bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter on Oyster Culture
Authors: Lord Montagu of Beaulien
Published: October 2009

I have tried breeding oysters in two enclosed ponds for over ten years. I began my experiments in 1878. These ponds are situated on the banks of the Beaulieu River, about three miles from the estuary. They were excavated from the mud-bank, and banked off from the river; the bottom was well chalked, and afterwards well coated with gravel. They are about half an acre each, and are divided by an embankment. There are three sluices communicating with the river from the ponds, and two between the two ponds. The situation of the ponds is very sheltered, being in the west bank of the river, with a wood on the west side, and the woods on the east side of the river also sheltering them. The water of the river at the spot is brackish to a certain extent, and decidedly so when there is much rain. At spring tides it is nearly as salt as the sea, but there is always a considerable mixture of fresh in the river. I have only once succeeded in obtaining any large fall of spat, and that was in the first year the ponds were made, 1878. That year there was a very early fall of spat, middle of June, and the tiles were fairly smothered with it. Since then there has been occasionally a little fall of spat, but nothing at all satisfactory.
Flora of Plymouth Sound and Adjacent Waters. Preliminary Paper
Authors: Johnson T.
Published: October 2009

A Government grant by the Royal Society enabled me to spend the months of August and September of 1889, in the investigation of unknown or obscure points in the marine algæ, in the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. One of my chief objects was to obtain such material of the various members of the Gigartinaceæ, of Spyridia, Stenogramme, and other genera, as would permit me to make a detailed examination of the development of the fruit (cystoearp) from the earliest stage to maturity. Several of the genera required were very rare or of unknown locality, and in many cases only to be found by dredging. In searching for these, new weeds, or new localities for known weeds, were met with, and it seemed to me the notes I made would be of use to algologists. Cocks, Hore, Boswarva, Gatcombe, &c, and of late years Holmes, have combined in their work to give a very full account of the marine algæ to be met with without the use of the dredge. For twenty years Cocks, I am told, did not miss a single low tide at Plymouth (or, if not, Falmouth). Up to the present our knowledge of the weeds of Plymouth has been derived almost entirely from shore-hunting, some of the rarest weeds being described as washed ashore, so that it was a question as to whether such weeds were locally established or merely “drift” specimens. In 1867 Boswarva published his Flora of Plymouth Sound in the Transactions of the Plymouth Athenaeum, his catalogue being compiled from the discoveries of himself, Cocks, &c. This list appears word for word in the Marine Biological Association Journal, No. 2, 1888. I am permitted by Mr. Holmes to say that through a misunderstanding he is stated to give the names of eight additional species.
Report of a Trawling Cruise in H.M.S. “Research” off the South-west Coast of Ireland
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: October 2009

The cruise, of which the zoological results are given in this report, was undertaken at the suggestion of Capt. Wharton, R.N., F.R.S. hydrographer to the Admiralty, who kindly advised me that H.M.S. “Research” was to make a fresh series of soundings off the entrance to the Channel, and put me in communication with the captain of the ship. To Capt. Aldrich I am indebted for unbounded hospitality. and attention whilst I was on board, and I take this opportunity of expressing my most hearty thanks both to him and to the officers on board for the hospitality and kindness which they afforded me, and, for the help which they gave me in the trawling operations. The “Eesearch” is a paddle vessel of 520 tons register, built last year for the express purpose of surveying, and provided with a steam winch, deep-sea trawls and dredges, and 1000 fathoms of wire rope, with accumulators and accessory tackle. The available space on board was limited; there was no separate cabin at my disposal, so Capt. Aldrich most kindly made me his guest and gave me a berth in his own cabin, and I was given as much room, as could possibly be allowed for storing my bottles and other apparatus.
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: Thompson Herbert
Published: October 2009

Probable Relation between Temperature and the Annual Catch of Anchovies in the Schelde District (with Pl. XXIV).—Mr. C. J. Bottemanne, of Bergen-op-Zoom, the Inspector of Fisheries for Holland, has expressed in tables published in extenso in the Verslag omtrent den Toestand der Visscherijen in de Schelde en Zeeuwsche. Stroomen for 1888, some very interesting statistics which have been condensed in Pl. XXIV of this journal. The temperature observations were made on the Rinkelaar guardship of the Ijerseke Bank of the Eastern Schelde (see Map, Pl. XXI); the amounts of the annual catch are taken from the official returns. It appears probable from these statistics that the extent of the catch of anchovies in the Schelde district in any year is (at least largely) dependent on the temperature of the water during the midsummer months of the preceding year. The curves in Pl. XXIV exhibit the temperature on the Ijerseke Bank during the months June to September from 1883 to 1888, the shaded blocks below them represent graphically the mass of anchovies taken in the succeeding year, i. e. 1884—1889 (the figures in the bottom line placed after the year indicate the total number of barrels). The only apparent exception is 1886, but, though the highest recorded temperature of this year is not great, the mean temperature in July to September was extremely and unusually high, as will readily be seen in the diagram. As an example of the valuable information which scientific observers may give to those interested in fisheries, Mr. Bottemanne, on receiving the statistics of temperature for 1888, warned the fishermen of the district last year not to go to trouble orexpense about the anchovy, fishery; they persisted, however, and justified his advice by realising 12 barrels as against 730 barrels of the previous year.
Note on a Large Squid (Ommastrephes pteropus, Stp.)
Authors: Goodrich E. S.
Published: October 2009

On the 6th of January, 1892, Dr. Elliot of Kingsbridge most generously presented to the Marine Biological Association a large and interesting Cephalopod which was captured off Salcombe.

