bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inception and evolution of wide salt-bearing rifted margins – insights from numerical modelling and natural systems
Authors: Pichel Leonardo , Huismans Ritske , Gawthorpe Rob , Faleide Jan Inge , Theunissen Thomas
Published: February 2023

Rifted margins are often associated with widespread and thick evaporite (salt) deposits, typically formed during the latest stages of rifting, immediately prior to continental breakup. These margins are also characterized by pronounced salt tectonics, which is commonly attributed to gravity-driven salt flow and characterized by kinematically-linked domains of updip extension, translation and downdip shortening. The precise spatial and temporal links between these processes, their relative contributions and the role of rifting and rifted margin architecture on salt deposition and tectonics are still a topic of debate on many margins. We apply 2D thermo-mechanically coupled finite-element modelling of lithospheric extension to investigate the evolution of salt basins along wide rifted margins and the interplay between rifting and salt basin geometry with syn- to post-rift salt tectonics. The models use a geodynamically self-consistent approach where the geometries of the lithosphere and salt basins are not prescribed. They show that late syn-rift salt basins form as a single large basin across both conjugate margins that are later separated by continental breakup and oceanic spreading. This produces syn-depositional salt flow and stretching of the distal salt over an outer margin trough with emplacement of a syn-breakup allochthonous salt nappe over newly-formed seafloor (i.e., oceanic crust and/or exhumed mantle). The post-rift evolution is characterized by updip extension that is balanced by downdip diapir shortening, and pressure-driven nappe advance, which is largely independent of the other two processes. The results are comparable to examples from various salt-bearing rifted margins, including the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and help us understand their genesis and evolution.
Changes in equilibrium-line altitude and implications for glacierevolution in the Asian high mountains in the 21st century
Authors: Duan Keqin
Published: February 2023

 In the context of global warming, glaciers in the Asian High Mountains (AHMs) are shrinking at an accelerating rate.Projecting their future change is helpful for understanding the hydrological and climatic effects related to glacier retreat. Here,we projected glacier change in the AHMs from 1979 to 2100 under shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios from theperspective of temperature, equilibrium-line altitude (ELA), and accumulation area. The annual mean temperature in the AHMsincreased by 1.26°C from 1979 to 2014, corresponding to an increase of 210 m in the mean ELA and a decrease of 1.7×104 km2in the glacier accumulation area. Under the SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenario, the annual mean temperature in the AHMs wouldincrease by 2.84°C (3.38°C) in 2040–2060 relative to that in 1850–1900, leading to the mean ELA reaching an elevation of5661 m (5777 m). The accumulation area in the AHMs decreased by 46.3% from 1995 to 2014 and was projected to decrease by60.1% in 2040–2060. Moreover, the annual mean temperature in the AHMs was projected to increase by 3.76°C (6.44°C) in2080–2100 relative to that in 1850–1900, corresponding to the ELA reaching an elevation of 5821 m (6245 m) and theaccumulation area decreasing to 1.8×104 km2 (0.5×104 km2). These data suggest that the conditions for glacier development willdisappear in most of the AHMs, except for extreme high-altitude regions in the Tianshan, Pamir, and Himalaya Mountains.Under the SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenario, when the global mean temperature increases 1.5°C (2°C) above pre-industrial levels,the annual mean temperature will increase by 2.12°C (2.86°C) and the accumulation area will decrease by 15% (48%) in theAHMs compared with that in 1995–2015. Therefore, a 1.5°C increase in global warming would keep 40% more of the glacialaccumulation area (1.5×104 km2) in the AHMs compared to a 2°C increase in global warming. 
Future climatic suitability of cocoa agroforestry systems with common fruit trees in Cameroon
Authors: Gloy Nele , Romanovska Paula , Chemura Abel , Gornott Christoph
Published: February 2023

Climate change is projected to become limiting for cocoa production which can increase drastically the pressure on forest land as cocoa is already now a major driver for deforestation in Cameroon. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of climate risks that are associated to cocoa production and change in suitability is key for future resilient land use planning.  The nature based solution agroforestry is a common and promising strategy in the face of climate change impacts on cocoa production due to the reduction of heat stress by providing shade and its various co-benefits, as for instance the diversification of income. Crop suitability models are used in assessing the impact of climate change on season-long crop production potential and provide important information for projections of production rates. In this study, we developed an approach to assess the vulnerability of cocoa production in agroforestry systems under climate change considering common fruit tree species (Dacryodes edulis and Mangifera indica) in cocoa plantations in Cameroon. We simulated first the general suitability for cocoa under current and projected climate change and then compared the suitability under an emulated agroforestry system. We considered various climatic parameters such as monthly temperature, mean monthly precipitation, number of hot nights and days, (consecutive) dry months as well as further soil parameters such as pH. Farmers and expert’s opinion were considered through interviews and focus groups to complete and improve data availability on further socio-economic factors that might affect future suitability and productivity within agroforestry systems. We modelled future climate projections with Global Climate Models covering the time period 2015-2100 under the two climate change scenarios SSP1-RCP2.6 and SSP3-RCP7.0. Our results show an important shift of suitable areas and considerable decrease of suitability especially for the fruit trees which should be considered in adaptation planning to ensure future viable production.
Current feedback in an anticyclonic eddy during the passage of cold frontal systems over the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: García Martínez Ivonne , Sheinbaum Pardo Julio
Published: February 2023

