bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of galanin receptor 1 immunoreactivity in the rat stomach and small intestine
Authors: Pham Thomas , Guerrini Stefania , Wong Helen , Reeve Joseph , Sternini Catia
Published: October 2002

Galanin affects gastrointestinal functions by activating different G protein–coupled receptors. Here, we identified the sites of expression of the galanin receptor 1 (GAL‐R1) subtype in the rat stomach and small intestine by using immunohistochemistry with an antibody raised to the third intracellular loop of rat GAL‐R1 (GAL‐R1Y225‐238) and confocal microscopy. Antibody specificity was confirmed by (1) the detection of a band at approximately 70 kDa in Western blot of membranes from GAL‐R1 transfected cells, (2) the cell surface staining of GAL‐R1 transfected cells, which was not detected in control cells, and (3) the abolition of Western signal and tissue immunostaining by preadsorbing the antibody with the peptide used for immunization. GAL‐R1 immunoreactivity was localized to the cell surface of enterochromaffin‐like cells, and of myenteric and submucous neurons, and to fibers distributed to the plexuses, interconnecting strands, muscle layers, vasculature, and mucosa. A dense network of GAL‐R1 immunoreactivity was observed in the deep muscular plexus in very close association with interstitial cells of Cajal visualized by c‐kit immunostaining. In the ileum, 81.6% of GAL‐R1 myenteric neurons and 70.7% of GAL‐R1 submucosal neurons were substance P immunoreactive. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was found in 48.3% of GAL‐R1 submucosal neurons, but not in GAL‐R1 myenteric neurons. These findings support the hypothesis that GAL‐R1 mediates galanin actions on gastrointestinal motility and secretion by modulating the release of other neurotransmitters and contributes to galanin‐induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion by means of the suppression of endogenous histamine release. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:292–302, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Front propagation in periodic excitable media
Authors: Berestycki Henri , Hamel François
Published: October 2002

This paper is devoted to the study of pulsating travelling fronts for reaction‐diffusion‐advection equations in a general class of periodic domains with underlying periodic diffusion and velocity fields. Such fronts move in some arbitrarily given direction with an unknown effective speed. The notion of pulsating travelling fronts generalizes that of travelling fronts for planar or shear flows. Various existence, uniqueness and monotonicity results are proved for two classes of reaction terms. Firstly, for a combustion‐type nonlinearity, it is proved that the pulsating travelling front exists and that its speed is unique. Moreover, the front is increasing with respect to the time variable and unique up to translation in time. We also consider one class of monostable nonlinearity which arises either in combustion or biological models. Then, the set of possible speeds is a semi‐infinite interval, closed and bounded from below. For each possible speed, there exists a pulsating travelling front which is increasing in time. This result extends the classical Kolmogorov‐Petrovsky‐Piskunov case. Our study covers in particular the case of flows in all of space with periodic advections such as periodic shear flows or a periodic array of vortical cells. These results are also obtained for cylinders with oscillating boundaries or domains with a periodic array of holes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of molecular genetics to the diagnosis of lymphoid‐rich effusions: Study of 95 cases with concomitant immunophenotyping
Authors: Mihaescu Anca , Gebhard Sandra , Chaubert Pascal , Rochat Marie‐Christine , Braunschweig Richard , Bosman Fred T. , Delacrétaz Françoise , Benhattar Jean
Published: October 2002

The cytological differentiation between reactive lymphocytosis and malignant lymphoma in serous effusions is often difficult. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential contribution of molecular genetic clonality analysis to a solution to this problem. We examined the cytological specimens of 95 consecutive patients collected during a 4‐yr period, including 74 pleural, 20 peritoneal, and one pericardial fluids. Cytological diagnosis in the 95 lymphocyte‐rich effusions was positive for lymphoma in 20 cases, suspicious for lymphoma in 26 cases, and negative in 49 cases. The analysis by ICC was not carried out, inconclusive, or noninterpretable in 25 cases. In five cases molecular genetic analysis was hampered by technical problems. By immunocytochemistry, eight additional cases of lymphoma were detected and lineage classification was achieved in 15 of the 20 cytologically positive effusions. PCR and Southern blot analysis were used to assess B‐ and T‐cell clonality. Monoclonality was found in 40 (42%) of the 95 effusions analyzed. One‐third of the effusions with a monoclonal B‐cell gene rearrangement were detected by Southern blot analysis but not by the PCR performed in parallel. The results of molecular genetic analysis were corroborated by histological findings and/or clinical evolution in 15 cases. Our results indicate that molecular genetic analysis is a useful tool in the analysis of lymphocyte‐rich serous effusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:90–95. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prenatal sensory stimulation on heart rate and behavioral measures of arousal in bobwhite quail embryos
Authors: Reynolds Greg D. , Lickliter Robert
Published: October 2002

