bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between age at first oral contraceptive use and breast cancer in women-Nouakchott, Mauritania, May - October 2021
Authors: MAHAM Mohamedou
Published: May 2024

Introduction: In Mauritania, breast cancer affects 44.9 women per 100,000 inhabitants in 2020 and is the most common cancer. In a context where two- thirds of women use oral contraceptives and nearly one-third of marriages are early, this study examines the association between the age of first use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer among women in Mauritania. Methods: A case-control study (192 cases for 192 controls) was conducted at the Nouakchott Oncology Center from 01 May 2021 to 31 October 2021. A case was defined and so was a witness. A logistic regression was performed with SAS® 9.4 software to estimate the odds ratio of breast cancer associated with age of first oral contraceptive use independent of other characteristics. Results: Half of the patients were from Nouakchott (50.5%), 41.7%, 57.8% and 85.4% were married, uneducated and housewives, respectively. The median age was similar in cases and controls. About 11% of cases and 18.7% of controls used oral contraceptives for the first time before the age of 24, and more than 64% had never used oral contraceptives. After adjusting for possible confounders, age at first oral contraceptive use (<24 years) was significantly associated with breast cancer (adjusted OR = 3.07, 95% CI 1.09-8.82; p = 0.0372) independently of other characteristics. Conclusions: The study shows that the age of first use of oral contraceptives, less than 24 years, is a risk factor for breast cancer in women followed at the Nouakchott Oncology Center. Sensitization of women on alternative contraceptive methods and early marriage is recommended.
Classification of Brain Image Tumor using EfficientNet B1-B2 Deep Learning
Authors: Hastomo Widi , Karno Adhitio Satyo Bayangkari , Sestri Ellya , Terisia Vany , Yusuf Diana , Arman Shevty Arbekti , Arif Dodi
Published: May 2024

In this study, a new neural network model (EfficientNet B1-B2) was sought for the detection of brain tumors in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. The primary objective was to achieve high accuracy rates so as to classify the images. The deep learning techniques meticulously processed and increased the data augmentation as much as possible for the EfficientNet B1-B2 models. Our experimental results show an accuracy of 98% in the B1 version in Table II. This provides a potentially optimistic view of the application of artificial intelligence technology to disease diagnosis based on medical image analysis. Nonetheless, we must remind ourselves that the dataset we used has limitations in terms of the challenges it can pose. Although the number of potential variations of actual medical images constitutes a major challenge, it is not the only one. Most medical datasets are unbalanced, contain highly variable noise, have a slow internal structure, and are often small in size. Hence, our end goal is to help stimulate not only the field of brain tumor detection and treatment but also the development of more sophisticated classification models in the health context.
Thermal Stratification Characteristics of Storage Tanks on Solar Water Heater Inserted with Latent Heat Material
Authors: Nadjib Muhammad , Wahyudi Wahyudi , Santosa Tito Hadji Agung , Hidayat Yaafi
Published: May 2024

As a latent heat medium, phase change material (PCM) can be applied to heat storage for solar water heaters (SWH). The method used to place PCM is to put it in a capsule. Thermal stratification is critical in generating SWH thermal efficiency. Installation of horizontal capsules in the tank has no known effect on thermal stratification. This paper aims to study the thermal stratification in active-type SWH incorporating PCM. A cylindrical capsule containing the PCM was placed inside the tank. The thermocouple was installed on both the water and PCM sides. The charging process was conducted indoors, and the water flow rate varied from 1, 2, and 3 LPM. Water temperature data for each variation was analyzed to evaluate the thermal stratification. Richardson number analysis proved that thermal stratification was formed in all water flow rates. It was found that a low water flow rate results in high thermal stratification.
OSMANLI HÂKİMİYETİNDE GENCE KALESİ’NİN İAŞESİ VE TEMİN EDİLDİĞİ BÖLGELER (1723-1735)
Authors: Demlikoğlu Uğur
Published: May 2024

Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırlarını genişletmesinde sınır hattında bulunan ordunun zahire ve iaşe ihtiyacını başarılı bir organizasyonla gerçekleştirmesinin önemi büyüktür. Padişah III. Ahmed (1703- 1730) döneminde 1723 yılında başlayan Osmanlı- Safevi harpleri 1747 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Safevi Devleti’nin içinde bulunduğu iç karışıklıkları fırsat bilen Osmanlı Devleti, Safevi Devleti’ne karşı harp ilan etmiştir. Osmanlı orduları savaşın ilk yıllarında Safevi ordularına karşı büyük bir üstünlük kurmuş Kafkasya ve Azerbaycan bölgelerinde hızlı bir ilerleme göstermiştir. Bölgenin önemli şehir ve kasabalarını hâkimiyeti altına almayı başarmıştır. Bu şehirlerden biri de Azerbaycan’ı Kafkasya ve Karadeniz’e bağlayan tarihi ipek yolunun önemli bir kavşak noktasında bulunan Gence’dir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kafkasya’daki en uzak serhat kalelerinden biri olan Gence Kalesi’ne zahire intikali dönemin şartlarına göre oldukça zahmetli ve masraflı olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; mevcut arşiv kaynaklardan istifade edilerek Gence Kalesi’ne yapılan zahire nakliyatını, zahire ihtiyacının hangi bölgelerden karşılandığı, satın alınan zahire miktarı ile zahireye yapılan masraflar irdelenmiştir.
Mentions of Groups of Noble Captives in Intrastate Conflicts in Pre-Mongolian Rus
Authors: Chasovitina Olga
Published: May 2024

