bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Generator Design with Enhanced Output Waveform for Non-Destructive Radar Sensor Measurements
Authors: Ahajjam Younes , Aghzout Otman , Catala-Civera José M. , Peñaranda-Foix Felipe , Driouach Abdellah
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a high power UWB monocycle generator for Non-Destructive Microwave Radar-Sensor detection is presented. The full radar system is compound with a designed UWB generator, two commercial antennas, and an oscilloscope as a receptor. The generator is composed of three essential parts-circuits, an avalanche transistor, an SRD pulse sharping and an MFN. The main idea in this work is to convert the square waveform to a driving pulse with the parameters required by the SRD pulse sharpening to obtain an output Gaussian pulse. This output pulse is converted then into a monocycle pulse. As we know, for a good range radar measurement, a high amplitude of pulse with a minimum ringing is indispensable, especially when the measurements requires many accuracies. In order to increase the pulse of the transmitter, a useful technique has been introduced; this technique consists of making the discharge path as short as possible. The applicant technique leads also to minimize the ringing in the output pulse. The measurements had been carrying out in an anechoic chamber, with the distance between 50 and 270 cm. Good Agreements between the measured and calculated results are achieved, therefore, this system can be considered very attractive in many application fields.
Reliability of rail transverse flaw detection by means of an embedded ultrasonic based device
Authors: Benzeroual Hajar , Khamlichi Abdellatif , Zakriti Alia
Published: August 2018

The main causes of train derailment are related to rail defects such as head surface defects, horizontal defects, vertical longitudinal split defects, star cracks at colt holes and diagonal crack in web. The most adverse form of these defects consists of transverse flaws that are either opened or internal. These flaws are developed generally in a plane which is orthogonal to the rail direction. Detection of these defects is essential in order to improve security of rail roads and to prevent catastrophic failures. Most of the inspection techniques of rails relay on eddy currents, electromagnetic induction and ultrasounds. Unlike some conventional inspection tests based on contact excitation probes that roll on the rail head, this work deals with theoretical analysis of an integrated contact-less system based on ultrasound waves. Generation of these waves was performed by using a non-ablative laser source. A rotational laser vibrometer was used to perform reception of the echoes. Through finite element modelling of the rail system under specific ultrasound excitation of the rail head, detection of transverse rail flaws was studied. Reliability of defect detection was then assessed by considering various sources of perturbations.
Spondylodesetechniken dorsal
Authors: Matschke Stefan , Wendl Klaus , Gruetzner Paul , Kreinest Michael , Vetter Sven
Published: August 2018

Die dorsale Spondylodese bzw. die dorsale Instrumentierung ist integraler Bestandteil bei der Versorgung von unterschiedlichen Wirbelsäulenpathologien der HWS. Die dorsale Spondylodese ist die Domäne bei der Versorgung von Verletzungen im Bereich der oberen HWS mit der Möglichkeit unterschiedlicher Operationsverfahren. Am häufigsten hierbei kommen die Pedikelschrauben in C I und/oder C II zum Einsatz.

Während bei subaxialen Verletzungen die überwiegende Anzahl initial von ventral versorgt wird, stellen gerade die hoch instabilen Verletzungen vom Typ C 21 mit luxierten Gelenken auch im Bereich der subaxialen HWS eine Indikation für ein kombiniertes dorsoventrales Verfahren dar. Durch das technisch einfache Besetzen von Massa-lateralis-Schrauben in den Facetten ist diese Schraubenbesetzung für die allermeisten Fälle der subaxialen HWS ausreichend. Biomechanisch bieten die technisch aufwendigeren Pedikelschrauben im Bereich der subaxialen HWS eine gute Alternative bei langen Hebelwirkungen bspw. bei Osteoporose bei Patienten mit Morbus Bechterew. Standardverfahren sind Massaschrauben und Pedikelschrauben, in der Hand des Erfahrenen treten dabei keine gehäuften Komplikationsraten auf.
Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule: ventrale Spondylodesetechniken
Authors: Scholz Matti , Pingel Andreas , Schleicher Philipp , Kandziora Frank
Published: August 2018

Ventrale Spondylodesetechniken werden regelhaft zur Versorgung von Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule angewandt. Dieser Beitrag soll Ihnen Indikationen, die technische Umsetzung, Nachbehandlung wie auch die potenziellen Komplikationen ventraler Spondylodesetechniken an der Halswirbelsäule näher bringen.
Inzidenz und Behandlung des nicht stoffgebundenen Delirs in deutschen Haus- und Facharztpraxen
Authors: Bohlken Jens , Hewer Walter , Kostev Karel
Published: August 2018

Ziel Über die Häufigkeit und die medikamentöse Behandlung des nicht stoffgebundenen Delirs in deutschen Haus- (HA) und Facharzt-Praxen (FA) ist wenig bekannt. Ziel der Studie war die Bestimmung der Delir-Inzidenz und der Delir-Behandlung mit Neuroleptika und Benzodiazepinen in HA.- und FA-Praxen.

