bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Priorities for the minority? Street-based sex work and Partnerships and Communities Together (PACT)
Authors: Sagar Tracey , Jones Debbie
Published: August 2012

The 2006 Co-ordinated Prostitution Strategy recommended local ‘needs’-based responses to target street sex work, and to this end consultation with members of the wider community – an approach that has also been more recently recommended by the current Coalition government in 2011. This article draws on empirical data collated over two years in the city of Cardiff, Wales. It focuses on Partnerships and Communities Together (PACT) meetings as a primary pathway for police/public consultation, and highlights how despite a lack of community representation at PACT, street sex work can become a community priority to be addressed with a punitive response. However, a public opinion survey carried out with 205 Cardiff residents suggests the wider community are more tolerant and very concerned about the safety of street workers. In conclusion we suggest that PACT priorities can misinterpret and misrepresent the views and opinions of the community.
Inhibition of von Willebrand factor–platelet glycoprotein Ib interaction prevents and reverses symptoms of acute acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in baboons
Authors: Feys Hendrik B. , Roodt Jan , Vandeputte Nele , Pareyn Inge , Mottl Harald , Hou Sam , Lamprecht Seb , Van Rensburg Walter J. , Deckmyn Hans , Vanhoorelbeke Karen
Published: August 2012

The pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) can be explained by the absence of active ADAMTS13, leading to ultra-large von Willebrand factor (UL-VWF) multimers spontaneously interacting with platelets. Preventing the formation of UL-VWF–platelet aggregates therefore is an attractive new treatment strategy. Here, we demonstrate that simultaneous administration of the inhibitory anti-VWF monoclonal antibody GBR600 and the inhibitory anti-ADAMTS13 antibody 3H9 to baboons (prevention group) precluded TTP onset as severe thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia were absent in these animals. In addition, partial VWF inhibition was not enough to prevent thrombocytopenia, demonstrating the specificity of this therapeutic strategy. GBR600 treatment of baboons during acute TTP (treatment group) resulted in a rapid recovery of severe thrombocytopenia similar to the platelet count increases observed in TTP patients treated by plasma exchange. Baboons in the control group only injected with 3H9 developed early stages of TTP as previously described. Hence, inhibiting VWF-GPIb interactions is an effective way to prevent and treat the early symptoms of acquired TTP in baboons.
Assessment of alternative genotyping strategies to maximize imputation accuracy at minimal cost
Authors: Huang Yijian , Hickey John M , Cleveland Matthew A , Maltecca Christian
Published: July 2012

Background

Commercial breeding programs seek to maximise the rate of genetic gain while minimizing the costs of attaining that gain. Genomic information offers great potential to increase rates of genetic gain but it is expensive to generate. Low-cost genotyping strategies combined with genotype imputation offer dramatically reduced costs. However, both the costs and accuracy of imputation of these strategies are highly sensitive to several factors. The objective of this paper was to explore the cost and imputation accuracy of several alternative genotyping strategies in pedigreed populations.

Methods

Pedigree and genotype data from a commercial pig population were used. Several alternative genotyping strategies were explored. The strategies differed in the density of genotypes used for the ancestors and the individuals to be imputed. Parents, grandparents, and other relatives that were not descendants, were genotyped at high-density, low-density, or extremely low-density, and associated costs and imputation accuracies were evaluated.

Results

Imputation accuracy and cost were influenced by the alternative genotyping strategies. Given the mating ratios and the numbers of offspring produced by males and females, an optimized low-cost genotyping strategy for a commercial pig population could involve genotyping male parents at high-density, female parents at low-density (e.g. 3000 SNP), and selection candidates at very low-density (384 SNP).

Conclusions

Among the selection candidates, 95.5 % and 93.5 % of the genotype variation contained in the high-density SNP panels were recovered using a genotyping strategy that costs respectively, $24.74 and $20.58 per candidate.
Integrated QSAR study for inhibitors of hedgehog signal pathway against multiple cell lines:a collaborative filtering method
Authors: Gao Jun , Che Dongsheng , Zheng Vincent W , Zhu Ruixin , Liu Qi
Published: July 2012

Background

The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway is one of signaling pathways that are very important to embryonic development. The participation of inhibitors in the Hedgehog Signal Pathway can control cell growth and death, and searching novel inhibitors to the functioning of the pathway are in a great demand. As the matter of fact, effective inhibitors could provide efficient therapies for a wide range of malignancies, and targeting such pathway in cells represents a promising new paradigm for cell growth and death control. Current research mainly focuses on the syntheses of the inhibitors of cyclopamine derivatives, which bind specifically to the Smo protein, and can be used for cancer therapy. While quantitatively structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies have been performed for these compounds among different cell lines, none of them have achieved acceptable results in the prediction of activity values of new compounds. In this study, we proposed a novel collaborative QSAR model for inhibitors of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway by integration the information from multiple cell lines. Such a model is expected to substantially improve the QSAR ability from single cell lines, and provide useful clues in developing clinically effective inhibitors and modifications of parent lead compounds for target on the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway.

