bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) via SH radicals in interstellar CO-rich ice under dense cloud conditions
Authors: Santos J. C. , Linnartz H. , Chuang K.-J.
Published: August 2024

Context. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is widely observed in the gas phase toward star-forming regions and was the first of the only two sulfur-bearing species to be detected in interstellar ices so far. However, the chemical network governing its formation is still not fully understood. While the sulfurization of CO and the oxidation of CS are often invoked to form OCS, other mechanisms could have a significant contribution. In particular, the multistep reaction involving CO and SH is a good candidate for forming a significant portion of the OCS in dense cloud environments.

Aims. We aim to constrain the viability of the CO + SH route for forming solid OCS in the interstellar medium, in a similar manner as CO + OH is known to produce CO2 ice. This is achieved by conducting a systematic laboratory investigation of the targeted reactions on interstellar ice analogs under dense cloud conditions.

Methods. We used an ultrahigh vacuum chamber to simultaneously deposit CO, H2S, and atomic H at 10 K. SH radicals produced in situ via hydrogen abstraction from H2S reacted with CO to form OCS. We monitored the ice composition during deposition and subsequent warm-up by means of Fourier-transform reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Complementarily, desorbed species were recorded with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) during temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. Control experiments were performed to secure the product identification. We also explored the effect of different H2S:CO mixing ratios – with decreasing H2S concentrations – on the OCS formation yield.

Results. OCS is efficiently formed through surface reactions involving CO, H2S, and H atoms. The suggested underlying mechanism behind OCS formation is CO + SH → HSCO, followed by HSCO + H → OCS + H2. The OCS yield reduces slowly, but remains significant with increasing CO:H2S mixing ratios (CO:H2S = 1:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1).

Conclusions. Our experiments provide unambiguous evidence that OCS can be formed from CO + SH in the presence of H atoms. This route remains efficient for large H2S dilutions (5% with respect to CO), suggesting that it is a viable mechanism in interstellar ices. Given that SH radicals can be created in clouds over a wide evolutionary timescale, this mechanism could make a non-negligible contribution to the formation of interstellar OCS ice.
Retailer anticipated regret under carbon tax policy
Authors: Zhang Xueqing
Published: August 2024

Environmental policies such as carbon tax implementation significantly impact the technology choice and cost structure of the upstream manufacturer, affecting the downstream retailer’s the procurement decision and risk management in a sustainable supply chain. This study constructs a single-manufacturer-single-retailer supply chain model constrained by carbon tax policies to analyze the influence of retailer’s anticipated regret on the supply chain operation and environmental performance. Utilizing game theory, the research finds that the retailer’s anticipated regret behavior suppresses manufacturer’s willingness to invest in the green initiative, resulting in a non-monotonic effect on profits. When the retailer’s regret level is low and her demand for eco-friendly products is also low, the manufacturer tends to reduce the green investment and increase the wholesale price to maximize the marginal return. Although such the anticipated regret behavior by the retailer may stimulate the manufacturer’s profit growth, it reduces retailer’s profit. Conversely, as the retailer’s regret level increases, the manufacturer increases the green investment and reduces the wholesale price to induce higher procurement by the retailer, leading to a decline in the manufacturer’s profit but an upward trend in the retailer’s profit. This discovery suggests that the upstream supply chain manager, should closely the monitor retailer’s potential anticipated regret and adjust the corresponding strategy accordingly. Furthermore, the study finds that the lower level of retailer’s anticipated regret positively impact environmental behavior, offering the policymaker a new perspective on promoting the green supply chain practice.
Phenomenology of language barrier in various spheres of life
Authors: Kulaeva Farizat Akhmetovna , Khasueva Kamila Gelanievna
Published: August 2024

This article discusses the topic of the language barrier within the framework of communication and its impact on interaction and mutual understanding between people of different cultures and languages. We have analyzed various aspects of the language barrier phenomenon, highlighting the main causes and consequences of the phenomenon. As a result of understanding the problem, recommendations were developed for both sides of communication.
Moral and philosophical search in Chechen poetry
Authors: Khazhbikarova M.I. , Kilabova M.A. , Selmurzaeva Kh.R.
Published: August 2024

This work examines issues of morality and philosophy in the works of Chechen poets of modern Chechen literature: M. Dikaeva, L. Abdulaev, B. Shamsudinov. Using the example of several works by these authors, issues on this topic, dictated by the events of modern Chechen history, are highlighted. Morality and philosophy are the main criterion in the works of these authors. In the full sense of the word, they illuminate and convey all the pain and suffering of their people. The military theme has become the main one for many poets and writers of our republic.
Linguistics in the era of digitalization as one of the modern means of language enrichment (productivity of the Verlan language)
Authors: Guketlova F.N. , Abazova L.M. , Gutaeva J.J. , Kochesokova M.P. , Berbekova F.A.
Published: August 2024

