bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deficit of Female Sex Hormones Desensitizes Rat Cardiac Mitophagy
Authors: Kampaengsri Theerachat , Ponpuak Marisa , Wattanapermpool Jonggonnee , Bupha-Intr Tepmanas
Published: April 2021

Long-term deprivation of female sex hormones has been shown to mediate accumulation of damaged mitochondria in ventricular muscle leading to cardiovascular dysfunction. Therefore, the roles of female sex hormones in mitochondrial quality control are closely focused. In the present study, depletion of female sex hormones impairing mitochondrial autophagy in the heart was hypothesized. Cardiac mitophagy was therefore investigated in the heart of 10-week ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats. By using isolated mitochondria preparation, results demonstrated an increase in mitochondrial PTEN-induced kinase 1 accumulation in the sample of OVX rats indicating mitochondrial outer membrane dysfunction. However, no change in p62 and LC3-II translocation to mitochondria was observed between two groups indicating unresponsiveness of mitophagosome formation in the OVX rat heart. This loss might be resulted from significant decreases in Parkin and Bcl2l13 expression, but not Bnip3 activation. In summary, results suggest that mitochondrial abnormality in the heart after deprivation of female sex hormones could consequently be due to desensitization of mitophagy process.
Reversible thyrotropin elevation in case of primary Addison's disease
Authors: Rajput Rajesh , Yadav Karamvir , Kumar Surender , Saini Suyasha , Gupta Ayush
Published: April 2021

The association of Addison's disease and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is a well-known disease complex, historically known as Schmidt disease. Here, we present the case of a patient who presented with primary Addison's disease and on further evaluation was also found to have a subclinical hypothyroidism without a positive marker of autoimmunity. The coexistence of these endocrine disorders simultaneously without thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity and steroid replacement alone in such a case resulting in complete recovery of thyroid function had not described in the literature.
Existence of Solutions to the $A$-Laplace System via Young Measures
Authors: Balaadich Farah , Azroul Elhoussine
Published: April 2021

We study the existence of solutions for the

A

-Laplace system of the form

\left\{\begin{aligned} -\Delta_Au&=f &&\text{in}\ \Omega,\\ u&=0 && \text{on}\ \partial\Omega, \end{aligned}\right.

where

-\Delta_A u:=-\operatorname{div}(a(\lvert Du\rvert)Du)

. The existence result is proved by using the technique of Young measures.
Trends in food and nutrient intake over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Kweon Sanghui , Park Jin Young , Park Myungsook , Kim Yangha , Yeon So Yeong , Yoon Leena , Yun Sungha , Park Suyeon , Yang Ji Eun , Kim Youngtaek , Park Ok , Oh Kyungwon
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the current status and trends of food and nutrient intake in the Korean population over the past 20 years using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).METHODS: We conducted a survey of 116,284 subjects over the age of one year in Korea, who participated in the KNHANES between 1998 and 2018. We collected data on the subjects’ intake for the day before using the 24-hour recall method. The annual percent change (APC) in the food groups and nutrient intake were calculated using SAS and Joinpoint software.RESULTS: The intake of grains (APC=-0.4, p<0.05) and vegetables (APC=-0.8, p<0.05) was observed to decrease. In contrast, the intake of beverages, meat, dairy, and eggs increased. In particular, beverage intake increased by more than four times (APC=9.2, p<0.05). There was no significant change in energy intake. However, the proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates decreased by approximately 5%p (APC=-0.3, p<0.05), whereas that from fat increased by approximately 5%p (APC= 1.1, p<0.05). Additionally, there were decreases in the proportion of energy intake from breakfast and homemade meals and increases in the energy intake from snacks, dining out, and convenience food. The intake of vitamin C (APC=-3.2, p<0.05) and sodium (APC=-2.3, p<0.05) significantly decreased.CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 20 years, there has been decreases in the intake of grains, vegetables, carbohydrates, sodium, and vitamin C and increases in the intake of beverages, dairy, meat, eggs, and fat. Since nutritional status is an important factor in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, it should be continuously monitored.
Rapid Multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (m-LAMP) Assay for Differential Diagnosis of Leprosy and Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Authors: Joshi Shweta , Dixit Keerti K. , Sharma Vanila , Ramesh V. , Singh Ruchi , Salotra Poonam
Published: April 2021

