bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radix Entomolaris: An Endodontic Challenge
Authors: Gupta Ashu , Thakur Saroj , Sharma Vishal , Minocha Anshu , Singh Bhanu , Thakur Rambhika
Published: September 2018

Variation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents two case reports of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.
Hemisection : A Case-Report and Review
Authors: Bhandari Shikha , Bahuguana Nikhil , Mahajan Pradeep , Monga Prashant , Singh Jastinder
Published: September 2018

Many people would prefer to keep their natural teeth and advances in dentistry have lead to treatment of teeth that once would have been removed. In order to carry out this present day mandate, hemisection is the procedure of cutting a tooth that has two roots in half. This will create a front half and a back half. This procedure can be done by a periodontist, an experienced dentist, an endodontist, or an oral surgeon. This article describes a simple procedure for hemisection in mandibular molar and its subsequent restoration.
Scapholunate Ligament Internal Brace 360 Tenodesis (SLITT) Procedure: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Kakar Sanjeev , Greene Ryan M. , Denbeigh Janet , Van Wijnen Andre
Published: September 2018

Background Twelve paired fresh frozen cadaveric wrists were randomized to a 360-degree tenodesis repair group or the 360-degree tenodesis repair with an internal brace (suture tape) construct.

Case Description The specimens were preloaded to 5 N and subsequently biomechanically loaded to failure, at a rate of 0.1 mm/s on a jig that allowed for axial load. The maximum load and mode of failure were recorded. Load to failure in the 360 tenodesis group with internal brace was 283.47 ± 100.25 N, compared with the 360 tenodesis group only, whose yield strength was 143.61 ± 90.54 N. The mode of failure within the internal brace construct was either through knot slippage, graft disruption, or bone separation from strength testing construct. The 360 tenodesis group tended to fail via graft slippage or graft rupture.

Literature Review The management of scapholunate instability can be a difficult problem to treat. Traditionally, many of the surgical reconstructions have focused upon dorsal ligament reconstruction with Kirschner (K) wire fixation. This results in prolonged immobilization of the wrist with varied outcomes, in part due to the multiaxial instability that may persist due to concomitant volar ligament disruption. To address this instability, surgical techniques have been devised that address both the volar and dorsal ligament injuries.

Clinical Relevance Scapholunate reconstruction with a 360-degree tenodesis and internal brace augmentation (SLITT procedure) provided superior biomechanical stability than tenodesis alone.
Affective Disorders in DSM-5
Authors: Fawcett J.
Published: September 2018

The DSM-5 Mood Disorders changes recommended by the Mood Disorders Workgroup have been summarized. Each of these changes have been reviewed for soundness of reasons for the change, reports in the literature supporting the change, and a consideration of possible negative consequences of the change by the Scientific Review Committee (SRC) or the Clinical and Public Health Committee (CPHC). While a review of all the literature submitted in support of each of these changes is beyond the scope of this article, general reasons for the changes are discussed. These changes range from the addition or deletion of diagnoses, to changes in criteria and the additions of new specifiers and dimensions. A more mood spectrum view of the range of mood disorders is reflected in the mixed specifier added across unipolar and bipolar disorders. An increased attention to suicide risk assessment is reflected in DSM-5 as well as the addition of a severity of anxiety specifier to draw clinical attention to the importance of these factors.
Mood Disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5
Authors: Maj M.
Published: September 2018

This paper briefly reviews how the ICD-11 and DSM-5 are going to handle the various continua existing in the area of mood disorders. The two systems will address the continua between “normal” elation and hypomania, between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, and between anxiety disorders and depression in a more consistent way than in the past, while there will be differences in the characterization of mixed states and schizoaffective disorders. A major weakness of both systems will be the fact that the boundary between “normal” sadness and depression will not be based on a solid empirical evidence.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: a new approach in DSM-5
Authors: Dimsdale J. E.
Published: September 2018

Following a brief historic discourse, problems with the current use and concepts the of somatoform disorders are described. The rationale for substituting the term „somatoform“ with „somatic symptom“ in DSM5 is explained and the new classification criteria for the group of “somatic symptom related disorders” are described, which include severity ratings. A special aspect is that “Illness anxiety disorder” is introduced as a new diagnostic entity in DSM-5.
Psychische Erkrankungen – Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsfähigkeit und Versorgung psychisch erkrankter Erwerbstätiger
Authors: Wege N. , Angerer P.
Published: September 2018

Diese Übersicht fasst die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zu Auswirkungen psychischer Erkrankungen auf Arbeitsfähigkeit, zu beruflicher Wiedereingliederung und zu Interventionen mit dem Ziel der Wiederherstellung der Arbeitsfähigkeit zusammen.

Psychische Erkrankungen gehen, im Vergleich mit chronischen körperlichen Erkrankungen, mit längerfristiger Leistungsminderung, eingeschränkter Arbeitsfähigkeit, krankheitsbedingten Fehlzeiten, Frühberentung und Arbeitslosigkeit einher.

