bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and testing of small‐scale unsteady‐state afterburners and reactors
Authors: Fissore Davide , Barresi Antonello A. , Baldi Giancarlo , Hevia Miguel A. G. , Ordóñez Salvador , Díez Fernando V.
Published: April 2005

The design and testing of small‐scale and pilot‐scale apparatus using the reverse‐flow concept is focused on. The combustion of lean air–methane mixtures was considered as a test reaction both for modeling purposes and for the experimental investigation. A one‐dimensional two‐phase model was used to highlight that thermal properties of the reactor wall and radial heat losses affect the thermal stability of bench‐scale rigs more than that of large‐scale industrial reactors, where adiabatic behavior is generally achieved. As a consequence, a special temperature‐control system, based on dynamic compensation of the thermal losses, was designed to attain adiabatic operation in a small‐scale apparatus, avoiding overcompensation and thus allowing the scale‐up of the results obtained. This system was realized and tested, proving to be effective in a wide range of operating conditions such as inlet concentration and feed flow rate. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Large‐scale gene expression analysis of cholesterol dependence in NS0 cells
Authors: Seth Gargi , Philp Robin J. , Denoya Claudio D. , McGrath Katherine , Stutzman‐Engwall Kim J. , Yap Miranda , Hu Wei‐Shou
Published: April 2005

NS0, a nonsecreting mouse myeloma cell, is a major host line used for recombinant antibody production. These cells have a cholesterol‐dependent phenotype and rely on an exogenous supply of cholesterol for their survival and growth. To better understand the physiology underlying cholesterol dependence, we compared NS0 cells, cultivated under standard cholesterol‐dependent growth conditions (NS0), to cells adapted to cholesterol‐independent conditions (NS0 revertant, NS0_r). Large‐scale transcriptional analyses were done using the Affymetrix GeneChip array, MG‐U74Av2. The transcripts expressed differentially across the two cell lines were identified. Additionally, proteomic tools were employed to analyze cell lysates from these two cell lines. Cellular proteins from both NS0 and NS0_r were subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry was performed to determine the identity of the differentially expressed spots. We examined the expression level of mouse genes directly involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and central energy metabolism. Most of these genes were downregulated in the revertant cell type, NS0_r, compared to NS0. Overall, a large number of genes are expressed differentially, indicating that the reversal of cholesterol dependency has a profound effect on cell physiology. It is probable that a single gene mutation, activation, or inactivation is responsible for cholesterol auxotrophy. However, the wide‐ranging changes in gene expression point to the distinct possibility of a regulatory event affecting the reversibility of auxotrophy, either directly or indirectly. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Turbulence Transfer Processes in Adiabatic and Condensing Film Flow in an Inclined Tube
Authors: Würfel R. , Kreutzer T. , Fratzscher W.
Published: April 2005

For the description of transfer processes in separated turbulent two‐phase flow, knowledge is necessary about interactions at the interface. Particularly experimental studies were performed of the two‐phase‐friction coefficient, film thickness, entrainment and heat transfer for adiabatic and condensing conditions. Working systems were n‐heptane/air, water/air and condensing n‐heptane. The measurement of the liquid film thickness was successful with the ultrasonic method and the entrainment was measured with an isokinetic technique. Quantitative connections between hydrodynamic parameters were discussed and compared with literature models. Based on experimental data, special models are proposed. Partly the influence of the mass transfer intensity cannot be neglected for calculation of the two‐phase‐friction coefficient. For the description of the heat transfer for film condensation in turbulent flow the interface shear stress and the inclination angle of the tube have proved useful.
Designing Wet Scrubbers for SO2 Absorption into Fairly Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Solutions Containing Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Thomas D. , Colle S. , Vanderschuren J.
Published: April 2005

Absorption of SO2, diluted with nitrogen up to concentrations of 500 Pa, was performed at 20 °C and 1 atm, with water and sulfuric acid solutions containing hydrogen peroxide in two different contactors: a packed column and a cable scrubber. The absorption rate was determined for various SO2 partial pressures, as well as different concentrations of sulfuric acid (up to 40 wt %) and of hydrogen peroxide in the scrubbing liquid. It was found that the SO2 absorption rate increases with the hydrogen peroxide concentration, and decreases as the acidity of the scrubbing liquid increases. Taking into account hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of the packing for both scrubbers, a practical enhancement factor depending on the liquid phase H2SO4 and H2O2 contents, was deduced from semi‐continuous tests. As a good concordance was observed between results determined for both contactors, a single correlation is proposed, allowing the computation of this kinetic factor for quite simple simulation or design of SO2 scrubbers, provided the gas and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients kGa and kLa are known.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aqueous Pauson–Khand‐Type Reaction
Authors: Kwong Fuk Yee , Li Yue Ming , Lam Wai Har , Qiu Liqin , Lee Hang Wai , Yeung Chi Hung , Chan Kin Shing , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: April 2005

