bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do illness characteristics and familial risk differ between women with anorexia nervosa grouped on the basis of personality pathology?
Authors: HOLLIDAY JOANNA , LANDAU SABINE , COLLIER DAVID , TREASURE JANET
Published: December 2005

Background. In view of the potential utility of personality-based groupings in eating disorders (EDs), and the lack of studies using this approach in large samples of individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), this study set out to examine (i) the nature of personality-based clusters of women with lifetime AN and (ii) if these clusters are associated with either clinical symptoms or aetiological variables.

Method. The self-report Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) was completed by 153 women with a lifetime diagnosis of DSM-IV AN. A cluster analysis was used to identify personality-based subgroups. Clusters were then compared on clinical and aetiological variables.

Results. Three personality-based clusters were identified, defined by broad, avoidant and compulsive types of personality pathology. Dimensions of low dissocial behaviour, high inhibition and high compulsivity were common to all clusters, while dimensions related to emotional dysregulation appeared more heterogeneous. Clinical symptoms were not related to personality profile with the exception of a trend towards more fasting behaviour in the broad group. The compulsive cluster with the narrowest range of extreme personality traits reported the highest familial risk of eating pathology.

Conclusions. The three clusters identified in our AN sample were similar to those previously identified in broader eating disordered samples. Personality-based clusters did not correspond overall to clinical symptoms but aetiological differences supported their validity. Broader personality pathology indicative of emotional dysregulation, problems with identity and relationships, in addition to core traits, may increase vulnerability to AN in those with less familial risk.
Personality traits as correlates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in young adults
Authors: BREZO JELENA , PARIS JOEL , TREMBLAY RICHARD , VITARO FRANK , ZOCCOLILLO MARK , HÉBERT MARTINE , TURECKI GUSTAVO
Published: December 2005

Background. Adults in their twenties appear to be at high risk for suicidal behaviors (SBs) and there is substantial evidence suggesting that certain personality traits may increase individual vulnerability to suicide.

Method. We investigated relationships of personality traits with two SBs in a cohort (n=1140) of 21- to 24-year-old adults, representative of the general population of Quebec. Subjects were assessed using a series of structured diagnostic and personality trait questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify personality trait correlates of suicide-attempt history and serious suicidal ideation in the context of other known risk factors, such as psychopathology and experiences of childhood sexual and physical abuse.

Results. Traits of conduct problems contributed to both suicide attempts [odds ratio (OR) 1·03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·01–1·06] and suicidal ideation (OR 1·04, 95% CI 1·02–1·07), while identity problems (OR 1·10, 95% CI 1·07–1·13) and gender-moderated impulsivity contributed exclusively to suicidal ideation.

Conclusions. Personality traits may make independent contributions to current suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts in certain subgroups of suicidal individuals. In order to further explore their utility as markers of suicide risk and targets of intervention further investigation in clinical samples and other cultural and age groups is necessary.
The Legend of Ger Ẓedek of Wilno as Polemic and Reassurance
Authors: Teter Magda
Published: December 2005

Some time in the second half of the eighteenth century, there emerged a Jewish legend that glorified a conversion to Judaism and a martyr's death of a Polish noble from a very prominent Polish aristocratic family, sometimes referred to as Walentyn Potocki, or Graf Potocki—the legend of ger ẓedek, a righteous convert, of Wilno. The story was enthusiastically embraced by Eastern European Jews, and it subsequently became a subject of numerous novels and novellas. Even today its appeal continues. It is currently mentioned on a number of Jewish web sites as “a true story of a Polish Hrabia (count) . . . who descended from a long line of noble Christian rulers and who sacrificed wealth and power to convert from Christianity to Judaism,” and it serves as a basis for school plays in some Ḥaredi schools for girls. Although converts to Judaism were not unheard of in the premodern era, few stories of this kind emerged. Rabbinic authorities had an ambiguous attitude toward non-Jewish conversions, and few encouraged proselytizing or glorified non-Jewish converts. The legend of ger ẓedek of Wilno, though said to be a true story, appears to be a carefully crafted tale of conversion, a polemical and apologetic response to a number of challenges that the Polish Jewish community faced from the mid-eighteenth century.
Aaron Salomon Gumpertz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, and the First Call for an Improvement of the Civil Rights of Jews in Germany (1753)
Authors: Freudenthal Gad
Published: December 2005

