bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Public Policy and the World Trade Organization afterShrimp/TurtleandAsbestos
Authors: Irish Maureen
Published: June 2019

Recent decisions of the Appellate Body of the WTO deal with the interpretation of GATT Article XX, which provides exemptions from trade obligations for important non-trade policies such as the protection of health and the environment. The article discusses those decisions, as well as the balance between trade and non-trade interests in the provisions of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
The Decision of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada)
Authors: Swords Colleen , Willis Alan
Published: June 2019

In the spring of 1999, the NATO allies conducted a bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for several weeks. The campaign was a response to the failure of negotiations at Rambouillet, France, relating to a situation in Kosovo that United Nations agencies had characterized as a “humanitarian crisis.” In late April, only a few days after filing an Optional Clause declaration under the Statute of the International Court of Justice accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the court subject to reservations, Yugoslavia initiated proceedings in the court against ten NATO allies, including Canada. The application was accompanied by a request for the indication of “provisional measures” pursuant to the statute, enjoining the NATO allies from continuing the use of force against Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia relied upon its new declaration and upon the compromissary clause of the Genocide Convention as grounds of jurisdiction. In June 1999, the court refused the request for provisional measures on the ground that it lacked prima facie jurisdiction. Canada and other remaining respondents filed preliminary objections on jurisdiction and admissibility. The objections on jurisdiction were based on the grounds that had been advanced at the provisional measures stage and largely endorsed by the court: first, that Yugoslavia was not then a member of the United Nations and was therefore not entitled to make an Optional Clause declaration; second, that the declaration was limited to future disputes; and, third, that the subject matter of the dispute was not covered by the Genocide Convention, which could therefore not be invoked to establish jurisdiction.

Following oral hearings in April 2004, the court ruled in a judgment of 15 December 2004 that it lacked jurisdiction. The ruling was based exclusively on the fact that Yugoslavia lacked United Nations membership and standing in the court in 1999. The judgment concludes that the exception in Article 35(2) of the statute relating to “treaties in force” does not entitle a non-member of the United Nations to appear before the court in a matter related to the Genocide Convention, which the Court interprets as applying only to treaties in existence before 1945. This reasoning came as a surprise, since the court had assiduously avoided the issue of UN membership both in its provisional measures ruling and in its decisions in closely related proceedings taken by Bosnia and Croatia against Yugoslavia pursuant to the Genocide Convention. It remains to be seen how the judgment will be reconciled with rulings already made on jurisdiction in the proceedings taken by Bosnia, where jurisdiction has already been confirmed and where hearings on the merits are scheduled for 2006.
Negotiation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
Authors: Bernier Ivan
Published: June 2019

Since its beginning in September 2004, the negotiation of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions has raised a great deal of interest and even tension among UNESCO member states. A record number of members and non-governmental observers have been involved, and, on many occasions, the debates have taken place in overflowing rooms. During the study of the draft convention by Commission IV, on 77 October 2005, the debate even had to be temporarily suspended in order to find a larger room. Obviously, the negotiations, which addressed head on the problem of the interface between trade and culture, dealt with a very sensitive matter. On 20 October 2005, the convention was finally adopted by the UNESCO General Conference (148 votes for, two against, and four abstentions). Considered to be a historical moment by several delegations in their closing declaration, the results of this decision was vigorously denounced by the United States. It went so far as to assert, in a declaration made public by the US embassy in Paris, that the proposed convention was deeply flawed since it dealt with trade rather than culture and that it therefore fell outside UNESCO jurisdiction. How was such a result achieved? This article attempts to clarify these issues, following the negotiation step by step as well as the dynamic that led to the ultimate result.
The Role for Human Rights Obligations in Canadian Extradition Law
Authors: Harrington Joanna
Published: June 2019

To secure greater inter-state cooperation in criminal law enforcement, Canada has entered into a number of extradition treaties. Yet alongside this network of extradition treaties lies a network of human rights treaties to which Canada has also agreed to be bound. Given the inherently international nature of extradition, and the interconnection between Canada's human rights treaties and its obligations under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, one would have thought that Canada's international human rights obligations might play some role in bolstering the protection afforded by the Charter to the rights of an individual facing extradition from Canada, even if the threshold for invoking the latter remains high. And yet, while a review of Canada's extradition jurisprudence for the past thirty years confirms that a role for human rights has emerged in Canadian extradition law, scant attention has been paid to Canada's international human rights treaty obligations as treaty obligations when deciding whether to extradite upon receiving a valid request. The author argues that if Canada's international human rights obligations were considered, along with Canada's domestic Charter obligations, greater guidance would be made available as to the appropriate balance of rights and obligations at stake, while also affording equal treatment to all of the treaty obligations relevant to extradition.
Murder as a Crime against Humanity at the Ad Hoc Tribunals: Reconciling Differing Languages
Authors: Eboe-Osuji Chile
Published: June 2019

The statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the Former Yugoslavia give these tribunals jurisdiction over murder as a crime against humanity. Yet the judges of these tribunals have often found themselves disagreeing as to the level means rea required for conviction. The controversy results from the French text that employs the term “assassinat” in the place where the English text speaks of “murder.” Assassinat is equivalent only to the premeditated kind of murder. This has led some of the judges to insist that no mens rea lower than premeditation is sufficient for conviction for murder as a crime against humanity under the statutes of the ICTR and the ICTY. It is suggested in this article that neither the requirements of international criminal law nor a contextual reading of the statutes truly favours such a strict view of murder as a crime against humanity, which effectively excludes a wide range means rea, which will, but for the use of the term “assassinat” in the French text, properly anchor a conviction for murder.
A Canadian Perspective on the Continued Non-Ratification of the Convention on the Law of the Sea by the United States
Authors: McDorman Ted L.
Published: June 2019

For twenty years, both Canada and the United States were non-parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention). In 2003, Canada finally ratified the LOS Convention, leaving the United States as the only industrialized state that was not a party to the “constitution of the oceans.” Canada's perspective on the US non-party status involves an equal measure of frustration/disappointment, appreciation/understanding, and ambivalence.
The Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty: The European Union in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Sharma Avinash
Published: June 2019

The history of European integration unmistakably shows that it has progressed step by step and is indeed an ongoing and irreversible process. One such step is the conclusion of the Lisbon Treaty, which came into force on 1 December 2009, following negotiations spanning nearly a decade. The treaty aims, inter alia, at improving the functioning of the European Union (EU) and significantly amends the treaty basis of the EU as a supranational organization. It formally establishes the EU as a legal entity under public international law, strengthens the role of the European Parliament, and significantly reforms the role of the high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy. Moreover, the treaty has made the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights a legally binding and enforceable instrument and has expanded the competences of the EU in the fields of trade and other external commercial relations by providing it with exclusive competence to conduct the EU’s Common Commercial Policy. The author reviews these and other innovations of the Lisbon Treaty and briefly evaluates the treaty and its implications for the EU.
Current Developments in the Revision of Rules Governing the Liability of the Aircraft in the respect of the International Carriage of Passengers by Air
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

The decision of the ICAO Council on April 1, 1968, to convene a meeting of an ICAO legal subcommittee on the revision of the Warsaw Convention is the latest in a series of moves to shore up this 40-year-old Convention which has been tottering on its foundation since late 1965-early 1966 when the United States of America threatened to denounce it. The purpose of this note is to examine briefly the main problems discussed in relation to the revision of the Warsaw Convention since the unsuccessful Special ICAO Meeting held in February 1966 to consider the Warsaw passenger limits, and to indicate the lines along which further exploration of these problems has been made.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons with Special Reference to Canada’s Position
Authors: Dai Poeliu
Published: June 2019

Among the Middle Powers, Canada has the unique opportunity and great potential for achieving nuclear status in view of her immense natural resources (being the leading producer of uranium), industrial capacity, and advanced technology. For a number of reasons, including the arrangement for joint continental defence with the United States, however, Canada has deliberately refrained from embarking on the development of a nuclear armoury and has become an ardent supporter of international disarmament. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the negotiating processes for a nonproliferation treaty in the council of nations, the unequivocal position of Canada aroused interest and commanded attention.

The concept of non-proliferation can be simply stated. It is based on the belief that a spread of the weapons of mass destruction enhances international tensions, accelerates the arms race, and increases the likelihood, or at least the possibility, of a general nuclear war. The larger the number of states possessing these weapons, the greater the risk of a nuclear conflict breaking out through accident, or miscalculation, or sheer adventurism. Nuclear dissemination thus adds a new and dangerous dimension to the maintenance of international equilibrium and affects the very foundation of the world public order.
La coopération régionale: nouvelle voie ou impasse dans le développement du droit des satellites de radiodiffusion directe?
Authors: Verdon Christiane , Dalfen Charles M.
Published: June 2019

Lors de sa dernière réunion, qui cut lieu en septembre 1970, le Comité des utilisations pacifiques de l’espace extra-atmosphérique a noté que “le Groupe de travail (des satellites de radiodiffusion directe) avait estimé qu’au moins dans un avenir prévisible, la coopération internationale dans ce domaine devrait s’exercer à un niveau régional, trouvant son expression dans la participation à la creation et à l’exploitation de systèmes régionaux de radiodiffusion par satellites et/ou à la préparation et à la production de programmes pour ces systèmes et que les Etats membres et les organisations régionales et internationales devraient en conséquence favoriser la coopération régionale, tant au niveau gouvernemental que non gouvernemental, en particulier parmi les organismes de radiodiffusion et leurs associations.”
Commonwealth “Extradition”: The Case of Duncan Crux
Authors: Brown-John C. Lloyd
Published: June 2019

The vancouver lawyer and financier, A. G. Duncan Crux was arrested in the Bahamas on June 3, 1969, on a provisional warrant issued by the chief magistrate in Nassau, before whom five informations, containing a total of twenty-one charges against Crux, were laid by the government of Canada. Canada sought to have him returned to Canada for trial. The charges were heard before a stipendiary and circuit magistrate and, on December 5, Crux was committed to await return to Canada.
Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