Die klinisch erfolgreiche Behandlung psychisch Erkrankter wirkt sich nicht unmittelbar auf Arbeitsfähigkeit und Rückkehr zur Arbeit aus. Erfolgversprechend sind dagegen Ansätze, die die Rückkehr zur Arbeit in die psychotherapeutische Behandlung integrieren. Strukturierte Zusammenarbeit niedrigschwellig erreichbarer Allgemeinärzte oder Betriebsärzte mit Psychiatern, z.B. in Form einer schnellen Konsultation, kann den klinischen Behandlungserfolg und die Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz verbessern. Innovative betriebsnahe Behandlungsmodelle in Deutschland wie psychosomatische Sprechstunden im Betrieb oder integrierte Versorgung unter Einbezug von Betriebsärzten setzen solche Erkenntnisse bereits um und werden gut angenommen.
Begutachtungen zur Schuldunfähigkeit und verminderten Schuldfähigkeit
Authors: Boetticher A. , Nedopil N.
Published: September 2018

Der Begriff der Schuldunfähigkeit wurde erst nach dem 2. Weltkrieg als Grundlage für Straffreiheit oder Strafminderung bei psychisch Kranken in das deutsche Strafrecht aufgenommen. Die Anwendung dieses Konstruktes ist Strömungen des Zeitgeistes und des ständigen Diskurses zwischen der Strafrechtspraxis und der forensischen Psychiatrie unterworfen und nur begrenzt abhängig von empirisch-naturwissenschaftlichen oder medizinischen Erkenntnissen. In diesem Diskurs haben Fachvertreter von beiden Seiten gemeinsam versucht, Konzept und Struktur von Begutachtung und Beurteilung so festzulegen, dass Handlungsanweisungen für Gutachter und Beurteilungskriterien für Gerichte möglichst eindeutig und transparent werden, den wechselseitigen Dialog erleichtern aber auch die jeweiligen Fragen und Schlussfolgerungen überprüfbar machen können. Die systematische Anwendung von Diagnosesystemen, die Zuordnung zu den juristischen Eingangsmerkmalen, die Einhaltung eines zweistufigen Beurteilungsprozesses und die Einhaltung einer Konvention der Schweregradbeurteilung sind die konzeptionellen Voraussetzungen, die getrennte Darstellung der Informationsquellen, die Trennung von Datenerhebung, Befund, Kommentar und Schlussfolgerung gehören zu den strukturellen Anforderungen an Gutachten, die den derzeitigen Qualitätsstandards genügen können.
Forensic psychiatry training in Europe
Authors: Woolfenden N. , Nedopil N. , Taylor P. J.
Published: September 2018

Europe wide it is acknowledged that when mental disorder leads to dangerous criminal actions, as it occasionally does, the criminal courts may require expert clinical opinions. Provision of such expertise in itself requires training, but it also leads to a need for further response in the form of appropriate service provision for offenders found to have mental disorder in this context. In most countries some specialist training is required to meet these needs and, in a few, extended training has led to development of a recognised speciality of forensic psychiatry. We consider what it means to be a forensic psychiatrist in the European Union context. Defined by common ground in the medical model, full specialty recognition and training follows from three years of specialist teaching and experience in relationships between mental disorder and antisocial behaviour, assessment, care and treatment of offenders with mental disorder, risk assessment and management and prevention of victimisation. Consideration of such issues is important because the European Union (EU) considers that people who are recognised as specialists in one member country stand as specialists in any other. Furthermore, patients may also move between countries. International training collaboration within the EU appears to achieve more than simple knowledge transfer.
The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Authors: Aguilar-Gaxiola S. , Alonso J. , Chatterji S. , Lee S. , Üstün T. B. , Kessler R. C.
Published: September 2018

The paper presents an overview of the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative and summarizes recent WMH results regarding the prevalence and societal costs of mental disorders. The WMH surveys are representative community surveys that were carried out in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders) is 18.1-36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8-19.1%. Analysis of age-of-onset reports shows that many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions. Adult mental disorders are found in the WMH data to be associated with high levels of role impairment. Despite this burden, the majority of mental disorders go untreated. Although these results suggest that expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both the employer perspective and the societal perspective, treatment effectiveness trials are needed to confirm this suspicion. The WMH results regarding impairments are being used to target several such interventions.
Zur Geschichte des Persönlichkeitsbegriffs
Authors: Karenberg A.
Published: September 2018

