bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Adrenal Glands
Authors: Parker Keith L , Rainey William E
Published: November 2023

The basic function of the adrenal glands is to protect the organism against acute and chronic stress, a concept popularized as the fight-or-flight response for the medulla and as the alarm reaction for the cortex. The steroid hormones of the cortex and the catecholamines of the medulla probably developed as protection against immediate stress or injury and more prolonged deprivation of food and water. In acute stress, catecholamines mobilize glucose and fatty acids for energy and prepare the heart, lungs, and muscles for action, while glucocorticoids protect against overreactions from the body’s responses to stress. In the more chronic stress of food and fluid deprivation, adrenocortical steroid hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis to maintain the supply of glucose and increase sodium reabsorption to maintain body fluid volume.
The Embryonic Basis of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Greene Nicholas D E , Copp Andrew J
Published: November 2023

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) and are among the most common congenital malformations in humans. The clinical appearance of NTDs originates from failure of neurulation, the developmental process that results in formation of the neural tube, the primordium of the entire CNS. Therefore, in order to gain insight into the embryonic basis of NTDs, it is necessary to understand the morphologic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying neural tube closure. In this review, we will focus principally on the process of neurulation in mammals. The mouse is the most extensively studied mammalian experimental model, and findings from mice will be compared with human neurulation and NTDs wherever possible. Neural tube closure has also been described in detail in amphibia and birds, and these studies offer further in­ sight into the pathogenesis of some aspects of neurulation and NTDs.
The Zebrafish as a Model for Analyzing Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Jo Hakryul , Lowery Laura Anne , Lowery Vincent , Sive Hazel
Published: November 2023

In this review, we consider whether the zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a useful model system for uncovering the genetic and molecular basis for human neural tube defects (NTDs) and conclude that the zebrafish is an excellent NTD model. This conclusion is based on the similarities in development and structure of human and zebrafish brains. It is also based on characteristics of the zebrafish as a model, including the accessibility of early embryos, and the ability to use both powerful genetic and molecular techniques to analyze the zebrafish nervous system.
An International Perspective on Anencephaly and Spina Bifida: Prevalences by the Turn of the Century
Authors: Lie Rolvt.
Published: November 2023

Neural tube defects are dramatic birth defects that probably have occurred since ancient times around the world (Elwood et al., 1992; Smith, 2001). Excavations of ancient skeletons with neural tube defects have been found in South and North America and in Africa. A mummy from Egypt has a verified spina bifida. There are texts from Babylonia that possibly describe neural tube defects, and ancient texts from India, Greece, and Rome discuss the occurrence of birth defects in different contexts.
Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele
Authors: Bennett Kelly A , Davis George H , Tulipan Noel , Bruner Joseph P
Published: November 2023

Open fetal surgery was first performed in the 1980s (Crombleholme et al., 1988; Langer et al., 1989) following preliminary studies in animal models. Because the potential risks were significant and the likelihood of success was uncertain, these early open procedures were confined to the treatment of lethal malformations. As experience with the open technique improved, and as the maternal and fetal risks became better understood, intervention in nonlethal circumstances was considered (Harrison, 2001). Among these, the rationale for intervention in cases of myelomeningocele was among the easiest to make (Tulipan et al., 1999a).
Insurance and Coverage of Care for Individuals with Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Grason Holly , Perry Jamie J
Published: November 2023

Birth of a child with a neural tube defect presents an array of medical and caregiving challenges. These vary for each individual and evolve over the life span, both medically and in relation to intellectual, social, and emotional development. While most children with a neural tube defect will require ongoing care from multiple specialists, individuals with the same diagnosis may need quite different packages of services, depending upon their age, how the condition is expressed, the presence of other chronic conditions, and family resources.
Modeling Invertebrates: An Overview
Authors: Kindvall Oskar
Published: November 2023

Invertebrates are by the far most-species rich group of organisms. Consequently, it is hard to point out how to model population dynamics for this group. The variety of life histories and mating systems that are represented by this group is enormous. Actually it is fully possible to find examples of demographic configurations among invertebrate species that resembles what is described as typical for other groups of organisms. Plants can have seeds that rest for considerable periods of times, thus providing a seed bank that enables future recovery of a population without any reproduction during several years (Burgman, Chapter 2, this volume). The same phenomenon occurs with diapausing eggs in several insect groups or by particular resting stages among crustaceans. Invertebrates are often considered to be relatively short-lived with prevalence for annual or even shorter life cycles. Still, there exist several examples of quite long-lived invertebrates with life cycles that correspond well to many vertebrate species. RAMAS GIS provides good opportunities to adjust the model to the variety of demographic structures and life cycles found among invertebrates. Depending on how field data has been sampled and whether or not the species reproduce in distinct intervals, one can choose either to construct a simple model based on only population growth rate and carrying capacity or to specify fecundates and transition rates in a stage- or aged-structured matrix. As maximum growth rates of invertebrates may often be high, it is usually needed to define some kind of density dependence on population growth.
Bush Cricket Metrioptera bicolor in Sweden: Estimating Interpatch Dispersal Rates
Authors: Kindval Oskar
Published: November 2023

