bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Starters, Can-Doers and Mobile Phoneys: Situations Vacant Columns and the Personality Culture in Employment
Authors: Cremin C.S.
Published: March 2003

This paper speculates on the significance of an apparent increase in the use of personality language in job advertisements in situations vacant columns. The findings of my study appear to reflect broader social developments and the concerns of sociologists in the field. The impact of a self-description lexicography upon the individual is evaluated in terms of reflexivity and commodification. My contention is that corporations have appropriated a language of personality, and have contributed in transforming personality traits into virtual commodities whose value is determined according to which characteristics are in greatest demand. As individuals come to recognise themselves through corporatised personality language, the synthesis between business and personality leads to a post-ironic disposition and reflexive exploitation.
Maintaining Professional Identity: Doctors’ Responses to Complaints
Authors: Allsop Judith , Mulcahy Linda
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on the findings of three empirical studies, conducted by the authors, of how doctors respond to complaints about medical care. We found that doctors respond to complaints with a range of negative emotions, and interpreted complaints as a ‘challenge’ to their competence and expertise as professionals, not as issues troubling the complainant or as legitimate grievances. The interview data show that the way in which doctors talked about complaints and accounted for them drew on their understandings of their work world. We suggest that this helped them maintain a sense of control, and argue that this not only sustains individual security but also reinforces professional identity and serves the interests of professional politics. However, we conclude that this reaction to complaints goes against the spirit of resolving complaints to the satisfaction of the complainant which is currently the aim of systems for quality assurance.
Alert assistants in managing chronic illness: the case of mothers and teenage sons
Authors: Williams Clare
Published: March 2003

In this paper the organising concept of the ‘alert assistant’ is developed to identify and explore the skilled and often invisible work which mothers of teenage boys with a chronic illness carried out on behalf of their sons. The term ‘alert assistant’ implies that the needs of the person being assisted are identified, or preferably anticipated and subsequently met, by the assistant. Two inter‐relating factors influenced how mothers constructed the need of their sons for an alert assistant; mothers’ perceptions of the self‐care abilities of their sons, and the gendered ways in which boys lived with chronic illness. Dilemmas for the alert assistant, including being blamed for mollycoddling, are discussed. It is suggested that the incisive concept of the alert assistant not only has the potential to increase understandings of the gendered management and experience of illness, but that it could also be useful in other diverse settings.
Illness narratives: fact or fiction?
Authors: Bury Mike
Published: March 2003

There is currently considerable renewed interest in narrative analysis in the humanities, social sciences and medicine. Illness narratives, particularly those of patients or lay people, are a particular focus in health related settings. This paper discusses the background to this interest, especially its roots in critiques of medical dominance and distinctions between disease and illness, drawn by sociologists and anthropologists in the 1970s. The current emphasis on patient or personal narratives can also be seen to stem from changes in morbidity patterns, the expansion of information about disease and illness, and in public debates about the effectiveness of medicine. The paper then goes on to outline a framework for analysing illness narratives. This involves exploring three types of narrative form: ‘contingent narratives’ which address beliefs about the origins of disease, the proximate causes of an illness episode, and the immediate effects of illness on everyday life; ‘moral narratives’ that provide accounts of (and help to constitute) changes between the person, the illness and social identity, and which help to (re) establish the moral status of the individual or help maintain social distance; and ‘core narratives’ that reveal connections between the lay person’s experiences and deeper cultural levels of meaning attached to suffering and illness. Here, distinctions are drawn between such sub forms as heroic, tragic, ironic and comic, and regressive/progressive narratives. Finally, the paper discusses some of the methodological issues raised by narrative analysis. Given the complex character of illness narratives, their social and psychological functions, together with the motivational issues to which they relate, it is suggested that they constitute a major challenge for sociological analysis. From this viewpoint current claims about narrative analysis in medicine need to be treated with caution.
‘So why are you here?’ Assessing risk in HIV prevention and test decision counselling
Authors: Kofmehl Kinnell Ann Marie
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how counsellors attempt to assess clients’ risks for contracting HIV when they come in for HIV testing. Starting with Maynard’s (1989) proposal that an analysis of social problems should begin with an analysis of talk‐in‐interaction, I examine how a client’s ‘problem’ of being at‐risk for HIV is made visible or not in HIV prevention and test decision counselling sessions. First, I analyse counsellors’ use of open‐ended questions as a method for making the problem of at‐risk for HIV visible within the interaction and how clients respond to those questions. Second, I analyse how the meaning of the clients’ risks is negotiated in the interaction as counsellors support or contest clients’ accounts for getting an HIV test.
Epistemology and legitimacy in the production of anorexia nervosa in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine 1939–1979
Authors: Mizrachi Nissim
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study examines the role of the interplay between epistemology and legitimacy in shaping the conceptualisation of anorexia. It focuses on the process of knowledge production within a particular medical setting – the journal, Psychosomatic Medicine. The journal was founded as part of the first psychosomatic movement in the history of the US seeking to undermine the epistemological foundation of biomedicine: the mind‐body division in medical theory and practice. From its inception, the movement was haunted by an ongoing identity problem, institutional uncertainty and scientific ambiguity. The study relies on four separate data sets – articles appearing on anorexia in Medline, archival sources and editorial board minutes of Psychosomatic Medicine, the journal’s referees and their decisions and the articles on anorexia which appeared in Psychosomatic Medicine. The study shows how in the course of its knowledge production, the journal managed to increase the level of consistency while evaluating papers submitted. At the same time it moved towards the dominant biomedical discourse, either through shifting the psychosomatic focus on anorexia from the mind‐body interaction to the ‘anorexic body’ only, or alternatively through reducing the methodological model from causal to correlational. This transition in reasoning in the case of anorexia represents an intriguing trade‐off between the scope and the reliability of ambiguous medical knowledge in the face of the overriding need to gain legitimacy within the existing dominant biomedical domain.
Comparison of tail index estimators
Authors: De Haan L. , Peng L.
Published: March 2003