The Canadian Council on International Law held its third Annual Conference in Ottawa on October 18-19, 1974. The theme of the Conference was International Terrorism and three sessions were devoted to it. The first session on October 18 focused on a paper delivered by Professor Paul de Visscher of the University of Louvain, Belgium, entitled, “Le Terrorisme International: Ses Effets sur l’Ordre Juridique International.” The paper was commented upon by Professor L. C. Green of the University of Alberta, Professor Jordan J. Paust of the University of Houston, and Brigadier J. M. Simpson of the office of the Judge Advocate General. The afternoon session on October 18 dealt with International Terrorism and Civil Aviation. A paper was prepared and presented by Dr. Gerald L. Fitzgerald of the Department of Justice, with comments from Professor Alona Evans of Wellesley College, Mr. Lorne Clark of the Department of External Affairs, and Professor Ivan Vlasic of the Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University.
Methods and Results for Detecting Magnetic Fields on Late-Type Stars
Authors: Giampapa Mark S. , Worden Simon P.
Published: June 2019

We discuss our program to detect and measure magnetic flux on the surfaces of late-type stars. We adopt a novel technique to deconvolve magnetically insensitive lines from similar, magnetically sensitive lines to infer the degree of Zeeman splitting in the latter lines. These measurements yield values for the magnetic field strength and filling factor (flux). To illustrate our approach we present multiple observations of the RS CVn star λ And. At the epoch of observation 26 April 1981 we find a field strength of 1290 ± 50 gauss covering 48 ± 2 percent of this star's surface. Observations at other epochs clearly demonstrate magnetic flux variability on λ And.
Fractional Stellar Convection Zone Depth and the Generation of Magnetic Flux: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Giampapa Mark S.
Published: June 2019

I present preliminary results from an observational investigation of very late M dwarf stars utilizing the Multiple Mirror Telescope facility. I find that dwarf stars later than spectral type M5 do not necessarily exhibit Hα line emission, contrary to the assertion by Joy and Abt (1974). The preliminary results I discuss herein tentatively suggest, but do not prove, that the generation of significant magnetic fields and magnetic flux is severely inhibited in fully convective stars.
Period-Activity Relations in Close Binary Systems
Authors: Basri Gibor , Laurent Robert , Walter Fredrick
Published: June 2019

Since the advent of extensive ultraviolet observations of cool stars, it has been clear that the stellar activity observed is not directly correlated with the star's position on the HR diagram (Basri and Linsky 1979, Stencel et al. 1980). Observations of an important chromospheric diagnostic, the MgII resonance lines, led to the conclusion that stellar chromospheric activity had only a weak dependence on spectral type, and exhibited large variations within a given spectral type. Because of the strong observed correlation of solar activity with magnetic fields, the field is thought to be a natural candidate for the extra parameter which predicts the level of activity. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to measure magnetic fields directly in most cool stars. Another method with which to examine correlations between magnetic field and stellar activity indirectly is the hypothesis that magnetic fluxes are directly related to a combination of the convective and rotational parameters of a star through its generation in a magnetic dynamo. The α-ω dynamo theory (Parker, 1979) predicts a direct correlation between differential rotational velocities and field generated. Durney and Robinson (1982) predict basically a linear dependence of the emergent flux on the angular velocity of the star. One might therefore expect that in stars with the same fundamental stellar parameters, the amount of activity observed would depend on the rotational velocities. This is difficult to test because most cool stars are slow rotators and only a few rotational velocities are known.
Coronal Activity in F-, G-, and K-Type Stars; Empirical Relations Between Stellar Parameters
Authors: Mewe R. , Schrijver C.J. , Gronenschild E.H.B.M. , Zwaan C.
Published: June 2019

For a sample of 58 late type stars we analyse the relations between the soft X-ray flux density Fx, the Ca II H and K line-core flux density FH+K, and parameters determining the global stellar structure. By analysing the soft X-ray spectra from 15 stars we determine the coronal temperatures T and specific emission measures per unit area ζ. We discuss the dependence of T on B-V, Fx and stellar radius R. The diagram of the specific emission measure ζ against the temperature T is interpreted in terms of a coronal model consisting of static loops. Also, a search for time variations in the X-ray flux has been performed.
Stellar Dynamo Theory
Authors: Schüssler Manfred
Published: June 2019

Three topics of current interest are treated in this review:

a)

The success and shortcomings of dynamo models for the solar cycle are explained, and oscillator models discussed briefly.

b)

The intermittent (flux tube) nature of magnetic fields in convection zones leads to new conjectures about stellar dynamos. Arguments are given that the dynamo may operate in the overshoot region below a convective envelope. Mean-field theory for intermittent fields is illustrated.

c)

I review nonlinear dynamo models and some attempts to interpret observational results concerning late-type active stars.
Helical and Non-Helical Dynamos
Authors: Frisch U. , Pouquet A. , Meneguzzi M.
Published: June 2019

Regeneration of magnetic fields by dynamo effect in the presence of turbulence is of interest both for astro-geophysical applications and because it may produce unwanted effects in large scale fast breader reactors. In such machines magnetic Reynolds numbers RM of the order of 100 can be reached, possibly in excess of the critical value for dynamo action.
VLA Observations of Quiescent and Flare Microwave Emission from Late-Type Stars: A Unique Probe of Coronal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Gary Dale E. , Linsky Jeffrey L. , Dulk George A.
Published: June 2019