The article examines chronicle evidences about capture of noble captives during intrastate cionflicts of knyazs in pre-Mongolian Rus. Evidences given in chronological order and related to the circumstances of the respective military conflicts. The analysis of the texts of the chronicle evidences has been done. Note the restrained nature of the texts, the short reference to captives, and hierarchical structure of list of captives. It is concluded that the capture of noble captives is connected with the political ambitions of the knyazs.
Once Again about the Image of “Russian Hamlet”: the Time of Paul I of Russia as a Prologue to the Triumphs and Dramas of the 19th Century
Authors: Torkunov Anatoly V.
Published: May 2024

Following a long-standing historiographical tradition, the article examines one of the most controversial and ambiguous characters in Russian history — Emperor Paul I, who was caught in between two epochs — the 18th classic “noble” century and the autocratic-bureaucratic 19th century. The authors summarize the arguments confirming that for all its deep inconsistency, sometimes reaching the point of flippancy, he personified both a close continuity with the past and a distinct evolution of Russia's political institutions towards solidifying the absolutist pattern. In an attempt to carry out appropriate reforms, Paul took a too hasty pace, to which the ruling elite responded with deaf resistance, which eventually resulted in a palace coup.
Russian and Slavic Identities of Contemporary Youth: Value-Sense Correlations and Political Dimensions
Authors: Boldin Vladimir
Published: May 2024

The study is aimed at identifying the ideological and value bases and structural and content characteristics of the Slavic identity of the youth in Russia and Eastern Europe. The aim is to identify the ideological and value bases and structural and content characteristics of the Slavic identity of the youth in Russia and Eastern Europe. The object of the study was the youth of the Slavic countries (Bulgaria, Serbia and Russia), who in their everyday life experience constantly encounter these or those images and symbols, which eventually affects their self-identification. In the course of the empirical part of the study, at the first stage formalized interviews were conducted to identify the value and semantic structure of the concept of “Slavic identity”, the system of national and European values, political, ideological and identification orientations. The second part of the empirical study was aimed at identifying the value-semantic structure and correlation of Russian and Slavic identity of Russian youth, the system of its national and European values, political, ideological and identification ones. The main research method was a questionnaire survey containing both closed and open-ended questions, using direct ranking and rating scaling techniques, as well as the method of free associations. The results of the study showed that young people in Eastern Europe are largely oriented towards European values, and despite Euroscepticism over time the EU symbolic policy is bearing fruit, especially among young people in these countries. In the understanding of Russian youth, Slavic identity is more an attribute of culture and history, which is not significant for real life. Therefore, it is obvious that the Slavic identity of both Russian and European youth correlates poorly with their political behavior. Meanwhile, in Russia there is a good potential for work in this direction due to the more pronounced cultural and historical aspects of Slavic identity.
“Temporary Solution” or Last Attempt: On the Question of Kurt von Schleicher’s Chancellery at the End of the Weimar Republic (According to the Materials of the Archive of Foreign Policy of Russian Federation)
Authors: Sofronov Konstantin
Published: May 2024

The period of the last three chancellors of the Weimar Republic before Adolf Hitler became a time of permanent political and economic instability, and the search for a way out of the current impasse. In this context the bet on the figure of Kurt von Schleicher was the last attempt to solve a complex of existing problems within the framework of the existing state model. With a unique political strategy, he tried to achieve social consensus, primarily in the field of economic development. It was supposed to strengthen the military potential of the Weimar Republic, which should have a positive impact on solving the issue of unemployment. The nominal support of the military circles and closeness to President Hindenburg, however, did not become a guarantee of success in the face of growing ultra-right sentiment and the demand for immediate change. The general was unable to “tame” the influential Nazi movement, to turn it into a constructive element of the existing regime. Thus, Kurt von Schleicher’s chancellorship did not realize the potential for the extension and evolution of the Weimar political system.
Henri Grégoire in Nice: The Communication Strategy of a National Convention Member in the Alpes-Maritimes Department, 1793
Authors: Fadeyev Ivan
Published: May 2024

