bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dietary Sodium Propionate on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Expression of Immune System Genes in Juveniles of Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus)
Authors: Arellano-Carrasco Jesús G. , Martínez-García Rafael , Asiain-Hoyos Alberto , Reta-Mendiola Juan L. , Díaz-Rivera Pablo , Frías-Gómez Susana A. , Martínez-Burguete Talhia , Asencio-Alcudia Gloria Gertrudys , Jiménez-Martínez Luis Daniel , Guerrero-Zarate Rocio , Sepúlveda-Quiroz Cesar A. , Álvarez-González Carlos A.
Published: November 2023

We determined the effects of sodium propionate (SP) added to the diets of Atractosteus tropicus juveniles with respect to the growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, and expression of genes that are associated with the immune system. Five treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were evaluated in triplicate on 180 fish (3.65 ± 0.12 g) distributed among 15 (70 L) tanks. The juveniles were fed five times a day with 5% feed in relation to the biomass of the organism. The treatment with 0.5% SP showed a final weight value of 25.7 ± 4.5 g, absolute weight of gain (AWG) of 21.93 ± 4.39 g, and specific growth rate (SGR) of 3.1 ± 0.26. Treatments with 1.5 and 2.0% SP showed the highest survival (91.6%). The control group (0%) showed a greater activity of lipases. There was a tendency that the highest activity of alkaline proteases and chymotrypsin occurred in the 0 and 0.5% treatments. The maximum relative expression of the genes ocln, muc2, and nod2 occurred in the 1.5% treatment. The inclusion of SP in the diet of A. tropicus juveniles could benefit the activity of some digestive enzymes as well as the expression of genes related to the function of the intestinal barrier, therefore benefitting the survival of the organisms.
Identification of Airborne Particle Types and Sources at a California School Using Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wagner Jeff , Castorina Rosemary , Kumagai Kazukiyo , Thompson McKenna , Sugrue Rebecca , Noth Elizabeth M. , Bradman Asa , Hurley Susan
Published: November 2023

We conducted a pilot study to investigate air quality indoors in two classrooms and outdoors on the school grounds in a California community with historically high PM2.5 (fine particulate matter, diameter < 2.5 μm). We used computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy of passive samples to identify major PM types, which were used to help interpret continuous PM2.5 and black carbon sensor data. The five major PM types were sodium salt particles with sulfur, calcium, or chlorine; aluminosilicate dusts; carbonaceous combustion agglomerates; biogenic particles; and metal-rich particles. Based on morphological evidence of water droplets, the salt particles are hypothesized to be secondary aerosols formed via the reaction of sodium chloride fog droplets with sulfur from regional sources. The carbonaceous agglomerates had unusual morphologies consistent with low-temperature combustion and smoke from open-burning activities observed nearby. The passive PM sampler and continuous sensor results indicated lower concentrations in the classroom equipped with an air cleaner. Passive samples collected in one classroom exhibited enhanced PM10–2.5 crustal particles and PM2.5 metal particles, suggesting a potential local PM source in that room. Future study designs that enable longer passive sampling times would reduce detection limits and sample contamination concerns. The determination of major airborne particle types in a given environment makes this technique a useful and unique community exposure assessment tool, even in these limited-duration (48 h) deployments.
The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study
Authors: Kułek Beata , Weidinger Tamás
Published: November 2023

Influences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation higher than 950 W/m2) in west–central Poland is presented. Concentrations of this gas were measured at four heights (0.1–1.5 m), which were changed every 5 min, using a Nitrolux 1000 photoacoustic spectrometer. A micrometeorological station was established to also measure the surface energy budget components. The results presented are the average for each hour and for the entire day. The fine structure of concentration profiles, plume detection and uncertainty of ammonia flux calculation are also presented. The highest NH3 concentrations were at a 0.5 m height between 16:00 and 17:00 h when cows were grazing, but the lowest concentrations were between 23:00 and 24:00 h at the height of 1.5 m. The ammonia concentration increased with increasing air temperature and was the highest with a westerly wind direction and decreased with increasing air relative humidity. The greatest influence on the ammonia concentration was related to the presence of cows and the time of day, while a slightly smaller influence was noted in terms of air temperature and wind direction. A case study is suitable for presenting local effects, inhomogeneities and quantifying uncertainties in the bidirectional ammonia flux calculation.
The Molecular Mechanisms of Fuel Utilization during Exercise
Authors: Pi Anna , Villivalam Sneha Damal , Kang Sona
Published: November 2023

