bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Возможный алгоритм вычисления предельного размера словаря писателя
Authors: Кретов Алексей Александрович , Ломец Мария Викторовна , Половинкин Игорь Петрович
Published: August 2021

В работе предлагается метод оценивания предельного размера словаря писателя с помощью экстраполяции эмпирически задаваемой функции, выражающей зависимость коэффициента лексического разнообразия от объема текстового корпуса. Обсуждаются возникающие проблемы адекватности выбираемого способа экстраполяции. На примере творчества Л. Н. Толстого произведены расчеты с помощью логарифмических базисных функций для аппроксимации и экстраполяции.
Реализация конкурса регрессионных моделей с применением критерия согласованности поведения
Authors: Носков Сергей Иванович
Published: August 2021

В работе описываются основные этапы реализации конкурса регрессионных моделей сложных объектов. Он состоит в построении множества альтернативных вариантов модели заданного класса и последующем выборе лучшего варианта на основе использования векторного критерия оценки адекватности. В его состав, в частности, входят критерии Фишера, Стьюдента, Дарбина — Уотсона, множественной детерминации, смещения, информативности набора независимых переменных, остаточная дисперсия, средние относительные ошибки аппроксимации и прогноза, ширина области определения модели. Общее количество потенциальных вариантов модели при этом может составить десятки тысяч для размерностей, соответствующих реальным ситуациям, возникающим при моделировании. Описываются основные этапы организации конкурса моделей: построение множества допустимых вариантов по их соответствию содержательному смыслу факторов и значениям частных критериев адекватности; максимизация на этом множестве обобщенного критерия согласованности поведения расчетных и фактических значений зависимой переменной; в случае неединственности решения этой задачи реализация на сформированном множестве вариантов модели метода идеальной точки. Полученная в результате проведения конкурса модель будет соответствовать смыслу всех входящих в ее состав переменных и обладать высоким качеством.
Оцінка надійності та інформативності показників координаційної підготовленості хлопчиків 8 років
Authors: Марченко Світлана , Вердиш Ярослав
Published: August 2021

Мета дослідження – розробка програми тестування координаційної підготовленості школярів на початковому етапі тренування з використанням інформативних тестів, які доступні для застосування в умовах загальноосвітньої школи. Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 20 хлопців 8 років. Діти та їхні батьки були інформовані про всі особливості дослідження і дали згоду на участь в експерименті. Для вирішення поставлених завдань були застосовані такі методи дослідження: аналіз науково-методичної літератури, педагогічне тестування та методи математичної статистики обробки результатів дослідження. Результати. Запропонована батарея тестів усебічно характеризує розвиток координації хлопчиків 8 років. У результаті аналізу кореляційної залежності між тестовими завданнями встановлено їх високу валідність (rxy = 0,575-0,931 при p < 0,01). Обрані нами тести мають добру та відмінну ретестову надійність (rtt = 0,92-0,989). Комбінований тест, який включає в себе як загальні рухові дії, так і елементи карате, має високий ступінь достовірності вимірювання та може замінювати цілу батарею тестів (rtt = 0,979). Висновки. Отримані дані дають підставу стверджувати, що обране комплексне тестування рівня розвитку проявів координаційних здібностей хлопчиків 8 років під час занять карате є доступним, інформативним та надійним, що дає можливість їх рекомендувати для подальшого дослідження в процесі вдосконалення рухової координації.
Systematic Equations Handbook : Book 1-Energy
Authors: Luc Brunet
Published: August 2021

The energy equation handbook is the complete collection of physically coherent expression of energy computed using from 2 to 7 physical units among: density(ML-3) energy (ML2T-2) time (T) force (MLT-2) power (ML2T-3) current (I) temperature (Th) quantity (N) mass (M) length (L) candela (J) surface (L2) volume (L3) concentration (ML-3) frequency (T-1) acceleration (LT- 2) speed (LT-1) pressure (ML-1T-2) viscosity (ML-1T-1) luminance (L- 2J) MolarMass (MN-1) MassicEnergy (L2T-2) resistance (ML2T-3I-2) voltage (ML2T-3I-1) Farad (M-1L-2T4I2) Thermal- Conductivity (MLT-3Th-1) SpecificHeat (L2T-2Th-1) MassFlux (MT-1) SurfaceTension (MT-2) Charge (TI) Resistivity (ML3T-3I-2) The complete list of 4196 equations is sorted by number of variable required to obtain an energy in Joules. All the units are in MKSA.
Transcriptome Analysis of Korla Fragrant Pear Reveals a Comprehensive Signaling Network in Response to Alternaria alternata Infection
Authors: Ouyang Hui
Published: August 2021

