bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural thermodynamics of protein preferential solvation: Osmolyte solvation of proteins, aminoacids, and peptides
Authors: Auton Matthew , Bolen D. Wayne , Rösgen Jörg
Published: May 2008

Protein stability and solubility depend strongly on the presence of osmolytes, because of the protein preference to be solvated by either water or osmolyte. It has traditionally been assumed that only this relative preference can be measured, and that the individual solvation contributions of water and osmolyte are inaccessible. However, it is possible to determine hydration and osmolyte solvation (osmolation) separately using Kirkwood‐Buff theory, and this fact has recently been utilized by several researchers. Here, we provide a thermodynamic assessment of how each surface group on proteins contributes to the overall hydration and osmolation. Our analysis is based on transfer free energy measurements with model‐compounds that were previously demonstrated to allow for a very successful prediction of osmolyte‐dependent protein stability. When combined with Kirkwood‐Buff theory, the Transfer Model provides a space‐resolved solvation pattern of the peptide unit, amino acids, and the folding/unfolding equilibrium of proteins in the presence of osmolytes. We find that the major solvation effects on protein side‐chains originate from the osmolytes, and that the hydration mostly depends on the size of the side‐chain. The peptide backbone unit displays a much more variable hydration in the different osmolyte solutions. Interestingly, the presence of sucrose leads to simultaneous accumulation of both the sugar and water in the vicinity of peptide groups, resulting from a saccharide accumulation that is less than the accumulation of water, a net preferential exclusion. Only the denaturing osmolyte, urea, obeys the classical solvent exchange mechanism in which the preferential interaction with the peptide unit excludes water. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern management of renal colic
Authors: Stewart Alistair , Joyce Adrian
Published: May 2008

Renal stones are often asymptomatic, having been detected incidentally on imaging for other disorders. Renal stones can, however, cause severe pain when they move or obstruct the drainage of urine. Topics considered in this review of modern management of acute renal colic include clinical, laboratory and radiological diagnosis, analgesia, emergency scenarios and definitive stone management, including ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
The density and tube energy dependency of cobalt Kα/Kβ in x‐ray fluorescence spectrometryfor thick target measurements
Authors: Karimi Minoo , Amiri Nayereh , Ahadnejad Vahid
Published: May 2008

The relative intensity of Kα/Kβ for cobalt in thick targets with cobalt mass densities from 0.51 to 22.49% has been measured by the wavelength dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The measuring conditions are: tube current ranging from 10 to 60 mA and voltages ranging from 20 to 60 kV. We plotted the Kα/Kβ ratio vs Co densities for different tube voltages and currents. Our study shows that the Kα/Kβ ratio is below the theoretical value for low Co densities and it increases with increasing Co density. For higher x‐ray energies, the Kα/Kβ ratio shows a sharp growth at the special density and then reaches a nearly constant value. However, Kα/Kβ ratio is theoretically constant and independent of energy in thin target measurements. The changes of this ratio according to the x‐ray energy and the element density have been studied in thick target measurements. The results provide experimental evidence to suggest that exciting energy and element density can indeed affect the Kα/Kβ ratio. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the Stock of On-The-Job Training, Race, and Wage Growth
Authors: Blank Emily
Published: May 2008

This article analyzes the rate of return to on-the-job-training (OJT) investment and in particular, the different rates of return faced by whites and nonwhites. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) on tenure on a particular job and on the amount of time necessary for the average person to become fully trained on that job, I estimate the amount of training (in months) acquired by each individual on each job held. Log wage growth is then regressed on changes in the stock of training the individual held with the current firm. In one specification, changes in the stock of training are interacted with race dummies. The results suggest that the rate of return to an additional month of training is actually higher for nonwhites than for whites.
The W. Arthur Lewis Lecture: Future Sustainable Latin American Growth: A Need for Savings
Authors: Fishlow Albert
Published: May 2008

This article, starting from the Lewis emphasis upon increasing productivity, analyzes the external and internal sources of disequilibrium in Latin America over the last two decades. It indicates the impressive progress, and continuing requirements, that have been made in both dimensions over the last fifteen years. The real requirement for continued growth at high rates, emphasized by Lewis more than 45 years ago, is, however, increased rates of internal saving. Until the Latin American countries are able successfully to increase their domestic savings, hopes for sustained expansion will be continuingly frustrated.
Black Women's Labor Market Status: Occupational Segregation in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: King Mary C.
Published: May 2008

An initial exploration of the comparative labor market situation of black women in the United States and Great Britain reveals that race and gender play similar roles in allocating people among broad occupations in both nations despite differences in historical circumstances. However, a closer examination based upon measures of occupational segregation shows that labor market dynamics are quite different. Public employment and education do not reduce racial segregation in Britain as they do in the United States, and the immigrant status of many black Britons does not explain these differences. Only youth is associated with reduced segregation in both countries.
Phytic acid removal from soybeans by a lipid protein concentrate process
Authors: Ford J. R. , Mustakas G. C. , Schmutz R. D.
Published: May 2008

