bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning on 'Postmodern' Conditions
Authors: Simonsen Kirsten
Published: March 2007

The aim of the paper is to expose the social and political dialectics of planning and urban development under 'postmodern' conditions. First, the different meanings of the term 'postmodernism' are discussed, and it is argued that notwithstanding the problems and the ambiguities of the concept, the debate calls attention to important contemporary social and cultural transform ations. These are described as an interrelated development of on the one hand the socio-economic structure connected to a 'postfordist model of accumulation', and on the other the cultural discourse in art, architecture and social philosophy The specification of this transformative development in rotation to the planning discourse, planning praxis and urban structure is explored, and the paper ends up with a discussion of a possible critical moment localized in the postmodern emphasis on 'otherness'.
No Exit, No Voice: Women's Economic Dependency and the Welfare State
Authors: Hobson Barbara
Published: March 2007

Research on the welfare state has been particularly concerned with variations in inequality between societies. These studies tend to view the family as a unit of shared interests where incomes are pooled and distributed equally This study makes a theoretical and empirical case for why it is important to look at economic dependency within the family in comparative welfare state research. Hirschman's theoretical framework of exit and voice is applied to the power relations in the family Using comparative data from several Western societies, this study shows empirically that the relationship between overall inequality and women's economic dependency is rather weak. Some guidelines and directions for incorporating women's economic dependency into future comparative welfare state research are suggested.
Intellectuals: A Framework for Analysis, with Special Reference to the United States and Sweden
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a framework for analyzing intellectuals as an emergent social category It applies a model of the intellectual drawing on a range of studies to show how history and culture affect the very idea of the intellectual, as well as the possibilities of intellectual practice. The central argument is that any understanding of intellectuals should begin by situating the concept and the category it represents in context - historical. political and cultural. Comparative analysis is especially suited to this task, because it allows one to map similarities and differences across historical political cultures. The first part of the article deals with the historical emergence of the concept of the intellectual itself. the second part applies this concept more specifically to Sweden and the United States.
The Development of Family Policy
Authors: Wennemo Irene
Published: March 2007

In the course of the postwar period, universal family support has been introduced in most industrialized nations. Governments may introduce such support in order to attain two policy objectives, raising fertility and increasing the economic well-being of families There have been two major types of universal support to families: different types of family tax reductions on the one hand and cash benefits on the other. In this paper, predictors of the growth of family benefit levels in these systems will be examined.

The results indicate that benefit levels are influenced by national political trends. Left party strength has a significant impact on the level of cash benefits, but a weak negative one on tax reductions, the latter type of benefit being more advantageous for earners of high incomes. Religious party strength also has a rather strong influence on family support. In contrast, measures linked to modernization and industrialization do not exercise any strong effect on the extension of family support. Neither measures of economic development nor fertility demonstrate any consistent impact on benefit levels.
Patterns in Class Voting in Norway 1957-1989: Decline or 'Trendless Fluctuations'?
Authors: Ringdal Kristen , Hines Kjell
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to study patterns of relative class voting in Norwegian Storting (parliament) elections in the period 1957 to 1989 as they appear in the Norwegian Election Studies. The study is based on seven social classes simulating the Erikson and Goldthorpe class schema. To represent the Norwegian multi-party system, three different aggregations into two-, three- and four-party groups are used, although the final analysis is confined to the three-category version (Socialist, Centre, Conservative). A multi layered topological model with eight class voting parameters was developed to allow for a disaggregated analysis of trends. Although the changes in the parameters are not consistent, the overall picture is that of a decline in relative class voting.
Gender, Power, and Love: A Study of Interaction between Spouses
Authors: Thagaard Tove
Published: March 2007

The present study explores the relationship between power and love within the context of marriage. Love is studied as part of the interaction between spouses and associated with how spouses perceive each other's contributions. The point of departure for the present article is how variations in patterns combining male and female power are involved in shaping gender. The results indicate that love is associated with perceptions of the power structure in terms of equality and with the confirmation of gender identity. Skewed power relations inhibit love when subordinating to one's spouse implies a threat to one's self-worth, with the consequence that one's gender identity is not confirmed.
On the Underdevelopment of the 'Sociology of Money'
Authors: Ingham Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

