bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anormalidad y Cultura Psiquiátrica: una indagación a partir de la Revista de Psiquiatría y Disciplinas Conexas, Chile, 1935-1957
Authors: León Marco Antonio
Published: July 2021

RESUMEN A partir del estudio de la Revista de Psiquiatría y Disciplinas Conexas, publicación especializada y con más de veinte años de continuidad (1935-1957) en Chile, se examina la relación entre la categoría de anormalidad y la manera como fue asumida y representada por las páginas de este medio académico. Desde la perspectiva del construccionismo y el análisis de contenido, se revisa su perfil editorial, su vinculación con el contexto de época, el papel asignado a los psiquiatras y la manera cómo dicha revista reprodujo y transmitió identidades estereotipadas.
Visual attention of experts and novices to a critical industrial maintenance task
Authors: Souza Marinilda Lima , Pereira-Guizzo Camila de Sousa , Santos Alex Álisson Bandeira , León-Rubio José Maria
Published: July 2021

Abstract: In the industrial maintenance field, critical tasks are activities that can endanger operating processes and cause serious accidents if not performed correctly. These tasks are typically performed by professionals with a considerable level of knowledge and rely on prescribed procedures that flag the task, drawing the attention of task performers. Given the importance of reviewing work procedures and monitoring tasks for human error prevention, this study analyzed similarities and differences in the visual attention of expert and novice task performers while following procedures with and without flagging of a critical task. The study included 48 maintenance professionals, divided into two groups of performers: experts and novices. For attention analysis, eye-tracking technology was used to monitor their observation during the work procedure, recording data on time to first fixation, total fixation time and number of visits. The results indicate that in the procedure without flagging of the critical task, the numbers of fixations on and visits to the stages of the task were higher in the novice than in the expert group. In the flagged procedure, the visual attention of experts and novices was similar when considering all stages of the task. In conclusion, the tasks must be revised between the two groups, and the flagged procedure can be used as a guide for work monitoring, helping experts or novices to more easily select relevant information.
OCORRÊNCIA DE GONIPTERUS SCUTELLATUS GYLLENHAL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EM PLANTAÇÕES DE EUCALIPTO NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO
Authors: Wilcken C.F. , Oliveira N.C. de , Sartório R.C. , Loureiro E.B. , Bezerra Junior N. , Rosado Neto G.H.
Published: July 2021

RESUMO O gorgulho do eucalipto Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal foi encontrado no Estado do Espírito Santo atacando plantações clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis (híbrido “urograndis”). Essa espécie de gorgulho é conhecida no Brasil desde 1979, tendo sua distribuição geográfica restrita aos estados da região Sul e São Paulo. A introdução do inseto no Estado do Espírito Santo foi provavelmente acidental e sua ocorrência tem se limitado à região central do Estado. Nos levantamentos de campo não foi detectado o parasitóide de ovos Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), que é o principal inimigo natural do gorgulho do eucalipto.
AVALIAÇÃO DE UM TREINAMENTO EM FORMAÇÃO CLÍNICA PARA AIDS EM CENTROS NACIONAIS DE REFERÊNCIA
Authors: Rodrigues Jr. José Florêncio
Published: July 2021

Resumo: Por iniciativa da Divisão Nacional de DST/AIDS (DIN DST/AIDS), procedeu-se a uma avaliação dos treinamentos na área clínica de SIDA/AIDS realizados pelos Centros de Referência Emílio Ribas (ER). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) e Gaffrèe & Guinle (G&G). A avaliação pautou-se pelas diretrizes expressas pela DIN DST/AIDS e tomou como parâmetro o modelo avaliativo de Stufflebeam. No modelo distinguem-se quatro componentes a serem avaliados, ou seja, Contexto, Insumos, Processo e Produto. O presente relatório estrutura-se sobre estes componentes. Os procedimentos empregados na avaliação foram de três tipos: (a) entrevistas com responsáveis pelos Centros, (b) observações in loco pelo avaliador e (c) três instrumentos de resposta escrita, a saber, o Teste sobre Aspectos Clínicos de SIDA/AIDS, a Avaliação de Habilidade Interpessoais e a Avaliação de Curso. Os valores derivados das respostas dos treinamentos dos três Centros no Teste sobre Aspectos Clínicos ele SIDA/AIDS não evidenciaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, tomando-se como base o método de Kruskal-Wallis. Entretanto, o exame de dados particular es revelou tanto aspectos fortes como aspectos a serem melhorados em cada um dos três Centros.
UM VELHO DILEMA? CIVILIZAÇÃO E CULTURA EM HENRI-ALEXANDRE JUNOD
Authors: Macagno Lorenzo
Published: July 2021

