bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Fuzzy Logic-based Methodology for the Acquisition and Analysis of Imprecise Requirements
Authors: Yen John , Xiaoqing Liu  , Swee Hor Teh
Published: March 2007

Two major challenges with requirement analysis in concurrent engineering are: (1) requirements from multiple members of a concurrent engineering team are often conflictingwith each other; and (2) requirements are often imprecise in nature. Existing formal methods for requirement engineering are very limited in addressing these issues. More specifically, they have not fully explored the use of artificial intelligence technique for achieving effective trade-offs among conflicting imprecise requirements. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for specifying imprecise requirements and for characterizing complex relationships among them to facilitate trade-off analysis. Imprecise requirements are represented by the canonical form in test-score semantics in fuzzy logic. A formal approach and a practical method are developed to analyze the complex relationships between requirements. Conflicting requirements can be identified and represented using both qualitative terms and quantitative measures. Multiple requirements with complex relationships among them are fused into an overall system requirement based on fuzzy multi-criteria decision techniques. To obtain a feasible overall system requirement that is satisfactory to customers, the iterative refinement of requirements and the negotiation between the customers and the requirement analysts regarding conflicting requirements are crucial. Our methodology supports the iterative process of refinement and negotiation by facilitating a formal trade-off analysis, by providing intelligent feedbacks generated based on the analysis, and by defining a clear process of compromise. Therefore, this methodology can help to achieve a better system objective that is satisfactory to customers and feasible to developers by fully exploiting the elasticity of imprecise requirements. In addition, the explicit specification of imprecise requirements provides a basis for verification and validation of software systems.
An Integrated Business Modelling Technique for Decision Support in the Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Fernihough A.M. , Culley S.J. , Mileham A.R.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of an Integrated modelling technique for the evaluation of business strategies The simulation- based technique is based on three levels, firstly, an innovative, easily configurable, manufacturing simulator, secondly an activity-based cost model, and thirdly, a high level strategic business model The modular structure of the technique will allow the user to choose whatever level of modelling is needed for that particular application The first level of the technique has been verified and validated with respect to both another modelling package and a real manufacturing facility An overall interface has been developed, which will form the basis for configuring all levels of the business model The activity-based cost model constructed has been designed and developed to deal with such items as throughput, spoil age, etc and also user defined variables, with an inbuilt facility to deal with sparse data This has also been validated with manual input of data and gave less than a 0 1 % variation with calculated operating costs It is currently being integrated, via the interface, to enable simultaneous con figuration with the manufacturing simulator
We are, Therefore I Am: A Multisystems Approach with Families in Poverty
Authors: Brown Shunda L.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Bureau of the Census recently indicated that there are 31 million individuals who are living below the poverty line. Although many of these individuals are referred for family counseling services via schools, court systems, and social service agencies, theories have failed to provide an adequate framework for treatment. This article addresses the common principles of the multisystems approach and feminist family therapies and how they can be applied in providing family therapy to this unique population.
Co-Therapy with Moses
Authors: Dew Brenda L.
Published: March 2007

Co-therapy is an ideal way to counsel difficult couples or families, and yet it is not economically feasible for the clients. This article discusses a unique way to provide quality co-therapy via pet therapy. It is economically feasible and rewarding for both clients and therapists.
Creativity and Family Counseling: The SCAMPER Model as a Template for Promoting Creative Processes
Authors: Gladding Samuel T. , Henderson Donna A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the nature and importance of creativity in family counseling and factors such as divergent thinking that are a part of the creative process. The SCAMPER model of creativity is then introduced as an atheoretical and practical way of helping clinicians, especially less creative or beginning therapists, shortcut the lengthy procedures involved in being creative as well as remembering aspects essential in working creatively with families. Each of the letters of the SCAMPER acronym stands for a way family counselors can work to bring creativity into their sessions and thus promote change. The advantages and limitations of the SCAMPER model are also examined.
Effects of Witnessing Severe Marital Discord on Children’s Social Competence and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Marks Cynthia R. , Glaser Brian A. , Glass Jana B. , Horne Arthur M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the clinical profile of children who have wit-nessed severe marital discord in comparison with clinic-referred and nonreferred normative children. The study attempts to increase understanding about childhood risk in the areas of behavioral problems and social competence, as well as the relationship of these factors to childhood psychological disorder. The primary question asked whether children who witness marital violence in the home are adversely affected in the areas of social competence and behavioral problems, which include both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The results indicate that the witnessing group of children has lower social competence, has more behavior problems, and exhibits more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than the comparative normative sample.
A Metaphorical Story to Raise Relational Esteem in Mexican American Families of Low Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth R. , Wooten Ray , Babcock Bob , Hill Floyd
Published: March 2007

