bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Substructures in Young Transition Disk WL 17
Authors: Gulick Hannah C. , Sadavoy Sarah , Matrà Luca , Sheehan Patrick , van der Marel Nienke
Published: November 2021

WL 17 is a young transition disk in the Ophiuchus L1688 molecular cloud complex. Even though WL 17 is among the brightest disks in L1688 and massive enough to expect dust self-scattering, it was undetected in polarization down to Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array’s (ALMA’s) instrument sensitivity limit. Such low polarization fractions could indicate unresolved polarization within the beam or optically thin dust emission. We test the latter case by combining the high-sensitivity 233 GHz Stokes I data from the polarization observations with previous ALMA data at 345 and 100 GHz. We use simple geometric shapes to fit the observed disk visibilities in each band. Using our simple models and assumed dust temperature profiles, we estimate the optical depth in all three bands. The optical depth at 233 GHz peaks at τ
233 ∼ 0.3, which suggests the dust emission may not be optically thick enough for dust self-scattering to be efficient. We also find the higher-sensitivity 233 GHz data show substructure in the disk for the first time. The substructure appears as brighter lobes along the major axis, on either side of the star. We attempt to fit the lobes with a simple geometric model, but they are unresolved in the 233 GHz data. We propose that the disk may be flared at 1 mm such that there is a higher column of dust along the major axis than the minor axis when viewed at an inclination. These observations highlight the strength of high-sensitivity continuum data from dust polarization observations to study disk structures.
Effects of Anisotropy on Strongly Magnetized Neutron and Strange Quark Stars in General Relativity
Authors: Deb Debabrata , Mukhopadhyay Banibrata , Weber Fridolin
Published: November 2021

We investigate the properties of anisotropic, spherically symmetric compact stars, especially neutron stars (NSs) and strange quark stars (SQSs), made of strongly magnetized matter. The NSs are described by the SLy equation of state (EOS) and the SQSs by an EOS based on the MIT Bag model. The stellar models are based on an a priori assumed density dependence of the magnetic field and thus anisotropy. Our study shows that not only the presence of a strong magnetic field and anisotropy, but also the orientation of the magnetic field itself, have an important influence on the physical properties of stars. Two possible magnetic field orientations are considered: a radial orientation where the local magnetic fields point in the radial direction, and a transverse orientation, where the local magnetic fields are perpendicular to the radial direction. Interestingly, we find that for a transverse orientation of the magnetic field, the stars become more massive with increasing anisotropy and magnetic-field strength and increase in size since the repulsive, effective anisotropic force increases in this case. In the case of a radially oriented magnetic field, however, the masses and radii of the stars decrease with increasing magnetic-field strength because of the decreasing effective anisotropic force. Importantly, we also show that in order to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium configurations of magnetized matter, it is essential to account for both the local anisotropy effects as well as the anisotropy effects caused by a strong magnetic field. Otherwise, hydrostatic equilibrium is not achieved for magnetized stellar models.
Successive H-atom Addition to Solid OCS on Compact Amorphous Solid Water
Authors: Nguyen Thanh , Oba Yasuhiro , Sameera W. M. C. , Kouchi Akira , Watanabe Naoki
Published: November 2021

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is an abundant sulfur (S)-bearing species in the interstellar medium. It is present not only in the gas phase, but also on interstellar grains as a solid; therefore, OCS very likely undergoes physicochemical processes on icy surfaces at very low temperatures. The present study experimentally and computationally investigates the reaction of solid OCS with hydrogen (H) atoms on amorphous solid water at low temperatures. The results show that the addition of H to OCS proceeds via quantum tunneling, and further addition of H leads to the formation of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), formaldehyde (H2CO), methanol (CH3OH), and thioformic acid (HC(O)SH). These experimental results are explained by our quantum chemical calculations, which demonstrate that the initial addition of H to the S atom of OCS is the most predominant, leading to the formation of OCS-H radicals. Once the formed OCS-H radical is stabilized on ice, further addition of H to the S atom yields CO and H2S, while that to the C atom yields HC(O)SH. We have also confirmed, in a separate experiment, the HC(O)SH formation by the HCO reactions with the SH radicals. The present results would have an important implication for the recent detection of HC(O)SH toward G+0.693–0.027.
Most “Young” α-rich Stars Have High Masses but are Actually Old
Authors: Zhang Meng , Xiang Maosheng , Zhang Hua-Wei , Ting Yuan-Sen , Rix Hans-Walter , Wu Ya-Qian , Huang Yang , Sun Wei-Xiang , Tian Zhi-Jia , Wang Chun , Liu Xiao-Wei
Published: November 2021

