bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of a Substituted Oxathiin on the Sugar Concentration of Carrot and Beet Roots1
Authors: Pisarczyk James M. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

2,3 Dihydro-5,6 diphenyl-1,4 oxathiin (UNI-P293) had no effect upon the sugar concentration in roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.) and beet (Beta vulgaris L.). No visual injury to plants or reductions in yield were noted.
Airborne Fluoride Effects on Some Foliage Plants1
Authors: Woltz S. S. , Waters W. E.
Published: September 2022

Atmospheric fluoride occasionally adversely affects foliage plants, especially intolerant species. The present report describes susceptibility to airborne fluoride damage of 34 foliage plants determined by comparative fumigation in compartmentalized greenhouses using 4 steady-state levels of hydrofluoric acid gas. Toxicity symptoms were recorded for diagnostic and damage evaluation purposes relative to air pollution effects.
Effects of Thiabendazole on Ethylene Production and Sensitivity to Ethylene of Bud Cut Flowers1
Authors: Apelbaum A. , Katchansky M.
Published: September 2022

Treatment with thiabendzole [2-(4’ thiazolyl) -benzimidazole] decreased the peak rate of autocatalytic ethylene production in bud cut carnations by 43%, delayed the onset of that peak by 2 days, and delayed flower fading by 3 days as compared with flowers treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline. Flowers treated with thiabendazole were less sensitive to applied ethylene. Flower fading was delayed by 48 hr following exposure to 15 ppm ethylene for 24 hr compared with 8-hydroxyquinoline-treated flowers. Diminishing the ethylene factor in the flower tissue is proposed as a possible mode of action of thiabendazole in delaying senescence of cut flowers.
In Vitro Propagation of Episcia cupreata1
Authors: Johnson Becky B.
Published: September 2022

Unlike some gesneriads, such as gloxinia and Saintpaulia, where single plants are desired, a larger, more attractive mass of vegetation results when several Episcia plants per pot are used. This requires several cuttings per pot during propagation, increasing costs. An in vitro method for producing clusters of plants would thus be useful.
Cultural Factors Influencing Net Photosynthesis of Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree D. C.
Published: September 2022

The impact of environmental factors on the photosynthetic potential of tree fruits is largely uncontrollable, but one can affect photo synthetic efficiency through the manipulation of various cultural practices. Application of pesticides and other chemicals; tree size and shape; mineral nutrition; and pest damage are all important factors and should be carefully considered in maximizing net photosynthesis (Pn) and ultimate tree performance.
What Constitutes a Better Visual
Authors: Fisher Hays L.
Published: September 2022

Why should a speaker “visualize”? The answer is simple. When the message is presented visually it will be emphasized for more comprehension and longer retention
In Vitro Propagation of Sweet Potato1
Authors: Litz R. E. , Conover R. A.
Published: September 2022

In vitro propagation of 2 selections of white-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) was obtained on modified Murashige and Skoog media using lateral buds and shoot apices as primary explants. Cultivars differed in response to exogenous levels of growth substances and in rate of proliferation. Optimum shoot regeneration from ‘White Star’ explants was induced by 1 mg/liter benzyladenine (BA) and from Plant Introduction (PI) 315343 by 1 mg/liter kinetin with 1 mg/liter indoleacetic acid (IAA).
Isolating Plant Germplasm With Altered Efficiencies in Mineral Nutrition1
Authors: Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C.
Published: September 2022

Plants growing in nature provide a continuous array of biological efficiencies related to mineral nutrition. Nearly all of the temperate and tropical areas of the earth are covered with species adapted to the unique properties of particular soils. These properties may represent the extremes in element availability from very deficient to toxic levels and may be associated with wide ranges in pH.
Breeding Vegetables Tolerant to Environmental Stress
Authors: Stoner Allan K.
Published: September 2022

U. S. agriculture has an unmatched record for efficiently producing an abundance of high-quality, modestly priced food. At the 1971 ASHS meeting, and in subsequent articles, Wadleigh eloquently described the impact of agricultural research on the production of vegetables and other horticultural crops since 1920 (35, 36). Scientists of many disciplines have contributed to this success story, but much of the credit goes to plant breeders for the development of improved cultivars.
Synergistic Effects of High Temperature and Low Concentration Ethylene on Ripening of ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ Bananas1
Authors: Liu F. W.
Published: September 2022

Exposure to 40°C for 72 hours did not promote ripening of ¾ developed ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas (Musa sp.) which had a preclimacteric period of >32 days at 21°. Bananas which were more advanced in physiological age and hence had a shorter preclimacteric period were more sensitive to heat. Twelve to 24 hours exposure to 40° promoted rapid ripening of bananas with an advanced physiological age. Treatment with 0.01 to 0.10 ppm ethylene at 40° created similar effects after shorter periods of exposure in comparison to the control. Internal ethylene was not increased by high temperature but was increased roughly 0.1 ppm by 0.1-ppm external ethylene treatment. Green bananas were more sensitive to ethylene at 40° than at 21°.
Susceptibility of Citrus Nursery Trees to Herbicides as Influenced by Rootstock and Scion Cultivar1
Authors: Castle William S. , Tucker D. P. H.
Published: September 2022

