bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pervasive promotion of breastmilk substitutes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and high usage by mothers for infant and young child feeding
Authors: Pries Alissa M. , Huffman Sandra L. , Mengkheang Khin , Kroeun Hou , Champeny Mary , Roberts Margarette , Zehner Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

In 2005, Cambodia passed the Sub‐Decree on Marketing of Products for Infant and Young Child Feeding (no. 133) to regulate promotion of commercial infant and young child food products, including breastmilk substitutes. Helen Keller International assessed mothers' exposure to commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes and use of these products through a cross‐sectional survey among 294 mothers of children less than 24 months of age. Eighty‐six per cent of mothers reported observing commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes, 19.0% reported observing infant and young child food product brands/logos on health facility equipment and 18.4% reported receiving a recommendation from a health professional to use a breastmilk substitute. Consumption of breastmilk substitutes was high, occurring among 43.1% of children 0–5 months and 29.3% of children 6–23 months of age. Findings also indicated a need to improve breastfeeding practices among Phnom Penh mothers. Only 36.1% of infants 0–5 months of age were exclusively breastfed, and 12.5% of children 20–23 months of age were still breastfed. Children that received a breastmilk substitute as a prelacteal feed were 3.9 times more likely to be currently consuming a breastmilk substitute than those who did not. Despite restriction of commercial promotions for breastmilk substitutes without government approval, occurrence of promotions is high and use is common among Phnom Penh mothers. In a country with high rates of child malnutrition and pervasive promotions in spite of restrictive national law, full implementation of Cambodia's Sub‐Decree 133 is necessary, as are policies and interventions to support exclusive and continued breastfeeding.

Key messages

Despite prohibition without specific approval by the national government, companies are pervasively promoting breast‐milk substitutes in Phnom Penh, particularly on television and at points of sale.

Strengthened implementation and enforcement of Cambodia's subdecree 133 are needed to better regulate promotion in order to protect breastfeeding for the nutrition and health of infants and young children in Cambodia.

Mothers who used a breast‐milk substitute as a prelacteal feed were 3.9 times more likely to currently feed this same child a breast‐milk substitute, as compared with mothers who did not provide breast‐milk substitute as a prelacteal feed. Supporting breastfeeding among mothers after delivery is critical to establish and sustain optimal breastfeeding practices.

Use of breast‐milk substitutes is also very common among mothers of children under 2 years of age in Phnom Penh. We recommend promoting exclusive and continued breastfeeding as beneficial to children's health and development, and supporting policy and workplace environments that enable breastfeeding up to and beyond 24 months of age.
Geographic cline analysis as a tool for studying genome‐wide variation: a case study of pollinator‐mediated divergence in a monkeyflower
Authors: Stankowski Sean , Sobel James M. , Streisfeld Matthew A.
Published: April 2016

A major goal of speciation research is to reveal the genomic signatures that accompany the speciation process. Genome scans are routinely used to explore genome‐wide variation and identify highly differentiated loci that may contribute to ecological divergence, but they do not incorporate spatial, phenotypic or environmental data that might enhance outlier detection. Geographic cline analysis provides a potential framework for integrating diverse forms of data in a spatially explicit framework, but has not been used to study genome‐wide patterns of divergence. Aided by a first‐draft genome assembly, we combined anFCTscan and geographic cline analysis to characterize patterns of genome‐wide divergence between divergent pollination ecotypes ofMimulus aurantiacus.FCTanalysis of 58 872SNPs generated viaRAD‐seq revealed little ecotypic differentiation (meanFCT = 0.041), although a small number of loci were moderately‐to‐highly diverged. Consistent with our previous results from the geneMaMyb2, which contributes to differences in flower colour, 130 loci have cline shapes that recapitulate the spatial pattern of trait divergence, suggesting that they may reside in or near the genomic regions that contribute to pollinator isolation. In the narrow hybrid zone between the ecotypes, extensive admixture among individuals and low linkage disequilibrium between markers indicate that most outlier loci are scattered throughout the genome, rather than being restricted to one or a few divergent regions. In addition to revealing the genomic consequences of ecological divergence in this system, we discuss how geographic cline analysis is a powerful but under‐utilized framework for studying genome‐wide patterns of divergence.
On the Diversity of the Cognition Disciplines and the Development of A Unifying Philosophy of Information
Authors: Hemmatazad Nolan
Published: April 2016

The cognition and information theoretic sciences have now been in existence for the better part of a century. In that time, their varied disciplines have undergone extensive maturation, honing their methods, constitutions, and evaluation techniques in the pursuit of academic rigor, while not losing sight of the practical influences that have served as their almost universal cornerstone. Meanwhile, this period has also been marked by increasing disparity and gradual distancing of the philosophical underpinnings upon which each field is founded, adding strain to interdisciplinary collaborative efforts. This article presents an overview of select information‐science‐related cognition disciplines, and shows how the nascent Philosophy of Information (PI) can be adopted as a means of unifying these philosophical foundations in an empirically sound manner, without sacrificing general applicability. In addition, it demonstrates how PI is already rooted in the philosophies or epistemological views of several of the cognition disciplines, implicitly or otherwise.
Easy Knowledge, Closure Failure, or Skepticism: A Trilemma
Authors: Melchior Guido
Published: April 2016

