bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A graph‐based approach for automatic cardiac tractography
Authors: Frindel Carole , Robini Marc , Schaerer Joël , Croisille Pierre , Zhu Yue‐Min
Published: July 2010

A new automatic algorithm for assessing fiber‐bundle organization in the human heart using diffusion‐tensor magnetic resonance imaging is presented. The proposed approach distinguishes from the locally “greedy” paradigm, which uses voxel‐wise seed initialization intrinsic to conventional tracking algorithms. It formulates the fiber tracking problem as the global problem of computing paths in a boolean‐weighted undirected graph, where each voxel is a vertex and each pair of neighboring voxels is connected with an edge. This leads to a global optimization task that can be solved by iterated conditional modes‐like algorithms or Metropolis‐type annealing. A new deterministic optimization strategy, namely iterated conditional modes with α‐relaxation using (t2)‐ and (t4)‐moves, is also proposed; it has similar performance to annealing but offers a substantial computational gain. This approach offers some important benefits. The global nature of our tractography method reduces sensitivity to noise and modeling errors. The discrete framework allows an optimal balance between the density of fiber bundles and the amount of available data. Besides, seed points are no longer needed; fibers are predicted in one shot for the whole diffusion‐tensor magnetic resonance imaging volume, in a completely automatic way. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust EPI Nyquist ghost elimination via spatial and temporal encoding
Authors: Hoge W. Scott , Tan Huan , Kraft Robert A.
Published: July 2010

Nyquist ghosts are an inherent artifact in echo planar imaging acquisitions. An approach to robustly eliminate Nyquist ghosts is presented that integrates two previous Nyquist ghost correction techniques: temporal domain encoding (phase labeling for additional coordinate encoding: PLACE and spatial domain encoding (phased array ghost elimination: PAGE). Temporal encoding modulates the echo planar imaging acquisition trajectory from frame to frame, enabling one to interleave data to remove inconsistencies that occur between sampling on positive and negative gradient readouts. With PLACE, one can coherently combine the interleaved data to cancel residual Nyquist ghosts. If the level of ghosting varies significantly from image to image, however, the signal cancellation that occurs with PLACE can adversely affect SNR‐sensitive applications such as perfusion imaging with arterial spin labeling. This work proposes integrating PLACE into a PAGE‐based reconstruction process to yield significantly better Nyquist ghost correction that is more robust than PLACE or PAGE alone. The robustness of this method is demonstrated in the presence of magnetic field drift with an in‐vivo arterial spin labeling perfusion experiment. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
31P Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with polarisation transfer of phosphomono‐ and diesters at 3 T in the human brain: relation with age and spatial differences
Authors: Wijnen J. P. , Scheenen T. W. J. , Klomp D. W. J. , Heerschap A.
Published: July 2010

Tissue levels of the compounds phosphocholine (PC), phosphoethanolamine (PE), glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) can be studied by in vivo 31P MRS. However, the detection of the signals of these compounds suffers from low sensitivity and contamination by underlying broad resonances of other phosphorylated compounds. Improved sensitivity without this contamination can be achieved with a method for optimal polarisation transfer of 1H to 31P spins in these molecules, called selective refocused insensitive nuclei‐enhanced polarisation transfer (sRINEPT). The aim of this study was to implement a three‐dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) version of sRINEPT on a clinical 3 T magnetic resonance system to obtain spatially resolved relative levels of PC, PE, GPC and GPE in the human brain as a function of age, which could be used as a reference dataset for clinical applications. Good signal‐to‐noise ratios were obtained from voxels of 17 cm3 of the parietal and occipital lobes of the brain within a clinically acceptable measurement time of 17 min. Eighteen healthy subjects of different ages (16–70 years) were examined with this method. A strong inverse relation of the PE/GPE and PC/GPC ratios with age was found. Spatial resolution was sufficient to detect differences in metabolite ratios between white and grey matter. Moreover, we showed the feasibility of this method for clinical use in a pilot study of patients with brain tumours. The sRINEPT MRSI technique enables the exploration of phospholipid metabolism in brain diseases with a better sensitivity than was possible with earlier 31P MRS methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐sensitivity cerebral perfusion mapping in mice by kbGRASE‐FAIR at 9.4 T
Authors: Zheng Bingwen , Lee Philip Teck Hock , Golay Xavier
Published: July 2010

