bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Perkins Charles E. , Malinen Jari T. , Wakikawa Ryuji , Nilsson Anders , Tuominen Antti J.
Published: October 2002

The need for ad hoc networks arises when a number of mobile nodes gather in one particular location and form autonomous networks. Ad hoc networks can be adjoined to the Internet, introducing routing and addressing issues that require new features from ad hoc networking protocols. The Internet Gateway can offer global addressability and bidirectional Internet connectivity to every node in the ad hoc network. This can be done in such a way that mobile wireless nodes can migrate between wireless access points that have direct access to the wired Internet and the wireless ad hoc networks that do not have any such local access point infrastructure. Mobile IP can be employed to make such movement seamless (whenever physically possible), even though it occurs between domains with previously incompatible routing models. We believe that IPv6 and Mobile IPv6 afford important advantages for making such attachments, especially regarding router advertisement and address autoconfiguration. In this paper, we show how general ad hoc networks can be connected to the Internet by Internet Gateways, and then describe our specific experiments with Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) for IPv6 (AODV6). After demonstrating the basic principles allowing access to the Internet, we then detail our further experiments using Mobile IPv6. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research
Authors: Camp Tracy , Boleng Jeff , Davies Vanessa
Published: October 2002

In the performance evaluation of a protocol for an ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under realistic conditions including, but not limited to, a sensible transmission range, limited buffer space for the storage of messages, representative data traffic models and realistic movements of the mobile users (i.e. a mobility model). This paper is a survey of mobility models that are used in the simulations of ad hoc networks. We describe several mobility models that represent mobile nodes whose movements are independent of each other (i.e. entity mobility models) and several mobility models that represent mobile nodes whose movements are dependent on each other (i.e. group mobility models). The goal of this paper is to present a number of mobility models in order to offer researchers more informed choices when they are deciding on a mobility model to use in their performance evaluations. Lastly, we present simulation results that illustrate the importance of choosing a mobility model in the simulation of an ad hoc network protocol. Specifically, we illustrate how the performance results of an ad hoc network protocol drastically change as a result of changing the mobility model simulated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical routing in ad hoc mobile networks
Authors: Belding‐Royer Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2002

Clustering is a method by which nodes are hierarchically organized on the basis of their relative proximity to one another. Routes can be recorded hierarchically, across clusters, to increase routing flexibility. Hierarchical routing greatly increases the scalability of routing in ad hoc networks by increasing the robustness of routes. This paper presents the Adaptive Routing using Clusters (ARC) protocol, a protocol that creates a cluster hierarchy composed of cluster leaders and gateway nodes to interconnect clusters. ARC introduces a new algorithm for cluster leader revocation that eliminates the ripple effect caused by leadership changes. Further, ARC utilizes a limited broadcast algorithm for reducing the impact of network floods. The performance of ARC is evaluated by comparing it both with other clustering schemes and with an on‐demand ad hoc routing protocol. It is shown that the cluster topology created by ARC is more stable than that created by other clustering algorithms and that the use of ARC can result in throughput increases of over 100%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive security for multilevel ad hoc networks
Authors: Kong Jiejun , Luo Haiyun , Xu Kaixin , Gu Daniel Lihui , Gerla Mario , Lu Songwu
Published: October 2002

Secure communication is critical in military environments in which the network infrastructure is vulnerable to various attacks and compromises. A conventional centralized solution breaks down when the security servers are destroyed by the enemies. In this paper we design and evaluate a security framework for multilevel ad hoc wireless networks with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In battlefields, the framework adapts to the contingent damages on the network infrastructure.

Depending on the availability of the network infrastructure, our design is composed of two modes. In infrastructure mode, security services, specifically the authentication services, are implemented on UAVs that feature low overhead and flexible managements. When the UAVs fail or are destroyed, our system seamlessly switches to infrastructureless mode, a backup mechanism that maintains comparable security services among the surviving units. In the infrastructureless mode, the security services are localized to each node's vicinity to comply with the ad hoc communication mechanism in the scenario. We study the instantiation of these two modes and the transitions between them. Our implementation and simulation measurements confirm the effectiveness of our design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the solid angle of an Si(Li) detector
Authors: Hopman Theodore L. , Campbell John L.
Published: October 2002

Radial and longitudinal scanning of x‐ray detectors with a 55Fe source is a widely used method for determining their dimensions and position within the cryostat and thence deducing solid angle in an analytical arrangement. The scanning method is refined here to take account of various effects and issues hitherto ignored and therefore reducing its accuracy; these include finite source size, collimator ‘channelling,’ and uncertainty as to the correction for x‐ray attenuation in the intervening air. With proper attention to these effects, it is possible to determine the window–crystal distance to an accuracy of about 0.2 mm; this translates into an accuracy of about 3% for solid angle when the source–detector distance is about 25 mm. However, uncertainty remains in calibrating an analytical system, owing to lack of knowledge of the actual construction of any internal collimator. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A correction procedure for the self‐absorption artifacts in x‐ray Compton tomography
Authors: Brunetti Antonio , Golosio Bruno , Cesareo Roberto
Published: October 2002

