bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tonic autoinhibition contributes to the heterogeneity of evoked dopamine release in the rat striatum
Authors: Moquin Keith F. , Michael Adrian C.
Published: July 2009

Electrically evoked dopamine release as measured by voltammetry in the rat striatum is heterogeneous in both amplitude and temporal profile. Previous studies have attributed this heterogeneity to variations in the density of dopamine (DA) terminals at the recording site. We reach the alternate conclusion that the heterogeneity of evoked DA release derives from variations in the extent to which DA terminals are autoinhibited. We demonstrate that low‐amplitude, slow evoked DA responses occur even though recording electrodes are close to DA terminals. Moreover, the D2agonist and antagonist, quinpirole and raclopride, respectively, affect the slow responses in a manner consistent with the known functions of pre‐synaptic D2autoreceptors. Recording sites that exhibit autoinhibited responses are prevalent in the dorsal striatum. Autoinhibition preceded electrical stimulation, which is consistent with our prior reports that the striatum contains a tonic pool of extracellular DA at basal concentrations that exceed the affinity of D2receptors. We conclude that the striatum contains DA terminals operating on multiple time courses, determined at least in part by the local variation in autoinhibition. Thus, we provide direct, real‐time observations of the functional consequence of tonic and phasic DAergic signalingin vivo.
Nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction positively regulates the motility of human neuronal precursor (NT2) cells
Authors: Tegenge Million Adane , Bicker Gerd
Published: July 2009

Developmental studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates implicate an involvement of nitric oxide (NO) signaling in cell proliferation, neuronal motility, and synaptic maturation. However, it is unknown whether NO plays a role in the development of the human nervous system. We used a model of human neuronal precursor cells from a well‐characterized teratocarcinoma cell line (NT2). The precursor cells proliferate during retinoic acid treatment as spherical aggregate culture that stains for nestin and βIII‐tubulin. Cells migrate out of the aggregates to acquire fully differentiated neuronal phenotypes. The cells express neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an enzyme that synthesizes cGMP upon activation by NO. The migration of the neuronal precursor cell is blocked by the use of nNOS, sGC, and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitors. Inhibition of sGC can be rescued by a membrane permeable analog of cGMP. In gain of function experiments the application of a NO donor and cGMP analog facilitate cell migration. Our results from the differentiating NT2 model neurons point towards a vital role of the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling cascade as positive regulator of cell migration in the developing human brain.
Transvalued Species in an African Forest
Authors: REMIS MELISSA J. , HARDIN REBECCA
Published: July 2009

Abstract: We combined ethnographic investigations with repeated ecological transect surveys in the Dzanga‐Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic, to elucidate consequences of intensifying mixed use of forests. We devised a framework for transvaluation of wildlife species, which means the valuing of species on the basis of their ecological, economic, and symbolic roles in human lives. We measured responses to hunting, tourism, and conservation of two transvalued species in RDS: elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Our methods included collecting data on encounter rates and habitat use on line transects. We recorded cross‐cultural variation in ideas about and interactions with these species during participant observation of hunting and tourism encounters and ethnographic interviews with hunters, conservation staff, researchers, and tourists. Ecologically, gorillas used human‐modified landscapes successfully, and elephants were more vulnerable than gorillas to hunting. Economically, tourism and encounters with elephants and gorillas generated revenues and other benefits for local participants. Symbolically, transvaluation of species seemed to undergird competing institutions of forest management that could prove unsustainable. Nevertheless, transvaluation may also offer alternatives to existing social hierarchies, thereby integrating local and transnational support for conservation measures. The study of transvaluation requires attention to transnational flows of ideas and resources because they influence transspecies interactions. Cross‐disciplinary in nature, transvalution of species addresses the political and economic challenges to conservation because it recognizes the varied human communities that shape the survival of wildlife in a given site. Transvaluation of species could foster more socially inclusive management and monitoring approaches attuned to competing economic demands, specific species behaviors, and human practices at local scales.
Multitask electrical stimulation for cortical language mapping: Hints for necessity and economic mode of application
Authors: Wellmer Jörg , Weber Christian , Mende Meinhard , Von Der Groeben Ferdinand , Urbach Horst , Clusmann Hans , Elger Christian E. , Helmstaedter Christoph
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) is the gold standard for identifying language‐relevant cortex prior to neurosurgical resections near the eloquent cortex. However, its application mode is not standardized, as some procedures rely on a single task, whereas others depend on task batteries. In this study, we examine whether multitask ESM is necessary, quantify the information loss that occurs from restricting the number of applied tasks, and search for a procedure that allows for time‐efficient, multitask ESM.

Methods:  Thirty‐eight epilepsy and 11 brain tumor patients with subdural grid electrodes receive extraoperative ESM for language cortex at 1,890 stimulation sites. The applied test battery includes counting, naming, repeating, reading, Token Test, and body commands. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis are used to identify the functional overlap between tasks. Sensitivity analysis is the basis for determining the optimal task order, which requires a minimum number of stimulations for identifying language loci.