The high sensitivity and angular resolving power of the VLA permits observations for the first time of the steady (quiescent) microwave emission from stellar coronae as well as detailed studies of stellar flares. Gary and Linsky (1981) first detected steady 6 cm emission from χ1 Ori (GO V) and UV Cet (M5.6e V), and Topka and Marsh (1982) subsequently detected quiescent emission from both components of EQ Peg (dM3.5e + dM4.5e).
Observations of Alfvén Waves Simultaneously in Hα and K
Authors: Giovanelli Ronald G. , Beckers Jacques
Published: June 2019

Simultaneous spectroheliograms of a quiet region at solar disk centre in Hα + 0.29 Å, Hα − 0.29 Å, K + 0.18 Å and K − 0.18 Å show much similarity in the asymmetries in the two lines. The fibrils are identical geometrically. Both lines show patterns of line-of-sight motions propagating along the fibrils. Close to the network, the velocity of propagation is of the order of 12 km s−1 towards or away from the network; further away the patterns propagate away from the network at velocities of the order of 75 km s−1. The latter are interpreted as Alfvén waves, the former as due most likely to variations in longitudinal velocities along the fibrils.
Angular Momentum Loss and Chromospheric Activity in Late-Type Dwarfs
Authors: Soderblom David R.
Published: June 2019

A chromospheric color-magnitude diagram has been constructed from the Vaughan-Preston survey of Ca II emission among solar neighborhood stars. The relative flux in the H and K lines declines with mass on the lower main-sequence as a consequence of the decline of the ZAMS rotational velocity with mass. The features of this C-M diagram are discussed, and some evidence for a gap in the distribution of Ca II emission with age is examined.
Magnetic Topology and the Heating of Extended Chromospheres
Authors: Stencel Robert E.
Published: June 2019

New data indicate that red giants are surrounded by geometrically thick chromospheres of several stellar radii extent. Such chromospheres occur among stars which apparently lack coronae. Maintenance of this extended warm region may require non-compressional wave heating of a magnetic character, and this may provide a crucial clue to the mechanism of rapid mass loss from red giant stars.
Stellar Winds and Spindown in Solar Type Stars
Authors: Roxburgh I.W.
Published: June 2019

The angular momentum loss produced by stellar winds is reviewed and a simple model of angular momentum loss with multipole fields is presented in which the field is potential when the flow speed is less than the Alfvén speed, and radial when greater than the Alfvén speed. The simpler the magnetic geometry, the larger is the angular momentum loss rate. This result is used to explain the rotational discontinuity across the Vaughan-Preston gap as being due to a sudden increase in angular momentum loss when the dynamo field switches from a quadropole to a dipole geometry.

The evolution of the internal rotation of stars as a result of surface angular momentum loss is considered. In the absence of a magnetic field, differential rotation can drive instabilities which then transport angular momentum out from the interior down the angular velocity gradient. Other instabilities such as that caused by the build up of 3He can also transport angular momentum outwards. If angular momentum is transported by such weak turbulence, it also makes the star more homogeneous than standard evolutionary models and lowers the predicted value of the solar neutrino flux.

The recent results on rotational splitting of solar oscillations are considered: these suggest that the inside of the sun is spinning faster than the surface and are compatible with models in which angular momentum is transported by mild turbulence. But data is scarce — and in such circumstances the speculations of the theorist must be viewed with caution!
Plasma Flow and Solar Wind Acceleration in Non-Radial Coronal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Biernat H. , Kömle N. , Rucker H.
Published: June 2019

In the vicinity of the Sun — especially above coronal holes — the magnetic field lines show strong non-radial divergence and considerable curvature (see e.g. Kopp and Holzer, 1976; Munro and Jackson, 1977; Ripken, 1977). In the following we study the influence of these characteristics on the expansion velocity of the solar wind.
Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: van den Bergh S.
Published: June 2019

The evolutionary history of the Magellanic Clouds has been very different from that of the Galaxy. As a result we presently observe major differences between both the stellar content and the cluster populations in the Galaxy and the Clouds.
Intermediate-Age Magellanic Cloud Star Clusters
Authors: Flower Phillip J.
Published: June 2019

Ages of six intermediate-age Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters have been estimated using the time dependent behavior of the luminosity of stellar interior models of red giants. All clusters studied, NGC 1783, NGC 1868, NGC 1978, NGC 2121, NGC 2209, and NGC 2231, were found to have ages < 109 yr. It is concluded that there is currently no substantial evidence for a major cluster population of large, populous clusters > 109 yr in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Ultraviolet Studies of O and B Stars in the LMC Cluster NGC 2100, the SMC Cluster NGC 330 and the Galactic Cluster NGC 6530
Authors: Böhm-Vitense Erika , Hodge Paul
Published: June 2019

We have studied high a low resolution IUE spectra of O and B stars in the LMC cluster NGC 2100, the SMC cluster NGC 330, and the young Galactic cluster NGC 6530. Temperatures and luminosities were determined. In the LMC and SMC clusters the most luminous stars are evolved stars on the “horizontal” supergiant branch, while in NGC 6530 the stars are all still on the main sequence.

