bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Biotechnology: Representative Federalism and Regulatory Capacity in the United States and European Union
Authors: Sheingate Adam
Published: November 2023

The conflict over genetically modified foods and crops in many ways exemplifies the divide that separates Americans and Europeans on a variety of issues. Whereas US regulators have adopted a promotional approach to agricultural biotechnology, seeking to develop the commercial potential of this new technology, European officials have adopted a precautionary stance toward the potentially unknown risks of genetic modification. For some, these divergent approaches reflect different perceptions about science and technology or cultural associations with food and the environment on either side of the Atlantic.
Immigration Policy
Authors: Schain Martin A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I examine the development of immigration policy in Europe and the United States and the role of federalism in this development. I focus on how the immigration issue was politicized in each case, and the importance of the federal system (or federal governance) for the way that the issue was shaped. I argue that the way that power is dispersed in federal structures—not simply the fact of dispersion—gives considerable weight to territorial interests. Although the United States is clearly a federal system, while the EU is a developing system of governance, federalism has been a key aspect in shaping immigration policy in both cases.
Varieties of Capitalism and Varieties of Firm
Authors: Brewster Chris , Wood Geoffrey , Brookes Mick
Published: November 2023

The varieties of capitalism literature suggests that speciflc national economies are likely to be associated with speciflc sets of flrm-level practices, ensuring the continuation of distinct national varieties of capitalism. Regulationist critics point to the temporary and inherently unstable nature of any speciflc mode of regulation; the effects of institutions are likely to be uneven and shifting, potentially making for a greater diversity in flrm practices at speciflc times, even if a limited number of systemic archetypes are likely to predominate. Based on large-scale survey evidence, this chapter explores the extent to which several distinct and viable varieties of flrm may coexist within speciflc varieties of capitalism, whether speciflc varieties of capitalism are associated with a greater or lesser degree of diversity in flrm-level practices, and, whether, over time, there is a global pressure toward a greater diversity in practice.
The Patterns of Job Expansions in the United States: A Comparison of the 1960s andl The 1990s
Authors: Wright Erik Olin , Dwyer Rachel
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the quality of jobs generated during periods of job expansion from the 1960s through to the 1990s in the leading liberal market economy, the United States. The central results of the study are as follows. First, the long 1990s economic boom produced a pattern of asymetrically polarized job expansion: very strong expansion of jobs in the top tier of the employment structure combined with very limited growth in the middle. Second, while job growth at the top was strong in the 1990s, the overall pattern of job expansion was much less favorable for the labor force as a whole than in earlier expansions.
Just-in-Time Delivery Comes to Knowledge Management
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Glaser John
Published: November 2023

Dr. Bob Goldszer is the associate chief medical officer and head of the Special Services Department at Brigham and Women’s in Boston, one of the nation’s leading hospitals. A professor at the Harvard Medical School, Goldszer has both an MD and an MBA. He’s a high-end knowledge worker at the top of the medical profession. Yet Dr. Goldszer has a big problem-one common to all physicians. There is so much knowledge available about his work that he cannot possibly absorb it all. He needs to know something about almost 10,000 different diseases and syndromes, 3,000 medications, 1,100 laboratory tests, and many of the 400,000 articles added each year to the biomedical literature.
What is a Nation?
Authors: Baycroft Timothy , Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2023

This volume analyses and compares different forms of nationalism across a range of European countries and regions during the long nineteenth century. It aims to put detailed studies of nationalist politics and thought, which have proliferated over the last ten years or so, into a wider European context. By means of such contextualization, together with new and systematic comparisons, What is a Nation? Europe 1789-1914 reassesses the arguments put forward in the principal works on nationalism as a whole, many of which pre-date the proliferation of case studies in the 1990s and which, as a consequence, make only inadequate reference to the national histories of European states. The study reconsiders whether the distinction between civic and ethnic identities and politics in Europe has been overstated and whether it needs to be replaced altogether by a new set of concepts or types. What is a Nation? explores the relationship between this and other typologies, relating them to complex processes of industrialization, increasing state intervention, secularization, democratization and urbanization. Debates about citizenship, political economy, liberal institutions, socialism, empire, changes in the states system, Darwinism, high and popular culture, Romanticism and Christianity all affected - and were affected by - discussion of nationhood and nationalist politics. The volume investigates the significance of such controversies and institutional changes for the history of modern nationalism, as it was defined in diverse European countries and regions during the long nineteenth century. By placing particular nineteenth-century nationalist movements and nation-building in a broader comparative context, prominent historians of particular European states give an original and authoritative reassessment, designed to appeal to students and academic readers alike, of one of the most contentious topics of the modern period.
Nation and Region
Authors: UmbaIch Maiken
Published: November 2023