Results:  Correlation coefficients between tasks are −0.17 to 0.63; frontal and temporoparietal language cortex are organized differently. Naming is the most sensitive task, but 31% (temporoparietal) to 43% (frontal) of language sites remained undetected after naming alone. The optimal procedure starts with naming and the Token Test and differs thereafter between frontal and temporoparietal cortex. Omitting the Token Test and body commands from the battery results in up to 26% information loss.

Discussion:  Despite considerable overlap between different tasks, multitask ESM appears necessary to avoid missing language relevant cortex. Applying the tasks in an optimal order allows economizing the procedure.
Frontal and temporal volumes in Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Levitt Jennifer , Siddarth Prabha , Wu Keng Nei , Gurbani Suresh , Sankar Raman , Shields W. Donald
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  This study compared frontotemporal brain volumes in children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) to age‐ and gender‐matched children without epilepsy. It also examined the association of these volumes with seizure, demographic, perinatal, intelligence quotient (IQ), and psychopathology variables.

Methods:  Twenty‐six children with CAE, aged 7.5–11.8 years, and 37 children without epilepsy underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 1.5 Tesla. Tissue was segmented, and total brain, frontal lobe, frontal parcellations, and temporal lobe volumes were computed. All children had IQ testing and structured psychiatric interviews. Parents provided seizure, perinatal, and behavioral information on each child.

Results:  The CAE group had significantly smaller gray matter volumes of the left orbital frontal gyrus as well as both left and right temporal lobes compared to the age‐ and gender‐matched children without epilepsy. In the CAE group these volumes were related to age, gender, ethnicity, and pregnancy complications but not to seizure, IQ, and psychopathology variables. In the group of children without epilepsy, however, the volumes were related to IQ.

Conclusion:  These findings suggest that CAE impacts brain development in regions implicated in behavior, cognition, and language. In addition to supporting the cortical focus theory of CAE, these findings also imply that CAE is not a benign disorder.
Language in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Siddarth Prabha , Vona Pamela , Stahl Lesley , Bailey Caroline , Gurbani Suresh , Sankar Raman , Donald Shields W.
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  This study examined the severity and range of linguistic impairments in young, intermediate, and adolescent youth with epilepsy and how these deficits were associated with illness effects, nonverbal intelligence, psychopathology, and reading.

Methods:  Tests of language, intelligence, achievement, and structured psychiatric interviews were administered to 182 epilepsy youth, aged 6.3–8.1, 9.1–11.7, and 13.0–15.2 years, as well as to 102 age‐ and gender‐matched normal children. Parents provided demographic, seizure‐related, and behavioral information on their children.

Results:  Significantly more epilepsy subjects had language scores 1 standard deviation (SD) below average than the age‐matched control groups did. The intermediate and adolescent epilepsy groups also had significantly lower mean language scores compared to their matched controls. The older compared to the younger epilepsy groups had more language impairment and a wider range of linguistic deficits. Longer duration of illness, childhood absence epilepsy, psychiatric diagnosis, and socioeconomic status were associated with linguistic deficits in the young group. Prolonged seizures, lower Performance IQ, and minority status predicted low language scores in the intermediate epilepsy group. In the adolescent group, language impairment was associated with poor seizure control, decreased Performance IQ, and lower socioeconomic status. Linguistic and reading deficits were significantly related in each epilepsy group.

Conclusions:  The age‐related increase in linguistic impairment, different profiles of predictors in each age group, and the relationship of linguistic deficits with poor reading skills have important clinical, developmental, theoretical, and academic implications.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS ISHIGE (ISHIGEALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN WITH RECOGNITION OF ISHIGE FOLIACEA BASED ON PLASTID rbcl AND MITOCHONDRIAL cox3 GENE SEQUENCES1
Authors: Lee Kyung Min , Boo Ga Hun , Riosmena‐Rodriguez Rafael , Shin Jong‐Ahm , Boo Sung Min
Published: July 2009

The taxonomy and biogeography of a genus with species that occur in geographically isolated regions is interesting. The brown algal genus Ishige Yendo is a good example, with species that apparently inhabit warm regions of both the northwestern and northeastern Pacific Ocean. We determined the sequences of mitochondrial cox3 and plastid rbcL genes from specimens of the genus collected over its distributional range. Analyses of the 86 cox3 and 97 rbcL sequences resulted in congruent trees in which Ishige sinicola (Setch. et N. L. Gardner) Chihara consisted of two distinct clades: one comprising samples from Korea and Japan, and the other comprising samples from the Gulf of California. Additional observations of the morphology and anatomy of the specimens agree with the molecular data. On the basis of results, we reinstated Ishige foliacea S. Okamura (considered a synonym of I. sinicola from the Gulf of California) for plants from the northwest Pacific region and designated a specimen in the Yendo Herbarium (SAP) as the lectotype. I. foliacea is distinguished by large (up to 20 cm) and wide (up to 20 mm) thalli, with a cortex of 4–7 cells, and a medulla composed of long, tangled hyphal cells. Both cox3 and rbcL sequence data strongly support the sister‐area relationship between the northwest Pacific region and the Gulf of California. A likely explanation for this pattern would be the presence of a species ancestral to contemporary species of Ishige in both regions during the paleogeological period, with descendants later isolated by distance.
PROTOCOLS FOR THE REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM FRESHWATER BENTHIC DIATOM CULTURES1
Authors: Bruckner Christian G. , Kroth Peter G.
Published: July 2009