Resumo O artigo explora a trajetória do etnógrafo-missionário Henri-Alexandre Junod (1863-1934). Além de ter vivido e trabalhado na África do Sul, Junod viveu durante muitos anos em Moçambique. Nos dias de hoje, um dos sintomas contemporâneos do seu legado aparece no denominado debate multicultural, em que a tensão entre civilização e cultura se manifesta mediante duas demandas aparentemente opostas: uma universalista (a da integração social), outra relativista (a do reconhecimento cultural). Atualmente, as políticas de educação bilíngue, os processos de construção de uma sociedade multiétnica e os dilemas identitários nacionais do Moçambique "pós-socialista", não podem ser entendidos sem uma sistemática e renovada reflexão sobre o seu trabalho.
EMBEDDEDNESS AND DISEMBEDDEDNESS IN ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY IN THREE TIME PERIODS
Authors: Monteiro Cristiano , Lima Raphael
Published: July 2021

Abstract The article sets out to demonstrate the continuing relevance of the concept of embeddedness in economic sociology, juxtaposing it with the question of disembeddedness through an analysis of three time periods. In the first period, the interpretation of the concept introduced by Karl Polanyi was marked by the notion of “social construction of the economy.” In the second period, the debate focused on criticizing the liberalizing agenda of the Washington Consensus, suggesting that its negative effects on economic development and social solidarity would force the state to retake control of the economy, re-embedding it. The third period acknowledges the specificity of the market economy through an analysis of neoliberalism as a political-institutional arrangement and a moral-normative system that produces “embeddedness on disembeddedness.” The article also discusses the re-establishment of social solidarity in an increasingly disembedded economy.
The unfinished development of the frontier: a Karl Polanyi reading of the conflict between the forestry industry, Mapuche communities and the Chilean State
Authors: Undurraga Tomás , Márquez Felipe
Published: July 2021

Resumo O artigo explora conflitos entre a indústria florestal, as comunidades Mapuche e o Estado chileno à luz da leitura de Polanyi sobre a expansão capitalista. Oferece análise histórico-institucional das maneiras pelas quais o Estado chileno usou a florestação para domar uma fronteira selvagem e os povos nativos que ali vivem. Argumenta que o aumento da violência nessa zona responde à crescente militarização do Estado na área e reflete o contramovimento de proteção social iniciado pelo povo Mapuche - contra uma indústria florestal de livre mercado que transformou a paisagem, limitando o acesso dos Mapuche a terras e florestas, e contra um processo de modernização liderado pelo Estado chileno que corroeu as instituições tradicionais dos Mapuche e lhes ofereceu integração em termos desiguais, como “campesinos pobres”.
SOCIETY AGAINST MARKETS. THE COMMODIFICATION OF MONEY AND THE REPUDIATION OF DEBT
Authors: González-López Felipe
Published: July 2021

Abstract From anti-debt movements in Mexico, Spain, Poland, Croatia, and Chile to the Occupy movements in the United States, Israel and Canada, organizations repudiating both debt and the centrality of financial markets have proliferated worldwide. In this article, I draw on Polanyi’s work in order to frame the financialization of society and different forms of debt repudiation as a double movement, characterized as a second wave of the commodification of money and the attempts by society to protect itself from the advancement of finance. Relying on a secondary literature and my own ethnographic research on debtors’ movements, I explore the commonalities and differences between diverse forms of repudiating debt through collective action at both national and international level.
Sexualidad, género y percepción del riesgo a la infección por VIH en mujeres indígenas de México
Authors: Juárez-Moreno Mariana , López-Pérez Oresta , Raesfeld Lydia Josefa , Durán-González Rosa Elena
Published: July 2021

Resumen La presente investigación pretende conocer las prácticas en torno a la sexualidad y el género de las mujeres indígenas, sus conocimientos y percepción de riesgo a la infección por VIH. Para ello, se realizó una investigación descriptiva exploratoria, con método cualitativo, en la cual se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a mujeres indígenas de comunidades rurales en México. Los resultados muestran que los estereotipos de género marcan diferencias sustanciales entre hombres y mujeres. Los cambios tecnológicos y la migración han originado cambios en el acceso a la información y en las dinámicas familiares. A las mujeres se les da más información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva en el ámbito público, pero esto no se refleja en el ámbito privado, en que les resulta difícil hablar estos temas con sus familiares, principalmente su pareja, lo cual impide que tengan control sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva. Existe un desconocimiento sobre el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual; la mayoría de las mujeres no se percibe en riesgo de infección, y a nivel comunitario se segrega a las personas con VIH. Es necesario diseñar, en colaboración con ellas, intervenciones con un enfoque intercultural y con perspectiva de género.
Um balanço do conceito de capital cultural: contribuições para a pesquisa em educação
Authors: Piotto Débora C. , Nogueira Maria Alice , Draelants Hugues , Ballatore Magali
Published: July 2021

