bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The further development of CSIEC project driven by application and evaluation in English education
Authors: Jia Jiyou , Chen Weichao
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we present the comprehensive version of CSIEC (Computer Simulation in Educational Communication), an interactive web‐based human–computer dialogue system with natural language for English instruction, and its tentative application and evaluation in English education. First, we briefly introduce the motivation for this project, survey the related works and illustrate the system structure with flow diagram. Then we describe its pedagogical functions, especially free chatting and chatting on a given topic. We summarise the free Internet usage within 6 months and introduce its integration into English classrooms, as well as the formal evaluation results of the integration. The evaluation findings show that the chatting function has been improved and fully used by the users, and the application of the CSIEC system in English instruction can motivate the learners to use English and enhance their learning process. Lastly, we discuss the application‐driven approach of system development and draw some conclusions for future improvement.
A Typology of Consumers' Emotional Response Styles during Service Recovery Encounters*
Authors: Schoefer Klaus , Diamantopoulos Adamantios
Published: August 2008

Previous efforts investigating consumers' response styles during service failure and recovery encounters have focused on behavioural elements and, by and large, neglected the important issue of emotions elicited in this context. The present study uses experienced emotions during service recovery encounters as a way of classifying complainants and links the resultant typology to the relationship quality indicators of satisfaction, trust and commitment. By doing so, it serves as an empirically grounded basis for subsequently deriving strategies and tactics for successful recovery from service failures. The results reveal four distinct emotional response styles which are associated with perceptions of relationship quality following service recovery encounters. Managerial implications of the findings are discussed and future research directions identified.
Developmental Patterns and Gender Differences in the Experience of Peer Companionship during Adolescence
Authors: Richards Maryse H. , Crowe Paul A. , Larson Reed , Swarr Amy
Published: August 2008

Adolescents in fifth through eighth grade (N= 218) carried electronic pagers for 1 week and completed self‐report forms in response to signals received at random times. Four years later, the sample underwent the same procedure. Results indicate that thinking about the opposite sex occurs at an earlier age than spending time with the opposite sex alone and that both increase over time. Results also indicate little change in same‐sex companionship over time. Girls spent more time with the opposite sex and spent more time thinking about opposite‐ and same‐sex peers. Time with the opposite sex alone was experienced as very positive, whereas time spent thinking about the opposite sex was associated with less positive states as adolescents became older.
Child Development and Marital Relations
Authors: Fincham Frank D.
Published: August 2008

This article examines aspects of the marital relationship and its assessment relevant to scholars of child development. The case for attending to marriage in child research is outlined before reviewing what is known about the construct of marital quality, behavior, emotional responding, and cognition in marriage. Practical recommendations are made for assessing each of these areas before arguing that the child's perspective of the marriage is critical for understanding children's behavior. Several limitations and promises of marital research for understanding children are also discussed.
Treatment of corticosteroid refractory optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis patients with intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Tselis A. , Perumal J. , Caon C. , Hreha S. , Ching W. , Din M. , Van Stavern G. , Khan O.
Published: August 2008

Background:  Patients with severe visual loss because of optic neuritis refractory to high dose corticosteroids have limited therapeutic options. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been advocated in the past, but data are scarce. In this study, we use a protocol different from those used in other studies, with different timing and dosage.

Methods:  Consecutive patients with corticosteroid‐refractive optic neuropathy were treated with IVIG and compared with control patients who received only corticosteroids in an open‐label, non‐randomized, controlled prospective study.

Results:  Twenty‐three patients received treatment with IVIG and 24 matched patients who did not receive treatment with IVIG were followed as controls. All patients had visual acuity 20/400 or worse in the affected eye. There was significant improvement in the IVIG group with 18/23 (78%) subjects reaching near normal vision (20/30 or better), compared with the control group with only 3/24 (12.5%) responding similarly.

Conclusions:  The use of IVIG, following corticosteroids, may be useful using the protocol described herein, with sustained pulsed dosing. A larger controlled trial is indicated to confirm these results.
Efficacy of Gabapentin in the Treatment of SUNCT Syndrome
Authors: Etemadifar M , Maghzi AH , Ghasemi M , Chitsaz A , Esfahani M Kaji
Published: August 2008

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin (GBP) in the treatment of SUNCT syndrome on a relatively large sample of Persian patients. Eight patients with SUNCT syndrome underwent a 4-week, open-label, daily treatment of 600-900 mg GBP. The frequency, intensity and duration of attacks were compared before and after the trial. After 4 weeks of treatment, intensity, duration and frequency of headaches were significantly ( P< 0.05) reduced. In addition, five patients (62.5±) were completely relieved from headaches, and in the other three patients the mean intensity, frequency and duration of headaches were decreased notably. In this study, GBP was well tolerated and no unfavourable side-effects were reported. After the end of the trial all patients continued the medication, and after 3 months none reported undesired side-effects or return of the headaches to the pre-treatment status. Our patients had a significant response to GBP, and considering other case reports on the effectiveness of GBP in the treatment of SUNCT syndrome, we propose that, taking into account the good side-effect profile and lack of interactions of GBP, this drug could be considered as an option for the treatment of SUNCT.
Memorializing the Sacred: Kristallnacht in German National Memory
Authors: JACOBS JANET
Published: August 2008