The combination of flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) and single‐shot k‐space‐banded gradient‐ and spin‐echo (kbGRASE) is proposed here to measure perfusion in the mouse brain with high sensitivity and stability. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) analysis showed that kbGRASE‐FAIR boosts image and temporal SNRs by 2.01 ± 0.08 and 2.50 ± 0.07 times, respectively, when compared with standard single‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI)‐FAIR implemented in our experimental systems, although the practically achievable spatial resolution was slightly reduced. The effects of varying physiological parameters on the precision and reproducibility of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements were studied following changes in anesthesia regime, capnia and body temperature. The functional MRI time courses with kbGRASE‐FAIR showed a more stable response to 5% CO2 than did those with EPI‐FAIR. The results establish kbGRASE‐FAIR as a practical and robust protocol for quantitative CBF measurements in mice at 9.4 T. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for rapid in vivo measurement of blood T1
Authors: Varela Marta , Hajnal Joseph V. , Petersen Esben T. , Golay Xavier , Merchant Nazakat , Larkman David J.
Published: July 2010

We present a technique to measure the longitudinal relaxation time constant of venous blood (T1b) in vivo in a few seconds. The MRI sequence consists of a thick‐slab adiabatic inversion, followed by a series of slice‐selective excitations and single‐shot echo planar imaging readouts. The time intervals between excitations were chosen so that blood in macroscopic vessels is fully refreshed between excitations, making the blood signal follow an unperturbed inversion recovery curve. Static tissue, which experiences the inversion and all excitation pulses, quickly reaches a steady state at a low signal as a result of partial saturation. This allows blood‐filled voxels to be discriminated from those containing static tissue, and to be fitted voxel‐by‐voxel to a simple inversion recovery model. The sequence was tested on a flow phantom with the proposed method, yielding T1 values consistent to within 3% of those obtained using a conventional inversion recovery sequence with a spin‐echo readout. The method was applied to seven adult volunteers and 18 neonates. The blood T1 of the neonates (1799 ± 206 ms; range, 1393–2035 ms) was found to be more variable than that of adults (1717 ± 39 ms; range, 1662–1779 ms). A linear correlation between the inverse of T1b and the haematocrit was established in 12 neonates (R2 = 0.90). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rank aggregation methods
Authors: Lin Shili
Published: July 2010

This article provides an overview of rank aggregation methods and algorithms, with an emphasis on modern biological applications. Rank aggregation methods have traditionally been used extensively in marketing and advertisement research, and in applied psychology in general. In recent years, rank aggregation methods have emerged as an important tool for combining information from different Internet search engines or from different omics‐scale biological studies. We discuss three classes of methods, namely distributional based, heuristic, and stochastic search. The original Thurstone's scaling and its extensions represent the first class of methods that are most appropriate for aggregating many short ranked lists. Aggregating results from consumer rankings of products falls into this category of problems. Its application to biological problems is also being explored. On the other hand, heuristic algorithms and stochastic search methods are applicable to the situation of aggregating a small number of long lists, the so‐called ‘high‐level’ meta‐analysis scenario. Combining results from different search engines/criteria and a number of omics‐scale biological applications fall into this category. Heuristic algorithms are deterministic in nature, ranging from simple arithmetic averages of ranks to Markov chains and stationary distributions. Stochastic search algorithms, on the other hand, aim at maximizing a particular criterion such as that following the Kemeny guideline. Several examples will be provided to illustrate, compare, and contrast the methods and algorithms. The examples range from simple and contrive to representing realistic scenarios. In particular, an application to aggregating results from gene expression microarray studies is provided to demonstrate applications of the methods to modern biological problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Robust Methods
Metabolic manipulators: a well founded strategy to combat mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Koene Saskia , Smeitink Jan
Published: July 2010

Whilst the pathophysiology and genetics of mitochondrial disease are slowly being unraveled, currently no effective remedy for mitochondrial disorders is available. One particular strategy in mitochondrial medicine presently under study is metabolic manipulation. This approach is aimed at counteracting the deranged cell biological homeostasis caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, using dietary modifications or small molecule therapy. Cell biological alterations caused by mitochondrial dysfunction include increased reactive oxygen species production, enhanced lipid peroxidation and altered cellular calcium homeostasis. This review covers the five principles of metabolic manipulation: (1) prevention of oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species, (2) amelioration of lipid peroxidation, (3) correction of altered membrane potential, (4) restoration of calcium homeostasis, and (5) transcription regulation interference. We hypothesize that a combination of compounds targeting different metabolic pathways will abolish cellular disturbance arising as a consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, and thereby improve or stabilize clinical features. However, only a handful of compounds have reached efficacy testing in mammals, and it remains unknown to what extent metabolic manipulation will affect the whole organism. Until a potent remedy is found, patients will remain dependent on supportive, not curative, interventions.
3‐Year follow‐up of secondary chronic headaches: The Akershus study of chronic headache
Authors: Aasethl Kjersti , Grandel Ragnhild Berling , Benthl Jūratė Šaltytė , Lundqvistl Christofer , Russelll Michael Bjørn
Published: July 2010

The objective was to investigate the 3‐year course of secondary chronic headaches (≥15 days per month for at least 3 months) in the general population.

