bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Sclerosis Fibroblasts Show Specific Alterations of Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Modulation of Interleukin 6 and Chemokine Ligand 2
Authors: ANTONELLI ALESSANDRO , FALLAHI POUPAK , FERRARI SILVIA MARTINA , GIUGGIOLI DILIA , COLACI MICHELE , Di DOMENICANTONIO ANDREA , FERRI CLODOVEO
Published: March 2012

Objective.

We evaluated the effect of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the secretion of prototype proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), compared to T-helper 1 [Th1; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10)] or Th2 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)] chemokines, in primary cultured fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) at an early stage of the disease.

Methods.

Fibroblast cultures from 5 SSc patients (disease duration < 2 yrs) and 5 healthy controls were evaluated for the production of IL-6, CXCL10, and CCL2 at the basal level and after stimulation with IFN-γ and/or TNF-α.

Results.

SSc fibroblasts basally produced higher levels of IL-6 than controls, while no difference was observed about CCL2 and CXCL10. TNF-α was able to dose-dependently induce IL-6 and CCL2 secretion in SSc, but not in control fibroblasts. By stimulation with increasing doses of IFN-γ, SSc fibroblasts were induced to secrete CCL2 and CXCL10, while no effect was observed on IL-6. The combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α induced a strong secretion of IL-6 and CCL2 in SSc fibroblasts but not in controls. In contrast, the synergistic effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α on CXCL10 secretion was similar in SSc fibroblasts and in controls.

Conclusion.

SSc fibroblasts participate in the self-perpetuation of inflammation by releasing IL-6, CXCL10, and CCL2 under the influence of IFN-γ and/or TNF-α. SSc fibroblasts are more active than controls in the secretion of IL-6 at baseline, and in the production of IL-6 and CCL2 under the combined IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation.
Relationship between soil nitrate accumulation and in-season corn N nutrition indicators
Authors: Ziadi Noura , Bélanger Gilles , Claessens Annie
Published: March 2012

Ziadi, N., Bélanger, G. and Claessens, A. 2012. Relationship between soil nitrate accumulation and in-season corn N nutrition indicators. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 331–339. Nitrogen management tools are required to optimize crop growth and yield while minimizing the likelihood of N losses to the environment. We previously determined that non-limiting N conditions for near maximum corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield are reached with the following threshold values for three in-season plant-based indicators of corn N nutrition determined at approximately the V12 stage of development: N nutrition index (NNI) = 0.88, leaf N (NL) concentration = 32.7 mg N g−1 leaf DM, and relative chlorophyll meter (RCM) values = 0.95. Our objective was to study the relationship between these plant-based indicators and soil NO3-N content in an effort to develop tools to reduce the likelihood of soil NO3-N accumulation without affecting grain yield. This study at 5 site-years in Québec consisted of six N fertilizer rates (20–250 kg N ha−1). The NNI, NL concentrations, RCM values, and soil (0–0.15 m) NO3-N content were measured weekly from July to early August, while soil NO3-N content to a 0.90-m depth was measured in late August and October. During the growing season from July to early August, the proportion of data points above the average soil NO3-N content was greater under non-limiting N conditions (NNI ≥ 0.88, NL concentrations ≥ 32.7 mg N g−1 leaf DM, or RCM values ≥ 0.95) than under limiting N conditions. Furthermore, the mean soil NO3-N content of the data points above the general average was much higher under non limiting than limiting N conditions in late August (167 vs. 78 kg NO3-N ha−1 for NNI and RCM; 166 vs. 112 kg NO3-N ha−1 for NL concentration) and October (68 vs. 49 kg NO3-N ha−1). High soil NO3-N accumulation during the season and at harvest occurs only when in-season plant-based N indicators are greater than their threshold values.
QTL mapping for stay-green in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Wang Ai-yu , Li Yan , Zhang Chun-qing
Published: March 2012

Wang, A.-y., Li, Y. and Zhang, C.-q. 2012. QTL mapping for stay-green in maize ( Zea mays ). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 249–256. Stay-green is a desirable character for crop production. In order to explore the genetic basis for stay-green traits in maize, 112 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze 189 F2individuals derived from a single cross of inbred lines A150-3-2 (a stay-green inbred line) and Mo17 (a normal inbred line). A total of 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for three stay-green related traits, green leaf area per plant at 30 d after flowering (GLA2), green leaf area per plant at the grain-ripening stage (GLA3), and left green leaf number per plant at the grain-ripening stage (LLN). Single QTL explained from 3.16 to 12.50% of the phenotypic variance. Among them, three were major QTLs. In addition, we analyzed the other two traits, green leaf area per plant in the whole growing period (GLA1) and total leaf number per plant in the whole growing period (TLN), and detected eight QTLs for them. Our results will be helpful to the maize breeders for marker-assisted selection.
Short communication: Tolerance of Vineland apple rootstocks to waterlogging and Phytophthora infestation
Authors: Hampson Cheryl R. , Randall Paul , Sholberg Peter
Published: March 2012

