bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation Through Crosstalk Between SMAD7 and CYLD
Authors: Ge Wei-Li , Xu Jun-Feng , Hu Jun
Published: March 2016

Background/Aims: SMAD7 is a key inhibitor of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling, which regulates the alteration of cancer cell invasiveness through epithelial-mesenchymal cell conversion. Dysfunction of protein ubiquitination plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, whereas the involvement a deubiquitinating enzyme, cylindromatosis gene (CYLD), in the tumor invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unknown. Methods: Here, we studied the role of CYLD in regulation of OSCC cell invasion, using clinic specimens and cell lines. We modified SMAD7 levels in OSCC cells, and examined its effects on CYLD mRNA and protein levels by RT-qPCR and by Western blot, respectively. We also modified CYLD levels in OSCC cells, and examined its effects on SMAD7 mRNA and protein levels by RT-qPCR and by Western blot, respectively. Then, we examined the cell invasiveness in CYLD and/or SMAD7-modified OSCC cells in a transwell cell invasion assay. Results: We found that the levels of CYLD and SMAD7 were significantly decreased in OSCC specimens, compared to the paired normal tissue. Metastatic OSCC appeared to contained lower levels of CYLD and SMAD7. Moreover, CYLD and SMAD7 levels strongly correlated in OSCC specimens. Low CYLD levels were associated with poor patients' survival. Moreover, SMAD did not regulate CYLD, but CYLD regulated the levels of SMAD7 in OSCC cells. Furthermore, CYLD overexpression inhibited SMAD7-mediated cell invasion, while CYLD depletion increased SMAD7-mediated cell invasion in OSCC cells. Conclusion: Suppression of CYLD in OSCC cells may promote SMAD7-mediated cancer invasion. Thus, CYLD appears to be an intriguing therapeutic target to prevent OSCC metastases.
Association between Serum Uric Acid and Mortality among Chinese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Li Qing , Zhang Yuan , Ding Ding , Yang Yunou , Chen Qian , Liu Chaoqun , Li Xinrui , Hong Changjiang , Ling Wenhua
Published: March 2016

Objectives: Several studies have investigated the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and the risks of coronary artery disease (CAD) but have yielded inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an independent association of SUA with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in Chinese patients with CAD. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 1,799 patients was conducted. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association of SUA with the risk of death. Results: During a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 177 deaths were recorded and 126 of these were due to CVD. Patients in the highest SUA quartile had a 2.43-fold risk of all-cause mortality and a 2.44-fold risk of CVD mortality compared with those in the lowest quartile. In the subpopulation analysis, the association between SUA and mortality remained similar when participants were stratified by age, gender, body mass index and type of CAD. In contrast, we found a significant interaction with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There was a stronger association between SUA and the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among patients with an eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, but no significant association was found in the population with an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Conclusions: Elevated SUA levels were positively associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among CAD patients.
Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Meijer Laurent , Nelson Deborah J. , Riazanski Vladimir , Gabdoulkhakova Aida G. , Hery-Arnaud Geneviève , Le Berre Rozenn , Loaëc Nadège , Oumata Nassima , Galons Hervé , Nowak Emmanuel , Gueganton Laetitia , Dorothée Guillaume , Prochazkova Michaela , Hall Bradford , Kulkarni Ashok B. , Gray Robert D. , Rossi Adriano G. , Witko-Sarsat Véronique , Norez Caroline , Becq Frédéric , Ravel Denis , Mottier Dominique , Rault Gilles
Published: March 2016

(R)-Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of kinases, is currently in phase II clinical trial as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, Cushing's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We here review the data that support the investigation of (R)-roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). (R)-Roscovitine displays four independent properties that may favorably combine against CF: (1) it partially protects F508del-CFTR from proteolytic degradation and favors its trafficking to the plasma membrane; (2) by increasing membrane targeting of the TRPC6 ion channel, it rescues acidification in phagolysosomes of CF alveolar macrophages (which show abnormally high pH) and consequently restores their bactericidal activity; (3) its effects on neutrophils (induction of apoptosis), eosinophils (inhibition of degranulation/induction of apoptosis) and lymphocytes (modification of the Th17/Treg balance in favor of the differentiation of anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and reduced production of various interleukins, notably IL-17A) contribute to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of innate immunity, and (4) roscovitine displays analgesic properties in animal pain models. The fact that (R)-roscovitine has undergone extensive preclinical safety/pharmacology studies, and phase I and II clinical trials in cancer patients, encourages its repurposing as a CF drug candidate.
Earlier Initiation of Therapeutic Hypothermia by Non-Tertiary Neonatal Units in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Roberts Calum T. , Stewart Michael J. , Jacobs Susan E.
Published: March 2016

