bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Midurethral support is also necessary for reflex closure of the urethra
Authors: de Vries Allert M. , Venema Pieter L. , Heesakkers John P. F. A.
Published: September 2018

Background and Objectives

The pathophysiology of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is far from unraveled. Capturing all aspects of this bothersome condition in one theory remains challenging. The well‐known Hammock and Integral theories, both from the early 90's, were successful in explaining a large proportion of the observations made in clinical practice. Nevertheless, some (pre)clinical observations cannot be explained by the current understanding. One of the issues concerns the pressure transmission. Is this process really a passive mechanical action, or is an additional active mechanism responsible for urethral closure? The finding that an increase in urethral pressure sometimes precedes and exceeds the increase in intravesical pressure suggests the latter. This concept has never been incorporated in one of the existing theories describing SUI. This is remarkable as a lot of evidence has been generated in recent years that proves involvement of active components. This review aims to provide an additional theory in which an active reflex closure mechanism of the urethra is incorporated.

Methods

Recent as well as older publications from clinical and animal studies are included to support the hypothesis.

Results

The smooth muscles of the urethra, the vascular bed, and the estrogen‐influenced urethral mucosa, combined with striated muscle tone, contribute to the intra‐urethral pressure. A passive transmission of force to the urethra exists only in the abdominal proximal third of the urethra. In the distal two thirds of the urethra an active closure mechanism is present, dependent on sufficient urethral support in the proper anatomical position. This active closure mechanism is generated by reflex contraction of striated muscles of the urethra and the pelvic floor.

Conclusion

Continence is a result of passive as well as active urethral closure mechanisms. The most important factor in female continence seems to be the proper functioning of an active reflex urethral closing mechanism.
The near disappearance of fetal hydrops in relation to current state‐of‐the‐art management of red cell alloimmunization
Authors: Zwiers Carolien , Oepkes Dick , Lopriore Enrico , Klumper Frans J. , de Haas Masja , van Kamp Inge L.
Published: September 2018

Objective

In this study, we aim to evaluate trends in the condition of fetuses and neonates with hemolytic disease at the time of first intrauterine transfusion (IUT) and at birth, in relation to routine first‐trimester antibody screening, referral guidelines, and centralization of fetal therapy.

Method

We conducted a 30‐year cohort study including all women and fetuses treated with IUT for red cell alloimmunization at the Dutch national referral center for fetal therapy.

Results

Six hundred forty‐five fetuses received 1852 transfusions between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 2016. After the introduction of routine first‐trimester antibody screening, the hydrops rate declined from 39% to 15% (OR 0.284, 95% CI, 0.19‐0.42, P < 0.001). In the last time cohort, only one fetus presented with severe hydrops (OR 0.482, 95% CI, 0.38‐0.62, P < 0.001). Infants are born less often <32 weeks (OR 0.572, 95% CI, 0.39‐0.83, P = 0.004) and with higher neonatal hemoglobin (P < 0.001). Neonatal hemoglobin was positively independently associated with gestational age at birth, fetal hemoglobin, and additional intraperitoneal transfusion at last IUT.

Conclusion

Severe alloimmune hydrops, a formerly often lethal condition, has practically disappeared, most likely as a result of the introduction of routine early alloantibody screening, use of national guidelines, and pooling of expertise in national reference laboratories and a referral center for fetal therapy.
Using trajectory models to assess the effect of hydrocodone upscheduling among chronic hydrocodone users
Authors: Murimi Irene B. , Chang Hsien‐Yen , Bicket Mark , Jones Christopher M. , Alexander G. Caleb
Published: September 2018

Purpose

In October 2014, the US Drug Enforcement Agency moved hydrocodone combination products (HCPs) from schedule III to II of the Controlled Substances Act, further restricting their access. The aim of the study is to quantify the effect of hydrocodone's “upscheduling” on the use of opioid and nonopioid analgesics among chronic users.

Methods

Using IQVIA LRx LifeLink anonymized pharmacy data 2013 to 2015, we performed interrupted time series analysis and group‐based trajectory modeling to characterize the effect of rescheduling on 316 731 long‐term hydrocodone users. Main measures were the number of prescriptions, patients, tablets, and morphine milligram equivalents of opioids and nonopioid analgesics pre and post the policy change. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and these measures.

Results

The schedule change was associated with significant declines in opioid prescriptions (20.9%, from 421 798 to 333 627) and the number of patients using opioids (11.4%, from 307 974 to 272 804). Majority of hydrocodone users filled prescriptions for nonopioid analgesics with some declines in the number of users after the schedule change (5.2%, from 181 085 to 171 758). Based on group‐based trajectory models, majority of patients continued to fill HCP prescriptions consistently after the policy change, while 15.4% showed large declines in HCP use, accounting for two‐thirds of the decrease in opioid volume. There was no evidence that the policy change was associated with significant increases in the use of alternative analgesics.

