bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A theoretical approach to endorphin-stimulating architecture
Authors: Satwiko Prasasto , Wimbarti Supra , Michelle Brigitta , Cininta Mutiara
Published: August 2024

As with the other creative and design industries, architecture is mainly aimed to solve users’ needs. However, in the current practice, the design transformation process is less responsive to user feedback and primarily relies on the architect’s perceptual skill that tends to be subjective. Innovative architectural problem-solving strategies can be derived from neuroscience knowledge, allowing a more scientifically proven user-centered design. The interdisciplinary collaboration in architecture design, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence may offer a new concept generation to design our built environment. The neuroarchitecture design approach, combined with artificial intelligence engineering, can create an environment that produces impulses that directly affect the human brain’s response and induce happiness. Endorphin, called the happy hormone, can be stimulated to develop happy feelings essential for today’s stressful life. This theoretical study aims to determine how architectural elements affect happiness through endorphin stimulation. An interdisciplinary literature study involving architecture and neuropsychology of both theoretical and methodological was adopted to explore this possibility. The result showed that the architectural environment could generate happiness, potentially indicating the endorphin presence. This study recommends using Virtual Reality apparatus to experiment and a blood test to check the endorphin level in the human body.
Arthrocatenales, a new order of extremophilic fungi in the Dothideomycetes
Authors: Piątek Marcin , Stryjak-Bogacka Monika , Czachura Paweł
Published: August 2024

The widely treated order Capnodiales is one of the most important orders in the class Dothideomycetes. Recently, the order Capnodiales s. lat. was reassessed and split into seven orders (Capnodiales s. str., Cladosporiales, Comminutisporales, Mycosphaerellales, Neophaeothecales, Phaeothecales and Racodiales) based on multi-locus phylogeny, morphology and life strategies. In this study, two Arthrocatena strains isolated from sooty mould communities on the leaves of Tilia cordata and needles of Pinus nigra in southern Poland were analyzed. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS-LSU-SSU-rpb2-tef1) along with morphological examination showed that they belong to Capnobotryella antalyensis, which represents a sister taxon to Arthrocatena tenebrosa. Capnobotryella antalyensis is a rock-inhabiting fungus described from Turkey. The following new combination is proposed: Arthrocatena antalyensis. Phylogenetic analyses also showed that Arthrocatena and related genus Hyphoconis, both known previously only from rocks, form a sister lineage to orders Cladosporiales and Comminutisporales. The new order Arthrocatenales and new family Arthrocatenaceae are proposed to this clade. Representatives of this order are extremophilic fungi that live on rocks and in sooty mould communities.
Cymbidium kanran can deceptively attract Apis cerana for free pollination by releasing specialized volatile compounds
Authors: Luo Huolin , Xiao Hanwen , Wu Xinchen , Liu Nannan , Chen Xinghui , Xiong Dongjin , Huang Weichang , Yang Boyun
Published: August 2024

Cymbidium kanran is classified as a second-level protected plant in China and is also listed in the World Genetic Conservation Plant Registry. Pollen flow is an important factor influencing the genetic structure of plant populations, holding significant relevance in the conservation of endangered plants. In this study, we present a comprehensive exploration of the pollination biology of Cymbidium kanran, encompassing investigations into its flowering phenology, breeding system, floral volatile components, and interactions with pollinating insects. The results showed that: 1) C. kanran exclusively relies on external pollination mechanisms, as automatic self-pollination or apomixis mechanisms are conspicuously absent. Consequently, the natural fruit set rate is significantly lower compared to artificial pollination, highlighting a pronounced pollination limitation. 2) Apis cerana emerges as the primary effective pollinating insect for C. kanran, adeptly carrying both pollinia and anther caps during the pollination process. Notably, C. kanran does not provide any rewards, such as nectar or edible pollen, to entice the pollinators. 3) Contrary to expectations, our glass cylinder experiment demonstrates that the flower color of C. kanran lacks significant attractiveness to pollinators (p=0.1341>0.05). However, the scent emitted by the flowers exhibits considerable allure (p=0.0004<0.05), despite C. kanran boasting one of the most diverse color variations within the Cymbidium genus. 4) Based on dynamic fluctuations in floral volatile components during different flowering stages, we hypothesize that hexanal, heptanal, octanal, 2-pentyl furan, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, and 1,4-cyclooctadiene may serve as pivotal volatile compounds responsible for attracting pollinators. This study establishes a robust scientific foundation for the conservation efforts concerning C. kanran, thereby facilitating the sustainable management and protection of its wild resources.
A protocol to evaluate the taxonomic health of Neotropical species of Nasutitermes (Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)
Authors: Rocha Mauricio M. , Lima Karina S. S. , Cancello Eliana M.
Published: August 2024

