bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harderian Gland: Development and Influence of Early Hormonal Treatment on Porphyrin Content
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Yuwiler Arthur , Geller Edward , Schapiro Shawn
Published: October 2006

The porphyrin content of the rat Harderian gland remains low until 12 days of age at which time both porphyrin content and concentration rapidly increase. Intraperitoneal administration of tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) into newborn animals advances the appearance of porphyrin in the gland. Conversely, a single injection of cortisol acetate into newborns retards the appearance of porphyrin. The time of porphyrin appearance in the gland parallels the time for maturation of the evoked cortical response to visual stimulation in normal and hormone-treated animals.
Blood Concentrations of Acetaldehyde and Ethanol in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Majchrowicz Edward , Mendelson Jack H.
Published: October 2006

Fifteen adult male alcoholic volunteers were studied before, during, and after a 10- to 15-day period of experimentally induced intoxication. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 and from 0.04 to 0.08 milligrams per 100 milliliters when blood ethanol concentrations ranged from 1 to 400 milligrams per 100 milliliters after consumption of bourbon or grain ethanol, respectively. No dose or dose-time relationships were found between blood ethanol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations during any phase of this study.
Attine Fungus Gardens Contain Yeasts
Authors: Craven Stephen E. , Dix Michael W. , Michaels Gene E.
Published: October 2006

Yeasts were detected in the fungus gardens of
Atta cephalotes
and
Acromyrmex octospinosus
by scanning electron microscopy and by microbiological techniques.
Puffing and Histone Acetylation in Polytene Chromosomes
Authors: Clever Ulrich , Ellgaard Erik G.
Published: October 2006

Fixation with picric acid or formaldehyde retains incorporated [
3
H]acetate which is lost after fixation with ethanol and acetic acid. Unlike [
3
H]uridine, [
3
H]acetate is diffusely incorporated into polytene chromosomes, and not preferentially into existing or newly induced puffs. It is suggested that puff formation does not include an acetylation of histones.
Panting in Dogs: Unidirectional Air Flow over Evaporative Surfaces
Authors: Schmidt-Nielsen Knut , Bretz William L. , Taylor C. Richard
Published: October 2006

In dogs which are panting due to a heat load, most of the respired air enters through the nose and leaves through the mouth. Different patterns of flow are, however, possible. The unidirectional flow over the evaporative (nasal) surfaces is an important mechanism for regulating the amount of heat dissipated in panting.
Limits of Microbial Existence: Temperature and
p
H
Authors: Brock Thomas D. , Darland Gary K.
Published: October 2006

A microscopic survey made to detect the presence of bacteria in hot springs of varying temperature and
p
H characteristics revealed that in neutral and alkaline hot springs bacteria are found at temperatures up to the boiling point of water (92° to 100° C, depending on the altitude). In hot springs of increasing acidity the upper temperature limit at which bacteria are found decreases; at
p
H 2 to 3 the upper temperature limit is 75° to 80° C. Bacteria have thus been able to evolve with the ability to grow at either high temperature or high acidity, but not at both high temperature and high acidity. These results suggest that there are physicochemical limitations of the environment beyond which life is impossible.
Turnover of the Brain Specific Protein, S-100
Authors: Cicero Theodore J. , Moore Blake W.
Published: October 2006

Rats were killed after intraventricular administration of [
3
H]leucine, and the turnover rates of total soluble proteins and of the brain specific S-100 protein were determined. The half-life of S-100 was estimated to be 16 days. The S-100 protein, thus, has a turnover not unlike that of the average water-soluble protein of brain.
Recovery of Mitogenic Activity of a Growth Factor Mutant with a Nuclear Translocation Sequence
Authors: Imamura Toru , Engleka Kurt , Zhan Xi , Tokita Yoshihito , Forough Reza , Roeder David , Jackson Anthony , Maier Jeanette A. M. , Hla Timothy , Maciag Thomas
Published: October 2006

Heparin-binding growth factor-1 (HBGF-1) is an angiogenic polypeptide mitogen for mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro and remains biologically active after truncation of the amino-terminal domain (HBGF-1α) of the HBGF-1β precursor. Polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis and prokaryotic expression systems were used to prepare a mutant of HBGF-1α lacking a putative nuclear translocation sequence (amino acid residues 21 to 27; HBGF-1U). Although HBGF-1U retains its ability to bind to heparin, HBGF-1U fails to induce DNA synthesis and cell proliferation at concentrations sufficient to induce intracellular receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and c-
fos
expression. Attachment of the nuclear translocation sequence from yeast histone 2B at the amino terminus of HBGF-1U yields a chimeric polypeptide (HBGF-1U2) with mitogenic activity in vitro and indicates that nuclear translocation is important for this biological response.
Photochemically Induced Ionic Reactions of Cycloalkenes
Authors: Marshall James A.
Published: October 2006

