bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Beet Armyworms, Pinworms, and Leafminers on Tomatoes, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

Solarset’ tomatoes were transplanted into Rockdale soil plastic mulch beds on 3 Apr, 1996. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 30 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated 4 weeks after transplant and continued on approximately 7-day intervals beginning 1 May. Foliar insecticides were applied using a COz-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted 24 h after each treatment. BAW larvae were counted on 5 interior plants of the middle two rows of each plot. Tomato pinworm and leafminer larvae were evaluated by examining three trifoliates per plot. Although BAW and leafminer populations were slightly lower than normal, pinworm populations were moderately high.
Impact of Insecticides Alone and in Rotation on Tomato Pinworm, Leafminer and Beneficial Arthro-Pods on Staked Tomato, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse-raised tomato seedings were planted 18 inches apart on 4 sets of 3 subirrigated beds, 32 inches wide and 240 ft long, on 12 Mar. Beds were fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin at a rate of 220 lb acre, fertilized, and covered with black polyethylene film mulch. The middle ‘inoculum’ row of each 3-bed set was left untreated. The remaining 2 beds in each set were divided into 8 plots about 30 ft long to accommodate 14 treatments and untreated check in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Plants were sprayed weekly with a combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre for disease control. Two wing-type sticky traps, baited with TPW pheromone (Scentry) lures placed in the field to monitor the pinworm population, showed peaks on four dates 3,4, 25 Apr and 2 May when the daily trap catch was 21, 26, 30, and 32, respectively. All other dates had a daily trap average of less than 10. Pre-treatment means of 20.5 LM and 3.4 PW mines/plant were recorded on 11 Apr. Seven weekly treatments were applied from 14 Apr through 30 May using a high-clearance sprayer with 2 booms fitted with “yellow” Albuz® hollow-cone nozzles operating at a pressure of 200 psi. The first 2 applications used 4 nozzles, 2 per boom, to deliver 42 gpa and the last five used 6 nozzles for 65 gpa. Three treatments con-sisted of SpinTor applied for 2 weeks followed by an application of Trigard, Agri-Mek, or Mattch. RH-2485 and Confirm were tank mixed with the adjuvant Latron CS-7 (0.12% v/v). Five weekly counts were made of dead/empty mines and live larvae of the LM and PW from one side of two plants, 4 samples per plot. Weekly vacuum samples of 4 sees from one side of 6 plants were taken beginning 17 Apr using a modified leaf blower. Catch was identified as beneficial (primarily spiders, hymenoptera exclusive of ants and predaceous hemiptera), pests and incidental (mostly flies). Fruit was harvested 3 Jun from 6 plants per plot and the marketable fruit graded on a commercial table with weights and numbers recorded. Unmarketable fruit was separated into categories of infestation with TPW, other insects and disease. Crop value was estimated based on $5,6,7,9 market per box of small, medium, large, and extra large fruit, respectively.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1997
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Six-week-old transplants were set on 4 July at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Re-search Station (Fletcher, NC). Plants were set 18" apart within 20-ft rows and rows were on 10-ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. Snap beans and squash were interplanted between treatment rows in an attempt to increase populations of stink bugs (SB) and thrips. Materials were applied on 6, 15 and 25 Aug, and 5 and 15 Sep with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50-125 gpa (gpa increased as plants grew) through 7 hollow-cone nozzles per row (three nozzles on each side and one overhead). The list of evaluated materials appears in the results tables. The transplants used in the Confirm 70 W treatment, which was targeted at lepidopterous pests, were treated in the flat with Admire just prior to planting. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 leaves (3rd most recently expanded) per plot and recording the number infested with ≤ 1 apterous aphid. Pink stage fruit were harvested on 22 and 29 Aug, 5, 12, 19, and 26 Sep and 3 and 10 Oct. The total number of fruit and number damaged by TFW, SB, and thrips were recorded. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1997
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 68 ft X 68 ft, were in a 6-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 7 Jul with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Stainless steel 8003 Tee Jet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of dimethoate 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH densities were determined 3, 7, 10, and 18 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1997
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 34 ft X 36 ft, were in a 5-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gpa. Treatments were applied on 29 Apr with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and oper-ated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of carbofuran 4°F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 2, 6, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 24 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Roberts S. J. , Armbrust E. J. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments for potato leafhoppers (PLH) were evaluated on a two-year stand of alfalfa during the 2nd growth period at the University of Illinois Foundation Shaw Farm, Champaign County, Illinois. Plots were 40 X 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 10 Jul with a tractor-mounted sprayer with a 20-ft boom equipped with flat fan nozzles (TeeJet 8002VS) spaced 20 inches apart delivering 15.7 gal/acre at 25 psi through and 2.5 mph. Pre-treatment sweeps showed an average of 3.12 PLH per sweep on 8 Jul. Average stem height was 8.3 inches. Efficacy of Baythroid 2 EC, Pounce 3.2 EC, and the experimental compound FCR 4545 was compared with an untreated check during the second growth period of alfalfa. Efficacy was determined by sweep-net samples taken, pre-spray and at 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment (DAT) with the insecticides.