An interesting rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric aqueous Pauson–Khand‐type reaction was developed. A chiral atropisomeric dipyridyldiphosphane ligand was found to be highly effective in this system. This operationally simple protocol allows both catalyst and reactants to be handled under air without precautions. Various enynes were transformed to the corresponding bicyclic cyclopentenones in good yield and enantiomeric excess (up to 95 %ee). A study of the electronic effects of the enyne substrates revealed a correlation between the electronic properties of the substrates and theeevalue obtained in the product of the Pauson–Khand‐type reaction. A linear free‐energy relationship was observed from a Hammett study.
Survival benefit with imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with accelerated‐phase chronic myelogenous leukemia—Comparison with historic experience
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop , Talpaz Moshe , O'Brien Susan , Giles Francis , Faderl Stefan , Verstovsek Srdan , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Shan Jianqin , Rios Mary Beth , Champlin Richard , de Lima Marcos , Cortes Jorge
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

The effect of imatinib mesylate on survival in the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to update the long‐term experience with imatinib in patients who had accelerated‐phase CML and to compare outcomes with historic experience.

METHODS

The outcomes of 176 patients who received treatment with imatinib were reviewed and compared with the outcomes of 213 historic control patients with accelerated‐phase CML who received treatment with interferon‐α or with other modalities.

RESULTS

With imatinib, the complete hematologic response rate was 82% versus a rate ≤ 50% for others, and the complete cytogenetic response rate was 43% versus rates of 0–6% for others. The estimated 4‐year survival rates were 53% with imatinib, 42% with interferon‐α, and 0–21% for others. A multivariate analysis of the total population of 389 patients indicated that imatinib therapy (vs. other therapies) was an independent, favorable prognostic factor for survival (P< 0.0001; hazard rate, 0.62). A subset analysis that included only patients who were treated with imatinib and interferon‐α (276 patients) also identified imatinib as an independent favorable prognostic factor (P< 0.0001; hazard rate, 0.65). The 3‐month cytogenetic response to imatinib was associated with significantly different survival outcomes (P< 0.0001). A multivariate analysis that included pretreatment characteristics and 3‐month cytogenetic response among 150 patients who received imatinib and were alive at 3 months identified only 2 adverse independent prognostic factors: lack of a cytogenetic response at 3 months (P< 0.001) and anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL;P= 0.003). Patients who had neither factor (41%) had an estimated 4‐year survival rate of 88%; in the other patients, the 4‐year survival rate was ≤ 60%. This may have implications in relation to subsequent therapy, because, according to the outcomes of patients who underwent allogeneic transplantation in accelerated phase at the authors' institution and from literature reports, the estimates of 5‐year survival were 25–30%.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggest that imatinib improved survival compared with other therapies in patients with accelerated‐phase CML. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Dynamic Evolution of Kohn–Sham Electron Density in the Real‐Time Domain with Finite Basis Expansion
Authors: Hu Anguang , Woo Tom K.
Published: April 2005

We present a novel method for time‐dependent density functional theory calculations on dynamic linear response and electron density evolution in the real‐time domain with the finite basis expansion approach of conventional quantum chemistry. To demonstrate the validity and efficiency of this method, dynamic polarizabilities of a water chain and diphenylene molecules are computed by employing the Chebyshev interpolation algorithm, which was developed by Baer and co‐workers. The calculated dynamic polarizabilities show good agreement with those obtained from conventional linear response calculations. The density evolution in the real‐time domain with application of a long‐duration electric field gives electronic conduction in molecules, where a dynamic process of charge transfer is observed with the snapshots of response density in real time. Charge transfer oscillating with the frequency of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap is shown in a diphenylene molecule while there is little change in time for a water chain.
Polychromatic (eight‐color) slide‐based cytometry for the phenotyping of leukocyte, NK, and NKT subsets
Authors: Mittag Anja , Lenz Dominik , Gerstner Andreas O. H. , Sack Ulrich , Steinbrecher Michael , Koksch Mario , Raffael Alexander , Bocsi Jozsef , Tárnok Attila
Published: April 2005

Background

Natural killer (NK) and NK T (NKT) cells are important in innate immune defense. Their unequivocal identification requires at least four antigens. Based on the expression of additional antigens, they can be further divided into functional subsets. For more accurate immunophenotyping and to describe multiple expression patterns of leukocyte subsets, an increased number of measurable colors is necessary. To take advantage of the technologic features offered by slide‐based cytometry, repeated analysis was combined with sequential optical‐filter changing.

Methods

Human peripheral blood leukocytes from healthy adult volunteers were labeled with antibodies by direct or indirect staining. Tandem dyes of Cy7 (phycoerythrin [PE]‐/allophycocyanin [APC]‐Cy7), Cy5.5 (PE‐/APC‐Cy5.5), and PE‐Cy5 and the fluorochromes fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), PE, and APC were tested alone and in combinations. Optical filters of the laser scanning cytometer were 555 DRLP/BP 530/30 nm for photomultiplier tube (PMT) 1/FITC, 605 DRLP/BP 580/30 nm for PMT 2/PE, 740 DCXR/BP 670/20 nm for PMT 3/Cy5/APC, and BP 810/90 nm for PMT 4/Cy7. Filter PMT 3 was replaced for detection of PE/Cy5.5 and APC/Cy5.5 by 740 LP/BP 710/20 nm and the sample was remeasured. Both data files were merged into one to combine the different information on a single‐cell basis. The combination of eight antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD45, and CD56 was used to characterize NK and NKT cells and their subsets.