Over 90% of phytic acid has been removed from full‐fat soy flour by a lipid‐protein concentrate process previously reported in 1974 by the Northern Regional Research Center. In the current study, parameters for optimizing phytic acid removal were evaluated. By changing both the molar concentration of the calcium chloride solution used and the pH of the initial acid slurry, various amounts of phytic acid and mineral elements were recovered in the acid‐precipitated curd. A mathematical treatment of the data using multiple regression analusis showed phytic acid removal possible from 10 to 90%, zinc recovery from 10 to 90%, and calcium concentrations equalling twice that of the original starting flour. All variable conditions introduced into the process had no effect on protein (90–93%), fat (98–100%), and iron (94–96%) recoveries. The results presented in this report can be applied to a large number of processes now being used for making edible soy proteins, and thereby low phytin‐containing products can be acheived.
Behavior of DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin at various stages of refining of marine oils for edible use
Authors: Addison R. F. , Zinck M. E. , Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C.
Published: May 2008

Two 300‐lb batches of Eastern Canadian herring (Clupea harengus) oil were subjected to pilot plant processing to margarine stock for edible use. Samples were taken at various stages during processing for analysis of residues of the insecticide DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE, of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and of dieldrin. Residue concentrations in the oil were not affected by degumming (phosphoric acid wash), alkali refining, or bleaching with activated earth. DDT and dieldrin were readily and completely destroyed by commercial hydrogenation over Ni catalyst, and DDD was largely removed at the same time. DDE and PCBs were partially reduced during hydrogenation in the one run in which DDD was completely removed, but were unaffected in another run, in which DDD was only partially removed. Deodorization of the oil with steam and vacuum effectively removed those residues which survived hydrogenation. Analysis of the Ni catalyst before and after hydrogenation showed that removal of residues during hydrogenation was not due to their adsorption to the catalyst, but was more probably due to metal‐catalyzed degradation to unidentified products. Deodorizer condensates showed only a slight enrichment in residue levels over those found in the oil.
Antimicrobial activity of some fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Sumrell G. , Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Novak A. F.
Published: May 2008

Twelve fatty acid amide or ester derivatives were screened for antimicrobial activity against a grampositive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gramnegative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a mold, eitherAspergillus flavus orA. species; and a yeast, eitherCandida albicans orTorula species. These compounds were adducts of unsaturated fatty derivatives in which the addends were hexachlorocyclopentadiene, thiolacetic acid, bromotrichloromethane, or O,O‐diethylphosphorodithioic acid. All of the new compounds appreciably inhibited the activity of at least one of the test organisms, and most of them showed activity against all four types of organisms. The hexachlorocyclopentadiene adduct of 2‐(2‐ethoxyethoxy)ethyl oleate was especially potent in this regard.
Identification of minor cyclic fatty acids in fractionated tall oil
Authors: Hase A. , Hase T. , Anderegg R.
Published: May 2008

The structure of several minor cyclic fatty acids present in Finnish tall oil fatty acids are elucidated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The origin and mechanism of formation of these cyclic fatty acids are discussed. The cyclic fatty acids identified in tall oil fatty acids are: 4‐(5‐pentyl‐3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydro‐4‐indanyl)butanoic acid,ω‐(o‐alkylphenyl)alkanoic acid, 2,6‐dimethyl‐9‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)‐6‐nonenoic acid, 4‐(5‐pentyl‐4‐indanyl)butanoic acid, and 4‐(2‐hexyl‐1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐1‐naphthyl)butanoic acid. In addition, three different branched or cyclic unsaturated C19 fatty acids are reported to be present in tall oil.
Commercial and potential utilization of lipoxygenase
Authors: Emken E. A.
Published: May 2008

The high specificity and activity of lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.1.13) have not been widely exploited in commercial applications. An analytical application of substrate specificity is exemplified by the Canadian Food and Drug Official Method FA 59 for determining unisomerized linoleic acid in hydrogenated fats. An attractive potential application of lipoxygenase is the lipoxygenase oxidation of linoleic acid for conversion of a renewable resource into a valuable chemical intermediate. Hydroxy‐conjugated octadecadienoic acids (HCD) have been prepared by oxidation of a 10% soybean soapstock solution with an aqueous soy flour extract followed by reduction of the hydroperoxide. High yields and a 20‐min reaction time are features of this procedure. These laboratory‐scale experiments indicate that the processing cost to produce hydroxy‐conjugated octadecadienoic acids can be estimated at 21 cents per lb. This cost does not include the cost of the soapstock. The combined hydroxy, conjugated diene, and fatty acid groups in HCD give it the potential of being a versatile chemical intermediate. HCD is readily converted to hydroxystearate or conjugated triene and can compete directly with tung oil acids or hydrogenated castor oil acids. Other reactions can be visualized based on functional group modification to yield products with potential application in the formulation of coatings, lubricants, emulsifiers, and plasticizers.
Preparation of acylglycerols and phospholipids with the aid of lipolytic enzymes
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Gerrior S. A. , Hagerty M. M. , McMahon K. E.
Published: May 2008