Methoden In dem Zeitraum von 2012 bis 2015 wurden 2.999 Patienten > 65 Jahre in 1.262 HA- und 1.425 Patienten in 203 FA-Praxen mit erstmaliger Delir-Diagnose (ICD 10: F05) ausgewählt und hinsichtlich der Verordnung von Neuroleptika (EphMRA ATC: N05A) und Benzodiazepine (N06C) untersucht, die direkt nach der Diagnosestellung des Delirs erfolgte.

Ergebnisse Die kumulative 1-Jahres-Inzidenz des Delirs betrug in HA-Praxen 0,6 und in FA-Praxen 1,9 Patienten pro Praxis. Keine Delir-Diagnose wurde in mehr als 40 % der Praxen gestellt. Im Heim erfolgte die Behandlung bei 31 % der HA- und 21 % der FA Patienten. Häufigste HA-Verordnung: Melperon (9,4 % zu Hause bzw. 13,7 % im Heim), FA: Risperidon (4,3 % zu Hause bzw. 13,4 % im Heim). Die antidelirante Medikation war positiv mit männlichem Geschlecht (OR = 1.26), Wohnen im Seniorenheim (OR = 1,74) Demenz (OR = 1.55) und Depression (OR = 1.32), und negativ mit FA-Behandlung (OR =  0.73) assoziiert.

Schlussfolgerung Die Delir-Diagnose und seine medikamentöse Behandlung ist in deutschen Arzt-Praxen ein relativ seltenes Ereignis. Die Ursachen für die im internationalen Vergleich niedrige Prävalenzrate im ambulanten Versorgungsbereich sollte intensiver untersucht werden.
A Portrait of Pacing Profile of Cross-Country Skiers in the Vasaloppet 2004–2017
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis , Villiger Elias , Rosemann Thomas , Knechtle Beat
Published: August 2018

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of performance group by race time (10 groups;<3 h, 3–4 h, and so on up to>12 h) on pacing in women (n=19,465) and men (n=164,454) finishers in the ‘Vasaloppet’ cross-country (XC) skiing race from 2004 to 2017. The speed in the fastest and slowest split was analysed as a percentage of the mean race speed and pacing was defined as the difference (%) between the fastest and slowest split. Women had a larger pace range than men (44.0±10.6% versus 41.1±12.5%, respectively, p<0.001, d=0.25). An almost perfect relationship between performance group and pacing was observed in women (r=0.900, p<0.001) and men (r=0.908, p<0.001). A large main effect of performance on pacing was observed in women (p<0.001, η2=0.292), where the smaller range was in the<4 h group (22.8±3.3%) and the largest in the 10–11 h group (49.2±9.9%). In men, the corresponding values were 21.6±2.2% (<3 h group) and 51.6±11.2% (10–11 h group; p<0.001, η2=0.474). Based on these findings, it was concluded that fast XC skiers had relatively the most even pacing and pacing became less even with decreasing performance. This information is of practical value for coaches working with XC skiers to develop optimal sex- and performance-tailored pacing strategies.
Acute Portomesenteric Venous Thrombosis: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Allison Stephen , Shin David , Johnson Guy
Published: August 2018

Acute portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PMVT) is an unusual cause of acute mesenteric ischemia. Because of its rarity and nonspecific presentation, radiologic imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of acute PMVT. Medical management with anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy, with surgery reserved for patients suspected of having peritonitis or bowel infarction. However, endovascular therapy has an evolving role and may serve as an important adjunct to anticoagulation in selected patients with acute PMVT.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pseudocyst Complicating Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: Report of Four Cases
Authors: Pan Pradyumna
Published: August 2018

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abdominal pseudocyst (APC) is an uncommon complication following ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt.

Aim To study the clinical features and management of this entity. The authors present their experience with cases of CSF pseudocyst in children.

Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis of four cases diagnosed to have APC following VP shunt between 2005 and 2015.

Results Clinical presentation was with progressive abdominal distension, highlights of intestinal obstruction, and signs of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Diagnosis is readily made with ultrasonography and computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen. The duration between insertion of the shunt and the presentation ranged from 4.11 to 12 years. In three patients, the cyst was unilocular and of varying size. The fourth one had a multilocular cyst. In three patients, the treatment involved was surgical removal of the catheter with excision of the pseudocyst wall and placement of a new catheter intraperitoneally in a different quadrant. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of the cyst and relocation of the distal end was done in one patient.

Conclusion Initial suspicion with appropriate investigation and early treatment can avert morbidity and mortality.
Konservative Therapie von Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule
Authors: Badke Andreas
Published: August 2018

Der Erfolg einer konservativen Therapie bei Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule hängt entscheidend davon ab, dass die Verletzung korrekt diagnostiziert und klassifiziert wird. Die Stabilität muss bildgebend dokumentiert werden. Im Verlauf der Behandlung sind in Abhängigkeit vom Verletzungstyp regelmäßige klinische und ggf. auch radiologische Kontrollen notwendig. Wenn eine begleitende Physiotherapie verordnet wird, sollten die Inhalte dieser Therapie eindeutig festgelegt werden.
Thermal conductivity of Si nanowires with δ-modulated dopant distribution by self-heated 3ω method and its length dependence
Authors: Zhuge Fuwei , Takahashi Tsunaki , Kanai Masaki , Nagashima Kazuki , Fukata Naoki , Uchida Ken , Yanagida Takeshi
Published: August 2018

