bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of Adolescent Male Dating Violence Against Women, Self-Esteem, and Justification of Dominance and Aggression
Authors: Diaz-Aguado Maria Jose , Martinez Rosario
Published: October 2014

The recognition of the seriousness of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the need to prevent it has led to the study of its inception in relationships established in adolescence. This study uses latent class analysis to establish a typology of male adolescents based on self-reports of violence against a girl in dating relationships. The participants were 4,147 boys in Spain aged 14 to 18 years from a probabilistic sample. Four discrete, identifiable groups were derived based on 12 indicators of emotional abuse, intimidation, coercion, threats, physical violence, and violence transmitted via communication technologies. The first group consists of non-violent adolescent boys. A second group comprises those boys who isolate and control their partners. Boys who exert only medium-level emotional abuse form the third group, whereas the fourth is formed by teenage boys who frequently engage in all types of violence. Compared with the non-violent adolescents in a multinomial logistic regression, the other groups show lower self-esteem and display a greater justification of male dominance and IPV against women; greater justification of aggression in conflict resolution; they have also received more dominance and violence messages from adults in their family environment; and they perceive IPV behaviors against women as abuse of lesser importance.
It’s Not Technically a Crime
Authors: Campbell Christopher M.
Published: October 2014

A long-held assumption in corrections is that parole technical violations (TVs) serve as a proxy of an offender’s potential of committing a new crime. Considering this notion has yet to be empirically tested coupled with recent research indicating a patterned difference between violators and recidivists, a test of this foundational assumption of community corrections is warranted. The current study aims to test this assumption using male and female offender samples from Washington State. Receiver operating characteristic curves are used to test the predictive validity of a generic risk–needs scale designed for felony recidivism on TV outcomes. Results suggest that the male-specific scale performs significantly worse when predicting nonserious and serious violations among the male sample. A female-specific scale, however, showed no significant difference in predicting female violations. The findings provide evidence that violations are not necessarily a proxy of new crime, and therefore offer wide implications for community corrections policy.
Overestimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Among Critically Ill Adults With Hospital-Acquired Oligoanuric Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Frazee Erin N. , Personett Heather A. , Wood-Wentz Christina M. , Herasevich Vitaly , Lieske John C. , Kashani Kianoush B.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Medication use in the intensive care unit (ICU) depends on creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates. Urine output deterioration may precede the creatinine rise resulting in delayed recognition of GFR reductions. Our objective was to quantify the disparity between estimated GFR (eGFR) and true GFR in ICU patients with hospital-acquired oligoanuric acute kidney injury (hAKI).

Methods:

This single-center cohort study examined adults who met the Acute Kidney Injury Network stage III urine output criterion ≥48 hours after ICU admission. True GFR was ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and eGFR was described by 6 different creatinine-based equations. True GFR and eGFR were compared on the day of hAKI diagnosis and followed for 4 days using multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for day and method.

Results:

Of the 691 patients screened, we enrolled 61 patients. After adjustment for multiple comparisons and day, there were significant differences in eGFR between the estimation methods and true GFR ( P < .001). After day adjustment, eGFR overestimated true GFR by 17 to 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 and overestimation persisted through the fourth day of hAKI ( P ≤ .001).

Conclusion:

Creatinine-based equations overestimated GFR in ICU patients with hAKI. This study highlights a population at risk of medication misadventures in whom systems optimization should be considered.
The Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association Between Perceived Neighborhood Walkability Characteristics and Depressive Symptoms in Older Latinos
Authors: Hernandez Rosalba , Kershaw Kiarri N. , Prohaska Thomas R. , Wang Pin-Chieh , Marquez David X. , Sarkisian Catherine A.
Published: October 2014