Results

In this study, we have presented: (1) a collaborative QSAR model, which is used to integrate information among multiple cell lines to boost the QSAR results, rather than only a single cell line QSAR modeling. Our experiments have shown that the performance of our model is significantly better than single cell line QSAR methods; and (2) an efficient feature selection strategy under such collaborative environment, which can derive the commonly important features related to the entire given cell lines, while simultaneously showing their specific contributions to a specific cell-line. Based on feature selection results, we have proposed several possible chemical modifications to improve the inhibitor affinity towards multiple targets in the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway.

Conclusions

Our model with the feature selection strategy presented here is efficient, robust, and flexible, and can be easily extended to model large-scale multiple cell line/QSAR data. The data and scripts for collaborative QSAR modeling are available in the Additional file 1.
Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of monodisperse CeO2 nanospheres prepared by PVP-assisted hydrothermal method
Authors: Phokha Sumalin , Pinitsoontorn Supree , Chirawatkul Prae , Poo-arporn Yingyot , Maensiri Santi
Published: July 2012

Ferromagnetism was observed at room temperature in monodisperse CeO2 nanospheres synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of Ce(NO3)3·6H2O using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a surfactant. The structure and morphology of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optical properties of the nanospheres were determined using UV and visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). The valence states of Ce ions were also determined using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. The XRD results indicated that the synthesized samples had a cubic structure with a crystallite size in the range of approximately 9 to 19 nm. FE-SEM micrographs showed that the samples had a spherical morphology with a particle size in the range of approximately 100 to 250 nm. The samples also showed a strong UV absorption and room temperature PL. The emission might be due to charge transfer transitions from the 4f band to the valence band of the oxide. The magnetic properties of the samples were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The samples exhibited room temperature ferromagnetism with a small magnetization of approximately 0.0026 to 0.016 emu/g at 10 kOe. Our results indicate that oxygen vacancies could be involved in the ferromagnetic exchange, and the possible mechanism of formation was discussed based on the experimental results.
Excessive folate synthesis limits lifespan in the C. elegans: E. coliaging model
Authors: Virk Bhupinder , Correia Gonçalo , Dixon David P , Feyst Inna , Jia Jie , Oberleitner Nikolin , Briggs Zoe , Hodge Emily , Edwards Robert , Ward John , Gems David , Weinkove David
Published: July 2012

Background

Gut microbes influence animal health and thus, are potential targets for interventions that slow aging. Live E. coli provides the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans with vital micronutrients, such as folates that cannot be synthesized by animals. However, the microbe also limits C. elegans lifespan. Understanding these interactions may shed light on how intestinal microbes influence mammalian aging.

Results

Serendipitously, we isolated an E. coli mutant that slows C. elegans aging. We identified the disrupted gene to be aroD, which is required to synthesize aromatic compounds in the microbe. Adding back aromatic compounds to the media revealed that the increased C. elegans lifespan was caused by decreased availability of para-aminobenzoic acid, a precursor to folate. Consistent with this result, inhibition of folate synthesis by sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide, led to a dose-dependent increase in C. elegans lifespan. As expected, these treatments caused a decrease in bacterial and worm folate levels, as measured by mass spectrometry of intact folates. The folate cycle is essential for cellular biosynthesis. However, bacterial proliferation and C. elegans growth and reproduction were unaffected under the conditions that increased lifespan.

Conclusions

In this animal:microbe system, folates are in excess of that required for biosynthesis. This study suggests that microbial folate synthesis is a pharmacologically accessible target to slow animal aging without detrimental effects.
Outcome of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms treated with azacitidine
Authors: Fianchi Luana , Criscuolo Marianna , Lunghi Monia , Gaidano Gianluca , Breccia Massimo , Levis Alessandro , Finelli Carlo , Santini Valeria , Musto Pellegrino , Oliva Esther N , Leoni Pietro , Aloe Spiriti Antonietta , D’Alò Francesco , Hohaus Stefan , Pagano Livio , Leone Giuseppe , Voso Maria Teresa
Published: August 2012

Background

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN), including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS and t-AML) are associated to clinical and biologic unfavorable prognostic features, including high levels of DNA methylation.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 50 t-MN patients (34 MDS and 16 AML) selected among all patients receiving azacitidine (AZA) at 10 Italian Hematology Centers. Patients had developed a t-MN at a median of 6.5 years (range 1.7- 29) after treatment of the primary tumor (hematological neoplasm, 27 patients; solid tumor, 23 patients).

Results

The overall response rate was 42% (complete remission: 10 patients, partial remission: 2 and hematological improvement: 8 patients) and was obtained after a median of 3 cycles (range 1–6). Median overall survival (OS) was 21 months (range 1–53.6+) from AZA start. OS was significantly better in patients with less than 20% blasts, in normal karyotype t-AML and when AZA was used as front-line treatment. This was confirmed by the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

This study reports efficacy of AZA in the largest series of therapy-related MN patients treated with 5-AZA. Our data show that blasts and karyotype maintain their important prognostic role in t-MN also in the azacitidine era.
Increased expression of the homologue of enhancer-of-split 1 protects neurons from beta amyloid neurotoxicity and hints at an alternative role for transforming growth factor beta1 as a neuroprotector
Authors: Chacón Pedro J , Rodríguez-Tébar Alfredo
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain, which produces progressive neuronal loss and dementia. We recently demonstrated that the noxious effects of Aβ on cultured hippocampal neurons are in part provoked by the antagonism of nerve growth factor (NGF) signalling, which impairs the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by impeding the tyrosine phosphorylation of I-κBα. As a result, the expression of the homologue of Enhancer-of split 1 (Hes1) gene is downregulated and ultimately, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic connectivity is lost.

