bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-24 Selenium requirement of turkeys based on tissue selenium concentration and selenoprotein activity and transcript expression
Authors: Taylor Rachel M , Sunde Roger A
Published: July 2019

Selenium (Se) is an essential and toxic trace mineral in animal diets. The current NRC turkey Se requirement is 0.2 µg Se/g diet for all life stages, higher than the published rat and mouse requirements. The studies that form the basis for the turkey requirement were performed over 50 years ago and based on prevention of Se-deficiency disease. With the genetic improvement of commercial turkey flocks and emerging new Se status biomarkers, we fed day-old male poults a Se-deficient (0.005 µg/g), vitamin E-adequate torula-based diet supplemented with graded levels of Se, from 0 to 5 µg/g, for 28 days. Poults supplemented with <0.05 µg/g had reduced growth, but there was no effect of high Se on growth. Se biomarkers responded hyperbolically to increasing dietary Se and reached plateaus at or before 0.4 µg/g. In deficiency, liver and kidney Se fell to <10% of Se-adequate levels. Activities of plasma GPX3; liver, kidney, pancreas and muscle GPX1; and liver, kidney, muscle and gizzard GPX4 all decreased to <10% in Se deficiency and reached plateau levels by 0.4 µg/g. In the same tissues, ≤6 out of 24 selenoprotein transcripts were downregulated to 2X Se-adequate levels in poults fed up to 5 µg/g diet. Liver Se increased to 5.6X Se-adequate levels with 5 µg/g diet. We conclude that the dietary Se level to maximize Se status biomarkers in growing turkey poults is 0.4 µg Se/g diet, double the current NRC requirement. Transcript expression is maximized at lower dietary Se levels than enzyme activities of the corresponding selenoproteins. Lastly, based on growth data, the turkey appears resistant to excess dietary Se, suggesting FDA Se supplementation limits can be safely raised. (Funded by USDA Hatch 1013496)
PSIV-11 Description of a novel Calorimetric unit to determine net energy in group housed pigs
Authors: Muñoz Cristhiam J , Stein Hans H
Published: July 2019

The Swine Calorimeter Unit (SCU) is being developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The objective of the SCU unit is to be able to determine net energy (NE) of diets and ingredients fed on an ad-libitum basis to group-housed pigs in all phases of production. The SCU allows for calculating NE based on the indirect calorimetry procedure. There are 6 calorimetry chambers in the SCU. Each chamber is made air-tight by means of a gasketed surface, measures 1.8 × 2.1 × 2.7 m, has fully slatted floors, and a volume of 10.2 m3, with capacity to hold 4 to 10 growing-finishing pigs depending on size. There are manure screens and urine pans under the slatted floors. Each chamber is equipped with a fresh air supply system (Fantech, Lenexa, KS, and Accutrol LLC, Monroe, CT). Humidity and temperature in each chamber is controlled by a regulator unit (Parameter, Black Mountain, NC). The precision for maintenance of the temperature can be controlled with an accuracy of ± 0.1°C and relative humidity (RH) ±0.5%. These levels of precision are ensured by the use of a dew point control system. To measure the gas exchange in the chambers, the Classic Line system developed by Sable Systems International is used (Sable System International, North Las Vegas, NV). The air subsample first enters the methane analyzer, then the CO2 analyzer, and as the last step the oxygen analyzer. The gas analyzers provide readings in percentage units with high resolution (0.00001 to 0.01%) depending on gas concentrations. Those values are obtained in a determined period of time to be able to calculate total heat production from each chamber. Operation of the SCU will start in January 2019, and the initial objectives include comparisons of net energy in individually housed and group housed pigs.

Figure1. Schematic of the Calorimeter chamber and its sub-systems.

http://www.conferenceharvester.com/
PSIV-5 Can dietary oxidized protein induce oxidative stress in pigs?
Authors: Frame Carl A , Kilburn Logan R , Johnson Erika M , Rossoni Serao Mariana C
Published: July 2019

Endogenous protein oxidation as a result of oxidative stress is known to reduce the efficiency of livestock species (Boler et al., 2012; DeRouchey et al., 2004; Dibner, Atwell, Kitchell, Shermer, & Ivey, 1996). Additionally, rendered by-products are common feedstuffs in livestock diets. During processing, these sources have the potential to become oxidized. While most research on oxidative stress has focused on consumption of dietary oxidized lipids, little research has been done in the area of dietary oxidized proteins and the potential to induce oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative stress in pigs. For this study, 30 pigs 6 weeks old were divided into three dietary treatments of control, medium, and high dietary oxidized protein. Each treatment was fed the same diet, with the exception of the degree of oxidation in bovine plasma which was included in the diet at 10 percent. Pigs were fed for 19 days and then euthanized for tissues collected. Jejunum, liver, and colon were collected along with urine and plasma samples on day 0 and 18. Jejunum samples were also collected for histology. Markers of oxidative stress included protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), 8-hydroxyguanine, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Pigs in the high oxidation treatment had an increase in crypt depth of 16 percent (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control further resulting in an 11 percent decrease in villi height to crypt depth ratio (p-value less than 0.05). Additionally, lipid oxidation products, measured by TBARS, was 28 percent greater in the liver of pigs in the medium oxidation treatment (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control. Even with the short duration of this study, dietary oxidized protein did impact the oxidative status of the animal. Using pigs as a model for companion animals, it could be hypothesized then that long-term exposure could have implications on longevity.
PSIV-2 Digestibility evaluation of fermented soybean for nursery piglets
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Arruda Gabriel , Chaves Rhuan , Ribeiro Charles , Mendes Melissa , Cantarelli Vinícius S
Published: July 2019