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment for moderate or severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), with maximal neuroprotective benefit when initiated soon after birth. Early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with HIE born in geographically distant settings is challenging. Objective: To audit temperature control in infants with HIE treated with hypothermia during neonatal transport in Victoria, Australia. Methods: A retrospective database review from September 1, 2008 to August 31, 2012 compared temperatures of transported outborn infants with HIE treated with hypothermia initiated by the referring non-tertiary neonatal unit, with hypothermia initiated by the transport team. Results: 123 infants received therapeutic hypothermia during the study period. Hypothermia treatment commenced significantly earlier [median (interquartile range [IQR]) 1.1 h (0.6-1.7) vs. 3.3 h (2.1-4.5); p < 0.01] with the target temperature (33-34°C) achieved sooner [median (IQR) 3.4 h (2.4-4.6) vs. 4.5 h (3.6-5.5)] when initiated by the referring hospital (n = 71) than by the transport team (n = 52). There was no statistically significant difference in achieving the target temperature before admission to the tertiary neonatal intensive care unit when hypothermia was initiated by the referring unit, compared with by the transport team [51/71 (71.8%) vs. 28/52 (53.9%), odds ratio (95% CI) 2.19 (0.96, 4.96)]. Infants in whom hypothermia was initiated by the referring hospital were more likely to have a recorded temperature below 33°C [22/71 (31.0%) vs. 4/52 (7.7%), odds ratio (95% CI) 5.39 (1.64, 22.83)]. Conclusions: The target temperature is achieved sooner in infants with moderate or severe HIE when therapeutic hypothermia is initiated by referring non-tertiary neonatal units under guidance from the regional transport service. This practice may enhance neuroprotection for infants with HIE born in non-tertiary units, particularly in remote locations.
The Role of Fine Needle Aspiration of Orbital Lesions: A Case Series
Authors: Pagni Fabio , Jaconi Marta , Smith Andrew James , Brenna Ambrogio , Valente Maria Gabriella , Leoni Silvia , Leni Davide , Vacirca Francesco , Sozzi Davide
Published: March 2016

Objective: This paper analyzes a series of ultrasound (US)-guided orbital fine needle aspirations (FNAs) which provide diagnostic information that cytopathologists approaching orbital lesions for the first time can find useful and underlines the importance of teamwork. Study Design: The investigators retrospectively obtained data from 24 consecutive orbital FNAs. For all patients, a complete clinicoradiological database was created. FNAs were performed under US guidance with 25-gauge needles and an aspiration biopsy syringe gun, and sent to the Department of Pathology for examination and data management. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54 years. Imaging studies included US, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans; 9 lesions involved the right orbit and 15 the left orbit. The mean lesion size was 23.6 ± 7.2 mm. After microscopic examination, 7 smears were labeled as ‘nondiagnostic', while in 17 cases a definitive diagnosis was proposed, which always proved to be correct (70.8%, specificity = 100%). Conclusions: The investigators believe that FNA biopsy of orbital masses is a necessary step; its weaknesses lie in the particularly delicate site of sampling and the extreme heterogeneity of lesions. Nevertheless, when orbital FNA is performed within a well-coordinated multidisciplinary team, it is a powerful tool that can be used to define the most appropriate management of these patients.
The Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Locoregionally Advanced Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Nam Kwon , Kim Chul Yong , Baek Seung-Kuk , Jung Kwang-Yoon
Published: March 2016

Objectives: To investigate the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in locoregional control in patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma (pT4 or pN1b) based on a comparison of a group that received radiation therapy and a group that did not receive radiation therapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 165 patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent treatment between 2002 and 2011. Of these, 32 patients received adjuvant radiation therapy, and 133 patients did not receive radiation therapy. Results: The median follow-up period was 7.2 years (range, 3.4-13.6) for the overall study population. The 10-year locoregional recurrence-free survival rates for patients in the radiation therapy and no radiation therapy groups were 83.9 and 60.8%, respectively (p = 0.037). The overall survival rate and distant recurrence-free survival rate were not different between the two groups (p = 0.076 and p = 0.813, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that adjuvant radiation therapy was an independent prognostic factor for locoregional recurrence-free survival (p = 0.040). Conclusions: Adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with either pT4 or pN1b disease improved locoregional recurrence-free survival and might be of benefit for patients with these high-risk features by reducing the need for additional salvage treatment after locoregional recurrence.
Cytopathology of Vitreous Humor Samples in Routine Practice
Authors: Boulagnon Camille , Ducasse Alain , Patey Martine , Diebold Marie-Danièle , Arndt Carl
Published: March 2016