Sensitized ultraviolet irradiation of cyclohexenes and cycloheptenes in protic solvents causes reactions which seemingly proceed by way of carbocation intermediates. These intermediates, in turn, may arise from a photochemically produced
trans
cycloalkene which is so highly strained that protonation by even weak acids such as methanol may proceed readily. This picture is supported by product analysis, deuterium labeling experiments, and stereochemical studies.
Aspirin: Intestinal Damage in Rats
Authors: Brodie David A. , Tate Charles L. , Hooke Kay F.
Published: October 2006

Lesions induced by aspirin in the small intestine of the rat were visualized after 4 hours by the intravenous administration of a 5 percent solution of pontamine sky blue, 6 BX dye. Dose-response curves in fasted and fed rats indicated that the fed rat was about eight times more susceptible to aspirin-induced intestinal damage than was the fasted rat, while the fasted rat was about 13 times more susceptible to aspirin-induced gastric damage than was the fed rat.
Air Pollution Surveillance Systems
Authors: Morgan George B. , Ozolins Guntis , Tabor Elbert C.
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric surveillance is necessary in order to identify airborne pollutants, to establish ambient concentrations of these pollutants, and to record their trends and patterns. Air pollutants may occur in the form of gases, liquids, and solids, both singly and in combination. Gaseous pollutants make up about 90 percent of the total mass emitted to the atmosphere with particulates and aerosols accounting for the remaining 10 percent. Small particulates are of particular importance because they may be in the respirable size range. These small particles may contain biologically active elements and compounds. Furthermore, they tend to remain in the atmosphere where they interfere with both solar and terrestrial infrared radiation, which may affect climate on a global basis.
Norepinephrine Metabolism in Brainstem of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Yamori Yukio , Lovenberg Walter , Sjoerdsma Albert
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of norepinephrine in lower brainstem and hypothalamus of genetically hypertensive rats are significantly lower than in control rats. There is a concomitant reduction (50 percent) in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase but not in tyrosine hydroxylase activity. A possible relation of this central catecholamine deficiency to the hypertension is discussed.
Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Brain Lesions: Electron Microscopic Examination
Authors: Arees Edward A. , Mayer Jean
Published: October 2006

Albino mice injected with monosodium glutamate developed brain lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Lesions involved primarily microglial cells with no effect to the perikarya of neurons. Distal neuronal processes were only slightly affected.
Secondary Structure of Ribosomal RNA
Authors: Hartman K. A. , Thomas G. J.
Published: October 2006

Infrared spectra were obtained for 16
S
and for 23
S
ribosomal RNA's in D
2
O solutions. The percentage of each base in the paired and unpaired regions of the RNA was determined from the spectra. The secondary structures of 16
S
and 23
S
ribosomal RNA's (from
Escherichia coli
) are significantly different from each other and are also different from those of yeast ribosomal RNA, formylmethionyl-transfer RNA, and the anticodon fragment of this transfer RNA
Microcloning and Replica Plating of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Robb James A.
Published: October 2006

A technique for cloning single mammalian cells has been developed by means of a microculture method (0.010 milliliters per culture). A technique of replica plating has also been developed for use with clones of single cells in microcultures; this technique permits the screening of desired properties of many clones simultaneously before the growth of stock cultures. With these techniques an investigator can with limited budget, space, and personnel perform research using tissue culture systems.
Tumor Immunity Produced by the Intradermal Inoculation of Living Tumor Cells and Living
Mycobacterium bovis
(Strain BCG)
Authors: Zbar Berton , Bernstein Irwin , Tanaka Tomiko , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

The intradermal inoculation of mixtures containing living tumor cells and living
Mycobacterium bovis
(strain BCG) into unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs results in an inflammatory reaction to the BCG, and there is no progressive tumor growth. In the absence of BCG the tumor grows progressively, metastasizes, and kills the animal. By conventional methods, it has not been possible to immunize syngeneic guinea pigs to the tumor used. Guinea pigs that receive mixtures of BCG and tumor cells, however, develop specific systemic tumor immunity as measured by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and by suppression of tumor growth.
Factor VIII Detection by Hemagglutination Inhibition: Hemophilia A and von Willebrand's Disease
Authors: Stites D. P. , Hershgold E. J. , Perlman J. D. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: October 2006

Factor VIII activity was detected immunologically in both the serums and plasmas of 14 normal individuals and 14 patients with hemophilia A. A hemagglutination-inhibition test with rabbit antibody to highly purified (10,000-fold) factor VIII from humans was used. Serums and plasmas from eight patients with von Willebrand's disease showed little or no factor VIII activity in this test, an indication that the test may serve as a specific assay for differentiation between von Willebrand's disease and hemophilia A.
Increasing the Multiplicity of Ribosomal RNA Genes in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tartof Kenneth D.
Published: October 2006

In wild-type
Drosophila melanogaster
females there are about 250 ribosomal RNA genes in each nucleolus organizer region of the two X chromosomes. When this same nucleolus organizer region is present in flies in only a single dose, the number of ribosomal RNA genes increases to approximately 400. This increase is most easily explained by disproportionate replication of these genes.
1-Pentadecene Production in
Tribolium confusum
Authors: von Endt D. W. , Wheeler J. W.
Published: October 2006