Anti-nutritional factors (ANF) and antigenic proteins present in soybean meal (SBM) limit its application in piglet diets. Therefore, protein sources of high biological value are used as an alternative to replace SBM, which became the pre-initial feed the most expensive diet in pork production. The main problems caused by the presence of ANF are related to poor digestion, absorption and nutrient utilization resulting in increased diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and consequent lower growth performance. ANF in soybean might be inactivated through heat treatment but also, it may reduce the availability of some amino acids when overheated. The process of fermentation may enhance the nutritional value of soybean by increasing the bioavailability of nutrients and reducing ANF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrients digestibility of fermented soybeans for nursery piglets. Twenty pigs (barrows), initial weight of 11 kg, were housed in metabolic cages and had their feces and urine collected for analysis. Piglets were assigned in ten replicates and two experimental diets, basal diet and fermented soybean diet (80% of the basal diet and 20% of the fermented soybean). The total amount fed was determined based on metabolic weight parameters. Ferric oxide was used as a fecal marker. The coefficient of digestibility was used to estimate the nutritional value trough analyzing dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), calcium digestibility (CD), phosphorus digestibility (PD), digestible energy (DE) and, metabolizable energy (ME). The digestibility coefficients were 91.02% for DMD; 93.74% for CPD; 76.10% for CD; 54.62% for PD; and 86.73% for DE. ME was determined in 3589 kcal kg-1. Crude protein was determined in 59.64%. The nutritional profile of the fermented soybean shows a great potential to be used in initial diets of piglets due to their high level of nutrients digestibility.
PSIV-21 Effect of phytase, Natuphos® e, target dosing on pig performance and feed cost savings from wean to finish
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank
Published: July 2019

This study examined the effect of a phytase, Natuphos E, target dosing on pig performance and feed costs from wean to finish. A total of 240 (PIC 337 x Camborough), pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (6 pig/pen x 2 treatments x 20 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight equalized and fed mash corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed the current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments consisted of PC, NC1 in phase 1 and 2=PC- 0.16% Ca, - 0.14% aP, -0.02% Na + 3000 FTU/kg phytase. NC2 in phase 3 and grow-fin= PC- 0.16% Ca, - 0.14% aP, -0.02% Na, -120 Kcal/kg + 2500 FTU/kg phytase. Phase 2 ADG was 396 and 457 g/d, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 1.31 and 1.25, P < 0.05, respectively. Phase 3 (11-23kg) ADG was 638 and 644 g, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 1.52 and 1.48, P < 0.05, respectively. Finishing phase (120 kg) ADG was 871 and 875 g, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 3.02 and 2.98, P < 0.05, respectively. In phase 1 and 2, only P, Ca and Na were removed from the diet, allowing AA and ME released from phytic acid to go into performance, ADG increased by 15% and FCR improved by 6 points, P < 0.05. In conclusion, by removing P in phase 1 and 2 and adding 3000 FTU/kg phytase, ADG and FCR were significantly improved, and net feed cost was reduced by $1.33/ton. In phase 3 and grow-fin, P and ME savings and adding 2500 FTU/kg phytase reduced net cost by $11.00/ton feed, while maintaining the pig performance.
PSIV-16 Effect of a 1-monoglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride of butyric-, caproic- and caprilic acid, and Avilamycin on performance and intestinal E. coli when fed to piglets challenged with E. coli
Authors: Coelho Michael , Ader Peter
Published: July 2019

This study examined the effect of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid (SILOHealth™ 104L [monoglycerides]) and avilamycin on day 14 and 21 post weaning performance of E. coli (GN-Ent and O157:H7) day 5 challenged piglets fed corn/soy diets that met or exceeded current NRC (2012) recommendations. A total of 96, Choice Genetics CG32, piglets were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (4 piglets/pen x 3 treatments x 8 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and were orally dosed with 5 ml (1x109 CFU/g, strain GN-Ent and O157:H7) E. coli d 5 after weaning (Ec). The treatment were: NC with Ec; T1=NC + 3 kg/MT monoglycerides; T2=NC+ 80 ppm avilamycin. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatment. Mortalities and pen removals were weighed and recorded. The E. coli infection model was effective in causing E. coli mortality of 25% at d14 post weaning and 33% at d21 post weaning in NC. T1 and T2 reduced mortality versus NC at d14 (25, 3 and 0%, P < 0.05) and d21 (33, 4 and 0%, P < 0.05), increased ADG at d14 (203, 255 and 259 g, P < 0.05) and d21 (456, 511 and 515 g, P < 0.05), decreased FCR at d21 (1.90, 1.85 and 1.83, P < 0.05), and decreased intestinal E. coli, log 10 of CFU/g, versus NC (4.1, 2.2 and 2.1, P < 0.05). Monoglycerides and avilamycin performance, mortality and intestinal E. coli log 10 were not significantly different at P < 0.05. In conclusion, the use of monoglycerides improved ADG, reduced FCR, reduced mortality and reduced intestinal E. coli log 10 at day 14 and 21 post weaning versus NC and monoglycerides were not significant different (P < 0.05) than avilamycin.
PSIV-24 Comparison of amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for mini and commercial pigs
Authors: Jo Hyunwoong , Htoo John K , González-Vega Jolie C , Kim Beob G
Published: July 2019