Exercise is widely recognized for its positive impact on human health and well-being. The process of utilizing substrates in skeletal muscle during exercise is intricate and governed by complex mechanisms. Carbohydrates and lipids serve as the primary fuel sources for skeletal muscle during exercise. It is now understood that fuel selection during exercise is not solely determined by physical activity itself but is also influenced by the overall metabolic state of the body. The balance between lipid and carbohydrate utilization significantly affects exercise capacity, including endurance, fatigue, and overall performance. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise is of utmost importance. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the pathways involved in the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise. By synthesizing existing research, we can gain a holistic perspective on the intricate relationship between exercise, metabolism, and fuel selection. This advanced understanding has the potential to drive advancements in the field of exercise science and contribute to the development of personalized exercise strategies for individuals looking to optimize their performance and overall health.
How Posture and Previous Sensorimotor Experience Influence Muscle Activity during Gait Imagery in Young Healthy Individuals
Authors: Kolářová Barbora , Tomsa Marek , Kolář Petr , Haltmar Hana , Diatelová Tereza , Janura Miroslav
Published: November 2023

This study explores how gait imagery (GI) influences lower-limb muscle activity with respect to posture and previous walking experience. We utilized surface electromyography (sEMG) in 36 healthy young individuals aged 24 (±1.1) years to identify muscle activity during a non-gait imagery task (non-GI), as well as GI tasks before (GI-1) and after the execution of walking (GI-2), with assessments performed in both sitting and standing postures. The sEMG was recorded on both lower limbs on the tibialis anterior (TA) and on the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) for all tested tasks. As a result, a significant muscle activity decrease was found in the right TA for GI-1 compared to GI-2 in both sitting (p = 0.008) and standing (p = 0.01) positions. In the left TA, the activity decreased in the sitting posture during non-GI (p = 0.004) and GI-1 (p = 0.009) in comparison to GI-2. No differences were found for GM. The subjective level of imagination difficulty improved for GI-2 in comparison to GI-1 in both postures (p < 0.001). Previous sensorimotor experience with real gait execution and sitting posture potentiate TA activity decrease during GI. These findings contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms beyond GI.
Lymph Node Molecular Analysis with OSNA Enables the Identification of pT1 CRC Patients at Risk of Recurrence: A Multicentre Study
Authors: Saez de Gordoa Karmele , Rodrigo-Calvo Maria Teresa , Archilla Ivan , Lopez-Prades Sandra , Diaz Alba , Tarragona Jordi , Machado Isidro , Ruiz Martín Juan , Zaffalon Diana , Daca-Alvarez Maria , Pellisé Maria , Camps Jordi , Cuatrecasas Miriam
Published: November 2023

Early-stage colorectal carcinoma (CRC)—pT1—is a therapeutic challenge and presents some histological features related to lymph node metastasis (LNM). A significant proportion of pT1 CRCs are treated surgically, resulting in a non-negligible surgical-associated mortality rate of 1.5–2%. Among these cases, approximately 6–16% exhibit LNM, but the impact on survival is unclear. Therefore, there is an unmet need to establish an objective and reliable lymph node (LN) staging method to optimise the therapeutic management of pT1 CRC patients and to avoid overtreating or undertreating them. In this multicentre study, 89 patients with pT1 CRC were included. All histological features associated with LNM were evaluated. LNs were assessed using two methods, One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) and the conventional FFPE plus haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. OSNA is an RT-PCR-based method for amplifying CK19 mRNA. Our aim was to assess the performance of OSNA and H&E in evaluating LNs to identify patients at risk of recurrence and to optimise their clinical management. We observed an 80.9% concordance in LN assessment using the two methods. In 9% of cases, LNs were found to be positive using H&E, and in 24.7% of cases, LNs were found to be positive using OSNA. The OSNA results are provided as the total tumour load (TTL), defined as the total tumour burden present in all the LNs of a surgical specimen. In CRC, a TTL ≥ 6000 CK19 m-RNA copies/µL is associated with poor prognosis. Three patients had TTL > 6000 copies/μL, which was associated with higher tumour budding. The discrepancies observed between the OSNA and H&E results were mostly attributed to tumour allocation bias. We concluded that LN assessment with OSNA enables the identification of pT1 CRC patients at some risk of recurrence and helps to optimise their clinical management.
Chemical and Genetic Modulation of Complex I of the Electron Transport Chain Enhances the Biotherapeutic Protein Production Capacity of CHO Cells
Authors: Kretzmer Corey , Reger Kelsey , Balassi Vincent , Pham Quang Long , Johns Michael , Peters Samuel T. , Petersen Amber , Mahadevan Jana , Gustin Jason , Borgschulte Trissa , Razafsky David
Published: November 2023

