bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of interlayer exchange coupling interaction on topological phase of a bilayer honeycomb Heisenberg ferromagnet
Authors: Shi Hong-Chao , Tang Bing , Liu Chao-Fei ,   School of Physics and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China,   School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
Published: May 2024

Layered magnetic topological materials are material systems that exhibit both magnetic ordering and topological properties in their smallest two-dimensional units. Studying these systems may lead to the observation of new physical properties and phenomena, which has attracted considerable attention from researchers. The effect of interlayer exchange coupling interactions on bilayer honeycomb Heisenberg ferromagnets with interlayer coupled topological phase is investigated by using linear spin wave theory. The influence of introducing two additional types of interactions, i.e. interlayer exchange coupling interaction and interlayer easy-axis anisotropy interaction, on the topological phase transition are also explored in this work. By calculating the magnon dispersion relations at various interlayer exchange coupling interaction intensities, it is found that the band gaps of high energy band and low energy band both close and reopen at the Dirac points when the system reaches the critical value of interlayer exchange coupling interaction. In magnon systems, such physical phenomena typically relate to topological phase transitions. When calculating the Berry curvature and Chern numbers for the bands in the aforementioned process, it is found that the sign of the Berry curvature reverses and the Chern numbers change when the critical value of interlayer exchange coupling interaction strength is reached, confirming that a topological phase transition occurs indeed. Introducing two other types of interlayer exchange coupling interactions in this process can lead various novel topological phases to occur in the system. The enhancement of interlayer easy-axis anisotropy interactions is likely to impede the topological phase transitions occurring in the system. We find that a major distinction between bilayer honeycomb ferromagnets and their single-layer counterparts lies in the fact that during a topological phase transition, the sign of the magnon thermal Hall coefficient does not change; on the contrary, abrupt shift in the thermal Hall coefficient curve occurs which can be seen as an indicator of topological phase transition of bilayer honeycomb ferromagnets, and is also reflected in the change in magnon Nernst coefficient. The research results of this work can provide theoretical support for developing novel spintronic devices with enhanced information transmission capabilities by using bilayer honeycomb ferromagnetic materials, and can also provide theoretical reference for studing other bilayer ferromagnetic systems.
A chemically induced attenuated strain of Candida albicans generates robust protective immune responses and prevents systemic candidiasis development
Authors: Bose Swagata , Sahu Satya Ranjan , Dutta Abinash , Acharya Narottam
Published: May 2024

Despite current antifungal therapy, invasive candidiasis causes >40% mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, developing an antifungal vaccine is a priority. Here, we could for the first time successfully attenuate the virulence of Candida albicans by treating it with a fungistatic dosage of EDTA and demonstrate it to be a potential live whole cell vaccine by using murine models of systemic candidiasis. EDTA inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of C. albicans. RNA-seq analyses of EDTA-treated cells (CAET) revealed that genes mostly involved in metal homeostasis and ribosome biogenesis were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Consequently, a bulky cell wall with elevated levels of mannan and β-glucan, and reduced levels of total monosomes and polysomes were observed. CAET was eliminated faster than the untreated strain (Ca) as found by differential fungal burden in the vital organs of the mice. Higher monocytes, granulocytes, and platelet counts were detected in Ca- vs CAET-challenged mice. While hyper-inflammation and immunosuppression caused the killing of Ca-challenged mice, a critical balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines-mediated immune responses are the likely reasons for the protective immunity in CAET-infected mice.
Conclusion
Authors: Meiners Scott J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter outlines the work that researchers are conducting to save some tree species, emphasizing how research must remain ongoing. Genetic engineering and traditional plant breeding to increase tree resistance to diseases, together with biological control of pest insects, hold great promise in saving trees. The key to long-term success in protecting the forests' future is breaking the cycle of invasion, loss, and remediation. The chapter outlines four strategies that could easily prevent or minimize future costs surrounding species losses and forest pests, which are necessary to ensure healthy and sustained forests. The strategies apply anywhere in the world, although they are presented from a North American perspective.
Survivor Citizenship
Authors: Horsti Karina
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues for a survivor citizenship, an identity of survivorship created by making political, moral, and social claims in the context of memorializing. The afterlife of the Lampedusa disaster, like life itself, has been complex and sometimes contradictory. The chapter looks at how survivors both unsettle and affirm the expectations of the majority, and both refute and uphold European attempts to define the public meanings of the disaster. The chapter explores how survivors negotiate a complex form of diasporic citizenship in both refuting and upholding the expectations of diasporic communities and the Eritrean regime, the long arm of which reaches them even in exile. It addresses why Eritrean survivors of the disaster return to sites of memory in Lampedusa and participate in the commemorative rituals.
Surviving the Death of Another
Authors: Horsti Karina
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates how digitally mediated memorialization blurs the distinctions between private and public, local and global, planned and spontaneous, and formal and vernacular. It examines how digital media practices shape transnational relationships in the specific context of border deaths and disappearances. It also points out that surviving the death of a loved one in specific circumstances is not the same as surviving a death with a different cause. The chapter shows the distinct ambiguity of border deaths that can be attributed to two interwoven elements: uncertainties related to the body and death rituals, and uncertainties deriving from the context of migration. The Lampedusa disaster's afterlives serve both therapeutic and instrumental functions, while the process of survival has produced identities, relationships, and politics.
Promoting Equity and Inclusion through Critical Resilience Pedagogy
Authors: Morgan Rhian , Moody Lisa
Published: May 2024