Methods are discussed for the synthesis of some acylglycerols and phospholipids using lipolytic enzymes alone or in combination with chemical procedures. The syntheses are limited to those for which the enzymes are commercially available. The compounds mentioned are tri‐, di‐, and monoacylglycerols, phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine, an alkyl‐acyl‐phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysoacyl‐phospholipids, phosphatidyl glycerol, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine.
La psychologie des peuples et ses applications durant l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Reynaud Paligot Carole
Published: May 2008

La psychologie des peuples a connu un grand succès dans les années 1930 dans les milieux les plus divers: sur les bancs de l'Université, tant des facultés de lettres que de celles de médecine, comme dans le monde colonial. Elle demeure imprégnée des postulats raciologiques du siècle précédent: hérédité raciale, influence du milieu géographique et du climat dans la formation des caractères nationaux, représentation inégalitaire de la différence et ses usages politiques ont été manifestes dans le domaine de la politique coloniale. Les enseignements de la psychologie ethnique ont, en effet, eu des applications directes dans la politique scolaire à travers la mise en place d'un enseignement rudimentaire et à tendance ségrégationniste qui a réduit considérablement les ambitions de la mission civilisatrice.
Prognostic significance of tricuspid annular motion and plasma NT‐proBNP in patients with heart failure and moderate‐to‐severe functional mitral regurgitation
Authors: Dini Frank Lloyd , Fontanive Paolo , Panicucci Erica , Andreini Diana , Chella Piersilvio , De Tommasi Salvatore Mario
Published: May 2008

Background

The role of the right ventricle has been relatively neglected proportionate to its importance. We sought to evaluate the impact of right ventricular (RV) and NT‐proBNP on the outcome of patients with heart failure (HF) and functional mitral regurgitation (MR).

Methods and patients

Outpatients with left ventricular (LV) systolic HF (ejection fraction [EF] ≤45%) and moderate‐to‐severe MR measured by a vena contracta width ≥0.5 cm were prospectively enrolled (n=142). Indexes of LV and RV function, including tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change and tissue Doppler RV acceleration at isovolumic contraction and NT‐proBNP plasma levels were measured at the time of the index echocardiogram.

Results

Multivariate predictors of all‐cause mortality included TAPSE<16 mm (hazards ratio [HR]: 2.64; p=0.009) and plasma NT‐proBNP≥3283 pg/ml (HR: 2.58; p=0.011). TAPSE<16mm and plasma NT‐proBNP≥3283 pg/ml added incremental prognostic information to LV EF≤25%, NYHA classes 3–4, coronary artery disease, elderly age and male sex. The 36‐month Kaplan–Meier curve showed that survival was worst in the group with TAPSE<16 mm and NT‐proBNP≥3283 pg/ml (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the significance of TAPSE and plasma NT‐proBNP in predicting all‐cause mortality in patients with systolic HF and moderate‐to‐severe functional MR.
Need and evolution of need for device therapy in a community heart failure population
Authors: Sulaiman Habitha M. , O'Loughlin Christina , Daly Marie , Conlon Carmel , Ledwidge Mark , McCaffrey Dermot , McDonald Kenneth
Published: May 2008

Background

New guidelines for implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD) and cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) have expanded the potential use for device therapy. The implications of this on a community heart failure (HF) population are unknown.

Aim

To assess the need for device therapy and the change in need over time.

Methods

We reviewed device need in a community HF population using ESC guidelines. Change in need was assessed by comparing data between an annual visit called TP2 and an earlier visit called TP1. Patients'need and change in need between TP1 and TP2 was determined.

Results

210 patients were included; mean age 70±12 years, 67% male and 54% ischaemic. At TP1, 34% of patients were suitable for ICD and 3% for CRT. At TP2, 22% and 1% were suitable respectively. Of those suitable for ICD at TP1, 19% lost the need at TP2; in addition 9% of patients unsuitable for ICD at TP1 had acquired the need by TP2. Fifty five percent of patients were unsuitable for ICD at either time point, and 16% were suitable at both time points. CRT need was negligible but also noted to change.

Conclusion

ICD need is substantial in a community HF population, but CRT need is limited. ICD need changes significantly. Identifying those likely to change their need may optimise ICD use.
Changes in myocardial electrical impedance in human heart graft rejection
Authors: Cinca Juan , Ramos Juan , Garcia Miguel A. , Bragos Ramon , Bayés‐Genís Antoni , Salazar Yolocuauhtli , Bordes Ramon , Mirabet Sonia , Padró Josep M. , Picart Joan Garcia , Viñolas Xavier , Rosell‐Ferrer Javier
Published: May 2008

Background

Monitoring of post‐transplant heart rejection is currently based on endomyocardial biopsy analysis. This study aimed to assess the effects of heart graft rejection on myocardial electrical impedance.

