bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of health and somatic growth in preterm infants and children with chronic lung disease
Authors: Aoyama Brianna C. , McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A. , Collaco Joseph M.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common complication of prematurity, is associated with impaired lung function and increased morbidity in childhood. These children display heterogeneous somatic growth patterns which may ultimately impact their risk for later respiratory disease. We aim to understand the relationship between socioenvironmental exposures and growth in this population.

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted using participants (n = 616) enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Outpatient BPD Registry. Growth measurements between 0 and 36 months of age were obtained. Somatic growth measurements, both corrected and uncorrected for gestational age, were converted to z‐scores using Center for Disease Control and Prevention normative data. Using a participant's residential zip code, we utilized the 2019 Area Deprivation Index (ADI), the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) 2.0, and neighborhood food insecurity data from the Maryland Food Bank. Linear regression analysis was performed employing individual socioenvironmental measures as independent variables and growth z‐scores as dependent variables in univariate analysis. Univariate analysis was repeated adjusting for gestational age, BPD severity, and the presence of a gastrostomy tube (GT).

Results

Of the three measures analyzed, national COI (nCOI) showed a significant association with mean weight z‐scores, mean ADI showed some association with mean weight z‐scores, and the percentage of a community experiencing food insecurity showed no association with mean weight z‐scores. After adjusting for gestational age, BPD severity, and presence of a GT, children living in areas of greater opportunity (higher nCOI values), had significantly lower weight z‐scores at 12 months corrected and at 24 and 36 months uncorrected

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the COI 2.0, a multidimensional measure, captures more facets of an individual's social environment, as compared to the singular nature of a measure of food insecurity. There are several potential explanations for the phenomenon seen, and further understanding of this dynamic is crucial for designing effective interventions and policies to better address inequities in outcomes.

Keywords

bronchopulmonary dysplasia, growth, social determinants of health
Steps toward an integrated soil water tension and osmotic tension sensor
Authors: Goodchild Martin S.
Published: August 2024

The two most important abiotic plant stressors that impact plant development and crop yields are water stress and salinity stress. These issues are particularly important in arid and semi‐arid regions. According to a 2019 research paper, “thirty crop species provide 90% of our food, most of which display severe yield losses under moderate salinity.” Moderate salinity is defined as extracted pore‐water salinity in the range of 4–8 dS m−1. Currently, commercially available soil moisture and bulk soil electrical conductivity sensors can estimate in situ soil pore‐water electrical conductivity with suitably calibrated soil moisture and electrical conductivity models for a wide range of soil types and growing media. With knowledge of the pore‐water electrical conductivity it is possible to estimate osmotic tension. Furthermore, there are commercially available dielectric tensiometers that provide soil water tension measurements from the water content of a porous matrix component that is in equilibrium with the water capillary forces in the surrounding soil or growing media. Combining soil moisture and soil water tension measurements enables water retention curves and the hydraulic properties of a soil to be determined. However, the overall ability of a plant to extract water from a soil or substrate is typically dominated by water tension and osmotic tension. Currently, while the technology blocks exist in different commercial offerings, the combination of a water tension and osmotic tension in an integrated sensor does not exist. A key benefit of the porous matrix in a dielectric tensiometer is that electrical measurements include a component of extracted water from the soil or growing media. With the appropriate dielectric characterization of the porous matrix, there should be no need for soil‐specific calibrations. The aim of the paper is to outline the measurement processing that could be implemented into an integrated water tension and osmotic tension sensor.
Synthesis, Computational, Anticancer, and Electrochemical Behavior Studies of 3‐Methyl‐4‐(hetero)aryl Methylene Isoxazole‐5(4H)‐One
Authors: Mane Radhika , Yaraguppi Deepak A. , Chandrakala K. B , Kamanna Kantharaju
Published: August 2024

3‐methyl‐4‐(hetero)arylmethylidene isoxazole‐5(4H)‐one derivatives (4a‐r) derivatives (4a‐r) were synthesized by the multi‐component reactions. The multi‐component reactions (MCRs) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ethyl acetoacetate and aromatic/ heteroaromatic aldehyde catalyzed by novel Glutamic acid (Glu) as a biodegradable and eco‐friendly organocatalyst in ethanol on oil bath stirring at 60 °C. The final product homogeneity was examined by various spectroscopic techniques. In this work prepared compounds 4 q and 4 r are novel derivatives. The molecular dynamics of total energy and energy gap was calculated using DFT/B3LYP/6–31G (dp) method. The selected derivatives (4 l–r) screened against in vitro MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line by MTT assay, derivatives 4 l and 4 o displayed very good activity with IC50 of 6.57±2.31, and 21.93±1.34 as compared to doxorubicin of IC50 (3.69±0.17). Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate interaction of PDB id: 1 M17 with led molecules of MCF‐7. Later, 1 M17 and 4 l underwent 200 ns molecular dynamics and simulation within physiological conditions, the outcomes showed that during the simulation, the ligand stayed in the same form. Further, the selected derivatives drug like computed using swissADME, and derivatives 4 l–r obeyed rule of Lipinski's. Furthermore, selected derivatives tested for electrochemical behavior using cyclic voltammetry, and compound 4 l and 4 q showed strong oxidation and reduction potential, thus these derivatives can present better antioxidant properties.
PdO Reinforced CuO/Al2O3 Mesoporous Nanostructures as High‐Efficiency Electrocatalysts for Hydrazine Oxidation Reaction (HzOR)
Authors: Khan Safia , Arshad Ifzan , Aftab Saima , Arshad Javeria , Khan Mariam , Shah Syed Sakhawat , Janjua Naveed Kausar , Mohany Mohamed , Ning Yafei , Li Hu
Published: August 2024

Direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFC) insist on the evolved and persistent electrocatalysts for anodic hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). Herein, PdO promoted CuO heterostructures supported on γ‐Al2O3 are depicted as efficient electrocatalysts for HzOR. γ‐Al2O3 is prepared by precipitation method while metal precursors are incorporated by co‐impregnation technique. Physiochemically characterized PdO‐CuO/Al2O3 mesoporous composites displayed large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) i. e., 0.18 cm2, high current density (j) i. e., 35.7 mA cm−2, larger diffusion coefficient (D°) i. e., 29.3×10−4 (cm2s−1), large apparent rate constant (kapp) i. e., 13.2 cm−1 with low charge transfer resistance (Rct) i. e., 3.6 kΩ shown by the best catalyst i. e., 1 % PdO‐CuO/Al2O3. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the fabricated working electrodes offer high efficiency towards HzOR in alkaline medium in such a way that 1 % PdO‐CuO/Al2O3 produced 600 times higher oxidation current than CuO/Al2O3 composite. Owing to stability and reproducibility, PdO modified CuO/Al2O3 would achieve a huge catalytic significance in multiple electrochemical oxidation reactions with economic and ecological benefits.
Enhanced Positive Charge Performance in Triboelectric Series: Molecular Engineering of Conjugated Mesoporous Fibers for Machine Learning‐Based Wearable Sensors
Authors: Sun Jingzhe , Jeong Songah , Zheng Zihao , Ren Bingqi , Han Seunghye , Li Yongwei , Bae Jihyun , Xiang Yong , Kim Hyungwoo , Park Jong‐jin
Published: August 2024

With the increasing focus on triboelectric‐based sensors, research on synthesizing dielectric layers from specific substances is gradually emerging. Despite numerous negatively‐charged triboelectric materials, there is a scarcity of synthesizable positively‐charged materials, creating a research gap. This study demonstrates the molecular design of a conjugated, mesoporous, self‐assembled sheet via bottom‐up synthesis. The synthesized sheet is functionalized to create a triboelectric nanogenerator. Its large specific surface area, softness, and internal space increase the actual contact area and provide adsorption sites for polypyrrole nanoparticles. The incorporation of ‐COO functional group enhances positive triboelectric performance, forming a dielectric layer with charge‐trapping capabilities. When contact with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), this structure boosts the output voltage, showing significant amplification after charge injection with minimal decay. As a demonstration, the bilayer structure is applied as a touchpad on the experimenter's arm to write symbols. The signals are input into an innovative machine‐learning model to interpret the writer's intent. Additionally, the device connects to a terminal for real‐time medical services, suggesting practical applications for wearable triboelectric sensors with artificial intelligence.
Free‐floating intraperitoneal necrotic lipoma in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Webb Chris , Herrman Annika
Published: August 2024

An approximately 3‐year‐old, male, neutered, black Dutch guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was presented for routine health check shortly following adoption. Physical examination revealed an incidental non‐painful, firm, highly mobile, ovoid mass ventrally in the mid‐abdomen. The remaining examination was otherwise normal, and investigation was declined due to lack of clinical signs. The guinea pig was re‐presented 2 months later, as it appeared less interactive. The mass was unchanged, but mild abdominal pain was present on palpation. Ultrasound examination revealed a 60 × 40 mm discoid, hyperechoic mass with multiple hypoechoic, well‐demarcated cavitary areas. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and a free‐floating, dark tan, smooth, firm, biconvex mass was removed without further dissection or ligation. Clinical signs resolved in the first week, and the animal remained clinically normal 3 months postoperatively. A necrotic lipoma was confirmed on histology, and should therefore be a differential for an abdominal mass in this species.
The Spread of Anti-vaccination Memes on Facebook
Authors: Knuutila Aleksi , George Anna , Bright Jonathan , George Anna , Howard Philip
Published: August 2024