Objective: To describe findings in vitreous fluid samples in routine cytology practice. Study Design: The pathology archives from 1988 to 2008 at our institution were searched for vitreous samples. The slides were reviewed and clinical and follow-up information was obtained. Results: One hundred and eighty-two vitreous fluid samples from 166 patients were analyzed. Most of the samples had been collected for vitreous hemorrhage (75 cases). The second reason for vitreous sample cytological evaluation was an intraocular inflammatory process (55 cases). A specific cause of inflammation was found by combining clinical, microbiological and cytopathological findings in 19 cases, i.e. infection in 7, sarcoidosis in 3, retinal necrosis in 3, lens-induced endophthalmitis in 2, uveitis associated with systemic disease in 2, retrobulbar neuritis in 1 and sympathetic ophthalmia in 1. Among the 19 samples from 16 patients collected to rule out malignancy, 8 had a confirmed intraocular malignancy. Malignant cells were observed in 5 cases (3 lymphomas, 1 melanoma and 1 carcinoma). Undiagnosed malignancies included 2 lymphomas and 1 choroidal melanoma. Other samples were collected during surgery for retinal detachment and cataracts. Conclusions: In routine practice, cytology of the vitreous fluid is performed in many and varied situations that are most often nonneoplastic. In nonneoplastic cases, cytology is a useful adjunct to vitrectomy, in spite of its limitations.
Clinical-Radiological Parameters Improve the Prediction of the Thrombolysis Time Window by Both MRI Signal Intensities and DWI-FLAIR Mismatch
Authors: Madai Vince Istvan , Wood Carla N. , Galinovic Ivana , Grittner Ulrike , Piper Sophie K. , Revankar Gajanan S. , Martin Steve Z. , Zaro-Weber Olivier , Moeller-Hartmann Walter , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Federico C. , Heiss Wolf-Dieter , Ebinger Martin , Fiebach Jochen B. , Sobesky Jan
Published: March 2016

Background: With regard to acute stroke, patients with unknown time from stroke onset are not eligible for thrombolysis. Quantitative diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI relative signal intensity (rSI) biomarkers have been introduced to predict eligibility for thrombolysis, but have shown heterogeneous results in the past. In the present work, we investigated whether the inclusion of easily obtainable clinical-radiological parameters would improve the prediction of the thrombolysis time window by rSIs and compared their performance to the visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch. Methods: In a retrospective study, patients from 2 centers with proven stroke with onset <12 h were included. The DWI lesion was segmented and overlaid on ADC and FLAIR images. rSI mean and SD, were calculated as follows: (mean ROI value/mean value of the unaffected hemisphere). Additionally, the visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch was evaluated. Prediction of the thrombolysis time window was evaluated by the area-under-the-curve (AUC) derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Factors such as the association of age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, MRI field strength, lesion size, vessel occlusion and Wahlund-Score with rSI were investigated and the models were adjusted and stratified accordingly. Results: In 82 patients, the unadjusted rSI measures DWI-mean and -SD showed the highest AUCs (AUC 0.86-0.87). Adjustment for clinical-radiological covariates significantly improved the performance of FLAIR-mean (0.91) and DWI-SD (0.91). The best prediction results based on the AUC were found for the final stratified and adjusted models of DWI-SD (0.94) and FLAIR-mean (0.96) and a multivariable DWI-FLAIR model (0.95). The adjusted visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch did not perform in a significantly worse manner (0.89). ADC-rSIs showed fair performance in all models. Conclusions: Quantitative DWI and FLAIR MRI biomarkers as well as the visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch provide excellent prediction of eligibility for thrombolysis in acute stroke, when easily obtainable clinical-radiological parameters are included in the prediction models.
Pityriasis Rotunda: A Case Report of Familial Disease in an American-Born Black Patient
Authors: Lefkowitz Emily G. , Natow Allen J.
Published: March 2016

Pityriasis rotunda is an uncommon dermatosis with an unusual geographic and racial distribution. The skin disorder is characterized by sharply defined, perfectly circular, scaly patches with no inflammatory changes. Notably, it may be associated with underlying malignancy or chronic infection. We report an uncommon familial case in an American-born female.
Expression Profiles of Endometrial Carcinoma by Integrative Analysis of TCGA Data
Authors: Sun Huizhen , Yan Li , Tu Ruiqin , Zhang Yuqin , Ma Li , Tang Wenbin , Li Long , Chen Wei , Zhan Cheng , Zang Rongyu
Published: March 2016

Background: This study was to explore the expression profile of endometrial carcinoma (EC) and identify the potential molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in EC using mRNA and miRNA sequencing data released by the Cancer Genome Atlas database; then, gene function and pathway of DEGs were analyzed based on the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases; finally, the transcription factors (TFs) latently regulating the DEGs and DEMs were predicted and a TF-miRNA-Gene network was then established to summarize the regulatory links between TFs, DEMs and DEGs. Results: One thousand five hundred and forty two upregulated and 1,885 downregulated DEGs, 34 upregulated and 12 downregulated DEMs were identified. The principal DEGs-enriched functions were cell differentiation, cell migration, and cell surface receptor signaling pathway. The DEGs-enriched cell signaling pathways including the MAPK, Wnt signaling pathway, and the p53 signaling pathway. As shown in the TF-miRNA-Gene network, TFs such as CPBP and GKLF, miRNAs such as miR-141-3p and miR-130b-3p, regulated most of DEGs and DEMs. Conclusion: These results may contribute to the study of the molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets in EC, and facilitate the discovery of new biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and monitoring.
Relationship Between the Duration of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Favorable Neurological Outcomes After Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective, Nationwide, Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Goto Yoshikazu , Funada Akira , Goto Yumiko
Published: March 2016

Background

The determination of appropriate duration of in‐the‐field cardiopulmonary resuscitation (
CPR
) for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (
OHCA
) patients is one of the biggest challenges for emergency medical service providers and clinicians. The appropriate
CPR
duration before termination of resuscitation remains unclear and may differ based on initial rhythm. We aimed to determine the relationship between
CPR
duration and post‐
OHCA
outcomes.

