bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐ and (R)‐Timolol.
Authors: Tosi Giovanni , Zironi Federica , Caselli Emilia , Forni Arrigo , Prati Fabio
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of Methyl 1‐(2‐Bromoisobutyryl)cyclopentanecarboxylate and 3‐(1‐Bromocyclopentyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxopropionate with Zinc and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Kirillov N. F. , Shchepin V. V. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Biologically Active N‐[Coumarin‐6‐yl] ‐3‐methyl‐5‐(hydroxy/methyl/4‐hydroxy‐8‐methylcoumarin‐3‐yl)pyrazoles and [2.3.1]‐Bicyclo‐N‐[coumarin‐6‐yl]‐1,2‐diazepines.
Authors: Choudhari B. P. , Mulwad V. V.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on the Trypanocidal Activity of Semi‐Synthetic Pyran[b‐4,3]naphtho[1,2‐d]imidazoles from β‐Lapachone.
Authors: De Moura Kelly C. G. , Salomao Kelly , Menna‐Barreto Rubem F. S. , Emery Flavio S. , Pinto Maria do Carmo F. R. , Pinto Antonio V. , de Castro Solange L.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Mild Method for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyridines.
Authors: Xiong Xin , Bagley Mark C. , Chapaneri Krishna
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Chloro‐5,7‐dihydro‐pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐6‐carboxamidine, an Annulated Nicotinoid.
Authors: Cho Kwang‐Nym , Park Su‐Jin , Lee Kee‐In
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Hypotensive Activity of Some 6‐(Substituted aryl)‐4‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydropyridazin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Siddiqui Anees A. , Wani Sachin M.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Convenient Synthesis of HEPT Analogues via a One‐Pot Reduction—Sulfenylation Reaction.
Authors: Sun Guangfu , Kuang Yunyan , Wang Suxi , Chen Fener
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effect of High Pressure on Biginelli Reactions. Steric Hindrance and Mechanistic Considerations.
Authors: Jenner Gerard
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring Opening in 1‐ and 3‐Methylpyrimidin‐4‐ones in the Presence of Bases.
Authors: Kheifets G. M. , Gindin V. A.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Functionalization by Metalation of the Pyridine Moiety of 4‐Methoxypyridopyrimidines. Diazines. Part 38.
Authors: Audoux Jerome , Ple Nelly , Turck Alain , Queguiner Guy
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
5H‐Cyclopentapyrazines from 1,2‐Dialkynylimidazoles.
Authors: Kerwin Sean M. , Nadipuram Asha
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Biarenes of 3‐Biaryl‐1‐ferrocenyl‐2‐propene‐1‐one
Authors: Song Qing‐bao , Lin Ru‐xiang , Shen Tian‐hua
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sodium Dithionite Initiated Addition of 1‐Bromo‐1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane to β‐Pinene. Synthesis of CF3‐Substituted Terpenoids.
Authors: Dmowski Wojciech , Ignatowska Jolanta , Piasecka‐Maciejewska Krystyna
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Study of Equilenin Derivatives and Modified Analogues.
Authors: Urusova E. A. , Gluzdikov I. A. , Selivanov S. I. , Starova G. L. , Nikolaev S. V. , Shavva A. G.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Nucleophilic Substitution of α‐Bromo Amides via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution for the Preparation of Dipeptide Analogues.
Authors: Nam Jiyoun , Chang Ji‐yeon , Shin Eun‐kyoung , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Yangmee , Jang Soonmin , Park Yong Sun
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthesis of Disaccharides Containing the 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl Unit and L‐Glycero‐D‐manno‐ and 7‐Deoxy‐L‐glycero‐D‐galacto‐heptopyranoses.
Authors: Martin Patrick , Lequart Vincent , Cecchelli Romeo , Boullanger Paul , Lafont Dominique , Banoub Joseph
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies Related to Carba‐pyranoses: A Radical Decarboxylation Approach to Monocarba‐disaccharides.
Authors: Larsen David S. , Lins Roger J. , Stoodley Richard J. , Trotter Nicholas S.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three New Norditerpenoid Alkaloids from Consolida orientalis
Authors: Alva Alenguer , Grandez Maritza , Madinaveitia Alberto , de la Fuente Gabriel , Gavin Jose
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Formation of the Arcyriacyanin System by Condensation of a 3‐Bromo‐4‐(indol‐3‐yl)maleimide with (2‐Nitrophenyl)acetates.
Authors: Mayer Guido , Hinze Claudia , Polborn Kurt , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activities of New Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolin‐3‐ones and Their Ribonucleoside Derivatives.
Authors: de Oliveira Mara R. P. , Alves Thatyana R. , Pinto Angelo C. , Pereira Helena de S. , Leao‐Ferreira Luiz R. , Moussatche Nissin , Frugulhetti Izabel Christina de P. P. , Ferreira Vitor F. , de Souza Maria Cecilia B. V.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glycosylation Reaction of Unprotected Sugars with Hydroxyalkylthymine.
Authors: Zerrouki Rachida , Billard Luc , Granet Robert , Krausz Pierre
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Some Novel Tricyclic Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]indole Nucleosides.
Authors: Williams John D. , Drach John C. , Townsend Leroy B.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Novel 2′,4′‐Doubly Branched Carbocyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: Kim Aihong , Hong Joon Hee
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Podophyllotoxin Lignan from Justicia Heterocarpa
Authors: Al‐Juaid Salih Salem , Abdel‐Mogib Mamdouh
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New α‐Tetralonyl Glucosides from the Fruit of Juglans mandshurica.
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Li Wei , Koike Kazuo , Zhang Shujie , Nikaido Tamotsu
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two Approaches to the Synthesis of the Macrodiolide Colletotriene.
Authors: Munoz Dulce M. , Passey Stephen C. , Simpson Thomas J. , Willis Christine L. , Campbell John B. , Rosser Richard
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereochemically Rich Pentaketides from Bis(isoxazolines): A General Strategy for Efficient Polyketide Synthesis.
Authors: Fader Lee D. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antioxidative Phenylethanoid and Phenolic Glycosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora.
Authors: Wang Hao , Sun Yang , Ye Wen‐Cai , Xiong Fei , Wu Jia‐Jun , Yang Chun‐Hua , Zhao Shou‐Xun
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optimal Aluminum‐Assisted Mesoporosity Development in MFI Zeolites by Desilication.
Authors: Groen Johan C. , Jansen Jacobus C. , Moulijn Jacob A. , Perez‐Ramirez Javier
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Investigations of the Intrinsic Carbon‐Incorporation During the MOVPE Growth of AlxGa1‐xAs.
Authors: Gottschalch V. , Leibiger G. , Spemann D.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Order—Disorder Transformations in Materials
Authors: Sima Vladimir
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inorganic Rings and Clusters as Single‐Source Precursors Toward Stoichiometry Controlled Synthesis of Materials: Gas Phase Chemistry in Command
Authors: Timoshkin A. Y.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preconcentration and Separation Procedures for the Spectrochemical Determination of Platinum and Palladium
Authors: Godlewska‐zylkiewicz Beata
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridium
Authors: Yellowlees L. J. , MacNamara K. G.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cobalt
Authors: Bernhardt P. V. , Lawrance G. A.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivity of Coordinated Nitriles
Authors: Pombeiro A. J. L. , Kukushkin V. Yu.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
On the General Relations Holding in Dimerization of Radicals
Authors: Tanaseichuk B. S.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Allenic Pauson—Khand Reaction in Synthesis
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Isoflavones
Authors: Levai Albert
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Development in Preparation Reactivity and Biological Activity of Enaminoketones and Enaminothiones and Their Utilization to Prepare Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Negri Giuseppina , Kascheres Concetta , Kascheres Albert J.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Difunctional Distannoxanes: X‐R2Sn‐O‐SnR2‐X
Authors: Davies Alwyn G.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Use of Phosphines Containing P—N Bonds
Authors: Zubiri Mireia Rodriguez I. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bis(iminophosphoranes) as Useful Building Blocks for the Preparation of Complex Polyaza Ring Systems
Authors: Arques Antonio , Molina Pedro
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Ephedrines
Authors: Cruz Alejandro , Juarez‐Juarez Minerva
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microtubule Structure and Its Stabilization.
Authors: Amos Linda A.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Studies of Modular Protein Structures and Their Interactions
Authors: Pickford Andrew R. , Campbell Iain D.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pre‐procedural expression of Mac‐1 and LFA‐1 on leukocytes for prediction of late restenosis and their possible correlation with advanced coronary artery disease
Authors: Rahimi Kazem , Maerz Holger K. , Zotz Rainer J. , Tárnok Attila
Published: October 2004