Herein a protocol is proposed to summarize the taxonomic situation for species, using the Neotropical Nasutitermes Dudley (Nasutitermitinae) as a test. The objective of this protocol is to allow comparisons between the available taxonomic information for species, and to provide objective criteria for assessing the information gaps for each taxon in order to prioritize topics for future investigation. Key aspects of taxonomic practice (condition of type specimens, helpfulness of descriptions and figures, compilation of distribution data, molecular data) were noted, the data were tabulated, and the taxa ranked. In addition, specific notes for each species have been included that may help to improve the solutions to the problems raised here.
Large-time behavior of cylindrically symmetric Navier-Stokes equations with temperature-dependent viscosity and heat conductivity
Authors: Song Dandan , Zhao Xiaokui
Published: August 2024

In this study, the initial-boundary value problem for cylindrically symmetric Navier-Stokes equations was considered with temperature-dependent viscosity and heat conductivity. Firstly, we established the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution when the viscosity and heat conductivity were both power functions of temperature. Moreover, the large-time behavior of the strong solution was obtained with large initial data, since all of the estimates in this paper were independent of time. It is worth noting that we identified the relationship between the initial data and the power of the temperature in the viscosity for the first time.
Enhancing Field-Based Biodiversity and Conservation Studies Among Youth
Authors: Riyaz Muzafar
Published: August 2024

Biodiversity is indeed very essential for keeping the ecosystem in virtuous working order. When biodiversity decreases in an ecosystem, both the productivity and the quality of the services that the ecosystem provides deteriorate. The stability of the ecosystem is also subject to risk from biodiversity loss. Monitoring biodiversity entails periodic surveys to observe the types of life forms that exist and how their numbers fluctuate. In biology and ecology, volunteers are frequently collecting data on endangered, vulnerable, and threatened species. Individuals, particularly youth, that participate in biodiversity monitoring and related sectors and possess a strong curiosity about science can make better use of smartphones by documenting scientific observations through field-based biodiversity studies that include the recording of photographs and videos of biological specimens that can help in further conservation strategies. The present study aims to promote awareness of biodiversity monitoring and protection among academics and the public, especially youth.
Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for Disease Management in Paddy Crop for Sustainable Rice Production
Authors: Varsha M. , Basavaraju Poornima , M. P. Pavan Kumar
Published: August 2024

Rice blast disease is strongly dependent on environmental and climate factors. Integration of rice blast disease severity prediction model based on climate factors provides decision support framework for farmers to overcome from the problems of climate change scenarios. Major contribution of the proposed study is to predict the severity of rice blast disease using Linear SVM model. Prediction of severity of rice blast disease is Severity of rice blast disease is divided into four classes 0,1,2 and 3. Data imbalance is the most difficult problem in multi-class classification. Proposed study has handled imbalanced data efficiently using k-means SMOTE and SMOTE over sampling techniques to make training and testing data balance. Finally cross location and cross year models are developed using linear support vector machine and predicted severity of rice blast disease to the classes 0,1,2,3 respectively. Cross year and cross location models are cross validated using 5-fold cross validation.
Transforming Colonised African Mindsets
Authors: Marutha Ngoako Solomon , Mothiba Isaac
Published: August 2024

The study investigates a framework for the transformation of colonised African mindsets towards the promotion of indigenous knowledge practices. The study relied on existing literature to analyse the African mindset towards indigenous knowledge practices. It was discovered that African countries undermine their indigenous knowledge systems and practices, and prefer those initiated by others, especially from European nations. African indigenous knowledge systems and practices are often under-looked, undervalued, negatively viewed, and spoken badly of by Africans, especially by those of younger generations. This disregard for indigenous knowledge systems and practices is predominantly seen in healthcare systems and practices, even after it has been recorded that, through scientific studies founded on participatory observation and interviews, many areas of the Western healthcare system were developed from the same indigenous knowledge practices that are now being disregarded. The study concluded that Africans should view their indigenous knowledge systems positively, promote them globally and preserve them for future generations to come. To do this, it is suggested that some practices be enhanced through technological changes to enable them to compete or be integrated with Western practices.
Globalizing the Yoruba Virtue of Hospitality as a Panacea to Racism Against the Black Race
Authors: Familusi Olumuyiwa Olusesan
Published: August 2024

The Yoruba virtue of hospitality is deeply ingrained in the culture and tradition of the Yoruba people, an ethnic group predominantly found in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. Hospitality is an important value in Yoruba society, and it is reflected in various aspects of their lives. It is seen as a fundamental obligation and a social responsibility towards others, especially strangers. It is an expression of respect for the dignity and worth of human beings and a demonstration of empathy. The Yoruba virtue of hospitality can serve as a panacea to racial discrimination against Black people in different parts of the world. By embracing this value and applying it in their daily lives, people can create a more inclusive and tolerant society. Hospitality can help break down the barriers that divide people of different cultures and backgrounds. It provides a platform for cultural exchange and dialogue, which can help build bridges of understanding and respect.
Analyzing the Effect of Digital Technology on Mental Health
Authors: Raj Gaurav , Sharma Avinash Kumar , Arora Yojna
Published: August 2024

