bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of lung inflammation and fibrosis in CD69-deficient mice after intratracheal bleomycin
Authors: Yamauchi Keita , Kasuya Yoshitoshi , Kuroda Fuminobu , Tanaka Kensuke , Tsuyusaki Junichi , Ishizaki Shunsuke , Matsunaga Hirofumi , Iwamura Chiaki , Nakayama Toshinori , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: October 2011

Background

Cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), an early activation marker antigen on T and B cells, is also expressed on activated macrophages and neutrophils, suggesting that CD69 may play a role in inflammatory diseases. To determine the effect of CD69 deficiency on bleomycin(BLM)-induced lung injury, we evaluated the inflammatory response following intratracheal BLM administration and the subsequent fibrotic changes in wild type (WT) and CD69-deficient (CD69-/-) mice.

Methods

The mice received a single dose of 3 mg/kg body weight of BLM and were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-instillation (dpi). Lung inflammation in the acute phase (7 dpi) was investigated by differential cell counts and cytokine array analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, lung fibrotic changes were evaluated at 14 dpi by histopathology and collagen assays. We also used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to measure the mRNA expression level of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the lungs of BLM-treated mice.

Results

CD69-/-mice exhibited less lung damage than WT mice, as shown by reductions in the following indices: (1) loss of body weight, (2) wet/dry ratio of lung, (3) cytokine levels in BALF, (4) histological evidence of lung injury, (5) lung collagen deposition, and (6) TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the lung.

Conclusion

The present study clearly demonstrates that CD69 plays an important role in the progression of lung injury induced by BLM.
Gene conversion and purifying selection shape nucleotide variation in gibbon L/M opsin genes
Authors: Hiwatashi Tomohide , Mikami Akichika , Katsumura Takafumi , Suryobroto Bambang , Perwitasari-Farajallah Dyah , Malaivijitnond Suchinda , Siriaroonrat Boripat , Oota Hiroki , Goto Shunji , Kawamura Shoji
Published: October 2011

Background

Routine trichromatic color vision is a characteristic feature of catarrhines (humans, apes and Old World monkeys). This is enabled by L and M opsin genes arrayed on the X chromosome and an autosomal S opsin gene. In non-human catarrhines, genetic variation affecting the color vision phenotype is reported to be absent or rare in both L and M opsin genes, despite the suggestion that gene conversion has homogenized the two genes. However, nucleotide variation of both introns and exons among catarrhines has only been examined in detail for the L opsin gene of humans and chimpanzees. In the present study, we examined the nucleotide variation of gibbon (Catarrhini, Hylobatidae) L and M opsin genes. Specifically, we focused on the 3.6~3.9-kb region that encompasses the centrally located exon 3 through exon 5, which encode the amino acid sites functional for the spectral tuning of the genes.

Results

Among 152 individuals representing three genera (Hylobates,NomascusandSymphalangus), all had both L and M opsin genes and no L/M hybrid genes. Among 94 individuals subjected to the detailed DNA sequencing, the nucleotide divergence between L and M opsin genes in the exons was significantly higher than the divergence in introns in each species. The ratio of the inter-LM divergence to the intra-L/M polymorphism was significantly lower in the introns than that in synonymous sites. When we reconstructed the phylogenetic tree using the exon sequences, the L/M gene duplication was placed in the common ancestor of catarrhines, whereas when intron sequences were used, the gene duplications appeared multiple times in different species. Using the GENECONV program, we also detected that tracts of gene conversions between L and M opsin genes occurred mostly within the intron regions.

Conclusions

These results indicate the historical accumulation of gene conversions between L and M opsin genes in the introns in gibbons. Our study provides further support for the homogenizing role of gene conversion between the L and M opsin genes and for the purifying selection against such homogenization in the central exons to maintain the spectral difference between L and M opsins in non-human catarrhines.
Fine mapping of genetic polymorphisms of pulmonary tuberculosis within chromosome 18q11.2 in the Chinese population: a case-control study
Authors: Dai Yaoyao , Zhang Xia , Pan Hongqiu , Tang Shaowen , Shen Hongbing , Wang Jianming
Published: October 2011

Background

Recently, one genome-wide association study identified a susceptibility locus of rs4331426 on chromosome 18q11.2 for tuberculosis in the African population. To validate the significance of this susceptibility locus in other areas, we conducted a case-control study in the Chinese population.

Methods

The present study consisted of 578 cases and 756 controls. The SNP rs4331426 and other six tag SNPs in the 100 Kbp up and down stream of rs4331426 on chromosome 18q11.2 were genotyped by using the Taqman-based allelic discrimination system.

Results

As compared with the findings from the African population, genetic variation of the SNP rs4331426 was rare among the Chinese. No significant differences were observed in genotypes or allele frequencies of the tag SNPs between cases and controls either before or after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, and drinking history. However, we observed strong linkage disequilibrium of SNPs. Constructed haplotypes within this block were linked the altered risks of tuberculosis. For example, in comparison with the common haplotype AA(rs8087945-rs12456774), haplotypes AG(rs8087945-rs12456774)and GA(rs8087945-rs12456774)were associated with a decreased risk of tuberculosis, with the adjusted odds ratio(95% confidence interval) of 0.34(0.27-0.42) and 0.22(0.16-0.29), respectively.

