bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the known and unknown plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin
Authors: Hopkins Michael J. G.
Published: June 2007

Aims  The overall aim of this study is to provide the data needed for Amazonian conservation and the sustainable management of the region. To this end I model the hypothetical distribution of plant species richness across the Amazon Basin, the distribution of the proportion of this species richness that can be accounted for by described species, and hence the distribution of the biodiversity which remains unknown.

Location  Amazonia, Neotropics.

Methods  Species richness across the Amazon Basin is estimated by comparing the occurrences of 1584 species of Magnoliophyta whose taxonomy and geographical distributions are relatively well known. These data are used to collate checklists for squares of 1° latitude by 1° longitude. Comparison of the checklists allows estimation of the relative expected diversity in the vicinity of each degree square. Summing the distributions of the hypothetical real ranges gives the proportion of the biodiversity that can be accounted for by described species. Subtraction of the second distribution from the first gives a distribution of the contribution to the overall biodiversity that the model predicts, potentially, results from as yet undescribed species.

Results  Collections documented in recent botanical monographs show an extremely biased distribution with the best knowledge being found in a very few relatively well‐collected areas. At the degree square level, this model predicts that gamma biodiversity in the Amazon Basin is uniformly high across most of the basin. The model predicts that four large areas of the basin are particularly poorly known, and that they should contain large numbers of uncollected species.

Main conclusions  The model presented here highlights the difficulties of quantifying Amazonian plant diversity and its distribution. The low density of collections, and especially their extremely clumped distribution, undermines confidence in theories that seek to explain the apparent distribution of biodiversity. The model's prediction is substantially different from published predictions of the distribution of alpha diversity. Testing of this model in the areas identified as lacunae would require collecting programmes designed to collect fertile material of rare species. If the model's predictions are approximately accurate, the plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin is considerably underestimated.
A comparison of altitudinal species richness patterns of bryophytes with other plant groups in Nepal, Central Himalaya
Authors: Grau Oriol , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Birks H. J. B.
Published: June 2007

Aim To explore species richness patterns in liverworts and mosses along a central Himalayan altitudinal gradient in Nepal (100–5500 m a.s.l.) and to compare these patterns with patterns observed for ferns and flowering plants. We also evaluate the potential importance of Rapoport’s elevational rule in explaining the observed richness patterns for liverworts and mosses.

Location Nepal, Central Himalaya.

Methods We used published data on the altitudinal ranges of over 840 Nepalese mosses and liverworts to interpolate presence between maximum and minimum recorded elevations, thereby giving estimates of species richness for 100‐m altitudinal bands. These were compared with previously published patterns for ferns and flowering plants, derived in the same way. Rapoport’s elevational rule was assessed by correlation analyses and the statistical significance of the observed correlations was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.

Results There are strong correlations between richness of the four groups of plants. A humped, unimodal relationship between species richness and altitude was observed for both liverworts and mosses, with maximum richness at 2800 m and 2500 m, respectively. These peaks contrast with the richness peak of ferns at 1900 m and of vascular plants, which have a plateau in species richness between 1500 and 2500 m. Endemic liverworts have their maximum richness at 3300 m, whereas non‐endemic liverworts show their maximum richness at 2700 m. The proportion of endemic species is highest at about 4250 m. There is no support from Nepalese mosses for Rapoport’s elevational rule. Despite a high correlation between altitude and elevational range for Nepalese liverworts, results from null simulation models suggest that no clear conclusions can be made about whether liverworts support Rapoport’s elevational rule.

Main conclusions Different demands for climatic variables such as available energy and water may be the main reason for the differences between the observed patterns for the four plant groups. The mid‐domain effect may explain part of the observed pattern in moss and liverwort richness but it probably only works as a modifier of the main underlying relationship between climate and species richness.
The Major Arteries of the Shoulder and Arm of the White‐tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Raf inesque, 1832)
Authors: Bisaillon André
Published: June 2007

As in the domestic ruminants, the superficial cervical artery with its 5 named branches vascularizes to some extend the region of the shoulder, and the axillary artery with its 3 named branches vascularizes chiefly the muscles of the shoulder. In Odocoileus the suprascapular branch of the superficial cervical artery is the major supply to the large M. supraspinatus, whereas in the pig and domestic ruminants this branch is restricted to the free limb. The suprascapular artery of Odocoileus is very small. The transverse cubital artery gives off the cranial superficial antebrachial artery and does not anastomose with the collateral radial artery as it usually does in the domestic species.
Die Mm. omotransversarius und sternocleidomastoideus des Esels
Authors: Mitteilungen Kurze , Mitteilungen Kurze
Published: June 2007

Der Esel besitzt wie das Pferd einen M. omotransversarius und einen dreiteiligen M. trapezius. Vom M. sternocleidomastoideus besitzt er beide Teile, die Pars sternomandibularis und die dem Pferde fehlende Pars cleido‐mastoidea.
The Anatomy of the Tendons of Insertion of the extrinsic Muscles of the Eyeball in the Buffalo, Cow and Camel
Authors: Hifny A. , Misk N. A.
Published: June 2007

The knowledge of the insertion of the eyeball's extrinsic muscles is of importance in the surgery and the forensic medicine. In the camel the features differ from those in the buffalo generally as regards the thickness and yellow colour of all tendons and specially as regards the position of the line of insertion of the lateral rectus, its position at the obliques and its mode of termination at the retractor. In the cow the line of insertion of the inferior oblique and the length of the tendons of the superior and lateral recti differ from those in the buffalo.

