bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subdivision of equine Tf into H1 and H2
Authors: BELL K. , POLLITT C. C. , PATTERSON S. D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Subdivision of equine TfH into two variants, designated H1 (faster) and H2 (slower), has been accomplished by high voltage, thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7–9. Transferrin H1, and H2 have been shown to be controlled by codominant alleles and gene frequencies of the Tf alleles have been determined in the Australian Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Quarter Horse and Arabian Horse breeds.
Genetics and development of ocular oxidases in the mouse: evidence for a new locus (Eox‐l) closely linked with the aldehyde oxidase loci on chromosome 1
Authors: HINTZ M. , ROUT U. K. , HOLMES R. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and histochemical techniques were used to examine the genetics, postnatal development and biochemical properties of ocular oxidases (EOXs) among inbred strains of mice. The designation as EOX was made on a provisional basis, since the ‘natural’ substrate(s) for this enzyme have not been identified. Five major forms were resolved from adult animals, which exhibited high activity in murine lens and low activity in the cornea. An additional ocular oxidase was observed in neonatal animals. Genetic analyses demonstrated that one of these enzymes (EOX‐1) is encoded by a locus (Eox‐1) which is closely linked with, but distinct from, the aldehyde oxidase (Aox) gene complex on chromosome one of the mouse. These results support the proposal that ocular oxidases are distinct from the major liver AOXs in this organism.
Close association between DNA polymorphism of bovine major histocompatibility complex class I genes and serological BoLA‐A specificities
Authors: LINDBERG P.‐G. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Class I genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were investigated by Southern blot hybridization and by serological analysis. A large number of class I restriction fragments and an extensive polymorphism were revealed when genomic DNA samples, digested with the restriction enzyme Pvull, were hybridized with a human cDNA probe. The result indicated the presence of multiple class I genes in cattle. The extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was interpreted genetically by analysing five paternal half‐sib families comprising, besides the bulls, 50 offspring and their dams. No less than 21 RFLP types were distinguished in this limited sample. The class I polymorphism was also analysed using a serological test with sera corresponding to four workshop specificities (w2, w6, w10 and w16) and three locally defined specificities (SRB1, SRB2 and SRB3). There was an excellent agreement between the two typing methods since no RFLP type was associated with more than one specificity and five of the seven specificities were associated with a single RFLP type. Evidence for close genetic linkage between class I and DQ class II genes was obtained since no recombinant was found among 45 informative offspring. Linkage disequilibrium among class I, DQ class II and C4 genes was also observed. The blood group specificity M' was completely associated with the w16 class I specificity and with the haplotype I1DQ1BC42in this material.
Anti‐Rous sarcoma response of major histocompatibility (B) complex haplotypes B23, B24 and B30
Authors: TAYLOR R. L. , CLARE R. A. , WARD P. H. , BRILES R. W. , BRILES W. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Responses to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) induced tumours were studied in UNH 105, a non‐inbred line of New Hampshire chickens. Six single male matings encompassing a total of 50 dams produced 345 progeny which segregated for B complex genotypes B23/B23, B23/B24, B23/B30, B24/B24, B24/B30 and B30/B30. Six‐week‐old chicks were wingweb inoculated with a pseudotype of Bryan high titre Rous sarcoma virus, BH RSV (RAV‐1). Tumours were scored for size six times over a 10‐week period post‐inoculation. Each chick was assigned a tumour profile index (TPI) as an indicator of immunological response. The number of days to death (DTD) was recorded for 148 chicks with terminal tumours. Genotypes B23/B23, B23/B24 and B23/B30, with TPIs of 1.8, 1.7 and 2.0 respectively, did not differ significantly from each other, suggesting dominance of response of B23 over B24 and B30 haplotypes. B24/B30 chicks with the highest TPI (3.4) and shortest DTD (34.6) were significantly different from B30/B30 (2.8; 41.6) but not from B24/B24 (3.1; 34.9) suggesting dominance of response of the B24 haplotype over B30 in the absence of B23.
ELA and fertility in American Standardbred horses
Authors: MacCLUER J. W. , BAILEY E. , WEITKAMP L. R. , BLANGERO J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We have analysed the effects of ELA alleles and sire‐dam ELA incompatibility on two measures of fertility, gestation length and foaling rate, in American Standardbred horses. Using multivariate statistical methods, we corrected for the effects of confounding factors such as dam and sire age, parity, inbreeding, and sire‐dam kinship. These analyses revealed substantial differences between Standardbred trotters and pacers in the effects of several confounding factors. There appear to be no ELA effects on gestation length in either trotters or pacers. However our results suggest that there may be ELA effects on foaling rate associated with specific dam alleles, with sire‐dam incompatibility, and possibly with specific sire alleles, and that these effects differ between trotters and pacers.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of horse class II MHC genes observed using various human alpha‐and beta‐chain cDNA probes
Authors: HÄNNI K. , HESFORD F. , LAZARY S. , GERBER H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genomic DNA isolated from 20 horses was digested with up to six restriction endonucleases and subjected to southern blot hybridization analysis using various human class II alpha‐ and beta‐chain cDNA probes. A high degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found for the DQα, DPß, DQß and DRß probes, about 20 polymorphic bands being detected for each. DRα showed 2–4 polymorphic bands, whereas no evidence for DPα‐like genes was found. A number of correlations of RFLPs with individual alloantisera were apparent.
Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for sarcoid and uveitis in horses
Authors: ANGELOS J. , OPPENHEIM Y. , REBHUN W. , MOHAMMED H. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The relationship between breed and the risk of developing sarcoid tumours or uveitis of unknown etiology was evaluated in a retrospective study of 16242 equine cases admitted between 1975 and 1987 to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Hospital, and 3198 equine tissue samples sent to the New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 1977 and 1987. Of 120 sarcoid cases from the Large Animal Hospital, sarcoids were twice as likely to develop in Quarter Horses (odds ratio, OR=1.8, P <0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds and less than half as likely to develop in Standardbreds (OR=0.2, P <0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds. Similarly, of 376 sarcoid cases from the Diagnostic Laboratory, Quarter Horses had a significantly higher risk of developing sarcoid (OR=2.0, P <0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds, while Standardbreds had a significantly lower risk of developing sarcoid (OR=0.5, P <0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds. In the uveitis diagnosis category, Appaloosas had a significantly higher risk of developing uveitis (OR=6.4, P <0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds, while Standardbreds had a significantly lower risk of developing uveitis (OR=0.4, P <0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds.
Association of arytenoid chondritis with equine lymphocyte antigens but no association with laryngeal hemiplegia, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism
Authors: McCLURE J. J. , KOCH C. , POWELL M. , McCLURE J. R.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Associations were sought between ELA A1‐A10 and W11 antigens and the presence of laryngeal hemiplegia, arytenoid chondritis, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds and/or Quarter Horses. No significant associations were detected between laryngeal hemiplegia and any ELA antigen in Thoroughbreds. The association between arytenoid chondritis and A9 was significant with a relative risk (RR) of 15.6 and aetiologic fraction (EF) of 0.80 in Thoroughbreds. There were apparent associations based on RR between A4 and A5 in Quarter Horses with umbilical hernias (RR=7.5 and 6.1 respectively); however, these were not statistically significant. No significant associations were detected with cryptorchidism in Quarter Horses when the control population included both sexes. When only unaffected males were used as the control group, there was an apparent increase in relative risk with A6 (from RR=1.7 to 4.3); however this was not statistically significant. Cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds showed an increased relative risk with A5 regardless of whether the control population included males and females (RR=4.1) or only males (RR=4.7) but the increases were not statistically significant.
The analyses of antigen and DNA polymorphism within the bovine major histocompatibility complex: 1. The class I antigens
Authors: OLIVER R. A. , BROWN P. , SPOONER R. L. , JOOSTEN I. , WILLIAMS J. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Serology, isoelectric focusing (IEF) of expressed antigens, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were compared for the identification of BoLA class I haplotypes. Expressed antigens identified as bands by IEF correlated well with serological definition confirming and extending our earlier findings (Joostenet al.1988). Comparison of serology and isoelectric focusing bands with restriction fragments was more complicated; fragments were found which correlated both with broadly reacting and antigen specific sera. We also found correlation of fragments with two or more sera which showed no cross‐reactivity. Fragments unique to particular haplotypes were also observed.

Serology remains the simplest method of typing BoLA class I antigens. Isoelectric focusing generally agrees with serological definition of antigens and detects antigens not yet defined by serology. It may also be useful in defining the products of other expressed BoLA class I loci. In order to identify RFLPs which could be used for typing, comparison with serology or IEF is essential. Haplotype specific RFLPs could be useful in identifying genes linked to the MHC.
The swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) complex and Sinclair swine cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: TISSOT R. G. , BEATTIE C. W. , JR M. S. AMOSS
Published: July 2010

Summary. Cutaneous malignant melanoma of Sinclair swine (SSCM) is an inherited neoplasm present at birth in a majority of affected animals. We have characterized the swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) complex of the Sinclair herd at Texas A & M University using a one‐way mixed lymphocyte test and found that one particular haplotype, arbitrarily identified as haplotype B, is associated with the expression of SSCM. Only a single dose of the B haplotype is required for a dominant allele at a ‘tumour initiator’ locus to be fully penetrant. In addition, swine homozygous for haplotype B develop more primary tumours between birth and weaning than those heterozygous for the B haplotype. Taken together, these findings indicate that tumour initiation, in utero, and expression between birth and weaning may involve different mechanisms.
A previously reported polymorphic plasma protein of dogs and horses, identified as apolipoprotein A‐IV
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , GAHNE B. , LUKKA M. , EHNHOLM C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. By using immunoblotting with antiserum specific to human plasma apolipoprotein A‐IV (apoA‐IV), a previously reported polymorphic plasma protein of dogs viz postalbumin‐2 (Pa2) and one of horses viz serum protein 2 (SP2), were identified as apoA‐IV of these species. This along with earlier published results implied that: (1) both dog and horse show a high degree of polymorphism at the APOA4 locus with three common alleles in each of the two species; and (2) apoA‐IV phenotyping in these two species can be done by analysing plasma/serum samples by a simple method of two‐dimensional electrophoresis, conducted under non‐denaturing conditions, followed by general‐protein staining of gels.