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the cell line of choice for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins. Despite improvements in production processes, reducing manufacturing costs remains a key driver in the search for more productive clones. To identify media additives capable of increasing protein production, CHOZN® GS−/− cell lines were screened with 1280 small molecules, and two were identified, forskolin and BrdU, which increased productivity by ≥40%. While it is possible to incorporate these small molecules into a commercial-scale process, doing so may not be financially feasible or could raise regulatory concerns related to the purity of the final drug substance. To circumvent these issues, RNA-Seq was performed to identify transcripts which were up- or downregulated upon BrdU treatment. Subsequent Reactome pathway analysis identified the electron transport chain as an affected pathway. CRISPR/Cas9 was utilized to create missense mutations in two independent components of the electron transport chain and the resultant clones partially recapitulated the phenotypes observed upon BrdU treatment, including the productivity of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Together, this work suggests that BrdU can enhance the productivity of CHO cells by modulating cellular energetics and provides a blueprint for translating data from small molecule chemical screens into genetic engineering targets to improve the performance of CHO cells. This could ultimately lead to more productive host cell lines and a more cost-effective method of supplying medication to patients.
Oral Administration of Rhamnan Sulfate from Monostroma nitidum Suppresses Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Terasawa Masahiro , Zang Liqing , Hiramoto Keiichi , Shimada Yasuhito , Mitsunaka Mari , Uchida Ryota , Nishiura Kaoru , Matsuda Koichi , Nishimura Norihiro , Suzuki Koji
Published: November 2023

Oral administration of rhamnan sulfate (RS), derived from the seaweed Monostroma nitidum, markedly suppresses inflammatory damage in the vascular endothelium and organs of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. This study aimed to analyze whether orally administered RS inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arteries. ApoE-deficient female mice were fed a normal or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without RS for 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses of atherosclerosis-related genes were performed. The effect of RS on the migration of RAW264.7 cells was also examined in vitro. RS administration suppressed the increase in blood total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the aorta of HFD-fed mice, RS reduced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage accumulation, and elevation of VCAM-1 and inhibited the reduction of Robo4. Increased mRNA levels of Vcam1, Mmp9, and Srebp1 in atherosclerotic areas of HFD-fed mice were also suppressed with RS. Moreover, RS directly inhibited the migration of RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Thus, in HFD-fed ApoE-deficient mice, oral administration of RS ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and reduced vascular endothelial inflammation and hyperpermeability, macrophage infiltration and accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation in the arteries leading to atherosclerosis. These results suggest that RS is an effective functional food for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Hippocampal Upregulation of Complement Component C3 in Response to Lipopolysaccharide Stimuli in a Model of Fragile-X Syndrome
Authors: Santana-Coelho Danielle , Lugo Joaquin N.
Published: November 2023

The complement system is part of the innate immune system and has been shown to be altered in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fragile-X syndrome (FXS) is the main genetic cause of ASD and studies suggest a dysregulation in the immune system in patients with the disorder. To assess if an animal model of FXS presents with altered complement signaling, we treated male Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and collected the hippocampus 24 h later. Assessment of the expression of the complement genes C1q, C3, and C4 identified the upregulation of C3 in both wild-type (WT) and knockout mice. Levels of C3 also increased in both genotypes. Analysis of the correlation between the expression of C3 and the cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α identified a different relationship between the expression of the genes in Fmr1 KO when compared to WT mice. Our findings did not support our initial hypotheses that the lack of the FMR1 gene would alter complement system signaling, and that the induction of the complement system in response to LPS in Fmr1 KO mice differed from wild-type conspecifics.
Effect of Cavitation Water Jet Peening on Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy Coating
Authors: Wu Rui , Yang Yongfei , Shi Weidong , Cao Yupeng , Liu Yu , Zhang Jinchao
Published: November 2023

High-entropy alloys have been widely used in engineering manufacturing due to their hardness, good wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, and high-temperature oxidation resistance. However, it is inevitable that metallurgical defects, such as micro cracks and micro pores, are produced when preparing the coating, which affects the overall performance of the alloy to a certain extent. In view of this situation, cavitation water jet peening (CWJP) was used to strengthen the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coating. The effect of CWJP impact time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CWJP were investigated. The results show that CWJP can form an effective hardening layer on the surface layer of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. When the CWJP impact time was 4 h, the microhardness of the surface layer of the specimen was harder than that of 2 h and 6 h, and the CWJP impact time had little effect on the thickness of the hardening layer. Observing the surface of the untreated and CWJP-treated specimens using the EBSD test, it was evident that the microstructure was significantly homogenized, the grains were refined, and the proportion of small-angle grain boundaries increased. The system reveals the grain refinement mechanism of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coating during plastic deformation. This study aims to provide a new surface strengthening method for obtaining high-performance AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings.
Soil Consolidation Analysis in the Context of Intermediate Foundation as a New Material Perspective in the Calibration of Numerical–Material Models
Authors: Kacprzak Grzegorz , Frydrych Mateusz
Published: November 2023

