bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of land suitability and factors influencing the development of shallots (Allium cepa L.) in North Padang Lawas, North Sumatera
Authors: Girsang S S , Manurung E D , Girsang M A
Published: February 2021

Allium cepa L. is a horticultural commodity that influences inflation. The objective of the study was to determine land suitability class and factors increasing the shallots productivity in North Padang Lawas. The study was conducted in 6 sub-districts, North Padang Lawas District, North Sumatra in period of May-August 2019. Survey method to obtain data on shallot farming (R/C ratio) and soil sampling were using a purposive sampling technique by descriptive exploratory survey method, with an analysis unit of the Land Mapping Unit (LMU). The results showed that the potential land suitability class increased to be moderately suitability (S2). Land quality and shallot production can be improved by planting shallots at the end to the beginning of the rainy season, organic matter application >5 t ha−1 continuously, certified high yielding varieties, nutrient management, and integrated pest control. If land management and cultivation techniques are implemented properly, the current R/C ratio of 1.31 can be improved. This can cater the local market also reduce inflation.
Biophysical characteristics of dry-climate upland and agriculture development challenges in West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces
Authors: Suriadi A , Mulyani A , Hadiawati L , Suratman
Published: February 2021

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Provinces covered an area of about 6.6 million ha, of which largest part (95%) categorized has dry-climate with annual rainfall <2,000 mm and has 5-8 dry months. The study aimed to identify biophysical characteristics and propose development challenge of dryland agriculture in NTB and NTT. Biophysical land surveys have been conducted and soil samples have been analyzed for chemical and physical properties. The results showed good fertility status at three islands which was characterized by neutral to basic soil acidity, medium to high P and K total content, high cations content, high CEC and high to very high base saturation. Except for South West Sumba and West Sumba, several observation have indicated acidic pH due to andesitic lava parent material and have >2,000 mm rainfall that lead to high leaching. Soil texture may influence water content where the higher sand portion of soil, the lesser capacity to hold water and nutrients. Fertility status of the three islands is quite good but low in organic carbon content which indicated special attention to improve soil quality. Thus the land management of upland dry-climate area should be focused on surface water availability and conservation agriculture.
Assessing machine learning techniques for detailing soil map in the semiarid tropical region
Authors: Cahyana D , Barus B , Darmawan  , Mulyanto B , Sulaeman Y
Published: February 2021

The major problem detailing soil map in large tropical country such as Indonesia is high cost and time-consuming. The machine learning technique is one of DSM methodologies that explores spatial patterns to predict soil class and soil attribute. K-nearest neighbours (KNN), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) are popular for detailing soil map in temperate country, but it is still rare to be applied in a tropical country. This study aimed to asses three machine learning in updating soil map from 1:50,000 to 1:25,000 scale in the semiarid tropical region. The existing soil map was collated and then derived environmental covariates representing soil-forming factors from the digital elevation model. There were 72 training datasets were originating from polygon soil maps used as input for these machine learning to recognize the pattern and predict soil class map in Bikomi Utara Sub District, Timor Tengah Utara Regency, Indonesia. Overall accuracy and kappa coefficient by KNN for the best three predictive soil maps were 74-75% and 0.62-0.63, respectively; and followed by SVM, 71-73% and 0.58-0.60; and the last RF, 69-75% and 0.55-0.63. This research revealed that machine learning of the KNN is potentially for updating soil map in a tropical semiarid area.
Socio-economic aspect and carrying capacity of agricultural land resources to support the development of strategic agricultural commodities
Authors: Mamat H S , Husen E
Published: February 2021

The challenges of future agricultural development in Indonesia are still very heavy in relation to the carrying capacity of land resources and socio-economic aspects. This paper aimed to analyze the important steps of strategic commodity development based on the role of socio-economic aspects and the support of agricultural land carrying capacity. The analyses showed that the contribution of the agricultural sector to national income is quite high as indicated by the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) at around 10.27% of the national GDP and current agricultural commodities as a source of foreign exchange come from oil palm and cocoa. However, fluctuation in market demand and price of agricultural commodities still depends on supply and demand. The supply is affected by climate disturbances and natural disasters, while the demand is related to the growing population. Socio-economic aspects as the prerequisites for agricultural commodity development include markets, farmer exchange rates and other supporting facilities. Land resources include the availability of land and irrigation water. The carrying capacity of rice fields in Indonesia is still very heavy, namely 34 people ha−1 of rice fields, while neighboring countries such as Vietnam and Thailand are 14.0 and 2.5 people ha−1, respectively.
Water management and application of organic matter for rice cultivation on acid sulphate soil in South Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Yusuf W A , Syahbuddin H , Anwar K , Ratmini N P
Published: February 2021

