bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hysteresis: a model of consumer behaviour?
Authors: Galloway Les
Published: July 2002

A number of models of consumer behaviour, or of the influences on consumer behaviour, imply non‐linearity and non‐reversibility. These include the order winning/qualifying criteria model from manufacturing strategy, and the satisfier/dissatisfier and zone of tolerance models from the field of service quality. This paper demonstrates that these models share a commonality with the physical sciences’ hysteresis model, and that hysteresis can be used as a valid and informative model of a number of aspects of consumer behaviour. The application of this pre‐existing model unifies a number of previously disparate and even contradictory elements and suggests a common pattern of behaviour over a wide range of activities. The implications of this for operations strategy, service quality and further research are discussed.
TQM in public organisations: an examination of the issues
Authors: Dewhurst Frank , Martínez‐Lorente Angel R. , Dale Barrie G.
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the application of total quality management (TQM) to public sector organisations. The examination of the operating characteristics of these organisations has been made against ten dimensions of TQM (e.g. supplier relationships and workforce management) identified and defined by the authors using the academic literature. From the examination TQM is found to be of benefit to public sector organisations but particular characteristics of their operation, in particular, the lack of understanding of customer satisfaction issues, the contentment of managers and staff to work to rules and regulations and observe precedent, and the lack of internal drive and motivation to improve processes, make the TQM intervention more difficult. It is also observed that regulatory bodies can provide the incentive to improve, acting in the same role as demanding customers in a competitive situation.
Customer‐oriented service development at SAS
Authors: Ekdahl Fredrik , Gustafsson Anders , Edvardsson Bo
Published: July 2002

The airline industry will be going through dramatic changes in the years to come. This is due foremost to altered customer demands and expectations but also to deregulation of the airline business. Many airline companies have lost track of the true needs of their passengers and are trapped in outdated views of what airline service is all about. The paper illustrates how Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) has tried to set a new standard for customer focused services. Part of this effort was a thorough investigation into the concerns of the customers throughout the entire travel experience. Based on the results, SAS has tried to build an understanding of its passengers and today it develops services founded on what SAS believes are the customers’ true needs and expectations.
Experiences in solutions of non‐linear transport equations with the Green element method
Authors: Oseloka Onyejekwe Okey
Published: July 2002

Two Green element approximation schemes are used for the solution of transient non‐linear evolution problems. While the first scheme adopts linear interpolation polynomial to approximate the functional variables, the second achieves the same by employing a higher‐order interpolation function known as cubic Hermitian polynomials. Results obtained from both schemes are compared with those found in the literature. It is found that the second scheme, in spite of its more complex formulation, could only account for marginal gains in accuracy for the problems tested.
Analysis of microchannel heat exchangers using FEM
Authors: Quadir G.A. , Mydin Anvar , Seetharamu K.N.
Published: July 2002

A finite element method is applied to evaluate the performance of microchannel heat exchangers that are used in electronic packaging. The present approach is validated against the CFD data available in the literature. A comparison of the predicted results with other available results obtained from different concepts shows that the present method is able to predict the surface temperature, the fluid temperature and thus the total thermal resistance of the microchannel heat sink satisfactorily. The present methodology has an added advantage in that non‐uniform surface heat flux distribution over the package base can also be analysed easily. The method used in the present analysis is an alternative to massive CFD calculations.
Natural convection inside dome shaped enclosures
Authors: Das Subrat , Morsi Yos
Published: July 2002

In the present paper the analysis of heat transfer and free convective motion have been carried out numerically for dome shaped enclosures. The solution method is based on the finite element technique with the frontal solver and is used to examine the flow parameters and the heat transfer characteristics inside dome shaped enclosures of various offsets. In formulating the solution a general conic equation is considered to represent the dome of circular, elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic shapes. The numerical results indicate that the circular and elliptical shapes of dome give higher heat transfer rate and offset of the dome effects convective heat transfer quite significantly. However, beyond 0.3 top dome offset, the change in overall heat transfer rate is not significant. In addition, the convective phenomenon influenced by a dome shaped cover results in establishing a secondary core region even at a moderate Rayleigh number when compared with an equivalent rectangular enclosure. A good comparison between the present numerical predictions and the previous published data is achieved.
Computational simulation of the printing of Newtonian liquid from a trapezoidal cavity
Authors: Powell C.A. , Savage  , Guthrie J.T.
Published: July 2002

