bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of magma plumbing complexity on monogenetic eruptions, Jeju Island, Korea
Authors: Brenna Marco , Cronin Shane J. , Németh Károly , Smith Ian E. M. , Sohn Young Kwan
Published: January 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 70–75, 2011

Continuous pyroclastic successions from monogenetic volcanoes in the Jeju Island Volcanic Field (Korea) were targeted for detailed geochemical investigations of juvenile ejecta to show that multiple distinct magma pulses may be erupted during a single monogenetic eruption. Deeply derived, and possibly multiply sourced, evolving magma pulses may erupt sequentially from the same vent and form generally uninterrupted depositional sequences with continuous chemical trends. Alternatively, pulses can rise independently, resulting in breccia horizons and truncation surfaces in depositional sequences and in stepped and mixed chemical trends. We infer that uninterrupted eruptions result from clear plumbing systems in which a single large dyke system feeds an eruption and where differently sourced magmas are erupted independently. Congested plumbing systems consisting of dyke complexes give rise to vent shifts, asymmetrical eruptive centres and composite depositional sequences. Integration of chemical variation and eruptive dynamics provides a powerful means of understanding monogenetic volcanoes.
The use of 51Cr as a dietary marker in rats for the determination of 59Fe absorbability in terms of mucosal uptake and mucosal transfer of 59Fe
Authors: Wienk K. J. H. , Beynen A. C. , Marx J. J. M.
Published: January 2011

The use of 51CrCl3 as a non‐absorbable dietary marker for the determination of mucosal uptake and transfer of 59Fe ascorbate has been investigated in rats. In order to be useful, this marker has to satisfy two properties. Firstly, the gastrointestinal transit times of 51Cr and 59Fe have to be similar, and secondly, 51Cr absorption has to be low, and independent of the diet to which it is added. We tested these prerequisites by determination of the isotope ratios in faecal samples, and 51Cr retention in rats that were fed either a control diet, or a diet that was supplemented with ascorbic acid or phytate, which are thought to affect 51Cr absorption. The study found similar faecal 51Cr/59Fe ratios for day 1 and 2 versus day 3. 51Cr retention averaged 3.14 %, and was independent of the diet. It is concluded that this double‐isotope in vivo method is suitable for the determination of iron absorption in terms of mucosal uptake and mucosal transfer in rats, and that it may be a useful alternative for current in vivo methods that can be applied only within terminal animal experiments.

Der Einsatz von 51Cr zur Bestimmung der 59Fe‐Absorption und der mukosalen Aufnahme und des mukosalen Transfer von 59Fe bei Ratten

Der Einsatz von 51CrCl3 als nicht absorbierbarem Marker wurde zur Bestimmung der mukosalen Aufnahme und des mukosalen Transfer von 59Fe‐Askorbat bei Ratten geprüft. Dazu muß der Marker zwei Bedingungen erfüllen. Die 51Cr‐Absorption muß niedrig sein und zwar unabhängig von der verabreichten Diät. Ob diese Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind, wurde mit Hilfe des Verhältnisses von 51Cr zu 59Fe im Rattenkot untersucht. Dabei erhielten die Ratten eine Kontrolldiät und Diäten mit Askorbinsäure bzw. Phytat als Zusatz, da Askorbinsäure und Phytat die 51Cr‐Absorption beeinflussen sollen. Dabei wurde ein gleiches 51Cr/59Fe‐Verhältnis von Tag 1 und 2 im Vergleich zu Tag 3 gefunden. Die 51Cr‐Retention lag bei 3,14% und zwar unabhängig von der verabreichten Diät. Daraus läßt sich ableiten, daß die Doppelmarkierung in vivo für Mehrfachbestimmungen an denselben Tieren zu verschiedenen Meßzeitpunkten geeignet ist.
Body surface area in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Farriol M. , Rosselló J. , Schwartz S.
Published: January 2011

A study was designed to measure the body surface area of Spraguc‐Dawley rats and to compare the results with those obtained using the mathematical formulas described by four authors to estimate this parameter. The animals were killed by an overdose of ether anaesthesia. To determine the gold standard body surface area, the skin of the animals was dissected completely and measured. The gold standard was compared with the body surface area obtained in the same rats using the mathematical equations proposed by Meeh, Rubner, Vallois and San Roman. Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in body surface area results between the gold standard and Meeh's, Rubner'S, and San Roman'S equations. However, no significant differences were found with Vallols's formula, indicating that results with this calculation were similar to the measured body surface. Further statistical analysis showed that in the small animals the body surface area was underestimated and in the large animals it was overestimated by a mean of ± 20 cm2 using the Vallois formula.