We compare various estimators for the index of distribution functions with regularly varying tails by calculating their asymptotic mean squared errors after choosing the optimal number of upper order statistics involved (which is different for different estimators).
On the convergence of moments of geometric and harmonic means
Authors: Pakes A. G.
Published: March 2003

The moments of the geometric mean of n independent and identically distributed random variables are shown to converge as n→∞. Rates of convergence are determined for the first moment and the variance. The results relate to recent work on long term investment returns when yearly rates of return are randomly varying. Application is made to moments of the harmonic mean.
Cross Validation Calibration Based Shrinkage – Revisited for the Construction of Prognostic Indices
Authors: Vach W.
Published: March 2003

The use of shrinkage methods for the construction of prognostic indices has been paid increasing attention in the literature on medical statistics in the last years. One approach for the construction of a shrinkage factor is cross validation calibration as suggested by van Houwelingen and le Cessie (1990). We investigate this approach in more detail. First we try to clarify why shrinkage factors constructed by cross validation calibration tend to be smaller than 1. Second we explain why use of this shrinkage factor can result in an improvement of the average prediction error. Third we investigate the possible gain for constellations relevant in medical research by means of a simulation study, focusing on the dilemma, that the improvement on average has to be paid by distinct deteriorations for some patients. Finally we conclude that it is necessary to rethink the choice of loss functions in constructing prognostic indices before recommendations about the use of shrinkage methods can be made.
On statistics at level crossings by a stationary process
Authors: Leadbetter M. R. , Spaniolo G. V.
Published: March 2003

The main purpose of this paper is to indicate formal theorems and conditions for the extensions of Rice’s Formula for intensities of crossings of a fixed level u by a stationary process X(t) in order to provide the conditional (Palm) distribution of an associated process Y(t) at the level crossing instants. Sections 1 and 2 provide brief background material on Rice’s Formula and Palm distributions, while relevant historical comments and basic results are given in Section 3. These are stated with some indications of proof in Section 4 and calculation of the Palm distributions shown in Section 5. Two cases of importance in applications are considered: (a) where (roughly) X(t), Y(t) and the derivative X′(t) have a joint density and (b) where Y(t)=X′(t). The resulting Palm distributions are each absolutely continuous with readily calculable densities. These are evaluated for Gaussian processes in Section 6 and applications to motivating 2 structural safety questions indicated in Section 7.
Realizations of syntactic agreement in American sign language: Similarities between the clause and the noun phrase
Authors: Neidle Carol , Bahan Benjamin , MacLaughlin Dawn , Lee Robert G. , Kegl Judy
Published: March 2003

ASL syntax makes essential use of specific non‐manual expressions of syntactic features (e.g., +neg, +wh) that co‐occur with manual signs. These markings occur obligatorily with manual material contained in the node of origin and optionally extend over the c‐command domain of that node, thus providing important evidence for hierarchical structure. In this article, we show that agreement features, both within the clause and the noun phrase, also have non‐manual correlates that exhibit the predicted distribution. Interestingly, transitive IPs and possessive DPs pattern together in their manifestation of agreement marking, while intransitive IPs pattern with non‐possessive DPs.
Conflicting C‐command requirements
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: March 2003

The paper concentrates on the locality problem that arises in the context of raising verbs when the embedded subject moves over the experiencer. I review the major approaches put forth in the minimalist program, showing how each of them is inadequate. I propose a solution that crucially relies on the timing of operations. To the extent that it is successful, the present analysis provides evidence for the strictly derivational approach to syntactic relations.
Raising control
Authors: Anderson John
Published: March 2003

