bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear Matrix Inequality Stability Conditions from a Parameter-Dependent Lyapunov Functional for Linear Systems with a Time-Varying Delay
Authors: Fong I-K , Lin C-P , Huang J-S
Published: June 2010

This paper proposes new stability conditions for linear systems with a time-varying state delay. The time-varying delay is treated as a polytopic uncertainty parameter, and a Lyapunov functional that is dependent on the delay parameter is constructed. Linear matrix inequality conditions of system stability and robust stability are derived. Numerical and practical examples are given to show the effectiveness and non-conservativeness of the proposed conditions.
Adaptive Reconfiguration Scheme for Flight Control Systems
Authors: Jiang B , Guo Y , Shi P
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a framework for actuator fault accommodation using a multiple-model-based direct adaptive control approach that does not include explicit fault detection and isolation. This approach does not require exact information about the controlled system and persistent input excitations. The method can increase robustness and provides stable adaptation of unknown faults. Asymptotic model following conditions and adaptive rules are derived and system stability is guaranteed, while appropriate switching of the multiple models ensures asymptotic tracking for system outputs. An aircraft model is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Fuzzy dynamical system approach to the observer design of uncertain systems
Authors: Chen Y-H
Published: June 2010

A fuzzy dynamical system approach is applied to the observer design of uncertain systems. In the fuzzy dynamical system, the uncertainty lies within a fuzzy set. The desirable system performance is twofold: one deterministic and one fuzzy. While the deterministic performance ensures the bottom line, the fuzzy performance enhances the cost consideration. Based on the output, an observer is proposed in order to estimate the state. The observer design is deterministic and is not IF-THEN rules-based. To improve the performance, a constrained optimization problem associated with the design is formulated. The problem can be solved analytically and its solution exists and is unique. The closed forms of the solution and the resulting minimum cost are presented.
Investigation of charge preparation strategies for controlled premixed charge compression ignition combustion using a variable pressure injection system
Authors: Kokjohn S L , Reitz R D
Published: June 2010

This paper uses a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code coupled with detailed chemistry, the KIVA-CHEMKIN code, to provide guidelines for solving problems with premixed combustion strategies, namely, lack of combustion phasing control, excessive pressure rise rate, and spray wall impingement due to early injections. A multiple injection concept is used to control combustion phasing and reduce the rate of peak pressure rise. To address spray—wall impingement, an adaptive injection strategy (AIS) using two-injection pulses at different injection pressures is employed.

The combustion process considered is at a mid-load operating condition for the light-duty engine of the present study (nominal indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 5.5 bar and high speed, 2000 r/min) and the effects of first and second pulse injection pressure and timing, swirl ratio, and spray targeting are explored. The investigation showed that an optimized low-pressure early cycle injection combined with a high-pressure near top dead centre (TDC) injection allows combustion phasing to be well controlled while achieving premixed compression ignition (PCI)-like emissions levels. An improved solution was found with near-zero nitric oxides (NO x) and soot, a net indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) of only 175 g/kW h, and a peak pressure rise rate of ∼8 bar/deg.
Review of the development and applications of the Wiebe function: A tribute to the contribution of Ivan Wiebe to engine research
Authors: Ghojel J I
Published: June 2010

Analytical functions approximating the burn rate in internal combustion engines are useful and cost-effective tools for engine cycle simulations. Most functions proposed to date are based on the law of normal distribution of a continuous random variable. The best known of these is the Wiebe function, which is used to predict the burn fraction and burn rate in internal combustion engines operating with different combustion systems and fuels. These include direct injection (DI) and indirect injection (IDI) diesel engines, classical spark ignition (SI) engines and gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, engines with homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI). This paper is a tribute to the lasting legacy of the Wiebe function and to the man behind it, Ivan Ivanovitch Wiebe. It includes a historical background to the development of the function in the mid 1950s in the Soviet Union, the controversy that surrounded its introduction, a description of the method used to arrive at the final formulation, and an overview of the many applications as prescriptive or predictive single-, double- and multi-function combustion models in engine research.
Molecular Spectroscopic Imaging Using a White-Light Laser Source
Authors: Kano Hideaki
Published: June 2010

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy has become a powerful technique for label-free and noninvasive imaging of chemical and biological systems at the molecular level. However, most CARS studies have focused on a limited molecular species such as lipids, and have provided monochromatic images typically at the C–H stretch bands. In the present study, we have extended the CARS technique from monochromatic imaging (microscopy) to multi-color imaging (microspectroscopy). We employed a multiplex CARS process in order to obtain spectral information of the CARS signal. For the broadband Stokes laser, a white-light laser source is used. The white-light laser is generated by injecting ultrashort laser pulses into a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Owing to an ultrabroadband spectral profile of the white-light laser, a wide range of the vibrational resonances can be investigated. We performed label-free and multi-color molecular spectroscopic imaging of biological samples through the multiplex CARS process.
Atomic Radii for Depicting Atoms in a Molecule: Cu in Inert Gas Matrix
Authors: Naka Takatoshi , Hatano Yasuyo , Yamamoto Shigeyoshi , Noro Takeshi , Tatewaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2010