Although a number of studies have demonstrated the effects of altered prenatal experience on subsequent behavioral development, how these effects are achieved remains a topic of enduring interest. The present study examined the immediate effects of unimodal and multimodal prenatal sensory stimulation on physiological and behavioral arousal in bobwhite quail embryos. Embryos were videotaped and their heart rate was monitored during a 4‐min exposure period to (a) no supplemental sensory stimulation, (b) unimodal auditory stimulation, (c) unimodal visual stimulation, (d) two sources of concurrent auditory stimulation, or (e) concurrent auditory/visual stimulation. Results indicated that quail embryos' overall activity levels and heart rate can be significantly affected by the type of prenatal sensory stimulation provided during the period prior to hatching. In particular, multimodal stimulation increased both behavioral activity levels and heart rate compared to controls. Across the unimodal and intramodal groups, however, behavioral and physiological measures revealed different patterns of activity in response to supplemental sensory stimulation, highlighting the value of using multiple levels of analysis in exploring arousal mechanisms involved in prenatal perceptual responsiveness. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 112–122, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10058
Prenatal disturbance alters the size of the corpus callosum in young monkeys
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lulbach Gabriele R. , Schneider Mary L.
Published: October 2002

Many factors during fetal life and early infancy have been found to affect the development of the brain. The following study investigated whether maternal stress during pregnancy would influence the size and shape of one sensitive brain region, the corpus callosum, in infant monkeys. For 30% of the gestation period, from Days 90 to 140 postconception, gravid females were disturbed using an acoustical startle protocol for 10 min per day. Magnetic resonance imaging was then employed to obtain sagittal and coronal scans of their infants' brains. Morphometric measures of the corpus callosum were compared in 16 monkeys (5 controls and 11 from disturbed pregnancies). Prenatal conditions altered the corpus callosum, but in a differential manner for male and female monkeys. Based on the midsagittal and parasagittal scans, prenatally disturbed male offspring showed a decrease in overall size of the corpus callosum whereas the prenatal disturbance resulted in an increased area in females. An evaluation of callosal height from the coronal images suggested that the volumetric change was associated with a shift in anterior‐to‐posterior shape from the genu back toward the splenium. These findings concur with observations in other animals and humans, which have indicated that prenatal and postnatal factors can influence the development of the corpus callosum, possibly affecting communication between the hemispheres. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 178–185, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10063
Embryonic and fetal rat myoblasts form different muscle fiber types in an ectopic in vivo environment
Authors: Pin Christopher L. , Hrycyshyn Alan W. , Rogers Kem A. , Rushlow Walter J. , Merrifield Peter A.
Published: October 2002

Limb muscle development is characterized by the migration of muscle precursor cells from the somite followed by myoblast differentiation and the maturation of myotubes into distinct muscle fiber types. Previous in vitro experiments have suggested that rat limb myoblasts are composed of at least two distinct myoblast subpopulations that appear in the developing hindlimb at different developmental stages. These embryonic and fetal myoblast subpopulations are believed to generate primary and secondary myotubes, respectively. To test this hypothesis, cells obtained from embryonic day 14 (ED 14) and ED 20 rat hindlimbs were analyzed for myosin heavy chain expression after long‐term differentiation in adult rat brains. Fetal myoblasts from ED 20 hindlimbs produced muscle fibers with a phenotype similar to that seen in tissue culture—predominantly fast myosin with a small proportion also coexpressing slow myosin. However, injection sites populated by embryonic myoblasts from ED 14 hindlimbs produced a different phenotype from that previously reported in culture, with fibers expressing an entire array of myosin isoforms. In addition, a subpopulation of fibers expressing exclusively slow myosin was found only in the embryonic injection sites. Our results support the existence of at least three myogenic subpopulations in early rat limb buds with only one exhibiting the capability to differentiate in vitro. These findings are consistent with a model of muscle fiber type development in which the fiber type potential of myoblast populations is established before differentiation into myotubes. This process establishes myogenic subpopulations that have restricted adaptive ranges regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish smad7 is regulated by Smad3 and BMP signals
Authors: Pogoda Hans‐Martin , Meyer Dirk
Published: October 2002