Researchers have indicated that members of Mexican American (MA) families of low socioeconomic status (SES) may have low self-esteem due to poverty, the patriarchal structure of the family, isolation, difficulties in acculturation, and alcoholism. The purpose of this research was to address these issues through the telling of a metaphorical story to 30 MA families. A preassessment and postassessment tool was used to measure the impact of a metaphorical story on relational esteem of 110 MA family members. The metaphorical story did not significantly affect the relational esteem of MA families of low SES. The story did have a significant impact on adults but not on children. Implications for metaphorical construction and future studies are discussed.
Teaching Beginning Counselors How to Align Couples’ Relationships
Authors: Keri Gabe
Published: March 2007

Couples’dilemmas revolve around vantage points in their relationships. Besides personal needs and wants, there are personally competing internally and externally defined forces that mire establishment of meaningful relationships. These competing forces are consequences of role-definition, and in the presumption of leadership (or the lack thereof) as expressed in a partner or both. Struggles for roles (or, to lead or not to) embody internal and external factors. Internal factors are derivations of personal life circumstances, events and conditions of a partner introduced or reenacted within the relationship. These factors are often aligned with a personal ideal to be realized in the other, or stem from a partner’s view of self in relation to the other. External factors include prioritization of needs and wants, expectations, roles, and perspectives of couples. Clinical observations of clients indicate that interaction effects of unresolved intrinsic and extrinsic concerns can lead to separation or divorce.
Marital Therapy with Older Couples
Authors: Qualls Sara Honn
Published: March 2007

Basic information concerning normal aging that therapists need in order to understand the sources of conflict and distress in older or caregiving couples is presented. Unique aspects of assessment and intervention with older couples are described.
Narcissism and Intimacy: Treating the Wounded Couple
Authors: Solomon Marion F.
Published: March 2007

Couples whose early wounds cause narcissistic and borderline defenses may benefit from treatment with a psychodynamically oriented couples therapist. This article presents a treatment method that helps partners become attuned to each other's underlying injuries and vulnerabilities. The goal is to rebuild damaged structures of the self and to repair the wounded relationship.
Assessment Issues with Stepfamilies
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: March 2007

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remariage, including single parenting and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbnar, Houston TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Ethical and Therapeutic Acceptability: A Study of Paradoxical Techniques
Authors: Sexton Thomas L. , Montgomery Daniel
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the perceived acceptability of various paradoxical techniques. Clinical vignettes representing compliance and defiance based paradoxical techniques were presented to four groups: marriage and family therapists, counseling psychologists, clients, and a nonclient control group. Results indicated that ratings of acceptability were dependent on both the type of paradoxical technique and the participant group. Participant group differences were most apparent between marriage and family therapists and clients. Results are discussed in terms of previous research and the continuing controversy over the use of paradoxical procedures in counseling.
Current Use of Qualitative Research Methodology in Couples and Family Counseling
Authors: Kleist David M. , Gompertz Kelli
Published: March 2007

This review explores recent use of qualitative methodology in research relating to marriage and family counseling. Qualitative research methodology is experiencing increased interest by the human disciplines as the influence of postmodern philosophy expands. The seven research articles described herein highlight the potential benefits and challenges qualitative methodology can have for the field of marriage andfamily counseling.
Counseling Lesbian, Bisexual, and Gay Persons in Couple and Family Relationships: Overcoming the Stereotypes
Authors: Chen-Hayes Stuart F.
Published: March 2007

Eighteen stereotypes that affect gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients are listed. Each stereotype is addressed in terms of the issues and questions raisedfor couple and family counseling.
Marriage and Family Licensing, State by State
Authors: Eriksen Karen
Published: March 2007

Many counselors aspire to licensure, but not all reflect on or evaluate the purpose and process of licensure. This article offers the marriage and family therapist licensure requirements state by state for those who aspire to licensure. It also offers a brief literature review and observations about the purpose of and problems associated with licensure. In particular, it points out potential problems with current marriage and family counseling licensure laws. Finally, it makes recommendations about how marriage and family counselors might address these problems.
A Survey Study on Developmental Stages in Achieving a Competent Sense of Self as a Family Therapist
Authors: Kral Raymone , Hines Max
Published: March 2007