Here, we report the thermal conductivity measurement of B-doped Si nanowires with δ dopant modulation on the surface using the self-heated 3ω method, which resembles the thermal dissipation in operating electronic devices. The thermal conductivity for δ-modulated Si nanowires of 45 nm diameter (∼23 W/m K) is found to agree well with that of non-doped Si nanowires reported previously, which is attributed to the dominant surface boundary scattering and the highly confined dopant distribution at the surface. Furthermore, through a length dependent study of the thermal conductivity (κ) from 400 nm to 4 μm, we found an apparent length dependence of κ at L < 2 μm. The phenomenon could not be simply interpreted by solely considering the ballistic effect in thermal transport, but can be accounted for by including the additional resistive processes that are associated with the thermalization of joule-heating emitted phonons, which opts in to suppress the thermal conductivity of nano-systems under the ballistic thermal transport regime.
Microfluidic implementation of functional cytometric microbeads for improved multiplexed cytokine quantification
Authors: Liu Ya , Li Jiyu , Hu Dinglong , Lam Josh H. M. , Sun Dong , Pang Stella W. , Lam Raymond H. W.
Published: August 2018

Functional microbeads have been widely applied in molecular identification and other biochemical applications in the past decade, owing to the compatibility with flow cytometry and the commercially available microbeads for a wide range of molecular identification. Nevertheless, there is still a technical hurdle caused by the significant sample volume required (∼50 μl), limited molecular detection limit (∼20 pg/ml), complicated liquid/microbead handling procedures, and the long reaction time (>2 h). In this work, we optimize the operation of an automated microbead-based microfluidic device for the reagent mixing and the dynamic cytokine detection. In particular, we adopt fluorescence microscopy for quantification of multiple microbeads in each microchamber instead of flow cytometry for a lower detection limit. The operation parameters are then configured for improved measurement performance. As demonstrated, we consider the cytokine secretion of human macrophage-differentiating lymphocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. We examine requirements on the mixing duration, minimal sample volume, and the image analysis scheme for the smaller biosample volume (<5 μl), the lower cytokine detection limit (∼5 pg/ml), and shorter process time (∼30 min). Importantly, this microfluidic strategy can be further extended in the molecular profiling using other functional microbeads for a broad range of biomedical applications.
Tutorial details nanoscale devices that couple electric and magnetic fields via strain
Authors: Cesare Chris
Published: August 2018

A tutorial discusses the latest techniques for synthesis and characterization of multiferroic nanocomposites.
Metabolic and production responses to calcidiol treatment in mid-lactation dairy cows
Authors: Rodney R. M. , Celi P. , McGrath J. J. , Golder H. M. , Anderson S. T. , McNeill D. M. , Fraser D. R. , Lean I. J.
Published: August 2018

The study of vitamin D in cattle has often focussed on its role in calcium and mineral metabolism. However, there is evidence of a wider role for vitamin D in bone and energy metabolism. Two studies were conducted to explore relationships between calcidiol supplementation, blood minerals and metabolites in mid-lactation dairy cows. In Experiment 1, a dose-response study was conducted in which 25 mid-lactation cows were fed one of five supplementary calcidiol doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 mg calcidiol/day) for 30 days, with blood samples taken every 10 days. Increasing calcidiol dose increased plasma calcidiol (P=0.001), 24,25-(OH)2-D3 (P=0.001) and serum phosphate (P=0.003) in a curvilinear manner, increased and then decreased plasma 25-OH-D2 (P=0.004) and linearly increased 3-epi 25-OH-D3 (P=0.001) and milk calcidiol concentrations (P=0.001). Calcidiol supplementation did not affect milk yield or composition, bodyweight or condition score. In Experiment 2, relationships between blood calcidiol and mineral and metabolite concentrations over time were explored using time-series analysis. Ten mid-lactation cows were fed either 0 or 0.5 mg calcidiol/day for 27 days, with blood samples taken every 3 days. Feeding calcidiol increased plasma calcidiol (P=0.001), 24,25-OH-D3 (P=0.038), and insulin (P=0.046), but decreased 25-OH-D2 (P=0.008) concentrations. Positive associations were identified between blood calcidiol and concentrations of other metabolites, including cholecalciferol, calcium, osteocalcin, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, magnesium, phosphorus and total protein at varying lags (±0, 3 or 6 days), while negative relationships were identified between calcidiol and 24,25-(OH)2-D3, and phosphorus 3 days later. Importantly, strong positive associations between calcidiol and indicators of energy metabolism were identified. Overall, these experiments provide support for a positive effect of calcidiol treatment on dairy cow metabolism.
Do low L2 abilities impede healthy aging for migrant older adults in the Netherlands?
Authors: Pot Anna , Keijzer Merel , de Bot Kees
Published: August 2018

