bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—The Rocks of St. Davids
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In a characteristic article by Prof. Blake, “On the Base of the Sedimentary Series in England and Wales,” in the July Number of the Geological Magazine, amongst other erroneous statements, there is one which I must beg leave to correct. At page 310, in referring to the rocks of St. Davids, he makes the following statement: “While accepting the later petrological descriptions of Dr. Hicks, he (Dr. Geikie) minimized the separation between this [the Pebidian] and the Cambrian conglomerate, and challenged Dr. Hicks to prove his statement that the latter is chiefly composed of fragments of the rock on which it lies. This Dr. Hicks has never been able to do, seeing that the most marked feature of the conglomerate is that it is not composed of such fragments; instead of doing so, he now attempts to show that the matrix might have been derived from granitoid rocks.”
VIII.—On Some Small Bivalve Shells from the Karoo Formation, South Africa
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Amongst the specimens sent many years ago, from South Africa, by the late Mr. Andrew Geddes Bain, to the Geological Society of London, are two small blocks of greenish-grey hard mudstone or shale, very slightly calcareons; one bed-plane in each, specimen bears upon its surface numerous valves of one or more forms of small Lamellibranchs, closely resembling the shells of the genera Cyrena and Cyclas in contour.
IX.—Fossil Types in the Bristol Museum
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: May 2009

There is some doubt as to this being the type. The specimen in the Bristol Museum so referred is stated to have come from “Warminster,” but Sowerby gives “Blackdown” as the locality of his type. The specimen in this Museum agrees very well with Sowerby's figure, and also with Davidson's reproduction of the same (fig. 31, supra), but not with fig. 32, the specimen stated by him to be in the Bristol Museum.
II.—The Culm Measures of Devonshire
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

Probably from the great preponderance of interest attaching to the Devonian rocks of North and South Devon the Culm Measure rocks, constituting the great central table land, have been to a certain extent overlooked. The attempt to subdivide them by ascertaining their different lithological characteristics, and observing to what extent these characteristics are peculiar to definite horizons, Las seldom been made. We may, infact, sum up the literature of the subject with one notable exception—the late Prof. J. Phillipsinhis “Figures and Descriptions of the Palasozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and W. Somerset”—as bearing upon the position.of the series as a whole, or calling attention to some special point of interest.
V.—Note on the Alleged Genesis of Rutile in Fireclays
Authors: MacMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

Mr. W. M. Hutchings' “Notes on the Fireclays of the Coalmeasures,” published in the April Number of the Geol. Mag., contains many interesting facts and suggestions on which I should like to offer a few remarks.
I.—Some Additions to the Vertebrate Fauna of the Norfolk “Preglacial Forest Bed” with Description of a New Species of Deer (Cervus Rectus)
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Vertebrate remains from the “Forest Bed” continue to be brought to light by the rapid denudation of the East Anglian coast, and I have again to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer, whose assiduous collecting has preserved so many of these fossils, and made them available for scientific study. One of the specimens which he has now sent me is a species of Cervus, apparently new to science, while the others, although referable to living forms, are now for the first time definitely recorded from the “Forest Bed,” and if my determinations prove to be correct, the following names may be added to the list of Mammalia from this deposit:—

Cervus rectus, new species.

Bison bonasus, Linn., var. priscus, Bojanus (to replace Bos primigenius).
III.—The Work of Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis in Glacial Geology
Authors: Upham Warren
Published: May 2009

The recent notice of the life and work of Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis, whose lamented death occurred in Manchester, July 21st, 1888, in his thirty-fifth year, well indicates the wide range of his scientific labours. He published valuable results of investigations in astronomy, mineralogy and petrology, and especially in glacial geology, the last being based on his exploration of the drift and its terminal moraines in the United States, and later in Ireland, Wales and England. The present article reviews his contributions to our knowledge of these drift formations and of the history of the Ice Age, bringing into comparison and correlation the glacial records of America and Europe. Comprehensive as were Professor Lewis' observations and studies in this field, he was planning yet more thorough and extensive exploration of the drift in Britain, Germany and Scandinavia, when he was taken from us.
III.—On Jurassic Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

In a former communication (Geol. Mag. Dec. III. Vol. IV. No. 9, p. 396, 1887), when pointing out how Reinecke's Amm. serpentinus had been misunderstood, I gave as a synonym, but with a query, Sowerby's Amm. Strangewaysi. As I have, since then, examined the type-specimen of the latter species contained in the collection of the Natural History Museum, and as Mr. E. Walford kindly forwarded me for my determination a capital specimen from Byfield, I have been able to satisfactorily settle the identity of these forms. Except being evolute carinate Ammonites, the two species have hardly a feature in common.