Compton tomography generally makes use of the same scanning techniques (rotations and translations) as transmission tomography but modifies the reconstruction software. However, it is also possible to use an x–y scanning technique, i.e. two independent sets of linear translations of the source and of the detector. The x–y technique allows one to scan only a limited zone of the sample, whereas the rotation–translations method needs to scan the whole sample. x–y scanning has a serious drawback: it is more sensitive than the translation–rotation technique to self‐absorption phenomena in the matrix. In this paper a new algorithm for x–y scanning reconstruction is described. This algorithm considers and corrects self‐absorption effects without requiring a priori knowledge about the chemical composition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
L‐subshell ionization of lutetium by 4He2+ ion bombardment
Authors: Hallak A. B. , Salah W. , Al‐Jundi J. , Jaghoub M. I.
Published: October 2002

Inner‐shell ionization of materials was studied using particle‐induced x‐ray emission (PIXE) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Measurements of the ionization cross‐sections of lutetium were performed by impact of 4He2+ ions in the energy range 1.40–8.50 MeV. The experimental data were compared with the predictions of current theoretical models based on ion–atom collision resulting in inner‐shell ionization. The discrepancy between theory and experiment at energies lower than about 5 MeV could be partially understood by incorporating intra‐shell coupling that results in vacancy rearrangement among the three L‐subshells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and analysis of CoEXG1, a secreted 1,3‐β‐glucanase of the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila
Authors: Segal Efrat , Yehuda Hila , Droby Samir , Wisniewski Michael , Goldway Martin
Published: October 2002

Lytic enzymes may have a role in the biological control of fungi. The yeast biocontrol agent, Candida oleophila, is an excellent subject to research this matter. In the present study, CoEXG1, which encodes for a secreted 1,3‐β‐glucanase, is the first gene to be cloned from C. oleophila. It was isolated from a partial genomic library and analysed. Its open reading frame and putative promoter were expressed in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reading frame, expressed under the inducible GAL1 promoter, caused an increased secretion of β‐glucanase, and the putative promoter region activated the lacZ reporter gene, to which it was fused. Sequencing analysis revealed that CoEXG1 carries the signature pattern of the 5 glycohydrolases family and has a putative secretion leader, as well as a high degree of identity to yeast 1,3‐β‐glucanases. The GenBank Accession No. of CoEXG1 is AF393806. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of N‐linked oligosaccharides attached to recombinant human antithrombin expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Hirose Masaaki , Kameyama Shoju , Ohi Hideyuki
Published: October 2002

We studied the structures of four N‐linked oligosaccharide chains of the recombinant human antithrombin (rAT) expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. rAT was fully glycosylated at Asn 96 and Asn 155, whereas the glycosylation on Asn 135 and Asn 192 was partial. The glycosylation level on Asn 135 was only 12% and this reduction is assumed to be one of the reasons for a higher heparin‐binding affinity of rAT than plasma‐derived human antithrombin (pAT). In order to determine the sizes and electrostatic charges of the N‐linked oligosaccharides, rAT was treated with PNGase F, and the reduced ends were labelled by pyridylamination followed by analysis using anion exchange and amide adsorption columns. The N‐linked oligosaccharides were 78% neutral and 22% phosphomannosylated. The neutral oligosaccharides were thought to be Man9–12GlcNAc2 as their major components. The phosphomannosylated oligosaccharides were then subjected to mild acid hydrolysis and/or digestion with alkaline phosphatase, and their charge shifts were analysed by the affinity to an anion exchange column. Among phosphomannosylated oligosaccharides, monophosphate diester type was predominant, whereas negatively charged diphosphate diester and monophosphate monoester types were minor components. The mannose residues at the non‐reducing end(s) of Man9–12GlcNAc2 were phosphomannosylated or phosphorylated and these are the major components. Because rAT is less negatively charged than pAT, which has disialyl biantennary N‐glycans, it might be less repulsive to pentasaccharide‐bearing anticoagulantly active heparan sulphate proteoglycan molecules exposed on the surface of the damaged vascular vessels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SHAM‐sensitive alternative respiration in the xylose‐metabolizing yeast Pichia stipitis
Authors: Shi Nian‐Qing , Cruz Jose , Sherman Fred , Jeffries Thomas W.
Published: October 2002