Conclusions

Susceptibility locus of rs4331426 discovered in the African population could not be validated in the Chinese population. None of genetic polymorphisms we genotyped were related to tuberculosis in the single-point analysis. However, haplotypes on chromosome 18q11.2 might contribute to an individual's susceptibility. More work is necessary to identify the true causative variants of tuberculosis.
Early mortality and overall survival in oncology phase I trial participants: can we improve patient selection?
Authors: Chau Nicole G , Florescu Ana , Chan Kelvin K , Wang Lisa , Chen Eric X , Bedard Philippe , Oza Amit M , Siu Lillian L
Published: October 2011

Background

Patient selection for phase I trials (PIT) in oncology is challenging. A typical inclusion criterion for PIT is 'life expectancy > 3 months', however the 90 day mortality (90DM) and overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced solid malignancies are difficult to predict.

Methods

We analyzed 233 patients who were enrolled in PIT at Princess Margaret Hospital. We assessed the relationship between 17 clinical characteristics and 90DM using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to create a risk score (PMHI). We also applied the Royal Marsden Hospital risk score (RMI), which consists of 3 markers (albumin < 35g/L, > 2 metastatic sites, LDH > ULN).

Results

Median age was 57 years (range 21-88). The 90DM rate was 14%; median OS was 320 days. Predictors of 90DM were albumin < 35g/L (OR = 8.2, p = 0.01), > 2 metastatic sites (OR = 2.6, p = 0.02), and ECOG > 0 (OR = 6.3, p = 0.001); all 3 factors constitute the PMHI. To predict 90DM, the PMHI performed better than the RMI (AUC = 0.78 vs 0.69). To predict OS, the RMI performed slightly better (RMI ≥ 2, HR = 2.2, p = 0.002 vs PMHI ≥ 2, HR = 1.6, p = 0.05).

Conclusions

To predict 90DM, the PMHI is helpful. To predict OS, risk models should include ECOG > 0, > 2 metastatic sites, and LDH > ULN. Prospective validation of the PMHI is warranted.
Transgenic Plasmodium parasites stably expressing Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase as in vitro and in vivo models for antifolate screening
Authors: Somsak Voravuth , Uthaipibull Chairat , Prommana Parichat , Srichairatanakool Somdet , Yuthavong Yongyuth , Kamchonwongpaisan Sumalee
Published: October 2011

Background

Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent cause of human malaria in tropical regions outside the African continent. The lack of a routine continuous in vitro culture of this parasite makes it difficult to develop specific drugs for this disease. To facilitate the development of anti-P. vivax drugs, bacterial and yeast surrogate models expressing the validated P. vivax target dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) have been generated; however, they can only be used as primary screening models because of significant differences in enzyme expression level and in vivo drug metabolism between the surrogate models and P. vivax parasites.

Methods

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei parasites were transfected with DNA constructs bearing P. vivax dhfr-ts pyrimethamine sensitive (wild-type) and pyrimethamine resistant (mutant) alleles. Double crossover homologous recombination was used to replace the endogenous dhfr-ts of P. falciparum and P. berghei parasites with P. vivax homologous genes. The integration of Pvdhfr-ts genes via allelic replacement was verified by Southern analysis and the transgenic parasites lines validated as models by standard drug screening assays.

Results

Transgenic P. falciparum and P. berghei lines stably expressing Pv DHFR-TS replacing the endogenous parasite DHFR-TS were obtained. Anti-malarial drug screening assays showed that transgenic parasites expressing wild-type Pv DHFR-TS were pyrimethamine-sensitive, whereas transgenic parasites expressing mutant Pv DHFR-TS were pyrimethamine-resistant. The growth and sensitivity to other types of anti-malarial drugs in the transgenic parasites were otherwise indistinguishable from the parental parasites.

Conclusion

With the permanent integration of Pvdhfr-ts gene in the genome, the transgenic Plasmodium lines expressing Pv DHFR-TS are genetically stable and will be useful for screening anti-P. vivax compounds targeting Pv DHFR-TS. A similar approach could be used to generate transgenic models specific for other targets of interest, thus facilitating the development of anti-P. vivax drugs in general.
Modelling approach to simulate reductions in LDL cholesterol levels after combined intake of statins and phytosterols/-stanols in humans
Authors: Eussen Simone RBM , Rompelberg Cathy JM , Klungel Olaf H , van Eijkeren Jan CH
Published: October 2011

Background

To examine the effects on LDL cholesterol of the combined use of statins and phytosterols/-stanols, in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary. However, for a better interpretation of the experimental data as well as to possibly predict cholesterol levels given a certain dosing regimen of statins and phytosterols/-stanols a more theoretically based approach is helpful. This study aims to construct a mathematical model to simulate reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in persons who combine the use of statins with a high intake of phytosterols/-stanols, e.g. by the use of functional foods.

