bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CO Oxidation Catalyzed by a Single Ti Atom Supported on Divacancy Defective Graphene: A Dispersion‐Corrected DFT Study
Authors: Esrafili Mehdi D. , Heydari Safa
Published: April 2018

We report a detailed theoretical investigation on the possible reaction mechanisms of CO oxidation catalyzed by a single Ti atom supported on divacancy defective graphene (TiDVG). The reaction between the adsorbed O2 with CO molecules on TiDVG is compared via three different mechanisms, i. e. Eley‐Rideal (ER), Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (LH) and termolecular Eley‐Rideal (TER). According to our results, the energy barrier for the rate determining step of CO + O2 reaction in the TER mechanism is smaller than those of ER and LH ones. This can be attributed to the significant mixing of electronic states of adsorbed CO and O2 at the reaction site, as well as due to a sizable charge‐transfer from the surface to these molecules. On the other hand, the calculated adsorption energies indicate that the coadsorption of O2 and CO molecules is slightly more energetically favored with respect to the coadsorption of two CO molecules. This result together with the relatively small reaction barriers reveal that the LH mechanism is also possible to occur at low temperature. Our results reported here suggest that TiDVG can be regarded as a green, low‐cost and highly active catalyst for CO oxidation at room temperature.
A Dispiro‐Type Fluorene‐Indenofluorene‐Centered Hole Transporting Material for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Wei , Zhang Jinhui , Wang Xuchao , Liu Xuan , Tu Dandan , Zhang Jing , Guo Xin , Li Can
Published: April 2018

A novel dispiro[fluorene‐indenofluorene]‐based compound, dispiro‐OBuTAD (shortened as Dispiro) with a 3π‐2 spiro core is designed and synthesized as a hole transporting material (HTM) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The Dispiro with two spiro centers shows rigid ladder‐type structure, great steric hindrance, and reduced molecular symmetry, which favor good thermal stability and homogeneous film morphology. Devices with Dispiro as HTM afford a high power conversion efficiency amounting to 18.46% in MAPbI3‐based planar PSCs, which is higher than the value (17.82%) of the well‐known spiro‐OMeTAD‐based devices. The Dispiro can form amorphous homogeneous films with improved hole mobility and enhanced hole extraction from perovskite to HTM, resulting in high performance of Dispiro‐based PSCs. This work provides the first example of fluorene‐indenofluorene‐centered dispiro‐type HTM for PSC application, suggesting a promising approach to design HTMs by increasing the spiro center.
Realization of Large‐Scale Polymer Solar Cells Using Ultrasonic Spray Technique Via Solvent Engineering
Authors: Cheng Jiang , Hu Rong , Meng Xiang , Li Ying , Yan Xingwu , Yang Xin , Liao Xiaoqing , Li Lu , Pei Qibing , Chong Kok Boon
Published: April 2018

Reliability and reproducibility remain as main challenges in the realization of large‐scale polymer solar cells. An easy and smart method to prototyping a high yield and large‐scale PTB7:PC71BM solar cell is demonstrated by modified ultrasonic spray coating method, using a novel precursor solution containing a portion of a lower‐toxicity trimethylbenzene. The formation of Marangoni‐effect related defects such as coffee‐rings and pin holes is successfully overcome via tuning the drying processes with optimization of the solvent ratio. XPS analysis confirms that the PTB7 enriched surface resulted in a vertical phase separated structure, and led to higher mobility of charge carriers to transport from the film to the buffer layer. The power conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved to 8.23%. As well, the preparation of a large‐scale active area solar cell of 18 cm2 with a maximum power output of 74.8 mW is demonstrated promising for industrial applications.
2D BPS rings from sphere partition functions
Authors: Ishtiaque Nafiz
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We consider extremal correlation functions, involving arbitrary number of BPS (chiral or twisted chiral) operators and exactly one anti-BPS operator in 2D

