bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
7. Art and philosophy
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘Art and philosophy’ explores Theodor Adorno's reflections on art and aesthetics. For Adorno, Hegel's assumption that there can be a rational integration of individual and society comes up against the brutality of modern capitalism. He talks of ‘the aesthetic impossibility of a reestablishment of an order of art just from the will to such an order, without this order being substantially present to us any more in the thing itself and in the world in which we live’. Adorno also contends that art is inseparable from the social and political circumstances in which it is located. Adorno made some fascinating reflections on mimesis and expression in art, and ‘philosophical music’.
8. Doing justice to things
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘Doing justice to things’ studies Theodor Adorno's suspicion of ‘information’ when he talks of the ‘replacement of spontaneous thought by automatized conformity’. What Adorno means becomes clearer if, rather than seeing the cognitive stance as the primary way we relate to the world, we also think in terms of doing justice to things. This suggests why art is central to his thought. Though redemptive theology and metaphysics disintegrate in face of the Holocaust, Adorno's approach to modern culture takes seriously the needs which they represent, needs which can lead to destructive, irrational responses. How to advance humanity, considering what it is capable of, is the challenge which Adorno's work still poses today.
Functional characterization of a new 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase from Eupenicillium parvum and its potential for protocatechuic acid production
Authors: Wei Kaiying , Long Liangkun , Lin Qunying , Ding Shaojun
Published: May 2022

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is an important phenolic compound with diverse industrial values. Conversion of 3-dehydroshikimate (DHS) to PCA by dehydroshikimate dehydratase (DSD) provides an efficient approach for production of the molecule. Herein, a new DSD from fungus Eupenicillium parvum was functionally investigated after recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. The DSD displayed 30-35% sequence identities with the known fungal DSDs. The recombinant protein showed catalysis activity against DHS, with the optimal temperature of 40°C and pH of 7.5. The specific activity and Km of the protein were 910 mU per mg protein and 0.83 mM, respectively. Metal ion (Mg2+ or Mn2+) played a critical role for the enzymatic activity. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the protein was improved by Mg2+ or Mn2+. Furthermore, the expression of the protein in E. coli resulted in de novo synthesis of 491 mg/L PCA in a modified M9 medium with glycerol as carbon source.
A Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM)
Authors: Matentzoglu Nicolas , Balhoff James P , Bello Susan M , Bizon Chris , Brush Matthew , Callahan Tiffany J , Chute Christopher G , Duncan William D , Evelo Chris T , Gabriel Davera , Graybeal John , Gray Alasdair , Gyori Benjamin M , Haendel Melissa , Harmse Henriette , Harris Nomi L , Harrow Ian , Hegde Harshad B , Hoyt Amelia L , Hoyt Charles T , Jiao Dazhi , Jiménez-Ruiz Ernesto , Jupp Simon , Kim Hyeongsik , Koehler Sebastian , Liener Thomas , Long Qinqin , Malone James , McLaughlin James A , McMurry Julie A , Moxon Sierra , Munoz-Torres Monica C , Osumi-Sutherland David , Overton James A , Peters Bjoern , Putman Tim , Queralt-Rosinach Núria , Shefchek Kent , Solbrig Harold , Thessen Anne , Tudorache Tania , Vasilevsky Nicole , Wagner Alex H , Mungall Christopher J
Published: May 2022

Despite progress in the development of standards for describing and exchanging scientific information, the lack of easy-to-use standards for mapping between different representations of the same or similar objects in different databases poses a major impediment to data integration and interoperability. Mappings often lack the metadata needed to be correctly interpreted and applied. For example, are two terms equivalent or merely related? Are they narrow or broad matches? Or are they associated in some other way? Such relationships between the mapped terms are often not documented, which leads to incorrect assumptions and makes them hard to use in scenarios that require a high degree of precision (such as diagnostics or risk prediction). Furthermore, the lack of descriptions of how mappings were done makes it hard to combine and reconcile mappings, particularly curated and automated ones. We have developed the Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM) which addresses these problems by: (i) Introducing a machine-readable and extensible vocabulary to describe metadata that makes imprecision, inaccuracy and incompleteness in mappings explicit. (ii) Defining an easy-to-use simple table-based format that can be integrated into existing data science pipelines without the need to parse or query ontologies, and that integrates seamlessly with Linked Data principles. (iii) Implementing open and community-driven collaborative workflows that are designed to evolve the standard continuously to address changing requirements and mapping practices. (iv) Providing reference tools and software libraries for working with the standard. In this paper, we present the SSSOM standard, describe several use cases in detail and survey some of the existing work on standardizing the exchange of mappings, with the goal of making mappings Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). The SSSOM specification can be found at http://w3id.org/sssom/spec.

