bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poussin and the Poetics of Painting
Authors: Unglaub Jonathan
Published: December 2013

This examines how Poussin cultivated a poetics of painting from the literary culture of his own time, and especially through his response to the work of Torquato Tasso. Tasso's poetic discourses were the most important source for Poussin's theory of painting. The poet's ideas on artistic imitation, novelty, and plot structure and unity, which are exemplified in his epic La Gerusalemme liberata, proved to be fundamental to the artist's conception of narrative painting, culminating in the Israelites Gathering Manna. In the paintings after the Gerusalemme, Poussin does not merely illustrate Tasso's verse, but cultivates pictorial means to refashion the poet's metaphors of desire. The interplay of poetic and painterly imagery also animates Poussin's Ovidian masterpieces, the Echo and Narcissus and the Realm of Flora. Offering new interpretations of these works, this book also investigates Poussin's larger literary culture and how this context illuminates the artist's response to contemporary poetic texts.
Analytics for Leaders
Authors: Fisher N. I.
Published: December 2013

Analytics for Leaders provides a concise, readable account of a complete system of performance measurement for an enterprise. Based on over twenty years of research and development, the system is designed to provide people at all levels with the quantitative information they need to do their jobs: board members to exercise due diligence about all facets of the business, leaders to decide where to focus attention next, and people to carry out their work well. For senior officers, chapter openers provide quick overviews about the overall approach to a particular stakeholder group and how to connect overall performance measures to business impact. For MBA students, extensive supporting notes and references provide in-depth understanding. For researchers and practitioners, a generic statistical approach is described to encourage new ways of tackling performance measurement issues. The book is relevant to all types of enterprise, large or small, public or private, academic or governmental.
The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited
Authors: Stone Bailey
Published: December 2013

This study aims to update a classic of comparative revolutionary analysis, Crane Brinton's 1938 study The Anatomy of Revolution. It invokes the latest research and theoretical writing in history, political science and political sociology to compare and contrast, in their successive phases, the English Revolution of 1640–60, the French Revolution of 1789–99 and the Russian Revolution of 1917–29. This book intends to do what no other comparative analysis of revolutionary change has yet adequately done. It not only progresses beyond Marxian socioeconomic 'class' analysis and early 'revisionist' stresses on short-term, accidental factors involved in revolutionary causation and process; it also finds ways to reconcile 'state-centered' structuralist accounts of the three major European revolutions with postmodernist explanations of those upheavals that play up the centrality of human agency, revolutionary discourse, mentalities, ideology and political culture.
Milton, Toleration, and Nationhood
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth
Published: December 2013

John Milton lived at a time when English nationalism became entangled with principles and policies of cultural, religious, and ethnic tolerance. Combining political theory with close readings of key texts, this study examines how Milton's polemical and imaginative literature intersects with representations of English Protestant nationhood. Through detailed case studies of Milton's works, Elizabeth Sauer charts the fluctuating narrative of Milton's literary engagements in relation to social, political, and philosophical themes such as ecclesiology, exclusionism, Irish alterity, natural law, disestablishment, geography, and intermarriage. In so doing, Sauer shows the extent to which nationhood and toleration can be subjected to literary and historicist inquiry. Her study makes a salient contribution to Milton studies and to scholarship on early modern literature and the development of the early nation-state.
Churchmen and Urban Government in Late Medieval Italy, c.1200–c.1450
Authors: Pincelli Agata
Published: December 2013

Why, when so driven by the impetus for autonomy, did the city elites of thirteenth-century Italy turn to men bound to religious orders whose purpose and reach stretched far beyond the boundaries of their often disputed territories? Churchmen and Urban Government in Late Medieval Italy, c.1200–c.1450 brings together a team of international contributors to provide the first comparative response to this pivotal question. Presenting a series of urban cases and contexts, the book explores the secular-religious boundaries of the period and evaluates the role of the clergy in the administration and government of Italy's city-states. With an extensive introduction and epilogue, it exposes for consideration the beginnings of the phenomenon, the varying responses of churchmen, the reasons why practices changed and how politics and religious identity relate to each other. This important new study has significant implications for our understanding of power, negotiation, bureaucracy and religious identity.
Print and Public Politics in the English Revolution
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: December 2013

This is a major reassessment of the communications revolution of the seventeenth century. Using a wealth of archival evidence and the considerable output of the press, Jason Peacey demonstrates how new media - from ballads to pamphlets and newspapers - transformed the English public's ability to understand and participate in national political life. He analyses how contemporaries responded to political events as consumers of print; explores what they were able to learn about national politics; and examines how they developed the ability to appropriate a variety of print genres in order to participate in novel ways. Amid structural change and conjunctural upheaval, he argues that there occurred a dramatic re-shaping of the political nation, as citizens from all walks of life developed new habits and practices for engaging in daily political life, and for protecting and advancing their interests. This ultimately involved experience-led attempts to rethink the nature of representation and accountability.
Einstein's Opponents
Authors: Wazeck Milena
Published: December 2013

