bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of haemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms of different sizes located in the ophthalmic artery
Authors: Valencia Alvaro , Botto Sergio , Sordo Juan , Galvez Marcelo , Badilla Lautaro
Published: August 2006

Haemodynamics plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The temporal and spatial variations of the wall shear stress in the aneurysmal sac are hypothesized to be correlated with its growth and rupture. In addition, the assessment of the velocity field in the aneurysm dome and neck is important for the correct placement of endovascular coils. This work describes the flow dynamics in patient‐specific models of saccular aneurysms of different sizes located in the ophthalmic artery. The models were obtained from three‐dimensional rotational angiography image data and blood flow dynamics was studied under physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The three‐dimensional continuity and momentum equations for unsteady laminar flow were solved with commercial software using nonstructured fine grid sizes. The intra‐aneurysmal flows show complex vortex structures that change during one pulsatile cycle. A relation between the aneurysm aspect ratio and the mean wall shear stress on the aneurysmal sac is showed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal mammary artery and vein: Recipient vessels for free tissue transfer to the head and neck in the vessel‐depleted neck
Authors: Urken Mark L. , Higgins Kevin M. , Lee Bryant , Vickery Carlin
Published: August 2006

Background

Microvascular free tissue transfer is a standard reconstructive option for postablative defects of the head and neck. However, the success of this surgery requires suitable recipient vessels in the cervical region. This form of reconstruction can be particularly challenging in the vessel‐depleted neck. While the internal mammary artery and vein (IMA/V) have been used extensively in breast reconstruction, there are few reports describing their use in head and neck reconstruction. We report the first case series of the use of the internal mammary vessels for head and neck microvascular reconstruction.

Methods

We reviewed 5 cases of free tissue transfers to the head and neck in which extensive prior treatment precluded the use of more traditional recipient vessels in the neck or upper chest.

Results

A variety of free flaps were transferred for different reconstructive problems which included: chin/lower lip (n = 2), closure of widely patent tracheoesophageal puncture sites (n = 2), and pharyngoesophageal reconstruction following staged repair of a severe stenosis (n = 1). The radial forearm free flap was transferred in 4 patients and the rectus abdominus free flap in 1 patient. The IMA/V on the right side was prepared in all cases. All free flaps were successfully revascularized without the need for vein grafts and without the need for any microvascular revision procedures.

Conclusion

The internal mammary artery and vein provide reliable, easily accessible recipient vessels for microvascular reconstruction in the vessel‐depleted neck. The selection of free flap donor sites with long donor vessels facilitates the microvascular repair. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Hippocampal place cells: Parallel input streams, subregional processing, and implications for episodic memory
Authors: Knierim James J. , Lee Inah , Hargreaves Eric L.
Published: August 2006

The hippocampus is thought to be involved in episodic memory in humans. Place cells of the rat hippocampus offer a potentially important model system to understand episodic memory. However, the difficulties in determining whether rats have episodic memory are profound. Progress can be made by considering the hippocampus as a computational device that presumably performs similar transformations on its inputs in both rats and in humans. Understanding the input/output transformations of rat place cells can thus inform research on the computational basis of human episodic memory. Two examples of different transformations in the CA3 and CA1 regions are presented. In one example, CA3 place fields are shown to maintain a greater degree of population coherence than CA1 place fields after a rearrangement of the salient landmarks in an environment, in agreement with computational models of CA3 as an autoassociative network. In the second example, CA3 place field appears to store information about the spatiotemporal sequences of place fields, starting with the first exposure to a cue‐altered environment, whereas CA1 place fields store this information only on a temporary basis. Finally, recordings of hippocampal afferents from the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex (EC) suggest that these two regions convey fundamentally different representations to the hippocampus, with spatial information conveyed by the medial EC and nonspatial information conveyed by the lateral EC. The dentate gyrus and CA3 regions may create configural object + place (or item + context) representations that provide the spatiotemporal context of an episodic memory. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hamidah , Waters Hugh , Omer Saad B. , Khan Aamir , Baig Imam Yar , Mistry Rozina , Halsey Neal
Published: August 2006

Pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis place a significant economic burden on health care systems, particularly in developing countries. This study estimates treatment costs for these diseases in health facilities in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Health facility resources are organized by categories—including salaries, capital costs, utilities, overhead, maintenance and supplies—and quantified using activity‐based costing (ABC) techniques. The average cost of treatment for an outpatient case of child pneumonia is $13.44. For hospitalized care, the health system spent an average of $71 per episode for pneumonia, $235 for severe pneumonia, and $2,043 for meningitis. These costs provide important background information for the potential introduction of the conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in Pakistan. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐oxoglutarate downregulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin through decreasing hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and inhibits angiogenesis
Authors: Matsumoto Ken , Imagawa Shigehiko , Obara Naoshi , Suzuki Norio , Takahashi Satoru , Nagasawa Toshiro , Yamamoto Masayuki
Published: August 2006