Methods and results

Twenty‐nine cardiac transplant patients and 9 controls underwent measurement of myocardial electrical impedance using a specifically designed amplifying system. The module and phase angle of myocardial impedance were measured. Histopathological rejection grading was performed according to ISHLT classification.

Fifty impedance tests were performed in transplanted patients. Myocardial impedance (Z) was higher in controls than in transplanted patients (p<0.001) and followed a progressive decline at increasing current frequencies (p<0.001). Likewise, the phase angle of impedance in controls ranged from positive values at low frequencies to negative values at higher frequencies (from 2.5±0.9° at 10 kHz to − 3.8±2.1° at 300 kHz, p<0.001). Rejection was associated with a significant decrease in myocardial impedance (Z) (15±6.6 Ω in grade 0, 13±6.0 Ω in grade 1A, and 3.3±0.9 Ω in grade 3A at 10 kHz, p<0.003).

Conclusions

Mild degrees of cardiac graft rejection are associated with significant changes in myocardial electrical impedance in transplant patients. Further clinical investigation is warranted to assess the potential of cardiac impedance to detect heart graft rejection.
Mosaic inactivation of the serum response factor gene in the myocardium induces focal lesions and heart failure
Authors: Gary‐Bobo Guillaume , Parlakian Ara , Escoubet Brigitte , Franco Claudio Areias , Clément Sophie , Bruneval Patrick , Tuil David , Daegelen Dominique , Paulin Denise , Li Zhenlin , Mericskay Mathias
Published: May 2008

Background and aims:

Regional alterations in ventricular mechanical functions are a primary determinant for the risk of myocardial injuries in various cardiomyopathies. The serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor regulating contractile and cytoskeletal genes and may play an important role in the remodelling of myocardium at the cellular level.

Methods:

Using Desmin‐Cre transgenic mice, we generated a model of mosaic inactivation of a floxed‐Srf allele in the heart to analyze the consequence of regional alterations of SRF‐mediated functions in the myocardium.

Results:

Two types of cardiomyocytes co‐existed in the Desmin‐Cre:Sf/Sf mice. Cardiomyocytes lacking SRF became thin and elongated while cardiomyocytes containing SRF became hypertrophic. Several physiological contractile genes were down‐regulated while skeletal α‐actin was induced in SRF positive area only. Mutants developed heart failure associated with the presence of focal lesions in the myocardium, and died before month 11.

Conclusions:

Juxtaposition of functional SRF wild‐type and failing SRF mutant cardiomyocytes generates deleterious heterogeneity in the myocardium. Our results show that SRF contributes to the capacity of cardiomyocytes to remodel their shape and contractile functions in response to their local environment; suggesting that it may play a role in pathologies involving regional alterations of ventricular mechanics in the heart.
Effect of acute gouty arthritis on sleep patterns: A preclinical study
Authors: Guevara‐López Uriah , Ayala‐Guerrero Fructuoso , Covarrubias‐Gómez Alfredo , López‐Muñoz Francisco J. , Torres‐González Ruben
Published: May 2008

Background: It has been demonstrated that the interrelation between pain and sleep produces changes in sleep patterns and pain perception. Although some evidences suggest that sleep and pain may interact in a complex way, polysomnographic studies in animals with acute nociception are limited in number.

Aims: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of intra‐articular knee injection of uric acid on sleep‐wake patterns.

Methods: Surgical electrode implantation was performed in seven anesthetized Wistar rats to carry out 10h polysomnographic recordings. Acute nociception was induced by the intra‐articular administration of 30% uric acid crystals into the knee joint of the right hind limb. Two recordings before and after intra‐articular drug administration were obtained. Sleep‐wake parameters were classified as (i) wakefulness (W), (ii) slow wave sleep (SWS), and (iii) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Frequency and duration from each parameter were evaluated under the two above‐mentioned conditions.

Results: Intra‐articular administration of uric acid induced: (i) an increased duration of wakefulness (p=0.014), (ii) a decrement in the duration (p=0.001) and number of events (p=0.027) in REM sleep, and (iii) a decrement in the total sleep time (p=0.001). SWS did not present statistical differences between groups.

Conclusions: These data suggest that a nociceptive stimulus, induced by the intra‐articular administration of uric acid, alters the sleep‐wake equilibrium with REM sleep being particularly altered. However, further research concerning pain–sleep interaction is needed.
Golgi apparatus and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Fan Jie , Hu Zhiping , Zeng Liuwang , Lu Wei , Tang Xiangqi , Zhang Jie , Li Ting
Published: May 2008