Rice yield on acid sulfate soils in Indonesia is low, presumably due to AI and/or Fe toxicity. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of water management and application of organic matter in improving rice yields in acid sulfate soil in south Sumatera, Indonesia. The study design used a split plot design with two factor and three replications. The first factor was water management with two treatment and the second factor was amelioration with six treatment. Rice variety, Inpari 42, was used as the test crop. Treatment included the use of various rates of water management and amelioration, with or without an organic fertilizer. The result for the 1st crop showed a promising trend; applying organic matter 2,5 t ha−1 in combination with water level (-10 cm), the rice yield was 3.31 t ha−1, which was much higher than that produced by water level (+5 cm) with applying organic matter 2.33 t ha−1, with a percentage increase of 42.01%. The efforts to overcome the fertility problems of acid sulphate soil were by water management and application of ameliorants.
Conservation agriculture in semi-arid area of Indonesia: lesson learnt to increase maize production and farmers’ awareness on environmental friendly land management
Authors: Ngongo Y , Irawan  , Haryati U
Published: February 2021

Dominated semi-arid area of East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) is characterized by low and erratic rainfall, poor soil fertility, diverse agro-ecosystem and dominant rocky lands. Crops production within this environment is generally low and uncertain. This paper aims to describe the impacts of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in ENT province. The data and information were mainly taken from FAO and IAARD’ CA collaboration research program implemented in ENT during 2014 to 2018. All farmers involved in the programs acknowledge that CA has increased maize productivity and indeed some farmers have able to plant maize twice a year and experienced good harvest even in long drought. Integrated forage into CA based farming in Timor enable farmers to provide enough feed for cattle at least 1 to 2 head/household. Nevertheless, most farmers showed some constraints in implementing and expanding the introduced CA concepts. The main constraint is lack of labor and equipment to make permanent planting hole in dominated rocky land. CA concepts related to permanent cover crops and mulching have not fully implemented due to crops residues mostly used to feed cattle. The complexity of semi-arid environments and indigenous knowledge of local people in managing semi-arid upland agriculture should be taken into consideration in incorporating suitable induced CA.
The distribution of paraquat and carbosulfan residues in Indonesia
Authors: Ardiwinata A N , Harsanti E S , Kurnia A , Sulaeman E
Published: February 2021

The paraquat (Par) and carbosulfan (Carb) residue are thought to have contaminated soil, water, and plant in eight provinces of Indonesia as study sites i.e. Riau, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan. The objective of this study was to get information related the use and effects of Par and Carb. The soil samples were collected with a stainless-steel spoon. Water samples were taken using a grab sampler. Harvest panicles manually, only from upright and unlodged plants (rice). Analysis of samples were used HPLC, while for Carb residue analysis was used GC. The limit of detection of Par residue in soil were at the range of 0.0479 to 0.0597 µg g−1. Par and Carb residues are not found in water and plants (below the detection limit). The total Par and Carb residue in soil were in the range of 0.1525 to 14.4366 mg kg−1 and 0.0582 to 0.3072 mg kg−1, respectively or below the tolerance limit. Par residue distributed to all study locations, while Carb residue found in Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan Islands. The results of this study indicate that Par and Carb residues in water, soil and plants are still safe.
Optimal use of tidal swampland by implementing technology innovation “Panca Kelola” to enhance farmer’s income in Central Kalimantan Indonesia
Authors: Darsani Y R , Yusuf W A , Sosiawan H
Published: February 2021

Rice production in swampland can increase farmers’ income through intensification activities based on local wisdom. This study aims to determine the household income of farmers by implementing the Innovation Technology “Panca Kelola”. This technology has components namely: water management, land preparation, ameloriation and fertilization, high yielding variety and pest control. The method of data collection is done through a survey with direct interviews to farmers using a questionnaire. The results showed that the implementation of Technology Innovation “Panca Kelola” has economic prospects to be developed on a large scale with R/C> 1 and MBCR> 2. The increased income of cooperator farmers was 60.73% (IDR. 20,363,987,- household−1 year−1) compared to non-cooperative farmers.
The characteristics of Tanimbar Island local maize in Maluku Province
Authors: Pesireron M , Senewe R E , Gaffar A , Yusuf
Published: February 2021

Local sticky corn (Zea mays Ceratina) originates from Tanimbar Islands Regency and Southwest Maluku Maluku Province. This research aims to determine both the superiority and yield ability of the local sticky Corn. It was carried out in the dry climate lowland agroecosystem, in MSC (Main Seed Center) Wesawak Village (Rainy Season) and Tumbur Village (Dry Season), South Tanimbar sub-district. A Randomized Block Design with 6 treatments and five replications was applied. Sticky corn as treatments consists of three local varieties (Pulp Tanimbar, Pula Tepa, and sticky Ungu Sulteng) and three new superior varieties (Pulmon Uri-1 composite, Pulan Ketan Hybrid, and sticky sweet Hybrid). The results showed that Tanimbar local sticky Corn had developed hereditary to adapt to a specific environment. It could also grow in two seasons >90% with low rainfall (1,000-1,500 mm/year) with early maturity <90 days (86.20 days) and resistant to major borer pests (stem and cob). However, it was susceptible to downy mildew with an average yield of 3.24 tha−1 (range 2.44-4.04 t ha−1) and a potential yield of 4.04 tha−1. Besides, Tanimbar sticky corn has high carbohydrate, protein, and amylose contents (63.47%, 13.05%, and 26.68%, respectively), along with low-fat content (5.08%), soft texture of young, fluffier and delicious taste.
Planting distance and tuber size affected the productivity of Lansuna local variety of red onion (Allium ascolonicum L.)
Authors: Tandi O G , Lintang M , Yusuf
Published: February 2021

