bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Alcohol and Tobacco Use and Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy: Relation to Infant Birthweight
Authors: Little Ruth E.
Published: December 2009

A recent report has documented a decreased probability of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) in women who were simultaneously both regular drinkers and smokers, especially if these habits existed before pregnancy. Maternal smoking and drinking have both been linked with decreased infant birthweight, as has absence of NVP. The question posed by these findings is whether the decrease in birthweight associated with absence of NVP is in fact due to regular maternal drinking and smoking. The data presented in this paper indicate that this is not the case; NVP is related to infant birthweight, even after adjustment for maternal alcohol and tobacco use.
Freeze Microscopy of the Endometrium in Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Legarth Jesper , Nielsen Preben Løvgren
Published: December 2009

A series of 60 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy was reviewed in order to assess the diagnostic value of freeze microscopy of endometrial curettings. By this procedure the correct diagnosis has been made in 82 per cent of patients, i.e. it established whether the patient was pregnant and whether the pregnancy was intra‐ or extrauterine.

Eighteen patients had an ectopic pregnancy. 13 of them were detected primarily on microscopy of frozen sections, while the remaining 5 were erroneously classified as non‐pregnant. The diagnostic sensitivity of freeze microscopy proved to be equal to microscopy of the subsequent paraffin sections.

A diagnostic and therapeutic schedule can be set up for patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy when the histological appearances of the frozen sections and the result of the HCG reaction are known.
Serous Papillary Neoplasms Arising in Paramesonephric Parovarian Cysts: A Report of Eight Cases
Authors: Honoré L. H. , O'hara K. E.
Published: December 2009

Eight cases of papillary serous cystadenoma arising in paramesonephric parovarian cysts are presented. None of these benign lesions were diagnosed preoperatively as such and were only detected pathologically. In only one case was the tumor‐bearing cyst symptomatic owing to its large size. The etiology, pathogenesis, and evolution of this lesion are briefly discussed.
Probably Virus‐Induced Epithelial Lesions in Preinvasive Cervical Cancer
Authors: Rubinstein Eli
Published: December 2009

There is an urgent need to approach the evaluation and classification of cervical intraepithelial lesions and their cytopathological correlations as specifically as possible. Preinvasive cancer (differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma in situ) of the uterine cervix, the most advanced stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, should be clearly defined and described, and the diagnostic and therapeutic management including the follow‐up of the patients outlined in detail.

The present results, based on a material of 524 cone biopsies, clearly indicate the existence of two different types of probably virus‐induced epithelial lesions in the two histopathologic groups of preinvasive cancer of uterine cervix.
Anterior Bladder Suspension Defects in the Female: Radiological Classification with Urodynamic Evaluation. Anatomically Corrective Operations
Authors: Olesen Knud P. , Walter Steen , Hald Tage
Published: December 2009

Colpo‐cysto‐urethrography, urodynamic and cystometric examinations were performed in 420 patients from the departments of urology and gynecology. One hundred and ninty‐eight patients displayed displacement of the urethro‐vesical junction in the anterior and inferior direction. Three grades of displacement were established. The mildest form, grade 1, was visible only during a cough. The intermediate form, grade 2, was present even at rest. The severest form, grade 3, involved a displacement of the anterior vaginal wall, resulting in anterior bladder descent during cough and/or micturition. Stress incontinence was a complaint in 82 per cent of the women. The pathology is shown to be laxity of the arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis, which normally exerts a pull on the bladder neck in a postero‐cranial direction. In seven cases anatomically corrective operations on this ligament were performed, resulting in a normal bladder base in an anatomically correct position. The operation is complicated and not suited for routine use.
Measurements on the Human Fetal Uterus and Ovary
Authors: Mukerje Bimalendu
Published: December 2009

Measurements of the growth rates of fetal endometrium, myometrium, and the fetal ovary between 13 to 36 weeks of gestation have been recorded. The relationship of the measurements to the age of the fetuses are presented on the basis of a linear regression analysis. It is concluded that the rates of growth are linear for the fetal uterus as well as the fetal ovary.

The size of the ovary at term and that of the newborn and older child have been studied by various authors (1, 2, 3). It appears that a study of the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium and the size of the ovary during different stages of intrauterine life has not so far been carried out. The present work was designed to study the growth rates of the uterus and ovary. The application of a statistical method can be used to predict the size of the ovary and the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium at any age of the fetus.
Serum Ferritin in the Diagnosis of Anemia During Pregnancy
Authors: Puolakka J. , Jänne O. , Pakarinen A. , Vihko R.
Published: December 2009

Measurements of serum ferritin were correlated with bone marrow iron content and other laboratory hematological indices in 44 anemic (B‐Hb < 100 g/l) pregnant women. Seventy‐two% of patients classified as iron deficient by the absence of bone marrow iron had diagnostically low serum ferritin concentrations, which percentage is about double compared with those revealed by measurements of serum transferrin, TIBC, transferrin saturation, serum iron, blood hemoglobin and red cell indices. It is also important that serum ferritin was the only one of these measurements which was able to differentiate between iron deficiency, and anemia due to infection. Seven out of 8 patients with anemia due to infection had elevated serum ferritin levels. In 17% of patients no reason for the fall of blood hemoglobin could be shown. A plausible explanation for the low blood hemoglobin is extensive hemodilution.
Induction of Labor by Oral PGE2 Administration—Evaluation of Different Dose Schedules
Authors: Bremme Katarina , Kindahl Hans , Svanborg Kerstin
Published: December 2009

