bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From rock‐boring organisms to tunnel boring machines: A new rock breaking technology by bioinspiration
Authors: Zheng Jing , Wu Zhixin , Nie Jiahui , Lei Lei , Zhou Zhongrong , Li Jianbin
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to achieve better understanding of associated mechanisms and to recommend and identify new strategies to develop new rock breaking technology for Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs). Tunnel Boring Machine tunnelling mainly depends upon the rock breakage caused by cutters moving on a rock surface in a rolling and sliding motion while under the action of thrust force. The rock breaking behaviour is controlled by the mechanical interaction between the cutters and the rock. Due to the high hardness and high abrasiveness of rock, the cutters have to work under very high thrust force and suffer heavy‐load‐impact and abrasive wear, causing serious wear and low rock breaking efficiency. Rock‐boring organisms exist in nature, which achieve drilling and/or tunnelling in rocks through a tribochemical interaction. This phenomenon is called bioerosion and the organisms are natural ‘TBMs’ to some degree. In this study, the interaction between TBM cutters and rock is presented, and current measures to improve cutter wear and rock breaking efficiency and their limitations are reported. Then, the connotation, mechanism and typical cases of bioerosion are presented. Finally, inspired by bioerosion, a new chemically assisted rock breaking technology is proposed for TBMs.
Sag‐tension evaluation of high‐temperature gap‐type conductor in operation
Authors: Bedialauneta Miren T. , Fernandez Elvira , Albizu Igor , Mazon A. Javier
Published: September 2021

Low‐sag conductors are characterised by their ability to operate above the “knee‐point temperature” (KPT). Sag‐tension performance must be calculated while designing a new overhead line. The ampacity limit of the conductor is influenced by the sag and the temperature of the conductor. The maximum sag must be limited to a certain value to ensure a safe clearance between the conductor and ground. In this study, a gap‐type conductor in operation was monitored to evaluate the actual KPT. The KPT in low‐sag conductors is a crucial factor since it affects the sag of the conductor, which must be limited for safety reasons. The KPT was detected based on the change in the coefficient of thermal expansion value of the conductor. To perform this detection, the conductor tension and temperature were monitored. This study proposes a procedure to estimate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value. The results showed a gradual displacement in CTE. This procedure was used to perform measurements in a pilot line.
Polarization loss analysis and ageing characterisation of transformer oil‐immersed insulation by using decoupled frequency domain spectroscopy
Authors: Fan Xianhao , Liu Jiefeng , Zhang Yiyi , Ding Zheshi , Wang Qingyin
Published: September 2021

The polarization information contained in the frequency‐domain spectroscopy (FDS) could be utilised for characterising the ageing degree of transformer oil‐immersed insulation. However, the polarization information will be obscured by its conductance effect, it is thus hard to analyse the polarization behaviour by using the traditional FDS technique. Given this issue, an alternative approach is proposed to analyse the polarization information using FDS decoupled by logarithmic‐derivative spectroscopy (LDS). Findings proved that the polarization loss information generated by polarization behaviour can be separated from the total dispersion loss. The proposed feature parameters are later used to analyse the polarization loss information under ageing impact. Also, the polarization loss surface is constructed by using these feature parameters to characterise the ageing degrees of oil‐immersed samples. Finally, the potential possibility of using the proposed method to analyse the polarization loss and ageing degree are respectively discussed.
A novel method for the detection of road intersections and traffic rules using big floating car data
Authors: Hu Rong , Xu Yong , Chen Hanlin , Zou Fumin
Published: September 2021

The information of road intersection and traffic rules plays an essential role in transportation system especially for people travelling to large, unfamiliar cites. Moreover, cities are growing fast and it is difficult to keep up with the changing frequency of road network information although road map is periodically updated to provide reliable information. In order to tackle this problem, an automatic method to detect road intersection and traffic rules using a floating car trajectory dataset is proposed. The turning trajectories using a newly proposed algorithm employing flexible spatial, temporal, and logical constraint rules were first extracted. Then a Two‐trajectory Intersect Angle‐based (TIA) method was proposed to locate the candidate points at road intersection. Finally the intersections (junctions) were detected using a cluster‐based technique. Furthermore, turning rules at road intersections were extracted automatically by clustering the angles both before and after making a turn. The effectiveness of our method was demonstrated using big floating car trajectory dataset collected in Fuzhou, China. Additional comparisons and analysis were also conducted to confirm identification results. Our findings showed that a total 333 at‐grade intersections were detected automatically with more than 94% in accuracy, and turning rules identification reached 85% in accuracy by manually comparing the results.
Geochemical and microbiological features of cryoconite, sampled from glaciers of the Central Caucasus region (Kabardino-Balkarian republic, Russia)
Authors: Abakumov Evgeny , Polyakov Vyacheslav , Kushnov Ivan , Tembotov Rustam
Published: September 2021