A Lagrangian finite element algorithm is described for solving two‐dimensional, time‐dependent free surface fluid flows such as those that occur in industrial printing processes. The algorithm is applied using a problem specific structured meshing strategy, implemented with periodic remeshing to control element distortion. The method is benchmarked on the problem of a stretching filament of viscous liquid, which clearly demonstrates the applicability of the approach to flows involving substantial free surface deformation. The model printing problem of the transfer of Newtonian liquid from an upturned trapezoidal trench (3‐D cavity with a large transverse aspect ratio) to a horizontal substrate, which is pulled perpendicularly downwards from the cavity, is solved computationally using the Lagrangian scheme. The idealized 2‐D liquid motion is tracked from start‐up to the point where a thin sheet forms – connecting the liquid remaining in the cavity to a “sessile” drop on the moving substrate. The effect of varying substrate separation speed is briefly discussed and predictions are made for approximate drop volumes and “limiting” domain lengths.
Improved Innovation Processes
Authors: Andriesse Frank A.
Published: July 2002

Time is becoming increasingly important as a competitive weapon.
The available time to turn R&D costs into profit is shrinking. Being
late brings the risk of never regaining the costs. The best effects on
speed (as well as cost and quality) can be created by recognizing the
process of product development. It requires a firm commitment from top
management, a much closer relationship with suppliers and service, and a
real change in attitude from marketing, product and production
engineering. This places high demands on the organization. Discusses
these demands as well as a proven method to reach the above‐mentioned
goals; the high pressure project‐start‐up method. A case‐description of
a PSU in a high‐tech environment is enclosed. Concludes with a
description of the positive effects of information technology.
Simultaneous Engineering
Authors: Baylis Chris
Published: July 2002

Investigates the use of simultaneous engineering at Nissan (a
Japanese automotive company) in Europe. Suggests areas where it might be
applied within a company and the results which might be achieved in
doing so. Concludes that simultaneous engineering is the quickest and
most efficient way of achieving “optimum design solution”,
by using the wisdom and expertise of those people at the early stages of
design and development.
Implementing Simultaneous Engineering
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer A.
Published: July 2002

Provides an executive summary of a major conference on simultaneous
engineering, held in London towards the end of 1993. Rather than
detailing specific presentations, concentrates on highlighting the
breadth of issues discussed, thus illustrating the often overlooked
complexity of simultaneous engineering.
Experiences of Adopting Simultaneous Engineering
Authors: Kinna Rob
Published: July 2002

Examines the success of Four Square, the divison of Mars Group
which provides vending and office coffee machines for service in various
location, in employing simultaneous engineering within its operation.
Suggests the success of Four Square is due to dedication to reliability
and customer service which includes running field support teams to
provide maintenance and emergency back‐up. To improve their product,
simultaneous engineering was used to consolidate skills of production,
field workers, suppliers and designers, drawing on all experiences.
Results indicated a reduction in parts was achieved, improving assembly
and reliability, causing simultaneous engineering to become the norm
within the company.
Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer Andrew
Published: July 2002

Details how in 1987, ICI initiated its KLEA programme to produce
replacements for CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons); and how, by the end of
1990, ICI opened its Runcorn, UK, plant producing the refrigerant R134a.
This was followed by a plant in the USA in 1992 and one in Japan in
1993. Describes how all this was made possible in such a short timescale
through innovations in engineering and technology; and by breaking new
frontiers within the company in terms of teamworking and the empowerment
of individuals.
The R&D Effectiveness Index
Authors: McGrath Michael E. , Romeri Michael N.
Published: July 2002

Measuring the overall success of product development efforts has
been frustrating because there is no generally recognized metric to
measure effectiveness. The R&D Effectiveness Index is introduced to
address this need. It measures effectiveness by comparing the profit
from new products to the investment in new product development. Provides
the details for calculating the index along with alternative
interpretations. Finds a strong relationship between the R&D
Effectiveness Index and other performance factors and argues that the
R&D Effectiveness Index can be used to compare performance, measure
improvement, and evalute business units. Illustrates its application in
a case study.
Industrial Design: High Time Cinderella Went to the Ball
Authors: Desbarats Gus
Published: July 2002

Argues the case for the full integration of industrial design into
the new product development (NPD) process. Demonstrates, first, a clear
structure of benefits based on design′s direct contribution to
profitability and brand value as a core component of the sales
proposition – and, by its power of association, a key influencer
on the sale itself. Second, it reviews the current state of play in UK
industry, based on recent research by the author′s company, Random, in
which it identifies a major “intention gap” between attitude
and practice. Finally, in prescriptive mode, it provides a detailed
“route‐map” for achieving full integration.
Putting Concurrent Engineering into Practice
Authors: Holmes Graeme
Published: July 2002