The debate which has sprung up around the dichotomy between ‘ethnic’ and ‘civic’ nationalisms in nineteenth-century Europe, although long established, remains problematic. Ideal types rarely apply to complex historical realities. Moreover, the ethnic-civic divide has often been linked to a dubious geographical determinism, contrasting progressive ‘Western’ with reactionary ‘Eastern’ patterns— and a German Sonderweg in the middle. The contributors to this volume strive to avoid such stereotypes, and present a more nuanced account of developments within many of the countries on which this debate has focused.
Daily treatment for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

People with CF should have a high-calorie, high-fat diet, When supplementary enzymes are needed they should be taken with each meal and each snack, Clearance of secretions from the lungs is improved with physiotherapy, There are several different physiotherapy methods and a physiotherapy regimen should be adapted for each individual, Monitoring for lung infection using cough swabs or sputum samples should be done at every clinic visit and for new symptoms of cough, Early treatment of infection can prevent/control inflammation and lung damage
Cystic fibrosis and the family
Authors: Jacobs Konrad , Demetriades Louisa
Published: November 2023

Families with a child who has CF experience more stress, Feeling well-informed about the condition tends to reduce stress, Brothers and sisters can feel left out and jealous of the attention their parents give to the child with CF, Adolescence is a difficult time for people with CF. The best strategy seems to be to acknowledge CF, do the treatment and get on with enjoying life
Cystic fibrosis and school
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Schools and teachers need to be told about the child with CF and how they can help, Where possible the child with CF should not be treated differently from their schoolmates, Children with CF should take part in all exercise activities
Genetics of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, The gene responsible for CF is called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and is located on the long arm of chromosome 7, More than 1500 errors (mutations) causing CF have been discovered in the CFTR gene. The most common is called Delta F508
Risk and Risk Management Theory
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

This part of the book is designed to elicit the broad themes by which to understand the nature of emergencies and risk as well as responsive strategies and operational plans. The emergence of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 should not be divorced from its context in terms of wider societal developments. The planning function in Part I of the Civil Contingencies Act and the emergency powers in Part II are influenced by a number of theoretical approaches and concerns associated with contemporary social scientific analyses of the concept of risk, in particular, the management of diffuse and complex risks that shape or even threaten the notion of ‘modernity’ itself.
Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production
Authors: Demolin Didier
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the role of some speech production mechanisms to explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals. Although there are obviously many automatic processes due to the bio-physical constraints of the vocal tract that explain how speech production is regulated, it is probable that there are more controlled phenomena than is generally assumed. This assumption can and must be demonstrated through various methods of experimentation. One example of how these claims about speech production and phonological universals can be tested is examining the relation between fundamental frequency (f0) and subglottal pressure (Ps). This issue has been addressed in numerous publications, but there is still some debate concerning the contribution of Ps to phonological phenomena, such as whether f0 declination—that is, the global downtrend of f0—is caused by laryngeal or by respiratory activity ( J. Ohala 1990b). This is a fundamental issue that has important consequences for the understanding of universals related to intonation and various aspects of prosody as well as to segments.
Emergency surgery
Authors: Riley Bernard
Published: November 2023

This report retrospectively examined the deaths of emergency patients following operations performed ‘out of hours’, i.e. between 18.01 h and midnight (evening) or midnight and 07.59 h (night-time), or operations performed on a Saturday, Sunday, or public holiday. The 1997 report was undertaken because previous NCEPOD studies had indicated that there appeared to be a disturbing number of deaths following operations performed out of hours. An analysis of over 50 000 cases in 355 NHS hospitals in 1995 and 1996 found that only 6.1% of weekday operations in the NHS were done out of hours but 93.4% of these were emergencies. Many of these procedures were carried out by trainee anaesthetists and surgeons, apparently without direct supervision. A total of 508 deaths were identified, of which 208 and 310 were subjected to detailed analysis of anaesthesia and surgery respectively. Seventy-one per cent of the deaths occurred following emergency admission, and co-morbidity was common, with 82% of patients classed as ASA grade 3 or higher. The report highlighted lack of preoperative preparation, low use of preoperative fluid resuscitation, infrequent objective assessment of cardiovascular function, and poor prophylaxis against thrombo-embolism. Suboptimal standards of care included delays in surgery, too junior levels of staff, poor interspeciality communication, and inappropriate operative procedures.
High-risk patients
Authors: Howell Simon J
Published: November 2023