Extinction laws were determined. They confirm the known differences between LMC and galactic extinctions.

No mass loss was detected for the evolved B stars in the LMC and SMC clusters, while the high luminosity stars in NGC 6530 show P Cygni profiles.
A Search for Stars in the Magellanic Stream
Authors: Brück M.T. , Hawkins M.R.S.
Published: June 2019

A search for faint stars (to in B) in a bright part of the Magellanic Stream designated MSI by Mathewson (1976), carried out from automatic scans of UKST photographs by means of the COSMOS machine gives a negative result as far as the main HI cloud is concerned, but reveals a small surplus of images in a patch 1 degree away from the main HI concentration.
On the Distance of the Magellanic Stream
Authors: Jaaniste J.
Published: June 2019

If the HI clouds in the Magellanic Stream are in pressure equilibrium with the hot gaseous corona of our Galaxy, the distance of each cloud can be estimated from the observed properties of a cloud: position, angular dimensions, surface density of HI and the cloud temperature. Using a dynamical model with massive corona we have found distances of about 30–40 kpc for spherical condensations in the northern part of the Magellanic Stream.
The Object R136 in the Core of the 30 Doradus Nebula
Authors: Seggewiss W. , Moffat A.F.J.
Published: June 2019

R136 = HD 38268 is the luminous and diffuse central object (V ~ 10m in a region of 7 arc sec diameter) of the young populous cluster NGC 2070 at the centre of the giant H II region 30 Doradus.
Interstellar Dust in the LMC
Authors: Clayton Geoffrey C. , Martin Peter G.
Published: June 2019

New IUE observations confirm the differences between the Galactic and LMC ultraviolet extinction curves and show some evidence for variations within the LMC. Visual and infrared photometry and polarimetry show that the anomalous properties of the LMC dust do not extend to longer wavelengths. Despite the much different dust to gas ratios in the Galaxy and the Magellanic clouds, the dust formation efficiency is similar when the abundances are included.
Absolute Magnitudes from Trigonometric and Statistical Parallaxes
Authors: Van De Kamp P.
Published: June 2019

The attainable accuracy of photographic trigonometric parallaxes may be improved by the use of modern measuring engines, larger number of exposures, facilitated by increased speed of emulsions, more refined knowledge of reduction to absolute parallax. Systematic errors remain an obstacle both in trigonometric and statistical parallaxes.

With an attainable goal of ±0″.002 for the probable error of a parallax it appears difficult to obtain absolute magnitudes with a probable error less than 0.2 mag. for stars beyond 20 pc.
A Far-Ultraviolet Flux Difference Between Hyades and Pleiades Stars
Authors: Schild R. E.
Published: June 2019

Four ultraviolet fluxes measured in U2 (centered at λeff 2300 Å) by the Celescope experiment aboard OAO 2, reveal an important flux difference between Pleiades and Hyades stars. Available blanketed stellar models show that the difference is too large to be understood as a blocking effect for admissible metal overabundance in Hyades stars. Known rotation and presence of Ap and Am stars in the Hyades and Pleiades apparently cannot account for the discrepancy.
Laser Interferometer Measurement System on the Yale PDS 2020G
Authors: Lee Jin-Fuw , Tsay Wean-Shun , van Altena William
Published: June 2019

We have installed a dual-axis laser interferometer system on the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer to replace the linear encoders. Various diagnostic tests show that the laser interferometer is a superior encoder system for the PDS with a positional accuarcy of about 0.3 micron.
On the SRS Catalogue
Authors: Zverev M.Z. , Polozhentsev D.D. , Stepanova E.A. , Khrutskaya E.V. , Yagudin L.I. , Polozhentsev A.D.
Published: June 2019

The Soviet astronomers B.P. Gerassimovich and N.I. Dneprovsky suggested in 1932 that a Catalogue of Faint Stars be compiled. The SRS catalogue is in fact a realization of this suggestion for the southern hemisphere. The final goal of the work is an international catalogue of faint stars IRS=AGK3R + SRS, containing about 40 000 stars of the 7–9th mag. evenly distributed over the celestial hemisphere at the rate of one star per square degree. This catalogue could supply reference coordinates for astrometric studies of the Universe.
Astrolabe Observations of Radio Stars at the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Noël F.
Published: June 2019

A brief description is given of the program of radio star observations with the Danjon Astrolabe of Santiago. Results in alpha (Astr.-Cat.) for radio star FK4 309, obtained from observations made at its east transit solely, are given for yearly periods of observation from 1976 to 1982. The average mean error of Δα is 0s.006.
Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena: An Introduction
Authors: Dalgarno A.
Published: June 2019

A general introduction is given to the subject matter of the symposium.
Neutral-Neutral Reactions: A new CRESU Study
Authors: Rebrion C. , Defrance A. , Queffelec J. L. , Rowe B. R. , Travers D.
Published: June 2019

A new CRESU experiment devoted to neutral-neutral chemistry at low temperature is being built. The first reactions to be studied are N+NO and CN+O2.
Metamorphism of Cosmic Dust: Diagnostic Infrared Signatures
Authors: Nuth Joseph A.
Published: June 2019