Conclusions

The upscheduling of hydrocodone led to reductions in opioid use, which were concentrated among a small subset of chronic hydrocodone users, without evidence of commensurate increases in the use of alternative pharmacologic pain treatments.
Factors distinguishing important identified risks from important potential risks in orphan and nonorphan drugs: An analysis of safety specifications of Japan and European Union risk management plans
Authors: Hirota Saeko , Yamaguchi Takuhiro
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purposes of the study are to compare safety specifications between Japan and the European Union (EU) and to identify the factors affecting categorization of important identified or potential risks.

Methods

Safety specifications were collected from orphan and nonorphan drugs approved in Japan between 2014 and 2016, and in the EU as of October 2017. Outcome was defined dichotomously as listed as important identified risks or potential risks. A mixed‐effects logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios of being listed as important identified risks.

Results

This study included 20 orphan and 33 nonorphan drugs. The number of safety specifications per drug and the distribution of risk categories were significantly different between Japan and the EU regardless of orphan status. In orphan drugs, the occurrence of serious adverse events (AEs) during clinical trials for new drug applications was associated with a higher probability of being listed as important identified risks in Japan, while AE rate (%) was positively associated with being listed as important identified risks in the EU. For nonorphan drugs in Japan, AE occurring at a high rate, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) listed as important identified risks in EU risk management plans, and clinically significant ADRs known in similar drugs were likely to be listed as important identified risks, whereas a ≥1.4 risk ratio was associated with a higher probability of being listed as important identified risks in the EU.

Conclusions

Factors affecting risk categories were different between Japan and the EU, which might contribute to the difference in safety specifications between these 2 regions.
Randomized controlled trial of a brief cognitive‐behavioral strategies intervention for the pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance symptom cluster in advanced cancer
Authors: Kwekkeboom Kristine , Zhang Yingzi , Campbell Toby , Coe Christopher L. , Costanzo Erin , Serlin Ronald C. , Ward Sandra
Published: September 2018

Objective

Patients receiving treatment for advanced cancer suffer significant symptom burden, including co‐occurring pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. There is limited evidence for effective interventions targeting this common symptom cluster.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial of a brief cognitive‐behavioral strategies (CBS) intervention was conducted. A sample of 164 patients with advanced cancer receiving chemotherapy practiced imagery, relaxation, and distraction exercises or listened to cancer education recordings (attention‐control) to manage co‐occurring pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance over a 9‐week period. Symptom cluster severity, distress, and interference with daily life were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 weeks. We also evaluated the moderating influence of imaging ability and number of concurrent symptoms, and mediating effects of changes in stress, anxiety, outcome expectancy, and perceived control over symptoms.

Results

Compared with the cancer education condition, participants receiving the CBS intervention reported less symptom cluster distress at week 6 (M = 1.82 vs 2.15 on a 0‐4 scale, P < .05). No other group differences were statistically significant. The number of concurrent symptoms moderated the intervention effect on symptom cluster interference. Changes in stress, outcome expectancy, and perceived control mediated the extent of intervention effects on symptom outcomes, primarily at weeks 6 and 9.

Conclusions

The brief CBS intervention had limited effects in this trial. However, findings regarding potential mediators affirm hypothesized mechanisms and provide insight into ways to strengthen future interventions to reduce the suffering associated with co‐occurring pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance.
Effect of Ahasl1‐1 and Ahasl1‐4 alleles on herbicide resistance and its associated dominance in sunflower
Authors: Breccia Gabriela , Gianotto Laura , Altieri Emiliano , Bulos Mariano , Nestares Graciela
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Acetohydroxyacid synthase large subunit 1 (Ahasl1) is a multiallelic locus involved in herbicide resistance in sunflower. Ahasl1‐1 and Ahasl1‐4 alleles harbor different point mutations that lead to different amino acid substitutions (Ala205Val and Trp574Leu, respectively). The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of these alleles at the enzymatic and whole‐plant levels, and to determine the dominance relationships for imazapyr and metsulfuron‐methyl herbicides.

RESULTS

Resistant near‐isogenic lines showed significantly lower specific AHAS activity than susceptible near‐isoline. However, kinetic studies indicated that mutations did not change AHAS pyruvate affinity. Dose–response for six near‐isolines carrying different combinations of Ahasl1‐1 and Ahasl1‐4 alleles and two herbicides (imazapyr and metsulfuron‐methyl) were evaluated at whole‐plant and enzymatic levels. Ahasl1‐1 allele conferred moderate resistance to imazapyr and low resistance to metsulfuron‐methyl. Conversely, Ahasl1‐4 allele endowed high levels of resistance for both herbicides. Dominance of resistance at whole‐plant level showed a semi‐dominant behavior among the alleles for both herbicides.