Resumo O texto apresenta o artigo “Capital cultural e reprodução escolar: uma revisão crítica”, de autoria de Hugues Draelants e Magali Ballatore, professores da Universidade Católica de Louvain, na Bélgica, traduzido pelas autoras. Seu objetivo é explicitar os motivos pelos quais consideramos importante sua difusão no meio educacional brasileiro. O artigo realiza um balanço crítico da contribuição do conceito de capital cultural, com a finalidade de avaliar sua pertinência para a compreensão dos processos contemporâneos de reprodução social por meio da educação escolar. Para isso, seus autores propõem uma discussão sobre a definição do conceito de capital cultural e sobre sua rentabilidade escolar atual. Eles discutem, também, a importância crescente de outros tipos de capital, como o econômico e o social e colocam em relevo a questão de sua conversão em capital cultural. Considerando que tão importante quanto as conclusões às quais Draelants e Ballatore chegaram foi o caminho percorrido até elas, o texto traz alguns destaques do artigo, na intenção não de resumir ou simplificar a riqueza da discussão empreendida, mas, antes, de fazer um convite à sua leitura.
Filosofia nas Orientações Curriculares para o Ensino Médio e no Enem: lacunas temporais e conceituais
Authors: Macedo Ester Pereira Neves de
Published: July 2021

Resumo Este artigo analisa a adesão dos itens de filosofia do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) às Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (Ocem), de 2006, como um estudo de caso da relação entre referencial curricular e avaliação em larga escala, usando como referencial teórico o ciclo de políticas de Stephen Ball e Richard Bowe (BALL; BOWE, 1992; BOWE, BALL; GOLD, 1992; MAINARDES, 2006). Este estudo torna-se particularmente relevante dada, por um lado, a intermitência da filosofia nessa etapa de ensino, e, por outro, a iminente reformulação do exame, a partir da publicação da Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Por meio dessa análise, reforça-se a tese de que a operacionalização dos documentos curriculares no exame não é automática, nem garantida. Ao analisar as Ocem como parte de uma rede de políticas educacionais para o ensino médio, da qual o Enem e a nova BNCC também são parte, este artigo visa contribuir para o fortalecimento da filosofia no ensino médio, ao destacar pontos de continuidade e pontos de tensão entre nodos anteriores desta rede. Este estudo é dividido em três partes: 1) um panorama quantitativo da cobertura dos conteúdos de filosofia das Ocem ao longo dos vinte anos do Enem, pontuando lacunas que ainda persistem; 2) apresentação de alguns fatores que explicam essas lacunas, em particular as diferenças nas origens e objetivos de cada um desses instrumentos; 3) análise qualitativa de como as diferenças conceituais entre as Ocem e o Enem se manifestam nas temáticas de filosofia abordadas na prova ao longo dos anos. Como conclusão, apresentam-se alguns pontos de reflexão acerca da perspectiva para a filosofia no exame nesse novo horizonte pós-BNCC.
As marcas de cor/raça no ensino médio e seus efeitos na educação superior brasileira
Authors: Artes Amélia , Unbehaum Sandra
Published: July 2021

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um crescimento da participação de estudantes negros no ensino superior no Brasil, apontando uma mudança no perfil étnico-racial. Esse novo cenário é resultado da pressão dos movimentos sociais negros com a conquista de diferentes políticas de inclusão por meio de cotas, iniciadas nos anos de 1990 e fortalecidas nos anos 2000. Apesar das iniciativas, a participação de negros em comparação com o total da população é ainda distante da desejada. Para compreender essa realidade, é necessário trazer à discussão informações quantitativas para caracterização do percurso dos jovens no ensino médio e das marcas das diferenciações das escolas frequentadas por brancos e negros. Para complementar as análises de pertença racial, faz-se necessário trazer outros marcadores sociais, como sexo e condição social. Trabalha-se assim com a interseccionalidade e a constituição de quatro grupos de análise: homens brancos, mulheres brancas, homens negros e mulheres negras. Como contribuição, este artigo apresenta dados disponibilizadas pelo IBGE, por meio dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, como evidências das mudanças observadas nas instituições de ensino superior no Brasil quanto à diversidade étnico-racial. Esses dados dimensionam os desafios ainda presentes e que precisam ser enfrentados visando a uma educação de qualidade para todos.
Vergence fusion sustaining oscillations
Authors: Semmlow John L. , Yaramothu Chang , Scheiman Mitchell , Alvarez Tara
Published: July 2021

Introduction:  Previous studies have shown that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component of disparity vergence contains oscillatory behavior.  Given the delays in disparity vergence control, a feedback control system would be expected to exhibit oscillations following the initial transient period.  This study extends the examination of this behavior to a wider range of frequencies and a larger number of subjects. 
Methods:  Disparity vergence responses to symmetrical 4.0 deg step changes in target position were recorded in 15 subjects. Approximately three seconds of the late component of each response were isolated using interactive graphics and the frequency spectrum calculated.  Peaks in these spectra associated with oscillatory behavior were identified and examined. 
Results: All subjects exhibited oscillatory behavior with primary frequencies ranging between 0.45 and 0.6 Hz; much lower than those identified in the earlier study.  All responses showed significant higher frequency components.  These higher frequency components were related in both frequency and amplitude with the primary frequency indicating that they are harmonics probably generated by nonlinearities in the neural control processes. A correlation was found across subjects between the amplitude of the primary frequency and the maximum velocity of the fusion initialing component probably due the gain of shared neural pathways.
Conclusion:  Low frequency oscillatory behavior was found in all subjects adding support that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component is mediated by a feedback control. Data have clinical implications in that dysfunction in feedback control may manifest as additional vergence error which may be reflected in the frequency spectrum.
Inteligencia artificial para la toma de decisiones
Authors: Zapata Cortés Julián Andrés
Published: July 2021

