bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal
Authors: Wembo Ndeo Oscar , Hauffe Torsten , Delicado Diana , Kankonda Busanga Alidor , Albrecht Christian
Published: May 2017

Rapids, falls, and cascades might act as barriers for freshwater species, determining the species community up- and downstream of barriers. However, they affect community composition not only by acting as barriers but also by their influence on environmental gradients. Moreover, the directional dispersal of species along the watercourse might determine community composition. A suitable system to study these differential effects is the Congo River, the world’s second largest river by discharge. The small ‘Upper Congo Rapids’ ecoregion features several rapids known as barrier for fishes. The Wagenia Cataracts at the town of Kisangani constitute the strongest drop of the Congo River and several studies have emphasized its role as barrier for fish distribution. Alternative explanations for this pattern, however, are rarely evaluated. Though mollusks represent a vital component of the macrozoobenthos, with distribution patterns and underlying drivers often distinct from that of fishes, virtually no field surveys of the Congo River have been reported for decades. We collected and determined mollusks of 51 stations, recorded environmental conditions, and generated proxies for directional species dispersal and an indirect barrier effect. Those variables were subjected to distance-based redundancy analyses and variation partitioning in order to test whether the mollusk community compositions are better explained by an individual or combined influence of the direct and indirect effect of the cataract barrier, environmental conditions, and downstream-directed dispersal. Our survey showed an exclusive upstream/downstream distribution for just four out of the 19 species, suggesting a limited barrier effect. We revealed no direct influence of the barrier itself on community composition but of substrate type. However, we found an indirect effect of the barrier through replacing spatially structured communities upstream of the cataract with more uniform ones downstream. Downstream‑directed dispersal explained the highest fraction of variation in mollusk communities. Thus, environmental factors, the indirect cataract effect, and downstream-directed spatial proxies model mollusk community composition in concert. These results support previous studies showing a multi-factorial imprint on communities. However, a large fraction of variation community composition remained unexplained, potentially due to flood plain dynamics that (re-)shape mollusk communities constantly and a high temporal turnover, evidenced by the comparison with historical surveys. This is likely caused by the growth of Kisangani and resulting human activities. A monitoring system could allow better assessments of these impacts on communities and the conservation status of endemic species in the Wagenia Cataracts.
Afghanistan: Military Occupation and Ethnocracy
Authors: Goodman James , Razi Wahid
Published: May 2017

The 2001 invasion and subsequent occupation consolidated ethnicity as a

political force in Afghanistan. Inter-ethnic elite bargaining instituted an ethnocratic oligarchy, grounded in the occupation. Against this, everyday politics in Afghanistan has centred on social clientelism, founded on kinship networks rather than ethnicity. At the same time, formal political structures, expressed in the 2004 Constitution, are grounded in Islam and nationalist statehood rather than ethnicity. In recent years sharp disjunctures have emerged between ethnic elites and would-be constituents, creating some electoral fluidity and ethnic de-alignment. The paper addresses the relationship between occupation and ethnocracy in Afghanistan. It takes an historical perspective on the present, debating contending foundations for political solidarity and identification in the country.
Relationship Structure, Relationship Texture: Case Studies in Non/Monogamies Research
Authors: Kean Jessica Joan
Published: May 2017

This article develops case studies from qualitative interviews with people in negotiated non-monogamous relationships to ask what discursive or practical factors besides non/monogamy might play a role in assessments of a relationship’s structure or worth. Beginning with an auto-ethnographic reflection on the way the ‘significance’ was recognised and misrecognised in one polyamorous ‘thrupple’, I introduce three case studies of people in negotiated non-monogamous relationships in order to bring a cultural studies method of the particular to the study of intimacy. For the individuals in these case studies, the practice and experience of non/monogamy is inextricably linked to the ideas and practices surrounding gender, sexuality, sex work, friendship, HIV status and ability. Sketching a middle path between the romantic’s dream of love as a state of exception or exemption from the social and the theorist’s map of the patterned effects of hetero- and mono-normativities, this article attends to the contingency, flexibility and incoherence which so often underpins the sense we make of relationships, even as that sense is shaped by the practices, ideals and institutions of intimacy, love and friendship.
Out of Birmingham: Towards a More Peripatetic Cultural Studies
Authors: Highmore Ben
Published: May 2017

This piece of writing is an experiment in digressive and peripatetic cultural studies that follows a thought path around the city of Birmingham in England. Instead of constructing an argument it tries to perform a mode of enquiry that could be sensitive to the 'simultaneous non-synchroncity' of culture, and could craft a form of writing adequate to history's torn and crumpled state. It doesn't try to claim preferential treatment for such a practice, merely a marginal place for such a practice within cultural studies.
How to Represent a Fish?
Authors: Probyn Elspeth
Published: May 2017

