bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Four Ornamental Shrubs to Container Substrate Amended with Two Sources of Raw Paper Mill Sludge
Authors: Chong Calvin , Cline R.A.
Published: February 2019

Four deciduous ornamental shrubs {`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid.), `Flaviramea' dogwood (Cornus sericea L.), `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.), and `Variegata' weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC.]} were grown in trickle-irrigated containers with 100% pine bark (control) or with 10 other pine-bark-amended media, including two sources [Noranda Forest (NF) and Quebec and Ontario (QO)] of raw paper mill sludge mixed at 15 % or 30% (by volume). All species grew equally well or better in the sludge-amended media than in the control or other nonsludge media. Cotoneaster and forsythia grew more in NF sludge media than in corresponding QO media due primarily to the greater quantities of N and other nutrients released from the NF sludge.
Manganese Toxicity and Tolerance in Sweetpotato
Authors: Mortley Desmond G.
Published: February 2019

The effects of 0.25, 1.0, 2.5, 10, and 100 mg Mn/liter on sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were evaluated in a greenhouse during 2 years using the nutrient film technique. Foliage and storage root dry weights declined linearly as Mn concentration increased in either whole plants or fibrous roots. Foliage and storage root dry weights were equally sensitive to Mn concentration in whole plants but 5 to 15 times more sensitive to increased Mn concentration in the fibrous roots. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were adequate and did not appear to limit plant growth. Manganese concentrations in solution had very little effect on Fe, Zn, or B concentration. Manganese concentration was higher in the foliage than in fibrous roots. Plant roots showed browning at the higher (10 or 100 mg Mn/liter) concentrations in solution, which indicated the presence of oxidized Mn. Characteristic toxicity symptoms were observed in plants receiving 2.5 (moderate), 10, or 100 mg Mn/liter in solution.
Identifying Volatiles in Soursop and Comparing Their Changing Profiles during Ripening
Authors: Iwaoka Wayne T. , Zhang Xiaorong , Hamilton Richard A. , Chia C.L. , Tang C.S.
Published: February 2019

The volatile compounds in soursop (Annona muricata L.) were obtained by a liquid-liquid continuous extraction procedure from the aqueous solution of blended soursop pulp and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Twelve volatiles were identified by comparing their mass spectra and Kovats retention indexes with those of standard compounds: five were identified tentatively from MS data only, eight are being reported for the first time. (Z) -3-hexen-l-ol was the main volatile present in mature-green fruit, while methyl (E) -2-hexenoate, methyl (E) -2-butenoate, methyl butanoate, and methyl hexanoate were the four main volatiles present in ripe fruit. Concentrations of these five volatiles decreased and several other unidentified volatiles appeared when the fruit became overripe.
Treating `Primofiori' Lemons in Cold Storage with Intermittent Warming and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Artés Francisco , Escriche Angel J. , Marin Jose G.
Published: February 2019

Several intermittent 13C warming treatments were applied to `Primofiori' lemons (Citrus limon Burn) stored at 2 or SC. Fruit stored at 13C were treated with 10%, 2090, or 30% CO2 for 24 hours at weekly intervals. Reduction in decay and physiological disorders was best with two cycles of 2 weeks at 2C and 2 weeks at 13C and relative humidity >95 %. Under this storage condition, soluble solids concentration, pH, titratable acidity, and reducing sugars did not change relative to values at harvest, but the concentration of ascorbic acid increased and that of nonreducing sugars decreased in relation to harvest values. Carbon dioxide treatments did not prevent the development of alternaria (Alternaria citri Ell. & Pierce) rot and red blotch disorder, but effectively prevented the development of membranosis, rind pitting, and oleocellosis.
Supercooling Strawberry Plants Inoculated with Ice-nucleation-active Bacteria and Treated with Frostgard
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A. , Whitworth Julia
Published: February 2019

Frostgard did not effectively promote the supercooling of flowering `Arking' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) plants in the presence or absence of ice-nucleation-active bacteria when applied as a spray in laboratory experiments. Frostgard effectively promoted supercooling and reduced the ice propagation rate of aqueous solutions. Detached leaves infiltrated with Frostgard exhibited a negative linear relationship between freezing temperature and Frostgard concentrations from 0% to 20% (by volume). Leaves infiltrated with 20% Frostgard supercooled 1.7C lower than those infiltrated with distilled water. Ice propagation barriers in strawberry plants were observed. Individual leaves froze independently, and a thermal ice propagation barrier sometimes was observed at the crown.
Resistance of Tomato Genotypes to Four Isolates of Verticillium dahliae Race 2
Authors: Baergen K.D. , Hewitt J.D. , St. Clair D.A.
Published: February 2019

