bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust adaptive fault‐tolerant tracking control of multiple time‐delays systems with mismatched parameter uncertainties and actuator failures
Authors: Wu Li‐Bing , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: September 2014

This study deals with the problem of robust adaptive fault‐tolerant tracking for uncertain systems with multiple delayed state perturbations, mismatched parameter uncertainties, external disturbances, and actuator faults including loss of effectiveness, outage, and stuck. It is assumed that the upper bounds of the delayed state perturbations, the external disturbances and the unparameterizable time‐varying stuck faults are unknown. Then, by estimating online such unknown bounds and on the basis of the updated values of these unknown bounds from the adaptive mechanism, a class of memoryless state feedback fault‐tolerant controller with switching signal function is constructed for robust tracking of dynamical signals. Furthermore, by making use of the proposed adaptive robust tracking controller, the tracking error can be guaranteed to be asymptotically zero in spite of multiple delayed state perturbations, mismatched parameter uncertainties, external disturbances, and actuator faults. In addition, it is also proved that the solutions with tracking error of resulting adaptive closed‐loop system are uniformly bounded. Finally, a simulation example for B747‐100/200 aircraft system is provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed fault‐tolerant design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous Robot Navigation in Highly Populated Pedestrian Zones
Authors: Kümmerle Rainer , Ruhnke Michael , Steder Bastian , Stachniss Cyrill , Burgard Wolfram
Published: September 2014

In the past, there has been a tremendous amount of progress in the area of autonomous robot navigation, and a large variety of robots have been developed that demonstrated robust navigation capabilities indoors, in nonurban outdoor environments, or on roads; relatively few approaches have focused on navigation in urban environments such as city centers. Urban areas, however, introduce numerous challenges for autonomous robots as they are rather unstructured and dynamic. In this paper, we present a navigation system for mobile robots designed to operate in crowded city environments and pedestrian zones. We describe the different components of this system, including a simultaneous localization and mapping module for dealing with huge maps of city centers, a planning component for inferring feasible paths, taking into account the traversability and type of terrain, a module for accurate localization in dynamic environments, and the means for calibrating and monitoring the platform. Our navigation system has been implemented and tested in several large‐scale field tests, in which a real robot autonomously navigated over several kilometers in a complex urban environment. This also included a public demonstration, during which the robot autonomously traveled along a more than 3‐km‐long route through the city center of Freiburg, Germany.
Efficient dynamic authentication for mobile satellite communication systems without verification table
Authors: Lin Han‐Yu
Published: September 2014

The mobile satellite system is an important wireless communication system widely used nowadays. The issue of protecting the transmission security in low‐earth‐orbit satellite networks thus becomes more and more critical. It is known that several authentication schemes for satellite communication systems have been proposed to deal with the issue. However, previous protocols either employ complicated public key computation or have to maintain a verification table. In this paper, the author will introduce a new dynamic authentication protocol for mobile satellite communication systems without using a verification table. The comparison results will also show that the proposed scheme has lower computational costs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and performance evaluation of new coding options for space telecommand links – part II: jamming channels
Authors: Baldi M. , Chiaraluce F. , Garello R. , Maturo N. , Aguilar Sanchez I. , Cioni S.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we study the performance of telecommand space links affected by pulsed, continuous wave and pseudo‐noise jamming. Countermeasures include coding, interleaving, and direct sequence spread spectrum. Binary and non‐binary low‐density parity‐check codes, parallel turbo codes, and soft‐decision decoded BCH codes are considered. We investigate the impact of different decoding algorithms, also taking into account the role of jamming state information, spreading processing gain and interleaving. The results show that significant gains (up to more than 10 dB) can be achieved in a number of interesting scenarios. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technology Portfolio Planning by Weighted Graph Analysis of System Architectures
Authors: Davison Peter , Cameron Bruce , Crawley Edward F.
Published: September 2014

Many systems undergo significant architecture‐level change throughout their lifecycles in order to adapt to new operating and funding contexts, to react to failed technology development, or to incorporate new technologies. In all cases early architecture selection and technology investment decisions will constrain the system to certain regions of the tradespace, which can limit the evolvability of the system and its robustness to exogenous changes. In this paper we present a method for charting development pathways within a tradespace of potential architectures, with a view to enabling robustness to technology portfolio realization and later architectural changes. The tradespace is first transformed into a weighted, directed graph of architecture nodes with connectivity determined by relationships between technology portfolios and functional architecture. The tradespace exploration problem is then restated as a shortest path problem through this graph. This method is applied to the tradespace of in‐space transportation architectures for missions to Mars, finding that knowledge of pathways through the tradespace can identify negative coupling between functional architectures and particular technologies, as well as identify ways to prioritize future technology investments.
The Rate‐Limiting Step: The Provision of Safe Anesthesia in Low‐Income Countries
Authors: Hendel Simon , Coonan Thomas , Thomas Sarah , McQueen Kelly
Published: September 2014

Background

The importance of safe anesthesia for the best possible surgical outcomes in every patient is not disputed in high resource settings. Low‐income countries lag far behind in the provision of, and training for, safe anesthesia practice. Too little is known about numbers and types of providers in a majority of low‐income countries.