Association of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of swine leucocyte antigen class I genes with production traits of Duroc and Hampshire boars
Authors: JUNG Y. C. , ROTHSCHILD M. F. , FLANAGAN M. P. , CHRISTIAN L. L. , WARNER C. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) class I genes were performed on 70 Duroc and 38 Hampshire boars from the 1986‐87 national performance tests of each breed in the USA. Few boars were inbred. Southern blotting and hybridization procedures were performed on genomic DNA, isolated from white blood cells, using Pvu II endonuclease and a swine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I probe. Durocs had an average of 11 restriction fragments, with the most common being in 63% of the boars and the least common appearing in only one boar. Hampshire boars had an average of 12 restriction fragments, with the most common appearing in 73% of the boars and the least common appearing in only one boar. Least squares procedures and stepwise regression methods were used to examine the association between DNA restriction fragments and the selection index (INDEX), average daily gain (ADG), average backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LEA), and age at 104kg (DAY104). In the Duroc breed one DNA restriction fragment was associated with decreased INDEX (P < 0.05) and decreased ADG (P < 0.05) whereas two other fragments were associated with increased BF (P < 0.05). In the Hampshire breed two restriction fragments were associated with an increase in INDEX (P < 0.05). Cluster analyses were used to group pigs of each breed on the basis of similar RFLP patterns. One cluster group in the Duroc breed was associated with lower average INDEX values (P < 0.05), greater average DAY104 (P < 0.05), and a larger mean LEA (P < 0.05). In the Hampshire breed one cluster group was associated with lower INDEX (P < 0.05). These results suggest there may be an association between swine MHC class I genes and performance traits in swine. The use of SLA class I restriction fragments, as genetic markers, may have potential in the future for improving pig performance.
A new allele of glucose phosphate isomerase in dogs
Authors: ARNOLD I. C. J. , BOUW J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A new variant of red cell glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), designated GPI‐C, was observed in the chow‐chow breed of dog. GPI‐C could be separated from the previously reported dog GPI variants (A and B), both by starch gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing (pH 3–10). Family data supported the hypothesis that GPI‐C is controlled by a third codominant allele (GPI C). GPI C occurred as a rare allele in the Dutch chow‐chow population.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of major histocompatibility complex class II genes from inbred chicken lines
Authors: WARNER C. , GERNDT B. , XU Y. , BOURLET Y. , AUFFRAY C. , LAMONT S. , NORDSKOG A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. High molecular weight DNA was extracted from sperm from chickens of 14 inbred lines. The DNA was digested with each of four restriction enzymes (PvuII, HindIII, Bg/II, and BamHI), electrophoresed for 18 or 45h, blotted onto nitrocellulose, and hybridized to a chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC, B complex) class II β‐chain probe (β2‐exon specific). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were found with each of the restriction enzymes used. Birds with the same B haplotype always showed the same RFLP pattern; however, some birds of different B halotypes also shared the same RFLP pattern. To test for the Mendelian inheritance of the RFLP patterns, the F2 progeny of an informative cross were analysed. The RFLP patterns corresponded with the serologically determined B haplotypes of the F2 birds, thereby showing the Mendelian inheritance of the polymorphic bands.
Blood groups and biochemical polymorphism in the Namaqua sheep breed
Authors: CLARKE S. W. , TUCKER E. M. , OSTERHOFF D. R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The Namaqua is an indigenous fat‐tailed African breed of sheep which has remained relatively isolated and which at one time dwindled to near extinction. Frequency data are given for blood group antigens, red cell glutathione and potassium types, for electrophoretic variants of red cell haemoglobin, ’X’ protein, nucleoside phosphorylase, NADH‐diaphorase, lysine and carbonic anhydrase and of plasma esterase, transferrin and albumin. Of particular interest was the occurrence of the i blood group, a bimodal distribution in red cell glutathione concentrations and red cell potassium concentrations of around 57 mmo1/1 cells, i.e. neither typically LK nor HK type.
Linkage between the loci for transferrin and ceruloplasmin in pigs
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , KURYL J. , GAHNE B. , ZURKOWSKI M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Evidence for genetic linkage between the loci for transferrin (Tf) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in pigs was presented. The results were based on a study of a single sire family comprising 35 informative offspring. No recombinants were observed. The recombination frequency was estimated to be in the range of 0 to 8%. This indicated that the recombination frequency between Tf and Cp loci in pigs may be much lower than that reported previously between these two loci in cattle and in human.
Polymorphism in porcine somatotropin cDNA sequences
Authors: O'MAHONY D. J. , WANG H. , McCONNELL D. J. , JIA F. , XIA L. , QI S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Three new full‐length cDNAs coding for porcine somatotropin (PST) have been cloned. The sequence data indicate a high degree of polymorphism in the PST sequence. All six known PST sequences are different.
A method for K‐casein genotyping of bulls
Authors: ROGNE S. , LIEN S. , VEGARUD G. , STEINE T. , LANGSRUD T. , ALESTRÖM P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A method for K‐casein genotyping in bulls has been developed. By analysis of DNA polymorphisms we are able to discriminate between the K‐casein variant A and B in the bulls. This method will be an efficient tool in selection for the most desirable K‐casein variant.
