all dreams are meaningful but what they signify is bodily desire. This approach to dreams goes back to the Enlightenment and was developed by Heine, whose importance for Freud's theory of dreams is argued here. The other approach, crediting at least some dreams with the power of revelation, was favoured in various versions, by the Romantics and by Schopenhauer. Despite Freud's scepticism about the truth-content of dreams, he restores their imaginative fascination through his own interpretations, as is demonstrated from the Dream of the Three Fates.
Essay, Play and Form: On Finding a Place for Freud'sThe Interpretation of Dreams
Authors: Steuer Daniel
Published: April 2008

In the first part of this paper, Adorno's characterization of the essay as a genre is shown to be inspired by Freud's model for the dynamics of dreams. Furthermore, the formal properties of essays and dreams which thus emerge turn out to bear resemblance to Derrida's view on language as such. All these theories tend towards the dissolution of form and hence, in the second part, Wittgenstein's ambivalence towards psychoanalysis is explained as the result of his insistence on limiting formpreserving principles on the one hand and his therapeutic aims which were not unlike Freud's on the other. In conclusion, it is argued that the creative moment of play in dreaming, writing and interpreting by definition cannot be given a fixed place or be explained by a theoretical system.
Dreaming and Cinematographic Consciousness
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the historical and conceptual relationship between film and psychoanalysis, and, more particularly, film and dream. The advent of cinema, to which Freud was apparently indifferent, in fact produced or focused ambiguities and complexities at the heart of psychoanalytic thought, and dream-theories in particular: the relationship between images and representations (cinematic and psychical) as moving and/or still; visual and/or verbal. The essay closes with an exploration of the interrelationship between film and the borderline between sleeping and waking as a way of understanding the forms of attention and distraction which characterize modernity and its projections, using examples from literary texts, including the writings of the poet H.D.
Freud, Stekel and the Interpretation of Dreams: The Affinities with Existential Analysis
Authors: Clark-Lowes Francis
Published: April 2008

As early as 1903 Wilhelm Stekel (1868-1940) was developing a distinctive theory of anxiety in which the fear of death played a role which was absent in early Freudian theory. In 1911 he published his Language of Dreams where he demonstrated the therapeutic use of dreams. Stekel relied heavily on the intuitive interpretation of symbolism in dreams, especially death symbolism on which there are seven chapters. Two dreams used by Stekel in this way are presented. Stekel's approach to dreams is compared with that of the existential therapist, Irvin Yalom, with whom he is found to have a surprising amount in common.
The Development of Clinical Psychoanalytic Practice with Psychotic Patients
Authors: Hoffmann Klaus
Published: April 2008

The psychoanalysis of psychoses began nearly as early as the psychoanalysis of neuroses, but has always had problems to be acknowledged by psychiatrists as well as by psychoanalysts. In Zurich, Jung, Abraham and Binswanger started to treat psychotic inpatients with psychoanalysis, first with quick genetic interpretations. Binswanger later changed this approach in his own sanatorium in Kreuzlingen. Landauer favoured the ‘passive analysis’ which Fromm-Reichmann developed into her ‘Intensive Psychotherapy’ later in her sanatorium near Washington, DC. Group analysis and the therapeutic community approach deepened the psychoanalysis of psychoses which today is a multi-professional approach performed by psychoanalysts, nurses and other therapeutic staff members.
The Restoration of Psychoanalysis in Germany After 1945: Some Focal Points in the Development of Clinical Theory
Authors: Bohleber Werner
Published: April 2008

After 1945, the development in psychoanalysis in Germany was initially dominated by the programme that had begun at the Göring Institute of integrating the schools of depth-psychology. The connection to philosophical anthropology led to a polemic against a form of psychoanalysis based on the natural sciences. The return of psychoanalysis as it was taught in the International Psychoanalytical Association and the advance of ego psychology put an end to this development. The hermeneutic debate of the 1960s was an impetus for fruitful further developments in ego psychology (‘scenic understanding’) as well as in object relations psychology and the related treatment technique. The debate over the severe pathologies at the end of the 1970s did not bring forth much in the way of independent contributions. The ruptures in this development of psychoanalysis in Germany are interpreted against the background of the coming to terms with National Socialism and the Holocaust.