The relative susceptibility of ‘Ruby’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] nursery trees on 8 rootstocks to applications of 4 herbicides was evaluated. Significant differences in injury ratings were determined following application. The severity of tree foliage toxicity symptoms was independently related to each factor. Toxicity ratings were highest for bromacil-treated trees, while grapefruit trees on C. macrophylla Wester, and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blano) rootstocks showed the greatest phytotoxicity.
Relationship of Endogenous Flower Bud Abscisic Acid to Peach Chilling Requirements, Bloom Dates, and Applied Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Bowen H. H. , Derickson G. W.
Published: September 2022

Concentrations of total abscisic acid (ABA) in flower buds from 7 clones of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were measured on 4 sampling dates and compared with chilling requirements (CR) of these clones. In December the correlation coefficient between ABA content and CR was r = 0.89. ABA concentration increased with tree vigor. Fall-applied gibberellic acid (GA3) decreased ABA concentration in flower buds in December and delayed bloom the following spring.
Quackgrass and Broadleaf Weed Control in Low-statured Hybrid Blueberries1
Authors: Hertz Leonard B. , Wildung D. K.
Published: September 2022

Several herbidices were evaluated over a 2-year period as early and late postemergence teratments applied to low-statured blueberry plants (Vaccinium angustifolium × V. corymbosum L.) growing in a low-organic matter soil in northern Minnesota. Good to excellent control of quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) was obtained with both terbacil [3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil] and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The annual broadleaf weed complex was effectively controlled by simazine [2-chloro4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and terbacil. Glyphosate controlled quackgrass the most consistently. Terbacil, through root absorption, and glyphosate and paraquat [1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion], by foliage contact, injured the blueberry plant.
Influence of Primocane Inflorescence Removal on Number of Inflorescences and Suckers in ‘Heritage’ Red Raspberry1
Authors: Vasilakakis Miltiadis D. , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: September 2022

Partial or complete removal of developing inflorescences from primocanes of ‘Heritage’ fall-bearing red raspberry had no effect on the number of inflorescences initiated. Inflorescence removal stimulated sucker initiation and increased fruit size.
Influence of Salinity Levels on Growth and Chemical Composition of Livistona chinensis1
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Joiner J. N. , Johnson C. R.
Published: September 2022

The effect of 0, 250, 1000, 3000, 5000, 7500, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm solution of NaCl:MgCl2 in a 10:1 ratio was determined on Chinese fan palms [Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R Brown] grown in soil or nutrient solution. Plants grown in soil and drenched weekly with 10,000 ppm ceased growth within 2 months, while palms grown in nutrient solution exhibited a reduced growth rate with increasing salinity levels. Tissue analysis showed increased levels of Na and Mg in plant tissue with increased saline substrate levels, with highest Na and Mg tissue levels in fronds from container-grown palms.
‘Sparkleberry’ Holly1
Authors: Eisenbeiss Gene K.
Published: September 2022

Ilex (serrata ⨯ verticillata) ‘Sparkleberry ’, U.S. National Arboretum Accession No. 29739 and PI 378149, is a new introduction from the U.S. National Arboretum as part of its hybridizing program in Ilex for improved plants for landscape use (1). This selection is a large multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub with a handsome display of bright red fruit. Ilex X ‘Apollo’, a sibling staminate seedling was selected and named as a preferred pollinator for ‘Sparkleberry’.
The Potential Use of Weeds in the Manipulation of Beneficial Insects1
Authors: Altieri Miguel A. , Whitcomb W. H.
Published: September 2022

Certain weed species play an important role in the biology of many beneficial insects. Relevant examples from the literature show that many weeds contribute to the population regulation of various insect pests of crucifer crops, beans and orchards. These examples emphasize the potential of weeds for implementing pest management systems. Although there is enough information concerning weed manipulation methods, there is a need for more formal research on how to encourage the presence of beneficial weeds in crop fields for the purpose of increasing entomophagous insect populations. Demonstration of improved biological control in weed diversified cropping systems represents the initial step toward improved pest management systems based on ecological principles.
Methods for Screening Snap Beans for Resistance to Root-knot Nematodes1
Authors: Wyatt J. E. , Fassuliotis George
Published: September 2022

A method was developed to evaluate snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., for resistance to root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., which permits selected plants to survive, making either hybridizations or seed increase possible in the same generation. Nematode inoculum are added to commercial potting medium in greenhouse benches and snap beans are grown either in peat or clay pots filled with uninoculated soil and buried in the inoculated media. Roots protruding through holes in the bottom of the pots are evaluated for root gall and reproduction indices.
Effect of Trickle Irrigation on Peach Trees1
Authors: Reeder B. D. , Newman J. S. , Worthington J. W.
Published: September 2022

Peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redglobe) were trickle-irrigated at 3 rates using open pan evaporation as a basis for calculating theoretical irrigation needs from 1973-1976 beginning when trees were 6-years-old. Although above average rainfall was received about 65% of the time, trickle irrigation (1½ times theoretical needs) increased yield per tree, fruit size, number of fruit buds per tree, and trunk diameter over non-irrigated trees. Trickle irrigation at 1½ the calculated rate increased average yield per tree, fruit size, and trunk diameters over trees sprinkle-irrigated once before harvest.
Bitterness in Apple and Grape Wines1
Authors: Van Buren J. P. , Lee C. Y. , Way R. D. , Pools R. M.
Published: September 2022