Recent observations have revealed a population of α-element abundances, enhanced giant stars with unexpected high masses (≳1 M
⊙) from asteroseismic analysis and spectroscopy. Assuming single-star evolution, their masses imply young ages (τ < 6 Gyr) incompatible with the canonical Galactic chemical evolution scenario. Here we study the chemistry and kinematics of a large sample of such α-rich, high-mass red giant branch (RGB) stars drawn from the LAMOST spectroscopic surveys. Using LAMOST and Gaia, we found these stars share the same kinematics as the canonical high-α old stellar population in the Galactic thick disk. The stellar abundances show that these high-α massive stars have α- and iron-peak element abundances similar to those of the high-α old thick-disk stars. However, a portion of them exhibit higher [(N+C)/Fe] and [Ba/Fe] ratios, which implies they have gained C- and Ba-rich materials from extra sources, presumably asymptotic giant branch (AGB) companions. The results support the previous suggestion that these RGB stars are products of binary evolution. Their high masses thus mimic “young” single stars, yet in fact they belong to an intrinsic old stellar population. To fully explain the stellar abundance patterns of our sample stars, a variety of binary evolution channels, such as main-sequence (MS) + RGB, MS + AGB, RGB + RGB, and RGB + AGB, are required, pointing to diverse formation mechanisms of these seemly rejuvenated cannibals. With this larger sample, our results confirm earlier findings that most, if not all, α-rich stars in the Galactic disk seem to be old.
Rotation Curves in z ∼ 1–2 Star-forming Disks: Comparison of Dark Matter Fractions and Disk Properties for Different Fitting Methods
Authors: Price S. H. , Shimizu T. T. , Genzel R. , Übler H. , Förster Schreiber N. M. , Tacconi L. J. , Davies R. I. , Coogan R. T. , Lutz D. , Wuyts S. , Wisnioski E. , Nestor A. , Sternberg A. , Burkert A. , Bender R. , Contursi A. , Davies R. L. , Herrera-Camus R. , Lee M.-J. , Naab T. , Neri R. , Renzini A. , Saglia R. , Schruba A. , Schuster K.
Published: November 2021

We present a follow-up analysis examining the dynamics and structures of 41 massive, large star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 0.67 − 2.45 using both ionized and molecular gas kinematics. We fit the galaxy dynamics with models consisting of a bulge, a thick, turbulent disk, and an NFW dark matter halo, using code that fully forward-models the kinematics, including all observational and instrumental effects. We explore the parameter space using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, including priors based on stellar and gas masses and disk sizes. We fit the full sample using extracted 1D kinematic profiles. For a subset of 14 well-resolved galaxies, we also fit the 2D kinematics. The MCMC approach robustly confirms the results from least-squares fitting presented in Paper I: the sample galaxies tend to be baryon-rich on galactic scales (within one effective radius). The 1D and 2D MCMC results are also in good agreement for the subset, demonstrating that much of the galaxy dynamical information is captured along the major axis. The 2D kinematics are more affected by the presence of noncircular motions, which we illustrate by constructing a toy model with constant inflow for one galaxy that exhibits residual signatures consistent with radial motions. This analysis, together with results from Paper I and other studies, strengthens the finding that massive, star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1 − 2 are baryon-dominated on galactic scales, with lower dark matter fractions toward higher baryonic surface densities. Finally, we present details of the kinematic fitting code used in this analysis.
Asteroseismological Analysis of the DAV HS 0507+0434B: The Influence of Chemical Profile on the Pulsation Periods
Authors: Guifang Lin , Jie Su , Yan Li , Jianning Fu
Published: November 2021

Asteroseismology is a powerful tool to infer the details of the inner chemical structure of white dwarfs. Using the nine observed frequencies of HS 0507+0434B, we explore the influence of the inner chemical profile on the pulsation periods. Based on the evolutionary C/O profile, we modify slightly the C/O core profile and make an asteroseismic analysis for HS 0507+0434B. We find that the trapped mode with the period of 445.3 s is mainly affected by the hydrogen and helium mass fraction. The inner C/O core profile has an influence on all modes extending into the inner core. When we use the iteration method with the optimal C/O core profile, the fit between the theoretical periods and observed ones is significantly improved. For the best-fitting model with the optimal parametric C/O core, there is a smaller C/O ratio and a smaller overshooting zone in the stellar interior. The fundamental parameters of the model with the optimal C/O core are M
*/M
⊙ ∼ 0.710 ± 0.005, T
eff ∼ 12570 ± 106K,

log

M

H

/

M

*

∼
−
8.01
±
0.08

, and

log

M

He

/

M

*

∼
−
2.51
±
0.08

.
Constraining Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature Evolution With Sunyaev–Zel’Dovich Galaxy Clusters from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope
Authors: Li 李 Yunyang 云炀 , Hincks Adam D. , Amodeo Stefania , Battistelli Elia S. , Bond J. Richard , Calabrese Erminia , Choi Steve K. , Devlin Mark J. , Dunkley Jo , Ferraro Simone , Gluscevic Vera , Guan Yilun , Halpern Mark , Hilton Matt , Hlozek Renee , Marriage Tobias A. , McMahon Jeff , Moodley Kavilan , Naess Sigurd , Nati Federico , Niemack Michael D. , Orlowski-Scherer John , Page Lyman , Partridge Bruce , Salatino Maria , Schaan Emmanuel , Schillaci Alessandro , Sehgal Neelima , Sifón Cristóbal , Staggs Suzanne T. , van Engelen Alexander , Wollack Edward J. , Xu Zhilei
Published: November 2021

The Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect introduces a specific distortion of the blackbody spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation when it scatters off hot gas in clusters of galaxies. The frequency dependence of the distortion is only independent of the cluster redshift when the evolution of the CMB radiation is adiabatic. Using 370 clusters within the redshift range 0.07 ≲ z ≲ 1.4 from the largest SZ-selected cluster sample to date from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, we provide new constraints on the deviation of CMB temperature evolution from the standard model

α
=

0.017

−
0.032

+
0.029

, where

T
(
z
)
=

T

0

1
+
z

1
−
α

. This result is consistent with no deviation from the standard adiabatic model. Combining it with previous, independent data sets we obtain a joint constraint of α = −0.001 ± 0.012. Attributing deviation from adiabaticity to the decay of dark energy, this result constrains its effective equation of state

w

eff

=
−

0.998

−
0.010

+
0.008

.
Multiple Electron Acceleration Instances during a Series of Solar Microflares Observed Simultaneously at X-Rays and Microwaves
Authors: Battaglia Marina , Sharma Rohit , Luo 骆 Yingjie 英杰 , Chen 陈 Bin 彬 , Yu 余 Sijie 思捷 , Krucker Säm
Published: November 2021

Even small solar flares can display a surprising level of complexity regarding their morphology and temporal evolution. Many of their properties, such as energy release and electron acceleration can be studied using highly complementary observations at X-ray and radio wavelengths. We present X-ray observations from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager and radio observations from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) of a series of GOES A3.4–B1.6 class flares observed on 2013 April 23. The flares, as seen in X-ray and extreme ultraviolet, originated from multiple locations within active region NOAA 11726. A veritable zoo of different radio emissions between 1 GHz and 2 GHz was observed cotemporally with the X-ray flares. In addition to broadband continuum emission, broadband short-lived bursts and narrowband spikes, indicative of accelerated electrons, were observed. However, these sources were located up to 150″ away from the flaring X-ray sources but only some of these emissions could be explained as signatures of electrons that were accelerated near the main flare site. For other sources, no obvious magnetic connection to the main flare site could be found. These emissions likely originate from secondary acceleration sites triggered by the flare, but may be due to reconnection and acceleration completely unrelated to the cotemporally observed flare. Thanks to the extremely high sensitivity of the VLA, not achieved with current X-ray instrumentation, it is shown that particle acceleration happens frequently and at multiple locations within a flaring active region.
Long-term dynamics of the abundance of earthworms and enchytraeids (Annelida, Clitellata: Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae) in forests of the Central Urals, Russia
Authors: Vorobeichik Evgenii , Nesterkov Alexey , Golovanova Elena , Nesterkova Dina , Ermakov Alexander , Grebennikov Maxim
Published: November 2021

Since the late 1980s, long-term monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems in metal-contaminated areas has been carried out in the Central Urals. As a part of these monitoring programmes, the data on soil macroinvertebrates in undisturbed areas as reference sites continues to be gathered. These data help study the local biodiversity and long-term dynamics of soil macroinvertebrate abundance in non-polluted areas.

The dataset (available from the GBIF network at https://www.gbif.org/dataset/bf5bc7f6-71a3-4abd-8abc-861ee3cbf84a) includes information from a long-term monitoring programme for two taxa of Annelids, Lumbricidae and Enchytraeidae, which dwell in the topsoil of spruce-fir, birch, pine and floodplain forests in the Central Urals. The dataset includes information on the earthworm community structure (list of species, species abundance, number of egg cocoons, cocoon exuvia, juveniles and adults) and enchytraeid abundance. The dataset consists of 553 sampling events (= samples, corresponding to upper and lower layers of the soil monoliths) and 12739 occurrences (earthworms, mainly identified to species and earthworm cocoons and enchytraeids, identified to family) collected during 1990–1991, 2004, 2014–2016 and 2018–2020. In total, 3305 individuals of earthworms were collected, representing ten (out of twelve) species and all eight genera recorded for the fauna of the Central Urals. In addition, 7292 earthworm egg cocoons and cocoon exuvia and 6926 individuals of enchytraeids were accumulated. The presence-absence data on each of the ten earthworm species, egg cocoons, cocoon exuvia and enchytraeids are provided for each sampling event. All data were collected in undisturbed non-polluted areas and are used as a local reference for ecotoxicological monitoring. The dataset provides valuable information for estimating the composition and abundance of earthworm communities in different habitats over a long time and contributes to the study of soil fauna biodiversity in the Urals.
Identité et image de marque employeur des Big Four : entre différences et indifférence
Authors: Guillot-Soulez Chloé , Chastenet Édouard
Published: November 2021