Nach 1945 beherrschte zunächst das im Göring Institut begonnene Programm der synoptischen Verbindung der tiefenpsychologischen Schulen die Entwicklung der Psychoanalyse in Deutschland. Die Verbindung mit der philosophischen Anthropologie und deren scharfer Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen Natur und Geist führte zu einer Polemik gegen die naturwissenschaftliche Psychoanalyse. Die Rückkehr der Psychoanalyse Sigmund Freuds und das Einströmen der Ich-Psychologie beendete diese Entwicklung. Angestoßen durch die Hermeneutik-Debatte der sechziger Jahre kam es zu fruchtbaren Weiterentwicklungen der Ich-Psychologie (‘szenisches Verstehen’) sowie der Objektbeziehungspsychologie und damit verbunden der Behandlungstechnik. Zu der Debatte um die schweren Pathologien Ende der siebziger Jahre entstanden keine eigenständigen Beiträge mehr. Die Brüche in dieser Entwicklung der Psychoanalyse in Deutschland werden auf dem Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzung mit Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust interpretiert. Scham, Schuld, Idealisierung sowie die Diffusion der Generationsgrenzen bildeten ein untergründiges Spannungsfeld.
Georg Groddeck's Influence on Sandor Ferenczi's Clinical Practice as Reflected in Their Correspondence 1921–1933
Authors: Fortune Christopher
Published: April 2008

Georg Groddeck's influence on Sandor Ferenczi was critically important to the development of psychoanalysis, and includes influencing Ferenczi's recognition of the significance of the mother which led to the development of object relations theory, his championing the experience of the child and the importance of early trauma, and his recognition of the importance of the body–mind relationship. Excerpts from the new English edition of the Ferenczi–Groddeck Correspondence (Open Gate Press/Other Press) extensively illustrate Groddeck's impact on Ferenczi's ideas during the critical period of the mid-1920s to 1932. This paper postulates that, without Groddeck, Ferenczi may never had the courage to challenge Freud, and thereby expand the frontiers of psychoanalysis.
The Dark Forest of Authors: Freud and Nineteenth-Century Dream Theory
Authors: Pigman G. W.
Published: April 2008

After arguing that Freud's conception of what constitutes a dream theory and his sense of what it means for a dream to be meaningful are crucial for assessing the originality of his work, this essay focuses on his review of the literature in chapter one of The Interpretation of Dreams. Chapter one makes Freud's own theory appear more revolutionary than it actually is. Freud exaggerates the dominance and neglects the complexity of physiological theories of dreams; he also underemphasizes the tradition of the dream as revelation. Freud requires that a theory of the dream identify an essential characteristic of the dream and explain other features in relation to it; his wish-fulfilment theory does just that. But Freud was not, as he claimed, the only scientist or physician of his day to believe that dreams are interpretable and meaningful.
Fliess Versus Weininger, Swoboda and Freud: The Plagiarism Conflict of 1906 Assessed in the Light of the Documents
Authors: Schröter Michael
Published: April 2008

Der Aufsatz untersucht, zum Teil anhand bisher unbeachteter Quellen, was man über Recht oder Unrecht der Plagiatsvorwürfe sagen kann, die Fließ 1906 gegenüber Weininger, Swoboda und, im Hintergrund, Freud selbst erhob. Bei Weininger kann man feststellen, daß seine Bisexualitätstheorie durch eine indirekte Mitteilung Freuds angeregt wurde, die auf einer Fließschen Idee beruhte. Es spricht aber nichts dafür, daß er die spezifische Fassung der Theorie, in der sich Fließ plagiiert fühlte, auf diesem Weg erfahren hat. Bei Swoboda war ein Plagiatsvorwurf abwegig, weil er ausdrücklich Fließsche Gedanken (zur Periodenlehre) aufgriff, die längst veröffentlicht waren. Er hat allerdings das Ausmaß seiner Abhängigkeit von Fließ verdunkelt, während Fließ die Originalität des psychologischen (statt biologischen) Ansatzes von Swoboda verkannte. Daß Fließ die beiden sehr verschieden gelagerten Fälle parallel setzte und beide auf eine Indiskretion Freuds zurückführte, bestätigt die paranoide Konstruktion seiner Beschuldigungen. Schlußfolgerung: Die Episode taugt nicht als Musterbeleg einer feindseligen Freud-Biographik, als der sie gelegentlich aufgebaut wurde.
Freud, The Via Regia, and Alexander the Great
Authors: Sherwin-White Susan
Published: April 2008