Zur Anatomie der Endsehnen der äußeren Augenmuskeln bei Büffeln, Rind und Kamel

Die Kenntnis der Insertionen der äußeren Augenmuskeln ist chirurgisch und forensisch bedeutsam. Abweichungen von den Verhältnissen beim Büffel betrefTen beim Kamel generell die Dicke und Gelbfärbung aller Endsehnen, speziell die Insertionslinie des lateralen Rectus, deren Anordnung bei den Obliqui und deren Endigungsweise beim Retractor. Beim Rind weichen die Insertion des unteren Obliquus sowie die Sehnenlange des oberen und lateralen Rectus ab.

L'Anatomie des Tendons des Muscles extrinseques du Bulbe de l'oeil chez le Buffle, la Vache et le Chameau

La connaissance de l'insertion des muscles du bulbe de l'oeil est importante pour la chirurgie et pour la médecine légale. Chez le Chameau, les caractères different de ceux rencontrés chez le Buffle en ce qui concerne de manière générate lépaisseur et la coloration jaune de tous les tendons et de façon particuliere la situation de la ligne d'insertion du droit latéral, les rapports des obliques et la terminaison du rétracteur. Chez la Vache, la ligne d'insertion de l'oblique inferieur et la longueur des tendons des droits supérieur et latéral different de celles du Buffle.

Sobre la anatomía del tendón terminal del músculo ocular externo en el búfalo, el buey y el camello

Conocimientos sobre la inserción del músculo ocular externo tienen gran importancia quirúrgica y médico‐legal. Discrepancias con respecto a la situación en le buAfalo, corresponden en el camello especialmente al espesor y al color amarillo de los tendones, así como a la línea de insercion del recto lateral, a la distribución de los tendones de los oblicuós y su manera de inserción en el retractor. En el buey difieren la inserción del oblicuo inferior y la longitud de los tendones de los músculos rectos superior y lateral.
Contribution to the Nasolacrimal Duct of Donkeys in Egypt
Authors: Said A. H. , Shokry M. , Saleh M. A. , Hegazi A. A.
Published: June 2007

The anatomy, radiography, and histology of the nasolacrimal duct of the egyptian donkey was investigated. In comparison to the horse there are 4 modifications. 1) The puncta lacrimalia are narrower and located bulbar on the lid margin. 2) The intraosseous part of the duct has a dorsal convex course. 3) At the level of the rostral margin of P3 the duct shows a partially distinct dilatation. 4) The ostium nasolacrimal is located on the cutaneous wall of the nostrile.

Zusammentassung

Zur Anatomie des Ductus nasolacrimal bei Eseln in Agypten

Der Ductus nasolacrimalis ägyptischer Esel wurde anatomisch, radio‐graphisch und histologisch untersucht. Im Vergleich zum Pferd sind 4 Ab‐weichungen bemerkenswert. 1. Die Puncta lacrimalia sind enger und liegen am bulbären Lidrand. 2. Der intraossäre Teil des Ganges verläuft deutlich dorsal konvex. 3. In Höhe des Rostralrandes von P3 ist der Gang deutlich erweitert. 4. Das Ostium nasolacrimal liegt im Hautbereich der lateralen Nasenlochwand.
Absorption of Intraventricularly Injected Peroxidase by Tanycytes of the Median Eminence of the Neonatal Rat
Authors: Nozaki Masumi
Published: June 2007

The tanycytes of the median eminence absorbed peroxidase injected intraventricularly in 1 day, 1, 2 and 3 weeks old rats. Peroxidase was found both in the perikarya and the processes terminating at the hypophysial portal vessels. These observations suggest a functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid and the adenohypophysis through these tanycytes in the neonatal rats.

Absorption von intraventrikular injizierter Peroxidase durch Tanyzyten der Eminentia mediana bei neugeborenen Ratten

Die Tanyzyten der Eminentia mediana absorbierten intraventrikulär in‐jizierte Peroxidase bei einen Tag bis drei Wochen alten Ratten. Die Peroxidase wurde sowohl in den Perikarya gefunden als audi in den Zellfortsätzen, die an den Portalgefäßen der Hypophyse enden. Das spricht dafür, daß die Tanyzyten bei neugeborenen Ratten als funktionelles Bindeglied zwischen Zere‐brospinalflüssigkeit und Adenohypophyse agieren.
Histotopik von Glykosidasen im Eileiter des Haushuhns (Gallus domesticus)*
Authors: Skolek‐Winnisch R. , Sinowatz F. , Lipp W.
Published: June 2007

The histochemical patterns of distribution of six glycosidases were examined in the oviduct of mature hens (white Leghorn, Heysdorf— Nelson— Lohmann). The significance of the glycosidases possibly forming an antibacterial protective mechanism is discussed.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Cumuluszellen während der extrakorporalen Eizellreifung beim Schwein*
Authors: Meinecke B. , Meinecke‐Tillmann S.
Published: June 2007

In order to study in more detail the functional significance of the granulosa cell reaction for the in vitro oocyte maturation in the pig, 412 oocytes taken from Graafian follicles and 510 taken from tertiary follicles were grown on different culture media. 147 oocytes, which during in vitro maturation showed a granulosa cell reaction, were transplanted and were utilized to study their embryonic developmental potentialities.