Das deutsche Wort „Persönlichkeit“ entstand um 1300 aus den lateinischen Bildungen „personalitas“ bzw. „persona“, die wiederum auf den etruskischen Namen „phersu“ zurückgehen. Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert wurde der ursprüngliche theologische Sinngehalt säkularisiert, um innerhalb von Philosophie und später Psychologie erstmals Aspekte ichhafter Subjektivität zu kennzeichnen. Lange Zeit mit „Charakter“ und „Temperament“ konkurrierend, erreichte „Persönlichkeit“ in Deutschland erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg seine heute unangefochtene Stellung in der Fachterminologie. Neben etymologischen Aspekten werden begriffsunabhängige Konzeptionen von Persönlichkeit im historischen Längsschnitt vorgestellt. Antike und Mittelalter lieferten systematische Theorien, verzichteten jedoch auf eine differenzierte Kennzeichnung der Einzelpersönlichkeit. Erst mit den Wirtschaftsreformen der Renaissance und dem Aufstieg des Protestantismus, noch mehr mit dem Wandel sozioökonomischer Rahmenbedingungen um 1800 erwachte das wissenschaftliche Interesse an z.T. klinisch relevanten interindividuellen Unterschieden. Frühformen heutiger Persönlichkeitskonzepte entstanden daher zuerst in der Psychopathologie. Abschließend wird verdeutlicht, wie stark gegenwärtige Klassifikationen in der europäischen Geistesgeschichte verwurzelt sind.
Psychiatrie in Katastrophen- und anderen Extremsituationen
Authors: Müller-Spahn F. , Dittmann V. , Graf M.
Published: September 2018

Riskantes Freizeitverhalten, Tourismus, moderne Transportmittel, die anhaltend hohe Verfügbarkeit von Waffen und anderes führen trotz guter sozialer Sicherheit und niedriger Wahrscheinlichkeit von Naturkatastrophen in Westeuropa zu einem nicht vernachlässigbaren Risiko für massiv psychisch belastende Ereignisse für einzelne Personen bis hin zu tausenden von Personen. Resilienzfaktoren scheinen eine ganz wesentliche Rolle bei der, doch eher seltenen, Entwicklung von Belastungsreaktiven Störungen zu spielen. Standardisierte psychologische Debriefings erwiesen sich nicht als wirksam, traumatisierte Personen vor der Entwicklung psychischer Störungen zu schützen, ganz im Gegenteil. Differenzierte, abgestufte und koordinierte Interventionen hingegen scheinen, wo notwendig, geeignet, Betroffene als auch professionelle Helfer bei Katastrophen vor Folgeschäden zu bewahren.
A 2-Year Follow-up Study of an Absorbable Implant to Treat Nasal Valve Collapse
Authors: San Nicoló Marion , Stelter Klaus , Sadick Haneen , Bas Murat , Berghaus Alexander
Published: September 2018

The safety and effectiveness of an absorbable implant for lateral cartilage support have been recently demonstrated in subjects with nasal valve collapse (NVC) at 12 months postprocedure. This follow-up study aimed to assess whether the safety and effectiveness of the implant persist in these patients for 24 months after the procedure. Thirty subjects with Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score ≥ 55 and isolated NVC were treated; 14 cases were performed in an operating suite under general anesthesia and 16 cases were performed in a clinic-based setting under local anesthesia. The implant, a polylactic acid copolymer, was placed with a delivery tool within the nasal wall to provide lateral cartilage support. Subjects were followed up through 24 months postprocedure. Fifty-six implants were placed in 30 subjects. The mean preoperative NOSE score was 76.7 ± 14.8, with a range of 55 to 100. At 24 months, the mean score was 32.0 ± 29.3, reflecting an average within-patient reduction of −44.0 ± 31.1 points. There were no device-related adverse events in the 12 to 24 months period. There were five subjects who exited the study prior to the 24-month follow-up. Four of the five subjects who exited were elected for further intervention and one subject was lost to follow-up. This study demonstrates safety of an absorbable implant for lateral nasal wall support and symptom improvement in some subjects with NVC at 24 months postprocedure.
Risk syndromes, clinical staging & DSM V
Authors: McGorry P.
Published: September 2018

While it has long been recognised that the need for care in psychiatry substantially precedes the point that a diagnosis can be made according to classical concepts, defining the initial characteristics of the early stages of the major psychiatric syndromes remains a controversial issue. Our current diagnostic systems do not acknowledge the complex evolution of the early stages of the major mental disorders, and thus where to set the boundary between mental health and ill-health, i.e. determining the „need for care“ and hence the range and sequence of interventions to be offered is one of the key questions facing psychiatry today. What is needed is a heuristic strategy that aims to clarify as early as possible which people experiencing emotional and behavioural disturbances are at specific risk of persistent and disabling mental illness, and the sequence of established and novel therapeutic strategies that is most likely to achieve remission of their current symptoms and reduce the risk of persistence and recurrence. Since the initial operationalization of the clinical criteria denoting ultra-high risk for transition to psychosis 15 years ago, there has been substantial progress in confirming their predictive validity, and demonstrating that the risk that they confer can be reduced by psychosocial and drug therapies. This research has led to the idea of the “common risk syndrome” which precedes progression along the trajectories to more specific target syndromes such as the mood disorders or schizophrenia. Here, I propose that there is a need to research and operationalise criteria for an initial syndrome linked to the need for care of the simplest type, and to clearly define criteria that constitute the “common risk syndrome”. Research towards these goals is crucial not only to allow the selection the safest, most effective treatments appropriate for a particular stage of illness, but also for the ordering of the confusing array of disturbances seen during the development of mental illness into something resembling a clinicopathological approach.
Schattauer Experten-Seminare Psychotherapie
Authors: Weiß Maria
Published: September 2018