Eight tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were evaluated based on shoot dry weight for resistance to four isolates of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. race 2 in two greenhouse seedling experiments. The race 2 isolates, obtained from North Carolina, Brazil, and Spain, demonstrated no differences in pathogenicity on the eight lines tested, thus precluding the identification of a third V. dahliae race in this collection. However, highly significant differences in virulence were observed among the isolates. The Brazilian isolate was the most virulent. No tomato genotype showed resistance comparable to that conferred by the single dominant Ve gene to V. dahliae race 1. While all tomato lines were susceptible to all race 2 isolates tested, there were significant differences in susceptibility equal to differences in levels of resistance. IRAT L3, Morden Lac, Okitsu Sozai, and `UC82' significantly outperformed the lowest ranking line XXIV-a. `Earlypak 7', Morden Mel, and Philippine 2 performance was statistically indistinguishable from that of either the highest- or lowest-ranked lines. Genetic diversity in the host and pathogen and environmental conditions favoring the pathogen likely contributed to the genotype × isolate interactions observed in Expt. 1. These results suggest using diverse isolates when screening for improved race 2 resistance.
In Vitro Screening of 76 Strawberry Cultivars for Twospotted Spider Mite Resistance
Authors: Ferrer Rosa María Giménez , Scheerens Joseph C. , Erb W. Alan
Published: February 2019

Leaf disk bioassays based on oviposition and damage accrued during 72 hours were used to screen 76 strawberry (Fragaria spp.) cultivars for resistance to the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Oviposition rates (eggs/female per day) and damage scores were both highly variable, allowing cultivars to be classified, according to a combination of these two variables, into six categories of susceptibility or resistance: highly susceptible- `Canoga', `Ozark Beauty', `Scott', and `Tangi'; resistant—'Aiko', `Annapolis', `Apollo', `Bounty', `Cardinal', `Douglas', `Dover', `Fairfax', `Fern', `Floridabelle', `Glooscap', `Governor Simcoe', `Hecker', `Kent', `Pajaro', `Parker', `Rainier', `Redcoat', and `Vesper'; and highly resistant—`Profumata di Tortona' (F. moschata Duch.). Bioassay based on oviposition rates and damage scores was considered to be an efficient method to eliminate susceptible accessions from a breeding program, but authentication of putative resistance may require further testing in vivo.
Testing the Effect of the Determinate Shoot Growth Allele on Cucumber Root Growth
Authors: Grumet Rebecca , Duvall Robert
Published: February 2019

The determinate allele (de) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) causes shorter vine length and fewer and shorter internodes and lateral branches than the indeterminate allele (De). Four sets of cucumber inbreds carrying determinate or indeterminate alleles were compared with respect to root growth rate in the field and greenhouse using an herbicide banding method. Although the lines exhibited the expected differences in shoot growth, differences in root growth were not correlated with the differences in shoot growth. These results indicate that root growth was independent of the determinate shoot growth allele.
Effects of Three Hotcap Designs on Temperature and Tomato Transplant Development
Authors: Welbaum G.E.
Published: February 2019

Hotcaps are covers used to protect individual plants from suboptimal temperatures. Temperature, solar energy, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplant development were compared for three hotcap designs: 3.8-liter, opaque plastic jugs (PJs); 24-cm-tall wax paper (WP); and Wall-O-Water water-filled plastic teepees (PTs). The average solar energy inside the hotcaps was 57.3%, 67.6%, and 28.9% of full sun at midday and PPF was 44.7%, 49.7%, and 43.8% of full sun at midday for WP, PJs, and PTs, respectively. The rate of temperature decline in a growth chamber was fastest for PJs and slowest for PTs. In the field, air and soil temperatures inside hotcaps were higher than ambient during sunny periods and essentially the same during cloudy weather. The overall mean and mean maximum daily soil and air temperatures for all hotcaps were higher than ambient. PTs had the highest minimum daily soil and air temperatures—2.0 and 1.9C above ambient, respectively. The meantime to first ripe fruit was reduced by 10.7 days for PTs, 6.7 days for WP, and increased by 5 days for PJs compared to noncovered plants. Plants grown under hotcaps weighed less and produced fewer fruit on the first cluster. PJs could not maintain night air temperatures above ambient and were not effective hotcaps.
Delay in Mosaic Virus Onset and Aphid Vector Reduction in Summer Squash Grown on Reflective Mulches
Authors: Brown James E. , Dangler James M. , Woods Floyd M. , Tilt Ken M. , Henshaw Michael D. , Griffey Wallace A. , West Mark S.
Published: February 2019

Silver reflective plastic mulches were compared with conventional bare-ground culture of yellow crookneck summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo Alef.) for reducing aphids and the following mosaic virus diseases: cucumber mosaic, watermelon mosaic I and II, zucchini yellows mosaic, and squash mosaic. Plants grown on silver plastic mulch produced higher marketable yields than those grown on bare ground. Other colors (white, yellow, and black with yellow edges) of plastic mulch were intermediate in their effects on aphid population and virus disease reduction. Silver reflective mulch alone and silver reflective mulch with insecticide were superior to other colors of plastic mulch in reducing aphid populations. Silver reflective plastic mulch, with or without insecticide, resulted in 10 to 13 days delay in the onset of the mosaic diseases noted.
Stratification Improves Seed Germination of Five Native Wildflower Species
Authors: Bratcher Carlma B. , Dole John M. , Cole Janet C.
Published: February 2019

