bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls of AHI system of severity grading in obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Soori Rashmi , Baikunje Nandakishore , D’sa Ivor , Bhushan Navneet , Nagabhushana Belur , Hosmane Giridhar Belur
Published: February 2022

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is the major underlying co-morbidity in many of the non-communicable diseases (NCD) due to obesity as a common risk factor. Incidence and prevalence of OSA is on the constant rise ever since this entity came to forefront three decades ago. Precise treatment of underlying OSA is extremely important in major NCDs like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, endocrine disorders and vascular diseases. OSA is subcategorized in to mild, moderate and severe based of apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI). Based on the severity grading, treatment of OSA ranges from life style modifications to oral appliances, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and surgeries. AHI system of severity grading in OSA has several inherent shortcomings and using AHI system for severity grading as the holy grail is likely to be counter-productive. AHI system equates apnoea and hypopnea as equal events, whereas physiological effects vary significantly. AHI system does not account duration of apnoea or body position during apnoeic events. We discuss at length the pitfalls of AHI system of severity grading in OSA.
Association analysis of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores with serotonin transporter (5-HTT- LPR, 5-HTT-VNTR) and circadian (PER3-VNTR) genes
Authors: Ozen Filiz , Yegin Zeynep , Saglam Zuhal Aydan , Yavlal Figen , Koc Haydar , Ulasoglu Celal
Published: February 2022

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common complaint encountered in clinical practice with serious consequences both for individual and society since it can increase the ratio of motor vehicle accidents, work- related incidents, and deaths. Moreover, it also manifests less serious individual consequences. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of PER3-VNTR, 5-HTT-LPR, and 5-HTT-VNTR in terms of constituting liability to EDS. Two hundred eighteen participants (93 complaining about daytime sleepiness and 125 individuals with no serious complaint) were recruited in the study. General daytime of sleepiness was quantified with Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). DNA extractions were performed from collected blood samples with standart salting-out procedure and genotyped. ESS scores displayed difference between individuals suffering from sleep disturbances and other individuals with values of 12.75±4.55 and 6.34±4.26, respectively. PER3- VNTR and 5-HTT-LPR genotypes did not display association with mean ESS scores. However, 5-HTT-VNTR genotypes showed significant association with mean ESS scores; individuals with 10/10 genotypes had the highest ESS score reflecting this genotype as a liability factor for EDS. We strongly recommend further studies based on circadian/serotonin pathway genes in different populations to reach to a consensus and highlight sleep genetic marker genes which then can be the future targets of pharmacological treatment studies for sleep problems.
Validation of the Colombian version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale
Authors: Laverde-López María Camila , Escobar-Córdoba Franklin , Eslava-Schmalbach Javier
Published: February 2022

Introduction Currently, daytime sleepiness is a prevalent condition worldwide. Locally validated instruments for measuring sleepiness are required. The objective of this study was to validate a version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale that was translated into the Spanish spoken in Colombia.

Methods Individuals who attended a sleep laboratory for a polysomnography study and people in the general population were included. The validation process was performed in 6 phases: translation and back translation of the original version of the scale (English), face validity (n=13), pilot test (n=20), criteria validity (n=139) by means of polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale, reproducibility (n=34), and sensitivity to change (n=40).

Results Regarding its discriminant validity, the Colombian version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale is correlated with the Epworth sleepiness scale, provided that a Mann-Whitney z=2661 (p=0.0078) was obtained. The scale has an acceptable reproducibility, Spearman Rho=0.55 (p=0.0002), and sensitivity to change, as shown through a two-tailed t test (p=0.0000).

Conclusions The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was successfully adapted to the Spanish variation spoken in Colombian and to the conditions of adult Colombians; thus, it constitutes a valid, reliable, and easy to use instrument for the assessment of patients with hypersomnia.
Sleep patterns, problems, and habits in a sample of Egyptian preschoolers
Authors: Abou-Khadra Maha K. , Ahmed Dalia , Sadek Samar A. , Mansour Hala H.
Published: February 2022

Objective Sleep problems are common among preschoolers. We conducted this study to investigate sleep problems in a sample of Egyptian preschoolers attending pediatric outpatient clinics and examine the relationship between their sleep problems, patterns, and hygiene.

Methods The parents of 319 preschoolers, aged 2-5 years, completed the BEARS(which represent the fve major sleep domains, i.e., bedtime problems, excessive daytime sleepiness, awakenings during the night, regularity and duration of sleep, and snoring) questionnaire in Arabic and a short survey on their educational status, significant medical problems and/or their child’s medications , and sleeping habits.

Results The frequency of bedtime problems, excessive daytime sleepiness, awakenings during the night, regularity of sleep, and snoring were 58.9%, 17.9%, 31%, 60.5%, and 20.4%, respectively. More than a third of the samples had poor sleep hygiene practices, ranging from 41.7% to 70.5%. Multivariate analyses revealed that age and body mass index (BMI) are predictors of bedtime problems.