Interpatch migration is a process of great importance for large-scale population dynamics and survival of species. It is therefore necessary to be careful about how this process is implemented into any spatially structured model that is aimed for population viability analysis (PVA). In most cases, interpatch migration is modeled by simply applying the negative exponential equation, which can be parameterized by fitting it to the inverse cumulative distribution of dispersal distances observed in mark and recapture studies (e.g., Chapter 15 in this volume). Usually the fit is very good, but occasionally other functions have been suggested to give better descriptions of the probability of migration in relation to distance. For example, the mark and recapture data of the butterfly Hesperia comma fitted better to the inverse-power function than to the negative exponential (Hill et al. 1996). The tradition of fitting different equations to data on migration distances has a long history, and the number of examples is tremendous. (For a vast array of examples, see Wolfenbarger 1946.)
Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean: Dynamics of Nested Population Components under Several Harvest Regimes
Authors: Smedbol R Kent , Stephenson Robert L
Published: November 2023

The Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L., is an abundant marine fish species with a distribution that encompasses coastal and continental shelf regions on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. Herring are pelagic, and individuals usually aggregate in schools and can form mammoth shoals during the spawning and overwintering seasons. Herring are considered “population rich” (Sinclair 1988) in that they form many populations or population “complexes” within their transoceanic distribution, including a number of separate populations in Canadian jurisdictional waters (Iles and Sinclair 1982, Stephenson et al. 2001). Iles and Sinclair (1982) have suggested that geographically stable oceanographic features serve as larval retention areas and determine the distribution of herring populations. These features may serve additionally as incomplete barriers to larval exchange among major population complexes. Herring populations may mix during overwintering and feeding seasons, but then separate during the spawning period. Adults return to discrete spawning areas, some of which are used every year and others only occasionally, and deposit eggs directly upon the seabed. Spawners are considered to exhibit a fair degree of interannual fidelity to specific spawning grounds and, thus, are presumed to “home” to their natal spawning areas (e.g., Iles and Sinclair 1982, Sinclair 1988). McQuinn (1997) proposed that this benthic spawning distribution and population dynamics of the Atlantic herring fit within the metapopulation concept. Ware and Schweigert (2001) used a metapopulation approach to model the structure and dynamics of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), a closely related species.
Modeling Birds: An Overview
Authors: Hatfield Jeff S
Published: November 2023

Currently, there are estimated to be over 10,000 species of birds in the world, of which about 12% are considered to be threatened or endangered with extinction (BirdLife International 2000). The major causes for the decline of bird populations are thought to be habitat loss and habitat fragmentation (e.g., see Robbins et al. 1989), increased mortality or decreased productivity due to anthropogenic causes (e.g., overharvesting), introduction of exotic diseases or competition with exotic species (e.g., Hawaiian forest birds; see Scott et al. 2001), and various contaminant-related issues (Hoffman et al. 2003). Population viability analysis (PVA) has become a popular tool in recent years, due to its ability to synthesize field data and make objective projections about future population size and the probability of extinction for threatened and endangered species (Beissinger and McCullough 2002).
Introduction
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

This collection of essays is concerned with syntactic questions, with certain general features of grammatical theory related to syntax, here and there with semantic issues, and quite a bit with questions of appropriate standards in pursuing research in the previously mentioned domains. It has almost nothing to say about phonology. The immediately following remarks are to be interpreted against the background of this restricted understanding of what ‘linguistic’ is here intended to denote. A prospective reader might ask “what is a skeptical linguistic essay?” I would answer that it is one based on a deep and long-standing view that much nonetheless prestigious current linguistics has in fact made very restricted descriptive and explanatory progress and, in some areas where great things have been claimed, no real substantive progress at all. This lack of true progress holds, I maintain, despite the fact that the literature of modern linguistics and its ancestors is replete with boasts of at least grand-sounding accomplishments; see in particular the discussion of (2) of chapter 8.
The Openness of Natural Languages
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

It might seem plausible to the nonspecialist that a given NL, NLx permits one to report linguistic performances, both performances of NLx elements and those of NLs distinct from NLx. By “reporting linguistic performances” I refer to nothing more arcane than forming statements like “Amanda just shouted, “Where’s my baby?’” It might also seem to a nonspecialist that NLx permits one to do descriptive linguistics, not only the descriptive linguistics of NLx but also that of other distinct NLs. By “doing descriptive linguistics” I mean nothing more exotic than forming sentences like “The German word for ‘air force’ is ‘Luftwaffe.’” But while these nonspecialist assumptions might seem not only plausible but also self-evidently true, modern linguistics in its dominant instantiation, generative grammar, in fact denies both these claims. Of course, it does this only implicitly and most advocates of generative grammar may be unaware that its doctrines taken literally preclude what any nonspecialist would assume possible. Readers who do not easily accept this conclusion will find their skepticism addressed in what follows, for a major goal of this study is to justify in detail the claim that generative grammar has the evidently intolerable implications just mentioned.
Junk Ethics 1: Advances in Linguistic Rhetoric
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