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (2, 2) theories. These correlators define the structure constants in the rings generated by the BPS operators with their operator product expansions. We present a way of computing these correlators from the sphere partition function of a deformed theory using localization. Relating flat space and sphere correlators is nontrivial due to operator mixing on the sphere induced by conformal anomaly. We discuss the supergravitational source of this complication and a resolution thereof. Finally, we demonstrate the process for the Quintic GLSM and the Landau-Ginzburg minimal models.
Branes and the Kraft-Procesi transition: classical case
Authors: Cabrera Santiago , Hanany Amihay
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Moduli spaces of a large set of 3d$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$N=4effective gauge theories are known to be closures of nilpotent orbits. This set of theories has recently acquired a special status, due to Namikawa’s theorem. As a consequence of this theorem, closures of nilpotent orbits are the simplest non-trivial moduli spaces that can be found in three dimensional theories with eight supercharges. In the early 80’s mathematicians Hanspeter Kraft and Claudio Procesi characterized an inclusion relation between nilpotent orbit closures of the same classical Lie algebra. We recently [1] showed a physical realization of their work in terms of the motion of D3-branes on the Type IIB superstring embedding of the effective gauge theories. This analysis is restricted to A-type Lie algebras. The present note expands our previous discussion to the remaining classical cases: orthogonal and symplectic algebras. In order to do so we introduce O3-planes in the superstring description. We also find a brane realization for the mathematical map between two partitions of the same integer number known ascollapse. Another result is that basic Kraft-Procesi transitions turn out to be described by the moduli space of orthosymplectic quivers with varying boundary conditions.
Pions as gluons in higher dimensions
Authors: Cheung Clifford , Remmen Grant N. , Shen Chia-Hsien , Wen Congkao
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We derive the nonlinear sigma model as a peculiar dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory. In this framework, pions are reformulated as higher-dimensional gluons arranged in a kinematic configuration that only probes cubic interactions. This procedure yields a purely cubic action for the nonlinear sigma model that exhibits a symmetry enforcing color-kinematics duality. Remarkably, the associated kinematic algebra originates directly from the Poincaré algebra in higher dimensions. Applying the same construction to gravity yields a new quartic action for Born-Infeld theory and, applied once more, a cubic action for the special Galileon theory. Since the nonlinear sigma model and special Galileon are subtly encoded in the cubic sectors of Yang-Mills theory and gravity, respectively, their double copy relationship is automatic.
Cribriform‐Morular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical and Pathological Features of 30 Cases
Authors: Akaishi Junko , Kondo Tetsuo , Sugino Kiminori , Ogimi Yuna , Masaki Chie , Hames Kiyomi Y. , Yabuta Tomonori , Tomoda Chisato , Suzuki Akifumi , Matsuzu Kenichi , Uruno Takashi , Ohkuwa Keiko , Kitagawa Wataru , Nagahama Mitsuji , Katoh Ryohei , Ito Koichi
Published: April 2018

Background

Cribriform‐morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV‐PTC) is rare; it may occur in cases of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or be sporadic. To clarify the clinicopathological features of CMV‐PTC, the medical records of these patients were investigated retrospectively.

Materials and methods

Between 1979 and 2016, a total of 17,062 cases with PTC underwent initial surgery at Ito Hospital. Of these, 30 (0.2%) cases histologically diagnosed with CMV‐PTC were reviewed.

Result

The patients were all women, with a mean age at the time of surgery of 24 years. Seven (23%) cases were thought to have FAP because they had colonic polyposis or a family history of FAP or APC gene mutation. The remaining 23 (77%) were thought to be sporadic. Multiple tumors were detected in 6 cases, with a solitary tumor in 24. One patient had lung metastasis at diagnosis. Eleven patients underwent total thyroidectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy, and 19 underwent lobectomy. Twenty‐six (87%) patients underwent neck lymph node dissection. Three patients had tumor metastasis in central lymph nodes, but these were incidentally detected metastatic classical PTC (cPTC) based on histological examination. In this series, there were no cases of LN metastases of CMV‐PTC. During a mean follow‐up of 15 years, one patient had new cPTC in the remnant thyroid after initial surgery, and the other patients showed no signs of recurrence.

Conclusion

CMV‐PTC occurred in young women, their long‐term prognosis was excellent. Total thyroidectomy is recommended for FAP‐associated CMV‐PTC, but modified neck lymph node dissection is not necessary.
Accuracy of general hospital dementia diagnoses in England: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictors of diagnostic accuracy 2008–2016
Authors: Sommerlad Andrew , Perera Gayan , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Lewis Glyn , Stewart Robert , Livingston Gill
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Recognizing dementia in general hospitals allows for tailored care. We aimed to assess hospital dementia diagnosis accuracy, changes over time, and predictors of correct identification.

Method

Retrospective cohort study of people over 65 years, using data from a large mental health care database as gold standard, linked to 2008–2016 English hospital data.

Results

In 21,387 people who had 138,455 admissions, we found sensitivity and specificity of dementia recording, respectively, to be 78.0% and 92.0% for each person's complete records, and 63.3% and 96.6% for each nonelective admission. Diagnostic sensitivity increased between 2008 and 16. Accurate general hospital recording of the presence of dementia was lower in ethnic minority groups, younger, single people, and those with physical illness.

Discussion

Dementia diagnosis recording in general hospitals is increasing but remains less likely in some groups. Clinicians should be aware of this inequity and have a higher index of clinical suspicion in these groups.
Discontinuation and nonpublication of interventional clinical trials conducted in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yilmaz Taygan , Jutten Roos J. , Santos Cláudia Y. , Hernandez Kimberly A. , Snyder Peter J.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Discontinuation and nonpublication of interventional clinical trials represents a waste of already scarce resources. We sought to identify the prevalence of discontinuation and nonpublication of interventional clinical trials conducted in patients afflicted by mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, cross‐sectional study on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease–based interventional clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov dating back to 1995. The analyzed data included trial phase, intervention type, enrollment, and funding sources. Fisher's exact and χ2 tests were used to determine any potential associations between trial characteristics and completion.