Neurodegenerative disorders are typically characterized by progressive and extensive neuronal loss in specific populations of neurons and brain areas which lead to the observed clinical manifestations. Despite the recent advances in molecular neuroscience, the subcellular bases such as Golgi apparatus (GA) for most neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. This review gives a brief overview of the contribution of the neuronal GA in the pathogeneses of neurodegeneration, summarizes what is known of the GA machinery in these diseases, and present the relationship between GA fragmentation and the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded or aberrant proteins including mutant SOD1, a‐synuclein, tau, which is considered to be a key event in the pathogenic process, and perturbating in calcium homeostasis, regulation of hormones, lipid metabolism are also linkage to the function of the GA thought to underlie neurodegeneration. Although these precise diseases mechanisms remain to be clarified, more research is needed to better understand how GA function for it and to enable physicians to use this knowledge for the benefit of the patients.
Lithology and geochemistry of Triassic deposits in the southwest of the West Siberian geosyneclise
Authors: Saraev S.V. , Baturina T.P.
Published: May 2008

Sedimentological and geochemical studies of a Triassic volcanosedimentary section of the Tura Group on the southern margin of the Koltogory-Urengoi Rift have shown a wide occurrence of fine- and very fine-clastic turbidites with admixtures of glauconite and basic and acid pyroclastic material. According to petrographic and geochemical data, the section sandstones are mainly graywackes and partly litharenites, and the mudstones are montmorillonite clayey rocks with admixtures of chlorite, hydromica, and kaolinite. The sourcelands of the peneplaned plateau abound in basic volcanics, which suggests (by analogy with the Triassic strata of the Siberian Platform) a wider occurrence of flood basalts in the past. Most of these basalts were, most likely, eroded, which resulted in a predominance of rift basalts on the pre-Jurassic weathering surface. Along with tephra and volcanoclastics, the clastic rocks are dominated by products of chemical weathering developed after basic volcanics. Marine deposits revealed in the Koltogory-Urengoi Rift section suggest the inflow of sea waters from the northern (in the modern frame of reference) ocean basin localized north of the modern Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. The sedimentation basin of the rift was a narrow but extended bay of the Red Sea type, where the formation of marine deposits was accompanied by the eruption of basalts in the area of Nikol’skaya BH-1 lasting up to the late Middle Triassic.
A device for shallow frequency-domain electromagnetic induction sounding
Authors: Manstein A.K. , Panin G.L. , Tikunov S.Yu.
Published: May 2008

We have designed a frequency-domain electromagnetic induction sensor for imaging the distribution of electrical conductivity of soils in civil engineering applications. The device implements the ultimate technical feasibility of measuring harmonic signals on the ground surface. Digital recording and narrow bandpass filtering of synchronous detection allows a sufficient measurement accuracy for ∼1 μV signals and suppression of power-line noise of more than 100 dB. We suggest practical methods for investigating the characteristics of the sensor and estimating its measurement accuracy.
The impact of Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles on the loessic environment and malacofauna of Nussloch (Germany) during the Upper Weichselian
Authors: Moine Olivier , Rousseau Denis-Didier , Antoine Pierre
Published: May 2008

A loess sequence has been sampled continuously at high resolution in Nussloch (Rhine Valley, Germany) for malacological and grain-size analyses between ca. 34 and 20 ka. Molluscan abundance and richness, percentage in hygrophilous species and grain-size index show cyclical variations related to the lithological loess–gley alternation. Major molluscan abundance maxima were triggered by temperature increases through an enhancement of the reproduction cycle, whereas cyclical richness fluctuations and percentage in hygrophilous species reflect variations in local humidity and changes in the environmental mosaic. Malacological parameters allow the distinction of four environmental phases organised in cyclical successions correlated with most of the loess–gley doublets. The correlation of the grain-size index of the Nussloch loess sequence with the dust content of the GRIP ice core demonstrates the synchronicity of major molluscan abundance maxima and δ18O increases characterising temperature increases during Dansgaard–Oeschger interstades. A schematic model is proposed to link the North Atlantic Dansgaard–Oeschger climatic oscillations with local environmental changes indicated by both malacofauna and pedostratigraphy. This malacological study of the Nussloch loess sequence thus provides new information about the response of terrestrial loessic palaeoenvironments to millennial-timescale climatic fluctuations during the Upper Weichselian (∼ marine isotope stage 2 (MIS 2) and end of MIS 3).
New evidence from the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago for the resubmergence of Bering Strait
Authors: England John H. , Furze Mark F.A.
Published: May 2008

Widespread molluscan samples were collected from raised marine sediments to date the last retreat of the NW Laurentide Ice Sheet from the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago. At the head of Mercy Bay, northern Banks Island, deglacial mud at the modern coast containsHiatella arcticaandPortlandia arcticabivalves, as well asCyrtodaria kurriana, previously unreported for this area. MultipleH. arcticaandC. kurrianavalves from this site yield a mean age of 11.514C ka BP (with 740 yr marine reservoir correction). The occurrence ofC. kurriana, a low Arctic taxon, raises questions concerning its origin, because evidence is currently lacking for a molluscan refugium in the Arctic Ocean during the last glacial maximum. Elsewhere, the oldest late glacial age available onC. kurrianacomes from the Laptev Sea where it is < 10.314C ka BP and attributed to a North Atlantic source. This is 2000 cal yr younger than the Mercy Bay samples reported here, making the Laptev Sea, ~ 3000 km to the west, an unlikely source. An alternate route from the North Atlantic into the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was precluded by coalescent Laurentide, Innuitian and Greenland ice east of Banks Island until ~ 1014C ka BP. We conclude that the presence ofC. kurrianaon northern Banks Island records migration from the North Pacific. This requires the resubmergence of Bering Strait by 11.514C ka BP, extending previous age determinations on the reconnection of the Pacific and Arctic oceans by up to 1000 yr. This renewed ingress of Pacific water likely played an important role in re-establishing Arctic Ocean surface currents, including the evacuation of thick multi-year sea ice into the North Atlantic prior to the Younger Dryas geochron.
Well-Being, Autonomy, and the Horizon Problem
Authors: HAWKINS JENNIFER S.
Published: May 2008