Le concept de marque employeur renvoie à l’ensemble des bénéfices qui permettent de définir une entreprise en tant qu’employeur et d’identifier ce qui la rend désirable et différente des autres employeurs pour attirer et retenir les ressources humaines. Cette recherche se centre sur l’analyse de la marque employeur des Big Four (Deloitte, EY, KPMG, PwC). Ces quatre grands cabinets d’audit et de conseil ont chaque année besoin d’attirer de nouveaux collaborateurs, pour la plupart des jeunes diplômés issus des grandes écoles et des universités. Cette recherche questionne et analyse la capacité de ces quatre entreprises à définir une marque employeur différenciée dans une perspective d’attractivité des ressources humaines potentielles. À partir de l’analyse des sites Internet de recrutement des Big Four et d’une enquête par questionnaires menée auprès d’étudiants en comptabilité/finance, cette recherche propose une analyse comparée de l’identité et de l’image de marque employeur des Big Four. Il ressort que si les quatre cabinets essaient de se différencier lorsqu’ils communiquent leur identité de marque employeur sur les pages « carrières » de leurs sites Internet au niveau des bénéfices valorisés, ces éléments de différenciation ne sont que marginalement perçus par les ressources humaines potentielles qui ont une image peu différenciée des bénéfices de la marque employeur de ces quatre entreprises. Cette recherche dévoile ainsi une situation archétypale inédite où la valorisation d’une promesse d’emploi unique constitue un véritable défi pour la gestion de la marque employeur dans la mesure où celle-ci relève davantage de l’image commune des Big Four en tant que groupe d’entreprises que de celles des entreprises elles-mêmes.
Les enjeux de la religion et de la religiosité au travail
Authors: Honoré Lionel
Published: November 2021

La spiritualité au travail est de plus en plus acceptée et encouragée. La limite que fixent les entreprises est souvent celle de la religion. Le salarié qui s’investit personnellement dans son travail et l’activité de l’entreprise peut amener sa spiritualité au travail sauf si elle est religieuse. Comment expliquer ces phénomènes ? Quels sens pouvons-nous leur donner ? Quels en sont les enjeux pour les salariés, les entreprises, la performance ? Cet article se propose d’apporter des réponses à ces questions en s’appuyant sur l’analyse une revue de la littérature consacrée à la spiritualité et la religion au travail. Il propose notamment un travail de définition des concepts centraux (religion, religiosité) et d’analyse des manières respectives dont ils permettent de problématiser la question de la diversité. Pour cela deux formes de diversité (intrinsèque et extrinsèque) sont différenciées.
Les tarificateurs des conseils départementaux aux prises avec les instruments d’action publique : le cas des EHPAD
Authors: Xing-Bongioanni Jingyue
Published: November 2021

Fondé sur une enquête ethnographique en immersion au sein d’une collectivité territoriale, cet article étudie les indicateurs et outils standardisés pour la tarification des Ehpad conçus et mis en place par une équipe de tarificateurs travaillant dans un conseil départemental, ainsi que la rétroaction de ces outils sur ce même groupe professionnel. L’article montre que la mise en œuvre d’outils et indicateurs standardisés « faits maison » a non seulement pour effet de normaliser la production des services dans les Ehpad, mais également de transformer les rapports entre le groupe des tarificateurs et d’autres groupes professionnels de l’administration publique locale en jouant un rôle majeur dans leur quête de reconnaissance institutionnelle et professionnelle.
Comment émerge un indice boursier ? Histoire du BEL 20
Authors: Duterme Tom
Published: November 2021

Cet article retrace l’émergence du principal indice boursier belge (BEL 20), à travers une revue des autres indices qui ont, tout au long du xx e  siècle, fait autorité à la Bourse de Bruxelles. L’étude des méthodologies mobilisées et des publics représentés met au jour la variété des significations – tant cognitives que politiques – que peut cristalliser un indice boursier, mais aussi les raisons du succès du BEL 20 dans cette lutte entre « conventions financières ».
Healthcare information system use under techno-uncertainty: evidence from long-term care
Authors: Lauwers Marion , Giangreco Antonio , Carugati Andrea , Maes Johan , Sebastiano Antonio
Published: November 2021

Dans des contextes dynamiques, dans lesquels les méthodes de travail et les systèmes d’information (SI) sont constamment en décalage, l’étude des aspects psychologiques de l’utilisation des SI est de plus en plus pertinente. Cet article étudie les impacts de la techno-incertitude, l’un des principaux facteurs de technostress, sur l’utilisation des Systèmes d’Information de santé. Le modèle exploratoire de médiations en série proposé concernant l’impact de la techno-incertitude sur l’utilisation des systèmes d’information de santé suggère que les effets se développent via la perception d’utilité et l’utilisation exploitante. Les tests de médiation auprès de 301 soignants confortent ces prédictions. Afin d’aider les institutions de santé dans l’amélioration de l’utilisation des systèmes d’information de santé, cette étude ouvre la boîte noire des mécanismes par lesquels la techno-incertitude détermine l’utilisation exploratoire des systèmes d’information de santé, prenant en compte le rôle de l’expérience dans l’évaluation des caractéristiques du système. L’article souligne également les potentiels effets positifs du technostress, indiquant la nécessité d’étudier les techno-stressors de manière distincte, dans des contextes spécifiques.
Une étude de l’appropriation d’un dispositif d’accompagnement de la transformation numérique en continu
Authors: Coron Clotilde , Richet Jean-Loup
Published: November 2021

