bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polynya flux model solutions incorporating a
parameterization for the collection thickness of
consolidated new ice
Authors: BIGGS NICHOLAS R. T. , MORALES MAQUEDA MIGUEL A. , WILLMOTT ANDREW J.
Published: July 2002

Previous polynya flux models have specified a constant value for the collection
thickness of frazil ice, H, at the polynya edge. In certain circumstances, this approach
can cause the frazil ice depth, h, within the polynya, to exceed H, a result which
violates assumptions made in the formulation of the ice flux balance equations at
the polynya edge. To overcome this problem, a parameterization for H is derived
in terms of the depth of frazil ice arriving at the polynya edge and the component,
normal to the polynya edge, of the frazil ice velocity relative to the velocity of the
consolidated ice pack. Thus, H is coupled to the unknown polynya edge. Using the
new parameterization for H, an analysis of the unsteady one-dimensional opening
of a coastal polynya is presented. Analytical solutions are also derived, using the
new parameterization for H, for steady-state two-dimensional polynyas adjacent to a
semi-infinite and finite-length coastal barrier, the latter case representing a prototype
island. In all cases, the solutions show close qualitative and quantitative agreement
with those derived using a constant value for H. However, the steady-state two-dimensional polynya edge can, in certain circumstances, exhibit a corner at the point
where the offshore equilibrium width is reached. Precise conditions for the existence
of a corner are derived in terms of the orientation of the frazil ice velocity (u) and
the consolidated ice velocity (U). Upper and lower bounds are also obtained for the
area of the steady-state island polynya, and it is shown that over a large range of
orientations of u and U, the area exceeds that associated with the island polynya
with constant H. Finally, two simulations of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya are
presented using the new parameterization for H, and the results are compared with
the H-constant theory.
A unified theory of scope for quantifiers and wh-phrases
Authors: POLLARD CARL J. , YOO EUN JUNG
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an analysis of quantifier and wh-operator

scope in terms of a
lexicalized theory of quantifier storage, within the framework of Head-Driven
Phrase
Structure Grammar. The proposed analysis provides an alternative to the
derivational
approach wherein quantifier scope is determined at a separate level of
representation
via movement, and shows how scope of quantifiers and wh-phrases
(fronted or in situ)
can be handled in a unified way in a constraint-based grammar. Lexicalization
of
quantifier storage offers an account of scope facts in raising and unbounded

dependency constructions which have been problematic in an earlier constraint-based

approach to quantifier scope.
Analytical model for collisionless scrape-off-layer plasma during disruptions
and enhanced phase of normal operation
Authors: HASSANEIN A. , KONKASHBAEV I. K.
Published: July 2002

The structure of a collisionless scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma in tokamak
reactors is studied in order to define the electron distribution function and the
corresponding sheath potential between the divertor plate and the edge plasma. The
collisionless model is shown to be valid during the thermal phase of plasma
disruption, as well as during the newly desired low-recycling normal phase of operation
with low-density, high-temperature, edge plasma conditions. An analytical solution
is developed by solving the Fokker–Planck equation for electron distribution
and balance in the SOL. The solution is in good agreement with numerical studies
using Monte Carlo methods. The analytical solutions provide insight into the role
of different physical and geometrical processes in a collisionless SOL during
disruptions and during the enhanced phase of normal operation over a wide range of
parameters.
Low-frequency electrostatic waves in a bounded dusty magnetoplasma
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , MAMUN A. A.
Published: July 2002

A rigorous theoretical investigation is made of obliquely propagating
low-frequency electrostatic waves in a cylindrically bounded magnetized dusty
plasma. A number of different modes, such as modified convective cells, coupled
ion-cyclotron and dust-ion-acoustic waves, modified lower-hybrid waves, coupled
dust-cyclotron and dust-acoustic waves, etc., are investigated. It is shown that the
effects of the cylindrical boundary of the dusty plasma system, the external magnetic
field, and the obliqueness (of the propagating modes) significantly modify the
dispersion properties of these different low-frequency electrostatic waves. The
implications of our results for laboratory dusty magnetoplasmas are briefly pointed
out.
K–ε compressible 3D neutral fluid turbulence
modelling of the effect of toroidal cavities on
flame-front propagation in the gas-blanket
regime for tokamak divertors
Authors: VAHALA GEORGE , VAHALA LINDA , MORRISON JOSEPH , KRASHENINNIKOV SERGEI , SIGMAR DIETER
Published: July 2002

Recent experiments and 2D laminar plasma–fluid simulations
have
indicated
that plasma detachment from the divertor plate is strongly tied to plasma
recombination. With plasma recombination, a neutral gas blanket will form
between the divertor plate and the plasma frame front. Because of
plasma-neutral coupling, the plasma flow along the field lines will drive
neutral
gas flow with Mach number [ges ]1 and Reynolds number [ges ]1000. A compressible
set of conservation and transport equations are solved with 2D mean toroidal
flow and 3D turbulence effects over various toroidal cavity geometries.
The
radial structure of the temperature profile is determined for both turbulent
and
laminar flow as the flame front propagates down the toroidal cavity.
Quantitative results are obtained for the increased heat transfer to the
toroidal
walls due to turbulence as well as radial profiles for the transport coefficients.
It is found that heat loads to the toroidal walls can be increased by factors
of
5–20 over that for laminar flow for the cavity geometries studied
here. This
increased heat transfer to the toroidal walls will lead to decreased levels
of heat
flux impinging on the divertor plate.
Transition to turbulent electric current sheet reconnection
Authors: DAHLBURG RUSSELL B.
Published: July 2002