Background

The activation status of the inflammatory system has been suggested to play an important role in predicting restenosis. Activation of leukocyte adhesion molecules occur after coronary intervention and the level of activation correlates to restenosis. However, little is known about the specific role of adhesion molecules before intervention. The purpose of this study concerned the search for differences in the expression level of selected adhesion molecules to identify suitable tools for the pre‐procedural identification of restenosis patients prior to angioplasty.

Methods

Blood samples of 31 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography were obtained just before intervention. Seven healthy volunteers were also enrolled. Surface expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18), LFA‐1 (CD11a/CD18), L‐Selectin (CD62L), ICAM‐1 (CD54), and MHC‐II (HLA‐DR) were assessed by flow cytometry. Patients with a successful angioplasty received a follow‐up angiography after six months.

Results

According to the clinical and angiographic data, patients were divided into four groups: control (N = 14), no restenosis (N = 11), restenosis (N = 4), and advanced coronary artery disease (CAD, N = 9). The restenosis group and the advanced CAD group showed higher expression of Mac‐1 and LFA‐1 on monocytes and neutrophils compared to the other groups. Using the pre‐procedural expression levels, patients with restenosis could be predicted by discriminant analysis with CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 (average recognition index = 95.5%).

Conclusions

The data of this pilot study indicate that pre‐procedural activation status of CD11a and CD11b may play a role in the subsequent development of restenosis. Moreover, CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 may be helpful as indicators for the progression of CAD. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:63–69, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enumeration of antigen‐specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by single‐platform, HLA tetramer‐based flow cytometry: A European multicenter evaluation
Authors: Heijnen Ingmar A. F. M. , Barnett David , Arroz Maria J. , Barry Simon M. , Bonneville Marc , Brando Bruno , D'hautcourt Jean‐Luc , Kern Florian , Tötterman Thomas H. , Marijt Erik W. A. , Bossy David , Preijers Frank W. M. B. , Rothe Gregor , Gratama Jan W. ,   European Working Group on Clinical Cell Analysis
Published: October 2004

Background

HLA class I peptide tetramers represent powerful diagnostic tools for detection and monitoring of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells. The impetus for the current multicenter study is the critical need to standardize tetramer flow cytometry if it is to be implemented as a routine diagnostic assay. Hence, the European Working Group on Clinical Cell Analysis set out to develop and evaluate a single‐platform tetramer‐based method that used cytomegalovirus (CMV) as the antigenic model.