This detailed account of the controversy surrounding the publication of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity explores the ferocious popular and academic opposition which at one time encircled one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the twentieth century. Based on extensive archival research, this fascinating discourse includes a compelling and entertaining examination of the contemporary literature created by Einstein's detractors. Exploring the arguments and strategies, social contexts, and motivations of Einstein's detractors, and providing unique insights into the dynamics of scientific controversies, this book is ideal for anyone interested in the history and philosophy of physics, popular science, and the public understanding of science.
Diplomatic Counterinsurgency
Authors: Leroux-Martin Philippe
Published: December 2013

War does not stop when the armed conflict ends. This compelling eyewitness account of a key political crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007 demonstrates how interventions from foreign powers to end armed conflict can create new forms of conflict that are not only as determined and resilient, but can lead groups to challenge the power of fragile states through political and legal means. Countering such challenges is an integral but often ignored part of peace processes. How do these nonviolent wars evolve? How can the power of fragile states be challenged through nonviolent means in the aftermath of armed conflict? And what is the role of diplomacy in countering such challenges? This book offers key insights for policy makers dealing with fragile states who seek answers to such questions.
Early Christian Monastic Literature and the Babylonian Talmud
Authors: Bar-Asher Siegal Michal
Published: December 2013

This book examines literary analogies in Christian and Jewish sources, culminating in an in-depth analysis of striking parallels and connections between Christian monastic texts (the Apophthegmata Patrum or 'The Sayings of the Desert Fathers') and Babylonian Talmudic traditions. The importance of the monastic movement in the Persian Empire, during the time of the composition and redaction of the Babylonian Talmud, fostered a literary connection between the two religious populations. The shared literary elements in the literatures of these two elite religious communities sheds new light on the surprisingly inclusive nature of the Talmudic corpora and on the non-polemical nature of elite Jewish-Christian literary relations in late antique Persia.
The Works of Francis Bacon
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: December 2013

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), the English philosopher, statesman and jurist, is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most significant work is the Instauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement of Learning and the Novum Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work published in English (1605). James Spedding (1808–81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteen-volume edition, published in London between 1857 and 1874, not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that different volumes would appeal to different audiences. The material is divided into three parts: philosophy and general literature; legal works; and letters, speeches and tracts relating to politics. Volume 1, published 1857, contains the biography by Bacon's secretary, William Rawley (c.1588–1667), and part 1 of the philosophical works included in the Instauratio Magna.
The Works of Francis Bacon
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: December 2013

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), the English philosopher, statesman and jurist, is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most significant work is the Instauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement of Learning and the Novum Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work published in English (1605). James Spedding (1808–81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteen-volume edition, published in London between 1857 and 1874, not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that different volumes would appeal to different audiences. The material is divided into three parts: philosophy and general literature; legal works; and letters, speeches and tracts relating to politics. Volume 2, published in 1857, continues part 1 of Bacon's Latin writings intended to be included as part of the Instauratio Magna.
Beethoven's Theatrical Quartets
Authors: November Nancy
Published: December 2013

Beethoven's middle-period quartets, Opp. 59, 74 and 95, are pieces that engage deeply with the aesthetic ideas of their time. In the first full contextual study of these works, Nancy November celebrates their uniqueness, exploring their reception history and early performance. In detailed analyses, she explores ways in which the quartets have both reflected and shaped the very idea of chamber music and offers a new historical understanding of the works' physical, visual, social and ideological aspects. In the process, November provides a fresh critique of three key paradigms in current Beethoven studies: the focus on his late period; the emphasis on 'heroic' style in discussions of the middle period; and the idea of string quartets as 'pure', 'autonomous' artworks, cut off from social moorings. Importantly, this study shows that the quartets encompass a new lyric and theatrical impetus, which is an essential part of their unique, explorative character.
Foraminifera and their Applications
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn
Published: December 2013

In a one-stop resource, this book provides a state-of-the-art overview of all aspects of pure and applied forams studies. Building from introductory chapters on the history of foraminiferal research, and research methods, the book then takes the reader through biology, ecology, palaeoecology, biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. This is followed by key chapters detailing practical applications of forams in petroleum geology, mineral geology, engineering geology, environmental science and archaeology. All applications are fully supported by numerous case studies selected from around the world, providing a wealth of real-world data. The book also combines lavish illustrations, including over 70 stunning original picture-diagrams of foraminifera, with comprehensive references for further reading, and online data tables providing additional information on hundreds of foram families and species. Accessible and practical, this is a vital resource for graduate students, academic micropalaeontologists and professionals across all disciplines and industry settings which make use of foram studies.
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks drive species interactions
Authors: Andrade-Domínguez Andrés , Salazar Emmanuel , del Carmen Vargas-Lagunas María , Kolter Roberto , Encarnación Sergio
Published: December 2013