Database URL: http://w3id.org/sssom/spec
Perspectives on Bioinspired Product Development: Entrapping Surfaces Based on Leaf Microstructures
Authors: Loudon Catherine
Published: May 2022

Synopsis

Scientists who work on bioinspired systems may see the potential for products resulting from their research, but are often unaware of the various steps or issues related to commercialization or product development. Commercialization topics lie outside the usual training of a basic biologist, and therefore much of their exposure to these topics is adventitious, such as from casual conversations at meetings. Thus, the information gleaned may be somewhat piecemeal. In this paper, I briefly summarize some of what I have learned over the last 10 years about commercialization from a variety of different sources, related to a bioinspired project in which I am involved. My collaborators and I have invented and patented a technology to entrap insect pests by a purely physical mechanism (a “physical insecticide” that does not involve a chemical insecticide). This bioinspired technology is based on a historical control method, in which leaves from bean plants were used to capture bed bugs for hundreds of years in parts of eastern Europe. Sharp recurved microstructures (nonglandular trichomes) on the leaf surfaces irreversibly impale the tarsi (feet) of the bed bugs as they walk over the surfaces, trapping them in place. Pest professionals have identified bed bugs as the most difficult pest to control; there is a clear need for new methods of control for this pest. There are societal benefits and consumer demand for products that are sustainable, without regulatory constraints, and that minimize insecticide exposure for humans. But how would these products be developed from this starting point of a bioinspired invention? I will briefly share some of our experiences in the early and ongoing product development of entrapping surfaces, with the hope that this might interest or aid others who are considering entrepreneurial activities. Unfamiliar topics such as intellectual property, customer segmentation, value propositions, business models, conflict of interest, and conflict of commitment may require some attention from prospective entrepreneurs. This brief and introductory overview is intended for those academic scientists with little to no experience or knowledge in the area of commercialization.
Racing Time: Physiological Rates and Metabolic Scaling in Marine Mammals
Authors: Williams Terrie M
Published: May 2022

Reinvasion of the oceans beginning 10–60 million years ago by ancient mammals instigated one of the most remarkable metabolic transitions across evolutionary time. A consequence of marine living, especially in colder waters, has been a 1.4–2.9-fold increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) for otters, pinnipeds, and cetaceans over predicted levels for terrestrial mammals of similar body mass. Notably, the greatest metabolic elevation occurred in the smallest marine mammals, suggesting an underlying thermal causative mechanism. Superimposed on these resting costs are the metabolic demands of locomotion. Collectively termed the field metabolic rate (FMR), such active costs consistently approach three times the resting rates of individuals regardless of locomotor style, species, foraging patterns, habitat, or geographic location. In wild non-reproducing mammals, the FMR/RMR ratio averages 2.6–2.8 for both terrestrial and marine species, with the latter group maintaining larger absolute daily metabolic rates supported by comparatively higher food ingestion rates. Interestingly, the limit for habitual (multi-day), sustained maximal energy expenditure in human endurance athletes averages <3.0 times resting metabolic levels, with a notable exception in Tour de France cyclists. Importantly, both athletes and wild mammals seem similarly constrained; that is, by the ability to process enough calories in a day to support exceptional metabolic performance.
An Integrative Perspective On the Mechanistic Basis of Context- Dependent Species Interactions
Authors: Mauro Alexander A , Shah Alisha A , Martin Paul R , Ghalambor Cameron K
Published: May 2022

Synopsis

It has long been known that the outcome of species interactions depends on the environmental context in which they occur. Climate change research has sparked a renewed interest in context-dependent species interactions because rapidly changing abiotic environments will cause species interactions to occur in novel contexts and researchers must incorporate this in their predictions of species’ responses to climate change. Here, we argue that predicting how the environment will alter the outcome of species interactions requires an integrative biology approach that focuses on the traits, mechanisms, and processes that bridge disciplines such as physiology, biomechanics, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Specifically, we advocate for quantifying how species differ in their tolerance and performance to both environmental challenges independent of species interactions, and in interactions with other species as a function of the environment. Such an approach increases our understanding of the mechanisms underlying outcomes of species interactions across different environmental contexts. This understanding will help determine how the outcome of species interactions affects the relative abundance and distribution of the interacting species in nature. A general theme that emerges from this perspective is that species are unable to maintain high levels of performance across different environmental contexts because of trade-offs between physiological tolerance to environmental challenges and performance in species interactions. Thus, an integrative biology paradigm that focuses on the trade-offs across environments, the physiological mechanisms involved, and how the ecological context impacts the outcome of species interactions provides a stronger framework to understand why species interactions are context dependent.
The Pristine survey – XVII. The C-19 stream is dynamically hot and more extended than previously thought
Authors: Yuan Zhen , Martin Nicolas F , Ibata Rodrigo A , Caffau Elisabetta , Bonifacio Piercarlo , Mashonkina Lyudmila I , Errani Raphaël , Doliva-Dolinsky Amandine , Starkenburg Else , Venn Kim A , Arentsen Anke , Aguado David S , Bellazzini Michele , Famaey Benoit , Fouesneau Morgan , González Hernández Jonay I , Jablonka Pascale , Lardo Carmela , Malhan Khyati , Navarro Julio F , Sánchez Janssen Rubén , Sestito Federico , Thomas Guillaume F , Viswanathan Akshara , Vitali Sara
Published: May 2022