This article uses field visits (including photographs) to examine the construction of religious memory in the commemoration of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night) in contemporary German society. Over the last two decades there has been a proliferation of Kristallnacht memorials to the synagogues that were destroyed during the pogroms of November 9, 1938. Based on research at 50 of these memorial sites, I explore the way in which violence against the synagogue (and Jewish sacred objects) has become the symbol of Jewish genocide in German Holocaust remembrance. The findings strongly suggest that the missing synagogue and its destroyed relics have replaced the murdered Jewish citizenry as the predominant subject of memory in public monuments and memorials throughout the country. However, this visual trope as a representation of the sacred is complicated by other attempts at humanizing (and thus implicitly Christianizing) the suffering and sacrifice of the Holocaust.
Soil water repellency in an old and young pasture in relation to N application
Authors: Sonneveld M. P. W.
Published: August 2008

Ageing of pastures is likely to affect the degree of potential water repellency in the long term, whereas seasonal variation on a shorter term affects the actual repellency of soils. A 1‐year study on two pastures of different ages was conducted on a sandy soil to assess changes in the degree of potential and actual water repellency in relation to different levels of applied nitrogen (N). Sampling was carried out on four dates (April, June, August and October) to determine soil moisture content and both potential and actual water repellency at three depths (0–25, 25–50 and 50–75 cm). The relative number of potentially wettable samples for the young pasture (5 years) ranged from 64% (0–25 cm) to 96% (25–50 cm) to 100% (50–75 cm). For the old pasture (38 years) this ranged from 29 to 66 to 94%. The transition zone in which topsoil samples could be either wettable or water repellent ranged from 18 to 23% (v/v) for the young pasture compared with a range from 29 to 32% (v/v) for the old pasture. Thus, ageing pastures may result in both moving as well as decreasing transition zones over time. A positive relationship between increased inputs of fertilizer N, higher DM yields, lower soil water contents and higher degrees of water repellency was found for the old pasture for the August series. This suggests that seasonal variation in water repellency can be further re‐enforced through nutrient management.
Technical Efficiency among Peasant Farmers Participating in Natural Resource Management Programmes in Central America
Authors: Solís Daniel , Bravo‐Ureta Boris E. , Quiroga Ricardo E.
Published: August 2008

This study examines the extent to which technical efficiency (TE) is related to activities promoted by two natural resource management programmes recently completed in Central America. Data for a total of 639 farms operating in the hillsides of El Salvador and Honduras are used to estimate a household‐level input‐oriented stochastic distance frontier simultaneously with a TE effects model. The main finding of this study is that improvements in TE are financially beneficial to farm households while also contributing to environmental sustainability. The results also reveal a positive association between productivity and output diversification, and a positive relationship between TE and off‐farm income, human capital and agricultural extension.
Negative Off‐Site Impacts of Ecological Restoration: Understanding and Addressing the Conflict
Authors: BUCKLEY MARK C. , CRONE ELIZABETH E.
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  Ecological restoration is a key component of biological conservation. Nevertheless, unlike protection of existing areas, restoration changes existing land use and can therefore be more controversial. Some restoration projects negatively affect surrounding landowners, creating social constraints to restoration success. Just as negative off‐site impacts (i.e., negative externalities) flow from industrial areas to natural areas, restoration projects can generate negative externalities for commercial land uses, such as agriculture. Negative externalities from industry have led to government regulation to prevent human health and environmental impacts. Negative externalities from restoration projects have elicited similar legal constraint on at least one large‐scale conservation project, riparian restoration in the Sacramento River Conservation Area. The negative externalities of restoration that are perceived to be the direct result of specific goals, such as endangered species management, are likely to be more contentious than externalities arising from unintended phenomena such as weed invasion. Restoration planners should give equal consideration to off‐site characteristics as to on‐site characteristics when choosing sites for restoration and designing projects. Efforts to control externalities can lead to off‐site ecological benefits.
Interim Obturator Retained by an Extraoral Device: A Clinical Report
Authors: Aponte‐Wesson Ruth , Carroll William , Waite Peter , Seidenfaden Julius Christopher
Published: August 2008

This clinical report presents the treatment of an unfavorable bilateral maxillary defect with the use of an extraoral device to hold an interim obturator in place during tissue healing and maturation.
Mechanical Properties of Magnetic Attachments for Removable Prostheses on Teeth and Implants
Authors: Boeckler Arne F. , Morton Dean , Ehring Carolin , Setz Juergen M.
Published: August 2008

Purpose: Magnetic attachments on teeth and implants may be used to improve stability, support, and retention of removable prostheses. Various forms of magnetic attachments are available, divided according to the design, the mechanical properties of the attachments, and the clinical indication. Recently developed attachment systems are small and promise improved retentive capacity, while existing magnetic attachments continue to be technologically modified and improved. This investigation reviewed and compared maximum retentive forces and characteristic curves for magnetic attachments indicated for use as root anchors and on implants.