Methods

A review of the member societies of the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists was undertaken, and membership statistics of national societies were requested. Of the 126 members of the federation, only 14 represent low‐income countries. Many non‐federation‐member countries are also low‐income countries.

Results

The anesthesia infrastructure and personnel challenges in low‐income countries contribute to poor patient outcomes and limited access to emergency and essential surgery. The presence of a functional anesthesia society provides a measure of the numbers of providers and a snapshot of local professional activities.

Conclusion

The establishment and maintenance of an anesthesia society is an indicator of respect for the profession and commitment to standards of practice, quality initiatives, and continuing medical education within the country.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Surface Active Monomers Based on Derivatives of 4‐Hydroxybutyric Acid and 6‐Hydroxyhexanoic Acid
Authors: Borzenkov Mykola , Mitina Natalia , Lobaz Volodymyr , Hevus Orest
Published: September 2014

Novel surface active maleate and methacrylate monomers based on derivatives of ω‐hydroxy carboxylic acids have been synthesized. The monomers are comprised of hydrophobic alkyl chains and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol), quaternary ammonium, sulfonate and carboxylic fragments. Synthesized monomers sufficiently reduce surface tension at the aqueous solution‐air interface. The copolymerization of synthesized monomers with 5‐tert‐butylperoxy‐5‐methyl‐2‐hexene‐3‐yne monomer and N‐vinylpyrrolidone in solvent and emulsion copolymerization of synthesized peroxide containing surface active monomer with styrene have been carried out. The synthesized surface active monomers have been shown to be suitable emulsifiers for obtaining polystyrene colloid dispersions. It has been ascertained that the surface active copolymers obtained can form stable interpolyelectrolyte complexes with oppositely charged polymers.
Exploring Client Adherence Factors Related to Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Gill Liz , Cassia Fabio , Cameron Ian D. , Kurrle Susan , Lord Stephen , Fairhall Nicola , Lockwood Keri , Langron Colleen
Published: September 2014

With the increase in chronic disease and the ageing of the population, understanding requisite self-management adherence of people who are frail is important, especially given its association with service outcomes. This study sought to investigate five key client adherence factors reported in the literature, and frailty reduction in a clinical trial intervention group. The intervention participants in the Frailty Trial were stratified into three groups on the basis of their frailty score; improved, unchanged or deteriorated, and a sample meeting the inclusion criteria was randomly selected from each group. The intervention therapists were asked to complete a survey for each of the clients seeking their views on client motivation, client participation, client–therapist relationship, client trust and the value of the service to the client. A strong relationship was demonstrated between each of the five adherence variables and the outcome of the service, with motivation and participation having the greatest impact.
Longitudinal study of EEG frequency maturation and power changes in children on the Russian North
Authors: Soroko S.I. , Shemyakina N.V. , Nagornova Zh.V. , Bekshaev S.S.
Published: September 2014

The aim of the study was to reveal longitudinal changes in electroencephalogram spectral power and frequency (percentage frequency composition of EEG and alpha peak frequency) patterns in normal children from northern Russia. Fifteen children (9 girls and 6 boys) participated in the study. The resting state (eyes closed) EEGs were recorded yearly (2005–2013) from age 8 to age 16–17 for each child. EEG frequency patterns were estimated as the percentages of waves with a 1 Hz step revealed by measuring the interval durations between points crossing zero (isoline) by a curve. EEG spectral power changes were analyzed for delta (1.5–4 Hz), theta (4–7.5 Hz), alpha‐1 (7.5–9.5 Hz), alpha‐2 (9.5–12.5 Hz), beta‐1 (12.5–18 Hz) and beta‐2 (18–30 Hz) bands. According to the frequency composition of the EEG signals fast synchronous, polymorphous synchronous, polymorphous desynchronous and slow synchronous types of children EEG were revealed. These EEG types were relatively stable during adolescence. In these EEG types, the frequency patterns and spectral power dynamics with age had several common and specific features. Slow wave percentage and spectral power in the delta band remarkably decreased with age in all groups. Starting from the theta band the EEG types were characterized by different EEG spectral power changes with age. In fast synchronous EEG type, the theta and alpha‐1 EEG power decreased, and the alpha‐2 power increased in the occipital and parietal areas. The polymorphous synchronous type was characterized by increased both the alpha‐1 and alpha‐2 power with regional peculiarities. In the polymorphous desynchronous type spectral power in all bands decreased with age, and in the slow synchronous type, the alpha‐1 power massively increased with age. Obtained results suggest predictive strength of the spatial‐frequency patterns in EEG for its following maturation through the years.
Breakfast consumption is positively associated with nutrient adequacy in Canadian children and adolescents
Authors: Barr Susan I. , DiFrancesco Loretta , Fulgoni Victor L.
Published: September 2014

