bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Metal Plating of Chip Carriers on Reliability of SMT Solder Joints under Thermal Cycling
Authors: Huang J.H. , Li H.Z.
Published: February 2008

An experimental set‐up and a simulated ceramic chip carrier to study SMT solder joint reliability under thermal cycling have been developed. The influence of metal plating of the chip carrier on the reliability of the SMT solder joints under thermal cycling has been studied statistically.
Use of Nitrogen in Reflow Soldering
Authors: Klein Wassink R.J. , Seegers M.C. , Verguld M.M.F.
Published: February 2008

Several effects of the atmosphere in the soldering oven on both the soldering process itself and the soldering results are discussed. Experiments have been undertaken to compare the results of soldering in air and in nitrogen containing 10,100 and 1000 ppm oxygen, in which, e.g., discolouration, wettability, solderability after reflow, solder bridging and solder‐ball formation were investigated. Unmounted FR‐4 testboards with both an RMA solder paste of known high quality and a low‐residue paste were used. Mounted test boards were used to analyse the self‐alignment of components and to compare the levels of soldering defects obtained in air and in nitrogen. The test results show that a nitrogen atmosphere containing 1000 ppm of oxygen or less is sufficiently pure to realise improved soldering conditions for most types of components. For the low‐residue paste tested, 1000 ppm is too high, but 100 ppm is sufficiently low. All effects on the soldering process will depend on the amount of oxygen in the gas. To produce an oven atmosphere of nitrogen with a very low amount of O2 (e.g., <100 ppm) is rather expensive, if this oven is to work under production conditions. Will the extra cost of investment and gas consumption be worthwhile in view of a better production yield and higher product quality? The authors explain why they do not believe this to be the case.
Metallurgical Evaluation of Steam Aged LCCC Devices following Solderability Testing
Authors: Dunn B.D.
Published: February 2008

Solderability testing, according to Military Standard 883, has evolved through four sets of different test conditions during the past ten years. These relate to the duration of artificial steam ageing and the utilisation of either mildly activated or pure rosin flux. The European Space Agency (ESA) has experienced few solderability problems with leadless ceramic chip carriers (LCCCs) supporting tin‐lead finished castellations. However, similar packages having gold on nickel plated finishes will only produce satisfactory solderability results when activated flux is applied to samples exposed to steam ageing for eight hours. A reason for poor solderability is given, based on an evaluation of test samples and metallography. It is concluded that tin‐lead finished devices should be subjected to eight hours of steam ageing followed by solderability testing with pure rosin flux. An ESA prerequisite for soldering is that all gold finishes must be removed, possibly with the aid of RA type fluxes. For this reason it is recommended that RA flux is permitted (when necessary) during the standard solderability test.
Creep of 96.5Sn3.5Ag Solder Interconnects
Authors: Lau J.H.
Published: February 2008

An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moment, twisting moment and axial force. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts which relate the variables, interconnect geometry, solder material properties, axial force, bending moment, twisting moment, bending stress, shearing stress, curvature rate and twist rate are also provided for engineering practice convenience. The constitutive relationship of the 96.5Sn3.5Ag solder interconnects is described by the Garofalo‐Arrhenius steady‐state creep equation.
Study of the Corrosivity of Solder Pastes
Authors: Guinet J. , Lambert X. , Bono D.
Published: February 2008

The corrosive power of solder pastes is studied by implementing a new method compatible with the common rules of use. The entire methodology is fully described. The results show evidence of corrosion with some solder pastes that have been identified by microscopic and EDX analysis. The corrosion mechanism is ‘mouse bite’ and conductive anodic filaments. A ranking of the different solder pastes tested is given and pass criteria for this new method of evaluation are proposed.
Process Modelling Maps for Solder Paste Printing
Authors: Ekere N.N. , Lo E.K. , Mannan S.H.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a technique for mapping the modelling of manufacturing processes, in which process maps are used to represent information on the models and modelling technique (including assumptions used), process and equipment parameters, physical sub‐processes, process variables, and the process performance in terms of quality and/or defects. The mapping approach uses the top‐down methodology, in which any manufacturing process can be represented in a structured, multi‐layered manner, with each layer representing a different level of the modelling spectrum. This structure is designed to provide a clear overview of the process and sub‐processes, and their interactions, while the finer details of the modelling process are still presented at the lower levels of the map. This mapping approach is illustrated with the modelling of the Printing of Solder Paste for the reflow soldering of SMT devices. This case study shows how the mapping process can be used to identify the key research issues, specify the experimental work required, and also identify the analytical modelling techniques which are appropriate for each process (and sub‐process).
Effect of Solder Reflow Process Variables on the Solder Wettability of Lead Free Solder Alloys
Authors: Melton C.
Published: February 2008