Methods

Hes1 activity was promoted in cultured hippocampal neurons by overexpressing a Hes1-encoding plasmid or by upregulating this gene by activating NF-κB through different approaches (overexpressing either the I-κB kinaseβ, or p65/RelA/NF-κB). Alternatively neurons were exposed to TGFβ1. Dendrite patterning, GABAergic connectivity and cell survival were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Hes1 expression was determined by real-time PCR. NF-κB activation was measured using the dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

The expression of Hes1 abolished the effects of Aβ on dendritic patterning and GABAergic input, and it prevented the death of the cultured neurons. TGFβ1, a known neuroprotector, could counteract the deleterious effects of Aβ by inducing NF-κB activation following the serine phosphorylation of I-κBα. Indeed, the number of GABAergic terminals generated by inducing Hes1 expression was doubled.

Conclusion

Our data define some of the mechanisms involved in Aβ-mediated cell death and they point to potential means to counteract this noxious activity.
Autism spectrum disorder: prevalence and cause may be bound
together
Authors: Simonoff Emily
Published: August 2012

Autism has been in the forefront of science and public concern because of
reported increases in its prevalence. Changing diagnostic practice and
improved identification explain some of this rise, but there may also be a
true increase. Aetiological research needs to include environmental factors
to understand the causes of autism.
Mental health service demand during the Summer Olympics: literature review
Authors: Dougall Dominic , Kelly Cornelius , Khwaja Masum
Published: August 2012

Aims and method

Estimates of the impact of the London 2012 Olympic Games on general health service demand have been made. However, there are no formal estimates for mental health demand. Our aim was to conduct a review to identify data on mental health service demand during the previous ten Summer Olympics.

Results

Eight relevant papers were identified. Little has been published on mental health demand; however, available data suggest demand will not substantially increase.

Clinical implications

NHS London has no pan-London strategy for mental health services during the Olympics. This may not be unreasonable given the lack of evidence for increased demand during previous Olympics. However, high bed occupancy rates in mental health units in London and other strains on resources may amplify the impact of even small increases in demand on services.
IGH@ Translocations, CRLF2 Deregulation, and Microdeletions in Adolescents and Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Moorman Anthony V. , Schwab Claire , Ensor Hannah M. , Russell Lisa J. , Morrison Heather , Jones Lisa , Masic Dino , Patel Bella , Rowe Jacob M. , Tallman Martin , Goldstone Anthony H. , Fielding Adele K. , Harrison Christine J.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To determine the prevalence and prognostic impact of significant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) –related genes: CRLF2 deregulation (CRLF2-d), IGH@ translocations (IGH@-t), and deletions of CDKN2A/B, IKZF1, PAX5, ETV6, RB1, BTG1, and EBF1 in adolescents and adults.

Patients and Methods

The cohort comprised 454 patients (age 15 to 60 years old) treated on the multicenter United Kingdom Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Trial XII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 2993 trial (UKALLXII/ECOG2993) with Philadelphia-negative B-cell precursor ALL. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were used to detect these genetic alterations.

Results

Twenty patients (5%) had CRLF2-d (P2RY8-CRLF2, n = 7; IGH@-CRLF2, n = 13), and 36 patients (8%) harbored an IGH@-t with a different partner gene. There was little overlap between IGH@-t, CRLF2-d, and established chromosomal abnormalities. Deletions of CDKN2A/B, IKZF1, PAX5, ETV6, RB1, BTG1, or EBF1 were prevalent with 101 (33%) of 304 patients harboring one and 102 (33%) harboring two or more alterations, occurring with varying frequency in all cytogenetic subgroups. The 5-year event-free survival, relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) rates for the whole cohort were 40%, 55%, and 43%, respectively. Patients with CRLF2-d, IGH@-t, and IKZF1 deletions were associated with an inferior outcome in univariate but not multivariate analysis. In particular, CRLF2-d patients had a lower RFS compared with other patients (30%), whereas those with IGH@-t or IKZF1 deletions had a lower OS (27% and 35%, respectively).