This chapter outlines shifting Pathways programs to an online format that satisfy the requirements of the federal higher education (HE) relief package. In Australia, Pathways programs provide a means of accessing tertiary education for individuals who do not meet the traditional entry requirements for university. The chapter describes Australian Pathways programs that provide alternate points of entry into HE and help to mediate educational disadvantage by increasing students' preparedness for study. The chapter balances institutional discourse around core skills with the implementation of Critical Resistance Pedagogy, which both honors student's lived experiences and forms a basis for community building in an online setting. It notes systemic issues, like poverty and racism, that can impact children's and particularly teenagers' ability to access and engage in formal learning.
To Arms! The Black Woods at War
Authors: Godine Amy
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the Black and White Adirondackers who fought with valor for the Union in the Civil War. Black men fought slavery as some settlers on the Smith Land had been slaves in their youth, or were the children of ex-slaves, or had ex-slaves for ministers, grandparents, or spouses. The chapter mentions the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act, which menaced every free Black person in the North with enslavement. Because Black Northerners felt slavery as an existential threat, they knew, as white people could not, why only war could smash it. It emphasizes that a system as entrenched, confident, and profitable as the one that stole John Thomas's first wife and snatched twelve years from the life of Solomon Northup would yield only to force.
Epilogue
Authors: Godine Amy
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses present Adirondack activists and institutions that have been laboring to build awareness of the Black Adirondack experience, contend with legacies of racism, and ensure Black engagement in the process. The Adirondack Experience (ADKX), the renowned history museum in the heart of the Adirondack Park, has led the charge with programs that engage with social justice and inclusivity. The chapter highlights the elegiac 2021 documentary Searching for Timbuctoo, by the Albany filmmaker Paul Miller, who gave his narrative a rich, panoramic frame and deepened the history with interviews with both academic and independent historians. The chapter highlights the early framing of the Adirondacks as a fount of Black replenishment and self-belief that inflects new projects and initiatives thaiming to get Black New Yorkers to the Adirondack Park. It mentions some scholars that have discerned in the Black Woods a kind of lost utopia.
War and Poetry (1945)
Authors: RuKeyser Muriel
Published: May 2024

This chapter reflects on war as a subject for poetry. The first public day that the author remembers was the False Armistice of 1918. Now, the terms “soft peace” and “hard peace,” that were being passed as currency seemed to her only other words for war, and war seemed to be the after-image of many failures to react to truth at the time that truth first happens. The author argues that people did not react to fascism as it arrived. The fact that it might be a war against fascist ideas had slipped away. The author stated that, as such, the war for those concerned with life, the truth which is open to all, is still ahead. It is a struggle in which poetry also lives and fights.
Modern Trends: American Poetry (1932)
Authors: RuKeyser Muriel
Published: May 2024

This chapter assesses how contemporary American poetry had divided itself into three trends: acceptance, despair, and hope towards something new and effective or towards death. These motions had their origins in three poets—Archibald MacLeish, T. S. Eliot, and Robinson Jeffers—and in reaction to the temperature of the century's first fifteen years. MacLeish's poetry is not wild with sound nor involute in fragmentary meanings, but one feels the bravery of his comprehension, the daring that allows him to face the implications of his race, and breed, and culture. Meanwhile, T. S. Eliot had decided in favor of Royalism, classicism, and the Church of England. Finally, Robinson Jeffers looked for material to stories of Greek proportions, and for locale to California, a place he uses to set scenes analogous to the country in their size, the furiousness of growth, the violence of struggle, the twin conflicting meanings of generation and death. The chapter then looks at light verse and labor poetry.
A Simple Theme (1949)
Authors: RuKeyser Muriel
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses Charlotte Marletto's Jewel of Our Longing (1948), which is an attempt to deal with birth. Marletto uses the water-images to which one turns, during pregnancy, and often she comes close to the characteristic motion of that state, the rocking between selflessness and self. These poems, however, are frustrated almost always by the inadequate attempt to make a form to communicate pregnancy and its emotions. It is so easy, and fatal, in coming to a subject which frightens so many people, to fall into autobiographical sentimentality and “expression,” without having given the emotion to the reader. There is also an anatomical fallacy in these poems, which are written in an overdecorated “modern” idiom with all its errors.
Lyrical “Rage” (1957)
Authors: RuKeyser Muriel
Published: May 2024