In autumn and winter, the dynamics and thermodynamics of the anticyclonic eddies detached from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico are strongly influenced by the passage of cold fronts and Northerly winds. In turn, the interaction between the wind and these anticyclonic eddies modulates vertical nutrient fluxes, biomass, and phytoplankton community distribution at mesoscale and sub-mesoscale. In this work, the physical mechanisms of eddy-cold front interactions are analysed based on high-resolution (3 km) numerical simulations of the NEMO (Nucleous for European Modeling of the Ocean) model, contrasting simulations that partially include or not the effect of ocean currents on the wind stress (the so-called current feedback). This analysis is part of a work in progress focused on developing and implementing a high-resolution ocean-atmosphere coupled model for the Gulf of Mexico.
Forest vs. grassland drought response inferred from eddy covariance and Earth observations
Authors: Hoek van Dijke Anne , Orth René , Teuling Adriaan , Herold Martin , Schlerf Martin , Migliavacca Mirco , Machwitz Miriam , van Hateren Tessa , Yu Xin , Mallick Kaniska
Published: February 2023

Temperate forests and grasslands have different drought response strategies. Trees often control their stomata to reduce water loss in order to prevent hydraulic failure and ensure the survival of their aboveground biomass. In contrast, grasses generally have a less strong stomatal control and maintain high photosynthesis and transpiration until the soil moisture gets depleted. That is when their leaves wilt and the grasslands see a reduction in their aboveground green biomass. Both the increased stomatal control and the reduction in aboveground biomass decrease the surface conductance, i.e. decrease the exchange of water and carbon between the leaves and the atmosphere. Therefore, the drought response of vegetation has major impacts on the land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy, and carbon, as well as the development of droughts and heat waves.Here, we study to which extent the different drought responses of forests and grasslands are reflected in remote sensing data. We hypothesise that (i) for both forests and grasslands, there are drought-induced changes in thermal infrared based data (e.g., land surface temperature), because of the decreased surface conductance for both land cover types. Furthermore, we hypothesise that (ii) drought-induced changes in optical based indices (e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index) can be detected for grasslands but not for forests, because of the different drought response strategies of trees and grasses. In this study we jointly analyze site-scale and remote sensing data. We use eddy-covariance data for 52 forest sites and 11 grassland sites across the northern hemisphere to calculate the surface conductance, and we identify droughts from low soil moisture content and reduced surface conductance. Then we analyse how the drought response is reflected in thermal and optical indices derived from MODIS satellite data.The results show that our hypotheses are largely confirmed. The land surface temperature increases with drought-induced reductions in surface conductance for both forests and grasslands. By contrast, the optical indices show a much stronger response for grasslands than for forests. We conclude that the different canopy-level drought response strategies of trees and grasses are reflected in remote sensing data. Our study highlights that the joint investigation of multiple remote sensing data streams enables insights beyond the analyses of individual indices, such as a better understanding of the drought response strategies across land cover types.  Further, a host of different satellite data should be used to monitor and study vegetation drought responses of forests and grasslands to ensure accurate inference on the implications on water, energy, and carbon fluxes.
Prediction of PM2.5 concentrations during winter in East Asia using climate indices
Authors: Jeong Jaein , Park Rokjin
Published: February 2023

The synoptic meteorological field plays an important role in the daily-scale PM2.5 variability in East Asia. Since East Asia is located on the eastern boundary of the Eurasian continent, the expansion and contraction of the Siberian high-pressure system act as an essential mechanism for determining surface PM2.5 concentrations in the winter season. Here, we select four climate indices representing the variability of the Siberian high-pressure system and analyze the correlation with the daily variability of the observed winter PM2.5 concentrations in China and South Korea over the past six years. Siberian High Intensity and East Asian Winter Monsoon indices showed a more pronounced correlation with the daily surface PM2.5 concentration changes, and the daily surface PM2.5 concentrations in North China Plain showed a maximum change of ±40 μg m-3 after exceeding the threshold (+1 or −1). The climate indices associated with the Siberian high-pressure system can effectively predict daily PM2.5 concentrations in East Asia within a week.
NbS and combined techniques - Case studies of steep bank stabilizations in the Garonne water catchment area in France
Authors: Peklo Klaus
Published: February 2023