Linguistics can be hard work. The attempt to develop insightful descriptions or theories of NLs can be extraordinarily taxing to the mind/brain. Almost every day another promising linguist keels over from the strain of marshaling facts, drawing distinctions, and postulating entities. Reliable techniques for stress reduction and lifestyle management are thus an urgent necessity for the linguistics community. It is toward the goal of meeting this need that attention is turned in the following remarks. How can linguists successfully struggle against those who, like hungry vultures, hover ready to criticize, counter exemplify, refute? The answer is rhetoric, the art of convincing one’s audience without benefit of logic. (More accurately, regardless of logic. No one has shown that it is actually disadvantageous to have a sound argument on one’s side; it is merely unnecessary in linguistics, I will argue.) Great strides are being made in linguistic rhetoric, whose progress puts the stasis in mere description and theorizing to shame. In the great rhetoric laboratories of the northeastern United States, defensive shields are being perfected that can render any theory virtually impervious to factual corrosion. Moreover, essentially no risk attaches to the rhetorical techniques reviewed here. Each one simply generalizes techniques already effectively used by leading (often tenured) linguistics practitioners and published in top linguistics journals or in books by reputable international publishers. The only contribution of the guide offered here is to codify and publicize already developed methods so that they can be utilized by the broad mass of the overburdened linguistic workforce and not just by an elite few. Let us begin with a familiar problem.
The Parallel Chart
Authors: Charon Rita
Published: November 2023

To bring to life the conceptual frameworks of narrative writing and to demonstrate the pedagogic methods we have developed and tested in coaching narrative writing in clinical settings, I want to bring to you a miseenscène of an actual writing session in the hospital. In lieu of including a CD-rom or DVD of a teaching session, I will try to offer a virtual transcript of what might occur in a teaching session.
Framework of an Unfolding Revolution
Authors: Avise John C
Published: November 2023

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are plants, animals, or microbes whose genes have been deliberately and directly altered by humans. A given genetic remodeling job may be as focused as swapping one gene for another or as extensive as generating a perfect replica of an organism’s genome (the full complement of DNA within any of its cells). The biological consequences of genetic engineering may be as subtle as slightly amending the metabolism of an individual animal or plant or as dramatic as recasting the evolutionary trajectory of an entire species or even the ecosystem of which it is a part.
Getting Creative with Crops
Authors: Avise John C
Published: November 2023

About 10,000 years ago, our forebears invented agriculture and its sister enterprise, selective breeding. By purposefully sowing the seeds of desirable wild plants, harvesting the resulting foods or fibers, and retaining seeds from favored specimens for subsequent planting, our ancestors gradually transformed native plant varieties into the bountiful corns, rices, cottons, tomatoes, and other productive domestic crops that we enjoy today. Such artificial selection over the eons required no sophisticated gene technologies, no detailed understanding of hereditary mechanisms, no cognizance of evolutionary processes— just a keen eye for desirable plant traits, strong arms to till land and tend crops, and patience.
Harvey Cushing
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) was the founder of brain surgery, an enormous surgical advance. Working at Johns Hopkins Hospital in the early years of the twentieth century, Cushing developed the techniques that enabled surgeons to open the skull, expose the brain, and attack tumors, with a high probability of helping rather than harming patients. Cushing became world famous as the first neurosurgeon, and was one of the first American medical leaders to attract visitors and students from abroad. Moving to Harvard and the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Cushing in the 1920s made the apparently miraculous in surgery an every-day reality, as he and his team compiled an astonishing record of treating more than two thousand tumors. Cushing's techniques also enabled him to become the world's leading expert in the pituitary gland, and thus one of the pioneers in endocrinology, who has given his name to "Cushing's syndrome" and "Cushing's disease." In his spare time Cushing wrote elegant medical essays, won a Pulitzer Prize for his massive biography of William Osler, and amassed a great collection of rare medical books, which are now the basis of the Medical Historical Library at his alma mater, Yale. Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery is the first biography of Cushing to be published in fifty years. Drawing on new collections of intimate personal and family papers, diaries and patient records Michael Bliss re-creates both Cushing's professional and, for the first time, his personal life in remarkable detail.
Making a Yale Man
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Before Harvey left for Yale, there was an earnest father-son talk. Dr Kirke explained that they were going into a partnership, with mutual responsibilities and duties. The father would supply the money for the education, the son had to conduct himself to his father’s ‘approval while the partnership survived.’ Harvey was not to smoke, drink, ‘or be guilty of any immoral conduct or join a College ball club or boat crew.’ At age eighteen, he agreed to be bound by his father’s terms. Cushings had high expectations. They expected much from one another, from servants and institutions, and, ultimately, from them-selves.
Regius Professor at Yale
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Income was not a problem for the Cushings, because the family investments gradually recovered. Economically, it was not a bad time to have left the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, which was strapped for funds for the rest of the 1930s, creating endless, demoralizing problems for Harvey’s successor, Elliott Cutler, who did not have a happy tenure. While Yale, too, had to implement minor austerity measures, life for the Cushings in New Haven and wherever they summered was materially comfortable and intellectually rich.
Esotropic Deviations
Authors: Repka Michael X
Published: November 2023