A quantitative dynamic solder wettability measurement was used to evaluate the effects of reflow processing on the wettability parameters associated with two non‐lead bearing solders, 96.5% Sn/3.5% Ag and 58% Bi/42% Sn. An experimental design approach employing full factorial experiments was formulated to investigate the solder wetting dependence of the reflow parameters: atmosphere, peak reflow temperature, time above liquidus and metallisation. Solder wettability was determined with respect to the final degree of spread and the extent of solder wetting onto the lands of surface mount components. The solder alloy composition of 96.5% Sn/3.5% Ag was found to exhibit better wetting characteristics than the 58% Bi/42% Sn alloy. This wetting behaviour was enhanced under the reflow conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere and the use of a gold metallisation. The wetting of the conventional 63% Sn/37% Pb solder alloy was improved over the comparatively processed 58% Bi/42% Sn alloy. However, the 63% Sn/37% Pb solder alloy displayed a greater sensitivity to reflow atmosphere than the 96.5% Sn/3.5% Ag alloy, which generally exhibited better wetting characteristics than the Sn/Pb alloy.
SMART group news
Authors: Fenner Michael
Published: February 2008

Greatest…. largest…. highest…. best…. are some of the words that spring to mind when thinking of this year's SMART tour to Nepcon West. We have become used to smooth running SMART events, and although a number of members contributed in no small measure to the success of the tour, special mention has to be made of the effort put in by Tony Gordon to ensure a successful trip.
A view from‘down under’
Authors: HUNT DIANNE
Published: February 2008

Some of you may be surprised to learn of some of the inventions originating from Australian endeavours — the black box flight recorder, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, over‐the‐horizon radar, combine harvester and the all important ‘esky’ cooler, to name but a few. However, in the 1980s the Australian electronics industry found itself in somewhat of a knowledge vacuum when it came to surface mount technology. The introduction of this technology and its advancement were happening overseas and it was taking some time for the information to get down under for Australian designers and manufacturers to apply this new enabling technology.
Technology overview from the president of the surface mount technology association
Authors: INPYN BRUCE
Published: February 2008

While at Surface Mount International in August of 1994, I remember seeing hundreds and hundreds of people intently interested in and focused on the content of the presentations at the technical conference part of the event. A fair number of people on the show floor were also intently focused on the technologies and services that the exhibitors had available. Mixtures of business negotiations and technical discussions permeated the booths and the aisles throughout the exhibition centre. What's the big deal? Technology!
Modelling of Solder Joint Geometry for Quality and Reliability
Authors: Whalley D.C. , Conway P.P. , Sarvar F. , Williams D.J.
Published: February 2008

The final geometry of the solder joints in surface mount technology (SMT) assemblies is dependant upon the design rules, the materials and the manufacturing processes used. An understanding of these dependencies should allow the design of assemblies that have satisfactory thermal fatigue strength, while minimising the probability of process defects such as shorts and opens. This paper presents preliminary results from the use of a computational modelling tool, the Surface Evolver, in the simulation of the formation and geometry of solder joints and in the understanding of solder wetting phenomena. The paper also identifies other application areas for Evolver relevant to SMT.
Industry news
Authors: Griesfeller K.
Published: February 2008

Quad Europe Ltd has announced the appointment of two Regional Sales Managers in the UK, Ashley Dakin and Ross Fraser who become responsible for sales of ‘Quadline’ in the South and North of the UK respectively. Ashley joins Quad Europe from Automation Ltd while Ross comes from TDK.
Pitfalls and Opportunities in the Use of Extreme Value Theory in Risk Management
Authors: Diebold Francis X. , Schuermann Til , Stroughair John D.
Published: February 2008

Extreme value theory (EVT) holds promise for advancing the assessment and management of extreme financial risks. Recent literature suggests that the application of EVT generally results in more precise estimates of extreme quantiles and tail probabilities of financial asset returns. This article assesses EVT from the perspective of financial risk management. The authors believe that the recent optimism regarding EVT may be appropriate but exaggerated, and that much of its potential remains latent. They support their claim by describing various pitfalls associated with the current use of EVT techniques, and illustrate how these can be avoided. In conclusion, the article defines several specific research directions that may further the practical and effective application of EVT to risk management.
Toward a Better Estimation of Wrong‐Way Credit Exposure
Authors: FINGER CHRISTOPHER C.
Published: February 2008

