bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐141: Real‐Time Dynamic Characteristics Measurement and Automatic Driving Parameters Extraction for Dynamic Driving Bistable Cholesteric LCD
Authors: Liang Chao‐Chiun , Chen Heng‐Yin , Huang Chiao‐Nan , Li Wu‐Jeng , Chen Tai‐Ann , Chang Yun‐Shuo , Chen Yi‐Cheng
Published: August 2010

To obtain the dynamic driving parameters for cholesteric LCD in a systematic manner, its dynamic characteristics and then driving parameters should be measured and extracted respectively. Accordingly, this paper develops a real‐time dynamic characteristics measurement system and an automatic dynamic driving parameters extraction scheme. Satisfactory results can be obtained experimentally.
P‐146: Optical Measurement of the Emission Zone in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Young Ralph H. , Kondakova Marina E.
Published: August 2010

Optical interference (weak microcavity) effects are used to measure the location and width of the emission zone in mixed‐host phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. The consequences of varying composition and varying current density are evaluated quantitatively for the width of the emission zone, the internal quantum efficiency, and the outcoupling efficiency. The devices that are used here are optimized for optical interference effects. The conclusions should carry over to devices that are optimized for practical performance.
P‐169: LED Light Recycling: Some General Design Guidelines
Authors: Ouyang George , Zugby Leonard , Li Kenneth
Published: August 2010

The concept of light recycling has been misunderstood by many who work in the industry as they believe it would violate the brightness principle. This paper first tries to dispel that myth by providing an intuitive interpretation of the brightness principle and hence showing that light recycling is not a violation of this principle. It then goes on to present some general design guidelines as to how and if light recycling can be used in a particular system to enhance its throughput. A highly efficient (with near 100% recycling efficiency) light recycling system and some experimental results are also presented at the end.
P‐177: LED Projectors Based on Angular Color Method
Authors: Wang Yong‐Jing , Lupino James , Lu Guohua , Zhang Yaoming , Yang Yangxiao , Yan Jun , Wang Lingjing
Published: August 2010

A novel LED micro projector based on the angular color technique is proposed. This system uses a single panel to display RGB information in spatially separated color zones. Special projection optics is utilized to merge the RGB pictures into a full color picture on the projection screen. Two separate LED sources are considered: 1) White LED with color splitting prism 2) RGB LEDs. The technology is promising for super compact, low cost, highly efficient micro and pico projectors.
17.4: Comprehensive Survey on Viewing Angle Measurement Devices: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Collomb‐Patton Véronique , Boher Pierre , Leroux Thierry
Published: August 2010

Viewing angle properties are certainly among the most common characteristics measured on any type of displays and in particular on LCDs. Historically, goniometers have first been used for this task. In 1993 ELDIM has introduced Fourier optics instruments (conoscopes) that are now widely used by many display makers. More recently an imaging technique based on the use of a low reflectance hemisphere has been introduced. All these approaches have their inner advantages and drawbacks depending on the optical setup and the measurements constraints. We present a comparison of these three systems based on their theoretical specifications.
18.3: Color Breakup Reduction by 180Hz Stencil‐FSC Method in Large‐Sized Color Filter‐Less LCD‐TVs
Authors: Lin Fang‐Cheng , Huang Yi‐Pai , Tsai Chi‐Chu , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: August 2010

We proposed the “180Hz Stencil‐FSC” method to suppress color break‐up (CBU) infield‐sequential‐color (FSC) LCDs. Applying local color‐backlight‐dimming technology to FSC‐ LCDs, a “green‐based multi‐color” field‐image was generated to show most image luminance at the first field and effectively suppressed CBU even compared to field‐rate increasing methods. In addition, for further hardware implementation, the number of backlight divisions of 32 ×24 was optimized while considering CBU suppression and image fidelity.
20.1: Perceived Brightness of LED Projector
Authors: Liao Shih‐Fang , Chou Hung‐Yu , Yang Tsung‐Hsun , Lee Cheng‐Chung , Chang Kirk
Published: August 2010

It is commonly observed that the LED projectors can provide with more perceived brightness by less stimulus luminance. In this work, the Helmholtz‐Kohlrausch effect is applied for studying the enhanced perceived brightness of the LED projector. According to the equations developed by Nayatani's group, the ratio of the enhanced perceived brightness of LED projector is evaluated as 25% to 30% as compared to traditional lamp projector in dark environment. However, in the normal office illumination level, the difference between the LED projector and the lamp projector diminishes.
21.2: Al and Sn‐Doped Zinc Indium Oxide Thin Film Transistors for AMOLED Back‐Plane
Authors: Cho Doo‐Hee , Yang Shinhyuk , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Byun Chunwon , Yoon Sung‐Min , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Hwang Chi‐Sun , Chu Hye Yong , Cho Kyoung Ik
Published: August 2010

We have fabricated the transparent bottom gate TFTs using Al and Sn‐doped zinc indium oxide (AT‐ZIO) as an active layer. The AT‐ZIO active layer was deposited by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature, and AT‐ZIO TFT showed a field effect mobility of 15.6 cm2/Vs even before annealing. The mobility increased with increasing In2O3 content and post‐annealing temperature. The AT‐ZIO TFT exhibited afield effect mobility of 33 cm2/Vs, a sub‐threshold swing of 0.08 V/dec, and an on/off current ratio of more than 109 after Al2O3 passivation and post‐annealing. We have fabricated AMOLED panels with the bottom gate AT‐ZIO TFT back‐plane successfully.
23.2: New Green and Red Phosphorescent Host Materials for Highly‐Efficient and Long‐Lifetime OLEDs
Authors: Nishimura Kazuki , Kawamura Yuichiro , Kato Tomoki , Numata Masaki , Kawamura Masahiro , Ogiwara Toshinari , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Iwakuma Toshihiro , Jinde Yukitoshi , Hosokawa Chishio
Published: August 2010