SHAM‐sensitive (STO) alternative respiration is present in the xylose‐metabolizing, Crabtree‐negative yeast, Pichia stipitis, but its pathway components and physiological roles during xylose metabolism are poorly understood. We cloned PsSTO1, which encodes the SHAM‐sensitive terminal oxidase (PsSto1p), by genome walking from wild‐type CBS 6054 and subsequently deleted PsSTO1 by targeted gene disruption. The resulting sto1‐Δ deletion mutant, FPL‐Shi31, did not contain other isoforms of Sto protein that were detectable by Western blot analysis using an alternative oxidase monoclonal antibody raised against the Sto protein from Sauromatum guttatum. Levels of cytochromes b, c, c1 and a·a3 did not change in the sto1‐Δ mutant, which indicated that deleting PsSto1p did not alter the cytochrome pool. Interestingly, the sto1‐Δ deletion mutant stopped growing earlier than the parent and produced 20% more ethanol from xylose. Heterologous expression of PsSTO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased its total oxygen consumption rate and imparted cyanide‐resistant oxygen uptake but did not enable growth on ethanol, indicating that PsSto1p is not coupled to ATP synthesis. We present evidence that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (Complex I) was present in wild‐type CBS 6054 but was bypassed in the cells during xylose metabolism. Unexpectedly, deleting PsSto1p led to the use of Complex I in the mutant cells when xylose was the carbon source. We propose that the non‐proton‐translocating NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are linked to PsSto1p in xylose‐metabolizing cells and that this non‐ATP‐generating route serves a regulatory function in the complex redox network of P. stipitis. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of peptide entry motifs by bacterial surface display
Authors: TASCHNER Sabine , MEINKE Andreas , GABAIN Alexander von , BOYD Aoife P.
Published: October 2002

Surface display technologies have been established previously to select peptides and polypeptides that interact with purified immobilized ligands. In the present study, we designed and implemented a surface display-based technique to identify novel peptide motifs that mediate entry into eukaryotic cells. An Escherichia coli library expressing surface-displayed peptides was combined with eukaryotic cells and the gentamicin protection assay was performed to select recombinant E. coli, which were internalized into eukaryotic cells by virtue of the displayed peptides. To establish the proof of principle of this approach, the fibronectin-binding motifs of the fibronectin-binding protein A of Staphylococcus aureus were inserted into the E. coli FhuA protein. Surface expression of the fusion proteins was demonstrated by functional assays and by FACS analysis. The fibronectin-binding motifs were shown to mediate entry of the bacteria into non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells and brought about the preferential selection of these bacteria over E. coli expressing parental FhuA, with an enrichment of 100000-fold. Four entry sequences were selected and identified using an S. aureus library of peptides displayed in the FhuA protein on the surface of E. coli. These sequences included novel entry motifs as well as integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motifs and promoted a high degree of bacterial entry. Bacterial surface display is thus a powerful tool to effectively select and identify entry peptide motifs.
Nicotinic acid–adenine dinucleotide phosphate activates the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor
Authors: HOHENEGGER Martin , SUKO Josef , GSCHEIDLINGER Regina , DROBNY Helmut , ZIDAR Andreas
Published: October 2002

Calcium is a universal second messenger. The temporal and spatial information that is encoded in Ca2+-transients drives processes as diverse as neurotransmitter secretion, axonal outgrowth, immune responses and muscle contraction. Ca2+-release from intracellular Ca2+ stores can be triggered by diffusible second messengers like InsP3, cyclic ADP-ribose or nicotinic acid—adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). A target has not yet been identified for the latter messenger. In the present study we show that nanomolar concentrations of NAADP trigger Ca2+-release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. This was due to a direct action on the Ca2+-release channel/ryanodine receptor type-1, since in single channel recordings, NAADP increased the open probability of the purified channel protein. The effects of NAADP on Ca2+-release and open probability of the ryanodine receptor occurred over a similar concentration range (EC5030nM) and were specific because (i) they were blocked by Ruthenium Red and ryanodine, (ii) the precursor of NAADP, NADP, was ineffective at equimolar concentrations, (iii) NAADP did not affect the conductance and reversal potential of the ryanodine receptor. Finally, we also detected an ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction of skeletal muscle. This enzyme was not only capable of synthesizing cyclic GDP-ribose but also NAADP, with an activity of 0.25nmol/mg/min. Thus, we conclude that NAADP is generated in the vicinity of type 1 ryanodine receptor and leads to activation of this ion channel.
Evidence that the dephosphorylation of Ser535 in the ∊-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2B is insufficient for the activation of eIF2B by insulin
Authors: WANG Xuemin , JANMAAT Maarten , BEUGNET Anne , PAULIN Fiona E.M. , PROUD Christopher G.
Published: October 2002

Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2B is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor that plays a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis. It is activated by insulin, serum and other agents that stimulate general protein synthesis. The largest (∊) subunit of eIF2B is a substrate for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 in vitro, and phosphorylation by GSK3 inhibits the activity of eIF2B. The site of phosphorylation has previously been identified as Ser535. GSK3 is inactivated by phosphorylation in response to insulin or serum. In Chinese-hamster ovary cells, insulin and serum bring about the dephosphorylation of Ser535in vivo, concomitantly with the phosphorylation of GSK3, and these effects are mediated through signalling via phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We have made use of inhibitors of GSK3 to determine whether GSK3 is responsible for phosphorylation of Ser535in vivo and to explore the role of phosphorylation of Ser535 in the regulation of eIF2B. Treatment of cells with LiCl or with either of two recently developed GSK3 inhibitors, SB-415286 and SB-216763, brought about the dephosphorylation of Ser535, which strongly indicates that this site is indeed a target for GSK3 in vivo. However, these compounds did not elicit significant activation of eIF2B, indicating, consistent with conclusions from one of our previous studies, that additional inputs are required for the activation of eIF2B. Our results also show that each of the inhibitors used affects overall protein synthesis and have additional effects on translation factors or signalling pathways apparently unrelated to their effects on GSK3, indicating that caution must be exercised when interpreting data obtained using these compounds.
Development of high-affinity ligands and photoaffinity labels for the d-fructose transporter GLUT5
Authors: YANG Jing , DOWDEN James , TATIBOUËT Arnaud , HATANAKA Yasumaru , HOLMAN Geoffrey D.
Published: October 2002

The GLUT5 transporter catalyses the specific uptake of d-fructose and can accept this hexose in its furanose and pyranose ring forms. The transporter does not accept fructose epimers and has very limited tolerance of bulky groups substituted at the 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-OH positions [Tatibouët, Yang, Morin and Holman (2000) Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8, 1825—1833]. To further explore whether bulky groups can be tolerated at the primary OH positions, a d-fructose analogue with an allylamine group substitution to replace the 1-OH group was synthesized and was found to be quite well tolerated (Ki = 27.1mM). However, this analogue occurs in multiple ring forms. By contrast, 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol is a symmetrical molecule that occurs only in a furanose ring form in which C-1 and C-6 are equivalent. We have therefore synthesized new 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol analogues (substituted at the equivalent of the 6-OH of d-fructose) and from studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing GLUT5 cells report that (i) the allylamine derivative of 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol is well tolerated (Ki = 2.66mM); (ii) introduction of a di-nitrophenyl-substituted secondary amine group enhances affinity (Ki = 0.56mM); (iii) introduction of amide-linked biotinylated photolabel moieties is possible without loss of affinity relative to 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol but a small secondary amine spacer between the biotinylated photolabelling moiety and the fructofuranose ring increases affinity (fructose photolabel 2; Ki = 1.16mM); (iv) introduction of a hydrophilic tartarate spacer between biotin and the diazirine photoreactive groups can be accomplished without reduction in affinity and (v) photoactivation of biotinylated fructose photolabels leads to specific biotin tagging of GLUT5. These data suggest that substitution of a secondary amine group (-NH) to replace the C-6 (or C-1) -OH of 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol results in compounds of high affinity; the affinity is enhanced over 10-fold compared with d-fructose.
Activation of the specific neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC influences the function of eosinophils
Authors: Noga O. , Englmann C. , Hanf G. , Grützkau A. , Guhl S. , Kunkel G.
Published: October 2002

Background Recent studies have shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) can act on several immune cells as well as residential cells. But little is known about their role in modulating eosinophil function via activation of high‐affinity receptors.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils express functional receptors and if their function is influenced by NGF, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3).

Methods Eosinophils were purified by negative immunoselection (purity > 96%). High‐affinity neurotrophin receptors were demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and flow‐cytometry analysis. Functionality of receptors was demonstrated by receptor phosphorylation after ligand binding. Eosinophils were incubated with NGF, BDNF and NT‐3, and cells and supernatants were collected for measurement of the mediators IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐8, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) as well as eosinophil viability.

Results Eosinophils expressed mRNA for neurotrophin receptors. Proteins were detectable by western blot and fluorescent‐activated cell sorter analysis. The receptors were phosphorylated after stimulation with neurotrophins. After NGF stimulation, a significant increase in IL‐4 was detectable. BDNF and NT‐3 stimulation led to a significant increase in EPX. Eosinophil viability was not influenced.

Conclusions Eosinophils express the functionally active receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Receptor activation stimulates eosinophils. This might be an additional pathway regulating inflammatory responses in allergic reactions.
Role of environmental exposure to spider mites in the sensitization and the clinical manifestation of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in rural and urban areas
Authors: Kim Y.‐K. , Chang Y.‐S. , Lee M.‐H. , Hong S.‐C. , Bae J.‐M. , Jee Y.‐K. , Chun B.‐R. , Cho S.‐H. , Min K.‐U. , Kim Y.‐Y.
Published: October 2002

BackgroundSpider mites such as the citrus red mite and the two‐spotted spider mite have been demonstrated to be important allergens for fruit cultivating farmers.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of environmental exposure to spider mites in the sensitization and the clinical manifestations of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in urban and rural areas.