The germination responses of wild blue indigo [Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br.], purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.], Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani Schrad.), spike goldenrod (Solidago petiolaris Ait.), and Missouri ironweed (Vernonia missurica Raf.) seeds after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks of stratification at 5C were investigated. Seed viability was determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and germination based on the percentage of viable seeds. Germination percentage (GP) increased in all five species as weeks of stratification increased. Days to first germination and germination range (days from first to last germinating seed) decreased with increasing weeks of stratification, but the effect beyond 4 to 6 weeks was minimal. The number of weeks of stratification for maximum GP was 4 for purple coneflower, 6 for Maximilian sunflower, 8 for Missouri ironweed, and 10 for wild blue indigo and spike goldenrod.
Seeding Month and Seed Soaking Affect Buffalograss Establishment
Authors: Fry Jack , Upham Ward , Leuthold Larry
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted in consecutive years to evaluate the influence of seeding month and seed soaking on buffalograss [Buchloë ductyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] establishment, as measured by percentage of coverage and seedling emergence. In 1991, plots where `Sharp's Improved' buffalograss burrs were seeded in May, June, or July exhibited complete coverage 7 weeks after seeding (WAS). Between Apr. and Sept. 1992, mean high and low temperatures were ≈ 3C cooler than in 1991, and seeding in June or July resulted in >95% coverage 9 WAS. In the same year, seeding in April or May required 12 to 13 weeks for complete coverage. Buffalograss seeded in August exhibited <25% coverage by the end of the first growing season. Soaking buffalograss burrs in water before seeding resulted in the emergence of >30% more seedlings 2 WAS compared with nonsoaked burrs and increased coverage by up to 18% on selected rating dates 3 to 13 WAS. However, complete coverage occurred only ≈ week sooner where soaked vs. nonsoaked burrs were planted.
Changes in Leaf Osmotic and Elastic Properties and Canopy Structure of Strawberries under Mild Water Stress
Authors: Savé Robert , Peñuelas Josep , Marfà Oriol , Serrano Lydia
Published: February 2019

Field-grown strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa Duch. cv. Chandler) plants were subjected to two irrigation regimes from Nov. 1989 to July 1990 to evaluate the physiological and morphological effects of mild water stress. Irrigation was applied when soil matric potential reached -10 and-70 kPa for the wet and dry treatments, respectively. During the spring, these regimes did not promote significant changes in plant water relations, transpiration rates, plant morphology, or canopy architecture. However, during the summer, after several stress cycles, significant differences between treatments were observed. Pressure-volume curves of dry-treatment plants indicated that leaf osmotic potentials, measured at full and zero turgor, decreased 0.2 to 0.4 MPa. This decrease in osmotic potential also was accompanied by a 50% increase in the modulus of elasticity for these water-stressed plants compared to well-watered plants. Dry-treatment plants also showed stress avoidance mechanisms in changes of whole-plant morphology and canopy architecture, from monolayer to polylayer leaf distribution and leaf orientation from south to north. Despite what would appear to be useful drought-resistance strategies, there was significantly lower fruit production by plants grown under the dry treatment.
High-temperature-induced Electrolyte Leakage from Excised Leaves and Roots of Three Hollies
Authors: Ruter John M.
Published: February 2019

Membrane thermostability of `Needlepoint' Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt.), `Albo-marginata' English holly (Ilex aquifolium L.), and `Nellie R. Stevens', an Ilex aquifolium × Ilex cornuta hybrid, was determined by measuring electrolyte leakage in excised leaves and roots. The critical midpoint heat-killing temperature (T,) after a 30-min exposure was 54.4 ± 0.4C for `Nellie R. Stevens' leaves and was ≈ lC higher than that for Chinese (52.9 ± 0.3C) or English holly (52.9 ± 0.4C). The Tm for English holly roots (53.9 ±_ 1.5C) was higher than that for either `Nellie R. Stevens' (51.7 ± 0.3C) or Chinese holly (50.1 ± 0.3C). The results of this study suggest that English holly and `Nellie R. Stevens' leaves and roots can withstand direct heat injury equal to or greater than that of Chinese holly.
Estimating Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in Common Beans Inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Miklas Phillip N. , Grafton Kenneth F. , McClean Phillip E.
Published: February 2019

We investigated the partial physiological resistance (PPR) of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to white mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was measured in detached stems inoculated with a growing mycelium of the pathogen. Noninoculated detached stems and whole plants were included as controls. Five bean cultivars-Upland, Bunsi, Sierra, UI-114, and Montcalm-and one breeding line-NY 5394-were tested; all varied in PPR to white mold disease. Greater PAL activity in the resistant NY 5394 than in the susceptible `Upland' suggests that PAL activity may be involved in the PPR of common beans to S. sclerotiorum.
Design for a Simulated Nursery for Water Runoff Research
Authors: Cole Janet C. , Stamback Vicki L. , Gray Charlie
Published: February 2019

Few data are available to indicate the chemical concentration of runoff from nursery operations, and, to our knowledge, no model systems have been developed to gain such data. This paper describes such a model system, in which nursery production beds have been designed to collect and quantify runoff water and contaminant concentrations so that management practices may be identified to decrease potential pollution problems.
Lettuce Stand Establishment in Response to Soil Amendments and Direct-seeding Treatments
Authors: Seale Dale N. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: February 2019

Primed, primed + BA, or nontreated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds were sown with several soil amendment covers or a sandy soil cover (control) to assess stand establishment in three field experiments. Seeds covered with amendments Growsorb LVM 24/48, Growsorb 6/30, and plug-mix had a higher percent emergence than soil-covered seeds in warm soil. Primed seeds (with or without BA) had a higher percent emergence than nontreated seeds. Emergence was more rapid with plug-mix, LVM 24/48, and LVM 6/30 covers than with the sandy soil control. Primed seeds with or without BA also emerged more rapidly and produced heavier seedling shoots than nontreated seeds. Using primed lettuce seeds combined with specific soil amendments can improve lettuce stand establishment under various field conditions. Chemical name used: 6-benzyladenine (BA).
An Inexpensive Disease Screening Technique for Foliar Blight of Chile Pepper Seedlings
Authors: Alcantara Tito P. , Bosland Paul W.
Published: February 2019