In oxygenated cells, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) α subunits are rapidly degraded by a mechanism that involves ubiquitination by the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor E3 ligase complex using 2‐oxoglutarate as a substrate. We examined the effect of 2‐oxoglutarate on the production of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of erythropoietin and VEGF protein were dose‐dependently downregulated in Hep3B cells by the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate. The promoter activity of VEGF‐luciferase was dose‐dependently downregulated by the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited HIF‐1 binding activity, but did not affect GATA binding activity. Western blot analysis revealed that 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited the HIF‐1α protein level in Hep3B cells in hypoxic conditions. However, MG132 (the proteasome inhibitor) rescued the inhibition of HIF‐1α protein expression by 2‐oxoglutarate. Furthermore, under hypoxic conditions, 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited tube formation in in vitro angiogenesis assays. These results indicate that 2‐oxoglutarate treatment may be useful for the inhibition of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 333–340, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive expression of thrombospondin 1 in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells inhibits mineralization
Authors: Ueno Akemichi , Miwa Yoshihiro , Miyoshi Keiko , Horiguchi Taigo , Inoue Hideo , Ruspita Intan , Abe Kaori , Yamashita Kikuji , Hayashi Eiji , Noma Takafumi
Published: August 2006

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a multifunctional extracellular glycoprotein present mainly in the fetal and adult skeleton. Although an inhibitory effect of TSP1 against pathological mineralization in cultured vascular pericytes has been shown, its involvement in physiological mineralization by osteoblasts is still unknown. To determine the role of TSP1 in biomineralization, mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells were cultured in the presence of antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the TSP1 sequence. The 18‐ and 24‐mer antisense oligonucleotides caused concentration‐dependent increases in the number of mineralized nodules, acid‐soluble calcium deposition in the cell/matrix layer, and alkaline phosphatase activity within 9 days, without affecting cell proliferation. The corresponding sense or scrambled oligonucleotides did not affect these parameters. In the antisense oligonucleotide‐treated MC3T3‐E1 cells, thickened extracellular matrix, well‐developed cell processes, increased intracellular organelles, and collagen fibril bundles were observed. On the other hand, the addition of TSP1 to the culture decreased the production of a mineralized matrix by MC3T3‐E1 cells. Furthermore, MC3T3‐E1 clones overexpressing mouse TSP1 were established and assayed for TSP1 protein and their capacity to mineralize. TSP1 dose‐dependently inhibited mineralization by these cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that TSP1 functions as an inhibitory regulator of bone mineralization and matrix production by osteoblasts to sustain bone homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 322–332, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A downstream kinase of the mammalian target of rapamycin, p70S6K1, regulates human double minute 2 protein phosphorylation and stability
Authors: Fang Jing , Meng Qiao , Vogt Peter K. , Zhang Ruiwen , Jiang Bing‐Hua
Published: August 2006

Human double minute 2 (HDM2) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in many human cancers. HDM2 expression is regulated at multiple levels in cells. Phosphorylation of HDM2 plays an important role in its post‐translational regulation. In this study, we have shown that the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, have similar effects on the inhibition of HDM2 phosphorylation and protein turnover. Rapamycin inhibited p70S6K1, but not AKT activation, indicating that rapamycin affects HDM2 phosphorylation via an AKT‐independent mechanism. Rapamycin also decreased HDM2 protein stability. Knockdown of p70S6K1 by a p70S6K1 siRNA resulted in the inhibition of HDM2 phosphorylation and a decrease in HDM2 protein turnover. Overexpression of p70S6K1 enhanced HDM2 phosphorylation and led to an increase in HDM2 protein turnover. Our results suggest that p70S6K1 regulates turnover of HDM2 protein for cancer development. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 261–265, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stat5 in the mammary gland: Controlling normal development and cancer
Authors: Barash Itamar
Published: August 2006

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat5) funnels extracellular signals of cytokines, hormones, and growth factors into transcriptional activity in the mammary gland. Postnatal development and functionality of this tissue is synchronized with the reproductive cycle. Consequently, Stat5 involvement in lobuloalveolar development, milk‐protein synthesis, or tissue remodeling is dictated by the particular reproductive stage. Latent deregulation of Stat5 activity during the reproductive cycle predisposes the tissue to tumorigenesis at a later stage, when the female is no longer fertile. Accumulating data from studies with mouse models and breast‐cancer specimens demonstrate a dual role for Stat5 in this context. It causes tumorigenesis, but delays metastasis progression. Consequently, Stat5 activity in breast‐cancer specimens marks a better prognosis for survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 305–313, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐Covalent Interactions in Polysaccharide Systems
Authors: Rinaudo Marguerite
Published: August 2006

Summary:This paper describes the behavior of some polysaccharides with well‐known chemical structures and in which the influence of cooperative secondary interactions play an important role. The roles played by hydrophobic and ionic interactions (including ionic selectivity) on polysaccharide conformation and gelation are discussed. Electrostatic attractions are also important in the complexes formed between surfactants and polyelectrolytes of opposite charge. Finally, van der Waals dipolar interactions and particularly hydrogen‐bond formation are examined. The role of hydrogen bonds in solubility, conformation, and especially the local stiffness of polysaccharides, but also in polymer–polymer complexes frequently obtained with polysaccharides, is developed.