Objective: Evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between perceived walkability-related neighborhood characteristics (e.g., traffic safety) and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older Latino adults. Method: We used baseline, 12-month, and 24-month in-person interview data collected from Latinos aged ≥60 years participating in an exercise intervention at 27 senior centers ( N = 570). Results: In cross-sectional analyses, lower perceived neighborhood crime, indicative of greater neighborhood walkability, was associated with a lower odds of elevated symptoms of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.82, 0.996]; p = .04) after adjusting for demographic characteristics, linguistic acculturation, and medical comorbidities. Associations between Neighborhood Environment Walkability scales and incident depressive symptoms at 12- and/or 24-months were not statistically significant, but the point estimate for crime safety was consistent with cross-sectional findings (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = [0.64, 1.07]; p = .16), suggesting a protective effect for lower perceived neighborhood crime. Discussion: Lower perceived neighborhood crime is associated with reduced presence of elevated symptoms of depression in older Latinos.
Multi-objective trajectory planning over terrain using label-setting greedy-based algorithm
Authors: Zardashti R , Nikkhah AA , Yazdanpanah MJ
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the multi-objective trajectory planning problem for an unmanned aerial vehicle on a low altitude terrain following/threat avoidance mission is studied. Using a grid-based discrete scheme, the continuous constrained optimization problem into a combination of search and decision problem is transformed over a finite network. A variant of the minimum cost network flow approach, which is referred to as label-setting greedy-based algorithm, is then applied to this problem. Using the digital terrain elevation data and discrete dynamic equations of motion, an optimal four-dimensional trajectory (three spatial and one time dimensions) from a source to a destination is obtained deterministically by minimizing a nonlinear cost functional subject to dynamic and mission constraints of the unmanned aerial vehicle. For each arc in the grid, a cost functional is considered as a combination of the path length, fuel consumption, flight time, and risk-of-threat region. Moreover, due to the increasing deviation of inertial navigation system in terms of time, having a safe flight and collision avoidance with terrain at low altitude is a significant problem in the trajectory design of this type of the vehicles. In this work, it’s tried to meet this constraint in the trajectory planning. The simulation studies on the unmanned aerial vehicle flight planning problem are presented to verify the capability of the proposed algorithm to generate admissible trajectory in minimum possible time comparison to previous works.
Modification of Leishman–Beddoes model incorporating with a new trailing-edge vortex model
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhao Qijun
Published: October 2014

The Leishman–Beddoes (L-B) model for airfoil dynamic stall is widely used in both helicopter rotor and wind turbine aerodynamics because it has fewer parameters and specific physical conceptions. However, in some cases of airfoil dynamic stall, the differences between the calculated results and experimental data are obvious, especially for the reattachment of airfoil dynamic stall. In order to observe the characteristics of dynamic stall about rotor airfoil, some dynamic stall experiments by PIV technology and CFD simulations based on RANS equations are accomplished. As a result, a trailing-edge vortex is observed which is not considered in the present L-B models. To consider the effect of this trailing-edge vortex on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristic, a new model of trailing-edge vortex is presented in this paper. In this method, the normal force induced by trailing-edge vortex is calculated by a similar methodology as leading-edge vortex, and the moment is modified due to the trailing-edge vortex. Consequently, the aerodynamic loads calculated by the modified L-B model at different reduced frequencies, Mach numbers, and airfoils are closer to the experimental data in the reattachment of dynamic stall. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the new trailing-edge vortex model further reflects the essence of trailing-edge vortex during the process of dynamic stall.
The Long Reach of One’s Spouse
Authors: Solomon Brittany C. , Jackson Joshua J.
Published: October 2014

You marry your spouse “for better, for worse” and “for richer, for poorer,” but does your choice of partner make you richer or poorer? It is unknown whether people’s dispositional characteristics can seep into their spouses’ workplace. Using a representative, longitudinal sample of married individuals ( N = 4,544), we examined whether Big Five personality traits of participants’ spouses related to three measures of participants’ occupational success: job satisfaction, income, and likelihood of being promoted. For both male and female participants, partner conscientiousness predicted future job satisfaction, income, and likelihood of promotion, even after accounting for participants’ conscientiousness. These associations occurred because more conscientious partners perform more household tasks, exhibit more pragmatic behaviors that their spouses are likely to emulate, and promote a more satisfying home life, enabling their spouses to focus more on work. These results demonstrate that the dispositional characteristics of the person one marries influence important aspects of one’s professional life.
Subliminal Strengthening
Authors: Levy Becca R. , Pilver Corey , Chung Pil H. , Slade Martin D.
Published: October 2014

Negative age stereotypes that older individuals assimilate from their culture predict detrimental outcomes, including worse physical function. We examined, for the first time, whether positive age stereotypes, presented subliminally across multiple sessions in the community, would lead to improved outcomes. Each of 100 older individuals (age = 61–99 years, M = 81) was randomly assigned to an implicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, an explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, a combined implicit- and explicit-positive-age-stereotype-intervention group, or a control group. Interventions occurred at four 1-week intervals. The implicit intervention strengthened positive age stereotypes, which strengthened positive self-perceptions of aging, which, in turn, improved physical function. The improvement in these outcomes continued for 3 weeks after the last intervention session. Further, negative age stereotypes and negative self-perceptions of aging were weakened. For all outcomes, the implicit intervention’s impact was greater than the explicit intervention’s impact. The physical-function effect of the implicit intervention surpassed a previous study’s 6-month-exercise-intervention’s effect with participants of similar ages. The current study’s findings demonstrate the potential of directing implicit processes toward physical-function enhancement over time.
Reinforcement corrosion assessment capability of surface bonded and embedded piezo sensors for reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Talakokula Visalakshi , Bhalla Suresh
Published: October 2014