Determination of geochemical and microbiological properties of the cryoconite, related types of sediments and periglacial soils is essential to investigate impact of glaciers on terrains development at the Central Caucasus region. The studied sediments were sampled at the Garabashi and Skhelda glaciers as well as in vertical sections of local soils at the Baksan gorge. Sampled materials were investigated in terms of physicochemical parameters and nutritional state. The trace elements concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd) were also evaluated in samples selected. The data obtained shows much higher content of organic carbon in soils (up to 7.82%) in comparison with cryoconite (max. 1.63%) due to the effect of superficial vegetation cover, however, rates of microbial activity were similar between some samples of sediments and soils. The analysis of the particle size distribution shows a similarity of the studied materials: in almost all samples, there is a dominance of the sand fraction. Cryoconite sediments on both of the above-mentioned glaciers are found as enriched with phosphorus, essential values of potassium (298 mg/kg in K2O units) and ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4 - max. 247 mg*kg) are identified at Garabashi glacier which could be a result of long-distant transfer and anthropogenic activity. The highest content among trace elements was identified for Zn (62 mg*kg for cryoconite and 60.5 mg*kg for soils), the most contaminated materials were sediments from Garabashi glacier and Entisols, up to moderate level, which is mostly associated with anthropogenic activity. Thus, development of tourism in the Central Caucasus, which is mostly associated with construction and transport, affects the pollution status of supraglacial sediments and periglacial soils as well as their agrochemical and microbiological features.
Biological activity of mountain meadow subalpine soils of Central Caucasus
Authors: Gedgafova Fatima , Gorobtsova Olga , Uligova Tatyana , Tembotov Rustam , Khakunova Elena
Published: September 2021

Indicators of biological activity (humic content and stock, Cmic content and stock, hydrolytic and redox enzymes activity) were measured for the first time in the upper horizons of mountain meadow subalpine soils of Central Caucasus (elbrus altitudinal zonality in Kabardino-Balkaria). The comparative assessment was performed for the biological characteristics together with soil density and acid-base properties for soils of natural and pasture ecosystems. The integral index of ecological and biological soil state (IIEBSS) was calculated to estimate the level of changes in biological activity. It was shown that pasture degradation leads to 30% decrease of IIEBSS compared to the undisturbed soil. The defined biological parameters of natural undisturbed mountain meadow soils could be used as diagnostic indicators for the ecological studies of ecosystems under anthropogenic load.
Current diversity of small mammals of the “Sarykum Barkhans” of Dagestan Reserve
Authors: Gudova Marinat , Tembotova Fatimat , Emkuzheva Marita , Amshokova Albina , Kuchinova Ekaterina
Published: September 2021

We studied the species diversity and abundance of small terrestrial mammals in the spring and autumn period of 2016-2019 in four groups of habitats of the protected area “Sarykum barkhans” of the Dagestan Nature Reserve: barkhan, floodplain forest, ailant plantations, the territory of the cordon. During the study period, 10 species of terrestrial small mammals were recorded – E. roumanicus, C. suaveolens, C. leucodon, M. musculus, M. macedonicus, A. fulvipectus, C. migratorius, M. socialis, D. sagitta, D. nitedula. Apodemus and Mus mice are the dominant species in the studied area. Mice of Apodemus and M. macedonicus were registered for the first time in the territory of barchans. Indicator species of xerophilic ecosystems – C. migratorius, M. socialis, D. sagitta, were recorded locally, exclusively in the only biotope of barkhan. H. auritus, S. pygmaeus, A. major, M. arvalis, A. terrestris, R. norvegicus, M. tamariscinus, which were previously noted by several authors, were not registered (both traces of vital activity and animals themselves) in the studied area during the whole period of research (2016-2019). Seasonal and annual fluctuations of species diversity and abundance taking into account groups of biotopes and small mammal habitats were revealed.
New data on the monitoring of dangerous invasive insect species in Abkhazia
Authors: Roman Dbar , Mikhail Kiriya , Natali Romanova
Published: September 2021

The article presents the monitoring data of the three most dangerous invasive insect species in the territory of Abkhazia: palm borer Paysandisia archon (Burmeister), boxwood moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker), red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). All of them penetrated into Abkhazia in the period from 2014 to 2016 from the Russian Federation. The penetration of invasive species is accompanied by serious ecological and economic consequences. Pest populations show resilience and expansion of forage plant infestation zones. To control pest populations, regular pesticide treatments are required for Buxus colchica boxwood stands, as well as for all types of trees used in the green architecture of Abkhazian cities.
Analysis of social responsibility of mining companies in the international market
Authors: Kozyrieva Olena , Tkalenko Nataliia , Vyhovska Valentina , Pinchuk Alina
Published: September 2021

The article proves that the implementation of the principles and use of the tools of corporate social responsibility can increase the reputation of the corporation and its activity in the world market. The purpose of the article is to substantiate and determine the role of corporate social responsibility of the mining and metals companies in ensuring and improving their reputation in the world market. The article substantiates that the low level of corporate governance practice and insufficient part of social contribution to the companies negatively affect formation of corporate social responsibility of the corporations. The article analyzes the indicators of Corporate sustainability and Transparency for 2018-2019 according to the professional rating of the largest Ukrainian mining and metals companies, based on leading international practices. The analysis of indicators made it possible to identify the proportional dependence of the reputation of the corporation on the measures of corporate social responsibility that the latter implements. It is determined on the basis of the study that corporate social responsibility is an effective tool to increase the competitiveness of mining and metals companies.
Assessment of the environmental factor impact on health and economy of the coal region population
Authors: Nesterov Valery , Zonova Olga , Kudrevatykh Natalia , Sheveleva Oksana , Slesarenko Ekaterina
Published: September 2021