In counterparty credit risk management for swaps, forwards, and other derivative contracts, it is recognized that most common applications of credit exposure measurement suffer from the bias that counterparty default is independent of the amount of exposure. Stress tests are often proposed to compensate for this bias, but these measures tend to be arbitrary and cannot be uniformly applied to setting prices and limits as readily as more standardized approaches. The author proposes a framework in which standard measures of counterparty exposure are conditioned on default probabilities. These conditional measures thus account for “rong way” exposures, but fit naturally into current applications.
On the Basis Risk of Industry Loss Warranties
Authors: ZENG LIXIN
Published: February 2008

Industry loss index‐based risk transfer and management instruments such as the industry loss warranty (ILW) and other catastrophe insurance derivative products have proliferated in recent years. This article introduces an alternative measure of the ILW basis risk, specifically the conditional probability that the ILW policy does not pay out, given an actual loss sustained by the policyholder that exceeds some critical level. The author also discusses the effectiveness of upwardly oriented basis risk in reducing loss volatility. After introducing guidelines for choosing between an ILW and traditional reinsurance, the article concludes that a properly structured ILW can be an effective and innovative instrument for a large insurer or reinsurer to manage the severity and volatility of catastrophe losses, but not necessarily, for a medium‐sized or small (re)insurer. Although this article focuses on ILWs, the general methodology and conclusions presented are applicable to other index‐based risk transfer products.
Installment Options and Static Hedging
Authors: DAVIS MARK H.A. , SCHACHERMAYER WALTER , TOMPKINS ROBERT G.
Published: February 2008

This article discusses static hedges for installment options, which are finding broad application in cases where the option‐buyer may reduce up‐front premium costs via early termination of an option. An installment option is a European option in which the premium, instead of being paid up front, is paid in a series of installments. If all installments are paid, the holder receives the exercise value, but the holder has the right terminate payments on any payment date, in which case the option lapses with no further payments on either side. The authors summarize pricing and risk management concepts for these options, in particular, using static hedges to obtain both no‐arbitrage pricing bounds and very effective hedging strategies with almost no vega risk.
Quantifying Event Risk: The Next Convergence
Authors: CESKE ROBERT , HERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ V. , SÁNCHEZ LUIS M.
Published: February 2008

Operational or event risk is not a new phenomenon for financial services companies. However, its measurement, as part of integrated risk management programs, has been the subject of recent focus. Property and casualty insurers have measured components of this risk class as part of the pricing and underwriting process. Although all financial services firms are exposed to direct and indirect (e.g., reputational) costs of operational risk events, few financial services firms actually measure “operational risk.” This article explores ways in which this may be done in practice.
Towards an Industry Manpower Strategy
Authors: Moss Alan
Published: February 2008

This paper considers the following issues for developing an industry manpower strategy: an idea of the national system that exists for implementing a manpower strategy, the main questions arising from the strategy, and a definition of manpower planning; from this, the information and analysis techniques used to identify the strategy are derived. The first application produces a manpower picture of the foundry industry. For company manpower planning the paper describes a manpower model of a company, and how the relationship between the activity and employment patterns of foundries was investigated. The industry findings are verified by company manpower planning investigations using the same information and techniques. The conclusions discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of using this approach.
Manpower Planning: The Need for a Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Fyfe John
Published: February 2008

This contribution concentrates on developments within a number of the more highly industrialised countries purely because the author's own experiences have largely been confined to such countries. The subject matter arouses considerable interest these days from all quarters—politicians, administrators, employers, employees and academics alike. This interest is exemplified by the fact that many countries have in recent months or years promoted employment and manpower issues to the fore in their own planning and policy objectives. It is not always easy to ascertain just how much priority is being afforded to employment objectives, e.g. in economic and political decisions within countries: it is even more difficult, often because of the lack of labour market evidence, to assess the impact of policies in employment terms.
A Systematic Framework for Quality of Working Life Studies
Authors: Pettman Barrie O. , Newton Keith , Leckie Norman
Published: February 2008

If the Quality of Working Life (QWL) is to become a distinct “school” then, it is argued, it should possess all the attributes of a school, in particular, vocabulary, concepts and methodology. The very importance of problems in contemporary society would suggest that the realisation of these attributes is an urgent task. It is argued that what appears to be needed is an integrated theoretical framework, and to this end a socio‐economic systems approach serves as the main focus of this contribution.
Manpower and Skill Implications of Technical Change in the Engineering Industry
Authors: Senker Peter
Published: February 2008

Three serious threats face the level of employment in the UK economy: declining international competitiveness; the manpower implications of technical change; and demographic factors outside the scope of this article. Preliminary findings of a research programme at the Scienee Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, are presented in this contribution. The research was designed to improve understanding of relationships between success in international competition, technical change and patterns of manpower and skill deployment in the UK engineering industry.
Mapping Managerial Styles
Authors: Margerison Charles , Lewis Ralph
Published: February 2008