Rebar corrosion has become a very common cause of degradation in the reinforced concrete structures. It is most frequently the result of the chloride-induced breakdown of the passive film formed in the highly alkaline environment. This article presents a comparison of the sensing capabilities of surface bonded and embedded piezoceramic (lead zirconate titanate) patches in diagnosing chloride-induced corrosion for reinforced concrete structures. Experiments are conducted with lead zirconate titanate patches surface bonded on rebar as well as embedded in the vicinity of the rebar inside concrete to compare the sensitivity of the two. Accelerated corrosion tests are performed on reinforced concrete specimens, and a comparison of the statistical index and the equivalent parameters is done for the two types of sensor configurations. The experimental results indicate that the embedded sensor is very sensitive in capturing the changes occurring in the concrete during chloride ingress. However, when the passive film is damaged, thereby initiating corrosion, their sensing ability is reduced. At this point, the lead zirconate titanate patch surface bonded on the rebar is more effective. Overall comparison of experimental results shows that both sensor types can complement each other for an effective detection and monitoring of rebar corrosion.
Utilization of Hospice Bereavement Support by At-Risk Family Members
Authors: Ghesquiere Angela , Thomas Julie , Bruce Martha L.
Published: October 2014

Approximately 10% of the bereaved are at risk of bereavement-related mental health disorders. Hospices’ bereavement services could potentially address needs of many at risk, but little is known about their service use. We analyzed data from 6160 bereaved family members of hospice patients. Risk of mental health problems was identified by hospice providers postloss. Of those characterized as “at-risk,” 52% used services compared to 18% of the “low risk.” Factors associated with service use among at-risk were female gender and younger age of death. Those who lost a child used services less than other bereaved. Although hospices appear to be skilled at identifying and providing bereavement services to the at-risk, services do not reach almost half. Results suggest the need to improve care access, especially among men and those losing a child.
Community-Partnered Collaboration to Build an Integrated Palliative Care Clinic
Authors: Bergman Jonathan , Ballon-Landa Eric , Lorenz Karl A. , Saucedo Josemanuel , Saigal Christopher S. , Bennett Carol J. , Litwin Mark S.
Published: October 2014

Background:

We partnered with patients, families, and palliative care clinicians to develop an integrated urology–palliative care clinic for patients with metastatic cancer. We assessed clinician satisfaction with a multidisciplinary palliative care clinic model.

Methods:

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 clinicians who practice in our integrated clinic. We analyzed transcripts using a multistage, cutting-and-sorting technique in an inductive approach based on grounded theory analysis. Finally, we administered a validated physician job satisfaction survey.

Results:

Clinicians found that referring a patient to palliative care in the urology clinic was feasible and appropriate. Patients were receptive to supportive care, and clinicians perceived that quality of care improved following the intervention.

Conclusion:

An integrated, patient-centered model for individuals with advanced urologic malignancies is feasible and well received by practitioners.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy with adolescents and young adults: Outcome in routine practice
Authors: Edlund Julia Nemirovski , Carlberg Gunnar
Published: October 2014

This naturalistic study examined the outcome of psychodynamic psychotherapy with 218 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years. Analysis of variance showed significant improvement of general functioning on Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and decreased symptom severity on Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) upon completion of psychotherapy, as well as a clinically significant improvement in a large percentage of cases. Effect sizes were equivalent to those evident in a clinical comparison group and larger than in prior research. The main limitation of this study was the lack of a control group, partially compensated for through the use of comparison groups and high external validity. The study seeks to fill a gap in an important yet overlooked field of research.
Uncovering a clinical portrait of sluggish cognitive tempo within an evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A case study
Authors: Becker Stephen P , Ciesielski Heather A , Rood Jennifer E , Froehlich Tanya E , Garner Annie A , Tamm Leanne , Epstein Jeffery N
Published: October 2014

Despite the burgeoning scientific literature examining the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct, very little is known about the clinical presentation of SCT. In clinical cases where SCT is suspected, it is critical to carefully assess not only for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but also for other comorbidities that may account for the SCT-related behaviors, especially internalizing symptoms and sleep problems. The current case study provides a clinical description of SCT in a 7-year-old girl, offering a real-life portrait of SCT while also providing an opportunity to qualitatively differentiate between SCT and ADHD, other psychopathologies (e.g. depression, anxiety), and potentially related domains of functioning (e.g. sleep, executive functioning [EF]). “Jessica” was described by herself, parents, and teacher as being much slower than her peers in completing schoolwork, despite standardized testing showing Jessica to have above average intelligence and academic achievement. Jessica’s parents completed rating scales indicating high levels of SCT symptoms and daytime sleepiness, as well as mildly elevated EF deficits. More research is needed to determine how to best conceptualize, assess, and treat SCT, and Jessica’s case underscores the importance of further work in this area.
‘I fell off and landed badly’
Authors: Sims-Gould Joanie , Race Douglas , Hamilton Lynsey , MacDonald Heather , Mulpuri Kishore , McKay Heather
Published: October 2014