The pronounced bitterness found in some apple wines, such as from ‘Cortland’ but not ‘Mcintosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), is produced during the later stages of fermentation. Bitterness in grape wines is also related to cultivar and some grape parents show a tendency to yield progeny whose fruit makes bitter wine.
Elemental Composition of Red Raspberry Leaves as a Function of Time of Season and Position on Cane1
Authors: Hughes Megan , Chaplin M. H. , Dixon A. R.
Published: September 2022

Leaves of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Meeker) were sampled every 2 weeks throughout the growing season at 7 different positions on the cane to determine the time and position of minimum leaf nutrient flux. During the last half of August, the 5th to 12th leaves from the terminal 15 cm of the primocane showed the least variation in nutrient concentrations.
The Effects of Defoliation and Pruning on Flower Bud Initiation and Differentiation in ‘Chico’ Walnut (Juglans regia L.)1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Ramos David E.
Published: September 2022

Heading back of 2nd flush growth to basal buds on vigorous young trees at different times of the year indicated that buds were converted from a vegetative to a reproductive state within 4 weeks after they were formed at the shoot apex. Defoliation or defoliation plus etiolation of 7 terminal nodes in July did not deter the buds at these nodes from differentiating pistillate flowers for the next season. Pruning greatly accelerated the differentiation processes.
Bulbil Formation on Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Nellie White by Foliar Applications of PBA1
Authors: Nightingale Arthur E.
Published: September 2022

Foliar applications of 6(Benzylamino), 9(2-tetrahydropyranyl), 9-H purine (PBA) to Easter lily induced large numbers of bulbils in leaf axils on above ground stems.
Deep Supercooling of Winter Flower Buds of Cornus florida L.1
Authors: Sakai Akira
Published: September 2022

Differential thermal analysis on winter flower buds of Cornus florida revealed that numerous small low temperature exotherms occurred between -15 and -23° C. These exotherms resulted in the death of the winter bud florets. Only a single exotherm near -20° C was observed in individual florets. These observations indicate that the florets of the winter flower bud survive subfreezing by supercooling and that the temperature of the exotherms may be correlated with the minimum temperature occurring at the northern range of the species.
Photoperiodic Compartments for Undergraduate Horticulture Exercises1
Authors: Garber Melvin P.
Published: September 2022

Photoperiodism is best studied through the use of live plant material in the laboratory so that students can observe a progression of developmental stages. This paper describes photoperiod compartments which are simple and easy to construct, inexpensive, and require only a modest amount of greenhouse bench space. The compartments can be used to demonstrate various photoperiod responses including flower initiation and development, pigment production, leaf fall, onset of dormancy, runnering, and the formation of underground food storage organs.
‘Oklamex Red’ Sweet Potato1
Authors: Hsi David C. H. , Corgan Joe N. , Morrison Lou S. , Cordner H. B.
Published: September 2022

Oklamex Red’ is a new high yielding, “yam type” sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) with outstanding table and freezing quality, jointly developed and released by the Oklahoma and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations. This new cultivar, which was tested in Oklahoma, New Mexico and other states under the designation Oklahoma 64-59, is a table and market type similar to ‘Allgold,’ ‘Redgold’ and ‘Jewel.’
‘Sunripe’ Nectarine1
Authors: Andrews C. P. , Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Sunripe’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) has been released to provide a medium large, high quality freestone nectarine with a low chilling requirement.
‘Flordaking’ Peach1
Authors: Andrews C. P. , Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Flordaking’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) has been released to fill the need for a very early, large peach with a low chilling requirement.
‘Velvaglo’ Apricot1
Authors: Bradt O. A. , Andersen E. T.
Published: September 2022

‘Velvaglo’ is a very attractive apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) ripening in the last week of July with ‘Goldcot’. It has moderate resistance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Smith) Dowson), brown rot (Monilinia fructi-cola (Wint.) Honey) and perennial canker (Leucostoma spp). It was introduced in 1978 as a later-ripening cultivar than ‘Harcot’, adapted to conditions of southern Ontario, Canada.
Conditions and Consequences of Lettuce Harvest Mechanization1
Authors: Friedland William H. , Barton Amy E. , Thomas Robert J.
Published: September 2022

This article projects the conditions under which the iceberg lettuce industry would make the transition to a mechanized harvest system and the social consequences of such a transition. Impediments to labor supply and increased production costs could spur a transition to mechanization. In addition to impacts on the character of the labor force and the impacts upon the communities surrounding lettuce production areas, labor force displacement could be as high as 87%.
Principal Component Analysis in Horticultural Research1
Authors: Broschat T. K.
Published: September 2022

Principal component analysis, a technique which reduces the dimensionality of multivariate data by removing intercorrelations among variables, has a number of potentially useful applications in horticultural research. It can be used to order multivariate commodity quality data in 1 or 2 orthogonal dimensions called principal components, which express most of the variance of the original data. Scores on these principal components can be used as an index of commodity quality to replace subjective visual quality ratings in conventional statistical analyses. Interpretation of the pattern of variable loadings on these principal components may aid in the elucidation of interactions among variables in the data. Plotting of multivariate data in 2 or 3 dimensional principal component space can be useful for displaying relationships among cultivars or species in taxonomic studies.
Levels of Total Azinphos-methyl Components on Pistachio Pericarp, Shell, and Kernel1
Authors: Archer Thomas E. , Gauer William O.
Published: September 2022

