bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Hawkley Louise C. , Berntson Gary G. , Ernst John M. , Gibbs Amber C. , Stickgold Robert , Hobson J. Allan
Published: March 2003

Loneliness predicts morbidity and mortality from broad-based causes, but the reasons for this effect remain unclear. Few differences in traditional health behaviors (e.g., smoking, exercise, nutrition) have been found to differentiate lonely and nonlonely individuals. We present evidence that a prototypic restorative behavior—sleep—does make such a differentiation, not through differences in time in bed or in sleep duration, but through differences in efficacy: In the study we report here, lonely individuals evinced poorer sleep efficiency and more time awake after sleep onset than nonlonely individuals. These results, which were observed in controlled laboratory conditions and were found to generalize to the home, suggest that lonely individuals may be less resilient than nonlonely individuals in part because they sleep more poorly. These results also raise the possibility that social factors such as loneliness not only may influence the selection of health behaviors but also may modulate the salubrity of restorative behaviors.
Learning Where to Look for Danger: Integrating Affective and Spatial Information
Authors: Crawford L. Elizabeth , Cacioppo John T.
Published: March 2003

Although not previously addressed by researchers of spatial cognition or affect, the combination of spatial and affective information is essential for many approach and avoidance behaviors, and thus for survival. We provide the first evidence that through incidental experience, people form representations that capture correlations between affective and spatial information. Participants were able to do so even when the correlation was weak, they were not told to look for the correlation, and the stimuli varied on multiple other dimensions besides valence. In addition, people were more sensitive to the presented correlation when stimuli were negative than when they were positive. This asymmetry in representation may stem from underlying differences in the activation functions for positive and negative hedonic information processing.
Retinal Flow Is Sufficient for Steering During Observer Rotation
Authors: Li Li , Warren William H.
Published: March 2003

How do people control locomotion while their eyes are simultaneously rotating? A previous study found that during simulated rotation, they can perceive a straight path of self-motion from the retinal flow pattern, despite conflicting extraretinal information, on the basis of dense motion parallax and reference objects. Here we report that the same information is sufficient for active control of joystick steering. Participants steered toward a target in displays that simulated a pursuit eye movement. Steering was highly inaccurate with a textured ground plane (motion parallax alone), but quite accurate when an array of posts was added (motion parallax plus reference objects). This result is consistent with the theory that instantaneous heading is determined from motion parallax, and the path of self-motion is determined by updating heading relative to environmental objects. Retinal flow is thus sufficient for both perceiving self-motion and controlling self-motion with a joystick; extraretinal and positional information can also contribute, but are not necessary.
Causal Capture: Contextual Effects on the Perception of Collision Events
Authors: Scholl Brian J. , Nakayama Ken
Published: March 2003

In addition to perceiving the colors, shapes, and motions of objects, observers can perceive higher-level properties of visual events. One such property is causation, as when an observer sees one object cause another object to move by colliding with it. We report a striking new type of contextual effect on the perception of such collision events. Consider an object (A) that moves toward a stationary object (B) until they are adjacent, at which point A stops and B starts moving along the same path. Such “launches” are perceived in terms beyond these kinematics: As noted in Michotte's classic studies, observers perceive A as being the cause of B's motion. When A and B fully overlap before B's motion, however, observers often see this test event as a completely noncausal “pass”: One object remains stationary while another passes over it. When a distinct launch event occurs nearby, however, the test event is “captured”: It too is now irresistibly seen as causal. For this causal capture to occur, the context event need be present for only 50 ms surrounding the “impact,” but capture is destroyed by only 200 ms of temporal asynchrony between the two events. We report a study of such cases, and others, that help define the rules that the visual system uses to construct percepts of seemingly high-level properties like causation.
Evidence for Attentional Capture by a Surprising Color Singleton in Visual Search
Authors: Horstmann Gernot
Published: March 2003

Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether surprising color singletons capture attention. Participants performed a visual search task in which a target letter had to be detected among distractor letters. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed accuracy as the dependent variable. In Experiment 1, the unannounced presentation of a color singleton 500 ms prior to the letters (and in the same position as the target letter) resulted in better performance than in the preceding conjunction search segment, in which no singleton was presented, and performance was as good in this surprise-singleton trial as in the following feature search segment, in which the singleton always coincided with the target. In contrast, no improvement was observed when the color singleton was presented simultaneously with the letters in Experiment 2, indicating that attentional capture occurred later in the surprise trial than in the feature search segment. In Experiment 3, set size was varied, and reaction time was the dependent variable. Reaction time depended on set size in the conjunction search segment, but not in the surprise trial nor in the feature search segment. The results of the three experiments support the view that surprising color singletons capture attention independently of a corresponding attentional set.
Thinking of Critical Words During Study Is Unnecessary for False Memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott Procedure
Authors: Seamon John G. , Lee Ihno A. , Toner Sarah K. , Wheeler Rachel H. , Goodkind Madeleine S. , Birch Antoine D.
Published: March 2003