Hampson, C. R., Randall, P. and Sholberg, P. 2012. Short communication:Tolerance of Vineland apple rootstocks to waterlogging and Phytophthora infestation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 267–269. The Vineland (V) apple (Malus) rootstock series has displayed a range of dwarfing potential and fire blight resistance in research test plots. Knowledge of their resistance to crown and root rot, incited by Phytophthora spp., is desirable before recommending them for on-farm testing, but information on this subject is lacking. Therefore, we tested the response of V.1, V.2, V.3 and V.4 clonal rootstocks to Phytophthora (P. cactorum and P. cryptogea) and waterlogging (0, 24 or 48 h per week for 4 mo) in a factorial greenhouse experiment on potted plants, using M.9 (moderately resistant to Phytophthora) and MM.106 (susceptible) as standards for comparison. Root fresh weight was reduced equally by both pathogens relative to uninoculated controls; rootstocks differed in their response to flooding but not to pathogen treatment. Shoot fresh weight was depressed by flooding in a rootstock- and pathogen-dependent manner. In general, all four V rootstocks had better root and shoot growth than MM.106 in the flooding treatments, and all grew as well as, or better than M.9.
Sunray spring triticale
Authors: Beres B. L. , Skovmand B. , Randhawa H. S. , Eudes F. , Graf R. J. , McLeod J. G.
Published: March 2012

Beres, B. L., Skovmand, B., Randhawa, H. S., Eudes, F., Graf, R. J. and McLeod, J. G. 2012. Sunray spring triticale. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 363–367. Sunray, a spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar, is adapted to the Canadian prairies and represents an improvement in ergot resistance for Canadian triticale. Sunray is resistant to the prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt and common root rot and is moderately resistant to grain sprouting. Sunray is short-statured with excellent lodging resistance and grain yield; grain volume test weight and seed mass were similar to the check cultivars. Sunray matures 2 d earlier than Pronghorn and AC Certa, and similar to AC Ultima. Sunray is eligible for the grades of Canada Triticale.
Point mutation in acetolactate synthase confers sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide resistance in spiny annual sow-thistle [Sonchus asper(L.) Hill]
Authors: Park Kee Woong , Kolkman Judith M. , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: March 2012

Park, K. W., Kolkman, J. M. and Mallory-Smith, C. A. 2012. Point mutation in acetolactate synthase confers sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide resistance in spiny annual sow-thistle [Sonchus asper (L.) Hill]. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 303–309. Suspected thifensulfuron resistant spiny annual sow-thistle was identified near Colfax, Washington, in two fields with a winter wheat and lentil rotation. Therefore, studies were conducted to examine resistance of spiny annual sow-thistle to thifensulfuron and cross-resistance to other acetolactate synthase inhibitors and to determine the physiological and molecular basis for herbicide resistance. Whole-plant bioassay confirmed that the biotype was highly resistant to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, thifensulfuron, metsulfuron, and prosulfuron. The resistant (R) biotype was also highly resistant to the imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides, imazamox and imazethapyr. An in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay indicated that the concentrations of SU and IMI herbicides required for 50% inhibition (I50) were more than 10 times greater for R biotype compared with susceptible (S) biotype. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences for ALS genes demonstrated a single-point mutation from C to T at the als1 gene, conferring the substitution of the amino acid leucine for proline in the R biotype at position197. The results of this research indicate that the resistance of spiny annual sow-thistle to SU and IMI herbicides is due to on altered target site and caused by a point mutation in the als1 gene.
Inherent responses to root-zone salinity in nine alfalfa populations
Authors: Steppuhn H. , Acharya S. N. , Iwaasa A. D. , Gruber M. , Miller D. R.
Published: March 2012

