bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emotion-Evoked Collective Corruption Model: The Role of Emotion in the Spread of Corruption Within Organizations
Authors: Smith-Crowe Kristin , Warren Danielle E.
Published: April 2014

We draw from research on emotions and moral reasoning to develop a process model of collective corruption that centers on the role of moral emotions in the spread of corruption within organizations. Our focus on a well-intentioned and deliberative path to corruption is a departure from previous theory, which has focused on mindless and ill-intentioned paths. In our model, moral emotions play a critical role in both the initial recruitment of a target individual (the direct process), as well as the spread of corruption to a broader group of nontargeted individuals through emotional contagion (the vicarious process). For both processes we explain how self-directed moral emotions (guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride) facilitate the spread of corruption and how other-directed moral emotions (anger and contempt) do not. We conclude by discussing the implications of our theory and directions for future research.
A randomised, controlled trial of circumpatellar electrocautery in total knee replacement without patellar resurfacing
Authors: van Jonbergen H. P. W. , Scholtes V. A. B. , Poolman R. W.
Published: April 2014

In the absence of patellar resurfacing, we have previously shown that the use of electrocautery around the margin of the patella improved the one-year clinical outcome of total knee replacement (TKR). In this prospective randomised study we compared the mean 3.7 year (1.1 to 4.2) clinical outcomes of 300 TKRs performed with and without electrocautery of the patellar rim: this is an update of a previous report. The overall prevalence of anterior knee pain was 32% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 26 to 39), and 26% (95% CI 18 to 35) in the intervention group compared with 38% (95% CI 29 to 48) in the control group (chi-squared test; p = 0.06). The overall prevalence of anterior knee pain remained unchanged between the one-year and 3.7 year follow-up (chi-squared test; p = 0.12). The mean total Western Ontario McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Indices and the American Knee Society knee and function scores at 3.7 years’ follow-up were similar in the intervention and control groups (repeated measures analysis of variance p = 0.43, p = 0.09 and p = 0.59, respectively). There were no complications. A total of ten patients (intervention group three, control group seven) required secondary patellar resurfacing after the first year.

Our study suggests that the improved clinical outcome with electrocautery denervation compared with no electrocautery is not maintained at a mean of 3.7 years’ follow-up.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:473–8.
Non-surgical functional treatment for displaced olecranon fractures in the elderly
Authors: Gallucci G. L. , Piuzzi N. S. , Slullitel P. A. I. , Boretto J. G. , Alfie V. A. , Donndorff A. , De Carli P.
Published: April 2014

We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of a consecutive cohort of patients aged > 70 years with a displaced fracture of the olecranon, which was treated non-operatively with early mobilisation. We identified 28 such patients (27 women) with a mean age of 82 years (71 to 91). The elbow was initially immobilised in an above elbow cast in 90° of flexion of the elbow for a mean of five days. The cast was then replaced by a sling. Active mobilisation was encouraged as tolerated. No formal rehabilitation was undertaken. At a mean follow-up of 16 months (12 to 26), the mean ranges of flexion and extension were 140° and 15° respectively. On a visual analogue scale of 1 (no pain) to 10, the mean pain score was 1 (0 to 8). Of the original 28 patients 22 developed nonunion, but no patients required surgical treatment.

We conclude that non-operative functional treatment of displaced olecranon fractures in the elderly gives good results and a high rate of satisfaction.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:530–4.
A Convex Optimization Approach in Drive Train Anti-Jerk Control with Measurements of Uncertain Delay
Authors: Yeap Khang Zhun , Müller Steffen , Rauh Jochen
Published: April 2014

This article presents a convex optimization approach in the synthesis of H
2 delay independent observer-based controller for the control of linear systems with uncertain delay in measurements. The motivation for this technique is highlighted by the sensitivity of stability of the conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) against such delay in the example of drive train anti-jerk control in vehicles with electric single-wheel drives. The stability constraint for this approach guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the closed loop system is derived from Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and then specified in terms of LMIs. The related H
2 performance is achieved by minimizing a chosen quadratic cost functional which is convex in matrix variables associated with LMIs. An observer-based controller which guarantees asymptotic stability and H
2 performance is developed and its effectiveness is demonstrated in the active damping control of drive train oscillation.
Anwendung der Variationsrechnung für Steuerungsaufgaben im Kraftfahrzeug
Authors: Uebel Stephan , Tempelhahn Conny , Liebers Mike , Kutter Steffen , Bäker Bernard
Published: April 2014

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kompakten Überblick über bereits veröffentlichte Methoden der Variationsrechnung für Steuerungsaufgaben
im Kraftfahrzeug. Dabei steht die Anwendung dieser Methoden an einem allgemeinen Beispiel im Vordergrund. So wird die Dynamische Optimierung nach Bellman für das optimale Energiemanagement eines Parallelhybridfahrzeugs und für die Geschwindigkeitsoptimierung eines konventionellen Fahrzeugs erläutert. Zusätzlich wird ein Ansatz für eine vorausschauende Betriebsstrategie für Hybridfahrzeuge basierend auf dem Pontrjaginschen Maximumprinzip vorgestellt, welche auf einem Steuergerät lauffähig ist.
Reactions of nitroxides XIV. Analogs of phenoxy carboxylic herbicides based on the piperidine scaffold; unexpected fungicidal activity of the 2-[(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy]butanoic acid
Authors: Zakrzewski Jerzy , Krawczyk Maria
Published: April 2014