The anthropogenic impact of human activity has a significant influence not only on the incidence rate of the coal region, but also causes economic losses in the gross regional product. An important aspect of environmental diseases is the financial and economic losses that fall both on the state and the region, and directly on the citizens themselves. In the article, the assessment of the environmental factor impact on the coal region population health and economy is carried out by calculating the costs of treating diseases caused by unfavorable environmental conditions and determining the GRP losses associated with diseases and low life expectancy. At the same time, improving the quality of life of the population presupposes the conservation of a healthy human habitat, the preservation of human as a resource for the development of the region. In this regard, it is proposed to reduce the environmental load by implementing a concept aimed at improving regional environmental security by increasing investments in fixed assets related to environmental protection and rational use of natural resources; diversification of production by the transition mainly to manufacturing industries; increasing the environmental liability of managers of business entities, including through the action of compensatory mechanisms.
Ecological determinants of the development of coal mining enterprises in the russian federation
Authors: Grigashkina Svetlana , Verchagina Irina , Kolechkina Irina
Published: September 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the external aspects of the functioning of modern coal mining enterprises in Russia. Particular attention is paid to foreign economic issues and regional risks of the development of the organization associated with environmental activities. Trends in the development of international legal norms, which, on the one hand, are aimed at protecting sustainable environmental development, and on the other hand, may hinder international trade in hydrocarbons and fossil fuels, as well as their consumption, are considered as the main factors affecting coal mining companies. The issues of regional development of coal-mining regions in the light of solving environmental problems were also considered.
Mechanical properties and constitutive analyses of basalt fiber crumb rubber mortars in soft rock roadways
Authors: Wei-Guo Qiao , Pershin Vladimir , Jun-Ling Qin , Shuai Zhang
Published: September 2021

Uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves of several groups of basalt fiber crumb rubber mortars (BF-CRM) with different contents are tested. By comparing with the GZH model, the improved values of the parameters of the BF-CRM constitutive model based on the GZH model are obtained. Then, taking the supporting scheme of main substation of the mine as the background, using FLAC3D to simulate the roadway support, using BF-CRM to replace the ordinary mortars in the original support, and combining with the triaxial compression test of different confining pressure, the application effect of BF-CRM in roadways support is studied and analyzed.
Non-reloading coal transportation in the eastern inclined shaft of “Raspadskaya” mine
Authors: Yurchenko Vadim , Nesterov Valeriy
Published: September 2021

The planned increase in the mine output from 6.5 to 13.6 million tons per year has set the task of reconstructing a conveyor transport in the eastern inclined shaft of the Raspadskaya mine. The roadway length is 4100 m; the reduced inclination angle is +7°40´. An attempt was made to combine all the positive global practices in one project: the distribution of drive power along the length of a conveyor belt, minimizing the capital cost of implementation. Within the framework of this article, an approach to choosing the speed of a con-veyor belt is discussed, a comparative analysis of the two most com-mon types of intermediate “tripper-type” and “belt-to-belt” drives is given; calculation of a belt conveyor with intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives providing non-reloading conveying in the eastern inclined shaft. Pull force calculations showed that a conveyor belt with four interme-diate “belt-to-belt” drives can be implemented as follows: belt width – 1400 mm, belt speed – 4.0 m/s, mono-material load-carrying belt – PVG-4000, mono-material drive belt – PVG-1400, 2-pulley drive units when mounted on one side: head drive power – 2×1000 = 2000 kW, intermediate drive power – 2×1600 = 3200 kW. Thus, the use of a conveyor belt with four intermediate “belt-to-belt” drives in the in-clined shaft will give the following results: non-reloading transporta-tion over the entire length of the shaft, reducing the additional degra-dation of transported coal due to the exclusion of reloading points, minimizing costs through the use of less durable belts, minimizing costs of sinking an inclined shaft of a smaller cross-section.
On the possibility of wireless battery charging in a gaseous-and-dusty mine
Authors: Semykina Irina , Zavyalov Valery , Dubkov Evgeniy , Veliliaev Amet-Han
Published: September 2021

The article outlines wireless battery charging as a promising direction for electric vehicles. There is the question raised of this technology applicability in the gaseous-and-dusty mine, and for such systems, the method for ignition risk evaluation is described. It is shown that the only potential ignition source is the charging area between the coils of the wireless charger. The authors formulate the objectives for studying the electromagnetic field in the charging area and propose variants of the mathematical description for this field. The research stages are listed which are necessary to substantiate the parameters and operating modes of wireless chargers that are safe for operating in the conditions of the gaseous-and-dusty mine.
Physical, technological and technical characteristics of the blasted rock mass in terms of energy intensity of the processes
Authors: Panachev Ivan , Kuznetsov Ilya , Shirokolobova Anastasia
Published: September 2021

