bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State‐of‐the‐art design processes for offshore wind turbine support structures
Authors: Seidel Marc , Voormeeren Sven , van der Steen Jan‐Bart
Published: September 2016

Structural design of offshore wind turbine support structures is a complex process, which has many challenges. In particular in the early phase of a project it is difficult to select the appropriate structural concept and to determine structural masses with reasonable accuracy, without having to go through a time‐consuming iterative process. In the more advanced stages, care must be taken that required data for an optimized design has been collected earlier and that the right software tools are available such that all parties involved can execute the design work. In this paper, practical advice is given how this process can be organized and which methods can be used. Furthermore, common mistakes are highlighted, such that those can be avoided.

Entwurfsprozess für Tragstrukturen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen – Praktische Vorgehensweisen und Fallstricke während unterschiedlicher Phasen. Der Entwurf von Tragstrukturen für Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. Insbesondere in der frühen Entwurfsphase ist es oft schwierig, die richtige Entscheidung für das Konzept der Tragstruktur zu treffen und die strukturellen Massen mit angemessener Genauigkeit zu bestimmen, da dies häufig in einem zeitaufwendigen Iterationsprozess mündet. Im weiteren Verlauf muss sichergestellt sein, dass alle notwendigen Eingangsdaten für ein optimiertes Design vorliegen und die beteiligten Parteien über die notwendige Software verfügen. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden praktische Hinweise gegeben, wie dieser Prozess durchgeführt werden kann und welche Methoden in welcher Phase angemessen sind. Außerdem werden häufige Fehler beschrieben, damit diese vermieden werden können.
Ermüdung sehr großer HV‐Schraubengarnituren
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Eichstädt Rasmus
Published: September 2016

Die Ermüdungseigenschaften von HV‐Schraubengarnituren mit sehr großen Durchmessern, die üblicherweise in Tragstrukturen von Windenergieanlagen zur Anwendung kommen, sind bislang nicht abschließend untersucht. Für die Bemessung anwendbare Wöhlerlinien sind nur eingeschränkt für große Schraubendurchmesser validiert. In diesem Beitrag werden neue Ergebnisse von bislang erstmalig durchgeführten Ermüdungsversuchen an sehr großen HV‐Garnituren M64 vorgestellt und in den bisherigen Erkenntnisstand zur Ermüdung großer Schrauben eingeordnet. Anhand der erweiterten Versuchsgrundlage werden normative Regelwerke für die Anwendung auf sehr große Schraubendurchmesser überprüft und maßgebende Einflussparameter wie die Mittelspannung, der Größeneinfluss und der Einfluss der Feuerverzinkung diskutiert.

Fatigue of very large high‐strength bolting assemblies. The fatigue characteristics of high‐strength bolting assemblies (System HV) with very large diameters, as they are commonly applied in support structures for wind turbines, are not conclusively investigated yet. S‐N curves, which are applicable for fatigue verification, are mostly validated on smaller bolt diameters. In this paper new experimental results of thus far unique fatigue tests on very large M64 HV‐bolt sets are presented and results are integrated into the existing state of knowledge concerning fatigue of large‐size bolts. Based on the enhanced test basis normative regulations are verified for very large bolt diameters and relevant influence parameter as mean stress, size effect and impact of hot‐dip galvanizing are discussed.
Gerammte Ringflanschverbindungen von Monopfahlgründungen
Authors: Bartminn Daniel , Griesshaber Tobias , Lüddecke Falk , Al Otaibi Walid , Wirth Rainer
Published: September 2016

Derzeit ist bei Monopfahlgründungen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen ein Trend hin zu geschraubten Ringflanschverbindungen zwischen Monopfahl und dem Übergangsstück (Transition Piece) zu erkennen, analog zu den herkömmlichen Verbindungen im Bereich des Turmbaus von Windenergieanlagen. Das Einbringen der Monopfähle erfolgt weiterhin zumeist mittels Impuls‐Rammung, wobei der Lasteintrag zwischen dem Hydraulik‐Hammer und dem Pfahl durch direkten Kontakt bzw. Formschluss an der Flanschoberseite erfolgt. Für diesen temporären Bauzustand kommt der Nachweisführung des monopfahlseitigen Flansches und dessen Anschlusses an den Pfahl eine besondere Bedeutung zu.

Im Rahmen dieses Aufsatzes werden Berechnungsergebnisse den tatsächlich gemessen Ergebnissen gegenübergestellt. Zusätzlich wurde aus den Berechnungsergebnissen eine Korrelation aus den zu erwartenden Beanspruchungen und maximalen Kontaktbreiten während der Rammung zwischen Anvil und Flanschoberseite herausgearbeitet. Diese Berechnungsergebnisse münden in einem für die Installation praxisgerechten Vorschlag zur Durchführung begleitender Überwachungen.

Driven flange connection of monopile foundations – FE‐based sensitivity analysis compared to survey results during the installation. In analogy to conventional connections of turbine towers, a trend towards flanged connections between the monopile substructures and the transition pieces can be currently observed in monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines. The predominant installation technique for the monopile substructures will most probably be with conventional impact driving. The load transfer between the hydraulic hammer and the pile is achieved by direct contact on top of the pile. For this temporary condition of pile driving, the verification of the monopile‐sided flange and its connection to the monopile is very critical.