The objectives were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating SID of feed ingredient for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Six 11-week-old crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and six 20-week-old mini pigs (31.0 ± 3.2 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were individually housed in pens and all pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design involving 10 periods, respectively. Four diets were prepared to contain soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of N. An N-free diet was formulated to estimate basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. There were no interactions between breed and feed ingredient for the digestibility of CP and AA. The digestibility of CP and AA, except Arg, His, Val, and Pro, were not different between mini pigs and commercial pigs. Prediction equations for SID CP and AA of commercial pigs using SID value of mini pigs were: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini pigs) – 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and P < 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini pigs) – 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and P < 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini pigs) – 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating AA digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.
PSIV-22 Effect of dietary glycine on growth performance and skin collagen abundance of nursery pigs fed low crude protein diets
Authors: Silva Kayla E , Mansilla Wilfredo , Shoveller Anna Kate , Htoo John K , Cant John , Huber Lee-Anne
Published: July 2019

Ninety-six barrows (initial BW: 6.41 ± 0.61kg) were used to determine the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with glycine and serine (G+S) on growth performance and skin collagen abundance. Barrows were randomly assigned to 24 pens and fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments ad-libitum in a 3-phase-feeding program: 1) corn-soybean meal diet (CON; 23.6– 20.5% CP); 2) low-CP diet (19.7–14.8% CP) supplemented with G+S to achieve the same concentration of G+S as CON; 3) similar to diet 2 but supplemented with glutamate instead of G+S to maintain the same CP concentration (GLU); diets were fed for 6 weeks. Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were measured weekly. On d 35, 1 pig/pen was sacrificed for determination of body composition and N retention, and skin samples were collected for collagen analysis. Final BW and overall ADG were greater for pigs fed CON versus GLU (P < 0.05) while G+S were intermediate; feed efficiency was not influenced by diet. Carcass weights on day 35 were greater for pigs fed CON (22.4kg) versus G+S (19.0kg) or GLU (20.4 kg; P < 0.05). Viscera weights on day 35 were greater for CON (3373g) versus G+S (2912g; P < 0.05); GLU were intermediate (3186g). Overall, whole-body N retention and N intake were greater for CON (11.98, 38.3 g/d for N retention and N intake, respectively) than G+S (9.02, 27.5 g/d) and GLU (9.52, 29.1g/d; P < 0.05). On day 35, pigs fed G+S and CON had greater skin collagen abundance (72.8%,and 72.0% for G+S and CON, respectively) versus GLU (67.2%;P < 0.05). Supplementing low-CP diets with G+S maintained BW and overall ADG (versus CON), but both G+S and GLU had reduced N retention; only G+S had skin collagen abundance not different from CON. Supplementing specific non-essential amino acids as well as measures beyond growth performance should be considered when formulating low-CP diets.
PSV-2 Effects of protease on growth performance, fecal gas emission of 25- to 55-kg pigs fed low or high density diets
Authors: Lahaye Ludovic , Tactacan Glenmer , Cho Seung-Yeol , Cho Jinho , Kim In Ho , Campbell Roger
Published: July 2019

Volatility in feed ingredient prices prompts animal nutritionists to evaluate alternative methods to control feed costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protease in growing pigs fed either high or low-density diets. A total of 140 pigs [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] were used in a 6-wk study with an initial BW of 24.1 ± 0.02 kg equally distributed in 7 pens per treatment fed one of the following treatments: High-density diet with 3400 kcal ME/kg, 19.5% CP, and 0.85% SID Lys; High-density diet + 125 g/t Jefo Protease (Jefo, Canada); Low-density diet with 3300 kcal ME/kg, 17.6% CP, and 0.83% SID Lys; and Low-density diet + 125 g/t Jefo Protease. Diets were corn, soybean meal-based with 12% rice bran and 8% wheat bran. Data were subjected to statistical analyses as a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with pen as the experimental unit. Differences among treatment means were determined using Duncan’s multiple range test with level of significance at P ≤ 0.05. High-density diets (P = 0.01) and protease supplementation (P = 0.05) significantly improved G:F in pigs (Table 1) compared to low-density diets and no protease supplementation. NH3 and H2S gas emission tended to be lower (P ≤ 0.10) in diets supplemented with protease. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.10) in initial weight, final weight, ADG, and ADFI. In conclusion, protease supplementation and high density diets improved G:F in 25- to 55-kg pigs.
PSV-8 Effects of soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