This chapter evaluates Kenneth Rexroth's In Defense of the Earth (1956). The fineness of Rexroth's In Defense of the Earth depends on several virtues. They are virtues which are apparent in almost every one of the Rexroth poems. These virtues include a lyric-mindedness that has been prepared by many disciplines to summon up its music; a learning that eats the gifts of the world, knowing how many cultures must be drawn on to make human fare; and that quality which has been talked about so much in speaking of Kenneth Rexroth and of those he has known in San Francisco: rage. The title is right; this book was written “in defense,” and the parts are love, anger, willingness to act to protect. In these poems, the qualities come through with marvelous strength, clarity, and music.
Nationalism and Natural Resources
Authors: Warburton Eve
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the notion of resource nationalism, which is simultaneously a discursive tool and a set of substantive policy prescriptions. It tackles the changing landscape of ownership in Indonesia's land and natural resources. Resource nationalism primarily refers to a range of policy efforts restricting foreign access to land and resources while creating opportunities for different types of national actors to own, exploit, and benefit from a country's natural wealth. The chapter notes how nationalist persistence and variation gave rise to the issues concerned with the causes and consequences of resource nationalism in Indonesia. It also provides an overview of Indonesia's contemporary political economy.
Strategies for Doubt
Authors: Levine Laura
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on King James VI and I's Daemonologie (1597). Midway through book 1 of Daemonologie, Epistemon, the spokesman for James in the book, describes the magician's perilous journey up what he calls the “slipperie and vncertaine scale of curiositie.” Even as the book stigmatizes curiosity, it appears to seek to titillate it in its reader. James's preface describes at length about the kinds of things he will not be telling the reader. The creation of the desire for forbidden knowledge in a reader is one facet of the anxiety in Daemonologie about whether anything is knowable. Ultimately, the book's verbal strategies for handling a reader are also reflective of Daemonologie's construction of its imagined “other.” Daemonologie seeks to purge itself of doubt by passing that doubt onto the reader through the stimulation of curiosity. For both this pattern and its function to become visible, the chapter examines how the book's polemical claims strain against and are actually undermined by the phenomena it describes.
An Unexpected Territory
Authors: Martin-Nielsen Janet
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers the voyage of seasoned explorer and naval officer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville from 1837 to 1840, which placed France's name on the Antarctic map. It recounts the Chevrette expedition, the voyage in which Dumont d'Urville's scientific career and public profile took off after he mapped the islands of the eastern Mediterranean. Dumont d'Urville was assigned command of La Coquille, which he was instructed to take back to the South Pacific to explore its islands, specifically the region in which was thought that La Pérouse's ships had been lost. The chapter details how Dumont d'Urville's original plan of sailing through the Strait of Magellan to the Pacific was intervened by King Louis-Philippe, who added a second ship and altered the voyage to include an Antarctic component. Louis-Philippe ordered Dumont d'Urville to bring honor and glory to France by attempting to reach the South Pole.
Apathy and Neglect
Authors: Martin-Nielsen Janet
Published: May 2024

This chapter details how Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville, along with his wife and child, died in a horrendous locomotive accident after he returned to France from his third grand voyage in 1842. Dumont d'Urville's death, both tragic and sensational, had a predominant sentiment of shock that a valiant explorer who had survived many risks on his far-flung voyages could die in such a ghastly way close to home. The chapter notes how Terre Adélie was almost forgotten after Dumont d'Urville's death and was absent from French national ambitions. No French explorers voyaged to the Antarctic for the rest of the nineteenth century nor was Terre Adélie on the political radar. Terre Adélie stood apart from the French colonial project as it offers neither profits and revenues, valuable raw materials, nor a market for French goods.
Growing Maturity
Authors: Martin-Nielsen Janet
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Rejuvenation's push for independence for Madagascar as an early postwar challenge to France's colonial empire. The events involving the nationalist movement made the French government question Terre Adélie's attachment to Madagascar, even though the territory had been administered by Madagascar since 1924. Between Madagascar's move toward independence and a growing desire to reaffirm French sovereignty over its most distant possession, Terre Adélie needed to be pulled closer to the Hexagon. The chapter details how Terre Adélie, together with France's remote and uninhabited sub-Antarctic possessions, were folded by law into a Territoire d'outre-mer or overseas territory on 6 August 1955. It highlights the new territory, Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (TAAF), which included a slice of the Antarctic and a handful of archipelagos scattered in the southern Indian Ocean, some discovered by French and some by Castilian and Portuguese navigators.
Russian Liberalism
Authors: Robinson Paul
Published: May 2024

