bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Directions in Braiding
Authors: Branscomb David , Beale David , Broughton Royall
Published: November 2018

It is the intent of this manuscript to provide a general treatment of braiding: past, present, and future. A history and evolution of braiding, braiding machinery, and related engineering developments is provided with emphasis on the design, manufacture, and analysis of braided fabrics and composites. Some recent developments are briefly described, including:

1. a composite braider with axial yarns which interlace with the helicals, and in which the helical yarns do not interlace with each other – a machine now under commercial development,

2. a new braided structure, called the true triaxial braid, produced by the new machine or by proper carrier loading on a conventional Maypole braider; and

3. a computer controlled take-up system using image analysis to monitor and control braid formation.

Original work ongoing at Auburn University is described and involves Jacquard lace braids with open structures for use in composites, computer aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacturing (CAM), and analysis of ordinary and lace braids for composite applications. This paper is an expanded version of an invited presentation under the title “New Directions in Braiding” at a Fiber Society presentation in Bursa, Turkey, in the spring of 2010 [1].
Thermal Behavior of Worsted Fabrics Produced from Different Yarn Spinning Systems
Authors: Mirdehghan Abolfazl , Saharkhiz Siamak , Nosraty Hooshang
Published: November 2018

This paper describes an experimental study of the impact of yarn structure on the thermal properties of worsted fabric. In this study, four different spun yarn structures (Solo, Siro, and single ply and two ply Ring) were woven into four fabric structures (Plain, Twill2/1, Twill2/2 and Basket2/2) and their thermal properties were studied. In addition, the thermal behavior of finished and unfinished samples was also evaluated. Results showed that the finishing process causes an increase in thermal conductivity and warmth to weight factor and a decrease in thermal insulation. Different spinning systems, also affect the thermal properties of the worsted fabrics.

Samples with Siro yarns in the weft were found to have the highest thermal conductivity and those made from single ply weft yarn the lowest thermal conductivity. A relation between fabric thermal insulation and air permeability and thickness was also found.
The Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Acid Dye on Nylon6 with Different Amounts of Titania and Fiber Cross Sectional Shape
Authors: Tayebi Habib-Allah , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail , Rashidi Abousaeed , Khajavi Ramin , Montazer Majid
Published: November 2018

The adsorption of acid dye on nylon6 yarns with different amounts of Titania (0.03% and 0.3% wt.) and the rate of adsorption with various fiber cross-sectional shapes (circular and triangular) were studied. According to results, dye adsorption rates in yarns increase by changing the cross-sectional shape from circular to triangular and by decreasing the amount of TiO2. The rates of dyeing were calculated at different temperatures, values of activation energy, standard affinities, entropies, and enthalpies. The results indicate that increasing the temperature leads to decreases in the values of partition ratio and affinity. Moreover, from the analysis of the thermodynamics of dyeing, the enthalpic and entropic terms were found to be negative. It was noted that the adsorption of acid dye on nylon6 was an exothermic process. The adsorption isotherm was tested by fitting the adsorption data with Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, and Dubinin– Radushkevichisotherms. Result show that the adsorption isotherm of acid dye on nylon6 is Langmuir type.
Investigation on the Relation between Structure Parameters and Sensing Properties of Knitted Strain Sensor under Strip Biaxial Elongation
Authors: Xie Juan , Long Hairu
Published: November 2018

Knitted strain sensors with different specifications were made from silver-coated conductive yarn and elastic insulating filament with plating-jacquard technique on a SANTONI seamless knitting machine. The arrangements between conductive loops and insulating loops in a structure unit were varied to investigate the effect of the sensor's structures and parameters on sensitivity and repeatability. The influence of fabric density was explored for designing sensing mechanisms. The sensors were also fabricated with different conductive areas by altering the size of the sensing area. The sensing properties of the sensors were assessed by testing their resistance variations under strip biaxial elongation. The results show that knitted strain sensors with various loop arrangements have shown distinct sensitivity and sensing repeatability. Sensors with different fabric densities display good resistance repeatability under both strip biaxial elongation. In addition, the increment of conductive loop wales makes larger resistance variation of sensors with equal numbers of conductive loop courses, and sensors including similar conductive wales tend to have smaller resistance variation at the highest strain level with the growth of conductive courses.
Effects of Silane Debonder on the Properties of Fluff Pulp and the Study of Relevant Mechanism
Authors: Shaanxi Yongjian Xu , Shaanxi Yuzhen Ning , Zuo Leigang , Shaanxi Hao Sun
Published: November 2018