Conclusions Our fndings indicate that sleep problems and poor sleep hygiene are common among this sample of preschoolers. This study also suggests an association between age and BMI and sleep disturbances.
Sleep-wake circadian rhythm pattern in young adults by actigraphy during social isolation
Authors: Díaz Dora Zulema Romero , Gavião Maria Beatriz Duarte
Published: February 2022

Study objectives This study investigated, through wrist actigraphy, the activity-rest pattern, estimate nocturnal sleep parameters, and quantify the exposure of light (daylight and blue light) during social isolation due to COVID-19.

Methods The participants (n = 19, aged 19 - 33 years-old) wore the actigraph in nondominant wrist for 7 days. Derivation of 25 nocturnal sleep parameters was inferred from PIM mode raw data including sleep, wake, activity, and fragmentation statistics. A hierarchical cluster analysis determined the participants profiles. Mann-Whitney and independent Student t tests, linear stepwise regression and Kendalls test were applied. The significant level was a = 0.05.

Results Two clusters were formed, normal sleepers (n = 13) and short sleepers (n = 6). The participants of both clusters went to sleep after midnight, spent approximately 1 h of being awake during time in bed, their latency to persistent sleep was normal, though true sleep minutes was less than 7 h, showed a normal sleep efficiency. Daytime activity was moderate, and a circadian rhythm was irregular. The regressions showed that bedtime and nocturnal activity contributed to the variance of daytime activity and the beginning of it (p< 0.001). The midpoint during the time in bed was the most significant predictor for the start of less period activity at night (p< 0.001).

Conclusions Actigraphy inferred that during social isolation the individuals presented, despite normal sleep latency and efficiency, inconsistent sleep parameters and irregular circadian rhythm. Moreover, decreased exposure to daylight during the morning was observed.
Quality of sleep in women with menopause and its related factors
Authors: Ahmady Fatemeh , Niknami Maryam , khalesi Zahra Bostani
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND Menopausal period is one of the most critical stages of a womans life. Complications of the menopausal period including sleep disorders can affect the physical and mental state of women. As sleep disorder has a determinant role in the quality of life, this study was conducted to evaluate postmenopausal womens quality of sleep and its related factors.

Material and Methods This cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted on 323 postmenopausal women based on convenience and consecutive sampling. The data-gathering tool consisted of two parts; sociodemographic characteristics and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests at a significance level of p<0.05.

Results Sleep disorder was determined in 49.9% of participants. The mean PSQI score was 5.32 ± 3.881. There was a significant correlation between PSQI and age (ß = 0.29, p < 0.001) indicating that sleep disorder increased with an increase in age. There was a significant correlation between body mass index (ß = 0.599, p < 0.001) and undesired sleep quality.

Conclusions Regarding the presence of sleep disorder in almost half of the study participants, and the relationship between sleep quality and body mass index and age, it is recommended that decision and policymakers design educational consultation interventions to improve the quality and quantity of sleep in menopause women.
Sleep physiological network analysis in children
Authors: Orjuela-Cañón Alvaro David , Jutinico Andrés Leonardo , Bazurto-Zapata Maria Angelica , Duenas-Meza Elida
Published: February 2022

Objective Physiological networks have recently been employed as an alternative to analyze the interaction of the human body. Within this option, different systems are analyzed as nodes inside a communication network as well how information fows. Several studies have been proposed to study sleep subjects with the help of the Granger causality computation over electroencephalographic and heart rate variability signals. However, following this methodology, novel approximations for children subjects are presented here, where comparison between adult and children sleep is followed through the obtained connectivities.

Methods Data from ten adults and children were retrospectively extracted from polysomnography records. Database was extracted from people suspected of having sleep disorders who participated in a previous study. Connectivity was computed based on Granger causality, according to preprocessing of similar studies in this feld. A comparison for adults and children groups with a chi-square test was followed, employing the results of the Granger causality measures.

Results Results show that differences were mainly established for nodes inside the brain network connectivity. Additionally, for interactions between brain and heart networks, it was brought to light that children physiology sends more information from heart to brain nodes compared to the adults group.

Discussion This study represents a frst sight to children sleep analysis, employing the Granger causality computation. It contributes to understand sleep in children employing measurements from physiological signals. Preliminary fndings suggest more interactions inside the brain network for children group compared to adults group.
Detrás del texto: notas sobre el fondo filosófico de la semiótica de Tartu (artículo primero)
Authors: Lotman Mijaíl I. , Guzmán Rafael
Published: February 2022

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Semiótica de la traducción, traducción de la Semiótica
Authors: Torop Peeter , Guzmán Rafael
Published: February 2022

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Lectura de los "Relatos de verdad"en el siglo XVIII: de las causas célebres al suceso criminal
Authors: Serrano de Santos Laura
Published: February 2022

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La crisis del positivismo (Vossler, Bajtín, Ortega)
Authors: Abad Francisco
Published: February 2022

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Francisco Reus Boyd-Swan: El teatro en Alicante: 1901-1910. Cartelera teatral y estudio. (Madrid: Tamesis Books/Generalidad Valenciana, 1994)
Authors: Torres Lara Agustina
Published: February 2022

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El discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos
Authors: Polanía Beltrán Fihiza
Published: February 2022

Based on the model of Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), which defends the thesis that oral and written language present particular characteristics that are not only limited to their form, this paper will analyze political discourse as a written corpus. The speeches of Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra and Nicolás Maduro are the speeches of interest. Thus, the objective of this paper is to analyze the use of the discourse reproduced in South American presidential inauguration addresses. In this sense, it will seek to understand the causes and motivations behind it as well as its use. Concepción Maldonado’s (1991) work on reproduced discourse is fundamental to this task.