Dr. Elliot brought the squid to the Plymouth Laboratory, and it was subsequently purchased for the Oxford Museum by Prof. Ray Lankester, who requested me to identify it, giving me much kind help, for which I wish to express my sincere thanks.
North Sea Investigations (Continued.)
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: October 2009

Introductory.—I believe that, so far as concerns the more important species, sufficient information has been accumulated to allow of the deduction of a reliable conclusion.

Though it is certain that some local variation exists in the different parts of the North Sea, I have not found it possible to treat the area otherwise than as a single district. This is of the less importance since the variation seems to be very slight, and in any practical application of the results arrived at I do not see how it would be feasible to subdivide the district.
On Rock Remains in the Bed of the English Channel An Account of the Dredgings carried out by ss. “Oithona” in 1906
Authors: Crawshay L. R.
Published: October 2009

In the programme of work for the summer of 1906, it was decided by the Director that a series of cruises should be carried out by the Association's steamer Oithona to investigate the fauna of the deeper waters of the English Channel. The bearing S.W. ½ S., Magnetic, = S. 23° W., True,* from the Eddystone Lighthouse was chosen as a baseline, and the work was to be carried out with special reference to points at 10-mile intervals along this bearing. The fauna was to be investigated as fully as possible, and bottom-deposits, particularly stones, were at the same time to be carefully recorded and collected. In all, eight cruises were made, the work being extended nearly as fer as the 50-mile point.
The Dredgings of the Marine Biological Association (1895–1906), as a Contribution to the Knowledge of the Geology of the English Channel
Authors: Worth R. Hansford
Published: October 2009

Investigation of the geologic problems connected with the English Channel is no new matter. Setting aside all speculations deriving from the study of its coast-line, the first serious examination of the bed of the Channel was made by R. A. C. Austen, and his results published in the Proceedings of the Geological Society, 13 June, 1849. Although, as he states, he had examined the sea-bed with dredge and sounding-lead he has little to say as to its lithology. But none the less his work is a notable contribution to our knowledge, and his conclusions bear well the test of subsequent discoveries. Following Austen, in 1871, Delesse published his Lithologie des Mers de France, in which considerable attention is given to the Channel; and the lithology of its coastal deposits, and to some extent of the sea-bed, is considered in detail. But, valuable as this work is, its chief interest lies in the information given as to the nature of the sea-bottom, the grade and extent of the varying deposits. Austen and Delesse alike, and in agreement, point out the large areas of the Channel bed which are occupied by stones, boulders, and pebbles of some size, and argue on much the same lines as to the conditions which have formerly existed there.
Notes on the littoral Polychæta of Torquay
Authors: Elwes Major E. V.
Published: October 2009

The following notes are confined to the species of Polychæta, which have been found by myself during the last four years, between tide-marks, on the coast comprised within the Borough of Torquay. Torquay is so well known as a hunting ground for the marine zoologist that it is unnecessary to describe the features of the shores. No special study of the Polychseta of Torquay appears to have been previously made, although the locality, Torbay, occurs somewhat frequently in the British Museum Catalogue of Worms.
Notes on some Sagartiidæ and Zoanthidæ from Plymouth
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: October 2009

This small species was described by Verrill in 1898, and first observed by Miss Verrill in 1892 near New Haven, U.S.A.

In 1902 Parker noted a number of new localities, and remarked upon its rapidly extending range on the American coast.
Actiniæ collected by the s.s. “Huxley” in the North Sea during the summer of 1907
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: October 2009

Voyage XCIII. Station 37. Northumberland ground. 40 fathoms. 1 specimen.

Voyage XCIIL. Station 56. Lat. 55°31' N. Long. 0° 53' W. 55 fathoms. 2 specimens.