The effective atomic radius imaging the atoms in an equilibrium molecular structure is discussed for He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe, based on the electrostatic field calculated with the Hartree–Fock and configuration interaction singles and doubles methods, both with and without the Douglas–Kroll–Hess relativistic transformation. The effective atomic radius r is defined as a distance from the nucleus at which the magnitude of the electric field is that in He at one half of the equilibrium bond length of He2. The resulting radii are ca. 20% larger than Bondi’s radii, which are conventionally recognized as the van der Waals radii. Valence radii and inner core radii are also defined and discussed.
Effect of H-wave polarization on laser radar detection of partially convex targets in random media
Authors: El-Ocla Hosam
Published: June 2010

A study on the performance of laser radar cross section (LRCS) of conducting targets with large sizes is investigated numerically in free space and random media. The LRCS is calculated using a boundary value method with beam wave incidence and H-wave polarization. Considered are those elements that contribute to the LRCS problem including random medium strength, target configuration, and beam width. The effect of the creeping waves, stimulated by H-polarization, on the LRCS behavior is manifested. Targets taking large sizes of up to five wavelengths are sufficiently larger than the beam width and are sufficient for considering fairly complex targets. Scatterers are assumed to have analytical partially convex contours with inflection points.
Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point-spread function. III. Frequency-domain and time-domain results
Authors: Sassaroli Angelo , Martelli Fabrizio , Fantini Sergio
Published: June 2010

We study the performance of a previously proposed perturbation theory for the diffusion equation in frequency and time domains as they are known in the field of near infrared spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography. We have derived approximate formulas for calculating higher order self- and mixed path length moments, up to the fourth order, which can be used in general diffusive media regardless of geometry and initial distribution of the optical properties, for studying the effect of absorbing defects. The method of Padé approximants is used to extend the validity of the theory to a wider range of absorption contrasts between defects and background. By using Monte Carlo simulations, we have tested these formulas in the semi-infinite and slab geometries for the cases of single and multiple absorbing defects having sizes of interest (d=4–10 mm, where d is the diameter of the defect). In frequency domain, the discrepancy between the two methods of calculation (Padé approximants and Monte Carlo simulations) was within 10% for absorption contrasts Δμ
a
≤ 0.2 mm−1 for alternating current data, and usually to within 1° for Δ μ
a
≤ 0.1 mm−1 for phase data. In time domain, the average discrepancy in the temporal range of interest (a few nanoseconds) was 2%–3% for Δ μ
a
≤ 0.06 mm−1. The proposed method is an effective fast forward problem solver: all the time-domain results presented in this work were obtained with a computational time of less than about 15 s with a Pentium IV 1.66 GHz personal computer.
Salivary cortisol in a middle-aged community sample: results from 990 men and women of the KORA-F3 Augsburg study
Authors: Lederbogen Florian , Kühner Christine , Kirschbaum Clemens , Meisinger Christa , Lammich Josefine , Holle Rolf , Krumm Bertram , von Lengerke Thomas , Wichmann Heinz-Erich , Deuschle Michael , Ladwig Karl-Heinz
Published: June 2010

Objective

Analysis of salivary cortisol concentrations and derived indices is increasingly used in clinical and scientific medicine. However, comprehensive data on these parameters in the general population are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of salivary cortisol in a large middle-aged community sample and to identify major factors associated with altered hormone levels.

Design

We conducted a cross-sectional study within the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA)-F3 study. A total of 1484 participants aged 50–69 years (52% women) had agreed to provide four saliva samples during a regular weekday.

Methods

We measured salivary cortisol concentrations at wake-up (F0), ½ h (F½), 8 h (F8), and 14 h (F14) after waking. We calculated cortisol awakening response (CAR), slope, and area under the curve (AUCG) of the circadian cortisol secretion. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated by interview and questionnaires, sampling conditions by protocol. In total, 1208 participants returned saliva samples, exclusion criteria left 990 subjects for final analyses.

Results

Salivary cortisol levels were (means±s.d.) F0=13.7±7.6, F½=20.5±9.8, F8=5.4±3.3, and F14=2.0±1.8 nmol/l. Earlier sampling times were associated with higher CAR and smaller slope. Cortisol secretion was also influenced by gender and smoking habits. Higher perceived social support was associated with lower AUCG and smaller slope.