Although breakfast is associated with more favourable nutrient intake profiles in children, limited data exist on the impact of breakfast on nutrient adequacy and the potential risk of excessive intakes. Accordingly, we assessed differences in nutrient intake and adequacy among breakfast non-consumers, consumers of breakfasts with ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) and consumers of other types of breakfasts. We used cross-sectional data from 12 281 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years who took part in the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey, 2004. Mean nutrient intakes (obtained using a multiple-pass 24 h recall method) were compared among the breakfast groups using covariate-adjusted regression analysis. Usual nutrient intake distributions, generated using the National Cancer Institute method, were used to determine the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy or the potential risk of excessive intakes from food sources alone and from the combination of food plus supplements. Of these Canadian children, 10 % were breakfast non-consumers, 33 % were consumers of RTEC breakfasts and 57 % were consumers of other types of breakfasts. Non-consumption of breakfast increased with age (4–8 years: 2 %; 9–13 years: 9 %; 14–18 years: 18 %). Breakfast consumers had higher covariate-adjusted intakes of energy, many nutrients and fibre, and lower fat intakes. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy for vitamin D, Ca, Fe and Mg (from food alone or from the combination of food plus supplements) was highest in breakfast non-consumers, intermediate in consumers of other types of breakfasts and lowest in consumers of RTEC breakfast. For vitamin A, P and Zn, breakfast non-consumers had a higher prevalence of nutrient inadequacy than both breakfast groups. The potential risk of excessive nutrient intakes was low in all groups. Efforts to encourage and maintain breakfast consumption in children and adolescents are warranted.
Role of Z-pinches in magnetic reconnection in space plasmas
Authors: Olshevsky Vyacheslav , Lapenta Giovanni , Markidis Stefano , Divin Andrey
Published: September 2014

A widely accepted scenario of magnetic reconnection in collisionless space plasmas is the breakage of magnetic field lines in X-points. In laboratory, reconnection is commonly studied in pinches, current channels embedded into twisted magnetic fields. No model of magnetic reconnection in space plasmas considers both null-points and pinches as peers. We have performed a particle-in-cell simulation of magnetic reconnection in a three-dimensional configuration where null-points are present initially, and Z-pinches are formed during the simulation along the lines of spiral null-points. The non-spiral null-points are more stable than spiral ones, and no substantial energy dissipation is associated with them. On the contrary, turbulent magnetic reconnection in the pinches causes the magnetic energy to decay at a rate of ~1.5% per ion gyro period. Dissipation in similar structures is a likely scenario in space plasmas with large fraction of spiral null-points.
What Makes for a Valid Legal Argument?
Authors: VENZKE INGO
Published: September 2014

Three intertwined threads run through many recent editorials of the Leiden Journal of International Law (LJIL). They tie together many debates within and beyond the board of editors. The threads are those of the Journal's plural identity, the conversation about methods, and the spicy theme of interdisciplinarity. They are related for obvious reasons. Methodology forms one – not the only and perhaps not the foremost – factor in assessing submissions. We need to have an idea of good methodology for such an assessment to be possible. At the same time such an idea must not go against the plurality of perspectives or the Journal's aspiration to provide a forum to new and possibly unsettling voices. Research that cuts across disciplines seems especially valuable in this regard. But it comes with its own methodological challenges and tests the Journal's identity which is – albeit plural– that of a Journal of international law. It is against the background of these intertwined threads that I wish to offer a discussion of a central question that mirrors these recent debates: What makes for a valid legal argument?
Risk and resilience in preterm children at age 6
Authors: Poehlmann-Tynan Julie , Gerstein Emily D. , Burnson Cynthia , Weymouth Lindsay , Bolt Daniel M. , Maleck Sarah , Schwichtenberg A. J.
Published: September 2014

Children born preterm are at risk for experiencing significant deleterious developmental outcomes throughout their childhood and adolescence. However, individual variation and resilience are hallmarks of the preterm population. The present study examined pathways to resilience across multiple domains (e.g., social activities, peer relations, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomology, externalizing and internalizing behavior, and sleep quality) as children born preterm reached school age. The study also examined early child and family predictors of resilience. Using a prospective longitudinal design, 173 infants born preterm and without significant neurological complications were assessed at five time points: neonatal intensive care unit discharge, 9 months, 16 months, 24 months, and 6 years. Three pathways of adaptation emerged at 6 years: children who were resilient, those who remained at-risk, and children who exhibited significant difficulties. Resilient children were less likely to have experienced negative parenting at 9 and 16 months, more likely to delay gratification at 24 months, and more likely to experience neonatal health complications than nonresilient children.
Mothers’ electrophysiological, subjective, and observed emotional responding to infant crying: The role of secure base script knowledge
Authors: Groh Ashley M. , Roisman Glenn I. , Haydon Katherine C. , Bost Kelly , McElwain Nancy , Garcia Leanna , Hester Colleen
Published: September 2014