This book charts the development of liberal ideas and political organizations in Russia as well as the implementation of liberal reforms by the Russian and Soviet governments at various points in time. The book covers the entire period from the late eighteenth century to the present day. It demonstrates that liberalism has always lacked strong roots in the Russian population, being largely espoused by a narrow group of intellectuals whose culture it has reflected, and has tended toward a form of historical determinism that sees Russia as destined to become like the West. Many see the current political struggle between Russia and the West as being in part a conflict between the liberal West and an illiberal Russia. By explaining the historical causes of liberalism's failure in that country, the book offers an understanding of a significant aspect of contemporary international affairs. After Putin's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, understanding Russian political thought is a matter of considerable importance.
Mothering for Transformation
Authors: Segundo Vanessa
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a background on Kindra Montgomery, who pointed out that the COVID-19 pandemic revealed how states had to make the decision either to prioritize the health of residents or the health of the economy. The decision of the states underscores the values that sustain the various systems of inequities that harm and persecute Black communities. The chapter highlights how Kindra spent years spearheading the creation of the Community Incubator Lead (CIL) model that forms the foundation of the Black Child Legacy Campaign (BCLC) programming. As associate director of community and economic development for the Sierra Health Foundation, Kindra has been instrumental in creating personalized programs for communities around workforce training, job placement, counseling, maternal health, infant and child health, and county services. The chapter reviews Kindra's involvement in dimensions of evaluation, planning, and execution that is underscored by her fervor to center and uplift community partnerships.
The Nature of Famine in the Sahel, 1913
Authors: Slobodkin Yan
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the nature of famine in the Sahel in 1913 and 1914. It mentions how the Sahel lacked functioning indigenous states or officially sanctioned technical means to check the causes of famine. Inhabitants of the Sahel calibrated social arrangements to deal with geographically variable rainfall and recurrent drought in the desert. However, the French in the Sahel rarely considered how social and economic changes brought about by colonialism increased vulnerability to starvation. The chapter explains how impactful the 1913 famine had been to the Sahel, regardless of the little commentary from French people, which correlates to how African subjects associated famine with French rule and famine formed part of a longer and wider history of hunger in the French Empire.
Algerian Personal Names and the Colonial État Civil , 1850–1900
Authors: Brower Benjamin Claude
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the interplay between Algerian personal names and the colonial état civil. Lawmakers and administrators recognized the power of the état civil to bring individual Algerian Muslims into the state's legal and administrative records. The chapter focuses on the period when names underwent a significant transformation, yielding a personal name that some Algerians today call an onomacide. It showcases how the new patronym names provided by the French served as a way to assert power or even a primary form of symbolic violence. However, Algerians recognized as much, calling their new patronyms by a neologism, either naqma or naqwa, which today refers both to the family name and to an ID card.
Introduction
Authors: Franzel Sean
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how a range of experiments in literary and journalistic writing shaped temporal awareness. Across Europe and in German-speaking lands in particular, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries witnessed the emergence of recognizably modern cultural and political journalism as it appeared in new types of literary magazines and political reporting based in the daily newspaper. Serial formats played an outsize role in the period under study because they were well suited to keeping up with changing circumstances and they generated a sense of movement through time. The chapter then looks at the concepts of temporalization and seriality, before considering serial print's effects on temporal awareness. It explores from an intellectual-historical perspective how serial patterning competed with certain predominant models of time based in the natural world and history writing, respectively. The chapter also outlines the constitutive elements of serial print.
The Police
Authors: Mietzner Marcus
Published: May 2024

This chapter evaluates how post-2004 presidents have integrated the police into the broader framework of coalitional presidentialism. It begins by outlining the powers of the police that the latter can bring to bear vis-à-vis the president and other political actors. The chapter then details the president's authority over the police. As in the case of the armed forces, Indonesian presidents have the authority to nominate the police chief, who is then appointed after the legislature's approval has been obtained. However, the conflict surrounding the aborted appointment of Budi Gunawan in 2015 demonstrates that this nomination power could attract a host of problems if the police reject the candidate, or if their preferred nominee is overlooked. The chapter explores how presidents deal with this challenge of maintaining the loyalty of the police, pointing to several instruments and techniques used in the process. It also offers a case study of the rise of Tito Karnavian, which illustrates the gradually expanding political power of the police.
Shapes of Time
Authors: McGillen Michael
Published: May 2024

