bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Care Groups and geriatric medicine
Authors: Crome Peter , Hill Simon
Published: July 2002

Editorial

It was Benjamin Franklin who wrote that the only two things that one can be certain of in life are death and taxes. Those of us working in the health service in the United Kingdom would probably want to add change as the third certainty. No one was surprised, therefore, when New Labour, in their first White Paper on health, introduced us to a vocabulary of reforms with their now widely-used initials and acronym. These included HIPs (health improvement programmes), NSFs (national service frameworks), NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence), CHI (Commission for Health Improvement) and, to replace fund-holding, a new organization for general practice, the PCG or Primary Care Group.
Intermediate care
Authors: Thompson S , Crome P
Published: July 2002

The proportion of older people in our society is increasing more rapidly than any
other section of the population. This group uses health and social services more
than the young do and this is reflected in the NHS and social service budgets from
recent years. For example, 40% of the NHS budget was spent on patients over
65 years in 1998. The much-heralded National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People,
recently published by the Department of Health in England, was therefore awaited
with much anticipation by all sections of the community concerned with older people’s
health. This document is described as the ‘key vehicle for ensuring that the
needs of older people are at the heart of the government’s reform programme
for health and social services’. It has as its first and fundamental standard
‘rooting out age discrimination’. The sections on prevention and treatment
of stroke, general hospital care, the management of falls and mental health have
been generally well received and when implemented fully are likely to be beneficial
to older people. Some areas such as the treatment of care home residents have not
been addressed in nearly enough detail. In contrast, one particular section, that
on ‘Intermediate Care’, has been heavily criticized, including a fierce
attack by two of the United Kingdom’s leading geriatricians.
Coronary artery disease in the elderly
Authors: Glen SK , Boon NA
Published: July 2002

Coronary artery disease is extremely common among elderly people and accounts for half of all deaths in those who are more than 65 years old. Although the condition is essentially the same as that encountered in younger patients, the management of coronary artery disease in elderly subjects can be difficult because the anticipated benefits and risks of the various treatment options are often altered by the presence of co-morbid conditions. Moreover, the results of the major outcome studies that underpin most treatment guidelines may not be relevant to the needs of many elderly patients for several reasons.
Structured transition systems with parametric observations: observational
congruences and minimal realizations
Authors: FERRARI GIANLUIGI , MONTANARI UGO , MOWBRAY MIRANDA
Published: July 2002

A large number of observational semantics for process description
languages have been
developed, many of which are based on the notion of bisimulation. In this
paper, we
consider in detail the problem of defining a semantic framework to unify
these. The
discussion takes place in a purely algebraic setting. We introduce a
special class of algebras
called Structured Transition Systems. A structured transition
system can
be viewed as a
transition system with an algebraic structure both on states and
transitions. In this
framework, observations of behaviours are dealt with by means of maps
from the transitions to some algebra of observations.

Using several examples, we show that this framework allows us to
describe a range of
observational semantics within a single underlying presentation: it is
enough to consider
different mappings and algebras of observations. Furthermore, we introduce
a notion of
bisimulation that is parameterized with respect to the choice of the
algebra of observations,
and we find circumstances under which a Structured Transition System
has good properties
with respect to this parameterized bisimulation.

First, some general syntactic constraints, independent from the choice
of the algebra of
the observations, are given for Structured Transition System presentations.
We show that
these constraints ensure that parameterized bisimulation is always a
congruence. Next, we
address the problem of Minimal Realizations. We show that when
the presentation satisfies
the syntactic constraints there exists a minimal realization, i.e.,
there is a model of the
presentation whose elements fully characterize congruence classes under
bisimulation.
Foreword
Authors: Ehrhard Thomas , Lafont Yves , Regnier Laurent
Published: July 2002

This special issue is devoted to complete and revised versions
of papers presented at
the Logique et Modèles du Calcul (Logic and Models
of Computation)
Conference held at CIRM in Marseilles in September 1996.

The conference was organized by Marie-Renée Donnadieu, and the
members of the
programme committee were Gérard Berry, Jean-Yves Girard, Max Kanovich,
Jean-Louis
Krivine, Yves Lafont and François Lamarche.

The scope of the conference was quite large, including, for instance,
digital circuits,
process calculi, abstract machines for lambda-calculus, computational interpretations
of
linear logic and logical aspects of proof search. Only the last three topics
are represented
in this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, but
we think that
these papers are quite representative of the liveliness of research in
this area on the
borderline between mathematics and computing.

