bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engenheiros consultores: profissionais do desenvolvimento territorial e urbano – 1960-1970
Authors: Pulhez Magaly Marques
Published: March 2017

O trabalho propõe introduzir uma reflexão sobre a historicidade de um personagem usualmente pouco tratado na galeria de estudos sobre os temas do desenvolvimento territorial e urbano: o engenheiro consultor. As origens da Engenharia Consultiva na verdade confundem-se com o próprio desenvolvimento econômico do país nas primeiras décadas do século XX, quando identificamos os momentos primordiais de arranque rumo à industrialização e à urbanização. Além disso, trata-se também de um processo evidentemente ligado à própria afirmação de um campo profissional, quando os engenheiros gradualmente passam a se deslocar das atividades manufatureiras dos canteiros de obra para os escritórios de projeto e consultoria, reivindicando seu conhecimento técnico e científico sobre o processo de produção do espaço, seu posto propriamente gerencial na tarefa de contribuir ao desenvolvimento nacional. No campo de especialidades em que transitam, estes profissionais alcançarão o comando de grandes empresas de  engenharia do setor consultivo que, por sua vez, irão se espraiar, sobretudo entre os anos 1960 e 1970, por áreas de atuação as mais diversas – desde o projeto de hidrelétricas, estradas e portos ao desenvolvimento de planos diretores locais, numa movimentação alavancada pelos altos investimentos estatais direcionados à construção da infraestrutura de um país em franco processo de expansão urbana.
A Europa do conhecimento e da aprendizagem: principais comportamentos espaciais da "Europa dos 27"
Authors: Gama Rui Jorge , Fernandes Ricardo
Published: March 2017

No contexto da nova economia do conhecimento e da aprendizagem, a Europa tem procurado novos paradigmas de desenvolvimento como resposta a novas diferenciações espaciais entre países com lógicas contextuais diferentes. No sentido de se perceber as dinâmicas dos países da Europa a 27, é central analisar um conjunto de indicadores que permitam refletir sobre as trajetórias relacionadas com o conhecimento, a inovação e as tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC). Procura-se assim entender os diferentes padrões espaciais a partir de um conjunto de dimensões e indicadores, identificando comportamentos comuns com base num tratamento estatístico multivariado. Utiliza-se uma análise fatorial de componentes principais e uma análise classificatória, para se encontrar fatores que traduzam não só a tendência dos padrões espaciais com características semelhantes, procurando refletir sobre o papel das políticas de desenvolvimento regional.
Penerapan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Siswa Kelas VIII Sekolah ABC Topik Relasi dan Fungsi [The Implementation of the Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) Cooperative Learning Type to Improve Conceptual Understanding of Relation and Function Topics of Grade VIII Students at ABC School]
Authors: Tipa Debima Solli Ruruk , Izaak Maya Puspitasari , Appulembang Oce Datu
Published: March 2017

This research was based on the observation that most of the students had low conceptual understanding.  The Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) Cooperative Learning type was applied.  The purpose of the research was to increase conceptual understanding through the implementation of STAD and to understand the procedures of STAD Cooperative Learning in increasing conceptual understanding. This was the Classroom Action Research (CAR) model by Kemmis and Taggart that was conducted between August 3, 2015 and September 21, 2015 at the Grade VIII ABC School.  There were three cycles of CAR that involved 32 students.  The instruments of data collection were a test paper, a group assignment sheet, an open-ended observation sheet, a questionnaire, a mentor feedback sheet, a mentor and a student interview sheet, and reflection journals.  Based on the data analysis, it was found that the implementation of STAD Cooperative Learning was able to increase the conceptual understanding of Grade VIII students on the topics of Relation and Function. 

BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini didasarkan atas hasil observasi  yang menemukan bahwa sebagian besar siswa memiliki pemahaman konsep yang rendah.Pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) dicoba untuk diterapkan. Penerapan STAD diharapkan dapat mencapai tujuan penelitian yaitu meningkatkan pemahaman konsep melalui penerapan STAD dan mengetahui langkah-langkah pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dalam meningkatkan pemahaman konsep. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan model Kemmis dan Taggart yang berlangsung selama 03 Agustus 2015 - 21 September 2015 di kelas VIII di sekolah ABC. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga siklus dengan melibatkan 32 siswa. Adapun instrumen yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data yaitu lembar tes, lembar LKK kelompok, lembar observasi terbuka, lembar angket, lembar umpan balik mentor, lembar wawancara siswa dan mentor, dan jurnal refleksi.  Berdasarkan analisis data, diperoleh bahwa penerapan tahapan pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) mampu meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa kelas VIII pada topik relasi dan fungsi.
Accountability em educação: mais regulação da qualidade ou apenas um estágio do Estado-avaliador?
Authors: Schneider Marilda Pasqual , Nardi Elton Luiz
Published: March 2017