MethodsA total of 16 624 subjects (aged 7 to 18 years) living in urban (metropolitan and non‐metropolitan) and rural areas (apple orchards and citrus orchards) in Korea were evaluated by questionnaire and skin prick test for 11 common aeroallergens, including citrus red mite (CRM) and two‐spotted spider mite (TSM).

ResultsThe positive skin response rates to TSM were 4.2% of 1563 metropolitan subjects, 3.8% of 5568 non‐metropolitan subjects and 6.5% of 1464 subjects living nearby apple farms, and that to CRM 15.6% of 8029 living nearby citrus farms. The prevalence of current wheeze and rhinitis as reported on a questionnaire was higher among those with a history of visiting fruit farms once or more per year than among those without it (10% vs. 7.1%, 32.8% vs. 26.7%, for wheezing and rhinitis, respectively). Among those with wheezing or rhinitis, the positive skin responses to TSM or CRM were also higher among those with a history of visiting fruit farms than among those without one (11.2% vs. 6.6%, 13.0% vs. 6.6%, respectively), although the positive skin responses to house dust mites were similar in the both groups.

ConclusionSpider mites are common sensitizing allergens in children and adolescents exposed to them, and environmental exposure to these mites may represent an important risk factor in the sensitization and the clinical manifestations of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in rural and urban areas.
Duplication of unique optical effects of ancient Egyptian lenses from the IV/V Dynasties: lenses fabricated ca 2620–2400 BC or roughly 4600 years ago
Authors: Enoch Jay M. , Lakshminarayanan Vasudevan
Published: October 2002

Ancient (in fact, first known) lenses (ca. 4600 years ago) mainly from the IVth and Vth Dynasties of Egypt had truly remarkable and unique optical properties. These were parts of equally fascinating eye structures. These structures were fabricated as separate assemblies for insertion into funerary statues during certain brief windows of time (roughly from 2620–2400 BC, and 1750–1700 BC). These “eyes” appear to follow the observer as he/she rotated in any direction about these statues. In this paper, by simple means, we have recreated the optical properties of these unique lenses in the laboratory in order to help understand their special properties.
Transfusion transmission of HCV infection before anti‐HCV testing of blood donations in England: results of the national HCV lookback program
Authors: The English National Blood Service HCV Lookback Collation Co
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : An HCV lookback program started in England in 1995.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Data from all English blood centers were collated to describe the outcomes of the HCV lookback program in England and to create a retrospective cohort for study. Numbers of recipients identified, numbers that were tested, and numbers that were found to be HCV infected were summarized. The data set created was used to describe the outcomes of the lookback and the HCV infections detected.

RESULTS : A total of 4424 recipients of 9222 blood components made before donation testing for anti‐HCV from the donations of 1286 donors found, on subsequent testing, to be anti‐HCV positive or indeterminate were identified. Of these, 1351 blood recipients were reported as having been traced for testing. Fifty percent of tested recipients were found to be HCV infected. Factors positively associated with HCV infection in tested recipients were more recent year of transfusion and PCR positivity of the donor at the time of their testing.

CONCLUSION S: The majority of components entering lookback did not result in a tested recipient. However, this lookback has identified a large group of HCV‐ infected individuals. Follow‐up of this group for disease progression will inform the natural history of HCV infection.
A historical cohort study of the effect of lowering body iron through blood donation on incident cardiac events
Authors: Meyers David G. , Jensen Kelly C. , Menitove Jay E.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND
:
Low body iron may protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through limiting oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Observational studies suggest that donation of whole blood might be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 1508 adults who donated more than 1 unit of whole blood each year between 1988 and 1990 (frequent donors) and 1508 age‐ and sex‐matched adults who donated only a single unit in that 3‐year period (casual donors) were studied. A standardized questionnaire ascertained participant characteristics and occurrence of incident acute myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, and deaths between 1990 and 2000. Hospital records confirmed events. Cause of death was determined from death certificates.

RESULTS : A total of 643 subjects were lost, 113 declined, 156 were deceased but were included in the analysis, and 2104 were surveyed a median of 10 years after the index donation. Frequent donors weighed less and were less likely to be currently taking antihypertensive and lipid‐modifying drugs. Events occurred in 6.3 percent of frequent and 10.5 percent of casual donors. After adjustment for group differences, the OR was D.60 (85% CIs 0.43, 0.83; p < 0.001). Events were less frequent in female donors than in male donors and less frequent in subjects who had donated before 1988 than in those who had not donated before 1988.