This article examines one of the most common forms of the substandard of the modern French language from a linguistic and extralinguistic point of view. The linguistic phenomenon of Verlan – the Verlan language, which originated in the youth environment, being one of the ways of forming neologisms of the modern French language, manifests itself differently at each new turn of time, demonstrating either a decline or a sharp rise. As is known, the rules of language coding cannot be separated from the totality of processes occurring in society. Can the popularity of Verlan be explained by some social tension, intellectual conflict between people of different generations, different social strata, or is its additional purpose associated with the desire to convey maximum information with a minimum of words in the age of new technologies, in the age of digitalization? What are the sources of this phenomenon?
Use of digital technologies in forming business communication skills and cross-cultural communication of students
Authors: Serdyukova E.F. , Shapovalova M.L. , Goncharova O.V.
Published: August 2024

The authors of the article invite readers to discuss issues related to the success of intercultural communication, and also make their additions to the very concept of “intercultural communication”, pointing out the need to consider it not only and not so much as the interaction of representatives of different countries, but also representatives of different cultures within one country, based on a comparison of their geographical, linguistic, educational, sociological and psychological characteristics. The article also talks about the increasingly dense presence of artificial intelligence systems in the education system and the role it can play in the development of successful communication skills. The authors of the article argue that the best way to acquire communication skills is to train in a simulated environment, since such complex skills are best acquired through experiential learning using conversational systems or chatbots, since artificial intelligence-enabled tools can listen to conversations and provide the missing information. or useful information. The authors of the article conclude that the potential of using artificial intelligence to improve intercultural communication and business communication has not yet been fully realized and believe that carefully designed research and development in this area can lead to the creation of new tools that promote more effective and harmonious intercultural communication in educational environment.
Methodological foundations of intercultural training
Authors: Minazova Venera Magomedovna
Published: August 2024

The article discusses the methodological foundations of intercultural training based on approaches to the essence and content of training as a method of active socio-psychological training, general issues of organizing training work and the specifics of the goals and objectives of intercultural dialogue training, presented in the works of famous researchers. The relevance of the search for effective methods for the formation of an important personal quality in the context of strengthening the processes of interaction, mutual exchange, mutual influence of countries, peoples, ethnic and religious communities - multicultural (intercultural) competence is argued. The importance of didactic programs for preparing for intercultural dialogue is emphasized, however, mastering practical skills of intercultural communication is possible in the course of specially designed actions within the framework of the method of active socio-psychological education - training. The advantages of training work and the basic requirements for a trainer are highlighted. Methodological recommendations are presented to ensure the effectiveness of intercultural training: the correct approach to selecting participants and staffing the training group; methodologically competent organization of training - carefully consider the period of the cycle, the total number of classes, duration of the class, conditions for conducting the training; know and master basic training methods; own a system of methodological techniques for working with a group.
Comparative analysis of memes in Russian- and English-language internet space
Authors: Tasueva Seda , Shkuratova Regina
Published: August 2024

The article deals with creolized memes in Russian and English Internet space, which are defined as memes that include a linguistic and visual component and carry a semantic load. Both of these components can also carry semantic load, endow it with its own meaning and also influence the interpretation of the creolized text. The general features of this type of text in both language cultures under consideration are outlined, a comparative analysis of creolized memes in Russian and English languages is carried out, the peculiarities of Russian and English Internet communication in terms of themes, forms of the comic, and methods of creating a comic effect are considered. The examples of memes given in the article are based on language play, and the graphic patterns considered express satirical and ironic forms of the comic on the Internet
Living in the slipstream of defeat: neoliberalism and the far-right
Authors: Virdee Satnam
Published: August 2024