Our motivation is to explain how severe bank slides, such as those following natural disasters, can be sustainably reintegrated into the river ecosystem in a modern, contemporary manner through the application of NbS and combined techniques. Our purpose is to explain the needs of an integrated engineering approach to find out the causes of streambank slides before works start. We point out the workflow of NbS reconstruction process by determining an efficient analysing stage, a construction stage and a monitoring stage. We show three realized examples of steep bank reintegration situated in high flow regime. Our conclusions show that reintegration into the river landscape of violent bank slides near residential areas and infrastructure with NbS techniques is feasible. The prerequisites, however, are a sufficient root cause analysis by an integrated engineering approach, and good training and experience of the hired construction companies during construction stage. In addition, clients need to throw out some of their old ideas of exclusively mineral and similar attachment techniques. This presentation serves as a demonstration of the potential of sustainable NbS steep bank revegetation for infrastructure protection, based on geotechnical analysis using examples since 1999.
How topographic changes influenced infrasound amplitude during Mt. Etna’s 2021 lava fountains
Authors: Iozzia Adriana , Watson Leighton , Cantarero Massimo , De Beni Emanuela , Di Grazia Giuseppe , Ganci Gaetana , Johnson Jeffrey B , Privitera Eugenio , Proietti Cristina , Sciotto Mariangela , Cannata Andrea
Published: February 2023

Over the last 20 years, infrasound signals have been used to investigate and monitor active volcanoes during eruptive and degassing activity. In particular, infrasound amplitude information has been used to estimate eruptive parameters such as plume height, magma discharge rate and lava fountain height. Active volcanoes are characterized by pronounced topography and, during eruptive activity, the topography can change rapidly, affecting the observed infrasound amplitudes. While the interaction of infrasonic signals with topography has been investigated by several authors over the past decade, the impact of changing topography on the infrasonic amplitudes has not yet been explored. In this work, the infrasonic signals accompanying 57 lava fountain paroxysms at Mount Etna (Italy) during 2021 were analyzed. In particular, the temporal and spatial variations of the infrasound amplitudes were investigated. During 2021, significant changes in the topography around the most active crater (the South-East Crater) took place and were reconstructed in detail through unoccupied aerial system surveys. Through analysis of the observed infrasound signals and numerical simulations of the acoustic wavefield, we demonstrate that the observed spatial and temporal variation in the infrasound signals can be explained by the combined effects of changes in the location of the acoustic source and changes in the near-vent topography. This work demonstrates the importance of accurate source locations and high-resolution topographic information, particularly in the near-vent region where the topography is most likely to change rapidly. Changing topography should be considered when interpreting local infrasound observations over long time-scales.
MEF application- the extreme floods are already in maps!
Authors: Elleder Libor , Šírová Jolana
Published: February 2023

The usual goal of palaeoflood hydrology and historical hydrology is, according to the classic concept, to extend the flood records over centuries or millennia back. Many compilations of documentary sources on floods in Western and Central Europe were collected in last two centuries. The palaeoflood records were presented for hundreds of localities in Europe. Numerous individual flood event case studies were carried out and published. On the PAGES Flood Working Group (FWG) website hundreds of flood records are collected in one database. The overall goals of the FWG are "to integrate and analyse existing palaeoflood data at the regional and global scales and to promote and disseminate palaeoflood science and data at different levels". The aim of this contribution is to present the recently created “Map of Extreme Floods” (MEF) ESRI application focused on European floods.  Apart from the FWG goals stated above, the MEF application aims also to the future geographic characterization and mapping of hydrological extreme events. The MEF places some of interpreted documentary sources for Central and Western Europe into relevant spatial and temporal frameworks. Actually, the MEF application more event oriented approach enables to put the fundamental information on European historical floods, i.e. the exact location and datum, into broader spatial and temporal context. The maps created by this tool form the reliable fundament for detailed exploration and including of additional data. The principal MEF application aims are: (i) archiving, (ii) verification, (iii) corrections, (iv) addition of further data and information, (v) exchange of data and last but not least (vi) providing information for both scientists and public. 24 large floods from 1432 to 2002 are now at disposal and next 20 are under preparation. The estimated extremities, economic losses, infrastructural damages, water levels, flood marks etc. are attributed to individual localities. The performance of the MEF application is documented by selected historical extreme flood events, possibly analogical to these recent of 1997, 2002, and 2013. 
Depths to the Bottom and Volumes of Magnetic Sources under a Weak and a Strong Lunar Magnetic Anomaly Revealed by 3D Inversion
Authors: Wang Hongyi , Yao Shuo
Published: February 2023