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) pericarp, shell and kernel were analyzed for levels of azinphos-methyl and its oxygen analog 21 days after application of 227 g (0.56 kg/ha) and 454 g (1.12 kg/ha) active ingredient/379 liters (100 gal) applied at the rate of 1136 liters (300 gal)/0.405 ha with an airblast sprayer. Levels of chemical ranged from 0.8 to 11.6 ppm in the pericarp and only negligible levels were detected in the shell and kernel. Hull split ranged from 4.4 to 17.2%. Method sensitivity was 0.1 ppm and recoveries ranged from 80 to 100%.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Waters Will E. , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: September 2022

The uncertainty of continuous supplies and the rapid increase in fossil fuel costs in recent years are serious threats to the nation’s greenhouse industry, especially in northern climates. Temporary fuel shortages for only a few hours during cold weather will destroy many greenhouse crops and bring immediate economic disaster to the individual independent operator. Costs have skyrocketed, and even in the relatively warm state of Florida, greenhouse operators using oil have experienced over 500% cost increases in the past 5 years and are spending as much as $25,000 per ha ($10,000 per acre) for fuel. Continued cost increases could bring about a major shift in the geographical location of greenhouse and related horticulutral industries from northern locations to the southern latitudes of the U.S., or even into the subtropical and tropical regions of the Caribbean area and Central and South America.
Colorimetric Determination of Carbon Dioxide for Respiration Studies1
Authors: Pratt Harlan K. , Mendoza D. B.
Published: September 2022

A simplified colorimetric method for CO2 is presented based on use of the readily available Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer. An air stream is bubbled through a bicarbonate solution containing the pH-sensitive dye, bromthymol blue, and the percent CO2 is determined from the percent transmission of light at 615 nm.
Increased Production of Ethylene by Plant Tissues Treated with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid1
Authors: Cameron A. C. , Fenton C. A. L. , Yu Y. , Adams D. O. , Yang S. F.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene production of tissues excised from root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, and fruit of 16 plant species greatly increased following the application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid (ACC), an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Treatment with 1 mM ACC invariably increased the rate of ethylene production 10 to 1000 times over controls, whereas methionine at the same concentration was ineffective. Treatment with 0.1 mM ACC consistently increased ethylene production in all of the tissues tested, although only a few tissues responded to 0.01 mM.
Identification and Correction of Copper Deficiency of Aglaonema commutatum ‘Fransher’1
Authors: Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Leaf distortion of Aglaonema commutatum Schott ‘Fransher’ has been a common occurrence in commercial nurseries of Florida and elsewhere. New leaves arising from the apex were distorted, dwarfed and sometimes less than 4 cm long and 1 cm wide as opposed to normal leaves 20 cm long and 4 cm wide. Leaves sometimes had a slight curved, or hooked, appearance and edges rolled upward toward the center. Applications of copper (Cu) as a spray or drench reduced or eliminated leaf distortion.
‘Elizabeth’ Magnolia1
Authors: Koerting Lola E. , Specht Carl , Tim Stephen K-M.
Published: September 2022

Magnolia × ‘Elizabeth’, named in honor of Elizabeth Van Brunt, is a new hybrid, originally identified as no. 391 by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. It was granted U.S. Plant Patent No. 4145 on November 8, 1977. The original tree, now 21 years old and 6 m in height, is deciduous and hardy at the Kitchawan Research Station, Ossining, New York (Zone 5-6) (6). It has also been planted at several research stations and arboreta from Zone 4-9. The uniform yellow coloration of the long and tapering flowers, plus the desirable pyramidal form are exceptional qualities of this ornamental tree (Fig. 1).
Production Costs for 10 cm and 15 cm Potted Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Otte J. A. , Harbaugh B. K. , Wilfret G. J.
Published: September 2022

Costs for growing 10 cm and 15 cm potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramet.) under shade cloth on capillary mats in Florida were estimated to be $0.42 and $1.52 per plant, respectively. If 10 cm and 15 cm potted chrysanthemums wholesale at $0.60 and $2.00 per plant, respectively, annual return above growing costs from a 2 ha structure would be $37, 514 and $13, 667 for 10 cm and 15 cm plants, respectively. Growers would need to wholesale 15 cm pot chrysanthemums at about $2.25 to equal annual return from 10 cm plants.
Pricing Chrysanthemums Forced in 10 cm Pots in Florida Mass Markets1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Otte J. A. , Wilfret G. J. , Strain J. R.
Published: September 2022

Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Jackpot) forced in 10 cm pots were test marketed for 8 days through a mass market outlet at prices ranging from $1.87 to $0.87 per plant. At low retail prices, consumers bought sufficiently more plants to partially or totally offset reduced retailer’s return per plant. At $0.60 wholesale, retailer’s gross margins were $10.10, $25.41, $36.92, and $32.94 at retail prices of $1.87, $1.37, $1.12, and $0.87, respectively.
Effect of Storage Temperature on Cut Flowers of Ranunculus asiaticus L.1
Authors: Natarella N. J. , Kays S. J.
Published: September 2022