The efficacy and safety of different oral doses of PGE2 in tablet form were evaluated in 30 women admitted to the hospital for labor induction at or near term. The aim was to select a recommendable dose schedule based on recording of uterine contractility, clinical outcome and measurement of the resulting plasma levels of the two prostaglandin metabolites 15‐keto‐13.14‐dihydro‐PGE, and 15‐keto‐13,14‐dihydro‐PGF, by gas‐chromatography‐mass spectrometry and by radio‐immunoassay.

Measurements of uterine contractility and of plasma levels of the PGE2 metabolite both showed that the preferable interval between oral doses of PGE2 tablets is one hour. Following 1.0 mg PGE2, the plasma concentration peaked after 45 to 60 minutes and had returned to approximately pretreatment levels after 120 minutes. With a two‐hour interval between doses there was above all a decreased frequency of contractions in the last part of the interval. No such variation in the contractility pattern was seen when 1.0 mg PGE2 was administered every hour. When the individual dose was increased to 2.0 mg, signs of overstimulation of uterine contractility were observed. The plasma concentration of the E2 metabolite increased in accordance with the oral dose.

A slow rise in the plasma concentrations of the E2 and F2α metabolites was found some hours following initiation of treatment, possibly indicating an increased endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis, probably secondary to the stimulated uterine contractility.
Changes in Serum Hormone Levels During Labor Induced by Oral PGE2 or Oxytocin Infusion
Authors: Bremme Katarina , Eneroth Peter
Published: December 2009

The hormonal changes in maternal serum during parturition induced by amniotomy and oxytocin (OXY) infusion or oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE), medication have been compared in 68 patients (33 women in the PGE2 group, 35 in the oxytocin group). The effect of PGE2 differed from that of oxytocin. Thus the prostaglandin elicited increases in total estriol (p < 0.001) and decreases in prolactin (p < 0.01), TSH (p < 0.05) and HPL (p < 0.05) from the basal level to that immediately before parturition. Maternal serum cortisol levels rose to the same extent in both treatment groups (p < 0.001). The significant (p < 0.05) increase occurred earlier among women receiving PGE2 (two hours into therapy), even though labor pain was experienced later in this group. The serum estriol elevation in these patients was significant three hours after start of therapy (p < 0.05). A similar time course was noted for the decrease of serum prolactin in PGE2 treated patients. The drop in maternal serum levels of HPL and TSH in the PGE2 group was significant only immediately prior to partus. Neither PGE2 nor oxytocin induced changes in maternal serum levels of HCG or a‐fetoprotein or estradiol. Oxytocin but not PGE2 lead to a decrease in maternal serum progesterone concentrations; this was significant (p < 0.05 ‐ p < 0.01) only late in labor. Mixed umbilical serum levels of the hormones mentioned above were the same regardless of method of induction. Hence the increased maternal estriol concentrations during PGE2 treatment were not reflected in fetal blood. It is suggested that increases in maternal estriol levels during PGE2 medication are due to effects on the maternal enterohepatic circulation rather than on the fetoplacental unit. Irrespective of maternal treatment, umbilical serum from female newborns contained statistically higher (p < 0.05) levels of estradiol and HCG than serum from male children.
THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN 342 SUSPECTED CASES OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Levi Salvator , Leblicq Pierre
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The value of ultrasonography as a diagnostic or screening tool is studied in 342 cases of potential ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasonography was used as a diagnostic technique when the echopattern was clear enough to pose a diagnosis of ectopic or non‐ectopic pregnancy, including intra‐uterine pregnancy, abortion or other pelvic abnormalities. Diagnosis was possible in 77 per cent of the examined patients, with 95 per cent correct diagnosis, 2 per cent false positives and 3 per cent false negatives. For ultrasonography simply as a screening technique whatever the echopattern might be, i.e. in all cases, 78 per cent were selected correctly, with 20 per cent false positives and 2 per cent false negatives.