This book explores how concepts of time and history were spatialized in early twentieth-century German thought. The book locates efforts in German modernism to conceive of alternative shapes of time—beyond those of historicism and nineteenth-century philosophies of history—at the boundary between secular and theological discourses. By analyzing canonical works of German modernism—those of Karl Barth, Franz Rosenzweig, Siegfried Kracauer, and Robert Musil—the book identifies the ways in which spatial imagery and metaphors were employed to both separate the end of history from a narrative framework and to map the liminal relation between history and eschatology. Drawing on theories and practices as disparate as constructivism, non-Euclidean geometry, photography, and urban architecture, the book presents original connections between modernism, theology, and mathematics as played out within the canon of twentieth-century German letters. Concepts of temporal and spatial form, the book contends, contribute to the understanding not only of modernist literature but also of larger theoretical concerns within modern cultural and intellectual history.
The Eschatological Limit
Authors: McGillen Michael
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the notion of eschatological limits in correlation with spatial form in Karl Barth's Dialectical Theology. A centerpiece of Barth's theory of the moment can be found in the notion of “time of the now,” a concept whose eschatological energies imply both a radical negation of historical time and its paradoxical redemption. In his articulation of paradoxes, Barth's work bears the stamp of modernity wherein he conceptualizes the temporal dislocation of the moment by drawing on the resources of spatial form. The chapter elaborates on Dialectical Theology's perception of time as its limit. Barth's The Epistle to the Romans serves as a paradigmatic example of how modernism's spatial forms provided alternatives to the construction of history in historicism.
Letter Five
Authors: Helfer Ariel
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers the letter to Perdiccas III, king of Macedon, written by Plato. It notes that Plato counseled Euphraeus regarding taking care of Perdiccas' affairs as per their instruction. Plato argues that Perdiccas needs Euphraeus as much as he needs him due to his age and not many counsellors for the young are actually concerned with the matter. The chapter considers how Plato considered the regimes of democracy, oligarchy and monarchy, citing that Euphraeus could hopefully help with speeches benefitting the monarchy. It also mentions that Plato would have refrained from counseling and left if the state was incurable.
Religion and Erotics in the Ancient Novel
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I.
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the genre of ancient prose fiction: its language, its practices, and its provenances, together with theoretical and historical perspectives. It takes account of the pervasive presence of religion in the extant novels and addresses the much-discussed issues of its roles and functions, however these may vary from text to text. The chapter puts an emphasis on the challenges that the topic poses to the interpretation of the genre's core erotic ideology. It first offers an inventory of common religious elements, both serious and tongue in cheek, through a summary of Achilles Tatius' romance, Leucippe and Clitophon, before turning to controversies and contested theories of reading. The chapter then looks at three distinctive themes: (1) godlike beauty and its impact on society and politics (Chariton); (2) the sophistic mysteries of Eros and Aphrodite (Achilles Tatius and Longus); and (3) sacred etiology and Hellenic standards (Heliodorus).
Staging Dionysus between
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I.
Published: May 2024