Die Redensart „Man lernt nie aus” betrifft insbesondere Berufstätige im Medizinbereich, die auf Weiterbildung setzen müssen, um ihre Patienten nach den neuesten Anforderungen behandeln zu können. Lebenslanges Lernen ist für Psychotherapeutinnen und –therapeuten daher ein Wesensmerkmal ihrer Professionalität: Vor allem auch in der Interaktion mit Supervisoren und erfahrenen Kollegen entstehen neue Impulse und Erfahrungen, die das therapeutische Repertoire weiter entwickeln.
Dynamics, emergent statistics, and the mean-pilot-wave potential of walking droplets
Authors: Durey Matthew , Milewski Paul A. , Bush John W. M.
Published: September 2018

A millimetric droplet may bounce and self-propel on the surface of a vertically vibrating bath, where its horizontal “walking” motion is induced by repeated impacts with its accompanying Faraday wave field. For ergodic long-time dynamics, we derive the relationship between the droplet’s stationary statistical distribution and its mean wave field in a very general setting. We then focus on the case of a droplet subjected to a harmonic potential with its motion confined to a line. By analyzing the system’s periodic states, we reveal a number of dynamical regimes, including those characterized by stationary bouncing droplets trapped by the harmonic potential, periodic quantized oscillations, chaotic motion and wavelike statistics, and periodic wave-trapped droplet motion that may persist even in the absence of a central force. We demonstrate that as the vibrational forcing is increased progressively, the periodic oscillations become chaotic via the Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse route. We rationalize the role of the local pilot-wave structure on the resulting droplet motion, which is akin to a random walk. We characterize the emergence of wavelike statistics influenced by the effective potential that is induced by the mean Faraday wave field.
Asymmetric acoustic transmission with a lossy gradient-index metasurface
Authors: Ju Fangfang , Tian Ye , Cheng Ying , Liu Xiaojun
Published: September 2018

We theoretically and experimentally present the asymmetric acoustic transmission phenomenon in a lossy gradient-index metasurface (GIM). The lossy GIM design is a reflectionless planar layer for acoustic waves freely transmitted for positive incidence (PI) for incident angles from 10° to 40° and strongly attenuated for negative incidence (NI) for incident angles from −10° to −40°. The underlying mechanism is ascribed to the loss-induced suppression of the high diffraction order of the period grating. The diffraction order associated with the period grating takes a value of m=0 (without multiple reflections) for PI and m=2 (with multiple reflections) for NI, and hence, the asymmetric acoustic transmission occurs. We exemplify the lossy GIM by the coating unit cells consisting of three-layers of acoustic labyrinthine metamaterials, which provide a full phase control and around 26% transmission loss. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Our design may offer applications in noise control and acoustic sensors.
Bioenergy industry and the growth of the energy sector in the EU-28 region: Evidence from panel cointegration analysis
Authors: Alsaleh Mohd , Abdul-Rahim A. S.
Published: September 2018

This study attempts to find whether the bioenergy industry contributed to the growth of the energy sector in the EU-28 region from 1990 to 2013. This study adopts the framework of the conventional production function to identify the influence of the bioenergy industry on the growth of the energy totality industries in the EU-28 region. To this goal, the authors apply the unit root test, panel cointegration test, cointegration estimate analysis, and heterogeneous panel causality test. The key finding of this study is that the bioenergy industry's determinant consumption and labour and capital inputs have an important and positive effect on the outgrowth of the energy section. This study showed that there is a significant long-run balanced correlation between the bioenergy industry and the outgrowth of the energy sector in the EU-28 region. Heterogeneous panel causality results show that bioenergy consumption and capital input of the bioenergy industry have an important and positive correlation with the growth of the energy sector in EU28. Also, the results show that bioenergy consumption, capital input of bioenergy, and labour input of the bioenergy industry have important and positive relationships with the growth of the energy sector in EU28 developed states. Moreover, heterogeneous panel causality results show that bioenergy consumption and labour input of the bioenergy industry have important and positive correlations with the growth of the energy sector in EU28 developing states. With reference to the studied panel dataset implicating all 3 models, the findings boost the growth hypothesis. The implications of such analysis for the EU energy policy makers are related to competitiveness, sustainable development, and the security of energy supply. The results showed that the bioenergy industry have an important effect on the growth of the energy sector in the EU-28 region.
Optimization of flow-focusing devices for homogeneous extensional flow
Authors: Pimenta Francisco , Sousa Renato G. , Alves Manuel A.
Published: September 2018