This paper presents the authors’ research results from an analysis of intermediate foundations as well as slab and pile foundations in the context of soil consolidation. Looking at soil as a building material that changes its properties over time is very important from the point of view of the safety of construction, implementation, and operation of building structures. In addition, soil can be parameterized in such a way as to accurately describe its possible behavior under service loading. Of great interest is the phenomenon of consolidation, which is based on the reduction of soil volume over time under constant loading. This study explores existing piles and replicates soil conditions to understand individual and grouped pile behavior in combined pile–raft foundations (CPRF). To assess pile settlement from primary and secondary consolidation phases, 13 field measurements on concrete columns in gyttja clay were conducted. Analyzing data from these tests allowed engineers to accurately calibrate a numerical model. This calibrated model was instrumental in designing high-rise buildings, ensuring stability and safety. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding soil behavior, particularly consolidation phenomena, in optimizing foundation design and construction practices.
Supramolecular Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Morphological Study and DFT Calculations of the Triphenyltetrazolium Cobalt Thiocyanate Complex
Authors: Ali Essam A. , Bechaieb Rim , Al-Salahi Rashad , Al-Janabi Ahmed S. M. , Attwa Mohamed W. , Mostafa Gamal A. E.
Published: November 2023

Polymorphism is a prevalent occurrence in pharmaceutical solids and demands thorough investigation during product development. This paper delves into the crystal growth and structure of a newly synthesized polymorph (TPT)2[CoII(NCS)4], (1), where TPT is triphenyl tetrazolium. The study combines experimental and theoretical approaches to elucidate the 3D framework of the crystal structure, characterized by hydrogen-bonded interactions between (TPT)+ cations and [Co(NCS)4]2− anions. Hirshfeld surface analysis, along with associated two-dimensional fingerprints, is employed to comprehensively investigate and quantify intermolecular interactions within the structure. The enrichment ratio is calculated for non-covalent contacts, providing insight into their propensity to influence crystal packing interactions. Void analysis is conducted to predict the mechanical behavior of the compound. Utilizing Bravais-Friedel, Donnay-Harker (BFDH), and growth morphology (GM) techniques, the external morphology of (TPT)2[CoII(NCS)4] is predicted. Experimental observations align well with BFDH predictions, with slight deviations from the GM model. Quantum computational calculations of the synthesized compounds is performed in the ground state using the DFT/UB3LYP level of theory. These calculations assess the molecule’s stability and chemical reactivity, including the computation of the HOMO-LUMO energy difference and other chemical descriptors. The study provides a comprehensive exploration of the newly synthesized polymorph, shedding light on its crystal structure, intermolecular interactions, mechanical behavior, and external morphology, supported by both experimental and computational analyses.
New Organic Crystalline Material Close to Nodal-Line Materials: α′-STF2IBr2
Authors: Funatsu Koki , Oka Ryuhei , Tajima Naoya , Naito Toshio
Published: November 2023

Recently, topological materials (TMs) have attracted attention from various scientists. Their electronic properties are governed by relativistic particles called Dirac fermions which, in some cases, possess no masses and move in solids with the speed of light. In addition to the unique particles, such materials exhibit unprecedented electronic properties because of the quantum effects (interference between wavefunctions). Examples include nodal-line materials (NLMs), where metallic or even superconducting properties may appear only at the surface of the single crystals of insulators. Thus far, whether they be organic or inorganic compounds, TMs have hardly been discovered except for the zero-gap conductors (ZGCs), because there is no guideline on how to develop such unusual materials. In this work, we prepared a new organic charge–transfer complex, α′-STF2IBr2 (STF = bis(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene), which measured the electrical and magnetic properties and calculated the band structure and intermolecular interactions. A close comparison with those of α-STF2I3, being established as a ZGC at p > 12–15 kbar, revealed that α′-STF2IBr2 is also closely related to it, but belongs to a different type of TMs, namely NLMs. This finding will accelerate the successive findings of NLMs to elucidate the mechanism of their unique electronic properties.
Diversity and Phylogeny of Gyrodactylus spp. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) across the Strait of Gibraltar: Parasite Speciation and Historical Biogeography of West Mediterranean Cyprinid Hosts
Authors: Rahmouni Chahrazed , Seifertová Mária , Benovics Michal , Šimková Andrea
Published: November 2023