Control of Insect Pests on Fall-Seeded Canola, 1997A
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 20 X 30 ft at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA on 10 Oct. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi on 21 May except for Gaucho 75 ST applied as a seed treatment at planting. All sprayed insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated for pre-treatment count 215 DAE, 7 DAT (222 DAE), 12 DAT (227 DAE), and 25 DAT (250 DAE) by counting the number of CA colonies per m2 (6.6 linear ft of row) with mean number of CA per colony. CSPW counts were made on evaluation dates with 180° sweeps with a 14-inch sweep net. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at harvest, and yield data were collected.
Insecticide Efficacy Trial for Flea Beetlesl on Canola, 1997
Authors: Milbrath Lindsey R. , Weiss Michael J. , Zarnstorff Mark
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded at the North Central Res. & Ext. Center, Minot, ND on 15 May at 8.8 lb seed per acre and were 3.5 (seven 6-inch rows) X 16 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Furadan was applied at planting, mixed with the seed and Gaucho was applied as a seed treatment. The other insecticides were applied 2 Jun with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa after the arrival of flea beetles in the plots. The canola was in the cotyledon to 2-leaf stage and flea beetle feeding pressure was moderately high. Prior to spraying, the number of plants per linear m of row was counted (two per plot) and 12 plants per plot were collected to determine the number of feeding pits on the cotyledons. The canola was harvested on 23 Aug and yield and test weight data were collected. These data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated using Tukey’s HSD test.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides for Control of Larval Corn Rootworm, 1997
Authors: DeVries Terry A. , Wright Robert J. , Meinke Lance , Siegfried Blair
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticide trials were conducted near Holdrege, NE (Field 1) and Gresham, NE (Field 2) to evaluate their effectiveness in protecting corn roots from WCR larval injury. Results of research conducted from 1994-96 have indicated that adult WCR are resistant to methyl parathion and carbaryl in these areas. Trials were established in fields with a high population of adults in the summer of 1996. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft-long row with a 30-inch row spacing. Field 1 was planted with ‘Golden Harvest 2547’ hybrid on 24 Apr and Field 2 with ‘Ciba 454 Maximizer’ hybrid on 13 May. Granular insecticides were applied using 10-inch Almaco smooth belt cones mounted in place of insecticide boxes on a 2-row John Deer 7100 plateless planter. Pre-weighed amounts of insecticide granules were distributed uniformly around the belt cone by a divider funnel and either directed into the open seed furrow (IF) or a 7-inch band in front of the press wheel and over the open seed furrow and incorporated with a drag rake (TB). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer mounted on the planter was used to apply liquid insecticides. A TeeJet #250017 nozzle positioned between the disc openers was used to direct an in-furrow spray of 1.25 gpa at 8 psi (LP). Established plant populations were evaluated in Field 1 on 22 May and on 5 Jun in Field 2. Rootworm egg hatch was detected on 9 Jun at Clay Center, NE. First cultivation time treatments were applied on 10 Jun in Field 2 and on 11 Jun in Field 1. Granular insecticides were applied basally at first-cultivation from a mason jar with holes in the lid and incorporating with a garden rake (GC). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with an output of 21 gpa at 30 psi was used to apply liquid insecticides at first-cultivation over the top of the plant whorl. The insecticide reaching the soil surface was immediately incorporated with a garden rake (LC). Larval feeding damage was evaluated on 14 Jul for Field 2 and 23 Jul for Field 1. Five plants were dug from each plot and rated for root damage using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Root injury ratings were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT. Percent consistency was determined for each plot based on the percent of the plants that had root injury ratings at or below 3 and 4. Percent consistency data were analyzed by GLM for RCB with mean separation using LSD.