The specimen from 93–37 was young and damaged. Expanse of disk and tentacles in a contracted condition, 30 mm.
Nudibranchiata Collected in the North Sea by the s.s. “Huxley” during July and August, 1907
Authors: Walton C. L.
Published: October 2009

During July and August, 1907 (Voyages XCII, XOIII, XCIV, XCV, and XCVI), the s.s. Huxley worked a series of stations reaching from near Cromer to St. Abb's Head more or less parallel with the coast line, and also a series further to the north, and extending around the eastern borders of the Dogger Bank.
Contents
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: October 2009

The investigation of the trawling-grounds in Start Bay, Torbay, and Teignmouth Bay, which had been previously investigated in 1895–8 by Messrs. Stead and Holt, was resumed by the Marine Biological Association in 1901, under authority from the Devon Sea Fisheries Committee.
The Brixham Fishing-Grounds and Fishery Statistics
Authors: Kyle H. M.
Published: October 2009

There was a time, and that not many years ago, when the fishing-hoats of Brixham sailed round to the east coast of England and joined with the fleets of London, Lowestoft, Yarmouth, and Grimsby in exploiting the fishing-grounds of the North Sea. This carries us back at least two generations, but if one chose to hunt through old records, one might find mention of Brixham and its fishing many centuries ago. The records may even go back to an earlier date than the Armada, but its past history, though of exceptional interest, is of no importance to our present purpose, and we may turn to the doings of the men of Brixham at the present day.
Distribution and Migrations of Food-Fishes
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: October 2009

The trawling investigations in the bays were carried out at monthly intervals by means of the Association's steamer Oithona, a small yacht of 69 tons gross tonnage. Only one gap appears in the monthly records for Start Bay (March), and three in those for the other bays. The total number of hauls recorded in the tables is 138, viz. 70 for Start Bay, 30 for Torbay, and 32 for Teignmouth Bay. A few hauls were made on the offshore grounds, but they were not sufficiently numerous to furnish a basis of comparison with the inshore records. Their publication is therefore deferred.
The Reproduction of the Flat-Fishes
Authors: Kyle H. M.
Published: October 2009

“The spawning periods of the food-fishes have been fully ascertained for the east coast of Scotland by Dr. Fulton and other Scottish workers, and the present occasion afforded a good opportunity of determining the spawning time of the plaice on the south-west coast of England. Mr. Cunningham's work, published in previous numbers of this Journal, and in more compendious form in his book on Marketable Marine Fishes, covers the whole field of fishery investigation, and forms therefore an excellent basis for more definite and detailed research. The spawning period of the plaice, for example, is given as January, February, and March for the North Sea and English Channel, and in a general way this is quite correct, but it is somewhat vague. The plaice of the Bristol Channel also spawn during the months mentioned, but on the whole later than those of the English Channel. It is evident, therefore, that we must ascertain the periods at which most plaice are spawning or have spawned, in other words the maximum spawning period as it is generally called. The difficulties in the way of ascertaining this accurately arise from the facts that all fish do not spawn exactly at the same time, and that one fish may take two or more weeks in getting rid of all its spawn. We cannot, therefore, delimit the maximum spawning period to less than two to three weeks, and if we allow for fluctuations in different years, one month is the nearest approximation we can make.
General Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: October 2009

The facts and experiments recorded in the preceding sections lead to the following main conclusions:—

(1) Plaice below 8 inches in length are practically confined to the inshore waters of the bays at all seasons of the year. They are especially abundant in Teignmouth Bay and Torbay, where they are caught with the usual trawl-mesh in numbers at least as great as those of all the larger sizes of plaice taken together. In Start Bay, on the other hand, these small plaice are far less numerous than the larger fish, which out-number them by eighteen to one (Table II., p. 449).
Apendix I: Preliminary Report on the Trawling Experiments in the Bays on the South Coast of Devon
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: October 2009

The investigation of the trawling grounds in Start Bay, Torbay, and Teignmouth Bay, which had been previously investigated in 1895–8 by Messrs. Stead and Holt, was resumed by the Marine Biological Associaton in 1901. The new investigations were placed in the hands of Dr. H. M. Kyle, Assistant Naturalist to the Association, and were carried out by him at nearly regular monthly intervals from the end of July, 1901, to the beginning of September, 1902, by means of the Association's s.s. Oithona.
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: Kyle H. M.
Published: October 2009

During the past year (1902) several cases of peculiarly shaped gurnards were reported from Brixham and Plymouth, and three specimens eventually fell into my hands. They are hunchbacked in form, and are so distinct from the common type that in the days of Couch and Parnell they would have been raised to the dignity of a separate species. No records of such malformations in the gurnards—though common enough in fresh-water forms, as perch and trout—have ever been made so far as my knowledge goes, so that a brief description seems advisable.
Notes on the Copepoda of the North Atlantic Sea and the Faröe Channel
Authors: Wolfenden R. Norris
Published: October 2009

In a previous notice in this Journal, voL vi, p. 344, January, 1902, a brief description of the plan of work undertaken by the writer was given. This comprised cruises across the cold-water area of the laroe Channel during 1900, 1901, and 1902, during the course of which tow-nettings were made at each station with Garstang's net, or Fowler's net, down to 500 to 600 fathoms, simultaneously with hydrographical observations (temperature, collection of water, etc.), which have already been partly reported upon by Mr. H. N. Dickson (GeograpMcal Journal, April, 1903).
The Larva of Nicothoë astaci and its Systematic Position
Authors: Gurney Robert
Published: October 2009

Mr. Leigh-Sharpe, in his account of the external structure of this interesting Copepod (1926), concludes that it is most nearly related to the Ascomyzontidæ. Having recently obtained a number of larvæ, hatched from adults obtained at Plymouth, and finding that my own conclusion as to the relationship of the genus differs from that of Mr. Leigh-Sharpe, it seems worth while to describe the larvæ and the bearing they seem to have upon the systematic position of the adult.