In the biosphere, many species live in close proximity and can thus interact in many different ways. Such interactions are dynamic and fall along a continuum between antagonism and cooperation. Because interspecies interactions are the key to understanding biological communities, it is important to know how species interactions arise and evolve. Here, we show that the feedback between ecological and evolutionary processes has a fundamental role in the emergence and dynamics of species interaction. Using a two-species artificial community, we demonstrate that ecological processes and rapid evolution interact to influence the dynamics of the symbiosis between a eukaryote (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a bacterium (Rhizobium etli). The simplicity of our experimental design enables an explicit statement of causality. The niche-constructing activities of the fungus were the key ecological process: it allowed the establishment of a commensal relationship that switched to ammensalism and provided the selective conditions necessary for the adaptive evolution of the bacteria. In this latter state, the bacterial population radiates into more than five genotypes that vary with respect to nutrient transport, metabolic strategies and global regulation. Evolutionary diversification of the bacterial populations has strong effects on the community; the nature of interaction subsequently switches from ammensalism to antagonism where bacteria promote yeast extinction. Our results demonstrate the importance of the evolution-to-ecology pathway in the persistence of interactions and the stability of communities. Thus, eco-evolutionary dynamics have the potential to transform the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Our results suggest that these dynamics should be considered to improve our understanding of beneficial and detrimental host–microbe interactions.
Marine viruses, a genetic reservoir revealed by targeted viromics
Authors: Martínez Joaquín Martínez , Swan Brandon K , Wilson William H
Published: December 2013

Metagenomics has opened new windows on investigating viral diversity and functions. Viromic studies typically require large sample volumes and filtration through 0.2 μm pore-size filters, consequently excluding or under-sampling tailed and very large viruses. We have optimized a targeted viromic approach that employs fluorescence-activated sorting and whole genome amplification to produce dsDNA-enriched libraries from discrete viral populations from a 1-ml water sample. Using this approach on an environmental sample from the Patagonian Shelf, we produced three distinct libraries. One of the virus libraries was dominated (79.65% of sequences with known viral homology) by giant viruses from the Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae families, while the two other viromes were dominated by smaller phycodnaviruses, cyanophages and other bacteriophages. The estimated genotypic richness and diversity in our sorted viromes, with 52–163 estimated genotypes, was much lower than in previous virome reports. Fragment recruitment of metagenome reads to selected reference viral genomes yields high genome coverage, suggesting little amplification and sequencing bias against some genomic regions. These results underscore the value of our approach as an effective way to target and investigate specific virus groups. In particular, it will help reveal the diversity and abundance of giant viruses in marine ecosystems.
Design of a structure with low incident and viewing angle dependence inspired by Morpho butterflies
Authors: Wang Wanlin , Zhang Wang , Gu Jiajun , Liu Qinglei , Deng Tao , Zhang Di , Lin Hai-Qing
Published: December 2013

Morpho butterflies are well known for their brilliant iridescent colors, which arise from periodic arrays of scales. These brilliant colors have a low angle dependence, in contrast to similar phenomena that are commonly caused by the periodic structures. We designed a structure with a low incident and viewing angle dependence inspired by Morpho butterflies. This structure was studied using the finite-difference time-domain method. The lamellae distribution of tree-like structure was found to be the determining factor for producing a low incident angle dependence. Two advanced models were designed to produce a low viewing angle dependence. Model I was constructed using two layers of scales. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to construct Model II. The angle dependence of Model II exhibited a large viewing angle range under various incident angles.
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
Authors: Favre Henri A , Powell Warren H
Published: December 2013

Chemical nomenclature is used to identify a chemical species by means of written or spoken words and enables a common language for communication amongst chemists. Nomenclature for chemical compounds additionally contains an explicit or implied relationship to the structure of the compound, in order that the reader or listener can deduce the structure from the name. This purpose requires a system of principles and rules, the application of which gives rise to a systematic nomenclature. Of course, a wide range of traditional names, semisystematic or trivial, are also in use for a core group of common compounds. Detailing the latest rules and international practice, this new volume can be considered a guide to the essential organic chemical nomenclature, commonly described as the "Blue Book". An invaluable source of information for organic chemists everywhere and the definitive guide for scientists working in academia or industry, for scientific publishers of books, journals and databases, and for organisations requiring internationally approved nomenclature in a legal or regulatory environment.
Metabolic Transformations of Alkyl Parabens in the Skin: Specific Esterase Inhibition Study
Authors: Ford G. , McEwen A. B. , Wilson K. , Wood S. G.
Published: December 2013