Materials and Methods: Twenty‐four samarium‐cobalt (SmCo) and neodym‐iron‐boron (NeFeB) magnetic attachments (12 tooth‐ and 12 implant‐borne) were evaluated. Specimens were delivered by the manufacturers or fabricated according to their instructions. Five magnet pairs of each product and each combination were tested 10 times in a calibrated universal testing machine using a nonmagnetic test device (s = 40 mm, v = 20 mm/min). Results were recorded electronically and compared to manufacturers' details.

Results: Maximum retentive forces for root keepers ranged from 1.4 to 6.6 N. Maximum retentive forces for magnetic attachments on implants ranged from 0.7 to 5.8 N. After a distance of 0.1 mm, a complete reversed distribution of the different systems became obvious. The retentive force provided by the manufacturer was achieved in one implant abutment, with retentive force (as compared to those provided by the manufacturers) for root keepers ranging between 42.5% and 92.9% and for implant abutments between 43.0% and 99.4%.

Conclusion: There were differences between magnetic attachments for both the initial retentive capabilities and the characteristic curves. Recently introduced products provided relatively high initial retentive forces despite their small size. The measured retentive forces and the manufacturer's information differed in the majority of magnetic systems evaluated.
The Role of Government Policy on Entrepreneurial Activity: Productive, Unproductive, or Destructive?
Authors: Minniti Maria
Published: August 2008

This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice on government policy and entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship is an important engine of growth. Government policy, in turn, shapes the institutional environment in which entrepreneurial decisions are made. Thus, government policy is important for entrepreneurship. But what policies are more conducive to productive entrepreneurship? In spite of a significant amount of work on this and related topics, there is still much we do not know about this important relationship. After reviewing recent literature on entrepreneurship policy, this paper summarizes the contributions included in this volume and puts them in the context of the ongoing research debate. The goal of the special issue is to address important unanswered questions and trigger a constructive debate among diverging views.
Economic Freedom and Service Industry Growth in the United States
Authors: Gohmann Stephan F. , Hobbs Bradley K. , McCrickard Myra
Published: August 2008

The growth of an economy depends upon entrepreneurial activities leading to the formation of new businesses and the production of new goods and services. In turn, institutions influence entrepreneurial activity. Public policy is an attribute of the institutions under which entrepreneurs operate. One element of the institutional environment is the degree of economic freedom under which entrepreneurs form and operate their business activities. The degree of economic freedom affects not only profit opportunities for entrepreneurs, but also the level and the type of economic activities they pursue. We examine how the entrepreneurial activity and level of employment in U.S. service industries respond to changes in the degree of economic freedom among states. Our findings suggest that the relationship between entrepreneurial outcomes and economic freedom varies significantly by industry. In some industries, such as business and personal services, increases in economic freedom lead to growth in the number of firms and the level of employment. However, the reverse is true for other industries, such as health, social, and legal services.
Permanent Endovenous Pediatric Pacing: Absence of Lead Failure—20 Years Follow‐Up Study
Authors: STOJANOV PETAR L. , SAVIC DRAGUTIN V. , ZIVKOVIC MIRJANA B. , CALOVIC ZARKO R.
Published: August 2008

Background:

The aim of the study was to analyze endovenous pacing lead survival in pediatric population implanted by cephalic cut down, or by axillary vein puncture.

Methods:

All implantations were performed in total endotracheal anesthesia, by the same surgeon. Implantations of ventricular leads were performed by cephalic vein cut down or by external jugular vein preparation. In dual‐chamber pacing, atrial leads were implanted via cephalic vein (along with ventricular lead), by axillary vein puncture or via external jugular vein. All implanted leads were secured by resorbable suture.

Results:

Over the 20‐year follow‐up period, 105 children of 5.7 years average age (range 1 day–15 years) were implanted with a permanent endovenous pacing system for congenital or postsurgical complete atrioventricular block or sinus node disease. Within the group, 27 patients (25.7%) weighed less than 10 kg on implantation. A total of 121 endovenous leads were implanted. All ventricular leads were with a passive fixation mechanism, and most of them unipolar (87.6%) and steroid eluting (94.2%). Leads implanted in atrial position were 82% bipolar, predominantly with active fixation (94%), and all steroid eluting. The most frequently used mode of stimulation was VVIR (66.6%). No acute or chronic lead displacement, exit block, sensing problem, lead conductor fracture, insulation defect or infections were observed during the total follow‐up of 709 pacing years (average 6.9, range 0–20 years).