Discoidal, compressed, hollow-carinate. Whorls flattened, ornamented with genuine sickle-shaped ribs, which, though less conspicuous in size on the body-chamber, are there more distinctly bent. Ventral area marked by the prolonged forward sweep of the ribs, and surmounted by a well-marked hollow-carina.
I.–On some new Devonian Fossils
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward H.
Published: May 2009

In this specimen one valve (the left) and a part of the dorsal region of the other, remain visible; the rest of the right valve being bent down, broken, and imbedded in the matrix. This is a finely micaceous, non-calcareous, grey mudstone, weathering ferruginous towards one edge, which probably abutted on a crack open to water and atmosphere.

The fossil, in the grey portion is darker than the matrix, and fairly represents the test of half of the carapace, with only a very thin lamina wanting, a broken edge of which is traceable (with a lens) near the ventral margin. This left valve measures 9·2 by 7·4 mm. It is subcircular, more boldly curved on the ventral than on the posterior margin, whilst the front margin is somewhat truncate, having a nearly straight edge from above downwards before it bends round into the ventral curve.
IV.—An Analysis of the Fullers Earth of Nutfield
Authors: Sanford P. Gerald
Published: May 2009

During June last I visited the Fullers Earth Pits at Nutfield, near Redhill, Surrey, with the London Geological Field Class, when Professor Seeley suggested to me that I should make an analysis of the deposit. This I have been enabled to do through the kindness of the manager (A. Sheridan, Esq.), who was good enough to send me a series of samples of the earth, and the various products prepared from it. The Nutfield Fullers Earth is a heavy blue or yellow clay, with a greasy feel and an earthy fracture. The sample No. 1 contained 27·47 per cent. and No. 2, 29·56 per cent. of water before drying.
V.—Analysis of the Gault and Greensand
Authors: Sanford P. Gerald
Published: May 2009

The sample of Gault, of which the analysis is given below, was obtained from the Clay Pits at Dunton Green, which I visited with the “London Geological Field Class” during June last. At this place the Gault rests upon a bed of reddish yellow sand (Lower Greensand), which is mixed in certain proportions with the Gault clay to form bricks. This sand, of which I also give an analysis, is very moist when first taken from the bed, but very rapidly becomes dry, upon exposure to the air, so that it afterwards loses very little more water at 100°C. The Gault, as taken from the pit, contained 26·68 per cent of moisture, but upon ignition of the dried substance, in a muffle furnace, it becomes so hard that it will scratch glass easily.
VII.—Foraminifera from the London Clay of Sheppey
Authors: Chapman Frederick , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

In the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association for 1878, Mr. W. H. Shrubsole, F.G.S., published a list of Foraminifera obtained from the London Clay of Sheppey. The following list, the result of an examination of some material courteously lent to us by Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S., adds considerably to the fauna of Sheppey and includes two species not previously recorded from the London Clay. Forty-one forms have been determined, of which twenty-six. are new to Sheppey, thus bringing up the number of forms recorded from that locality to eighty-six. The geographical distribution of the Foraminifera of the London Clay was fully tabulated in 1886, and it is interesting to find so many of the forms there figured and recorded for the first time from the London area common to both localities. The figure following the specific name in the list appended shows the relative abundance of the varieties found.
VIII.—On the Occurrence of the Devonian Ganoid Onychodus in Spitzbergen
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

During a visit to Stockholm last spring, Prof. Gustav Lindström kindly permitted the writer to examine the series of remains of Palöozoic fishes obtained from the Devonian of Spitzbergen by Dr. A. G. Nathorst, during the Swedish Geological Expedition in 1882. Some of the more prominent specimens have already been briefly noticed, with figures, by Prof. Ray Lankester; but the collection is worthy of a more detailed comparative study than that to which it has hitherto been subjected, and among the undescribed specimens most readily identified is a small fossil indistinguishable from the so-called “intermandibular arch” or “presymphysial bone” of Onychodus. Through the kindness of Prof. Lindström, this specimen has been forwarded to the British Museum for examination, and it forms the subject of the following remarks.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Two Species of Madreporaria in the Upper Lias of Gloucestershire
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

The few recorded Madreporaria of the Upper Lias possess considerable interest on account of the great generic as well as specific differences which exist between them and those from the Middle and Lower Lias, though it might seem probable that the discovery of a greater number of species would diminish that discrepancy. Such a conclusion has not, however, by any means been substantiated by further acquaintance with those from the Upper Lias of the district of which I am about to speak.

The late Mr. Charles Moore in his exhaustive paper, “On the Middle and Upper Lias of the South-West of England,” gives sections of the Upper Lias exposed in quarries on the hills at Stanley and Dumbleton.
VI.—Recent and Fossil Hippopotami
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In September last, I drew the attention of the readers of the Geological Magazine (Decade III. Vol. II. pp. 412–425) to a singular group of vegetable-feeding aquatic animals, the Sirenia, represented at the present day by two genera, Manatus and Halicore, and by at most six species, three or four of which are probably only varieties. A peculiarity of this group of animals is that whereas the two living genera are distributed in the subtropical regions East and West of the African continent, and to its rivers and opposite coasts, the ancestors of the Halicore and Manatee (the Halitherium, Felsinotherium, and some ten other fossil genera of Sirenians) probably intermingled and extended 30° further north than at present from the West Indies and Carolina through England, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and North Africa, whilst Rhytina, the largest of them all, only became extinct 100 years ago on the shores of Behring's Island, Kamtchatka. The evidence which the fossil remains of Sirenia afford of a more northerly geographical extension of subtropical mammalia in Tertiary times, is abundantly confirmed by other genera, to one of which only, the Hippopotamus, I will here refer.
V.—The Gneissose Rocks of the Himalaya
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