We successfully found new phosphorescent host materials. Red host material PRH‐01 with a red phosphorescent emitter achieved very high performance of 4.9 V, current efficiency of 20.2 cd/A and half lifetime of 150,000 hrs at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. We designed new molecular structure of green host material focusing on electron transport property and newly developed material PGH‐01 achieved very high performance of 5.3 V, 71.9 cd/A and half lifetime of 150,000 hrs at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2. It was confirmed by simulation that these host materials have great potential to reduce power consumption of full‐color OLED displays. We also studied hybrid white OLEDs with combining the latest blue fluorescent material and the phosphorescent materials. High luminous efficacy of about 30 lm/W and long lifetime over 200,000 hrs at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2 without any light outcoupling structure were successfully obtained.
23.4: Invited Paper: Ideal Host‐Dopant System for Highly Efficient Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Kwon Jang Hyuk , Jeon Woo Sik , Park Tae Jin
Published: August 2010

Using a narrow band‐gap fluorescent host material with a phosphorescent red dopant, highly efficient red phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) exhibiting an ideal external quantum efficiency with a doping concentration of 1% were developed. The origin of such a low doping is revealed by the ideal Dexter doping condition study for efficient energy transfer in PHOLEDs. Besides this cause, the strong fluorescent host materials function very well in phosphorescent OLEDs. Singlet excitons generated by fluorescent host materials in phosphorescent OLEDs can produce dopant triplet excitons via the efficient Förster energy transfer mechanism.
5.2: Approaches to Virtual Product Development in LCD Business
Authors: Lee KwangHoon , Shin SangMin , Kim ChoongSik , Kim WoongJu , Lee SinYoung
Published: August 2010

In the process to build up the complicated system for a LCD backlight unit, a panel and their module assembly, the use of physical prototype has many drawbacks in terms of cost and lead‐time. The virtual prototyping platform, EzOptics we developed in the cooperative work, provides the way of working where the LCD design and optical analysis activities can be developed in the early product development stages. The work being described here permits that a designer analyses the optical characteristics of a LCD module with a panel. In the LCD industry this must be the first system by which the virtual prototyping of LCD can substitute the physical prototype. The system allows a virtual prototype with a full size scale LCD backlight unit and panel modelling without any limitations of the size and shape. The result of the simulation also guarantees the accuracy by supporting the bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDF) to define the scattered light propagation over the optical components, and the expert knowledge is provided for more comprehensive, quick and user‐friendly virtual prototype modelling.
25.3: Auto‐Stereoscopic TFT‐LCD with LC Parallax Barrier on Wire Grid Polarizer
Authors: Kang Dong Han , Oh Beom Seok , Oh Jae Hwan , Park Mi Kyung , Kim Hyo Joon , Hong Sung Man , Hur Ji Ho , Jang Jin , Lee Sung Jung , Lee Kyo Hyeon , Park Kwang Hoon
Published: August 2010

We have developed a 5.5 inch auto‐stereoscopic TFT‐LCD (640 × 480 × RGB) display with LC (liquid crystal) parallax barrier having the pitch of 58 μm on the back of wire grid polarizer substrate. The auto‐stereoscopic display of the proposed structure can be 2D/3D convertible LCD, indicating that it can provide us with 3D display as well as conventional 2D display. The auto‐stereoscopic 3D display with wire‐grid polarizer has the advantages of short viewing depth and thinness.
27.2: A Buffer Amplifier with Embodied 4‐Bit Interpolation for 10‐Bit AMLCD Column Drivers
Authors: Lee Byunghun , Kim Ki‐Duk , Jeon Yong‐Joon , Lee Sung‐Woo , Jeon Jin‐Yong , Jung Seung‐Chul , Yang Jun‐Hyeok , Park Kyu‐Sung , Cho Gyu‐Hyeong
Published: August 2010

A buffer amplifier for 10‐bit digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) with embodied 4‐bit interpolation is proposed for AMLCD column drivers. Under the proposed interpolating scheme, the reference voltage from 6‐bit DAC is interpolated with the voltage generated from 4 bit directly inputted codes in the buffer amplifier. This proposed circuit can reduce the effective size of the DACs, and achieve the accurate channel output maintaining the basic function of the buffer amplifier. The average static current of the proposed buffer amplifier is 1.2μA per each channel and the simulated result of INL and DNL by 0.35μm CMOS process is less than 0.06 and 0.05 LSB.
5.4: Subtitles in Short 3‐D Movies
Authors: Pockett Lachlan , Pölönen Monika , Salmimaa Marja
Published: August 2010

Autostereoscopic 3‐D displays enable immersive experiences in entertainment and media consumption. 3‐D movies serve as an example of this and especially in mobile environment the concept of 3‐D short movies may offer the user new means of filling micro breaks. Since movie production is international, subtitles are essential in some cases to allow wider distribution of the movies. with 3‐D movies the way the subtitles are shown, an understanding of the consequences of the depth levels used either in the content or the subtitles is crucial. This paper describes the results of subjective tests investigating subtitles in stereoscopic 3‐D still images for small size displays. More precisely the effect of different depth levels of the subtitles and their interaction with different scene contents with varying depth has been investigated.
6.1: Invited Paper: Design of Carbon Nanotubes for Field Emission Applications
Authors: Milne William I. , Mann Mark , Teo Kenneth B. K.
Published: August 2010