Steppuhn, H., Acharya, S. N., Iwaasa, A. D., Gruber, M. and Miller, D. R. 2012. Inherent responses to root-zone salinity in nine alfalfa populations. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 235–248. Alfalfa productivity can be enhanced by growing crops from cultivars tolerant of root-zone salinity. Rangelander, Keho, Bridgeview, Halo, CW054038, CW064027, Rugged, Bullseye and TS4002 alfalfa plants (respectively designated Ra, Ke, Br, Ha, C8, C7, Ru, Bu and T4) were grown in sand tanks irrigated with nutrient-sulphate solutions averaging 1.53 (nutrients only), 8.03 and 15.61 dS m−1in electrical conductivity. Except for Br and C7, seedlings emerged equally under the 1.5 and 8.0 dS m−1treatments, but decreased in the 15.6 dS m−1treatment by percentages ranging from 3.1 through 29.5. Average shoot biomass among the populations respectively decreased by 49.6, 43.6 and 37.6% in the 1st, 1st+2nd, and 1st+2nd+3rd harvest-cuts as salinity increased from 1.5 to 8.0 dS m−1and by 80.1, 73.2 and 67.1% from 1.5 to 15.6 dS m−1. At 1.5 dS m−1, the C7 plants consistently produced more shoot biomass than the T4, Bu, Ha, Ru, Ra, or Ke plants. At 8 dS m−1, the relative yields of the Ha plants (scaled by their 1.5 dS m−1production) exceeded those from the other populations, although the Ha plants produced no greater actual shoot biomass than the C7 or the C8 plants.
Cloud condensation nuclei activity of fresh primary and aged biomass burning aerosol
Authors: Engelhart G. J. , Hennigan C. J. , Miracolo M. A. , Robinson A. L. , Pandis S. N.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We quantify the hygroscopic properties of particles freshly emitted from biomass burning and after several hours of photochemical aging in a smog chamber. Values of the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, were calculated from cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements of emissions from combustion of 12 biomass fuels commonly burned in North American wildfires. Prior to photochemical aging, the κ of the fresh primary aerosol varied widely, between 0.06 (weakly hygroscopic) and 0.6 (highly hygroscopic). The hygroscopicity of the primary aerosol was positively correlated with the inorganic mass fraction of the particles. There was also a relationship between the hygroscopicity of the primary aerosol and the extent of oxygenation of the primary organic aerosol (POA), suggesting an influence of the POA composition on the primary aerosol hygroscopicity as well. Photochemical processing reduced the range of κ values to between 0.08 and 0.3. The changes in κ were driven by the photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). SOA also contributed to growth of particles formed during nucleation events. Analysis of the nucleation mode particles enabled the first direct quantification of the hygroscopicity parameter κ for biomass burning SOA, which was on average 0.11, similar to values observed for biogenic SOA. Although initial CCN activity of biomass burning aerosol emissions are highly variable, after a few hours of photochemical processing κ converges to a value of 0.2 ± 0.1. Therefore, photochemical aging reduces the variability of biomass burning CCN, which should simplify analysis of the potential effects of biomass burning aerosol on climate.
Relation between current sheets and vortex sheets in stationary incompressible MHD
Authors: Nickeler D. H. , Wiegelmann T.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Magnetohydrodynamic configurations with strong localized current concentrations and vortices play an important role in the dissipation of energy in space and astrophysical plasma. Within this work we investigate the relation between current sheets and vortex sheets in incompressible, stationary equilibria. For this approach it is helpful that the similar mathematical structure of magnetohydrostatics and stationary incompressible hydrodynamics allows us to transform static equilibria into stationary ones. The main control function for such a transformation is the profile of the Alfvén-Mach number MA, which is always constant along magnetic field lines, but can change from one field line to another. In the case of a global constant MA, vortices and electric current concentrations are parallel. More interesting is the nonlinear case, where MA varies perpendicular to the field lines. This is a typical situation at boundary layers like the magnetopause, heliopause, the solar wind flowing around helmet streamers and at the boundary of solar coronal holes. The corresponding current and vortex sheets show in some cases also an alignment, but not in every case. For special density distributions in 2-D, it is possible to have current but no vortex sheets. In 2-D, vortex sheets of field aligned-flows can also exist without strong current sheets, taking the limit of small Alfvén Mach numbers into account. The current sheet can vanish if the Alfvén Mach number is (almost) constant and the density gradient is large across some boundary layer. It should be emphasized that the used theory is not only valid for small Alfvén Mach numbers MA
A global analysis of soil moisture derived from satellite observations and a land surface model
Authors: Rebel K. T. , de Jeu R. A. M. , Ciais P. , Viovy N. , Piao S. L. , Kiely G. , Dolman A. J.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Soil moisture availability is important in regulating photosynthesis and controlling land surface-climate feedbacks at both the local and global scale. Recently, global remote-sensing datasets for soil moisture have become available. In this paper we assess the possibility of using remotely sensed soil moisture – AMSR-E (LPRM) – to similate soil moisture dynamics of the process-based vegetation model ORCHIDEE by evaluating the correspondence between these two products using both correlation and autocorrelation analyses. We find that the soil moisture product of AMSR-E (LPRM) and the simulated soil moisture in ORCHIDEE correlate well in space and time, in particular when considering the root zone soil moisture of ORCHIDEE. However, the root zone soil moisture in ORCHIDEE has on average a higher temporal autocorrelation relative to AMSR-E (LPRM) and in situ measurements. This may be due to the different vertical depth of the two products – AMSR-E (LPRM) at the 2–5 cm surface depth and ORCHIDEE at the root zone (max. 2 m) depth – to uncertainty in precipitation forcing in ORCHIDEE, and to the fact that the structure of ORCHIDEE consists of a single-layer deep soil, which does not allow simulation of the proper cascade of time scales that characterize soil drying after each rain event. We conclude that assimilating soil moisture, using AMSR-E (LPRM) in a land surface model like ORCHIDEE with an improved hydrological model of more than one soil layer, may significantly improve the soil moisture dynamics, which could lead to improved CO2 and energy flux predictions.
Optimal solution error covariance in highly nonlinear problems of variational data assimilation
Authors: Shutyaev V. , Gejadze I. , Copeland G. J. M. , Le Dimet F.-X.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The problem of variational data assimilation (DA) for a nonlinear evolution model is formulated as an optimal control problem to find the initial condition, boundary conditions and/or model parameters. The input data contain observation and background errors, hence there is an error in the optimal solution. For mildly nonlinear dynamics, the covariance matrix of the optimal solution error can be approximated by the inverse Hessian of the cost function. For problems with strongly nonlinear dynamics, a new statistical method based on the computation of a sample of inverse Hessians is suggested. This method relies on the efficient computation of the inverse Hessian by means of iterative methods (Lanczos and quasi-Newton BFGS) with preconditioning. Numerical examples are presented for the model governed by the Burgers equation with a nonlinear viscous term.
Particle trajectories beneath wave-current interaction in a two-dimensional field
Authors: Chen Y.-Y. , Hsu H.-C. , Hwung H.-H.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Within the Lagrangian reference framework we present a third-order trajectory solution for water particles in a two-dimensional wave-current interaction flow. The explicit parametric solution highlights the trajectory of a water particle and the wave kinematics above the mean water level and within a vertical water column, which were calculated previously by an approximation method using an Eulerian approach. Mass transport associated with a particle displacement can now be obtained directly in Lagrangian form without using the transformation from Eulerian to Lagrangian coordinates. In particular, the Lagrangian wave frequency and the Lagrangian mean level of particle motion can also be obtained, which are different from those in an Eulerian description. A series of laboratory experiments are performed to measure the trajectories of particles. By comparing the present asymptotic solution with laboratory experiments data, it is found that theoretical results show excellent agreement with experimental data. Moreover, the influence of a following current is found to increase the relative horizontal distance traveled by a water particle, while the converse is true in the case of an opposing current.
N,7,7‐Tricyanoquinomethanimine (TCQMI) Based Organic Magnetic Materials
Authors: Arthur Jordan L. , Lapidus Saul H. , Moore Curtis E. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Stephens Peter W. , Miller Joel S.
Published: March 2012