It had not been my intention to publish anything on this subject at present, as I have in preparation a review of the present state of our knowledge of Himalayan geology; but as Col. McMahon has started the subject, and his paper is not exhaustive, I trust the following outline of that part which relates to the gneissose rocks may prove of interest.
IV.—On Some Brecciated Rock in the Archæan of Malvern
Authors: Hughes T. M'Kenny
Published: May 2009

The question of the origin of the Archæan rocks is one of such great interest that it will not be thought unimportant on the one hand to record any facts that may bear upon it, and on the other to examine somewhat severely all the evidence that may be from time to time brought forward on the subject. Among the facts which may be adduced in support of the view that the Archæan rocks are altered sedimentary strata, the occurrence of breccias and conglomerates may well claim a foremost place; and a vast amount of superincumbent theory must rest on a very shaky foundation if there be any doubt whether some of those ancient fragmental beds be true conglomerates or not. The manner of occurrence, the mode of formation, and the character of pseudo-breccias and pseudoconglomerates become therefore questions of first importance.
II.—Gastaldi on Italian Geology and the Crystalline Rocks
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

The present writer in 1883 reviewed the history of the rocks of the Alps and the Apennines with especial reference to the geological relations of serpentine and its associates, in a paper which appeared in the first volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, and is reprinted, revised and with some additions, as the tenth chapter of his volume entitled “Mineral Physiology and Physiography” (Boston, 1886). Therein he gave a somewhat detailed account of the labours in Italian geology of the late Professor Bartolomeo Gastaldi, of Turin, a list of whose publications on that subject from 1871 to 1878, so far as known to the writer, will there be found, including his letter to Quintino Sella, in 1878, on the general results of explorations made in 1877 (loc. cit., 458).
I.—Further Additions to Australian Fossil Echinoidea
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

During the last two years four papers have appeared upon the Australian Cainozoic Echinoids, contributed by M. Cotteau, Prof. R. Tate, Herr A. Bittner, and myself. These add considerably to our knowledge of the fauna; they show that it is Eocene and Oligocene, instead of Miocene, and that it is remarkably varied and rich in genera. I am now able to add one or two more species to the list, and at the same time take the opportunity of referring to one or two changes proposed by Prof. Tate and Herr Bittner.
II.—Trail and Underplight
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

The peculiar features presented by the upper or land-surface portions of some deposits, or rather those portions of certain deposits which are now, or have been in times past, land-surfaces, have engaged the attention of many geologists. Most of those who have studied them are satisfied that some features which they often show are not now being produced in this country, and they are attributed by many observers to the action of different climatic conditions to those which at present exist.
V.—A Chemical Examination of the St. Bees Sandstone of West Cumberland
Authors: Melmore Sidney
Published: May 2009

The following analyses were made to ascertain the magnitude of local variations in the St. Bees Sandstone of West Cumberland. It will be convenient for this purpose to consider the district as follows:—

The area south of St. Bees, as far as Calder Bridge.

The area north of Maryport, as far as Wigton.
VII.—Glacier Lake Channels
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry
Published: May 2009

In 1902 I published a paper, the outcome of several years' observation, on certain phenomena associated with the glacial deposits of the Cleveland area, which I attributed to the former presence of a series of temporary lakes and lakelets upheld in the recesses of the hills by the margin of a great ice-sheet occupying the greater part of the North Sea. This interpretation met with so wide an acceptance, even by those geologists familiar with the district who had previously attributed the glacial deposits to a marine origin, that during the succeeding thirteen years I have steadfastly refrained from replying to criticism, hoping by this abstention to keep the issues unclouded by a controversy that might at any stage develop an acerbity not always lacking in earlier discussions.
II.—On the Punctation of the Shells of Terebratula
Authors: Percival F. G.
Published: May 2009

In 1844 Carpenter [1] divided the fossils then known as Terebratula into two groups—a perforate group, having the test covered with minute pores, and an imperforate group (the Rhynchonellids). These perforations (see Plate III) correspond to tubular processes of the mantle.
III.—The Fluvio-glacial Gravels of the Thames Valley
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

A Careful examination of the distribution of the high-level gravels and sands of the Thames Valley, especially those associated with the boulder-clays, shows that in pre-Chalky Boulder-clay time, not only were the main valley lines marked out, but many even of the smaller valleys, such as the Brent, were in existence. Of course, during Pleistocene time, denudation has been very active; for over large portions of this area the boulder-clays, gravels, and sands now only occur as scattered patches.
V.—On two Borings for Water at Hinckley, Leicestershire
Authors: Pickering A. J.
Published: May 2009

