bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using calculated chemical potential relationships to account for replacement of kyanite by symplectite in high pressure granulites
Authors: Baldwin J. A. , Powell R. , White R. W. , Štípská P.
Published: December 2014

Calculated mineral equilibria are used to account for the formation of sapphirine–plagioclase, spinel–plagioclase and corundum–plagioclase symplectites replacing kyanite in quartz–plagioclase–garnet–kyanite granulite facies gneisses from the Southern Domain of the Athabasca granulite terrane, a segment of the Snowbird tectonic zone in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Metamorphic conditions of >14 kbar and 800 °C are established for the high pressure, garnet–kyanite assemblage using constraints from P–T pseudosections and Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry. Replacement of kyanite by symplectites reflects the reaction of kyanite with the matrix following near‐isothermal decompression to <10 kbar. The chemical potential gradients developed between the kyanite and the matrix led to diffusion that attempted to flatten the gradients, kyanite persisting as a stable phase while it is consumed by symplectite from its edge. In this local equilibrium model, the mineral and mineral compositional spatial relationships are shown to correspond to paths in μ(Na2O)–μ(CaO)–μ(K2O)–μ(FeO)–μ(MgO) in the model chemical system, Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (NCKFMAS), with SiO2 and Al2O3 taken to be completely immobile. The values of μ(Na2O) and μ(CaO) are constrained by fixing P–T conditions and choosing appropriate μ(Na2O) and μ(CaO) values that correspond to the observed plagioclase compositions. μ(FeO)–μ(MgO) diagrams show the corresponding spatial relationships with kyanite and the symplectite phases. These results demonstrate that the replacement of kyanite by sapphirine–plagioclase and spinel–plagioclase appears to be metastable with respect to replacement by corundum–plagioclase. Replacement by corundum–plagioclase does also occur, apparently overprinting pre‐existing symplectite and also kyanite. Ignoring corundum, the resulting diagrams account for the spatial relationships and compositions observed in the spinel–plagioclase and sapphirine–plagioclase symplectites. They are predicted to occur over both a wide range of P–T conditions (6–11 kbar, 650–850 °C) and plagioclase compositions (XAn = 0.5–0.9). The wide range of P–T conditions that may result in identical spatial and compositional relationships suggests that such reaction textures may be of limited use in accurately quantifying the P–T conditions of retrograde metamorphism.
Hormonal Regulation of Steroid Receptor Coactivator‐1 mRNA in the Male and Female Green Anole Brain
Authors: Kerver H. N. , Wade J.
Published: December 2014

Green anole lizards are seasonal breeders, with male sexual behaviour primarily regulated by an annual increase in testosterone. Morphological, biochemical and behavioural changes associated with reproduction are activated by testosterone, generally with a greater effect in the breeding season (BS) than in the nonbreeding season (NBS). The present study investigates the possibility that differences in a steroid receptor coactivator may regulate this seasonal difference in responsiveness to testosterone. In situ hybridisation was used to examine the expression of steroid receptor coactivator‐1 (SRC‐1) in the brains of gonadally intact male and female green anoles across breeding states. A second experiment examined gonadectomised animals with and without testosterone treatment. Gonadally intact males had more SRC‐1 expressing cells in the preoptic area and larger volumes of this region as defined by these cells than females. Main effects of both sex and season (males > females and BS > NBS) were present in cell number and volume of the ventromedial hypothalamus. An interaction between sex and season suggested that high expression in BS males was driving these effects. In hormone‐manipulated animals, testosterone treatment increased both the number of SRC‐1 expressing cells in and volumes of the preoptic area and amygdala. These results suggest that testosterone selectively regulates SRC‐1, and that this coactivator may play a role in facilitating reproductive behaviours across both sexes. However, changes in SRC‐1 expression are not likely responsible for the seasonal change in responsiveness to testosterone.
The effects of exposure duration to optimal concentration of 2‐phenoxyethanol on primary and secondary stress responses in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum)
Authors: Javadi Moosavi M. , Salahi Ardekani M. M. , Pirbeigi A. , Ghazi S.
Published: December 2014

The goal of this study was to assess the anaesthetic induction and recovery time in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) after exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 ml/l) of 2‐PE as an anaesthetic, as well as the effects of optimal concentration (0.7 ml/l) of 2‐PE in relation to different exposure time (3, 10, 15 min) on some haematological and serum biochemical indices in this species. Moreover, the effects of 0.7 ml/l on blood parameters were assessed 24 h after the longest exposure. Significant increase was determined in Hb, MCH and MCHC after 10‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). Moreover, Hct, Hb and RBC levels increased significantly after 15 min‐exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). There were no prominent changes in WBC and MCV. The plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and cortisol increased significantly after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05) compared with the control group and all other exposure times. The activity of ALT and AST were significantly increased after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure respectively (p < 0.05). In this study, it appears that anaesthetizing kutum with 2‐PE at 0.7 ml/l for 3 min had no effect on the stress markers.
Conceptual models for the initiation of hepatitis B virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tu Thomas , Budzinska Magdalena A. , Shackel Nicholas A. , Jilbert Allison R.
Published: December 2014