This essay suggests stretching Saull's structuralist account of the relationship between neoliberal globalisation and the far-right to accommodate subaltern agency and resistance. Taking this step makes transparent that the rising fortunes of the far-right is indivisible from the historic defeat that neoliberal globalisation inflicted on the global Left in the 1970s and 1980s. The victorious neoliberal elites went onto produce a refashioned differentialist racism to replace the now discredited scientific racism but also married this to the ideology of multicultural capitalism to accommodate the new postcolonial centres of accumulation. However, in the absence of a socialist alternative to neoliberal globalisation and the continuing technical and political decomposition of class as a social force, the resulting political void since the 2007 crisis has been increasingly filled by the forces of the far-right. Tragically, the choice facing us today seems to be the slow but relentless asphyxiation of the remaining progressive elements of capitalist modernity or their overnight destruction through a fascist ‘big bang’ ideologically dressed as the restoration of ‘rights for whites.’
Exploring the mechanism of path-creating strategy for latecomers: a combined approach of econometrics and causal machine learning
Authors: Teng Yuanyang , Li Yicun , Wu Xiaobo
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the traditional econometrics method and causal machine-learning method are combined to study the mechanism of a path-creating strategy of latecomers to influence latecomers’ catch-up performance. A total of 283 high-tech manufacturing enterprises listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2007 to 2019 were selected for the study. OLS linear regression model verifies that path-creating has a positive impact on latecomers’ technological catch-up performance, technological capability plays an intermediary role between path-creating and technology catch-up performance, technological innovation appropriability positively moderates the effect of path-creating on technological capability, and technological innovation cumulativeness negatively moderates the effect of path-creating on technological catch-up but positively moderate the effect of technological capability on catch-up performance. Through machine learning, on the one hand, a conclusion basically consistent with the linear regression model is obtained, but on the other hand, a more heterogeneous situation is presented. Through analyses of the individual treatment effect of a path-creating strategy of latecomers, the Shapley value graph shows the complex influence of different features on the treatment effect of the enterprise using the path-creating strategy. Through the decision tree, some more complex patterns are found. In addition, the decision tree model based on causal analysis can also assist enterprises in making strategic decisions.
Screening Turkish pea (Pisum sativum) germplasm with start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism marker for evaluation of genetic diversity
Authors: Mustafa Zemran
Published: August 2024

Context With growing World population, the demand for higher-yield crops becomes more evident. The genetic diversity, which is crucial for breeding superior cultivars, can be shown by using molecular techniques such as start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Aims The motivation of this study was to unfold the genetic diversity of Turkish germplasm. Methods Ninety-four pea samples (90 landraces, 3 pea breeding materials, and 1 registered variety), were assessed for their diversity by using SCoT markers. Key results Eight SCoT markers produced a total of 84 scorable bands, of which 74 (88.1%) were polymorphic. There was an average of 9.25 polymorphic bands per primer. The range of diversity indices evaluated, such as polymorphism information content (0.13–0.38), effective numbers of alleles (1.22–1.69), Shannon’s diversity index (0.21–0.54), and gene diversity (0.13–0.38), showed great genetic variation in the germplasm under this study. STRUCTURE algorithm suggested the presence of two populations. Polymorphism percentage was 87% and 74%, whereas fixation index was 0.21 and 0.01 for population A and population B respectively. According to analysis of molecular variance, most of the difference was found to lie within population (99%) rather than between populations (1%). In contrast, principal coordinates analysis suggested separation into three populations. Conclusions The Nei’s genetic distance of 94 Turkish pea samples revealed that Antalya_2 and Canakkale_2 are genetically the most diverse and can be utilised as parental lines for breeding purposes. Implications The wide range of pea varieties found in the Turkish germplasm can serve as a valuable genetic resource for the overall pea breeding efforts.
Computational detection of antigen-specific B cell receptors following immunization
Authors: Abbate Maria Francesca , Dupic Thomas , Vigne Emmanuelle , Shahsavarian Melody A. , Walczak Aleksandra M. , Mora Thierry
Published: August 2024

B cell receptors (BCRs) play a crucial role in recognizing and fighting foreign antigens. High-throughput sequencing enables in-depth sampling of the BCRs repertoire after immunization. However, only a minor fraction of BCRs actively participate in any given infection. To what extent can we accurately identify antigen-specific sequences directly from BCRs repertoires? We present a computational method grounded on sequence similarity, aimed at identifying statistically significant responsive BCRs. This method leverages well-known characteristics of affinity maturation and expected diversity. We validate its effectiveness using longitudinally sampled human immune repertoire data following influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infections. We show that different lineages converge to the same responding Complementarity Determining Region 3, demonstrating convergent selection within an individual. The outcomes of this method hold promise for application in vaccine development, personalized medicine, and antibody-derived therapeutics.
Highly stoichiometry-deviating chalcopyrite quantum dots: synthesis and copper defects-correlated photophysical properties
Authors: Xing Jiali , Wu Huaxin , Liang Tianyuan , Zhu Shiqing , Ling Qin , Fan Jiyang
Published: August 2024

Copper indium selenide (CISe) is a prototype infrared semiconductor with low toxicity and unique optical characteristics. Its quantum dots (QDs) accommodate ample intrinsic point defects which may actively participate in their rather complex photophysical processes. We synthesize CISe QDs with similar sizes but with distinct highly stoichiometry-deviating atomic ratios. The synthesis condition employing Se-rich precursors yields the Cu-deficient CISe QDs with special photophysical properties. The photoluminescence exhibits monotonic red shift from 680 to 775 nm when the ratio of Cu’s proportion to In’s decreases. The luminescence is found to stem from the copper vacancy and antisite defects. The CISe QDs exhibit Raman activity at 5.6, 6.9, and 8.7 THz that is separately assigned to Cu–Se and In–Se optical phonon modes and surface mode.
Regulating Anderson localization with structural defect disorder
Authors: Cheng 程 Mouyang 谋阳 , Chen 陈 Haoxiang 浩翔 , Chen 陈 Ji 基
Published: August 2024