Repeat unit for a number polysaccharides.

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Repeat unit for a number polysaccharides.
Merging Organic and Polymer Chemistries to Create Glycomaterials for Glycomics Applications
Authors: Coullerez Géraldine , Seeberger Peter H. , Textor Marcus
Published: August 2006

Summary: Oligosaccharides at cell surfaces are known to play a critical role in many biological processes such as biorecognition, interactions between cells and with artificial surfaces, immune response, infection and inflammation. In order to facilitate studies of the role of sugars, an increasing number of novel tools are becoming available. New synthetic strategies now provide much more efficient access to complex carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Branched carbohydrates and hybrids of carbohydrates conjugated to polymers have been prepared using solution and/or solid‐phase synthesis and advanced methods of polymerization. These materials are essential for the development of methodologies to study and map the molecular structure‐function relationship at interfaces. This article highlights recent advances in the synthesis of carbohydrates and polymer hybrids mimicking the properties and functionalities of the natural oligosaccharides, as well as selected applications in biology, biotechnology and diagnostics.

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Branched and Cross‐Linked Proton Conductive Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Ionomers: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Chikashige Yohei , Chikyu Yoshiki , Miyatake Kenji , Watanabe Masahiro
Published: August 2006

Summary: A series of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers containing sulfofluorenyl groups, 2b–e were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of these chemical modifications on the properties. Ionomers 2b–e gave a flexible, ductile, and transparent membrane by casting from DMAc solution. The branching and cross‐linking were effective to improve the dimensional stability under wet conditions without losing their high thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability. The cross‐linked ionomer 2e (IEC = 2.63 meq · g−1) membrane showed high proton conductivity of 0.2 S · cm−1 at 87% RH and 0.02 S · cm−1 at 57% RH. The branched ionomer 2b membrane was durable in proton conductivity for almost 2 months without any chemical degradation.

Chemical structure of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers.

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Chemical structure of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers.
Novel Hybrid Polymer Brushes with Alternating Dendritic Wedges and Linear Side Chains
Authors: Zhang Yanhong , Li Xiaokai , Deng Guohua , Chen Yongming
Published: August 2006

Summary: Novel hybrid polymer brushes with alternating dendritic wedge and linear chain as side chains were reported in this paper. Firstly, dendronized polymer initiators of generation one to three, GnMIBr (n = 1, 2, 3), were synthesized through the alternating copolymerization of styryl dendrons and maleimide derivative initiated by AIBN. The linear side chains were then generated through grafting‐from approach using ATRP of tBA initiated with the above‐mentioned macroinitiators. By combining such macromonomers and grafting‐from approach, a new kind of polymer brushes with alternating dendron and linear chain as side chains, GnMI‐g‐PtBA, were thus synthesized and characterized with 1H NMR, SEC, AFM, etc. Morphology studies made by AFM indicate the polymer brushes display a uniform worm‐like structure with a very long contour length. After the hydrolysis of PtBA branches under acidic conditions, amphiphilic dendronized polymer brushes with hydrophilic linear PAA side chains and hydrophobic dendritic side chains of three generations have been prepared.

Schematic structure and AFM image of G1MI‐g‐PtBA‐2 dendronized polymer brushes.

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Schematic structure and AFM image of G1MI‐g‐PtBA‐2 dendronized polymer brushes.
Public affairs as reality construction: an established paradigm with new implications
Authors: de Lange Rob , Linders Paul
Published: August 2006

This article was initially a reaction to the special issues of the Journal of Public Affairs on the relative lack of theoretical foundations for the research and practice of public affairs (Vol. 1 no. 4, Vol. 2 no. 1, 2002).

The social‐scientific approach that is known under the name constructionism has interesting implications for the study and the practice of this field. The authors explore some of its central concepts and implications such as framing, priming, typification, claims making, symbolic power, background, sense making and narrative construction. They test some of these concepts for their applicability and usefulness for research, theory building and practice in the field of public affairs.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic significance of WT1 gene expression in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rodrigues Patricia C. , Oliveira Sátiro N. , Viana Marcos B. , Matsuda Eduardo I. , Nowill Alexandre E. , Brandalise Silvia R. , Yunes José A.
Published: August 2006

Background

The Wilms Tumor gene (WT1) encodes a transcription factor involved in kidney development and malignancy. WT1 expression in a subpopulation of early CD34+ cells has suggested its involvement in hematopoiesis. WT1 is aberrantly expressed in leukemias. High expression of WT1 at diagnosis has been associated with unfavorable prognosis in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The prognostic relevance of WT1 expression in pediatric AML was evaluated in only one study, including 47 patients, which showed that very low levels of WT1 at presentation were associated with an excellent outcome. To test the validity of these findings we measured levels of WT1 in 41 newly diagnosed pediatric AML of the non‐M3 FAB subtype.