Although chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a known risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the steps involved in the progression from normal liver to HCC are poorly understood. In this review, we apply five conceptual models, previously proposed by Vineis et al. to explain carcinogenesis in general, to explore the possible steps involved in the initiation and evolution of HBV‐associated HCC. Available data suggest that the most suitable and inclusive model is based on evolution of hepatocyte subpopulations. In this evolutionary model, HCC‐associated changes are driven by selection and subsequent clonal expansion of phenotypically altered hepatocyte subpopulations in the microenvironment of the HBV‐infected liver. This model can incorporate the wide range of mechanisms proposed to play a role in the initiation of HCC including oncogenic HBV proteins, integration of HBV DNA and chronic inflammation of the liver. The model may assist in the early prevention, detection and treatment of HCC and may guide future studies of the initiation of HBV‐associated HCC.
Selection of critical habitats for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) based on behavioral data, in relation to marine traffic in the Istanbul Strait, Turkey
Authors: Baş Aylin Akkaya , Amaha Öztürk Ayaka , Öztürk Bayram
Published: December 2014

Marine traffic is a significant source of disturbance to the bottlenose dolphin population in the Istanbul Strait, Turkey. To determine the importance of this threat, behavioral data together with sighting data of both dolphins and marine vessels were assessed for 2012. The current study suggests that the Istanbul Strait is used mostly as a foraging ground for bottlenose dolphins. Nonetheless, in the same area there is intense marine traffic as well as increase of industrial fishing activities in autumn. The findings of this study indicated that high‐speed ferries and high‐speed boats were the most significant source of disturbance. Moreover, increased densities of fishing vessels resulted in a drastic decline of dolphin sightings. This study highlights that vessel type, speed, distance, and density have a cumulative negative effect on dolphins. In order to mitigate the impacts of vessels, it is necessary to establish managed areas in the Istanbul Strait. Such proposed areas should limit speed and density of marine traffic and have specific restrictions on vessel routes. We propose three different seasonal managed areas according to their values as critical habitat for bottlenose dolphins in the strait.
The Penicillium digitatum protein O‐mannosyltransferase Pmt2 is required for cell wall integrity, conidiogenesis, virulence and sensitivity to the antifungal peptide PAF26
Authors: Harries Eleonora , Gandía Mónica , Carmona Lourdes , Marcos Jose F.
Published: December 2014

The activity of protein O‐mannosyltransferases (Pmts) affects the morphogenesis and virulence of fungal pathogens. Recently, PMT genes have been shown to determine the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the antifungal peptide PAF26. This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post‐harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. The Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2. Pdpmt2 complemented the growth defect of the S. cerevisiae Δpmt2 strain. The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect. The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores. Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall‐interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth. In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26. These data confirm the role of protein O‐glycosylation in the PAF26‐mediated antifungal mechanism present in distantly related fungal species. Important to future crop protection strategies, this study demonstrates that a mutation rendering fungi more resistant to an antifungal peptide results in severe deleterious effects on fungal growth and virulence.
Adams–Oliver Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Frantz Jeanine Aparecida Magno , Lehmkuhl Rafaela Ludvig , Leitis Lucas Hummelgen , Uliano Vanessa Golfetto , Siementcoski Guilherme Antonio
Published: December 2014

We report the case of an infant with Adams–Oliver syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by aplasia cutis congenita, defects of the limbs and extremities, and cutis marmorata telangiectatica. Other associated anomalies have been reported, such as facial dysmorphism, heart defects, and disorders of the central nervous system.
Following the North Star: Radial Marker Lines Help Preserve Anatomic Landmarks After Local Injection of Anesthetic
Authors: Krakowski Andrew C. , Admani Shehla , Eichenfield Lawrence F.
Published: December 2014

Injection of local anesthetic can result in distortion of local anatomic architecture. “Following the North Star” is a technique that uses radial markings to aid in better preservation of surgical landmarks.
Neural Tube Dysraphism: Review of Cutaneous Markers and Imaging
Authors: Sewell Matthew J. , Chiu Yvonne E. , Drolet Beth A.
Published: December 2014

Neural tube dysraphisms are congenital anomalies resulting from impaired formation of structures along the craniospinal axis during central nervous system development. When these malformations are large or lack a skin covering, they are easily recognized, whereas smaller or skin‐covered malformations may not be readily apparent. Due to the intimate embryologic origin of the skin and nervous system, these occult malformations are often heralded by associated cutaneous abnormalities. In this article, the common clinical presentations and cutaneous markers of craniospinal dysraphism are reviewed, along with the recommended imaging modalities.
Evaluation of Treatments for Pruritus in Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Danial Christina , Adeduntan Rasidat , Gorell Emily S. , Lucky Anne W. , Paller Amy S. , Bruckner Anna L. , Pope Elena , Morel Kimberly D. , Levy Moise L. , Li Shufeng , Gilmore Elaine S. , Lane Alfred T.
Published: December 2014