In this study, we describe different combinations of physical separation and antibiotic treatment to remove associated bacteria from freshwater diatoms. Diatoms were purified either from natural epilithic biofilms or from unialgal cultures. We determined that for most strains, different purification procedures have to be combined individually. In a new approach, we show that for some diatom strains, the substitution of associated aquatic bacteria by an antibiotic‐sensitive Escherichia coli strain and subsequent treatment with antibiotics may be a successful strategy to obtain axenic diatom cultures. Axenic diatom cultures are essential to study the physiology and biochemistry of individual strains as well as their responses to environmental changes without interference of accompanying bacteria.
Harnessing Catastrophe to Promote Resource Recovery and Eco‐industrial Development
Authors: Ardani Kristen B. , Reith Charles C. , Donlan C. Josh
Published: July 2009

Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, causing widespread damage to industry, housing, and infrastructure. The area of New Orleans East was particularly devastated, including a cluster of industries, such as a major food‐processing plant, manufacturing facilities, and bulk material and gas processors. Although this area was well suited for resource recovery and eco‐industrial linkages, little progress has been made in implementation. This article explores New Orleans as a case study in the application of industrial ecology to disaster management. Hurricane Katrina's damage to New Orleans resulted in a significant increase in the amount of waste flowing into New Orleans East, which precipitated a massive expenditure of federal funds toward debris management. Those circumstances created an unprecedented opportunity to capitalize a resource recovery program and to establish eco‐industrial relationships, both of which would have resulted in new jobs and environmental improvement. Yet straightforward opportunities for resource recovery and eco‐industrial linkage were overlooked or dismissed, in spite of antilandfill activism from the environmental community and formal recommendations for recycling from scientists and other professionals. We describe the specific resource recovery and eco‐industrial opportunities that were available to New Orleans East, especially those that were magnified by Hurricane Katrina, and analyze the barriers that prevented their actualization. We also provide recommendations for overcoming barriers to resource recovery and eco‐industrial progress with the goal that future postcatastrophe scenarios may benefit from more effective use of relief and recovery funding.
Anti‐HrB and anti‐hrB revisited
Authors: Pham Bach‐Nga , Peyrard Thierry , Tourret Séverine , Beolet Marylise , Many Hélène , Juszczak Geneviève , Roussel Michèle , Kappler‐Gratias Sandrine , Rouger Philippe , Le Pennec Pierre‐Yves
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Since their description in the 1970s, anti‐HrB (antibody against a high‐prevalence Rh antigen) and anti‐hrB (anti‐e–like antibody) are still a subject of debate about representing two aspects of a global immune response or being two independent antibodies.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response against the antigens of Rh system of 30 individuals presenting a hrB(RH31)− phenotype. Genomic analysis of RH genes was performed in all individuals.

RESULTS: Among the 30 individuals, 27 had a HrB(RH34)− phenotype. No immunization against Rh antigens was found in 16 individuals. Three individuals made anti‐D only, whereas six individuals made anti‐HrB (four with anti‐hrB and two without anti‐hrB) and two individuals made anti‐hrB without anti‐HrB. Among the 30 individuals, three had a HrB+ phenotype. No immunization against Rh antigens was found in one individual, whereas two individuals made anti‐hrB; the genomic analysis of selected individuals showed the presence of a (C)ces haplotype, either Type 1 or Type 2, and a DIII Type 5 ces haplotype, in the homozygous state, in compound heterozygosity with each other or in heterozygosity with a DcE haplotype. Genomic data were in accordance with serologic data.

CONCLUSION: Our data provide the evidence that anti‐HrB and anti‐hrB are independent antibodies, defining two different specificities. These antibodies may be produced by individuals expressing variants of RhCE protein. Serologic and molecular data indicate that e antigen encoded by the (C)ces haplotype is a partial antigen. In individuals carrying a (C)ces haplotype, the risk and the type of alloimmunization to Rh antigens are related to the second Rh haplotype.
Blood donation and donor recruitment in Iran from 1998 through 2007: ten years' experience
Authors: Maghsudlu Mahtab , Nasizadeh Soheila , Abolghasemi Hassan , Ahmadyar Shima
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Recruiting and retaining blood donors is of utmost importance, especially since there is no alternative for human blood. This article describes different aspects of blood donation to evaluate recruitment activities.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were obtained from annual reports made by the Statistical Committee of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization and the national database.