O trabalho tem por objetivo discutir questões atinentes à accountability em educação, considerando a emergência de políticas de avaliação associadas à responsabilização e prestação de contas como mecanismo de regulação da qualidade no setor. Com base na revisão de literatura e por meio do recurso da análise de conteúdo, aborda aspectos conceituais do tema, realçando a associação entre políticas avaliativas e de accountability no momento em que novas agendas políticas tomam-na como um recurso de gestão dos serviços públicos, com importante aderência nas políticas educacionais brasileiras onde ganha força o debate da responsabilização. Questiona, justamente, a entrada dessas iniciativas no Brasil, associadas à emergência do Estado-avaliador, em um momento em que novos e mais sofisticados mecanismos de avaliação começam a despontar em países de capitalismo mais avançado, impondo formas cada vez mais universalizantes e globais de regulação as quais indicam diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da vaga avaliadora nos Estados nacionais.
Guattari e a topografia da máquina escolar
Authors: Carvalho Alexandre Filordi de , Camargo André Campos de
Published: March 2017

O objetivo do artigo consiste em analisar a produção da máquina escolar em sua topografia. A hipótese é dupla. De um lado, a análise dessa produção conduz o pensamento a entender como um conjunto de condições pelas quais a escola opera suas finalidades está forçosamente ligado à uma produção maquínica de subjetividade capitalística. Na escola encontra-se uma subjetividade sujeitada aos componentes e aos circuitos de como a máquina escolar produz e opera os seus sujeitos. De outro lado, acessa-se a uma série de problematizações que instiga e convoca o pensamento a agir com o intuito de curto-circuitar o estado atual da máquina escolar. A partir da própria escola, de sua topografia, ativam-se rupturas e atopias, produzem-se outros fios de agenciamento com a experiência escolar e educativa, criam-se outras derivações que potencializam o campo da subjetividade considerando os processos de singularização. Para tanto, as análises concentram-se no pensamento de Guattari.
Correlation of predictions to get a new dental caries with residence area and parental socio-economic conditions in adolescents in Sleman DIY
Authors: Priyono Bambang , Kusnanto Hari , Santoso Al Supartinah , Pramono Dibyo
Published: March 2017

Background: Adolescence is a period when an individual experiences physical and psychological growth, thus requiring higher energy intake. As a result, they have a high appetite, but at the same time the supervision of parents on their oral hygiene behavior is decreases. They become free to choose their preferred food, sometimes containing high carbohydrates that may increase risks of dental caries and overweight. Sleman is one of districs in Yogyakarta, also considered as an agglomeration area of Yogyakarta town, which still has urban and rural areas. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between residence area and parental socioeconomic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Method: This study was an analytic survey study conducted on 275 adolescents in Sleman. Samples were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling technique. Prediction to get a new dental caries was measured by using cariogram, involving 10 variables. Residence area was observed based on territorial characteristics, such as urban and rural areas matched to their ID card. Meanwhile, parental socio-economic condition was measured on daily expenses of their parents. A multiple regression analysis with dummy variables was used to analyses the correlation between the independent and dependent variables at a confidence level of 95%. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of caries in those adolescents in urban areas was 70.7%, while 81.95% in rural areas. The DMFT index in urban areas was 2.27, while 2.65 in rural areas. The mean percentage of prediction to get a new dental caries in urban areas was 47.83 ± 23.63, while 53.61 ± 24.68 in rural areas. The results of the statistical analysis then showed that there was no significant correlation of residence area and parental sosio-econimic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Conclusion: In conclusion, residence areas, rural and urban areas, and parental socio-economic conditions, from low to high economic status were not correlated with prediction to get a new dental caries in adolescents.
The Relationship of PM Variation to Visibility and Mixing Layer Height under Haze/Fog Condition in Multi-Cities of Northeast China
Authors: Zhao Hujia , Che Huizheng , Ma Yanjun , Wang Yangfeng , Yang Hongbin , Liu Yuche , Wang Yaqiang , Wang Hong , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: March 2017

The variations of visibility, PM mass concentration and mixing layer height (MLH) at four major urban-industry regions (Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi and Fushun) in multi-cities of central Liaoning over northeast China were evaluated from 2009-2012 to characterize the dynamics effect on air pollution. The annual mean visibilities were about 13.7±7.8km, 13.5±6.5km, 12.8±6.1km and 11.5±6.8km in Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi and Fushun, respectively. The pollution load (PM×MLH) shown a weaker vertical diffusion in Anshan with a higher PM concentration in the near-surface. High concentrations of fine mode particles may be partially attributed to the biomass burning emissions from September in Liaoning Province and surrounding regions in Northeast China as well as the coal burning during the heating period with lower MLH in winter. The increasing wind speed has a similar change as the increasing of mixing layer height to make the effect on the aerosol vertical diffusion. The visibility on the non haze-fog days was about 2.5-3.0 times higher than that on hazy and fog days. The fine particle concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 on the haze and fog days were ~1.8-1.9 times and ~1.5 times higher than that on no hazy-fog days. The MLH during fog pollution showed more declining trend than haze pollution compared with non haze-fog days. The results of this study could provide the useful information to better recognize the effects of vertical pollutants diffusion on air quality in the multi-cities of central Liaoning over Northeast China.
Sources of Economic Growth in Zambia, 1970-2013: A Growth Accounting Approach
Authors: Mulungu Kelvin , Ng'ombe John
Published: March 2017