Forearm fractures are one of the most common injuries sustained by children. Our descriptive study addressed, from the perspective of a child, the following research objectives: (1) to describe their fracture experience and (2) to describe how fractures might be prevented. Photovoice is a unique research strategy by which people create and discuss photographs. This technique has been used to elicit the perspectives of those whose voices are often ‘not heard’ in research, like children. Participants were recruited from a larger three-year prospective trial and included 10 boys (12.3 ± 1.6 years) and 7 girls (11.3 ± 1.6 years). We asked participants to take pictures to explain where their injury occurred (place), what they were doing at the time (context) and how the fracture had happened (mechanism). We also used semi-structured interview techniques. The following key themes emerged from our interviews: (1) the built environment as a key factor that ‘caused’ their fracture, (2) the fracture experienced as a journey not an event and (3) strategies to prevent fractures. A simple clinical step to potentially reduce subsequent fractures will be for clinicians to have a brief conversation with their young patients and to listen to the child’s personal preventive strategies.
Caution! Hazards ahead: Considering the potential gap between feminist thinking and men/masculinities theory and practice
Authors: Beasley Chris
Published: October 2014

This article reflects on the relationship between contemporary feminist theorising and men/masculinities scholarship and practical interventions, in particular those interventions around violence. The aim is to consider potential disjunctions between feminist thought and pro-feminist men/masculinities scholarship, and associated possible disjunctions within men/masculinities scholarship. If these disjunctions are accepted, what might be a response? Whatever approach might be taken, this issue is of significance for sociological scholars attending to gender and for practitioners influenced by or employing their work.
A retrospective analysis on the use and wean of tracheostomy in the major trauma patient
Authors: Wilson G , Harrall K , Burkitt S , Emmett S , Narula A
Published: October 2014

Background

Major trauma affects a wide patient demographic, and tracheostomy is often required to facilitate the ventilatory wean. We wanted to identify which patients were more likely to require a tracheostomy, and how a tracheostomy affected their inpatient stay.

Methods

Major trauma admissions that required intubation between 1st December 2010 and 1st August 2012 were included. Data was collected on age, pre-intubation Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Injury Severity Score (ISS). The inpatient course was evaluated to see how long the tracheostomy weaning process took and if the presence of a tracheostomy delayed hospital discharge.

Results

In our sample of 208 patients, there was no significant difference in age, pre-intubation GCS, APACHE II, or ISS between major trauma patients who did and did not require a tracheostomy. Patients with a tracheostomy had a longer period of intubation (8.3 vs. 3.4 days) and stay in the intensive care unit (ICU; 21.4 vs. 4.5 days). Decannulation took an average of 2.7 days to achieve from the moment of first cuff deflation, which occurred 15.5 days post-tracheostomy insertion (range 1–52 days). The time from ICU discharge to hospital discharge was similar in the two groups (10.7 days with tracheostomy, 10.2 days without tracheostomy).

Conclusion

Age, pre-intubation GCS, APACHE II, or ISS are predictive factors for tracheostomy in major trauma patients. Although patients with a tracheostomy had a longer period in the ICU requiring ventilation, their discharge was not otherwise delayed.
The social mediascape of transnational Korean pop culture: Hallyu 2.0 as spreadable media practice
Authors: Jin Dal Yong , Yoon Kyong
Published: October 2014

While it has been more than 15 years since the Korean pop culture phenomenon known as the Korean wave or hallyu emerged, academic analyses have not sufficiently addressed its dimension as a media environment from a global perspective. In this regard, drawing on qualitative interviews with North American fans of the recent Korean wave, this study explores how the hallyu phenomenon is integrated into a social media-driven cultural landscape, which will be referred to as the social mediascape. The social mediascape of hallyu reveals that the technological affordances of social media platforms and fans’ sociality interplay with each other, resulting in the rapid spread of hallyu as a set of impure cultural forms.
Avatars are (sometimes) people too: Linguistic indicators of parasocial and social ties in player–avatar relationships
Authors: Banks Jaime , Bowman Nicholas David
Published: October 2014

