bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carers of older adults' satisfaction with public mental health service clinicians: a qualitative study
Authors: McCann Terence V , Bamberg John
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives

The purpose of our paper was to explore primary caregivers' experience of the way public mental health nurses and other mental health clinicians responded to them as primary carers of older adults with mental illness.

Background

As populations age, the prevalence of mental illness in older adults will increase and the burden of care placed on family carers will intensify. While family carers are essential to the well‐being and quality of life of older adults with mental illness, they frequently experience marginalisation from clinicians.

Design

An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was used to inform data collection and analysis.

Method

Individual, semistructured, audio‐recorded qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 30 primary carers.

Results

Two themes were abstracted from the data highlighting carers' contrasting satisfaction with, and delivery of culturally competent care by, clinicians. A third theme, strategies for enhancing carers' experience of care, incorporated carers' suggestions about ways to strengthen their experience of caring.

Conclusion

Although some primary carers had favourable experiences with clinicians, most were dissatisfied and this, in turn, clouded their overall experience of caring.

Relevance to clinical practice

Our findings have implications for the provision of education, ongoing support for, and building the cultural competence of, clinicians about working with carers. They also highlight the need for a change in organisational and practice culture to encompass mutual respect and partnership with carers within the context of the providing person‐centred care for carers and older adults with mental illness.
Coordination Tasks and Negotiation Modes of Linked Lives in Entrepreneurial Families
Authors: Stamm Isabell K.
Published: March 2016

The overlap of business and family roles, and how they are linked in entrepreneurial families, requires intergenerational negotiation. Biographical case reconstruction analysis of 32 narrative interviews of 12 German entrepreneurial families explores what coordination tasks need to be resolved and how family members negotiate their interlocking lives. The article finds that entrepreneurial families actively coordinate positions, life phases, and material transfers by means of a pedagogy of succession, life course evidence analysis, and entrepreneurial narratives. The article presents two innovations. First, it demonstrates how these families experience and cope with their linked lives under flexible working conditions and in multigenerational families. Second, it argues that research on linked lives should shift from focusing on outcomes to understanding emergence and operations, and it advances the use of the biographical case reconstruction method for this endeavor.
Acute Metabolic Changes Associated With Analgesic Drugs: An MR Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Hansen Tine Maria , Olesen Anne Estrup , Simonsen Carsten Wiberg , Fischer Iben Wendelboe , Lelic Dina , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr , Frøkjær Jens Brøndum
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is used to measure brain metabolites. Limited data exist on the analgesic‐induced spectroscopy response. This was an explorative study with the aims to investigate the central effects of two analgesic drugs, an opioid and a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and to explore the association between metabolite changes and the analgesic effect and side effects.

METHODS

Single voxel proton spectroscopy measurements were performed in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula and prefrontal cortex in 20 healthy subjects before and after treatment for 5 days with oxycodone (eight doses of 10 mg extended release), venlafaxine (eight doses of 37.5 mg extended release) or placebo in a randomized double‐blind fashion. The metabolites of glutamate, N‐acetylaspartate, and myo‐inositol were analyzed in ratios to creatine.

RESULTS

Including all areas, the glutamate/creatine ratio was decreased (P < .05) with 8.4% ± 0.3% after oxycodone treatment (P = .02) and 6.6% ± 0.4% after venlafaxine treatment (P = .07) as compared to placebo. No statistical significant differences in treatment effects across the areas were found (P = .6). No treatment effect was seen for N‐acetylaspartate/creatine or myo‐inositol/creatine ratios (all P > .05). No associations between treatment induced glutamate/creatine changes and the analgesic effect and side effects were demonstrated (all P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

MRS can be used to detect brain metabolites following acute analgesic treatments and glutamate is central in these mechanisms. Consequently, MRS might be a valuable tool to objectively evaluate analgesic effects and a potential biomarker to predict treatment outcomes and more research is needed.
A Strategic Implementation of the Shapley Value for the Nested Cost‐Sharing Problem
Authors: CHUN YOUNGSUB , HU CHENG‐CHENG , YEH CHUN‐HSIEN
Published: March 2016

When agents have different needs for a public facility but serving a given agent allows serving all agents with smaller needs than his without any extra cost, how should the agents divide the cost of the facility among themselves? We provide a strategic implementation of the Shapley value for this class of cost‐sharing problems. We introduce a three‐stage extensive form game that respects individual rationality and show that there is one and only one subgame‐perfect equilibrium outcome of the game. Moreover, it is the allocation assigned by the Shapley value.
Effects of concurrent perioperative use of marbofloxacin and cimicoxib or carprofen in dogs
Authors: Weil C. , Tünsmeyer J. , Tipold A. , Hoppe S. , Beyerbach M. , Pankow W.‐R. , Kästner S. B.
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To investigate possible interactions visible on electroencephalogram recordings caused by concomitant administration of marbofloxacin and carprofen or cimicoxib in dogs without central nervous system disease.

Methods

Totally 21 client‐owned dogs undergoing different surgeries were included in a randomised, blinded, clinical study. Each dog was assigned to one of two groups treated with either carprofen or cimicoxib pre‐ and postoperatively. After anaesthetic induction both groups received marbofloxacin intravenously while recording an electroencephalogram. Offline electroencephalogram analysis included qualitative evaluation and Fast Fourier Transformation. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for 24 hours and after 10 days with the short‐form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann–Whitney U test and Student's t‐test with α set at 5%.

