bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of crack growth speed in concrete by acoustic emission and mechanics of damage methods
Authors: Perfilov V A
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of research and experimental studies aimed at measurement of crack growth speed in concrete of different types and composition. The study included complex methods to measure the parameters of concrete destruction under the impact of mechanic loads and aggressive factors. The experiments were performed using mechanics of damage methods and acoustic measurement of such parameters as acoustic emission gross counting and counting rate. The experiments resulted in regression equations showing change of acoustic emission gross counting depending on the speed of a specimen loading. Data on slow growth of cracks in heat-resistant concrete during heating up to 800°C have been obtained by acoustic emission and mechanics of damage methods. The performed studies and statistic processing of the obtained data allowed identifying that parameters of acoustic emission are directly related to the characteristics of mechanics of damage that reveals a considerable capacity of acoustic emission as a method for forecasting destruction of concrete.
Energy aspects of low-cycle fatigue of fibropolypropylene concrete
Authors: Korneeva I G , Pinus B I
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the issues of fatigue of conventional and fiber-reinforced cement-containing composites under low-cycle force impact that are adequate to the probable level of response of structures to background seismic manifestations. The response of the structures is analyzed as an oscillatory process whose generalized characteristic is the indicator of absorbed energy. The results of dynamic tests of prismatic samples with different levels of maximum stresses in the range Ro
crc-Rv
crc
and a zero-asymmetry coefficient are presented. The tests were carried out in a hard mode with a constant deformation rate of 0.04 mm/s and continuous cyclic recording of all internal resistance parameters. A significant increase in the fatigue life of cement-containing composites when reinforced with fibrillated short polypropylene fibers has been established.
The effect of mineral additives on foam concrete porosity
Authors: Bartenjeva E
Published: November 2020

Non-autoclave foam concrete is a promising material for low-rise house construction. It has been found that the addition of mineral additives allows to regulate the porous structure of non-autoclave foam concrete, at the same time the coefficient of thermal conductivity is reduced, density is reduced, and frost resistance is improved. The introduction of dispersed wollastonite and diopsid promotes the formation of conditionally closed pores, their volume increases by 47-49%. The introduction of wollastonite reduces the pore volume with a diameter greater than 0.1 μm by 2.34 times, the introduction of diopsid reduces it by 8.2%. It is noted that the addition of the examined additives enables to obtain closed pores with a glossy surface; it improves the performance characteristics of natural hardening foam concrete. According to the results of DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis) and XRFA (X-ray fluorescence analysis), a more complete hydration of cement is recorded, this fact can indicate the structural and modifying influence of additives as crystallization centers for newgrowths.
Methods for ensuring the required consumer properties for the construction of transport facilities in an accelerated time frame
Authors: Pulyaev I S , Pulyaev S M
Published: November 2020

The article discusses methods for providing concreting of transport objects without defects using the example of the construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait. It is shown that through the use of modern calculation and analytical methods, it is possible to obtain high-quality structures and operational reliability under the conditions of the necessary construction pace. These methods are based on the construction of a thermophysical model of the processes that occur in hardening concrete during heating and cooling. The existing experience in the construction of similar facilities is also taken into account. The problem posed today is relevant in connection with the development of bridge building in our country. It has important economic and geo-political significance, and its solution is not possible without taking into account the temperature factor of hardening concrete. The proposed methods made it possible to ensure the required operational properties of the structures of this type and to withstand the established deadlines for the construction of the Crimean bridge. They can be used in the construction of other objects of this type.
Non-firing materials using clay soils
Authors: Zolotukhin S N , Andreev A V , Volokitin V P
Published: November 2020