The influence of digital technology on mental well-being is nuanced, affecting individuals in various ways, both advantageous and detrimental. On one hand, digital technology has revolutionized accessibility to mental health resources, providing avenues for support and intervention. On the other hand, excessive screen time, social media pressures, and digital addiction contribute to heightened stress levels and mental health challenges. In this chapter, the authors delve into the intricate dynamics of how digital technology shapes mental well-being, the positive aspects, such as increased access to mental health resources, alongside the negative implications, including the potential for digital-related stressors. Addressing current limitations, the objective is to offer an in-depth grasp of the current terrain. Furthermore, the authors consider the future avenues for research in this field and wrap up by consolidating essential insights into the complex interplay between digital technology and mental well-being.
Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce
Authors: Praveenadevi D. , Velusamy C. , M. Sandeep Kumar , Gogula Ravali , Suryadevara Srideepti , Soans Sonia V.
Published: August 2024

Artificial intelligence has become a game changer for the e-commerce sector and redefining the experience of online shopping. But the more AI is used, the bigger every data privacy and security concern grows. This chapter discusses the several analyses and methods available in AI focused on e-commerce and their impact on data privacy. Also, the current landscape of AI technology is reviewed, focusing on privacy issues of said technology with an overview of the fairly contingent dynamics for which e-commerce can use this evolving tech ethically. The chapter also proposes some solutions and guidelines for securing consumer data and privacy in the AI-based e-commerce era.
Harnessing Machine Learning and Blockchain in E-Commerce and Beyond
Authors: Dua Gurwinder Kaur
Published: August 2024

Blockchain technology (BT) empowers market participants to detect digital transactions without centralized recordkeeping. The features of blockchain, like decentralization, immutability, and resistance to attacks, enhance data security and privacy. On the contrary, machine learning (ML) leverages analytical platforms to process big amounts of data for meticulous decision-making. Given the critical significance of data reliability and security in machine learning, the convergence of blockchain technology and machine learning has evolved as a distinctive, disruptive, and trending research area in recent years, delivering comparable and accurate performance. This study offers an overview of cutting-edge research in integrating BT and ML in e-commerce and diverse fields. The chapter outlines the challenges and advantages of amalgamating machine learning and blockchain technologies, describing the strengths and limitations of current algorithms in BT–ML integration.
Leadership in E-Commerce Security
Authors: S. P. Sreekala , Rajnarayanan B. , Gokul K. , Bommasani Kiran , G. N. Harini , Fufa Gamachu
Published: August 2024

In this chapter, the authors discuss the leadership in e-commerce security involves navigating the dynamic landscape of digital threats while fostering innovation. To being successful in leadership management over controlling the risk and providing an innovation on e-commerce field, it should mainly focus on security and threats. The discussion mainly addresses several technologies and methods available in AI, machine learning, and blockchain to enhance security measures. Also, it focuses on balancing risk management and ensures effective and balancing e-commerce platforms, for building trust and sustainable business growth.
Struggling With Agility
Authors: Edmondson Michael
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the transition in the job market from degree-centric hiring practices to skills-based recruitment, highlighting the consequences and responses from higher education institutions. The phenomenon of 'degree inflation' during the late 20th century up to the early 2000s saw employers increasingly demand four-year college degrees for positions that traditionally didn't require them. This led to a significant mismatch between job requirements and available talent, exacerbating workforce shortages and alienating a substantial portion of skilled individuals without degrees. Recognizing the limitations of degree-centric hiring, employers, faced with a shortage of qualified candidates, started prioritizing skills over formal education, leading to a surge in alternative credentials and a reduction in degree requirements for many positions. However, higher education institutions have been slow to adapt to this shift, failing to provide the necessary skills-based learning opportunities and credentials demanded by the evolving job market.
Leaders Rise During Complex Times
Authors: Salvatore Michael
Published: August 2024

Amid the chaos of the great “pivot' that occurred during the onset of the pandemic, educational leaders emerged as guiding stars. Their relentless dedication led to the prioritization of communication, crisis planning, and technology distribution. They ensured not just learning but also the fulfillment of basic needs, offering unwavering support to communities. In this book, discover how their proactive steps fostered resilience, creating a nurturing environment that upheld the well-being of all.
Evidências de validade da Escala Shape de Imagem Corporal em fisiculturistas
Authors: Oliva carbone Patricia , Lacerda Nobre Thatiana , Ferreira Brandão Maria Regina
Published: August 2024