Conclusion

CRLF2-d and IGH@-t represent distinct subtypes of adolescent and adult ALL. Deletions of key B-cell differentiation and cell cycle control genes are highly prevalent but vary in frequency by cytogenetic subgroup. CRLF2-d, IGH@-t, and IKZF1 deletions are associated with poor outcome in adolescent and adult ALL.
Mesoporous AlPO4: A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Nitriles and Sodium Azide via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Ai Man , Lang Leiming , Li Baojun , Xu Zheng
Published: July 2012

The mesoporous AlPO4 with high surface area and fine mesoporous structure was prepared by a soft template method and showed excellent catalytic performance for synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from various nitriles and sodium azide with excellent yields (91%–98%). The heterogeneous AlPO4 catalyst is a good candidate to substitute metal salts or other heterogeneous catalyst and has potential value for industry application.
Religious Beliefs, Religious Participation, and Cooperation
Authors: Levy Gilat , Razin Ronny
Published: July 2012

We analyze the relation between religious beliefs, religious participation, and social cooperation. We focus on religions that instill beliefs about the connection between rewards and punishments and social behaviour. We show how religious organizations arise endogenously, and identify a “spiritual” as well as a “material” payoff for being religious. We show that religious groups that are more demanding in their rituals are smaller, more cohesive, and are composed of individuals with more “extreme” beliefs. We use our framework to analyze the response of beliefs and religious membership to correlated shocks in society, such as natural disasters or periods of prosperity. (JEL D12, D83, Z12, Z13)
Long-term outcome of patients with persistent vascular obstruction on computed tomography pulmonary angiography 6 months after acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Golpe Rafael , de Llano Luis A Pérez , Castro-Añón Olalla , Vázquez-Caruncho Manuel , González-Juanatey Carlos , Fariñas María Carmen
Published: August 2012

Background

The incidence and clinical significance of pulmonary residual thrombosis 6 months after an acute pulmonary embolism (PE) are still not well-known.

Purpose

To evaluate the association between residual vascular obstruction and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence or death.

Material and Methods

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was repeated in 97 consecutive patients 6 months after an acute episode of hemodynamically stable pulmonary embolism. We assessed the long-term consequences of residual thrombosis on vital status and incidence of recurrent VTE.

Results

Six patients were lost for follow-up. The remaining 91 patients were classified according to the presence (Group 1: 18 cases) or absence (Group 2: 73 cases) of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction. After a mean ± SD of 2.91 ± 0.99 years, there were eight (8.8%) deaths and 11 (12.1%) VTE recurrences. Groups 1 and 2 did not differ in the incidence of death or VTE recurrence.

Conclusion

Persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction on 6-month CTPA did not predict long-term adverse outcome events.
Re-examine tumor-induced alterations in hemodynamic responses of BOLD fMRI: implications in presurgical brain mapping
Authors: Wang Liya , Chen Dandan , Olson Jeffrey , Ali Shazia , Fan Tianning , Mao Hui
Published: August 2012

Background

Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI is used for presurgical functional mapping of brain tumor patients. Abnormal tumor blood supply may affect hemodynamic responses and BOLD fMRI signals.

Purpose

To perform a multivariate and quantitative investigation of the effect of brain tumors on the hemodynamic responses and its impact on BOLD MRI signal time course, data analysis in order to better understand tumor-induced alterations in hemodynamic responses, and accurately mapping cortical regions in brain tumor patients.

Material and Methods

BOLD fMRI data from 42 glioma patients who underwent presurgical mapping of the primary motor cortex (PMC) with a block designed finger tapping paradigm were analyzed, retrospectively. Cases were divided into high grade ( n = 24) and low grade ( n = 18) groups based on pathology. The tumor volume and distance to the activated PMCs were measured. BOLD signal time courses from selected regions of interest (ROIs) in the PMCs of tumor affected and contralateral unaffected hemispheres were obtained from each patient. Tumor-induced changes of BOLD signal intensity and time to peak (TTP) of BOLD signal time courses were analyzed statistically.

Results

The BOLD signal intensity and TTP in the tumor-affected PMCs are altered when compared to that of the unaffected hemisphere. The average BOLD signal level is statistically significant lower in the affected PMCs. The average TTP in the affected PMCs is shorter in the high grade group, but longer in the low grade tumor group compared to the contralateral unaffected hemisphere. Degrees of alterations in BOLD signal time courses are related to both the distance to activated foci and tumor volume with the stronger effect in tumor distance to activated PMC.

Conclusion

Alterations in BOLD signal time courses are strongly related to the tumor grade, the tumor volume, and the distance to the activated foci. Such alterations may impair accurate mapping of tumor-affected functional areas when using conventional fixed models.
Bullfighting and the War on Terror: Debates on culture and torture in Spain, 2004–11
Authors: Beilin Katarzyna Olga
Published: July 2012

This article analyses the commentaries on torture published in El País and La Vanguardia during the years 2004–11 in two parallel debates: first, the debate on bullfighting and human/animal relations, as Barcelona was preparing to manifest itself as an 'anti-bullfighting'
city (2004) and later whilst debating the final ban on bullfighting (2010–11); second, the debate on torture in the War on Terror when photographs from Abu Ghraib were first revealed (2003–04). It shows that as a result of the synergy between these two debates new meanings were
coined which connected war and other forms of violence in the human domain to the violence exercised by humans on animals.
The road to digital television in Greece: One step forward, two steps backward?
Authors: Papathanassopoulos Stylianos
Published: August 2012

This article aims to provide an overview of the state of digital conversion in Greece. By examining the latest digital developments in Greece, it suggests that the Greek government, in the case of digital satellite and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), adopted a purely market-driven
approach and in effect a ‘do nothing’ policy option. On the other hand, in the case of digital terrestrial television (DTT), in an initial phase, the government wanted to push TV stations into the digital transition by using the public broadcaster as the driver of the development.
With the change in government in the midst of a severe economic crisis, the development of DTT seems now to have been left to the market forces.
The chasm between having and using – Adoption versus use diffusion of iDTV in Flanders
Authors: Schuurman Dimitri , Marez Lieven De , Berte Katrien
Published: August 2012