The skin plays a vital role in protecting the body from invading pathogens and provides a barrier against the absorption of hazardous chemicals. One of the key physical properties that enable xenobiotics to be absorbed in the skin, lipophilicity, also presents an obstacle to their elimination. The skin contains a number of enzymes capable of either activating or detoxifying absorbed xenobiotics [1 – 3]. Although the metabolic capacity of the skin is considerably lower than that observed in the liver it is still an important factor in determining the nature and extent of compounds entering the systemic circulation. The aim of this study was to examine the metabolism of octyl paraben during passage through human skin in vitro.
Collection and Characterisation of Residual Skin Surface Components Obtained from Sebum, Sweat and Epidermal Lipids
Authors: Shetage S. S. , Traynor M. J. , Brown M. B. , Chilcott R. P.
Published: December 2013

Collection and analysis of skin surface lipids or sebum has been reported in several previous studies where Sebutape™, polyurethane foam, cigarette paper and organic solvents were used to acquire samples, analysis of which was performed by thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infra-red spectroscopy. However, there is great variation in the reported quantity of sebum present on the skin surface as well as its composition.
The Effect of Heat on Diclofenac Permeation Through Human Skin
Authors: Caserta F. , Wood D. G. , Brown M. B. , McAuley W. J.
Published: December 2013

The application of thermal energy to enhance the percutaneous absorption of drugs offers an encouraging prospect for overcoming the skin barrier. External membranes such as the skin present a considerable barrier to the permeation of drugs, limiting the types of treatment that can be given via this route. These barrier properties are mostly dependent on the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of skin, which in most cases is known to be the rate limiting step for drug diffusion across the skin.
Section Editorial-Cosmeceuticals
Authors: Chilcott R. P.
Published: December 2013

Cosmetics have been part of human culture for thousands of years but have only recently started to incorporate substances that have been specifically designed to achieve a particular function through rationale design and scientific evidence. Clearly, marketing is a major driver for the development of cosmetic products containing “active” compounds (cosmeceuticals). However, the identification and formulation of such bespoke molecules represents a significant development in cosmetic technology and has a number of parallels with topical therapies such as appropriate formulation, consumer safety and demonstration of “efficacy”. Indeed, there is considerable transfer of knowledge between the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors which has both advanced our understanding of the skin and led to many innovative techniques for measuring skin function. However, the development of new cosmeceuticals and products is potentially fraught with difficulty for two main reasons: regulatory interpretation and demonstration of safety/efficacy.
Systemic Topical Drug Delivery: US Regulatory Perspectives on Product Development, Biopharmaceuticals and Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: Ghosh T.
Published: December 2013

Topical Drug Delivery which encompass both dermal (local) and transdermal (systemic) products is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of pharmaceutical research. Traditionally, topical drug delivery systems denote formulations that are intended to deliver drugs locally rather than systemically. These products differ from transdermal delivery systems, which are designed for drugs to penetrate through the skin and provide systemic action. Whether it is topical or transdermal, effectiveness of the formulation depends on the release of the active drug from its dosage form to the skin surface. Once the drug is presented to the skin surface, either it stays mostly on the skin surface or penetrates through the stratum corneum to other cutaneous layers all the way up to systemic circulation to manifest its pharmacological action depending upon the location of the disease to be treated.
Is IVRT Alone Sufficient to Demonstrate 'Sameness' of Generic Products?
Authors: Traynor M. J. , Shetage S. S. , Wood D. G. , Brown M. B.
Published: December 2013

Actinic keratosis (AK) also known as solar keratosis, is the cause of precancerous growths on the skin caused by UV radiation which correlates to cumulative exposure to UV, with a greater occurrence at higher exposure levels. AK is one of the most prevalent dermatological conditions and can cause a number of symptoms from small (mm) sized rough lesions that are barely visible through to raised hyperkeratotic plaques several cm in length. Over time these may progress into squamous or basal cell carcinomas (originally not thought to be a result of AK progression). It is estimated that up to 16 % of people suffering with AK lesions progress on to squamous cell carcinoma with several severe cases progressing onto basal cell carcinoma and as such treatment at the first signs of AK is recommended.
The Application of Non-Linear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with Exogenous Input (Narmax) to Modelling the Absorption Across Human Skin
Authors: Moss G. P. , Kyriacou T. , Wilkinson S. C.
Published: December 2013

Cronin and Schultz commented that biological processes were seldom linear in nature and that modelling of such processes was unlikely to be successful without the consideration of non-linearity when constructing models. Non-linear models are sometimes prone to overfitting, resulting in modelling the error present in the data. As skin permeability datasets are constructed from numerous literature sources, often using diverse experimental protocols, past considerations of non-linear modelling have been understandably cautious but, ultimately, reasonable, and have included substantial revisions and modifications to linear models in attempts to explain permeability at the extremes of datasets.
In Vitro Skin Decontamination Effectiveness of VX by Using Absorbents
Authors: Josse D. , Barrier G. , Bifarella R. , Cruz C.
Published: December 2013