The larvæ hatch and become active inside the egg-sac. Immediately after becoming free they swim vigorously for a short time, but very soon sink to the bottom and remain quiescent, with occasional spasms of activity.
The Larval Stages of the Copepod Longipedia
Authors: Gurney Robert
Published: October 2009

During a short stay at the Laboratory at Plymouth, with the object of studying the larvæ of Longipedia and Misophria, I was successful in identifying the nauplius of the former, and, as it is of rather exceptional interest from the systematic point of view, the various stages are described here. I did not find the adult of any species of Longipedia and am not able to describe the first nauplius with certainty, but the identity of the series as a whole was settled beyond doubt by the moulting of a late nauplius into a Copepodid which could be definitely identified as a species of Longipedia. It is impossible to say to which species it belonged, but the specific determination is not of serious importance.
Incubation-habit in a Phyllodocid Polychæte, Notophyllum foliosum Sars
Authors: Okada Yô K.
Published: October 2009

That a mother worm protects its eggs until tie young are hatched is common enough among Polychætes, but not in the family Phyllodocidas.

McIntosh (1908) mentioned in his British Annelids, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 49, that two female specimens of Notophyllum foliosum, procured by his late friend Dr. Howden, at Lamlash, Arran, in August, were laden with mature eggs. Certainly the words “were laden” used here tell us something about the particular habit of the worm, but the sentence is too short and is not emphatic enough to attract attention.
Additions to the Sponge Fauna at Plymouth
Authors: Burton M.
Published: October 2009

During a short visit to Plymouth, in 1928, Dr. M. W. de Laubenfels made a collection of sponges which, with the exception of six, he identified and deposited in the Biological Laboratory at Plymouth. Before leaving England he left these six with me, with the request that they should be identified. This I have now done, and the results have proved extremely interesting, adding six species,Halichondria bowerbanki, Mycale similaris, Iophon hyndmani, Endectyon delaubenfelsi, Hymedesmia stephensi, andPachaxinella subdola, to the recorded faunal list for Plymouth, of which three are new species.
The Photo-chemical and Photo-electric Measurement of Submarine Illumination
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. , Poole H. H.
Published: October 2009

Accounts have been given in previous papers (1925, 1926, 1928) of measurements of submarine illumination carried out near Plymouth by means of photo-electric cells. A further paper (1929, 3) recorded the results so obtained during 1928. An account is now given of photo-chemical measurements made in that year, simultaneously with the photo-electric measurements.
A Note on the Formation of the Egg Case of the Skate
Authors: Hobson A. D.
Published: October 2009

There seems to be some uncertainty about the exact stage at which the horny case is secreted around the fertilised Elasmobranch egg. Those textbooks which have been consulted either pass over the matter in silence or give the impression that the shell is secreted while the egg is passing through the nidamental organ. Sedgwick (1905), for example, says (p. 143): “The shell is formed round the ovum and its albumen in the lower dilated part of the oviduct, but the material of which it is composed is secreted by the oviducal gland.” Of late years the question seems to have received little attention, but there are several papers on the subject published twenty or more years ago.
The Preservation of Fishing Nets by Treatment with Copper Soaps and Other Substances. Part II
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: October 2009

This paper is a continuation of Part I in a strict sense, and deals with the methods and samples considered previously. More prolonged immersion tests have enabled a more accurate estimate to be reached as to the relative values of the methods of preservation. One new preservative has been tried, an oily substance sold as “Neo-Russigen,” a sample of which was supplied by the Ministry of Fisheries; in the absence of any chemical analysis of this there is no guarantee that subsequent supplies will approximate to the sample received, to which alone must the data presented be considered to apply.
Studies on Conditioned Responses in Fishes. Part II
Authors: Bull H. O.
Published: October 2009

The present paper continues the account of my experiments ou the capacity of fishes to form conditioned responses towards definite stimuli under strict experimental control. No change has been made in the method of recording the results except in the section on auditory discrimination in the wrasse. This slight variation is explained in the appropriate place.