This chapter studies the performance of Dionysus in Thebes and Athens, exploring the range and tenor of Dionysiac allusion in the different theatrical representations of these two dramatic locales. It begins by examining certain Dionysiac references in a selection of relevant dramas, mainly of Sophocles and Euripides. The aim is to establish the power of the god, especially in relation to the different company he keeps. Here Thebes holds the center stage, and Athens serves as foil and counterpart. The chapter then turns to some specific Athenian examples and, in particular, to the working of Dionysiac conventions in the instance of a single play, Euripides' Ion, that in many of its aspects comes closest to Theban categories and concerns. It also considers a triad of Euripidean dramas: Hypsipyle, Phoenician Women, and Antiope. All contain strong Dionysiac referents, and by reason of their subjects and scenic locations, they address the question of Thebes from the vantage points of both center and periphery.
Philosophy adversus Religion
Authors: Lynch Christopher
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the possibility that Niccolò Machiavelli's attack on the tradition of classical political philosophy's prioritization of the theoretical life was in fact for the sake of that life, that in order to save philosophy he needed to destroy it. Indeed, in order to restore the freedom essential to philosophic reasoning, the dogma of the superiority of philosophy had to be questioned fundamentally and replaced by an entirely new way of conceiving of the activity and status of “reasoning about everything.” The chapter first examines Machiavelli's assessment of the tradition of classical political philosophy by analyzing the passages in which ancient philosophy has the clearest presence in his writings, namely, in his use of the sayings of ancient philosophers in The Life of Castruccio, and in his only explicit mentions of the most influential teachers of the tradition of classical political philosophy. It then offers an understanding of the activity and status of philosophizing for Machiavelli by showing that the best knowers, the true philosophers, are, in his presentation, military commanders. Ultimately, his case for the essential utility of military commanders constitutes Machiavelli's defense of philosophy and, therewith, his establishment of its function as ministerial to the most urgent need of society.
Atlantic Commerce and Pragmatic Tolerance
Authors: Okhovat Oren
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the entanglement that followed the trajectories of Portuguese Jews in the early Spanish Empire. It details how they used the opportunities presented by local Spanish officials to simultaneously serve the Spanish Crown and engage in contraband trade with other empires. When their influence began to wane, they shifted to Amsterdam, which gradually attracted New Christians from Portuguese and Spanish territories as well as France and nearby Antwerp. The chapter explores the crucial roles Portuguese Jews played as intermediaries in the Spanish Empire before contributing to Amsterdam's commercial heyday. In this role, Portuguese Jews formed part of a broad trading network that was characterized by religious diversity.
To Trade Is to Thrive
Authors: Schreuder Yda
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the sugar business as one sector in which Portuguese Jews were well represented and documented for the period before 1630, when Brazilian sugar dominated the European markets. It shows the Portuguese Jewish involvement in the international sugar trade during the time Amsterdam connected Jewish and New Christian communities in Lisbon, Hamburg, London, Brazil, Barbados, Jamaica, and some French Caribbean colonies. The chapter describes the Sephardim in the Atlantic world, which were the Spanish and Portuguese Jews who acknowledged their converso or crypto-Jewish origins in the context of the Portuguese Nation. The men of the Portuguese Nation who became Jews maintained close cultural and commercial ties not only with other Jews but also with Catholics. The chapter analyzes the migration of Portuguese Jews back and forth between Protestant and Catholic lands in terms of the Portuguese Empire and the mandates of its imperial commerce.
Jews and Free People of Color in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica
Authors: Mirvis Stanley
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the remarkable connections on the island of Jamaica between the Jewish fight for rights and that of the free people of color. In urban environments, these groups lived in the same neighborhoods and engaged in sexual relationships with each other, across a spectrum of what historians understand as mutually consenting, coerced, exploitative, and pragmatic. By the late eighteenth century, these relationships had given rise to a sizable group of Jews of color, to the extent that many Christians conflated Jews with free people of color. The chapter looks at the conflict bred by the groups' simultaneous campaigns to colonial authorities to be the first to achieve certain civil and political entitlements. It demonstrates how the struggle for parity long preceded the better-known lobby for suffrage of the 1820s.
Tea’s Sex
Authors: Fichter James R.
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks into the interplay of tea, gender, and women in muddled ways amidst the Revolution. It cites that the association of tea with refinement gave the tea a class and a gender. Patriots created gendered propaganda around tea by making tea feminine, highlighting the story of how people ought to behave. Patriots thought the boycott required virtue, which meant manly self-sacrifice, or at least self-restraint that women allegedly did not have. Thus, Patriots cast themselves as paragons of stoic restraint, emasculating Loyalists as effeminate. The chapter elaborates on the social functions of tea, especially within female social circles and male sociability.
Epilogue
Authors: Ewing Christopher
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the key concept of homonationalism. Racism and antiracism drove queer German politics in multiple and often contradictory directions. The sexual politics of the Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) include an explicit rejection of German and European sexual progressivism. Moreover, queer people of color also contested homonationalism as a new articulation of persistent equivalences between German gay identity and whiteness. The chapter argues that sexual democracy and multiculturalism are not the sole purview of a white-dominated homonationalist project. It also cites that working independently from, while also in collaboration with, white-led organizations and different state institutions allowed queer people of color and antiracist activists to unravel another thread of homonationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Stephen A.
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Old Norse folklore. It mentions the numerous contemporary presentations of the Old Norse materials in today's media environment. Old Norse folklore is most readily found through stories, customs, behaviors, and other forms of traditional knowledge and expressions of value and heritage. The chapter looks into the Nordic spiritual life in the Viking and Middle Ages in medieval Scandinavia. It discusses the interplay of Old Norse folklore with religion, belief, communication, performance archaeology, and memory studies. Moreover, emerging approaches and perspectives play important roles in how we understand the worlds of the Viking Age and the traditions held by those people in later periods.
Marshal of Emperor Baldwin
Authors: Evergates Theodore
Published: May 2024

This chapter details Count Baldwin's coronation, implying that his first order of business was to reward Boniface of Montferrat with the fief promised to the land across the straits on the Turkish side and the island of Crete. It covers Boniface's request to exchange the land across the straits for the kingdom of Thessalonika in order to be closer to the ancestral lands of his new wife. Baldwin's letter to the pope recounted the events that led to his election as emperor of Constantinople and justified the violence done to the city and its people. The chapter explores the task of the conquerors and the papacy of ruling the Byzantine lands and Greek-speaking Eastern Christians. In recalling the transitional month of May 1204, Geoffroy of Villehardouin failed to reflect on the significance of the conquest, the election of a Latin emperor, and the imminent dismantling of a Christian empire.
Epilogue
Authors: Evergates Theodore
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores Geoffroy of Villehardouin's present reputation as a chronicler or historian of the Fourth Crusade and as the earliest prose writer in Old French. Geoffroy's memoirs are as remarkable as his life as they described his acts at critical junctures of the crusade and its aftermath. The chapter discusses how Geoffroy provided a precise chronology of events and invaluable observations on the internal dynamics of the crusader army, especially regarding the leadership, manpower, morale, and cohesion of the main army. It mentions modern commentators that have questioned Geoffroy's silences and omission, such as why he did not mention the machinations of Boniface and Alexios. It considers, in conclusion, Geoffroy as one of the central, and most interesting, figures of his time, who still speaks of his life and deeds through his memoirs.
Apotheoses of the Organic Turn
Authors: Vinokour Maya
Published: May 2024

