bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Athlete's Heart vs. the Failing Heart: Can Signaling Explain the Two Distinct Outcomes?
Authors: Weeks Kate L. , McMullen Julie R.
Published: April 2011

Cardiac remodeling is typically associated with disease and can lead to heart failure. In contrast, remodeling that occurs in the athlete's heart is considered an adaptive physiological response. This review provides an overview of signaling mechanisms responsible for inducing left ventricular hypertrophy in the athlete's heart and in settings of pathological hypertrophy and heart failure.
mTor Signaling in Skeletal Muscle During Sepsis and Inflammation: Where Does It All Go Wrong?
Authors: Frost Robert A. , Lang Charles H.
Published: April 2011

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that exquisitely regulates protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. mTOR integrates input from amino acids, growth factors, and intracellular cues to make or break muscle protein. mTOR accomplishes this task by stimulating the phosphorylation of substrates that control protein translation while simultaneously inhibiting proteasomal and autophagic protein degradation. In a metabolic twist of fate, sepsis induces muscle atrophy in part by the aberrant regulation of mTOR. In this review, we track the steps of normal mTOR signaling in muscle and examine where they go astray in sepsis and inflammation.
Aldosterone Paradox: Differential Regulation of Ion Transport in Distal Nephron
Authors: Arroyo Juan Pablo , Ronzaud Caroline , Lagnaz Dagmara , Staub Olivier , Gamba Gerardo
Published: April 2011

The mechanisms through which aldosterone promotes apparently opposite effects like salt reabsorption and K+secretion remain poorly understood. The identification, localization, and physiological analysis of ion transport systems in distal nephron have revealed an intricate network of interactions between several players, revealing the complex mechanism behind the aldosterone paradox. We review the mechanisms involved in differential regulation of ion transport that allow the fine tuning of salt and K+balance.
Intermittent Chemotherapy and Erlotinib for Nonsmokers or LightSmokers with Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Lung: A Phase II Clinical Trial
Authors: Zwitter Matjaz , Rajer Mirjana , Kovac Viljem , Kern Izidor , Vrankar Martina , Smrdel Uros
Published: April 2011

Background. Intermittent application of chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors may avoid antagonism between the two classes of drugs. This hypothesis was tested in a Phase II clinical trial. Patients and Methods. Eligible patients were nonsmokers or light smokers, chemo‐naïve, with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. Treatment: 4 to 6 cycles of gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 4, cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 2, and erlotnib 150 mg daily on days 5–15, followed by erlotinib as maintenance. Results. 24 patients entered the trial. Four pts had grade 3 toxicity. Complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR) were seen in 5 pts and 9 pts, respectively (response rate 58%). Median time to progression (TTP) was 13.4 months and median overall survival (OS) was 23 months. When compared to patients with negative or unknown status of EGFR mutations, 8 patients with EGFR gene activating mutations had significantly superior experience: 4 CR and 4 PR, with median TTP 21.5 months and OS 24.2 months (P   <   .05). Conclusions. Intermittent schedule with gemcitabine, cisplatin and erlotinib has mild toxicity. For patients who are positive for EGFR gene activating mutations, this treatment offers excellent response rate, time to progression and survival.
Integral Means and Arc length of Starlike Log‐harmonic Mappings
Authors: Abdulhadi Z. , Abu Muhanna Y.
Published: April 2011

We use star functions to determine the integral
means for starlike log‐harmonic mappings. Moreover, we include the upper
bound for the arc length of starlike log‐harmonic mappings.
Equitable Coloring on Total Graph of Bigraphs and Central Graph of Cycles and Paths
Authors: Vernold Vivin J. , Kaliraj K. , Akbar Ali M. M.
Published: April 2011

The notion of equitable coloring was introduced by Meyer in 1973. In this
paper we obtain interesting results regarding the equitable chromatic number χ= for the total graph of complete bigraphs T(Km,n), the central graph of cycles C(Cn) and the central graph of paths C(Pn).
Potential Markers for Detection and Monitoring of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Rein Brandon J. D. , Gupta Sajal , Dada Rima , Safi Joelle , Michener Chad , Agarwal Ashok
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews current screening techniques as well as novel biomarkers and their potential role in early detection of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common reproductive cancers and has the highest mortality rate amongst gynecologic cancers. Because most ovarian cancer diagnoses occur in the late stages of the disease, five-year survival rates fall below 20%. To improve survival rates and to lower mortality rates for ovarian cancer, improved detection at early stages of the disease is needed. Current screening approaches include tumor markers, ultrasound, or a combination. Efforts are underway to discover new biomarkers of ovarian cancer in order to surmount the obstacles in early-stage diagnosis. Among serum protein markers, HE4 and mesothelin can augment CA125 detection providing higher sensitivity and specificity due to the presence of these proteins in early-stage ovarian cancer. Detection testing that includes methylation of the MCJ gene and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is correlated to poor prognosis and may predict patient survival outcome. Detection testing of biomarkers with long-term stability and combination panels of markers, will likely lead to effective screening strategies with high specificity and sensitivity for early detection of ovarian cancer.
Simulation of Pharyngeal Airway Interaction with Air Flow Using Low‐Re Turbulence Model
Authors: Rasani M. R. , Inthavong K. , Tu J. Y.
Published: April 2011