A total of 133 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used to evaluate the effect of increasing soybean meal concentration in lactating sow diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by body weight and parity on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments of increasing soybean meal (25, 30, or 35% of total diet). Diets were formulated to contain 1.05% SID Lys with L-Lys HCl decreasing as soybean meal increased. All other amino acids and nutrients were formulated to meet nutrient requirement recommendations with L-threonine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine added to the 25% SBM diet. Diets were fed from d 112 of gestation until weaning (d 20 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered until 48 h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sow average daily feed intake from d 0 to 7 was similar across dietary treatments. However, ADFI decreased from d 7 to 14, d 14 to weaning, and overall, (linear, P = 0.017) sow BW loss, and tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.052) backfat loss from farrowing to weaning. There was no evidence for difference between dietary treatments in litter size, litter weight, nursing litter weight gain at weaning, or wean to estrus interval. Sow serum urea nitrogen concentrations taken on d 14 increased (linear, P = 0.001) as soybean meal concentration increased; however, there was no evidence for difference in serum creatinine. In summary, sow feed intake decreased and sow weight and backfat loss increased with increasing soybean meal concentration with no differences observed for litter performance.
PSV-11 Effects of plasma protein on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs
Authors: Martinez Padilla Gabriela E , Silva-Guillen Ysenia Victoria , Moran Kory , Lin Xi , Odle Jack , Heugten Eric van
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of using plasma protein (PP) as a highly digestible, functional protein source in nursery pig diets on growth performance and intestinal health. Pigs (n = 64; 6.53 ± 0.12 kg BW) weaned at 21 d of age were blocked by litter and BW and randomly assigned within blocks to 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a 35-d study. Four pigs were housed per pen, using a total of 16 pens (8 replicate pens per treatment). Treatments were: 1) control diet (without growth-promoting minerals or antibiotics) without PP, and 2) control diet with 4% of PP replacing SBM on a 1:1 basis. Diets were fed in 3 feeding phases (7, 14, and 14 days, respectively) and PP was included in all phases. Supplementation of PP tended (P = 0.07) to increase ADG (204 vs. 150 g/d) and improved (P = 0.02) gain:feed (812 vs 572 g/kg) during wk 2 only. Individual diarrhea scores (scale from 0=very hard to 6=watery diarrhea) determined using fecal loops changed over time (P < 0.001; 2.1, 2.4, 4.1 and 3.5 for d 1, 3, 7, and 14 respectively), but were not affected by PP. No differences were detected for intestinal morphology measured on d 35 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Cell proliferation using Ki-67 staining was increased by PP (86.6 vs. 72.2 positive cells) only in the ileum (P = 0.03). No differences in mucosal concentrations of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the duodenum, jejunum or ileum were detected. Number of eosinophils in blood decreased (14.1 vs. 34.8 cells/µL; P = 0.004), while red blood cell counts (5.9 vs 6.2 x 106 cells/µL; P = 0.09) and neutrophil counts (529 vs. 695 cells/µL; P = 0.07) tended to decrease with PP. Results suggest that PP was not effective in improving overall growth performance and had minimal effects on intestinal health of weanling pigs.
PSV-20 Effects of fortified yeast cell wall extract on growth and health of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol
Authors: Holanda Debora Muratori , Yiannikouris Alexandros , Kim Sung Woo
Published: July 2019

Pigs are highly susceptible to both aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol. The study aim at investigating the effects of a fortified yeast cell wall extract (YCW-DTX; Mycosorb D+, Alltech, Lexington, KY) on growth and health of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol. Forty-eight newly weaned pigs (21 d old) were individually housed and allotted to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (sex; initial BW) with 2 factors for 35 d based on 3 phases. Two factors were mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol: 0 or 2 mg/kg during all phases and aflatoxin: 0 or 0.2 mg/kg during phase 3) and YCW-DTX (0 or 0.2%). On d 35, all pigs were euthanized to collect mucosal tissues from the jejunum to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL-8) and oxidative damage markers (malondialdehydes and protein carbonyls). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG during the entire period whereas YCW-DTX did not affect growth performance of pigs. Mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) serum albumin, creatinine, ALT, and total protein concentrations whereas YCW-DTX increased (P < 0.05) glucose, decreased (P < 0.05) CPK, and tended to decrease AST (P = 0.051) and BUN/creatinine (P = 0.087) in serum. Neither mycotoxins nor YCW-DTX affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage markers in jejunal mucosal tissues. In conclusion, mycotoxins impaired growth performance and hepatic function of newly weaned pigs. The commercial additive partly improved hepatic function and maintained growth performance.
PSV-23 Effects of different fat sources and vitamin E levels on tissue tocopherol concentration, antioxidant status, and fatty acid composition in the backfat of pigs grown to 150 kg
Authors: Wang Ding , Jang Young Dal , Rentfrow G K , Monegue H J , Azain M J , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: July 2019