An age and gender stratified random sample of 30,000 persons aged 30–44 years from the general population received a mailed questionnaire. All with self‐reported chronic headache, 517 in total, were interviewed by neurological residents. The questionnaire response rate was 71%. The rate of participation in the initial and follow‐up interview was 74% (633/852) and 87% (83/95) respectively. The International Classification of Headache Disorders was used, and then in the next step the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group and American Academy of Otolaryngology criteria were used in relation to cervicogenic headache (CEH) and headache attributed to chronic rhinosinusitis (HACRS).

Of those followed‐up, 40 had headache attributed to head and/or neck trauma (chronic posttraumatic headache), 0 had CEH and 0 had HACRS according to the ICHD‐II criteria, while 18 had CEH according to the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group's criteria, and 37 had HACRS according to the criteria of the American Academy of Otolaryngology. The headache index (frequency×intensity×duration) was significantly reduced from baseline to follow‐up in chronic posttraumatic headache and HACRS, but not in CEH.

We conclude that secondary chronic headaches seem to have various course dependent of subtype. Recognizing the different types of secondary chronic headaches is of importance because it might have management implications.
The PedR transcriptional regulator interacts with thioredoxin to connect photosynthesis with gene expression in cyanobacteria
Authors: Horiuchi Mayumi , Nakamura Kinu , Kojima Kouji , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Hatakeyama Wakako , Hisabori Toru , Hihara Yukako
Published: July 2010

The redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain acts as a critical sensing mechanism by regulating the transcription of key genes involved in the acclimation response to a change in the environment. In the present study we show that the small LuxR-type regulator PedR interacts with Trx (thioredoxin) to achieve photosynthetic electron-transport-dependent transcriptional regulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. TrxM, an isoform of Trx, was isolated as an interacting factor of PedR by pull-down assays. In vitro analysis revealed that the intermolecular disulfide bond formed between Cys80 residues of the PedR homodimer was reduced by both TrxM and TrxX. It has been shown previously that, although PedR is active under low-light conditions, it becomes transiently inactivated following a shift to high-light conditions, with a concomitant conformational change [Nakamura and Hihara (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 36758–36766]. In the present study, we found that the conformational change of PedR and the change in the transcript level of its target gene were minimal when mutants of Synechocystis that lack ferredoxin–Trx reductase or NADPH–Trx reductase were exposed to high levels of light. These results indicate that the reduction of PedR by Trx causes transient inactivation of PedR upon the shift of cyanobacterial cells to high-light conditions.
Effect of electric field on CuO nanoneedle growth during thermal oxidation and its growth mechanism
Authors: Li Xiaozhu , Zhang Jun , Yuan Yanwen , Liao Lingmin , Pan Chunxu
Published: July 2010

Different electric field intensities were added along the growth direction of CuO nanoneedles when using a thermal oxidation process. The results show that: (1) the length of CuO nanoneedles increased with the electric field, but when the voltage was greater than a certain value, the growth stopped and (2) the diameter of CuO nanoneedles from top to root became more uniform. Therefore, it is further demonstrated the “solid state based-up diffusion growth mechanism” for CuO nanoneedles prepared by thermal oxidation. The recent study also provides a possibility for controlling the growth of metal oxide nanowires which will promote their potential applications in nanodevices.
An analysis of the NEXAFS spectra of a molecular crystal: α-glycine
Authors: Schwartz Craig P. , Saykally Richard J. , Prendergast David
Published: July 2010

The nitrogen K-edge near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectrum of α-crystalline glycine has been calculated for temperatures ranging from 0 to 450 K. Significant temperature dependent spectral changes are predicted. The calculated room temperature spectrum is in good agreement with the experiment. At high temperatures, molecular motions strongly influence the spectrum, as any unique spectrum from an individual instantaneous configuration does not resemble the experimental result or the average calculated spectrum; complex coupled motions in this prototypical molecular crystal underlie the observed spectral changes.
Homologs of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases acylate carrier proteins and provide a link between ribosomal and nonribosomal peptide synthesis
Authors: Mocibob Marko , Ivic Nives , Bilokapic Silvija , Maier Timm , Luic Marija , Ban Nenad , Weygand-Durasevic Ivana
Published: July 2010