This paper aims to simulate the interaction between a simplified tongue replica with expiratory air flow considering the flow in the pharyngeal airway to be turbulent. A three‐dimensional model with a low‐Re SST turbulence model is adopted. An Arbitrary Eulerian‐Lagrangian description for the fluid governing equation is coupled with the Lagrangian structural solver via a partitioned approach, allowing deformation of the fluid domain to be captured. Both the three‐dimensional flow features and collapsibility of the tongue are presented. In addition, examining initial constriction height ranging from 0.8 mm to 11.0 mm and tongue replica modulus from 1.25 MPa to 2.25 MPa, the influence of both of these parameters on the flow rate and collapsibility of the tongue is also investigated and discussed. Numerical simulations confirm expected predisposition of apneic patients with narrower airway opening to flow obstruction and suggest much severe tongue collapsibility if the pharyngeal flow regime is turbulent compared to laminar.
Clinical Use of the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in Cancer
Patients: Focus on the Improved Patient Outcomes
Authors: Chao Bo H. , Lepeak Lisa , Leal Ticiana , Robins H. Ian
Published: April 2011

Patients with malignant neoplastic diseases represent a high-risk population relative to thromboembolic disease. With the advent of improved and accessible diagnostic technology, for example, ultrasound and/or spiral CT scans, timely diagnosis of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) is readily accomplished. The introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) approximately two decades ago (in contrast to unfractionated heparin and vitamin K antagonists) has provided a class of agents with a favorable therapeutic index. In the review to follow, the literature regarding the use of LMWH in oncologic patient populations is summarized. Topics addressed include prophylaxis, and treatment as well as consideration of the potential anti-neoplastic properties of this class of drugs.
The Role of Placental Homeobox Genes in Human Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Murthi Padma , Rajaraman Gayathri , Brennecke Shaun Patrick , Kalionis Bill
Published: April 2011

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an adverse pregnancy outcome associated with significant perinatal and paediatric morbidity and mortality, and an increased risk of chronic disease later in adult life. One of the key causes of adverse pregnancy outcome is fetal growth restriction (FGR). While a number of maternal, fetal, and environmental factors are known causes of FGR, the majority of FGR cases remain idiopathic. These idiopathic FGR pregnancies are frequently associated with placental insufficiency, possibly as a result of placental maldevelopment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of abnormal placental development in idiopathic FGR is, therefore, of increasing importance. Here, we review our understanding of transcriptional control of normal placental development and abnormal placental development associated with human idiopathic FGR. We also assess the potential for understanding transcriptional control as a means for revealing new molecular targets for the detection, diagnosis, and clinical management of idiopathic FGR.
A New Iterative Algorithm for the Set of Fixed‐Point Problems of Nonexpansive Mappings and the Set of Equilibrium Problem and Variational Inequality Problem
Authors: Kangtunyakarn Atid
Published: April 2011

We introduce a new iterative scheme and a new mapping generated by infinite family of nonexpansive mappings and infinite real number. By using both of these ideas, we obtain strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solution of equilibrium problem and the set of variational inequality and the set of fixed‐point problems of infinite family of nonexpansive mappings. Moreover, we apply our main result to obtain strong convergence theorems for finding a common element of the set of solution of equilibrium problem and the set of variational inequality and the set of common fixed point of pseudocontractive mappings.
The Association between Traditional Chinese Dietary and Herbal Therapies and Uterine Involution in Postpartum Women
Authors: Ho Ming , Li Tsai-Chung , Su Shan-Yu
Published: April 2011

Background. Traditional Chinese postpartum care is believed to help in the recovery of women after delivery. Objective. This study investigated the association of elements in dietary and herbal therapy with uterine involution. Methods. Indices of uterine involution were measured ultrasonographically in 127 postpartum women between 4‐6 weeks after delivery. A self‐reported retrospective questionnaire was used to query women about their frequencies of taking herbal medicines and consuming special diets during the first month after delivery. Correlation coefficients were calculated to identify the associations, then the regression models were used to identify the predictors. Result. Among the herbal medicines and diet, consumption of Eucommia ulmoides (E. ulmoides) negatively correlated with the AP diameter of the uterus and the cavity. E. ulmoides was also the only predictor of maximum AP diameter of the uterus, AP diameter of the uterus 5 cm from the fundus, and the maximum AP diameter of the cavity. Moreover, consumption of Sheng‐hau‐tang was significantly correlated with anteverted uterus and was a predictor of anteverted uterus. Conclusion. E. ulmoides and Sheng‐hau‐tang positively correlated with the degree of uterine involution after delivery, implying that both therapies might possess the pharmacological efficacy of uterine contraction in postpartum women.
Improved Bounds for Radio k‐Chromatic Number of Hypercube Qn
Authors: Saha Laxman , Panigrahi Pratima , Kumar Pawan
Published: April 2011