The synthesis and characterization of a new family of magnetic materials based on the electron accepting cyanocarbon N,7,7‐tricyanoquinomethanimine, TCQMI, its radical anion [TCQMI], and its σ‐dimer, σ‐[TCQMI]22−, are reported. [FeIIICp*2][TCQMI] (where Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienide) forms parallel chains of alternating [TCQMI]•− and [FeCp*2]•+ and magnetically orders at 3.4 K as a weak ferromagnet. M[TCQMI]2•zCH2Cl2 (M = V, Fe) are amorphous solids with [TCQMI]•− coordinated to metal centers through the nitrile groups. The Fe compound magnetically orders as a weak ferromagnet at ≈4 K, whereas the V compound shows no evidence of magnetic ordering. {[MnIIITPP]+}2[TCQMI]22− (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) results from the reaction of TCQMI with MnIITPP(py) due to the formation of the [TCQMI]22− σ‐dimer in situ, and is a weak ferromagnet below 3.7 K. The lack of magnetic ordering in V[TCQMI]2•zCH2Cl2 is not currently understood, and is in strong contrast to V[TCNE]2•zCH2Cl2, which magnetically orders above room temperature.
Nanoscale Observation of Time‐Dependent Domain Wall Pinning as the Origin of Polarization Fatigue
Authors: Yang Sang Mo , Kim Tae Heon , Yoon Jong‐Gul , Noh Tae Won
Published: March 2012

The microscopic mechanism of polarization fatigue (i.e., a loss of switchable polarization under electrical cycling) remains one of the most important long‐standing problems in ferroelectric communities. Although there are numerous proposed fatigue models, a consensus between the models and experimental results is not reached yet. By using modified‐piezoresponse force microscopy, nanoscale domain switching dynamics are visualized for different fatigue stages in epitaxial PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3 capacitors. Systematic time‐dependent studies of the domain nucleation and evolution reveal that domain wall pinning, rather than nucleation inhibition, is the primary origin of fatigue. In particular, the evolution of domain wall pinning process during electrical cycling, from the suppression of sideways domain growth in early fatigued stages to the blockage of forward domain growth in later stages, is directly observed. The pinning of forward growth results in a nucleation‐limited polarization switching and a significant slowdown of the switching time in the severely fatigued samples. The direct nanoscale observation of domain nucleation and growth dynamics elucidates the importance of evolution of the domain wall pinning process in the fatigue of ferroelectric materials.
Carbohydrate Structure Dependent Hemocompatibility of Biomimetic Functional Polymer Brushes on Surfaces
Authors: Yu Kai , Lai Benjamin F. L. , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N.
Published: March 2012

Glycocalyx mimicking glycopolymer brushes presenting mannose, galactose and glucose residues in the pyranose form, similar to those present on cell surfaces, were synthesized on planar substrates (Si wafer, gold chip) and monodispersed polystyrene (PS) particles, and the interaction of blood to these surfaces were studied using various methods with the goal of producing a hemocompatible surface. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and gel analyses showed that the total protein adsorption from plasma was greatly reduced, as low as 24.3 ng/cm2 from undiluted plasma on the glucose carrying brush. The protein adsorption decreased with increasing grafting density of the brushes. It was also found that the protein adsorption varied with the anticoagulant used for blood collection; much higher amount of protein was adsorbed from heparinzied plasma than citrated plasma. Proteomics protein identification analysis revealed that protein adsorption from plasma depended on the type of sugar residue present on the surface as well as the type of anticoagulant. All the three types of glycopolymer brushes showed similar level of platelet activation as that of buffer control irrespective of the nature of carbohydrate residue. However, the number of adhered platelet and their morphology depended on the type of carbohydrate residue present on the brush. On glucose brush, the extent of platelet adhesion and spreading was significantly lowered compared to other brushes. All the glycopolymer brushes were neutral to blood coagulation as indicated by thromboelastography analysis. The glucose brush gave a slightly longer initial coagulation time suggesting that this surface may be more biocompatible. Our data demonstrate that the structure of carbohydrate residue is an important factor in the design of synthetic blood contacting surface based on glycopolymer.
Highly Potent Bactericidal Activity of Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhuang Wenjuan , Yuan Daqiang , Li Jian‐Rong , Luo Zhiping , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Bashir Sajid , Liu Jingbo
Published: March 2012