Methods and Results

We analyzed the records of 17 238
OHCA
patients (age ≥18 years) who achieved prehospital return of spontaneous circulation. Data were prospectively recorded in a nationwide, Japanese database between 2011 and 2012. The time from
CPR
initiation to prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (
CPR
duration) was calculated. The primary end point was 1‐month survival with favorable neurological outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category [
CPC
] scale;
CPC
1–2). The 1‐month
CPC
1–2 rate was 21.8% (n=3771).
CPR
duration was inversely associated with 1‐month
CPC
1–2 (adjusted unit odds ratio: 0.95, 95%
CI
: 0.94–0.95). Among all patients, a cumulative proportion of >99% of 1‐month
CPC
1–2 was achieved with a
CPR
duration of 35 minutes. When sorted by the initial rhythm, the
CPR
duration producing more than 99% of survivors with
CPC
1–2 was 35 minutes for shockable rhythms and pulseless electrical activity, and 42 minutes for asystole.

Conclusions

CPR
duration was independently and inversely associated with favorable 1‐month neurological outcomes. The critical prehospital
CPR
duration for
OHCA
was 35 minutes in patients with initial shockable rhythms and pulseless electrical activity, and 42 minutes in those with initial asystole.
Mountain or Molehill? A Simulation Study on the Impact of Response Styles
Authors: Plieninger Hansjörg
Published: March 2016

Even though there is an increasing interest in response styles, the field lacks a systematic investigation of the bias that response styles potentially cause. Therefore, a simulation was carried out to study this phenomenon with a focus on applied settings (reliability, validity, scale scores). The influence of acquiescence and extreme response style was investigated, and independent variables were, for example, the number of reverse-keyed items. Data were generated from a multidimensional item response model. The results indicated that response styles may bias findings based on self-report data and that this bias may be substantial if the attribute of interest is correlated with response style. However, in the absence of such correlations, bias was generally very small, especially for extreme response style and if acquiescence was controlled for by reverse-keyed items. An empirical example was used to illustrate and validate the simulations. In summary, it is concluded that the threat of response styles may be smaller than feared.
Development and Evaluation of Ergonomic Interventions for Bucket Handling on Farms
Authors: Fathallah Fadi A. , Tang Steven C. H. , Waters Thomas
Published: March 2016

Objective:

The aim of this study was to introduce and evaluate two interventions, Ergo Bucket Carrier (EBC) and Easy Lift (EL), for youths (and adults) to handle water/feed buckets on farms.

Background:

The physical activities of both adult and youth farm workers contribute to the development of low-back disorders (LBDs). Many of the activities youths perform on farms are associated with increased LBD risk, particularly, the handling of water and feed buckets.

Method:

Seventeen adult and youth participants (10 males and seven females) participated in this study. To assess the risk of LBDs, the participants were instrumented with a three-dimensional spinal electrogonio-meter while lifting, carrying, and dumping water buckets using the traditional method and the two interventions.

Results:

For both the adult and youth groups, the results showed that the two interventions significantly decrease the magnitudes of LBD risk in many of the tasks evaluated. Overall, the use of the EBC resulted in a 41% reduction in the level of LBD risk for the carrying task and a reduction of 69% for the dumping task. Using the EL, on the other hand, is especially effective for lifting tasks (55% reduction in LBD risk). Results of the subjective response were consistent with the objective evaluations.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated the potential for ergonomic interventions in reducing LBD risk during the common farming task of bucket handling.

Application:

Potential application of this study includes the introduction of the EBC and EL in family farms to reduce the LBD risk among youth and adult farmers.
Toward an Integration of Narrative Identity, Generativity, and Storytelling in African American Elders
Authors: Fabius Chanee D.
Published: March 2016

This review aims to investigate the link between narrative identity, generativity, and storytelling in African American elders. Storytelling has been a method of intergenerational communication and connection for a number of years in the African American community. Storytelling has also strengthened generative ties and intergenerational relationships. Erikson’s eight stages of psychological development are used to examine narrative identity and generativity. Research exploring the life experiences of African American elders is also presented. This article examines the current research on narrative identity and generativity and the African American experience, and makes suggestions for future endeavors in the field. It is recommended that future research consider the three—narrative identity, generativity, and storytelling—to better understand the experience of older African Americans.
An investigation into reinforced and functionally graded lattice structures
Authors: Maskery Ian , Hussey Alexandra , Panesar Ajit , Aremu Adedeji , Tuck Christopher , Ashcroft Ian , Hague Richard
Published: March 2016