This study examined the extent to which secure base script knowledge—reflected in the ability to generate narratives in which attachment-relevant events are encountered, a clear need for assistance is communicated, competent help is provided and accepted, and the problem is resolved—is associated with mothers’ electrophysiological, subjective, and observed emotional responses to an infant distress vocalization. While listening to an infant crying, mothers (N= 108,Mage = 34 years) lower on secure base script knowledge exhibited smaller shifts in relative left (vs. right) frontal EEG activation from rest, reported smaller reductions in feelings of positive emotion from rest, and expressed greater levels of tension. Findings indicate that lower levels of secure base script knowledge are associated with an organization of emotional responding indicative of a less flexible and more emotionally restricted response to infant distress. Discussion focuses on the contribution of mothers’ attachment representations to their ability to effectively manage emotional responding to infant distress in a manner expected to support sensitive caregiving.
Cumulative childhood risk and adult functioning in abused and neglected children grown up
Authors: Horan Jacqueline M. , Widom Cathy Spatz
Published: September 2014

This paper examines the relationship between childhood exposure to cumulative risk and three indicators of psychosocial adjustment in adulthood (educational attainment, mental health, and criminal behavior) and tests three different models (linear, quadratic, and interaction). Data were collected over several time points from individuals who were part of a prospective cohort design study that matched children with documented cases of abuse and/or neglect with children without such histories and followed them into adulthood. Hierarchical multiple regressions compared linear and quadratic models and then examined potential moderating effects of child abuse/neglect and gender. Exposure to a greater number of childhood risk factors was significantly related to fewer years of education, more anxiety and depression symptomatology, and more criminal arrests in adulthood. The relationship between cumulative risk and years of education demonstrated a curvilinear pattern, whereas the relationship between cumulative risk and both mental health and criminal arrests was linear. Child abuse/neglect did not moderate these relationships, although there were direct effects for both child abuse/neglect and gender on criminal arrests, with more arrests for abused/neglected individuals than controls and more for males than females. Gender interacted with cumulative risk to impact educational attainment and criminal behavior, suggesting that interventions may be more effective if tailored differently for males and females. Interventions may need to be multifaceted and designed to address these different domains of functioning.
Newcastle's long nineteenth century: a world-historical interpretation of making a multi-nodal city region
Authors: BARKE MICHAEL , TAYLOR PETER J.
Published: September 2014

We describe and analyse how Newcastle was transformed from a relatively stagnant British city at the dawn of the nineteenth century to one of the most vibrant cities in the world by the early twentieth century. We use two frameworks to chart and explain this momentous change: Wallerstein's model of hegemonic cycles to locate Newcastle's late development in a world-historical context, and Jacobs’ theory of city economic growth to understand the processes of change within the city and its region. These lead to an empirical focus on three investigations: first, how Newcastle grew geographically to become a multi-nodal city region (Tyneside plus Wearside); second, how the Newcastle city economy grew and developed into a very complex division of labour; and third, how this generated a new modern metropolitan cultural world.
The Importance of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Microanalysis (EDS) in Determination of Gunshot Residues (GSR) in Human Hands
Authors: Aragao P.H. , Bucharles L.G. , Spadotto J.C. , Rodrigues A.R. , Motta V.B. , Biazin B.M. , Oliveira Junior A.G. , Jesus Andrade C.G.
Published: September 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
2014 Presidential Address: A SWOT Analysis of the Society of Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Wysocki Tim
Published: September 2014

Businesses, community agencies, and project teams of many kinds have increasingly used a strategy planning tool that guides a systematic review of internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) that may influence the success of an organization or its mission. This article is intended to stimulate a discourse about what a SWOT analysis reveals about the Society of Pediatric Psychology and to interpret its implications for the achievement of the Society’s strategic plan as well as several society initiatives that are in early stages of implementation. The article summarizes the Society’s strategic plan, then introduces the principles and practice of SWOT analysis and concludes by applying this framework to the Society of Pediatric Psychology, based on the perspectives of current leadership of the organization. Careful application of SWOT analysis to the society’s structure, processes, and functions may help to identify new initiatives, guide the organization’s planning, build upon identified strengths of the organization, and anticipate and address identified barriers to achievement of the organization’s strategic plan. Because the future of the organization rests with the eventual contributions of its current students and trainees, a solid overview of where the society has been and where it is headed may help them to make valuable contributions to the organization earlier in their career paths. A periodic repetition of a SWOT analysis of the society may permit a longitudinal evaluation of the organization’s performance in identifying and responding to threats and opportunities that may affect the future vitality of our profession.
Novel multicommuted flow manifold dedicated to the integrated calibration method
Authors: Wieczorek Marcin , Kościelniak Paweł , Świt Paweł , Marszałek Katarzyna
Published: September 2014

Integrated calibration method (ICM) is one of the novel approaches in the field of analytical calibration. ICM enables several (e.g., six) estimates of an analytical result to be obtained in a single calibration procedure.
Patterning of supported lipid bilayers and proteins using material selective nitrodopamine-mPEG
Authors: Spycher Philipp R. , Hall Heike , Vogel Viola , Reimhult Erik
Published: September 2014

We present a generic patterning process by which biomolecules in a passivated background are patterned directly from physiological buffer to microfabricated surfaces without the need for further processing.
Palladium catalysed cross-dehydrogenative-coupling of 1,3,5-trialkoxybenzenes with simple arenes
Authors: Storr Thomas E. , Namata Faridah , Greaney Michael F.
Published: September 2014