Drawing on the writings of Henri Grégoire, abbot and constitutional bishop, member of the French National Convention, and other sources, the authors of the article analyse various aspects of the religious policy of the French revolutionary authorities in the new French department of Alpes-Maritimes (until 1792 — the county of Nice within the Kingdom of Sardinia). In March — April 1793, members of the Convention, in their capacity as commissioners of Paris, were on a mission to Nice, where they were engaged in organising new institutions of power and dealing with other issues of social and religious life. In historiography there is a good tradition of research on the activities of Grégoire and Jagot in the Alpes-Maritimes Department (Henri Moris, Joseph Combet, Françoise Hildesheimer, Michèle-Helyett Siffre, Georges Doublet, Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall, Marc Ortolani). However, a number of important pieces of evidence have remained out of the historians’ view. As the authors demonstrate, in many respects the members of the Convention were successful. They reorganised all the municipalities, formed three new districts, organised the election of administrators, magistrates, judges and members of the Convention, settled relations with people’s societies which, during the breakdown of power, had tried to take over some of the administrative powers, and forced the enrolment of “new citizens” in the National Guard and as volunteers. Only the “question of religion” remained unresolved. Grégoire and Jagot avoided radical steps: the time for the total “de-Christianisation” that swept across France in waves in 1793—1794 was not yet ripe. Examples of a cautious “preaching” strategy in this matter are the numerous letters and instructions of the Convention commissioners, as well as Grégoire’s “Address” to the citizens of Nice, published in Italian, apparently at the end of April 1793, which, so far, has not been studied by historians. The Appendix to this article contains the first Russian translation with commentary of “An Address to the Citizens of the Department of Alpes-Maritimes by Citizen Grégoire, Member the National Convention and Commissioner of the Same in This Department. Nice, 1793” (“Indirizzo a’ cittadini del dipartimento dell’ Alpi Marittime del cittadino Gregoire deputato, e commissario della Convenzione Nazionale in questo dipartimento. Nizza, 1793”).
British Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War
Authors: Romanova Ekaterina
Published: May 2024

The article discusses some aspects of the functioning of the British Foreign Office on the eve of the First World War. The focus is on the reforms of 1903—1906, which were aimed at solving the problem of providing professional expertise necessary for effective conduct of foreign policy, and contributed to increasing the role of the Ministry in foreign policy decision-making. The author dwells on the activities and views of several high-ranking Foreign Office officials, who combined, to varying degrees, adherence to the traditions and practices of the Victorian era and readiness for changes caused by the realities of politics of the late 19th — early 20th century.
Everyday Life and the Protocol during the Change of Ambassadors: Esterházy and Mercy d’Argenteau in Saint Petersburg in 1761
Authors: Havanova Olga
Published: May 2024

This article deals with a particular case of the change of the ambassador in St. Petersburg as exemplified by the recall of Count Nikolaus Esterházy and the appointment of Count Florimund Mercy d’Argenteau in the summer of 1761. Based on reports and correspondence with the Austrian State Chancellery, it shows how the departure of one and arrival of the other were prepared, what reasons were behind the delay in scheduling an audience and how the two diplomats spent their time in enforced suspense. By comparing the careers, conclusions are drawn about the principles of personnel policy at the Viennese court.
Specifics and Factors of the Formation and Career of a Diplomat in the Context of the Biography of N. V. Charykov
Authors: Chernov Oleg
Published: May 2024

The study of the features and factors of the formation and career of a diplomat became the subject of research in this article. The biography of N. V. Charykov has become a central link, since it includes both many typical features and a number of features. On the basis of a complex of memoir, epistolary and business documents, the factors of origin, upbringing and education, that is, the formation of a diplomat, as well as the dynamics of the career line and the results of activities, were studied. In the study of factors, prosopographic and comparative approaches were used, which made it possible to identify typical and special in the careers of N. V. Charykov and other diplomats.
Sol y Luna: An Intellectual Publication of Argentine Catholic Nationalists in 1938—1943
Authors: Glazov Alexandr
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the history of Sol y Luna, an intellectual journal, which was published in Buenos Aires in the period from 1938 to 1943. The publication was an organ of Argentine Catholic nationalists, covering and analyzing issues of culture, philosophy and art, various aspects of intellectual and spiritual life in Argentina and Iberian America as a whole. The author of this article has studied the composition of the editorial and writing teams of the journal, as well as the peculiarities of its functioning, the structure and content of its issues. Much attention was paid to the clarification of the ideological orientation of Sol y Luna. It is shown that the ideology of the publication was based on the concept of “Hispanidad”, anti-modernism and the vision of a special, messianic role of the Francoist regime in the history of Spain and Latin America of the 20th century.
The Spanish Conflict of the 20th Century: from Disputes about the Future to Disputes about the Past
Authors: Grantseva Ekaterina
Published: May 2024

