bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Reasoning and Rhetoric: The Acceptability of Arguments About AIDS‐Related Dilemmas1
Authors: Schwalbe Michael L. , STAPLES CLIFFORD L.
Published: August 2006

The disease AIDS has given rise to a host of social dilemmas. Here we explore the rhetoric that affects people's reasoning about actions taken in the face of such dilemmas. We presented a group of 514 undergraduates with vignettes depicting dilemmas having to do with the distribution of sexually explicit educational material to high school students and with the forced HIV blood testing of factory workers. Subjects rated the acceptability of arguments for and against courses of action taken by persons in the vignettes. The arguments embodied concerns typical of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg's six stages. We found that the acceptability of stage‐typical moral arguments about AIDS‐related dilemmas depends on both the dilemma at hand and the course of action being argued for. We argue that knowledge of how people respond to different kinds of moral arguments concerning AIDS‐related dilemmas is valuable for informing efforts to advocate humane and lifesaving policies to particular audiences.
Consequences of Power in a Simulated Job: Understanding the Turnover Decision1
Authors: Schminke Marshall
Published: August 2006

A great deal of research examines sources of power in organizations, but relatively little research examines its consequences. This paper investigates the effects of employees’ perceived power on the likelihood that they will leave the organization. A competitive test between a power based approach to modeling turnover and a more traditional job satisfaction based model supports the utility of the power based model. In each of two studies, high power subjects were significantly less likely to leave a simulated job than were low power subjects, and high opportunity subjects were significantly more likely to leave than were low opportunity subjects. Each of these effects was significant even after controlling for the effect of job satisfaction. Implications and possible extensions of these results are discussed.
Conservatism and Perceptions of Poverty: An Attributional Analysis1
Authors: Zucker Gail Sahar , Weiner Bernard
Published: August 2006

Attribution theory was used to relate causal explanations for poverty to affect and behavioral intentions. In Experiment 1, student subjects rated 13 causes of poverty on importance, the attribution of controllability, blame, affects of pity and anger, and judgments of help‐giving (personal help and welfare). Two individual differences, conservatism and the belief in a just world, were also assessed. A principal components analysis categorized the causes into three types: individualistic, societal, and fatalistic. Conservatism correlated positively with a belief in the importance of individualistic causes, controllability, blame, and anger, and it correlated negatively with perceptions of the importance of societal causes, pity, and intentions to help. No systematic effects of the belief in a just world emerged. A structural equation analysis revealed that personal help is emotionally determined, whereas welfare judgments are directly related to attributions of responsibility and political ideology. Experiment 2 revealed a similar pattern of results using a nonstudent sample.
Leadership Perceptions in Relation to a Presidential Vote1
Authors: Maurer Todd J. , Maher Karen J. , Ashe Donna K. , Mitchell Debora R. D. , Hein Michael B. , Hein Judith Van
Published: August 2006

In the 1988 American presidential election, leadership perceptions and perceived platforms were used to predict votes for one of the two final candidates (Governor Michael Dukakis and Vice President George Bush). Both leadership perceptions and perceived platforms were found to be related to voting. However, political involvement moderated the relationship between the perceived platforms and the votes, while leadership perceptions were found to be a consistent predictor of voting across levels of political involvement. Leadership perceptions, perceived platforms, and the interaction between involvement and perceived platforms predicted voting above and beyond the voters’ political affiliations. Consistent with a categorization model of leadership perceptions, the prototypicality of perceived leader traits was found to be strongly related to a tendency to vote for a candidate who was perceived to possess those traits. In comparing general favorability of characteristics versus prototypicality with respect to an effective political leadership category, general favorability played a larger role in uninvolved voters’ decisions than in involved voters’ decisions. Differences in mean leadership prototype ratings were also explored as a function of political affiliation and political involvement. The implications of these findings for campaign strategies and for leadership in organizational contexts are discussed.
An Attributional Analysis of Reactions to Magic Johnson1
Authors: Graham Sandra , Weiner Bernard , Giuliano Traci , Williams Estella
Published: August 2006

Principles from attribution theory were used to analyze public reactions to the health status of Magic Johnson. An experimental study containing two distinct samples (college students and African‐American adults) together with supplemental reports from local and national media confirm the value of this approach. The findings show that inferences about causal responsibility are related to affective reactions of sympathy and anger toward Magic Johnson. Implications for attribution theory, as well as for future attitudes toward Magic Johnson, are discussed.
Magic Johnson and Reactions to People With AIDS: A Natural Experiment1
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Fritzsche Barbara A.
Published: August 2006