In recognition of the need for vastly improved new product
development processes among companies with a number of industrial
sectors, examines one company, Ricardo Hitec, and its implementation of
concurrent engineering (CE) in a major aerospace project – its
process and management, and the technology involved. Discusses the
project′s success and the lessons learned therefrom, including the
correct level of interdisciplinary communication, decision making and
ownership. Concludes that the company has achieved its goal and that the
lessons learned and experience gained will prove a considerable
enhancement to the company′s competitiveness.
Supplier Integration
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer Andrew
Published: July 2002

Reports on two presentations given at the 1994 R&D Management
conference organized by Manchester Business School, which highlighted
the research being undertaken to study customer‐supplier partnerships
– an aspect of the product development process whose importance is
now being recognized by Western industry. Outlines past research which
graphically illustrated the contrast that existed within the automotive
industry between Japanese assemblers′ use of suppliers and that of US
and European companies; provides examples of differences and the
benefits gained by Japanese companies. Highlights the fact that the
automotive industry has changed significantly and new research is being
undertaken to examine the present extent of supplier involvement in
product design. Provides an emerging picture of UK processes from the
data being collected. Other industries also recognize the importance of
partnership. Discusses the general findings of ongoing research at two
OEMs and their suppliers; reveals practices already found to be
conducive to supplier integration.
Benchmarking innovation for best practice
Authors: Zairi Mohamed
Published: July 2002

Report on a project on benchmarking innovating activity in a number
of progressive UK – and European‐based organizations. Aims to
identify best practice in innovation and its management and control by
using the McKinsey model criteria. Concludes with a list of factors
thought to impinge on the degree of success innovation management.
The reality of virtual reality
Authors: Stone Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Virtual reality (VR) has recently become established as a suite of
technologies capable of serving many companies′ future needs in design
practice, training and organizational communication. Two years after the
launch of a major British collaborative project involving 17 blue‐chip
companies, VR is set to become adopted by many as their
“information technology of choice” for the next century
– some even aiming to establish in‐house facilities before the end
of 1996. Proposes that, properly implemented, VR is capable of giving
personnel at all company levels, who have a wide variety of educational
backgrounds or skills, intuitive access to complex, computer‐mediated
processes. Discusses some of the practical solutions to a
commercially‐driven selection of demonstrator projects, while attempting
to dispel some of the myths associated with VR, such as the necessity to
don head‐mounted displays and instrumented gloves.
Domestic violence invades the workplace: strategies for the global business community
Authors: Johnson Pamela R. , Gardner Susan
Published: July 2002

Business is frequently a “battlefield”, with employees waging war against each other. Three people are murdered in the workplace every day in the USA, while an estimated 1 million workers –18,000 a week – are assaulted each year. Recently, however, business has become increasingly aware of how many acts of workplace violence are linked to domestically‐abusive relationships. This article defines domestic violence and describes the US experience. The article then explores domestic violence in other countries. Next identified is the entry of domestic violence into the workplace, with the costs and legal responsibility of business to address the issue. The article concludes by recommending to the global business community those strategies that have been adopted by the US government and many US companies to mitigate the tragedy of domestic violence that has spilled over into the workplace.
Expatriate women managers: at the crossroads of success, challenges and career goals
Authors: Mathur‐Helm Babita
Published: July 2002

The current study explores the unique experiences of expatriate women managers, in procuring international assignments, adjusting to the cross‐cultural conditions on global tours and confronting the challenges affecting their career goals. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 25 expatriate women managers from multinational organizations operating in South Africa to collect qualitative data that was content analyzed. Result findings suggest that women are not only successful as expatriates in foreign countries, but with adequate performance, they also achieve career growth and promotion. Conclusions indicate that, professional foreigners, regardless of gender, may want to explore cultural challenges in countries with new democracies. It also provides suggestions for the way forward.
Women on Corporate Boards of Directors
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: July 2002

Reports a study into the way in which women on Canadian corporate boards
of directors perceived and defined their board roles and
responsibilities. Concludes that women directors are functioning as
champions for change on women′s issues. Suggests ways in which
organizations can reap benefits in terms of the interaction of women
directors with senior‐level women.
Managerial Sex Role Stereotyping among Academic Staff within UK Business
Schools
Authors: Foster Frances
Published: July 2002

