bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The possibilities of computer simulation of the orthognatic surgical procedure in the treatment of class II malocclusion
Authors: Milutinovic Jovana , Nedeljkovic Nenad , Nikolic Predrag
Published: October 2008

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities for computer-aided orthognathic surgery in the treatment of class II malocclusions. Materials and methods: Twelve patients treated at the Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Belgrade, were included in the study. Profile cephalometric analyses of all patients were conducted before and after the treatment. The first step was the profile cephalometric analysis before the treatment using the computer software Nemotec dental studio NX2005 and the second step was the computer-aided simulation using the same software. Results: The difference in the results was found in the soft-tissue analysis, which can be explained by the possibility of observing the instant changes in patients' profiles during the simulation of surgical treatment. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the computer-aided simulation provides a faster approach, a possibility to educate patients before the surgical treatment and a better clinician-patient communication.
Relationship between malocclusion and deleterious oral habits in preschool children in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
Authors: Cavalcanti Leite , Bezerra Medeiros , Moura Cristiano , Bezerra Medeiros , Granville-Gracia Flávia
Published: October 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusions in preschool children in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, and verify the existence of associations between malocclusions and deleterious oral habits, gender and age. Methods: 342 children (3-5-year-old; 196 boys and 146 girls) with complete primary dentition and no previous orthodontic treatment were randomly selected from children regularly attending municipal day care centers. The occurrence of the following malocclusions was evaluated: accentuated overjet and overbite, anterior open bite and posterior crossbite. A calibrated experienced examiner (Kappa = 0.86) performed all clinical examinations under natural lightening after drying the teeth and soft tissue with gauze. Yates' chi-square and Fisher's exact tests verified the association between the variables and odds ratio. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: Malocclusions and deleterious oral habits were observed in 74% and 73.4% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of malocclusion was 68.9% in boys and 80.9% in girls. Accentuated overjet (45%) and anterior open bite (42.4%) were the most prevalent malocclusions. There was statistically significant difference (P = .008) between genders. However, no statistically significant differences (P = .47) were found among the age groups. Accentuated overjet, anterior open bite and posterior crossbite showed a positive association with the presence of deleterious oral habits. Conclusions: The high prevalence of malocclusions and deleterious oral habits observed in this pediatric population is supportive to the fact that oral health professionals that treat patients in these age groups should be aware of the importance of an early and accurate diagnosis in order to avoid the aggravation of occlusal alterations in the future.
Determination of cortisol levels in plasma and saliva in women exposed to chronic stress
Authors: Krsljak Elena , Gosic Katarina
Published: October 2008

Introduction: It is known fact from the literature data that acute and chronic stress influence serum cortisol level. As with serum cortisol, the level of cortisol in saliva is also a reliable marker of stress. Material and method: this study was performed on 25 individuals, females, age 40-50 years. The participants were exposed to long term stress, held two jobs of 8 working hours, six days a weak, domestic work was not included. All of them were high educated, and none of them were on other medication therapy Aim: The Aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in cortisol levels in stimulated and non stimulated saliva and serum and determine their association with long term stress. Results: Obtained results showed that cortisol level in saliva do not depend on saliva flow rate and increases in the afternoon period in individuals exposed to chronic stress. Correlation (r) between salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol is r= 0.91. Non-invasive sampling procedure suggests that saliva may be used for cortisol measurements in situations where blood sampling is difficult to perform.
Dental pulp stem cells: Potential significance in regenerative medicine
Authors: Todorovic Vera , Markovic Dejan , Milosevic-Jovcic Nadezda , Petakov Marijana , Balint Bela , Colic Miodrag , Milenkovic Ana , Colak Ivana , Jokanovic Vukoman , Nikolic Nebojsa
Published: October 2008

To date, three types of dental stem cells have been isolated: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC), Stem Cells From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) and Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (IDPC). These dental stem cells are considered as mesenchymal stem cells. They reside within the perivascular niche of dental pulp. They are highly proliferative, clonogenic, multipotent and are similar to mesenchymal Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSC). Also, they have high plasticity and can be easy isolated. The expressions of the alkaline phosphatase gene, dentin matrix protein 1 and dentinsialophosphoprotein are verified in these cells. Analyses of gene expression patterns indicated several genes which encode extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors and transcription regulators, cell signaling, cell communication or cell metabolism. In both conditions, in vivo and in vitro, these cells have the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, neurons, melanocytes, smooth and skeletal muscles and endothelial cells. In vivo, after implantation, they have shown potential to differentiate into dentin but also into tissues like bone, adipose or neural tissue. In general, DPSCs are considered to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities. After being grafted into allogenic tissues these cells are ableto induce immunological tolerance. Immunosuppressive effect is shown through the ability to inhibit proliferation of T lymphocytes. Dental pulp stem cells open new perspectives in therapeutic use not only in dentin regeneration, periodontal tissues and skeletoarticular, tissues of craniofacial region but also in treatment of neurotrauma, autoimmune diseases, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy and connective tissue damages.
Oral health in individuals with psychotic disorders
Authors: Jovanovic Svetlana , Gajic Ivanka
Published: October 2008