As part of this paper, the calculation results are compared to the actual measured and surveyed results. Furthermore, a correlation between the resulting stresses and maximal contact widths between anvil and flange is interpreted. The results presented in this paper open a path for instantaneous accompanying monitoring and quality control of the impact driven flange, removing much of the uncertainties.
Influence of soil and structural stiffness on the design of jacket type substructures
Authors: Dührkop Jan , von Borstel Thomas , Pucker Tim , Nielsen Martin Bjerre
Published: September 2016

The detailed design of jacket type substructures for offshore wind turbines involves an iterative load calculation process in which structural properties and loads are exchanged between the turbine vendor and the substructure designer. Structural and soil stiffness in particular play an important role as they directly influence the magnitude of loads in the ultimate and fatigue limit state. The well established procedures for monopiles cannot be directly adopted for jackets. Ramboll has conducted extensive sensitivity studies on how global and local loads change when stiffness is adjusted during the design process. The main findings are presented in this paper. These form the basis for some recommendations on how the design and load iteration process for jackets can be planned in order to achieve an optimal substructure design with a limited number of full load iterations. So‐called “Mini‐Load‐Iterations”, in which only a reduced number of time series is simulated, play an important role in this process.

Zum Einfluss der Boden‐ und Struktursteifigkeit auf die Bemessung von Jacket‐Gründungen. In der Ausführungsplanung von Jacket‐Gründungen für Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen spielen die Lastiterationen, in denen Strukturdaten und Lasten zwischen dem Turbinenlieferanten und dem Fundamentplaner ausgetauscht werden, eine entscheidende Rolle. Insbesondere die Steifigkeiten der Struktur und des Bodens haben einen direkten Einfluss auf die Größe der Lasten in den unterschiedlichen Komponenten der Struktur – sowohl im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit als auch für den Betriebsfestigkeitsnachweis. Ein etabliertes und funktionierendes Verfahren der iterativen Lastberechnung existiert für Monopile‐Gründung. Es ist jedoch nicht direkt auf Jacket‐Gründungen übertragbar. Ramboll hat eine Vielzahl an Sensitivitätsstudien durchgeführt, um den Einfluss sich während des Bemessungsprozesses ändernder Steifigkeiten auf globale und lokale Lasten zu untersuchen. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse sind in diesem Beitrag zusammengestellt und dienen als Basis für Empfehlungen, wie die Bemessung und die Lastiterationen geplant werden sollten, um am Ende ein optimales Fundament zu erhalten bei einer möglichst geringen Anzahl von vollen Lastiterationen. Sogenannte Mini‐Lastiterationen, bei denen nur wenige Lastfälle simuliert werden, spielen hierbei eine entscheidende Rolle.
How to certify in offshore wind – Risk mitigation on a new level
Authors: Wöbbeking Mike
Published: September 2016

This paper introduces the new service specifications for project, type and component certification of wind turbines and power plants including a full overview on standards and recommended practices. The service specification applying to type certification of wind turbines as well as for component certification was published in summer 2016, the one for project certification of power plants at the end of 2015. The experiences gathered from certification projects in on‐ and offshore wind realised over the last years has been taken into account for these new service specifications. Correspondingly the project, type and component certification schemes have been adapted to meet market needs and expectations. But in course of the update of the whole scheme much more effort was taken to get to the next level of certification and standardization; beyond modules and elements of certification this includes all technical aspects laid down in standards and recommended practices.
Unter großen Dächern – Einblicke in die Welt der Shopping Malls
Authors: Möller Eberhard
Published: September 2016

Ohne die Errungenschaften des modernen Eisen‐ und Stahlbaus wären sie kaum denkbar, die Konsumtempel des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts. Das Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität München widmet der WOLRD OF MALLS nun eine Ausstellung mit dem Untertitel “Architekturen des Konsums”. Bis zum 16. Oktober 2016 werden 23 wegweisende Mall‐Projekte aus aller Welt in der Münchner Pinakothek der Moderne gezeigt und erläutert.

Under large roofs – Insights into the world of shopping malls. Without the achievements of modern iron and steel structures the consumer temples of the 20th and 21st century are hardly conceivable. The Architekturmuseum of the Technische Universität München now dedicates an exhibition to the WOLRD OF MALLS subtitled “architectures of consumption”. Until October 16, 2016 the number of 23 pioneering mall‐projects from all over the world is shown and explained in the Munich Pinakothek der Moderne.
Bivariate return periods and their importance for flood peak and volume estimation
Authors: Brunner Manuela Irene , Seibert Jan , Favre Anne‐Catherine
Published: September 2016