Kuzbass coal mines are equipped with powerful mining equipment; it is CME excavator type with bucket capacity from 4.6 m3 to 20 m3.To evaluate the efficiency of the excavation processes, a universal criterion was used – the value of specific energy consumption (kW h/m3). The dependences of excavator efficiency on the quality of rock blasting, estimated by the diameter of the average piece in the shot pile, are obtained. The relationship between the efficiency of excavators CME - 4.6, CME – 8, CME – 12.5, CME – 20, their energy intensity and the diameter of an average piece in the shot pile is determined.
Rational parameters of the transportless technological scheme for the development of strata with maximum permissible dip angle
Authors: Gvozdkova Tatiana , Koščova Manuela
Published: September 2021

In this article the rational value of overburden cut width and thickness of transportless overburden at mining of two dispersed flat seams IV-V and VI at Kureinsky section of Sibirginsky open pit mine are presented, which makes it possible to minimize the volume of rock re-excavation under the condition of the planned annual productivity of coal on the open pit and to ensure reduction of stripping costs. This task is complicated by the fact that the dip angle at the section is close to the limit on the condition of the possibility of spoiling of internal dump, and since the overburden rocks of the section are represented mainly by large-block sandstones on the clay cement and siltstones and their compressive strength is 60-80 MPa, then it is required to use a drilling and blasting method of their preparation for excavation. Under such conditions, optimizing the parameters of the transportless excavation scheme is of special importance for effective mining of the section.
Segregation of the bulk cargo on a belt conveyor under the vibro-pulse impact
Authors: Zakharov Alexander , Erofeeva Natalya
Published: September 2021

The dynamics of interaction of the large lumps of the bulk cargo with a conveyor belt while passing through roller supports of the conveyor linear sections is often a cause of damage on the conveyor belt. In order to reduce the negative impact it is proposed to isolate the conveyor belt surface from the large lumps by filling small fractions of the bulk cargo by means of adding a shock device to the conveyor structure that causes increased segregation of the bulk cargo. A mathematical model of the segregation of the bulk cargo located on the conveyor belt and in zone of impact of the shock pulses has been developed. The model considers a change in the rotation direction of the large lump when applying shock pulses to the characteristic points of the lump lower face. Herewith it takes into consideration weakening of the shock pulse by a layer of the bulk cargo small fractions. The presented model has received experimental confirmation. Analytically and experimentally the height of filling of the bulk cargo small fractions under a large lump when passing the vibrating impact device located on the conveyor belt has been determined.
Selection of automatic vertical drilling system for the fourth section in Shunbei 11 well, Tarim basin, China
Authors: Song Weiqiang , Chen Shaojie , Sun Weiguang , Zhang Junming , Ni Hongjian
Published: September 2021

Based on the introduction of the working principles of various automatic vertical drilling systems (VDS), the latter are divided into rotary push type and sliding push type. Then the technical advantages and applicable scope of various types of drilling tools are analysed. Combined with the latest domestic application progress and typical case analysis of the vertical drilling system, the future development direction of the vertical drilling technology is predicted. The results show that, the existing vertical drilling technology can better meet the technical needs of rapid drilling in the middle-deep sections with high steep angles. While the stability of wireless information transmission and wear resistance of the push pad still need further improvement. The new type of vertical drilling system that is miniaturized (suitable for small boreholes) and resistant to high temperature and high pressure is in urgent need to fill the gaps in the market segment. Domestic independent vertical drilling systems have made great progress, some even surpass foreign products in key indicators such as temperature resistance, in addition to achieving the technical goal of anti-inclination successfully. Finally, based on the engineering geological conditions of Shunbei 11 well, feasible vertical drilling tools were recommended and achieved engineering goal finally. The research results can provide support for the drilling company to optimize the vertical drilling system based on engineering-geological conditions.
Shifting emphasis in the educational paradigm of engineers training
Authors: Znikina Lyudmila , Sedykh Dina , Borovtsov Valery
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the issues of efficient shift of cultural accents in the engineers’ training concept in the context of educational environment internalization and expansion of cross-cultural professional contacts. The improvement of professional skills is considered through framing and formation of students’ basic skills of multicultural communication. It is to be regarded as a main factor of the training of the new generation engineers. The authors stress on the idea that the success of academic mobility and business communication in professional community is determined by the level of future specialists’ readiness to professional multicultural cooperation.
Simulation of energy evolution during deformation failure process of the layer-intact structure
Authors: Yan Tan , Yunliang Tan , Weiyao Guo , Renev Alexey , Zorkov Danil
Published: September 2021

