bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaftesbury’s Science of Happiness
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury. It recovers the interpretative importance of Shaftesbury’s profound classicism—in particular, his admiration for the ancient Stoic moral philosophers—for an understanding of his philosophical objectives, and it challenges the general tendency of recent scholarship to marginalize or ignore the substantive content of that philosophy. It argues that Shaftesbury’s classicism finds its most important context, and his vindication of Stoicism and contempt for the moral teachings of Christianity its contemporary significance, in Locke’s distinctive treatment of classical moral philosophy. Precisely because scholars have paid scant attention to the latter, they have failed to comprehend the novelty and importance of the former. Shaftesbury’s admiration for Stoicism also informed his highly distinctive narrative of the history of philosophy, which emphasized how Christianity had misappropriated ancient moral philosophy for its own (worldly) purposes.
From Moral Theology to Moral Philosophy
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

Hume gave more attention, and wrote more extensively, on the relationship between moral theology and moral philosophy than on any other issue. In doing so, he made clear the importance of Cicero—when interpreted as an academic sceptic—to the explanations he formulated. Hume quite explicitly identified his own variant of sceptical philosophy with Cicero’s, and argued that it alone was consistent with the empirical methodology upon which the ‘science of man’ had to be constructed. In contrast to Locke—with whose moral theory he engaged more closely than scholars have recognized—Hume argued that Cicero justified a complete conceptual separation between the realms of morality and religion. This informed Hume’s narrative of the history of philosophy, which identified the pathological human tendency to demand certainty and to avoid doubt as the greatest cause of error and disruptive of the ties which held people together in civil societies.
Introduction
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces the key themes and questions to be explored in the work. In particular, it discusses the tendency of much recent scholarship on early-modern philosophy to emphasize the importance of two late Hellenistic philosophical traditions: the Stoic and the Epicurean. It indicates that three important British writers—John Locke, Conyers Middleton, and David Hume—deliberately and explicitly aligned their approaches with Cicero, as the representative of an alternative philosophical tradition: academic scepticism. This, they argued, offered the conceptual resources more satisfactorily to address a question that contemporaries recognized to be particularly pressing: the relationship between moral theology and moral philosophy. It further yielded highly distinctive narratives of the historical relationship between classical moral philosophy and the Christian moral theology which had appropriated and displaced it. These narratives were in turn challenged by Shaftesbury and Mandeville, who placed themselves (respectively) within the Stoic and Epicurean traditions.
Textual Ambassadors and Ambassadorial Texts
Authors: Hennings Jan
Published: August 2019

Juxtaposing the diplomatic correspondence of Thomas Randolph’s 1568–9 mission to Russia with George Turberville’s literary account of the embassy, this chapter combines an exploration of diplomatic practice as a transcultural process with a methodological reflection on the relationship between the textual representation of cultural encounter and its interpretation in the history of diplomacy. The historiography of diplomacy is enmeshed with the cultural discourses that are woven into its source materials. Based on a genre critique of texts that have informed the history of Russian diplomacy, such as travel accounts and diplomatic reports, this essay questions central assumptions about Russia’s image as Europe’s cultural other, offering wider conclusions about the notion of separate cultural spheres and their corresponding political ideologies in the evolution of diplomacy. Clearly, Russian diplomats viewed the world differently from English representatives. But a closer look at Anglo-Russian encounters in the second half of the sixteenth century raises doubts as to whether these worldviews separated them quite so distinctively in matters concerning their ceremonial self-representation. A close reading and comparison of Randolph’s and Turberville’s texts shows how difficult it is to translate pre-conceived notions about cultural difference into each culture’s distinctive symbols of sovereignty and statehood.
Term Limits and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment Doctrine
Authors: Landau David , Roznai Yaniv , Dixon Rosalind
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the interaction between term limit provisions and the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in Latin America. It illustrates the varied approaches of courts concerning the validity of attempts to amend presidential term limits. In Colombia, the Constitutional Court intervened to prevent what it saw as an undue easing of term limits (after permitting one round of easing); in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, courts generally allowed attempts to ease or eliminate term limit using less demanding rather than more demanding procedural routes; and in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Bolivia, judiciaries deployed the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in order to eliminate rather than to protect term limits. After mapping the major constitutional decisions issued on this issue in Latin America in recent years, the authors argue that transnational anchoring holds some promise in clarifying the proper scope of control of constitutional change regarding term limits.
Presidential Terms in Kazakhstan
Authors: Nurumov Dmitry , Vashchanka Vasil
Published: August 2019