We wish to produce a new way in which managers can look at how they manage themselves and their team. We have called the approach Mapping Managerial Styles because it is possible for each person to assess their own approach to work and look at how it compares with other people's. This is particularly important for every manager.
An Assessment of Manpower and Educational Planning in Turkey: Shifting from Long‐Range Forecasting to Employment Policy
Authors: Mehmet Ozay
Published: February 2008

After the restoration of Turkish parliamentary democracy in 1961, Turkey adopted the path of development by planning to be coordinated by the newly created State Planning Organisation (SPO). Manpower and educational planning were given top priority and longrange forecasting became an important task of SPO's Social Planning Department (SPD). Some 20 years later, the same institutional organisation and the original preoccupation with longrange manpower forecasting is maintained, despite the fact that this period has seen a rapid technological, structural and industrial transformation of the economy and the emergence of an acute problem of unemployment. While manpower planning is focused on future labour market conditions, there is virtually no employment policy designed to accelerate productive employment creation in the short and medium runs.
Collective Bargaining and Strikes: An Exit‐Voice Analysis
Authors: Enderwick Peter
Published: February 2008

Reactions to dissatisfaction in the employment situation take disparate forms. Despite the efforts of several branches of the social sciences little progress has been made in understanding the phenomenon of industrial conflict. An adequate theory of conflict should be capable of explaining at least the following three crucial aspects. The first concerns the sources of conflict — more specifically, the extent to which conflict should be seen as an endemic or a latent feature of the employment relationship. The second concerns the mode of grievance expression adopted, in particular, whether the various modes represent alternative or complementary forms. In addition, there is the problem of clearly delineating the probable effectiveness and costs of alternative expressive forms under various conditions. Thirdly, there is a need to address the supposed problem of explaining the rationality of acts of industrial protest.
Employment Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany: Lessons to be Learned
Authors: Schmid Günther
Published: February 2008

After the war German trade unions were reconstructed
along broad industry lines with limited degrees of overlap
(mainly in the areas of white collar employment and the
public services). While industry‐wide collective bargaining
usually takes place at the regional level, wage demands, industrial
actions, and wage settlements are firmly controlled
by the national union headquarters.
Japanese Management and British Workers
Authors: White Michael
Published: February 2008

The achievements of Japanese industry are customarily described as “miraculous”. Much of the credit for industrial growth is usually given to Japanese workers. A doubt is sometimes expressed about the ability of Japanese managements to succeed in manufacturing in overseas countries where such a workforce is lacking. In order to develop its economic base further, and to utilise its highly qualified management cadres, it is essential for Japan to invest increasingly in overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The capacity of Japanese companies to manage indigenous workforces will be critical for the success of this stage of development.
The Need for an Employment Insurance System in the US: The Japanese Lesson
Authors: Hosni D.
Published: February 2008

Unemployment Insurance (UI) is a valuable social programme designed to provide support for millions of unemployed workers. The interest in UI has already generated a large stock of theoretical and empirical studies. Because UI is a keystone programme to the solution of unemployment — a critical national problem — it justifies subjecting it to continuous analysis to adapt it to present day economic conditions.
Trade Unions and Productivity: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Sullivan T.
Published: February 2008

This article has four parts. First, we outline the main determinants of productivity and examine some evidence on the relative importance of the factors involved. Secondly, we outline the “conventional” wisdom on the influence of trade unions and generate several hypotheses on the possible effects of trade unions on a number of economic variables. Thirdly, by an appeal to a wide range of literature, we seek to test these hypotheses but with particular reference to the influence of trade unions on productivity. Fourthly, we indicate that in terms of policy on productivity‐raising measures the conventional wisdom is wanting and there is a need for an alternative theory upon which to base policies for the implementation of change.
British Quality Circles in Operation — Some Facts and Figures
Authors: Dale B.G.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents the results of a state of the art postal questionnaire survey from 132 manufacturing companies based in the UK. Also outlined are the trends in the profile of quality circle programmes of some 40 companies over a period of around 12 months. The main trends include circle leadership passing from supervision to a member of the shop floor workforce, an increase in the number of circles selecting quality as a project theme and a decrease in the circle meeting frequency. From the findings it is clear that some middle managers feel threatened by quality circle activities. A list of reasons for this is given along with suggestions to reverse such attitudes. It is also pointed out that a number of companies are still trying to short‐circuit the factors that are important in quality circle programme success.
The Perception of Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity and Organisational Commitment: Differences Between Sexes
Authors: La Van Helen , Banner David K.
Published: February 2008