The C-19 stream is the most metal-poor stellar system ever discovered, with a mean metallicity [Fe/H] = −3.38 ± 0.06. Its low metallicity dispersion (σ[Fe/H] < 0.18 at the 95 per cent confidence level) and variations in sodium abundances strongly suggest a globular cluster origin. In this work, we use Very Large Telescope (VLT)/UV–Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) spectra of seven C-19 stars to derive more precise velocity measurements for member stars, and to identify two new members with radial velocities and metallicities consistent with the stream’s properties. One of these new member stars is located 30° away from the previously identified body of C-19, implying that the stream is significantly more extended than previously known and that more members likely await discovery. In the main part of C-19, we measure a radial velocity dispersion σv = 6.2$^{+2.0}_{-1.4}{\rm \, km\, s^{-1}}$ from nine members, and a stream width of 0.56° ± 0.08°, equivalent to ∼158 pc at a heliocentric distance of 18 kpc. These confirm that C-19 is comparatively hotter, dynamically, than other known globular cluster streams and shares the properties of faint dwarf galaxy streams. On the other hand, the variations in the Na abundances of the three newly observed bright member stars, the variations in Mg and Al for two of them, and the normal Ba abundance of the one star where it can be measured provide further evidence for a globular cluster origin. The tension between the dynamical and chemical properties of C-19 suggests that its progenitor experienced a complex birth environment or disruption history.
S-PLUS: exploring wide field properties of multiple populations in galactic globular clusters at different metallicities
Authors: Hartmann Eduardo A , Bonatto Charles J , Chies-Santos Ana L , Alonso-García Javier , Bastian Nate , Overzier Roderik , Schoenell William , Coelho Paula R T , Branco Vinicius , Kanaan Antonio , Mendes de Oliveira Claudia , Ribeiro Tiago
Published: May 2022

Multiple stellar populations (MSPs) are a ubiquitous phenomenon in Galactic globular clusters (GCs). By probing different spectral ranges affected by different absorption lines using the multiband photometric survey S-PLUS, we study four GCs – NGC 104, NGC 288, NGC 3201, and NGC 7089 – that span a wide range of metallicities. With the combination of broad and narrow-band photometry in 12 different filters from 3485A (u) to 9114A (z), we identified MSPs along the rectified red-giant branch in colour–magnitude diagrams and separated them using a K-means clustering algorithm. Additionally, we take advantage of the large Field of View of the S-PLUS detector to investigate radial trends in our sample. We report on six colour combinations that can be used to successfully identify two stellar populations in all studied clusters and show that they can be characterized as Na-rich and Na-poor. For both NGC 288 and NGC 7089, their radial profiles show a clear concentration of 2P population. This directly supports the formation theories that propose an enrichment of the intra-cluster medium and subsequent star formation in the more dense central regions. However, in the case of NGC 3201, the trend is reversed. The 1P is more centrally concentrated, in direct contradiction with previous literature studies. NGC 104 shows a well-mixed population. We also constructed radial profiles up to 1 half-light radius of the clusters with HST data to highlight that radial differences are lost in the inner regions of the GCs and that wide-field studies are essential when studying this.
From giant clumps to clouds – III. The connection between star formation and turbulence in the ISM
Authors: Ejdetjärn Timmy , Agertz Oscar , Östlin Göran , Renaud Florent , Romeo Alessandro B
Published: May 2022

Supersonic gas turbulence is a ubiquitous property of the interstellar medium. The level of turbulence, quantified by the gas velocity dispersion (σg), is observed to increase with the star formation rate (SFR) of a galaxy, but it is yet not established whether this trend is driven by stellar feedback or gravitational instabilities. In this work, we carry out hydrodynamical simulations of entire disc galaxies, with different gas fractions, to understand the origins of the SFR–σg relation. We show that disc galaxies reach the same levels of turbulence regardless of the presence of stellar feedback processes, and argue that this is an outcome of the way disc galaxies regulate their gravitational stability. The simulations match the SFR–σg relation up to SFRs of the order of tens of ${\rm \, M}_\odot \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ and $\sigma _{\rm g}\sim 50{\, \rm {km\, s^{-1}} }$ in neutral hydrogen and molecular gas, but fail to reach the very large values ($\gt 100{\, \rm {km\, s^{-1}} }$) reported in the literature for rapidly star-forming galaxies. We demonstrate that such high values of σg can be explained by (1) insufficient beam smearing corrections in observations and (2) stellar feedback being coupled to the ionized gas phase traced by recombination lines. Given that the observed SFR–σg relation is composed of highly heterogeneous data, with σg at high SFRs almost exclusively being derived from H α observations of high-redshift galaxies with complex morphologies, we caution against analytical models that attempt to explain the SFR–σg relation without accounting for these effects.
Feedback effect on the observable properties of z > 6 AGN
Authors: Vito F , Di Mascia F , Gallerani S , Zana T , Ferrara A , Carniani S , Gilli R
Published: May 2022