Nas competições de fisiculturismo são analisados a proporção, a definição, a simetria e o volume muscular, o que faz da incansável busca pelo corpo perfeito pelos atletas, uma insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Por isso, este trabalho objetivou-se em elaborar e validar uma escala de silhuetas específica para atletas de fisiculturismo feminino e masculino (Escala Shape), que aconteceu em três fases. 1) Elaboração de onze desenhos de imagem corporal que representassem as categorias de competição; 2) Concordância (teste de Kappa) entre especialistas/profissionais de fisiculturismo nacionais e internacionais na ordenação dos desenhos em ordem crescente e progressiva de muscularidade; 3) Aplicação e validação da Escala Shape em atletas amadores e profissionais ativos e filiados à Federações Nacionais e Internacionais de Fisiculturismo em ambos os sexos. Participaram da pesquisa 180 atletas (50 mulheres e130 homens). A escala apresentou adequada confiabilidade de estabilidade temporal (Kappa teste-reteste≥0,95). O instrumento apresentou validade de critério ao mostrar que atletas de categorias de competição distintas escolheram silhuetas compatíveis com suas categorias (p<0,001). Conclusão: a Escala Shape feminina e masculina apresentou evidências de confiabilidade e validade para a amostra, podendo ser utilizada para avaliar a satisfação com a imagem corporal de fisiculturistas de diferentes categorias.
Efeito da auto liberação miofascial na flexibilidade de escolares: uma proposta acessível
Authors: Souza Elielbson Santos de , Scudlarek André Luiz Karol Mota , Montserrat Paulo Márcio , Marques-Oliveira Gleuber Henrique Marques-Oliveira
Published: August 2024

Diversas pesquisas têm avaliado a aplicabilidade da técnica de auto liberação miofascial (ALM) na melhora aguda da flexibilidade em inúmeros esportes e/ou populações diferentes. No entanto, torna-se difícil sua inserção nas aulas de educação física escolar pelo elevado custo dos materiais. Dessa forma, buscou-se investigar o efeito da ALM em escolares por meio da utilização de rolos de espumas originais e com rolos confeccionados com materiais adaptados de baixo custo. Participaram da pesquisa 30 escolares, que foram aleatoriamente agrupados em: Grupo Controle (GCT), Grupo Rolo Original (GRO) e Grupo Rolo Adaptado (GRA). A flexibilidade foi avaliada antes e após a aplicação da ALM. A ALM foi realizada em músculos alvos uma vez por 30 segundos com intervalos de 15 segundos entre os estímulos. As comparações na flexibilidade pré e pós ALM foram avaliadas utilizando o teste de t student, com nível de significância adotado de p<0,05. Verificou-se que a ALM no GRO e GRA aumentaram agudamente a flexibilidade dos escolares em 7,53 e 16,5%, respectivamente. Assim, a utilização de rolos confeccionados com material alternativo (adaptado) para aplicação da ALM se mostra uma forma mais acessível financeiramente para ser utilizada nas aulas de educação física e abre possibilidades para sua aplicação para além das escolas.
Familiaridade e estranhamento: o método etnográfico na formação inicial de estudantes de educação física
Authors: Hildebrandt-Stramann Reiner , Oliveira Amauri Aparecido Bássoli de
Published: August 2024

Se quisermos, como exige a atual discussão didática, consolidar ainda mais as figuras do pensamento didático da era do “Pós-Movimento Renovador”, que se manifestam em um conceito didático aberto à experiência e crítico-emancipatório, então precisamos considerar como os futuros professores de Educação Física podem ser qualificados para isso. Este não é um processo fácil porque os acadêmicos de Educação Física iniciam os seus estudos com um conceito que lhes é familiar, o conceito de esporte. Este conceito esportivo caracteriza-se pelo “fechamento” de conteúdo, de metodologia e um “fechamento” institucional. Este ensaio apresenta uma estratégia didática de como os futuros professores de Educação Física podem ser estimulados a se “abrirem” a novas formas de pensar como parte dos seus estudos. Propõe-se uma abordagem etnográfica em que se pretende aprender a questionar o “familiar”, o “auto evidente”. Métodos de “estranhamento” são adequados para isso. Apresentamos 5 passos que podem levar os acadêmicos a aprenderem a se distanciar do “familiar”, do conceito esportivo biograficamente incorporado. Entendemos que somente quando esse distanciamento for bem-sucedido, segundo a hipótese, os estudantes poderão estruturar ideias didáticas da era do “Pós-Movimento Renovador” e planejar e implementar aulas de educação física abertas à experiência.
Risk factors for chronic fatigue in post COVID-19 patients after 12 months: Cohort study
Authors: Araujo Gustavo Baroni , Silva Lucas Audi da , Serassuelo Junior Helio , Laskoviski Larissa , Felcar Josiane Marques , Trelha Celita Salmaso , Fillis Michelle Moreira Abujamra
Published: August 2024

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of fatigue in patients with COVID-19 one month and twelve months after diagnosis and the predictor variables. Methodology: Cohort study with patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection who completed an online questionnaire one month and one twelve months after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, which consisted of sociodemographic data, symptomatic manifestations caused by COVID-19, comorbidities, fatigue and functionality. Multivariate analysis was performed to establish which variables best predicted the proposed model. Results: After analyzing a total of 299 individuals, it was observed that 159 (53.2%) and 140 (46.8%) presented fatigue after 30 days and one year, respectively. Furthermore, 85 (28.4%) individuals presented dyspnea after 30 days, and 75 (25.1%) after one year, with a predominance of females. The predictor variables identified for the presence of fatigue after one year were: sedentary lifestyle after 1 year p=(0.06), limitation of functional status after 30 days p=0.02 and dyspnea after 1 year p=0.01. Conclusion: A sedentary lifestyle, limited functional status and dyspnea are its risk factors.
Tax incentives for the social sphere: A reflection on incentive laws and the case of sport in the Latin countries of South America
Authors: Diniz Rafael Silva , Silva Luciano Pereira da , Pereira Brisa de Assis , Abade Natascha Stephanie Nunes
Published: August 2024