CONCLUSION

Ahasl1‐4 allele confers higher resistance levels than Ahasl1‐1 when evaluated with imazapyr and metsulfuron‐methyl. Dominance estimations suggested that both parental lines should carry a resistance trait when developing hybrids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Lanthanum Dilution Effects on the Giant Magnetocaloric Gd5Si1.8Ge2.2 Compound
Authors: Andrade Vivian M. , Belo João H. , Reis Mario S. , Costa Rui M. , Pereira André M. , Araújo João P.
Published: September 2018

A study on the fundamental properties of Gd5−xLaxSi1.8Ge2.2 pseudo‐binary compounds with x = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is performed by means of X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements. An evolution from a monoclinic (M) Gd5Si2Ge2‐type to a tetragonal (T) Zr5Si4‐type structure, with the addition of La, is observed, finding that the T phase is stable for x ≥ 2. A monotonic expansion of the unit cell volume with a rate of 28 Å3/La by increasing the content of the non‐magnetic La ions in the system influences significantly the overall magnetic behavior. For instance, TC decreases in a rate of dTC/dx = −47.8 K La−1; and a considerable hysteresis reduction is observed as a result of the change on the nature of the phase transition from a first to a second‐order one. Hence, these results reveal the impact of a non‐magnetic La substitution on both magnetic and crystallographic properties of this series.
Overlooked trade‐offs of environmentally protective hydropower operation: Impacts to ancillary services and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Rand Joseph
Published: September 2018

The relicensing of large hydropower projects in the United States often enforces environmental constraints such as minimum instream flows. These requirements can reduce hydropower's negative environmental impacts but may come at a cost of reduced electric generation and revenue. During the federal hydropower relicensing process, participants negotiate these environmental and economic trade‐offs based on coarse models, often conflating impacts on generation and revenue, overlooking ancillary services (AS) markets, and ignoring potential greenhouse gas (GHG) implications. Using a case study of a 362‐MW hydropower project in California, this research conducts higher resolution modelling to compare energy generation, AS provision, revenue, and GHG impacts of two hydropower operating regimes. The environmentally protective regime reduces average generation by 6% but increases AS provision by 2%. Total average revenue decreases by 3.5% under environmental constraints using current electricity prices (and by only 1.1% when modelled with projected 2030 electricity prices), indicating that generation impacts should not be equated with revenue impacts during relicensing. In the California electricity market, this reduced hydropower generation is replaced primarily by natural gas, resulting in an estimated 30,000 additional tons of CO2 emitted annually. These positive and negative externalities are not adequately examined in the hydropower relicensing process.
Synthesis of Methanethiol from Methanol and Carbon Disulfide over CoKW/Al2O3 Catalysts: The Possible Reaction Network and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Wang WeiMing , Li JianJun , He QiuJin , Peng Shuai , Yang YiQuan , Li Ming
Published: September 2018

Synthesis of methanethiol from methanol and carbon disulfide was catalyzed by KW/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts under different reaction conditions. A possible reaction network was put forward by investigating the effects of the molar ratio of reactants, the reaction pressure, the reaction temperature, the residence time, and in the presence of water and hydrogen sulfide on the catalytic performance. Furthermore, the relationship between the conversion of CH3OH, the yield of CH3SH and the surface acid‐base properties was discussed in detail. The catalytic results measured in the laboratory scale (2 ml catalysts) and those obtained in the scaling‐up tests (50 ml original grain catalysts) are well matched. Combined with pyridine adsorption Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR), CO2/NH3‐Temperature Programmed Desorption (CO2/NH3‐TPD), and the catalytic results, it was found that the conversion of CH3OH can be chiefly correlated with weak and moderate acid sites, while the selectivity toward CH3SH is mainly related to the weak basic sites, and the possible reaction mechanism was put forward.
How classmates' stress affects student's quality of motivation
Authors: Raufelder Diana , Lazarides Rebecca , Lätsch Alexander
Published: September 2018

Over the last decades, more and more adolescents and children feel chronically stressed, which negatively affects their school performance. However, less is known whether classmates' general stress affects an individual student's quality of motivation. Therefore, based on conservation of resources theory, this study examined the precise interplay between general stress and the quality of motivation for students in high‐ and low‐tracking schools considering potential context effects. Results of multilevel multigroup structural equation models with questionnaire data from 1,088 German students identified differences in the relation between general stress and quality of motivation for students from different school forms on both the within and between level.
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and passive leadership: The mediating role of daytime sleepiness
Authors: Carleton Erica L. , Barling Julian
Published: September 2018

Passive leadership is attracting empirical interest with the detrimental effects of this type of leadership on a broad array of individual and organizational outcomes becoming apparent. However, just why leaders would engage in this type of nonleadership has received less research attention. We investigate whether and how leaders' attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with passive leadership. Using a framework specifying how the physiology of sleepiness impacts the workplace, we hypothesize that leaders' ADHD is associated with passive leadership indirectly through daytime sleepiness. After controlling for leaders' age, gender, and preclinical symptoms of depression and anxiety, standard ordinary least squares regression procedures were implemented through Hayes' PROCESS models. Multisource data from 98 leader–follower groups (M number of followers per leader = 4.38, SD = 1.78) showed that the effects of leaders' ADHD symptoms on passive leadership were mediated by daytime sleepiness. Conceptual, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.
Characterization of Active Biodegradable Films Based on Proso Millet Starch and Curcumin
Authors: Baek Su‐Kyoung , Song Kyung Bin
Published: September 2018