Research towards aging of migrant populations has so far mostly focused on (bio)medical and psychological aspects. Here we explore
to what extent second language ability is a factor influencing the healthy aging process of older Turkish migrants in the
Netherlands. To get a first understanding of the linguistic situation of older migrants within this setting, interviews with ten
healthcare consultants1 with insight into their local Turkish community were conducted,
forming a ‘needs-analysis’ of this group. It emerged that older migrants rely heavily on their ethnically close-knit networks for
information and care. In communicating their healthcare needs to others outside the family, the older migrants experience language
barriers, directly resulting from low L2 proficiency and L2 anxiety. These barriers prevent access to health information and
induce dependence. This initial exploration of the interplay between language and aging in a migrant population can be used as
input into more advanced, empirical investigations.
Negotiating interpersonal meanings
Authors: Quiroz Beatriz
Published: August 2018

The aim of this paper is to explore reasoning in SFL lexicogrammatical descriptions by focusing on interpersonal clause types organised in the system of mood. To begin, system-structure relations embodied by the theoretical dimension of axis are introduced in relation to the description of imperative, declarative and interrogative clauses in English. The paper then moves to a three-fold perspective on mood distinctions, captured in SFL by the ‘trinocular principle’: interpersonal clause types are first looked at in terms of their contribution to the dialogic negotiation ‘from above’; they are then approached in terms of the paradigmatic environment they define ‘from around’ in close relation to the structural patterns motivating paradigmatic choices ‘from below’. English mood is reconsidered along these lines, and then a different language is used as an illustrative example for the reasoning explored: Spanish. Finally, the paper addresses the implications of the exploration proposed for the description of interpersonal lexicogrammar in Spanish and, more generally, for SFL descriptive work across languages.
Sister, shall I tell you?
Authors: Rose David
Published: August 2018

This paper analyses a set of exchanges between members of Australia’s Indigenous Western Desert culture, in the Pitjantjatjara dialect of the Western Desert language. The analyses are designed to illustrate how social relations in the culture are enacted with resources for interpersonal meaning in the language. The paper begins with a brief overview of social and linguistic theory underpinning the analyses. This is followed by a survey of Pitjantjatjara language resources for structuring exchanges, and for realising exchange moves in the grammar of clauses and the tones on which they are spoken. An overview of the Western Desert kinship system is then followed by analyses of five extended exchanges, that show how these resources are deployed to enact various types of kin relations. They illustrate some of the elaborate ways that Western Desert speakers negotiate their relationships and social goals, within the framework of their community’s kinship traditions.
Interpersonal grammar of Tagalog
Authors: Martin J. R. , Cruz Priscilla
Published: August 2018

In this paper the interpersonal grammar of Tagalog is explored from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Following a brief metafunctional profile of Tagalog grammar, a framework for interpreting the discourse function of Tagalog clauses is introduced – exchange structure. Subsequently the systems ofmood, polarity, modality, tagging, vocation, commentandengagementare considered, alongside their realisation in tone, clause structure and lexical selection. The role played by these interpersonal systems and structure is then illustrated through a brief sample of Tagalog discourse. The paper demonstrates the manner in which a paradigmatic perspective can be used to integrate the description of grammatical resources typically fragmented and marginalised in syntagmatically organised descriptions.
Interpersonal meaning
Authors: Martin J. R.
Published: August 2018

This introduction comprises four main sections. Section 1 introduces the overall theoretical architecture of Systemic Functional Linguistics (hereafter SFL) by way of contextualising the focus on interpersonal grammar in this special issue. Section 2 looks in more detail at the interpersonal discourse semantics underlying this work, briefly introducing the systems of negotiation and appraisal realised through interpersonal grammar. Section 3 turns to the concept of grammatical metaphor, a concept which bears critically on the realisation relationship between interpersonal discourse semantics and lexicogrammar in SFL. Section 4 comments on the challenge of intradisciplinary dialogue.
The morphology of Chinese disyllabic verbs
Authors: Yong Robson Shin
Published: August 2018

With a close examination of the characteristics of Chinese monosyllables, i.e., the base morphemes that form the disyllabic verbs, this article discusses the morphological traits these characteristics bring to disyllabic compound verbs. The two distinctive characteristics of the Chinese monosyllables, namely, being morphologically independent and highly polysemous, give rise to unusual phenomena in disyllabic verbs, most representatively the headedness of coordinative compound verbs. The Chinese language not only has various possible forms of headedness, but also allows the same compound verbs to be both endocentric and exocentric.
论福州方言的粘附成分与粘附组
Authors: You Shuxiang
Published: August 2018

抽象

本文在韵律音系学理论框架下对福州方言的粘附成分与粘附组进行分析。在前人针对不同语言的粘附成分与粘附组所做探讨的基础上，本文从构词句法功能与音系表现两个方面，对福州方言的相关材料进行了全面分析，揭示了福州方言粘附成分与其他语言粘附成分在构词句法与音系上的共同特征。福州方言的两类粘附组在音系表现上存在不对称的现象，然而，与其他韵律单位相比，福州方言粘附组作为一个整体仍然具有十分特殊的音系表现，这为福州方言中粘附组这一韵律单位的设立提供了动因与证据。此外，福州方言的粘附成分可以选择韵律层级中位置高于韵律词的韵律单位作为宿主，这对韵律音系学理论中的严格分层假设构成了巨大的挑战。这一挑战利用弱化的严格分层假设即可得到合理的解释，而无需将粘附组这一韵律单位排除在韵律层级之外。
Justification and knowledge
Authors: Molaei Hamideh
Published: August 2018