This chapter tracks the history of changes to presidential terms and term limits of President Nazarbayev, the first and only president of post-Soviet Kazakhstan. We show that the length of presidential terms was changed by Nazarbayev to ensure his longevity in an evolving political situation. He successfully avoided elections when opposition was more consolidated while maintaining plausible periodicity of contests. The two-term limit was manipulated by various means, including a referendum, new constitution, and ultimately exemption from term limits for the First President. These manipulations were enabled by gradual consolidation of Nazarbayev’s regime, which is now marked by nearly total control over the political space. Elections serve as a decorum deployed tactically to ensure symbolic democratic continuity and offer no realistic prospect of unseating the incumbent president.
Landscape Connectivity
Authors: With Kimberly A.
Published: August 2019

Landscape connectivity is essential for maintaining ecological flows across landscapes. Processes as diverse as dispersal; gene flow; the flow of water, materials and nutrients; the spread of invasive species, diseases, or pests; or the spread of disturbances like fire, are all potentially influenced by the connectivity of different land covers and land uses. Landscape connectivity can be defined structurally as well as functionally. Landscape connectivity may therefore be treated as either an independent variable, in terms of studying how landscape connectivity influences ecological flows, or as a dependent variable in which landscape connectivity emerges as a consequence of how species or ecological flows interact with landscape structure. This chapter thus explores the different scales and ways in which connectivity can be measured and studied, providing a bridge between the previous chapter on landscape pattern analysis and the chapters that follow on the effects of landscape pattern on ecological processes.
Against Combinations’ and Coalitions’ Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues against the idea that combinations and coalitions are apt to bear duties. It builds on the previous chapter’s conclusion that combinations and coalitions are not moral agents by arguing for the Agency Principle: groups that are not moral agents cannot bear duties. It first considers—and rejects—the Ability Argument for the Agency Principle. This argument states that duties imply abilities and that groups that are not agents lack abilities. The Ability Argument fails, because non-agent groups often have abilities. Instead, the chapter endorses the Decision Argument for the Agency Principle. This argument states that duties imply a specific kind of ability: the ability to make morally sensitive decisions. Non-collective groups lack this specific ability. So, they cannot bear duties.
Catch-up and Mission-oriented Innovation
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana
Published: August 2019

Innovation has not only a rate but also a direction: the twenty-first century is becoming increasingly defined by the need to respond to major social, environmental, and economic challenges. This chapter looks at how innovation policy can be reframed around ‘missions’, to guide both innovation policy and industrial strategies around key societal challenges facing countries. This means changing the focus from technologies and sectors to problems that different sectors (across manufacturing and services), actors (public and private), and disciplines are required to solve together. The chapter first reviews the characteristics of mission-oriented programmes before looking at key features of those programmes that can provide lessons.
The Crypto-Security
Authors: Hacker Philipp , Thomale Chris
Published: August 2019

This chapter analyses the interplay between initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’) and securities regulation, with a particular focus on EU law. ICOs have come to dwarf traditional venture capital funding in the blockchain space. However, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (‘SEC’) has determined that a number of token types constitute securities under US law, with potentially far-reaching consequences for initiators in terms of liability. Under EU law, explicit regulatory or court guidance is lacking at the moment. Against this background, this chapter develops a taxonomy of tokens by differentiating between investment, utility, and currency tokens. It shows that only investment tokens typically qualify as securities under EU law. Currency tokens are exempted because of their proximity to payment services regulation; and utility tokens will, for the most part, fall under EU consumer law, not securities regulation. These results derive from a functional analysis of EU securities regulation and arguably amount to a comparative advantage of EU law vis-à-vis US law in terms of the regulatory burden for token developers.
Conflicts of Laws and Codes
Authors: Möslein Florian
Published: August 2019

Blockchain technology promises to perform tasks that have traditionally been assigned to the law and the realm of legal institutions. Smart contracts create agreements that are both automatable by computers and enforceable via the tamper-proof execution of computer codes. Based on such smart contracts, some providers of blockchain technologies offer ‘to act as a digital jurisdiction’. The promise seems to be that law of the relevant jurisdiction is entirely substituted by the rules codified in the blockchain. However, even if it has often been argued that the ‘Code Is Law’, the law is not—and arguably never will be—entirely redundant. Therefore, the challenge is to identify the boundaries of such digital jurisdictions by clarifying the relationship between law and code and to develop new principles for conflicts of laws or rather principles for the conflict of laws and codes.
Zeus, the Poet, and Vision
Authors: Myers Tobias
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 argues that the Iliad’s proem anticipates certain key elements of the battlefield spectacle to come: its central action (warfare and the desecration of corpses), and its staging and direction (with Zeus and the poet as joint orchestrators of the battlefield conflict). While the agency of Zeus and that of the poet are highlighted in various ways throughout the text, they overlap specifically in respect to their control of the warfare. Such moments of overlap heighten excitement during performance, as the ‘now’ of performance and the ‘now’ of mythic Troy become momentarily indistinguishable. The chapter concludes by bringing the lessons of its close readings together, to motivate and describe a new approach to the metapoetics of the Iliad’s gods, in place of the prevalent tendency to describe Zeus and the gods as drivers of ‘plot’. Instead, the chapter suggests, divine control should be seen as the flip side of divine viewing, and Zeus recognized as a figure who controls the course of the battle (not the whole plot). One should ask not just how Zeus’ role and the poet’s relate, but also what difference it makes for the Iliad as a performance event. Where textual cues are sufficient, certain scenes of divine viewing can be usefully read as a mise en abyme of the spectacle experience offered by the poet to his listeners.
The Duel and the Daïs: Iliadic Warfare as Spectacle
Authors: Myers Tobias
Published: August 2019