All the experiments described in this part belong to Section A of the previous paper (1), in which food is the unconditioned stimulus. The work which has been carried out in Section B will receive fuller treatment at a later date.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. IX. The Distribution of the Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes in the Daytime in the Plymouth Area
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: October 2009

In continuation of the study of the vertical distribution of the pelagic young of Teleostean fishes, already reported on for 1924 and 1925 (1), a further fifteen stations were made with the two-metre stramin net in the daytime between April and September in 1926. The collections were made in a manner exactly similar to that for those of the previous years, hauls of ten minutes' duration being made almost always at six different depths with the net towed horizontally as near as possible at the same speed on each occasion. The Admiralty depth-recording instrument was used at every station, and the results for each haul are given in Figures 6 and 7 on pages 666 and 667, which show the graphic records of the path of the net through the water for each haul. (That for June 25th is not included, an unsatisfactory record being obtained on that day owing to the drum of the recorder not having been fully screwed down, see 4, p. 431.)
The Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of the Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes Caught in the Ring-Trawl in Offshore Waters in the Plymouth Area
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: October 2009

A large number of collections were made with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl in the years 1924, 1925 and 1926, to study the vertical distribution of young fish. Seeing that all these collections were made in exactly the same way, it was considered that they would form a good basis for a study of the quantitative differences in abundance of the different species at various times of the year. Accordingly, after 1926 the collections were supplemented in-1927, 1928 and 1929 by oblique hauls with the ring-trawl fishing at the same depths as those fished in the serial hauls in the study of the vertical distribution, that is the net was fished successively at the six different depths during half-an-hour's haul for 5 minutes at each depth. The results given in this report are all based on daylight catches.
On the Occurrence and Habits of the Siphonophore, Stephanomia bijuga (Delle Chiaje)
Authors: Berrill N. J.
Published: October 2009

According to E. T. Browne, 1899, Stephanomia bijuga (Delle Chiaje) (syn. Cupulita sarsii Haeckel and Agalmopsis elegans Sars, partim) belongs to the surface Atlantic fauna. It has been recorded at Valencia from March to November, and while suffering badly from the destructive power of gales it must occur at times in enormous numbers, for in November, 1898, tow-nets were taken that were full of isolated pneumato-phores. Into the more confined waters of the English Channel, however, it penetrates apparently very rarely, the only record being that of a single specimen taken a mile or two out from Plymouth Sound in March, 1902.
Hydrography of the Mouth of the English Channel, 1925–1928
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: October 2009

The temperature of the sea and the movements of water carrying with it planktonic organisms have been the subject of study since the early days of marine biological research. As investigation of cold-blooded marine animals progresses, the controlling r61e played by the temperature of the surrounding water upon their breeding, rate of growth, and general metabolism, becomes increasingly evident.
Seasonal Variations in the Phosphate and Silicate Content of Sea-Water in Relation to the Phyto-plankton Crop. Part V. November 1927 to April 1929, Compared with Earlier Years from 1923
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: October 2009

In the previous numbers of this series (1923, 1925, 1926, 1928) it was fully established that the phosphate and silicate content of sea-water becomes greatly reduced in spring and summer. It is possible to calculate a minimum value for the phytoplankton crop from the amount of phosphate used up, also to ascertain the production up to and between various dates; such information has a direct bearing on the supply of food for copepods and other animals upon which young fish feed. The accumulation of data of this type should in time permit of some generalization as to the favourableness or otherwise of any season with respect to the survival of relatively large numbers of young fish of various species in the locality studied. The present paper is a further contribution towards the amassing of seasonal productivity data which has been in progress since March 1923, with a gap from March to October, inclusive, during 1927. Information has moreover been sought as to the extent to which the removal of the phosphate approaches completion; the analyses of water samples low in phosphate have been carried out with a rather greater degree of accuracy than heretofore, by using a more exact method of allowing for the reagent blank, by using weaker standard solutions and by ensuring that in nearly every case the analyses were performed on the day following that on which the water samples had been taken. When the cruise extended for two days this was not possible as regards samples taken on the first day. Furthermore, measurements have been made (Poole and Atkins, 1928) of the illumination, both aerial and submarine, obtaining when the samples were taken.
A Study of the Spring Diatom Increase in Loch Striven
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Orr A. P.
Published: October 2009

The spring diatom increase in the open sea and probably also in inshore waters is one of the most important annual biological events and information regarding it or its causes is likely to be of value. In an inshore area changes are not only more pronounced, but also take place more rapidly than in the open sea and, for this reason among others, the increase was studied in Loch Striven, a well-sheltered loch in the Clyde Sea Area. A general description of the weekly changes occurring in this loch has already been made (Marshall and. Orr, 1927). The changes during the spring, however, are so rapid that an examination at even closer intervals during this period was thought advisable. Such an examination was made in 1927 and 1928, the interval between successive visits being generally two days. The methods used were the same as those described in the above-mentioned paper.
On Abnormal Conditions of the Gills inMytilus edulis. Part I. On Permanent Natural Reversal of the Frontal Cilia on the Gill Filaments ofMytilus edulis
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: October 2009

A Heavy percentage of the mussels obtained from various parts of the Fal Estuary, during October and November, 1927, had the gills in an exceedingly abnormal condition (31.8% among 1488 recorded). Occasional mussels from other localities (Padstow, Teignmouth, Yealm, Saltash) have been observed to have slightly abnormal gills, though perhaps in the majority of these the condition was due to the presence of a large female pea-crab,Pinnotheres pisum. In the Fal Estuary mussels the abnormal conditions were doubtless correlated with some factor in the environment, the percentage of pea-crabs in these being so low (4–8%) that their presence could have no relation to the abnormal condition of the gills.
Notes on Teleostean Ova and Larvae observed at Plymouth in Spring and Summer, 1909
Authors: Hefford A. E.
Published: October 2009