Patients frequently perceive anaesthesia and surgery as being fraught with risk. It is a testament to modern medical techniques that, in many cases, this is not true. Elective minor and intermediate surgery in healthy patients is now remarkably safe. The risk of death during such surgery is a small fraction of 1% and is difficult to quantify. Forrest and colleagues reported a mortality rate of 0.11% and a combined death, myocardial infarction, and stroke rate of 0.15% amongst 17 201 patients recruited into the ‘Multicenter study of General Anesthesia’(1). Unfortunately, not all patients are low risk. The patient with significant co-morbidity may be at substantially increased risk. Major operations such as those for cancer of the stomach or operations on the aorta are hazardous. Urgent surgery is more dangerous than elective surgery. This chapter deals with identifying high-risk patients and communicating this risk to the patient. Generic issues of risk communication are dealt with in detail in Chapter 2. Even in this era of evidence-based medicine, there is much in the care of the high-risk patient that remains a matter for clinical judgement rather than clinical guideline. Modern major surgery can be very complex indeed: modern anaesthesia and critical care equally so. It is difficult, if not impossible, for even the most experienced clinician to understand fully every aspect of the care of a patient, with several co-existing diseases, who is to undergo a major operation such as a gastrectomy. Before presenting the risks and benefits of an operation to the patient, the anaesthetist and surgeon may have to discuss these between themselves. There is no shame in seeing and assessing a patient and concluding the first interview with, ‘I need to discuss your case with my colleagues and then we can advise you further.’ The clinician must not be afraid of saying truthfully that it is very difficult to estimate just how risky surgery will be in a particular case and that the best that can be offered is a rough estimate.
Clinical research, audit, and training
Authors: Flockton Elizabeth A , Hunter Jennifer M
Published: November 2023

The twentieth and even the twenty-first centuries have seen major advances in clinical medicine. As we continue to push forward ‘the frontiers of science’, the expectation of our patients to have a longer and improved quality of life increases at a rate that outstrips these advances. The demand for biomedical research to develop treatments for disease or to improve upon existing therapy has never been greater. Medical research is not a recent phenomenon. In the first century AD, Aulus Cornelius Celsus described in De Medicinavarious surgical procedures, such as removal of cataracts and treatment of bladder stones, and gave detailed notes on the preparation of ancient remedies including opioids. Celsus is credited as being one of the forefathers of human experimentation(1). In De Medicina(1) he wrote, ‘It is not cruel to inflict on a few criminals sufferings which may benefit multitudes of innocent people through all centuries.’ How unacceptable such an approach would be today. In our desire to increase the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease, we have, on occasion, overlooked the principle of first do no harm. Recent history is littered with examples of mistreatment and abuse committed in the name of medical research. Perhaps the most notorious were the medical experiments conducted by the Nazis upon civilians and prisoners of war between 1939 and 1945, including infection with epidemic jaundice and spotted fever, and exposure to seawater, high altitude, freezing, and mustard gas. We can also find examples closer to home. For almost a century, the British Raj sent political prisoners to a penal colony in the Andaman Islands where they were subjected to secret pharmaceutical trials undertaken by British army doctors(2). In the United States, the Tuskegee syphilis study sought to determine the course of untreated syphilis. The participants were all African–American males who, believing they were receiving an adequate level of care, were not given penicillin and suffered the debilitating effects of the disease(3). History has demonstrated the need to establish a code of practice governing the conduct of clinical trials, to prevent such inhumanities occurring again.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Akkadian
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

Akkadian is the earliest known Semitic language. It was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, the ‘land between the rivers’ (Tigris and Euphrates), in an area which roughly corresponds to today’s Iraq. It was written in the cuneiform script, on clay tablets. Akkadian is one of the earliest and longest attested languages, with a history spanning more than two thousand years.
The Austrian General Settlement Fund: An Overview
Authors: Lessing Hannah , Rebernik Richard , Spitzy Nicola
Published: November 2023

In 1995, fifty years after the proclamation of the Second Republic, the Republic of Austria established the National Fund for Victims of National Socialism (“National Fund”). The National Fund was set up as an expression of the special moral responsibility felt towards the victims of National Socialism, and provides “gesture” payments to individuals who suffered under the National Socialist regime in Austria. Five years later, a fund for “Reconciliation, Peace and Cooperation” (“Reconciliation Fund”) was established in Austria in 2000 “to acknowledge the moral responsibility for all claims involving or related to the use of slave and forced labor during the National Socialist Era or World War II.”
Processing Claims for “Other Personal Injury” Under the German Forced Labour Compensation Programme
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir Edda , Simerova Barbora
Published: November 2023