Leprosy and post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) are co-endemic neglected tropical diseases often misdiagnosed because of close resemblance in their clinical manifestations. The test that aids in differential diagnosis of leprosy and PKDL would be useful in endemic areas. Here, we report development of a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (m-LAMP) assay for differential detection of Mycobacterium leprae and Leishmania donovani using a real-time fluorometer. The m-LAMP assay was rapid with a mean amplification time of 15 minutes, and analytical sensitivity of 1 fg for L. donovani and 100 fg for M. leprae. The distinct mean Tm values for M. leprae and L. donovani allowed differentiation of the two organisms in the m-LAMP assay. Diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was evaluated by using confirmed cases of leprosy (n = 40) and PKDL (n = 40) (tissue and slit aspirate samples). All the leprosy and PKDL samples used in this study were positive by organism-specific QPCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays. The diagnostic sensitivity of the m-LAMP assay was 100% (95% CI: 91.2–100.0%) for detecting PKDL and 95% for leprosy (95% CI: 83.1–99.4%). Our m-LAMP assay was successfully used to detect both M. leprae and L. donovani in a patient coinfected with leprosy and macular PKDL. The m-LAMP assay is rapid, accurate, and applicable for differential diagnosis of leprosy versus PKDL, especially in endemic areas.
Trainee Perspectives Regarding Advanced Clinical Global Health Fellowships in North America
Authors: Frange Adam , Duffy Sean , Al-Rousan Tala , Evensen Ann , Nelson Brett D.
Published: April 2021

Postgraduate clinical global health (GH) training is a rapidly evolving field. To understand and improve training opportunities, we sought the perspectives of current and former trainees related to their advanced clinical training or global health fellowships and the anticipated impact on their careers. Clinical GH fellowships across North America were identified through websites and previous studies. An e-mail was sent to program directors to invite all current and former GH fellows to complete a web-based questionnaire. We contacted 100 GH fellowship programs. Fifty-two fellows from 10 different specialties completed the survey. The median fellowship length was 23.3 months, with an annual median of 4.8 months spent in low-income and middle-income countries, which was less than their reported ideal of 6 months. The majority reported satisfaction, the anticipation of career benefits, and that they would recommend fellowship training to others. Challenges included insufficient funding, mentorship, and formal curricula. Conducting research in high-income countries was a significant negative predictor of fellowship satisfaction. Most fellows (73.1%) were not at all or only a little concerned about the absence of fellowship accreditation, with only 17.3% desiring accreditation. Survey respondents were largely satisfied with their training and valued program flexibility and educational opportunities, including advanced tropical medicine certificates or diplomas. However, to improve fellowship training, improvements are needed in mentorship, standardized curricula, institutional support, and funding. For GH fellowship training to be effective and sustainable, institutions will need to balance the needs of fellows, training programs, and the communities (low-, middle-, and high-income countries) where the fellows serve.
Integrated Busbar Design for Stray Inductance and Volume Reduction in a High-Power SiC Traction Inverter
Authors: Wang Yicheng , Mistry Jigar , Azer Peter , Bilgin Berker
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a compact, partially laminated busbar design to connect the DC-link capacitor, high-voltage DC (HVDC) connector, and power module using a single integrated busbar. The proposed busbar design is designed for a high-power and high-voltage Silicon Carbide (SiC) traction inverter. The proposed solution eliminates the need for using separate busbars: one for the connection between the HVDC connector and the DC-link capacitor, and the other one between the connection of the DC-link capacitor and the power module. Incorporating two busbars in a single traction inverter increases the total volume of the inverter and the parasitic components. Thus, the main design goals in this paper are minimizing the parasitic inductances, increasing the power density, and achieving a uniform current distribution across the capacitor cores. Additionally, the compact busbar design allows a reduction in the parasitic resistance compared to two separate busbars and, hence, it reduces the power loss. The voltage overshoot and maximum allowable stray inductance of the busbar are investigated in detail. Current density and its effect on the busbar temperature rise are analyzed using 3D finite element analysis.
Uric acid lowering improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized parallel-controlled clinical trials
Authors: Zong Qunchuan , Ma Guanyi , Wang Tao
Published: April 2021

Objectives: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether uric acid lowering treatment can improve β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.

Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and China Biology Medicine were searched up to March 1, 2020. Rand- omized controlled clinical trials of urate lowering therapy in hyperuricemia patients were included in meta-analysis. Effect size was estimated as mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: Our search yielded 7 eligible trials with 503 participants. This meta-analysis showed that uric acid-lowering thera- py decreased fasting insulin -1.43 μIU/ml (weighted mean differences (WMD, 95% CI -2.78 to -0.09), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance -0.65 (WMD, 95% CI -1.05 to -0.24), systolic blood pressure -2.45 mm Hg (WMD, 95%CI -4.57 to -0.33) and diastolic blood pressure -3.41 mm Hg (WMD, 95%CI -3.87 to -2.95). However, the treatment had no significant effect on fasting plasma glucose (WMD -0.19 mmol/L, 95%CI -0.42 to 0.05), homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index (WMD -0.02, 95%CI -0.28 to 0.24), total cholesterol (WMD 0.18 mg/dl; 95%CI, -1.39 to 1.75) and triglyceride (WMD 3.15 mg/dl, 95% CI -9.83 to 16.14).

Conclusion: Uric acid-lowering therapies might improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood pressure, but had no significant effect on HOMA-β and serum lipids.