Electric current sheets develop in the solar corona when different
flux systems
come into contact. At these sheets magnetic energy is transformed into
heat
and kinetic energy by means of reconnection. We have previously demonstrated
how to accelerate neutral sheet energy conversion by means of a transition
to
turbulent reconnection via ideal, three-dimensional secondary instabilities,
as
conjectured by Montgomery. In this paper we describe how our previous results
are modified by the presence of a finite mean sheetwise magnetic field.
We find
a stabilization from this field, due to a decrease in energy transfer from
the basic
magnetic field to the three-dimensional perturbed fields. An increase in
perturbed dissipative energy losses is also observed.
Response of a relativistic anisotropic thermal

plasma. Part 2. Magnetized particles
Authors: MELROSE D. B.
Published: July 2002

The linear response tensor for a relativistic counterpart of a

bi-Maxwellian distribution is calculated in closed form for a magnetized
plasma.

The method used

involves the following steps: (1) a covariant form of the response tensor
for an

arbitrary distribution of particles is derived using both a forward-scattering
method

and a covariant version of Vlasov theory; (2) the response tensor is evaluated
for a

strictly perpendicular, thermal distribution using a method due to Trubnikov;
(3)

the parallel distribution is built up by applying a Lorentz transformation
to sum

over a weighted, continuous distribution of parallel speeds. A convenient
starting

point for a detailed investigation of waves in such a plasma is the small-gyroradius

approximation to the general expression for the response tensor, and the
relevant

approximation is derived and discussed briefly. The expansion of the general

expression for the response tensor in Bessel functions in given in an appendix.
Spectral breaking of high-power microwave
pulses propagating in a self-induced plasma
Authors: KORETZKY EDWARD , KUO SPENCER P. , KIM JOHN
Published: July 2002

An experiment is conducted to confirm the theoretical prediction
that a rapidly
generated lossy plasma can cause spectral breaking and frequency shift
of a
high-power microwave pulse. Spectral breaking is the transformation or

breaking of a single dominant spectral peak associated with an incident
pulse
into two spectral peaks. The experiment is conducted by comparing the
frequency spectrum of an incident pulse with the spectrum of the pulse

transmitted through a self-induced air-breakdown environment. It is shown

that as the ionization rate becomes too high, the spectrum of the transmitted

pulse breaks up into two peaks: one has an upshifted centre frequency,
and the
other has a downshifted centre frequency. The results show that the amount
of
frequency upshift is correlated with the ionization rate, whereas the amount
of
frequency downshift is correlated with the energy losses from the pulse
in the
self-generated plasma. These experimental results agree with the theoretical

prediction and a numerical simulation, which are also presented.
Van Kampen modes revisited
Authors: DOUGHERTY J. P.
Published: July 2002

The Van Kampen mode discussion of plasma oscillations is briefly
reviewed
alongside theories of non-equilbrium statistical mechanics and attention
is
drawn to illuminating connections between them.
Mode coupling in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flows
Authors: NIJBOER R. J. , GOEDBLOED J. P.
Published: July 2002

The spectrum of incompressible waves and instabilities of two-dimensional plasma
geometries with background flow is calculated. The equilibrium is solved numerically
by the recently developed program FLow Equilibrium Solver (FLES). The
spectra of the equilibria are computed by means of another new program, the
INcompressible 2-dimensional FLow Eigenvalue Solver (IN2FLES). Magnetic instabilities
and instabilities driven by the two-dimensionality and the flow are found.
For linear equilibria, the eigenvalues for elliptical geometries remain close to the
curves on which the eigenvalues for circular geometries lie. These curves may be
found for unbounded domains by a calculation in Fourier space [see Lifschitz, A.
In: Proceedings of 1995 International Workshop on Operator Theory and Applications
(ed. R. Mennicken and C. Tretter), pp. 97–117, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1998]. Here
the relation between a new continuous spectrum of unbounded domains and the
discrete spectrum of bounded domains is investigated. Finally, it is found that the
two-dimensionality and the background flow may lead to an overstable cluster-point.
A general formula for the size of the mode-coupling region
Authors: SABZEVARI BIJAN Sh.
Published: July 2002

Mode coupling takes place in a small, but non-zero, region around the
coupling point. A general formula for the size of this coupling region is given.
This formula is valid for anisotropic absorbing media with the inhomogenity in
one direction and for a linear system of wave equations with an arbitrary
number of fields and of arbitrary order; i.e. an arbitrary number of waves can
couple and an arbitrary number of coupling points can coalesce. It is shown
that the size is dependent on the number of modes that exist in the medium and
the number of coupling points that coalesce. The formula is applied to some
examples. A peculiar result that the formula shows is that as the temperature
approaches infinity, the size of the mode-coupling region approaches a constant
finite value, and in certain cases this size approaches zero; i.e. in these cases of
extremely high temperature, mode coupling eventually vanishes.
Effect of drift kelp on the spatial distribution pattern of the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger: a geostatistical approach
Authors: Rodríguez Sebastián R. , Fariña José M.
Published: July 2002

