bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'évolution du commerce extérieur de l'Argentine et du Brésil traduit-elle une convergence de leurs économies?
Authors: Trotignon Jérôme
Published: October 2008

Jerome Trotignon — Do the evolution of Argentina's and Brazil's foreign trade suggest a convergence of their economies ?

The process of commercially integrating Argentina's and Brazil's economies began in 1986, long before the creation of Mercosur in 1991. It may well be ushered in by a convergence of the two economies whose traditional cycles are not correlated. The evolution of the foreign trade of the two partner economies during the last fifteen years show that their trade interdependence is growing but their rates of mutual opening remain low. The multilateral diversification of their foreign trade tends to draw them towards export patterns resembling those of industrialized countries. Finally the net progression of their bilateral intra-branch trade suggests a growing linkage of their productive structures. But a more marked convergence may entail the promotion of their customs union, presently suffering from the peso crisis.
La dollarisation cubaine : éléments de réflexion pour une dé-dollarisation
Authors: Herrera Rémy , Nakatani Paulo
Published: October 2008

Paulo Nakatani and Rémy Herrera — The dollar-Cuba : Elements of reflection for a dollar-disengagement.

This article first proposes to the reader a historical perspective explaining how today's conversion of Cuba into a dollar economy differs from that of the pre- revolutionary period. Secondly, it analyses the causes and mechanisms of the current dollar-conversion, accompanied by an assessment of its economic and social consequences. Thirdly, it examines the terms of the related debate as engaged both within and outside Cuba, as well as the rare but stimulating scenarios of dollar disengagement for Cuba.
Le fonctionnement de l'économie de plantation esclavagiste à Cuba (1790-1868)
Authors: Moulier Boutang Yann
Published: October 2008

Yann Moulier Boutang — The functioning of the slave-plantation economy in Cuba (1790-1868).

Releasing the Cuban economy from the sugarcane hypertrophy has proven a crucial and recurrent problem for Cuba. Tracing the running of the slave economy from 1790 to 1870, as corresponds to the period of the cane specialization, helps to understand the whole social system designed to ensure labour supply. The article presents the principal determinants of the growth of slave labour stocking and the dynamics deforming the system. It shows how the « whitening » of the population and the complexity of social stratification came to hinge onto the openings of the legal, economic and demographic headways. It is around the large plantations that productivity, rural migration and social compromises were brought into interplay.
L'État et la monnaie en Amérique latine. Les tendances à la dollarisation
Authors: Morandi Angela Maria , Nakatani Paulo , Vasconcellos Pessôa de Mendonça Luis Jorge
Published: October 2008

Angela Maria Morandi, Paulo Nakatani, Luiz Jorge Vasconcellos Pessôa de Mendonça — The state and national money in Latin America : Tendencies towards a dollar economy.

The tendency towards the transformation of Latin America into a dollar economy tends to modify international relations. This article departs from the basic tenet that the function of the values of the national monies concerned is determined by the parameters of the American economy to the extent that gains in labour productivity tend to follow by the same rule. The article then determines the function of the monetary authorities in respect to such a setting. Finally it shows how such developments are reflected through the strategies adopted by firms in the most dynamic sectors. In so doing, the authors assess the alterations of the competitive milieu in which the firms operate, that is the external, structural and systemic factors.
Entre « localisme » et mondialisation : la microfinance comme révélateur et comme levier de changements socio-économiques
Authors: Gentil Dominique , Servet Jean-Michel
Published: October 2008

Dominique Gentil and Jean-Michel Servet — Between « localism » and globalisation : Micro-finance as evidence and as a leverage of socioeconomic changes. Micro-finance must not only be analysed as a local phenomenon. It also fits in the framework of globalisation, is presented as a planetary movement, integrates within neo-liberal myths and is mobilised in anti-poverty campaigns. It may also be considered as revealing of economic opportunities, of social differentiations of economic, social and cultural imbrications, of the new links between town and country. Finally it is an important leverage of change, contributing to local development ; diffusing hybrid norms and advocating public policies defined by different actors concerned and not exclusively by the State.
Crédit rural et politiques publiques dans le sertâo brésilien
Authors: Abramovay Ricardo
Published: October 2008

Ricardo Abramovay — Rural loans and public policies in the Brazilian Sertâo.

The policy of reinforcing family agriculture has changed the relationship of the Brazilian State to its rural milieu. 750 000 families have benefited from credit, while half of them had never had any access to finances before. The use of bank intermediation however constitutes a bottleneck that threatens the integrity of the policy itself. Banks are very selective, they tend to avoid the most poor of the rural population or limit their access to credit only. Local financing constitutes a means stimulating the economic initiatives of rural inhabitants, in particular in the Sertâo-semi-arid region of the Northwest.
Microfinance et dynamiques économiques : quels effets après dix ans d'innovations financières ?
Authors: Doligez François
Published: October 2008

François Doligez — Micro-finance and economic dynamics : What effects after ten years of financial innovations ?