Alkanoic acid derivatives bearing a nitroxyl moiety 3a–e were synthesized from 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (1) and the corresponding 2-bromoalkane carboxylic acids 2a–e. The herbicidal and antifungal activity of 3a–e was tested. No herbicidal activity of the tested compounds was found. The 2-[(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy]butanoic acid 3c revealed a strong antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cactorum.
A simple approach to fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines incorporating khellinone and trimethoxyphenyl moieties as new scaffolds for antibacterial and antifungal agents
Authors: Abu-Zied Khadiga M. , Mohamed Tahia K. , Al-Duiaj Omar K. , Zaki Magdi E.A.
Published: April 2014

2-Amino-3-cyanopyridine is a simple precursor for the synthesis of analogues of Egyptian natural products visnagin and khellin. Fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines were prepared under mild reaction conditions. The detailed syntheses and spectroscopic data of the synthesised compounds are reported. Some isolated compounds show antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Synthesis of novel 7-(heteryl/aryl)chromones via Suzuki coupling reaction
Authors: Anitha Naredla , Reddy K. Venugopal , Rao Y. Jayaprakash
Published: April 2014

A series of new 7-heteroaryl and arylchromones 6a–l were synthesized in moderate to good yields by the Suzuki reaction of the triflate (pseudo halide) 5 and a variety of heteroaryl and aryl boronic acids. The resulting products may be used as precursors for synthesis of potentially relevant compounds. The structures of all synthesized compounds were established based on IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DIPMS.
Enhanced Petri Net: elucidating the pathway-level mechanism of targeted-therapy drugs
Authors: Jin Guangxu , Wong Stephen T. C.
Published: April 2014

Characterizing the dynamics of cellular signaling pathways with external simuli or drug treatment is critical for the understanding of mechanisms of cellular behavors. Petri Net, as a non-parametric approach, has been widely used for studying dynamics of a large scale of signaling network only based on the connections (interactions) within this network. In this article, we will describe an extension of the Petri net methods, called Enhanced Petri Net (EPN), specifcally designed for analyzing and modeling the dynamics of signaling pathways in order to predict the unknown signaling mechanisms of targeted-therapy drugs.
On the various sizes of complementizers
Authors: Baunaz Lena
Published: April 2014

This paper argues that there are three complementizers
Nichtinvasives, laseroptisches Messsystem zur hochaufgelösten Vermessung von Strömungsfeldern und Volumenkräften
Authors: Neumann Mathias , Friedrich Christian , Kriegseis Jochen , Grundmann Sven , Czarske Jürgen
Published: April 2014

Um den Treibstoffverbrauch von Flugzeugturbinen künftig zu reduzieren,
sollen neuartige Plasma-Aktoren integriert werden, um durch
Strömungsbeeinflussung den Wirkungsgrad der Turbinen signifikant zu
steigern. Jedoch ist die genaue Wirkungsweise derartiger
Plasma-Aktoren noch nicht hinreichend verstanden. Um diese
Fragestellung zu beantworten wurde ein laserbasiertes Messsystem für
die berührungslose, optische Kraftmessung realisiert und
eingesetzt. Mit dessen Hilfe konnten weltweit erstmalig die von einem
Plasma-Aktor erzeugten Volumenkräfte im Fluid mit einer Zeitauflösung
von ca. 7 μs erfasst werden. Die vom Aktor erzeugte,
horizontale Gesamtkraft lag dabei bei
F

x
/L̅ ≈ 17 mN/m, was zur
Generierung einer wandparallele Strömung mit einer maximalen
Geschwindigkeit von
6.16 m/s führte. Die gewonnen Messergebnisse stellen einen
entscheidenden Schritt auf dem Weg zur Optimierung von Plasma-Aktoren
und deren Einsatz in Turbinen dar.
Nietzsche’s Judgement: The Case of Morality in Arun Joshi’s The Apprentice
Authors: Kumar Niven
Published: April 2014

Friedrich Nietzsche’s re-evaluation of values calls for a dismantling of the normative conceptions of selfhood, shattering notions of identity predicated upon moral constructions of good and evil. Nietzsche argues that such constructions stem from a moral topology that prevents the development of a more salient grammar of ‘being.’ Modernist fiction is underpinned by this Nietzschean sensibility, interrogating the linguistic and epistemological barriers to existential freedom. While Arun Joshi’s The Apprentice has been read by many as an exploration of the ‘ethical problem of good and evil,’ this paper will argue that Joshi’s text goes beyond a mere examination of this often simplistic moral binary. Rather, the novel can be seen to be in dialogue with Nietzsche’s proposition that morality has no place in a modern capitalist system. The formation of self as a series of competing dichotomies is no longer tenable in the face of a system that precludes any moral injunction or ballast. Instead, Joshi’s protagonist becomes a derelict, one who only perpetuates, in a Sisyphusian penance, the system’s Nietzschean ressentiment, and its subscription to what Nietzsche terms a slave morality. This paper, then, contends that Joshi’s novel calls for a reconfiguration of the traditional moral matrices of self-definition, highlighting the need for a new moral episteme in the face of a disinterested capitalistic regime.
The Transcultural Bildungsroman: Education, Migration and the Construction of Masculinities in Arun Joshi’s The Foreigner (1968) and Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain (1924)
Authors: Helff Sissy
Published: April 2014