An analysis of control phenomena is offered here based on an extension of the non‐mutative account of raising suggested in Anderson 1997. §2 presents and elaborates on that account, illustrating its crucial aspect from the point of view of the present paper: the role as host for raising of an unsubcategorised‐for unmarked semantic relation (an ‘absolutive’) which is (nevertheless) universally present in predications. In §3 it is proposed that this ‘free absolutive’ also marks the controllers in Bertrand tried to escape and the like as having to have their valency (they need to be complemented by an argument, usually nominal) also satisfied by the subject argument of the dependent infinitive. The different properties of agentive and experiencer control structures are investigated, as well as the distinctive characteristics of want‐verbs and control verbs of communication. And in §4, which mainly provides a brief retrospective overview, there is a suggestion as to how the analysis might be extended to the description of control into circumstantials like the infinitive in John went there to work.
Differentiating 451 languages in terms of their segment inventories
Authors: Pericliev Vladimir , Valdés‐Pérez Raúl E.
Published: March 2003

A “segment niche” for a language is a subset of its segment inventory that can distinguish this language from all other languages. This article gives the computer‐generated segment niches for the 451 languages in the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID‐451). It is shown that languages usually possess a multitude of segment niches, but not all of these alternatives are equally representative of a language's idiosyncrasy. A criterion is suggested for choosing among these alternatives: Preferring the niche for a language which contains segments with the smallest frequencies of occurrence in other languages (this niche, in effect, can be considered as more “typical” for the language). Some patterns emerge regarding the size and structure of the computed “typical” niches.
Much ado about nothing features and zeros in Germanic noun phrases
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Donohue Mark
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we argue for a severely restricted use of zero morphemes and against the use of features which are not strictly motivated by the distribution of the element with which the feature is assumed to be associated. We consider an element to have a particular value for a feature only if the element in question can occur exclusively in environments where that feature value is present on some other element and never in environments where that feature has another value. We apply this definition of features and feature values to noun phrases in Germanic, particularly to Dutch and Danish. We use Optimality Theory in conjunction with our approach to features and values and show that in this way, the distribution of features relating to definiteness, number and gender can be correctly predicted for these languages. We then consider the consequences this view of features has for the choice of an approach to morphology.
Vortex Perturbation Dynamics
Authors: Criminale W. O. , Lasseigne D. G. , Jackson T. L.
Published: March 2003

An initial value approach is used to examine the dynamics of perturbations introduced into a vortex under strain. Both the basic vortex considered and the perturbations are taken as three‐dimensional. An explicit solution for the time evolution of the vorticity perturbations is given for arbitrary initial vorticity. Analytical solutions for the resulting velocity components are found when the initial vorticity is assumed to be localized. For more general initial vorticity distributions, the velocity components are determined numerically. It is found that the variation in the radial direction of the initial vorticity disturbance is the most important factor influencing the qualitative behavior of the solutions. Transient growth in the magnitude of the velocity components is found to be directly attributable to the compactness of the initial vorticity.
Painlevé Classification Problems Featuring Essential Singularities
Authors: Cosgrove Christopher M.
Published: March 2003

In this article we construct and solve all Painlevé‐type differential equations of the second order and second degree that are built upon, in a natural well‐defined sense, the “sn‐log” equation of Painlevé, the general integral of which admits a movable essential singularity (elliptic function of a logarithm). This equation (which was studied by Painlevé in the years 1893–1902) is frequently cited in the modern literature to elucidate various aspects of Painlevé analysis and integrability of differential equations, especially the difficulty of detecting essential singularities by local singularity analysis of differential equations. Our definition of the Painlevé property permits movable essential singularities, provided there is no branching. While the essential singularity presents no serious technical problems, we do need to introduce new techniques for handling “exotic” Painlevé equations, which are Painlevé equations whose singular integrals admit movable branch points in the leading terms. We find that the corresponding full class of Painlevé‐type equations contains three, and only three, equations, which we denote SD‐326‐I, SD‐326‐II, and SD‐326‐III, each solvable in terms of elliptic functions. The first is Painlevé's own generalization of his sn‐log equation. The second and third are new, the third being a 15‐parameter exotic master equation. The appendices contain results (in general, without uniqueness proofs) of related Painlevé classification problems, including full generalizations of two other second‐degree equations discovered by Painlevé, additional examples of exotic Painlevé equations and Painlevé equations admitting movable essential singularities, and third‐order equations featuring sn‐log and other essential singularities.
Nonlinear Wave Interactions in Nonlinear Nonintegrable Systems
Authors: Berloff Natalia G. , Howard Louis N.
Published: March 2003