This paper is concerned with the creation of non-firing technologies for strengthening clay soils in places with high groundwater level. The procedure for predicting the properties of composites by the activity of the surface of the fillers, carried out using modern diagnostic methods developed by the authors, has shown the effectiveness of its application on construction sites in the Voronezh region when building road bases and strengthening soils for buildings and structures. Using the defrosting effect on the construction site allows one to extend the seasonality of work on roads and construction sites and improve the quality of soil preparation due to the increased dispersion of unfrozen clay. The increase in the deformation modulus and strength of soil foundations was measured to be 2–3 times, as well as the decrease in porosity and the increase in soil density by 1.25 times, the decrease in moisture concentration over time due to the ability of the slag block to absorb moisture from the soil for a long time. Strengthening the soil by the broken stone materials formed during the demolition of buildings and structures allows one to create reliable homogeneous soil bases at construction sites in difficult hydrogeological conditions.
Imported products in construction activities: quantitative analysis of relationship (case of the Russian Far East)
Authors: Belousova A V
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to assessing the dependence of the volume of construction work carried out in the region on products imported and used in construction. Econometric modeling is used as the main research method: dynamic models with distributed lag. For the case of the Russian Far East, estimates of the multipliers of imported products for regional construction are obtained. Multipliers show a low rate of decrease in the impact of imports on the dynamics of the volume of construction work: less than 1.7% per year. Therefore, for example, during the first eight years after the purchase of imported equipment, only 12.52% of its total long-term impact on the volume of construction is sold. The results can be used to determine the forecast dynamics of the volume of construction work depending on the actual and target indicators of imports of machinery and equipment.
Theoretical and experimental researches of operating properties of bitumen reinforced with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zaporotskova I V , Bakhracheva Y S , Boroznina N P
Published: November 2020

The current level of economic development requires numerous road transport, which is constantly increasing, as a result, the roadbed is destroyed quite quickly. To maintain the durability of the road surface, various modifications are used to improve the physical properties. During the research, theoretical calculations and experimental confirmation of changes in the properties of bitumen when adding carbon nanotubes were carried out. Three concentrations of carbon nanotubes were tested: 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% in the bituminous mixture, as well as a reference sample without adding carbon nanotubes to compare changes in indicators. Based on the research carried out in the course of this work, it can be argued that the proposed method of strengthening the asphalt concrete coating by reinforcing the main component of the coating (bitumen) improves its physical and mechanical properties and, accordingly, increases the service life of the roadbed.
Study of the stressed state in the layers of the composite material of the construction element
Authors: Adegova L , Kolesova T , Kolokolkina E
Published: November 2020

Numerical analysis was used to estimate influence of orientation of composite material layers on strain changes in a constructive element. A finite element method was used to conduct a strain-stress state analysis. A cylindric shell with a radius of 300 mm, a height of 600 mm and a wall thickness of 1,56 mm was examined. The shell consisted of eight differently oriented carbon fiber layers, that were impregnated with epoxy resin. Plate Laminate type elements were used to imitate composite layers orientation and to create a model of cylindric shell walls. Lower base of the cylinder had rigid fasteners and the upper base was under external loading. During strain-stress state analysis of composite layers were examined following loading types: axial tension, bend, torsion, internal pressure. Numerical analysis revealed that tension distribution in layers of composites depends on layer orientation and the cylindric shell loading type. Moreover, this paper defines estimated fatigue life of the shell under pulsatory load. It was determined that characteristics of fatigue strength of the constructive element depend on loading type.
Rolling of a weld pad on a flat surface. One-dimensional problem
Authors: Brzhanov R T , Bulekbayeva G.
Published: November 2020

The analysis of modern welding methods shows that there are a number of factors in the weld pad, which together lead to a significant reduction in the wear resistance of the applied metal plating of the parts: a considerable variation of mechanical properties; Presence of inclusions and metallurgical defects; heterogeneity of structure and irregularity of surface solids in the length of the part; presence of unfavourable tensile stresses; reduction of fatigue of the parts on board; difficulty of mechanical treatment. The article solved the one-dimensional problem of non-responsive deformation of the weld pad at rolling and presented the main results of the work on the mathematical substantiation of the processes of rolling up the weld pad. One of the stages of the surfacing technological process was selected for the study, in particular, plastic deformation of the weld pad by rolling in a hard roller at elevated temperatures. Finishing processing by plastic deformation methods is accompanied by hardening of the surface layer, which is very important to increase the reliability of the parts. In the process of deformation, metals create a product shape and provide certain properties.
Study of stresses in plane truss nodes
Authors: Shabaldin A P , Kharinova N V
Published: November 2020

in this paper, the stress state in a plane truss node was studied in two ways: numerically using the finite element method and experimentally using the photoelasticity method. The finite element method was used to calculate plane truss model. Photoelasticity or polarization-optical method was used to research stresses of piezo-optical materials. The picture of interference fringe patterns in the model of a planetruss was obtained by the method of photoelasticity. Stresses were calculated with their help. The purpose of the work was compared with both methods. Fields of maximum tangent stresses were obtained in the sample plane using both methods.
Optimization of ventilation of an indoor ice rink by numerical simulation of air flows
Authors: Starkova L G , Doroshenko E K , Zotova D A
Published: November 2020