Mental disorders are an important problem in every national health care service. The importance of psychotic disorders is not only their frequency but also their long-term character, recurrence, association with other diseases, costs and consequences for the family and society. Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorders and depression) and their treatment may result in serious oral diseases. These disorders and medications used to treat them may lead to a series of oral complications and side effects, predominantly high prevalence of carious and extracted teeth, periodontal disease, inadequate oral hygiene, xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, bad breath and gustatory sense dysfunction. Psychotic disorders affect oral and dental health in two ways. Behavioural changes affect the oral hygiene maintenance and lead to bad habits and attitudes towards oral health. Antipsychotic therapy has adverse effects on oral health. Literature data suggest that oral health in patients with psychotic disorders is poor and highlight the need to develop specific preventive programmes, which would be aimed at improving behaviour of this population at risk in the oral health care system.
Prox-1 and VEGFR3 Antibodies Are Superior to D2–40 in Identifying Endothelial Cells of Lymphatic Malformations—A Proposal of a New Immunohistochemical Panel to Differentiate Lymphatic from other Vascular Malformations
Authors: da Cunha Castro Eumenia Costa , Galambos Csaba
Published: October 2008

We previously reported that D2–40 antibody identifies lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) of lymphatic malformations (LM) with high specificity but only moderate sensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the markers Prospero-related homeobox gene–1 (Prox-1) and VEGFR3 to those of D2–40 for LECs in LM. Seventeen LM and 6 other vascular malformations with venous component (VM) were stained with D2–40, Prox-1, VEGFR3, CD31, and CD34 antibodies. The staining characteristics of vessels by each marker were assessed. Prox-1 and VEGFR3 specificity for LECs was examined by endothelial staining of VMs. Prox-1 and VEGFR3 stained substantially more large vessels than did D2–40 (15 of 17 cases). Small vessel staining was uniformly positive with all vascular markers except CD34, which did not stain lymphatic vessels. Eight cases had no or minimal D2–40 staining of large vessels, but the selected D2–40-vessels stained positive with VEGFR3, and 7 of 8 vessels were Prox-1 positive. Nine cases had variable D2–40 staining of large vessels; the selected D2–40 channels were all Prox-1 positive, and 8 of 9 were VEGFR3 positive. Two had rare vascular channels with no lymphatic marker stain but were positive for CD31 and CD34. Endothelial cells of VM had no Prox-1 but were VEGFR3/CD31/CD34 positive. VEGFR3 and Prox-1 antibodies have greater sensitivity for large lymphatic vessels than does D2–40. All lymphatic markers have high sensitivity for LECs of small lymphatic channels. Prox-1 has superior sensitivity and specificity to LECs. We recommend utilizing an immunohistochemical panel consisting of Prox-1, VEGFR3, CD31, and CD34 antibodies to differentiate lymphatic from venous malformations in pathologic practice.
Comments on Bulterman-Bos: What Should Education Research Do, and How Should It Do It?
Authors: Wiliam Dylan
Published: October 2008

In this article, three theoretical perspectives are used to extend Bulterman-Bos’s (2008) argument regarding a clinical approach to education research. First, three intellectual virtues identified by Aristotle— episteme, techne, and phronesis—are related to the requirements of the “pure” education researcher, the skilled practitioner, and the clinical researcher, respectively. Second, Churchman’s typology of inquiry systems—based on whether the primary source of evidence is logic, observation, representation, dialectic, or values—is offered as a way of conceptualizing different kinds of inquiry in education. Third, recognizing that much practitioner knowledge is tacit, Nonaka and Takeuchi’s model of knowledge conversion is suggested as a tool with which knowledge gained through different methods of inquiry might be brought into productive dialogue.
Comments on Bulterman-Bos: Research Relevancy or Research for Change?
Authors: Noffke Susan E.
Published: October 2008

Three issues emanating from the Bulterman-Bos article (2008) form the core of this commentary. First, the issue of relevancy is addressed from the standpoint of action research and other forms of practitioner inquiry. From this perspective, the divisions between the cultures of university and school are addressed both ways: Each can potentially be transformed by research emanating from the other. Second, another view of the role of theory in research is offered, one that builds on the inherently political dimensions of educational practices, whether in universities or elsewhere. Finally, global changes in the nature of knowledge production demand that research enhance its capacity to work for social justice.
“Geography of Opportunity”: Poverty, Place, and Educational Outcomes
Authors: Tate William F.
Published: October 2008