This essay offers a comparative analysis of Arun Joshi’s The Foreigner and Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain. Both novels present acclaimed novels of formation negotiating masculinity alongside experiences of diaspora and exile. It will be argued that comparing the two novels makes a worthwhile contribution to the genre discussion of the bildungsroman because it illuminates hitherto unexplored narrative connections between Indian literature and German exile literature. While at first sight the celebrated Indo-English novelist Arun Joshi and the German Literature Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Mann have only little in common, a closer look reveals that the two writers not only shared the experience of living in-between various countries, continents and languages but that both men were deeply concerned with imagining and narrating the agony of loneliness and alienation in an increasingly globalised world. Like Mann’s Hans Castorp, Joshi’s protagonist Sindi Oberoi grows up orphaned and spending his youth abroad. Whilst the two male protagonists have a professional background in engineering, their attempts to engineer their own lives get somewhat out of control when they engage in morbid love affairs. As if this was not enough, and like ‘true’ companions in fate, Hans and Sindi eventually have to come to terms with the deaths of their bosom-friends. Decay and death are thus central motifs in both novels. This is not only reflected in the vibrant representations of numerous places but is vividly displayed in the young protagonists’ detached views of life. Yet despite these similarities, the novels are also marked by differences in the way they construct and narrate masculinity, sexuality and transcultural existentialist identity formation. Hence, the emerging narrative panorama of the genre of the transcultural bildungsroman includes, in addition to a postcolonial and transcultural existentialist version, a homoerotic parody of the genre.
Peripheral Identities and Hybridity in Arun Joshi’s The City and the River
Authors: Menon Nirmala
Published: April 2014

Arun Joshi’s The City and the River has often been read as an allegorical text, sometimes as an existential one, and in other cases as a philosophical parable. Considering the fact that The City and the River reveals a distinct form, narrative technique, and political predicament in comparison to his earlier novels such as The Foreigner and The Strange Case of Billy Biswas which delve into the grime of everyday life struggles, such diverse, often conflicting reception of Joshi’s text is thoroughly justified. This paper argues that while Joshi’s commitment to the predicament of ‘everyday life struggles’ remains intact, The City and the River marks a latent shift in terms of character constellations and their predisposition to peripheral locations that make the text a precursor to later discussions of hybridity in postcolonial studies. In particular, the identity crises of its characters are inflected in the constant change of the narrative’s locations and their respective political positions.
microRNA 376a regulates follicle assembly by targeting Pcna in fetal and neonatal mouse ovaries
Authors: Zhang Huan , Jiang Xiaohua , Zhang Yuanwei , Xu Bo , Hua Juan , Ma Tieliang , Zheng Wei , Sun Rui , Shen Wei , Cooke Howard J , Hao Qiaomei , Qiao Jie , Shi Qinghua
Published: April 2014

In mammals, the primordial follicle pool, providing all oocytes available to a female throughout her reproductive life, is established perinatally. Dysregulation of primordial follicle assembly results in female reproductive diseases, such as premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility. Female mice lackingDicer1(Dicer), a gene required for biogenesis of microRNAs, show abnormal morphology of follicles and infertility. However, the contribution of individual microRNAs to primordial follicle assembly remains largely unknown. Here, we report that microRNA 376a (miR-376a) regulates primordial follicle assembly by modulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna), a gene we previously reported to regulate primordial follicle assembly by regulating oocyte apoptosis in mouse ovaries. miR-376a was shown to be negatively correlated withPcnamRNA expression in fetal and neonatal mouse ovaries and to directly bind toPcnamRNA 3′ untranslated region. Cultured 18.5 days postcoitum mouse ovaries transfected with miR-376a exhibited decreasedPcnaexpression both in protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, miR-376a overexpression significantly increased primordial follicles and reduced apoptosis of oocytes, which was very similar to those in ovaries co-transfected with miR-376a and siRNAs targetingPcna. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-376a regulates primordial follicle assembly by modulating the expression ofPcna. To our knowledge, this is the first microRNA–target mRNA pair that has been reported to regulate mammalian primordial follicle assembly and further our understanding of the regulation of primordial follicle assembly.
Maternal age effect on mouse oocytes: new biological insight from proteomic analysis
Authors: Schwarzer Caroline , Siatkowski Marcin , Pfeiffer Martin J , Baeumer Nicole , Drexler Hannes C A , Wang Bingyuan , Fuellen Georg , Boiani Michele
Published: April 2014