Localization due to disorder has been one of the most intriguing theoretical concepts that evolved in condensed matter physics. Here, we expand the theory of localization by considering two types of disorders at the same time, namely, the original Anderson’s disorder and the structural defect disorder, which has been suggested to be a key component in recently discovered two-dimensional amorphous materials. While increasing the degree of both disorders could induce localization of wavefunction in real space, we find that a small degree of structural defect disorder can significantly enhance the localization. As the degree of structural defect disorder increases, localized states quickly appear within the extended phase to enter a broad crossover region with mixed phases. We establish two-dimensional diagrams for the wavefunction localization and conductivity to highlight the interplay between the two types of disorders. Our theoretical model provides a comprehensive understanding of localization in two-dimensional amorphous materials and highlights the promising tunability of their transport properties.
The Evolution of Photospheric Current Density During an X9.3-Class Solar Flare
Authors: Li Hai-Li , Liang Hong-Fei , Zhou Xin-Ping , Liu Yu , Meng Ni , Feng Yu-Long
Published: August 2024

This paper deduced the temporal evolution of the magnetic field through a series of high-resolution vector magnetograms and calculated the fine distribution map of current density during an X9.3-class flare eruptions using Ampère’s law. The results show that a pair of conjugate current ribbons exist on both sides of the magnetic neutral line in this active region, and these conjugate current ribbons persist before, during, and after the flare. It was observed that the X9.3-class flare brightened in the form of a bright core and evolved into a double-ribbon flare over time. Importantly, the position of the double-ribbon flare matches the position of the current ribbons with high accuracy, and their morphologies are very similar. By investigating the complexity of current density and flare morphology, we discovered a potential connection between the eruption of major flares and the characteristics of current density.
The Poetry Circuit
Authors: Howarth Peter B
Published: August 2024

Live performance changed modern poetry by giving poets new audiences and a new way to make a living. It also generated new kinds of poetry, from Imagism to confessional to contemporary spoken word. Mixing close listening to archive performances with intimate histories of modernist venues and promotors, The Poetry Circuit tells the story of how poets met their public again, and how the feedback loops between voice, venue, and occasion turned the poems into running dramas between poet and listener. Caught on tape, a nervous T. S. Eliot reveals himself to be anything but impersonal, while Marianne Moore’s accident-prone readings keep her poems in constant re-draft. Robert Frost used his performances to spar with rivals and admirers, while Langston Hughes wrote Ask Your Mama to expose the prejudice circulating in the room as he spoke it. The Poetry Circuit also shows how the post-war reading boom made new kinds of poetry that involve their audience in the performance, such as John Ashbery’s anti-charismatic Poets’ Theatre, Amiri Baraka’s documentary soundtracks of the streets, and the confessional readings of Allen Ginsberg, which shame the listeners more than the poet. Covering the first seventy years of the poetry reading, The Poetry Circuit shows that there never were ‘page’ and ‘stage’ poets: the reading simply changed what every modern poet had to do.
Introduction
Authors: Howarth Peter B
Published: August 2024

Reading on the poetry circuit changed how poetry happened. Poems now had to work within a risky and unpredictable situation where every word would be framed by the author’s body, the reading’s time, the audience’s social expectations, and the institutional powers bringing them together. Surveying readings by Wallace Stevens and W. H. Auden, this Introduction sets out how the live reading became a new poetic medium for the twentieth century, distinct from radio or recording, and why readings have remained something of a blind spot for literary criticism and theory. By involving the whole setting, the reading brought back the author to read their own poems, only to open up a challenge to what the ownership and authorship of poems was.
Projective and Receptive Verse
Authors: Howarth Peter B
Published: August 2024

The notion that poetic ‘voice’ works in some basic opposition to print culture developed in the avant-garde, Beat, and Black Arts circles under the influence of Charles Olson and the Canadian oralists, and later some of their post-structuralist opponents. But its adoption as the page/stage divide of today maintains their split between reserved and immediate poetics, and dovetails with a dangerous ‘sonic colour line’. Opposing the oralists’ idea of voice as notion of the voice as unmediated communication, this chapter argues that the poetry reading works by feedback loops, where the poet’s voice goes out and return continually freighted with contextual information. The poet is involved in both expression and audience-formation, working with their surroundings and permeated by influences beyond their control—an idea closer to what Barthes and Derrida understood as voice and to Olson and Baraka’s actual practice. Performed poems should be recontextualized within the turn to poetries which reckon with surroundings and infrastructure, including print, site-specific, and immersive encounter.
Marianne Moore’s Performances
Authors: Howarth Peter B
Published: August 2024