The influence of silane debonder on the properties of fluff pulp fibers was investigated. The results showed that the burst index and internal bond strength of pulp sheet decreased with the increasing debonder loading. The density and zero-span tensile strength didn't change significantly when the debonder was added. The absorption capacity of fiber increased with increasing the de-bonder loading and achieved a maximum value of 10.3 g·g-1 when the debonder loading was 2.5%. The relevant mechanism was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). XRD analysis indicated that the debonder had no great influence on the crystal structure of fiber. FT-IR analysis results showed that it was easier to break the intermolecular hydrogen bond than the intramolecular hydrogen bond with the incorporation of debonder. Therefore, the proportion of intramolecular hydrogen was increased. The EDAX results indicated that the debonder can decrease the binding force of fiber by shielding the hydroxyl groups and preventing the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Multicomponent Composite Emulsion Treated Geotextile on Landfill with Improved Long-Term Stability and Security
Authors: Long Xiaoyun , He Lifen , Zhang Yan , Ge Mingqiao
Published: November 2018

Polypropylene geotextiles were treated with multicomponent composite emulsion consist of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nona-silica and fluorous acrylate. After process of treatment, the treated geotextiles showed greater long-term stability and security than untreated geotextiles on the landfill slope. Firstly, the surface of fibers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite thin film was found on them, indicating the successful attachment of ternary composite agents on fibers through pad-drying method. Subsequently, the effect of weathering stability and metallic ions (cupric ions usually) resistance on mechanical properties of samples were studied by using tensile machine. The friction angle values of various interfaces and tension in geotextile versus slope angle were also studied via tilt table test. Our mechanics performance tests indicated that the weathering ability and cupric ions resistance of geotextile were greatly improved via treatment with the composite emulsion. The roughness of geotextile surface, the friction angles of all interfaces and tension in geotextile on landfill slope were decreased.
The influence of axial-flow fan trailing edge structure on internal flow
Authors: Zhang Weijie , Yuan Jianping , Zhou Banglun , Li Hao , Yuan Ye
Published: November 2018

Axial-flow fan with advantages such as large air volume, high head pressure, and low noise is commonly used in the work of air-conditioner outdoor unit. In order to investigate the internal flow mechanism of the axial-flow fan with different trailing edge structures of impellers, four kinds of impellers were designed, and numerical simulation and experiment were deployed in this article. The pressure distribution on the blades surface and distribution of vorticity in impellers were obtained using numerical simulation. Distribution of blade loading and velocity at the circumference are discussed. The relationship between the wideband noise and the trailing edge was established based on the experiment results. The results show that after the optimization of the trailing edge structure, the distribution of vorticity near the trailing edge of the blade is more uniform, especially at the trailing edge of 80% of the chord length of the suction surface. From the blade height position of 70% to the impeller tip, the pressure on the surface rapidly increases due to the tip vortex and the vortex shedding on the blade edge occurred in the top region of impeller. The pressure fluctuation amplitude at the trailing edge structure of the tail-edge optimization structure is smaller. In the distribution of blade loading, the three tail-edge optimization structures have smaller pressure fluctuations and pressure differences at the trailing edge structure. It is extremely important to control the fluctuation amplitude at the trailing edge. The amplitude of low-frequency sound pressure level of optimizing the trailing edge structure decreases obviously in the range of 50–125 Hz, and the optimization structure of trailing edge has an obvious effect on low-frequency wideband noise.
Conditional estimation and inference to address observed covariate imbalance in randomized clinical trials
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Tang Linli , Liu Chunling , Berger Vance W
Published: November 2018

Background

Baseline covariate imbalance (between treatment groups) is a common problem in randomized clinical trials which often raises questions about the validity of trial results. Answering these questions requires careful consideration of the statistical implications of covariate imbalance. The possibil ity of having covariate imbalance contributes to the marginal variance of an unadjusted treatment difference estimator, which can be reduced by making appropriate adjustments. Actual observed imbalance introduces a conditional bias into an unadjusted estimator, which may increase the conditional size of an unadjusted test.

Methods

This article provides conditional estimation and inference procedures to address the conditional bias due to observed imbalance. Interestingly, it is possible to use the same adjusted treatment difference estimator to address the marginal variance issue and the conditional bias issue associated with covariate imbalance. Its marginal variance estimator tends to be conservative for conditional inference, and we propose a conditionally appropriate variance estimator. We also provide an estimator of the conditional bias in an unadjusted treatment difference estimator, together with a conditional variance estimator.

Results

The proposed methodology is illustrated with real data from a stroke trial and evaluated in simulation experiments based on the same trial. The simulation results show that covariate imbalance can result in a substantial conditional bias and that the proposed methods deal with the conditional bias quite effectively.

Discussion

We recommend that the proposed methodology be used routinely to address the observed covariate imbalance in randomized clinical trials.
Strategic inclusion of regions in multiregional clinical trials
Authors: Song Seung Yeon , Chee Deborah , Kim EunYoung
Published: November 2018

Background

With the recent publication of the International Conference on Harmonisation E17 guideline and major reforms in China underway, the platform for clinical trial conduct is expected to change. This study aims to assess the strategic inclusion of regions in clinical trials and its change in trends over the past decade.

Methods

The ClinicalTrials.gov registry was searched for clinical trials registered by the top 10 pharmaceutical companies between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2017. Extracted data included phase, disease type, intervention, study start year, and region. Trial type was classified as either a local study or a multiregional clinical trial as per the International Conference on Harmonisation E17 guideline.