Geostatistical analysis was used to investigate the effect of drift kelp on the spatial distribution of the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger. The positions of all sea urchins were mapped in four experimental plots in the rocky intertidal zone of the central Chilean coast. When drift macroalgae were added, the sea urchins left the substratum irregularities, increased in number inside the experimental plots, and tended to form a dense aggregation around the kelp. After the drift macroalgae was removed, the aggregations disappeared and the sea urchins returned to the depressions and/or interstices of the substratum. The results suggest that the influx of drift kelp is the triggering factor in the formation of dense aggregations of this species.
Early increase of gut intraepithelial mast cell precursors

following Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice
Authors: TEGOSHI T. , OKADA M. , NISHIDA M. , ARIZONO N.
Published: July 2002

The time-course of differentiation/proliferation

of mast cells in gut epithelium was investigated in mice infected with
the

nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis. After infection, expression

of proliferating cell nuclear antigen increased in gut

intraepithelial mast cells on days 7 to 11, followed by an increase

in the number of intraepithelial mast cells from days 11

to 14. Mast cell precursors were defined as cells that formed mast

cell colonies in methylcellulose culture. After infection,

the numbers of mast cell precursors in the population of gut

intraepithelial mononuclear cells (IEMNC) increased

significantly on day 3 and returned to the pre-infection level by

day 7. Mast cell precursors in Peyer's patches, mesenteric

lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen also increased from day 7 p.i.

Production of IL-3 and IL-4 in MLN and spleen were

increased between 7 and 11 days p.i. These results show that

murine intestinal mastocytosis is initiated by an early increase

in mast cell precursor number in the gut epithelium followed

by proliferation/differentiation of mast cells. Mast cell

precursor numbers increased even before the production of

IL-3 and IL-4 in MLN and spleen, suggesting that some local

factors might be involved in this phenomenon.
Experimental Oesophagostomum dentatum infections in the
pig: worm populations at regular intervals during trickle
infections with three dose levels of larvae
Authors: CHRISTENSEN C. M. , BARNES E. H. , NANSEN P.
Published: July 2002

A trickle infection experiment was undertaken to study in detail
the
population dynamics of Oesophagostomum dentatum
in pigs. Three groups of 32 pigs were inoculated via the feed twice weekly
with 100 (Group A), 1000 (Group B) or 10000
(Group C) O. dentatum infective larvae (L3). Five
pigs from each group were killed 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after the
first inoculation (p.i.) to determine their worm burdens. Weekly faecal
egg
counts were determined. At slaughter, worms
were counted, differentiated according to sex and developmental stage,
and their
length measured. Faecal egg counts
ranked with dose rate until week 15, but later were more variable. The
proportion
of the total number of L3 administered
which were recovered at slaughter inversely ranked with dose rate. In group
C
it decreased over time, whereas in groups
A and B there was no consistent pattern. Worm fecundities (epg/female)
in groups A and B were higher than in group
C. The lengths of the female worms increased over time, whereas the lengths
of
the male worms remained approximately
constant from week 8. The study suggests reduced establishment of incoming
larvae and
lower fecundity of the female worms at high dose levels.
The diagnosis of prion diseases
Authors: KNIGHT R.
Published: July 2002

Prion diseases of humans and other animals have clinical, economic and political significance. Pre-mortem diagnosis is
therefore of great importance. Clinical diagnostic criteria and the current status of the available diagnostic tests are
reviewed and possible future developments discussed. Presently, most diagnostic tests are indirect, relying on findings that
may not be confined to prion diseases rather than on their particular intrinsic nature. They are therefore not absolutely
specific nor are they 100% sensitive. The electroencephalogram (EEG), cerebral imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
analysis are the main techniques employed. However, there is hope that useful blood tests could be developed which would
be simpler and less invasive. Also, there is hope that more specific tests will become available.
Corlett on Kant, Hegel, and Retribution
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this essay is to critically appraise J. Angelo Corlett's recent interpretation of Kant's theory of punishment as well as his rejection of Hegel's penology. In taking Kant to be a retributivist at a primary level and a proponent of deterrence at a secondary level, I believe Corlett has inappropriately wed together Kant's distinction between moral and positive law. Moreover, his support of Kant on these grounds is misguided as it is instead Hegel who holds such a distinction. Finally, I attempt to refute the almost timeless retributivist rejection of deterrence-based theories of punishment on the grounds that the latter somehow would condone in some cases the punishment of innocent persons. These individuals almost always demand that no innocent person be punished as a rule of the highest order.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Authors: PAYKEL EUGENE
Published: July 2002

The first issue of 1997 brings two changes.