Methods and Results

The proposed model includes the cholesterol pool size in the liver and serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Both an additional and a multiplicative effect of phytosterol/-stanol intake on LDL cholesterol reduction were predicted from the model. The additional effect relates to the decrease of dietary cholesterol uptake reduction, the multiplicative effect relates to the decrease in enterohepatic recycling efficiency, causing increased cholesterol elimination through bile. From the model, it was demonstrated that a daily intake of 2 g phytosterols/-stanols reduces LDL cholesterol level by about 8% to 9% on top of the reduction resulting from statin use. The additional decrease in LDL cholesterol caused by phytosterol/-stanol use at the recommended level of 2 g/d appeared to be similar or even greater than the decrease achieved by doubling the statin dose.

Conclusion

We proposed a simplified mathematical model to simulate the reduction in LDL cholesterol after separate and combined intake of statins and functional foods acting on intestinal (re)absorption of cholesterol or bile acids in humans. In future work, this model can be extended to include more complex (regulatory) mechanisms.
Aerobic training affects fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes
Authors: Marini Marina , Abruzzo Provvidenza M , Bolotta Alessandra , Veicsteinas Arsenio , Ferreri Carla
Published: October 2011

The effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes was evaluated in an experimental animal model where rats were subjected to a ten-wk aerobic training. Five groups of rats were compared: sedentary rats at 19 or 23 wks of age, rats trained at moderate or high intensity sacrificed at 19 wks of age, and rats trained at high intensity, and sacrificed following 4 weeks of sedentary life. We had already demonstrated that cardioprotection correlates with training intensity and partially persists in detrained rats. Main findings are that rats trained at higher intensity display consistent signs of lipid peroxidation but a lower ω6/ω3 ratio and a lower content of trans fatty acids when compared to rats trained at lower intensity and to older sedentary rats. Trans fatty acids negatively affect cell membrane fluidity and permeability. Detrained rats showed intermediate values. Gene expression evaluation of selected enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis revealed some of the adaptive mechanisms leading to the maintenance of membrane fatty acid homeostasis following exercise. The decrease in the amount of trans fatty and in the inflammatory pathways (i.e. ω6/ω3 ratio) in high-intensity trained rats underscores the protective effect of high intensity aerobic training.
Adolescent predictors of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour at age 42: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS)
Authors: Uijtdewilligen Léonie , Singh Amika S , Twisk Jos WR , Koppes Lando LJ , van Mechelen Willem , Chinapaw Mai JM
Published: October 2011

Background

This study investigated the associations of physical characteristics and personality in adolescence with physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adulthood.

Findings

Physical characteristics (i.e. objectively measured BMI, sum of skin folds, MOPER test battery performance), and personality (i.e. self-reported inadequacy, social inadequacy, rigidity, self-sufficiency/recalcitrance, dominance, achievement motivation, facilitating anxiety, debilitating anxiety, and social desirability) were assessed in 217 adolescent boys (Mean 13.0, SD 0.6) and girls (Mean 12.9, SD 0.6). Twenty-nine years later, at the age of 42, their physical activity and sedentary behaviour were assessed by means of accelerometry. Boys who scored lower on self-sufficiency/recalcitrance and higher on facilitating anxiety spent more time sedentary in adulthood. Girls with a superior standing high jump performance, and a lower score on social desirability spent more time sedentary in adulthood. In contrast with sedentary behaviour, physical activity at age 42 year could not be predicted by physical characteristics or personality in adolescence.

Conclusions

Sedentary behaviour in adulthood was partly explained by physical characteristics and/or personality in adolescence. Thus, our results suggest that it may be possible to identify people who are at risk of becoming sedentary at a rather young age.
Improved field emission performance of carbon nanotube by introducing copper metallic particles
Authors: Chen Yiren , Jiang Hong , Li Dabing , Song Hang , Li Zhiming , Sun Xiaojuan , Miao Guoqing , Zhao Haifeng
Published: October 2011

To improve the field emission performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a simple and low-cost method was adopted in this article. We introduced copper particles for decorating the CNTs so as to form copper particle-CNT composites. The composites were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition technique which produced copper metallic particles localized on the outer wall of CNTs and deposited them onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The results showed that the conductivity increased from 10-5 to 4 × 10-5 S while the turn-on field was reduced from 3.4 to 2.2 V/μm. Moreover, the field emission current tended to be undiminished after continuous emission for 24 h. The reasons were summarized that introducing copper metallic particles to decorate CNTs could increase the surface roughness of the CNTs which was beneficial to field emission, restrain field emission current from saturating when the applied electric field was above the critical field. In addition, it could also improve the electrical contact by increasing the contact area between CNT and ITO electrode that was beneficial to the electron transport and avoided instable electron emission caused by thermal injury of CNTs.
Shape-tailoring and catalytic function of anisotropic gold nanostructures
Authors: Premkumar Thathan , Lee Kyungjae , Geckeler Kurt E
Published: October 2011