The study objective was to assess the contribution of fat source and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on tissue tocopherol concentration, antioxidant status, and fatty acid composition in the backfat of pigs at heavy slaughter weight (149.38 ±1.56 kg). A total of 64 individually-fed pigs (32 barrows, 32 gilts; 28.41 ±0.83 kg) were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Fat treatments included corn-starch (CS), tallow (TW), corn oil (CO) and coconut oil (CN). VE supplementation levels were 11 and 200 IU/kg. Loin muscle, backfat, and liver samples were collected at slaughter. Data analysis were performed by ANOVA using GLM in SAS. No interactions between dietary fat source and VE supplementation were observed. Increasing dietary VE level from 11 to 200 IU/kg increased (P < 0.001) the tocopherol concentration in both liver (4.73 vs. 21.06 ppm wet liver) and loin muscle (1.25 vs. 2.67 ppm wet muscle). Pigs from the CO group had higher liver SOD activity (P < 0.05) than the other treatments (CS 22.51, TW 22.67, CO 24.40, and CN 20.92 U/mg protein). Pigs from the CN group had the highest (P < 0.05) total saturated fatty acid content (CS 44.33, TW 40.33, CO 36.29, and CN 51.70%), but the lowest (P < 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acid content (CS 9.26, TW 9.80, CO 25.41, and CN 8.75%) and iodine value (CS 56.61, TW 60.66, CO 77.83, and CN 49.90) in the backfat. Pigs from the TW group had the highest (P < 0.05) total monounsaturated fatty acid content (CS 46.40, TW 49.87, CO 38.30, and CN 39.56%) in the backfat. Under conditions of this study, a higher level of VE supplementation increased liver and muscle tocopherol concentrations whereas dietary fat sources altered liver antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition in the backfat.
PSV-21 effects of soybean meal and net energy level on nursery pig performance
Authors: Carrender Brittany , Williams Hayden E , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Jones Cassandra K , Goodband Robert D , Coble Kyle F , Gerhart Amanda J
Published: July 2019

Nursery pigs (n = 3,796; 17.6 kg BW) were used in a 22-d study evaluating the effects of increasing soybean meal on nursery pig performance. At 8 weeks of age, pens were allotted to treatment based on location in a randomized complete block design with 39 to 40 pigs per pen. Ten pens were placed on the positive control treatment and 12 pens placed on all other treatments. Experimental diets were fed in one phase (d 0 to 22) in meal form. Treatments included a positive control diet with 40% soybean meal and 1.8% choice white grease. Six diets were formulated with increasing soybean meal (17.5 to 40%) without added fat. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 13, and 22 to determine ADG, ADFI, G:F and NE efficiency. Growth data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Growth data were evaluated using linear and quadratic effects of soybean meal level and a pairwise comparison of the 40% soybean meal treatments with and without added fat. An outbreak of E. coli-associated disease was noted in the first 2 weeks of the experiment. Overall, increasing soybean meal tended to decrease (linear; P = 0.070) ADG, decreased (linear; P = 0.0001) ADFI, improved (linear; P = 0.0001) G:F and caloric efficiency, and reduced (linear; P = 0.050) removal rate (Table 1). Pigs fed the positive control had decreased (P = 0.019) ADFI and improved (P = 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed the 40% soybean meal diet without added fat. These results suggest the net energy value for soybean meal was underestimated in diet formulation. Increasing soybean meal level in the diet reduced removal rate, suggesting soybean meal may provide added health benefits beside amino acids and energy.
PSV-24 Effects of non-animal protein in nursery diets on wean to finish pig performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Huang Q, , Pangeni D , Manu Hayford , Hanson L , Baidoo S K
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a non-animal protein source in nursery diets on performance and carcass characteristics of wean to finish pigs. A total of 432 piglets with initial BW 6.31 ± 0.13 kg were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included PC1AP1: animal protein, nursery nutrient specifications without additives; PC2AP2: animal protein, growernutrientspecification without additives; NC1NP1: Non-animal protein, nursery specification without additives; NC2NP2: Non-animal protein, grower specification without additives; NC1 NP1 + FA[(Feed Additives)]: NC1 NP1 with additives; NC2 NP2 + FA: NC2 NP2 with additives. Feed Additives [Enzymes (Xylanase, β-Glucanase, Invertaseused), Oregano Essential Oil] were used in Treatments NP1 +FA and NP2 +FA. A linear model was used via the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4, with treatment as fixed effect and block as random effect. Pigs fed on the non-animal protein source and supplemented with feed additives had similar ADF, ADG, and G:F at finishing compared with treatment group on animal protein source (P > 0.05). No treatment differences (P > 0.05) for digesta, liver and serum based on a principal component AA analysis. (P>o.o5)[H2] No positive carry-over effects (P > 0.05) were found for performance except that pigs fed onthe animal protein source had greaterhad greater hot carcass weight (P < 0.05) than the non-animal protein group. In conclusion, wean pigs fed either animal or non-animal protein source at nursery had similar performance at finishing stage and similar carcass characteristics even though pigs on animal protein source had greater hot carcass weight relative to those on plant protein. [H1]Define FA [H2]Do not mention digesta, liver, or serum. Rather state the variables you analyzed in those samples.
PSVI-9 Nutrient and energy digestibility of steam-exploded canola meal in cannulated grower pigs
Authors: Thanh Bich Van Le , Wang Lifang , Beltranena Eduardo , Newkirk Rex N , Zijlstra Ruurd T
Published: July 2019