Keywords: Hyperuricemia; uric acid lowering treatment; β-cell function; insulin sensitivity.
Isolated acute pseudobulbar palsy with infarction of artery of percheron: case report and literature review
Authors: Pitton Rissardo Jamir , Fornari Caprara Ana
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Pseudobulbar palsy (PBP) is characterized by supranuclear lesions in the corticobulbar pathway. Neoplasia, inflammatory, demyelinating, and stroke are possible etiologies of this disorder.

Case report: We report an elderly female who presented with dysarthria. She was dysarthric with a hypernasal voice, no apraxia or aphasia was observed. Tongue movements were slow with limited amplitude. Her soft palate dropped bilaterally; gag reflex was present. Also, she reported swallowing difficulty and choking with her saliva. Bilateral vertical and horizontal gaze were intact to either voluntary or oculocephalic movements. A cranial CT scan was suggestive of artery of Percheron (AOP) infarction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hypersignal on diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted images and hyposignal on apparent diffusion coefficient in both thalami. CT angiography scan revealed an AOP originating from the left posterior cerebral artery. The swallowing study with a videofluoroscopic demonstrated oral and pharyngeal phases with severe dysfunction.

Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, there are two cases of individuals with artery of Percheron infarction who devel- oped PBP associated with other clinical syndromes. Still, isolated PBP following infarction of Percheron’s artery was not reported. We hypothesized that the PBP may have occurred because of the existence of vascular territory variations in the perforating arteries that arise from the AOP.

Keywords: Pseudobulbar palsy; thalamus; infarction.
Risk factors of multidrug-resistant bacteria in community-acquired urinary tract infections
Authors: Guclu Ertugrul , Halis Fikret , Kose Elif , Ogutlu Aziz , Karabay Oğuz
Published: April 2021

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most seen infection among community.

Objectives: In this cross-sectional study we aimed to investigate the risk factors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that caused community-acquired UTI (CA-UTI).

Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to the Urology and Infectious Diseases policlinics with the diagnosis of CA-UTI were included in the study. A standard form including possible predisposing factors for MDR bacteria was applied.

Results: In total, 240 patients (51.3% females) were enrolled in the study. The mean age of participants were 59.8 ± 18.3 years old. Escherichia coli (n =166; 69.2%)was the most frequently isolated bacteria and its incidence was higher in females than in males (p=0.01). In total, 129 (53.8%) of the identified pathogens were MDR bacteria. According to multivariate analysis, the use of antibiotics three or more times increased the risk of infection with MDR bacteria by 4.6 times, the history of urinary tract infection in the last 6 months by 2 times, being male and over 65 years old by 3 times.

Conclusion: Doctors should consider prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients with severe UTIs with a history of UTI, advanced age, male gender, and multiple antibiotic usage, even if they have a CA-UTI.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection; community acquired; multidrug-resistant; male; multiple antibiotic usage; advanced age.
First line antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV in northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Genet Andualem , Mekonnen Zewdie , Yizengaw Endalew , Mekonnen Daniel
Published: April 2021

Background: Anti-retroviral treatment enhances the immune status and reduces unwanted outcomes. However, develop- ment of treatment failure and drug resistance raises concern over lifelong treatments to chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

Objectives: This study determined proportion of treatment failure (TF) and identified factors associated with TF among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods: Facility based cross sectional study was carried out from November, 2017 to April, 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using structured questioner. Blood sample was collected and analyzed for viral load, complete blood count (CBC), liver and kidney function test and CD4 count. A patient is declared as treatment failure when viral load value is higher than 1000 RNA copies/ml in two consecutive viral load analyses within three months interval. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. To identify factors associated with TF, logistic regressions model was employed.

Results: A total of 430 people who had six months and above antiretroviral treatment (ART) follow up were enrolled in the study. Of these, 57.9% were females & the mean age was 38 years. The mean month of ART follow up was 83 months. In the first viral load analysis, 106 (24.7%) of the cohort were virologically failed. These failed people were followed for 3 months with intensive adherence support; then second viral load analysis showed a viralogical failure among 65 people of the second cohort. Thus, the overall viralogical failure or TF was 15.1%. The re-suppression rates were 41(38.7%). Male gender, people with history of drug discontinuation, poor adherence, irregular time of drug intake, multiple sexual practice showed significant association with TF. Moreover, base line and current CD4 counts of <200 cells/ml also demonstrated significant association with TF.

Conclusion: Significant proportion of treatment failure was reported in the present study. Moreover, behavioral factors such as drug discontinuation, poor adherence, multiple sexual partner were associated with treatment failure. Hence, to avoid TF, regular patient counseling and monitoring should be in place. To identify the predictors for treatment failure, further follow-up study is desirable.