We report a facile, one-pot, shape-selective synthesis of gold nanoparticles in high yield by the reaction of an aqueous potassium tetrachloroaurate(III) solution with a commercially available detergent. We prove that a commercial detergent can act as a reducing as well as stabilizing agent for the synthesis of differently shaped gold nanoparticles in an aqueous solution at an ambient condition. It is noteworthy that the gold nanoparticles with different shapes can be prepared by simply changing the reaction conditions. It is considered that a slow reduction of the gold ions along with shape-directed effects of the components of the detergent plays a vital function in the formation of the gold nanostructures. Further, the as-prepared gold nanoparticles showed the catalytic activity for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of sodium borohydride at room temperature.
DRESS with delayed onset acute interstitial nephritis and profound refractory eosinophilia secondary to Vancomycin
Authors: O'Meara Paloma , Borici-Mazi Rozita , Morton A Ross , Ellis Anne K
Published: October 2011

Background

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) is a relatively rare clinical entity; even more so in response to vancomycin.

Methods

Case report.

Results

We present a severe case of vancomycin-induced DRESS syndrome, which on presentation included only skin, hematological and mild liver involvement. The patient further developed severe acute interstitial nephritis, eosinophilic pneumonitis, central nervous system (CNS) involvement and worsening hematological abnormalities despite immediate discontinuation of vancomycin and parenteral corticosteroids. High-dose corticosteroids for a prolonged period were necessary and tapering of steroids a challenge due to rebound-eosinophilia and skin involvement.

Conclusion

Patients with DRESS who are relatively resistant to corticosteroids with delayed onset of certain organ involvement should be treated with a more prolonged corticosteroid tapering schedule. Vancomycin is increasingly being recognized as a culprit agent in this syndrome.
Comparative transcriptomic profile analysis of fed-batch cultures expressing different recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sharma Ashish K , Mahalik Shubhashree , Ghosh Chaitali , Singh Anuradha B , Mukherjee Krishna J
Published: October 2011

There is a need to elucidate the product specific features of the metabolic stress response of the host cell to the induction of recombinant protein synthesis. For this, the method of choice is transcriptomic profiling which provides a better insight into the changes taking place in complex global metabolic networks. The transcriptomic profiles of three fed-batch cultures expressing different proteins viz. recombinant human interferon-beta (rhIFN-β), Xylanase and Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) were compared post induction. We observed a depression in the nutrient uptake and utilization pathways, which was common for all the three expressed proteins. Thus glycerol transporters and genes involved in ATP synthesis as well as aerobic respiration were severely down-regulated. On the other hand the amino acid uptake and biosynthesis genes were significantly repressed only when soluble proteins were expressed under different promoters, but not when the product was expressed as an inclusion body (IB). High level expression under the T7 promoter (rhIFN-β and xylanase) triggered the cellular degradation machinery like the osmoprotectants, proteases and mRNA degradation genes which were highly up-regulated, while this trend was not true with GFP expression under the comparatively weakerarapromoter. The design of a better host platform for recombinant protein production thus needs to take into account the specific nature of the cellular response to protein expression.
Surface cooling for induction of mild hypothermia in conscious healthy volunteers - a feasibility trial
Authors: Testori Christoph , Sterz Fritz , Behringer Wilhelm , Spiel Alexander , Firbas Christa , Jilma Bernd
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Animal and human studies suggest beneficial outcome effects of mild hypothermia for stroke, for acute myocardial infarction, and for cardiogenic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of non-invasive surface cooling for induction and maintenance of mild hypothermia (32 to 34°C) in healthy, conscious volunteers.

Methods

The trial was set at a clinical research ward in a tertiary care center, and included 16 healthy male volunteers 18 to 70 years old. Surface cooling was established by a novel non-invasive cooling pad with an esophageal target temperature of 32 to 34°C and maintenance for six hours. Shivering-control was achieved with meperidine and buspirone and additional administration of magnesium in eight subjects.

Results

The primary endpoint to reach a target temperature of 32 to 34°C was only reached in 6 of the 16 participating subjects. Temperatures below 35°C were reached after a median cooling time of 53 minutes (38 to 102 minutes). Cooling rate was 1.1°C/h (0.7 to 1.8°C). Additional administration of magnesium had no influence on cooling rate. At no time during the cooling procedure did the participants report uncomfortable conditions for which termination of cooling had to be considered. No severe skin damage was reported.

Conclusions

Cooling to body temperature below 35°C by the use of non-invasive surface cooling is feasible and safe in conscious healthy volunteers. Further studies are needed to investigate an altered cooling protocol to achieve temperatures below 35°C.