Do participants in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate false memory because they think of nonpresented critical words during study and confuse them with words that were actually presented? In two experiments, 160 participants studied eight visually presented DRM lists at a rate of 2 s or 5 s per word. Half of the participants rehearsed silently; the other half rehearsed overtly. Following study, the participants' memory for the lists was tested by recall or recognition. Typical false memory results were obtained for both memory measures. More important, two new results were observed. First, a large majority of the overt-rehearsal participants spontaneously rehearsed approximately half of the critical words during study. Second, critical-word rehearsal at study enhanced subsequent false recall, but it had no effect on false recognition or remember judgments for falsely recognized critical words. Thinking of critical words during study was unnecessary for producing false memory.
Late Maturation of Visual Hyperacuity
Authors: Skoczenski Ann M. , Norcia Anthony M.
Published: March 2003

We used a visual evoked-potential measure to study the development of two components of pattern vision, vernier acuity and grating acuity, in humans from early infancy through adolescence. These two visual functions develop at similar rates and have nearly the same absolute values between 1 month and 6 years of age. After age 6, grating acuity is constant at the adult level, but vernier acuity continues to improve, becoming a hyperacuity. Vernier acuity reaches asymptotic levels around age 14 years. These results suggest that adultlike vernier hyperacuity is not limited by spatial resolution or sensitivity of small receptive fields, but rather that the limitation is imposed by higher-level processing. Sensitivity, connections in visual cortical areas, or both therefore retain plasticity throughout childhood and into adolescence.
Trunk Orientation Induces Neglect-Like Lateral Biases in Covert Attention
Authors: Grubb Jefferson D. , Reed Catherine L.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to resolve a paradox in the literature on the effects of body orientation on spatial attention. Neuropsychological studies have found that real or simulated trunk rotation relieves contralesional inattention in patients with unilateral neglect, suggesting that trunk orientation affects how attention is allocated to space. However, in two previous studies, trunk orientation did not affect spatial attention in other populations. In this study, we investigated the effects of trunk orientation on the performance of a covert attention task by neurologically intact adults. The covert attention task allowed the evaluation of the effects of trunk orientation on both the allocation of attention to space and the ability to shift that attention to new locations. As in previous research, trunk orientation did not affect participants' response times (RTs) to validly cued targets. However, rotating participants' trunks to the left increased their RTs to invalidly cued targets on the right and decreased their RTs to invalidly cued targets on the left. These results indicate that trunk orientation induces directional biases in the ability to shift attention. Thus, for intact participants, trunk rotation created lateral biases in the covert attention task similar to those seen in neglect patients.
The Nonuse of Psychological Research at Two Federal Agencies
Authors: Arkes Hal R.
Published: March 2003

In 1994 the Government Accounting Office (GAO) issued a report critical of some features of the proposal review processes at the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. I provide two examples of procedures the agencies could have adopted to address the GAO's criticisms. I also relate the history of the two agencies' reluctance to use the psychological research literature to guide them as their new review procedures were instituted. Finally, I enumerate possible reasons for the agencies' decision not to follow or even test suggestions based on the judgment and decision-making research literature.
Long-Term Inhibition of Return of Attention
Authors: Tipper Steven P. , Grison Sarah , Kessler Klaus
Published: March 2003

During search of the environment, the inhibition of the return (IOR) of attention to already-examined information ensures that the target will ultimately be detected. Until now, inhibition was assumed to support search of information during one processing episode. However, in some situations search may have to be completed long after it was begun. We therefore propose that inhibition can be associated with an episode encoded into memory such that later retrieval reinstates inhibitory processing and encourages examination of new information. In two experiments in which attention was drawn to face stimuli with an exogenous cue, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of long-term IOR. Interestingly, this was the case only for faces in the left visual field, perhaps because more efficient processing of faces in the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere results in richer, more retrievable memory representations.
Time Course of Perceptual Grouping by Color
Authors: Schulz Melissa F. , Sanocki Thomas
Published: March 2003