Los administradores y gerentes deben enfrentar procesos complejos de toma de decisiones con el fin de obtener resultados positivos en el entorno.Procesos caracterizados por la alta competencia empresarial, volatilidad de mercados y ambientes cambiantes; estos —en muchos casos— implican un alto número de variables, información, alternativas de decisión y velocidad de respuesta que hacen que tomar una decisión acertada se vuelva casi imposible sin el uso de técnicas o herramientas que les ayude en esta labor.Los procesos de toma de decisión muchas veces se realizan con base en experiencias, conocimientos, vivencias y anécdotas entre otras situaciones de la vida que se han encargado de forjar el criterio decisivo del tomador de decisiones; y aunque estos elementos son fundamentales para un correcto proceso decisivo también son un arma de doble filo al poder sesgar las decisiones hacia el mismo tipo de soluciones, lo que impide florecer nuevas opciones que puedan generar mejores resultados. En este sentido es posible que las decisiones que se basan únicamente en experiencias y en juicios de los tomadores de decisiones, produzcan siempre las mismas respuestas y de esta manera las mismas soluciones a los problemas (Zapata Cortés, Arango Serna and Moreno Martínez, 2012).
Testing for Causality among CDS, Interest, and Exchange Rates: New Evidence from the Granger Coherence Analysis
Authors: GÖK Remzi , KARA Erkan
Published: July 2021

We study the relationship between weekly and monthly observations of CDS, interest, and exchange rates (USDTRY) during 2005-2020 in Turkey. The findings suggest a positive relationship between the variables. The bivariate Granger Coherence approach indicates that the dynamic causal and reverse causal interactions mainly intensify in the short- and intermediate-term. Using a bootstrap time-varying causality approach with a fixed size of 37 weeks, the casual linkages are strong but not homogenous in both non-crisis and crisis periods. There is also a unidirectional causality running from interest rates to foreign exchange rates during the period of COVID-19, yielding important implications for investors and policymakers.
A Study of Tactics of Cultivating Senior High Students’ Critical Thinking Skills of English Writing Based on the Production-oriented Approach
Authors: Liu Xinzhu
Published: July 2021

As an embodiment of the comprehensive language competence, writing is also an effective way of promoting students’ critical thinking ability, and the writing process involves not only language usage but critical analysis as well. In traditional English classes, however, the cultivation of critical thinking skills is sometimes overlooked and the teaching of English writing pays more attention to the usage of grammar or lexical knowledge, in other words. A lot of students just write for high scores by applying flowery language without logicality or internal essay structure, and writing teaching is always one of the difficulties in English classes. In this case, in order to enhance senior high school students’ English writing ability, arouse their English writing interests and train their critical thinking skills in the meantime, in this paper, the author sets the production-oriented approach as the theoretical basis, applying it to English writing classes and discussing feasible teaching strategies from three aspects: preparation for English writing production, process of English writing production and assessment of English writing production, aiming at providing a guidance or some new ideas for English writing teaching in Chinese senior high schools.
A Study on the Relationship Between Reflective-impulsive Cognitive Styles and Oral Proficiency of EFL Learners
Authors: Chen Can
Published: July 2021

With the focus of language teaching from teachers to students, the personal factors of language learners have become the focus of research. In 1964, Kagan and his colleagues proposed a reflective-impulsive cognitive style(R-I), a pair of opposing cognitive style that can be measured by Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). Kagan believes that in dealing with cognitive tasks, holding a slow but accurate style is a reflective cognitive style, and holding a fast but inaccurate style is impulsive cognitive style. What’s more, different cognitive styles of learners affect language learning. For English learners, oral English is connected with the output of language, and students' oral ability is an important part of pragmatic competence. The researcher uses MFFT20, combined with observation, interview, oral test to evaluate the oral performance and ability of 80 high school students in a middle school in Chongqing. By analyzing the correlation between the reflective-impulsive cognitive styles and oral English ability, the following results are obtained. First, reflective cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style account for the same proportion of students. And reflective-impulsive cognitive style affects the oral ability of English learners. Second, students with different cognitive styles have great differences in oral performance. Third, generally speaking, English learners with reflective cognitive style perform better in oral accuracy than English students with impulsive cognitive style, while English learners with impulsive cognitive style perform better in oral fluency than students with reflective style.
Violaciones graves a derechos humanos de comunidades LGBTI en el conflicto armado interno colombiano como crimen de lesa humanidad
Authors: Martínez Martínez Gloria Cristina , Sánchez Tamayo Robinson , Ibarra Padilla Adelaida María
Published: July 2021

