bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective study of sports-related maxillofacial fractures in a Brazilian trauma care center
Authors: Ribeiro-dos-Santos Julia Souza , Santos Vinícius Paes de Assis , Luz João Gualberto Cerqueira
Published: February 2021

Aim: Maxillofacial fractures occur frequently in the general population, and sports-related fractures represent some of these cases. However, few studies have been carried out in Brazilian populations aimed at sports-related maxillofacial fractures. This study assessed the demographic and fracture characteristics of patients with sports-related maxillofacial fractures who were seen at a Brazilian trauma care center. Methods: Medical records of patients with a history of sports-related maxillofacial fractures treated between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Personal data, fracture characteristics, sport type, treatment performed and need for hospitalization were collected. The data were subjected to statistical analyses with likelihood ratio test using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 (p ≤ 0.050). Results: Forty cases (4.96% of the total) of facial fractures were included. The mean age was 24.9 (± 9.8) years, with a predominance of males (92.5%). The use of protective equipment was rare. The most frequently involved sport modality was soccer (47.5%), followed by cycling (27.5%). The most frequent fracture location was nose (45%), followed by mandible (25%) and zygomatic complex (17.5%). Soccer was responsible for most nose fractures (61.1%), while cycling caused the majority of mandibular fractures (60%). Conservative treatment predominated (60%). There was only a significant difference between fracture location and the need for hospitalization (p = 0.021). Conclusion: Patients with sportsrelated maxillofacial fractures were typically young adult males, the injury was more often located in the nose and mandible and related to soccer or cycling. The use of protective equipment must be reinforced.
dirigencia estudiantil universitaria en Venezuela
Authors: Leal Linoel de Jesus , Malavé Ligia Rosa , Sandoval María Cristina Parra
Published: February 2021

Los movimientos sociales en las dinámicas de un país cada vez cobran mayor interés en las democracias del mundo, con especial atención en la venezolana, fuertemente comprometida en los últimos años. Las dirigencias estudiantiles universitarias resaltan de estos movimientos, asumiéndose durante los años 2007 y 2014 como uno de los nichos con mayor peso en la dinámica política y social de Venezuela. Estos grupos que aparecen desde 2007 asociados a las denominadas «luchas por la defensa de la libertad» han llegado a poseer un protagonismo que le ha merecido el reconocimiento de la opinión pública nacional e internacional. Este artículo se desprende de la tesis doctoral Significados de libertad en la dirigencia estudiantil universitaria, y tiene por objetivo representar algunas ideas sobre la libertad y las protestas de 2007 y 2014 protagonizadas por dirigentes estudiantiles de algunas de dos de las más importantes universidades de Venezuela. El enfoque epistemológico fue el experiencialista-vivencialista, con la fenomenología como tradición de investigación cualitativa.  Se desarrolló el concepto de tecnología discursiva para abordar las experiencias de los dirigentes. Los resultados sugieren que la libertad está fuertemente arraigada a los procesos de participación política y social del país, desarrollándose un matiz extra universitario en el desempeño de las acciones. Esta aproximación a la libertad es dinamizada por el poder constituido, la familia, el lenguaje, la ética y la moral, y se proyecta hacia la toma de acciones para la transformación del país, sea desde grupos a favor o contra el gobierno revolucionario.
Apontamentos sobre competências interculturais na educação superior
Authors: Clemente Fabiane Aparecida Santos , Morosini Marilia Costa
Published: February 2021

Discutir competências interculturais na educação superior brasileira pressupõe um olhar para os aspectos culturais e desenvolvimento de competências nesse contexto, conceitos diretamente entrelaçados com discussões acerca da qualidade. A predominância de “formatos monoculturais arcaicos” que reproduzem diversas formas de racismo ou ainda um ambiente que se fundamenta em uma interculturalidade funcional nos instiga a nutrir reflexões sobre a evolução do contexto da educação superior na América Latina. Além disso, competências é um tema fundamental no ambiente educacional, visto que, preparar os discentes para o mundo global já é mais do que uma realidade. Essa pesquisa buscou analisar a percepção dos discentes quanto ao conceito de competências e competências interculturais e suas práticas em uma universidade pública brasileira. O caminho percorrido foi uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa, estudo de caso, com uso de questionário e da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Os principais resultados trouxeram confirmação teórica da predominância no Brasil do conceito de competências como input, o conceito de competências interculturais como uma ramificação deste e polissêmico, bem como os elementos (contexto, atores sociais e práticas) como essenciais para o desenvolvimento de competências interculturais na educação superior.
Metodologias inovadoras no ensino de ciências
Authors: Peretti Eduardo de Medeiros , Yared Yalin Brizola , Bitencourt Rafael Mariano de
Published: February 2021