Insecticide Rescue Treatments for Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer in South Dakota, 1997
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A.
Published: December 2017

Corn fields near New Holland and Letcher, South Dakota were used to evaluate planting-time and postemergence insecticides for controlling first-generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, larvae. Preapplication counts (4 d before application) at Letcher indicated a uniform infestation of O. nubilalis larvae in 92.0% of plants sampled. Approximately 2.4 larvae (4.2, 62.5 and 33.3% were 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars, respectively) per plant were observed at this location. Similarly at New Holland a 90% infestation level (predominantly 1st and 2nd instars on the application date) existed, but the average number of larvae was estimated to be ~ 4-fold less than at Letcher). The at-planting-time treatment at New Holland occurred on 15 May and all whorl-treatments (approximately 1 week prior to tasseling) on 12 July (Letcher) and 15 July (New Holland). Insecticides were applied to single-row plots (16.4 cm by 30.5 m) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granules were directed into corn plant’s whorl using a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5-horsepower engine mounted on a highboy. Noble metering units attached to a modified chain-driven apparatus regulated the amount of granules released into the pneumatic applicator. Liquid treatments were applied to corn plant whorls using a single-nozzle 3-gal. CO2-propelled backpack sprayer system. Approximately one month following insecticide applications (11 August), twenty corn stalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Each plant was split vertically and examined for O. nubilalis tunneling damage. The number and length of O. nubilalis cavities were analyzed using the ANOVA procedure with means being compared with the LSD.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Screening, 1997
Authors: Jarvi Keith , Echtenkamp Jerry , Witkowski John
Published: December 2017

The test plots were planted on 9 May. Seven-inch banded (TB/P) and in-furrow (IF/P) planting time treatments were applied with a cone-belt distributor mounted on a John Deere Maxemerge equipped with incorporation tines. Regent 4 SC and 80 WP treatments were applied in-furrow at planting (MT/P) with microtubes at a 1-gallon solution per acre. Cultivation treatments (B/C) were applied over the row on 19 Jun with the cone-belt distributor mounted on a hand-powered bicycle-wheel applicator. The entire plot was cultivated immediately after application of the 19 Jun treatments by a tractor-mounted cultivator. The seeding rate was 19,000 seeds/acre on 30-inch rows. Previous crop was late planted corn as a trap crop. The field was disked twice prior to planting. Preplant anhydrous ammonia was applied at the rate of 90 lb/acre prior to planting. Approximately 20% corn stalk residue was left after field preparation. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications, each treatment being a single 47-ft-long row. Five randomly selected roots from each replication were dug and rated on 24 Jul on the Iowa State 1-6 scale (1. no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes pruned to within 1 1/2 inch of the stalk).
Evaluation of a Corn Seed Treatment and a T-Banded Insecticide for Control of Seedling Pests on Corn, 1997
Authors: Riley T. J. , Castro B. A. , Calix C. , Rabb J.
Published: December 2017

Corn seed was planted in a conventional tillage system in a Norwood sandy loam on 24 Apr. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots (40 inch centers) X 25 ft, arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Damage caused by SCRW, maize billbugs, leaf feeding caterpillar complex (YSAW and CEW), garden webworm, and black cutworms was estimated on 20 May by visually examining the entire 2 center rows and recording the number of plants damaged by each pest. Plant population densities were estimated on 20 May by counting the total number of plants in the 2 center rows. Corn seed yields were obtained on 28 Aug by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows in each plot.
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for rootworm larval suppression in a field composed of Cozad silt loam soils. ‘DeKalb 580’ hybrid corn was ridge planted near North Platte, NE, on 1 May. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination. Soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 7°C. Treatments were applied at planting to 5 X 40 ft plots in a RCB design with four replicates. Insecticides were applied with either a planter-mounted “Smart Box” applicator or a bicycle wheel applicator-mounted noble box. On 15 Jul four plants from each plot were collected and the roots were washed. The roots were then rated for rootworm damage using the 1-6 Iowa State scale. Treatment means were analyzed with ANOVA and were separated with Fisher’s protected test of least significant difference.
Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides to Control Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Each treatment was applied to a single 100-ft-long row at DeKalb and Monmouth, and 65 ft long at Urbana. Furadan 4°F was broadcast over two rows at Ur-bana. A RCB design with 4 replications was used. Included within each replication at all three locations were two untreated check plots. Data collected from the untreated plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through computer controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each row of the ALMACO 4-row precision planter and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. All rates are specified as lb (AI)/acre based on 30-inch row spacing. At Monmouth and DeKalb, liquid applications of Regent 80 WG and Regent 4 SC were delivered in-furrow at planting through micro-tubes calibrated to deliver 0.99 gpa at 20 psi and a speed of 3.0 mph. Lorsban 4 E at all three locations was applied in a band at planting with a single 80067 nozzle calibrated to deliver 3.3 gpa at 16 psi and 3.0 mph. Furadan 4°F was applied as a broadcast spray over 2 rows on 13 Jun for the Urbana location only. The Furadan 4°F treatment was applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer system utilizing 4 8003 VS nozzles calibrated to deliver 18.7 gpa at 25 psi.
Efficacy of Reduced Application Rates of Soil Insecticides for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Each treatment was applied to a single 100-ft-long row at DeKalb and 65 ft long at Urbana, IL. A RCB design with four replications was used. Included within each replication at both locations were two untreated check plots. Data collected from the untreated plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through computer-controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each row of the ALMACO 4-row precision planter and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. All rates are specified as lb (AI)/acre based on 30-inch row spacing. Lorsban 4 E was ap-plied at the Urbana location only in a band at planting with a single 80067 nozzle calibrated to deliver 3.3 gpa at 16 psi and 3.0 mph.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Bollworms on Bt Cotton, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 12 May in 38-inch rows at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount in central North Carolina. The fertility and herbicide programs followed extension recommendations for cotton in this region. Temik at 5.0 lb (AI)/acre was used at planting. Plot size was 50 ft X 6 rows with 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. Insecticide applications were applied on 22 Aug with a backpack-type, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row. All treatments were evaluated for fruit damage and live caterpillars on 2 and 29 Sep by examining 25 squares and bolls per replicate (total 100 per treatment). Plots were harvested from the middle 2 rows with a 2-row John Deere picker on 23 Oct. Seed cotton yields were converted to lint cotton/acre using 40% gin turnout. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Selected Alternatives for Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 1 May in a Faceville loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 45 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 19 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. Karate and Naturalis-L were applied on 30 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow-cone nozzle per row. On 26 Jun, all squares and terminals were removed from the middle 2 rows of one treatment and 50% removal of the squares and terminals constituted a second. On 17 Jul, at early bloom, the 3 oldest, most mature fruit were removed from all plants in a 3rd fruit removal treatment. On 8 Jul, 25 terminals from each plot (100 per treatment) were examined for terminal and square damage by TBW and live larvae. On 23 Sep, the numbers of open and closed bolls were counted for 15 ft of the middle 2 rows of each plot per replicate (30 ft total per treatment). Plots were not harvested. All data were analyzed via ANOVA and DMRT.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Thrips Control on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting from a John Deere planter on 14 May in Halifax Co., NC. The Gaucho seed treatment was a commercial formulation. The foliar treatment was applied on 11 Jun via a CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row.Plots were 8 rows X 100 ft with 4 reps and arranged in a RCBD. The 5 treatments were evaluated for adult and immature thrips levels. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 5 plants in each plot. The plots were not harvested due to excessive deer feeding. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 26 Apr on 30-inch rows near Weldon in Northampton Co., NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed. Disyston 15 G at the rate of 0.75 lb (AI)/acre was used at planting for thrips control. On 19 and 28 May, cotton was sprayed with a banded application of 0.25 (AI) Orthene 75 S for thrips control. The banded foliar aphid treatments were applied on 15 Jun via a CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 9 inches over the row. Plots were 6 rows X 20 ft with 4 reps and arranged in a RCBD. On 20 Jun, treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants in each plot and counting the aphids. On 30 Jun, treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 expanded terminal leaves in each plot and counting the number of aphids. Plots were harvested from the middle 2 rows with a 2-row John Deere picker on 22 Oct. Seed cot-ton yields were converted to lint cotton/acre using 40% gin turnout. All data were analyzed via ANOVA and DMRT.