It was possible to induce the granulosa cell reaction in about two‐thirds of oocytes by the addition of the fluid taken from Graafian follicles. Denudation of oocytes led to a severe inhibition of maturation.

Only one‐third of the transplanted oocytes showed normal embryonic developmental potentialities.

The findings suggest that maturation of the oocyte nucleus is related directly to the granulosa cell reaction, while the maturation of the cytoplasm is independent of it.
Comparative Cytology of the Neuro‐Intermediate Lobe of the Reptilian Pituitary
Authors: Weatherhead Brian
Published: June 2007

In many reptiles the pars nervosa bears a striking resemblance to the mammalian median eminence. The structure of the ependymal cells lining the infundibular recess and the fact that many of them are in synaptic contact with nerve fibres suggests that they subserve more than a mere structural role and that they may be involed in secretory or transport functions forming functional units with neuronal elements of the hypothalamus. All species possess large numbers of typical peptidergic fibres although some have in addition a second, rarer type; aminergic fibres are also present but their numbers vary in different species.

The pars intermedia contains nerve fibres only in snakes and Caiman but even in these species the innervation is sparse. This observation coupled with the organisation of the pars nervosa leads to the conclusion that the latter may act, in part at least, as the “median eminence” of the pars intermedia. A more extensive survey, particularly amongst the families of lizards thought to be related to the ancestors of snakes, might throw further light upon the course of evolution of control mechanisms within the pars intermedia of reptiles.
Development of the Venous Drainage of the Equine Hypophysis Cerebri
Authors: Vitums Arturs
Published: June 2007

The development of the venous drainage from the equine hypophysis cerebri was investigated in embryos and fetuses ca. 22nd to 270th day of gestation. The early venous drainage was represented by the right and left retrohypophysial veins which were tributaries of the primary head veins. In later development an anastomosis was formed between the contralateral retrohypophysial veins. This anastomosis was named the retrohypophysial sinus which was identical with the caudal intercavernous sinus of the postnatal animals. The development of the rostral intercavernous sinus was not observed. The right and left cavernous sinuses developed secondarily from the retrohypophysial sinus. The venous drainage was directed rostrolaterad into the ophthalmic veins. In addition to the rostrolateral route, a caudoventral route, represented by the right and left ventral petrosal sinuses, developed from the retrohypophysial sinus relatively late in the fetal period. Both the rostrolateral and caudoventral routes joined eventually the external jugular system basically resembling postnatal conditions.
The Afferent Venous Vessels to the Liver and the Intrahepatic Portal Distribution in the Fowl
Authors: Miyaki Takayoshi
Published: June 2007

The afferent veins to the liver of 325 adult fowls belonging to ten breeds were investigated by celluloid and neoprene latex casts, and venography. The author elucidates macroscopically the basic pattern of the hepatic portal vein. The right and left portal veins ramify the main branches to the liver, therefore, the intrahepatic distribution is divided into the two portal territories varying in relative size, but this change relates to the development of the medial branch from the right portal vein and the presence of the hepatic fissure.
Observations on the Histological Development of the Bovine Rumen Papillae Morphological Changes Due to Age1,2
Authors: Arias J. L. , Cabrera R. , Valencia A.
Published: June 2007

The present study aims to characterize the main morphological changes occurring on the bovine ruminal papillae during pre‐ and postnatal development. Light microscopic observations of the ruminal wall from bovine fetus (3 to 9 month fetal age) and from crossbreed (Holstein‐Frisian) calves (5 to 60 days‐old) were analysed. The results suggest that the postnatal papillary development corresponds mainly to a fully actualization of the differentiation pattern already developed at the prenatal stage.
Fine Structure of Developing Spermatids used as a Basis for Staging of the Spermateleosis in the Blue Fox (Alopex Lagopus)
Authors: Andersen Kjell
Published: June 2007

Ultrastructural changes of the different spermatid organelles have been studied in order to establish a basis for subdivision of blue fox spermateleosis. Testicular tissue from 9 sexually mature animals was obtained within the breeding season (March—April), As a result of electron microscopical observations, ten distinct stages of spermatid differentiation could be defined.
Zur funktionellen Morphologie des Rete testis, der Tubuli recti und der Terminalsegmente der Tubuli seminiferi des geschlechtsreif en Rindes1,2
Authors: Wrobel K.‐H. , Sinowatz F. , Kugler P.
Published: June 2007