This article aims to provide a structural analysis of the problems related to the easy knowledge problem. The easy knowledge problem is well known. If we accept that we can have basic knowledge via a source without having any prior knowledge about the reliability or accuracy of this source, then we can acquire knowledge about the reliability or accuracy of this source too easily via information delivered by the source. Rejecting any kind of basic knowledge, however, leads into an infinite regress and, plausibly, to skepticism. The article argues that the third alternative, accepting basic knowledge but rejecting easy knowledge, entails closure failure. This is obviously the case for deductive bootstrapping, but, notably, the problem also arises for inductive bootstrapping. Hence, the set of problems related to the easy knowledge problem has the structure of a trilemma. We are forced to accept easy knowledge, closure failure, or skepticism.
How Philosophers Appeal to Priority to Effect Revolution
Authors: Tillman Micah D.
Published: April 2016

This article argues that philosophers tend to employ a particular method in constructing their theories and critiquing their opponents. To substantiate this claim, the article examines the work of Nietzsche and Locke, the Empiricists and Rationalists, Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida, and Russell and Wittgenstein, showing how each relies on a method the article labels “revolution‐through‐return.” The method consists in identifying the authority behind your opponent's theory, then appealing to something “prior to” that authority, from which you then proceed to derive your own theory. The article distinguishes between several senses of priority (temporal, ontological, axiological, and so on), argues that modern philosophers tend to rely on temporal priority, and discusses the questions in priority theory that need to be addressed in order evaluate and construct revolution‐through‐return arguments.
On What Empiricism Cannot Be
Authors: Paul Bozzo Alexander
Published: April 2016

Bas C. van Fraassen, in his Terry Lectures at Yale University (subsequently published as The Empirical Stance), is concerned to elucidate what empiricism is, and could be, given past and current failures of characterization. He contends that naïve empiricism—the metaphilosophical position that characterizes empiricism in terms of a thesis—is self‐refuting, and he offers a reductio ad absurdum to substantiate this claim. Moreover, in place of naïve empiricism, van Fraassen endorses stance empiricism: the metaphilosophical position that characterizes empiricism in terms of certain attitudes and commitments. The present article, however, argues that van Fraassen begs the question in his reductio of naïve empiricism, and thus that his primary defense of stance empiricism is inadequate.
Transgenic soybean overexpressing GmSAMT1 exhibits resistance to multiple‐HG types of soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines
Authors: Lin Jingyu , Mazarei Mitra , Zhao Nan , Hatcher Catherine N. , Wuddineh Wegi A. , Rudis Mary , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Pantalone Vincent R. , Arelli Prakash R. , Hewezi Tarek , Chen Feng , Stewart Charles Neal
Published: April 2016

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) salicylic acid methyl transferase (GmSAMT1) catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. Prior results showed that when GmSAMT1 was overexpressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots, resistance is conferred against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe. In this study, we produced transgenic soybean overexpressing GmSAMT1 and characterized their response to various SCN races. Transgenic plants conferred a significant reduction in the development of SCN HG type 1.2.5.7 (race 2), HG type 0 (race 3) and HG type 2.5.7 (race 5). Among transgenic lines, GmSAMT1 expression in roots was positively associated with SCN resistance. In some transgenic lines, there was a significant decrease in salicylic acid titer relative to control plants. No significant seed yield differences were observed between transgenics and control soybean plants grown in one greenhouse with 22 °C day/night temperature, whereas transgenic soybean had higher yield than controls grown a warmer greenhouse (27 °C day/23 °C night) temperature. In a 1‐year field experiment in Knoxville, TN, there was no significant difference in seed yield between the transgenic and nontransgenic soybean under conditions with negligible SCN infection. We hypothesize that GmSAMT1 expression affects salicylic acid biosynthesis, which, in turn, attenuates SCN development, without negative consequences to soybean yield or other morphological traits. Thus, we conclude that GmSAMT1 overexpression confers broad resistance to multiple SCN races, which would be potentially applicable to commercial production.
Oilseed rape: learning about ancient and recent polyploid evolution from a recent crop species
Authors: Mason A. S. , Snowdon R. J.
Published: April 2016