Chapter 2 explores how the Olympians and the Iliad’s audience are positioned as viewers for the warfare in Books 1–4, and their roles defined. The first section focuses on the gods. Homer initially defines the gods’ role as viewers by drawing on two specific paradigms of live event: entertainment at a daïs (banquet), and the formal duel. Each of these paradigms carries its own suggestions as to the nature of the event, its stakes, and the relationship between viewer and action. As entertainment accompanying a daïs, the warfare may generate pleasure (terpein) for viewers whose critical role is to praise or blame the dramatic figure pulling the strings. As a spectacle modelled on the formal duel, the warfare is observed by implicated, partisan viewers, who are themselves a part of the conflict, and can become actors by entering the central space. Rich tension is generated by the combination of these paradigms. The chapter’s second section reads the opening of Book 4, in which the gods watch a duel from their daïs, as a mise en abyme of the spectacle experience offered by the Iliad to its listeners. On the one hand, the combination of duel and daïs shapes audience understanding of the kind of spectacle that they, too, are witnessing, and their own relationship to the action. On the other hand, the gods’ particular responses—both to the events on the ground and to their staging and direction—dramatize possible responses on the part of Homer’s audience.
Introduction: ‘With What Eyes…?’
Authors: Myers Tobias
Published: August 2019

The Introduction considers the key concepts ‘divine perspective’, ‘divine audience’ and ‘Homer’s audience’. It discusses parallels and differences between the divine perspectives that Homer depicts (i.e. of the Olympians), and the divine perspective he adopts (as narrator). It asks what it is in the text of the Iliad that has moved so many critics to liken the gods to the ‘audience’ for an arranged, public event of one sort or another. It shows Jasper Griffin’s widely accepted answer—that the gods sometimes watch passively, with pity or pleasure—to be insufficient. It then proposes that a comprehensive study is needed, which will assess how divine viewing relates to divine control, and analyse the way that Homer builds his ‘divine audience’ in association with three culturally specific contexts: the formal duel, the daïs (banquet), and funeral rites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ‘Homer’s audience’, laying out the study’s basic assumptions about the audience and performer implied by the text.
The Powers of Comprehension
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Explains Plato’s analyses of the three cognitive powers: knowledge, opinion, and ignorance. Shows why Plato’s epistemology in the Republic should not be understood in terms of the more familiar notions of propositional or informational knowledge, but rather in terms of exemplar representation, with the only completely reliable exemplars being the forms. Plato’s cognitive powers should not be conceived as cognitive states, but as the powers that produce such states. Moreover, the kinds of states typically studied in contemporary epistemology have content that is either true or false, whereas Plato’s cognitive powers produce something like conceptions of such things as beauty, justice, and goodness, which, instead of being either true or false, may be more or less accurate. These conceptions can then be used in the kinds of judgments we normally think of as the content of cognitions.
The Sun and the Good
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Explains and reveals the limitations of the first in the sequence of Plato’s three images of cognition and education: the simile of the sun and the good. Shows how this simile continues Plato’s epistemology of cognitive powers, and also shows how the role of truth in Plato’s epistemology is very different from the way it figures in contemporary epistemology. Introduces Plato’s idea of thinking as a first step in summoning the power of knowledge. Plato has Socrates and Glaucon come to an impasse when Glaucon wishes to hear about what Socrates thinks about what the good is, which they agree should be the highest study of the philosopher-rulers. Socrates balks at this, not wishing to speak of the good as if he knew what it is. But Glaucon presses, insisting that they should at least discuss the good in the ways in which they have already discussed justice and moderation. A middle ground is thus indicated between just comparing opinions on a subject without knowledge, and the sort of knowledge that philosopher-rulers will have, but which Socrates and Glaucon lack. The discussion of the good, then, falls into this middle ground, as do the earlier discussions of justice and moderation.
Humour, Satire, and the Rise of the Bad Poet
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers the use of satire in newspaper poetry columns and correspondence columns, and editorial interventions in relation to poetic critique. It shows how newspapers became a site for the exploration of poetic norms and standards, and how the rise of a culture of deliberately ‘bad’ comic poetry both reinforced and questioned these standards. The first subsection examines correspondence columns and their commentary on poetic standards. The second shows how poets responded to these columns by producing fake bad poems, and how these became a popular genre across the press. It focuses particularly on the work of Alexander Burgess under the pseudonym ‘Poute’. The final section of this chapter demonstrates that William McGonagall was part of this culture of bad verse and drew on it in his own self-representations.
The Interpretation of Design-Based Cues
Authors: Eisenman Micki , Frenkel Michal , Wasserman Varda
Published: August 2019