As a result of the division of intellectual labour that followed the Methodenstreit in the social sciences, sociology neglected the analysis of the social production of money and has concentrated instead on its social effects or social meanings. Moreover, sociology tacitly endorsed the flawed conception of money as a 'veil' masking either the 'real' economy or the 'social relations' of production. Building on the approach of the 'historical school' of economics and Keynes and the post-Keynesians, an alternative theory of money, seen as primarily abstract money of account, is outlined. With this approach it is possible to develop an explanation for the development of capitalism's distinctive form of bank and state credit-money. Sociology should recover intellectual responsibility for the analysis of monetary phenomena such as inflation, interest rate determination, etc., as the outcome of economic conflict grounded in price-setting struggles.
The Construction of Children's Credibility in Judgements of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Cederborg Ann-Christin
Published: March 2007

This study is concerned with how judges identify and assess children's credibility in court judgements about sexual abuse. It is especially concerned with cases where those accused plead innocent. Two themes on credibility run through the judgements: the children's personal characters and narrative styles. The judges, in their descriptions of the children, set the scene and predispose readers to have certain responses towards the children before they issue definite conclusions about the children's credibility. Further, evidence of credibility is at times re-constructed from impressions of the children's behavioural competence. Hence credibility is based on descriptions of individual moral standing rather than on certain scientifically accepted elements in the interview that limit or enhance the believability of a case.
Attitudes towards Tax Reform and Progressive Taxation: Sweden 1991-96
Authors: Edlund Jonas
Published: March 2007

One of the most debated elements of the Social Democratic reform of the Swedish tax system was the lowered income tax rate, which mainly affected the upper tax brackets. An analysis of public attitudes to the tax reform during three time periods reveals that attitudinal patterns are characterized by stability, both on aggregate and individual levels, and by profound social divisions. Support is more prevalent among more affluent social strata and those affiliated with Bourgeoisie parties compared to workers, low- income earners and those with left-wing preferences. Following attitudinal developments in the aftermath of the tax reform, social conflicts - mainly structured along class dimensions - as well as demands for tax progression tended to increase between 1991 and 1996.
The Four-Week Mixed Program
Authors: Springer George P.
Published: March 2007

The orientation program, properly conceived, must be reasonably brief, varied in content, and therapeutic in intent. It is not intended to supplant the protracted, solid study which is professional preparation. As distinguished from indoctrination, with which it is sometimes erroneously confused, orientation seeks to confront willing minds with re alities in a manner designed to lessen tensions and anxieties. On the basis of language facility and general maturity, ori entees are assigned to two-, four-, or eight-week programs. The four-week program is distinguished from its shorter and longer counterparts by its well-roundedness, flexibility, and personal touch. Although short in duration of time, the well- conceived and well-conducted orientation program is highly important in that it provides first impressions to the foreign student of the milieu in which he must live and learn until he returns home.
Cultural Communication and New Imperatives
Authors: Humphrey Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Cultural communication, international exchange based essentially upon education, is a prime instrument of mid-twentieth-century foreign policy. Legislated a decade and a half ago, our exchange programs are in danger of be coming anachronistic. Our foreign policy assumptions and the problems to which our exchanges were addressed after World War II have changed strikingly. We must reappraise our cultural communications to make the techniques apposite to current, rather than past, problems. It is possible so to redefine our exchanges and so to revamp their legislative and administrative bases as to make them a prime and relevant instrument of national interest overseas. It is possible, in so doing, to provide for the co-ordinated use of resources avail able both in the public and private sectors of our society. Per haps the single most difficult problem in redirecting our ex change efforts arises from the political immediacy of issues to which exchanges must be related. Ways must be found to apply long-range educational instruments to urgent and explo sive national crises in major areas of the world.
The Sociology of Adjudication
Authors: Dexter Lewis A.
Published: March 2007

Clinical psychologists, counsellors, and other professional people regularly pass judgment on others in the course of their day-to-day work, and generally they must do so on a hit-and-run, common sense basis. Lewis Dexter cites some cases of such adjudication affecting mental defectives, especially those who have been brought to the attention of the courts, and implies that revisions of practice are in order. The author has published a series of articles in the field of mental deficiency research under the auspices of the K. J. Anthony Trust (% Depositor's Trust Co.) of Lewiston, Maine.
Confucianism and Chinese Communism
Authors: Chang Carsun
Published: March 2007

An abstract of "Konfuzianismus und Chinesischer Kommunismums," from the journal OSTEUHOPA, X (April, 1960), pp. 228-37.
Income and the Social Factor in Negro Voting
Authors: McConaughy John B. , Gauntlett John H.
Published: March 2007