Results

Of 2488 phase I, 1855 phase II, and 1999 phase III trials included, the majority of phase I trials were local studies (76.8%), while the majority of phase II (66.0%) and phase III (72.2%) trials were multiregional clinical trials. The proportion of multiregional clinical trials showed an increasing trend for all phases ( p < 0.01). Although North America and Europe remained the main locations, increasing trends of inclusion of other regions, such as East Asia, were noted.

Conclusion

Globalization of drug development is evident with the increasing trend of multiregional clinical trial. Regulatory authorities as well as the pharmaceutical industry should prepare for the evolving setting of clinical research and problems that can arise from these changes.
Diaspora and the nation: The case of the TeNA online forum
Authors: Inukonda Sumanth
Published: November 2018

First-generation Asian Americans are noted to be more involved in the politics back home than in the politics of the United States. The studies invested in analysing the causes for such attitudes have so far neglected examination of material interests that the recent immigrants might have in their homelands. This study analyses the politically active Telangana online community, which was involved in a struggle for separation. This article argues that the complex patterns of resistance and hegemonic co-option in the Telangana movement can be understood by situating the texts within the wider context of social and institutional practices both in the home and host societies. This article identifies five key frames with which to analyse the political engagement of the Telangana diaspora: identifying victims and enemies, asserting cultural difference, articulating relations with the host country and transnational actors, negotiating globalization, and conflicts over resources. The article concludes that critical scholarly engagement with the diaspora requires theorization that goes beyond the study of marginal voices in the public sphere and forges new connections between globalization, political processes, state and the media.
Serving the same interests: The Wood Green ricin plot, media–state–terror relations and the ‘terrorism’ dispositif
Authors: Ahmad Jared
Published: November 2018

This article analyses the representations of terrorism that arise out of the BBC’s coverage of the Wood Green ricin plot (2003), the first instance of al-Qaeda-related activity in the UK during the ‘war on terror’. Inspired by the work of Michel Foucault, the article suggests that the BBC’s representations form part of an emergent ‘terrorism’ dispositif, or apparatus, which draws together seemingly disparate and antagonistic groups into a strategic, mutually-sustaining alliance. The analysis focuses on two weeks of BBC ‘News at Ten’ bulletins, alongside speeches and press releases issued by the Prime Minister and statements released by al-Qaeda’s leadership. In particular, the article suggests that the BBC’s representations inadvertently work to the advantage of elements within al-Qaeda and the British executive due to the fact that they portray the Wood Green events in ways that are tactically useful to both groups. As such, the article not only provides substantive new empirical insights into the way representations of terrorism were mobilized in the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but also shows how Foucauldian concepts can provide creative and innovative analytical tools for understanding the dynamics of the contemporary media–state–terrorism relationship.
The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange ejection fraction: a post hoc subgroup analysis from the PEACE trial
Authors: Alzahrani Talal , Tiu John , Panjrath Gurusher , Solomon Allen
Published: November 2018

Background:

There have been significant advances in the treatment of patients with cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction (EF < 40%). However, there is a dearth of information in the treatment of patients with cardiomyopathy and midrange EF (40–50%). Current guidelines state to treat these patients similarly to patients with cardiomyopathy and preserved EF. Data from the Prevention of Events with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition (PEACE) trial were used to elucidate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors improve clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange EF.

Methods:

A post hoc subgroup analysis of the PEACE trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of ACE inhibitors in a subgroup of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange EF (40–50%). A Chi-square test and a Student‘s t-test were used to examine and compare the binary and continuous variables of baseline characteristics and outcomes between experimental and comparison groups.

Results:

We studied a subgroup of patients from the PEACE trial with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange EF ( n = 2512 of 8290 total patients). Patients were assigned to either the interventional group ( n = 1247) or the placebo group ( n = 1265). There were no significant differences in baseline demographic and health characteristics between the two groups. During a total of 7 years (mean 4.7 years) of follow up, the risk of composite outcomes [all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke; relative risk (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–0.98; p = 0.03] and all-cause mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73–0.99; p = 0.03) was reduced in patients treated with trandolapril.