The signature disease of pediatric ophthalmology is esotropia. There are a number of subtypes, based on time of onset, presence of hypermetropic refractive error, and associated neurologic findings. These findings are not sufficient to adequately explain the actual cause of most cases of esotropia. The evaluation, medical and optical therapy, and surgery for correction of esodeviations of most causes is similar, except for those cases associated with extraocular muscle ductional deficits.
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Zee Chi-Shing , Go John L , Kim, Paul E , Geng Daoying
Published: November 2023

Head trauma is the major cause of accidental death in the United States, particularly in the juvenile and young adult groups.11,17,18,32 Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for a death rate of 16.9 per 100,000 population per year.44 Motor vehicle accidents (57%), firearms injuries (14%), and traumatic falls (12%) are the most frequent causes. Males are three times more likely to die from brain injury–associated death than females. Head injuries are responsible for 200 to 300 hospital admissions per 100,000 population per year in the United States.6 Most of the admissions last only a few days, and the patients are admitted for clinical observation. Head injury is not only a cause of death but also a cause of serious financial burden to the society providing treatment and care to these patients. Lost labor and reduced productivity to the society further add to the negative impact. The cost of head trauma to the society is estimated to be billions of dollars annually. The majority of the patients suffering head injuries are considered to have mild head injury. Most patients recover fully from mild TBI, but 15% to 29% of patients with mild TBI may have significant neurocognitive problems.27 Common symptoms include attention deficit, deficit in working memory and speed of information processing; headaches, dizziness, and irritability.
Posttraumatic Epilepsy
Authors: Willmore L James
Published: November 2023

Severe head injury results in a sequence of pathophysiological changes in brain that tend to correlate with the severity of injury.12 Acute traumatic brain injury causes changes in brain metabolism, blood flow, and homeostasis that are a threat to survival. Seizures occur because of the acute injury and are liable to complicate management. Such immediate seizures50 that occur either acutely or within the first 24 hours of injury may require initiation of treatment at the injury scene or may occur later in the course of treating the injured patient. Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant that is effective in preventing seizures that occur in the period following an acute injury. However, occurrence of a seizure in a head-injured patient requires immediate brain imaging to define a possible cause, including the accumulation of blood within the cranium.
Neurovascular Trauma
Authors: Nanda Anil , Rudrappa Satish , Tuna, Hakan , Vannemreddy Prasad
Published: November 2023

Ambroise Paré, who had the distinct privilege of operating on King Henry II of France, was the first to describe the successful treatment of a carotid injury when, in 1552, he repaired a penetrating injury to the left carotid artery caused by a sword using a cotton pack and suture.5 The next mention of this form of injury appeared at sea, on the HMS Tonnant in 1803, where a carotid laceration was repaired with no neurological deficit.23 In 1872, Verneuil presented the first case of nonpenetrating trauma to the carotid artery with thrombus and intimal tear at autopsy.68 The first reported case of a traumatic intracranial aneurysm was by Guibert, who, in 1895, described a traumatic internal carotid artery aneurysm found at autopsy. Neurovascular trauma had a colorful and rich history in the glorious times of sword fights and gallantry. Unfortunately, the chivalry of the sixteenth century has been replaced by the staccato of urban gunfire and accelerating motor vehicles, making cerebrovascular system trauma a common occurrence today. Traumatic vascular lesions can occur after severe or even the mildest form of head and cervical trauma. These injuries must be strongly suspected based on the mechanism of trauma, which might be penetrating (obvious) or blunt (concealed); the former might obviate the need for exploration of the injured artery, while the latter may make it more difficult to diagnose the extent of injury. The scenario is further complicated in the setting of polytrauma, where shock, sensorium, and sedation confound the diagnosis.
Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Malec James F , Cicerone Keith D
Published: November 2023