The cross-dehydrogenative coupling of two arene C–H positions is reported, generating multi-ortho-substituted biaryls under Pd catalysis.
Double zipper helical assembly of deoxyoligonucleotides: mutual templating and chiral imprinting to form hybrid DNA ensembles
Authors: Narayanaswamy Nagarjun , Suresh Gorle , Priyakumar U. Deva , Govindaraju T.
Published: September 2014

Herein, the conventional and unconventional hydrogen bonding potential of adenine in APA for double zipper helical assembly of deoxyoligonucleotides is demonstrated under ambient conditions.
Biomolecular structure manipulation using tailored electromagnetic radiation: a proof of concept on a simplified model of the active site of bacterial DNA topoisomerase
Authors: Jarukanont Daungruthai , Coimbra João T. S. , Bauerhenne Bernd , Fernandes Pedro A. , Patel Shekhar , Ramos Maria J. , Garcia Martin E.
Published: September 2014

We report on the viability of breaking selected bonds in biological systems using tailored electromagnetic radiation.
Ionic liquids and ultrasound in combination: synergies and challenges
Authors: Chatel G. , MacFarlane D. R.
Published: September 2014

The advantages and the limits of the ionic liquid/ultrasound combination for different applications in chemistry are critically reviewed to understand how it could become an essential tool in future years.
Transition-metal-free C–C bond forming reactions of aryl, alkenyl and alkynylboronic acids and their derivatives
Authors: Roscales S. , Csákÿ A. G.
Published: September 2014

Transition-metal-free C–C bond forming reactions of boronic acids are new emerging tools in organic synthesis which complement metal-based procedures.
The future of organic photovoltaics
Authors: Mazzio Katherine A. , Luscombe Christine K.
Published: September 2014

This work summarizes the development of organic photovoltaics, including their economic motivation, device operation, and materials.
Guided crystallization of P3HT in ternary blend solar cell based on P3HT:PCPDTBT:PCBM
Authors: Gu Yu , Wang Cheng , Liu Feng , Chen Jihua , Dyck Ondrej E. , Duscher Gerd , Russell Thomas P.
Published: September 2014

In ternary blend of P3HT:PCPDTBT:PC61BM, bundles of well-defined P3HT fibrils formed a network in a matrix comprised of a mixture of P3HT, PCPDTBT and PCBM yielding a 27% improvement in device efficiency.
Transforming organic-rich amaranthus waste into nitrogen-doped carbon with superior performance of the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Gao Shuyan , Geng Keran , Liu Haiying , Wei Xianjun , Zhang Min , Wang Peng , Wang Jianji
Published: September 2014

Amaranthus waste is reported to be a single precursor to synthesize highly porous nitrogen-doped carbon as a superior oxygen reduction electrocatalyst.
Multi-isotope (15N, 18O and 13C) indicators of sources and fate of nitrate in the upper stream of Chaobai River, Beijing, China
Authors: Li Cai , Jiang Yongbin , Guo Xinyue , Cao Yang , Ji Hongbing
Published: September 2014

Dual isotopes of nitrate (15N and 18O) and carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (13C) together with water chemistry were used to identify the sources and fate of nitrate in the upper stream of Chaobai River, north China.
Parameterization of pharmaceutical emissions and removal rates for use in UK predictive exposure models: steroid estrogens as a case study
Authors: Heffley J. D. , Comber S. D. W. , Wheeler B. W. , Redshaw C. H.
Published: September 2014

Using local population characteristics and prescription data to predict pharmaceutical concentrations in sewage influent and effluent.
Quantitative synthesis of bis(cyclic carbonate)s by iron catalyst for non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis
Authors: Sheng Xingfeng , Ren Guanjie , Qin Yusheng , Chen Xuesi , Wang Xianhong , Wang Fosong
Published: September 2014

Polyurethanes were prepared from the polyaddition of diamines and bis(cyclic carbonate)s which were obtained via the complete carbonation of diepoxides.
Reconstruction of a generic metabolic network model of cancer cells
Authors: Hadi Mahdieh , Marashi Sayed-Amir
Published: September 2014

We introduce a generic constraint-based model of cancer metabolism, which is able to successfully predict the metabolic phenotypes of cancer cells.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin
Authors: Liu Jian , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: September 2014

Heparin and heparan sulfate are sulfated carbohydrates that display a wide range of biological functions. A chemoenzymatic method is becoming a promising approach to synthesize heparin-like oligosaccharides with high efficiency.
Quantitative measurement of redox potential in hypoxic cells using SERS nanosensors
Authors: Jiang Jing , Auchinvole Craig , Fisher Kate , Campbell Colin J.
Published: September 2014

Hypoxia is a reductive disorder that plays a role in stroke and cancer. We have developed a nanosensor that quantifies redox potential in living hypoxic cells.
First principles calculation of electron ionization mass spectra for selected organic drug molecules
Authors: Bauer Christoph Alexander , Grimme Stefan
Published: September 2014