This article explores the ancient classical background to Freud's use of the phrase via regia (Royal Road) and Freud's affiliation with Alexander the Great.
Fathers and Sons: Freud's Discovery of the Oedipus Complex
Authors: Fuchsman Kenneth A.
Published: April 2008

Freud's path to the Oedipus complex reveals conceptual inconsistencies. These uncertainties concern fathers, brothers and sons, and the place of the oedipal triad within the family romance. Freud's uncovering of the Oedipus complex emerged, in large part, from his self-analyis of his childhood years in Freiberg. Freud's father was 20 years older than his third wife, and had two adult sons, all of whom lived in Freiberg. In 1897, when Freud announces the Oedipus complex, he stresses his love of his mother and jealousy of his father. Yet in 1924 Freud wrote that his adult brother, Philipp, had taken his father's place as the child's rival. The oedipal complex alters if there are four players rather than three. Freud's concept of an oedipal triangle does not adequately explain the psychological dynamics of his childhood. Fuller conceptual clarity would occur if the dynamics of the Oedipus complex were placed within the family context in which it unfolds.
Some Utilitarian Influences in Freud's Early Writings
Authors: Govrin Aner
Published: April 2008

The author argues that (1) the utilitarian ideas of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were an important source for Freud's early metapsychology and (2) the two theories are radically different in many aspects. The facts that link Freud with the British utilitarian school are described in the first part. These include Freud's translation of three of Mill's essays, a course Freud took on utilitarian-ism as a student and a book written by Mill which Freud cited and held in his library. By stripping Freud's language of its biological connotations the author claims in the second part that utilitarianism ideas are ubiquitous in Freud's early thought especially in his ‘pleasure principle’ and in the hedonistic side of the human psyche. The third part describes how Freudian theory breaks with utilit-arianism along three lines: the quality of pleasure, conflict and irrationality. These breaks are demonstrated through concepts such as the quantity-quality dilemma, constancy principle, repression, conflict and hallucination. Although there is a strong basic philosophical affinity (certainly with regard to human motivation) between Freudian thought and utilitarianism the theories should not be compared on the same level.
Emigrant Psychoanalysts in the USA and the FBI Archives
Authors: Goggin James E.
Published: April 2008

Interest in the fate of the German psychoanalysts who had to flee Hitler's Germany and find refuge in a new nation, such as the United States, has increased. The ‘émigré research’ shows that several themes recur: (1) the theme of ‘loss’ of one's culture, homeland, language, and family; and (2) the ambiva-lent welcome these émigrés received in their new country. We describe the political-social-cultural context that existed in the United States during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Documentary evidence found in the FBI files of three émigré psychoanalysts, Clara Happel, Martin Grotjahn, and Otto Fenichel, are then presented in combination with other source material. This provides a provisional impression of how each of these three individuals experienced their emigration. As such, it gives us elements of a history. The FBI documents suggest that the American atmosphere of political insecurity and fear-based ethnocentric nationalism may have reinforced their old fears of National Socialism, and contributed to their inclination to inhibit or seal off parts of them-selves and their personal histories in order to adapt to their new home and become Americanized. They abandoned the rich social, cultural, political tradition that was part of European psychoanalysis. Finally, we look at these elements of a history in order to ask a larger question about the appropriate balance between a liberal democratic government's right to protect itself from internal and external threats on the one hand, or crossover into the blatant invasion of civil rights and due process on the other.
Lenin, Sexuality and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Chemouni Jacquy
Published: April 2008

Si l'on connaît l'adhésion relativement favorable de Trotsky aux idées freudiennes, on ignore par contre l'attitude de Lénine à l'égard de la psychanalyse. A l'encontre de certains historiens qui voient dans le père de la Révolution d'Octobre un adepte des idées freudiennes, l'auteur au contraire montre, documents à l'appui, qu'il rejetait la psychanalyse, surtout sa perspective jugée ‘idéaliste’ et l'importance accordée à la sexualité. La personnalité prude de Lénine, le rôle jouée par sa femme Nadezhda Krupskaya et leur idéologie ne pouvaient qu'exclure la psychanalyse du renouveau de l'homme que le marxisme se proposait d'entreprendre en Russie.