Shallot Lansuna local variety is trendy among farmers in Minahasa Regency because it adaptable to all seasons. This study aimed to evaluate planting distance and tuber size on the productivity of local variety onion of Lansuna. It was conducted from April to November 2017 in the Tonsewer Village, Minahasa Regency, using randomized design factorial groups with three replications. The first factor was planting distances of 20 cm x 20 cm and 20 cm x 25 cm, and the second factor was the size of tubers (large, medium and small). Thus, there were six treatment combinations. The results showed that the planting distances and tuber sizes did not significantly affect the agronomic components (plant height, number of leaves, and number of tubers) and production components (gross weight and net weight). However, the planting distance of 20 cm x 20 cm in combination with larger tuber seeds had the highest yield (26.17 t ha−1) followed by medium tuber seeds (15.79 t ha−1) and small tuber seeds (12.42 t ha−1). The study suggests that Shallot local variety Lansuna should be cultivated using 20 cm x 20 cm spacing distance and larger tuber seeds whenever possible.
The effect of ameliorant on peat soil properties and shallots productivity in peatlands
Authors: Maswar  , Firmansyah A , Haryati U , Irawan
Published: February 2021

Shallot farming on peatland has physical, chemical and biological constraints which does not support crop growth properly. These constraints can usually be treated with amelioration. It is therefore important to understand the effects of applying ameliorant on soil properties and shallots productivity. The study was conducted in Central Kalimantan Province of Indonesia from April to August 2017. In this study, ameliorant such as 10 t ha−1 mineral soil + 4 t ha−1 dolomite + 5 t ha−1 manure has been applied into 0 – 20 cm soil depth. Furthermore, NPK fertilizer, peat fertilizer, bio fertilizer, mulch and or a combination thereof had been added as the treatments. The results showed that application of mineral soil + dolomite + manure was able to improve the physical, and chemical properties of soil on all treatments such as increases in bulk density, mineral content, pH, Ca, Mg, K, base saturation, and P, so that the improved soil condition can support the shallots growth properly. The shallot dry weight production ranged from 9.60 to 15.49 t ha−1. As a comparison, Indonesia’s national average shallots productions is 9.31 t ha−1. This finding indicates that shallots farming can be considered as the alternative for peatlands utilization.
Soil quality degradation under horticulture practices in volcanic slope soil, East Java – Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan S , Agustina M P , Wiwaha R A , Wijaya A Y , Fitria A D
Published: February 2021

Volcanic slope soils in Indonesia may have degradation due to forest conversion to intensive agriculture since more than three decades. This research aimed to assess soil characteristics from different land uses and slopes in volcanic slope soil, East Java. Three different land uses, namely crops, apple orchard and forest were chosen as different land-use factors, where each land-use was examined in four slope classes (e.g. 0-8 %, 8-15 %, 15-25 %, and > 25 %), except forest with three slopes area, and each plot repeated three times. Soil samples were taken from three sub-plots at 0-10, 10-30, and 30-50 cm. Variables measured included soil texture, bulk density, pH, CEC, and soil nutrients. Degradation soil quality under horticulture practices (i.e. crops and apple orchard) is shown by the increases of 27-40% soil bulk density and decreases of 17-65% soil nutrient content (i.e. C, N) as compared to forest. The impact of slope on soil fertility degradation was more pronounced in the forest soil as compared to horticulture land. Our study suggested the benefit of tree density and diversity in the forest to maintain soil fertility, and proper soil conservation in the horticultural lands to slow down volcanic slope soil degradation.
Magnesium and silicon fertilizer application to promote rice growth and production
Authors: Sipahutar I A , Siregar A F , Anggria L , Husnain
Published: February 2021

The global demand for rice continues to increase due to population growth. In Indonesia, various innovations have been implemented for improving rice production, while magnesium silicate fertilizer application is still limited. The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Mg and Si (MgSi Fert) on rice growth and productivity. This study was conducted at Luhur Jaya Village, Cipanas District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province in a rainy season. A randomized complete block design with ten treatments and three replications was set. The treatment was MgSi Fert with multiple dosages. Results showed that NPK fertilizer combined with 100 kg ha−1 MgSi fertilizer gave the highest yield. Based on the quadratic equation y = - 0.1301x2 + 28.812x + 5,474.2, it was known that highest slope on the equation was reached at dosage less than 150 kg ha−1 of MgSi Fert. The optimum dosage of MgSi Fert for Ciherang rice variety was achieved at 110 kg ha−1 with yield as 7.07 t ha−1. This present study showed that MgSi Fert application improved rice growth and yield.
Management residues of chlorpyrifos insecticides on shallot cropping through remediations technology
Authors: Poniman  , Indratin  , Ardiwinata A N , Rianto S
Published: February 2021

Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum insecticide and is widely used to Organism Pests Management (OPM). The remediation technology for polluted land is needed to reduce the risk of continuous impacts. The research aimed to reduce chlorpyrifos insecticide residues in shallot agriculture through remediation technology. The research was carried out in Naru Village, Sape Sub-District, Bima Regency (NTB) in June-August 2018. The experiment was designed in a randomized block design (RBD), three replications, and six treatments: (T1) farmers method, (T2) urea fertilizer-coated biochar, (T3) urea fertilizer-coated biochar enriched with consortia microbes, (T4) consortium microbes 2 L ha−1, (T5) urea fertilizer-coated nano biochar, and (T6) urea fertilizer-coated nano biochar enriched with consortia microbes. Remediation agents containing carbon, such as biochar and manure and some microbes can help accelerate the degradation of insecticides in the environment. Decreased chlorpyrifos residue from highest to low, respectively: urea fertilizer coated nano biochar>urea fertilizer coated nano biochar with enriched consortium microbes>urea fertilizer coated biochar>urea fertilizer coated biochar with enriched consortium microbes>consortium microbes 2 L ha−1. Treatment of urea fertilizer coated nano biochar and urea fertilizer coated nano biochar with enriched consortium microbes can be applied as a chlorpyrifos remediation technology in the shallot agriculture in silt texture soils.
The role of communal pasture as a source of cattle feed: A case in Lar Badi, Sumbawa
Authors: Shiddieqy M I , Tiesnamurti B , Widiawati Y , Saptati R A
Published: February 2021

Cattle farming plays a significant role in most economic and social societies in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. In this area, the majority of cattle are grazed extensively in open grassland. The study aimed to evaluate the role of communal pasture range as a source of cattle feed. The method was descriptive with field verification, took place in Lar Badi, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, which was one out of 59 pastures in Sumbawa. Data related to pasture conditions, beneficiary farmers, and institutional management were collected from different sources. Lar Badi has a total area 460 of ha, where Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health has a program to improve 100 ha of it with pasture grasses and legumes, such as Lamtoro tarramba and Brachiaria decumbens. The number of beneficiary farmers is 177 farmers from 10 farmer groups. The total number of cattle owned by the farmers is 2,941 heads. The combination of L. tarramba and B.decumbens has total production of 3,100 DM t 100 ha−1 yr−1, while the requirement of 2,941 heads or 1,736.99 animal unit (AU) of cattle was 5,205.15 DM t yr−1. The cattle need the addition of 2,105 DM t yr−1. The capacity of Lar Badi is 0,6 AU ha−1 yr−1. The study suggests increasing forage production capacity to sustain cattle feeding in Sumbawa.
Genetic variability, heritability and yield components of waterlogging-tolerant hybrid maize
Authors: Muliadi A , Effendi R , Azrai M
Published: February 2021

Waterlogging is one of the abiotic stresses which can be one of the most important constraints for maize production. The objective of this study is to estimate genetic variability, heritability, correlations for grain yield and yield component of waterlogging-tolerant maize. This research was conducted in two locations, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The research material consisted of 8 hybrids and 2 check varieties. The L19/MR14 hybrids had the highest grain yield (9.64 t ha−1), followed by L15/MR14 hybrids (9.30 t ha−1) and L12/MR14 (9.20 t ha−1). Genotypic variants ranged from 0.00 to 15.98, while phenotypic variants ranged from 0.06 to 20.43. Broad sense heritability estimates were moderately high for days to 50% silking, thousand kernel weight, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear. The characters observed generally showed a positive correlation with grain yield, except for plant height and ear height. The thousand kernel weight has a positive and large direct effect on the grain yield and it is almost the same as the correlation value. Therefore, the character could be considered as important selection criteria for grain yield improvement of waterlogging tolerant maize breeding program.
Use of the dry-spell seasonal forecast in crop management decisions
Authors: Surmaini E , Susanti E , Suciantini  , Syahputra M R , Fajary F R
Published: February 2021

Climate forecasts have shown the potential for improving the resilience of agriculture to climate change. The usefulness of climate forecasts for applications in agriculture can be enhanced if the forecasts are translated into agricultural outlooks, in which the information is targeted for decision-making. The sequence of dry periods is necessary for successful crop management decisions, especially in dry season planting. This paper investigates how well the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) seasonal forecasts predict the dry spell (DS) over the Indonesia region. The seasonal forecasts were downscaled using the constructed analogue method and, in turn, were corrected with TRMM 3B42 rainfall data to match daily precipitation totals. The DS is defined as rainfall less than 5 mm day−1 for ≥10 consecutive days. Accuracy of the DS prediction was assessed using the Brier Score (BS) method for December-January-February (DJF) and June-July-August (JJA) periods. The results demonstrate that the highest accuracy of the DS forecast occurred in JJA in southern part Indonesia with a range of the BS value between 0-0.2 (>80%). The operational DS seasonal forecasts are needed to manage agriculture practices for the upcoming planting season such as the choice of a crop/variety, supplementary irrigation, and crop water requirement.
Lessons learned from Europe’s peat management regimes
Authors: Azahari D H , Sukarman  , Van Assen B W
Published: February 2021