Keywords: HIV; viral load; treatment failure; Ethiopia.
Neurological manifestations following cured malaria: don’t forget post-malaria neurological syndrome
Authors: Bellazreg Foued , Slama Dorsaf , Ben Lasfar Nadia , Abid Maha , Zaghouani Houneida , Rouis Sana , Hachfi Wissem , Letaief Amel
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Cerebral malaria which occurs during the active infection is the most common neurological complication of malaria. Other complications including post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) can rarely occur following complete recovery from the disease. We report a case of post-malaria neurological syndrome in a Tunisian patient.

Case presentation: A 26-year-old Tunisian man with no past medical history was admitted in 2016 for a muscle weakness of the 4 limbs, seizures, tetraparesis and myoclonus which appeared after he returned from Côte d’Ivoire where he had been treated three weeks ago for Plasmodium falciparum malaria with favorable outcome. Blood smears for malaria were negative. Brain MRI showed multiple hypersignal cerebral lesions. Investigations didn’t show any infectious, metabolic, toxic, vascular or tumoral etiology. Thus, the diagnosis of PMNS was considered. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone with favorable outcome. Two years later, he was completely asymptomatic.

Conclusion: PMNS should be considered in patients with neurological symptoms occurring within two months of cured acute disease in which blood smears for malaria are negative and other etiologies have been ruled out. In most cases, the disease is self-limited while in severe cases corticosteroid therapy should be prescribed with favorable outcome.

Keywords: Post-malaria neurological syndrome; immunologic; corticosteroid.
Teachers’ role and learners’ responsibility in teaching and learning science and elementary technology in Rwanda
Authors: Nzeyimana Jean Claude , Ndihokubwayo Kizito
Published: April 2021

The aim of the present study is to reveal teachers’ role in teaching and learners’ responsibility in learning Science and Elementary Technology in Rwanda. The source of information is the classroom observation (Upper Primary) from 6 schools purposively selected in Kayonza District. The Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories System analysis research tools revealed that: The instructors’ role in the learning was found, information giver. Teachers had low facilitation to learning and were deciding alone on the content to be taught; concerning the learners’ responsibility and their encouragement for learning, it was found that the results are far from the expectations related to a learner-centred situation: low pupils’ participation, lacking initiatives from pupils and teachers not motivating/encouraging them. The learners were found passive in the classroom interaction, and only responding to teachers’ questions. From the above findings, we affirm that the “teacher-centred approach” dominates in the science classrooms in Rwanda.
An Analysis of Prospective Teachers’ Mathematical Reasoning on Number Concepts
Authors: Mukuka Angel , Shumba Overson , Balimuttajjo Sudi , Mutarutinya Vedaste
Published: April 2021

This paper presents and discusses the results of a case study that was carried out to understand the mathematical reasoning of 73 second-year student teachers at a university in Zambia.  The paper also demonstrates why it is important to develop the reasoning abilities of mathematics student teachers during their initial training programs. The questionnaire items presented to student teachers required them to justify the validity of selected algebraic statements and arguments on odd and even numbers. Factors that influenced participants’ modes of argumentation were also identified, clearly highlighting their implications for mathematics teacher education. Findings of the study revealed that 70% of the participants gave explanations that were aligned to an empirical or inductive mode of argumentation while 7% used the analytical or deductive argumentation mode. The rest of the participants gave explanations that did not reflect valid mathematical justification of the given algebraic statements and arguments. These results clearly indicate that only the minority of participants exhibited an adequate understanding of representing odd and even numbers in general form. Analysing and developing prospective teachers’ mathematical reasoning abilities are necessary to anticipate how they would practice when they are professionally qualified.
Senior high school mathematics teachers’ perception and use of assessment in the classroom
Authors: Okyere Mavis , Larbi Ernest
Published: April 2021

The study investigated senior high school mathematics teachers’ perception and practices of classroom assessment since assessment is considered a critical tool for assessing the achievement of learning objectives in particular and educational goals in general. The study adopted a mixed-methods design. Sixty-two mathematics teachers were sampled from the selected schools to participate in the study. The instrument used in the data collection was a questionnaire. The internal consistency of the instrument designed had a calculated Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0.74. The quantitative data gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results from the study revealed that mathematics teachers had a positive perception about classroom assessment as most of them indicated that assessment is a tool to inform teaching and learning. There were, however, few teachers who still had a negative perception about assessment. Their reasons being that assessment had always been a tool for assigning grades and also used to promote students, hence had little benefit to teaching and learning process. The study also showed that the mathematics teachers’ practices of classroom assessment did not match up to the views they held about classroom assessment. Retraining of teachers through seminars and workshops were therefore recommended.
The utilisation of satellite imagery and community perceptions to assess the impacts of sea encroachment in the West Coast of Cameroon at Limbe
Authors: Wantim Mabel Nechia , Mokosa Wase Albright , Jitiz Louis , Ayonghe Samuel Ndonwi
Published: April 2021