False claims about vaccines can find large audiences online, leading to vaccine hesitancy. The most influential content on social media is often visual, but studies about misinformation largely focus on text instead of images. This study uses new image analysis capabilities that Facebook and Instagram have made available to understand the spread of visual anti-vaccination memes on these platforms. We identified 200 influential memes that contain scepticism or hesitancy towards vaccines and the 15,000 public Facebook accounts on which the memes have been shared. We describe the memes’ spread on a large scale by identifying communities of accounts and describing the diffusion pathways of memes between the communities. We develop a novel method of testing whether a meme has spread from one community of accounts to another that works on sequential time series alone. We identify 16 distinct communities of Facebook accounts and categories them based on thematic and regional focus. Anti-vaccination memes originate predominantly from North American Facebook accounts. These accounts often focus on opposing COVID-19 policies or promoting conspiracy theories about elites. Memes from these communities also spread internationally, particularly to Europe, demonstrating their influence beyond North America. The analysis demonstrates that memes receive the most engagement within their initial community. However, their overall reach depends on their ability to spread to other communities. This suggests that the ability of memes to find large audiences is based on their capacity to spread beyond their original contexts and to be used by groups with potentially different agendas.
Flat space spinning massive amplitudes from momentum space CFT
Authors: Marotta Raffaele , Skenderis Kostas , Verma Mritunjay
Published: August 2024

Abstract

We discuss the flat space limit of AdS using the momentum space representation of CFT correlators. The flat space limit involves sending the AdS radius and the dimensions of operators dual to massive fields to infinity while also scaling appropriately the sources of the dual operators. In this limit, d-dimensional CFT correlators become (d + 1)-dimensional scattering amplitudes. We exemplify our discussion with the computation of the flat-space limit of the CFT 3-point function of a conserved current, a non-conserved charged vector operator and its conjugate. The flat-space limit should yield the scattering amplitude of an Abelian gauge field with two massive vector fields. This scattering amplitude computes the electromagnetic form factors of the electromagnetic current in a spin-1 state, and these form factors encode the electromagnetic properties of the massive vector field (charge, magnetic moment and quadruple moment). In terms of the CFT, the flat-space limit amounts to zooming in the infrared region of the triple-K integrals that determine the 3-point function, while also scaling to infinity the order of (some of) the Bessel functions that feature in the triple-K integrals. In this limit the triple-K integral becomes proportional to the energy-preserving delta function, and the flat space limit correctly yields the corresponding flat space scattering amplitude in complete detail.
Robust IMPT and follow-up toxicity in skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma—a single-institution clinical experience
Authors: Miladinovic Vesna , Klaver Yvonne L. B. , Krol Augustinus D. G. , Kroesen Michiel , Verbist Berit M. , Habraken Steven J. M. , van Furth Wouter R. , Coremans Ida E. M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base are rare, slowly growing malignant bone neoplasms. Despite their radioresistant properties, proton therapy has been successfully used as an adjunct to resection or as a definitive treatment. Herewith, we present our experience with robustly optimized intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and related toxicities in skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma patients treated at HollandPTC, Delft, the Netherlands.

Methods

Clinical data, treatment plans, and acute toxicities of patients treated between July 2019 and August 2021 were reviewed. CT and 3.0T MRI scans for treatment planning were performed in supine position in a thermoplastic mold. In total, 21 dose optimization and 28 dose evaluation scenarios were simulated. Acute toxicity was scored weekly before and during the treatment according to the CTCAE v4.0. Median follow-up was 35 months (range 12–36 months).

Results

Overall, 9 chordoma and 3 chondrosarcoma patients with 1–3 resections prior to IMPT were included; 4 patients had titanium implants. Brainstem core and surface and spinal cord core and surface were used for nominal plan robust optimization in 11, 10, 8, and 7 patients, respectively. Middle ear inflammation, dry mouth, radiation dermatitis, taste disorder, and/or alopecia of grades 1–3 were noted at the end of treatment among 6 patients without similar complaints at inclusion; symptoms disappeared 3 months following the treatment.

Conclusion

Robustly optimized IMPT is clinically feasible as a postoperative treatment for skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma patients. We observed acceptable early toxicities (grade 1–3) that disappeared within the first 3 months after irradiation.
Short-run impact of electricity on social capital: evidence from a rural electricity program
Authors: Dendup Ngawang , Rahut Dil Bahadur , Xiao Yayue
Published: August 2024

Access to electricity is increasing in developing nations, driven by the belief that it can enhance economic outcomes. However, beyond its economic impact, electricity availability can influence non-economic outcomes like social capital, especially in rural settings. Social capital plays a crucial role in promoting collective actions and improving the credibility of social contract, which can help alleviate market inefficiencies stemming from challenges in enforcing such agreements. This study investigates the impact of electricity on social capital, focusing on household-level trust, interactions and engagements. To overcome the potential endogeneity of electricity access, we estimate a bivariate probit model, using a plausibly exogenous land gradient as an instrument. Our findings suggest that, in the short run, the influence of electricity on various social capital measures is not statistically significant. However, we do find some evidence of a heterogeneous effect.
Transparency at its best: neutrons probing archaeological glass finds from Romania
Authors: Bugoi Roxana , Ţârlea Alexandra , Szilágyi Veronika , Cliante Laurenţiu , Harsányi Ildikó , Kasztovszky Zsolt
Published: August 2024