A number of graph coloring problems have their roots in a communication problem known as the channel assignment problem. The channel assignment problem is the problem of assigning channels (nonnegative integers) to the stations in an optimal way such that
interference is avoided as reported by Hale (2005). Radio k‐coloring of a graph is a special type of channel assignment problem. Kchikech et al. (2005) have given a lower and an upper bound for radio k‐chromatic number of hypercube Qn, and an improvement of their lower bound was obtained by Kola and Panigrahi (2010). In this paper, we further improve Kola et al.′s lower bound as well as Kchikeck et al.′s upper bound. Also, our bounds agree for nearly antipodal number of Qn when n ≡ 2 (mod 4).
Exploration of the Power-Performance Tradeoff through Parameterization of FPGA-Based Multiprocessor Systems
Authors: Göhringer Diana , Obie Jonathan , Braga André L. S. , Hübner Michael , Llanos Carlos H. , Becker Jürgen
Published: April 2011

The design space of FPGA-based processor systems is huge, because many parameters can be modified at design- and runtime to achieve an efficient system solution in terms of performance, power and energy consumption. Such parameters are, for example, the number of processors and their configurations, the clock frequencies at design time, the use of dynamic frequency scaling at runtime, the application task distribution, and the FPGA type and size. The major contribution of this paper is the exploration of all these parameters and their impact on performance, power dissipation, and energy consumption for four different application scenarios. The goal is to introduce a first approach for a developer's guideline, supporting the choice of an optimized and specific system parameterization for a target application on FPGA-based multiprocessor systems-on-chip. The FPGAs used for these explorations were Xilinx Virtex-4 and Xilinx Virtex-5. The performance results were measured on the FPGA while the power consumption was estimated using the Xilinx XPower Analyzer tool. Finally, a novel runtime adaptive multiprocessor architecture for dynamic clock frequency scaling is introduced and used for the performance, power and energy consumption evaluations.
LIN28B Polymorphisms Influence Susceptibility to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Permuth-Wey Jennifer , Kim Donghwa , Tsai Ya-Yu , Lin Hui-Yi , Chen Y. Ann , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Birrer Michael J. , Bloom Gregory , Chanock Stephen J. , Chen Zhihua , Cramer Daniel W. , Cunningham Julie M. , Dagne Getachew , Ebbert-Syfrett Judith , Fenstermacher David , Fridley Brooke L. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Gayther Simon A. , Ge William , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Gonzalez-Bosquet Jesus , Goode Ellen L. , Iversen Edwin , Jim Heather , Kong William , McLaughlin John , Menon Usha , Monteiro Alvaro N.A. , Narod Steven A. , Pharoah Paul D.P. , Phelan Catherine M. , Qu Xiaotao , Ramus Susan J. , Risch Harvey , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Song Honglin , Stockwell Heather , Sutphen Rebecca , Terry Kathryn L. , Tyrer Jonathan , Vierkant Robert A. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Lancaster Johnathan M. , Cheng Jin Q. , Sellers Thomas A. ,   on behalf of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC)
Published: April 2011

Defective microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis contributes to the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, we examined the hypothesis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in miRNA biogenesis genes may influence EOC risk. In an initial investigation, 318 SNPs in 18 genes were evaluated among 1,815 EOC cases and 1,900 controls, followed up by a replicative joint meta-analysis of data from an additional 2,172 cases and 3,052 controls. Of 23 SNPs from 9 genes associated with risk (empirical P < 0.05) in the initial investigation, the meta-analysis replicated 6 SNPs from the DROSHA, FMR1, LIN28, and LIN28B genes, including rs12194974 (G>A), an SNP in a putative transcription factor binding site in the LIN28B promoter region (summary OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82–0.98; P = 0.015) which has been recently implicated in age of menarche and other phenotypes. Consistent with reports that LIN28B overexpression in EOC contributes to tumorigenesis by repressing tumor suppressor let-7 expression, we provide data from luciferase reporter assays and quantitative RT-PCR to suggest that the inverse association among rs12194974 A allele carriers may be because of reduced LIN28B expression. Our findings suggest that variants in LIN28B and possibly other miRNA biogenesis genes may influence EOC susceptibility. Cancer Res; 71(11); 3896–903. ©2011 AACR.
CD24 Offers a Therapeutic Target for Control of Bladder Cancer Metastasis Based on a Requirement for Lung Colonization
Authors: Overdevest Jonathan B. , Thomas Shibu , Kristiansen Glen , Hansel Donna E. , Smith Steven C. , Theodorescu Dan
Published: April 2011