Conclusion:

This study revealed the benefit of ACE inhibitors among patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and midrange EF.
Advances and challenges in the management of advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Sayiner Mehmet , Lam Brian , Golabi Pegah , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: November 2018

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common type of chronic liver disease worldwide. From the spectrum of NAFLD, it is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that predominantly predisposes patients to higher risk for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is growing evidence that the risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is not uniform among all patients with NASH. In fact, NASH patients with increasing numbers of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, visceral obesity and dyslipidemia are at a higher risk of mortality. Additionally, patients with higher stage of liver fibrosis are also at increased risk of mortality. In this context, NASH patients with fibrosis are in the most urgent need of treatment. Also, the first line of treatment for NASH is lifestyle modification with diet and exercise. Nevertheless, the efficacy of lifestyle modification is quite limited. Additionally, vitamin E and pioglitazone may be considered for subset of patients with NASH. There are various medications targeting one or more steps in the pathogenesis of NASH being developed. These drug regimens either alone or in combination, may provide potential treatment option for patients with NASH.
Iatrogenic Paradoxical Stroke in a Patient With Catheter-Associated Thrombosis and Systemic-to-Pulmonary Venous Shunt
Authors: Policastro Lucas J. , Koci Kristaq
Published: November 2018

Paradoxical embolism occurs when thrombotic material traverses a right-to-left shunt. We describe the first case of paradoxical stroke resulting from manipulation of a disused chemotherapy port. Contrast studies revealed that the mechanism was systemic-to-pulmonary venous shunt, in which systemic veins drain into the left atrium via collaterals. Chronically thrombosed central venous catheters may result in venous stenosis and shunt formation, exposing patients to risks of paradoxical stroke, acute coronary syndrome, hypoxemia, and other complications. This case highlights the life-threatening complications that may result from neglect of an implantable central venous catheter. Preventative measures are to promptly recognize and treat catheter-related thrombosis and to remove unneeded catheters.
Fecal microbiota transplantation with frozen capsules for a patient with refractory acute gut graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Kaito Satoshi , Toya Takashi , Yoshifuji Kota , Kurosawa Shuhei , Inamoto Kyoko , Takeshita Kozue , Suda Wataru , Kakihana Kazuhiko , Honda Kenya , Hattori Masahira , Ohashi Kazuteru
Published: November 2018

Key Points

Bacterial diversity was restored after FMT with oral frozen capsules, with improvement of diarrhea. Oral FMT for steroid-refractory acute gGVHD is feasible and could be effective.
Sirtuin 3 deficiency aggravates contrast-induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Zhang Qinghai , Liu Xun , li Na , Zhang Jihong , Yang Jianmin , Bu Peili
Published: November 2018

Background

Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is a key regulator of energy metabolism and oxidative stress. To investigate the role of Sirt3 in contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI), we established the model both in vivo and in vitro to explore the potential mechanisms.

Methods

In vivo, we established CIAKI models in wild-type (WT) and Sirt3-knockout (Sirt3-KO) mice. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and creatinine clearance were also investigated. We detected the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via 2′7′-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate. The expressions of Sirt3, oxidative stress and apoptosis related markers (MnSOD, Catalase, Acetyl-MnSOD K68, Nox4, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase3) were measured and analyzed. In addition, we observed the effect of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on CIAKI in WT and Sirt3-KO mice. In vitro, Sirt3 was knocked out by siRNA transfection method in HK-2 cells. Sirt3, ROS, oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in HK-2 cells were also measured.

Results

Our data demonstrated that the levels of Scr and BUN in Sirt3-KO mice were increased while the levels of the GFR and creatinine clearance were decreased in CIAKI mice. In Sirt3-KO or siRNA groups, the activities of MnSOD and Catalase were markedly down-regulated. Also, the expression of Caspase3 were markedly increased and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased, while the ROS level was increased in Sirt3 deficiency groups. NR ameliorated CIAKI in WT mice but not in Sirt3-KO mice.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that Sirt3 deficiency aggravates contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Sirt3 is critical in NR-mediated renoprotection in CIAKI.
Becoming a “Science Person”: Faculty Recognition and the Development of Cultural Capital in the Context of Undergraduate Biology Research
Authors: Thompson Jennifer Jo , Jensen-Ryan Danielle
Published: November 2018

We argue that cultural capital plays an underexamined role in students’ recognition as budding scientists by faculty. By triangulating interview data from undergraduates and faculty mentors in a multi-institutional biology research network, we identified a set of intersecting domains of capital that help render students recognizable to faculty. We argue that faculty recognition often reflects a (mis)alignment between the cultural capital that students possess and display and what faculty expect to see. To understand why mis- or underrecognition occurs, and how this influenced students’ opportunities to further develop cultural capital, we explored our data set for patterns of explanation. Several key themes cut across students’ experiences and influenced their recognition by faculty: Faculty more easily recognized students interested in research science trajectories and those involved in institutional programs to support science, technology, engineering, and mathematics success. Students with competing family responsibilities struggled to maintain faculty recognition. Finally, faculty who broadened their scopes of recognition were able to affirm the science identities of students with fewer incoming cultural resources in science and support their development of capital. Students can and do develop scientific cultural capital through practice, but this requires access to research and mentorship that explicitly teaches students the implicit “rules of the game.”
“Is This Class Hard?” Defining and Analyzing Academic Rigor from a Learner’s Perspective
Authors: Wyse Sara A. , Soneral Paula A. G.
Published: November 2018