Estimates of flood event magnitudes with a certain return period are required for the design of hydraulic structures. While the return period is clearly defined in a univariate context, its definition is more challenging when the problem at hand requires considering the dependence between two or more variables in a multivariate framework. Several ways of defining a multivariate return period have been proposed in the literature, which all rely on different probability concepts. Definitions use the conditional probability, the joint probability, or can be based on the Kendall's distribution or survival function. In this study, we give a comprehensive overview on the tools that are available to define a return period in a multivariate context. We especially address engineers, practitioners, and people who are new to the topic and provide them with an accessible introduction to the topic. We outline the theoretical background that is needed when one is in a multivariate setting and present the reader with different definitions for a bivariate return period. Here, we focus on flood events and the different probability concepts are explained with a pedagogical, illustrative example of a flood event characterized by the two variables peak discharge and flood volume. The choice of the return period has an important effect on the magnitude of the design variable quantiles, which is illustrated with a case study in Switzerland. However, this choice is not arbitrary and depends on the problem at hand. WIREs Water 2016, 3:819–833. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1173

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Methods

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Science of Water > Water Extremes
A note on circulatory systems: Old and new results
Authors: Kliem Wolfhard , Pommer Christian
Published: September 2016

It is astonishing that after more than half a century intensive research in the area of non‐conservative systems of second order differential equations still new interesting results appear, see . In that paper an old stability criterion by Metelitsyn and Frik was reinvented. We shortly repeat this result in order to emphasize that the criterion is sufficient but not necessary for stability. Afterwards we concentrate on circulatory systems with purely imaginary eigenvalues and investigate the influence of indefinite damping. Finally the possibility of stabilizing circulatory systems by gyroscopic forces will be commented. Examples will demonstrate the developed theory.
Phase I study of NK105, a nanomicellar paclitaxel formulation, administered on a weekly schedule in patients with solid tumors
Authors: Mukai Hirofumi , Kato Ken , Esaki Taito , Ohsumi Shouzou , Hozomi Yasuo , Matsubara Nobuaki , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Matsumura Yasuhiro , Goda Rika , Hirai Takayuki , Nambu Yoshihiro
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have established the rationale for NK105, a nanomicellar formulation of paclitaxel, administered every 3 weeks. The aim of this phase I study was to determine the recommended dose and pharmacokinetics of weekly administered NK105. NK105 was administered by a 30-min infusion once weekly for three consecutive weeks in each 4-week cycle. In the dose-escalation phase, three to seven patients with solid tumors were enrolled to each of the four dose levels (50–100 mg/m2; n = 16). At a dose level of 100 mg/m2, predefined dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) manifested in only one out of six evaluable patients, whereas a dose delay due to neutropenia during the first course occurred two patients. None of the three patients given 80 mg/m2 had a dose reduction, while a dose delay occurred in two. NK105 exhibited linear pharmacokinetics at doses of 50–100 mg/m2, and approximately 5 % of total paclitaxel was released from micelles. Thus, the recommended dose was set at 80 mg/m2, and an additional 10 advanced breast cancer (ABC) patients were given this dose in the dose-expansion phase. DLT manifested in two patients, and grade ≥ 3 neutropenia was found in eight patients. Among the nine patients who completed the first cycle, four had a dose reduction, mostly because of neutropenia. Of the 10 patients, six achieved partial response (PR), and four achieved stable disease (SD) status. Overall, weekly NK105 was well tolerated and had a desirable antitumor activity profile. Further investigations of NK105 in ABC patients are currently underway.
The Foundations of the Modern Philippine State
Authors: Castañeda Anastacio Leia
Published: September 2016

The US occupation of the Philippine Islands in 1898 began a foundational period of the modern Philippine state. With the adoption of the 1935 Philippine Constitution, the legal conventions for ultimate independence were in place. In this time, American officials and their Filipino elite collaborators established a representative, progressive, yet limited colonial government that would modernize the Philippine Islands through colonial democracy and developmental capitalism. Examining constitutional discourse in American and Philippine government records, academic literature, newspaper and personal accounts, The Foundations of the Modern Philippine State concludes that the promise of America's liberal empire was negated by the imperative of insulating American authority from Filipino political demands. Premised on Filipino incapacity, the colonial constitution weakened the safeguards that shielded liberty from power and unleashed liberalism's latent tyrannical potential in the name of civilization. This forged a constitutional despotism that haunts the Islands to this day.
The Discovery of the Third World
Authors: Kalter Christoph
Published: September 2016

An innovative account of how the concept of the 'Third World' emerged in France from the mid-1950s through to the mid-1970s alongside a new leftist movement. The book reveals how, in an age of Cold War, decolonization and development thinking, French activists rose to prominence within the political Left, established transnational contacts, and developed a new global consciousness. Using the 'Third World' concept to reinvigorate anticolonial solidarity, they supported the Algerian FLN, the Cuban Revolution, and the liberation movements in Vietnam and Portuguese Africa. Insisting on the postcolonial character of France after the end of empire, they promoted new forms of cooperation with developing countries and immigrant workers. Examining the work of French leftists in publications such as Partisans, parties such as the PSU, and associations like the CEDETIM, Kalter sheds new light on a crucial moment in France's history, the global contexts that prompted it, and its worldwide ramifications.
Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
Authors: O'Meara Stephen James , Motta Mario
Published: September 2016