The May 1960 issue of ABS (then PROD) carried an article by the present authors on "The Influence of the Social Factor upon the Voting Behavior of South Carolina Urban Negroes." They found that in this group, voting participation increases as organ izational membership increases, and the more organizations to which a person belonged the more likely he was to vote Republican or independent. In a further analysis sug gested by Professor Lewis Froman of Northwestern University, they find that the social factor is independent of and more important than the income factor. The authors are with the University of South Carolina and the Library of Congress, respectively.
The Organizing Efficiency of Theories: The N/V Ratio as a Crude Rank Order Measure1
Authors: Deutsch Karl , Singer J. David , Smith Keith
Published: March 2007

A criterion is proffered for testing the organizing power of a theory: that theory is preferred to all alternative theories which has the highest ratio of the number of cases to which the theory applies to the number of essential variables which that theory must employ, holding constant the minimal accuracy and statistical significance demanded of the findings. The theory that industrial workers are more likely to vote for socialist parties than other workers is evaluated by this criterion. The distinguished authors are on the faculties of the universities of Michigan and Yale.
Maoism in Extremis, Liuism in Command: Economic Modernization as Strategy in Class Struggle in China
Authors: Khot Nitin
Published: March 2007

Two centuries ago, a former European colony decided to catch up with Europe. It succeeded so well that the United States of America became a monster, in which the taints, the sickness and the inhumanity of Europe have grown to apalling dimensions.

Comrades, have we not other work to do than to create a third Europe? —FRANTZ FANON
AH Q or Superman? An Appraisal of the Appraisals of Lu Xun
Authors: Chung Tan
Published: March 2007

A rebellious warrior has emerged in the world. He stands out like a giant. He knows all ruins and graves ....He remembers all the intense, widespread and long-enduring sorrows. He takes a serious look at the blood clots which have become a seasoned cesspool. He has deep insight into all that is dead, born, about to be born, and unborn. —Lu Xun, 'Amid Pale Bloodstains' in Wild Grass
China's Experiences and Lessons from the Utilisation of Foreign Capital
Authors: Lei Qihuai
Published: March 2007

Opening doors to the outside world is a fundamental national policy of China. Foreign capital can be used to supplement China's resources and is an im portant means to step up its economic development. Mr Deng Xiaoping once said: 'it is necessary to acquire foreign funds and technological know-how to help China's economic development.' Following is my opinion about China's experiences and lessons drawn from the utilisation of foreign capital.
Interaction Patterns in the Middle East
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the post-World War II trends in interaction patterns between Israel and the Arab countries. Types of interaction examined include diplomatic pat terns, membership in international organizations, trade and scheduled flights. The current pattern is compared with policy statements from both sides about primary and secondary boycotts and with ideal 'models' of boycott and non-boycott interaction patterns. Finally, an attempt is made to single out specific countries which might serve as intermediaries in terms of their location in the interaction network.
Security Policy Considerations
Authors: Berg Ole
Published: March 2007

The following is an attempt to define more precisely that concept of security which has been customarily utilized in security policy research. After commencing with a defini tion of security as 'the likelihood of surviving', some of the preconditions for a high national security and the prospects for a national security policy within the future in ternational system are discussed. Among other things an attempt is made to indicate how a rational security policy will imply a gradual relinquishing of national autonomy together with efforts aimed at reducing one-sided dependence situations among pairs of nations.
Multinational Negotiation Parties: The Case of the European Community
Authors: Underdal Arild
Published: March 2007

An outline and explanation are given of some of the main characteristics in the negoti ating behaviour of the European Community, and — more generally — of multi national actors at a similar level of integration. The EC is considered to be a coalition of states — more pluralistic and more complex than state actors. In this analysis focus is on the implications of pluralism. The dimension of pluralism itself is held to be relevant, first, to decision-making capacity, and, second, to the decisions produced, and — by implication — to the character and outcome of the negotiation processes. One main proposition submitted is that decision-making capacity is inversely related to pluralism of authority and structural complexity. Two main characteristics with regard to the actual decisions produced are found and discussed: First, the decisions taken usually have to be close to the position advocated by the member that feels its vital interests at stake on a particular issue, and second, very often Community de cisions are hard to modify or change. Throughout the article, the significance of the characteristics described is analysed in relation to three models of negotiation: inte grative negotiations, negotiations governed by the principle of fairness, and distributive bargaining. Finally, the author explains to what extent and how the choice of procedure might affect the conclusions arrived at.
The Arctic Ocean and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Traavik Kim , Østreng Willy
Published: March 2007