Conclusion:

Implantation of the endovenous leads by preparation of the cephalic or puncture of the axillary vein, with lead fixation by resorbable suture represents a method of choice.
Simple application of fibronectin–mimetic coating enhances osseointegration of titanium implants
Authors: Petrie Timothy A. , Reyes Catherine D. , Burns Kellie L. , García Andrés J.
Published: August 2008

Integrin‐mediated cell adhesion to biomolecules adsorbed onto biomedical devices regulates device integration and performance. Because of the central role of integrin‐fibronectin (FN) interactions in osteoblastic function and bone formation, we evaluated the ability of FN‐inspired biomolecular coatings to promote osteoblastic differentiation and implant osseointegration. Notably, these biomolecular coatings relied on physical adsorption of FN‐based ligands onto biomedical‐grade titanium as a simple, clinically translatable strategy to functionalize medical implants. Surfaces coated with a recombinant fragment of FN spanning the central cell binding domain enhanced osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in bone marrow stromal cell cultures and increased implant osseointegration in a rat cortical bone model compared to passively adsorbed arginine–glycine–aspartic acid peptides, serum proteins and full‐length FN. Differences in biological responses correlated with integrin binding specificity and signalling among surface coatings. This work validates a simple, clinically translatable, surface biofunctionalization strategy to enhance biomedical device integration.
The Cross-over Trial: A Subtle Knife
Authors: Jones Byron
Published: August 2008

Cross-over trials are a sharp and useful tool. Byron Jones explains just how sharp they can be—and how not to cut yourself.
Sea Turtle Nesting as a Process Influencing a Sandy Beach Ecosystem
Authors: Madden Derek , Ballestero Jorge , Calvo Carlos , Carlson Robert , Christians Elaine , Madden Erinn
Published: August 2008

Sea turtle egg mortality, egg predation, and small organisms associated with turtle nests were studied at Playa Ostional, Costa Rica. Sites with concentrated sea turtle nesting were compared with solitary nesting sites as a function of place and time based on ANOVA, Akaike's Information Criterion, and Bayesian analyses. Results indicate that sea turtle egg mortality was significantly associated (P < 0.005) with flowing water that erodes or saturates nesting sites, and with overlapped nesting in which sea turtles disturb each other's nests. Sarcophagid and calliphorid fly larvae (Bayesian prior = 1.19; posterior = 2.27), fungi (prior = 1.14; posterior = 1.92), mites (prior = 0.51; posterior = 1.15), and several other types of small organisms increased in number after turtle egg laying (N= 303 nests; 34,451 turtle eggs). During peak sea turtle nesting periods, visitation to nesting sites by poachers and vertebrate predators was high, and relative number of nests disturbed by these predators was low (P < 0.02). In multimodel analysis, the three most parsimonious models were: (1) turtle egg mortality and distance from mean high tide; (2) turtle egg predation and distance from mean high tide; and (3) turtle egg mortality and nesting density, with Akaike weights of 0.224, 0.203, and 0.153 respectively. Intensive sea turtle nesting might result in upwelling and turnover of nesting debris and nest organisms, and may influence biotic community structure of sandy beach ecosystems.
Legal Change and Gender Inequality: Changes in Muslim Family Law in India
Authors: Subramanian Narendra
Published: August 2008

Group-specific family laws are said to provide women fewer rights and impede policy change. India's family law systems specific to religious groups underwent important gender-equalizing changes over the last generation. The changes in the laws of the religious minorities were unexpected, as conservative elites had considerable indirect influence over these laws. Policy elites changed minority law only if they found credible justification for change in group laws, group norms, and group initiatives, not only in constitutional rights and transnational human rights law. Muslim alimony and divorce laws were changed on this basis, giving women more rights without abandoning cultural accommodation. Legal mobilization and the outlook of policy makers—specifically their approach to regulating family life, their understanding of group norms, and their normative vision of family life—shaped the major changes in Indian Muslim law. More gender-equalizing legal changes are possible based on the same sources.
Maternal dietary supplementation with saturated, but not monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, leads to tissue‐specific inhibition of offspring Na+,K+‐ATPase
Authors: Armitage James A. , Gupta Sanjana , Wood Caroline , Jensen Runa I. , Samuelsson Anne‐Maj , Fuller William , Shattock Michael J. , Poston Lucilla , Taylor Paul D.
Published: August 2008

In rats, a maternal diet rich in lard is associated with reduced Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in adult offspring kidney. We have addressed the role of different fatty acids by evaluating Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in offspring of dams fed diets rich in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed, during pregnancy and suckling, a control diet (4% w/w corn oil) or a fatty acid supplemented diet (24% w/w). Offspring were reared on chow (4% PUFA) and studied at 6 months. mRNA expression (real‐time PCR) of Na+,K+‐ATPase α subunit and protein expression of Na+,K+‐ATPase subunits (Western blot) were assessed in kidney and brain. Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was reduced in kidney (P < 0.05 versus all groups) and brain (P < 0.05 versus control and MUFA offspring) of the SFA group. Neither Na+,K+‐ATPase α1 subunit mRNA expression, nor protein expression of total α, α1, α2, α3 or β1 subunits were significantly altered in kidney in any dietary group. In brains of SFA offspring α1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) was reduced compared with MUFA and PUFA offspring, but not controls. Also in brain, SFA offspring demonstrated reduced (P < 0.05) α1 subunit protein and increased phosphorylation (P < 0.05) of the Na+,K+‐ATPase modulating protein phospholemman at serine residue 63 (S63 PLM). Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was similar to controls in heart and liver. In utero and neonatal exposure to a maternal diet rich in saturated fatty acids is associated with altered activity and expression of Na+,K+‐ATPase in adulthood, but mechanisms appear tissue specific.
Dynamic Stability of Cracked Viscoelastic Rectangular Plate Subjected to Tangential Follower Force
Authors: Wang Zhong-min , Wang Yan , Zhou Yin-feng
Published: August 2008