Desire satisfaction theorists and attitudinal-happiness theorists of well-being are committed to correcting the psychological attitudes upon which their theories are built. However, it is not often recognized that some of the attitudes in need of correction areevaluativeattitudes. Moreover, it is hard to know how to correct for poor evaluative attitudes in ways that respect the traditional commitment to the authority of the individual subject's evaluative perspective. L. W. Sumner has proposed an autonomy-as-authenticity requirement to perform this task, but this article argues that it cannot do the job. Sumner's proposal focuses on the social origins of our values and overlooks the deep psychological roots of other evaluative attitudes that are just as problematic for welfare. If subjective theories of welfare are to be at all plausible they may need to abandon or modify their traditional commitment to the authority of the individual subject.
Egalitarianism and the Putative Paradoxes of Population Ethics
Authors: TÄNNSJÖ TORBJÖRN
Published: May 2008

The repugnant conclusion is acceptable from the point of view of total utilitarianism. Total utilitarians do not seem to be bothered with it. They feel that it is in no way repugnant. To me, a hard-nosed total utilitarian, this settles the case. However, if, sometimes, I doubt that total utilitarianism has the final say in ethics, and tend to think that there may be something to some objection to it or another, it is the objection to it brought forward from egalitarian thought that first comes to mind. But if my argument in this article is correct, then it is clear that the repugnant conclusion should be equally acceptable to egalitarians of various different bents as it is to total utilitarians.
The topics and roles of the situational code-switching of an English-French bilingual
Authors: GRIM FRÉDÉRIQUE
Published: May 2008

Most studies of child bilingualism (Döpke, 1992; Fantini, 1985; Genishi, 1999; Gumperz, 1977, 1982; McClure, 1977; Myers-Scotton, 1993a; Romaine, 1994) concern children raised in a bilingual language community. The present study concerns a four-year-old child in an English-speaking community raised in an environment where his mother only spoke French to him. Two questions were raised: Can a child raised by a non-native parent produce situational code-switching triggered by topic changes? Are there additional topics or roles to add to the previous literature that trigger a young English-French bilingual child to code-switch? The data in this study showed that the child produced situational code-switching. Two novel hypotheses for code-switching were also found: leadership and expression of emotions and sensations. This case-study is important for the field of code-switching in the environment of a non-native parent raising a child in a second language.
A survey of cancer patients undergoing a radical course of radiotherapy, to establish levels of anxiety and depression
Authors: Holmes Nicola , Williamson Keren
Published: May 2008

This research aims to establish the prevalence and aetiology of anxiety and depression in cancer patients within their first 2 weeks of a radical course of radiotherapy. Depression followed by anxiety is the two most frequent psychological disorders experienced by cancer patients. However, these two disorders are frequently undiagnosed and untreated in patients undergoing a course of radiotherapy possibly because the treatment side effects often simulate those of anxiety and depression; the consequences of this can be reduced patient prognosis and increased health care costs. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 100 eligible cancer patients and this yielded a 68% response rate. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale was integrated into the questionnaire to accurately establish levels of anxiety and depression in the respondents of the study. The study identified six respondents with clinically significant levels of anxiety (9%) and six with depression (9%); 21% (n = 14) of participants had higher than normal levels of anxiety and 21% for depression (n = 14). Correlations were then identified between levels of psychological distress and the four independent variables; age, diagnosis, adjuvant medication and pain. Four predisposing factors were established—breast cancer diagnosis, age range 40–50 years, the presence of pain and adjuvant chemotherapy regimes.
Variations in inter-observer contouring and its impact on dosimetric and radiobiological parameters for intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning in treatment of localised prostate cancer
Authors: Bhardwaj Anup Kumar , Kehwar T.S. , Chakarvarti S.K. , Sastri Goda Jayant , Oinam A.S. , Pradeep Goswami , Kumar Vinay , Indranil Mallick , Sharma S.C.
Published: May 2008