Die Messung der Körperoberfläche bei Sprague‐Dawley Ratten

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Körperoberfläche von Sprague‐Dawley Ratten gemessen und mit Resultaten aus mathematischen Formeln von vier verschiedenen Autoren verglichen. Die Tiere wurden durch eine Überdosis von Ether getötet, um dann mit Hilfe des Umrisses der Haut die Körperoberfläche zu messen. Die Ergebnisse aus der Hautoberflächen‐Messung wurde mit den Gleichungen von Meeh, Rubner, Vallois und San Roman verglichen. Die Varianzanalyse zeigt deutliche statistische Unterschiede (p < 0.05) zwischen dem ermittelten Wert und den mathematischen Ableitungen bzw. Gleichungen von Meeh, Rubner und San Roman. Es wurden keine statistischen Unterschiede zwischen den vorliegenden Messungen und der Formel von Vallois gefunden. Das zeigt, daß die Ergebnisse dieser Berechnung in ihrer Genauigkeit übereinstimmen. Zusätzliche Analysen zeigen, daß die Anwendung der Vallols'schen Formel die Körperoberfläche kleiner Tiere unterschätzt und die großer Tiere um einen durchschnittlichen Wert von 20 cm2 überschätzt.
Soya and casein as dietary proteins for dogs
Authors: Zentek J. , Mischke R.
Published: January 2011

In a study with four adult dogs isolated soya protein and casein were compared as protein sources in canine diets with regards to digestibility, plasma concentrations of amino acids and some biochemical variables in the plasma. Casein and soya protein were highly digestible (apparent digestibility of crude protein: 85–90%). The plasma aminograms were influenced by dietary proteins and also subjected to postprandial changes (blood samples obtained in fasted dogs or 6 h postprandially). With soya protein the plasma concentrations of arginine increased, while the relation between branched chain and aromatic amino acids was not influenced. The effects of dietary proteins on biochemical variables were weak, but plasma urea, triglycerides and phosphorus increased signifcantly after meal intake. Dietary amino acids should be regarded especially in diets for clinical nutrition. Soya protein may counteract some of the changes in the plasma aminogram which have been reported in dogs with hepatocellular degeneration.

Soja proteinisolat und kasein als Proteinträger für Hunde

In einer Untersuchung mit 4 adulten Hunden wurden Sojaproteinisolat sowie Kasein als diätetische Proteinquellen unter Berücksichtigung der Verdaulichkeit, des Plasma‐Aminogramms sowie einiger weiterer klinisch‐chemischer Blutparameter verglichen. Kasein und Sojaproteinisolat waren hochverdaulich (scheinbare Verdaulichkeit von Rohprotein: 85–90%), bei den Plasmaaminosäuren waren deutliche postprandiale Konzentrationsänderungen und Effekte der Proteinquellen festzustellen. Nach Aufnahme von Sojaeiweiß zeigte sich im Plasma eine Zunahme des Arginingehaltes, die Relation verzweigtkettiger zu aromatischen Aminosäuren im Blut wurde nicht beeinflußt. Effekte auf klinischchemische Parameter waren nur in geringem Umfang vorhanden, postprandial ansteigende Plasmawerte waren für Harnstoff, Triglyzeride und Phosphor festzustellen. Die Aminosäurenzufuhr sollte insbesondere im Rahmen diätetischer Maßnahmen verstärkt berücksichtigt werden. Sojaprotein bietet sich zur Fütterung von Hunden mit Lebererkrankungen an, da den in der Literatur beschriebenen Veränderungen im Plasmaaminogramm zumindestens teilweise entgegengewirkt werden kann.
Dietary xylose as an energy source for young pigs
Authors: Verstegen M. W. A. , Schutte J. B. , Hel W. V. D. , Polziehn R. , Schrama J. W. , Sutton A. L.
Published: January 2011

Energy balances were compared in eight pigs (6–8 kg) fed 5% glucose or 10% D‐xylose added to a basal diet. In a carry‐over design, each pig received the glucose and 2 weeks later the xylose diet or vice versa. The basal diet consisted mainly of barley, corn, soya flour and skim milk powder. Pigs were fed 1.3 times the maintenance requirement for energy. Energy balances were measured after 4 days of adjustment to the diet and over a 7 day period. The rate of weight gain was similar between the treatments. The metabolizable energy of 10% D‐xylose was about equal to 5% glucose. The heat production was similar between treatments. This indicated that the absorbed and metabolized D‐xylose is probably utilized to the same extent as or somewhat less than glucose, with the potential of some xylose being fermented in the large intestine and absorbed as volatile fatty acids. This could contribute to the well‐being of the small pigs especially under situations of limited energy intakes.

Xylose als Energiequelle in Rationen für Ferkel

Zum Vergleich von Energiebilanzen erhielten acht Ferkel (6–8 kg Lebendgewicht 5% Glucose oder 10% D‐Xylose zu einer Basaldiät in einem Carry over Versuch zu einer Basaldiät. Jedes Ferkel erhielt die Glucose und zwei Wochen später Xylose vice versa. Die Basaldiät bestand hauptsächlich aus Gerste, Mais, Sojamehl und Magermilchpulver und deckte das l,3fache des Bedarfes an Energie für Erhaltung. Die Energiebilanzen wurden nach einer viertägigen Adaptationsphase an das Futter in einer siebentägigen Versuchsperiode ermittelt. Die Zunahmeraten lagen bei etwa allen Behandlungen gleich hoch. Die umsetzbare Energie von 10% D‐Xylose entsprach etwa der von 5% Glucose. Die Wärmeproduktion war bei allen Behandlungen gleich. Das deutet daraufhin, daß die absorbierte und umgesetzte D‐Xylose zum gleichen oder etwas geringerem Anteil wie Glucose genutzt werden kann, wobei ein gewisser Anteil an Xylose im Dickdarm fermentiert und als flüchtige Fettsäuren absorbiert wird. Die Verabreichung von Xylose könnte damit zum Wohlbefinden der Ferkel beitragen, vor allem bei limitierter Energieaufnahme.
Digestibility of organic matter and digestible energy in single ingredients of extruded dog feeds and their effects on faecal dry matter concentration and consistency
Authors: Gröner T. , Pfeffer E.
Published: January 2011

Two basal diets and blends of these with one of 34 single ingredients were fed to groups of four Beagles for 21 days. The consistency of faeces was scored on the last 4 days of each period and the faecal dry matter was determined. The digestibility of organic matter and energy in the diets was determined by use of chromium sesquioxide as marker. No close correlation was found between the consistency and dry matter concentration of the faecal samples. Although the influences of individual feed ingredients on the faecal consistency and on faecal dry matter were obvious, these could not be explained by the digestibility of the organic matter or by the concentration of digestible energy in these feeds.

Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz und verdaulichen Energie in einzelnen Komponenten extrudierter Hundefutter und deren Einfluß auf den Gehalt an Trockensubstanz und die Konsistenz des Hundekotes

Zwei Grundmischungen, rein oder nach Verschneiden im Verhältnis zwischen 80:20 bis 60:40 mit 34 Einzelfuttermitteln, wurden als Extrudat an Gruppen von jeweils vier Beagles über 21 Tage gefüttert. An den letzten vier Tagen jeder Periode wurde jeweils die Konsistenz des Kotes nach dem Augenschein benotet, der Gehalt an Trockensubstanz wurde bestimmt. Die Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz und der Energie wurde indirekt mit Chromoxid als Marker bestimmt. Keine klare Korrelation wurde gefunden zwischen der Note für Konsistenz und dem Gehalt des Kotes an Trockensubstanz. Obwohl Einflüsse von Einzelfuttermitteln sowohl auf den Gehalt an Trockensubstanz als auch auf die Konsistenz des Kotes offenkundig waren, ließen diese sich nicht mit der Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz oder dem Gehalt an Verdaulicher Energie erklären.
Standorte für Candida aus medizinisch‐hygienischer Sicht: Habitats for Candida in medical and hygienic respects
Authors: Blaschke‐Hellmessen Renate
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die 163 anamorphen Arten der Gattung Candida leben in unterschiedlichen natürlichen Standorten. Die Erreger von Candida‐Mykoscn haben, im Vergleich zu den ubiquitär in terrestrischen und aquatischen Habitaten vorkommenden Arten, eine eingeschränkte Verbreitung in der Natur. Sie kommen primär in der Gemeinschaft mit dem Menschen und warmblütigen Tieren vor. Candida albicans nimmt eine Sonderstellung gegenüber den Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten ein. Sie hat ihren primären Standort im Orointestinaltrakt des Menschen und warmblütiger Tiere und kommt nicht ubiquitär in wirtsfreien Habitaten vor. Die Umwelt wird gelegentlich sekundär durch Mensch und Tier mit Candida kontaminiert. Diese Kontaminationen breiten sich in der Regel nicht weit aus, da C. albicans nur kurze Zeit in trockenem, etwas länger in feuchtem Milieu lebensfähig bleibt. Einige. Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten haben ebenfalls ihren Standort beim Menschen und bei Tieren. Sie kommen außerdem ubiquitär in der Natur (Erdboden, Pflanzen, Lebens‐ und Futtermittel) vor und sind insgesamt umweltresistenter als C. albicans. Candida‐Mykosen entwickeln sich größtenteils endogen. Wichtigste Infektionsquelle ist die Hefeflora der Patienten. Die exogen durch Schmier‐infektionen bedingten Mykosen werden vor allem von Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten hervorgerufen. Die unterschiedlichen Standorte der Candida‐Spezies sind entscheidend für die direkte und indirekte Transmission von Hefen auf den Menschen sowie für Präventivmaßnahmen gegen endogen und exogen bedingte nosokomiale Candida‐Mykosen.

Summary. The at present acknowledged 163 species of the genus Candida are living in different habitats. Agents of human candidosis have a comparatively restricted natural distribution, and have been discovered primarily in association with men and animals. Candida albicans holds an exceptional position opposite to the nearly 20 non‐C. albicans‐species with medical importance. Primary habitat is the digestive tract of men and warm‐blooded animals. C. albicans is not ubiquitously distributed in the nature. Carriers of Candida may contaminate their immediate environment with yeasts, but that contamination does not usually spread far. C. albicans survives poorly on dry surfaces, a little bit longer in moist materials. Some non‐C. albicans‐species have their habitat also in the digestive tracts of men and animals, but different to C. albicans they are also ubiquitously distributed in the surroundings (soil, plants, foods, forages) and are much more resistent to environmental influences. The most important source of Candida species in human diseases is endogenous. The via exogen contamination arising mycoses are involved above all by non‐C. albicans‐species. The different habitats of the Candida species are decisive for the direct and indirect transmission of yeasts to humans and also for the preventive measures against endogenous and exogenous nosocomial Candida mycoses.
Proteinasen pathogener Pilze: Proteinases of pathogenic fungi
Authors: Ruchel Reinhard
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. In einer kurzen übersicht wird über das Auftreten und die vermutliche pathogenetische Bedeutung von extrazellulären und strukturgebundenen Proteinasen bei opportunistischen und obligat pathogenen Pilzen berichtet.