An important task in the design of objects with artificial ice cover is to provide them with a modern ventilation and air conditioning system, which allows maintaining the parameters of the air environment in the volume of the arena’s premises. A properly organized air exchange with an accurately calculated flow rate should ensure stable and comfortable air parameters on the roller for various zones. However, due to the complexity of the picture of thermal, mass transfer and air processes occurring during the operation of the ice arena, standard design techniques often do not allow to obtain the desired result. Therefore, at the present stage, it is extremely urgent to raise the quality of design of these objects, which can be done using the capabilities of the computer 3D-modeling method. At the moment, in the Russian Federation, modeling of air flows in the design of indoor ice platforms is used only in the construction of large facilities of national scale. This work presents a practical study on the possibility of using the method of numerical computer modeling to develop solutions to improve the ventilation systems of an existing facility of regional significance.
Methodology for calculating the ineffective diameter of thermal insulation
Authors: Anisimova E Yu
Published: November 2020

This article describes the results of energy efficiency analysis of various types of pipeline thermal insulation in a district heating system and equipment. The mathematical relations used in calculating the thickness of the thermal insulation for heat pipes and equipment are given. The concept of the critical value of the thermal insulation outside diameter of the heat pipe is described. An equation is presented that determines the ineffective thickness of the heat pipe insulation. A solution to this equation is proposed using numerical methods, namely, Newton’s method. The results of calculations of ineffective thermal insulation diameters for various parameters of the coolant, the diameters of the pipeline itself, and various heat-insulating materials are presented. The obtained data are analyzed. Recommendations are given for the correct selection and calculation of the thermal insulation thickness of district heating pipelines, as well as for the reconstruction of the existing ones.
Maintenance of heat stability of the heating system work in a structure
Authors: Novoseltsev B P , Zherlykina M N , Garmonov K V
Published: November 2020

We investigated the reasons of obstruction in elements of heating systems equipped with capacitive heating devices, which leads to an increase in hydraulic resistance, a decrease in the coolant flow rate, a decrease in the average surface temperature of the heater and a decrease in its heat transfer. We studied the decrease in the thermal conductivity of the pipeline walls of the heating system depending on the thickness of the sediment of solid particles on their surface. The analysis of the existing method of flushing heating system is carried out and its shortcomings are revealed. A better method for flushing single-pipe heating system hydraulically is proposed, which involves the following: to ensure effective flushing of capacitive heaters, it is proposed to supply clean water and to remove wastewater from different sides of the heating device. The application of the proposed method allows us to reduce the water consumption for flushing heating system, to reduce the flushing time, to exclude the transfer of solid particles to other elements of the heating system which improves reliability of its operation.
Analysis of the water absorption capacity of reed for use in eco-friendly filters
Authors: Milyaeva A V , Shchukina T V , Kasatkina I I
Published: November 2020

Reed is able to absorb water, a quality that enables using it as a cartridge filler in eco-friendly filters to address the contamination of waterbodies. Aside from capturing harmful substances and pathogens, such filters actively absorb water. As the filtering medium becomes saturated with a fluid, its absorption capacity degrades, which is why one needs to know the saturation rates if the water purification process is to be effective. This knowledge helps find out how frequently the cartridge filler must be replaced. Absorption rates were sufficient for purification for three hours as shown by experimental laboratory tests using reeds ground to a variety of specific particle sizes without additional processing that would modify its structure physically and chemically. This indicates that cartridges have to be refilled with a new biosorbent at least twice over the daily period of bacterial activity observable from 10 am to 4 pm during daylight hours.
Reliability method for the gas distribution networks
Authors: Medvedeva O N , Chilikin A Yu
Published: November 2020