The observations which form the subject of the following notes deal with only part of the total material on which my studies of teleostean reproduction, pursued during the last two years, have been made; but as the other and larger part of the material consists of preserved specimens of the young (chiefly post-larval) stages of fishes collected during the four years 1906 to 1909 inclusive, it is more convenient to deal with the egg collections of the past year first and to treat the whole collection of young fry separately in a further paper.
Notes on the Littoral Polychaeta of Torquay (Part III)
Authors: Elwes Major E. V.
Published: October 2009

A Synopsis of the Aphroditidre of the English Channel by Mr. T. V. Hodgson is given in the Journal Marine Biological Association, Vol. VI, No. 2, 1900.

APhrodita aculeata, Lin. McIntosh, Mon. Brit. Ann., Vol. II, p. 247.
Some Notes on the Genus Cumanotus
Authors: Odhner Nils
Published: October 2009

In 1908 Sir Charles Eliot published in the Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., Vol. VIII, No. 3, a paper “On the Genus Cumanotus”; in that paper he showed that Coryphella beaumonti, discovered and named by him in 1906, was to be referred to the above genus, which had been first established by myself in 1907 from a study of the Norwegian C. laticeps, described at the same time as a new species.
Preliminary Notice on the Experimental Hybridization of Echinoids
Authors: Shearer Cresswell , De Morgan Walter , Fuchs H. M.
Published: October 2009

This paper is a preliminary account of a series of experiments on the hybridization of Echinoids, first commenced by one of our number (De Morgan) at Plymouth in 1909, and which will form part of a larger work now approaching completion. This will comprise the hybridization ofEchinus acutus, E. esculentus, andE. miliaris, together with an account of the cytology of the hybrid crosses and the control of paternal and maternal influence by chemical means.
The Problem of Sex Determination in Dinophilus gyrociliatus
Authors: Shearer Cresswell
Published: October 2009

The group of primitive Annelids Dinophilus comprises some eight or nine species. They are remarkable for the fact that some show a well marked sexual dimorphism, in which the male is rudimentary, without any mouth or digestive tract, while in others the sexes are the same size and exhibit no signs of this dimorphism. The group as a class, therefore, is readily divisible into two subdivisions, in one of which all the species are sexually dimorphic, unpigmented, while in the other they are highly pigmented, a bright red, and are sexually monomorphic. The former may be called the Leu-codinophilidae, while the latter may be called the Erythrodinophilidae.
Notes on various British Anthozoa
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: October 2009

This species is described and figured by Gosse in his Actinologia Britannica, quoting its original discoverer Holdsworth, who obtained a number of specimens at the entrance of Dartmouth harbour from among the roots of Laminaria. In Section III of the Appendix, Gosse (p. 355) adds: “I have taken this at Torquay. It has also been found at Mizen Head, and sent me from Banff. The markings are true to the description, and leave no doubt of its distinctness as a species.”
Intraperitoneal and intra-nasal vaccination of mice with three distinct recombinantNeospora caninumantigens results in differential effects with regard to protection against experimental challenge withNeospora caninumtachyzoites
Authors: DEBACHE K. , GUIONAUD C. , ALAEDDINE F. , HEMPHILL A.
Published: October 2009

Recombinant NcPDI(recNcPDI), NcROP2(recNcROP2), and NcMAG1(recNcMAG1) were expressed inEscherichia coliand purified, and evaluated as potential vaccine candidates by employing the C57Bl/6 mouse cerebral infection model. Intraperitoneal application of these proteins suspended in saponin adjuvants lead to protection against disease in 50% and 70% of mice vaccinated with recNcMAG1 and recNcROP2, respectively, while only 20% of mice vaccinated with recNcPDI remained without clinical signs. In contrast, a 90% protection rate was achieved following intra-nasal vaccination with recNcPDI emulsified in cholera toxin. Only 1 mouse vaccinated intra-nasally with recNcMAG1 survived the challenge infection, and protection achieved with intra-nasally applied recNcROP2 was at 60%. Determination of cerebral parasite burdens by real-time PCR showed that these were significantly reduced only in recNcROP2-vaccinated animals (following intraperitoneal and intra-nasal application) and in recNcPDI-vaccinated mice (intra-nasal application only). Quantification of viable tachyzoites in brain tissue of intra-nasally vaccinated mice showed that immunization with recNcPDI resulted in significantly decreased numbers of live parasites. These data show that, besides the nature of the antigen, the protective effect of vaccination also depends largely on the route of antigen delivery. In the case of recNcPDI, the intra-nasal route provides a platform to generate a highly protective immune response.
Unravelling causality from correlations: revealing the impacts of endemic ectoparasites on a protected species (tuatara)
Authors: GODFREY STEPHANIE S. , MOORE JENNIFER A. , NELSON NICOLA J. , BULL C. MICHAEL
Published: October 2009