Summary. The present knowledge on the pathogenetic relevance of extracellular and cell wall‐attached proteinases from fungal pathogens is briefly reviewed.
übersichtsartikel Molekulare Grundlagen der antimykotischen Therapie: Review Article: Molecular basis of antimycotic therapy
Authors: Bastert J. , Korting Hans C.
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein überblick über die derzeit klinisch eingesetzten Antimykotika, ihre Wirkungsmechanismen und ihre Anwendungsgrenzen sowie über derzeitige Antimykotika‐Neuentwicklungen und deren molekulare Angriffspunkte gegeben.

Summary. A review is presented on the hitherto clinically administered antimycotic drugs, their action mechanisms and limitations as well as on the presently newly developed antifungals and their molecular targets.
Using self‐efficacy theory to educate a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case study of 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kaşıkçı Magfiret K
Published: January 2011

Kaşıkçı MK. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 1–8

Using self‐efficacy theory to educate a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case study of 1‐year follow‐up

Self‐efficacy is important in determining which activities or situations an individual will perform or avoid. This is a case study report to explore the utility of structured education programme on strengthening self‐efficacy in an older adult with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To comprehensively evaluate this intervention, a combined qualitative and quantitative approach was used. Although qualitative data were collected following the interview guide, quantitative data were collected by the demographic data form and the COPD Self‐Efficacy Scale (CSES) at the preprogramme and postprogramme stage. The patient's self‐efficacy scores improved after 8 weeks of the structured education programme and remained relatively constant on all the repeated measurements after education. Qualitative data were identified as ‘difficulties’ and ‘facilities’. This study indicates that, by applying a self‐efficacy theory, a planned education programme could be useful in improving both short‐term and long‐term self‐efficacy in patients with COPD.
Conducting randomized controlled trials with older people with dementia in long‐term care: Challenges and lessons learnt
Authors: Murfield Jenny , Cooke Marie , Moyle Wendy , Shum David , Harrison Scott
Published: January 2011

Murfield J, Cooke M, Moyle W, Shum D, Harrison S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 52–59

Conducting randomized controlled trials with older people with dementia in long‐term care: Challenges and lessons learnt

The characteristics of older people with dementia and the long‐term care environment can make conducting research a challenge and, as such, this population and setting are often understudied, particularly in terms of clinical or randomized controlled trials. This paper provides a critical discussion of some of the difficulties faced whilst implementing a randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of a live music programme on the behaviour of older people with dementia in long‐term care. A discussion of how these challenges were addressed is presented to aid investigators planning the design of similar research and help encourage a proactive approach in dealing with research‐related challenges right from project conception. The article is structured according to the three principles of a randomized controlled trial in order to keep experimental rigour at the forefront of this research area.
Swaziland rural maternal care: Ethnography of the interface of custom and biomedicine
Authors: Thwala Siphiwe BP , Jones Linda Katherine , Holroyd Eleanor
Published: January 2011

Thwala SBP, Jones LK, Holroyd E. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 93–101

Swaziland rural maternal care: Ethnography of the interface of custom and biomedicine

A retrospective ethnographic enquiry was used to examine the values and beliefs that underpin Swazi women's birth practices during pregnancy, labour, birth and the postnatal period. An unstructured interview guide was used to conduct 15 one‐to‐one audio‐taped interviews in the field. Results revealed that although Swazi women embraced modern biomedical practices, they also largely adhered to customary practices, including use of traditional model of causation of illness, and the use of traditional medicines during childbirth. Recommendations include parallel antenatal education, which gives credence to the customs within the context of scientific modernity. In addition, changes are needed to public health policy that allows parallel systems of care to be delivered within the context of community midwifery practice.
Initial experience from the transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy: A stepwise approach from the laboratory to clinical application
Authors: Zheng Yongzhi , Wang Dong , Kong Xiangyu , Chen Danlei , Wu Renpei , Yang Li , Yu Enda , Zheng Chengzhu , Li Zhaoshen
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Natural‐orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a newly minimally invasive technique that gives access to the abdominal cavity via transgastric, transcolonic, transvaginal or transvesical routes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy from laboratory to clinical application.

Methods:  With the animals under general anesthesia, a sterile esophageal overtube was placed and a gastric antibiotic lavage was performed. Subsequently, a needle‐knife and through‐the‐scope dilating balloon were used to make an anterior gastric wall incision through which a therapeutic gastroscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. After 2 weeks, another transgastric endoscopic exploration was performed in a different location of the stomach. The peritoneal cavity was examined before the gastric incision was closed. After 4 weeks of observation, necropsy was performed. In the clinical application, after gastric lavage, the first step was the creation of the gastrotomy under general anesthesia, sometime under direct vision of the laparoscopic scope. Then the endoscope can be maneuvered in the peritoneal cavity. And peritoneoscopy and biopsy were performed. Biopsies can be obtained from any suspicious areas using punch biopsy forceps. The gastrotomy was then closed with clips. The gastroscopy was examined after one week.

Results:  Twenty‐eight transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopies and biopsies in pigs and a total of five transgastric human endoscopic peritoneoscopies and biopsies have been performed. All procedures were completed satisfactorily in the pig model and all patients. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

Conclusions:  The advantages of peritoneoscopy and biopsy appeared to be enhanced by this approach. Patients had minor postoperative pain and minimal scarring. It is safe and feasible for us to use transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy in humans.
Focal nodular hyperplasia or focal nodular hyperplasia‐like lesions of the liver: A special emphasis on diagnosis
Authors: Choi Ji Young , Lee Han Chu , Yim Ji Hye , Shim Ju Hyun , Lim Young‐Suk , Shin Yong Moon , Yu Eun Sil , Suh Dong Jin
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and FNH‐like lesions are hypervascular masses that can mimic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have investigated the clinical, radiological and pathological features of FNH and FNH‐like lesions of the liver, with particular focus on the aspect of diagnosis.