Field emission from CNTs can be applied to many technologies because of their high current carrying capability, chemical inertness, physical strength and high aspect ratio. Depending upon their applications it can be more advantageous to use either individual tubes or arrays of tubes. Multiwall tubes or single wall tubes can also be utilised and in some instances aligned tubes are also necessary to provide the field emission currents required. This paper will present work on the optimisation of Carbon Nanotubes for applications including, field emission displays, electron microscopes, x‐rays, and microwave sources.
32.2: Touch‐Panel Controller Implemented with LTPS TFTs
Authors: Pi JaeEun , Pyo ChangShin , Kim ByeongHoon , Park KeeChan , Kim Young‐il , Eom JiHye , Choi JaeBeom , Park Seong‐il , Lee Baek‐woon , Hwang Youngin , Kim Chi‐Woo
Published: August 2010

A touch panel controller has been implemented with LTPS TFTs on a glass substrate. It induces voltage gradient across either plate of a 4‐wire resistive touch panel and senses the intermediate potential at the touch position via the other plate. Then it converts the acquired analog voltage into digital signal and outputs 3‐bit digital data for the horizontal and vertical positions respectively.
33.3: A 14.1‐Inch WXGA+ LCD Panel Using Hybrid Silicon Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Cho Sung Haeng , Choi Yong Mo , Jeong Yu Gwang , Kim Hyungjun , Song Jun Ho , Jeong Chang‐Oh , Kim Shi Yul , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2010

A hybrid silicon technology (HyST) thin film transistor (TFT) process using a diode‐pumped solid state (DPSS) laser has been developed by implementing low‐temperature poly‐Si (LTPS) TFTs with a‐Si:H TFTs on the same substrate. HyST TFTs are deployed on the peripheral area of a panel for integrated gate driver circuits and a‐Si:H TFTs are used as switching devices for pixels in the active display area. This technology is based on the current a‐Si:H TFT fabrication processes without additional ion‐doping and activation processes. Field effect mobilities of 4 ∼ 5 cm2/V⋅s and 0.5 cm2/V⋅s for HyST and a‐Si:H TFTs, respectively, are obtained. Low power consumption, high speed, small integration area, high reliability, and low photosensitivity are achieved by means of HyST TFTs, compared to gate driving circuits integrated with a‐Si:H TFTs. A 14.1‐inch WXGA+ (1440×900) LCD panel has been demonstrated using the new HyST TFT process.
6.2: Distinguished Paper: Improvements of Color CNT‐FED Character‐Displays
Authors: Uemura Sashiro , Kurachi Hiroyuki , Yotani Junko , Nagasako Takeshi , Nakao Takehiro , Ito Masaaki , Sakurai Akira , Kajiwara Mamoru , Sato Kouichi , Fukuda Kazuhiko , Saito Yahachi
Published: August 2010

High‐luminance color CNT‐FED character‐displays were improved. One display‐panel had 16×160‐pixels and the pixel‐pitch was 3mm. Another panel had 32×256‐pixels and the pixel‐pitch was 1.8mm. The features were power consumption of ca.10W and high‐reliability for out‐door applications. They were driven by small battery and solar cells in out‐door and no‐power‐line condition. The practical application is highly expected to display important message to evacuate from the disaster area, even under emergent no‐power condition in such as vending machines.
33.4: A Novel LTPS Application: A Multiplexed Thermal Array for DNA Amplification
Authors: Fish David , Young Nigel , Collins Paul , Ponjee Mark , Hoevenaars Albert , Van Beek William , Lasance Clemens , Trainor Mike , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Francisco , Gokgurler Hakan
Published: August 2010

We describe a multiplexed TFT array for the temperature controlled thermal cycling required for DNA amplification. LTPS is an ideal technology to enable the accurate and uniform temperature profiles required for assays used in a range of medical conditions as it enables high parallelism at low cost for rapid diagnosis. We will present the application background, the design, fabrication and testing of our LTPS thermal cycler.
36.4: Modeling Diffuse Components by Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function for LCD Applications
Authors: Hung Chien‐Hsiang , Tien Chung‐Hao
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a methodology for including the photometric raw data sets into the diffuse illumination in display system. The method is based on computing the luminance distribution on the outgoing side of diffusing elements from measured bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs). The calculation procedure includes the linear superposition and the feedback. As an application example, the method is verified by a commercially available diffusing sheet illuminated by a 32‐inch backlighting module. Close agreement (correlation coefficient = 98.6%) with the experimental measurement confirmed the validity of the proposed procedure.
37.5: Invited Paper: The Circular Polarized LCD‐TV and Its Advantage over Visual Fatigue
Authors: Yan Xiao Lin , Fu Dong , Zhu Chang Chang , WeiXie Xiang , Sun Xian Wen , Zhang Hong , Huang Wei Dong
Published: August 2010

The development on circular polarized LCD‐TV is summarized. A novel concept of circular polarized LCD‐TV is introduced. The effects of LCD‐TV's polarizing characteristics on visual fatigue during a long time watching are investigated. Results indicate that LCD‐TV with circular polarized transmission light causes less visual fatigue during long time watching compared with normal LCD‐TV.
41.2: Autostereoscopic Display Based on Enhanced Integral Photography Using Overlaid Multiple Projectors
Authors: Sakai Hideyuki , Yamasaki Masami , Koike Takafumi , Oikawa Michio , Kobayashi Miho
Published: August 2010