The determination of an employee's commitment to their organisation has many important managerial implications. Lack of commitment seems to be involved in high costs and poor service. Salancik Steers and Schein suggest that commitment is a useful indicator of organisational effectiveness as well as a key variable in shaping employee attitudes. There is evidence that organisational commitment is a better predictor of employee turnover than job satisfaction. Moreover, committed employees may perform better than uncommitted ones.
The Margerison‐McCann Team Management Resource — Theory and Applications
Authors: Margerison Charles , McCann Dick , Davies Rod
Published: February 2008

Why is Team Management Important? Success or failure in business is a result of whether people work together effectively in teams. Some organisations have a very good record in teamwork. These include companies like Shell, Citibank, Hewlett‐Packard, IBM as well as smaller organisations. When we look at the performance of the major Japanese companies over the last 30 years we again can see the amazing results of effective teamwork. Names like Sony, Hitachi, Toyota, Nissan, NEC, Honda and others have swept to world leadership in their industries. We can only conclude they are doing something very effectively.
Managing Professionals in Organisations
Authors: Segal‐Horn Susan
Published: February 2008

An extensive literature has been devoted to defining and analysing the unique qualities of professional occupations. Professionals are usually thought of, both by themselves and the general public, as independent practitioners working in private practice and therefore following different patterns of work and different values or standards from those of people employed by organisations.
Economic Estimates of Capital and Disaggregated Labour in Northern Europe, 1953–85
Authors: Apostolakis Bobby E.
Published: February 2008

The literature is full of studies of production functions with capital and labour aggregate indices, mainly for the economies or manufacturing industries of the USA and Canada. Traditional Cobb‐Douglas and CES specifications treated aggregate labour on the assumption that heterogeneous labour categories were highly substitutable. Berndt and Christensen proposed that a consistent aggregate of diverse labour exists if certain Allen‐Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution (AUES, denoted σij, i, j = factor inputs) are equal.
LABOUR TURNOVER IN UK MANUFACTURING 1949–86
Authors: Bradley Edmund H. , Wabe J. Stuart
Published: February 2008

Introduction The level of turnover in UK manufacturing, measured as the percentage of both leavers and starters over a four‐week period, was first collected in August 1948. Since this date, the level of quits and accessions has been published for Minimum List Headings (MLHs) and all manufacturing on a quarterly basis. This has proved to be a valuable data source for cross‐section analysis but, perhaps surprisingly, it does not appear to have been fully exploited for time‐series analysis. For example, it was used by Curran (1981) for an inter‐industry study of male turnover across 89 MLHs in 1972. Shorey (1980) analyses male quitting in 1968 across 49 MLHs, and extends this to cover both male and female turnover in Shorey (1983). A subsequent article in this journal will consider male and female quitting in 1968, but will present an improved model of turnover which is estimated across all 104 MLHs.
USING DEMOCRATIC SIMILARITY IN HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING TO BUILD A COMMITTED WORKFORCE
Authors: Templer Andrew J. , Schwartz Robert H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction There is little doubt that organisations wishing to survive in the increasingly competitive environment of the 1990s must have a clear plan for their acquisition and utilisation of human resources. The various activities carried out by the personnel function, such as selection, recruitment, development and assessment have a far greater impact on organisational excellence if they are part of a thought‐out human resources plan, rather than piecemeal, and perhaps disconnected outputs of the personnel department. Because of the realisation of the need for integrated planning, human resources planning (HRP) has become increasingly well accepted, but there is still a large gap between theory and practice in HRP. There is considerable lip‐service to the need for sophisticated HRP, but many practitioners continue to use simple HRP techniques and less frequently use the more powerful techniques that are available. This may be a function of the gap between theory and practice as practitioners are likely to prefer to work with the techniques that they understand and which they control, rather than having to make use of what they see as “sophisticated” planning models which typically require the help of a head office planning or computer department.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND LABOUR SUPPLY
Authors: Holcombe Randall G. , Caudill Steven B.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The response of aggregate labour supply to changes in the real wage has been a question of interest to economists for some time. For example, the notion of a backward‐bending supply curve for labour is commonly known, though not universally accepted. The question is of more than academic interest; it has direct relevance to tax policy, because an income tax in effect lowers the real wage, which is then likely to cause people to substitute out of work into leisure. This article evaluates the aggregate labour supply curve from within a household production framework and finds that, under plausible circumstances, the aggregate labour supply curve is likely to be very inelastic. (The model here actually considers only a subset of the long‐run aggregate supply of labour. Long‐run questions of fertility are not addressed here, nor is the labour force participation rate, which might vary in the short run in response to a change in the real wage. This article considers only the work effort of someone who is already in the labour force.) For a case derived below, the aggregate labour supply curve is always perfectly inelastic, meaning that for proportional changes in the tax structure, the quantity of labour supplied will not be a function of the tax rate. (Gwartney and Stroup[1] give a good overview of the traditional arguments along with their own argument that an income tax increase must reduce work effort).
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE BLACK/WHITE UNEMPLOYMENT DIFFERENTIAL: 1950–1980
Authors: Holcombe Lora P.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The civilian unemployment rate for the United States in 1950 was 4.25 per cent and had risen to 6.65 per cent by 1980. Although this number provides an average unemployment rate for the civilian labour force, it conceals the fact that there are large differences in unemployment rates for various demographic subgroups within the labour force. For example, in 1950 the unemployment rate for whites was 3.07 per cent whereas the rate for blacks was 6.24 per cent. Similarly, by 1980 the unemployment rate for blacks was 9.82 per cent, compared with only 4.74 per cent for whites.
MALE AND FEMALE TURNOVER WITHIN UK MANUFACTURING
Authors: Bradley Edmund H. , Wabe J. Stuart
Published: February 2008