This study explored the stages of development that family therapists experienced in coming to a competent sense of professional identity as family therapists. The survey items focused on specific characteristics associated with Friedman and Kaslow’s model for family therapists’ development of professional identity. The 182 participants included 162 licensed family therapists and 20 recent graduates and students from an accredited family therapy master’s degree program in the Midwest. The results indicated that there were specific developmental stages experienced by participants in the process of coming to a competent sense of professional identity as family therapists. The findings also indicated that there was a predictable time frame during which these stages occur, and participants generally recognized themselves as competent professionals within a time frame of 5 to 6 years of experience.
Counseling Military Families
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Boveja Marsha E.
Published: March 2007

Issues of anticipation, separation, and reunion are concerns that families face when family members are subject to military deployment. In this article, the authors look at these issues and provide a depiction of what the families, the military, and family counselors can do to alleviate some of the related strain on family functioning.
The Career Assessment Diagnostic Inventory: A New Career Indecision Assessment Tool
Authors: Vidal-Brown Sherry A. , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

Career decision making is an important aspect of life. At some point, one must decide what type of job to apply for or whether to seek the education required for a specific career. Many individuals struggle with these decisions. However, multidimensional measures of uncertainty are needed in providing guidance to such persons, because it appears that the indecision phenomenon is multi dimensional and not restricted only to a need for career information. The present study evaluated a 98-item multidimensional measure of six career-indecision factors. Based on data provided by 539 college students, scale scores on the Career Assessment Diagnostic Inventory (CADI) had alpha coefficients ranging from .81 to .93 ( M = .89). Factor analysis and convergent validity results were both supportive of a conclusion that CADI scores are valid.
Internet-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Assessment: Measuring Career Decision-Making Difficulties
Authors: Gati Itamar , Saka Noa
Published: March 2007

The present study compared English and Hebrew paper-and- pencil and Internet versions of the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ). First, the response pattern of 417 clients who filled out the Hebrew paper-and-pencil version was compared with the response pattern found for a matched sample of 837 individuals who visited a career-related Internet site and filled out the Hebrew Internet version of the CDDQ. The internal consistency reliability of the Internet version was similar to that of the paper-and-pencil version (.87 and .88, respectively). The structures derived from the 10 categories of difficulties were also highly similar in the two groups (Spearman rank-order correlation of .87), and both structures resembled the theoretical one proposed by Gati, Krausz, and Osipow. However, the response pattern of 24% of the Internet users could be characterized as "questionable," indicating that these users' difficulties should be interpreted and the users should be offered feedback with reservations. A similar comparison of the English paper-and-pencil questionnaire (n = 403) and the English Internet CDDQ (n = 182) also revealed a high correspondence between the versions, in both their structure and their pattern of scale reliabilities.
The Career Maturity Inventory-Revised: A Preliminary Psychometric Investigation
Authors: Busacca Louis A. , Taber Brian J.
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to obtain estimates of internal consistency reliability, as well as to examine evidence of the construct and criterion validity of the Career Maturity Inventory-Revised (CMI-R) in a sample of male and female high school students. Results found modest reliability for the CMI-R. Participants scoring higher in CMI-R attitudes appear ready to make wise and congruent occupational choices. Sex and grade differences showed that females tended to manifest more career mature responses than did males across grade levels. Additional research on item functioning and on the factor structure underlying the inventory is suggested.
Career Assessment on the Internet: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Oliver Laurel W. , Zack Jason S.
Published: March 2007

In spite of the proliferation of job/career Web sites and the many articles and books discussing how to use these sites in job searching, we know of no research dealing with career assessment on the Internet. In an effort to remedy this deficit, the authors located a multitude of career sites containing a bewildering array of offerings. The research reported here focused on 24 Web career sites identified as having no-cost career assessment. While easy to use, the sites provided only a moderate degree of test interpretation and fit into a schema of career planning only to a limited extent. The authors' subjective overall evaluation of these sites was not high (3.3 on a 5-point scale)—just above the mid-point of "Neither good nor poor." Ratings of the factors based on the National Career Development Association (NCDA) guidelines for career planning on the Internet tended to be low: few sites provided much information about the developers of the site, no site asserted that its assessment instrument was validated for self-use, and no site stated that the sites to which it provided links met NCDA guidelines. Most sites provided confidentiality only to a limited extent in that they generally did not ask for the visitor's name and password. The authors discuss implications of their research for career counseling professionals, for career research, and for career site developers.
The Commission on Environmental Cooperation and the U.S.-Mexico Border Environment
Authors: Mumme Stephen P. , Duncan Pamela
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the new Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC) for its potential to contribute to the improvement of the U.S.-Mexico border environment. Drawing on theories of agency influence applied to the CEC, the authors argue that the CEC is currently in a weak position to undertake significant new environmental initiatives along the U.S.-Mexico border. The CEC's formal mandate and gaps in current institutional mandates may enable the CEC to become an important element in transboundary environmental management at the border if its member governments are willing to support it.
The Causes of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Andersen Lykke E.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the determinants of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon using data from 316 municipalities (counties) during the period 1975 to 1985. Two different measures of deforestation are derived, one based on satellite photos and one based on land surveys. The two measures are consistent with each other but are more conservative than most estimates found in previous studies. Both deforestation measures are used in a series of deforestation regressions, which indicate that local economic forces are now more important than federal development policy. Thus, although the federal government cer tainly initiated the deforestation process with ambitious road-building and development programs, it may now have lost control to local market forces.
Public-Nonprofit Partnerships and North-South Green Finance
Authors: Meyer Carrie A.
Published: March 2007