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is one of our youngest crop species, arising several times under cultivation in the last few thousand years and completely unknown in the wild. Oilseed rape originated from hybridisation events between progenitor diploid speciesB. rapaandB. oleracea, both important vegetable species. The diploid progenitors are also ancient polyploids, with remnants of two previous polyploidisation events evident in the triplicated genome structure. This history of polyploid evolution and human agricultural selection makesB. napusan excellent model with which to investigate processes of genomic evolution and selection in polyploid crops. The ease ofde novointerspecific hybridisation, responsiveness to tissue culture, and the close relationship of oilseed rape to the model plantArabidopsis thaliana, coupled with the recent availability of reference genome sequences and suites of molecular cytogenetic and high‐throughput genotyping tools, allow detailed dissection of genetic, genomic and phenotypic interactions in this crop. In this review we discuss the past and present uses ofB. napusas a model for polyploid speciation and evolution in crop species, along with current and developing analysis tools and resources. We further outline unanswered questions that may now be tractable to investigation.
The role of transabdominal cervical cerclage techniques in maternity care
Authors: Gibb Donald , Saridogan Ertan
Published: April 2016

Key content

The transabdominal cerclage procedure aims to strengthen the cervix by placing a suture at the level of the internal os. The main indications for transabdominal suture are a grossly disrupted cervix, an absent vaginal cervix, and previous failed elective vaginal cerclage.

The transabdominal cerclage was first described in 1965 and the laparoscopic modification was first reported in 1998. Published reports suggest very high neonatal survival rates with both approaches.

Laparoscopic cerclage has the general advantages of minimal access surgery, such as avoiding a large abdominal incision, short hospital stay and quick recovery.

Potential complications include bleeding from uterine vessels and loss of pregnancy for non‐interval procedures. The other reported complications, such as suture migration, rectouterine fistula, uterine rupture and intrauterine growth restriction, are rare.

The place of transabdominal cerclage in preventing pregnancy loss and preterm birth remains a subject of debate and there is a need to audit the outcomes.

Learning objectives

To better understand the role of the cervix in miscarriage.

To understand the indications for referral for transabdominal cervical cerclage.

To understand the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of women after this procedure.

Ethical issues

To consider the place of this invasive procedure, with its consequent possible complications, in the management of cervical weakness in women who often have poor reproductive histories.

To consider the lack of national and international availability of this potentially valuable procedure.

To consider an effective system of assessment of this procedure in a referral context, and the future of this procedure.
Wnt pathway regulation of intestinal stem cells
Authors: Mah Amanda T. , Yan Kelley S. , Kuo Calvin J.
Published: April 2016

Wnt signalling is involved in multiple aspects of embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, notably via controlling cellular proliferation and differentiation. Wnt signalling is subject to stringent positive and negative regulation to promote proper development and homeostasis yet avoid aberrant growth. Such multi‐layer regulation includes post‐translational modification and processing of Wnt proteins themselves, R‐spondin (Rspo) amplification of Wnt signalling, diverse receptor families, and intracellular and extracellular antagonists and destruction and transcription complexes. In the gastrointestinal tract, Wnt signalling is crucial for development and renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) undergo symmetric division and neutral drift dynamics to renew the intestinal epithelium. Sources of Wnts and Wnt amplifers such as R‐spondins are beginning to be elucidated as well as their functional contribution to intestinal homeostasis. In this review we focus on regulation of ISCs and intestinal homeostasis by the Wnt/Rspo pathway, the potential cellular sources of Wnt signalling regulators and highlight potential future areas of study.

image
The role of continuous low-frequency harmonicity cues for interrupted speech perception in bimodal hearing
Authors: Oh Soo Hee , Donaldson Gail S. , Kong Ying-Yee
Published: April 2016

Low-frequency acoustic cues have been shown to enhance speech perception by cochlear-implant users, particularly when target speech occurs in a competing background. The present study examined the extent to which a continuous representation of low-frequency harmonicity cues contributes to bimodal benefit in simulated bimodal listeners. Experiment 1 examined the benefit of restoring a continuous temporal envelope to the low-frequency ear while the vocoder ear received a temporally interrupted stimulus. Experiment 2 examined the effect of providing continuous harmonicity cues in the low-frequency ear as compared to restoring a continuous temporal envelope in the vocoder ear. Findings indicate that bimodal benefit for temporally interrupted speech increases when continuity is restored to either or both ears. The primary benefit appears to stem from the continuous temporal envelope in the low-frequency region providing additional phonetic cues related to manner and F1 frequency; a secondary contribution is provided by low-frequency harmonicity cues when a continuous representation of the temporal envelope is present in the low-frequency, or both ears. The continuous temporal envelope and harmonicity cues of low-frequency speech are thought to support bimodal benefit by facilitating identification of word and syllable boundaries, and by restoring partial phonetic cues that occur during gaps in the temporally interrupted stimulus.
Effects of Increased Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass on Endurance-Cycling Performance
Authors: Mujika Iñigo , Rønnestad Bent R. , Martin David T.
Published: April 2016