An inexpensive, rapid, and reliable seedling screening technique was developed to identify sources of resistance to foliar blight of Capsicum annuum L. caused by the fungal pathogen Phytophthora capsici Leon. Leaf surfaces of test plants were inoculated with 500 to 1000 zoospores prepared in distilled water. Seedlings were incubated for 5 days in an easy-to-construct dew chamber and observed for symptom development. `Criollo de Morelos 334' chile seedlings, a Mexican land race resistant to root rot caused by the same fungal pathogen, were highly resistant to foliar blight. All commercial cultivars tested in this study, however, were highly susceptible. No root rot symptoms were observed in any of the foliar-inoculated plants.
Watermelon Seedling Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality following Pretransplant Nutritional Conditioning
Authors: Schultheis Jonathan R. , Dufault Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Pretransplant nutritional conditioning (PNC) of transplants during greenhouse production may improve recovery from transplanting stress and enhance earliness and yield of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Two greenhouse experiments (Expts. 1 and 2) and field experiments in South Carolina and North Carolina (Expt. 3) were conducted to evaluate N and P PNC effects on watermelon seedling growth and their effects on fruit yield and quality. `Queen of Hearts' triploid and `Crimson Sweet' diploid watermelon seedlings were fertilized with N from calcium nitrate at 25, 75, or 225 mg·liter–1 and P from calcium phosphate at 5, 15, or 45 mg·liter–1. In the greenhouse, most variation in the shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf count, leaf area, transplant height, and root dry weight in `Queen of Hearts' and `Crimson Sweet' was attributed to N. Cultivar interacted with N, affecting all seedling growth variables, but not leaf area in Expt. 2. To a lesser extent, in Expt. 1, but not in Expt. 2, P interacted with cultivar, N, or cultivar × N and affected shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf count and leaf area. In the field, transplant shock increased linearly with N, regardless of cultivar or field location. The effect of PNC on plant growth diminished as the growing season progressed. For both cultivars at both locations, N and P PNC did not affect time to first staminate flower, fruit set, fruit width or length, soluble solids concentration, or yield. Vining at Charleston for both cultivars was 2 days earlier when N was at 75 rather than 25 mg·liter–1, without further change with the high N rate. At Clinton, the first pistillate flower was delayed linearly the higher the N rate for `Crimson Sweet'. At Charleston, hollow heart in the `Queen of Hearts' increased nearly 3 times when N PNC rate was tripled (from 75 or 225 mg·liter–1), while N had no effect on hollow heart in `Crimson Sweet'. In contrast, at Clinton, hollow heart in either cultivar was affected by P PNC, not N. PNC with 25N–5P (in mg·liter–1) can be used to reduce seedling growth and produce a more compact plant for easier handling, yet not reduce fruit quality or yield.
Plant Morphology and Yield of Paprika Pepper in Response to Method of Stand Establishment
Authors: Cooksey James R. , Kahn Brian A. , Motes James E.
Published: February 2019

Nontreated seed, primed seed, and transplants were compared for effects on stand establishment, plant morphology, and yield of paprika pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Nontreated seed was satisfactory for stand establishment, although primed seed had the potential to provide greater initial stands. When populations were made equal by thinning, there were few differences in stem and leaf dry weight, fruit yield, or plant morphology attributed to seed treatment. Generally, morphology of plants established by direct seeding was favorable for mechanical harvest. Using transplants did not result in higher marketable fruit yields than direct seeding in 2 of 3 years. When compared to plants established by direct seeding, three trends were consistent across all 3 years for plants established by transplanting: 1) they were more massive, 2) they had larger vertical fruiting planes, and 3) they had more branches. These traits increase the difficulty of mechanical harvest and create the potential for more leaves and stems (trash) in the harvested product. Thus, transplanting is not recommended for stand establishment of paprika pepper intended for mechanical harvest.
Photoperiod and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Influence Growth and Quality of Greenhouse-grown Lettuce
Authors: Gaudreau Linda , Charbonneau Josée , Vézina Louis-Philippe , Gosselin André
Published: February 2019

`Karlo' and `Rosana', two Boston-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, were subjected to various light treatments in greenhouses equipped with one of two propane heating systems. Photoperiods of 16, 20, 24, or 24 hours for 2 weeks after transplanting and then 16 hours (24–16) and photosynthetic photon flux of 50 or 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 provided by supplementary lighting (high-pressure sodium vapor lamps) were compared to natural light during four experiments performed in greenhouses between Sept. 1989 and May 1990. Using supplementary lighting resulted in significant increases in biomass (≤270%), head firmness, and tipburn incidence and decreases in production cycle length (≈30%). Treatment effects were most pronounced during the months when natural-light levels were low. Fresh weights were higher for `Karlo' than `Rosana'; however, `Rosana' was less susceptible to tipburn than `Karlo'. In general, the radiant heating system resulted in earlier crop maturity and a higher incidence of tipburn than the hot-air system.
A Northern Pecan Pollen Source Delays Germination of Nuts from a Southern Pecan Cultivar
Authors: Ou Shyi-kuan , Storey J. Benton , Thompson Tommy E.
Published: February 2019