Results

Marbofloxacin injection caused no effects on quantitative and qualitative electroencephalogram parameters in both groups. No differences in postoperative pain scoring were found between treatment groups.

Clinical Significance

Concurrent use of marbofloxacin with either cimicoxib or carprofen did not induce neuroexcitatory activities in dogs without CNS disease directly after administration.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species’ range edge
Authors: Lankau Richard A. , Keymer Daniel P.
Published: March 2016

Plant range boundaries are generally considered to reflect abiotic conditions; however, a rise in negative or decline in positive species interactions at range margins may contribute to these stable boundaries. While evidence suggests that pollinator mutualisms may decline near range boundaries, little is known about other important plant mutualisms, including microbial root symbionts. Here, we used molecular methods to characterize root‐associated fungal communities in populations of two related temperate tree species from across the species’ range in the eastern United States. We found that ectomycorrhizal fungal richness on plant roots declined with distance from the centre of the host species range. These patterns were not evident in nonmycorrhizal fungal communities on roots nor in fungal communities in bulk soil. Climatic and soil chemical variables could not explain these biogeographic patterns, although these abiotic gradients affected other components of the bulk soil and rhizosphere fungal community. Depauperate ectomycorrhizal fungal communities may represent an underappreciated challenge to marginal tree populations, especially as rapid climate change pushes these populations outside their current climate niche.
Novel mechanisms power bacterial gliding motility
Authors: Nan Beiyan , Zusman David R.
Published: March 2016

For many bacteria, motility is essential for survival, growth, virulence, biofilm formation and intra/interspecies interactions. Since natural environments differ, bacteria have evolved remarkable motility systems to adapt, including swimming in aqueous media, and swarming, twitching and gliding on solid and semi‐solid surfaces. Although tremendous advances have been achieved in understanding swimming and swarming motilities powered by flagella, and twitching motility powered by Type IV pili, little is known about gliding motility. Bacterial gliders are a heterogeneous group containing diverse bacteria that utilize surface motilities that do not depend on traditional flagella or pili, but are powered by mechanisms that are less well understood. Recently, advances in our understanding of the molecular machineries for several gliding bacteria revealed the roles of modified ion channels, secretion systems and unique machinery for surface movements. These novel mechanisms provide rich source materials for studying the function and evolution of complex microbial nanomachines. In this review, we summarize recent findings made on the gliding mechanisms of the myxobacteria, flavobacteria and mycoplasmas.
Reliability of spot‐check transcutaneous hemoglobin measurement in children
Authors: Paksu Sule , Paksu Muhammet Sukru , Ozdemir Sadriye , Karli Arzu , Acikgoz Mehmet , Sezgin Ugur , Murat Naci
Published: March 2016

Background

This study investigated the correlation between spot‐check transcutaneous hemoglobin (Hb) and simultaneously measured venous Hb in children.

Methods

Two hundred and seventeen children weighing 10–30 kg in whom complete blood count had been obtained for any reason were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics and vital signs were recorded. Prior to taking blood samples, transcutaneous Hb, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and perfusion index were measured using a probe connected to the subject's thumb. To determine the reliability of the transcutaneous measurement versus venous blood measurement performed via an autoanalyzer device, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. The correlation between the two measurements was evaluated on Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

A total of 59.4% of the patients were boys. The average age was 53 months (range, 6–132 months). Average bodyweight was 16 kg (range, 10–25 kg). Mean venous Hb, hematocrit, and transcutaneous Hb were 11.94 ± 1.15 g/dL, 35.8 ± 3.2%, and 12.42 ± 1.24 g/dL, respectively. The ICC for the reliability of the transcutaneous measurements versus venous blood measurements was r = 0.67 (95%CI: 0.5776–0.7526). The correlation between the two sets of measurements was good, as evaluated by the Bland–Altman analysis.

Conclusion

There is good correlation between transcutaneous and venous blood measurements of Hb. In the future, transcutaneous measurement, as a non‐invasive method, may be an alternative for the measurement of Hb in childhood.
Caffeic Acid Inhibits Chronic UVB‐Induced Cellular Proliferation Through JAK‐STAT3 Signaling in Mouse Skin
Authors: Agilan Balupillai , Rajendra Prasad N. , Kanimozhi Govindasamy , Karthikeyan Ramasamy , Ganesan Muthusamy , Mohana Shanmugam , Velmurugan Devadasan , Ananthakrishnan Dhanapalan
Published: March 2016