Nutrient digestibility is lower in canola meal (CM) than soybean meal due to its fiber matrix. High steam pressure processing may increase nutrient digestibility of CM in pigs. To explore, Brassica napus CM was processed at 700 or 1,100 kPa followed by sudden release of pressure to ambient and yielded steam-exploded CM7 and CM11, respectively. The CM, CM7, and CM11 were included at 40% in 3 test diets. An N-free diet was fed to pigs to measure basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) and served as basal to measure energy digestibility of CM. Seven ileal cannulated grower pigs (initial BW, 29 kg) were fed the 4 diets over three 9-d periods in 2 Youden squares. Pigs were fed diets at 3.0 × maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75). Compared to CM, CM7, and CM11 had reduced chemical availability of lysine (87.6 vs. 83.1 and 85.7%), but lower glucosinolate content (1.14 vs. 0.99 and 0.92 µmol/g). Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy was lower (P < 0.05) for CM7 than CM and intermediate for CM11, resulting in lower (P < 0.05) predicted net energy for CM7 and CM11 than CM (1.88 and 1.91 vs. 1.94 Mcal/kg, respectively). Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine was lower (P < 0.05) for CM7 and CM11 than CM (67.1 and 70.3% vs. 74.3, respectively). The SID of threonine was lower (P < 0.05) for CM7 than CM and intermediate for CM11. In summary, steam-explosion of CM damaged lysine reducing its digestibility and did not increase energy digestibility. In conclusion, steam-explosion of CM did not increase nutrient digestibility of CM for pigs.
PSVI-14 Interactive effects of Cordyceps mushroom powder and carbadox on nursery pig performance
Authors: Richert Jacob A , Palencia Jorge Y P , Chastain Clayton S , Thayer Morgan T , Richert Brian T , Nelssen Jim L
Published: July 2019

The objective was to evaluate the independent and additive effects of Cordyceps mushroom powder and carbadox to pharmacological copper+zinc in nursery pig diets. Two hundred-ten crossbred weanling pigs [(Duroc × (York × Landrace)] avg. 19 d of age and 5.8 kg were used in a 33 day growth trial. Pigs were alloted by weight, sex, ancestry, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Pen was the experimental unit and growth performance was analyzed using BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. There were 7 pigs/pen and 6 pens/treatment. Treatments were: 1) a negative diet (NC); 2) positive control (PC; Carbadox, 55 ppm); 3) NC+300 ppm Cordyceps mushroom powder (NC+MP); 4) PC +300 ppm mushroom(PC+MP); 5) supplemental copper sulfate (125 ppm) and zinc oxide (3000 ppm d 0-7, 2000 ppm d 7-35), CuZn. Dietary treatments were fed in a four-phase feeding program (d0-7, d7-14, d14-21, and d21-33). There were no interactions between MP and Carbadox at any time point (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the PC, PC+MP and CuZn treatment had increased BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05), ADFI (P < 0.10) and G:F (P < 0.05) over the NC at the end of phases 1, 2, and 3, with no main effect of MP treatment. During Phase 4, pigs fed MP, PC, and CuZn diets all had increased ADG (P < 0.05; 431, 477, 455, 505, 486 g/d, diet 1-5, respectively) and ADFI (P < 0.05) over the NC fed pigs. Overall, d0-33, PC diets and CuZn supplemented pigs had increased ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05), with pigs fed MP tending to have increased ADFI (P < 0.08) over NC fed pigs. Feeding nursery pigs pharmacological levels of Cu+Zn and carbadox have economical value to increase nursery pig performance with MP may increase pig ADFI and final BW through potentially complimentary modes of action.
PSVI-16 Meta-analysis of increasing lysine and energy in late gestation on piglet growth, colostrum composition and piglet throughput
Authors: Wiegert Jeffrey , Knauer Mark
Published: July 2019

A meta-analysis of four late gestation sow nutrition studies (n = 298 sows) was conducted to evaluate the effects of sow feeding level and diet composition on colostrum composition and sow productivity. In all experiments, sows were fed either a gestation diet (2,979 Kcal/kg ME, 0.58% SID lysine) or lactation diet (3,322 Kcal/kg ME, 0.99% SID lysine, 2.5% added fat). The timing of transition from the gestation to the lactation diet varied between day 93 and 107 of gestation. Feeding levels ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 kg. Total lysine (LYS) and total added fat (FAT) intake from day 93 of gestation to farrowing were calculated. Data was analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with fixed effects of experiment, parity, litter size and day of diet transition. Sow was the experimental unit. Average total number born and mean piglet colostrum intake (CI) were 13.2 and 470 g, respectively. Increasing piglet CI increased (P < 0.05) number of piglets weaned by the biological dam (LSW) and average piglet weaning weight (WWT). A 1 g increase in added fat during late gestation increased piglet CI by 0.03 g (P < 0.01). A 1 g increase in LYS intake increased (P < 0.05) piglet CI by 0.12 g and WWT by 1.2 g. Feeding level did not impact (P > 0.05) piglet CI, LSW or WWT. Feeding level, LYS and FAT did not impact (P > 0.05) colostrum composition. A one nipple increase in functional teat number was associated with a 260 g increase (P < 0.01) in litter CI and a 0.30 piglet increase (P < 0.05) in LSW. Results suggest increasing LYS and FAT in late gestation, above what is typically fed on commercial sow farms, may improve sow reproduction. However a cost benefit analysis should be conducted before increasing feed cost. Strategies to increase sow functional teat number should be evaluated.
PSVI-15 Effects of Vitamin B12, Sodium Salicylate, and electrolyte supplementation on alleviating Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome symptoms in nursery pigs
Authors: Todd Blaire , Mille Carson De , Gerrard Samuel , Helm Emma T , Karriker Locke A , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: July 2019