La littérature sur la transformation numérique (TN) reste généralement concentrée sur le processus de transformation, mais s’intéresse peu à l’accompagnement que nécessite la TN en continu. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l’appropriation d’un dispositif d’accompagnement de la TN, permettant de maintenir la coopération et l’effort d’une TN complexe, contingente, en constante évolution et redéfinition. Comment les différents niveaux d’appropriation d’un dispositif d’accompagnement de la TN coexistent-ils dans une TN en continu ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié au moyen d’observation participante et d’entretiens semi-directifs l’appropriation d’un dispositif d’accompagnement de la TN au sein de trois grandes entreprises. Notre travail répond à un manque de recherches sur l’appropriation des dispositifs d’accompagnement de la TN en explorant les trois perspectives identifiées dans les travaux de De Vaujany (rationnelle, sociopolitique, psychocognitive) à trois niveaux d’analyse (gouvernance, entité, individu) et pour différentes catégories d’acteurs (concepteurs, responsables du déploiement et utilisateurs) amenés à collaborer dans le contexte de l’accompagnement d’une TN.
Nutrient-rich locusts serve as an ingredient for food production in China
Authors: Zhang H.B. , Cui Y.J. , Zhang J.Y. , Miao R.J. , Liu C.L. , Han Y.J.
Published: November 2021

As a major group of insects, locusts frequently cause agricultural damage, however, they have high economic value due to their rich nutritional content. In this paper, we systematically summarise the research results on the species, distribution, and functional composition of locusts in China over the past three decades and analyse the differences in research results in relation to experimental methods, locust species, and the experimental dates. In addition, we also introduce the methods for obtaining mass locusts, and discuss the edible, medicinal and feed usage of locusts, and prospect the exploitation of locust resources in order to provide a reference for locust-related research.
Visualising the nutritional performance landscapes for the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Authors: Cheon D.A. , Jang T. , Lee K.P.
Published: November 2021

The black soldier fly (BSF),Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), has become one of the most economically important insects that can be a sustainable replacement for traditional feed for swine, poultry, and aquaculture. Despite its emerging importance, studies examining the nutritional requirement of BSF have been scarce. Here we used nutritional geometry approach to determine the separate and combined effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate content on multiple life-history traits and body composition linked to fitness in BSF. BSF larvae were reared on one of 32 chemically defined diets that varied in protein-to-carbohydrate ratio (P:C=1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, or 8:1) and in protein plus carbohydrate concentration (P+C=60, 120, 180, or 240 g/l). Females developed more slowly into larger adults than males, but two sexes responded to dietary variation in protein and carbohydrate in a similar manner. The topography of the nutritional performance landscapes mapped for all measured traits differed significantly from one another, with the optimal P:C ratio being 1:1.71 for preadult survivorship, 1:1.56 – 1:1.11 for development time, 1:3.36 – 1:3.16 for body weight at adult emergence, and 1:1.83 – 1:1.40 for growth rate. Significant divergence in nutritional optima among these components of fitness indicates that the occurrence of fundamental life-history trade-off can be mediated by macronutrient intake. The index representing the preadult performance of BSF had a nonlinear relationship with dietary protein, with the peak centred at the intermediate P:C ratios of 1:1.43 – 1:1.37. The optimal P:C ratio was 1:2.12 – 1:1.70 for lean body weight and 1:14.14 – 1:10.82 for lipid content. Our results highlight the importance of the balanced composition of dietary protein and carbohydrate for optimising BSF performance and have implications for enhancing the mass production of this beneficial species.
Abiotic factors affect growth and aflatoxin B1 production byAspergillus flavus strains on chilli powder and red chillies
Authors: Al-Jaza D. , Medina A. , Magan N.
Published: November 2021

Chillies and chilli-based products are important spices on a global basis. The production, processing, transport and storage phases of chillies are prone to infection byAspergillus SectionFlavi and contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for which legislative limits exist in many countries. We have examined the effect of the interacting abiotic factors of water availability (water activity, aw; 0.995-0.850 aw) and temperature (15-37 °C) on (a) lag phases prior to growth, (b) growth, (c) AFB1 production and (d) contour maps of optimum and boundary conditions for colonisation and toxin production by threeAspergillus flavus strains on a 10% chilli-based medium. Additional studies with whole red chillies +A. flavus conidial inoculum on AFB1 contamination during storage for 10-20 days at 30 °C were also carried out.In vitro, the lag phases before growth were delayed by lower temperatures (15, 20 °C) and aw levels (0.928-0.901 aw). There was no statistical difference in growth between the three strains. Optimal growth was at 37 °C and 0.982 aw with no growth at 0.85 aw. Optimal temperature × aw conditions for AFB1 production were at 30 °C and 0.982 aw with no statistical difference in production between strains. No AFB1 was produced at 15-20 °C at 0.901 and 0.928 aw levels, respectively.In situ studies withA. flavus inoculated whole red chillies at 0.90 and 0.95 aw found that this species became the major component of the total fungal populations at 30 °C after 10-20 days storage. AFB1 contamination was above the European legislative limits (5 μg/kg) for spices at 0.90 aw after 20 days storage and at 0.95 aw after 10 and 20 days. This suggests that storage conditions of ≥0.90 aw, especially at ≥25-30 °C represents a significant risk of contamination with AFB1 at levels where rejection might occur, even after only 10-20 days storage.
Daran robot, a reconfigurable, powerful, and affordable robotic platform for STEM education
Authors: Wang Mingfeng , Liu Ruijun , Zhang Chunsong , Tang Zhao
Published: November 2021