Odoriferous glands of
Tribolium confusum
produce volatile compounds which are stored in special reservoirs. Besides the previously reported 2-methyl- and 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinones, a new compound, 1-pentadecene, was isolated. The acyclic C
14
H
26
O ketone previously reported was not present. 1-Pentadecene is thought to facilitate absorption of the admixed quinones by
Tribolium
enemies.
DDT Tissue Retention: Sudden Rise Induced by the Addition of Aldrin to a Fixed DDT Intake
Authors: Deichmann William B. , MacDonald William E. , Cubit Dewey A.
Published: October 2006

The oral administration of aldrin to male and female beagles, whose diet already included a fixed, regular oral dosage of DDT, resulted in a dramatic rise in the concentrations of DDT, DDE, and DDD in blood and fat.
X-ray Fluorescence: Detection of Lead in Wall Paint
Authors: Laurer Gerard R. , Kneip Theo. J. , Albert Roy E. , Kent Frederick S.
Published: October 2006

An instrument has been developed for the in situ determination of lead on painted surfaces. It utilizes, as a source of gamma rays, radioactive cadmium-109 and its daughter silver-109 (metastable) to excite the K series x-rays of lead, and a solid-state, lithium-drifted germanium detector. The device, which is capable of detecting 0.26 milligram of lead per square centimeter of paint [approximately 3 percent (by weight) of lead in a single coat] beneath ten layers of lead-free paint, has been tested in a preliminary survey of several tenement apartments in New York City.
Quadratic Elongation: A Quantitative Measure of Distortion in Coordination Polyhedra
Authors: Robinson Keith , Gibbs G. V. , Ribbe P. H.
Published: October 2006

Quadratic elongation and the variance of bond angles are linearly correlated for distorted octahedral and tetrachedral coordination complexes, both of which show variations in bond length and bond angle. The quadratic elongation is dimensionless, giving a quantitative measure of polyhedral distortion which is independent of the effective size of the polyhedron.
Carbon Monoxide in Rainwater
Authors: Swinnerton J. W. , Lamontagne R. A. , Linnenbom V. J.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of carbon monoxide in rainwater collected at widely diverse locations show up to a 200-fold supersaturation relative to the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere. These results indicate the existence of an additional natural source of carbon monoxide not heretofore considered. Production of carbon monoxide in clouds is tentatively attributed to the photochemical oxidation of organic matter or the slight dissociation of carbon dioxide induced by electrical discharges, or both. Methane concentrations measured in the same rainwater show that the partitioning of this gas, unlike that of carbon monoxide, is very close to a state of equilibrium.
Evidence for Compounds Hydrolyzable to Amino Acids in Aqueous Extracts of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 Lunar Fines
Authors: Harada Kaoru , Hare P. E. , Windsor C. R. , Fox S. W.
Published: October 2006

Hydrolyzates of aqueous extracts of Apollo 11 fines, an Apollo 12 trench sample, and an Apollo 12 surface sample have been analyzed on an ultrasensitive amino acid analyzer. The total content of amino acids recovered ranged from 20 to 70 parts per billion of lunar soil. Amino acids are not recovered by the direct hydrolysis of lunar fines, presumably because of decomposition in the presence of the large excess of lunar mineral. As judged by retention time, glycine is the dominant amino acid found; alanine is secondarily present in each case in the profile. Only a few amino acids have been recorded in each analysis. The pattern is relatively consistent in the samples from the three locations; the pattern from either hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts differs markedly from that of hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed handprints. The evidence is not consistent with contamination of the kind expected by many investigators.
L-Dopa: Disaggregation of Brain Polysomes and Elevation of Brain Tryptophan
Authors: Weiss Bette F. , Munro Hamish N. , Wurtman Richard J.
Published: October 2006

One hour after administration of L-dopa (50 to 300 milligrams per kilogram), there is a marked disaggregation of brain polysomes in immature rats. Adult animals show a similar response, but require larger doses of the amino acid (500 milligrams per kilogram). Single doses of L-dopa significantly elevate amounts of tryptophan in the brain; hence their effect on polysomes does not result from the unavailability of this amino acid.
Calcium Requirement for Melanophore-Stimulating Hormone Action on Melanophores
Authors: Vesely David L. , Hadley Mac E.
Published: October 2006

The calcium ion is specifically required for the action of melanophore-stimulating hormone on melanosome dispersion within lizard (
Anolis carolinensis
) melanophores in vitro. The response to this hormone is directly related to the concentration of the Ca
2+
ion. Lithium, choline, rubidium, and cesium will replace the sodium and potassium of Ringer solution if Ca
2+
is present. Calcium ions are not required for melanosome dispersion itself, since theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate reversibly darkens lizard skins in the absence of calcium.
Endothelial Projections as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Smith Una , Ryan James W. , Michie David D. , Smith David S.
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron micrographs of the endothelium of the pulmonary artery reveal that the entire surface is covered by a meshwork of irregular projections which vastly increase the surface area. The size and density of the projections suggest that they may function to direct an eddying flow of plasma along the endothelial surface.
Xenon as a Nucleophile in Gas-Phase Displacement Reactions: Formation of the Methyl Xenonium Ion
Authors: Holtz David , Beauchamp J. L.
Published: October 2006