Coastal erosion associated to sea encroachment is a major problem at the West Coast of Limbe, specifically in the Debundscha Fishing Port (DFP). This study sought to assess the physical vulnerability of the West Coast of Limbe to coastal erosion associated to sea encroachment. This was achieved by assessing: i) the physical vulnerability of the West Coast to coastal erosion; ii) land cover changes and iii) community perception at DFP to sea encroachment and coastal erosion in the past 30 years. Three variables: rock type, adjacent land use and coastal protection were used to assess the vulnerability of the West Coast to coastal erosion. Landcover / coastal changes were assessed from satellite images from 1986 to 2018. Semi-structural interviews were used to acquire knowledge on the population’s perception and impact of the studied hazards. A cost benefit approach was used to weigh the potentials of these localities to adapt to coastal erosion. The DFP and Idenau Beach were identified as major hotspots of coastal erosion with an annual rate of >100 m².  Landcover changes showed a net increase in water levels inland and into settlements. The population is knowledgeable and is aware of the risk of sea encroachment and coastal erosion. The physical, socio-economic and health effects were: destruction of mangroves;relocation; malaria, typhoid and abdominal illnesses respectively. Coping strategies included the use of sandbags, building on higher grounds and on embankments. Cost benefit analysis ranked vegetative cover as the best option environmentally and financially viable to reduce coastal erosion from sea encroachment at the West Coast.

Key words: Sea encroachment, coastal erosion, physical vulnerability, perception, Debundscha Fishing Port
Growth performance of Khaya senegalensis seedlings influenced by provenances and latitudinal gradients in the nursery
Authors: Iroko O.A. , Bobadoye A.O. , Bobadoye B.O.
Published: April 2021

Seedling growth performance is germane and pertinent in plant variables when analyzing tree provenance trials as it indicates its adaptability of the seed to the environments/habitat. The study was undertaken to examine the comparative studies on seedling performance of Khaya senegalensis at nursery stage in Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria. Seeds from four sources in different States in Nigeria: Oyo, Borno, Jigawa and Kano States were collected and planted to observe their morphological attributes. Seedlings variables (Plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves) were observed and recorded fortnightly for sixteen (16) weeks after germination was completed. It was observed that seeds from Oyo state performed best while seeds from Kano state had the least performance. Provenances variation indicate genetic and environmental differences that can be utilized for afforestation programmes and thus, this study recommends the seeds from Oyo state for large scale afforestation since it performed best.

Keywords: Khaya senegalensis, seed provenance, seedling height, collar diameter and number of leaves.
A survey of chicken marketers in Oyo Town, Nigeria
Authors: Okunlola O.O.
Published: April 2021

There is an increase in the commercial activities of chicken marketers in Oyo town as a result of the town fast becoming a poultry hub in Oyo state. A survey was therefore conducted on the activities of chicken marketers in the town. A multi-stage sampling method of the chicken marketers in the town was employed. In the first stage, the town was divided into three, based on Local Government Area(LGA) basis and 30 questionnaires were administered in each of Oyo East and Oyo West LGAs, while 40 were administered in Atiba LGA. in the second stage, making a total of 100 questionnaires. From the study, majority of the respondents were female (58%), aged  between 20 and 39 years old (61%). The study also revealed that majority of the respondents (61%) sourced their chickens from local farms. Also, eighty eight percent (88%) of the respondents were aware of the ban on poultry products in Nigeria, while 55.55% of those who engaged in poultry product smuggling did so because of high profitability. The study revealed that 78% of the respondents sold their products dressed while the major challenge of the marketers was poor electricity supply (63%). Majority of the customs officers in the study area, claimed encounter with dressed chicken smugglers frequently while burning and burying of the contraband chickens was the major method of disposal adopted by the custom service. It is recommended that the customs service be better funded for efficiency and effectiveness.

Key words: Oyo town, chicken marketers, chicken smugglers, food safety, Nigeria Customs Service
Helminth Parasites of Caranx hippos (Crevalle Jack) and Sardinella maderensis (Madeiran Sardinella) from Two Fishing Settlements In Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Odum B. , Amuzie C.C.
Published: April 2021