The state of conflict, originating in the 19th century, became an integral characteristic of Spanish reality in the 20th century and remains relevant to this day. The semantic center of the Spanish conflict was the Spanish Civil War of 1936—1939, when a dispute about alternative projects for the future and value guidelines turned into the tragedy of the split of the country. The conflict of the Francoist stage is associated with resistance to the regime and the formation of an opposition. Four key phases can be distinguished in it — the post-war state, the period 1945—1956, the expansion of the opposition during the period of the second Francoism and the search for compromises at the stage of late Francoism. The stage of democratic transition, as well as the period from the early 1980s to the end of the 1990s characterized by the “freezing” of the conflict and its reformatting. At this moment, the dispute about the future of Spain was actually resolved and the conflict was transferred from values and alternatives of the future to the presentation of accounts for the past. Disputes about the past, accounts for the crimes of the civil war and the Franco regime became the basis of a new conflict at the turn of the 20th — 21st centuries and continue to remain relevant in Spain to this day. This article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics of the ongoing Spanish conflict, its content and expression, as well as its characteristic semantic transformations.
Dynamics of Economic Relations between Germany and the USSR 1969—1974: Main Directions, Achievements and Problems
Authors: Sorokin Alexey
Published: May 2024

The growth of economic cooperation became a significant component of the improvement of relations between the Soviet Union and Germany during the reign of Willy Brandt (1969—1974). The article examines the contractual basis of bilateral economic relations (gas-pipe deal of 1970, Moscow Treaty of 1970, trade agreement of 1972, agreement on the development of industrial and technical cooperation of 1973). The structure of trade turnover is determined, that is, the content of exports and imports of counterparties (what they traded). The most important economic projects and transactions are also considered, both successfully implemented and unrealized for various reasons. An analysis is carried out of the main problems and limiting factors that hampered the development of economic relations between West Germany and the USSR during this period.
To the Question of the Date of Capture of Polotsk by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich
Authors: Schavelev Aleksey
Published: May 2024

The paper offers a refutation of the annalistic dating and a new analytical dating of the time of capture of Polotsk by Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the prince of Novgorod on the Volkhov, and his subsequent marriage to Rogneda, the daughter of the Polotsk prince. Proceeding from available at our disposal reliable dates, it is necessary to think that this event took place in 975—977. This article offers a specification of the date of birth of the second son of Vladimir and Rogneda, Jaroslav – in the interval from 20 (21).02.977 to 19 (20).02.978. Based on a number of indirect data, this interval can be narrowed down to 01.01 — 19 (20).02.978. Thus, this example once again shows that the dates of the events of the 10th century used in historiography, taken from the early chronicle writing, are unreliable. Moreover, in a number of cases, including the one considered in this paper, the time interval between the events is also unreliable, which is quite natural for the historiographical narrative based on the mythopoeic tradition of the Rus’ people who were unfamiliar with writing and had no calendar.
The Wars of Svyatoslav: Time and Memory
Authors: Kozlov Sergei
Published: May 2024

The paper gives an analysis of the temporal structure of three main historical sources about the Balkan campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav — “The Tale of Bygone Years” (beginning of the 12th century) and two Byzantine chronicles — “History” by Leo the Deacon (after 994) and “Synopsis of History” by John Skylitzes (second half of the 11th century). These testimonies, very different in composition, reflected different temporalities. The basic narrative of Byzantine “histories” and “The Tale of Bygone Years” is built in accordance with linear Christian time. At the same time, the complex structure of these sources also demonstrates other, nonlinear (cyclical) temporal logics that go back to epic narratives of various origins. The chronicle news about Svyatoslav represents epic “slavy” that have undergone literary processing and chronologization under the pen of the chronicler. The same applies to the heroic short stories and “ethnographic excursuses” widely used by Leo the Deacon when compiling his story about the wars with Svyatoslav. The chronological artifacts mentioned in the stories and excursuses dating back to these stories appear to be elements of a ritual context and cannot serve as an accurate dating indication. The heterogeneous temporality of the news about Svyatoslav’s campaigns, recorded in the Byzantine “histories” and “The Tale of Bygone Years”, makes the problem of reconstructing a consistent chronology of events in the positivist sense an insoluble task.
Filum Temporum in the Lives of Sailors (On Materials of Latin Romania in the 14th — 15th Centuries)
Authors: Emanov Aleksander
Published: May 2024