The high quality of the ultrasonic data, combined with the relative absence of the disadvantages of roentgen‐rays and invasive techniques, makes ultrasonography the first examination of choise in cases of clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy.
VAGINAL YEASTS IN PARTURIENTS AND INFESTATION OF THE NEWBORNS
Authors: Hopsu‐Havu V. K. , Gróounroos M. , Punnonen R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Vaginal yeasts from 992 full‐term pregnancy parturients in the delivery room were cultured and identified. Yeasts were similarly cultured from the mouth of the newborns seven days after birth to find out whether a viable yeast infection had taken place. Anamnestic data concerning genital infection earlier or during the present pregnancy were collected from the parturients. The yeast findings are compared with results from similar cultures from gynecologic out‐patients. Vaginal yeast infection had been diagnosed before the present pregnancy in 16.5 per cent and in some phase of the present pregnancy before the delivery in 8.5 per cent of the parturients. A positive yeast culture with no clinical symptoms during the pregnancy was found in 9.9 per cent. Clinical symptoms were present in 61 per cent of the yeast culture positive parturients. Altogether 3 155 specimens were studied and 670 yeasts were identified. Positive yeast cultures from parturients were obtained in 23.7 per cent and from gynecologic patients in 30.9 per cent. Candida albicans was the most common yeast. It was followed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the parturients and Torulopsis glabrata in the gynecologic patients. Pityrosporum ovale/orbiculare was also common in the latter material. S. cerevisiae as well as Pityrosporum species are usually not identified in the medical yeast laboratories, for methodological reasons. Positive yeast culture from the mouth of the newborns were obtained only in 20 cases. A symptomatic oral candidosis was not present in any of the cases.
ETIOLOGY OF PREMALIGNANT CERVICAL LESIONS IN TEENAGERS
Authors: Gróounroos M. , Liukko P. , Punnonen R. , Rauramo L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The etiology of premalignant cervical lesions was investigated anamnestically in teenagers. The material comprised of 54 patients (mean age 18.0 years, range 12‐19 years) treated in 1973‐77. Early coital practise and frequent change of sexual partners were usual. Previous abortions and frequent genital infections were also typical. The rising frequency of dysplasias in young age groups calls for increased general knowledge and information even among teenagers and, if possible, mass screening.
Screening of endometrial carcinoma by lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme analysis of uterine fluid
Authors: Niklasson O. , Skude G. , Johansson R. , Stormby N.
Published: December 2009

Determination of total activity for lactate dehydrogenase (LD) as well as electrophoretic separation and quantitative determination of the individual LD‐isoenzymes was performed in 431 samples of uterine fluid obtained by the Gravlee Jet Wash technique or a described simple device for endouterine aspiration. The isoenzyme pattern for each menstrual phase was characteristic. The study population included 18 patients with endouterine neoplasia. All these malignancies were characterized by increased total LD‐activity and/or abnormal distribution of the individual LD‐isoenzymes compared to proliferative phase and would consequently have been discriminated at postmenstrual or postmenopausal examination. The LD‐enzyme technique proved to be more accurate than cytology with approximately the same number of false positives.
Single application of prostaglandin e2 in a viscous gel for induction of labor at term in patients with favorable cervix
Authors: Wingerup L. , Ulmsten U.
Published: December 2009

A single dose of 0.5 mg prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel was administered intracervically to induce labor in 150 patients with a favorable cervix. All but 5 patients (97 per cent) were delivered within 12 hours. No adverse maternal or fetal effects were registered. The method, which enables induction without primary amniotomy, was easy to perform and well accepted by the patients.
Perinatal mortality and differing socioeconomic status
Authors: Lindgren Lennart
Published: December 2009

During the last decade the area served by the Public Maternity Hospital was significantly altered on some occations. The perinatal mortality increased after the alteration of the district and the socioeconomic structure of the population was changed. The socioeconomic structure of the population has been defined and expressed as a socio‐economic factor. The obstetric care was mainly carried out without alteration. The object of the investigation was to determine if the exchange itself or the change in the socio‐economic situation of the population of the district was a cause of the increased perinatal mortality.
Ultrasonic scanning and fetography at polyhydramnios
Authors: Skovbo Peter , Smith‐Jensen Steen
Published: December 2009

The usefulness of ultrasonic examination in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalitites is shown in three cases of fetal abnormalitites recognized by ultrasonic scanning (USS). Scanning was supplemented with hormone analysis, chromosome studies and alfafetoprotein tests (AFP) carried out on the amniotic fluid, as well as fetography.

The first case was of right hydronephrosis magno gradu, dilated left kidney pelvis and ascites, stillborn at 32 weeks gestation. The second case was “hygroma colli” (lymphangioma). The pregnancy was terminated at 23–24 weeks gestation. the third case was of an anencephalic fetus 32 weeks gestation when labor was induced.
Hydrocolpometra
Authors: Hammen Søren
Published: December 2009

A case is reported of a slowly developing hydrocolpometra ultimately resulting in urinary incontinence and difficulty in defecation.
CALCIUM TREATMENT OF LEG CRAMPS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Hammar Mats , Larsson Lasse , Tegler Lennart
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Up to 30 per cent of pregnant women suffer from leg cramps. The cause of these cramps is not known, but changes in calcium concentration have been suggested. Therefore 42 pregnant women with leg cramps were studied. No differences in total serum or ionized serum calcium concentrations were found as compared with a control group of pregnant women without leg cramps. Twenty‐one patients were treated with 1 g calcium orally twice daily for 2 weeks and in this group good clinical improvement was achieved (p < 0.001). The treatment increased the total serum calcium concentration from 2.25 mmol/1 to 2.30 mmol/1 but did not alter the ionized serum calcium concentration. Twenty‐one untreated patients had the same frequency of cramps and showed no change in serum calcium concentrations throughout the investigation.
INVERSIO UTERI PUERPERALIS
Authors: van Vugt P. J. H. , Baudoin P. , Blom V. M. , van Deursen C. Th. B. M.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Uterine inversion is a rare condition that occurs in various degrees. Predisposing and etiologic factors are discussed, as are therapy and prophylaxis.