Recent outbreaks of bacterial infection leading to human fatalities have been a motivational force for us to develop antibacterial agents with high potency and long‐term stability. A novel cobalt (Co) based metal‐organic framework (MOF) was tested and shown to be highly effective at inactivating model microorganisms. Gram‐negative bacteria,Escherichia coli(strains DH5alpha and XL1‐Blue) were selected to determine the antibacterial activities of the Co MOF. In this MOF, the Co serves as a central element and an octa‐topic carboxylate ligand, tetrakis [(3,5‐dicarboxyphenyl)‐oxamethyl] methane (TDM8−) serves as a bridging linker. X‐ray crystallographic studies indicate that Co‐TDM crystallizes in tetragonal space groupP$\overline 4$21mwith a porous 3D framework.

The potency of the Co‐TDM disinfectant was evaluated using a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) benchmark and was determined to be 10–15 ppm within a short incubation time period (<60 min). Compared with previous work using silver nanoparticles and silver‐modified TiO2nano‐ composites over the same time period, the MBC and effectiveness of Co‐TDM are superior. Electron microscopy images indicate that the Co‐TDM displayed distinctive grain boundaries and well‐developed reticulates. The Co active sites rapidly catalyzed the lipid peroxidation, causing rupture of the bacterial membrane followed by inactivation, with 100% recycling and high persistence (>4 weeks). This MOF‐based approach may lead to a new paradigm for MOF applications in diverse biological fields due to their inherent porous structure, tunable surface functional groups, and adjustable metal coordination environments.
Risk factors for nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly: A Manitoba case–control study
Authors: Vaz Simone S. , Chodirker Bernard , Prasad Chitra , Seabrook Jamie A. , Chudley Albert E. , Prasad Asuri N.
Published: March 2012

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is one of the most common developmental field defects, occurring in 1 in 250 conceptuses and in 1 in 10,000–20,000 live births. Nearly half of patients with HPE have a recognized syndrome or a single gene defect. However, little is known about the risk factors for the remainder with “nonsyndromic” HPE. In our case–control study, we examine factors associated with nonsyndromic HPE. We identified 47 patients with HPE from the genetics clinic database with an equal number of controls matched for gender and birthdate. Of the 47 patients, 23 were identified as nonsyndromic. No statistically significant differences were noted between the mean maternal and paternal ages of patients and controls. Factors associated with nonsyndromic HPE were: having an Aboriginal mother (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–11.1), an Aboriginal father (OR 12.8, 95% CI 3.0–55.1), at least one Aboriginal parent (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.6–16.0), or two Aboriginal parents (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.0–37.8), the presence of a family history of a midline facial defect (OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.5–45.2), and being of low socioeconomic status (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–9.1). Having an Aboriginal background remained statistically significant after adjusting for low socioeconomic status. Other associations evaluated—history of prior spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, prepregnancy diabetes, infections during pregnancy, alcohol exposure, smoking, and substance abuse—were not significantly associated with nonsyndromic HPE. The use of periconceptional folic acid or vitamins was not associated with a lower risk of nonsyndromic HPE. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glucose metabolism and pancreatic defects in spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Bowerman Melissa , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Michalski John‐Paul , Wang Gen‐Sheng , Reeks Courtney , Beauvais Ariane , Murphy Kelley , Woulfe John , Screaton Robert A. , Scott Fraser W. , Kothary Rashmi
Published: March 2012

Objective:

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the number 1 genetic killer of young children. It is caused by mutation or deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Although SMA is primarily a motor neuron disease, metabolism abnormalities such as metabolic acidosis, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia have been reported in SMA patients. We thus initiated an in‐depth analysis of glucose metabolism in SMA.

Methods:

Glucose metabolism and pancreas development were investigated in the Smn2B/− intermediate SMA mouse model and type I SMA patients.

Results:

Here, we demonstrate in an SMA mouse model a dramatic cell fate imbalance within pancreatic islets, with a predominance of glucagon‐producing α cells at the expense of insulin‐producing β cells. These SMA mice display fasting hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and glucose resistance. We demonstrate similar abnormalities in pancreatic islets from deceased children with the severe infantile form of SMA in association with supportive evidence of glucose intolerance in at least a subset of such children.