Conclusions

We provide data on salivary cortisol concentrations in a large middle-aged community sample. Gender, sampling time, smoking habits, and perceived social support appeared as determinants of cortisol secretion.
Partial Migration of Fishes as Exemplified by the Estuarine-Dependent White Perch
Authors: Kerr Lisa A. , Secor David H. , Piccoli Philip M.
Published: June 2010

Partial migration defines the phenomenon of coexisting groups exhibiting migratory and resident behavior within the same population. In avian ecology, partial migration is a fundamental behavior that underlies the evolution of migration in general. Among fish taxa, the terminology and theory associated with partial migration has predominantly been used to describe salmon ecophenotypes, but the behavior is more widespread. Here, we ecophenotypes, but the behavior is more widespread. Here, we document partial migration for the estuarine-dependent white perch (Morone americana), in the Patuxent River estuary (Chesapeake Bay, Maryland), wherein a portion of the population resides in freshwater natal habitats and another portion migrates down-estuary into brackish water (salinities>3) habitats. Life-time migration histories were examined using otolith strontium:calcium profile analysis. Alternative life history tactics, initiated during the juvenile period in response to individual physiological condition, persisted over the lifetime of the individual and had population-level consequences, including differences in growth rate and productivity. Based upon a review of recent literature, we argue that pratical migration is more widespread among fishes than previously recognized, and such population structure has important implications for population dynamics and persistence.
Creating a Community Context for the Fishery Stock Sustainability Index
Authors: Jacob Steve , Jepson Michael
Published: June 2010

Federal fisheries managers are required by National Standard 8 of the Magnuson-Stevens Act to consider the social and economic impacts of their proposed regulations on fishing communities. For social impacts, this is often achieved by intensive qualitative research techniques. Efforts have been underway to utilize more quantitative measures that rely on secondary data. Secondary data relies upon information that has already been collected; usually for another purpose. Unfortunately, this often means that direct measures of variables of interest to fisheries managers are often unavailable. Utilizing the Fishery Stock Status Index, this research develops two new indicators from a manipulation that directly measures the sustainability of the fish species a community relies upon for income. These two new measures could be of great assistance to fisheries managers as they assess the impacts of regulatory change.
Demonstration Flow Assessment and 2-D Modeling: Perspectives Based on Instream Flow Studies and Evaluation of Restoration Projects
Authors: Gard Mark
Published: June 2010

Railsback and Kadvany (2008) make a compelling case for the use of demonstration flow assessments (DFA) for instream flow assessments as a more robust method than traditional one-dimensional habitat simulation techniques, such as the Physical Habitat Simulation System. But, based on experience with DFAs used for instream flow assessments and evaluation of stream restoration projects, the methods presented by Railsback and Kadvany (2008) may not give reproducible results, and DFAs have significant drawbacks relative to two-dimensional (2-D) hydraulic and habitat modeling. Application of the DFA methodology presented in Railsback and Kadvany (2008) to assess a stream restoration project on the Trinity River, California, did not give reproducible results, with substantial disparity between replicate surveys in the total quantity and spatial distribution of habitat. As an empirical two-dimensional habitat modeling method, DFAs have several drawbacks. Compared to 2-D models, DFAs require interpolation and extrapolation of results from the observed flows, and lack biological realism because they use categorical (binary) habitat suitability criteria. Further, 2-D modeling offers significant benefits over DFA in the context of adaptive management. Advantages of DFAs cited by Railsback and Kadvany (2008), namely the feasibility of assessing habitat with complex hydraulics, the ease in using mechanistic and theoretical conceptual models, and the ability to assess long reaches, also apply to 2-D models. Modification of the DFA methods presented in Railsback and Kadvany (2008) to give reproducible results may increase the cost of DFAs or reduce the length of stream that can be assessed with DFAs to the point where 2-D modeling may be a more cost-effective technique than DFAs.
Factors Associated with Increased Hospital Utilization in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Crowder Rachel S. , Irons Brian K. , Meyerrose Gary , Seifert Charles F.
Published: June 2010

Study Objective. To determine whether controlling systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure, and heart rate in the outpatient setting is associated with decreased hospital utilization in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (PEF).

Design. Retrospective medical record review.

Setting. University‐affiliated medical center and outpatient clinics.

Patients. One hundred forty adults admitted between January 1, 2003, and October 31, 2005, for an exacerbation of heart failure with PEF and followed for 2 years after their index admission.

Measurements and Main Results. Outpatient SBP, pulse pressure, and heart rate, and the percentage of clinic visits for which patients had each vital sign at a certain level were used for correlations and comparisons. These vital signs and percentages of clinic visits were varied until maximum significant differences were observed in total hospital utilization for each parameter. These values were then analyzed for differences based on age, race‐ethnicity, and sex. When comparing patients whose vital signs were in control for at least 80% of clinic visits versus those whose were in control for less than 80% of clinic visits, significantly lower hospital utilization was associated with clinic SBP less than 140 mm Hg (median hospital utilization 3 vs 5 visits, p=0.0252), pulse pressure less than 65 mm Hg (3 vs 5 visits, p=0.0113), and heart rate of 55–70 beats/minute (2 vs 4 visits, p=0.0311). Among the 140 patients, 78 (56%) were Caucasian, 48 (34%) were Hispanic, and 14 (10%) were African‐American. The African‐American patients were significantly younger (p=0.0218) and had significantly poorer SBP control (< 140 mm Hg for = 80% of clinic visits: 14.3% vs 43.8%, p=0.0446) and higher hospital utilization (> 4 visits: 78.6% vs 43.8%, p=0.0218) than the Hispanic patients, despite similar percentages of missed clinic appointments (25% for each group).