Am Terminalsegment des Tubulus seminiferus des geschlechtsreifen Bullen lassen sich drei Abschnitte, nämlich die Ubergangsregion, der Mittelabschnitt und der terminale Pfropf unterscheiden. Mittelabschnitt und terminaler Pfropf werden fast ausschließlich von modifizierten Stützzellen gebildet. Jedes Terminalsegment wird von einem Gefäßplexus manschettenartig umgeben. An den Tubulus seminiferus schliefk sich der Tubulus rectus an. Jeder Tubulus rectus beginnt mit einer kelchartigen Erweiterung, die den terminalen Pfropf umfaßt und die dann in einen engen und glattwandigen Kelchstiel übergeht. Rete‐wärts vom Kelchstiel findet sich ein durch die Ausbildung von intraepithelialen Invaginationen gekennzeichneter Tubulusabschnitt, der dann in das Rete testis einmündet. Das einschichtige Epithel von Tubulus rectus und Rete testis ent‐hält massenhaft freie Zellen (Lymphocyten und Makrophagen), die bis zu 25 % ausmachen können. Im subepithelialen Stroma des Rete testis liegen flache Zellen, die ihrem Phosphatasereichtum nach als kontraktil anzusprechen sind, sowie reichlich elastische Fasern.
Los ligamentos triangulares del perro
Authors: Martin Eduardo
Published: June 2007

The triangular ligaments of 82 dogs were studied to determine the presence, number, size and hepatic attachment of each ligament. A new — dorsal or intermediate — ligament is described. The left ligament was found to be the largest and the only constant one. It could be simple, double or triple. The right and intermediate ligaments could be simple or double. The frequency of these types of ligaments and the variations of them are considered. There was a statisticaly significative difference between the dimensions of the left and right ligaments specially when the left was simple
Vergleichend‐anatomische Untersuchungen über einen transepithelialen Flüssigkeitsstrom in das Lumen der Kloake von Vögeln
Authors: Rautenfeld D. Berens von , Budras K.‐D.
Published: June 2007

Comparative anatomical studies on transepithelial fluid migration into the lumen of the cloaca in birds

In the rooster the fluid migration originates principally from lymph capillaries and ends in the interstitium of the lymphfolds. In the male duck, coot and pigeon this phenomenon occurs in a corresponding zone of transudation. In these birds the fluid migration originates principally in blood capillaries, however. From the interstitium the fluid passes through intercellular spaces of the epithelium into the lumen of the cloaca where it appears as a transparent fluid. In all examined species immunocompetent cells migrate into the cloaca with the fluid. These cells produce the immunoglobulins which have been found in the transparent cloacal fluid of the rooster.
The Functional Structure of the Pylorus in the Ox
Authors: Lauwers H. , Ooms L. , Simoens P. , VOS N. R. De
Published: June 2007

In spite of recent electromyographic experiments and myotomy on the pylorus, a detailed morphological study of that region is still lacking.

In this study the pyloric part of the abomasum and the first 15 cm. of the duodenum have been investigated macro‐ and microscopically in 20 veal calves and 20 adult cattle. The circular muscle layer of the terminal part of the pars pylorica thickens into a proximal and a distal sphincter. Two U‐shaped muscle loops, one on the visceral and the other on the parietal surface, are fixed by their base to the sphincter pylori. Together with longitudinal fibers of the abomasum and the duodenum, they may form a dilator pylori. A fibrous septum, which separates the muscular coat of the stomach from that of the duodenum is absent. Some longitudinal fibers of the abomasum are continuous with those of the duodenum. The loose mucosal folds in the pars pylorica and also the torus pyloricus may act as a mucosal plug in closing the pylorus. These findings are discussed in view of possible functional implications.
Adrenocortical Interactions following Dehydration, Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Cortisone acetate and Desoxycorticosterone acetate Treatments in the Parakeet, Quail and Myna
Authors: Manna C. K. , Ghosh Asok
Published: June 2007

Dehydration results in an extreme hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenocortical tissue, whereas NaCl produces a profound atrophic change. KCl brings the gland to some hypertrophy in parakeet and myna, but to some atrophy in quail. The response to cortisone and desoxycorticosterone acetate clearly indicates an atrophic look in quail and myna, however, in parakeet both the subcapsular and the central zones respond uniformly towards hypertrophy. No specific zonal responses could be detected even in cases with a histomorphological zonation. This may be due to the hormonal situation discussed by other authors.
Macrophages in the Excurrent Ducts of the Testes of Normal Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Aire Tom A. , Malmqvist Margareta
Published: June 2007

The purpose was to study the occurrence and fine structure of macrophages in the ex‐current ducts of the testis in normal fowls. The material was taken from six young adult cockerels, which were fixed by vascular perfusion. The macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy. The occurrence and fine structure of the macrophages were described. The origin and fate of the macrophages were discussed.
Die Histotopik einiger Oxidoreduklasen im Nebenhoden des Hundes
Authors: Sinowatz F. , Winnisch‐Skolek R. , Lipp W.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the activity and localization of five oxidoreductases in dog's epididymis. The epididymes of 10 mature dogs were examined using enzyme‐histochemical methods. Our results suggest that glycolysis and the citrate cycle both play significant roles in the metabolism of the epididymal epithelium.
Differential Growth in the Supracoracoideus Muscles of Male and Female Turkeys
Authors: Swetland H. J.
Published: June 2007