The growth of women in management positions has largely been at junior
levels. This has been particularly so within the education sector, where
the growth in the number of women employed has had little impact on the
proportion of women in senior positions. One explanation for the lack of
women in senior management positions has been the male stereotyping of
the manager role. Reports on a survey, using the Schein Descriptive
Index, which was carried out among academics in 19 UK business schools
or management departments of the new universities which showed different
patterns of stereotyping from that found among managers in other
organizations. Male academics at lower levels did not stereotype the
manager role at all, but those in senior positions stereotyped the
manager role as male. Among the female academics the results showed no
association between the characteristics of successful managers and those
of women in general, but some association between the characteristics of
managers and men in general.
Managers in Cartoons – They are Still Men in the Harvard Business Review
Authors: Sheridan Alison
Published: July 2002

A number of articles have appeared in the Harvard Business Review
(HBR) in recent years in which reference is made to the traditional view
that male = manager, and how this has worked against women making
inroads into senior management positions. The HBR often intersperses
cartoons among the articles – cartoons which appear to perpetuate the
male‐as‐manager norm. The results of a content analysis of the cartoons
appearing in the HBR over the five‐year period, 1988‐1992 are presented.
The content analysis suggests women appear as marginal players in the
cartoon images of the organizational world. Not only do women appear in
substantially fewer cartoons than men, there is also a wide divergence
in how men and women are portrayed. The most common representations of
women are as wife or secretary, although there is the occasional nurse,
air hostess and fortune‐teller! The images of men, however, are
overwhelmingly associated with paid work. The images of women and men
portrayed in the HBR perpetuate and reinforce the expectation that
“male = manager”. It may be that such cartoons can be considered trivial
on their own, but cumulatively they can play a powerful role in defining
the “appropriate” person for the manager′s job.
From Hierarchy to Unity between Men and Women Managers
Authors: DeMatteo Lori A.
Published: July 2002

As the workforce evolves in the twenty‐first century, more women are
entering higher‐level management positions. The traditional hierarchical
structure associated with male‐dominated management ranks is inadequate
to accommodate properly this trend. Looks at alternative management
structure theories which support the view of a genderless management
structure. Recommends that managers should begin to adopt an androgynous
style which will not only foster a blend of so‐called masculine and
feminine behaviours, but also lead to better managers.
Rhetoric and reality: the business case for equality and why it
continues to be resisted
Authors: Maddock Su
Published: July 2002

Successful companies of the future must be more responsive to
customers. Managers are being forced to question traditional
authoritarian management practices for business reasons. Discusses
organizational effects of disadvantage and inequality, particularly in
relation to women, but also in relation to black workers and those with
disabilities. Discusses resistance to change by managers and the
different perceptions of managers′ behaviour by themselves and by their
employees. Discusses the practices organizations must adopt in the
future. Equality measures are no longer a question just of social
justice but are a business necessity if contracting is to develop around
social values.
Differences in the export activities of female‐and male‐owned small
and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Grondin Deirdre , Schaefer Norbert
Published: July 2002

Determines whether gender or other factors account for the export
behaviour of small and medium‐sized enterprises in New Brunswick,
Canada. Suggests that, although gender does play a role in the nature of
small or medium‐sized enterprises in New Brunswick, it is not the
primary determinant of export behaviour.
Women managers’ views of manufacturing: nice work?
Authors: Lawthom Rebecca , Patterson Malcolm , West Michael , Staniforth David
Published: July 2002

Women in Britain comprise 44 per cent of the overall workforce (Labour Force Survey, 1994) and 10.7 per cent of those in managerial occupations (UK National Management Survey, 1995). While much research has documented and critiqued the structural position of women and its impact in the workplace, little empirical work has examined the way in which women see their work environments. Addresses this issue by exploring the way in which a sample of women managers in manufacturing describe the workplace. Using a measure of organizational climate, compares data from 156 women managers with a sample of 894 male managers. Also examines comparative levels of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and mental health. Results suggest that women managers see their organizational worlds in a significantly more positive light. Explores the explanations and practical implications of these findings.
A portrait of successful women
Authors: White Charles Cox Barbara , Cooper Cary L.
Published: July 2002

Aims to describe the characteristics of women who have made it to the top and how they achieved their success. The results are drawn from interviews with a group of 48 women who have achieved recognized success in corporate, professional and public life. Provides an insight into the personal experiences of these women and helps to identify barriers en route to the top. Takes a life span development perspective to give a broad picture of successful women. Addresses issues such as childhood, education, personality and motivation, work history, power and politics at work, and the home‐work interface.
Total e‐quality management: paradigmatic shift in personnel management
Authors: Engelbrech Gerhard
Published: July 2002