The QCEIMS method provides automated calculation of EI mass spectra and requires only structural information (3D coordinates) as the input.
Thiol–bromo click polymerization for multifunctional polymers: synthesis, light refraction, aggregation-induced emission and explosive detection
Authors: Zhang Yiren , Chen Gan , Lin Yiliu , Zhao Lifang , Yuan Wang Zhang , Lu Ping , Jim Cathy K. W. , Zhang Yongming , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: September 2014

Thiol–bromo click polymerization offers a convenient method to fabricate multifunctional polymers with a rational molecular design.
Ferromagnetism in cubic InN:Mn nanocrystals induced by surface Mn atoms
Authors: Meng Xiuqing , Chen Zhanghui , Xia Qinglin , Chen Zhuo , Wu Fengmin , Li Jingbo
Published: September 2014

Cubic single crystallized InN:Mn shows ferromagnetism at Tc = 50 K, which originates from doped surface Mn atoms.
Two novel oxovanadium–organophosphonate hybrids with a 3D supramolecular structure: synthesis, crystal structures, surface photovoltage and luminescent properties
Authors: Ma Ming-Xue , Sun Zhen-Gang , Zhu Yan-Yu , Zhang Guang-Ning , Sun Tong , Li Wen-Zhu , Luo Hui
Published: September 2014

Two novel oxovanadium–organophosphonates with a 3D supramolecular structure, [{M(1,10–phen)}(VO)(OH)(hedp)]·H2O (M = Cu (1), Zn (2)), have been hydrothermally synthesized. The surface photovoltage and luminescent properties of the two compounds have been studied.
Pseudo five-component process for the synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives using ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles in aqueous media
Authors: Safaei-Ghomi Javad , Khojastehbakht-Koopaei Bahareh , Shahbazi-Alavi Hossein
Published: September 2014

In the present paper, we developed a straightforward and efficient approach to synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives by a simple one pot pseudo five component reactions using ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles as catalyst under benign reaction conditions.
Polyamine-functionalized carbon nanodots: a novel chemiluminescence probe for selective detection of iron(iii) ions
Authors: Zhao Lixia , Geng Fanglan , Di Fan , Guo Liang-Hong , Wan Bin , Yang Yu , Zhang Hui , Sun Guozhu
Published: September 2014

We firstly studied the chemiluminescence behavior of branched poly(ethylenimine)-functionalized carbon dots (BPEI-CDs).
Geometrical alignment for improving cell evaluation in a microchannel with application on multiple myeloma red blood cells
Authors: Dylan Tsai Chia-Hung , Sakuma Shinya , Arai Fumihito , Taniguchi Tatsunori , Ohtani Tomohito , Sakata Yasushi , Kaneko Makoto
Published: September 2014

A microfluidic design for evaluating red blood cell deformability with geometrical alignment mechanism is proposed.
Facile preparation of 3,5-disubstituted-4-aminothiophene-2-carbaldehyde from a novel unexpected domino reaction of vinyl azides and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol
Authors: Chen Binhui , Ni Hangcheng , Guo Xiao , Zhang Guolin , Yu Yongping
Published: September 2014

A facile approach to provide 3,5-disubstituted-4-aminothiophene-2-carbaldehyde containing both the amino group and the aldehyde group has been developed.
Reprogramming cellular phenotype by soft collagen gels
Authors: Ali M. Yakut , Chuang Chih-Yuan , Saif M. Taher A.
Published: September 2014

Cell–soft collagen gel interactions can induce the cellular phenotype and cytoskeleton organization in a remarkably distinct manner.
Novel Au/Pd@carbon macrocellular foams as electrodes for lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Depardieu Martin , Janot Raphaël , Sanchez Clément , Bentaleb Ahmed , Demir-Cakan Rezan , Gervais Christel , Birot Marc , Morcrette Mathieu , Backov Rénal
Published: September 2014

Pd and Au nanoparticle loaded carbonaceous foams have been synthesized to address the efficiency of Li–S battery electrodes for restituted cycling capacity.
Synthesis and characterization of pure P2- and O3-Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2as cathode materials for Na ion batteries
Authors: Gonzalo E. , Han M. H. , López del Amo J. M. , Acebedo B. , Casas-Cabanas M. , Rojo T.
Published: September 2014

The solid state synthesis and electrochemical characterization of pure P2- and O3-Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2have been carried out.
Polyacryloyl hydrazide based injectable & stimuli responsive hydrogels with tunable properties
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Samal Sabindra K. , Dash Rupesh , Ojha Umaprasana
Published: September 2014

The synthesis and characterization of a series of injectable and stimuli responsive hydrogels based on polyacryloyl hydrazide have been accomplished using dimethyl 2,2′-thiodiacetate, acrylic acid, diethyl malonate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate as cross-linkers through a chemical or dual cross-linking pathway.
Multicolor upconversion NaLuF4 fluorescent nanoprobe for plant cell imaging and detection of sodium fluorescein
Authors: Chen Zenghui , Wu Xiaofeng , Hu Shigang , Hu Pan , Yan Huanyuan , Tang Zhijun , Liu Yunxin
Published: September 2014