Metastasis is lethal in most bladder cancer patients. Expression of CD24, a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked sialoglycoprotein and cancer stem cell marker, is associated with metastatic progression in multiple cancer types, yet the role of CD24 in this process remains unclear. While developing a murine model of human metastatic bladder cancer, we observed that tumor cell CD24 expression correlated with a propensity to metastasize to the lung. Our immunohistochemical evaluation of 60 paired primary and metastatic human bladder cancer samples revealed increased intensity (P < 0.001) and frequency (P < 0.001) of CD24 expression in metastases. To directly evaluate the role of CD24 in metastatic colonization, we manipulated CD24 expression in human bladder cancer cell lines using short hairpin RNA depletion, cDNA overexpression, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting selection. Although suppression of CD24 reduced acute tumor cell retention in the lungs of mice inoculated intravenously with cancer cells, this differential retention was no longer apparent after 24 hours, prompting us to evaluate the role of CD24 in lung colonization. Here, CD24 was found necessary for subsequent development of lung metastases. We next treated clinically detectable lung metastases in mice with anti-CD24 antibody and observed reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival. These findings suggest that CD24 is a lynchpin of metastatic progression and a promising therapeutic target for antimetastatic therapy. Cancer Res; 71(11); 3802–11. ©2011 AACR.
The EGFR Ligands Amphiregulin and Heparin-Binding EGF-like Growth Factor Promote Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in CXCR4-Expressing Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yasumoto Kazuo , Yamada Tadaaki , Kawashima Atsuhiro , Wang Wei , Li Qi , Donev Ivan Shterev , Tacheuchi Shinji , Mouri Hisatsugu , Yamashita Kaname , Ohtsubo Koushiro , Yano Seiji
Published: April 2011

Purpose: Peritoneal carcinomatosis, often associated with malignant ascites, is the most frequent cause of death in patients with advanced gastric cancer. We previously showed that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is involved in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer. Here, we investigated whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands are also involved in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer.

Experimental Design: The functional involvement of expression of the ErbB family of receptors and/or EGFR ligands was examined in CXCR4-expressing human gastric cancer cells and fibroblasts, clinical samples (primary tumors and ascites), and an animal model.

Results: High concentration of the EGFR ligands amphiregulin and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), as well as of CXCL12, were present in malignant ascites. Human gastric cancer cell lines and primary gastric tumors, with high potential to generate peritoneal carcinomatosis, expressed high levels of EGFR and CXCR4 mRNA and protein. Both amphiregulin and HB-EGF enhanced the proliferation, migration, and functional CXCR4 expression in highly CXCR4-expressing gastric cancer NUGC4 cells. Amphiregulin strongly enhanced the proliferation of NUGC4 cells, whereas HB-EGF markedly induced the migration of fibroblasts. Moreover, HB-EGF and CXCL12 together enhanced TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE)-dependent amphiregulin shedding from NUGC4 cells. In an experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis model in mice, cetuximab effectively reduced tumor growth and ascites formation.

Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that the EGFR ligands amphiregulin and HB-EGF play an important role, interacting with the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer, indicating that these two axes may be potential therapeutic targets for peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 17(11); 3619–30. ©2011 AACR.
Potent Activity of Ponatinib (AP24534) in Models of FLT3-Driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Gozgit Joseph M. , Wong Matthew J. , Wardwell Scott , Tyner Jeffrey W. , Loriaux Marc M. , Mohemmad Qurish K. , Narasimhan Narayana I. , Shakespeare William C. , Wang Frank , Druker Brian J. , Clackson Tim , Rivera Victor M.
Published: April 2011

Ponatinib (AP24534) is a novel multitargeted kinase inhibitor that potently inhibits native and mutant BCR-ABL at clinically achievable drug levels. Ponatinib also has in vitro inhibitory activity against a discrete set of kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of other hematologic malignancies, including FLT3, KIT, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), and platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Here, using leukemic cell lines containing activated forms of each of these receptors, we show that ponatinib potently inhibits receptor phosphorylation and cellular proliferation with IC50 values comparable to those required for inhibition of BCR-ABL (0.3 to 20 nmol/L). The activity of ponatinib against the FLT3-ITD mutant, found in up to 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, was particularly notable. In MV4-11 (FLT3-ITD+/+) but not RS4;11 (FLT3-ITD−/−) AML cells, ponatinib inhibited FLT3 signaling and induced apoptosis at concentrations of less than 10 nmol/L. In an MV4-11 mouse xenograft model, once daily oral dosing of ponatinib led to a dose-dependent inhibition of signaling and tumor regression. Ponatinib inhibited viability of primary leukemic blasts from a FLT3-ITD positive AML patient (IC50 4 nmol/L) but not those isolated from 3 patients with AML expressing native FLT3. Overall, these results support the investigation of ponatinib in patients with FLT3-ITD–driven AML and other hematologic malignancies driven by KIT, FGFR1, or PDGFRα. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(6); 1028–35. ©2011 AACR.
Homocysteine-Lowering and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Bostom Andrew G. , Carpenter Myra A. , Kusek John W. , Levey Andrew S. , Hunsicker Lawrence , Pfeffer Marc A. , Selhub Jacob , Jacques Paul F. , Cole Edward , Gravens-Mueller Lisa , House Andrew A. , Kew Clifton , McKenney Joyce L. , Pacheco-Silva Alvaro , Pesavento Todd , Pirsch John , Smith Stephen , Solomon Scott , Weir Matthew
Published: April 2011

Background—

Kidney transplant recipients, like other patients with chronic kidney disease, experience excess risk of cardiovascular disease and elevated total homocysteine concentrations. Observational studies of patients with chronic kidney disease suggest increased homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The impact of lowering total homocysteine levels in kidney transplant recipients is unknown.