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback has a major impact on to the supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth, the properties of the host galaxies, and their cosmic evolution. We investigate the effects of different kinetic feedback prescriptions on the observable properties of AGN and their host galaxies at z > 6 in a suite of zoom-in cosmological simulations. We find that kinetic feedback decreases the column density of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the host galaxy by up to a factor of ≈10, especially when the SMBHs reach high accretion rates ($\approx 10{-}30\, \mathrm{M_\odot \, yr^{-1}}$). In particular, kinetic feedback is required to extend the ISM size to >1 kpc and match the observed sizes of the gas reservoirs in z > 6 AGN host galaxies. Moreover, it produces unobscured lines of sight along which the AGN can be detected in the rest-frame UV band with magnitudes consistent with observed values of z > 6 AGN. The assumed geometry of the outflow plays an important role in shaping the observed properties of high-redshift AGN. We find that a biconical geometry is favoured over a spherical one to reproduce the observed properties, but it overestimates the number of multiple AGN systems detectable in X-ray observations. This result suggests that simplistic BH seeding recipes widely employed in cosmological simulations produce too many X-ray detectable multiple AGN at z = 6−7, thus soliciting the adoption of more physically motivated seeding prescriptions.
Nebular abundance gradient in the Cartwheel galaxy using MUSE data
Authors: Zaragoza-Cardiel Javier , Gómez-González V Mauricio A , Mayya Divakara , Ramos-Larios Gerardo
Published: May 2022

We here present the results from a detailed analysis of nebular abundances of commonly observed ions in the collisional ring galaxy Cartwheel using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data set. The analysis includes 221 H ii regions in the star-forming ring, in addition to 40 relatively fainter H α-emitting regions in the spokes, disc, and the inner ring. The ionic abundances of He, N, O, and Fe are obtained using the direct method (DM) for 9, 20, 20, and 17 ring H ii regions, respectively, where the S++ temperature-sensitive line is detected. For the rest of the regions, including all the nebulae between the inner and the outer ring, we obtained O abundances using the strong-line method (SLM). The ring regions have a median $12+\log \rm {\frac{O}{H}}$ = 8.19 ± 0.15, $\log \rm {\frac{N}{O}} = -$1.57 ± 0.09 and $\log \rm {\frac{Fe}{O}} = -$2.24 ± 0.09 using the DM. Within the range of O abundances seen in the Cartwheel, the N/O and Fe/O values decrease proportionately with increasing O, suggesting local enrichment of O without corresponding enrichment of primary N and Fe. The O abundances of the disc H ii regions obtained using the SLM show a well-defined radial gradient. The mean O abundance of the ring H ii regions is lower by ∼0.1 dex as compared to the extrapolation of the radial gradient. The observed trends suggest the preservation of the pre-collisional abundance gradient, displacement of most of the processed elements to the ring, as predicted by the recent simulation by Renaud et al., and post-collisional infall of metal-poor gas in the ring.
Reliable stellar abundances of individual stars with the MUSE integral-field spectrograph
Authors: Wang (王梓先) Zixian , Hayden Michael R , Sharma Sanjib , Xiang (向茂盛) Maosheng , Ting (丁源森) Yuan-Sen , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Chen Boquan
Published: May 2022

We present a novel approach to deriving stellar labels for stars observed in MUSE fields making use of data-driven machine learning methods. Taking advantage of the comparable spectral properties (resolution and wavelength coverage) of the LAMOST and MUSE instruments, we adopt the data-driven Payne (DD-Payne) model used on LAMOST observations and apply it to stars observed in MUSE fields. Remarkably, in spite of instrumental differences, according to the cross-validation of 27 LAMOST-MUSE common stars, we are able to determine stellar labels with precision better than 75K in Teff, 0.15 dex in log g, and 0.1 dex in abundances of [Fe/H], [Mg/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Ti/Fe], [C/Fe], [Ni/Fe], and [Cr/Fe] for current MUSE observations over a parameter range of 3800 < Teff < 7000 K, −1.5 < [Fe/H] < 0.5 dex. To date, MUSE has been used to target 13 000 fields across the southern sky since it was first commissioned 6 yr ago and it is unique in its ability to study dense star fields such as globular clusters or the Milky Way bulge. Our method will enable the automated determination of stellar parameters for all stars in these fields. Additionally, it opens the door for applications to data collected by other spectrographs having resolution similar to LAMOST. With the upcoming BlueMUSE and MAVIS, we will gain access to a whole new range of chemical abundances with higher precision, especially critical s-process elements, such as [Y/Fe] and [Ba/Fe], that provide key age diagnostics for stellar targets.
Tidally stripped halo stars from the Large Magellanic Cloud in the Galactic North
Authors: Petersen Michael S , Peñarrubia Jorge , Jones Ella
Published: May 2022