The main goal of this article is to understand the qualitative appearances of regular arrays of pulses that come up in nonintegrable systems in a variety of contexts, particularly in fluid dynamics. It is shown that even nonintegrable systems have a kind of particle dynamics made up of solitary waves. But the interaction of these solitary waves is not absolutely “clean” as in the case of the KdV and other integrable equations.
Singularities on Free Surfaces of Fluid Flows
Authors: Milewski P. , Vanden‐broeck J.‐M. , Keller Joseph B.
Published: March 2003

Isolated singularities on free surfaces of two‐dimensional and axially symmetric three‐dimensional steady potential flows with gravity are considered. A systematic study is presented, where known solutions are recovered and new ones found. In two dimensions, the singularities found include those described by the Stokes solution with a 120° angle, Craya's flow with a cusp on the free surface, Gurevich's flow with a free surface meeting a rigid plane at 120° angle, and Dagan and Tulin's flow with a horizontal free surface meeting a rigid wall at an angle less than 120°. In three dimensions, the singularities found include those in Garabedian's axially symmetric flow about a conical surface with an approximately 130° angle, flows with axially symmetric cusps, and flows with a horizontal free surface and conical stream surfaces. The Stokes, Gurevich, and Garabedian flows are exact solutions. These are used to generate local solutions, including perturbations of the Stokes solution by Grant and Longuet‐Higgins and Fox, perturbations of Gurevich's flow by Vanden‐Broeck and Tuck, asymmetric perturbations of Stokes flow and nonaxisymmetric perturbations of Garabedian's flow. A generalization of the Stokes solution to three fluids meeting at a point is also found.
Terminal Damping of a Solitary Wave Due to Radiation in Rotational Systems
Authors: Grimshaw R. H. J. , He J.‐M. , Ostrovsky L. A.
Published: March 2003

The evolution of a solitary wave under the action of rotation is considered within the framework of the rotation‐modified Korteweg–de Vries equation. Using an asymptotic procedure, the solitary wave is shown to be damped due to radiation of a dispersive wave train propagating with the same phase velocity as the solitary wave. Such a synchronism is possible because of the presence of rotational dispersion. The law of damping is found to be “terminal” in the sense that the solitary wave disappears in a finite time. The radiated wave amplitude and the structure of the radiated “tail” in space–time are also found. Some numerical results, which confirm the approximate theory developed here, are given.
Eigenvalue Bounds for the Orr–Sommerfeld Equation and Their Relevance to the Existence of Backward Wave Motion
Authors: Banerjee Mihir B. , Shandil R. G. , Gourla M. G. , Chauhan S. S.
Published: March 2003

Theoretical estimates of the phase velocity cr of an arbitrary unstable, marginally stable or stable wave derived on the basis of the classical Orr–Sommerfeld eigenvalue problem governing the linear instability of plane Poiseuille flow or nearly parallel viscous shear flows in straight channels with velocity U(z) (=1−z2, z∈[−1, +1] for plane Poiseuille flow), leave open the possibility that these phase velocities lie outside the range Umin<cr<Umax but not a single experimental or numerical investigation, concerned with unstable waves in the context of flows with (d2U/dz2)max≤0, has supported such a possibility as yet. Umin, Umax and (d2U/dz2)max are, respectively, the minimum value of U(z), the maximum value of U(z), and the maximum value of (d2U/dz2) for z∈[−1, +1]. This gap between the theory on one hand and experiment and computation on the other has remained unexplained ever since Joseph [3] derived these estimates, first in 1968, and has even led to the speculation of a negative phase velocity in plane Poiseuille flow (i.e., cr<Umin=0) and hence the possibility of a “backward” wave as in Jeffrey‐Hamel flow in a diverging channel with backflow [1]. A simple mathematical proof of the nonexistence of such a possibility is given herein by showing that if (d2U/dz2)max≤0 and (d4U/dz4)min≥0 for z∈[−1, +1], then the phase velocity cr of an arbitrary unstable wave must satisfy the inequality Umin<cr<Umax, (d4U/dz4)min is the minimum value of (d4U/dz4) for z∈[−1, +1], and therefore cr cannot be negative when Umin=0. Another result that provides valuable insight into the general modal structure of the problem of instability of the above class of flows with Umin≥0 (e.g., plane Poiseuille flow) is that all standing waves, that is, modes for which cr=0, are stable.
An Analytic Approach for Calculating Absolutely Unstable Inviscid Modes of the Boundary Layer on a Rotating Disk
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu M. , Gajjar J. S. B.
Published: March 2003

An analytical treatment of inviscidly absolutely unstable modes is pursued using the long‐wavelength asymptotic approach. It is shown using the inviscid Rayleigh scalings in conjunction with the linear critical layer theory that the rotating‐disk boundary layer flow undergoes a region of absolute instability for some small azimuthal wave numbers. The analytically calculated branch points for the absolute instability are found to be in good agreement with those obtained via a numerical solution of the inviscid Rayleigh equation.
Nonlinear Dynamics on the Plane and Integrable Hierarchies of Infinitesimal Deformations
Authors: Konopelchenko B. , Alonso Martínez L.
Published: March 2003