Pruritus is a common complication in patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). There is limited published data about the treatments that individuals with EB use for pruritus. The objective of the current study was to determine quantitatively which treatments individuals with EB have used for pruritus and to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of these treatments in pruritus relief. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the treatments and therapies used for pruritus in patients of all ages and for all types of EB. Questions about bathing products, moisturizers, topical products, oral medications, dressings, and alternative therapies were included. A 5‐point Likert scale (−2 = relieves itch a lot, −1 = relieves itch a little, 0 = no change, 1 = increases itch a little, 2 = increases itch a lot) was used to evaluate perceived effectiveness. Patients from seven North American EB centers were invited to participate. Greasy ointments (53.4%), lotions (45.2%), creams (40.4%), and oral hydroxyzine (39.0%) were the most frequently used treatments for pruritus. Treatments that were used frequently and perceived to be the most effective included creams (mean = −1.1), topical prescription corticosteroids (mean = −1.0), oils (mean = −0.9), oral hydroxyzine (mean = −0.9), topical diphenhydramine (mean = −0.9), and vaporizing rub (menthol, camphor, eucalyptus) (mean = −0.9). Systemic opioids (mean = 0.3), adherent bandages (mean = 0.3), and bleach baths (mean = 0.2) slightly increased pruritus. Randomized controlled trials of therapies will be necessary to develop evidence‐based recommendations for control of pruritus in individuals with EB.
Physiological integration enhanced the tolerance of Cynodon dactylon to flooding
Authors: Li Z. J. , Fan D. Y. , Chen F. Q. , Yuan Q. Y. , Chow W. S. , Xie Z. Q.
Published: December 2014

Many flooding‐tolerant species are clonal plants; however, the effects of physiological integration on plant responses to flooding have received limited attention. We hypothesise that flooding can trigger changes in metabolism of carbohydrates and ROS (reactive oxygen species) in clonal plants, and that physiological integration can ameliorate the adverse effects of stress, subsequently restoring the growth of flooded ramets. In the present study, we conducted a factorial experiment combining flooding to apical ramets and stolon severing (preventing physiological integration) between apical and basal ramets of Cynodon dactylon, which is a stoloniferous perennial grass with considerable flooding tolerance. Flooding‐induced responses including decreased root biomass, accumulation of soluble sugar and starch, as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in apical ramets. Physiological integration relieved growth inhibition, carbohydrate accumulation and induction of antioxidant enzyme activity in stressed ramets, as expected, without any observable cost in unstressed ramets. We speculate that relief of flooding stress in clonal plants may rely on oxidising power and electron acceptors transferred between ramets through physiological integration.
Identification and distribution of mating‐type idiomorphs in populations of Podosphaera macularis and development of chasmothecia of the fungus
Authors: Wolfenbarger S. N. , Twomey M. C. , Gadoury D. M. , Knaus B. J. , Grünwald N. J. , Gent D. H.
Published: December 2014

Podosphaera macularis, the causal agent of hop powdery mildew, is known to produce chasmothecia (formerly cleistothecia) in eastern North America and Europe. Ascocarps have not yet been reported from the Pacific Northwestern region of North America. Reasons for the apparent absence of chasmothecia in the Pacific Northwest were unknown. This study established that P. macularis is heterothallic and ascocarp ontogeny, maturation, dehiscence and ascospore infection proceed similarly to other powdery mildew fungi. Genome sequencing of a MAT1‐1 isolate revealed the structure of the MAT1 locus and presence of MAT1‐1‐3, demonstrating further similarities to other powdery mildew fungi. PCR assays with primers designed from conserved domains of the MAT1 idiomorphs were developed to characterize the frequency of idiomorphs in populations of P. macularis. Amongst 317 samples of P. macularis collected during 2012 and 2013 from the Pacific Northwest only the MAT1‐1 idiomorph was found. In contrast, among 56 samples from the eastern United States and Europe, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 idiomorphs were detected at equivalent frequencies. At temperatures representative of late season conditions in the Pacific Northwest, chasmothecia formed readily when a Pacific Northwest MAT1‐1 isolate was paired with a MAT1‐2 isolate collected from outside the region. Although these findings do not encompass all climatic, geographic or temporal barriers that could inhibit the formation of chasmothecia, the current absence of the ascigerious stage of P. macularis in the Pacific Northwest could be explained by the absence of the MAT1‐2 mating type idiomorph.
Seemingly Harmless Racial Communications Are Not So Harmless: Racial Microaggressions Lead to Suicidal Ideation by Way of Depression Symptoms
Authors: O'Keefe Victoria M. , Wingate LaRicka R. , Cole Ashley B. , Hollingsworth David W. , Tucker Raymond P.
Published: December 2014

Racial microaggressions, a contemporary form of subtle discrimination that occurs in everyday interactions, are associated with a variety of negative mental health outcomes. Research has not extended the connection between racial microaggressions and negative mental health to include suicide risk. Given the well‐known association between negative mental health outcomes and suicide risk, the current study examined whether racial microaggressions predicted suicidal ideation through depression symptoms among 405 young adults of color. Depression symptoms mediated the relationship between racial microaggressions and suicidal ideation. This is the first study to associate racial microaggressions to suicide risk. Societal and clinical implications are discussed.
One session of partial‐body cryotherapy (−110 °C) improves muscle damage recovery
Authors: Ferreira‐Junior J. B. , Bottaro M. , Vieira A. , Siqueira A. F. , Vieira C. A. , Durigan J. L. Q. , Cadore E. L. , Coelho L. G. M. , Simões H. G. , Bemben M. G.
Published: December 2014