Despite its value in higher education, academic rigor is a challenging construct to define for instructor and students alike. How do students perceive academic rigor in their biology course work? Using qualitative surveys, we asked students to identify “easy” or “hard” courses and define which aspects of these learning experiences contributed to their perceptions of academic rigor. The 100-level students defined hard courses primarily in affective terms, responding to stressors such as fast pacing, high workload, unclear relevance to their life or careers, and low faculty support. In contrast, 300-level students identified cognitive complexity as a contributor to course rigor, but course design elements—alignment between instruction and assessments, faculty support, active pedagogy—contributed to the ease of the learning process. Overwhelmingly, all students identified high faculty support, learner-centered course design, adequate prior knowledge, and active, well-scaffolded pedagogy as significant contributors to a course feeling easy. Active-learning courses in this study were identified as both easy and hard for the very reasons they are effective: they simultaneously challenge and support student learning. Implications for the design and instruction of rigorous active-learning college biology experiences are discussed.
Assessing the Training and Research Environment for Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Immunology in Radiation Oncology
Authors: Mouw Kent W. , Beck Tyler F. , Keen Judith C. , Dicker Adam P.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To assess radiation oncologists’ perceptions of training and research opportunities in the fields of genomics, bioinformatics, and immunology.

Materials and Methods

A 13-item electronic survey was sent to 101 radiation oncology department chairs and administrators. A separate 30-item electronic survey was sent to 132 members of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Science Council as well as to 565 members of the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology. Survey responses were collected, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Twenty-six department chairs and 91 general respondents submitted responses. Among general respondents, 69% were current trainees and 31% had completed training. The majority of respondents (92%) were affiliated with an academic/university main campus. Approximately half of respondents (43% to 53%) reported no prior formal training in bioinformatics, genomics, or immunology. More than half of department chairs (54% to 58%) and general respondents (57% to 63%) thought that current training opportunities in these areas were absolutely or moderately insufficient. A majority of respondents (53% to 65%) thought that additional training in these areas would provide opportunity for career advancement, and 80% could identify a current or future research project that additional training in these fields would allow them to pursue. More than half of respondents expressed interest in attending a formal training course, and the majority of department chairs (22 of 26 [85%]) reported that they would probably or definitely send trainees or faculty members to a formal training course.

Conclusion

Among radiation oncologists surveyed, there is a perceived lack of current training opportunities in bioinformatics, genomics, and immunology. A majority of respondents reported an interest in obtaining additional training in these areas and believed that training would provide opportunity for career advancement.
SELECT: A Phase II Trial of Adjuvant Erlotinib in Patients With Resected Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Mutant Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Pennell Nathan A. , Neal Joel W. , Chaft Jamie E. , Azzoli Christopher G. , Jänne Pasi A. , Govindan Ramaswamy , Evans Tracey L. , Costa Daniel B. , Wakelee Heather A. , Heist Rebecca S. , Shapiro Marc A. , Muzikansky Alona , Murthy Sudish , Lanuti Michael , Rusch Valerie W. , Kris Mark G. , Sequist Lecia V.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Given the pivotal role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in advanced EGFR-mutant non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we tested adjuvant erlotinib in patients with EGFR-mutant early-stage NSCLC.

Materials and Methods

In this open-label phase II trial, patients with resected stage IA to IIIA (7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) EGFR-mutant NSCLC were treated with erlotinib 150 mg per day for 2 years after standard adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. The study was designed for 100 patients and powered to demonstrate a primary end point of 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) greater than 85%, improving on historic data of 76%.

Results

Patients (N = 100) were enrolled at seven sites from January 2008 to May 2012; 13% had stage IA disease, 32% had stage IB disease, 11% had stage IIA disease, 16% had stage IIB disease, and 28% had stage IIIA disease. Toxicities were typical of erlotinib; there were no grade 4 or 5 adverse events. Forty percent of patients required erlotinib dose reduction to 100 mg per day and 16% to 50 mg per day. The intended 2-year course was achieved in 69% of patients. The median follow-up was 5.2 years, and 2-year DFS was 88% (96% stage I, 78% stage II, 91% stage III). Median DFS and overall survival have not been reached; 5-year DFS was 56% (95% CI, 45% to 66%), 5-year overall survival was 86% (95% CI, 77% to 92%). Disease recurred in 40 patients, with only four recurrences during erlotinib treatment. The median time to recurrence was 25 months after stopping erlotinib. Of patients with recurrence who underwent rebiopsy (n = 24; 60%), only one had T790M mutation detected. The majority of patients with recurrence were retreated with erlotinib (n = 26; 65%) for a median duration of 13 months.