This article examines some questions related to the impact of micro-finance on the « real sphere » : who has access to credit ? Does it improve revenues and investments and therefore the local economy or, on the contrary, does it induce negative effects on the consumption and the living levels of the borrowers ? The article is based on fieldwork concerning three rural micro-credit networks in Benin, in Guinea and in Nicaragua. The comparative analysis of more than 3 000 surveys brings to light the ambivalent development of access to credits and illustrates, beyond standardised methods that are frequently used, the importance of socioeconomic effects.
Les pratiques financières des femmes entrepreneurs. Exemples sénégalais
Authors: Guérin Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Isabelle Guérin — The financial practices of women entrepreneurs : Senegalese examples.

African entrepreneurs in general, and women in particular, are confronted with two types of demands with distinctive temporalities : daily survival and the respect of long-term community obligations. Such a duality obliges them to reconsider management criteria : accordingly the amount of securities and debts becomes determinant. This article brings to light two principal results from the analysis of statistical and social data on the entrepreneurial activities of Senegalese women. The first concerns the magnitude and dynamics of financial activities : if women are able to stabilise their activities, it is due to their invention of new and collective forms of financial practices. The second bears on the diverse experiences that must be linked to the ambivalence in regard to debt.
Le secteur endogène va-t-il disparaître ? Tontine, « usuriers » et Crédit rural de Guinée
Authors: Lambert Agnès , Condé Kefing
Published: October 2008

Agnès Lambert and Kefing Condé — Will the indigenous sector disappear ? Rotative savings, loan sharks and rural credit in Guinea.

Contrary to the expected effects of liberalisation policies, financial markets are segmented between commercial banks, micro-finance and the indigenous sector. The analysis of practices, through the study of financial market structuring in Guniea Conakry, demonstrates a complex reality. The same agents, producers, traders or functionaries ultimately turn either to the micro-financial sector (the rural credit scheme) either to the rotative savings or to usurers for solutions to their multiple problems. All the while, the two sectors continue to feed and transform each other : the intermediary sector frees the borrower of the usurer while allowing him to nourish the indigenous sector.
Les sommets mondiaux du microcrédit : où en est-on cinq ans après ?
Authors: Guérin Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Isabelle Guérin — Global Micro-Credit Summits : What state of affairs five years on ? The self-assigned mission of global micro-credit summits was to « sell » the tool to funding agencies. It is in such respect that the promoters do not hesitate to praise its virtues and to make increasingly exaggerated promises. They thus run the risk of indulging in a simplistic and dangerous discourse, with regard to engagements that are difficult to respect. Educating funding agencies towards a more realistic approach would obviously be a better means of ensuring the development of healthy and sustainable micro-finance.
Comprendre et limiter les violences : une présentation
Authors: Cartier-Bresson Jean
Published: October 2008

Jean Cartier-Bresson — Understanding and limiting violence : A presentation

A new understanding of violent internal conflicts has emerged form the initiatives of numerous researchers in international relations. It stresses the ethnic character of the conflicts and their economic objectives (looting). As an aggregate of crimes and homicides in third world countries, the theme amounts to a new agenda for security. In the light of various contributions, this presentation challenges the dominant view and attempts to clarify the basis of debates on the causes and consequences of violence, as well as the means to reduce it.
Matières premières, violences et conflits armés
Authors: Le Billon Philippe
Published: October 2008

Philippe Le Billon — Raw materials, violence and armed conflicts

A number of armed conflicts in the third world are financed with raw materials. The relative importance of such income is on the increase, given the diminishing benefits of what is hereby termed as the geo-strategic rent of the cold war. The control of raw materials, territories and marketing networks now influence the strategies of armed groups, the process of conflicts and their resolution. It is however simplistic to qualify these as « resources wars », principally motivated by the cupidity of combatants. Foreign commercial interests and the state of dependency on raw materials, at times resulting in State delinquency, are just as important factors to take into account.
Ah, que les économistes sont fatigants !
Authors: Fontaine Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

POLEMICIST'S CORNER Jean-Marc Fontaine — Ah, but what a tiresome lot economists are !
Colombie : un pari encore incertain
Authors: Le Bonniec Yves
Published: October 2008

Yves Le Bonniec — Colombia : an uncertain bet

The recent Colombian attempt to ensure universal health insurance stems from a political conjuncture featuring social protection reform as solution to a serious political legitimacy crisis. Engaging in such a program have been impossible without this particular historical context, which draws the limits of the reform. The universalising process focuses on health insurance coverage to groups with no access to the contributory scheme. The implementation of this program reveals the ambiguities and constraints of a politically driven process that simultaneously aims at health protection and poverty reduction. Finally, by using structural analysis to several welfare regimes, one may outline the paradigm likely to shape the Colombian social protection system.
Corée du Sud : vers une société d'assurances sociales
Authors: Bidet Éric
Published: October 2008