We present a methodology for the shape optimization of flow-focusing devices with the purpose of creating a wide region of homogeneous extensional flow, characterized by a uniform strain-rate along the centerline of the devices. The numerical routines employed include an optimizer, a finite-volume solver, and a mesh generator operating on geometries with the walls parameterized by Bézier curves. The optimizations are carried out for devices with different geometric characteristics (channel aspect ratio and length). The performance of the optimized devices is assessed for varying Reynolds numbers, velocity ratio between streams, and fluid rheology. Brownian dynamics simulations are also performed to evaluate the stretching and relaxation of λ-DNA molecules in the devices. Overall, the optimized flow-focusing devices generate a homogeneous extensional flow over a range of conditions typically found in microfluidics. At high Weissenberg numbers, the extension of λ-DNA molecules in the optimized flow-focusing devices is close to that obtained in an ideal planar extensional flow with an equivalent Hencky strain. The devices presented in this study can be useful in microfluidic applications taking advantage of homogeneous extensional flows and easy control of the Hencky strain and strain-rate.
Fourth-order vibrational perturbation theory with the Watson Hamiltonian: Report of working equations and preliminary results
Authors: Gong Justin Z. , Matthews Devin A. , Changala P. Bryan , Stanton John F.
Published: September 2018

A derivation of fourth-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT4) based on the Watson Hamiltonian in dimensionless rectilinear normal coordinates is presented. Terms that are linear and cubic in the (nk + 12), with nk being the zeroth-order harmonic oscillator quantum numbers, appear in fourth order and extend the much simpler second-order vibrational perturbation theory model. The rather involved expressions for the fourth-order terms are derived with Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory, the process of verifying their correctness is described, and a computer code to generate the VPT4 constants from the potential energy surface derivatives is provided. The paper concludes with numerical examples featuring the H2O, Si2C, and cyclic-C3H2 molecules.
Effects of random pinning on the potential energy landscape of a supercooled liquid
Authors: Niblett S. P. , de Souza V. K. , Jack R. L. , Wales D. J.
Published: September 2018

We use energy landscape methods to investigate the response of a supercooled liquid to random pinning. We classify the structural similarity of different energy minima using a measure of overlap. This analysis reveals a correspondence between distinct particle packings (which are characterised via the overlap) and funnels on the energy landscape (which are characterised via disconnectivity graphs). As the number of pinned particles is increased, we find a crossover from glassy behavior at low pinning to a structure-seeking landscape at high pinning, in which all thermally accessible minima are structurally similar. We discuss the consequences of these results for theories of randomly pinned liquids. We also investigate how the energy landscape depends on the fraction of pinned particles, including the degree of frustration and the evolution of distinct packings as the number of pinned particles is reduced.
Mechanical and electromechanical properties of functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet: A density functional theory study
Authors: Hosseini Ehsan , Zakertabrizi Mohammad , Habibnejad Korayem Asghar , Chang Zhenyue
Published: September 2018

Hydroxylation as a technique is mainly used to alter the chemical characteristics of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), affecting physical features as well as mechanical and electromechanical properties in the process, the extent of which remains unknown. In this study, effects of functionalization on the physical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties of h-BN, including the interlayer distance, Young’s modulus, intrinsic strength, and bandgaps were investigated based on density functional theory. It was found that functionalized layers of h-BN have an average distance of about 5.48 Å. Analyzing mechanical properties of h-BN revealed great dependence on the degree of functionalization. For the amorphous hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (OH-BNNS), the Young’s modulus moves from 436 to 284 GPa as the coverage of –OH increases. The corresponding variations in the Young’s modulus of the ordered OH-BNNS with analogous coverage are bigger at 460–290 GPa. The observed intrinsic strength suggested that mechanical properties are promising even after functionalization. Moreover, the resulted bandgap reduction drastically enhanced the electrical conductivity of this structure under imposed strains. The results from this work pave the way for future endeavors in h-BN nanocomposites research.
The polarization characteristics of ELF/VLF waves generated via HF heating experiments of the ionosphere by EISCAT
Authors: Yang Jutao , Li Qingliang , Wang Jianguo , Hao Shuji , Ma Guanglin
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the experimental results of modulation and heating of the ionosphere using the European Incoherent Scatter facility in Troms ϕ, Norway, heating facility. The frequency characteristics of the excited extremely low frequency (ELF)/very low frequency (VLF) radiation sources in the amplitude modulated (AM) and dual-beam beat-wave (BW) modes are compared, and the polarization of the horizontal ELF/VLF magnetic field received at 15 km from the heating facility is studied. The results show that in the AM mode, the amplitude of the ELF/VLF signal decreases as the radiation frequency increases when the amplitude of the ELF/VLF signal reaches the maximum at 2017 Hz. In the BW mode, the maximum appears at 2017 Hz, but the overall amplitude of the ELF/VLF signal increases as the radiation frequency increases. The AM and BW modes have different frequency characteristics on ELF/VLF radiation sources formed by modulation and heating of the ionosphere. When the frequency is low, the amplitude of the ELF/VLF signal excited by the AM mode is greater than that excited by the BW mode, but as the frequency increases, the BW mode performs better than the AM mode. Under the same background conditions, the polarization characteristics of the ELF/VLF radiation signals excited by the AM and BW modes are different. The former tends to produce circularly polarized waves, while the latter produces linearly polarized waves.
Fiber mode excitation using phase-only spatial light modulation: Guideline on free-space path design and lossless optimization
Authors: Astorino Antonio , Glückstad Jesper , Rottwitt Karsten
Published: September 2018