Results

In this way Cy5.5 is measurable at 488‐nm and 633‐nm excitation. Further, with the two different filters it is possible to distinguish Cy5 from Cy5.5 in the same detection channel (PMT 3). With this method we identified NK and NKT cells, subsets of NK (CD3−16+56+, CD3−16+56−, CD3−16−56+) and NKT (CD3+16+56+, CD3+16−56+) and their CD4+8−, CD4−8+, CD4−8− and CD4+8+ subsets.

Conclusion

With our adaptations it is possible to discriminate tandem conjugates of Cy5, Cy5.5, and Cy7 for eight‐color immunophenotyping. Using this method, novel rare subsets of NK and NKT cells that are CD4/CD8 double positive are reported for the first time. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human IL‐19 regulates immunity through auto‐induction of IL‐19 and production of IL‐10
Authors: Jordan William J. , Eskdale Joyce , Boniotto Michele , Lennon Greig P. , Peat Jon , Campbell John D. M. , Gallagher Grant
Published: April 2005

IL‐19 is a novel, recently identified member of the IL‐10 family of cytokines. We identified IL‐10 as a cytokine that was strongly induced in IL‐19‐stimulated PBMC. IL‐19‐induced IL‐10 secretion was dose‐dependent and could be detected in culture supernatants after 3 h of stimulation. Furthermore, quantitative RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that IL‐19 stimulation increased the level of IL‐10 mRNA present within cells, suggesting that IL‐19 is a transcriptional activator of IL‐10. IL‐19 was also able to induce its own expression, with IL‐10 potently down‐regulating this IL‐19 ‘auto‐induction’. LPS induction of IL‐19 expression was also regulated by IL‐10, demonstrating that IL‐10 is likely an important regulator of human IL‐19 induction. Maturation of dendritic cells from human PBMC in the presence of IL‐19 resulted in an increase in IL‐10 levels within these cells, whereas IL‐12 was not affected. These results advance our understanding of the function of this novel cytokine and its regulation within the human immune system, in addition to providing a new insight into the control of the important immunoregulatory cytokine, IL‐10.
Regulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell activity: it takes (IL‐)two to tango
Authors: Scheffold Alexander , Hühn Jochen , Höfer Thomas
Published: April 2005

Although CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a well‐characterized population of T cells with in vitro and in vivo suppressive capacity, the basic mechanisms of suppression are still not understood. The constitutive expression of the high‐affinity receptor for IL‐2 has raised the question about the role of IL‐2 in Treg function. Here, we review recent data indicating that IL‐2 is not only necessary for the homeostasis of Treg but is also critical for the activation of Treg function. Since Treg do not produce IL‐2 by themselves, their capacity to utilize IL‐2 secreted by other T cells appears to be an essential component of Treg biology. This indicates that Treg suppressive activity is controlled by interaction with activated target cells via the soluble mediator IL‐2. In Treg, IL‐2 has been identified as a potent inducer of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL‐10, an important mediator of Treg suppression in vivo. The efficient capture of IL‐2 by Treg may, under conditions of limited IL‐2 supply, cause IL‐2 deprivation of responder T cells. This competition can explain some of the currently discussed discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro activity of Treg.
The effect of quetiapine on aggression and hostility in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Arango Celso , Bernardo Miguel
Published: April 2005

A post hoc analysis of data from three placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trials was carried out to determine the efficacy of quetiapine in aggression and hostility in patients with schizophrenia. Quetiapine treatment induced statistically significantly greater improvements in BPRS positive symptom cluster scores and three measures of hostility derived from the BPRS, compared with placebo, in patients symptomatic at baseline. A path analysis showed that the improvements in hostility were highly correlated with improvements in positive symptoms and there was no consistent relationship between sedation and hostility. Aggressive behaviour appears to be related to positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Quetiapine may be a suitable option for patients with schizophrenia and aggressive behaviour. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomeric distinction and oxonium ion formation in acetylated glycosides
Authors: Denekamp Chagit , Sandlers Yana
Published: April 2005

Collision‐induced dissociation of ammonium‐cationized alpha and beta acetyl pyranosidic isomers were studied and stereochemical dependence of the reactivity towards elimination of acetic acid from the anomeric position was found. It is shown that isomers that contain trans diacetyloxy groups at positions 1 and 2 of the pyranoside are more reactive, allowing anomeric distinction according to the relative abundance of the oxocarbenium product ion of this reaction in the spectrum. The higher reactivity of trans isomers is rationalized by neighboring group assistance that is possible only in the trans configuration. DFT calculations indicate that the lesser energetic reaction path occurs in an ammonium‐cationized trans diequatorial 2,3‐diacetoxy tetrahydropyran that was used as a model in order to study this process theoretically. It is also found that the configuration at position 4 of the carbohydrate plays a major role in the rate of formation and stability of oxocarbenium ions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels Obtained by Freeze/Thaw Techniques
Authors: Ricciardi Rosa , Auriemma Finizia , De Rosa Claudio
Published: April 2005