Inter-observer variations in contouring and their impacts on dosimetric and radiobiological parameters in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment for localised prostate cancer patients were investigated. Four observers delineated the gross tumour volume (GTV) (prostate and seminal vesicles), bladder and rectum for nine patients. Contouring done by radiologist was considered as gold standard for comparison purposes and for IMRT plan optimisation. Maximum average variations in contoured prostate, bladder and rectum volumes were 3% (SD = 8.4), 2.5% (SD = 4.12) and 13.2% (SD = 6.77), respectively. The average conformity index for standard contouring set (observer A) was 0.85 (SD = 0.028) and statistically significant differences were observed for observers A–B (p = 0.008), A–C (p = 0.006) and A–D (p = 0.011). Average values of normal tissue complication probability for bladder and rectum for observer A were 0.361% (SD = 0.036) and 1.59% (SD = 0.14). Maximum average tumour control probability was 99.94% (SD = 0.035) and statistically significant difference was observed for observers A–B (p = 0.037) and observers A–C (p = 0.01). Inter-observer contouring variations have significant impact on dosimetric and radiobiological outcome in IMRT treatment planning. So accurate contouring of tumour and normal organs is a fundamental prerequisite to make good correlation between calculated and clinical observed results.
The Effects of Media Richness on Multilateral Negotiations in a Collaborative Virtual Environment
Authors: Scheck Sarah , Allmendinger Katrin , Hamann Karin
Published: May 2008

Negotiations between three or more parties are more complex than dyadic negotiations concerning the integration of various interests. In this study, we investigated negotiation in a collaborative virtual environment. We focused specifically on communication channels and their impact on negotiation in three-person groups. Three conditions of media richness were varied in the collaborative virtual environment: text chat, audio channel, and a combination of both. Furthermore, various nonverbal signals and a function for taking notes were available to the participants in every condition. The results show that participants in the conditions with audio channel and with audio channel and text chat are more satisfied with the communication process and need less time to find a solution. The quality of the negotiated result does not differ between the conditions. Adding text chat to the audio channel does not enhance the potential of solving negotiation problems. Audio-based communication seems to meet the requirements of negotiating better than text chat in terms of a more satisfying and faster communication process.
Framing of Majority and Minority Source Information in Persuasion
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Dykema-Engblade Amanda , Tindale R. Scott , Meisenhelder Helen
Published: May 2008

Information about source consensus may either create expectancies of message validity that bias subsequent processing, or may determine the amount of message processing. The authors propose that which of the two effects occurs depends on the framing of consensus information. Undergraduates (N = 242) read strong, ambiguous, or weak arguments on an issue; the source was framed as either knowledgeable or similar to participants; source consensus was either low (minority) or high (majority). Dependent variables were the favorability of cognitive responses and postmessage attitudes. As predicted, knowledge framing caused consensus-based assimilation for ambiguous arguments, and contrast for both strong and weak arguments, whereas similarity framing caused extensive processing of minority arguments, but uncritical acceptance of majority arguments.
Emergent Attributes in Person Perception
Authors: Siebler Frank
Published: May 2008

In person perception, emergent attributes are attributes that people ascribe to members of a rare or novel category combination, although they would not ascribe the same attributes to members of either of the constituent categories. The present paper first describes the processing mechanisms suggested by three theoretical models of attribute emergence. Then, competing response time predictions are derived from the models respective mechanisms. An empirical test of these predictions in a laboratory experiment with university students (N = 45) is reported. Results support Hastie, Schroeder, and Webers (1990 ) two-stage model, but not Kunda, Miller, and Claires (1990 ) impression-formation model or Smith and DeCosters (1998 ) connectionist account.
Timescale analysis of aerosol sensitivity during homogeneous freezing and implications for upper tropospheric water vapor budgets
Authors: Kay Jennifer E. , Wood Robert
Published: May 2008

Using timescales for the generation and depletion of water vapor, we predict aerosol sensitivity in clouds formed by homogeneous freezing. Our timescale analysis explains why aerosol sensitivity increases dramatically with ice deposition coefficients (αi) ≪ 0.1, and also why aerosol sensitivity increases as vertical velocity increases, temperature decreases, aerosol number decreases, and aerosol size decreases. We combine existing in‐situ observations with adiabatic parcel modeling to constrain αi ≥ 0.1 for small ice crystals forming at high ice supersaturations. Two important implications for understanding and modeling upper tropospheric water vapor budgets emerge from our results: 1) aerosol sensitivity can be appreciable at low temperatures and moderate updrafts (∼5 cm/s) in the upper tropical troposphere, 2) reconciling our results with recent laboratory measurements supports theory that αi increases with ice supersaturation and/or decreases with ice crystal size.
A model for spiral flows in basal ice and the formation of subglacial flutes based on a Reiner‐Rivlin rheology for glacial ice
Authors: Schoof Christian G. , Clarke Garry K. C.
Published: May 2008