Phase-only spatial light modulators allow to reshape a Gaussian beam by imposing a given phase distribution along the beam cross section. This technique is widely used in the context of mode-division multiplexing to produce, after propagation through a free-space path, the field designed to excite a given fiber mode. In case of orbital angular momentum modes, the target field is approximated as circularly polarized and several complex algorithms have been developed to increase the purity of the obtained modes. Besides their complexity, those algorithms often exploit higher-order diffraction and spatial filtering, hence entailing power loss. In the theoretical work described here, the mode purity is increased in a simple and efficient way by improving the mode approximation adopted to obtain circularly polarized modes and by optimizing two free parameters in the setup, as demonstrated through pertinent simulations.
Solution-based SnGaO thin-film transistors for Zn- and In-free oxide electronic devices
Authors: Wang Zhaogui , Zheng Jiwen , Li Minmin , Wu Qian , Huang Bolong , Chen Changdong , Wu Jin , Liu Chuan
Published: September 2018

Oxide-based electronics call for low-cost and stable semiconductors to reduce cost and enable long-term operations. Transistors based on Sn show high field-effect mobility but generally exhibit weak stability and difficulty in solution-processed patterning. Here, we report solution-processed tin-gallium-oxide (SnGaO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) for In- and Zn-free electronics. Different from tin oxide, the amorphous SnGaO semiconductor features a wide bandgap of 4.6 eV, can be wet-etched and patterned by photolithography, and exhibits a large on-off ratio and good device stability in TFTs. The films are deposited via a sol-gel process and, in the photoelectron spectra, they exhibit typical signals of Sn4+ and Ga3+, which act as the electron provider and suppresser, respectively. By varying the elemental ratios, the average field-effect mobility could be well controlled over a wide range from 0.66 to 9.82 cm2/V s, the maximum mobility can reach 12 cm2/V s, and the on/off ratio is above 106. The devices exhibited good stability for positive and negative bias stressing as well as with illumination, probably attributed to Ga-O bonds which are stronger than the weak Zn-O bonds. The presented studies may provide useful information to understand thin-film devices based on tin oxide and gallium oxide semiconductors.
High-average and high-peak output-power terahertz-wave generation by optical parametric down-conversion in MgO:LiNbO3
Authors: Moriguchi Yoshikiyo , Tokizane Yu , Takida Yuma , Nawata Kouji , Eno Taizo , Nagano Shigenori , Minamide Hiroaki
Published: September 2018

A widely tunable terahertz (THz)-wave generation that has a high repetition rate and a narrow line width is demonstrated in this paper by injection-seeded THz-wave parametric generation (is-TPG) in a MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. By pumping the crystal using a passively Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate microchip laser with a time duration of 140 ps and an average power of up to 5 W, a THz-wave output with an average output power of 30 μW, a peak power of 4 W, a pulse duration of 73 ps, and a pulse-repetition frequency of 100 kHz is obtained. To prevent laser damage and photorefractive damage to the crystal, the constraints on the pumping condition of the MgO:LiNbO3 crystal are experimentally studied by changing the pumping parameters. As a result, we achieved the stable generation of the THz-wave signal in the 100 kHz regime. Moreover, we performed THz-wave imaging by using the developed is-TPG source. The obtained THz image indicated that the developed system has a good stability over long periods of time.
Experiment investigation on vacuum arc of AMF contacts under different materials
Authors: Lin Renjie , Wang Lijun , Ma Jinwei , Shi Weixin , Deng Jie , Jia Shenli
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the arc characteristics of cup-shaped AMF contacts in vacuum arc experiments under different materials was studied. The experiment was conducted in a detachable vacuum chamber with a gas pressure of 10-4Pa. The arc voltage and current were measured at the same time by high-voltage probe and Rogowski coil, and the arc pictures were photographed with a high-speed camera. The cup and the rod of the contact are made of pure copper material, and the contact pieces are selected ten common contact materials for comparison (CuCr10, CuCr 20, CuCr 30, CuCr 40, CuCr 50, WCu10, WCu20, WCu30, CuW-WC). Fixed-distance trigger experiments were conducted with currents of 5kA (rms), 10kA (rms), and 15kA (rms) for each contact. The arc appearance, cathode surface morphology, and anode status morphology were observed. The shape of the arc was analyzed in conjunction with the voltage and current after the experiment. The morphology of cathode and anode surface was analyzed by combining the erosion after the experiment. The effect of various material properties was discussed under the AMF. It’s found that the center of the anode erosion area is approximately hexagonal, and the slot is burned more outward than the plane. WCu contact has better erosion resistance than CuCr contact. For CuCr, the erosion of CuCr30 is the slightest with low depth and small area.
Generation of elliptic perfect optical vortex and elliptic perfect vector beam by modulating the dynamic and geometric phase
Authors: Li Delin , Chang Chenliang , Nie Shouping , Feng Shaotong , Ma Jun , Yuan Caojin
Published: September 2018