Environmental nongovernmental organizations working in partnership with the public and for-profit sectors are increasingly recognized as key players in international environmental politics and finance. This article examines a specific NGO partnership, the National Environmental Fund (NEF), which recently exploded in Latin America under the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative. This innovative institution is expected to increase economic efficiency by reducing transaction costs and fighting opportunism in North-South environmental finance. The article also highlights causes for concern and points to processes of distributional politics at work, alongside processes that may reinforce democracy.
Response Style and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Validity Scales and Spousal Ratings in a Chinese Psychiatric Sample
Authors: Yang Jian , Bagby R. Michael , Ryder Andrew G.
Published: March 2007

The effects of response style bias on profile scores from the family of NEO scales and the resultant influence of response style on the predictive capacity of these scales continues to be debated. In this study, a large sample of Chinese psychiatric patients were categorized into four response style groups based on their scores from recently developed "validity" scales for the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). Mean differences and correlations between self-report and spousal ratings of these patients were examined for the NEO PI-R domain and facet scales. Excessive positive self-presentation bias resulted in mean differences between the self-report and spousal ratings for N and E. Correlations between self-report and spousal ratings were reduced in patients engaging in positive self-presentational bias compared to those who were not so categorized on three of the five NEO PI-R scales. However, these results were manifest only in a sub-sample of psychotic patients. Negative self-presentational bias did not affect mean differences or diminish the correlations between the self-report and spousal ratings.
The Reliability and Validity of a Group-Administered Version of the Body Image Assessment
Authors: Williams Tara L. , Gleaves David H. , Cepeda-Benito Antonio , Erath Stephen A. , Cororve Michelle B.
Published: March 2007

The Body Image Assessment (BIA) is a simple measure of body image disturbance. However, it has currently only been used with an individual administration format and only to assess ratings of current body size, ideal body size, and body dissatisfaction. It has also only been validated for use with women. In the current two studies, the reliability and validity of a group-administered version of the BIA procedure for both men and women that also assessed ratings of the ideal opposite sex and predictions about what the opposite sex would prefer as most attractive was examined. In the first study, results indicated good test-retest reliability for the group version for current and ideal body size and good concurrent validity with the individual administration format of the BIA. The results of the second study supported the construct and predictive validity of the group administered BIA, suggesting that it is a time-efficient alternative to the original, individually administered assessment.
Increasing the Reliability of the Fluid/Crystallized Difference Score from the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test with Reliable Component Analysis
Authors: Caruso John C.
Published: March 2007

The unreliability of difference scores is a well documented phenomenon in the social sciences and has led researchers and practitioners to interpret differences cautiously, if at all. In the case of the Kaufman Adult and Adolescent Intelligence Test (KAIT), the unreliability of the difference between the Fluid IQ and the Crystallized IQ is due to the high correlation between the two scales. The consequences of the lack of precision with which differences are identified are wide confidence intervals and unpowerful significance tests (i.e., large differences are required to be declared statistically significant). Reliable component analysis (RCA) was performed on the subtests of the KAIT in order to address these problems. RCA is a new data reduction technique that results in uncorrelated component scores with maximum proportions of reliable variance. Results indicate that the scores defined by RCA have discriminant and convergent validity (with respect to the equally weighted scores) and that differences between the scores, derived from a single testing session, were more reliable than differences derived from equal weighting for each age group (11-14 years, 15-34 years, 35-85+ years). This reliability advantage results in narrower confidence intervals around difference scores and smaller differences required for statistical significance.
The Utility of MMPI-2 Suicide Items for Assessing Suicidal Potential: Development of a Suicidal Potential Scale
Authors: Glassmire David M. , Stolberg Ronald A. , Greene Roger L. , Bongar Bruce
Published: March 2007