Procedure

Patients were treated according to an AML‐BFM 83‐based protocol in a single institution. Mononucleated cells obtained from presentation BM aspirates were cryopreserved and later thawed and used for total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The quantitative assessment of WT1 transcripts was made by real‐time PCR (RQ‐PCR). WT1 transcripts values were normalized with respect to the number of ABL transcripts.

Results

WT1 levels were significantly higher in patients bearing favorable chromosome abnormalities, t(8;21) and inv(16) (P = 0.002). Higher levels of WT1 expression were unexpectedly associated with a higher probability of overall survival by Cox regression analysis (P = 0.002). Multivariate regression analysis could not discriminate between the effects of WT1 and cytogenetics on survival.

Conclusions

Higher WT1 expression was associated with favorable cytogenetics subtypes and accordingly with better outcome in children with AML in this study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:133–138. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe acute hypertriglyceridemia during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction successfully treated with plasmapheresis
Authors: Ridola Vita , Buonuomo Paola Sabrina , Maurizi Palma , Putzulu Rossana , Annunziata Maria Laura , Pietrini Domenico , Riccardi Riccardo
Published: August 2006

Children suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) treated with asparaginase and corticosteroids are at risk of developing severe lipid abnormalities. The authors report the case of a 10‐year‐old male with extremely high plasma triglyceride concentrations (4,000 mg/dl) during the induction phase of ALL associated with mild pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia was successfully managed with plasmapheresis with a decrease in triglyceride levels to 590 mg/dl. Apheresis appears to be safe and effective in reducing hypertriglyceridemia and preventing related complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:378–380. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protocol‐based treatment for children with cancer in low income countries in Latin America: A report on the recent meetings of the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO)—Part II
Authors: Howard Scott C. , Ortiz Roberta , Baez Luis Fulgencio , Cabanas Ricardo , Barrantes José , Fu Ligia , Peña Armando , Samudio Angélica , Vizcaino Martha , Rodríguez‐Galindo Carlos , Barr Ronald D. , Conter Valentino , Biondi Andrea , Masera Giuseppe ,   the MISPHO Consortium Writing Committee
Published: August 2006

Pediatric cancer programs in low‐income countries (LIC) can improve outcomes. However, treatment must be tailored to the patient's living conditions and the availability of supportive care. In some cases, a more intense regimen will decrease survival since the increase in death from toxicity may exceed any decrease in relapse. Attempts to practice evidence‐based pediatric oncology are thwarted by the lack of evidence derived from local experience in LIC to determine optimal therapy. This report summarizes treatment regimens used by pediatric oncologists from 15 countries of the Caribbean, Central and South America who participate in the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO). Patients with hepatoblastoma, Wilms tumor, and histiocytosis treated on unmodified published protocols had outcomes comparable to those in high‐income countries (HIC). Those with rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia treated with unmodified regimens had event‐free survival estimates 10%–20% lower than those reported in HIC due to higher rates of toxic death, abandonment of therapy, and relapse. Treatment of retinoblastoma is complicated by advanced stages and extraocular disease at diagnosis; improved outcomes depend on education of pediatricians and the public to recognize early signs of this disease. Use of unmodified protocols for Burkitt lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been associated with unacceptable toxicity in LIC, so MISPHO centers have modified published regimens by giving lower doses of methotrexate and reducing use of anthracyclines. Despite the use of all‐trans‐retinoic acid during induction for acute promyelocytic leukemia, the incidence of fatal hemorrhage remains unacceptably high. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
19% efficientn‐type Czochralski silicon solar cells with screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed rear emitter
Authors: Schmiga Christian , Nagel Henning , Schmidt Jan
Published: August 2006

High and stable lifetimes recently reported for n‐type silicon materials are an important and promising prerequisite for innovative solar cells. To exploit the advantages of the excellent electrical properties of n‐type Si wafers for manufacturing simple and industrially feasible high‐efficiency solar cells, we focus on back junction n+np+solar cells featuring an easy‐to‐fabricate full‐area screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed rear p+emitter. Independently confirmed record‐high efficiencies have been achieved on n‐type phosphorus‐doped Czochralski‐grown silicon material: 18·9% for laboratory‐type n+np+solar cells (4 cm2) with shadow‐mask evaporated front contact grid and 17·0% for front and rear screen‐printed industrial‐type cells (100 cm2). The electrical cell parameters were found to be perfectly stable under illumination. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full counting statistics of interacting electrons
Authors: Bagrets D.A. , Utsumi Y. , Golubev D.S. , Schön G.
Published: August 2006

In order to fully characterize the noise associated with electron transport, with its severe consequences for solid‐state quantum information systems, the theory of full counting statistics has been developed. It accounts for correlation effects associated with the statistics and effects of entanglement, but it remains a non‐trivial task to account for interaction effects. In this article we present two examples: we describe electron transport through quantum dots with strong charging effects beyond perturbation theory in the tunneling, and we analyze current fluctuations in a diffusive interacting conductor.
Experimental quantum secret sharing
Authors: Schmid Ch. , Trojek P. , Gaertner S. , Bourennane M. , Kurtsiefer Ch. , Zukowski M. , Weinfurter H.
Published: August 2006