The Caldwell Catalogue, compiled by the late Sir Patrick Moore (1923–2012), has delighted amateur astronomers worldwide since its publication in 1995. Twenty years on, Stephen James O'Meara revisits his guide to these 109 deep-sky delights, breathing new life into them and the 20 additional observing targets included as an appendix. This second edition retains O'Meara's detailed visual descriptions and sketches, accompanied by stunning new images taken by amateur photographer Mario Motta and observations by Magda Streicher. The astrophysical descriptions have been updated to account for the many advances in our understanding of the objects, not least due to an armada of space-borne observatories and the new technologies used in large ground-based telescopes. Ideal for observers who have completed the Messier objects and are looking for their next challenge, Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects is a fitting tribute from a renowned visual observer to one of astronomy's most famous personalities.
The International Responsibility of the European Union
Authors: Delgado Casteleiro Andrés
Published: September 2016

When is the EU responsible under international law? Is the EU a 'special case' international organisation? The UN General Assembly's adoption of the ILC articles on the International Responsibility of International Organisations was only the catalyst for debate on this topic. In this book, the author examines the legal personality of the EU, how - if at all - its responsibility under international agreements is shared between Member States, and how the international responsibility of the EU relates to its internal responsibilities under EU law. By exploring how in practice such legal regimes as the ILC, UNCLOS, and the WTO have held the EU responsible, this book provides an innovative analysis of a fundamental aspect of the relationship between the EU and international law.
Knowledge Engineering
Authors: Tecuci Gheorghe , Marcu Dorin , Boicu Mihai , Schum David A.
Published: September 2016

This book presents a significant advancement in the theory and practice of knowledge engineering, the discipline concerned with the development of systems that use expert knowledge and reasoning to solve complex problems. It covers the main stages in the development of a knowledge-based system: understanding the application domain, modeling problem solving in that domain, developing the ontology and the reasoning rules, and testing the system. The book focuses on a special class of systems - learning assistants for evidence-based reasoning that learn complex problem solving expertise directly from human experts, support experts and non-experts in problem solving and decision making, and teach their problem solving expertise to students. A powerful learning agent shell, Disciple-EBR, is included with the book, enabling students, practitioners, and researchers to rapidly develop learning assistants in a wide variety of domains that require evidence-based reasoning, including intelligence analysis, cyber security, law, forensics, medicine, and education.
Shoot the Moon
Authors: Dupont-Bloch Nicolas
Published: September 2016

The Moon boasts an unexpected variety of landscapes - including volcanic features, sinuous valleys and ghost craters - which are readily visible from Earth. This practical guide explains and demonstrates how you can capture impressive images of our nearest neighbour in space using a variety of different techniques. As the first guide to be dedicated to modern lunar imaging, this volume offers an in-depth and illustrated approach to common optics, the essentials of digital images, imaging devices, and image processing software. Even in light-polluted areas, the countless features and finest details of the Moon can be captured by following the instructions in this comprehensive and accessible guide. Covering equipment ranging from smartphones and DSLRs to specialist planetary cameras, whether you are a novice without a telescope, an amateur developing your skills in imaging, or an experienced astrophotographer, you will benefit from the hints, insights and expertise within.
Famine and Scarcity in Late Medieval and Early Modern England
Authors: Sharp Buchanan
Published: September 2016

Surveying government and crowd responses ranging from the late Middle Ages through to the early modern era, Buchanan Sharp's illuminating study examines how the English government responded to one of the most intractable problems of the period: famine and scarcity. The book provides a comprehensive account of famine relief in the late Middle Ages and evaluates the extent to which traditional market regulations enforced by thirteenth-century kings helped shape future responses to famine and scarcity in the sixteenth century. Analysing some of the oldest surviving archival evidence of public response to famine, Sharp reveals that food riots in England occurred as early as 1347, almost two centuries earlier than was previously thought. Charting the policies, public reactions and royal regulations to grain shortage, Sharp provides a fascinating contribution to our understanding of the social, economic, cultural and political make-up of medieval and early modern England.
A Company's Right to Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss
Authors: Wilcox Vanessa
Published: September 2016

Applying appropriate legal rules to companies with as much consistency and as little consternation as possible remains a challenge for legal systems. One area causing concern is the availability of damages for non-pecuniary loss to companies, a disquiet that is rooted in the very nature of such damages and of companies themselves. In this book, Vanessa Wilcox presents a detailed examination of the extent to which damages for non-pecuniary loss can be properly awarded to companies. The book focusses on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and English law, with a chapter also dedicated to comparative treatment. While the law must be adaptable, Wilcox concludes that considerations of coherency, certainty and ultimately justice dictate that the resulting rules should conform to certain core legal principles. This book lays the foundation for further comparative research into this topic and will be of interest to both the tort law and broader legal community.
Making and Bending International Rules
Authors: Pelc Krzysztof J.
Published: September 2016