Marianne Moore began reading live halfway through her career, but her readings turned into opportunities to continue the modernist textuality of her earlier poems by mixing poems and commentary in continual change. Rather than celebrate past successes, she re-situated and re-edited the words so often that the effect was to keep the texts in permanent draft form, to the despair of her editors and the dismay of some of her fans. But Moore drew inspiration from her Bible classes in the textual history of the Old Testament prophets, which showed that scripture, too, could display the ongoing process of its being created and revised. Live performance then inspired the changes to her famous poem, ‘Poetry’, in order to keep it being heard as poetry. Each reading became only the latest in the series of goings-out and comings-back that had begun with Moore reading the drafts back to herself, and deciding that these would do, for now.
Poets’ Theatre
Authors: Howarth Peter B
Published: August 2024

Poets’ Theatre was an important route for the European modernist avant-gardes in the 1920s to be rediscovered by American poets of the 1960s. Their experiments in multiply voiced poems which position the audience within the action offered novel possibilities for immersive poetry readings. This chapter traces the influence of the Cambridge Poets’ Theatre on Dylan Thomas’s debut of Under Milk Wood and the Living Theatre’s impact on John Ashbery, whose ‘environmental’ readings make the poem seem to be describing the audience listening to it. Amiri Baraka’s time with the New York Poets’ Theatre also comes through in the explosive poems of his under-acknowledged collection, Black Magic. During his most heated declarations of the black poet’s independence and need for control, Baraka’s part-improvised reading at UCLA in 1967 sets the listeners as if in the centre of a riotous protest, making his own resonant voice a theatre for the angry contest of white and black to play out.
Introduction
Authors: Amengual Matthew
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the central puzzle in the book. It begins with a vignette of two mines in Bolivia that had stark variation in their contributions to local development. The differences in these mines cannot be explained with reference to standard theories, such as efficacy of state regulation. The chapter introduces the concept of direct contestation as a central way of explaining this puzzle. Direct contestation is unmediated conflict between firms and actors in society that results in redistribution that is not channeled through formal institutions. The chapter concludes by laying out the arc of the book, which first develops the theory and then empirically interrogates it through six case studies.
A Theory of Direct Contestation
Authors: Amengual Matthew
Published: August 2024

This chapter develops a theory of direct contestation. It begins by differentiating the concept of direct contestation from other related concepts, such as private politics. The chapter then describes the different possible outcomes that can arise from direct contestation, placing them on a continuum from inclusive to targeted distribution. This treatment of outcomes builds on work on political patronage and clientelism. The chapter then elaborates a detailed argument relating direct contestation to these outcomes. The theory focuses on the cohesion or fragmentation of groups that contest firms, as well as the strategic choices made by firms when confronting political pressure. The chapter contrasts the expectations of this theory with a set of alternative approaches that are dominant in debates. It concludes with an overview of the research design and empirical methods employed in the book.
Defending against Predation above and below Ground
Authors: Amengual Matthew
Published: August 2024

This chapter analyses a pair of underground mines in Bolivia, Porco and San Carlos. Both mines faced threats of expropriation by the Bolivian state, and both came under pressure from small-scale cooperative miners that sought to take portion of the firms’ mineral deposits. Yet conflict led to different distributive outcomes across the two cases. In Porco, as conflict became more intense, the firm abandoned local development projects and focused on supporting allies and compensating foes. In San Carlos, the firm maintained inclusive development programs in the face of conflict. This chapter highlights the ways in which the organization of interests and strategies of firms interact to influence outcomes.
One Firm, Two Distributive Outcomes
Authors: Amengual Matthew
Published: August 2024

This chapter turns to a pair of mines located in Peru. Both mines were owned and operated by the same, domestic company. The Peruvian context provides a contrast to the previous cases because the state has been more supportive of firms. Yet, the firm was still subject to intense political pressure from various local actors. In both cases, the firm privileged actions that would further fragment the societal groups that challenged it. In one case, societal groups nevertheless became incrementally more cohesive and were able to extract benefits for large swaths of the community out of the firm. In the other case, fragmentation and polarization became extreme. The firm faced constant fighting among factions for particularistic benefits and was unable to convert investments in social services into support for the firm.
Conclusion
Authors: Amengual Matthew
Published: August 2024