Robot and programming education, as a key part of STEM education, is attracting more and more attention in the education industry. In this paper, a novel open-sourced educational robotic platform, Daran robot, is proposed with key features in terms of reconfigurable, powerful, and affordable. As an entry-level robotic platform, the Daran robot consists of three individual robots, which are a Mecanum-wheeled robot, a three-wheeled robot, and a 4-DoF robot arm. Both graphical and Python programming environments are developed for students with different entry levels. Thanks to the reconfigurability, four classic constructions of the Daran robot are presented with corresponding case studies, based on which the students can practically learn basic knowledge of sensing and control technologies.
Immigration challenges to Scotland after Brexit
Authors: El Fekih Said Wafa
Published: November 2021

The negotiations regarding the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union have raised a number of questions relating to the future relationship between the UK and the EU. The impact of Brexit on Scotland will be considerable in economic terms and in terms of employment in the case of a ‘no deal’ with the EU. Britain’s withdrawal from the EU has also had an impact on the Scottish constitutional debate: the referendum results have revived the independence debate and led to calls for more devolved powers on immigration. Taking into consideration the restrictive orientation of the British Conservative-led government on immigration, the Scottish government is faced with questions on how to deal with immigration after Brexit. Brexit raises both challenges and opportunities for decision-makers in Scotland as relates to policies dedicated to immigrants in the context of the nation-building project. Using official government reports on immigration and Brexit as well as election manifestos, the following paper discusses the evolution and orientation of immigration in Scotland after leaving the EU and the resulting challenges and opportunities for the decision-makers in terms of the nation-building project in Scotland.
The Impact of Brexit on the SNP’s narrative of independence
Authors: Thiec Annie
Published: November 2021

In the run-up to the referendum on Scottish independence in 2014, the SNP Government’s narrative of independence was based on the assumption that both an independent Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom would remain members of the European Union. In this context, Scotland’s independence was presented as the opportunity to ‘create a new partnership of equals – a social union to replace the current political union’.In the aftermath of the EU referendum, with the prospect of Scotland being taken out of the EU against her will, the Scottish Government’s narrative of independence, while still pledging to maintain close links with the other nations of the UK, has been reframed in terms of Scotland’s future relationship with Europe and puts forward Scotland’s ambition to join the ‘top tier of independent nations.’This paper will analyse the SNP’s narrative of independence prior to the independence referendum. It will then explore how the prospect of Brexit has led the Scottish Government to make of Europe its new frame of reference, before finally discussing what this shift reveals about the party’s vision of Scotland’s place in Europe and in the world in the aftermath of the Brexit vote.
Energy Market in the Post-COVID-19 World
Authors: Norouzi Nima
Published: November 2021

The objective of this chapter was to structurally model the high priority factors in the face of the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 on the energy market. The method was based on interpretive structural modeling, and the matrix of crossed impacts multiplication was applied to classification. A model of 12 factors structured hierarchically in six levels is proposed in which consumption preferences, regulatory and normative modifications, political restrictions, and planning strategies have the greatest influence on the energy market from the perspective of China. As a result of this, it is suggested to move towards greater participation of public and private actors in renewable energy vectors.
Implications and Asymmetries of the Knowledge Society
Authors: Luque González Arturo
Published: November 2021

The term knowledge society brings together many of the transformations that are taking place in today's society, and its definition serves as an indicator of these changes. The related concentrations or asymmetries that arise from the phenomenon are also the subject of analysis and dispute. Its development and scope have been uneven, constantly incorporating new meanings to the existing terminology, hence the need to analyze 82 concepts of the knowledge society through a frequency count in Google Scholar, with a subsequent categorization saturating in six dimensions, in order to analyze their framing. The methodology used a higher-order association, establishing the most significant combinations and weightings. From these results, the concept of the knowledge society is defined by the dual economic-social category, according to its frequency of use in Google. This shows economic influences as a determining factor in the knowledge society, engendering processes far from the common good or the general interest.
Resilience of the Hotel Industry in COVID-19
Authors: Vig Shinu , Tewary Tavishi
Published: November 2021

COVID-19 has resulted in restrictions on travelling and public get-togethers. Amid the pandemic, one of the industries to be the most severely affected is the hotel industry. In the post-covid period, the industry is struggling for its subsistence due to mounting debts, change in behavior and perception of consumers, and lack of cash flows. This has resulted in loss of employment and has also negatively impacted allied industries. However, hotel entrepreneurs have shown resilience amid the crisis and have begun to explore novel opportunities. Hotels have adopted innovative technological and digital ways to satisfy the needs of the consumers for a contactless experience. The objective of this chapter is to explore the responses of the Indian hotel industry to the pandemic and risks associated with it. It explores the new paradigm and challenges for the industry and explains the resultant new trends in the hotel industry. The emphasis is on the exploration of long-term recovery and resilience of the hotel industry in India along with the policy measures and implications for the hotel industry.
Future Directions of Gamification in Education
Authors: Costello Robert
Published: November 2021