Though Hinckley is now possessed of an excellent supply of water brought from the Lower Keuper Sandstone of Snarestone, in North-West Leicestershire, up to 1891 it had an unenviable reputation for abortive water-schemes. Some £20,000 had been spent in considering eighteen different propositions and in carrying out three deep borings within a few miles of the town. During this time six consulting engineers were called in by the local authority. All these schemes failed, not through any lack of water—for this was obtained from the Waterstones of the Lower Keuper in almost unlimited quantity—but because it was found impossible to shut out the chlorides and sulphates from the gypsiferous Keuper Marls through which the borings passed.
III.—The Fauna of the Hydraulic Limestones in South Notts
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

Although numerous papers, principally by the late E. Wilson, describing the beds of the Rhætic and the Lower Lias of Notts, were published while exposures existed along railway cuttings in the south-east of the county, no account of the precise positions of important fossils is to be found. These exposures are now all grass-grown, but the junction of Rhætic and Lias may be seen in a number of quarries where hydraulic limestone is worked, either for cement or for road material. One of the best is at Owthorpe. Those at Cotgrave Gorse, Barnstone, Plumtree Wolds, and Normanton Hills are confirmatory. The layers rich in Foraminifera have been of value in correlating these sections.
IV.—The Intrusive Rock of Marston Jabet, Nuneaton, Warwickshire
Authors: Brammall Alfred
Published: May 2009

The intrusive rocks of Marston Jabet and Chilvers Coton, though probably of quite minor importance, have been rendered noteworthy by the variety of opinions held regarding their true position in a scheme of rock classification. This is especially the case as regards the rock quarried at Marston Jabet. Thus Allport comments upon certain remarkable features distinguishing this rock, which, however, seems to be covered by his general statement that the intrusive rocks of the Warwickshire Coalfield are for the most part ordinary diorites. Rutley concurs in the opinion expressed by Allport. Watts calls attention to the lamprophyric aspect of the rock, which he terms a camptonite; and with this description Harker agrees. Hatch admits the lamprophyric features and incidentally refers to the lack of recorded analyses.
V.—The Origin of Limestone
Authors: Warth H.
Published: May 2009

Although the calcium oxide and magnesia of sedimentary limestone and dolomite must all be derived from pre-existing igneous rocks, it is not so easy to trace the origin of the necessary carbon dioxide. The solidified igneous rocks contain mere traces of free carbon dioxide and of calcite. During their weathering carbon dioxide is taken up from the atmosphere, replacing the silica of calcium silicate and magnesium silicate minerals, and forming the carbonates. Now, however, the quantity of carbon dioxide retained in the atmosphere is exceedingly small. It is difficult to credit, for instance that a layer of coal, 1½ millimetres thick, covering the surface of the globe, on being burnt would yield as much carbon dioxide as the entire atmosphere now contains. A similar layer of limestone containing an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide would have a thickness of 5 millimetres. This is out of all proportion compared with the mighty beds of limestone and dolomite now forming part of the earth's crust. Nor would the carbon dioxide of the sea avail anything. It exceeds in quantity that of the air, but is still at the most equivalent to 7 centimetres of limestone covering the earth's surface. Now the existence of animal life throughout the sedimentary era implies that from the earliest times, the composition of the earth's atmosphere cannot have differed very materially from the present one.
II.—Notes on some South Staffordshire Fire-clays and their Behaviour on Ignition
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert
Published: May 2009

All geologists are familiar with those changes effected in argillaceous rocks under the influence of heat from igneous intrusions, changes that result in the formation of such rocks as chiastolite-slate, andalusite-hornfels, etc. It is therefore somewhat surprising that the changes produced during the artificial heating of clays should remain comparatively unknown to the body of geologists, although such changes are produced every day on a large scale during the baking of clays for the manufacture of pottery of various kinds. These changes have, indeed, been very little studied from the mineralogical standpoint. It might at first sight be expected that any changes brought about artificially by the action of heat on a clay would compare somewhat closely with those resulting in an argillaceous rock when subjected to contact-metamorphism—at any rate in the normal case of the latter change—when there is no transference of material from the igneous to the sedimentary rock. Yet such is hardly the case; there are certainly points of resemblance, but there are also very notable differences. It must be made clear that the clays used in the experiments to be described were selected on account of their importance for certain industrial uses, and not on account of any special similarity to those argillaceous rocks usually affected by contact-metamorphism. They are therefore clays of a special type with certain chemical characteristics that distinguish them from the more commonly occurring, and therefore more commonly metamorphosed, argillaceous rocks. Nevertheless, the lithological correspondence is close enough to institute certain comparisons.
IV.—On the New Brachiopod Genus, Liothyrella, of Thomson
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