Las personas LGBTI son víctimas de diferentes tipos de violencia que pueden constituir delitos ordinarios, crímenes de prejuicio y crímenes de lesa humanidad. El propósito de este artículo es analizar las debilidades y fortalezas del marco normativo de investigación y juzgamiento de las violencias contra este tipo de población cometidas en el conflicto armado interno en Colombia, según las anteriores categorías. Se recurre al método dogmático jurídico con revisión doctrinal y análisis documental. El estudio concluye que formas de violencia contra personas LGBTI como asesinato, violencia sexual, tortura, desplazamiento y desaparición forzada en el conflicto armado deben investigarse y sancionarse como crímenes de lesa humanidad, a pesar de que tal tipificación no esté contemplada en el derecho penal doméstico.
Hacia una participación ciudadana transformadora en Colombia. Análisis de los Programas de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial (PDET)
Authors: Ramírez Sarmiento Diana María
Published: July 2021

Los Programas de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial (PDET) fueron planteados en el acuerdo de paz firmado entre el Gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP en 2016 como ejes del cambio social, económico y político en el posconflicto. Sin embargo, su potencial transformador no se ha materializado de manera integral. Este artículo analiza la implementación de los PDET entre 2018 y 2020 a la luz del concepto de participación transformadora. A partir de la revisión de documentos gubernamentales, informes de seguimiento y datos publicados por la Agencia de Renovación del Territorio, se encuentra que los PDET no se han constituido plenamente como mecanismos de participación transformadora, pues se han enfrentado a tres grandes obstáculos: falencias en su diseño metodológico, falta de voluntad política del Gobierno nacional e implementación limitada que hasta el momento no ha priorizado las reformas estructurales requeridas en los territorios.
Participación de personas con discapacidad en la vida política. Un análisis de contenido de la literatura reciente (1997-2019)
Authors: Guzmán Rincón Andrés Mauricio , Caballero Pérez Adriana
Published: July 2021

The right of persons with disabilities to vote is well-codified in international human rights law. Disability scholars, however, argue that persons with disabilities are frequently denied the right to vote. What are the recurrent concepts used by disability scholars to discuss this issue? From a content literature review, four main concepts are regularly used by authors to elaborate on voting rights in the context of disability: “political participation,” “barriers,” “electoral practices” that support or constraint the full and effective exercise of the right to vote, and “electoral-assistive devices” as technology solutions to assist voters with disabilities. Discussing all these concepts is uncommon in other literature reviews. Findings illustrate that an abundance of publications focuses on political participation of persons with intellectual or mental impairments. Such publications tend to concentrate only on statutory barriers. Less prevalent is academic literature regarding persons with other impairments, as well as procedural barriers. Even more sparse are publications elaborating on social practices. Similarly, assistive technology is not often discussed as a tool for the facilitation of the right to vote of persons with disabilities.
Implementing Peer Tutoring for the Development of Empathy in Nursing Education
Authors: Durán Gisbert David , Vázquez Rivas Anabel
Published: July 2021

Objective. This research sets out the effects of a training method based on peer tutoring, aimed at developing empathy among nursing students at the University of Barcelona (Spain).

Methods. After initial training, students are matched in pairs with similar level of empathy, exchanging the role of tutor and tutee in every session, during 12 sessions. Before the session, the tutor prepares the activities to work with his or her tutee, following this structure: exploration of prior knowledge, explanation, practical activities, feedback, and reflection. Jefferson Scale of Empathy was administered as pre-test and post-test to 76 nursing students, 40 in the intervention group, and 36 in the comparison group. Following a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, a quantitative study (a quasi-experimental design with a comparison group) was combined with a qualitative study (interaction analysis of the 12 videotaped sessions).

Results. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in empathy in the intervention group. Subsequent analysis of the peer tutoring interaction highlighted the specific actions that had resulted in these improvements and generated a context in which the tutee was able to understand complex concepts, while enabling both students to participate, reflect and discuss.

Conclusion. Peer tutoring is an effective method for the development of empathy in nursing students.
Quality of Professional Life and Burnout of the Nursing Staff at an Intensive Care Unit in Venezuela
Authors: Quijada-Martínez Pedro José , Cedeño-Idrogo Irmarys Rosangel , Terán-Ángel Guillermo
Published: July 2021

Objective. To determine the relationship between the level of quality of professional life and the characteristics of the burnout syndrome of the nursing staff in the intensive care unit.

Methods. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in the intensive care unit of a public hospital in Mérida (Venezuela), with the participation of 40 nurses from a total population of 43. The Professional Quality ofLife of 35 items (QoPL-35) and Maslach Burnout Inventory scales were used.

Results. Of the participants, 67.5% were professionals and 32.5% were residents, < 41 years of age (75%) and of female sex (90%). The professional quality of life was regular (median = 213), the intrinsic motivation dimension was the best scored (median = 76), followed by that of workload (median = 68) and that of directive support (median = 65). The prevalence of high burnout syndrome was 22.5%; emotional exhaustion affected 75.5% of the participants and 37.5% had low personal achievement. The level of professional quality of life was related with the severity of the burnout syndrome (p=0.04).