Despite early and ongoing debate among athletes, coaches, and sport scientists, it is likely that resistance training for endurance cyclists can be tolerated, promotes desired adaptations that support training, and can directly improve performance. Lower-body heavy strength training performed in addition to endurance-cycling training can improve both short- and long-term endurance performance. Strength-maintenance training is essential to retain strength gains during the competition season. Competitive female cyclists with greater lower-body lean mass (LBLM) tend to have ~4–9% higher maximum mean power per kg LBLM over 1 s to 10 min. Such relationships enable optimal body composition to be modeled. Resistance training off the bike may be particularly useful for modifying LBLM, whereas more cycling-specific training strategies like eccentric cycling and single-leg cycling with a counterweight have not been thoughtfully investigated in well-trained cyclists. Potential mechanisms for improved endurance include postponed activation of less efficient type II muscle fibers, conversion of type IIX fibers into more fatigue-resistant IIa fibers, and increased muscle mass and rate of force development.
Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids
Authors: Garcez Patricia P. , Loiola Erick Correia , Madeiro da Costa Rodrigo , Higa Luiza M. , Trindade Pablo , Delvecchio Rodrigo , Nascimento Juliana Minardi , Brindeiro Rodrigo , Tanuri Amilcar , Rehen Stevens K.
Published: April 2016

Zika virus tested in human brain organoids

The pernicious and resilient
Aedes
mosquito is rapidly spreading Zika virus (ZIKV) through the Americas. ZIKV infection mostly causes mild disease, but in some patients, nervous system involvement is indicated. A particular worry is an observed correlation between infection of mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy and microcephaly in newborns. Garcez
et al.
tested the effects of ZIKV compared with dengue virus infection on human neural stem cells grown as organoids. ZIKV targeted the human brain cells, reduced their size and viability in vitro, and caused programmed cell death responses.

Science
, this issue p.
816
Surgical management of macroglossia secondary to amyloidosis
Authors: Gadiwalla Yusuf , Burnham Richard , Warfield Adrian , Praveen Prav
Published: April 2016

The authors report a case of amyloidosis-induced macroglossia treated with surgical reduction of the tongue using a keyhole to inverted T method with particular emphasis on the postoperative sequelae. Significant tongue swelling persisted for longer than anticipated requiring tracheostomy to remain in situ for 14 days.
A unified approach to infinite-dimensional integration
Authors: Albeverio S. , Mazzucchi S.
Published: April 2016

An approach to infinite-dimensional integration which unifies the case of oscillatory integrals and the case of probabilistic type integrals is presented. It provides a truly infinite-dimensional construction of integrals as linear functionals, as much as possible independent of the underlying topological and measure theoretical structure. Various applications are given, including, next to Feynman path integrals, Schrödinger and diffusion equations, as well as higher order hyperbolic and parabolic equations.
Additive analysis of nano silicon under the influence of neutron irradiation
Authors: Garibli Aydan , Huseynov Elchin , Garibov Adil , Mehdiyeva Ravan
Published: April 2016

Nano silicon with [Formula: see text] specific surface area, 100 nm size and 0.08 g/cm3 density has been irradiated continuously with neutrons [Formula: see text] up to 20 h at various periods in TRIGA Mark II type research reactor. After the neutron irradiation, cooling time of the samples is taken approximately 360 h. It is found that the initial radioactivity of the irradiated samples changes within 0.1 kBq–3.1 GBq range. Definition of elements’ concentration is determined based on the activities formed in the relevant energy range. After the irradiation, the result of activity analysis carried out the element content of 1% mixture existing in nano Si which has been defined with radionuclides of the relevant element. Moreover, from activities of mixed radioisotopes, their amounts in percentage has been determined.
Power Neighboring Interval Matching Based PMC Integration
Authors: Li Yuelong , Wu Jigang , Chen Yawen , Mair Jason , Eyers David , Huang Zhiyi
Published: April 2016

Performance monitoring counters (PMCs) are of great value to monitor the status of processors and their further analysis and modeling. In this paper, we explore a novel problem called PMC integration, i.e., how to combine a group of PMCs which are collected asynchronously together. It is well known that, due to hardware constraints, the number of PMCs that can be measured concurrently is strictly limited. It means we cannot directly acquire all the phenomenon features that are related with the system performance. Clearly, this source raw data shortage is extremely frustrating to PMCs based analysis and modeling tasks, such as PMCs based power estimation. To deal with this problem, we introduce a neighboring interval power values based PMC data integration approach. Based on the activity similarity of easily collected power dissipation values, the proposed approach can automatically combine distinct categories of PMC data together and hence realize the recovery of intact raw PMC data. In addition, the significance and effectiveness of the proposed approach are experimentally verified on a common task, the PMCs based power consumption modeling.
On-Chip Measurement of Quality Factor Implemented in 0.35μm CMOS
Authors: Ren Xiaojiao , Zhang Ming , Llaser Nicolas , Zhuang Yiqi
Published: April 2016