One of the main tasks of the functioning (operation) of gas distribution and gas consumption systems is safe and uninterrupted gas supply to consumers, decrease operating costs, labour costs and increase economic efficiency. The article describes the experience of technical diagnostics of gas distribution networks. A non-destructive defect analysis was performed. Conclusions have been drawn on the nature of the defects detected. The problem of dangerous defects is indicated. Methods of non-destructive testing, which are most often used during technical diagnostics and industrial safety examination are presented. Work was carried out on the selection of X-ray control modes on the most common diameters of pipes for the gas networks, the selection of materials and equipment necessary for X-ray control. Analysis of the obtained X-ray images showed that the use of the selected control scheme and the applied F8 film type gives full compliance with the criteria of detectability for localization and visualization of the presence or absence of defects in the welded joint.
Study of factors affecting the reliability and efficiency of the heat supply system
Authors: Gorshkalev P A , Chernosvitov M D , Porshina E G
Published: November 2020

The paper describes the history of creating the concept of a sanitary protection zone (SPZ) designed for population protection from the negative impact of industrial enterprises. It proposes a classification SPZs by their size and develops an approach to calculating a hazard class of industrial enterprises over time. It also describes the procedure of establishing a SPZ in accordance with current legislation applicable to all production facilities, including water supply community facilities. The research considers problems of establishing SPZs for wastewater disposal organizations (WDO) located in historical building developments, as well as for water supply and sanitation facilities where reconstruction is planned. The paper reveals the shortage of a regulatory and procedural framework for calculating emissions from WDO facilities, using the example of a specific structure.
Geotechnical risk assessment during the construction of international crossing under the runways of Sheremetyevo airport
Authors: Polyankin A G , Potokina A , Kulikova E Yu
Published: November 2020

The surrounding buildings, topographical, engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site area are factors of potential geotechnical risks and influence the occurrence of emergencies during the building of underground structures. It is irrefutable fact, that while the development of the underground space of cities due attention is not given to geotechnical risks, considering only issues related to economic damage. In addition, there is no comprehensive risk control methodology for the construction of complex multifunctional facilities. In order to prevent the risk of accidents, during the construction of the Inter-terminal transition under the runways of Sheremetyevo Airport in Moscow method of geotechnical risk control was developed, which proved to be an effective method in the prevention of accidents during construction. Recommendations were developed to reduce the level of risk at the considered facility, including verification calculations carried out by an independent organization in a certified geotechnical software package; geophysical surveys of runway foundation; filling voids before sinking under the runway; exploratory drilling and geophysical surveys before sinking hazardous areas.
Consolidation of rocks in chamber workings and tunnels during the construction of underground hydroelectric power plants
Authors: Yatimov U A , Yatimov A J , Yatimov T A
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the possibility of using reinforced cementation of rocks in order to consolidate the rock mass around underground workings and prevent water filtration into the turbine room and underground transformer room and tunnels of the Rogun HPP based on the experience of using this method in the construction of underground structures of the Kariba (Rhodesia) and Roselan-Bati HPPs (France). In recent years, comprehensive studies of rock masses containing the main underground structures of the Rogun HPP made it possible to clarify the current state of these masses and update the characteristics of their elastic and deformation strength properties obtained at the technical design stage. The results of the performed calculations testify to the normal operation of the anti-seepage circuit of the dam and indicate high efficiency of the drainage system of the pressure head unit.
Possibilities of computer-aided design of flange connections in pipe fittings based on the nanoCAD Mechanics graphic editor
Authors: Kuvshinov N S
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the possibilities of using the nanoCAD Mechanics editor, developed by the Russian company Nanosoft JSC (www.nanocad.ru), for the automated design of pipeline sections with threaded flange connections. It is shown that for solving the problems in computer-aided design, there are various tools presented in the ribbon interface of the program. Such tools include the Standard command from the Standard group on the Mechanics tab, which opens the Select Parts dialog box. In the Select Parts dialog box, a functional panel of the Element Base is built-in, including: folders Pipeline fittings and Welded pipelines; dropdown catalogs Flanges, Gaskets and Pipes with element sizes that comply with ESKD standards. On the “Mechanics” tab, the Bolt connection tool from the Design group with the Mounting Details dialog box included in it is used, after calling it and specifying the start and end points of the connection, the Mounting Details dialog box opens. The last lists show bolts made according to ESKD standards. Insertion of flanges, gaskets, bends, pipes and bolt joints and their automated selection are carried out by left-clicking and selecting parameters in the corresponding dialog boxes.
Usage of receptor (voxel) geometric models in the tasks of evaluating the ergonomics of engineering equipment of building structures
Authors: Tun Ye Win , Markin L V
Published: November 2020