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) play a critical role in inflammation, proliferation and carcinogenesis. Inhibition of JAK‐STAT3 signaling is proved to be a novel target for prevention of UVB‐induced skin carcinogenesis. In this study, chronic UVB irradiation (180 mJ cm−2; weekly thrice for 30 weeks) induces the expression of IL‐10 and JAK1 that eventually activates the STAT3 which leads to the transcription of proliferative and antiapoptotic markers such as PCNA, Cyclin‐D1, Bcl2 and Bcl‐xl, respectively. Caffeic acid (CA) inhibits JAK‐STAT3 signaling, thereby induces apoptotic cell death by upregulating Bax, Cytochrome‐C, Caspase‐9 and Caspase‐3 expression in mouse skin. Furthermore, TSP‐1 is an antiangiogeneic protein, which is involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation. Chronic UVB exposure decreased the expression of TSP‐1 and pretreatment with CA prevented the UVB‐induced loss of TSP‐1 in UVB‐irradiated mouse skin. Thus, CA offers protection against UVB‐induced photocarcinogenesis probably through modulating the JAK‐STAT3 in the mouse skin.
Lermontovization, or the Form of Emotion
Authors: IAMPOLSKI MIKHAIL
Published: March 2016

This article explores Dmitrii A. Prigov's “existential urge” to rewrite Pushkin's Evgenii Onegin in 1992. The urge was “endorsed” by Mikhail Lermontov–a figure who, according to Prigov, allowed him to discuss Pushkin's successors as romantics, and described his Onegin experiment as a “Lermontovization” of Pushkin. “Lermontovization” constituted a mechanism for the automatic generation of a text in which Prigov could insert one of his two chosen words (‘insane’ or ‘unearthly’) in the place of Pushkin's epithets in a purely mechanical way, thus tackling the underlying mechanisms of artistic creation, in which emotions and affects play an important role. Lermontov's appropriation by Prigov, and his transformation into a kind of “double” for Prigov can be explained by means of the rather peculiar interpretation of Lermontov offered by Boris Mikhailovich Eikhenbaum in his 1924 book, Lermontov: A Study in Historical‐Literary Evaluation. For Eikhenbaum, Lermontov is important as a figure who represents the radical completion of a previous literary period whose potential for development has been completely exhausted. His task was to put an end to the organic form, focusing on the separate, super‐emotional elements of poetry that were dislodged from that organic form. Sincerity was replaced by Lermontov's frank and energetic emotivism, which was combined with shameless borrowing of impressive metaphors and images from other poets. The genre of “Lermontovization,” which was introduced by Lermontov and adopted by Prigov, constitutes a collage in which “authorship” per se is abolished, and the sincerity that accompanies it is, in turn, superseded by a hypertrophied emotivism–a form of affective detachment from oneself. The subjective is transformed into an objective form, and this allows the two poets to destroy the organic semantic structures of their respective preceding traditions.
Bakhtin Attends the Theater: Kama Ginkas's Chekhov Trilogy
Authors: BISHOP SARAH CLOVIS
Published: March 2016

In the late nineties and early 2000s, Kama Ginkas, one of the most celebrated theater directors working in Russia today, staged three Chekhov stories: “Lady with the Lapdog,” “The Black Monk,” and “Rothschild's Fiddle. The actors give voice to virtually every word of the literary texts, even in the form of spoken stage remarks such as “he said” and “she said.” While the shows are performed independently, Ginkas views them as a trilogy which he has titled Life is Beautiful. According to Ginkas, the central narrative thrust of all three shows, and of Chekhov's work in general, is man's desire and failure to live life fully. He highlights the Chekhovian tension between the beauty of life and the tragedy of how it is lived. Drawing on Bakhtinian concepts, this article examines how Ginkas's trilogy reveals but does not resolve this terribly beautiful nature of life. By placing Chekhov's narration into the mouths of his actors, Ginkas actualizes the character zones found in Chekhov's authorial prose. This does not result in a flattening of the voices, as Bakhtin had feared; instead, Ginkas actively dialogizes the voices through the use of interruptions, repetitions and incongruities between word and action. Ginkas further activates Chekhov's language by inserting excerpts from an early Chekhov feuilleton, folk songs, and opera into the performances. Through this reaccentuation of the prosaic text and the heteroglossic interpolation of additional texts, Ginkas repeatedly and unexpectedly shifts between the tragic and the comic, the terrible and the beautiful, highlighting the unfinalizability of his performed prose.
Sickle cell disease in western Sudan: genetic epidemiology and predictors of knowledge attitude and practices
Authors: Daak Ahmed A. , Elsamani Elfatih , Ali Eltigani H. , Mohamed Fatma A , Abdel‐Rahman Manar E. , Elderdery Abozer Y. , Talbot Octavious , Kraft Peter , Ghebremeskel Kebreab , Elbashir Mustafa I. , Fawzi Wafaie
Published: March 2016

Objective

To investigate the epidemiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) and determinants of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards SCD in western Kordofan State, Sudan.

Methods

A community‐based, descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted in three towns. Three hundred and seventy‐two households were polled, and blood samples for haemoglobin phenotyping were collected from 1116 individuals. Sociodemographic, socio‐economic and KAP data were collected using investigator‐administered questionnaires. Descriptive, frequency distribution and multiple regression analyses were performed.