Most empirical work on sources of economic growth for different countries lack country-specific empirical evidence to guide policy choices in individual developing countries and previous studies of factor productivity tend to focus on the entire economy or a single sector. In this study, we use the recently developed growth accounting tools to explicitly determine the sources of economic growth at both national and sectoral levels in Zambia between 1970 and 2013. We use data from World Development Indicators and Zambia’s Central Statistical Office. On average, total factor productivity (TFP) contributes about 5.7% to economic growth. Sectoral analysis shows that agriculture contributes the least to GDP and that within each sector; factors that contribute to growth differ. Structural transformation has been slow and contributed to the observed inefficiency. We outline the implications of the observed growth and provide recommendations.
Decentralization and Transboundary Pollution: Evidence from the Change of Water Pollution Levels in China
Authors: Yang Yongliang , Shen Manhong
Published: March 2017

Pollution spillover is an important issue to improve the water environment of transboundary rivers, which has been aggravated by the decentralization of China's pollution control and promotion system.This paper analyzes the evolution of the pollution reduction mandates and the possible change of water environment in China which are tested with the water quality data of state key monitoring sections in 2004-2014 .In terms of research methods, this paper mainly uses Propensity Score Matching reference with group difference test and OLS. Empirical findings support the association between decentralization and pollution levels. The pollution levels of the monitoring points located at the boundary are significantly higher than that of interior counties. The pollution of tributary is more serious than trunk stream，which quickly reversed after the system changed. Water pollution levels rapidly changes when we compare the monitoring site in front of jurisdictional boundaries with that after the jurisdictional boundaries. We draw the following conclusions that local goverments may manipulate pollution within their jurisdictions and total pollutant control system will exacerbate border pollution, while water quality inspection can reduce marginal pollution.
Effectiveness Regulation of Construction Land: Does Plan Matter?
Authors: Li Guan , Wu Cifang , Zhuo Yuefei , Tong Xinhua , Wei Yanfei , Lu Rucheng
Published: March 2017

Nowadays the relationship between planning land use and actual land use is not so clear in general. A lot of efforts have been put in the failures of regulation for the expansion of construction land. However, it still lacks an integrated approach to study the effectiveness of land use regulation in terms of different land use types. Furthermore, the existing evaluation of land use plan mainly focuses on a general level, a detailed research on the regulation effectiveness of each construction land use type is absent. Therefore, this research tries to evaluate regulation effectiveness of land use plan, which takes Cangwu country, Guangxi Province as an example. The finding by analysis is that the total area of construction land expansion was about 3494.73 ha, nearly 1.1 times of the plan quota. Moreover, the effectiveness differs greatly in various construction land use types. Town, industrial/mining sites can be well regulated through the quota of land use plan. While, the quota regulation system is not as effective for other type of construction land. Thus, we suggest to improve the regulation effectiveness of construction land through different plan instruments.
Effects of Cover Crops and Phosphorus Sources on Maize Yield, Phosphorus Uptake, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency
Authors: Pavinato Paulo Sergio , Rodrigues Marcos , Soltangheisi Amin , Sartor Laércio Ricardo , Withers Paul John Anthony
Published: March 2017

Core Ideas

Phosphorus recycling by cover crops in a typical Brazilian cropping system.

Maize response to phosphate sources under no‐till management.

Residual effects of phosphate sources in tropical weathered soils.

Rock phosphate was more effective than soluble phosphate in supplying P for maize over time.

This research evaluated the potential benefits of winter cover crops on the utilization and cycling of P in Brazilian tropical cropping systems. The effect of P fertilizer [none, rock phosphate (RP), and soluble phosphate (single superphosphate, SSP)] in combination with cover crop residues (common vetch [Vicia sativa L.], white lupin [Lupinus albus L.], forage radish [Raphanus sativus L.], ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lam], black oat [Avena strigosa Schreb.], red clover [Trifolium pratense L.], and fallow) were evaluated on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and P use efficiency over three maize cropping seasons under no‐tillage, from 2009 to 2012. Cover crop yields and P uptake were higher under phosphate fertilizers than nil‐P across all seasons evaluated. The highest amounts of P recycled in cover crops over the period were under white lupin, followed by radish and ryegrass, but without any significant cover crop effect on maize yield. The largest response and greatest P use efficiency (30 kg grain per kg P applied) was obtained in the third year of evaluation, when maize yield was restricted by low rainfall. In this year, RP promoted greater maize yield than SSP and the nil‐P. Soil available P at the end of the experiment was higher under RP than SSP. It is concluded that RP solubility is higher than currently predicted (9% P2O5 in citric acid). Cover crops were not able to affect maize yield after 3 yr of leaving the residues on the surface, however they can reduce the soil loss by erosion and runoff.
Corn Era Hybrid Dry Matter and Macronutrient Accumulation across Development Stages
Authors: Woli Krishna P. , Sawyer John E. , Boyer Matthew J. , Abendroth Lori J. , Elmore Roger W.
Published: March 2017

Core Ideas

Evaluating corn dry matter and macronutrient accumulation patterns across era hybrids is necessary to understand changes in plant nutrient requirements and effects on accumulation timing and fertilization management.