Basado en el modelo de Koch y Oesterreicher (2007), que defiende la tesis de que el lenguaje oral y el escrito presentan unas características particulares que no solamente se limitan a su forma, este trabajo analizará el discurso político como un corpus escrito. Siendo los discursos de Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra y Nicolás Maduro los discursos de interés. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso del discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos. En este sentido, se buscará comprender las causas y las motivaciones detrás de ello así como su uso. El trabajo de Concepción Maldonado (1991) sobre el discurso reproducido es fundamental para esta tarea.
El tratamiento lexicográfico de las perífrasis en el español actual. El caso de «poder», «deber» y «tener que» + infinitivo
Authors: Ruiz Granados Beatriz
Published: February 2022

En este trabajo examinamos el tratamiento que reciben las perífrasis modales con mayor frecuencia de uso en tres diccionarios generales del español actual: DEA (1999), GDUEA (2001) y DLE (2014). Nos detenemos, en particular, en el análisis de la información perifrástica que se incluye dentro de las entradas lexicográficas deber, poder y tener que a partir de cuatro variables fundamentales en nuestra investigación, a saber, valores posibles, ejemplos propuestos, terminología utilizada y posición asignada.
De lengua extranjera a lengua dominante: representaciones epilingüísticas del castellano en el Principado de Andorra
Authors: Jiménez Salcedo Juan
Published: February 2022

The aim of this article is to study the representations of Castilian language in the Principality of Andorra. To this end, the legal and social context of languages in that country will be briefly presented, with special attention to the role they play in the educational sphere. After a description of the research methods, which are based on the ethnography of language policy, the results of a fieldwork carried out in Andorra with 23 informants considered as managers will be presented. The results will be arranged in a series of epilinguistic representation domains. The presentation of the results will be followed by a discussion.

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las representaciones del castellano en el Principado de Andorra. Para ello, se presentará brevemente el contexto jurídico y social de las lenguas en ese país, con especial atención al papel que estas desempeñan en el ámbito educativo. Tras la descripción de los métodos de investigación empleados, basados en la etnografía de las políticas lingüísticas, se presentarán los resultados de un trabajo de campo efectuado en Andorra con 23 informantes considerados como gestores. Los resultados se ordenarán mediante una serie de ámbitos de representación epilingüística. Tras la presentación de resultados habrá un apartado de discusión.
Las fórmulas rutinarias al servicio del acto de habla del reproche: el caso de «zapatero, a tus zapatos»
Authors: Tulimirovic Bojana
Published: February 2022

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las fórmulas rutinarias que —contrariamente a lo que nos transmite la información lexicográfica sobre estos fraseologismos— sirven para vehicular actos de habla complejos de tipo expresivo-directivo como es el caso del reproche. Para ello, nos centraremos en la fórmula zapatero, a tus zapatos por dos razones principales: a) los valores funcionales que se le atribuyen a esta unidad fraseológica en los diccionarios excluyen el componente expresivo, y b) la existencia de una opinión generalizada según la cual dicha expresión es una paremia y no una fórmula rutinaria, tesis que intentaremos rebatir en este trabajo.
Vox frente a Europa: la derecha radical en Twitter durante las elecciones europeas de 2019
Authors: Oleaque Moreno Joan Manuel , Pelliser Rossell Nel.lo
Published: February 2022

Vox, the Spanish radical right-wing party, has in the social network Twitter one of the fundamental pillars of its political communication strategy. In this paper, we review the idea of Europe projected by this political formation in its messages on the campaign for the 2019 European elections, when it obtained for the first time representation in the European Parliament. Through the critical discourse analysis applied on a sample of representative tweets, it is discovered that the subtle meanings in these messages replicate the virulence of Vox's more obvious national approaches, although under a form of greater political correctness that cannot avoid ideological perseverance.