On December 31, 2001, more than half a century after the end of World War II, the International Organization for Migration (“IOM”) in Geneva received over 329,000 claims by survivors of the Holocaust and their heirs for compensation under a German law, enacted on August 12, 2000, establishing the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” (the “Foundation Act” and the “Foundation,” respectively). IOM was one of seven parmer organizations tasked with resolving the claims in a mass claims process known, at IOM, as the German Forced Labour Compensation Programme (“GFLCP”).
The French Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation: A Critique
Authors: Freedman Eric
Published: November 2023

The Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation Resulting from the Anti-Semitic Legislation in force during the Occupation (the “Commission”), established by the French government in 1999 to determine claims relating to property or financial assets confiscated on French territory, is difficult to characterize. Its constituting document represents it as a conciliation commission, yet its procedures refer to conciliation as a last resort, while its practices contain some elements of arbitration. It is not, however, an arbitral tribunal. What follows is a brief overview of the Commission’s underlying principles, procedures, and overriding practices in order to present a clearer picture of its mandate and work.
Projects, Targets, and the Recruitment of the People
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

The recruitment of individuals from the periphery into the central institutions and deployments of the state has a very long history in both the countries we are considering. One of the most ancient kinds of such recruitment has been as armed supporters of the powers that be, whether through feudal obligations or physical capture through war or raiding.
Initial Refuge at Assosa and Why it Failed
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

The initial ‘fight’ to Ethiopia included a rushed march over parched red-soil lowland and then a scramble up several thousand feet of steep ravines and scree slopes of the escarpment to a cool, even chilly, site where the SPLA had agreed with UNCHR and the Ethiopian government that the Blue Nile people could stay for a while.
Escape back to the New Ethiopia
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

I have never had an opportunity to catch up with those refugees who decided in 1992 to remain on the Sudan side of the border, even though they had to decamp again in 1997 to Sherkole. But I was able to meet up with the majority faction in July 1992, after their desperate dash back to Ethiopia, in the transit camp arranged for them at Karmi, just upstream of Gambela.
Initial Stages Of The Extradition Process
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the provisions of the EA 2003 which deal with arrest, legal aid, bail and the initial hearing in the magistrates’ court. The Act makes a number of important changes to the procedures which existed under the EA 1989. In particular, the role of the Secretary of State is greatly reduced. He is no longer required to issue his authority to proceed, and has a limited role in Category 2 cases only. This chapter also examines relevant parts of the Codes of Practice relating to Part 4 issued by the Secretary of State under s 173. The Codes contain provisions relating to the detention and treatment of suspects arrested under the EA 2003.
Police Powers In Extradition Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

Part 4 of the EA 2003 is entitled ‘Police Powers’ and contains powers of entry, search and seizure for use in extradition cases. It also contains provisions for dealing with extradition detainees who are in police custody following arrest. Part 4 should be read in conjunction with the Codes of Practice issued by the Secretary of State under s 173.1 Before considering Part 4 in detail it is instructive to consider some of the difficulties created by the former law which Part 4 is intended to remedy.
The European Arrest Warrant
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the operation of the European arrest warrant (EAW) scheme within the EU. The EAW deserves special attention because of its political importance and because it makes a number of significant changes to the way in which extradition requests within the EU are processed. The largest number of extradition requests to the UK are made using the EAW.
Requests By Foreign States To The Uk For Assistance In Providing Evidence
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

The provisions containing the UK’s powers to grant mutual assistance to foreign states are complex. This chapter considers the relevant principles where the assistance requested involves the provision of evidence and information, including banking information. Provisions relating to the service of process, the transfer of prisoners, the mutual recognition of driving disqualifications and restraint and confiscation matters are considered in other chapters.
Mutual Assistance In The Service Of Process
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

The principal provisions relating to the service of process overseas are CICA 2003, ss 3 and 4. In summary, ss 3 and 4 allow for process to be served directly by post or other means rather than through central authorities. Section 51(3) provides that in relation to England, Wales and Northern Ireland ‘process’ means: any summons or order issued or made by a court and includes—(a) any other document issued or made by a court for service on parties or witnesses, (b) any document issued by a prosecuting authority outside the UK for the purposes of criminal proceedings.
Introduction
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Edquist Charles
Published: November 2023