This work studies the remanent magnetization under a weak and a strong magnetic anomaly in Tranquillitatis and in Oceanus Procellarum respectively, which show similar surface ages of 3.6 Ga and 3.3 Ga. A 3D amplitude inversion is used to reconstruct the distributions of magnetization underground. Since there is no globally measured surface magneticeld for the Moon, a crustal magnetic anomaly model with grid resolution of 0.2° is used. The depth to the bottom of the magnetic source is fixed by the boundary identified by a relative criterion, which is 20% of the recovered maximum magnetization. The results show that the two anomalies have different depths to the bottom and different volumes of magnetic sources. The depth to the bottom of the magnetic carriers, which is possibly the Curie depth, is about 30 km and 50 km under Oceanus and Tranquillitatis. The volumes of the two magnetic sources are at the scale of 104 and 105 km3, respectively. The Bouguer gravity anomalies with spherical harmonics reaching 1200 degree in the two studied regions are also checked. The results supports that the magma intrusions containing different abundances of metallic iron are the most possible origins of the magnetic sources in the studied regions. Besides, the thermal states of lunar crust under the two studied maria were probably different during the acquisition process of remanent magnetization.
Application of hydroacoustics and image velocimetry for determining short-term hydraulic changes associated with a dam removal at Hiitola River, Southeast Finland.
Authors: Schlobies Kerstin , Takala Tuure , Välimäki Juha-Matti , Pajunen Virpi Pauliina , Lotsari Eliisa Selina
Published: February 2023

A unique large-scale dam removal series with a combined drop height of 18 meters is conducted at Hiitola River, Southeast Finland during the years 2021–2023. Three dams used for power production are replaced by rapids reconnecting longitudinal flows. Here, we concentrate on the hydraulic impacts of the first, lowermost Kangaskoski dam removal site.Flow features of a river under restoration vary seasonally as well as before and after each dam removal. The magnitude and seasonal variability of flows and the hydraulic capacity of the river to erode and transport the reservoir sediment are crucial in determining the rate of erosion, deposition, and river channel evolution. Thus, the hydrological conditions at Hiitola River upstream, downstream and in the reservoir section of the former Kangaskoski dam, were analyzed using hydroacoustic measurements by a moving-boat ADCP. We used consistent algorithms for quality checking, filtering, and interpolating from QRev software from USGS and automated steps for creating average transects, data post processing and visualization.The spring and autumn surface flow properties of the 200 m long rapid section constructed in autumn 2021 were derived by using image-based velocimetry approaches from nadir UAV-video data sets. Thus, the following major processing steps were applied: video frame selection, image enhancement, frame stabilization, automatic 3D search area creation, image velocimetry, and statistical outlier filter based on flow characteristics.The aims are to assess, 1) the spring and autumn variation in discharge, the flow field, and the fluvial forces in 2021 and 2022, and 2) the impact of the Kangaskoski dam and flow routing changes on the flow field and fluvial forces in the three different river zones before and after the removal. Identifying the immediate changes of hydraulics, sediment transport capacity and physical habitat conditions following the step-by-step dam removal and freeing of the Hiitola river may serve as criteria for future dam removal projects.
Radiogenic and stable Sr isotope geochemistry of regolith hosted REE deposits: a preliminary report
Authors: Pourkhorsandi Hamed , Debaille Vinciane , Decrée Sophie , de Jong Jeroen , Yaraghi Ali , Ndzana Georges , Smith Martin , Goodenough Kathryn , Kynický Jindřich
Published: February 2023

The increasing global demand for the rare earth elements (REE), that are critical for green energy production, justifies the necessity of understanding REE ore formation processes [1]. The main type of REE mineralization is mostly found in association with carbonatites and alkaline rocks [1,2]. In addition, in some cases the REE can also reach economical levels in secondary products called supergene REE resources [3]. Primary ore mineralizations mostly are composed of mineral phases that are highly unstable and easily soluble in the near-surface conditions in time. The secondary concentration of the REE in weathering regolith into economic deposits is more favourable than those in primary igneous rocks. As the main source of global heavy-REE, weathering deposits in southern China are the most studied ores of this type [4]. Recently, because of the recent surge in REE deposit exploration and their geological importance, other potentially similar deposits are being studied worldwide. Most of these works focus on mineralogical and elemental aspects of these systems. However, those weathering (in cooperation with alteration) systems are complex and a lot of questions on their formation remain unanswered.In this work, we focus on the isotopic characterization of regolith hosted REE deposits. To better understand their formation, we utilize stable 88Sr/86Sr and radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios, which have been used widely in understanding chemical weathering [5]. Mainly controlled by the incongruent weathering of primary minerals, Sr isotopes can help to identify the sources involved and the main factors affecting regolith hosted REE deposit formation. Strontium is especially important because, as Ca and K, it occurs in different REE-bearing primary and secondary minerals such as carbonates, ancylite, apatite, clays etc.We will present different regolith profiles’ Sr isotopic data from Asia and Africa. Combining with the elemental and mineralogical data, we will devise a formation model for regolith hosted REE deposits.References: [1] Goodenough et al. (2016) Ore Geo. Rev., 72, 838. [2] Chakhmouradian & Zaitsev (2012) Elements 8, 347. [3] Estrade et al. (2019) Ore Geo. Rev., 112, 103027. [4] Li et al. (2019) Econ. Geol., 114, 541. [5] Pett-Ridge et al. (2009) GCA, 73, 25. 
Spatial-temporal variations of maximum surface water temperature in Arctic Fennoscandian lakes
Authors: Zhang Mingzhen , Weckstrom Jan , Heikkila Maija , Weckstrom Kaarina
Published: February 2023