Conclusion. The professional quality of life of the nurses in the ICU studied was regular and is associated with a higher risk of suffering severe burnout syndrome.
Effectiveness of application of a manual for improvement of alarms management by nurses in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Yousefinya Amirhossein , Torabizadeh Camellia , Zand Farid , Rakhshan Mahnaz , Fararooei Mohammad
Published: July 2021

Objective. To evaluate the effects of application of a manual on the improvement of alarms management in Intensive Care Units (ICU).

Methods. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the effectiveness of the introduction into of a manual for alarm management and control in the ICU of a hospital in southeastern Iran. The intervention was a 4-hour workshop was on topics related to the adverse effects of alarms, standardization of ECG, oxygen saturation and blood pressure monitoring systems, and the use of ventilators and infusion pumps. Data were collected thorough 200 hours of observation of 60 ICU nurses (100 hours’ pre-intervention and 100 hours’ post-intervention). Response time, type of response, customization of alarm settings for each patient, the person responding to an alarm, and the cause of the alarm were analyzed. Alarms were classified into three types: false, true and technical.

Results. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-intervention frequency of alarm types, frequency of monitoring parameters, customized monitoring settings for patients, and individuals who responded to alarms. The percentage of effective interventions was significantly higher for all parameters after the intervention (46.9%) than before the intervention (38.9%).

Conclusion. The employment of a manual for management of alarms from electronic equipment in ICUs can increase the frequency of appropriate responses to alarms in these units.
The Cultural Philosophy of the Forest in the Eponymous Play by A.N. Ostrovsky
Authors: Edoshina I.A.
Published: July 2021

For the first time, “The Forest” by A. N. Ostrovsky is analyzed in the terms of cultural philosophy, which determines its relevance. The problem in question is investigated using a number of methods, the most significant being the analytical, historical-cultural method using a general cultural-philosophical approach to understanding the essence and semantic field of the phenomenon of “forest”. On the basis of the articles by A.A. Grigoriev, the author outlines the worldview of the playwright, defined as the organic development of community life. The main meaning and semantic field of such a natural and cultural phenomenon as “forest” are considered, and the most significant examples relevant to the given problem, drawn from ancient, Italian and folk cultures, as well as testimonies from the playwright’s contemporaries, are brought forward. The choice of examples is explained by A. N. Ostrovsky’s knowledge of foreign languages, which allowed him, among other things, to be engaged in translation activities, and also to study authors writing about folk culture. All that was reflected in the language and plots of his plays. The article presents a detailed analysis of “The Forest” and reveals all the semantic shades in the use of the word “forest”, their functions in the description of the characters and the development of the plot. The philosophical and socio-cultural meanings of the “forest” as a phenomenon of Russian life are clarified. Special attention is paid to the symbolist tendencies in the play, which fit into the general pursuit of time, not only in the life of the playwright, but also later. The methodological basis of the author’s reflections is ontologism, meaning here the reality of the hidden essences of being in their objective expression. On this basis, the cultural-philosophical approach to A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Forest” allowed to reveal all the meanings of the word “forest”, to structure these meanings, to determine their place in the development of the plot and to show their role in the formation of the characters’ personalities. In addition, it was the cultural-philosophical approach to the “forest” phenomenon that allowed to see the hidden symbolism of the play, which makes “The Forest” by A. N. Ostrovsky an object of the research on the late XIXth century.
The Impact of Input Rules and Ballot Options on Voting Error: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Maloy J. S. , Ward Matthew
Published: July 2021

When election reforms such as Ranked Choice Voting or the Alternative Vote are proposed to replace plurality voting, they offer lengthier instructions, more opportunities for political expression, and more opportunities for mistakes on the ballot. Observational studies of voting error rely on ecological inference from geographically aggregated data. Here we use an experimental approach instead, to examine the effect of two different ballot conditions at the individual level of analysis: the input rules that the voter must use and the number of ballot options presented for the voter’s choice. This experiment randomly assigned three different input rules (single-mark, ranking, and grading) and two different candidate lists (with six and eight candidates) to over 6,000 online respondents in the USA, during the American presidential primary elections in 2020, simulating a single-winner presidential election. With more expressive input rules (ranking and grading), the distinction between minor mistakes and totally invalid votes—a distinction inapplicable to single‐mark ballots (1MB) voting—assumes new importance. Regression analysis indicates that more complicated input rules and more candidates on the ballot did not raise the probability that a voter would cast a void (uncountable) vote, despite raising the probability of at least one violation of voting instructions.
Steering as Path Creation: Leadership and the Art of Managing Dependencies and Reality Effects
Authors: Van Assche Kristof , Duineveld Martijn , Gruezmacher Monica , Beunen Raoul
Published: July 2021

We develop a perspective on steering in governance which understands steering as intended path creation. Inspired by evolutionary governance theory, critical management studies and social systems theory, we argue that steering is shaped and limited by co-evolutions, disallowing for any formulaic approach. In order to illuminate the space for steering in governance, we analyze the interplay between different dependencies. Those dependencies are not just obstacles to path creation, they can also be pointers and assets. The steering discussion is further complicated by always unique sets of couplings between a governance system and its environment. After introducing the ideas of reality effects and governance strategy, we further develop our concept of steering and present it as the management of dependencies (in governance) and reality effects (outside governance) towards path creation. This management is ideally strategic in nature and requires leadership in a new role.
Economic Transitions in South Africa’s Secondary Cities: Governing Mine Closures
Authors: Marais Lochner , Nel Verna , Rani Kholisa , Van Rooyen Deidré , Sesele Kentse , Van der Watt Phia , Du Plessis Lyndon
Published: July 2021

