bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VOLUME LOSS OF PULPWOOD IN MANITOBA CAUSED BY WOOD BORERS
Authors: Prentice R. M. , Campbell A. E.
Published: February 2014

Measurements were made of the volume losses caused by wood borers in jack pine and black spruce pulpwood exposed to attack during the summer of 1956 in Manitoba. The average number of borer holes per square foot of log surface was 4.8 in jack pine and 6.5 in black spruce. Losses due to surface feeding and tunnelling were low and seldom exceeded 1.5 per cent of the volume of sample logs. These losses would not have offset the cost of chemical control. Cerambycid larvae accounted for most of the volume loss. Losses caused by buprestids were insignificant.
CHANGE IN MOISTURE CONTENT OF FUEL SAMPLES IN SEALED AND UNSEALED TINS
Authors: Fraser D. G.
Published: February 2014

An experiment shows that the friction lids of sample tins may be sealed with contact tape to prevent moisture loss or gain.
AN UNEXPLAINED DECLINE IN VIGOR OF LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Parker A. K.
Published: February 2014

A condition of decline in vigor of pole-sized lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), characterized by a marked reduction in radial increment, bark lesions, and a general deterioration of the crown, is described. The relationship of the decline to pole blight of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) is discussed.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY AND GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF CONIFEROUS SEED. IV. STRATIFICATION PERIOD AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURE, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZESII (MIRB.) FRANCO
Authors: Allen G. S.
Published: February 2014

Douglas fir seed from 10 geographic sources was stratified for periods of up to 150 days in length and incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C. The relatively rapid germination at 10 °C following the longer periods of stratification indicates advantages for nurseries subject to cold spring weather. The observed decrease of germination per cent (and apparent germinative capacity) after long periods of stratification of some lots suggests that long stratification may be used as a test of vigor or durability. Separation of Coastal seed lots from Interior seed lots, and further separation of these into broad classes appears possible on the basis of germination behavior at 10 °C or 15 °C following a specific period of stratification such as 20 or 40 days.
INFESTATION RATINGS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Nairn L. D. , Prentice R. M.
Published: February 2014

Larch sawfly infestations are commonly surveyed from the ground and air. Ground surveys are based on estimates of defoliation and proportion of tamarack shoots utilized for oviposition. Aerial surveys are based on colour ratings discernible at an altitude of 600 feet. The proportional distribution of shoots and foliage of tamarack was studied and found to be similar for four different crown types. The paper attempts to rate infestations so that either ground or aerial surveys will give comparable results.
A TAPER AND VOLUME TABLE AND VOLUME FORMULAE FOR BLACK SPRUCE IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Kirby C. L.
Published: February 2014

A taper and volume table has been developed for black spruce in Saskatchewan. Comparisons with other taper and volume tables show that volume formulae are as accurate as volume tables and that it is not necessary to have a separate volume table for each tree species. Also included are more rapid methods for the calculation of average diameter, basal area and volume.
MORTALITY IN IMMATURE BALSAM FIR FOLLOWING SEVERE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION
Authors: Baskerville G. L.
Published: February 2014

In northwestern New Brunswick mortality is being followed in a 40- to 50-year-old stand of fir and spruce which was subjected to severe spruce budworm defoliation from 1951 to 1957. This paper reports some early findings by diameter and dominance classes.
A SURVEY OF SUMMER VISITORS TO WELLS GRAY PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Taylor G. D. , Edwards R. Y.
Published: February 2014

Public demand for wild land recreation is increasing to alarming proportions. Foresters should be well informed about this use of forest land if they are to protect their interests in future multiple use planning. Users of a forested area, Wells Gray Park, B.C., were studied in summer, 1959, to determine who they were, why they came, and what they did while there. Most users were city dwellers with office jobs in the lower income categories. By seeking wild areas for summer recreation they found maximum contrasts with city living. While in the area users engaged in a number of pastimes, of which fishing was most popular. Clearly, however, most users were attracted to the natural atmosphere of the area, and most things they did were related to enjoying that atmosphere. These and other facts gathered are preliminary in nature, but indicate that such studies will be valuable to foresters, many of whom will be associated with the wave of recreation seekers predicted for the future.
TESTS OF PRECISION OF CUBIC-FOOT TREE-VOLUME EQUATIONS ON ASPEN, JACKPINE, AND WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Golding D. L. , Hall O. F.
Published: February 2014

A test of the precision of 25 cubic-foot tree-volume equations was made for each of three species: jackpine, white spruce and trembling aspen.Considering the independent variables of diameter and height only, the equation which combines the highest precision and ease of use is the combined-variable equation: V = a + b (dbh)2 (total height). With tree form as a third variable, the equation having the highest precision is the combined-variable form-class equation:[Formula: see text]
THE INFLUENCE OF ASPECT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUGAR MAPLE
Authors: Cater M. R.
Published: February 2014