Methods

Absolute numbers of CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells were obtained by combining the percentage of tetramer‐binding cells with the absolute CD8+ T‐cell count. Six send‐outs of stabilized blood from healthy individuals or CMV‐carrying donors with CMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell counts of 3 to 10 cells/μl were distributed to 7 to 16 clinical sites. These sites were requested to enumerate CD8+ T cells and, in the case of CMV‐positive donors, CMV‐specific subsets on three separate occasions using the standard method.

Results

Between‐site coefficients of variation of less than 10% (absolute CD8+ T‐cell counts) and ∼ 30% (percentage and absolute numbers of CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells) were achieved. Within‐site coefficients of variation were ∼ 5% (absolute CD8+ T‐cell counts), ∼ 9% (percentage CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells), and ∼ 17% (absolute CMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell counts). The degree of variation tended to correlate inversely with the proportion of CMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell subsets.

Conclusions

The single‐platform MHC tetramer‐based method for antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell counting has been evaluated by a European group of laboratories and can be considered a reproducible assay for routine enumeration of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit an zentrisch und exzentrisch gedrückten Mauerwerksquerschnitten
Authors: Pflücke Torsten , Jäger Wolfram
Published: October 2004

Bei der Bemessung von Tragkonstruktionen aus Mauerwerk ist die Querschnittstragfähigkeit unter vertikaler Beanspruchung nachzuweisen. Dies trifft z.B. für den Wand‐Decken‐Knoten zu.

Bisher wurden für die Bestimmung der Querschnittstragfähigkeit einer Wand bzw. eines Pfeilers i. allg. ein Spannungsdreieck oder ein Spannungsrechteck zur Idealisierung des Materialverhaltens verwendet. Es ist bekannt, daß Mauerwerk sich im wesentlichen nichtlinear verhält und der wahre Verlauf der Materialkennlinie zwischen diesen beiden Grenzfällen liegt. In diesem Beitrag soll das reale Materialverhalten beim Nachweis der Querschnittstragfähigkeit einbezogen werden. Die Ergebnisse dienen weiterhin als Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer Näherungslösung. Die vorgestellte Approximation ermöglicht eine durchgehende Bestimmung der Querschnittstragfähigkeit ohne das sonst notwendige Differenzieren zwischen ungerissenem und gerissenem Zustand unter gleichzeitiger Beachtung des tatsächlichen Materialverhaltens. Das war bisher nur bei Anwendung des Spannungsblocks möglich.
OC29 is preferentially expressed in the presumptive sensory organ region of the otocyst
Authors: Nishida Akiko T. , Kobuke Kazuhiro , Kojima Ken , Ito Juichi , Honjo Tasuku , Tashiro Kei
Published: October 2004

The mammalian inner ear derives from the otocyst. Molecular mechanisms underlying inner ear development are largely unknown. We have isolated a secreted molecule, OC29, from a rat otocyst cDNA library by the signal sequence trap method. OC29 was revealed to be a rat homologue of human WFIKKN. OC29 is preferentially expressed in the developing inner ear and the dorsal neural tube. In the inner ear, the expression of OC29 is first detectable at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), broadly in the dorsolateral region of the otocyst, which gives rise to the vestibular organ. At E12.5, the expression of OC29 becomes restricted to the presumptive sensory region, mainly to the BMP4‐positive presumptive cristae, and expression becomes reduced at later stages. These results suggest that OC29 may have a role in the early development of the inner ear sensory organ, particularly in the formation of the cristae of the semicircular canals. Developmental Dynamics 231:766–774, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant B1 cell migration into the thymus results in activation of CD4 T cells through its potent antigen‐presenting activity in the development of murine lupus
Authors: Sato Taku , Ishikawa Sho , Akadegawa Kenji , Ito Toshihiro , Yurino Hideaki , Kitabatake Masahiro , Yoneyama Hiroyuki , Matsushima Kouji
Published: October 2004

B1 cells have different origin and function from conventional B (B2) cells and are considered to be involved in autoantibody production in the development of autoimmune disease. We found that B1 cells preferentially accumulated in the target organs including thymus in aged BWF1 mice, a murine model for systemic lupus erythematosus, and that B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC/CXCL13) expression was increased in the thymus before the onset of lupus nephritis, while stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1/CXCL12) and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21) expression remained unchanged. Adhesion molecules such as peripheral node addressin (PNAd), ICAM‐1, and VCAM‐1 were also expressed on endothelial cells in the enlarged thymic perivascular space (PVS) in aged BWF1 mice. BLC protein and PNAd were co‐localized on these high‐endothelial‐venules‐like vessels in enlarged PVS. B1 cells expressed higher level of costimulatory molecules and showed a potent antigen‐presenting activity in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction comparable to splenic dendritic cells. Interestingly, B1 cells stimulated proliferation of autologous thymic CD4 T cells in the presence of IL‐2. These results indicate that aberrant B1 cell trafficking into the thymus due to ectopic high expression of BLC may result in an activation of self‐reactive T cells in the development of murine lupus.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dithionite at a Cobalt(II)tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine and 5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis‐(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin Cobalt(II) Modified Gold Electrode in Alkaline Solution
Authors: De Wael Karolien , Westbroek Philippe , Temmerman Eduard
Published: October 2004