Conclusion: Controlling SBP at less than 140 mm Hg, pulse pressure at less than 65 mm Hg, and heart rate at 55–70 beats/minute for at least 80% of clinic visits were factors associated with decreased hospital utilization. African‐American patients with heart failure and PEF were younger, had more poorly controlled SBP, and had higher hospital utilization despite similar percentage of missed clinic visits as their Hispanic counterparts.
Drug Interaction Between Itraconazole and Bortezomib: Exacerbation of Peripheral Neuropathy and Thrombocytopenia Induced by Bortezomib
Authors: Iwamoto Takuya , Ishibashi Miki , Fujieda Atsushi , Masuya Masahiro , Katayama Naoyuki , Okuda Masahiro
Published: June 2010

Study Objective. To investigate whether a drug interaction exists between bortezomib and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor itraconazole and/or the CYP2C19 inhibitor lansoprazole that results in increased severity of bortezomib‐induced peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia.

Design. Retrospective medical record review.

Setting. Hematology‐oncology ward of a university‐affiliated hospital in Japan.

Patients. Six adults with relapsed multiple myeloma who received intravenous bortezomib plus oral dexamethasone as the first course of a 21–day cycle between July 2007 and December 2008. Four of the six patients were treated concomitantly with itraconazole or lansoprazole: two with itraconazole, one with lansoprazole, and one with both itraconazole and lansoprazole.

Measurements and Main Results. Using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, we identified the presence and graded the severity of peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia before and during each patient's first 21–day course of bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy. All three patients who received itraconazole experienced new or worsening peripheral neuropathy; they also experienced grade 4 thrombocytopenia. The patient who received lansoprazole alone, as well as the two patients who did not receive itraconazole or lansoprazole, had no changes in either adverse effect. We also evaluated the relationship between peripheral neuropathy and bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy by using the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, and a probable relationship was found. We further assessed whether a drug interaction between bortezomib and itraconazole and/or lansoprazole had occurred involving the CYP3A4 and/or the CYP2C19 pathways, respectively—resulting in increased severity of the bortezomib‐induced peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia—by using the Horn drug interaction probability scale. We found that the occurrence of this drug interaction was strongly supported.

Conclusions. Itraconazole appears to exacerbate peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia induced by bortezomib; however, the mechanism of this drug interaction is unknown. Clinicians should closely monitor for bortezomib‐induced adverse effects when itraconazole, or any other potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, is administered concomitantly with bortezomib.
Drug‐Induced QT‐Interval Prolongation: Considerations for Clinicians
Authors: Li Edward C. , Esterly John S. , Pohl Shaunte , Scott Shane D. , McBride Brian F.
Published: June 2010

Drug‐induced proarrhythmia is a frequently encountered clinical problem and a leading cause for withdrawal or relabeling of prescription drugs. Suppression of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr, represents the principal pharmacodynamic mechanism leading to heterogeneous prolongation of the ventricular action potential and prolongation of the QT interval clinically. However, the risk of proarrhythmia by QT‐interval‐prolonging drugs is variable and critically dependent on several factors leading to multiple reductions in the cardiac repolarization reserve. As antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the QT interval are usually aggressively managed with continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and screening for drug interactions when administered to patients who have a high risk of sudden cardiac death, their risk of mortality is not increased. However, noncardiovascular QT‐interval‐prolonging drugs, which often produce less QT‐interval prolongation compared with antiarrhythmic drugs, are found to be associated with increased rates of death in patients who have a markedly lower de novo risk of sudden cardiac death. Thus, it is important for clinicians, particularly pharmacists, to be cognizant of the levels of risk associated with varying degrees of QT‐interval prolongation caused by drugs so that they can develop strategies to either prevent or reduce the risk of proarrhythmias.
Bone Loss and Fracture Risk Associated with Thiazolidinedione Therapy
Authors: Riche Daniel M. , King S. Travis
Published: June 2010