The study of innovation has traditionally been characterized by two main paradigms: the ‘diffusion of innovations’ and the ‘domestication’ of innovations. They were originally considered as two distinct approaches with their own methods, tools and assumptions.
However, recently an ‘interactionist’ stance has emerged, trying to combine the best of both worlds. This has resulted in research efforts combining insights from both traditions. Within this article, we utilize a use-diffusion model that makes a quantitative distinction between
usage patterns in order to complement an investigation into the adoption diffusion of a technology. We do this for digital TV (DTV) in Flanders, an information and communication technologies (ICT) that in terms of adoption is heading towards mass market, but in terms of usage a lot of users
tend to stick to their traditional viewing habits without incorporating the possibilities of the new technology. The data from our research seem to affirm these assumptions. Amongst the adopters of DTV, only a minority can be labelled as ‘intense users’, whereas the majority of
users are ‘specialized’ or ‘limited users’, indicating that they only use a few applications at maximum. This shows that in Flanders, a large gap exists between adoption diffusion and use diffusion. Furthermore, intense and specialized users tend to focus on content
applications and leave the more interactive applications un(der)used. However, this quantitative focus lacks explanation power in terms of the why and how of these findings. These shortcomings will also be critically assessed and an outline for future research into this matter will be sketched.
The French connection: Digital television in France
Authors: Kuhn Raymond
Published: August 2012

This article analyses key aspects of the digital switchover process in French television, especially with regard to the nationwide roll-out of the terrestrial platform that was scheduled to be completed by the end of 2011. The article examines the central role of state authorities within
the national media policy community in managing switchover and accommodating the interests of both public and private sector providers. It also evaluates the impact of the digital terrestrial platform for both long-established and new television channels. The article argues that the reconciliation
of commercial, political and regulatory interests has been at the very heart of the transition from analogue to digital in France.
Digital television and technology diffusion
Authors: Laurence Henry
Published: August 2012

This article considers cross-national variations in the adoption of digital television from the perspective of the literature on technology diffusion. The focus is on explanations for differences in the speed with which countries achieved analogue terrestrial switch-off and the degree
of consumer uptake of digital receivers. Factors specific to the television industry are well known, especially the balance between terrestrial and other platforms and therefore the number of terrestrial homes requiring conversion for analogue terrestrial switch-off. But is the established
body of analysis of innovation diffusion also relevant here? Do Everett Rogers’ distinction between centralized and decentralized diffusion systems and his discussion of governments as ‘change agents’ contribute to understanding variations? While the evidence is inconclusive,
the article argues that this perspective should be considered.
The eccentric career of mobile television
Authors: Goggin Gerard
Published: August 2012

The broadcast of television to mobile phones was an idea that seized public imagination in the early 2000s. This article looks at the roll-out of this mobile television, which was initially thought to be integral to the achievement of digital television across new platforms. This first
phase of mobile television attracted pockets of adherents and also generated important innovations in audio-visual production and cultures of use. However, it fell short of becoming the promised 'fourth screen'. What transpired was a second, 'unofficial', stage of mobile television, formed
at the intersection of user cultures of mobile media and Internet technologies. In this sense, I argue that we are seeing a second coming of mobile television – centring on these mobile, portable, interactive forms of audio-visual culture – that has much to tell us about the realities
of digital television today.
Online video in Australia
Authors: Given Jock , Curtis Rosemary , McCutcheon Marion
Published: August 2012

Online video has grown rapidly in Australia in recent years, as in other parts of the world. This article provides results from an analysis of the state of this sector conducted in 2011. First, it summarizes overall audio-visual media usage in Australia, including online and other media.
Second it explains the methodology and results of an analysis of 25 websites over the year from June 2010 to June 2011 and notes some qualifications about the state of online video measurement. These sites were selected because they are popular online sources of fiction content. Third, it
describes the main features of the 25 sites, including the types of content offered, the delivery technologies and the business models. This work is part of a larger project that aims to quantify the changing ways Australians are watching and engaging with audio-visual stories across the cinema,
free-to-air and subscription television, consumer/DVD, online and mobile sectors. The larger project, 'Spreading fictions: Distributing stories in the online age', is being conducted from 2010–2013 by The Swinburne Institute for Social Research in Melbourne and the University of Sydney,
supported by the Australian Research Council, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and Screen Australia. The focus on narrative fiction content reflects the high priority given by successive governments in Australia and overseas to policies encouraging the making, promotion, screening
and discussion of local audio-visual works, especially feature films, adult and children's TV dramas and documentaries. These policies are based on the high cost of these formats relative to the revenue-earning capacity of national markets. Challenges to these underlying economics are coming
from at least three related directions: technology, audience behaviour and business models.
Effects And Optimization Of Selected Operating Variables On Laccase Production From Pycnoporus Sanguineus In Stirred Tank Reactor.
Authors: Saat M. Naziz , M Annuar M. Suffian , Alias Zazali , Bakar Baki
Published: August 2012