The relationships between the structure and the viscoelastic properties of freeze/thaw PVA hydrogels obtained by repeatedly freezing and thawing dilute solutions of PVA in D2O(11% w/w PVA) in as‐prepared and rehydrated states are investigated. Our results indicate that the PVA chains and solvent molecules are organized at different hierarchical length scales, which include the presence of micro‐ and macro‐pores, into a network scaffolding. The porous network is ensured by the presence of crystallites, which act as knots interconnected by portions of PVA chains swollen by the solvent. X‐ray diffraction and SANS techniques are used to obtain structural information at short (angstroms) and medium (nanometers) ranges of length scales, concerning the crystallinity, the size of small crystalline aggregates and the average distance between crystallites in PVA hydrogels. Indirect information concerning the structural organization on the large length scales (microns) are provided by viscoelastic measurements. The dynamic shear elastic moduli at low frequency and low strain amplitude, G′, are determined and related to the degree of crystallinity. These data indicate that a minimum crystallinity of 1% is required for these PVA samples to exhibit gel behaviour and have allowed obtaining the order of magnitude of the average mesh size in these gels. Finally, it is shown that the negative effect of aging, inducing worse physical and mechanical properties in these systems, may be prevented using a drying/re‐hydration protocol able to keep the physical properties of the as‐prepared PVA hydrogels.
Thermoreversible Gelation of Syndiotactic Polystyrene in Naphthalene
Authors: Malik Sudip , Rochas Cyrille , Démé Bruno , Guenet Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2005

Investigation into syndiotactic polystyrene/naphthalene systems of concentrations ranging from 0 to 78% (w/w) have been carried out by electron microscopy, DSC, and neutron diffraction. It is found that a fibrillar morphology is produced in this solvent, similar to that observed for thermoreversible gels. The temperature‐concentration phase diagram suggests the existence of two compounds of differing stoichiometries. Neutron diffraction experiments confirm the existence of compounds in this system.
Temperature‐Concentration Phase Diagram of PEO‐Urea
Authors: Wagner Jean‐François , Dosière Marcel , Guenet Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2005

The present paper reports on the phase diagram of the system PEO/Urea as established by differential scanning calorimetry. From this phase diagram one PEO/Urea compound is indentified with a stoichiometry 1/2. This value is in agreement with results derived from X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Polymer Nanocontainers
Authors: Poux Sandrine , Meier Wolfgang
Published: April 2005

New type of reactive, water‐soluble and filled polymer nanocontainers that can be covalently attached to surfaces were synthesized. The encapsulation of a dye inside the nanocontainers allows their rapid detection. The model systems are based on crosslinked polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The synthesis of nanocontainers by two‐step emulsion polymerization and characterization by NMR, IR, Dynamic Light Scattering, TEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is presented.
Influence of the Absorbed Water on the Tensile Strength of Flax Fibers
Authors: Baley Christophe , Morvan Claudine , Grohens Yves
Published: April 2005

The complex structure of flax fibres involves many chemical biomolecules located in an amorphous matrix in which cellulose micrifibrils are embbeded. The drying of flax fibres influences significantly their tensile strength. This result can be explained by the creation of damages within the fibre and by the modification of the chemical composition of the matrix components. This loss of water involves a modification of the adhesion between the cellulose microfibrils and the matrix. This modification is due to the evolution of the components ensuring the transfer of load between the microfibrils and thus conditioning the strength of the cellular wall.
Study of the Drying Behavior of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Aqueous Solution
Authors: Allanic Nadine , Salagnac Patrick , Glouannec Patrick
Published: April 2005

This paper deals with the drying behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution containing an active substance and placed into a Petri box. The objective is to reduce the drying time while respecting some constraints. To succeed, it is important to understand complex mechanisms governing heat and mass transfers. During the drying, the product thickness shrinks and its properties evolve. Drying kinetics in convective and infrared radiation are presented.
Multicenter bond indices as a new measure of aromaticity in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Bultinck Patrick , Ponec Robert , Van Damme Sofie
Published: April 2005

This paper reports the application of the recently proposed formalism known as generalized population analysis (GPA) as a new means for the quantitative characterization of the aromaticity of various benzenoid rings in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantity which we propose as a new measure of aromaticity is the so‐called six‐center bond index. The values of this index characterize the extent of delocalized cyclic bonding in individual benzenoid rings of PAHs and it is shown that the scale of the aromaticity represented by this index closely reflects the intuitive idea according to which the aromaticity of individual rings in PAHs can be gauged by the degree of similarity to benzene itself. In addition, the relation of the newly introduced index of aromaticity to other existing aromaticity measures is discussed. Consistent with the presumed orthogonality of classical and magnetic criteria of aromaticity, the classifications based on these two classes of aromaticity measures were found usually to be opposite. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analog LSI neuron model inspired by biological excitable membrane
Authors: Kanoh Shin'Ichiro , Imai Makoto , Hoshimiya Nozomu
Published: April 2005