To evaluate the effects of a single session of partial‐body cryotherapy (PBC) on muscle recovery, 26 young men performed a muscle‐damaging protocol that consisted of five sets of 20 drop jumps with 2‐min rest intervals between sets. After the exercise, the PBC group (n = 13) was exposed to 3 min of PBC at −110 °C, and the control group (n = 13) was exposed to 3 min at 21 °C. Anterior thigh muscle thickness, isometric peak torque, and muscle soreness of knee extensors were measured pre, post, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following exercise. Peak torque did not return to baseline in control group (P < 0.05), whereas the PBC group recovered peak torques 96 h post exercise (P > 0.05). Peak torque was also higher after PBC at 72 and 96 h compared with control group (P < 0.05). Muscle thickness increased after 24 h in the control group (P < 0.05) and was significantly higher compared with the PBC group at 24 and 96 h (P < 0.05). Muscle soreness returned to baseline for the PBC group at 72 h compared with 96 h for controls. These results indicate that PBC after strenuous exercise may enhance recovery from muscle damage.
An electromyographic evaluation of dual role breathing and upper body muscles in response to front crawl swimming
Authors: Lomax M. , Tasker L. , Bostanci O.
Published: December 2014

The upper body trunk musculature is key in supporting breathing, propulsion, and stabilization during front crawl swimming. The aim of this study was to determine if the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and serratus anterior contributed to the development of inspiratory muscle fatigue observed following front crawl swimming. Fourteen trained swimmers completed a 200‐m front crawl swim at 90% of race pace. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures (PImax and PEmax) were assessed before (baseline) and after each swim, and electromyography was recorded from the three muscles. Post‐swim PImax fell by 11% (P < 0.001, d = 0.57) and the median frequency (MDF: a measure of fatigue) of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and serratus anterior fell to 90% (P = 0.001, d = 1.57), 87% (P = 0.001, r = −0.60) and 89% (P = 0.018, d = 1.04) of baseline, respectively. The fall in serratus anterior MDF was correlated with breathing frequency (r = 0.675, P = 0.008) and stroke rate (r = 0.639, P = 0.014). The results suggest that the occurrence of inspiratory muscle fatigue was partly caused by fatigue of these muscles, and that breathing frequency and stroke rate particularly affect the serratus anterior.
Glucose‐fructose likely improves gastrointestinal comfort and endurance running performance relative to glucose‐only
Authors: Wilson P. B. , Ingraham S. J.
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to determine whether glucose‐fructose (GF) ingestion, relative to glucose‐only, would alter performance, metabolism, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and psychological affect during prolonged running. On two occasions, 20 runners (14 men) completed a 120‐min submaximal run followed by a 4‐mile time trial (TT). Participants consumed glucose‐only (G) or GF (1.2:1 ratio) beverages, which supplied ∼ 1.3 g/min of carbohydrate. Substrate use, blood lactate, psychological affect [Feeling Scale (FS)], and GI distress were measured. Differences between conditions were assessed using magnitude‐based inferential statistics. Participants completed the TT 1.9% (−1.9; −4.2, 0.4) faster with GF, representing a likely benefit. FS ratings were possibly higher and GI symptoms were possibly‐to‐likely lower with GF during the submaximal period and TT. Effect sizes for GI distress and FS ratings were relatively small (Cohen's d = ∼0.2 to 0.4). GF resulted in possibly higher fat oxidation during the submaximal period. No clear differences in lactate were observed. In conclusion, GF ingestion – compared with glucose‐only – likely improves TT performance after 2 h of submaximal running, and GI distress and psychological affect are likely mechanisms. These results apply to runners consuming fluid at 500–600 mL/h and carbohydrate at 1.0–1.3 g/min during running at 60–70% VO2peak.
Effects of psychological priming, video, and music on anaerobic exercise performance
Authors: Loizou G. , Karageorghis C. I.
Published: December 2014

Peak performance videos accompanied by music can help athletes to optimize their pre‐competition mindset and are often used. Priming techniques can be incorporated into such videos to influence athletes' motivational state. There has been limited empirical work investigating the combined effects of such stimuli on anaerobic performance. The present study examined the psychological and psychophysiological effects of video, music, and priming when used as a pre‐performance intervention for an anaerobic endurance task. Psychological measures included the main axes of the circumplex model of affect and liking scores taken pre‐task, and the Exercise‐induced Feeling Inventory, which was administered post‐task. Physiological measures comprised heart rate variability and heart rate recorded pre‐task. Fifteen males (age = 26.3 ± 2.8 years) were exposed to four conditions prior to performing the Wingate Anaerobic Test: music‐only, video and music, video with music and motivational primes, and a no‐video/no‐music control. Results indicate that the combined video, music, and primes condition was the most effective in terms of influencing participants' pre‐task affect and subsequent anaerobic performance; this was followed by the music‐only condition. The findings indicate the utility of such stimuli as a pre‐performance technique to enhance athletes' or exercisers' psychological states.
The cytoplasmic localization of the catalytic site of CSLF6 supports a channeling model for the biosynthesis of mixed‐linkage glucan
Authors: Kim Sang‐Jin , Zemelis Starla , Keegstra Kenneth , Brandizzi Federica
Published: December 2014