The article considers the task of automated layout of engineering equipment in construction (mechanical, electromechanical, climatic and other auxiliary equipment of civil and industrial buildings). As part of this task, the issue of ensuring the ergonomics of the layout is investigated, by which we mean the possibility of delivery of installation tools to their places of use and the availability of sufficient space for their work. A new approach is proposed, in which the tool trajectory is formed from the initial position to the point of use, as well as the space required for installation operations. The set of instantaneous positions of a movable tool is modeled as a solid object that composes in a scene. The efficiency of using receptor (voxel) geometric models for this purpose is shown. They allow not only to easily determine cases of their mutual intersection, but also to form intelligent layout algorithms. The possibilities of using 6 digit receptor models are shown, which facilitates the analysis of the layout situation, the use of receptor models to determine the shortest distances to obstacles and the output parameters of the trajectory formation program in C #. The effectiveness of the developed model for evaluating ergonomics.
Features of urban greening for people with visual impairment in Vladivostok
Authors: Kopeva A , Khrapko O , Maslovskaia O
Published: November 2020

The creation of an urban environment designed taking into account the needs of people with disabilities is currently one of the priority areas of state, social and urban planning policy, the practical results of which are aimed at ensuring equal opportunities with other citizens in various fields of work, life, and leisure. The objective is to identify the features of greening for blind and visually impaired people in the conditions of the city of Vladivostok. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following problems: to determine the assortment of ornamental plants and to identify compositional techniques of landscape design that ensure the possible use of non-visual receptors (auditory, olfactory, tactile, etc.) by blind people, and also, enhance the impact on the visual perception of the visually impaired when they orient in the environment. As a result of the study, the assortments of ornamental plants and compositional methods of greening for the conditions of the city of Vladivostok were identified, which facilitate the orientation of blind and visually impaired people in an urban environment and allow the formation of an accessible environment for people with visual impairments.
Determining the degree of degradation of a historical and architectural object: Assessment Scale
Authors: Bystrova T Yu
Published: November 2020

The author’s definition of the degradation of a historical and architectural object is derived in the article, taking into account the change in the paradigm of working with heritage and strengthening the humanitarian component in it. The degradation of a historical and architectural object is interpreted as the loss of its function and meaning for the people and the territory on which this object is located, caused by an underestimation of its value and socio-economic and cultural potential. Understanding the subjective components of degradation leads to the conclusion about the possibility of specialists’ working with public opinion, and involving residents in project activities. Examples of the work of architects with degrading architectural objects are shown. The criteria for evaluating such objects that help to make reasoned professional decisions on working with objects of historical and architectural heritage are derived.
A barrier-free urban space as an indicator of exercising the right to the city by individuals with disabilities
Authors: Abramova S B , Antonova N L , Gurarii A D
Published: November 2020

This article looks at urban space through the lens of reimagining the status of individuals with disabilities as people with health issues. Today, they are viewed as a social group who claims their right to the city and to barrier-free urban space, and who is characterized by social interaction. The paper argues for an urgent need of creating universal inclusive spaces and specific areas on the city map which would address special needs of individuals with different forms of disability. The results of a survey of individuals with disabilities, residing in the City of Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk Region, as well as expert interviews with representatives of local and regional authorities, indicate that the public bodies are aware of the needs of individuals with disabilities and making attempts to address the requests of this group. The respondents identified the following key problem areas: difficulties of moving around the city, a lack of barrier-free access into buildings, and a lack of sanitary facilities in the visited organizations.
Study of the dependence of city development indicators from urban form
Authors: Zuev A Yu , Parygin D S , Sadovnikova N P
Published: November 2020

Urban form is an important object of the decision-making process in urban planning. Indicators of spatial characteristics appear in the regulatory acts of the Russian Federation. In today’s fast-paced world, the infrastructure that used to be acceptable becomes inappropriate over time, and adaptation by trial and error often leads to negative consequences. This study is part of a major effort to understand how the urban form affects the development of the city. The study of five significant spatial indicators and four important development indicators on the data of the fourteen largest cities in Russia did not reveal an essential correlation among the analyzed indicators. Nevertheless, the demostered direction in understanding the laws of the spatial development of the city can help in making decisions on the transformation of the urban environment and will give a new impetus to creating comfortable living conditions.
Methodology for assessing quality of urban park functional zoning by factors affecting park environment comfortability
Authors: Silin R V , Kasyanov V F
Published: November 2020