Based on time-domain quality factor (Q-factor) measurement principle, we have proposed an architecture which has the potential to be integrated on-chip. Thanks to the proposed original reconfigurable structure, the main measurement error from the offset of the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) used can be cancelled automatically during the measurement operation, leading to a high accuracy Q-factor measurement. The digital control circuit plays an important role in the automatic passage between the two configurations designed, i.e., peak detector and comparator. The main advantages of the proposed time-domain Q-factor measurement lay on the possibility of being integrated next to the Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) resonator to be measured, the miniaturization of the whole measuring system as well as the enhancement of the measurement performance, and to guide the design of such architecture, a theoretical analysis linking the required accuracy and the given Q-factor to the circuit parameters have been given in this paper. The proposed circuit is designed and simulated in a 0.35[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS) technology. The post-layout simulation results show that the operating frequency can reach up to 200[Formula: see text]kHz with an accuracy of 0.4%.
Design and Simulation of High-Precision Position System Using 60 GHz Pulse
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Shi Wei , Wang Xinjie , Xu Lingwei , Niu Qiuna , Ma Yangyang
Published: April 2016

60[Formula: see text]GHz communication technology is a type of short-range and high-speed wireless communication technology, which is currently considered the most promising one because it has a very high time and multi-path resolution. Therefore, it has the potential to achieve high-precision ranging and positioning. At present, carrier communication system like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or single carrier techniques using frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE), etc., are mostly used in 60[Formula: see text]GHz communication system. Furthermore, accurate wireless positioning systems is mostly based on impulse radio. We propose a pulse positioning system in 60[Formula: see text]GHz band to meet the requirements of high-precision positioning. A pulse waveform suitable for 60[Formula: see text]GHz positioning is presented, meanwhile the positioning process of pulse transmitting, channel transmission, pulse receiving and coordinates calculation using positioning algorithm is also designed and simulated. The results show that the 60[Formula: see text]GHz pulse system has millimeter-level ranging accuracy and centimeter-level positioning accuracy in line-of-sight (LOS) channel, in addition the accuracy is much higher than that in ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse system.
Possible physical explanation of the intrinsic Ep,i-“intensity” correlation commonly used to “standardize” GRBs
Authors: Frontera Filippo , Amati Lorenzo , Farinelli Ruben , Dichiara Simone , Guidorzi Cristiano , Landi Raffaella , Titarchuk Lev
Published: April 2016

It is recognized that very likely the correlation between peak energy [Formula: see text] and bolometric intensity is intrinsic to GRBs. However, its physical origin is still debated. In this paper, we will discuss a possible interpretation of the correlation in the light of a GRB prompt emission spectral model, grbcomp, proposed in [L. Titarchuk, R. Farinelli, F. Frontera and L. Amati, Astrophys. J. 752 (2012) 116]. grbcomp is essentially a photospheric model for the prompt emission of GRBs. Its main ingredients are a thermal bath of soft seed photons and a subrelativistically expanding outflow plasma, consequence of the star explosion. The emerging spectrum is the result of two phases: first, up to the photospheric radius, Comptonization of a subrelativistic electron outflow with thermal bath of soft photons, then, convolution of the Comptonized photons in the first phase with a Green function. The result of this convolution is consistent with different physical processes, in particular Inverse Compton. grbcomp has been successfully tested using a significant sample of GRB time resolved spectra in the broad energy band from 2[Formula: see text]keV to 2[Formula: see text]MeV [F. Frontera, L. Amati, R. Farinelli, S. Dichiara, C. Guidorzi, R. Landi and L. Titarchuk, Astrophys. J. 779 (2013) 175].
Cosmological test with the QSO Hubble diagram
Authors: López-Corredoira M. , Melia F. , Lusso E. , Risaliti G.
Published: April 2016

A Hubble diagram (HD) has recently been constructed in the redshift range [Formula: see text] using a nonlinear relation between the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray luminosities of quasi stellar objects (QSOs). The Type Ia Supernovae (SN) HD has already provided a high-precision test of cosmological models, but the fact that the QSO distribution extends well beyond the supernova range ([Formula: see text]), in principle provides us with an important complementary diagnostic whose significantly greater leverage in [Formula: see text] can impose tighter constraints on the distance versus redshift relationship. In this paper, we therefore perform an independent test of nine different cosmological models, among which six are expanding, while three are static. Many of these are disfavored by other kinds of observations (including the aforementioned Type Ia SNe). We wish to examine whether the QSO HD confirms or rejects these earlier conclusions. We find that four of these models (Einstein–de Sitter, the Milne universe, the static universe with simple tired light and the static universe with plasma tired light) are excluded at the [Formula: see text] C.L. The quasi-steady state model is excluded at [Formula: see text] C.L. The remaining four models ([Formula: see text]CDM/[Formula: see text]CDM, the [Formula: see text] universe, the Friedmann open universe and a static universe with a linear Hubble law) all pass the test. However, only [Formula: see text]CDM/[Formula: see text]CDM and [Formula: see text] also pass the Alcock–Paczyński (AP) test. The optimized parameters in [Formula: see text]CDM/[Formula: see text]CDM are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (the dark energy equation-of-state). Combined with the AP test, these values become [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. But whereas this optimization of parameters in [Formula: see text]CDM/[Formula: see text]CDM creates some tension with their concordance values, the [Formula: see text] universe has the advantage of fitting the QSO and AP data without any free parameters.
A REVIEW ON NON-DARCY FLOW — FORCHHEIMER EQUATION, HYDRAULIC RADIUS MODEL, FRACTAL MODEL AND EXPERIMENT
Authors: WU JINSUI , HU DEZHI , LI WENJUN , CAI XIN
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a brief summary of some of the relevant models for non-Darcy flow is reviewed, they mainly include seven models, among them three models are based on the average hydraulic radius, two are based on fractal geometry theory and technique, one is based on first principle, one is based on experimental measurement. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages.
MIXING TIME OF A + B− > 0 IN ONE DIMENSION
Authors: HAYNES CHRISTOPHE P.
Published: April 2016