Era hybrids differed in dry matter and nutrient accumulation, with differences in nutrient content mainly related to dry matter production.

Dry matter and P accumulation was linear, however, N and K accumulation slowed during the reproductive stages.

Although the absolute dry matter production and nutrient content was greater with the most recent hybrids, relative to the maximum dry matter and N, P, and K content and the accumulation rate (cumulative growing degree unit‐based) remained the same across era hybrids.

Results indicate that overall dry matter production and yield potential has been mainly responsible for changes in corn macronutrient requirements with development of new hybrids.

Evaluating corn (Zea mays L.) aboveground dry matter (DM) and macronutrient accumulation patterns across era hybrids is necessary to understand changes in plant nutrient requirements and effects on accumulation timing and fertilization management. Two popular hybrids for each of five era‐decades from 1960 to 2000 were grown in 2007 and 2008. Whole plant samples were collected at 10 development stages, with dry matter (DM), N, P, and K determined. Era hybrids differed in DM and nutrient accumulation, with differences in nutrient content mainly related to DM production. The 1960 to 1990 era hybrids were more similar in DM and nutrient content across development stages compared to the 2000 era hybrids which had the greatest content. Dry matter and P accumulation was linear (V6–R5 stages), however, N and K accumulation slowed during the reproductive stages. While the fraction of maximum plant content at R1 averaged 48, 71, 58, and 83% across hybrids for DM, N, P, and K, respectively; the ranges were 43 to 52% for DM (1990 and 1960), 64 to 78% for N (1990 and 1960), 55 to 60% for P (2000 and1960), and 69 to 93% for K (1990 and 1960). Although the absolute DM production and nutrient content was greater with the most recent hybrids, relative to the maximum DM, N, P, and K content and the accumulation rate, growing degree unit based, remained the same across era hybrids. This indicates that overall DM production and yield potential has been mainly responsible for changes in corn macronutrient requirements with development of new hybrids.
Climatic Effects on Phosphorus Fractions of Native and Cultivated North American Grassland Soils
Authors: Siebers Nina , Sumann Matthias , Kaiser Klaus , Amelung Wulf
Published: March 2017

Core Ideas

Influence of climate on phosphorus dynamics in soil.

Regression analyses for climosequence in Great Plains.

Influence of cultivation and size fractions on phosphorus dynamics.

The climatic regime influences the turnover of P in soils, resulting in shifts in P fractions of different bonding forms. Here, we aimed at (i) identifying possible changes in P fractions as related to mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), as well as (ii) elucidating how these patterns change under long‐term agriculture. We analyzed different P fractions after sequential extraction according to the Hedley procedure from the top 10 cm of 18 native grassland sites and adjacent long‐term agricultural fields along a temperature and precipitation transect from central Saskatoon to south Texas. The analyses were performed on bulk soils and clay fractions. The results showed that total P (Ptot) concentrations decreased with increasing MAT but were not clearly related to MAP. The contributions of total inorganic P (Pitot) and total organic P (Potot) to Ptotdid neither change with MAT nor with MAP. The proportions of individual soil fractions were shifted from the labile and easily extractable P bonding forms to the more stable, residual P fractions with increasing annual temperature. Arable cropping induced loss of organic P (Po). The relationships to the climatic factors were sustained for the arable soil, but better reflected in the clay fractions than in the bulk soil. We conclude that there is a gross pattern of soil P distribution related to the climate, likely reflecting the increased biological processing as well as and progressing weathering and neoformation of secondary mineral phases as annual temperatures rise.
Construction of Membership Functions for Soil Mapping using the Partial Dependence of Soil on Environmental Covariates Calculated by Random Forest
Authors: Zeng Canying , Yang Lin , Zhu A-Xing
Published: March 2017

Core Ideas

This study develops a method to construct membership functions representing knowledge on soil–environment relationships from partial dependence.

Use of representative samples as training samples is recommended when applying the proposed method.

Training samples (including representative samples and other samples) with good coverage in the environmental feature space would allow Random Forest to obtain more accurate soil maps than using representative samples.

Partial dependence plots generated by Random Forest imply an association between soil and environmental variables.