We constructed an autostereoscopic display based on enhanced IP using overlaid multiple projectors. The display provides autostereoscopic images whose resolution is greater than SVGA in an 800 by 400 mm area. Tilting the display surface increases the depth of the autostereoscopic images. We also constructed equipment for calibrating the display.
42.2: Invited Paper: End‐To‐End Factory Solutions, from Design to Completion: Display Manufacturing Facilities from Greenfield to Green Manufacturing
Authors: Carkner Don , Rahimian Barry , O'Halloran Michael , Monosoff Nathan , Pettengill Nancy , Krick David , Ighani Ben
Published: August 2010

Modern flat panel manufacturing facilities are incredibly complex, and use large amounts of energy and materials both in construction and operation. Drawing on extensive global facility experience, utilizing sophisticated planning and design tools, and considering “reduce, re‐use, and recycle” options, such as the conversion of under‐used older generation semiconductor facilities, projects can be completed faster, with minimized environmental impact, and with an improved bottom line.
43.4: Colorimetric Transformation with Two Sets of LED Backlight for Multi‐Primary LCD
Authors: Hsieh Pei‐Lin , Lin Hsiang‐Tan
Published: August 2010

The multi‐primary system is presented in this paper. Two set LEDs as backlight are illuminated alternately at 120 Hz. The Colorimetric Transformation Function (CTF) is designed to control the ratio of LED1 and LED2. The experimental results show that the system can increase color gamut of cyan.
46.3: Role of Chemical Transformations of Hole Transport Materials in Operational Degradation of the Current Generation of Highly Efficient Fluorescent OLEDs
Authors: Kondakov Denis Y. , Young Ralph H.
Published: August 2010

We show that the representative hole transport material NPB undergoes significant chemical transformation in operating highly efficient fluorescent OLEDs. The extent and location of the chemical degradation are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the hypothesis of its dominant role in the operational degradation mechanism. Effects of dopant and transport materials are also evaluated.
48.4: Invited Paper: Adaptive Luminance and Power Control (ALPC) for LED Backlight Units
Authors: Kim Gicherl , Yeo Dongmin , Park Seki , Seo Youngjun , Song Sijun , Jang Taeseok
Published: August 2010

Adaptive luminance and power control is proposed for LCD‐TVs with LED backlight units to provide several advanced features compared to conventional local dimming LED backlights. with ALPC, the luminance of a bright image on the display increases as the size of the bright image decreases, resulting in higher image quality that is more comfortable to end users. A 46” FHD LCD‐TV equipped with an ALPC LED backlight achieved peak luminance of 500 nits and a contrast ratio of 100,000:1 with 30% fewer LEDs and maximum power consumption of 100W.
49.3: Growth Mechanism and Inhibition Technologies of a Contamination on the Surface of Photomask for Longtime LCD‐TFT Lithography Process
Authors: Yanagita Yoshinori , Kaneko Yasushi , Abe Yasuyuki , Ogawa Hiroshi , Takayama Shigeki , Shinchi Hiroyuki , Tsuchiya Masayoshi , Murai Makoto
Published: August 2010

Progressive contamination on photomasks has become a serious concern as a source of defects in long‐term TFT‐LCD manufacturing. We determined the chemical structure and mechanism of formation of such contamination, devised an accelerated test to replicate it, and developed a means of inhibiting it.
52.3: New Method of Vertical Alignment by Using Nano‐Structure
Authors: Kawamura Tadashi , Yamada Yuichiro , Okamoto Kenji
Published: August 2010

We propose a new technology to control the pretilt angle of liquid crystal and leaning direction of a Vertical Aligned Nematic (VAN) upon a rugged surface. A Multi‐domain Vertical Aligned (MVA) panel, incorporating a pillar‐like structure with 2–3um pitch, was developed which exhibited high brightness and wide viewing angle range.
54.4: Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Interocular Luminance Differences
Authors: Patterson Robert , Boydstun Alan S. , Rogers Jason A. , Tripp Lisa M.
Published: August 2010

We investigated the effects of interocular luminance differences on stereoscopic depth perception. The stimuli were stereoscopic square‐shaped targets created from disparity embedded in a dynamic random‐dot stereogram, which eliminated other cues to depth perception. The results revealed that stereoscopic depth perception survived significant interocular differences in luminance levels, even up to differences of 60%, provided that display luminance was approximately 0.63 cd/m2 or higher. In terms of design criteria, developers of stereo displays can use a fairly large range of interocular luminance levels and still induce good stereo depth perception.
55.1: Edge‐Lit Hollow Backlight Using Tunable Reflective Polarizer for Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Liu Tao , Wheatley John , O'Neill Mark , Sousa Matthew E.
Published: August 2010

A low‐cost solution for using light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs) to illuminate large liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is developed. Following this approach, a 32″ single‐Side illuminated thin edge‐lit hollow backlight is demonstrated using high power LEDs as the light source. One of the key optical components is a new class of reflective polarizer that provides polarization, viewing angle, and recycling controls simultaneously over the system output. Uniformity and efficiency were realized as well as strong robustness to LED variations or failures. Benefits of hollow cavity light mixing to LED systems are discussed.
8.4L: Late‐News Paper: Technology Study for a 4K×2K High Frame Rate (240fps) Projector
Authors: Hayashi Tsuneo , Kuroki Yoshihiko
Published: August 2010