Results

About 50.9% of the study population were Misseriya tribes. Consanguineous marriages were reported by 67.5% of the households. The highest percentage of homozygous SCD was 2.8% among children under 5 years of age. About 24.9% were carriers of HbS allele (HbAS). HbS allele frequency was highest in children aged 5–11 years (18.3%, CI: 13.7–22.9%) and lowest in males >15 years old (12.0%, CI: 6.1–17.9%). The average HbS frequency across all age groups was 14.5% (95% CI: 12.2–16.8%). The most frequent β‐globin gene cluster haplotype was the Cameroon (30.8%), followed by the Benin (21.8%), the Senegal (12.8%) and the Bantu (2.2%) haplotypes. About 17.0% of all‐cause child deaths were due to SCD. The estimated change in log odds of having the SS genotype per year increase in age was (−) 0.0058 (95% CI −0.0359, 0.0242). This represents a non‐statistically significant 2.9% increase in 5‐year mortality for individuals with the SS genotype relative to those with AS and AA genotypes. About 46.9% of the households had poor knowledge, 26.1% had satisfactory knowledge, and 26.9% had good knowledge about sickle cell disease. Mothers' and fathers' educational levels were significant predictors of good knowledge about SCD (P < 0.05). About 48.0% had a satisfactory attitude towards sickle cell disease while 30.7% had poor attitude and only 21.3 showed good attitudes. Poor knowledge about SCD and low socio‐economic status were the strongest positive predictors of poor attitude and practices towards SCD (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Sickle cell disease is a major health problem in West Kordofan, Sudan. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards the disease are not satisfactory. The development of public health programs is highly recommended to control and manage SCD in western parts of Sudan.
Scleral and corneal xanthomatous inflammation in a gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Alleaume Charline , Mrini Meryem El , Laloy Eve , Marchal Julia , Aujard Fabienne , Chahory Sabine
Published: March 2016

Bilateral multifocal corneal opacity was detected in a 4.5‐year‐old male captive gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) without other clinical ocular changes. Histopathological examination revealed a severe diffuse granulomatous scleritis and focal keratitis with intralesional cholesterol, consistent with xanthomatous inflammation. This is the first report of xanthomatous inflammation in a gray mouse lemur. This condition may be the result of systemic factors (lipid metabolism disorders) and/or local predisposing factors such as hemorrhage or inflammation. The pathogenesis in this case could not be fully determined. Further studies on lemurs are required for a better understanding of their lipid metabolism, as well as for diagnosing and evaluating the incidence of xanthomatous inflammation in these species.
The insulinotropic effect of exogenous glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is not affected by acute vagotomy in anaesthetized pigs
Authors: Veedfald Simon , Hansen Marie , Christensen Louise Wulff , Larsen Sara Agnete Hjort , Hjøllund Karina Rahr , Plamboeck Astrid , Hartmann Bolette , Deacon Carolyn Fiona , Holst Jens Juul
Published: March 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

We investigated whether intestinal vagal afferents are necessary for the insulinotropic effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) infused into a mesenteric artery or a peripheral vein before and after acute truncal vagotomy.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We found no effect of truncal vagotomy on the insulinotropic effect of exogenous GLP‐1 and speculate that high circulating concentrations of GLP‐1 after i.v. and i.a. infusion might have overshadowed any neural signalling component. We propose that further investigations into the possible vagal afferent signalling of GLP‐1 would best be pursued using enteral stimuli to provide high subepithelial levels of endogenous GLP‐1.

Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) is secreted from the gut in response to luminal stimuli and stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose‐dependent manner. As a result of rapid enzymatic degradation of GLP‐1 by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4, a signalling pathway involving activation of intestinal vagal afferents has been proposed. We conducted two series of experiments in α‐chloralose‐anaesthetized pigs. In protocol I, pigs (n = 14) were allocated for either i.v. or i.a. (mesenteric) GLP‐1 infusions (1 and 2 pmol kg−1 min−1, 30 min) while maintaining permissive glucose concentrations at 6 mmol l−1 by i.v. glucose infusion. The GLP‐1 infusions were repeated after acute truncal vagotomy. In protocol II, pigs (n = 27) were allocated into six groups. Glucagon‐like peptide 1 was infused i.v. or i.a. (mesenteric) for 1 h at 3 or 30 pmol kg−1 min−1. During the steady state (21 min into the GLP‐1 infusion), glucose (0.2 g kg−1, i.v.) was administered over 9 min to stimulate β‐cell secretion. Thirty minutes after the glucose infusion, GLP‐1 infusions were discontinued. Following a washout period, the vagal trunks were severed in four of six groups (vagal trunks were left intact in two of six groups), whereupon all infusions were repeated. We found no effect of vagotomy on insulin or glucagon secretion during administration of exogenous GLP‐1 in any experiment. We speculate that the effect of exogenous GLP‐1 overshadowed any effect occurring via the vagus. Within dosage groups, total GLP‐1 concentrations were similar, but intact GLP‐1 concentrations were much lower when infused via the mesenteric artery because of extensive degradation of GLP‐1 in the splanchnic bed. This demonstrates the effectiveness with which intestinal capillary dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 protects the systemic circulation from intact GLP‐1, consistent with a local role for GLP‐1 involving activation of vagal pathways.
Cellular plasticity in the adult liver and stomach
Authors: Aloia Luigi , McKie Mikel Alexander , Huch Meritxell
Published: March 2016