Mixed‐linkage glucan (MLG) is a significant cell wall carbohydrate in grasses and an important carbon source for human consumption and biofuel production. MLG biosynthesis depends on the biochemical activity of membrane spanning glucan synthases encoded by the CSLH and CSLF cellulose synthase‐like gene families. CSLF proteins are the best characterized to date but relatively little information is known about their topology with respect to the biosynthetic membranes. In this study, we report on the topology of CSLF6 protein derived from the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon (BdCSLF6) when it is expressed in heterologous systems. Using live cell imaging and immuno‐electron microscopy analyses of tobacco epidermal cells expressing BdCSLF6, we demonstrate that a functional yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion of BdCSLF6 is localized to the Golgi apparatus and that the Golgi localization of BdCSLF6 is sufficient for MLG biosynthesis. By implementing protease protection assays of BdCSLF6 expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, we also demonstrate that the catalytic domain, the N‐terminus and the C‐ terminus of the protein are exposed in the cytosol. Furthermore, we found that BdCSLF6 is capable of producing MLG not only in tobacco cells but also in Pichia, which generally does not produce MLG. Together, these results support the conclusion that BdCSLF6 can produce both of the linkages present in the (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan chain of MLG and that the product is channelled at the Golgi into the secretory pathway for deposition into the cell wall.
Recombination products suggest the frequent occurrence of aberrant gene replacement in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Wendeler Edelgard , Zobell Oliver , Chrost Bozena , Reiss Bernd
Published: December 2014

In gene replacement, a variant of gene targeting, transformed DNA integrates into the genome by homologous recombination (HR) to replace resident sequences. Gene replacement in the moss Physcomitrella patens is extremely efficient, but often large amounts of additional DNA are integrated at the target locus. A detailed analysis of recombination junctions of PpCOL2 gene knockout mutants shows that the integrated DNA can be highly rearranged. Our data suggest that the replaced sequences were excised by HR and became integrated back into the genome by non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ). RAD51‐mediated strand‐invasion and subsequent strand‐exchange is central to the two‐end invasion pathway, the major gene replacement pathway in yeast. In this pathway, integration is initiated by the free ends of a single replacement vector‐derived donor molecule which then integrates as an entity. Gene replacement in P. patens is entirely RAD51‐dependent suggesting the existence of a pathway mechanistically similar to two‐end invasion. However, invasion of the two ends does not seem to be stringently coordinated in P. patens. Actually, often only one fragment end became integrated by HR, or one‐sided integration of two independent donor fragments occurred simultaneously leading to a double‐strand break that is subsequently sealed by NHEJ and thus causes the observed rearrangements.
Long‐term non‐invasive and continuous measurements of legume nodule activity
Authors: Cabeza Ricardo A. , Liese Rebecca , Fischinger Stephanie A. , Sulieman Saad , Avenhaus Ulrike , Lingner Annika , Hein Hans , Koester Beke , Baumgarten Vanessa , Dittert Klaus , Schulze Joachim
Published: December 2014

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a process of considerable economic, ecological and scientific interest. The central enzyme nitrogenase reduces H+ alongside N2, and the evolving H2 allows a continuous and non‐invasive in vivo measurement of nitrogenase activity. The objective of this study was to show that an elaborated set‐up providing such measurements for periods as long as several weeks will produce specific insight into the nodule activity's dependence on environmental conditions and genotype features. A system was developed that allows the air‐proof separation of a root/nodule and a shoot compartment. H2 evolution in the root/nodule compartment can be monitored continuously. Nutrient solution composition, temperature, CO2 concentration and humidity around the shoots can concomitantly be maintained and manipulated. Medicago truncatula plants showed vigorous growth in the system when relying on nitrogen fixation. The set‐up was able to provide specific insights into nitrogen fixation. For example, nodule activity depended on the temperature in their surroundings, but not on temperature or light around shoots. Increased temperature around the nodules was able to induce higher nodule activity in darkness versus light around shoots for a period of as long as 8 h. Conditions that affected the N demand of the shoots (ammonium application, Mg or P depletion, super numeric nodules) induced consistent and complex daily rhythms in nodule activity. It was shown that long‐term continuous measurements of nodule activity could be useful for revealing special features in mutants and could be of importance when synchronizing nodule harvests for complex analysis of their metabolic status.
Tagging Strategies Strongly Affect the Fate of Overexpressed Caveolin‐1
Authors: Han Bing , Tiwari Ajit , Kenworthy Anne K.
Published: December 2014