To research the failure mechanism of the layer-crack structure of surrounding rock in deep mine roadway, the combination (Layer-Intact structure) of shallow layer-crack coal and deep complete coal was taken as the research object, and the mechanical behavior and energy evolution law of the Layer-Intact structure under uniaxial and biaxial compression were studied by numerical simulation with particle flow code (PFC2D). The results show that: (1) In the Layer-Intact structure, layer-crack specimen is destroyed prior to intact specimen; The degree of fragmentation increases with the increase of confining stress, and decreases with the increase of fissure number; (2) The confining stress and the fissure number have a significant impact on the basic mechanical parameters of the Layer-Intact structure. The peak stress of the structure increases first and then decreases with the increase in the confining stress, and decreases with the increase in the fissure number; (3) When fissure number is constant, the energy ratio of layer-crack specimen (strain energy stored in the layer-crack specimen to the the whole specimen) increases first and then decreases with the increase in confining stress, while the energy ratio of intact specimen (strain energy stored in the intact specimen to the whole specimen) decreases first and then increases. When the confining stress is constant, with the increase in the fissure number, energy storage capacity of the Layer-Intact structure is reduced, the energy ratio of layer-crack specimen decreases, while the energy ratio of intact specimen increases. The research can provide some reference for revealing the energy release for dynamic instability of layer-crack structure.
Sludge water stabilization treatment
Authors: Murko Elena , Murko Vasily , Kretchmann Jurgen
Published: September 2021

Technologically contaminated water, formed during processing of coal slurries, finds its application in modern technological cycles of coal enrichment. Limitation of use of untreated recycled water of coal concentration plants is caused by a high degree of its mineralization by various salts, presence of insoluble solid particles and presence of flotation reagents, coagulants and flocculants. Part of technical water purified from mineral and organic contaminants can be used in heating systems and heat exchange equipment of industrial enterprises, including the coal industry. For this purpose, it is necessary to reduce the scale-forming ability of service water (to reduce the content of soluble calcium and magnesium salts in water). One of the most effective and advanced methods is the stabilization treatment of water with an electric field. In addition, this method is environmentally safe, low-cost and simple. The article gives the foundation of the method of stabilization treatment of recycled water of concentrating plants by an electric field, a description of the methodology of the laboratory experiment for scaling reduction, and the analysis of the results.
Optical and structure properties of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films doped with Cesium
Authors: El-naggar A.M. , Mohamed Mohamed Bakr , Osman M.M. , Heiba Zein K. , Kamal A.M. , Aldhafiri A.M. , Alhamss Israa M. , Alanazi Anwar Q.
Published: September 2021

Methylammonium lead iodide doped with cesium (MA1–xCsxPbI3, x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1) thin films were prepared with and without chlorobenzene (CB). X-ray diffraction analysis applying the Rietveld refinement method is carried out, and the effect of Cs and CB on the lattice parameters, crystallite size, lattice microstrain, and dislocation density of the formed films is examined. SEM images with different magnifications are used to investigate the films' morphology and homogeneity. Adding CB reduced the number of pinholes and the grain size in the formed films. The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy technique was used to investigate the transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance spectra for Cs doped MAPbI3 with and without CB. In general, for Cs doped films, adding CB increases the film transmittance. The refractive index of 3% Cs doped film has the highest value among the films without CB. The optical bandgap, refractive index, and optical conductivity for films with CB are higher than those without CB for all doping Cs values. The influence of Cs doping and CB addition on the photoluminescence (PL) emitted spectra was studied using a PL set-up with a laser source of 532 nm.
A Novel Niederreiter-like cryptosystem based on the (u|u+υ)-construction codes
Authors: Mahdjoubi Roumaissa , Cayrel Pierre Louis , Akleylek Sedat , Kenza Guenda
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we present a new variant of the Niederreiter Public Key Encryption (PKE) scheme which is resistant against recent attacks. The security is based on the hardness of the Rank Syndrome Decoding (RSD) problem and it presents a (u|u+υ)-construction code using two different types of codes: Ideal Low Rank Parity Check (ILRPC) codes andλ-Gabidulin codes. The proposed encryption scheme benefits are a larger minimum distance, a new efficient decoding algorithm and a smaller ciphertext and public key size compared to the Loidreau’s variants and to its IND-CCA secure version.
Corrosion behaviour and corrosion mechanism of corundum block and mullite block in hearth of blast furnace
Authors: Yao Shun , Zhou Heng , Wu Shengli , Song Bo , Kou Mingyin
Published: September 2021

A ceramic cup is often used to prolong the hearth life of a blast furnace (BF). Corundum blocks and mullite blocks are two kinds of refractories widely used for building ceramic cups in China. Therefore, research on the corrosion resistance of these two kinds of refractories is beneficial to realize the BF longevity. In this study, the corrosion behaviours and corrosion mechanisms of molten slag and molten iron on corundum block and mullite block samples were investigated by corrosion tests. The results show that the slag corrosion resistance of corundum block was better than that of mullite block, and the corrosion mechanisms of molten slag on corundum block and mullite block were different. The aggregates fell from the matrix of the corundum sample when the matrix was corroded to a certain degree by slag, and the corrosion rate of slag on the corundum sample was controlled by the diffusive transport rate of a substance and the chemical reaction rate between slag and matrix. However, the aggregate and matrix of the mullite sample was corroded by slag at the same time, and the corrosion rate of slag on the mullite sample was controlled by the diffusive transport rate of Ca through the newly formed reaction layer. Moreover, the corundum block and mullite block had excellent iron corrosion resistance. The high temperature of molten iron led to an in situ reaction to generate a mullite phase in the corundum sample, and the high temperature affected the microstructure of the corundum block and mullite block.
Optimizing a bi-objective location-allocation-inventory problem in a dual-channel supply chain network with stochastic demands
Authors: Rezaei Aida , Shahedi Tina , Aghsami Amir , Jolai Fariborz , Feili Hamidreza
Published: September 2021