Adult tissues maintain function and architecture through robust homeostatic mechanisms mediated by self‐renewing cells capable of generating all resident cell types. However, severe injury can challenge the regeneration potential of such a stem/progenitor compartment. Indeed, upon injury adult tissues can exhibit massive cellular plasticity in order to achieve proper tissue regeneration, circumventing an impaired stem/progenitor compartment. Several examples of such plasticity have been reported in both rapidly and slowly self‐renewing organs and follow conserved mechanisms. Upon loss of the cellular compartment responsible for maintaining homeostasis, quiescent or slowly proliferating stem/progenitor cells can acquire high proliferation potential and turn into active stem cells, or, alternatively, mature cells can de‐differentiate into stem‐like cells or re‐enter the cell cycle to compensate for the tissue loss. This extensive cellular plasticity acts as a key mechanism to respond to multiple stimuli in a context‐dependent manner, enabling tissue regeneration in a robust fashion. In this review cellular plasticity in the adult liver and stomach will be examined, highlighting the diverse cell populations capable of repairing the damaged tissue.

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On Your Mark, Get Set, Go: Levels of Physical Activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
Authors: Bcheraoui Charbel El , Tuffaha Marwa , Daoud Farah , Kravitz Hannah , Al Mazroa Mohammad A. , Al Saeedi Mohammad , Memish Ziad A. , Basulaiman Mohammed , Al Rabeeah Abdullah A. , Mokdad Ali H.
Published: March 2016

Background:

With the lack of appropriate data, we conducted a large household survey in 2013 to determine current rates of physical activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Methods:

The Saudi Health Interview Survey is a national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years or older. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to measure association between sociodemographic and selected characteristics and meeting the recommended levels of moderate and vigorous weekly physical activity.

Results:

Of a total of 12,000 households contacted, 10,735 (89.4%) participants completed Saudi Health Interview Survey. An estimated 4.5 million (34.5%) Saudis aged 15 years or older reported no weekly physical activity, while only 1.7 million (12.9%) meet the recommended levels of moderate physical activity (MPA). The likelihood of meeting MPA decreased with age, education, among women, those with a history of diagnosis of select chronic conditions, including diabetes. Similar results were found for the likelihood of meeting the recommended levels of vigorous weekly physical activity.

Conclusions:

We found very low levels of physical activity in KSA. Perhaps, KSA can challenge communities or employers to devise solutions and reward those with the best results. These solutions would be of great value to other Gulf countries, as well.
Can the Social Vulnerability Index Be Used for More Than Emergency Preparedness? An Examination Using Youth Physical Fitness Data
Authors: Gay Jennifer L. , Robb Sara W. , Benson Kelsey M. , White Alice
Published: March 2016

Background:

The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a publicly available dataset, is used in emergency preparedness to identify communities in greatest need of resources. The SVI includes multiple socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic indicators that also are associated with physical fitness and physical activity. This study examined the utility of using the SVI to explain variation in youth fitness, including aerobic capacity and body mass index.

Methods:

FITNESSGRAM data from 2,126 Georgia schools were matched at the census tract level with SVI themes of socioeconomic, household composition, minority status and language, and housing and transportation. Multivariate multiple regression models were used to test whether SVI factors explained fitness outcomes, controlling for grade level (ie, elementary, middle, high school) and stratified by gender.

Results:

SVI themes explained the most variation in aerobic fitness and body mass index for both boys and girls (R2 values 11.5% to 26.6%). Socioeconomic, Minority Status and Language, and Housing and Transportation themes were salient predictors of fitness outcomes.

Conclusions:

Youth fitness in Georgia was related to socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic themes. The SVI may be a useful needs assessment tool for health officials and researchers examining multilevel influences on health behaviors or identifying communities for prevention efforts.
So You Want to be a Fighter? Institutional Work and Sport Development Processes at an Elite Mixed Martial Arts Gym
Authors: Woolf Jules , Berg Brennan K. , Newland Brianna L. , Christine Green B.
Published: March 2016

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a rapidly growing combat sport with unique development procedures unlike most traditional sports. In this study the development processes at an exemplar MMA gym were examined. Institutional work theory was used to understand how and why the sport is being developed in this setting. The results provide a microlevel account of the processes and operation of the sport as it develops, and indicate that traditional sport development models may not adequately represent all sports. Subcultural values reflecting what it takes to be a fighter along with a fighter’s duty to the gym influence recruitment, retention, and transition strategies of athletes. Two forms of institutional work, refinement and barrier work, were identified as simultaneously aiding and hindering the development of the sport. Along with furthering institutional theory research, this study contributes to the discourse on alternative ways of sport development for MMA and emergent sports.
Olympic Ambush Marketing Networks and Knowledge Transfer: Examining Their Impact on the Institutionalization of Anti-Ambush Marketing Legislation
Authors: Ellis Dana L. , Parent Milena M. , Seguin Benoit
Published: March 2016

This article examines how Olympic ambush marketing stakeholder power and transfer of sponsorship, as well as ambush marketing knowledge, have influenced institutional processes leading to the institutionalization of antiambush legislation over the years. Using a qualitative case study design and network analysis, findings show the International Olympic Committee and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games demonstrate the greatest stakeholder influence within the Olympic ambush marketing network. The power and influence resulting from the structure of Olympic ambush marketing networks was argued to impact the institutional processes of objectification and sedimentation. Various knowledge transfer tools, as well as challenges and issues faced in this area, seem to act as moderators for the relationship between network structures and the process of institutionalization.
Understanding the Sport Event Volunteer Experience: An Investigation of Role Ambiguity and Its Correlates
Authors: Rogalsky Kristen , Doherty Alison , Paradis Kyle F.
Published: March 2016