Starch extracted from proso millet (PMS) is used as a base material for preparing biodegradable films and curcumin is added to endow antioxidant properties to the films. The effect of various concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) of curcumin on the properties of the PMS films is reported. As the concentration of curcumin increases, tensile strength decreases and elongation at break increases. Although thermal stability of the PMS film is not improved by the addition of curcumin, water and UV–visible light barrier properties are enhanced. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the PMS films with curcumin are enhanced with increasing curcumin content. In particular, the scavenging activities of the 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals in the PMS film containing 3% curcumin are 100% and 42.96%, respectively. A migration test is carried out on the films for 7 days; phenolic compounds migrate faster in water than in 95% ethanol medium. These results imply that the PMS films containing curcumin can be used as new active packaging materials.
Simplified elastic design method using equivalent span ratio for two‐way concrete composite slabs with precast ribbed panels
Authors: Huang Hailin , Li Jinhua , Zeng Chuijun , Zhu Mingqiao , Zhang Mingliang
Published: September 2018

This paper analyzes the existing problems in the practical engineering design, resulting from the mechanical properties of two‐way composite concrete slabs with precast ribbed panels (CSPRPs). Due to the influence of the structurally orthotropic characteristic, the calculation formulas for the deflection and bending moments of a CSPRP with three supported edges and one clamped edge under a uniformly distributed load are solved using the load superposition method and the orthotropic plate theory. The CSPRP is calculated as an equivalent isotropic cast‐in‐place two‐way slab using the transformation of function, and the application of the equivalent span ratio. The simplified elastic design method is presented for a CSPRP with three supported edges and one clamped edge under a uniformly distributed load. The elasticity coefficients of the CSPRP with the equivalent span ratio, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 and stiffness ratios of 0.5 and 2 are obtained using the programming calculation. The linear interpolation method is applied using the equivalent span ratio of an isotropic cast‐in‐place two‐way slab, and one example of a CSPRP with three supported edges and one clamped edge is given to verify. The results show that the simplified elastic design method is accurate and feasible.
Chemical evaluation and cytotoxic mechanism investigation of Clinacanthus nutans extract in lymphoma SUP‐T1 cells
Authors: Lu Mei‐Chin , Li Tsung‐Yuan , Hsieh Yu‐Chun , Hsieh Pao‐Chuan , Chu Yung‐Lin
Published: September 2018

Clinacanthus nutans has been used as herbal medicine with antidiabetic, blood pressure lowering, and diuretic properties in Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia. The in vitro cellular study showed the chloroform extract possessed significant cytotoxicity against leukemia K562 and lymphoma Raji cells. The clinical study reported that administration of plant could treat or prevent relapse in 12 cancer patients. However, detailed mechanism of the anticancer effects and chemical profiles are not thoroughly studied. The chemical study did show that the acetone extract (MHA) exerted the highest antiproliferative effect on human leukemia MOLT‐4 cells and lymphoma SUP‐T1 cells in dose‐dependent cytotoxicity. We found that the use of MHA increased apoptosis by 4.28%‐43.65% and caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by 11.79%‐26.93%, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 19.54% and increased calcium ion by 233.83%, as demonstrated by annexin‐V/PI, JC‐1, H2DCFDA, and Flou‐3 staining assays, respectively. MHA‐induced ER stress was confirmed by increase expression of CHOP and IRE‐1α with western blotting assay. In conclusion, we identified good bioactivity in Clinacanthus nutans and recognize its potential effect on cancer therapy, but further research is needed to determine the use of the plant.
Synergistic antimetastatic effect of cotreatment with licochalcone A and sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the inactivation of MKK4/JNK and uPA expression
Authors: Wu Min‐Hua , Chiu Yi‐Fang , Wu Wen‐Jun , Wu Pei‐Lien , Lin Ching‐Yi , Lin Chia‐Liang , Hsieh Yi‐Hsien , Liu Chung‐Jung
Published: September 2018

To improve the clinical outcome of tumor chemotherapy, more effective combination treatments against tumor metastasis and recurrence are required. Licochalcone A (LicA) is the root of Glycyrrhiza inflata and has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Sorafenib (Sor), a multikinase inhibitor, is used to treat patients with solid tumors such as advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the synergistic effects of LicA and Sor on the metastasis of human HCC cells have not been reported. We found that LicA and Sor did not have cytotoxic effects or arrest growth in human SK‐Hep‐1 and Huh‐7 cells. In addition, treatment with LicA or Sor alone inhibited migration and invasion in human SK‐Hep‐1 and Huh‐7 HCC cells. Furthermore, cotreatment with LicA and Sor synergistically inhibited the migration and invasion of HCC cells and significantly inhibited uPA protein expression. Notably, cotreatment of LicA and Sor synergistically and significantly downregulated MKK4‐JNK expression. Through tail vein injection in nude mice, the aforementioned cotreatment synergistically suppressed SK‐Hep‐1 cell‐mediated lung metastasis. These findings first revealed the synergistic effects of LicA and Sor cotreatment against human HCC cells, further suggesting that beneficial effects on tumor regression could be confirmed through prospective clinical trials.
On ’t Hooft defects, monopole bubbling and supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Authors: Brennan T. Daniel , Dey Anindya , Moore Gregory W.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We revisit the localization computation of the expectation values of ’t Hooft operators in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2* SU(N) theory on ℝ3 × S
1. We show that the part of the answer arising from “monopole bubbling” on ℝ3 can be understood as an equivariant integral over a Kronheimer-Nakajima moduli space of instantons on an orbifold of ℂ2. It can also be described as a Witten index of a certain supersymmetric quiver quantum mechanics with