Methods and Results—

In a double-blind controlled trial, we randomized 4110 stable kidney transplant recipients to a multivitamin that included either a high dose (n=2056) or low dose (n=2054) of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 to determine whether decreasing total homocysteine concentrations reduced the rate of the primary composite arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcome (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular disease death, resuscitated sudden death, coronary artery or renal artery revascularization, lower-extremity arterial disease, carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty, or abdominal aortic aneurysm repair). Mean follow-up was 4.0 years. Treatment with the high-dose multivitamin reduced homocysteine but did not reduce the rates of the primary outcome (n=547 total events; hazards ratio [95 confidence interval]=0.99 [0.84 to 1.17]), secondary outcomes of all-cause mortality (n=431 deaths; 1.04 [0.86 to 1.26]), or dialysis-dependent kidney failure (n=343 events; 1.15 [0.93 to 1.43]) compared to the low-dose multivitamin.

Conclusions—

Treatment with a high-dose folic acid, B6, and B12 multivitamin in kidney transplant recipients did not reduce a composite cardiovascular disease outcome, all-cause mortality, or dialysis-dependent kidney failure despite significant reduction in homocysteine level.

Clinical Trial Registration—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00064753.
Use of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and the Risk of Cancer
Authors: Pasternak Björn , Svanström Henrik , Callréus Torbjörn , Melbye Mads , Hviid Anders
Published: April 2011

Background—

A recent meta-analysis of randomized trials suggested that use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be associated with a modestly increased risk of incident cancer, particularly lung cancer.

Methods and Results—

We linked individual-level data from Danish registries on filled drug prescriptions, diagnostic information, and covariates. In a nationwide cohort of new users of ARBs and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ≥35 years of age during 1998 to 2006, we compared incidence rates of all cancer, cancer subgroups by anatomic site, and cancer mortality. Among 107 466 ARB users, 3954 cases of cancer were detected during 312 753 person-years of follow-up compared with 6214 cases during 435 207 person-years of follow-up in 209 692 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor users (adjusted rate ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.03). Cancer risk did not increase with increasing duration of ARB exposure (increase in rate ratio per year, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.00,) and was similar across individual ARBs. In subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between ARB use and cancer of male genital organs (rate ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.28), but no significantly increased risk of any of the other 15 cancer subgroups, including lung cancer (rate ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.02). For cancer mortality, the rate ratio was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.82).

Conclusion—

In this large nationwide cohort, use of ARBs was not significantly associated with increased risk of incident cancer overall or of lung cancer.
Iridescent Color: From Nature to the Painter's Palette
Authors: Schenk Franziska , Parker Andrew
Published: April 2011

The shifting rainbow hues of iridescence have, until recently, remained exclusive to nature. Now, the latest advances in nanotechnology enable the introduction of novel, bio-inspired color-shifting flakes into painting—thereby affording artists potential access to the full spectacle of iridescence. Unfortunately, existing rules of easel painting do not apply to the new medium; but, as nature inspired the technology, an exploration of natural phenomena can best inform how to overcome this hurdle. Thus, by adopting a biomimetic approach, this paper outlines the optical principles underlying iridescence and provides technical ground rules for its incorporation into painting.
Nuclear Activities and Modern Catastrophes: Art Faces the Radioactive Waves
Authors: Decamous Gabrielle
Published: April 2011

Nuclear-related artworks provide a favorable terrain for investigation of our contemporary epoch, for they relate to a science whose applications are highly political and that is spreading beyond the Western world. In times of global warming, indeed, the prospect of nuclear energy reappears as the latest sought-after modern technology. But after Hiroshima and Chernobyl, and given the dualistic civilian and military use of the atom, how do artists react to nuclear activities and their inherent politics? Can art provide an effective counterpractice to global nuclear politics? The author argues that art and science share the same project—the modernist project—and that art, like science, has to question its modern heritage.
Transmesh: A Locative Media System
Authors: Berry Marsha , Hamilton Margaret , Keep Dean
Published: April 2011

This research project demonstrates the technosocial possibilities that result from creating localized mediated spaces or ‘meshworks’ using Bluetooth in order to publish independently produced content. Bluetooth technology is a double-edged sword. It is a meshwork for sharing media freely between mobile device users in public places such as shopping centres and private spaces such as the home and the workplace. It presents opportunities for the design of innovative creative projects, however technical issues, user acceptance and competition for the user's attention provide continuing challenges.
Nanotechnology and Silver-Metal Clay for Artisans
Authors: Hansen Dane , Kellar Jon , Cross William
Published: April 2011