The remote Arctic region is covered with numerous small lakes affected my current climate warming. There are little data on their thermal features, however, which hinders our understanding of the possible ecosystem impacts of warming climate and climate feedbacks at large spatial scales. We investigated spatial - temporal variations of summer lake surface temperatures (LSTs’) in 12 Arctic lakes and explored the predominant drivers by continuous year round observations of surface water temperatures. Our results suggest the general annual cycle pattern of summer water temperature: 1) the warming - up season lasted from May to July (or August) until the water temperature reached its maximum, and then the water temperature decreased until freezing in fall; and 2) the large regional heterogeneity existed in changes of summer LSTs. Futhermore, our results illustrate that July air temperature, maximum lake depth and longitude explained most of the variance in summer LSTs (>75%), and the remaining variance was related to geographic location (e.g. altitude and latitude), lake morphometric features, such as lake area and catchment area, and geochemical characteristics, i.e. turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Our results provide new insights into thermal responses of small Arctic lakes with different environmental settings to climate change.
Skytrain Ice Rise, Antarctica, during the last glacial period
Authors: Wolff Eric , Grieman Mackenzie , Hoffmann Helene , Humby Jack , Mulvaney Robert , Nehrbass-Ahles Christoph , Goursaud Oger Sentia , Rhodes Rachael , Rowell Isobel
Published: February 2023

Antarctic ice core records covering the last glacial cycle generally reflect a common climate and environmental history overlain with local influences such as changes in altitude, atmospheric circulation, local dust sources, or regional sea ice extent. Here we investigate records from the 651 m Skytrain Ice Rise core, drilled within the WACSWAIN (WArm Climate Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in the last Interglacial) project. This ice rise is adjacent to the Ronne Ice Shelf and the WAIS, and extends into the last interglacial period, including a continuous record of the last glacial cycle.   The water isotope record shows the clearly recognisable pattern of all the Antarctic Isotopic Maxima of the last 100 kyr, but with different amplitudes to those seen in the well-known WAIS Divide or EPICA ice cores. We will consider what these differences in amplitude tell us about ice elevation at Skytrain, using total air content data to aid our interpretation. The information from sea salt ions can tell us about ice shelf extent, and taking the water isotopes and ions together will allow us to diagnose the status of the Ronne Ice Shelf throughout the glacial. Terrestrial material (Ca, dust) reflects both a common continent-wide input of dust from other continents (especially South America) but also local inputs. We will use the differences for terrestrial dust between Skytrain Ice Rise and other sites to diagnose the input of local dust from the Ellsworth Mountains.Finally combining all three sources of information we expect to make statements about the wider advance and retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and Ronne Ice Shelf in the region surrounding Skytrain Ice Rise.
Characteristics of foreshock subsolar compressive structures and their connection to magnetosheath jet-like phenomena
Authors: Xirogiannopoulou Niki , Goncharov Oleksandr , Šafránková Jana , Němeček Zdeněk
Published: February 2023

The turbulent foreshock region upstream of the quasi- parallel bow shock is dominated by waves and reflected particles that interact with each other and create a large number of different foreshock phenomena. The plasma structures with the enhanced magnetic field (Short Large Amplitude Magnetic Structures, SLAMS), and density spikes, named plasmoids, are frequently observed. They are one of the suggested sources of transient flux enhancements (TFE) or jets in the magnetosheath. Using measurements of the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft (MMS) and OMNI solar wind database between 2015 and 2018 years, we have found that there is a category of events exhibiting both magnetic field and density enhancements simultaneously and we introduce the term “mixed structure” for them. Consequently, we divided our set of observations into three groups and present a comparative statistical analysis in the subsolar foreshock. Based on our results and previous research, we discuss their properties, possible origin, occurrence rate under different upstream conditions and their relation to the jets and plasmoids in the magnetosheath. We suggest that plasmoids and SLAMS are different phenomena created in the foreshock under different upstream conditions and that the enhanced density, rather than magnetic field magnitude, is principal for creation of magnetosheath jets.
A comparison of Perseverance rover and HiRISE data: siteinterpretations in Jezero Crater
Authors: Vleugels Constantijn , Foing Bernard , Swida Okta
Published: February 2023