This paper demonstrates the suitability of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) technique for the compositional study of ancient glass finds, illustrating this idea by presenting and commenting the chemical composition of 41 Roman glass fragments discovered in archaeological excavations at Tomis, Histria, and Beidaud, Romania. According to typological and stratigraphic criteria, most finds were dated to the 1st-4th centuries AD. The PGAA measurements were performed at the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC), Hungary. Regardless of their color (or the lack of it), most of the analyzed vitreous items have compositional traits often encountered in coeval glass artefacts discovered at various sites all over the Roman Empire. The sample set turned out to include several examples of Foy Série 2.1 and a single HIMT glass item, in agreement with the later chronological attribution of the corresponding fragments. This study provides some information about the chemistry of the Roman glass finds unearthed during the archaeological research performed in the region of the western Black Sea coast.
Quality assurance using quality indicators for prevention and early detection of cervical cancer in certified gynaecological dysplasia units and consultancies
Authors: Steinkasserer Lena , Wesselmann Simone , Quaas Jens , Beckmann Matthias W. , Dannecker Christian , Hachenberg Jens , Jentschke Matthias , Hillemanns Peter
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. A successful screening concept for cervical cancer reduces the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Quality indicators (QIs) derived from the screening guidelines for cervical cancer and used by the certified dysplasia units and dysplasia consultancies are evaluated in this paper. The aim of this paper is to present the current data from the annual reports of these units and consultancies.

Methods

The results of the basic data and indicators for the audit year 2022 in the gynaecological dysplasia consultancies and units are presented. In 2022, 84 dysplasia consultancies and 42 units were audited. 40 units and 84 consultancies are included in the annual report. QI outcomes for patients treated in certified dysplasia units and dysplasia consultancies are analysed. Median, overall proportion, and standard deviation were calculated for each QI.

Results

The indicator year 2021 was analysed, which was audited in 2022 and evaluated in 2023. A total of nine QIs were analysed. Most target goals were met by the 84 certified dysplasia consultancies and by the 40 dysplasia units. The QIs evaluated are implemented to a very high degree. The targets for the three QIs were achieved by both the dysplasia consultancies and the units in at least 95% of the certified centres (QI 1: 100%, QI 2: 95%, QI 3: 100%; QI 1: 100%, QI 2: 97%, QI 3: 100%, respectively). The presentation of patients to the tumour board by the consultancies/units is working; the units are attending the tumour board more regularly than in previous years. Where the target was not met, the auditors issued deviations or reduced the duration of the certificate. The cases are discussed intensively in the sense of an individual case analysis and with the determination of measures on-site.

Conclusions

The targets for the various indicators were largely met by the dysplasia consultancies and units in the 2022 audit year. The certification of gynaecological dysplasia consultancies/units which have to cooperate with certified gynaecological cancer centres, has for the first time ensured the continuity of healthcare from prevention and early diagnosis to treatment of gynaecological cancers.
Advancing past ketamine: emerging glutamatergic compounds for the treatment of depression
Authors: Freudenberg Florian , Reif-Leonhard Christine , Reif Andreas
Published: August 2024

Changes in glutamatergic neuroplasticity has been proposed as one of the core mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression. In consequence components of the glutamatergic synapse have been explored as potential targets for antidepressant treatment. The rapid antidepressant effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine and subsequent approval of its S-enantiomer (i.e. esketamine), have set the precedent for investigation into other glutamatergic rapid acting antidepressants (RAADs). In this review, we discuss the potential of the different glutamatergic targets for antidepressant treatment. We describe important clinical outcomes of several key molecules targeting components of the glutamatergic synapse and their applicability as RAADs. Specifically, here we focus on substances beyond (es)ketamine, for which meaningful data from clinical trials are available, including arketamine, esmethadone, nitrous oxide and other glutamate receptor modulators. Molecules only successful in preclinical settings and case reports/series are only marginally discussed. With this review, we aim underscore the critical role of glutamatergic modulation in advancing antidepressant therapy, thereby possibly enhancing clinical outcomes but also to reducing the burden of depression through faster therapeutic effects.
Association of periodontitis with cardiometabolic and haemostatic parameters
Authors: Groenewegen Hester , Borjas-Howard Jaime F. , Meijer Karina , Lisman Ton , Vissink Arjan , Spijkervet Fred K. L. , Nesse Willem , Tichelaar Vladimir Y. I. G. V.
Published: August 2024

Objective

To investigate the association between periodontitis and cardiometabolic and haemostatic parameters.

Materials and methods

Between 2014 and 2019, 54 individuals needing full mouth extraction, and 50 control individuals, were recruited for a combined cross-sectional (individuals versus controls) and longitudinal (individuals before and after extraction) study. Periodontitis severity was measured using the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). Blood was drawn to measure the haemostatic (Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor [VWF], endogenous thrombin potential, d-dimer, clot lysis time) and cardiovascular risk (C-reactive protein [CRP], lipid profile) parameters, prior to and 12 weeks post-extraction. The results were analysed group-wise.