Trial Registration

ISRCTN: ISRCTN50530495
The silkworm W chromosome is a source of female-enriched piRNAs
Authors: Kawaoka Shinpei , Kadota Koji , Arai Yuji , Suzuki Yutaka , Fujii Tsuguru , Abe Hiroaki , Yasukochi Yuji , Mita Kazuei , Sugano Sumio , Shimizu Kentaro , Tomari Yukihide , Shimada Toru , Katsuma Susumu
Published: October 2011

In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the W chromosome plays a dominant role in female determination. However, neither protein-coding genes nor transcripts have so far been isolated from the W chromosome. Instead, a large amount of functional transposable elements and their remnants are accumulated on the W chromosome. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are 23–30-nt-long small RNAs that potentially act as sequence-specific guides for PIWI proteins to silence transposon activity in animal gonads. In this study, by comparing ovary- and testis-derived piRNAs, we identified numerous female-enriched piRNAs. Our data indicated that female-enriched piRNAs are derived from the W chromosome. Moreover, comparative analyses on piRNA profiles from a series of W chromosome mutant strains revealed a striking enrichment of a specific set of transposon-derived piRNAs in the putative sex-determining region. Collectively, we revealed the nature of the silkworm W chromosome as a source of piRNAs.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and circulating ACE levels are not associated with outcome in critically ill septic patients
Authors: Tsantes Argirios , Tsangaris Iraklis , Kopterides Petros , Nikolopoulos Georgios , Kalamara Eleni , Antonakos Georgios , Kapsimali Violetta , Gialeraki Argiri , Dimopoulou Ioanna , Orfanos Stylianos , Dima Kleanthi , Travlou Anthi , Armaganidis Apostolos
Published: October 2011

In critically ill patients independent studies have shown contradictory findings regarding the prognostic significance of the D/D genotype of the I/D angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism. The study aim was to evaluate the effect of both ACE I/D polymorphism and ACE serum levels on the clinical outcomes of critically ill septic patients.

This study recruited 186 Caucasian patients with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Epidemiological, clinical data, co-morbidities and severity scores were recorded. Measurements of serum ACE activity and genotyping for ACE I/D polymorphism were carried out. Primary outcomes were the 28- and the 90-day mortality; secondary outcomes included the number of days without renal or cardiovascular failure and ventilation-free days over the 28-day period following study enrolment.

Neither 28- nor 90-day mortality were associated with ACE I/D polymorphism (p=0.59 and 0.34, respectively) or circulating ACE levels (p=0.17 and 0.25, respectively). Similarly, ACE polymorphism and levels were not related to ventilation-free days (p=0.14 and 0.25, respectively), days without cardiovascular failure (p=0.14 and 0.81, respectively) and days without renal failure (p=0.64 and 0.27, respectively).

Neither ACE I/D polymorphism nor serum ACE levels seem to be significant prognostic factors of clinical outcomes in septic, critically ill patients.
Relevance of pharmacogenomics for developing countries in Europe
Authors: Mitropoulos Konstantinos , Johnson Lindsey , Vozikis Athanassios , Patrinos George P.
Published: October 2011

Pharmacogenomics holds promise of personalized treatment for patients suffering from many common diseases, particularly those with multiple treatment modalities. Owing to recent advances in the deciphering of the human genome sequence, high throughput genotyping technology has led to the reduction of the overall costs of genetic testing and allowed the inclusion of genotype-related dosing recommendations into drug package inserts, hence enabling the integration of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. Although pharmacogenomics gradually assumes an important part in routine clinical practice in developed countries, many countries, particularly from the developing world, still do not have access either to the knowledge or the resources to individualize drug therapy. The PharmacoGenetics for Every Nation Initiative (PGENI) aims to fill this gap, by making pharmacogenomics globally applicable, not only by defining population-specific pharmacogenomic marker frequency profiles but also by formulating country-specific recommendations for drug efficacy and safety. This article aims to highlight the PGENI activities in Europe in an effort to make pharmacogenomics readily applicable in the European healthcare systems, particularly those in developing countries.
Method for regeneration of hormones: 17β-estradiol, 21α-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone. A pathway for a possible medical application
Authors: Getoff Nikola , Brenn Eric , Hartmann Johannes , Danielova Iren
Published: October 2011

The hormones 17β-estradiol (17βE2), 21α-hydroxyprogesterone (21α-HOPRG) and corticosterone (CORT) were used as representative models for the study. As a source for hormone excitation in singlet state serviced monochromatic UV-light (λ=254 nm), it was stated that the transients resulting by e–
aq emission in air-free mixture water/ethanol 40/60, as long as they are in “status nascendi”, can be regenerated by electron transfer from a potent electron donor, e.g., vitamin C. The hormone regeneration (%) strongly depends, after all, on specific hormone molecular structure, concentration, temperature, etc. Because of the large heterogenic molecular structures, the substrates dissolved in the solvent mixture form “associates” (unstable complexes) in concentrations >109 mol/L hormone. The hormones eject, but they also consume e–
aq with a rather high reaction rate constant (k≈109 up to 2×1010 L/mol.s), therefore, they act as “electron mediators”. It was also observed that the hormones by dissolution in aerated solvent mixture are sensitive towards oxygen. For an explanation of the results, probable reaction mechanisms are presented. The described method offers a new pathway and possibilities for application in medicine.
Polypropylene-based long-life insecticide-treated mosquito netting
Authors: Focke Walter W. , van Pareen Walter
Published: October 2011