Preharvest germination (viviparity) can be a problem with nuts of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Two southern-adapted cultivars (`Cherokee' and `Wichita') and one northern-adapted cultivar (`Johnson') were paternal parents in controlled crosses with the maternal parent `Wichita'. `Wichita' × `Johnson' seed took much longer to germinate than seed from either the `Wichita' × `Cherokee' cross or the `Wichita' self, therefore indicating that pollen source may influence germination characteristics.
Seedling Growth of Catawba Rhododendron. II. Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Accumulation and Export
Authors: Rowe D. Bradley , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. , Pharr D. Mason
Published: February 2019

Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx.) seedlings of two provenances, Johnston County, N.C. (35°45′N, 78°12′W, elevation = 67 m), and Yancey County, N.C. (35°45′N, 82°16′W, elevation = 1954 m), were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 18 weeks with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C. Seedlings of the higher-elevation provenance generally exhibited higher net leaf photosynthetic rates (PN)s than those from the lower elevation at all temperature combinations. Thus, it appears seedlings of the high-elevation provenance possess greater relative thermotolerance, expressed as net photosynthesis, than the low-elevation provenance. Eighty-seven days after initiation (DAI) of the experiment, PN showed a quadratic response to increasing day temperature, with the maximum occurring at 22C, whereas PN decreased linearly with increasing night temperature. At 122 DAI, PN increased linearly with increasing day temperature with nights at 22 and 26C. Highest PNs were at 30/22C and 26/22C. Carbohydrate export increased with increasing day temperature, whereas the response to night temperature was minimal. High levels of nonstructural carbohydrates occurred at thermoperiods (22/22C and 26/22C) that optimize seedling growth. However, definitive trends relating seedling growth to PNs, leaf carbohydrate levels, or to the amount of carbohydrate exported from the leaves were difficult to generalize due to numerous day × night interactions.
Interfering Substances in the Colorimetric Quantitation of Grape Monoterpenes
Authors: Benoteau Gael , Reynolds Andrew G.
Published: February 2019

The potential for interference by specific C6 compounds in the colorimetric quantitation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) monoterpenes was investigated in model solutions and muscat and neutral-flavored grape cultivars. The unsaturated C6 aldehyde 2-hexen-1-al (2HX) showed color absorption at 608 nm in distilled water after reaction with an acidified vanillin solution. Absorbance also increased significantly when 2HX was added to a series of linalool solutions; ≈2.5 mg 2HX per liter of a 1-mg·liter–1 linalool solution increased the absorbance by >10%. Adding 2.5 mg 2HX per kilogram of `Gewürztraminer' berry homogenate significantly increased apparent free volatile terpene (FVT) concentrations to 121% of unadulterated control treatments but did not affect potentially volatile terpenes (PVT). Adding 2HX also increased apparent FVT concentration in `Perlette' and `Flame Seedless'. Both neutral-flavored table grape cultivars contained some FVT and PVT as a consequence of their muscat ancestries. FVT and PVT quantitation by colorimetric methods may be subject to significant error if the concentration of 2HX and other unsaturated C6 compounds in grape berries or must are >5 mg·liter–1. However, low concentrations of unsaturated C6 compounds (<80 μg·liter–1) in British Columbia wines suggest that there is a low probability of significant interference with this method.
Gene Pool Specificity, Paucity of Enzyme Variation, and Phaseolin Polymorphism in the Common Bean
Authors: Acquaah G. , Isleib T.G. , Ferguson A.E.
Published: February 2019

The future of molecular markers in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding and genetics lies in the discovery of more useful markers than now available. One-dimensional SDS/PAGE analysis revealed four phaseolin types, “S,” “T,” “C,” and “H,” in proportions of 23.5%, 49.2%, 24.8%, and 2.5%, respectively. Molecular heterogeneity of phaseolin subunits was not apparent. On the basis of the phaseolin types and seed size, ≈75% of the landraces from Malawi probably were introduced from the Andean primary center of common bean domestication. The remaining 25% were small-seeded and probably originated from the Meso-American center of domestication of common bean. In Malawi, some amount of hybridization has occurred between genotypes from the two centers of domestication.
Southernpea Cultigens Differ in Ease of Pod Detachment
Authors: Buckley Blair , Pee Katharine C.
Published: February 2019

A force gauge was used to measure the force required to detach pods from plants of 16 southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultigens. Pod detachment force (PDF) measurements ranged from 21.4 N for MN-13 to 11.8 N for `Royal Cream'. Pod length, diameter, and weight; basal pod vacancy (inverse of fill); and peduncle synapse length were recorded for each pod sampled for detachment force. There was no strong association between PDF and any of the five traits.
COMPLEX SEGREGATION ANALYSIS (CSA) OF GERBERA FLOWER COLOR
Authors: Tourjee Kenneth R. , Harding James , Byrne Thomas G.
Published: February 2019