Periods of economic recession and job losses do not seem to be particularly auspicious conditions for discussion of the promotion of the employment of women. Nevertheless, it appears that women in western Germany are currently less affected than men by structural changes, at least in quantitative terms. In addition, the emphasis in enterprises indicates a rethink in terms of the qualitatively better use of existing staff resources. The objective of this strategy, frequently included as part of total quality management, is to allow all employees at all levels in the enterprise equal opportunities to exploit their knowledge and abilities to the full and to make a contribution to the company. If, in so doing, working conditions and workflows are oriented or adapted to meet the various professional capabilities and interests of men and women in the enterprise, important preconditions for (e)quality management (equality and quality) will be achieved.
Should we teach women to interrupt? Cultural variables in management communication courses
Authors: Weiss Edmond H. , Fisher Bronwyn
Published: July 2002

The “universal” principles of effective communication taught in most management communication courses ‐ directness, simplicity, forcefulness ‐ are, from an inter‐cultural perspective, American and male. Should women students of business be taught to imitate the speech behaviour stereotypically associated with American businessmen? Or is the behaviour stereotypically associated with women equally, or even more, effective in business situations? Because there is little research to support the masculine model of business speech, because coercing women to change their speech produces pedagogically unwarranted stress, and because the feminine stereotype is actually better suited to global business communication, this paper argues that business and management communication should be taught from a gender‐independent postmodern approach.
Sex‐related differences of public relations managers in consumer goods companies in Greece and Italy
Authors: Panigyrakis George G. , Veloutsou Cleopatra A.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses sex‐related differences in Greek and Italian public relations managers comparing individual characteristics, role, level of contact and perceived quality of relations with the various interfaces, allocation of their working time, difficulties encountered and solutions proposed. The results generally support the hypothesis that there is no difference between male and female Greek and Italian public relations managers, although the issues of environmental uncertainty and role ambiguity among women in public relations requires additional research.
Career barriers and the older woman manager
Authors: Still Leonie , Timms Wendy
Published: July 2002

Following the removal of the age retirement barrier in Australia, it is expected that more older workers will remain in the workforce beyond the age of 65. An important segment of this older workforce is the managerial and professional woman, aged in her 50s and part of the first generation of women to have had a long‐term career. This paper reports on an investigation into the career and life decisions of 33 such women in Perth, Western Australia. The research looked at issues such as career histories and future work goals; impact of ageing process on career achievement, and retirement plans, and also examined the implications of barriers facing the older career woman. The research identified five related career barriers and goes on to examine the management and organisational implications of these barriers. The need to further develop career development models to include the varying circumstances and experiences of older women employees is also discussed.
An application of human capital theory to salary differentials in the accounting profession
Authors: Pierce‐Brown Rhoda
Published: July 2002

One of the justifications offered by neo‐classical economics for gender‐based wage differentials is the far greater probability that females will not be in continuous employment. This paper uses a model that estimates the extent to which salary differentials between male and female accountants can be explained by intermittent employment. The results show that about one‐third of the observed differentials arises from female career breaks and that the wage discrimination observed in the accountancy profession is more likely to be a sociological than an economic phenomenon.
Leadership and power relationships based on culture and gender
Authors: Stoeberl Philipp A. , Kwon Ik‐Whan G. , Han Dongchul , Bae Mueun
Published: July 2002

Leadership and power are often used to influence people’s behavior. However, little is known about the degree and directional relationship between these two constructs and gender. Equally unknown is the degree of impact that culture and gender together may have on such a relationship. This paper attempts to establish an empirical relationship between these two constructs and culture along with gender. Baba and Ace’s modified instruments on leadership and Hinkin and Schriesheim’s instrument on five sources of power were used in surveying 486 students from four business schools in Korea and the USA to derive functional relationships between leadership and power. Results suggest there is a statistically significant relationship between power and leadership and that gender has an impact on that relationship. However, this study does not support the contention that gender plays an important role in cross‐cultural environments; instead, it plays an important role only when considered within a specific culture.
Factorial dimensions and differential effects of gender on perceptions of teleworking
Authors: Teo Thompson S.H. , Lim Vivien K.G.
Published: July 2002

Teleworking has received increased attention around the world as a means to provide more balanced lifestyles, higher job satisfaction and increased work productivity. This study examines the factorial dimensions and differential effects of gender on the perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of teleworking to individuals and to organizations. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of IT professionals. Results showed that males perceived teleworking as enabling improvement in the quality of life and improvement in productivity/reduction of overheads to a greater extent than females. Implications of the results are discussed.
The impact of gender and its interaction with role and status on the use of tag questions in meetings
Authors: Calnan Alison C.T. , Davidson Marilyn J.
Published: July 2002