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are ancient and evolutionary conserved enzymes catalyzing the formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs, that are used as substrates for ribosomal protein biosynthesis. In addition to full length aaRS genes, genomes of many organisms are sprinkled with truncated genes encoding single-domain aaRS-like proteins, which often have relinquished their canonical role in genetic code translation. We have identified the genes for putative seryl-tRNA synthetase homologs widespread in bacterial genomes and characterized three of them biochemically and structurally. The proteins encoded are homologous to the catalytic domain of highly diverged, atypical seryl-tRNA synthetases (aSerRSs) found only in methanogenic archaea and are deprived of the tRNA-binding domain. Remarkably, in comparison to SerRSs, aSerRS homologs display different and relaxed amino acid specificity. aSerRS homologs lack canonical tRNA aminoacylating activity and instead transfer activated amino acid to phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of putative carrier proteins, whose genes were identified in the genomic surroundings of aSerRS homologs. Detailed kinetic analysis confirmed that aSerRS homologs aminoacylate these carrier proteins efficiently and specifically. Accordingly, aSerRS homologs were renamed amino acid:[carrier protein] ligases (AMP forming). The enzymatic activity of aSerRS homologs is reminiscent of adenylation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthesis, and thus they represent an intriguing link between programmable ribosomal protein biosynthesis and template-independent nonribosomal peptide synthesis.
Recent developments in prostate cancer biomarker research: therapeutic implications
Authors: Detchokul Sujitra , Frauman Albert G.
Published: July 2010

This review aims to present an overview of recent clinical trials targeting biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer. We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for early phase clinical trials on treatments of prostate cancer that have been recently completed, are ongoing or are actively recruiting participants. Drug targets and their mechanism of actions were assessed and summarized. Trials were categorized according to prostate cancer biomarkers that have potential as therapeutic targets. A total of 19 new therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer are included in this review. Trials are summarized according to the targeted biomarkers and are categorized into five therapeutic approaches: prostate cancer vaccine, epigenetic therapy, pro‐apoptotic agents, prostate cancer antibodies and anti‐angiogenesis approach. Some of the therapeutic agents reviewed showed promising results, warranting further investigation in late phase clinical trials. Recent novel prostate cancer biomarkers that made it through clinical trials and their relevance as drug targets are summarized. This review emphasizes the importance of specific prostate cancer biomarkers and their potentials as targets of the disease. Some clinical trials of targeted treatments in prostate cancer show promising results. Better understanding of disease mechanisms should potentially lead to more specific treatments for individual patients.
Experimental evidence for physiological costs underlying the trade‐off between reproduction and survival
Authors: Cox Robert M. , Parker Elizabeth U. , Cheney Diane M. , Liebl Andrea L. , Martin Lynn B. , Calsbeek Ryan
Published: July 2010

1. A central tenet of life‐history theory is that investment in reproduction compromises survival. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms that link reproduction to survival are poorly understood, particularly in wild populations.

2. Previous experiments in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei) show that the elimination of reproduction via surgical ovariectomy results in a dramatic increase in the survival of wild females. We hypothesized that this trade‐off reflects underlying differences in energy allocation between reproduction and physiological processes that influence survival.

3. To test this hypothesis, we compared ovariectomized (OVX) females to reproductive controls (SHAM) with respect to four physiological parameters that are thought to influence survival: energy storage, haematocrit, immune function and parasitemia.

4. Consistent with previous studies, we found that OVX females exhibited increased survival and growth relative to reproductive SHAM females. At the end of the breeding season, OVX also exceeded SHAM with respect to energy storage, haematocrit and immune response to phytohemagglutinin challenge.

5. Contrary to our predictions, OVX were more likely than SHAM to exhibit high levels of parasitemia. However, growth and parasite load were positively correlated in OVX and negatively correlated in SHAM, suggesting that reproductive investment may compromise parasite tolerance rather than parasite resistance.

6. Collectively, our results provide direct experimental evidence that reproductive investment affects several key physiological traits that likely interact to influence survival in wild populations.
Relationships of immature and adult thrips with silk‐cut, fusarium ear rot and fumonisin B1contamination of maize in California and Hawaii
Authors: Parsons M. W. , Munkvold G. P.
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were conducted in California and Hawaii in order to investigate the relationships between thrips feeding in maize ears and fusarium ear rot and silk‐cut symptoms. Half the plots in each experiment were treated with insecticides following pollination. Thrips populations within ears were enumerated at six stages of ear development. Grain was examined microscopically and the percentages of kernels with silk‐cut and ear rot symptoms were quantified by weight. Fumonisin B1contamination in grain was measured by ELISA. Immature stages of thrips predominated, and maximum thrips populations occurred 21 days after pollination. Insecticides reduced thrips numbers, as well as silk‐cut, ear rot symptoms and fumonisin B1contamination. Immature thrips populations were more strongly correlated with silk‐cut/ear rot symptoms (R = 0·75) and fumonisin B1accumulation (R = 0·53), than were adult thrips (R = 0·48 and 0·36, respectively). Silk‐cut kernels all had ear rot symptoms and the percentage of kernels with symptoms was highly correlated with fumonisin B1contamination (R = 0·84). Results suggest that thrips are not occasional feeders, but can complete a substantial portion of their life cycle on maize ears. The results also indicate that thrips activity may be a cause of silk‐cut symptoms, and this may be the mechanism that connects thrips activity with fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of grain.
Neurogenesis during optic tectum regeneration in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Bernardini Sergio , Gargioli Cesare , Cannata Stefano M. , Filoni Sergio
Published: July 2010