As principal links between players and many gameworlds, avatars are of central importance in understanding human behavior and communication in play. In particular, the connection between player and avatar is understood as influencing a range of cognitive, affective, and behavioral play phenomena. Divergent approaches examine this connection from both parasocial (one-way, non-dialectical) and social (two-way, dialectical) perspectives. This study examined how player–avatar connections may be better understood by integrating an existing parasocial approach (character attachment [CA]) with a social approach (player–avatar relationships [PARs]). A quantitative linguistic analysis of massively multiplayer online game (MMO) player interviews revealed statistically robust associations among language patterns, dimensions of CA, and PAR types. Validating and extending prior research, findings highlight the importance of self-differentiation and anthropomorphization in suspending disbelief so that the avatar may be taken as a fully social agent.
Effects of exhaust gas recycle loop layout and retarded intake valve closing on variations in combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine
Authors: Wu BinYang , Ma Yan , Yu XiaoYang , Gu WenYu , Li YunQiang , Su WanHua
Published: October 2014

To improve engine response and decrease exhaust smoke and NOx emission during transient operations, variations in cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder combustion were investigated in a two-stage turbocharged, exhaust gas recirculation heavy-duty diesel truck engine. Variations in combustion were confirmed to be caused by insufficient mixing of the exhaust gas recirculation with intake air. And steady operation, by increasing the length of the mixing path, coefficient of variation of the exhaust gas recirculation rate in cylinder 1 declined from 8.12% to 3.68%, while that for the other cylinders decreased from approximately 4.0% to 2.98%. These improvements also caused reductions in coefficient of variations for indicated mean effective pressure and crank angle of 50% fuel burned (CA50). By using an intake valve closing timing retarding actuator system, coefficient of variation of the exhaust gas recirculation rate for cylinder 1 was further decreased from 3.68% to 2.82%. It was interesting to find that EGR/air mixing length revealed a great effect on soot and NOx emissions during transient operations, especially those involving sudden increases in load. By using long mixing path instead of short mixing path combined with suitable fuel injection strategy and exhaust gas recirculation rate, transient response of load was reduced by 10% and transient smoke spike decreased from 0.8m-1 to 0.5m-1.
Damage detection via electrical impedance tomography in glass fiber/epoxy laminates with carbon black filler
Authors: Tallman Tyler N , Gungor Sila , Wang K W , Bakis Charles E
Published: October 2014

The conductivity of glass fiber reinforced polymers with nanocomposite matrices can be leveraged for structural health monitoring. Since nanocomposite matrices depend on well-connected networks of conductive nanofillers for electrical conductivity, matrix damage will sever the connection between fillers and result in a local conductivity loss. Monitoring composite conductivity changes can therefore give insight into the state of the matrix. Existing conductivity-based structural health monitoring methods are either insensitive to matrix damage or employ large electrode arrays. This research advances the state of the art by combining the superior imaging capabilities of electrical impedance tomography with conductive networks of nanofillers in the composite matrix. Electrical impedance tomography for damage detection in glass fiber/epoxy laminates with carbon black nanocomposite matrices is characterized by identifying a lower threshold of through-hole detection, demonstrating the capability of electrical impedance tomography to accurately resolve multiple through holes, and locating impact damage. It is found that through holes as small as 3.18 mm in diameter can be detected, and electrical impedance tomography can detect multiple through holes. However, sensitivity to new through holes is diminished in the presence of existing through holes unless a damaged baseline is used. Finally, it is shown that electrical impedance tomography is also able to accurately locate impact damage. These research findings demonstrate the considerable potential of conductivity-based health monitoring for glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates with conductive networks of nanoparticles in the matrix.
What Can I Do With a Patient With Diabetes and Critically Impaired Limb Perfusion Who Cannot Be Revascularized?
Authors: Rümenapf Gerhard , Morbach Stephan
Published: October 2014

A patient with limb-threatening diabetic foot syndrome in whom relevant peripheral arterial occlusive disease is proven should receive arterial revascularization as soon as possible to avoid major amputation. However, 3 conditions may make it impossible to effectively restore limb perfusion: the patient will not profit from arterial revascularization owing to excessive tissue loss or sepsis (“too late”), the patient cannot be revascularized due to severe comorbidities (“too sick”), and arterial reconstruction is impossible because of technical and anatomical shortcomings in a patient who is otherwise fit for operation (“nonreconstructible limb perfusion”). This review outlines the therapeutic options specifically in the third group of patients in whom no technical option for surgical or endovascular revascularization exists.
Lipedema
Authors: Okhovat Jean-Phillip , Alavi Afsaneh
Published: October 2014

Lipedema is a disorder of adipose tissue that primarily affects females and is often misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema. Relatively few studies have defined the precise pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management strategies for this disorder, yet the need to successfully identify this disorder as a unique entity has important implications for proper treatment. In this review, we sought to review and identify information in the existing literature with respect to the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management strategies for lipedema. The current literature suggests that lipedema appears to be a clinical entity thought to be related to both genetic factors and fat distribution. While distinct from lymphedema and obesity, there are some existing treatments such as complex decongestive physiotherapy, liposuction, and laser-assisted lipolysis. Management of lipedema is complex and distinct from lymphedema. The role of newer randomized controlled studies to further explore the management of this clinical entity remains promising.
Touch Screens on the Flight Deck
Authors: Dodd Sonia , Lancaster Jeff , Miranda Andrew , Grothe Steve , DeMers Bob , Rogers Bill
Published: October 2014