Fish is an important dietary component as a source of high quality protein, and parasitic infections can result in production and economic losses. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the helminth parasites of Caranx hippos and Sardinella maderensis of Okrika. Fish samples were purchased from fishers between May and June, 2019 from two locations: Angalabia and Sara landing ports, Okrika. Fifty specimens of each species were dissected using standard methods, and parasites were identified using appropriate keys. Parasite ecological parameters were computed. Two parasite species were identified, Lethacotyle sp. (monogenea) and Anisakid larvae (nematode). Twenty-six specimens of Caranx hippos were infected with Lethacotyle sp., and eight with Anisakid larvae. Only one specimen of S. maderensis was infected with Anisakid larvae; others were un-infected. Examination showed a prevalence of 52.0% and 16.0% infection of Lethacotyle sp. and Anisakid larvae, respectively, in Caranx hippos, and 2.0% prevalence of Anisakid larvae in Sardinella maderensis. The preferred organs for parasite infection were the gills (Lethacotyle sp.) and intestines (Anisakid larva) of infected fish. The recovery of Anisakid larvae at a prevalence of 16% indicates that anisakiasis could be an emerging disease in Okrika. It is recommended that further research be conducted into the molecular characterization of Lethacotyle sp. of C. hippos of Okrika. It is also important to properly identify and characterize the Anisakid species, and investigate the incidence of human anisakiasis inOkrika and other coastal cities of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Keywords: Lethacotyle, Anisakid larva, anisakiasis, Caranx, Sardinella, Parasites, Marine, Okrika, Nigeria
Intensity profile of lymphatic filariasis among community members of Yewa South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adekola F.F. , Sam-Wobo S. O , Ekpo U.F. , Oluwafemi F. , Surakat O.A. , Ashamu E.A. , Bankole S.O. , Awoyale A.K.
Published: April 2021

An epidemiological study was conducted in four communities of Yewa-South Local Government Area of Ogun State to determine the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis. Also investigated was the intensity among the study participants. Three hundred and sixty-two participants of both sexes and age ranging from 5 to 85 years were examined. Blood samples for parasitological examination were obtained from consenting participants between 21.00 and 02.00 a.m. The samples were prepared using thick blood smear technique. The data obtained were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square. The result showed that, from the 362 blood samples examined, 186 were positive with an overall of 51.4%. Microfilaraemic prevalence was not significantly related (p>0.05) by sex category with male having 78 (21.5%) and female 108 (29.3%). However, there was significant (p<0.05) relationship in the prevalence by age groups as Community members within the age group =50 had the highest prevalence of 52(14.4%) while the 20-29 years recorded the least prevalence of 18(5.0%). In terms of microfilaraemic load, all females and males who tested positive for lymphatic filariasis with 50.8% having light intensity of < 50mf/ml. There was no significant relationship between prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and communities studied (P>0.05). The high prevalence observed in these communities could be due to bushy vegetation. There is the important need for increased and consistent treatment with Albendazole and health education in all affected communitiesto reduce prevalence and possible elimination of the parasite.

Keywords: Intensity, Lymphatic filariasis, prevalence, Ogun State, Nigeria
Seasonal Transmitting Potential of Malaria Vectors in Six Communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Olorunniyi O.F. , Idowu O.A. , Idowu A.B. , Pitan O.R. , Oyeniyi T.S. , Adesalu O.
Published: April 2021

Malaria vectors are found virtually in all communities of Nigeria. Understanding the transmitting potential of these vectors in  relationship with the malaria parasite (MP) infection is essential to design a sustainable community base control programme. This study aimed at determining this relationship in six communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The communities were randomly selected through a multistage sampling. Blood samples were screened for MPinfection among human volunteers during dry and rainy seasons in each community. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors for twelve months in the communities using light traps. Female  Anopheles mosquitoes collected were characterized by Polymerase Chain Reactions and circumsporozoite proteins of the infected mosquitoes were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Prevalence of MP infection, human biting rates (HBR), sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were determined using appropriate formulae. Overall prevalence of MPinfection was 26% in dry season and 38% in rainy season (P=0.001). Female Anopheles mosquitoes collected were 428. Strong relationship existed between HBR and MP infection in rainy  season (R2 = 0.671) but the relationship was weak (R2 = 0.209) in dry season. Sporozoites were detected in 2.3% of the female Anopheles mosquitoes collected. EIRs were between 0.100 - 0.252 infective bites/person/night.  Transmission of malaria parasites occurred throughout the year particularly during rainy season when there were recorded EIRs. Malaria control interventions will be more appropriate during raining season in this region.

Keywords: Anophelesmosquitoes, Nigeria, transmission, malaria, season
Retrospective Analysis of Babesiosis in Dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, From 2007 - 2015
Authors: Abakpa S.A.V. , Obadina I.J. , Fambegbe T.J. , Makinde A.F , Adeleye A.I.
Published: April 2021

A 9-year retrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), between 2007 and 2015 was done to determine the prevalence of babesiosis. A total of 2457 File cases were reviewed and dogs diagnosed with Babesia infection were analysed for the  following parameters: sex, age, medication, mortality and year of occurrence. Data generated were analyzed with One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using Graph Pad Prism 7 software. Chi square was used to determine the difference between  sexes. Of the 2457 cases presented during the study period, 574 (23.4%) were diagnosed to be babesiosis. This comprised of 266 (46.3%) males and 308 (53.7%) females, with prevalence rates of 10.9% and 12.6% respectively. Relapse cases were 120 (20.9%) while mortality rate was 41 (7.1%). Diminazene aceturate, imidocarb and oxytetracycline were the drugs used in treating canine babesiosis during the period. Among these drugs, oxytetracycline was the most frequently used, but had the highest percentage of relapsed and mortality cases. It was concluded that the prevalence of canine babesiosis in VTH, FUNAAB is high and the highest percentage of relapsed and mortality cases was recorded with use of  oxytetracycline.