On November 7, 1991, Earvin (“Magic”) Johnson, Jr., announced that he was HIV positive. At the time of this announcement, the authors had just finished collecting data on subjects’ willingness to help a person with the AIDS virus (PWA). These preannouncement data were compared to data collected 1 week, 2/12 months, and months after the announcement. It was predicted that in the week immediately after the disclosure, helping of the PWA would increase significantly, but, over time, helping would return to the preannouncement level. This hypothesis was confirmed; in the week following the announcement, the percentage of men who offered help and the amount of help offered by men and women increased significantly. Four and one‐half months after the announcement, helping was back to preannouncement levels. No consistent pattern of changes in affective reactions to the PWA were found. The results were discussed within the context of Kelman's (1958) theory of the different processes of attitude and behavior change and Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.
Reducing the Risk of HIV Infection for Women: An Attitudinal Analysis of Condom‐Carrying Behavior1
Authors: Wilson Tracey E. , Jaccard James , Endias Robert , Minkoff Howard
Published: August 2006

A study of 971 sexually active, heterosexual, nonpregnant women was undertaken in an HIV‐endemic community in the New York City area to determine the psychological correlates of carrying condoms. Analyses suggested that women factor concerns about negative social reactions from society in general most heavily in their attitude toward carrying condoms, followed by their overall attitude toward condoms, and concerns about the increase in preventive efficacy resulting from carrying condoms. This brief structure was generalized across risk groups. Intervention implications of these results are discussed.
Being Polite and Keeping MUM: How Bad News is Communicated in Organizational Hierarchies1
Authors: Lee Fiona
Published: August 2006

There are many ways to communicate bad news. The MUM effect (Tesser & Rosen, 1975), which is keeping mum and not transmitting the bad news at all, is only one of many possible approaches. Using P. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory, an experimental study was conducted to address not whether bad news is being transmitted, but how bad news is being transmitted. The results show that most communicators tend to use politeness strategies when communicating bad news. Moreover, using politeness strategies to couch the message did not attenuate the informative value of the message. Focused contrasts revealed two strong interactions between gender and communication direction on strategy use. First, power differences more strongly predicted strategy use for men, whereas distance differences more strongly predicted strategy use for women. Second, men used most politeness strategies when the combined effect of power and distance was the highest (as the politeness theory would predict), but the trend was reversed for women. This finding suggests that politeness theory may not be an accurate model for describing female communicators.
Category‐Based and Feature‐Based Cognitive Processes in Job Impressions
Authors: Jacobs Stacey L. , Kulik Carol T. , Fichman Mark
Published: August 2006

Widely accepted cognitive models of job attitudes suggest that a person's job attitude results from the linear combination of attitudes toward individual job features (feature‐based processing). This is a relatively difficult cognitive process. We suggest that people act to economize scarce cognitive resources by using knowledge about job categories to generate job impressions when presented with category‐consistent job features. People use feature‐based processing when presented with job features that are inconsistent with a job category. Our results suggest that impressions do depend on the descriptive consistency of job features with a job category. The implications of the model for job perceptions in the workplace are discussed.
Attribution Processes and Stages of Adult Life Development Among Adult University Students1
Authors: Shields Nancy
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between stages of adult life development and causal attributions for attending college among a sample of nontraditional students. It was hypothesized that the meaning of attending school is reflected in the kinds of attributions that are given for attending school. It was also hypothesized that internal attributions are more common at later stages of adult life development. The findings confirmed the existence of internal and external (career and situational) cognitive attributional dimensions, with the internal dimension being the strongest. Coherent stages of adult life development were identified, which corresponded to a transitional stage, an early adult stage, and a mid‐adult stage. Students in the transitional stage were less likely to give external situational attributions, and students in the mid‐life stage were more likely to give external situational attributions. There was also a tendency for internal attributions to increase during the mid‐life phase, although the relationship was not highly significant. The findings are discussed in the context of attribution theory and adult life development theory as well as in terms of implications for educational policy.
A Note on Issues Concerning the Measurement of Self‐Efficacy1
Authors: Lust John A. , Celuch Kevin G. , Showers Linda S.
Published: August 2006

Self‐efficacy has been an important psychosocial construct for more than a decade. However, several different ways of measuring the concept have appeared in the literature, raising questions as to the comparability of approaches. This study is a “first‐step” exploration of issues relating to the use of alternate measures of self‐efficacy. ANCOVA results raise concerns regarding the comparability of measures of self‐efficacy, which are undifferentiated in terms of level of difficulty, and measures that reflect graded levels of task difficulty. These measurement issues hold implications for future research utilizing measures of self‐efficacy.
Stressors, Stress Mediators, and Emotional Weil‐Being Among Spouses of Soldiers Deployed to the Persian Gulf During Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Authors: Rosen Leora N. , Teitelbaum Joel M. , Westhuis Ltc David J.
Published: August 2006