A study of hardwood distribution in northwestern New Brunswick indicates that sugar maple is most commonly found on easterly slopes. Several possible explanations are discussed, but none accounts for a difference in species distribution between easterly and westerly slopes.
LUMBER GRADES RECOVERED FROM PRUNED DOUGLAS FIR TREES
Authors: McBride C. F.
Published: February 2014

Butt logs from eleven 49-year-old Douglas fir trees which had been pruned 28 years ago were sawn into lumber. The lumber grades were compared with those recovered from unpruned logs. An average of 18 per cent clear lumber was cut from the pruned logs and negligible amounts from the unpruned butt logs.
THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN FOREST PRODUCTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Love D. V.
Published: February 2014

The future of trade in forest products between the United States and Canada will be measured in terms of Canadian exports to the United States.From the statistics of world production and utilization a trend to self-sufficiency in forest products is evident. This trend is further borne out by the statements of forest policy of many countries which favour the development of local forest industries.Changes in manufacturing technology and in the methods of utilization of forest products have caused a considerable relaxation in the traditional specifications of quality in the raw material. This relaxation of specifications has placed in use raw materials which were formerly waste and has placed certain fast growing species in the class of commercial wood.The tremendous forest growth potential which exists in almost every country is made more evident by the modified specifications of the raw material. The desire for self-sufficiency in many countries, including the United States, is moving to fulfillment.The benefits of possession of a particular species or size of timber are rapidly fading. With the improved opportunities for growth because of changes in raw material specification, the ownership of extensive land area and large timber inventory is an advantage which is diminishing in importance.To the extent that certain regions of Canada are advantageously located relative to the U.S. market compared to competing regions, these will occupy a place in future U.S. markets if steps are taken now to provide a source of cheap raw material for the future. There is certainly no guarantee that future trade in forest products between Canada and the United States will be at a high level; it will depend on the extent to which Canadians recognize and take advantage of the opportunities provided by their accessible productive forest land.
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN THE GREAT LAKES AREA
Authors: de Vos A.
Published: February 2014

A survey was made of the changes in the distribution of species of mammals and birds in the Great Lakes region during the period of recorded history. Environmental factors which may effect range changes were assessed and postulates were advanced why some changes occurred. Evidence is presented to support the view that changes in a forested environment caused by man's activities may be instrumental in affecting the distribution of certain species.Changes in the distribution of some species of mammals and birds will be discussed and evidence will be presented to suggest what changes in forested communities may have been instrumental in these changes.Some economically important species will be discussed in more detail, and suggestions are made about how forestry practices may in the future affect the populations of these animals.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AERIAL VOLUME TABLE CONSTRUCTION FOR LODGEPOLE PINE IN WEST-CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Duffy Patrick J. B. , Meyer Merle P.
Published: February 2014

Some aspects of photo-measurement and aerial volume table construction for the pure lodgepole pine type are dealt with. Tables giving gross stand volume in cubic feet are shown with stand height as the independent variable. Crown closure was not significantly correlated with gross stand volume in this study; probably because only fully-stocked stands were surveyed.The 70-plot sample was divided into three strata composed of distinct parent materials. The data from stands on one stratum, the lacustrine deposits which are mapped as the Caroline Silt Loam soil series, were developed into a regression equation which differed from the composite equation (for all parent materials).This study indicated that trained photogrammetrists can consistently measure tree heights to 8-foot height classes with a uniformly small standard error. It also indicates that a larger sample may permit the development of different aerial volume tables for different parent materials or soil types.
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF RADIAL-GROWTH DATA FROM TREES FOR EVIDENCE OF PAST SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Methods used in the collection of radial-growth data from host and non-host trees of the spruce budworm for the purpose of establishing evidence of past spruce budworm outbreaks are described. The preparation and examination of the material and the interpretation of the data are discussed. These techniques are based on experience gained in the course of studies in three widely-separated regions in Ontario and Quebec over a period of several years.
HAIL DAMAGE TO WHITE PINE AND OTHER TREES
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: February 2014

A hailstorm which occurred in an accessible forested area on June 25, 1954, was studied for its immediate and subsequent effects upon trees growing in the area. Considerable mortality of branch extremities and severe stem and branch lesions occurred initially on these trees. Height and diameter measurements taken in 1955 and again in 1959 revealed a slight reduction in growth of white pine trees in the hail zone when compared to the growth of non-affected trees. Several fungi which were encountered in stems and branches of various tree species apparently gained entrance to the trees via the primary hail lesions. With healing of the wounds, it was noted that little or no further development took place in underlying stained pockets of wood. In addition, many of these discolored pockets buried beneath healed lesions were found to be sterile. There appeared to be few, if any, permanent effects on trees originally wounded during a violent hailstorm.
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF THINNING GRADES AND METHODS
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