This chapter evaluates three crucial instantiations of the organic turn from the 1930s. The first one is the ill-fated Palace of the Soviets, which was conceived in the 1930s and scheduled for completion by the end of the Third Five-Year Plan in 1942. Slated to replace Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the palace was envisioned as an expansive Gesamtkunstwerk, the incarnation of triumphant socialist will. The second one is the Moscow Metro; party bosses conscripted hundreds of thousands of reluctant Muscovites into “voluntary-compulsory” weekend labor during the final months of its construction. Perhaps the most important manifestation of Stalinist ambition in the 1930s, however, was a project predating both the Metro and the Palace of the Soviets: the so-called Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal, a centerpiece of the First Five-Year Plan. Besides instantiating the renewed revolutionary utopianism that emerged after the end of the New Economic Policy, the canal also illustrates the period's focus on liquids and their role in labor processes meant to transform the universe. The chapter then considers Stakhanovism and Lysenkoism.
Performative Translation and Lyric Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Platt Kevin M. F.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of performative translation and lyric cosmopolitanism in Riga. It considers the status of the Russian language and culture in Latvia and the establishment of the Orbita group with five Russian-language poets and multimedia artists from Riga. Orbita's activities are a concerted effort to deploy Russian language culture on the Latvian scene without reasserting the language of the occupier or reconstructing the official cultural geography of the Soviet era. Additionally, Orbita was a pioneer in the creation of video poetry in Russian and Russophone literary space. The chapter explains that Orbita's lyric cosmopolitanism projects a world that is all border and world literature as a network of untranslatables and ongoing translations.
Hierarchy in Western Europe
Authors: Lake David A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks into the international politics of opportunism, hierarchy, and resistance in Western Europe. It covers the formation and workings of international hierarchy and resistance to the United States. The Pax Americana was structured around a set of international regimes, especially in trade, finance, human rights, and collective security. The chapter explains how the US allies had considerable leeway in following the rules that limited the foreign policy options available to Western Europeans, referencing the impossibly high costs of direct rule and worries about domestic rule on the continent. It then provides an overview on how France explicitly resisted US dominion.
Indirect Rule in the Arab Middle East
Authors: Lake David A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter tackles the indirect rule in the Arab Middle East (AME). It explains how indirect rule is a primary means through which the United States exercises power in the Middle East. Oil and the need to protect transit routes pulled the United States into the region, which eventually resulted in intense interests, greater hierarchy, and more investments in specific assets. The United States forms alliances with vulnerable elites in the region, who in return adopt policies somewhat more favorable to US interests, thus creating systems of indirect rule. The chapter then considers the domestic consequences of the incomplete empire, which is the result of balancing the gains from the more favorable policy at the margin against the costs.
Chapter XXIV
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: May 2024

This chapter tells the story of how Lieutenant Hikami Kyūroku's fancy had been caught by the Estatesman Hikiroku's daughter Hamaji. Kyūroku could not extinguish the flames of desire that arose from his ardent love for Hamaji and he could not stop thinking about her betrothal to another man. Gobaiji was able to convince Kyūroku to pursue Hamaji as Hikiroku is an estatesman under his rule. The chapter details Gobaiji's conversation with Hikiroku regarding Kyūroku's proposal of marriage to hamaji, to which Hikiroku agreed with the condition that he will try to get rid of Shino first as he is promised to marry his daughter. Hikiroku and Kamezasa have conceived a plan to lure Shino out to the Kaniwa River, trick him into giving up his sword Rainmaker, and have Gakuzō kill him.
Fables in Yiddish Literature
Authors: Aptroot Marion
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the Fable of the Old Lion found in the Cambridge Codex dated 1832 as the oldest Yiddish manuscript that has survived through the ages. A fusion of Jewish and Western traditions can be distinguished in the Fable of the Old Lion, which is found in many works of older Yiddish literature. The chapter mentions the community leader Moses ben Eliezer Wallich, who published Seyfer mesholim or Book of Fables, which includes thirty-four fables in Yiddish. The chapter also discusses the influence of both Berechiah ha-Nakdan and Ulrich Boner on Yiddish fable literature, which is evident throughout the early modern period. It examines the influence of German literature on fables written by Ashkenazic Jews, noting Moshe Pelli's discussion of the fable in the maskilic journal Ha-Me'asef.
Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Sugarcane Growers in Shahpura Block of Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Shivpal , Barde Suresh , Patidar Girish , Birla Jinendra , Nargave Rajkumar , Agrawal S. K.
Published: May 2024