The frequency distribution of gerbera flower hue in the Davis population of gerbera appears continuous and bimodal. This suggests that a gene of large effect may be segregating in a background of polygenic variation. CSA is a statistical technique developed in genetic epidemiology for investigating such complex traits without the need of inbred lines. The REGC program of SAGE (Elston, LSU Medical Center, New Orleans) uses the regressive models of G. Bonney (1984) through pedigree analysis to provide estimates of major gene parameters and residual correlations among relatives. Pedigrees obtained from generations 14, 15, and 16 indicate that a major dominant gene for hue is segregating and accounting for -0.66 of the total variation. The genotypic means are 32 degrees and 71 degrees for the aa and bb genotypes, respectively. The a allele is dominant to the b allele and has a frequency of 0.55. The residual parent-offspring correlation estimate is 0.2 and measures the genetic contribution to the remainder of the variance.
RESPONSE OF FIELD-GROWN NORWAY MAPLE AND GREEN ASH TREES TO WHITE AND BROWN TREESHELTERS
Authors: Montague David T. , Kjelgren Roger , Rupp Larry
Published: February 2019

We investigated microclimate, gas exchange, and growth of field-grown Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees in brown, white, or no treeshelters. Microclimate, tree growth, and gas exchange measurements were taken summer and winter. Treeshelter microclimate was greenhouse-like compared to ambient conditions, as short-wave radiation (S↓) was lower, and midday air temperature and relative humidity were higher. In both species, this resulted in less trunk growth and greater specific leaf area, which are growth responses characteristic of shade acclimation. Treeshelter microclimate did, however, substantially increase shoot elongation and stomatal conductance, but did not increase photosynthesis when compared to trees grown without shelters. White shelters allowed 25% more penetration of S↓ than brown shelters, but tree growth and climatic variables did not differ with treeshelter color. Stomatal conductance, however, was higher for trees in white shelters. Treeshelters also appeared to have a negative effect on plant hardiness. New shoot growth in shelters was more winter-damaged, particularly in maple, than nonsheltered trees. This may be related to winter bark (Tb) and air temperature (Ta). Winter midday Tb on trees grown in shelters was up to 15C higher than Tb on trees outside shelters, while midday Ta inside treeshelters was up to 20C higher than Ta outside treeshelters.
Osmotic Priming or Chilling Stratification Improves Seed Germination of Purple Coneflower
Authors: Wartidiningsih N. , Geneve R.L. , Kester S.T.
Published: February 2019

High germination seed lots of purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench] were evaluated for laboratory germination following osmotic priming or chilling stratification. Compared to nontreated seeds, osmotic priming at 25C in salts (KNO3 + K3PO4; 1:1, w/w) or polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) increased early (3-day) germination percentage at 27C of all seed lots, and improved total (10-day) germination percentage of low-germination seed lots. Total germination percentage was unaffected or increased by priming for 4 days compared to 8 days, and by priming at –1.0 MPa compared to –0.5 MPa (except for one low-germination seed lot). Chilling stratification in water at 5 or 10C increased early and total germination of all seed lots, except for that same lot, compared to nontreated seeds. Total germination percentage was unaffected or increased by stratification at 10C rather than at 5C. Neither extending stratification ≥20 days nor lowering osmotic potential with PEG during stratification improved total germination percentage.
Spacing, Root Cell Volume, and Age Affect Production and Economics of Compact-growth-habit Tomatoes
Authors: Kemble Joseph M. , Davis Jeanine M. , Gardner Randolph G. , Sanders Douglas C.
Published: February 2019

Compact-growth-habit (CGH) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) do not require the pruning, staking, and tying required for many fresh-market tomato cultivars. In 1990, 5-week-old transplants of the CGH tomato breeding line NC 13G-1 were grown in single rows with in-row spacings of 31, 46, 61, and 76 cm and in double rows with in-row spacings of 31 and 46 cm. NC 13G-1 produced high early and total season marketable yields when grown in either double-row treatment compared to any single-row treatment. In 1991 and 1992, 4- and 5-week-old NC 13G-1 transplants were produced in five root cell volumes (8.6, 13.6, 27.0, 37.1, and 80.0 cm3), transplanted into double rows with an in-row spacing of 46 cm, and evaluated for yield. Five-week-old transplants produced in 37.1- and 80-cm3 cells flowered sooner after transplanting and produced higher early season yields than 4-week-old transplants produced in the three smaller cells. Midseason yields increased quadratically and late-season yields decreased quadratically as root cell volume increased. Total season marketable yields did not differ among treatments. In 1991, production costs were influenced by root cell volume, but not in 1992. In 1992, net returns for the four smallest cell volumes were similar, and lower than for transplants grown in the largest cell volume. In both years, highest net returns were achieved with transplants produced in 37.1-cm3 cells. Considering the estimated 1992 net returns of $17,000/ha, production of CGH tomatoes may provide an alternative for staked-tomato growers concerned with labor availability and production costs, even though marketable yield from NC 13G-1 was lower than with a conventional cultivar under the standard system.
Yield and Growth Response of Onion to Simulated Storm Damage
Authors: Bartolo Michael E. , Schwartz Howard F. , Schweissing Frank C.
Published: February 2019