Christian Wilhelm von Dohm's Über die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden of 1781 is generally believed to be the first call issued in Germany for the improvement of the Jews' civil rights. This commonly held belief is mistaken. Following in the footsteps of Volkmar Eichstädt's Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Judenfrage of 1938, Jacob Toury called attention to the Schreiben eines Juden an einen Philosophen nebst der Antwort (in what follows: Schreiben), a pamphlet published anonymously in Berlin in 1753, which is “the first German composition on the Jewish question” calling for complete equality of the status of the Jews in Germany. Toury shed important light on this work but was unable to identify its author. Subsequent historiography took little notice of the Schreiben, perhaps because its author, and hence the context in which it was composed, remained unidentified. In this article, I show that the author of the Schreiben is the Berlin physician and early maskil Aaron Salomon Gumpertz, also known as Aaron Zalman Emmerich (1723–1769) and that his friend, the noted poet, playwright and critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), was directly involved in its publication. This identification should give Gumpertz and his Schreiben the place they deserve in German history and in the history of the Jews in Germany; at the same time, it enhances our appreciation of Lessing as a central figure in promoting the rights of Jews in Germany.
J. Edward Wright. Baruch Ben Neriah: From Biblical Scribe to Apocalyptic Seer. Studies on Personalities of the Old Testament. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. xii, 186 pp.
Authors: Wright III Benjamin G.
Published: December 2005

The purpose of Wright's study is to trace “the evolution of the depictions of Baruch ben Neriah . . . from the biblical materials through the early Jewish and Christian texts and traditions that either mention Baruch or were allegedly written by him” (xi). The book succeeds admirably. In three main chapters, Wright collects and analyzes most of the material about Baruch from the first mention of him in Jeremiah as the prophet's scribal assistant to works as late as 3 Baruch that picture him as a recipient of apocalyptic visions. A fourth chapter contains traditions about Baruch in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim sources into the Middle Ages.
Louis H. Feldman. “Remember Amalek!” Vengeance, Zealotry, and Group Destruction in the Bible According to Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and Josephus. Cincinnati, OH: Hebrew Union College Press, 2004. x, 272 pp.
Authors: Bowman Steven
Published: December 2005

Genocide, a neologism coined during World War II and now enshrined in international law, reflects an ancestral phenomenon as old as human history, if not older. It is a secularized version of what our predecessors understood by holy war, just war, and jihad as divine sanctions of murder and mayhem. The twentieth century anachronistically has applied the term to the Armenian massacres of World War I, and the United Nations today struggles how not to apply its definition to similar actions such as the tragic events in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Sudan, let alone threats of mass terrorist murder by a bevy of religious killers. While our contemporary market is nearly saturated with books on the rebirth of jihad in its current terrorist manifestation, and a number of studies have examined the biblical antecedents of genocide, Louis Feldman offers a unique perspective on several ancient rereadings of a revered text that can be read as potentially genocidal.
Hindy Najman. Seconding Sinai: The Development of Mosaic Discourse in Second Temple Judaism. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 77. Leiden: Brill, 2003. xiv, 176 pp.
Authors: Jassen Alex
Published: December 2005

In the present study, Hindy Najman addresses two fundamental aspects related to Second Temple Jewish literature: pseudepigrapha and the rewritten Bible. Pseudepigrapha as a literary genre signifies texts which claim as their author some privileged individual from the past. In reality, however, the attribution of authorship to some ancient figure masks the present-day composition of the text. The term rewritten Bible, in its broadest use, refers to the interpretive reworking of the scriptural text and story through such means as expansion, deletion, harmonization, and conflation. The final product retains the narrative sequence of the scriptural account though in a significantly modified form. Both of these literary techniques seemingly have at their base a manipulation and subversion of the integrity of the scriptural story and text. Pseudepigrapha asserts for a latter day author the authority and prestige of an ancient figure; rewritten Bible presents itself as a new and improved scripture.
Cynthia M. Baker. Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. 260 pp.
Authors: Fine Steven
Published: December 2005

Cynthia Baker's Rebuilding the House of Israel is one of a handful of studies that seek to interpret Jewish culture during late antiquity by setting rabbinic sources and archaeological remains from the Land of Israel in dialogue. Baker is a careful and perceptive reader of both the primary tannaitic sources that she discusses and of the material record. In fact, the body of the book, in which she discusses the domestic context (well titled “The Well-Ordered Bayit: Bodies, Houses and Rabbis in the Ancient Galilee”) and the marketplace (“Men, Women and the Shuk: Cultural Currencies on the Open Market”) is a well-written description and analysis of the preserved evidence. Baker shows, for example, that rabbinic notions of privacy and the placement of windows within extant structures reflect similar interests. More important, she shows the ways that various spaces, both public and private, were used by ancient Jewish women, and how gender issues played out within environments constructed by Jewish men and women in Roman Palestine. The impetus for this study was not ultimately Rabbinic literature or archaeology, however. It is what Baker sees as a misconception in recent scholarship. Baker argues against a position whereby Jewish women in antiquity were starkly limited to the domestic realm, while the public realm (and even elements of the private) were reserved for men.
J. H. Chajes. Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. 278 pp.
Authors: Oravetz Anne
Published: December 2005