The new genus, Liothyrella, has recently been created by Dr. J. Allan Thomson for the reception of a series of recent and fossil Terebratulids commonly ascribed to the genus Liothyrina. The chief characters upon which the genus is founded are the presence of fine radial ribbing on the surface of the shells and the possession of a short, low, thin, mesial septum in the dorsal valve. In the thickness of the shell, Liothyrella is said to stand between Liothyrina (genotype L. vitrea) and Terebratula, sensu str., all three genera being finely punctate. Thomson takes the; recent Magellanic species L. uva (Brod.) as the genotype of Liothyrella, and includes in the same genus L. uva, var. notorcadensis, Jackson, from Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, and a new species dredged off Tasmania by the Mawson Expedition, as well as two Australian Tertiary species, Terebratula tateana, Tenison-Woods, and T. concentrica (Hutton). He remarks that “probably also many of the other southern species ascribed to Liothyrina will be included here, but the descriptions do not state whether or not a mesial septum is present” (op. cit., p. 44).
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

A developmental sequence of Membraniporellæ showing progressive subordination of the ribbed front wall to a solid secondary front wall can be traced fairly directly from Membraniporella pustulosa, Bryd., which is prevalent in the zone of M. cor-anguinum and the Uintaerinus band and seems to die out in the zone of Marsupites. In the zone (restricted) of A. quadratus it is succeeded by

Membraniporella thoraciformis, sp. nov. (PL IX, Figs. 1–3.)

Zoarium unilaminate, incrusting.
IV.—Disturbed Gravels
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

There are many features characterizing the surface portions of deposits which are very puzzling. Indeed, the more one studies them the less one is inclined to be dogmatic. Many true glacial deposits show remarkable signs of disturbance throughout their mass. We may instance the Contorted Clay of Norfolk as a case in point. Even when boulder-clays are too uniform in texture to show signs of movement they are often kneaded into the rocks upon which they rest, and rocks of all ages often show such disturbances when they have been overridden by ice. Here we are dealing with the results produced by the action of forces operating from without the deposit.
III.—On the Drifts of the West and South Borders of the Lake District, and on the Three Great Granitic Dispersions
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

The following is a continuation of the results of observations in the Lake District and neighbourhood, made during the greater part of last year, and the beginning of the present year.
V.—Further Remarks on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

The paper of Mr. Hull, “On the General Relations of the Drift Deposits of Ireland to those of Great Britain,” in the July number of the Geological Magazine, induces me to recur to one by myself on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds, Vol. VII p. 17 of the same Magazine.
III.—On the Relative Ages of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Allport S.
Published: May 2009

In the last number of the Geological Magazine there is an abstract from an interesting and important paper by Prof. Hull and Mr. Traill on the relative ages of certain igneous rocks of Co. Down, Ireland. In that paper there is one paragraph on which I should like to offer a few remarks, as it refers to a previous communication from myself, and relates to a subject in which I take a special interest. The paragraph is as follows:—“It might have been supposed that microscopical examination would show some distinction in the basalts of these geological ages, but recent investigations by Zirkel, D. Forbes, Allport, and others, tend to show that there is no criterion of age amongst the constituents of basalt, dolerite, or melaphyre.”
I.—American Jurassic Mammals
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In previous publications the writer has announced the discovery of Jurassic Mammals in America, and has given brief descriptions of the more important forms brought to light. Since the last article on this subject, a large amount of new material has been secured, including representatives of several hundred individuals. The remains consist not of lower jaws alone, but of various portions of the skull, and not a few vertebræ, limb bones, and other parts of the skeleton.
VIII.—On the Fossil Flora of New Zealand
Authors: von Ettingshausen Constantin Baron
Published: May 2009

It was my good fortune in 1884 to receive two interesting collections of fossil plants from New Zealand, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Professor (now Sir Julius) von Haast, of Christchurch, and Professor T. J. Parker, of Dunedin. In these collections seventeen localities of fossil plants are represented which belong to three formations: the Tertiary, the Cretaceous, and the Triassic formations.
II.—On some Belgian Fossil Reptiles
Authors: Dollo Louis
Published: May 2009

I have read with much interest the two articles which Messrs. G. A. Boulenger and R. Lydekker have recently published in the Geological Magazine, and I should be very much obliged if you would permit me to make an addition, which appears to me useful, and which I should be glad to see published.