As might be said about most areas of clinical care, professional interest in cognitive rehabilitation (CR) was motivated more by humanistic than by scientific concerns during its initial development. Increasing numbers of young people survived severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the 1970s due to improved emergency and neurosurgical methods. Rehabilitation professionals responded by attempting to formulate procedures to assist these people in reentering the mainstream of life. These early rehabilitation efforts were strongly encouraged by family members of people with TBI and through the advocacy of the National Head Injury Association (later renamed the Brain Injury Association of America) and its affiliates.
Plexus Injuries
Authors: Wilbourn Asa J
Published: November 2023

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) plexuses are intricate networks of nerve fibers located between the spinal cord or primary roots (proximally) and the proximal peripheral nerves (distally). The three major neural plexuses—brachial, lumbar, and sacral—are traversed by almost all the nerve fibers that supply the upper and lower extremities, the shoulder and hip girdles, and the pelvic floor. The anatomy of each plexus is unique. Nonetheless, all of them respond to injury with the same types of pathophysiological reactions, and lesions of them are identified and localized, to a greater or lesser extent, by the same diagnostic procedures. These two features, common to all the PNS plexuses, will now be discussed.
Epidemiology of Sports Injuries
Authors: Toth Cory
Published: November 2023

Injury to the nervous system may occur with essentially any sport and may involve multiple levels of the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, brachial and lumbar plexi, spinal roots, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebrum. While particular sports can be associated with a high incidence of injury, such as football, boxing, and hockey, other sports are less commonly associated with nervous system injury. Many sports are associated with sportspecific forms of injury. Injuries may range from serious central nervous system (CNS) injury associated with great morbidity and even mortality to peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury with lengthy disability. Management of these problems is often the responsibility of a number of medical specialties, including neurologists, emergency room physicians, sports medicine physicians, surgeons, and general physicians. As concerns regarding concussion and other injuries mount, sports neurology will gain even greater importance. Improved assessment of injuries, such as the Canadian registry of hockeyrelated spinal injuries and recent National Football League (NFL) investigations into pathophysiologies of cerebral injury, will enhance our understanding of injury mechanisms. In all likelihood, these important measurements will lead the way to improved injury prevention schemes as well.
Neurological Injury from Undersea Diving
Authors: Massey E Wayne
Published: November 2023

Scuba diving is becoming an increasingly popular sport. Data have been kept through the Diver’s Alert Network (DAN) for years and can be evaluated to suggest the epidemiological characteristics of diving accidents. Although injured divers are not necessarily comparable to a normal diving population, injury occurrences are continuously being assessed by DAN. There are approximately 3 million certified divers in the United States.9 There are approximately 1000 to 1200 injuries yearly (see Fig. 29.1 comparing 1987–2002).
Complications of Stereotactic Brain Surgery
Authors: Kondziolka Douglas , Lunsford L Dade
Published: November 2023

Stereotactic surgery refers to an image-guided neurosurgical procedure in which three-dimensional targeting is used to facilitate a diagnostic or therapeutic goal in the brain. A surgical complication is defined as an adverse event that occurs either during surgery or within a 30-day postoperative interval. Such a complication must arise as a direct consequence of the surgery or its associated administration of anesthesia or other medical care. Traditionally, stereotactic surgery uses a stereotactic head frame to register accurately highresolution neurodiagnostic brain images for use in surgery. Most frame-based stereotactic procedures involve accessing brain targets using probes, electrodes, or catheters through small cranial openings. The use of closed-skull, single-treatment session irradiation to manage brain disease (stereotactic radiosurgery) is an important and increasingly used approach. Invisible radiation beams replace rigid surgical instruments.
Assessment of nutrient intakes from food consumption data
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

It is possible to calculate the nutrient intakes of individuals or population groups if quantitative or semiquantitative methods have been used to collect the relevant food consumption data. The calculations use food composition values representative of the average composition of a particular foodstuff — ideally on a year-round, nationwide basis. The values are available as food composition tables, and/or databases.
Using Reflection and Rhetoric to Understand Professional Behaviors
Authors: Ginsburg Shiphra , Lingard Lorelei
Published: November 2023

Preceding chapters in this book have addressed important issues in the assessment of ethical understanding, communication skills, and the aspiration to humanism and accountability. Chapters 8-10 on critical incident reports and faculty and peer obsenrations all propose methods by which individuals might obsenre and assess professional behaviors. But professionalism entails not only the ability to uphold the principles and values of the profession but also the ability to negotiate between competing values in a specific context. As Coles (2002) stated, professional practice involves practitioners in finding not so much the “right” answer (which may not exist in an absolute sense) but rather in deciding what is “best” in the situation in which they find themselves (3). Understanding the nature of such negotiations requires asking more than “What did the student do?” or “What choice did the student make?” Instead, we must ask, “Why did the student choose that action?” or “How did they justify their actions?” (Rest and Narvaez 1994; Burke 1969).
Religio Philosophi
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: November 2023