We consider two simple and practical protocols for multiparty communication and show their experimental realization. These protocols deal with the task of secret sharing in which a secret message is split among several parties in a way that its reconstruction requires their mutual collaboration. In the presented schemes the parties solve the problem by two different approaches: The first uses as a resource the multiqubit entangled state |Π4‐〉. As no interferometric setups are required here, contrary to known schemes, involving Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states, its implementation is simpler and more stable. In the second scheme only sequential transformations on a single qubit are used. This further tremendously simplifies the method, makes it scalable with regard to the number of participating partners and above all, technologically comparable to quantum key distribution.
Free space quantum key distribution: Towards a real life application
Authors: Weier H. , Schmitt‐Manderbach T. , Regner N. , Kurtsiefer Ch. , Weinfurter H.
Published: August 2006

Quantum key distribution (QKD) [1] is the first method of quantum information science that will find its way into our everyday life. It employs fundamental laws of quantum physics to ensure provably secure symmetric key generation between two parties. The key can then be used to encrypt and decrypt sensitive data with unconditional security. Here, we report on a free space QKD implementation using strongly attenuated laser pulses over a distance of 480 m. It is designed to work continuously without human interaction. Until now, it produces quantum keys unattended at night for more than 12 hours with a sifted key rate of more than 50 kbit/s and a quantum bit error rate between 3% and 5%.
Detecting neutral atoms on an atom chip
Authors: Wilzbach M. , Haase A. , Schwarz M. , Heine D. , Wicker K. , Liu X. , Brenner K.‐H. , Groth S. , Fernholz Th. , Hessmo B. , Schmiedmayer J.
Published: August 2006

Detecting single atoms (qubits) is a key requirement for implementing quantum information processing on an atom chip. The detector should ideally be integrated on the chip. Here we present and compare different methods capable of detecting neutral atoms on an atom chip. After a short introduction to fluorescence and absorption detection we discuss cavity enhanced detection of single atoms. In particular we concentrate on optical fiber based detectors such as fiber cavities and tapered fiber dipole traps. We discuss the various constraints in building such detectors in detail along with the current implementations on atom chips. Results from experimental tests of fiber integration are also described. In addition we present a pilot experiment for atom detection using a concentric cavity to verify the required scaling.
Quantum information processing in optical lattices and magnetic microtraps
Authors: Treutlein P. , Steinmetz T. , Colombe Y. , Lev B. , Hommelhoff P. , Reichel J. , Greiner M. , Mandel O. , Widera A. , Rom T. , Bloch I. , Hänsch TheodorW.
Published: August 2006

We review our experiments on quantum information processing with neutral atoms in optical lattices and magnetic microtraps. Atoms in an optical lattice in the Mott insulator regime serve as a large qubit register. A spin‐dependent lattice is used to split and delocalize the atomic wave functions in a controlled and coherent way over a defined number of lattice sites. This is used to experimentally demonstrate a massively parallel quantum gate array, which allows the creation of a highly entangled many‐body cluster state through coherent collisions between atoms on neighbouring lattice sites. In magnetic microtraps on an atom chip, we demonstrate coherent manipulation of atomic qubit states and measure coherence lifetimes exceeding one second at micron‐distance from the chip surface. We show that microwave near‐fields on the chip can be used to create state‐dependent potentials for the implementation of a quantum controlled phase gate with these robust qubit states. For single atom detection and preparation, we have developed high finesse fiber Fabry‐Perot cavities and integrated them on the ato m chip. We present an experiment in which we detected a very small number of cold atoms magnetically trapped in the cavity using the atom chip.
Genetics and evidence for an esterase‐associated mechanism of resistance to indoxacarb in a field population of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Sayyed Ali H , Wright Denis J
Published: August 2006

Bioassays (at generation G2) with a newly collected field population (designated CH3) of Plutella xylostella L. from farmers' fields in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, indicated resistance ratios of 813‐, 79‐, 171‐, 498‐ and 1285‐fold for indoxacarb, fipronil, spinosad, deltamethrin and Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac respectively compared with a laboratory susceptible population (Lab‐UK). At G2 the field‐derived population was divided into two subpopulations: one was selected (G2 to G7) with indoxacarb (indoxa‐SEL), while the second was left unselected (UNSEL). A significant reduction in the resistance ratio for each compound was observed in UNSEL at G8. For indoxa‐SEL, bioassays at G8 found that selection with indoxacarb gave a resistance ratio of 2594 compared with Lab‐UK and of 90 compared with UNSEL. The toxicity of fipronil, spinosad and deltamethrin was not significantly different in indoxa‐SEL at G8 compared with G2 but was significantly greater than UNSEL at G8. The toxicity of Cry1Ac was significantly reduced in indoxa‐SEL at G8 compared with G2 but was also significantly greater than UNSEL at G8. This suggests that indoxacarb selection maintained resistance to these compounds in the indoxa‐SEL population. Synergist studies indicated that resistance to indoxacarb in indoxa‐SEL was esterase associated. Logit regression analysis of F1 reciprocal crosses between indoxa‐SEL and Lab‐UK indicated that resistance to indoxacarb was inherited as an autosomal, incompletely recessive (DLC = 0.35) trait. Tests of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to indoxacarb was controlled by a single locus. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Behavioural response of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae to selected plant extracts
Authors: Gökçe Ayhan , Isaacs Rufus , Whalon Mark E
Published: August 2006