This article is an expanded version of the 2008 American Educational Research Association’s Presidential Address. The purpose of the article is to describe the geography of opportunity in two metropolitan regions of the United States that are engaged in significant efforts to transform their local political economies. Both metropolitan regions have invested substantive resources into the development of an area of industrial science—one in telecommunications, one in biotechnology. A central underlying question in this article is, How does geography influence opportunity? The article’s two case studies investigate this question, using different methodological approaches. The article concludes with two important lessons learned from the research.
Psychiatric Disorders in the Walbiri, Central Australia
Authors: Kidson M. A.
Published: October 2008

A survey is reported of psychiatric disorders in an Australian Aboriginal tribal group of 650 persons residing at Yuendumu, Central Australia. Methods of case detection and criteria of inclusion of cases are described. Clinical summaries of all affected individuals are supplied and the frequency distribution of psychiatric illness by age, sex, diagnosis and severity is presented. The survey results are discussed and related to sociocultural circumstances of the Walbiri people and to epidemiological findings from other parts of the world.
Symptom Complexes in Childhood Psychosis
Authors: Gold Stanley , Neufeld I. L.
Published: October 2008

In an attempt to differentiate clinically between sub-groups of children diagnosed psychotic, fifty-six children were assessed on a graphic testing scale using twenty items. Results subjected to factor analysis indicated two significant sub-classes. Factor 1: Characterised by bizarre posturing; abnormal motility patterns; aloofness; impersonal use of people; and self directed aggression. This was designated a “schizophrenic” factor. Factor 2: Characterished by excessive response to sensory stimuli; scrutiny of the body; hyperkinesis and externally directed aggression. This was designated a “non schizophrenic” (? organic) factor. Although clinically overlapping, it is thought that application of the above criteria may provide more homogeneous groups, with implications for research, therapy and prognosis.
An Unusual Case of Folie À Deux
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: October 2008

A short historical review of folie à deux and three sub-groups, folie imposée, folie simultanée and folie communiquée. A detailed account of the relationship of an eighteen year old male with his mother as well as pertinent information concerning other members of the family. The discussion involves a prolonged case of folie à deux where separation fails to resolve the induced psychosis. There is an implied inference that the son was really never free of his mother. The case includes one other member of the family who accepts the mother's paranoid delusion to form a folie à trois and a final supposition of folie à famille is suggested.
Treatment Outlines for the Management of Schizophrenia
Authors: Andrews G.
Published: October 2008

The Quality Assurance Project is developing explicit and detailed treatment outlines for each of the major psychiatric disorders. Three sources of information are used: a meta-analysis of the treatment outcome literature, the opinions of a sample of practising psychiatrists, and the views of a panel of nominated experts. The present outlines report the resulting recommendations for the treatment of schizophrenia. The three sources of information agree that anti-psychotic drugs are the principal treatment during the active phase of the disorder. As schizophrenia is so often a serious and disabling chronic illness, the treatment recommendations stress the need for continuity of care during the post-acute and residual phases in order to prevent relapse and minimise residual deficits. The outlines particularly emphasise the consistent but conservative use of antipsychotic drugs, and the implementation of a specific type of family management program in addition to the customary social interventions.
Publishing in the Parish
Authors: Parker Gordon , Barnett Bryanne , Holmes Sally , Manicavasagar Vijaya
Published: October 2008

A consecutive series of 500 papers submitted to the ‘Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry’ is evaluated to provide information on Journal publication procedures, to assess the Journal peer review process and to examine factors associated with the outcome of submissions. While the majority of submissions was by psychiatrists and psychologists, the highest acceptance rates were for papers presented by psychiatric registrars and by psychiatrists. Of the submissions for which a final decision had been made, 50% were accepted for publication and very few papers were accepted without revision. Regional differences in submission rates were noted and, more importantly, regional differences in acceptance rates were quantified. A subsidiary analysis suggested that the latter differences reflected a general pattern and were not peculiar to, or a reflection of, Journal policy.
Effects of Methylphenidate in Normal Adults with Reference to Drug Action in Hyperactivity
Authors: Aman Michael G. , Vamos Marina , Werry John S.
Published: October 2008

Methylphenidate was administered to each of 12 adult volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study for purposes of comparison with previous studies in hyperactive children. Statistically significant changes occurred only on a minority of measures, but the results were generally in the direction of facilitated performance, reduced physical activity and increased emotional responsivity. As these results are similar to those in hyperactive and normal children, this appears to support the contention that stimulant drug effects in hyperactive children are not paradoxical or atypical.
Is Suicidal Ideation Associated with Puberty?
Authors: Zubrick Stephen , Kosky Robert , Silburn Sven
Published: October 2008

Chronological age, rather than puberty, was associated with suicidal ideation in both sexes in a sample of 1, 060 children and adolescents aged nine to fourteen years who were referred to a child psychiatry service in Perth, Western Australia.
Parenting and Schizophrenia: An Australian Study of Expressed Emotion
Authors: Parker Gordon , Johnson Penny
Published: October 2008