The aim of the research, which took place in the Shahpura block in the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh in the period 2015–16 was to examine the entrepreneurial practices of sugarcane farmers. 120 farmers who were chosen using proportionate random sampling from ten villages in the Shahpura block of the Jabalpur district were interviewed in order to get the data. According to the survey, a greater proportion of sugarcane growers (60.84%) exhibited medium levels of entrepreneurial behavior. Only age was found to have a non-significant relationship with the entrepreneurial behavior of sugarcane growers, while the other independent variables—education, size of land holding, area under sugarcane crop, material possession, social participation, annual income, information source utilization, extension contact, economic motivation, and scientific orientation—had positive and significant relationships with the entrepreneurial behavior of the growers.
Screening of Elite Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) Cultures Suitable for High Rainfall Areas of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sirisha A.B.M. , Swamy A. Appala , Lakshmi T. Tulasi
Published: May 2024

Groundnut is an important self-pollinated oil seed crop grown in Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the major oil seed crops used for both edible oil and table purpose.  Groundnut crop requires a rainfall of 400-500 mm.  In North coastal zone of Andhra Pradesh, the annual rainfall ranges from 1100-1200 mm, which favours vegetative growth in groundnut grown in kharif season resulting in low yields. The main objective of the present study is to identify suitable varieties with high pod yield in high rainfall areas suitable to North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh.  Twelve elite groundnut cultures along with four checks are tested during Kharif 2022 at Agricultural Research Station, Yellamanchili.  The results revealed that among all the entries, K1909 recorded significant pod yield of 2740 kg/ha followed by K 2313 with 2673 kg/ha when compared with the checks K 1812 (2488 kg/ha), Dharani (1679 kg/ha), K-6 (1429 kg/ha) and Dheeraj (1307 kg/ha). These two groundnut cultures K1909 and K 2313 may be recommended to farmers of North coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh for achieving good yields in Groundnut.
Insecticidal Activity of Different Doses of Acorus calamus Essential Oil against Sitophilus oryzae
Authors: Sheikh Mohmmad Aasif , Yaqoob Munazah , Wani Fehim Jeelani , Bhat Tauseef A , Gani Mudasir , Bhat Mohammad Anwar
Published: May 2024

The toxicity of different doses (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 percent) of Acorus calamus essential oil, against insect pest Sitophilus oryzae were evaluated in the laboratory of Division of Entomology, FoA, Wadura, SKUAST-Kashmir during the year 2022. The various concentrations of Acorus calamus essential oil had significant effect on mortality of Sitophilus Oryzae. The highest mortality of 74.27 percent was recorded in 70 µl concentration of Acorus calamus essential oil on 12 Hours After Treatment (HAT) followed by 60 (71.01%), 50 (67.15%) and 40 (39.11%) µl concentration while untreated control recorded 5.13 percent mortality respectively. However, on 24 HAT the cumulative mortality increased to 76.35 in 70µl, 74.11 in 60 and 50 µl, 43.01 in 40 µl concentration. On 72 HAT the concentrations of 70, 60 and 50 µl recorded 94.11, 91.27 and 90.11 percent mortality respectively, while only 7.05 percent mortality was recorded in untreated control.
Cosmovivência andina
Authors: Yampara-Huarachi Simón
Published: May 2024

Neste trabalho se discutem conceitos-chave para a compreensão da epistemologia aimará como parte de um processo de descolonização que afeta na mesma medida a cultura, a política, a economia e a história da Bolívia. O marco no qual se realiza a discussão destas matérias (um evento acadêmico nos Estados Unidos) obriga, também, a debater a natureza epistemológica das relações Sul-Norte.
Cidades de Sísifo
Authors: Castro-Orellana Rodrigo
Published: May 2024

Este artigo estuda o tipo de racionalidade que estaria em jogo no processo de fundação das cidades coloniais na América. Pretende-se estabelecer que a conquista-urbana do século XVI não seria a materialização de uma suposta razão clássico-cartesiana, nem mesmo a condição de possibilidade do sonho de ordenamento total do real. Pelo contrário, a dinâmica de urbanização obedeceria a critérios práticos e necessidades conjunturais que buscavam dar resposta às condições de vulnerabilidade que os conquistadores enfrentaram. Essa hipótese é demonstrada ao se descrever o fenômeno do nomadismo dos complexos urbanos hispano-americanos, estudado por Alain Musset. Essa pesquisa evidencia que a cidade colonial foi o resultado de uma série de fatos imprevistos e que o poder colonizador sempre esteve condicionado pelas realidades contingentes e pelas práticas específicas de castelhanos e indígenas.