The increasing use of thiazolidinediones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coupled with the potential for fractures in the aging population, poses a significant concern for health care providers. This concern is based on many reports of postapproval adverse musculoskeletal effects, particularly bone changes and fractures. To better understand the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone health, we conducted a PubMed search of articles published from January 1966‐June 2009. We reviewed the hypothesized mechanisms for thiazolidinedione‐induced adverse effects on bone, studies that evaluated thiazolidinedione use and fracture risk, potential treatment options for fracture minimization, and future directions for research. Thiazolidinedione‐induced bone changes may stem from the ability of these drugs to reduce the activity of osteoblasts without an appreciable effect on osteoclasts, shifting the balance of bone homeostasis to favor bone loss. Clinical data suggest that treating patients who have type 2 diabetes with thiazolidinediones has detrimental effects on bone health, as measured by reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture rates, notably distal extremity fractures in female patients. Thiazolidinediones are selective peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) agonists; thus, continued pursuit of PPAR system selectivity and investigation of other PPAR agonists are crucial to understanding and avoiding these detrimental effects. Clinicians, particularly pharmacists, must take an active role in educating colleagues on the importance of screening thiazolidinedione‐treated patients for fracture risk, counseling patients on adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and fall prevention, and appropriately selecting therapy for secondary prevention of fracture.
An Epidemiologic Study of Orofacial Clefts in Hamedan City, Iran: A 15-Year Study
Authors: Zandi Mohammad , Heidari Ali
Published: June 2010

Objective

To determine the epidemiology of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in births in hospitals of Hamedan City, Iran, and to evaluate the etiologic factors that have a role in the development of these anomalies.

Design

This research was a 15-year cross-sectional study (1993 to 2008).

Participants

All infants born with CL/P during the study period comprised the study group. One thousand healthy children without cleft anomalies born in the same hospitals during the study period comprised the control group.

Results

The prevalence of CL/P was 1.016 per 1000 live births (53.4% boys and 46.6% girls). Cleft lip associated with cleft palate (CLP) was the most common type of anomaly (53.5%), followed by isolated cleft lip (CL; 28.7%) and isolated cleft palate (CP; 17.8%). Eighty-six babies (81%) had unilateral CL and 20 babies (19%) had bilateral CL. Twenty-three newborns with CL/P (17.8%) had other congenital deformities. The frequency of CL/P in parents, siblings, and relatives of newborns in study group was higher than in the control group. There was a significant difference between the study and control groups with respect to maternal drug intake, trauma, smoking, and x-ray exposure during pregnancy.

Conclusion

The birth prevalence of CL/P in Hamedan City was closer to the prevalence of CL/P in the United States and Europe than Africa and the Far East. We found that the presence of cleft in parents, siblings, and other relatives; maternal drug intake; trauma; radiation; and smoking were risk factors for cleft development in newborns.
Clinical-Anthropometric and Aesthetic Analysis of Nose and Lip in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Heller M. , Schmidt M. , Mueller C.K. , Thorwarth M. , Schultze-Mosgau S.
Published: June 2010

Objective

Presentation of a technique to determine objectively the degree of symmetry in the area of nose and lip in cleft patients based on analysis of photographs. To compare the objective measurements with the subjective impression.

Design

This was a retrospective study using a predefined photo documentation standard to capture images of the area of nose and lip.

Setting

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Jena, Germany.

Patients

Unilateral cleft patients following primary lip repair (group 1; n = 36) or secondary correction (group 2; n = 23).

Main Outcome Measures

Measurements were taken on standardized photographs of three dimensions in the area of the nose and two dimensions in the upper lip region. Sign tests were used to ascertain differences between the cleft and unaffected sides separately for each group. Subjective impressions regarding symmetry were gathered and quantified by means of a visual analog scale (VAS). The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare the observers' impressions between the two groups.

Results

While significant side differences were found for all distances in group 1, only the side differences in the height of the nostril remained significant in group 2. Subjective evaluation of the nostril area improved significantly following corrective surgery. However, no such change in the area of the upper lip was recognized by the observers.

Conclusions

We were able to demonstrate that the measurable symmetry of the nostril area, as well as the upper lip, was significantly enhanced by corrective surgery. However, only the subjective impression of the nostril was improved.
Transactivation of cytosolic alanine aminotransferase gene promoter by p300 and c-Myb
Authors: Anemaet Ida G , González Juan Diego , Salgado María C , Giralt Marina , Fernández Felipe , Baanante Isabel V , Metón Isidoro
Published: June 2010

Alanine aminotransferase (Alt) provides a molecular link between carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In the cell context, the predominant Alt isozyme is located in the cytosol. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the cytosolic alt gene (calt), we cloned and characterized the calt promoter from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Transient transfection of sea bass larvae cells with deleted calt promoter constructs and electrophoretic mobility shift assays allowed us to identify p300 and c-Myb as new factors in the transcriptional regulation of calt expression. Transfection studies carried out with an acetylase-deficient mutant p300 (p300DY) revealed that the acetyltransferase activity of p300 is essential for the p300-mediated transcriptional activation of S. aurata calt. We had previously found up-regulation of liver cAlt2, an alternatively spliced isoform of calt, under gluconeogenic conditions and in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated S. aurata. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that increased p300 and c-Myb mRNA levels in the liver of starved S. aurata contribute to enhancing the transcription of cAlt2. Consistently, the administration of insulin decreased both p300 and c-Myb expression. The mRNA levels of p300 and c-Myb were also analyzed in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic S. aurata. Treatment with STZ increased the expression of p300, whereas it decreased c-Myb. Our findings suggest an involvement of p300 and c-Myb in up-regulation of cAlt2 in the liver of S. aurata under starvation. In addition, these results provide evidence for a role of p300 in diabetes.
Platform Switching for Marginal Bone Preservation Around Dental Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Ibrahim Hadeel M. , Atieh Ahmad H.
Published: June 2010