Potato leaves were treated with 2, 20 or 200 g kg−1 solutions of extracts of five plant species collected in Turkey, and then exposed to larvae of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). During the first 24 h of exposure, leaf consumption was not affected by 2 g kg−1 extracts, whereas significantly more leaf tissue remained on leaves treated with 20 g kg−1 extracts of Arctium lappa L., Bifora radians M Bieb, Humulus lupulus L. or Xanthium strumarium L. than on untreated control leaves. Feeding was not affected by the 20 g kg−1 extract of Verbascum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch & Mey. Extracts of all species at 200 g kg−1 reduced larval feeding, with H. lupulus and X. strumarium providing the greatest protection. Observations of larval behaviour over the first 15 min of exposure to these extracts revealed that the interaction of beetles with leaf tissue was significantly affected by plant extracts. Feeding frequency was not affected by 2 g kg−1 extracts but was reduced by all higher concentrations. Feeding was inhibited completely by 20 g kg−1 of H. lupulus extract and reduced significantly compared with the controls by all other extracts. Suppression of feeding was caused by all extracts at 200 g kg−1, with V. songaricum providing 91% reduction in feeding duration. Rejection behaviour, in which larvae did not return to the leaf after their interaction with it, was rare on 2 g kg−1 extracts but seen in over 60% of larvae on 20 g kg−1 extracts and over 80% on 200 g kg−1 extracts. The present results demonstrate that these extracts have significant ability to protect potato leaves for up to 24 h by prevention of feeding behaviour by L. decemlineata. Further studies are needed to determine the potential of these plant extracts, or their active components, for use in biologically based pest management strategies. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Photoconductivity of crystalline molecular complex of fullerene C60 with amine LCV
Authors: Golovin Yu. I. , Lopatin D. V. , Rodaev V. V. , Konarev D. V. , Litvinov A. L. , Lyubovskaya R. N.
Published: August 2006

A molecular complex of fullerene C60 with amine LCV: LCV · C60 · C6H5Cl was studied. A comparative analysis of the photoconductivity spectrum allowed to reveal possible mechanisms of generating free charge carriers in LCV · C60 · C6H5Cl. The influence of a weak magnetic field on the photoconductivity of the compound was observed and a model taking into account the spin nature of this effect was proposed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural evolution of subnano platinum clusters
Authors: Nie Aihua , Wu Jinping , Zhou Chenggang , Yao Shujuan , Luo Chen , Forrey Robert C. , Cheng Hansong
Published: August 2006

We present a theoretical study of the structural evolution of small minimum energy platinum clusters, using density functional theory (DFT). Three growth pathways were identified. At the subnanoscale, clusters with triangular packing are energetically most favorable. At a cluster size of approximately n = 19, a structural transition from triangular clusters to icosahedral clusters occurs. A less energetically favorable transition from triangular clusters to fcc‐like clusters takes place at around n = 38. Ionization potentials, electron affinities, and magnetic moments of the triangular clusters were also calculated. Understanding the structures and properties will facilitate studies of the chemical reactivity of Pt nanoclusters toward small molecules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Theoretical investigation of the tautomerism of isoorotic acid in gaseous and aqueous phases
Authors: Cho Seung Joo , Mohamed Adel A. , Elroby Shaaban A. K.
Published: August 2006

In the present investigation, the tautomeric and conformational equilibrium of isoorotic acid have been studied using Møller–Plesset second‐order (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) methods in the gas phase and aqueous solution (ε = 78.5) using the IPCM model. The relative energies of these tautomers have been calculated at the two levels of theory using 6‐311++G** basis set. Energetics and relative stabilities of the tautomers were compared and analyzed in both the gaseous and aqueous phases. The results indicate that the diketo tautomer (iso) is the most stable form in the gas phase and water. The carboxylic substitution in the uracil ring does not alter its relative stability order of the tautomers. The proton affinity of the oxygen atoms and the deprotonation enthalpy of the NH bonds of isoorotic acid have been compared with recent data of uracil. The relative stability of both syn‐ and anti‐conformations was investigated and the syn form was found to be more stable by 17.65 kcal/mol. It was determined in ab initio calculations that an electron can attach to isoorotic acid, forming a stable anion better than uracil. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
DFT study of core‐modified porphyrin isomers
Authors: Soujanya Y. , Punnagai M. , Sateesh B. , Sastry G. Narahari
Published: August 2006