In a scenario of military or civilian exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWA), emergency procedures include immediate body surface decontamination. The objectives of immediate decontamination are to remove as much contamination as possible from the body surface, including clothes. The resulting level of contamination should be low enough to allow the victims survival and to limit irreversible damage of victims' skin, eyes, and mucosal membranes.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical MCM-41 spheres with an ultrahigh surface area and their application for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions
Authors: Qu Qishu , Gu Zuli
Published: December 2013

Hierarchical mesoporous silica spheres were prepared by a simple sol–gel method and used for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions.
Engineering entanglement: controlling the formation of polycatenanes and polyrotaxanes using π interactions
Authors: Boer Stephanie A. , Hawes Chris S. , Turner David R.
Published: December 2013

A reproducible metallocyclic motif containing amino-acid functionalised aromatic diimides has been employed to demonstrate remarkable control over entanglement topologies.
Enhanced laccase stability through mediator partitioning into hydrophobic ionic liquids
Authors: Rehmann Lars , Ivanova Ekaterina , Gunaratne H. Q. Nimal , Seddon Kenneth R. , Stephens Gill
Published: December 2013

Partitioning mediators into water-immiscible ionic liquids protects laccase from inactivation.
Electrochemical synthesis of coaxial TiO2–Ag nanowires and their application in photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Maijenburg A. Wouter , Veerbeek Janneke , de Putter Roy , Veldhuis Sjoerd A. , Zoontjes Michel G. C. , Mul Guido , Montero-Moreno Josep M. , Nielsch Kornelius , Schäfer Helmut , Steinhart Martin , ten Elshof Johan E.
Published: December 2013

Coaxial TiO2–Ag nanowires were formed by electrochemical synthesis which showed improved water splitting efficiency.
Blue phases induced by rod-shaped hydrogen-bonded supermolecules possessing no chirality or mesomorphic behaviour
Authors: Li Yingyi , Cong Yuehua , Chu Huishu , Zhang Baoyan
Published: December 2013

Formation of blue phases, induced by rod-shaped hydrogen-bonded supermolecules possessing no chirality or mesomorphic behaviour.
Can we derive Tully's surface-hopping algorithm from the semiclassical quantum Liouville equation? Almost, but only with decoherence
Authors: Subotnik Joseph E. , Ouyang Wenjun , Landry Brian R.
Published: December 2013

In this article, we demonstrate that Tully's fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) algorithm approximately obeys the mixed quantum-classical Liouville equation (QCLE), provided that several conditions are satisfied – some major conditions, and some minor. The major conditions are: (1) nuclei must be moving quickly with large momenta; (2) there cannot be explicit recoherences or interference effects between nuclear wave packets; (3) force-based decoherence must be added to the FSSH algorithm, and the trajectories can no longer rigorously be independent (though approximations for independent trajectories are possible). We furthermore expect that FSSH (with decoherence) will be most robust when nonadiabatic transitions in an adiabatic basis are dictated primarily by derivative couplings that are presumably localized to crossing regions, rather than by small but pervasive off-diagonal force matrix elements. In the end, our results emphasize the strengths of and possibilities for the FSSH algorithm when decoherence is included, while also demonstrating the limitations of the FSSH algorithm and its inherent inability to follow the QCLE exactly.
Efficient basis sets for non-covalent interactions in XDM-corrected density-functional theory
Authors: Johnson Erin R. , Otero-de-la-Roza Alberto , Dale Stephen G. , DiLabio Gino A.
Published: December 2013

In the development and application of dispersion-corrected density-functional theory, the effects of basis set incompleteness have been largely mitigated through the use of very large, nearly-complete basis sets. However, the use of such large basis sets makes application of these methods inefficient for large systems. In this work, we examine a series of basis sets, including Pople-style, correlation-consistent, and polarization-consistent bases, for their ability to efficiently and accurately predict non-covalent interactions when used in conjunction with the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) dispersion model. We find that the polarization-consistent 2 (pc-2) basis sets, and two modifications thereof with some diffuse functions removed, give performance of comparable quality to that obtained with aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets, while being roughly 12 to 23 times faster computationally. The behavior is explained, in part, by the role of diffuse functions in recovering small density changes in the intermolecular region. The general performance of the modified basis sets is tested by application of XDM to standard intermolecular benchmark sets at, and away from, equilibrium.
Phase stabilities at a glance: Stability diagrams of nickel dipnictides
Authors: Bachhuber F. , Rothballer J. , Söhnel T. , Weihrich R.
Published: December 2013