Blackhead caused by Alternaria alternata is a fatal necrotrophic fungal that affects Korla fragrant pear. To date, little is known at the molecular level about the defense response of pear to blackhead disease and the pathogenic mechanism of A. alternata infection. To investigate the specific host-pathogen interaction between A. alternata and pear, we examined the accumulation of host-responsive mRNAs using RNA-seq technology. A total of 25,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Further analysis revealed that the DEGs mainly participate in plant cell wall integrity, plant hormone pathways, plant-pathogen interactions and the defense response (transcription factors, defense-related proteins). Most of the DEGs involved in the plant hormone, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways, as well as defense-related proteins, were significantly up-regulated. In addition, DEGs encoding enzymes involved in cutin and wax synthesis and most transcription factors are significantly down-regulated. Based on these results, we speculate that these pathways play important roles in the response of pear to A. alternata. This study has presented new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the response of pear fruits to A. alternata infection. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences of Two Wildrye Grasses Elymus sibiricus and E. nutans (Triticeae, Poaceae)
Authors: Yu Qingqing
Published: August 2021

Due to outstanding characteristics such as stress resistance and high biomass production, Elymus sibiricus (StH genomes) and E. nutans (StHY genomes) are regarded as ecologically important perennial bunchgrass species belonging to Elymus genus of tribe Triticeae (Poaceae), which were widely used to promote the restoration of degraded grassland in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. sibiricus and E. nutans were sequenced and annotated with de novo analysis, to clarify their inter-species variation and their evolutionary relationships with relative species. The result showed that both two whole cp genomes shared a typical quadripartite structure, the cp genome length of E. sibiricus and E. nutans were 135,075 bp and 135,060 bp, respectively. Three genes tRNA-CGA, tRNA-CGU, and tRNA-CGU were unique in E. sibiricus while the gene ycf1 (hypothetical chloroplast reading frame no. 1) was only found in E. nutans. The identification of hotspot regions (tRNA-GUC~psbM, tRNA-UAA~ndhJ, rbcL~psaI, rpl33~rps18) between the two cp genomes would be pertinent to the development of barcode marker of these two Elymus species. Comparative cp genome analysis and phylogenetic relationships further confirmed that Pseudoroegneria were putative matrilineal donors of St genome of Elymus species at plastome level. Whole cp genomes could be used as an effective barcode for species identification or for developing specific markers, which is essential useful for the evolutionary history and conservation of Elymus species. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys oligospora to Nematodes
Authors: Jie Li
Published: August 2021

Adhesion is a crucial step for nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) predating nematodes. To investigate the function of a novel protein ADP1 in nematode-trapping process, ADP1 gene of a representative NTF-Arthrobotrys oligospora was cloned and the molecular characteristics of this protein were analyzed. Then, the GFP chimeric ADP1 (ADP1-GFP) was generated in a GFP expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the recombinant ADP1-GFP (reADP1-GFP) was purified. Incubation of reADP1-GFP with J3 larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus showed that reADP1-GFP could adhere nematodes with the strongest adhesion ability at 25°C, while the reADP1-GFP treated by trypsin completely lost the adhesion ability. Furthermore, the numbers of captured nematodes of A. oligospora treated by anti-reADP1-GFP serum in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, which suggests that the nematode-trapping activity of A. oligospora is inhibited by anti-ADP1 serum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report confirming that ADP1 from A. oligospora can modulate the adherence to C. elegans and H. contortus. The exploration of interaction between ADP1 protein of A. oligospora and nematodes provides new insights into the process of invasion and molecular mechanisms of A. oligospora preying nematode. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
1H NMR-Based Metabolomics to Identify Resistance-Related Metabolites in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus against Fusarium Root Rot
Authors: Gao Fen
Published: August 2021

Root rot is a destructive disease of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) and occurs frequently in recent years in the main cultivation regions in China. However, the progress of AMM resistance breeding is extremely slow due to the lack of resistance source and inefficiency of the conventional disease resistance evaluation method. This study aimed to provide information on the interaction between AMM and Fusarium solani, one of the predominant pathogens causing root rot and identify the resistance-related (RR) metabolites by using the nontargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics approach. Of the 24 metabolites examined, the concentration changes in sucrose, fructose, taurine and phenylalanine were negatively correlated with the root rot severity. The abundance of malic acid in F. solani-inoculated samples considerably decreased at 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The five metabolites were identified as RR metabolites, and only malic acid inhibited the fungal growth. These metabolites might serve as candidate biomarkers for discriminating the resistance levels of different AMM genotypes and establishing the high-throughput screening method of AMM breeding lines against root rot caused by F. solani. Results could assist in accelerating the resistance breeding program. The possible mechanisms of RR metabolites in plant defense against the pathogen were discussed. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Effect of Chemical Reclamation on the Physiological and Chemical Response of Rice Grown in Varying Salinity and Sodicity Conditions
Authors: Qadir Ayesha Abdul
Published: August 2021