Industrial innovation is considered fundamental to productivity growth and thereby to long-term socio-economic development in industrialized countries. According to growth accounting that emerged in the 1950s, the main source of growth in labor productivity is the ‘residual,’ which mainly consists of new products and processes based on the advancement of knowledge and technology. Increasing physical and human capital (through education) is seen as less important for increasing productivity. On the one hand, empirical research has revealed that innovation enhances the growth and survival of firms (Brouwer and Kleinknecht 1994; Archibugi and Pianta 1996; Audretsch 1995; Lawless and Anderson 1996; Metcalfe 1995).
Can Regulations Induce Environmental Innovations? An Analysis of the Role of Regulations in the Pulp and Paper Industry in Selected Industrialized Countries
Authors: Foster James , Hilde´n, Mikael , Adler Niclas
Published: November 2023

The growth of industrial production has historically been associated with an increasing use of natural resources, with increasing emissions of pollutants to air, water, and soil, and with growing amounts of waste. To deal with these negative consequences of industrial production, environmental regulations have been introduced; but to truly decouple the link between growth of industrial production and increasing environmental degradation, it is

obvious that process innovations are needed. How should environmental regulations that affect process innovations be evaluated? What factors should be taken into account in considering the effects of regulations on process innovations?The first set of questions arises in any analysis of environmental policies.
Introduction
Authors: Hage Jerald
Published: November 2023

Research on industrial innovation has focused on neither studies of industrial research laboratories, nor the more general, nebulous phenomena of science; yet scientific research lies at the heart of a vibrant economy, a secure society, and the system of knowledge production. More and more product innovations, even those in the traditional sectors, are based on advances in science. This is obvious in the case of such high- tech industries as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, etc.; but is also true for such traditional industries as mattress manufacturing, light bulbs, and many simple home products.
Network Attributes Impacting the Generation and Flow of Knowledge within and from the Basic Science Community
Authors: Mohrman Susan A , Galbraith, Jay R , Monge Peter
Published: November 2023

Though its goals and focus are often politically contested (Stokes 1997), public funding of basic science research has become accepted policy in many parts of the world. Even as corporate research and development (R&D) has increasingly acquired a short-term focus (Tucker and Sampat 1998), public support for basic science research has increased steadily in both the European Union (European Commission 1994, 1998, 2002) and the United States (US Government 2003). Such investment in science is made with the expectation that society will benefit from the research, particularly in areas of security, health, and environmental sustain- ability (for example, see European Commission 1994, 1998, 2002; AIP 1999; Lee et al. 2003).
Introduction
Authors: Lente Harro van , Mohrman Susan A
Published: November 2023

This part focuses on the generation and use of knowledge in and across contexts, especially on how knowledge trajectories are shaped and lead to innovation. It considers the core theme of this book from a different perspective: the creative, indispensable, multifaceted, and multi-level relationships between knowledge, innovation, and institutional change. Understanding their dynamics thus requires a variety of approaches, and so the chapters in this part represent an array of disciplines and levels of analysis.
The European University in the Age of Revolution, 1789-1850
Authors: BROCKLISS W B
Published: November 2023

Understanding the peculiar position of Oxford and Cambridge among European universities from 1800 onwards entails a glance at the eighteenth century. In 1789 Europe contained about one hundred and fifty universities. Fifty were located in just two countries-France and Spain-while the rest were fairly evenly distributed among the other states of the Continent in proportion to their size and population. Small states, such as the German principalities, usually had only one university, while the other great powers, often themselves a congeries of distinctive regions, normally possessed one or two per province. The kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, which contained seven universities (two in England, four in Scotland, and Trinity College, Dublin), followed the common European pattern. In fact, with a combined population of only 13-14 million, the British Isles was better provided with universities than the more populous Austrian Empire.
Oxford and its Critics, r 800-r 83 5
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: November 2023

The last two chapters have been devoted to what can now be discerned about Oxford during the first three decades of examination reform, when it is compared with the other European universities of that day. This chapter, by contrast, concerns what was perceived and written at the time by Oxford’s critics and defenders. Some of the comments mentioned below were related more closely to the political views of the writer than to the observed facts. A period which began during a long war and ended with political upheaval was seldom favourable to dispassionate observation.
The Ascendancy of Oriel
Authors: Turpin K C
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of the eighteenth century an alumnus of Oriel and a high steward of the University, Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh in the county of Warwickshire, left the college the whole of his library; this necessitated the erection of a new building to house it. In this neo-classical building on the north side of the middle quadrangle of the college the library was accommodated on the first floor but, mindful of their other needs, the Provost and fellows provided two common rooms on the ground floor, in the larger of which it became the custom to place the portraits of provosts. Among these portraits are those of John Eveleigh, Edward Copleston and Edward Hawkins, the three provosts who cover the period with which this chapter is concerned. Eveleigh, Provost from 1781 to 1814, sowed the seeds of Oriel’s distinction in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, Copleston, Provost from 1814 to 1828, reaped the harvest, and Hawkins, Provost from 1828 to 1882, partly owing to changing circumstances, partly because of his own personal idiosyncrasies, saw the college gradually lose the pre-eminence it had achieved under his two predecessors.
The Taming Of Tuberculosis And Leprosy
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