The growth of supracoracoideus muscles in male and female turkeys was measured at two week intervals for 20 weeks after hatching. Growth in weight of the supracoracoideus was closely related to growth of the adjacent pectoralis and coracobrachialis muscle. Growth curves for muscle length and fascicular length exhibited marked deceleration so that more than 75% of the length at 20 weeks had been reached by 10 weeks. Growth curves for weight, cross sectional area at the muscle midlength and myofibre diameter were approximately linear with 50% or less of the 20 week growth attainment being reached by 10 weeks. Supracoracoideus muscles in most males had a greater cross sectional area and were longer and heavier than those in females. At 20 weeks, the greater mass of supracoracoideus muscles in males was due to radial and not longitudinal myofibre growth.
Involutión «in vitro», regeneración y actividad functional de la zona de la cresta apical ectodérmica del esbozo del miembro de polio*
Authors: Jorquera B. , Molinari E. , Goicoechea O. , Ggarrido O.
Published: June 2007

In order to detect morphological changes and activity of the apical ectodermal ridge of the chike embryo limb bud, a series of “in vitro” and “in ovo” experiments were planned.

“In vitro* bioassay: ectodermal covering from stage 21 limb buds were cultured in limb bud extracts and non limb bud extracts. Tissues after culture were examined under optic and electron microscopies.

“In ovo” studies: Ectodermal jakets, previously cultured, were recombinated with intact limb bud mesoderm and then grafted onto a host embryo.

Limb bud extract was able to maintain the ectodermal ridge and even to regenerate flattened ridges previously cultured in non limb bud extracts. The regenerated ridge did not loose the capacity to induce the growth of distal segments of the limb.

The regenerated ridge was only produced at the level of its primitive region.
Die Mm. auriculares von Tapirus terrestris L. 1766
Authors: Donat Klaus , Uçar Yaşar
Published: June 2007

The Mm. auriculares of the Tapirus terrestris L. 1766

In the Tapirus terrestris the Mm. auriculares are in principle the same as in the Equidae. It is requested that the Mm. auriculares be incorporated into the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria.
Etude en microscopie optique des poils (Pili) dela faune pyrénéene sauvage en vue de leur détermination
Authors: Pavaux L. Faliu et Cl. , Faliu L. , Lignereux Y. , Barrat J. , Rech J. , Sautet J. Y.
Published: June 2007

This study presents certain data on the hairs of forty species of pyrenean mammals in order to recognize them in the faeces of wild carnivores. Six orders have been considered, in which there are 37 wild species and 3 domestic ones. Samples were taken from the skin of Regio dorsocostalis, on adult animals, and examined by optic microscopy.

Different kinds of hairs and their constitutive parts were measured and observed, and a classification established in accordance with previous works. New Nomina Anatomica are proposed. Specific diagnosis of hairs is more or less easy according to the group to which they belong.
Kapillarkonvolute an der Pleura parietalis der Ziege (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Authors: Blähser Sabine , Wille Karl‐Heinz
Published: June 2007

The aim of the present study was to describe the morphology and location of convoluted capillaries of the pleura in the goat. Seven adult male and female goats were (1) fixed by perfusion with formaldehyde or (2) perfused with Indian ink and postfixed in formaldehyde. The parietal pleura was studied systematically for the presence of convoluted capillaries; areas containing such formations were dissected out, counterstained and examined light microscopically. The convoluted capillaries occur (1) within the normal level of the vascular bed, or (2) in villous elevations. The presence of convoluted capillaries is discussed in correlation with the functional studies of Lang (1965).
Sur l'anatomie comparée des artères de l'avant‐bras chez les Mammifères domestiques I. Le système des artères radiales
Authors: Neyret J. P.
Published: June 2007

The comparative anatomy of the antebrachial arteries in the domestic mammals I. The system of the Aa. radiales

The pattern of the antebrachial arteries in general is remarkably uniform when one takes into consideration the relations of the arteries to the median, radial and ulnar nerves. The large special difference of the arteries that accompany these nerves is of secondary importance. The large radial artery of man corresponds in domestic mammals to a series of thinner arteries which arise from the axial vessel formed by the anastomosing brachial and median arteries. The three subsequent arteries, according to the NAV, are the transverse cubital, proximal radial, and the radial. They should be called Aa. radialis proximalis, medial and distalis, because these names correspond more closely with the situation of the radial artery in man. Also, for reasons of homology, it would be more to the purpose to fix the end of the radial artery in domestic mammals — as in man — where the new a. radialis proximalis leaves it.
Dottersacksteine beim Hausgeflügel
Authors: Fehér G.
Published: June 2007

Yolksac stones in domestic fowl

From 20–30 yolksac stones are occasionally seen the liquid yellow yolk. They are spherical calcified structures about 100 μ in diameter. Their precursors seem to be leaflike myelin configurations which develop from degenerated yolksac epithelial cells. Predominantly calcium salts in amorphous or crystalline form are deposited in these configurations. Yolksac stones are resorted by the activity of foreign body giant cells. One day old chicks starved for 24 hours show an increase in yolksac stones and a retardation in the resorption of the yolksac.
Bovine Notochord Origin and Development*
Authors: Haldiman Jerrold T. , Gier Herschel T.
Published: June 2007