These points are illustrated by 4 own cases and by 172 cases collected from literature.
PRETERM BREECH DELIVERY
Authors: Nisell Henry , Bistoletti Peter , Palme Charlotte
Published: December 2009

Abstract. One hundred and ten singleton breech infants with a birth‐weight less than 2500 g have been delivered at Huddinge University Hospital during the years 1972‐78. The cesarean section rate was 30.1 per cent. Vaginal and abdominal deliveries were compared with regard to perinatal mortality and asphyxial morbidity at birth. All infants born with reduced Apgar scores or traumatic birth injuries have been followed up. During a 6‐year period 3 children born with low Apgar scores were found to have persistent sequelae. Two of these were considered to relate to the delivery. We conclude that cesarean section is of benefit for infants weighing 1000–1500 g. However, it is doubtful if abdominal delivery is of benefit for the fetus weighing 1500‐2500 g. A high congenital anomaly rate (13.6 per cent) was found.
THE MANAGEMENT OF PREMATURE LABOR WITH SALBUTAMOL
Authors: Gummerus Martti
Published: December 2009

Abstract. One hundred and eight patients with imminent premature labor in the 24–36th week of pregnancy and with intact membranes were allocated randomly to two groups. Fifty‐four patients were treated with intravenous infusion of 12–50 μg/min of salbutamol (VentolineR) and 4 mg was subsequently given orally at 4‐hour intervals. The weight of the newborn was over 2500 g in 72% of cases. The duration of pregnancy was prolonged by over seven days in 67%, and 37 weeks of pregnancy and more was achieved in 61%. The comparable figures for the control group treated with fenoterol, 3–4 μg/min and subsequently 5 mg orally at 4‐hour intervals, were 78, 80 and 70% respectively.
ENDOMETRIAL STROMA SARCOMA
Authors: Henriksen Helen Marie , Hornbøll Per
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Two cases of endometrial stromal sarcomal are reported with a description of the clinical features. The histological characteristics are reviewed, especially the differences between endometrial stromal sarcomas and stromatosis endometrii. The treatment and prognosis are mentioned.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST MEDIA FOR HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
Authors: Ekelund L. , Karp W.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Two water‐soluble contrast media for hystero‐salpingography—one with high viscosity (Perjodal H viscous) and one with low viscosity (Isopaque Amine) were compared with special reference to the development of pain in 61 patients. Patients examined with Isopaque Amine experienced significantly less pain and this contrast medium therefore is suggested as a suitable agent for hysterosalp‐ingography in the investigation of sterility.
THE DOUBTFUL VALUE OF TRANSITORY CONTRACEPTION AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC ELECTROCOAGULATION OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
Authors: Kjer J. J. , Lenstrup C.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Twelve pregnancies were recorded after 472 laparoscopic electrocoagulations of the fallopian tubes. Eleven of these cases were seen more than 12 weeks after the sterilization and 1 was seen 11 weeks after.

The benefit of other types of contraception 12 weeks after sterilization is discussed.
EFFECTS OF NATURAL ESTROGEN/GESTAGEN AND THIAZIDE ON CORONARY RISK FACTORS IN NORMAL POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Christiansen C. , Christensen M. S. , Hagen C. , Stocklund K. E. , Transbøl I.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A 2‐year double‐blind trial designed for studying the separate and combined effects of bendroflumethiazide (BFTZ) and cyclical administration of 17β‐estradiol + estriol/norethisterone (E/N) on coronary risk factors and bone mineral loss (reported elsewhere) was undertaken. Serum lipids, fasting blood glucose, body weight and blood pressure were measured every 3 months in 97 normal women in their early menopause. All participants received a supplement of 500 mg calcium and were randomized to one of the following treatment groups: 1) placebo (P) + P (n = 33); 2) P + E/N (n = 21); 3) BFTZ + E/N (n = 22); and 4) BFTZ + P (n = 21).

As compared with placebo BFTZ raised serum cholesterol by 6.0% (p <0.01), decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p <0.01) and reduced body weight (p <0.001). E/N decreased serum cholesterol by 9.8% (p <0.001) and diastolic blood pressure to the same extent as BFTZ (p <0.01), but left systolic blood pressure unchanged. Neither BFTZ nor E/N affected serum triglycerides or blood glucose significantly.

During their combined use E/N easily overcame the hypercholesterolemic action of BFTZ, as serum cholesterol remained 6.5% and 12.5% below the mean values of the placebo and BFTZ group, respectively (p <0.001). The tendency of both BFTZ and E/N to raise serum triglycerides was added to cause a significant increase of 6.5% (p <0.01). No other additive effects were observed.