Éric Bidet — South Korea : towards a society of social insurances In the recent years following its adhesion to the oecd in 1996 and the 1997- 1998 crisis, South Korea has achieved remarkable progress in developing and orienting its social welfare system towards universal expectations. Given a country known for sacrificing social welfare in favour of growth, the measures taken constitute a decisive turn that may crown the emergence of new social consensus and, eventually, a new model of socio-economic development. The new dispositions are however hampered by shortcomings still tending to limit their scope and effectiveness.
La protection sociale au Vietnam : de la fiction égalitaire à la marchandise
Authors: Hours Bernard , Sélim Monique
Published: October 2008

Bernard Hours, Monique Selím — Social protection in Vietnam : from egalitarian fiction to merchandise This article, based on field surveys and interviews, examines the stakes social protection in a non-communist Vietnam exploding with social disparities. It presents current relations in the backdrop of past heroically shared misery as observed in different quarters and workshops. Solidarity appears minimal and social protection largely dependent on party power. As regards health insurance, State assistance is lacking, despite a system whose scope of social re-distribution is modest in respect of State accounting and generalized predating that can be observed here, as in other cases of market opening.
Le capital social comme protection sociale ? Le cas de la Mauritanie
Authors: Ballet Jérôme , Hamzetta Bilal
Published: October 2008

Jérôme Ballet and Bilal O. Hamzetta — Social capital as social protection ?

The case of Mauritania The associative or communal approach presupposes that the spontaneous organization of individuals and the issuing binding norms suffice to ensure adequate protection and a whole set of social goods and services. This article illustrates the difficulties that such a proposition may be confronted with in the case of Mauritania. While distinguishing voluntarily mobilized social capital as opposed to social capital mobilized through constraint, it shows that in both cases, the well-to-do still get better social protection to the expense of the poor. This partly explains the shortcomings of social protection based on associative capital.
La performance opérationnelle des ONG humanitaires : une analyse en termes d'enjeux institutionnels
Authors: Quéinnec Erwan
Published: October 2008

MISCELLANEOUS Erwan Quéinnec — The operational performance of humanitarian NGOs ; an analysis featuring institutional stakes

After two decades of almost unconditional success, ngos are now being questioned on their operational success mainly by funding agencies. So while the need for humanitarian services for beneficiary societies remains unchallenged, consensus still lacks on ways to conceive them. Indeed, beyond exhortations, humanitarian action is also belied by incentives, sanctions and institutional constraints. The author maintains that humanitarian action could in fact thrive without being really assessed, and as such appears to be resorting to a « resource economy » model.
Le cercle vicieux des crises bancaire, monétaire et financière en Turquie
Authors: Vérez. Jean-Claude
Published: October 2008

Jean-Claude Vérez — The vicious circle of banking, monetary and financial crises in Turkey

Turkey suffered a serious economic crisis in 2001. The national income fell by 10 % ; the number of the unemployed grew by a million, the exchange rate has been falling regularly and inflation remains very high. The causes are of banking, monetary and financial nature. While the financial liberalization of the 90s affecting the region since the gulf war may contribute to the explanation, the main reasons are structural. So while Turkey's candidature for the membership in the European Union is accepted, the current situation remains full of incertitude.
Pauvreté, crime et croissance en Colombie : disparités régionales
Authors: Rocha Ricardo , Martinez Hermes
Published: October 2008

Ricardo Rocha and Hermes Martinez — Poverty, crime and growth in Colombia : Regional disparities

This article entails a two-stage empirical study of the relationships between poverty, criminality and economic growth, on the basis of literature and statistical analysis, from departmental data covering the 1981-1998 period. Privations suffered by the population and reduced opportunity costs resulting from low budgetary provisions favour criminality, which in turn has negative repercussions on the saving-investment process. The results obtained suggest that despite the development of drug trafficking, the risks of increasing poverty and the loss of growth would have been higher if Columbia had not experienced a parallel economic and social progress. The results also bring to light the importance of political goodwill in improving growth.
La « force du Saint-Esprit » au service de la mondialisation
Authors: Aubrée Marion
Published: October 2008