CONCLUSION : Frequent and long‐term whole blood donation is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events.
The composition of leukapheresis products impacts on the hematopoietic recovery after autologous transplantation independently of the mobilization regimen
Authors: Menéndez Pablo , Caballero Maria D. , Prosper Felipe , Del Cañizo Maria C. , Pérez‐Simón Jose A. , Mateos Maria V. , Nieto Maria J. , Corral Mercedes , Romero Mercedes , García‐Conde Javier , Montalbán Maria A. , Miguel Jesus F. San , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : Effects of mobilization regimen on the composition of leukapheresis products (LPs) and on hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) are not well known.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The effects of three different mobilization regimens—stem cell factor (SCF) plus granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G–CSF) plus cyclophosphamide (CCP), G–CSF alone, and G–CSF plus CCP—on the composition of LPs from patients with nonhematologic PBPC malignancies compared to LPs from G–CSF‐mobilized healthy donors and normal marrow (BM) samples were analyzed. The impact of LP composition on both short‐ and long‐term engraftment after autologous PBPCT was also evaluated.

RESULTS : The most effective regimen for mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into peripheral blood was SCF, G–CSF, and CCP, providing the highest numbers of all CD34+ HPCs subsets analyzed. Patients mobilized with SCF plus G–CSF plus CCP showed the highest numbers of neutrophils and monocytes, whereas the highest numbers of lymphocytes and NK cells were observed in LPs from G–CSF‐mobilized patients. The overall number of CD34+ HPCs was the strongest factor for predicting recovery of platelets, whereas the number of myelomonocytic‐committed CD34+ precursors was the most powerful independent prognostic factor for WBC and neutrophil recovery. The overall number of CD4+ T cells returned showed an independent prognostic value for predicting the occurrence of infections, during the first year after transplant.

CONCLUSIONS : The use of different mobilization regimens modifies the overall number of CD34+ HPCs obtained during leukapheresis procedures, and also affects both the absolute and the relative composition of the LPs in different CD34+ and CD34– cell subsets.
Durable response to combination therapy including staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption in life‐threatening refractory autoimmune hemolysis
Authors: Javeed Mansoor , Nifong Thomas P. , Domen Ronald E. , Rybka Witold B.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : Few therapeutic options are available for severe, life‐threatening, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

CASE REPORT : A 53‐year‐old 110‐kg man was seen with acute onset of symptomatic severe anemia with syncope, unstable angina, and jaundice. His nadir Hct was 8.3 percent with a peak total bilirubin of 44 mg per dL. The DAT was positive but the IAT was negative. Elution studies demonstrated an IgG pan‐agglutinin antibody reactive at 37°C. Treatment with high‐dose corticosteroids and IVIG was instituted. An accessory spleen measuring 2 cm was identified and surgically removed, but the patient continued to have intense hemolysis. Cyclophosphamide at 200 mg per day was started. Apheresis with a staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption column (Prosorba, Cypress Bioscience, Inc.) was initiated on Day 18 and was performed twice weekly for a total of six treatments. Cyclophosphamide was continued for a total of 14 days. His transfusion requirement ceased by the third immunoadsorption treatment. Forty units of RBCs were required over 23 days in an attempt to maintain a Hct greater than or equal to 15 percent.

CONCLUSION : Refractory autoimmune hemolysis can be a life‐threatening event. The patient did not achieve a response until after several different therapeutic modalities were instituted, including plasmapheresis with a staphylococcal protein A column (Prosorba). A complete response continues to be durable for more than 1 year after therapy.
Effect of St John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine
Authors: Wang Zaiqi , Hamman Mitchell A. , Huang Shiew‐Mei , Lesko Lawrence J. , Hall Stephen D.
Published: October 2002

Background

St John's wort is a popular over‐the‐counter dietary supplement and herbal remedy that has been implicated in drug interactions with several substrates of P‐glycoprotein. The effect of St John's wort on P‐glycoprotein activity in vivo was examined with use of fexofenadine as selective probe drug.

Methods

A 3‐period, open‐label, fixed‐schedule study design was used. Fexofenadine, 60 mg, was administered orally before administration of St John's wort, with a single dose of St John's wort (900 mg), and after 2 weeks of treatment with St John's wort (300 mg 3 times a day) to determine P‐glycoprotein activity.

Results

A single dose of St John's wort significantly (P < .05) increased the maximum plasma concentration of fexofenadine by 45% and significantly (P < .05) decreased the oral clearance by 20%, with no change in half‐life or renal clearance. Long‐term administration of St John's wort did not cause a significant change in fexofenadine disposition relative to the untreated phase. Compared with the single‐dose treatment phase, long‐term St John's wort caused a significant 35% decrease (P < .05) in maximum plasma concentration and a significant 47% increase (P < .05) in fexofenadine oral clearance.