We propose a method for generating an elliptic perfect vector beam (EPVB) by modulating the dynamic and geometric phases. It is theoretically demonstrated that the shape of the beam can be changed from circle to ellipse by setting the scale factor m of the dynamic phase, but the diameter of it is independent on the topological charge and the polarization order. Since the geometric phases provided by the dialectic Q-plate vary with the polarization state of the illumination beam, EPVB can be converted to the elliptic perfect optical vortex (EPOV) beam by changing the polarization state of the illuminating beam. Therefore, we also provide an alternative method to generate the EPOV beam. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical expectations.
Hydration induced bandgap shift at pyrite-water interface
Authors: Xian Haiyang , Du Runxiang , Zhu Jianxi , Chen Meng , Tan Wei , Zhu Runliang , Wei Jingming , He Hongping
Published: September 2018

The practical application of earth abundant pyrite (FeS2) in photovoltaic devices is extremely limited by the low open-circuit voltage (OCV) (∼200 mV) induced low efficiency (<3%). As such, finding out the causes for the low OCV and the corresponding solutions has been widely concerned. Here, we report the hydration induced bandgap shift at the pyrite-water interface, which has been ignored in previous efforts. The bandgap shift may be one of the reasons responsible for the low OCV. Using ab initio calculations, we found that, compared to the pure pyrite surface in vacuum, the bandgap of the pyrite-water interfacial system possesses blue and red shifts at the water coverage of more and less than the mono-layer, respectively. The bandgap shift of the interfacial system could be explained by the adsorption symmetry and charge transfer between water and the substrate. These results reveal that the interfacial water could change the electronic structure of the pyrite surface, suggesting that hydration could be a highly probable stratagem to tune the photovoltage properties of pyrite-based materials.
Transient process based electromagnetic flow measurement methods and implementation
Authors: Wu Jian-Ping , Xu Ke-Jun , Xu Wei , Yu Xin-Long
Published: September 2018

The ordinary electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) utilizes the steady-state period of the excitation current for measuring the flow rate in order to ensure zero stability and measurement accuracy. In this paper, the transient process of EMF is studied to measure the flow rate so as to realize applications requiring ultra-low power consumption, for example, water meters. For this reason, the dynamic excitation current and signal voltage of the transient process are analyzed, and three kinds of transient measurement methods are proposed to determine the relationship between the processing results of the signal voltage and flow rates. They are the voltage-current ratio method, voltage-current differential method, and differential interference compensation method. In order to verify these measurement methods, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) that is the same processing chip as the current ordinary electromagnetic flow transmitter is selected to design a hardware system of the transmitter, and the excitation current and signal voltage of the transient process are acquired. Analysis of experimental data shows that there is a good linear relationship between the processing results of the signal voltage and flow rates. The software of the electromagnetic flow transmitter based on DSP is developed, and the transient measurement methods are realized in real time so as to perform the water flow calibration experiments and power consumption tests. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy is 0.5% which is the same as the ordinary EMF. Comparisons of power consumption show that the excitation power consumption of EMF based on the transient measurement principle is 1/1200 of that of the ordinary EMF.
Disclination ensembles in graphene
Authors: Rozhkov M. A. , Kolesnikova A. L. , Yasnikov I. S. , Romanov A. E.
Published: September 2018

We consider graphene disclination networks (DNs) — periodic distributions of disclination defects. Disclinations manifest themselves as 4-, 5-, 7- or 8-member carbon rings in otherwise 6-member ring ideal 2D graphene crystal lattice. Limiting cases of graphene-like 2D carbon lattices without 6-member motives, i.e., pseudographenes, are also studied. The geometry and energy of disclinated 2D carbon configurations are analyzed with the help of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique. A comparison of the obtained MD results with analytical calculations within the framework of the theory of defects of elastic continuum is presented.
Measurement of the Ideal Strength of Graphene Nanosheets
Authors: Mazilova T. I. , Wanderka N. , Sadanov E. V. , Mikhailovskij I. M.
Published: September 2018

The uniaxial tensile strength of graphene nanosheets at 77 K was determined by the method of loading two-dimensional nano-objects with strong electric fields. It was shown that, for graphene sheets 0.5 to 2.8 nm thick, the maximum strength within the measurement error does not depend on the thickness of the sheets. The average strength, due to significant statistical dispersion, was 43% lower than its maximum value (92 GPa). The strength of graphene nanosheets is almost an order of magnitude greater than the strength of nanoneedle samples made from original carbon fibres. Evidence that graphene nanosheet strength does not depend upon sheet depth indicates the achievement of the ideal strength of these objects.
Effect of Magnetic-Lattice Transformations on Low-Temperature Plasticity and Fracture of Chromium Single Crystals
Authors: Sokolenko V. I. , Gorbatenko V. M.
Published: September 2018