New expressions of grades and methods of thinning have recently been developed in Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, U.S.A., and Canada. These are described and discussed in the light of the conditions which are most commonly encountered in Canada's undisturbed forests. It was concluded that none of these indices should be used alone in any experiment, but several of them should rather be tried on a comparative basis. Continued research should eventually lead to improved methods of measuring density and structure of stands. It may also provide a better understanding of the relationships among various stand parameters.
Black Spruce Seedfall Immediately Following Fire
Authors: Wilton W. C.
Published: February 2014

not available
IMPACT OF WOOD UTILIZATION ON THE FARM WOODLOT
Authors: Doyle J. A.
Published: February 2014

Greater diversification in the raw material utilization pattern has been evident during recent years. This development now focuses renewed attention on the farm woodlot which in Canada comprises vast areas of relatively accessible forests vital to the national economy. In the future, these areas of renewable resources will require that greater consideration be given to more effective programs of forest utilization and management. Log and tree quality evaluation techniques are especially important in relation to woodlot management, where the more intensive application of the quality aspect to the growing and manufacturing of primary forest products is likely to produce substantial benefits.
RED PINE SEEDFALL IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Cayford J. H.
Published: February 2014

Between September 1957 and August 1962 periodic red pine seed collections were made in a cut-over stand that originally supported a mixture of red and jack pine. A partially cut area and one-chain-wide clear-cut strips, from which all jack pine were cut, were sampled. During the five-year period, 5.5 and 11.2 pounds of seed per acre were dispersed on strip-cut and partial-cut areas, respectively. Maximum dispersal occurred during the autumn, except in 1959 when cool, rainy weather delayed seed dispersal. Seed quality varied directly with size of seed crop and with intensity of seed dispersal.
THE EFFECT OF SEED SIZE ON GERMINATION, SURVIVAL AND INITIAL GROWTH IN WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Burgar R. J.
Published: February 2014

A 50 gram sample of white spruce seed of regular nursery production quality was divided into three size classes, (a) small, <1.41 mm, (b) medium, 1.41-1.59 mm, (c) large >1.59 mm. Laboratory tests were conducted with 2,000 seeds of each size class in a 2:1, sand: peat soil mixture.The differences in total germination and in the first year's survival rates, between the three seed size classes were found to be not statistically significant. The difference in the height and weight of the seedlings, after one season's growth, small, 19.0 mm and 5.8 mg., medium, 21.7 mm and 7.7 mg., large, 24.9 mm and 9.8 mg., were found to be highly significant.From the results of this test it is concluded that the larger the white spruce seed the larger will be the resultant seedling after the first season's growth, but seed size affects neither the germination nor the survival rate in this species.
LAYERING HABIT OF SUGAR MAPLE
Authors: Fayle D. C. F.
Published: February 2014

Natural layering of sugar maple is more common than generally realized. Seedlings, branches, stems and basal sprouts may become layered. Some of these layers could be mistaken for root suckers.
A TIME STUDY IN PRUNING PLANTATION WHITE SPRUCE AND RED PINE
Authors: Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

In a time study at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, pruning white spruce to a height of 17 feet took about twice as long as pruning red pine to the same height, owing to differences in the branching habit, length of live crown, and the persistence of the branches of the species. Under present local market conditions, pruning spruce grown in plantations to increase timber quality would be profitable if the operator had access to a market for clear spruce lumber.
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF VIRAL MATERIAL, IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE JACK PINE SAWFLY
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: February 2014

not available
HISTORY OF A SMALL CROWN FIRE
Authors: Wagner C. E. Van
Published: February 2014

An 80-foot-square plot in a red pine plantation was burned at extreme fire danger as part of a study of fire behaviour and effect. When the wind reversed its direction, the original slow-moving back-fire changed within a few minutes to a fast-spreading crown fire. The transition from surface to crowns is described in terms of rate of spread, fuel weight consumed and energy output.
ACCOUNT OF A RECENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAK IN THE LAURENTIDE PARK REGION OF QUEBEC AND MEASURES FOR REDUCING DAMAGE IN FUTURE OUTBREAKS
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Pulpwood stands in the Laurentide Park region of Quebec were subjected to defoliation by the spruce budworm between 1946 and 1958. Progress of the outbreak was traced from survey records and from radial growth data from 102 localities. The apparent reasons for the temporary reduction in population level from 1951 to 1953, and for the collapse of the infestation in 1958 are discussed. Estimates based on information provided by the various operators in the area place the total amount of merchantable softwoods destroyed at 5.4 million cords, while calculations based on radial growth studies reveal that approximately 1.8 million cords were lost through reductions in increment. About 1.6 million cords were salvaged before the dead wood was rendered unusable by sapwood rots. Measures that would reduce losses from future outbreaks are proposed and discussed.
THE USE OF HEIGHT AND SQUARED DIAMETER RATIOS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF MERCHANTABLE CUBIC FOOT VOLUME
Authors: Honer T. G.
Published: February 2014