We wish to thank Giuseppe Longo, who kindly proposed publishing this
issue. For
editorial reasons, a few contributions could not be included – they
should appear in later
issues.
Europe and the World
Authors: Schmidt Gustav
Published: July 2002

The contrast between the European civil wars in the first half of the century and the contribution of a uniting and united Europe to the maintenance of the ‘free’ Western world in the second half is so marked as to suggest that no single explanation of this massive change will suffice. Only an analysis of conjunctures can reveal what divides and unites the countries of Europe and assess Europe's impact on the world. This paper combines an assessment of four lengthy periods (pre-First World War, interwar, divided Europe and post-Cold War) with a secular view of Europe's position and role in world politics and the international economy. It consists of two parts: a brief account of the basic thesis and of the characteristics of the idea of ‘Europe’, and an historical analysis of the four periods.
The role of laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery in the new millennium
Authors: Donesky Barry W
Published: July 2002

With the introduction of bilateral ovarian wedge resection (BOWR) in 1935, Stein and Leventhal were the first to describe an effective treatment for the chronic anovulation and associated infertility resulting from what was later to become known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Since that time, many less invasive methods of ovulation induction and enhancement have been developed. While the success of medical ovulation induction led to the almost complete replacement of BOWR by the late 1970's, the presence of a group of women who are not optimally treated by medical methods has maintained the interest in surgical approaches. Surgical and nonsurgical methods of treatment for anovulatory women have continued to be refined. This manuscript reviews this literature and attempts to provide a framework for the role that modern surgical methods of ovulation induction might play in the current scheme of treatment for anovulatory infertility in women with PCOS.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Lecture
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find
an article you think should be abstracted in this section,
do not be bashful—submit it for consideration
to Kenneth V. Iserson care of CQ. If you do not like the
editorial comments, this will give you an opportunity to
respond in the letters section. Your input is desired and
anticipated.
A Modern Public Health Crisis: A Physician Speaks about
Healthcare in Post-Glasnost Russia
Authors: HEILIG STEVE
Published: July 2002

I work at a large urban medical center. Our hospital has over
1,200 beds and was built in 1805 to take care of the poor. Our
patients are still poor, but now so are the hospital and the doctors.
Russian doctors are paid about one-third of what truck drivers are
paid. The government historically allocates no more than 3% of the
budget to medicine because this is not a means of production, like
manufacturing.
Commentary
Authors: Strong Carson
Published: July 2002

In this case, one should expect that providing
hydration sufficient to maintain fluid balance would tend
to prolong the dying process. In a well-known case at Johns
Hopkins University, fluids (and feedings) were withheld
from a newborn with anomalies, and the infant died after
15 days, compared to three weeks in the present case,
in which fluids were given. In the famous Baby Doe
case, fluids and nutrition were withheld and the infant
lived only six days. In the case at hand, prolonging
the dying process risks causing suffering for the infant
from various complications that can arise, and it adds
to the emotional burden on the family. We learned from
the Johns Hopkins case that prolonged dying is also emotionally
difficult for the nurses and other health professionals
caring for the infant.
The Role of an Academic Center in Promoting Common Goals
Authors: ZURLO JOANNE , GOLDBERG ALAN M.
Published: July 2002

The publication in 1959 of Russell and Burch's
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
initiated a new era in the history of the debate between
science and animal protection, the era of alternatives.
Although Russell and Burch never used the word “alternatives”
(speaking instead of the “three Rs”: replacement,
reduction, and refinement), and although the animal protection
movement was somewhat moribund at the time in both England
and the United States, within a decade of the book's
publication a number of signs indicating a resurgence of
public interest in the issue began to appear. At the same
time, increased knowledge and understanding of neurophysiology
and ethology heightened scientific awareness of the significance
of humane treatment in the laboratory and professionalized
laboratory animal science.
The Use of Animals in Biomedical Research and Teaching:
Searching for a Common Goal
Authors: SILVERMAN JERALD
Published: July 2002

In the late 1970s, while working in my laboratory
at the American Health Foundation, I received a phone call
from Henry Spira. Not one for small talk, he did not even
bother introducing himself beyond his name. He immediately
began questioning me about my studies using the protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila, which I hoped would serve
as an alternative to the Draize ocular irritation test.
While flattered that someone cared about my work, I was
soon lost in confusion and skepticism about the true purpose
of his call. Who was Henry Spira? Why did he want to visit
my animal facility and why did he want to bring a physician
colleague with him? Not only was I naive about the budding
opposition to the Draize test, I was equally naive that
it was Spira, an ardent animal protectionist, who was leading
the fight. This seminal interaction began a friendship
that spanned nearly twenty years; a friendship that indelibly
changed my perception of nonhuman animals and how I relate
to them.
Voices from the Silent World of Doctor and Patient
Authors: STARR JOANN , ZAWACKI BRUCE E.
Published: July 2002