A mixing time density of [Formula: see text] on a finite one-dimensional domain is defined for general initial and boundary conditions in which [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] diffuse at the same rate. The density is a measure of the number of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] particles that mix through the center of the reaction zone. It also corresponds to the reaction density for the special case in which [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] annihilate upon contact. An exact expression is found for the generating function of the mixing time. The analysis is extended to multiple reaction fronts and finitely ramified fractals. The method involves using the kernel of the Laplace transform integral operator to map and analyze a moving homogeneous Dirichlet interior point condition.
A FRACTAL NETWORK MODEL FOR FRACTURED POROUS MEDIA
Authors: XU PENG , LI CUIHONG , QIU SHUXIA , SASMITO AGUS PULUNG
Published: April 2016

The transport properties and mechanisms of fractured porous media are very important for oil and gas reservoir engineering, hydraulics, environmental science, chemical engineering, etc. In this paper, a fractal dual-porosity model is developed to estimate the equivalent hydraulic properties of fractured porous media, where a fractal tree-like network model is used to characterize the fracture system according to its fractal scaling laws and topological structures. The analytical expressions for the effective permeability of fracture system and fractured porous media, tortuosity, fracture density and fraction are derived. The proposed fractal model has been validated by comparisons with available experimental data and numerical simulation. It has been shown that fractal dimensions for fracture length and aperture have significant effect on the equivalent hydraulic properties of fractured porous media. The effective permeability of fracture system can be increased with the increase of fractal dimensions for fracture length and aperture, while it can be remarkably lowered by introducing tortuosity at large branching angle. Also, a scaling law between the fracture density and fractal dimension for fracture length has been found, where the scaling exponent depends on the fracture number. The present fractal dual-porosity model may shed light on the transport physics of fractured porous media and provide theoretical basis for oil and gas exploitation, underground water, nuclear waste disposal and geothermal energy extraction as well as chemical engineering, etc.
FIXING RISK NEUTRAL RISK MEASURES
Authors: STEIN HARVEY J.
Published: April 2016

In line with regulations and common risk management practice, the credit risk of a portfolio is managed via its potential future exposures (PFEs), expected exposures (EEs), and related measures, the expected positive exposure (EPE), effective expected exposure (EEE), and the effective expected positive exposure (EEPE). Notably, firms use these exposures to set economic and regulatory capital levels. Their values have a big impact on the capital that firms need to hold to manage their risks.

Due to the growth of credit valuation adjustment (CVA) computations, and the similarity of CVA computations to exposure computations, firms find it expedient to compute these exposures under the risk neutral measure.

Here, we show that exposures computed under the risk neutral measure are essentially arbitrary. They depend on the choice of numéraire, and can be manipulated by choosing a different numéraire. The numéraire can even be chosen in such a way as to pass backtests. Even when restricting attention to commonly used numéraires, exposures can vary by a factor of two or more. As such, it is critical that these calculations be carried out under the real world measure, not the risk neutral measure. To help rectify the situation, we show how to exploit measure changes to efficiently compute real world exposures in a risk neutral framework, even when there is no change of measure from the risk neutral measure to the real world measure. We also develop a canonical risk neutral measure that can be used as an alternative approach to risk calculations.
WHAT AFFECTS CREATIVE PERFORMANCE IN IDEA CO-CREATION: COMPETITIVE, COOPERATIVE OR COOPETITIVE CLIMATE?
Authors: ZHAO ZHENZHEN , RENARD DAMIEN , ELMOUKHLISS MEHDI , BALAGUE CHRISTINE
Published: April 2016

Companies develop co-creation platforms to collect innovative ideas generated by consumers. The idea competition model is traditionally used to organise such collective action and has been widely implemented by companies. In parallel, the development of collaborative platforms and social networks have led to the appearance of co-creation platforms based on a cooperation model with community features. In addition to these two classical models, a third model, a combination of competition and cooperation — the coopetition model — has emerged. Although there is growing interest in this model, no study to date has compared its performance to the other two models. Our research objective is to investigate and compare how these three models affect creative performance in terms of idea quantity and quality. We thus conducted an experiment with 177 students to generate ideas that were submitted to an established company. The results show that the coopetition model generates more ideas and more creative ideas than the other two models. We also offer insights on how a consumer co-creation platform should be designed to achieve better creative performance.
The extension class and KMS states for Cuntz–Pimsner algebras of some bi-Hilbertian bimodules
Authors: Rennie Adam , Robertson David , Sims Aidan
Published: April 2016