Salinity and sodicity are the major abiotic constraints that prevail in arid and semi-arid regions. Proper management is required for productive use of this land. Reclamation of sodic and saline-sodic soils is highly site-specific that describes the diverse response of different soils to different amendments. These reclamation practices also alter the plant's physiological and ionic characteristics. This experiment aimed to better understand the physiological and ionic responses of rice crop at different salinity/sodicity levels. A lysimeter experiment was set forth with soil having ECe (dS m-1):SAR (mmol L-1)1/2 levels as 4:20, 8:40, 12:60 and 16:80 and all the levels were treated with organic (farm manure at 25 Mg ha-1) and inorganic (gypsum at 100% soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and sulphuric acid equivalent to 100% SGR) amendments keeping no ammendment as control. Results revealed that the maximum relative increase in physiological attributes (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll contents), ionic contents (nitrogen, potassium and K:Na ratio) and growth of rice were recorded with sulphuric acid application followed by gypsum. On an average 25%, 31% and 45% increase in biological yield, plant height and paddy yield, respectively was observed with sulphuric acid application over control. It is concluded that sulphuric acid and gypsum both were the best amendments for reclamation of soil having a low level of salinity/sodicity whereas, at higher salinity/sodicity levels, only sulphuric acid seemed better for improved rice production. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Effect of Boulardii Yeast Wall Polysaccharides on Intestinal Microflora in Jejunum, Cecum and Colon for Early-Weaned Lambs by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis
Authors: Liu Mengjian
Published: August 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Boulardiiyeast wall polysaccharide (BRYP) on the intestinal micro-ecosystem of early-weaned lambs. A total of 60 early-weaned lambs (35-days-old, Kazak♂*Altay♀*Suffolk♂) were randomly assigned into two treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an experimental group with a basal diet and added 0.05% BRYP. The HiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16SrRNA was used to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial flora composition, diversity, relative abundance, principle coordination analysis, and the correlation between intestinal microbial flora composition and immune indices. After feeding for 40days, the addition of 0.5% BRYP in milk replacer significantly enhanced the species richness in the cecum and colon, but decreased the diversity of species in the colon (P <0.05); Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the experimental group was significantly enhanced, but the Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in all tested intestinal segments (P <0.05).In the jejunum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fibrobacter of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Ruminobacter was significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the cecum, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira and Bifidobacterium of the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Blautia were significantly decreased (P <0.05); In the colon, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacteriumof the experimental group were significantly enhanced than that of the control group, but the Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were significantly decreased (P <0.05). There were significant correlations between intestinal immune indices (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and intestinal microbial composition in the colon (P <0.05). These results indicated that BRYP may contribute to the promotion of the proportion of helpful microbial populations and enhancing the balance of intestinal; Besides, BRYP may indirectly improve the intestinal immune function by changes of intestinal microflora composition, but suppress the inflammatory response in the bottom of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned lambs.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Gene Expression Evaluation of Multigenic Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) against Cotton Leaf Curl Virus
Authors: Afzal Muhammad Rizwan
Published: August 2021

One of the most crucial threats limiting the sustainable production of cotton is cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). There is dire need to produce a resistant variety that can combat CLCuD. For this purpose, virus resistant transgenic cotton plants (MNH-786) with C4 gene construct at T3 generation were selected and sown. Young fresh leaves of multigenic variety of MNH-786 were collected to confirm the transformed construct. Infected whiteflies were used for spreading on transgenic cotton MNH-786 variety with C4 construct to check percentage of infection. Whiteflies were collected from infected cotton plants showing CLCuD and reared in lab to increase the population of whiteflies. After 15 days of feeding, infected leaves of transgenic plants were collected and total DNA of infected leaves of transgenic cotton plant with virus load was extracted. At maturity, data of morphological characteristic was taken from the transgenic cotton plants of MNH-786 and control plants. Resistant transgenic cotton plants showed < 0.5% disease index and recorded more plant height in field condition. Total number of bolls per plant was 20% more in tolerant plants and 40% more in resistant plants as compared to susceptible plants. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants showed clear evidence that expression of construct 4 virus resistant gene against begomoviruses in resistant and tolerant group of transgenic plants was more as compared to susceptible group and control. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Productivity of Phosphorus Fertilization in Cowpea-Maize Strip Intercropping under Rainfed Conditions
Authors: Akanwe Asiwe Joseph Nwafor
Published: August 2021