Results

The mean VWF and CRP levels were higher and the high-density lipoprotein levels were lower in the individuals prior to extraction compared to the controls. The VWF was significantly correlated with the PISA (a 21% unit increase in VWF per 1000 mm2 increase in PISA, 95%CI: 6–36%, p = 0.01). The other analyses were comparable between the individuals and controls, and did not change in the individuals after the extraction.

Conclusion

VWF levels are associated with periodontitis severity; they do not improve after full-mouth extraction. Severe periodontitis in control individuals does not induce substantial changes in their haemostatic or inflammatory systems.

Clinical relevance

Treatment of periodontitis has been shown to improve the cardiometabolic blood profile of patients with established cardiometabolic disease. However, whether periodontitis treatment improves cardiometabolic and haemostatic profiles in people without cardiometabolic disease is uncertain.
Exploring the user’s gaze during product evaluation through the semantic differential: a comparison between virtual reality and photorealistic images
Authors: Palacios-Ibáñez Almudena , Castellet-Lathan Santiago , Contero Manuel
Published: August 2024

Advanced product presentation methods can enhance the product evaluation experience both during the design process and online shopping, as static images often fail to convey essential product details. Virtual Reality (VR) technologies hold great potential in this regard, becoming increasingly accessible to all users. However, the influence of display mediums on emotional responses and product assessment needs further investigation, especially using physiological measures to obtain more objective insights. In this study, we investigate the influence of VR and photorealistic images on assessing and observing virtual prototypes of game controllers. The Semantic Differential technique was employed for product assessment, while built-in eye-tracking was used to measure participants’ viewing time on various areas of interest (AOIs). Our findings show that the medium significantly affects not only product evaluation and confidence in the response but also how the user observes it, with sensory-related features being particularly influenced. These findings hold practical implications for product design and vendors, as understanding the relationship between visualization mediums and product evaluation enhances the design process and improves consumer experiences.
Decadal evolution of GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo mean orbital elements
Authors: Zajdel Radosław , Sośnica Krzysztof
Published: August 2024

We examine the decadal evolution of GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo satellite orbital elements, including the semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity, right ascension of the ascending node, and the argument of perigee. We focus on the long-term changes in Keplerian elements by averaging them over several complete revolutions forming mean orbital elements giving an explanation of the main perturbing forces for each Keplerian parameter. The combined International GNSS Service (IGS) orbits are employed which were derived in the framework of IGS Repro3 for ITRF2020 preparation spanning eight years from 2013 to 2021. The semi-major axis for GPS satellites is affected by a strong resonance with Earth’s gravity field resulting in a long-period perturbation similar to a secular drift. The semi-major axes of Galileo and GLONASS do not show any large-scale rates, however, Galileo satellites are affected by the Y-bias resulting in semi-major axis drifts. A significant perturbations due to solar radiation pressure affect the semi-major axis, eccentricity, and the argument of perigee. Notably, for Galileo satellites in eccentric orbits, the signal with a one-draconitic year is evident in the semi-major axis. The evolution of the mean right ascension of the ascending node and argument of perigee is primarily characterized by nearly linear regression mainly due to even zonal harmonics of the Earth’s gravity field. The long-term evolution of eccentricity and inclination does not follow a linear trend but exhibits clear oscillations dependent on the secular drift of the right ascension of the ascending node (for inclination) or the argument of perigee (for eccentricity). Additionally, the long-term perturbation of inclination reaches its maximum when the absolute value of the Sun’s elevation angle above the orbital plane ($$\beta$$ angle) is at its minimum, while the eccentricity reaches its minimum simultaneously with the minimum of the $$\beta$$ angle.
Look on the bright side: the relation between family values, positive aspects of care and caregiver burden
Authors: Zwar Larissa , König Hans-Helmut , Hajek André
Published: August 2024

Family-centered values are important for caregiving. However, findings on their association with burden are inconsistent. We aim to analyze whether positive aspects of caregiving are mediating the effect of familism on burden among informal caregivers of older adults in Germany. Participants (n = 277) were drawn from the Attitudes Toward Informal Caregivers (ATTIC) project and include informal long-term caregivers of older relatives (aged ≥ 60) quota-sampled from Germany (December 2023). Mediation analyses (linear OLS regression) with robust standard errors were conducted with the classic and the counterfactual causal mediation framework. The classic approach indicated a significant positive direct effect of familism on burden, a significant negative direct effect of PAC on burden and a significant negative indirect effect of familism via PAC on burden; the total effect was not significant. The causal mediation approach supports this; the interaction between familism and PAC was not significant. Thus, sociocultural family-centered values seemed to worsen burden but also to reduce it through positive experiences of caregiving, which did not depend on the strength of familism values. The findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the stress appraisal of the informal care situation and emphasize the role of positive experiences of care.
Differential Susceptibility in the Intergenerational Transmission of Secure Base Script Knowledge?
Authors: Runze Jana , Witte Annemieke M. , Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Oosterman Mirjam , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J.
Published: August 2024

Background

The transmission of attachment from parent to child is a well-known phenomenon. Previous research documented evidence supporting the transmission of attachment from parents to their children, with parental sensitivity serving a mediating role. Nevertheless, a "transmission gap" exists.