All treaties, from human rights to international trade, include formal exceptions that allow governments to legally break the rules that they have committed to, in order to deal with unexpected events. Such institutional 'flexibility' is necessary, yet it raises a tricky theoretical question: how to allow for this necessary flexibility, while preventing its abuse? Krzysztof Pelc examines how designers of rules in vastly different settings come upon similar solutions to render treaties resistant to unexpected events. Essential for undergraduate students, graduate students, and scholars in political science, economics, and law, the book provides a comprehensive account of the politics of treaty flexibility. Drawing on a wide range of evidence, its multi-disciplinary approach addresses the paradoxes inherent in making and bending international rules.
Plutarch's Politics
Authors: Liebert Hugh
Published: September 2016

Plutarch's Lives were once treasured. Today they are studied by classicists, known vaguely, if at all, by the educated public, and are virtually unknown to students of ancient political thought. The central claim of this book is that Plutarch shows how the political form of the city can satisfy an individual's desire for honor, even under the horizon of empire. Plutarch's argument turns on the difference between Sparta and Rome.  Both cities stimulated their citizens' desire for honor, but Sparta remained a city by linking honor to what could be seen first-hand, whereas Rome became an empire by liberating honor from the shackles of the visible. Even under the rule of a distant power, however, allegiances and political actions tied to the visible world of the city remained. By resurrecting statesmen who thrived in autonomous cities, Plutarch hoped to rekindle some sense of the city's enduring appeal.
Feral Animals in the American South
Authors: Gibson Abraham H.
Published: September 2016

The relationship between humans and domestic animals has changed in dramatic ways over the ages, and those transitions have had profound consequences for all parties involved. As societies evolve, the selective pressures that shape domestic populations also change. Some animals retain close relationships with humans, but many do not. Those who establish residency in the wild, free from direct human control, are technically neither domestic nor wild: they are feral. If we really want to understand humanity's complex relationship with domestic animals, then we cannot simply ignore the ones who went feral. This is especially true in the American South, where social and cultural norms have facilitated and sustained large populations of feral animals for hundreds of years. Feral Animals in the American South retells southern history from this new perspective of feral animals.
What's Wrong with the First Amendment
Authors: Shiffrin Steven H.
Published: September 2016

What is Wrong with the First Amendment? argues that the US love affair with the First Amendment has mutated into free speech idolatry. Free speech has been placed on so high a pedestal that it is almost automatically privileged over privacy, fair trials, equality and public health, even protecting depictions of animal cruelty and violent video games sold to children. At the same time, dissent is unduly stifled and religious minorities are burdened. The First Amendment benefits the powerful at the expense of the vulnerable. By contrast, other Western democracies provide more reasonable accommodations between free speech and other values though their protections of dissent, and religious minorities are also inadequate. Professor Steven H. Shiffrin argues that US free speech extremism is not the product of broad cultural factors, but rather political ideologies developed after the 1950s. He shows that conservatives and liberals have arrived at similar conclusions for different political reasons.
Regional Development Banks in Comparison
Authors: Ben-Artzi Ruth
Published: September 2016

In a study that contributes to International Relations and International Political Economy theory, Ruth Ben-Artzi raises substantive issues relating to aid, development, international relations and globalization. Regional development banks (RDBs), designed by politicians and economists to maneuver through labyrinths of economic, social, and political development, possess the potential to be central players in the long-term planning involved in healing and advancing poverty-plagued regions. However, RDBs in particular have received little attention. With a systematic analysis comparing four central regional development banks, this book explores why there's a variation in strategy despite similar institutional design. The formal arrangements and raison d'être of RDBs is to assist developing countries in the process of poverty alleviation - a task that is often a risky investment. Focusing on the dichotomy between their banking and development roles, Ben-Artzi demonstrates that RDBs are potentially critical catalysts in the fight against poverty, even with their institutional limitations.
The Wartime Origins of Democratization
Authors: Huang Reyko
Published: September 2016

Why do some countries emerge from civil war more democratic than when they entered into it, while others remain staunchly autocratic? Observers widely depict internal conflict as a pathway to autocracy or state failure, but in fact there is variation in post-civil war regimes. Conventional accounts focus on war outcomes and international peacebuilding, but Huang suggests that postwar regimes have wartime origins, notably in how rebel groups interact with ordinary people as part of war-making. War can have mobilizing effects when rebels engage extensively with civilian populations, catalyzing a bottom-up force for change toward greater political rights. Politics after civil war does not emerge from a blank slate, but reflects the war's institutional and social legacies. The Wartime Origins of Democratization explores these ideas through an original dataset of rebel governance and rigorous comparative case analysis. The findings have far-reaching implications for understanding wartime political orders, statebuilding, and international peacebuilding.
INFLUENCES OF SHADING AND FERTILIZATION ON ON-FARM YIELDS OF COCOA IN GHANA
Authors: ASARE RICHARD , ASARE REBECCA ASHLEY , ASANTE WINSTON ADAMS , MARKUSSEN BO , RÆBILD ANDERS
Published: September 2016