There is widespread interest in the aviation industry in using touch screen controls on the flight deck. While earlier research efforts have explored touch screen use in aircraft, relatively recent advancements in both hardware and software suggest that renewed attention to touch can help inform its use in modern aircraft. A study was conducted using a medium-fidelity motion flight simulator to investigate how touch target size, touch target spacing, and touch technology impacted pilot data entry performance, workload perception, and fatigue in varying levels of turbulence. The results are intended to support the development of guidelines and recommendations for the integration of touch screen controls into the flight deck.
A Flight Simulator Study to Evaluate Manual Flying Skills of Airline Pilots
Authors: Haslbeck Andreas , Kirchner Paul , Schubert Ekkehart , Bengler Klaus
Published: October 2014

This paper reports an experimental study with the objective to assess pilots’ raw-data-based flight performance which is affected by long-term practice and structured training. Fifty-seven airline pilots with different levels of aviation experience scheduled on an Airbus fleet, representing contrary levels of practice and training, had to fly a simulated 45 minutes approach and landing scenario while flight performance data were objectively recorded. The level of practice and training was found to have a significant influence on manual flying skills. Pilots with low levels of practice and training showed a large variance in manual flight performance; pilots with high levels of practice and training demonstrated high and homogenous performance.
UAS Sense and Avoid System Interface Design and Evaluation
Authors: Calhoun Gloria L. , Miller Crystal A. , Hughes Thomas C. , Draper Mark H.
Published: October 2014

A key challenge to integrating unmanned aerial systems (UASs) into the National Airspace is providing a means for UASs to sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft. Additionally, successful applications of a SAA system will depend on the degree to which the operator understands the rationale for its maneuvers/decision aids and can interact with the system to tailor and/or override the automation. This paper describes two interface prototypes for the Jointly Optimal Collision Avoidance (JOCA) SAA system that differed in feedback provided on the algorithm’s state and planned maneuvers. Results from an operator-in-the-loop simulation are also presented. Although performance was generally similar with both interface types, the participants rated their ability to maintain safe separation from other aircraft and overall situation awareness as better with the interface that provided more visibility into the SAA algorithm’s intent.
Survey of Operators’ Information Requirements on Individually Operated Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Authors: Yuan Xiaochen , Histon Jonathan M. , Waslander Steven
Published: October 2014

Integrating unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into controlled airspace will depend on identifying what information surveillance systems need to detect and display about the UAS to air traffic controllers and pilots. Pilots and controllers have been surveyed regarding their perceptions of their information requirements about UAS and the availability of that information in current operations. It was found that the most commonly identified information requirement for both pilots and controllers was the altitude of a UAS followed by the planned maneuvers of the UAS. For controllers, having previous UAS experience was most associated with an increased requirement for information on a UAS model/type and ground speed, as well as the weight and mission of the UAS. For pilots experience with UAS increased the most the requirement for knowledge of the operator of a UAS. Interestingly, for pilots, the requirement for every other information element stayed constant, or decreased when comparing perceptions of those with and without experience.
UAS Measured Response
Authors: Conrad Rorie R. , Fern Lisa
Published: October 2014

The present study examined the effects of three different control mode interfaces on unmanned aerial system (UAS) pilots’ ability to comply with air traffic controller (ATC) traffic clearances. Pilots controlled a simulated UAS with a waypoint-only interface, an auto-pilot interface and a manual, stick and throttle interface. Researchers recorded pilots’ ‘measured response’ at several stages of ATC-pilot interaction, which consisted of verbal response times, initial response times, initial edit times, total edit times, and overall compliance times. Results indicate that pilots are best able to comply with ATC clearances when provided with auto-pilot and manual control inputs. Limitations to the present study and future analyses are discussed.
Naturalistic Flying Studies
Authors: Caponecchia Carlo , Wickens Christopher , Regan Michael , Steckel Richard , Fitch Greg
Published: October 2014