The regenerative neurogenesis of the optic tectum of larval Xenopus laevis has been studied analyzing the proliferative and morphogenetic phases of the regeneration process after removal of one optic lobe. To this end, short‐term and long‐term pulses were carried out using the thymidine analog BrdU, selectively incorporated into cells during the S phase of the cell cycle. Results indicate that while in early larvae (stage 49/50, according to Nieuwkoop & Faber 1967) regeneration occurs mainly at the expense of the stem cells present in extensive proliferation zones (“matrix areas”) of the midbrain, in late larvae (stage 55/56) regeneration occurs at the expense of stem cells present in very limited matrix areas of the brain and of quiescent cells, which re‐enter the cell cycle following trauma. Moreover, in early larvae, morphogenesis of the optic tectum is carried out according to a precise spatio‐temporal order from rostro‐caudal to latero‐medial. By contrast, in late larvae, the topographical order of the regenerative morphogenesis of the optic lobe is completely altered. As a consequence, the regenerated optic tectum in early larvae has an apparently normal structure, while the regenerated optic tectum in late larvae lacks stratification.
The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance
Authors: Carter David A. , D'Souza Frank , Simkins Betty J. , Simpson W. Gary
Published: July 2010

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: We examine the business case for the inclusion of women and ethnic minority directors on the board. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the number of women directors and the number of ethnic minority directors on the board and important board committees and financial performance measured as return on assets and Tobin's Q.

Research Findings/Insights: We do not find a significant relationship between the gender or ethnic diversity of the board, or important board committees, and financial performance for a sample of major US corporations. Our evidence also suggests that the gender and ethnic minority diversity of the board and firm financial performance appear to be endogenous.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: Reasonable theoretical arguments drawn from resource dependence theory, human capital theory, agency theory, and social psychology suggest that gender and ethnic diversity may have either a positive, negative, or neutral effect on the financial performance of the firm. Our statistical analysis supports the theoretical position of no effect, either positive or negative. Our results are consistent with a contingency explanation because the effect of the gender and ethnic diversity of the board may be different under different circumstances at different times. Over several companies and time periods, the results could offset to produce no effect.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results of our analysis do not support the business case for inclusion of women and ethnic minorities on corporate boards. However, we find no evidence of any negative effect either. Our evidence implies that decisions concerning the appointment of women and ethnic minorities to corporate boards should be based on criteria other than future financial performance.
The Origins and Originators of Early Statistical Societies: A Comparison of Liverpool and Manchester
Authors: O’Brien Christopher
Published: July 2010

One of the provincial statistical societies of the 1830s was in Liverpool, its formation stimulated by the British Association’s meeting in Liverpool in 1837. Like the statistical society in nearby Manchester, its members were drawn largely from industry and commerce, with Liberals and Unitarians much in evidence. The Liverpool society achieved little and survived only briefly, its failure partly reflecting the difficulties that were faced by an amateur organization. It had a large membership with diverse interests, with many members occupied with local politics. We compare it with the Manchester Statistical Society, which had a closed, younger and more cohesive membership, with significant family and business links, helping that society to adapt and survive.
Biases in the Healthcare Luxury Good Hypothesis?: A Meta-Regression Analysis
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Gemmill Marin , Rubert Gloria
Published: July 2010

Although a growing literature examining the relationship between income and health expenditures suggests that healthcare is a luxury good, this conclusion is debatable owing to heterogeneity of the existing results. The paper tests the luxury good hypothesis (namely that income elasticity exceeds 1) by using meta-regression analysis, taking into consideration publication selection and aggregation bias. The findings suggest that publication bias exists, which is a result that is robust to the meta-regression model employed. Publication selection and aggregation bias also appear to play a role in the generation of estimates. The corrected estimates of income elasticity range from 0.4 to 0.8, which cast serious doubt on the validity of the luxury good hypothesis.
Reference values for anaerobic performance and agility in ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: VERSCHUREN OLAF , BLOEMEN MANON , KRUITWAGEN CAS , TAKKEN TIM
Published: July 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to provide reference values of anaerobic performance and agility in a group of children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Method  A total of 300 children (184 males, 116 females) with spastic CP were recruited from 26 rehabilitation centres in six different countries. Of these, 215 were classified at GMFCS level I (mean age 11y 2mo, SD 3y, range 6–18y) and 85 were classified at GMFCS level II (mean age 11y; SD 3y 1mo, range 6–18y). The children performed the Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST) and the 10×5m sprint test in a standardized manner. To establish reference values, reference curves were created using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape.

Results  Height‐related reference curves were created based on performance on the two tests.