Everyday political talk, a significant type of political participation, is an important democratic activity. In this regard, the primary objective of this paper is to investigate the level of justification and knowledge in Indonesians’ informal political talk on Facebook. While previous studies addressed different aspects of informal political discussions such as their impact on political knowledge, influence on public opinion expression and relationship with news media use, they do not provide guidelines for analysing the modality of them. This study proposes an analytical framework for examining the users’ level of justification and knowledge. A qualitative content analysis reveals that only a small number of comments had a high level of justification and knowledge. In addition, some indications of the influence of Indonesian mainstream news media content were found on people’s arguments in discussions.
Towards a Japanese video game localization quality analysis model
Authors: Casado Valenzuela Alicia
Published: August 2018

In this article, a quality analysis model for video game localization is established. By focusing on the video games that originally come from Japan, the article proposes a model that can be useful for many types of video games. After reviewing the existing bibliography on quality analysis, the model is proposed and tested with promising results.
Creativity and playability in the localisation of video games
Authors: Bernal-Merino Miguel Á.
Published: August 2018

Creativity is one of the most highly debated topics in translation not only because of how it relates to authorship but also because of the unavoidable cultural ramifications and the business implications for all the parties involved. Identifying the parameters within which creative translation operates in entertainment media requires a complex process that comprises a large amount of variables beyond the linguistic ones. Semiotics is suggested as a robust analytical tool to study the layering of meaning-making in entertainment products, in other words, their polysemioticity. Multimedia interactive entertainment software (MIES), a. k. a. video games, adds levels of complexity never seen before in translation due to their functional requirements. In order to identify the features that separate other entertainment products from MIES, this article analyses also the translation of novels, comics and films. The concept of playability is utilised as a way of isolating the pragmatic challenges of video game localisation.
The influence of phoneme inventory on elicited speech errors in Arabic speakers of English
Authors: Aljasser Faisal M. , Jackson Keonya T. , Vitevitch Michael S. , Sereno Joan A.
Published: August 2018

Previous studies have shown that nonnative phonemic contrasts pose perceptual difficulties for L2 learners, but less is known about how these contrasts affect speech production in L2 learners. In the present study, we elicited speech errors in a tongue twister task investigating L1 Arabic speakers producing L2 English words. Two sets of word productions were contrasted: words with phonemic contrasts existing in both L1 Arabic and L2 English (e.g.tipvsdip, singvszing) or words with phonemic contrasts existing in English alone (pitvsbit, fatvsvat). Results showed that phonemic contrasts that do not exist in Arabic induced significantly more speech errors in L2 Arabic speakers of English compared to native English speakers than did phonemic contrasts found in both languages. Implications of these findings for representations in L2 learners are discussed.
Patterns of construction in spoken French
Authors: Morof Julia
Published: August 2018

This paper aims at discussing the relationships of turn construction, interactional units and projectability with especial regard to projections triggered by TCU-initially placed items, for instance discourse markers. Supported by data taken from contemporary spoken French, the main purpose of this piece is to theorize and describe these patterns of projection and to elicit from them constructional convergences. The theoretical statement is complemented by the exemplary analysis of a French talk-show conversation in which the turn-initially placed items feature prominently in the interlocutors’ discussion. This can be demonstrated through the study of certain linguistic mechanisms of coherence on different hierarchical levels. Special focus is placed on the implicit argumentative relations that the analyzed projection patterns establish.
Genetics and breeding.
Authors: Heusden S. van , Lindhout P.
Published: August 2018

This chaptr focuses on the achievements of tomato breeding in the past century and the developments in fundamental and applied tomato research, breeding goals and the importance of biotechnology in the development of transgenic lines.
The blueberry industry.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the blueberry industry is described with information on the history of cultivation, the most important locations, the species and the cultural practices employed in the different production regions. The dramatic changes in the worldwide industry in the last few years are also incorporated.
Blueberry taxonomy and breeding.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F.
Published: August 2018

This chapter 2 deals with the taxonomy of blueberry species and the history of improvement and current breeding efforts, tools and goals. It also describes the most important blueberry cultivars grown worldwide. The emerging genomic information on the blueberry is highlighted.
Against the (GM) grain: ethical tensions and agrobiotechnology activism in the USA.
Authors: Jones B. M.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the history of public discourse and anti-biotechnology political activism in the USA. It presents two case studies of public dissent in the USA: Occupy The Farm and March Against Monsanto. The case studies show that the early framing of GM foods in terms of harm and risk failed to address deep-seated and persistent concerns about agricultural biotechnology. Simply stated, by attempting to maintain a narrow discourse on health and safety, developers of agricultural biotechnology failed to recognize and appreciate the numerous ethical tensions that agricultural biotechnology created. This provided space for opponents of biotechnology to wage their war in the public arena.
Technological pragmatism: navigating the ethical tensions created by agricultural biotechnology.
Authors: Scott D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a path through the thicket of ethical tensions created by innovations in agricultural biotechnology. It first explains the notion of a technological fix and technological fix criticisms, and then clarifies and evaluates two opposing philosophies of technology which can be labelled as technological optimism and technological pessimism, respectively. Following that discussion, the chapter argues for a technological pragmatism that provides for a more discriminating approach to the tensions created by innovations in agricultural biotechnology. The final section illustrates how the conceptual tools provided by technological pragmatism's critique of technological fixes might be used to guide more ethically conscious research into genetically engineered crops and animals.
New technology, cognitive bias and ethical tensions in entrepreneurial commercialization: the case of CRISPR.
Authors: Ng D. , James H. S., Jr.
Published: August 2018