The long-standing view of ‘immortal germline vs mortal soma’ poses a fundamental question in biology concerning how oocytes age in molecular terms. A mainstream hypothesis is that maternal ageing of oocytes has its roots in gene transcription. Investigating the proteins resulting from mRNA translation would reveal how far the levels of functionally available proteins correlate with mRNAs and would offer novel insights into the changes oocytes undergo during maternal ageing. Gene ontology (GO) semantic analysis revealed a high similarity of the detected proteome (2324 proteins) to the transcriptome (22 334 mRNAs), although not all proteins had a cognate mRNA. Concerning their dynamics, fourfold changes of abundance were more frequent in the proteome (3%) than the transcriptome (0.05%), with no correlation. Whereas proteins associated with the nucleus (e.g. structural maintenance of chromosomes and spindle-assembly checkpoints) were largely represented among those that change in oocytes during maternal ageing; proteins associated with oxidative stress/damage (e.g. superoxide dismutase) were infrequent. These quantitative alterations are either impoverishing or enriching. Using GO analysis, these alterations do not relate in any simple way to the classic signature of ageing known from somatic tissues. Given the lack of correlation, we conclude that proteome analysis of mouse oocytes may not be surrogated with transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, we conclude that the classic features of ageing may not be transposed from somatic tissues to oocytes in a one-to-one fashion. Overall, there is more to the maternal ageing of oocytes than mere cellular deterioration exemplified by the notorious increase of meiotic aneuploidy.
Principles of Use of Biostatistics in Research
Authors: Manja Veena , Lakshminrusimha Satyan
Published: April 2014

Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data are essential components of biomedical research and require biostatistics. Doing various statistical tests has been made easy by sophisticated computer software. It is important for the investigator and the interpreting clinician to understand the basics of biostatistics for two reasons. The first is to choose the right statistical test for the computer to perform based on the nature of data derived from one’s own research. The second is to understand if an analysis was performed appropriately during review and interpretation of others’ research. This article reviews the choice of an appropriate parametric or nonparametric statistical test based on type of variable and distribution of data. Evaluation of diagnostic tests is covered with illustrations and tables.
Reducing Hypothermia in Preterm Infants Following Delivery
Authors: Russo Anne , McCready Mary , Torres Lisandra , Theuriere Claudette , Venturini Susan , Spaight Morgan , Hemway Rae Jean , Handrinos Suzanne , Perlmutter Deborah , Huynh Trang , Grunebaum Amos , Perlman Jeffrey
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND:

Moderate hypothermia (temperature <36°C) at birth is common in premature infants and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.

METHODS:

A multidisciplinary practice plan was implemented to determine in premature infants <35 weeks old whether a multifaceted approach would reduce the number of inborn infants with an admitting axillary temperature <36°C by 20% without increasing exposure to a temperature >37.5°C. The plan included use of occlusive wrap a transwarmer mattress and cap for all infants and maintaining an operating room temperature between 21°C and 23°C. Data were obtained at baseline (n = 66), during phasing in (n = 102), and at full implementation (n = 193).

RESULTS:

Infant axillary temperature in the delivery room (DR) increased from 36.1°C ± 0.6°C to 36.2°C ± 0.6°C to 36.6°C ± 0.6°C (P < .001), and admitting temperature increased from 36.0°C ± 0.8°C to 36.3°C ± 0.6°C to 36.7°C ± 0.5°C at baseline, phasing in, and full implementation, respectively (P < .001). The number of infants with temperature <36°C decreased from 55% to 6.2% at baseline versus full implementation (P < .001), and intubation at 24 hours decreased from 39% to 17.6% (P = .005). There was no increase in the number of infants with a temperature >37.5°C over time. The use of occlusive wrap, mattress, and cap increased from 33% to 88% at baseline versus full implementation. Control charts showed significant improvement in DR ambient temperature at baseline versus full implementation.

CONCLUSIONS:

The practice plan was associated with a significant increase in DR and admitting axillary infant temperatures and a corresponding decrease in the number of infants with moderate hypothermia. There was an associated reduction in intubation at 24 hours. These positive findings reflect increased compliance with the practice plan.
Strength Capacity and Cardiometabolic Risk Clustering in Adolescents
Authors: Peterson Mark D. , Saltarelli William A. , Visich Paul S. , Gordon Paul M.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was to determine the gender-specific independent association between muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk clustering in a large cohort (n = 1421) of children.

METHODS:

Principal component analysis was used to determine the pattern of risk clustering and to derive a continuous aggregate score (MetScore) from various cardiometabolic risk components: percent body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, blood pressure, plasma triglycerides levels, and HDL-cholesterol. Gender-stratified risk and MetScore were assessed by using general linear models and logistic regression for differences between strength tertiles, as well as independent associations with age, BMI, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity, and muscular strength (normalized for body mass).

RESULTS:

In both boys (n = 670) and girls (n = 751), there were significant differences in cardiometabolic profiles across strength tertiles, such that stronger adolescents had lower overall risk. Age, BMI, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity participation, and strength were all individually correlated with multiple risk components, as well as the overall MetScore. However, in the adjusted model, only BMI (β = 0.30), physical inactivity (β = 0.30), and normalized strength capacity (β = –1.5) emerged as significant (P < .05) predictors of MetScore. %BF was the strongest loading coefficient within the principal component analysis–derived MetScore outcome.