First, we are pleased to announce a further increase in size. Pressure of excellent quality
manuscript submissions continues to grow, and this year sees a modest increase in size with each
issue around 256 pages. With an earlier increase from four to six issues per year, this represents 40%
growth in the total size of each volume in the last 3 years. We recognize the importance of keeping
publication delays short, and also the importance of maintaining high quality. The new increase in pages will allow only a modest increase in our current acceptance rate, without loss of these ideals,
and the annual volume size is now substantial.

Secondly, we adopt structured abstracts with this issue. This format has become widespread in
the last few years. It is better suited to the electronic databases, which are essential for the modern
scientist and scholar, and to the various forms of electronic publishing, which are supplementing,
but not supplanting, the printed page. We are proud of the literary style of our authors and we hope
that the structured format can still accommodate it.
Photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria
Authors: Hu Xiche , Ritz Thorsten , Damjanović Ana , Autenrieth Felix , Schulten Klaus
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 2

2. Structure of the bacterial PSU 5

2.1 Organization of the bacterial PSU 5

2.2 The crystal structure of the RC 9

2.3 The crystal structures of LH-II 11

2.4 Bacteriochlorophyll pairs in LH-II and the RC 13

2.5 Models of LH-I and the LH-I-RC complex 15

2.6 Model for the PSU 17

3. Excitation transfer in the PSU 18

3.1 Electronic excitations of BChls 22

3.1.1 Individual BChls 22

3.1.2 Rings of BChls 22

3.1.2.1 Exciton states 22

3.1.3 Effective Hamiltonian 24

3.1.4 Optical properties 25

3.1.5 The effect of disorder 26

3.2 Theory of excitation transfer 29

3.2.1 General theory 29

3.2.2 Mechanisms of excitation transfer 32

3.2.3 Approximation for long-range transfer 34

3.2.4 Transfer to exciton states 35

3.3 Rates for transfer processes in the PSU 37

3.3.1 Car→BChl transfer 37

3.3.1.1 Mechanism of Car→BChl transfer 39

3.3.1.2 Pathways of Car→BChl transfer 40

3.3.2 Efficiency of Car→BChl transfer 40

3.3.3 B800-B850 transfer 44

3.3.4 LH-II→LH-II transfer 44

3.3.5 LH-II→LH-I transfer 45

3.3.6 LH-I→RC transfer 45

3.3.7 Excitation migration in the PSU 46

3.3.8 Genetic basis of PSU assembly 49

4. Concluding remarks 53

5. Acknowledgments 55

6. References 55

Life as we know it today exists largely because of photosynthesis, the process through which
light energy is converted into chemical energy by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
(Priestley, 1772; Barnes, 1893; Wurmser, 1925; Van Niel, 1941; Clayton & Sistrom, 1978;
Blankenship et al. 1995; Ort & Yocum, 1996). Historically, photosynthetic organisms are
grouped into two classes. When photosynthesis is carried out in the presence of air it is called
oxygenic photosynthesis (Ort & Yocum, 1996). Otherwise, it is anoxygenic (Blankenship et
al. 1995). Higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis, which
involves reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and oxidation of water to produce
molecular oxygen. Some photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple bacteria, carry out
anoxygenic photosynthesis that involves oxidation of molecules other than water. In spite of
these differences, the general principles of energy transduction are the same in anoxygenic and
oxygenic photosynthesis (Van Niel, 1931, 1941; Stanier, 1961; Wraight, 1982; Gest, 1993).
The primary processes of photosynthesis involve absorption of photons by light-harvesting
complexes (LHs), transfer of excitation energy from LHs to the photosynthetic reaction
centers (RCs), and the primary charge separation across the photosynthetic membrane (Sauer,
1975; Knox, 1977; Fleming & van Grondelle, 1994; van Grondelle et al. 1994). In this article,
we will focus on the anoxygenic photosynthetic process in purple bacteria, since its
photosynthetic system is the most studied and best characterized during the past 50 years.
John Conley & William O'Barr, Just
words: Law, language, and power. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1998. Pp. xi, 168. Hb $35.00, pb $13.00.
Authors: Jacquemet Marco
Published: July 2002

Until recently, legal anthropologists have treated
talk as a source of information about conflict rather than
as a techno-political device used by participants in the
conflict. From Malinowski to Gluckman to Bohannan, conflict
– between social classes, ethnic groups, individuals
and society, or individual interactants – has always
been one of the major concerns of socio-cultural anthropology.
Yet the classic studies yielded very little knowledge of
how people actually manage conflict in interaction. They
suffered from an absence of detailed primary data and elected
to present summaries, reports by native sources, or reports
from meetings held to resolve the conflict. In sum, those
studies analyzed the law as a set of cases and rules, rather
than a contested field of linguistic practices.
Localist but distributed representations
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2002

A number of examples are given of how localist models may incorporate distributed representations, without the types of nonlocal interactions that often render distributed models implausible. The need to analyze the information that is encoded by these representations is also emphasized as a metatheoretical constraint on model plausibility.
Emotions and reward – but no arousal?
Authors: Ursin Holger
Published: July 2002

This commentary argues for the inclusion of the neurophysiological arousal concept to help understanding the brain mechanisms of emotions and reward and the cognitive mechanisms involved.
The limits imposed by culture: Are symmetry preferences evidence of a recent reproductive strategy or a common primate inheritance?
Authors: Newson Lesley , Lea Stephen
Published: July 2002