Postharvest life of cut Ranunculus asiaticus flowers was substantially extended with low temperature storage; 0° and 5°C were superior to higher temperatures. Extended storage duration, however, increased the rate at which floral senescence occurred upon removal from cold storage.
Relation of Various Plant Characters to Drought Resistance of Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Demoeden P. H. , Butler J. D.
Published: September 2022

There was no correlation between drought resistance and several plant characteristics of 12 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars (Poa pratensis L.) rated high, intermediate, or low in drought resistance on the basis of Visual response to drought stress.
In Vitro Propagation of Cephalotus follicularis (Australian Pitcher Plant)1
Authors: Adams Richard M. , Koenigsberg Steve S. , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

Rapid clonal multiplication of Cephalotus follicularis Labill. was achieved on 1/2 strength Linsmaier-Skoog medium with 30 g/liter sucrose and 8 g/liter agar. Shoot tip cultures were started on a medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/iiter indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 1.0 mg/liter benzyl adenine (BA), which best stimulated growth, and kept in darkness the first 6 weeks. After 2 more months in constant light they were subcultured to a medium with 0.1 mg/liter naphtahaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg/liter BA that induced rapid proliferation. A 5-10 fold increase in plant material was achieved after each subculture.
The Effects of Ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-2-acetate on Net Photosynthesis, Stomatal Resistance, and Transpiration in ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Leaves1
Authors: Love John M. , Barden John A.
Published: September 2022

The chemical pinching agent ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-2-acetate (PP528) was tested for its effects on rates of net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), and on stomatal resistance (rs) in leaves of 1-year-old container-grown apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious). ‘Delicious’ leaves treated with 80 ppm PP 528 exhibited lower rates of Pn and Tr and higher rs than control leaves. ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves were unaffected by 80 ppm PP 528. We conclude that PP 528 was translocated from the leaf surface to the apical meristem and that stomatal aperture in ‘Delicious’ was reduced by PP 528.
Diurnal Changes of Leaf and Fruit Water Potentials of Sweet Cherries during the Harvest Period1
Authors: Tvergyak P. J. , Richardson D. G.
Published: September 2022

Diurnal leaf and fruit water Potentials (Ψ) of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) showed that fruit pedicel Ψ was always lower at 6 AM then leaf Ψ but leaf Ψ as usually lower during the day. Varietal differences in Ψ occur but fruit maturity does not appear to have an effect. Minimum fruit pedicel Ψ was reached at about 2 PM and then recovered to the earlier higher Ψ as water uptake occured during the night.
Flowering in Mango Induced with Potassium Nitrate1
Authors: Bondad N. D. , Linsangan Ester
Published: September 2022

‘Carabao’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) shoots about 8.5 months old required only 7 days from spraying 10 to 160 g/liter KNO3 to attain 100% flowering. ‘Pahutan’ shoots 4.8 months-old exhibited 60 to 80% flowering in 7 days and 100% in 14 days with 10 to 80 g/liter. Eleven out of 12 ‘Pico’ trees flowered 8 days after spraying 10g/liter KNO3 on dark green shoots of undetermined age. Flower induction was uniform in practically all trees. All control shoots and unsprayed portions of the canopy remained vegetative long after termination of the experiments.
Sources of Resistance to Two Important Diseases of Winged Bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.1
Authors: Thompson A. E. , Haryono Sri Kuntjijati
Published: September 2022

Two economically significant diseases have been observed on experimental plantings of winged beans in Central Java. One is caused by a yellow mosaic type virus (YMV), previously unreported, and the second is false rust, a fungus disease incited by Synchytrium psophocarpi (Rac.) Gaumann. Sources of resistance to both diseases that may serve as parental material for the development of resistant cultivars have been found among 69 accessions surveyed.
Potato Growth Responses in Arcillite and Sand1
Authors: Hiller L. K. , Koller D. C.
Published: September 2022

Root and plant growth and tuber development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were considerably better in arcillite than in white quartz sand. Arcillite has several advantages for root and tuber studies requiring minimal damage to the tissue and/or adherence of the media to the root System. Mineral element analysis indicated that various nutrients including boron in arcillite became slowly available for plant growth.
Reaction of Twelve Sweet Potato Cultivars and Breeding Lines to Two Root-knot Species with Three Experimental Methods1
Authors: Bonsi C. K. , Phills B. R.
Published: September 2022

Twelve cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Chitwood) and M. javanica (Chitwood) using “greenhouse bed, ” “greenhouse cylinder, ” and “field” methods. Comparable results were obtained irrespective of the method used; however, the cylinder methods confined roots to an area readily accessible to the nematodes, permitted periodic root observations without destroying the root system, and was more conducive to effective evaluations at an earlier stage.
A Comparison of Three Methods of Maturity Determination in Sweet Corn1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Nelson J. W.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between soluble solids and moisture in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was not significantly influenced by cultivars or cultural practices. Soluble solids could be used to predict moisture values (y:98.82 – 0.95X, Sy·x = 1.09 within ±1%). Data from soluble solids and microwave oven methods were collected in 3 minutes or less and were com parable with data from the vacuum oven method.
U.C. Honey Dew Bush Breeding Line1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: September 2022