Jewish mystical and magical texts are remarkably relevant to some of the most central historiographical themes of early modern Europe; they are also remarkably esoteric and confounding to any nonspecialist. Providing a remedy to this incongruity, J. H. Chajes makes a major contribution to both Jewish and general early modern historiography with his first book, on Jewish spirit possession and exorcism. His work offers a useful narrative of the development of Jewish exorcism traditions, presenting the complex subject in terms that make it more approachable without over-simplification. At the same time, Chajes lends the material depth and relevance through sensitive analysis of the chronologically and geographically local circumstances of the most significant early modern treatments of the phenomenon. The appendix alone would be an offering of some significance, consisting of eleven original translations of early modern accounts of spirit possession, and this quality of presenting important raw material runs throughout the volume. Competent and detailed legwork is evident in the exposition of various exorcists' techniques from the ancient world and Middle Ages, through Luria's unique methods in sixteenth-century Safed, and up to later seventeenth-century attitudes to possession and demonology. Much of this material is in the first chapter, “The Emergence of Dybbuk Possession,” which argues that “there was something new in the sixteenth century” as a long percolation of diverse traditions culminated in the formation of the “classic” view of the dybbuk in a period of unprecedented frequency of possession and exorcism events.
Moshe Halamish. The Kabbalah in North Africa: A Historical and Cultural Survey. Tel Aviv: Ha-Kibbutz Ha-Meuḥad, 2001. 239 pp. (Hebrew).
Authors: Giller Pinchas
Published: December 2005

In his Kabbalah: New Perspectives, Moshe Idel envisioned a reordering of scholarly inquiry into Kabbalah, in which the intellectual divisions between the world of the traditional kabbalists and academic scholars would be bridged. The writings of Moshe Halamish, while not conceived with the specific purpose of fulfilling such a mandate, nonetheless create a realm of discourse in which traditional models are, at least, not outraged. Halamish writes in such a way that a dialogue with the traditional purveyors of Kabbalah may be at least envisioned.
Elisheva Carlebach. Divided Souls: Converts from Judaism in Germany, 1500–1750. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. xii, 324 pp.
Authors: Hsia R. Po-chia
Published: December 2005

Unlike the Sephardim, who accepted the concept of taqiyya and the practice of marranism to cope with forced conversions under Islam, the Ashkenazim, especially the Jewish communities of Germanophone Central Europe, developed an uncompromising rejection of Christian baptism. Instead of marranism and deception under Islam, the Ashkenazim, in the persecutions of the Crusades and after, developed a strong sense of martyrdom and detested baptism, whether forced or voluntary, as ritual and spiritual defilement and pollution. The small number of Jewish converts to Christianity were not so much sinners but apostates (meshummadim or the vertilgten). Given this Ashkenazi tradition, it is not surprising that converts were marginalized in Jewish historiography and scholarship. Nevertheless, as Carlebach argues persuasively in this book, they played a significant role in Jewish–Christian relations in early modern Germany; and given the fact that conversions rose rapidly in the late eighteenth century, it is all the more important to understand the prehistory of Jewish conversion and integration in Germany after Emancipation.
Haya Bar-Itzhak. Jewish Poland—Legends of Origin: Ethnopolitics and Legendary Chronicles. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001. 195 pp.
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: December 2005

The author, an Israeli folklorist who teaches at the University of Haifa, has had the excellent idea of scrutinizing the various “legends of origin” of Polish Jewry. She makes use of works by Hebrew and Yiddish authors, published in modern times but based on folk material of considerable antiquity, and of materials collected by ethnographers of pre-Holocaust Jewish Eastern Europe and by researchers in Israel. Her linguistic skills are admirable (she discusses material in German and Polish as well as both Jewish languages), and her book, while it does not altogether avoid professional jargon, is definitely accessible to the nonspecialist.
Eli Lederhendler. New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950–1970. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2001. xix, 275 pp.
Authors: Moore Deborah Dash
Published: December 2005

The first thing a reader should know about this book is that it was written from Jerusalem. No Jewish city in history, certainly no diaspora city, can hope to compete with Jerusalem. Looking down from Jerusalem, New York looks decidedly grim. As Lederhendler notes with admirable brevity, the “events of May–June 1967 threw into relief the apparent gulf between Israelis (who could fend for themselves) and Jews (who could not)” (190). Diaspora condemns Jews to mere ethnic existence, to life as one group among others. In the 1960s New York Jews recognized “that Diaspora life had become existentially problematic” (190). They faced “cultural despair,” decline of community, and a loss of nerve that challenged their earlier, “utopian” optimism about urban life, its freedom, and its Jewish possibilities (87).
Menachem Klein. Jerusalem: The Contested City. New York: New York University Press (in association with the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies), 2001. viii, 363 pp.
Authors: Reich Bernard
Published: December 2005