Demonstration of two allelic forms of the bovine T cell antigen Bo5 (CD5) and studies of their inheritance
Authors: HOWARD C. J. , MORRISON W. I. , BROWN W. C. , NAESSENS J. , SOPP P.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), CC17 and IL‐A67, which are specific for the bovine equivalent of the CD5 antigen, Bo5, were each found to react with the cells of some animals but not others. The cattle tested were all positive for one or both of the mAbs, but the level of expression on cells expressing both determinants was slightly lower than that on cells expressing either of the determinants on their own. Both mAbs precipitated an antigen of 67kD. However, sequential immunoprecipitation experiments with cells that reacted with both mAbs demonstrated that the determinants are present on two different sets of molecules. These findings suggested that the mAbs recognize two co‐dominantly expressed allelic forms of Bo5. This was confirmed in family studies, with groups of full‐ and half‐sibling offspring of sires and dams of defined phenotypes. These experiments also showed that the gene encoding the Bo5 antigen is not linked to the major histo‐compatibility complex (MHC). The frequencies of the two alleles, which have been designated Bo5.1 and Bo5.2, in the cattle populations tested were 100% and 0%, respectively, inBos taurus, and 10% and 90%, respectively, inBos indicus.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism identification of goat αs1‐casein alleles: a potential tool in selection of individuals carrying alleles associated with a high level protein synthesis
Authors: LEROUX C. , MARTIN P. , MAHÉ M.‐F. , LEVÉZIEL H. , MERCIER J.‐C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The extensive polymorphism of caprine αs1‐casein, which is controlled by at least seven autosomal alleles segregating in a Mendelian fashion, was investigated by RFLP analysis. Genomic DNA from 77 lactating goats, whose genotypes had been previously determined by electrophoretic analysis of milk proteins, was digested with 11 restriction endonucleases and Southern blots were probed with a radiolabeled ovine αs1‐casein cDNA. Three enzymes, PstI, Taq I and RsaI, allowed the unambiguous identification of known alleles αs1‐CnD, E and F and of the allelic pairs [αs1‐CnB and F] and [αs1‐CnB and C]. Evidence for a second null allele, termed αs1‐CnD, and for an additional allele, designated αs1‐CnF, was provided, which leads to the identification of nine alleles at the αs1‐CnO locus, in this species. Although only 15 out of the 45 expected genotypes could be fully ascertained, this procedure allows the identification at birth of animals carrying the αs1‐CnA, B or c alleles associated with a high αs1‐ and whole‐casein content.
Genetic analysis of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase polymorphism in the genus Cervus
Authors: HERZOG S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A study of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in Cervus dama, Cervus elaphus, Cervus nippon and Cervus elaphus X Cervus nippon hybrids has revealed a polymorphism of this enzyme system in Cervus elaphus as well as in the hybrid population. Genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme system is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles. The allele frequencies allow a clear discrimination between the hybrid population and the red deer population, whereas the fallow deer are fixed for the allele which is most common in red deer. The comparison of the genotypic structures with the Hardy‐Weinberg structure shows a slight excess of homozygotes in all populations, but the deviation is significant only for the hybrid population as well as one red deer population. Genetic variation within and differentiation between demes is quantified using different measures. Finally, some management implications of these first results are discussed.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of ovine casein genes: close linkage between the αs1‐,αs2‐,ß‐ and k‐casein loci
Authors: LEVEZIEL H. , METENIER L. , GUERIN G. , CULLEN P. , PROVOT C. , BERTAUD M. , MERCIER J. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). of ovine casein genes was investigated. Genomic DNA from 56 rams was digested with 10 restriction endonucleases and Southern blots probed with the four ovine casein cDNAs (αs1‐,ß‐, αs2‐ and k‐Cn). Five enzymes, namely, BglI, PvuII, RsaI, TaqI and HindIII revealed nine different RFLPs. The inheritance of six of these polymorphisms was studied by segregation analysis of gametes in nine rams' families, and each of them could be related to the existence of alleles at the relevant casein locus. A close linkage between the four ovine casein genes was demonstrated since no recombination within the four pairs of loci examined, αs1‐ß‐Cn, αs1‐k‐Cn, ß‐k‐Cn and αs2‐k‐Cn, was observed in the progeny of double heterozygous rams. The casein genes are thus clustered in the ovine species as in the case of other mammals.
Analysis of polymorphism in the bovine casein genes by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: PINDER S. J. , PERRY B. N. , SKIDMORE C. J. , SAVVA D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Methods have been devised for detecting polymorphisms in the bovine ß‐and k‐casein genes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed either by restriction enzyme digestion (to reveal a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)). or by hybridization of an allele‐specific oligonucleotide. These methods, as well as being faster and more sensitive than traditional RFLP methods, are of more general applicability since they can detect any change in DNA sequence. They require only a small sample of blood or semen and are applicable to animals of any age or sex. These methods make possible large‐scale screening and thus selection for alleles at these loci. Typing of blood DNA can give erroneous results when the animal concerned is a twin; however, this can be overcome by retesting using milk or semen. Analysis of the k‐casein genotype of Holstein‐Friesian bulls gives frequencies for the A and B alleles of 0.80 and 0.20 respectively. Selection in favour of the B allele, which is superior for cheese production, could thus have a large effect. The A3 and B alleles at the ß‐casein locus have been shown to be rare in the Holstein Friesian population. Linkage disequilibrium exists between ß‐casein B and k‐casein B.
Genetic polymorphism of adenosine deaminase and mannose phosphate isomerase in blood of arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus
Authors: SIMONSEN V. , LARSEN B. , LOHI O.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Blood samples of 70 foxes, including 10 families, have been investigated by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis for the enzymes adenosine deaminase (ADA) and mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI). The observed variation of the enzymes could be explained as a result of one locus with two codominant alleles and one with three respectively. The segregation in the families of the alleles assumed for the two loci is in accordance with this genetic model. The frequency of the two alleles at the Ada locus is about the same and the slowest anodic migrating allele at the Mpi locus is the most frequent.