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (4, 4) supersymmetry. The map between the defect data and the quiver quantum mechanics is worked out for all values of N. For the SU(2) theory, we compute several examples of these line defect expectation values using the Witten index formula and confirm that the expressions agree with the formula derived by Okuda, Ito and Taki [16]. In addition, we present a Type IIB construction — involving D1-D3-NS5-branes — for monopole bubbling in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2* SU(N) SYM and demonstrate how the quiver quantum mechanics arises in this brane picture.
Holographic three-point correlators in the Schrodinger/dipole CFT correspondence
Authors: Georgiou George , Zoakos Dimitrios
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We calculate, for the first time, three-point correlation functions involving “heavy” operators in the Schrodinger/null-dipole CFT correspondence at strong coupling. In particular, we focus on the three-point functions of the dilaton modes and two “heavy” operators. The heavy states are dual to the single spin and dyonic magnon, the single spin and dyonic spike solutions or to two novel string solutions which do not have an undeformed counterpart. Our results provide the leading term of the correlators in the largeλexpansion and are in perfect agreement with the form of the correlator dictated by non-relativistic conformal invariance. We also specify the scaling function which can not be fixed by using conformal invariance.
Higher spin supercurrents in anti-de Sitter space
Authors: Buchbinder Evgeny I. , Hutomo Jessica , Kuzenko Sergei M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We propose higher spin supercurrent multiplets for

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

supersymmetric field theories in four-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS). Their explicit realisations are derived for various supersymmetric theories, including a model of N massive chiral scalar superfields with an arbitrary mass matrix. We also present new off-shell gauge formulations for the massless

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

supersymmetric multiplet of integer superspin s in AdS, where s = 2, 3, . . . , as well as for the massless gravitino multiplet (superspin s = 1) which requires special consideration.
Heterologous production of a new lasso peptide brevunsin in Sphingomonas subterranea
Authors: Kodani Shinya , Hemmi Hikaru , Miyake Yuto , Kaweewan Issara , Nakagawa Hiroyuki
Published: September 2018

A shuttle vector pHSG396Sp was constructed to perform gene expression using Sphingomonas subterranea as a host. A new lasso peptide biosynthetic gene cluster, derived from Brevundimonas diminuta, was amplified by PCR and integrated to afford a expression vector pHSG396Sp-12697L. The new lasso peptide brevunsin was successfully produced by S. subterranea, harboring the expression vector, with a high production yield (10.2 mg from 1 L culture). The chemical structure of brevunsin was established by NMR and MS/MS experiments. Based on the information obtained from the NOE experiment, the three-dimensional structure of brevunsin was determined, which indicated that brevunsin possessed a typical lasso structure. This expression vector system provides a new heterologous production method for unexplored lasso peptides that are encoded by bacterial genomes.
Parental Investments in College and Later Cash Transfers
Authors: Haider Steven J. , McGarry Kathleen
Published: September 2018

Parents often provide generous financial transfers to their adult children, perhaps assisting with college expenses, recognizing major life course events, or cushioning against negative financial shocks. Because resources are limited, a transfer made to one child likely affects transfers made to others in the family. Despite such possibilities, data limitations have led previous authors to focus almost exclusively on a single type of transfer made at a single point in time. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the relationships among parental transfers for college and later cash transfers to all children within a family. We find that parents typically spend differentially on the postsecondary schooling of their children but find no evidence that this differential spending is offset by later cash transfers.
A spectral strong approximation theorem for measure-preserving actions
Authors: ABÉRT MIKLÓS
Published: September 2018

Let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$be a finitely generated group acting by probability measure-preserving maps on the standard Borel space$(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$. We show that if$H\leq \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$is a subgroup with relative spectral radius greater than the global spectral radius of the action, then$H$acts with finitely many ergodic components and spectral gap on$(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$. This answers a question of Shalom who proved this for normal subgroups.
Escaping orbits are rare in the quasi-periodic Fermi–Ulam ping-pong
Authors: KUNZE MARKUS , ORTEGA RAFAEL
Published: September 2018

We consider the quasi-periodic Fermi–Ulam ping-pong model with no diophantine condition on the frequencies and show that typically the set of initial data which leads to escaping orbits has Lebesgue measure zero.
Monic representations of finite higher-rank graphs
Authors: FARSI CARLA , GILLASPY ELIZABETH , JORGENSEN PALLE , KANG SOORAN , PACKER JUDITH
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we define the notion of monic representation for the$C^{\ast }$-algebras of finite higher-rank graphs with no sources, and we undertake a comprehensive study of them. Monic representations are the representations that, when restricted to the commutative$C^{\ast }$-algebra of the continuous functions on the infinite path space, admit a cyclic vector. We link monic representations to the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$-semibranching representations previously studied by Farsi, Gillaspy, Kang and Packer (Separable representations, KMS states, and wavelets for higher-rank graphs.J. Math. Anal. Appl. 434 (2015), 241–270) and also provide a universal representation model for non-negative monic representations.
Urogenital schistosomiasis and hybridization between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in adults living in Richard-Toll, Senegal
Authors: Sene-Wade Mariama , Marchand Bernard , Rollinson David , Webster Bonnie L.
Published: September 2018