Detection limit of sodium fluorescein in plant cells can reach 0.14 μg cm−3 based on LRET from UCNPs to SF.
Priming IKKβ kinase for action
Authors: Ley Steven C. , Beyaert Rudi
Published: September 2014

IKKβ (IκB kinase β) is a core component of signalling pathways that control the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) transcription factors, which regulate many physiological processes, including cell survival, immunity and DNA-damage responses. Like many kinases, activation of IKKβ requires phosphorylation of the activation loop of its kinase domain. Different upstream protein kinases, and IKKβ itself, have been reported to directly phosphorylate and activate IKKβ in vitro, but the exact molecular mechanism of IKKβ activation in cells has remained unclear. In a recent article in the Biochemical Journal, Zhang and co-workers showed that IKKβ is activated by two sequential phosphorylations of its activation loop in response to TNF (tumour necrosis factor), IL-1 (interleukin-1) and TLR (Toll-like receptor) ligands. Using a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches, they demonstrate that IKKβ is first phosphorylated by the upstream kinase TAK1 [TGFβ (transforming growth factor β)-activated kinase-1] at Ser177, which then serves as a priming signal for subsequent IKKβ autophosphorylation at Ser181. This study resolves two apparently conflicting earlier models of IKKβ activation into a single unified model, and suggests that the IKKβ activation loop may integrate distinct ‘upsteam’ signals to activate NF-κB.
Attention, Memory, and Auditory Processing in 10- to 15-Year-Old Children With Listening Difficulties
Authors: Sharma Mridula , Dhamani Imran , Leung Johahn , Carlile Simon
Published: September 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine attention, memory, and auditory processing in children with reported listening difficulty in noise (LDN) despite having clinically normal hearing.

Method

Twenty-one children with LDN and 15 children with no listening concerns (controls) participated. The clinically normed auditory processing tests included the Frequency/Pitch Pattern Test (FPT; Musiek, 2002), the Dichotic Digits Test (Musiek, 1983), the Listening in Spatialized Noise—Sentences (LiSN–S) test (Dillon, Cameron, Glyde, Wilson, & Tomlin, 2012), gap detection in noise (Baker, Jayewardene, Sayle, & Saeed, 2008), and masking level difference (MLD; Wilson, Moncrieff, Townsend, & Pillion, 2003). Also included were research-based psychoacoustic tasks, such as auditory stream segregation, localization, sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM), and fine structure perception. All were also evaluated on attention and memory test batteries.

Results

The LDN group was significantly slower switching their auditory attention and had poorer inhibitory control. Additionally, the group mean results showed significantly poorer performance on FPT, MLD, 4-Hz SAM, and memory tests. Close inspection of the individual data revealed that only 5 participants (out of 21) in the LDN group showed significantly poor performance on FPT compared with clinical norms. Further testing revealed the frequency discrimination of these 5 children to be significantly impaired.

Conclusion

Thus, the LDN group showed deficits in attention switching and inhibitory control, whereas only a subset of these participants demonstrated an additional frequency resolution deficit.
Evaluation of Three Proposed Markers for Language Impairment in English: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Authors: Pawłowska Monika
Published: September 2014

Purpose

The goal of the study was to determine to what extent 3 proposed markers of language impairment (LI) in English (verb tense, nonword repetition, and sentence repetition) accurately distinguish affected and unaffected English-speaking individuals.

Method

Electronic databases were searched for diagnostic accuracy studies involving the 3 markers. Quality of relevant studies was described. Numbers of true and false positives and negatives were extracted and used to calculate likelihood ratios (LRs).

Results

Thirteen studies met the selection criteria. The majority were based on clinically ascertained samples. Pooled LRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for tense (LR+) and sentence repetition (LR+ and LR−) were suggestive of presence (LR+) or absence (LR−) of LI. Wide CIs around the value of inconsistency I
2
index reduced reliability of pooled values for sentence repetition. High between-study heterogeneity precluded pooling of LR values for tense (LR−) and nonword repetition (LR+ and LR−).

Conclusion

The limited evidence available suggests that the proposed markers may be at best suggestive of LI in English. Future research may refine existing marker tasks to increase their accuracy and test the most promising tasks in unselected samples of participants with and without LI.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170489
Tapped Out: Do People With Aphasia Have Rhythm Processing Deficits?
Authors: Zipse Lauryn , Worek Amanda , Guarino Anthony J. , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: September 2014

Purpose

In this study, the authors tested whether people with aphasia (PWAs) show an impaired ability to process rhythm, both in terms of perception and production.

Method

Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 16 PWAs and 15 age-matched control participants performed 3 rhythm tasks: tapping along to short rhythms, tapping these same rhythms from memory immediately after presentation, and making same–different judgments about pairs of tapped rhythms that they heard. Comparison tasks measured same–different judgment ability with visual stimuli and nonverbal working memory (Corsi blocks). In Experiment 2, 14 PWAs and 16 control participants made same–different judgments for pairs of auditory stimuli that differed in terms of rhythm or pitch (for comparison).