B3LYP/6‐311+G** calculations were performed systematically on 1,2 (syn) and 1,3 (anti) tautomeric forms of oxa‐ and thia‐ core‐modified porphyrin isomers, which resulted in a total of 86 structures. The structural and energetic variation in all the isomers were analyzed. In corrphycene, hemiporphycene and porphycene the Z forms are more stable compared to the corresponding E forms in both the anti and syn oxa‐ and thiaporphyrin isomers. In contrast, in the syn isomeric forms of [3.0.1.0], [3.1.0.0] and [4.0.0.0] oxaporphyrins and in both syn and anti forms of thiaporphyrin isomers, Z forms are less stable. The HOMO and LUMO values are both negative and varied in a narrow zone, indicating no dramatic effect on the position of heteroatom substitution on the redox properties. The effect of geometric constraints due to the alteration of meso‐bridge length and the hetero atom disposition in the porphyrin core on the relative stabilities of the isomers is analyzed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Simple yet powerful techniques for optimization of horizontal recursion steps in Gaussian‐type two‐electron integral evaluation algorithms
Authors: Makowski Marcin
Published: August 2006

Simple heuristic rules are given that allow optimization of the performance of horizontal recursion steps present in schemes for calculation of two electron integrals are given. The number of floating point operations and computer timings are compared with the other algorithmic approaches to the problem. It is shown that the presented rules lead to substantial computational savings when compared with the standard implementation and may be also used succesfully instead of the algorithms based on full tree search techniques. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Zugversteifte Bogentragwerke
Authors: Burford Neil , Gengnagel Christoph , Smith Fraser
Published: August 2006

Die Entwicklung zugversteifter Bogentragwerke zu einem der wichtigsten Konstruktionselemente des Leichtbaus vollzieht sich in zwei Schritten. Dem ersten vielfältigen Einsatz bei der Realisierung der beeindruckenden weitgespannten Eisenkonstruktionen der großen Bahnsteighallen Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts folgte die Wiederentdeckung und Weiterentwicklung dieser materialsparsamen Konstruktionsweise in größerem Umfang erst gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Neue leistungsfähige Werkstoffe und die Möglichkeit der präzisen Erfassung des geometrisch‐nichtlinearen Tragverhaltens sehr schlanker Bogentragwerke durch die FE‐Methode ermöglichen seitdem Entwurf und Realisierung immer neuer Varianten von zugversteiften Bogentragwerken. Die Darstellung der geschichtlichen Entwicklung, eine Zusammenfassung der bekannten Systeme in einer strukturierten Darstellung und eine vergleichende Analyse ihres Tragverhaltens sollen einen Überblick über diese Vielfalt vermitteln und eine Orientierungshilfe für Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung geben.
Session‐long modulations of accumbal firing during sucrose‐reinforced operant behavior
Authors: Kravitz Alexxai V. , Moorman David E. , Simpson Alexis , Peoples Laura L.
Published: August 2006

The nucleus accumbens is involved in the selection and expression of motivated behaviors. Attempts to understand how activity of single neurons in the accumbens relates to behavior have largely concentrated on brief modulations in accumbal firing that occur in the seconds around events during operant sessions. However, a small number of studies have reported modulations that last the entire duration of a behavioral session. In all of these reports, the operant session was a drug self‐administration session. The present study tested the hypothesis that session‐long modulations, like phasic firing patterns, are components of normal accumbal activity during periods of instrumental behavior. Eight rats were chronically implanted (unilaterally) with microwire arrays in the nucleus accumbens, and trained to lever press on a Fixed‐Ratio 1 schedule of sucrose reinforcement. Activity of 51 single units was recorded, and both session‐long increases (n = 14) and session‐long decreases (n = 13) were observed. These findings show that session‐long modulations are a normal component of the response of accumbal neurons during periods of operant behavior. Moreover, although session‐long modulations during cocaine self‐administration sessions might reflect pharmacological actions, aspects of the modulations might additionally or alternatively correspond to afferent‐driven responses. Further characterization of the firing patterns may elucidate novel mechanisms that mediate accumbal contributions to behavior. Synapse 60:420–428, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Several issues influencing the course of German history
Authors: Youfa Wu
Published: August 2006

The course of German history is very sinuous. German nationalism, the imbalance of the political and economic development generated by the influence of the historical and cultural traditions, the might of the Junker feudal aristocracy, the weakness of the bourgeoisie, the postwar reeducation of democratization imposed by the western allied powers on Germany, the developed education and technology, etc. are all important factors that influenced Germany’s history.
On official corruption in the Yuan dynasty
Authors: Zhi’an Li
Published: August 2006