Interpretation:

Our results indicate that defects in glucose metabolism may play an important contributory role in SMA pathogenesis. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:256–268.
Victim of the misinformation age
Authors: Bransby David
Published: March 2012

Misinformation could be one of the biggest challenges facing the biofuel industry
Emission analysis of RE3+ (RE = Sm, Dy):B2O3‐TeO2‐Li2O‐AlF3 glasses
Authors: Raju C Nageswara , Sailaja S , Kumari S Pavan , Dhoble SJ , Kumar V Ramesh , Ramanaiah MV , Reddy B Sudhakar
Published: March 2012

This article reports on the optical properties of 0.5% mol of Sm3+, Dy3+ ion‐doped B2O3‐TeO2‐Li2O‐AlF3 (LiAlFBT) glasses. The glass samples were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. Judd‐Ofelt theory was applied to analyze the optical absorption spectra and calculate the intensity parameters and radiative properties of the emission transitions. The emission spectra of Sm3+ and Dy3+:LiAlFBT glasses showed a bright reddish‐orange emission at 598 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2) and an intense yellow emission at 574 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2), respectively. Full width at half maximum (FWHM), stimulated emission cross section, gain bandwidth and optical gain values were also calculated to extend the applications of the Sm3+ and Dy3+:LiAlFBT glasses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of anthocyanin‐rich tea “Sunrouge” on dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis in mice
Authors: Akiyama Satoko , Nesumi Atsushi , Maeda‐Yamamoto Mari , Uehara Mariko , Murakami Akira
Published: March 2012

Sunrouge, an anthocyanin‐rich tea, has similar levels of catechins as “Yabukita,” the most popular green tea cultivar consumed in Japan. Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) have attracted interest due to their potent antioxidative activities combined with a lack of side effects in humans at normal consumption levels. However, we previously reported that high doses (0.5 and 1%) of dietary GTPs can result in deterioration of colitis and failed to prevent colon carcinogenesis in inflamed colons. In the present study, we determined the inhibitory effects of Sunrouge on colitis in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐treated and untreated control mice. Five‐week‐old female ICR mice were administered a single dose of Yabukita or Sunrouge (extracts in 1 mL distilled water) via a stomach tube for 3 weeks. After 1 week of treatment, the mice were divided into four groups (two Yabukita and two Sunrouge groups) and given drinking water with or without 3% DSS for 2 weeks, then they were euthanized. Those treated with DSS developed watery diarrhea and bloody stools, and showed body weight loss, spleen hypertrophy, and shortening of the colon, as well as deteriorations in survival rate, liver function, colon mucosal interleukin‐1β level and expression of phase II detoxification enzyme mRNA. Sunrouge improved these DSS‐induced symptoms, at least in part, whereas Yabukita showed either no effect or adverse effects in regard to some those parameters. It is suggested that the differences between Yabukita and Sunrouge on DSS‐induced colitis might be due to the high levels of anthocyanins found in Sunrouge tea. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
A turning point for Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: de la Torre Jack C.
Published: March 2012

Despite an archive of over 73,000 research papers published in the last two decades on the subject of Alzheimer's disease (AD), little clinical progress has been made relative to how people get sporadic AD and what can be done to help them avoid it. This review spotlights strategic steps that could be a turning point in the dramatic lowering of Alzheimer prevalence. The main strategy includes application of four pillars of prevention: 1) early identification of AD vascular risk factors; 2) early detection of AD vascular risk factors; 3) early intervention of AD vascular risk factors based on evidence‐based medical decisions; 4) patient follow‐up to assess and modify interventions as needed. Tandem to these four pillars of prevention, a proactive lifestyle consisting of a healthy diet coupled to physical and mental activity should be applied as part of any therapeutic intervention. We are persuaded by mounting and compelling evidence that AD is a multifactorial disorder kindled by vascular risk factors that generate chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH) during advanced aging. A pathobiological cascade of biochemical events in the presence of CBH that leads to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration appears to involve multiple biofactors including micronutrients, trace metals, lipids, and pro‐oxidants, as reviewed in this special issue of BioFactors. Modulation of these biofactors may help prevent or control incipient AD. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE‐C4D): an update
Authors: Elbashir Abdalla A. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: March 2012

Capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively contactless conductivity detector (CE‐C4D) is becoming a significant useful technique for the analysis of analytes in various fields such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, food and environmental. This review is an update describing the recent developments in the application of CE with a C4D detector. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for moexipril, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor in human plasma
Authors: Karra Vijaya Kumari , Mullangi Ramesh , Pilli Nageswara Rao , Inamadugu Jaswanth Kumar , Ravi Vasu Babu , Seshagiri Rao J. V. L. N.
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, moexipril, in human plasma. Benazepril was used as an internal standard (IS). Analyte and IS were extracted from the human plasma by liquid–liquid extraction technique using ethyl acetate. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on a C18 column by using a mixture of methanol and 0.1% formic acid buffer (85:15, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The calibration curve obtained was linear (r ≥ 0.99) over the concentration range of 0.2–204 ng/mL. The multiple reaction‐monitoring mode was used for quantification of ion transitions at m/z 499.4/234.2 and 425.2/351.1 for moexipril and IS, respectively. The results of the intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy studies were well within the acceptable limits. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 plasma samples per day. The proposed method was found to be applicable to clinical studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Developments in Enediyne Chemistry
Authors: Joshi Mukesh C. , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: March 2012