This is a cross‐section study of the inter‐industry variation in male and female turnover in UK manufacturing in 1968, this date being constrained by the availability of appropriate data for use in the statistical analysis. The number of discharges over four weeks, expressed as a percentage of the number employed at the beginning of the period, is published by Minimum List Headings (MLH) on a quarterly basis. The annual rate of turnover was estimated by taking an average of the quarterly observations and multiplying by 13. This shows a wide variation between MLHs. In 1968, the annual male turnover rate was lowest at 8.5 per cent in Mineral Oil Refining (262) and highest at 77 per cent in Jute (415). Similarly the female rate ranged from 12.4 per cent in Mineral Oil Refining to 81.9 per cent in Fruit and Vegetable Products (218). Moreover, the frequency distribution presented in Table I suggests that turnover was an apparently serious problem. About one‐third of the MLHs had an annual rate of male turnover of between 30 and 40 per cent, while in nine branches of manufacturing the rate of leaving exceeded 50 per cent. The male turnover rate across all manufacturing was 29.9 per cent. Turnover is clearly greater among females. Seven in every ten MLHs had a female rate in excess of 40 per cent, and the average for all manufacturing was 48.1 per cent.
ATTRACTING AND KEEPING THE BEST PEOPLE
Authors: Wake Derek
Published: February 2008

Competition for the cream of the graduates increases by leaps and bounds every year. Consequently, the more innovative top managers are looking at all aspects of their offers to potential employees. One of the most significant benefits a company can give its future executives is the quality of training and experience they receive.
Personnel Planning to Deal with AIDS in the Workplace
Authors: Kohl John P. , Miller Alan N.
Published: February 2008

Introduction In September 1991, the Centers for Disease Control reported that, since AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was first diagnosed in 1981, 195,718 active cases have been reported in the United States, with 126,159 of these resulting in death. Health agencies estimate that as many as 1.5 million Americans are already infected with the HIV (AIDS‐causing) virus, and that as many as 250,000 to 300,000 active cases will occur in the US. The World Health Organization estimates that about 10 million people worldwide are now infected with the HIV virus.
The Future for Working Women
Authors: Gillian Shephard Rt Hon.
Published: February 2008

I wish to address here the issue of the future for working women. I believe it is a bright future — brighter than ever before. It is a future of opportunity.
Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of a multi‐component alcohol use preventive intervention for urban youth: Project Northland Chicago
Authors: Komro Kelli A. , Perry Cheryl L. , Veblen‐Mortenson Sara , Farbakhsh Kian , Toomey Traci L. , Stigler Melissa H. , Jones‐Webb Rhonda , Kugler Kari C. , Pasch Keryn E. , Williams Carolyn L.
Published: February 2008

Aims  The goal of this group‐randomized trial was to test the effectiveness of an adapted alcohol use preventive intervention for urban, low‐income and multi‐ethnic settings.

Design and setting  Sixty‐one public schools in Chicago were recruited to participate, were grouped into neighborhood study units and assigned randomly to intervention or ‘delayed program’ control condition.

Participants  The study sample (n = 5812 students) was primarily African American, Hispanic and low‐income.

Intervention  Students, beginning in sixth grade (age 12 years), received 3 years of intervention strategies (curricula, family interventions, youth‐led community service projects, community organizing).

Measurements  Students participated in yearly classroom‐based surveys to measure their alcohol use and related risk and protective factors. Additional evaluation components included a parent survey, a community leader survey and alcohol purchase attempts.

Findings  Overall, the intervention, compared with a control condition receiving ‘prevention as usual’, was not effective in reducing alcohol use, drug use or any hypothesized mediating variables (i.e. related risk and protective factors). There was a non‐significant trend (P = 0.066) that suggested the ability to purchase alcohol by young‐appearing buyers was reduced in the intervention communities compared to the control communities, but this could be due to chance. Secondary outcome analyses to assess the effects of each intervention component indicated that the home‐based programs were associated with reduced alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use combined (P = 0.01), with alcohol use alone approaching statistical significance (P = 0.06).