While Trotsky's relatively favourable adherence to Freudian ideas is well documented, little is known about Lenin's attitude toward psychoanalysis. The author's extensive researches show that, far from being the follower of Freudian ideas depicted by some historians, the father of the October Revolution rejected psychoanalytic theory and, in particular, the perspective he considered ‘idealistic’ and the importance attributed to sexuality. Lenin's prudish personality, the influence of his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya and their ideology resulted in the exclusion of psychoanalysis from the construction of the New Man that Marxism was planning to undertake in Russia.
Joan Riviere and the Masquerade
Authors: Hughes Athol
Published: April 2008

Although she published her paper ‘Womanliness as a masquerade’ in 1929, Joan Riviere wrote it in 1928, the year that women in England got the vote. I want to consider the paper, her first original contribution to psychoanalytic thought, in the social and cultural context of the time, and then I shall focus on elements in it that relate to Joan Riviere's personal experiences and family influences that shaped her understanding of women and their sexuality. As well, I shall look at her views in relation to those of Freud, Klein and Jones. There is evidence that Riviere was speaking of herself in her descriptions of the ‘patient’ in her paper, evidence that can be found in her diary and in the diary of her mother; as well as from the interviews that I had with her daughter Diana. In addition there is a letter from Freud to Riviere that gives further evidence that she is writing about herself in this paper. The correspondence between Freud and Jones concerning Riviere and her analysis with Freud in 1922 also throws light on her experiences and on her personality that are similar to those of the ‘patient’ she describes in ‘Womanliness as a masquerade’.
The First Formal Reaction to C.G. Jung's Departure From Psychoanalysis: Sándor Ferenczi's Review of Symbols of Transformation
Authors: Figlio Karl , Jordanova Alix
Published: April 2008

Since the time when Jung and Freud severed their friendship and their collegial relationship, the details and the causes of the rupture have occupied both clinicians and scholars. The intensity of their relationship, and the pain that its breakdown caused them, seem to have driven much of this work, and it remains difficult to understand and assess the differences between them, in theory and in practice. In the service of assessment, we provide here an English translation of Sándor Ferenczi's review of the work by Jung which symbolized the break, his Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1911/1912). It was the first, and the most thorough and systematic, treatment of Jung's work, written by one of Freud's star followers. We also provide an introduction, which overviews the preparation for a psychoanalytic reply to Jung, based heavily on correspondence, and suggests the need to attend to the differences in clinical methodology implied in the different concepts of the libido held by Freud and Jung.
Remarks on the History of the Terms ‘Object Representation’ and ‘Self Representation’
Authors: May Ulrike
Published: April 2008

This paper reconstructs the history of the term ‘object representation’ and ‘self representation’. It seeks to show that ‘Objektrepräsentanz’ was introduced by Fenichel in 1926, following on from Radó, in order to be able to integrate identification (and the superego) into metapsychology. Freud himself never used ‘Objektrepräsentanz’. Fenichel's pioneering role is not discernible in the English literature mainly because of the diverging approaches used in the translation of this term (object representative versus object representation). It is generally acknowledged that ‘self representation’ was first used by Hartmann but this paper suggests that it actually played a more crucial role in Jacobson's work than it did in Hartmann's. In addition, this paper sees the terms of self and object representation as a reflection of the paradigm change in the 1920s that ensued after the publication of Freud's The Ego and the Id. In tracing the history of the terms, the significance of the Berlin Psychoanalytical Institute in the 1920s emerges as do the Berlin roots of the works written in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s by Edith Jacobson. She received her analytical training in Berlin. Fenichel was her analyst, Radó was one of her teachers, and she was closely involved with the work of her fellow analysts there.