Joann Starr, a Roman Catholic nun, and Bruce Zawacki,
a burn surgeon, met 22 years ago in the Los Angeles County,
University of Southern California Burn Center in the roles
of a patient and her physician struggling over issues of
autonomy and informed consent. After recovery, she remained
a nun and has become a patient advocate and doctoral candidate
in bioethics. He remained a burn surgeon and has become
a bioethics teacher and author. Although they live in distant
locations, they maintain their friendship and frequently
discuss their shared experience. Recently they met to reflect
on the events, lessons, and meanings of their original
encounter.
Abortion, Relationship, and Property in Labor: A Clinical
Case Study
Authors: DICKENSON DONNA , BEWLEY SUSAN
Published: July 2002

This article will explore a pregnant woman's
experience of relationship with the fetus, using a clinical
case study in which abortion would have been clinically
indicated because of severe fetal abnormality. Emphasizing
the pregnant woman's actual experience in this case
study helps to highlight inadequacies in how the debate
about abortion is usually conducted.
The Need for More Physicians Trained in Abortion: Raising
Future Physicians' Awareness
Authors: HEILIG STEVE , WILSON THERESE S.
Published: July 2002

A woman presents to her physician with a newly
diagnosed condition that in her considered and informed
judgment requires an elective surgical procedure. The physician,
after speaking with her, agrees that this is an acceptable
option. The procedure in question is in fact one of the
commonest surgeries performed on American women. The physician
is also aware that although the procedure is deemed elective
in this and in most cases, research has shown that the
consequences of not providing the procedure when it is
requested can be severe in terms of both physical and emotional
sequelae—in fact, the woman's death can be a
worst-case result when the procedure is denied. However,
this senior physician is also aware that the procedure
is controversial, and that ever fewer of his (now mostly
younger) colleagues perform it, either because they are
not appropriately trained, not so inclined, or fearful
of becoming the target of vocal and even violent opponents
of the procedure. In fact, he knew of seven American physician
colleagues who had been slain in the past five years for
providing this procedure, and of 16 more attempted slayings.
Seeking an appropriate referral for this patient, the physician
learns that she will have to travel hundreds of miles,
involving considerable additional expense and delay—which
itself can add to the complexity and risk of the procedure.
Presented with this option, the patient expresses dismay
but also her resigned commitment to follow through with
this referral, and leaves the office in tears.
Packing Ferrers Shapes
Authors: ALON NOGA , BÓNA MIKLÓS , SPENCER JOEL
Published: July 2002

Answering a question of Wilf, we show that, if n is
sufficiently large, then one cannot cover an n × p(n)
rectangle using each of the p(n) distinct Ferrers shapes of size n exactly once.
Moreover, the maximum number of pairwise distinct, non-overlapping Ferrers shapes that
can be packed in such a rectangle is only Θ(p(n)/log n):
On a Result of Lemke and Kleitman
Authors: DENLEY TRISTAN
Published: July 2002

Lemke and Kleitman [2] showed that, given a positive

integer d and d (necessarily non-distinct) divisors

of da1, …, ad there

exists a subset Q ⊆ {1, …, d} such
that

d =

[sum ]i∈Qai

answering a conjecture of Erdo″s and Lemke. Here we extend this

result, showing that, provided

[sum ]p|d1/p [les ] 1 (where the

sum is taken over all primes p), there is some collection

from a1, …, ad
which

both sum to d and which can themselves be ordered so that

each element divides its successor in the order. Furthermore, we shall

show that the condition on the prime divisors is in some sense also

necessary.
Searches on a Binary Tree with Random Edge-Weights
Authors: STACEY ALAN
Published: July 2002

Each edge of the standard rooted binary tree is equipped with a random weight; weights
are independent and identically distibuted. The value of a vertex is the sum of the weights
on the path from the root to the vertex. We wish to search the tree to find a vertex of
large weight. A very natural conjecture of Aldous states that, in the sense of stochastic
domination, an obvious greedy algorithm is best possible. We show that this conjecture is
false. We prove, however, that in a weaker sense there is no significantly better algorithm.
Civic perceptions: housing and local decision-making in English cities in the 1920s
Authors: Hayes Nick
Published: July 2002

The adoption of non-traditional housing by local authorities is customarily explained in terms of economic factor shortages or a nationally determined policy discourse. This underestimates the significance of distinctly local understandings of civic responsibility. Based on Leicester and Nottingham, this article argues that those influences frequently used to predict outcomes – like party political allegiance – mattered less in decision-making than a city's intrinsic view of itself. Such perceptions were grounded in subtle constructions of civic community, perceived need and political reinterpretation. Particularly important was the role of the local press. Even cities with similar problems, therefore, could be represented, and subsequently see themselves, in very dissimilar terms and act accordingly.
Postnatal management and outcome of anterior abdominal wall defects
Authors: Wright Vanessa
Published: July 2002