For bi-Hilbertian [Formula: see text]-bimodules, in the sense of Kajiwara–Pinzari–Watatani, we construct a Kasparov module representing the extension class defining the Cuntz–Pimsner algebra. The construction utilises a singular expectation which is defined using the [Formula: see text]-module version of the Jones index for bi-Hilbertian bimodules. The Jones index data also determines a novel quasi-free dynamics and KMS states on these Cuntz–Pimsner algebras.
3D fluorescence emission difference microscopy based on spatial light modulator
Authors: Zhao Guangyuan , Rong Zihao , Kuang Cuifang , Zheng Cheng , Liu Xu
Published: April 2016

We report three-dimensional fluorescence emission difference (3D-FED) microscopy using a spatial light modulator (SLM). Zero phase, 0–2[Formula: see text] vortex phase and binary 0-pi phase are loaded on the SLM to generate the corresponding solid, doughnut and z-axis hollow excitation spot, respectively. Our technique achieves super-resolved image by subtracting three differently acquired images with proper subtractive factors. Detailed theoretical analysis and simulation tests are proceeded to testify the performance of 3D-FED. Also, the improvement of lateral and axial resolution is demonstrated by imaging 100[Formula: see text]nm fluorescent beads. The experiment yields lateral resolution of 140[Formula: see text]nm and axial resolution of approximate 380[Formula: see text]nm.
Rainbow reinforcement numbers in digraphs
Authors: Khoeilar R. , Sheikholeslami S. M.
Published: April 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite and simple digraph. A [Formula: see text]-rainbow dominating function ([Formula: see text]RDF) of a digraph [Formula: see text] is a function [Formula: see text] from the vertex set [Formula: see text] to the set of all subsets of the set [Formula: see text] such that for any vertex [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] the condition [Formula: see text] is fulfilled, where [Formula: see text] is the set of in-neighbors of [Formula: see text]. The weight of a [Formula: see text]RDF [Formula: see text] is the value [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]-rainbow domination number of a digraph [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text], is the minimum weight of a [Formula: see text]RDF of [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]-rainbow reinforcement number [Formula: see text] of a digraph [Formula: see text] is the minimum number of arcs that must be added to [Formula: see text] in order to decrease the [Formula: see text]-rainbow domination number. In this paper, we initiate the study of [Formula: see text]-rainbow reinforcement number in digraphs and we present some sharp bounds for [Formula: see text]. In particular, we determine the [Formula: see text]-rainbow reinforcement number of some classes of digraphs.
An Abstract Interpretation-Based Model of Tracing Just-in-Time Compilation
Authors: Dissegna Stefano , Logozzo Francesco , Ranzato Francesco
Published: April 2016

Tracing just-in-time compilation is a popular compilation technique for the efficient implementation of dynamic languages, which is commonly used for JavaScript, Python, and PHP. It relies on two key ideas. First, it monitors program execution in order to detect so-called hot paths, that is, the most frequently executed program paths. Then, hot paths are optimized by exploiting some information on program stores that is available and therefore gathered at runtime. The result is a residual program where the optimized hot paths are guarded by sufficient conditions ensuring some form of equivalence with the original program. The residual program is persistently mutated during its execution, for example, to add new optimized hot paths or to merge existing paths. Tracing compilation is thus fundamentally different from traditional static compilation. Nevertheless, despite the practical success of tracing compilation, very little is known about its theoretical foundations. We provide a formal model of tracing compilation of programs using abstract interpretation. The monitoring phase (viz., hot path detection) corresponds to an abstraction of the trace semantics of the program that captures the most frequent occurrences of sequences of program points together with an abstraction of their corresponding stores, for example, a type environment. The optimization phase (viz., residual program generation) corresponds to a transform of the original program that preserves its trace semantics up to a given observation as modeled by some abstraction. We provide a generic framework to express dynamic optimizations along hot paths and to prove them correct. We instantiate it to prove the correctness of dynamic type specialization and constant variable folding. We show that our framework is more general than the model of tracing compilation introduced by Guo and Palsberg [2011], which is based on operational bisimulations. In our model, we can naturally express hot path reentrance and common optimizations like dead-store elimination, which are either excluded or unsound in Guo and Palsberg’s framework.
Rational Region-Based Affine Logic of the Real Plane
Authors: Trybus Adam
Published: April 2016

The region-based spatial logics, where variables are set to range over certain subsets of geometric space, are the focal point of the qualitative spatial reasoning, a subfield of the KR&R research area. A lot of attention has been devoted to developing the topological spatial logics, leaving other systems relatively underexplored. We are concerned with a specific example of a region-based affine spatial logic. Building on the previous results on spatial logics with convexity, we axiomatise the theory of
M
= 〈
ROQ
(R
2
),
conv
M
, ≤
M
〉, where
ROQ
(R
2
) is the set of regular open rational polygons of the real plane;
conv
M
is the convexity property and ≤
M
is the inclusion relation. The axiomatisation uses two infinitary rules of inference and a number of axiom schemas.
Modelling the ARMv8 architecture, operationally: concurrency and ISA
Authors: Flur Shaked , Gray Kathryn E. , Pulte Christopher , Sarkar Susmit , Sezgin Ali , Maranget Luc , Deacon Will , Sewell Peter
Published: April 2016