As I write these words, I am sitting in a hotel room in the Latin Quarter of Paris. Three hundred and fifty years ago or so this area was frequented by my people. I don’t mean my ancestors, who were in an altogether different part of Europe, doing very different things. I mean the people I study. In earlyand mid-seventeenth-century Paris you could find many of the people who made science and philosophy what it is today. Descartes lived here for a while; though he moved away, he came back from time to time, and his spirit (immaterial, of course) haunted these streets for many years. Pascal lived here, around the corner, actually. Mersenne lived across the river, in a neighborhood to which one could walk in thirty or forty-five minutes. I don’t know where Hobbes lived during the crucial decade of his life that he spent here, but it must have been close; Paris wasn’t that big back then. Ditto for Gassendi. A few years later Leibniz was to visit for three short years that shaped the rest of his intellectual life.
Der Tonwille
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

This is the second volume of a two-volume translation of Heinrich Schenker’s Der Tonwille (1921-24). Among the foremost music theorists of the twentieth century, Schenker’s methods of analysis continue to be one of the most important tools of musicology.
Risk Factors for Victimization of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Heron Sheryl L
Published: November 2023

Individual, dyadic (e.g., the relationship between a man and woman), institutional, and societal determinants increase the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) toward women. Individual risk factors include primarily violence in the family of origin, such as witnessing parental violence, as well as a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse. Dyadic risk factors include stress between partners, as well as a woman’s ability to meet the needs of her partner to maintain the relationship. Institutional risk factors such as schools that may reinforce socialization supporting violent behavior or religious institutions with conservative theological views, require more research and support programs to protect women against IPV.
Safety Planning, Danger, and Lethality Assessment
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn , Glass Nancy
Published: November 2023

Homicide is a leading cause of premature death for all women in the United States, especially African-American and Native-American women. The majority of women killed in the United States and around the world are killed by intimate partners, husbands, boyfriends, or ex-partners. The leading risk factor for intimate partner homicide (IPH) of both female and male partners is prior intimate partner violence (IPV) against the female partner. Other important risk factors include guns in the home, estrangement, stepchildren (woman’s biological child, not male partner’s child) in home, male partner unemployment, threats to kill, and threats with a weapon, forced sex, and abuse during pregnancy. Needed areas of research related to IPH include interventions to decrease IPH, causes of ethnic disparities in IPH, IPH as a leading cause of maternal mortality, IPH among samesex partners, and children affected by IPH.
Obstacles and Remedies for Criminal and Civil Justice for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Buel Sara M , Hirst Eliza M
Published: November 2023

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most rampant health problems in the United States. As a consequence of IPV, survivors often face significant physical, mental, economic, social, and legal obstacles. Victims do not always report incidents to practitioners or law enforcement because of the real or perceived risks of homelessness, removal of children, dual arrest policies, poverty, isolation, embarrassment, deportation (if undocumented), and/or unemployment. As part of safety planning, protection orders may be one of the most effective ways to help IPV victims. Healthcare practitioners may be asked to serve as experts in legal matters involving crimes, divorce, custody, torts, immigration petitions, and protective orders stemming from IPV.
Restructuring and Functional Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

This volume collects the recent published articles of Guglielmo Cinque of the University of Venice, one of the world's top linguists. The book is divided into two sections, the first on restructuring, a central topic in Romance syntax and with connections to other language groups as well. The second part focuses on the consequences of treating clausal functional heads as members of a universal hierarchy in the domain of morphpsyntax, offering a new perspective on many intricate problems arising in a variety of natural languages.
“Restructuring” and Functional Structure
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

In what follows I would like to show how the articulated functional structure of the clause suggested in Cinque (1999) may shed new light on the “restructuring” phenomenon (Rizzi 1976a, b, 1978) and perhaps afford a deeper understanding of it. In the past twenty-five years, numerous analyses have been proposed to explain why certain phenomena that are otherwise clause-bound (such as Clitic Placement—see [1]) appear to be able to span over two clauses when the matrix verb is either a modal, an aspectual, or a motion verb and the complement is nonfinite (see the “climbing” of the clitic in [2]):1 Even if each of the proposed analyses captures one or another aspect of restructuring, it is fair to say that none of them manages to answer the two most basic questions that the phenomenon raises: namely, why it should exist at all and why it should exist with those particular verb classes (modal, aspectual, and motion). The fact that one finds transparency phenomena comparable to Clitic Climbing language after language, and with the same set of verbs (or subsets thereof), suggests that the phenomenon is universal and should thus follow from some general property ofUG.2 Here I would like to propose an analysis that derives its universality and answers at the same time the two basic questions just mentioned.
Acrylonitrile–butadiene Elastomers
Authors: Wang Shuhong
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Hoses for transportation of oil, fuel, chemicals, and solutions. Oil-drilling industry. Powder and particulate forms in cements and adhesives. Modification of PVC and ABS to improve impact resistance. Properties of Special Interest Special-purpose, oil-resistant rubbers. Balance of low-temperature, oil, fuel, and solvent resistance. Good abrasion resistance, gas permeability, and thermal stability. Good strength.
Aromatic Polyamides
Authors: Hsu Shaw Ling
Published: November 2023