CONCLUSIONS:

Normalized strength is independently associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in boys and girls. Moreover, %BF was associated with all cardiometabolic risk factors and carried the strongest loading coefficient. These findings bolster the importance of early strength acquisition and healthy body composition in childhood.
Anatase TiO2 Nanowires, Thin Films, and Surfaces: Ab initio Studies of Electronic Properties and Non-adiabatic Excited State Dynamics
Authors: Huang Shuping , Kilin Dmitri S.
Published: April 2014

We analyze and compare optoelectronic properties and hot carrier relaxation dynamics in different forms of TiO2 anatase materials: nanowires and thin films. The models are chosen in such way that the same crystallographic surfaces are exposed and any difference in properties is attributed to the change of the dimensionality of the nanostructure. Specifically, we give a brief review of the electronic properties and non-adiabatic excited state dynamics of <001> anatase TiO2 nanowire as well as (100) and (001) anatase TiO2 surfaces. The calculated band gap of nanowire is larger than the ones of surfaces. The hole relaxation rate is higher than the electron relaxation rate for both the surfaces and nanowire, and the electron and hole relaxation rates of surfaces are larger than the ones of nanowire.
Tuning Band Energies in a Combined Axial and Radial GaAs/GaP Heterostructure
Authors: Wang Yuda , Kumar Parveen , Smith Leigh Morris , Jackson Howard E. , Yarrison-Rice Jan M. , Pryor Craig , Kang Jung-Hyun , Gao Qiang , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati
Published: April 2014

We use Raman scattering to study the spatially-resolved strain and stress in a complex zinc blende GaAs/GaP heterostructured nanowire which contains both axial and radial interfaces. The nanowires are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition in the [111] direction with Au nano particles as catalysts, High spatial resolution Raman scans along the nanowires show the GaAs/GaP interface is clearly identifiable. We interpret the phonon energy shifts in each material as one approaches the interface.
Structure and Properties of Magnetic Ceramic Nanoparticles
Authors: Sorescu Monica , Xu Tianhong , Diamandescu Lucian
Published: April 2014

Most recently, magnetic ceramic nanoparticles have attracted considerable scientific interest from the basic research point of view and for their prospective use in chemical sensing, catalysis and electrochemical applications. In this paper we report the successful synthesis of xSnO2-(1-x)α-Fe2O3 system by hydrothermal synthesis and that of xZrO2-(1-x)α-Fe2O3 system by mechanochemical activation. The two nanoparticle systems were analyzed side-by-side using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The latter technique was used in its complexity, including the determination of the recoilless fraction using our dual absorber method. This was correlated with the onset of new phases in the systems of interest.
The importance of cultural competence for speech and language therapists
Authors: Leadbeater Claire , Litosseliti Lia
Published: April 2014

Most speech and language therapists (SLTs) in the UK work with children and families from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. There is little research however investigating how they go about providing healthcare that takes into account cultural differences. This paper will describe a study that aimed to investigate the cultural competence of SLTs in one London Borough. A combination of questionnaires and a focus group were used to generate qualitative data about the knowledge and views of SLTs about cultural competence. A content analysis framework was employed to analyse the data. Our findings suggest that SLTs in one London Borough have their own distinct culture which includes beliefs about their role as SLTs and about the role of parents in therapy sessions. Findings suggest that the SLTs employ a range of culturally competent practices in their everyday work. These findings are discussed in relation to current thinking on cultural competence and models of cultural competence (Purnell and Paulanka, 2003; Papadopoulos et al., 1998).
Taking a shower
Authors: Jansson Gunilla , Plejert Charlotta
Published: April 2014

This article focuses on an activity routinely carried out in elderly care: taking a shower. The care setting is two nursing homes in Sweden hosting elderly people with dementia. The data consist of transcriptions of three caregivers’ interaction with their residents prior to, and during the performance of the shower task. While the shower routinely is rejected by the care recipient in these settings, the article demonstrates alternative ways of performing the task that are less imposing for the elderly person and that may maintain the care recipient's dignity and sense of autonomy. The way opposition occurs during the course of the activity depends on how the care worker frames the performance of the task. When physical action is embedded and aligned with the care recipient's concerns, the washing of the body progresses more smoothly. The article highlights the importance of allowing the care recipient to feel that her priorities form the basis for how the activity should proceed. The implications of this study for the care system are discussed in terms of providing opportunities for caregivers and elderly persons to build relationships of mutual trust and support.
Microstructure and Biogeochemistry of the Organically Preserved Ediacaran MetazoanSabellidites
Authors: Moczydłowska Małgorzata , Westall Frances , Foucher Frédéric
Published: April 2014