In this paper we develop semantics for key aspects of the ARMv8 multiprocessor architecture: the concurrency model and much of the 64-bit application-level instruction set (ISA). Our goal is to clarify what the range of architecturally allowable behaviour is, and thereby to support future work on formal verification, analysis, and testing of concurrent ARM software and hardware. Establishing such models with high confidence is intrinsically difficult: it involves capturing the vendor's architectural intent, aspects of which (especially for concurrency) have not previously been precisely defined. We therefore first develop a concurrency model with a microarchitectural flavour, abstracting from many hardware implementation concerns but still close to hardware-designer intuition. This means it can be discussed in detail with ARM architects. We then develop a more abstract model, better suited for use as an architectural specification, which we prove sound w.r.t.~the first. The instruction semantics involves further difficulties, handling the mass of detail and the subtle intensional information required to interface to the concurrency model. We have a novel ISA description language, with a lightweight dependent type system, letting us do both with a rather direct representation of the ARM reference manual instruction descriptions. We build a tool from the combined semantics that lets one explore, either interactively or exhaustively, the full range of architecturally allowed behaviour, for litmus tests and (small) ELF executables. We prove correctness of some optimisations needed for tool performance. We validate the models by discussion with ARM staff, and by comparison against ARM hardware behaviour, for ISA single- instruction tests and concurrent litmus tests.
Breaking through the normalization barrier: a self-interpreter for f-omega
Authors: Brown Matt , Palsberg Jens
Published: April 2016

According to conventional wisdom, a self-interpreter for a strongly normalizing lambda-calculus is impossible. We call this the normalization barrier. The normalization barrier stems from a theorem in computability theory that says that a total universal function for the total computable functions is impossible. In this paper we break through the normalization barrier and define a self-interpreter for System F_omega, a strongly normalizing lambda-calculus. After a careful analysis of the classical theorem, we show that static type checking in F_omega can exclude the proof's diagonalization gadget, leaving open the possibility for a self-interpreter. Along with the self-interpreter, we program four other operations in F_omega, including a continuation-passing style transformation. Our operations rely on a new approach to program representation that may be useful in theorem provers and compilers.
Example-directed synthesis: a type-theoretic interpretation
Authors: Frankle Jonathan , Osera Peter-Michael , Walker David , Zdancewic Steve
Published: April 2016

Input-output examples have emerged as a practical and user-friendly specification mechanism for program synthesis in many environments. While example-driven tools have demonstrated tangible impact that has inspired adoption in industry, their underlying semantics are less well-understood: what are "examples" and how do they relate to other kinds of specifications? This paper demonstrates that examples can, in general, be interpreted as refinement types. Seen in this light, program synthesis is the task of finding an inhabitant of such a type. This insight provides an immediate semantic interpretation for examples. Moreover, it enables us to exploit decades of research in type theory as well as its correspondence with intuitionistic logic rather than designing ad hoc theoretical frameworks for synthesis from scratch. We put this observation into practice by formalizing synthesis as proof search in a sequent calculus with intersection and union refinements that we prove to be sound with respect to a conventional type system. In addition, we show how to handle negative examples, which arise from user feedback or counterexample-guided loops. This theory serves as the basis for a prototype implementation that extends our core language to support ML-style algebraic data types and structurally inductive functions. Users can also specify synthesis goals using polymorphic refinements and import monomorphic libraries. The prototype serves as a vehicle for empirically evaluating a number of different strategies for resolving the nondeterminism of the sequent calculus---bottom-up theorem-proving, term enumeration with refinement type checking, and combinations of both---the results of which classify, explain, and validate the design choices of existing synthesis systems. It also provides a platform for measuring the practical value of a specification language that combines "examples" with the more general expressiveness of refinements.
Effects as sessions, sessions as effects
Authors: Orchard Dominic , Yoshida Nobuko
Published: April 2016

Effect and session type systems are two expressive behavioural type systems. The former is usually developed in the context of the lambda-calculus and its variants, the latter for the pi-calculus. In this paper we explore their relative expressive power. Firstly, we give an embedding from PCF, augmented with a parameterised effect system, into a session-typed pi-calculus (session calculus), showing that session types are powerful enough to express effects. Secondly, we give a reverse embedding, from the session calculus back into PCF, by instantiating PCF with concurrency primitives and its effect system with a session-like effect algebra; effect systems are powerful enough to express sessions. The embedding of session types into an effect system is leveraged to give a new implementation of session types in Haskell, via an effect system encoding. The correctness of this implementation follows from the second embedding result. We also discuss various extensions to our embeddings.