A class of nonlinear problems on the plane, described by nonlinear inhomogeneous ‐equations, is considered. It is shown that the corresponding dynamics, generated by deformations of inhomogeneous terms (sources), is described by Hamilton–Jacobi‐type equations associated with hierarchies of dispersionless integrable systems. These hierarchies are constructed by applying the quasiclassical ‐dressing method.
Trees with Cantor Eigenvalue Distribution
Authors: He Li , Liu Xiangwei , Strang Gilbert
Published: March 2003

We study a family of trees with degree k at all interior nodes and degree 1 at boundary nodes. The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix have high multiplicities. As the trees grow, the graphs of those eigenvalues approach a piecewise‐constant “Cantor function.” For each value of , we will find the fraction of the eigenvalues that are given by .
On a Boundary Layer Problem
Authors: Wong R. , Yang Heping
Published: March 2003

This is a continuation of our earlier article concerning the boundary‐value problem where A, B are prescribed constants, and 0 < ε≪ 1 is a small positive parameter. In that article, we assumed the coefficients a(x) and b(x) are sufficiently smooth functions with the behavior given by a(x) ∼αx and b(x) ∼β as x→ 0, where α> 0 and β/α≠ 1, 2, 3,…. In the present article, we are concerned with the case α < 0 and β/α≠ 0, −1, −2,…. An asymptotic solution is obtained for the problem, which holds uniformly for all x in [x−, x+]. Our result is proved rigorously, and shows that a previous result in the literature is incorrect.
Learning Experiences, Effective Schools and Social Context
Authors: Duffield Jill
Published: March 2003

School effectiveness research and current government targets for raising standards assume a generic effectiveness attainable by any school through best practice models. This article explores some contrasts at classroom level, revealed in research based in schools differing both in measured effectiveness and in the socio‐economic characteristics of the intake populations. The findings, focusing particularly on lower‐achieving pupils in the early secondary years, indicated that tasks especially in English, classroom interactions and pupils’ responses to teaching approaches varied by social context. The social composition of the school population is a powerful determinant of the culture of learning within a school and this is reflected in pupils’ learning experiences.
The Prevalence and Usefulness of Collaborative Teacher Groups for SEN: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Creese Angela , Norwich Brahm , Daniels Harry
Published: March 2003

The authors explore the possibility of teacher collaboration in primary and secondary schools around issues of special educational needs (SEN). They report on a national survey which asked SEN coordinators which types of collaborative teacher groups were being run in their schools, the duration and frequency of such groups, their perceived usefulness and the arrangements for running them. The results are discussed in the context of the importance and role of teacher support as part of a whole strategy of SEN provision.
Cyclic Computation, A Computationally Efficient Minimalist Syntax
Authors: Frampton John , Gutmann Sam
Published: March 2003

We construct a completely cyclic Minimalist theory of syntactic derivations. A derivation consists of a sequence of cycles. Each cycle starts with the introduction of a new head and merger of the head's selected arguments, followed by satisfaction (via checking) of the head's removable features. The theory includes no acyclic devices such as lexical arrays or comparison of derivations. Satisfaction of features is accompanied by full category movement whenever it is not blocked by morphology or constraints barring multiple specifiers. The Minimal Link Condition is viewed computationally and is naturally incorporated into Satisfy. Our precise notion of checking involves sets of features interacting in the same checking relation, and yields an account of successive cyclic movement, the distribution of expletives, EPP, and quirky case phenomena. The paper can be read as empirical evidence that the core syntactic algorithm is computationally efficient.
Licensing Wh‐in‐situ
Authors: Lai‐Shen Cheng Lisa , Rooryck Johan
Published: March 2003

This article examines French wh‐in‐situ. We argue that wh‐in‐situ in French is licensed by an intonation morpheme, which also licenses yes/no questions. Movement of a Q‐feature of an in‐situ wh‐word is required to disambiguate the underspecified intonation morpheme. The underspecification nature of this intonation morpheme leads to limited distribution of French wh‐in‐situ. We further compare French wh‐in‐situ with Chinese and Portuguese, showing that wh‐in‐situ in different languages can in fact have different properties.
One More Time
Authors: Brody Michael
Published: March 2003

Hornstein (1998) argued, like Brody (1995), that a theory with both chain and move is redundant, that one of them should be eliminated. He presented two arguments that the concept of A‐chains should not be part of the grammar. In my comments (Brody 1999), I showed that the arguments for this way of eliminating the redundancy are flawed and that their background is dubious. Hornstein in his reply (2000) disagrees but, as set out below, without valid argument. His reply further discredits in various ways the position I reacted to.
A Different Kind of Child Development Institution: The History of After-School Programs for Low-Income Children
Authors: Halpern Robert
Published: March 2003