Objective

In the current pre-registered study, we investigated whether parents’ secure base script knowledge predicted their children’s secure base script knowledge and whether this association was mediated by parental sensitivity and sensitive discipline. Furthermore, we examined whether these associations were moderated by the child’s differential susceptibility.

Method

We measured the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA) in parents at the second wave and in their 9-year-old children at the sixth wave, in one cohort (N = 239 families) of the longitudinal, six wave L-CID study. We observed parental sensitivity and sensitive discipline at the third wave. We used a polygenic score and child discomfort as differential susceptibility factors in the multilevel structural equation model investigating the intergenerational transmission of attachment.

Results

Parental sensitivity, but not parental secure base script knowledge or parental sensitive discipline, predicted children’s attachment. This association was moderated by child temperamental discomfort: lower levels of parental sensitivity predicted less secure child attachment in children with higher discomfort but not in children with lower discomfort.

Conclusions

If replicated, we may conclude that the intergenerational transmission of secure base script knowledge is moderated by temperament in a way consistent with the diathesis-stress model.
“I’ve Been Hurt Every Single Day Here, You Know:” A Feminist Abolitionist Analysis of Immigration Detention
Authors: Esposito Francesca , Degenhardt Teresa , Kalokoh Aminata
Published: August 2024

While gendered violence against women at home, in intimate relationships, and in the workplace is widely acknowledged, the relationship between border control and gendered violence has only recently been addressed, often narrowly. To address this gap, this article examines the United Kingdom immigration detention system through an abolition feminist lens. Drawing on research conducted inside and outside detention sites, experiential knowledge from lived experience and solidarity work, and secondary sources, we highlight the entangled and mutually constitutive relationships between intimate/interpersonal and institutional/state violence. Inspired by Monica Cosby’s Intimate Partner Violence and State Violence Power and Control Wheel, our analysis reveals how immigration detention constitutes a form of racist-gendered state-corporate violence. Importantly, those who travel under the sign women understand this violence as directly linked to the gendered abuses they experienced outside detention. This underscores the inseparability of post-national struggles against carceral border regimes from feminist transformative efforts to eradicate gendered violence.
Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy from a clinical perspective
Authors: Ntuli Yevedzo , Shawcross Debbie L.
Published: August 2024

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome that is associated with both acute and chronic liver injury. It manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychological abnormalities, ranging from subtle impairments in executive higher functions observed in cirrhosis, through to coma in acute liver failure. In acute liver failure, the central role of ammonia in the development of brain oedema has remained undisputed for 130 years. It latterly became apparent that infection and inflammation were profound determinants for the development of severe hepatic encephalopathy, associated with the development of cerebral oedema and intracranial hypertension. The relationship of the development of hepatic encephalopathy with blood ammonia levels in cirrhosis is less clear cut and the synergistic interplay of inflammation and infection with ammonia has been identified as being fundamental in the development and progression of hepatic encephalopathy. A perturbed gut microbiome and the presence of an impaired gut epithelial barrier that facilitates translocation of bacteria and bacterial degradation products into the systemic circulation, inducing systemic inflammation and innate and adaptive immune dysfunction, has now become the focus of therapies that treat hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis, and may explain why the prebiotic lactulose and rifaximin are efficacious. This review summarises the current clinical perspective on the roles of inflammation and infection in hepatic encephalopathy and presents the evidence base for existing therapies and those in development in the setting of acute and chronic liver failure.
Introduction: difference-making and explanatory relevance
Authors: Behrens Singa , Krämer Stephan , Roski Stefan
Published: August 2024

We introduce the overall topic of the S.I. Difference-Making and Explanatory Relevance and provide brief summaries of the twelve contributed articles.
Far-red light perception by the shoot influences root growth and development in cereal-legume crop mixtures
Authors: Wang Jin L. , Evers Jochem B. , Anten Niels P. R. , Li Yitong , Yang Xiaoyi , Douma Jacob C. , Schneider Hannah M.
Published: August 2024

Background and aims

Above- and below-ground signals for and responses to competition in mixed-species stands have mostly been studied separately. This leaves unclear if aboveground signals specific to mixed stands have consequences for how plants respond and compete belowground. This study investigated the effect of an aboveground signal, the ratio of red to far-red light (R/FR), on plant biomass allocation and root architecture and morphology when plants grow with different species.

Methods

A greenhouse experiment with a mixture of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) and their respective mono stands was carried out in deep pots (22.6 L, 72 cm in depth) for 52 days of growth. Light-emitting diode (LED) lights were used to enrich FR levels (i.e., reduce the R/FR) of the light environment.