Taking the deliberations of the UN Sea-Bed Committee as its point of departure, this article discusses the future legal and political status of the Arctic Ocean region. Basing their argument on the strategic, ecological and political uniqueness of the area, the authors reach the conclusion that the polar seas, beyond national jurisdiction, should be placed under the joint administration and control of the five Arctic litto ral powers (the US, the USSR, Canada, Denmark and Norway) for the limited purpose of preventing serious and possibly cataclysmic disturbance of the fragile ecological equilibrium of the region. It is further maintained that a solution along these lines would not necessarily run counter to the 1970 UN Declaration of Principles concerning the internationalization of the deep seabed, since an Arctic Ocean Pollution Preven tion Regime might be organized as a regional extension of a universal seabed regime.
The Nordek Debate
Authors: Ueland Grete Kværner
Published: March 2007

The analysis of the argumentation of Nordic Council representatives and the Nordic press regarding the realization of the Nordek plan, has tried to clarify how the fall of the plan was closely connected with different goals in respect of the plan's re lationship to the European Communities. By means of a quantitative content analysis, we have established the premises on which the different national and political groups based their positions toward this relationship. The results of our analysis point at the existence of conflicting aims as regards the coordination of the plan with EC objec tives. The debate about Nordek further seems to show that security factors to a con siderable extent defined the framework also for the functional aspects of Nordic in tegration.
Adaptation as a Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Behavior
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

The article explores the usefulness of James N. Rosenau's adaptation model for the analysis of foreign policy behavior. In the first part the structure of the model is analyzed, and several weaknesses and inconsistencies are pointed out. In the second part a reconstructed adaptation model is presented, and its component variables are discussed at some length. The revised model is based on the concepts of influence capability and stress sensitivity, the configuration of which is hypothesized to lead to four modes of adaptive behavior: dominance, balance, acquiescence and quiescence. Finally transformation from one adaptive mode to another is discussed.
Psychological Constraints on Decision-making. A Discussion of Cognitive Approaches: Operational Code and Cognitive Map
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel , Narvesen Ove
Published: March 2007

The Operational Code and the Cognitive Map approaches focus on the thought pro cesses of the individual. Differences emerge m the operationalization of concepts from cognitive theory such as 'centrality' and 'consistency', and in the conceptualization of the dependent variable. In the research procedures the Cognitive Map approach builds into its model assumptions which are more subject for investigation in the Operational Code approach. The article discusses the predictive and explanatory validity of the two approaches, one concern being whether coded beliefs or concepts from documents or interviews give valid representations of the decision-makers' beliefs. It is con cluded that both approaches may increase our understanding of how psychological constraints affect decision-makers.
Cooperation and Tension Among Great Powers: A Research Note
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

Whether cooperation helps to reduce conflict in international relations is a standing subject for discussion. This research note contributes by reporting some evidence and early ideas from an on-going project about post-1950 Great Power politics. Two different interpretations are suggested of the notion that cooperation prevents conflict: a 'structural' hypothesis, according to which extensive cooperation implies a structure in which major conflict is implausible; and a 'process' hypothesis, according to which changes in cooperation bring about self-reinforcing processes of escalation or de-escalation. Available data on tension and cooperation among Great Powers in recent decades essentially disconfirm both hypotheses. The main, albeit tentative, conclusion drawn in the note is that cooperation helps to reduce conflict only in fairly special circumstances and that tension may be a more important variable in a theory of cooperation than vice versa.
Analysing the Views of Soviet Leaders on Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Beukel Erik
Published: March 2007

The Soviet view on the role of nuclear weapons is of critical interest and therefore widely discussed not only in strategic but also foreign policy circles. This paper analyses the views of three Soviet personalities who are central to any such discussion: Secretary General Brezhnev, the former Minister of Defence Grechko, and Foreign Minister Gromyko. It is shown that the views of these persons differ substantially, with the former Minister of Defence appearing as the most divergent. Several explanations for these differences are considered, and various clues for future interpretations are offered. Caution is urged against the propensities to use Soviet pronouncements to substantiate assertions either that the Soviet leadership perceives nuclear weapons in 'war-fighting' or in deterrence terms. It is suggested that statements must be evaluated in their particular context.
Studying Foreign Policy Prediction: Methodological Notes
Authors: Hörberg Thomas
Published: March 2007

Hörberg, Th. Studying Foreign Policy Prediction: Methodological Notes. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 19-24.