Vox, el partido español de derecha radical, tiene en la red social Twitter uno de los pilares fundamentales de su estrategia de comunicación política. En el presente trabajo, se revisa la idea de Europa que proyecta esta formación política en sus mensajes con ocasión de la campaña electoral de las elecciones europeas de 2019, cuando obtuvo por primera vez representación en el Parlamento Europeo. A través del análisis crítico del discurso aplicado sobre una muestra de tuits especialmente representativos, se descubre que los significados sutiles en estos mensajes replican la virulencia de los planteamientos nacionales de Vox más obvios, aunque bajo una forma de mayor corrección política que no puede evitar la perseverancia ideológica.
Verifying executability of SysML behavior models using Alloy Analyzer
Authors: Doerr Jeremy , Bock Conrad , Barbau Raphael
Published: February 2022

This report presents an approach to verifying executability of system behavior models by treating them as logical constraint problems solved using Alloy Analyzer, a non-proprietary software tool supporting a textual language for logical constraints and underlying solvers. With behavior models interpreted as constraints on execution order, Alloy can determine whether the models are executable by attempting to find executions that meet those constraints. The approach relies on a logical interpretation of behavior modeling in the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) by Ontological Behavior Modeling method that unifies SysML behavior modeling based on its classification elements. This paper proposes translation between logical versions of SysML behavioral models and logical constructs in Alloy. Finally, the approach is demonstrated by translating and solving example SysML behavior models.
Social Network Analysis of Changes in YouTube Home Economics Education Content Before and After COVID-19
Authors: Shim Jae Young , Kim Eun Kyung , Ko Eun Mi , Kim Hyoung Sun , Park Mi Jeong
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a social network analysis of changes in Home Economics education content loaded on YouTube before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. From January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2021, a basic analysis was conducted of 761 Home Economics education videos loaded on YouTube, using NetMiner 4.3 to analyze important keywords and the centrality of video titles and full texts. Before COVID-19, there were 164 Home Economics education videos posted on YouTube, increasing significantly to 597 following the emergence of the pandemic. In both periods, there was more middle school content than high school content. The content in the child-family field was the most, and the main keywords were youth and family. Before COVID-19, a performance evaluation indicated that the proportion of student content was high, whereas after the outbreak of the disease, teacher content increased significantly due to the effect of distance learning. However, compared with video use, the self-expression and participation of users were lower in both periods. The centrality analysis indicated that in the title, ‘family’ exhibited a high degree of both centrality and eigenvector centrality over the entire period. Degree centrality of the video title was found to be high in the order of class, online, family, management, etc. after the outbreak of COVID-19, and the connection of keywords was strong overall. Eigenvector centrality indicated that career, search, life, and design were influential keywords before COVID-19, while class, youth, online, and development were influential keywords after COVID-19.
Predicting Longitudinal Patterns of Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Early Adolescence : A Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis
Authors: Kim Bitna , Jang Hyein , Park Ju Hee
Published: February 2022

Using a person-centered approach, the current study investigated latent profiles for the emotional and behavioral problems of students in sixth-grade in elementary school and second grade of middle school. The aim was to explore latent transition patterns and verify the factors affecting the transitions. The participants were 1,937 adolescents who responded to the 3rd year (6th grade of elementary school; Time 1), 4th year (1st grade of middle school), and 5th year (2nd grade of middle school; Time 2) of the Korean Children Youth Panel Study. Latent profile and latent transition analyses were performed. The results were as follows: first, the latent profile of emotional and behavioral problems changed from Time 1 to Time 2. The latent groups at Time 1 were classified into low, moderate, high, and externalizing-dominant, whereas at Time 2, five groups were identified: low, moderate, high, externalizing-dominant, and withdrawal-dominant. Second, transition analyses revealed that although 22.3-57.0% of latent groups remained unchanged, there were significant changes over time between groups, as a new group (‘withdrawal-dominant’) emerged in Time 2. Third, different factors influenced the latent profile transition of emotional and behavioral problems depending on the transition pattern. Higher levels of self-esteem, better relationships with peers and teachers, and lower levels of parental inconsistency meant emotional and behavioral problems had not worsened at Time 2. The results suggest that early interventions are needed during the transition from childhood to early adolescence.
Bodily Practices in Action Formation and Ascription in Multilingual Interaction
Authors: Piirainen-Marsh Arja , Lilja Niina , Eskildsen Søren Wind
Published: February 2022