U.C. Honey Dew Bush is a short-internode, andromonoecious, green flesh, muskmelon, Cucumis melo L. It has value as a germplasm source for selection of a mechanical harvest type and/or a compact plant for the home garden.
Commercial Greenhouse Heating With Reject Heat From Electric Generating Plants1
Authors: Widmer R. E.
Published: September 2022

Most greenhouse operators were unconcerned about warnings of limited fuel supplies until the “oil crisis” of 1973. Suddenly everyone was concerned over increasing prices of oil and natural gas, and more critically over their possible inability to obtain an adequate, steady supply of fuel. Prices increased regularly thereafter but until recently, fear over an adequate supply diminished.
Responsibilities to Worldwide Horticulture. Presidential Address
Authors: Gabelman W. H.
Published: September 2022

Warren H. Gabelman was born on April 18, 1921, in Tilden, Nebraska. Following graduation from Tilden High School in 1938, he entered the University of Nebraska, where it was his good fortune to have Professor H. O. Werner as an advisor and an employer. Professor Werner conveyed the “excitement of discovery” and the importance of a strong philosophy of research, which became building blocks for the professional career that developed. Sports were also important. He was an outfielder on the varsity baseball team for 3 years. It was at the University of Nebraska that he met his wife, Alberta.
In Quest of Rapid Screening Techniques for Plant Salt Tolerance1
Authors: Shannon M. C.
Published: September 2022

Rapid screening techniques for selecting salt-tolerant plants are heretofore untried, untested, or unproven. Theoretically, we know it is possible to screen plants for this trait. Halophytes and salt-tolerant ecotypes exist in nature and variability in tolerance has been demonstrated in a number of agronomic species (48). However, the complexities of salt tolerance and the multitude of ways in which plants adjust and adapt to it have caused much confusion. The effect of salinity on a plant may depend on ontogeny (3, 11), humidity (21, 22, 34), temperature (21, 35), light (14, 35), irrigation management (8, 9), cultural practices (6, 11), soil fertility (10, 32), air pollution (20, 26), and the particular growth or yield parameter measured (3, 49). If all environmental conditions are optimal it is possible to grow some agricultural crops at seawater salinity concentrations. Barley, wheat, millet, and various other crops have been grown on sandy beach areas using seawater for irrigation (4, 5, 16, 24). The use of sand facilitates leaching and minimizes salinity accumulation. Additionally, coastal areas may be cool and humid, and, if fogs are common, have low light intensities. These factors create a favorable environment and decrease salinity damage. Recently, Epstein and colleagues used such an environment to screen a barley composite for salt tolerance (16). Several lines were selected which seemed to produce higher yields than the test cultivars. It is possible that such research will result in the selection of traits that will enhance salt tolerance in barley cultivars adapted to other environments.
Pink Phloem in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees with Dead Spur Disorder1
Authors: Klaren C. H. , Ketchie D. O.
Published: September 2022

Pink phloem was found during the winter months in all spurs on ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees affected by dead spur disorder and was less frequent the remainder of the year. On healthy trees pink phloem was found in young spurs, but seldom at the base of older spurs. The pigment was identified as the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-galactoside.
The Effect of Nitrogen Concentration and Supplemental Light on the Growth and Quality of ‘Caliente’ Roses1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Tsujita M. J.
Published: September 2022

Nutrient solutions containing concentrations of 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm N were applied to Rosa hybrida cv. Caliente grown under either 18 hours of high pressure sodium light of 110µEm-2s-1 quantum flux density or ambient light. Supplemental light increased yield and decreased foliar N and time to flower compared with ambient light. The lowest N level (200 ppm) produced the highest yield under ambient light, but 300 ppm N was optimum under supplemental light High N concentrations reduced stem grade under ambient light. Stem length, stem diameter, fresh weight, keeping quality, days to flower, and foliar nitrogen were not significantly affected by nitrogen treatment.
Nitrogen Requirements for Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott ‘Rooseveltii’1
Authors: Morgan David L. , Hipp Billy W.
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen applied to ‘Roosevelt’ Boston fern in the greenhouse at 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm concentrations increased dry weight, frond length, and leaf area up to 200 ppm, but all decreased at 300 ppm.
Zinc Deficiency Symptoms of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens1
Authors: Marlatt R. B. , McRitchie J. J.
Published: September 2022

Symptoms of zinc deficiency in hydroponically-grown Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl. included plant stunting, uniformly chlorotic foliage and very small leaves bearing stubby, clustered pinnae.
Growth Acceleration of Pin Oak Seedlings with a Mycorrhizal Fungus1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. , Hendrix James W.
Published: September 2022

Isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch differed in increasing growth of pin oak seedlings (Quercus palustris Meunchh.) greenhouse-grown in 165 ml tubes containing 1 peat:1 perlite (by volume). At the 4.5 kg/m3 rate of 14N-6P-11.6K Osmocote, a slow release fertilizer, one isolate significantly increased height of seedlings, compared to seedlings not inoculated or inoculated with a second isolate. The 4.5 kg/m3 rate of Osmocote did not suppress mycorrhizae formation by either isolate. At a lower fertilizer rate (1.1 kg/m3 of Osmocote), no differences in height were found among inoculated and uninoculated controls.
Field Evaluation of Breeding Lines and Cultivars of Sweet Potato for Resistance to the Sweet Potato Weevil1
Authors: Rolston L. H. , Barlow Thomas , Hernandez Teme , Nilakhe Shashank S. , Jones Alfred
Published: September 2022