An analog hardware neuron model having biological neuron characteristics is proposed and its basic characteristics are reported. The proposed circuit model is constructed from a membrane capacitance part, negative resistance circuit part, and reactance circuit part, and realizes the membrane excitability observed in biological neurons by voltage‐controlled negative resistance characteristics. This model exhibits an action potential generation mechanism similar to that of biological neurons. HSPICE simulation reveals that this model can reproduce both the well‐known responses to excitatory inputs and the postinhibitory rebound (PIR) firing which is a neuronal activity occurring by the release from an inhibitory input discharge, and that the characteristics of the input pulse amplitude‐latency and entrained response to the periodic input are similar to those of biological neurons. In addition, this model is developed by considering compatibility with integrated circuit processes, and design results of LSI implementation of the model are also presented in this article. PIR firing cannot be reproduced by the simple neuronal model used in conventional neurochips, but it plays an important role in information processing in the brain. The functionality of neurochips is expected to be improved by simulating biological neurons by such a biologically inspired hardware neuron model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 84–91, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10676
Test cost reduction for logic circuits: Reduction of test data volume and test application time
Authors: Higami Yoshinobu , Kajihara Seiji , Ichihara Hideyuki , Takamatsu Yuzo
Published: April 2005

We believe that reduction of the testing cost is becoming increasingly important as the size of VLSIs becomes larger. Moreover, as the structure of VLSIs becomes more complicated, test compaction, test compression, and test application time reduction for non‐stuck‐at faults, such as delay faults, bridging faults, crosstalk faults, and open faults, must be considered. In addition, new methods of fault diagnosis and high‐level testing must be developed in order to reduce testing costs or diagnostic costs. In this paper we have surveyed recent research on the reduction of testing cost for logic circuits, including test compaction for combinational circuits and sequential circuits, test compaction under IDDQ testing, and test compression and test application time reduction for scan circuits. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 69–83, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20240
How to Appraise a Prognostic Study
Authors: Mak Kenneth , Kum Cheng Kiong
Published: April 2005

Prognostic studies are studies that examine selected predictive variables or risk factors and assess their influence on the outcome of a disease. They allow clinicians to understand better the natural history of a disease, guide clinical decision‐making by facilitating the selection of appropriate treatment options, and allow more accurate prediction of disease outcomes. Appraising prognostic studies involves determining the internal validity of the study design and evaluating the influence of systemic errors or bias. In studies examining multiple prognostic variables, care must be taken to minimize the confounding influence each variable would have on the other parameters. Evaluating the results of appropriate statistical analysis enables conclusions to be made that may influence clinical practice. Care must be taken to ensure that the conditions under which the prognostic study were conducted resemble circumstances in the local institution so as to allow the conclusions to be applied to local practices.
Number Needed to Treat (or Harm)
Authors: Tramèr Martin R. , Walder Bernhard
Published: April 2005

The effect of a treatment versus controls may be expressed in relative or absolute terms. For rational decision‐making, absolute measures are more meaningful. The number needed to treat, the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction, is a powerful estimate of the effect of a treatment. It is particularly useful because it takes into account the underlying risk (what would happen without the intervention?). The number needed to treat tells us not only whether a treatment works but how well it works. Thus, it informs health care professionals about the effort needed to achieve a particular outcome. A number needed to treat should be accompanied by information about the experimental intervention, the control intervention against which the experimental intervention has been tested, the length of the observation period, the underlying risk of the study population, and an exact definition of the endpoint. A 95% confidence interval around the point estimate should be calculated. An isolated number needed to treat is rarely appropriate to summarize the usefulness of an intervention; multiple numbers needed to treat for benefit and harm are more helpful. Absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat should become standard summary estimates in randomized controlled trials.
Human disturbances on landscapes in protected areas: a case study of the Wolong Nature Reserve
Authors: Zeng Hui , Sui Daniel Z. , Wu X. Ben
Published: April 2005

Human‐induced ecological degradation in protected areas is of great concern in landscape ecological studies. Using Landsat TM data and GIS‐based spatial analysis, we assessed the impacts of human disturbances on landscape structure in the Wolong Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Buffer zone and landscape dissimilarity analysis were used to examine the scope of three types of human‐induced disturbances—construction of hydropower stations, human activities around settlement, and human activities along roads. We found that the impacts of these human disturbances extend to a threshold distance of about 1,000 m from the sources of disturbance. The intensity of the impact of human disturbances on landscape structure exhibited clear distance–decay effects. The first 200 m buffer zone is the area where human activities have inflicted the most visible changes, with a decrease of forest cover by 15–40% and an increase of shrub and barren land area by 15–50%. The relative intensity of the overall impact on landscape structure was highest around hydropower stations, second around human settlements, and lowest along roads. Overtime, however, the relative level of impact associated with construction of hydropower stations will likely decrease and that associated with human activities around settlements likely increase. Our case study of Wolong exposes hurdles that habitat preservation must cross in protected areas. Future management of Wolong Nature Reserve should focus on adoption of effective policies to further constrain human activities in the reserve.
Update on the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents
Authors: Findling Robert L.
Published: April 2005