We had a technology study for a 4K 240fps SXRD projector. The projector was designed to meet superior specifications, including 8.8 million pixels resolution, as well as 240fps frame rate. Results of perceptual motion blur measurement show that the proposed high frame rate significantly reduces perceived blur.
55.2: The Optical Design and Optimization of Light Guide Film for Ultra Thin 1.9″ TFT LCD Display Panel
Authors: Fan Fu‐Chen , Chen Chin‐Yen , Hsu Hsu‐Sheng , Chen Chih‐Wei
Published: August 2010

Light guide film is the key part to achieve ultra thin mobile panel. We employ roll‐to‐roll process to make it possible to fabricate mirco‐structure on such thin LGF (<0.3mm); while the special shape of dot is designed and employed to achieve good luminance uniformity and high luminance. Here we demonstrate the world's thinnest 1.9″ panel with total thickness 0.56mm by combining the entire advance thinning technology.
58.2: In‐Cell Type Adaptive Touch for Electrophoretic Display
Authors: Lee Jong‐Kwon , Kim Sang‐Soo , Nam Seung‐Seok , Park Yong‐In , Kim Chang‐Dong , Kang InByeong
Published: August 2010

In‐cell type adaptive touch technology for Electro‐Phoretic Display has been developed and implemented in 2.1 inch QVGA electronic paper. Here, we have used two types of a‐Si photosensor arrays along with overall capacitor and applied touch algorithm adapted depending upon the amount of light intensity, resulting in enhancing touch sensitivity regardless of environmental condition.
62.1: Five‐Primary‐Color 60‐Inch LCD with Novel Wide Color Gamut and Wide Viewing Angle
Authors: Ueki Shun , Nakamura Kozo , Yoshida Yuhichi , Mori Tomohiko , Tomizawa Kazunari , Narutaki Yohzoh , Itoh Yasuhisa , Okamoto Kenji
Published: August 2010

We have newly developed a 5‐primary‐color 60‐inch FHD LCD with pixels composed of R1CGR2BY six sub pixels. The prototype is designed to reproduce all of real surface colors. We have also improved its viewing angle performances by applying a multi‐primary color matching technology.
62.3: Exploiting the Flexibility of RGBW OLED Displays: Trading Color Saturation for Power
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Hamer John W. , Ludwicki John E. , Arnold Andrew D.
Published: August 2010

The RGBW pixel pattern uniquely enables the tradeoff of color gamut for power consumption. A mechanism for achieving these tradeoffs and its application for reducing power consumption by more than 25% for typical images and 10% for typical web pages is discussed.
17th World Petroleum Congress Preview, August 2002 JCPT
Authors: Warne George A. , Patel Raj , Rauch Bruce , Ali S.M. Farouq , Moore Gord , Mehta Raj , Ursenbach Matthew , Yeung K.C. , Peachey Bruce , Zahacy Todd , Hyne Jim , Das Swapan , Mungan Nick , Masliyah Jacob , Brady Kevin
Published: August 2010

The JCPTand the Canadian Association for the WPC agreed that itwould be a timely and valued service to readers and delegates to the 17th WorldPetroleum Congress to publish a series of articles reviewing several keypetroleum technologies receiving attention in Canada. Distinguished authoritieson the technologies agreed to contribute short summary articles on Canadianresearch and field experience in specific areas. These articles are included inthis issue:

The Evolution of Imperial Oil's Cold Lake Development by Raj Patel and BruceRauch

Innovative Steam Injection Techniques Overcome Adverse Reservoir Conditionsby S.M. Farouq Ali

Air Injection for Oil Recovery by Gord Moore, Raj Mehta, and MatthewUrsenbach

Suncor's Path to Growth - Oil Sands Projects and Technology by K.C.Yeung

Downhole Oil/Water Separation's Canadian Roots by Bruce Peachey and ToddZahacy

Canada's Recovered Sulphur - In the World Class by Jim Hyne

VAPEX - A Unique Canadian Technology by Swapan Das

Canada - World Leader in Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding by Nick Mungan

Bitumen Recovery From Athabasca Oil Sands by Jacob Masliyah

Computalog's LWD System Designed for Deepwater Drilling Environments byKevin Brady
Magnetic Resonance in Chalk Horizontal Well Logged With LWD
Authors: Thorsen Arve K. , Eiane Tor , Thern Holger F. , Fristad Paal , Williams Stephen
Published: August 2010

This paper describes geological and petrophysical evaluation of a new structure of a mature field to evaluate the reservoir potential in unproduced reservoir zones. The well was drilled in a carbonate with variations in rock quality and with minor subfaulting occurring. Gamma ray (GR), resistivity, density, neutron, and image services were used in the horizontal part of the well in addition to magnetic resonance (MR). To achieve the best possible real-time wellbore placement, reservoir navigation and continuous follow-up on the horizontal log interpretation were performed during drilling.

For the first time, a low-gradient-MR-while-drilling technology was deployed in a virgin carbonate horizontal well on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The MR service was run to obtain porosities (including partitioning of movable and bound fluids), hydrocarbon (HC) saturations, and permeability estimates. Fluid saturations based on traditional methods and the MR were evaluated and compared by core data, enhancing the understanding of the measurement and the reservoir. For post-processing, the MR data were integrated and interpreted together with the other measurements performed in the well, delivering an accurate and consistent reservoir description.