Growth factors of the TGF‐β superfamily such as BMPs and Nodals are important signaling factors during all stages of animal development. Smad proteins, the cytoplasmic mediators of most TGF‐β signals in vertebrates, play central roles not only for transmission but also in controlling inductive TGF‐β signals by feedback regulation. Here, we describe cloning, expression pattern, transcriptional regulation, and functional properties of two novel zebrafish Smad proteins: the TGF‐β agonist Smad3b, and the anti‐Smad Smad7. We show that zebrafish Smad3b, in contrast to the related zebrafish Smad2, can induce mesoderm independently of TGF‐β signaling. Although mammalian Smad3 was shown to inhibit expression of the organizer‐specific genes goosecoid, zebrafish smad3b activates organizer genes such as goosecoid. Furthermore, we show that Smad3 and BMP signals activate smad7. Because Smad7 blocks distinct TGF‐β signals in early zebrafish development, our data provide hints for new roles of smad3 genes in the regulation and modulation of TGF‐β signals. In summary, our analyses point out differences of Smad3b and Smad2 functions in zebrafish and provide the first link of smad3 and smad7 function in context of vertebrate development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor decreases early cardiac neural crest migration in chicken embryos
Authors: Cai D.H. , Brauer P.R.
Published: October 2002

During early embryonic development, cardiac neural crest (NC) cells emerge from the forming neural tube, migrate beneath the ectoderm, enter the pharyngeal arches, and subsequently participate in the septation of the heart. Like tumor cells, NC cells penetrate through basement membranes and invade extracellular matrix during their emigration and migration and, therefore, are liable to use similar invasive mechanisms. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc proteolytic enzymes known to be important in cell migration and invasion of normal and metastatic cells. In an earlier study, we found that the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of MMP‐2 positively correlates with cardiac NC migration, suggesting MMP enzymatic activity may be important in mediating cardiac cell NC migration. To test this hypothesis, a synthetic MMP inhibitor, KB8301, was used to block MMP enzymatic activity during in vitro and in vivo cardiac NC cell migration in chick embryos. Injection of KB8301 into the cell‐free space adjacent to the neural tube at the level of the second somite before the NC cells emigrated caused major morphologic anomalies in embryos and disrupted cardiac NC morphogenesis. Unilateral injection of KB8301 at lower concentrations, significantly decreased cardiac NC migration on the injected side compared with the noninjected side and compared with that of the injected controls. This decrease correlated with a decrease in MMP activity in the embryos and was not attributable to differences in embryo size or rate of embryonic development after injection. KB8301 also significantly decreased the rate of NC cell motility and distance NC cells migrated from explanted neural tubes and increased cell area and perimeter. These data suggest that MMP enzymatic activity is an important mediator of early cardiac NC migration and that perturbation of endogenous MMP activity may lead to NC‐related congenital defects. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation characteristics of a slotted parallel plate waveguide filled with a transversely magnetized ferrite
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo
Published: October 2002

In this paper, radiation characteristics such as radiation efficiency and radiation patterns are analyzed by means of the method of moments in the case in which only the TE1 mode propagates in a slotted parallel plate waveguide filled with a transversely magnetized ferrite. The slot is installed on the upper plate in the ferrite‐filled parallel plate waveguide. At millimeter‐wave frequencies, the dependence of the radiation efficiency and of the radiation pattern of the ferrite‐filled parallel plate waveguide on the applied dc magnetic field is evaluated numerically. The magnetic tunability of the radiation bandwidth and the magnetic control of the radiation pattern of the ferrite‐filled slotted parallel plate waveguide are theoretically studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 22–29, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10031
Generation of broadband speech from narrowband speech based on linear mapping
Authors: Nakatoh Yoshihisa , Tsushima Mineo , Norimatsu Takeshi
Published: October 2002

In this paper, a method for generating broadband speech from band‐limited speech using spectral linear mapping is proposed. This method is based on LPC analysis and synthesis. It first extracts sound source information (residual waveforms) and vocal tract information (spectral envelopes) from input speech, performs linear mapping of the vocal tract information and nonlinear processing of the sound source information for broadband conversion, and finally generates broadband speech from both by LPC synthesis. The spectral envelope is made broadband by linear mapping, the spectral space is divided into a number of subspaces, and a narrowband spectrum is converted into a broadband spectrum by a conversion (convert) matrix of each subspace. A conversion (convert) matrix is estimated using training speech such that the mean square error between the postconversion spectrum and the target broadband spectrum is minimized. Spectral distortions of the proposed method were compared experimentally with codebook mapping and neural network methods and it has been verified that the proposed method with linear mapping gives performance not inferior to that of the other two methods. In addition, the proposed method has been verified to have the effect of giving a band feeling in subject evaluation tests. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 44–53, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10065
Design of 2D filter banks based on 1D lattice structure
Authors: Isogimi Kazuaki , Horibe Tatsuto , Ikehara Masaaki
Published: October 2002