This special issue brings together empirical studies that investigate how bodily practices feature in action formation and action ascription in multilingual interaction (Schegloff, 2007; Levinson, 2013). Grounded in video-based conversation analysis and drawing on data from diverse sociomaterial settings, the articles investigate the contingent interactional processes through which speakers from different language backgrounds accomplish actions and achieve intersubjectivity. They demonstrate how specific constellations of linguistic resources, bodily conduct, spatial configurations, and material ecology are built into accomplishment of actions at different levels of interactional organization. Collectively, the articles illustrate how the participants draw on each other’s expertise, including different languages (code-switching, translanguaging) and bodily conduct as an integral part of the “web of resources” that are mobilized when actions are formulated and managed in interaction.
Plastibell Circumcision Method vs Conventional Circumcision Method in Terms of Operative Outcomes in Paediatric Patients- A Retrospective Study
Authors: Modi Jatinkumar Bipinchandra , Shah Jaimin Dipakbhai , Shah Tapan Atulkumar
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Circumcision is most often an elective surgery performed on babies and children, for religious or cultural reasons. In other cases, it may be done as a treatment for certain medical conditions or for preventive reasons. Circumcision is done in cases of phimosis, balanoposthitis and chronic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Various techniques are available for circumcision (Plastibell, Gomco clamp, Mogen clamp, etc.,). However, the practices and procedures of circumcision and complications of various procedures are not well documented. The conventional or plastibell device method is one of the methods most frequently employed for circumcision. Aim: To compare the outcome of circumcision done by conventional technique against plastibell methods. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from May 2017 to January 2019 in the Department of Surgery at LG Hospital, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad. Study included 60 male patients younger than 10 years that underwent circumcision by either conventional method or plastibell method for various indications. Circumcision done for congenital abnormalities like hypospadias, epispadias, webbed penis etc., deranged coagulation profile i.e., bleeding or clotting disorders were excluded from study. The data of 30 children that underwent circumcision with conventional method (Group A) and 30 children with plastibell method (Group B) was collected. The follow-up data like wound at the operative site or any complaints or complications were also recorded. Paired t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare collected data for significance. Results: The most common indication for circumcision in this study was phimosis (n=58, 96.67%). The mean age was 4.80±2.30 years (0 to 10 years). The mean surgical time was 10.17±1.82 minutes with estimated blood loss of 11.70±2.98 mL in plastibell method while it was 19.73±2.39 minutes and 24.80±4.01 mL, respectively in conventional method (p<0.0001). The most common complication was localised superficial infection in both groups, two patients (6.66%) in plastibell method while one patient (3.33%) in conventional method. The overall postoperative complication rate was more in plastibell method compared with conventional method (20% vs 3.33%, p=0.04). Conclusion: It was concluded that plastibell method has surgical advantages in children below 10 years even though higher complication rate compare to conventional method due to negligible chance of serious complications and shorter duration of surgery with less amount intraoperative bleeding compared to conventional method.
Evaluation of Changes in Serum Insulin like Growth Factor-1 Levels with Growth Modulation via Twin Block TherapyA Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Asija Sakshi , Kukreja Manisha Kamal , Gill Paramjeet
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Serum insulin like growth factor is a pertinent growth regulator in bone and cartilage, therefore assessment of changes in serum Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF) levels in patients undergoing functional appliance therapy can act as valuable tool to understand the mode of action of functional appliances. Aim: To evaluate the changes in serum Insulin like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the patients undergoing twin block therapy and to establish IGF-1 as a biochemical marker produced in response to mechanical disturbance in the condylar region by twin block appliance. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India from May 2014 to November 2015. Total 27 patients included in study, divided into two groups, the test group which comprised of 15 patients treated with standard twin block appliance therapy and the control group which comprised of 12 patients not treated with the same. Serum samples were collected from test group and control group patients at four time intervals (pretreatment (T0), 1 month (T1), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T6)) and subjected to EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to measure IGF-1 levels. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows 20.0. Intragroup differences were evaluated using paired t-test, while intergroup differences were evaluated using independent sample t-test. The p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The data was obtained from 11 patients (6 males and 5 females) in the test group and 10 patients (6 males and 4 females) in the control group after elimination of dropouts. Mean age of the test group subjects was 12.8±0.9 years and that of control group subjects was 13.1±0.9 years. The mean IGF-1 levels in the test group were 124.5 ng/mL (T0), 126.27 ng/mL (T1), 130.90 ng/mL (T3) and 135.54 ng/mL (T6). In the control group, 151.5 ng/mL (T0), 140.8 ng/mL (T1), 157.8 ng/mL (T3) and 120.2 ng/ mL (T6). In the test group, mean levels of serum IGF-1 did not change significantly when baseline levels were compared with the serum IGF-1 levels at T1 (0.467), T3 (0.729) and T6 (0.62) of functional appliance therapy, although an increase in IGF-1 levels was noted at each interval. Comparison of serum IGF-1 levels of test and control group showed no statistically significant difference between the groups at T0, T1, T3 and T6. Conclusion: Functional appliance therapy was not found to be associated with concomitant increase in serum IGF-1 levels.
Intracranial Complications due to Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media-Atticoantral Disease with a Reference to its Microbiological Profile: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Karanth Tulasi Kota , Nayak Dipak Ranjan , Balakrishnan R , Gupta Akshita , Chawla Kiran
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Intracranial Complications (ICC) in patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media-Atticoantral Disease (CSOMAAD) is a life threatening disease. Knowing the microbiological profile of the causative organisms will help in selecting empiric antibiotic. Aim: To determine the demographic pattern and clinical presentation of patients with CSOM-AAD presenting with ICC, and to assess the microbiological profile of causative organisms. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study, where medical records of all patients diagnosed with CSOM-AAD and ICC, in a tertiary teaching hospital, Manipal, Karnataka, India, between July 2012 and June 2018 were reviewed. The data regarding demographics, clinical and audiological evaluation, microbiological reports were analysed. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel sheet 2010 and was calculated as mean, median and percentages. Results: Out of total 244 patients with CSOM-AAD, 15 presented with ICC. The age range was between 17 to 41 years (median age-21years). The most common complaint was headache, n=11 (73%) and the most common complication was intracranial abscess, n=10 (67%). In three cases, sampling from different sites isolated different organisms and hence a total of 20 samples (11 from ear swab, six from abscess drained pus, two from cerebrospinal fluid and one from blood culture) were analysed. Gram Negative Bacilli (GNB) were isolated most of the times, n=10 (50%) followed by Gram Positive Cocci (GPC), n=6 (30%) and anaerobes, n=2 (10%). Most of the isolated GNB and GPC were susceptible to carbapenem and vancomycin, respectively. Conclusion: Intracranial complications are usually seen in young adults, and they present with headache, fever and ear discharge. Majority of the complications are caused by GNB. Vancomycin and carbapenem provide empiric cover for GPC and GNB, respectively
Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Exclusively Breastfed Term Infants of 4-6 Months Age and its Contributing Factors: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Eesha . , Aggarwal KC , Saluja Sumita
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The risk of Iron Deficiency (ID) is a major concern associated with exclusively breastfed infants of age 4-6 months. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) iron should be universally supplemented from six months onwards instead of four months as recommended by American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP). Aim: To determine ID and Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) among infants of age 4-6 months and relation of same to various socioeconomic and maternal parameters. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics of a tertiary care hospital in India. It included a sample population of 200 exclusively breastfed term infants, of age 4-6 months. Iron status was determined by studying the haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels and their associations to demographic, socio-economic and maternal parameters. Qualitative variables were analysed using the Chi-square test/Fisher's-exact test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to find out significant risk factors of ID and IDA. Results: Age wise distribution of infants was 91 (45.5%), 62 (31%), and 47 (23.5%) at 4, 5, and 6 months. Male-to-female ratio was 1.7:1. Mean±SD value of haemoglobin and serum ferritin was 10.82±0.60 g/dL and 44.60±25.02 μg/L, respectively. Prevalence of ID was 11 (12.09%), 16 (25.81%), and 16 (34.04%) at ages 4, 5, and 6 months, respectively. On multivariate regression analysis, age of mother <20 years (p-value 0.043), and increasing parity (p-value 0.001) were associated with low iron status. Conclusion: Almost one-third healthy, term exclusively breastfed infants become iron deficient by the age of six months. The study supports the need for iron supplementation from the age of four months universally instead of six months in exclusively breastfed term infants.
IMPACTO DAS MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS EM CISTERNAS RURAIS DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO
Authors: Rocha Marília Silva Dantas , Nóbrega Rodolfo Luiz Bezerra , Farias Camilo Allyson Simões de , Galvão Carlos de Oliveira
Published: February 2022