Vitamin B12, sodium salicylate, and electrolyte treatments are commonly used to modulate pathogen induced fevers and aid in appetite stimulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a B12 and sodium salicylate or an isotonic electrolyte treatment could improve growth performance and feed intake, and reduce the febrile response in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus inoculated pigs. A total of 32 PRRS-naïve gilts (7.7 ±1.5 kg BW; PIC Camborough x PIC 337) were selected and randomly assigned to individual pens across four treatments (n = 8/trt): 1) Control, PRRS-naïve, 2) PRRS virus infected, 3) As #2 plus B12 and sodium salicylate supplementation, and 4) As #2 plus isotonic electrolyte supplementation. On days post inoculation (dpi) 0, pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. B12 was administered weekly, sodium salicylate and the electrolyte solution were given orally daily in the water or fed daily from dpi 4-18. Body temperatures and feed intakes were measured daily, and body weights, G:F, and PRRS serology assessed weekly for 21 dpi. Over the 21 day test period, irrespective of treatment, PRRS virus infection resulted in a significant increase in PRRS viremia and antibody titers compared to the control (P < 0.05). Compared to treatment #2, B12 + sodium salicylate and electrolyte treatments did not have differing body temperatures, ADG, ADFI or G:F. However, PRRS infection resulted in a significant increase in average body temperature compared to the control (39.8 vs. 39.3 oC, respectively, P = 0.021). Compared to the control, PRRS infection reduced overall ADG by 83% (0.54 verses 0.09 g/d, P < 0.001), end BW by 9 kg (P < 0.001) and ADFI by 11% (P < 0.001) compared to the control. Although treatment did not improve pig performance in the face of PRRS, mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.050) reduced compared to the PRRS only treatment.
PSVI-19 Evaluating the effects of day of iron injection after farrowing on nursery performance and hematological criteria
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Roubicek Cierra , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Holtcamp Andrew
Published: July 2019

Weaned pigs (n = 311; 5.9 kg BW) were used in a 59-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on nursery pig performance and hematological criteria. Pigs were weaned at 21 d and allotted to pens based on preweaning Fe treatment with BW balanced across pens within a treatment with 5 or 6 pigs/pen and 10 pens/treatment. The preweaning treatments were a negative control receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (Gleptoforte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided in a single injection on d 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 after birth. All pigs were fed common diets after weaning that contained 110 mg/kg of added Fe as FeSO4 provided from the trace mineral premix. Growth data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. Hematological criteria were measured as a repeated measure with pig as the experimental unit. Overall, increasing the age of pigs receiving a 200-mg Fe injection from 2 to 4 or 6 d after birth increased (quadratic; P = 0.013) d 80 ending BW with a decrease in BW when Fe was provided on d 8 or 10 (Table 1). Not providing an Fe injection after birth worsened (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and d 80 ending BW. Significant treatment×day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for Hgb and Hct values. These interactions occurred because pigs not receiving an Fe injection after birth had values that increased from d 21 to 35 while pigs receiving an Fe injection had values that decreased from d 21 to 35. While it is common practice to provide an Fe injection within the first 48 hours of birth, these results suggest delaying injection until d 4 or 6 may increase nursery final weight.
PSVI-20 Evaluating the productive energy content of high-protein distillers dried grains in swine diets
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400×200; initially 11.1 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on pig performance and to estimate the productive energy of HP DDG. Pens with 5 pigs each were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments included diets with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG formulated by changing corn and feed-grade amino acid levels. Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by dietary net energy (NE) and dividing by ADG. The NE of HP DDG was estimated at 1,914 kcal/kg by using Noblet et al. (1994) equation and NRC (2012) values were used for corn. Productive energy was estimated based the average caloric efficiency of the HP DDG diets relative to the diet without HP DDG. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG and ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.051) for a quadratic response in G:F. There was a linear improvement (P < 0.01) in caloric efficiency with increasing HP DDG (3,876, 3,753, 3,676, 3,520, and 3,300 kcal/kg, respectively). The productive energy of HP DDG was estimated as 2,686 kcal/kg or 97.3% of corn NE. In summary, high levels of HP DDG negatively impacted growth performance. The equation used to estimate NE of HP DDG resulted in underestimated values. The productive energy of HP DDG is approximately 97% of corn NE.
PSVI-24 Growth performance and immune responses of weaned pigs from lactating sows fed dietary spray dried plasma
Authors: Kim Sheena , Kim Byeonghyeon , Kim Junsu , Lee Jeongjae , Kim Kwangwook , Kang Joowon , Mun Daye , Baek Jangryeol , Kim Soyun , Liu Yanhong , Choe Jeehwan , Song Minho
Published: July 2019