Based on the thin plate theory and the two-dimensional viscoelastic differential type constitutive relation, the differential equation of motion of a viscoelastic plate containing an all-over part-through crack and subjected to uniformly distributed tangential follower force is established in Laplace domain. Then, by performing the Laplace inverse transformation, the differential equation of motion of the plate in the time domain is obtained. The expression of the additional rotation induced by the crack is given. The complex eigenvalue equations of the cracked viscoelastic plate subjected to uniformly distributed tangential follower force are obtained by the differential quadrature method, and the δ method is adopted at the crack continuity conditions. The general eigenvalue equations of the cracked viscoelastic plate subjected to uniformly distributed tangential follower force under the different boundary conditions are calculated. The transverse vibration characteristics, type of instability, and corresponding critical loads of the cracked viscoelastic plate subjected to uniformly distributed tangential follower force are analyzed.
Surface Green Function With Surface Stresses and Surface Elasticity
Using Stroh’s Formalism
Authors: Koguchi Hideo
Published: August 2008

In the present paper, surface Green functions in an anisotropic elastic half-domain subjected to a concentrated force and a line force are derived using Stroh’s formalism considering surface stress and surface elasticity. Formulation of the boundary condition based on Stroh’s formalism is presented and is used to derive the surface Green functions. The displacement field far from the surface is affected only slightly by the surface stress and elasticity. However, the stress field is influenced to a somewhat greater degree by the surface stress and elasticity. The influence of the mechanical properties of the surface on the distributions of displacement and stress near the surface is investigated for various values of surface elastic modulus and surface stress. The surface stress and surface elasticity affect the displacements and stresses, respectively, in different manners. Displacement fields in molecular dynamics are compared with those in the Green function, and it is shown that the results are in fair agreement.
CD4 Stabilization Tubes Provide Improved Accuracy of Absolute CD4 T-Cell Counts Compared to Standard K
3
EDTA Tubes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunologic Monitoring in Resource-Poor Settings
Authors: Shott Joseph P. , Iga Boaz , Makumbi Fredrick , Luswata Charles , Kagulire Charles , Nammanda Josephine , Mills Lisa A. , Serwadda David , Quinn Thomas C. , Reynolds Steven J.
Published: August 2008

CD4 stabilization tubes have the ability to ensure internal quality control in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) monitoring laboratory by maintaining accurate absolute CD4 T-cell counts for up to 6 days. Here, we assessed this technology for its use in an HIV clinical monitoring laboratory in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda.
Establishment of Murine Cytomegalovirus Latency In Vivo Is Associated with Changes in Histone Modifications and Recruitment of Transcriptional Repressors to the Major Immediate-Early Promoter
Authors: Liu Xue-feng , Yan Shixian , Abecassis Michael , Hummel Mary
Published: August 2008

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus with the ability to establish a lifelong latent infection. The mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. Regulation of, for example, immediate-early (IE) gene expression is thought to be a critical control point in transcriptional control of the switch between latency and reactivation. Here, we present evidence that supports previous studies showing that the majority of genomes are quiescent with respect to gene expression. To study the possible role of epigenetic factors that may be involved in repression of
ie
gene expression in latency, we have analyzed changes in the patterns of modifications of histones bound to the major IE promoter (MIEP) in the kidneys of acutely and latently infected mice. Our studies show that, like herpes simplex virus, murine CMV genomes become relatively enriched in histones in latent infection. There are dramatic changes in modifications of histones associated with the MIEP when latency is established: H3 and H4 become hypoacetylated and H3 is hypomethylated at lysine 4, while H3 lysine 9 is hypermethylated in latently infected mice. These changes are accompanied by a relative loss of RNA polymerase and gain of heterochromatin protein 1γ and Yin-Yang 1 bound to the MIEP. Our studies suggest that, in the majority of cells, CMV establishes a true latent infection, defined as the lack of expression of genes associated with productive infection, and that this occurs through changes in histone modifications and recruitment of transcriptional silencing factors to the MIEP.
Sudden cardiac arrest in children and young athletes: the importance of a detailed personal and family history in the pre-participation evaluation
Authors: Campbell R M , Berger S , Drezner J
Published: August 2008