In this paper it is shown that the charge transfer kinetics of the oxidation of sodium dithionite at a gold electrode in alkaline solution can be increased by modifying this electrode with cobalt(II)tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine, sodium salt (CoTSPc) or 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin cobalt(II), tetrasodium salt (CoTSPor). Electrodeposition of these catalysts is discussed as well as the oxidation of sodium dithionite at these immobilized catalysts. Despite an observed acceleration in the charge transfer kinetics, sodium dithionite is still oxidized irreversibly. However, the improvement in kinetics has beneficial consequences in the field of electroanalysis of sodium dithionite. Comparison of the oxidation at bare gold and modified gold electrodes showed that with improved charge transfer kinetics at the modified electrodes a higher sensitivity and selectivity and a much lower detection limit is obtained.
Voltammetric Behavior of Nitrofurazone at Highly Boron Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Sérgio da Silva Julião Murilo , Almeida Érica Cristina , Aquiles La Scalea Mauro , Ferreira Neidenêi Gomes , Compton Richard G. , Pires Serrano Sílvia Helena
Published: October 2004

The electrochemical behavior of nitrofurazone (NFZ) at a highly boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode was studied in Britton‐Robinson (BR) buffer using cyclic voltammetry. NFZ was directly reduced to the amine derivative (RNH2) in the pH range of 2.0 to 4.0 in a process involving six (6.0±0.4) electrons and six protons. In the range of pH 7.0 to 12 and, predominantly aqueous medium, the reduction step split into its two components: the reduction of NFZ to the radical anion (RNO2.−) and reduction of RNO2.− to hydroxylamine derivative (RNHOH) in processes involving one and three (3.1±0.1) electrons, respectively. On the anodic scan of the voltammograms and at pH 8.0, the oxidation of the hydroxylamine to the nitroso derivative (RNO), was observed in a process involving 2 (1.7±0.2) electrons and 2 protons. In addition and unreported in the literature on any electrode material, was the detection of a new oxidation peak at pH>8.0, which was observed regardless of whether NFZ had been previously reduced or not. The calculation of n, number of electrons, involved in each electrochemical step was satisfactorily accomplished using the Randles‐Ševcik equation.
Comparison of the Electrochemical Reactivity of Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes from Different Sources
Authors: Lawrence Nathan S. , Deo Randhir P. , Wang Joseph
Published: October 2004

The electrochemical activity of five different commercial carbon nanotubes (CNT), prepared by the ARC discharge and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, has been assessed and compared. The various multi‐walled CNT were immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode using three different dispersing agents (Nafion, concentrated nitric acid and dimethylformamide (DMF)) and their voltammetric response to ferricyanide, NADH and hydrogen peroxide examined. SEM was used to characterize the surface morphology. The corresponding cyclic voltammetry and amperometric data showed that the electrocatalytic activity, the background current and the electroanalytical performance are strongly depended on the preparation of the CNT and on the dispersing agent used. The most favorable amperometric detection of NADH and hydrogen peroxide is observed at the NanoLab CVD‐produced CNT in connection to a DMF‐surface dispersion. ARC‐produced CNT display a smaller capacitance, particularly in connection to the DMF dispersion. Such differences in the electrochemical reactivity are attributed to the different surface chemistries (primarily defect densities) of the corresponding CNT layers, associated with the different production and dispersion protocols.
Enzymatic Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes
Authors: Rubianes María D. , Rivas Gustavo A.
Published: October 2004

The performance of enzymatic biosensors based on the immobilization of different enzymes within a carbon nanotubes paste electrode (CNTPE) prepared by dispersion of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and mineral oil is reported in this work. The strong electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and quinones and the oxidation of NADH have allowed an effective low‐potential amperometric determination of lactate, phenols, catechols and ethanol, in connection with the incorporation of lactate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase/NAD+, respectively, within the composite matrix. Compared to the analogous enzymatic CPEs, a great enhancement in the response is observed at the enzymatic CNTPEs. Therefore, highly sensitive lactate, phenols, catechols and alcohols biosensors without using any metal or redox mediator can be obtained with this new composite material.
Sustainable range management system
Authors: Chiles Gary W. , McLendon Terry
Published: October 2004