Impact of Soil Saturation on the Performance of At-Planting Insecticides for Thrips Control, 1997
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Plots were 4 rows wide (40-inch spacing) X 45 ft. ‘Stoneville 474’ cotton seed were planted on a Sharkey clay soil on 5 May which were planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8 inch belt-cone applications mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2-charged spray system through 25015 nozzles (1/row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Irrigation treatments consisted of no irrigation and the equivalent of 4 inches of rainfall 4 days after emergence, simulating excess rainfall and saturated soil conditions. Control of thrips was assessed by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot 7, 11, 15, 22, 25, 30, and 34 days after emergence (DAE). Plant samples were washed to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. The two center rows per plot were mechanically harvested on 19 Oct using a John Deere spindle-type picker. Yields were converted to lb seedcotton/acre.
Evaluation of Temik 15G Rates for Thrips Control as Influenced by Winter Cover Crop, 1997
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design with split-plot arrangement of treatments. Plots were 4 rows wide (40 inch spacing) X 45 ft. Winter vegetation was destroyed by applying Roundup Ultra (3 pts form/acre) approximately 4 weeks prior to planting. ‘StoneviUe 474’ cotton seed was planted on a Sharkey clay soil on 5 May in a stale seedbed system. The mean soil temperature on 5 May was 76.3° F at a depth of 2 inches, with marginal to adequate soil moisture. Cotton seed were planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10-inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8-inch belt-cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. Control of thrips was measured by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot at 7, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, 30, and 35 days after emergence (DAE). Plant samples were washed to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Percent open bolls was determined on 3 Sep. Samples of 25 bolls/plot were collected and ginned on a laboratory gin to determined lint percentage for each plot. The two center rows were mechanically harvested on 19 Sep and 2 Oct using a John Deere spindle-type picker. Yields were converted to lb lint/acre.
Evaluation of Thrips Densities in At-Planting Seed and Soil Treatments on a Gigger Silt Loam Soil, 1997
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 45 ft. ‘Stoneville 474’ cotton seed was planted on a Gigger silt loam soil 7 May. Cotton seed was planted at a rate of 4 seed/row ft with John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10-inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2-charged spray system through 80015 nozzles (l /row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Control of thrips was assessed by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot at 7, 11, 16, 19, 23, 27, 31, and 35 days after emergence (DAE). Plant samples were washed to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Percent open bolls was determined on 4 Sep. Samples of 25 bolls/plot were collected and ginned on a laboratory gin to determine lint percentage for each plot. These data were then used to determine lint yield. The center two rows were mechanically harvested on 30 Sep and 20 Oct using a John Deere spindle-type picker. Yields were converted to lb lint/acre.
Toxicity of Mk-244 to Tobacco Budworms on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Gore J. , Adamczyk J. J. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 13 May at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station into a Gigger Gilbert silt loam. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB and all treatments were replicated 5 times. Insecticides were applied on 14 Aug with a John Deere high-clearance sprayer and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TX-8 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 47 psi. The terminal leaf was removed from 5 randomly selected plants in each plot 2 h af-ter treatment, placed in a plastic bag and transported to the laboratory. Leaves were placed into individual plastic dishes and 3 1-d-old TBW larvae (LI stage) were transferred onto each leaf. Larval mortality was recorded 72 h after treatment. Larvae were considered dead if they did not respond to prod-ding. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Evaluation of Selected In-Furrow and Foliar Applied Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

‘Delta and Pine Land 51’ cotton was planted 1 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA using a 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow treatments (IF) were applied at the time of planting, granules using tractor-mounted inverted jars with lid holes calibrated to deliver exact amounts via gravity, liquids with a CO2-pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5.0 gpa at 24 psi through one SS8001E flat-fan nozzle mounted just above the planter disks and turned parallel to row direction to deliver the spray fan into the seed furrow. Gaucho 480 seed treatment was applied commercially. Foliar materials were applied in a 12-to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.0 gpa at 22 psi through one 8004E flat-fan nozzle per row. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Thrips injury to plants was rated visually on a 0 to 5 scale: 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, no bud injury; 2 = 25% injured leaves, no bud injury; 3 = 75% injured leaves, and 0 to 25% buds injured; 4 = 90% injured leaves, and greater than 25% buds injured; and 5 = dead plants. Flowers were counted on 23 and 30 Jul, and open bolls were counted on 15 and 22 Sep in the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot (80 row-ft per plot) using a commercial 2-row John Deere cotton combine. Lint values were calculated as 37% of total plot weights, assum-ing 63% was seed and trash. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD, or Duncan’s New Multiple Range statistical procedures.