This article canvasses a broad range of fish representations across several disciplines. It asks what cultural studies can learn from scientific representation of fish, and argues that in turn cultural studies can be a nuanced understanding of the work of images. The objective of the article is to open debate about fish and their sustainability beyond discrete disciplines and/or ideologies. This, it is argued, is crucial if we are to go beyond a simplified cultural politics of fish.
Continuous measurements of nitrous oxide isotopomers during
incubation experiments
Authors: Winther Malte , Balslev-Harder David , Christensen Søren , Priemé Anders , Elberling Bo , Crosson Eric , Blunier Thomas
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important and strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. It is produced by microbes during nitrification and denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The main sinks for N2O are turnover by denitrification and photolysis and photo-oxidation in the stratosphere. In the linear N = N = O molecule 15N substitution is possible in two distinct positions, central and terminal. The respective molecules, 14N15N16O and 15N14N16O, are called isotopomers. It has been demonstrated that N2O produced by nitrifying or denitrifying microbes exhibits a different relative abundance of the isotopomers. Therefore, measurements of the site preference (difference in the abundance of the two isotopomers) in N2O can be used to determine the source of N2O i.e. nitrification or denitrification. Recent instrument development allows for continuous position dependent δ15N measurements at N2O concentrations relevant for studies of atmospheric chemistry. We present results from continuous incubation experiments with denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens (producing and reducing N2O) and Pseudomonas chlororaphis (only producing N2O). The continuous analysis of N2O isotopomers reveal the transient pattern (KNO3 to N2O and N2, respectively). We find bulk isotopic fractionation of −5.01 ‰ ± 1.20 for P. chlororaphis, in line with previous results for production from denitrification. For P. fluorescens, the bulk isotopic fractionation during production of N2O is −52.21 ‰ ± 9.28 and 8.77 ‰ ± 4.49 during N2O reduction. The SP isotopic fractionation for P. chlororaphis is −3.42 ‰ ± 1.69. For P. fluorescens, the calculations result in SP isotopic fractionation values of 5.73 ‰ ± 5.26 during production of N2O and 2.41 ‰ ± 3.04 during reduction of N2O. We interpret the slightly increased isotopic fractionation during reduction to diffusive isotopic fractionation and a difference in active enzymes during production of N2O. In summary, we implemented continuous measurements of N2O isotopomers during incubation of denitrifying bacteria and believe that similar experiments will lead to a better understanding of denitrifying bacteria and N2O turnover in soils and sediments and ultimately hands-on knowledge on the biotic mechanisms behind greenhouse gas exchange of the globe.
Evolución de la cooperación entre las pequeñas empresas en el sector del calzado como respuesta a las cadenas globales de valor y a la reducción de costes
Authors: González Alvarado Tania Elena , González Fernández Sara
Published: May 2017

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los vínculos de cooperación que las empresas de menor tamaño productoras de calzado establecen como respuesta a las cadenas globales de valor y a la presión para la reducción de costes. Para ello, se analizan los datos estadísticos generados por los gobiernos, así como, los datos obtenidos de 81 empresas participantes en el programa Al-Invest. El principal resultado es que la cooperación permite sostener el desarrollo local y la generación de valor desde el núcleo familiar. La conclusión es que la internacionalización de las empresas tiene impacto positivo en la localidad cuando el mecanismo de cooperación se mantiene, aún en economías de baja renta y con obstáculos para la innovación tecnológica.
Las relaciones entre los valores y principios cooperativos y los principios de la normativa cooperativa
Authors: Moreno Fontela Juan Luis
Published: May 2017

Este trabajo propone un marco conceptual para entender las relaciones entre valores y principios cooperativos, por un lado, y también entre estos y los principios jurídicos de la normativa cooperativa. La Declaración Sobre la Identidad Cooperativa permite vislumbrar la postura de la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional sobre los valores. Los valores que proclama son valores éticos concebidos desde una postura utilitarista en la que los principios cooperativos son guías de conducta para la consecución de tales valores. Estos valores y principios éticos se relacionan con la normativa cooperativa a través de los principios jurídicos. Cuando son reconocidos en normas, los principios cooperativos generan principios jurídicos explícitos. Cuando son reconocidos por jueces, se reconocen como principios jurídicos implícitos. Sin embargo, ambas categorías presentan ciertos problemas de interpretación y alcance de sus mandatos que los diferencian de los principios cooperativos contemplados desde el plano ético.
Fronted NPs in a verb-initial language – clause-internal or external? Prosodic cues to the rescue!
Authors: Simard Candide , Wegener Claudia
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates prosodic features of fronted constituents in the verb-initial Oceanic language Gela (spoken by about 16.000 people in Solomon Islands). Although Gela’s basic constituent order is verb-(object-)subject/predicate-subject, constituents can appear in front of the verbal predicate. Fronted constituents in Gela can be interpreted as pre-clausal (i.e. external to the following clause, immediately preceding it) or clause-initial (i.e. clause-internal, at the very beginning of the clause), each of which can be associated with certain information structure categories of topics and focus. This paper discusses how prosody provides clues towards the interpretation of fronted constituents as pre-clausal or clause-initial, based on a quantitative study of their prosodic correlates. We argue for using prosodic criteria established on clear examples to help analyse ambiguous cases. The results are compatible with an approach that recognises the importance of prosody in syntactic analysis and contribute data from a little known language to the discussion to what degree prosodic and syntactic phrasing are aligned.This article is part of the special collection: Prosody and Constituent Structure
Down the wrong road – a case report of inadvertent nasogastric tube insertion leading to lung laceration and important pearls to avoid complications
Authors: Mohiuddin Syed Adnan , Al Kaabi Saad , Butt Tarik , Yakoob Rafie , Khanna Maneesh
Published: May 2017

Nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a common procedure performed by residents and nursing staff to access the stomach. Although an apparently simple procedure, it is associated with technical difficulties and complications if proper care is not taken during insertion. We present a case of a 79-year-old female with multiple comorbidities who had a percutaneous enteral gastrostomy tube removed due to infection of an insertion site wound and a NGT was inserted for feeding. A few minutes post-insertion the patient developed shortness of breath and a drop in oxygen saturation. An immediate chest X-ray showed the NG tube traversing along the course of the trachea and the right main bronchus into the right upper abdomen with right-sided pneumothorax. The NG tube was immediately removed and a right chest drain inserted. Subsequent imaging showed right-sided pneumothorax with evidence of lung laceration and underlying lung collapse and diaphragmatic injury. The patient underwent a prolonged course of hospitalisation due to hospital-acquired pneumonia before being discharged upon clinical improvement. We highlight the fact that a simple and routine procedure such as NGT insertion can have devastating complications if due care is not taken. Along with a literature review, we provide and compare different methods to confirm correct placement of a NGT. The article also discusses important pearls for practising physicians and nursing staff to avoid such complications. Owing to the frequency of the procedure in hospitals and long-term care units, appropriate awareness among medical staff is necessary.
Rare isolated primary peritoneal hydatid cysts: A case report from Syria
Authors: Almasri Bashar , Albitar Lina
Published: May 2017

Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus is endemic in many regions of the world. The major primary site for the disease in adults is the liver and the secondary site are the lungs. Secondary peritoneal cysts are relatively common and expected to occur after rupture of the primary hepatic hydatid cyst. Primary peritoneal hydatid cyst disease without any other organ involvement has been previously reported, and yet it is still considered rare even in endemic areas. A case of a large primary peritoneal hydatid multicystic lesion without other organ involvement in a 25-year-old girl seen at the gastrointestinal outpatient clinic in the University of Kalamoon Medical City is presented and discussed. The disease was very extensive but surgical intervention was refused due to the patient being a young unmarried female. The patient was treated and observed over a period of ten months. She responded very well to medical treatment with albendazole. The case emphasizes the importance of hydatid disease being included in the differential diagnosis of any cyst in the abdominal cavity for patients living or coming from an area of endemic hydatid disease even without liver or lung involvement. This also goes to show that it can respond to medical treatment, which becomes even more valuable in conditions where surgical intervention might not be an option.
Prevalence of blood-borne viral infections among autopsy cases in Jordan
Authors: Bakri Faris G. , Al-Abdallat Imad M. , Ababneh Nidaa , Al Ali Rayyan , Idhair Ahmed K.F. , Mahafzah Azmi
Published: May 2017

Background:Morgues are high risk areas for the spread of infection from cadavers to staff during the post-mortem examination. Infection can spread from corpses to workers by airborne transmission, by direct contact, or through needle and sharp object injuries.Objective:Knowledge about the prevalence of these infections on autopsy is essential to determine the risk of transmission and to further enforce safety measures.Methods:This is a descriptive study. All autopsies performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine at Jordan University Hospital during the study period were tested for the serology of human immunodeficiency, hepatitis B and C viruses. Positive tests were confirmed by nucleic acid testing.Results:A total of 242 autopsies were tested. Age ranged from 3 days to 94 years (median 75.5 years, mean 45.3 years (21.9 ±  SD)). There were 172 (71%) males. The cause of death was considered natural in 137 (56.6%) cases, accidental in 89 (36.8%), homicide in nine (3.7%), suicide in four (1.7%), and unknown in three (1.2%) cases. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in five (2.1%) cases. Hepatitis C virus antibody was positive in five (2.1%) cases and the hepatitis C virus polymerase chain reaction was positive in two (0.8%) cases. HIV antibody was not detected in any of the cases. The infection status of cases was not associated with age, sex, nationality, or cause of death.Conclusion:The study findings indicated that there is a low prevalence of virus-infected autopsies in Jordan. However, the risk of transmission remains a potential threat and therefore the necessary precautions should always be taken during autopsy.
Procedimiento para el acceso a la información pública en Nicaragua
Authors: Pineda Quinteros Uriel
Published: May 2017

EL ESTUDIO EXPLORA EL TEMA DEL ACCESO A LA información pública en Nicaragua. Inicia con una caracterización del derecho de acceso a la información para luego abordar su parte procesal o adjetiva en la vía administrativa y la vía judicial
Ayuda externa: ¿reduce o produce pobreza? Una aproximación conceptual a los estudios de impacto
Authors: Mendoza René , Kuhnekath Klaus
Published: May 2017