RESULTS: The trend in yearly blood donations has significantly increased from 1,183,630 blood units in 1998 to 1,735,008 by the end of 2007. During this period the overall growth rate was 59.8% (p < 0.005). Yearly blood donation in the northwest region of the country was 13 per 1000 in contrast to 39 per 1000 in the central region. There was a significant decrease in the number of donations during the months of April, September, and January whereas in May, August, and the religious month of Muharram a significant increase was noted. Voluntary donations increased from 77% in 1998 to 100% by the end of 2007.

CONCLUSION: Continuous donor recruitment efforts in Iran have resulted in a significant increase in blood donation rates during the past decade as well as achieving 100% voluntary, nonremunerated blood donors. Nevertheless some provinces will have to put more effort into donor recruitment and retention so as to ensure self sufficiency in their blood supply. Educating blood donors and the public about the continuous need for a sufficient blood supply in every community is equally important and times where supply exceeds demand should be avoided at the most.
Does Environmental Degradation Influence Migration? Emigration to Developed Countries in the Late 1980s and 1990s*
Authors: Reuveny Rafael , Moore Will H.
Published: July 2009

Objective. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that climate change will intensify during the 21st century. The exact distribution of impacts will likely be complex in nature. Although some areas may exhibit benefits, many areas will likely experience environmental decline. The objective of this article is to answer the following question: What are the potential implications of deteriorating environmental conditions for human migration? This is not an easy question to answer because the full effects of climate change are not yet completely evident. Yet by studying the impact of environmental forces on migration in recent decades, we can offer some insight to this question.

Methods. In implementing this approach, we employ theoretical and empirical methods. Our theoretical model suggests that environmental degradation should promote out‐migration from affected areas, all other things being equal. To test this prediction empirically, we conduct a large‐N statistical analysis focusing on the role of several environmental factors in emigration to developed countries. Our empirical sample covers the late 1980s and the 1990s.

Results. The empirical results suggest that environmental decline plays a statistically significant role in out‐migration, pushing people to leave their homes and move to other countries.

Conclusions. In the conclusions section of this article, we evaluate the policy implications of these findings for developed countries in the context of climate change and national security.
Won't You Be My Neighbor? Norms of Cooperation, Public Broadcasting, and the Collective Action Problem*
Authors: Kropf Martha
Published: July 2009

Objectives.The logic of collective action suggests that public broadcasting stations should not receive the empirically observed level of member support they do. Why do people contribute to public television when they can view it without contributing?

Methods.The hypothesis tested is that “norms of cooperation” govern the behavior of individuals in collective action situations. This article tests the hypothesis with an original survey of public television viewers in three large communities.

Results.The survey data provide support for the “norms of cooperation” hypothesis. The higher the level of characteristics of an individual that measure cooperation, the more likely the individual is to give to public broadcasting, all other factors being equal.

Conclusions.Norms of cooperation—an important part of social capital—help overcome the logic of collective action where it concerns public television contributions.
The Network Structure of Local and Extra‐Local Voluntary Participation: The Role of Core Social Networks*
Authors: Stern Michael J. , Fullerton Andrew S.
Published: July 2009

Objective.First, we evaluate whether structural characteristics of people's family and friend social networks are associated with involvement in local and extra‐local civic participation. Second, we examine the interactions between social network attributes and personal characteristics on varied forms of participation.

Methods.We draw on data from a random‐sample mail survey of 1,315 households.

Results.Attributes of friend and family social networks are related to civic participation beyond the influence of human capital; however, the results from family and friend networks are substantively different. There are also differences in the way attributes of social networks are associated with local versus extra‐local participation. Finally, the interactions of human capital and social networks do not support previous research.

Conclusions.Overall, the evidence substantiates extant theory on the effects that social relations have on civic engagement. However, the structure and constituency of networks and the form of civic engagement play an important yet undertheorized role.
Church Attendance, Social Capital, and Black Voting Participation*
Authors: Liu Baodong , Austin Sharon D. Wright , Orey Byron D'Andrá
Published: July 2009

Objectives.We test the traditional studies of political participation that suggest enhanced education and income will help reduce the racial gap in voting.

Methods.We adopt a Bayesian model to test the impact of education and income onbothblack and white racial groups. We also link the explanation of black voting participation to social capital.

Results.We find that bonding and bridging social capital as well as human capital are all important in explaining white voting participation, but only bonding social capital, measured by church attendance, explained African‐American voting participation.

Conclusions.We conclude that the utility of social capital theory and continuing significance of human capital theory must be considered in a racial context. In addition, our findings offer important implications about the continuing role of black churches for increasing social capital and political participation.
Is Immigration a Racial Issue? Anglo Attitudes on Immigration Policies in a Border County*
Authors: Ayers John W. , Hofstetter C. Richard , Schnakenberg Keith , Kolody Bohdan
Published: July 2009

Objective. This study assesses the association between Anglo aversion to Latinos, physical proximity to Latinos, and contact with ethnic minorities, with expressed preferences for immigration policies.