This paper proposes a design procedure for the 2D linear‐phase para‐unitary filter bank, based on the 1D lattice structure. As the first step, the perfect reconstruction conditions of 1D and 2D cases are compared, and it is shown that the 2D filter bank satisfying the perfect reconstruction condition can be realized by the 1D lattice structure with a constraint. It is known, on the other hand, that the 1D perfect reconstruction filter bank can be converted to the lattice structure, using only half of the filter coefficients, and a simple optimization procedure can derive the whole filter coefficients. Based on those investigations, it is shown that the 2D filter bank can be designed by directly designing only half of the channels of the 2D filter bank in the time domain. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 38–46, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10005
Insulation properties of a CO2/N250% SF6gas mixture in a nonuniform field
Authors: Ohtsuka Shinya , Nagara Shunji , Koumura Masaki , Hashimoto Yousuke , Nakamura Michiaki , Hikita Masayuki
Published: October 2002

This paper describes partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of a CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture in a nonuniform field. These voltage characteristics were investigated with ac high voltage by changing the mixture rate of each gas of CO2, N2, and SF6gas and the gas pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.6 MPa. It was found that adding a small amount of CO2gas into a N2/SF6mixture causes a drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. For instance, when the mixture rate of SF6in N2/SF6gas mixture is 50%, with the addition of 1% CO2the maximum breakdown voltage becomes 1.31 and 1.15 times higher than that of a 50% N2/50% SF6gas mixture and pure SF6gas, respectively. Moreover, those voltage characteristics of a CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture were also investigated by changing the electric field utilization factor as well as by applying positive and negative standard lightning impulse voltages in order to discuss the corona stabilization effect, which seems to be one reason for the drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. These results and breakdown mechanism of the CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture are discussed on the basis of the corona stabilization effect and the dissociation energies of the component gases by observing PD light images, PD light intensities through a blue and red filter, and PD current waveforms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10019
Psychological effects of the Euro—experimental research on the perception of salaries and price estimations
Authors: Jonas Eva , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter , Schulz‐Hardt Stefan
Published: October 2002

In five studies we show that the introduction of the Euro influences price estimations and the perception of salaries among people in Germany. People confronted with wages given in Euros compared to the German Mark (DM) showed a reduced willingness to face long distances to get to work when accepting a job offer. When asked to price various consumer goods appropriately, they estimated higher prices if they used the ‘Euro’ currency compared to price estimations made in DM. This phenomenon only occurred with regard to the Euro, but not in comparison with other currencies (cf. the British Pound and Austrian Schilling). The differing price estimations between the Euro and the German Mark were not influenced by participants' attitude towards the Euro. Moreover, it turned out that they depended on how the judgement context was framed. Only if participants expected to make price estimations for shops in their home country, Germany, did the familiar nominal DM figures serve as an anchor heightening the estimated prices in Euro. The same effect disappeared if participants were instructed to make their price estimations for shops in a foreign country (Ireland). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appropriateness of decisions as a moderator of the psychology of voice
Authors: van den Bos Kees , Spruijt Nienke
Published: October 2002

This paper focuses on the psychology of the voice effect (the effect that people show more positive reactions when they are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion in the decision‐making process than when they are denied such an opportunity). It is argued that it is important to ask about what decisions people are allowed voice. More specifically, results of two experiments suggest that when participation in decision making is appropriate (i.e. voice is allowed about decisions that are relatively important to participants) the voice effect is found: People's procedural judgements and other reactions are more positive following voice as opposed to no‐voice procedures. However, when participation in decision making is inappropriate (i.e. voice is allowed about decisions that are unimportant to participants) no effect or even a reversal of the voice effect is found. These people do not react differently or even react more negatively following voice as opposed to no‐voice procedures. It is concluded that these results further our insights into the psychology of procedural justice in general and voice in particular. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of intergroup context of evaluation on ambivalence toward the ingroup and the outgroup
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Costarelli Sandro , Romoli Chiara
Published: October 2002

A study is reported which examines the relations between ambivalence toward the ingroup and the outgroup. The basic assumption was that ambivalent attitudes in intergroup contexts contribute to satisfying two competing motivations of group members, i.e. establishment of positive distinctiveness for the ingroup and conformity to the fairness norm. Participants were asked to evaluate the ingroup and one other group by using unipolar (positively and negatively valenced) affect‐ and cognition‐based items. We predicted an interaction effect of target group (ingroup versus outgroup) and attitude domain (affect‐based versus cognition‐based) on ambivalence. Additional hypotheses were formulated taking separately into account the positive and the negative unipolar items. We expected that on positively valenced items the ingroup would be favoured over the outgroup on both affect‐ and cognition‐based evaluations. Besides, we predicted that on negatively valenced items, the ingroup would be favoured over the outgroup on affect‐based evaluation but not on cognition‐based evaluation. Results indicated support for the predictions and shed light on the moderating role played by attitude domains on both ambivalence and ingroup favouritism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materialistic values and well‐being in business students
Authors: Kasser Tim , Ahuvia Aaron
Published: October 2002