Evaluation of Treated Seed and In-Furrow Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long. Liquid insecticides (Orthene 90 S, Admire 2 F, and Garlic Barrier L) were applied in-furrow at planting on 13 May using a CO2-powered plot applicator with a single 9001 VF flat-fan nozzles per row turned to direct the spray into the seed furrow and calibrated to apply 10 gpa at 2 mph. Temik 15 G was applied with a belt-cone granule applicator. Five plants/plot were collected at random by cutting plants at ground level with scissors and gently placing them into Ziploc bags for transport to the lab. Thrips were then washed off the samples onto filter paper for counting, and adults were identified to species under a dissection microscope. During the thrips evaluation, there was a total of 10.81 inches of rainfall, and adequate rainfall continued throughout the growing season. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and calculating yield based on measurement of the actual area picked. Yields are reported as lb of seed cotton per acre.
Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control with Selected Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Micinski S. , Scarborough R. G. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

A small-plot trial was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of selected insecticides in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) complex on cotton. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plots were planted 9 May and were 4 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. All plots had Temik 15 G (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) applied in-furrow at planting. Prior to trial initiation, plots were oversprayed for cutworms on 6 Jun (Karate 1 EC at 0.025 lb [AI]/acre); boll weevils on 9, 13, 18 Jun and 3 Jul (Vydate C-LV at 0.25 lb [AI]/acre); BW/TBW on 27 Jun (Baythroid 2 EC at 0.03 lb |AI]/acre), and 11 Jul (Karate 1 EC at 0.03 lb [AI]/acre); and for aphids on 17 Jul (Provado 1.6°F at 0.047 lb [AI]/acre). Insecticide test materials were applied on 14, 21, 28 Jul, 5 and 14 Aug in 5.9 gal total spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 noz-zles/row). Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Infestations of BW/TBW larvae and square damage were monitored on 17, 24, 31 Jul, and 7 Aug by examining 25 squares/plot. Following the trial, all plots were oversprayed for BW/TBW on 22 Aug with Karate 1 EC plus Curacron 8 EC at 0.028 + 0.75 lb [AI]/acre. Boll weevil eradication sprays with weekly applications of ULV Malathion (12 oz product/acre) were begun the week of 18 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 7 Oct.
Late-Season Tarnished Plant Bug Control, 1997
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 12 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Mar-ianna, AR in 8-row (38-inch centers) wide by 70-ft-long plots with 10 ft-alleys and separated by a 6.5-ft non-planted buffer. The treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 18 Aug using an 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 VS nozzles on 19-inch spacing. The numbers of TPB per plot were estimated at 4 DAT using 24 sweeps with an 18-inch net.
Controlling Twospotted Spider Mites on Peanuts, 1997
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

A field in Chowan County was selected to evaluate miticides for control of TSSM. Each plot was 10 ft by 2 rows (36-inch centers), arranged in RCBD with four replicates. Treatments were applied on 7 Jul. Treatments were applied by using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of appli-cation were sunny and 90°F and plants were heavily infested and damaged. Mites were sampled on 7, 11, 14, and 22 Jul by collecting 25 leaves per plot. The samples were placed into brown paper bags and returned to the laboratory in coolers with ice where they were brushed with a standard mite brushing machine and counted under a dissecting microscope within 24 hours of collection. All data were transformed (square root of x + 0.05) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Applied Insecticides on Potato Leafhopper in Virginia-Type Peanut, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected foliar applied insecticides were evaluated against PLH in Virginia-type peanut. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanut was planted on a producer’s farm in Isle of Wight County, VA using 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied on 31 Jul as a full-coverage spray with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gpa at 50 psi through three D2-13 hollow-cone nozzles per row, one over the top and one on each side of each row. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. PLH were sampled by making 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-cm-diameter sweep net and counting numbers of captured adults and nymphs. The pre-treatment sample was not taken on each plot, but was comprised of 20 random 5-sweep samples distributed throughout the planned test area. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Dimilin, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 20 ft. Each plot was bound by levees. Rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 8 May and emerged on 20 May. Propanil (Stam 4 E) and thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E) at 4 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 6 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 75 lb N/acre as urea on 22 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 11 and 22 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 22 Jun. All treatments of Dimilin were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa. Furadan 3 G was applied 15 d after permanent flood (dapf) with a hand-shaker. On 14 and 15 Jul and on 21 and 22 Jul five 4 X 4-inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 4 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a Yanmar combine on 18 Sep. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data was analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil and Rice Stalk Borer with Fipronil, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L.