The assessment of suicidal potential is one of the most challenging and stress-inducing tasks facing clinicians. Studies that have attempted to identify specific MMPI codetypes, scales, or individual items predictive of completed suicide have produced inconsistent findings. This study focused on the relationship between the six most direct MMPI-2 suicide items (Items 150, 303, 506, 520, 524, and 530) and verbally reported history of suicidal ideation and behavior among a sample of psychotherapy outpatients (n = 116). These six MMPI-2 suicide items provided valuable information regarding suicidal ideation and behavior above and beyond that of verbal self-report. These items were grouped together to create a single scale, the Suicidal Potential Scale (SPS) that manifested strong internal consistency. The SPS provides the clinician with a reliable method of assessing for selfreported suicidal ideation and behavior.
A Measure of the Stability of Family Activities: AN Initial Examination
Authors: Israel Allen C. , Roderick Helena A.
Published: March 2007

The Stability of Activities in the Family Environment (SAFE) was designed to sample activities that could occur with some degree of regularity and stability in a variety of families. The SAFE was found to have adequate internal consistency and its validity was suggested by its relationship to other measures of family functioning and to measures of adjustment. The results of the present investigation are consistent with the differentiation of two domains of stability of family activities; those that occur on a daily basis, primarily within the home, and those that are more social in nature and might occur outside of the home. The present findings also indicate the potential value of further consideration of the roles of overall stability of family activities and also of stable positive family activities in facilitating adaptive development.
Comparison of Neuropsychological Test Performance in PTSD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Control Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Zalewski Christine , Thompson William , Gottesman Irving
Published: March 2007

Although impairment in cognitive functioning is theoretically linked to the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the actual impact of this disorder on neuropsychological performance remains largely unknown. While a modest amount of empirical attention has been directed toward examining the neuropsychological correlates of PTSD, several methodological problems, most notably small sample sizes and the resulting lack of power, have greatly restricted generalizability of findings. The present study examined the neuropsychological performance pattern of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (n = 241) as compared to those with generalized anxiety disorder (n = 241) and no history of psychiatric diagnosis (n = 241). A one-way MANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups on any of the dependent measures of cognitive functioning, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Block Design subtest, the California Verbal Learning Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Drawing Test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. The results are reconciled as they relate to previous research examining the theoretical constructs of PTSD, clinical applications, and directions for future research.
The Brief Symptom Inventory as an Outcome Measure for Adolescentpsychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Piersma Harry L. , Boes Janna L. , Reaume Wave M.
Published: March 2007

The utility of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) as an outcome measure for adolescent psychiatric inpatients was evaluated. The BSI was administered to 88 male and 100 female psychiatric inpatients at admission and discharge. There were statistically significant mean score changes from pretest to posttest on most BSI indices, with effect sizes ranging between small and medium. Statistical analyses produced generally equivalent results, whether T scores or raw scores were used as dependent variables. However, the ability of the BSI to detect pretest to posttest change reliably for individual patients was quite limited. The degree of symptom distress reported by adolescent inpatients, more over, did not differ greatly from those found in normative data for adolescent non-patients. It is possible that this relative lack of discrimination between adolescent inpatients and non-patients may be associated with limitations inherent in using self-report inventories with adolescent populations.
Cognitive-Neuropsychological Abilities and Related Psychological Disturbance: A Factor Model of Neuropsychological, Rorschach, and MMPI Indices
Authors: Zillmer Eric A. , Perry William
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between cognitive-neuropsychological abilities and related psychological disturbance, as measured by the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Psychiatric patients typically have a long-standing history of emotional disturbance as well as neuropsychological dysfunction, but how the two domains are integrated is not clearly understood. We hypothesized that, through the use of factor analysis, indices of neuropsychological and personality assessment would form distinct, but not orthogonal, constructs. The historical roots, past research, theoretical formulations, and implications for future research in the area of neuropsychology of personality assessment are presented.
The Relationship of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to IQ Level and the Fluid and Crystallized IQ Discrepancy on the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , McLean James E. , Lincoln Alan
Published: March 2007

To better understand the putative relationship between personality style and cognition, we assessed adolescents and adults on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)and the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult intelligence Test (KAIT). The MBTI provides scores on four indexes: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. The KAIT provides Fluid, Crystallized, and Composite Intelligence Quotients.