The Family Factors Field Study of Operation Desert Shield/Storm (ODS) was designed to collect data on the impact of the Persian Gulf deployment on soldier/family well‐being, and the effectiveness of Army and community resources in assisting and supporting families of deployed soldiers. In October 1990, a task force was assembled, and multi‐agency research teams visited several Army installations. Informal individual and group interviews were conducted with spouses, unit family support leaders, unit rear detachment personnel, garrison leaders, and local Army program/service providers. The questions were aimed at identifying key stressors which spouses and children experienced in relation to the sudden deployment, as well a stress mediators such as social supports and personal coping skills. Anecdotal information collected during the site visits, combined with findings from previous research on Army families, was used to develop a questionnaire designed to quantify those variables which emerged as relevant to a study of stressors and stress mediators in the context of the ODS deployment.
Procedural Justice Judgments of Alternative Procedures for Resolving Medical Malpractice Claims1
Authors: Poythress Norman G. , Schumacher Joe , Wiener Richard , Murrin Mary
Published: August 2006

Procedural justice theorists Thibaut and Walker (1978) asserted that the Anglo‐American adversary process is the most ideal for resolving disputes involving high conflict of interest. Sheppard (1985) asserted that this claim may be premature and argued for the investigation of more complex litigation models in procedural justice research. This survey study examined the procedural justice attributes of five litigation procedures for resolving medical malpractice claims. Three groups of subjects (psychology undergraduates, N= 87; first‐year law students, N= 88; and jury venire persons, N= 65) read written descriptions of the Anglo‐American adversary model, the inquisitorial model, and three hybrid procedures that combine some features of these two basic models. Subjects then rated each model on six procedural justice attributes. Analyses focused on ratings of the adversary model as compared to the three hybrid models. Results indicated that the adversary model was consistently rated higher than the hybrid models on only one procedural justice measure, voice. On the remaining procedural justice measures, the hybrid models were comparable to, and frequently rated higher than, the adversary model. The results are supportive of Sheppard's plea that researchers investigate more complex procedural models, and the findings are considered in light of Lind and Tyler's (1988) plea for the development of hybrid procedures that may optimize both subjective and objective procedural justice outcomes.
Employee and Supervisor Ratings of Motivation: Main Effects and Discrepancies Associated with Job Satisfaction and Adjustment in a Factory Setting1
Authors: Ilardi Barbara C. , Leone Dean , Kasser Tim , Ryan Richard M.
Published: August 2006

Research and theory on employee job satisfaction and well‐being has increasingly concentrated on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. According to self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985). autonomy, relatedness, and competence are three intrinsic psychological needs that, if fulfilled in the workplace, will lead to greater satisfaction, performance, and general well‐being. This study examines employee and supervisor perceptions of the employee's autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the workplace, as well as the degree and direction of discrepancies between employee and supervisor reports. Both employee and supervisor ratings of intrinsic motivational factors were significantly related to work satisfaction, psychological health, and self‐esteem, after controlling for the extrinsic factors of pay and job status. Results of discrepancy analyses were somewhat supportive of overrating being associated with greater well‐being and job satisfaction. Discussion of the results ties this study to relevant research from a self‐determination perspective and to the growing literature on discrepancies and self‐perception.
Strength of Subordinates’ Upward Influence Tactics and Gender Congruency Effects1
Authors: Tepper Bennett J. , Brown Sheryl J. , Hunt Marilyn D.
Published: August 2006

An empirical investigation with 117 superior‐subordinate dyads examines the moderating effects of subordinate gender on the relationships between the strength of upward influence tactics and three outcome variables: performance ratings, psychosocial mentoring functions, and career‐related mentoring functions. The results support predictions that men who employ stronger upward influence tactics obtain higher performance ratings and more career‐related mentoring functions, and women who employ weaker upward influence tactics obtain more psychosocial mentoring functions. Implications of the findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Adult Age and Gender Differences in Eyewitness Recall in Field Settings1
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: August 2006