Methods:  A total of 84 patients, 77 with pathologically‐proven FNH and seven with FNH‐like lesions of the liver, were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:  Of the 84 patients, seven had underlying liver cirrhosis, including two with Budd‐Chiari syndrome and one with cardiac cirrhosis. These cases were therefore classified as having FNH‐like lesions. Two of the remaining 77 patients without underlying liver cirrhosis were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Seven of 50 (14.0%) patients evaluated by four‐phase computed tomography (CT) showed portal or delayed washout, and three of 28 (10.7%) patients analyzed by three‐phase CT showed washout on the portal phase. Collectively, three of nine (33.3%) patients with risk factors for HCC could have been wrongly diagnosed with HCC based on the non‐invasive diagnostic criteria for HCC. A central scar was observed in 30 patients (35.7%) radiologically. Among 62 patients who underwent percutaneous needle biopsy, four patients (6.5%) were misdiagnosed as having HCC and two patients (3.2%) had inconclusive results by a first needle biopsy.

Conclusions:  The presence of a hepatic lesion with arterial hypervascularity and/or portal/delayed washout is not necessarily diagnostic of HCC, particularly in patients without risk factors for HCC. These radiological findings can also occur in cirrhotic patients with FNH‐like lesions, including those with hepatic outflow obstruction.
Association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen‐4 gene (rs60872763) polymorphism with Crohn's disease and high levels of serum sCTLA‐4 in Crohn's disease
Authors: Chen Zhitao , Zhou Feng , Huang Sha , Jiang Ting , Chen Liping , Ge Liuqing , Xia Bing
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Our aim was to evaluate cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) gene polymorphisms in Crohn's disease (CD) and explore soluble CTLA‐4 (sCTLA‐4) levels in serum of CD patients in central China.

Methods:  A total of 126 Chinese CD patients and 300 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeat polymorphism was genotyped by a semiautomatic fluorescently labeled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and CTLA‐4 ‐1661A/G and ‐1722T/C polymorphisms were genotyped by DNA sequencing. Serum sCTLA‐4 and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunonephelometry, respectively.

Results:  The frequency of 84 bp allele of CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeats was lower in CD patients than in the healthy controls (22.2% vs 33.2%, P = 0.001, odds ratio = 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.41–0.81). The 84 bp allele carriers of (AT)n repeats were associated with non‐stricturing and non‐penetrating disease behavior in CD patients (P = 0.007). Serum sCTLA‐4 levels were more elevated in CD patients than in the healthy controls (P < 0.001). Among CD patients, serum sCTLA‐4 levels were increased in active disease compared with inactive disease (P = 0.015), and were correlated with CRP levels (r = 0.524, P < 0.001). Serum sCTLA‐4 levels were higher in CD patients with stricturing disease behavior than in patients with other disease behaviors (P = 0.009).

Conclusions:  84 bp allele of CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeat polymorphism was associated with CD in central China. sCTLA‐4 levels were highly expressed in CD, especially in active disease, and were correlated with CRP levels and disease behavior in CD patients.
Long Term Effects of Thorium Dioxide (Thorotrast) Administration on Human Liver Ultrastructual Localization of Thorium Dioxide in Human Liver by Analytical Electron Microscopy
Authors: Irie Hiroshi , Mori Wataru
Published: January 2011

The ultrastructual localization of thorium dioxide was examined in liver biopsy specimens from two patients injected more than 30 years before with thorotrast. An energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis spectrometer (Kevex 5100) was used to identify thorium in the liver tissue. By electron microscopy, most of the thorium particles were found in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, such as macrophages of the portal triad and Kupffer cells in the hepatic sinusoid. Thorium dioxide particles were mainly located within the phagosomes, but larger aggregates existed in the cytoplasma with no visible limiting membrane. In addition, the deposition of thorium granules in a few hepatocytes was also confirmed by electron microscopy. This fact indicates that two main pathways of elimination are still functioning in the late period, but the hepatocytic pathway appears to be less effective than the reticuloendothelial system.
Lymphocyte Subsets in The white Pulp of Human Spleen in Normal and Diseased Cases
Authors: Tanaka Hisako , Takasaki Satoshi , Sakata Akihiko , Muroya Tetsuya , Suzuki Teruo , Ishikawa Eisei
Published: January 2011

The distribution of T and B‐lymphocytes and their subsets in the white pulp of human spleens extirpated from patients with cancer of the digestive tract and those with portal hypertension was examined with the appliance of monoclonal antibodies. T‐lymphocytes were distributed in the core of lymphatic sheath protuberance (Matsumoto), while the mantle zone of lymphatic nodule and germinal center were solely occupied by B‐lymphocytes. On the other hand, both T and B‐lymphocytes were found in the cortical zone of lymphatic sheath protuberance and outer and inner layer of lymphatic nodule. The ratio of both cells differed from one case to the other. The majority of T‐lymphocytes in the core of lymphatic sheath protuberance and those localized in the light region of germinal center were helper T cells. Although the lymphatic sheaths in cases with portal hypertension were narrower than those in the controls, there was no difference in the distribution density of T cells between the two groups. Hardly any B‐lymphocytes were found in the cortical zone of lymphatic sheath protuberance, while the mixture of T‐lymphocytes tended to become prominent in the outer and inner layer of lymphatic nodule in those cases.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes From F 344 Rats Bearing Intraocular Tumor Derived From Human Adenovirus 12‐Induced Retinoblastoma‐Like Cell Line
Authors: Kobayashi Makio , Mukai Noritsugu , Solish Samuel P. , Pomeroy Marsha E.
Published: January 2011