Nano-scale silver particles are utilized in the production of a metal clay, which upon firing is reduced to a solid metal article. The metal clay, because of the nano-scale particles, can be fired in a conventional home oven.
Can Open Learning Have a Future in the University?
Authors: Harley Ross Rudesch
Published: April 2011

Most universities offer centralized web resources that are designed to help staff and students manage their learning experience. The author suggests that these closed systems, variously called Virtual Learning Environments (VLE) or Learning Management Systems (LMS), are not the best solution for digital-media arts education. Instead, external user-centric web services should be allowed to flow into the university web systems. In this way students and teachers increase their participation in the broader production (and critique) of knowledge in the media arts and other disciplines.
Resolution of Anamorphic Images Using a Computer
Authors: Sharp John
Published: April 2011

Anamorphic images are often difficult to see. The author has worked with Google SketchUp and POV-Ray to make the original images accessible. This is useful for teaching purposes, but also as a tool for art historians who are not experts in the geometry of perspective. It also allows scope for the study of anamorphosis in perception.
In the Name of “Taizu”: The Construction of Zhu Yuanzhang's Legal Philosophy and Chinese Cultural Identity in the Veritable Records of Taizu
Authors: Yonglin Jiang
Published: April 2011

This essay examines how Zhu Yuanzhang's legal philosophy was perceived and interpreted in the early Ming official history of the Ming founder, the Taizu shilu (Veritable records of Taizu), and in some relevant historical works of later times. By looking at the viewpoints expressed on Zhu's words and deeds, the essay demonstrates that his legal philosophy was carefully constructed in the official history, and that this work of historical construction represented an official effort to redefine Chinese cultural identity. Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont la philosophie juridique de Zhu Yuanzhang est perçue et interprétée dans l'histoire officielle du fondateur des Ming, le Taizu shilu (Chroniques véridiques de Taizu), au début des Ming, ainsi que dans certains ouvrages historiques plus tardifs. L'examen des points de vue exprimés sur les paroles et les actes de Zhu montre que sa philosophie juridique a été soigneusement reconstruite dans l'histoire officielle, et que ce travail de reconstruction était représentatif d'un effort officiel pour redéfinir l'identité culturelle chinoise.
The Spirit of Life and the Spirit of Immortality: An Appreciative Review of Levison’s Filled with the Spirit
Authors: Macchia Frank D.
Published: April 2011

Levison’s Filled with the Spirit explores the deep difference between the two Testaments in how Spirit filling is understood. While the Old Testament holds Spirit filling to be a flourishing of human life through an interaction of divine and human initiatives, the New Testament sees it as a subsequent gift granted supernaturally through faith in Christ. Yet, there is also a sense of continuity in the midst of this difference, especially in how the flourishing of life resists death. This review appreciatively explores Levison’s understanding of such biblical tensions and continuities in the light of the one-sided accent of Pentecostalism on the supernatural quality of life in the Spirit, but also in the light of the question as to whether or not Levison has unnecessarily widened the gap between the pneumatologies of the two Testaments.
Recommendations for the Future of Pneumatology
Authors: Levison John R. (Jack)
Published: April 2011

Filled with the Spirit is set in this volume of Pneuma in conversation with the reviews of Blaine Charette, Jenny Everts, Amy Donaldson, Frank Macchia, Jim Shelton, and Archie Wright. Their responses raise three critical questions about the character and future study of pneumatology: (1) Will future pneumatologies adequately embrace the presence of the spirit in all people from birth to death — and not just the experience of the spirit as a charismatic endowment? (2) Will future analyses of ancient pneumatology adequately incorporate indispensable extrabiblical sources, such as those that arose in Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts? (3) Will future pneumatologies pay due attention to the exceptional symbiosis between ecstasy and comprehension that is integral to experiences of the holy spirit in the book of Acts?
Progressing Norm Socialisation: Why Membership Matters. The Impact of the Accreditation Process of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Brodie Meg
Published: April 2011

The International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (ICC) is responsible for accrediting independent, broadly mandated, national human rights institutions (NHRIs). The relevant international standards used to accredit NHRIs are the Paris Principles. In this role, the ICC has facilitated the progressive socialisation of Paris Principles norms. Members define and redefine their collective identity in light of the norms, causing the boundaries of membership to shift. The ICC has evolved from a representative, inclusive community of NHRIs to one that emphasises its regulatory role. This has implications for existing members and new applicants, such as Sweden, which must now demonstrate their compliance with more robustly applied standards. The progression of norm socialisation relies on the ICC's willingness to maintain the legitimacy of the rules through their coherent application and interpretation.
The Lawful Detention of Unauthorised Aliens under the European System for the Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Langford Peter , Bryan Ian
Published: April 2011