Nucleation is a non-equilibrium process: the products of this process are seldom the most thermodynamically stable condensates but are instead those which form fastest. It should not be surprising that grains formed in a circumstellar outflow will undergo some degree of metamorphism if they are annealed or exposed to a chemically active reagent. As a consequence of this processing in the laboratory one observes a continuous increase in the strength of the silicate absorption band at 20 microns relative to the 10 micron feature. In Section 1 we show that this ratio can be used as an indicator of the relative age of silicate condensates. Metamorphism of refractory particles continues in the interstellar medium (ISM) where the driving forces are sputtering by cosmic ray particles, annealing by high energy photons and grain destruction in supernova generated shocks. Studies of the depletion of the elements from the gas phase of the ISM tell us that if grain destruction occurs with high efficiency, then there must be some mechanism by which grains can be formed in the ISM. Laboratory studies of such a process (Moore, Tanabe, and Nuth, Ap. J. (Lett) 373, L31-L34, 1990) have shown that the frequency of the -SiH stretch can be used as an indicator of the oxidation state of the silicon in such grains. Highly reduced grains exhibit an SiH absorption near 2100 cm−1 whereas highly oxidized silicates absorb near 2300 cm−1: this point is discussed in Section 2.
Molecule Formation in External Galaxies
Authors: Millar T J , Herbst E.
Published: June 2019

We discuss the parameters needed to model chemistry in extragalactic clouds. While density and temperature can be constrained by multiline observations, molecular abundances may be severely affected by the adopted elemental abundances. While the observations of the Magelllanic Clouds can be reasonably interpreted in terms of dark cloud models, molecular gas in starburst galaxies could well be dominated by photoeffects. The detection of deuterium in extragalactic molecules would provide a valuable diagnostic.
On the Possible Detection of Solid O2 in Interstellar Grains
Authors: Ehrenfreund P. , Breukers R. , d'Hendecourt L. , Greenberg J.M.
Published: June 2019

In various models of the chemistry of interstellar grains, solid O2 is formed by accretion as well as by surface reactions. In dense molecular cloud models, at a later stage of evolution of an interstellar grain, solid O2 becomes a major grain mantle constituent at the expense of water ice abundance. If molecular oxygen is embedded in a “dirty” ice” matrix, the forbidden fundamental vibration of O2 at 1550 cm−1 may become observable.
Interstellar H3O+
Authors: Phillips T.G. , Van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Keene Jocelyn B.
Published: June 2019

The H3O+ ion is a key species in the oxygen chemistry leading to H2O, OH and O2. Chemical models predict O2 and H2O to be the dominant oxygen-bearing molecules in interstellar clouds. However, neither of them can easily be observed in the bulk of the interstellar medium because of blockage from the Earth's atmosphere. Determination of the abundance and distribution of the precursor H3O+ ion might thus provide an important indirect measure of their abundances.
Molecular Abundances in the Sgr a Molecular Cloud
Authors: Minh Y. C. , Irvine W. M. , Friberg P.
Published: June 2019

We have obtained column densities for HCO+, HCO, HCS+, C3H2, HC5N, SiO, OCS, HCOOH, CH3CH2 OH, and CH3CCH toward Sgr A. The fractional abundance of SiO relative to molecular hydrogen in Sgr A is comparable to that for the Orion plateau, ~ 10−7 − 10−8, which may be a typical value for hot clouds. The abundances of HCO, CH3CH2OH and CH3CCH all appear to be enhanced relative to other molecular clouds suc as Sgr B2.
The Environment of High-Mass Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Maillard Jean-Pierre , Mitchell George F.
Published: June 2019

Using high-resolution infrared CO spectroscopy new results have been obtained on the environment of high-mass young stellar objects (YSOs). In particular, a new class of neutral, warm and dense outflows has been discovered. The infrared outflows appear a general phenomenon of the activity of high-mass YSOs. With well-defined and often multiple velocities they seem to correspond to episodic and violent mass-loss events from the central source. In addition, a shell of warm, quiescent gas, is formed near the massive star. All these dynamical elements influence the chemistry inside the giant molecular clouds. Beside CO in solid and in gas phase, detection in the infrared has been attempted of simple molecules like CH4, C2H2, H2O and ion H3+ toward few of these sources.
Infrared Molecular Spectroscopy of Orion
Authors: Evans Neal J.
Published: June 2019

Recent results on infrared spectroscopy of the cluster of sources in the Orion molecular cloud are discussed. These results imply very high abundances of CO, C2H2, HCN, and OCS, suggesting that grain surface chemistry has been important.
The Polarized Water Maser in Orion
Authors: Abraham Z. , Vilas Boas J.W.S.
Published: June 2019

We present the results of 12 years of observations of the 8 km s−1 water maser in Orion. Four large flares in the flux density were observed, as well as variability in the degree and angle of polarization. The profile of the line is also variable, indicating the superposition of several sources.
Abundances of Refractory Elements in the Orion Nebula
Authors: Rubin R. H. , Erickson E. F. , Haas M. R. , Colgan S.W.J. , Simpson J. P. , Dufour R. J.
Published: June 2019