The U.S. military faces an increasingly diverse array of challenges in meeting its national security objectives in the twenty‐first century. One of the most critical challenges is providing realistic training for our armed forces. To address this challenge, the Department of Defense is pursuing a strategy to achieve range sustainment. This strategy dictates a need for a management structure within which the military can operate and maintain sustainable ranges. Rather than starting with a completely new structure, the Department of Defense should consider management structures currently in use around the world. The management structure described in the international standard for environmental management systems, ISO 14001, provides a very useful framework for addressing the required elements of a sustainable range management system. The ISO 14001 framework helps range managers identify gaps in any proposed management structure and determine the most effective means of integrating existing range management tools into the sustainable range management system. Two examples of existing range management tools that may be used within a sustainable range management system are geographic information systems (GISs) and the ecological model ECOS2T (Ecological Simulations for a Sustainable Tomorrow). ISO 14001 provides a useful road map for the integration of these tools into a sustainable range management system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing potential Marine Corps training and operational impacts from new air quality standards for fine particles (PM2.5)
Authors: Ransom Elmer W. , Davis Jeff A.
Published: October 2004

In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued new air quality standards for fine particles (PM2.5). During the EPA rulemaking, the Department of Defense (DOD) submitted comments that identified several concerns about potential military training and readiness impacts. In the fall of 2004, the EPA plans to propose an implementation rule for the PM2.5 standard. To prepare for the next round of EPA rulemaking, and in coordination with the other military services, the United States Marine Corps (USMC) commissioned a study to further define and evaluate potential impacts of the PM2.5 standards and proposed implementation rule on training and readiness operations, and recommend feasible compliance strategies. This article presents the current status and preliminary results of the study. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homozygous deletions of CDKN2A caused by alternative mechanisms in various human cancer cell lines
Authors: Raschke Sascha , Balz Vera , Efferth Thomas , Schulz Wolfgang A. , Florl Andrea R.
Published: October 2004

The CDKN2A tumor‐suppressor locus on chromosome band 9p21, which encodes p16INK4A, a negative regulator of cyclin‐dependent kinases, and p14ARF1, an activator of TP53, is inactivated in many human cancers by point mutation, promoter hypermethylation, and, often, deletion. Homozygous deletions are unusually prevalent at this locus in very different human cancers. In the present study, we compared deletions in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) cell lines to those in T‐cell acute lymphatic leukemia (T‐ALL), glioma, and bladder carcinoma (TCC) cell lines. Of 14 SCCHN lines, 10 showed homozygous deletions of CDKN2A, one displayed promoter hypermethylation with gene silencing, and one had a frameshift deletion in exon 2. Many deletion ends were in or proximal to the repetitive sequence clusters flanking the locus. Breakpoint junctions displayed variable microhomologies or insertions characteristic of DNA repair by nonhomologous end‐joining. In general, deletions were much smaller in SCCHN than in TCC and glioma. In T‐ALL, breakpoints were near consensus sites for recombination mediated by RAG (recombination activating genes) enzymes, and the structure of the junctions was consistent with this mechanism. We suggest that different mechanisms of CDKN2A deletion prevail in different human cancers. Aberrant RAG‐mediated recombination may be responsible in T‐ALL, and exuberant DNA repair by nonhomologous end‐joining is the likely prevailing mechanism in SCCHN, but a distinct mechanism in TCC and glioma remains to be elucidated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using covariates to reduce uncertainty in the economic evaluation of clinical trial data
Authors: Vázquez‐Polo F. J. , Negrín Hernández M. A. , López‐Valcárcel B. González
Published: October 2004

As part of their practice, policymakers have to make economic evaluations using clinical trial data. Recent interest has been expressed in determining how cost‐effectiveness analysis can be undertaken in a regression framework. In this respect, published research basically provides a general method for prognostic factor adjustment in the presence of imbalance, emphasizing sub‐group analysis. In this paper, we present an alternative method from a Bayesian approach. We propose the use of covariates in Bayesian health technology assessment in order to reduce uncertainty about the effect of treatments. We show its advantages by comparison with another published method that do not adjust for covariates using simulated data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The welfare loss from hospital cost‐shifting behavior: a partial equilibrium analysis
Authors: Santerre Rexford E.
Published: October 2004

Cost shifting occurs when changes in administered prices of one payer lead to compensating changes in prices charged to other payers. Microeconomic theory suggests that cost shifting can take place under limited conditions and some empirical studies indicate that that hospital cost shifting may have actually occurred at various times. This study designs a model to conceptualize and quantify the potential welfare loss caused by hospital cost shifting under idealized yet fairly plausible conditions. The resulting estimate yields only a small efficiency loss of at most, 0.84% of private hospital expenditures in the US for 1992. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative Electrophilic Fluorinating Power as Assayed by Competitive Catalytic Halogenation Reactions
Authors: Toullec Patrick Y. , Devillers Ingrid , Frantz Richard , Togni Antonio
Published: October 2004

Catalytic fluorination/chlorination competition experiments of β‐keto ester 5 were used to assess the relative fluorinating activity of various electrophilic NF reagents (containing an NF bond). Thus, in the halogenation reactions catalyzed by the [Ti(TADDOLato)] complex 1 (=bis(acetonitrile)dichloro[(4R,5R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐α,α,α′,α′‐tetra(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanolato(2−)‐κO,κO′]titanium), the activity range of a series of commercially available reagents spans more than two orders of magnitude. SelectfluorTM (=1‐(chloromethyl)‐4‐fluoro‐1,4‐diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate); 9; also called F‐TEDA; TEDA=triethylenediamine) reacts more than 100 times faster than 1‐fluoropyridinium tetrafluoroborate.
Factors associated with complex visual hallucinations during antidepressant treatment
Authors: Cancelli Iacopo , Marcon Gabriella , Balestrieri Matteo
Published: October 2004

Published case reports on complex visual hallucinations (CVH) occurring during antidepressant (AD) treatment were reviewed. Thirteen cases of CVH associated with SSRI treatment, 16 cases during tricyclic drug treatment and seven cases with other AD drug treatments were found.