Caveolin‐1 (Cav1) is the primary scaffolding protein of caveolae, flask‐shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane thought to function in endocytosis, mechanotransduction, signaling and lipid homeostasis. A significant amount of our current knowledge about caveolins and caveolae is derived from studies of transiently overexpressed, C‐terminally tagged caveolin proteins. However, how different tags affect the behavior of ectopically expressed Cav1 is still largely unknown. To address this question, we performed a comparative analysis of the subcellular distribution, oligomerization state and detergent resistance of transiently overexpressed Cav1 labeled with three different C‐terminal tags (EGFP, mCherry and myc). We show that addition of fluorescent protein tags enhances the aggregation and/or degradation of both wild‐type Cav1 and an oligomerization defective P132L mutant. Strikingly, complexes formed by overexpressed Cav1 fusion proteins excluded endogenous Cav1 and Cav2, and the properties of native caveolins were largely preserved even when abnormal aggregates were present in cells. These findings suggest that differences in tagging strategies may be a source of variation in previously published studies of Cav1 and that overexpressed Cav1 may exert functional effects outside of caveolae. They also highlight the need for a critical re‐evaluation of current knowledge based on transient overexpression of tagged Cav1.
Evaluation of Dutch guideline for just‐in‐time addition of plerixafor to stem cell mobilization in patients who fail with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor
Authors: Bilgin Yavuz M. , Visser Otto , Beckers Erik A.M. , te Boome Liane CJ , Huisman Cynthia , Ypma Paula F. , Croockewit Alexandra J. , Netelenbos Tanja , Kramer Ellen PA , de Greef Georgine E.
Published: December 2014

Background

Plerixafor in combination with granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is approved for the use of stem cell collection in patients who fail to mobilize on G‐CSF. In 2009 the Stem Cell Working Party of the Dutch‐Belgian Cooperative Trial group for Hematology Oncology (HOVON) composed a guideline for the use of plerixafor. According to this guideline it is recommended to add plerixafor to G‐CSF in patients with circulating CD34+ cell counts of fewer than 20 × 106/L on 2 consecutive days accompanied by increasing white blood cells.

Study Design and Methods

In this analysis we evaluated retrospectively the outcome of the use of this guideline in the Netherlands. In total 111 patients received plerixafor with a median one administration (range, one to four administrations). Of these patients 55.8% had non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, 31.5% multiple myeloma, 8.1% Hodgkin lymphoma, and 4.5% nonhematologic malignancies.

Results

In 63.9% patients sufficient numbers of CD34+ cells were collected. In patients with multiple myeloma more successful mobilizations with plerixafor were observed compared to patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (71.4% vs. 61.3%). In patients with circulating CD34+ cell counts of at least 2.0 × 106/L before administration of plerixafor a successful mobilization was achieved in 76.5%, and in the patients with very low (0‐1 × 106/L) circulating CD34+ cell counts the success rate was 44.2%.

Conclusion

Application of the HOVON guideline on the just‐in‐time administration of plerixafor is effective for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells in the majority of patients. Stem cell yield in patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma was lower compared to patients with multiple myeloma. Also patients with very low circulating CD34+ cells before addition of plerixafor might benefit from this approach.
Red blood cell Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen expression and galectin‐3 plasma concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae–associated hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemolytic anemia
Authors: Burin des Roziers Nicolas , Chadebech Philippe , Bodivit Gwellaouen , Guinchard Emmanuelle , Bruneel Arnaud , Dupré Thierry , Chevret Laurent , Jugie Myriam , Gallon Philippe , Bierling Philippe , Noizat‐Pirenne France
Published: December 2014

Background

Pneumococcal hemolytic uremic syndrome (P‐HUS) is a rare but severe complication of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in young children. Consensual biologic diagnosis criteria are currently lacking.

Study Design and Methods

A prospective study was conducted on 10 children with culture‐confirmed IPD. Five presented with full‐blown P‐HUS, three had an incomplete form with hemolytic anemia and mild or no uremia (P‐HA), and two had neither HUS nor HA. Thomsen‐Friedenreich (T), Th, and Tk cryptantigens and sialic acid expression were determined on red blood cells (RBCs) with peanut (PNA), Glycine soja (SBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia II, and Maackia amurensis lectins. Plasma concentrations of the major endogenous T‐antigen–binding protein, galectin‐3 (Gal‐3), were analyzed.

Results

We found that RBCs strongly reacted with PNA and SBA lectins in all P‐HUS and P‐HA patients. Three P‐HUS and three P‐HA patients showed also concomitant Tk activation. Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive in three P‐HUS (one with anti‐C3d and two with anti‐IgG) and two P‐HA patients (one with anti‐C3d and one with anti‐IgG). RBCs derived from the two uncomplicated IPD patients reacted with PNA but not with SBA lectin. Gal‐3 plasma concentrations were increased in all P‐HUS patients.