Women's preference for symmetrical men need not have evolved as part of a good gene sexual selection (GGSS) reproductive strategy employed during recent human evolutionary history. It may be a remnant of the reproductive strategy of a perhaps promiscuous species which existed prior to the divergence of the human line from that of the bonobo and chimp.
Is the learning paradox resolved?
Authors: Raijmakers M. E. J.
Published: July 2002

We argue that on logical grounds the constructivist algorithms
mentioned by Quartz & Sejnowski (Q&S) do not resolve the
learning paradox. In contrast, a neural network might acquire a more
powerful structure by means of phase transitions. The latter kind of
developmental mechanism can be in agreement with the constructivist
manifesto.
Distributed neural substrates and the evolution of speech production
Authors: Ghazanfar Asif A. , Katz Donald B.
Published: July 2002

There is evidence of reciprocal connectivity, similarity
of oscillatory responses to stimulation of multiple motor and
somatosensory cortices, whole system oscillation, and short-
latency responses to behavioral perturbation. These suggest that
frame/content may be instantiated by overlapping neural populations,
and that the genesis of frame oscillations may be profitably thought
of as an emergent property of a distributed neural system.
Filling-in while finding out: Guiding behavior by representing information
Authors: Ross William D.
Published: July 2002

Discriminating behavior depends on neural representations in
which the sensory activity patterns guiding different responses are
decorrelated from one another. Visual information can often be
parsimoniously transformed into these behavioral bridge-locus
representations within neuro-computational visuo-spatial maps.
Isomorphic inverse-optical world representation is not the goal.
Nevertheless, such useful transformations can involve neural
filling-in. Such a subpersonal representation of information is
consistent with personal-level vision theory.
Complexities of face perception and categorisation
Authors: Bruce Vicki , Langton Steve , Hill Harold
Published: July 2002

We amplify possible complications to the tidy division between
early vision and later categorisation which arise when we consider the
perception of human faces. Although a primitive face-detecting system,
used for social attention, may indeed be integral to “early
vision,” the relationship between this and diverse other
uses made of information from faces is far from clear.
Sensory holism and functionalism
Authors: Tolliver Joseph Thomas
Published: July 2002

I defend the possibility of a functional account of the intrinsic qualities of sensory experience against the claim that functional characterization can only describe such qualities to the level of isomorphism of relational structures on those qualities. A form sensory holism might be true concerning the phenomenal, and this holism would account for some antifunctionalist intuition evoked by inverted spectrum and absent qualia arguments. Sensory holism is compatible with the correctness of functionalism about the phenomenal.
Learning correspondences between letters and phonemes without explicit instruction
Authors: THOMPSON G. BRIAN , FLETCHER-FLINN CLAIRE M. , COTTRELL DAVID S.
Published: July 2002

Three studies examined the sources of
learning by which children, very early in learning to read, formed correspondences between
letters and phonemes when these were not explicitly taught in the whole language instruction
they received. There were three classes of predicted knowledge sources: (a) induced sublexical
relations (i.e., induction of orthographic–phonological relations from the experience of
print words), (b) acrophones from letter names, and (c) transfer from spelling experience. The
results of Study 1 indicated that children used both sources (a) and (b). Study 2 results showed
that source (a) dominated when the letters were initial components of pseudowords rather than
isolated items. The transfer from phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences of the children's
spelling was examined in Study 3. The results were not consistent with the use of source (c). The
findings of these studies have implications for the question of how early in learning to read
children are able to use knowledge from their experience of print words as a source for
phonological recoding.
Fibonacci fixed point of renormalization
Authors: BUFF XAVIER
Published: July 2002

To study the geometry of a Fibonacci map $f$ of even degree $\ell\geq 4$, Lyubich (Dynamics of quadratic polynomials, I–II. Acta Mathematica178 (1997), 185–297) defined a notion of generalized renormalization, so that $f$ is renormalizable infinitely many times. van Strien and Nowicki (Polynomial maps with a Julia set of positive Lebesgue measure: Fibonacci maps. Preprint, Institute for Mathematical Sciences, SUNY at Stony Brook, 1994) proved that the generalized renormalizations ${\cal R}^{\circ n}(f)$ converge to a cycle $\{f_1,f_2\}$ of order two depending only on $\ell$. We will explicitly relate $f_1$ and $f_2$ and show the convergence in shape of Fibonacci puzzle pieces to the Julia set of an appropriate polynomial-like map.
Concluding narratives of a career with
dementia: accounts of Iris Murdoch at
her death
Authors: McCOLGAN GILLIAN , VALENTINE JAMES , DOWNS MURNA
Published: July 2002