Marion Aubrée — The «force of the Holy Spirit » in the service of globalization

The numerical explosion of the Pentecostal current in Latin America has brought about reformulations inducing behavior related to the national and cultural fabric of its insertion. Brazil in this respect is particularly revealing of creativity given its numerous denominations tuned to new globalization determinants. Among these, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God has followed a remarkable path leading to Europe, among other places, whereby it is actively involved in proselytizing and addressing mainly African and Caribbean immigrants. The analysis studies the ritual adaptations of what the author terms as a « Neo-Pentecostalism » to the original cultures of the
L'hindouisme nationalisé et internationalisé
Authors: Heuzé Djallal G.
Published: October 2008

Djallal G. HEUZÉ — Nationalized and internationalized Hinduism

Hinduism might be the set of religious practices and ideologies which endured the deepest evolution during the past thirty years. The process of change was the result of a long maturation made of reformism and reaction combined and com- plexely interacting. New phenomenas as the rise of unemployed youth, specific inferiority complexes and armed confrontations, helped to pave the way for a new kind of hinduism and hindu attitudes, nationalist, politicised, somewhat centralised and more and more simple. The contribution explains how the complex set of communal attitudes and history between hindus and muslims have helped to promote this evolution. It also introduces the major role played by the polemics about a small mosque of the Gangetic Plain. As it is finally argued, the process of internationalisation of hindu perspectives and organisations is related to its nationalisation.
La libéralisation financière : une déstructuration de la cohérence des modèles de développement thaïlandais et malais
Authors: Donadieu José
Published: October 2008

José Donadieu — Financial liberalization : Disarticulation of the coherence of the Malayan and Thailand models

The financial liberalization carried out in Malaya and Thailand between the early 1980s and the early 1990s has disarticulated the coherence of the two countries' development models, without creating a new one. In particular, it involves the weakening of domestic financial institutions due to the increase of foreign currency debts, rendering them vulnerable to rate volatility, and due to financing investment projects unlikely to ensure improvement through local, and long-term industrial specialization.
L'épidémie du sida et les migrants en Asie
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: October 2008

Daniel SlMONET — The aids epidemic and migrants in Asia

The article presents migratory movements in Asia and their role in the spread of aids. The impact of the disease on sectors employing migrants is analyzed in terms of economic and human costs. The second part studies the strategies of prevention. These are spread through information and according to legislation but also include sectoral and micro-economic measures.
Les marchés de droit pour la gestion de l'environnement. Introduction générale
Authors: Karsenty Alain , Weber Jacques
Published: October 2008

Alain Karsenty, Jacques Weber — Rights markets for environmental management : A general introduction The market for purchasing environmental rights constitutes a management device that resorts to creating markets in which user-rights are exchanged without property transfer of land, which in fact constitutes the material support of such practices. The aim is hereby to assess the consequences of the international expansion of such markets on developing countries, the advantages they may draw from it or the risks they may henceforth run. As a global collective constraint, the environment constitutes a privileged domain for creating rights-markets, which already constitutes a major stake of North-South relations.
Les concessions de conservation sonnent-elles le glas de l'aménagement forestier durable ?
Authors: Karsenty Alain , Nasi Robert
Published: October 2008

Alain Karsenty, Robert Nasi — A commentary on the article of E. Niesten and R. Rice : Do the « conservation concessions » toll the bells of sustainable forest management ? Conservation concessions, as advocated by E. Niesten and R. Rice, suggest the paying revenues to populations and the State so that they may renounce income derived from forest exploitation. Apart from the questionable transformation of peasants as renters of conservation, serious questions arise as regards the assessment of financial compensation ; the hypothesis of repurchase of traditional rights through contracts is barely realistic. Similarly, the argumentation with regard to sustainable management or the underlying economic pattern is not fault- free. In the event that environmental concessions do not constitute a global alternative to logging, the conditions of their use as complementary instruments to already existing ones remains to be defined.
La réforme foncière au Laos. Une politique hasardeuse pour les paysans
Authors: Ducourtieux Olivier , Laffort Jean-Richard , Sacklokham Silinthone
Published: October 2008

Olivier Ducourtieux, Jean-Richard Laffort, Silinthone Sacklokham — Land reform in Laos, an hazardous policy for farmers Lao State launched in 1994 a land reform inspired by international aid donors and neighbouring socialist countries. It aims at increasing land tenure security, encouraging farmer's involvement in intensive farming and eliminating slash-and- burn agriculture so as to protect the forest. The land laws have shortcomings open to various interpretations depending on local social relationships. Since local specificities are not taken into account, the reform is counterproductive for both forest protection and farming modernization, and with regard to marginalizing the poorest farmers.
Introduction : les masques du tourisme
Authors: Cazes Georges , Courade Georges
Published: October 2008