Peatland is an essential natural resource. Indonesia is the target of increased criticism for its commercial management of peatland, especially over the last two decades. These criticisms pivot around the draining of peatland to use for (dryland) agriculture, horticulture, and forestry and include the effects of draining and burning peatland. Criticisms about Indonesia’s peatland management focuses on oil palm expansion. While we indirectly address Indonesia’s commercial peat management criticisms, our primary focus in this paper is to explore management regimes applied to commercial European peatland management. We seek to compare European management practices asking the question: What can Indonesia learn from seven centuries of European peatland management practices? A comparative understanding will inform an initial guide for defining best management practices. Our findings show that Indonesia, not Europe as we supposed, is uniquely positioned to globally establish sustainable wetland agriculture.
Selection of chilli and tomato cultivars for mitigation of climate change and realization of sustainable production
Authors: Aisyawati L , Dewi H A , Daroini P B , Mariyono J , Latifah E
Published: February 2021

Climate change is inevitable, and vegetables are sensitive to climate change. Thus, cultivars resistant to climate change are alternatives. This study was aimed at examining the adaptation capability of selected lines and varieties of tomato and chilli in farmers’ lands. Five improved lines and varieties of chilli and tomato were selected. The trials were conducted using a randomized block design in upland and lowland to understand the response of selected cultivars in a new agroecosystem. There were three replications at each site. Agronomic aspects were used as performance indicators. The results showed significant differences in each site. Several improved lines of chilli showed better performance than others in high altitude. However, the performance depends on the altitude and season. Lines performed better at high altitude and could not result in the same at low altitude. This is the same case as the tomato. Some lines showed good performance in upland, but they did not show in lowland, and vice versa. Based on the finding, it is recommended that farmers are expected to select the best lines accordingly to the locations they will cultivate tomato and chilli.
Methane (CH4) emissions and yield from submergence tolerance rice varieties
Authors: Yulianingrum H , Paputri D M W , Kartikawati R
Published: February 2021

Anomalies in the global climate that often occur have an impact in the difficulty of predicting the intensity of flood that hit crops in flooded agricultural area or areas along river. Measurement of methane (CH4) from submergence land is important to provide information on varieties that are resistant to submergence and having low CH4 emissions. The objective of this study to get information of various tolerance rice variety to submergence for 10 days and produce low CH4 emission. The research was conducted during the rainy season from March to July 2019 at Jakenan Experimental Station of Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Jaken District, Pati Regency, Central Java. The study used randomized block design with 4 rice varieties (Ciherang, Inpara 2, Inpara 5 and Inpago 8) and 3 replications. The observed parameters were number of tillers, plant height, yield component, grain yield and CH4 emission. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test 5%. The result showed the Inpago 8 was a variety that resistant to the submergence condition and resulted index of yield emission around 1.09. Inpago 8 produced low CH4 emissions and high grain yield.
Adaptation to climate change by using drought tolerant and early maturing rice varieties in Majalengka Regency
Authors: Noviana I , Haryati Y , Sari R , Sunandar N
Published: February 2021

One of the efforts to anticipate the impact of climate change on rice is the introduction of new high yielding and early maturing varieties tolerant drought. The aim of this study was to examine the growth performance and potential production of several early maturing and drought tolerant rice varieties in lowland on dry season. The assessment was conducted in Majalengka regency from June to September 2019. Five varieties used were Inpari 39, Cakrabuana, Inpago 11, Rindang 1, and Luhur 1 with through application of Controlled Aerobic Rice based on Organic matter Technology (CARO). Variables observed including plant height and number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, percent of empty grains, and also weight of 1,000 grains. The observations results showed that five tested rice varieties showed good adaptation responses to drought stress with average productivity of around 6 to 7 t ha−1. Cakrabuana was potentially to be developed in dry season under drought stress due to its high yield potential and early maturing (85 days after planting). The early maturing and high yielding varieties in the dry season in lowland can be used as an alternative technology to increase the cropping index (CI) and rice production.
Contribution of CO2 emission from litter decomposition in an oil palm plantation on tropical peatland
Authors: Wakhid N , Hirano T
Published: February 2021

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission consists of peat decomposition, root respiration, and litter decomposition. Although there are some publications on soil respiration in oil palm plantations, information of CO2 emission from palm litter (frond) decomposition is still limited. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the CO2 emission from frond decomposition in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat. The study was conducted in a smallholder oil palm plantation with two different cultivars (M and S) on peat in Jambi, Indonesia, using meshed litter bags of 40 cm x 80 cm. The temporal pattern of carbon loss was similar to that of dry weight loss, following a negative exponential. Annual carbon inputs through pruned fronds into the plantation were 189 and 281g C m−2 year−1, respectively, for M and S cultivars. Annual CO2 emissions through oxidative frond decomposition were estimated to be 98 and 153 g C m−2 year−1 for M and S cultivars, respectively. The annual CO2 emission from oil palm litter decomposition accounted for about 13% of soil heterotrophic respiration of oil palm plantations on tropical peatland.
The cellulolytic activity and symbiotic potential of dark septate endophytic fungus Phialocephala fortinii to promote non-mycorrhizal plants growth
Authors: Surono  , Narisawa K
Published: February 2021