Background: Platform switching for maintaining peri‐implant bone levels has gained popularity among implant manufacturers over the last few years. However, the assumption that the inward shifting of the implant‐abutment junction may preserve crestal bone was primarily based on serendipitous finding rather than scientific evidence. The objectives of the present study were to systematically review radiographic marginal bone‐level changes and the survival of platform‐switched implants compared to conventional platform‐matched implants.

Methods: A literature search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the U.K. National Research Register, the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index) was performed up to March 15, 2010. Hand searches included several dental journals, and authors were contacted for missing information. Controlled trials that compared marginal bone‐level changes around platform‐switched dental implants with those restored with platform‐matched prostheses were selected. The review and meta‐analysis were done according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. Data were analyzed using two meta‐analytic statistical packages. Mean differences (MDs) were calculated for analyzing continuous data, and risk ratios (RRs) were used for dichotomous data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Ten studies with 1,239 implants were included. The marginal bone loss around platform‐switched implants was significantly less than around platform‐matched implants (MD: −0.37; 95% CI: −0.55 to −0.20; P <0.0001). No statistically significant difference was detected for implant failures between the two groups (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.95; P = 0.89). Subgroup analyses showed that an implant‐abutment diameter difference ≥0.4 was associated with a more favorable bone response.

Conclusions: The review and meta‐analysis show that platform switching may preserve interimplant bone height and soft tissue levels. The degree of marginal bone resorption is inversely related to the extent of the implant‐abutment mismatch. Further long‐term, well‐conducted, randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the validity of this concept.
Prolonged Fasting Identifies Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction as Consequence Rather Than Cause of Human Insulin Resistance
Authors: Hoeks Joris , van Herpen Noud A. , Mensink Marco , Moonen-Kornips Esther , van Beurden Denis , Hesselink Matthijs K.C. , Schrauwen Patrick
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but it is debated whether this is a primary factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. To test the concept that mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to the development of insulin resistance, we employed the unique model of prolonged fasting in humans. Prolonged fasting is a physiologic condition in which muscular insulin resistance develops in the presence of increased free fatty acid (FFA) levels, increased fat oxidation and low glucose and insulin levels. It is therefore anticipated that skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is maintained to accommodate increased fat oxidation unless factors secondary to insulin resistance exert negative effects on mitochondrial function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

While in a respiration chamber, twelve healthy males were subjected to a 60 h fast and a 60 h normal fed condition in a randomized crossover design. Afterward, insulin sensitivity was assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and mitochondrial function was quantified ex vivo in permeabilized muscle fibers using high-resolution respirometry.

RESULTS

Indeed, FFA levels were increased approximately ninefold after 60 h of fasting in healthy male subjects, leading to elevated intramuscular lipid levels and decreased muscular insulin sensitivity. Despite an increase in whole-body fat oxidation, we observed an overall reduction in both coupled state 3 respiration and maximally uncoupled respiration in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers, which could not be explained by changes in mitochondrial density.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings confirm that the insulin-resistant state has secondary negative effects on mitochondrial function. Given the low insulin and glucose levels after prolonged fasting, hyperglycemia and insulin action per se can be excluded as underlying mechanisms, pointing toward elevated plasma FFA and/or intramuscular fat accumulation as possible causes for the observed reduction in mitochondrial capacity.
Postchallenge Glucose, A1C, and Fasting Glucose as Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Cederberg Henna , Saukkonen Tuula , Laakso Mauri , Jokelainen Jari , Härkönen Pirjo , Timonen Markku , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Rajala Ulla
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

A1C has been proposed as a new indicator for high risk of type 2 diabetes. The long-term predictive power and comparability of elevated A1C with the currently used high-risk indicators remain unclear. We assessed A1C, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) as predictors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) at 10 years.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This prospective population-based study of 593 inhabitants from northern Finland, born in 1935, was conducted between 1996 and 2008. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at baseline and follow-up, and A1C was determined at baseline. Those with a history of diabetes were excluded from the study. Elevated A1C was defined as 5.7–6.4%. Incident type 2 diabetes was confirmed by two OGTTs. Cardiovascular outcome was measured as incident CVD or CVD mortality. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to predict diabetes, CVD, and CVD mortality at 10 years. Receiver operating characteristic curves compared predictive values of A1C, IGT, and IFG.