We explored whether values focused on money, image, and popularity are associated with lowered well‐being, even in environmental circumstances supportive of such values. To this end, we administered three widely used measures of a materialistic value orientation to 92 business students in Singapore. As expected, those students who had strongly internalized materialistic values also reported lowered self‐actualization, vitality and happiness, as well as increased anxiety, physical symptomatology, and unhappiness. Results are consistent with past research suggesting that some types of values may be unhealthy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the group polarization hypothesis by using logit models
Authors: Rodrigo María F. , Ato Manuel
Published: October 2002

This paper focuses on methodological aspects of group polarization research and has two well‐defined parts. The first part presents a methodological overview of group polarization research together with an examination of the inadequacy, under certain circumstances, of the traditional parametric approach usually used to test this phenomenon based on pre‐test/post‐test means comparison across groups. It is shown that this approach will produce masks effects when groups are heterogeneous with regard to the observed change from pre‐test to post‐test. The second part suggests an alternative methodological approach based on logit models for the analysis of contingency tables from a categorization of the variable ‘kind of shift’. This approach is illustrated and compared with the parametric approach with a simulated data set. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking the edge off of disagreement: linguistic abstractness and self‐presentation to a heterogeneous audience
Authors: Rubini Monica , Sigall Harold
Published: October 2002

The use of linguistic abstraction in self‐presentation was examined. Participants, whose goal it was to be liked by recipients, presented their political views to an audience of two people. Participants learned beforehand that the two recipients had the same political views as the participant, that both had different political views from the participant, or that one had similar views to and one had dissimilar views from the participant. Theorising that variations in the degree of linguistic abstractness used by participants when describing their political views were related to their social goals, it was hypothesised that participants would describe their political views at a higher level of linguistic abstractness when communicating with a similar agreeing audience than when communicating with a mixed audience. Results confirmed this hypothesis. The role of linguistic abstractness in achieving self‐presentational goals is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotoxicity of naturally occurring indole compounds: correlation between covalent DNA binding and other genotoxicity tests
Authors: Reddy M. Vijayaraj , Storer Richard D. , Laws George M. , Armstrong Michael J. , Barnum John E. , Gara Jennifer P. , McKnight Crystal G. , Skopek Thomas R. , Sina Joseph F. , DeLuca John G. , Galloway Sheila M.
Published: October 2002

3‐Methylindole (3MI), melatonin (Mel), serotonin (Ser), and tryptamine (Tryp) were evaluated in vitro for their potential to induce DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations (Abs), inhibition of DNA synthesis, and mutations. All compounds produced DNA adducts in calf thymus DNA in the presence of rat liver S9. In cultured rat hepatocytes, all produced DNA adducts but none induced DNA strand breaks. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, 3MI and Mel produced DNA adducts, Abs, and inhibition of DNA synthesis with and without S9, except that Mel without S9 did not form adducts. Ser formed DNA adducts, was an equivocal Abs inducer, and suppressed DNA synthesis. Tryp induced neither adducts nor Abs, but did suppress DNA synthesis with S9. Ser and Tryp were less cytotoxic than 3MI and Mel. Mel, Ser, and Tryp failed to induce mutations in Salmonella and E. coli strains with or without S9. 3MI and Mel produced DNA adducts but not mutations in Salmonella TA100 with S9. 3MI and its metabolite indole 3‐carbinol also did not induce mutations in a shuttle vector system in human cells. The lack of correlation between DNA adducts and other genotoxicity endpoints for these indole compounds may be due to the higher sensitivity of the 32P‐postlabeling adduct assay or it may indicate that the indole‐DNA adducts per se are not mutagenic and are not able to induce strand breaks or alkali‐labile lesions. The indole‐induced Abs may result from cytotoxicity and suppression of DNA synthesis with minimal if any contribution from DNA adducts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:1–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Damaging properties of ground motions and prediction of maximum response of structures based on momentary energy response
Authors: Hori Norio , Inoue Norio
Published: October 2002

Dynamic damaging potential of ground motions must be evaluated by the response behaviour of structures, and it is necessary to indicate what properties of ground motions are most appropriate for evaluation. For that purpose, the behaviour of energy input process and hysteretic energy dissipation are investigated in this study. It is found that the momentary input energy that is an index for the intensity of input energy is related to the characteristics of earthquakes such as cyclic or impulsive, and to the response displacement of structures immediately.

On the basis of these results, a procedure is proposed to predict inelastic response displacement of structures by corresponding earthquake input energy to structural dissipated damping and hysteretic energy. In this procedure the earthquake response of structures is recognized as an input and dissipation process of energy, and therefore structural properties and damaging properties of ground motions can be taken into account more generally.