Methods. Data were drawn from a telephone survey of San Diego County, California, residents (N=549 Anglos) using random‐digit‐dial procedures during 2005–2006 that was conducted by closely supervised professional interviewers. Descriptive reports, tau‐b correlations, and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analysis.

Results. Aversion to Latinos, as indicated by an adaptation of the Bogardus social distance scale, was related to more restrictionist attitudes about legal and Mexican immigration. Associations increased when respondents were primed to consider Mexican immigration, although aversion to Latinos was not related to attitudes about amnesty for undocumented persons. Contrary to some previous findings, proximity to Latino populations increased opposition to legal immigration and amnesty. Reported minority contact had minimal impact but increased support for amnesty.

Conclusions. Attitudes about immigration may be motivated more by racial resentments than other considerations. Future research should identify racial factors that influence Anglo policy positions beyond the classic Anglo/African division that has dominated this research arena.
Racial Contexts' Enduring Influence on Attitudes Toward Poverty*
Authors: Hopkins Daniel J.
Published: July 2009

Objective. This article's objective is to reply to Rodgers (2009) and to expand on the claim that living near poor African Americans influences Americans' views of poverty.

Methods. It first presents additional analyses of the 2001 Poverty in America Survey demonstrating that respondents' racial contexts are consistent predictors of attitudes toward poverty. Other contextual variables are not.

Results. The article then presents results from an exogenous shock—the post‐Katrina migration—to reinforce its claims. Despite the widespread understanding that the evacuees were not to blame for their situation, their arrival in Houston and Baton Rouge led to more individualistic explanations of poverty.

Conclusion. This article concludes that even in unlikely cases, racial contexts influence attitudes toward poverty.
Major Adverse Cardiac Events at Long‐Term Follow‐Up in Patients Treated With Single versus Multiple Stents during Single‐Vessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: SUKHIJA RISHI , ARONOW WILBERT S. , PALANISWAMY CHANDRASEKAR , SINGH TARUNJIT , AHN CHUL , KALAPATAPU KUMAR , CHATURVEDI BHAVNA , PUCILLO ANTHONY L. , SORBERA CARMINE , KAKAR PRIYANKA , WEISS MELVIN B. , MEHTA VIMAL , MONSEN CRAIG E.
Published: July 2009

Background: Although insertion of multiple stents into a single coronary vessel during single‐vessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is common, there are no data on long‐term occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients treated with multiple stents versus a single stent.

Methods: The incidence of MACE (death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) during long‐term follow‐up was investigated in 634 patients who underwent single‐vessel PCI. Of the 634 patients, 319 (50%) had a single stent, and 315 (50%) had multiple stents inserted. Stepwise Cox regression analyses were performed to identify significant independent prognostic factors for MACE.

Results: At 47‐month follow‐up, MACE occurred in 61 of 319 patients (19%) who had a single stent versus in 57 of 315 patients (18%) who had multiple stents (P not significant). Significant independent predictors of MACE were use of vein grafts (hazard ratio = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.24–3.03; P = 0.0038) and use of drug‐eluting stents (hazard ratio = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34–0.72; P = 0.0002).

Conclusions: At long‐term follow‐up of single‐vessel PCI, the incidence of MACE was similar in patients with multiple or single stents inserted even after controlling for the length of stents.
The Short‐Term Effect on Restenosis and Thrombosis of a Cobalt‐Chromium Stent Eluting Two Drugs in a Porcine Coronary Artery Model
Authors: HUANG YINGYING , VENKATRAMAN SUBBU S. , BOEY FREDDY Y. C. , UMASHANKAR P. R. , MOHANTY MIRA , ARUMUGAM SABAREESWARAN
Published: July 2009

The aim of this article was to study the effect of dual drug‐eluting stent (DES) on both restenosis and thrombosis in a porcine coronary artery model. This study reports on the use of two drugs coated on the stent to simultaneously minimize both restenosis and thrombosis. The DES was prepared by spray coating a bare metal stent with a biodegradable polymer loaded with sirolimus and triflusal, to treat against restenosis and thrombosis, respectively. The two‐layered dual drug‐coated stent was characterized in vitro for surface properties before and after expansion, as well as for possible delamination by cross‐sectioning the stent in vitro. In vivo animal studies (in a pig model) were then performed for acute thrombosis, inflammation, and restenosis. The results show a significant reduction in restenosis with a stent coated with both drugs compared with the controls (a bare metal stent, a sirolimus‐coated, and a pure polymer‐coated stent). The reduction in restenosis with a sirolimus/triflusal‐eluting stent is associated with an inhibition of inflammation and thrombus formation, suggesting that such dual DES have a role to play for the treatment of coronary artery diseases.
Ibuprofen Provides Analgesia Equivalent to Acetaminophen–Codeine in the Treatment of Acute Pain in Children with Extremity Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Friday Janet H. , Kanegaye John T. , McCaslin Ian , Zheng Amy , Harley Jim R.
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  This study compared the analgesic effectiveness of acetaminophen–codeine with that of ibuprofen for children with acute traumatic extremity pain, with the hypothesis that the two medications would demonstrate equivalent reduction in pain scores in an emergency department (ED) setting.