Parents of 66 schizophrenic Sydney patients were interviewed using the abbreviated Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). Using preestablished criteria, 71% of the mothers, 58% of the fathers and 74% of the households were categorised as being of high expressed emotion (EE) status. Comparison is made with published data on the CFI and on EE categorisation for similar groups studied in England, the United States and India. The Sydney families were described as ‘vocal, ambitious and aggressive’, and EE scale scores more resembled the Los Angeles families than the British families originally studied. A number of factors influencing high EE categorisation (e.g., family intactness, socio-demographic variables) are noted.
Psychiatric Symptoms, Social Disablement and Illness Behaviour
Authors: Hurry J. , Bebbington P. E. , Tennant C.
Published: October 2008

In this paper we investigate the relationship between social performance and the use of medical services, and to what extent this is independent of clinical disorder. In a sample of adults living in Camberwell, South London, social disability and clinical disorder were both predictive of service use. Those subjects who were admitted to psychiatric day-patient or inpatient facilities were found to show the highest levels of both types of impairment, followed by psychiatric outpatients. People who had seen their general practitioner because of their ‘nerves’ were less impaired than those in touch with the specialist psychiatric services but had significantly poorer social performance and a higher level of clinical disorder than people not in contact with medical services at all. When the severity of clinical disorder was controlled, however, levels of social performance no longer discriminated between the different groups of service users, except that psychiatric outpatients remained significantly more socially disabled than the general practice group.
Assessing Dementia. Part I: Difficulties, Definitions and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: McLean Steve
Published: October 2008

Despite the pressures of an increasingly ageing population and an ever increasing scientific knowledge, the clinical characteristics of dementia remain poorly defined. This relative lack of clarity in clinical understanding has led to diverse diagnostic problems, including those of mistaken diagnosis as well as over- and under-diagnosis in different settings. This paper focuses on the syndromal and aetiological diagnosis of dementia by outlining current clinical definitions, considering differential diagnosis in detail and reviewing characteristics of common dementing disorders. The past emphasis on a search for treatable causes, the reliance on laboratory investigations and the concept of subcortical dementia are all questioned. Aspects of evaluation that are stressed include the value of brief objective cognitive testing, a knowledge of normal age-related cognitive changes, flexible criteria for Alzheimer's disease and a comprehensive individualised evaluation of the person. Broader assessment issues will be dealt with in a second paper.
Family Functioning and Overprotection following a Natural Disaster: The Longitudinal Effects of Post-Traumatic Morbidity
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C.
Published: October 2008

The longitudinal impact of a natural disaster on the patterns of interaction in families with latency-aged children is examined. An 11-item questionnaire was developed and two factors were isolated: irritable distress and involvement. A group of 183 disaster-affected families were contrasted with 497 families who had not been exposed to the disaster. Eight months after the disaster, the interaction in the disaster-affected families was characterised by increased levels of conflict, irritability and withdrawal. Maternal overprotection was also a common feature of the pattern of care in these families. Post-traumatic morbidity in parents was the major determinant of the observed changes in family functioning and the overprotection.
Parasuicide: Interaction between Inadequate Parenting and Recent Interpersonal Stress
Authors: Silove Derrick , George Grahame , Bhavani-Sankaram Vadali
Published: October 2008

We report a controlled study in which we searched for links between early family adversity and recent interpersonal stress in parasuicidal patients. Our subjects reported fewer adverse experiences in childhood than did the younger, predominantly female, patients investigated in previous studies. Nevertheless, 47% of our parasuicidal group, as compared to 19% of control subjects, reported a sequential pattern of relationship difficulties starting in childhood. The pattern of early exposure to neglectful and overprotective parenting followed by recent conflict or separations in adulthood was found to discriminate most clearly between the parasuicidal and control groups. We suggest that factors such as low self-esteem, a sense of helplessness in the face of adversity and an abiding insecurity in intimate relationships may variously account for this heightened vulnerability. We conclude that a history of adverse relationships beginning in childhood should alert primary care-givers to the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients who are exposed to distressing separations or interpersonal conflict.
Minor Psychiatric Morbidity in a Casualty Population: Identification, Attempted Intervention and Six-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Singh Bruce , Lewin Terry , Raphael Beverley , Johnston Penny , Walton Jane
Published: October 2008

The prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity (MPM) was investigated in 523 adults presenting to the casualty section of an Australian public hospital. Relationships between subject characteristics and the level of MPM were also examined, together with the acceptability of an offer of short-term intervention and the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing distress. Threshold morbidity on initial presentation to casualty was 41% (using the GHQ-12 with the customary 1/2 cut-off point) and the probable prevalence was estimated to be about 27%. The intervention was initially offered to a random sample of those identified as being ‘under stress’ (GHQ of three or above), but as there was a 90% rejection rate, it was offered to all symptomatic subjects. Overall, 26% accepted our offer of intervention. Those who accepted intervention and those who rejected it did not differ in their improvement in MPM during the subsequent six months. However, these groups improved slightly more than the group that was eligible for intervention but to whom it was not offered. Forty-seven per cent of subjects who were ‘under stress’ on initial presentation to casualty fell below the GHQ-12 threshold at the six-month follow-up; this compared with a shift of only 26% in the opposite direction (i.e., non-stressed to stressed). Regression to the mean offered the most parsimonious explanation for these GHQ changes.
Lessons from the Insulin Story in Psychiatry
Authors: Cramond W. A.
Published: October 2008