Crop yields are declined due to low soil fertility, insufficient soil water availability and poorly managed cropping systems in Limpopo province of South Africa. Phosphorus (P) is a major essential nutrient element required by crops for enhanced growth and development. Interactions between different rates of P fertilization and strip intercropping system have not been studied in detail under rainfed conditions in semi-arid region of Limpopo province. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the performance of four cowpea varieties at four levels (0, 15, 30, 45 kg P ha-1) of P fertilization in a cowpea-maize intercropping system in a split-split plot design during two seasons. Significant interactions were obtained between variety and phosphorus application as well as variety and cropping system for 90% physiological maturity, root mass and grain yield in both seasons. P levels significantly influenced and enhanced grain yield, land equivalent ratio, profit and benefit cost ratio achieved. PAN311 and TVu13464 matured earlier across P levels and they were selected promising cowpea varieties based on their early maturity and high yield. Land equivalent ratio values were greater than 1.0, which indicated performance and advantage of an intercropping system over monocropping system in land utilisation. The optimum P level for cowpea-maize strip intercropping was at 30 kg P ha-1 based on yield and financial return. The results showed that P application enhanced the productivity of the cowpea varieties in cowpea-maize strip intercropping in the semi-arid environment of Limpopo province. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Screening of Bacteria for Biosurfactants, Exopolysaccharides and Biofilms and their Impact on Growth Stimulation of Zea mays Grown under Petrol Stress
Authors: Habib Sabiha
Published: August 2021

Environmental stress imposed by petroleum hydrocarbons can compensate by use of auxin-producing bacteria having potential for biosurfactants production, to assist improved plants’ growth in petrol contaminated areas. In the present work, four auxin-producing bacteria were screened for biosurfactants, exopolysaccharides (EPS) and biofilms production capability. We hypothesized that Enterobacter sp. (A5C) was the most efficient strain with respect to biosurfactant production and can accumulate EPS as well as biofilms. This strain was attributed to exhibit emulsification index, percentage of hydrophobicity and percentage of hydrocarbon degradation more than 50%. Also, it produced 9.27 mg of EPS per 100 mL of culture while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of alcoholic and carboxylic groups, ketone and sugars in it. Results of in vitro plant microbe interaction assay revealed its potential to stimulate the growth of Zea mays L. plants under 1 and 2% of petrol stress by improving physio-chemical attributes of treated plants, over control. Thus, it is concluded that the test organism i.e., Enterobacter sp. (A5C) might be involved in developing bacterial community (EPS and biofilms) that helped to colonize the bacteria to the plant roots and soil particles that ultimately encouraged the more access to nutrients and protection of plant roots from toxins in soil ecosystem. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Chlorogenic Acid Biosynthesis Pathways in Diploid and Triploid Camellia sinensis
Authors: Shen Chao
Published: August 2021

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as a kind of depside in plants, has a variety of beneficial effects on human health, which also plays an important role in helping plants resist a variety of stresses. Therefore, the biosynthetic pathway of CGA has been studied in many plants, however, the synthesis of CGA has not been well elucidated in Camellia sinensis. In our research, different CGA levels were detected between triploid tea variety „Qianfu 4‟ and diplont tea variety „Qianmei 419‟ using HPLC and the CGA content in triploid Camellia sinensis was greater than that in diploid Camellia sinensis. Transcriptome sequencing for diploid and triploid Camellia sinensis was employed to explore genes associated with CGA biosynthesis. Finally, 154,097 unigenes were obtained in total, of which 891 may be related to the biosynthesis of CGA. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between diploid and triploid Camellia sinensis, 32 DEGs were discovered to be related to CGA biosynthesis, including sixteen phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) genes, three 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) genes, nine cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (C4H) genes, four Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT/HCT), and two hundred and twenty-one TFs including eighty-eight ERFs, forty-one bZIPs, forty-two MYBs and fifty WRKYs, which may also play an important role in the biosynthesis of CGA. Our results will lay the foundation for further exploration of the biosynthesis of CGA and revealing the related regulatory network in Camellia sinensis. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Impact of the Order of EAC and SOS During Instruction on Ratios
Authors: Derrick Josephine Marlene
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, a set of instructional materials surrounding proportional reasoning with ratios (particularly the understanding of the multiplicative relationship between the quantities within the ratio, referred to as functional reasoning throughout this thesis) were created using the free online tool, Desmos, with a goal of determining the impact of the lesson materials on student understanding. The second goal was to explore the impact of the order in which two instructional strategies, Explicit Attention to Concepts (EAC) and Students’ Opportunity to Struggle (SOS), had on student understanding. The lesson materials consisted of 5 lessons. These 5 lessons had two forms: EAC then SOS or SOS then EAC. In each of these instructional groups, all EAC and SOS sections were identical in each of the five lessons, the difference between materials in each of these groups was the order in which the EAC and SOS sections occurred. Students’ understanding was assessed anonymously, and answers were scored dichotomously (i.e. correct or incorrect). There was a total of 22 items on the full assessment with 8 items addressing functional reasoning specifically. The major findings of this study include that the lesson materials led to an increase in understanding for both overall understanding and the sub-area of functional reasoning, and the EAC then SOS instructional group’s understanding of functional reasoning was higher than that of the SOS then EAC instructional group.
Relationships Between Intimate Partner Violence, Pregnancy, Maternal Mental Health and Infant Care Behaviors
Authors: Ambrose Brooke
Published: August 2021

Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a public health issue that is known to have deleterious health effects for pregnant women and their babies. Women who experience IPV during pregnancy are also likely to develop and exacerbate already existing mental health conditions. Experiences with IPV are thought to impact health behaviors, particularly how a mother copes or cares for her baby. The objective of this study is to explore the potential relationships between experiencing IPV (before and/or during pregnancy), maternal mental health, and health-related infant care behaviors (i.e., breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding duration, well-child visits).

Methods: Data from phases 6 (years 2009-2011), 7 (2012-2015), and 8 (2016-2018) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were used to explore maternal experiences of IPV, mental health, and infant care behaviors. Participants included in the study responded to questions regarding experiences of IPV either before or during pregnancy. Statistical procedures used included descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and survival analysis.

Results: Among the 20,363 participants who responded to IPV-related questions, 15% reported experiencing IPV before pregnancy, 20% during pregnancy, and 21% either before or during pregnancy. Most participants (85%) initiated breastfeeding, were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey (56%) and sought well-child checks (97%). On average, participants had healthful indicators for experiencing depression (mean=3.96) and lack of interest (mean=3.92). Experiencing IPV before pregnancy is highly correlated with experiencing IPV during pregnancy; of those who experienced IPV before, 90.3% experienced IPV during pregnancy. Compared to those who did not experience IPV, and controlling for relevant demographic variables, experiencing IPV was significantly associated with breastfeeding initiation (OR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.19-1.61). While experiencing IPV was significantly associated with breastfeeding duration in bivariate analysis, the relationship did not remain significant when controlling for relevant demographic variables. Similarly, experiencing IPV was significantly associated with seeking well-child check in bivariate analysis, but that significance did not remain when relevant demographic variables were added to the model. Maternal mental health was not found to mediate any of the explored relationships between experiencing IPV and infant care behaviors.

Discussion: Results of this study support recommendations to perform routine screening for IPV in all women of reproductive age and highlight the importance of asking pregnant women about their history of experiencing IPV. Efforts to increase breastfeeding initiation should consider a mother’s experience with IPV and her marital status, as both could have implications on breastfeeding outcomes.
Exploring How the Functioning of IEP Teams Online Meets the Needs of Students with Disabilities
Authors: Sharp Susan L.
Published: August 2021

Students with disabilities (SWD) are participating in supplemental online programs (SOP) and through the provisions of special education must receive specialized instruction to meet their academic potential. These students have a group of individuals, including educators, specialists, school leaders, and their own parents, collaborating to implement learning accommodations for them to support their academic success. This group is known as the Individualized Education Program Team (IEP Team). Without accommodations to the learning environment and to their learning activities, the academic achievement of SWD may be adversely impacted. The IEP Team must collaborate to create an effective Individualized Education Program (IEP) that is specially designed for their target student in the student’s current educational placement. Special Education Directors (SED) are central to the functioning of IEP Teams as they support SWD in SOP. This relationship, and the resulting provision of special education services, has not been thoroughly researched. The purposes of this mixed methods study were to identify the needs of SWD in SOP, to identify the processes used by IEP Teams to support SWD in SOP, and to determine how those processes meet the needs and support SWD in SOP. The first phase of research was a quantitative online survey of SED followed by a second phase of qualitative semi-structured interviews of selected participants which more fully elucidated current student needs and IEP Team processes that address those needs and support these students. Findings include a confidence in the established IEP Team process and in special education staff, concerns over the ability of special education staff to support or accommodate SWD in online courses, the perception that the needs of SWD in online educations settings are different than those in face-to-face settings, the perception that the SED give significant guidance to IEP Teams while allowing them independent function, and the use of the Covid-19 related increase in online learning to identify ways to better serve SWD online. This research suggests IEP Teams return to the IEP Team meeting and to the familiar process through which to do the requisite work to support SWD in online educational settings.
Movement Integration in Classrooms
Authors: Densley R. Blake
Published: August 2021