Studying the foreign policy prediction-making of political actors is a fairly new branch of political science. The development of methods for this type of studies is still in its infancy. This article contains a discussion of the basis for prediction-making, of a method for identifying predictions, and of problems concerning predictions which are given no or only partial expression.
NATO's Northern Front: Developments and Prospects
Authors: Zakheim Dov S.
Published: March 2007

Beginning in the mid-1970s, a number of observers of the so-called Nordic balance began to draw attention to the growing imbalance in NATO and Warsaw Pact capabilities in the region. The U.S.-Norwegian prestocking arrangement was one NATO response to the limited warning time for a Soviet move to cut off the North Cape area. Whereas Norway, in conjunction with the United States, is currently in the midst of a major effort to restore the credibility of its northernmost defenses, Denmark has been amongst the most reluctant of Alliance members to increase its level of defense spending. Furthermore, Greenland's home rule represents another complication. Given Greenland's clear determination to go its own way in international economic affairs, it is important to assess whether it might do the same on defense matters. Greenland's importance to NATO is often overlooked but cannot be over stated. Finland's neutrality and Sweden's more forceful armed neutrality permit NATO to adopt a posture which does not impose upon Denmark and Norway the burden of hosting foreign troops upon their soil.
The PRC's Policy of Technology Acquisition: Some Aspects
Authors: Geraedts Henry
Published: March 2007

The article overviews some recent developments regarding the PRC's behavior in its acquisition of foreign technology. A brief description is given of two possible typologies which can be used in distinguishing various forms of technology. Some of the more important mechanisms of transfer as well as of some of the potential problem areas relative to the transfer of technology are outlined. The development of the PRC's behavior, the composition of its technology imports and some of the changes that have occurred are described. The so-called 'turn-key' plant program is discussed and an attempt is made at providing some explanation for the change in attitude and behavior since 1978. In the context of the marked shift which occurred in 1978-1979, a description is given of the PRC's attempt to diversify its means of acquisition — through such mechanisms as the use of foreign credit, the acceptance of foreign investment and other forms of economic participation in the domestic economic sphere — and increase the level of specificity where the technology 'package' acquired is concerned. In a second section, some ideas are put forward on some of the variables which should be taken into account when attempting to analyze the technology acquisition policy. It is argued that use should be made of (a) variables relative to economic issues, (b) variables relative to technological issues, and (c) variables regard ing the political process in the PRC. The first two groups can to a varying degree be expected to interrelate and find expression in the third. In the context of the third group of variables, a distinction is made between various levels of policy-making, and additionally some propositions are put forward in connection with interferences that could be made regarding PRC policy statements. Finally, a brief discussion indicates the role played by external factors in the PRC's behavior in respect of its foreign economic relations and its acquisition of foreign technology.
The Bear on the Prowl: Moderately Greedy, Moderately Strong
Authors: Dunér Bertil
Published: March 2007

Dunér, B. The Bear on the Prowl: Moderately Greedy, Moderately Strong. Coop eration and Conflict, XX, 1984, 23-40.

The Soviet Union long remained fairly passive with regard to events in the Third World. Such is no longer the case. Soviet relations with the developing world have a strong military bent, the principal expression thereof being its military interventions in conflicts between developing countries. Many see the Soviet Union as a powerful and voracious predator which is beginning to stray far outside its traditional East European hunting grounds into the Third World to supply its needs. The validity of such ideas is tested in this article. It is shown how the assessment of Soviet interven tionism depends on the perspective. It is alleged that there is no general, practically useful knowledge of the motives behind the interventions. Moreover, the thesis is pursued that the Soviet Union's capacity to intervene has indeed increased but there is a risk of exaggerating this capacity, especially in so far as the Soviet Union's relations with allied Communist states are not judged aright.
The Paradox of Weak State Power: A Research and Literature Overview
Authors: Lindell Ulf , Persson Stefan
Published: March 2007

The primary aim of this article is to present an inventory of the propositions that have been made concerning the ways in which small states can exercise influence over Great Powers. The paradox of relatively resourceless states sometimes being able to exercise substantial influence in international relations received some attention in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The weak state — powerful state relations have, however, also been dealt with in a number of more recent studies, some of which have discussed the 'paradox of weak state power'.

In this article we revisit the subject area and take stock of the work by presenting the factors which have been mentioned as conceivable explanations to the phenom enon. The factors are divided into two groups, with four and three subcategories, respectively. The first group consists of the propositions which focus on 'power bases' and statements about the effects of various basic conditions in the international system. The second group contain the propositions which discuss more 'direct' conceivable causes, such as certain strategies and tactics open to the smaller states.
Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning
Authors: Agrell Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

Agrell, W. Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 197-217.