The spectrum of abdominal wall defects includes exomphalos (omphalocoele), gastroschisis, and bladder and cloacal exstrophy. These congenital anomalies are readily recognised on a prenatal ultrasound scan. A raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) should also prompt an ultrasound examination looking specifically for these anomalies, as well as neural tube defects. The influence of prenatal diagnosis on the peri- and postnatal management and outcome is still the subject of debate. Most published work relies on patient numbers too small to be of use statistically. Attempting to draw objective conclusions is made difficult because published series come from units with differing facilities and levels of expertise in the many professional groups involved in the management of these often complex anomalies.
Developmental kinetics of in vitro produced bovine embryos: the effect of sex, glucose and exposure to time-lapse environment
Authors: Peippo J. , Kurkilahti M. , Bredbacka P.
Published: July 2002

In this study, a simple time-lapse video recording system was used to

compare developmental kinetics of female and male bovine embryos produced

in vitro. Following embryo sex determination, the timing of each cleavage

up to the 4-cell stage was compared between the sexes from the videotapes

after culture in the presence and absence of glucose. In the second

experiment, the consequences of exposure to a time-lapse video recording

(TL) environment were studied by culturing embryos further until day 7

in an incubator, followed by collection and sex determination of morulae

and blastocysts. In the absence of glucose, female embryos cleaved earlier

than male ones. In the presence of glucose, however, male embryos cleaved

earlier than female ones. There was no difference in the number of

morulae/blastocysts in the absence of glucose, but in the presence of

glucose more male than female embryos reached the morula and blastocyst

stage. Exposure to the TL environment itself also had a sex-related

effect, being more detrimental to male than female embryos. The difference

in the number of functional X chromosomes between the sexes during early

preimplantation development could explain these findings. In females, an

increased capacity for oxygen radical detoxification through the pentose

phosphate pathway could result in a reduced cleavage rate. Furthermore,

glucose may influence the expression of enzymes located on the X

chromosome. According to these results, a simple time-lapse video

recording system is suitable for investigating embryo developmental

kinetics and perhaps for the selection of embryos with the greatest

developmental potential.
Financial intermediaries and the design of loan contracts within the Australasian pastoral sector before the Second World War
Authors: VILLE SIMON , FLEMING GRANT
Published: July 2002

Simon Ville and Grant Fleming, Financial intermediaries and the design of loan contracts within the Australasian pastoral sector before the Second World War

This paper examines the pooling and separating contracts designed by Australasian financial intermediaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We show that, after an initial screening process, these agents altered interest
rates and collateral requirements to separate out risk types to reveal additional information on borrowers. In multi-period contracts, agents opted for flexible contract structures which permitted changes in individual or community-wide circumstances.
WORKING-CLASS MASCULINITIES IN MARY BARTON
Authors: Surridge Lisa
Published: July 2002

IN CONSIDERING THE SUBJECT of masculinity in Mary Barton (1848), it is perhaps well to remember that Elizabeth Gaskell conceived the novel as being about a man. “‘John Barton’ was the original title of the book,” she wrote to Mrs. W. R. Greg early in 1849. “Round the character of John Barton all the others formed themselves; he was my hero, the person with whom all my sympathies went . . .” (Letters 42: 74). Gaskell’s letter of 5 January 1849 to Miss Lamont reaffirms this: “‘John Barton’ was the original name, as being the central figure to my mind . . . in writing he was [?] my ‘hero’; and it was a London thought coming through the publisher that it must be called Mary B” (Letters 39: 70). While the “London” title of Mary Barton focuses on the romance elements of the plot (and, by extension, on the female gender role), Gaskell’s original title of John Barton focused on working-class protest (and, by extension, on the male gender role). Indeed, there is much to suggest that the novel is as much concerned with masculinity as it is with industrialization and class strife.
A pilot study for predicting ozone amounts for the general public in southern Chile
Authors: Lachlan‐Cope T , Turner J , Sear C B , Burt P J A , Jones A , Bowden T , Monreal R
Published: July 2002

During 1994/95 a UK Overseas Development Administration (now Department for International Development –DFID) funded project was undertaken to predict ozone amount over Punta Arenas in southern Chile. A low‐cost satellite receiver was installed to receive the digital data stream from the NOAA series of weather satellites. The ozone channel of the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder instrument on the NOAA satellites was used to obtain maps of stratospheric ozone for the area around Punta Arenas in near real time. Also, a simple model was developed to predict the amount of column ozone from the forecast 100 hPa temperatures obtained from the UK Meteorological Office. These techniques used together made it possible to issue timely warnings to the general public of Punta Arenas before the Antarctic ozone hole moved across southern South America during the Austral spring. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
A statistical method to downscale temperature forecasts. A case study in Catalonia
Authors: Hervada‐Sala Carme , Pawlowsky‐Glahn Vera , Jarauta‐Bragulat Eusebi
Published: July 2002