Six‐hundred‐fifty‐one citizens were stopped in public places and tested for prompted recall of physical characteristics of a young woman to whom they had spoken for approximately 15 s, 2 min earlier. Recall differed as a function of the two targets used on five of eight characteristics, but no significant differences were found for either target as a function of the gender or age group of the witnesses. Young adults (18‐29 years of age) in general were superior to middle‐aged adults (30‐44), who in turn were superior to older adults (45‐65). Women were significantly more accurate than men in accuracy of recall for weight, and for characteristics judged to be more important than less important for person memory. Male and female witnesses were equally confident in their recall performance. Young and middle‐aged groups were significantly more confident in recall than the oldest group. Significant correlations were found between confidence and accuracy of recall for men and for women, and for each age group. Women made significantly longer duration estimates of the encounters with the targets than did men. Men overestimated the duration by a 2:1 ratio, and women overestimated by a 3:1 ratio. No significant correlations were found between accuracy of duration estimates and confidence in reports. The results were interpreted in terms of their forensic importance.
Proximal and Distal Predictors of Homophobia: Framing the Multivariate Roots of Outgroup Rejection1
Authors: Agnew Christopher R. , Thompson Vaida D. , Smith Valerie A. , Gramzow Richard H. , Currey David P.
Published: August 2006

A proximal‐distal theoretical framework was developed to examine the multivariate roots of homophobia. Using data from a sample of 288 undergraduates who had participated in a computer‐assisted panel study over a three‐year period, the effects on homophobia of distal and proximal family factors (e. g., parental education and family environment), distal and proximal individual factors (e. g., personality constructs and current beliefs), and proximal individual‐situational factors (e. g., acquaintance with homosexuals) were tested in regression analyses. Both analyses employing sets of variables varying in proximity to the homophobic attitude and hierarchical regression employing variables contributing significantly in each set supported the proposed framework. All sets predicted significantly when regressed separately on homophobia; the sets containing the distal factors contributed most weakly, and the sets containing the proximal factors contributed most strongly. In hierarchical regression analysis, this pattern maintained such that the incremental increase in r2 decreased with the addition of each more distal set, with the most distal factors failing to contribute significantly to the prediction. The importance of study findings for attitude change efforts is discussed.
Affectivity, Family Drinking History, and the Development of Problem Drinking: A Longitudinal Analysis1
Authors: Johnson Valerie , Pandina Robert J.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the longitudinal relationships among two central constructs of affectivity–family history of alcoholism, and alcohol use and use‐related problems. Data used in this study were obtained from a nonclinical sample interviewed originally when subjects were 12, 15, or 18 years of age, and followed up twice more at three‐year intervals. The results of this study indicate a strong role for negative affect and arousability as dimensions of affectivity in modulating alcohol‐related consequences. Individuals who display consistently heightened arousability and negative affect, particularly in combination, appear to display the greatest use intensity over longer time intervals. Conversely, the fact that combined persistently low arousability and negative affect were consistently related to lower use intensity and fewer consequences suggests a possible role for lowered levels of these dimensions as a protective factor against transition to problematic outcomes. Arousability appears to be most strongly related to use intensity, while family drinking history status and negative affect were found to be significant contributors to problems.
Morale and Job Satisfaction Among Nurses: What Can Hospitals Do?
Authors: Robinson Sharon E. , Roth Sari L. , Brown Lynn L.
Published: August 2006

In an attempt to account for morale and job satisfaction among 314 nurses, this study investigated the influence of work‐related and interpersonal variables. Morale on the unit was directly related to supervisor support, co‐worker relationships, and work recognition. Personal morale was accounted for by recognition, physical environment, the job itself, and pay. Job satisfaction was predicted by personal morale, work commitment, job clarity, work pressure, and innovation. Suggestions for improving nurse morale and job satisfaction are made.
What's Stressful About Caring?1
Authors: Orbell Sheina , Gillies Brenda
Published: August 2006

Karasek's (1979) demand‐discretion theory of job strain and satisfaction was tested in a cross‐sectional survey of informal carers of elderly people (n= 108) identified from a preliminary screening survey. The theory was largely supported by the findings. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that carer well‐being and satisfaction with caring work were predicted by high levels of demand arising from the needs of elderly dependents and the interaction of high demands with discretion over meeting demands. The results allow some clarification of previously inconsistent findings from caregiver well‐being research and have implications for the design of services to relieve carers of the burden of care.
Social Comparison of Health Risks: Locus of Control, the Person‐Positivity Bias, and Unrealistic Optimism1
Authors: Hoorens Vera , Buunk Bram P.
Published: August 2006