Jerusalem is an ancient venue that has been not only a symbol of peace and a focus of religious belief but also a city of dispute. For centuries, indeed millennia, it has been a magnet for conflict between diverse groups with divergent religious interests and others with competing political and/or national claims. It is sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and claimed as a national capitol by both Israelis and Palestinian Arabs. Since the mid-1950s it has been a central issue of the Arab–Israeli conflict that emerged to be even more problematic after the Six Day War of 1967, in which Israel gained full control over the entire city that had been divided between it and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in the first Arab–Israeli war of 1948–1949. In recent years it has became the ultimate issue among the final settlement stumbling blocks for an Israeli–Palestinian peace. It has served as a pretext for Osama bin Laden and as a concern for Muslim regimes as diverse as Iran and Saudi Arabia because of Jewish control over Muslim holy places, in this instance the third holiest site in Islam, after Mecca and Medina.
Iris Parush. Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Jewish Society. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2004. xix, 340 pp.
Authors: Adler Eliyana R.
Published: December 2005

Several years ago I had the good fortune to meet Iris Parush, and I asked how she, a scholar of Hebrew literature known best for her interest in canon formation, turned to the topic of women readers in Eastern Europe. She explained that it was her work on the writer and critic David Frischmann that piqued her interest in the topic. The emotional and contradictory rhetoric of this refined thinker led Parush to embark on an enormous and important research project.
Ahuva Belkin. The Purimshpil, Studies in Jewish Folk Theater. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 2002. 287 pp. (Hebrew).
Authors: Baumgarten Jean
Published: December 2005

In the Early Modern period, the Jewish people did not develop theater arts comparable to that of other cultures. One reason often given to explain this absence of theatrical tradition is the virulent denunciations of theater by the rabbis, who likened it to idolatry and heresy, and condemned it as being incompatible with monotheism. The biblical injunction (Ps.1:1): “Blessed is the man that sits not in the seat of the scornful” has often been cited as condemning the theater, interpreting the Hebrew word leẓim, not as mocking or impious, but as buffoon or jester, and by extension, actor. Ahuva Belkin attempts to explain this cultural fact while at the same time challenging the argument that Jews did not create any theatrical tradition. From the Middle Ages on, Ashkenazi society produced many forms of popular entertainment, the most accomplished of which was the Purim-shpil. Belkin's work, which makes use of the pioneering studies of Yiddish theater by B. Gorin, Y. Shatsky, I. Shipper, and Ch. Shmeruk, offers much new and original material.
Peter Eli Gordon. Rosenzweig and Heidegger: Between Judaism and German Philosophy. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2003. 357 pp.
Authors: Braiterman Zachary
Published: December 2005

This important study of Franz Rosenzweig is among the first book-length forays into the silence surrounding Martin Heidegger in modern Jewish thought. In seeking to establish an elective affinity between these two thinkers, Gordon subverts the firewall established by Karl Löwith between Rosenzweig's passion for eternity and Heidegger's focus on the pure temporality of human existence (Dasein). In doing so, he bucks the link in contemporary Jewish philosophy between Rosenzweig and Levinas, in which an ethics based on a good beyond Being upends ontology as first philosophy. In Gordon's reading, eternity is to the Jewish people as Dasein is to Being. Jewish existence, understood ontologically, not metaphysically, assumes the uncanny, ungrounded, and self-sustaining character of Heideggerian authenticity. Ontologically radical, eternity thus becomes like time, a this-worldly framework, constituting the ultimate horizon of redemption.
Marianne R. Sanua. Going Greek: Jewish College Fraternities in the United States, 1895–1945. American Jewish Civilization Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003. 446 pp.
Authors: Turk Diana
Published: December 2005

Marianne R. Sanua offers a balanced examination of a largely unexplored topic, the Jewish Greek subsystem that developed on American college campuses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and thrived until the closure, merger, or reorientation of many of these organizations in the 1960s and early 1970s. One of the first studies to take the Greek system seriously and recognize it for the social and cultural force it was during its heyday in the early part of the twentieth century, Sanua's book provides readers with rare access to the aspirations, concerns, and ideals of a large segment—estimated between one fourth and one third—of the American Jewish college-going population of this time period.
Learning question classifiers: the role of semantic information
Authors: LI XIN , ROTH DAN
Published: December 2005

To respond correctly to a free form factual question given a large collection of text data, one needs to understand the question to a level that allows determining some of the constraints the question imposes on a possible answer. These constraints may include a semantic classification of the sought after answer and may even suggest using different strategies when looking for and verifying a candidate answer. This work presents a machine learning approach to question classification. Guided by a layered semantic hierarchy of answer types, we develop a hierarchical classifier that classifies questions into fine-grained classes. This work also performs a systematic study of the use of semantic information sources in natural language classification tasks. It is shown that, in the context of question classification, augmenting the input of the classifier with appropriate semantic category information results in significant improvements to classification accuracy. We show accurate results on a large collection of free-form questions used in TREC 10 and 11.
Ideology, interest groups, and institutional change: the case of the British prohibition of wages in kind
Authors: TAN ELAINE S.
Published: December 2005