Results

A total of 744 studies were identified, of which 502 (67%) were industry‐sponsored ones. A total of 127 (17%) were discontinued prematurely. Of the 617 completed trials, 450 (73%) were not published, representing approximately 66,655 participants who incurred the risks of trial participation without subsequently contributing to the medical literature. Similarly, there were 18,246 patients from unpublished, discontinued trials. Of the 744 trials examined, 247 publications from 167 trials could be identified via PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE searches. Most notably, the odds of nonpublication among industry‐sponsored trials were more than 75% higher than those in studies funded by academia (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.78; P = .01). Furthermore, industry‐sponsored trials had a 50% greater odds of study discontinuation compared with trials funded by academia (odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.16; P = .03).

Discussion

The nonpublication of many trials and preliminary results of trials that are discontinued early dilutes the quality and decreases the comprehensive nature of the medical literature. This occurs in both industry and academia. Publication of inconclusive or negative results ensures that all research activities, regardless of outcome, contribute to global medical knowledge.
Introductory Remarks by Philip Alston
Authors: Alston Philip
Published: April 2018

Thank you very much, Paul. Next year it's forty years since I first met Georges, and I think we have been close friends from almost the very beginning. He was never actually my teacher, but he has never ceased to teach me, and I'm very grateful for that. I will try not to let friendship get in the way of a good cross-examination, however.
Opening Remarks by Mark Agrast
Authors: Agrast Mark
Published: April 2018

Good morning, everybody. Welcome to this session on International Law and the Trump Administration, Part II. This is the session on international trade and investment. I know folks are still joining us, but perhaps they can filter in as we begin. I don't want the panel to lose even a minute on this important topic.
Introductory Remarks by Gary Hufbauer
Authors: Hufbauer Gary
Published: April 2018

Thanks. Let me just check first that you can hear me. Can the people in the back hear me? You cannot? Well, I'll try shouting a bit louder. How are we doing now? Better. Okay. Well, I'll try to shout directly into these microphones.
Remarks by Karen Vagts
Authors: Vagts Karen
Published: April 2018

Thank you, Lucinda. It's a pleasure to be here. I see familiar faces that were part of Dad's community, so I know he would be very pleased about that.
Remarks by Sylvia Maciunas
Authors: Maciunas Sylvia
Published: April 2018

Thank you, Lucinda, and thank you all for coming out on this Saturday morning to attend this important presentation.
Kevin Mead
Authors: Mead Kevin
Published: April 2018

Hi. Thanks for your insights this morning. My name is Kevin Mead from Global Affairs Canada, which is our actual Department of Foreign Affairs and not a think tank, as it sounds. I'm in the environmental legal division there and I work with my counterparts from the United States in the UNFCCC in the Paris Agreement negotiations as the legal advisor. So I will preface my question by saying that they are lovely people to work with and I enjoy working with them, and we work in very close collaboration on our positions, as like-minded countries in that forum.
Jean Yu-Wen
Authors: Yu-Wen Jean
Published: April 2018

Thank you. My name is Jean Yu-Wen, advisor for Vietnamese Americans. I thank all the judges, all the panelists for all you have done to illuminate the law and keep the order in our international community for the last seven decades. I believe we have progressed tremendously.
Chuck Newcomb
Authors: Newcomb Chuck
Published: April 2018

Hi. My name is Chuck Newcomb from the U.S. Department of Justice. You spoke about the crisis of confidence for a lot of the international institutions and tribunals. What are some of the success stories? What are some of the examples that we can hold up to speak with our colleagues to talk about the good that you are doing or the examples that we can hold up for other or future institutions to follow from?
Remarks by Saskia Bruines
Authors: Bruines Saskia
Published: April 2018

Thank you very much, Mr. Hirsch Ballin, for giving me the floor, and thank you also for your help and preparation of this discussion and moderating the meeting. Thank you very much.
Civil War Time: From Grotius to the Global War on Terror
Authors: Armitage David
Published: April 2018

I am deeply grateful to the American Society of International Law—especially to its president, Lucinda Low—and to the International Legal Studies Program at American University Washington College of Law—in particular, to the Dean of the College, Camille Nelson, and to its program director, David Hunter—for their generous invitation to deliver the nineteenth Annual Grotius Lecture. Grateful, but more than a little intimidated. Nobel laureates and heads of state, eminent judges and leading diplomats have given this distinguished lecture, but never, I think, a humble historian. As Isaac Newton might have said were he in my shoes, “[i]f I can see far, it is because I stand on the shoulders of these giants.”
Remarks by Col. Gary Corn
Authors: Corn Gary
Published: April 2018