Integrating strategic and tactical decisions to location-allocation and green inventory planning by considering e-commerce features will pave the way for supply chain managers. Therefore, this study provides an effective framework for making decisions related to different levels of the dual-channel supply chain. We provide a bi-objective location-allocation-inventory optimization model to design a dual-channel, multi-level supply chain network. The main objectives of this study are to minimize total cost and environmental impacts while tactical and strategic decisions are integrated. Demand uncertainty is also addressed using stochastic modeling, and inventory procedure is the periodic review (S, R). We consider many features in inventory modeling that play a very important role, such as lead time, shortage, inflation, and quality of raw materials, to adapt the model to the real conditions. Since a dual-channel supply chain is becoming more important for sustainable economic development and resource recovery, we combine online and traditional sales channels to design a network. We generate five test problems and solve them by using the augmented ε-constraint method. Also, the Grasshopper optimization algorithm was applied to solve the model in a reasonable time for a large size problem. In order to provide managerial insights and investigate the sensitivity of variables and problem objectives with respect to parameters, sensitivity analysis was performed.
Liebe Leserinnen und Leser der Osteologie
Authors: Jakob Franz
Published: September 2021

Liebe Leserinnen und Leser der Osteologie,

Liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,

Mit dem vorliegenden Sonderheft zum Thema Epigenetik möchten wir Sie
zeitgemäß informieren über die Zusammenhänge
epigenetischer Regulations-Mechanismen mit dem muskuloskelettalen System, hier
weitestgehend fokussiert auf die Knochenbiologie und einige Erkrankungen des
Knochens, besonders die Osteoporose. Im nachfolgenden zweiten Editorial werde ich
gemeinsam mit Herr Prof. Eric Hesse dazu einige einleitende Worte an Sie
richten.
Über die Bedeutung der semiotischen Diagnostik für
die homöopathische Mittelfindung am Beispiel der Behandlung der
Kopfschmerzen
Authors: Ahlbrecht Jens
Published: September 2021

Der nachfolgende Beitrag liefert am Beispiel der Kopfschmerzen eine
Einführung in das semiotische Krankheitsverständnis der
zeichenbasierten Medizin des 19. Jahrhunderts und zeigt dessen
vielfältige Implikationen für das homöopathische
Fallverständnis und die Mittelfindung auf.
Extended Anticoagulant Treatment with Full- or Reduced-Dose Apixaban in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Rationale and Design of the API-CAT Study
Authors: Mahé Isabelle , Agnelli Giancarlo , Ay Cihan , Bamias Aristotelis , Becattini Cecilia , Carrier Marc , Chapelle Céline , Cohen Alexander T. , Girard Philippe , Huisman Menno V. , Klok Frederikus A. , López-Núñez Juan J. , Maraveyas Anthony , Mayeur Didier , Mir Olivier , Monreal Manuel , Righini Marc , Samama Charles M. , Syrigos Kostas , Szmit Sebastian , Torbicki Adam , Verhamme Peter , Vicaut Eric , Wang Tzu-Fei , Meyer Guy , Laporte Silvy
Published: September 2021

Cancer-associated thrombosis (CT) is associated with a high risk of recurrent venous thromboembolic (VTE) events that require extended anticoagulation in patients with active cancer, putting them at risk of bleeding. The aim of the API-CAT study (NCT03692065) is to assess whether a reduced-dose regimen of apixaban (2.5 mg twice daily [bid]) is noninferior to a full-dose regimen of apixaban (5 mg bid) for the prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with active cancer who have completed ≥6 months of anticoagulant therapy for a documented index event of proximal deep-vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. API-CAT is an international, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, noninferiority trial with blinded adjudication of outcome events. Consecutive patients are randomized to receive apixaban 2.5 or 5 mg bid for 12 months. The primary efficacy outcome is a composite of recurrent symptomatic or incidental VTE during the treatment period. The principal safety endpoint is clinically relevant bleeding, defined as a composite of major bleeding or nonmajor clinically relevant bleeding. Assuming a 12-month incidence of the primary outcome of 4% with apixaban and an upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval of the hazard ratio <2.0, 1,722 patients will be randomized, assuming an up to 10% loss in total patient-years (β = 80%; α one-sided = 0.025). This trial has the potential to demonstrate that a regimen of extended treatment for patients with CT beyond an initial 6 months, with a reduced apixaban dose, has an acceptable risk of recurrent VTE recurrence and decreases the risk of bleeding.
Evolution and Transformation of Uterine Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques and Outcomes
Authors: Escandón Joseph M. , Bustos Valeria P. , Santamaría Eric , Langstein Howard N. , Ciudad Pedro , Hernandez-Alejandro Roberto , Moore Richard G. , Leckenby Jonathan I. , Manrique Oscar J.
Published: September 2021

Background Uterine transplantation (UTx) is acknowledged to be on the second (2A) of five steps of development in accordance with the staging system for the evaluation of surgical innovations. Accordingly, we aimed to systematically review the available evidence of the surgical techniques and outcomes of UTx in terms of graft survival.