The endophytic fungi have attracted much attention to investigating their ability to degrade cellulose and promote plant growth as double functional roles. The objective of this study was to investigate the cellulase activity and the ability of dark septate endophytic fungus (DSE)Phialocephala fortiniito promote non-mycorrhizal plants. This study consisted of carboxy-methylcellulose degradation activity of DSE isolates, cellulase activity, and the effect of cellulolytic DSE to promote non-mycorrhizal plants growth assays. The results showedP. fortiniiIII.Pi.I8 had the largest cellulolytic index thanP. fortiniiCKG.II.10.1 andP. eryngiifor 7 days of incubation time. The cellulase activity pattern of allP. fortiniiisolates was rather similar toP. eryngiifor the incubation time of 7 to 35 days.Phialocephala fortiniiIII.Pi.I8, CKG.II.10.1, and CKG.I.11 increased the growth ofBrassica oleraceavar.capitataby 7.63, 92.5, and 47.7%, andSpinacia oleraceaby 58.5, 283, and 303%, respectively, over to the control plant. Heavy colonization ofP. fortiniioccurred both inB. oleraceavar.capitataandS. oleracearoots. This study proved that althoughP. fortiniihas cellulase activity but did not cause disease symptoms in non-mycorrhizal plants so that it can potentially be multifunctional as cellulose decomposer and plant growth promoter.
Exploration of Mycorrhiza from Lombok soils in media sterilized by gamma irradiation and their effect on Sorghum plants
Authors: Nurrobifahmi  , Citraresmini A , Bachtiar T , Flatian A N , Hanani M , Slamet S
Published: February 2021

Mycorrhiza which plays a role in increasing P uptake of plants and also as a soil amendment to rehabilitate degraded lands. This research was conducted with the aim of isolating, characterizing, and purifying mycorrhiza from two different soil types. The results showed that the mycorrhiza species found were Glomus etunicatum, Gigaspora margarita, Sclerocytis rubiformis. A completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of 6 treatments were applied into two types of soil, was Lombok soil and Parung soil. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, so that there were 36 experimental units. Treatments given were as follow: (1) Without mycorrhiza and without P source (Control); (2) fertilizer SP-36; (3) Mycofer mycorrhiza; (4) Mycofer Mycorrhiza + SP 36 fertilizer; (5) Mikorbi mycorrhiza from Lombok; (6) Mikorbi mycorrhiza from Lombok + SP 36 fertilizer. The results showed that combination mikorbi mycorrhiza and fertilizer SP 36 on Parung soil can increase stover production by 57.35% compared to control, by 9.73% compared to the mycofer mycorrhiza and fertilizer SP 36. The results showed that mycorrhiza is suitable to use in soils with low P content, so that they could help increase the availability of P in the soil and be easily absorbed by plants.
Soil fertility evaluation and quality of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb) in Kundur, Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Asmarhansyah  , Hafif B
Published: February 2021

Gambier is the main export commodity of Kepulauan Riau and its quality is highly affected by soil and climate characteristics. The research aim was to study potency of gambier crop based on the soil fertility evaluation and the quality of gambier products in Kundur, Kepulauan Riau. Study was conducted in Kundur Island, Kepulauan Riau from June to October 2018. The study method was a survey to characterize the land, identify the performance of gambier crop, and collect secondary data and gambier product samples. Results revealed that low to moderate soil fertility of the study area was indicated by low soil pH, total-N, P2O5, and K2O, low to moderate soil organic C and low to very low Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and CEC, sandy loam to sand clay loam soil texture. Evapotranspiration of productive gambier crop is moderately high causing water deficit in January, February, and March. Based on SNI, catechin content of gambier product from West and North Kundur (52.98 and 50.14%) meet the Quality Standard 2, while from Kundur (13.19%) does not meet both Quality Standard 1 and 2. The study areas have a potency for developing gambier crop by providing fertilizer and ameliorant, and applying technology of water supplement.
Integrated farming system of cattle and oil palm plantation increasing population and diversity of soil fauna in Ultisols soils
Authors: Niswati A , Romelah S , Dermiyati  , Tugiyono
Published: February 2021

Integrated farming system is an agricultural practice that must be done for sustainable agriculture. The objectives of the research were to compare the population and diversity of soil meso fauna in the oil palm plantations applying with integrated farming system of cattle and oil palm plantation (IFSCO) and without IFSCO (non-IFSCO) in Ultisols soil. The research was conducted in two oil palm plantations, i.e. oil palm plantation with IFSCO (5 ha) and without IFSCO (non-IFSCO) (5 ha) applications which were located in the Karya Makmur Village, Tulang Bawang District, Lampung, Indonesia. The research was arranged using surveys and with systematic methods for sampling soil, earthworm, and mesofauna. Population of earthworm and soil mesofauna were enumerated by hand sorting methods and trapped with Barlese-Tullgreen funnel, respectively. The results showed that the application of IFSCO had a higher population and biomass of earthworm as well as abundance and diversity of soil mesofauna than that non-IFSCO. There are two types of dominant earthworms and 12 species of mesofauna in IFSCO soil, and 9 species in that of non-IFSCO. Several physical and chemical properties of soils are positively correlated with the presence of these soil fauna.
Application of Mycorrhiza-based biofertilizer to increase yields of several varieties of small chili intercropped with peanut or shallot
Authors: Wangiyana W , Jaya I K D , Suheri H
Published: February 2021