Healthcare providers have become more aware of and concerned about paediatric sudden cardiac arrest. The diseases predisposing a patient to sudden cardiac arrest are all infrequently encountered. However, a detailed and comprehensive patient and family history may reveal warning signs and symptoms that identify a patient at higher risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Since many of these diseases are genetic, extensive family evaluation may uncover a previously undetected cardiac disease process and as well direct the development of a complete family evaluation and treatment plan. Published data document that in many cases preceding warning symptoms and signs are present, but may be misinterpreted or disregarded by medical staff. Attention to the details of patient history, family history and physical exam is critical to the success of any detection strategy, which can and should be widely applied.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTERPHASE AND PROPHASE NUCLEI OF ROOT TIPS OF EINKORN WHEAT AND ONION
Authors: Person Clayton
Published: August 2008

Studies of cells in interphase and prophase show that at all stages of the mitotic cycle in the nuclei of Einkorn wheat and onion root tips the arrangement of the chromosomes bears a definite relation to the axis of the nucleus. The establishment, by the centromeres, of the metaphase plate is described. The observations are compared with those of previous investigators and possible applications in other fields of investigation are suggested.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN FUNGICIDES AGAINST BOTRYTIS TULIPAE (LIB.) LIND
Authors: Sampson R. E. , Ludwig R. A.
Published: August 2008

A number of methods reported to be effective in the production of spores of Botrytis tulipae gave unsuccessful results. Both macro- and microconidia were, however, obtained by growing the fungus on living tulip leaves and petals in moist chambers.Comparisons in vitro showed thiram and ferbam to be effective against Botrytis tulipae at lower concentrations than either chloranil or Vancide 51. Sodium o-phenylphenate was intermediate at the LD95 point but its probit log concentration regression line was of steeper slope than those of thiram, ferbam, or chloranil which were parallel. This parallelism is a good indication that these compounds have a similar mechanism of action. These chemicals, when applied to infested tulip bulbs, did not control botrytis blight. This failure is probably due to their inability to penetrate the outer white bulb scale and hence reach the deep-seated mycelium of the causal fungus.
A NEW NATURAL HYBRID CYPRIPEDIUM FROM ONTARIO
Authors: Garay Leslie A.
Published: August 2008

It is the intention of the author in the following paragraphs to discuss and describe a natural hybrid of the genus Cypripedium, from Ontario, Canada, and to call it Cypripedium Landonii in honor of its discoverer. This new hybrid is considered to be a cross between Cypripedium Calceolus L. var. parviflorum Fern. and × Cypripedium Favillianum Curtis. This conclusion is based on the variability of the staminode, of which some forty were examined in the field and in the laboratory. The included plate illustrates that these staminodes approach the shape of their parents.
EMBRYOLOGY OF INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES IN MELILOTUS
Authors: Greenshields John Edward Ross
Published: August 2008

Twelve species of Melilotus were intercrossed and the embryology of the hybrids was studied. The species involved in this study are M. alba, M. officinalis, M. suaveolens, M. polonica, M. dentata, M. altissima, M. hirsutus, M. taurica, M. messanensis, M. italica, M. sulcat, and M. speciosa. Among partially compatible crosses, M. officinalis × M. alba produces the most advanced embryo. Growth of the embryo proceeds normally until about eight days, and more slowly thereafter until the 12th or 13th day, when growth is completely inhibited and the embryo aborts. The reciprocal M. alba × M. officinalis embryo does not grow as large or differentiate as much before aborting by the 11th day. Other crosses, including M. officinalis × M. suaveolens and M. alba × M. messanensis form a normal proembryo that grows slowly to about the sixth day. The proembryo then loses polarity, organ development becomes abnormal, and the ovule aborts about the 12th day. Aborted embryos are also produced in the cross, M. alba × M. dentata. Reciprocal crosses of M. suaveolens and M. altissima and M. altissima × M. polonica produce essentially normal embryos up to eight days. These crosses may be sources of economically important germ plasm. Crosses of M. altissima × M. alba and M. italica × M. altissima exhibit early embryo abortion. The suspensor becomes necrotic in four or five days and the proembryo floats into the ovule cavity, which contains abundant noncellular endosperm. In the cross M. officinalis × M. altissima, neither the zygote nor the primary endosperm nucleus divides. When M. altissima is used as the female parent, the zygote does not divide but the endosperm proliferates. In the cross, M. italica × M. officinalis, neither the zygote nor the endosperm divides. Embryos of M. italica × M. sulcata grow for four or five days, but the primary endosperm nucleus does not divide. The hybrid seed of M. alba × M. suaveolens weighs less than seed of either parent. Although developing ovules are smaller than those of M. suaveolens × M. alba, the embryo of the former is much larger and more differentiated, and endosperm is more abundant. This relationship between these two compatible species is of particular theoretical interest. Although many of the crosses do not mature viable seed, some embryos develop normally to a point where they would be worthy subjects for culture on nutrient agar.
SEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTINOMYCETES ASSOCIATED WITH POTATO SCAB
Authors: Douglas R. J. , Garrard E. H.
Published: August 2008

Using rabbit antisera and a simple flocculation test, a striking similarity in serological behavior is shown to exist between strains of Streptomyces capable of causing potato scab. This similarity in reaction is not apparent in tests with nonpathogenic isolates. The possible significance of these results with regard to the antigenic constitution of the organisms is discussed.
SOME PLANT MIGROFOSSILS IMPORTANT TO PRE-CARBONIFEROUS STRATIGRAPHY AND CONTRIBUTING TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EARLY FLORAS
Authors: Radforth N. W. , McGregor D. C.
Published: August 2008