We advance current understandings about the nature of interpretative processes unique to design-based cues—elements in the organizational environment, such as colors or textures—that affect institutional processes by shaping behaviors and emotions. The implicit assumption in extant work is that because these cues are salient, they are tightly coupled with distinct meanings. We argue, however, that interpretation in the context of these cues is processual rather than linear or finite. We explain this argument by exploring the interpretation of design-based cues given tensions along three planes: tensions between individual and intersubjective levels of interpretations; tensions among the multiple cues that co-exist in organizational workspaces, whose interpretations may reinforce or contradict each other; and tensions emanating from the ways the design-based cues themselves transform over time due to deliberate and natural change. On the basis of these arguments, we reveal the inherent complexity and dynamism of interpreting these cues.
Introduction
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Joseph Smith (1805–44), founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormonism, remembered that his first audible prayer, uttered in the woods near his parents’ home in western New York State, resulted in a vision of heavenly beings who forgave him and told him Christianity had gone astray. Scholars debate the multiple memories Smith recorded of this event, arguing about which is accurate. Latter-day Saints, meanwhile, have just begun, historically speaking, to awaken to the fact that there are multiple memories and to wrestle with the implications. Until now, no one has brought memory studies to bear on the origins of the church. This book is the first to trace the history of Joseph Smith’s memories.
A Few Days After
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on Joseph Smith’s memory of being rejected by a Methodist minister when he claimed to have seen God and Christ while praying in the woods. It argues that the rejection largely determined the way Smith subsequently remembered his experience.
Filling the Void
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

In 1893, as the Salt Lake temple neared completion, the holiest space in it was finished with a stained-glass window depicting Joseph Smith’s first vision. Like other late-nineteenth-century selectors and relaters, those who put a stained glass depiction of Joseph Smith’s first vision in the Salt Lake temple tolerated inaccuracy better than incoherence, but their objective differed. Christensen composed music and Manwaring painted about the vision so saints generally could internalize a coherent version of it that made sense in their present. Putting stained glass in the holiest temple space certainly did that too, but with the added effect of sacralizing the space and elevating the vision, endowing it with more significance, and signifying its first place in the Mormon narrative both chronologically and seminally.
Fundamentalism
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

J. Reuben Clark’s 1938 speech to Mormon religious educators established a litmus test of orthodoxy based on belief in the historicity of Joseph Smith’s first vision. Dale Morgan and then Fawn Brodie provided source-critical readings of the evidence that called the historicity of the vision into question. Mormons who were aware of the tensions between these views had to wrestle with them. Faced with a new attack on Smith’s canonized account of his first vision, prophets and apostles stood with the story, trusting it as history and upholding it as a model for young, increasingly educated Latter-day Saints to follow.
I Did Not Know
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

At the turn of the twenty-first century church leaders and educators took for granted that Latter-day Saints shared the memory of Smith’s vision as their origin story and that it would automatically be transmitted to the next generation. Internet-empowered selectors and relaters disrupted that memory, however, leading many to question both the vision and whether they could trust the church regarding it and other points of history. Though slow to respond to the information age, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints remained the most powerful selector and relater of memory elements, and began introducing diverse and effective means of complexifying and solidifying a shared memory of Smith’s first vision.
Seemings
Authors: Smithies Declan
Published: August 2019

Chapter 12 concludes the book by contrasting phenomenal accessibilism with Michael Huemer’s phenomenal conservatism. Section 12.1 defines phenomenal conservatism as the global principle that you have epistemic justification to believe a proposition just when it seems strongly enough on balance to be true. Section 12.2 explains the concept of a seeming and outlines an argument that there are no nonperceptual seemings. Section 12.3 argues that phenomenal conservatism imposes implausible restrictions on evidence: all seemings are evidence, but not all evidence is seemings. Section 12.4 argues that phenomenal conservatism gives an overly simplistic account of the evidential support relation: it cannot explain why epistemic rationality requires not only perceptual coherence, but also introspective coherence, logical coherence, and metacoherence. Section 12.5 argues that phenomenal accessibilism is needed to explain these essential characteristics of epistemically rational thinkers. Section 12.6 concludes by summarizing why phenomenal accessibilism is superior to phenomenal conservatism.
The Antebellum Era and Civil War, 1800–1865
Authors: Harp Gillis J.
Published: August 2019