Interpretation  This study provides height‐related reference values for anaerobic performance and agility for children and adolescents with CP classified at GMFCS levels I and II. These curves are clinically relevant and provide a user‐friendly method in the interpretation of anaerobic performance and agility for children with spastic CP.
NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM CULTURED ASTROBLASTS
Authors: Robert J. , Mandel P. , Rebel G.
Published: July 2010

—A study of the neutral lipid and phospholipid compositions of two clones of glial cells in culture is reported. These clones are normal astroblasts (NN clone) and chemically‐induced astrocytoma cells (C6 clone).

The lipid composition of the NN cells is similar to that obtained with glial enriched fractions from mammalian brains; however, the fatty acid patterns of the phospholipids from NN cells show an important increase in saturation.

Slight differences are observed between NN and C6 cells; these differences are similar to those found during the oncogenic transformation of some other clonal cell lines.
Characterization of L‐Glutamate Binding Sites in Rat Spinal Cord Synaptic Membranes: Evidence for Multiple Chloride Ion‐Dependent Sites
Authors: Mena E. Edward , Pagnozzi Martin J. , Gullak Mary F.
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of various ions on L‐glutamate (L‐Glu) binding sites (Na+‐dependent, Cl−‐dependent, and CP−‐independent) in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) isolated from rat spinal cord and forebrain were examined. CP−‐de‐pendent binding sites were over twofold higher in spinal cord (Bmax= 152 ± 34 pmol/mg protein) as compared to forebrain SPM (Bmax=64 ± 12 pmol/mg protein). Na+dependent binding, on the other hand, was nearly sixfold less in spinal cord (Bmax= 74 ± 10 pmol/mg protein) compared to forebrain SPM (408 ± 26 pmol/mg protein). Uptake of L‐Glu (Na+‐dependent) was also eightfold less in the P2 fraction from spinal cord relative to forebrain (Vmaxof 2.89 and 22.3 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively). The effects of Na+, K+, NH4+, and Ca2+on L‐Glu binding sites were similar in both regions of the CNS. In addition, in spinal cord membranes, Br−, I−, and NO3−were equivalent to C−in their capacity to stimulate L‐Glu binding, whereas F−and CO32−were less effective. Cl−‐dependent l‐Glu binding in spinal cord membranes consisted of two distinct sites. The predominant site (74% of the total) had characteristics similar to the Cl−‐dependent binding site in forebrain membranes [i.e., Kivalues of 5.7 ± 1.4μMand 119 ± 38 nMfor 2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) and quisqualic acid, (QUIS), respectively]. The other CP‐dependent site was unaffected by AP4 but was blocked by QUIS (Ki= 14.2 ± 4.8μM).
Characteristics of the β‐Adrenoreceptor from Neuronal and Glial Cells in Primary Cultures of Rat Brain
Authors: Baker Stephen P. , Sumners Colin , Pitha Joseph , Raizada Mohan K.
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cellular characteristics of the β‐adrenoreceptor in glial and neuronal cells from the newborn rat brain were determined by (−)‐[125I]iodocyanopindolol binding. In membranes from both cell types, the binding was saturable and from competition assays the potency series of (−)‐isoproterenol > (−)‐epinephrine = (−)‐norepinephrine > (+)‐isoproterenol was observed. 5′‐GuanylyI‐imidodiphosphate reduced the affinity of (−)‐isoproterenol for the β‐adrenoreceptor from glial cells but had no effect on agonist affinity in neuronal cells. Chronic treatment of both cell types with (−)‐isoproterenol reduced the receptor content and the capacity of the agonist to increase the cellular cyclic AMP content. However, the receptor recovery after chronic agonist treatment was faster in glial cells (72 h) than neuronal cells (120 h) and was blocked by cycloheximide. Treatment of both types with the irreversible β‐blocker bromoacetylalprenololmentane (2 μM) reduced the receptor content by 78% but no receptor recovery was observed for 120 h after the initial receptor loss. The data indicated that the majority of β‐adrenoreceptors in both cell types are the β−1 subtype, but show some differences in receptor‐agonist interactions. Furthermore, these CNS cells may be useful models for regulatory studies on the β‐adrenoreceptor.
Regulation of the Chromaffin Granule Catecholamine Transporter in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Medullary Cells: Stimulus–Biosynthesis Coupling
Authors: Desnos Claire , Laran Marie‐Pierre , Scherman Daniel