Large parts of the Martian surface have been imaged with orbiters. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) can be used to build Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of Mars with high horizontal and vertical resolution – distinguishing metre-size objects with a vertical error of tens of centimetres – and interpret the geologic history of a site. These maps may aid in rover landing site selection and finding science targets for these missions. However, rover-based imaging ultimately brings the most detailed view of a site and provides ‘ground-truth’ data to orbital observations on much smaller scales. Studying the differences between geologic interpretations from larger scale orbital observations and smaller scale rover images helps understand the limits of orbital maps and the added value of rover observations. We compare remote sensing data from orbit with rover panoramic camera data. The validity of geologic interpretations derived from orbital image data (such as HiRISE) in Jezero Crater is examined with ground-based, publicly available data from Mastcam-Z on the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z can provide stereo colour images of the scene around the rover. The rover is currently in its Delta Campaign after landing at the Octavia E. Butler site and its subsequent trip to the Séítah formation, indicated in the figure below which shows Perseverance’s traverse near the western delta of Jezero crater (the basemap is a HiRISE DTM overlaid on a Context Camera mosaic produced by The Murray Lab).  Along the way, it has imaged the Séítah and Máaz formations and outcrops of the western delta formation. These units are expected to be volcanic (Séítah and Máaz) and deltaic (western delta) deposits. We can use the Mastcam-Z images made along the traverse to test what geologic interpretations we can reliably infer from orbital data.
Raman microspectrometric and EPMA characterization of Sphalerite from Zawar Group of Mines, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Sengupta Arkodeep , Panigrahi Mruganka Kumar
Published: February 2023

Raman microspectrometry and EPMA have been used to compositionally characterize different types of sphalerite based on its FeS mole fraction. This is in reference to some previous studies where the mole fraction of FeS in sphalerite was quantified by measuring the relative intensities of peaks in Raman spectra. Based on petrographic study of samples, sphalerite was distinguished on the basis of its colour (transparent, honey yellow translucent and dark brown translucent). This was followed up by Raman microspectrometric analysis. The acquisitions were made using the Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution with a multichannel Peltier cooled (-70℃) CCD detector, using a 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, 30s exposure and a laser power of 25% in the spectral range of 200-700 cm-1. Three distinct peaks were obtained, of which the ones at ~299 and ~329 cm-1 are assigned to Fe-S vibration modes, while the one at ~350 cm-1 is assigned to the Zn-S vibrations. From Fig. 1, it can be observed that there is a strong correlation between the peak intensities and the Fe content, with some peaks dominating the other within individual spectrum depending on their respective FeS and ZnS contents. After applying a baseline correction, the spectra were truncated within the range of 250-360 cm-1. The Pseudo-Voigt function (a linear combination of Gaussian and Lorentzian functions) was employed for deconvolution and peak-fitting. By measuring the heights of the peaks at 300 cm-1 (h1) and 350 cm-1 (h3), the h1/h3 ratio was computed. The FeS mole fraction was then calculated by substituting the values of the ratio in a linear equation. To validate the extracted sphalerite chemistry based on the iron content from Raman studies, elemental analysis was carried out using a Cameca SX-Five EPMA. The Fe concentrations, thus obtained, are in good agreement with the EPMA data (Fig. 2).

Keywords: Raman Microspectrometry, EPMA, Sphalerite, FeS mole fraction
             
Using a hydroacoustic method to establish continuous time series of suspended sand concentration and grain size in the Isère River, France
Authors: Laible Jessica , Camenen Benoît , Le Coz Jérôme , Dramais Guillaume , Lauters François , Pierrefeu Gilles
Published: February 2023

High frequency measurements of the concentration and grain size of suspended sand in rivers remain a scientific challenge due to the strong spatio-temporal variability. Applying a hydroacoustic multi-frequency method can improve temporal resolution compared to the classical approach by solid gauging (water sampling) and provides an interesting surrogate for suspended sediment concentration and grain size in rivers characterized by a bimodal suspension. The aim of this study is to establish time series of concentration and grain size of suspended sand in the Isère River (France) using a hydroacoustic method. Measurements with 400 and 1000 kHz Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (HADCP) are used to determine the acoustic attenuation and backscatter. Using frequent isokinetic water samples obtained with a US P-06 sampler close to the ensonified volume, a relation between the acoustic signal and the sediment concentration and grain size can be determined. In a next step, regular solid gaugings help to establish a relation between the concentration and grain size in the ensonified volume and on average in the river cross-section. Finally, time series of concentration and grain size of suspended sand may be established based on this relation. Results show a good correlation between the concentration of fine-grained sediments and acoustic attenuation as well as between the sand concentration and backscatter. While the acoustic signature of fine sediments is mostly driven by concentration changes, the acoustic signature of the sand fraction is impacted by changes not only in concentration but also in grain size distribution (the median diameter  varying between 150 and 400 µm). The homogeneity of concentration and grain size along the acoustic beam seems to be a main factor for successfully establishing concentration time series based on a cell-by-cell analysis.
Construction of Interactive Websites for Remote Sensing Datasets
Authors: Clasen Kai Norman , Demir Begüm
Published: February 2023