Results

Exposure of the shoots to FR-enriched light predominantly affected adventitious roots, with species-specific effects. Especially in species mixtures, increased FR caused wheat to produce more adventitious roots per tiller, while adventitious root mass of faba bean decreased. The influence of FR on rooting depth (D75, i.e. depth of 75% of root biomass) was species specific, with higher FR levels causing a reduction in D75 in wheat, but a greater D75 in faba bean.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate the plasticity of adventitious roots; they are highly responsive to the R/FR level to which the shoot is exposed and to whether neighboring plants are of the same or a different species. This highlights the complexity of plants' responses to environmental cues and how they modify interspecific interactions.
Typing /s/—morphology between the keys?
Authors: Muschalik Julia , Schmitz Dominic , Kakolu Ramarao Akhilesh , Baer-Henney Dinah
Published: August 2024

Morphological structure exerts an influence on acoustic duration. But does it also influence typing duration? The present article reports an experimental study that tests for the influence of morphological structure on typing timing. It is also a first of its kind comparison between spoken and written language production within the same paradigm, which explores the extent to which a pattern that has been found for speech production may have an analogue in written language production. In an online typing study using the experimental design of Schmitz et al. (Phonetica 78:571–616, 2021a), we test their results from the spoken domain for transferability to the written domain. Specifically, our study investigates whether language users type word-final < s > in English pseudowords at different word-internal boundaries—non-morphemic, plural, auxiliary has-clitic and is-clitic—with differing speeds and how our results compare to those found by Schmitz et al. (Phonetica 78:571–616, 2021a) for articulation. We find that the influence of morphological structure on articulation and typing timing does not follow an identical principle. While durational differences are found for the different morphological categories in articulation, participants in our experiment type non-morphemic < s > and plural < s > at almost identical speed. A significant difference emerges, however, for the typing of auxiliary clitics. Our results suggest that processing units other than morphemes might be dominant in written language production.
Modeling Evasive Response Bias in Randomized Response: Cheater Detection Versus Self-protective No-Saying
Authors: Sayed Khadiga H. A. , Cruyff Maarten J. L. F. , van der Heijden Peter G. M.
Published: August 2024

Randomized response is an interview technique for sensitive questions designed to eliminate evasive response bias. Since this elimination is only partially successful, two models have been proposed for modeling evasive response bias: the cheater detection model for a design with two sub-samples with different randomization probabilities and the self-protective no sayers model for a design with multiple sensitive questions. This paper shows the correspondence between these models, and introduces models for the new, hybrid “ever/last year” design that account for self-protective no saying and cheating. The model for one set of ever/last year questions has a degree of freedom that can be used for the inclusion of a response bias parameter. Models with multiple degrees of freedom are introduced for extensions of the design with a third randomized response question and a second set of ever/last year questions. The models are illustrated with two surveys on doping use. We conclude with a discussion of the pros and cons of the ever/last year design and its potential for future research.
Macrocyclizing-thioesterases in bacterial non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis
Authors: Matsuda Kenichi
Published: August 2024

Macrocyclization of peptides reduces conformational flexibilities, potentially leading to improved drug-like properties. However, side reactions such as epimerization and oligomerization often pose synthetic challenges. Peptide-cyclizing biocatalysts in the biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) have remarkable potentials as chemoenzymatic tools to facilitate more straightforward access to complex macrocycles. This review highlights the biocatalytic potentials of NRP cyclases, especially those of cis-acting thioesterases, the most general cyclizing machinery in NRP biosynthesis. Growing insights into penicillin-binding protein-type thioesterases, a relatively new group of trans-acting thioesterases, are also summarized.

Graphical abstract
Predicting the O’Kelly-Marotta scale score after flow-diverter stent placement using silent MRA
Authors: Miyazaki Aki , Nishio Mizuho , Fujita Atsushi , Kohta Masaaki , Kojita Yasuyuki , Horii Shintaro , Sasayama Takashi , Murakami Takamichi
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Flow-diverter (FD) stents were developed to treat aneurysms that are difficult to treat with conventional coiling or surgery. This study aimed to compare usefulness of Silent MRA and TOF (time of flight) -MRA in patients with aneurysms after FD placement.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively collected images from 22 patients with 23 internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with FD. Two radiologists conducted MRA and DSA experiments. In the first reading experiment, the radiologists evaluated the aneurysm filling by employing Silent MRA and TOF-MRA and utilizing the modified O’Kelly-Marotta (OKM) scale, a four-class classification system for aneurysms after FD placement. We then calculated the agreement between the modified OKM scale on MRA and the original OKM scale on DSA. In the second reading experiment, the radiologists rated blood flow within the FD using a five-point scale.