In the article on the basis of an analysis of the preserved astronomical calendars in Latin-speaking marine atlas, chronometric data of notebooks, rhythmic sailor’s songs as well as astronomical and chronometrical instruments from the 14th — 15th centuries are being reconstructed a special practice for the timing in the navigating conditions far from the temple which fixed time, who has publicly on the coming of the liturgical hours. The sailors was also one of the first to use the system of equal hours not dependent from season, from shifting duration of day and night by using initially the sandglass and later the mechanical clock. It was sailors earlier only have come to the discovery of the fast time in minutes and even seconds.
Sagas in Time and Time in the Sagas: an Attempt at a Historiographical Review
Authors: Jackson Tatjana
Published: May 2024

This article is devoted to the perception of time in early Iceland (from the establishment in 930 of the Althing, an annual national assembly, to the submission of the Icelanders to the Norwegian king in 1262—1264). This is not, however, a result of my work with medieval sources (first of all, Icelandic sagas and historical writings) but an attempt to present an overview of this issue in the assessment of international historiography, mainly of the last fifty years, but with a significant emphasis on the 2020s. If by 2017, as noted in the scholarly literature, very little had been published on time in medieval literature in general, and in the sagas in particular, in the last few years three monographic studies have been published that deserve attention and evaluation. The article is divided into two parts. The first one contains a description of general trends and methods of studying time in the works of Old Norse literature, while the second one presents the analysis of three recent works, thematic and methodological intersections in which are an obvious consequence not of interdependence, but of the general situation in the study of this issue.
The Legislation of the USSR and the RSFSR on Natural Resources and on Nature Protection in 1982—1985: Its State and Main Development Features
Authors: Golichenkov Aleksander
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the legislation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on natural resources and on nature protection in 1982—1985. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts and other documents adopted during this period, a description of its state and main development features is given. The article is dedicated to the 270th anniversary of Lomonosov Moscow State University. It was prepared using the Consultant Plus legal information system.
An Orthodox Atlantis: Bishoprics of the Patriarchate of Antioch in Eastern Anatolia (16th — 19th Centuries)
Authors: Panchenko Constantin
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the Greek Orthodox presence in Eastern Anatolia in the Modern period. The main sources of the research are historical works of the christian arabs, manuscripts, publications of archival documents, the press of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The objects of the analysis are bishoprics of the Church of Antioch in Upper Mesopotamia, Upper Euphrates valley and southern Georgian territories (Samtsckhe, Akhaltzih) included into the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Antioch after the Ottoman conquest. The research deals with demographic, linguistic and cultural situation of the local Greek Orthodox population, as well as reasons of their decline and disappearance.
Arab States of North Africa: from the Ottoman Empire to the Colonial Empires of Modern Times
Authors: Diakov Nikolai
Published: May 2024

The modern history of the Northern Africa (Egypt and the Maghreb) was marked with the progress in transformation of the local social and political institutions with at the same a vast expansion of the Ottoman Porte and later of the West European powers. The Arab Maghreb which firstly became an object of the European aggression from Spain and Portugal in the 15th — 16th CC. later joined the Ottoman Empire together with Egypt. Morocco, however, managed to save its formal independence until the very beginning of the 20th C.A.D. With the European expansion in the 19th C. the Northern Africa turned into a field of colonial experiments: from the direct military occupation to the assimilation politics of the French departments in Algeria, with a later introducing the protectorate regimes in Tunisia and Morocco and transforming Egypt into a zone of strategic communications between the Great Britain and its colonies in Arabia and India. The civilization interaction within the Northern Africa during the colonial epoch brought to light, both in Europe and Russia, a numerous academic historiography, defining main trends in studying modern history of Egypt and the Maghreb area — the most important crossroads of the historical contacts between the peoples and cultures of the Orient and the Occident.
Homage in the Multi-Confessional Legal Space (Crown of Aragon, 14th Century)
Authors: Variash Irina
Published: May 2024

This article studies the phenomenon of vassal relations in a situation where the supreme power belongs to a Christian King, and Muslims become his subjects. The research is focused in the formulas and texts from documents in which the establishment of such relations was recorded. The specificity of the medieval Iberian experience in political administration was the need to create a legal space that would be common to both Christians and Muslims. Within the common legal space, all sides would act legitimately and recognize the legitimacy of the final agreements and relations. Thus, both the Latin strategy of government and the Islamic legal culture in the Iberian Peninsula found a way to interact. The article demonstrates how the medieval tradition of creating a shared sacred space was present in everything related to the establishment of vassal relations and taking homage between the Christian sovereign and his Muslim subjects. In this case, a common legal space was built by legal procedures, which included both the oath and the drawing up of a written act.
“We Must Teach Russians to Respect Their Own”: the Experience of Holding an Olympiad for Schoolchildren on the History of Russian Statehood
Authors: Aleshkovski Ivan
Published: May 2024