Does perceptual grouping operate early or late in visual processing? One position is that the elements in perceptual layouts are grouped early in vision, by properties of the retinal image, before perceptual constancies have been determined. A second position is that perceptual grouping operates on a postconstancy representation, one that is available only after stereoscopic depth perception, lightness constancy, and amodal completion have occurred. The present experiments indicate that grouping can operate on both a precon-stancy representation and a postconstancy representation. Perceptual grouping was based on retinal color similarity at short exposure durations and based on surface color similarity at long durations. These results permit an integration of the preconstancy and postconstancy positions with regard to grouping by color.
The Competitive Order or Ordered Competition?: the ‘UK Model’ of Utility Regulation in Theory and Practice
Authors: Burton John
Published: March 2003

This article contrasts the principles and prescriptions behind the UK model of utility regulation in the post–privatization period with its workings in actual practice, focusing in particular on the case of the telecommunications services industry as an exemplar of the broader picture.

It diagnoses that the system has not evolved, as its primary architect (Littlechild) prescribed, into the rule – where feasible – of the competitive order in UK utility industries. Instead it has metamorphosed into a different system that Hayek termed ordered competition. The unintended consequences of this miscegenation are then evaluated.

The conclusion is that a fundamental policy choice remains to be made as to the basic form of the system in the future: whether it should continue as a system of ordered competition as now, or whether it should become a regime characterized by open and effective competition (where feasible) as envisioned by Littlechild originally.
Constructing the Market: Commercialization and Privatization in the Royal Mail
Authors: Lucio Miguel Martinez , Noon Mike , Jenkins Sarah
Published: March 2003

The public sector in the UK has become the object of constant reform and change as part of the government’s project to increase the remit of the private sector and the role of markets. There is much debate about the effect such a move to market relations has on public services. There is increasing concern with the way market–based reforms are linked to a new pattern of organizational structure and strategy that negates and/or opposes the traditional political processes associated with the public sector. This article focuses on the case of the Royal Mail to explore how such a transformation is both complex and contested. It reveals how ‘the market’ within the public sector is to a large extent politically constructed, and that the public–private dichotomy over–simplifies what is a complex process of negotiating meaning, forming alliances, lobbying for support, handling conflict and exerting influence. It demonstrates how various readings of ‘the market’ emerge, and that any solutions of how to become more commercial can be the result of political machinations. The implications of this analysis go beyond Royal Mail and can be generalized across the public sector.
Acquiring Political Craft: Training Grounds for Top Officials in the German Core Executive
Authors: Goetz Klaus H.
Published: March 2003

Political craft is an essential qualification of senior officials in the German Federal ministerial administration. The emphasis on political craft as a vital complement to administrative‐technical competence reflects a policy‐making system that is characterized by multi‐party government, an assertive Parliament, a strong opposition, influential Lander, and growing informalization. In fostering political craft, three institutions play a key role: (i) the Chancellery; (ii) the political support units to the executive leadership; and (iii) the parliamentary parties in the Bundestag, which employ Federal ministerial officials on temporary leave. The centrality of these institutions in Federal policy‐making makes them into outstanding training grounds for future top officials.
Networks, Management and Institutions: Public Administration as ‘Normal Science’
Authors: Toonen Theo A.J.
Published: March 2003

How does network analysis fit into the development of public administration as an academic discipline? This article tries to bridge theoretical developments in public administration between the middle of the 1970s and the first half of the 1990s. The benchmarks being used are (1) the now classical account by Vincent Ostrom of The Intellectual Crisis in (American) Public Administration ‐ published 25 years ago this year ‐ and (2) Christopher Hood’s reconstruction of core values in (British) new public management. Rather than representing analytical developments as an endless succession of different or even mutually exclusive approaches, this contribution tries to reconcile different foci for analysing public administration. Administrative theory provides us with a rather stable meta‐theoretical framework for studying the meaning of quality in government, governance and public administration at various levels of analysis. By relating the emergence of network analysis in PA to parallel developments such as the resurgence of (neo‐)managerial and (neo‐)institutional analysis, it also becomes clear that network analysis is useful as an analytical device, but that it needs to be linked to theoretical perspectives that provide us with operational assumptions about ‘networks’. Network analysis in itself only provides split ground for reinventing government and refounding public administration.
Organizing Babylon ‐ On the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks
Authors: Börzel Tanja A.
Published: March 2003