Keywords: Babesiosis, dogs, Prevalence,
Molecular Prevalence of Trypanosome Infections in Kachia Grazing Reserve of Kaduna State Nigeria
Authors: Balogun J.B. , Chechet G.D. , Ndams I.S. , Okubanjo O. , Mamman M.
Published: April 2021

African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major factor limiting livestock productivity in large areas of humid and subhumid Africa. Astudy was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosomiasisin sheep and goats from Laduga, Kachia grazing reserve area of Kaduna State. Blood samples (5 ml) were randomly collected by venepuncture of the jugular vein, from 21 goats and 21 sheep of both sexes. The 42 blood samples were first screened by wet mount and samples were later analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using generic primers that amplified the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene region of the 16S rRNAgene. Microscopic examination revealed only 2.4% prevalence for T. vivax and 0% for T. brucei, whereas the DNA-based technique revealed 19.0% and 2.4% prevalence for T. vivax and T. brucei infections respectively, with the overall prevalence being 21.4%. Samples from goats revealed 13.6% and 5.0% prevalence of T. vivax in male and female respectively, while 4.5% and 0% prevalence of T. brucei was observed in male and female respectively. Similarly, samples from sheep revealed 9.1% and 10.0% prevalence of T. vivax in males and females  respectively. Generally, the findings showed that tryponosomosis is more associated with males than females, there was however no significant different (P > 0.05). Furthermore, 23.8% and 19.0% prevalence was revealed by PCR in goats and sheep respectively. This shows that trypanosomiasis still exist and may worsen if not addressed properly in Kachia grazing reserve area of Kaduna State, and the use of microscopic evaluation alone might greatly underscore the prevalence rate.

Keywords: Trypanosomosis, molecular diagnosis, prevalence, sheep and goats, Nigeria
Serological and molecular survey of Trypanosoma evansi in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Maiduguri, North-east, Nigeria
Authors: Mamman S.A. , Abongaby G. , Salami O. , Yidawi J.P. , Dakul D.A.
Published: April 2021

To date, camels still remain an important work animal as well as source of protein to humans in the Sudan and Sahel regions of Nigeria. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 camels slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi using Card Agglutination Test (CATT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. Overall, 30 (20%) of the camels tested were seropositive while PCR targeting the 227 base pair of the Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) gene of T. evansi detected the DNA of the parasite in 9 out of the 30seropositive camels. Higher infection was found among adult compared to the young camels using the two diagnostic techniques; 24.1% vs 19.0% and 10.3% vs 4.6%, for CATT and PCR techniques, respectively. However, the differences being not statistically significant (P > 0.05) for the two methods of diagnosis. Furthermore, significantly (P < 0.05)higher prevalence of infection was recorded among male compared to female camels using the serological method of diagnosis, while (P > 0.05) using the molecular method; 27.5% vs 13.6% for CATT and 10.1% vs 2.5% for PCR. Camels with PCV =24 %( mean: 19.8923 ± 4.0931) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of 23.1% than those with PCV = 25% (mean 31.7294 ± 5.50584), where the prevalence was 17.6%.The results of this study showed that camel trypanosomosis is endemic in the study area.  Furtherstudiesto elucidate the epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of this disease in the northeast region of Nigeria are desirable.

Keywords:Serology, PCR, Dromedary camel, T.evansi, Maiduguri
Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Tissues of Cattle Slaughtered across Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Sabuwa Muktar A.B. , Nafarnda Wesley Daniel , Mohammed Salihu Danlami , Bello Abdulaziz
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in cattle slaughtered from the three agricultural zones of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Selected tissues of muscle, intestine, skin, kidney and liver were analyzed for the presence of  Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Thirty cattle were used for sampling. Five samples of the tissues were collected from each of the cattle, making a total of one hundred and fifty samples. Values obtained were compared with that of FAO/WHO guidelines. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in all the sampled tissues were generally low and below the codex standards. Cr was detected above permissible limit with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 1.19±5.94, 1.07±4.42, 3.01±6.65, 1.18±5.56 and 1.35±6.94 in intestine, kidney, liver, muscle and skin respectively. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the level of Ni and Cd across two agricultural zones. Government and private sectors should establish cattle ranch and colonies across Nigeria so  as to reduce pasture contamination. Public enlightenment on the grazing of cattle in heavy metals prone areas such as automobile workshops, construction sites and paint factory premises should be advocated. Measures should be put in place for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in Nasarawa state in order to curtail their potential negative effect in human and animal tissues.