Lattice structures are regarded as excellent candidates for use in lightweight energy-absorbing applications, such as crash protection. In this paper we investigate the crushing behaviour, mechanical properties and energy absorption of lattices made by an additive manufacturing process. Two types of lattice were examined: body-centred-cubic (BCC) and a reinforced variant called BCC z. The lattices were subject to compressive loads in two orthogonal directions, allowing an assessment of their mechanical anisotropy to be made. We also examined functionally graded versions of these lattices, which featured a density gradient along one direction. The graded structures exhibited distinct crushing behaviour, with a sequential collapse of cellular layers preceding full densification. For the BCC z lattice, the graded structures were able to absorb around 114% more energy per unit volume than their non-graded counterparts before full densification, 1371 ± 9 kJ/m3 versus 640 ± 10 kJ/m3. This highlights the strong potential for functionally graded lattices to be used in energy-absorbing applications. Finally, we determined several of the Gibson–Ashby coefficients relating the mechanical properties of lattice structures to their density; these are crucial in establishing the constitutive models required for effective lattice design. These results improve the current understanding of additively manufactured lattices and will enable the design of sophisticated, functional, lightweight components in the future.
Methamphetamine Users Have Increased Dental Disease
Authors: Shetty V. , Harrell L. , Clague J. , Murphy D.A. , Dye B.A. , Belin T.R.
Published: March 2016

Methamphetamine (MA) users are assumed to have a high burden of tooth decay. Less clear is how the distribution and severity of dental caries in MA users differ from the general population. Using a covariate-balancing propensity score strategy, we investigated the differential effects of MA use on dental caries by comparing the patterns of decayed, missing, and filled teeth in a community sample of 571 MA users with a subset of 2,755 demographically similar control individuals selected from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort. Recruited over a 2-y period with a stratiﬁed sampling protocol, the MA users underwent comprehensive dental examinations by 3 trained and calibrated dentists using NHANES protocols. Propensity scores were estimated with logistic regression based on background characteristics, and a subset of closely matched subjects was stratified into quintiles for comparisons. MA users were twice as likely to have untreated caries (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.55 to 2.78) and 4 times more likely to have caries experience (OR = 4.06; 95% CI: 2.24 to 7.34) than the control group of NHANES participants. Additionally, MA users were twice as likely to have 2 more decayed, missing, or filled teeth (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.29 to 2.79) than the NHANES participants. The differential involvement of the teeth surfaces in MA users was quite distinctive, with carious surface involvement being highest for the maxillary central incisors, followed by maxillary posterior premolars and molars. Users injecting MA had significantly higher rates of tooth decay compared with noninjectors ( P = 0.04). Although MA users experienced decayed and missing dental surfaces more frequently than NHANES participants, NHANES participants had more restored surfaces, especially on molars. The high rates and distinctive patterns of dental caries observed could be used 1) to alert dentists to covert MA use in their patients and 2) as the basis for comprehensive management strategies.
“If the Barn Is Burning, Let the House Burn as Well”
Authors: Liat Yakhnich
Published: March 2016

This qualitative study focuses on the unique characteristics of drug abuse among former Soviet Union (FSU) immigrant drug addicts in Israel, as well as on special concerns faced by them during rehabilitation. It is based on in-depth interviews with Russian-speaking recovering addict counselors employed in addiction treatment centers. The findings point to the existence of a distinct “Russian” drug-abuse culture that is expressed through unique patterns of abuse, rapid deterioration, adherence to the “Russian” criminal moral code, and distinct norms of interpersonal relations. Furthermore, a complex relationship between this culture and the rehabilitation process was found, with cultural features having both negative as well as positive effects on patients’ chances of successful recovery. A discussion is presented regarding the implications for treatment based on the interviewees’ reflections as well as on existing literature.
New Evidence of Construct Validity Problems for Pettigrew and Meertens’ (1995) Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale
Authors: Arancibia-Martini Héctor , Ruiz Miguel Á. , Blanco Amalio , Cárdenas Manuel
Published: March 2016

Given the current debate over the distinction between subtle and blatant prejudice, this study provides new evidence regarding problems with the construct validity of the Pettigrew and Meertens’ Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale. To assess these issues, an existing data sample of 896 Chilean participants collected in 2010 was reanalyzed. The main analysis method used was a confirmatory factor analysis. The model that best represented the original theory (a model of two correlated second-order factors) had an improper solution due to the unidentified model. The scale has substantial psychometric problems, and it was not possible to distinguish between subtle and blatant prejudice.
Comparative analysis of traditional jet vortex spinning and self-twist jet vortex spinning on yarn mechanism and yarn properties
Authors: Han Chenchen , Xue Wenliang , Cheng Longdi , Yao Jiangwei
Published: March 2016

Because of the friction between the hollow spindle surface and the fiber end increasing, the fiber end rolls on the hollow spindle surface under the high-speed rotating airflow during the twisting process. The fiber gets self-twist, which will be wound into the yarn body. The self-twist of the fiber will increase the friction and the cohesion between the fibers in the yarn, which will improve the strength of the yarn. This article analyzes traditional jet vortex spinning and self-twist jet vortex spinning comparatively from the three aspects of the hollow spindle structure, the airflow distribution inside the nozzle, and the yarn performance. It is beneficial for exploring the yarn mechanism, the yarn performance, and the development of self-twist jet vortex spinning.
A Comparison of Fish Oil Sources for Parenteral Lipid Emulsions in a Murine Model
Authors: Fell Gillian L. , Cho Bennet S. , Pan Amy , Nose Vania , Anez‐Bustillos Lorenzo , Dao Duy T. , Baker Meredith A. , Nandivada Prathima , Gura Kathleen M. , Puder Mark
Published: March 2016