Georges Cazes, Georges Courade — The masks of tourism Tourist activity is a form of transhumance linked to industrialisation and to the rise of living standards in the North and in emerging countries. Extended to the whole planet by planes, it affects many countries whereby it may cause damages or bring about some development. This is because it stems from false appearances and masks unsightly realities even as it is increasingly handled by poorly known multinationals. Will the regulation of its expansion through ethic codes make it an acceptable activity everywhere ?
L'appel à l'éthique et la référence universaliste dans la doctrine officielle du tourisme international
Authors: Lanfant Marie-Françoise
Published: October 2008

Marie-Françoise Lanfant — A call for ethics and universal references with regard to the official international tourism doctrine In 1999, the World Tourism Organisation adopted the global code of ethics as a framework for the tourist activity, which is essential for the economy and the development of the countries of the South. Without necessarily putting to question the tourist industry and the liberal option, the World Tourism Organisation tries, through this manifesto, to place the activity in the service of sustainable development with respect to cultural diversities. This article analyses the references, contradictions and preconceptions which emanate from this universal and normative approach in a domain that is marked by the liberalisation of behaviours and financial liberalism.
La misère du Liban : une population appauvrie, peu d'État et plusieurs solidarités souterraines
Authors: Kochuyt Thierry
Published: October 2008

Thierry Kochuyt — The misery of Lebanon : An impoverished population, little state and several underground networks of solidarity.

Due to a dualisation of the income structure and because of the present economic crisis, Lebanon faces a poverty which affects approximately one third of its population. And yet this issue is hardly addressed at the national level for ideological, financial and institutional reasons. This does not mean that poverty is completely ignored because the management of social inequality also takes place at a sub-national level where families, confessions and political elites dominate. These entities show solidarity with the poor who, in return, contribute to maintaining the traditional hegemonies of their donors.
L'avancée fulgurante du complexe soja dans le Mato Grosso : facteurs clés et limites prévisibles
Authors: Bertrand Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

concentrating on transport infrastructures. The agronomic and economic viability of the capital intensive agricultural model developed around the soybean remains uncertain due to the notable difficulties of transport and to environmental conservation, which is hardly taken into account.
ONG : les pièges de la professionnalisation. Introduction
Authors: Le Naëlou Anne
Published: October 2008

Anne Le Naëlou — NGO's : The traps of professionalizing. Introduction.

The role of NGO's involved in development and international solidarity is increasingly complex and difficult to appreciate, in the context of the profound political mutations accompanying international relations crises, with the diminishing of development aid and the reduction of the ngo's share in the new configuration of intervening actors (urgencies or development). Professionalizing is therefore under consideration by NGO's and by funding agencies as a prospective for the changing of this private non-lucrative sector. Some appreciation is hereby made as regards the meanings and stakes of these changes.
Être un professionnel de l'humanitaire ou comment composer avec le cadre imposé
Authors: Dauvin Pascal
Published: October 2008

Pascal Dauvin — Being a professional of the humanitarian or how to compose with an imposed framework.

This contribution aims at showing how the professionalizing of NGO's is a logic imposed by funding agencies and by the countries beneficiaries of aid. This manner of professionalizing is however not straight forward for expatriates who do not perceive the NGO's as organisations that function according to strict « managerial » terms. Considering actions observed in the field, the actions of NGO's thus appear as determined by trial and error or arrangements depending on the identity of the actors and the contexts of their intervention.
Une vision nouvelle de l'Afrique aujourd'hui?
Authors: Courade Georges
Published: October 2008

Georges Courade — A new vision of today 's Africa ?

Analyses of the death of the continent are not new. While the one of Stephen Smith springs from popular clichés, it is nonetheless nuanced and clarifies a number of points. However, identifying with and addressing oneself to afro-centrists and to their friend's, amounts to an attitude that may be familiar in France but incomprehensible in the south of the Sahara.
L'Afrique est-elle soluble dans la violence ?
Authors: Janin Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Janin — Does Africa amount to no more than its violence ?

Africa is frequently stigmatised for its ills and excesses. For the keen observer that S. Smith is, the continent confirms this peculiar difference by unleashing multiple forms of violence. Thus yielding to the prevailing afro-pessimism, the journalist proposes a univocal view of Africa, hence forgetting to indicate the existence of ways out.
Gestion spatio-temporelle de la soudure alimentaire dans le Sahel burkinabé
Authors: Janin Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Janin — Spatiotemporal management of food supply in Burkinabé Sahel.