Since the construction of the Diama Dam (1985), the epidemiology of schistosomiasis along the Senegal River Basin (SRB) has been extremely dynamic with outbreaks of both intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis. In the early 2000s, technicians reported cases of suspected urogenital schistosomiasis in adults from the local hospital in Richard-Toll, Lower SRB. The genetic analysis of schistosome miracidia isolated from 11 patients in 2012 from two neighbourhoods (Campement and Gaya) of Richard-Toll confirmed infection with Schistosoma haematobium but also S. haematobium/S. bovis hybrids. Thirty-seven per cent of the miracidia were S. bovis/S. haematobium hybrids and 63% were pure S. haematobium. The data are discussed in relation to the ongoing dynamic epidemiology of the schistosomes in Senegal and the need to treat non-target individuals.
MULTIDISCIPLINARITY AND REFERENCE AS A SOLUTION TO INWARD-FOCUSED APPROACHES IN MUSIC COMPOSITION
Authors: Llach Federico
Published: September 2018

New Music thought and compositional praxis has excessively focused inward as a source of inspiration. In the last ten years, multidisciplinary composition has offered one possible solution to this problem. By combining music with theatrical elements and digital media, composers have produced works that are ‘not for the ears alone’. This paper offers a typification of its most novel aspects, and traces them in the author's own creative work, which additionally include the use of borrowed material as a means for establishing referentiality and elaborating semantic narratives.
Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Efficacy of an Unguided Online Intervention with Automated Feedback for the Treatment of Insomnia
Authors: Lorenz Noah , Heim Eva , Roetger Alexander , Birrer Eva , Maercker Andreas
Published: September 2018

Background: Insomnia has become a major public health concern. Aims: The study examined the efficacy of a web-based unguided self-help programme with automated feedback. The programme was based on cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). The investigation particularly focused on factors that contribute to the maintenance of insomnia and tested whether treatment effects were stable over a period of 12 months. Method: Fifty-six participants were randomly assigned either to web-based CBT-I or to the waiting-list control group. Included measures assessed insomnia severity, sleep-related cognitions, safety behaviours, depression, anxiety and somatization. In the intervention group, a sleep diary was used to assess sleep continuity parameters, sleep quality and daytime performance. Results: Large between- and within-group effect sizes (d = 1.79, d = 1.59) for insomnia severity were found. The treatment group effect remained stable over the period of 12 months. Further, sleep-related cognitions, safety behaviours, depression and somatization significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group. On all sleep diary parameters, medium to large effects were revealed within the treatment group. Anxiety did not decrease significantly from pre- to post-assessment. For all measures except somatization and anxiety significant within-group effects were found at 12-month follow-up assessment indicating long-lasting effects. Conclusions: This study adds evidence to the literature on unguided online interventions for insomnia, and indicates that online CBT-I can have substantial long-term effects on relevant sleep-related outcome parameters. Moreover, the results indicate that sleep-related cognitions and safety behaviour can be successfully altered with an unguided CBT-I intervention.
Training for awareness of one's own spirituality: A key factor in overcoming barriers to the provision of spiritual care to advanced cancer patients by doctors and nurses
Authors: Bar-Sela Gil , Schultz Michael J. , Elshamy Karima , Rassouli Maryam , Ben-Arye Eran , Doumit Myrna , Gafer Nahla , Albashayreh Alaa , Ghrayeb Ibtisam , Turker Ibrahim , Ozalp Gulcin , Kav Sultan , Fahmi Rasha , Nestoros Sophia , Ghali Hasanein , Mula-Hussain Layth , Shazar Ilana , Obeidat Rana , Punjwani Rehana , Khleif Mohamad , Can Gulbeyaz , Tuncel Gonca , Charalambous Haris , Faraj Safa , Keoppi Neophyta , Al-Jadiry Mazin , Postovsky Sergey , Al-Omari Ma'an , Razzaq Samaher , Ayyash Hani , Khader Khaled , Kebudi Rejin , Omran Suha , Rasheed Osaid , Qadire Mohammed , Ozet Ahmet , Silbermann Michael
Published: September 2018

Objective

When patients feel spiritually supported by staff, we find increased use of hospice and reduced use of aggressive treatments at end of life, yet substantial barriers to staff spiritual care provision still exist. We aimed to study these barriers in a new cultural context and analyzed a new subgroup with “unrealized potential” for improved spiritual care provision: those who are positively inclined toward spiritual care yet do not themselves provide it.

Method

We distributed the Religion and Spirituality in Cancer Care Study via the Middle East Cancer Consortium to physicians and nurses caring for advanced cancer patients. Survey items included how often spiritual care should be provided, how often respondents themselves provide it, and perceived barriers to spiritual care provision.