For nearly 20 years, from the mid-1930s until the mid-1950s, early cases of schizophrenia were treated, and surprisingly successfully treated, by deep insulin coma therapy. This paper is an attempt to explore what, if any, lessons there are to be gained for us 30 years later from a treatment regime that turned out to have nothing to do with insulin per se. Such lessons as there may be from our recent historical past may help us to foster our critical acumen and commonsense as we try in our daily practice to understand how we can best help our patients in safety.
Googling for ‘opposites’: a web-based study of antonym canonicity
Authors: Jones Steven , Paradis Carita , Murphy M. Lynne , Willners Caroline
Published: October 2008

This paper seeks to explain why some semantically-opposed word pairs are more likely to be seen as canonical antonyms (for example, cold/hot) than others (icy/scorching, cold/fiery, freezing/hot, etc.). Specifically, it builds on research which has demonstrated that, in discourse, antonyms are inclined to favour certain frames, such as ‘X and Y alike’, ‘from X to Y’ and ‘either X or Y’ (Justeson and Katz, 1991; etc.), and to serve a limited range of discourse functions (Jones, 2002). Our premise is that the more canonical an antonym pair is, the greater the fidelity with which it will occupy such frames. Since an extremely large corpus is needed to identify meaningful patterns of co-occurrence, we turn to Internet data for this research. As well as enabling the notion of antonym canonicity to be revisited from a more empirical perspective, this approach also allows us to evaluate the appropriateness (and assess the risks) of using the World Wide Web as a corpus for studies into certain types of low-frequency textual phenomena.
The L2 syllabus: corpus or contrivance?
Authors: Shortall Terry
Published: October 2008

Corpus linguists have argued that corpora allow us to present lexical and grammatical patterns to language learners as they occur in real language, thereby exposing the learner to authentic target language (Mindt, 1996; Biber et al., 2002; Sinclair, 2004). And there is now a growing body of empirical research into how corpus studies can benefit ELT materials design and development (Ljung, 1990, 1991; Römer, 2004, 2005).

This study investigates how the present perfect is represented in a spoken corpus and in ELT textbooks. The objective is to see whether corpus frequency data can make textbook present perfect presentation represent reality more accurately, and also whether there are sometimes pedagogic aims that may override frequency considerations.

Results show that textbooks fail to represent adequately how present perfect interacts with other verb forms to create hybrid tenses such the present perfect passive. Textbooks also over-represent the frequency of structures such as the present perfect continuous. Adverbs such as yet and already are much more frequent in textbooks than in the corpus. Textbook writers seem to deliberately exaggerate the frequency of such adverbs, and arguably use them as tense markers or flagging devices so that learners will expect to see present perfect when they see yet and already. This suggests that disregard for natural frequency data may be justifiable if pedagogic considerations of this kind are taken into account.

So, while corpus data provides important and useful frequency data for the teaching of grammar, pedagogic objectives may sometimes require that frequency data is disregarded.
Semantic fields of problem in business English: Malaysian and British journalistic business texts
Authors: Ali Afida Mohamad
Published: October 2008

This paper reports on an LSP-based research project dealing with a contrastive analysis of business and management texts taken from the Malaysian business magazine Malaysian Business (MB) and its British counterpart, Management Today (MT). The objective of the research was to study the semantic fields and linguistic signals of Problem patterns in order to determine whether they display specific differences which can be ascribed to their linguistic and cultural contexts. The study adopted a corpus-based approach based on a corpus containing fifty feature-articles from each magazine. The text corpus was analysed according to Hoey's Problem-Solution textual patterns and the corpus tool, Wmatrix, was used to identify the semantic fields in the Problem patterns. Key semantic fields were found for Problem in MB and MT compared with a normative corpus (the BNC Written Informative Sampler).
Encoding document information in a corpus of student writing: the British Academic Written English corpus
Authors: Ebeling Signe O. , Heuboeck Alois
Published: October 2008

The information contained in a document is only partly represented by the wording of the text; in addition, features of formatting and layout can be combined to lend specific functionality to chunks of text (e.g., section headings, highlighting, enumeration through list formatting, etc.). Such functional features, although based on the ‘objective’ typographical surface of the document, are often inconsistently realised and encoded only implicitly, i.e., they depend on deciphering by a competent reader. They are characteristic of documents produced with standard text-processing tools.