Most cocoa farms in Ghana are cultivated in complex agroforest systems, with plant growth and cocoa productivity being affected. The objective of this study was to investigate how shade trees affect cocoa yield, temperature and soil nutrients in low-input cocoa systems. Establishing plots on 24 farms in four locations (districts) in Ghana, we assessed the influence of varying canopy cover and fertilization on cocoa yields. Results showed no relationship between canopy cover and cocoa yields in the light crop season (February to August). For the main crop season (September to January), there was an interaction between shade and yields: Yields were higher on no-shade plots than on shaded plots in two districts, whilst there were no differences at the two other districts possibly due to differences in precipitation and soil nutrient status. On the other hand, there was a positive effect of increased canopy cover on yields within the shaded plots. Soil nutrient analyses revealed no significant differences between shaded and no-shade plots and adequate levels of N, K+, Fe2+, Cu2+and Zn2+were recorded. However, soil contents of P, C, Mg2+and Ca2+were below recommended values. Peak temperatures recorded in the cocoa canopies were above the recommended range for this species. Although shade trees had a slight modifying effect on peak temperatures, the magnitude appeared too small to have any practical effects.
THE YIELD GAP: CLOSING THE GAP BY WIDENING THE APPROACH
Authors: SNYDER KATHERINE A. , MITHTHAPALA SRIYANIE , SOMMER ROLF , BRASLOW JULIET
Published: September 2016

The yield gap has arisen again as a focus for agricultural research to ensure food security and economic growth for farmers around the world. To examine this renewed interest, we carried out a review of key literature in the field of yield gap analysis to identify important gaps in research and analysis. In so doing, both the complexities in yield gap studies emerged along with some significant omissions. Much of the literature and research on the yield gap has been framed by larger concerns and initiatives to raise agricultural productivity. This focus has led to an emphasis on technical solutions such as crop breeding, fertilizer application and other methods to increase production. However, this concentration on the technical usually ignores the wider social, economic and political context that shapes farmer decision-making about agricultural production. This context can either discourage or enable farmers to close their yield gap. Additionally, the impact of increased agricultural production through certain technical solutions also often overlooks the wider impact on the landscape and the ecosystem services which underpin agricultural production and livelihoods. We argue that increasing agricultural productivity, and closing the yield gap, must be addressed with this broader approach.
SOIL QUALITY INDICATORS AND CROP YIELD UNDER LONG-TERM TILLAGE SYSTEMS
Authors: LUO ZHUZHU , GAN YANTAI , NIU YINING , ZHANG RENZHI , LI LINGLING , CAI LIQUN , XIE JUNHONG
Published: September 2016

Soil quality indicators (SQI) can be used as a synthetic tool for the assessment of the sustainability of agricultural systems. In this study, we developed SQI using minimum data set (MDS) and determined the response of SQI to long-term tillage systems. Field pea (Pisum sativumL.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were grown in alternate years at northwestern China, and soil attributes and crop productivity were measured 6 years after the initiation of the experiment. The MDS used to develop the SQI included soil physical (aggregate, bulk density, capillary porosity, field capacity), chemical (soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium) and biological (microbial count, microbial biomass, and the activities of catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and invertase) properties. All the property variables were measured in each of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–30 cm depths and those variables that contributed significantly to the SQI were selected to be included in the MDS. Amongst the measured variables, bulk density and microbial counts occurred in the MDS of all the three depths, suggesting that these two properties are highly affected by the tillage treatments. In the long-term field experiment, the no-till with stubble covering the soil surface treatment received the greatest SQI score and achieved the highest crop yield. Soil quality under tillage systems can be assessed adequately using MDS measured at the top soil (0–5 cm) layer in rainfed agro-ecosystems.
Nematodes that associate with terrestrial molluscs as definitive hosts, includingPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) and its development as a biological molluscicide
Authors: Pieterse A. , Malan A.P. , Ross J.L.
Published: September 2016

Terrestrial molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are important economic pests worldwide, causing extensive damage to a variety of crop types, and posing a health risk to both humans and wildlife. Current knowledge indicates that there are eight nematode families that associate with molluscs as definitive hosts, including Agfidae, Alaninematidae, Alloionematidae, Angiostomatidae, Cosmocercidae, Diplogastridae, Mermithidae and Rhabditidae. To date,Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(Schneider, 1859) Andrássy, 1983 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is the only nematode that has been developed as a biological molluscicide. The nematode, which was commercially released in 1994 by MicroBio Ltd, Littlehampton, UK (formally Becker Underwood, now BASF) under the tradename Nemaslug®, is now sold in 15 different European countries. This paper reviews nematodes isolated from molluscs, with specially detailed information on the life cycle, host range, commercialization, natural distribution, mass production and field application ofP. hermaphrodita.
Authorising humanitarian intervention: a five-point defence of existing multilateral procedures
Authors: Recchia Stefano
Published: September 2016