This chapter concludes the book by revisiting the central puzzle. What explains variation in the relationship between pressure on firms and distributive outcomes? This question is central to understanding how to embed markets in society, especially in contexts where state institutions are weak. The chapter reviews the main arguments of the book. First, it claims that when firms become targets of social pressure, they can engage redistribution and self-regulation that is consequential and varied. The actions of firms go well beyond internalizing externalities and a distributive lens sheds light on the varying outcomes that result. Furthermore, in evaluating the actions of firms in response to social pressure, we need to look beyond whether they concede to pressure and ask how firms influence the organization of interests that contest them. The chapter then considers the role of the state and societal groups, examining what they can do to enable and shape direct contestation. It concludes by noting the difficult pathway to inclusive and sustained local development through direct contestation.
Like a Thunderbolt
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: August 2024

Russia’s Jews mobilized as part of Russian society in 1914 to go to war. The first battles at the front crossed territories in Russian Poland and the Pale of Settlement, unleashing patterns of civilian flight and resettlement in the early months of the war. Like their Slavic neighbors, many Jews suffered from the economic upheavals wrought by military conflict, martial law, and the paralysis of trade and international markets. Civilians fled from fear of enemy occupation and hunger, and soldiers’ families sought to remain subjects of the empire in whose army their men had been called to serve. As smaller towns and Jewish communities (shtetls) were plunged into economic and social chaos, urban population centers in Minsk, Vilnius, and Warsaw emerged as sites of refuge for masses of displaced Jews. Community leaders lacked any precedents or models for practicing ethnic welfare on a scale of tens of thousands of people. This unprecedented humanitarian crisis prompted an improvised and at times fraught reinvention of local institutions and practices rooted in religious charity.
Between Two Plagues
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the causes and courses of Russian army violence against Jews in 1914–1915, along with Jewish responses to those attacks. Military antisemitism manifested in various practices aimed to preemptively remove Jews as alleged threats from large areas of the front. Army units took thousands of hostages, expelled well over a quarter of a million people, and committed dozens of pogroms in both occupied Galicia and the Pale. The chapter explains how libelous rumors that depicted Jews as internal enemies became popular among soldiers and their Christian neighbors. It then turns to accounts of hostage-taking, deportations, and the first instance of military pogroms in Russian history. Even as largely powerless victims of state and popular violence, Jews still attempted to exercise limited forms of agency. Grassroots responses included cultural resistance, subversive storytelling, and spontaneous self-defense efforts.
A Sacred Duty
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: August 2024

As Jewish civilians in front zones experienced mass displacement and violence, a dynamic Jewish humanitarian campaign emerged at the home front. Its leaders, including residents of the imperial capital Petrograd and other cities in the Russian interior, constituted an elite group, just 6 percent of Russia’s total Jewish population. They mobilized their considerable wealth, expertise, and political contacts to systematically aid fellow Jews in the Pale. The central institution they built received state support and recognition as a national relief committee. It attracted a cadre of young, talented Jewish nationalists who traveled around the front to organize unemployment relief, food supply, housing, medical care, and transportation. In their capacity as community organizers at a time of collective existential crisis, these workers replaced some of the wealthy and rabbinic elites who had absconded from their leadership duties. Wartime relief work among refugees and other war victims elevated secular philanthropy and progressive public service into normative and even valorized aspects of East European Jewish life and culture.
Experiments in Resettlement
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: August 2024

Jewish national relief organizations mobilized to provide unemployment relief and education for refugees who resettled far beyond the Pale, in regions of Russia’s black earth and Volga provinces and as far east as the trans-Baikal. The stakes for refugee relief seemed very high, as aid workers viewed the dissolution of the Pale as an existential crisis and threat to Jewish national survival in the Russian Empire. The terms of resettlement and relief, and the attempt to recreate Jewish communities in the Russian interior, was continuously negotiated between settled communities, nationalist aid workers, Jewish elites, and refugees themselves. The chapter explores the politicized agendas behind labor relief, education, language choice, and housing for refugees in the Russian interior. Refugees responded to the “experiments” to modify their cultural and economic habits by defending their own needs and interests.
Women without Men
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: August 2024

The language of the wartime Russian and Yiddish press often depicted Jewish refugees as consisting solely of single women, children, and the elderly. Sometimes they appeared as proverbial “weeping women” in desperate need, or, by virtue of their homelessness, as threats to established communities and domestic ideals. This trope had value in helping to mobilize public sympathy for war victims, but it belied the complexity of what both women and men really endured. This chapter contrasts the binary tropes used to depict Jewish women with records that reveal far more ambiguous experiences. Census data, personal correspondence, and accounts in the press reveal the presence of men among Jewish refugees, as well as women’s many and varied responses, both in public and private, to the gender-specific challenges they faced during the war. As soldiers’ wives, refugees, heads of households, nurses and doctors, teachers, relief workers, prostitutes, and crusaders against prostitution, Jewish women pursued their interests and coped with wartime hardships.
Area-level credit scores and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults
Authors: Ettman Catherine K , Goicoechea Elena Badillo , Stuart Elizabeth A , Dean Lorraine T
Published: August 2024