O semiárido brasileiro é uma região caracterizada por uma alta variabilidade espacial e temporal do regime pluviométrico que, associada ao alto índice de evaporação, baixa capacidade de retenção de água no solo e alta demanda pela sociedade, provoca um desequilíbrio entre a oferta e demanda de água. Nas últimas duas décadas sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva (SAAC) têm sido implementados para uso domiciliar como alternativa para garantir suprimento de água à população rural da região. Mais de 600.000 famílias são usuárias dos SAAC provenientes de recursos e informações por programas sociais, como o Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas (P1MC). Para que uma política de segurança hídrica possa ser bem implementada, é necessário que haja o monitoramento e estimativa de captação e armazenamento de água nesses sistemas já instalados a fim de conhecer as possíveis transformações em sua capacidade de prover água em decorrência das mudanças climáticas projetadas. Essas medidas auxiliam a tomada de decisões por parte de órgãos federais, estaduais e municipais de defesa civil, saúde e recursos hídricos, entre outros. Um dosmaiores desafios, em face à variabilidade e às mudanças climáticas, é prever os impactos sobre o suprimento à demanda por água dessas famílias. Este artigo apresenta um estudo desses impactos no território do estado da Paraíba. Através de séries históricas de precipitação e das projeções climáticas simuladas por modelos de circulação global, foram criados cenários de mudanças climáticas e, ao submetê-los a um modelo de balanço hídrico dos SAAC, foi estimada a vulnerabilidade desses sistemas às possíveis mudanças no clima futuro. Constatou-se que a vulnerabilidade atual dos SAAC já é significativa e que as mudanças climáticas podem provocar impactos relevantes, que, por sua vez, podem ser mitigados com a adoção de medidas adaptativas baseadas nos resultados deste estudo.
BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION BY LICENSED BRAZILIANS LANDFILLS AND POTENTIAL ENERGY USE IN SMALL MUNICIPALITIES
Authors: Ritter Elisabeth , Guerreiro Erica , Ornelas-Ferreira Bernardo
Published: February 2022

One of the main challenges especially for small developing cities is finding economically viable alternatives to the management of municipal solid waste. This research aims to investigate the potential of biomethane production by licensed Brazilian landfills, in order to assess the feasibility of using biomethane energy in small municipalities. This study identified three biogas-upgrading facilities authorized by the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) as to know: GNR Dois Arcos, Gás Verde and GNR Fortaleza. Field research collected additional information about the landfills and biomethane facilities investigated, in order to create indexes for supporting decision-makers in the waste management sector. Indexes A and B were proposed, which represent: the relation between the biogas production and the mass of landfilled municipal solid waste, and the relation between the biomethane processing capacity in the facility and the biogas production potential, respectively. This study showed that one of the facilities with lower biomethane production and biogas processing capacities, and which receives municipal solid waste from several small municipalities - such as GNR Dois Arcos - presented a similar value for index A in relation to the biggest facility – such as Gás Verde - and the highest value for index B compared to the other two larger facilities.
A questão do Estado e os prismas da pedagogia histórico-crítica na transição do capitalismo para o socialismo/comunismo
Authors: Rezera Danielle do Nascimento , Lopes Walson
Published: February 2022