Conclusions

The results indicate high levels of neuraminidase activity and desialylation in both P‐HUS and P‐HA patients. T‐antigen activation is more sensitive than DAT for P‐HUS diagnosis. Combining PNA and SBA lectins is needed to improve the specificity of T‐antigen activation. High concentrations of Gal‐3 in P‐HUS patients suggest that Gal‐3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of P‐HUS.
Evaluation of the appropriateness of frozen plasma usage after introduction of prothrombin complex concentrates: a retrospective study
Authors: Shih A. W. , Kolesar E. , Ning S. , Manning N. , Arnold D. M. , Crowther M. A.
Published: December 2014

Background

Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) can be used instead of frozen plasma (FP) transfusion to reverse the effect of warfarin. Audits have demonstrated over usage of FP transfusions even before the introduction of PCC. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriateness of current FP transfusion practice in the current era since the introduction of PCCs.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients receiving FP over 3 months was carried out. Each episode of FP use over a 24‐h period was adjudicated independently by two reviewers as appropriate (consistent with Canadian/AABB guidelines), appropriate but inconsistent with guidelines or inappropriate. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Use of FP to reverse warfarin was considered inappropriate. FP usage from previous years was assessed as baseline.

Results

During the study period, 111 FP transfusions were administered. 74·8% of FP usage occurred in the ICU. The proportion of FP transfusions that were deemed appropriate, inconsistent yet appropriate or inappropriate were 33/89 (37·1%), 16/89 (18·0%) and 40/89 (44·9%), respectively, when use of FP for therapeutic plasma exchange was excluded. The most common reasons for inappropriate use were the absence of bleeding with an increased INR or warfarin reversal.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to audit FP transfusions in the post‐PCC era in Canada. FP usage remains inappropriately high in INR prolongation without another indication or to reverse warfarin. Targeted interventions to reduce FP usage in the future should focus on the ICU and on education about warfarin reversal.
Wnt signalling suppresses voltage‐dependent Na+ channel expression in postnatal rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Cho Hee Cheol , Marbán Eduardo
Published: December 2014

Key points

Wnt signalling is activated in arrhythmogenic heart diseases, but its role in the regulation of cardiac ion channel expression is unknown.

Exposure of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes to Wnt3a, an activator of canonical Wnt signalling, decreases Scn5a mRNA, Nav1.5 protein and Na+ current density.

Wnt3a does not affect the inward rectifier K+ current or L‐type Ca2+ channels.

The Wnt pathway is a negative regulator of cardiac Na+ channel expression and may play a role in altered ion channel expression in heart disease.

Wnt signalling plays crucial roles in heart development, but is normally suppressed postnatally. In arrhythmogenic conditions, such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, Wnt signalling is reactivated. To explore the potential role of Wnt signalling in arrhythmogenic electrical remodelling, we examined voltage‐dependent ion channels in cardiomyocytes. Treatment of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with either recombinant Wnt3a protein or CHIR‐99021 (CHIR, a glycogen synthase kinase‐3β inhibitor) caused a dose‐dependent increase in Wnt target gene expression (Axin2 and Lef1), indicating activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Cardiac Na+ current (INa) density was reduced by Wnt3a (−20 ± 4 vs. control −59 ± 7 pA pF−1, at −30 mV) or CHIR (−22 ± 5 pA pF−1), without changes in steady‐state activation, inactivation or repriming kinetics. Wnt3a and CHIR also produced dose‐dependent reductions in the mRNA level of Scn5a (the cardiac Na+ channel α subunit gene), as well as a 56% reduction (by Wnt3a) in the Nav1.5 protein level. Consistent with INa reduction, action potentials in Wnt3a‐treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes had a lower upstroke amplitude (91 ± 3 vs. control 137 ± 2 mV) and decreased maximum upstroke velocity (70 ± 10 vs. control 163 ± 15 V s−1). In contrast, inward rectifier K+ current and L‐type Ca2+ channels were not affected by Wnt3a treatment. Taken together, our data indicate that the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway suppresses INa in postnatal cardiomyocytes and may contribute to ion channel remodelling in heart disease.
The Experimental Study of Matching Between Centrifugal Compressor Impeller and Diffuser
Authors: Tamaki Hideaki , Nakao Hidefumi , Saito Masayasu
Published: December 2014

The centrifugal compressor for a marine use turbocharger with its design pressure ratio of 3.2 was tested with a vaneless diffuser and various vaned diffusers. Vaned diffusers were chosen to cover impeller operating range as broad as possible. The analysis of the static pressure ratio in the impeller and the diffusing system — consists of the diffuser and scroll — showed that there were four possible combinations of characteristics of impeller pressure ratio and that of diffusing system pressure ratio.

The flow rate, QP, where the impeller achieved maximum static pressure ratio was the critical flow rate determined surge flow rate of the centrifugal compressor. In order to operate the compressor less than QP, the diffusing system whose pressure recovery factor was steep negative slope near QP was needed. Using the diffuser throat area less than a certain value, the compressor efficiency deteriorated, however the compressor stage pressure ratio was almost constant. In this study, the compressor by reducing the diffuser throat area could be operated at the flow rate less than 40% of its design flow rate. Analysis of the pressure ratio in the impeller and diffusing systems at design and off design speeds showed that the irregularities in surge line occurred when the component which controlled the negative slope on the compressor stage pressure ratio changed.
3-D Conjugate Flow and Heat Transfer Investigations of a Film-Cooled Turbine Guide Vane With Different Blowing Ratios
Authors: Bohn Dieter E. , Heuer Tom , Kusterer Karsten A.
Published: December 2014

Film-cooling has become a widely used cooling method in present day gas turbines. Cooling gas ejection at the leading edge serves to protect the entire vane surface from contact with the hot gas. With doing this, material temperatures are reduced in order to guarantee an economically acceptable life span of the vane.