The decision made by the architect on the location of recreational areas on the park layout can subsequently have a significant impact on people’s comfort and is one of the conditions for the high level of park attendance and visitor satisfaction. However, since each factor affecting comfortability of the environment manifests differently in different parts of the park, it is quite difficult to take into account and not leave out every factor affecting comfort at the design phase. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology that can be used for quantitative assessment of the quality of functional zoning in existing urban parks, to provide a more complete account of sanitation and hygiene, ergonomic, morphological and natural factors affecting the park environment comfortability. This goal is achieved by building planograms which reflect the impact of each factor on the park grounds and their subsequent summation in accordance with the requirements for location of each functional zone of the park set by the designer. The methodology proposed in this paper was used to assess the quality of the existing functional zoning in the Lida town park.
Architectural structures for the formation of vertical landscaping of buildings
Authors: Dorozhkina E
Published: November 2020

“Green architecture” is becoming more widespread all over the world. This is largely due to the need to improve the environmental quality of urban development. Often for the purpose of greening resort to greening the building surfaces, including vertical or having a significant slope. This article is devoted to the study of issues of landscaping vertical surfaces of buildings. The research is aimed at identifying technical features of designing elements of vertical gardening. The subject of the study is architectural structures for the formation of landscaping. We study their potential in the formation of objects of “green architecture”. The main method of research is to study the normative and scientific basis for designing vertical gardening. An analysis of existing experience in the design of fotofashion. Scientific novelty consists in systematization of applied design and engineering solutions. As a result of the research, 2 types of vertical gardening solutions were identified: green facades and green walls. Considered forming capabilities of the types of constructive solutions to fotofashion.
Font as a category of aesthetics and a means of communication in design, art, architecture
Authors: Chernyh D G , Raspopova N V
Published: November 2020

The article briefly describes the history of Old Russian writing in the context of the development of European type culture. The article analyzes the influence of material, technology, features of type design and the level of socio-economic development on the evolution of Cyrillic writing. There is an overview of the development of styles of handwritten writing in Russia from the XI-XVIII centuries till the reform of Peter I. The problem of coexistence and mutual influence of different types of arts within the same style is touched upon on the example of architecture, literature and book graphics. The conclusion is made about the influence of calligraphy on the formation of aesthetic taste, on the ability to solve educational and upbringing tasks, its role, as an ethno-cultural marker.
Influence of water quality on the autoclave leaching process (on the example of the Bereznyakovsky gold recovery factory)
Authors: Rasskasova N S , Belov S A
Published: November 2020

For the first time this article provides a benchmarking analysis of water consumption while using modern technologies of gold recovery from ore; the best ore-processing technology for refractory sulphide ores is identified; and recommendations are given on water and energy saving in the process of autoclave leaching. The authors found that the most efficient technologies for extracting gold for certain geological conditions (gold is embedded in a complex mineral) are: autoclave leaching and bacterial oxidation. They allow you to save water resources, especially if these technologies use mills. The authors give recommendations for using the combined method. The calculation of surface runoff from the sites of the gold processing plant showed that using them, you can save from 3 to 8 percent of the make-up water.
The current state of forest stands under anthropogenic impacts on the example of the Orenburg Urals
Authors: Kalyakina R G , Filippova A V , Ryabukhina M V
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of monitoring the state of forest stands in the Orenburg region. The proportion of planted areas with impaired and lost resistance is significant. The main reasons for the weakening and death of forests were forest fires (71.1%), adverse weather conditions and soil and climatic factors (11.9%), as well as forest diseases (9.4%). The dry climate and intense anthropogenic impacts bring forest fires to a dominant position in the loss of forest stands in the Orenburg region as a whole. An analysis of the forest fire data of the region shows that the frequency of fires is on average 10 cases per 100 ha of forests per year; the maximum number of fires is 25, and the largest area covered by the fire is up to 450 ha (2010). Recommendations are given on preventing anthropogenic impact on the soil and vegetation cover of forest cenoses of the Orenburg region. One of the main sources of anthropogenic impact on forest ecosystems is mining. The complex impact of oil and gas production and refining processes will be manifested for a long time.
Assessment of occupational risks in the aircraft industry
Authors: Ryabchikova I A , Petyukova A V
Published: November 2020