In the course of the recent advances in chemical structure prediction, a straightforward type of diagram to evaluate phase stabilities is presented based on an expedient example. Crystal structures and energetic stabilities of dipnictides NiPn2 (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) are systematically investigated by first principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory using the generalized gradient approximation to treat exchange and correlation. These dipnictides show remarkable polymorphism that is not yet understood systematically and offers room for the discovery of new phases. Relationships between the concerned structures including the marcasite, the pyrite, the arsenopyrite/CoSb2, and the NiAs2 types are highlighted by means of common structural fragments. Electronic stabilities of experimentally known and related AB2 structure types are presented graphically in so-called stability diagrams. Additionally, competing binary phases are taken into consideration in the diagrams to evaluate the stabilities of the title compounds with respect to decomposition. The main purpose of the stability diagrams is the introduction of an image that enables the estimation of phase stabilities at a single glance. Beyond that, some of the energetically favored structure types can be identified as potential new phases.
Partially integrated transport modeling method for turbulence simulation with variable filters
Authors: Chaouat Bruno , Schiestel Roland
Published: December 2013

The basis of the partially integrated transport modeling method was introduced in papers of Schiestel and Dejoan [“Towards a new partially integrated transport model for coarse grid and unsteady turbulent flow simulations,” Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 18, 443 (2005)] and Chaouat and Schiestel [“A new partially integrated transport model for subgrid-scale stresses and dissipation rate for turbulent developing flows,” Phys. Fluids 17, 065106 (2005)]. This method provides a continuous approach for hybrid Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-large eddy simulation (LES) simulations with seamless coupling between RANS and LES regions. The method, like in usual LES techniques, makes use of space filtering in the turbulent field. In the foundation papers cited above and in the main applications considered so far, the filter width has been supposed constant or at least slowly varying. In the present paper, we examine the effect of variable filter width in the model equations and how to account for this effect in practical numerical simulations. With the aim to illustrate the theoretical development of the effect of varying filter width in time and space on the governing equations of mass, momentum, and turbulence model, and to show the usefulness of the proposed approach, we perform then numerical simulations of isotropic decaying turbulence.
The dynamical crossover in attractive colloidal systems
Authors: Mallamace Francesco , Corsaro Carmelo , Stanley H. Eugene , Mallamace Domenico , Chen Sow-Hsin
Published: December 2013

We study the dynamical arrest in an adhesive hard-sphere colloidal system. We examine a micellar suspension of the Pluronic-L64 surfactant in the temperature (T) and volume fraction (ϕ) phase diagram. According to mode-coupling theory (MCT), this system is characterized by a cusp-like singularity and two glassy phases: an attractive glass (AG) phase and a repulsive glass (RG) phase. The T − ϕ phase diagram of this system as confirmed by a previous series of scattering data also exhibits a Percolation Threshold (PT) line, a reentrant behavior (AG-liquid-RG), and a glass-to-glass transition. The AG phase can be generated out of the liquid phase by using T and ϕ as control parameters. We utilize viscosity and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. NMR data confirm all the characteristic properties of the colloidal system phase diagram and give evidence of the onset of a fractal-like percolating structure at a precise threshold. The MCT scaling laws used to study the shear viscosity as a function of ϕ and T show in both cases a fragile-to-strong liquid glass-forming dynamic crossover (FSC) located near the percolation threshold where the clustering process is fully developed. These results suggest a larger thermodynamic generality for this phenomenon, which is usually studied only as a function of the temperature. We also find that the critical values of the control parameters, coincident with the PT line, define the locus of the FSC. In the region between the FSC and the glass transition lines the system dynamics are dominated by clustering effects. We thus demonstrate that it is possible, using the conceptual framework provided by extended mode-coupling theory, to describe the way a system approaches dynamic arrest, taking into account both cage and hopping effects.
Angular distributions of surface produced H− ions for reflection and desorption processes
Authors: Wada M. , Kasuya T. , Kenmotsu T. , Sasao M.
Published: December 2013

A numerical simulation code, Atomic Collision in Amorphous Target, has been run to clarify the effects due to the incident angle of hydrogen flux onto surface collision cascade in the subsurface region of a Cs covered Mo plasma grid. The code has taken into account the threshold energy for negative hydrogen (H−) ions to leave the surface. This modification has caused the shift of energy distribution functions of H− from that of hydrogen atoms leaving the surface. The results have shown that large incident angle of hydrogen particle tilt the angular distribution of reflection component, while it caused a small effect onto the angular distribution of desorption component. The reflection coefficient has increased, while the desorption yield has decreased for increased angle of incidence measured from the surface normal.
Trends in alkali metal hydrosulfides: A combined Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave spectroscopic study of KSH ($\tilde X^1 A^\prime $X̃1A′)
Authors: Bucchino M. P. , Sheridan P. M. , Young J. P. , Binns M. K. L. , Ewing D. W. , Ziurys L. M.
Published: December 2013