Fifty-six recently discovered spores and sporelike microfossils from Canadian non-coaly deposits of Middle and Upper Devonian age are described and classified. Their manner of occurrence suggests their probable usefulness in the establishment of biostratigraphic entities, and their applicability to the stratigraphic study of oil-bearing rocks. Relative to the history of plants, the microfossils convey evidence of a. more complex and more highly evolved Devonian flora than has been apparent from the macrofossil record. In addition, preliminary examination has disclosed spores of comparable abundance and of only slightly less complexity in rocks of Lower Devonian and Silurian age.
THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM AND RADIAL GROWTH IN THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

The vascular cambium, to use the term in the general sense as designation for the entire meristem producing secondary xylem and phloem, consists of the self-perpetuating uniseriate initiating layer and the derived tissue mother cells. In the dormant condition the cambium in the stems of mature trees is one to four, usually two to three, cells wide. The one to three tangential tiers of cells toward the xylem are made up of xylem mother cells, and the single tier next the phloem is composed of initial cells. On reactivation all cambial cells expand radially. Periclinal divisions soon follow, usually according to a sequence in which the xylem mother cells in the tier contiguous to the late wood are the first to divide and the initial cells last, although some variation occurs. The zone of periclinal division rapidly widens to 100-300 μ in vigorous open-grown trees, the center of activity during this vernal surge of growth clearly being among the dividing and redividing xylem mother cells. Thereafter, from mid-June to August, a continued decline in cell production follows as the zone of xylem mother cells decreases from many tangential rows to few. The initiating layer becomes relatively more important as the center of cell generation, and toward the end of the growing season the initial cells undergo those changes which modify the cellular pattern of the cambium and hence of the derived tissues. Phloem development begins later than that of xylem, and at the end of May the new phloem varies from none to four cells as compared with a xylemward production of 30-60 cells in vigorous trees. Phloem expansion continues at a more or less steady rate from June to the termination of cambial activity in August or early September. The annual phloem increments vary less in width than those of xylem.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF MOISTURE IN LARGE WOODY STEMS
Authors: Greenidge K. N. H.
Published: August 2008

The movement of moisture in large woody stems under normal conditions of uptake is described. Consideration is also given to the aberrant patterns of staining characteristic of woody stems following partial injection of lower boles of standing trees. Staining patterns resulting from very drastic disruption of the normal channels of water conduction are discussed, and the results reviewed in the light of the mechanism of moisture movement in large woody stems.
THE EFFECT OF EXTREME SHADE UPON LEAF FORM AND STRUCTURE IN VICIA AMERICANA
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: August 2008

A comparative study of light and shade leaflets of a common flowering plant (Vicia americana) reveals striking differences in leaflet form, size, thickness, and internal structure. The marked thinness of shade leaflets is due to the failure of the mesophyll cells to enlarge, and their peculiar folded form is attributed to the same cause.
FUNGI IN AIR MASSES OVER MONTREAL DURING 1950 AND 1951
Authors: Pady S. M. , Kapica L.
Published: August 2008

Numbers and kinds of fungi were determined from nutrient plate and silicone slide studies from the roof of the Sun Life Building, Montreal, between September 1950 and December 1951. Exposures of plates were made in the General Electric Bacterial Air Sampler, and plates and silicone slides in the Bourdillon Slit Sampler. A total of 978 exposures was made on 113 sampling days during 16 months; 507 plates in the G. E. Sampler, 344 plates and 127 slides in the Slit Sampler. Of 40,359 colonies examined, Cladosporium, Penicillium, yeasts, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Actinomycetes were commonest, constituting 47.7, 15.8, 10.4, 4.6, 4.2, and 2.2% of the total. The next commonest fungi were Pullularia, Oöspora, Fusarium, Stemphylium, Verticillium, Rhizopus, Spicaria, Scopulariopsis, Phoma, Mucor, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Trichoderma, Helmin-thosporium, Neurospora, Papularia, Cephalothecium, Pyrenochaeta, Zythia, and Nigrospora. In addition 12 genera were infrequently found. Unidentified colonies numbered 174 and nonsporulating 3371 (8.3%). On a cubic foot basis numbers in the plates varied from 17.7 per cu. ft. in August to 0.4 per cu. ft in February.Fungus spores showed a seasonal variation with summer highs averaging 244 per cu. ft. in July to a low of 0.8 per cu. ft. in December. The most abundant spores were Cladosporium, yeasts, smuts, Fusarium, Alternaria, Venturia-like, Stemphylium, rusts, Septoria, and Helminthosporium. Hyphal fragments and pollen grains were present also. On eight occasions during the summer, readings of over 200 spores per cu. ft. were recorded, the maximum being 445 per cu. ft. on September 6, 1951. Cladosporium in August reached a peak of 74.1 per cu. ft. and yeast cells in July had an average concentration of 100 per cu. ft.An analysis of the air masses indicated that pure polar air carried low numbers of fungi, whereas tropical air had very high numbers. Most of the air masses were modified polar air and their fungus content varied considerably. The fungi in the air over Montreal are believed to have had their origin in agricultural areas.
CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT
Authors: Unrau John , Person Clayton , Kuspira John
Published: August 2008