Participants consisted of 1,297 individuals, aged 14 to 94 years, who were tested throughout the United States during the nationwide standardization of the KAIT. It was hypothesized that individuals favoring Intuition and Thinking would be more intelligent and would favor fluid over crystallized intelligence relative to those favoring Sensing and Feeling, respectively. Several multiple analyses of variance and covariance (MANOVAs and MANCOVAs) were conducted with sex, race, KAIT IQ, and KAIT Fluid and Crystallized IQ discrepancy serving as independent variables and continuous scores on the MBTI used as dependent variables. Consistent with hypothesized relationships, people classified as Intuitive earned higher KAIT Composite IQs than those classified as Sensing. However, most other hypotheses were not supported, as the Fluid-Crystallized discrepancy was not meaningfully related to any MBTI dimension.
Differences between Selfand Peer Ratings of Interpersonal Problems
Authors: Hill Robert W. , Zrull Mark C. , McIntire Karen
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal problems are frequently a source of distress for individuals and the focus of psychotherapeutic interventions. A self-report circumplex measure, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C), was modified for this investigation to acquire peer report data on interpersonal problems to help assess the validity of selfreported problems. The peer report data replicated the circumplex model of the IIP-C and when general interpersonal distress was removed (by ipsatizing), the data suggested that peers observed more domineering, vindictive, and emotionally cold types of problems than self-report (ipsatized) data. Individuals reported more other-pleasing, overly nurturant types of problems than peers observed. The findings both support the validity of the IIP-C and describe discrepancies in selfversus peer reported interpersonal problems. The results also describe differences in the general interpersonal distress factor accounted for by ipsatizing versus removing the general factor from unipsatized data. The results describe implications for clinicians and others assessing interpersonal problems.
Optimal Short Forms of The Spanish WAIS (EIWA)
Authors: Demsky Yvonne , Gass Carlton , Edwards William T. , Golden Charles J.
Published: March 2007

Although the Spanish version of the WAIS (Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos, EIWA) is widely used as a measure of intelligence in Spanish-speaking populations, little is known about the psychometric characteristics of the test beyond the information given in the test manual. Despite this, users have assumed that the test functions clinically and statistically as does the original WAIS. This assumption has been applied to the area of short test forms which are assumed to be as valid as those used with the WAIS. The present study is an attempt to determine the optimal two-, three-, four-, and five-test short forms for estimation of Full Scale IQ based on the EIWA standardization test data. In addition, the relative amount of common and specific variance in the EIWA subtests was determined, along with the degree of measurement error. The study emphasizes the limitations of using the EIWA arising from its out-of-date norms, use of a restricted Spanishspeaking population, and failure to make updates since its introduction. These cautions suggest that the EIWA (long and short forms) should not be used for determining IQs; instead its use should be limited to research and to tracking cognitive changes over time.
Review ■ : Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Apoptosis in Glial Cell Biology
Authors: Delaney Catherine L. , Feldman Eva L.
Published: March 2007

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent trophic factor capable of promoting both survival and differentiation of neurons and glia. This review examines the role of IGF-I and apoptosis in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis is an essential element of development, homeostasis, and disease. IGF-I protects oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from apoptosis during development and after apoptotic stimuli. Transgenic mouse models, which ablate or increase expression of IGF-I, have abnormal oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. A more thorough understanding of the protective mechanism of IGF-I in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will aid in its precise application in treating a variety of neurologic disorders. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:39-47, 2000
Review : Neuroprotection in Brain Ischemia: An Update (Part II
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D.
Published: March 2007

Ischemic brain injury produced by stroke or cardiac arrest is a major cause of human neurological disability. Steady advances in the neurosciences have elucidated the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain ischemia and have suggested many therapeutic approaches to achieve neuroprotection of the acutely ischemic brain that are directed at specific injury mechanisms. In the second portion of this two-part review, the following potential therapeutic approaches to acute ischemic injury are considered: 1) modulation of nonglutamatergic neurotransmission, including monoaminergic systems (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin), γ-aminobutyric acid, and adenosine; 2) mild-to-moderate therapeutic hypothermia; 3) calcium channel antagonism; 4) an tagonism of oxygen free radicals; 5) modulation of the nitric oxide system; 6) antagonism of cytoskeletal proteolysis; 7) growth factor administration; 8) therapy directed at cellular mediators of injury; and 9) the rationale for combination pharmacotherapy. The Neuroscientist 1:164-175, 1995
■ REVIEW : Ionic Channels with Weak Voltage-dependence
Authors: Rizzo Marco A.
Published: March 2007