The first part of the horizontal part of the well was drilled with conductive drilling fluid and the latter part with nonconductive drilling fluid. Laboratory measurements for the two mud filtrates were performed to understand the influence of the two different drilling-fluid types on the MR measurements. In the absence of water-based mudfiltrate invasion, the MR data show good agreement with saturations from core, confirming the quality and reliability of the MR data.

Comparison of the MR T2 distributions and volumetrics with image data indicates that even fine variations in rock quality and lithology are reliably resolved by the MR data. Before logging, old core data were used to refine the constants used in the Timur-Coates MR permeability equation, which quantitatively tracks changes in reservoir quality. The values were calibrated when Timur-Coates constants were derived from the well's core plugs.
Equivalent Wellblock Radius for Partially Perforated Vertical Wells—Part II: Anisotropic Heterogeneous Reservoirs With Nonuniform Grids
Authors: Dogru Ali H.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we present a new analytical expression and a simple numerical procedure for the equivalent wellblock radius and well index for nonuniform grids for homogeneous anisotropic reservoirs or completely heterogeneous reservoirs for a partially penetrating vertical well.

Equivalent wellblock radius is obtained analytically for the homogeneous and anisotropic reservoirs with nonsquare grids. The new equation has the same structure as Peaceman's equation (Peaceman 1983) with one additional parameter accounting for the partial penetration and vertical-flow effects. The new formula reduces to Peaceman's formula when the well is fully penetrating.

For heterogeneous reservoirs with nonsquare grids, the equivalent wellblock radius is computed from the solution of a 1D linear ordinary-differential equation.

A field simulation study with complete reservoir heterogeneity showed that well index calculated by using Peaceman's method underpredicts the well-production rate by 20%. The new method presented in this paper reduces this error to 1%. Similarly, a model problem with a nonsquare grid shows approximately 30% rate error with Peaceman's method, while the new method reduces the error to less than 3%.
Correlation between per se and Testcross Performance in Rye (Secale cereale L.) Introgression Lines Estimated with a Bivariate Mixed Linear Model
Authors: Falke K. C. , Wilde P. , Wortmann H. , Müller B. U. , Möhring J. , Piepho H.‐P. , Miedaner T.
Published: August 2010

In hybrid breeding a high correlation between per se performance of parental lines and hybrid performance can help to reduce the efforts for testcross trials. Our objectives were (i) to investigate the correlation between per se and testcross performance of rye (Secale cereale L.) candidate introgression lines (pre‐ILs) for thousand‐kernel weight, test weight, falling number, starch, pentosan, and protein content; and (ii) to investigate the consistency of quantitative trait loci (QTL) determined in pre‐ILs and their testcross progenies. Eighty pre‐ILs carrying donor chromosome segments (DCS) from the Iranian primitive rye Altevogt 14160 in the genetic background of elite line L2053‐N, were evaluated at four locations over 2 yr. Genetic correlations between per se and testcross performance were estimated with a bivariate mixed linear model. Putative QTL regions were detected by comparing the performance of pre‐ILs carrying certain DCS with the performance of the recurrent parent. Genotypic variances and heritabilities were higher for per se than for testcross performance. Genetic correlations between per se and testcross performance were mostly intermediate. Common QTL regions were observed for test weight, starch, pentosan, and protein content. Our results revealed that a superior per se performance of rye pre‐ILs is not indicative for a superior hybrid performance. Consequently, using rye pre‐ILs in hybrid breeding programs requires testcross trials.
Crude Protein and Nitrate Concentrations of Fall Forage for Stocker Cattle: Wheat vs. Perennial Cool‐Season Grasses
Authors: MacKown Charles T. , Northup Brian K.
Published: August 2010

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pastures are a primary source of cool‐season forage used by stocker cattle (Bos taurus L.) in the southern Great Plains. Replacing some wheat pasture with perennial cool‐season grasses (PCSGs) could reduce uncertainties of sufficient fall forage and annual tillage operations. Wheat forage is capable of producing stocker weight gains >1.4 kg d−1, but wheat can accumulate nitrate that poses a health risk to stockers. Levels of crude protein (CP) and nitrate in fall forage clipped 4 yr (2002–2005), from replicated pastures of winter wheat and two PCSG pastures established in 2001 (‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.‐W. Liu & R.‐C. Wang], ‘Manska’ intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], and one PCSG pasture established in 2002 [‘Lincoln’ smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss)], were compared. Forage levels of CP in PCSGs were >148 g kg−1 dry wt., but were 21 to 37% less than that of wheat (244 ± 3 g kg−1). Mean nitrate‐N levels of wheat were 400, 1400, 4600, and 840 mg kg−1 in 2002 through 2005, respectively. Among the PCSGs, nitrate‐N did not exceed 660 mg kg−1 The CP levels of PCSGs were often substantially less than that of wheat, but were sufficient for growth of stocker calves. Nitrate risks that sometimes occurred with wheat would make PCSGs a safer choice for pasture.
Effects of Recurrent Selection for Grain Yield and Striga Resistance in an Extra‐Early Maize Population
Authors: Badu‐Apraku B.
Published: August 2010

Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth threatens maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub‐Saharan Africa. In an extra‐early population, S1 families derived from four cycles of recurrent selection for grain yield and Striga resistance were evaluated with and without Striga infestation at three locations in Nigeria for 2 yr to determine relative changes in genetic variances, heritabilities, and genetic correlations for yield and other traits. Under infestation, yield was not correlated with other traits at C0 but was significantly correlated with ears per plant (EPP), Striga damage, and emerged Striga plants in advanced cycles. Genetic correlations between yield and most traits were significant in C0 when Striga‐free but was reduced in advanced cycles. Genetic variances and heritabilities for yield and ear aspect increased in advanced cycles. Genetic variances decreased with selection for emerged Striga counts and EPP under infestation. A response to selection for improved yield, Striga emergence and EPP is expected in subsequent cycles. Low genetic variances and heritabilities for Striga damage and low predicted gain cycle−1 for all traits except numbers of emerged Striga plants suggest a need to introgress novel resistance genes into the population for faster progress from selection for increased yield.
Drought Response and Recovery Characteristics of St. Augustinegrass Cultivars
Authors: Steinke K. , Chalmers D. , Thomas J. , White R. , Fipps G.
Published: August 2010

As water resources become restricted for use on amenity turfgrass systems, the inability for consumers to delineate incremental drought stress relating to plant health can result in the misuse of water resources during drought conditions. Seven cultivars of St. Augustinegrass (SA) [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and two root zone depths were evaluated for drought response and recovery during consecutive 60‐d drought and 60‐d recovery periods over 2 yr. Using digital image analysis, drought response and recovery were quantified as the number of days to decrease or increase to 50% green ground cover, respectively. Both study years provided unique conditions for investigating drought response as the mean time to reach 50% green ground cover differed by 24 d between the 2 yr of study. Some SA cultivars lost 50% green ground cover in 23 d while other cultivars lasted the entire 60 d drought period without losing 50% green ground cover. Floratam provided the most consistent drought response and recovery compared to other SA cultivars. Once water was no longer limited, cultivars demonstrated up to a 52 d difference in attaining 50% green ground cover. Results could significantly impact home consumer irrigation behaviors and influence consumer expectations of turfgrass following drought conditions.
Genetics of Aluminum‐induced Callose Formation in Maize Roots, a Selection Trait for Aluminum Resistance
Authors: Narro Luis A. , Arcos Alba Lucía
Published: August 2010

Acid soils and associated aluminum toxicity could limit maize (Zea mays L.) production on more than 3950 million hectares worldwide. Callose formation in root tips is a reliable indicator of Al‐induced cell damage. We studied the modes of gene action determining callose formation in root tips using two diallel mating experiments involving a total of 33 maize inbred lines grown in 25 μM Al nutrient solution. Highly significant differences were found among parents, crosses, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and for the contrast of parents vs. crosses in both diallel experiments. These results indicate that additive and nonadditive gene effects were important in the expression of callose content.
Agronomic and Seed Traits of Soybean Lines with the Rag1 gene for Aphid Resistance
Authors: Mardorf Justin L. , Fehr Walter R. , O'Neal Matthew E.
Published: August 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yields can be reduced significantly by infestations of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura). A dominant allele, Rag1, providing resistance to the aphid was identified in PI 548663. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic and seed traits of 27 lines with the Rag1 allele to those of 27 lines with the rag1 allele that were derived from the same segregating population. The lines were evaluated under aphid‐infested conditions at two Iowa locations in 2008 and under aphid‐infested and aphid‐free conditions at three Iowa locations during 2009. There were significant differences in mean yield between the Rag1 and rag1 lines in all the aphid‐infested environments. The difference in yield between the two types reached 47.6% at one location under heavy infestation. Under aphid‐free conditions, there was no significant difference in mean yield between the two types. The differences between the two types of lines for maturity, height, lodging, protein content, oil content, and seed weight were either not significant or sufficiently small to make it possible to develop aphid‐resistant cultivars with the Rag1 gene that were comparable to susceptible cultivars.
‘Hom’: a simple point of use water treatment device
Authors: Omedi Moses J. , Kipkorir Emmanuel C.
Published: August 2010

This study sought to explore a locally assembled ‘Hom’ point of use water treatment device by assessing aspects of its performance and possible effects of using it on compliant households and communities. The conceptual framework highlights poverty and environmental degradation as causes and consequences of one another, with ill-health caused by water-borne diseases reinforcing both to form a cycle. Whether or not the device would play a role in interrupting this cycle depends on its capabilities and acceptance, among other factors. Survey results indicated that the device is acceptable to 84% of respondents. Analysed data collected using questionnaires from 60 randomly sampled pilot device users revealed that it is useful to its users. Yield trials results led to the conclusion that one device unit could provide enough drinking water to satisfy the needs of a large representative household. Laboratory tests of water samples filtered with cartridges used for up to 10 years in the device found the water to be safe for drinking. It is concluded that the device is effective, environmentally friendly and useful to compliant households.
Water and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in rural Afghanistan: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Opryszko Melissa C. , Majeed Sayed Waheedullah , Hansen Peter M. , Myers Jessica A. , Baba Duza , Thompson Richard E. , Burnham Gilbert
Published: August 2010

A randomized controlled trial of four interventions was conducted using tubewells (n=2,486), liquid sodium hypochlorite (‘Clorin’) distributed with an improved water vessel (n=2,305), hygiene promotion (n=1,877), and a combination of the three (n=2,040) to create an evidence-base for water policy in Afghanistan. A fifth group served as a control (n=2,377). Interventions were randomized across 32 villages in Wardak province. Outcomes were measured through two household surveys separated by one year and twice-weekly household surveillance conducted over 16 months. The households receiving all three interventions showed reduction in diarrhoea compared with the control group, through both longitudinal surveillance data (IRR [95% CI]=0.61 [0.47–0.81]) and cross-sectional survey data (AOR [95% CI]=0.53 [0.30–0.93]). This reduction was significant when all household members were included, but did not reach significance when only children under five were considered. These results suggest multi-barrier methods are necessary where there are many opportunities for water contamination. Surveillance data suggested a greater impact of interventions on reducing diarrhoeal diseases than data from the surveys. Higher economic status as measured through household assets was associated with lower rates of diarrhoea and greater intervention uptake, excepting Clorin. Use of soap was also associated with lower prevalence of diarrhoea.
Elevated and variable groundwater iron in rural northwestern Bangladesh
Authors: Merrill Rebecca D. , Labrique Alain B. , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Schulze Kerry , Christian Parul , Merrill Robert K. , West Keith P.
Published: August 2010