Tax incentive laws are configured as a public policy that creates a special rule within the tax system in order to induce the taxpayer's behavior. In practice, it works by allowing the population to direct part of an outstanding tax to a social policy, like in sport. One of the discussed aspects of this mechanism is whether it also establishes private investments, given that the portion that the population directs to social policies is a percentage of an outstanding tax, in other words, it is a public resource. This paper explored the history of tax incentive laws for the social area, looking at Brazil, Peru, Uruguay and Chile, latin american countries that have this type of mechanism for the sports area. We identified that, in the Brazilian case, the lack of provision for the functioning of the private resources mechanism is due to the Brazilian government's fear that this would hinder the approval of this legislation in the legal instances. Peru and Uruguay have similar mechanisms, but they are focused on performance sport. In Chile, the policy covers various sporting events, but makes use of a public investment fund to balance out the distortions caused by the private allocation of resources. In the case of Brazil, Peru and Uruguay, the hosting of sporting Mega-events was a pressure factor for the approval of tax incentive legislation. As for Chile, the of high levels of sedentarism among the population contributed to the theme being strongly present in the country's General Sports Regulations.
A Novel Zero-Zero Safety System for VTOL Aircraft
Authors:   Active VTOL Crash Prevention Ltd., Sloman Roger , Scott Simon
Published: August 2024

The advent of multi-rotor, electric VTOL aircraft capable of carrying passengers and providing on-demand personal air transport promises a revolution not only in urban travel, but also in a multitude of other applications which will change the way that a broad range of people carry out their routine work activities. Many of the eVTOL design projects propose to use current ballistic parachute systems in case of any power or control failure; however, any recovery system which (i) gives a Ground Contact Velocity (GCV) of 5 to 7m/s and (ii) will not deploy properly below c. 100 to 150 feet will not be a solution that can satisfy certification requirements for carrying fare-paying passengers above a crowded urban environment. Active VTOL Crash Prevention Ltd (AVCP) is developing a system combining a rapid opening parachute and rocket motors designed to provide a controlled landing at less than 2m/s in any emergency situation.
Tactile Cueing System for Degraded Visual Environments
Authors:   University of Canberra, McGrath Braden ,   U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Rupert Angus ,   University of Canberra, Barzinjy Hakar ,   elmTEK Pty Ltd, Ganeswaran Ganen
Published: August 2024

The Australian Army sponsored a flight demonstration of the Tactile Cueing System (TCS) to determine the mission utility of tactile cueing for hover and approach operations in Degraded Visual Environment (DVE). TCS uses the sense of touch to provide intuitive hover drift cues to helicopter crews and was integrated and flown in an Australian Army CH-47F helicopter. Data obtained during the flight demonstration showed that in DVE, hover performance improved with TCS usage. The objectively measured performance enhancement was accompanied by a concurrent improvement in ADS-33 handling quality ratings, subjective spatial awareness (SA), and workload rating by the pilot; and the subjective ratings of pilot performance by aircrew. TCS demonstrated maximum drift maintenance improvement when it was combined with a visual display during translational rate command mode. Lessons learned highlighted the necessity to integrate TCS with 1553 data, and optimise the integration of the TCS with pilots and aircrew. TCS flight demonstration observations were consistent with previous US Army tactile cueing evaluations. These results indicate that TCS has the potential to improve position maintenance, reduce pilot workload, and thus progress safety during hover operations in DVE and could be an excellent safety technology contribution for future helicopters, as well as supporting legacy platforms in the short term.
ARSAD: An Augmented-Reality Spatial Auditory Display for Obstacle Avoidance during all Phases of Flight
Authors:   SJSURF/NASA ARC HSI, Miller Joel ,   NASA ARC HSI, Wenzel Elizabeth , Godfroy-Cooper Martine
Published: August 2024