Published: December 2017

This was a non-replicated trial with 4 treatments for experimental use permit. Whole-plot size was 3 acres for each treatment. Whole plots were divided into 3 subplots each with 55 ft X 665 ft of planted area. Each subplot was bound by levees. Fipronil 80 WP was tank mixed with water and applied preplant on 23 May by a tractormounted sprayer delivering 10.3 gpa. The insecticide was incorporated with a field cultivator set at a 2-3-inch depth. Foundation rice seed was treated with fipronil 75 FS by Celpril Industries (Manteca, CA). Treated and untreated foundation seed rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre (6-inch row spacing) on 23 May and emerged on 29 May. Subplots were temporarily flooded (flushed) on 12-13 Jun to facilitate growth. Thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E), quinclo-rac (Facet 75 DF), and propanil (Stam 4 E) at 3, 0.33, and 1 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied by aircraft for weed control on 2 Jun. Also, propanil at 3 lb (AI)/acre was applied by aircraft on 24 Jun. Permanent flood was established on 24-25 Jun. Furadan 3 G was applied by aircraft on 9 Jul, 14 d after permanent flood. On 17 Jul and 30 Aug, six 4 X 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 6 plants/core were removed from each subplot. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed and counted. In each treatment, 1,330 ft along the edge of subplots was examined for the presence of rice whiteheads with blank florets. Stems of whiteheads were examined for the presence of RSB immatures or for evidence of their presence. Whole subplots were harvested with a combine on 3 and 6 Oct. Recorded yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA and means separated with LSD
Evaluation of Karate for Rice Water Weevil (RWW) Control, 1995
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Barbour J. D. , Rice W. C. , Bollich P. A.
Published: December 2017

Karate was evaluated for control of rice water weevil at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. Collectively levied plots, 5 X 20 ft, were arranged in a RBD with 4 blocks and 8 treatments with sub-sample nesting within the block X treatment effect. Fertilizer was incorporated pre-plant and applied broadcast 3 wk post-flood at 90 lb (13-13-13) and 50 lb (21-0-0) N-P-K/acre, respectively. Plots were water seeded 29 May with pre-soaked ‘Cyprus’ rice at 138 lb seed/acre to Crowley silt loam and permanently flooded 8 Jun. Foliar applications of Karate were applied at 0.3 lb (AI)/acre. Furadan 3 G was applied at RWW threshold (5 larvae/sample) at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre using a hand-held shaker. Karate applications were made using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 15 gpa at 16 psi with 80015VS flat-fan spray nozzles on a 3 ft boom. RWW eggs were counted from 5 randomly selected plants per plot beginning 2 d post-flood then weekly until RWW threshold. Three randomly selected soil samples per plot were taken 26 Jun, and 3 and 11 Jul using a 4 X 4 in core sampler. Individual samples were washed through a funnel, fitted with wire screen, into a 35-mesh screen sieve. Collected rice water weevil larvae and pupae were floated in a saturated NaCl solution, and counted. Rough rice yield (lb/acre) was determined by hand-harvesting one random 3-ft2 sample per plot on 19 Sep. Moisture content of harvested grain was determined and standardized to 12% for determination of rough rice yield. All data were subjected to ANOVA. Experimental and sampling error terms for the RWW larval data were tested for homogeneity of variances, and pooled error terms were used to test the treatment effect when appropriate. Protected least significant differences (LSD) was used for treatment mean separation.