Lastly, the studies of the pseudodynamic loading test of reinforced concrete structure specimens subjected to ground motions with different time duration are shown. The purpose of this test is to estimate the damaging properties of ground motions and the accuracy of the proposed prediction procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical prediction of the earthquake response of classical columns using the distinct element method
Authors: Papantonopoulos C. , Psycharis I. N. , Papastamatiou D. Y. , Lemos J. V. , Mouzakis H. P.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, the distinct element method is used in order to predict the earthquake response of a multi‐drum marble model of a classical column. The results are compared with experimental data for an ‘identical’ specimen under the same excitation. Both the numerical analysis and the experiments were conducted in three dimensions. The results show that the distinct element method can capture quite well the main features of the response, in spite of the sensitivity of the response to even small perturbations of the characteristics of the structure or the excitation. Attention, however, should be given to the appropriate values of the joint properties to be used. In any case, it seems that the method can be used with confidence in the restoration process of ancient monuments, in order to estimate the response to expected earthquake motions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐morbid psychiatric morbidity, comorbidity and personality in patients with anorexia nervosa compared to their healthy sisters
Authors: Karwautz Andreas , Rabe‐Hesketh Sophia , Collier David A. , Treasure Janet L.
Published: October 2002

Anorexia nervosa (AN) has been linked with pre‐morbid disorders, comorbidity, and specific personality traits in between‐family case–control studies. However, these findings have not been replicated in within‐family studies, and it is not known whether these factors are linked specifically with AN or are shared familial factors. We aimed to compare pre‐morbid disorders, comorbidity, and specific personality traits between sister‐pairs discordant for AN. Forty‐five families with two sisters discordant for AN were retrospectively assessed by interview and questionnaires. The proband with AN had mood disorders and personality disorders (PDs) more frequently than their sister and had lower scores of novelty seeking, self‐directedness and cooperativeness, and higher scores of harm avoidance, persistence, self‐transcendence and of all EDI‐2 scales. In conclusion, major depression, cluster C PDs, persistence, harm avoidance, and self‐transcendence appear to be specifically linked to AN and to be individual‐specific in nature. Major depression seems to be a risk factor for AN. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Weathering rates of buried machine‐polished rock disks, Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland
Authors: Thorn Colin E. , Darmody Robert G. , Dixon John C. , Schlyter Peter
Published: October 2002

Some 48 dolomite, 37 granite, and 19 limestone machine‐polished disks were buried at soil horizon boundaries in 16 soil pits to maximum depths of 0·5–0·6 m within Kärkevagge, a presently periglacial, glaciated trough in Arctic Sweden. The objective of the ongoing study is to determine near‐surface ‘potential’ weathering rates beneath birch forest, Dryas heath, heath, meadow, solifluction meadow, and willow vegetation cover types. Selected disks were excavated after 1 year, and all disks were excavated after 4 or 5 years.

The limestone disks weathered fastest, followed closely by the dolomite disks, but the granite disks weathered at much slower rates. Mean annual percentage mass loss over 4 or 5 years was 0·473 ± 0·145% (two standard errors) for dolomite disks, 0·032 ± 0·005% (two standard errors) for granite disks, and 1·104 ± 0·446% (two standard errors) for limestone disks. For dolomite disks the Dryas heath and heath environments weathered the most slowly, a trend that was generally followed by the granite disks. Poor drainage (i.e. increasing wetness) and decreasing pH were found to promote dolomite weathering rates in a statistically significant manner. Surficial and subsurface weathering rates at individual sites were generally found to be correlated for dolomite, but not granite. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pioneer: The employment intervention demonstration program
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Carey Martha Ann , Razzano Lisa A. , Burke Jane , Blyler Crystal R.
Published: October 2002

The importance of close and effective collaboration to the success of a multisite study is the focus of this chapter, which describes the ways in which key parties worked together to identify and overcome the challenges of a large and complicated evaluation.
The Egyptian Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris: chemical compositions of the fruit volatile oil and antioxidant activity
Authors: El‐Ghorab Ahmed H. , Fadel Hoda M. , El‐Massry Khaled F.
Published: October 2002