Partial dependence plots generated by Random Forest (RF) imply an association between soil and environmental variables. This study develops a method to construct membership functions representing knowledge of soil–environment relationships from partial dependence. Key parameters were obtained from normalized partial dependence to define class limits and membership gradation. Seven environmental variables were selected on the basis of the variable's importance within RF. Two cases were conducted to test the effectiveness of our method using different training samples. Case 1 used 33 representative locations as training samples and 50 locations as validations. Case 2 randomly split all 83 samples into training and validation subsets at a proportion of 2:1; the splits were repeated seven times. For each case, the generated membership functions were used for mapping soil subgroups in Heshan, China, under the Soil Landscape Inference Model framework; RF was conducted for comparison. The results showed that mapping accuracy based on the membership functions (78%) was much higher than that of RF only (60%) in Case 1. In Case 2, the mapping accuracies using membership functions (an average of 67%, SD = 6.5%) were not always higher than those by RF (an average of 67%, SD = 8.0%). The constructed membership functions were impacted by the training samples. Use of representative training samples is recommended when applying the proposed method. However, training samples (including representative samples and other samples) with good coverage in the environmental feature space would allow RF to obtain more accurate soil maps than using representative samples.
Occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in poultry in Poland based on 2014–2015 data
Authors: Dolka Beata , Gołębiewska–Kosakowska Mariola , Krajewski Krzysztof , Kwieciński Piotr , Nowak Tomasz , Szubstarski Jarosław , Wilczyński Jarosław , Szeleszczuk Piotr
Published: March 2017

Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus are mainly commensals building natural microflora in the digestive tract of birds and mammals. They belong to the potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Among poultry, infections caused by enterococci were reported in chickens, turkeys, ducks and ostriches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of enterococci in poultry in Poland, including identification of enterococcus species composition and determination of the age of birds. The analysis was based on data obtained from 2014 – 2015 from Division of Avian Diseases at Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW and four veterinary laboratories in Poland: Lab – Vet, Tarnowo Podgórne; SLW Biolab, Ostróda; Vetdiagnostica, Solec Kujawski; Vet – Lab Brudzew. Seven enterococcal species were isolated from broiler chickens (CB), commercial layers (CL), and broiler breeder flocks (BB), nine from all poultry types (chickens, turkey, ducks and geese). The most often isolated enterococci from CB were E. faecalis (57%) > E. cecorum (7%) > E. faecium (5.2%) > E. hirae (3.6%) > E. gallinarum (2.5%) > E. casseliflavus (0.7%) > E. durans (0.2%). Seven Enterococcus species were isolated from sources associated with poultry, most often E. faecalis > E. faecium > E. cecorum > E. hirae. The differences in the occurrence of particular enterococcal species were observed between CB, BB and CL. The mean age at the time of isolation of E. cecorum was approx.: 3.6 weeks in CB, 27.5 weeks in BB, 33.3 weeks in CL, 12.9 weeks in turkeys, 3.6 weeks in ducks, 39.5 weeks in geese. E. faecalis and E. faecium dominated in samples obtained from hatching eggs, dead-in-shell embryos and from samples related to poultry environment. In conclusion, this study indicates the high prevalence of bacteria of the Enterococcus genus in poultry. The present findings demonstrate the differences in Enterococcus species between poultry groups, including with regard to age. In total 10 enterococcal species (E. faecalis, E. cecorum, E. hirae, E. faecium, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, E. durans, E. avium E. thailandicus, E. aquimarinus) were detected in poultry, poultry environmental samples, hatching eggs and dead-in-shell embryos. Enterococcus faecalis and E. cecorum were found in all above-mentioned sources.
Acción recíproca y unidad necesaria de la experiencia. Sobre la interpretación de E. Watkins del modelo causal kantiano
Authors: Jáuregui Claudia
Published: March 2017

En este trabajo analizo algunos aspectos de la interpretación del modelo causal kantiano que E. Watkins presenta en su libro Kant and the Metaphysics of Causality. Según el autor, sólo su interpretación permite volver inteligibles las relaciones de acción recíproca que Kant presenta en la tercera analogía de la experiencia.Contra esta posición, intento demostrar, por un lado, que la tercera analogía podría resultar inteligible de acuerdo con el modelo causal “evento-evento”, que Watkins critica, y que, por otro lado, el modelo propuesto por este autor podría volver ininteligible, o al menos oscurecer, el sentido de la segunda analogía de la experiencia
Environmentally sustainable WASH? Current discourse, planetary boundaries and future directions
Authors: Carrard Naomi , Willetts Juliet
Published: March 2017