Several antebellum conservatives sought to dismantle the Lockean foundations of American political thinking in favor of a political vision that affirmed the divine origins of government. Evangelical conservatives such as Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen were among the first to advance the “America as a Christian nation” argument that became a favorite of conservatives in the latter part of the twentieth century. By the 1830s, New England evangelicals, such as Connecticut Congregationalist pastor Lyman Beecher, came reluctantly to accept church disestablishment at the state level as best for both Christianity and society. During the Civil War, conservatives North and South built upon the work of their antebellum forerunners and stressed the essential place and role of Christianity. Two examples of this movement in the North were the campaigns to amend the Federal Constitution with an explicit reference to Christ and the addition of “In God We Trust” to the nation’s coinage.
Conclusion
Authors: Harp Gillis J.
Published: August 2019

Among the most significant outcomes of the complex relationship between evangelicals and political conservatism has been to make orthodox Protestants simultaneously both less distinctively Christian and less genuinely conservative. Since the late nineteenth century, evangelicals have drawn from the newer sort of classical liberal “conservatism” whose principles owe more to the Enlightenment than to Christian theology. Further, their unreflective activism and increasingly nondoctrinal pietism has made it easy for evangelicals simultaneously to compartmentalize their faith, while still becoming more active politically. Evangelicals’ perspective on public life thereby became more secular as it became more partisan and utilitarian. The choice to support candidate Trump in 2016 highlighted evangelicalism’s lack of a theological basis for political engagement. The preceding chapters show that this deficiency had deep historical roots.
Collapsing Cavities and Converging Shocks in Non-Ideal Materials
Authors: Boyd Zachary M , Schmidt Emma M , Ramsey Scott D , Baty Roy S
Published: August 2019

As modern hydrodynamic codes increase in sophistication, the availability of realistic test problems becomes increasingly important. In gas dynamics, one common unrealistic aspect of most test problems is the ideal gas assumption, which is unsuited to many real applications, especially those involving high pressure and speed metal deformation. Our work considers the collapsing cavity and converging shock test problems, showing to what extent the ideal gas assumption can be removed from their specification. It is found that while most materials simply do not admit simple (that is scaling) solutions in this context, there are infinite-dimensional families of materials which do admit such solutions. We characterize such materials, derive the appropriate ordinary differential equations and analyze the associated nonlinear eigenvalue problem. It is shown that there is an inherent tension between boundedness of the solution, boundedness of its derivatives and the entropy condition. The special case of a constant-speed cavity collapse is considered and found to be heuristically possible, contrary to common intuition. Finally, we give an example of a concrete non-ideal collapsing cavity scaling solution based on a recently proposed pseudo-Mie–Gruneisen equation of state.
Mood congruency effects are mediated by shifts in salience and central executive network efficiency
Authors: Provenzano Julian , Verduyn Philippe , Daniels Nicky , Fossati Philippe , Kuppens Peter
Published: August 2019

Emotions are not confined to short momentary states but carry on over time, facilitating the perception and interpretation of the environment in mood-congruent ways. Yet, the (neural) mechanism linking affective stimulation at a certain time-point to such altered, mood-congruent processing of stimuli presented at a subsequent time-point remains unknown. Recent research suggests that such a link could be explained by transient effects of affective stimulation on the organization of intrinsic macro-scale neural networks. It remains, however, unclear whether these changes in network organization are influencing subsequent perception in a mood-congruent way. Addressing this gap the current study investigated whether changes in network organization, measured in terms of network efficiency, mediate the relation between mood induction and mood-congruent processing as measured by reaction times during an emotional Stroop task. The results demonstrated that negative mood induction increased the efficiency of the salience network and decreased the efficiency of the central executive network. This modulation of network efficiency fully mediated the effects of mood induction on reaction times to negative words. These findings indicate that transient shifts in the organization of macro-scale neural networks are an essential part of the emotional response and can help to explain how affect shapes our interaction with the environment.
Genetic diversity and structure of the binturong Arctictis binturong (Carnivora: Viverridae) – status of the elusive Palawan binturong and implications for conservation
Authors: Veron Géraldine , Debruille Agathe , Kayser Pauline , Fernandez Desamarie Antonette P , Bourgeois Aude
Published: August 2019