The fruit volatile oil of E. camaldulensis var. brevirostris was isolated by hydrodistillation and thereafter the fruit marc was extracted by ethanol. The volatile oil obtained was subjected to analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Thirty‐eight volatile components were identified. The main volatile compounds in the fruit volatile oil were: aromadendrene (17.99%), α‐pinene (12.68%), p‐cymenene (5.39%), α‐gurjunene (6.65%), cubenol (9.23%), thymol (1.62%) and p‐cymen‐7‐ol (0.73%). The volatile components were classified into four groups: monoterpenes (20.6%), sesquiterpenes (33.8%), light‐oxygenated (8.1%) and heavily‐oxygenated (37.6%) compounds. The results showed that the concentration of sesquiterpenes and heavily‐oxygenated compounds were higher than the other two classes. The main compound in the ethanol extract of fruit of E. camaldulensis was isolated by semi‐preparative HPLC and identified as ellagic acid. The antioxidant activities of the fruits volatile oil and the ethanol extract as well as that of the tree bark were evaluated by the thiocyanate method. The ethanol extract of Eucalyptus fruit exhibited considerable activity compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ). The high inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract of fruit upon linoleic acid after 12 days might be related to the higher ellagic acid content. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of cineole as a grease solvent
Authors: Soh Melissa , Stachowiak Gwidon W.
Published: October 2002

Economic and environmental incentives exist to search for future applications for cineole, a major component of eucalyptus oil. New markets for cineole (such as the industrial degreasing solvent market) will have economic benefits for Western Australia, while commercial eucalyptus tree plantations have environmental benefits in addressing the state's soil salinity problem and combating the greenhouse effect. In this study, the potential applications of cineole as an industrial degreasing solvent are examined. Cineole's degreasing performance on a number of greases is compared to commonly used petroleum‐based solvents. The question to be answered was: how clean from the tribological viewpoint is the surface after the solvent treatment? The friction tests used in the experiments show that cineole has the potential to replace certain petroleum‐based solvents currently used as industrial degreasers. Cineole performs comparably to these solvents for two of the greases tested (Mobilgrease HP and Mobilith SHC 220), but performs poorer for Ampol multipurpose grease (red). This is mainly due to the different additive packages used in this grease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical and experimental study of batch sedimentation and viscous resuspension
Authors: Rao Rekha , Mondy Lisa , Sun Amy , Altobelli Steve
Published: October 2002

A suspension of non‐neutrally buoyant, large, nearly monodisperse spheres is studied both in batch sedimentation and in shear between concentric rotating cylinders. We apply a continuum constitutive equation based on the diffusive flux model augmented with buoyancy terms derived by Acrivos and coworkers and discretize the resulting equation set with the finite element method. We simulate batch sedimentation using this method and obtain a reasonable match with experiment. Next used two‐dimensional NMR imaging to measure the evolution of solid fraction profiles in the same suspension undergoing flow between rotating concentric cylinders with two different initial conditions. Here, both gravity‐induced and shear‐induced particle migration are significant. Under these conditions, we have found that simulating the correct initial condition is critical to matching the experimental results. When this is done, the model results compare well with the experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Velocity field after wave breaking
Authors: Watanabe Yasunori , Saeki Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

The velocity field in breaking water waves is considered in this paper. A numerical simulation describes in detail the transition from a primary overturning and consequent rebounding jets into a bore front, where the vorticity in the coherent large‐scale eddy structures devolves into turbulence. Spatial changes in the frequency spectra of the kinetic energy and the enstrophy are associated with the production, transport and dissipation of the Reynolds stress and the various wave and turbulent mixing length scales. Mean velocity fields and the wave and kinetic energy in a surf zone are evaluated. Fourier and wavelet spectral analysis is applied to study both the surface elevation and energy changes, and the distinction that must be made between spilling and plunging breakers is clarified in this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element method for the two‐dimensional extended Boussinesq equations
Authors: Walkley Mark , Berzins Martin
Published: October 2002

A new numerical method for Nwogu's (ASCE Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 1993; 119:618)two‐dimensional extended Boussinesq equations is presented using a linear triangular finite element spatial discretization coupled with a sophisticated adaptive time integration package. The authors have previously presented a finite element method for the one‐dimensional form of these equations (M. Walkley and M. Berzins (International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1999; 29(2):143)) and this paper describes the extension of these ideas to the two‐dimensional equations and the application of the method to complex geometries using unstructured triangular grids. Computational results are presented for two standard test problems and a realistic harbour model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic mesh adaptation: towards user‐independent, mesh‐independent and solver‐independent CFD. Part III. Unstructured meshes
Authors: Dompierre Julien , Vallet Marie‐Gabrielle , Bourgault Yves , Fortin Michel , Habashi Wagdi G.
Published: October 2002

The present paper is the third article in a three‐part series on anisotropic mesh adaptation and its application to two‐ and three‐dimensional, structured and unstructured meshes. This third paper concerns the application of the full adaptation methodology to 2‐D unstructured meshes, including all four mesh modification strategies presented in Part I, i.e. refinement/coarsening, edge swapping and node movement. The mesh adaptation procedure is validated through a careful monitoring of a single adaptation step and of the solution–adaptation loop. Independence from the initial mesh and from the flow solver is illustrated. The efficiency of the overall methodology is investigated on relevant laminar and turbulent flow benchmarks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the valuation of warrants
Authors: Handley John C.
Published: October 2002