The pure rotational spectrum of KSH ($\tilde X$X̃1A′) has been measured using millimeter-wave direct absorption and Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) techniques. This work is the first gas-phase experimental study of this molecule and includes spectroscopy of KSD as well. In the millimeter-wave system, KSH was synthesized in a DC discharge from a mixture of potassium vapor, H2S, and argon; a discharge-assisted laser ablation source, coupled with a supersonic jet expansion, was used to create the species in the FTMW instrument. Five and three rotational transitions in the range 3–57 GHz were recorded with the FTMW experiment for KSH and KSD, respectively, in the Ka = 0 component; in these data, potassium quadrupole hyperfine structure was observed. Five to six transitions with Ka = 0–5 were measured in the mm-wave region (260–300 GHz) for the two species. The presence of multiple asymmetry components in the mm-wave spectra indicates that KSH has a bent geometry, in analogy to other alkali hydrosulfides. The data were analyzed with an S-reduced asymmetric top Hamiltonian, and rotational, centrifugal distortion, and potassium electric quadrupole coupling constants were determined for both isotopolgues. The r0 geometry for KSH was calculated to be rS-H = 1.357(1) Å, rK-S = 2.806(1) Å, and θM-S-H (°) = 95.0 (1). FTMW measurements were also carried out on LiSH and NaSH; metal electric quadrupole coupling constants were determined for comparison with KSH. In addition, ab initio computations of the structures and vibrational frequencies at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2pd) and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory were performed for LiSH, NaSH, and KSH. Overall, experimental and computational data suggest that the metal-ligand bonding in KSH is a combination of electrostatic and covalent forces.
Energy and charge transfer in ionized argon coated water clusters
Authors: Kočišek J. , Lengyel J. , Fárník M. , Slavíček P.
Published: December 2013

We investigate the electron ionization of clusters generated in mixed Ar-water expansions. The electron energy dependent ion yields reveal the neutral cluster composition and structure: water clusters fully covered with the Ar solvation shell are formed under certain expansion conditions. The argon atoms shield the embedded (H2O)n clusters resulting in the ionization threshold above ≈15 eV for all fragments. The argon atoms also mediate more complex reactions in the clusters: e.g., the charge transfer between Ar+ and water occurs above the threshold; at higher electron energies above ∼28 eV, an excitonic transfer process between Ar+* and water opens leading to new products ArnH+ and (H2O)nH+. On the other hand, the excitonic transfer from the neutral Ar* state at lower energies is not observed although this resonant process was demonstrated previously in a photoionization experiment. Doubly charged fragments (H2O)n\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_2^{2+}$\end{document}H22+ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$({\rm H_{2} O})_{n}^{2+}$\end{document}(H2O)n2+ ions are observed and Intermolecular Coulomb decay (ICD) processes are invoked to explain their thresholds. The Coulomb explosion of the doubly charged cluster formed within the ICD process is prevented by the stabilization effect of the argon solvent.
Broad-band efficiency calibration of ITER bolometer prototypes using Pt absorbers on SiN membranes
Authors: Meister H. , Willmeroth M. , Zhang D. , Gottwald A. , Krumrey M. , Scholze F.
Published: December 2013

The energy resolved efficiency of two bolometer detector prototypes for ITER with 4 channels each and absorber thicknesses of 4.5 μm and 12.5 μm, respectively, has been calibrated in a broad spectral range from 1.46 eV up to 25 keV. The calibration in the energy range above 3 eV was performed against previously calibrated silicon photodiodes using monochromatized synchrotron radiation provided by five different beamlines of Physikalische Technische Bundesanstalt at the electron storage rings BESSY II and Metrology Light Source in Berlin. For the measurements in the visible range, a setup was realised using monochromatized halogen lamp radiation and a calibrated laser power meter as reference. The measurements clearly demonstrate that the efficiency of the bolometer prototype detectors in the range from 50 eV up to ≈6 keV is close to unity; at a photon energy of 20 keV the bolometer with the thick absorber detects 80% of the photons, the one with the thin absorber about 50%. This indicates that the detectors will be well capable of measuring the plasma radiation expected from the standard ITER scenario. However, a minimum absorber thickness will be required for the high temperatures in the central plasma. At 11.56 keV, the sharp Pt-L3 absorption edge allowed to cross-check the absorber thickness by fitting the measured efficiency to the theoretically expected absorption of X-rays in a homogeneous Pt-layer. Furthermore, below 50 eV the efficiency first follows the losses due to reflectance expected for Pt, but below 10 eV it is reduced further by a factor of 2 for the thick absorber and a factor of 4 for the thin absorber. Most probably, the different histories in production, storage, and operation led to varying surface conditions and additional loss channels.
On fractional Schr$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$ödinger equation in $\mathbb {R}^{N}$RN with critical growth
Authors: Shang Xudong , Zhang Jihui , Yang Yang
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we study the following nonlinear fractional Schr\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$\end{document}ödinger equation with critical exponent \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$h^{2\alpha }(-\Delta )^{\alpha }u + V(x)u= |u|^{2_{\alpha }^{*}-2}u + \lambda |u|^{q-2}u, x\in \mathbb {R}^{N}$\end{document}h2α(−Δ)αu+V(x)u=|u|2α*−2u+λ|u|q−2u,x∈RN, where h is a small positive parameter, 0 < α < 1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$2< q < 2_{\alpha }^{*}$\end{document}2<q<2α*, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$2_{\alpha }^{*} = \frac{2N}{N- 2\alpha }$\end{document}2α*=2NN−2α is the critical Sobolev exponent, and N > 2α, λ > 0 is a parameter. The potential \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$V: \mathbb {R}^{N} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$\end{document}V:RN→R is a positive continuous function satisfying some natural assumptions. By using variational methods, we obtain the existence of solutions in the following case: if \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$2< q< 2_{\alpha }^{*}$\end{document}2<q<2α*, there exists λ0 > 0 such that for all λ ⩾ λ0, we show that it has one nontrivial solution and there exist at least \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$cat_{\Lambda _{\delta }}(\Lambda )$\end{document}catΛδ(Λ) nontrivial solutions; if \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\max \lbrace 2, \frac{4\alpha }{N-2\alpha }\rbrace < q < 2_{\alpha }^{*}$\end{document}max{2,4αN−2α}<q<2α*, then there is one nontrivial solution and there exist at least \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$cat_{\Lambda _{\delta }}(\Lambda )$\end{document}catΛδ(Λ) nontrivial solutions for all λ > 0.
Magnetization-induced enhancement of photoluminescence in core-shell CoFe2O4@YVO4:Eu3+ composite
Authors: Jia Yanmin , Zhou Zhihua , Wei Yongbin , Wu Zheng , Chen Jianrong , Zhang Yihe , Liu Yongsheng
Published: December 2013