Lymphocyte cytotoxicity using51 Cr releasing assay was investigated in 10 F344 rats bearing intraocular tumor derived from human adenovirus 12 (Ad 12)‐induced retinoblastoma ‐like cell line (EXP‐5). Lymphocytes obtained from tumor bored animal (1×10$6/well) incubated with 51Cr‐labelled EXP‐5 cells (1×105/well) for 24 hours, and counted by β‐scintillation counter. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes of transplanted animals was higher in 3 out of 10 subjected rats (24–30%) than in 10 rats of control (3–5%). The results support the view that the correspond animal model in its resemblance and suggested that the rats with retinal tumor have concomitant cell‐mediated immunity in the early stage of tumor bearing.
The Effect of Sex Difference on Induction of Intestinal Metaplasia in Rats
Authors: Watanabe Hiromitsu , Naito Masashi , Ito Akihiro
Published: January 2011

Attempts were made to examine the sexual effects on the induction of intestinal metaplasia in rats. The number and locus of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric region induced by 2,000 rads of X‐ray were greater in the male than in the female. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared in the male only. The intestinal metaplasia induced by stomach antigen injection in the male persisted longer than in the female. Moreover, the incidence of intestinal metaplasia caused by whole body irradiation in ovariectomized rats was significantly higher than in the sham‐ovariectomized ones. Therefore, it is likely that male sex hormones are promoting while female sex hormones are inhibiting the development of intestinal metaplasia.
Parathyroid Morphology in Rats After Administration of Active Vitamin D3
Authors: Koyama Tamotsu , Makita Tokutaro , Enomoto Makoto
Published: January 2011

The morphology of the parathyroid gland was examined in rats treated for one month with an active vitamin D3, 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3. On continuous adiministration of 12.5 μg/kg/day of 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3, the first histological change of the parathyroid gland, seen on day 10, was atrophy of the chief cells with marked accumulation of prosecretory granules. Replacement of the parenchyma by small or large cysts was evident on days 20 and 30. The remaining portion of the parathyroid parenchyma showed various histological changes: widened intercellular spaces intermingled with many cytoplasmic processes, shrinkage of the cytoplasm of the chief cells, and the presence of a few ghost cells in cysts. The appearance of cysts may be caused by suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and is a characteristic lesion in hypervitaminosis in rats induced by treatment with active vitamin D3.
Ultrastructure of The Spleens in Childhood itp With Special Reference to The Foamy Cells
Authors: Yamashita Yoshimi , Ishihara Tokuhiro , Takahashi Mutsuo , Yokota Tadaaki , Akizuki ichiro , Okuzono Yoshiko , Uchino Fumiya , Matsumoto Noboru
Published: January 2011

We examined the spleens from four patients with childhood ITP. Numerous foamy cells were investigated in two cases, moderate number in one case, and a few in one case. PAP method using anti‐human platelet antibody demonstrated the platelet antigen in the cytoplasms of these foamy cells, which were granular or reticular. Electron microscopically, many platelets in various stages of intracellular digestion from intact‐appearing forms to myelin‐like materials, were disclosed. Enzyme cytochemical electron microscopy revealed localization of acid phosphatase activity around the degrading platelets and vacuolated inclusions, but rarely in the myelin‐like materials. We suggest that the mechanism of formation of the foamy cells in ITP is as follows; macrophages phagocytize many platelets, exhaust their lysosomal enzyme, and can not digest the engulfed platelets completely. Thus the partially degraded platelets remain as myelin‐like materials in the cytoplasm of macrophages, which have foamy appearance in light microscopy.
Non‐Papillary Carcinoma in Situ of The Urinary Bladder an Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Kakudo Kennichi , Itatani Hiroaki , Uematsu Kunio
Published: January 2011

A case of non‐papillary carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder was presented with ultrastructural descriptions. Dysplastic urothelial cells had a large nucleus with prominent nucleoli and increased euchromatin. The nuclei had a wavy outline with irregular invaginations. Cytoplasmic organella were immature and fairly good amount of glycogen particles existed in the cytoplasm. Among the dysplastic cells, there are two types of epithelium, one which has irregular pleomorphic cytoplasmic processes and the other which has relatively smooth cell borders. Both types had few poorly developed desmosome‐like cell attachments and wide intercellular space. This study revealed that decreased numbers of desmosome‐like attachments and wide intercellular space with or without cytoplasmic processes of non‐papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder might be a morphologic expression of loss of cohesiveness in this type of carcinoma.1,3
Oncocytic Carcinoid of The Lung an Ultrastructural Observation
Authors: Kuwahara Takeichiro , Maruyama Koshi , Mochizuki Shigenobu , Seki Yasuo , Sawada Kinya
Published: January 2011