We discuss the representation of such information with reference to the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus of student writing, currently under construction at the universities of Warwick, Reading and Oxford Brookes. Assignments are usually submitted to the corpus as Microsoft Word documents and make heavy use of surface-based functional features. As the documents are to be transformed into XML-encoded corpus files, this information can only be preserved through explicit annotation, based on interpretation. We present a discussion of the choices made in the BAWE corpus and the practical requirements for a tagging interface.
Urbanizzazione e topografia a Roma nell'area dei Fori imperiali tra XIV e XVI secolo
Authors: Passigli Suzanna
Published: October 2008

Susanna Passigli, Urbanizzazione e topografia a Roma nell'area dei Fori imperiali tra XIV e XVI secolo, p. 273-325.

L'area presa in esame viene analizzata sotto due aspetti, il primo dei quali riguarda i punti di riferimento topografici, siano essi preesistenze antiche, edif ici religiosi, rete viaria. Di ciascuno dei tre punti, in base alla documentazione reperita, si è voluto mettere in evidenza l'influenza sull'urbanizzazione al livello topografico e toponomastico. Nella seconda parte si sono prese in considerazione le varie forme di suddivisione territoriale, cosi corne emergono tanto dalla documentazione a carattere istituzionale che da quella notarile, vagliate e confrontate fra loro secondo l'ordine cronologico di apparizione : le regioni, le contrade, le circoscrizioni parrocchiali e gli altri modi di individuare porzioni di territorio in età moderna. Queste suddivisioni con il tempo vedono ridurre la propria superficie in rapporto all'aumento della densità del tessuto urbano emerge quindi uno stretto vincolo di dipendenza tra topografia ed urbanizzazione. Le ripartizioni, individuate tramite toponimi e da termini più o meno definiti, aumentano di numero, scompaiono o ricompaiono per essere attribuite ad aree più esigue.
Liberté et oppression des esclaves aux Caraïbes au 18e siècle
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: October 2008

Freedom and oppression of slaves in the 18th century caribbean

The characteristics of two different social Systems, island government and the particular master-slave relationship, jointly determined the degree of freedom (or the degree of oppression) of slaves in the late 18th century Caribbean. The degree to which an island was a "slave society" that maximized slave oppression depended in turn on the degree to which it was a sugar island, and on how far thé planters of that island were internally well organized and had a powerful position in the empire government of the island. Thus, on both criteria, the Bahamas, Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic), had low planter power Barbados and Antigua high planter power.
L'organisation du contrôle fiscal. Une forme « originale » de bureaucratie
Authors: Leroy Marc
Published: October 2008

Cet article s'appuie sur une recherche de sociologie des organisations pour analyser le contrôle fiscal comme bureaucratie. Les caractéristiques de cette organisation sont origi­nales pour une bureaucratie, notamment avec le compromis entre la contrainte de rende­ment financier et la négociation, mais aussi avec le rôle particulièrement déterminant du vérificateur fiscal dans la décision. Ces résultats remettent en cause la généralisation du modèle de la bureaucratie de Crozier et contribuent à éclairer le débat connexe sur la pertinence d'un modèle français des politiques publiques : cette dernière question est me­née également à partir d'une réflexion sur la modernisation de l'administration fiscale.
Ampère et le télégraphe électrique. Réflexions sur les conceptions d'Ampère relatives aux conséquences économiques et sociales de la découverte scientifique et sur les délais qui séparent celle-ci de ses applications
Authors: Ponte Maurice
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY. — The author mentions the antecedents of Ampere's electrical telegraph project and explains its operation. But, above all, the author takes the opportunity of showing how difficult it is to put into practice the results of scientific research. In this connection, he discusses Ampere's views on the social and economic consequences of scientific discovery, and on the time-lag between it and its applications.
Sur trois ouvrages soviétiques récents concernant l'histoire des mathématiques.
Authors: Youschkevitch A. P. , Taton Rene , Dugac Pierre
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY. — This article contains detailed reviews of three recent works on the history of mathematics published in the Soviet Union. 1) A Russian-language edition of the works of Diophantus carried out under the direction of Mme I. G. Rachmakova (by A. P. Youschkevitch). 2) A French translation by Prof. B. Laptiev of a standard work in Russian by V. Kagan on Lobatchevski (by R. Taton). 3) A study by F. A. Medvedev of the French school of function and set theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (by P. Dugac).
Contribution à la biographie de Vidius (Guido Guidi), premier lecteur royal de médecine : ses origines et sa vie avant la période parisienne.
Authors: Grmek M. D.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY. — Vidus Vidius (1509-1569) owes his importance in the history of medicine to his position as lecteur royal in Paris and to his splendid Chirurgia (1544). Most historians, however, know little of his earlier activities. This article reconstructs, with the help of archival sources, the circumstances of his birth in Florence, his familial origins (especially his descent from the painter Ghirlandaio ) , the influence on his intellectual development of both medical and artistic background and, finally, his professional career in Florence and Rome up to 1541.
Un travail inconnu de Georges Lemaître.
Authors: Godart O. , Heller Michel
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY. — An unknown work of G. Lemaître written around 1950 as the text of a conference at the Institut Catholique features the following main topics : 1) The spatial infinity difficulty could be avoided by adopting closed geometries. 2) The dynamical evolution of the Universe is described by the Friedmann equation including the cosmological constant. 3) Thanks to this constant, a mechanism of formation of clusters of galaxies could be imagined. 4) Cosmic radiations are partly produced by the decay of the Primeval Atom. The authors hope that this unknown work of Lemaître will contribute to the history of cosmology.
Corruption, libéralisation et démocratisation
Authors: Cartier-Bresson Jean
Published: October 2008