In conclusion, the thiazide increased one (serum cholesterol) and decreased another (blood pressure) of the important coronary risk factors, whereas cyclical estrogen/‐gestagen reduced both risk factors, also when given in combination with thiazide.
LEIOMYOMATOSIS PERITONEALIS DISSEMINATA
Authors: Ström H. , Jacobson L. , Hedberg K.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare disease characterized by the development of multiple subperitoneal leiomyomas, which are widespread in the peritoneal cavity. Of the previously reported LPD cases, nine patients were pregnant, two were on oral contraceptives and one had a granulosa‐cell tumor. The thirteenth documented case is presented here (this patient had been on oral contraceptives for 13 years). Thus, hormonal factors might be involved in the pathogenesis of LPD. Controversy prevails as regards the cellular origin of LPD. The disorder has a grossly malignant appearance, but has a benign histology and a favorable prognosis; so a correct diagnosis is imperative. In almost all the previously reported LPD patients, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy have been performed, but salpingo‐oophorectomy is probably unnessesary, at least in premenopausal patients.
UTERINE TONICITY IN PROLIFERATIVE AND SECRETORY PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Lalos Othon , Joelsson Ingemar
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Hysterometry, a method for the quantitative evaluation of drug effect on the myometrium, has now been applied in a study of the changes in uterine tonicity during the menstrual cycle. Six nulli‐gravidae women with regular menstrual periods and normal gynecological examination findings, were studied. Hysterometry was performed in the midproliferative, ovulatory, and midsecretory periods of the cycle and on the first day of menstruation. Uterine tonicity was found to be higher during the proliferative compared with the secretory phase. The change in uterine tonicity was correlated with a change in the quotient of concentration of estradiol and progesterone in serum (E2/P).
THE PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS OF PELVIC CONGESTION BY MEANS OF 133XENON INJECTED INTO THE CERVICAL MYOMETRIUM
Authors: Pellegri Pier Paolo , Montanari Giorgio Dino , Di Renzo G. C.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The pelvic congestion syndrome is an ill‐defined entity and despite clinical signs and symptoms diagnosis is almost always presumptive. We studied the clearance of 133Xenon injected into the cervical myometrium, the aim being to evaluate the usefulness of the method as a diagnostic tool in this condition. At the interoperative controls signs of pelvic congestion were present in 40 patients and absent in 36. The mean cervico‐myometrial blood flow was 14.28±6.46 ml/100 g/min in the first group and 25.13±7.07 ml/100 g/min in the second (p>0.01). We obtained false negative responses in 6 cases, false positive ones in 2 and doubtful ones in 16 cases.
AMOUNT OF TISSUE EVACUATED BY VACUUM ASPIRATION IN THERAPEUTIC ABORTIONS
Authors: Rasmussen Per
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Following therapeutic abortion in 280 patients prior to the 12th week of gestation, the amount of tissue aspirated was investigated. Measurement of the amount of tissue removed by vacuum suction after dilatation of the cervical canal showed a definite relationship between tissue quantity and gestational age. However, there was a wide range of tissue quantity in the various gestational age groups.

The amount of blood lost during the procedure also depended upon gestational age. In 71% of the patients less than 100 ml was lost. There was no difference in the amount of blood lost between primigravidae and multigravidae when regard is paid to gestational age.

No case of ectopic pregnancy was found.

Re‐evacuation was performed in 9 cases. The amount of tissue then recovered was small, in 7 cases 10 ml or less. Placental tissue was removed at re‐evacuation in only one of these patients, decidua in all the others.

It is concluded that measurement of the amount of tissue removed does not permit assessment of whether the uterine cavity has been adequately evacuated.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREGNANCY AND CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS UPON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS BY HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Kvarstein B. , Gjønnæss H.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Oxygen consumption during phagocytosis by leukocytes was examined in pregnant women and women taking the contraceptive pill. In pregnancy, oxygen consumption during phagocytosis was increased, while oral contraception produced a decrease.
Carcinoma of the Vulva in Jamaican Women
Authors: Sengupta Bijoy Sree
Published: December 2009

Clinical and pathological analysis of vulvar carcinoma in 119 Jamaican women, treated at the University Hospital of the West Indies, over the past 18 years stresses that the tumor was more frequently seen in women under the age of 50—contrary to the experience of authors from the Western metropolitan countries. The natural history of the tumor showed that in 51% of cases, vulvar carcinoma co‐existed or followed previous chronic vulvar granulomatous disease and showed a rapid tumor progression in these post‐granulomatous cases. Features of other epidemiological and clinical importance are discussed. Special reference has been made concerning the problem of applying FIGO staging of vulvar carcinoma.
Influence of 2 Mg Estradiol‐17β on Circulating FSH, LH, Total and Unconjugated Estradiol Levels in Post—Menopausal Women
Authors: Andreasson B. , Bostofte E.
Published: December 2009

The 24‐hour Variation in Total and Unconjugated Serum Estradiol‐17β as Well as the daily variation in one‐hour serum concentration values of FSH and LH have been examined in 9 post‐menopausal women given 2 mg tablets of estradiol‐17β daily for 14 days. The tablets were manufactured according to a new dispersion method aiming at producing essentially smaller crystals, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of the estradiol‐17β. In comparison with other preparations, this one provides a more rapid absorption, reaching peak effect after only 1 or 2 hours and presenting a higher peak than has been found with any of the others. The elimination from serum combines a rapid initial phase followed by a very slow one. Thus serum levels of estradiol‐17β 24 hours after administration are significantly higher than the levels measured before administration of the first tablet. A rather small but significant reduction in serum LH and FSH was observed on the third and subsequent treatment days.
Uterine Myoma in a 15‐Year‐Old Girl
Authors: Augensen Kåre
Published: December 2009

A presentation is given of what is believed to be the second documented case of myoma in a girl under the age of sixteen. The myoma caused total urinary retention, and was successfully removed by myomectomy.
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON PLASMA PROLACTIN DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Brandes Joseph M. , Itskovitz Joseph , Fisher Menachem , Shen‐Orr Zila , Barzilai David
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effect of metoclopramide on plasma prolactin levels was studied in 10 women in the second half of pregnancy.