Serial sections of 60 bovine embryos (23 timed specimens) from 17 through 34 days gestation were examined to determine the processes and sequence of notochord development. Head notochord formed during days 18 through 21 as the ventral‐most layer of cells from Hensen's node became intercalated as the notochordal plate between the endodermal cells of the primitive open gut. The notochordal plate responded to contact by the neural plate during day 20 with hypertrophy of notochordal cells and a ventral curving of the notochordal plate margins to form the notochordal ridge which appeared as a dorsal evagination of the gut, but was not endodermal. Formation of the head notochord into a rod (without a notochordal canal or pit) occurred during days 20 and 21 reuniting the endodermal layer ventral to the notochord. Body notochord formed during days 21 through 32–33 caudad from the level of somite pair 6 by accumulation of notochordal cells from Hensen's node directly into a rod surrounded by a basal lamina without contact or penetration of the gut endoderm. Bovine notochord was, thus, formed by two methods. After formation by both methods, the notochord enlarged by proliferation of its own cells. Dorso‐ventral undulations of the notochord became distinct by the 27th day. The processes involved in bovine notochord development were different from descriptions published concerning other species in that 1. two methods of formation were found, and 2. notochordal plate formation preceded notochordal ridge production rather than vice versa.
Über zellfreie und zelluläre Gewebsschranken in neuer Sidit
Authors: Preuss Von Fritz
Published: June 2007

This is an attempt to classify all well known tissue barriers which are built by the cells against each other, and to interprete them genetically. Since the barriers are cutting off certain cell influences, general exchange of information must have been the case before. The germ cells were not excluded from this information exchange. This gives a complete new and concrete base to the possibility of a time‐limited heredity of aquired characters.
Un cartilago vascularizado y a predominancia de células en maxilar superior e inferior de cobayo (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Sampson Por Graciela Souto de Sims
Published: June 2007

A descriptive study of the maxilla and mandible of Cavia is presented. The study includes gross, histological and histochemical investigation of these bones in fetal and adult animals. Particular attention was given to the organization of cellular detail, and vascularity. Tooth development was examined during both intra and extrauterine life. A histochemical study of the ground substance of the cartilage in which these bones develop demonstrated the predominance of acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides.
Testicular Descent in the Dog
Authors: Baumans Vera , Dijkstra Grietje , Wensing C. J. G.
Published: June 2007

The mechanism underlying the process of normal testicular descent in the dog has been examined by a morphological, histological and histochemical analysis of testis and gubernaculum during the period from the 53rd day post coitum (p. c.) until the 40th day post partum (p. p.). Within this period, the testis passes the inguinal canal on the third or fourth day p. p. and reaches its scrotal location on the 35th day p. p. During the entire period the histological composition of the testis (volume percentage of seminiferous tubules, volume percentage of Leydig cells, diameter of seminiferous tubules, number of germ cells) is fairly constant. The △5‐3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the Leydig cells before birth suggests a steroid synthesis. Outgrowth and swelling of the gubernaculum occurs until the fifth day p. p. but morphological, histological and histochemical data indicate an onset of gubernacular regression during the last phase of the outgrowth reaction. The migration of the testis from the caudal end of the kidney towards the inguinal canal is associated with the outgrowth of the gubernaculum; during the phase of gubernacular regression, the testis moves from the inguinal canal towards its ultimate location in the scrotal pouch.
Histochemical Properties of Fast Twitch Muscle in the Rat
Authors: Edjtehadi G. D.
Published: June 2007

A histochemical study of muscle fibers comprising the extensor digitorum longus muscle of adult female Wistar rats was carried out in which Acid ATPase, Alkaline ATPase, Phosphorylase and SDHase determinations were used to classify muscle fibers. On the basis of Alkaline and Acid ATPase determinations three classes of muscle fibers were determined, Dark, Intermediate and Light, respectively. On the basis of Phosphorylase and SDHase, two classes of muscle fibers were found, classed as Dark and Light fibers. Therefore fibers could be identified within the muscle of 13 different types. An analysis of the muscle on this basis is compared with that of other muscles in the rat and with muscles of other species studied with either cytochemical or physiological techniques.
Der M. cucullaris beim Amerikanischen Tapir (Tapirus terrestris, L. 1758)
Authors: Donat Von Klaus
Published: June 2007

The reexamination of the branchiogenic muscles of the shoulder shows also in the Lowland Tapir, that the dorsal branch of the Ramus ext. of the N. accessorius innervates the three parts of the M. trapezius (Pars clavicularis, cervicalis and thoracalis), and the ventral branch innervates the two parts of the M. sternocleidomastoideus (Pars sternomandibularis and sternomastoidea). There is no Pars cleidomastoidea in the latter muscle. As common name for all muscles innervated by the Ramus ext. of the N. accessorius, the term M. cucullaris is proposed again.
The Arterial Supply to the Ileum, Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon in the Ox*
Authors: Maala C. P. , Sack W. O.
Published: June 2007

This study describes in detail the arteries supplying the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon in the ox important to the veterinary surgeon treating disorders of these segments of the intestinal tract. The ileum was vascularized by the mesenteric ileal artery (from the ileocolic), the first ileal artery (from the cranial mesenteric) and by the ileal branches of the cecal artery which, by means of their anastomoses, form a row of antimesenteric arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The termination of the ileum was also supplied by twigs from the ileocecocolic arch. The ileum appears to be the most vascular part of the small intestine. The cecum was supplied mainly by the cecal branches of the cecal artery. The proximal end of the cecum was also vascularized by branches from the ileocecocolic arch. The proximal loop of the colon was vascularized by the three colic branches of the ileocolic. The first colic branch supplied the third part of the loop, the second colic branch supplied the first and the second parts of the loop and the third colic branch supplied the first part and, together with the first cecal branch of the cecal artery, formed the ileocecocolic arch at the dorsolateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction.