As a result of advancements in satellite technology, archives of remote sensing (RS) images are continuously growing, providing a valuable source of information for monitoring the Earth's surface. Researchers construct well-designed and ready-to-use datasets from the plethora of RS images for the broader community to make it easier to develop and compare novel algorithms, models, and architectures to further deepen our understanding of our planet from space. However, the descriptions of these datasets are often published in scientific papers as PDF files with several limitations:The target audience is typically domain experts familiar with scientific jargon;
The work is required to adhere to a specific page limit;
Once the document is published, it is difficult to update sections or to centralize discussions around it. 
To overcome these issues, here we introduce the concept of interactive dataset websites that aim at making the dataset and research based on it more accessible. With visual and interactive examples, users can see exactly how the data is structured and how the data can be used in different contexts. For example, when working with RS data, it is beneficial to get a quick overview of the geographical distribution. By providing more in-depth background information about data sources and product specifications, these websites can also help users understand the context in which the data was collected, how it might be relevant to their work, and how to avoid common pitfalls. Another important aspect of interactive dataset websites is the inclusion of example code for using, loading, and visualizing the data. Especially when working with RS images (e.g., multispectral, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar data, etc), it is often not trivial to visualize the data. Providing example code can be especially useful for researchers unfamiliar with the specific tools required to work with the data or to introduce to the community tools specifically written to make it easier to work with the dataset. Quick feedback can be vital, as it allows researchers to report problems or ask questions that the authors or community can address in an open and centralized manner. Creating these "living, ever-evolving documents" makes them an increasingly valuable resource for anyone working with the dataset, leading to more robust and reliable research.It might seem daunting at first to create such an interactive dataset website, but due to recent open-source projects such as Executable Books (https://executablebooks.org/) and free hosting providers such as GitHub Pages (https://pages.github.com/), it has become relatively easy to produce and host such websites. The HTML content can be generated from Jupyter Notebooks, a tool that many researchers and data scientists are familiar with. To provide an example, in our talk we will showcase an interactive dataset website for the BigEarthNet-MM dataset, which you can find here: https://docs.kai-tub.tech/ben-docs/
Radial Diffusion Benchmarking: Initial Conditions
Authors: Bentley Sarah , Stout Jen , Ratliff Daniel , Thomspon Rhys , Watt Clare
Published: February 2023

Earth’s radiation belts are a hazardous environment containing trapped charged particles. Radial diffusion is one of the major processes driving radiation belt physics, accounting for energisation, transport and loss of electrons in the outer belt. The outer radiation belt is highly variable in energy and location, resulting in behaviour which is difficult to model accurately. Ensemble modelling is needed to characterise this variability. Ensembles can be constructed by varying physical parameters (capturing the uncertainty in our knowledge across many scales) and considering the spread of the final model outputs. However, it is unclear what proportion of the subsequent variability comes from physics versus the numerical methods used. We investigate the effect of varying initial conditions for typical radial diffusion coefficients. We present two methods of establishing the timescale over which initial conditions affect the subsequent radial diffusion; time to monotonicity (the time taken for the particle distribution to reach a state where radial diffusion effects become uninteresting) and dimensional analysis. Both are needed to capture the processes we are interested in as well as the inherent timescales from diffusion. Our measures are often domain dependent, indicating that the choice of where we perform our radial diffusion simulations is significant. 
Open-source Risk Model for Hail Damages to Buildings and Cars: From Climatological Evaluation to Impact-based Warnings
Authors: Schmid Timo , Bresch David N.
Published: February 2023

Hail is a severe meteorological hazard that can cause significant damage to both buildings and cars. Here, we present the first-ever open-source risk model for hail damages, provided within the CLIMADA framework. The availability of high-resolution radar-based hail intensity measures and detailed damage and exposure data from local insurance companies in Switzerland allows for a spatially explicit calibration of vulnerability functions for buildings and cars. The model is able to provide climatological evaluations of hail risk and real-time hail damage estimates based on any user-provided exposure data. Furthermore, combined with crowd-sourced hail reports, the detailed damage data allows for an evaluation and uncertainty quantification of different radar-based hail intensity measures. In a second step, the model will be expanded to use high-resolution convection-resolving simulations with the hail growth module HAILCAST as hazard variable. This enables the assessment of hail risk under climate change, as well as the prototyping of an impact-based warning system based on ensemble weather forecasts. The open-source nature of the model allows for easy access and modification by any interested party, including insurance companies, government agencies, and the general public, making it a valuable tool for assessing hail risk and implementing effective mitigation strategies.
Aerosol Radiative Forcing
Authors: Dewitte Steven
Published: February 2023