Mycorrhiza application in the nursery was reported to increase yield of “Dewata F1” chili in the field. This study aimed to examine the effect of mycorrhiza application in the nursery and intercropping with peanut or shallot in the field on growth and yield of several varieties of small chili. The experiment was arranged according to Split Split-Plot Design with three treatment factors, namely chili varieties as the main plots (V1=“Siung”, V2=“Sret”, V3=“Dewata F1”, V4=“Pelita F1”), mycorrhiza as the subplots (M0=without; M1=with mycorrhiza application), and intercropping as the sub-subplots (T0=monocrop, T1=intercropping with peanut, T2=intercropping with shallot). Results indicated that variety differences significantly affected all observation variables; so, did intercropping except for individual fruit weight, while mycorrhiza application significantly increased chili plant height, leaf number, fruit number, and fruit yield per plant. However, there were three-way interactions on fruit number and yield, with the highest fruit yield (55.96 g plant−1) was in “Dewata F1” chili biofertilized with mycorrhiza and intercropped with shallot, and the lowest average (7.72 g plant−1) was in monocropped “Sret” chili without mycorrhiza application. Therefore, nursery application of mycorrhiza is very important for high yield of chili in the field.
Effect of NPK fertilizer incorporation on the characteristics of Nanocellulose-based hydrogel
Authors: Winarti C , Sasmitaloka K S , Arif A B
Published: February 2021

Hydrogels are cross-linked polymers networks with high absorbing water capacity and good biocompatibility. It has been widely used as an agrochemical delivery system as well to increase the efficiency of fertilizer by releasing lower dose at a time thus protecting the environment. This research aims was to study the effect of NPK fertilizer concentration on hydrogel characteristics. The raw material used in this study was corn cobs nanocellulose. The experiment was set up in one way completely randomized design with various kinds of dose fertilizes (0, 5, 10, and 15%) with three replicates. Parameters observed were swelling ratio, moisture content, nitrogen content, potassium content, phosphorus content, texture and surface morphology. The enriched hydrogel was applied as a soil conditioner and fertilizer for chili crops. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the various kinds of dose fertilizer significantly influenced their physicochemical properties (p<0.05). The higher the fertilizer concentration added, the lower the swelling ratio. The addition of fertilizer with dose 5% resulted the highest swelling ratio. This product consists of 15.82% moisture content, 1.81% of nitrogen content, 1.57% of potassium content, 0.04% of phosphorus content, and 25.17 mJ of hardness.
Application of ameliorants for of ex-tin mining soil improvement and increasing corn (Zea mays) yield
Authors: Ethika A P W , Mulyanto B , Asmarhansyah  , Subiksa I G M , Agus F
Published: February 2021

Ex-tin mining land is a degraded land with low soil fertility and poor soil physical properties. The research aimed to find the best ameliorant for the improvement of ex-tin mining soil and corn yield. This experiment, conducted in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia, used a Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments and 4 replications: control, 20 t ha−1 biochar, 20 t ha−1 cattle manure, 20 t ha−1 mucuna compost, 10 t ha−1 biochar+10 t ha−1 cattle manure, 10 t ha−1 biochar+10 t ha−1 mucuna compost, and 10 t ha−1 cattle manure+10 t ha−1 mucuna compost. The corn variety used was Sukmaraga. The application of ameliorant significantly increased soil chemical properties (pH, potential and available P, potential and exch-K, exch-Ca, exch-Mg, exch-Na, and base saturation) and growth and yield of corn. The corn yield from the 20 t ha−1 biochar treatment was higher than that of the control, but was not significantly different from the other treatments. The single application of 20 t ha−1 biochar and the application of 10 t ha−1 biochar in combination with either 10 t ha−1 cattle manure or 10 t ha−1 mucuna compost resulted in the best soil chemical improvement and crop yields.
Evaluation of the use of plant organic components and probiotics on ruminal characteristics and as a decrease of methane
Authors: Anggraeny Y N , Pamungkas D , Mariyono  , Krishna N H , Antari R , Putri A S , Apriliza M N
Published: February 2021

The reduction of CH4 from the digestive tract of ruminants can be done through the use of organic components of plants such as tannins and saponins and the use of probiotics. This study aims to evaluate the addition of organic components and probiotics to the characteristics of rumen fluid and its ability to reduce CH4 in Ongole Cross Breed (PO) cattle. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) leaf meal and Trembesi (Samanea saman) leaf meal are used as organic components due to their tannin and saponin content. Probiotics contain Acetoanaerobium notarae and Saccharomyces cereviseae. This research used total mixed ration as a feed. A total of 24 heads PO cattle were divided into 4 treatments, ie T1 = control treatment; T2 = T1 + organic components, T3 = T1 + Probiotics and T4 = T1 + organic components + probiotics. The research design was a randomized block design. The combination treatment of the addition of organic components and probiotic caused a decrease in the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (C
2
:C3), percentage of acetic acid, the concentration of CO2 and CH4, but increases the percentage of propionate acid. The combination of organic components and probiotics is the greatest decrease in CH4 production from enteric fermentation.
Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen dynamics in paddy soils on the Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Wibowo H , Kasno A
Published: February 2021