Severe storms with high winds, hail, rain, and blowing soil particles can injure onion (Allium cepa L.) leaf and neck tissues. Our study was conducted to determine the growth response of onions to simulated storm damage during bulb development. The effect of removing 33% and 67% of the onion foliage at 14, 28, 42, and 56 days before maturity was examined. In 2 years, 67% defoliation reduced yields more than 33% defoliation. At both levels, defoliation had a greater impact on total marketable yield and yield of individual market classes when it occurred near the onset of bulbing. Of the different market classes of onions, the jumbo (>8.25 cm in diameter) was most consistently affected by defoliation. A moderate (33%) and a severe (66%) foliage loss delayed crop maturity, decreased total marketable yield and potential market value, and changed the market class distribution of a sweet Spanish-type onion.
Mineral Nutrient Composition of Green and White Asparagus Spears
Authors: Makus D.J.
Published: February 2019

Mineral nutrients were determined in green and white `Jersey Giant' asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears grown in 1991 near Booneville, Ark. Green spears had higher concentrations of tissue N, K, P, S, Na, and Zn; similar levels of Fe, Al, and Cu; and lower levels of NO3 than white spears grown under opaque plastic rowcovers or under sawdust mulch. Levels of Ca, Mg, and Mn were higher in plastic-grown white spears than in those grown in sawdust. The spear tip contained higher concentrations of K, S, and Cu than the butt. Less NO3, Fe, and Al were in the tip than in the butt. Spear distribution gradients for K, Fe, and Cu were linear, whereas S and NO3 gradients were both linear and quadratic. Nitrogen, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Al, and Mn levels were influenced by spear production method and spear segment.
Greenhouse Irrigation Systems Affect Growth of `TAM-Mild Jalapeño-1' Pepper Seedlings
Authors: Leskovar Daniel I. , Heineman Ronald R.
Published: February 2019

Two studies were conducted to determine how greenhouse irrigation systems alter root elongation, root morphology, shoot growth, and water status of `TAM-Mild Jalapeño-1' pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Transplants were grown in containerized trays for 48 days in a greenhouse. Irrigation systems were 1) flotation (FI), 2) 28 days FI plus 14 days overhead (OI; FI + OI), 3) alternate OI and FI (OI–FI), and 4) OI. FI and OI–FI transplants maintained a uniform lateral root length increase between 20 and 41 days after seeding (DAS). In FI + OI and OI transplants, lateral root elongation tended to plateau at ≈31 DAS; however, by increasing the number and length (33%) of basal roots, OI transplants had a total root growth compensation during the remaining growth period. At 41 DAS, OI transplants had a higher shoot: root ratio (S: R = 5) and maintained a higher shoot water potential (Ψstem = –0.58) than FI transplants (S: R = 3; Ψstem= –0.69 MPa, respectively). In the second study, OI transplants maintained higher Ψstem than FI transplants. The latter had a lower stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate than OI and FI + OI transplants. FI may be used to lower the S: R ratio and promote hardiness in jalapeño transplants.
Evaluation of a Phytotoxin(s) from Pseudomonas syringae for Weed Control in Cranberries
Authors: Norman Michael A. , Patten Kim D. , Gurusiddaiah Sarangamat
Published: February 2019

Three indicator species [rye (Secale cereale L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)] and nonrooted cuttings of `Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) vines were grown in pots to establish the dose response levels for a sand-applied phytotoxin(s) from a crude extract of Pseudomonas syringae (strain 3366) culture. At 114 ppm [milligrams phytotoxin(s)/kilograms sand], the material was noninhibitory, whereas 1140 ppm reduced root and shoot growth significantly in all four species. In subsequent experiments, a 10-ppm dose controlled corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.) seedlings, while 103 ppm reduced root or shoot growth of cuttings of the perennial weeds birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and silverleaf (Potentilla pacifica Howell). Root and shoot growth of partially rooted `McFarlin' cranberry vines was reduced at 103 and 563 ppm, respectively. The phytotoxin(s) could potentially control germinating annual weeds in newly established `Stevens' cranberry bogs.
Growth of Two Subtropical Ornamentals Using Coir (Coconut Mesocarp Pith) as a Peat Substitute
Authors: Meerow Alan W.
Published: February 2019

Growth of Pentas lanecolata (Forssk.) Deflers `Starburst Pink' and Ixora coccinea L. `Maui' was compared in container media using sphagnum peat, sedge peat, or coir dust as their peat components. Growth index and top and root dry weights of both crops were significantly better in coir-based medium than sedge peat-based medium. Pentas grew equally well in coir- and sphagnum peat-based medium. Growth index and top dry weight of Ixora were significantly lower in the coir-based than the sphagnum peat-based medium, although root dry weights were equal. This difference was not apparent and may have been caused by N drawdown in the coir-based mix. The sedge peat-based medium had the highest air porosity and the lowest water-holding capacity of the three media at the initiation of the trials, but at the termination of the study, it showed a reversal of these characteristics. The coir-based medium showed the least change in these attributes over time. Coir dust seems to be an acceptable substitute for sphagnum or sedge peat in soilless container media, although nutritional regimes may need to be adjusted on a crop-by-crop basis.
Flowering Behavior and Pollination Requirements in Climbing Cacti with Fruit Crop Potential
Authors: Weiss Julia , Nerd Avinoam , Mizrahi Yosef
Published: February 2019