The IV injection of 10 mg metoclopramide produces a significant rise in prolactin in 15 minutes, a peak of up to 6.5‐fold over basal levels at 30 minutes and a sustained significant elevation for at least 4 hours.

The results of this study indicate that maternal plasma protein levels although elevated, are still under inhibitory control and that the prolactin releasing capacity of the pituitary is maintained during pregnancy. The elevated hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide may be of help in investigating the role of prolactin in human pregnancy.
IN VIVO LOCALIZATION AND TURNOVER OF RADIO‐IODINATED HCG IN WOMEN WITH MYOMAS AND IN NUDE MICE WITH OVARIAN TUMOR HETEROGRAFTS
Authors: Carlsson Sten , Kullander Stig
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Specific localization in vivo of marked, 131I‐labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was shown by scintillation counting of different tissues to occur in rat ovarian tumor, but not in human Krukenberg tumor hetero‐grafts growing subcutaneously in female nude mice. The ovaries of the mice showed an increased uptake. This model system may be useful for studying gonadotrophin receptors and gonadotrophin dependency of human ovarian tumors. A similar study in menstruating women about to be operated upon because of myoma showed a remarkably high uptake in the corpus luteum, but binding also in ovarian follicles. The increased uptake of the radioactivity observed in the ovaries enabled preliminary scanning. This unique specificity of uptake may offer new possibilities in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. The general turnover of the 131I‐HCG in these women is described and applied to a mathematical model. High relative concentrations of 131I were also seen in urine and saliva.
FREE CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Fogh‐Andersen Niels , Schultz‐Larsen Peter
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 302 samples from 22 normal pregnancies were frozen and kept for the analysis of free calcium ion concentration [Ca2+ 7.4 at 37°c and pH 7.40, after equilibration with CO2. Individual regressions were performed, and the concentration was found to increase slightly but significantly (5%, p<0.005) with the progress of the pregnancy. This increase excludes hypocalcemia as the cause of parathyroid overactivity during pregnancy, and a higher set point of the parathyrin (PTH) secretion is suggested.
EXTRA‐AMNIOTIC INSTILLATION OF RIVANOL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MISSED ABORTION AND FETAL DEATH
Authors: Ölund Anders
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Twelve patients with missed abortion or fetal death were induced by the extra‐amniotic instillation of Rivanol (6.9‐diamino‐2‐oxyethylacridin lactate). Delivery was achieved in all patients with a mean induction‐delivery time of 15.3 hours (range 7.1‐21.7). There were no complications or side‐effects. It is concluded that extra‐amniotic instillation of Rivanol is a safe and efficient method for induction of labor in missed abortion and fetal death.
ADRENAL STEROIDS, BONE MINERAL CONTENT AND ENDOMETRIAL PATHOLOGY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Brody S. , Carlström K. , Lagrelius A. , Lunell N. O. , Rosenberg L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In 19 postmenopausal women, basal serum levels of cortisol, unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS), testosterone and unconjugated and total estrone were measured both before and during an ACTH test. A positive correlation was found both between basal levels of DHAS and the DHA response to ACTH, respectively, and trabecular bone mineral content of the distal forearm. A significant correlation was also observed between bone mineral content and precancerous/cancerous states of the uterine epithelium.
Gregory Pincus and Steroidal Contraception Revisited
Authors: Diczfalusy Egon
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The major milestones in physiology, chemistry and pharmacology which eventually resulted in the birth control pill are reviewed and the subsequent developments in steroidal contraception are discussed in the light of certain cultural, social and political changes, which have taken place over the past twenty years. The needs of some developing countries for a variety of improved, safe and inexpensive fertility regulating agents are considered against the background of the dramatically increased costs for the development of new fertility regulating drugs. It is suggested that an increased collaboration between the Pharmaceutical Industry and an International Public Sector Agency, such as the World Health Organization, might provide a suitable framework for the future development of new fertility regulating agents.
Effects of the Estrogenicity of Levonorgestrel/Ethinylestradiol Combinations on the Lipoprotein Status
Authors: Larsson‐Cohn Ulf , Fåhraeus Lars , Wallentin Lars , Zador Göran
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐eight women seeking contraceptive advice were randomly allocated to 6 months of treatment with one of the following four combinations of ethinylestradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (NG): 20/250, 30/250, 30/150, and the so‐called triphasic drug. The EE/NG ratios were 0.08, 0.12, 0.20 and 0.36 respectively. Blood lipids, HDL‐cholesterol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were determined twice before treatment and after 1, 3 and 6 months of medication.