The effects of selected variables in the production of laccase by Pycnoporus sanguineus using 2 L stirred tank reactor were investigated. Three operating variables namely agitation rate, aeration rate and pH were studied and optimized for maximum enzyme production. Screening experiments of the three variables were done using 2 level full factorial design (FFD). Analysis on factorial screening indicated laccase production was significantly influenced by agitation rate and pH and not aeration rate. The effect of agitation and pH were further optimized using face centered central composite (FCCCD) with fixed aeration rate. The initial factorial screening was augmented with new experiments in order to produce face-centered design for the optimization. Statistical analysis indicated the experimental data fitted well a quadratic model. Model validation was done through residual analysis. Maximum laccase production of 67.1 U L-1 was predicted and experimentally validated under the proposed optimum conditions.
Effect of whey pretreatments on lactose recovery
Authors: Akbari Zahra , Zokaee Ashtiani Farzin , Ghomashchi Talat
Published: August 2012

The removal of cheese whey proteins and lactose recovery represent an important task both in environmental and in food sciences. Lactose has a number of unique properties which can be used in a variety of food and pharmaceutical products. The recovery of lactose from whey is accomplished by the simple process of concentration and crystallization. Preparation of various grades of lactose generally includes methods removing whey protein and ash component prior to crystallization. The most important pretreatments which are considered in this study, have been done by using lime, Al2O3, FeCl3 and AlCl3 along with heating and also acidic-alkaline method. Whey after pretreatments and lactose crystals were analyzed for lactose, ash, protein and mineral composition. Results show that the best way for removal of protein is accomplished with adding HCl to decrease pH from 6 to 4, boiling for 20 min, and filtering protein aggregates. Also partial demineralization in whey solution for reducing ash is accomplished by adding NaOH to increase pH to 7.2 and heating solution for 20 min. Whey concentration was carried out in evaporator under vacuum at 62Â°C. For lactose crystallization, a crystallizer which equipped with temperature controller and stirrer is used. Results show that removal of protein along with partial demineralization would improve lactose purity up to 99%.
Rheological behaviour of dextran sulfate solutions
Authors: Farahnaky Asgar , Allahdad Zahra , Aminlari Mahmoud , Majzoobi Mahsa , Askari Hamed , Ramezani Roghayieh
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this research was to study the rheological behaviour of dextran sulfate solutions under different conditions. A PC controlled rotational viscometer with a cone and plate geometry equipped with a temperature controlled unit was used to measure apparent viscosity of dextran solutions at different temperatures (25, 40 and 60 oC) and concentrations (2, 5, 10 and 20%). Viscosity tests of dextran sulfate solutions were performed at a range of shear rates (8-230 1/s) and the rheological data were fitted using the Power Law equation to get consistency and flow behaviour indices. The results indicated that all dextran sulfate solutions showed Newtonian flow behaviour. The viscosity of dextran sulfate solutions was significantly affected by temperature, e.g. the viscosity of a 5% solution at 25, 40 and 60 oC was 16.7, 12.7 and 10.7 mPa.s, respectively.
The effect of NAA (1-naphthalene acetic acid) and AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) on physical, chemical, colour and mechanical properties of Braeburn apple
Authors: Ozkan Yakup , Altuntas Ebubekir , Ozturk Burhan , Yildiz Kenan , Saracoglu Onur
Published: August 2012

Recently, plant growth regulators have been used for multiple purposes in tree fruits. NAA (1-naphthalene acetic acid) and AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) have been widely used in apple fruit. NAA and AVG have been used to control preharvest fruit drop and improve the quality of fruit. In this study, the effects NAA (20 mgL–1), AVG (500 mgL–1) and control (non treatment) treatments on physical, chemical, colour characteristics and mechanical properties of apple (cv. Braeburn) were investigated. The higher length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, fruit mass, surface area, projected area, volume, fruit and bulk densities were obtained in AVG treatment. Total acidity, total soluble solid content and starch starch index were higher in control as compared to NAA and AVG treatments. Total phenolic content of the flesh apple was higher than the other treatments. While total antioxidant activities of skin and flesh fruit were higher in AVG according to FRAP method, total monomeric anthocyanin was lower in AVG as compared to the other treatments. AVG treatment generally had positive impacts on fruit removal force, skin and flesh firmnesses because retarding the fruit ripening.
Impact of Oleifera Powder on Nutritional and Function Properties of Wheat Flour Product
Authors: Liu Xue , Liu Shaowei , Lu Yanhua
Published: August 2012

Wheat flours was substituted with 0, 10, 20, and 30% Moringa leaf in order to study physicochemical, Rheological and textural properties of tortillas. All mixed samples, as % Moringa leaf increased, RVA peak viscosity, mixograph peak time, and peak height decreased. At all Moringa leaf levels, peak viscosity and peak height were significantly lower for processed tortillas as compared uncooked. Phase transition properties exhibited consistent decreasing trends with respect to moisture content, and were reduced by as much as 67.7 and 48.8%, respectively. As the percent Moringa leaf and storage time increased, the quality of tortillas (specific volume, rollability, and extensibility) deteriorated for all levels of Moringa leaf substitution tortillas.
Calculating acid-base and oxygenation status during COPD exacerbation using mathematically arterialised venous blood
Authors: Rees Stephen E. , Rychwicka-Kielek Beate A. , Andersen Bjarne F. , Bibi Rana , Pedersen Jan F. , Weinreich Ulla M. , Birket-Smith Lene B. , Kristensen Søren R.
Published: August 2012