Measuring the performance of operators, and how they interact with complex systems is a key issue in identifying risks and improving safety. Naturalistic studies in some transport domains, chiefly road driving, have yielded significant advances in our understanding of road user behavior and road safety. Naturalistic studies of flying are only starting to develop around the world. This discussion panel focuses on the challenges and opportunities presented by “naturalistic flying studies”, in which pilot behavior is automatically recorded continuously by video, GPS, accelerometers and other sensors. Data acquisition systems for recording pilot behavior in light aircraft are now available, at reasonable cost. This panel will facilitate the sharing of experiences across road and aviation domains of this relatively new data collection and analysis method, and the building of collaborations with, and learning from, naturalistic human factors investigations in these and other domains. Naturalistic flying studies can provide a unique range of information including: exposure data; quantification of risk; the nature and rate of system violations; accident and incident data; normative data by age, experience and operator state; the opportunity to validate simulator, performance and self-reported data; and the ability to evaluate the relative efficacy of new equipment, procedures and safety interventions (see Regan et al 2013). Considering the capabilities of naturalistic human factors investigations, panelists will reflect on the priority research areas for naturalistic flying studies and the unique opportunities they present for aviation safety. Issues that may distinguish the aviation context from other domains in which naturalistic studies have been conducted will also be considered.
An Air Traffic Control Simulation Fidelity Definition and Categorization System
Authors: Dow Colin , Histon Jonathan
Published: October 2014

Air traffic control is an industry that relies heavily on simulation, yet there is little domain-specific research to inform its use for training. Based on the literature and interviews with personnel at an air navigation service provider, this paper proposes a definition of air traffic control simulation fidelity as well as a simulation categorization system. The definition serves as an objective reference that captures all the components of the work environment that can affect the perceived fidelity of a simulation. The categorization system presents a consistent and structured tool for being able to easily compare and differentiate simulation environments. Further validation work is also discussed.
Surprise, Attraction, and Propagation
Authors: Kasdaglis Nicholas , Oppold Paul
Published: October 2014

The management of off-normal operational events, such as an aircraft in-flight loss of control, present a formidable challenge to the stakeholders of commercial aviation. This paper posits that present solutions to off-normal events are grounded in linear models of accident causation that are insufficient in today’s complex socio-technical domain—where change propagates through systems to produce instability and system state shifts. These prior methods of system safety are predominately predicated upon the notion that system failure can be mitigated to acceptable levels of risk by using defenses, constraints, and controls in design and practice; such perspectives also influence post-accident investigation and remediation. This paper provides a new theory of aircraft accident causation, Catastrophic Information Entropy Theory (CIET), which offers that an increase in information entropy during an off-normal event, produces emergent changes in system state that prevent a return to normal flight. Therefore, in the face of run-time accident factor propagation, surprise, and attractors, the management of off-normal events, utilizing rigid feed forward procedures may make recovery inaccessible. CIET suggest that existing safety strategies need to be expanded to include the recognition of the time-critical role of the pilot, who must attempt to understand and control a complex system which is behaving in a novel and emergent way. CIET offers a theoretical perspective from which aviation stakeholders can design tools for actionable solutions for pilots during real time emergent events and tools for post-event analytic approaches.
The Impact of Communication Delay and Medium on Team Performance and Communication in Distributed Teams
Authors: Fischer Ute , Mosier Kathleen
Published: October 2014

Long duration space missions will involve communication delays of up to 20 minutes one way, a reality that will make it challenging for space crews and flight controllers to coordinate and pool their efforts, especially when unforeseen problems occur that may require extensive collaboration. The present study was conducted to examine how communication delay will impact distributed team performance, and whether communication media will moderate or exacerbate its effect. Method: Twenty-four teams of three were assigned the roles of space crewmember (2 participants) or flight controller (1 participant) and had to collaborate remotely on computer-based tasks simulating failures in the spacecraft’s life support system. Communication medium (text vs. voice) was a between-group variable; presence/absence of communication delay was a within-group variable. Performance variables included time to repair system failures and number of incorrect repairs. Audio-recordings of team members’ voice communications were transcribed and logs of their chats uploaded for further analysis. Results and discussion: Teams took significantly longer to repair system failures when team communication was asynchronous rather than synchronous. While communication medium had a significant effect when team interactions were synchronous, it had no differential impact under time-delayed conditions. Preliminary communication analyses suggest that under time-delayed conditions, successful teams in each media condition were those who adapted to the constraints of their communication medium to establish shared task understanding.
Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Older Japanese, German, Brazilian and US Air Travelers---the BEST AGE study
Authors: McMullin Dianne , Angerer James , Green Rush , Stancato Fernando , Ciaccia Flavia , Cintra Aristides , David Alexandre , Morgan Embraer Donald , Mastaw Melody , Ruggiero Frank
Published: October 2014