The World Health Organization (WHO) is promoting the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) in order to roll back malaria. Long-life netting (LLIN) is preferred and this study investigated the possibility of incorporating the insecticide in the fiber polymer. Multifilament polypropylene (PP) yarn, containing up to 0.76% of pyrethroid insecticide, was successfully produced on a conventional production-scale fiber-spinning machine. The insecticides were incorporated via masterbatches that contained up to 18.8% active with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as the carrier. Nets knitted from the yarns were tested using bioassays with mosquitoes. Initial efficacy complied with WHO specifications but the performance deteriorated with the number of wash cycles. Crystalline insecticides, featuring a melting point above the wash temperature of 60°C (e.g., β-cyfluthrin), provided better wash resistance than amorphous insecticides (e.g., cyfluthrin).
A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhao Hongmin , Wang Aili , Sui Ming , Liang Kun , Deng Haiyun , Ma Yukun , Zhang Yajuan , Zhang Hongxiu , Guan Yuanyuan
Published: October 2011

Objective

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent reproductive and metabolic disorder associated with insulin resistance (IR). Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs that has been used as an insulin sensitizer. BBR may have a potential therapeutic value for PCOS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of BBR in comparison to metformin (MET) on the metabolic features of women with PCOS.

Design and methods

Eighty-nine subjects with PCOS and IR subjects were randomized into one of three treatment groups: BBR+compound cyproterone acetate (CPA; n=31), MET+CPA (n=30), and placebo+CPA (n=28) for 3 months. Clinical characteristics of the women and metabolic and hormonal parameters were assessed before and after the period of treatment.

Results

Treatment with BBR in comparison to MET showed decrease in waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; P<0.01), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC; P<0.05) as well as increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; P<0.05). Similarly, treatment with BBR in comparison to placebo showed decrease in WHR, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment for IR, area under the curve of insulin, TC, LDLC, and TG (P<0.05) as well as increase in HDLC and SHBG (P<0.01).

Conclusions

Intake of BBR improved some of the metabolic and hormonal derangements in a group of treated Chinese women with PCOS. Main effects could be related to the changes in body composition in obesity and dyslipidemia. Further controlled studies are needed for the assessment of the potential favorable metabolic effects of BBR in women with PCOS.
Molecular Characterization of Vegetative Incompatibility Genes That Restrict Hypovirus Transmission in the Chestnut Blight Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica
Authors: Choi Gil H , Dawe Angus L , Churbanov Alexander , Smith Myron L , Milgroom Michael G , Nuss Donald L
Published: October 2011

Genetic nonself recognition systems such as vegetative incompatibility operate in many filamentous fungi to regulate hyphal fusion between genetically dissimilar individuals and to restrict the spread of virulence-attenuating mycoviruses that have potential for biological control of pathogenic fungi. We report here the use of a comparative genomics approach to identify seven candidate polymorphic genes associated with four vegetative incompatibility (vic) loci of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Disruption of candidate alleles in one of two strains that were heteroallelic at vic2, vic6, or vic7 resulted in enhanced virus transmission, but did not prevent barrage formation associated with mycelial incompatibility. Detailed characterization of the vic6 locus revealed the involvement of nonallelic interactions between two tightly linked genes in barrage formation, heterokaryon formation, and asymmetric, gene-specific influences on virus transmission. The combined results establish molecular identities of genes associated with four C. parasitica vic loci and provide insights into how these recognition factors interact to trigger incompatibility and restrict virus transmission.
A racionalidade substantiva demonstrada na prática administrativa
Authors: Serva Maurício
Published: October 2011

Sob a perspectiva geral da emancipação do homem no âmbito do trabalho, este artigo trata do tema da racionalidade em organizações produtivas, enfocando-o mediante a abordagem substantiva da organização, proposta por Guerreiro Ramos. Empreende a complementaridade entre essa abordagem de Guerreiro Ramos e a teoria da ação comunicativa, de Habermas, a partir da qual elabora um quadro de análise, examinando empiricamente três empresas de Salvador, Bahia, com o intuito de demonstrar como a razão instrumental e a razão substantiva se concretizam na prática administrativa. Daí, define organizações substantivas e estabelece uma escala de intensidade de racionalidade substantiva, que, juntamente com o quadro de análise, pode ser utilizada para o exame da racionalidade de qualquer organização produtiva.
Mecanismos de interiorização dos custos ambientais na indústria: rumo a mudanças de comportamento
Authors: Sanches Carmem Silvia
Published: October 2011

A fim de motivar mudanças no comportamento da indústria em relação ao meio ambiente, estão sendo implementados, especialmente nos países desenvolvidos, mecanismos de interiorização de custos ambientais. Dentre os mecanismos até então disponíveis, podem-se destacar, mais especificamente, as abordagens de comando e controle, os instrumentos econômicos e a auto-regulação, que são aqui apresentados e amparados por prós e eontras, assim como as vantagens e desvantagens sob o ponto de vista do empresariado, pois há uma intensa polêmica em torno da eficiência e eficácia de cada um deles para produzir as respostas desejadas por parte das empresas industriais.
lnternational transfer pricing strategies for minimizing global income taxes
Authors: Limberg Stephen T. , Robinson John R. , Christians Raimundo L.M.
Published: October 2011