1. Pseudotrionyx.—1. I have remarked with satisfaction that it has been possible for the above-named naturalists to refer to P. Delheidi, a Tortoise of the London-clay. This discovery is doubly interesting, in the first place because it shows the existence of the Belgian fossil in England, in the second place, because it establishes the existence of the Bruxelliau (Middle Eocene) Chelonian in the Ypresian epoch (Lower Eocene).
II.—New Palæoniscidæ from the English Coal-Measures
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Of this I have seen only two specimens. One of them, slightly longer than the other, measures 3½ inches in length up to the commencement of the caudal fin, which is deficient in both; the greatest depth of the body ½½ inch, the length of the head nearly the same. The dorsal fin is opposite the interval between the ventral and the anal; both dorsal and anal are triangular acuminate in shape, with delicate rays which at first are somewhat distantly articulated, the joints being ornamented with one or two longitudinal sulci. The pectorals are not seen in either specimen, but the smaller of the two shows a well-preserved ventral, which is pretty large, and acuminate in shape.
IV.—On Cœlacanthus Phillipsii, Agassiz
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

The late Prof. Louis Agassiz, whilst on a visit to Halifax with Prof. John Phillips, during the years in which he was preparing his “Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles,” identified the caudal extremity of a large species of Cœlacanth fish to which he appended the name of Cœlacanthus Phillipsii in honour of his friend. The specimen is from a large “baum-pot,” as the calcareous nodules are locally termed, obtained from the Lower Coal-measures. This specimen was found at the Swan Bank Pit at Halifax, and, so far as I know, is the only one which has been discovered. The surface exposed by splitting the nodule is 0.295m. diameter, and the part of the fish preserved extends across it; it consists of the caudal portion of a large individual, which, had it been perfectly preserved, would have been between four and five feet in length.
I—Arrangement of the Leaves in the Australian Species of Noeggerathiopsis.
Authors: Etheridge R. , Seward A.C.
Published: May 2009

In 1849 Professor J. D. Dana described certain leaves from the Illawarra District and Newcastle, New South Wales, occurring in the Upper Coal-measures. To these he gave the name of Noeggerathia spathulata and N. media. Long after, in 1879 to be exact, Dr. O. Feistmantel established his genus Noeggerathiopsis for the reception of similar leaves from the Talchir-Kararbari Beds of the Lower Gondwana System, and from his remarks it may, by inference, be concluded that Dana's were included in the new genus also. This inference is justified by Feistmantel's later definite reference of these leaves to Noeggerathiopsis; at the same time he added another species, N. prisca, from the Lower Coal-measures at Greta. He believed them to be closely allied with Cycadeaceae.
II.—The Genesis of Tungsten Ores
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

From the descriptions already given, and from a general survey of the literature of the subject, it is apparent that scheelite is a frequent associate of wolframite in the lodes of magmatic origin. In fact, a certain number of the occurrences already cited, especially in the second part of this paper, might almost as well have been described as scheelite deposits, since the two minerals are found in something like equal quantities. This applies, for example, to a large number of the American and Canadian occurrences, to those of the Malay States, and others. This is only to be expected from general considerations, since gases or solutions containing chemically active tungsten compounds coming in contact with calcareous material would naturally tend to form calcium tungstate. The same applies to lead-bearing minerals; hence in a few instances lead tungstate, stolzite, has been found in association with scheelite. It is of interest to note that scheelite often contains from 1 to 3 per cent of molybdenum. Wolframite and scheelite are often found in lodes and other masses very closely intergrown, and in many cases there is evidence of much pseudomorphism. In some cases scheelite has clearly replaced wolframite, while in other cases the reverse holds. The law governing the paramorphism of these minerals is somewhat obscure, and it is not easy to say anything definite on the subject. In this direction further investigation is required, although the point is not perhaps of much practical importance.
V.—Notes on the genus Homalonotus
Authors: Reed F.R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The type of this section is the Lower Devonian species Homalonotus Herscheli (Murchison) from South Africa and the Falkland Isles. The characters of the section were stated by Salter to be as follows: “Elongate, convex; head triangular, eyes approximate on gibbous cheeks. Glabella distinct, lobeless, spinous. Thorax slightly lobed and spinous, as is also the many-ribbed pointed tail.” It should at once be stated that the type-species has neither a lobeless nor a spinous glabella, and Salter apparently added in these characters from the Rhenish H. armatus, Burm., which he included in the section. The only British form quoted by Salter is one from Devonshire based on a pygidium which does not conform to the above definition and was described under the name H. elongatus. Woodward, in reviewing the Devonian species of Homalonotus, follows Salter in including the latter species in Burmeisteria.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium incrusting, with a tendency to grow in bands: the general surface stands high and shows no trace of zoœcial boundaries; it is much rumpled, apparently unsysteniatically, but is only broken by the zoœcial peristomes; these are short tubular prominences inclined slightly forwards but bent upwards at the ends so as to end in a plane parallel with the general surface: the apertures are on the whole circular, but very rarely truly so, and occasionally very irregular; they vary in internal diameter from -08 in a small specimen such as Fig. 2 up to -15mm. in a large specimen such as Fig. 3; the peristomes are thick and each has from one to four pores in it; these pores are generally small and round, but occasionally among the larger ones are found definite instances of arrowhead shape which makes it possible that all are avicularian: round the edges of the zoarium there is a fairly complete fringe of simple shallow Membraniporiform zoœcia, with the general surface either ending abruptly above them or sloping gradually down to them.
II.—The Origin of the Clays and Boulder-clays, Federated Malay States
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Since the earlier edition on the geology of Kinta was written much fresh evidence has been brought to light on the subject of the origin of the clays and boulder-clays and the tin-bearing deposits showing bedding at Gopeng. The effect of this evidence has not been to lessen the objections to the glacial hypothesis put forward by myself, but at the same time it still remains the only explanation that meets the facts in a way that can be called at all satisfactory. It may be that long acquaintance with the subject has made me see difficulties in the way of other explanations where in fact no difficulties exist, and my position regarding the question is somewhat akin to that of a doctor versed in tropical medicine who once informed me that the result of many years study of the etiology of beri-beri was that he felt he could raise fatal objections to any theory that had been proposed. I have not seen sufficient reason as yet, however, to change my views on the subject of these clays and boulder-clays. Certain sections to be noted later militate against a glacial origin, but the evidence of these deposits, including those showing bedding at Gopeng, being older than the granite of the Main Range is stronger than it was before. In the following paragraphs I will attempt to give briefly a statement of the points for and against all possible explanations of the peculiarities observed in these important sources of tin-ore.
III.—Notes on the Bunter and Keuper Formations in the Country around Liverpool
Authors: Morton G. H.
Published: May 2009