We examine whether the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is currently losing its stellar halo to Milky Way (MW) tides. We present a live N-body model for the ongoing MW–LMC interaction that predicts a prominent stream of stars tidally stripped from the progenitor LMC. We use this model to define a strategy to search for stripped material in kinematic space. Of the available stellar tracers, we conclude that samples of RR Lyrae stars provide the highest density of kinematic tracers at present. Using a sample of RR Lyrae stars with Gaia EDR3 astrometry, we show that the LMC stellar halo in the Southern Galactic hemisphere extends at least out to ∼30○ from the galaxy centre. In addition, several leading arm candidates are found in the Northern hemisphere as far above the disc plane as b = +34○ (at 68○ from the LMC).
Planetesimals around stars with TESS (PAST) – II. An M dwarf ‘dipper’ star with a long-lived disc in the TESS continuous viewing zone
Authors: Gaidos Eric , Mann Andrew W , Rojas-Ayala Bárbara , Feiden Gregory A , Wood Mackenna L , Narayanan Suchitra , Ansdell Megan , Jacobs Tom , LaCourse Daryll
Published: May 2022

Studies of T Tauri discs inform planet formation theory; observations of variability due to occultation by circumstellar dust are a useful probe of unresolved, planet-forming inner discs, especially around faint M dwarf stars. We report observations of 2M0632, an M dwarf member of the Carina young moving group that was observed by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite over two 1-yr intervals. The combined light curve contains >300 dimming events, each lasting a few hours, and as deep as 40 per cent (0.55 magnitudes). These stochastic events are correlated with a distinct, stable 1.86-d periodic signal that could be stellar rotation. Concurrent ground-based, multiband photometry show reddening consistent with interstellar medium-like dust. The star’s excess emission in the infrared and emission lines in optical and infrared spectra reveal a T Tauri-like accretion disc around the star. We confirm membership of 2M0632 in the Carina group by a Bayesian analysis of its Galactic space motion and position. We combine stellar evolution models with Gaia photometry and constraints on Teff, luminosity, and the absence of detectable lithium in the photosphere to constrain the age of the group and 2M0632 to 40–60 Myr, consistent with earlier estimates. 2M0632 joins a handful of long-lived discs which challenge the canon that disc lifetimes are ≲10 Myr. All known examples surround M dwarfs, suggesting that lower X-ray/ultraviolet irradiation and slower photoevaporation by these stars can dramatically affect disc evolution. The multiplanet systems spawned by long-lived discs probably experienced significant orbital damping and migration into close-in, resonant orbits, and perhaps represented by the TRAPPIST-1 system.
Modelling general-relativistic plasmas with collisionless moments and dissipative two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Most Elias R , Noronha Jorge , Philippov Alexander A
Published: May 2022

Relativistic plasmas are central to the study of black hole accretion, jet physics, neutron star mergers, and compact object magnetospheres. Despite the need to accurately capture the dynamics of these plasmas and the implications for relativistic transients, their fluid modelling is typically done using a number of (overly) simplifying assumptions, which do not hold in general. This is especially true when the mean free path in the plasma is large compared to the system size, and kinetic effects start to become important. Going beyond common approaches used in the literature, we describe a fully relativistic covariant 14-moment based two-fluid system appropriate for the study of electron–ion or electron–positron plasmas. This generalized Israel-Stewart-like system of equations of motion is obtained directly from the relativistic Boltzmann–Vlasov equation. This new formulation can account for non-ideal effects, such as anisotropic pressures and heat fluxes, not present in previous formulations of two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics. We show that a relativistic two-fluid plasma can be recast as a single fluid coupled to electromagnetic fields with (potentially large) out-of-equilibrium corrections. We keep all electron degrees of freedom, which provide self-consistent evolution equations for electron temperature and momentum. The out-of-equilibrium corrections take the form of a collisional 14-moment closure previously described in the context of viscous single fluids. The equations outlined in this paper are able to capture the full two-fluid character of collisionless plasmas found in black hole accretion and flaring processes around compact objects, as well Braginskii-like two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics applicable to weakly collisional plasmas inside accretion discs.
GRNbenchmark - a web server for benchmarking directed gene regulatory network inference methods
Authors: Seçilmiş Deniz , Hillerton Thomas , Sonnhammer Erik L L
Published: May 2022

Accurate inference of gene regulatory networks (GRN) is an essential component of systems biology, and there is a constant development of new inference methods. The most common approach to assess accuracy for publications is to benchmark the new method against a selection of existing algorithms. This often leads to a very limited comparison, potentially biasing the results, which may stem from tuning the benchmark's properties or incorrect application of other methods. These issues can be avoided by a web server with a broad range of data properties and inference algorithms, that makes it easy to perform comprehensive benchmarking of new methods, and provides a more objective assessment. Here we present https://GRNbenchmark.org/ - a new web server for benchmarking GRN inference methods, which provides the user with a set of benchmarks with several datasets, each spanning a range of properties including multiple noise levels. As soon as the web server has performed the benchmarking, the accuracy results are made privately available to the user via interactive summary plots and underlying curves. The user can then download these results for any purpose, and decide whether or not to make them public to share with the community.
“On the walls of her own room hung framed portraits of Mrs. Browning, George Eliot, and Carlyle”
Authors: Finnerty Páraic
Published: May 2022