The present study tested a theoretical model of the correlates of role ambiguity of major sport event volunteers. The sample consisted of 328 volunteers involved with the 2012 Ontario Summer Games. Participants completed an online questionnaire post-Games that included measures of role ambiguity, role difficulty, training, supervision, effort, performance, role satisfaction, overall satisfaction with the Games, and future volunteer intentions. The findings provide support for a multidimensional model of role ambiguity, consisting of performance outcome ambiguity and means-ends/scope ambiguity in this context. A final model indicated that perceived effective supervision was inversely associated with both dimensions of ambiguity, and they differentially predicted role effort, performance, and role satisfaction. Role performance and role satisfaction predicted overall satisfaction with the Games experience, which was significantly associated with future intentions to volunteer. Implications for sport event volunteer management and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Engage key social concepts for sustainability
Authors: Hicks Christina C. , Levine Arielle , Agrawal Arun , Basurto Xavier , Breslow Sara J. , Carothers Courtney , Charnley Susan , Coulthard Sarah , Dolsak Nives , Donatuto Jamie , Garcia-Quijano Carlos , Mascia Michael B. , Norman Karma , Poe Melissa R. , Satterfield Terre , St. Martin Kevin , Levin Phillip S.
Published: March 2016

Social indicators, both mature and emerging, are underused
Triclinic nematic colloidal crystals from competing elastic and electrostatic interactions
Authors: Mundoor Haridas , Senyuk Bohdan , Smalyukh Ivan I.
Published: March 2016

Competing forces drive ordering

The power and beauty of liquid crystals come from their tendency to order loosely over long length scales. This ordering can be tweaked using external fields, or via tailored boundary conditions, or embedded objects. Mundoor
et al.
deposited luminescent nanorods into a liquid crystal solvent (see the Perspective by Blanc). This caused a competition between local electrostatic interactions and the elastic ordering of the liquid crystal. The nanorods ordered into a triclinic structure not otherwise attainable. The authors further adjusted the structure using external fields.

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Reduced Diagnostic Performance of Two Norovirus Antigen Enzyme Immunoassays for the Emergent Genogroup II Genotype 17 Kawasaki 2014 Variant
Authors: Chan Martin C. W. , Kwok Kirsty , Hung Tin-Nok , Chan Paul K. S.
Published: March 2016

Two commonly used norovirus enzyme immunoassays have reduced diagnostic performance, with clinical sensitivities ranging from 11% to 35% for the detection of the recently emerging genogroup II genotype 17 (GII.17) Kawasaki 2014 variant that caused the majority of infections in Asia during the winter of 2014 to 2015. False-negative results can compromise infection control and patient management.
Antimicrobial-Loaded Bone Cement Does Not Negatively Influence Sonicate Fluid Culture Positivity for Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Park Kyung-Hwa , Greenwood-Quaintance Kerryl E. , Hanssen Arlen D. , Abdel Matthew P. , Patel Robin
Published: March 2016

We compared culture results to investigate the influence of antimicrobial-loaded cement on sonicate fluid culture positivity for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. Fifty-four subjects were assessed. The sensitivities of sonicate fluid culture were 77.8% (14 of 18) in subjects with an antimicrobial-loaded cemented prosthesis and 58.3% (21 of 36) in subjects with an antimicrobial-free prosthesis.
The Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor: Glycosylation and the Extracellular D2 Domain Are Not Required for Coxsackievirus B3 Infection
Authors: Pinkert Sandra , Röger Carsten , Kurreck Jens , Bergelson Jeffrey M. , Fechner Henry
Published: March 2016

The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and functions as a receptor for coxsackie B viruses (CVBs). The extracellular portion of CAR comprises two glycosylated immunoglobulin-like domains, D1 and D2. CAR-D1 binds to the virus and is essential for virus infection; however, it is not known whether D2 is also important for infection, and the role of glycosylation has not been explored. To understand the function of these structural components in CAR-mediated CVB3 infection, we generated a panel of human (h) CAR deletion and substitution mutants and analyzed their functionality as CVB receptors, examining both virus binding and replication. Lack of glycosylation of the CAR-D1 or -D2 domains did not adversely affect CVB3 binding or infection, indicating that the glycosylation of CAR is not required for its receptor functions. Deletion of the D2 domain reduced CVB3 binding, with a proportionate reduction in the efficiency of virus infection. Replacement of D2 with the homologous D2 domain from chicken CAR, or with the heterologous type C2 immunoglobulin-like domain from IgSF11, another IgSF member, fully restored receptor function; however, replacement of CAR-D2 with domains from CD155 or CD80 restored function only in part. These data indicate that glycosylation of the extracellular domain of hCAR plays no role in CVB3 receptor function and that CAR-D2 is not specifically required. The D2 domain may function largely as a spacer permitting virus access to D1; however, the data may also suggest that D2 affects virus binding by influencing the conformation of D1.