Two methods of determining merchantable cubic foot volume have been developed and described. Each method is based on regression functions which describe the distribution of volume over the tree stem and can be applied to an estimate of total volume to compute merchantable volume to specified limits. These functions permit the user to:a) estimate the volume of any portion of the tree stem defined by two measures of merchantable height;b) determine merchantable volume to any specified top diameter and stump height.Additional work is now in progress.
MORTALITY CAUSED BY ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT, PERIDERMIUM RUSTS AND OTHER DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS IN LODGEPOLE PINE REGENERATION
Authors: Baranyay J. A. , Stevenson G. R.
Published: February 2014

Surveys of diseases and other forms of damage in naturally regenerated lodgepole pine were carried out in 1959 and 1962 near Robb, Alberta in an area that had been burned in May, 1941. Eighteen and one-half per cent of the trees on seven 0.05-acre plots were dead in 1959. The additional mortality on the same plots from 1959 to 1962 was 27.7 per cent. The seemingly high mortality was not considered excessive, in light of the large numbers of trees remaining on the plots, but further examinations will show if the present high mortality rate is sustained. The most important destructive agent up to 1962 was Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quél. The most important non-infectious destructive agents were game and rodents.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN LINING-OUT STOCK
Authors: Johnson M. G.
Published: February 2014

The following herbicides were used in attempts to control weeds in lining-out stock of 16 species of trees and shrubs: simazine, neburon, endothal, CIPC, DNBP and 2, 4-D. Only simazine and neburon produced a significant reduction in weed crops. In further studies on simazine applications of 3 and 4 pounds per acre of the wettable-powder formulation provided good control. The granular formulation of simazine did not produce a significant reduction in either the number of species or crops of weeds. Variation in survival of nursery stock was more closely related to the individual species of trees and shrubs than to the formulations or rates of application of simazine.
STAND IMPROVEMENT WITH WHITE SPRUCE PLANTED WITH CONCURRENT DYBAR (FENURON) HERBICIDE TREATMENT
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Three ½-oz. spot applications of Dybar (pelleted fenuron: 3-phenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea) were given in 1960-61 to competing vegetation around each planted white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in an overmature boreal mixedwood. The herbicide was applied at distances from 1 to 7 feet from the spruce concurrently with planting, in fall, spring and summer. Survival of white spruce, 75 per cent in 1963, was not affected significantly by any of the treatments. A highly significant relationship was found between total live canopy in 1963 (X, not greater than 75%) and height growth of spruce in 1963 (Y):[Formula: see text]Significance of regression was not increased by the inclusion of either initial canopy or height of stock at planting. The study shows that the non-selective Dybar can safely be used at the time of planting to aid the establishment of white spruce, and that subsequent growth of the spruce is largely dependent on the density of total live canopy.
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STERILIZATION ON THE FUNGUS POPULATION OF SOIL IN RELATION TO ROOT DISEASE OF DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS
Authors: Bloomberg W. J.
Published: February 2014

Nursery beds were treated with methyl bromide, Mylone, Vapam, CIPC, and Simazine before sowing with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed. In beds treated by the first three chemicals, the incidence of seedling root disease was 15, 45, and 75% of that in the untreated bed. There was little or no reduction of disease in the Simazine- and CIPC-treated beds. Counts of fungi in soil dilution plates showed that methyl bromide and Mylone caused the greatest reduction in the total fungus population of the soil; the proportion of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. was larger and that of Penicillium spp. was smaller in soil treated by these chemicals than in soil from other treatments. Vapam caused a moderate reduction in the total population. All treatments reduced the proportion of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. ex. Fr. in the soil, the fungus principally found to be associated with root disease; however, this proportion did not appear to be correlated with disease incidence.
THE NEED TO STUDY SILVICULTURAL EFFECTS OF MECHANIZED LOGGING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

Biological problems which may result from the use of heavy logging equipment are discussed. Scarification from logging rarely produces enough seedbed favourable to natural regeneration. Full-tree logging may cause nutrition problems by removing tree crowns from poor sites. Well designed studies of various kinds of logging systems are needed to assess their effects on the stand, soil and future regeneration. Studies of nutrient cycling in native forest stands might indicate some of the effects of full tree logging.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON A 20-YEAR-OLD RED PINE PLANTATION
Authors: Gagnon J. D.
Published: February 2014

The fertilizers, Mg at a rate of 100 lbs/acre and K at 200 lbs/acre, were applied around each of 15 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to promote increased growth in a 20-year-old plantation which had failed to fulfil growth expectations. Successive measurements of diameter and height showed that the fertilizers stimulated diameter significantly after the second growing season, but height only after the third growing season. Beneficial effect of fertilizer applications on diameter and height persisted, and the differences in diameter and height between treated and untreated trees at the end of the seventh growing season was equivalent to two years' current growth.
DESCRIBING FOREST FIRES — OLD WAYS AND NEW
Authors: Wagner C. E. van
Published: February 2014