Conclusions  Study results indicate the importance of conducting evaluations of previously validated programs in contexts that differ from the original study sample. Also, the findings highlight the need for further research with urban, low‐income adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds to identify effective methods to prevent and reduce alcohol use.
Meta‐analysis of depression and substance use and impairment among intravenous drug users (IDUs)
Authors: Conner Kenneth R. , Pinquart Martin , Duberstein Paul R.
Published: February 2008

Aims  To evaluate, among intravenous drug users (IDUs), the hypothesized positive association of depression with substance‐related behaviors including concurrent drug use and impairment, future drug use and impairment, alcohol use and impairment, needle sharing and substance use treatment participation, and to identify moderators of these associations.

Design  Meta‐analysis of reports on IDUs published in English in peer‐reviewed journals since 1986 that contained data on depression and substance use outcome(s) with no restrictions on range of depression scores to select the sample.

Setting  Fifty‐five reports containing 55 samples met criteria, including 42 (76%) samples from clinical venues and 13 (24%) that were community‐based.

Participants  Mean age was 34.3 (standard deviation = 4.5) years, comprising approximately 68% men and 43% white, non‐Hispanic subjects.

Measurements  Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) and other validated scales or diagnostic interviews. The Addiction Severity Index was the most frequently used measure of substance‐related outcomes.

Findings  A priori hypotheses pertaining to depression and the substance‐related variables were supported, with the exception of the predicted association of depression and future drug use and impairment. Effect sizes were small. Moderating effects of gender were identified, including greater associations of depression with substance use treatment participation and needle sharing among women and a greater association of depression with future drug use and impairment among men. Effect sizes of moderators were large.

Conclusions  Depression is associated with several substance‐related behaviors, and select associations are stronger according to gender. Prospective associations of depression with future drug use and impairment are not immediately evident, but could be examined in subsequent research.
Drug abuse in Vietnam: a critical review of the literature and implications for future research
Authors: Nguyen Van T. , Scannapieco Maria
Published: February 2008

Aims  To provide an overall picture of drug abuse in Vietnam, its prevalence, correlates and patterns.

Methods  Studies addressing the drug abuse problem in Vietnam are reviewed. Attention is paid to studies conducted from 1993 onwards. The reviewed studies were collected from both refereed and non‐refereed sources.

Results  Drug abuse is rising sharply in Vietnam: almost threefold over the past 10 years. From a predominantly rural‐mountainous phenomenon, illicit drug abuse spread rapidly to urban areas. Meanwhile, the average age of drug users has declined and more women have been engaging in drug consumption. At the same time, heroin has replaced opium as the most preferred drug in the country's illicit drug market, especially among young users in urban areas. At the national level, the second main route of drug administration, injecting, has exceeded smoking and taken precedence in the country's drug abuse culture, especially among heroin users.

Conclusion  Drug abuse in Vietnam has changed radically over the past decade, which has implications for the national and international community and requires further research to fill the knowledge gap and to inform intervention policy for better drug control policy.
Geometric modelling of fades migration: theoretical development of f acies successions and local unconformities
Authors: Cant Douglas J.
Published: February 2008

Geometric analysis shows that the angle of migration of coastal sedimentary facies is a function of the relative sea‐level change and the thickness of sediment deposited or eroded. The angle of facies migration compared to the slopes on the sediment surface determines the degree of facies preservation and stratigraphic relationships to the surrounding facies.

Vertical facies successions generated by radial migration of environments show a great deal of variety because the sediment surface in both marine and non‐marine areas is concave‐up. Both regressive and transgressive sequences with non‐erosive marine‐nonmarine contacts can be generated. Transgression at a slightly lower angle can form a ravinement surface cut on non‐marine deposits with onlapping barrier sands or shallow marine deposits. Regression with relative sea‐level drop generates a minor erosion surface with baselapping isolated shoreline deposits. Disequilibrium conditions occur when sea level varies at a rate exceeding the ability of the system to supply or redistribute sediment, with resulting changes in surficial slopes.

Onlapping and downlapping stratal relationships across erosion surfaces result because of differences in slopes between marine and non‐marine environments. These discontinuities are generally less than one degree, but could possibly be recognized on high quality multichannel seismic lines. Most of these discontinuities are probably not regionally extensive enough to be regarded as sequence boundaries. Tectonic tilting or differential subsidence of strata during depositional hiatuses is necessary to generate true regional unconformities or sequence boundaries.