Area-level credit scores may capture aspects of a neighborhood’s resources and history that may affect population mental health beyond income and other demographic determinants. Using a sample of 511 363 adults in 1438 Pennsylvania ZIP codes who completed the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey, we assessed the relationship between area-level VantageScores (9 categories from <675 to ≥850) and individual mental health. We estimate odds and predicted probability of depression and anxiety symptoms, adjusting for demographics and median household income. Given a history of discrimination and unequal access to the benefits of assets, we assess whether the relationship between area credit scores and individual mental health was different for different gender, age, race and ethnicity, and education groups. Persons who lived in ZIP codes with average credit scores of 700-725 reported 1.31 (95% CI, 1.13-1.52) and 1.22 (95% CI, 1.07-1.40) times the odds of frequent feelings of depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively, relative to persons living in ZIP codes with an average area level credit score ≥850. This translated to a difference of 2.8 and 2.5 percentage points in the predicted probability of symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively, for persons living in lower vs higher area credit score ZIP codes. Stratified models appeared to show differences in the association of depression and anxiety with credit scores across demographic groups, but tests of interaction did not show significant differences between most groups. Findings suggest that area credit scores may capture assets that shape mental health over and above income and other demographic determinants.
Heterogeneous biomedical entity representation learning for gene–disease association prediction
Authors: Meng Zhaohan , Liu Siwei , Liang Shangsong , Jani Bhautesh , Meng Zaiqiao
Published: August 2024

Understanding the genetic basis of disease is a fundamental aspect of medical research, as genes are the classic units of heredity and play a crucial role in biological function. Identifying associations between genes and diseases is critical for diagnosis, prevention, prognosis, and drug development. Genes that encode proteins with similar sequences are often implicated in related diseases, as proteins causing identical or similar diseases tend to show limited variation in their sequences. Predicting gene–disease association (GDA) requires time-consuming and expensive experiments on a large number of potential candidate genes. Although methods have been proposed to predict associations between genes and diseases using traditional machine learning algorithms and graph neural networks, these approaches struggle to capture the deep semantic information within the genes and diseases and are dependent on training data. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel GDA prediction model named FusionGDA, which utilizes a pre-training phase with a fusion module to enrich the gene and disease semantic representations encoded by pre-trained language models. Multi-modal representations are generated by the fusion module, which includes rich semantic information about two heterogeneous biomedical entities: protein sequences and disease descriptions. Subsequently, the pooling aggregation strategy is adopted to compress the dimensions of the multi-modal representation. In addition, FusionGDA employs a pre-training phase leveraging a contrastive learning loss to extract potential gene and disease features by training on a large public GDA dataset. To rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of the FusionGDA model, we conduct comprehensive experiments on five datasets and compare our proposed model with five competitive baseline models on the DisGeNet-Eval dataset. Notably, our case study further demonstrates the ability of FusionGDA to discover hidden associations effectively. The complete code and datasets of our experiments are available at https://github.com/ZhaohanM/FusionGDA.
The atopic dermatitis patient journey: insights from a qualitative study
Authors: Kpenou Fanny C , Paul Carle , Seneschal Julien , Andreu Nicolas , Barbarot Sébastien , Tauber Marie , Natella Pierre-André , Shourick Jason , Ezzedine Khaled
Published: August 2024

This qualitative study aimed to explore adults’ experiences with atopic dermatitis (AD) and gain insight into their expectations regarding healthcare, in order to improve their wellbeing. Data from 21 interviews were analysed. Participants reported a significant burden due to the psychosocial impact of AD, encompassing emotional distress and daily life impediments. Factors influencing treatment satisfaction among patients with AD extend beyond clinical efficacy. Dermatological care should consider patients’ preferences within treatment plans through a holistic approach to ensure satisfaction with their therapeutic regimen. We therefore encourage efforts to promote collaborative discussions between patients and physicians to improve treatment satisfaction.
Successful treatment of Darier disease with ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Michelmore Charlotte , Hitchens Emma , Johnstone Lauraine , Keith Daniel
Published: August 2024

We present this as the fourth published case of Darier disease treated successfully with ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser.
Longitudinal bibliometric investigation of published orthodontic research 2013–23: are we investigating patient-reported outcomes?
Authors: Liu Catherine , Seehra Jadbinder , Cobourne Martyn T
Published: August 2024

Background

The published literature represents the fundamental basis of any academic specialty, including orthodontics. Orthodontic research outputs provide useful insight into clinical and research priorities, which can help inform future research efforts and resource outputs. In recent years, the need for more patient-reported outcomes in orthodontic research has been highlighted.

Objectives

To identify the most common reported research subjects in orthodontics between 2013–23; (2) identify the main outcomes and types of study design associated with this research, including study design related to patient-reported outcomes; and (3) identify trends in this research activity based upon these findings.