The long term global temperature rise caused by increased greenhouse gas radiative forcing is partially masked by temporary aerosol radiative cooling, which remains poorly known.I present a new purely observation based estimate of Aerosol Radiative Forcing (ARF) due solely to the direct radiative effect of aerosols over clear sky ocean, and its time variation over the period 2003-20204 from combined MODIS and CERES aerosol, cloud, and radiation measurements. The resulting mean 2003-2020 ARF is -1.16 +/- 0.39 W/m2 , with no significant trend within an uncertainty of +/- 0.025 W/m2dec.Combining this ARF with the best estimate of the greenhouse gas and solar radiative forcing, and the most likely value of the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity, produces a plausible Earth Energy Imbalance as a residual of the energy balance equation at the top of the atmosphere.
Characterization of fluids in the Lower Allochthon and Baltican basement of the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC-2 borehole, central Sweden)
Authors: Wiersberg Thomas , Jaksch Katrin , Kueck Jochem , Lorenz Henning , Niedermann Samuel , Pierdominici Simona , Rosberg Jan-Erik , Stammeier Jessica A. , Wilke Franziska D. H.
Published: February 2023

The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project studies mountain building processes in a major mid-Paleozoic orogen in western Scandinavia by means of two boreholes (COSC-1 and COSC-2) in Åre municipality, Jämtland, central Sweden. The 2276 m deep COSC-2 borehole was completed in 2020. Subsequently, rising gas bubbles were observed in the borehole, rendering COSC-2 a target for downhole fluid sampling to better understand gas and fluid migration in the subsurface.Seven downhole fluid samples were collected from the COSC-2 borehole with a Leutert Positive Displacement Sampler (PDS) at depths of potentially fluid-conducting fracture zones between 810 and 2081 m. Target depths for fluid sampling were determined by borehole seismic surveys and downhole acoustic logging conducted at COSC-2 from 2020 to 2022.Downhole fluid samples were analyzed for their gas-to-water ratio, chemical gas composition (N2, H2, CH4, CO2, He, Ar, O2), noble gas isotopes (He, Ne, Ar), and water composition (cations and anions). Gas analyses were also performed on two borehole headspace gas samples. The characterization of the fluids also includes determination of their age based on U/Th-He and K-Ar dating methods, as well as depth of phase separation (degassing) of fluids in the subsurface. These analyses provide valuable information for tracking fluid migration at different scales, i.e., from the microscale (core studies, mm-cm) and mesoscale (borehole studies, dm-m) to the macroscale (seismic, tens of metres-km). The fluid studies are accompanied by mineralogical studies on drill core samples from matching depths to constrain fluid-rock interaction by comparing solid and liquid (gas and aqueous) phases.Our study of the chemical composition of fluids in the deep crust, as well as their age and interaction with rocks, will provide unique insights into fluid migration processes in a Paleozoic orogen and help understand similar processes in modern/current analogs such as the Himalaya.
Decadal nitrogen addition enhanced soil C and N storage in mineral-associated organic matter by altering soil abiotic and microbial properties in a temperate grassland
Authors: Niu Guoxiang , Huang Jianh , Lu Xiankai , Rousk Johannes
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT: Global nitrogen (N) deposition has impacted the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities, translating into important changes to the cycling of soil organic matter (SOM). Recent frameworks have proposed that portioning the particulate and mineral-associated organic matter (POM and MAOM) fractions can help us better understand SOM cycling. However, how N deposition affect the fractionation of SOM into MAOM and POM forms, and how soil microbes process these across soil profile all remain unclear. Here we examined the microbial phospholipid fatty acids and determined N and soil organic carbon (SOC) content in POM and MAOM at depths of 0–10, 30–40 and 70–100 cm after 10-year N addition at rates of 0, 2, 10 and 50 g m-2 yr-1 in a temperate steppe. We found that N addition remarkably shifted microbial communities by increasing the relative abundances of bacteria and gram-positive (GP) bacteria, and decreasing gram-negative bacterial across the three soil layers. These effects of N addition tended to increase with the N addition rate but diminished with soil depth probably as pH decreased with the N addition rate but increased with soil depth. Both N addition and soil depth may cause similar microbial community shifts, through which fungi and GP bacteria become dominant, but may through different mechanisms. More than 60% of total SOC and N are stored as MAOM in this grassland. The share of SOC and total N in the MAOM was slightly decreased by N addition in 0-10 cm but significantly increased in deeper soils. The ratios of POM-C/MAOM-C and POM-N/MAOM-N significantly decreased with soil depth regardless of N addition treatments. Moreover, N addition increased the two ratios in 0-10 cm soil, but decreased them in deeper soil layers. N addition increased the stocks of SOC (MAOM: +11 %; POM: +23 %) and total N (MAOM: +10 %; POM: +27 %) in 0–10 cm soil, but increased only in MAOM in 30–40 cm (SOC: +24 %; total N: +24 %) and 70–100 cm (SOC: +15 %; total N: +13 %) soils. Soil physicochemical features exerted stronger controls than microbial properties in the distribution of SOC and total N in the two fractions regardless of soil depth because of eight soil features explaining more of the total variation than eight microbial properties. Our findings imply that increase in N deposition may make more SOC stabilized as MAOM fraction in grassland soils.Keywords: Nitrogen deposition, Soil microbiome, Mineral-associated organic matter, Subsoil