Methods:  This was a randomized, double‐blinded equivalence trial. Pediatric ED patients 5 to 17 years of age with acute traumatic extremity pain received acetaminophen–codeine (1 mg/kg as codeine, maximum 60 mg) or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, maximum 400 mg). The patients provided Color Analog Scale (CAS) pain scores at baseline and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after medication administration. The primary outcome measured was the difference in changes in pain score at 40 minutes, compared to a previously described minimal clinically significant change in pain score of 2 cm. The difference was defined as (change in ibuprofen CAS score from baseline) – (change in acetaminophen–codeine CAS score from baseline); negative values thus favor the ibuprofen group. Additional outcomes included need for rescue medication and adverse effects.

Results:  The 32 acetaminophen–codeine and the 34 ibuprofen recipients in our convenience sample had indistinguishable pain scores at baseline. The intergroup differences in pain score change at 20 minutes (−0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.5 to 0.3), 40 minutes (−0.4, 95% CI = −1.4 to 0.6), and 60 minutes (0.2, 95% CI = −0.8 to 1.2) were all less than 2 cm. Adverse effects were minimal: vomiting (one patient after acetaminophen–codeine), nausea (one patient after ibuprofen), and pruritus (one after acetaminophen–codeine). The three patients in each group who received rescue medications all had radiographically demonstrated fractures or dislocations.

Conclusions:  This study found similar performance of acetaminophen–codeine and ibuprofen in analgesic effectiveness among ED patients aged 5–17 years with acute traumatic extremity pain. Both drugs provided measurable analgesia. Patients tolerated them well, with few treatment failures and minimal adverse effects.
Characterizing traditionally defined periodontal disease in HIV+ adults
Authors: Vernon Lance T. , Demko Catherine A. , Whalen Christopher C. , Lederman Michael M. , Toossi Zahra , Wu Mianda , Han Yiping W. , Weinberg Aaron
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Results have varied from previous studies examining the level and extent of periodontal disease (PD) in HIV‐1 infected (HIV+) adults. These studies used different methodologies to measure and define PD and examined cohorts with divergent characteristics. Inconsistent methodological approaches may have resulted in the underestimation of traditionally‐defined PD in HIV+ individuals.

Objectives:  To characterize the level, extent and predictors (i.e. immunologic, microbiologic, metabolic and behavioral) of PD in an HIV+ cohort during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Study Design:  Cross‐sectional study.

Setting:  HIV+ adults receiving outpatient care at three major medical clinics in Cleveland, OH. Subjects were seen from May, 2005 to January, 2008.

Measurements:  Full‐mouth periodontal examinations included periodontal probing depth (PPD), recession (REC) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Subgingival plaque was assessed for DNA levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola by real‐time DNA PCR assays developed for each pathogen. Rather than using categories, we evaluated PD as three continuous variables based on the percent of teeth with ≥1 site per tooth with PPD ≥ 5mm, REC > 0 mm and CAL ≥ 4mm.

Results:  Participants included 112 HIV+ adults. Each subject had an average 38% (±24%) of their teeth with at least one site of PD ≥ 5 mm, 55% (±31%) of their teeth with at least one site of REC > 0 mm, and 50% (±32%) of their teeth with at least one site of CAL ≥ 4 mm. CD4+ T‐cell count <200 cells/mm3 was significantly associated with higher levels of REC and CAL, but not PPD. Greater levels of Pg DNA were associated with PPD, REC and CAL. By regression analysis, CD4+ T‐cell count <200 cells/mm3 had approximately twice the deleterious effect on CAL as did smoking (standardized β coefficient 0.306 versus 0.64). Annual dental visit compliance remained an independent predictor for lower levels of PD.

Conclusions:  The level and extent of PD were high in this cohort even though most patients were being treated with HAART. The definition of periodontal disease used and cohort characteristics examined can influence the level of periodontal disease reported in studies of persons with HIV. Traditional periodontal pathogens are associated with PD in this cohort. Those with CD4+ T‐cell counts <200 cells/mm3 are at greater risk for PD. Therefore, earlier HAART initiation may decrease exposure to immunosuppression and reduce PD morbidity. Continuity of dental care remains important for HIV+ patients even when they are being treated with HAART.
Follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular study comparing the primary benign form and the mycosis fungoides‐associated follicular mucinosis
Authors: Rongioletti Franco , De Lucchi Simona , Meyes Dan , Mora Marco , Rebora Alfredo , Zupo Simonetta , Cerruti Giannamaria , Patterson James W.
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To determine (i) whether primary (idiopathic) follicular mucinosis (PFM) and lymphoma‐associated follicular mucinosis (LAFM) are distinct or related entities and whether there are reliable criteria that allow the two forms to be distinguished, (ii) the histochemical properties and consequently the type of mucin that accumulates in the follicle in PFM and LAFM, and (iii) whether there is any difference between the staining properties of mucin in patients with PFM and LAFM.