Conclusions

A single dose of St John's wort resulted in a significant inhibition of intestinal P‐glycoprotein. Long‐term treatment with St John's wort reversed the changes in fexofenadine disposition observed with single‐dose administration.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 414–420; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124080
Effect of interferon α‐ribavirin bitherapy on cytochrome P450 1A2 and 2D6 and N‐acetyltransferase‐2 activities in patients with chronic active hepatitis C
Authors: Becquemont Laurent , Chazouilleres Olivier , Serfaty Lawrence , Poirier Jean Marie , Broly Franck , Jaillon Patrice , Poupon Raoul , Funck‐Brentano Christian
Published: October 2002

Background

Interferon α (IFN‐α) is thought to be responsible for cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent drug interactions mediated by a decrease in CYP activities.

Objectives

The objectives are to determine whether IFN‐α and ribavirin can alter pretreatment CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and N‐acetyltransferase‐2 activities after 1 month of treatment.

Methods

Enzymatic activities were determined among 14 patients with chronic active hepatitis C before IFN‐α (3 · 106 U, 3 times a week) and ribavirin introduction and after 1 month of treatment. During both study periods, subjects received 80 mg dextromethorphan and 140 mg caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine [137X]). CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and NAT2 activities were assessed by use of urinary metabolic ratios of 3‐methoxymorphinan/dextromethorphan, dextrorphan/dextromethorphan, and 5‐acetylamino‐6‐formylamino‐3‐methyluracil (AFMU)/1‐methylxanthine(1X). The plasma paraxanthine/caffeine ratio was used to measure CYP1A2 activity.

Results

CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities tended to increase after 1 month of antiviral therapy, but the change did not reach statistical significance. CYP1A2 and NAT2 activities were not significantly modified after 1 month of antiviral treatment. Pretreatment activities were significantly lower than those previously observed in healthy volunteers for CYP2D6 (mean ± SD, 148 ± 139 versus 759 ± 692; P = .0008) and CYP3A4 (0.18 ± 0.06 versus 0.52 ± 0.72; P = .0006). This difference was no longer statistically significant after 1 month of treatment, because CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activities improved in 7 patients.

Conclusion

In patients with chronic hepatitis C, pretreatment CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities were significantly lower than those observed in healthy volunteers. These differences disappeared after 1 month of antiviral treatment because of the restoration of these CYP activities in about half of the patients.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 488–495; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124468
Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Heikkinen Tuija , Ekblad Ulla , Kero Pentti , Ekblad Satu , Laine Kari
Published: October 2002

Background

Although citalopram has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders, its use during pregnancy and lactation has been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of citalopram in relation to concentrations of citalopram and its metabolites during pregnancy and lactation.

Methods

Eleven mothers taking citalopram and their infants were enrolled in the study, and a control group of 10 women who were not taking medication were prospectively matched for confounding obstetric characteristics at the time of delivery. Plasma and breast milk samples were collected from mother/infant pairs during pregnancy, at delivery, and for up to 2 months after delivery. Trough plasma and breast milk concentrations of citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, and didesmethylcitalopram were measured by HPLC. The pregnancy outcome was recorded, and the neurodevelopment of children was monitored for up to 1year.

Results

Although the citalopram dose of 20 mg to 40 mg once daily resulted in low maternal trough plasma concentrations (range, 46‐214 nmol/L) and metabolites during pregnancy, only one subject required an increase of daily dose. The mean didesmethylcitalopram‐desmethylcitalopram metabolic ratio was significantly higher during pregnancy (54%, P < .001) than at 2 months after delivery, indicating induction of cytochromeP450 (CYP) 2D6 during pregnancy. At delivery, the trough plasma citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, and didesmethylcitalopram concentrations in the infants were 64%, 66%, and 68% ofthe maternal concentrations, respectively. The citalopram and metabolite concentrations in the milk were 2‐ to 3‐fold higher compared with maternal plasma concentrations, but theinfant citalopram and metabolite plasma concentrations were very low or undetectable. Thedelivery outcome and the neurodevelopment of all infants up to the age of 1 year were normal.

Conclusion

Even though the sample size was limited, results from this prospective clinical trial suggest uncomplicated pregnancy outcome in mothers using citalopram during pregnancy and minimal exposure of the infants to citalopram during lactation. However, maternal therapeutic drug monitoring of citalopram should be recommended to minimize fetal exposure.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 184–191; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.126181
Use of Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Model to Counsel People With AIDS
Authors: Gauthier Paul-André
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Although faced with serious concerns that need to be addressed, clients are often left alone as they cope with AIDS. Nurses are sometimes unsure of their ability to help persons who have termi nal illnesses.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this research were to provide an example of the development of a nursing approach by the use of Peplau's interpersonal relations model and to gain a greater understanding of life-and-death issues raised by men and women with HIV and AIDS.

STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative analysis of a man with AIDS was completed by use of Peplau's model. RESULTS: A question, such as "What are your concerns regarding your situation or your disease?" can greatly encourage clients facing a terminal illness to discuss their concerns. Nurses can assist clients in discussing their concerns regarding death. Nurses can create trusting relationships with clients and understand various issues facing the clients and the interaction process involved. Greater knowledge and understanding of these issues are gained when looking at three categories of concern: care and dis ease, life and death, and stereotypes and prejudices.

CONCLUSION: Nurses can make a qualitative difference in the lives of clients with AIDS when they accom pany these persons on their journey. Nurses can minimize loneliness and provide professional support to clients dealing with HIV and AIDS. (J Am Psycbiatr Nurses Assoc [2000]. 6 119-125.)
Daily Hassles of Married Women With Children: An Empirical Foundation For a Preventive Program
Authors: McClowry Sandee , Tommasini Nancy , Giangrande Sandra , Cottone Maripat Alger , Durand Marie , Ochs Ellen , Seery Virginia
Published: October 2002

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to design an empirically based, preventative intervention program for married women with scbool-age children.

DESIGN: A secondary analysis of an existing data set was first conducted. The daily hassles of 78 mostly Caucasian, middle-class, suburban, married women with children between 8 and 11 years old were explored.

RESULTS: Hassles related to time pressures were most often reported. The results of the analysis were then used to plan a three phase clinical intervention: hassle identificatiom hassle management, and integration of adaptive skills. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2000]. 6, 107-111.)
Psychosocial Characteristics Discriminating Between Battered Women and Other Women Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Poirier Norma
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that abused women often come to outpatient clinics and that their psychological symptoms are often confused with those of psychiatric patients.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to examine the psychosocial differences between battered and nonbattered women admitted to a psychiatric unit in a French New Brunswick hospital.

STUDY DESIGN: Data were collectedfrom 221 medical records of women admitted to a psychiatric unit over a 5-year period. The following data were collected. information on the general characteristics of the women and their husbands (age, marital status, and occupation), information on the presence or absence of physical violence, and the psychiatric diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment of the patients.

RESULTS: Of the 221 medical records studied of women admitted into one psychiatric unit, 30 (13.7%) belonged to women who admitted having been battered. The battered women typically were in their thirties, were divorced or separated, had married against their parents' will and had theirfirst child before marriage. They most likely had grown up in a violent or broken home. Most battered inpatients had experienced sexual difficulties and had trouble with their in-laws. They were less likely to have disorganized thinking and their conditions were more likely to go undiagnosed than those of nonbattered women. They tended to express feelings of anger and guilt more freely than did nonbattered women. These actions are not characteristic of helpless women but of aggressive and independent women.

CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire for taking the social history of psychiatric patients should seek information about domestic violence. Therapy should build on the independence and anger of battered women instead of trying to eliminate those coping mechanisms.
Power, Spirituality, and Time From a Feminist Perspective: Correlates of Sobriety in a Study of Sober Female Participants in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Rush Mary McGrath
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: The social support network and spiritual orientation of Alcoholics Anonymous were significant predictors of the choice of this study's sample of 125 sober alcoholic women to actively participate in Alcoholics Anonymous for at least 1 year. Religious affiliation is another choice that a woman may make in seeking to know herself in sobriety.

OBJECTIVE: The first objective of these ancillary analyses was to determine whether either length of sobriety or number of weekly meetings attended was correlated to power as knowing participation in change, perceived social support, and spirituality. The second objective was to determine whether there was a difference in spirituality between women who actively participated in their religion and those who did not.

DESIGN: This correlational study was designed to explore relations among power as knowing participation in change, social support, spirituality, length of sobriety, and number of weekly meetings attended. These research questions were answered by using hierarchical multiple regressions and a t test.

RESULTS: The number of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings attended weekly contributed significantly to power and to spirituality. Length of sobriety was not correlated with any of the three major variables. Spirituality scores were also significantly higher for those who were actively involved in their religion than for those who were not.

CONCLUSIONS: The significant difference among the findings in the conceptualization of time emphasizes the needfor a continuing connection with a group ofpeers. Also, the role of organized religion in spiritual orientation was demonstrated.
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection: Overview and Nursing Implications
Authors: Lyon Debra E. , Midkiff Kelley
Published: October 2002

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection are a new diagnostic classification that is applied to children or adolescents in whom tic disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorder develop and are repeatedly exacerbated after group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections. Research indicates that this classification may be an autoimmune disorder that affects the basal ganglia in much the same manner as Sydenham’s chorea. In this review of the literature, a description of this “new” construct is presented, with the hypothesized etiology, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and nursing considerations for this pediatric phenomenon outlined.