The use of tag questions in speech has been hypothesised to make speech sound uncertain and tentative although Holmes (1984) suggests that there are three different types of tag questions and only one type is linked to uncertainty. Research on the issue of gender differences in tag question usage has produced confusing findings with some research indicating women use more tag questions, other research revealing men use more and some research finding no difference. The research on tag question use has identified role and power as important factors not just gender. The effects of the presence of the opposite sex on speech is a controversial area of study. Past research suggests that the use of tag questions is affected by whether the conversation is between members of the same sex or members of both sexes. The current study aimed to clarify the controversy of whether men or women use more tag questions, any possible effects of group composition and sought to extend research on the relationship of tag question use to role (chairperson or not) and power (highest status or not). The study was conducted at a power station in England. Ten business meetings which were all male, all female or mixed were tape recorded. From these tape recordings the tag questions were identified, transcribed and classified as modal, affective facilitative or affective softener according to the classification provided by Holmes (1984).
Ms representations: women, management and popular culture
Authors: O’Sullivan Jane , Sheridan Alison
Published: July 2002

Popular representations of the workplace have tended to construct women as unsuited to management and leadership roles. In their reflective capacity these popular fictional texts illustrate the workplace. In their capacity to construct popular perceptions of “reality”, the texts offer an important insight into women’s and men’s understandings and expectations of their workplace relationships. In this article we reflect on how popular films, plays and television shows can make visible some manifestations of the kinds of resistance women continue to experience in non‐traditional domains such as management. While these kinds of texts have not been central to the analysis of workplace relations within the management literature, we argue that as social documents they have much to contribute to an understanding of the limited advancement of women.
Negotiating in China: some issues for Western women
Authors: Seng Woo Hong
Published: July 2002

This article addresses some issues for Western women in negotiating with individuals and organisations in China. To be successful in a Chinese negotiation requires an awareness and understanding of cultural differences, and negotiation characteristics and behaviour to avoid any misunderstanding or tension. Research results show that there are no major hurdles for Western women negotiators in China. There are, in fact, advantages if they follow a few guidelines. These include having a professional and businesslike approach and understanding the cultural characteristics of a Chinese negotiation. The advantages include being easily noticed, remembered and receiving concessions more readily than Western men. As a result, the negotiation receives more attention and consideration, thus facilitating the achievement of the negotiation goals.
Women in leisure management: a survey of gender equity
Authors: Aitchison Cara , Jordan Fiona , Brackenridge Celia
Published: July 2002

Previous research has highlighted women’s unequal status in relation to management within a range of service sector industries. Leisure services, however, has remained an under‐researched sector in spite of its growing significance to the economy and its increasing importance as an employer of women. This paper reports selected results from recent research examining gender equity in leisure management. The research, examined gender equity in leisure management and within the professional institute itself. The results demonstrate that women experience both structural and cultural constraints in attempting to secure management careers in leisure but that they remain optimistic about the future. Analysis of the results indicates that this optimism may be misplaced in an industry where women are encouraged to accept large amounts of senior management responsibility for middle management salaries, where routes to promotion remain unclear, and where organisational culture is informed by the dominant “locker room culture” of male sport.
Are families a career liability?
Authors: Burke Ronald
Published: July 2002

This study examined the effects of marital and parental status on a number of work and psychological well‐being measures. Data were collected from 792 women graduates of a single Canadian school of business. Respondents tended to be in the early career stage. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated more effects of parental than marital status on these outcomes. In addition, the pattern of findings almost always showed that being married or having children had negative career consequences for these professional and managerial women.
Mary Parker Follett: visionary leadership and strategic management
Authors: McLarney C. , Rhyno Shelley
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes the use of the model of visionary leadership adapted by this researcher from Westley and Mintzberg’s 1989 paper “Visionary leadership and strategic management” to view the work of Mary Parker Follet. The model augments Westley and Mintzberg’s model with much earlier work by Mary Parker Follett. Follett’s work on leadership, group membership, contribution, participation and co‐operation are as relevant to the study of human relations today as they were 70 years ago. The model highlights the elements of visionary leadership and group membership. This model was developed to place a framework on the many writings of Follett. The framework is fully discussed and is based on some of the work of Westley and Mintzberg.
Improving the quality of non‐emergency leadership: a case study
Authors: Childs Merilyn
Published: July 2002