Neste artigo, buscamos debater como os teóricos Karl Marx, Nicos Poulantzas e Antonio Gramsci nos oferecem subsídios para problematizar o Estado na sociedade capitalista e o caminho de superá-lo, pela via socialista, no processo de formação da sociedade comunista. Entendemos esses autores como basilares para a compreensão do Estado como elemento imprescindível, substancial e intrínseco das relações de reprodução ou emancipação humana. Assim, nos amparamos nas possibilidades da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica que no campo da educação, com seus referenciais didático-pedagógicos, muito contribui para esse processo de mediação de superação da sociedade produtora de mercadorias, para uma sociedade em que o ser humano possa emancipar-se, ultrapassando as iniquidades e a reificação tão características da forma social capitalista.
O modelo educativo plurinacional da Bolívia: educação regular e organização curricular
Authors: De Sousa Araújo Thiago Matias , Ferreira Júnior Amarílio
Published: February 2022

Este artigo aborda o modelo educativo do Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia, com foco no Subsistema de Educação Regular, seus níveis e currículo, com base nos elementos trazidos pela legislação e documentos oficiais. Após larga história de subalternização e violências, um bloco identificado com a maioria étnica e trabalhadora alçou-se à condição de direção Estatal, conformando novo modelo de Estado e novo arcabouço jurídico-teórico educativo, a partir da lei Avelino Siñani – Elizardo Pérez. Uma década após sua promulgação, se observa um país livre do analfabetismo, com significativa ampliação da cobertura educativa e aproximação concreta do processo pedagógico ao contexto sociocomunitario e produtivo boliviano.
O internacionalismo como prática pedagógica na Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Fábio Tomaz , Cebalho Fernandes Rosana
Published: February 2022

No presente texto apresentamos um panorama geral sobre como o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Ruais Sem Terra (MST) compreende e implementa concretamente a questão do internacionalismo entendido como princípio, valor e estratégia desde as ações específicas que desenvolve, mas também em relação a um projeto amplo e profundo da classe trabalhadora do mundo. Nesse sentido, o internacionalismo não é apenas uma ação para fora, senão também para dentro dos territórios que são as bases do Movimento e onde os sujeitos estão inseridos nos processos de lutas e resistências permanentemente. Um desses territórios é a Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes (ENFF), uma escola de formação política para militantes, dirigentes e quadros das organizações populares da classe trabalhadora nacional e internacional. Na ENFF, desde a concepção de formação do Movimento reafirmamos o internacionalismo como prática pedagógica a partir das dimensões formativas e seus tempos pedagógicos imprimindo no cotidiano a organização rigorosa de um programa, a vivência entre as pessoas durante um determinado período e as sínteses que ajudam a identificar elementos comuns que reafirmam as tarefas dos militantes em seus países e territórios, desde as suas organizações populares e o seu projeto estratégico. Apresentamos também algumas práticas históricas que a ENFF organiza e foi se constituindo em uma referência internacional, como o plantio no bosque da solidariedade, os nomes das turmas, os cursos organizados para o público de outros países para além do Brasil, bem como a presença de militantes permanentes que compõem a Brigada Apolônio de Carvalho (BAC). Reafirmamos que nesse processo a Escola vai elaborando e reelaborando o seu fazer político e pedagógico, aprofundando o seu método e construindo alternativas junto ao desafio de emancipação do ser humano e da sociedade como um todo.
Paulo Freire em Cuba
Authors: Freire Paulo , Pérez Esther , Martínez Heredia Fernando
Published: February 2022

Apresentamos aos leitores e leitoras da revista uma entrevista de Paulo Freire feita por Esther Pérez e Fernando Martínez Heredia, dois dos maiores intelectuais cubanos no debate da cultura e educação da Revolução Cubana, publicada originalmente na Revista Casa de Las Américas, nº 164, no ano de 1987. Essa foi a única entrevista dada por Freire em solo cubano. A relevância dela nesse número refere-se a a riqueza de reflexões que os três intelectuais da classe trabalhadora latino-americana (Paulo, Esther e Fernando) desenvolvem se articulando plenamente ao tema do dossiê, qual seja: América Latina, experiências socialista e educação. Além disso, a coordenação editorial da Revista Germinal e desse número entendem que nada melhor para comemorar o centenário de Paulo Freire do que acompanha-lo numa reflexão que os estimula a pensar a educação do povo a partir do contexto de uma revolução socialista construída a poucos kilometros da maior potẽncia capitalista do globo. O texto que reproduzimos aqui é baseado na versão que integra o livro Diálogos com Paulo Freire de Paulo Freire, Esther Pérez e Fernando Martínez Heredia publicada pela Editoral Caminos no ano de 1997 e disponível no Acervo Educador Paulo Freire no seguinte endereço digital: http://acervo.paulofreire.org:8080/xmlui/
Políticas públicas e direitos sociais de trabalhadoras rurais: caso da associação Amabela, Pará
Authors: Uchôa Maria Zilomar de Sousa , Ramos Carla , Leão Lidiane Nascimento , Vieira Thiago Almeida
Published: February 2022