The enediynes are known for highly potent anticancer, antimicrobial, as well as cytotoxic activities. The discovery of enediynes from natural sources was achieved in late 1980s. They are presently of high interest, because they exert their biological action due to their ability to form a diradical, which abstracts H‐atoms from the DNA backbone, thus causing cell death. Nowadays, the major works are dedicated to the syntheses of enediynes. This review covers recent developments in enediyne chemistry of the last few decades. It is subdivided in six chapters dealing with the discussion of the chemistry and biological significances of enediynes, and the factors responsible for a better activation of enediynes and potent biological evaluations.
New Verticillane Diterpenoids from Cespitularia taeniata
Authors: Chang Jiun‐Yang , Fazary Ahmed Eid , Lin Yu‐Chi , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Shen Ya‐Ching
Published: March 2012

Chemical investigation of Cespitularia taeniata has led to the isolation of three new verticillanes, cespitulins E–G (1–3, resp.). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, especially HR‐MS and 2D‐NMR techniques. Compound 1 possesses a rare norverticillane skeleton with two adjacent OH groups at C(5) and C(6), while the seco‐compound 2 with an aldehyde group at C(9) results from an unusual bond cleavage between C(9) and C(10). Pharmacological studies revealed that compound 3 exhibited significant activities on superoxide‐anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to FMLP/CB. A plausible biogenetic pathway for compound 2 is also discussed.
The Production of Multiple Small Peptaibol Families by Single 14‐Module Peptide Synthetases in Trichoderma/Hypocrea
Authors: Degenkolb Thomas , Karimi Aghcheh Razieh , Dieckmann Ralf , Neuhof Torsten , Baker Scott E. , Druzhinina Irina S. , Kubicek Christian P. , Brückner Hans , von Döhren Hans
Published: March 2012

The most common sequences of peptaibiotics are 11‐residue peptaibols found widely distributed in the genus Trichoderma/Hypocrea. Frequently associated are 14‐residue peptaibols sharing partial sequence identity. Genome sequencing projects of three Trichoderma strains of the major clades reveal the presence of up to three types of nonribosomal peptide synthetases with 7, 14, or 18–20 amino acid‐adding modules. Here, we provide evidence that the 14‐module NRPS type found in T. virens, T. reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina), and T. atroviride produces both 11‐ and 14‐residue peptaibols based on the disruption of the respective NRPS gene of T. reesei, and bioinformatic analysis of their amino acid‐activating domains and modules. The sequences of these peptides may be predicted from the gene sequences and have been confirmed by analysis of families of 11‐ and 14‐residue peptaibols from the strain 618, termed hypojecorins A (23 sequences determined, 4 new) and B (3 sequences determined, 2 new), and the recently established trichovirins A from T. virens. The distribution of 11‐ and 14‐residue products is strain‐specific and depends on growth conditions as well. Possible mechanisms of module skipping are discussed.
Synthesis and in vitro Inhibition Properties of siRNA Conjugates Carrying Acridine and Quindoline Moieties
Authors: Aviñó Anna , Ocampo Sandra M. , Perales José C. , Eritja Ramon
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of RNA molecules carrying acridine or quindoline residues at their 3′‐ and 5′‐termini is reported. These conjugates are fully characterized by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Modified siRNA duplexes carrying acridine or quindoline moieties were evaluated for inhibition of the tumor necrosis factor. The conjugates showed inhibitory properties similar to those of unmodified RNA duplexes in HeLa cells transfected with oligofectamine. The fluorescent properties of acridine derivatives allow direct observation of the cytoplasmatic distribution of modified siRNA inside the cells.
Transcatheter embolization of anomalous systemic arterial supply with amplatzer vascular plugs II in scimitar syndrome
Authors: Noble Stéphane , Miró Joaquim , Ibrahim Réda
Published: March 2012

A 57‐year‐old woman suffering from recurrent pneumonia and considered to be high risk for surgical correction of an atrial septal defect (ASD) associated with a right lung sequestration vascularized by arteries coming from the abdominal aorta and an abnormal venous drainage into the inferior vena cava (Scimitar syndrome). Therefore stepwise transcatheter approach was offered as an alternative treatment. We performed ASD closure and embolization of the anomalous systemic arterial supply using Amplatzer Vascular Plugs II. The abnormal venous drainage was conservatively treated (Qp/Qs: 1.1/1 after ASD closure and anomalous arterial supply embolization). At 24‐month follow‐up, no recurrent pneumonia was reported, functional class improved and right cardiac cavities normalized. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of an atrial septal defect in an infant with shone's syndrome
Authors: Petit Christopher J. , Justino Henri , Fraser Charles D.
Published: March 2012