RESULTS

Incidence of diabetes during the follow-up was 17.1%. Two of three of the cases of newly diagnosed diabetes were predicted by a raise in ≥1 of the markers. Elevated A1C, IGT, or IFG preceded diabetes in 32.8, 40.6, and 21.9%, respectively. CVD was predicted by an intermediate and diabetic range of 2-h glucose but only by diabetic A1C levels in women.

CONCLUSIONS

A1C predicted 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes at a range of A1C 5.7–6.4% but CVD only in women at A1C ≥6.5%.
Relationships Between Daily Acute Glucose Fluctuations and Cognitive Performance Among Aged Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Rizzo Maria Rosaria , Marfella Raffaele , Barbieri Michelangela , Boccardi Virginia , Vestini Francesco , Lettieri Biagio , Canonico Silvestro , Paolisso Giuseppe
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) is a significant determinant of overall metabolic control as well as increased risk for diabetes complications. Older individuals with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have moderate cognitive deficits and structural changes in brain tissue. Considering that poor metabolic control is considered a deranging factor for cognitive performance in diabetic patients, we evaluated whether the contributions of MAGE to cognitive status in older patients with type 2 diabetes were independent from the main markers of glycemic control, such as sustained chronic hyperglycemia (A1C), postprandial glycemia (PPG), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In 121 older patients with type 2 diabetes, 48-h continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CSGM) were assessed. MAGE and PPG were evaluated during CSGM. The relationship of MAGE to performance on cognitive tests was assessed, with adjustment for age, glycemic control markers, and other determinants of cognitive status. The cognitive tests were a composite score of executive and attention functioning and the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE).

RESULTS

MAGE was significantly correlated with MMSE (r = 0.83; P < 0.001) and with cognition composite score (r = 0.68; P < 0.001). Moreover, MAGE was associated with the MMSE (P < 0.001) and cognition composite score (P < 0.001) independently of age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio, drug intake, physical activity, mean arterial blood pressure, FPG, PPG, and A1C.

CONCLUSIONS

MAGE during a daily period was associated with an impairment of cognitive functioning independent of A1C, FPG, and PPG. The present data suggest that interventional trials in older patients with type 2 diabetes should target not only A1C, PPG, and FPG but also daily acute glucose swings.
Effects of Weight Loss Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Men and Women
Authors: Janiszewski Peter M. , Ross Robert
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Weight loss among metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals may be unnecessary or result in elevated cardio-metabolic risk. We studied the effects of exercise- or diet-induced weight loss on cardio-metabolic risk among MHO and metabolically abnormal obese (MAO) adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants were 63 MHO and 43 MAO adults who took part in 3 to 6 months of exercise- or diet-induced weight loss intervention. Changes in anthropometry, adipose tissue distribution, and cardio-metabolic risk factors were assessed.

RESULTS

Body weight, waist circumference, and total abdominal and visceral adipose tissue were reduced in all subjects (P < 0.05). Improvements in insulin sensitivity were observed in MHO and MAO men and women (P < 0.05), but were greater in the MAO individuals (P < 0.05). Fasting insulin was the only other cardio-metabolic improvement among MHO individuals (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Lifestyle-induced weight loss among MHO subjects is associated with a reduction in total and abdominal obesity and improvement in selected cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Maternal Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy Affects Fetal Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Luo Zhong-Cheng , Delvin Edgard , Fraser William D. , Audibert Francois , Deal Cheri I. , Julien Pierre , Girard Isabelle , Shear Roberta , Levy Emile , Nuyt Anne-Monique
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Offspring of mothers with impaired glucose tolerance are far more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that maternal glucose tolerance in pregnancy affects fetal insulin sensitivity or β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort study, we analyzed glucose, insulin, and proinsulin concentrations in maternal blood at the 50-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation and in venous cord blood (n = 248). The cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratio and proinsulin concentration were used as indicators of fetal insulin sensitivity and the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio was used as an indicator of fetal β-cell function.

RESULTS

Higher OGTT blood glucose levels were associated with significantly lower cord plasma glucose-to-insulin ratios (r = −0.31, P < 0.001) and higher proinsulin concentrations (r = 0.31, P < 0.001) but not with proinsulin-to-insulin ratios. In a comparison of gestational diabetic (n = 26) versus euglycemic pregnancy, cord blood glucose-to-insulin ratios were substantially lower (geometric mean 10.1 vs. 20.0 mg/dl/μU/ml; P < 0.001), whereas proinsulin concentrations were much higher (24.4 vs. 13.8 pmol/l; P < 0.001), despite similar cord blood glucose concentrations indicating adequate management of diabetes. The differences remained significant after controlling for prepregnancy and fetal adiposity, family history of diabetes, gestational age, and other potential confounders. Significant changes in the glucose-to-insulin ratio and proinsulin concentration were also observed in obese (n = 31) mothers, but the differences became not statistically significant after adjustment for maternal glucose tolerance and fetal adiposity.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal glucose intolerance may impair fetal insulin sensitivity (but not β-cell function) and consequently “program” the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Analysis of A-DLTS spectra of MOS structures with thin NAOS SiO2 layers
Authors: Hockicko Peter , Bury Peter , Sidor Peter , Kobayashi Hikaru , Takahashi Masao , Yanase Takashi
Published: June 2010