Result

We had 770 respondents (40% physicians, 60% nurses) from 14 Middle Eastern countries. The results showed that 82% of respondents think staff should provide spiritual care at least occasionally, but 44% provide spiritual care less often than they think they should. In multivariable analysis of respondents who valued spiritual care yet did not themselves provide it to their most recent patients, predictors included low personal sense of being spiritual (p< 0.001) and not having received training (p= 0.02; only 22% received training). How “developed” a country is negatively predicted spiritual care provision (p< 0.001). Self-perceived barriers were quite similar across cultures.

Significance of results

Despite relatively high levels of spiritual care provision, we see a gap between desirability and actual provision. Seeing oneself as not spiritual or only slightly spiritual is a key factor demonstrably associated with not providing spiritual care. Efforts to increase spiritual care provision should target those in favor of spiritual care provision, promoting training that helps participants consider their own spirituality and the role that it plays in their personal and professional lives.
Factors of the bone marrow microniche that support human plasma cell survival and immunoglobulin secretion
Authors: Nguyen Doan C. , Garimalla Swetha , Xiao Haopeng , Kyu Shuya , Albizua Igor , Galipeau Jacques , Chiang Kuang-Yueh , Waller Edmund K. , Wu Ronghu , Gibson Greg , Roberson James , Lund Frances E. , Randall Troy D. , Sanz Iñaki , Lee F. Eun-Hyung
Published: September 2018

Human antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in peripheral blood are found after vaccination or infection but rapidly apoptose unless they migrate to the bone marrow (BM). Yet, elements of the BM microenvironment required to sustain long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) remain elusive. Here, we identify BM factors that maintain human ASC > 50 days in vitro. The critical components of the cell-free in vitro BM mimic consist of products from primary BM mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), and hypoxic conditions. Comparative analysis of protein–protein interactions between BM-MSC proteomics with differential RNA transcriptomics of blood ASC and BM LLPC identify two major survival factors, fibronectin and YWHAZ. The MSC secretome proteins and hypoxic conditions play a role in LLPC survival utilizing mechanisms that downregulate mTORC1 signaling and upregulate hypoxia signatures. In summary, we identify elements of the BM survival niche critical for maturation of blood ASC to BM LLPC.
Characterization and targeting of malignant stem cells in patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Stevens Brett M. , Khan Nabilah , D’Alessandro Angelo , Nemkov Travis , Winters Amanda , Jones Courtney L. , Zhang Wei , Pollyea Daniel A. , Jordan Craig T.
Published: September 2018

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a chronic hematologic disorder that frequently evolves to more aggressive stages and in some cases leads to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS arises from mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Thus, to define optimal therapies, it is essential to understand molecular events driving HSC pathogenesis. In this study, we report that during evolution of MDS, malignant HSCs activate distinct cellular programs that render such cells susceptible to therapeutic intervention. Specifically, metabolic analyses of the MDS stem cell compartment show a profound activation of protein synthesis machinery and increased oxidative phosphorylation. Pharmacological targeting of protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation demonstrated potent and selective eradication of MDS stem cells in primary human patient specimens. Taken together, our findings indicate that MDS stem cells are reliant on specific metabolic events and that such properties can be targeted prior to the onset of clinically significant AML, during antecedent MDS.
Author Correction: Revealing the mechanism for covalent inhibition of glycoside hydrolases by carbasugars at an atomic level
Authors: Ren Weiwu , Pengelly Robert , Farren-Dai Marco , Abadi Saeideh Shamsi Kazem , Oehler Verena , Akintola Oluwafemi , Draper Jason , Meanwell Michael , Chakladar Saswati , Świderek Katarzyna , Moliner Vicent , Britton Robert , Gloster Tracey M. , Bennet Andrew J.
Published: September 2018

In the originally published version of this Article, the affiliation details for Tracey M. Gloster were incorrectly given as 'Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada'. The correct affiliation is 'Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK'. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Fault-tolerant quantum computation with few qubits
Authors: Chao Rui , Reichardt Ben W.
Published: September 2018

Reliable qubits are difficult to engineer, but standard fault-tolerance schemes use seven or more physical qubits to encode each logical qubit, with still more qubits required for error correction. The large overhead makes it hard to experiment with fault-tolerance schemes with multiple encoded qubits. Here, we study the 15-qubit Hamming code, which protects seven encoded qubits to distance three. We give fault-tolerant procedures for applying arbitrary Clifford operations on these encoded qubits, using only two extra qubits, 17 in total. In particular, individual encoded qubits within the code block can be targeted. Fault-tolerant universal computation is possible with four extra qubits, 19 in total. The procedures could enable testing more sophisticated protected circuits in small-scale quantum devices. Our main technique is to use gadgets to protect gates against correlated faults. We also take advantage of special code symmetries, and use pieceable fault tolerance.
Intra-auditory integration between pitch and loudness in humans: Evidence of super-optimal integration at moderate uncertainty in auditory signals
Authors: Koh Kyung , Kwon Hyun Joon , Kiemel Tim , Miller Ross H. , Park Yang Sun , Kim Min Joo , Kwon Young Ha , Kim Yoon Hyuk , Shim Jae Kun
Published: September 2018