La corruption est un sujet à la mode, la récente perception de sa nocivité est une nouveauté qui prend sa source dans la progression récente de la démocratisation et de la libéralisation économique. Cependant, l'affirmation d'une volonté générale de lutter contre le phénomène par les grandes organisations internationales, qui intègrent le débat avec leur prêt-à- penser univer soliste, n 'aide pas à mettre en œuvre des stratégies crédibles et efficaces face à un phénomène dont les origines et les conséquences sont diverses. Il est alors important de fonder le renouveau des approches sur la corruption à partir d'études de cas traitant les problèmes de clientélisme, de libéralisation, de démocratisation, de rapport deforce Nord-Sud et de pauvreté. L'objet de ce numéro spécial de la Revue Tiers Monde est de participer à ce renouvellement des analyses fondées sur la mise en perspective des mutations de la corruption et de l'évolution des rapports politiques économiques et sociaux dans le monde du postajustement.
Une lecture d'anthropologie politique de la corruption au Maroc : fondement historique d'une prise de liberté avec le droit
Authors: Hibou Béatrice , Tozy Mohamed
Published: October 2008

Le phénomène de la corruption ou celui de la lutte contre la corruption ne peuvent se comprendre que par rapport à un référentiel historique et culturel donné, dans un pays donné. Cet article présente l'actualité judiciaire du Maroc et la façon dont le pouvoir politique a traité la question de la corruption (à travers notamment la « campagne d'assainissement » des années 1995 et 1996) en faisant ce détour historique et anthropologique. L'imaginaire juridique et politique marocain qui permet de donner une signification à cet épisode est influencé par le droit communautaire des sociétés segmentaires, le droit musulman et le droit positif d'un régime autoritaire. À partir de là, on doit interpréter la « campagne d'assainissement » et ses suites non pas en termes techniques ou de moralisation de la vie publique, mais en termes de recentrage politique.
Clientélisme politique et corruption
Authors: Médard Jean-François
Published: October 2008

Jean- François MEDARD — Clientelism and political corruption. The terms « clientelism » and « corruption » deserve to be clarified, both in conceptual terms as well as from the mechanisms of the phenomena which they refer to. Should we oppose political corruption and clientelism ? If we adopt an axiologically neutral attitude, both phenomena imply some form of social legitimacy. Clientelism may be opposed to corruption in terms of commercial exchange, but not to corruption in terms of social exchange. A normative viewpoint is however preferable if we are to do away with these increasingly perverse practices.
De la propension des exportateurs à verser des pots-de-vin. L'impact sur les échanges
Authors: Lambsdorff Johann Graf
Published: October 2008

L'auteur s'intéresse au comportement des pays corrupteurs, à partir de données concernant les échanges bilatéraux. Il montre que le degré de corruption dans les pays importateurs affecte la structure des échanges chez les exportateurs. Ainsi, alors que la Malaysia, l'Australie et la Suède sont désavantagées dans leurs exportations vers les pays jugés corrompus, une corrélation positive apparaît entre les exportations de l'Italie, de l'Union belgo-luxembourgeoise et de la France, d'une part, et le degré de corruption dans les pays importateurs, d autre part. Après neutralisation des autres influences, notamment géographiques, sectorielles et linguistiques, dans les régressions, l'auteur conclut que ces constats sont dus à des différences dans la propension des exportateurs à offrir des pots-de-vin.
Les difficultés de la lutte contre la corruption : l'expérience de quatre pays en développement
Authors: Hors Irène
Published: October 2008

Irene HORS — The difficulties of the fight against corruption : the experiences of four developing countries. The abundance of theoretical literature on the struggle against corruption does not reflect the practical difficulties involved. The study of the institutions and of the reforms undertaken in four countries, namely Benin, Morocco, Philippines and Pakistan, as well as the analyses of the contexts of government and nongovernmental action is informative on the tools best adapted to the problems faced by developing countries. The efficiency of global tools appears to face limits but once sectorial reforms are subjected to certain rules, they may permit the handling and of corruption and its durable control.
La Banque mondiale, la corruption et la gouvernance
Authors: Cartier-Bresson Jean
Published: October 2008