Conclusion

Patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with adjuvant erlotinib had an improved 2-year DFS compared with historic genotype-matched controls. Recurrences were rare for patients receiving adjuvant erlotinib, and patients rechallenged with erlotinib after recurrence experienced durable benefit.
PEPCK1 Antisense Oligonucleotide Prevents Adiposity and Impairs Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in High-Fat Male Fed Rats
Authors: Beddow Sara A , Gattu Arijeet K , Vatner Daniel F , Paolella Lauren , Alqarzaee Abdulelah , Tashkandi Nedda , Popov Violeta B , Church Christopher D , Rodeheffer Matthew S , Cline Gary W , Geisler John G , Bhanot Sanjay , Samuel Varman T
Published: November 2018

The increased hepatic gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus has often been ascribed to increased transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cystolic form (PEPCK1), although recent evidence has questioned this attribution. To assess the metabolic role of PEPCK1, we treated regular chow fed and high-fat fed (HFF) male Sprague-Dawley rats with a 2′-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against PEPCK1 and compared them with control ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO effectively decreased PEPCK1 expression in the liver and white adipose tissue. In chow fed rats, PEPCK1 ASO did not alter adiposity, plasma glucose, or insulin. In contrast, PEPCK1 ASO decreased the white adipose tissue mass in HFF rats but without altering basal rates of lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis, or glyceroneogenesis in vivo. Despite the protection from adiposity, hepatic insulin sensitivity was impaired in HFF PEPCK1 ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO worsened hepatic steatosis, although without additional impairments in hepatic insulin signaling or activation of inflammatory signals in the liver. Instead, the development of hepatic insulin resistance and the decrease in hepatic glycogen synthesis during a hyperglycemic clamp was attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) expression and decreased synthesis of glycogen via the direct pathway. The decrease in GCK expression was associated with increased expression of activating transcription factor 3, a negative regulator of GCK transcription. These studies have demonstrated that PEPCK1 is integral to coordinating cellular metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, although it does not directly effect hepatic glucose production or adipose glyceroneogenesis.
SETDB1 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell fate determination by ensuring BMP signaling
Authors: Mochizuki Kentaro , Tando Yukiko , Sekinaka Tamotsu , Otsuka Kei , Hayashi Yohei , Kobayashi Hisato , Kamio Asuka , Ito-Matsuoka Yumi , Takehara Asuka , Kono Tomohiro , Osumi Noriko , Matsui Yasuhisa
Published: November 2018

In mouse embryos, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are fate-determined from epiblast cells. Signaling pathways involved in PGC formation have been identified, but their epigenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 is an epigenetic regulator of PGC fate determination. Setdb1-deficient embryos exhibit drastic reduction of nascent PGCs. Dppa2, Otx2 and Utf1 are de-repressed whereas mesoderm development-related genes, including BMP4 signaling-related genes, are downregulated by Setdb1 knockdown during PGC-like cell (PGCLC) induction. In addition, binding of SETDB1 is observed at the flanking regions of Dppa2, Otx2 and Utf1 in cell aggregates containing PGCLCs, and trimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 is reduced by Setdb1 knockdown at those regions. Furthermore, DPPA2, OTX2 and UTF1 binding is increased in genes encoding BMP4 signaling-related proteins, including SMAD1. Finally, overexpression of Dppa2, Otx2 and Utf1 in cell aggregates containing PGCLCs results in the repression of BMP4 signaling-related genes and PGC determinant genes. We propose that the localization of SETDB1 to Dppa2, Otx2 and Utf1, and subsequent repression of their expression, are crucial for PGC determination by ensuring BMP4 signaling.
Nε-lysine acetylation in the endoplasmic reticulum – a novel cellular mechanism that regulates proteostasis and autophagy
Authors: Farrugia Mark A. , Puglielli Luigi
Published: November 2018

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) take many shapes, have many effects and are necessary for cellular homeostasis. One of these PTMs, Nε-lysine acetylation, was thought to occur only in the mitochondria, cytosol and nucleus, but this paradigm was challenged in the past decade with the discovery of lysine acetylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process is governed by the ER acetylation machinery: the cytosol:ER-lumen acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 (also known as SLC33A1), and the ER-resident lysine acetyltransferases ATase1 and ATase2 (also known as NAT8B and NAT8, respectively). This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases.
Lateral line sensitivity in free swimming toadfish,Opsanus tau
Authors: Mensinger Allen F. , Van Wert Jacey C. , Rogers Loranzie S.
Published: November 2018

A longstanding question in aquatic animal sensory physiology is the impact of self-generated movement on lateral line sensitivity. One hypothesis is that efferent modulation of the sensory hair cells cancels self-generated noise and allows fish to sample their surroundings while swimming. In the current experiments, microwire electrodes were chronically implanted into the anterior lateral line nerve of oyster toadfish and neural activity was monitored during forward movement. Fish were allowed to freely swim or were moved by a tethered sled. In all cases, neural activity increased during movement with no evidence of efferent modulation. The anterior lateral line of moving fish responded to a vibrating sphere or the tail oscillations of a robotic fish, indicating that the lateral line also remains sensitive to outside stimulus during self-generated movement. The results suggest that during normal swim speeds, lateral line neuromasts are not saturated and retain the ability to detect external stimuli without efferent modulation.
Gold-Treated Silver Nanoparticles Have Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Harada Ayaka , Ichimaru Hiroaki , Kawagoe Takayuki , Tsushida Masayuki , Niidome Yasuro , Tsutsuki Hiroyasu , Sawa Tomohiro , Niidome Takuro
Published: November 2018