As the phenomenology of pediatric bipolar disorder has become better delineated, clinicians are now able to more accurately assess and treat young people suffering from this condition. For pediatric patients with bipolar I disorder and symptoms of mania, medication monotherapy has been shown to lead to symptom amelioration. However, this treatment modality oftentimes does not lead to full symptom remission. In an attempt to address this observation, combination treatment strategies have recently been investigated. Recently, a maintenance study has shown that in youths who achieved remission on a combination of lithium and divalproate therapy, either of these agents alone was equally effective as a treatment strategy. In youths identified as being at genetic high risk for bipolarity who also had problematic affective symptomatology, treatment with divalproate was not found to be superior to placebo; however, those with the greatest degree of genetic risk for familial psychopathology remained in the trial longer than those with more modest amounts of familial psychopathology. These data suggest that intervention in youths with only one affected parent may not be a rational prevention strategy for pharmacological intervention in bipolar disorder, and that cohorts more genetically at risk may be a more appropriate group for preventative pharmacotherapy.
Distribution profile of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor isoforms in adrenal chromaffin cells
Authors: Huh Yang Hoon , Yoo Jie Ae , Bahk Sook Jin , Yoo Seung Hyun
Published: April 2005

Given the importance of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)/Ca2+ channels in the control of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, we determined the relative concentrations of the IP3R isoforms in subcellular organelles, based on serially sectioned electron micrographs. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was estimated to contain 15–20% of each of the three IP3R isoforms while secretory granules contained 58–69%. The nucleus contained ∼15% each of IP3R‐1 and ‐2, but 25% of IP3R‐3, whereas the plasma membrane contained ∼1% or less of each. These suggested that secretory granules, the nucleus and ER are at the center of IP3‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ control mechanisms in chromaffin cells.
Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation
Authors: GUHA SUDESHNA
Published: April 2005

Following the destruction of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992, the discipline of archaeology has been increasingly exploited for meeting the demands of religious nationalism in India, for offering material proof for the primordiality of Hindu dharma, and for substantiating claims that the ‘Vedic Hindu’ had an indigenous origin within the subcontinent. Over the last decade, statements such as ‘new astrological and archaeological evidence has come to light which suggests that the people who composed the Vedas called themselves Aryans and were indigenous to India’ (Prinja 1996: 10), have not only propped up the doctrinaire of Hindutva, but have also acquired an official sanctioning from many within the professional community of Indian archaeologists (e.g. Lal 1998), who are actively involved in a programme of promoting the premise that it is possible to unearth true histories objectively through archaeological means (Gupta 1996: 142).
Managing the Forest in Colonial Indochina c.1900–1940
Authors: CLEARY MARK
Published: April 2005

The development of France's territories in Indo-China between about 1900 and 1940 was based on an ideology of economic growth coupled with social and cultural transformation. These twin aims, what French colonial theory termed the mise en valeur and mission civilisatrice of the overseas empire, can tell us much about the attitude of colonial scientists and administrators to defining, controlling and developing the forest resources of the region. This paper examines colonial attitudes towards forest resources and the peoples who relied on the forest for their livelihoods, and explores the ways in which both economic and cultural preoccupations about the ‘rational’ and ‘scientific’ use of those resources was reflected in the institutions and policies of the state. Through an examination of the origins and development of forest legislation and, in particular, its effects on indigenous peoples, the paper highlights both the mechanisms used to control indigenous peoples and practices, and the wider context within which such policies were framed.
Application of GIS for the development of climatological air temperature maps: an example from Poland
Authors: Ustrnul Zbigniew , Czekierda Danuta
Published: April 2005