The significant challenge of achieving safe, reliable and continuous service delivery has been a focus of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector in recent years, with less attention given to other important sustainability considerations such as environmental sustainability. The agenda set by the Sustainable Development Goals prompts a wider lens, bringing water resource management and ecosystem conservation together with water and sanitation access targets in one integrated goal. As we grapple with our approach to this new agenda, it is timely to reflect on how we, as a sector, engage with environmental sustainability. This paper reviews recent literature at the intersection of WASH and environmental sustainability to identify current themes and future directions. Analysis of academic and non-academic sources was undertaken and then situated with reference to the planetary boundaries framework as a useful lens to ground the socio-ecological systems and processes upon which environmental sustainability depends. Findings point to both opportunities and gaps within current sector thinking, which can drive leadership from knowledge and research institutions towards better integration of access and environmental sustainability imperatives.
Urban waste- and stormwater management in Greece: past, present and future
Authors: Angelakis A. N.
Published: March 2017

Urban wastewater and storm management has a long history which coincides with the appearance of the first organized human settlements (ca. 3500 BC). It began in prehistoric Crete during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200 BC) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages known as Minoan civilization. One of its salient characteristics was the architecture and function of its hydraulic works and especially the drainage and sewerage systems and other sanitary infrastructures in the Minoan palaces and other settlements. These technologies, although they do not give a complete picture of wastewater and stormwater technologies in ancient Greece, indicate that such technologies have been used in Greece since the Minoan times. Minoan sanitary technologies were transferred to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and present times. The scope of this article is the presentation and discussion of the evolution of waste- and stormwater management through the long history of Greece, focusing on the hydraulic characteristics of sanitary infrastructures. Also, the present and future trends of wastewater and stormwater management are considered. Practices achieved in prehistoric Greece may have some relevance for wastewater engineering even in modern times.
Physiotherapy Interventions and the Outcomes for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type 1 on the South Island of New Zealand – A Longitudinal, Prospective Case Series
Authors: Pons Tracey , Shipton Edward , Williman Jonathan , Mulder Roger
Published: March 2017

Physiotherapy is considered in pain medicine to be a key element in the management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). This is the first paper to document and categorise all physiotherapy intervention methods used as well as evaluate the outcomes of a case series of 18 CRPS patients attending physiotherapy in a prospective, longitudinal study across a region. Outcomes were measured across the region of the South Island of New Zealand over 1 year through independent telephonic interviewing of the pain experience with the McGill Pain Questionnaire-short form, function with Foot Function Index for the lower limb or Disability of the Arm Shoulder and Hand for the upper limb, and quality of life with the World Health Organisation Disability Schedule. Clinical records were accessed for each CRPS participant following discharge from physiotherapy to categorise the intervention methods used. Seventeen participants received intervention for both functional restoration with pain modulation and only one participant received functional restoration with no pain modulation; 12 also received immobilisation with 10 receiving passive interventions. All outcome measures improved significantly by 6 months and were maintained at 1 year. Eighty five percent had their diagnosis of CRPS confirmed within 3 months of their injury; half had fracture as the precipitating injury for their onset of CRPS with a third following soft tissue injury and 11% following surgery. Physiotherapists showed a high variation with the intervention methods used and showed a greater proportion of intervention methods focusing on functional restoration followed by pain modulating interventions. Future research is necessary to define what physiotherapy interventions are efficacious in the management of CRPS.
Stereoscopy in Dental Education: An Investigation
Authors: Murakami Shumei , Verdonschot Rinus G. , Kreiborg Sven , Kakimoto Naoya , Kawaguchi Asuka
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate whether stereoscopy can play a meaningful role in dental education. The study used an anaglyph technique in which two images were presented separately to the left and right eyes (using red/cyan filters), which, combined in the brain, give enhanced depth perception. A positional judgment task was performed to assess whether the use of stereoscopy would enhance depth perception among dental students at Osaka University in Japan. Subsequently, the optimum angle was evaluated to obtain maximum ability to discriminate among complex anatomical structures. Finally, students completed a questionnaire on a range of matters concerning their experience with stereoscopic images including their views on using stereoscopy in their future careers. The results showed that the students who used stereoscopy were better able than students who did not to appreciate spatial relationships between structures when judging relative positions. The maximum ability to discriminate among complex anatomical structures was between 2 and 6 degrees. The students’ overall experience with the technique was positive, and although most did not have a clear vision for stereoscopy in their own practice, they did recognize its merits for education. These results suggest that using stereoscopic images in dental education can be quite valuable as stereoscopy greatly helped these students’ understanding of the spatial relationships in complex anatomical structures.
Improving Documentation, Compliance, and Approvals in an Electronic Dental Record at a U.S. Dental School
Authors: Thierer Todd E. , Delander Kelsey A.
Published: March 2017