Methods: Thirty‐one patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 20 patients with no associated mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome (PFM) and group 2 was made up of the other 11 patients who had clinicopathological evidence of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (LAFM). The biopsy specimens of the patients were studied with histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Molecular biology studies were also performed.

Results: Patients with PFM were more frequently younger (mean age 39 years), women (F:M=3:1), and presented with a solitary lesion involving the head/neck area more often than patients with LAFM who were older (mean age 54 years), men (M:F=2:1), and presented with multiple lesions on areas of the body other than the head/neck area. As for histopathological findings, large cystic spaces filled with mucin and a slight perivascular and periadnexal polyclonal infiltrate of mostly non‐atypical lymphocytes without epidermotropism and with an equivalent CD4+/CD8+ cell rate were more suggestive of PFM. On the contrary, patients with LAFM were more probably to present with a dense band‐like infiltrate with some atypical lymphocytes and sign of epidermotropism, a prominent CD4+ immunophenotype and a monoclonal rearrangement of the infiltrate. Mucin proved to be a dermal‐type mucin, composed of both hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. No differences were found in the composition of the follicular mucin in the PFM compared with LAFM.

Conclusions: Although no single, indisputable feature can reliably differentiate PFM from LAFM and a considerable overlapping among the two groups exists, the use of multiple clinical, histological and immunopathological criteria associated with gene rearrangement analysis can be useful in evaluation of those patients.
Giant clear cell hidradenoma of the knee
Authors: Yu Gengsheng , Goodloe Samuel , D'Angelis Christopher A. , McGrath Brian E. , Chen Frank
Published: July 2009

Hidradenomas, also referred to as nodular hidradenomas or clear cell hidradenomas (CCH), are benign cutaneous eccrine tumors usually 2–3 cm in dimension. Hidradenomas are relatively common; however, giant forms are rare. We report a case of an 8.0 × 6.0 × 3.0 cm clear cell hidradenoma of the left knee in a 43‐year‐old man. The tumor was mobile, located above the patellar tendon and was without bony involvement on imaging studies. Grossly, the resected tumor was unencapsulated and tan, with a solid and cystic cut surface showing papillary excrescences on the cyst wall. Microscopically, the tumor cells showed an infiltrative growth pattern at the periphery, however, the tumor cytology was bland and no necrosis or mitoses were identified. The overlying dermis contained hemosiderin pigment deposition and infiltration with eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin, CAM5.2, p53, carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and negative for CD10 and Ki‐67. The cytological features of hidradenomas can present diagnostic challenges, as other ‘clear cell’ tumors such as metastatic renal cell carcinoma should be considered. Immunohistochemical studies and differential diagnoses are discussed.

Yu G, Goodloe S, D’Angelis CA, McGrath BE, Chen F. Giant clear cell hidradenoma of the knee.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to skin
Authors: Nashed Catherine , Sakpal Sujit Vijay , Cherneykin Sergey , Chamberlain Ronald Scott
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous metastases are a rarity, even more so when they arise from a medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) which accounts for only 8% of all thyroid cancers. MTC arises from C‐cells that produce calcitonin, and it most commonly metastasizes to lymph nodes in the neck. Distant metastases of MTC may involve bone, lung and liver. We report a case of a 56‐year‐old man, who presented with an ulcerated, nodular lesion on his scalp that proved to be a metastasis from his MTC diagnosed 2 years earlier. Cutaneous metastases from MTC generally signify widespread disease and carry a poor prognosis. A case discussion and relevant review of the literature is provided.

Nashed C, Sakpal SV, Cherneykin S, Chamberlain RS. Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to skin.
Detection of renal impairment as one specific comorbidity factor in multiple myeloma: multicenter study in 198 consecutive patients
Authors: Kleber Martina , Ihorst Gabriele , Deschler Barbara , Jakob Christian , Liebisch Peter , Koch Bernd , Sezer Orhan , Engelhardt Monika
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  Comorbidity factors have been reported in cancer patients to predict progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Renal impairment (RI) is postulated as one negative prognostic factor in multiple myeloma (MM). The study aim was to detect the best way to define RI and the impact of different RI stages on MM outcome.

Methods:  In this multicenter analysis, we determined RI [serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft‐Gault] and other prognostic factors in 198 MM patients to ascertain their value on PFS and OS.

Results:  Median serum creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL in all patients, whereas the eGFR – being decreased with a median of 80 mL/min/1.73 m2– allowed to detect early stages of RI. Via univariate analysis, we observed increasing hazard ratios (HRs) for impaired OS with deteriorating eGFR: with eGFRMDRD<90 and <30, HRs were 1.3 and 2.9, respectively. Multivariate analysis determined RI with eGFR<30 and <50 as well as age >59 yr as most important variables for OS. By incorporating eGFR<30 as the most relevant factor determined via multivariate analysis and β2‐microglobulin (β2‐MG) in a novel MM‐risk score, we identified patients with significantly differing OS: median survival with 0, 1 or 2 risk factors were 71, 48, and 24 months, respectively.

Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate that RI is frequent in MM, best detected via eGFR determination and an important prognostic factor. eGFR in combination with β2‐MG allows definitive risk stratification with largely differing survival in MM.
Heat‐killed Propionibacterium acnes is capable of inducing inflammatory responses in skin
Authors: Lyte Peter , Sur Runa , Nigam Anu , Southall Michael D.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  The etiology of acne is a complex process, and acne is one of the most common skin disorders affecting millions of people. The pathogenesis of acne is closely associated with the bacterium, Propionibacterium acnes which was previously known as Corynebacterium parvum. Both viable and non‐viable P. acnes/C. parvum have been shown to induce an immunostimulatory effect in vivo, suggesting that even dead bacteria continue to activate an inflammatory response. Acne treatments with lasers or devices, induce a bactericidal effect through heat generation which may not address the immunogenic activity of P. acnes and the resulting acne inflammation. Therefore, we sought to determine whether killed P. acnes is capable of inducing an inflammatory response and therefore could be a contributing factor in acne. Direct heat treatment of P. acnes cultures with temperatures ranging from 50°C to 80°C reduced P. acnes viability. Both viable and heat‐killed P. acnes activated the p38 MAP kinase and its downstream substrate Hsp27. Stimulating keratinocytes with normal and heat‐inactivated P. acnes resulted in an induction of proinflammatory nitric oxide and IL‐8 production. Thus killed P. acnes is capable of inducing inflammation in skin suggesting that therapies that have both bactericidal and anti‐inflammatory effects may result in a more effective treatment of patients with acne than treatments that are bactericidal alone.
Genotype‐dependent interactions among sympatric Microcystis strains mediated by Daphnia grazing
Authors: Van Gremberghe Ineke , Vanormelingen Pieter , Vanelslander Bart , Van der Gucht Katleen , D'hondt Sofie , De Meester Luc , Vyverman Wim
Published: July 2009

Natural populations of the bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis are typically composed of several distinct genotypes. Using Microcystis strains that differ in growth rate, microcystin production and colony formation, we conducted a laboratory experiment in the presence and absence of a grazer, the water flea Daphnia, to investigate whether interactions among strains can be predicted from functional traits, and whether the outcome of competition between strains is influenced by a grazer. Two toxic and two non‐toxic Microcystis strains, isolated from a single lake, were grown during four weeks as single strains, in all possible combinations of two strains and all together, in the presence and absence of Daphnia magna. The relative abundance of strains in the populations was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and the growth rate of each strain in mixed populations was compared to its growth rate in monoculture to determine interactions between strains. The observed interactions were strain‐specific, and the relative abundances of strains in mixed populations could be partially explained by taking toxicity and colony formation into account. Importantly, some of the interactions were strongly altered by the presence of Daphnia. Daphnia induced colony formation in one strain, which then became a better competitor. Daphnia grazing also caused a higher evenness in the populations, both through a weakening of competitive interactions as well as by facilitation effects. Strong facilitation effects were due to non‐toxic strains benefiting from the protection offered by toxic strains in the presence of predation.

Overall, our results emphasize the presence of strong competitive interactions between Microcystis strains in the absence of grazing, whereas indirect positive interactions are prevalent in the presence of a generalist grazer. Our results suggest that differences in functional traits and grazer‐mediated facilitation effects may enhance coexistence of Microcystis strains, including toxic and non‐toxic strains.
Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats
Authors: Yang Zhi , Luo Wei , Hou Jingqiu , Zhao Zhihe , Jian Fan , Wamalwa Peter , Lai Wenli , Wang Jing , Wang Yan , Liao Zhenyu
Published: July 2009

The mechanism of orthodontic pain and discomfort is poorly understood partly because of the limited number of animal behavioral models for pain assessment. This study aimed to develop a behavioral model for assessment of tooth‐movement pain in rats using directed face‐grooming activity. Male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 200–300 g were used. They were videotaped on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 after experimental tooth movement and their directed face‐grooming behavior was evaluated. In addition, we also evaluated behavioral responses to the application of a progressively higher magnitude force and to multiple applications of an equal magnitude force. Finally, the effects of peripherally and systemically administered morphine and of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK‐801, on the behavioral responses were evaluated. The results indicated that time spent on directed face‐grooming activity increased dramatically after initiating experimental tooth movement. The change concurred with the initial orthodontic pain response. This behavioral change was reproducible and was related to force magnitude. Application of both systemic and peripheral morphine and MK‐801 could exert an analgesic effect on this pain model. These results suggest that directed face‐grooming behavior can be a reliable measure for tooth‐movement pain in rats, which could be widely used in investigating the orthodontic pain mechanism.