Metazoans (multicellular animals) evolved during the Ediacaran Period as shown by the record of their imprints, carbonaceous compressions, trace fossils, and organic bodies and skeletal fossils. Initial evolutionary experiments produced unusual bodies that are poorly understood or conceived of as non-metazoan. It is accepted that sponges, ctenophorans, cnidarians, placozoans, and bilaterians were members of the Ediacaran fauna, many of which have uncertain affinities. The fossilSabellidites cambriensisYanishevsky, 1926, derived from the terminal Ediacaran strata, is the earliest known organically preserved animal that belonged to a newly evolving fauna, which replaced the Ediacara-type metazoans. Morphologically simple soft-bodied tubular fossils, such asS. cambriensis, and biomineralized, as contemporaneousSinotubulitessp., are not easy to recognize phylogenetically because many unrelated organisms developed encasing tubes independently. Therefore, in addition to morphologic information, evidence derived from the microstructure of the organic wall and its biochemistry may be vital to resolving fossil origins and phylogenetic relationships. Here we present morphological, microstructural and biogeochemical studies onS. cambriensisusing various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, which provide new evidence that supports its siboglinid, annelidan affinity. The late Ediacaran age ofSabelliditesfossil constrains the minimum age of siboglinids and the timing of the divergence of including them annelids by fossil record and this could be tested using molecular clock estimates. The fine microstructure of the organic tube inSabelliditesis multi-layered and has discrete layers composed of differently orientated and perfectly shaped fibers embedded in an amorphous matrix. The highly ordered and specific pattern of fiber alignment (i.e., the texture of organic matter) is similar to that of representatives of the family Siboglinidae. The biogeochemistry of the organic matter that comprised the tube, which was inferred from its properties, composition, and microstructure, is consistent with chitin and proteins as in siboglinids.
Affinities and Taphonomy of a Cambrian Discoid from Guizhou, South China
Authors: Yang Xinglian , Zhao Yuanlong , Wu Weiyi , Sun Zongyuan , Zheng Haolin , Zhu Yajie
Published: April 2014

Disc-like fossils from siltstones of the Taozichong Formation (Cambrian) in the Qingzhen area, Guizhou, South China are reported here. They are similar to some Ediacaran and Phanerozoic discoidal fossils, and assigned to Tirasiana? disciformis? Palij, 1976. Based on the study of 43 specimens, dewatering or fluid escape structures, soft-sediment loading, scratch circles or other inorganic origins are ruled out, and the fossil is interpreted as a discoidal body fossil of unknown affinities rather than trace fossils. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping analyses reveal that the discoid fossils contain higher concentrations of C, Fe, and P than the surrounding matrix, indicating the possible presence of pyrite, apatite, and organic carbon as a result of authigenic mineralization in association with decay and early diagenetic processes. The possible presence of extracellular polymeric substance suggests that the discs were surrounded by thin microbial mats composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances, which facilitated their fossilization by promoting conditions that are favorable to secondary mineral precipitation. The new specimens provide useful information about the phylogenetic affinities of these early discoidal fossils and help us to better understand the taphonomic modes of non-biomineralizing organisms in Ediacara-type and Burgess Shale-type biotas.
Two Unusual Small Shelly Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Southeastern Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Moore John L. , Porter Susannah M. , Li Guoxiang
Published: April 2014

Phosphatized and phosphatic small shelly fossils are a major source of information concerning the evolution of animals during the early Cambrian. Although progress has been made in understanding some of these fossils, many remain enigmatic, both with regard to their phylogenetic affinities and the overall morphology of the animal from which isolated sclerites came. Two unusual fossils from the upper lower Cambrian (Qiongzhusian or Atdabanian) Xihaoping Member of the Dengying Formation from Xiaowan, Xixiang County, southeastern Shaanxi Province, China are described herein. The first of these is a cap-shaped fossil we describe asCambroskiadeion xiaowanensenew genus and species. On its concave surface it bears a spine, the base of which is covered with numerous hemispherical verruculae. The long spine indicates that this was a sclerite rather than a univalved shell, although it remains unclear from what sort of animal it came. Similar fossils have been hypothesized to be halkieriid valves; although the rarity of halkieriid sclerites in the present samples argues against this view, it is possible these fossils are part of a similar multi-element skeleton. The second fossil isAcidocharacus longiconusQin and Ding, 1988; it is known only from the Xihaoping Member and consists of a tall spine, often bearing barbs or bumps, attached to a rounded conical base. The base is covered with verruculae similar to those found onCambroskiadeion. The function of these elements, and whether they were internal or external, remains unknown.
When Life Got Smart: The Evolution of Behavioral Complexity Through the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian of NW Canada
Authors: Carbone Calla , Narbonne Guy M.
Published: April 2014