The new institutional economics has emphasized the importance of ideology in determining the content and direction of institutional change. Ideology can also determine when interest groups succeed in achieving legislative favor. The case of the regulation of in-kind wages in Britain shows that factors highlighted in mainstream political economy (such as interest group strength and organization, self-interest of legislators, and coalitional partners) were important. However, the interaction between relative price changes and social ideology was also significant in explaining the shape and timing of legislative changes. Changes in relative prices gave labor groups the incentive to seek legal protection from non-monetary wages, but they obtained protection only if they met certain criteria established by the prevailing ideology. Changes to that ideology resulted in further legislative changes granting cash wages to most industrial workers.
Institutionalism, critical realism, and the critique of mainstream economics
Authors: WILSON MATTHEW
Published: December 2005

Critical realists have gained substantial support within post-Keynesian and Marxian research communities, and it is likely that critical realism's influence in institutionalism will grow in coming years. Post-Keynesians and Marxists have had ongoing discussions regarding the strengths and weakness of critical realism. Institutionalists should have a similar discussion. This paper addresses a key feature of the critical realist program: its critique of mainstream economics. In particular, it criticizes the use by critical realists of the concept of closure, and argues that critical realism is misleading in its identification of the ontology of mainstream economics as Humean. The purpose of the paper is to promote critical discussion regarding the role of critical realism in institutionalism.
‘Institution’ by Walton H. Hamilton
Authors: HODGSON GEOFFREY M.
Published: December 2005

After Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, and John R. Commons, Walton H. Hamilton (1881–1958) was one of the leading figures in American institutional economics in the interwar period (Rutherford, 2000, 2001, 2003). Indeed, Hamilton (1916: 863 n.) originally coined the very term ‘institutional economics’. He announced its existence and defined its essential outlook at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association in December 1918 (Hamilton, 1919). Institutional economics then emerged in America as a broad movement, attracting support from a large number of leading economists. Significantly, ‘Hamilton should be credited with having played the role of chief promoter’ (Dorfman, 1974: 28).
Solving a stochastic reservoir management problem with multilag autocorrelated inflows
Authors: Turgeon André
Published: December 2005

There are many advantages in taking account of multilag autocorrelation of inflows in a reservoir management problem: The flood and water shortage risks diminish, there are fewer spillages, and the generation of hydroplants downstream from the reservoir increases. The disadvantage is that the number of state variables in the optimization problem increases with the number of lags. This paper shows that it is possible to adequately represent the multilag autocorrelation by a single hydrologic variable, the value of which changes from day to day and is equal to the conditional mean of the daily inflow. The paper also shows how to determine the probability distribution of the hydrologic variable for one day as a function of the hydrologic variable and the inflow of the preceding day. This is done for cases where the inflows are represented by a linear autoregressive (AR) model and linear autoregressive‐moving‐average (ARMA) model. The reservoir management problem is solved with stochastic dynamic programming (SDP). Numerical results are presented.
Accuracy assessment of ocean tide models around Antarctica
Authors: King Matt A. , Padman Laurie
Published: December 2005

Accurate ocean tide models for the circum‐Antarctic seas are required to remove unwanted signals from floating ice elevation and space‐borne, time‐variable gravity measurements (e.g., GRACE). We present accuracy assessments for several global (CSR4, FES2004, FES99, GOT00.2, NAO.99b, TPXO6.2) and Antarctic (CADA00.10 and CATS02.01) ocean tide models using coastal and pelagic tide gauges, gravimetric data and GPS records of ice shelf surface elevation. The accuracies of CSR4 and NAO.99b are poor in the ice shelf regions. The optimum model for the entire circum‐Antarctic seas is TPXO6.2, with a root‐mean‐square deviation of ∼5–7 cm, ∼40% lower than the next best model, FES2004. The main exception is the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf where CADA00.10 and CATS02.01 most accurately represent observations from two sites near the Rutford Ice Stream grounding line.
On the distribution and variability of ozone in the tropical upper troposphere: Implications for tropical deep convection and chemical‐dynamical coupling
Authors: Solomon S. , Thompson D. W. J. , Portmann R. W. , Oltmans S. J. , Thompson A. M.
Published: December 2005

Tropical ozonesonde measurements display events of substantially reduced or near‐zero ozone in the upper troposphere that can be coherent over broad spatial scales. Available observations indicate that these events occur most frequently between about 300 and 100 mbar in the tropical southwest Pacific region. The spatial structure of the events suggests linkages to deep convection as the primary cause, with the potential for long‐range transport from the southwest Pacific to other locations. Observations are sparse in time as well as space, but suggest possible long‐term changes in tropical ozone transport and the frequency of deep convection there since the 1980s.
Solar cycle variation of long‐duration radial interplanetary magnetic field events at 1 AU
Authors: Watari Shinichi , Vandas Marek , Watanabe Takashi
Published: December 2005