A ‘Babylonian’ variety of policy network concepts and applications can be found in the literature. Neither is there a common understanding of what policy networks actually are, nor has it been agreed whether policy networks constitute a mere metaphor, a method, an analytical tool or a proper theory. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art in the field of policy networks. Special attention is given to the German conception of policy networks which is different from the one predominant in the Anglo‐Saxon literature. While British and American scholars usually conceive policy networks as a model of state/society relations in a given issue area, German works tend to treat policy networks as an alternative form of governance to hierarchy and market. It is argued that this conception of policy networks goes beyond serving as a mere analytical tool box for studying public policy‐making. Yet, both the German and the Anglo‐Saxon conception of policy networks face a common challenge: first, it still remains to be systematically shown that policy networks do not only exist but are really relevant to policy‐making, and second, the problem of the ambiguity of policy networks has to be tackled, as policy networks can both enhance and reduce the efficiency and legitimacy of policy‐making.
Accountability In A ‘Reinvented’ Government
Authors: Deleon Linda
Published: March 2003

Whether ‘reinvented’ government implies worker empowerment, increased managerial discretion, or decentralization, it is widely thought to mean diminished accountability. A two‐dimensional typology (based on clarity of goals and certainty of cause‐effect knowledge) of decision‐making processes and their associated organizational structures is compared to Romzek and Dubnick’s typology of accountability relations. The article argues that accountability mechanisms can be matched to public problems and agency structures and that changes in perceptions concerning the nature of public problems is at the root of contemporary enthusiasm for non‐hierarchical modes of organizing.
Politicians and Interactive Decision Making: Institutional Spoilsports or Playmakers
Authors: Klijn E.H , Koppenjan J.F.M
Published: March 2003

In recent years interactive decision making has become quite popular in The Netherlands, especially at the level of local government. It involves new forms of participation of citizens, consumers of public services and interest groups in the process of policy formation. Workshops, panels, internet discussions and a lot of other techniques are used to arrive at innovative and supported solutions for existing problems. The ambitions are high: these new forms of participation should result in better government both in the sense of providing better policies, but also in bridging the democratic gap between local government and citizens. However, these new forms of participation in local government are not without problems. Recent experiences suggest that one of the major problems is the challenge interactive decision making constitutes for the existing practice of representative politics. On the basis of two cases — the decision‐making process concerning the expansion of the Rotterdam Harbour and the discussion about a new administrative structure for the Rotterdam region — this article illustrates that one of the barriers that stands in the way of the success of such processes is the ambiguous attitude of elected politicians. Although politicians often initiate interactive decision‐making processes, they do not actively support these processes when they are in progress. The outcomes of interactive decision‐making progress are often not used in the formal political procedures that follow. Because elected politicians fear that these new forms of participation threaten their political primacy, they find it hard to play a constructive role in these processes.
Contemporary Governance and Local Public Spending Bodies
Authors: Greer Alan , Hoggett Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on recent research conducted by the authors to examine the nature of board/executive relations in three different kinds of Local Public Spending Body (LPSB). Big variations are noted, between and within sectors, in the way in which boards organize themselves and the degree of power they have in relation to executives. In all organizations studied the executive played a crucial role both in managing day‐to‐day operations and in setting the organization’s strategic direction. Chief executives exercised considerable influence over the recruitment of board members and the maintenance of consensual relations between board and executive. The dilemma of the voluntary board member with limited time and a lack of inside knowledge of the organization he/she is accountable for is examined. It is argued that the most effective boards contain members with a strong sense of their own legitimacy and enjoy a membership with a diverse range of interests and experiences. It is suggested that such models might combine the merits of greater democratic responsiveness and enhanced organizational effectiveness.
At the Commission’s Discretion: Cartelbusting and Fining Infringements Under the EU’s Restrictive Practices Policy
Authors: Mcgowan Lee
Published: March 2003

Although the last decade has seen an increased interest from political science in many aspects of EU competition policy the issue of cartelbusting has been almost totally neglected. This is a curious situation given that this remains by far the major aspect of the European Commission’s activities in the competition arena. By merging the available, albeit extremely limited, public administration and policy studies literature with the legal literature the article endeavours to begin to redress the balance by examining the EU’s restrictive practices policy. It pays particular attention to the European Commission and its Directorate General responsible for com‐petition policy (DGIV) and their activities in their enduring war against cartels. At its core this article analyses the Commission’s quasi‐judicial authority in relation to cartel arrangements, identifies the extent to which the decision‐making process is open to substantial degrees of administrative discretion within DGIV and makes specific reference to its policy on fining infringements.
Public service responsiveness to users’ demands and needs: theory, practice and primary healthcare in England
Authors: Sheaff Rod , Pickard Susan , Smith Keri
Published: March 2003