The use of technology within the 21st century to assist with Millennials provides the opportunity to explore unique opportunities for designing new approaches not just for education but also for the industry. Bridging communities helps with retention and engagement and supports through a variety of different devices too, for example, VR, AR, mobile learning, massively multiplayer online (MMOs) like Pokémon Go to sensory devices like the Kinect. It is these combinations of technology mixed with learning theories that can have a positive effect while addressing various health and well-being issues such as stress and depression. This chapter explores a variety of topics and how to bridge the gap with several scenarios while providing useful insights on opportunities and challenges.
The Learning Style of Gamers
Authors: Jurado Francisco , Rodriguez Pilar
Published: November 2021

The use of gamification has shown to be an interesting approach to engage users in MOOCs. In this context, different game strategies, elements, and mechanics are applied to help to improve the teaching/learning process. When designing teaching/learning methods, teachers must take into account both gamification techniques and learning styles in order to encourage students and to improve their learning performance, respectively. However, while applying gamification and at the same time keep taking into account the corresponding learning styles, we may find some kinds of incompatibilities. Thus, what this chapter covers is the conducted experimental analysis aimed at exploring the viability of merging gamer's profiles and learning styles in a single multidimensional user profile. The obtained results expose that, with this approach, we are able to identify groups of students so that, while designing teaching/learning methods, we can take into account both learning styles to improve the learning performance and gamification techniques to motivate and encourage the student.
Perceptions of Gender Stereotypes About Computer Game-Based Learning Among Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Liu Xiongyi , Wachira Patrick
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the present study is to develop a scale for measuring pre-service teacher perceptions of gender stereotypes about computer game-based learning, and conduct a preliminary study to explore the reliability and validity of the scale. Data was collected via survey from 119 pre-service teachers enrolled in a mathematics methods class at a mid-western university. Results of data analysis provided strong support for the reliability of the scale and partial support for its validity. Consistent with our hypotheses, perceptions of gender stereotypes were negatively related to computer gaming experience, gamer identity, and intention to use computer game-based learning in future teaching practice. At the same time, perceptions of gender stereotypes were positively related to perceived barriers to computer game-based learning. Factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure pertaining to four aspects of gender stereotypes with favorable perceptions towards male gamers: intrinsic motivation, competency, confidence, and game compatibility.
Effects of Using Multimodal Glosses in Video Games to Enhance Incidental Vocabulary Learning and Retention
Authors: Alghamdi Emad A.
Published: November 2021

Given the crucial role of vocabulary knowledge in language development, the literature is replete with studies that explore the effects of various vocabulary learning strategies. This chapter taps into two areas of research on vocabulary learning, multimodal glossing and digital gaming, and reports on an experimental study whose aim was to investigate the effect of providing EFL students (n=162) with three gloss conditions (L1 test + picture, L2 text + picture, and picture-only) when they play a video game on their vocabulary acquisition and retention. The students took two vocabulary tests immediately after playing the game, and again two weeks later. The findings revealed that while all groups benefited from multimodal glossing, the L1 text + picture gloss group significantly performed better than the other two groups in the acquisition and retention of the targeted words. The chapter concludes by discussing the limitations of the current study and suggesting new directions for future research.
Examining Motivational Game Features for Students With Learning Disabilities or Attention Disorders
Authors: Heath Corey D. C. , McDaniel Troy , Panchanathan Sethuraman
Published: November 2021

Students with learning disabilities (LD) or attention disorders (AD) often require supplementary or alternative instruction to achieve their learning goals. Computer-assisted intervention (CAI) has been explored as a promising method for fostering students' success by providing an engaging learning environment. The following chapter examines publications employing empirical studies of computerized games designed for students with LD or AD conducted between 2006-2016. The goal of this chapter is to give a brief overview and critique of the current research on incorporating computerized games into modern education for students with LD or AD, and to identify the key game features that successfully motivate and engage students.
Digital Game Design Tutorial for Use in the Basic School
Authors: Santanna dos Santos Míria , Peres Camila , Schmitt Marcelo A. R. , Peres Andre
Published: November 2021

The students of the twenty-first century are digital natives, presenting a nonlinear way of learning. The school, on the other hand, still keeps a sequential teaching structure. In order to approach the school of the students' reality, digital games can be an important educational tool. This can be done not only using educational games, but also by the creation of games. There are applications and software available online that allow the creation of games in a simple and accessible way. This process of building games enables students to mobilize various fields of knowledge and provide digital literacy, with the development of critical capacity. This chapter presents the theoretical foundations that justify the use of games in education, and a pedagogical proposal based on the construction of games, as well as tools that can be used to build digital games.
Gamification of Middle School Mathematics and Science
Authors: Incikabi Lutfi , Kepceoglu Ibrahim , Pektas Murat
Published: November 2021