Breeding lines and cultivars of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam were evaluated in the field during a 4 year period for resistance to the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Appreciable resistance occurred in lines from Louisiana, Nigeria, Asia, and the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory. Lines performed similarly with respect to resistance when evaluated in 2 or more years.
Isolation of Natural Cytokinins from Lettuce Leaves1
Authors: Kemp Thomas R. , Knavel Dean E. , Hamilton James L.
Published: September 2022

Cytokinins were extracted from lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L., butterhead type), purified by cation exchange, paper and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and bioassayed with tobacco callus. Compounds with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to those of zeatin and zeatin riboside were detected. The inner, developing leaves of the heads contained most of the cytokinin activity.
Response of Pepper to Transplant Clipping and Daminozide1
Authors: Knavel Dean E.
Published: September 2022

Clipped pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants produced as well as control plants, but out-yielded plants sprayed with butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide). Clipping increased branching and fruiting sites. Solution-culture studies showed fresh weight of clipped plants to be similar to that of daminozide-treated plants, but root and shoot growth of treated plants was less than that of control plants. The different growth responses affected N and Ca absorption.
Horticultural Therapy Programs in Britain and the United States1
Authors: Grossmann R. S.
Published: September 2022

A general review of the literature from Great Britain and the United States indicates that the use of horticulture for therapy is not new (3). Why horticulture was and still is unusually popular as a therapeutic medium is not clear; articles from the paraprofessional journals claim the therapeutic benefit is due to an inherent relationship between people and plants, although little assessment of this claim is discussed. However, horticultural therapy has achieved a degree of “professional status” through the establishment of courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels, and by the National Council for Therapy and Rehabilitation Through Horticulture (NCTRH), based on the education and/or expertise of the horticultural therapist (Grades HTT, HTR, HTM), which was recognized by the United States Civil Service. The recent literature has mentioned interest and on-going projects from 5 main groups: the long-term caring institutions, volunteer groups, agencies for horticultural therapy, various universities, and centers of horticultural activity such as arboreta. The NCTRH has been largely responsible for coordinating information through newsletters sent to some 400 members and organizations.
A Bibliography for Horticultural Therapy (1970-1978): Comparison of Literature Search Techniques in an Interdisciplinary Field1
Authors: Markee Katherine M. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Although the therapeutic value of gardening is an old concept, the present awareness of “horticultural therapy” as a special form of rehabilitation dates from the mid 1940‘s when institutions such as the Menninger Clinic and the New York University Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine were actively involved in therapy programs involving plant care and gardening. Horticultural therapy is thus a young field and its literature is diffused in publication of the medical, social, and agricultural sciences covering disciplines such as horticulture, psychology, education, medicine, sociology, nursing, and rehabilitation. This diversity presents special problems in tracking ongoing research and the literature in this field. The present study had 2 objectives: 1) to initiate a bibliography in horticultural therapy and 2) to compare various literature search techniques for their applicability in an interdisciplinary field.
The Student Intern Program to Assist Iowa County Extension Staff1
Authors: Naeve L. , Taber H. G. , Kling G. J.
Published: September 2022

The 6-month student intern program offered by the Department of Horticulture at Iowa State University assists rural and urban Iowans in home food production through extension programs, mass media, and community projects. Advanced undergraduate horticulture students are granted internships at the county/area level and receive credits and a salary for their work. An extension horticulture associate based in the department provides the overall leadership and coordination.

Intern training sessions concentrate on the type of questions to expect and problem diagnosis methods. More than 50% of homeowner concerns are related to home food production. The intern program has been received enthusiastically and has reduced the summer workload of county staff and state specialists.
Adventive Embryony in Apple1
Authors: Eichholtz David A. , Robitaille Henry A. , Hasegawa Paul M.
Published: September 2022

Adventive embryos of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), with differentiated cotyledons and axes, were initiated from micropylar halves of nucellus cultured in darkness on Murashige and Skoog’s salts, vitamins, glycine, and sucrose. Embryos were observed 50 days after culture. Reculture of embryos onto the same medium resulted in proliferation of embryo-like structures from their cotyledons.
Effect of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Daminozide on Growth and First Fruiting of Dwarf Apple Trees1
Authors: Williams J. M. , Thompson A. H.
Published: September 2022

N and P fertilization at planting increased plant height in the first growing season of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing (M) 26 rootstocks. P fertilizer stimulated lateral bud break and, at 0.023 kg P, resulting in an increase in trunk caliper. When P was combined with 2,000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), no trunk response resulted. The greatest number of flower clusters and fruits developed as a result of 0.046 kg P in combination with daminozide.
Relationship between Cold Hardiness and Normalized Electrical Impedance in Unfrozen ‘Delicious’ Apple Shoots1
Authors: Evert D. R. , Cooley D. R.
Published: September 2022