Analyses and policy statements about publicly funded services frequently distinguish ‘demands’ from ‘needs’. The distinction has been challenged, calling into question the coherence of formulating welfare policy and evaluating public services in terms of needs. This paper explicates the conceptual distinction between demands and needs in terms of derived demand and information asymmetry. ‘Needs’ can be defined as ‘rational demands’, where ‘rational’ means ‘consistent and evidence–based’, and ‘demands’ as ‘desires’ rather than ‘effective (i.e. economic) demand’. On that basis, practical demand management in needs–based public services would require:

1. Knowledge of users’ demands for services;

2. Content analyses of users’ demands to identify any misinformed demands;

3. Conversion of any misinformed demands into evidence–based specifications of needs;

4. Formulating coherent, evidence–based demands on behalf of users who cannot to do so themselves.

A study of English NHS Primary Care Groups explores the problems which authorities responsible for publicly funded services face in undertaking these activities. Demand management receives low priority in terms of the incentives and intellectual resources applied to it. Needs assessment has higher priority but is regarded as a branch of evidence–based professional practice, controlled by professionals rather than responsive to users. This separation tends to defeat the purposes of needs–based public services.
Delivering joined–up government in the UK: dimensions, issues and problems
Authors: Ling Tom
Published: March 2003

In the UK, joined–up government (JUG) was a central part of the first Blair government’s programme for public sector reform. It remains a pivotal, if more muted, feature of the second term. We will identify the range of disparate activities that have been branded as ‘joined up’. We then look at the variety of official guidance coming from the centre of government to highlight the overlapping and competing strategies that underpinned the implementation of joined–up government. Various competing strategies have been advocated and implemented at any one time. Therefore the situation was more fluid and more contested than might be inferred from the use of the homogenizing term ‘joined–up government’. We conclude by briefly considering what this implies for our understanding of intra–state relationships, of the relationships between public agencies and civil society, and the relationship between JUG and the politics of the Third Way.
The health care state in the information age
Authors: Freeman Richard
Published: March 2003

The computerization of the medical record has important implications for the governance of health care, and the importance of health care means that changes wrought there are indicative of changes in government as a whole. This paper draws on work in public policy, medical sociology and studies of science and technology, as well as on cross–national empirical research in Britain and France. It describes the recent development of information policy in health care as an exercise in state–building, realized specifically in the governance of the health professions. The paper concludes with a discussion of what is both new and not so new in the form and extent of state power which emerges.
Commitment to Innovation: The Impact of Top Management Team Characteristics
Authors: Daellenbach Urs S. , McCarthy Anne M. , Schoenecker Timothy S.
Published: March 2003

Many organizational and environmental factors influence a firm’s commitment to innovation. Among the organizational factors, the perceptual lens of the top management team and the team’s dynamics are posited to have a significant direct impact on the firm’s commitment to innovation. This study revisits the classic arguments of Hayes and Abernathy and empirically examines several of their propositions.

The results clearly indicate a positive relationship between the technical orientation of the TMT/CEO and above‐average R&D intensity. This effect remains even after controlling for the impact of performance in prior periods and firm diversification. Overall, these results suggest that establishing a high level of commitment to innovation will be promoted or impeded in many organizations because of the predispositions of the CEO and top management team.
Developing a process for the relative valuation of R&D programmes
Authors: Farrukh Clare , Phaal Rob , Probert David , Gregory Mike , Wright John
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the issue of R&D programme prioritisation within a manufacturing company in the aerospace industry, in the context of an overall framework for technology management. A review of approaches to R&D project selection leads into a recent case, which describes how the company developed a practical methodology. The benefits of the process and the relevance of the academic contribution are discussed, leading to a practical checklist for in‐company development of a prioritisation process.
Assessing collaborative, pre‐competitive R&D projects: the case of the UK LINK scheme
Authors: Grimaldi Rosa , Von Tunzelmann Nick
Published: March 2003

The paper addresses the evaluation of outcomes of collaborative, pre‐competitive R&D projects. It draws on some empirical analysis carried out on data and information gathered under the UK ‘LINK’ scheme, a programme supporting R&D collaborative projects and assessing collaboration outcomes. A new indicator of performance, based on the outputs of LINK projects, has been constructed. It provides a relative and quite consistent measure of performance for making comparisons among different LINK projects. However it does not correlate with the more subjective grade applied by LINK’s own management. For further improving evaluating mechanisms, more attention should be paid to the benefits that universities and companies as well as governments are drawing from R&D collaborations.
Working effectively in strategic alliances through managerial fit between partners: some evidence from Sino–British joint ventures and the implications for R&D professionals
Authors: Chi Cui Charles , Ball Derrick F. , Coyne John
Published: March 2003