¿Ayuda la ayuda ? La respuesta varía según el tipo de evaluación aplicada : de efecto, de efectividad o de impacto. Evaluación de efecto es verificar si los objetivos y metas de un proyecto o programa fueron alcanzados al cabo de su ejecución; evaluación de efectividad es ponderar el entorno del proyecto, las políticas y el buen gobierno que influyen en su ejecución; evaluación de impacto ve los logros de metas de largo plazo, cambios en la sociedad catalizados sin que hubiesen sido planificados ni intentados por el proyecto o programa. Sobre el primero hay toneladas de estudios, sobre el segundo hay un poco menos y sobre el tercero casi no hay. Las conclusiones de las evaluaciones de efecto y efectividad, ceñidas al marco lógico, reducidas a lo técnico y económico, y limitadas por la presunción de que todos los cambios son atribuibles al proyecto, sugieren que la ayuda reduce pobreza y genera desarrollo. Si estas conclusiones fuesen ciertas, América Latina ya sería un territorio libre de pobreza.En países con alta dependencia en recursos externos y con altos niveles de pobreza, el tema de impacto cobra realce. En este trabajo conceptualizamos impacto desde una perspectiva de economía política y de ciencias sociales, con un distintivo metodológico: que en el abanico de causas de los cambios, el contexto es previo al proyecto; es decir, ofrecemos un marco para trabajar la pregunta de si la ayuda externa reduce o produce pobreza.
Desarrollo de un método cromatográfico para la determinación de plaguicidas organoclorados en muestras de café
Authors: Vallejos Carlos , Medina Gema
Published: May 2017

A pesar de que existe el compromiso de cumplir con el Convenio de Estocolmo, en Nicaragua se siguen utilizando plaguicidas organoclorados en la producción de café y otros rubros de exportación. En esta investigación se ha hecho un inventario de los plaguicidas más utilizados en la producción de café en Nicaragua, y a partir de la evaluación del inventario, se ha considerado oportuno poner a punto un procedimiento cromatográfico para la determinación de plaguicidas organoclorados en muestras de café. La determinación se ha llevado a cabo mediante cromatografía de gases con columna capilar y un detector de captura de electrones específico para el análisis de estos plaguicidas. Previo a la determinación cromatográfica se ha optimizado un método de extracción y purificación a fin de eliminar componentes de la matriz que pudieran interferir en la cuantificación de los plaguicidas.Con esta investigación se pretende apoyar al sector cafetalero en el análisis de estos plaguicidas, lo que constituye un parámetro de control de calidad que exigen actualmente los importadores de café y está contemplado en las legislaciones de los países.
AÇÕES DE PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO COMO PERSPECTIVA DE MUDANÇA DA PAISAGEM NO ASSENTAMENTO RURAL LAGOA GRANDE, EM DOURADOS, MATO GROSSO DO SUL - ACTIONS IN SEARCH AND EXTENSION AS PERSPECTIVE CHANGE LANDSCAPE IN RURAL SETTLEMENT LAGOA GRANDE, IN DOURADOS, MATO GROSSO DO SUL STATE
Authors: Sangalli Adriana Rita , Schlindwein Madalena Maria , Sturza José Adolfo Iriam
Published: May 2017