Increases in air travel, disposable income, and median age around the world suggest that the needs of the older traveler will have an increasing impact on the air travel system. Embraer, Boeing and GMA Research, Inc. conducted focus groups, fly-along ethnographic observations and on-line surveys with older air travelers in Japan, Germany, Brazil and the United States. Difficulties walking long distances, accessing overhead bins, operating automated check-in kiosks and in-flight entertainment systems, and entering and exiting seats were common themes. The relatively limited space and perceived sanitary conditions within the lavatories also posed limitations for many older travelers. However, a striking number of older travelers report a desire to continue travelling as often or more frequently in the future.
Understanding Younger and Older Adults’ Needs for Home Organization Support
Authors: Smarr Cory-Ann , Long Shelby K. , Prakash Akanksha , Mitzner Tracy L. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2014

Home organization is a common problem for people of all ages. Possible consequences of not being organized at home include loss of time and money; decreased task efficiency and focus; and increased strain on interpersonal relationships. However, there is little empirical research on people’s specific needs for home organization across the lifespan. Participants (10 younger adults, 10 older adults) completed questionnaires and participated in semi-structured interviews investigating their needs for and factors impacting home organization. Home organization was important to participants, yet a majority of them were not fully satisfied with it. Younger and older adults reported various spaces they considered most and least organized in their homes. Both age groups reported that the number of items in a space, the plan for organizing the items, and having a place for all of the items contributed to a space being organized versus not organized. Design considerations for a support system or tool based on these findings are discussed.
Understanding Older Adults’ Health and Social Memory Needs in the Home
Authors: Prakash Akanksha , Mostafa Ayah , Mitchell David B. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2014

Understanding the role of environmental support that home offers and the measures older adults take to deal with memory issues can provide useful insights in the design of memory support systems. One of the main objectives of this research was to understand the nature and context of memory failures and successes older adults experience in the home. In particular we compared the specifics of memory issues within health and social domains and the strategies and support aids used to address those issues. Self-reports about memory functioning were gathered from 26 independently living older adults (65-80 years in age) through structured interviews and a memory questionnaire. Overall, more problems, more frequent forgetting, and less effective strategies were reported for remembering names and conversations compared to other social/interpersonal activities and health-related tasks. We infer that strategies and memory supports that work for prospective memory do not work as well for retrospective social tasks.
Using Focus Groups to Examine Prospective Memory Strategies in the Medication Management of Older Adults
Authors: Fink Nicole , Cartee Natalee , Pak Richard
Published: October 2014

Older adults often strive to maintain an independent lifestyle. However, in order to live independently in the community, it is necessary that older adults are able to take responsibility for their own health-related tasks including medication management and health-related appointments. Successfully managing these health-related tasks requires the use of prospective memory (PM), yet the research documenting the specific PM tasks people encounter when managing health-related tasks is scant. The current paper describes a focus group study aimed at identifying PM tasks that older adults must remember and those they forget, as well as an examination into the current strategies used to assist with managing medications and health-related appointments.
Ineradicable System Vulnerabilities in the Anesthesia Pre-Filled Syringe Medication Management Process
Authors: Yang Yushi , Joy Rivera A. , Fortier Christopher , Abernathy James
Published: October 2014

Pre-filled medication syringes (PFS) are injection devices that were recently introduced into the anesthesia medication management process to enhance safety, affordability, and convenience. However, it is still uncertain how well PFS integrate within the process and whether they effectively eliminate the system vulnerabilities (SV) associated with the traditional self-filled medication syringe (SFS) process. Two Human Factors Engineers conducted observations of 17 general surgery cases with either SFS or PFS. Aggregating the observation data, four ineradicable SV in the process with PFS were identified. Participants rated these ineradicable SV based on their occurrence, their severity to patients, and the disruptiveness to the operating room (OR) workflow. Results show that while PFS resolve SV to some degree, they are not panacea to all the problems in the anesthesia medication management process. Organizational-level interventions are needed for the elimination of all SV.
Functional and Biomechanical Assessments of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader Model
Authors: Mehta Ranjana K. , Liu Jian , Shortz Ashley E. , Yoshikawa Aya , Lee Shin D. , Pankey Robert B. , Towne Samuel D. , Smith Matthew L. , Howell Doris , Ory Marcia G.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader model (AMOB/VLL), an evidence-based falls prevention program, on improving balance and mobility. Twenty-eight community-dwelling older adults completed an eight-week AMOB/VLL program. Pre/post assessments of biomechanical and functional outcomes of balance during single and dual-task trials, as well as perceptions of fear of falling, were compared using pairwise t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Our findings suggest that while improvements in functional indicators of mobility and perception regarding fear of falling were observed, biomechanical and functional assessments specific to balance during the single-task trials remained unaffected by the intervention. Interestingly, the group exhibited improvements in biomechanical measures during the dual-task trials. Since AMOB/VLL primarily focuses on restructuring participants’ perceptions about falls and only includes generalized exercises, including balance-specific training within the program can potentially improve balance outcomes among older adults.