The binturong or bearcat is a forest mesocarnivore ranging from Nepal to Indonesia and the Philippines. Several subspecies of binturongs are recognized but a revision is needed. The binturong from Palawan was described as a species and is now considered a subspecies, but its status has never been checked using molecular approaches. Owing to its restricted range and the pressure on its habitat, the Palawan binturong may be endangered. It is, therefore, of crucial importance to clarify its taxonomic status, particularly for the management of captive populations. We sequenced one nuclear and two mitochondrial markers for binturongs from locations across the species range and from zoos. Our results provide an assessment of the genetic polymorphism and structure within the binturong, resulting in two groups, corresponding to the Indochinese and the Sundaic regions. Within the latter were found the Palawan binturongs on one side, and an individual from Sulu archipelago (a locality not reported before) on the other side. The Palawan binturongs form a monophyletic group, genetically close to Bornean binturongs, which suggests that they may have dispersed from Borneo, and represents a lineage worth preserving, but which is not a separate species nor a separate subspecies.
100 Years Since Tolaas: Bacterial Blotch of Mushrooms in the 21stCentury
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Martins Samuel J. , Ramos-Sepulveda Laura , Vieira Fabrício Rocha , Pecchia John A. , Beyer David Meigs , Bell Terrence H. , Yang Yinong , Hockett Kevin L. , Bull Carolee T.
Published: August 2019

Among the biotic constraints of common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production, bacterial blotch is considered the most important mushroom disease in terms of global prevalence and economic impact. Etiology and management of bacterial blotch has been a major concern since its original description in 1915. Although Pseudomonas tolaasii is thought to be the main causal agent, various Pseudomonas species, as well as organisms from other genera have been reported to cause blotch symptoms on mushroom caps. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the etiology, epidemiology, and management strategies of bacterial blotch disease. First, diversity of the causal agent(s) and utility of high throughput sequencing-based approaches in the precise characterization and identification of blotch pathogen(s) is explained. Further, due to the limited options for use of conventional pesticides in mushroom farms against blotch pathogen(s), we highlight the role of balanced threshold of relative humidity and temperature in mushroom farms to combat the disease in organic and conventional production. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of the use of biological control agents (either antagonistic mushroom-associated bacterial strains or bacteriophages) for blotch management as one of the sustainable approaches for 21stcentury agriculture. Finally, we aim to elucidate the association of mushroom microbiome in cap development and productivity on one hand, and blotch incidence/outbreaks on the other hand.
Foliar, Fruit, and Soil-Applied Organic Insecticides for Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Senegalese Mangoes
Authors: Balayara Assa , Brewster Carlyle C. , Vaughan Larry J. , Pfeiffer Douglas G.
Published: August 2019

Since its invasion in Senegal (West Africa) in 2004, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, the oriental fruit fly, has caused loss of production of mango and other commercial fruits. The use of neem products (oil, cake, and seed powder) and kaolin may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling adult flies and larval-pupal stages and may contribute to integrated pest management tactics. In the laboratory, neem oil-treated fruit had the same number of landings and time spent on treated fruit as the control but showed reduced pupal development. Females selected kaolin-treated fruits for landing less often, with reduced pupal development. Soil treatment with neem cake and neem seed powder reduced pupal survival. In the field, neem treatment had a greater number of infested fruits and greater pupal development than the control, but fewer flies emerged. Kaolin was not different from the control in percent of infested fruits or pupal development, but fewer flies emerged. Neem cake and neem seed powder were found to lose efficacy in the field.
CRISPR Applications in Plant Virology: Virus Resistance and Beyond
Authors: Kalinina Natalia O. , Khromov Andrey , Love Andrew J. , Taliansky Michael E.
Published: August 2019

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system which has been reprogrammed into a precise, simple, and efficient gene targeting technology. This emerging technology is revolutionizing various areas of life sciences, medicine, and biotechnology and has raised significant interest among plant biologists, both in basic science and in plant protection and breeding. In this review, we describe the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas systems, and how they can be deployed to model plants and crops for the control, monitoring, and study of the mechanistic aspects of plant virus infections. We discuss how Cas endonucleases can be used to engineer plant virus resistance by directly targeting viral DNA or RNA, as well as how they can inactivate host susceptibility genes. Additionally, other applications of CRISPR/Cas in plant virology such as virus diagnostics and imaging are reviewed. The review also provides a systemic comparison between CRISPR/Cas technology and RNA interference approaches, the latter of which has also been used for development of virus-resistant plants. Finally, we outline challenges to be solved before CRISPR/Cas can produce virus-resistant crop plants which can be marketed.
Attenuated fibrosis in specific pathogen‐free microbiota in experimental cholestasis‐ and toxin‐induced liver injury
Authors: Moghadamrad Sheida , Hassan Mohsin , McCoy Kathy D. , Kirundi Jorum , Kellmann Philipp , Gottardi Andrea De
Published: August 2019