Understanding the impacts of endemic parasites on protected hosts is an essential element of conservation management. However, where manipulative experiments are unethical, causality cannot be inferred from observational correlative studies. Instead, we used an experimental structure to explore temporal associations between body condition of a protected reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and infestation with ectoparasites (ticks and mites). We surveyed tuatara in a mark-recapture study on Stephens Island (New Zealand), which encompassed the pre-peak, peak and post-peak infestation periods for each ectoparasite. Tick loads during the peak infestation period were negatively related to body condition of tuatara. Body condition before the peak was not related to subsequent infestation rates; however, tick loads in the peak were negatively related to subsequent changes in body condition. Mite loads during the peak infestation period were not correlated with body condition of tuatara. Body condition before the peak had no effect on subsequent mite infestation rates, but mite loads of small males during the peak were negatively related to subsequent changes in body condition. Our results suggest that both ectoparasites reduce the body condition of tuatara, which has implications for the long-term conservation management of this host and its parasites.
The influence of habitat quality on the foraging strategies of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis megidis
Authors: KRUITBOS L. M. , HERITAGE S. , HAPCA S. , WILSON M. J.
Published: October 2009

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are soil-transmitted parasites and their foraging strategies are believed to range from ‘ambush’ to ‘cruise’ foragers. However, research on their behaviour has not considered the natural habitat of these nematodes. We hypothesized that EPN behaviour would be influenced by soil habitat quality and tested this hypothesis using 2 EPN species Steinernema carpocapsae (an ‘ambusher’) and Heterorhabditis megidis (a ‘cruiser’) in 2 contrasting habitats, sand and peat. As predicted from previous studies, in sand most S. carpocapsae remained at the point of application and showed no taxis towards hosts, but in peat S. carpocapsae dispersed much more and showed a highly significant taxis towards hosts. H. megidis dispersed well in both media, but only showed taxis towards hosts in sand. In outdoor mesocosms in which both species were applied, S. carpocapsae outcompeted H. megidis in terms of host finding in peat, whereas the opposite was true in sand. Our data suggest that these 2 EPN may be habitat specialists and highlight the difficulties of studying soil-transmitted parasites in non-soil media.
Parasite-specific variation and the extent of male-biased parasitism; an example with a South African rodent and ectoparasitic arthropods
Authors: MATTHEE SONJA , McGEOCH MELODIE A. , KRASNOV BORIS R.
Published: October 2009

We asked whether the occurrence and the extent of host gender-biased parasitism vary among higher parasite taxa, among individual species within these taxa and within parasite species among localities. To answer this question, we studied prevalence, abundance, species richness and the level of aggregation of ectoparasites (ticks, mites, lice and fleas) collected from male and female striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) in 9 localities of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. We used meta-analyses to compare parasitological variables between male and female hosts across localities for individual parasite species and higher taxa as well as across parasite species within a higher taxon. Whenever gender-biased parasitism was found, it indicated higher infestation of male than female hosts (except 1 low abundant mite species). We found that the occurrence and extent of gender-biased infestation varied mainly within a parasite species among localities and among parasite species within a higher taxon but not among parasite taxa. Our results suggest that the extent of a gender-biased pattern of parasite infestation of the same host may not only involve host-related mechanisms but also depends on biological features of a particular parasite species.
The use of DNA markers to map anthelmintic resistance loci in an intraspecific cross ofHaemonchus contortus
Authors: HUNT P. W. , KOTZE A. C. , KNOX M. R. , ANDERSON L. J. , McNALLY J. , LE JAMBRE L. F.
Published: October 2009

The use of DNA markers to track the development of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of livestock would allow informed choices for the management of this important problem. We describe a genetic mapping approach for the discovery of DNA markers for anthelmintic resistance inHaemonchus contortus. We crossed a multi-drug resistant field isolate ofH. contortuswith a well-characterized laboratory strain susceptible to 4 drug classes. The F2were separately selected with 5 anthelmintics from 4 drug classes, producing drug-resistant populations carrying gene variants derived from both the field isolate and the laboratory strain. Individual F2worms were analysed using amplicon length polymorphisms (ALPs). We looked for field isolate alleles over- or under-represented in F2populations compared to the unselected F2and/or the laboratory strain. The data we obtained suggest that marker association can be used to link neutral markers with resistance, but also that more markers and perhaps more inbred laboratory strains would make the procedure more likely to succeed.
“Not the Sort that Would Sit on the Doorstep”: Respectability in Pre-World War I London Neighborhoods
Authors: Ross Ellen
Published: October 2009