This paper describes the application of a numerical method for the conjugate calculation of internal and external fluid flows and the heat transfer in and through the blade walls of a film-cooled turbine guide vane. The advantage of this approach is that it is possible to predict fluid flow properties and wall temperatures without the need for additional heat transfer conditions or temperature conditions at the external surfaces of the vane. This is a great advantage because the desired data are either unknown or not available for the calculation in the design process of new cooled blades or vanes. In a complete calculation of external and internal flows, no additional boundary conditions at the internal surfaces of the cooling geometry are needed either. Another advantage is the interaction of fluid flow and heat transfer which is taken into account by the conjugate calculation.

In the 3-D numerical experiment to be presented, the influence of leading edge cooling fluid ejection on the temperature distribution in the vane material is investigated. The cooling fluid is ejected through two slots at the leading edge. The calculations are performed for three blowing ratios in order to investigate the efficiency of the cooling method. Realistic temperature ratios of cooling-fluid flow and main flow are considered. Such information is very useful in the aero thermal design process of new cooling configurations, since the amount of experimental work can be minimized. The results show the influence of complex 3-D flow phenomena (e.g. passage vortex) on the cooling fluid distribution on the vane surface as a function of the chosen blowing factor. Due to the influence of the passage vortex, the cooling fluid is displaced and leaves the vane surface near the side-wall uncovered against the hot gas. Furthermore, cooling fluid displacement on the pressure side according to the ejection slot geometry leads to another unprotected region on the vane surface. These effects have severe consequences on the thermal load of the vane and can reduce its life span.
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Circular Jets Impinging on a Horizontal Flat Wall
Authors: Hsieh Shou-Shing , Huang Jung-Tai
Published: December 2014

An experimental study was performed in a confined circular single jet impingement. The effect of jet Reynolds number, nozzle-to-plate spacing and heat flux levels on heat transfer characteristics of the heated target surface was examined and presented. Flow visualization was made to broaden our fundamental understanding of the physical process of the type of flow. Transition and turbulent regimes are identified. The local heat transfer coefficient along the surface is measured and correlation of the stagnation point Nusselt number are presented and discussed.
Design, Development and Verification of Gas Turbine GT24 Air Intake
Authors: Zierer Thomas , Matyschok Berthold
Published: December 2014

Good aerodynamic design of the compressor intake contributes to a gas turbine’s performance and compressor surge margin. The combination of empirical design correlations, optimization with CFD and experiments leads to a successful design. The GT24 compressor intake was tested in a rig test. Both tests from the rig and measurements from the first GT24 at the Gilbert power station confirm a low level of losses and flow distortion.
Performance Measurements in Large and Small Scale Multi-Stage Axial Compressors
Authors: Waitke Ulrich , Ladwig Michael
Published: December 2014

During the commissioning of the prototype of the sequential combustion turbine GT24 extensive measurements of the compressor performance at design- and off-design-operation were accomplished besides the investigation of the other components of the GT. While the compressor performance at design operating conditions was as expected the data obtained showed some unexpected deviations from previously performed measurements of a 1/3-scale test rig of the low pressure compressor. This paper summarizes the results of the measurements and presents a detailed comparison between the measured performance of the GT compressor, the design data and the test rig. The discussion is focused on the influence of scaling effects on the aerodynamic performance and stage matching with particular emphasis on the Reynolds Number influence at different aerodynamic speeds. Furthermore some aspects of the starting behavior of the compressor are presented.
Effect of Fuel Gas Cleanup Option on Air-Blown IGCC Power Plant Performance
Authors: Yang W. C. , Newby R. A. , Bannister R. L.
Published: December 2014

Air-blown coal gasification for combined-cycle power generation is a technology soon to be demonstrated. A process evaluation of air-blown IGCC performed to estimate the plant heat rate, electrical output and potential emissions are described in this paper. A process model of an air-blown IGCC power system based on the Westinghouse 501F combustion turbine was developed to conduct the performance evaluation. Parametric studies were performed to develop an understanding of the power plant sensitivity to the major operating parameters and process options. Advanced hot fuel gas cleaning and conventional cold fuel gas cleaning options were both considered.
Analysis on Response of Blades With Friction Damping Interconnection Using a New Friction Model
Authors: Xu Zili , Li Xinyi , Meng Qingji
Published: December 2014

Blades with damper structures have been widely used in gas and steam turbines. Operation experience indicate that damper structures can reduce the dynamic stress of the blade effectively, so it is essential to predict the oscillating characteristics of damped blade accurately. In this paper, a modified Oden friction model, which can consider the difference between static friction and dynamic friction, for analyzing nonlinear friction damping, is presented and the dynamic equations of motion of blade system is given also. The response of blade group with 5 blades is analyzed using the model presented in this paper. Factors such as the placement of connectors, external exciting force frequency, and normal pressure that influence the blade vibration characteristic are studied. Some results available for reference have been obtained.