The experiment was conducted to investigate growth performance and immune responses of weaned pigs from lactating sows fed dietary spray dried plasma (SDP). A total of 12 sows (227.78 ± 7.50 kg BW; parity = 2.0 ± 0.7) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were a typical lactation diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 1% of SDP. Sows were fed the dietary treatments from d 30 before expected farrowing to weaning. Weaned pigs from each sow were transferred to a nursery barn and group-housed by dietary treatments of sows and fed a typical nursery diet for 6 wk. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 2 weaned pigs from each litter on day of weaning day, d 3, and 7 postweaning. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Body weights and feed allowance were recorded throughout post-weaning period to calculate growth performance of weaned pigs. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM of SAS. Weaned pigs from lactating sows fed SDP tended (P < 0.10) to have increase ADG (470.47 vs. 414.52 g/d) during overall experimental period than pigs from lactating sows fed CON. Supplementation of SDP tended (P < 0.10) to decrease serum TNF-α on d 3 (344.11 vs. 449.80 pg/ml) and CRP on d 7 (78.41 vs. 112.28 ng/ml) compared with the piglets from lactating sows fed CON. The addition of SDP also reduced (P < 0.05) serum cortisol on d 3 (1.40 vs. 1.88 ng/ml) and TGF-β on d 7 (718.33 vs. 836.48 pg/ml) compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of dietary spray dried plasma in lactation diets may enhance growth performance and modulate immune responses of weaned pigs.
PSVII-1 The effect of supplementing pigs with the BASF annual industry vitamin supplementation on performance
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank
Published: July 2019

There is a continued industry focus to decrease FCR (Pierozan, 2016), which means less feed per kg body tissue, and therefore vitamins need to be further concentrated in less and less feed to reach the same vitamin supplementation per kg of body tissue. A study was conducted to determine the response of pigs to different levels of vitamin supplementation based on the 2018 BASF Industry vitamin supplementation survey. Pigs were stressed to simulate commercial stress conditions. A total of 240 (PIC 337 x Camborough) pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (4 pigs/pen x 5 treatments x 12 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and fed corn/soy diets pelleted at 80C and formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. The stress imposed to simulate commercial conditions consisted of dirty floors, 1.65 m2/pig, on 7th day of trial, pigs were dosed with 1,000,000 E. Coli bacteria and 200,000 Salmonella bacteria. Treatments were NRC, low 25%, AVG, high 25% and high 5% vitamin supplementation. At finishing, vitamin supplementation increased ADG up to high 5% vitamin supplementation (750, 795, 831, 852, and 871 g, P < 0.05, respectively), improved FCR up to Hi 5% (3.21, 3.05, 2.91, 2.82 and 2.71, P < 0.05, respectively). Vitamin supplementation decreased finishing mortality up to high 5% vitamin supplementation (9.02, 7.43, 6.15, 4.81 and 4.02%, P < 0.05, respectively), improved lean cuts up to Hi 25% (57.5, 59.1, 60.5, 61.3 and 62.1, P < 0.05, respectively). The profit in $/kg pig and return on extra vitamin supplementation was from low 25 to AVG $0.1381/kg and 39x, respectively, from AVG to Hi25% was $0.0771/kg and 13X, and from Hi 25% to Hi 5% was $0.1259/kg and 38X.
PSVII-9 Effects of a multi-species direct-fed microbial on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Menegat Mariana Boscato , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effects of a multi-species direct-fed microbial (DFM) product based on lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 359 × 1050; initially 25.8 kg BW) were used in a 121-d growth trial with 27 pigs/pen and 22 pens/treatment. Pigs were allotted to treatments based on initial BW in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included a control diet and the control diet with added DFM (BiOWiSH Technologies Inc., Cincinnati, OH) included at 0.055% of the diet at the expense of corn. Diets were based on corn, distillers dried grains with solubles, and soybean meal and fed in four dietary phases. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS®) with treatment as fixed effect, block as random effect, and pen as experimental unit. Overall (d 0 to 121), pigs fed the control diet had greater ADG (P < 0.05) and final BW (P < 0.001) compared to pigs fed the DFM diet (Table 1). There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) in ADFI or G:F between treatments. The difference in final BW resulted in heavier (P < 0.05) HCW in control pigs compared to DFM pigs, but no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) was observed in carcass yield, backfat, loin depth, and percentage lean between treatments. In conclusion, the inclusion of this multi-species DFM in growing-finishing diets reduced ADG in this commercial study. This response could be related to inclusion rate, feeding duration, or other factors not identified in this study, warranting further research to characterize the effects on pig performance.