Intervals of long‐duration radial interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) were studied using the National Space Science Data Center OMNI 2 database between 1963 and 2003. Long‐duration radial IMF events were detected in various regimes of solar wind. It was found that long‐duration radial IMF events frequently occur around solar minimum and are more rare near solar maximum. The events tend to occur in the regions of decreasing solar wind speed through the solar cycle, and averaged decreasing rate of speed was approximately −2.6 km/s/h. The rate of decrease of the solar wind speed associated with the events does not clearly depend on the solar activity.
Statistical height‐dependent relative importance of the Lorentz force and Joule heating in generating atmospheric gravity waves in the auroral electrojets
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Fujii Ryoichi , Nozawa Satonori , Ogawa Yasunobu
Published: December 2005

On the basis of 28 days of European Incoherent Scatter Common Program 1 mode data obtained between 1989 and 1991, we have determined statistical ratios of the Lorentz force (L) to the Joule heating rate terms (J) in generating atmospheric gravity waves in the auroral electrojets between 101 and 125 km altitudes. Under the altitude of 120 km the ratio (L/J) rapidly decreases with increasing height, indicating that the relative importance of the two sources is very critically dependent on altitude. Above this altitude, L/J is approximately constant with height. We have also derived a transition height of about 116 km. Under this height the Lorentz force is relatively important. Above this height, Joule heating dominates. Considering the effect of the neutral wind, relative deviations caused by the neutral wind are estimated at less than 10% between 101 and 125 km altitudes. Therefore we can ignore the effect of neutral wind on the ratio. In order to fulfill the demand, in practice, a statistical curve of the ratio with height has been provided.
Structural effects of meteorite impact on basalt: Evidence from Lonar crater, India
Authors: Kumar P. Senthil
Published: December 2005

Lonar crater is a simple, bowl‐shaped, near‐circular impact crater in the ∼65 Myr old Deccan Volcanic Province in India. As Lonar crater is a rare terrestrial crater formed entirely in basalt, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the impact deformation in target basalt, which is common on the surfaces of other terrestrial planets and their satellites. The present study aims at documenting the impact deformational structures in the massive basalt well exposed on the upper crater wall, where the basalt shows upward turning of the flow sequence, resulting in a circular deformation pattern. Three fracture systems (radial, concentric, and conical fractures) are exposed on the inner crater wall. On the fracture planes, plumose structures are common. Uplift and tilting of the basalt sequence and formation of the fractures inside the crater are clearly related to the impact event and are different from the preimpact structures such as cooling‐related columnar joints and fractures of possible tectonic origin, which are observed outside the crater. Slumping is common throughout the inner wall, and listric faulting displaces the flows in the northeastern inner wall. The impact structures of Lonar crater are broadly similar to those at other simple terrestrial craters in granites and clastic sedimentary rocks and even small‐scale experimental craters formed in gabbro targets. As Lonar crater is similar to the strength‐controlled laboratory craters, impact parameters could be modeled for this crater, provided maximum depth of fracture formation would be known.
Offshore controls on nearshore rip currents
Authors: Long Joseph W. , Özkan‐Haller H. Tuba
Published: December 2005

The rip current field resulting from the transformation of surface gravity waves over offshore submarine canyons is studied. Employing a wave transformation model and a wave‐induced circulation model over observed bathymetry we find that wave height variations associated with undulations in the canyon contours cause rip current circulation cells with alongshore spacing of O(100m) even though the nearshore bathymetry displays no variations at these length scales. Further, the predicted rips correspond to observed rip currents during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX). Motivated by these results we study the relationship between O(100 m) scale variations in offshore bathymetric contours and the resulting rip current field in the nearshore. To isolate the roles of possible bathymetric features, we construct a series of idealized case studies that include site characteristics found at NCEX that are conducive of rip current development, such as a curved shoreline, an offshore submarine canyon and undulations in the canyon contours. Our results show that the first two components are unable to produce the observed short‐scale circulation systems, while wave refraction over undulations in the canyon walls at length scales of O(100 m) provides a sufficient disturbance to generate alongshore wave height variations that drive multiple rip currents for a variety of incident wave conditions. Rips are not generated when the wave period is short, or when the angle of incidence is large. Analysis of the alongshore momentum balances further demonstrates that the rip current locations are also strongly influenced by inertial effects. Hence, nonlinear processes are important within the rip current circulation cell and we find that nonlinear advective acceleration terms balance a large portion of the driving alongshore gradient in the mean water surface elevation in the vicinity of the rip currents with bottom friction accounting for the remainder. Away from the rips, the balance is between the wave forcing and the pressure gradient outside the surf zone and wave forcing and bottom friction inside the surf zone, as expected.
Stable isotopes in precipitation in the Asian monsoon region
Authors: Vuille M. , Werner M. , Bradley R. S. , Keimig F.
Published: December 2005