The vicious cycle of official corruption got worse unprecedentedly in the Yuan dynasty (ca.1279–1368). Corrupt officials at all levels from the local to the central governments were “extremely shameless and greedy.” Even many court ministers got involved in the vicious cycle of corruption. The top officialdom was polluted and degenerated badly because the Mongolian nobles made their “Sauqat” (taking gifts) tradition and the Semu, both official and merchant groups, took bribes as a way to amass wealth. Although the Mongol Yuan rulers did make a set of anti-corruption policies such as detailed rules of censorship and inspection relating to corruption crimes, these didn’t work well. Of all the reasons of the Yuan official corruption, the old Mongolian steppe traditions play the most important role, which formed the context for the low salary, improper selection and poor quality of the officials and of bending the law wrongly to pardon official misconduct
On the correlation between the formation of the “Maowusu Desert” and land use in Liuhu sub-prefecture in the Tang dynasty
Authors: Chong Ai
Published: August 2006

The historical changes of the “Maowusu Desert” can be divided into three phases: the late Tang dynasty phase, the Song-Yuan-Ming dynasty phase, and the late Ming dynasty to the present phase. Different parts of the desert were formed in different times, with the northwestern part being the earliest to form. As all evidence shows, the Maowusu Desert in its early stage is believed to have taken shape largely around the ancient site of the You state during the years of Tianbao in the Tang dynasty, which is nowadays the eastern half of the Etuoke banner and Prior-Etuoke banner. The formation of the initial Maowusu Desert is not attributed to the so-called over-cultivation from farming but to the long-time exceedingly quartered husbandry starting from the 4th year of the Zhenguan to the years of Tianbao in the Tang dynasty, which resulted in the destruction of the ecology of the natural grassland.
Behind the form: A historical analysis of the agriculture encouragement system in the Song dynasty
Authors: Weimin Bao , Zhengqiang Wu
Published: August 2006

Using the political culture analysis method, this paper discusses the origin, contents and functions of the agriculture encouragement system of the Song dynasty, which originated from the pre-Qin period (221–207 BC). The main content of this system in its early stage is that in the early Spring days, the king symbolically ploughed a piece of land near the suburbs of his capital in order to send to his subjects a clear message of the importance he attached to agriculture. It was expected that peasants would be encouraged by his majesty's guidance, and thus agricultural production of the countryside would be promoted. With the rationalization of the political system since the Qin period, agricultural encouragement gradually became a routine work of the Chinese governments at different levels. Under the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), “agricultural encouragement envoy” was added to the official rank of heads of counties and prefectures. They each were required to take the responsibility of persuading peasants in their jurisdiction to work harder in the field. The actual work as an “agricultural encouragement envoy” in the Song dynasty was to go to the countryside to reward peasants with food and wine in early February, and to write an essay to express his encouragement, and to distribute it to the peasants. Formalistic as it is, the agricultural encouragement system is a typical manifestation of the traditional Chinese political culture. As one of its social impacts on the Song society, it helped the spread of advanced agricultural technology with
Eliminating obstetric fistula: Progress in partnerships
Authors: Donnay F. , Ramsey K.
Published: August 2006

Obstetric fistula persists in the developing world due to poor access to obstetric care. It has been overlooked in the past, as the women suffering from fistula often live on the fringe of society due to their poverty and the stigma surrounding the condition. A global Campaign to End Fistula is bringing a variety of actors together to raise awareness and support to prevent fistula and provide comprehensive treatment for women living with fistula. This paper describes the strategies and progress of the campaign since it began in 2003.
Indigenous self-determination in Finland: a case study in normative change
Authors: Forrest Scott
Published: August 2006

Indigenous rights have gained considerable prominence in international forums over the last few decades, and are now being institutionalised through emerging norms within the international system. This paper examines the factors affecting the adoption of the norm of self-determination for indigenous peoples in the Finnish case using current constructivist models of normative change. Explanations for Finland's difficulty in adopting this norm, as symbolised by the ratification process of International Labour Organization Convention No. 169, are found in both the international normative context in which it emerged and in domestic factors within Finland itself. The concept of a ‘corrupt’ norm is introduced as a theoretical device in cases where norms have strong moral- or value-based appeal, but are weak in terms of the clarity of how they will work. This is an INDIPO project paper (Tennberg 2006)
Synergy of local ecological knowledge, community involvement and scientific study to develop marine wildlife areas in eastern Arctic Canada
Authors: Mallory Mark L. , Fontaine Alain J. , Akearok Jason A. , Johnston Victoria H.
Published: August 2006

The Canadian Arctic provides important habitat for millions of marine birds. Some key habitat sites for these have already been protected, but many others lack official protected status and remain vulnerable to various anthropogenic threats. The authors worked with the community of Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, to create two new National Wildlife Areas that protect the colonies, and the nearby marine area, of approximately 500,000 birds during the breeding season. The process has taken two decades to complete, in part due to misunderstanding and mistrust of government on the part of aboriginal residents. In this paper the path that led to the creation of these sites is traced. This has included the approach adopted to collaborating with the local community, incorporating aboriginal (local) ecological knowledge, conducting scientific surveys while building local capacity for further scientific investigation, and finding a solution that addressed the disparate interests of the various stakeholders in this process.