Sahel zones are marked by food risks (unavailability, insufficiency, fluctuation, inaccessibility). One of the difficulties for researchers and decision makers consists of assessing this risk in time and in space and in measuring the real vulnerability of the communities. Given the weak capacity of governments and international organisations to intervene and to forecast shortages, households have to individually manage the strategic periods of supply. However, to fight against seasonal food insecurity, they have a limited number of responses which must be associated with the adequate temporal management of their granaries.
Monopolisation institutionnelle et spatialités économiques au Cap (Afrique du Sud)
Authors: Dubresson Alain
Published: October 2008

Alain Dubresson — Institutional metropolitanism and economic spheres in the Cape (South Africa) The process of decentralisation at national level and of recentralisation of South African metropolitan zones is followed, in the Cape, by a large scale public action aimed at upgrading the city to a world class status, while reducing socios- patial disparities inherited from apartheid. The first part of the article points out the reasons of failure of the spatial regulation tentative linked to the political conditions of institutional metropolitanism and the obsolescence of the conceptual foundations of public action. It, then, proposes an analysis of the territorial regulation with a reminder to the fact that the role of local political elites is a decisive
Où le partenariat public-privé devient l'instrument privilégié du développement économique local. L'exemple de Durban, Afrique du Sud
Authors: Freund Bill , Lootvoet Benoît
Published: October 2008

Bill Freund and Benoît Lootvoet — Where the public-private partnership becomes a privileged tool for local economic development. The example of Durban, South Africa While lacking in precision, the notion of local economic development (led) has known a growing success with some scholars, experts and political heads. Taking the example of Durban, which is one of the six mega-municipalities created in 2000 during the municipal elections that established the first local govern- ments according to the post apartheid Constitution, this article suggests that in South Africa, statements and policies expressed as led may well be summarised as the promotion of a public-private partnership.
Décentralisation et rééquilibrage en faveur des régions en Inde. L'exemple de l'Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Kennedy Loraine
Published: October 2008

orientations within the scope of national macro-economic policies. The case is well presented by Andra Pradesh, a State whose overtly liberal policies and compulsive growth strategies are quite remarkable. Governed since 1996 and 2004 by the regional party of Telogu Desam, this State has succeeded in attracting private investors and international funding agencies.
Quelle perspective pour l'approche par les capacités ?
Authors: Bertin Alexandre
Published: October 2008

Alexandre Bertin. — What perspectives for the « capacities » approach ? Over the last thirty years, the utilitarian approach to well-being has been questioned by many authors. Amartya Sen, in particular, made a significant contribution by pioneering new concepts like « capabilities », thereby bringing about a reassessment of poverty not only along monetary lines but also using philosophical, anthropological and political criteria. The question however is whether the progression and the enrichment of this approach by numerous authors can lead to a new economic paradigm or whether it amounts to no more than the enrichment of the utilitarian paradigm. The answer is negative as Amartya Sen remains a utilitarian economist.
L'éducation en Afrique subsaharienne. Les indicateurs d'efficience et leur utilisation politique
Authors: Rasera Jean-Bernard
Published: October 2008

Jean-Bernard Rasera. — Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Indicators of efficiency and their policy applications This paper challenges the opinion that educational systems in Africa suffer less from a lack of resources than from an inefficient use of resources. This idea is based on two arguments. The first derives from the results of international comparisons in schooling efficiency. An indicator such as the ratio of the average schooling period to the share of educational expenditure in gdp does not measure efficiency adequately. The second builds on estimates of educational production functions, the results of which have led to erroneous interpretation. Such debatable arguments act to limit substantial increases in foreign aid and foster the expansion of systems where limited resources produce mediocre outcomes that will be increasingly hard to put right.
La dynamique agricole chinoise face au commerce mondial : un nouveau Big Bang ?
Authors: He Yong , Simon Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2008

Yong He, Jean-Christophe Simon — The dynamism of the Chinese agriculture in the face of world trade : A new Big Bang China's agricultural production presents a major challenge to national development and to world trade. Ten years ago, L. Brown (1994) predicted that China would reduce its cultivated surfaces due to rapid industrialisation, leading to a major crisis for world grain markets, thus causing an undesirable Big Bang. Recent data from Chinese sources does not back up this analysis. Three scenarios of probable future trends consider variation of land allocation and market supply. Conclusions suggest that a new specialisation of Chinese agriculture in labour intensive production, currently under way, can be sustained in the decades to come.
La pauvreté des exploitations familiales nicaraguayennes : retard technique ou manque de terres ?
Authors: Bainville Sébastien , Mena Rolando , Rasse-Mercat Élisabeth , Touzard Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Sébastien Bainville, Rolando Mena, Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat, Isabelle Tou- ZARD — Family farming poverty in Nicaragua : Technical delay or lack of land ? This study, based on an analysis of farming in ten Nicaraguan communities, presents three main categories depending on land held, salaries and labour force involved : farm work is either carried out solely by hired labour, shared between farmers and extra hired labour, or entirely done by farmers and their families. The comparison of the technical and economical achievements of these groups shows the interest in family farming : it is often more productive and offers more rural employments. This article thus stresses the need to support and maintain small farms, although increasing liberalism seriously threatens favourable land policies.
Quel rôle joue l'agriculture dans la croissance et le développement ?
Authors: Berthelier Pierre , Lipchitz Anna
Published: October 2008