Since 2012, Lomonosov Moscow State University, as part of the Lomonosov schoolchildren’s Olympiads, has annually held the History of Russian Statehood Olympiad. Over the decade of its existence, the Olympiad has turned into a major cultural and educational event, becoming at the origins of the living interest of young statesmen in the glorious history of the Fatherland. This article explores the history of the Olympiad on the basis of a contextual approach, analyzes the methodological experience of compiling and selecting Olympiad tasks, considers the educational mission of Lomonosov Moscow State University, demonstrates the mechanism for involving and directing civil demands of society in creative processes of scientific understanding of the fundamental foundations and most important events of Russian statehood. The features of the Lomonosov schoolchildren’s Olympiad on the History of Russian Statehood Olympiad allow to characterize it as a unique interdisciplinary Olympiad for schoolchildren, which makes a great contribution to the patriotic education of young generations of Russians, contributes to the development of their intellectual creativity and the creation of conditions for supporting talented youth.
Manuel Murillo Toro (1816—1880) — Leader of the Colombian Radicals: a Historical Portrait
Authors: Ivkina Ludmila
Published: May 2024

Manuel Murillo Toro (1816—1880) belonged to the galaxy of prominent political figures of Colombia of the XIX century. Politician, statesman, journalist, economist, diplomat, parliamentarian, during the years of the “Radical Olympus” twice president of the country (1864—1866, 1872—1874). The leader of the radical wing of the Colombian liberals (golgots), who carried out cardinal political, economic and social transformations that went down in the history of the country as the revolution of the 1850s — XIX centuries. An implacable defender of democratic, liberal and civic values and freedoms. Murillo’s main political slogan is just peace and general prosperity. He is a supporter of republican forms of government based on the principles of federalism. His views were formed under the influence of philosophical, economic, political and utopian ideas that dominated world social thought at that time. He is the author and initiator of many important reforms and projects, such as the abolition of slavery and the death penalty, tax reform, separation of church and state, universal suffrage, the introduction of jury trials, freedom of the press, speech, the most radical project of agrarian reform and many others. His tolerance in matters of religion ensured him the respect of the Catholic clergy, his patriotic activities as head of state gave a powerful impetus to the material progress of the country, and adherence to the letter of the law and constitutional norms won the support and recognition of his associates. He did not leave behind monumental works, memoirs. The main views of Murillo are reflected in his articles decrees, messages to Congress and the government. In modern Colombian historiography, the life and work of this prominent Colombian politician continues to be the focus of attention of Colombian researchers. Without pretending to a comprehensive analysis, we will be the first in Russian Latin American studies to try to highlight the most important moments in the life and political activities of a prominent leader of radical liberalism.
The Long Century of the Ottoman Weapons: Transformation of the Equipment of the Ottoman Ground Forces during the Modernization of the 19th Century
Authors: Surikov Kirill
Published: May 2024

The paper explores the development of the material and technical basis of the Ottoman ground forces during the period of a widescale modernization and implementation of Western technical innovations (1826—1880). The paper scrutinizes the activities of the most important Ottoman industrial centers, which provided all kinds of troops with necessary supplies, and firearm purchases from Belgium, Great Britain, France and the USA. The source base of the research includes a wide range of works of the Ottoman historians and military leaders, books of the British and French authors and archive materials containing the notes of the Russian military informers. The multifaceted analysis of the Ottoman military transformations revealed a controversial nature of the modernization. On the one hand, the reformers successfully accomplished the rearmament programme. By the end of the reforms the majority of the Ottoman regular troops had possessed the latest British and American rifles and cannons manufactured by Krupp factory. On the other hand, the modernization of the equipment and industrial centers worsened the financial position of the Ottoman Empire and caused a rapid growth of the military expenditures that composed a significant part of the Ottoman state debt. Several unsuccessful attempts of organization of the military production strengthened the dependence of the Ottoman empire on imports from Europe and America. The technological progress chase increased the Ottoman military potential, however its cost weakened economic and, as a consequence, political position of the state.
The Development of the Issue of Reparations in American Foreign Policy during the Paris Peace Conference
Authors: Kovaleva Daria
Published: May 2024

The article attempts to consider how the reparations issue developed during the Paris Peace Conference. At the end of the First World War, the United States became the undisputed economic leader. Based on this leadership, the US government, primarily in the person of President Woodrow Wilson, tried to take a leading position during the Paris Peace Conference. On the issue of the payment of reparations by Germany, the United States had its own view to the problem, while not having specific proposals for its settlement, either specific amounts or a specific mechanism for payments. While France had a very definite goal to which it aspired — preventing the recovery of the German economy. Following the results of several months of the Paris Peace Conference, the reparations issue was resolved in favor of France. The United States had to accept a compromise solution to the issue. Ultimately, the United States withdrew from the German problem until the Ruhr crisis.
Kemalist Propaganda beyond Borders: Narratives about Ataturk in the Turkish and New Zealand Newspapers in 1938
Authors: Lyulchak Aleksander
Published: May 2024