First, I should note that I am speaking today in my personal capacity only, and my views do not represent those of the U.S. government, the Department of Defense, or U.S. Cyber Command. At the outset, let me provide a brief overview of U.S. Cyber Command. It is a relatively new command within the Department of Defense. Established about seven years ago as a subunified command, it is an operational headquarters at the strategic level but at the moment subordinate to U.S. Strategic Command, one of the combatant commands within the Department of Defense. The 2017 National Defense Authorization Act included a provision stating that there shall be established a combatant command known as U.S. Cyber Command. As a result, there is now a lot of movement afoot to see how we will meet that legislative intent. In all likelihood, U.S. Cyber Command will elevate at some time in the future as a full combatant command.
Remarks by Jeannie Rhee
Authors: Rhee Jeannie
Published: April 2018

I come to this subject to talk about the unique intersection of state-sponsored cyber-activity with the private sector. Many of the costs of that activity are borne by the private sector that is domestically located in the United States, and there is often a disconnect between what is framed and developed in conversations and discussions by the United States and the reality on the ground within the private bar representing individual U.S.-based companies.
Keynote Address
Authors: Sands Philippe
Published: April 2018

Few groups are likely to assemble today that would better know the shortcomings of international law than this group which I am privileged to address. You are aware of the confusions, of the incompleteness, of the lack of ordinary sanctions, and of all that might be said in criticism of international law. Yet here you are, assembled in Washington, at no little personal inconvenience, to reiterate your inveterate belief that international law is an existing and indestructible reality and offers the only hopeful foundation for an organized community of nations. There is no paradox in this. Those who best know the deficiencies of international law are those who also know the diversity and permanence of its accomplishments and its indispensability to a world that plans to live in peace. I am happy to join you in what amounts to a timely and resolute confession of faith.
The Rise of Multistakeholder Partnerships
Authors: Berman Ayelet
Published: April 2018

In the past two decades, multistakeholder partnerships have been on the rise. With the perceived failure of intergovernmental organizations to get things done, the international system has turned toward partnerships. Allowing for collaboration with private actors, they are increasingly seen as the governance model du jour. They're praised for being democratically legitimate, thanks to their inclusion of a range of public and private stakeholders—most notably the inclusion of developing countries and civil society that had hitherto been excluded from international policy-making processes. My comments address three topics: (1) the rise of partnerships in context, (2) the reasons for their rise, and (3) challenges.
Women's Rights in Recent Inter-American Human Rights Jurisprudence
Authors: Duhaime Bernard
Published: April 2018

While certain aspects of women's rights had been addressed in earlier OAS instruments and more generally in the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and in the American Convention on Human Rights, many consider that the issue of women's rights was first incorporated in the normative corpus of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) with the 1994 adoption of the Belém do Pará Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women. This treaty obliges states to prevent, punish, and eradicate violence against women, taking special account of vulnerabilities due to race, ethnic background, migrant status, age, pregnancy, socioeconomic situation, etc. It defines the concept of violence against women and forces states to ensure that women live free of violence in the public and private sphere. It also grants the Commission and the Court the ability to process individual complaints regarding alleged violations of the treaty. Since 1994, the Commission has also established a Rapporteurship on the rights of women, which assists the IACHR in its thematic or country reports and visits, as well as in the processing of women's rights–related petitions. In recent years, the jurisprudence of the Commission and the Court has addressed several fundamental issues related to women's rights, in particular regarding violence against women, women's right to equality, and reproductive health.
Observations by Members of the Tribunal
Authors: Popova Ina
Published: April 2018

The first relates to the distinction between enforceability, strictly speaking, and compliance. On a formal level, a questionable decision on jurisdiction is not any less enforceable than a questionable decision on the merits. Accordingly, should we not be looking at the record of voluntary compliance by states with decisions they find questionable, and the reasons for that?
Remarks by Judge James Crawford
Authors: Crawford Judge James
Published: April 2018

A preliminary observation relates to the formalities of debating a question such as the present; in such a situation, the best way to win the debate is to interpret the motion such that you cannot lose. Those speaking for the motion have defined “expansive” as meaning undue or excessive, and no one would disagree with that proposition if that is the correct interpretation.
President Trump's Declaration of War Against Syria
Authors: Prakash Saikrishna Bangalore
Published: April 2018

President Donald J. Trump's first war seemed a short one. To many, it commenced on April 7, 2017 (local time) and, after fifty-nine cruise missiles struck, seemingly ended the same day. The president received good marks for the stunning strike against the Syrian air base, with many members of the foreign policy establishment applauding his attack as a means of punishing Bashar al-Assad's regime for its use of chemical weapons. Even some Obama administration veterans were full of praise for the president, apparently drawing a contrast between President Donald J. Trump's strike and President Barack Obama's unwillingness to enforce his chemical weapons “red line.”
Balancing Rights and Obligations of States and Investors: Is Reform Real or Imagined?
Authors: McRae Donald
Published: April 2018