People typically attribute lower health risks to themselves than to others, a phenomenon referred to as unrealistic optimism. The present study tested the person positivity bias as a previously unexamined explanation of the phenomenon and analyzed the relationship between unrealistic optimism and expectations of control. High‐school students estimated their own and one of three other persons’(the average student's, a randomly chosen student's, or their best same‐sex friend's) chances of getting health problems. They also filled out questionnaires measuring locus of control and health‐protective behavior. In contrast with the person positivity explanation, unrealistic optimism was not restricted to the “average other” condition. However, unrealistic optimism was stronger in subjects with a more internal locus of control than in subjects with a rather external locus of control. An unpredicted effect of estimation order was observed: Unrealistic optimism was stronger in subjects who estimated the comparison person's risks first than in subjects who started with own risks. This effect can be understood in terms of Codol's observation that people perceive others as more similar to themselves than they themselves are to others.
The Influence of Self‐Monitoring on Inflation of Grade‐Point Averages for Research and Selection Purposes1
Authors: Dobbins Gregory H. , Farh Jiing‐Lih , Werbel James D.
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated the tendency to inflate self‐reports of GPAs on application forms and research surveys. The major purpose of the research was to examine the consistency of inflation behavior across situations and determine whether self‐monitoring moderates this consistency. Two hundred and twenty‐six graduating seniors reported their GPAs on application forms used at a university's placement office and 1 month later reported their GPAs on a research survey in a classroom setting. Respondents’ self‐monitoring and attitude toward inflation were also measured on the survey. Results indicated that inflation was more prevalent on the research survey than on application forms and low GPA respondents exhibited greater inflation than did high GPA respondents. Furthermore, inflation across situations was more consistent and could be better predicted by inflation attitudes for low self‐monitors than for high self‐monitors. Implications for impression management and self‐reports in employment contexts are discussed.
An Empirical Validation of Bipolar Risk Perception Scaling Methods1
Authors: Hartenian Linda S. , Bobko Philip , Berger Philip K.
Published: August 2006

Bipolar rating scales (e. g., semantic differentials) are a common tool for gathering perceptions about attributes of persons, events, or activities. Researchers have questioned, however, whether individual responses are methodologically constrained when bipolar scales are used. Comparing both bipolar and unipolar scales, the present study investigates previous research findings on perceptions of risk by Fischhoff, Slovic, Lichtenstein, Read, and Combs (1978). The subjects in the current study (N= 94) rated the same 30 technologies, substances, and activities as in the Fischhoff et al. (1978) study but used unipolar scales. Correlational analysis indicated that some presumed antagonistic adjective pairs were indeed opposites, while others were not. On the other hand, factor analyses indicated that the same factors described by Fischhoff et al. (1978) were uncovered in the present study. However, the use of a unipolar methodology allowed us to refine the interpretations of both factors.
Determinants of Participation in Multi‐Family Recycling Programs1
Authors: Katzev Richard , Blake Gerald , Messer Barry
Published: August 2006

The determinants of recycling in multi‐family residences were investigated by administering a 50‐item questionnaire to 230 residents of buildings where recycling collection systems had been installed. The level of tenant participation, defined by a composite index of self‐reported usage, was positively associated with income, education, recycling motivation, and cleanliness of the recycling system. It was negatively associated with the number of different types of collection containers. At the aggregate level, participation varied considerably between the complexes. These differences were largely accounted for in terms of three system support variables, specified in terms of the “user friendliness” of the recycling system, its spatial location within the complex, and the degree to which the manager supported the program. Multiple regression analysis indicated that user friendliness and manager commitment together accounted for 85.3% of the variance in the aggregate participation index. These results suggested several experimental interventions designed to increase participation in multi‐family recycling programs.
Coping With a Health Threat: A Study of Food Safety1
Authors: Schafer Robert B. , Schafer Elisabeth , Bultena Gorden , Hoiberg Eric
Published: August 2006

The coping strategies used to respond to the perceived health threat of contaminated food are examined. Six hundred and thirty randomly selected adults in the state of Iowa responded to a mailed questionnaire asking their attitudes and behaviors concerning food safety. A principal component analysis of coping measure identified two distinct coping strategies–problem solving and fatalism/avoidance/ trust. Multiple regression analysis showed that the respondents who tended to be health conscious (i. e., engaged in health protective behaviors and had better quality diets) and perceived unsafe food as a personal threat and a social problem were more likely to select problem solving as a coping mechanism. The respondents who were low in health consciousness were more likely to select the approaches of fatalism/ avoidance. Social class variables did not differentiate coping strategies.
Another Round for the Brewers: Television Ads and Children's Alcohol Expectancies1
Authors: Lipsitz Angela , Brake Greg , Vincent Eric John , Winters Mark
Published: August 2006