Optimal financiai strategies are criticai for long term survival in competitive international markets. Financial strategies pertaining to transfer pricing have become increasingly important as income tax authorities seek additional revenues through increased monitoring of company practices. In this first of two articles, optimal tax strategies are presented after reviewing the transfer pricing concept and the rationale underlying governments' increased focus on transfer pricing. In the second forthcoming article, we analyze the effect of government restrictions on optimal pricing strategies.
Política de comércio exterior e crescimento industrial no Brasil
Authors: Barrionuevo Filho Arthur
Published: October 2011

O presente trabalho faz uma revisão das características da política comercial brasileira até o final dos anos 80 e seus impactos sobre o processo de industrialização. Discute, portanto, como os ganhos e distorções da estratégia de substituição de importações foram efetivados concretamente no Brasil, destacando quais os segmentos industriais (bens de capital, insumos básicos, bens duráveis de consumo etc.) fortalecidos por esta estratégia e sua influência na crise da década de 80.
Microbial biomass and soil chemical properties under different land use systems in northeastern Pará
Authors: Lopes Elessandra Laura Nogueira , Fernandes Antonio Rodrigues , Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo Maria de , Cattanio José Henrique , Souza Gladys Ferreira de
Published: October 2011

The increase in agricultural production in the Brazilian Amazon region is mostly a result of the agricultural frontier expansion, into areas previously influenced by humans or of native vegetation. At the same time, burning is still used to clear areas in small-scale agricultural systems, leading to a loss of the soil productive capacity shortly after, forcing the opening of new areas. This study had the objective of evaluating the effect of soil preparation methods that involve plant residue shredding, left on the surface or incorporated to the soil, with or without chemical fertilization, on the soil chemical and biological properties. The experiment was conducted in 1995, in an experimental field of Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) of the Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, northeastern Pará (Brazil). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, in a 2x6 factorial design, with two management systems and six treatments evaluated twice. The management systems consisted of rice (Oriza sativa), followed by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with manioc (Manihot esculenta). In the first system the crops were planted in two consecutive cycles, followed by a three-year fallow period (natural regrowth); the second system consisted of one cultivation cycle and was left fallow for three years. The following treatments were applied to the secondary forest vegetation: slash and burn, fertilized with NPK (Q+NPK); slash and burn, without fertilizer NPK (Q-NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving the residues on the soil surface, fertilized with NPK (C+NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving residues on the soil surface, without fertilizer (C-NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and fertilized with NPK (I+NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and without NPK fertilizer (I-NPK). The soil was sampled in the rainier season (April 2006) and in the drier season (September 2006), in the 0-0.1 m layer. From each plot, 10 simple samples were collected in order to generate a composite sample. In the more intensive management system the contents of microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic) were higher, while the C (Corg) level was higher in the less intensive system. The treatments with highest Cmic and Nmic levels were those with cutting, shredding and distribution of biomass on the soil surface. Under both management systems, the chemical characteristics were in ranges that classify the soil as little fertile, although P and K (in the rainy season) were higher in the less intensive management system.
Effect of compaction on microbial activity and carbon and nitrogen transformations in two oxisols with different mineralogy
Authors: Silva Sérgio Ricardo , Silva Ivo Ribeiro da , Barros Nairam Félix de , Sá Mendonça Eduardo de
Published: October 2011

The use of machinery in agricultural and forest management activities frequently increases soil compaction, resulting in greater soil density and microporosity, which in turn reduces hydraulic conductivity and O2 and CO2 diffusion rates, among other negative effects. Thus, soil compaction has the potential to affect soil microbial activity and the processes involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. This study was carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the effect of soil compaction on microbial activity and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. Two Oxisols with different mineralogy were utilized: a clayey oxidic-gibbsitic Typic Acrustox and a clayey kaolinitic Xantic Haplustox (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico - LVA, and Latossolo Amarelo distrófico - LA, respectively, in the Brazil Soil Classification System). Eight treatments (compaction levels) were assessed for each soil type in a complete block design, with six repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of PVC rings (height 6 cm, internal diameter 4.55 cm, volume 97.6 cm³). The PVC rings were filled with enough soil mass to reach a final density of 1.05 and 1.10 kg dm-3, respectively, in the LVA and LA. Then the soil samples were wetted (0.20 kg kg-1 = 80 % of field capacity) and compacted by a hydraulic press at pressures of 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, 540, 720 and 900 kPa. After soil compression the new bulk density was calculated according to the new volume occupied by the soil. Subsequently each PVC ring was placed within a 1 L plastic pot which was then tightly closed. The soils were incubated under aerobic conditions for 35 days and the basal respiration rate (CO2-C production) was estimated in the last two weeks. After the incubation period, the following soil chemical and microbiological properties were detremined: soil microbial biomass C (C MIC), total soil organic C (TOC), total N, and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N). After that, mineral N, organic N and the rate of net N mineralization was calculated. Soil compaction increased NH4+-N and net N mineralization in both, LVA and LA, and NO3--N in the LVA; diminished the rate of TOC loss in both soils and the concentration of NO3--N in the LA and CO2-C in the LVA. It also decreased the C MIC at higher compaction levels in the LA. Thus, soil compaction decreases the TOC turnover probably due to increased physical protection of soil organic matter and lower aerobic microbial activity. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that under controlled conditions, the oxidic-gibbsitic Oxisol (LVA) was more susceptible to the effects of high compaction than the kaolinitic (LA) as far as organic matter cycling is concerned; and compaction pressures above 540 kPa reduced the total and organic nitrogen in the kaolinitic soil (LA), which was attributed to gaseous N losses.
Spatial patterns of preconsolidation pressure and soil moisture along transects in two directions under coffee
Authors: Gontijo Ivoney , Souza Dias Junior Moacir de , Guimarães Paulo Tácito Gontijo , Oliveira Marcelo Silva de , Ajayi Ayodele Ebenezer
Published: October 2011