The aim of this work is to present a methodology to downscale weather forecasts (i.e. to give regional‐scale forecasts based on synoptic‐scale forecasts from a numerical model). This methodology consists of the regionalisation of a large zone into thermally homogeneous meteorological regions followed by a study of how different types of weather affect them. Once the meteorological behaviour of each region is determined, cokriging is used to predict its temperature knowing the current temperature and type of weather expected (i.e. based on forecasts from a numerical model). Thus, from a methodological point of view, it is shown that geostatistical prediction techniques can be used in the meteorological sciences by combining classical multivariate statistics and space‐time prediction techniques. To illustrate this methodology, the maximum and minimum temperatures at 54 observatories in Catalonia in winter and synoptic data from Barcelona's airport have been used. The method proposed in this paper, which represents an improvement in temperature prediction compared to that given by classical statistical methods, allows the forecasting of temperature. This case study shows that forecasts can be easily downscaled and that, to produce daily forecasts, just a pocket calculator is needed. The results are presented for a one‐day forecast, but this technique can be applied to forecasts over a four‐day period. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
A study of the coastal climates in France using temperature and precipitation data (1961–1990)
Authors: Planchon Olivier
Published: July 2002

The coastal climates of France have been studied using temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 1990. It is found that the coastlines of the French Atlantic (and adjacent seas) and Mediterranean show many similar climatic features, but the coastal orientation and nearby topography cause some local climatic peculiarities. The relatively flat topography near the coasts of the North Sea, English Channel and the Atlantic result in a fairly homogeneous coastal climate. In these coastal regions there are days of frost each year, but the precipitation amount is usually not high, especially in summer on the Atlantic coast. On the other hand, the mountainous areas of Provence and the Riviera, which are adjacent to the Mediterranean, cause a juxtaposition of varied coastal climates. Large temperature and rainfall differences are observed, especially between the capes and the heads of gulfs, but also between the narrow and wide gulfs. During the warm months, some sea breezes cause coastal thermal peculiarities, which depend on the orientation of the prevailing flow. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Mesoscale model forecasting as a tool for air pollution management: a case study of sustained smoke pollution over the Greater Sydney area
Authors: Speer Milton S , Leslie Lance M
Published: July 2002

A mesoscale model has been applied over the Greater Sydney region to an air pollution episode resulting from fire hazard reduction burns from 12 to 14 April 1997. The episode was characterised by two distinct events in a period of sustained light winds, which included humid sea breezes and land breezes. The first event occurred early in the period when the atmospheric circulation involved either weak sea breezes or no sea breeze at the coast. Described here are the meteorological conditions associated with the inter‐regional transport of smoke from a prescribed, or hazard reduction, burn just north of Sydney, which concentrated smoke in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area. The second event, which occurred late in the episode, was local in nature but was induced synoptically by the large‐scale airflow by a change in wind direction that transported smoke and fog over a major highway. Also described are the meteorological conditions that contributed to the disruption of a major highway caused by a multiple vehicle pile‐up just to the south‐west of Sydney later in the period. Numerical model simulations using the University of New South Wales (UNSW) NWP model, which used archived real‐time data, accurately predicted both the concentration of pollution in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area in the first event and the hazardous smog formation and timing of the clearing south‐west wind change in the second event. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 1: Numerical experiment concerning the Piedmont flood case
Authors: Jansa Agustin , Genoves Ana , Garcia‐Moya Jose A.
Published: July 2002

Heavy rain events constitute a major operational problem in the Mediterranean area. The present work tries to contribute to a better understanding of this problem by considering the possible indirect influence of surface depressions in the triggering and location of the heavy rain. The idea is that any surface low contributes to the organisation of the low‐level flow. This then affects the creation/intensification of a low‐level feeding current of warm and wet air that can sustain heavy rain if there is convective instability. Two approaches have been used: (a) a numerical and synoptic approach, Part 1, and (b) a statistical approach, Part 2. In Part 1, the differences between a control run and a numerical experiment without the Iberian mountains for the ‘MAP Piedmont flood event’ are discussed. Among other effects, the Iberian orography seems to intensify a secondary low near Liguria as well as increase the mixing ratio convergence and the rainfall intensity near it. A few other cases of heavy rain are also briefly reviewed in order to identify the presence of a Mediterranean depression in the vicinity. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of a wind/temperature nowcasting model using aircraft data for the benefit of air traffic management
Authors: Carrière Jean‐Marie , Autonès Frederic
Published: July 2002