Methods A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed Medline, Cochrane-EBMR, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL through November 2020.

Results Forty studies, reporting 64 recipients and 64 donors, satisfied inclusion criteria. The surgical time and the estimated blood loss were 515 minutes and 679 mL for graft procurement via laparotomy, 210 minutes and 100 mL for laparoscopic-assisted graft harvest, and 660 minutes and 173 mL for robotic-assisted procedures, respectively. Urinary tract infections (n = 8) and injury to the urinary system (n = 6) were the most common donor complications. Using the donor's internal iliac system, two arterial anastomoses were performed in all cases. Venous outflow was accomplished through the uterine veins (UVs) in 13 cases, a combination of the UVs and the ovarian/uteroovarian veins (OVs/UOVs) in 36 cases, and solely through the OVs/UOVs in 13 cases. Ischemia time was 161 and 258 minutes when using living donors (LD) and deceased donors (DD), respectively. Forty-eight uteri were successfully transplanted or fulfilled the purpose of transplantation, 41 from LDs and 7 from DDs. Twenty-five and four live childbirths from LDs and DDs have been reported, respectively.

Conclusion UTx is still experimental. Further series are required to recommend specific surgical techniques that best yield a successful transplant and reduce complications for donors and recipients.
21.11.7 Chemoselective Ligation Methods Based on the Concept of Native Chemical Ligation
Authors: Malins L. R. , Payne R. J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter extends from the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution on peptide synthesis (Section 21.11) and focuses on recent developments in chemoselective ligation chemistry based on the logic of native chemical ligation. Synthetic strategies that broaden the scope and versatility of the ligation reaction and that have been widely adopted for the preparation of homogeneous peptides and proteins are highlighted. Methods enabling the efficient preparation of peptide ligation precursors are also included in this chapter.
Strides in zinc oxide nanostructures push state of the art in self-powered photodetectors
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: September 2021

Zinc oxide nanostructures show promise for smaller, more affordable photodetectors with increased efficiency.
Simulation based study of magnetic velocity induction system by using Analysis System Electromagnetics Suite
Authors: Wu Xiao , Akram Muhammad Sabeeh , Liu Fu-Sheng , Xu Quan-Yu , Yang Kai , Li Wei-Qi , Li Jun Jun , Ma Xiao-Juan
Published: September 2021

The magnetic velocity induction system (MAVIS) is commonly used for velocimetry in shock compression experiment. Due to some discrepancies, the variation in induced voltage amplitude is ambiguous, which makes the simulation of this experiment particularly significant. In this work, we have designed a MAVIS, which was used to determine the induced voltage amplitude and flyer velocity. We built a three-dimensional model of MAVIS and performed the simulations using the Analysis System Electromagnetics Suite. Additionally, we performed some experiments and compared the results of both studies on the basis of flyer thickness, radius, and velocity. It was established that the flyer velocity influenced the induced electromotive force (EMF) in the pick-up coils. The increase in flyer radius led to the increase in the induced EMF. The cut-off radius for flyers was also discussed in detail by computing the lowest induced EMFs at discrete flyer velocities and radii. Due to the eddy current loss, experimental data laid slightly lower than simulations. The simulation data have proved its accuracy within the experimental error range. Thus, it can be applied as an economical framework to calculate projectile velocity precisely, regardless of its geometry, and to estimate the trigger level of the oscilloscope before performing the experiments. In order to enhance the quality of induced voltage, we also proposed a new design consisting of three pick-up coils. This redesigned MAVIS contributed significantly in signal narrowing as well as controlled the loss in amplitude peaks that reduced the experimental uncertainty in flyer velocity <0.4%.
Bulk-sensitive spin-resolved resonant electron energy-loss spectroscopy (SR-rEELS): Observation of element- and spin-selective bulk plasmons
Authors: Kimura Shin-ichi , Kawabata Taishi , Matsumoto Hiroki , Ohta Yu , Yoshizumi Ayuki , Yoshida Yuto , Yamashita Takumi , Watanabe Hiroshi , Ohtsubo Yoshiyuki , Yamamoto Naoto , Jin Xiuguang
Published: September 2021

We have developed spin-resolved resonant electron energy-loss spectroscopy with the primary energy of 0.3–1.5 keV, which corresponds to the core excitations of 2p–3d absorption of transition metals and 3d–4f absorption of rare-earths, with the energy resolution of about 100 meV using a spin-polarized electron source as a GaAs/GaAsP strained superlattice photocathode. Element- and spin-selective carrier and valence plasmons can be observed using the resonance enhancement of core absorptions and electron spin polarization. Furthermore, bulk-sensitive electron energy-loss spectroscopy spectra can be obtained because the primary energy corresponds to the mean free path of 1–10 nm. The methodology is expected to provide us with novel information about elementary excitations by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy.
Trace width effects on electrical performance of screen-printed silver inks on elastomeric substrates under uniaxial stretch
Authors: Cahn G. , Pierron O. N. , Antoniou A.
Published: September 2021