Transferrin and haemoglobin polymorphism in domesticated goats in the USA
Authors: WANG SHIQUAN , FOOTE W. C. , BUNCH T. D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The distribution of transferrin (Tf) and haemoglobin (Hb) polymorphisms in five goat breeds in the USA is reported. Two Tf types, A and B, were identified. A significant difference in frequency (P<0.05) was observed only between the Spanish and Alpine goats. Haemoglobin ß‐globin variants, HbßA, HbßD and HbßE were observed with isoelectric focusing at pH ranges 5–8 and 6.7‐7.7. HbßD was not found in the Alpine and Angora breeds. Haemoglobin allelic frequencies varied widely and differed significantly (P<0.05) among breeds.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies to bovine blood group antigens: additional results
Authors: METENIER L. , NOCART M. , ALAUX M. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Seven fusions of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with bovine red cells yielded 61 clones producing discriminant antibodies out of a total of 651 secreting clones. Although antigenic factors of all known bovine blood group systems were present on the donors' cells, the antibodies identified reacted with antigenic factors from only five systems, A, B, F, S and Z. The antibody specificities produced by more than two clones were anti‐A1 or ‐A2 (21 clones), ‐S (9),‐Z (6), ‐G‘ (3) and ‐V1(3). The absence of clones secreting antibodies to antigens of the other systems, especially the complex C system, remains unexplained. The properties of the antibodies reacting with antigens of the S system (anti‐SU“, anti‐SUU’) and of the B system (O‐like antibodies) are in accordance with previous interpretations of polyclonal sera and with present knowledge of the genetic map of the B system.
Sheep gene mapping: additional DNA markers included (CASB, CASK, LALBA, IGF‐1 and AMH).
Authors: GHALI M. IMAM , SAIDI‐MEHTAR N. , GUERIN G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. DNA extracted from 25 hamster‐sheep hybrid cell lines was subjected, after Southern blotting, to hybridization with CASB, CASK, LALBA, IGF‐1 and AMH cDNA probes. CASB and CASK segregated together and IGF‐1 and LALBA were found syntenic with the LDHB‐PEPB‐TPI‐GAPD‐SHMT‐KRTB group. No other synteny was observed with any of the previously described groups using the same hybrid cell panel.

Gene nomenclature: ACO 1: aconitase 1 (soluble); ADA: adenosine deaminase; AMH: antiMüllerian hormone; ARA 1: murine sarcoma 3611 viral (v‐raf) oncogene homologue 1; CASB: ß‐casein; CASK: K‐casein; ENO 1: enolase 1 (alpha); GAPD: glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; GALA (or GLA): galactosidase (alpha); GAPD; glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; GPI: glucose phosphate isomerase; GSR: glutathione reductase; HBG: haemoglobin gamma; HPRT: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; IDH 1: isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (soluble); IGF‐1: insulin growth factor 1; ITPA: inosine triphosphatase; KRTA: keratin (acid); KRTB: keratin (basic); LALBA: aT‐lactalbumin; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; LDHB: lactate dehydrogenase B; MDH 2: malate dehydrogenase NAD (soluble); ME 1: malic enzyme (soluble); MPI: mannose phosphate isomerase; NP: nucleoside phosphorylase; OLA: ovine leucocyte antigen: OTC: ornitine carbamoyltransferase; PAIS: phosphoribosyl amino imidazole synthetase; PEPA, PEPB, PEPC: peptidase A, B, C; PGD: phospho gluconate dehydrogenase; PGK: phosphoglycerate kinase; PGM 3: phospho glucomutase 3; PKM 2: pyruvate kinase (muscle); PLP: proteolipid protein; PRGS: phosphoribosyl glycinamide synthetase; RCP: red cone pigment; SHMT: serine hydroxymethyl transferase; SOD 1: superoxide dismutase 1 (soluble); SYN 1: synapsin 1; TPI1: triose phosphate isomerase 1.
Two new common alleles of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) in pigs
Authors: ĈEPICA S. , BRCHANOVÁ I. , HRADECKÝ J. , HOJNÝ J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. New adenosine deaminase variants ADA C and ADA D were found by means of agarose gel electrophoresis in pig erythrocytes. Family data supported the hypothesis that these are controlled by codominant alleles ADAc and ADAD. The ADAc allele was present in Large White (q=0.076), Landrace (q=0.037). and their crosses with other breeds. The ADAD allele was present in Duroc (q=0.067) and its crosses. Allele frequencies for six pig breeds are given.
Cloning and sequence analysis of 14 DRB alleles of the bovine major histocompatibility complex by using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: SIGURDARDÓTTIR S. , BORSCH C. , GUSTAFSSON K. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The genetic diversity in the first domain exon of a bovine class II DRB gene was investigated by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA samples representing 14 different class II haplotypes, defined by RFLP analysis, were used. The analysis revealed an extensive polymorphism and 14 alleles at a single locus, designated DRB3, were identified. Multiple amino acid substitutions were found in all pairwise comparisons of alleles; 5 to 21 substitutions in the 83 positions compared. The genetic diversity at the amino acid level found in cattle matches the one previously found in the DRB1 locus in man. The significantly higher frequency of replacement substitutions compared with the frequency of silent substitutions provides strong evidence that there is selection for genetic diversity in the bovine DRB3 first domain exon. A comparison of the DRB polymorphism in man and cattle reveals a striking similarity as regards the location of polymorphic positions in the DRB molecule and the degree of polymorphism at polymorphic positions. The majority of polymorphic positions in both species are found in the proposed antigen recognition site of the class II molecule. In addition, there are eight positions which are polymorphic in both species but have not been assigned to the antigen recognition site. The possible functional significance of the polymorphism of these latter positions is discussed.