Este estudo objetivou analisar os reflexos da pesquisa e da extensão rural na mudança de atitude dos assentados em relação às práticas agrícolas e pecuárias realizadas no assentamento rural Lagoa Grande, em Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. Especificamente, pretendeu-se constatar a importância e a contribuição das ações voltadas para a sustentabilidade ambiental, com enfoque agroecológico, para a mudança da paisagem no assentamento. A metodologia utilizada constou de uma análise descritiva baseada em uma pesquisa de campo, com a utilização de dados primários e pesquisa exploratória, por meio de revisão documental e bibliográfica. Os dados primários foram obtidos em três fases: a primeira, com a revisão de literatura de trabalhos de pesquisa e extensão realizados no assentamento Lagoa Grande, nos últimos dez anos. A segunda, com a análise de dados do diagnóstico socioeconômico e ambiental oriundo de projeto de pesquisa do período de 2011 a 2013. A terceira, com os resultados parciais de um projeto de extensão iniciado em 2013. Os resultados evidenciam a importância destas ações, sobretudo no despertar do interesse dos assentados pelas técnicas e práticas que envolvem a agroecologia, como a agricultura orgânica e os sistemas agroflorestais, práticas que propiciam a geração de renda e permitem a recuperação e consequente transformação da paisagem do assentamento.ABSTRACTThis study aimed to analyze the impacts of research and rural extension in the change of attitude of the settlers from the agricultural and livestock practices in the rural settlement Lagoa Grande in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State. Specifically, it sought to realize the importance and the contribution of actions for environmental sustainability with agroecological approach to landscape change in the settlement. The methodology consisted of a descriptive analysis based on field research, using primary data and exploratory research through documents and literature review. Primary data were obtained in three phases: the first, with the review of research works of literature and extension carried out in the settlement Great Pond, the last nine years. The second, with the analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental diagnostic data come from the 2011 period of the research project to 2013. The third, with the results of data an extension project come from the 2013 period to 2015. The results show the importance of these actions, especially in awakening the interest of the settlers the techniques and practices involving agroecology, such as organic farming and agroforestry practices that provide income generation and allow the recovery and consequent transformation of the settlement landscape.
APLICAÇÃO DO MÉTODO DE CLASSIFICAÇÃO CONTÍNUA FUZZY PARA O MAPEAMENTO DA FRAGILIDADE DO TERRENO EM RELAÇÃO À OCORRÊNCIA DE RAVINAS NO PARQUE NACIONAL DA SERRA DA CANASTRA - APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS FUZZY CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR MAPPING TERRAIN FRAGILITY REGARDING THE OCCURRENCE OF GULLIES IN THE SERRA DA CANASTRA NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Messias Cassiano Gustavo , Ferreira Marcos César
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o mapeamento da fragilidade ambiental à ocorrência de ravinas no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, por meio de um modelo espacial baseado em lógica fuzzy, desenvolvido para SIG, que combina mapas das seguintes variáveis geoambientais: índice de vegetação, densidade de lineamentos estruturais, densidade de vias de circulação e declividade do terreno. Este modelo utiliza parâmetros do teste estatístico Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), extraídos a partir da avaliação do grau de aderência entre a distribuição dos valores das variáveis ambientais e a distribuição espacial real das ravinas observadas no parque. Os pesos são utilizados em um processo de álgebra de mapas, baseado na soma ponderada das variáveis geoambientais convertidas em escala fuzzy. O mapa de fragilidade ambiental produzido é representado segundo o método de classificação contínua fuzzy, indicando o grau de afinidade de cada pixel à ocorrência de ravinas. Os resultados mostraram que a ordem de importância das variáveis na ocorrência de ravinas, nesta Unidade de Conservação, é a seguinte: (1) densidade de lineamentos estruturais; (2) índice de vegetação; (3) densidade de estradas; (4) declividades. As áreas de maior fragilidade concentram-se em bacias localizadas a noroeste e na porção central do Chapadão da Babilônia. Os graus menores de fragilidade são observados, sobretudo, no Chapadão da Canastra e em pontos a sudeste do Chapadão da Babilônia, em bacias que apresentam densidades de ravinas abaixo da média do parque.ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to map environmental fragility of Serra da Canastra National Park, located in Southwest region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, using ravine sites identified on high spatial resolution images, as terrain true controls points. The methodology used for mapping was based on fuzzy logic model and GIS techniques. The model combines four environmental variables maps, as follows: vegetation index, structural lineaments density, roads density and terrain slope. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistical test was used to evaluate adherence between spatial distribution of environmental variables values and spatial distribution of ravines sites. Environmental fragility was mapped using linear membership fuzzy function, and evaluated upon third and fourth orders hydrographic basins. The results showed that ravine sites are mainly associated to the structural lineaments density, followed by vegetation index, road density and terrain slope. The most of higher environmental fragility hydrographic basins are located in the Chapadão da Babilônia landscape unit.
ZONEAMENTO AMBIENTAL DA ÁREA DA UNIDADE DE CONSERVAÇÃO TIÚBA EM PALMAS-TO PARA EMBASAR A SUA IMPLANTAÇÃO COMO PARQUE LINEAR - ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING OF THE AREA OF THE TIÚBA UNITY OF CONSERVATION IN PALMAS-TO TO SUPPORT ITS IMPLEMENTATION AS LINEAR PARK
Authors: Dos Santos Marina Gontijo
Published: May 2017

No ano de 2007, enquanto se desenvolviam os estudos para a criação do Plano Diretor Participativo de Palmas, foi constatada uma significava redução e ocupação irregular das áreas verdes e das matas ciliares na área urbana do município. Como tentativa de conter esses impactos, o poder público transformou as áreas verdes que margeiam os cursos d’água em Unidades de Conservação (UC). No entanto, o que se tem observado é que estas UCs, da forma em que se encontram, não têm atingido os objetivos esperados. O zoneamento ambiental é um dos principais instrumentos de gestão de uma UC, além de ser uma importante fonte de informações para a sua devida categorização. Sendo assim, o presente estudo apresenta o zoneamento ambiental da área proposta da UC Tiúba, levando em consideração a cobertura e uso do solo e as fragilidades ambientais da área, constituído em quatro zonas: sendo duas com o objetivo de proteger as margens dos recursos hídricos e as áreas com vegetação nativa, uma zona temporária para garantir a recuperação das áreas que se encontram degradadas e a outra zona para promover o desenvolvimento de forma sustentável por meio da ocupação controlada da área.ABSTRACTIn 2007, during the development of the studies for the creation of a Participative Master Plan of Palmas, it was observed a significant reduction and an illegal occupation of the green areas and the riparian forests in the urban area of the municipality. In an attempt to contain these impacts, the government has turned the green areas bordering waterways in Units of Conservation (UC). However, it has been observed that these UCs, the way they are, have not achieved the expected goals. The environmental zoning is one of the main UC management tools as well as being an important source of information for its proper categorization. Thus, the present study shows the environmental zoning of the proposed area of the Tiúba UC, taking into account the coverage and the land use and the environmental fragilities of the area, made in four zones: two of them with the goal of protecting the margins of the water resources and the areas with native vegetation, a temporary zone to ensure the recovery of the areas that are degraded and another zone to promote a sustainable development through the controlled occupation of the area.
O MODELO SEBAL PARA ESTUDOS DE CLIMA INTRAURBANO: APLICAÇÃO EM RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL - THE SEBAL MODEL FOR CLIMATE INTRA-URBAN STUDIES: APPLICATION IN RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL
Authors: Mariz Moreira Elvis Bergue , Nóbrega Ranyére Silva , Da Silva Bernardo Barbosa , Ribeiro Eberson Pessoa
Published: May 2017