The debate over the British labor aristocracy has been, since Eric Hobsbawm's “Labour Aristocracy in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” a litmus test of changes in the political assumptions of successive cohorts of labor historians. Hobsbawm, writing as a Marxist in the cold war era, was (and remains) convinced that “membership” in this privileged stratum was mainly a question of wages, skill, and degree of unionization. In the 1970s, under New Left impetus, working-class culture more generally began to excite more interest; scholars began to look beyond the workplace for evidence of the kinds of divisions between workers—captured in the term respectability—which Hobsbawm pointed to in work-related spheres. Earlier concerns with occupational hierarchies, wages, and workplace associations have been supplemented by studies of friendly society membership, intermarriage between occupational groups, residential patterns, thrift, recreation, and so on.
Labor History and Public History: Introduction
Authors: Klubock Thomas Miller , Fontes Paulo
Published: October 2009

Labor history and public history have had a long relationship in the United States, as James Green argues in Taking History to Heart, dating back to Progressive-era historians like Mary Ritter and Charles A. Beard. Labor historians like Phillip Foner, who identified with the “Old Left,” made labor history public history through ties to labor organizations and the Communist Party. Then, during the 1960s, historians identified with the “New Left” and inspired by E.P. Thompson, worked to extend social history and working-class history “from the bottom up” beyond the confines of the academy, even as they shifted their focus from the institutional histories of unions and political parties, to make the history of “ordinary people” and “everyday life” public history. The organization of history workshops and the proliferation of oral history projects reflect the ways in which historians of the working class made their practices public history in new ways during the 1960s and 1970s while expanding the sphere of both “the public” and “labor” to include histories of women, gender and patriarchy, and ethnic and racial minorities.
Marking Labor History on the National Landscape: The Restored Ludlow Memorial and its Significance
Authors: Green James , Jameson Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

In 1915 officers of the United Mine Workers of America purchased forty acres of land north of the Ludlow, Colorado train depot on land where a tent colony had sheltered coal miners and their families during the 1913–1914 southern Colorado coal strike. Three years later, the union dedicated a memorial of Vermont granite on the site in memory of those who died there April 20, 1914, in the Ludlow Massacre.
The Development of Labor History in UK Museums and the People's History Museum
Authors: Burgess Chris
Published: October 2009

Labor history in UK museums is constantly in a state of change. A hundred-year-old tradition of displaying and interpreting the history of the common people has seen a shift from the folk life museum to a much more all-encompassing model. The academic trend for and acceptance of working-class history began this process, and museums followed, albeit at a much slower pace. Young curators actively involved in the History Workshop, Oral History, and Women's History movements brought their new philosophies into the museum sphere. This internally driven change in museums has been matched with demand for change from above. Museums have been given a central role in the current Labour government's wide-ranging strategies to promote an understanding of diversity, citizenship, cultural identity, and lifelong learning as part of a broader social inclusion policy. The zenith of this plan would be a museum devoted to British national history, though whether this will take place is yet to be seen. The transformation of the People's History Museum makes an interesting case study. The museum, originally an institution on the fringes of academic labor history and actively outside the museum community, is now at the forefront of labor history display, interpretation, textile conservation, and working-class historical research.
Chicago's Labor Trail: Labor History as Collaborative Public History
Authors: Helgeson Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

Historians of labor and working-class life face a powerful public amnesia; they seek to recover a past of struggle for economic security and dignity at work that is all too often obscured or even suppressed by consensual accounts of American history. Public historians necessarily work against similar lapses in popular memory. Historian Max Page has invoked the oppositional character of public history, which he asserts, “should by all rights be a radical undertaking. For, at its heart,” Page continues, “public history is about bringing history to a wider public, about challenging citizens out of complacency about their past and creating spaces for forgotten stories to be told.”
Public History and Militant Identities: Brazilian Unions and the Quest for Memory
Authors: Santana Marco Aurélio , Pimenta Ricardo Medeiros
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to analyze how Brazilian trade unions are using social memory as a tool to build up workers' collective identities, in an attempt to fight the fragmentation resulting from the impact of the industrial restructuring of the 1990s. We will draw upon two ongoing programs conducted by the ABC Metal Workers Union (SMABC) and the Oil Workers Union of Brazil's state oil company Petrobras (Sindipetro). The SMABC and Sindipetro have recently been addressing the issue of workers memory with social and public projects. These projects are building up memories, which in spite of being institution-based are also collective, framed by the unions through the use of new types of communication and electronic media.
The Big Red Song Book
Authors: Levesque Faron
Published: October 2009

In The Big Red Songbook, Archie Green, David Roediger, Franklin Rosemont, and Salvatore Salerno have thoughtfully documented twentieth-century Wobbly song in all of its foot-stompin' glory. In 1909, the Spokane branch of the International Workers of the World compiled twenty-four songs into a little red book called Songs of the Industrial Workers of the World, with the intention “to destroy the old myths that have enslaved us for so long. We will have songs that hold up flaunted wealth and threadbare morality to scorn, songs that lampoon our masters.” The Big Red Songbook documents all the songs of revolt from 1909–1973 (including many that were not included in the first go-round), provides extensive bibliographies and references, a discography, and even a glossary for decoding the “vernacular surrealisms” of hobo-slang and radical industrial unionism.