Objetivamos apresentar um relato de experiência sobre um jogo de cartas como alternativa didático-pedagógica para abordar o conteúdo do Sistema Endócrino. Representa uma atividade dinâmica, lúdica, criativa e colaboradora entre seus participantes, além de problematizar a necessária criação de estratégias metodológicas que contribuam e potencializem para uma prática docente na busca da superação da educação bancária, tradicional e cartesiana de ensino. O jogo de cartas originou-se durante uma disciplina de prática no ensino de um curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade comunitária do sul do Brasil.  Durante o desenvolvimento do jogo de cartas realizaram-se três simulações, sendo que a terceira simulação ocorreu em uma turma de um curso da área da Saúde da referida universidade, na disciplina de Fisiologia. A partir destas três simulações, realizaram-se consequentemente três avaliações e o jogo passou por reformulações. Atualmente apresenta-se como uma proposta de estratégia avaliativa inovadora sobre o sistema endócrino. Propomos, portanto, o jogo de cartas sobre o sistema endócrino como um instrumento alternativo para avaliação formativa desse conteúdo, visando a superação de um processo de ensino-aprendizagem passivo e com avaliação tradicional.
Germany and China: Partners, Competitors or Systemic Rivals?
Authors: Zaritskiy B.
Published: February 2021

China is currently Germany’s main trade partner. For many German companies, it is an attractive production site and an important link in global value chains. Despite existing disagreements, both sides in their official documents have continued to view their relationship as “comprehensive strategic partnership”. Yet experts and German mass media have increasingly tended to call China a “systemic rival”. Berlin is aware of the fact that it is having to deal not with a competitor but with a real contender for the world’s economic and technological leadership. Moreover, it is feared that the Chinese model based on the combination of state economic dirigism and political authoritarian methods of government may find a sympathetic ear in some countries. The question is how to build relationship with China in this new situation. The quest for a reasonable balance between calls to give a “tough” answer to the Chinese capital expansion, the drain of technologies and restrictions that German companies are facing in China’s market on the one hand and the necessity to continue a constructive dialogue with the new superpower on the other – that is the main task of German politics with respect to China. In view of the absence of a common political stance to be followed by the European Union countries in their dealings with China and the growing U.S. pressure aimed at securing, from its allies, support of the policy of confrontation towards China, the formulation of the German Chinese policy will most likely have to be situational resembling an attempt to solve an equation with many unknowns. The article explores trade and investment aspects of German-Sino relations and existing contradictions in the domain of sсientific and technical cooperation and technology transfer. Analysis is made of German business complaints regarding conditions of doing business in China, as well as of steps taken by the German authorities to limit Chinese investors’ activity in Germany.
Post-Brexit Britain's Military Strategy
Authors: Shikhov D.
Published: February 2021

Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union raises questions on how UK defence policy will develop. Significant shifts inside the United Kingdom as well as its changing position in the international arena caused by Brexit require new approaches in its military strategy. National Security Strategy 2015 and UK’s International Defence Engagement Strategy 2017 do not fully reflect current geopolitical realities while new strategic documents haven’t been presented so far. UK armed forces modernization is becoming even more relevant, however there are few signs that London has capabilities to increase its defence budget. The latest statistics shows stable decline in UK military expenditure as percentage of GDP. The armed forces have been shrinking in size for several decades and some large modernization projects have come across considerable difficulties. After years of heated debates an ambitious plan to replace all four ballistic missile submarines with the new ones has been approved. However Brexit caused another wave of claims for Scottish independence raising concerns over the future of the Britain’s only Scotland-based naval facility for nuclear forces. Brexit inevitably poses a dilemma of setting UK’s foreign and defence policy priorities. Though leaving the EU doesn’t mean that Britain will fully withdraw from European defence and security initiatives, active cooperation in this sphere between London and Brussels is highly unlikely. Given that, the importance of NATO as well as other multilateral security mechanisms (especially the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force with Scandinavian and Baltic states) and bilateral defence cooperation (particularly with the US and France) is significantly increasing. Despite numerous challenges for British defence and security policy caused by Brexit these difficulties together with the UK’s traditional strong points such as the special relationship with the US and network of military facilities around the globe may give impetus to a more proactive military strategy aimed at strengthening UK’s global influence.
SCO and EAEU in the Context of Eurasian Integration
Authors: Kurylev K. , Malyshev D. , Khotivrishvili A. , Shablovskii V.
Published: February 2021

The main directions of integration processes in the post-Soviet space are analyzed in the context of their significance for the countries of the region, defined in the article as Eurasia. The essential characteristic of the concepts of “Eurasianism” and “Eurasian integration” is given. Some scientific approaches to the definition of these concepts are also presented. Particular attention is paid to the two leading international structures in the Eurasia region – the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Today, the processes of implementing the ideas of Eurasianism and Eurasian integration are associated, first of all, with the development of the EAEU. But the whole picture looks inferior without taking into account the activities of the SCO. This organization aims to implement interaction between European and Asian states, and, therefore, the ideas that underlie Eurasian integration. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization claims to be actively involved in global affairs, and remains one of the most significant forces in the processes taking place in the Eurasian geopolitical space. The ideas of Eurasian integration that arose more than 100 years ago continue to be an integral part of economic and political rapprochement of the peoples of the former USSR. This process itself is not easy due to both external and internal factors. But in any case, it can be stated with confidence: the Eurasian states are trying to create integration associations in various formats, to solve issues of mutual interest with their help. And this process affects most of the states of the Eurasian continent. The future development of both individual states of Eurasia, and the entire continent as a whole, depends on results of the integration processes promoted within the framework of the EAEU and SCO. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project No. 19-18-00165 “Eurasian Ideology as Unifying for the EAEU and SCO Countries”.
Ellagitannins quantification in oak wood and cognac eaux-de-vie
Authors: Gadrat Mathilde , Lavergne Joel , Emo Catherine , Teissedre Pierre-Louis , Chira Kleopatra
Published: February 2021