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The transsynaptic induction of the monoamine transporter present on the membrane of chromaffin granules was studied in primary cultures of dissociated bovine adrenomedullary cells submitted to a chronic secretory stimulation. The amount of the vesicular monoamine transporter was assayed by binding of the specific ligand [3H]‐dihydrotetrabenazine. After several days of incubation in the presence of high potassium, the concentration of [3H]‐dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites was increased by a 1.5–2.5 factor. This increase was smaller in the presence of the cholinergic agonist carbachol. The long‐term inductions of the vesicular monoamine transporter, of tyrosine hydroxylase, and of acetylcholinesterase were of similar magnitude. Under the same conditions, we found no variation in either the activities of other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes (dopamine β‐hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase), or in metabolic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and cytochromecoxidase, and a decrease in the cellular content of chromogranin A and cytochromeb‐561. The induction of the vesicular monoamine transporter was inhibited by the calcium channel antagonists, fluspirilene and nifedipine, and was increased by the agonist Bay K 8644. It was abolished by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. These results indicate that calcium entry into chromaffin cells increases the synthesis of the vesicular monoamine transporter, presumably by transcriptional activation. Elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP concentration or activation of protein kinase C also induced an increase in the expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter. Our results confirm that components of storage vesicle membranes are differentially regulated in response to secretory stimulation, as are several cytosolic or intravesicular soluble proteins. Moreover, the up‐regulation of the vesicular monoamine transporter supports our previous hypothesis that catecholamine uptake into storage vesicles might be, in the adrenal medulla, a rate‐limiting step in the formation of mature secretion vesicles.
Repeated Immobilization Stress Increases the Binding of c‐Fos‐Like Proteins to a Rat Dopamine β‐Hydroxylase Promoter Enhancer Sequence
Authors: Nankova Bistra , Devlin David , Kvetnansky Richard , Kopin Irwin J. , Sabban Esther L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Repeated immobilization stress elicits a large elevation in adrenal dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) mRNA levels. This study attempts to analyze the molecular mechanism of increased DBH gene expression in stress. Adrenomedullary nuclear proteins were prepared from controls and rats exposed to various intervals of immobilization stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that repeated stress led to increased binding of adrenomedullary nuclear factors to a cis‐acting regulatory element in the rat DBH promoter (DBH‐1). One of the partners in the DNA‐protein complex is c‐Fos or a Fos‐related protein. There was a correlation between promoter binding activity and elevated steady‐state levels of DBH mRNA. Our data indicate that this cis regulatory element in the rat DBH promoter is functional in vivo, and increased binding of AP1‐like transcription factors to this motif is induced by immobilization stress.
Vitreous Humor: Biochemical Constituents in Estimation of Postmortem Interval*,†
Authors: Jashnani Kusum D. , Kale Smita A. , Rupani Asha B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Analysis of biochemical constituents of the vitreous humor can be useful in determining the postmortem interval as there is proportionate postmortem rise of potassium and fall in sodium concentration. We studied 120 autopsy cases to determine the utility of potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride levels, and sodium/potassium ratio in estimating the postmortem interval. There was a linear relationship between vitreous potassium concentration and postmortem interval, whereas an inverse relationship between vitreous sodium/potassium ratio and postmortem interval was noted. Other factors like age, sex, cause of death, season of death, and refrigeration of sample did not influence the vitreous humor potassium values. Using the statistical tools, a new formula was derived to determine the postmortem interval based on the potassium concentration and a review of previous literature is presented. Hence, the findings of this study supported a central role of vitreous humor biochemistry in many postmortem forensic and pathological evaluations.
Peptide Neurons in Peripheral Tissues Including the Urinary Tract: Immunohistochemical Studies
Authors: Hökfelt T. , Schultzberg M. , Elde R. , Nilsson G. , Terenius L. , Said S. , Goldstein M.
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P‐, enkephalin‐, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) – and somatostatin‐like immuno‐reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particulary in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated.
Early fish introduction is associated with less eczema, but not sensitization, in infants
Authors: Hesselmar B , Saalman R , Rudin A , Adlerberth I , Wold AE
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To investigate if the development of allergic diseases during the child’s first 18 months of life is influenced by the time at which different food items were introduced into the child’s diet.