Where facies climb with respect to horizontal, erosion surfaces produced only by this migration may cut across lithostratigraphic units at higher angles, up to 3 or 4 degrees. Low‐angle erosion surfaces relevant to the scales of sequence stratigraphic studies may result only from facies migration, even during a period of relative sea‐level rise.
Long‐term Callovian–Oxfordian sea‐level changes and sedimentation in the Iberian carbonate platform (Jurassic, Spain): possible eustatic implications
Authors: Ramajo Javier , Aurell Marc
Published: February 2008

Facies analysis across the carbonate platform developed during the Callovian–Oxfordian in the northern Iberian basin (Jurassic, Northeast Spain) is used to characterize successive stages of sedimentary evolution, including palaeoenvironmental reconstructions showing the distribution of a wide spectrum of facies, from ferruginous oolitic, peloidal, spongiolithic to intraclastic. The studied successions consist of two long‐term transgressive–regressive cycles bounded by a major unconformity with a major gap, comprising at least the upper Lamberti (Callovian) and Mariae (Oxfordian) Zones. Major transgressive peaks of these two cycles occurred at the end of the Early Callovian (late Gracilis Zone) and at the end of the Middle Oxfordian. The Callovian and Oxfordian successions were further divided into three and seven higher frequency cycles, respectively. The modelling of two sections (i.e. Ricla and Tosos) located 40 km apart in the more subsident open platform areas, allows the reconstruction of two curves showing a similar evolution of long‐term sea‐level changes that are in theory eustatic, though subject to uncertainties derived form the assumptions required for their construction. The changes affecting the northern Iberian basin seem to reflect nearly homogeneous subsidence (rates around 2 cm kyr−1) combined with possible eustatic changes including an Early Callovian rise, a fall at the middle Callovian–earliest Oxfordian (i.e. the Anceps–Mariae Zones), with average long‐term rates around 2 cm kyr−1 (total fall of 40–60 m), a period of lowstand at the Early–Middle Oxfordian transition and a long‐term rise at the Middle–Late Oxfordian transition (Transversarium and Bifurcatus Zones). Facies distribution across the Iberian platform indicates a progressive Middle–Late Callovian relative sea‐level fall rather than a rapid relative sea‐level fall at the end of the Callovian. After this falling episode, the progressive onlap over the swell areas during the Early Oxfordian and at the beginning of the Middle Oxfordian indicates a period of accommodation gain, which is explained by the combined effects of continuous subsidence across the platform and reduced sedimentation rates in spite of the possible eustatic lowstand. Eustatic lowstand, combined with other factors (ocean water circulation, volcanism) could help to explain the loss of carbonate production during the latest Callovian–Early Oxfordian, previous to the widespread eustatic rise and warning recorded at the onset of the Transversarium Zone (Middle Oxfordian).
U–Pb zircon and 40Ar–39Ar K‐feldspar dating of syn‐sedimentary volcanism of the Neoproterozoic Maricá Formation: constraining the age of foreland basin inception and inversion in the Camaquã Basin of southern Brazil
Authors: Borba André W. , Mizusaki Ana Maria P. , Santos João Orestes S. , McNaughton Neal J. , Onoe Artur T. , Hartmann Léo A.
Published: February 2008

New U–Pb zircon and 40Ar–39Ar K‐feldspar data are presented for syn‐sedimentary volcanogenic rocks from the Neoproterozoic Maricá Formation, located in the southern Brazilian shield. Seven (of nine) U–Pb sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe analyses of zircons from pyroclastic cobbles yield an age of 630.2±3.4 Ma (2σ), interpreted as the age of syn‐sedimentary volcanism, and thus of the deposition itself. This result indicates that the Maricá Formation was deposited during the main collisional phase (640–620 Ma) of the Brasiliano II orogenic system, probably as a forebulge or back‐bulge, craton‐derived foreland succession. Thus, this unit is possibly correlative of younger portions of the Porongos, Brusque, Passo Feio, Abapã (Itaiacoca) and Lavalleja (Fuente del Puma) metamorphic complexes. Well‐defined, step‐heating 40Ar–39Ar K‐feldspar plateau ages obtained from volcanogenic beds and pyroclastic cobbles of the lower and upper successions of the Maricá Formation yielded 507.3±1.8 Ma and 506.7±1.4 Ma (2σ), respectively. These data are interpreted to reflect total isotopic resetting during deep burial and thermal effects related to magmatic events. Late Middle Cambrian cooling below ca. 200 °C, probably related to uplift, is tentatively associated with intraplate effects of the Rio Doce and/or Pampean orogenies (Brasiliano III system). In the southern Brazilian shield, these intraplate stresses are possibly related to the dominantly extensional opening of a rift or a pull‐apart basin, where sedimentary rocks of the Camaquã Group (Santa Bárbara and Guaritas Formations) accumulated.