Xenon undergoes reaction with protonated methyl fluoride in the gas phase to form abundant quantities of the stable methyl xenonium ion, CH
3
Xe
+
. Estimated values for the xenon-carbon and krypton-carbon bond strengths in the rare gas-methyl molecular ions are 43 ± 8 and 21 ± 15 kilocalories per mole, respectively.
Tumorigenicity of Mouse-Human Diploid Hybrids in Nude Mice
Authors: Croce Carlo M. , Aden David , Koprowski Hilary
Published: October 2006

Somatic cell hybrids between normal mouse cells and simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed human cells, which contained a diploid complement of mouse chromosomes and the human chromosome 7 carrying the genome of SV40, were tumorigenic in nude mice. One single copy of human chromosome 7 per hybrid cell appeared to be sufficient for the tumorigenicity of the hybrids.
Intrarenal Formation of Angiotensin I
Authors: Itskovitz Harold D. , Odya Charles
Published: October 2006

In 5 patients and 16 dogs the mean concentration of angiotensin I, but not II, was higher in the plasma of the renal vein than in the plasma of the renal artery. The fact that I was higher in the vein than in the artery supports the concept that I is formed in the renal vasculature. In the vein the mean concentration of I was 45 times higher than that of II. The probable formation of angiotensin I within the kidney and its high concentration in the renal vein suggest that if the renin angiotensin system plays a role in the regulation of intrarenal blood flow, then angiotensin I may be the major effector hormone in this process.
Induction of Murine C-Type Viruses from Clonal Lines of Virus-Free BALB/3T3 Cells
Authors: Aaronson Stuart A. , Todaro George J. , Scolnick Edward M.
Published: October 2006

Each clone of BALB/c mouse embryo cells that has been tested can be induced to form C-type virus. The individual cells therefore contain a complete copy of the genetic information for making the murine RNA tumor viruses.
Acceleration of Heavy Ions at the Bevatron
Authors: Grunder H. A. , Hartsough W. D. , Lofgren E. J.
Published: October 2006

Substantial beams of deuterons, α-particles, and nitrogen ions have been accelerated to high energies (nitrogen to 36 billion electron volts) in the bevatron. Beams of various energies were successfully extracted for experimental use. Modifications of the ion source, the injector, and the main acceleration system made the production of high-energy heavy ions possible. Our computer control system played an important part.
Environmental Nitroso Compounds: Reaction of Nitrite with Creatine and Creatinine
Authors: Archer Michael C. , Clark Stephen D. , Thilly Joan E. , Tannenbaum Steven R.
Published: October 2006

Creatine reacts with nitrite under acid conditions to produce first sarcosine and then
N
-nitrososarcosine, which is a weak carcinogen in the rat. Creatinine reacts with acidified nitrite to produce either creatinine-5-oxime or 1-methylhydantoin-5-oxime, depending on reaction conditions. The toxicity and environmental significance of these compounds is not yet known.
Interfacial Organisms: Passive Ventilation in the Velocity Gradients near Surfaces
Authors: Vogel Steven , Bretz William L.
Published: October 2006

A variety of animals, including certain sponges, tube-dwelling worms, tropical termites, and prairie dogs, either are themselves arranged or construct domiciles arranged to permit flow of fluid inside the system driven by a velocity gradient in an external stream of fluid.
Prostaglandin E
1
in Platelet Harvesting: An in vitro Study
Authors: Shio Hideo , Ramwell Peter W.
Published: October 2006

Prostaglandin E
1
(10
-8
to 10
-7
molar) is effective in improving the preparation of human platelet concentrates from plasma rich in platelets and from whole blood. A procedure has been developed for the use by blood banks, on a trial basis.
Giant Amphipod from the Abyssal Pacific Ocean
Authors: Hessler Robert R. , Isaacs John D. , Mills Eric L.
Published: October 2006

A baited camera has recorded a lysianassid amphipod that is twice as large as the largest amphipod previously recorded. The locality for this mobile omnivore is the sterile bottom of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 5304 meters.
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensinogen Reaction by Pepstatin
Authors: Gross F. , Lazar J. , Orth H.
Published: October 2006

Pepstatin, an
N
-acylated pentapeptide obtained from culture filtrates of actinomycetes and first characterized as an inhibitor of pepsin, produces inhibition of the renin-substrate reaction both in vitro and in vivo.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and DDT Alter Species Composition in Mixed Cultures of Algae
Authors: Mosser Jerry L. , Fisher Nicholas S. , Wurster Charles F.
Published: October 2006

Either DDT or polychlorinated biphenyls were added to mixed cultures containing a marine diatom and a marine green alga that were sensitive and resistant, respectively, to these organochlorine compounds. The diatom grew faster and was therefore dominant in control cultures, but its dominance diminished in treated cultures, even at concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons that had no apparent effect in pure cultures. Such stable pollutants could disrupt the species composition of phytoplankton communities, thereby affecting whole ecosystems.
Depression and Later Enhancement of the Critical Flicker Frequency during Prolonged Monocular Deprivation
Authors: Zubek John P. , Bross M.
Published: October 2006