Ellagitannins are the main extractible oak wood phenolic compounds. These compounds are responsible for high wood durability and they can contribute to wine and spirits organoleptic quality (colour, astringency and bitterness). Despite their importance, their presence and forms in distilled spirits are not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a measurement methodology and to quantify Cognac oak wood ellagitannins.
Soil Water and High-Quality Development in Water-Limited Regions
Authors: Guo Zhongsheng
Published: February 2021

The goods and services produced by forest and vegetation ecology system is the power by which human society can be promoted fast in high-quality and sustainable way. With the increase of population and economic development in water-limited regions, there is an increasing demand for the quantity and variety of forest vegetation ecosystem products and services. To meet the demands of this situation, most of the original forest has changed into farmland, non-native forest and grass land. As a result, water-plant relationship changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, which led to soil drought, soil degradation and vegetation decline in dry years or waste of soil water in rainy years in most of water-limited regions. In order to solve the questions and realize the sustainable utilization of soil water resources and the high quality and sustainable development of social economy, it is necessary to apply the utilization limit theory of soil water resources by plants and the theory of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation to adjust the relationship between plant growth and soil moisture to obtain the maximum yield and benefit of vegetation and serve high-quality and sustainable development.
Thickness Measurement of Circular Metallic Film Using Single-Frequency Eddy Current Sensor
Authors: Lu Mingyang , Meng Xiaobai , Huang Ruochen , Chen Liming , Peyton Anthony , Yin Wuliang
Published: February 2021

In many advanced industrial applications, the thickness is a critical index, especially for metallic coatings. However, the variance of lift-off spacing between sensors and test pieces affects the measured voltage or impedance, which leads to unreliable results from the sensor. Massive research works have been proposed to address the lift-off issue, but few of them applies to the thickness measurement of planar metallic films with finite-size circular (disk) geometry. Previously, a peak-frequency feature from the swept-frequency inductance was used to compensate the measurement error caused by lift-offs, which was based on the slow-changing rate of impedance phase term in the Dodd-Deeds formulas. However, the phase of measured impedance is nearly invariant merely on a limited range of sample thicknesses and working frequencies. Besides, the frequency sweeping is time-consuming, where a recalibration is needed for different sensor setups applied to the online real-time measurement. In this paper, a single-frequency algorithm has been proposed, which is embedded in the measurement instrument for the online real-time retrieval of thickness. Owing to the single-frequency measurement strategy, the proposed method does not need to recalibrate for different sensor setups. The thickness retrieval is based on a triple-coil sensor (with one transmitter and two receivers). The thickness of metallic disk foils is retrieved from the measured electrical resistance of two transmitter-receiver sensing pairs. Experiments on materials of different electrical conductivities (from direct current), thicknesses and planar sizes (radii) have been carried out to verify the proposed method. The error for the thickness retrieval of conductive disk foils is controlled within 5 % for lift-offs up to 5 mm.
Vaccine Quality is a Key Factor to Determine Thermal Stability of Commercial Newcastle Disease (ND) Vaccines
Authors: Osman Nabila , Goovaerts Danny , Serageldeen Sultan , Grund Christian
Published: February 2021

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND), a devastating viral disease of chicken, is often hampered by thermal inactivation of the live vaccines, in particular in tropical and hot climate conditions. In the past “thermostable” vaccine strains (I-2) have been proposed to overcome this problem. In the current study, we compared the thermal stability of 6 commercially available ND vaccines. Subjected to 37°C as lyophilized preparation, two vaccines containing I-2 strains were more sensitive to inactivation than a third I-2 vaccine or when compared to three other vaccines based on different strains. However, after reconstitution strains proved to have a comparable tenacity. Interestingly, all vaccines retained a sufficient virus dose for protection (106 EID50) after 1 day at 37°C, still. However, experiments exposing ND-vaccines to elevated temperatures of 51°C and 61°C, clearly demonstrated inactivation of all dissolved vaccines within 2 to 4 hours. The data indicate preparation that specific factors may influence thermal stability rather than strain specific characteristics. Regardless of the ND strain used, the appropriate cold chain is mandatory for live ND-vaccines.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KUNYIT DAN BETAIN PADA RANSUM TERHADAP BERAT KARKAS, TEBAL LEMAK PUNGGUNG DAN LOIN EYE AREA BABI FINISHER (Effect of Dietary Turmeric Flour and Betain Addition on Carcass Weight, Backfat Thickness and Loin Eye Area of Finisher Pig)
Authors: Sinaga Jimmi RH , Sinaga Sauland , Rusmana Denny
Published: February 2021

Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) synthetic as a feed additive can stimulate growth, prevent some health problems, and improve feed efficiency. However, its journey has raised concerns due to adverse effects such as residues and microbial resistance. The use of turmeric flour and betaine as feed additives is expected to substitute the use of AGP Synthetic in improving the performance of pig carcasses and the safety of consumption. This study was aimed to examine the effect of the addition of turmeric flour and different doses of betaine in the ration on the performance of finisher period pigs. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The objects of the study were 20 male and female finisher Landrace pigs with a finisher period with initial body weights of 55-66 kg/head. The study rations used were R0: basal ration, R1: R0 + 0.4% turmeric flour + 0.1% betaine, R2: R0 + 0.4% turmeric flour + 0.15% betaine and R3: R0 + 0.4% turmeric flour + 0.2% betaine. The parameters measured were carcass weight, backfat thickness, and loin eye area. The addition of turmeric flour treatment did not have any significant effects on carcass weight and thickness of the back fat of the pig. The addition of 0.4% turmeric flour and 0.15% betaine in the ration was the best treatment and resulted in a different effect on the loin eye area compared to that of R0, while treatment R1 and R3 had a similar effect on it. The result of the addition of 0.4% turmeric flour and 0.15% betaine resulted in the loin eye area of the finisher pig of 53.4 cm2
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KUNYIT DAN BETAIN DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP VILI ILEUM, KECERNAAN PROTEIN DAN IMBANGAN EFISIENSI PROTEIN BABI PERIODE FINISHER (Effect of Dietary Turmeric Powder and Betaine Addition on Ileum Villi, Protein Digestion and Protein Efficiency Ratio of Finisher Pig)
Authors: Mahulae Elnisi Br , Sinaga Sauland , Rusmana Denny
Published: February 2021

Betaine and turmeric powder have the benefit of increasing digestibility and metabolism which affects the productivity of pig finisher period. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and best dosage of betaine addition combined with turmeric powder in feed on ileum villi, protein digestion, and protein efficiency ratio of finisher period pig. The research was conducted experimentally according to a completely randomized design with 4 type of combination treatments of betain and turmeric powder in ration as follow: R0 = Basal feed, R1 = R0 + 0.4% turmeric powder + 0.1% betaine, R2 = R0 + 0.4% turmeric powder + 0.15% betaine, R3 = R0 + 0.4% turmeric powder + 0.2% betaine. Each treatment was repeated five times. The variables observed were ileum villi, protein digestion, and protein efficiency ratio. The results of the research showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the number of ileum villi, protein digestion, protein efficiency ratio, and. The addition of 0.15% betaine combined with 0.4% turmeric powder (R2) in feed showed the best effect on the ileum villi, protein digestion, and protein efficiency ratio of pig finisher period
Predicted Student Study Period with C4.5 Data Mining Algorithm
Authors: Supriyanto Agus , Maryono Dwi , Liantoni Febri
Published: February 2021

Data of alumni from 2012 to 2015 found that the average percentage of students graduating on time was 22%. The comparison between the number of students who graduate on time and new students who enter each year is not comparable, therefore a study is needed to find out the factors that affect student graduation and to prediction of the graduation period of the student through data mining research using the C4.5 algorithm. The data tested was student alumni data from 2012 to 2015. The instruments studied include study period, academic year, GPA, corner focus, gender, intensity of work during college, type of thesis, intensity of campus internal organization, intensity of external organization of campus, UKT group, scholarship status, pre-college education, hobby intensity, intensity of game play, academic competition participation status, non-academic competition participation status, and availability of facilities and infrastructure. The best test results using percentage-split 75% obtained 83.33% accuracy as well as the rules contained in the decision tree.
ANALISIS BONGKAR MUAT PADA KERETA PETIKEMAS 2514 DI STASIUN SUNGAI LAGOA PT KERETA API INDONESIA DAOP 1 JAKARTA
Authors: Henita Rahmayanti  , Rafa Amar Farisi
Published: February 2021

Stasiun Sungai Lagoa PT. Kereta Api Indonesia DAOP 1 Jakarta adalah stasiun kereta kelas kecil yang terletak di Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Utara. Stasiun ini melayani bongkar muat petikemas. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik mengambil judul “Analisis Bongkar Muat Pada Kereta Api Petikemas 2514 Di Stasiun Sungai Lagoa PT. Kereta Api Indonesia DAOP 1 Jakarta”. Tujuan untuk mengetahui waktu ketika bongkar muat dari GD (Gerbong Datar) ke CY (Container Yard) ataupun sebaliknya, dan juga dapat diketahui apakah bongkar muat sesuai dengan SOP atau tidak?  Hal ini tentu saja dapat berdampak terhadap keterlambatan kegiatan bongkar muat dan dampaknya terhadap lamanya waktu kegiatan bongkar muat berlangsung. Setelah menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab yang ditimbulkan dalam kegitan bongkar muat maka penulis mencoba memberikan solusi terbaik untuk memecahkan masalah yang ada.Kata kunci: transportasi, jasa, pelayanan, kepuasan pelanggan.
KOMPARASI RECEIVING TIME PADA SAAT MENGGUNAKAN AUTOMATIC GATE SYSTEM DENGAN SISTEM MANUAL DI PT.MUSTIKA ALAM LESTARI (Time New Roman, 16pt)
Authors: Padlan Alditya Nur Cahyo , Mulyono Tri
Published: February 2021