In light of the recent identification of a class of voltage-dependent Na+ channels with a comparatively weak peak conductance/voltage relationship, this article reviews the structural elements by which proteins are rendered voltage-dependent and the manner in which these proteins are studied. The physicochemical principles used to analyze voltage-dependent ionic channels are reviewed, together with examples drawn from Na+ currents recorded from the somatic membranes of dorsal root ganglion neurons. The structure of the voltage dependent Na + channel and known structural/functional correlates are described. A functional definition of ionic channels with weak voltage-dependence and a discussion of inherent pitfalls of classical analytic methods when applied to the study of such channels are offered. Ultimately, determining how these channels function as they do, i.e., elucidating their gating properties, will be accomplished by cloning and reexpressing the channels in otherwise non-excitable cell systems, and recording their gating currents. Na+ and K+ channels with weak voltage-dependence may serve an important functional role by modulating threshold in excitable cells. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:102-111, 1997
stochastic Resonance: A New Concept of Neural Coding
Authors: Rizzo Marco A.
Published: March 2007

Stochastic resonance is a common phenomenon allowing for the detection of weak sig nals amidst substantial background noise, which, peculiarly, is a necessary component. The concept of stochastic resonance is reviewed, together with several recent studies demonstrating its role in neural systems coding. Models in which stochastic resonance is applied to sensory afferent behavior predict accurately some of the firing properties in vertebrate nerve preparations. Stochastic resonance has recently been shown to be op erant in the human PNS, in both muscle spindles and cutaneous afferents. It may offer clues as to how the nervous system sustains our fine discriminative abilities. NEURO SCIENTIST 3:211-214,1997
Claude Bernard and the Constancy of the Internal Environment
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: March 2007

Claude Bernard (1813-1878) was the founder of modern experimental physiology and one of the most famous French scientists of all time. Although he is particularly remem bered today for his concept of the constancy of the internal environment, this idea had no impact in his lifetime. This article considers his achievements and some possible reasons for the delay in understanding his ideas about the internal environment. NEURO SCIENTIST 4:380-385, 1998
Review : Evolution of the Motor System: Why the Elephant's Trunk Works Like a Human's Hand
Authors: Onodera Satoru , Hicks T. Philip
Published: March 2007

The nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the nucleus accessorius medialis of Bechterew, and the parvicellular red nucleus in the mammalian mesodiencephalon fuse with each other and thus have borders that are not always distinct. These structures project topographically to the inferior olive and receive inputs from motor cortex, premotor cortex, substantia nigra, and cerebellar nuclei, which suggests that these nuclei play an important role in mammalian motor control. Furthermore, the nuclei show developmental differences that correspond with species-specialized body parts, such as the human's hand, the axial muscular system of the whale, and the elephant's trunk, to name just a few. We focus here on the differences in these meso diencephalo-olivo-cerebellar projections among certain mammals and propose that these brain structures are altered as the animal's gross anatomy alters. We also suggest that well-developed mesodiencephalo olivo-cerebellar projections may be an important factor for the differentiation of the large neocortex of the human, primate, elephant, and whale during evolutionary progress. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:217-226, 1999
Nursing Approaches for Working With Family Strengths and Resources
Authors: Feeley Nancy , Gottlieb Laurie N.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in shifting the focus of clinical practice with families from a deficit to a strengths-based perspective. The concept of individual and family strengths is a central concept of the McGill Model of Nursing, yet there has been little description of the construct and how it can be used in practice. Through an examination of the practice of expert nurses and the approaches used in the assessment of families’ strengths and resources, planning and intervention were elucidated. This article describes how clinicians can identify and provide feedback concerning strengths, identify resources, and help families develop and call forth strengths, mobilize and use resources, and regulate the input of these resources.
F. Moyra Allen: A Life in Nursing, 1921-1996
Authors: Stuart Meryn
Published: March 2007

Moyra’s life centered around evaluation—drawing the worth or value out of something. To Moyra Allen, competence was the central ethical issue and principle, the greatest human challenge. Moyra spent her days acquiring the habit of doing the right thing. Quantities were of qualities. Questions were more important than answers. Intellectual authenticity is perhaps her most important legacy. She taught herself and others to say “I don’t know,” and she gave us the courage to find out and the grit to carry on. We will continue to ask: What are families telling us they require in the way of nursing care? How do we respond to them with sensitivity and knowledge? How do we know we are doing any good?1
Teaching about and for Family Diversity in Nursing
Authors: Friedman Marilyn
Published: March 2007