Analysis of the literature indicates an interconnection of the lattice and magnetic subsystems of chromium, which suggests the further study of changes in low-temperature plasticity and fracture of chromium resulting from magneto-lattice transformations during thermal cycling in the range of 373↔77 K. For the initial microalloyed Eu single crystals of Cr (the content of impurities Ci ≈ 10–3 wt.%) with orientations [110] and [112] along the compression axes, a monotonous growth of the yield point was observed in the temperature range from room temperature to T = Tx ≈ 170 K (Tx is the temperature of cold-brittleness or the temperature of ductile-brittle transition). When the temperature was lowered in the range of Tx–4.2 K, the samples became brittle, with a decrease in the fracture stress, which is due to the growth of local stresses at the concentrators. As a result of thermal cycling accompanied by multiple phase transformations from the paramagnetic to the antiferromagnetic AF1 and AF2 states and vice versa, a decrease in the Tx value of chromium was observed of ≈ 20 K. The effect is related to the occurrence of relaxation processes near stress concentrators due to the displacement of the walls of domain structures and also cyclic striction deformations that compensate for the volume change caused by overheating and supercooling of the sample due to a rapid change in temperature.
Some aspects of double twinning in hexagonal metals
Authors: Ostapovets A. , Paidar V.
Published: September 2018

When plastic deformation cannot be carried by dislocations, mechanical twinning is often activated. This situation often takes place in hexagonal materials. In addition to general grain boundaries, twin boundaries as special interfaces play an important role not only for mechanical properties but for other properties of materials as well. This short paper is focused only on some processes related to double twinning and the conditions of its occurrence are considered. Geometrical aspects are analyzed for development mechanisms of different twin interfaces in connection to double twinning.
Physiotherapy clinical education in Australia: an exploration of clinical educator characteristics, confidence and training requirements
Authors: Newstead Clint , Johnston Catherine L. , Nisbet Gillian , McAllister Lindy
Published: September 2018

Objectives
The aim of this study was to describe physiotherapists’ involvement, confidence and training needs in the provision of student clinical education (CE) in Australia.

Methods
A valid and reliable cross-sectional online survey instrument was used to collect data from physiotherapists employed in public and private healthcare facilities in Australia. Survey questions included participant personal and professional characteristics, participation in CE-related continuing professional development (CPD) and confidence in components of CE.

Results
In all, 170 (34%) physiotherapists (mean age 37 years; mean years clinical experience 13 years) completed the survey. Most participants (68%) were currently involved in CE, over half (56%) had completed CE-related CPD and many (56%) reported a need for more CPD. Participants with no previous CE experience were less confident (P≤0.05) in all components of CE. Participants with less clinical experience were less confident in managing challenging students (P=0.003), multiple students (P=<0.001) and competing workplace and education duties (P=<0.001).

Conclusions
Physiotherapists with varying professional characteristics were involved in CE. Although many participants had attended CE-related CPD, many reported that more training was required. Future training for clinical educators should be tailored to participants’ level of experience and focus on the components of CE in which they feel least confident.

What is known about the topic?
The ability of physiotherapists to confidently assume a clinical educator role may affect their willingness to be clinical educators in the future and the students’ perceptions of clinical placement quality. CPD relating to CE may help prepare physiotherapists for the clinical educator role.

What does this paper add?
There is a lack of information regarding physiotherapists’ involvement in CE, completion of CE-related CPD or perceived levels of confidence in various aspects of the clinical educator role, such as placement organisation, teaching, assessment and the provision of feedback. This study describes the involvement of physiotherapists in CE in Australia, including their demographic and professional characteristics, participation in CE-related CPD and confidence in various components of CE.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Several recommendations regarding future CE-related CPD have resulted from this study, including tailoring CPD to the needs of physiotherapists based on their level of clinical or CE experience, focusing CPD on the aspects of CE in which physiotherapists feel least confident and raising the awareness of and improving accessibility to CPD opportunities in this area.
Evolutionary implications of microplastics for soil biota
Authors: Rillig Matthias C. , de Souza Machado Anderson Abel , Lehmann Anika , Klümper Uli
Published: September 2018

Environmental contextMicroplastic particles are increasingly recognised as human-caused pollutants in soil with potential harmful effects on soil microorganisms. Microplastics may also have evolutionary consequences for soil microbes, because the particles may alter conditions in the soil and hence selection pressures. Including an evolutionary perspective in an environmental assessment of microplastics could lead to new questions and novel insights into responses of soil microbes to this anthropogenic stressor.
AbstractMicroplastic pollution is increasingly considered to be a factor of global change: in addition to aquatic ecosystems, this persistent contaminant is also found in terrestrial systems and soils. Microplastics have been chiefly examined in soils in terms of the presence and potential effects on soil biota. Given the persistence and widespread distribution of microplastics, it is also important to consider potential evolutionary implications of the presence of microplastics in soil; we offer such a perspective for soil microbiota. We discuss the range of selection pressures likely to act upon soil microbes, highlight approaches for the study of evolutionary responses to microplastics, and present the obstacles to be overcome. Pondering the evolutionary consequences of microplastics in soils can yield new insights into the effects of this group of pollutants, including establishing ‘true’ baselines in soil ecology, and understanding future responses of soil microbial populations and communities.