Pierre Berthelier, Anna Lipchitz — What role does the agricultural sector play in growth and development ? A successful economic transition involves a continuous flow of resources from agriculture to industry. This resource transfer depends on structural factors affecting demand, marginal labour productivities, technical progress, sectoral factor endowments and public economic policies. Agricultural transition is an essential input of economic growth, but is not solely sufficient for generating sustained growth. The rhythm of agricultural transition is mainly explained by the dynamism of capital accumulation in the whole economy, by agricultural policies and by investment in human capital.
L'aide non étatique au Rwanda : des leçons de 1994 ?
Authors: Bourque Andre
Published: October 2008

André BOURQUE — Indirect aid in Rwanda : Lessons from 1994 ? The challenges posed to post- 1994 Rwanda engaged international aid as regards its capacity to adjust to unusual situations and, above all, draw lessons from collective responsibility in the face of the tragic events of 1994. The analysis of the evolution of indirect aid, since its appearance in Rwanda from 1910 to 2002, indicates that it has only partially adjusted to the Rwandese situation after 1994, principally in terms of the volume of aid and the additional packages specific to Rwanda. However major challenges remain unattended and several practices having contributed to joint responsibility for the events of 1994 remain unchanged.
Réalités, perceptions et usages des « famines vertes » du Sud éthiopien
Authors: Planel Sabine
Published: October 2008

Sabine Planěl — Realities, perceptions and uses of « green famines » in Southern Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, the mechanisms of redistribution of food aid are profoundly unequal depending on the regions, due to the remarkable ignorance of the various agrarian systems. Therefore, since their appearance in the 1980's, the «green famines » of the Ethiopian South, former granary, receive less aid. The case study of Wolaita, hereby presented, shows how inherited representations of space, territories and societies, shape the management of food aid policy at times without any relevance to food problems, with the resulting risk of aggravating preferences and ethno-regional inequalities as regards development in a weak federal country.
Le modèle de la croissance excluante et l'insécurité économique dans le Mercosur depuis 1990
Authors: Saludjian Alexis
Published: October 2008

Alexis Saludjian — Excluding growth regime and economical insecurity in Mercosur countries since 1990.

Through a statistical study based on a methodology developed by D. Rodrik, this article gives new empirical evidence of the excluding growth regime that happened in Latin America during the 1990s. Indeed, in spite of macroeconomic volatility, some economists suggest that growth did not benefit in a homogeneous way to the population. The wage earners have been particularly concerned and excluded from the benefits of growth, even though the labour productivity has increased.
La femme chinoise dans la transition économique : un bilan mitigé
Authors: Attané Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Isabelle Attané. — Chinese women in a period of economic change : A mixed assessment Since the start of economic reforms, major upheavals are occurring in Chinese society. The status of women, in particular, has undergone significant albeit ambivalent changes. Whereas on one hand the decline in fertility tends to favour women with respect to family life, the economic and social liberalization that accompanies the reforms does not necessarily contribute towards improving their status. This study outlines recent changes affecting women, both in terms of the means at their disposal for attaining greater autonomy and the manner in which their status is currently evolving.
L'évolution des scénarios de la vie reproductive des femmes au Brésil. Médicalisation, genre et ingalités sociales
Authors: Bozon Michel
Published: October 2008

Michel Bozon. — The evolution of patterns of women 's reproductive life in Brazil. Medicalization, gender and social inequalities Over the past few decades, Brazil has undergone a spectacular decline in fertility, in the absence of any particular policy incentive. The process that has resulted in smaller families is more a result of growing medicalization and the growth of a medical market, rather than family planning. The struggle against the spread of Aids has also contributed to legitimising the use of condom. This market driven fertility transition has had rather undesirable consequences for reproductive health and rights. It has not contributed to reducing the prevailing strong social and gender disparities in reproduction, a case in point being the high number of premature sterilizations carried out among the working classes.
Stratégies actives et stratégies passives d'exportation en Amérique latine et en Asie orientale
Authors: Palma José Gabriel
Published: October 2008

José Gabriel Palma - Export-led strategies in Latin America and East Asia: Growth as a product- and institution-specific phenomenon.