There are various kinds of infection caused by mycobacteria, but two types loom large in human history: the terrible afflictions designated within the Latin names of their causative organisms, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leprosy is a truly horrific condition, especially in its most florid form, and one from which, historically, individuals and communities have recoiled in terror. But without diminishing the seriousness of that disease, it is tuberculosis—the white plague—that far outstrips it in importance among the major microbial enemies of humankind.
Types of Euthanasia
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

So far, we have spoken of assisted death, and made little distinction between the forms that assisted death may take. The following three chapters will be concerned with the problems that have arisen in different kinds of cases, and what has been their outcome. The ﬁrst distinction to be drawn is between assisted death that has been asked for by a patient, and that which has not. This chapter and the next will be concerned with requested death. The paradigm case of physician-assisted dying is that of a patient who is at the end of his life, who knows that he is dying of some incurable disease, and who asks his doctor that he be helped to die before his suffering becomes more intense.
Incompetent Adults
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

We turn now to other cases of non-voluntary euthanasia, a kind of mercy killing where a decision may be made to bring about the death of a patient, although the patient has not, and could not have, asked for it, at the time when the decision was made. It is important to include the qualiﬁcation ‘at the time when the decision was made ‘, for there are some cases where a patient, though mentally incompetent at the time of death, himself made a declaration in advance, while he was still competent, in which he formally made his wishes known about his treatment in case, when he approached death, he had become unable to make his own decisions.
How do we stay upright?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Sensations concerning position and movement are sent to the brain from: nerves providing body sensation the eyes the inner ear. The brain interprets these, and decides what responses are needed.Instructions in the form of nerve impulses are sent to muscles around the body to make the movements that the brain thinks are necessary.
How can the heart and circulation contribute to falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Giddiness, falls, and loss of consciousness can be caused by: Conditions that cause low blood pressure: orthostatic hypotension simple faints (vasovagal syndrome) vasodepressor carotid sinus hypersensitivity treatments that reduce blood pressure. Conditions that affect the pulse: a pulse that is rapid—supraventricular tachycardia, rapid atrial fibrillation a pulse that is ineffective—ventricular tachycardia a pulse that is too slow—complete heart block a pulse that has prolonged pauses—sick sinus syndrome, cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.
Medicines and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Medicines are an important cause of falls, and one that can be prevented. Medicines cause falls by different mechanisms: sedation dropping the blood pressure slowing the pulse other mechanisms that are currently unknown. There are few data on which drugs are the most likely to cause falls, and more research on this subject is needed.In a significant minority of falls medicines may be the cause, or one among several causes, of falls. Most medicines do not cause falls. Although there is no doubt that some medicines can cause falls, the British National Formulary (the book that doctors use to check on drug doses and side effects) does not include falls as a side effect for any medication. The problem is to decide which medicines are the ones responsible, and to find an alternative that will have the necessary therapeutic effects but not have the same side effects.
How does neurological disease cause falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Neurological diseases commonly cause falls, and are often the first thing that leads to a medical opinion. Stroke can cause falls because of: muscle weakness loss of coordination impaired balance impaired understanding and judgement.Parkinson’s disease causes falls because of: rigidity and stiffness of the muscles, slowing responses an abnormal bent posture which threatens stability freezing and the inability to complete corrective movements loss of the idea of where the vertical lies impaired perception of the surrounding space? diminished cone of stability confusion orthostatic hypotension.
How do falls affect the family and carers?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