In the last several years there has been a trajectory of negotiating more and more comprehensive trade and investment agreements—the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and perhaps the most comprehensive, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). But that trend may have come to a halt with the difficulties over CETA ratification, the apparent end of the TTIP, and the uncertain future of the TPP.
Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Harden-Davies Harriet
Published: April 2018

Marine science and technology have long been recognized as key issues to enable states to implement the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Scientific capacity development and technology transfer are cross-cutting issues in the development of a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under UNCLOS. The acquisition, exchange, and application of scientific knowledge are critical issues in the development of the ILBI.
Marine Genetic Resources, Including Sharing of Benefits
Authors: Horna Angel
Published: April 2018

If we look at the development of international law of the sea, an evolution that can be traced back to the emergence of the traditional law of the sea and its transition into its modern version (enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—UNCLOS), I would argue that we are now in the midst of another major moment in the codification and progressive development of international law of the sea, which—on this occasion—also includes the interrelationship between that legal regime and international environmental law, in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the CBD.
Valuing Diversity in All Forms in International Courts
Authors: Dawuni Josephine Jarpa
Published: April 2018

I would like to preface my commentary with two remarks. First, I commend ASIL, the International Courts and Tribunals Interest Group, and other co-sponsors for organizing this important roundtable on valuing women in international law. Second, I thank Nienke Grossman for inviting me to be part of this discussion to bring in the perspective of women from across the continent of Africa. This proves that Grossman's work on gender diversity recognizes intragroup diversity—that women are one, yet also different and bring different ingredients to the making of international law and international adjudication.
Introductory Remarks by Erika de Wet
Authors: de Wet Erika
Published: April 2018

In June 2014, the African Union adopted a treaty (referred to as the Malabo Protocol) that would establish the first regional court with jurisdiction over human rights, general matters, and criminal matters. Its substantive jurisdiction included international and transnational crimes, as well as corporate criminal liability. This development sparked a debate as to whether other regions (notably Latin America) should also adopt a regional criminal court to prosecute transnational organized crime in Latin America. Moreover, the adoption of the Malabo Protocol raised questions concerning the relationship between regional criminal courts, national (domestic) courts, and the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the enforcement of international criminal law.
Crafting a Successful International Mass Claims Commission
Authors: Giorgetti Chiara
Published: April 2018

Good morning. It is an honor to be here today. I would like to begin by thanking the chair of this panel, Professor Natalie Klein, and my copanelists: Professor Lea Brilmayer, John Crook, and Jeremy Sharpe.
Opening Remarks by Lucinda Low
Authors: Low Lucinda
Published: April 2018

Let me welcome you to this Hudson Medal lunch, one of our wonderful events that we do every year at this Annual Meeting. As you know, the Hudson Medal is the Society's highest honor. It's been conferred on many of the leading figures in international law, including Rosalyn Higgins, Tom Frank, Michael Reisman, Elihu Pauterpacht, John Jackson, Bruno Simma, and last year's recipient, Richard Bilder. I want to, at the outset, thank the Foley Hoag firm for its sponsorship of this event once more. I think this is your fourth year of sponsorship.
An evaluation of a common elements treatment approach for youth in Somali refugee camps
Authors: Murray L. K. , Hall B. J. , Dorsey S. , Ugueto A. M. , Puffer E. S. , Sim A. , Ismael A. , Bass J. , Akiba C. , Lucid L. , Harrison J. , Erikson A. , Bolton P. A.
Published: April 2018

Background.

This paper reports on: (1) an evaluation of a common elements treatment approach (CETA) developed for comorbid presentations of depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, and/or externalizing symptoms among children in three Somali refugee camps on the Ethiopian/Somali border, and (2) an evaluation of implementation factors from the perspective of staff, lay providers, and families who engaged in the intervention.

Methods.

This project was conducted in three refugee camps and utilized locally validated mental health instruments for internalizing, externalizing, and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Participants were recruited from either a validity study or from referrals from social workers within International Rescue Committee Programs. Lay providers delivered CETA to youth (CETA-Youth) and families, and symptoms were re-assessed post-treatment. Providers and families responded to a semi-structured interview to assess implementation factors.

Results.

Children who participated in the CETA-Youth open trial reported significant decreases in symptoms of internalizing (d  =  1.37), externalizing (d  =  0.85), and posttraumatic stress (d  =  1.71), and improvements in well-being (d  =  0.75). Caregivers also reported significant decreases in child symptoms. Qualitative results were positive toward the acceptability and appropriateness of treatment, and its feasibility.

Conclusions.