Manual dengan Automatic Gate System dalam kegiatan kelancaran receiving yang dilakukan PT. Mustika Alam Lestari, agar dalam menangani kegiatan receiving dapat mengetahui permasalahan apa saja yang terjadi. Sehingga pelayanan yang diberikan lebih optimal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini adalah studi Wawancara, dan studi Observasi Lapangan.Kecepatan dari proses keluar masuknya barang dalam kegiatan receiving salah satu faktor penting demi menunjang kelancaran perpindahan barang dari satu tempat ketempat tujuan. Untuk itu PT.Mustika Alam Lestari harus ikut berperan dalam menanggulangi permasalahan yang ada gar terciptanya kelancaran. Kegiatan Penelitian tugas akhir ini dilakukan selama penulis melakukan kegiatan Praktik Kerja Lapangan di PT. Mustika Alam Lestari yang merupakan perusahaan dibidang jasa bongkar muat petikemas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja perbandingan antara Sistem Manual dengan Automatic Gate System yang mempengaruhi proses kegiatan receiving dan apa saja hambatan-hambatan yang terdapat di lapangan penumpukan.

Manual dengan Automatic Gate System dalam kegiatan kelancaran receiving yang dilakukan PT. Mustika Alam Lestari, agar dalam menangani kegiatan receiving dapat mengetahui permasalahan apa saja yang terjadi. Sehingga pelayanan yang diberikan lebih optimal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini adalah studi Wawancara, dan studi Observasi Lapangan.Kecepatan dari proses keluar masuknya barang dalam kegiatan receiving salah satu faktor penting demi menunjang kelancaran perpindahan barang dari satu tempat ketempat tujuan. Untuk itu PT.Mustika Alam Lestari harus ikut berperan dalam menanggulangi permasalahan yang ada gar terciptanya kelancaran. Kegiatan Penelitian tugas akhir ini dilakukan selama penulis melakukan kegiatan Praktik Kerja Lapangan di PT. Mustika Alam Lestari yang merupakan perusahaan dibidang jasa bongkar muat petikemas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja perbandingan antara Sistem Manual dengan Automatic Gate System yang mempengaruhi proses kegiatan receiving dan apa saja hambatan-hambatan yang terdapat di lapangan penumpukan.
Pengembangan Keterampilan Kolaborasi pada Anak Usia Dini melalui Permainan Tradisional
Authors: Sewi Rima Mustika , Mailasari Dewi Ulya
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to describe the development of collaboration skills in early childhood through traditional games of bakiak, dhakon, and cublak-cublak suweng. This paper is absed on research using a qualitative approach and field research, where the researcher goes directly to the field to find the data. Data collection techniques were carried out by observing 24 students in a kindergarten, and 2 teachers who played the traditional games together, and by interviewing the two teachers and three participants. The results showed that the development of collaboration skills in early childhood through traditional games of bakiak, dhakon, cublak-cublak suweng was supported by the characteristics of games that were fun, challenging, familiar, and carried out together. The manifestation of the development aspects of collaboration in the traditional games is by fostering participation, patience, communication, solidarity, and self-confidence. These five aspects are important in supporting collaboration skills in children in the future.
Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery Next Generation Backfill Technologies Comparison Experiment : Technology Comparison Experiment
Authors: Mejias-Santiago Mariely , Garcia Lyan I , Edwards Lulu
Published: February 2021

The Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery (RADR) Next Generation Backfill Technology Comparison Experiment was conducted in July 2017 at the East Campus of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), located in Vicksburg, MS. The experiment evaluated three different crater backfill technologies to compare their performance and develop a technology trade-off a nalysis. The RADR next generation backfill technologies were compared to the current RADR standard backfill method of flowable fill. Results from this experiment provided useful information on technology rankings and trade-offs. This effort resulted in successful crater backfill solutions that were recommended for further end user evaluation.
Focal Dystonia in Woodwind Instrumentalists: Long-term Outcome
Authors: Schuele Stephan , Lederman Richard J
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to describe the clinical characteristics and long-term outcome in woodwind instrumentalists with focal dystonia. Occupational cramp in musicians has been recognized for 150 years, but only in the past two decades has there been a resurgence of interest in this
problem. Despite its overall rarity, the diagnosis of focal dystonia is made in a substantial number of instrumental musicians seeking care for playing-related problems, ranging from 5% to 14% in three larger series. The authors present the clinical characteristics and the results of a follow-up
survey of 24 woodwind instrumentalists with focal dystonia seen at their institution between 1987 and 2001. Of the 24 musicians, 15 were male, 9 female. Mean age at onset was 34 years (range 18 to 56 years). Duration of symptoms on presentation averaged 3.5 years. Of the 24, 20 were professional
musicians, three music students, and one amateur. Fifteen musicians (63%) responded to the written questionnaire, another five were assessed on subsequent visits, and four were lost to follow-up. The questionnaire was administered on average 7.1 years after initial presentation. Long-term
information was available on average 8.5 years after the initial onset of symptoms. The main complaint was “impaired control” of movements, in 18 (75%) affecting the limb and in six (25%) the muscles of embouchure. Four patients (22%) with limb and two (33%) with embouchure dystonia
had spreading of the dystonia to other activities. In 77% of the patients abnormal involuntary movement and posturing were noted during playing the instrument. Three patients with limb dystonia experienced moderate benefit from anticholinergic treatment, in two combined with botulinum toxin
injections. Another four patients indicated benefit from splinting or incidental casting of their limb. Two patients with embouchure dystonia benefited from rebuilding their embouchure. Overall, half of the patients were unable to pursue their careers as professional musicians, in equal proportions
in the two groups. Focal dystonia may affect the limb or muscles of embouchure in woodwind instrumentalists. Available treatment is often of little value, and in half of the patients the dystonia leads to the end of the musical career. More effective approaches are badly needed.
Musicians’ Cramp: Instrumental and Gender Differences
Authors: Lim Vanessa K , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: February 2021

Musicians’ cramp is a disorder characterized by its task specificity and gender bias; male musicians have a higher prevalence of this disorder than females. Previous epidemiological studies on musicians’ cramp have demonstrated that certain instrumental groups are more prone
to develop this disorder than others. These studies, however, have not accounted for the gender distribution in healthy musicians. Therefore, the current study investigated 2,661 healthy musicians collected from eight music conservatories within Germany. These controls were compared with 183
patients (154 males) with musicians’ cramp in an outpatient clinic at the Institute for Music Physiology and Music Medicine (IMMM), Hannover, Germany (1994-2000). Comparisons between groups (musicians’ cramp and controls) were made for gender and instrumental groups (keyboard,
strings, woodwind, brass, plucking, and percussion). Results were consistent with earlier studies suggesting that particular instrumental groups were more at risk for developing musicians’ cramp than others. When gender was not a factor, both woodwind and plucking (guitar) instrumentalists
were more likely to develop musicians’ cramp, while musicians playing string and percussion instruments were less likely to develop musicians’ cramp. Musicians playing keyboard and brass instruments were not significantly different than expected. When gender was included in the
analyses, the following pattern was revealed: the number of male patients with musicians’ cramp was greater than expected, even when the number of healthy male musicians was accounted for; the opposite was found for female patients. Furthermore, when gender was also included in the instrumental
analyses, male musicians were more likely to have musicians’ cramp than females in keyboard, string, woodwind, and plucking instruments. The only instrumental group without a gender bias for symptoms were the brass instruments. These results suggest that male musicians are more likely
to develop musicians’ cramp within certain instrumental groups, and may reflect a general predisposition for male musicians to develop this disorder. The ages at onset of symptoms were not different between the males and females in this sample. The current study demonstrates a clear
association between gender, instrumental groups, and the presentation of dystonic symptoms.
Advice from One Musician to Another: Beware of Friends Bearing Gifts
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

In my last editorial, in the June 2003 issue, I discussed the importance of accuracy in communications between performing arts medicine practitioners and their patients. In this editorial, I deal with an even more delicate subject, the nature of medical communications from one musician
to another. Occasional musicians who have come for my medical evaluation will quote prior diagnostic opinions voiced by their stand-partners and other fellow musicians. However, this editorial was precipitated not by this observation but by the increasing number of books by musicians for musicians.
Associations Between Hearing and Psychosocial Working Conditions in Rock/Jazz Musicians
Authors: Kähäri Kim , Eklöf Mats , Sandsjö Leif , Zachau Gunilla , Möller Claes
Published: February 2021

A study on the assessment of hearing and hearing disorders in rock/jazz musicians concluded that 74% of the musicians had some kind of disorder. The main hearing disorders found were pure-tone hearing loss, tinnitus (an acoustic sensation of sounds), hyperacusis (a hypersensitivity
to low or moderate sound levels), and distortion (music sounds out of tune). Affected musicians often were able to give the exact time of the first appearance of the hearing disorders, which often was associated with a period of excessive sound exposure, high workload, or some form of emotional
stress. The aim of this study was to explore associations between psychosocial work conditions, mental load, and hearing disorders in rock/jazz musicians. A total of 139 (43 women and 96 men) voluntarily participating rock/jazz musicians answered a questionnaire on psychosocial work conditions
and mental load. The data were correlated to hearing and sex. The median age was 35 years in the women and 37 years in the men. Results showed that rock/jazz musicians do not generally experience themselves as stressed at work. The influence of working conditions is good, and the work consists
mainly of attractive tasks. In men, hyperacusis was associated with higher psychological demands, greater difficulty in relaxing after work, higher stress during individual preparation, not getting enough sleep, and higher perceived sound level. In women, tinnitus was associated with greater
difficulty in relaxing after work and less energy during musical performances. No strong correlation between psychosocial parameters and hearing loss was found. Positive and negative effects of stress on hearing are discussed.
Surveying Popular Musicians’ Health Status Using Convenience Samples
Authors: Raeburn Susan D , Hipple John , Delaney William , Chesky Kris
Published: February 2021