Employing the discourse analysis of the Turkish and New Zealand newspapers, this article evaluates the Kemalist propaganda’s influence on the formation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s image in the New Zealand press of the late 1930s. It evaluates the positive image of the first Turkish president in both the Kemalist and New Zealand newspapers and elaborates their common features and divergencies. The article also explores the “discourse clash” of the Turkish and Western liberal narratives, which suggests the presence of Ataturk’s discrepant image in New Zealand, that featured both the discourse of the “Turkish national hero” and the “rude dictator” narrative. Although New Zealand was on periphery of Turkey’s foreign policy and their bilateral relations had rather short history, the Turkish propaganda’s projection of Ataturk’s positive image on the New Zealand press had some success.
“The City Seeker”. Notes on the Biography of Mikhail Bestuzhev-Rumin, the Decembrist
Authors: Kiyanskaya Oksana
Published: May 2024

The article focuses on some aspects of the biography of the Decembrist M. M. Bestuzhev-Rumin. In 2001 the author of this research had another article of hers on Bestuzhev-Rumin published. There have been new sources found since then, however, and new books written. The researcher herself, therefore, no longer regards her previous work as up-to-date and entirely accurate. The article presented is to rid the drawbacks and inaccuracies. It also considers Bestuzhev-Rumin's role both within the conspirators' circle and in Russian society of the 1820s in general. Particular attention is paid to the Decembrist’s family and distant relatives as well as to his school and university period, graduation from Moscow university and the Cavalry regiment service. It is concluded that his failure at the Cavalry regiment considerably determined his future life path.
Cotton Trade in the Establishment of Russian-American Relations (1765—1815)
Authors: Petrov Alexander
Published: May 2024

The article examines the role of cotton in the establishment of Russian-American relations between 1765 and 1815. The relevance of the issues raised in the article reflects the growing interest in the history of Russian-American relations. So far little attention has been paid to this problem, so the goal of our research was to show how Russia grew interested in the cotton and how cotton gradually became the main export from the United States. Establishing diplomatic relations with the United States, Russia attached great importance to goods from the United States and furs from Alaska. Great Britain was the main rivals in this trade for Russia and the United States. The article draws on extensive Russian and foreign scholarly literature. The methodology used is based on the achievements of modern historical science. The article is conceived as the first in a series of proposed further publications to further study the role of cotton trade in relations between Russia and the United States. The author shows how cotton trade was an important factor in establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries, despite the changing international situation. The author analyzes the causes and consequences of cotton trade and provides examples from the history of the cotton trade between Russia and the US. It is argued that the cotton trade was an important stimulus and catalyst for the establishment of direct trade and diplomatic relations between Russia and the United States, which then continued to develop on a mutually beneficial basis.
Unknown Episode of Soviet-Greek Contacts in 1945: Meeting of Patriarch Alexy (Simansky) of Moscow and All Russia with Greek Politicians in Egypt
Authors: Beglov Alexey
Published: May 2024

The publication introduces into scientific circulation a note by G. G. Karpov, Chairman of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, on the meeting of Patriarch Alexy (Simansky) of Moscow and All Russia with representatives of the Greek political emigration in Egypt in June 1945. The meeting took place during a large-scale visit of a delegation of the Russian Church to the Middle East and Egypt. While the patriarch was in Alexandria, he was visited by the former head of the Greek government in exile, Sofoklos Venizelos, and the former deputy prime minister of that government, Georgios Roussos. Their visit, in fact, was an attempt by liberal political figures in Greece to establish contact with the Soviet leadership through the mediation of the Primate of the Russian Church.
In Search of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem: an Anthropology of Archaeological Research in the Holy Land
Authors: Vach Кirill
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes the cultural context of the emergence and development of biblical archeology and modern Palestinian studies. It is concluded that the history of scientific research in the Holy Land must take into account the anthropological aspect, the mentality and dependence of the scientist on the general cultural context and environment during his work. The second part of the article examines the result of interfaith interaction between researchers using the example of Russian excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the 1880s.
An Unexpected Literary Depiction of Late Imperial Clerical Life: the Promotion of Catholicism in Nepokladnye Liudi: Povest-Biografiia iz Zhizni Pravoslavnago Dukhovenstva (Inflexible People: an Account-Biography from the Life of the Orthodox Clergy) by A. N. Zviezdin (Priest Aleksei Zerchaninov)
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: May 2024