One eye was visually deprived for 1 day, and the critical flicker frequency in the other eye was determined at the start of the deprivation period and then at intervals of 3, 6, 9, 15, and 24 hours. There was an initial depression in performance, followed by an enhancement effect. No significant changes in the critical flicker frequency were observed in the occluded eye at corresponding times; thus the depression-enhancement phenomenon is specific to the nonoccluded eye.
Ethanol Oxidation: Effect on the Redox State of Brain in Mouse
Authors: Rawat A. K. , Kuriyama K.
Published: October 2006

Administration of a single large dose of ethanol to mice results in increases, for concentrations in the brain, of ratios of lactate to pyruvate, of α-glycerophosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, of malate to oxaloacetate, and of glutamate to the product of α-ketoglutarate and ammonium ion. These changes are noticed as early as 5 minutes after the single dose is given. Ethanol administration for 30 days also produces these changes in metabolite concentrations in the brain. However, in contrast to the single alcohol dose, long-term alcohol administration results in a marked decrease in the concentration of adenosine triphosphate in brain and increases in those of adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate. Pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, prevents the effects of ethanol on the concentration of brain metabolites. These results may provide new insight into the biochemical and pharmacological effects of alcohol on brain metabolism and the importance of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the brain.
Tunable Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Water Vapor
Authors: Blum F. A. , Nill K. W. , Kelley P. L. , Calawa A. R. , Harman T. C.
Published: October 2006

Absorption lines in the ν
2
band of water vapor at 6.3 micrometers have been fully resolved by using a tunable semiconductor laser. Three atmospheric water vapor lines near 5.32 micrometers were studied in detail and found to have line widths two to four times narrower than the width calculated by Benedict and Kaplan.
Human Blood Monocytes: Stimulators of Granulocyte and Mononuclear Colony Formation in vitro
Authors: Chervenick Paul A. , LoBuglio Albert F.
Published: October 2006

Human blood monocytes in a feeder layer or by use for conditioning medium produced a colony-stimulating factor capable of stimulating the in vitro growth of colonies of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from human and murine marrow. Lymphocytes and neutrophils did not stimulate colony formation, and medium conditioned by neutrophils was inhibitory. This suggests that the monocyte may control granulocyte proliferation and maturation.
Nonlinear Spectroscopy
Authors: Brewer Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Although nonlinear spectroscopy evolved slowly in its initial stages, it is now becoming an important new branch of atomic and molecular spectroscopy. A variety of phenomena are being observed for the first time, either in steady state or in transient behavior. In a sense, the methods of microwave and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are now being reproduced in the optical region, and with the same precision and detail.
Metallocarboranes That Exhibit Novel Chemical Features
Authors: Hawthorne M. Frederick , Dunks Gary B.
Published: October 2006

Among the myriad transition metal and main group complexes of ligands derived from carboranes, some exhibit unique structural variations and novel dynamic behavior.
Mercury Detection by Means of Thin Gold Films
Authors: McNerney John J. , Buseck Peter R. , Hanson Roland C.
Published: October 2006

The adsorption of elemental mercury vapor on a thin (several hundred angstroms) gold film produces resistance changes in the film. An instrument for the detection of mercury based on this phenomenon is simple and rapid and requires no chemical separations other than passage of the vapor sample through a few standard dry filters. The instrument is portable, and the technique is directly applicable to environmental problems and geochemical prospecting. The limit of detection of the prototype instrument is 0.05 nanogram of mercury.
Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Male Rhesus: Influences of Sexual and Social Stimuli
Authors: Rose Robert M. , Gordon Thomas P. , Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: October 2006

Four adult male rhesus monkeys were provided access individually to a group of receptive females. Each male assumed dominance and engaged in frequent copulations. Plasma testosterone levels increased two- to threefold during this period. Next, each male was subjected to sudden and decisive defeat by a large all-male group, and plasma testosterone fell following this experience. Two males were later reintroduced to the females, and plasma testosterone rose rapidly to the previous elevated levels.
Calcitonin Receptors of Kidney and Bone
Authors: Marx S. J. , Woodard C. J. , Aurbach G. D.
Published: October 2006

Receptors for calcitonin, determined by activation of adenylate cyclase, were found in a distribution among zones of the kidney distinct from that of receptors for parathyroid hormone or vasopressin. Competitive binding studies showed that the receptors for calcitonin are similar in kidney and bone and that their high apparent affinity for salmon calcitonin accounts in part for the high biological potency in vivo of salmon calcitonin.
Crystalline Ordering in Silica and Germania Glasses
Authors: Konnert J. H. , Karle J. , Ferguson G. A.
Published: October 2006