Because of global and national demographic changes and the increased diversity of clients and nursing students, nursing educators need to strengthen the incorporation of cultural diversity, particularly of family diversity in nursing curricula. Greater commitment to a transcultural, multicultural orientation in nursing education is advocated in this article. Transcultural nursing education about and for family diversity needs to promote an understanding of both similarities and differences amongfamilies and how to adapt health care and family nursing practice so that they are culturally relevant. Definition of key terms, theoretical perspectives, content areas, and teaching methods appropriate for teaching aboutfamily diversity are discussed.
"It's Just a Fact of Life": Family Members' Perceptions of Parental Chronic Illness
Authors: Rehm Roberta S. , Catanzaro Marci L.
Published: March 2007

Both parents and children constructfamily meanings when chronic illness or disability affects a parent. In this analysis, using a symbolic interaction framework, family members described implications for parenting that occurred when one of the parents experienced multiple sclerosis. This study is a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from 23 families each year for a period of 4 years. Findings indicated that both parents and children mostly thought of their families as functioning well, despite the many changes brought about by the chronic illness of one parent. Both spouses were considered good parents by children and parents, although specific changes in parenting, including increased irritability and yelling by parents, increased work and stress of the parent without multiple sclerosis, and changes in family activities away from more active pursuits were acknowledged. Knowledge of family perceptions will provide context and guidance for nurses planning intervention and counseling.
Reaffirming the Importance of Strategic Use
Authors: Whiteman David
Published: March 2007

Focusing exclusively on the substantive use of policy analysis results in a limited assessment of the role of analysis in policymaking, particularly in a congressional setting. This article develops a two-dimensional perspective on use, incorporating a substantive-strategic dimension as well as a concrete-conceptual dimension. The importance of this perspective is demonstrated through an analysis of congressional use of two projects produced by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, one on coal slurry pipelines and the other on residential energy conservation. Results indicate both the existence of substantive use and the importance of more strategic uses.
Eric
Authors: Horn Sharon K. , Clements Stephen K.
Published: March 2007

The federally sponsored Educational Resources Information Center, or ERIC, has for over 20 years been the major repository for research- and practice-oriented information about education. Millions of scholars, teachers, and others have used the materials in this database, although few of them may have been aware of the various aspects of the entire ERIC system. This paper summarizes the development of the system, examines some of the changes currently being made in it, and speculates briefly about its future.
The Role of Research in the Regulation of U.S. Children's Television Advertising
Authors: Kunkel Dale
Published: March 2007

Public concern about the effects of television advertising on children first appeared in the 1960s; it remains a focus of controversy and concern today. In policymakers' attempts to address this concern, they have frequently looked to the relevant social scientific evidence to help frame their decisions. This study reviews the development of regulations governing television advertising to children in the United States and examines the influence of social science research in the construction of these policies.
On Issues of Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Hollander Rachelle D.
Published: March 2007

Institutional policies and scientific practice have changed, in response to public concern about scientific misconduct. Not much research has been done either to understand the phenomenon or to evaluate the responses.
From Laboratory to Scientific Literature
Authors: DIRK LYNN
Published: March 2007

This study documents the course of submission of a group of biomedical research papers to peer-reviewed journals and characterizes their quality through citation analysis for published papers and through a typology of originality for those papers that were never accepted. Of fifty-nine papers, 47 percent (n = 28) were accepted by the first journal to which they were submitted, 25 percent (n = 15) by the second, and 7 percent (n = 6) by the third to sixth journal. For the first five years of publication, the average citation rate per year was 1.5, and 43 percent had more than 1 citation per year. Fifteen papers (25 percent) were never accepted. Typologic analysis of five of these papers suggests some standards by which it may be possible to characterize scientific originality.
Declining Employer-Sponsored Coverage: The Role of Public Programs and Implications for Access to Care
Authors: Cunningham Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1996/1997 Community Tracking Study household survey, this study examines the effects of public programs on the decision to take up employer coverage when offered versus enrolling in public coverage or being uninsured. The results show that among those with access to employer-sponsored coverage, low-income persons living in states with more expansive eligibility for Medicaid were more likely to decline employer coverage in favor of public coverage, while low-income persons in areas with public hospitals were more likely to decline coverage in favor of being uninsured. While persons who decline employer coverage in favor of public coverage maintain the same level of access to medical care, those who decline coverage in favor of being uninsured give up a considerable degree of access. Implications concerning policies to improve access to care for the uninsured are discussed.