The aims of this study were to improve progress note documentation by dental students, achieve accurate and timely charge capture and treatment code and note approval, and determine the effectiveness of multiple interventions in improving overall documentation of patient encounters in the clinic of one U.S. dental school. The study, conducted in 2014–15, used a logic model to create a process to address documentation issues in the clinic's electronic dental record (EDR) and to assess the effectiveness of interventions. An initial documentation review using the EDR was performed to obtain a baseline measurement. A significant correlation was noted at baseline between poor documentation and unapproved treatment codes and notes. Unapproved treatment codes and corresponding documentation were then reviewed each month. Students who had the highest number of unapproved treatment codes were identified as potentially having documentation issues. These students were contacted and met individually with the associate quality and compliance officer to review documentation and charge practices. Large group education was also provided to key learners: dental students and supervising faculty members. Education consisted of an in‐service event for faculty members and a Moodle site course on documentation for students. After one year, the results showed that documentation rates improved from an overall rate of 61% to 81% of required documentation elements being present in the progress note. Although this educational intervention was successful in significantly improving documentation of treatment in the EDR, 19% of the notes at the conclusion of the study were still missing key elements. Further research is necessary to determine whether the interventions will continue to improve documentation or if additional measures need to be taken.
Benefits of Case‐Based versus Traditional Lecture‐Based Instruction in a Preclinical Removable Prosthodontics Course
Authors: Samuelson David B. , Divaris Kimon , De Kok Ingeborg J.
Published: March 2017

This study compared the acceptability and relative effectiveness of case‐based learning (CBL) versus traditional lecture‐based (LB) instruction in a preclinical removable prosthodontics course in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry DDS curriculum. The entire second‐year class (N=82) comprised this crossover study's sample. Assessments of baseline comprehension and confidence in removable partial denture (RPD) treatment planning were conducted at the beginning of the course. Near the end of the course, half of the class received CBL and LB instruction in an RPD module in alternating sequence, with students serving as their own control group. Assessments of perceived RPD treatment planning efficacy, comprehension, and instruction method preference were administered directly after students completed the RPD module and six months later. Analyses of variance accounting for period, carryover, and sequence effects were used to determine the relative effects of each approach using a p<0.05 statistical significance threshold. The results showed that the students preferred CBL (81%) over LB instruction (9%), a pattern that remained unchanged after a six‐month period. Despite notable period and carryover effects, CBL was also associated with higher gains in RPD treatment planning comprehension (p=0.04) and perceived efficacy (p=0.01) compared to LB instruction. These gains diminished six months after the course—a finding based on a 49% follow‐up response rate. Overall, the students overwhelmingly preferred CBL to LB instruction, and the findings suggest small albeit measurable educational benefits associated with CBL. This study's findings support the introduction and further testing of CBL in the preclinical dental curriculum, in anticipation of possible future benefits evident during clinical training.
Do Standard Bibliometric Measures Correlate with Academic Rank of Full‐Time Pediatric Dentistry Faculty Members?
Authors: Susarla Harlyn K. , Dhar Vineet , Karimbux Nadeem Y. , Tinanoff Norman
Published: March 2017

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the relationship between quantitative measures of research productivity and academic rank for full‐time pediatric dentistry faculty members in accredited U.S. and Canadian residency programs. For each pediatric dentist in the study group, academic rank and bibliometric factors derived from publicly available databases were recorded. Academic ranks were lecturer/instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. Bibliometric factors were mean total number of publications, mean total number of citations, maximum number of citations for a single work, and h‐index (a measure of the impact of publications, determined by total number of publications h that had at least h citations each). The study sample was comprised of 267 pediatric dentists: 4% were lecturers/instructors, 44% were assistant professors, 30% were associate professors, and 22% were professors. The mean number of publications for the sample was 15.4±27.8. The mean number of citations was 218.4±482.0. The mean h‐index was 4.9±6.6. The h‐index was strongly correlated with academic rank (r=0.60, p=0.001). For this sample, an h‐index of ≥3 was identified as a threshold for promotion to associate professor, and an h‐index of ≥6 was identified as a threshold for promotion to professor. The h‐index was strongly correlated with the academic rank of these pediatric dental faculty members, suggesting that this index may be considered a measure for promotion, along with a faculty member's quality and quantity of research, teaching, service, and clinical activities.
Patients’ Perceptions of Dental Students’ Empathic, Person‐Centered Care in a Dental School Clinic in Malaysia
Authors: Babar Muneer Gohar , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Yong Wong Mei , Mitha Shahid , Al-Waeli Haider Abdulameer
Published: March 2017

Empathy has been identified as a crucial foundation in building an effective dentist‐patient relationship. The aim of this study was to assess patients’ perceptions of dental students’ empathic care in the primary oral health care clinic at International Medical University in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in May–October 2014. The study also assessed the validity and reliability of the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure in this setting; the association between number of encounters and students’ CARE Measure scores; and the association between students’ empathy (measured by the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire) and CARE Measure scores. Participants were 283 patients (aged ≥18 years) who were asked to self‐complete the ten‐item CARE Measure immediately after their clinical encounter with students who provided care under supervision of the teaching staff. The results showed that the CARE Measure demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.95). A single factor solution emerged, accounting for 69% of the variance. The mean CARE Measure score in the consultations was 43.55±6.14, and 26% of the students achieved the maximum possible score of 50. The mean number of encounters with each student was 2.33±2.78. An increase of one episode was associated with an insignificant average CARE score decrease of 0.05 (−0.28, 0.38), whereas students’ empathy was associated with a small increase in average CARE Measure score of 0.63 (0.08, 1.18). These results provide evidence of the measure's ability to support feedback to dental students on their empathy when interacting with patients.
Top‐Cited Articles in Problem‐Based Learning: A Bibliometric Analysis and Quality of Evidence Assessment
Authors: Azer Samy A.
Published: March 2017