This article deals with several ways of describing forest fires and their limitations. The simplest and oldest way is by simple verbal description. Then came the combination of rate of spread and resistance to control. The best quantitative measure of fire behaviour, however, is the rate of energy output per unit of fire front, quoted in conjunction with the linear rate of spread. If the full benefits of advances in fire control technology are to be realized, wider use of the energy output concept will probably be necessary, first among fire researchers and eventually among fire control people.
DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE SPRUCE AND ALPINE FIR SEEDLINGS ON CUT-OVER AREAS IN THE CENTRAL INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Eis Slavoj
Published: February 2014

Germination of white spruce and alpine fir was similar on mineral soil at all forest sites studied and averaged 33 per cent for spruce and 6 per cent for alpine fir.Mortality of seedlings in mineral soil was confined to the period of summer droughts. During this period maximum air temperatures approached 100° F., mineral soil exceeded 120° F. and humus 135° F. Water content of the upper 20 to 40 mm. of mineral soil was reduced below the wilting point and approximately 45 per cent of the seedlings died. The average root length of seedlings which died was 18 mm.; of those which survived, 37 mm. Greatest mortality occurred on fully exposed plots of dry habitats.On undisturbed seedbeds, germination of both species was very low. Seeds remained suspended and had insufficient contact with humic particles. Radicles of seeds which did germinate failed to reach compacted moist horizons. At the depth of root penetration, raw humus was at wilting point a few days after rain. A negligible number of seedlings of either species survived on raw humus to the end of the growing season.Shoot growth of both species ended at the beginning of August, while roots kept increasing in length until late in fall. The depth of root penetration on mineral seedbeds was greatest on sandy soils. At the end of the growing season alpine fir seedlings were larger than spruce seedlings.The main cause of seedling mortality on both types of seedbed appears to be the water deficit in the root zone. Increased mortality on fully exposed plots can be attributed to the direct heating of the living tissue under water stress.
PRIVATE WOODLANDS, THE SUBURBAN FOREST AND AESTHETIC TIMBER HARVESTING
Authors: Hamilton Lawrence S.
Published: February 2014

The population explosion, our increasing affluence, the "flight to the fringe" and the domination of a large hinterland by urban and metropolitan centers have already created a large suburban forest domain. This is destined to continue, and more and more of our commercial private forest will fall into this category. Foresters can wash their hands of these impure forests and head for the deep woods of distant public and large industrial holdings (though even here the cry of "multiple use" echoes through the timber). Conversely, we can accept the challenge, allow protection of amenity and multiple use to permeate our management thinking and working vocabulary, and thereby remain relevant to today's and tomorrow's forestry problems.
THE GROWTH OF THE SOVIET LUMBER INDUSTRY AND EXPORTS
Authors: Bone Robert M.
Published: February 2014

The natural wealth of the U.S.S.R. has been a key factor in this country's rapid economic expansion. One of its major resources is its forests, which, in turn, has provided a sound basis for its lumber industry and lumber exports. This industry has played an important role in the transformation of Soviet Russia from a predominantly agricultural state to a modern industrial country by providing a valuable building material and by earning much needed foreign funds. In the latest decade, the growth of Soviet lumber production and trade has been most remarkable. Currently, the bulk of her foreign lumber sales have been concentrated in European countries, particularly the United Kingdom. Over the next five years, evidence suggests a continued growth of both lumber production and exports.
OPTIMUM RATE OF FOREST HARVESTING
Authors: Nautiyal J. C.
Published: February 2014

The economic conditions that must hold good for (1) an efficient allocation of primary factors of production for harvesting forest resources and (2) allocation of these forest resources between present use and use in future have been given. The concept of user cost has been applied to specify temporal efficiency in harvesting of resources, and a practical method for computation of this cost has been developed.
YELLOW BIRCH REGENERATION ON SCARIFIED SEEDBEDS UNDER SMALL CANOPY OPENINGS
Authors: Hatcher R. J.
Published: February 2014

Four years after establishment, an experiment in regenerating yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) on prepared seedbeds under one-tenth and one-quarter acre circular canopy openings created by cutting and girdling trees in a deteriorated tolerant hardwood stand indicates that all combinations of method and size resulted in satisfactory birch stocking. Yellow birch outgrew its principal competitor sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), underbrush competition has not jeopardized good birch survival, and deer browsing has been low.En vue d'étudier la régénération du bouleau jaune (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) sur des lits de germination préparés, des trouées de forme circulaire de 1/10 et 1/4 d'acre ont été pratiquées à l'aide de coupe et annelage dans un peuplement détérioré de feuillus tolérants. Quatre ans après le début de l'expérience le taux de germination du bouleau jaune était jugé satisfaisant pour toutes les combinaisons de méthodes employées et de dimensions des trouées. Le bouleau jaune a surpassé en croissance son principal compétiteur l'érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.), sa survivance n'a jamais été mise en péril par la competition de la strate arbustive et l'intensité du broutage par le chevreuil a été bas.
RESEARCH NEEDS OF PEATLAND
Authors: McEwen J. K.
Published: February 2014