Obituaries and other accounts of well-known people at their death offer a
narrative defining identity through the life story. It is particularly poignant
when the story is told of an author, and draws upon not only life course
metaphors but also features of the author's fiction. In this paper we look at a
case where the dementia of a famous author figures in the tributes at her
death. The predominant narrative of dementia has until recently been that of
a tragic loss of self. This has reinforced an image of social death. Biomedical
determinism has similarly focused on the disease, rather than seeing the person
and allowing their voice to be heard. While Iris Murdoch may not have
wanted tributes to tell her story, they have allowed us to examine conventional
narratives of a person with dementia. We chart the ‘career’ of a person with
dementia, and their perceived transformation of identity, defined in terms of
being demented rather than with dementia. Bad and good are attributed to
aspects of Iris Murdoch's life through a repertoire of available stereotypes.
These appear to involve the retrospective application of characteristics of
dementia, along with those of goodness and purity. Common gender
representations relating to Iris Murdoch's married life and the caring situation
are interwoven in the accounts. We are told a story that reflects and
reproduces conventional narratives of the life course and of dementia,
characterising the deceased in terms of a moral career.
Charles H. McCormick, Seeing Reds: Federal Surveillance of Radicals in the Pittsburgh Mill District, 1917–1921. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. ix + 244 pp. $37.50 cloth.
Authors: Rosswurm Steve
Published: July 2002

Very well-researched and well-written, this book provides an
excellent discussion of the activities of federal surveillance agencies
in the Pittsburgh mill district (western Pennsylvania, northern West
Virginia, and eastern Ohio). However, Seeing Reds is neither
about surveillance agencies nor the Pittsburgh Left per se, but rather
about their intersection: the “federal government's effort to
define, understand, and suppress leftists” during the period of
World War One. It begins with an excellent survey of the early history
of federal surveillance agencies, including the Bureau of Investigation
(BI), the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Military Intelligence
Division, and the American Protective League. McCormick pays special
attention to the BI, the original name of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation. He looks closely at four men who, as special agents in
the Pittsburgh Field Office, played a particularly important part in his
story. Each had a background in either police and/or private
investigative work or a college degree and/or legal training.
The tragic reading of the Thucydidean tragedy
Authors: BEDFORD DAVID , WORKMAN THOM
Published: July 2002

The Greek intellectual Thucydides has been widely identified by scholars of international relations as prefiguring twentieth century Realist thought. This appropriation fails to locate particular aspects of Thucydides' writing within the overall narrative structure of The Peloponnesian War. The narrative structure is in the form of a tragedy. Thucydides was critical of the excessive and unrestrained nature of Athenian and Hellenic conduct during the war. By taking up specific themes including the dominance of reason by the passions, the eclipse of logos by ergon, and the decline of nomos, he expressed this critique in a tragic form. In the end, an unrestrained Athens reached for Sicily and suffered Nemesian retribution in the form of ignominious defeat. To claim Thucydides as a precursor to Realist thought, therefore, is peculiar, and has the character of enlisting a critique of excess and immoderation on behalf of an intellectual discourse altogether lacking in reasoned moderation.
The political meaning of Hong Kong popular music: a review of sociopolitical relations between Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China since the 1980s
Authors: Ho Wai-chung
Published: July 2002

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to analyse shifting themes in the meanings of Hong Kong popular songs relating to ideological and political changes in Hong Kong since the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident (TSI). In particular, the paper examines the relationship between Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concerning the transmission of Hong Kong popular music, and argues that Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwanese popular musics articulate fluctuating political meanings. Attention will be focused predominantly on the lyrics, but some aspects of the music are also invoked. After highlighting the political and cultural relations between Hong Kong and the PRC, I discuss the social transformations and the struggles for democracy delineated in Chinese popular music during the 1989 TSI. This is followed by an examination of the intensification of the conflict between the PRC and Hong Kong over the dissemination of popular songs carrying democratic messages in Hong Kong. Finally, the paper considers the rise of patriotism and/or nationalism through lyrics rooted in the notion of educating Hong Kong Chinese people into accepting the cultural and political identity of mainland China, and the promotion of popular songs in the official language of the PRC, Putonghua, since the late transitional period.
What is an international language?
Authors: Kam-Mei Jacqueline Lam
Published: July 2002

Jacqueline Lam Kam-Mei interviews Michael A. K. Halliday on language and linguistics, English and Chinese, Singaporean and Hong Kong English, and machine translation.
THE USE AND IMPACT OF RAPID HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Hailey David , Corabian Paula , Harstall Christa , Schneider Wendy
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To consider the impact of rapid health technology

assessments undertaken as part of a program in a provincial healthcare

system in response to urgent requests for advice.

Methods: Review of the development and preparation of 20 rapid assessment

reports, communication with decision makers within the healthcare

system, and appraisal of data subsequent to preparation of the

reports.

Results: Fourteen of the assessments were judged to have

had an influence on policy and other decisions, as judged by

responses from those who had requested advice. Another four were

considered to have provided guidance, while having less immediate

influence on decisions, and two others had no apparent impact.

Quality of the assessments was considered acceptable, on the basis of

literature that subsequently became available and from comments

received.