The aims of this study were to identify characteristics of the top‐cited articles in problem‐based learning (PBL) and assess the quality of evidence provided by these articles. The most frequently cited articles on PBL were searched in April 2015 in the Science Citation Index Expanded database (List A) and Google Scholar database (List B). Eligible articles identified were reviewed for key characteristics. The Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine guidelines were used in assessing the level of evidence. The number of citations varied (62 to 923 on List A and 218 to 2,859 on List B). Countries that contributed the majority of articles in both lists were the United States, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Canada. No significant correlations were found between number of citations and number of years since published (p=0.451), number of authors (p=0.144), females in authorship (p=0.189), non‐medical authors (p=0.869), number of institutions (p=0.452), and number of grants (p=0.143), but a strong correlation was found with number of countries involved (p=0.007). Application of the Oxford hierarchy of evidence showed that 36 articles were at levels 4 and 5 of evidence. This study found that research articles represented approximately one‐third of PBL articles assessed and reported mainly on questionnaire‐based studies. The most highly cited articles occupied top‐ranking positions in the journals in which they were published. The lower level of evidence observed in most top‐cited articles may reflect the significance of innovative ideas or content of these articles. These findings have implications for dental educators and dental researchers.
Комплексний підхід до терапії інфаркту міокарда, поєднаного з неалкогольною жировою хворобою печінки
Authors: Kinoshenko Ye.I. , Nikonov V.V. , Bila I.Ye. , Kolomyiets V.I.
Published: March 2017

Актуальність. У комплексному лікуванні інфаркту міокарда (ІМ), поєднаного з неалкогольною жировою хворобою печінки (НЖХП), актуальним є застосування лікарських засобів із протективними властивостями. Мета дослідження — вивчити ефективність Тіотриазоліну та препарату знежирених збагачених соєвих фосфоліпідів у комплексному лікуванні хворих у гострому періоді ІМ, поєднаного зі стеатозом печінки або неалкогольним стеатогепатитом. Матеріали і методи. Обстежено 47 хворих із гострим ІМ із зубцем Q, поєднаним із НЖХП. Дослідження електричної активності серця проводилося на вдосконаленому поліграфі з реєстрацією електро- та векторкардіограми до і після тритижневої терапії базисними препаратами 16 хворих (13 чоловіків і 3 жінок, середній вік — 60,50 ± 3,74 року), із доданням Тіотриазоліну — 16 хворих (8 чоловіків і 8 жінок, середній вік — 62,94 ± 2,71 року), Тіотриазоліном та препаратом знежирених збагачених соєвих фосфоліпідів у комбінації з базисною терапією — 15 хворих (10 чоловіків і 5 жінок) віком від 36 до 75 років (середній вік — 60,00 ± 3,36 року). Результати. Під час лікування базисними препаратами спостерігалося подальше зменшення електрорушійної сили серця з уповільненням проведення імпульсу та порушенням процесів пізньої реполяризації в міокарді шлуночків і передсердь за зменшення зони пошкодження в лівому шлуночку й перевантаження передсердь. Одночасне застосування Тіотриазоліну та базисних препаратів спричинило мінімальні позитивні зрушення в електрорушійній силі серця. Крім того, відзначалося збільшення зони ішемії за рахунок зменшення зони пошкодження міокарда, більш виражена нормалізація порожнини лівого передсердя та реєструвалася стабілізація процесів реполяризації в передсердях. Застосування лікувального комплексу, до складу якого входили базисні препарати, Тіотриазолін і препарат знежирених збагачених соєвих фосфоліпідів, сприяло знач­ному збільшенню біопотенціалів міокарда шлуночків за локального поліпшення швидкісних показників і більш вираженому відновленню кардіоміоцитів на периферії зони пошкодження. Результати впливу комбінації застосованих препаратів на показники передсердного компонента електричної активності серця вказують на значне опосередковане гемодинамічне розвантаження передсердь, спочатку поліпшене скорочувальною здатністю лівого шлуночка з подальшою нормалізацією процесів реполяризації в міокарді передсердь. Висновки. Одночасне використання Тіотриазоліну та препарату знежирених збагачених соєвих фосфоліпідів у хворих на НЖХБ в гострому періоді ІМ із зубцем Q потенціює позитивні властивості обох лікарських засобів. У зв’язку з цим можна рекомендувати призначення вищевказаних препаратів для комплексного лікування даної категорії пацієнтів.