This chapter re-examines James et al.'s (International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing (2016) 8, 170-195) concepts of complexity and novelty and their associated cognitive biases within the context of the commercialization of the CRISPR genome-editing technology. It highlights propositions to explain an entrepreneur's ethics in complex and novel decision settings and then uses those insights to comment on the ethical tensions and challenges associated with the commercialization of the CRISPR technology.
Understanding entrepreneurial decision-making by objectivizing subtle cues
Authors: Nandram Sharda S. , Mourmont Gaëtan , Norlyk Smith Eva , Heaton Dennis P. , Bindlish Puneet K.
Published: August 2018

We propose a theory for entrepreneurial decision-making based on classic grounded theory covering data of a total of 42 entrepreneurs. Objectivizing subtle cues, refers to “the process of discovering, following and making use of internal and external subtle cues (conscious emotions, thoughts, perceptions and information).” This paper presents a redefinition, re-contextualization and reconceptualization of entrepreneurial decision-making, intuition, and intuiting processes. It also examines subtle cues as expressions of the inner-world dimension of spirituality. It encompasses both rational and intuitive processes. By developing the concept of objectivizing subtle cues, we show that (expert) intuition is not the only type of intuition that entrepreneurs use, that cues can be triggered internally as well as externally, and that this type of intuition can be used even if the environment is unstable. Furthermore, objectivization of subtle cues is not necessarily part of quick decision-making, and entrepreneurs can be nonconscious and conscious about these cues.
Long non-coding RNA H19 regulates endothelial cell aging via inhibition of STAT3 signalling
Authors: Hofmann Patrick , Sommer Janina , Theodorou Kosta , Kirchhof Luisa , Fischer Ariane , Li Yuhuang , Perisic Ljubica , Hedin Ulf , Maegdefessel Lars , Dimmeler Stefanie , Boon Reinier A
Published: August 2018

Aims

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to regulate numerous processes in the human genome, but the function of these transcripts in vascular aging is largely unknown. We aim to characterize the expression of lncRNAs in endothelial aging and analyse the function of the highly conserved lncRNA H19.

Methods and results

H19 was downregulated in endothelium of aged mice. In human, atherosclerotic plaques H19 was mainly expressed by endothelial cells and H19 was significantly reduced in comparison to healthy carotid artery biopsies. Loss of H19 led to an upregulation of p16 and p21, reduced proliferation and increased senescence in vitro. Depletion of H19 in aortic rings of young mice inhibited sprouting capacity. We generated endothelial-specific inducible H19 deficient mice (H19iEC-KO), resulting in increased systolic blood pressure compared with control littermates (Ctrl). These H19iEC-KO and Ctrl mice were subjected to hindlimb ischaemia, which showed reduced capillary density in H19iEC-KO mice. Mechanistically, exon array analysis revealed an involvement of H19 in IL-6 signalling. Accordingly, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were upregulated upon H19 depletion. A luciferase reporter screen for differential transcription factor activity revealed STAT3 as being induced upon H19 depletion and repressed after H19 overexpression. Furthermore, depletion of H19 increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 at TYR705 and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 activation abolished the effects of H19 silencing on p21 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression as well as proliferation.

Conclusion

These data reveal a pivotal role for the lncRNA H19 in controlling endothelial cell aging.
Monitoring changes in the Gene Ontology and their impact on genomic data analysis
Authors: Jacobson Matthew , Sedeño-Cortés Adriana Estela , Pavlidis Paul
Published: August 2018

Background

The Gene Ontology (GO) is one of the most widely used resources in molecular and cellular biology, largely through the use of “enrichment analysis.” To facilitate informed use of GO, we present GOtrack (https://gotrack.msl.ubc.ca), which provides access to historical records and trends in the GO and GO annotations.

Findings

GOtrack gives users access to gene- and term-level information on annotations for nine model organisms as well as an interactive tool that measures the stability of enrichment results over time for user-provided “hit lists” of genes. To document the effects of GO evolution on enrichment, we analyzed more than 2,500 published hit lists of human genes (most older than 9 years ); 53% of hit lists were considered to yield significantly stable enrichment results.

Conclusions

Because stability is far from assured for any individual hit list, GOtrack can lead to more informed and cautious application of GO to genomics research.
Performance of creatinine-based equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate changes over time
Authors: van Rijn Marieke H C , Metzger Marie , Flamant Martin , Houillier Pascal , Haymann Jean-Philippe , van den Brand Jan A J G , Froissart Marc , Stengel Benedicte
Published: August 2018

Background

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is commonly used to monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, but its validity for evaluating kidney function changes over time has not been comprehensively evaluated. We assessed the performance of creatinine-based equations for estimating GFR slope according to patient characteristics and specific CKD diagnosis.