The procedures involved in the various phases of chromosome substitution in common wheat are briefly outlined and explained. Complications encountered with reciprocal translocations are clarified. The following subjects are discussed: development of chromosome-deficient series in other varieties, transfer of single chromosomes from donor varieties to chromosome-deficient lines to develop substitution lines, alien substitutions, and combination of two chromosome substitutions into a single line. There is a brief discussion of the value of the chromosome substitution method especially in the study of gene dosage and interaction as affecting certain characters.
INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT ON THE SEEDLING REACTION OF McMURACHY WHEAT TO RACE 15B OF STEM RUST
Authors: Forsyth F. R.
Published: August 2008

The reactions of seedlings of McMurachy wheat to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henn.) race 15B were determined in growth chambers under various combinations of temperature and light. Experiments in continuous light on seedlings kept at temperatures alternating between 62° F. and 72° F. showed that the critical period determining reaction to rust was the time at which symptoms of infection (i.e. flecking) became visible. Experiments involving temperatures of 60°, 70°, and 75° F. at a photoperiod of 16 hr., with 8 hr. of darkness, showed that a 16-hr. period of low temperature (60° F.) and light induced resistance to the rust if this period fell between 51 and 115 hr. after inoculation but was most effective if it occurred between 75 and 91 hr.
CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THE MATURE SUGAR BEET ROOT TO DEFOLIATION BY FROST AND KNIFE
Authors: Wort D. J. , White G. A.
Published: August 2008

The tops of mature field-grown sugar beets were frozen or removed by knife and the leaves allowed to regrow, or removed by knife and all regrowth continuously removed, for a period of 16 days. Sample roots were dug from the ground one, four, eight, 12, and 16 days after the original defoliation, and dry weight, sucrose, invert sugar, starch dextrin, total nitrogen, and insoluble nitrogen determined. The activity of catalase, phosphorylase, phosphatase, beta-amylase, and invertase was measured. Compared with untreated plants, all treatments affected in a similar way the substances or activities measured, with the exception of phosphatase and catalase activity. Dry weight decreased, and percentage sucrose based on fresh weight, fell steadily, and was 2.89 below that of controls on the 16th day. Ou a dry weight basis the sucrose percentage of roots of defoliated plants did not differ significantly from that of roots of untreated plants. It is suggested that the continued fall in sucrose percentage on a fresh weight basis is the result of continued absorption of soil water. Invert sugar was higher in treated plants and increased with time. Changes in starch dextrin content were small. The total N content of the various plants showed no significant differences. Insoluble N was not altered in a recognizable pattern. The activity of catalase and phosphorylase was lower in treated plants, while phosphatase and invertase showed increased activity. Beta-amylase activity was low in all roots.
SAFFLOWER LEAF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Turel Franziska L. M. , Howes Mary M.
Published: August 2008

A tissue culture was obtained from the cells around the vein of a piece of normal safflower leaf. The tissue has now been transferred monthly for two and one-half years. Growth was measured on White's, Knop's, and Heller's media with and without 0.1 mgm. indole-3-acetic acid per liter and/or 10% coconut milk. Indole-3-acetic acid had no effect but coconut milk greatly enhanced growth. Heller's medium plus coconut milk was the best for growth of the leaf tissue. The addition of coconut milk to White's medium caused a decrease in percentage of dry weight of the leaf tissue culture, whereas its addition to Heller's medium had no such effect.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN NOSTOC MUSCORUM AND CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Brown T. E. , Eyster H. C.
Published: August 2008

Methods are described for the continuous culturing of Nostoc muscorum and for the manometric measurement of its photosynthesis. N. muscorum required a more dilute and more alkaline medium for growth and for measurement of its photosynthesis than Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Although lacking organized chloroplasts, N. muscorum exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity at 25 °C. in terms of cell numbers and chlorophyll content than C. pyrenoidosa. The photosynthetic capacities of N. muscorum and C. pyrenoidosa were not significantly different on a solids basis. Saturating light intensities, optimum and maximum temperatures, activation energies, induction periods, and inhibition by phenylurethane were similar for photosynthesis in Nostoc and Chlorella. Aerobic induction was not abolished by an atmosphere of pure oxygen, or by glucose feeding.Photosynthesis in Nostoc was abolished by exposing the filaments to weakly acidic media, and usually was injured by washing them with neutral or mildly alkaline potassium-free media. The lyotropic series for the prevention of washing injury in Nostoc was K> Rb> NH4, Li, Na. This washing effect is discussed in relation to the chloride effect on the Hill reaction, the magnesium effect on Azotobacter respiration, as well as the effect of potassium on the bioelectric properties of Nitella, to which it appears related.