Many South African secondary cities depend on a single economic sector, often mining or manufacturing. This makes them vulnerable to economic change and national decision-making. We describe change in three secondary cities—Emalahleni, Matjhabeng and Newcastle—all at different phases of economic transition due to imminent mine closure. We investigate the way local governance and planning are dealing with the change. We draw on concepts from institutional economics and evolutionary governance theory, material from strategic planning documents, and approximately 50 key informant interviews. We show how difficult it is to steer economic planning during economic transitions, and we demonstrate how both economic change and governance are path-dependent. Path dependency in South Africa’s mining towns has several causes: the colonial influence, which emphasised extraction and neglected beneficiation; the dominance of a single sector; the long-term problems created by mining; and the lack of the skills needed to bring about economic change. The local governments’ continuing reliance on the New Public Management paradigm, which focuses on steering as opposed to building networks, compounds the problem, along with poor governance, inadequate local capacity and inappropriate intergovernmental relations. Of the three towns, only Newcastle has shown signs of taking a new path.
Editor’s Introduction: The Promise and Peril of Ranked Choice Voting
Authors: Tolbert Caroline J. , Kuznetsova Daria
Published: July 2021

Dissatisfaction with two-party politics is at an all-time high in the US. As extreme polarization and minority rule persist, a possibility of an electoral reform becomes increasingly more likely. This editor’s introduction discusses the ranked choice voting (RCV) as an alternative to the current single-member geographic districts with winner-take-all plurality elections in the US. The articles for this thematic issue critically evaluate whether RCV lives up to its promise in improving democracy in the US. Like any rule or institutional change, it has benefits and drawbacks. The empirical and historical research presented here focuses on the implementation and use of RCV in the US compared to other countries. This thematic issue offers new insights into the promise and perils of RCV as a way to aggregate votes in elections that ensure that the winning candidate receives a majority of the votes cast.
Dimensions of Social Equality in Paid Parental Leave Policy Design: Comparing Australia and Japan
Authors: Whitehouse Gillian , Nakazato Hideki
Published: July 2021

Paid parental leave policies in both Australia and Japan fit within Dobrotić and Blum’s (2020) classification of a selective employment-based entitlement model, thus offering an extension of that category beyond Europe and illustrating the wide variation possible within it. In this article we develop indices for comparing employment-based parental leave policies on three dimensions of social equality: inclusion, gender equality and redistribution. This combination offers an extension of classificatory schemes for parental leave policies and a broader basis for comparative analysis. We compare Australia and Japan on these indices and present a qualitative exploration of the origins and implications of their similarities and differences. The analysis draws attention to tensions between the three indices, illustrating intersecting and conflicting influences on the potential for paid parental leave entitlements to contribute to the amelioration of social inequalities. Overall, the comparison highlights drivers of difference within employment-based entitlement systems and underlines the need for complementary measures to advance egalitarian outcomes.
The Inclusiveness of Social Rights: The Case of Leave Policies
Authors: Blum Sonja , Dobrotić Ivana
Published: July 2021

This thematic issue aims to deepen the theoretical as well as empirical knowledge on the inclusiveness of social rights, focussing on the revelatory case of parenting‐related leave policies. This editorial defines (leave) inclusiveness and discusses extant research on varying entitlements and eligibility criteria in the field of parenting leaves. It summarises the conceptual, methodological, and empirical contributions made by the articles in the thematic issue and closes with a research outlook.
A mobile microfocal x-ray diagnostic complex in the imaging of premature newborns
Authors: Alkhazishvili Alexander V. , Potrakhov Yuri N. , Misyurin Aleksandr S. , Vodovatov Alexandr V. , Skripnik Aleksey Y.
Published: July 2021

Background: In the modern clinical practice, providing fast, mobile and high-quality bedside X-ray imaging is important for managing newborn children . Thus, the development of new devices with all these features and their clinical application are of considerable significance. Aims: Estimation of the diagnostic capabilities of a microfocal X-ray diagnostic complex for the imaging of premature newborns. Methods: The study was performed at the facilities of Almazov National Medical Research Centre. The study included X-ray examinations of 156 premature newborns using the method of microfocus radiography: 139 X-ray images of the chest, 17 X-ray images of the abdomen. The imaging was performed using the projection magnification technique with a patient positioned close to the X-ray source. Results: The microfocal X-ray images showed the necessary quality for the diagnosis of pathological changes in the chest and abdomen in infants. The patient dose estimation was based on the radiation output of the X-ray unit and the tube current-time product. For the maximum values of the tube voltage, tube current and exposure time, the effective doses did not exceed 0.02 mSv, corresponding to the negligible radiation risk category. Conclusions: Microfocal radiography allows performing informative X-ray examinations of premature newborns, especially using the projection magnification technique. The use of a microfocal X-ray diagnostic complex allows reducing patient doses, increasing the mobility and usability of the X-ray equipment. The first experience of clinical application of microfocal radiography in neonatology and pediatrics with the projection magnification of an X-ray image was found successful. The implementation of this device in pediatric clinical practice will optimize the tactics of managing premature newborns.
The direct wave root in marine seismology
Authors: Stephen R. A. , Bolmer S. T.
Published: July 2021