Anti‐leucocyte antibodies and embryonic mortality in embryo transferred cows
Authors: MATOUŜEK J. , RÍHA J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Cows carrying unrelated transferred embryos (ET) produced antileucocyte serum antibodies (aLA) more often than cows carrying their own embryos. Cows carrying the ET showed a higher frequency of cytotoxic reactions against leucocytes from 40–60 randomly chosen cows than individuals carrying their own embryos. The percentage of animals with aLA was higher in cows carrying their second or third transferred embryo than in those with their first transferred embryo. There was no change in the frequency of cytotoxic reactions with repeated pregnancies from transferred embryos. There was no difference in the toxicity of aLA in normal pregnant cows and those carrying transferred embryos.

Embryonic mortality (EM) of 35, 73 and 88% was noted during pregnancies from the first, second and third successful ET, respectively. Mortality of 48% occurred in the first pregnancy following an unsuccessful ET. Embryonic mortality of 31% occurred in cows simultaneously carrying their own and a transferred embryo. A direct relationship between the presence of aLA and EM in recipients was not proved. Other fertility problems may lead to EM in cows subjected to repeated transfer of foreign embryos.
Biochemical identification of B‐F and B‐G allelic variants of the chicken major histocompatibility complex
Authors: HEPKEMA B. G. , VAN DER POEL A. , GROSFELDSTULEMEYER M. C. , HENSEN E. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Biochemical methods were used to analyse B‐F and B‐G antigens of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In a panel of 12 inbred or partially inbred chicken lines the MHC haplotypes, originally defined by serological and histogenetical methods, were compared. Using monoclonal 18‐6G2, allele‐specific B‐G patterns were obtained by immunoblotting. Comparison of B‐G12 and B‐G2 revealed a shared banding pattern, but additional products were detected for B‐G12. The B‐F products of B2 and B12 had identical IEF patterns. The identical B‐F products and partially shared B‐G products might explain the serological cross‐reaction between these haplotypes. In addition, the IEF pattern of B‐F21 appeared similar to B‐F2 and B‐F12, but the partial proteolysis map showed a clear difference. Although two B‐F bands could be detected per haplotype, no evidence for the expression of more than one B‐F locus was found. The biochemical methods enabled a precise definition of expressed MHC products and can be a useful tool for the identification of B‐alleles in other chicken lines or outbred chickens for their MHC antigens.
Sequencing and genetic analysis of a bovine DQB cDNA clone
Authors: XU A. , CLARK T. J. , TEUTSCH M. R. , SCHOOK L. B. , LEWIN H. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A BoLA‐DQB cDNA clone (BoLA‐DQß‐1) was isolated by screening a bovine lymphoblastoid cDNA library with a HLA‐DQB genomic clone. The DNA and predicted protein sequences were compared to class II sequences from cattle and other species. BoLA‐DQß‐1 has 92.0% similarity to the coding regions of two previously sequenced BoLA‐DQB genomic clones and 69.6% similarity to a BoLA‐DRß pseudogene. However, the first domain encoded by BoLA‐DQß‐1 has 94 amino acids; one more than the predicted size of the products encoded by two previously sequenced bovine DQB genes (BoDQß‐Q1 and BoDQß‐Y1). Comparing all coding regions, BoLA‐DQß‐1 has greater nucleotide similarity to HLA‐DQB sequences than to I‐Aß, HLA‐DRB and 1‐Eß sequences. Like the HLA‐DQB gene product, the cytoplasmic domain of the predicted protein encoded by BoLA‐DQß‐1 is eight amino acids shorter than that of I‐Aß, HLA‐DRB and I‐Eß molecules. Six clone‐specific amino acid substitutions were identified in the ß1 domain of BoLA‐DQß‐1, including an unusual cysteine residue at position 13 which is believed to be positioned on a ß‐strand and face into the antigen recognition site. Southern blot analysis ofPvuII‐digested genomic DNA from a paternal half‐sibling famil (sire, and six dam‐offspring pairs) using BoLA‐DQß‐1 as a probe, revealed five allelicPvuII RFLP patterns, including two patterns not previously described, that cosegregated with serologically‐defined BoLA‐A (class I) alleles. The evolution, polymorphism and function of a transcriptionally active BoLA‐DQB gene can now be readily studied using this DQB cDNA clone as a source of allele and locus‐specific oligonucleotide primers.