Method:  A birth cohort of 184 children was followed to 18 months of age. Diaries were used to document feeding practices, and parental interviews were performed at 6 and 12 months of age, probing for symptoms suggesting allergic disease, general health‐related issues and food introduction regimes. Symptoms promoted prompt clinical examination, and all children were examined clinically, and tested for sensitization to common airborne and food allergens at 18 months of age.

Results:  The earlier the fish was introduced into the child’s diet the lower was the frequency of eczema. This association remained after control for confounding factors. The timing of fish introduction and asthma development showed a similar pattern, but did not reach statistical significance. Sensitization was not influenced by the timing of fish introduction. Other food items or feeding practices did not seem to influence allergy development.

Conclusion:  Early introduction of fish into the child’s diet was associated with less eczema development, and a tendency to less asthma. Sensitization was not associated with the timing of fish introduction.
From “Wops and Dagoes and Hunkies” to “Caucasian”: Changing Racial Discourse in American Classrooms during World War II
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2010

Margaret Gillum was distressed. Her sophomore English students in Terre Haute, IN were making “sneering remarks” about “dirty foreigners,” even though she implored them to use language that reflected the principles of “brotherhood” and “true neighborliness.” Pressed into action by the catastrophic world war unfolding around her, Gillum decided to teach her students to be more tolerant of human diversity. Describing her successful lesson to colleagues in a popular teaching journal in 1941, Gillum explained, “There are in my city a number of racial groups gathered into neighborhoods, as one finds them everywhere: Syrians, Italians, French, and a large number of Germans and Jews, as well as three distinct communities of Negroes drifted up from the South.” Hoping to foster empathy for the “racial groups” in her community, Gillum initiated her lesson by asking students to list familiar racial epithets. Her students responded enthusiastically and as Gillum called out the names of different “races” her students shouted back their answers:And what do we call Italians—Dagoes!And the Germans?—Dutchmen!The Irish?—Oh, Pat or Mike!
Control of surface morphology and electronic properties of III-V semiconductors using molecular modification
Authors: Yamada Fumihiko , Arakawa Shuichi , Kamiya Itaru
Published: July 2010

GaAs surface was modified by self-assembled monolayer of organic molecules through wet chemical processes, which include etching and coating. Octadecanethiol (ODT) and benzenethiol (BT) were the choice as modifiers. Etched surface of the GaAs, whose quality greatly affects the morphology and properties of the resulting modified GaAs, was investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanometer-scale particlelike structures of Ga2O3 appeared on the surface after etching by etchant with low acid concentration. The particle size was controllable by the acid concentration and etching time. Almost the entire surface of the GaAs substrate was successfully covered with thiol molecules when GaAs etched by the etchant with high acid concentration was used. The conduction of the ODT-coated GaAs measured with conductive prove AFM using Rh coated cantilevers was below the detection limit of the current amplifier. However, current-voltage characteristics of BT-coated GaAs showed electron rectification proving electron transport via the π-orbital. The molecular modification of the semiconductors by wet chemical processes may afford a promising route to control the surface states of organic molecule-semiconductor interface for novel device structures.
The
Drosophila
Female Germline Stem Cell Lineage Acts to Spatially Restrict DPP Function Within the Niche
Authors: Liu Ming , Lim Tit Meng , Cai Yu
Published: July 2010

Drosophila
ovarian stem cells communicate with somatic cells to define the size of the stem cell niche.
SAVINGS BEHAVIOR IN INDIA: CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY EVIDENCE
Authors: AGRAWAL PRADEEP , PRAVAKAR SAHOO , DASH RANJAN KUMAR
Published: July 2010

This study investigates the determinants of savings behavior in India and the direction of causality between savings and income per capita as these have important implications for development policy. We estimate long-run savings functions for India using modern co-integration procedures. Our empirical results show that higher income per capita and improved access to banking facilities significantly improves savings in India. On the other hand, foreign savings and public savings have negative impact on private and household savings. We also carry out an analysis of the direction of causality between savings and income. The results suggest that there is a one-way causation from income per capita to the savings rate.
TRIGGERING OF EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS TENDON: CASE REPORT
Authors: Luenam Suriya , Kosiyatrakul Arkaphat , Prachaporn Sunya
Published: July 2010

Triggering of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon is an uncommon phenomenon with a few reports in the previous literature. Because of its rarity, the recommendations for management are sparse. We report a case of triggering EPL tendon secondary to the tendon nodule in a 42-year-old woman treated with the surgical decompression. The intraoperative findings, surgical technique and outcome of this case are described.
A COMPARISON OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION PATIENTS AND NONWORKERS' COMPENSATION PATIENTS UNDERGOING ENDOSCOPIC CARPAL TUNNEL RELEASE
Authors: Duncan Scott F. M. , Calandruccio James H. , Merritt Marianne V. , Crockarell John R. , Kakinoki Ryosuke
Published: July 2010

This study compares results of endoscopic carpal tunnel release using the two-portal technique in two groups of patients based on whether or not they were receiving workers' compensation. There were 50 patients in the worker's compensation group and 63 in the nonworker's compensation group. Mean follow-up was 40.8 months and 44.8 months, respectively. Duration of symptoms before surgery was statistically different in the two groups, 13.6 months in the worker's compensation groups compared to 26.2 months in the nonworker's compensation group. Worker's compensation patients tended to be younger, have shorter duration of symptoms before surgery, report lower postoperative activity levels, have more subsequent surgeries, and have mediocre results when compared to nonworker's compensation patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate or timing of return to work. Our series of 113 patients who had endoscopic carpal tunnel release indicates that careful patient selection is necessary to achieve satisfactory outcomes in worker's compensation patients.