Key words: cattle, heavy metals, AAS, Nasarawa state.
Microscopic Studies Of The Foetal Lung Development In The OneHumped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Obtained From Kano Abattoir
Authors: Imam J. , Hambolu J.O. , Umar M.B. , Sulaiman M.H. , Umosen A.D.
Published: April 2021

Eighty – seven foetal lung samples from camels (Camelus dromedarius) were collected at Kano abattoir to study lung development. Four phases of the lung development were observed as follows; pseudo-glandular phase was between 10.5 cm to 38.2 cm crown-rump length, with endodermal buds and prominent mesenchymal cells. Canalicular phase was observed between 38.7 cm to 62.2 cm  crownrump length and was characterized by thinning of the endodermal buds and invasion of capillaries. Saccular phase was noticed at 65.6 cm to 82.6 cm crown-rump length when thick intercellular septa were noticed. Alveolar phase was noticed between 85.9 cm to 121 cm crown-rump length when primitive alveolar was noticed. This study has established phases of lung development in the camel and serves as baseline information for scientific knowledge.

Keywords: Foetal lung, camel (Camelus dromedarius), crown-rump length, lung development and Kano abattoir.
Microbial Contaminants in Fresh and Extended Turkey Semen and their Sensitivity to Antibiotics
Authors: Alkali I.M , Asuku S.O. , Umar M.B. , Abba A. , Mustapha A. , Bukar M.M. , Waziri M.A.
Published: April 2021

Microorganisms that inhabit the avian cloaca usually contaminate poultry semen which could easily spread throughout an entire flock. This study was conducted to determine the presence of microbial contaminants in turkey semen and evaluate their antibiotic sensitivity. Semen was collected from each tom, pooled and then divided into two aliquots A and B. Aliquot A was immediately  evaluated for microbial contaminants and antibiotic sensitivity while aliquot B, was extended and preserved for 24 hours at 40 C and thereafter microbial culture, identification and antibiotic sensitivity were conducted. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacteria species and a fungal organism Candida albican were isolated and identified in both aliquots. All the identified organisms were sensitive to pefloxacin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, while Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacteria species were resistant to Ampicillin-cloxacillin, cefuroxime, amoxicillin and ceftriaxone. Escherichia coli was only resistant to co-trimoxazole, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The study concludes that, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus foecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacteria species and Candida albican were found to be turkey semen contaminants and were resistant to penicillin and streptomycin combination in turkey semen extender but sensitive to pefloxacin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.

Key words: Microbial contaminants, turkey semen, extender, antibiotic sensitivity
Re-current Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Nigeria: Status of Vaccination as Alternate control
Authors: Meseko C.A. , Olorunsola B. , Chinyere C.A. , Olawuyi K.
Published: April 2021

Epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 in Nigeria was successfully contained during the first wave that lasted from 2006 to 2008 without the use of vaccine. Re-current and more severe outbreak was witnessed in 2015 and there are suspicions that some farmers may have resorted to vaccination to prevent infections in their flocks. We investigate evidence of vaccination in farms and the status of vaccination as alternate control for HPAI in Nigeria. The study was carried out in a cross section of 24 commercial poultry farms in four States in South West and North Central Nigeria. Five hundred and one sera collected randomly were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay for antibody to group specific influenza A nucleoprotein. One hundred and eight sera obtained from five H5N1 infected poultry farms were also concurrently screened. Reactive sera were further analysed by Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) test against H5 antigen using 1% suspension of pooled washed chicken red blood cells. Only 8 out of 501 sera (1.6%) had evidence of influenza A antibody. All of the 8 samples were from one farm with 20 samples collected representing 40% seroconversion at farm level. Three out of those sera were positive for H5 at HI titer of 3log2. All other sera including those obtained from HPAI infected farms were negative for influenza antibody. This study confirms limited antibody response to avian influenza  subtype H5 most likely due to vaccination in one commercial flock. Vaccination against avian influenza by farmers desperate to protect their investments may lead to unregulated and suboptimal application of vaccines requiring farmers’ and stakeholders’ engagement to forestall negative impact.

Keywords: Avian influenza; Control measures; Recurrent outbreaks; Vaccination status.
Babesiosis in a -3-Month-old Nigerian Indigenous Male Puppy
Authors: Aminu G.M. , Bada A.A. , Muhammad S. , Muhammad S.T.
Published: April 2021

Babesiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Babesia spp, which is an intra-erythrocytic parasite of domestic and wild animals. The parasite is mainly transmitted by infected ticks through bite and it is characterized by fever, paleness and icteric mucous membranes and emaciation. This paper reports case of babesiosis in a 3-month-old Nigerian indigenous male puppy at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The relevant history, clinical signs and laboratory evaluations were recorded. The effects on some hematological parameters were studied and recorded. The dog was successfully transfused with 226 ml of blood and then treated with a single dose of 4% Diminazene aceturate at the dose rate of 4 mg/kg intramuscularly (I.M). Thereafter, the patient was monitored until fully recovered.

Keywords: Puppy, Babesiosis, Diagnosis, Blood transfusion and Treatment