The reproductive biology of the climbing cacti Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britt. & Rose, H. undatus (Haworth) Britt. & Rose, H. costaricensis (Weber) Britt. & Rose, and Selenicereus megalanthus (Schum. ex Vaupel) Moran (syn. Mediocactus megalanthus) was studied with the aim of cultivating the cacti in Israel as fruit crops. Flowering in Hylocereus spp. occurred in two to three waves during the summer, whereas in S. megalanthus, flowering was concentrated at the end of autumn. Flowers of all species opened 1 to 1.5 hours before sunset and closed ≈6 hours after sunrise. In the Hylocereus spp., H. polyrhizus and H. costaricensis were self-unfruitful, and cross-pollination with other species led to high fruit set (100%). Hylocereus undatus was self-fruitful, setting fruit with self-pollen. Cross-pollination between the clones of S. megalanthus led to a high fruit set and each clone was self-fruitful. In contrast to H. undatus, S. megalanthus clones could set fruit without pollen vector involvement, although the set was slightly lower than with hand pollination. Pollen source influenced fruit weight. In the self-fruitful species of Hylocereus, fruit obtained by hand cross-pollination with other Hylocereus spp. were significantly heavier than fruit obtained by hand self-pollination. The largest fruit in each of the Hylocereus spp. were obtained by specific cross-combinations within the group. Fruit of S. megalanthus had a lower weight than fruit of the Hylocereus spp. Flowers of all species were visited by day-active honeybees only. Fruit set and fruit weight with open pollination was lower than with hand pollination in Hylocereus spp. Since stigma receptivity and pollen germinability stayed high during anthesis, the low pollination effectivity has to be related to other factors, such as the short bee visits and the absence of specific adaptation by the bees to the flower. In S. megalanthus, fruit set and fruit weight with open pollination were similar to values obtained with hand pollination. This similarity is probably related to the fact that pollen transfer in open pollination is achieved by bee visits and direct transfer of pollen to the stigma, which occurs via physical contact between anthers and stigma during flower closing.
`Pinot noir' and `Riesling' Grapevines Respond to Water Stress Duration and Soil Water-holding Capacity
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G. , Naylor Andrew P.
Published: February 2019

Glasshouse-grown `Pinot noir' and `Riesling' grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were subjected to one of four water stress durations [no water deficit (control); and water deficits imposed postbloom, lag phase, and veraison] in combination with three soil water-holding capacities (0%, 26%, and 52% gravel, by volume). Vines subjected to increasing water stress duration had less cumulative lateral shoot length and lower shoot count, leaf size, and berry weights than those not stressed. Soluble solids concentration (SSC) during maturation and pH at harvest also increased with increasing water stress duration, but titratable acidity was not affected. Transpiration and stomatal conductance also were reduced with increased water stress duration, but soil water increased, reflecting the larger leaf surface on vines with veraison-imposed deficits. Reducing water-holding capacity (by increasing the percentage of gravel in the soil) tended to increase berry weight and SSC but reduced lateral shoot growth. The 52% gravel treatments increased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for `Riesling' but reduced them slightly in `Pinot noir'. Percentage of soil moisture was reduced linearly with reduced water-holding capacity. These results indicate that early irrigation deficits may advance fruit maturity of wine grapes with concomitant reductions in vegetative growth. Differential responses of these cultivars to soil water-holding capacity also should help to identify suitable wine grape cultivars as the wine grape industry expands into areas with low water-holding capacity soils.
Fenoxaprop Activity Influenced by Auxin-like Herbicide Application Timing
Authors: Dernoeden P.H. , Fidanza M.A.
Published: February 2019

Fenoxaprop is used on turfgrasses to control smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Sweib.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] and other annual grass weeds. Our objective was to determine if a broadleaf weed herbicide (BWH = 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba) would affect fenoxaprop activity. The BWH was applied several days or weeks before and after fenoxaprop was applied. Smooth crabgrass control by fenoxaprop was reduced significantly when the BWH was applied ≤14 days before fenoxaprop was applied. Extremely poor crabgrass control occurred when fenoxaprop was tank-mixed with the BWH. There was no reduction in crabgrass control when the BWH was applied 21 days before or ≥3 days after fenoxaprop. Chemical names used: ethyl ester of (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D); (+)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid (mecoprop); 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba).
Drought Resistance in Centipedegrass Cultivars
Authors: Hook James E. , Hanna Wayne W.
Published: February 2019

In our study, we sought to determine if an experimental cultivar of centipedegrass [`TC178'; Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] had superior turf characteristics under extended droughts. Common centipedegrass (CC), vegetatively propagated `TC178' (VG178), and seed-propagated (F3) `TC178' (SD178) were evaluated in a 2-year controlled watering study that compared turf characteristics and drought resistance. The grasses were established under an automated rainfall shelter and were subjected to three drought regimes: watered twice per week (no stress), 2 to 3 weeks between watering (moderate), and 4 to 6 weeks between watering (severe). Turf characteristics (visual rating and clipping biomass) were measured weekly and soil water content profiles were measured daily. Visual ratings among cultivars were similar for no-stress conditions, but visual ratings of SD178 and VG178 were 18% higher than for CC for moderate stress and 28% higher for severe stress. At the end of moderate stress periods, clipping biomass of VG178 was 24% greater than for CC, but by the end of the severe stress periods, biomass from VG178 was 22% lower than for CC. Available soil water content profiles indicated that the three cultivars extracted soil water at the same rate. Visual ratings and growth decline with survival under severe stress showed that VG178 and SD178 had significantly better drought resistance than CC. `TC178' provides a superior appearance turf that will stand up to the droughts common in its adapted region.