Over the past decade politicians and policy makers, the media, child development professionals, and parents have focused increasing attention on the after-school hours of children aged 6 to 14, coming to view this daily time period as one of unusual “risk and opportunity” (Hofferth 1995). Attention to the after-school hours has led in turn to renewed interest in a longstanding child development institution, after-school programs, particularly those serving low- and moderate-income children. This article examines the historical development of after-school programs serving low-income children, including objectives and practices in each era, formative influences, implementation challenges, and role in children's lives. In a final section. the author discusses the current pressures facing the after-school field and suggests an appropriate set of purposes and expectations for the coming years.
Stakeholder Salience: Business and Educational Policy
Authors: Mcdaniel Julie E. , Miskel Cecil G.
Published: March 2003

With the advent of the current school reform movement, an increasing number of interest groups have claimed stakeholder status and have tried to influence educational policy. The purpose of this study is to employ a stakeholder framework to examine the changing salience levels of a state business group as it tried to shape educational policy during a 5-year period of intense state-level reform. Using case study methods, we address the relationship between the changing salience of the group and the dynamic environment of educational policy making.
Defining Reflection: Another Look at John Dewey and Reflective Thinking
Authors: Rodgers Carol
Published: March 2003

Thinking, particularly reflective thinking or inquiry, is essential to both teachers’ and students’ learning. In the past 10 to 15 years numerous commissions, boards, and foundations as well as states and local school districts have identified reflection/inquiry as a standard toward which all teachers and students must strive. However, although the cry for accomplishment in systematic, reflective thinking is clear, it is more difficult to distinguish what systematic, reflective thinking is. There are four problems associated with this lack of definition that make achievement of such a standard difficult. First, it is unclear how systematic reflection is different from other types of thought. Second, it is difficult to assess a skill that is vaguely defined. Third, without a clear picture of what reflection looks like, it has lost its ability to be seen and therefore has begun to lose its value. And finally, without a clear definition, it is difficult to research the effects of reflective teacher education and professional development on teachers’ practice and students’ learning. It is the purpose of this article to restore some clarity to the concept of reflection and what it means to think, by going back to the roots of reflection in the work of John Dewey. I look at four distinct criteria that characterize Dewey's view and offer the criteria as a starting place for talking about reflection, so that it might be taught, learned, assessed, discussed, and researched, and thereby evolve in definition and practice, rather than disappear.
In the Storm's Eye: How Race, Experience, and Exposure Shape Arizona Teachers’ Attitudes toward School Choice
Authors: Hess Frederick , Maranto Robert , Milliman Scott , Ferraiolo Kathleen Grammatico
Published: March 2003

Amidst the growing research on choice-based school reform, little attention has been paid to examining how teachers view school choice or what factors shape their attitudes. Teachers can impact the success of choice experiments through their willingness to launch and staff schools of choice, share information with teachers at those schools, and support change in their unions and communities. Examining Arizona, the state with the nation's most developed system of choice, we explore how personal traits, including race, tenure, partisanship, and familiarity with charter schooling, influence teachers’ attitudes toward charter schools and school vouchers. In addition, we examine how other school- or district-level variables, including culture and charter penetration, inform teachers’ views. Finally, to assess the effect of experience with school choice, we examine the factors that shape charter schoolteachers’ views about choice. Using a 1998 survey, we find that White, experienced, unionized, Democratic educators and those working in “positive” school environments are less supportive of school choice. Charter-school teachers are significantly more positive about school choice than their public school counterparts, although they do not respond to the same variables. The results can help illuminate the likely political prospects and practical effects of choice-based reform.
A Statistics Field Trip?
Authors: Meacock Susan
Published: March 2003

Ideas for statistical investigations can be found in all sorts of places, even on holiday.
Eliciting Honesty: How to Tell the Truth with Statistics
Authors: Eisenhauer Joseph G.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes and illustrates several models of randomized response sampling, a survey technique for eliciting truthful answers to sensitive questions.
Ducks and Green – An Introduction to the Ideas of Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Seier E. , Robe C.
Published: March 2003

Testing statistical hypotheses introduces new vocabulary, concepts and a way of thinking that some students might initially find difficult. We provide a simple case that can be used in class as a gentle introduction to the ideas and procedures of hypothesis testing.
Teaching the Prophetic Marriage Metaphor Texts
Authors: Day Linda
Published: March 2003

This article considers those passages in the prophetic writings of the Hebrew Bible that present the relationship between God and the people by means of a metaphor of a man and his promiscuous female partner. It reflects upon how these texts may fruitfully be taught in a seminary or college introductory Bible course, arguing that they should be included in the curriculum and not ignored. Practical recommendations of methods for presenting such biblical passages in the classroom are suggested.
Teaching Students by Having Students Teach: Dealing with the ‘Problem’ Sections of a Course
Authors: Bohmbach Karla G.
Published: March 2003