O conhecimento dos componentes do balanço de energia em áreas urbanas é de grande importância para os estudos do clima urbano, principalmente quando estas são objeto de análise espacial. O objetivo deste estudo é adaptar o modelo SEBAL (comumente utilizado para fins agroclimatológicos) em um ambiente intraurbano, possibilitando análises de componentes microclimáticas com metodologia de baixo custo, através de dados de sensores remotos. A fim de alcançar este objetivo, seis imagens do satélite Landsat 5 TM, entre os anos de 1998 a 2011, foram processadas. Densidade dos fluxos de calor sensível e latente foram calculadas usando o algoritmo SEBAL. De acordo com os resultados, o elevado percentual de superfícies impermeáveis e a distribuição espacial reduzida de áreas verdes modificam as trocas entre os fluxos de radiação, proporcionando assim altos níveis de fluxos de energia disponíveis para o aumento da temperatura do ar. A este respeito, o setor oriental se destaca por seus valores de magnitude mais altas, entre 216 e 425 Wm-2. A área Sul produziu alguns valores em excesso de 426 Wm-2. O fluxo de calor latente (LE) apresentou diminuição da distribuição espacial; sendo concentrada em áreas protegidas designadas e corpos d'água com valores superiores a 431 Wm-2. Torna-se evidente que os padrões intensivos de uso da terra não coincidem com planejamento adequado e refletem sobre a qualidade de vida da população.ABSTRACTThe knowledge of the components of the energy balance in urban areas is of relevant to the studies of the urban climate, mainly when those are subject to spatial analysis. The objective of this study is to adapt the SEBAL - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model (commonly used to agroclimatic purposes) in a intra-urban environment, enabling analysis of microclimate components with low cost methodology through remote sensing data. In order to accomplish this goal, six satellite Landsat 5 TM images, between the sequential days of the years 1998 to 2011 were processed. Sensible and latent heat fluxes density were calculated using the SEBAL algorithm. According to the results, the high percentage of impervious surfaces and the reduced spatial distribution of green areas alter the exchanges among radiation fluxes, thus providing high levels of available energy fluxes for increasing air temperature. In this regard, the eastern sector stands out for its higher magnitude values, between 216 and 425 W m-². The South area yielded some values in excess of 426 W m-². Latent heat flux (LE) exhibited reduced spatial distribution; being concentrated in designated protected areas and water bodies with values higher than 431 W m-². It becomes evident that intensive land use patterns not matched by adequate planning reflect upon the quality of life of the population.
NOTA EDITORIAL
Authors: Ra'e Ga - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise Revista
Published: May 2017

NOTA EDITORIAL
Evaluation of supplementation plans for suckling beef calves managed on tropical pasture
Authors: Lopes Sidnei Antônio , Paulino Mário Fonseca , Detmann Edenio , Valente Ériton Egídio Lisboa , Rennó Luciana Navajas , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Cardenas Javier Enrique Garces , Almeida Daniel Mageste de , Moura Felipe Henrique de , Oliveira Camila Andressa Silva
Published: May 2017

This study assessed the effects of different amounts of supplement on the productive performance, nutrional caracteristics and behaviour of suckling beef calves, as well as on the productive performance of their dams on tropical pastures. Forty-four male Nellore beef calves with an average age of 120 days and an initial average body weight (BW) of 145±3.7 kg and their respective dams, with an average BW of 449±6.9 kg, were used. The amounts of supplement evaluated were as follows: 0 = calves received only mineral mixture ad libitum; 3, 6, and 9 = calves received 3, 6, or 9 g kg-1 BW of supplement, respectively, containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed). The experimental design was completely randomized. A positive linear effect (P < 0.01) was observed in the intakes of dry matter and organic matter, and a cubic effect (P < 0.07) was observed for the intake of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. There was quadratic effect (P < 0.06) for total digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. A cubic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for the calves’ performance. However, the calves’ supplementation did not affect the milk yield and performance (P ? 0.21) of their dams. The supplementation decreased grazing time (P < 0.01) but did not influence suckling time (P ? 0.59). It is recommended supplying of supplement containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed) in amount 6 g kg-1 BW to suckling beef calves managed in tropical pasture. Supplementation of suckling beef calves increases the intake of dry matter, decreases grazing time and forage intake. However, it does not affect the suckling time and productive performance of their dams.
Growth curve of Repartida goats reared in the Caatinga region, Brazil
Authors: Pires Luanna Chácara , Machado Théa Mírian Medeiros , Carneiro Paulo Luiz Souza , Silva João Batista Lopes da , Barbosa Andréa Duarte de Holanda , Torres Robledo De Almeida
Published: May 2017