This article evaluates the protections against 'arbitrary' and 'unlawful' detention aff orded to nonnationals on having entered the territory of a State party to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Focussing on Article 5 ECHR and the various permissible exceptions therein, the article examines leading decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and, in so doing, illuminates and explores tensions arising from the juncture at which Contracting States' capacity to detain entry-seeking non-nationals, without criminal charge or trial, intersects with the requisites of Article 5(1)(f ) ECHR, as construed by the ECtHR. It argues that the ECtHR's interpretative standpoint regarding the 'lawful' administrative detention of 'unauthorised' non-nationals gives disproportionate preference to Contracting States' interest in managing migration flows. It also argues that in consequence States' obligations in international human rights law, the strictures of Article 5 ECHR and the credibility of the Strasbourg Court itself are enfeebled.
The Hedonist's Dilemma
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: April 2011

In this paper, I argue that hedonism about well-being faces a powerful dilemma. However, as I shall try to show here, this choice creates a dilemma for hedonism. On a subjective interpretation, hedonism is open to the familiar objection that pleasure is not the only thing desired or the only thing for which we possess a pro-attitude. On an objective interpretation, hedonism lacks an independent rationale. In this paper, I do not claim that hedonism fails once and for all. However, this dilemma illustrates a serious problem for hedonism, the solution to which is not immediately obvious, and which must be addressed if hedonism is to be considered a serious competitor for the true theory of well-being.
Is There a Right to Polygamy? Marriage, Equality and Subsidizing Families in Liberal Public Justification
Authors: March Andrew
Published: April 2011

This paper argues that the four most plausible arguments compatible with public reason for an outright legal ban on all forms of polygamy are unvictorious. I consider the types of arguments political liberals would have to insist on, and precisely how strongly, in order for a general prohibition against polygamy to be justified, while also considering what general attitude towards "marriage" and legal recognition of the right to marry are most consistent with political liberalism. I argue that a liberal state should get out of the "marriage business" by leveling down to a universal status of "civil union" neutral as to the gender and affective purpose of domestic partnerships. I then refute what I regard as the four most plausible rational objections to offering this civil union status to multi-member domestic partnerships. The most common objection to polygamy is on grounds of gender equality, more specifically, female equality. But advancing this argument forcefully often involves neglecting the tendency of political liberalism (by whatever name it goes in contemporary, complex, multicultural societies) to tolerate a certain amount of inequality in private, within the bounds of robust and meaningful freedoms of choice and exit. Properly understood, polygamy involves no inherent statement about the essential inferiority of women, and certainly not more than many other existing practices and institutions (including many expressions of the main monotheistic religions) which political liberals regard as tolerable, even reasonable. Arguments from the welfare of children, fairness in the spousal market, and the abuse of family subsidies are also considered and found insufficient for excluding polygamy.
Recent Developments EC Environmental Policy and Law
Authors: Mertens Kathleen
Published: April 2011

This section briefly describes the significant political initiatives and acts of legislation adopted in the environmental field from mid June 2010 until mid December 2010.
A Deepening Disbelief: The American Movie Hero in Vietnam, 1958-1968
Authors: Cowans Jon
Published: April 2011

Three important films reveal changing American attitudes toward the Cold War in Southeast Asia in the years of growing U.S. involvement there: Joseph Mankiewicz's The Quiet American (1958), George Englund's The Ugly American (1963), and John Wayne's The Green Berets (1968). All three feature idealistic American heroes fighting communism in Vietnam – and, in the later two films, fighting American ignorance and apathy as well. Using some two dozen reviews in a wide range of periodicals, including daily newspapers outside of New York and Los Angeles, this article finds a growing skepticism about the mythology of the Cold War in Vietnam. Critics in 1958 supported the mission of fighting communism and the methods outlined in the film, but knew little about Vietnam. In 1963, critics were more pessimistic about America's methods and prospects in Vietnam but still overwhelmingly supported the mission. By 1968, a collapse of America's Cold War consensus became obvious as critics panned The Green Berets, a remarkable box-office success, deriding the filmmaking but also rejecting the film's ideology and even questioning the struggle against communism. We thus see a fundamental erosion of American belief in its own Cold War mythology just as the country was venturing deeper into war in Southeast Asia.
Blending the Incongruity-Resolution Model and the Conceptual Integration Theory: The Case of Blends in Pictorial Advertising
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: April 2011

The primary objective of this article is to discuss humorous pictorial advertisements contingent on non-verbal (visual) and verbal components, with the heuristic apparatus provided by Fauconnier and Turner's conceptual integration theory. A postulate is advanced that humour-orientated blending can be viewed in the light of the incongruity-resolution model (Suls, 1972, 1983), the prevailing framework of humour interpretation in linguistics and psychology. Nevertheless, a proviso is made that special emphasis must be placed on the mechanism of bisociation, i.e. oscillation between incompatible frames of reference (Koestler, 1964), after the resolution stage, which is in accordance with the conceptual integration account. Additionally, a preliminary attempt is made at differentiating humorous blends from non-humorous ones. Finally, a discussion of examples aims to testify to the widespread and multifarious applicability of the incongruity-resolution blending approach in the analysis of humorous advertisements. It is shown how humorously incongruous blends and advertising meta-blends interweave.
Discourse Particles, Discourse Relations and Information Structure: The Case of Nämlich
Authors: Karagjosova Elena
Published: April 2011