Methods

In the NephroTest cohort study, we measured GFR 5324 times by chromium 51–labeled ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid renal clearance in 1955 adult patients with CKD Stages 1–4 referred to nephrologists (Stages 1–2, 19%) and simultaneously estimated GFR with both the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations for isotope dilution mass spectrometry traceable creatinine; absolute and relative GFR slopes were calculated using a linear mixed model.

Results

Over a median follow-up of 3.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0–5.6] years, the decline in mean absolute and relative measured GFR (mGFR) and CKD-EPI and MDRD estimated GFR (eGFR) was 1.6 ± 1.2, 1.5 ± 1.4 and 1.3 ± 1.3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year and 5.9 ± 5.3, 5.3 ± 5.3 and 4.8 ± 5.2%/year, respectively; 52% and 55% of the patients had MDRD and CKD-EPI eGFR slopes within 30% of mGFR slopes. Both equations tended to overestimate the GFR slope in the youngest patients and underestimate it in the oldest, thus producing inverse associations between age and mGFR versus eGFR slope. Other patient characteristics and specific CKD diagnoses had little effect on the performance of the equations in estimating associations.

Conclusions

This study shows little bias, but poor precision in GFR slope estimation for both MDRD and CKD-EPI equations. Importantly, bias strongly varied with age, possibly due to variations in muscle mass over time, with implications for clinical care and research.
The Political Strategies and Unity of the American Corporate Inner Circle: Evidence from Political Donations, 1982–2000
Authors: Heerwig Jennifer A , Murray Joshua
Published: August 2018

Recent work has offered competing explanations for the long-term evolution of corporate political action in the United States. In one, scholars have theorized that long-term structural changes in the American political and economic landscape may have radically transformed inter-corporate network structures and changed the political orientation of corporate elites. In another, a small group of corporate elites continues to dominate government policy by advocating for class-wide interests through occupying key positions in government and policy planning groups. We offer new evidence of patterns in and predictors of political strategies among the nation’s elite corporate directors. We utilize an original dataset (the Longitudinal Elite Contributor Database) linked with registries of corporate directors and their board memberships. We ask: (1) has the political activity, unity, or pragmatism of the corporate elite declined since 1982; and (2) are individuals who direct multiple firms more pragmatic in their political action? Evidence suggests that corporate elites are more politically active and unified, and continue to exercise pragmatic political strategies vis-à-vis their campaign donations. Using random- and fixed-effects models, we present evidence to suggest that becoming a member of the inner circle has a significant moderating effect on elite political behavior. We offer an alternative mechanism of elite coordination that may help explain the continued political cohesion of the corporate elite.
Are Racial and Educational Inequities in Mass Incarceration Perceived to be a Social Problem? Results from an Experiment
Authors: Creighton Mathew J , Wozniak Kevin H
Published: August 2018

The disproportionate incarceration of certain groups, racial minorities, and the less educated constitutes a social problem from the perspective of both policy makers and researchers. One aspect that is poorly understood is whether the public is similarly concerned about inequities in mass incarceration. Using a list experiment embedded in a framing experiment, we test for differences in attitudes towards mass incarceration by exploring three frames: race, education, and the United States in global context. We test whether social desirability bias causes people to over-state their concern about mass incarceration when directly queried. We find that mass incarceration is seen as a problem in the United States, whether the issue is framed by race, education, or as a global outlier. The list experiment reveals that public concern about mass incarceration is not quite as great as overtly-expressed opinion would suggest, and the framing experiment indicates that race-neutral frames evoke greater concern about mass incarceration than an emphasis on racial disparities.
Investigations on the Timing of Fruit Infection by Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly
Authors: Lin Shan , Peduto Hand Francesca
Published: August 2018

Fruit rot of deciduous holly is an emerging fungal disease that is affecting plant production across midwestern and eastern U.S. nurseries. To determine the growth stage(s) of host susceptibility to infection by the major pathogens associated with the disease, Alternaria alternata and Diaporthe ilicicola, and minor pathogens such as Colletotrichum fioriniae and Epicoccum nigrum, we conducted two sets of experiments over two consecutive seasons. In the first case we monitored the presence of the pathogens as well as disease progression in a commercial nursery under natural conditions by collecting plant tissues from the flower bud stage until fruit maturity. The target pathogens were consistently isolated from asymptomatic samples at all stages of fruit development and from symptomatic samples at fruit maturity across the 2 years of collection. A significant increase in fungal isolation frequency, primarily species of Alternaria and Colletotrichum, was observed right after flowering, but fruit rot symptoms only developed on mature fruit. In the second case we artificially inoculated containerized plants maintained outdoor at our research farm with individual or combined pathogens at different fruit developmental stages, and we assessed disease incidence on mature fruit to determine the time of host susceptibility to infection and, indirectly, whether pathogens in the fungal complex carry out latent infections. D. ilicicola could cause latent infection on deciduous holly fruit when inoculated at the full bloom and petal fall stages, and all inoculations made on wounded mature fruit resulted in fruit rot. These findings suggest that flowering represents a critical period to manage D. ilicicola infections and that mature fruit should be protected from any injury to avoid disease. In both experiments a negative correlation between disease incidence and temperature was found; however, the decrease in temperature also coincided with fruit ripening. The effects of temperature and changes in physiological properties of the fruit during maturation on disease development should be further investigated to fully interpret these findings.
Exploring the Experiences of DNP-Prepared Nurses Enrolled in a DNP-to-PhD Pathway Program
Authors: Sebach Aaron M. , Chunta Kristy S.
Published: August 2018