Ediacaran and early Cambrian strata in NW Canada contain abundant trace fossils that record the progressive development of complex behavior in early animal evolution. Five feeding groups can be recognized: microbial grazing, deposit-feeding, deposit-feeding/predatory, filter-feeding/predatory, and arthropod tracks and trails. The lower Blueflower Formation (ca. 560–550 Ma) contains abundant burrows that completely cover bedding surfaces with small (∼1 mm diameter) cylindrical burrows that were strictly restricted to microbial bedding surfaces and exhibited only primitive and inconsistent avoidance strategies. The upper Blueflower contains three-dimensional avoidance burrows and rare filter-feeding or possibly predatory burrows, suggesting increased behavioral responses in food gathering that marked the beginning of the agronomic revolution in substrate utilization. Cambrian strata of the Ingta Formation contain systematically meandering burrows and more diverse feeding strategies, including the onset of treptichnid probing burrows that may reflect predation. These observations imply that Ediacaran burrowers were largely characterized by crude, two-dimensional avoidance meanders that represented simple behavioral responses of individual burrowers to sensory information, and that the subsequent development of more diverse and complex feeding patterns with genetically programmed search pathways occurred during the earliest stages of the Cambrian explosion. These observations further imply that changes occurred in both the food source and substrate during the ecological transition from Proterozoic matgrounds to Phanerozoic mixgrounds.
Occurrence of the Enigmatic Bivalved FossilApistoconchain the Lower Cambrian of Southeast Shaanxi, North China Platform
Authors: Li Guoxiang , Zhang Zhifei , Hua Hong , Yang Huining
Published: April 2014

The early Cambrian calcareous skeletal fossilApistoconchaConway Morris is characterized by its two valves having posterior teeth and internal umbonal cavities. It has been reported from lower Cambrian Botomian-equivalent carbonate rocks in Australia, Mongolia, and Greenland. Here we report a new occurrence ofApistoconchain the lower Cambrian Xinji Formation of Luonan, southeast Shaanxi Province, North China Platform. Based on material (five ventral and four dorsal valves) from the Xinji Formation,Apistoconchacf.aphelesis systematically described and the taxonomic affinity ofApistoconchais discussed. The shell ofApistoconchapossesses an ‘antero-posterior’ plane of bilateral symmetry, and its two valves apparently articulated in life, although the tooth-like structures and pits show little resemblance to the teeth and sockets, respectively, of bivalved shells of rhynchonelliform brachiopods or pelecypods.Apistoconchacannot be assigned to the crown groups of either brachiopods or mollusks, even though functional morphological analysis indicates thatApistoconchamay be a ‘stem-group brachiopod’. UnlikeApistoconcha, the morphologically similarTianzhushanellaLiu is known only from a single type of valve lacking posterior teeth and pits.Tianzhushanellamay represent either a univalved animal or a bivalved animal, the other valve of which has not yet been identified. Even though bothApistoconchaandTianzhushanellamay represent stem-group brachiopods, they probably correspond to different stages of brachiopod evolution. Thus assignment ofApistoconchaandTianzhushanellato the same family (Tianzhushanellidae) may obscure their phylogenic implications.
Revised design criteria for stormwater facilities to meet pollution reduction and flow control requirements, also considering predicted climate effects
Authors: Larm T. , Alm H.
Published: April 2014

There is a need to revise existing design methods for stormwater pollutant treatment, flow transport and detention facilities. The aim is to increase the accuracy in predicting the performance compared with design only based upon areal and volumetric functions and to optimize design by considering more site-specific data, receiving water quality criteria and forecasted climate effects. During the latest years, flow proportional concentration data from in- and outlets from wet ponds and constructed wetlands, have been compiled. Furthermore, other kind of data from the specific facilities have been compiled, such as areas, volumes, proportion of vegetation, outlet design details and length:width ratio. The parameters are used to revise design methods and are implemented in the operative stormwater and recipient software model StormTac. Design criteria and parameters for calculating design flow and sizing required detention volume are also presented. The climate effects on some of the studied parameters, e.g. design flow and inlet concentration, are discussed. The paper presents the climate factor based upon the hypothesis that it is a function of the design rain duration and reoccurrence time.
Lessons learned during startup, testing and optimization of membrane bioreactors systems for enhanced nutrient removal
Authors: Maillard V. M. , Perri K. L. , VerNooy J. M. , Young T. A.
Published: April 2014

Membrane bioreactors are known for producing high quality effluent from wastewater treatment facilities in order to meet stringent regulatory requirements (Fleischer et al. 2005), accommodate growth (Vadiveloo & Cisterna 2008), provide opportunities for water reuse (Schmidt et al. 2011), and achieve other operational goals for various municipalities, utilities and industries (Cummings & Frenkel 2008). The process of testing, starting up and optimizing an MBR process for enhanced nutrient removal at the end of a construction project is often overlooked. Even a well-designed MBR can fail to meet expectations if the system is not properly configured during the startup phase, making this a critical step in any successful implementation of membrane technology. The startup phase of two municipal MBR plants were compared to demonstrate the importance of various strategies for initial process optimization, with a focus on lessons learned, techniques and performance expectations that can be applied to future projects.
Heavy metals in groundwater from the Wolonghu coal mine, northern Anhui Province, China and their hydrological implications
Authors: Sun Linhua , Gui Herong , Peng Weihua
Published: April 2014