This work aimed to determine which non-linear model (Brody, Gompertz, logistic, von Bertalanffy or Richards) best represents the average growth curve of goats, in addition to evaluating the effect of the environment. The weight data of 40 Repartida goats reared in the Brazil Caatinga were included in this study. Weight data was collected every 30 days from birth until 270 days of age. The parameters of the models (A, mature body weight; B, constant of integration; k, maturation rate; m, inflection point) were estimated using the NLIN procedure of SAS. The logistic model showed a slightly higher average fit in comparison to the other models. The absolute growth rate suggests that the maximum growth rate was reached early. The effect of the contemporary groups was significant (P < 0.05), but only for the estimated k parameter. The estimated correlation between the A and k parameters was significant and negative, indicating a lower probability of a high body weight in adulthood. Goats of the Repartida ecotype are characterized by their high birth weight and low weight at maturity, which combined with the nutritional deficit, suggests that these animals have adapted to the adverse conditions of the Brazilian Caatinga region.
Activity of plant aqueous extracts on Bacillus thuringiensis and their interactions on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebinae)
Authors: Vilani Andréia , Lozano Everton Ricardi , Potrich Michele , Gouvea Alfredo De , Maia Fabiana Martins Costa , Alves Luis Francisco Angeli , Lima Jackeline Dall Agnol de
Published: May 2017

The association of plant extracts and B. thuringiensis may be important in situations that control of different insects species is required and/or control of insects in various development stages. However, extracts may have different effects on B. thuringiensis, compromising their mode of action. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of aqueous plant extracts on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and their interactions on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebinae). Cherry plant extracts (Eugenia uniflora), pepper (Capsicum baccatum), trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) and grape japan (Hovenia dulcis), were used at 5% concentrations. For compatibility studies, the extracts were mixed with Thuricide® (Btk) and the parameters evaluated were Colony Formation Units (CFU mL-1) for spores and, the A. gemmatalis mortality for crystals. The cherry extracts, pepper, and japan grape completely inhibited the CFU ml-1 of Btk and the cherry extract alone negatively affected the toxicity of Btk crystals, with significantly lower mortality of A. gemmatalis (20.40%) than that observed in the control with only Btk (79.44%). In the association between cherry, pepper, and grape japan extracts with B. thuringiensis, the extracts exhibited a negative effect in the formation of CFU. The cherry extract demonstrated a negative effect on crystals action.
Granulometric and oxidizable carbon fractions of soil organic matter in crop-livestock integration systems
Authors: Bieluczyk Wanderlei , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Guareschi Roni Fernandes , Bonetti João Andrade , Freó Vanessa Aparecida , Silva Neto Eduardo Carvalho
Published: May 2017

The identification of the labile and recalcitrant forms of soil organic matter (SOM) allows to rapidly define, or even predict if the management used favors increments or losses of carbon in the soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effects of different grazing intensities and soybean crops on the oxidizable and granulometric fractions of the SOM in a crop-livestock integration combined with no-tillage system (CLI-NTS), established in 2009 in the Goiás Federal University. The treatments consisted of three different pasture heights (0.25 m P25; 0.35 m P35; 0.45 m P45), and areas without grazing (AWG), and a native vegetation area of the Cerrado biome (NCA), adjacent to the experimental area, was evaluated as references and compared with the cultivated areas. Soil samples (Oxisol - USDA; typic distroferric Red Latosol - SiBCS) were collected in the layers 0.00-0.05; 0.05-0.10 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m of each area, and arranged in a completely randomized experimental design with six replications. The soil total carbon was quantified (TC) by dry combustion. The SOM granulometry and oxidizable SOM were fractionated into particulate carbon (OCp), carbon bond with minerals (OCm) and four oxidizable fractions with increasing degrees of recalcitrance (F1 < F2 < F3 < F4). These soil attributes were evaluated at two different times, representing the post-pasture cycle (PP) and post-soybean crop (PC) periods. The lower contents of total soil carbon (TC) were found in the F1 and F3 fractions of the area without grazing, suggesting that the crop-livestock integration increases the organic matter content in the soil surface layer regardless of the pasture height. The areas without grazing and with different pasture heights in CLI had similar contents of OCp and OCm due to the experiment short time of implementation (3 years). The fractionation of the oxidizable SOM was more sensitive in differentiating the treatments, showing that the higher intensity of grazing used (P25) provided a better balance of carbon accumulation between the SOM labile and recalcitrant fractions.
Quality and safety of artisan cheese produced in the serrana region of Santa Catarina
Authors: Pontarolo Giane Helenita , Melo Fernanda Danielle , Martini Caroline Lopes , Wildemann Paula , Alessio Dileta Regina Moro , Sfaciotte Ricardo Antonio Pilegi , Thaler Neto André , Vaz Eliana Knackfuss , Ferraz Sandra Maria
Published: May 2017