In the 1980s Sweden has experienced a number of serious incidents involving foreign submarines. This 'submarine crisis' has affected Swedish foreign policy and Swedish- Soviet relations, but also the relevance of the defence policy and the flexibility of long- term planning. The submarine crisis can thus be regarded as a test of vital elements in policy and planning. Historically, the Swedish defence doctrine in the post-war period has been characterized by considerable inertia, only giving way to strong pressure from the formal or informal power-groups controlling various aspects of defence policy. New planning procedures have not made the system more sensitive to changes in the external premisses. A close analysis of alien underwater activity in Swedish waters indicates a turning point in the latter half of the 1970s with large coordinated penetrations being carried out deep into the archipelagoes. This indicates a major shift in Soviet war planning concerning Scandinavia, especially concerning operations against Sweden, on the outbreak of a conflict. Thus, the submarine crisis reveals a gap between the strategic assumptions forming the intellectual basis of the Swedish defence doctrine and the pattern in Soviet military activity and military preparations. The reaction of the Swedish planning system, and the historical experi ences lead, however, to the conclusion that presently there are no internal conditions for a change in the doctrine.
The Consensus Rule in Two International Conferences
Authors: Lindell Ulf
Published: March 2007

The principle of consensus is often used as a basis for the rules of procedure in modem multilateral conferences. It has been argued that this may lead to a practice which is identical to the requirement of unanimity prevailing on the international scene before the UN system introduced majority-based decisions. It has also been pointed out that the consensus rule tends to give the great powers a "real" veto while the smaller states tend to lack this possibility. The article is an inquiry into the process of joint decision- making by consensus in two fora, with a particular emphasis on the above-mentioned aspects. It is shown that the consensus rule does not have exactly the same meaning and implications in the CD in Geneva as it did in the part of the CSCE process known as the Stockholm Conference. There are indications that the two propositions are more relevant and valid in the former case than in the latter. This difference can perhaps be explained by the membership and composition of the conferences, the level of ambition of the respective agendas or the basic approaches to arms control that are pursued — a "structural" approach in Geneva vs. an "operational" approach in the CSCE and in Stockholm.
Domestic and International Causes of Instability in the Horn of Africa, with Special Emphasis on Ethiopia
Authors: Olsen Gorm Rye
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the international and domestic causes behind the instability in the Horn of Africa. Two sets of theories are applied: on the one hand, modern historical materialist theories of international relations, and, on the other, recent theories on the development of African societies. Based on this, it is concluded that the main causes of instability are domestic, i.e. the personalized political system of Ethiopia in particular. However, it is also stressed that the changing international conjunctures form a frame within which the interventions of the great powers are to be understood. It is suggested that the results can be generalized to other Third World countries.
First U. N. Conference Held on International Travel and Tourism
Authors: McIntosh Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Professor McIntosh is Extension Specialist in Tourist and Resort Service and Professor of Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management at Michigan State University. He was the only representative from a U.S. educational institution who attended the U.N. Conference.

This year as many as 900,000 overseas visitors will come to the United States, representing a 22 percent increase over 1963 figures, according to the U.S. Travel Service. The largest number will come from Europe and many are expected to visit the New York Fair. An estimated 100,000 Japanese visitors are anticipated in Hawaii and the U.S. mainland due to the lifting of currency restrictions in Japan.

Needless to say, nearly one million visitors from abroad represents considerable business for U.S. hotels. The American Hotel & Motel Association points out the need for foreign language versions of promotional material issued by State-side hotels and visitors bureaus. The AH&MA prom ises to see that such materials are delivered into the proper hands. AH&MA's booklet, Serving the International Visitor, is available at $1 from their headquarters at 221 West 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10019.
Textiles in a Changing World
Authors: Hall Emilie T.
Published: March 2007

Scientific strides in textile manufacture have been spectacular during the past twenty years. Nearly 1000 man-made fibers are now available and natural fibers have been improved through new chemical and physical treatments. Yet, be cause the new fibers are so generally accepted in wearing apparel and for household uses, the consumer is not especially aware of the benefits which have accrued to him. Hotel, restaurant, and other institutional users, however, have been quick to reap the benefits obtainable through purchasing fabrics and carpets which are deco rative in appearance, and easier to maintain. More improvements lie directly ahead. — Editor.
Hospital Services Form Public Image
Authors: Card Bert
Published: March 2007

A hospital with an eminent medical and profes sional staff, the latest in life-sustaining equipment and supporting laboratories, nutritious food, and dedicated employees may still have the public image of being antiquated, inefficient, and dingy.

Why? Patients and their families are prone to judge and compare a hospital with a hotel. And because a hospital must build a tremendous amount of auxiliary services into its per-bed rate structure, the $65 to $130 daily rate for bed and board in a ward or semi-private room may seem excessive to the public. For a private hos pital room with bath, a $165 rate to the patient who is familiar with the rates for first-class hotel accommodations and services may appear to be outrageous. Particularly is this true when the patient-contact services and accommodations are drab, impersonal, and lacking in comfort at a time when the patient is confined and acutely aware of his surroundings.