This paper investigates the growth implications of the old controversy of whether there is a difference for developing countries between exporting potato-chips and micro-chips. It concludes that the experience of Latin America and East Asia since 1980 (i.e., during the period of "globalisation") clearly shows that growth is indeed a product- and institution-specific phenomenon.
Renouveau urbain et marginalisation. Le cas du centre-ville de Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso
Authors: Biehler Alexandra
Published: October 2008

Alexandra Biehler - Urban renewal and marginalization : The case of residents in downtown Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

In Ouagadougou, State planning for the downtown represents the new urban order. Invited to move out of old inner-city neighbourhoods to a site and service on the outskirts, the inhabitants experience life on the physical fringe, confirming, for some, their status at the fringes of society. But these urban shifts are leading relocated residents to take a new look at the capital and adopt new ways of living in the city and their neighbourhood. The desire to take action so that the neighbourhood will be acknowledged and valorized as part of the urban space may be evidence that a process of citizen-making is underway.
Affinité horizontale et stratégies de survie parmi les « enfants de la rue ». La bande Solitarios à La Paz (Bolivie)
Authors: De Suremain Charles-Édouard
Published: October 2008

Charles-Edouard de Suremain - Horizontal affinity and survival strategies among "street kids" : The Solitarios Gang in La Paz, Bolivia.

Using ethnographic material collected in La Paz, Bolivia, this article looks at the connections that bind "street kids" together and at the anthropological basis of the gang. The organization of one of these gangs, as well as the strategies used by the "brothers" to survive and to obtain drugs and/or alcohol, are analyzed in terms of horizontal affinity, an original kind of elective relationship. Lastly, how programs intended for children are perceived by them opens up avenues for research on psychological and social rehabilitation as a first step in any meaningful action in this field.
Sào Paulo, des espaces les plus pauvres aux espaces les plus riches, acceptation du dualisme ou utopie de la « mixité »
Authors: Rivière d'Arc Hélène
Published: October 2008

Hélène Rivière D'Arc - Sáo Paulo, from the poorest spaces to the richest : living with dualism or the Utopia of "diversity".

What stands out in discussions of the city of São Paulo is its hypermodernity associated with very high levels of wealth and income at one extreme and the presence of an important fringe group of poor and often underemployed people at the other. In accounting for the urban space, this socio-economic study led to the singling out of the concept of segregation as particularly significant. This article attempts to identify the geographic and social location of this urban split, looked at from the point of view of participation and social programs, and given that there is a significant middle class (clase media) which is part of this hypermodernity but which some observers see as impoverished.
La psychiatrie coloniale française en Algérie et au Sénégal
Authors: Collignon René
Published: October 2008

René Collignon - French colonial psychiatry in Algeria and Senegal.

This article gives an outline of the historisation of French colonial psychiatry in Africa starting from two contrasting situations: Algeria, a settlement colony conferred with the status of French administrative départements, and Senegal, in West Africa, where no European colonial population had become established. The starting point of a psychiatric assistance project in the colonies goes back to the report by Reboul and Régis at the French psychiatrists'conference in Tunis in 1912, which defined a policy to follow. The problems of implementation are examined, as are the accomplishments up to the time of independence and the emergence of a corpus of "ethnopsychiatric" knowledge on the people who were colonized.
Brésil : santé mentale et sphère magico-religieuse
Authors: Aubrée Marion
Published: October 2008

Marion Aubrée - Brazil: mental health and the realm of magic and religion.

The situation in Brazil is described concerning the relation between what are commonly called "nervous diseases" and the quest for relief by turning to religiously-based therapies. These "spiritual therapies" can currently be grouped into three major symbolic tendencies. The article examines the socio-cultural substratum which leads people to turn to one or other of these tendencies and the cathartic process which can bring great relief from the state of suffering the "patients" experience. For most Brazilians, the representations of psychiatry render it a universe much more mysterious and dangerous than the religious sphere they use so fully.
Ethnopsychiatrie : la culture au service de la santé
Authors: Cavalcante Antonio Mourão
Published: October 2008

Antonio Mourâo Cavalcante - Ethnopsychiatry: culture comes to the aid of health.

The Author takes a case history as a basis for developing a discussion where he emphasizes the psychiatric and cultural aspects of a situation. This is a typical ethnopsychiatric approach, which goes back to the work of Georges Devereux and Tobie Nathan. The psychiatric elements the case presents suggest a depression. The cultural aspects, closely linked to the realities of life in the Nordeste region of Brazil, reflect the world of rural traditional, steeped in religious beliefs and struggles for power. The scenario is typical of ancient Brazil which, through the aging patient, shows the decline, even the progressive disappearance, of that world, now suffused with modernity and social pluralism.
Des chemins pour un humanisme moderne dans les pratiques de santé mentale
Authors: Doray Bernard
Published: October 2008

Bernard Doray - Paths towards a modern humanism in mental health practices.

In this article, the Author puts forward a transversal approach to certain themes that come out of the set of contributions made to this strong feature on mental health for the Review Tiers Monde, without pretending to draw a particular conclusion from them. Starting from a particular interest in the concepts of dignity and resymbolization, he suggests some further lines of study. Included in these would be research in which the two components of the term "psycho-social" would be considered when looking at the virtualities produced by the creative dialectic that reality imparts upon them.