One of the more curious texts produced in the Russian Orthodox clerical milieu is the 1904 novel Nepokladnye liudi. At first glance, it seems to belong to the “insider” clerical exposé started by the works of Priest Ioann Beliustin. While Nepokladnye is written by an Orthodox cleric and set in the Russian Orthodox clerical milieu, however, its over-riding goal is to promote Roman Catholicism. Nepokladnye thus combines two fundamentally distinct genres: the “insider”, semi-autobiographical Russian Orthodox clerical novel, and the polemical apologia for Roman Catholicism. Its criticism of the Russian clerical milieu is not limited to the usual accounts of venality, poverty, and alcoholism, but also attacks Orthodox liturgy, Orthodox theology, and sexual abuse by Orthodox clergy. While more of tendentious tract than a literary landmark, the semi-autobiographical novella is an informative and neglected curiosity that deserves to be better known.
The Care of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna on Children during the Great War: Dormitory for Young Volunteers in Moscow (1915—1917)
Authors: Gromova Anna
Published: May 2024

In 1915, in order to organise the care of children who ran away to the front during the Great War and, due to various circumstances, found themselves on the streets, the Grand Duchess Elisabeth Fiodorovna established the charity organisation “The Hostel of Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elisabeth Fiodorovna for Young Volunteers in Moscow”. During its short life the organisation transformed from a modest station for young volunteers into a fully staffed, specialised educational institution. The hostel had at its disposal a summer colony, an official parochial school, a church, and courses in higher elementary education. Thanks to this socially important project of Elisabeth Feodorovna, more than 350 young volunteers were able to receive an education and enrol in secondary schools. The article uses archival materials from the Manuscripts Research Department of the Russian State Library, many of which are being researched for the first time.
Soviet and Russian Historiography of Fascist Italy: A Brief Review
Authors: Gigolaev German
Published: May 2024

The history of the study of fascist Italy in our country has 100 years. This period can be divided chronologically into two unequal parts. The first is Soviet, when the Marxist-Leninist approach prevailed, and the second is modern Russian, the main feature of which is the variability of approaches, as well as the access to declassified documents from Soviet archives as a result of the “archival revolution”. Over the past century, Soviet and Russian researchers have achieved great success in studying the internal and foreign policy of the fascist regime, the regime's relationship with various social strata of Italian society, it’s relations with traditional institutions such as the church, or the monarchy; the participation of fascist Italy in World War II, the resistance movement; trends in the Italian historiography of fascist Italy. The study of the phenomenon of fascism is of great practical importance, both from the point of view of the study of mass movements and totalitarian regimes of the first half of the twentieth century, as well as from the point of view of the genesis of the Second World War, but also in the context of exposing the criminal nature of fascism and countering its revival in the form of neo-fascist movements. This article does not pretend to be a comprehensive coverage of Russian historiography, but it attempts to highlight the main issues that Soviet and Russian historians have been working on for a last century.
Meeting of the Two Patriarchs. Patriarch Alexy I’s Visit to Constantinople (1960)
Authors: Roccucci Adriano
Published: May 2024

From 23 to 26 December 1960, Patriarch Alexy I (Simansky) of Moscow and All Russia paid a visit to Istanbul, where he met with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras (Spirou). This was the first ever visit of a Moscow patriarch to Constantinople. The meeting of the two church leaders completed the non-linear route of rapprochement between Moscow and Constantinople. Relations between the Russian and Constantinople Churches have not been easy. In addition to the weight of Cold War settlements, there were ancient disputes. The troubled events in the eastern Mediterranean — the Cyprus crisis (1955) and the military coup in Turkey (1960) — became the background against which the threads of the relationship between Athenagoras and Alexios, reconstructed from archival documents, were knotted. The relationship between the two Orthodox princes is interconnected with the processes that took place in the field of inter-Christian relations: the convening of the Second Vatican Council by John XXIII and the project of the pan-Orthodox meeting carried out by the Ecumenical Patriarch. The choice of the meeting of the two major patriarchs opened a new page in relations between Moscow and Constantinople. However, the dialogue between the two Churches has never been simple and has often followed confusing and contradictory paths. This will be confirmed after the meeting in Constantinople.
Medicine and Ethics: Lessons of History
Authors: Damulin Igor
Published: May 2024

The article reviews in detail various aspects of the activities of doctors in Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan and the “democratic” USA. It is emphasized that at present, more and more attention is being paid to ethical problems related to medical activity, and the presence of strong moral principles in a doctor should be valued as highly as a high level of professional training. It is concluded that the lessons of history must be remembered in order not to return to this terrible past. The current tendency to keep silent about the terrible events of such a recent past must be stopped. The memory of thousands of victims of these inhuman “experiments” must be preserved. The oblivion of this past lies at the heart of the repetition of unsightly, inhumane “experiments” even in the so-called “democratic” countries. And only a steadfast civil position, including that of doctors, will allow avoiding a repeat of this past.