To succeed in R&D strategic alliances requires not only strategic fit and cultural fit at the organisational level, but also managerial fit at the micro, inter–personal interaction level. This paper provides the results from a cross–cultural study of managerial fit between British and Chinese managers in joint ventures (JVs) initiated in 1993–1998 with a focus on two important issues: the perceived competence and managerial roles of the partners. Managerial fit between partners is critical for the success of R&D strategic alliances including JVs. Misfit in partners’ managerial behaviour often results from the fact that JVs are characterised by the lack of specificity of various managerial tasks shared by the partners at the operational stage. In addition, a manager’s managerial competence as perceived by the counterpart is a contributory factor to trust and supportive reaction from the counterpart, both of which are important for cohesive interaction between partners. This study has revealed that (1) there are similarities and significant differences in some of the characteristics of managerial competence perceived by the counterpart between the British and Chinese managers; and (2) there is often a mismatch of perceptions between the British and Chinese managers with regard to who plays a particular managerial role in a JV. Managerial implications are discussed and issues for further research are highlighted.
the ‘making’ of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT
Authors: Lüthje Christian , Franke Nikolaus
Published: March 2003

In the present study a covariance structure model is tested to identify the causes of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students. Specifically, we explore whether steady personal dispositions or whether perceptions of contextual founding conditions have an impact on the intention to found one’s own business. The survey of 512 students at the MIT School of Engineering broadly confirms the model. Personality traits have a strong impact on the attitude towards self–employment. The entrepreneurial attitude is strongly linked with the intention to start a new venture. The students’ personality therefore shows an indirect effect on intentions. Furthermore, the entrepreneurial intent is directly affected by perceived barriers and support factors in the entrepreneurship–related context. The findings have important implications for policy makers inside and outside universities.
Stimulating high–tech venture creation
Authors: O’Gorman Colm
Published: March 2003

This paper explores whether policy makers can successfully encourage high–tech venture creation. We outline some of the policy interventions that have been used to stimulate new venture creation. We then present case evidence of how a new high–tech industrial district emerged in Dublin, focussing on the role of various policy interventions. We conclude by arguing that a range of appropriately timed policy interventions can be pivotal in the development of internationally competitive high–tech new ventures. However the case suggests that it was a combination of sector level and direct firm level interventions that stimulated and facilitated the emergence of a cohort of high–tech new ventures.
Policies to stimulate regional innovation capabilities via university–industry collaboration: an analysis and an assessment
Authors: Looy Bart Van , Debackere Koenraad , Andries Petra
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we demonstrate how regional economic policies to stimulate entrepreneurship and innovation, can lead to successes. More specifically, through a detailed theoretical and empirical analysis, we discuss the critical ingredients that can lead to regional innovation and economic success. These critical ingredients consist of a balanced mix based on the presence of research institutes, a texture of endogenous knowledge–intensive start–ups coupled to larger R&D–intensive incumbents, all of them embedded in a professional environment that supports business advice and services. We illustrate the effects of this mix using empirical material from various innovative regions around the world.
Going Topless
Authors: Mackie David
Published: March 2003

The view that people go where their brains go remains popular in discussions of personal identity. But since the brain is only a small part of the body, defenders of that view need to provide an account of what it is that makes the brain specially relevant to personal identity. The standard answer is that the brain is special because it is the carrier of psychological continuity. But Peter van Inwagen has recently offered (in Material Beings) an alternative account of the brain' special relevance. Those who reject the view that we go with our brains obviously need to respond to this new account. According to van Inwagen, there is an important difference between the life‐support requirements of a severed head and those of a headless body: whereas a severed head would need only a pump to survive, a headless body would need the functional equivalent of a computer in its life‐support system. It follows, according to van Inwagen, that we go with our brains. In this paper I argue that van Inwagen's argument is doubly defective: the inference from his premisses to his conclusion is dubious; and in any case his premisses misrepresent the relevant physiological facts.
Farewell to Substance: A Differentiated Leave‐Taking
Authors: Simons Peter M.
Published: March 2003

For most of the history of metaphysics, the subject has been dominated by the concept of substance. There is an everyday commonsense notion of substance which is perfectly harmless and which I shall defend against attempts to remove it or revise it away. But I deny that substance has to be construed as a primitive even in everyday terms. Borrowing Strawson’s distinction between descriptive and revisionary metaphysics, I press the legitimate claims of revisionary metaphysics and argue that there is no place for a fundamental concept of substance within it, although aspects of the concept are likely to find their place therein.
Humean Naturalism and the Problem of Induction
Authors: Dauer Francis W.
Published: March 2003