After the core-shell CoFe2O4@YVO4:Eu3+ composite synthesized through a facile sol-gel method was magnetized under an external magnetic field of 0.25 T for 4 h, an enhancement of ∼56% in photoluminescence intensity was observed. The remanent magnetization of the CoFe2O4 core increases the intensity of the excited charge transfer transition of VO43− group in YVO4:Eu3+ shell, which may enhance the probability related to the Eu3+ radiative transition 5D0-7F2, yielding to a high photoluminescence. The obvious remanent-magnetization-induced enhancement in photoluminescence is helpful in developing excellent magnetic/luminescent material for the practical display devices.
Plate-like iron particles based bidisperse magnetorheological fluid
Authors: Shah Kruti , Oh Jong-Seok , Choi Seung-Bok , Upadhyay R. V.
Published: December 2013

Magnetorheological (MR) properties are experimentally investigated for bi-dispersion suspension of plate-like iron magnetic particles dispersed in carrier liquid to see the influence of small size particle on large size MR fluid. As a first step, structural, magnetic, and morphology of two different micron size magnetic particles are described in details. The three different weight fractions of MR fluid samples are then prepared, followed by measuring their magneto-viscous and visco-elastic properties. In the steady-state shear, the Bingham yield stress obtained by extrapolating the shear stress to the zero shear rate increases by augmenting the weight fraction of small micron size magnetic particles and the strength of magnetic field. In the oscillatory strain sweep test at an angular frequency of 10 rad s−1, a transition from visco-elastic solid to visco-elastic liquid is observed and a strong chain formation is proposed to explain the mechanism for transition. The storage modulus also increases with increasing weight fraction. From the frequency sweep test, the storage modulus is seen as independent of frequency, but depends on the magnetic field strength and weight fraction. The magneto-viscous sweep test indicates that both shear modulus and complex viscosity are independent with weight fraction at a high magnetic field. This experimental study reveals some very important physical parameters, rheological properties, and storage modulus of the plate-like iron particles based on MR fluid. The formation of less compact because of the anisotropy in iron particle creates weak sedimentation and good redispersibility of MR fluid. The results presented in this work are the key factors for devising how mechanical applications operated under static and dynamic conditions.
Time-resolved measurement of plasma parameters by means of triple probe
Authors: Qayyum A. , Ahmad N. , Ahmad S. , Deeba Farah , Ali Rafaqat , Hussain S.
Published: December 2013

Triple Langmuir probe (TLP) diagnostic system with its necessary driving circuit is developed and successfully applies for time-resolved measurement of plasma parameters in the negative glow region of pulsating-dc discharge. This technique allows the instantaneous measurement of electron temperature [T−], electron number density [n−] as well as plasma fluctuations without any voltage or frequency sweep. In TLP configuration two probes are differentially biased and serve as a floating symmetric double probe whereas the third probe is simply floating into plasma to measure floating potential as a function of time and thus incorporates the effect of plasma fluctuations. As an example of the application to time-dependent plasmas, basic plasma parameters such as floating potential, electron temperature, and electron number density in low pressure air discharge are determined as a function of time for different fill pressure. The results demonstrate temporal evolution of plasma parameters and thus plasma generation progression for different fill pressures.