The “direct wave root” is an evanescent wave which is observed below the sea floor when the direct water wave is incident on the sea floor from above at supercritical angles. For shallow borehole receivers, it is the largest amplitude arrival on large offset seismograms. The wave has been studied and observed in electromagnetics and acoustics but this paper is the first report of the “direct wave root” in marine seismology.

Theoretically, an expression for the “direct wave root” can be obtained from a branch line integral in the complex ray parameter plane for the transmission problem between two acoustic half-spaces. Synthetic seismogram analysis based on the discrete wavenumber (or reflectivity) method can be applied to study the more realistic cases of elastic bottoms, gradients beneath the sea floor, and intrinsic attenuation. Steep gradients below the sea floor give amplitude-depth relations which are not exponential. Attenuation (Q = 40) affects amplitudes less than 1 dB.

Observations of the “direct wave root” have been made at the Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504B in the Costa Rica Rift area and the observed properties are consistent with theory. It is proposed that more detailed measurements of the decay of the “direct wave root” amplitude with depth be used to obtain high resolution measurements of upper crustal elastic properties at seismic frequencies.
Source parameters from locally recorded aftershocks of the 9 January 1982 Miramichi, New Brunswick, earthquake
Authors: Mueller Charles S. , Cranswick Edward
Published: July 2021

Source parameters are derived from 111 locally recorded three-component seismograms of 40 aftershocks (magnitude = 1.0 to 3.5) of the 9 January 1982 Miramichi, New Brunswick, earthquake. This data set greatly expands the set of three-component data recorded at small source-to-receiver distances in eastern North America. Preliminary analysis showed that some aftershock spectra were modified by strong site effects. The need to understand and account for site effects, when analyzing the aftershock data in terms of simple source models, led to a two-part data analysis. First, site effects were modeled as a seismic-wave resonance in a thin layer (0 to 10 m) of low-seismic-impedance glacial till over a high-seismic-impedance bedrock half-space. Second, we calculated source parameters from SH-wave seismograms and amplitude spectra, incorporating what had been learned about site resonances. Correcting for obvious site effects partially succeeded in reducing scatter in the source-parameter determinations but some site-dependent discrepancies remain. Seismic moments range from 1 × 1018 to 5 × 1020 dyne-cm and corner frequencies from 5 to 45 Hz. Brune-model stress drops primarily range between 5 and 300 bars; stress drop apparently increases with increasing seismic moment. Trends in apparent stress calculated from radiated energy and seismic moment parallel trends in stress drop. Corner frequencies from these locally recorded data are greater than those derived from regionally recorded Lg waves for earthquakes of comparable moment. This result contradicts a recently proposed M0ω4 = constant source-scaling law based primarily on Lg data.
On the geometrical spreading of viscoelastic waves
Authors: Krebes E. S. , Hearn D. J.
Published: July 2021

Krebes and Hron (1980) derived a formula for the geometrical spreading factor L for a seismic wave propagating through a layered viscoelastic medium. They assumed the angle γ0 between the propagation and attenuation vectors of the initial ray segment was constant. In this paper, the general formula for L is derived, in which γ0 is a function of the take-off angle θ0 (the functional form depends on source conditions). For the special case γ0 = θ0, which corresponds, for example, to an air-shot source just above the surface, the formula for L simplifies considerably. A few numerical evaluations of L for certain cases are also presented to illustrate the differences between elastic and viscoelastic geometrical spreading. The differences are small or negligible at small enough source-receiver offsets but can be large at greater offsets in cases where viscoelastic critical angles are different enough from elastic ones or do not exist. These cases, however, may not be very representative of true anelastic effects in the earth.
The statistical dynamics of the earthquake process
Authors: Lomnitz-Adler J.
Published: July 2021

A theory is presented for the computation of the statistical properties of the seismicity from a model of the rupture mechanism for a system of faults. This connection is made by way of a family of distributions which represent the likelihood that the system be in a given configuration. The equation for the time evolution of these distributions is given in terms of the rupture model. Transient effects are shown to decay exponentially. Two model problems are solved.
Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space
Authors: Okada Yoshimitsu
Published: July 2021

A complete suite of closed analytical expressions is presented for the surface displacements, strains, and tilts due to inclined shear and tensile faults in a half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources. These expressions are particularly compact and free from field singular points which are inherent in the previously stated expressions of certain cases. The expressions derived here represent powerful tools not only for the analysis of static field changes associated with earthquake occurrence but also for the modeling of deformation fields arising from fluid-driven crack sources.