Even scholars who support multilateralism in principle frequently question the value of securing approval from existing multilateral bodies for humanitarian intervention. The United Nations (UN) and regional organisations such as NATO, the argument goes, are far from democratic; furthermore, multilateralism is often a recipe for doing nothing; therefore, unauthorised intervention should be permissible in circumstances of ‘humanitarian necessity’. This article maintains that although today’s multilateral organisations and related procedures for authorising armed intervention may be suboptimal, they have significant output legitimacy. First, existing authorisation procedures reduce the risk of destabilising conflict spirals among powerful states. Second, they diminish the likelihood that humanitarianism will be used as a pretext. Third, they reduce epistemic problems concerning the identification of a just cause for intervention and thus the risk of accidental abuse. Fourth, they minimise the ‘moral hazard’ of humanitarian intervention. Finally, compliance with multilateral procedures is increasingly required for successful peacebuilding. This leads me to conclude that humanitarian warfare should always be authorised by the UN or regional multilateral organisations.
Nailfold capillaroscopy microscopy - an interdisciplinary appraisal
Authors: Klein-Weigel Peter Franz , Sunderkötter Cord , Sander Oliver
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Nailfold capillaroscopy is a method of great diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of primary versus secondary Raynaud´s phenomenon, of systemic sclerosis versus other so called connective tissue diseases and of additional diagnostic value in other entities. Rheumatologists, dermatologists, and angiologists in Germany have convened in an interdisciplinary working group in which they synergistically combined their expertise to develop a common nomenclature and standards for the technical performance of nailfold capillary microscopy. The article gives an overview of historical and technical aspects of capillaroscopy, morphologic findings, and disease-specific patterns. It also provides a critical appraisal of its significance in the diagnosis and sequelae of these interdisciplinarily-managed diseases including its performance in children and gives an excursion in the potential perspectives of capillaroscopy in less common indications.
Surgical and endovascular hybrid approach in peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs
Authors: Grandjean Anouk , Iglesias Katia , Dubuis Céline , Déglise Sébastien , Corpataux Jean-Marc , Saucy François
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Background: Multilevel peripheral arterial disease is frequently observed in patients with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia. This report evaluates the efficacy of one-stage hybrid revascularization in patients with multilevel arterial peripheral disease. Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospective database included all consecutive patients treated by a hybrid approach for a multilevel arterial peripheral disease. The primary outcome was the patency rate at 6 months and 1 year. Secondary outcomes were early and midterm complication rate, limb salvage and mortality rate. Statistical analysis, including a Kaplan-Meier estimate and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out with the primary, primary assisted and secondary patency, comparing the impact of various risk factors in pre- and post-operative treatments. Results: 64 patients were included in the study, with a mean follow-up time of 428 days (range: 4 − 1140). The technical success rate was 100 %. The primary, primary assisted and secondary patency rates at 1 year were 39 %, 66 % and 81 %, respectively. The limb-salvage rate was 94 %. The early mortality rate was 3.1 %. Early and midterm complication rates were 15.4 % and 6.4 %, respectively. The early mortality rate was 3.1 %. Conclusions: The hybrid approach is a major alternative in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease in multilevel disease and comorbid patients, with low complication and mortality rates and a high limb-salvage rate.
Onlinekommunikation und soziale Angst
Authors: Schulz Anja , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Es wird die Literatur zu folgenden Fragen gesichtet: 1) Nutzen Menschen mit sozialer Angst das Internet und Onlinekommunikation stärker als andere? 2) Ist der Gebrauch des Internets bei sozial Ängstlichen hilfreich, weil er soziale Kontakte fördert oder stellt er eine aufrechterhalten Bedingung dar, weil Realkontakte subjektiv weniger wichtig werden? 3) Erleichtert oder erschwert die Option Onlinekommunikation die Psychotherapie der sozialen Angststörung? Methoden: Die bis Juli 2015 in Web of Science, PubMed oder PsycINFO gelisteten Arbeiten zur Thematik wurden gesichtet. Ergebnisse: Die 43 identifizierten Studien belegen, dass Menschen mit sozialer Angst das Internet nicht stärker nutzen, auch nicht zur Anbahnung zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen. Sie haben eher weniger Online-Beziehungen, nutzen aber gleichzeitig überproportional Online- gegenüber Face-to-face-Kommunikation, insbesondere zur Selbstregulation. Schlussfolgerungen: Vor- und Nachteile der Onlinekommunikation für den Verlauf der sozialen Angst lassen sich empirisch belegen, wobei klinische Studien noch völlig fehlen. Onlinekommunikation gehört zur Alltagsrealität von Patienten mit sozialer Angst und ist in der Psychoedukation zur Störung sowie in der Fallkonzeption zu berücksichtigen.
Dispositional Need to Belong Moderates the Impact of Negative Social	Cues and Rejection on Self-Esteem
Authors: Tyler James M. , Branch Sara E. , Kearns Peter O.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In two studies, we examined how need to belong as a dispositional variable influences the relational interpretation of social cues and the subsequent effect on self-esteem. Across both studies, the results from a negative (vs. positive) social cue condition showed that individuals high in need to belong were more negatively affected by (i.e., lower self-esteem, social involvement, and relational value) than those low in need to belong. Results from Study 2 also showed that these negative effects can be attenuated when participants have the opportunity to engage in self-affirmation. In all, the findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating that need to belong at the trait level not only has cognitive effects, but also has important downstream relational effects that influence how people differentially interpret the cues in their social environment.
Infrahumanizing Praise
Authors: White Mark H. , Molina Ludwin E.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Five studies demonstrate that athletic praise can ironically lead to infrahumanization. College athletes were seen as less agentic than college debaters (Studies 1 and 2). College athletes praised for their bodies were also seen as less agentic than college athletes praised for their minds (Study 3), and this effect was driven by bodily admiration (Study 4). These effects occurred equally for White and Black athletes (Study 1) and did not depend on dualistic beliefs about the mind and body (Study 2), failing to provide support for assumptions in the literature. Participants perceived mind and body descriptions of both athletes and debaters as equally high in praise (Study 5), demonstrating that infrahumanization may be induced even if descriptions of targets are positively valenced. Additionally, decreased perceptions of agency led to decreased support for college athletes’ rights (Study 3).
The Effect of Enclothed Cognition on Empathic Responses and Helping	Behavior
Authors: López-Pérez Belén , Ambrona Tamara , Wilson Ellie L. , Khalil Marina
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Based on the enclothed cognition framework, we tested whether the physical experience of wearing a tunic and identifying it with a nursing scrub may enhance empathic and helping responding, compared to the solely physical experience of wearing the scrub or associating with its symbolic meaning. Results of Study 1 (United Kingdom; n = 150) showed that participants who wore a tunic and identified it with a nursing scrub reported higher empathic concern and helped more in a punctual scenario, compared to the other two conditions. Results of Study 2 (Spain; n = 100) supported findings from Study 1 and showed that participants who wore a tunic and identified it with a nursing scrub volunteered more hours and showed higher response latency for altruistic motivation relevant words. Thus, the current research supports the enclothed cognition framework and shows that it also affects vicarious emotions and prosocial behavior.
The genome sequence of allopolyploid Brassica juncea and analysis of differential homoeolog gene expression influencing selection
Authors: Yang Jinghua , Liu Dongyuan , Wang Xiaowu , Ji Changmian , Cheng Feng , Liu Baoning , Hu Zhongyuan , Chen Sheng , Pental Deepak , Ju Youhui , Yao Pu , Li Xuming , Xie Kun , Zhang Jianhui , Wang Jianlin , Liu Fan , Ma Weiwei , Shopan Jannat , Zheng Hongkun , Mackenzie Sally A , Zhang Mingfang
Published: September 2016