Naturalised epistemology has shunned rationality, a hallmark of humanity since ancient Greece. One of Quine's explicit motivations is that Hume's problem of induction cannot be solved. However, Hume himself suggests a solution and the narrow focus of the paper is to present a ‘Humean Solution’ which is an elaboration and defence of Hume's suggestion. What emerges will be argued to be a naturalised conception of rationality which makes naturalised epistemology more continuous with traditional epistemology's focus on rationality.
Williams, Truth‐Aimedness and the Voluntariness of Judgement
Authors: Walker Mark Thomas
Published: March 2003

I contend that while at least one of the arguments advanced by Bernard Williams in his paper ‘Deciding To Believe’ does establish that beliefs, or more precisely, judgements cannot be decided upon ‘at will’, the notion of truth‐aimedness presupposed by that argument also, ironically, provides the key to understanding why judgements are necessarily voluntary.
Other–Regarding Epistemic Virtues
Authors: Kawall Jason
Published: March 2003

Epistemologists often assume that an agent’s epistemic goal is simply to acquire as much knowledge as possible for herself. Drawing on an analogy with ethics and other practices, I argue that being situated in an epistemic community introduces a range of epistemic virtues (and goals) which fall outside of those typically recognized by both individualistic and social epistemologists. Candidate virtues include such traits as honesty, integrity (including an unwillingness to misuse one’s status as an expert), patience, and creativity. We can understand such traits to be epistemic virtues insofar as they tend to produce knowledge – not for the agent alone, but for her community. Recognition of such ‘other–regarding epistemic virtues’ both broadens the area of inquiry of epistemology, and introduces new standards for the evaluation of epistemic agents.
Morality, Identity and “Constitutional Patriotism”
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2003

In a modern, plural society, there can be no settled agreement on the concrete legal content of a country's constitution. The idea of the constitution is nonetheless pivotal in contemporary, liberal‐minded theories of political justification, such as the ones advanced by Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls. Justification in these theories depends finally on “constitutional patriotism,” a consciously shared sentiment arising from an ethical assessment of their country by the country's people, according to which the country credibly pursues a certain regulative political ideal for which the constitution stands.
‘That’s just the way I am’: metacognition, personal intelligence and reading
Authors: Hall Kathy , Myers Julia
Published: March 2003

Metacognition is thinking about thinking and there is fairly robust evidence that an awareness of one’s own understanding, especially in reading, is strongly linked with success. Readers who are alert to the problems in their understanding of what they read and can adopt a range of strategies to ‘fix’ these problems tend to be better readers. Kathy Hall and Julia Myers here explore how such awareness works in one child’s view of herself as a reader and suggest that such insights need to form part of a useful assessment of the child’s reading.
Words with Pictures: The Role of Visual Literacy in Writing and its Implication for Schooling
Authors: Millard Elaine , Marsh Jackie
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on two studies undertaken independently by the authors, both of which provide indicative evidence that the system of target setting in writing is exerting an influence on children’s perception of what is involved in authoring meaningful texts. In particular, the current emphasis on technical accuracy and neatness in handwriting has worked to limit the role of drawing in children’s construction of text. The authors suggest that this tendency has adverse consequences for the development of pupil confidence as the authors of their own meanings, particularly marked in boys. They argue that teachers and educators need to be more understanding of differences in the modes in which pupils choose to make sense of their social and cultural contexts.
Financial Development and Real Price Level Differences
Authors: Xu Zhenhui , Feldman David H.
Published: March 2003

Real price levels are systematically lower in developing countries than in developed countries. This paper provides time series evidence about the effect of financial development on real price level differences for 40 developing countries. Based on cointegration tests, a long‐run equilibrium relationship is found between financial development and real price level differences in 21 countries. In seven countries, financial development “Granger‐causes” real price level differentials, while for 19 countries the causality runs in the opposite direction. Country‐specific institutional or political‐economy differences, typically ignored in cross‐section analysis, likely play an important role in real price level differences.
Pricing Policy Under Double Market Power: Madagascar and the International Vanilla Market
Authors: Melo Jaime de , Olarreaga Marcelo , Takacs Wendy
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a price‐leadership model of the international vanilla market to study the welfare consequences of alternative pricing policies for Madagascar, the leader, that also controls domestic production through a single‐channel marketing system. Econometric estimates of the model are used for simulations of welfare and revenue changes and internal redistribution of income. Results indicate that Madagascar could have gained between 0.9% and 2.6% of GDP per year on average over the period 1981–91 by following optimal pricing policies, and that producers were overtaxed suggesting that political economy considerations played a role in the pricing decisions.
Timeliness of Farming Operations as a Determinant of Equilibrium Wages with Excess Labor Supply: A Strategic Bargaining Approach
Authors: Hanchate Amresh
Published: March 2003