The main objective of the present study is the construction of air temperature maps for the territory of Poland through the application of contemporary GIS techniques. First a review of currently used spatial interpolation methods is presented. Several spatial interpolation methods have been tested: ordinary kriging, cokriging, universal kriging and residual kriging. The last of these –residual kriging –was chosen for the map constructions. The dataset contains mean monthly temperatures from 168 stations (synoptic and climatological) located across the entire territory of Poland as well as from 55 stations located in bordering zones. Additionally, mean daily temperature data from all synoptic stations have been collected for the 50‐year period 1951–2000. Several geographic parameters, including elevation, latitude, longitude, and distance to the Baltic coast (for stations located within 100 km) were used as predictor variables for air temperature interpolation. The first set of maps display the mean annual, seasonal and monthly temperatures for Central Europe and other selected regions. Special attention was paid to temperature parameters which have practical value (e.g. the length of the growing season, duration of thermal summer and winter, and degree day accumulations). GIS tools also enable the easy calculation and display of the area under specified thermal conditions and the display of maps for climate monitoring purposes. An example of the synoptic–climatic analysis with the application of mean daily temperatures and circulation using Grosswetterlagen circulation types is also presented. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Primäre und Sekundäre Kontrolle versus Hartnäckige Zielverfolgung und Flexible Zielanpassung:
Authors: Wahl Hans-Werner , Becker Stefanie , Schilling Oliver , Burmedi David , Himmelsbach Ines
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die Konzepte der selektiven und kompensatorischen, primären und sekundären Kontrolle bzw. der Assimilation (hartnäckige Zielverfolgung) und Akkommodation (flexible Zielanpassung) haben in den letzten Jahren im Bereich der Entwicklungspsychologie des Erwachsenenalters und Alters hohe Prominenz erlangt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die konzeptuelle und empirische Analyse von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden zwischen beiden Ansätzen. Zu Grunde liegt eine 2-Messzeitpunkte-Untersuchung (1-Jahresbeobachtung) von N = 90 (T1) älteren Menschen (mittleres Alter 79.5 Jahre) mit altersabhängiger Makuladegeneration, der häufigsten Ursache von schweren Sehbeeinträchtigungen im höheren Lebensalter. Die konzeptuelle Analyse einschließlich eines Itemvergleichs einschlägiger Messinstrumente erbringt deutliche Ähnlichkeiten (z.B. zwischen selektiver primärer Kontrolle und hartnäckiger Zielverfolgung), aber auch Unterschiede (z.B. wird kompensatorische primäre Kontrolle in den Konzepten hartnäckige Zielverfolgung bzw. flexible Zielanpassung nicht explizit berücksichtigt). Auch empirisch finden sich deutliche, aber nicht redundante Beziehungen zwischen den Konzepten. Im 1-Jahresverlauf zeigt sich zudem - wie erwartet - eine Abnahme sowohl der selektiven Kontrollstrategien wie der hartnäckigen Zielverfolgung und diese Konzepte besitzen auch die relativ stärksten Zusammenhänge zu positivem Affekt. Bei gleichzeitigem Einbezug aller Konzepte im Sinne von Prädiktoren des T1-T2 Verlaufs von positivem Affekt zeigt sich eine relativ eigenständige Bedeutung von kompensatorischer primärer Kontrolle.
Interdecadal water mass changes in the Southern Ocean between 30°E and 160°E
Authors: Aoki Shigeru , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Church John A.
Published: April 2005

Interdecadal water mass changes in the Indian ‐ Western Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean were investigated using the Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions and historical hydrographic observations from the 1950s to 1990s. Freshening and cooling occurred on the neutral density surfaces of 27.0 kg·m−3 equatorward of Sub‐Antarctic Front. Results for the area south of the Polar Front show warm and saline anomalies and oxygen decreases on the surfaces around 27.9 kg·m−3, which correspond to the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. These latter anomalies are most simply explained by the mixing of these shallow waters with warmer and fresher surface waters. Steric sea level has also increased with an average change of 1mm·yr−1 from the 1970s to 1990s. The changes are larger north of the Sub‐Antarctic Front, implying a strengthening of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. It appears that the observed changes are consistent with the results from coupled climate model results for a similar period.
A laboratory investigation into the seismic velocities of methane gas hydrate‐bearing sand
Authors: Priest Jeffrey A. , Best Angus I. , Clayton Christopher R. I.
Published: April 2005

Remote seismic methods, which measure the compressional wave (P wave) velocity (Vp) and shear wave (S wave) velocity (Vs), can be used to assess the distribution and concentration of marine gas hydrates in situ. However, interpreting seismic data requires an understanding of the seismic properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments, which has proved problematic because of difficulties in recovering intact hydrate‐bearing sediment samples and in performing valid laboratory tests. Therefore a dedicated gas hydrate resonant column (GHRC) was developed to allow pressure and temperature conditions suitable for hydrate formation to be applied to a specimen with subsequent measurement of both Vp and Vs made at frequencies and strains relevant to marine seismic investigations. Thirteen sand specimens containing differing amounts of evenly dispersed hydrate were tested. The results show a bipartite relationship between velocities and hydrate pore saturation, with a marked transition between 3 and 5% hydrate pore saturation for both Vp and Vs. This suggests that methane hydrate initially cements sand grain contacts then infills the pore space. These results show in detail for the first time, using a resonant column, how hydrate cementation affects elastic wave properties in quartz sand. This information is valuable for validating theoretical models relating seismic wave propagation in marine sediments to hydrate pore saturation.
Beyond the thermal plume paradigm
Authors: Farnetani C. G. , Samuel H.
Published: April 2005