The Brassica genus encompasses three diploid and three allopolyploid genomes, but a clear understanding of the evolution of agriculturally important traits via polyploidy is lacking. We assembled an allopolyploid Brassica juncea genome by shotgun and single-molecule reads integrated to genomic and genetic maps. We discovered that the A subgenomes of B. juncea and Brassica napus each had independent origins. Results suggested that A subgenomes of B. juncea were of monophyletic origin and evolved into vegetable-use and oil-use subvarieties. Homoeolog expression dominance occurs between subgenomes of allopolyploid B. juncea, in which differentially expressed genes display more selection potential than neutral genes. Homoeolog expression dominance in B. juncea has facilitated selection of glucosinolate and lipid metabolism genes in subvarieties used as vegetables and for oil production. These homoeolog expression dominance relationships among Brassicaceae genomes have contributed to selection response, predicting the directional effects of selection in a polyploid crop genome.
A rapid SERS method for label-free bacteria detection using polyethylenimine-modified Au-coated magnetic microspheres and Au@Ag nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Chongwen , Wang Junfeng , Li Min , Qu Xinyan , Zhang Kehan , Rong Zhen , Xiao Rui , Wang Shengqi
Published: September 2016

A rapid and efficient method for label-free SERS detection of bacteria in solution.
Trimeric cyclamers: solution aggregation and high Z′ crystals based on guest structure and basicity
Authors: Kennedy Stuart R. , Miquelot Adeline , Aguilar Juan A. , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: September 2016

Hydrogen bond acceptor guests trigger solution and solid state cyclamer assembly in 5-ureaidsalicylic acid with up to 12 crystallographically independent molecules in the structure.
Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution using the MS2@MoS2/rGO (M = Fe or Ni) hybrid catalyst
Authors: Guo Yaxiao , Shang Changshuai , Zhang Xiaoyan , Wang Erkang
Published: September 2016

The MS2@MoS2/rGO (M = Fe or Ni) hybrid catalyst exhibits superior HER electrocatalytic activity as well as excellent electrochemical durability.
Organocatalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines with 3-alkenyl-5-arylfuran-2(3H)-ones
Authors: Wang Zhen-Hua , Wu Zhi-Jun , Yue Deng-Feng , Hu Wen-Fei , Zhang Xiao-Mei , Xu Xiao-Ying , Yuan Wei-Cheng
Published: September 2016

An asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction ofN-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines and 3-alkenyl-5-arylfuran-2(3H)-ones was developed with 1 mol% thiourea–tertiary amine.
Two-dimensional dual-pore covalent organic frameworks obtained from the combination of two D2h symmetrical building blocks
Authors: Tian Yuan , Xu Shun-Qi , Qian Cheng , Pang Zhong-Fu , Jiang Guo-Fang , Zhao Xin
Published: September 2016

A strategy to construct covalent organic frameworks (COFs) bearing two different kinds of pores has been developed. The as-prepared dual-pore COFs exhibit good adsorption capacities for CO2 and H2.