IMPORTANCE
An important step in virus infection is the initial interaction of the virus with its cellular receptor. Although the role in infection of the extracellular CAR-D1, cytoplasmic, and transmembrane domains have been analyzed extensively, nothing is known about the function of CAR-D2 and the extracellular glycosylation of CAR. Our data indicate that glycosylation of the extracellular CAR domain has only minor importance for the function of CAR as CVB3 receptor and that the D2 domain is not essential per se but contributes to receptor function by promoting the exposure of the D1 domain on the cell surface. These results contribute to our understanding of the coxsackievirus-receptor interactions.
Roles of Us8A and Its Phosphorylation Mediated by Us3 in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Pathogenesis
Authors: Kato Akihisa , Ando Tomoko , Oda Shinya , Watanabe Mizuki , Koyanagi Naoto , Arii Jun , Kawaguchi Yasushi
Published: March 2016

The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Us8A gene overlaps the gene that encodes glycoprotein E (gE). Previous studies have investigated the roles of Us8A in HSV-1 infection using null mutations in Us8A and gE; therefore, the role of Us8A remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the function of Us8A and its phosphorylation at serine 61 (Ser-61), which we recently identified as a phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of HSV-1-infected cells, in HSV-1 pathogenesis. We observed that (i) the phosphorylation of Us8A Ser-61 in infected cells was dependent on the activity of the virus-encoded Us3 protein kinase; (ii) the Us8A null mutant virus exhibited a 10-fold increase in the 50% lethal dose for virulence in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice following intracranial infection compared with a repaired virus; (iii) replacement of Ser-61 with alanine (S61A) in Us8A had little effect on virulence in the CNS of mice following intracranial infection, whereas it significantly reduced the mortality of mice following ocular infection to levels similar to the Us8A null mutant virus; (iv) the Us8A S61A mutation also significantly reduced viral yields in mice following ocular infection, mainly in the trigeminal ganglia and brains; and (v) a phosphomimetic mutation at Us8A Ser-61 restored wild-type viral yields and virulence. Collectively, these results indicate that Us8A is a novel HSV-1 virulence factor and suggest that the Us3-mediated phosphorylation of Us8A Ser-61 regulates Us8A function for viral invasion into the CNS from peripheral sites.

IMPORTANCE
The DNA genomes of viruses within the subfamily
Alphaherpesvirinae
are divided into unique long (UL) and unique short (Us) regions. Us regions contain alphaherpesvirus-specific genes. Recently, high-throughput sequencing of ocular isolates of HSV-1 showed that Us8A was the most highly conserved of 13 herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes mapped to the Us region, suggesting Us8A may have an important role in the HSV-1 life cycle. However, the specific role of Us8A in HSV-1 infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Us8A is a virulence factor for HSV-1 infection in mice, and the function of Us8A for viral invasion into the central nervous system from peripheral sites is regulated by Us3-mediated phosphorylation of the protein at Ser-61. This is the first study to report the significance of Us8A and its regulation in HSV-1 infection.
Differential Inductions of RNA Silencing among Encapsidated Double-Stranded RNA Mycoviruses in the White Root Rot Fungus Rosellinia necatrix
Authors: Yaegashi Hajime , Shimizu Takeo , Ito Tsutae , Kanematsu Satoko
Published: March 2016

RNA silencing acts as a defense mechanism against virus infection in a wide variety of organisms. Here, we investigated inductions of RNA silencing against encapsidated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fungal viruses (mycoviruses), including a partitivirus (RnPV1), a quadrivirus (RnQV1), a victorivirus (RnVV1), a mycoreovirus (RnMyRV3), and a megabirnavirus (RnMBV1) in the phytopathogenic fungus
Rosellinia necatrix
. Expression profiling of RNA silencing-related genes revealed that a dicer-like gene, an Argonaute-like gene, and two RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes were upregulated by RnMyRV3 or RnMBV1 infection but not by other virus infections or by constitutive expression of dsRNA in
R. necatrix
. Massive analysis of viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) from the five mycoviruses showed that 19- to 22-nucleotide (nt) vsRNAs were predominant; however, their ability to form duplexes with 3′ overhangs and the 5′ nucleotide preferences of vsRNAs differed among the five mycoviruses. The abundances of 19- to 22-nt vsRNAs from RnPV1, RnQV1, RnVV1, RnMyRV3, and RnMBV1 were 6.8%, 1.2%, 0.3%, 13.0%, and 24.9%, respectively. Importantly, the vsRNA abundances and accumulation levels of viral RNA were not always correlated, and the origins of the vsRNAs were distinguishable among the five mycoviruses. These data corroborated diverse interactions between encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses and RNA silencing. Moreover, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based sensor assay in
R. necatrix
revealed that RnMBV1 infection induced silencing of the target sensor gene (GFP gene and the partial RnMBV1 sequence), suggesting that vsRNAs from RnMBV1 activated the RNA-induced silencing complex. Overall, this study provides insights into RNA silencing against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses.