Knowledge on the diversity of parasitic flatworms of Western Mediterranean cyprinids is extremely scarce. In the present study, we parasitologically investigated 12 cyprinid species across the Strait of Gibraltar inhabiting watersheds in northwest Africa (Morocco) and Iberia (Portugal and Spain). Taxonomically relevant features of the attachment organ and sequences of the 18S rDNA and ITS regions were used for species delineation and to investigate their phylogenetic relatedness. Among the Gyrodactylus collected from Morocco and Spain, we identified specimens with an unusual T-shaped dorsal bar observed herein for the first time. In contrast, the membranous patch-like structure surrounding the twisted inner roots of hamuli and the median ridge of the ventral bar have been generally observed in Eurasian relatives. Our analyses suggest vicariant speciation of Gyrodactylus across the Strait of Gibraltar. We describe herein G. gibraltarensis sp. nov. from Iberian Luciobarbus graellsii; G. moroccensis sp. nov. from northwest African cyprinids, i.e., L. maghrebensis, L. rabatensis, L. rifensis, L. yahyaouii, and L. zayanensis; and finally, G. pseudomoroccensis sp. nov. from Moroccan L. ksibi, all possessing a new haptoral configuration. The genetic divergence and conservative morphologies in populations of G. moroccensis sp. nov. from five cyprinid species support its ongoing speciation in Northwest Africa. The West Mediterranean lineage was revealed to be monophyletic, with Eurasian species forming a sister group. Morphologically, West Mediterranean Gyrodactylus also appeared to be of Middle Eastern origin. Gyrodactylus spp. possessing an unusual T-shaped dorsal bar have most likely speciated, allowing for the appearance of a haptoral morphology that is restricted to the region across the Strait of Gibraltar. To conclude, viviparous Gyrodactylus reflect parasite speciation across the Strait of Gibraltar and the historical biogeography of cyprinids in the West Mediterranean.
Courage, Honesty, and Evaluation in the Apprehensive University
Authors: LaVelle John M. , Doll Kathleen , Barajas Heidi
Published: November 2023

A consistent question in education is how to evaluate the degree to which universities and their programs are meeting the claims they make on their webpages and other materials, which entice students and faculty alike to join their collegiate community. Misalignments between what is promised and what is provided harm all community members but have disproportionate effects on students of color. It is therefore an ethical imperative for the higher education sector to undertake system wide evaluations because of the ever-rising financial and emotional costs of graduate education. For educators and administrators alike, this means systematically interrogating data to identify unseen patterns, challenge assumptions, and ask both critical and highly uncomfortable questions; for educators, this may include a truthful assessment of our own practices and assumptions. We propose drawing from the field of program evaluation and using theory-driven evaluation as a specific framework to understand graduate education process and outcomes. This conceptual paper links together existing literatures and is augmented by the authors’ reflection and dialogue about their experiences designing and implementing graduate education across several institutions. We end with a call for courage and honesty in carefully evaluating graduate education for the betterment of all students, faculty, and administrators.
Deep Learning-Based Small Target Detection for Satellite–Ground Free Space Optical Communications
Authors: Devkota Nikesh , Kim Byung Wook
Published: November 2023

Free space optical (FSO) channels between a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a ground station (GS) use a highly directional optical beam that necessitates a continuous line-of-sight (LOS) connection. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based small target detection method that detects the position of a LEO satellite in an infrared image, which can be used to determine the receiver alignment for establishing the LOS link. For the infrared small target detection task without excessive down-sampling, we design a target detection model using a modified ResNest-based feature extraction network (FEN), a custom feature pyramid network (FPN), and a target determination network (TDN). ResNest utilizes the feature map attention mechanism and multi-path propagation necessary for robust feature extraction of small infrared targets. The custom FPN combines multi-scale feature maps generated from the modified ResNest to obtain robust semantics across all scales. Finally, the semantically strong multi-scale feature maps are fed into the TDN to detect small infrared targets and determine their location in infrared images. Experimental results using two widely used point spread functions (PSFs) demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional schemes and detects small targets with a true detection rate of 99.4% and 94.0%.
Design of Power Supply Based on Inductive Power Transfer System for Medium Voltage Direct Current Sensor
Authors: Jo Seungjin , Li Guangyao , Kim Dong-Hee , Ahn Jung-Hoon
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a medium voltage direct current (MVDC) sensor power supply method based on inductive power transfer (IPT). Given that MVDC distribution networks transmit power at high voltages (several tens of kV), control through sensors is necessary to prevent exacerbating MVDC distribution network accidents. Moreover, these high voltages in MVDC distribution networks mean that high voltage insulation is required between the sensor and the distribution line and for any power supply device electrically connected to the sensor. Therefore, this paper proposes a safe and reliable power supply method using the principle of IPT to maintain a suitable insulation distance between the distribution network and the current sensor supply line. After proposing and designing a transmitter/receiver pad and IPT system by considering the current sensor specifications, a 50-W experimental prototype is developed. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed IPT system can resolve concerns about the breakdown of insulation between distribution networks and power supply lines.
Physicochemical Improvements in Sandy Soils through the Valorization of Biomass into Biochar
Authors: Morim Ana Carolina , dos Santos Márcia Cristina , Tarelho Luís A. C. , Silva Flávio C.
Published: November 2023