Conclusions: These brief reports are considered to be a

useful component of a health technology assessment program. However,

they should be regarded as provisional appraisals and followed up

with more detailed evaluation where possible.
THE GOOD LANGUAGE LEARNER.Neil Naiman, Maria Frölich,
H. H. Stern, and Angie Todesco. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1996. Pp. xiii +
240.
Authors: Brown H. Douglas
Published: July 2002

It was only about a year ago, in a reckless moment of shelf-purging, that I reluctantly placed
my original offset copy (circa 1975) of The Good Language Learner into the
paper-recycling bin. Many of us fondly remember that big orange-covered prepublication
volume, dog-eared, battered, and stuck together with tape. Now, almost two decades after the
first publication of The Good Language Learner (Ontario Institute for Studies in
Education, 1978) this reissue appears as part of Multilingual Matters' “Modern
Languages in Practice” series. It is the first time this series has featured a reprint of
“classic” (p. vii) volumes of interest to foreign language researchers and
teachers.
TRANSLATING BY FACTORS.Christoph Gutknecht & Lutz J.
Rölle. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996. Pp. xvi + 346. $62.50
cloth, $23.95 paper.
Authors: Colina Sonia
Published: July 2002

Translating by factors (henceforth TBF) is an attempt at systematizing
the multiplicity of factors affecting the translation process, in particular those relevant to the
translation of the modals between English and German. TBF is an example of the
so-called linguistic approach to translation and an illustration of why such an approach has often
been criticized by translation scholars and professionals. Although it is useful to linguistics
engaged in descriptive and contrastive studies of modals, the predominantly formal,
sentence-based, contrastive-analysis approach embraced by the authors (who adopt, without
discussion, formal equivalence as the goal to strive for in translation activity) will not be of as
much use to those engaged in the teaching and practice of translation for purposes of
communication. This is especially true in light of mounting empirical evidence in the translation
competence literature that supports functional considerations as a dominant factor in professional
translator processes.
Expansion of distributional kernels of the type
f(λx, x), as λ → ∞
Authors: ULATE CARLOS M. , ESTRADA RICARDO
Published: July 2002

Asymptotic analysis and distribution theory are two very useful branches
of
Applied Mathematics. It is only recently, however, that the close ties
between these
theories have been studied in detail [5, 6, 11,
17].

Among the various approaches to the distributional theory of asymptotic
expansions [6] gives an analysis based on the moment
asymptotic expansion.
The Development and Analysis of a
Navigational Incident Database for
Naval Vessels
Authors: Rothwell Mark , Chudley John
Published: July 2002

Operating a fleet of ships in all weathers and environments poses certain risks, and
navigational incidents such as collisions, groundings and vessel strikings are bound to occur.
The Royal Navy has always conducted extensive inquiries into the serious navigational
incidents in order to establish the cause and so prevent reoccurrence. However, many less
serious navigational incidents occur which, if collated and analysed on a database, could
help better understanding of the nature of such incidents. This paper describes how a
database that met these needs was designed and developed. Once completed, the database
was analysed to compare trends between different vessel types and incident categories.
Abating pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) to regenerate forests in clearcuts
Authors: SMALLWOOD K. SHAWN
Published: July 2002

Pocket gophers have long suppressed forest regeneration in clearcuts in western North America, despite the application of intensive and costly, large-scale abatement practices, which also kill non-target wildlife and may increase soil erosion. At four national forests in northern California, gophers (Thomomys bottae and T. monticola) on 50 clearcuts were baited with a 0.5% strychnine concentration on wheat or oat groats, which were presented as loose grains or in 1 × 2 cm paraffin pellets for added durability. The various baits and baiting regimes usually reduced gopher abundance by 50-100% within one month. However, gopher populations recovered too quickly to protect seedlings planted for forest regeneration, especially on plots baited with a mechanical burrow-builder. In some plots where abatement was most successful initially, gopher densities increased to levels exceeding those in control plots by 7-13 months later. As gopher populations recovered following abatement, active burrows first appeared at the plot peripheries and advanced toward the plot centres, suggesting that abated territorial residents were replaced by immigrants dispersing from the surrounding landscape.

Whereas conventional abatement practices can reduce gopher abundance in clearcuts, the small spatial and temporal scales of application encourage reinvasion of vacated ecological space. These population responses defeat the goal of forest management by increasing gopher density in clearcuts; at the same time the conifer seedlings are vulnerable to gopher predation. Predation of conifer seedlings might be reduced by not abating gophers or by using alternative harvest regimes. These alternative strategies would avoid creating the conditions under which gophers contribute to slowing forest regeneration following timber harvests, and they would avoid the widespread and possibly long-term environmental damage caused by applying acute poisons and by using the burrow-builder.
Configuration of progressive dies
Authors: CHEOK B.T. , NEE A.Y.C.
Published: July 2002

The computer-assisted configuration of progressive
die is a computationally mixed problem. This paper describes
the progressive die design problem and reviews some existing
research related to the configuration of progressive dies.
It explains the model-based reasoning approach used to
configure the intermediate and final solutions to the design
problem. In particular, the various shape representation
and spatial reasoning techniques are presented. Finally,
a computer software architecture for the die design system
is presented.
Detection of antibodies against hepatitis A in blood spots

dried on filter paper. Is this a reliable method for

epidemiological studies?
Authors: GIL A. , GONZÁLEZ A. , DAL-RÉ R. , DOMINGUEZ V. , ASTASIO P. , AGUILAR L.
Published: July 2002