The author describes a positive turnaround that occurred in working with both the Prophets unit of her Hebrew Bible course and the Paul unit in her New Testament course. She initiated this turnaround by challenging the students to take over the teaching of those units through small group presentations. The emphasis on length and creativity in these presentations prompted some exemplary work on the part of students. And students now identify these units as both the most memorable of the course and where their most effective learning takes place.
“To Teach Them to See”: Teaching Christian Theology in Material Things
Authors: VanderWilt Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

Teachers of theology or religious studies readily seek to open their students to the interpretation of theological texts. Do they share a similar readiness to open students to the interpretation of religious symbols and artifacts, the material cultures of religious faiths? Although theological studies have preferred the abstract concept over the material object, any proper understanding of religious faith must admit some form of direct encounter with the constellation of material symbols surrounding that faith. Teaching students to “read” the material symbols of faith does not do away with the need to help them read and interpret the written word, but supplements and deepens humane, scholarly reflection on religious faith. Helping students to see, to interpret what they see, and to re‐view their understanding of the religious symbol or artifact amounts to teaching a visual theology; a helpful and necessary challenge for the teacher of theology or religious studies.
Red Light Means Stop! Teaching Theology through Exposure Learning in Manila's Red Light District
Authors: Mercer Joyce Ann
Published: March 2003

This paper explores exposure learning as a strategy for teaching theology in a Christian seminary, by describing and analyzing one multicultural Asian class's exposure to the “Red Light Districts” of Manila (Philippines). Exposures consist of short‐term experiential learning events through participation and immersion into a specific context, preceded and followed by a process of study and reflection. Exposure learning has the potential to minimize certain forms of student resistance around emotionally‐charged subjects, such as the integration of race, class, and gender into theological education, because it is the experience together with shared critical reflection on it and not the teacher's viewpoints per se that unsettle prior interpretive frameworks. Exposure learning also carries certain risks and ethical dilemmas, and its long‐term effects on transformation remain unclear. In spite of these pedagogical issues which the paper explores in detail, the paper supports exposure learning as an alternative experiential form of education for transformation.
When Expediency Broaches Ritual Intention: The Flow of Metal Between Systemic and Buried Domains
Authors: Needham Stuart
Published: March 2003

The current interpretation of Bronze Age metalwork deposits relies on an opposition between deposits made ritually and those made with the utilitarian objective of temporary safe keeping. Tied to this distinction were the intentions, respectively, to leave buried in perpetuity, or to retrieve. Contrasts in the character and burial location of hoard deposits are used to support the dichotomous interpretation. The article challenges this bipolar model by showing that hoard characterization often reflects a more complex spectrum and by disputing that the recovery of valuables by depositors would invalidate ritual objectives. Furthermore, in considering the flow of metal through the exchange systems of Bronze Age Europe, it is argued that flexibility of intention at and after deposition would have been an invaluable strategic device, enabling greater control over the local metal stock. To extract the full meaning locked up in these crucial archaeological deposits for the period, their interpretation is better centred on new questions relating to expression, occasion, enactment, and the social conditions triggering recovery.
For An Anthropology Of Ethics And Freedom
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: March 2003

There cannot be a developed and sustained anthropology of ethics without there being also an ethnographic and theoretical interest – hitherto largely absent from anthropology – in freedom. A possible way of studying ethics and freedom comparatively and ethnographically is suggested, and illustrated using some brief comments on Jainism.
Resource Town Employment: Perceptions in Small Town British Columbia
Authors: Halseth Greg
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a study of economic restructuring in the small, resource‐based communities of Quesnel, Williams Lake, and 100 Mile House in British Columbia, Canada. Using survey data, the paper reviews three issues connected with household adjustment to local employment/economic conditions. The first concerns patterns of employment, and among the findings are that over half of respondents have experienced periods without employment income. The second concerns perceptions of change in local economic conditions. While recent public debates have highlighted significant regional economic pressures, the findings suggest that many respondents are still very optimistic regarding the economic vitality of their community. The final issue concerns whether residents are actively taking steps to respond to changing economic conditions. Findings suggest that while most households have engaged in educational and skills upgrading, there are potentially serious limitations to the future efficacy of some of these coping mechanisms.
New geographies and forms of work and unemployment and public policy innovation in Europe
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: March 2003