The Bunter and Keuper formations of the Trias are very fully developed in the country around Liverpool, and leaving out of consideration the Red Marl, both of these formations seem to be thicker there than anywhere else in Great Britain. The object of this paper is to give a few notes recording the thickness of the Trias, the structure of the various sandstones of which it is composed, and the character of the included pebbles, many of which are of local derivation.
I.—On a New British Isopod (Cyclosphæoma Trilobatum) from the Great Oolite of Northampton
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Mr. Thomas Jesson, B.A., F.G.S., of Great Houghton House, Northampton, was lately so fortunate as to discover in the Great Oolite of that county, a new and most interesting example of an Isopodous Crustacean, which, by his kindness, I am permitted to figure and record in the Geological Magazine.
I.—Further Contributions to Knowledge of the Devonian Fishfauna of Canada
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Early in the year the present writer published some notes on the Lower Devonian Fishes of Campbellton, New Brunswick, collected by Mr. Jex in the summer of 1891. Since that date the remainder of the collection, comprising a very large series of specimens from the Upper Devonian of Scaumenac Bay, in the Province of Quebec, has been acquired by the British Museum; and materials are thus forthcoming for some further observations.
IV.—Faulting in Drift
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine of last year I described a system of Miniature Faulting observed by me in a fine bed of banded silty clay at Nevin, Carnarvonshire. This year I have had the good fortune to observe Faulting in Drift on a much larger scale in the neighbourhood of St. Bees, Cumberland, which is highly instructive and explanatory of several features of Normal Faulting which the other illustration did not touch.
VII.—On Hemiphyllum Siluriense, Tomes
Authors: Nicholoson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

In the last Number of the Geological Magazine there is published a paper by Mr. Robert F. Tomes dealing with two Corals from the Silurian rocks of Britain. For the reception of one of these Corals Mr. Tomes proposes to form a new genus under the name of Hemiphyllum.
IV.—On the Geological History of the Cornish Serpentinous Rocks
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: May 2009

Botallaek Mine.—The dark hornblendic slates of the sea-border of the parish of St. Just are known to many geological tourists. They have been well described by the late Mr. J. A. Phillips,1 who regards them as consisting of altered killas ; and the justice of this conclusion will not I think be questioned by any who have studied the rocks in situ; traces of an original lamellar structure are visible even in hand-specimens. Phillips (op. cit. p. 322) gives the following analyses of the rock, a being from near the surface, and b from a depth of 130 fathoms, or far below the sea-level; while c is the analysis of a typical Cornish killas (from Polgooth Mine, 100 fathoms from surface):—
IV.—The So-called Serpentines of the Lleyn
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: May 2009

In the south-west of the Lleyn peninsula, the country inland is generally covered by drift, but the Survey map marks some isolated patches of rock as “Serpentine.” When I first visited the district, with the kind encouragement of Professor Bonney, under whom I was continuing my work at University College, I made a collection of these so-called “Serpentines” from ten different localities. The one at Porth din lleyn had been shown by Professor Bonney to be mainly diabase, and others of the examples have been since described in a previous number of this Magazine and elsewhere, but we have yet no complete account. I have, therefore, attempted to give a short summary, as preliminary to some discussion of the district.
I.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. V. Steganoblastus
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

This form was first made known in 1897, by the late J. F. Whiteaves, in a paper entitled “Description of a new genus and species of Cystideans from the Trenton Limestone at Ottawa” (Canad. Rec. Sci., vol. vii, No. 5, pp. 287–92). This part bears on the wrapper the date “January, 1897”, which is obviously erroneous, since the author dated his own contribution “April 28th, 1897”, and copies of it were first received in London on July 31 of that year.
II.—On the Curvature of the Tusks in the Mammoth, Elephas primigenius (Blumenbach)
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to call attention to the magnificent head of the Mammoth, discovered by Antonio Brady, Esq., F.G.S., of Maryland Point, Stratford, Essex, in a brick-pit at Ilford, in 1864, and now placed in the Geological Department of the British Museum.
IV.—Diamonds from the Cape of Good Hope
Authors: Gregory James R.
Published: May 2009