Forestry management operations that are designed to prevent wildfires while also protecting the environmental compartments that are directly affected by them, such as soil, are of major relevance. The valorization of residual forestry biomass into biochar that is then used to be turned back into forest soils is an approach that meets Circular Economy principles. However, the effects on soil of the application of biochar that is produced from low-grade forestry biomass are unknown. In this work, a soil incubation assay was performed with a sandy soil that was amended with biochar produced from residual forestry biomass (Acacia) to assess its effectiveness in terms of boosting soil quality. The factorial study comprised the effects of biochar at two pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C and 550 °C), four application rates (0%, 3%, 6%, and 10% (w/w)), and three particle size classes (S < 0.5 mm, M = [0.5; 3.15], and L > 3.15 mm). The soil pH increased for all treatments to suitable agronomic values (5–7), and the water-holding capacity increased by 69% to 325% when compared to the control soil. The bioavailability of the plant nutrient elements also increased with the application rate, especially for treatments with small particles of biochar. Biochar that is made of low-grade biomass from forestry maintenance operations can be efficiently recycled back into forest soils to improve the physicochemical properties of agronomic relevance, thus allowing for a reduced water demand and better soil quality. However, studies on biochar applications in different soils are needed in order to assess the effectiveness of this approach.
Use of Asphaltene Stabilizers for the Production of Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil
Authors: Zvereva Alisa E. , Ershov Mikhail A. , Savelenko Vsevolod D. , Lobashova Marina M. , Rogova Marina Y. , Makhova Ulyana A. , Tikhomirova Ekaterina O. , Burov Nikita O. , Aleksanyan David R. , Kapustin Vladimir M. , Chernysheva Elena A. , Rakova Arina I.
Published: November 2023

Marine fuel oil stability has always been an issue for bunkering companies and ship owners all around the world and the problem has become even more apparent with the introduction of the Global Sulphur Gap by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2020. In this article, the historical background and the technical reasons why marine fuel oils lose their stability, as well as methods for preventing such instability from occurring, are presented. While it is possible to make fuel compositions stable by adjusting their composition in such a way that the components of the fuel are compatible, considering that marine fuel oils are often comprised of the least value-added products, the method of adding special fuel oil stabilizers (also known as “asphaltene dispersants”) is usually preferred. An overview of such stabilizers is presented; their chemical composition, based on the information provided by the manufacturers and/or inventors is studied. In addition, the experimental research of the produced marine fuel oil and its components is carried out. The results of the model composition studies show that adding even as little as 10% of residual asphaltene-rich components can make a composition with a high stability reserve unstable. It was also shown that the content of the asphaltene-rich component in a stable fuel can be increased from 3% to 10% by introducing stabilizers in low amounts (up to 2000 ppm), thus lowering the amount of higher value-added, mostly naphthene-paraffinic-based components. Different methods of fuel stability evaluation were studied and tested, most of them being in correlation with one another. Several types of stability enhancers were tried out on unstable fuel, with stabilizers based on alkylphenol formaldehyde resin showing the best results.
Analysis of the Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Finite Grid of Planar Circular Coils
Authors: Stankiewicz Jacek Maciej
Published: November 2023

In this paper was analysed a wireless power transfer system (WPT) with multiple resonators supplying, for example, sensors or LED lighting. Energy is transferred simultaneously using a group of identical planar spiral circular coils acting as transmitters and receivers. These coils were arranged to form transmitting and receiving planes. The receivers were connected to independent power supply circuits of each, e.g., sensor or LED lighting. Higher power reliability and flexibility can be achieved by isolating these circuits. The proposed system was described and discussed. Taking into account the skin effect and mutual couplings, a theoretical analysis was made. A detailed analysis was made at the resonant frequency of the system. The system was modeled using a matrix equation and appropriate formulas. The calculations were verified experimentally for different loads and two distances between transmitters and receivers. The efficiency and receiver power were compared and discussed. The maximum efficiency was about 45% at the small distance between the planes. The maximum efficiency of the WPT system decreased more than two times to less than 20% when the distance between the coils was doubled. The results and discussion of the conducted analysis may provide valuable knowledge when designing this type of system.
A Comprehensive Study on the Hydrogeochemical and Isotope Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Geothermal Water in the Northern Jinan Region
Authors: Gao Zongjun , Hao Mengyuan , Liu Jiutan , Li Qiang , Tan Menghan , Niu Yiru
Published: November 2023