This project is the first to examine a common elements approach (CETA: defined as flexible delivery of elements, order, and dosing) with children and caregivers in a low-resource setting with delivery by lay providers. CETA-Youth may offer an effective treatment that is easier to implement and scale-up versus multiple focal interventions. A fullscale randomized clinical trial is warranted.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hematologic Malignancy Patients With Positive Clostridium difficile Toxin Immunoassay Versus Polymerase Chain Reaction Test Results
Authors: Ziegler Matthew , Landsburg Daniel , Pegues David , Alby Kevin , Gilmar Cheryl , Bink Kristen , Gorman Theresa , Moore Amy , Bonhomme Brittaney , Omorogbe Jacqueline , Tango Dana , Tolomeo Pam , Han Jennifer H.
Published: April 2018

In a cohort of inpatients with hematologic malignancy and positive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Clostridium difficile tests, we found that clinical characteristics and outcomes were similar between these groups. The method of testing is unlikely to predict infection in this population, and PCR-positive results should be treated with concern.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;863–866
DROUGHT AND FAMINE IN NORTHWEST CHINA: A LATE VICTORIAN TRAGEDY?
Authors: Janku Andrea
Published: April 2018

The North China Famine of 1876–1879 has received some attention recently, but little of this work has focused on the north-western province of Shaanxi. This imbalance is reflected in the local histories that devote far more space to the documentation and commemoration of the Hui rebellion than to the famine. This paper argues that the drought of those years and the ensuing famine is historically much more significant than this biased documentation would suggest, and that the rebellion can only be fully understood by paying attention to the environmental and social conditions in which it unfolded. Further, the paper engages with Mike Davis’s argument that portrays the famine in China as part of a ‘late-Victorian holocaust.’ While persuasive, his focus on outside forces is problematic as it ignores the history of the Qing Empire as an expanding force in itself and inadvertently reinforces the victimization narrative that dominates modern Chinese historiography.
Hydroelasticity and nonlinearity in the interaction between water waves and an elastic wall
Authors: Akrish Gal , Rabinovitch Oded , Agnon Yehuda
Published: April 2018

The present study investigates the role of hydroelasticity and nonlinearity in the fundamental problem of the interaction between non-breaking water waves and an elastic wall. To this end, two interaction scenarios are considered: the interaction of a rigid wall supported by springs and a pulse-type wave, and the interaction of an elastic deformable wall and an incident wave group. Both of these scenarios are numerically simulated in a computational domain representing a two-dimensional wave flume. The simplicity of the domain enables one to perform highly efficient simulations using the high-order spectral method (HOSM). Wave generation at the flume entrance and the wave–wall interaction at the flume end are simulated by means of the additional potential concept. In this way, the efficiency that characterizes the original HOSM is preserved for the present non-periodic problems. The investigation of the first scenario reveals the influence of the wall’s dynamical response on the hydrodynamic values. The results show that the maximum wave run-up and wave force are prominently fluctuating around the values corresponding to a fixed wall as a function of the wall’s eigenfrequency, revealing regions of relaxation and amplification. The second scenario studies the effect of the nonlinear evolution of the incident wave group. The high-order wave harmonics generated during the group evolution are found to be significant for predicting extreme hydrodynamic and structural values, and may result in resonant interactions in which hydroelasticity appears to play an important role.
POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS ALONG THE COAST OF YUCATAN FROM THE EARLY TO LATE CLASSIC: A VIEW FROM XCAMBO, MEXICO
Authors: Ortega-Muñoz Allan , Cucina Andrea , Tiesler Vera , Sierra-Sosa Thelma N.
Published: April 2018

We take an archaeodemographic approach and provide new insights into the population and demographic shifts of the prehispanic site of Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico. Located in the coastal marshlands, Xcambo functioned as a salt production locale, administration center, and port during the Early Classic (AD 250–550) and Late Classic (AD 550–750) periods. Sierra-Sosa extensively excavated the settlement, and more than 600 skeletons, representative of all age groups, were recovered. We apply growth simulation models that combine archaeo- and paleodemographic approaches. Our simulation specifically takes into account Wood's (1998) theorem. Results show that Xcambo grew slowly during the Early Classic, with estimated figures ranging from about 860 individuals at the onset of the period to some 1,073 at the end. During the Late Classic, populations ranged from about 1,103 to 1,728 people at its peak occupation (AD 625). Eventually population drastically declined due to out-migration. During this last stage, the settlement had to face the consequences of political and economic shifts in the area. Considered jointly, both approaches provide a new research venue, because their application documents the population profiles and growth of a typical Maya coastal site over its 500 years of occupation.
A New Approach to the Chronology of Caves 268/272/275 in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Combining Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeological Information within a Bayesian Statistical Framework
Authors: Guo Qinglin , Staff Richard A , Lu Chun , Liu Cheng , Dee Michael , Chen Ying , Pollard A Mark , Rawson Jessica , Su Bomin , Liu Ruiliang
Published: April 2018