The core business of fire‐fighting organizations is typically seen as emergency response. For a range of reasons, however, fire‐fighting organizations face increasing pressures to develop new capabilities. In the midst of multiple changes, individual organizations need to develop strategic plans that allow them not only to change the organization, but also to develop the capabilities of its personnel. This paper considers the case of one large Australian fire‐fighting organization’s attempts to develop new in‐house educational practices. These attempts can be seen retrospectively to build on previous cultural practices without causing industrial revolt, and at the same time to encourage aspiring middle managers to respond to emerging corporate goals.
The need for a holistic theoretical approach: an examination from the El Niño disasters in Peru
Authors: McEntire David A. , Fuller Christopher
Published: July 2002

Is a holistic approach to the disaster problem required? Seeks to answer this question by examining the 1997‐1998 El Niño disasters in Peru. Explores the key factors that contributed to the disaster and highlights the subsequent effects and response operations. Discusses the need for a theory of disaster management that takes into account all types of hazards, numerous variables from the physical and social environments, as well as each phase of emergency management.
Proposed scaling of the communal consequences of disaster
Authors: Granot Hayim
Published: July 2002

Rapid assessment of a community′s capacity to continue coping in the aftermath of disaster could be of great value. Gradations of community consequences can provide emergency planners with criteria to guide them to realistic needs assessment and are invaluable to researchers in classifying incidents by intensity. Conventional wisdom might lead us to view impact on community functioning in disasters as a continuum, ranging from minimal to total collapse. Such a perception lacks clear‐cut gradation, making administrative judgements difficult and contributing to the squandering of relief resources because of our inaccurate assessment of the community′s incapacity. The precise points where communities cross damage thresholds resulting in the collapse of infrastructure appear at first, to vary inexplicably. Careful consideration suggests three sets of factors which interface to affect these thresholds. Taken together, these will raise or lower community capacity to cope with adversity. The appropriate level of emergency relief could best be determined if we can strengthen our ability to assess rapidly the community′s remaining capacity to provide for its own population. Proposes that this could be accomplished by the scaling of three sets of factors: community background, event factors and impact factors. Although the need for scaling cannot be denied, the specifics of this suggestion will need to be tested to determine their applicability.
Evacuation behaviour: why do some evacuate, while others do not? A case study of the Ephrata, Pennsylvania (USA) evacuation
Authors: Fischer Henry W. , Stine George F. , Stoker Brenda L. , Trowbridge Marna L. , Drain Eric M.
Published: July 2002

Evacuation is commonly used to mitigate the ill effects of a variety of disaster agents. It is important that authorities gain an accurate understanding of the circumstances under which citizens will evacuate. Tests the efficacy of evacuation message clarity and frequency, authority type, the accuracy of past warnings, and the impact of the presence of children in the home as viable variables in effecting an evacuation response. Finds the evacuation response was more likely to occur if the potential victim was ordered to do so, if the potential victim was contacted frequently (more than once) by the proper authority (as perceived by the potential victim), if past warnings were perceived as being accurate, and dependent children were in the home. Interviews respondents from 83 households in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, USA, after a major fire emergency threatened residents of three neighbourhoods contiguous to the site.
The structure and function of community emergency operations centres
Authors: Perry Ronald W.
Published: July 2002

Addresses the issue of the structure and function of the community emergency operations centre (EOC). There is some confusion among some emergency responders and particularly among public officials regarding the role and function of the EOC. In part this emerges because many EOCs at different levels operate in conjunction with any given disaster. It is argued that the community EOC is best seen as an over‐arching organization into which information from more specialized EOCs – such as those operated by fire and police departments – flows, and from which the overall response to the disaster is directed. There is also a tendency to define the functions of the community EOC narrowly. Such definitions typically understate the importance of such activities as damage assessment and public information, and consequently leave the responsibility for these and related critical functions somewhat ambiguous. Seeks to achieve an explicit definition of the range and content of disaster responsibilities associated with the community EOC and thereby to clarify and contribute more to effective community‐wide disaster response.
Reducing seismic vulnerability in low to moderate risk areas
Authors: Fischer Henry W. , Scharnberger Charles K. , Geiger Charles J.
Published: July 2002