In an experimental study of how beer commercials affect alcohol expectancies, 92 fifth graders watched 40 television ads that included either five beer commercials, five soft‐drink commercials, or five beer commercials plus two antidrinking messages. Afterwards, as an unrelated task, they completed the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire‐Adolescent Form (AEQ‐A; Christiansen, Goldman, & Inn, 1982). Exposure to different commercials produced no differences in drinking expectancies. The experiment was repeated on 74 eighth graders with similar null results; however, eighth‐grade girls more strongly believed (p <.02) that alcohol leads to deteriorated cognitive and behavioral function. In a comparison of fifth and eighth graders from the same school, eighth graders had significantly more positive scores on three AEQ‐A scales that tapped social/emotional expectancies. The failure of beer commercials to create positive alcohol expectancies is consistent with limited and null findings of previous investigations. Research to date does not support a ban on alcohol advertising.
The Impact of Computerized Performance Monitoring and Prior Performance Knowledge on Performance Evaluation1
Authors: Fenner Deborah B. , Lerch F. Javier , Kulik Carol T.
Published: August 2006

Despite claims that computerized performance monitoring (CPM) systems provide objective performance data and thus foster accurate employee evaluations, few research studies have examined the impact of CPM data on the performance appraisal process. A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the impact of prior performance level on requests for computerized performance information, and the influence of both prior performance level and requested information on performance evaluation. Forty‐four male and female undergraduates electronically monitored four simulated employees whose prior performance was either high or low and whose performance during the monitoring period was either high or low. Results indicated that prior performance level and employee performance during the monitoring period independently influenced both current and future performance ratings. Further, when the simulated employee performed at a level incongruent with her prior performance, subjects requested more data about the employee's performance, were less certain about their ratings of the employee's current and future performance, and rated the employee's current performance as more variable than when the employee performed at a level congruent with prior performance. These results indicate that use of CPM systems that allow on‐line access to employee performance and that record requested information may increase performance evaluation accuracy by facilitating the implementation of search strategies best suited to specific appraisal tasks and minimizing memory‐related biases. However, such systems may not eliminate the effects of attention/encoding biases.
Effect of Server Posture on Restaurant Tipping1
Authors: Lynn Michael , Mynier Kirby
Published: August 2006

The effect of server posture (standing vs. squatting) on the size of tip left by restaurant customers was examined in two naturalistic experiments. In these studies, squatting down next to the tables increased servers’ tips from those tables. Both the practical implications of this effect and its similarity to other nonverbal effects on tipping are discussed.
Citation Analysis Mapping of Journals in Applied and Clinical Psychology
Authors: Everett James E. , Pecotich Anthony
Published: August 2006

This paper uses a method of citation analysis to establish the importance ranking and relative location of 23 major journals in the field of applied and clinical psychology and related disciplines. The asymmetric citations are modelled as being the product of the cited journals “importance,” the citing journal's “receptivity,“and the “similarity” between the two journals. A maximum likelihood loglinear fit to this model is obtained. Multidimensional scaling of the derived similarities matrix provides an interpretable map of the journals’ relative configuration. The changes in relative importance of the journals are reported for the years 1981 to 1988, together with maps of the journals for the periods 1981 to 1984 and 1985 to 1988. The results show a central core of general psychology journals, surrounded by three major groupings of applied psychology journals.
The Importance of Risk in Determining the Extent to Which Attitudes Affect Intentions to Wear Seat Belts1
Authors: Trafimow David , Fishbein Martin
Published: August 2006

Stasson and Fishbein (1990) reported findings indicating that college students' intentions to wear seat belts in low‐risk situations were attitudinally controlled, while their intentions to wear seat belts in high‐risk situations were normatively controlled. If these findings are valid, manipulations of attitude (toward wearing a seat belt) should have a greater impact on intentions to wear a seat belt in a safe situation than on intentions to wear a seat belt in a risky situation. Three experiments provided strong support for this hypothesis. The implications of these findings for defining behavior and for designing interventions to increase seat‐belt use are discussed.
Video Game Use and The Development of Sociocognitive Abilities in Children: Three Surveys of Elementary School Students1
Authors: Sakamoto Akira
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of the popular hypothesis that video game use will prevent children from socially adjusting. Three surveys of elementary school children were reported. The primary results were as follows: (a) The frequency of video game use had no correlation with children's popularity among classmates. (b) The frequency of video game use had slightly negative correlations with boys' sociocognitive abilities such as empathy, cognitive complexity, and cognitive abstractness. (c) However, it was likely that the negative correlations were not due to the causal relation that video game use affected boys' sociocognitive abilities, which supported the hypothesis, but rather the causal relation that video game use was affected by their abilities; and (d) In the case of computer use, such as word processing or programming, the frequency of use had few correlations with sociocognitive abilities.
Ex‐Partner, Family, Friends, and Other Relationships: Their Role Within the Social Network of Long‐Term Single Mothers1
Authors: Malo Claire
Published: August 2006