Spatial disorientation (SD) and the subsequent loss of situation awareness (SA) remain critical for low-level helicopter flight in degraded visual environments (DVE). In modern helicopter cockpits, synthetic vision systems (SVSs) employing conventional non-conformal two-dimensional (2D), egocentric three-dimensional (3D) conformal symbology (CS) and LADAR/RADAR imagery support guidance and control, especially during operations in DVE. Although 3D CS can decrease pilot's workload, it can also produce attentional tunneling and may not provide maximally effective depiction of the environment around the helicopter. In this context, it is crucial to develop integrated multimodal interfaces that allow extending the current operational envelope while enhancing flight safety. Several flight simulator studies have investigated the use of spatial, 3D auditory displays in combination with spatially and temporally congruent visual displays in tasks as diverse as collision avoidance, intruding aircraft detection, or warning for system malfunction. In this paper we propose a novel approach to spatial sonification design based on the premises that perception-based synthetic cueing, where the information can be accessed, selected, processed and reacted to intuitively can increase SA, improve overall performance, and allow mental workload to be kept at operationally effective levels. This paper describes the architecture and application suite of the Aviation Auditory Display Engine (AvADE) and the slab3d rendering engine and its use for the development of Augmented-Reality (AR) spatial sonifications for obstacle avoidance in the existing USAARL integrated cueing environment (ICE). Nine UH60M pilots evaluated the prototype in a 20-minute low-level free flight mission over a desert compound. The results are discussed in the context of pilot cueing synergies for DVE.
Helicopter Rotor Infield Tracking with a Trailing-edge Flap and Adaptive Closed-loop Regulator
Authors:   University of Alabama, Ding Lan , Shen Jinwei
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates a utility helicopter rotor infield tracking and vibration control design. A Discrete Trailingedge Flap (DTEF) is employed as an actuation appliance to correct the unbalance. A rotor model with trailingedge flap is developed using Dymore - a multibody dynamic code. Two dissimilar rotors are modeled to simulate unbalanced inertia force and unbalanced aerodynamic force situations respectively. An adaptive closed-loop regulator is introduced and applied in both working conditions. Infield tracking is then conducted and control corrections are made according to different dynamics. Control process is presented and analyzed in advance ration u=0.233 in terms of controller inputs and outputs. Infield tracking and control correction at varying advance ratio is conducted in the following step and results are presented and explained.
GRC1: An Advanced Five-Bladed Bearingless Main Rotor Dynamics and Acoustics from Draft to Flight Test
Authors:   Airbus Helicopters, Kus Adrian , Schneider Sascha , Hollands Martin , Rammer Raphael , Dieterich Oliver , Priems Martijn
Published: August 2024

Funded by the European research program Clean Sky Green Rotorcraft (GRC), a new five-bladed bearingless main rotor demonstrator has been developed and tested between 2014 and 2016 at Airbus Helicopters, hereafter denoted as GRC1 rotor. While inheriting rotor controls, control cuff, flexbeam and lead-lag damper from the Bluecopter™ main rotor, the rotor blade itself was developed from scratch within the research project. Main target was to achieve an ecofriendly design by simultaneously reducing acoustic signature, fuel consumption and vibratory loads while optimizing manufacturing costs. This could be achieved by proper balancing the requirements of the technical disciplines acoustics, aerodynamics, dynamics, loads, performance and handling qualities. While these targets have been achieved, demonstrated by ground and flight tests, excellent agreement between numerical predictions and test results was achieved. This paper provides an overview on the aeromechanics, acoustics and performance aspects after summarizing the evolution of bearingless main rotors at Airbus Helicopters.
Automated Operational Modal Identification of a Rotor Blade
Authors:   The University of Texas at Austin, Uehara Daiju , Eitner Marc , Sirohi Jayant
Published: August 2024

This study describes the deformation measurement and automated operational modal analysis (OMA) of a rotor blade in hover. Blade deformation of a 0.4 m-diameter two-bladed rotor was measured at two different root pitch angles and four rotational speeds up to 1500 RPM by a time-resolved digital image correlation technique (DIC). The DIC technique successfully measured the time history of 3D displacements over the entire rotor blade at approximately 900 measurement locations for the flap, lead-lag, and torsional degrees of freedom. The measured blade deformation data were then processed with the Complexity Pursuit (CP) algorithm, which is one of several Blind Source Separation (BSS) techniques, to determine the dynamic characteristics of the rotor blade without input excitation information. The modal identification process was able to reduce the number of manual steps that would have to be performed by an analyst in a conventional operational modal analysis. The identified modal parameters were compared with that obtained by another OMA technique called NExT/ERA as well as a numerical model. These results agreed quite well for modal frequency identifications within the range of 5% difference. The mode shape estimated by the CP algorithm were almost similar to the numerical results for identified modes, however, there was non-negligible discrepancy between the results of the CP and NExT/ERA approach. Modal damping was also extracted by the CP algorithm although the resultant values were less than 3% for all test cases, which is quite low under the influence of aerodynamic damping. Overall, the automated OMA with the CP algorithm was favorable to the conventional OMA approach in terms of accuracy of modal parameter identification as well as process simplification.
Abnormal Derivative Frequency for Sensor and Wiring Prognostics
Authors:   HRL Laboratories LLC, Martin Charles ,   The Boeing Company, Murphy Alice , Lu Tsai-Ching , Slaughter Steve
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a new method for the detection and prognosis of sensor and wiring failures in rotorcraft and aircraft. Our approach, called the Abnormal Derivative Frequency (ADF), is able to detect sensor and wiring failures in the challenging setting where sensor readings do not exceed pre-determined thresholds and thus do not trigger a rotorcraft's onboard diagnostics algorithms to issue warnings, such as fault messages. The ADF is straightforward to compute, which makes it amenable to implementation in onboard mission processor software. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on field data collected from hundreds of Apache rotorcraft. We show that the ADF is able to reliably detect the onset of sensor and wiring problems well before they are caught by onboard diagnostic algorithms and maintenance personnel or crew members. Our approach has the added benefit of helping to distinguish between sensor/wiring problems and actual component failures, thus reducing trouble-shooting time and maintenance costs.
Dipl Ing August Stepan FRAeS - An Engineer's Story
Authors:   Hofstra University, Gibbings David , Charnov Bruce , Teleki Adam
Published: August 2024