Silver nanoparticles are known to have strong antibacterial activity and constitute a novel material to treat infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles is influenced by two important factors, their high dispersion stability and their release of silver ions. In this study, silver nanoparticles were treated with gold ions. The resultant Ag/Au nanoparticles were a hollow-shaped alloy made of silver and gold atoms. The antibacterial activity of the Ag/Au nanoparticles against the pathogenic bacteria S. Typhimurium was stronger than the original silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the release of silver ions from the hollowed Ag/Au nanoparticles was higher than the original silver nanoparticles. The existence of gold atoms on the silver metal and chloride ions in the medium likely enhanced the release of silver ions from the nanoparticles. The gold treatment of silver nanoparticles is an effective method to improve their antimicrobial activity.
Single versus Split Dose of Iron Optimizes Hemoglobin Mass Gains at 2106 m Altitude
Authors: HALL REBECCA , PEELING PETER , NEMETH ELIZABETA , BERGLAND DAN , MCCLUSKEY WALTER T. P. , STELLINGWERFF TRENT
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To determine if a single versus a split equivalent daily dose of elemental iron was superior for hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) gains at altitude while minimizing gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort.

Methods

Twenty-four elite runners attended a 3.1 ± 0.3 wk training camp (Flagstaff, AZ; 2106 m). A two-group design, randomized and stratified to baseline Hbmass, sex, and ferritin (>30 μ·L−1), was implemented daily as: 1) single dose of 1 × 200 mg (pm only, SINGLE) versus 2) split dose of 2 × 100 mg (am and pm; SPLIT) elemental iron (ferrous fumarate). The Hbmass and venipuncture assessments were completed upon arrival and departure (±2 d) from camp for ferritin, hepcidin, and erythroferrone (ERFE) concentrations. Validated food frequency, GI distress, menstrual blood loss (MBL) and training questionnaires were implemented throughout. Univariate analysis was used to compare Hbmass, with baseline ferritin, dietary iron intake, MBL, and training volume used as covariates.

Results

Both conditions increased Hbmass from baseline (P < 0.05), with SINGLE (867.3 ± 47.9 g) significantly higher than SPLIT (828.9 ± 48.9 g) (P = 0.048). The GI scores were worse in SINGLE for weeks 1 and 2 combined (SINGLE, 18.0 ± 6.7 points; SPLIT, 11.3 ± 6.9 points; P = 0.025); however, GI scores improved by week 3, resulting in no between-group differences (P = 0.335). Hepcidin significantly decreased over time (P = 0.043) in SINGLE, with a nonsignificant decrease evident in SPLIT (~22%). ERFE significantly decreased in both groups (~28.5%; P < 0.05). No between-group differences existed for ERFE, hepcidin, food frequency, MBL, or daily training outcomes (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

A single nightly 200-mg dose of elemental iron was superior to a split dose for optimizing Hbmass changes at altitude in runners over an approximately 3-wk training camp.
METCALFA (METCALFA PRUINOSA SAY) INVASIVE PEST IN THE KRASNODAR REGION, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS MONITORING
Authors: Абдрахманова Александра , Abdrakhmanova Alexandra , Собина Алёна , Sobina Alyona , Яковук Владимир , Yakovuk Vladimir , Падалка Сергей , Padalka Sergey , Пачкин Алексей , Pachkin Aleksey , Балахнина Ирина , Balakhnina Irina
Published: November 2018

This paper presents the results of studying the distribution of a potentially hazardous invasive phytophagous insect Metcalfa pruinosa Say, also known as citrus flatid plant hopper, in Krasnodar functional urban areas. We have determined orchard plants which are preferred hosts of this species including some conifers. Also white sticky traps were tested as an instrument for monitoring the plant hopper
Equine gastric ulcers: an update
Authors: Witherow Briony
Published: November 2018

Briony Witherow MSc RNutr. Practical Equine Nutrition, discusses what is equine gastric ulcer syndrome, and what can we do about it?
The veterinary surgeon, the horse owner and EGUS
Authors: Barnard Lizzie
Published: November 2018

Lizzie Barnard BA, MSc, E-SQP, Product Manager Norbrook Laboratories, evaluates the owner/veterinary surgeon relationship and quality of information exchange
Problems associated with equine deciduous teeth
Authors: English Gemma
Published: November 2018

Gemma English, BAEDT, discusses the juvenile equine mouth
Monitoring biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the Patients Know Best electronic portal: pilot study of uptake, acceptability and outcomes
Authors: Kamperidis Nikolaos , O'Connor Marian , Arebi Naila
Published: November 2018

Background:

The number of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on biologics in the UK is increasing; this and the expansion of available drugs have contributed to delays in delivering treatment. E-health applications, such as the Patients Know Best (PKB) personal online healthcare record system, can improve efficiency of patient management in stable IBD. This pilot study aimed to explore the uptake, acceptability and outcomes of PKB in the management of patients starting biologics.