Involvement of major histocompatibility complex class I compatibility between dam and calf in the aetiology of bovine retained placenta
Authors: JOOSTEN I. , SANDERS M. F. , HENSEN E. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The possibility was examined that in cattle compatibility of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products between dam and calf might negatively influence the placental maturation and expulsion, and therefore increase the risk of retained placenta in healthy, normally calving cattle. Fifteen combinations of a single dam and two offspring were selected; the placenta of the first offspring was normally expelled (control) and the placenta of the second one was retained (case). The MHC class I and class II antigens of the animals were typed by immunoprecipitation and by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D‐IEF). Compatibility or incompatibility of class I or class II antigens was established by comparison of the IEF banding patterns of dam and calves. Analysis revealed that MHC class I compatibility between dam and calf increased the risk of retained placenta. In this study, the effect of class II compatibility was not significant, nor was the effect of the interaction of class I and class II. In a subsequent, additional sample the experimental design was extended: induction of tolerance against non‐inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) might be implicated in the occurrence of the disorder within the group of class I incompatible cases. In three out of the five class I incompatible retained placenta cases, the banding pattern of the incompatible haplotype of the calf was identical to that of the haplotype of the granddam that was not inherited by the dam (NIMA). Notably, within the nine class I incompatible controls, there were none in which the offspring shared a paternal class I type with the granddam. This might suggest a toleranceinducing effect of NIMA in cattle in relation to retained placenta. The results for the nine cases and 11 controls analysed in this second set confirmed the results of the first set: again there appeared to be an increased risk of retained placenta due to class I compatibility (direct or through NIMA). We suggest that retention of the placenta is, at least in part, the result of the lack of alloreactive mechanisms.
Joint Report of the Fourth International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) Workshop, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 25 August 1990
Authors: BERNOCO D. , LEWIN H. A. , ANDERSSON L. , ARRIENS M. A. , BYRNS G. , CWIK S. , DAVIES C. J. , HINES H. C. , LEIBOLD W. , LIE Ø. , MEGGIOLARO D. , OLIVER R. A. , ØSTERGåRD H. , SPOONER R. L. , STEWART‐HAYNES J. A. , TEALE A. J. , TEMPLETON J. W. , ZANOTTI M.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Blood samples from 54 animals were exchanged between 15 laboratories in nine countries to improve and expand BoLA class I and class II typing. A total of 27 out of 33 (82%) of previously accepted BoLA‐w specificities were represented within the cell panel. Seventeen new serum‐defined BoLA specificities were accepted by the workshop participants, thus expanding the number of internationally recognized BoLA specificities to 50. The large number of new specificities detected resulted from the number of serological reagents used(n= 1139) and the genetic diversity of the cell panel. Confidence derived from the high percentage of agreement between the laboratories on antigen detection (97.3%;r= 0.84) permitted the removal of the workshop (w) notation from 23 BoLA‐w specificities and their acceptance as full status BoLA‐A antigens. Two new non‐BoLA antigens were also detected, one completely included within the red blood cell factor S' (BoLy‐S'), whereas a second (BoLy‐w1) did not show any association with tested red blood cell factors. A comparison between serological, isoelectric focusing (IEF) and DNA typing for BoLA class II polymorphism was conducted with a subset of workshop cells. Correlation between the three methods was significant for three combinations of alleles. Three other serologically defined class II specificities were correlated with DR and/or DQ restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types, whereas six additional IEF types were correlated with DR and/or DQ RFLP types(r≥ 0.50). Several new IEF, DRB, DQA and DQB RFLP patterns were identifed. In 46 animals that were typed for BoLA‐DR and DQ genes by RFLP analysis, 46 different BoLA haplotypes were tentatively defined. These 46 haplotypes were distinguished by 31 serologically‐defined BoLA‐A alleles (and 2'blanks'), 15 DRB RFLP types (plus up to 10 new DRB RFLP patterns) and 23 DQA‐DQB haplotypes.
Evidence for linkage between the swine L blood group and the loci specifying the receptors mediating adhesion of K88 Escherichia coli pilus antigens
Authors: VÖGELI P. , KUHN B. , KÜHNE R. , OBRIST R. , STRANZINGER G. , HUANG S. C. , HU Z. L. , HASLER‐RAPACZ J. , RAPACZ J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Brush borders or enterocytes obtained from the small intestine of 248 pedigreed pigs were tested by adhesion assayin vitrowith enterotoxigenicEscherichia(E.). coli strains, each expressing one of the three K88 pilus variants K88ab, K88ac and K88ad. All pigs were classified as belonging to one of the four adhesion phenotypes: I ‐ K88ab(‐), ac(‐), ad(‐); II‐K88ab(‐), ac(‐), ad(+); III‐K88ab(+), ac(+), ad(‐); and IV‐K88ab(+), ac(+), ad(+). Serum or red cells were typed for 15 blood group systems: A‐O, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N and O; for 11 biochemical polymorphisms: PI1, PI2, PO1A, A1BG, GPI, PGD, TF, HPX, ADA, PGM and AMY; the polymorphism at the IGHG1 locus. Linkage analysis was performed between the alleles at the locus (loci) specifying K88 receptors able to bind one or more different serological types of K88E. coliand alleles for markers at other loci. Linkage was demonstrated between the locus for the L blood group system and the locus (loci) for K88E. colireceptors (Ẑ= 3.24), adding one locus (loci) to the previously identified linkage group IV (LGIV) [L‐SLB]. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction (0C) was 0.23. No evidence was found for linkage between any of the other biochemical and immunogenetic markers and the receptor locus (loci) of K88E. coli.