The construction chronology of three of the earliest Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (Caves 268, 272, and 275) has been the subject of ongoing debate for over half a century. This chronology is a crucial topic in terms of further understanding of the establishment of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, early Buddhism in the Gansu corridor, and its relationship with Buddhism developed in the Central Plains. Building upon archaeological, art historical and radiocarbon (14C) dating studies, we integrate new 14C data with these previously published findings utilizing Bayesian statistical modeling to improve the chronological resolution of this issue. Thus, we determine that all three of these caves were constructed around AD 410–440, suggesting coeval rather than sequential construction.
Host-mediated RNAi of a Notch-like receptor gene inMeloidogyne incognitainduces nematode resistance
Authors: Kohli Deshika , Chidambaranathan Parameswaran , Prasanth Tej Kumar J. , Singh Ashish Kumar , Kumar Anil , Sirohi Anil , Subramaniam K. , Srinivasan Ramamurthy , Bharadvaja Navneeta , Jain Pradeep K.
Published: April 2018

GLP-1 (abnormal germline proliferation) is a Notch-like receptor protein that plays an essential role in pharyngeal development. In this study, an orthologue ofCaenorhabditis elegans glp-1was identified inMeloidogyne incognita. A computational analysis revealed that the orthologue contained almost all the domains present in theC. elegansgene: specifically, the LIN-12/Notch repeat, the ankyrin repeat, a transmembrane domain and different ligand-binding motifs were present in orthologue, but the epidermal growth factor-like motif was not observed. An expression analysis showed differential expression ofglp-1throughout the life cycle ofM. incognita, with relatively higher expression in the egg stage. To evaluate the silencing efficacy ofMi-glp-1, transgenicArabidopsisplants carrying double-stranded RNA constructs ofglp-1were generated, and infection of these plants withM. incognitaresulted in a 47–50% reduction in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses. Females obtained from the transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 40–60% reductions in the transcript levels of the targetedglp-1gene compared with females isolated from the control plants. Second-generation juveniles (J2s), which were descendants of the infected females from the transgenic lines, showed aberrant phenotypes. These J2s exhibited a significant decrease in the overall distance from the stylet to the metacorpus region, and this effect was accompanied by disruption around the metacorporeal bulb of the pharynx. The present study suggests a role for this gene in organ (pharynx) development during embryogenesis inM. incognitaand its potential use as a target in the management of nematode infestations in plants.
Identification of novel therapeutic candidates inCryptosporidium parvum: anin silicoapproach
Authors: Panda Chinmaya , Mahapatra Rajani Kanta
Published: April 2018

Unavailability of vaccines and effective drugs are primarily responsible for the growing menace of cryptosporidiosis. This study has incorporated a bioinformatics-based screening approach to explore potential vaccine candidates and novel drug targets inCryptosporidium parvumproteome. A systematic strategy was defined for comparative genomics, orthology with relatedCryptosporidiumspecies, prioritization parameters and MHC class I and II binding promiscuity. The approach reported cytoplasmic protein cgd7_1830, a signal peptide protein, as a novel drug target. SWISS-MODEL online server was used to generate the 3D model of the protein and was validated by PROCHECK. The model has been subjected toin silicodocking study with screened potent lead compounds from the ZINC database, PubChem and ChEMBL database using Flare software package of Cresset®. Furthermore, the approach reported protein cgd3_1400, as a vaccine candidate. The predicted B- and T-cell epitopes on the proposed vaccine candidate with highest scores were also subjected to docking study with MHC class I and II alleles using ClusPro web server. Results from this study could facilitate selection of proteins which could serve as drug targets and vaccine candidates to efficiently tackle the growing threat of cryptosporidiosis.
Being left-behind, mental disorder, and elderly suicide in rural China: a case–control psychological autopsy study
Authors: Zhou Liang , Wang Guojun , Jia Cunxian , Ma Zhenyu
Published: April 2018

Background

Suicide rate among rural elderly is the highest among all age groups in China, yet little is known about the suicide risks in this rapidly growing vulnerable population.

Methods

This matched case–control psychological autopsy study was conducted during June 2014 to September 2015. Consecutive samples of suicides aged 60 or above were identified in three provinces (Shandong, Hunan, and Guangxi) in China. Living comparisons were 1:1 matched with the suicides in age (±3 years old), gender, and living location. Risk factors included demographic characteristics, being left-behind, mental disorder, depressive symptoms, stressful life events, and social support.

Results

A total of 242 suicides and 242 comparisons were enrolled: 135 (55.8%) were male, mean (s.d.) age was 74 (8) years. The most frequently used suicide means were pesticides (125, 51.7%) and hanging (95, 39.3%). Independent risks of suicide included unstable marital status [odds ratio (OR) 4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61–10.92], unemployed (compared with employed, OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.09–17.95), depressive symptoms (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.21–1.48), and mental disorder (OR 6.28, 95% CI 1.75–22.54). Structural equation model indicated that the association between being left-behind and suicide was mediated by mental disorder, depressive symptoms, stressful life events, and social support.