The spouse or partner Daughters, less commonly sons More distant relatives Friends Neighbours and other ‘informal carers’ Paid carers.Falls can have a dramatic effect on the lives of those who fall. Their effect on family, friends, and carers is often as great. There are several aspects to this: fear and anxiety about future falls the need for supervision day and night the effects of falls that have already occurred the need for care to cope with loss of independence.The faller may be scared of falling. Some fallers will limit their activity to diminish the risk of falls, and will do whatever is necessary to prevent them. Others are not concerned about the risk of further falls—it is their family and friends who are concerned about them.
What role do diet and vitamin de?ciencies have in causing falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

reluctance to cook lack of knowledge and experience in cooking (especially men) lack of hunger loss of ‘taste’ (in fact a loss of smell) difficulty doing the shopping being housebound poverty.Nearly all older people are deficient in vitamin D.Vitamin D supplements are the main treatment for osteoporosis, and should be given to anyone at risk of osteoporosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency is not uncommon and can cause orthostatic hypotension (which may be reversible).Poor diet and weight loss Older people tend to have poor diets, and this has an adverse effect on their health. There are a number of reasons for this.
The Pissing Evil: Defining the disease
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

The earliest description of what might be diabetes is in an Egyptian papyrus of 1500 bc. The entry consists of the single phrase ‘a medicine to drive away the passing of too much urine’. Frequency and retention with overflow are also mentioned, making it uncertain whether what is being described is an excessive volume of urine (polyuria) or excessively frequent urination (frequency) as from infection or a bladder stone.
European Environmental Law
Authors: Etty T F M , Somsen H
Published: November 2023

The Yearbook of European Environmental Law is a joint venture between leading academics, practitioners, and Community officials. Academics and students will find a wealth of information in the stimulating and clearly written articles. The well-structured and reliable Annual Survey is specifically designed to provide easy access to the very latest developments in environmental law at the European level. Separate parts of the Yearbook are devoted to important policy documents and reviews of books.
Innovation through Precaution: :e Case of the Dutch Wadden Sea
Authors: Fleurke* Floor M
Published: November 2023

:e precautionary principle is designed to provide guidance in environmental cases where societal stakes are high and scientific claims are uncertain or complex. :e principle hence serves to reconcile two seemingly opposite arenas, those of science and policy. It does this by lowering the burden of proof of harm, and by involving a wider range of interests in decision-making processes. :is chapter endeavours to provide insights into the difficult relationship between science and decision-making by focusing on the practical application of the precautionary principle in policy-making regarding the Wadden Sea, which represents a particularly suitable case study for our purposes.
:e Resurrection of the EURATOM Treaty: Contributing to the Legal and Constitutional Framework for Secure, Competitive, and Sustainable Energy in the European Union
Authors: Barnes* Pamela M
Published: November 2023

Among the most difficult challenges facing the Member States of the European Union (EU) are the interrelated challenges of increasing energy security and combating climate change. As nuclear generated electricity provides 30 per cent of the electricity used in the EU and is regarded as a virtually carbon free energy resource, one highly controversial solution to these challenges would be to increase the amount of electricity produced by nuclear technology. Nuclear generation of electricity is not a new solution to the search for secure and accessible energy in Europe. :e first European reactors began to produce nuclear electricity in the 1950s.
:e Disclosure of Origin Requirement: Europe Moving Towards Pro-CBD Implementation
Authors: Claessens* Fleur
Published: November 2023

Developing countries hold the majority of the world ‘s genetic resources and traditional knowledge and are concerned about contemporary practices to appropriate biological diversity and associated knowledge. In order to put a halt to the misappropriation of their resources and to minimize the granting of bad or erroneous patents, incorporating naturally occurring genetic resources without due recognition or compensation, several countries and regions have applied disclosure of origin measures in relation to patent applications for inventions derived from genetic resources. Such certification of origin essentially functions as a tracing mechanism.
II.Energy
Authors: Rodi* Michael , Mehling** Michael
Published: November 2023

After previous years had seen a number of landmark breakthroughs in climate and energy policy, optimism and elation gave way to a more sober assessment of actual developments in 2006. In January, for instance, climatologists at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) reported that the previous year had seen the highest global annual average surface temperature on record, affirming that ‘rapid warming gives urgency to discussions about how to slow green-house gas emissions ‘. A study released in early 2006 by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research even concluded that greenhouse gas emissions must ‘end completely ‘ by the end of the next century if global warming is to be kept within a safe range.
III.Biotechnology
Authors: Etty* Thijs
Published: November 2023