The diffraction patterns of both silica and germania glasses are consistent with a structure in which nearly all of the atoms belong to tridymite-like regions of up to about 20 angstroms or more that are bonded efficiently together in a manner analogous to that found in twinned crystals.
Connectivity Patterns of Crayfish Giant Interneurons: Visualization of Synaptic Regions with Cobalt Dye
Authors: Mittenthal Jay E. , Wine Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2006

Intracellular injection of cobalt dye was used to visualize electrical synapses between two pairs of central giant interneurons and giant motoneurons in the crayfish central nervous system. A pair of giant motoneurons in each ganglion contacts the interneurons, but not all contact points are functional synapses. Cobalt dye reveals numerous fine projections that are present at synaptic contact points and absent at nonsynaptic contacts; intracellular recording confirms this correlation. The different connectivity patterns of the two pairs of interneurons are consistent with the different behavior patterns which they evoke.
What's Wrong with Plastic Trees?
Authors: Krieger Martin H.
Published: October 2006

With some ingenuity, a transformation of our attitudes toward preservation of the environment will take place fairly soon. We will recognize the symbolic and social meanings of environments, not just their economic utility; we will emphasize their historical significance as well as the future generations that will use them.

At the same time, we must realize that there are things we may not want to trade at all, except in the sense of letting someone else have his share of the environment also. As environments become more differentiated, smaller areas will probably be given greater significance, and it may be possible for more groups to have a share.

It is likely that we shall want to apply our technology to the creation of artificial environments. It may be possible to create environments that are evocative of other environments in other times and places. It is possible that, by manipulating memory through the rewriting of history, environments will come to have new meaning. Finally, we may want to create proxy environments by means of substitution and simulation. In order to create substitutes, we must endow new objects with significance by means of advertising and by social practice. Sophistication about differentiation will become very important for appreciating the substitute environments. We may simulate the environment by means of photographs, recordings, models, and perhaps even manipulations in the brain. What we experience in natural environments may actually be more controllable than we imagine. Artificial prairies and wildernesses have been created, and there is no reason to believe that these artificial environments need be unsatisfactory for those who experience them.

Rare environments are relative, can be created, are dependent on our knowledge, and are a function of policy, not only tradition. It seems likely that economic arguments will not be sufficient to preserve environments or to suggest how we can create new ones. Rather, conscious choice about what matters, and then a financial and social investment in an effort to create significant experiences and environments, will become a policy alternative available to us.

What's wrong with plastic trees? My guess is that there is very little wrong with them. Much more can be done with plastic trees and the like to give most people the feeling that they are experiencing nature. We will have to realize that the way in which we experience nature is conditioned by our society—which more and more is seen to be receptive to responsible interventions.

Bentham, the father of utilitarianism, was very concerned about the uses of the dead to the living and suggested:

If a country gentleman have rows of trees leading to his dwelling, the autoicons [embalmed bodies in an upright position] of his family might alternate with the trees; copal varnish would protect the face from the effects of rain—caoutchouc [rubber] the habiliments.
Involvement of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in the Activation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Elicited by Drugs
Authors: Guidotti A. , Costa E.
Published: October 2006

Immediately after the injection of reserpine (16 micromoles per kilogram, intraperitoneally), aminophylline (200 micromoles per kilogram, intraperitoneally), and carbamylcholine (8.2 micromoles per kilogram, intraperitoneally), the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in adrenal medulla of rats is increased severalfold. The three drugs also cause a delayed increase of medullary tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Our results are consistent with the view that an increase of medullary adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate concentration is involved in the drug-induced increase of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adrenal medulla. Experiments with tyramine (130 micromoles per kilogram, intraperitoneally) suggest that the increase of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate concentrations is independent of an increase in adrenal catecholamine turnover rate.
Analgesic Strength of 33 Percent Nitrous Oxide: A Signal Detection Theory Evaluation
Authors: Chapman C. Richard , Murphy Terence M. , Butler Steven H.
Published: October 2006

Radiant heat stimulation was applied to volunteers and rating scale responses were obtained to assess the analgesic properties of 33 percent nitrous oxide. The methodology of signal detection theory was applied to the data to demonstrate that nitrous oxide reduces both sensitivity to pain and willingness to report pain. This method is superior to threshold estimation for the evaluation of analgesics.
Calcium-Dependent Depression of a Late Outward Current in Snail Neurons
Authors: Eckert Roger , Lux H. D.
Published: October 2006

Neuron cell bodies of
Helix pomatia
were voltage-clamped with a 300-millisecond depolarizing test pulse (pulse II) delivered 1 second after a depolarizing conditioning pulse (pulse I). The outward current, measured 200 milliseconds after the onset of pulse II, exhibited a strong depression that was dependent on the presence of pulse I. The maximum depression of the pulse II outward current occurred when pulse I voltages lay in the range over which calcium influx is inferred to be greatest; depression of the pulse II current subsided as pulse I potentials approached the putative calcium equilibrium potential. In the presence of extracellular [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or D600, the intensity of the pulse II current became largely independent of pulse I, approaching the values of maximal depression seen in normal Ringer solution. On the other hand, lowering the intracellular pH with extracellular carbon dioxide-carbonate buffer had no measurable effect on the outward currents. Other experiments showed that it is primarily the calcium-dependent, outward-current hump of the N-shaped late current-voltage curve that is depressed by presentation of the conditioning pulse. It was concluded that distinct from an early potassium-activating role, calcium entering during a depolarization leads, during a subsequent depolarization, to a depression of the calcium-activated potassium system that persists for many seconds.
Genetic Variation in a Gradient of Environmental Variability: Marine Bivalvia (Mollusca)
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey
Published: October 2006