Results

The weighted kappa value of the OKM scale between DSA and TOF-MRA was 0.436 (moderate agreement), and that between DSA and Silent MRA was 0.943 (almost perfect agreement). The accuracies for the four-class classification were 0.435 and 0.870 for TOF-MRA and Silent MRA, respectively. The mean score of blood flow within FD for TOF-MRA was 2.43 ± 0.90 and that for Silent MRA was 3.04 ± 1.02 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Silent MRA showed a higher degree of agreement than TOF-MRA in aneurysm filling with DSA. In addition, Silent MRA was significantly superior to TOF-MRA in depicting blood flow within the FD. Therefore, Silent MRA is clinically useful for the follow-up of patients after FD placement.
Bildung gemeinsam gestalten: Empfehlungen für Projekte in Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis
Authors: Holzer Julia , Grützmacher Luisa , Ludwig Sina , Bacher Johann , Dumont Hanna , Kampa Nele , Krainer Konrad , Lüftenegger Marko , Maaz Kai , Pant Hans Anand , Prenzel Manfred , Spiel Christiane , Schober Barbara
Published: August 2024

Die empirische Forschung liefert viele Hinweise auf Ansatzpunkte, um Herausforderungen an Schulen zu bewältigen und Bildungschancen zu erhöhen. Jedoch sind die Umsetzung dieser Erkenntnisse und vor allem der Transfer in die Fläche höchst anspruchsvoll, denn es müssen die Perspektiven und Möglichkeiten unterschiedlicher Akteur*innen aus den Bereichen Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis sehr gut koordiniert werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in den letzten Jahren vermehrt Kooperationsprojekte mit dem Ziel gestartet, Kapazitäten unterschiedlicher Stakeholder und Akteur*innen aus schulischer Praxis, Wissenschaft sowie der politischen Ebene zu bündeln, um Schulen bei der Optimierung schulischer Prozesse zu unterstützen. In Anbetracht des komplexen Interaktionsfelds im Bildungssystem stellt sich die Frage, welche Bedingungen für ein Gelingen solcher Projekte bedeutsam sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht dieser Frage nach und erarbeitet Empfehlungen für die Durchführung von Projekten, in deren Rahmen Schulen durch ein Zusammenwirken von Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis besser unterstützt werden können. Im Fokus steht dabei die Etablierung einer zielgerichteten und partnerschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit, die von der Projektkonzeption, über die Umsetzung und Implementierung und die Gestaltung der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung bis hin zur Dissemination von Erfahrungen und Ergebnissen reicht.
Compost as Green Adsorbent for the Azo Dyes: Structural Characterization and Dye Removal Mechanism
Authors: Kyziol-Komosinska Joanna , Dzieniszewska Agnieszka , Pasieczna-Patkowska Sylwia , Kołbus Anna , Czupioł Justyna
Published: August 2024

The study aimed to determine the feasibility of using compost as a ‘green adsorbent’ for the removal of five anionic azo dyes belonging to the monoazo, disazo and trisazo classes: Direct Red 81 (DR-81), Direct Blue 74 (DB-74), Reactive Blue 81 (RB-81), Reactive Red 198 (RR-198) and Acid Black 194 (ABk-194) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of the compost was determined using a batch method with initial dye concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 mg/L. The kinetics of dye removal followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The monoazo dyes RB-81, RR-198 and ABk-194 with the smaller molecule size were adsorbed the fastest. The Langmuir and Sips models best fit the adsorption system with maximum adsorption capacities in the range of 12.64 mg/g (RR-198)—20.92 mg/g (ABk-194) and 12.57 mg/g (RR-198)—25.43 mg/g (ABk-194), respectively. The adsorption depended on the dye structure, especially on the ratio of the numbers of proton donors to proton acceptor locations in functional groups. The differences in the adsorption mechanism could be explained by thermodynamic properties such as dipole moments, HOMO–LUMO energy gap, polarizability, electron affinity, ionization potential, electronegativity and chemical hardness obtained by Density Functional Theory.

Graphical Abstract
Regulation of Hippocamposeptal Synaptic Transmission by GABABRs Is Altered in 5XFAD Mice in a Sex- and Age-Dependent Manner
Authors: Damborsky Joanne C. , Yakel Jerrel L.
Published: August 2024

Hippocamposeptal (HS) neurons send GABAergic projections from the hippocampus to the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DBB) as part of a reciprocal loop that is critical for memory. HS neurons are proposed to be particularly sensitive to the deleterious effects of pathological exposure to amyloid-β (Aβ), as would occur during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is not known how HS GABA release in the MS/DBB is altered during the progression of AD. To target HS neurons in a mouse model of AD, we crossed SST-Cre mice to 5XFAD mice and performed stereotaxic injections of Cre-dependent AAV containing mCherry/channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) into the hippocampus of offspring at 4, 6, 9, and 12 months. We used optogenetics to selectively stimulate HS terminals while performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from MS/DBB neurons in slices. There was a transient reduction in HS-inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) amplitude in female 5XFAD mice at 6 months, but no difference in males at any age, and no difference in paired-pulse ratio in either sex at any age. When bath applying the GABABR agonist, baclofen, we found a larger decrease in HS-IPSC amplitude in 5XFAD females at 9 months and 5XFAD males at 12 months. In 12-month-old 5XFAD females, response to baclofen was significantly reduced. These data suggest that there is a transient increase in responsiveness to GABABR activation in 5XFAD mice that occurs earlier in females than in males. These sex-specific changes to HS function are likely to impact the relay of information between the hippocampus and MS/DBB.