This article reviews what can be done to update and upgrade hospital environment so that the patient and his family gain a total feeling of the best possible medical care. — Ed.
Opening the Mirage
Authors: Eder Robert W.
Published: March 2007

When the owners of the Mirage decided to skip the soft opening, the pre-opening staff put great effort into recruitment and training. The results were surprising and successful
Automating Properties: Understanding the Human Element
Authors: Collins Galen
Published: March 2007

The development of property-management systems has made these systems more useful for hotels. In selecting a system, you should consider more than just the technical aspects of system operation. You must examine the system's human aspects
Lessons from Bafá Bafá
Authors: Woods Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Managers today have to be able to manage employees from many different cultural backgrounds. Hospitality-program graduates should be trained in the classroom for the new dimensions of this age-old responsibility, rather than having to learn on the job
Seeing Stars: China's Hotel-Rating System
Authors: Yu Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Here's an explanation of china's two-year-old system of rating hotels using one to five stars
When Boom Turns to Bust
Authors: Hankamer Ray
Published: March 2007

Just as a tree trunk's rings tell the story of the tree's life, this article reviews many of the details and circumstances that affected the rise, fall, and rebirth of a Houston hotel
The Juvenile Court's Administrative Responsibilities
Authors: Gary Holland M.
Published: March 2007

The question of administrative responsibilities of juvenile courts has been the subject of discussion by both judges and laymen for many years. While there is considerable variance in practice among the states, the consensus would appear to favor administrative control by the judge of those functions directly related to the judicial process—namely, prehearing investigation and probation supervision—and social agency control of non- judicial functions, such as protective services and delinquency prevention. The juvenile court judge must strive to balance the legal, administrative, and social aspects of his court, so that it will fulfill the purpose for which it was created.
Deviance as a Method of Coping
Authors: Smith Alexander B. , Pollack Harriet
Published: March 2007

A deviant person is one who does something we would not do. Thus defined, deviance is subjective. But not all deviant conduct is culturally relative. Acts malum in se such as rape, murder, and assault are almost universally considered to be crimes. Noncriminal deviance, however, frequently exists more in the eye of the beholder than in the real world.

Deviant conduct may be divided into three categories: crime, sin, and poor taste. Crime refers to those acts which are objectively and measurably harmful to the community and which cannot be tolerated by any society that wishes to continue as a stable organism. Violent crimes against the person and serious property crimes fall into this category. Sin refers to those actions which were originally prohibited by the dominant religion or religions of the community and which at various times may have been incorporated into secular law. Prostitution, gambling, drug use, alcohol consumption, and obscenity are examples of conduct that does no measurable damage to an unwilling victim; when such conduct breaks the law, it is frequently referred to as victimless crime. Poor taste refers to a whole host of social practices which are unpleasant and abrasive and which may or may not be symbolic of conduct that society may wish to prohibit. Overt public sexual practices, peculiar methods of dress, and the wearing of unpopular political symbols all fall into this category.

Most deviants recognize that their conduct is personally destructive and may be socially harmful as well. Yet they continue to deviate from the socially prescribed norms because this conduct enables them to cope with the stresses that a highly organized society imposes on their personalities. Many forms of deviant conduct are tension relievers. Some create a short-lived euphoria, and some are acts of rebellion against socially pre scribed norms impossible to reach.

In coping with deviance society must first look at what the deviant is attempting to tell us through his conduct. If other ways of relieving stress can be provided for him, he can be persuaded to conform. If he cannot conform and his conduct is violent, we must physically restrain him; if he is nonconforming and nonviolent, we should let him alone.
How to Retain Jurisdiction over Status Offenses
Authors: Gilman David
Published: March 2007

Last spring the governor of Florida signed Senate Bill 165, which revised the state's juvenile code by reorganizing the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, eliminating the category of CINS ( Children in Need of Supervision), and expanding the definition of "dependent child" to include the persistent runaway, the truant, and the "ungovernable" child. The new law, which became effective on July 1, 1975, also redefines delinquency so that it now includes the ungovern able child who has a prior adjudication for ungovernability.

This article discusses the effect of these revisions on the children ap pearing before the juvenile court and on the future of juvenile court reform.
Evaluating Alternatives in Criminal Justice
Authors: Musheno Michael , Palumbo Dennis , Levine James
Published: March 2007

A normative policy-impact model that provides criteria for evaluating specific programs as well as for determining which goals should be given priority in criminal justice is presented. With "decision structure," "self-interest goals," and "public-interest goals" the main elements of the model, the article stresses the impact of criminal justice on various groups related to this policy area.