Flutes are elongated sediment ridges formed at the base of glaciers and ice sheets. In this paper, we show that flutes can be the product of a corkscrew‐like spiral flow in basal ice that removes sediment from troughs between flutes and deposits it at their crests, as first suggested by Shaw and Freschauf. In order to generate the type of basal ice flow required for this mechanism, the viscous rheology of ice must allow for the generation of deviatoric normal stresses transverse to the main flow direction. This type of behavior, which is commonly observed in real nonlinearly viscous and viscoelastic fluids, can be described by a Reiner‐Rivlin rheology. Here, we develop a mathematical model that describes the role of these transverse stresses in generating spiral flows in basal ice and investigate how these flows lead to the amplification of initially small basal topography and the eventual formation of assemblies of evenly spaced subglacial flutes.
Arctic Ocean gravity field derived from ICESat and ERS‐2 altimetry: Tectonic implications
Authors: McAdoo David C. , Farrell Sinead Louise , Laxon Seymour W. , Zwally H. Jay , Yi Donghui , Ridout Andy L.
Published: May 2008

A new, detailed marine gravity field for the persistently ice‐covered Arctic Ocean, derived entirely from satellite data, reveals important new tectonic features in both the Amerasian and Eurasian basins. Reprocessed Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) data collected by NASA's Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) between 2003 and 2005 have been combined with 8 years worth of retracked radar altimeter data from ESA's ERS‐2 satellite to produce the highest available resolution gravity mapping of the entire Arctic Ocean complete to 86°N. This ARCtic Satellite‐only (ARCS) marine gravity field uniformly and confidently resolves marine gravity to wavelengths as short as 35 km. ARCS relies on a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)‐only satellite gravity model at long (>580 km) wavelengths and plainly shows tectonic fabric and numerous details imprinted in the Arctic seafloor, in particular, in the enigmatic Amerasian Basin (AB). For example, in the Makarov Basin portion of the AB, two north‐south trending lineations are likely clues to the highly uncertain seafloor spreading history which formed the AB.
Comparing OMI‐TOMS and OMI‐DOAS total ozone column data
Authors: Kroon M. , Veefkind J. P. , Sneep M. , McPeters R. D. , Bhartia P. K. , Levelt P. F.
Published: May 2008

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) project team uses two total ozone retrieval algorithms in order to maintain the long‐term record established with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data as well as to improve the ozone column estimate using the hyperspectral capability of OMI. The purpose of this study is to assess where the algorithms produce comparable results and where the differences are significant. Starting with the same set of Earth reflectance data, the total ozone data used in this study have been derived using OMI‐TOMS and OMI–Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithms. OMI‐TOMS is based on the TOMS version 8 algorithm that has been used to process TOMS data taken since November 1978. The OMI‐DOAS retrieval algorithm was developed specifically for OMI. It takes advantage of the hyperspectral feature of the OMI instrument to reduce errors due to aerosols, clouds, surface, and sulfur dioxide from volcanic eruptions. The OMI‐DOAS algorithm also has improved correction for cloud height. The mean differences in the ozone column derived from the two algorithms vary from 0 to 9 DU (0–3%), and their correlation coefficients vary between 0.89 and 0.99 with latitude and season. The largest differences occur in the polar regions and over clouds. Some of the differences are due to stray light, dark current, and other instrumental errors that have been corrected in the new version of the OMI radiance/irradiance data set (collection 3). Other differences are algorithmic. OMI‐DOAS algorithmic errors identified through this analysis are also being corrected in collection 3 reprocessing. However, for consistency with the long‐term TOMS record, OMI‐TOMS collection 3 data will still be based on the TOMS V8 algorithm. Preliminary analysis shows much better agreement in the two total ozone data sets after reprocessing. Reprocessed collection 3 data from both algorithms will be available before the end of 2007. Continuing the TOMS total ozone column data record that dates back to November 1978 is the primary OMI mission goal that is achievable with either OMI total ozone column data product.
Holocene accumulation and ice sheet dynamics in central West Antarctica
Authors: Neumann T. A. , Conway H. , Price S. F. , Waddington E. D. , Catania G. A. , Morse D. L.
Published: May 2008

We derive depth‐age relationships across the ice divide between the Ross and Amundsen Seas by tracking radar‐detected layers from the Byrd ice core and a dated 105‐m core near the divide. The depth‐age relationships and an ice‐flow model are used to establish histories of accumulation and ice sheet dynamics over the past 8000 years. Results show that accumulation was approximately 30% higher than today from 5000 to 3000 years ago. Antarctic climate variability today is dominated by periodic fluctuations in strength of the circumpolar vortex, which raises the possibility that the vortex was systematically weaker during the period of high accumulation. Accumulation today decreases almost linearly across the divide. It is unlikely that this pattern has changed through the Holocene. The radar‐detected stratigraphy shows no evidence of the arched layers that are expected beneath a stable divide that is frozen to its bed, implying that the divide has also been migrating and/or the basal ice has been sliding through the Holocene. We cannot rule out the possibility of sliding because the basal ice is near its pressure melting point. Other evidence indicates that divide migration is likely. The Ross Sea sector is now near steady state, but it had a strong negative imbalance 200 years ago when Kamb Ice Stream was active. In contrast, recent speedups of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers have likely caused the mass balance of the Amundsen Sea sector to become negative. The divide is likely migrating toward the Ross Sea today.