Geodynamic models of thermo‐chemical plumes rising in a mantle wind suggest that we should abandon some paradigms based on the dynamics of purely thermal axisymmetric plumes. The head‐tail structure is possible but not unique and the lack of a plume head does not preclude a deep origin. Our results suggest that the surface expression of some thermo‐chemical plumes may be a headless, age‐progressive volcanic chain. Plume tails are laterally heterogeneous, rather than concentrically zoned, because deep heterogeneities are sheared into distinct and long‐lasting filaments that will be successively sampled by different volcanoes, as the oceanic plate moves over the plume tail. Finally, calculated S‐wave velocity anomalies are consistent with recent plume tomographic images, showing that compositional heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle favour the coexistence of a great variety of plume shapes and sizes.
HIV-1 Tat Protein-Induced Alterations of ZO-1 Expression are Mediated by Redox-Regulated ERK1/2 Activation
Authors: Pu Hong , Tian Jing , Andras Ibolya E , Hayashi Kentaro , Flora Govinder , Hennig Bernhard , Toborek Michal
Published: April 2005

HIV-1 Tat protein plays an important role in inducing monocyte infiltration into the brain and may alter the structure and functions of the blood—brain barrier (BBB). The BBB serves as a frontline defense system, protecting the central nervous system from infected monocytes entering the brain. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms of Tat effect on the integrity of the BBB in the mouse brain. Tat was injected into the right hippocampi of C57BL/6 mice and expression of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) was determined in control and treated mice. Tat administration resulted in decreased mRNA levels of ZO-1 and marked disruption of ZO-1 continuity. These changes were associated with accumulation of inflammatory cells in brain tissue of Tat-treated mice. Further experiments indicated that Tat-mediated alterations of redox-related signaling may be responsible for decreased ZO-1 expression. Specifically, injections with Tat resulted in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and pretreatment with U0126, a specific inhibitor of ERK kinase, effectively ameliorated the Tat-induced diminished ZO-1 levels. In addition, administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione and a potent antioxidant, attenuated both Tat-induced ERK1/2 activation and alterations in ZO-1 expression. These results indicate that Tat-induced oxidative stress can play an important role in affecting the integrity of the BBB through the ERK1/2 pathway.
Depletion and pair interactions of proteins in polymer solutions
Authors: Surve Megha , Pryamitsyn Victor , Ganesan Venkat
Published: April 2005

We study the depletion, pair interaction, and phase behavioral characteristics of proteins in polymer solutions. We use a McMillan–Mayer-like approach [W. G. McMillan, Jr. and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13, 276 (1945)] to suggest that the depletion characteristics should be studied at an effective polymer concentration which is a function of both the average polymer and the protein concentrations. In the protein limit, we show that the volume of the polymer depletion layers exceeds the size of the proteins, leading to effective polymer concentrations typically in the semidilute and concentrated regimes even when the average polymer concentrations are in the dilute regimes. We propose an approximate approach that accounts for the multibody depletion overlaps, and use an accurate numerical solution of polymer mean-field theory to address depletion characteristics in these regimes which are characterized by both the importance of polymer interactions as well as the curvature of the proteins relative to the correlation length of polymers. We show that the depletion characteristics of the protein-polymer mixture can be quite different when viewed in this framework, and this can have profound consequences for the phase behavior of the mixture. Our theoretical predictions for the phase diagram match semiquantitatively with published experimental results.
The infrared spectrum of Au−∙CO2
Authors: Boese A. Daniel , Schneider Holger , Glöß Alexia N. , Weber J. Mathias
Published: April 2005

The Au−∙CO2 ion-molecule complex has been studied by gas phase infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Several sharp transitions can be identified as combination bands involving the asymmetric stretch vibrational mode of the CO2 ligand. Their frequencies are redshifted by several hundred cm−1 from the frequencies of free CO2. We discuss our findings in the framework of ab initio and density-functional theory calculations, using anharmonic corrections to predict vibrational transition energies. The infrared spectrum is consistent with the formation of an aurylcarboxylate anion with a strongly bent CO2 subunit.
Influence of initial oxygen coverage and magnetic moment on the NO decomposition on rhodium (111)
Authors: Inderwildi Oliver R. , Lebiedz Dirk , Deutschmann Olaf , Warnatz Jürgen
Published: April 2005

In this study, density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the influence of oxygen preoccupation on the nitrogen oxide decomposition on rhodium. Besides gauging the coverage dependence of the adsorption energy of NO on the (111) rhodium facet, the influence of the initial oxygen coverage on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the nitrogen oxide decomposition reaction was also studied. The results are discussed with respect to a novel NOx decomposition catalyst. Furthermore, the influence of spin effects on the adsorption geometry as well as the adsorption energy is examined. It will be addressed why spin effects only have a minor influence on the behavior of NO on a rhodium surface.
The eighth virial coefficient of four- and five-dimensional hard hyperspheres
Authors: Bishop Marvin , Masters Andrew , Vlasov A. Yu.
Published: April 2005

The eighth virial coefficient for hard hyperspheres is calculated by Monte Carlo techniques. It is found that B8∕B27=0.000274±0.000014 and −0.000115±0.000012 in four and five dimensions, respectively. The results are in good agreement with the findings of Clisby and McCoy (e-print arXiv:cond-mat∕0410511), and confirm that B8 is negative in five dimensions.