Data from predominantly rural economies show that, despite persistent involuntary unemployment, wages have been rising. However, the theoretical literature offers a scenario of largely rigid wages. This paper proposes a theory of strategic bargaining between individual laborers and farmers based on a characteric of production that is unique to farming, namely, sensitivity of output to timeliness of farmwork. The key argument is that despite risk of unemployment and threat of wage undercutting by those unemployed, a laborer in a competitive market setting can credibly threaten to refuse “low‐wage” offers and impose some of the cost of delay on farmers.
Structural Characteristics of the Economy of Mozambique: A SAM‐based Analysis
Authors: Arndt Channing , Jensen Henning Tarp , Tarp Finn
Published: March 2003

Key features of the Mozambican economy are synthesized in this paper based on a new 1995 social accounting matrix. Particular attention is paid to the critical role of home consumption and large marketing margins. The fundamental importance of agricultural development emerges clearly from the analysis in which the multiplier for value added by capital is re‐examined. Agriculture has large sectoral multipliers and is generally more effective in the use of scarce capital than industry and services. Commodities with attractive features for the promotion of agriculture in the short to medium term include maize, rice, as well as small‐scale livestock and forestry.
Pre‐commitment Mechanism and Policy Credibility in African Trade Reform
Authors: Boko Sylvain H. , Lapan Harvey E.
Published: March 2003

In the absence of a binding pre‐commitment mechanism, a government has an incentive to renege on announced policy. This is a well‐established result in the literature. The paper applies this theory to tariff policy by developing a two‐game model to analyze the credibility of government tariff reform announcements. The pre‐commitment solution is subgame‐imperfect; therefore, government’s announcement of tariff reforms is time‐inconsistent. Using a sample of African countries operating under IMF structural adjustment programs, the study finds only weak evidence that countries implemented their announced tariff reforms. However, SAP agreements seem to enhance private sector confidence in government reforms.
Happiness and Transition: the Case of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Namazie Ceema , Sanfey Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper analyzes self‐reported measures of satisfaction with life in a transition country, Kyrgyzstan, using 1993 household survey data. The authors test whether higher levels of satisfaction are associated with greater economic wellbeing. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the data. Unhappiness is prevalent among older people, the unemployed, and those who are divorced. There appears to be little correlation between happiness and either gender or education level. There is some evidence that income relativities, as measured by perceived position on the wealth ladder, also have a strong effect on life satisfaction.
A Generalized Human Development Index
Authors: Chakravarty Satya R.
Published: March 2003

The human development index indicates achievement in the living standard of a population in terms of attainment levels of different quality–of–life attributes, such as educational attainment and life expectancy at birth. This paper axiomatically characterizes a general measure of achievement. This achievement index, which contains the UNDP human development index as a special case, can be regarded as a generalized human development index. The general index allows calculation of the percentage contributions of individual attributes to overall achievement and hence to identify the attributes that are more/less susceptible to achievement. This kind of breakdown becomes important from a policy point of view. The paper provides an empirical illustration of the axiomatically characterized indices.
Strategic Trade Policy and Signalling with Unobservable Costs
Authors: Wright Donald J.
Published: March 2003

In an environment in which home firm costs are private information, home firm output can signal these costs to a foreign competitor and a home policymaker. High‐cost home firms have an incentive to misrepresent themselves as low‐cost. This is understood by the foreign firm and the home policymaker and results in the first‐period optimal per‐unit output subsidy to the home firm being less than it would be if home firm output was not a signal of home firm costs. These results are extended to the case of simultaneous signalling and signalling through price.
International Rivalry in Advancing Products
Authors: Glass Amy Jocelyn
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the forces that determine the distribution of technological leadership across countries and whether technological leadership contributes to national welfare. Increased domestic resources or domestic innovation efficiency need not improve domestic technological leadership when more than one quality level of a product sells in equilibrium. If and only if a sufficient share of income is spent on high quality levels does increased domestic resources or domestic innovation efficiency improve domestic technological leadership. When discounting is slight enough, forces that improve domestic technological leadership reduce welfare by reducing the rate of innovation.