Methods:

IBD patients prescribed biologics were invited to register and trained online. The authors measured the number of new starters, PKB registrants, time intervals to treatment and the nature of online activity. Patients using the application received an evaluation questionnaire 6 months after enrolment.

Results:

Out of 40 patients newly started on biologics, 33 years were included, with a mean (SD) age of 44.3 (13.3) years. The mean time interval from decision to treatment administration was 82.7 days (44.0). Ten patients raised at least one issue on PKB; 45 new issues were raised, mostly relevant to active disease (18/45), adverse events of treatments (6/45) and the funding application process (5/45)—39 were resolved online. Of patients, 16 answered the questionnaire, and 11 found it at least somewhat helpful. More training was requested.

Conclusions:

The use of PKB did not accelerate the process of drug administration. However, patients engaged with the use of the platform, several issues were raised and most of these were resolved electronically. Regular training and individual treatment plans for patients starting biologics may optimise PKB's use for long-term monitoring.
Girlhood, bride-kidnapping and the postsocialist moment in Mángshān (Blind Mountain) (Li, 2007) and Boz Salkyn (Pure Coolness) (Abdyjaparov, 2007)
Authors: Taylor-Jones Kate
Published: November 2018

China and Kyrgyzstan are at the point of national development where the interplay between a national past and a globalized future is still hotly debated. Both nations are at the crux of the global questions related to the universal dilemmas posed by the collapse of the revolutionary socialist challenge to the hegemony of capitalism. This article will examine the interplay between gender and the vision of postsocialist modernity that is found in two films. Blind Mountain (Li, 2007) and Pure Coolness (Abdyjaparov, 2007) both present the respective stories of teenagers forced into marriage as part of a ‘tradition’ that is supported by the broader local community (as opposed to being the act of an individual male kidnapper). I will explore how the girl simultaneously represents a vision of a localized space while operating as an indicative sign of cultural difference. In short, she is the site of the transmission of ideals of gender and modernity between moments in national development. We, therefore, see the girl caught in the crosshair of modernity, sexuality, tradition, nostalgia and capitalism in communities that, as will be explored, are struggling to find a sense of self in the Asian postsocialist moment.
Ancho de banda en superficies selectivas en frecuencia tipo cruz de dipolo
Authors: Rodríguez-Barrera Mario Alberto , Carpes-Jr Walter Pereira
Published: November 2018

A continuación, se presentan los resultados de la implementación del modelo de circuito equivalente (MCE) acoplado con el método de las matrices en cascada (MMC) para la determinación del ancho de banda en superficies selectivas en frecuencia (SSF) tipo cruz de dipolo. Lo modelos de permitividad efectiva del dieléctrico en SSF facilitan determinar el efecto del material aislante usado como soporte de los elementos resonantes, en relación con la frecuencia de resonancia y el ancho de banda de la superficie selectiva, como función del espesor del material dieléctrico. Sin embargo, en este tipo de enfoque el soporte aislante es considerado como dieléctrico delgado y, por lo tanto, es modelado como un parámetro de tipo concentrado. Esta consideración puede llevar a resultados no adecuados en el cálculo del ancho de banda de la superficie selectiva para soportes dieléctricos gruesos. La principal novedad de este artículo es la implementación del MCE conjuntamente con el MMC, con el objetivo de determinar la respuesta en frecuencia de la superficie selectiva cruz de dipolo para cualquier espesor y configuración del material dieléctrico. Los resultados obtenidos son comparados con los generados por el software de simulación electromagnética basado en el método de elementos finitos (Ansys-HFSS). Es de resaltar el bajo tiempo computacional, así como la exactitud aceptable obtenida con el enfoque propuesto.
Comprensión de futuros profesores de ciencia sobre aspectos epistémicos de la naturaleza de la ciencia en cuatro controversias de historia de la ciencia
Authors: Acevedo-Díaz José Antonio , Aragón-Méndez María del Mar , García-Carmona Antonio
Published: November 2018

Se presenta un análisis global de los resultados de cuatro estudios que evalúan la comprensión de futuros profesores de ciencia de secundaria sobre aspectos epistémicos de la naturaleza de la ciencia (NDC). Para ello, se utilizan cuatro controversias de historia de la ciencia (HDC) como contexto de enseñanza/aprendizaje, cuya implementación en el aula se lleva a cabo mediante un enfoque crítico y reflexivo. El análisis realizado se concentra en determinar las referencias en las respuestas de los futuros profesores de ciencia a los distintos indicadores epistémicos de las rúbricas de evaluación, así como la cantidad de veces que esos indicadores son aludidos en total. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que los futuros profesores de ciencia, en general, mejoran significativamente su comprensión sobre la influencia de los aspectos epistémicos de la NDC en las cuatro controversias de HDC empleadas.