The intentional integration of movement in elementary school classrooms—including both brief instructional breaks for
physical activity, or the integration of physical activity with lessons—can benefit children’s physical health and education
outcomes. Teachers are key implementation agents, but despite movement integration (MI) being considered an educational best
practice, many classroom teachers do not regularly use it. The aim of this study was to obtain updated nationally-representative
prevalence estimates in US public elementary schools, regarding four key outcomes pertaining to teachers’ implementation of physical
activity: 1) school adoption of physically active lessons (PALs); 2) school adoption of physical activity breaks (PABs); 3) penetration
rate to the classroom, defined as ≥50% of teachers using PABs; and 4) dose of PABs of at least 50 minutes per week. I examined
variations in outcomes by school demographic characteristics, and hypothesized implementation facilitators (administrative support,
financial resources, and presence of a wellness champion at the school). Surveys were distributed to a nationally-representative
sample of 1010 public elementary schools in the US; responses were obtained from 559 (55.3%). In 2019–20, the weighted prevalence
of schools having adopted PALs was 77.9% (95% CI = 74.3% to 81.4%), and PAB adoption was nearly universal at 91.5% (95% CI = 88.9%
to 94.2%). Few demographic differences emerged, although PAL adoption was less prevalent at the highest-poverty schools (74.01%)
and medium-poverty schools (77.0%) as compared to schools with the lowest student poverty levels (87.1%; p < .01). Across all
four outcomes, associations emerged with implementation facilitators in multivariable logistic regression models. The prevalence
of PAL adoption, PAB adoption, and dose of PABs were all significantly higher at schools where administrative encouragement
occurred more frequently. For example, at schools where the administrator provided encouragement often, 97.8% had adopted PABs,
versus 78.2% of schools where encouragement happened never or rarely (p < .001). Financial support was associated with
implementation outcomes, including higher PAL adoption, PAB penetration, and PAB dose. Presence of a champion was associated
with higher prevalence of PAL adoption. School leaders can play a crucial role in supporting their teachers’ use of MI
within the classroom, including the provision of financial resources, encouragement, and supporting champions. Effective
school leadership practices have the potential to positively impact health and education outcomes for children at a large-scale population level.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 1, no. 2, marzo 1974
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia
Authors: Korotkova Lia G.
Published: August 2021

This article examines a rather extensive period in the history of Indonesia — from the beginning of the rise of the national liberation movement until the coup of September 30, 1965. The primary attention is paid to the formation, development, and crises of the Communist Party of Indonesia (CPI)— one of the leading forces of the national liberation movement in Dutch India. The work highlights the crisis of Dutch colonial rule during the First World War and the gradual radicalization of the protest movement, the formation in 1920 of the Indian Communist Association (CPI since 1924), its opposition to the colonial authorities, as well as interaction and contradictions with other national forces. The reasons for the rapid growth in the popularity of the party in 1925–1927 and the equally rapid decline in the 1930s are explained. The second part of the article is devoted to the activities of the CPI during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia and its place in the political system of independent Indonesia, as well as the position of the party in 1965–1966, the moment of the beginning of repressions against its members and the official ban of the communist organization on March 12, 1966.
Social Status of Widows in Qing Dynasty
Authors: Terekhova Maria A.
Published: August 2021

The chastity cult in Qing China caused a striking ambiguity of widows’ status. They were praised and honored. Widow’s status became a symbol of the elite when a woman had enough financial freedom to protect her virtue and not to remarry. Their lives were described in the biographies and local gazetteers as Confucian legends about dignity. But no political agenda could mitigate the bitterness and hardships of a woman who lost her husband in the imperial times. The article analyzes the bilateral nature of widowhood in the Qing dynasty: governmental proclamations, juridical formulations, and widows’ biographies written by gentry, on the one hand, and women’s inner perception of chastity that we read between the lines in the legal documents. How did the concept of fidelity glorified in the law relate to real-life practices? The paper summarizes that state politics and the law often contradicted reality that detracted from women’s internal sense of morality and women’s personal meaning-making the chastity cult in Qing China.
Childless by Choice in Contemporary China: Reasons and Consequences
Authors: Bolter Olga S.
Published: August 2021

The article considers financial, social, and personal reasons for childlessness by choice among young Chinese and analyzes the consequences of such a decision. Voluntary childlessness is a new phenomenon for China that became more present even after the abolition of the one-child policy and an increase in the promotion of early marriages and childbirth. Traditional family values gradually ceased importance in society. Resembling developed Western countries, the majority of voluntary childless Chinese belongs to well-educated urban citizens who prioritize quality life and personal development over having children. However, many decide for childlessness under financial insecurity due to the high living costs in the first-and second-tier cities, lack of a developed social security system, and obligation to support elderly parents. Even though most voluntary childless are satisfied with their choice, they often feel pressured and pushed to childbirth by their families and even by the government. China is facing a growing aging population problem. Attempting to solve the emerging issue, the Party increases propaganda of childbirth, and voluntary childlessness receives more attention in society, which exerts more emotional pressure on childless Chinese, who fear additional stress and discrimination at the workplace and in personal life.
Chinese Language and Confucianism as an Instrument of Mongolian Adaptation in China during Yuan Epoch (13th–14th Centuries)
Authors: Kadyrbaev Alexander Sh.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the topic of the acculturation of the Mongol conquerors in China after the conquest by the first heirs of Genghis Khan and the creation of the Yuan Empire — the Mongol state in China. The history of China in the 13th-14th centuries, when the country was conquered by its neighbors, is a vivid example of the relationship between a nomadic and a centuries-old sedentary ethnos. At that time, the Chinese language and the teachings of Confucius became instruments for the acculturation of the Mongols. Having conquered China, the Mongol rulers were forced to master the Chinese culture to most effectively rule the country. As a result, the Yuan era was marked by intense cultural contacts, which makes it possible to trace the changes in the objective parameters of the Chinese language. However, the Mongolian influence itself played only a complementary role in the long process of interaction of the Chinese language with the languages of the steppe peoples of Central and East Asia.
Prospects and Threats of Radicalization and Combating It. Heretical Thoughts. Based on the Work of Dr. Arne Seifert
Authors: Starodubrovskaya Irina V.
Published: August 2021