We assess the gas-phase abundances of Si, C, and Fe from our recent measurements of Si++, C++, and Fe++ in the Orion Nebula by expanding on our earlier “blister” models. The Fe++ 22.9 μm line measured with the KAO yields Fe/H ~ 3 × 10−6 - considerably larger than in the diffuse ISM, where relative to solar, Fe/H is down by ~ 100. However, in Orion, Fe/H is still lower than solar by a factor ~ 10. The C and Si abundances are derived from new IUE high dispersion spectra of the C++ 1907, 1909 Å and Si++ 1883, 1892 Å lines. Gas-phase Si/C = 0.016 in the Orion ionized volume and is particularly insensitive to uncertainties in extinction and temperature structure. The solar value is 0.098. Gas-phase C/H = 3 × 10−4 and Si/H = 4.8 × 10−6. Compared to solar, Si is depleted by 0.135 in the ionized region, while C is essentially undepleted. This suggests that most Si and Fe resides in dust grains even in the ionized volume.
Chemical Composition Variations in the Galaxy
Authors: L. Frantsman Ju.
Published: June 2019

Comparing the data about the Cepheid periods and the star evolution calculations, the conclusion is made that inside 5 kpc distance from the Sun heavy element abundance Z changes between 0-01 and 0.04.
The Chemistry of Photon-Dominated Regions
Authors: Sternberg Amiel
Published: June 2019

Theoretical models of photon-dominated regions (PDRs) of molecular cloud surfaces are described. Key aspects of the chemistry of dense PDRs are presented.
Near Infrared Emission of Neutral Carbon from Photon-Dominated Regions
Authors: Escalante V. , Sternberg A. , Dalgarno A.
Published: June 2019

Detailed calculations are reported of the intensities of the near infrared forbidden lines of neutral carbon atoms at λ 985.0 nm, 982.3 nm and 872.7 nm emitted from dense clouds subjected to intense radiation fields. The metastable levels that produce the lines are excited by radiative recombination of the C+ ions produced by photoionization. Impacts of electrons with C atoms in the heated edge zones of the clouds contribute an insignificant part to the excitation. The lines observed in M42 and NGC 2024 can be interpreted as arising in gas with densities in excess of 105 cm−3 and radiation fields with intensities between 103 and 106 times the average interstellar field intensity. Radiative recombination of C+ ions may also be an important source of the emission lines detected in the planetary nebulae NGC 6270 and NGC 7027.
Bipolar Outflow and Turbulence in Molecular Clouds Due to Protostellar Alfvén Waves
Authors: Jatenco-Pereira V. , Opher R.
Published: June 2019

There is strong evidence for magnetic fields in molecular clouds to be oriented parallel to the direction of bipolar outflows. We have evidence for Alfvén waves in molecular clouds from the facts that: (i) the velocity width of CO lines, ΔV, is approximately twice the gravitational energy, and (ii) polarization maps indicate well-defined magnetic fields. These facts indicate that ΔV is wave-like and not eddy-like. We study the Alfvén wave protostellar model of Jatenco-Pereira and Opher (1989) to explain the observed bipolar outflows and turbulence in molecular clouds. We assume that the Alfvén waves are primarily dissipated by non-linear damping and examine the physical parameters necessary to produce the observed massive low-velocity bipolar outflows (u∞ ∿ 10 − 50 km s−1 and Ṁ ∿ 10−3 M⊙ yr−1) and turbulence in molecular clouds.
Cometary Molecules
Authors: Snyder Lewis E.
Published: June 2019

Which molecular species are firmly identified as cometary species and which are also interstellar? How may excitation effects bias the data interpretation?
Observations of Parent Molecules in Comets at Radio Wavelengths: HCN, H2S, H2CO and CH3OH
Authors: Colom P. , Bockelee-Morvan D. , Crovisier J. , Despois D. , Paubert G.
Published: June 2019

We present observations of cometary parent molecules at the IRAM radio telescope which led to the first detections ofH2SandCH3OHin comets, and confirmed the presence of H2CO and HCN. Production rates and abundances relative to H2O are given.
Numerical Simulations of Planetary Systems of the Jupiter-Saturn Type
Authors: Broucke R.A.
Published: June 2019

We made a numerical study of the General Three-Body Problem in two dimensions, with the intention to obtain some statistical estimates of the outcome of the system after a long time. Two different sets of masses were used. In the first series of experiments we use masses in the ratio of 0.95, 0.04 and 0.01. In the second series, we use masses that are exactly in the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn ratio. To facilitate the discussion, we use the names Sun, Jupiter and Saturn for the three masses, in both cases. In all our experiments, the orbit of Jupiter starts with zero eccentricity and with a unit radius. However, the orbit of Saturn varies in two ways: the initial value of the semi-major axis varies from 1.1 to 3.5 and the eccentricity from 0.0 to 0.75. In total about 4000 cases were run for the two series of masses. All the numerical integrations were done with the method of recurrent power series of order 14, in a heliocentric frame of reference, integrating thus eight simultaneous first-order differential equations. All integrations were performed for a maximum of 12,500 canonical units of time, corresponding to about 2000 revolutions of Jupiter. The cause of termination or type of catastrophe for the system has been determined in all cases. In most cases, this is a close approach of Saturn with Jupiter, followed by ejection of Saturn from the system.
The Qualitative Explanation of Observed Peculiarities of Hecuba and Hilda Asteroids Distribution by a Common Investigation
Authors: Alfimova Elena V. , Gerasimov Igor A.
Published: June 2019