Advanced four‐dimensional air traffic management tools necessitate very accurate prediction of wind and temperature in the very short term. A method based on optimal interpolation of observational data was developed and tested within the framework of Eurocontrol's PHARE programme and the 4MIDaBLE programme under the auspices of the European Commission. It takes advantage of the growing density of automated aircraft reports to update background forecasts and produce nowcasts valid twenty minutes to a couple of hours ahead with an improved accuracy. The emergence of surveillance techniques such as the Automatic Dependent Surveillance based on the use of aircraft‐to‐aircraft and aircraft‐to‐ground data links and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network is generating much interest in nowcasting techniques because they may facilitate the acquisition of observational data on selected areas with a given observation density. The basis of the nowcasting method is presented along with different evaluations, one of which lasted several months, using routine aircraft data over France. The evaluation shows that operational forecasts can be improved by taking into account the latest aircraft observations, but it is necessary to select aircraft data to obtain a positive response. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Applying the relationship between potential vorticity fields and water vapour imagery to adjust initial conditions in NWP
Authors: Swarbrick S J
Published: July 2002

The feasibility of using the proposed relationship between model‐generated upper‐tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) fields and Meteosat water vapour images in forecast initialisation has been investigated by a number of case studies involving model forecasts of North Atlantic cyclones. The objective of each case study was to reduce the errors in the forecast track and depth of a cyclone by re‐initialising the forecast via upper‐level PV adjustment and PV inversion. The methodology has employed the PV–water vapour relationship to detect mismatches between PV fields and water vapour images, and has attempted to correct these mismatches by manual adjustment of the PV fields. These PV adjustments have been converted to wind and temperature increments by means of PV inversion and used to initialise the model fields in a way that preserves dynamical balance. Five case studies with small initialisation errors were carried out. The results of the case studies show some partial positive impacts on forecasts of cyclonic development, but overall the results do not demonstrate that the use of the PV–water vapour relation for forecast initialisation is a practical proposition for operational use. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of topography and urban heat island effects on the outbreak of convective storms under unstable meteorological conditions: a numerical study
Authors: Thielen J , Gadian A
Published: July 2002

Analysis of observational data of convective storms in Northern England suggests that the particular combination of effects such as sea breezes, elevated terrain and the presence of large cities has an influence on the initiation and development of convective storms. To study the importance of these effects for the development of convection, a cloud physics model has been initialised with the topography and surface characteristics of Northern England. The model enabled inclusion of three principal influences: sea breezes, topography and urban heat islands. The results suggested that the presence of the Pennines, a north–south orientated ridge, could influence the initiation of convection due to its long sun‐facing slopes, and to a lesser degree forced lifting along the slopes. Inclusion of urban heat island effects focused convection downwind of the principal urban areas. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Microwave monitoring of rainfall: Intercomparisons of data from the Chilbolton radar and the DMSP‐SSM/I
Authors: Nativi S , Barrett E C , Beaumont M J
Published: July 2002

Ground‐based multi‐parameter radar is used to validate and evaluate satellite passive microwave parameters related to rainfall over land. Light precipitation over the southern part of England is considered. The issues of diverse resolutions of radar and satellite data in space and time are investigated, as well as the satellite beam‐filling problem, in relation to present passive microwave satellite algorithms related to rainfall over land, and their perceived behaviour. Several statistical analyses are applied and their sensitivities to data integration problems are quantified. Passive microwave parameters are evaluated and compared with each other. It is concluded that for radar passive microwave satellite data intercomparisons, calibrations and validations the time resolution seems to be more important than the spatial resolution, and high‐resolution radar can be used operationally to tackle the satellite beam‐filling problem. It is found that several passive microwave algorithms have performances very similar to each other. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Application of post‐processing tools to improve visualisation and quality of numerical short‐range predictions over Central Europe
Authors: Spreitzhofer Gerald
Published: July 2002

In an attempt to improve short‐range weather predictions in Central Europe, a research project was carried out in Austria which involves adapting the WELS weather prediction system to the Central European environment. This PC‐based system is currently in operational use in parts of the United States, chiefly in support of winter highway maintenance operations. The system rests upon the concept of hybrid modelling: an independent, grid‐based mesoscale forecast model, integrating the full set of prognostic equations, delivers a prediction which can, in combination with topographic properties, be visualised by a Graphical User Interface (GUI). This post‐processing tool seems to have a promising future, especially because it includes the opportunity of adjusting the output of the prediction model; also, locally generated observations can be incorporated into the forecasting process. The use of the forecast‐manipulation facilities is appropriate if the prediction seems to be off‐track; the time‐consuming rerun of the entire forecast model in the case of derailing predictions can be avoided. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
The role of frontogenetic and frontolytic wind field effects during cyclonic development
Authors: Kurz Manfred
Published: July 2002