Acronyms and Trade Names Ultramid T (BASF), nylon 6 copolymer, nylon 6/6T, polyphthalamide Class Polyamides, aromatic nylon Structure These aromatic nylons consist of aliphatic and aromatic building blocks and incorporate the repeat units of nylon 6 [poly(caprolactam)] and nylon 6T [poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide)]. Because of this composition, Ultramid T resins are often designated as nylon 6/6T materials. The basic structure is nylon 6/6T, with the majority component being nylon 6.
Carborane-containing Polymers
Authors: Peters Edward N
Published: November 2023

General Comments The term ‘carborane’ is commonly used in a generic sense to describe cage compounds composed of boron, hydrogen, and carbon whose molecular geometries are polyhedra or polyhedral fragments. The polyhedral C2Bn Hn+2 species (where n = 5 and 10) have been used in the preparation of carborane–siloxane polymers. The incorporation of the carborane moiety into the siloxane backbone significantly enhances the overall thermal stability. Properties of polymers prepared from dodecahedral and heptahedral will be summarized in this section.
Carbosilane Dendrimers
Authors: Muzafarov Aziz M
Published: November 2023

Introduction Carbosilane dendrimers have appeared as a logical evolution of the synthesis of organosiloxane dendrimers. High reactivity of the functional groups used in the previous case was even improved by switching to organometallic reagents instead of silanolates, while a molecular skeleton became less polar. The controllable synthesis and a variety of suitable reagents attract much attention to this class of silicon-containing dendrimers and extend flexibility of synthetic approach in the area. A variety of combinations of branching unit parameters used resulted in the synthesis of a long list of similar dendritic structures with small but important differences Recently the general approach to the carbosilane dendrimer preparation was significantly enriched by introducing heterocyclic units between the silicon branching centers.
Cellulose Nitrate
Authors: Yang Yong
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Photographic films, guncotton, membranes, protective and decorative lacquer coatings, rotogravure and flexographic inks, leather finishes, fabric and household adhesives, explosives, propellants, plastics. Preparation Techniques Cellulose nitrate is prepared by reacting cellulose with nitric acid to convert the cellulose into cellulose nitrate.
Collagen
Authors: Premachandra Jagath K , Jayasuriya Chandima Kumudinie
Published: November 2023

Class Polypeptides and proteins Structure The most common type of collagen, Collagen I, is composed of two kinds of polypeptide helices, α1 and α2, in a 2:1 ratio respectively, to form a triple helix. The α1 and α2 chains of tropocollagen have a regularly repeating sequence of amino acid residues in which glycine is found at every third residue. This sequence can be written (GLY–X–Y)n , where X and Y are often proline and hydroxyproline respectively.(1) Functions An extracellular protein, which is responsible for the strength and flexibility of connective tissue. Accounts for 25–30% of the protein in an animal.Major component in all mammalian tissues including skin, bone cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Major Applications Biomaterial applications such as dermal implant, carrier of drugs, cell culture matrix, wound dressing, material for hybrid organ, drug delivery system, soft contact lens, tissue implants, cardiovascular graft, artificial heart, etc. Synthetic sausage casings in food industry.
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
Authors: Xu Ping
Published: November 2023

Acronyms, Trade Names EVA; Elvax® (DuPont); Levapren® (Lanxess); Microthene®, Ultrathene®, Plexar (Equistar Chemicals); Airflex® (Air Products); Novatec® (Japan Polychem) Class Chemical Copolymers Film extrusion, packaging, wire and cable insulation, adhesives, coatings, and compounding.
Glycogen
Authors: Mansencal Rachel , Kadla John F , Braun Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

Functions Biological function restricted to source of energy. Principal food-reserve materials in animals. Found in cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. No commercial use. Extraction Extraction with hot concentrated alkali. But extensive degradation. Milder extraction with cold trichloroacetic acid solution, dimethyl sulfoxide, or water-phenol mixtures. Purification After extraction, redissolution in distilled water; low speed centrifugation (100 g); precipitation with excess ethanol; high speed centrifugation (1,500 g).
Nylon 12
Authors: Lee Seung Woo , Sur Gil S
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Blow molded bottles. Extruded film and sheets for food packing, including blend, multilayer, and laminate with nylon 6, PET, and polyolefins. Monofilament for bristle and filter cloth. Glass fiber reinforced injection molding materials used to make parts for automotive, machine, electrical /electronic, civil engineering, sports, and other industries as a metal substitute. Properties of Special Interest Relatively low cost. High mechanical strength, modulus, and heat resistance. Very low oxygen permeability in humid atmosphere.
Phenolic Resins
Authors: Morgan Alexander B , Sohoni Milind
Published: November 2023