Responsible forecasts indicate that Canada will have an increased demand for forest products in the future. To maintain our present black spruce forests on their present sites, to increase the growth rate and to extend our forests requires an increased knowledge of the organic sites on which black spruce grows. We should be gathering this information now. A knowledge of the results of European research can save us much time and money.
WHITEBARK PINE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Day R. J.
Published: February 2014

Whitebark pine has been described by most authorities as a small commercially valueless tree usually found at timberline. Whitebark pine of exceptionally large commercial size forms an interesting component of some of the lodgepole pine - hybrid spruce stands in the subalpine forests of south-west Alberta. Because of a high commercial value many of these large specimens have already been used for the manufacture of "lodgepole pine" lumber. The presence of up to ten per cent or more of large whitebark pine in commercial stands in the region is an ecological enigma. It appears that this species can compete favorably with lodgepole pine and spruce on the better sites, but is usually restricted to timberline scrub. Inability to regenerate where fire frequency is high may be responsible. An inherent ability to survive at timberline coupled with excellent growth capability should recommend this species for management on sites where regeneration is difficult.
New Approaches to Forest Recreation Planning in Canada
Authors: Brown C. S.
Published: February 2014

The steadily increasing demand in Canada for opportunities for outdoor recreation will be satisfied largely on forest lands. Foresters must play the lead role in the allocation and development of lands for recreation use, and should be aware of new tools becoming available. Among these is the recreation capability mapping program of the Canada Land Inventory, which will classify all land in the designated area — some 1,000,000 square miles — according to its natural capability to engender and sustain outdoor recreation use. A parallel program is classifying and mapping wildlife capability. In addition, plans are underway for commencement in 1968 of a co-ordinated, searching analysis of the demands for outdoor recreation across Canada. Several federal agencies and the provinces will take part in associated surveys to assess present opportunities for recreation, present use of them and the preferences and habits of users and non-users.In spite of the lack of an evident national direction, and of national leadership in outdoor recreation, informal and semi-formal liaison ensure a reasonable degree of intergovernment and interdepartment co-ordination in the development of these new tools and in making them available to land use planners.
Spring Planting with Jack Pine Transplants Recommended for Blueberry-Sweetfern Sites in Northern Ontario
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

Two experimental plantings were made at widely separated locations on the blueberry-sweet-fern (Vaccinium-Comptonia) sites of northern Ontario. Red pine and jack pine were planted in tests comparing seedlings and transplants, spring and fall planting, and several site-preparations and planting-methods. The results were examined in terms of first-and-fifth-year survival, and fifth-year heights.Red pine was not found as suitable for planting in this site as jack pine.In jack pine plots, the 2-1 transplants gave better survival and growth than the 2-0 seedlings.There was better survival and growth from spring planting than from fall planting.
Pre-Scarification and Strip Clearcutting to Obtain Lodgepole Pine Regeneration
Authors: Johnson H. J.
Published: February 2014

In 1952 an experiment was conducted near Strachan in the lower foothills of Alberta in a study of regeneration of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) obtained by pre-scarification and strip clearcutting. The results to 1968 support this technique, regeneration on pre-scarified areas having exceeded 80 per cent stocking. Height growth of the tallest seedlings on scarified areas was over 50 per cent greater than those on undisturbed areas.
Development Trends in Swedish Silviculture and Some Comparisons with European Countries
Authors: Stefansson Eric
Published: February 2014

This paper is mainly concerned with progress in silvicultural practice in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries. Reference is made to a forestry act which has been in force in Sweden since the beginning of the century and which has led to an over-emphasis on the thinning of older crops in preference to final felling. At the same time labour shortages and other factors have caused a neglect of thinning in younger crops.The small farm-forest units which are common in Scandinavia are now seen as a special problem in achieving rationalization of forest management. Co-operation to achieve larger management units is considered important.Although increasing emphasis is being placed on artificial regeneration, some 50% of Swedish forests are still being regenerated by means of seed trees. In future, intensive methods of artificial regeneration are expected to be concentrated in forests with a high productive potential. The availability of better quality planting stock has also made it possible to plant smaller numbers of trees per acre and still achieve satisfactory results.Prescribed burning is no longer considered advantageous except in areas of thick humus accumulation in Northern Sweden and to dispose of logging waste. Extensive trials are also being carried out with new types of ploughs and planting machines.
Outdoor Recreation and forest Fires
Authors: Telfer Edmund S.
Published: February 2014