In preparing for the 2003 Hofstra University "From Autogiro to Gyroplane: The Past, Present and Future of an Aviation Industry" Conference, David Groen of Groen Brothers Aviation suggested that it would be fitting to invite, and facilitate the attendance of August Stepan, then resident in a nursing home in Vienna, Austria. This never happened as it was quickly ascertained that Stepan was too frail to travel - the result being that an opportunity to celebrate a forgotten pioneer of rotary-wing aviation went unrealized.1 Groen had happened upon Stepan while delving deeply into the history of the 'Fairey Rotodyne' and his pioneering work both during WWII and afterwards on the application of jet-tipped rotor technology. Stepan soon died, and this paper represents an attempt to rediscover this forgotten pioneer, initiated in part by both his own brief summary of his aviation life, and the memories of remaining friends and colleagues who were fortunate as young men to work with Stepan.
History and Hysteria: The 'True Story' of the 2003 Hofstra University From Autogiro to Gyroplane Conference
Authors:   Hofstra University, Charnov Bruce
Published: August 2024

The April, 2003 Hofstra University From Autogiro to Gyroplane: The Past, Present and Future of an Aviation Industry Conference was a unique, truly historic gathering. This first university-level conference brought together an international group of pioneers and, as England's Ron Bartlett later observed in his Autogiro 1/4ly publication, this "[u]nique conference brings a long awaited legitimacy to the world's autogyro movement", a sentiment also voiced by Stephanie Gremminger in an October 2003 issue of Kitplanes and long-time PRA member (and former Popular Rotorcraft Flying editor) Paul Bergen Abbott two months earlier in an August article in Rotorcraft. Conceived in early 2000, the Conference took 34 months of planning and was accompanied by a world-class Autogiro history museum exhibit, the details of which have never been told, including inter alia: the strategies used to gain approval from the Hofstra University Board of Trustees for the awarding of the University's highest honor, an honorary Doctorate, to Wing Commander Ken Wallis for lifetime achievement (involving many copies of the Ian Hancock's Ken Wallis biography and several Corgi® models of the Wallis WA-116 "Little Nellie" Autogyro); the autogyro pioneer who initially refused to attend when he discovered that others were to be honored, and then retaliated by ignoring his conference presentation in favor of a scolding lecture on gyroplane safety that would privately be deemed "total rubbish" by a world-famous helicopter engineer in the audience; the Finish autogyro pioneer who's presentation ran so far over time that the 'plug was pulled' on his computer - and who then expressed gratitude because he was desperately trying to avoid what was coming next; the author who didn't like the rambling anecdotal presentation of a woman Gyrocopter pioneer and refused to allow his paper to be published in the Conference Proceedings; the dispute as to who would cut the Ken Wallis 87th birthday cake, settled with decisive action by Sergei Sikorsky; the presentation by the only Afro-American aircraft designer in the National Air and Space Museum, explaining why there is a black mannequin sitting in his futuristic gyroplane; and the luncheon conversation that led to the creation of the Vertical Flight History division of the American Helicopter Society International.
Machine Utilization from Spindle Data Using MTConnect
Authors:   Georgia Institute of Technology, Parto Mahmoud , Daniel Pedro , Louhichi Wafa , Kurfess Thomas
Published: August 2024

Nowadays, sensors built in the machine can be used to monitor the machine parameters, and the information can be accessed using data sharing standards such as MTConnect. Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is one of the main criteria used to determine the efficiency and performance of the equipment [1]. The main portion of the OEE is related to the equipment utilization [2, 3]. The machine utilization can be calculated with various methods [4, 5]. The novel methodology developed in this study represents the utilization by considering the actual spindle speed and spindle load. The result, not only demonstrates the machine utilization from the time when the spindle was running but also the time when the machine was actually cutting the material as well as the time when the machine was cutting the material efficiently. The generated information, therefore, can be utilized to determine the downtimes of the equipment, increase the up times, and optimize the G-Code programs to higher OEE. The proposed methodology does not involve extra data acquisition equipment or sensors, can produce results in real-time, and will output information about the part cycle time, equipment utilization, and cutting time.
Utilization of Factory Physics in Reducing Span and Variation in Production
Authors:   Bell, Tiwari Chandrashekhar , Skinner Gregg
Published: August 2024