A case of a 55‐year‐old female patient with an oncocytic variety of carcinoid tumor of the lung is reported. Electron microscopic observation of marked hyperplasia and increase in number of mitochondria in the tumor cells suggested it to be of oncocytic variety and membrane bound electron dense granules were characteristically found in the tumor cells which were histologically diagnosed as carcinoid.
Sinus Histiocytosis With Massive Lymphadenopathy A Histogenic Analysis of Histiocytes Found in the Fourth Japanese Case
Authors: Aoyama Katsuhiko , Terashima Kazuo , Imai Yutaka , Katsushima Noriko , Okuyama Yoshio , Niikawa Katsuhisa , Mukada Takeo , Takahashi Katsuro
Published: January 2011

The present paper deals with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the lymph nodes of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai and Dorfman, SHML) of a 12‐year‐old Japanese boy. This is the fourth case in Japan. Osseous manifestation was also found in the bilateral ulnae. With hallmarks of S‐100 protein and interdigitating cytoplasmic extensions, the phagocytizing histiocytes proliferating in the sinuses were considered to be derived mostly from interdigitating cells in the paracortex or T cell dependent area, which have heretofore been regarded as nonphagocytizing. Furthermore, it is most interesting that lymphoid cells bearing thymic cortical cell‐antigen (OKT 6) were increasingly recognized in the patient's peripheral blood. These results suggested that SHML is a specialized reactive histiocytosis analogous to histiocytosis X and histiocytic medullary reticulosis.
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Authors: Tanaka Takuji , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Yamaguchi Seiji , Taguchi Tetsuhiko , Sugie Shigeyuki , Shima Hiroto , Fujii Masahiko , Mori Hideki , Takahashi Masayoshi
Published: January 2011

Two autopsy cases of thanatophoric dysplasia in male newborn infant are described. They have markedly short‐limbs and narrow thoraxes. Histologically, generalized disruption of endochondral ossification with normal resting cartilage was seen at the epiphyseal region of femur. Differential diagnosis from other 3 types of lethal chondrodysplasia is described and the histogenesis of thanatophoric dysplasia is considered with a survey of the literature.
Renal Actinomycosis Associated With A Duodenorenal Fistula Caused by Foreign Body
Authors: Abe Fumihiko , Tateyama Miki , Ommura Yuuta , Ohashi Kenji
Published: January 2011

We are reporting a case of a rare renal actinomycosis in a 12‐year‐old mentally‐retarded girl. Proteinuria and hemopyuria were pointed out one year before the operation by an annual medical check‐up and IVP subsequently performed showed foreign bodies at the upper pole of the right kidney. The patient continued to have pyuria and right nephrectomy was performed. There was a fistula between the duodenum and the upper portion of the right kidney. Foreign bodies (two bobby pins) were found in the kidney. Subsequent pathologic examination of the resected kidney revealed an actinomycotic lesion.
An Ultrastructural and Histochemical Study of Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma With Special Reference to The Nature of Crystals
Authors: Kamei Toshiaki , Ishihara Tokuhiro , Yamashita Yoshimi , Takahashi Mutsuo , Uchino Fumiya , Ishizaka Hiroaki , Moroki Ziro , Ueda Naoki
Published: January 2011

We have presented a case of typical alveolar soft part sarcoma probably originating from the soft tissues of the retroperitoneum with metastasis to the brain. An ultrastructural study including histochemical observation of the metastatic lesion was performed to clarify the nature of the crystals characteristic to the tumor cells of this disease. The crystalline structures have acid‐phosphatase activtiy at a histological and ultrastructural level. Our results suggested that they might be derived from coalescence of primary lysosomes or by digestive disintegration of some protein.
Induction Of Megamitochondria In The Rat Liver By N‐Propyl Alcohol And N‐Butyl Alcohol
Authors: Wakabayashi Takashi , Horiuchi Michio , Sakaguchi Mikako , Onda Hiroyuki , Iijimass Moritake
Published: January 2011

Propyl alcohol and butyl alcohol had similar effects to ethyl alcohol on ultrastructure of liver mitochondria. Rats were given 32% ethyl alcohol, 32% n‐propyl alcohol, and 6.9% n‐butyl alcohol in drinking water for up to three months. After one month, mitochondria in hepatocytes obtained from the experimental animals became elongated, constricted or cup‐shaped with scanty cristae. After two months, mitochondria in some hepatocytes became gigantic. In extreme cases, the megamitochondria exceeded 10 μm in diameter.

Coupling efficiencies of hepatic mitochondria obtained from alcohol‐fed animals were well preserved despite their drastic morphologic changes. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 471–480, 1984.
Acute Toxic Effects Of Paraquat On Ultrastructure Of Rat Liver
Authors: Matsumori Hideaki , Matsumoto Toshiharu , Ishikawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

Paraquat was administrated to pathogen‐free male rats orally, and the livers were studied by light and electron microscope at intervals of 6 hours to 5 days. Congestion and hepatocellular injury (degeneration and/or fatty metamorphosis) were seen by light microscope. Electron microscope showed that degranulation of RER, proliferation of SER, decreasing of glycogen particles and mitochondrial swelling occurred in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes within 2 layers around the central vein at 6 hours. After 12 hours the liver cells throughout the centrolobular area were injured. Degranulation of RER, proliferation of SER, and decreasing of glycogen particles became prominent, and mitochondria showed swelling and transformation. In the midzonal and periportal areas, numerous lipid droplets were seen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. From the result of ultrastructural findings, it is considered that detoxication and biotransformation of paraquat occur in the hepatocytes within 2 layers around the central vein at an early stage, and spread to the hepatocytes throughout centrolobular area later. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 507–518,1984.
Ultrastructural Localization Of Endogenous Peroxidase In The Human Thyroid Gland Under Normal And Hyperfunctioning Conditions
Authors: Yamashita Hiroto , Noguchi Shiro , Murakami Nobuo , Moriuchi Akira , Hodo Masaru , Yokoyama Shigeo , Mochizuki Yuichi , Noguchi Akito , Nakayama Iwao
Published: January 2011