The influence of the Asian monsoon on the δ18O composition of precipitation is investigated on the basis of the ECHAM‐4 Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM), fitted with stable isotopic tracers. The model is forced with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SST) over the last few decades of the 20th century. The simulated climate and climate–stable isotope relationships are validated with observational data from the International Atomic Energy Agency–Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (IAEA‐GNIP) and reanalysis data. The model shows deficiencies when simulating interannual variations of monsoon precipitation, but the associated monsoon circulation is quite accurately reproduced, in particular when run in a high‐resolution (T106) version. The modeled stable isotope distribution is quite similar to observations, but the local climatic controls on δ18O are overestimated. The influence of the Asian monsoon on δ18O is analyzed on the basis of a vertical wind shear index M, indicative of variations in large‐scale monsoon strength. The ECHAM model simulates a significant negative relationship between δ18O composition of precipitation and M over most monsoon‐affected areas, consistent with the IAEA‐GNIP data. Variations in the amount of precipitation provide a first‐order explanation for this relationship. Distillation processes during transport and hence increased rainout and depletion of heavy isotopes upstream may also lead to a significant monsoon‐δ18O relationship in areas where local precipitation is not affected by monsoon variability. The modern δ18O record from the Dasuopu ice core in the Himalayas is a good indicator of the large‐scale monsoon circulation, a relationship that is correctly simulated by the T106 version of the ECHAM model. Our results suggest that δ18O variations in this region are sensitive to fluctuations in Asian monsoon intensity.
Climate sensitivity of spring snowpack in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Howat Ian M. , Tulaczyk Slawek
Published: December 2005

California's spring snowpack provides a critical water resource that may be greatly reduced by greenhouse warming. However, warming over the past half century has had little effect on total summer water discharge. The region's snowpack may therefore be less sensitive to temperature change than predicted by numerical models. In this study, 53 years of 1 April snow course measurements of snow‐water equivalent (SWE) from the Sierra Nevada are used in a spatially distributed covariance model of SWE sensitivity to temperature and precipitation. This model is applied at a 2.5 arc min resolution using a multivariate parameter‐surface interpolation scheme and Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes (PRISM) climate grids. Total modeled SWE volume has a greater covariance to precipitation than to temperature. Increasing precipitation and temperature from 1950 to 2002 has led to an increase in SWE at high elevations and a loss at low elevations, resulting in little or no overall change in SWE volume. The covariance model predicts a 6–10% decrease in total SWE volume per °C. However, sensitivity is both highly dependent on concurrent change in precipitation and spatially variable, with the lower‐elevation watersheds in the north being the most sensitive to warming. Overall, climate sensitivity is much less than that predicted by numerical models. This difference may result from inadequate treatment of elevation and precipitation in climate models.
Introduction to special section on Marine Sand Wave and River Dune Dynamics
Authors: Hulscher Suzanne J. M. H. , Dohmen‐Janssen C. Marjolein
Published: December 2005

Marine sand waves and river dunes are rhythmic patterns, formed at the interface between a sandy bed and turbulent flows, driven by tidal and river currents. Their origin, development, and dynamics are far from being fully understood. To enhance the discussion on this topic we organized the international conference Marine Sand Wave and River Dune Dynamics (MARID) in April 2004 in Enschede, Netherlands. Scientific papers that originated from the MARID conference are presented in this special section. This introduction places these papers in the context of recent progress.
Vasoconstrictive Neurovascular Coupling during Focal Ischemic Depolarizations
Authors: Shin Hwa Kyoung , Dunn Andrew K , Jones Phillip B , Boas David A , Moskowitz Michael A , Ayata Cenk
Published: December 2005

Ischemic depolarizing events, such as repetitive spontaneous periinfarct spreading depolarizations (PIDs), expand the infarct size after experimental middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. This worsening may result from increased metabolic demand, exacerbating the mismatch between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism. Here, we present data showing that anoxic depolarization (AD) and PIDs caused vasoconstriction and abruptly reduced CBF in the ischemic cortex in a distal MCA occlusion model in mice. This reduction in CBF during AD increased the area of cortex with 20% or less residual CBF by 140%. With each subsequent PID, this area expanded by an additional 19%. Drugs that are known to inhibit cortical spreading depression (CSD), such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists MK-801 and 7-chlorokynurenic acid, and σ-1 receptor agonists dextromethorphan and carbetapentane, did not reduce the frequency of PIDs, but did diminish the severity of episodic hypoperfusions, and prevented the expansion of severely hypoperfused cortex, thus improving CBF during 90 mins of acute focal ischemia. In contrast, AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX, which does not inhibit CSD, did not impact the deterioration in CBF. When measured 24 h after distal MCA occlusion, infarct size was reduced by MK-801, but not by NBQX. Our results suggest that AD and PIDs expand the CBF deficit, and by so doing negatively impact lesion development in ischemic mouse brain. Mitigating the vasoconstrictive neurovascular coupling during intense ischemic depolarizations may provide a novel hemodynamic mechanism of neuroprotection by inhibitors of CSD.
Domain growth, budding, and fission in phase-separating self-assembled fluid bilayers
Authors: Laradji Mohamed , Sunil Kumar P. B.
Published: December 2005