Conclusions

Unstable marital status, unemployed, depressive symptoms, and mental disorder are independent risk factors for suicide in rural elderly. Being left-behind can elevate the suicide risk through increasing life stresses, depressive symptoms, mental disorder, and decreasing social support. Elderly suicide may be prevented by restricting pesticides, training rural physicians, treating mental disorders, mitigating life stress, and enhancing social connection.
A Performance between Wood and the World: Ludwig II of Bavaria's Queer Swans
Authors: Edgecomb Sean F.
Published: April 2018

In her 1964 essay “Notes on ‘Camp,’” Susan Sontag includes Tchaikovsky'sSwan Lake(1875–6) in a list that illustrates “random examples” from “the canon of Camp.” Though the ballet has become an integral part of the classical repertory for professional companies from Moscow to New York to Sydney as well as the inspiration for numerous figure skaters (most notoriously in Johnny Weir's outré and rhinestone-bedecked interpretation in 2006), it has, as suggested by Sontag, been creative afflatus for gay underground performers for more than a century. But what are the origins of the swan gone queer? As this article demonstrates, I suggest that one way to trace both the swan's queer genealogy and its continuity lies in the dramatic history and lived performance of the ill-fated Ludwig II (hereafter “Ludwig”) of Bavaria (1845–86)—the Swan King (Fig. 1). Tchaikovsky, after all, had been inspired by the dramatic story of the effete young king (and perhaps titillated by a shared closeted gay desire), who would become a prototype for the ballet's tragic hero, Prince Siegfried. In fact, dance scholar Peter Stoneley suggests that “Swan Lakeconfirms the virtual impossibility, in Tchaikovsky's [and Ludwig's] era, of accommodating homosexuality within wider society.” Ludwig's desire was expressed through a lens of his same-sex fantasies and their inspired artistic interpretations, most notably taking form in the construction of his neo-Romanesque, fairy-tale castle Neue Burg Hohenschwangau (more commonly known as NeuschwansteinorNew Swan on the Rock Castle, though it was not renamed until after Ludwig's death). Ludwig's queer positionality also arises from the theatrical way that he performed a highly aesthetic (though hardly effective) approach to monarchy with his swan-bedecked castle and its environs as a sort of metastage set. In this context, the swan may be read as an example of what Donna Haraway calls “a companion species,” or a personal animal symbol (real or mythical) that represents a variety of feelings that are otherwise difficult to express in the hegemonic context of a given time and place (like homosexuality in Roman Catholic Bavaria in the nineteenth century). Ludwig chose the swan (drawn from family heraldry but primarily envisioned in his own life through storybook-driven fantasy) as a means of alternative expression to that normally available to a man in his position and with his responsibilities, and also as a way to enact his forbidden desires.
Potentiality made workable – exploring logics of care in reablement for older people
Authors: NØRSKOV BØDKER MALENE
Published: April 2018

In the face of population ageing, Western health-care systems are currently demonstrating an immense interest in mobilising older people's potentials. With this agenda in mind, several countries have introduced reablement: a type of home care aimed at mobilising older people's potentials for independence by means of short-term training programmes. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Denmark's home care sector, this paper explores how elder-care professionals translate the abstract notion of ‘potentiality’ into practice. Theoretically, the paper draws on Annemarie Mol's term ‘logic of care’. I demonstrate that professionals draw on two co-existing logics of care: a logic of reablement encapsulating ideals of successful ageing and life-long development; and a logic of retirement, which in contrast allows people at the end of life to retreat and engage in enjoyable activities. Professionals manage to balance these logics in order to live up to policy obligations while at the same time complying with moral standards of good care. However, very little is achieved in terms of increased independence. I argue that by narrowly focusing on bodily and quantifiable potentials, the ‘potentiality paradigm’ holds the risk of deeming older people to lack potential. In conclusion, I therefore encourage a more inclusive approach to elder-care and ageing that recognises the complexities of ageing, including older people's potentials for retreat and leisure.
NONPARAMETRIC TWO-STEP SIEVE M ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Liao Zhipeng , Ridder Geert
Published: April 2018

This article studies two-step sieve M estimation of general semi/nonparametric models, where the second step involves sieve estimation of unknown functions that may use the nonparametric estimates from the first step as inputs, and the parameters of interest are functionals of unknown functions estimated in both steps. We establish the asymptotic normality of the plug-in two-step sieve M estimate of a functional that could be root-nestimable. The asymptotic variance may not have a closed form expression, but can be approximated by a sieve variance that characterizes the effect of the first-step estimation on the second-step estimates. We provide a simple consistent estimate of the sieve variance, thereby facilitating Wald type inferences based on the Gaussian approximation. The finite sample performance of the two-step estimator and the proposed inference procedure are investigated in a simulation study.