Normalized electrical impedance and cold hardiness were measured for internodal sections of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) during fall and winter for 2 years. Each year, the normalized impedance for the August date was significantly higher than on later dates. The relationship between normalized impedance and cold hardiness was inconsistent; r2=0.03 and P>5%, first year and r2=0.4 and P<1%, second year. The relationship between cold hardiness and the mean temperature for the 7 days before the sample date was consistent; r2=0.85 and P<1%, first year and r2=0.81 and P<1%, second year. The slope of the line relating sample diameter and normalized impedance changed from plus to minus each year.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Ethephon on Enzymatic Browning of ‘Redhaven’ Peaches1
Authors: Paulson A. T. , Vanderstoep J. , Eaton G. W.
Published: September 2022

Trees of ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were sprayed with 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) or 75 or 150 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) 21 or 46 days after full bloom and the ripe fruits were evaluated for enzymatic browning. Treated fruit had less browning than untreated fruit and fruit treated 46 days after bloom had less browning than fruit treated 21 days after bloom. Purees from ethephon treated fruit had higher pH values than those from GA treated fruit. Fresh weight of ethephon treated fruit varied with ethephon concentration and time of application. Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and o-diphenol content were not affected by treatment. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 81% of the variation in browning was explained by variations in treatment, treatment application date, o-diphenol content, PPO activity and fresh weight.
Effects of Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid on Thinning Peaches1
Authors: Young Eric , Edgerton L. J.
Published: September 2022

Fruit retention on several cultivars of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was reduced when (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 37.5 to 150 ppm was applied during fruit stage I and the beginning of stage II. Leaf yellowing and early drop as well as gummosis of branches and fruits frequently occurred as side effects. Simultaneous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) at 50 to 100 ppm significantly reduced or eliminated the undesirable side effects of ethephon without altering the thinning response.
Comparative Effects of Shading and Defoliation of Myrobalan Plum on Nitrate Uptake from Nutrient Solutions1
Authors: Therios I. N. , Weinbaum S. A.
Published: September 2022

Nonbearing Myrobalan 3-J (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) plum trees were maintained at 35 klx, 25°C, and 70% relative humidity in aerated nutrient solutions. Net nitrate uptake (NU) was not reduced during 10 hours of darkness. With defoliation, NU declined within 20 hours, reaching about 50% in 50 hours. The metabolism required for nutrient uptake was presumably supported during darkness by substrate reserves. The lower NU following defoliation is consistent with the view that leaves are important reservoirs of substrate and/or hormones.
The Influence of Two Methods of Foliar Application of Zinc and Adjuvant Solutions on Leaflet Zinc Concentration in Pecan Trees1
Authors: Smith M. W. , Storey J. B. , Westfall P. N.
Published: September 2022

Zinc solutions applied by aircraft did not increase the zinc concentration in leaflets of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] above the deficiency level. Solutions applied by a hydraulic sprayer increased leaflet zinc concentration above that resulting from aerial application. Zinc concentration of pecan leaflets was not enhanced by addition of a surfactant or chelate but was enhanced by the use of zinc-urea-surfactant solutions. Data indicate that aerial foliar applications of solutions do not usually increase leaflet zinc concentration to the minimum level of 60 ppm required for normal growth.
Effect of Ethephon on Ripening of ‘Cowar’ Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Lane R. P. , Flora L. F.
Published: September 2022

Concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) were applied to replicated 3-vine plots of nearly ripe ‘Cowar’ muscadine grapes (V. rotundifolia Michx.) and fruits harvested 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment evaluated for ripeness and quality. Force required to release berries from stems decreased as ethephon concentration and time after treatment increased. Soluble solids were significantly lower in the 100 and 200 ppm treated fruit while percent dry stem scar increased. Acidity and soluble solids/acid ratio showed no changed from the control. Penetration force (berry firmness) did not differ from the control for ethephon concentration but had decreased 48 hours after treatment.
Temperature and Photoperiod Effects on Abscisic Acid Content in ‘Earliwax’ Snapbean Seed1
Authors: Makus D. J. , Shannon C.
Published: September 2022

Seeds from plants of ‘Earliwax’ snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) stressed at 46°C during the reproductive cycle had higher abscisic acid (ABA) levels (285 ng/g) than those of plants stressed at lower temperatures (257 ng/g at 41°C, 249 ng/g at 35°). Higher levels of ABA in seeds also resulted when more mature plants were stressed. A trend towards higher levels of ABA/g seed was observed in plants grown under 16 hour days (219 ng/g) as opposed to 10 hour days (139 ng/g).
The Effect of Bulb and Neck Size upon Establishment of Transplanted Onions1
Authors: Ramtohul Mooneshwar , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

The diameter of the bulb to the neck (bulbing ratio) of ‘Yellow Bermuda’ and ‘Red Burgundy’ onions (Alluim cepa L.) grown from seed in a glasshouse was determined and the seedlings transplanted in the field. Plants with a large bulbing ratio (above 3.37) did not resume growth. The bulbing ratio can be used to determine which plants will resume growth after transplanting.
Variation in Pollen-grain Size in Dieffenbachia1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Four Dieffenbachia species produced a low percentage of pollen grains with mean diameters 3244% larger than normal-sized grains.