Over the past 30 years, tubewells have become a ubiquitous source of potable groundwater in South Asia. Considered safer than surface water, groundwater naturally contains minerals that may impact human health; however, few data exist on tubewell water mineral content or its association with human nutritional or health conditions. We surveyed iron concentration in tubewell water across a 435 km2, contiguous, rural area in northwestern Bangladesh to map and quantify levels of iron in drinking water. One tubewell was randomly sampled from each of 948 adjacent grid cells 675 m2 in size. Water sampling was standardized and iron concentration measured using a field-based colorimetric kit. The median (interquartile range) concentration of iron in tubewell water was 7.6 (1.6, 17.6) mg l−1. There was high geographic variation (range of 0–46.5 mg l−1), and iron in only 3% of surveyed tubewells fell below the WHO aesthetic cut-off of 0.3 mg l−1 suggesting elevated levels of iron throughout the area. Villagers accurately perceived groundwater iron concentration, based on a 4-point (‘none’, ‘a little’, ‘medium’, ‘a lot’) scale (p<0.001). Water source iron content can be readily quantified in population settings offering the potential to evaluate the health relevance of groundwater iron exposure in rural communities.
Mathematical models for biomass in membrane-BNR process for wastewater treatment
Authors: Lee J. Y. , Kwon K. H. , Kim S. W. , Min K. S. , Yun Z.
Published: August 2010

The equation of biomass is related to the mass-balance equation of substrate. This equation of substrate is expressed according to a model using the Monod equation, which indicates some limits for calculating the amounts of VSS in the MBR process. Some degradation of biomass which is caused by long SRT might result in the generation of substrate based on COD. Research was conducted by lab-scale tests with two membrane-BNR (Biological Nutrients Removal) processes. These were composed of multi-reactors as anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic tank and oxygen exhauster. The aerobic tank was also divided into 3 reactors, which were oxic for nitrification, oxic-media containing fluidized sponge typed media for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and oxic-membrane for submerged membrane. This membrane-BNR process could remove most of the organics, suspended solids and nutrient substances like nitrogen thus satisfying the reuse guidelines issued by the Korean Ministry of Environment. The value measured of VSS (Xv) through the experiment with SRT of 35 days was similar to the biomass using the conventional equation while the one with SRT of 60 days was close to the concentration of VSS calculated by a revised equation which considered the biomass degraded with long SRT.
Analysis of hydrocyclone behaviors in the separation of particulates from highway rainfall runoff
Authors: Yu Jianghua , Yi Qitao , Kim Youngchul , Tateda Masafumi
Published: August 2010

In this study, the separation behaviors of particles in highway rainfall runoff using a Ø7.5 cm hydrocyclone were examined. The volume fraction and the total suspended solids concentrations in the overflow and underflow from the hydrocyclone were analyzed. The results indicated that the overflow volume fraction increased with increasing operational pressure, but decreased with decreasing ratio of underflow outlet to inlet sizes (Du/Di), while the underflow volume fraction showed contrary behavior. The TSS concentration ratio between the overflow and inflow (TSSover/TSSin) decreased as a function of the operational pressure, while the corresponding ratio of underflow to inflow (TSSunder/TSSin) increased. There was no visible difference in the TSSover/TSSin ratio with increasing Du/Di ratio but the TSSunder/TSSin decreased sharply. The particle removal efficiency was affected mainly by the particle size. The hydrocyclone can work well using 1.6 m natural water head, and it is more space saving and more efficient in the separation of fine particles than the sedimentation method.
Dynamic stormwater treatment unit model for micropollutants (STUMP) based on substance inherent properties
Authors: Vezzaro L. , Eriksson E. , Ledin A. , Mikkelsen P. S.
Published: August 2010

Modelling the removal of micropollutants (MPs) in stormwater treatment systems is essential in a context that is characterized by a general lack of measurements. This paper presents an innovative dynamic model for the prediction of the removal of MPs in stormwater treatment systems (Stormwater Treatment Unit model for Micro Pollutants—STUMP). The model, based on a conceptual model of two-compartment (water and sediment) serial Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs), can predict the fate of MPs based on their inherent properties, which are often the only information available regarding this kind of substances. The flexible structure of the model can be applied to a wide range of treatment units and substances. Based on the most relevant removal processes (settling, volatilization, sorption, biodegradation, and abiotic degradation), the model allows the dynamic simulation of the MP behaviour in the different compartments of stormwater treatment systems. The model was tested for heavy metals (copper and zinc) and organic substances (benzene and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate). The results show that volatilization plays a big role for removal of benzene while the removal of substances with high sorption capacity is mainly driven by settling. The model was proven to be able to predict the importance of the various fate processes for selected substances with different inherent properties. A thorough assessment of the influence of the various fate process parameters will allow a reliable assessment of the treatment performances for a wide range of MPs.