Background: Repeated arterial puncture is painful. A mathematical method exists for transforming peripheral venous pH, PCO2 and PO2 to arterial eliminating the need for arterial sampling. This study evaluates this method to monitor acid-base and oxygenation during admission for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods: Simultaneous arterial and peripheral venous blood was analysed. Venous values were used to calculate arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2, with these compared to measured values using Bland-Altman analysis and scatter plots. Calculated values of PO2 were assessed with previously defined rules. Differences between maximal changes of calculated and measured values were compared using a t-test, with trends analysed by inspection of plots.

Results: Fifty-four patients, median age 67 years (range 62–75), were studied on average 3 days. Mean values of pH, PCO2 and PO2 were 7.432±0.047, 6.8±1.7 kPa and 9.2±1.5 kPa, respectively. Calculated and measured arterial pH and PCO2 agreed well, differences having small bias and SD (0.000±0.022 pH, –0.06±0.50 kPa PCO2), significantly better than venous blood alone. Calculated PO2 obeyed the clinical rules. Calculated values could track patients, with no significant differences in maximal changes in measured and calculated values (pH p=0.96, PCO2 p=0.62, PO2 p=0.33), and time-course plots matching quantity and pattern of change in measurements.

Conclusions: This study shows that arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 can be calculated from peripheral venous values so as to characterise changes seen during exacerbation. Application of the method has potential to reduce arterial sampling, decrease discomfort and enable venous sampling as routine practice.
Interspecies scaling of biliary excreted drugs: prediction of human clearance and volume of distribution
Authors: Mahmood Iftekhar
Published: August 2012

Background: Interspecies differences in biliary excretion and the differences in bile flow rates make scaling across species difficult for drugs that are excreted in the bile. The objective of this study is to predict clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) for humans from animals for drugs that are excreted in the bile.

Methods: Clearance values of 10 drugs known to be excreted in the bile were selected from the literature. Scaling of CL was performed using at least three animal species. Using simple allometry and the rule of exponents (ROE), clearances of studied drugs were predicted in humans. Besides using the ROE, a ‘correction factor’ was applied adjusting bile flow rate based on the species body weight (bile flow mL/day/kg body weight) or liver weight (bile flow mL/day/kg liver weight). Using the ROE and combining it with the ‘correction factor’, the clearances of biliary excreted drugs were predicted for humans. V for 15 drugs (without any correction factor) that are excreted in the bile was also predicted for humans.

Results: The results of the study indicated that the ROE in association with the correction factors developed for the biliary excreted drugs substantially improved the prediction of human clearance for drugs that are excreted in the bile. In this study, there was no indication (unlike clearance) that the prediction of volume of drug distribution was affected (systematically under- or over-prediction) because of biliary excretion.

Conclusions: The clearance of drugs that are excreted in the bile can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using ROE and a correction factor.
Some 𝐇1𝔉-groups with unbounded torsion and a conjecture of Kropholler and Mislin
Authors: Gandini Giovanni , Nucinkis Brita E. A.
Published: August 2012

Kropholler and Mislin conjectured that groups acting admissibly on a finite-dimensional G-CW-complex with finite stabilisers admit a finite-dimensional model for E
𝔉
G, the classifying space for proper actions. This conjecture is known to hold for groups with bounded torsion. In this note we consider a large class of groups 𝔘 containing the above and many known examples with unbounded torsion. We show that the conjecture holds for a large subclass of 𝔘.
The lifespan for 3-dimensional quasilinear wave equations in exterior domains
Authors: Helms John , Metcalfe Jason
Published: August 2012

This article focuses on long-time existence for quasilinear wave
equations with small initial data in exterior domains. The
nonlinearity is permitted to fully depend on the solution at the
quadratic level, rather than just the first and second derivatives of
the solution. The corresponding lifespan bound in the boundaryless
case is due to Lindblad, and Du and Zhou first proved such long-time
existence exterior to star-shaped obstacles. Here we relax the
hypothesis on the geometry and only require that there is a
sufficiently rapid decay of local energy for the linear homogeneous
wave equation, which permits some domains that contain trapped rays.
The key step is to prove useful energy estimates involving the scaling
vector field for which the approach of the second author and Sogge
provides guidance.
Detection of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds in four brown rot fungi
Authors: Steenkjær Hastrup Anne Christine , Jensen Trine Østergaard , Jensen Bo
Published: August 2012