Rarely is closure of the atrial septal defect indicated in infants. Yet, an atrial septal defect in the presence of congenital mitral stenosis may cause significant congestive heart failure in infancy. We present the case of an infant with Shone's syndrome, left ventricular hypoplasia, and a large ostium secundum atrial septal defect who developed pulmonary overcirculation following repair of coarctation of the aorta. The infant underwent cardiac catheterization, hemodynamic assessment, and successful percutaneous closure of the atrial septal defect. The patient improved dramatically following the intervention. Follow‐up echocardiograms have demonstrated growth of mitral valve annulus diameter and left ventricular dimensions. Atrial septal defect closure in this small infant was associated with immediate improved clinical status, and improved growth of the left heart structures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Procedural and clinical outcomes of the valve‐in‐valve technique for severe aortic insufficiency after balloon‐expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Giri Jay , Bortnick Anna E. , Wallen Tyler , Walsh Elizabeth , Bannan Amr , Desai Nimesh , Szeto Wilson Y. , Bavaria Joseph , Herrmann Howard C.
Published: March 2012

Objective: To describe the clinical and procedural outcomes of patients treated with the valve‐in‐valve technique for severe aortic insufficiency (AI) after balloon‐expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Background: Severe AI immediately after valve implantation is a notable complication of TAVR. It can be treated with a valve‐in‐valve technique which involves deploying a second valve within the first one to crush the leaflets of the first implant leaving a new functional valve. Methods: We analyzed data on 142 consecutive patients at our institution undergoing TAVR with the Sapien valve between November of 2007 and April of 2011. Etiologies of acute AI, procedural and intermediate term clinical outcomes were reported for those in whom a valve‐in‐valve procedure was necessary. Post‐hoc analysis of these cases with C‐THV imaging (Paieon Medical Ltd.) was performed to elucidate the mechanism for successful AI treatment. Results: A total of 5 of 142 (3.5%) patients were treated with the valve‐in‐valve technique. Etiologies of the aortic valve insufficiency included bioprosthesis malposition (n = 3), valve dysfunction (n = 1), and valve undersizing (n = 1). With placement of the second valve, the first valve dimensions increased to approach the nominal valve size while the second valve size remained less than nominal. Conclusions: The valve‐in‐valve technique is an appropriate bailout measure for patients with acute valvular AI after balloon‐expandable TAVR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Upper cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis by transcatheter technique
Authors: Schmitt Boris , Sabi Titus Mbah , Sigler Matthias , Berger Felix , Ewert Peter
Published: March 2012

Objectives: The aim of this animal study was to establish a shunt connection between superior vena cava (SVC) and right pulmonary artery (RPA) by transvascular intervention solely. Background: After initial shunt creation, the establishment of the upper cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis (UCPA) is the second out of three open chest operations young infants with univentricular anatomy are subjected to. To avoid the risks of reoperation with cardiovascular bypass, we sought to replace this surgical step by an interventional technique. Methods: After cannulation of jugular and femoral veins in four piglets (mean body weight of 12.5 kg) an UCPA was created by radiofrequency perforation from the SVC across the right atrium into the RPA and subsequent implantation of covered stents. The perforation was guided by biplane fluoroscopy and the perforation wire premounted with a coaxial catheter was advanced into the distal pulmonary artery and exchanged for a stiffer wire. A long sheath was brought into the RPA and an 80 mm long expanded poly‐tetra‐fluoro‐ethylene (ePTFE)‐covered Cheatham Platinum stent was then implanted connecting the SVC with the RPA. Results: Immediate angiography showed antegrade flow from SVC to RPA. Angiographic re‐evaluation after a median period of 4 weeks showed partial in‐stent stenosis but patent lumina. Additionally, veno‐venous collaterals from the SVC to the right atrium had developed. Histology of the explanted stents revealed parietal thrombi and mild to moderate pseudo intima proliferation inside the lumina. Conclusions: The transvascular creation of an upper unidirectional cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis in piglets is technically feasible using standard catheterization equipment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical outcomes with contemporary endovascular therapy of iliac artery occlusive disease
Authors: Dattilo Philip B. , Tsai Thomas T. , Garcia Joel A. , Allshouse Amanda , Casserly Ivan P.
Published: March 2012

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a consecutive series of patients treated for iliac artery occlusive disease (IAOD) using contemporary endovascular technology and techniques.

Background

As an increasingly complex spectrum of IAOD is treated using endovascular revascularization, there is a need to examine the rates of acute procedural success, complications, and patency to validate the role of an endovascular‐first approach to revascularization in contemporary practice.

Methods

All patients with IAOD who were treated using endovascular therapy between September 2005 and September 2010 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Baseline patient characteristics, anatomic details, procedural data, and clinical outcomes were assessed retrospectively. Patency and mortality rates were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total 59 patients underwent 62 procedures. Trans‐Atlantic Inter‐Society Consensus (TASC) II types B, C, and D disease accounted for 59%, 7%, and 37% of patients, respectively. The procedure was technically successful in 60 of 62 cases (97%) with no procedure‐related mortality. Major complications occurred in five procedures (8%). The mean (±standard deviation) duration of follow‐up was 2.3 ± 1.4 years. In patients with a successful revascularization, primary and secondary patency rates were 86% and 94% at 1 year, and 77% and 91% at 2 years, respectively. The TASC II classification of disease did not predict the rate of acute technical success or medium‐term patency rates.

Conclusions

The acute and medium‐term clinical outcomes of this series of patients with anatomically complex IAOD support the current paradigm of an endovascular‐first approach to revascularization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.