Were the diamonds said to be found at the Cape, and sent to England, really found in South Africa? I have just returned from the so-called diamond district, to which country I proceeded from England, being deputed by Mr. Harry Emanuel, the diamond merchant, of Bond-street, who is well known as a most indefatigable scientific enquirer on the subject of precious stones, and who naturally felt a great desire to develop a new source of supply of a commodity in which he is so largely interested. During the time I was in South Africa I made a very careful and lengthened examination of the district where the diamonds were said to have been found, but saw no indications whatever that would warrant the expectation of the finding of diamonds, or of diamond-bearing deposits, at any of the localities.
III.—Invertebrate Palæontology in some Continental Museums
Authors: Gregory J. Walter
Published: May 2009

Naturalists who refer to their “Baedeker” for information respecting the Continental Natural History Museums are too often disappointed by finding that if the author does happen to have mentioned them, either that he has confined his attention to the exterior of the building or has summarily dismissed the collection as “unimportant.” Hence geologists are dependent upon such, papers as those in which M. Cotteau has recapitulated the principal contents of several French and Swiss Museums, or that in which Mr. Smith Woodward has enumerated the most interesting specimens of many German and Austrian collections. The last paper, as is indicated by its title, “Vertebrate Paleontology in Continental Museums,” is restricted solely to the Vertebrata. But as the value of a Museum, as far as the Invertebrates are concerned, is dependent more on the possession of collections than of single famous specimens, the student of this group is more in need of such information than is the Vertebrate palæontologist; every one knows where he must go to see an Archæopteryx, a mounted Iguanodon, or a Neanderthal skull, but the last resting-place of a local collector's hoard is, as a rule, less known to fame. Hence the following notes may be of some service as a supplement to Mr. S. Woodward's paper.
VIII.—Notes on some Observed Rates of Weathering of Limestones
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

In the Geol. Mag. for July, 1875, p. 326, the writer of the present note gave some data bearing upon the rate of weathering of certain limestones of the Lower Carboniferous Series, deduced from the observed extent of waste that had affected some dated tombstones in Kirkby Stephen Churchyard. The series of observations of which that formed a part were suggested several years previously by the fact that many of the rough blocks of limestone used for walling in that neighbourhood had evidently suffered considerable waste since the erection of the walls, and this especially on the upper and outer surfaces of the stones referred to. In a few of these cases (as well as in many other cases observed since) it was perfectly evident that, since the coping stones had been placed in their present positions, the waste of the limestone by atmospheric causes had proceeded to at least as much as a quarter of an inch. This was evident from the fact that thin, delicate, fragments of Corals, Brachiopods, Encrinites, etc., were left standing out in sharp relief to that extent above the general surface of the adjoining limestone matrix.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Ceraticaris in the Wenlock Formation (Upper Silurian) of England
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Among the many beautiful fossils from the Silurian strata of Bohemia, obtained by M. J. Barrande, there have been discovered numerous detached spines, measuring from six seven inches in length, which, from their resembalance to the genus Leptocheles of M'Coy, have received the MS. name of Leptocheles Bohemicus (Barr).
V.—Theoretical Remarks on the Gravel and Drift of the Fenlands
Authors: Seeley Harry G.
Published: May 2009

1. The brown Boulder-clay corresponds with the brown Clay of the Eastern counties, and is oldest.

2. Then the hill gravel, the blue Boulder-clay, and perhaps the shell bed of March corresponds to the contorted drift.

3. As elevation progressed, the Fenlands would become one great fiord, ramifying at the Cambridge end up the southern valleys in the Chalk. First the coarse gravels of low levels were formed, and finally, during a long period—for the flints are wonderfully worn—the fine gravel of the plains. After which the country was elevated, and the sea denuded the superficial beds and retired. This corresponds to the Upper Boulder-clay and coarse gravel of the Norfolk section.

4. Now rivers cut their channels, and there commenced luxuriant vegetable growth, which corresponds with the excavation of the Mundesley river and the Mundesley peat.

5. Then a depression, during which was formed the Buttery-clay the Fens. This corresponds with the Upper Sands and Gravel of Mundesley.

6. And, finally, comes the second peat and the present state of nature.

I believe this succession is true for a far larger area than the Fenlands, perhaps for all Great Britain.
I.—On the Sands and Gravels Intercalated in the Boulder-clay
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

The interpretation of the sands and gravels intercalated in the glacial drift is one of the most interesting problems in glacial geology. Do they, on the one hand, represent the deposits of one or more mild intervals alternating with periods of intense cold; or were they, on the other, laid down during one continuous cold period marked by such slight oscillations as can be shown to occur in connection with existing glaciers and ice-sheets?