This article describes findings from two separate convenience samples of popular musicians’ health status, access to and use of health care, health habits, and related attitudes surveyed in 1996-1997. Sample 1 consisted of 111 musicians attending one of three regional music conferences
(in Portland, OR, Austin, TX, or San Francisco, CA). The findings from sample 1 consist of demographics and music career-related information; current medical problems; nonmusculoskeletal (N-MS) and musculoskeletal (MS) problems that affected performance in the previous year; access to and
use of health care; health habits related to alcohol, drug use, and smoking, use of hearing protection; and several health-related attitudes. Sample 2 consisted of 115 musicians surveyed in 1996 by mail from a random sample of a musicians’ union list, by face-to-face interview during
music club jobs in Dallas, Texas, or at a music conference in New Orleans, Louisiana. The findings from sample 2 are generally limited to N-MS and MS problems that affected performance in the previous year, health habits, and some health-related attitudes. Basic findings for sample 1 were
as follows: 26% cited a current medical problem, 49% had at least one N-MS problem, 74% had at least one MS problem, and 42% reported hearing loss. In sample 2, 37% of the musicians reported hearing loss. Overall percentages for N-MS and MS problems for sample 2 were not available, but percentages
for specific problems are delineated. Depression and anxiety were among the most frequently cited N-MS problems for both samples. Pain and stiffness were the most frequently reported MS problems for both samples. Ten percent of sample 1 musicians and 16% of sample 2 musicians indicated that
alcohol or drug use had hurt their performance in the previous year. More than half of the musicians in sample 1 and sample 2 had health insurance, but most obtained it through non-music-related jobs or family coverage. Although the generalizability of the findings is limited significantly
by the nonrandom nature of the samples and generally low response rates, this study nonetheless contributes provisional information on popular musicians’ health status. The findings are compared with other musician samples where possible, including some previously unpublished health
findings from the University of North Texas Musicians’ Health Survey on the Internet. Specific concerns and strategies for future research on popular musicians’ health status are suggested.
How I Survived My Dance Training: Rhythm, Tap, and Modern Dance
Authors: Evans Bill
Published: February 2021

I took my first ballet class in 1948 from 72-year-old Charles Purrington in the basement of his house (the Purrington Academy of Dance Art) in the Sugar House neighborhood of Salt Lake City. I was in heaven; I had been begging my parents for years to enroll me in these classes, and
the big day had finally arrived. I remember vividly being told to stand with my left hand on the barre, put my heels together, and aim my feet in 180-degree opposite directions. The messages I absorbed from those early classes were clear: Dance begins with externally perceived positions
of the feet and arms. It is about regimentation and precision.
Satisfaction with Work Task Quality Correlates with Employee Health: A Study of 12 Professional Orchestras
Authors: Johansson Yvonne Liljeholm , Theorell Töres
Published: February 2021

The current study was undertaken to identify factors that enhance functioning in orchestral groups playing classical music. The underlying hypothesis was that work-task quality (functioning) correlates with psychosocial environment and health factors. From among members of 12 Swedish
classical orchestras, 50% of the musicians were asked to complete a questionnaire; the response rate was 78%. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression methods were used to analyze the results. Dependent variables were three different health aspects: total sum score, musculoskeletal
symptoms, and well-being. The most important work-quality factor that was significantly related to the three health aspects was work content. Social support was significantly related to two health aspects, and instrument group, gender, orchestra status, and systematic work with work environment
each related to some of the health aspects. The relationship between health and psychosocial factors indicates that health promotion should be undertaken together with organizational interventions focused on improving these aspects.
Prolonged Neuromuscular Rehabilitation for Musician’s Focal Dystonia
Authors: Tubiana Raoul
Published: February 2021

Because of the increasing number of musicians seen in my hand clinics and because of the time needed for their examinations, in 1975 with the assistance of my physiotherapist Philippe Chamagne, I established a monthly medical clinic for musicians. Since then, we have seen more than
4000 musicians with medical problems of the upper extremity, about 600 of whom were diagnosed with a focal dystonia (FD). This unusually high proportion of patients with FD is probably the result of our early interest and publications in this area.1,2
Interobserver Reliability of General Practice Physiotherapists in Rating Aspects of the Movement Patterns of Skilled Violinists
Authors: Ackermann Bronwen J , Adams Roger
Published: February 2021