The serrano artisan cheese produced from raw milk of dairy cattle is a typical product of high-altitude farms in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. However, marketing of the cheeses occurs illegally because they lack the minimum maturation period required for cheese produced from raw milk. The production of artisan cheeses is required to follow strict hygiene standards. This study aimed to test the quality and safety of cheeses that were produced in 31 farms of the Serrana region in Santa Catarina after 14 and 28 days of maturation. Coliform count was measured at 35 °C, and presence of other microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. were also tested. Fat and protein percentages, acidity, salt content, and humidity were also evaluated. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using the SAS® software. After 14 and 28 days of maturation, 74.19% (23/31) and 64.52% (20/31) of samples, respectively, showed higher numbers of coliforms at 35 °C than those permissible by law. Higher than permissible numbers of E. coli were observed in 45.16% (14/31) and 48.39% (15/31) of the samples analyzed after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Coagulase-positive staphylococci values above 103 CFU/g were observed in 54.84% (17/31) and 51.61% (16/31) of cheese samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Contamination with Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b was isolated in 3.23% (1/31) and 6.45% (2/31) of samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. The results of humidity tests classified the cheese samples into three categories: low, medium, and high humidity. Semi fat cheeses were predominant in both maturation periods, although the samples were classified in thin, semi fat, and fat cheeses. The main variations in the compositions of analyzed samples occurred for salt and acidity levels. The maturation process has not proven to be effective in reducing microbiological contamination to compliance levels. Considering the heterogeneity of the analyzed cheese samples, the frequency of non-conformities with respect to microorganisms and pathogens present in the samples, this study indicates the necessity to improve the Serrano artisan cheese production system through adoption of good manufacturing practice measures.
Lactose reduced ice cream enriched with whey powder
Authors: Tsuchiya Ana Claudia , Silva Ana Da Graça Monteiro da , Brandt Daniela , Kalschne Daneysa Lahis , Drunkler Deisy Alessandra , Colla Eliane
Published: May 2017

Ice cream is a food product that pleases the palate of consumers worldwide. Whey powder (WP) has various technological and functional properties. However, WP increases the lactose content of the final products in which it is incorporated and causes grittiness and intolerance in lactose-sensitive individuals. This study aimed to produce ice cream with milk powder (MP) replaced by WP (MP/WP), decrease the lactose content by enzymatic hydrolysis and verify the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the final product. Initially, the variables ?-galactosidase concentration and reaction time were studied for the response of the percentage of lactose hydrolysis in a milk ice cream base, using a full 22 factorial design(FFD).With the reaction conditions defined (0.5 g L-1 of ?-galactosidase at 37 C for 4 h)the sucrose concentration and MP/WP replacement variables were then studied in the ice cream formulation for the percentage of lactose hydrolysis and overrun responses using a 22 FFD. The lactose hydrolysis, which ranged between 86.59-97.97%, was not affected by the MP/WP replacement in the ice cream, whilst the overrun was increased by the MP/WP replacement. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the ice cream were either not influenced or positively influenced by lactose hydrolysis and MP/WP replacement.
Needle muscle biopsy: technique validation and histological and histochemical methods for evaluating canine skeletal muscles
Authors: Braga Sérgio De Almeida , Padilha Felipe Gomes Ferreira , Ferreira Ana Maria Reis
Published: May 2017

This study evaluated the needle muscle biopsy technique using a 6G Bergström percutaneous needle combined with histological and histochemical methods to analyze the skeletal muscle of dogs. There are few studies about canine skeletal muscles and a lack of reports in the literature about tissue collection and analysis for canine species. Evaluation of 32 German Shepherd samples collected from the gluteus medius, at a depth of 3 cm, was performed. The choice of gluteus medius and the 3-cm depth provided good quantity fragments with sufficient sizes (3–5 mm), which permitted optimal visualization of muscle fibers. Myosin ATPase, at pH 9.4, 4.6, and 4.3, and SDH reactions revealed that all muscle samples analyzed had fibers in the classic mosaic arrangement, enabling counting and typification. The mean percentages of fibers were 29.95% for type I and 70.05% for type II. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the percutaneous needle biopsy technique for canine skeletal muscles is a safe and easy procedure that obtains fragments of proper sizes, thereby enabling the study of muscle fibers. Standardization of the muscle of choice and the depth of muscle sample collection significantly contributed to this success. This is an important method to evaluate muscle fiber types of dogs and diagnose important diseases affecting the skeletal muscles.