Geothermal water (GW) resources are highly valued as clean, renewable energy sources. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of water chemistry and isotope data from 25 GW samples was conducted to gain insights into the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of the GW in the northern Jinan region (NJR). Statistical analysis and hydrochemical methods were employed for relevant analysis. The findings reveal that the GW in the NJR exhibits high salinity, with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 9009.00 mg/L. The major ions identified are Na+ and Cl−, with mean concentrations of 2829.73 mg/L and 4425.77 mg/L, respectively, resulting in a hydrochemical type of Cl−Na. The analysis of δ2H and δ18O isotopes indicates that the GW originates from atmospheric precipitation that undergoes deep cycling and interaction with older groundwater. The composition of 3H suggests that the GW in the NJR is a mixture of waters, while radiocarbon dating (14C) suggests that the recharge of the GW may have occurred in the late Pleistocene era. The GW in the NJR is classified as partially equilibrated waters. The temperature range of geothermal reservoirs is 57.13 to 99.74 °C. The hydrochemical components primarily result from water–rock interactions, including silicate weathering, cation exchange, as well as carbonate weathering and the dissolution of halite and gypsum. Moreover, taking into account the hydrogeological conditions, hydrochemistry, and isotope analysis, a conceptual model of the geothermal reservoir in the NJR was developed. The research findings serve as a valuable reference and foundation for the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the Jinan region. These originate from the Taiyi mountains in the south or the Taihang mountains in the west, and experience deep circulation and long runoff times. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development and utilization of regional geothermal resources.
Evaluation of Landweber Coupled Least Square Support Vector Regression Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography for LN2–VN2 Flow
Authors: Tian Ze-Nan , Gao Xin-Xin , Xia Tao , Zhang Xiao-Bin
Published: November 2023

The electric capacitance tomography (ECT) technique has been widely used in phase distribution reconstruction, while the practical application raised nonideal noise and other errors for cryogenic conditions, requiring a more accurate algorithm. This paper develops a new image reconstruction algorithm for ECT by coupling the traditional Landweber algorithm with the least square support vector regression (LSSVR) for cryogenic fluids. The performance of the algorithm is quantitatively evaluated by comparing the inversion images with the experimental results for both the room temperature working medium with the dielectric constant ratio close to cryogenic fluid and the cryogenic fluid of liquid nitrogen/nitrogen vapor (LN2-VN2). The inversion images based on the conventional LBP and Landweber algorithms are also presented for comparison. The benefits and drawbacks of the developed algorithms are revealed and discussed, according to the results. It is demonstrated that the correlated coefficients of the images based on the developed algorithm reach more than 0.88 and a maximum of 0.975. In addition, the minimum void fraction error of the algorithm is reduced to 0.534%, which indicates the significant optimization of the LSSVR coupled method over the Landweber algorithm.
Numerical Simulation of Immersed Liquid Cooling System for Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System of New Energy Vehicles
Authors: Fu Ping , Fang Liwei , Jiao Shouyi , Sun Jian , Xin Zhicheng
Published: November 2023

Power batteries generate a large amount of heat during the charging and discharging processes, which seriously affects the operation safety and service life. An efficient cooling system is crucial for the batteries. This paper numerically simulated a power battery pack composed of 8 lithium-ion cells immersed in the coolant AmpCool AC-110 to study the effects of different coolants, different discharge rates, different coolant mass flow rates, different inlet temperatures and different inlet and outlet settings on the maximum temperature, the maximum temperature difference, the pressure drop, and the required pump power in the battery pack. Among the five coolants studied, W-E in water-based fluids has the best cooling effect, but because of high electric conductivity, it requires special considerations to avoid electric leakage. Increasing the mass flow rate of the coolant can significantly decrease Tmax and ΔTmax, but when the mass flow rate is already high, the decrease is limited and not obvious. Both Δp and the required pump power increase as the mass flow rate increases, and the required pump power increases faster. The inlet temperature will affect the physical properties of the coolant, and choosing the appropriate inlet temperature can not only decrease ΔTmax, but also decrease Δp and the required pump power in the battery pack. The range of 25~27 °C of the coolant AC-110 inlet temperature is recommended. For different inlet and outlet settings, the two-inlet two-outlet setting used in Case 7 has the best cooling effect, and the results indicate uniform distribution is very important to decrease temperature.
Evaluation Method for Hosting Capacity of Rooftop Photovoltaic Considering Photovoltaic Potential in Distribution System
Authors: Xu Yilin , He Jie , Liu Yang , Li Zilu , Cai Weicong , Peng Xiangang
Published: November 2023

Regarding the existing evaluation methods for photovoltaic (PV) hosting capacity in the distribution system that do not consider the spatial distribution of rooftop photovoltaic potential and are difficult to apply on the actual large-scale distribution systems, this paper proposes a PV hosting capacity evaluation method based on the improved PSPNet, grid multi-source data, and the CRITIC method. Firstly, an improved PSPNet is used to efficiently abstract the rooftop in satellite map images and then estimate the rooftop PV potential of each distribution substation supply area. Considering the safety, economy, and flexibility of distribution system operation, we establish a multi-level PV hosting capacity evaluation system. Finally, based on the rooftop PV potential estimation of each distribution substation supply area, we combine the multi-source data of the grid digitalization system to carry out security verification and indicator calculation and convert the indicator calculation results of each scenario into a comprehensive score through the CRITIC method. We estimate the rooftop photovoltaic potential and evaluate the PV hosting capacity of an actual 10 kV distribution system in Shantou, China. The results show that the improved PSPNet solves the hole problem of the original model and obtains a close-to-realistic rooftop photovoltaic potential estimation value. In addition, the proposed method considering the photovoltaic potential in this paper can more accurately evaluate the rooftop PV hosting capacity of the distribution system compared with the traditional method, which provides data support for the power grid corporation to formulate a reasonable PV development and hosting capacity enhancement program.
The Allam Cycle: A Review of Numerical Modeling Approaches
Authors: Reale Fabrizio
Published: November 2023