In the music medicine literature, experienced clinicians recommend the visual observation of musicians performing on their instruments to identify movement patterns that potentially increase the risk of an injury. Visual assessment of functional task performance is a skill used clinically
by many health care professionals to enhance decision-making regarding the best management and treatment strategies for a particular client. Little research exists, however, to identify whether consistent movement patterns would be identified during such a procedure and whether there are particular
injury risk features that can be identified reliably by a group of practitioners. This study asked a group of experienced clinical physiotherapists to rate movement patterns of 30 skilled violinists performing a violin-playing task to evaluate whether similar scores would result. Results indicated
that these therapists varied widely in their rating methods, and interrater reliability scores ranged from mostly poor to fair. These scores occurred regardless of the presence or absence of playing-related injuries in the violinists. A small sample of available intrarater scores showed better
consistency, although still not of high reliability. Further research may indicate whether physiotherapists or health care practitioners experienced in observing a complex task such as violin playing would show greater interrater reliability in using such a scoring system.
A Portrait of Arts Medicine as a Young Discipline
Authors: Meinke William B
Published: February 2021

In late 1992 and knowing of my interest in the arts, a colleague gave me a copy of the November 30 issue of Physicians Financial News, in which he had circled the title of an article by Sidney Stevens called “Spotting Trends, Savvy Doctors Carve Out Practice Niches.” The
gist of the article was that so-called niche specialties, such as arts or travel medicine, should be considered useful marketing tools rather than true specialties or subspecialties....Although I am certain that I chuckled on reading this at the time, my attention was drawn more to Mr. Stevens’
mention of the (incorrectly named) “Physicians Arts Medicine Association headed by Dr. Richard Lederman at the Cleveland Clinic.” I wrote a short letter to Dr. Lederman asking for more information about the group, and within a matter of weeks I was a bona fide member of the Performing
Arts Medicine Association (PAMA).
Musculoskeletal Pain and Impact on Performance in Orchestra Musicians and Actors
Authors: Engquist K , Ørbaek P , Jakobsson K
Published: February 2021

We studied the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and its impact on performance in orchestra musicians and in a reference group of actors, who share the mental stress in a performance situation, but without having the physical work load from an instrument. Swedish musicians (n = 103)
from symphony and chamber orchestras and actors (n = 106) participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire study. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed by a further developed Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. The impact of pain on performance (pain affecting playing capacity, decreased playing
time, and change of technique) and trouble-related sick leave also was assessed. Pain intensity was assessed by visual analogue scales. Musculoskeletal pain in the neck and shoulders was the most frequently reported problem, with similar prevalence among musicians and actors, around 25% for
present pain and 20% for chronic pain (1-year prevalence). Around 10% of the musicians and 5% of the actors reported pain in the hands. Oral pain was reported by 12% of the musicians and 18% of the actors. The number of affected body regions and the intensity of pain were similar in the study
groups. The musicians had an increased risk for pain affecting playing capacity. For the neck, the prevalence odds ratio (POR) was 3.0 (95%CI 1.2-7.2; adjusted for age and gender). String instrumentalists had higher risk estimates than nonstring instrumentalists. A gender difference was not
observed. Pain in the oral region affecting playing capacity was less common in musicians, with a prevalence odds ratio of 0.4 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Even though the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar in the two groups of performing artists, the consequences for the work situation were
more serious among musicians.
An Innovative Approach to Understand Overuse Injuries: Biomechanical Modeling as a Platform to Integrate Information Obtained from Various Analytic Tools
Authors: Visentin Peter , Shan Gongbing
Published: February 2021

A cognitive shift is evident among the medical practitioners, performers, educators, and researchers who deal with over-use syndrome (OS) injuries. These groups now are clearly concerned with prevention as a desired strategy. Realistically the medical community must take on the burden
of changing attitudes within the artistic community. Because artistic success or failure often is determined by microincrements of “ability,” performers and educators (individuals in the greatest position of influence over aspiring students) have been slow to change, and thoughtful
training often takes a back seat to immediacy of skill acquisition. In our opinion, professionals will adopt alternate practices only if the weight of scientific evidence proves sufficient to challenge centuries of tradition. A clear message to the artistic community requires (1) clarity of
definition, (2) convincing methodology, (3) consistent means of situational comparison, and (4) solutions that do not compromise the artist’s perceptions of the end product. Current definitions of OS typically fail to differentiate between physiologic tolerance (a time-based
concept) and physiologic limits (momentary impact conditions). The medical community must get the message across that physiologic tolerance is entirely different from physiologic limits. Although diverse methods are used to evaluate OS injuries, individually none can quantify directly
physiologic tolerance. This difficulty justifies the use of indirect means to (1) describe accurately the movements that are thought to cause the injury, (2) link external description with internal physiologic conditions, and (3) determine relationships that allow one to quantify levels of
injury risk. In this context, biomechanical modeling has the potential to serve as a nexus for evaluating information obtained from multiple methodologies. This article validates the use of biomechanical modeling as a platform of information integration in the evaluation of OS. An examination
of modeling theory in terms of typical OS conditions reveals a new mathematical representation, one that may serve to focus future discussions of efficiency related to prevention and effectiveness related to learning.