Results

In Experiment 1, PWAs performed worse than control participants across most measures of rhythm processing. In contrast, PWAs and control participants did not differ in their performance on the comparison tasks. In Experiment 2, the PWAs performed worse than control participants across all conditions but with a more marked deficit in stimulus pairs that differed in rhythm than in those that differed in pitch.

Conclusions

The results support the hypothesis that at least some PWAs exhibit deficits of rhythm and timing. This may have implications for treatments involving tapping or other rhythmic cues.
Comment: Is memristor a dynamic element?
Authors: Riaza R.
Published: September 2014

In [1] the authors present a charge/flux formulation of the equations of memristive circuits, which seemingly show that the memristor should not be considered as a dynamic circuit element. Here, is shown that this approach implicitly reduces the dynamic analysis to a certain subset of the state space in such a way that the dynamic contribution of memristors is hidden. This reduction might entail a substantial loss of information, regarding e.g. the local stability properties of the circuit. Two examples illustrate this. It is concluded that the memristor, even with its unconventional features, must be considered as a dynamic element.
Reply: Comment on 'Is memristor a dynamic element?'
Authors: Bao Bo‐Cheng
Published: September 2014

The Comment of Riaza is acknowledged. In response, it is argued that by establishing the complete corresponding relations between the voltage‐current relation and the constitutive relation of memristors, the conclusions in the original Letter are appropriate. It is further illustrated that if the voltage‐current model is used, the memristor is regarded as a dynamic element, whereas if the flux–charge model is utilised, the memristor is treated as a non‐dynamic element. The results indicate that the memristor initial conditions described by the constitutive relation should be assigned in the modelling of memristive circuits, and the dynamic nature of memristors is related with the memristive circuit model.
Polynomial‐approximation‐based locally optimum detector for signals with symmetric alpha stable noise
Authors: Chen Yunfei , Xu Feng , Chen Jiming
Published: September 2014

Rational approximation to the non‐linear score function used in the locally optimum detector is derived for signals corrupted by the impulsive symmetric alpha stable noise. The new approximation uses a third‐order polynomial in the numerator and a fourth‐order polynomial in the denominator, compared with the existing approximation that uses a first‐order polynomial in the numerator and a second‐order polynomial in the denominator. The parameters of the polynomials are derived using non‐linear least squares curve fitting. The relationships between the polynomial parameters and the value of the characteristic exponent are also obtained. Numerical results show that the proposed approximation has superior accuracy to the existing approximations. The proposed new approximation is then applied to the locally optimum detector by replacing the score function in the decision variable. Numerical results show that the proposed detector, optimised according to a curve‐fitting approach, outperforms previous approximations of the locally optimum detector, also optimised according to a curve‐fitting approach, for binary phase shift keying signals and in some cases for on–off keying signals.
Harmonic performance of heat‐pumps
Authors: Heffernan W.J.B. , Watson N.R. , Buehler R. , Watson J.D.
Published: September 2014

Reverse cycle air‐source heat‐pumps are an increasingly significant load in New Zealand and in many other countries. This has raised concern over the possible impact wide‐spread use of heat‐pumps will have on the grid. To analyse this impact, models are needed to enable system studies to be performed. In this paper, the results from testing six heat‐pumps are presented. The heat‐pumps are classified based on observed performance. Moreover, the heat‐pumps’ designs are investigated and power system computer aided design/electromagnetic transient program for DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) models developed and verified against the measured performance.
Polarisation analysing complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor image sensor in 65‐nm standard CMOS technology
Authors: Wakama N. , Okabayashi D. , Noda T. , Sasagawa K. , Tokuda T. , Kakiuchi K. , Ohta J.
Published: September 2014

In the present study, the authors demonstrate a complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor implemented with on‐chip polarisers using 65‐nm standard CMOS technology. The polariser is composed of metal wire grids made of metal wires fabricated by the CMOS process. An extinction ratio of 18.8 dB was obtained for a single pixel with an on‐chip polariser, where the line/space widths have the finest pitch obtainable by 65‐nm technology. Electrical crosstalk between pixels is reduced by over 25% using a guard ring structure. Polarisation imaging by the sensor was also performed.
Potential of carbon nanotube field effect transistors for analogue circuits
Authors: Hayat Khizar , Cheema Hammad M. , Shamim Atif
Published: September 2014

This Letter presents a detailed comparison of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with special focus on carbon nanotube FET's potential for implementing analogue circuits in the mm‐wave and sub‐terahertz range. The latest CNFET lithographic dimensions place it at‐par with complementary metal oxide semiconductor in terms of current handling capability, whereas the forecasted improvement in the lithography enables the CNFETs to handle more than twice the current of MOSFETs. The comparison of RF parameters shows superior performance of CNFETs with a gm, f T and f max of 2.7, 2.6 and 4.5 times higher, respectively. MOSFET‐ and CNFET‐based inverter, three‐stage ring oscillator and LC oscillator have been designed and compared as well. The CNFET‐based inverters are found to be ten times faster, the ring oscillator demonstrates three times higher oscillation frequency and CNFET‐based LC oscillator also shows improved performance than its MOSFET counterpart.