The presence of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds has been evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in the four brown rot fungi Meruliporia incrassata (M. incrassata), Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), Coniophora puteana (C. puteana) and Serpula lacrymans (S. lacrymans). Samples of actively growing mycelium from liquid growth media, decayed wood, and agar plate cultures were in focus. Iron-chelating compounds were found in all four species, with the highest reactivity in G. trabeum and S. lacrymans, and the lowest in M. incrassata. Iron-reducing activity, measured in the liquid medium, was found in all four fungi. However, in wood extractions, S. lacrymans was not effective in this regard, although the agar grown mycelium of this fungus showed the highest iron-reducing capacity of the four. The presence of both catecholate and hydroxamate chelators was detected in all four species. G. trabeum showed the highest concentration overall of extracellular chelators, including both catecholate and hydroxamate derivatives.
What about ST waveform analysis signal quality in the second stage of labor? A case-control study
Authors: Berakdar Isabelle , Gaucherand Pascal , Doret Muriel
Published: August 2012

Aim: This study aimed to investigate ST waveform analysis (STAN) signal quality during the second stage of labor by comparing signal quality in the first and second stages of labor.

Methods: Fifty women who delivered vaginally were randomly selected in a large prospective database including all women with STAN monitoring during labor. Quality signal was analyzed during the second stage of labor (Period B) and during the same period of the first stage of labor (Period A), just preceding active pushing. STAN signal quality was evaluated using seven variables. Main outcome was the presence of at least one signal loss >4 min.

Results: At least one signal loss >4 min was present for, respectively, 4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–9.43) of patients in Period A and 28% (95% CI 15.5–40.5) of patients in Period B (P<0.05). A significant difference was detected for all variables analyzed between the two periods (P<0.05).

Conclusion: STAN quality signal deteriorates in the second stage of labor compared to that in the first stage. As guidelines clearly indicate that signal quality influences the decision process, it should be carefully and systematically checked before including STAN analysis in the decision-making.
Störer gesellschaftlicher Ordnung
Authors: Wustmann Claudia , Neef Katharina
Published: August 2012

Religionsgemeinschaften – besonders solche, die innerhalbeiner Gesellschaft eine gewisse Majorität beanspruchen können – sehen sichzumeist gezwungen, sich von anderen, konkurrierenden Gemeinschaften, insbesonderedivergierenden Strömungen der eigenen Tradition, abzugrenzen. In Beschreibungendevianter Gruppierungen, sogenannter Sekten, sind es vor allemsoziale Stigmata, mit denen die „Sektierer“ immer wieder belegt werden: Sektenseien unmoralisch in vielerlei Hinsicht; ihre Anhänger sexuell deviant und seltsamen,nicht den ständischen Gegebenheiten entsprechenden Umgang miteinanderpflegend. Der religiöse Habitus sei ohnehin lediglich Tarnung für Personenoder Gruppen, die nur an das Geld der Einfältigen wollten. Diese und ähnlicheVorwürfe finden sich durch die Jahrhunderte in Häresiographien, Sektenratgebernund letztlich in der öffentlichen Diskussion. Denn ebenso wie diese Topoinicht unbedingt religiöse Bezüge aufweisen, finden sie sich nicht nur in religiösenDiskursen, sondern nehmen auch in der Literatur über dezidiert areligiöse Gruppen,etwa den Deutschen Monistenbund, einen festen Platz ein. Durch dieseKontinuität der Motive sowie sprachlichen Muster eignen sich Sektendebattenbzw. die Literatur über Sekten, um historische Toleranzgrenzen und Konstruktionendes Anderen auszuloten. Damit potentiell raum- und zeitübergreifend amQuellenmaterial deklinierbar, beschränken sich die im Folgenden gewählten Beispieleaus Gründen einer stringenten Argumentationslinie weitgehend auf dieFrühe Neuzeit und Moderne im deutschsprachigen Raum; dadurch platzieren sichdie Belege sowohl in einem kulturellen Kontinuum als auch in einem Rahmengesellschaftlichen Wandels, der die Gleichartigkeit wie auch die Anpassung unddamit scheinbare Veränderung dieser Konstruktionen aufzeigbar macht.
Der Erlebniskosmos des II. Ökumenischen Kirchentags
Authors: Binder Stefan
Published: August 2012

Vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtigen soziologischen Theoriebildungzum Event zeigt der Artikel am Beispiel des II. Ökumenischen Kirchentagsin München, wie nicht nur ein einheitliches Erleben des konkretenEvents selbst (Erlebniskosmos), sondern darüber hinaus auch eine holistischeErlebnisqualität hergestellt wird. Die Erzeugung dieses auch als entgrenzend zubeschreibenden Erlebens wird durch die Konzepte (1) Mediatisierung/Hybridisierung,(2) Gleichzeitigkeit/Verdichtung und (3) Sukzession analysiert und nachgezeichnet.Das holistische Erlebnis – und damit gleichzeitig das Gesamtevent ÖKT– wird dann im Sinne einer Praxis der Konstitution einer spezifisch postmodernenSubjektivität zur Debatte um die Moderne und den Ort der Religion inderselben in Beziehung gesetzt. Dabei wird vor allem das überkommene Paradigmader funktionalen Ausdifferenzierung als Bestimmungsmerkmal einer prekärenModerne hinterfragt und stattdessen die Alternative eines in der alltagsweltlich-populären Kultur verankerten, holistischen Modells aufgezeigt.