Since the mid 1970s the political economy of Europe has been characterised by growing unemployment and by significant changes in forms of employment and in the social composition of the workforce, a consequence of changes in both corporate and state policies. There were marked changes in intra‐European geographies of labour markets, with increasing differentiation at subnational scales at the same time as previous national differences in forms of political economy, labour market regulation and the welfare state were narrowed. These labour market changes raised important policy questions for national states and the European Union. Seeking to encourage labour market flexibility as a route to increased competitiveness entailed creating a contingent labour force alongside growing long‐term unemployment. This in turn generated pressures for new forms of public policy – which can be summarised as ‘Third Sector’ approaches – to tackle social exclusion and promote social inclusion and integration and were typically linked to moves to ‘localise’ both problems of social exclusion and ‘Third Sector’ solutions to them.
Namibia’s Unstable Northern Frontier
Authors: Stanley William R.
Published: March 2003

Namibia’s borders with Angola and Zambia have been periodically unstable beginning with its long war (1966–89) of independence from South Africa. After several years of post–independence calm, serious problems have surfaced in the Caprivi and neighbouring Kavango regions. The problems in the Caprivi have their roots in colonial politics and the war, and could be the most damaging long term. The situation in Kavango is the result of a questionable decision by Namibia in early 2000, which permitted the government faction in the Angolan civil conflict to use its strategic northern territory for military purposes. Unanticipated destabilisation has resulted from getting involved in Angola’s troubles. By staying in the field and remaining capable of the occasional cross border ‘hit and run’ operation, the anti–government UNITA faction in Angola has negatively impacted Namibia’s tourist sector. The Caprivi’s location will benefit Namibia economically whenever Central Africa’s mineral exports are attracted westward.
Europeanisation of science
Authors: Frenken Koen
Published: March 2003

Data from the Science Citation Index on scientific collaborations within and between European countries are used to address the question of whether the European science system is integrating over time. It is argued that a simple comparison of the number of national collaborations and European collaborations is misleading as a means of analysing European integration, as this procedure does not control for differences in countries’ sizes. The larger a country, the more collaboration is expected to be oriented nationally because there are more opportunities to interact within the national borders. An alternative statistical analysis is proposed that compares the observed propensities to collaborate with the propensities that would occur when partner selection is random. The results show that, typically, larger countries are better integrated in the European system when size is controlled for, which suggests that scale advantages render larger countries more attractive partners than smaller countries.
Exploring the Solution Space of Semi‐structured Geographical Problems Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Bennett David A. , Wade Greg A. , Armstrong Marc P.
Published: March 2003

Semi‐structured geographical problems are often addressed by groups of decision‐makers. Each group member is likely to have a specific set of objectives that they wish to address and a unique perspective on the way in which the problem should be solved. The solution to such problems often requires consensus building and compromise among decision‐makers as they attempt to optimize their own criteria. The set of criteria adopted by a particular decision‐maker constrains the set of solutions he/she will deem acceptable. Compromise among multiple decision‐makers can occur at the intersection of these constrained solution sets. Knowledge about the criteria space, the solution space, and the relation between the two is often incomplete for semi‐structured problems. New tools are needed to explore, analyze, and visualize the solution space of a problem with respect to multiple analytical models and criteria. In this research we explore the utility of genetic algorithms as an effective means to: (1) search the solution space of geographical problems; (2) visualize the spatial ramifications of alternative criteria spaces; and (3) identify compromise solutions.
New Data and Approaches for Urban Analysis: Modelling Residential Densities
Authors: Harris Richard J. , Longley Paul A.
Published: March 2003

The potential of Remote Sensing (RS) data for understanding urban environments is best unlocked by augmenting satellite information with ancillary sources of data. Integrating urban RS with new, often commercial, sources of socio‐economic data offers the prospect of creating vastly enhanced models of the form and functioning of urban settlements. This paper takes some steps towards that end‐goal by considering the contribution that four different datasets make to generating improved models of residential densities for a study region of Bristol, England. These datasets, available in the UK, are: the 1991 Census; a satellite image; the Ordnance Survey GB’s Address‐Point, and Code‐Point products. The authors argue that closer RS‐GIS integration will create new opportunities for modelling and understanding urban systems. Such models are considered a necessary pre‐requisite for effective and sustainable management of urban environments.
Multiscale Terrain and Topographic Modelling with the Implicit TIN
Authors: Kidner David B. , Ware J. Mark , Sparkes Andrew J. , Jones Christopher B.
Published: March 2003

The Multiscale Implicit Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) provides a storage and access scheme for generating triangulated terrain models that adapt their content and level of detail to the requirements of the user. The scheme combines storage of data representing the terrain surface, and two and three dimensional terrain features, with a retrieval and triangulation procedure that generates a constrained Delaunay triangulation at run time. The feature content and level of detail may be specified by the user, thereby providing a flexible facility that adapts to the requirements of a wide range of applications, whether global or local, exploratory or precise. This paper provides an overview of the scheme and illustrates its application for a variety of queries requiring multiscale representations.