Jean Cartier-Bresson — The World Bank, corruption and governance. The article presents a critical analysis of the way the World Bank apprehends the State, through «good governance» as a depoliticised form of power relationships. It studies the manner in which the concept provides the referential framework for the fight against corruption by the international institution, as part of the economic liberalisation package. It argues that a strategy based on the virtues of social networks and on the reduction of the public sector involvement in weak, hardly democratic States, may drive corruption from past forms to new ones, instead of reducing the phenomenon.
Les économies en développement au regard des théories de la régionalisation
Authors: Hugon Philippe
Published: October 2008

Philippe HUGON — Developing economies in the light of theories of regionalisation. A regionalism de jure and a de facto régionalisation may currently be observed in developing countries as South-to-South relations and free trade agreements acquire greater importance. This article takes to task the different theories of regional integration, as the regional space becomes one of the factors of global economic regulation. New debates or ideas centred on geographic dimensions, on the questions of convergence and divergence as well as political and institutional questions, are challenging traditional conceptions of integration.
Les trajectoires régionales en Afrique australe dans un contexte de récession mondiale
Authors: Blanc Marie-Odile
Published: October 2008

Marie-Odile Blanc — Regional trajectories in Southern Africa in the context of global recession.

This text aims at explaining the reactions of southern African economies to global recession and internal crisis. The volatility of primary product rates ; their sectoral effects and the strains on internal stability may compromise the prospects of regional growth. The influence of what the author terms here as the hegemonic South African pole and its relay-economies on the region, is analysed from the asymmetrical configuration of exchanges with southern Africa.
Nouveau régime commercial et inégalités salariales en Amérique latine
Authors: Deffarges Thierry
Published: October 2008

Thierry Defarges — The new trade regime and wage disparities in Latin America.

This article analyses the causalities between external liberalisation and the increase of wage disparities in Latin America during the 1990s. The direct effects of the international insertion of these countries on relative wage variations exist, but the main force results from the indirect effects of external liberalisation. Exposure to international competition happens to favour a qualified workforce, thus inducing an asymmetric wages adjustment that negatively affects unqualified labour. The dynamics of relative wages therefore simultaneously expresses the improvements in productive efficiency and cost-effects.
Pourquoi faut-il aider les pauvres ? Une étude critique du discours de la Banque mondiale sur la pauvreté
Authors: Lautier Bruno
Published: October 2008

Bruno Lautier — Why should the poor be helped ? A critical study of the World Banks' stand on poverty.

For about a decade now, the struggle against poverty has been heralded as the central objective of development institutions, especially the World Bank. (That is its « raison d'être » or the essence of its existence). This priority is evermore justified on the basis of moral reasons. This article seeks to expose some inherent contradictions to such moral appeal, the covert objectives thereto and the political effects of such a strategy : the creation of a new type of citizen and a new form of government. The moral appeal as such carries the underpinnings of a political Utopia.
Les approches du système national d'innovation : les économies semi-industrialisées
Authors: Mezouaghi Mihoub
Published: October 2008

Mihoub Mezouaghi — Approaches to national innovation systems and knowledge diffusion : what prospects for semi-industrialised economies ?

The insertion of developing countries in the international division of labour is partly determined by the specificity of the institutional arrangements as reflected by the conditions underlying the emergence of their national innovation systems. The specific, cumulative and localised character of learning processes lead to recognise its institutionalised features. On the basis of the institutionalist and evolutionary theories, the methodological approach of this author aims at exposing the obstacles to the learning dynamic in the developing countries. The diversity of the institutional configurations likely to determine the harnessing of knowledge explains the asymmetry of the economic and technological performance between countries.
Mobilité professionnelle des domestiques au Brésil (Nordeste) : une logique complexe
Authors: Anderfurhen Marie
Published: October 2008

Marie Anderfuhren — Professional mobility of domestic servants in North East Brazil : a complex pattern.

Domestic servants have to continually device strategies out of exploitation, poor wages and the low social esteem they are held in. They thus conceal their functions, deem them temporary, hoping for better prospects. But the domestic's condition stays on, so they are forced to forge acceptable identities. The article studies the relationships between poor work conditions, the self-perceptions of the domestic servants, and the prospects of professional mobility. It shows the stigmatising effects that hamper possibilities of improvement, leading to complex strategies, such as the forging of identity.
Des domestiques philippines à Paris : un marché mondial de la domesticité ?
Authors: Mozère Liane
Published: October 2008

Liane Mozère — Philippine servants in Paris : a global market of domestic servants ? In Paris, Philippino house aides do child-care and housekeeping for well- to-do French and foreign families. This unusual population of often university- educated women who quit husbands and children handle unqualified, but better paying jobs, than those they could have in Philippines. As the top of the iceberg, the experiences of such women form a part of a global domestic job market trends.