Material and methods

A literature search was performed in a single electronic database (Scopus) to return all indexed publications with relevance to orthodontics published from 2013 to 2023. The 50 most-cited publications per year were then identified. Publication characteristics were extracted using a data collection sheet. Descriptive statistics including frequency distributions were calculated.

Results

A total of 14 397 publications were identified. Publications on orthodontic bonding made up 7.02% of all output, followed by materials (5.88%) and tooth movement (5.42%). Subsequent analysis of the most-cited publications per year revealed the most frequently published subjects were aligners (12.5%), orthodontic tooth movement (9.45%), and digital workflow (9.09%), and the most common study designs were in vitro (19.09%) and retrospective observational studies (15.45%). The most common outcome type was morphological features of malocclusion (26.9%). Conversely, patient-focused measures were only reported in 12.7% of studies.

Conclusions

Orthodontic research outputs are dynamic but do show consistent research interest in certain subjects. There is a predilection for the reporting of clinician-focused outcomes; whilst these have some value, more efforts should be focused on conducting rigorous and robust studies that include patient-reported outcomes.
High expression of B3GALT5 suppresses the galectin-4-mediated peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells
Authors: Tsuchida Akiko , Hachisu Kazuko , Mizuno Mamoru , Takada Yoshio , Ideo Hiroko
Published: August 2024

Peritoneal metastasis frequently accompanies metastatic and/or recurrent gastric cancer, leading to a poor prognosis owing to a lack of effective treatment. Hence, there is a pressing need to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and molecules driving peritoneal metastasis. In a previous study, galectin-4 inhibition impeded peritoneal metastasis in a murine model. This study examined the glycan profiles of cell surface proteins and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in cells with varying tumorigenic potentials to understand the intricate mechanisms underlying galectin-4-mediated regulation, particularly glycosylation. Detailed mass spectrometry analysis showed that galectin-4 knockout cells exhibit increased expression of lacto-series GSLs with β1,3-linked galactose while showing no significant alterations in neolacto-series GSLs. We conducted real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to identify candidate glycosyltransferases that synthesize increased levels of GSLs. Subsequently, we introduced the candidate B3GALT5 gene and selected the clones with high expression levels. B3GALT5 gene-expressing clones showed GSL glycan profiles like those of knockout cells and significantly reduced tumorigenic ability in mouse models. These clones exhibited diminished proliferative capacity and showed reduced expression of galectin-4 and activated AKT. Moreover, co-localization of galectin-4 with flotillin-2 (a raft marker) decreased in B3GALT5-expressing cells, implicating GSLs in galectin-4 localization to lipid rafts. D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (a GSL synthase inhibitor) also affected galectin-4 localization in rafts, suggesting the involvement of GSL microdomains. We discovered that B3GALT5 plays a crucial role in regulating peritoneal metastasis of malignant gastric cancer cells by suppressing cell proliferation and modulating lipid rafts and galectin-4 via mechanisms that are yet to be elucidated.
A potential usefulness of ultra-high-resolution computed tomography in quality assurance of remote after-loading system for cervical cancer
Authors: Kinjyo Masashi , Nishie Akihiro , Kudaka Ryo , Nakano Shota , Ariga Takuro
Published: August 2024

Intracavitary brachytherapy with a remote after-loading system (RALS) is performed as a part of radical radiation therapy in cervical cancer. The radiation source is delivered directly through an applicator placed inside the uterus or vagina. Thorough quality control is important to prevent accidents that can lead to serious irradiation error, and an applicator check is one such quality control measure. We experienced a clinical situation in which a small volume of water was observed in the lumen of a post-sterilized applicator on treatment-planning CT. Although the submersion test was negative and no air bubbles emerged from the applicator, ultra-high-resolution computed tomography (U-HRCT) showed a linear crack reaching the inside of the applicator. This abnormality was not identified on treatment-planning CT, which has lower spatial resolution than U-HRCT. In addition, no linear cracks were seen on U-HRCT images of eight other applicators considered to be free from damage. U-HRCT may have superior potential to detect applicator damage and could be useful for quality assurance of the RALS procedure.
The Scope of the Joint Venture
Authors: Timothy A
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines how the scope of a joint venture agreement is written so that it addresses the execution of all the activities that are directly and necessarily consequent to the joint venture. |It might seem obvious, but the parties to a joint venture should ensure that the scope of their joint venture agreement sufficiently addresses all of the activities that are intended (and not intended) to be undertaken in respect of the joint venture, and that the scope of the joint venture agreement does not overlook any particular activity that the agreement should (whether now or later) address. More particularly, this chapter addresses how disputes arise in respect of the scope of a joint venture.