Nine patients were taking concomitant drugs while on therapy with SSRIs and four had a neurological disease in addition to depression. The cholinergic impoverishment occurring in dementia states or during concomitant therapy with anticholinergic drugs could increase the sensitivity to serotonergic agonists, triggering the manifestation of CVH.

During tricyclic drug treatment, half of the reports were of hypnopompic or hypnagogic hallucinations and this can be associated with the effects of tricyclics (TCA) on sleep architecture. It is likely that the potent anticholinergic effect of amitriptyline was potentiated in a situation of a rapidly changing state of consciousness.

In general, the review supports the view that an imbalance between serotonin and acetylcholine systems is at the root of AD‐induced CVH, with a profile defined by a cholinergic hypoactivity and a serotonergic hyperactivity.

Caution is needed when administering a combination of serotonergic and anticholinergic AD in the treatment of the demented population and in other already compromised patients because there is a risk of precipitating CVH. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial measurements of stream baseflow, a relevant method for aquifer characterization and permeability evaluation. Application to a hard‐rock aquifer, the Oman ophiolite
Authors: Dewandel B. , Lachassagne P. , Qatan A.
Published: October 2004

The structure, functioning and hydrodynamic properties of aquifers can be determined from an analysis of the spatial variability of baseflow in the streams with which they are associated. Such analyses are based on simple low‐cost measurements. Through interpreting the hydrological profiles (Q = f(A)) it is possible to locate the aquifer(s) linked to the stream network and to determine the type of interrelated flow, i.e. whether the stream drains or feeds the aquifer. Using an analytical solution developed for situations with a positive linear relationship, i.e. where the baseflow increases linearly with increasing catchment size, it is also possible to estimate the permeability of the aquifer(s) concerned at catchment scale.

Applied to the hard‐rock aquifers of the Oman ophiolite, this method shows that the ‘gabbro’ aquifer is more permeable than the ‘peridotite’ aquifer. As a consequence the streams drain the peridotites and ‘leak’ into the gabbro. The hydrological profiles within the peridotite are linear and positive, and indicate homogeneity in the hydrodynamic properties of these formations at the kilometre scale. The permeability of the peridotite is estimated at 5 · 10−7 to 5 · 10−8 m/s. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment concentration and the ripple–dune transition
Authors: Schindler Robert J. , Robert André
Published: October 2004

Flume experiments were conducted in order to monitor changes in flow turbulence intensity and suspended sediment concentration at seven stages across the ripple–dune transition and at three different positions above the bed surface. Three‐dimensional velocity measurements were obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was monitored indirectly using ADV signal amplitude. Although limited to time‐averaged parameters, the analysis reveals that SSC varies significantly with stage across the transition and with sampling height. The statistical analysis also reveals an apparent uniformity of suspended sediment concentration with height above the bed in the lower half of the flow depth at the critical stage in the transition from ripples to dunes. This is also the stage at which turbulence intensity is maximized. Statistically significant correlations were also observed between suspended sediment concentrations and root‐mean‐square values of vertical velocity fluctuations. These correlations reflect the various levels of shear‐layer activity and the distinct turbulent flow regions across the transition. Conversely, time‐averaged values of Reynolds shear stress exhibit a very weak relationship with suspended sediment concentrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of benzo[a]pyrene on tissue activities of metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant system in normal and protein‐malnourished rats
Authors: Badary Osama A. , AbdEl‐Gawad Hanan M. , Taha Ragia A. , Ali Azza A. , Hamada Farid M.A.
Published: October 2004

The effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) on some drug‐metabolizing and antioxidant systems in liver, lung, and stomach were investigated in normal and protein malnutrition (PM) rats. PM significantly inhibited tissue glutathione (GSH) content and increased hepatic lipid peroxidation. Cytochrome P450 isoform CYP1A1 was significantly increased in various tissues (42–73%). Also, lung glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity was significantly decreased (19%) in PM rats. On the other hand, B[a]P significantly induced tissue GSH of control and PM rats. Also, hepatic lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in control rats treated with B[a]P. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased by B[a]P treatment in PM rat stomach. B[a]P significantly induced both quinone reductase (QR) (in all tissues) and hepatic GST of control and PM rats. GST activity in PM rat liver was significantly higher than that of control rat liver after B[a]P treatment. Also, B[a]P induced hepatic CYP1A1 by 32‐fold and 27‐fold (P ≤ 0.05) in control and PM rats, respectively. Stomach and hepatic UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase activities were significantly decreased (34%) and increased (74%), respectively by B[a]P in PM rats. The results suggest that PM status has a modifying effect on the response of some antioxidant and metabolizing systems to a well‐known carcinogen risk. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:86–91, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10064
Molecular and histological responses in rat skin exposed to m‐xylene
Authors: Gunasekar Palur G. , Rogers James V. , Kabbur Mahendra B. , Garrett Carol M. , Brinkley William W. , McDougal James N.
Published: October 2004