Groundwater is important for either resource usage or safety of coal mining in north China. In this study, concentrations of eight kinds of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe and Mn) in groundwater from three deep aquifers in the Wolonghu coal mine, northern Anhui Province, China have been analyzed for water quality assessment and water source identification. The results suggest that the groundwater have different concentrations of heavy metals among aquifers, which might be the results of different occurrence forms of heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr were adsorbed by iron hydroxides) and different kinds of water rock interactions (e.g. Mn and Zn originated from carbonate rocks). In comparison with the groundwater quality standard of China and WHO, most of them cannot be used for drinking directly but must be treated before drinking, especially the Pb, Cd and Fe contents. Moreover, hydraulic connection between aquifers has been identified by plots of factor scores and cluster analysis, which is similar to the results obtained by previous studies. Moreover, discriminant analysis demonstrated that heavy metals can be used for identification the source of inrush water in coal mines.
The Impact of Lookup Tables on Use Tax Reporting
Authors: Fleming Damon M. , Gill Steve L.
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the anchoring effects that estimates of use tax provided by the state in the form of a “lookup table” have on use tax reporting. Results indicate taxpayers presented with a lookup table are significantly less likely to simply anchor on and report $0 for the amount of use tax due—currently the most commonly reported use tax amount. In addition, significantly more use tax was reported when an aggressive lookup table value (i.e., higher use tax estimate) was provided compared to a conservative lookup table value (i.e., lower use tax estimate) or when no table was available. By contrast, significantly less use tax was reported when a conservative lookup table value was provided compared to when no table was available. Finally, results indicate the anchoring effect of an aggressive lookup table value was magnified when taxpayers had greater uncertainty about the possible amounts of use tax due.
Antibiotic susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from Czech swine farms: a 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Prášek Josef , Šperling Daniel , Lobová Dana , Smola Jiří , Čížek Alois
Published: April 2014

Brachyspira hyodysenteriaeis the causative agent of swine dysentery. Loss of clinical efficacy of some antimicrobial agents authorized for treating swine dysentery was observed on certain Czech pig farms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity of six antibiotics using a set of 202 randomly selectedB. hyodysenteriaeisolates obtained from farms in the Czech Republic between years 1997 and 2006. Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics tylosin, lincomycin, tylvalosin, chlortetracyclin, tiamulin and valnemulin were tested, using an agar dilution method. All antibiotics tested showed an increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations. Continual decrease in susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriaeisolates to tiamulin and valnemulin was observed. MultiresistantB. hyodysenteriaewere isolated more frequently in the past years. Only a careful use of antibiotics can ensure their efficacy, especially in case of pleuromutilins, in the strategic therapy of swine dysentery. This rare study demonstrates the minimal inhibitory concentration changes of selected antidysenterics among Czech isolates ofBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeduring a ten-year period.
Effect of storage conditions on the biogenic amine content in wild boar meat
Authors: Hutařová Zdeňka , Bořilová Gabriela , Svobodová Irena , Večerek Vladimír , Forejtek Pavel , Hulánková Radka , Maršálek Petr
Published: April 2014

Hygienic quality of game meat depends on many factors during and after hunting. Freshness of meat is connected with the concentration of biogenic amines which is related to meat spoilage. The aim of this study was to assess changes in concentration of biogenic amines in raw meat of wild boar (n = 20, mean age 1–2 years) during storage at different temperatures. Carcases of wild boars hunted in winter 2012 in hunting districts of south Moravia were stored unskinned during 21 days at various temperatures (0, 7 and 15 °C). Concentrations of biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, tryptamine, phenylethylamine, histamine, spermine and spermidine) were determined in the shoulder and leg muscles by high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Good hygienic quality was maintained when wild boar carcasses were stored for a maximum of 14 days at 0 °C (content of biogenic amines in 3 meat samples exceed the limit of 5 mg/kg on day 21 of storage) or a maximum of 7 days at 7 °C (content of biogenic amines in 4 meat samples exceed the limit of 5 mg/kg on day 14 of storage). The temperature of 15 °C should be considered as unsuitable storage temperature if good hygienic quality of game meat during storage is to be guaranteed (content of biogenic amines in 2 meat samples exceed the limit of 5 mg/kg already on day 7 of storage). The study brings new information about the biogenic amine content and its changes in wild boar meat during the storage period of 21 days.
Administrative penalties in the Rechtsstaat: On the emergence of the Ordnungswidrigkeit sanctioning system in post-war Germany
Authors: Ohana Daniel
Published: April 2014

The tendency to resort to administrative penalties in the wake of the expansion of the regulatory state has generally been ascribed to the need to lessen judicial workload and streamline procedures so as to induce compliance through speedy enforcement. This article, however, articulates the historical singularity of the German experience with administrative penalties in the decades following World War II. Specifically, it draws attention to the manifold links between the major statutory developments through which the Ordnungswidrigkeit sanctioning system took shape and the larger economic, political, and social changes whereby the Federal Republic of Germany acted to break with its Nazi past and secure its foundations as a sovereign, democratic Rechtsstaat.
The history of craniotomy for headache treatment
Authors: Assina Rachid , Sarris Christina E. , Mammis Antonios
Published: April 2014

Both the history of headache and the practice of craniotomy can be traced to antiquity. From ancient times through the present day, numerous civilizations and scholars have performed craniotomy in attempts to treat headache. Today, surgical intervention for headache management is becoming increasingly more common due to improved technology and greater understanding of headache. By tracing the evolution of the understanding of headache alongside the practice of craniotomy, investigators can better evaluate the mechanisms of headache and the therapeutic treatments used today.