This article focuses on the discussion with Dr. Seifert’s work “Civil Opposition to Religious Radicalism in Central Asia” (2020). The author, being supportive of many dr. Seifert’s theses, disagreed with his actual division of Islam into the so-called “good” traditional Islam (moderate, flexible, and compatible with the secular state) and the “bad” radical Islam, which denies secular values and therefore should be marginalised. Based on the results of her own field research, the author demonstrates, that modern Islamic fundamentalist communities are diverse in their goals and positioning, and their religious outlook does not unequivocally determine their political agenda. Fundamentalist Islam can also be the instrument not only of the negative, but also of the positive adaptation to the post-communist crisis. The author also stresses that the desire to suppress alternative outlook to safeguard the secular basics of society constitutes the internal threat to liberal and democratic values.
Formulating World History According to Alexander O. Chubaryan. Oriental Courier’s Digest for the 90th Anniversary of Academician Alexander O. Chubaryan
Authors: Starodubtseva Marina V.
Published: August 2021

This article is a digest of ideas and statements of a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation, head of the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, President of the State Academic University for the Humanities (GAUGN) and Chairman of the National Committee of Russian Historians Alexander Oganovich Chubaryan, composed in honour of his 90th anniversary.
Review of: K. Pollack. Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness
Authors: Adrianov Artem K.
Published: August 2021

The review analyzes the recent book written by an American military expert and political scientist Kenneth Pollack and entitled Armies of the Sand: Past, Present and Future of the Effectiveness of Arab Armies. The author of the monograph has been studying Arab armies and Middle East conflicts for more than 30 years and had previously published several papers that consider the military organization of different countries in the region. In this book, Pollak seeks to summarize long-standing discussions that consider the reasons for the low military effectiveness of the Arab armies after the Second World War. The author consistently examines four principal arguments that seek to explain the reasons for the failures of the Arab armies on the battlefield (the influence of the Soviet military doctrine, politicization, the level of socio-economic development, culture). For each of the hypotheses, Pollack selects the most representative examples from the history of military operations carried out by the Arab armies after 1945. In doing so the researcher tries to prove or disprove the hypotheses. To better substantiate his conclusions Pollack also examines whether non-Arab armies that presumably faced the same difficulties as the Arab ones also performed poorly on the battlefield. The author concludes that Arab culture has been the most influential factor that prevented Arab armies from winning wars.
“Women’s Dynasty”: A Golden Century of an Indian Princely State
Authors: Vanina Eugenia Yu.
Published: August 2021

Bhopal, one of six hundred “native states” in colonial India, was for more than a century ruled by a unique “women`s dynasty”. At the same time, the men of the princely family, including the queens’ spouses, were entirely incompetent and pushed away from political life. Four generations of female rulers became famous for their energetic and effective works: always loyal to Islam and Muslim culture, they challenged gender stereotypes (both in their families and in the British administration), protected and ameliorated the territory, undertook many reforms and infrastructural projects, contributed significantly to female education and health protection, pursued the policy of religious tolerance. The achievements of the Bhopal queens earned recognition both from their compatriots and from colonial suzerains. The article discussed the life stories of the four women rulers, their “female destinies” against the background of the colonial epoch and its political crises, in relations with their families, local elites, and British administration.
The Last Knight of Jerusalem
Authors: Dubrovskaya Dinara V.
Published: August 2021

The article describes the events that led to the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the role in holding the position of Christians at the Holy Sepulcher, played by the penultimate ruler of this Crusader state in the East — King Baudouin (Baldwin) IV. The author examines some historical preconceptions implying the guilt of the “Leper King” in the fall of Christian states and based on the chronicle of William of Tire shows that Baudouin was a much stronger ruler, warrior and diplomat than is commonly believed.
Twórczość jako zadanie osoby
Authors: Badora Anna
Published: August 2021