Solvents, surfactants, cutting fluids, hydrocarbons, and oils cause skin irritation by incompletely understood mechanisms. This study examined histological and molecular changes in rodent skin caused by brief topical exposures to m‐xylene. At 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after 1‐h exposure, skin samples were removed and analyzed for histopathological changes and interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels. Histopathological changes (epidermal–dermal separation and granulocyte infiltration) and increases in IL‐1α and iNOS protein expression occurred during our observation period. IL‐1α levels increased by 80% immediately after exposure and iNOS levels increased about 60% 4 hours after exposure. Our study demonstrates that dermal exposure to m‐xylene promotes IL‐1α and iNOS production in skin and these proteins may serve as early indicators of skin irritation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:92–94, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10065
Fourth generation MOSFET model and its VHDL‐AMS implementation
Authors: Prégaldiny Fabien , Lallement Christophe
Published: October 2004

While the last decade has been dominated by Berkeley's BSIM3 and BSIM4 models (third generation models), a new type of compact models like HiSIM, SP, MM11 or EKV3 is more and more accepted in the semiconductor industry. These new models are either surface‐potential‐based models or charge linearization models (EKV3) and, as a result, should be regarded as the fourth generation of MOSFET models. Based on the core of the MM11 model, we have developed new concepts to compute the exact value of the surface potential, i.e. accounting for the quantum effects. The model covers all operating regions from accumulation to inversion and is valid for all bias conditions. The VHDL‐AMS implementation of the model is then demonstrated and a representative set of simulation results is presented. The computation of charges, transcapacitances and drain current shows an excellent behaviour in terms of accuracy and speed, while requiring no additional parameter in comparison to a classical model. Comparison with experimental data from a current deep‐submicron technology is also provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of combined orthotopic liver transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Axelrod David , Koffron Alan , DeWolf Andre , Baker Alfred , Fryer John , Baker Talia , Frederiksen James , Horvath Keith , Abecassis Micheal
Published: October 2004

Advanced coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasingly common in patients awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Unfortunately, in patients whose coronary artery anatomy is not amenable to angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) alone may precipitate hepatic decompensation. Thus, combined liver transplant and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG-OLT) may be required to effectively treat both conditions. Clinical records were analyzed for 5 CABG-OLT procedures at a single institution. Operative indications, technical details, and postoperative course were determined for each patient. Patients undergoing CABG-OLT had a mean age of 57.8 years (range, 54-66) and were predominantly male (80%). All patients had significant 3-vessel coronary atherosclerotic disease with preserved left ventricular function. There were no intraoperative deaths. At mean 25 months of follow-up (range, 8.0-25) there was an 80% graft and patient survival. Overall average length of stay was 21 days (range, 7-59 days). In conclusion, CABG-OLT procedure appears to be safe and effective in the population of patients with advanced CAD and liver disease. In this series, patients appear to benefit from multidisciplinary preoperative evaluation, coordination between cardiac and transplant surgeons, careful graft selection, and use of sapheno-atrial veno-veno bypass. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:1386-1390.)
Female role orientation of Chinese women: Conceptualization and scale development
Authors: Sin Leo Y. M. , Yau Oliver H. M.
Published: October 2004

This article addresses the conceptual and measurement issues related to the study of the female role orientation (FRO) of Chinese women. It first reviews the concept of FRO and its important dimensions. It then reports on the construction and psychometric assessment of a measure of FRO. Four multiitem scales are developed that show strong evidence of reliability and validity across samples of Chinese women from mainland China and Hong Kong. Further analysis provides evidence of scale invariance across the two samples. The final section includes a discussion of the implications of the findings and directions for future research. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oberflächenschädigung von Walzenkörpern
Authors: Reip T. , Krempaszky C. , Renhof L. , Werner E.
Published: October 2004

Die Oberflächenqualität von Walzprodukten wird vom Zustand der Walzenoberfläche entscheidend beeinflusst. Die Mechanismen, die zum lokalen, diskontinuierlichen Verschleiß der Walzen führen, werden dargestellt, wobei besonders die thermomechanische Belastung von Interesse ist. Diese ist durch die Initiierung und das Vorantreiben von Mikrorissen hauptverantwortlich für das so genannte Banding. Untersuchungen an Proben aus einer industriell genutzten Arbeitswalze zeigen das Ausmaß der Schädigung. Durchgeführt wurden licht‐ und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen, die Vermutungen über die Ursachen der Schädigung zulassen. Eine Interpretation rechnerisch durchgeführter Analysen der Belastung bestätigt diese Vermutungen.
Umweltverträgliche Tribosysteme
Authors: Murrenhoff H.
Published: October 2004

In diesem Beitrag wird eine Einleitung und Übersicht über den Sonderforschungs‐bereich ‘Umweltverträgliche Tribosysteme durch geeignete Werkstoffverbunde und Zwischenstoffe am Beispiel der Werkzeugmaschine’ gegeben.

Hierzu wird von den Anforderungen ausgegangen und anschließend das Umfeld, in dem der SFB steht, beleuchtet. Darauf aufbauend wird die Zielsetzung sowie die Strategie und Methodik der Vorgehensweise erläutert. Hierzu hat sich der SFB eine Struktur gegeben, die in die Bereiche der Stoffe und ihres Verhaltens, der in den Maschinen vorkommenden Komponenten, Systeme und Prozesse sowie der rechnerischen Behandlung unterteilt ist.