In advanced chronic liver disease (CLD), the translocation of intestinal bacteria and the resultant increase of proinflammatory cytokines in the splanchnic and systemic circulation may contribute to the progression of fibrosis. We therefore speculated that fibrosis and portal hypertension (PHT) would be attenuated in a mouse model of limited intestinal colonization with altered Schaedler flora (ASF) compared to a more complex colonization with specific pathogen‐free (SPF) flora. We induced liver fibrosis in ASF and SPF mice by common bile duct ligation (BDL) or by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment. We then measured portal pressure (PP), portosystemic shunts (PSSs), and harvested tissues for further analyses. There were no differences in PP between sham‐treated ASF or SPF mice. After BDL or CCl4 treatment, PP, PSSs, and hepatic collagen deposition increased in both groups. However, the increase in PP and the degree of fibrosis was significantly higher in ASF than SPF mice. Expression of fibrotic markers α‐smooth muscle actin, desmin, and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β were significantly higher in ASF than SPF mice. This was associated with higher activation of hepatic immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) and decreased expression of the intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins (claudin‐1, occludin‐1). In 2 models of advanced CLD, SPF mice presented significantly attenuated liver injury, fibrosis, and PHT compared to ASF mice. In contrast to our hypothesis, these findings suggest that a complex intestinal microbiota may play a “hepatoprotective” role.—Moghadamrad, S., Hassan, M., McCoy, K. D., Kirundi, J., Kellmann, P., De Gottardi, A. Attenuated fibrosis in specific pathogen‐free microbiota in experimental cholestasis‐ and toxin‐induced liver injury. FASEB J. 33, 12464–12476 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Nursing Global Health Competencies Framework
Authors: Torres-Alzate Herica
Published: August 2019

AIM

This article describes the process of developing the Nursing Global Health Competencies Framework.

BACKGROUND

Despite progress in the identification of global health competencies in nursing education, a theoretical underpinning to guide curriculum development and research in global health nursing was needed.

METHOD

Scoping review of the literature; deduction.

DISCUSSION

The framework contains one dimension, nursing core value and principles, delineated with seven subcategories: social justice and equity, holistic care, advocacy, health as human right, sustainability, advocacy, and collaboration. The framework also contains four assumptions: environmental focus, care focus, education focus, and competency leveling.

CONCLUSION

A framework for global health in nursing education is critical to guide the development of competencies and relevant curricula to reflect the core values and principles of nursing. The literature germane to global health nursing was synthesized to define the relationships of core values in a graphic framework that depicts the essential concepts.
Students’ Observations of the Nursing Role in Seven Nations
Authors: Palmer Sheri P. , Miles Leslie W.
Published: August 2019

AIM

This exploratory, qualitative study was conducted to compare nursing tasks/roles in Ecuador, Finland, Ghana, Navajo Nation, Russia, Taiwan, and Tonga.

BACKGROUND

The definition of nurse varies internationally, with little description of the specific tasks nurses perform. To better know the profession, nurses must understand what their counterparts do in different parts of the world.

METHOD

Students and faculty traveled to seven nations to conduct an observational study. Students observed nurses (n = 71) over a period of three weeks using a checklist of basic tasks/skills, advanced skills, critical thinking, communication, public health, and professionalism.

RESULTS

Similarities in nursing tasks/roles were found, with a few stark differences between countries. Autonomy of practice and communication styles varied; all nurses were found to be effective patient advocates.

CONCLUSION

Sufficient nursing personnel, resources, patient load, and technology affect nursing tasks/roles.
Solid Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma on the Thigh: An Unusual Location
Authors: Diago Adrián , Requena Luis , Traves Víctor , Requena Celia
Published: August 2019