Background: Fat emulsions are important components of parenteral nutrition (PN). Fish oil (FO) emulsions reverse cholestasis in PN‐associated liver disease. There are 2 FO monographs. One is “FO; rich in omega‐3 fatty acids” (NFO). The other, “omega‐3 acids,” (PFO), is enriched in omega‐3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of 20% NFO and PFO emulsions produced in the laboratory in a murine model. Methods: Emulsions were compounded containing different oils: soybean oil (SO), NFO, and two PFOs differing in percentage of fatty acids as triglycerides (PFO66 and PFO90). Chow‐fed mice received saline, one of the above emulsions, or a commercial FO (OM) intravenously (2.4 g/kg/day) for 19 days. On day 19, animals were euthanized. Livers, spleens, and lungs were procured for histologic analysis. Results: OM, SO, NFO, and PFO90 were well‐tolerated clinically. PFO66 resulted in tachypnea and lethargy for ~1 minute following injections. At euthanasia, PFO66 and PFO90 groups had organomegaly. Histologically, these groups had splenic and hepatic fat‐laden macrophages, and lungs had scattered fat deposits. Other groups had normal organs. Conclusions: PFO emulsions present an attractive possibility for improving inflammation in PN‐dependent patients by concentrating anti‐inflammatory EPA and DHA. However, 20% PFO emulsions were poorly tolerated and precipitated adverse end organ sequelae, suggesting that they may not be safe. Development of novel manufacturing methods may achieve safe 20% PFO parenteral emulsions, but by established formulation methods, these emulsions were clinically suboptimal despite meeting pharmacopeial standards.
To Say or Not to Say: Different Strategies of Acknowledging a Visible Disability
Authors: Lyons Brent J. , Martinez Larry R. , Ruggs Enrica N. , Hebl Michelle R. , Ryan Ann Marie , O’Brien Katherine R. , Roebuck Adam
Published: March 2016

Individuals with visible disabilities can acknowledge their disabilities in different ways, which may differ in effectiveness. Across four studies, we investigate whether individuals with visible disabilities engage in different acknowledgment strategies (claiming, downplaying) and how and why these different strategies affect evaluations from others. Specifically, we draw from the Stereotype Content Model and Stereotype-Fit Theory to articulate a process whereby claiming and downplaying differentially affect others’ perceptions of competence and warmth, which subsequently affect overall evaluations of the individual with a disability. We found that individuals with visible disabilities intentionally manage others’ impressions by engaging in claiming and downplaying. Claiming strategies (relative to downplaying or not acknowledging) resulted in higher evaluations because they activated perceptions of competence and warmth and the benefits of claiming were stronger for jobs higher in interpersonal demands. We discuss the implications of these results for individuals with disabilities and for organizations.
An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Immune-mediated Skin Injury
Authors: Danilenko Dimitry M.
Published: March 2016

The skin has a relatively limited range of responses to injury regardless of the specific mechanism underlying the insult. When the skin’s barrier function is disrupted, it mounts an inflammatory and proliferative response in an effort to restore this essential function. The epidermal keratinocyte is central to the initiation of the skin’s response, triggering an immunologic cascade that leads to the stereotypic morphologic responses that we encounter as pathologists. Drug-induced immune-mediated cutaneous injuries or “drug eruptions” are relatively common, sometimes with overlapping mechanisms, and it is often possible to classify these based on the classical hypersensitivity-type reactions. A specific type of immune-mediated skin injury is psoriasis. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is multifactorial but involves the interaction of environmental factors with a genetic predisposition. The initial stimulus triggering the development of psoriatic lesions involves activation of epidermal keratinocytes, with subsequent amplification driven by cross talk between the adaptive and innate immune systems. Several cytokines produced by Th17 T helper cells have recently been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, namely, interleukin-23 (IL-23) and IL-17, due to demonstrated clinical efficacy of cytokine blockade; and IL-22, based on its effects in both in vitro and in vivo models.
Hepatic Responses of Juvenile Fundulus heteroclitus from Pollution-adapted and Nonadapted Populations Exposed to Elizabeth River Sediment Extract
Authors: Riley Amanda K. , Chernick Melissa , Brown Daniel R. , Hinton David E. , Di Giulio Richard T.
Published: March 2016