Gamification, defined as the process of game-thinking and game mechanics to engage users and solve problems, is a fairly new and rapidly growing field. Literature suggests that gamification can contribute to develop higher order cognitive abilities such as problem solving and critical thinking skills. Using gamification in non-game situations enhances students' understanding and contributes on conceptual learning, especially in mathematics and science. This chapter introduces the concept of gamification in terms of its pedagogical underpinnings, integration of gamification into educational environments (with a focus on mathematics and science), a sample application of gamification in science content, and the future trends about possible directions of uses of gamification.
Board Games, Zombies, and Minecraft
Authors: Keim Susan , Jarrard Zac
Published: November 2021

Games have been played throughout human history and in all cultures, exposing almost everyone to gameplay in some form. Higher education is exploring ways faculty can leverage games to enhance course development and the student learning experience. The primary pedagogical use of games is gamification, in which gaming is used to transform learning activities. This chapter will 1) provide an overview of gamification theory and practice in higher education, 2) share ideas for faculty to consider when using gamification as a teaching tool, and 3) explore how the game Minecraft was used through educational and practical applications to teach a local government course.
Gamification Meets Mobile Learning
Authors: Apandi Affah Mohd
Published: November 2021

Higher education in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has given a brand new drive on Malaysian educational transformation. The impact of a numerous technology innovations in ICT towards Malaysian education is noticeable. Some existing jobs will be eliminated in this era, but more new jobs that require digital literacy are going to be created. Therefore, Education 4.0 must be able to produce graduates with excellent communication and collaborative skills. However, Malaysian Digest states that fresh graduates lack soft skills. Several approaches have been proposed by the Ministry of Higher Education for the purpose of enhancing students' soft skills. Therefore, by having technologies to help overcome this problem is sought after. This chapter describes the utilization of mobile learning and gamification in enhancing learner's soft skills. It elaborates the effectiveness of using gamification in mobile learning technique to develop learners' higher order thinking skills to help them succeed in a global economy.
Benefits and Disadvantages of Utilizing Gamified Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Yousof Ahmed Karam
Published: November 2021

The chapter presents the results of a systematic analysis of published works on utilizing gamification in higher education. The analysis sheds light on the positives and challenges of using gamification in education. The author investigated the studies that tackled the use of gamified learning in various educational environments and contexts. Although the literature has focused on the general use of gamification, previous research did not highlight other positives and negatives that may result from the use of gamified learning in the classroom. In addition, there was minimal focus on the role of gameplay elements in promoting and/or hindering the use of gamification in higher education. Results of this systematic analysis showed that the use of gamification in higher education is associated with three main elements: pedagogy, design, and behavior. Benefits and challenges of utilizing gamification in the classroom are discussed in light of those elements.
Digital Games for Computing Education
Authors: Petri Giani , Gresse von Wangenheim Christiane , Borgatto Adriano Ferreti , Calderón Alejandro , Ruiz Mercedes
Published: November 2021

Digital games are considered an effective and efficient instructional strategy for computing education. However, there are few empirical studies providing sound evidence on the benefits of such educational games. In this respect, the objective of this chapter is to present a comprehensive analysis in order to summarize empirical evidence on the benefits of digital games used as an instructional strategy for computing education. The analysis is based on data collected from 21 case studies that use the MEEGA model, the most commonly used model for educational games' evaluation, evaluating 9 different games, involving a population of 344 students. The results indicate that digital games can yield a positive effect on the learning of computing, providing a pleasant and engaging experience to the students and motivating them to study. These results may guide instructors in the selection of educational games as instructional methods and guide game creators with respect to the development of new games.
The Contribution of Serious Games for the Success of Students in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Almeida Fernando
Published: November 2021

The adoption of serious games as a complement to traditional classroom training is still an emerging theme, but it offers relevant potentialities for both students and teachers. This study describes the integration process of serious games in an entrepreneurship course over five years (2014-2018). In the first three years, the ENTRExplorer was adopted, while in the last two years the FLIGBY was used. The experience of using entrepreneurship serious games is analyzed according to multiple perspectives, such as complexity, generation of more entrepreneurial or group working skills, engagement, interactivity, learning outcomes, or even the impact on the intention to establish a new venture. The findings allowed a comparative analysis of the two games, indicating significant differences in some of those dimensions. Nevertheless, the learning outcomes provided by each game were considered relevant by the students, showing that both games can be useful in the process of learning and acquiring entrepreneurship competencies.
Implications of Gamification and Virtual Reality in Higher Education
Authors: Bilro Ricardo Godinho , Loureiro Sandra Maria Correia , Angelino Fernando José de Aires
Published: November 2021

Gamification and virtual reality are becoming more common in higher education, leading to more research toward this topic and its applications. Following this new trend, this chapter identifies and proposes practical applications and future directions for gamification and virtual reality in higher education environments. Authors contribute with precise inputs how to create student engagement and motivation towards learning and academic activities. Future research avenues in these domains are given. Authors draw conclusions about future changes in the educational experiences through gamification and virtual reality.