With the aid of a generalised frontogenesis vector and an expanded Q‐vector diagnosis, the frontogenetic and frontolytic effects in numerical model analysed winds are determined for the case of a typical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic. These effects, when occurring in the geostrophic part of the flow, give rise to circulations transverse to the frontal zone and the resulting vertical motions are of importance for the dynamics of the cyclone. The forcing of the transverse circulatory motions, which is given by Q‐vector divergences across the isotherms, is computed and compared with the forcing resulting from divergences along the frontal zone. The analyses for 850 and 500 hPa show that frontogenesis dominates at the beginning of the cyclogenesis as well as at its final stage, whereas in the meantime different patterns result for both levels. A significant feature in this case was the development of a new frontal zone north of the deepening low through interaction with the parent low further north. Comparison of the different parts of the omega forcing reveals that the forcing through Q‐vector divergences along the isotherms is the stronger one during the mature stage, but that the transverse circulations contribute significantly to the total forcing. This is especially true for the cold front in the lower troposphere and for the newly developing frontal zone in both levels. At the final stage the influence of the transverse circulatory forcing is even more important and determines to a great extent the shape of the total forcing. The outcome of this study corresponds very well with the findings from other investigations and with the fields derived from a vortex model. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
MLDS: A translator-oriented MultiLingual dictionary system
Authors: AGIRRE E. , ARREGI X. , ARTOLA X. , DIAZ DE ILARRAZA A. , SARASOLA K. , SOROA A.
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the design methodology of the MultiLingual Dictionary-System
(MLDS), which is a human-oriented tool for assisting in the task of translating lexical
units, oriented to translators and conceived from studies carried out with translators. We
describe the model adopted for the representation of multilingual dictionary-knowledge. Such
a model allows an enriched exploitation of the lexical-semantic relations extracted from
dictionaries. In addition, MLDS is supplied with knowledge about the use of the dictionaries
in the process of lexical translation, which was elicitated by means of empirical methods
and specified in a formal language. The dictionary-knowledge along with the task-oriented
knowledge are used to offer the translator active, anticipative and intelligent assistance.
ARIES: A lexical platform for engineering Spanish processing tools
Authors: GOÑI JOSÉ M. , GONZÁLEZ JOSÉ C. , MORENO ANTONIO
Published: July 2002

We present a lexical platform that has been developed for the
Spanish language. It achieves
portability between different computer systems and efficiency, in terms
of speed and lexical
coverage. A model for the full treatment of Spanish inflectional morphology
for verbs,
nouns and adjectives is presented. This model permits word formation based
solely on
morpheme concatenation, driven by a feature-based unification grammar.
The run-time
lexicon is a collection of allomorphs for both stems and endings. Although
not tested, it
should be suitable also for other Romance and highly inflected languages.
A formalism is
also described for encoding a lemma-based lexical source, well suited for
expressing linguistic
generalizations: inheritance classes, lemma encoding, morpho-graphemic
allomorphy rules and
limited type-checking. From this source base, we can automatically generate
an allomorph
indexed dictionary adequate for efficient retrieval and processing. A set
of software tools
has been implemented around this formalism: lexical base augmenting aids,
lexical compilers
to build run-time dictionaries and access libraries for them, feature manipulation
libraries,
unification and pseudo-unification modules, morphological processors, a
parsing system, etc.
Software interfaces among the different modules and tools are cleanly defined
to ease software
integration and tool combination in a flexible way. Directions for accessing
our e-mail and
web demonstration prototypes are also provided. Some figures are given,
showing the lexical
coverage of our platform compared to some popular spelling checkers.
Matching the tagging to the task
Authors: MILLER GEORGE A. , TENGI RANDEE , LANDES SHARI
Published: July 2002

Two tasks involving lexical semantic sense tagging are described. Different task requirements
made it necessary to select different corpora to be tagged and to develop different tagging
interfaces to achieve the desired result. A vocabulary-building task required sequential tagging
of connnected text, whereas a word-sense identification task required targeted tagging of many
instances of common polysemous words. Advantages and drawbacks of both are compared.
CATASTROPHIZING ASSESSMENT OF WORRY AND THREAT SCHEMATA AMONG WORRIERS
Authors: Provencher Martin D. , Freeston Mark H. , Dugas Michel J. , Ladouceur Robert
Published: July 2002

Several authors have suggested that threat schemata of high worriers may differ from those of less worried individuals with regards to the manner with which information is structured in the Long Term Memory (LTM) or the content of the information stored in the LTM. The present study tested this hypothesis using the catastrophizing interview technique (c.f., Vasey & Borkovec, 1992). Results revealed that high worriers evaluated the likelihood of the occurrence of feared consequences generated for each worry as more likely to actually happen than low worriers did. Second, the ultimate outcome generated in the catastrophizing sequence for a given worry was more severe for high worriers. Finally, high worriers generated ultimate outcomes that were more similar in content, presumably reflecting tightly organized threat schemata. It is argued that activation of these threat schemata in the LTM contributes to the maintenance of worry and anxiety in anxious individuals.
ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE AND SOCIAL-SKILL DEFICITS AS PREDICTORS OF DYSPHORIC STATES AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT
Authors: Rodriguez-Naranjo Carmen , Godoy Antonio , Esteve Rosa
Published: July 2002