Atlantic killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting the Atlantic Wood Industries region of the Elizabeth River, Virginia, have passed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) resistance to their offspring as evidenced by early life stage testing of developmental toxicity after exposure to specific PAHs. Our study focused on environmentally relevant PAH mixtures in the form of Elizabeth River sediment extract (ERSE). Juvenile (5 month) F1 progeny of pollution-adapted Atlantic Wood (AW) parents and of reference site (King’s Creek [KC]) parents were exposed as embryos to ERSE. Liver alterations, including nonneoplastic lesions and microvesicular vacuolation, were observed in both populations. ERSE-exposed KC fish developed significantly more alterations than unexposed KC fish. Interestingly, unexposed AW killifish developed significantly more alterations than unexposed KC individuals, suggesting that AW juveniles are not fully protected from liver disease; rapid growth of juvenile fish may also be an accelerating factor for tumorigenesis. Because recent reports show hepatic tumor formation in adult AW fish, the differing responses from the 2 populations provided a way to determine whether embryo toxicity protection extends to juveniles. Future investigations will analyze older life stages of killifish to determine differences in responses related to chronic disease.
Cap-and-trade, crowding out, and the implications for municipal climate policy motivations
Authors: St-Louis Evelyne , Millard-Ball Adam
Published: March 2016

Cities have emerged as important actors in climate change policy, implementing measures to reduce emissions from transportation, buildings, and waste. More recently, states such as California have implemented cap-and-trade programs to control greenhouse gases. However, a state-level cap handcuffs cities: by fixing emissions at the level of the cap, it precludes local governments from further reducing aggregate emissions. In this paper, we examine whether cities respond to the changed incentives presented by state-level programs. We find no evidence for crowding out: cities plan their emission reductions in similar ways regardless of state-level cap-and-trade programs. Our results suggest that cities likely have a range of motivations for their climate policy efforts- not simply a altruistic desire to improve the global environment.
In vitro elimination of gaseous microemboli utilizing hypobaric oxygenation in the Terumo® FX15 oxygenator
Authors: Clingan Sean , Schuldes Matthew , Francis Stephen , Hoerr Harry , Riley Jeff
Published: March 2016

Background:

This study examines the efficacy of hypobaric oxygenation as it relates to the elimination of gaseous microemboli (GME) at designated flow, pressure and temperature combinations.

Methods:

Hypobaric oxygenation was employed for experimental trials (n=60), but not for control trials (n=60), while circuit design, data measurements and testing conditions were maintained for both settings. Hypobaric oxygenation conditions were created by applying 100% oxygen at sub-atmospheric sweep gas pressures of 0.67 atmospheres to the gas phase of an integrated hollow-fiber microporous membrane oxygenator. GME were quantified using an Emboli Detection and Classification system (EDAC), while a continuous air infusion, at a rate of 100 ml/min, was applied to the circuit. Trials were conducted at 37°C, 28°C, and 18°C and at two flow and line pressure combinations of: 3.5 L/min & 150 mmHg and 5 L/min & 200 mmHg.

Results:

Sub-atmospheric sweep gas pressures allowed adequate oxygenation independent of carbon dioxide removal while significantly reducing the potential entrance of nitrogen into the blood. GME was reduced significantly across all temperatures and flows when compared to control trials; GME counts were reduced by 99.7% post-oxygenator and 99.99% at the arterial cannula.

Conclusion:

Correlation between the use of hypobaric oxygenation and GME counts suggests hypobaric oxygenation could play a significant role in the reduction of GME.
Invasive placental disorders: a prospective US and MRI comparative analysis
Authors: Kumar Ishan , Verma Ashish , Ojha Ritu , Shukla Ram C , Jain Madhu , Srivastava Arvind
Published: March 2016

Background

Invasive placental disorders are potentially life-threatening. Its diagnosis and evaluation of degree of invasiveness is vital in surgical and treatment planning.

Purpose

To compare the role of various imaging modalities used in current practice for evaluation of invasive placental disorders, and evaluate the validity of certain imaging signs for prediction of invasive placenta.

Material and Methods

Twenty-two patients, which were clinically stratified as a risk group for underlying invasive placental abnormality, underwent Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Abnormal placental invasiveness was assessed using various Doppler sonography and MRI signs described in the existing literature. We systematically evaluated the utility of each of these modalities and signs, and compared the roles played by them separately and in combination. All the cases were correlated with surgical and pathological findings.

Results

Nine patients had surgical and pathological confirmation of placental adhesive disorders, of which eight were predicted correctly by MRI (true positive) while one was misdiagnosed as normal placenta (false negative). All the nine cases were correctly identified by Doppler sonography. MRI was more accurate in predicting bladder invasion, identifying 5/6 cases.

Conclusion

Both MRI and Doppler sonography are useful for detection of invasive placental disorders. However, MRI is a better predictor of bladder invasion.
Part II: Biochemical changes after pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 infusion in migraine patients
Authors: Guo Song , Vollesen Anne Luise Haulund , Hansen Young Bae Lee , Frandsen Erik , Andersen Malene Rohr , Amin Faisal Mohammad , Fahrenkrug Jan , Olesen Jes , Ashina Messoud
Published: March 2016

Background

Intravenous infusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) provokes migraine attacks in 65–70% of migraine without aura (MO) patients. We investigated whether PACAP38 infusion causes changes in the endogenous production of PACAP38, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase and pituitary hormones in migraine patients.