In recent years supercritical CO2 power plants have seen a growing interest in a wide range of applications (e.g., nuclear, waste heat recovery, solar concentrating plants). The Allam Cycle, also known as the Allam-Fetvedt or NET Power cycle, seems to be one of the most interesting direct-fired sCO2 cycles. It is a semi-closed loop, high-pressure, low-pressure ratio, recuperated, direct-fired with oxy-combustion, trans-critical Brayton cycle. Numerical simulations play a key role in the study of this novel cycle. For this reason, the aim of this review is to offer the reader a wide array of modeling solutions, emphasizing the ones most frequently employed and endeavoring to provide guidance on which choices seem to be deemed most appropriate. Furthermore, the review also focuses on the system’s performance and on the opportunities related to the integration of the Allam cycle with a series of processes, e.g., cold energy storage, LNG regasification, biomass or coal gasification, and ammonia production.
Activity Concentration Index Values for Concrete Multistory Residences in Greece Due to Fly Ash Addition in Cement
Authors: Gavela Stamatia , Papadakos Georgios
Published: November 2023

According to 2013/59/Euratom Directive, the activity concentration index (ACI) is required to be estimated for each building material that is of concern from a radiation protection point of view. This index applies to building materials and not to constituents that cannot be used as building materials themselves. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal-fired power plants and is one of the main constituents of cement. The radioactivity in fly ash that is produced by Greek lignite power plants cannot be considered insignificant. For example, in the case of the Megalopolis power plant, the concentration for radioisotopes of the 226Ra chain is found to be about 1 kBq/kg. Since natural radionuclide concentrations, which are harmful to human health in terms of radiation exposure, exist in fly ash, ACI should be assessed for building materials containing fly ash. The present study evaluates the ACI of concrete containing fly ash cement when used in multistory residential buildings. Results showed that cement produced in Greece by the three main Greek cement production plants, containing lignite fly ash, and used as a material for concrete multistory constructions, should not be considered as “of concern from a radiation protection point of view”. Each country that wishes to evaluate the use of fly ash into constructions should repeat the method for the ACI uncertainty budget proposed in this study, to assess whether it significantly exceeds the reference value (whether it is of concern from a radiation protection point of view).
Periodic Flooding Decoupled the Relations of Soil C, N, P, and K Ecological Stoichiometry in a Coastal Shelterbelt Forest of Eastern China
Authors: Bao Binghui , Chang Mengyuan , Jin Songheng , Li Xueqin , Xie Hongtao
Published: November 2023

Understanding the variation in soil nutrients found in coastal shelterbelt forests in response to periodic flooding is crucial for restoring the soil quality of flooded stands. In this study, we examined soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK) contents and their ecological stoichiometry, as well as soil organic matter and soil-available N, P, and K contents at three soil depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm), in a shelterbelt forest of eastern China that was affected by periodic flooding. Results showed that soil C, N, and P contents all had a clear decreasing trend after being flooded, with significant decreases in SOC, TN and hydrolyzable N of 0–10 cm soil, as well as TP of 10–20 cm soil. Soil K content, however, had minimal changes after flooding across different soil layers. Soil C:N ratio increased significantly in 0–10 cm layer, while soil C:P, C:K, N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios decreased notably in both 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm layers following the flooding. Additionally, periodic flooding partially decoupled the correlations among SOC, TN, TP, TK and their ratios. For example, the connection between TK and N:P reversed into a negative correlation in 10–20 cm soil, while SOC and TK became negatively correlated with TP and P:K in the 20–30 cm layer. Principal component analysis revealed the effects of periodic flooding on soil C, N, P, and K availability, in which the total explained variance was decreased from 94% to 86.6%. Specifically, flooding significantly reduced the SOC and soil TN contents on the first axis, influencing C- and N-related ratios. On the second axis, flooding mainly affected soil TK content, which subsequently influenced the correlation between SOC and TK. Thus, periodic flooding notably affected the soil C, N, P, and K ecological stoichiometries of the coastal forest, but the variation patterns were depth-dependent. The insights gained from these results can contribute to the restoration of soil quality in degraded stands caused by flooding in the coastal shelterbelts regions of Eastern China.