Plasma triglyceride levels were moderately elevated in all groups, with the highest increase in the women taking the triphasic drug. The HDL‐cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol to cholesterol ratios were both markedly reduced, by 20/250 and 301250, while 30/150 and the triphasic drug caused only minor reductions. The mean change in HDL‐cholesterol showed a good correlation with the mean changes of SHBG (r = 0.916) and with the EE/NG ratios (r = 0.979).

It is concluded that both SHBG and the EE/NG ratio may be used as an index of the estrogenicity of a combined oral contraceptive drug. As reduced HDL‐cholesterol levels and HDL‐cholesterol to cholesterol ratios have been shown to be directly correlated to the risk of developing ischemic cardiovascular disease it would seem important that the estrogenicity of such a drug should be sufficiently high.
Does Progestogen Reduction in Oral Contraception Parallel Reduced Lipid Metabolic Effects?
Authors: Crona Nils , Silfverstolpe Gunnar , Samsioe Göran
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Twelve young fertile women participated in a cross‐over design study whose purpose was to evaluate the effect on lipid metabolism induced by two sequential contraceptive preparations. Sequilarum (50 μg of ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel where the levonorgestrel dose is varied from 50 μg during the first 11 days up to 125 μg during the last 10 days of the cycle) was compared with Ova‐none (50 μg of ethinylestradiol for 22 days with the addition of 2.5 mg lynestrenol during the last 15 days of the cycle).

Serum triglycerides, phospholipids, free and total cholesterol were determined, as also was the level of these lipid components in ultracentrifugally isolated lipoprotein lipids. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and serum cholesterol ester was assessed by gas‐liquid chromatography.

As expected, both of these preparations are predominantly estrogenic in their effects on lipoprotein metabolism, since both raise serum and VLDL triglyceride levels. The absence of any substantial influence on HDL cholesterol should probably be interpreted as a modifying effect of the progestogen component of both preparations.