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia refleksję nad twórczością, rozumianą jako zadanie osoby. Główny problem badawczy zawiera się w pytaniu: w czym wyraża się twórczość jako zadanie osoby? W pierwszej części artykułu został zaprezentowany przegląd perspektyw rozumienia twórczości, które są przedstawione w literaturze. W części drugiej przeprowadzono analizę jakościową swobodnych wypowiedzi nauczycieli. Podjęte analizy umożliwiły sformułowanie odpowiedzi na postawiony problem badawczy.
Jaina Thoughts on Unity Not Being a Number
Authors: Jadhav Dipak
Published: August 2021

At one time, the Jainas in India and the Greeks in abroad held that unity was not a number. This paper provides an insight for the first time into the thoughts offered by the Jainas as to why unity was not a number for them.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PESARIUM INSTALLATION AND VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS INCIDENT
Authors: Hidayati Nur , Kurniawati Eighty Mardiyan , Juniastuti Juniastuti
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the lower female genital tract infections caused by Candida sp. The Symptoms of VVC are more production of yellowish-white secretions, irritation, odor, itching in the genitals to swelling. One of the risk factors triggering CVV is the use pessaries in patients with uterine prolapse. This study aims to determine the relationship between pessary installation and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) incident. Methods: this research uses a cross sectional study with a sampling technique that is purposive sampling. The sample used was POP patients with pessaries who visited Dr. Hospital. Soetomo in 2018 as many as 68 patients. The primary data in this study is a research form that has been prepared by the researcher, while the secondary data is patient medical records. Data analysis used the Chi-Square test with a Prevalence Ratio (PR) of 95% CI. Results: This study showed that the incidence of CVV was most commonly found in women aged >45 years with most of them being in primary education, using a pessary for more than 3 months and being a housewife, meanwhile the incidence of CVV was more common in POP women with pessaries than without a pessary. The results of the Chi-Square test showed that have a significant relationship between pessarium installation and the incidence of CVV (p=0.041). Conclusion: there is a relationship between pessary installation in POP patient and vulvovaginal candidiasis incident.
Umbilical Reconstruction with Double Opposing Semilunar Flap, an Appealing Results
Authors: Muharram Arif Rahmat , Nata'atmadja Beta Subakti , Budi Agus Santoso , Zarasade Lobredia
Published: August 2021

Umbilical loss is not a common problem encountered in plastic surgery routine cases. The absence of umbilicus will cause significant effect in total aesthetic appearance of the abdomen, thus making it an essential part of anatomy landmark. Congenital defect, oncologic and abdominoplasty complication are the most often causes, and tremendous psychological trauma will cause patient to seek help. There are many proposed technique for such reconstruction, based on original scar or wound and final expected shape, of course with their advantages and disadvantages. We used a double opposing semilunar flap for our cases. Along with its technical detail, we will present three cases comprises of the defect after omphalocele scar removal, umbilical endometriosis excision and postcentral abdominal tumor excision. Reports will be presented with preoperative dan postoperative result.
Pengaruh Platelet Rich Fibrin Pada Proses Epitelisasi Luka Donor Skin Graft: Studi Meta Analisis
Authors: Zarasade Lobredia , Hutagalung Magda , Saputro Iswinarno , Putri Nadia
Published: August 2021

Pendahuluan. Kehilangan kulit yang terlalu luas perlu jaringan penutup untuk mengatasinya, salah satu pilihan untuk menutup luka tersebut dengan melakukan tindakan skin grafting. Berdasarkan data IRJ Bedah Plastik Rekonstruksi dan Estetik RSUD Dr. Soetomo dalam 1 tahun (2017-2018) didapatkan pada 26 dari 50 kasus donor skin graft mengalami penyembuhan yang lebih dari waktu penyembuhan normal. Metode penyembuhan luka telah mengalami perkembangan beberapa tahun terakhir, salah satunya mulai dikenal peran platelet-rich fibrin (PRF).Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain meta-analisis yang bersifat kuantitatif. Sumber data dari penelitian ini melalui penelusuran literatur di pencarian elektronik dengan menggunakan keyword pencarian literature. Database yang digunakan adalah Medline dan Pubmed antara tahun 2005-2020.Hasil. Seleksi literatur didapatkan 5 studi, dengan 3 studi subjek menggunakan donor split thickness skin graft dan 2 studi menggunakan donor free gingival graft. Dalam 3 studi menyebutkan pemberian platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) dapat mempercepat waktu penyembuhan dan epitelisasi. Hasil meta analisis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan antara kelompok pemberian platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) dan kelompok kontrol dalam proses epitelisasi pada donor skin graft (summary effect 1.30, 95% CI -0.42 – 3.02). Kesimpulan. Bukti - bukti preklinik berdasarkan studi meta-analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh signifikan terhadap pemberian platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) pada donor skin graft dalam kecepatan epitelisasi