:e survey year 2006 was one of mixed accomplishments in the policy area of ‘green ‘ biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). On the European Union (EU) front, last year ‘s trend of a slow but steady pace was continued, with mainly small amendments and implementing measures being adopted, following what has been an exceptionally dynamic few years in terms of European biotechnology decision-making. While the de facto moratorium on GMO authorizations has formally moved to the annals of history, its shadow is proving to be long and looming. :e deep divide between the Member States is still far from bridged, and the Commission ‘s unilateral approval of (few) new GMOs that may subsequently be barred through Member State precautionary
Complaints and Misconduct I: The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Ipcc)
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) was created by Pt 2 of the Police Reform Act 2002 (the 2002 Act) and assumed power on 1 April 2004. The IPCC’s functions and duties are considerably wider and deeper than those of its predecessor—namely, the Police Complaints Authority (PCA).
Special (‘Fast-Track’) Cases Under the Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 and 2008
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

There is no conceptual difficulty with the need for a so-called ‘special case’ or ‘fast-track’ procedure. It is in the public interest that a police force be able to dismiss an officer where there is an overwhelming and unanswerable case of sufficiently serious criminal or gross misconduct without the need, for example, to await the outcome of criminal proceedings against him or others. Obviously, the regulations must—and do, quite sensibly—address the overlap with criminal proceedings.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

‘Abuse of process’ is a much-used term within misconduct investigations and proceedings—but use does not always evidence understanding. This may, in part, be attributable to it representing something of an umbrella term covering a number of fundamentally different legal principles. The common feature, apart from the umbrella term, is the outcome sought by the affected officer—that is, a stay of some, or all, of the proceedings against him.
Police-Related Criminal Offences
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

Police officers are liable to prosecution in relation to the unlawful performance of duty. The most common of the relevant offences in practice are considered in this chapter.
Citizen Choler a
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

“ To every thoughtful Physician, such a Visitation as a Cholera Epidemic brings a torrent of deep questionings … [Being] forced to confront … the moral and physical evils which engender or increase Epidemic diseases in our Towns, [one] is to be led into stern communings concerning the whole of our social and political life.” So wrote Henry Wentworth Acland, Oxford don and cholera doctor, in the aftermath of the 1854 cholera. A modern historian, Roderick McGrew, notes that “cholera moved like the conscience of the nineteenth century … It settled in the discreetly veiled cesspools of human misery, and it was difficult to ignore the noxious horrors that its presence brought to view.”
Choler a Confuses
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

To historians, and equally to researchers, the “science”— the very word is contested—of cholera before the great age of bacteriology has seemed a vast wasteland. Why did authors waste their time on tons of treatises that, but for a short work by John Snow, represent a nil knowledge gain? Had pandemic cholera arisen in 1917 rather than 1817, would we have had to repeat that century of groping? Calling this earlier period pre-scientific (or pre-paradigmatic) is not such a bad idea—at least if we can avoid the usual concomitants: that, in the face of a rapid, deadly, and terrifying entity, the unhurried rigor of science is obviously the best response.
How epilepsy is diagnosed—or should be
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of epilepsy is based on the account of the attack(s) given by the victim and any witnesses to a doctor or specialist nurse.

This can easily lead to mistakes in diagnosis for various reasons.

Nowadays it is sometimes possible to record attacks on continuous EEG and video monitoring; this aids diagnosis.

Once the diagnosis is made various investigations are done to try to determine the cause (like ECG, EEG, and MRI).It is not always easy to diagnose epilepsy: there is no doubt that some people given the diagnosis and started on treatment do not actually have it and that some people, given a different diagnosis, eventually turn out to have epilepsy or a different type than that originally diagnosed. There are several reasons for this.
So, if it isn’t epilepsy then what is it?
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

It can be difficult to correctly diagnose the cause of a seizure.

•Sometimes a spurious label of epilepsy is given to a seizure.

•Other physical causes of seizures can be mislabelled as epilepsy, as can emotional seizures.

There are many answers to the above question, which really lie outside the scope of this book (indeed would take a small textbook to answer). Both physical and emotional causes of non-epileptic seizures exist and both kinds can be mislabelled as epilepsy. What we can do is to give an example of each kind. The most important thing is that, if the patient’s seizures turn out to be due to something other than epilepsy, they still need to be correctly diagnosed and appropriately managed and treated (and not just lobbed in the general direction of the local cardiologist or psychiatrist without a word of explanation to the patient). Often the patient gets blamed for what is, after all, the professional’s mistake.
The drugs in use— pros and cons
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

There are a number of drugs available for epilepsy in the UK.

Some are obsolete or are potentially dangerous; we tell you in case you don’t know.

Some cause problems relating to menstruation, fertility, child development, and the menopause.

Every woman with epilepsy should take folic acid 5 milligrams daily from before she becomes pregnant and all the way through her pregnancy (or at least the first 4 months).

Women taking certain drugs should take vitamin K from the 36th week (listed).