This article addresses a misconception in the literature concerning the valuation of warrants when a warrant is
treated as an option on the stock of the underlying firm. The magnitude and timing of the impact of a warrant
issue on the underlying stock price and on the wealth of the firm's shareholders is examined within a
continuous‐time arbitrage‐free economy. In particular, it is shown that the stock price of the
underlying firm conditionally reflects dilution at all times following the announcement of a warrant issue and
notwithstanding that the warrants might not even have been issued yet. Valuing a warrant or convertible security
as an option on the post‐announcement underlying stock price means there is no need for any
explicit adjustment for dilution to be made to the chosen option pricing model. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:765–782, 2002
Breakpoint position on 17q identifies the most aggressive neuroblastoma tumors
Authors: Łastowska Maria , Cotterill Simon , Bown Nick , Cullinane Catherine , Variend Sadick , Lunec John , Strachan Tom , Pearson Andrew D.J. , Jackson Michael S.
Published: October 2002

Gain of chromosome arm 17q is a powerful prognostic factor in neuroblastoma, and the distribution of 17q breakpoints suggests that the dosage of one or more genes in 17q22–23 to 17qter is critical for tumor progression. To identify the smallest region of 17q gain, we used eight probes to map translocation breakpoints in 48 primary neuroblastoma tumors. We identified at least five different breakpoints, all localized within the proximal part of 17q (from D17Z1 to MPO). The shortest region of gain identified by these probes extends from MPO (17q23.1) to 17qter. Surprisingly, we found that breakpoints localized proximal to ERBB2 (17q12) were associated with significantly better patient survival than breakpoints localized distal to ERBB2. Breakpoints localized distal to ERBB2 identified patients with a particularly poor prognosis, higher mitotic karyorrhectic index, and stage 4 disease. This implies that breakpoint position on 17q is a discriminative factor within this prognostically poor group of patients. This result also suggests that the biological effect of 17q gain during neuroblastoma progression has a complex basis. We propose that this involves dosage alterations of genes localized on both sides of the 17q breakpoints, with a gene or genes mapping between 17cen and 17q12 acting to suppress progression, and a gene or genes mapping between 17q23.1 and 17qter acting to promote tumor progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemizygous deletions in the HLA region account for loss of heterozygosity in the majority of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of the testis and the central nervous system
Authors: Jordanova Ekaterina S. , Riemersma Sietske A. , Philippo Katja , Giphart‐Gassler Micheline , Schuuring Ed , Kluin Philip M.
Published: October 2002

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a major mechanism for inactivation of tumor‐suppressor genes and has been observed in various solid tumors and lymphomas. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region is located at chromosome band 6p21.3, and loss or alteration of this region may provide tumor cells with a mechanism to escape from the immune system. We previously identified small homozygous deletions within the HLA class II region in many of the diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLCLs) of the central nervous system (CNS) and the testis. In the present study, we focused on the mechanism leading to LOH in the HLA region. Twenty microsatellite markers, of which 12 were specific for HLA, were applied on 11 extranodal DLCLs of the CNS and 28 of the testis. Additionally, fluorescence in situ hybridization with seven HLA‐specific probes and a centromere 6–specific probe was performed on 20 cases to study the mechanism of LOH. In contrast to previously published data on spontaneously mutated lymphoblastoid cell lines, intrachromosomal hemizygous deletion, not mitotic recombination, was the major cause of LOH of the HLA region in these lymphomas. However, opposed to data in colorectal cancer, these deletions were rarely (one of nine cases) associated with an interchromosomal rearrangement such as a translocation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symbolic discriminant analysis of microarray data in autoimmune disease
Authors: Moore Jason H. , Parker Joel S. , Olsen Nancy J. , Aune Thomas M.
Published: October 2002

New laboratory technologies such as DNA microarrays have made it possible to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously in a particular cell or tissue. The challenge for genetic epidemiologists will be to develop statistical and computational methods that are able to identify subsets of gene expression variables that classify and predict clinical endpoints. Linear discriminant analysis is a popular multivariate statistical approach for classification of observations into groups. This is because the theory is well described and the method is easy to implement and interpret. However, an important limitation is that linear discriminant functions need to be prespecified. To address this limitation and the limitation of linearity, we have developed symbolic discriminant analysis (SDA) for the automatic selection of gene expression variables and discriminant functions that can take any form. In the present study, we demonstrate that SDA is capable of identifying combinations of gene expression variables that are able to classify and predict autoimmune diseases. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:57–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.