A set of MOS structures with thin SiO2 layers prepared by nitric acid oxidation (NAOS) method was investigated using acoustic deep level transient spectroscopy (A-DLTS) to explain the role of annealing treatment (post-oxidation annealing (POA) and post-metallization annealing (PMA)) at different conditions on the distribution of interface states. The activation energies of interface states and the corresponding capture cross-section were calculated both from Arrhenius plots constructed for individual peaks of the A-DLTS spectra and applying the method of modeling of measured acoustic spectra. The energy distribution of the interface states was determined also from the dependence of acoustoelectric response signal (ARS) on the external bias voltage (U
ac - V
G curves). By comparing the A-DLTS spectra, U
ac - V
G characteristics and some electrical measurements (G-V, I-V curves) of investigated MOS structures with no treatment with those treated with POA and/or PMA, the role of individual treatments was observed. The definite decrease of the interface states in the structures with the PMA treatment in comparison with the POA treatment was confirmed too.
Photonic realization of the relativistic Kronig-Penney model and relativistic Tamm surface states
Authors: Longhi Stefano
Published: June 2010

Photonic analogues of the relativistic Kronig-Penney model and of relativistic surface Tamm states are proposed for light propagation in fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) with phase defects. A periodic sequence of phase slips in the FBG realizes the relativistic Kronig-Penney model, the band structure of which being mapped into the spectral response of the FBG. For the semi-infinite FBG Tamm surface states can appear and can be visualized as narrow resonance peaks in the transmission spectrum of the grating.
Molecular identification of diazotroph microbial consortia in mountain soil
Authors: Carpa Rahela , Butiuc-Keul Anca , Dobrotă Cristina , Muntean Vasile
Published: June 2010

Nitrogen fixing microbial consortia from soil samples taken from five altitudinal vegetation zones (alpine, subalpine, coniferous, beech, Maleia flood plain) of Parâng Massif, Romania, were isolated and identified. Molecular characterisation of nitrogen fixing consortia was carried out by PCR and nested PCR with 7 primer sets specific to nifH genes. All nifH genes are specific to nitrogen fixation and are found within phylogenetically related organisms which have the nitrogenase enzyme complex. These molecular studies allowed the assessment of nifH gene diversity within these nitrogen fixing microbial consortia from different type of soils. At high altitude, a consortium of nitrogen fixing bacteria dominated by Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense was found. Clostridium, Rhizobiales, Herbaspirillum, Frankia species were also found in different rations depending on the altitudinal vegetation zone.
Diet overlap between small ruminants and the European hare in a Mediterranean shrubland
Authors: Karmiris Ilias , Nastis Anastasios
Published: June 2010

Seasonal diets of goats, sheep and European hares (Lepus europaeus) were examined using microhistological analysis of feces collected when these herbivores grazed together in a typical Mediterranean shrubland. Approximately half of the total diet content of goats was shrubs (mainly kermes oak, Quercus coccifera), while that of hares was grasses (mostly brush grass, Chrysopogon gryllus). Sheep had a more balanced diet consisting mainly of grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Dietary overlap between goats and sheep was high throughout the year. In contrast, there was very low dietary overlap between small ruminants and hares. Dietary diversity was high in spring and low in winter across all species, with sheep in general displaying higher dietary diversity across all seasons than goats and hares. Goats had intermediate and hares had low dietary diversity across all seasons. Communal grazing by small ruminants and hares ensures that there is a more uniform use of the available forage resources than if a single herbivore is left to graze an area.
Antibacterial effect of essential oils and interaction with food components
Authors: Tserennadmid Rentsenkhand , Takó Miklós , Galgóczy László , Papp Tamás , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Gerő László , Krisch Judit
Published: June 2010

The antibacterial effect of essential oils (EOs) derived from Citrus lemon, Juniperus communis, Origanum majorana, and Salvia sclarea, was investigated either alone or in combination, on 2 food related bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli). The influence of food ingredients — hydrolyzed proteins originating from animal and plant (meat extract and soy peptone) and sucrose — on the antibacterial effect of EOs was also tested. The most effective antibacterial activities were obtained with marjoram and clary sage oil, alone and in combination. High concentration of meat extract protected the bacteria from the growth inhibiting effect of marjoram oil, while soy peptone had no such effect. Sucrose intensified the lag phase lengthening by marjoram oil in a dose-independent manner.