As to the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin the shift induced in palmitic and stearic acids was the same as found in earlier studies when 17C‐alkylated exogenous sex steroids were administered, i.e. an increase in the palmitic acid concomitant with a decrease in the stearic.
Ultrastructure of Cervical Mucus and Sperm Penetration During Use of a Triphasic Oral Contraceptive
Authors: Ulstein M. , Myklebust R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Scanning electron microscopy and a capillary tube sperm penetration test were used to study the cervical mucus of women using a triphasic oral contraceptive supplying a varying dosage of estrogen and gestagen during the cycle. The findings were compared with those of healthy women having regular cycles and not using contraception. Generally speaking, the ultrastructure of the cervical mucus was dense during medication, like that found in normal luteal phase. No conspicuous changes occurred with different dosages of estrogen and gestagen. For the control cycles a loose structure of the cervical mucus was found on the days prior to the temperature rise, after which a dense structure was predominant. The sperm penetration of the cervical mucus was low during medication, being less than 6 mm/h. For the controls, a high sperm penetration rate was found on the days prior to the temperature rise, while it was low in the luteal phase. The progestogenic type of cervical mucus produced by the medication at all dosages, probably contributes to the contraceptive effect.
The Ageing Ovary
Authors: Janson Per Olof , Dennefors Bo , Hamberger Lars
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Studies on the endocrine function of the ageing ovary are briefly reviewed. In the perimenopausal years, follicular function can become defective, leading to variable and often shortened cycle length and frequent anovulation. In the postmenopausal period the ovarian stromal cells continue to secrete variable amounts of steroid, mainly androgens. The endocrine activity of the postmenopausal ovary is generally too low to cause clinical symptoms. Occasional cases of hirsutism and even virilization have been reported in postmenopausal women with non‐neoplastic lesions of the ovary.
Effects of Estrogen Deficiency in Women Castrated When Young
Authors: Svanberg Lars
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In earlier studies on the effects of castration, most of the women had been operated on late in the reproductive period of life. In the present material all the 142 women had been oophorectomized between the ages of 15 and 30 years because of advanced salpingitis. Not only the tubes but also the ovaries had been radically removed. The series was analyzed in respect of causes of death, survival, morbidity, osteoporosis and hormonal state. Complete oophorectomy was found to be followed by (i) a significant increase in the frequency of coronary heart diseases; (ii) an increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, most significantly in those aged below 60–65 years; (iii) an increased incidence of fractures; (iv) an increased frequency of nervous disorders of psychological rather than endocrinological origin.
Endometrial Effect of Vaginal Estriol Treatment
Authors: Englund D. E. , Axelsson O. , Nilsson B. O.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Estriol, 0.5 mg, was administered intravaginally as ovula once a day for 16 days to 5 menopausal women. Endometrial biopsies were taken before and after the last day of treatment. Before the treatment scanning electron microscopy showed a typical menopausal uterine surface with sparsely occurring ciliated cells among the non‐ciliated ones. The non‐ciliated cells possessed a small number of short microvilli. After estriol treatment the ciliated cells occurred more frequently. The cells possessed more numerous and longer microvilli and several non‐ciliated cells showed apical protrusions. These changes are considered to be signs of an estrogenic influence. It is concluded that the estriol release from the vaginal ovula is sufficient to induce an estrogenic response in the surface of the uterine epithelium.
Role of Hormones in the Etiology and Prevention of Endometrial and Breast Cancer
Authors: Don Gambrell R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Although there is a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer from estrogen therapy for menopausal women, progestogens given along with the estrogen significantly decrease the incidence of this malignancy to a rate lower than that of untreated women. Postmenopausal women predisposed to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium because of increased endogenous estrogens can be identified with the progestogen challenge test and treated with cyclic progestogens for 10 days each month to prevent endometrial cancer. Oral contraceptives containing both estrogens and progestogens in each tablet are protective against developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, whereas the sequential birth control pills provided less protection. The incidence of breast cancer is significantly lower in both estrogen and estrogen‐progestogen users than in postmenopausal women never using these hormones. In those women found to have breast cancer while using these hormones, the prognosis is better than that found in women never exposed to exogenous estrogens, most likely due to an earlier detection. No clear‐cut pattern of either abnormal hormone production or milieu has been found in women with carcinoma of the breast. Oral contraceptives reduce the risk of benign breast disease and afford some protection from the subsequent development of breast cancer. The mortality rate from breast cancer developing in oral contraceptive users is significantly lower than that of the non‐users.
Lipid Metabolic Effects Induced by Two Estradiol/Norgestrel Combinations in Women Around Forty
Authors: Hagstad A. , Samsioe G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Prolonged use of combined oral contraceptives has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, especially after the age of 40. One of the risk factors of such diseases is changes in serum lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. To evaluate the lipid metabolic effects of two estradiol‐norgestrel combinations, 12 women aged 36–46 (mean 43) seeking contraceptive advice were allocated to 3 months' treatment with CyclabilR (preparation 1) immediately followed by CyclabilR + 2 mg ProgynonR (preparation II). Prior to this treatment the women had been monitored for 3 months with measurement of basal body temperature curves and serum progesterone in the luteal phase, which indicated that they had normal ovulatory cycles. Rather small changes were noted in serum lipids and lipoproteins, in contrast to the usual findings in the case of oral contraceptive use. A decrease of free and total cholesterol was seen, but no effects of triglycerides and phospholipids were encountered. With preparation II, the steroidal load on the liver might also influence lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, as indicated by the decrease in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, concomitant with an increase in very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. On subdividing the group into two groups (i) with high HDL cholesterol levels Prior to treatment (group A) and (ii) those with lower concentrations (group B), interesting differences were found regarding the response of the two hormonal preparations. In group A, preparation I reduced HDL cholesterol, whereas preparation II did not alter the response. A concomitant increase in VLDL triglycerides was also seen. In group B, HDL cholesterol increased somewhat with preparation I and changed to a decrease on preparation II; concomitantly VLDL triglycerides were reduced with preparation I and increased on preparation II. These results indicate that women with high levels of HDL cholesterol prior to treatment are more susceptible to contraceptive preparations than those with lower values.
Factors of Importance for Regulation of Uterine Contractile Activity
Authors: Bengtsson Bengt
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The myometrium of mammals consists of smooth muscle, having differing origin, structure and function. Isolated strips from human uterus show different patterns of contraction and different reactions to drugs if the strips are taken from different regions of the uterus. In the rat the myometrium is clearly separated in two layers—one outer longitudinal and one inner circular muscle. These two muscles show differing patterns of contraction. In the longitudinal layer there is a gradual increase in frequency and coordination of contraction towards the end af the gestation. The circular muscle contracts with high frequency and low amplitude until 3–4 days before delivery, when the contractions become more regular, less frequent and greater in amplitude. On day 21, immediately before parturition, spontaneous activity diminishes appreciably, but when delivery begins, strong, regular contractions are again evident. The electrical activity too differs in longitudinal vis‐à‐vis circular muscle; in the latter there are, as pregnancy proceeds, characteristic changes in the action potentials. The changes in spontaneous contractions are not explained by changes in the overall ability of the muscle to contract, or of the calcium sensitivity of the muscles, but may be due to variations in the resting membrance potential. D‐600, an agent known to reduce calcium influx, was found to reduce the contraction of circular muscle more than that of longitudinal muscle, whereas isoprenaline had a stronger inhibitory effect on the longitudinal than on the circular muscle.
Continuous Maternal Glucose Measurements and Fetal Glucose and Insulin Levels after Administration of Terbutaline in Term Labor
Authors: Westgren Magnus , Carlsson Christer , Lindholm Tore , Thysell Hans , Ingemarsson Ingemar
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Maternal blood glucose and fetal blood glucose and insulin levels were studied in 16 women at full‐term labor after administration of terbutalin 250 μg i.v. The maternal blood glucose level was registered by a continuous blood glucose monitoring unit. In all patients studied, the terbutaline injection was followed by a rise in maternal blood glucose within 15 min, lasting for at least one hour. The fetal glucose levels paralleled those of the mothers, but on a lower level. None of the infants demonstrated hypoglycemia during the first 90 min after birth. We conclude that terbutaline administrated in this way has a direct effect on the maternal blood glucose release, and report that no harmful effects on fetal carbohydrate metabolism could be demonstrated.