A systematic investigation of the phase-separation dynamics in self-assembled binary fluid vesicles and open membranes is presented. We use large-scale dissipative particle dynamics to explicitly account for solvent, thereby allowing for numerical investigation of the effects of hydrodynamics and area-to-volume constraints. In the case of asymmetric lipid composition, we observed regimes corresponding to coalescence of flat patches, budding, vesiculation, and coalescence of caps. The area-to-volume constraint and hydrodynamics have a strong influence on these regimes and the crossovers between them. In the case of symmetric mixtures, irrespective of the area-to-volume ratio, we observed a growth regime with an exponent of 1∕2. The same exponent is also found in the case of open membranes with symmetric composition.
The reorganization energy of electron transfer in nonpolar solvents: Molecular level treatment of the solvent
Authors: Leontyev I. V. , Tachiya M.
Published: December 2005

The intermolecular electron transfer in a solute pair consisting of pyrene and dimethylaniline is investigated in a nonpolar solvent, n-hexane. The earlier elaborated approach [M. Tachiya, J. Phys Chem. 97, 5911 (1993)] is used; this method provides a physically relevant background for separating inertial and inertialess polarization responses for both nonpolarizable and polarizable molecular level simulations. The molecular-dynamics technique was implemented for obtaining the equilibrium ensemble of solvent configurations. The nonpolar solvent, n-hexane, was treated in terms of OPLS-AA parametrization. Solute Lennard-Jones parameters were taken from the same parametrization. Solute charge distributions of the initial and final states were determined using ab initio level [HF/6-31G(d,p)] quantum-chemical calculations. Configuration analysis was performed explicitly taking into account the anisotropic polarizability of n-hexane. It is shown that the Gaussian law well describes calculated distribution functions of the solvent coordinate, therefore, the rate constant of the ET reaction can be characterized by the reorganization energy. Evaluated values of the reorganization energies are in a range of 0.03–0.11 eV and significant contribution (more then 40% of magnitude) comes from anisotropic polarizability. Investigation of the reorganization energy λ dependence on the solute pair separation distance d revealed unexpected behavior. The dependence has a very sharp peak at the distance d=7Å where solvent molecules are able to penetrate into the intermediate space between the solute pair. The reason for such behavior is clarified. This new effect has a purely molecular origin and cannot be described within conventional continuum solvent models.
A study of two-electron quantum dot spectrum using discrete variable representation method
Authors: Prudente Frederico V. , Costa Luis S. , Vianna José David M.
Published: December 2005

A variational method called discrete variable representation is applied to study the energy spectra of two interacting electrons in a quantum dot with a three-dimensional anisotropic harmonic confinement potential. This method, applied originally to problems in molecular physics and theoretical chemistry, is here used to solve the eigenvalue equation to relative motion between the electrons. The two-electron quantum dot spectrum is determined then with a precision of at least six digits. Moreover, the electron correlation energies for various potential confinement parameters are investigated for singlet and triplet states. When possible, the present results are compared with the available theoretical values.
Structure and dynamics of water at the interface with phospholipid bilayers
Authors: Bhide Shreyas Y. , Berkowitz Max L.
Published: December 2005

We have performed two molecular-dynamics simulations to study the structural and dynamical properties of water at the interface with phospholipid bilayers. In one of the simulations the bilayer contained neutral phospholipid molecules, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC); in the second simulation the bilayer contained charged lipid molecules, dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS). From the density profile of water we observe that water next to the DOPS bilayer is more perturbed as compared to water near the DOPC bilayer. Using an energetic criterion for the determination of hydrogen bonding we find that water molecules create strong hydrogen bonds with the headgroups of the phospholipid molecules. Due to the presence of these bonds and also due to the confinement of water, the translational and orientational dynamics of water at the interface are slowed down. The degree of slowing down of the dynamics depends upon the location of water molecules near a lipid headgroup.
Properties of microfluidic turbulent mixing revealed by fluorescence lifetime imaging
Authors: Redford Glen I. , Majumdar Zigurts K. , Sutin Jason D. B. , Clegg Robert M.
Published: December 2005

We present a new method of measurement based on fluorescence lifetime imaging that reveals molecular-scale details of the mixing process in a continuous-flow turbulent microfluidic reactor. Our data provide a glimpse of the cascade to the minimal eddy size, followed by rapid diffusion involving the smallest eddies for final mixing.