Let us consider the planar case of the circular restricted three-body problem. The mass of central body is unit, the radius of the circular orbit of perturbing point P′ (of mass μ = 1/1047.39 according to Jupiter's mass) is also unit and the other unit is such that the gravitational constant is equal to 1. The Keplerian elements of the perturbed mass point P (asteroid), with semi-major axis α < 1, are given by usual notations; the elements of P‘ are indicated with a prime (’).
Hori Auxiliary System for Mimas-Tethys
Authors: Sessin Wagner
Published: June 2019

It is considered the problem of two natural satellites around a spheric planet. Only gravitational forces act on the system. The satellites move in a central field disturbed by the mutual atraction between them. The disturbing function is developed in power series of the small parameter (ratio of mass of satellites and planet), of the eccentricities and inclinations (assumed small) of the satellites' orbits. The mean motions are supposed to be commesurable in the ratio 2:1. It is, also, assumed that the critical angles are of inclination type. The critical angles of eccentricity type circulates and may be eliminate as fast variables like the short-periodic terms. The hamiltonian is truncated up to the second order in the inclinations.
Erosion, Transportation and the Nature of the Maria
Authors: Gold T.
Published: June 2019

Rock dust appears to have been redistributed over the Moon by effects other than impact explosions. A core sample on Apollo 12 showed sharp and distinctive layers and was clearly unmixed. Surface transportation processes that deposit the dust very gently must have been at work. Orbiter pictures confirm that such surface creep has taken place on a very large scale.

The seismic evidence makes clear that there is no continuous sheet of bedrock at a shallow depth in the vicinity of the Apollo 12 site. A deep deposit of powder would match the seismic properties observed. Mascons require for their explanation a surface transportation process that tends to fill in the large impact basins after their formation.

Surface transportation of lunar dust has been demonstrated in the laboratory to occur most readily as a result of electrostatic forces produced by electron bombardment in the energy range of a few hundred volts. Such bombardment happens on the Moon predominantly when it is in the magnetic tail of the Earth, and this may be the reason why mare ground is so remarkably dominant on the hemispere facing the Earth.
The Apollo 14 Mission and Preliminary Results
Authors: Scherer L. R.
Published: June 2019

In February 1971, the Apollo 14 mission successfully landed in the Fra Mauro region of the Moon. Astronauts deployed a sophisticated long-lived geophysical station. While on the surface they performed active seismic and magnetic experiments, deployed a solar wind collector and laser reflector, made an extensive geologic traverse, and performed television, movie, and still camera photography and other minor tasks. They selected a variety of samples of lunar material and returned to Earth over 40 kg for study. In orbit about the Moon, a variety of scientific and operational photography was accomplished.
Experimental Petrology and Petrogenesis of Apollo 12 Basalts
Authors: Green D. H.
Published: June 2019

Experimental studies at 1 bar and up to 30 kbar establish the crystallization sequences for basalts 12021, 12065, 12022, 12009 and 12040. Olivine is the liquidus phase at low pressures, with minor chromium spinel and pigeonitic clinopyroxene joining the olivine at lower temperatures or accompanying the olivine in the less magnesian basalts (12021, 12065). At higher pressures, subcalcic clinopyroxene becomes the liquidus phase except in the most magnesian basalt (12040) where orthopyroxene joins the olivine and becomes the liquidus phase at pressures of 25 kbar. Integration of experimental studies with observed mineralogy of natural rocks shows conclusively that the basalt compositions studied do not lie on a plagioclase + pyroxene + spinel ± olivine cotectic nor have these rocks been derived by accumulation of olivine or pyroxene into such a low temperature cotectic liquid. The Apollo 12 basalts provide clear evidence for the genesis of olivine-rich basalts in the lunar interior. The nature of the source rock is deduced to be pyroxenite or olivine-bearing pyroxenite in which orthopyroxene is probably the major phase with lesser sub-calcic or pigeonitic clinopyroxene. The 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio of the source region in the deep lunar interior is 75–80.
Possible Thermal History of the Moon
Authors: Fricker Peter E. , Reynolds Ray T. , Summers Audrey L.
Published: June 2019

The possible thermal history of the Moon is investigated by means of theoretical models. The calculations include the effects of melting and time-dependent redistribution of radioactive heat sources. The known constraints can best be satisfied by a model which is characterized by relatively high initial temperatures close to the melting range; melting and, consequently, fractionation and redistribution of radionuclides would occur during the first 1.5 × 109 yr and would then be followed by an effective cooling process. Heat flow measurements on the lunar surface should permit a distinction between such a completely fractionated model and a non-fractionated model or a model with restricted fractionation in the outer few hundred kilometers.