Diluted dried blood drops on filter paper were compared with serum
samples

as a specimen source for qualitative anti-HAV antibody determination by
ELISA. A

total of 298 serum

samples and dried blood drops were collected from a population of healthy

adolescents

(15·3±1·2 years old). The prevalence of anti-HAV antibody

obtained by testing serum samples

was 7·7% (95% CI: 4·8–10·1). Compared with serum

sampling the sensitivity and specificity of

diluted dried blood drops were 91·3 and 99·3%. The positive
and

negative predictive values

were 91·3 and 99·3%, respectively, and the likelihood ratios
of

positive and negative results

were 91 and 0·09. It is proposed that this test represents a reliable

procedure for anti-HAV antibody testing.
Incomplete sanitation of a meat grinder and ingestion of raw

ground beef: contributing factors to a large outbreak of

Salmonella Typhimurium infection
Authors: ROELS T. H. , FRAZAK P. A. , KAZMIERCZAK J. J. , MACKENZIE W. R. , PROCTOR M. E. , KURZYNSKI T. A. , DAVIS J. P.
Published: July 2002

Consumers in the United States continue to eat raw or undercooked

foods of animal origin

despite public health warnings following several well-publicized outbreaks.

We investigated an

outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infection in 158

patients in Wisconsin during

the 1994 Christmas holiday period. To determine the vehicle and source

of the outbreak, we

conducted cohort and case-control studies, and environmental investigations

in butcher shop

A. Eating raw ground beef purchased from butcher shop A was the only

item significantly

associated with illness [cohort study: relative risk=5·8, 95%

confidence interval

(CI)=1·5–21·8; case control study: odds ratio=46·2,

95% CI=3·8–2751]. Inadequate

cleaning and sanitization of the meat grinder in butcher shop A likely

resulted in sustained

contamination of ground beef during an 8-day interval. Consumer education,

coupled with

hazard reduction efforts at multiple stages in the food processing chain,

will continue to play

an important role in the control of foodborne illness.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital

admissions in people with diabetes
Authors: COLQUHOUN A. J. , NICHOLSON K. G. , BOTHA J. L. , RAYMOND N. T.
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing

hospitalization of people with diabetes

for influenza, pneumonia, or diabetic events during influenza epidemics

was assessed in a case

control study in Leicestershire, England. Cases were 80 patients on

the Leicestershire Diabetes

Register who were admitted and discharged from hospital with International

Classification of

Disease codes for pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, diabetic ketoacidosis,
coma

and diabetes,

without mention of complications, during the influenza epidemics of

1989–90 and 1993. One

hundred and sixty-controls, who were not admitted to hospital during this

period, were randomly selected from the Register. Immunization against
influenza was

assessed in 37 cases

and 77 controls for whom consent was obtained to access their clinical

notes and for whom

notes were available. Significant association was detected between reduction

in hospitalization

and influenza vaccination during the period immediately preceding an

epidemic. Multiple

logistic regression analysis estimated that influenza vaccination reduced

hospital admissions by

79% (95% CI 19–95%) during the two epidemics, after adjustment for

potential confounders.
Changing epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Thailand
Authors: CHAREONSOOK O. , FOY H. M. , TEERARATKUL A. , SILARUG N.
Published: July 2002

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
are reportable diseases,
the third most common causes for hospitalization of children in Thailand.
Data collected from
the Ministry of Public Health were analysed for trends. Rates of DHF increased
in Thailand
until 1987 when the largest epidemic ever, 325/100000 population, was
recorded. Whereas the
disease used to be confined to large cities, the rate is now higher in
rural (102·2 per 100000)
than urban areas (95·4 per 100000 in 1997). The age of highest incidence
has increased, and
the age group most severely affected is now those 5–9 years old (679/100000
in 1997). The
case fatality rate has decreased with improved treatment and is now only
0·28%.
EPIFIL: The development of an age-structured model for
describing the transmission dynamics and control of lymphatic filariasis
Authors: NORMAN R. A. , CHAN M. S. , SRIVIDYA A. , PANI S. P. , RAMAIAH K. D. , VANAMAIL P. , MICHAEL E. , DAS P. K. , BUNDY D. A. P.
Published: July 2002

Mathematical models of transmission dynamics of infectious diseases provide a useful tool for
investigating the impact of community based control measures. Previously, we used a dynamic
(constant force-of-infection) model for lymphatic filariasis to describe observed patterns of
infection and disease in endemic communities. In this paper, we expand the model to examine
the effects of control options against filariasis by incorporating the impact of age structure of
the human community and by addressing explicitly the dynamics of parasite transmission from
and to the vector population. This model is tested using data for Wuchereria bancrofti
transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus in Pondicherry, South India. The results show that
chemotherapy has a larger short-term impact than vector control but that the effects of vector
control can last beyond the treatment period. In addition we compare rates of recrudescence
for drugs with different macrofilaricidal effects.
Expansion postponement for normalising pure type systems
Authors: POLL ERIK
Published: July 2002

Expansion postponement is a tantalisingly simple conjecture about

pure type systems which has so far resisted all attempts to prove it for
any
interesting class of systems. We prove the
property for all normalising pure type systems, and discuss the connection
with typechecking.