Soil organic carbon is one of the soil quality parameters. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen play an important role in soil physicochemical fertility. The purpose of this paper was to observe the dynamics of organic matter and nitrogen content in paddy soil in Java. Data is obtained from the collection of various research results since 1990, then to analyze the correlation between the chemical properties of the soil. Out of 860 data in five provinces in Java showed a strong correlation between soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen. More than 77% of the paddy soil in Java have low soil organic carbon content as well as more than 80% have a low total nitrogen content. The positive correlation between soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen is quite strong. Correlation coefficients were 0.842 in Banten, 0.900 in West Java 0.895 in Central Java, 0.798 in East Java and 0.898 in Yogyakarta. From this linear regression can be seen that the higher the soil organic carbon content, the ability of the soil to retain nitrogen will also be higher. We can manage soil fertility, especially the nitrogen availability in the soil by maintaining the soil organic matter content.
The comparison of numerous machine learning algorithms performance in classifying rice growth stages based on Sentinel-2 to enhance crop monitoring in national level
Authors: Ramadhani F , Koswara M R S , Apriyana Y , Harmanto
Published: February 2021

The rice monitoring based on Sentinel-2 (SC-S2) has been developed for over nine months. It has been observed as the first and only system which generate rice growth stages maps in 10 m spatial resolution using machine learning in Indonesia. However, the SC-S2 use Support Vector Machine to separate the rice growth stages, which may have poor performances. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of other classifiers to increase the performance of SC-S2. We used survey data from the field campaign in 2018 and synchronized with Sentinel-2 bands. The model dataset was trained using 61 machine learning algorithms to create 61 rice growth stages models. The models were applied to the Sentinel-2 image of part of Indramayu area. The accuracy, computational time and visual inspection score were collected, and the final score was calculated. The results are the highest final score is Shrinkage Discriminant Analysis, with overall accuracy 88.1% (p<0.001) and the average accuracy of all classifiers is 76.2% (p<0.05). The implication of this study is to propose some changes in the classification process into the SC-S2 for increasing the overall performance, which will provide better information for agricultural policymakers.
Monitoring catastrophic ground collapse of urban roads with permanent curbside electrode arrays
Authors: Yang Dikun
Published: February 2021

Active underground constructions and leaking utility pipelines in urban areas can seriously undermine the foundation of roads. Deadly collapse of road surface may suddenly happen if the soil under pavement is washed away. This paper proposes a permanent and economical monitoring approach based on the electric resistivity method. By exploiting the intrinsic volume effect in electric exploration, electrode arrays installed on curbside can be used to detect developing cavities beneath road surface. I present a fast survey scheme with the ability of focusing current paths on high-risk areas. This new method is numerically tested on some synthetic resistivity models that are snapshots of a randomly-grown cavity at a road intersection. The modelled data show that decent data anomalies can be measured at favorably-coupled electrode positions, and the daily variation of the acquired electric field data may forecast the critical moment of pavement failure. The numerical results encourage further field work to be carried out to validate this curbside monitoring idea.
Optimization and design of wide-band and low-noise air-core coil sensor for TEM system
Authors: Pi Shuai , Yan Fuxue , Zhang Yang
Published: February 2021

The effective bandwidth and background noise of the sensor are important factors to the performance of TEM, especially in the detection of urban underground space. The limitation of the size of coils further reduces the bandwidth and sensitivity of the sensor, resulting in the distortion of high-frequency signal from ultra-shallow and the loss of weak signal from deep. In order to solve this problem, by establishing the physical model of the induction air-core coil sensor, a method of winding wire which reduces the parasitic parameters of the air-core coil is proposed to improve the bandwidth and sensitivity of system. Combined with theoretical simulation, the components of noise and parasitic parameters of the air-core coil sensor were analyzed, and the system was optimized. An air-core coil sensor with an effective bandwidth of 783 kHz and an equivalent noise of about 2.45 nV/

Hz

was obtained. The new sensor effectively improves the detection capability of TEM system for high-frequency secondary field signal, which has positive significance for the application of TEM in urban underground space.
Research on Comprehensive Exploration Technology of Underground Soil Karst Cave
Authors: Xi Jianjun , Cui Dandan
Published: February 2021

Underground soi-karst caves are widely developed in China, especially in the southwestern region, and are relatively typical geological structures in limestone areas. It may cause adverse geological disasters such as landslides, ground fissures, ground collapses, mountain collapses, karst leaks, water loss, water inrush and mud out of mine pits, etc., which bring great hidden dangers to the survey and construction of foundation engineering. We analyze the mechanism of bad geological bodies for underground soil-karst caves, discuss the characteristics of several commonly used geophysical prospecting techniques for soil-karst cave exploration, such as high-density resistivity method, five-pole electric sounding method, and geological radar. Through the engineering examples, it is shown that the location and distribution of soil-karst caves can be effectively detected by using the above comprehensive exploration techniques, which take advantage of the differences in the electrical and magnetic properties of soil-karst caves.