Argues that, while the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (USA) is found to be a low to moderate risk area in terms of seismic vulnerability, it is vulnerable to future episodes which could be quite threatening to a sizeable population. Degree of seismic vulnerability varies across the Commonwealth. Pursuant to assessing Pennsylvania’s earthquake preparedness, the Commonwealth’s various state agencies (n = 12) and the campuses comprising Pennsylvania’s State System of Higher Education (n = 14) were asked to complete a mail‐questionnaire which sought to determine their degree of earthquake experience, risk assessment activity, mitigation activity, and planning for response and recovery. A response rate of 78 per cent was attained. The experience, activity, and planning levels were found to be consistently low. These findings are consistent with research literature which describes the circumstances under which hazard reduction is likely to occur.
Preparing for disaster: public attitudes and actions
Authors: Larsson Gerry , Enander Ann
Published: July 2002

Investigates what people are prepared to do in the way of disaster preparation, and examines how these assessments may be related to personal factors and attitudes. Draws on a theoretical model of the area, developed in a previous study using a qualitative grounded theory approach. Surveys 925 persons representative of the Swedish population between the ages of 16 and 74. Data were collected in a postal questionnaire. Shows that the preparations for disasters which had been carried out by the greatest number were installation of smoke detectors, participating in practice at school or work, and learning first aid. The least performed preparations included joining a voluntary organization or training programme, stocking up with tinned food at home, taking extra insurance, and learning how to deal with psychological crisis reactions. Finds considerable subgroup differences; and that the two key dimensions of the model ‐ sense of personal meaningfulness and societal commitment ‐ account for the differences. Suggests actions to be taken by the Swedish authorities.
An integrated model of error management
Authors: Gillingham David W. , Blanco José , Lewko John H.
Published: July 2002

Describes an integrated model of error management which includes: the external environment; the corporate environment; the manager and the managed; incident management; inquiries; and, learning from errors. Includes classification of error types with examples. By understanding this model organizations can improve their ability to manage error.
Are international staff hard to manage?
Authors: Cosgrave John
Published: July 2002

Explains that while some non‐governmental organization (NGO) managers report that international staff are more difficult to manage than national staff, others report the opposite. Such different perceptions stem from different expectations of staff from different cultures. Describes a study in which NGO managers working in field programmes were surveyed on their perceptions of the differences between national and international staff. International staff were regarded by respondents as being: more likely to act on their own initiative; less likely to need close supervision; and more demanding of themselves and of others. Those reporting that international staff were more difficult to manage were more likely to have more than five years’ work experience in developing countries. This may be explained by managers adapting to the culture in which they work. Such a cultural adaptation on the part of managers may in turn explain why relief workers often report that they are dissatisfied with their managers.
Emergency inter‐organizational relationships
Authors: Granot Hayim
Published: July 2002

Reviews the inter‐organizational co‐operation that may be required during an emergency. Looks at the diverse cultures of diffferent organizations together with legislation and bureaucratic procedures that need to be considered in order for this process to take place. Reinforces the need to develop an exchange model of co‐ordination. Reviews number of salient findings regarding emergency services and suggests directions that may improve inter‐organizational relationships.
The sensitivity of the draw and write technique
Authors: Nic Gabhainn Saoirse , Kelleher Cecily
Published: July 2002

This paper presents comparative data from two evaluations which employed the draw and write technique to collect data from primary school pupils (ages eight to ten years). Pupils from health promoting schools and schools with conventional health education classes were significantly more likely to draw pictures across a range of categories than pupils who had received no health education, but these varied significantly by the type of intervention. Pupils from health promoting schools drew more pictures illustrating relationships, play, rest and work, while those who had been exposed to traditional health education were more likely to draw pictures showing individual lifestyle behaviours. This implies that the draw and write technique is sensitive to differences in approach to health education within schools. A number of gender differences emerged which also supported this interpretation. This research also suggests that this technique is sensitive to the influence of school based health initiatives and is a useful tool for assessing such developments.
Child protection drama in primary school – an effective educational approach?
Authors: Orme Judy , Salmon Debra
Published: July 2002

“Hello, Craig”, a child protection drama, was targeted at five‐ and six‐year olds in 28 primary schools in England. It aimed to encourage pupils to develop strategies to deal with appropriate and inappropriate touch in a variety of social settings. It also enabled teachers to introduce the sensitive issue of personal safety in a safe and stimulating way. The evidence from this evaluation suggests that innovative drama can be an effective medium for communicating the issues surrounding child protection. The project resulted in an increase in the children’s knowledge and skills about appropriate/inappropriate touch in a variety of contexts. Follow‐up work with photographs indicated that children had retained many of the main messages from the drama and were able to model strategies in playground situations. Areas for further development include embedding the project further within personal, social and health education (PSHE) programmes and staff development for teachers in the field of child protection.