The paper presents an analysis of the meaning and discourse effects of the German discourse particle nämlich that unifies its different readings and explains its distributional properties. I suggest that nämlich is most adequately analysed in terms of it indicating a specificational relation between its host and the preceding sentence, which in a question-based framework can be implemented as indicating an answer to a "specifying question", a discourse question requiring an answer that provides a more detailed description of some aspect of the preceding utterance. The analysis represents a refinement and extension of the question-based analysis of nämlich developed in Onea and Volodina (2009) where nämlich is analysed in terms of indicating that its host is a short answer to an implicit constituent question or a Why-discourse question. The approach I provide suggests solutions to several puzzles related to the distributional properties of nämlich.
Daytime Development of the Boundary Layer over a Plain and in a Valley under Fair Weather Conditions: A Comparison by Means of Idealized Numerical Simulations
Authors: Serafin Stefano , Zardi Dino
Published: April 2011

The daytime thermal structures of the valley boundary layer (VBL) and of the convective boundary layer (CBL) above a plain, as revealed by idealized large-eddy simulations, are compared. Simulations in the two environments consider similar thermal forcing, thus allowing an analysis of the atmospheric heating processes in the VBL and CBL in light of the volume-effect theory, traditionally invoked to explain the larger diurnal temperature ranges observed in valleys. It is found that, after an equal input of thermal energy, the atmospheric volumes affected by thermal perturbations in the CBL and in the VBL are comparable. Although the boundary layer top is higher in the VBL than in the CBL, the average VBL depth is approximately equal to the CBL depth, since the ground elevation is nonuniform in the valley. Accordingly, the volume-averaged potential temperature increments in the CBL and VBL are comparable. Nevertheless, surface air temperature variations are larger in the VBL, while differences in the thermal structures of the CBL and the VBL are found to be larger at elevated levels. These effects are related to the heat and mass transfer processes associated with upslope flows and midvalley subsidence. As far as the simulated CBL and VBL cases are representative of two asymptotic regions (respectively, far up valley and far over the plain) of a plain–valley system with a horizontal floor, their comparison provides insight in the mechanisms responsible for the generation of the pressure contrasts driving a daytime plain-to-valley wind at lower levels and possibly a valley-to-plain upper flow.
The Effect of Heat Waves and Drought on Surface Wind Circulations in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the Summer of 2003
Authors: Jiménez Pedro A. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi , González-Rouco J. Fidel , Navarro Jorge , Montávez Juan P. , García-Bustamante Elena , Dudhia Jimy
Published: April 2011

Variations in the diurnal wind pattern associated with heat waves and drought conditions are investigated climatologically at a regional level (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula). The study, based on high-density observational evidence and fine spatial-scale mesoscale modeling for the 1992–2004 period, shows that wind speed can decrease up to 22% under situations characterized by extremely high temperatures and severe drought, such as the European summer of 2003. By examining the role of the different atmospheric scales of motion that determine the wind diurnal variability, it is found that the 2003 synoptic conditions are the main driver for changes in the wind speed field. In turn, these changes are modulated by mesoscale circulations influenced by the soil moisture availability. The results have implications for broad regional modeling studies of current climate and climate change simulations in as much as the study demonstrates that a correct representation of local soil moisture conditions impacts atmospheric circulation and therefore the regional climate state.
A Model Investigation of Aerosol-Induced Changes in Tropical Circulation
Authors: Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V.
Published: April 2011

This study investigates how anthropogenic aerosols, alone or in conjunction with radiatively active gases, affect the tropical circulation with an atmosphere/mixed layer–ocean general circulation model. Aerosol-induced cooling gives rise to a substantial increase in the overall strength of the tropical circulation, a robust outcome consistent with a thermodynamical scaling argument. Owing to the interhemispheric asymmetry in aerosol forcing, the zonal-mean (Hadley) and zonally asymmetrical components of the tropical circulation respond differently. The Hadley circulation weakens in the Northern Hemisphere but strengthens in the Southern Hemisphere. The resulting northward cross-equatorial moist static energy flux compensates partly for the aerosol radiative cooling in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the less restricted zonally asymmetrical circulation does not show sensitivity to the spatial structure of aerosols and strengthens in both hemispheres. The results also point to the possible role of aerosols in driving the observed reduction in the equatorial sea level pressure gradient.

These circulation changes have profound implications for the hydrological cycle. Aerosols alone make the subtropical dry zones in both hemispheres wetter, as the local hydrological response is controlled thermodynamically by atmospheric moisture content. The deep tropical rainfall undergoes a dynamically induced southward shift, a robust pattern consistent with the adjustments in the zonal-mean circulation and in the meridional moist static energy transport. Less certain is the magnitude of the shift. The nonlinearity exhibited by the combined hydrological response to aerosols and radiatively active gases is dynamical in nature.