Six bivalve mollusk species were sampled for genetic variability at two enzyme synthesizing loci. The effective number of alleles and absolute number of alleles decreased with depth of burial within the sediment, intertidally, and with depth of water, subtidally. It is proposed that environmental variability regulates genetic variability at these two loci.
Two Morphologically Distinct Blood-Brain Barriers Preventing Entry of Cytochrome c into Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Milhorat Thomas H. , Davis Donald A. , Lloyd Bolivar J.
Published: October 2006

After intravenous injection, cytochrome c does not enter the cerebrospinal fluid. In most areas of the brain, the marker is prevented from leaving cerebral vessels by the capillary endothelium. In the choroid plexus, the marker passes freely out of capillaries into the extracellular space. However, it does not traverse tight junctions between epithelial cells and is rapidly incorporated into membrane-bound vesicles within the cell cytoplasm. Thereafter, cytochrome c is apparently removed by lysosomal degradation. These data suggest that there are at least two morphologically distinct blood-brain barriers to cytochrome c and that pinocytosis may be a mechanism for intracellular degradation rather than transcellular transport.
Comet Encke: Meteor Metallic Ion Identification by Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Goldberg R. A. , Aikin A. C.
Published: October 2006

Metal ions including 23
+
(Na
+
), 24
+
(Mg
+
), 28
+
(Si
+
), 39
+
(K
+
), 40
+
(Ca
+
), 45
+
(Sc
+
), 52
+
(Cr
+
). 56
+
(Fe
+
), and 58
+
(Ni
+
) have been detected in the upper atmosphere during the period of the Beta Taurids meteor shower. The abundances of these ions relative to Si
+
show agreement in most instances with abundances in chondrites. A notable exception is 45
+
, which, if it is Sc
+
, is 100 times more abundant than neutral scandium found in chondrites.
Stochastic Generation of Regular Distributions
Authors: Glass Leon
Published: October 2006

A new class of models is proposed to describe the dynamic processes leading to the establishment of regular spatial patterns of structures in natural systems. Simple mathematical arguments are used to compute the saturating densities of the distributions, and these results are verified by computer simulation of model systems.
Predator-Prey Interactions in Continuous Culture
Authors: van den Ende P.
Published: October 2006

The exploitation of a bacterial food supply by a protozoan predator does not necessarily lead to the extinction of either species. Even a "homogeneous" experimental system contains sufficient heterogeneity (the boundaries) for avoidance strategies to evolve, which allow the populations to persist.
Environmental Impact: Controlling the Overall Level
Authors: Westman Walter E. , Gifford Roger M.
Published: October 2006

It is suggested that, by assigning to every resource use and activity (including childbirth) that causes environmental impact a price in money-independent units (NRU's), a new system of environmental trade-offs can be established—one which maintains maximum personal choice within overall environmental constraint. The social equality of the system in relation to resource exploitation would be enhanced by distributing NRU rations equally among the population each year. Special means of controlling industrial and organizational use of resources through NRU's are also discussed. The system is believed to offer a more sensitive means of gauging social priorities in relation to resource use than that achieved by an exclusively monetary system. Although involving more planning and more governmental regulation than is currently deemed feasible or acceptable, we believe the mechanism would lead to less restriction of personal freedom in a steady-state society than would the current trend toward unsystematic imposition of governmental regulations.
Zinc: A Trace Element Essential in Vitamin A Metabolism
Authors: Smith J. Cecil , McDaniel E. G. , Fan F. F. , Halsted James A.
Published: October 2006

Zinc is necessary to maintain normal concentrations of vitamin A in plasma. By using animals deficient in both zinc and vitamin A, it was demonstrated that zinc is necessary for normal mobilization of vitamin A from the liver. These results suggest that cases of depressed vitamin A in plasma, unresponsive to vitamin A therapy, may respond to zinc supplementation.
Mutations in Immunoglobulin-Producing Moose Myeloma Cells
Authors: Baumal Reuben , Birshtein Barbara K. , Coffino Philip , Scharff Matthew D.
Published: October 2006

Three mouse myeloma cell lines were cloned in soft agar and screened by an antiserum overlay method for variants defective in secretion of the myeloma protein. Variants that had lost the capacity to synthesize heavy chains arose spontaneously at a high rate of about 10
-3
per cell per generation. Such variants lost the capacity to produce light chains at a similarly high rate. After cells were treated with the acridine half mustard ICR-191, variants occurred with an even higher incidence, and some of these synthesized heavy chains differing from that of the parent.
Instrumental Conditioning of Large-Magnitude, Daily, 12-Hour Blood Pressure Elevations in the Baboon
Authors: Harris Alan H. , Gilliam Willie J. , Findley Jack D. , Brady Joseph V.
Published: October 2006

Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously in four baboons during extended exposure to a daily 12-hour conditioning procedure providing food and shock-avoidance as contingent consequences of prespecified increases in diastolic blood pressure. Sustained and significant increases (30 to 40 mm-Hg) in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were maintained throughout the daily 12-hour conditioning sessions, accompanied by elevated heart rates.
Electrical Signs of Selective Attention in the Human Brain
Authors: Hillyard Steven A. , Hink Robert F. , Schwent Vincent L. , Picton Terence W.
Published: October 2006

Auditory evoked potentials were recorded from the vertex of subjects who listened selectively to a series of tone pips in one ear and ignored concurrent tone pips in the other ear. The negative component of the evoked potential peaking at 80 to 110 milliseconds was substantially larger for the attended tones. This negative component indexed a stimulus set mode of selective attention toward the tone pips in one ear. A late positive component peaking at 250 to 400 milliseconds reflected the response set established to recognize infrequent, higher pitched tone pips in the attended series.
Choline Acetyltransferase Activity Is Increased in Combined Cultures of Spinal Cord and Muscle Cells from Mice
Authors: Giller Earl L. , Schrier Bruce K. , Shainberg Asher , Fisk H. Ronald , Nelson Phillip G.
Published: October 2006

The activity of choline acetyltransferase was more than tenfold greater in combined cultures of spinal cord and muscle cells than in cultures of spinal cord cells alone. This increase was associated with the formation of functional neuromuscular junctions in culture. Counts of silver-stained cells and determinations of other enzyme activities indicated that the increased choline acetyltransferase activity was not due to nonspecific neuronal survival but reflected greater activity in the surviving neurons. Hence, muscle had a marked, highly specific trophic effect on the cholinergic neurons that innervated it.
Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase: Evidence for Increased Activity in Sympathetic Neurons during Psychotic States
Authors: Rosenblatt Seymour , Leighton W. P. , Chanley J. D.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated dopamine was infused into psychiatric patients during acute psychotic episodes and in remission. An index of the activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase of salivary gland sympathetic neurons was determined by measuring the distribution of tritiated metabolites in salivary fluid. Increased synthesis of norepinephrine occurred in acute schizophrenia and in the manic state of manic-depressive psychosis but not in the depressed phase.
Phosphorylation of Muscle Membranes: Identification of a Membrane-Bound Protein Kinase
Authors: Andrew Clifford G. , Roses Allen D. , Almon Richard R. , Appel Stanley H.
Published: October 2006

A membrane-bound protein kinase occurs in membranes derived from rat skeletal muscle and appears limited to a surface membrane fraction. The enzyme is magnesium dependent, is only minimally stimulated by cyclic nucleotides, and phosphorylates serine and to a lesser extent threonine residues of three membrane proteins with molecular weights of less than 30,000.
Hypertensive Action of 18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone
Authors: Oliver J. T. , Birmingham M. K. , Bartova A. , Li M. P. , Chan T. H.
Published: October 2006

18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone is an adrenal steroid hormone causing salt and water retention and is secreted in greatly increased amounts in response to the pituitary hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone. Its production is abnormally high in some forms of hypertension in man and rat. Direct proof that 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone is capable of causing hypertension is present. Daily subcutaneous injections of 200 micrograms, a low physiological dose, significantly increase the blood pressure of unilaterally nephrectomized saline-treated rats after 2 weeks. This strengthens the hypothesis that 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone contributes to the etiology of hypertension, possibly by a mechanism involving stress-induced release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Procion Brown: An Intracellular Dye for Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Christensen Burgess N.
Published: October 2006

Procion brown has been used to inject lamprey giant interneurons. The dye is opaque to both light and electrons, and imparts a pink color to the neuron in situ during iontophoresis. It has the advantage over cobaltous chloride that postinjection treatment with ammonium sulfide is eliminated and the integrity of the surrounding neuropil is ensured.
Methanol: A Versatile Fuel for Immediate Use
Authors: Reed T. B. , Lerner R. M.
Published: October 2006

We believe that methanol is the most versatile synthetic fuel available and its use could stretch or eventually substitute for, the disappearing reserves of low-cost petroleum resources. Methanol could be used now as a means for marketing economically the natural gas that is otherwise going to waste in remote locations. If methanol were used as an additive to gasoline at a rate of 5 to 15 percent, for use in internal combustion engines, there would be an immediate reduction in atmospheric pollution, there would be less need for lead in fuel, and automobile performance would be improved.

With increasing production of fuel-grade methanol from coal and other sources, we foresee the increasing use of methanol for electrical power plants, for heating, and for other fuel applications. We hope that a practical methanol fuel cell will be commercially available by the time that methanol becomes plentiful for fuel purposes.

Methanol offers a particularly attractive form of solar-energy conservation, since agricultural and forest waste products can be used as the starting material. Indeed, at 1 percent conversion efficiency the forest lands could supply the entire present energy requirements of the United States.