Methods

We allocated 32 previously genotyped MO patients to receive intravenous infusion PACAP38 (10 pmol/kg/minute) for 20 minutes and recorded migraine-like attacks. Sixteen of the patients were carriers of the risk allele rs2274316 ( MEF2D), which confers increased risk of MO and may regulate PACAP38 expression, and 16 were non-carriers. We collected blood samples at baseline and 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes after the start of the infusion. A control group of six healthy volunteers received intravenous saline.

Results

PACAP38 infusion caused significant changes in plasma concentrations of VIP ( p = 0.026), prolactin ( p = 0.011), S100B ( p < 0.001) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; p = 0.015), but not CGRP ( p = 0.642) and TNFα ( p = 0.535). We found no difference in measured biochemical variables after PACAP38 infusion in patients who later developed migraine-like attacks compared to those who did not ( p > 0.05). There was no difference in the changes of biochemical variables between patients with and without the MEF2D-associated gene variant ( p > 0.05).

Conclusion

PACAP38 infusion elevated the plasma levels of VIP, prolactin, S100B and TSH, but not CGRP and TNFα. Development of delayed migraine-like attacks or the presence of the MEF2D gene variant was not associated with pre-ictal changes in plasma levels of neuropeptides, TNFα and pituitary hormones.
Impact of obesity and binge eating disorder on patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Raggi Alberto , Curone Marcella , Bianchi Marzoli Stefania , Chiapparini Luisa , Ciasca Paola , Ciceri Elisa FM , Erbetta Alessandra , Faragò Giuseppe , Leonardi Matilde , D’Amico Domenico
Published: March 2016

Background

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is associated with obesity, and obesity is associated with binge eating disorder (BED). The aim of this paper is to address the presence and impact of BED in patients undergoing an IIH diagnostic protocol.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients suspected of IIH underwent neurological, neuro-ophthalmologic and psychological examinations, neuroimaging studies and intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements through lumbar puncture in the recumbent position. IIH diagnosis was based on International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition criteria; BED diagnosis was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition criteria. The presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the cerebrospinal fluid was also assessed.

Results

Forty-five patients were enrolled: 33 were diagnosed with IIH and five of them (15%) were obese with BED. Compared to non-obese patients, those who were obese, and particularly those who were obese with BED, were more likely to have an IIH diagnosis (χ2 = 14.3; p = 0.001), ICP > 200 mmH2O (χ2 = 12.7; p = 0.002) and history of abuse or neglect (χ2 = 11.2; p = 0.004). No association with OCBs was found.

Conclusions

We reported for the first time the presence of BED among patients with IIH and showed that BED is associated to IIH, ICP and history of abuse or neglect.
Perceived Stigma among Recipients of Mental Health Care in the General Canadian Population
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Williams Jeanne V.A. , Lavorato Dina H. , Bulloch Andrew G.M. , Charbonneau Manon , Gautam Mamta , Moss Pippa , Abbey Susan , Stuart Heather
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

The Mental Health Experiences Scale is a measure of perceived stigma, the perception of negative attitudes and behaviours by people with mental disorders. A recent Canadian survey (Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health) included this scale, providing an opportunity to describe perceived stigma in relation to diagnosis for the first time in the Canadian general population.

Methods:

The survey interview began with an assessment of whether respondents had utilised services for an “emotional or mental health problem” in the preceding 12 months. The subset reporting service utilisation were asked whether others “held negative opinions” about them or “treated them unfairly” for reasons related to their mental health. The analysis reported here used frequencies, means, cross-tabulation, and logistic regression, all incorporating recommended replicate sampling weights and bootstrap variance estimation procedures.

Results:

Stigma was perceived by 24.4% of respondents accessing mental health services. The frequency was higher among younger respondents (<55 years), those who were not working, those reporting only fair or poor mental health, and the subset who reported having received a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Sex and education level were not associated with perceived stigma. People with schizophrenia reported stigmatization only slightly more frequently than those with mood and anxiety disorders.

Conclusions:

Stigmatization is a common, but not universal, experience among Canadians using services for mental health reasons. Stigmatization was a problem for a sizeable minority of respondents with mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders as well as bipolar and psychotic disorders.
Failure analysis using acoustic and energy emission assessment of fibre reinforced polymer material performance under severe conditions
Authors: Russo Salvatore , Ghadimi Behzad , Lawania Krishna , Rosano Michele
Published: March 2016

Laboratory compressive tests and acoustic emission analysis have been used to investigate the failure of pultruded fibre reinforced polymer materials after they have been subjected to temperature stress and compressive loading. The acoustic emission approach is then compared with the experimental values of energy released by each sample through the corresponded load-displacement curve. Samples subjected to severe thermal conditions showed more evidence of brittle failure mechanism. This analysis has been conducted in order to confirm the potential capacity of fibre reinforced polymer materials, known currently for their strength and lightweight but often ‘brittle’ physical characteristics, to perform under exaggerated conditions of temperature and compressive stress.