DNA fingerprinting in cattle using the probe pV47
Authors: DOLF G. , GLOWATZKI M.‐L. , GAILLARD C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The multilocus probe pV47 detected an average of nine bands in cattle between 23 kb and 4kb. Band sharing was estimated for three groups of unrelated animals. The first group comprised 20 individuals of 12 different breeds, the second group 10 individuals of the Swiss Simmental population and the third group 11 individuals of the Swiss Brown Swiss population. The band sharing probabilities were 33%, 42% and 58% respectively. The DNA fingerprints of 38 offspring with a total of 277 bands revealed no bands that could not be traced to the parents.
Detection of bovine β‐lactoglobulin genomic variants by the polymerase chain reaction method and molecular hybridization
Authors: JADOT M. , LALOUX J. , BURNY A. , KETTMANN R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A method is described for identifying variants at the bovine β‐lactoglobulin locus by combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and molecular hybridation.
High levels of linkage disequilibria between serologically defined class I bovine lymphocyte antigens (BOLA‐A) and class II DQB restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in Norwegian cows
Authors: VÅGE D. I. , OLSAKER I. , LINGAAS F. , SPOONER R. L. , VAN DER BEEK S. , SØRENSEN A. , AWNET E. F. , LIE Ø.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Serum defined BOLA‐A antigens, together with BOLA‐DQB RFLP patterns, were determined in 87 almost unrelated Norwegian cattle. Statistical analysis revealed strong linkage disequilibria between these loci at the population level. A total of 13 haplotypes were found to be present at frequencies significantly greater than those predicted on the basis of their component gene frequencies. Among these, the subgroups 1A and 1B of the DQ1 haplotype were found to be closely associated with the class I antigens A11 and w16, respectively. The association between A11 and DQ1A is of particular interest, as two independent studies, one employing class I serology, and the other RFLP analysis of the class II locus DQ, have previously indicated that A11 and DQ1A confer relative susceptibility to mastitis.
Cloning of highly polymorphic microsatellites in the horse
Authors: ELLEGREN H. , JOHANSSON M. , SANDBERG K. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We have isolated equine microsatellites by screening a genomic library with (TG)n and (TC)n probes. TG microsatellites were found to be more abundant than TC repeats, with an estimated frequency of one per 100000bp. Sequence analysis of eight TG‐positive clones revealed varying structures of the repeat regions; perfect stretches of TG repeats, imperfect stretches of TG repeats and compound regions of TG and TC repeats. Five loci were analysed by PCR and showed extensive polymorphism; three to seven alleles and heterozygosities of 0.40‐0.76 were observed when screening 20–30 unrelated individuals. The high degree of polymorphism, their abundance and the possibility of automating the typing procedure make these loci ideal for standardized paternity testing in the horse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that single hairs can be used as starting material for the PCR analysis.
Genetic distances estimated from DNA fingerprints in crosses of White Plymouth Rock chickens
Authors: HABERFELD A. , DUNNINGTON E. A. , SIEGEL P. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Crosses were produced between two lines of White Plymouth Rock chickens, one of which had been selected for low 8‐week body weight for 31 generations (L) and the other of which was a bantam population (B). The parental lines, reciprocal F1s, reciprocal F2s and all possible back‐crosses to each parental line (total of 16 populations) were available for study. Blood was obtained from 10 females within each population. DNA was extracted from blood mixes (equal amounts of blood from each individual) for each population, and from blood samples of each individual in the two parental lines. Fourteen line‐specific DNA fingerprint (DFP) bands (those bands present in one parental population, but not in the other parental population) were analysed (eight from line L and six from line B). Regression analyses were conducted to compare the known proportion of genomic contribution from each parental population with values based on relative band intensity obtained with a scanning densitometer. The resulting regression coefficient of 1.004 demonstrated that DFP analysis of relative band intensity is an effective method of estimating the relative proportion of genome contributed by parental populations.
Bivariate flow cytometry of farm animal chromosomes: a potential tool for gene mapping
Authors: DIXON S. C. , MILLER N. G. A. , CARTER N. P. , TUCKER E. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Bivariate flow karyotypes of chromosomes from sheep, cattle and pig lymphocytes and from a cattle‐mouse somatic cell hybrid line were obtained using a dual laser fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS). Pig chromosomes were resolved into 19–20 peaks, indicating that most, if not all, pig chromosomes could be separated by this technique. Sheep chromosomes showed incomplete separation but three clear peaks, presumably representing the three large metacentric chromosomes, plus five other clusters were obtained. Cattle chromosomes showed poor separation but about four peaks could be distinguished, indicating that certain chromosomes could be sorted in this species. The use of cattle‐mouse hybrids may enable other individual cattle chromosomes to be obtained. It is concluded that FACS separation will be a useful additional tool for gene mapping.
Detection of multiple β‐casein (CASB) alleles by amplification created restriction sites (ACRS)
Authors: LIEN S. , ALESTRÖM P. , KLUNGLAND H. , ROGNE S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA has been used to detect the DNA sequences for bovine β‐casein (CASB) A3 and B variants. Based on these sequences we have designed primers which create allele‐specific restriction sites in the PCR product. Restriction analysis of PCR product generated in one reaction enable us to identify the A1, A2, A3 and B alleles of CASB rapidly without the use of radioactivity.
The sequence of porcine αs2‐casein cDNA
Authors: ALEXANDER L. J. , GUPTA N. A. DAS , BEATTIE C. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. cDNA clones encoding the entire porcine αs2‐casein message were isolated and sequenced. The porcine αs2‐casein cDNA is 1093bp, excluding the poly(A) tail, in length and encodes a preprotein of 235 amino acids.