Ultrastructural localization of human thyroid peroxidase in normal and hyperfunctioning states has been studied. Peroxidase activity was visualized ultrastructurally with a cytochemical reaction using 0.05% diaminobenzidine‐tetrahydrochloride, and hydrogen peroxide with a final concentration of 0. 0025%, 0.005%, or 0.01%, respectively, and 2% osmium tetroxide. Reaction product demonstrating the enzyme was clearly observed in cell organelles with a final concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0025% or 0.005%. In the normal portion of thyroid, follicular cells demonstrated the reaction product, located mainly in rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae and in addition a small amount of the product was found in Golgi cisternae and small vesicles dispersed throughout the subapical cytoplasm. The reaction product significantly increased in amount in the cell organelles described above and in addition, a characteristic heavy deposition of the product was observed at the external surface of the microvilli in the follicular cells of thyroid obtained from the patients with treated Basedow's disease. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 553–561, 1984.
Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization Of Thyroglobulin In The Human Thyroid Gland
Authors: Ide Michiya
Published: January 2011

The microidentification of the organelles containing thyroglobulin (TG) in the follicular cells of human thyroid glands was studied by the immunoelectron microscopic method. Fresh human thyroid glands were used for the purification of TG. TG was purified by differential salt fractionation and DEAE‐cellulose chromatography. Anti‐human TG rabbit IgG antibody was obtained by immunization of this purified TG. F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody were prepared by pepsin digestion. The specificity of the antibody was tested on an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. Conjugation of the purified F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody to horse radish peroxidase was performed in order to use the direct peroxidase labelled antibody method.

Under immunohistochemical light microscopy, the luminal colloid and the follicular cells appeared heavily stained.

Under immunoelectron microscopy, positive reactions were observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the apical cell border. To date, no clear direct evidence of the presence of TG in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of human thyroid cells has ever been reported in immunoelectron microscopic studies. This study indicates that the use of F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody in immunoelectron microscopic study is useful for the identification of TG in organelles of human thyroid follicular cells. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 575–584, 1984.
Vascular Lesions In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Sle) With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Wakaki Kunihiko , Koizumi Fumitomo , Fukase Masayuki
Published: January 2011

An autopsy case with SLE suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon and pulmonary hypertension was reported. Histological examinations revealed systemically marked fibrous intimal thickening of arteries and arterioles with or without thrombus throughout the whole body, especially of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Pulmonary arterial changes in the present case were compared with those in 52 autopsied cases with SLE without pulmonary hypertension, but there were no cases with such marked arterial changes as the present case. In addition, the incidence of pulmonary thrombosis was significantly higher in the cases with Raynaud's phenomenon than the cases without this phenomenon. However, the relation between pulmonary hypertension and Raynaud's phenomenon, pulmonary thrombosis, fibrous pericarditis, or type of lupus nephritis in SLE could not be clarified with a significant difference. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 593–604, 1984.
Kawasaki Disease Complicated With Mitral Insufficiency Autopsy Findings With Special Reference To Valvular Lesion
Authors: Imakita Masami , Sasaki Yoshiro , Misugi Kazuaki , Miyazawa Yoichiro , Hyodo Yukio
Published: January 2011

A case of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease, MCLS) complicated with mitral insufficiency is reported. This patient showed severe valvulitis, which was thought to be the main cause of mitral regurgitation. Two other patients with MCLS who did not present clinical signs of mitral insufficiency revealed the presence of mild valvulitis. The morphological alterations of cardiac valves were non‐specific and mainly consisted of inflammatory infiltration, increment of fibrous connective tissue, and proliferation of small capillaries. In addition to the coronary aneurysms, the involvement of cardiac valves should receive attention as the sequelae of MCLS. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 605–616, 1984.
Carcinoma In Anorectal Fistula Of Rectal Mucosal Origin
Authors: Katayama Yosei , Ihara Katsuo , Kimura Masamichi , Nagai Kazunori , Kawaguchi Tadahiko
Published: January 2011

A case report of mucinous adenocarcinoma in anorectal fistula of rectal mucosal origin, though many cases reported were thought to be of anal duct origin. The patient, a 51‐year‐old male, was operated for anal fistula twelve years previously. He presented to us for anal pain, anorectal stricture, and perianal induration. Abdominoperineal resection was performed for proper management. On gross no visible mucosal lesion of anal canal and rectosigmoid colon was revealed. On cross section a gelatinous tumor was found mostly outside the rectal muscle layer, and an internal opening of the lesion was detected in the rectal mucosa. Histologically, the rectal mucosa extended into the edge of the internal opening and the carcinoma appeared just adjacent to this rectal mucosa. Periodate‐borohydride/saponification/PAS stain also indicated that the mucin produced by the carcinoma had the nature of rectal mucosal origin. We considered that the carcinoma of this case originated at the internal opening and developed into the antecedent fistulous track. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 649–654, 1984.