An analytical approach to identify manufacturing span reduction opportunities is presented. Span and variation reduction are key elements in operations management that lead directly to improved inventory turns. Generic solutions (such as implementing one type of corrective action across all gates of a production line) is a conventional approach that can lead to poor long term decisions. Statistical measures, such as coefficient of variation, standard deviation, and average span, are calculated and compared against target values to identify span and variation reduction opportunities. The focus is on gated areas of the production flow, where improved targets need to be achieved. This approach identifies Lean, Variation Reduction and Design Improvement opportunities and was used to implement corrective actions that resulted in 29.3% reduction in the average span for a production Bell main rotor blade in 2017.
Advanced Techniques For The Fabrication Of Airframe Structures Using Innovative Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Technology
Authors:   PZL Mielec - a Sikorsky Company, Luty Grzegorz , Wronska Agata , Andres Jacek , Galaczynski Tomasz
Published: August 2024

One of the alternative method for welding method is a friction stir welding (FSW), which was developed in 1991 at TWI (The Welding Institute) in the United Kingdom, initially especially for joining aluminum and its alloys [1]. This process consists in joining of materials in solid state, which eliminates the problems resulting from melting the material and its re-solidifying, such as, hot cracking, residual stresses and distortion created during conventional welding.
In this process, the heat which plasticized the material is provided by rotating tool consisting of shoulder and pin. This tool penetrates into the base material and then moves along the welding line. As a result of the friction between tool and joining materials is generated a sufficient amount of heat allowing on mixed the base material and create FSW joint.
Among the most important advantages of using the FSW method should be listed: relatively easy automatization (it is often possible to use conventional CNC machine), lower residual stresses in the welded joints and their very good mechanical properties (often exceed the mechanical properties of welded or riveted joints).
Project FAST_FSW (Advanced techniques for the Fabrication of Airframe STructures using innovative friction stir welding (FSW) technology) is realized within consortium between PZL Mielec and research partner Czestochowa University of Technology. The main objective of the FAST_FSW Project is to develop friction stir welding technology to aircraft design and manufacturing for introduce fasteners free, lighter weight and lower cost aerostructures.
Predicting Formation of Manufacturing Defects in Contoured Composites
Authors:   University of Texas at Arlington, Seon Guillaume ,   Numerical Technology Company LLC, Nikishkov Yuri ,   Air Force Research Lab AFRL/RXCC Wright, Fergusson Lauren , Makeev Andrew
Published: August 2024

Composite helicopter rotor components are typically thick and often have areas with a tight radius of curvature, which make them especially prone to process-induced defects, including wrinkles and voids at ply interfaces. Such flaws cause high rejection rates in production of flight-critical components and structure. This work seeks to fill the gaps in understanding generation of the noted defects in contoured polymer-matrix composite (PMC) laminates. In particular, understanding and modelling defect formation at the early stages of the manufacturing process might be the missing link to enable the development of practical engineering solutions allowing for better control of the manufacturing process of contoured composite parts. In this work, an approach based on a continuum description of the uncured prepreg material, including the initial bulk or void content, and finite element modelling (FEM) is used to simulate the consolidation process at the early stages of manufacturing of contoured laminates. The simulation predicts instabilities leading to formation of both wrinkles and voids at ply interfaces during laminate debulking or vacuum consolidation. Applicability of the method to consolidation in both closed-cavity and open-face tooling is also demonstrated. FEM results show good correlation with X-ray Computed Tomography data. This work also introduces a new simulation concept based on finite element and discrete modelling of voids at ply interfaces to improve accuracy of predicting their evolution during the debulking operations.
A New Modeling Framework to Predict Helicopter Dynamic Systems Loads
Authors:   Airbus Helicopters, Guivarch Damien ,   INSA Toulouse, Sartor Marc , Mermoz Emmanuel , Marino Yoan
Published: August 2024

This paper deals with the development of new simulation models to predict more accurately the mechanical loads transiting through Helicopter Dynamic Systems. When designing new dynamic systems, such as a main rotor for example, it is not uncommon to observe some differences between loads estimated by simulation and loads measured during the first tests. Anyone who wishes to master the development time must necessarily predict with good accuracy what will be the effects of the devices responsible for interconnecting the different parts of these systems. A simulation framework to address this issue is described in this paper. A multibody dynamic approach is used to model helicopter mechanical systems and to compute displacements and reaction loads at kinematic joints. The numerical approach chosen takes into consideration specific characteristics of helicopter parts such as blade flexibility. The study of a blade-rotor system is presented to illustrate the implementation of the proposed modeling framework. The first results obtained are analyzed and compared with test data.
Multidisciplinary Trim Analysis of a Coaxial-Pusher Rotorcraft Configuration
Authors:   University of Maryland, Herrmann Thomas , Celi Roberto , Baeder James
Published: August 2024

The control redundancy inherent to a coaxial helicopter facilitates multiple achievable configurations for trimmed flight conditions. These redundancies can be exploited to optimize performance across multiple disciplines including the minimization of noise and the maximization of component life. Improved trim methodologies are required to identify the control allocation for optimal multidisciplinary flight performance. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a simulation-based study for a coaxial/pusher rotorcraft configuration in trim. The paper shows the effects on trim of increased control redundancy achieved through the use of a pusher propeller. The impact of different trim approaches on performance, acoustics, and fatigue life is compared. It is shown that the different metrics may have conflicting requirements necessary to maximize performance.