Alternative Names Novolacs, resoles Trade Name Bakelite (Georgia Pacific Resins, Inc.) Durite (Hexion) Class Thermoset polymers; chemical copolymers Typical Comonomers Phenols, substituted phenols, formaldehyde Polymerizations Condensation Major Applications Construction materials, electronics, aerospace, molded parts, insulating varnishes, laminated sheets, industrial coatings, wood bonding, fiber bonding, and plywood adhesives. Properties of Special Interest Toughness, temperature resistance, low void content, chemical resistance, corrosion inhibition, and low flammability.
Poly(aryloxy)thionylphosphazenes
Authors: Magill Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Experimental specimens have considerable potential interest. There are ongoing evaluations and development of these new types of noncrystalline polymers. Properties of Special Interest Film-forming elastomers, potential oxygen sensors for biomedical and aerospace are among this class of poly(thionylphosphazenes) depending upon substituents present.
Poly(benzobisoxazole), Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Venkatasubramanian N , Dang Thuy D , Park Soo-Young , Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications of Interest High performance fibers, films, and coatings. Synthesis Polycondensation of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or 1,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid with 4,6-diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride in 83% polyphosphoric acid (PPA)(1−4) using the ‘P2O5 adjustment method’.(5) Although Naph-2,6-PBO composition is mentioned in the Japanese patent (reference 3), the properties of this rigid-rod polymer have not been described in the literature. Processing Isotropic films are mainly cast from dilute methanesulfonic acid solutions. Fabrication of the polymeric fibers is from the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of the polymer in PPA; polymer fibers are spun from the dope by a dry-jet wet spinning technique, a variation of wet extrusion, at 90°C with draw ratios in the range 35–45.
1,2-Polybutadiene
Authors: Patil Rahul D
Published: November 2023

Major Applications With one chiral center, 1,2-polybutadiene can exist in the amorphous atactic form and two crystalline forms: isotactic and syndiotactic. In the formation of 1,2-polybutadiene, it is believed that the syn p-allyl form yields the syndiotactic structure, while the anti p-allyl form yields the isotactic structures. The equilibrium mixture of syn and anti p-allyl structures yields heterotactic polybutadiene. The two stereo-isomers that are most used commercially are the syndiotactic and heterotactic structures.
Poly (n-butyl isocyanate)
Authors: Jaysuriya Chandima Kumudinie , Premachandra Jagath K
Published: November 2023

Major Application An ideal example of a polymer model for a rigid-rod macromolecular chain material amenable to physical studies. Properties of Special Interest Hydrodynamic rigid-rod molecule, unusual chain stiffness, helical conformation(1). Other Polymers Showing this Special Property Rigid-rod molecule, helical conformation: Poly (n-hexyl isocyanate), poly (γ -benzyl-l-glutamate).
Poly(di-n-butylsiloxane)
Authors: Godovsky Yuli K , Papkov Vladimir S
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Low glass transition temperature, mesophase behavior.
Poly(diethylsiloxane)
Authors: Godovsky Yuli K , Papkov Vladimir S
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Comonomer for low-temperature silicone rubbers: for example, poly(dimethyl-diethyl)siloxane. Low molecular weight PDES is the basis for low- and high-temperature silicone oils, greases, and lubricants. Properties of Special Interest Low glass transition temperature, mesophase behavior including reversible stress-induced mesophase formation accompanied by necking– denecking phenomena in cyclic deformation of elastomers.
Poly(dimethylferrocenylethylene)
Authors: Manners Ian
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Low cost; ease of synthesis; interesting optical, magnetic, and electrical properties.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Iroh Jude O
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Fibers, films, barrier film, soft drink bottle (amorphous PET), film for compression molding PE, PP, and for replacement of commodity metals such as steel and aluminum (1–3). Copolymers of PET are proposed for use as fire retardants (4) and biodegradable films (5, 6). Preparative Techniques Synthesized by condensation/step growth polymerization between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Low viscosity and easily spinnable PET are synthesized by ester interchange. Dimethyl terephthalate is reacted with ethylene glycol in a 1:1.7 ratio at 0.020 atm and 160–230◦C. Final reaction occur at 260–300◦C under vacuum at 0.001 atm. Synthesis of PET is done by using aromatic sulphonates as catalysts (7–10).
Polymethylphenylsiloxane
Authors: Kuo Alex C M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Heat transfer fluids; high temperature lubricating oil for instruments and bearings; glass sizing agents; greases; chromographic stationary phases. hydraulic fluids and elastomer and sealant using copolymer with dimethylpolysiloxane for low temperature application.