O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o acesso aos direitos sociais por mulheres associadas a uma organização social rural. Para isso, foram entrevistadas 20 mulheres que fazem parte da Associação de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais do município de Belterra-Pará (AMABELA), nos meses de abril a maio de 2019, visando analisar os direitos sociais que estas mulheres tinham acesso. Após análise dos dados, por meio da análise de conteúdo, os resultados obtidos possibilitaram concluir que para a concretização dos direitos sociais dentro dessa associação, é necessária a implementação de políticas públicas direcionadas às necessidades sociais daquelas mulheres, sendo imperativo que o poder público desenvolva uma postura ativa para que esses direitos sociais fundamentais sejam mais abrangentes e atendam não só as mulheres, mas todas as pessoas que fazem parte daquela comunidade, que sejam políticas extensivas e igualitárias, sempre intentando respeitar a dignidade da pessoa humana, fazendo com que essas políticas sejam políticas públicas expansivas dentro da associação, ao ponto de despertar o interesse de outras mulheres da comunidade a se associarem na  AMABELA. Para além de todas essas questões, destacou-se a importância dos movimentos sociais de mulheres como responsáveis pelas informações de seus direitos, estes voltados para um planejamento de políticas públicas eficazes que contemplem as demandas dessas mulheres e de todos que fazem parte daquela comunidade.
Validity and reliability of the German multidimensional fatigue inventory in spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Binz Camilla , Osmanovic Alma , Thomas Nele H. , Stolte Benjamin , Freigang Maren , Cordts Isabell , Griep Ramona , Uzelac Zeljko , Wurster Claudia D. , Kamm Christoph , Siegler Hannah A. , Wieselmann Gary , Hermann Andreas , Lingor Paul , Deschauer Marcus , Ludolph Albert C. , Meyer Thomas , Günther René , Hagenacker Tim , Petri Susanne , Schreiber‐Katz Olivia
Published: February 2022

Objective

Fatigue is a common and burdensome symptom of spinal muscular atrophy. Given its complex interactions, different dimensions of fatigue need to be investigated. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is a widely used instrument that captures five distinct dimensions. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the German Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in spinal muscular atrophy and to evaluate the presence of clinically relevant fatigue.

Methods

One hundred and forty adult spinal muscular atrophy patients completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in a nationwide, multicenter, cross‐sectional study. Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis. Cronbach’s α was calculated to evaluate internal consistency. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation with a Visual Analog Scale for fatigue and the EuroQol‐Five Dimension‐Five Level Scale as a measure of quality of life.

Results

The original five‐component model of the questionnaire constituted an acceptable fit. Internal consistency and convergent validity of general, physical, mental fatigue, and reduced activity were good. We observed a floor effect for mental fatigue. While physical fatigue exceeded the cutoff for clinically relevant fatigue, all dimensions but reduced motivation correlated negatively with quality of life. Age, depression, and ≥4 copies of the survival motor neuron 2 gene were associated with higher general/physical fatigue; unemployed participants reported higher scores for reduced activity/motivation.

Interpretation

The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is a valid and reliable instrument to assess different dimensions of fatigue in spinal muscular atrophy. Fatigue is a relevant problem in spinal muscular atrophy and its assessment should be incorporated into standard care.
Self‐Plugging Microneedle (SPM) for Intravitreal Drug Delivery
Authors: Lee KangJu , Park SeungHyun , Jo Dong Hyun , Cho Chang Sik , Jang Ha Young , Yi Jiyeon , Kang Minkyung , Kim Jaeho , Jung Ho Yun , Kim Jeong Hun , Ryu WonHyoung , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: February 2022

Intravitreal injection (IVI) is a common technology which is used to treat ophthalmic diseases inside eyeballs by delivering various drugs into the vitreous cavity using hypodermic needles. However, in some cases, there are possible side effects such as ocular tissue damage due to repeated injection or eyeball infection through the hole created during the needle retraction process. The best scenario of IVI is a one‐time injection of drugs without needle retraction, keeping the system of the eyeball closed. Microneedles (MNs) have been applied to ocular tissues over 10 years, and no serious side effects on ocular tissue due to MN injection have been reported. Therefore, a self‐plugging MN (SPM) is developed to perform intraocular drug delivery and to seal the scleral puncture simultaneously. The SPMs are fabricated by a thermal drawing process and then coated with a polymeric carrier of drugs and a hydrogel‐based scleral plugging component. Each coated functional layer is characterized and demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Finally, in vivo tests using a porcine model confirms prompt sealing of SPM and sustained intraocular drug delivery.