The advancement of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree and the need for nurse researchers with a doctor of philosophy (PhD) has led to significant growth in doctoral nursing education. Some DNP graduates have chosen to pursue a second terminal degree. This descriptive study explored the experiences of students completing a DNP-to-PhD pathway program. Data analysis revealed that DNP-to-PhD students desired acceptance in academia. Implications suggest the need for additional pathway programs, clear communication about program outcomes for both degrees, formal teaching preparation for all nurse educators, and collaborative opportunities for DNP- and PhD-prepared faculty.
Strategies for Strengthening Ethics Education in a DNP Program
Authors: Vermeesch Amber , Cox Patricia H. , Baca Sarah , Simmons Derek
Published: August 2018

Nurse practitioners frequently encounter ethical dilemmas, and their identification is essential to effective resolution. An innovative approach involving collaboration between doctor of nursing practice (DNP) and doctor of philosophy (PhD) faculty was used to address this need in a graduate nursing program. The results included a broader understanding of the synergy of the two educational backgrounds in translating and delivering evidence-based practices. The development and use of realistic case studies was a teaching strategy for ethics education. The unique backgrounds of each faculty member promote ethical practice among DNP students, which is essential to the profession.
Innovation With Strengths: A Collaborative Approach to PhD/DNP Integration in Doctoral Education
Authors: Lusk Marcie Dianne , Marzilli Colleen
Published: August 2018

Doctorally prepared nurses are well equipped to provide solutions to complex issues in today’s rapidly changing health care environment. Collaborative relationships between doctor of nursing practice (DNP)- and doctor of philosophy (PhD)-prepared nurses facilitate timely translation of research into practice, enhanced educational opportunities, and development of interventions to improve health outcomes; however, challenges have been identified that hinder collaboration. This article highlights a three-pronged innovative and structured approach to identify individual student strengths, facilitate collaboration among DNP and PhD students, and set the foundation for implementation of a strengths-based curriculum during the doctoral educational experience.
Topiramate Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder in Clinical Practice
Authors: Jefee-Bahloul Hussam , Jorandby Lantie , Arias Albert J.
Published: August 2018

Topiramate is an anticonvulsant medication with increasingly strong evidence, supporting its use for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) based on clinical trials. These clinical cases summarize the initiation and titration of topiramate in AUD treatment. The core issues of patient selection, consideration of comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions, side-effect profile, safety and effectiveness are reviewed. Addiction physicians should take a leading role in using topiramate to treat AUDs, working with patients to balance the benefits of topiramate with the risk.
Review of Common Alternative Herbal “Remedies” for Skin Cancer
Authors: Li Janet Y. , Kampp Jeremy T.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Alternative herbal remedies for skin cancer are commonly found on the Internet. Many websites contain inaccurate or false information regarding side effects and efficacy.

OBJECTIVE

To review the evidence behind several commonly advertised herbal remedies that claim to cure skin cancer: black salve, eggplant, frankincense, cannabis, black raspberry, milk thistle, St. John's wort, and turmeric.

METHODS

A PubMed search was performed using the common and scientific names of frequently advertised herbal remedies along with the terms “nonmelanoma skin cancer,” or “basal cell carcinoma” or “squamous cell carcinoma,” or “melanoma.”

RESULTS

Some preclinical studies have shown positive evidence that these substances can induce apoptosis in skin cancer, but clinical studies proving efficacy are either insufficient, nonexistent, or show negative evidence. Botanicals that were excluded are those that do not have published studies of their efficacy as skin cancer treatments.

CONCLUSION

Online advertising may tempt patients to use botanical agents while citing efficacy found in preclinical studies. However, many agents lack strong clinical evidence of efficacy. Dermatologists must be aware of common herbal alternatives for skin cancer treatment to maintain effective patient communication and education.
A New Technique for the Correction of Tear Trough Deformity via Filler Injections
Authors: Bagci Bulent
Published: August 2018

The nonsurgical treatment of valley-type tear trough (TT) deformity with diffuse depression in preseptal segment aims a more effective and safer treatment alternative to present padding techniques through the use of hyaluronic acid fillers to the preseptal space. 22G 50-mm cannula was inserted into the preseptal space, 2 cm inferolateral to the lateral canthus, and a low concentration of monophasic hyaluronic acid filler was applied. TT deformity was treated through the elimination of the contrasting subcutaneous fat tissue quality and quantity both above and below the TT, which contributes to the accentuation of the TT deformity. Valley-type TT deformity was successfully treated without any complications via filler injections to the preseptal space in which no structures pass.