The terminal branches of the arteries to the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the colon detached lateral branches in the tunica muscularis which anastomosed with similar branches from neighboring arteries in an arcuate manner in the tunica submucosa. The terminal branches from both sides terminated in the free border, releasing branches which anastomosed with each other in the tunica submucosa.

The colic lymph nodes were supplied by the colic branches of the ileocolic artery, die two largest nodes being perforated by some of the branches of the first two colic branches. The ileal lymph nodes were supplied by the ileal arteries of the cranial mesenteric. They were also perforated by these arteries. Cecal lymph nodes were seen only in the specimen from the calf. They were much smaller than the colic and ileal nodes and were supplied by the first two or three cecal branches of the cecal artery and also by twigs arising directly from the cecal artery.
Mikroskopische Untersucfaungen zum Einfluß unterschiedlich hoher FlÜssigkeitsangebote auf die Morphologie der Nierenkorperchen des Haushuhnes (Gallus domesticus)*
Authors: Schwarz Von R. , Radke B.
Published: June 2007

The micromorphology and behavior especially of the mesangial cells and podocytes in the avian renal corpuscles were studied under varying conditions of water excessive supply and water deprivation.

We entertain the idea that the different functional states find expression in different morphological features in regard to the mesangial cells and podocytes.
Bovine Somite Development and Vertebral Anlagen Establishment*
Authors: Haldiman Jerrold T.
Published: June 2007

Serial sections of seventy four bovine embryos from 18 through 38 days gestation were studied to determine the processes and sequence of somite development and differentiation.

Somites are formed from day 20 through day 32 or 33 depending upon the individual. Each newly formed somite consists of a discrete block of cells organized into a densely aggregated outer layer enclosing a core of loose mesenchymal cells. Each somite differentiates about 12 hours after its formation into sclerotome and dermamyotome. The ventral and medial surface layer becomes loosely mesenchymal continuous with the mesenchymal core while the rest of the surface layer remains unchanged as dermamyotome. Further change occurs during the next 24 hours as the dermamyotome flattens with somite growth to form a distinct surface layer of perpendicularly arranged cells, the dermatome, and an inner layer of longitudinally arranged cells, the myotome. By day 4 after a somite is formed a transitory artifact, the so‐called “myocoele”, is often produced during dehydration for sectioning. The shrinkage artifact occurs progressively caudal through the sacral region until the cellular density of the myotomes equals that of the dermatomes.

Vertebral development begins ventro‐medial to somite pairs 6 through 12 on day 23 as sclerotomic cells form a continuous band beneath the notochord. Band production continues caudad progressively. The sclerogenic band is transformed into a continuous sclerogenic tube around the notochord at first ventro‐medial to somite pairs 15 through 20 and then progressively cranial to somite pair 6 and caudal to somite pair 25 during day 26 as the dorsolaterally attached sclerotomes develop dense caudal halves. During day 27, sclerotomic cells from the caudal dense sclerotome halves form perichordal rings within the sclerogenic tube of the cervival and thoracic regions alternating with the blastemal centra which become vascularized during day 28. Neural and transverse processes develop during day 29 from the caudal dense sclerotome halves connected to the perichordal rings and cranial portion of the centra. Sclerotomes of the cervical through sacral regions disappear by day 31. The blastemal centra become procartilaginous (new term) during day 32 through 34. Precartilage is produced in the ribs during day 33, cervical and thoracic neural processes during day 35, lumbar and sacral neural processes and cervical and lumbar transverse processes during day 36, and sacral transverse processes during day 37.
Ostéologie du Morse de l'Atlantique (Odobenus rosmarus, L., 1758) Ceintures et members
Authors: Bisaillon Par André , Piérard Jean
Published: June 2007

This study presents the gross‐anatomical details of the appendicular skeleton of the Atlantic walrus. It bases on two specimes captured in the Ungava Bay area.
The Capillary Circulation in the Penile Skin of the Dog
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi , Nakamura Tsunenori
Published: June 2007

The microcirculation of the penile skin of the dog is described. This study is based on the examination of the penile skin vasculature of 14 adult dogs in which injection cast preparations of the capillary systems had been made. The capillary organization was examined with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. The organization of the capillary system and associated microregulatory vessels are presented as a model for further investigation of micro‐circulatory anatomy and physiology.
Ultrastructure of the Bull Seminiferous Tubule Supporting Cells with Special Consideration of the Cell Junctions
Authors: Bielańska‐Osuchowska Z. , Sysa P. S.
Published: June 2007