This essay is concerned with the framed portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, and Thomas Carlyle that hung on Emily Dickinson’s bedroom wall during the last years of her life. It explores Dickinson’s usually ignored reverence for Carlyle and provides a new angle from which to view her well-known admiration for Barrett Browning and Eliot. Dickinson’s portrait gallery summons up Carlyle’s conviction that biographies and visual representations of eminent figures were culturally important sources of emulation, but contests his exclusively male-centered approach to heroes and hero-worship. By visually positioning Barrett Browning and Eliot with Carlyle, Dickinson celebrates these women writers not just as her idols but as figures equivalent to Carlyle’s heroes. Her interconnection of these three writers evokes Carlyle’s influence on Barrett Browning and Eliot and their respective challenges to his ideas. Evidence in her writings suggests that Dickinson also responded critically to the masculinist tenor of Carlyle’s writings, even though his views about authorship, fame, and publication helpfully justified her role as a nonpublishing poet.
“Say it Again! Saxon!”
Authors: Noble Marianne
Published: May 2022

This essay explores Emily Dickinson’s celebration of the neurological and emotional intimacies of reading in the context of mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-American literary culture. Mid-century literary theories, including those of the Spasmodics, emphasized the central role of the nervous system in the act of reading, and Dickinson’s ideal of a physically intimate literature that breathes is consistent with such theories and with the writings of contemporaries Thoreau, Melville, and Whitman. Dickinson builds on her culture’s explorations of the phenomenology of reading, developing the tactile vitality of literature into a queer textual erotics that opens possibilities for the expression of nonnormative erotic intimacies, especially for women. The essay analyzes the poems “All the letters I can write” and “Many a phrase has the English language –” in the context of Stacey D’Erasmo’s description of intimacy as a space in-between.
Emily Dickinson’s Black Contexts
Authors: Fielder Brigitte
Published: May 2022

Scholars have noted that Emily Dickinson’s poetic composition increased during the Civil War, arguing rightly that this is evidence that she was not isolated and unaffected by national events, but responded to them. While her responses to the war do seem evident in these readings, Dickinson’s responses to slavery and emancipation are less clear, despite her friendship with the prominent abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson and others concerned with these issues. Nevertheless, Dickinson wrote poetry in a context in which Black lives were present, noted, and mattered, even if they did not explicitly matter to her. This essay reads Dickinson’s Civil War era poetry alongside the African American contexts that she either engaged with or ignored. Reading her work alongside local attention to Black people in Massachusetts and elsewhere and the poetry of her most prominent Black contemporary poet, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, we gain a new perspective on Black presence in and around her work. Opening up a discussion of Dickinson’s poetry to consider also the parallel world of African American presence, print, and literary creation helps us to see her racial ambivalence not as a neutrality but as a political stance of its own, and one likely to be embraced by the later publishers of Dickinson’s poetry.
Dickinson’s Garden Ecologies
Authors: Gerhardt Christine
Published: May 2022

Dickinson’s garden poems form a nodal point of her ecopoetics. They are intimately related to yet different from her work on flowers, farming, and nature at large. This essay reveals how in paying keen attention to small plots of land, close to a home and maintained for economic and aesthetic purposes, Dickinson’s garden poems crystallize some of the thornier aspects of her environmentally oriented work, especially in the context of cultivation. At a time when horticulture was idealized as a basis for environmental well-being and social progress—views that have been recharged in the twenty-first century—these poems sound a more cautionary note, expressing a garden ecology of crisis, even failure. In particular, her poems about moments of friction in average New England gardens, about the fate of gardens in winter, and about the costs of cultivating so-called exotics complicate ideas of the garden as perfect natural-cultural middle ground and embodiment of the principles of eco-ethical care. Instead, her gardens feature specimens that will not be contained, or for whom cultivation poses an existential threat, while well-meaning gardeners ultimately isolate, weaken, and commodify what they care for. As such, Dickinson recasts ostensibly innocuous gardens as unstable places where seemingly benign acts of intervention turn out to be destructive, if not disastrous, without, however, invalidating the necessity of the garden ideal as critical utopia.
Glory, Honor, Might, Majesty, Dominion, and Power
Authors: Friedlander Benjamin
Published: May 2022