Exemplarisch werden einige Ergebnisse gezeigt, die in den Einzelbeiträgen dann ausführlich behandelt werden. Zum Abschluss geht der Vortrag auf den Know How Transfer ein und gibt einen Ausblick auf die Arbeiten der derzeitig laufenden Förderperiode.
Untersuchung und Bewertung der Alterung von Estern mit Hilfe moderner Datenbankmethoden
Authors: Göhler O.‐C. , Murrenhoff H. , Schmidt M.
Published: October 2004

Im Sonderforschungsbereich 442 „Umweltfreundliche Tribosysteme”︁ werden im Rahmen des Teilprojektes A3 „Alterungsverhalten umweltverträglicher Zwischenstoffe”︁ neue Fluide in Labor‐ und Prüfstandsversuchen auf ihr Alterungsverhalten untersucht. Die Versuchsergebnisse aus einem modifizierten Rotary‐Bomb‐Test belegen die Wirksamkeit der vom Teilprojekt A1 durchgeführten chemischen Modifikationen von Estern in Bezug auf die Alterung. Diese Ergebnisse werden von Prüfstandsversuchen bestätigt. Zusammenhänge zwischen den in den Versuchen gewonnenen Kenngrößen werden mittels Korrelationsanalysen aufgezeigt. Der Einsatz der Methode der neuronalen Netze zur Simulation des Einflusses von Temperatur und Fettsäureverteilung auf die Alterung wird vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation zeigen die Eignung dieser Methode als ein Werkzeug in der Fluidentwicklung, um zeit‐ und kostensparend arbeiten zu können.
Bewertung von Schicht‐Substrat‐Systembelastungen mit Hilfe von Kontaktspannungssimulation
Authors: Gold P. W. , Loos J. , Klaas H.
Published: October 2004

Zur Realisierung von umweltverträglichen Tribosystemen werden im Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 442 PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) ‐Schichtsysteme entwickelt, welche zusammen mit entfeinerten Schmierstoffen deren tribologische Eigenschaften verbessern. Bei Bewertung von Schicht‐Substrat‐Systemen für den Einsatz in tribologischen System ist es von besonderer Bedeutung zu erfassen, welchen Beanspruchungen diese Systeme ausgesetzt sind und wie ihre Eigenschaften das Beanspruchungs‐Kollektiv beeinflussen. Gegenstand der vorgestellten Untersuchungen ist eine Analyse der Parameter des Schicht‐Substrat‐Systems mit signifikanten Effekten der Oberflächenbeanspruchung. Dabei werden Unterschiede zu den bekannten Oberflächenbeanspruchungen der Massivwerkstoffe aufgezeigt und mathematische Modelle zur Beschreibung des Schicht‐Substrat‐Einflusses entwickelt. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist es, die im Tribosystem (z. B. Wälzlager) auftretenden Belastungen mit denen in den Schicht‐Prüfverfahren (z. B. Rockwell‐Haftklassenuntersuchung, Nanoindentermessung) aufgebrachten Belastungen in einen Zusammenhang zu stellen. Denn nur so ist es möglich, die in den Schicht‐Prüfverfahren gewonnenen Ergebnisse zur Bewertung eines Schicht‐Substrat‐Systems heranzuziehen. Entscheidendes Hilfsmittel ist hier die Simulation der mechanischen Oberflächenbeanspruchung mittels FEM (Finite Element Methode). Hiermit ist es möglich, den anisotropen und inhomogenen Werkstoffeigenschaften des Schicht‐Substrat‐Systems Rechnung zu tragen.
Tribologische Untersuchungen an Metall/Metall‐Gleitpaarungen bei Verschleißversuchen im Hüftgelenksimulator nach ISO 14 242
Authors: Kremling U. , Franke R. , Witzleb W.‐Chr.
Published: October 2004

Ergebnisse von Verschleißversuchen im Hüftgelenksimulator E‐sim werden vorgestellt. Dieser Simulator gestattet die Durchführung von Verschleißprüfungen nach ISO‐Norm 14 242. Volumetrische und gravimetrische Verschleißraten von Metall/Polyethylen (PE), Keramik/PE und Metall/Metall‐Gleitpaarungen sind gegenübergestellt.

Ausführlich wird ein Verschleißversuch an einer Metall/Metall‐Oberflächenersatzprothese mit einem Durchmesser von 50 mm bis zu einer Zyklenzahl von 3 Millionen beschrieben. Verschiedene Bewertungsmethoden wurden genutzt, um das tribologische Verhalten dieser Paarung zu beschreiben. Die 3D‐Koordinatenmessungen gestatten eine Erfassung des linearen, volumetrischen und gravimetrischen Verschleißes sowie der verschlissenen Fläche. Ergänzend sind Ergebnisse von Rundheitsmessungen und Partikelanalysen des Prüfmediums angegeben.

Die 3D‐Messung erwies sich als geeignete Möglichkeit, um die sehr geringen Verschleißbeträge der Metall/Metall‐Gleitpaarung zu erfassen. Nach 3 Millionen Zyklen beträgt der lineare Verschleißbetrag an der Kugel 6,2 μm und der volumetrische Verschleißbetrag 4,8 mm3. Bei der Pfanne lagen diese Werte bei 7,5 μm bzw. 3,2 mm3.