It is hypothesized that there might be two subtypes of dysphoria. Comparison of the characteristic deficits
of attributional styles and social skills of adolescent dysphorics differentiated them into two subtypes. This suggested
that matched treatments of the two subtypes of dysphoria might be more effective than non-matched treatments. As is
predicted by the hopelessness theory of depression (Alloy, Abramson, Metalsky, & Hartlage, 1988), dysphorics
characterized by the depressogenic attributional style and adequate social skills reported significantly greater numbers of
negative life-events than dysphorics characterized by social-skill deficits and healthy attributional style. Treatments
matched to dysphoria subtypes were more effective than non-matched treatments. The authors suggest that similar
tests of dysphorics over several years might indicate that some dysphoric states intensify and that matched treatments
would abort potentially severe depressions.
Errors in a nonlinear graphic-semantic mapping task resulting
from lesions in Boltzmann machine: Is it relevant to dyslexia?
Authors: GEVA AMIR B. , SHTRAM LIOR , POLICKER SHAI
Published: July 2002

One of the most fascinating aspects of brain research
is the subject of language. As in many other cases, the
malfunctions that occur in different persons for various
reasons give us insight on the mechanisms that support
our ability to talk, read and listen. Following the work
of Plaut and associates, we deal with the dyslexia disorder,
which is the overall name for a large number of reading
disorders. A Boltzmann machine neural network scheme was
trained to implement the nonlinear mapping task of graphic
representation into semantic representation, which may
model the brain sections responsible for the translation
of a written word into meanings and syllables. After training,
various types of lesions were applied and the performance
of the network was tested in order to measure the effect
of each lesion on the error rate and type distribution
that were detected. The system's errors were classified
into several categories and the distribution of errors
between the categories was studied. Using the simulations,
it is demonstrated that a finite scheduling process in
the Boltzmann machine causes the distribution of the network's
errors to be unique and different from its expected error
distribution. The phenomenon is given a mathematical explanation
rooted in the statistical mechanics basics of the Boltzmann
machine. Test results suggest the localization of certain
reading functions within the network. Comparison is made
to relevant types of dyslexia and shows resemblance in
major symptoms as well as in certain known side effects.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 620–626.)
Editorial introduction to Greenwood/West dialogue
Authors: BRANDT JASON
Published: July 2002

Although a U.S. Presidential Proclamation designated
the 1990s “The Decade of the Brain,” not all
cerebral constituents shared equally in the limelight.
By anyone's accounting, the prefrontal cortex was
the darling of clinicians and neuroscientists throughout
the '90s, with everything from schizophrenia and anorexia
nervosa to pathological gambling and the emergence of artistic
skill attributed to “frontal lobe dysfunction”
(David, 1992; Miller et al., 1998; Rugle & Melamed,
1993). It should come as no surprise, then, that that most
universal of cognitive afflictions, aging, should be linked
to changes in frontal cortex.
Mild Head Injury From a Down-Under Perspective
Authors: Light Roger K.
Published: July 2002

The authors of this compact and readable book, a neurologist
and neuropsychologist, have attempted to present an overview of
material necessary for the establishment of a clinic to treat
those who have suffered a MHI. While the authors are clearly experts
in the treatment of these patients and have presented many
interesting points from a unique perspective, several limitations
narrow the application of the authors' suggestions.
Human Frontal Lobe Function Revealed
Authors: Knopman D.S.
Published: July 2002

All you ever wanted to know about the human frontal lobes
seems to be contained in this multiauthored text, at least up
to 1996 or 1997. The editors, Miller and Cummings, are acknowledged
experts on the topic of human disorders of the frontal lobes.
They have done a monumental job of collecting 53 authors and
34 chapters. The book is divided into five sections, frontal
lobe neuroanatomy, frontal lobe neurochemistry and neurophysiology,
frontal lobe neuropsychology, neurological diseases involving
the frontal lobes, and psychiatric diseases involving the frontal
lobes.
A Guide to the Neuropsychological Assessment of the Aging
Individual
Authors: Moberg Paul J.
Published: July 2002

Most clinical neuropsychologists find themselves,
at one time or another, foraging through their collection
of folders, boxes, and texts to locate reliability, validity,
and normative data for some of the more commonly used neuropsychological
tests in an elderly population. In their forward, Tuokko
and Hadjistavropoulos indicate that this book is designed
to compile the range of normative data on the more commonly
used neuropsychological tests into one source that can
be easily accessed and integrated by the clinician. In
addition to presentation of normative data relating to
the geriatric population, a critique of each instrument's
standardization and normative data is presented as well.
While not all-inclusive of measures used by the typical
neuropsychologist, it does cover the majority of tasks
for which good normative data on the elderly exist.