This study explores various aspects of support in the social network of long‐term single mothers: the nature of expected help and of offered support, the attitudes behind support, the strategies for requesting help, the reluctance to ask, the efficacy of received help, the perceived refusals, and the behaviors judged as harmful. Thirty women separated for at least two years with a child aged under 10 were chosen following the snowball technique, and participated in this study. The content analysis of the semi‐structured interviews shows how the dynamics of social support varies according to the relationship to the target person: ex‐partner, family, friends, or “other relationships”. For instance the ex‐partner, when mentioned, rarely offered the expected support and was perceived as harmful. Family members often lived up to their expectations, but women were generally very reluctant to ask them for help. Friends were the most efficient helpers and were the main persons from whom mothers expected cognitive support. The “other relationships” offered a certain amount of help, especially at the instrumental level but, as with the ex‐partner, they were frequently perceived as harmful. Finally, we advocate for an “ecological” approach to measure social support in the context of the interaction in which it occurs.
Social Support, Personality, and Burnout in Nurses
Authors: Eastburg Mark C. , Williamson Mike , Gorsuch Richard , Ridley Charles
Published: August 2006

This study sought to find evidence for: (a) a relationship between increased levels of work‐related social support and decreased burnout, (b) a relationship between personality traits and burnout, and (c) a significant interaction of social support and extraversion in relation to burnout. Seventy‐six staff nurses and their supervisors at a private medical hospital participated as subjects. Two subscales of the Work Environment Scale measured social support. Personality was measured using an instrument known as PROSCAN, and Scale H of the 16PF. Burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. A strong negative correlation between work‐related social support and burnout was found. Also, nurses whose supervisors received positive‐feedback training showed significant reductions in emotional exhaustion, compared to those whose supervisors did not receive this training. Some dimensions of personality explained a significant amount of burnout. The study also provided further evidence of the interactive effect of social support and extraversion in relation to an emotional distress variable. That is, extraverted nurses required more work‐related peer support than did introverts to avoid emotional exhaustion. Suggestions for further research are given.
Dyadic Duration and the Performance‐Satisfaction Relationship: A Contextual Perspective 1
Authors: Mossholder Kevin w. , Bedeian Arthur G. , Niebuhr Robert E. , Wesolowski Markm A.
Published: August 2006

This study examined dyadic duration as a contextual variable affecting the relationship between subordinate performance and job satisfaction. Dyadic duration, the length of time a subordinate has been directed by the same immediate superior, was expected to enhance the performance‐satisfaction relationship in dyads of shorter duration and neutralize this relationship in dyads of longer duration. As anticipated, in shorter duration dyads, performance was found to be positively associated with satisfaction with the nature of work, characteristics of supervision, and characteristics of coworkers. For dyads of longer duration, an unexpected inverse relationship was found between performance and all of these same variables. Overall, these results suggest that considering dyadic duration as a contextual variable offers a unique perspective on the relationship between subordinates' performance and job satisfaction.
The Effects of the Application on Processing of Information From the Employment Interview.1
Authors: Macan Therese Hoff , Dipboye Robert L.
Published: August 2006

Subjects observed and evaluated employment interviews after forming initial impressions of the applicants' paper credentials. Contrary to expectations, differential recognition of interview content was not found to mediate the effects of the application on perceptions of the interview. Instead, interviewers showed a biased interpretation of the interview performance. Applicants were perceived as doing a better job in answering the questions of the interviewer, displaying more sales‐consistent traits, and making more favorable statements the more favorable their paper credentials. Note taking led to more accurate recognition of information from the interview but did not attenuate the biasing effects of the application.
Police‐Public Interactions: The Impact of Conflict Resolution Tactics1
Authors: Wilson Carlene , Gross Peter
Published: August 2006

Following Hammock and Richardson (1992), it was hypothesized that a preference among some police officers for confrontational rather than conciliatory tactics when dealing with the public may serve to escalate a conflict and thereby explain the documented individual differences in reports of officer assaults. In order to test this possibility, preferred conflict tactics and officers' recent experiences of citizen compliance (and non‐compliance) were measured for a sample of 115 English police and 48 Australian police. The results supported the hypothesized relationship by indicating a significant correlation between preferences for specific confrontational and coercive tactics and experiences of noncompliance from the public.
Organizational Mediators Siding With or Against the Powerful Party?1
Authors: Laskewitz Peter , van de Vliert Evert , de Dreu Carsten K. W.
Published: August 2006

Instead of being impartial, a mediator may side with one party as a function of the disputants' power differences, the mediator's legitimacy judgments, or the disputants' capacity to sanction the mediator. According to the power balancing theory, a mediator sides with the party that has a power disadvantage vis‐à‐vis the other party. The theory on siding postulates that the mediator sides with the party having more legitimate claims and/or more sanction capacity. A questionnaire study showed that organizational mediators side with the less powerful rather than the more powerful party, especially when this weaker party has equal rather than less capacity to sanction the mediator. Thus, the tendency to balance power is moderated by the mediator's self‐interest. Additionally, mediators tend to favor the party they see as more legitimate.
Social Comparisons and Absenteeism: A Structural Modeling Approach1
Authors: Geurts Sabine A. , Buunk Bram P. , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: August 2006