Although a policy may be aimed primarily at groups out side government (e.g., criminals), it also will have an impact on those asked to carry it out (e.g., police). When the effects benefit the nongovernment groups (sometimes called the clientele), the policy achieves "public-interest goals. " When the beneficiaries are government officials, "self-interest goals" are being attained. One of the main themes of this paper is that the extent to which public-interest goals can be reached depends entirely on how well they serve the self-interests of those who are responsible for executing the policies in question.

Thus, while the article proposes that the ultimate goal of the criminal justice system should be the "equalization of the burden of crime," it emphasizes that the means of accomplishing this goal are uncertain because traditional crime-control strategies (e.g., deterrence) have major fallacies. Moreover, even if promising strategies are discovered, the self- interests of personnel in the criminal justice system motivate them to subvert such policies. Only through conscious mani pulation of work incentives can the vested interests of many criminal justice personnel in the status quo be altered and the equalization of the costs of crime be obtained.
What Prison Guards Think: A Profile of the Illinois Force
Authors: Jacobs James B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the results of a survey conducted among 929 in- service Illinois prison guards between July 1974 and October 1975. A demographic profile of the Illinois guards reveals the age, race, education, experience, and cultural background of the force as a whole. Question naire data reveal the prison guards' attitudes toward their career, the nature of the job, superior officers and other personnel, the moral worth of prisoners, the causes of criminality, and the purposes of imprisonment. The final section of the article considers the policy implications of the survey.
In Favor of "Presumptive Sentences" Set by a Sentencing Commission
Authors: Singer Richard
Published: March 2007

The debate over "just deserts" as a sentencing principle continues in this country. A common criticism of that principle is that legislatures will set unreasonably high sentences. This problem might be avoided if the re sponsibility for setting sentence guidelines were confined to a separate body-that is, a sentencing commission. Removed from the immediate po litical furor and composed of various representatives of the criminal jus tice community, as well as lay members, the sentencing commission would both establish and revise sentencing guidelines for judges on the basis of continuing collection of data.

The criticism that just deserts means unflexible, fixed sentences for ev ery offender is also misguided. The concept of the "presumptive sen tence," which will allow some flexibility for increasing or decreasing the sentence, would still permit the sentencing judge to retain a reasonable amount of (reviewable) discretion; "sentencing by computer" would not occur.

In establishing the presumptive sentence as well as sentencing guidelines, the sentencing commission would consider, but would not be bound by, information and data on what judges in the jurisdiction are currently doing. Indeed, one of the dangers is that the legislature, or some other body, might simply adopt what is being done as what should be done, a tactic that is both philosophically unjustified and pragmatically dangerous.

The second part of the article rehearses the arguments for sentencing reform and, in particular, for presumptive sentences. The fear that propo nents of commensurate deserts would remove the word rehabilitation from the prison or even the dictionary is inaccurate. They simply seek, for various reasons, to remove it from the purposes of sentencing.
Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet
Authors: McGahey Richard M.
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, there have been renewed calls for the use of capi tal punishment to deter murder. Economists and other social scientists have conducted statistical analyses which have generally failed to locate these alleged deterrent effects. A few economists, notably Isaac Ehrlich, have claimed to locate such effects, but little confidence can be placed in these findings.

This article reviews these studies, with particular attention paid to a plain-English review of statistical methods used and technical problems found in the analyses. However, this review of technical questions should not obscure broader issues about socioeconomic influences on homicide, crime, and deterrence. Such issues cannot be resolved through debates over econometric techniques.
The 1964 Death Penalty Referendum in Oregon
Authors: Bedau Hugo Adam
Published: March 2007

In Oregon, six times in this century, the death penalty has confronted the voters at the polls. In 1964, in an event unparalleled in our history, the death penalty was abolished in public referendum by a wide margin. The strategy adopted by the Oregon Council to Abolish the Death Penalty included the following: organizing a statewide abolition group; mobiliz ing support from allied organizations; designing a mass media campaign especially for the populous region around Portland; raising a budget of $10,000; arranging radio and television discussions and spot announce ments late in the campaign; preparing research papers on the death penal ty for use as press releases and as speakers' notes; holding a national conference at a local college; and encouraging sermons in the churches statewide to explore the religious and moral aspects of the death penalty. Opposition was infrequent and unorganized, yet the campaign's success is difficult to explain. Defeat of the death penalty at the polls in that par ticular election was probably owing to an unusual combination of factors, difficult if not impossible to duplicate elsewhere.