The great increase in recreational use of forest land in recent years has caused concern among fire-conscious land managers. This paper examines statistics relating to fire cause from several sources. These statistics suggest that incidence of fires is more strongly related to other factors than to intensity of recreational use.The number of recreation-caused fires might be reduced still further by training courses in safe handling of fire.
Dimpled Grain in Wood
Authors: Chafe S. C.
Published: February 2014

Dimpled grain in lodgepole, jack, and ponderosa pines is caused by resin blisters present in the inner bark. In Sitka spruce the grain deviation is caused by groups of sclereids in the inner bark. Both blisters and sclereids apparently exert pressure on the cambium and cause depressions to form in the xylem. In jack and lodgepole pines, distribution of dimpled grain, as measured by the number of depressions on a split tangential wood surface, is relatively constant throughout the tree with some degree of tapering off towards the pith and towards the top of the tree.
Site-index Curve Shape in Spruce
Authors: Heger L.
Published: February 2014

Sets of site-index curves were prepared from stem analyses of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and black spruce (P. mariana (Mill.) BSP.) from various regions in the boreal forest of Canada. Ordinates of the site-index curves, computed for 5-year breast-height age intervals up to 75 years, and for 10-foot site-index intervals up to 70 feet, were compared within the species for the same values of site index and age. For breast-height ages below 55 years and for site index below 70 feet, the maximum absolute difference among the ordinates did not exceed 2.0 feet in white spruce, and 1.6 feet in black spruce; the corresponding average deviations were 0.75 and 0.80 feet. For breast-height ages above 55 years, these differences increased with age and, at 75 years, reached 8.8 feet in white spruce, and 3.8 feet in black spruce; the corresponding average deviations were 4.40 and 1.53 feet.
Chemical Control of Competition in Plantations
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Per capita use of forest products and the world population both continue to rise rapidly. Silviculture must therefore become increasingly intensive. Chemical weed control will play a major role in this.The real function of weed control is to divert growth resources from weed into crop species. Two main types of competition will need controlling in plantations: (a) grasses and other non-woody weeds before canopy closure; and (b) woody weeds. Treatments under (a) are not yet practicable from the air: those under (b) will usually be from the air, but ground application will be warranted on occasion. Examples of appropriate chemicals and treatments are given. Chemical thinning, already feasible in ground operations, may become possible from the air if probability selectivity is exploited.
Regeneration of Northern Hardwoods Under Shelterwood Cutting
Authors: Tubbs Carl H. , Metzger Frederick T.
Published: February 2014

Shelterwood regeneration cuts were made on hemlock-hardwood and sugar maple sites in mature timber. On both sites three understory treatments were compared: (1) no treatment, (2) all advance regeneration poisoned, and (3) all advance regeneration poisoned and the plots scarified.Sugar maple responded well on untreated plots of the sugar maple site. Removing competition by poisoning stimulated yellow birch establishment on both sites, and removing competition plus scarifying, yielded the most yellow birch on both sites. However, yellow birch regeneration predominated on the treated areas of the hemlock-hardwood site, while sugar maple regeneration predominated on comparable areas of the sugar maple site.
Tree Breeding in Canada
Authors: Place I. C. M.
Published: February 2014

not available
Report on the Natural Areas Committee of the SAF
Authors: Cayford J.
Published: February 2014

not available
Le système de renseignements C.F.C.
Authors: Pleines W. , Letourneau L.
Published: February 2014

Forest surveys based on permanent plots possess peculiarities unusual in other computer applications. The enormous amount of information (30,000 plots, 1,000,000 trees), must be checked, corrected. Relevant information must be selected from the data bank for statistical computations. Because information for decision-making changes, the computer programs must be flexible.This article explains how this was done. In a temporary phase, all card data were "converted" to standard codes and format and written on magnetic tapes. In the file maintenance phase, the data bank is checked and corrected. Volumes are computed, plots checked by accumulating tree data, etc. The file creation phase builds a unit record from plot and tree information. Stratification data can also be merged on the new file. The reporting phase consists of modified versions of programs of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station in the U.S. (Wilson and Peters, 1967). TABLE computes statistics by strata and condenses them in matrices, OUTPUT prints them in desired form.This computer system is a harmonious combination of special and general purpose programs. CIP experiences in developing these programs may help other foresters hence more exchange of information about data processing is desired.
Hours of Sunshine and Fire Season Severity over the Vancouver Forest District
Authors: Turner J. A.
Published: February 2014

The accumulated hours of bright sunshine provide a simple index of fire season severity for the southern coastal area of British Columbia. This index, based on the period May 1 to August 31, is highly correlated with the annual acreage burned over the Vancouver Forest District.By removing that part of the year-by-year deviation in area burned which can be attributed to variations in this weather index, it is possible to see more clearly the effects of other controls on the annual fire load.The existence of appreciable fluctuations of summer sunshine over periods of the order of decades would suggest that 10-year averages of fire statistics are not long enough to be independent of the effects of weather.
Foresters and the Challenge of Integrated Resource Management
Authors: Jeffrey W. W. , Brown C. S. , Jurdant M. , Novakowski N. S. , Spilsbury R. H.
Published: February 2014