In his draft preface for the book he did not live to publish, Wilfred Owen articulated a stance toward the writing of war poetry that has since served as one of the standards against which other war poets are judged. Emphatically rejecting “glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power” as fitting subjects, he located the “Poetry” of war in the “pity” it arouses for soldiers, describing his own work as a mixture of elegy and warning. He had little use for poets who, for reasons of ideology, embraced the values that he rejected. His best-known poem, “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” is a denunciation of such embrace, dedicated in a draft “To a certain poetess,” identified in another draft as Jessie Pope, well-known for her exhortations to enlistment. Dickinson’s war poetry articulates a very different stance than Owen’s, and yet she was not a poetess in the manner of Pope. Her treatment of war is not easily reconcilable to an ideological position. A survey of her work yields a wide range of attitudes, with Owen’s horror of war and Pope’s ardor for it equally encompassed. For Dickinson, war is at once a condition of violence with which one must reckon and, in that reckoning, a test of personal qualities. Her abiding interest in those qualities stands in marked contrast to Owen’s skepticism. At the same time, her treatment of them, irreducible to a single outlook, puts her at odds with ideological poets such as Pope.
Living and Dying with Emily Dickinson
Authors: Deppman Jed
Published: May 2022

Cultural historians of Civil War–America have documented the ways in which the late-medieval tradition of the ars moriendi—the art of dying well—sought to preserve traditional meanings and values in a time of unprecedented chaos and loss. Placed in this context, Emily Dickinson’s poems can be read as her own lifelong attempt to work out a personal ars moriendi. Did she, at the same time, produce an ars vivendi? This essay reflects on ways her writings help us understand and act upon the choices that shape our lives as well as our deaths, looking especially at Dickinson’s late poems on relationships with people who have already died and at ways that these and other poems demonstrate her rethinking on questions of life, death, and afterlife.
A Short Biography of the Homestead and The Evergreens
Authors: Wald Jane H.
Published: May 2022

The Dickinson Homestead and The Evergreens were constructed as fashionable expressions of the ambitions, achievements, and aesthetic tastes of four generations of Dickinsons. These two homes and their occupants constituted Emily Dickinson’s intimate familial and creative environment. In this setting Dickinson composed almost all of the poems that survive today. Built in 1813 by Emily Dickinson’s grandfather, the Homestead was frequently altered until her father, Edward, made one last extensive renovation in 1855. The Evergreens, the stylish Italianate home of the poet’s brother Austin and sister-in-law Susan, was built next to the Homestead in 1856. It saw minimal architectural change but substantial decorative alteration until the end of the century. Because these properties embodied her family’s aspirations and served as the backdrop for her own poetic vocation, an examination of the evolution of the houses is relevant to a full consideration of her life and poetic legacy. This essay incorporates findings from historic structure reports and recent physical investigations to provide updated histories of both houses.
“The Wanderers came last Night”
Authors: Wolverton Nan
Published: May 2022

This essay investigates Emily Dickinson’s domestic environment and her interaction with Native peoples, particularly the sellers of baskets and brooms who made seasonal travels to her neighborhood. It highlights both material and textual evidence that these wares were sold by Native American makers at the Dickinson family homes in Amherst, Massachusetts, during the late nineteenth century. The essay provides context for references about such so-called “Wanderers” in Dickinson’s letters. Her encounter in particular with a female basket seller at her own back door suggests Dickinson’s appreciation or even envy for a way of life that entailed travel and meaningful connection to place. The essay explores how the poet’s familiarity with Indigenous peoples and the crafted goods they peddled may have contributed to her thoughts on the independence that travel allowed and on nature and deep time.
“Except the smaller size –”
Authors: Sánchez-Eppler Karen
Published: May 2022

This essay approaches Dickinson’s poetry from a childhood-studies perspective that illuminates shifts in period attitudes toward children, probes the relation between poetry and daily life, and thus raises basic questions of social and aesthetic value. It has long been recognized that childhood imagery, voice, and posture run through Dickinson’s poems as persona, as trope, as topic, and also as a mode of perception, central to her understanding of what poetry is and does. Little attention has been paid, however, to the actual children most present in Dickinson’s writing life: her niece and nephews. In reading the poetry that Emily Dickinson wrote as an aunt with, for, around, and about the three children in the house next door, this essay is less interested in biography than in a set of discursive practices—valuing the small, living in the rush of now, learning from children’s visionary belief, celebrating the intensity of their desires, reveling in their imaginative and linguistic play—that are important for Dickinson’s poetic project as a whole.
Influence of Planting Date and Cultivar on Diseases of Spring Durum Wheat
Authors: Jbir Taheni Gargouri , Crutcher Frankie K. , Rickertsen John , Fonseka Dimitri , Friskop Andrew J. , Kalil Audrey K.
Published: May 2022