When a person plays a musical instrument, sound is produced and the integrated frequency and intensity produced are perceived aurally. The central nervous system (CNS) receives defective afferent signals from auditory systems and delivers imperfect efferent signals to the motor system due to the noise in both systems. However, it is still little known about auditory-motor interactions for successful performance. Here, we investigated auditory-motor interactions as multi-sensory input and multi-motor output system. Subjects performed a constant force production task using four fingers in three different auditory feedback conditions, where either the frequency (F), intensity (I), or both frequency and intensity (FI) of an auditory tone changed with sum of finger forces. Four levels of uncertainty (high, moderate-high, moderate-low, and low) were conditioned by manipulating the feedback gain of the produced force. We observed performance enhancement under the FI condition compared to either F or I alone at moderate-high uncertainty. Interestingly, the performance enhancement was greater than the prediction of the Bayesian model, suggesting super-optimality. We also observed deteriorated synergistic multi-finger interactions as the level of uncertainty increased, suggesting that the CNS responded to increased uncertainty by changing control strategy of multi-finger actions.
Dispersion solid-phase extraction of flavonoid with amphiphilic monomersN-vinyl pyrrolidone and 1H,1H,7H-dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate based poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) and silica
Authors: Ma Yuxin , Han Dandan , Lei Yingjie , Zhu Tao
Published: September 2018

Novel materials have been synthesized based on a S-DVB or silica matrix functionalized with NVP or NVP–DMFA and their adsorption properties were studied.
An integrated metabolomic strategy for the characterization of the effects of Chinese yam and its three active components on septic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhou Ning , Zeng Meng-Nan , Li Kai , Yang Yan-Yun , Bai Zhi-Yao , Zheng Xiao-Ke , Feng Wei-Sheng
Published: September 2018

This integrated metabolomic approach interpreted the effects of Chinese yam on septic cardiomyopathy and the roles of its major active components.
Enhanced anti-obesity effects of bacterial cellulose combined with konjac glucomannan in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Zhai Xichuan , Lin Dehui , Zhao Yan , Li Wenwen , Yang Xingbin
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with bacterial cellulose (BC), konjac glucomannan (KGM) and combined BC/KGM fiber on high-fat (HF)-diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice.
On the solution structure of kraft lignin in ethylene glycol and its implication for nanoparticle preparation
Authors: Yang Mingkun , Zhao Wenwen , Singh Seema , Simmons Blake , Cheng Gang
Published: September 2018

Ethylene glycol (EG) starts to attract attention as a robust solvent for lignin processing.
Direct observation of the wrapping/unwrapping of ssDNA around/from a SWCNT at the single-molecule level: towards tuning the binding mode and strength
Authors: Li Zhandong , Song Yu , Li Aisen , Xu Weiqing , Zhang Wenke
Published: September 2018

AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy is employed to quantify the interactions between long-chain ssDNA and SWCNT and monitor the dynamic wrapping/unwrapping processes of ssDNA around/from the CNT.
Copper-catalyzed synthesis of 2-aminophenyl benzothiazoles: a novel approach
Authors: Boddapati S. N. Murthy , Kurmarayuni Chandra Mohan , Mutchu Baby Ramana , Tamminana Ramana , Bollikolla Hari Babu
Published: September 2018

Substituted 2-aminophenyl benzothiazoles have been constructed from thiourea via copper-catalyzed desulfurization/nucleophilic substitution followed by domino intra- and intermolecular C–N cross-coupling reactions under moderate reaction conditions.
Reversible hierarchical structure induced by solvation and temperature modulation in an ionic liquid-based random bottlebrush copolymer
Authors: Magurudeniya Harsha D. , Ringstrand Bryan S. , Seifert Sönke , Firestone Millicent A.
Published: September 2018

Discoidal bottlebrush poly(ionic liquid)s are reversibly stacked into 1-D rod like assembles by temperature changes.
Discontinuous growth of DNA plectonemes due to atomic scale friction
Authors: Min Yifei , Purohit Prashant K.
Published: September 2018

We develop a model to explain discontinuities in the increase of the length of a DNA plectoneme when the DNA filament is continuously twisted under tension.
S-doped porous carbon confined SnS nanospheres with enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Yaping , Zhang Yifang , Shi Junrong , Pan Anqiang , Jiang Feng , Liang Shuquan , Cao Guozhong
Published: September 2018

S-doped porous carbon confined SnS hollow nanospheres have a unique structure and large specific surface area and exhibit improved electrochemical performance.
MOF-derived porous Ni2P nanosheets as novel bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions
Authors: Wang Qin , Liu Zhengqing , Zhao Hongyang , Huang Hao , Jiao Huan , Du Yaping
Published: September 2018

It was found that MOF-derived porous Ni2P nanosheets displayed superior HER and OER performance.
A first-principles study on the chemical stability of inorganic perovskite solid solutions Cs1−xRbxPbI3at finite temperature and pressure
Authors: Jong Un-Gi , Yu Chol-Jun , Kye Yun-Hyok , Kim Yun-Sim , Kim Chol-Ho , Ri Son-Guk
Published: September 2018

The inorganic halide perovskite Cs(Rb)PbI3has attracted significant research interest for its application as a light-absorbing material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).