Increasing public pressure on Canada's land resources to produce a greater variety of social values indicates an urgent need for integrated resources management. This, in turn, requires a reorientation in the traditional "single resource" thinking of foresters and others. However, it is believed that the current major impediments to developing integrated resource management are to be found in the attitudes and opinions which prevail in the administrative centres of government in respect to social, political, economic, legal, and other matters. Integrated resource management is fundamentally a social concept and a prerequisite to long-term progress in this area is a better knowledge and awareness of the social-environmental needs of society on the part of all resource personnel. Foresters are closely identified in the public mind with responsibilities in wildland management and should be actively concerned with integrated resource management.
Productivité de Plantations d'épinette blanche sur le sol sablonneux à Grand'Mère, P.Q.
Authors: Gagnon Par J. D.
Published: February 2014

About nine square miles of the Proulx Block white spruce plantations at Grand-Mère were inventoried in 1946, 1956, 1961 and 1966. Results of these inventories show that on about 20% of the studied area characterized by the Calliergon forest type, growth of trees planted in 1926 is most satisfactory; on about 45% of the area characterized by the Calliergon-Polytrichum type, growth is fairly good; while on about 53% of the area characterized by the Cladonia-Polytrichum type, growth rate is slow.It is concluded that, in general the growth of the white spruce plantations at Grand-Mère is no longer stagnant, and recovery, even on the poorest site, is encouraging.
An Economic Guide to Silviculture
Authors: Wiksten Ake
Published: February 2014

The paper describes an economic guide to silviculture which is designed to provide field personnel with an easy way of determining the financially sound alternative or possibility when choosing between various forestry practices, primarily with respect to reforestation.The guide consists of a number of charts, one for each of six rotation periods between 40 years and 100 years. Each chart shows three quadrants which are used as nomogrammes for various purposes.Since the economic efficiency of silvicultural operations basically depends on the quality of the land, this guide can be used for an exploratory analysis of the capability spectrum of a given management unit against the background of selected economic criteria. Such an analysis would show how much of the productive forest land can be managed continuously to produce a desired rate of return on capital invested in land, machinery, labour and administration. The guide can also be used to give an outline of the input of labour, employment opportunities, that can be justified annually in various kinds of silvicultural work.
The Application of Sustained Yield Management Objectives to Canada's Northern Forests
Authors: Moss Alan
Published: February 2014

The author discusses a number of objections which have been made against the sustained yield concept in British Columbia. These have involved questions of equal annual harvest and market fluctuations; the normal forest and retention of old growth; rotation length; the marginal tree concept; the calculation of sustained yield allowable cuts and the question of management decision-making. A number of the objections do not relate directly to the sustained yield concept but to the particular methods of its implementation in British Columbia. It is pointed out that economic principles are just as subject to discretionary interpretation as are forestry principles. There appears to be an incomplete understanding of the sustained yield concept and the importance of its application at the management unit level — the point at which its objectives and applications become factual in nature. Economic principles alone do not provide an adequate alternative to the sustained yield concept, if the abuses of forest liquidation are to be avoided but they should be given due weight in the application of the concept. The author recommends that Canada's northern forests should be managed on a sustained yield basis.
Conflicting Objectives in Forest Policy: The Case of British Columbia
Authors: Pearse Peter H.
Published: February 2014

This paper takes a critical look at some of the basic principles on which forest management policies in British Columbia are based. Much of our present management procedures are designed to serve technical objectives which can be traced to traditional forestry principles imported from Europe. These, it is suggested, are inappropriate criteria for maximizing the value we obtain from our forest endowment in modern conditions of rapid change and growing competitive demands on the resource base. It is argued that our well established concepts of sustained yield, full utilization and maximum wood growth, among other things, should be re-appraised in the light of modern economic criteria for maximizing the values generated by forest resources.
A Trial of Selection Management in a Mature Fir-Spruce-Birch Forest
Authors: Croome G. C. R.
Published: February 2014

Stand development on 100 acres of fir-spruce-birch forest being converted from a three-age-class structure to an uneven-aged one suitable for selection management is discussed. Periodic fellings were made in 1947, 1956, and 1966 and although the forest as a whole now has an uneven-aged structure, there are only a few small areas of true selection forest. Growth of merchantable wood has increased over the past 10 years and is now 0.9 cord/acre per annum; this is slightly higher than the growth on an adjacent commercial clear-cut (1947) but the standing volume on the clear-cut is higher.It is suggested that the selection system might be suitable for smaller companies and for woodlot owners.