This work investigates the origins of electrical performance degradation under uniaxial stretching of a silver filled polyurethane ink (DuPont PE 874) screen printed onto a thermoplastic polyurethane substrate. The ink develops surface ruptures at strains of only a few percent yet remains conductive through continued elongation. We identify increasing sensitivity to surface damage beyond 10% applied strain, ɛapp, as the trace width, w, is reduced from 2 to 0.1 mm. This lowers the threshold strain for open circuit failure, from approximately 180% for w = 2 mm down to 25% for w = 0.1 mm. The damage progression remains largely consistent across trace widths: surface cracks coalesce to form longer channels, which grow perpendicular to the direction of elongation. These channels both deepen and widen with increasing ɛapp and some become laterally linked. The evolution of the network of interlinked channels is not width dependent, but a width effect manifests as a result of the channels constituting a larger fraction of specimen width for narrower traces. In addition, the narrower traces exhibit reduced cross sections due to an edge taper—an artifact of the screen printing process—which attenuates ink thickness by as much as 50% for w = 0.1 mm.
Hybrid polarizable simulations of a conventional hydrophobic polyelectrolyte. Toward a theoretical tool for green science innovation
Authors: Masella Michel , Crudu Alina , Léonforté Fabien
Published: September 2021

Hybrid modeling approaches based on all-atom force fields to handle a solute and coarse-grained models to account for the solvent are promising numerical tools that can be used to understand the properties of large and multi-components solutions and thus to speed up the development of new industrial products that obey the standard of green and sustainable chemistry. Here, we discuss the ability of a full polarizable hybrid approach coupled to a standard molecular dynamics scheme to model the behavior in the aqueous phase and at infinite dilution conditions of a standard hydrophobic polyelectrolyte polymer whose charge is neutralized by explicit counterions. Beyond the standard picture of a polyelectrolyte behavior governed by an interplay between opposite intra-polyelectrolyte and inter-polyelectrolyte/counterion Coulombic effects, our simulations show the key role played by both intra-solute polarization effects and long range solute/solvent electrostatics to stabilize compact globular conformations of that polyelectrolyte. Our full polarizable hybrid modeling approach is thus a new theoretical tool well suited to be used in digital strategies for accelerating innovation for green science, for instance.
Modeling intense-electron-beam generated plasmas using a rigid-beam approximation
Authors: Richardson A. S. , Swanekamp S. B. , Isner N. D. , Hinshelwood D. D. , Mosher D. , Adamson P. E. , Rittersdorf I. M. , Petrova Tz. B. , Watkins D. J.
Published: September 2021

A model of an electron-beam–plasma system is introduced to model the electrical breakdown physics of low-pressure nitrogen irradiated by an intense pulsed electron beam. The rapidly rising beam current induces an electric field, which drives a return current in the plasma. The rigid-beam model is a reduction of the problem geometry to cylindrical coordinates and simplifications to Maxwell's equations that are driven by a prescribed electron beam current density. The model is convenient for comparing various reductions of the plasma dynamics and plasma chemistry while maintaining a good approximation to the overall magnitude of the beam-created electric field. The usefulness of this model is demonstrated by coupling the rigid-beam model to a fluid plasma model and a simplified nitrogen plasma chemistry. The dynamics of this coupled system are computed for a range of background gas pressures, and the results are compared with experimental measurements. At pressures 1 Torr and above, the simulated line-integrated electron densities are within a factor of two of measurements and show the same trend with pressure as observed in experiment.
Spot formation in three-dimensional Yukawa liquid
Authors: Kalita Suruj , Ganesh Rajaraman
Published: September 2021

Dynamics of a three-dimensional (3D) plane Couette flow (PCF), which subjected to a 3D finite amplitude particle velocity perturbation, is addressed using 3D “classical first principles” molecular dynamics simulation with screened Coulomb potential or a Yukawa potential as the inter-particle interaction. Such systems are often realized in complex plasmas and charged colloids. Parameters are chosen such that the system is a Yukawa liquid whose kinematic viscosity is a time-dependent function of the particle correlation strength Γ controlled by shear heating. This feature is found to facilitate a unique quench study of the Reynolds number Re as a function of time for fixed system size and fixed flow speed. For small cross-sectional aspect ratios ∼20, starting from Re ∼ 1211-717, a laminar 3D PCF initial condition is shown to become unstable to localized 3D finite amplitude perturbation for various increasing amplitude strengths, clearly demonstrating the formation of a turbulent spot. This spot is found to spread in time into the otherwise laminar regions, a signature of subcriticality or co-existence of laminar and turbulent regions in PCF in a 3D Yukawa liquid. It is shown unambiguously that the range of interaction of Yukawa potential determines the nature of spot formation and its dynamics. At long range, a qualitative similarity of our results to those found in turbulent spots of PCF in conventional hydrodynamics is discussed. Our findings may have ramifications for a wide range of physical systems that exhibit sub-critical transition to turbulence.