Control of Rice Stink Bug with Selected Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 25 ft X 6.5 ft of heading (milk stage) rice. On 4 Aug, selected plots were treated with EXP 61096A 100 EC, Sevin XLR Plus, Fury, and Karate at the rates shown in the table. Insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (800067 tip size, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 12 gpa. Immediately after application and 24 h, 72 h, and 7 d after application, 4 panicles were randomly removed from each plot. Immediately after removal, severed panicles were transported to a greenhouse maintained at 31° C, 70% relative humidity, and 12 h light: 12 h dark. Each set of 4 panicles was caged in a transparent plastic cylinder ventilated with screen windows and a screen top. The severed ends of the panicles were inserted in moist sand contained in a styrofoam cup. The bottom of the cage was secured in the moist sand. Once panicles and cages were in place, each cage was infested with 10 adult RSB collected by sweep net from untreated rice. Forty-eight h after infestation, cages were inspected for live and dead insects. Data was expressed as % mortality which was transformed using arcsine. Transformed data were then analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and means separated by DMRT.
Evaluation of Application Method for Aphid Control by Imidacloprid on Connecticut Broadleaf Tobacco, 1997
Authors: LaMondia James A. , Rathier Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

Preplant broadcast, transplant, or band application at cultivation of Admire 2°F (imidacloprid) treatments were evaluated for tobacco aphid control at the CT Agricultural Expt. Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor CT. Admire 2°F was applied at 0.11 lb (AI)/acre (1 oz per 1000 plants based on 6,800 plants/acre) for all treatments. The soil was an Entic Haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%). On 29 May, plots were fertilized with 145 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10. On 2 Jun, plots were treated with Lorsban 4 E at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre and Ridomil 2 E at 1 lb (AI)/acre and spiked. On 9 Jun, preplant Admire was broadcast to appropriate plots in a 39-inch swath using a TeeJet 8004 E nozzle at 18 to 20 psi and spiked to incorporate. Tobacco was transplanted on 10 Jun to rows 39 in apart with a 2-ft spacing within rows. There were 6 replicates of 2-row plots for each treatment (10 by 20-ft). Plots were separated by an umplanted border row. Plots were irrigated 10 Jun and 15 Jun with 0.5 and 0.4 inches water. Admire 2°F was applied on 11 Jun as a soil drench using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi to apply 20 ml/plant in 2 10-ml applications 2 cm to either side of plants. Admire 2°F was band applied at sidedress at 70 gpa to appropriate plots on 20 Jun (with 59 lb N/acre) or 30 Jun (with 69 lb N/acre) to 6 inches on either side of rows using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8004-E nozzle and incorporated by mechanical cultivation. One leaf each from 10 plants per row was rated for apterous tobacco aphids on 23 Jul, 29 Jul, 7 Aug, and 14 Aug (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; 2 = 2-10 aphids 3 = 11-100 aphids and 4 = more than 100 aphids per leaf). Treatments were compared within dates by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Bonferroni Test. Ten plants per plot were stalk cut and weighed on 19 Aug.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA to evaluate TA and TFB control on fluecured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments and to determine the impact of these treatments on tobacco yield. Twelve treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single guard rows. Pre-transplant soil treatments of all liquid formulations except Furadan were broadcast with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 32 gpa at 30 psi through 8003 LP tips on 3 May (Ambient temperature 74-76 °F, soil temperature, 70 °F; soil pH, 5.7; OM, <2%). Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. Band applications of Furadan and Temik were made during bed formation and immediately covered with 6 to 8 inch of soil on 8 May. Furadan 4°F band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band using a COz-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 16 gpa through an 8003 E tip at 30 psi. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pre-transplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘Coker 371Gold’ fluecured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 20 May. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gpa) at the base of each plant in the treatment plots. Except for insect control, production practices followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) was applied for tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm control on 26 Jun and 8 Aug. The foliar application of Orthene were applied on 5 Jul and Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa through 3 TX-12 tips at 60 psi. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 5 to 9 wk after transplanting. On 25 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of aphid damage; 10 = very severe necrosis of leaves and extensive sooty mold. TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot at 2 and 5 wk after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested and cured and yield was determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated. Aphid count data were transformed to log)0 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table. Admire TOW gave the best seasonlong control of TA. The Temik and Temik + Mocap GEL treatment