In the semiarid regions of North Dakota and Montana, low annual precipitation favors production of high-quality durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum). However, conducive weather conditions for disease epidemics have occurred more frequently in recent years. Modification of planting date can reduce disease risk by decreasing the timeframe in which a susceptible crop overlaps with conducive disease conditions. The effect of planting date on fungal leaf spotting diseases (leaf spot), ergot, Fusarium head blight (FHB), and yield of durum was evaluated in 11 experiments across four sites in eastern Montana and western North Dakota. Six durum cultivars with differing levels of susceptibility to leaf spot and FHB were planted at three planting dates from 2017 to 2019. Early planting maximized yield and influenced ergot incidence. Although there was no effect of planting date, reduced susceptibility to leaf spot and FHB was associated with a reduction in leaf spotting disease severity and deoxynivalenol, respectively, in the harvested grain. Growers in the semiarid regions of these states should prioritize the selection of disease-resistant cultivars to help manage sporadic disease outbreaks and continue to plant early to maximize yield.
Triplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Diagnosis of Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Vein Banding Mosaic Virus, and Potato Virus Y
Authors: Guo Yushuang , Wu Wei , Zhang Xiaolian , Ding Ming , Yu Jing , Zhang Jie , Jia Meng-ao , Tian Yanping
Published: May 2022

Mixed virus infection has increasingly become a problem in the production of Solanaceae crops in recent years; therefore, a fast and accurate detection method is needed. In this study, a novel triplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) strip assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV), and potato virus Y (PVY). The limits of detection of this novel LFA strip reached 200 ppb (ng/ml), 1 ppm (µg/ml), and 2 ppm for TMV, PVY, and TVBMV particles, respectively. Importantly, no cross-reactivity was observed among TMV, TVBMV, and PVY or to a nontarget virus. When the assay was applied to suspected virus-infected tobacco, tomato, and potato samples collected from fields in Southwest China, samples of single or mixed virus infection were successfully identified. In conclusion, the triplex LFA strip assay provides a fast and easy to use on-site detection method for field epidemiological studies of TMV, TVBMV, and PVY, and for managing diseases that are caused by them.
Epicoccum spp. Causing Maize Leaf Spot in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Xu Xi , Li Jingjing , Yang Xilang , Zhang Li , Wang Shuo , Shen Guijin , Hui Bing , Xiao Jialei , Zhou Changjian , Wang Xiangjing , Zhao Junwei , Xiang Wensheng
Published: May 2022

Maize leaf spot occurs worldwide and affects maize production. Maize can be infected by several pathogens causing leaf spot, such as Bipolaris zeicola, Bipolaris maydis, Curvularia species, Alternaria species, etc. In the current study, 30 Epicoccum isolates recovered from symptomatic maize leaves were identified based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, and multilocus sequence analyses of nuLSU, ITS, tub2, and rpb2. These maize isolates were grouped into five Epicoccum species, including E. nigrum, E. layuense, E. sorghinum, E. latusicollum, and E. pneumoniae. Pathogenicity tests showed that all five Epicoccum species could produce small ellipse- and spindle-shaped spots on maize leaves. The lesion center was grayish yellow to dark gray and surrounded by a chlorotic area. Furthermore, the Epicoccum isolates exhibited high pathogenicity to 20 main maize varieties of Heilongjiang Province but showed different sensitivities to the commonly used fungicides carbendazim and tebuconazole. In addition, these Epicoccum isolates showed different production capacity of pectinase, cellulase, protease, amylase, laccase, and gelatinase, but all showed high lipase activity. This is the first report globally of E. layuense, E. latusicollum, and E. pneumoniae as causal agents of maize leaf spot. E. pneumoniae was first reported as a plant pathogen.
The Validity of MCAT Scores in Predicting Students’ Performance and Progress in Medical School: Results From a Multisite Study
Authors: Hanson Joshua T. , Busche Kevin , Elks Martha L. , Jackson-Williams Loretta E. , Liotta Robert A. , Miller Chad , Morris Cindy A. , Thiessen Barton , Yuan Kun
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This is the first multisite investigation of the validity of scores from the current version of the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) in clerkship and licensure contexts. It examined the predictive validity of MCAT scores and undergraduate grade point averages (UGPAs) for performance in preclerkship and clerkship courses and on the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge examinations. It also studied students’ progress in medical school.

Method

Researchers examined data from 17 U.S. and Canadian MD-granting medical schools for 2016 and 2017 entrants who volunteered for the research and applied with scores from the current MCAT exam. They also examined data for all U.S. medical schools for 2016 and 2017 entrants to regular-MD programs who applied with scores from the current exam. Researchers conducted linear and logistic regression analyses to determine whether MCAT total scores added value beyond UGPAs in predicting medical students’ performance and progress. Importantly, they examined the comparability of prediction by sex, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Results

Researchers reported medium to large correlations between MCAT total scores and medical student outcomes. Correlations between total UGPAs and medical student outcomes were similar but slightly lower. When MCAT scores and UGPAs were used together, they predicted student performance and progress better than either alone. Despite differences in average MCAT scores and UGPAs between students who self-identified as White or Asian and those from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, predictive validity results were comparable. The same was true for students from different socioeconomic backgrounds, and for males and females.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that MCAT scores add value to the prediction of medical student performance and progress and that applicants from different backgrounds who enter medical school with similar ranges of MCAT scores and UGPAs perform similarly in the curriculum.