In this study a social comparison model is constructed that predicts objectively recorded absence frequency among male Dutch blue‐collar workers from a metal factory in the Netherlands. By employing LISREL, the model is developed (tested and revised) in Plant North (N = 254), and successfully cross‐validated in Plant South (N= 199). The study demonstrates the impact of two social comparison processes upon absenteeism. Absenteeism is the result of: (a) the perception that one is less well‐off than one's colleagues on several job aspects, and (b) the adjustment of one's personal absence norm to that of the work group. In addition, our study reveals that, rather than being absent or having tolerant absence norms, employees may develop feelings of resentment in response to perceived inequity and a tolerant group absence norm. It is concluded that social comparison theory enhances our understanding of absenteeism.
Burnout in Spurned Medical Caregivers and the Impact of Job Expectancy Training
Authors: Mickler Susan E. , Rosen Sidney
Published: August 2006

This study represents an extrapolation to the practical realm of a theoretical model that has been supported thus far only by laboratory studies. The model regards the rejection of help by people in need as being stressful for caregivers partly because it violates their expectations of acceptance and threatens their self‐image as competent caregivers. It was hypothesized that high levels of perceived rejection by patients and others at work would contribute to burnout in medical caregivers. It was also predicted that high levels of stress preparation in caregivers' training with regard to job expectancies and patient (non)compliance would lessen burnout and buffer the effects of spurning. Responses to a questionnaire by a sample of physicians and hospital nurses revealed a direct association of perceived spurning, as well as an inverse association of stress preparation with burnout, and gave some indication of buffering, as hypothesized. Expressions of violated expectancies and of job disillusionment were directly associated with burnout and inversely associated with stress preparation. Informal job expectancy shaped by coworkers was found to be directly associated with burnout in physicians, but it was inversely associated with burn out in nurses. The implications of these findings are considered
Judgments of a Woman's Emotions: The Influence of Observer Attitudes1
Authors: Simon Angela
Published: August 2006

The influence that observers' attitudes toward lesbians have on their judgments of a lesbian target's emotional display was examined. In Phase One, college undergraduates' attitudes toward lesbians were measured. In Phase Two, 185 subjects returned and viewed a videotape in which a female target described as a lesbian, a novel individual, or a heterosexual, responded to an interviewer's questions regarding her recent romantic breakup. The subjects then judged the appropriateness of the target's display of 11 emotions. Contrary to predictions, attitudinally negative subjects evaluated the Lesbian target as highly appropriate. The potential applications of this result for social psychologists interested in examining the contact hypothesis, as well as for outgroup members themselves, are discussed.
Attitude Versus General Habit: Antecedents of Travel Mode Choice1
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Aarts Henk , van Knippenberg Ad , van Knippenberg Carina
Published: August 2006

A model of travel mode choice is tested by means of a survey among 199 inhabitants of a village. Car choice behavior for a particular journey is predicted from the attitude toward choosing the car and the attitude toward choosing an alternative mode (i.e., train), on the one hand, and from general car habit, on the other hand. Unlike traditional measures of habit, a script‐based measure was used. General habit was measured by travel mode choices in response to very global descriptions of imaginary journeys. In the model, habit is predicted from the degree of involvement with the decision‐making about travel mode choice for the particular journey (decisional involvement) and from the degree of competition in a household with respect to car use. The model proves satisfactory. Moreover, as suggested by Triandis (1977), there is a tradeoff between attitude and habit in the prediction of behavior: When habit is strong the attitude‐behavior relation is weak, whereas when habit is weak, the attitude‐behavior link is strong.
Gender of Subject and Target as Mediators of Aggression1
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2006

The effects of gender of the subject and the target of aggression were studied by examining responses of 414 undergraduates to four anger‐inducing scenarios. As predicted, in the three scenarios not involving dating, males tended to be more aggressive and to expect more approval of aggression from their friends than did females; more aggression was directed against a male, and friends approved more of aggression against a male than a female target. Also as predicted, in the scenario involving a romantic partner, females were more aggressive than males and expected more approval for aggression from friends; males were more likely than females to feel guilty, apologize, and speak politely to their dates. The results suggest that the relationship between gender and aggression is influenced by situational context, friends' anticipated reactions, feelings of guilt, and expectancies of successful outcomes.