This study represents an electronmicroscopic examination of seminiferous tubule epithelium of the bull, with special attention to the cell types and junctional complexes between cells which contribute to the blood‐testis barrier. In general seminiferous epithelium of the bull resembles that of other animals with some alterations in supportive cell types and organization of junctional complexes between epithelial cells. These differences are illustrated and discussed in regard to their possible functional significance.
On the Histochemistry of the Seminiferous Tubules and their Terminal Segments in the Ram Testis
Authors: Osman D. I.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate some histochemical reactions in the lining epithelium of the seminiferous tubules and their terminal segment. The material was taken from adult rams killed in the slaughter house. The results showed clear histochemical differences between the seminiferous tubules and the terminal segment. This fact leads to the speculation that the terminal segment has quite different role from that of the seminiferous tubules.
Die arterielle Vaskularisation des Schweinethymus in der zweiten Hälfte der pränatalen Periode
Authors: Von Wustinger J. , Pospieszny N.
Published: June 2007

Eighteen male and 13 female pig fetuses taken from 4 dams were studied. Each litter formed a developmental group: the first had 7 fetuses 10 weeks old, the second had 9 fetuses 14 weeks old, the third had 9 fetuses 16 weeks old, and the fourth had 6 fetuses 17 weeks old. Our study shows that the number of blood supply sources increase with the age of the fetuses. The principal source of supply was the thyreocervical trunk which occurs only in the pig.
Morphological Aspects of Prenatal Haematopoietic Development in the Cat
Authors: Canfield P. J. , Johnson R. S.
Published: June 2007

The appearance of haematopoietic cells and the development of haematopoiesis in certain embryonic organs of the cat were studied using light microscopic (cytological smears and paraffin embedded tissues) and transmission electron microscopic methods. Primitive erythropoiesis occurred predominantly in the yolk sac whereas definitive erythropoiesis occurred in the yolk sac, liver, bone marrow and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen. In the yolk sac, erythropoiesis was predominantly intravascular whereas in the liver and bone marrow it was usually extravascular. Granulopoiesis occurred mainly in the liver and bone marrow. In the liver it was predominantly extravascular and occurred around vessels, bile ducts and in perisinusoidal spaces. Megakaryocytopoiesis occurred in the yolk sac, liver, bone marrow and spleen. The megakaryocytic line of cells were similar to those occurring in adult cats except that in the yolk sac unusual small, mononuclear to binuclear thrombocytogenic megakaryocytes were present also.

The relative contributions of the embryonic organs of the cat to haematopoiesis were similar to those described for man and certain other mammals but the results for the sites of development and the appearance of early forms in the erythrocytic, granulocytic and megakaryocytic lines varied at times from those reported for man and other mammals.
Comportamiento de los tejidos Palatinos durante el proceso de palatogenesis anormal en el ratón (Mus musculus)
Authors: Montenegro Por M. A. , Blánquez M. J. , Martín R. , Lemus D. , de la Vega Y. Paz
Published: June 2007

The development of the palatine process in die presence of phenylbutazone and indomethacin was carried out in preparations collected at 13.5 days of gestation, followed by tissue culture in the mouse. It was demonstrated that both agents interfere with the normal development of the palate. The mechanisms which are apparently responsible for this abnormality are discussed.
Differential Distribution by Size of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Sensorimotor Cortex1,2
Authors: Buxton Donald F.
Published: June 2007

A cytoarchitectonic study of pyramidal neurons of layer V of the primary motor (MsI), supplementary motor (MsII), primary sensory (SmI) and second sensory (SmII) cortices was carried out in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). The relationships between cell size, ease of excitability and type of movement elicited from these areas is discussed, and differential distribution of pyramidal cells according to size in the raccoon is compared with that of other species.
Effect of Isocyanide on the Ultrastructure of Mouse Pineal*
Authors: Chang Nada , Bhatnagar Kunwar P.
Published: June 2007

To investigate the possible influence of a strong malodorant on the pineal gland, the effects of tertiary n‐butyl isocyanide on the ultrastructure of pinealocytes were studied. Adult male mice were adapted to a 23 hr dark: 1 hr light “long night” regimen to stimulate their pineal glands. Pinealocytes in “long night” adapted animals appeared metabolically active. Dramatic ultrastructural changes seen in pinealocytes of “long night” adapted animals after a six‐hour exposure to the malodorant followed by a ten‐hour period of rest included an increase in density of the nuclear chromatin, dilatations of the nuclear envelope, dilatation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria. Isocyanide treatment did not affect the ultrastructure of liver, kidney, olfactory bulb or striate cortex of the animals exposed to odor. Our observations indicate that inhalation of isocyanide induces specific ultrastructural changes in the pineal gland which may be suggestive of its altered synthetic activity.
Morphologische Unterscheidungsmöglichkeiten zwischen den Nieren des Pferdes und Maultieres gegenüber denen des Esels und Maulesels
Authors: Simić Von V.
Published: June 2007

By means of plastic injections it was possible to determine that the kidneys of horse and mule have terminal recesses while those of the donkey and hinny have no terminal recesses.