Information on the spatial structure of soil physical and structural properties is needed to evaluate the soil quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial behavior of preconsolidation pressure and soil moisture in six transects, three selected along and three across coffee rows, at three different sites under different tillage management systems. The study was carried out on a farm, in Patrocinio, state of Minas Gerais, in the Southeast of Brazil (18 º 59 ' 15 '' S; 46 º 56 ' 47 '' W; 934 m asl). The soil type is a typic dystrophic Red Latosol (Acrustox) and consists of 780 g kg-1 clay; 110 g kg-1 silt and 110 g kg-1 sand, with an average slope of 3 %. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled at a depth of 0.10-0.13 m, at three different points within the coffee plantation: (a) from under the wheel track, where equipment used in farm operations passes; (b) in - between tracks and (c) under the coffee canopy. Six linear transects were established in the experimental area: three transects along and three across the coffee rows. This way, 161 samples were collected in the transect across the coffee rows, from the three locations, while 117 samples were collected in the direction along the row. The shortest sampling distance in the transect across the row was 4 m, and 0.5 m for the transect along the row. No clear patterns of the preconsolidation pressure values were observed in the 200 m transect. The results of the semivariograms for both variables indicated a high nugget value and short range for the studied parameters of all transects. A cyclic pattern of the parameters was observed for the across-rows transect. An inverse relationship between preconsolidation pressure and soil moisture was clearly observed in the samples from under the track, in both directions.
Atributos físicos do argissolo amarelo do semiárido nordestino sob sistemas de preparo
Authors: Cortez Jorge Wilson , Silva Alves Aline Dantas da , Moura Marcelo Rubens Dias de , Olszevski Nelci , Jesus Nagahama Hideo de
Published: October 2011

Os sistemas de preparo do solo devem propiciar boas condições físicas do solo, para que as plantas possam se desenvolver adequadamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar densidade, porosidade e resistência mecânica à penetração em Argissolo Amarelo do semiárido nordestino após preparo com quatro implementos agrícolas (escarificador, grade leve em tandem, grade leve off-set com discos de 0,56 m e grade leve off-set com discos de 0,61 m) em uma, duas e três operações, usando como testemunha uma área sem preparo. Os dados de densidade e de porosidade do solo foram analisados pela estatística clássica, e os dados de resistência à penetração, pela geoestatística, utilizando-se uma malha composta pela largura do equipamento e pela profundidade de 0,40 m. O efeito do preparo do solo foi pouco expressivo sobre as características avaliadas. Verificaram-se maiores valores de densidade apenas na camada de 0,10-0,20 m para todos os equipamentos avaliados. A porosidade variou em função dos equipamentos, sendo maior no tratamento sem preparo e menor no preparo com escarificador e com grade leve off-set com discos de 0,61 m de diâmetro; a camada de 0,20-0,30 m apresentou menor porosidade. A resistência à penetração mostrou valores adequados na profundidade de trabalho de cada equipamento e foi alta nas camadas situadas abaixo, exceto no preparo do solo com escarificador.
Determination of hydraulic properties of a tropical soil of Hawaii using column experiments and inverse modeling
Authors: Sobotkova Martina , Snehota Michal , Dohnal Michal , Ray Chittaranjan
Published: October 2011

A method for determining soil hydraulic properties of a weathered tropical soil (Oxisol) using a medium-sized column with undisturbed soil is presented. The method was used to determine fitting parameters of the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity functions of a soil column in support of a pesticide leaching study. The soil column was extracted from a continuously-used research plot in Central Oahu (Hawaii, USA) and its internal structure was examined by computed tomography. The experiment was based on tension infiltration into the soil column with free outflow at the lower end. Water flow through the soil core was mathematically modeled using a computer code that numerically solves the one-dimensional Richards equation. Measured soil hydraulic parameters were used for direct simulation, and the retention and soil hydraulic parameters were estimated by inverse modeling. The inverse modeling produced very good agreement between model outputs and measured flux and pressure head data for the relatively homogeneous column. The moisture content at a given pressure from the retention curve measured directly in small soil samples was lower than that obtained through parameter optimization based on experiments using a medium-sized undisturbed soil column.