IMPORTANCE
Encapsidated dsRNA fungal viruses (mycoviruses) are believed to replicate inside their virions; therefore, there is a question of whether they induce RNA silencing. Here, we investigated inductions of RNA silencing against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses (a partitivirus, a quadrivirus, a victorivirus, a mycoreovirus, and a megabirnavirus) in
Rosellinia necatrix
. We revealed upregulation of RNA silencing-related genes in
R. necatrix
infected with a mycoreovirus or a megabirnavirus but not with other viruses, which was consistent with the relatively high abundances of vsRNAs from the two mycoviruses. We also showed common and different molecular features and origins of the vsRNAs from the five mycoviruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the activation of RNA-induced silencing complex by mycoviruses in
R. necatrix
. Taken together, our data provide insights into an RNA silencing pathway against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses which is differentially induced among encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses; that is, diverse replication strategies exist among encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses.
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly: a rare aetiology masquerading as a diverticular bleed
Authors: Bhatt Nikita R , Boland Michael R , Abdelraheem Omar , Merrigan Anne B
Published: March 2016

Bleeding per rectum is a relatively common acute surgical presentation. Common causes include diverticular disease, colitis, haemorrhoids, polyps, etc. An 83-year-old man with a history of recurrent rectosigmoid diverticulitis and bilateral internal iliac artery aneurysms for 2 years presented with rectal bleeding. He was suspected to have a diverticular bleed based on history and examination. A CT scan revealed a large haematoma adjacent to the right isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIIAA) almost indistinguishable from the adjacent rectosigmoid, consistent with a ruptured IIIAA and an ileorectal fistula. The fistula was of a primary vascular enteric type and was accentuated by the inflammation arising from the diverticulitis. Hence, presence of more common or apparently obvious causes should not deter clinicians from thoroughly investigating the case. Rare causes should be kept in mind while dealing with common acute presentations, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities.
Pallidal stimulation for medically intractable blepharospasm
Authors: Yamada Kazumichi , Shinojima Naoki , Hamasaki Tadashi , Kuratsu Jun-ichi
Published: March 2016

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an established procedure to improve generalised, segmental craniofacial dystonia. However, no studies have addressed the applicability of DBS for blepharospasm as a focal craniofacial dystonia. A 52-year-old man developed medically intractable involuntary eye closure. Because the abnormal movement was observed exclusively in the eyelids, he was diagnosed not with Meige's syndrome but with blepharospasm as a focal craniofacial dystonia. He underwent stereotactic surgery under general anaesthesia for bilateral GPi-DBS. Continuous GPi stimulation almost completely abolished the blepharospasm. 15 months after the operation, his preoperative scores on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (=8 points) decreased to 1 (87.5% improvement). The present study demonstrates the applicability of GPi-DBS for treating blepharospasm presenting as focal dystonia. Further studies with accumulated case series are needed to confirm the effect of DBS on blepharospasm and other focal craniofacial dystonias.
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in a young immunocompetent man
Authors: Petrova Maja , Gomes Manuel Mendes , Carda Jose Pedro Nascimento , Pereira de Moura José
Published: March 2016

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare, aggressive type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that is characterised by extranodal disease, with infiltration and proliferation of malignant T-cells within the liver, spleen and bone marrow. The authors report the case of a young immunocompetent man, who was admitted to the hospital with a history of prolonged, unexplained fever, fatigue and weight loss. Initial blood work showed mild pancytopaenia and imaging studies revealed hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis was challenging, initially mimicking infectious disease, and it required an extensive investigation that ultimately revealed the characteristic clinical, histopathological and cytogenetic features of HSTCL. The clinical course was aggressive, and despite multiagent chemotherapy, the patient died 4 months after the diagnosis. This case highlights the difficulty of diagnosing HSTCL and the importance of considering it in a differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly in young men who present with constitutional symptoms and no lymphadenopathy.
An anterior jugular vein variant in a patient requiring tracheostomy, demonstrating the importance of preoperative/procedural ultrasound
Authors: Sooby Paul , Pocock Laura , King Trevor , Manjaly George
Published: March 2016

A 50-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for a life-threatening exacerbation of asthma requiring intubation and ventilation for 7 days. On day 8, she was stepped down from the ventilator via the insertion of a tracheostomy to aid weaning. It was initially decided that a percutaneous tracheostomy would be attempted on ICU, however, following further consideration, it was decided that due to anatomical factors (short neck) a surgical tracheostomy would be performed by the ear, nose and throat (ENT) team. A periprocedural USS was not performed. At surgery, instead of identifying two superficial anterior jugular veins lying on each side of the trachea, one large anterior jugular vein (median vein) was found overlying the entire anterior surface of the trachea. Had a PCT been attempted without an ultrasound scan being performed, this vessel would have been punctured, creating a significant bleed that could have placed the patient's airway and/or circulatory system at risk.
Abdominal wall metastasis following open nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma in a patient with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Stewart Michael John , Guerra Glen R , Sutherland Tom R , Elmer Sandra L
Published: March 2016

A 74-year-old man developed the rare complication of an abdominal wall metastasis following open nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). This occurred in the setting of synchronous contralateral ureteric and metachronous colorectal carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated loss of the mutS homolog 6 (MSH6) mismatch repair (MMR) protein in the metastatic abdominal wall and colonic lesions, which in conjunction with meeting the Amsterdam II criteria, is strongly suggestive of Lynch syndrome (LS). Surgical resection of the recurrence was performed with clear margins and neither recurrence nor spread during short-term follow-up.