Solid carcinoma, probably the solid variant of microcystic adnexal carcinoma, is an apocrine adnexal tumor first described in 1998. The authors report an additional new case of the tumor at an unusual localization. A 78-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic firm plaque on his right thigh that had been present for 15 years. A biopsy was taken, and then, the lesion was removed. A pathological study showed a huge number of islands made up of aggregations of neoplastic epithelial cells. The epithelial islands showed variable sizes and shapes at scanning magnification, arranged columns, cords, and strands at the basis of the tumor. The neoplastic cells were embedded within a fibrotic stroma. Ductal differentiation, cystic structures, and neurotropism were also observed. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed high–molecular-weight keratin (cytokeratin 5/6), broad-spectrum keratin (AE1/AE3), p40, and p63. No immunoreactivity was found for BerEP4, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, cytokeratin 20, chromogranin A, carcinoembryonic antigen, and S-100. The lesion was completely removed with slow-Mohs micrographic surgery. Two stages and previous debulking were necessary to obtain free margins. The second stage included the muscular fascia. The patient remains free of tumor after a year of follow-up. Solid microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a rare skin tumor that seems to occur more frequently in the scalp than in the face, but no area of the body can be excluded, as reported in our case. Differential diagnosis should include sclerosing and clear-cell basal cell carcinoma, clear-cell dermal duct tumor, or desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. Mohs micrographic surgery is the treatment of choice.
Reactions to a Probable Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Content Analysis
Authors: Vance David E. , Robinson Josiah , Walker Teresa J. , Tende Frida , Bradley Brittany , Diehl Delaney , McKie Peggy , Fazeli Pariya L.
Published: August 2019

Half of the people living with HIV have cognitive deficits indicative of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). With few treatment options, informing patients about a HAND diagnosis is a questionable practice. A sample of 139 people living with HIV were administered gold-standard cognitive tests; scores were used to determine whether they met cognitive criteria for HAND. Participants were informed that they met the criteria for HAND and asked 2 open-ended questions about their reactions to learning this information. Participant responses were recorded verbatim and coded into 3 overarching themes: positive, indifferent, and negative. Positive responses contained subthemes of confirmation, gratitude, desire for improvement, and curiosity. Indifferent responses contained nonreactive responses, apathy, and confusion. Negative responses contained surprise, discontentment, fear, and denial. Although most participants responded positively to feedback about HANDs, others experienced distress. Nurse clinicians should be mindful about informing patients if they have HAND while also educating them about brain health.
Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion Alleviates Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Injury Through Regulating P-selectin-dependent and -independent Pathways in Mice
Authors: Zeng Xianpeng , Li Minli , Fan Xiaoli , Xue Shuai , Liang Wenjin , Fang Zehong , Zeng Cheng , Fan Lin , Xiong Yan , Wang Yanfeng , Ye Qifa
Published: August 2019

Background.

Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) has been shown to improve the quality of liver donation after circulatory death (DCD) compared to cold storage (CS). However, the mechanism by which HOPE works is unclear. In this study, a mouse liver HOPE system was developed to characterize the role of P-selectin in the protective effect of HOPE on DCD livers.

Methods.

A warm ischemia model of the liver and an isolated perfused liver system were established to determine a suitable flow rate for HOPE. Perfusate and tissue samples from wild-type and P-selectin knockout (KO) mice were used to determine liver function, apoptosis and necrosis rates, deoxyribonucleic acid injury and oxidative stress levels, leukocyte and endothelial cell activation, and inflammatory reactions.

Results.

A mouse liver HOPE system was successfully established. HOPE at flow rates between 0.1 and 0.5 mL/min · g were shown to have a protective effect on the DCD liver. P-selectin KO improved the quality of the DCD liver in the CS group, and reduction of P-selectin expression in the wild-type HOPE group had similar protective effects. Moreover, there was a reduction in the degree of oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid injury in the P-selectin KO HOPE group compared with the P-selectin KO CS group.

Conclusions.

We established a mouse HOPE system and determined its suitable flow. We also proved that P-selectin deficiency alleviated DCD liver injury. HOPE protected the DCD liver through regulating P-selectin-dependent and -independent pathways.
Rapid predictive simulations with complex musculoskeletal models suggest that diverse healthy and pathological human gaits can emerge from similar control strategies
Authors: Falisse Antoine , Serrancolí Gil , Dembia Christopher L. , Gillis Joris , Jonkers Ilse , De Groote Friedl
Published: August 2019

Physics-based predictive simulations of human movement have the potential to support personalized medicine, but large computational costs and difficulties to model control strategies have limited their use. We have developed a computationally efficient optimal control framework to predict human gaits based on optimization of a performance criterion without relying on experimental data. The framework generates three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations in 36 min on average—more than 20 times faster than existing simulations—by using direct collocation, implicit differential equations and algorithmic differentiation. Using this framework, we identified a multi-objective performance criterion combining energy and effort considerations that produces physiologically realistic walking gaits. The same criterion also predicted the walk-to-run transition and clinical gait deficiencies caused by muscle weakness and prosthesis use, suggesting that diverse healthy and pathological gaits can emerge from the same control strategy. The ability to predict the mechanics and energetics of a broad range of gaits with complex three-dimensional musculoskeletal models will allow testing novel hypotheses about gait control and hasten the development of optimal treatments for neuro-musculoskeletal disorders.