The aircraft industry of Russia is one of the most important high-tech and knowledge-intensive branches of machine building. About 150 thousand employees work at aircraft manufacturing enterprises. Their working conditions do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. The research purpose is to compare professional risks for workers of the aircraft industry on the example of the aircraft plant in Ulan-Ude (Buryatia). The research object is Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, which is the largest enterprise in the Republic of Buryatia. It is part of the Russian Helicopters Company belonging to the RosTech Company. The risk of occupational diseases is determined by chemical factors, severity of the labor process, industrial noise. All the professions are at risk. For gluemen, locksmiths, and riveters, the level of an occupational risk is high. For sealants and tightness testers, the risk is low. To reduce the professional risk, it is necessary to modernize production, replace obsolete equipment, and implement modern technologies.
Methodology for studying the corrosion of material of oil pipelines operating in marshy soil
Authors: Latypov O R , Tyusenkov A S
Published: November 2020

The main reason for the operation of oil pipelines is the corrosion of their materials. As a result of corrosion, the destruction of the pipeline, contributing to the leakage of oil, which pollutes the environment, accidents and disasters. The most corrosive areas are areas of high humidity, for example: swamps. In the Russian Federation, about 30 % of the transport network of oil pipelines passes through swampy soil. As the materials of oil pipelines, pipe steels are used, for example Steel of type 3 or 09Mn2Si. The article describes a method for studying the corrosion rate of pipe steels on a laboratory bench that simulates their operation in marshy soil. A comparison is made of the corrosion mechanisms of 09Mn2Si and Steel of type 3 steels in soils with a high content of hydrogen sulfide and the presence of microorganisms by empirical tests based on the above method. The results of gravimetric tests were evaluated and the conclusions were discussed.
Principles and basic provisions for a system for assessing the ecological potential of the modern ecosystem
Authors: Selyutina L , Pesotskaya E , Chernykh A
Published: November 2020

The article deals with current environmental components of the problem of development of the territory (region) as a modern ecosystem. The peculiarities of forming the ecological potential of the territory are characterized. Special attention is paid to the research of terminological problems and the applied conceptual apparatus. Methodological principles providing formation of integral, logically verified methodology of assessment of ecological potential of the territory in modern conditions of development were formulated. The author’s approach to developing methodological bases for assessing the environmental situation in the territory is described.
Study of the separation of mineral phases of Waelz clinker for its disposal
Authors: Orehkova N N , Gorlova O E , Glagoleva I V
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of technological studies on the enrichment of a sample of Waelz clinker from zinc cakes from the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant by magnetic and flotation methods. The phase and chemical composition of the Waelz clinker of various enterprises is considered, the analysis of the main components of the clinker is carried out. Clinker is a large tonnage solid waste of the zinc sub-industry of non-ferrous metallurgy, has a complex multicomponent composition and is characterized by high contents of iron (36.41%), non-ferrous (Cu 5.28%, Zn 0.93%) and noble (Au 3.8 g / t, Ag 332.2 g / t) metals. Apart from that, there is noticeable content of waste rock, including free carbon (coke breeze), silicone dioxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, alumina. It is shown that, in principle, Waelz-clinker can be separated according to the magnetic flotation scheme without recycle operations to produce four products: a non-magnetic carbon-containing product βC = 21.7%), copper middlings βCu = 11.39-11.69%), flotation coal product βC = 22%) and an iron-containing concentrate in the form of flotation tailings βFe = 60.23%).
Ensuring safety during the work with mercury and its inorganic salts
Authors: Gumerov T Yu , Freze T Yu , Gabdukaeva L Z
Published: November 2020

The paper presents a food product intended for the nutrition of those working with mercury and its inorganic compounds. Efficiency consists in the ability to neutralize mercury compounds, convert them to an inert form, have a neutralizing effect and cleanse the body. The composition of the product includes ingredients that reduce the processes of intoxication with mercury and its inorganic compounds, as well as reduce the main symptoms and stages of mercury poisoning (chronic mercury poisoning with constant exposure to metal vapors or its compounds). Cereal bar is proposed for feeding workers working with mercury and its inorganic compounds, which includes the following ingredients: oat bran, raisins, dates, crushed peanuts, bee honey, coarse wheat fibre, rice flour, strawberries, sea cabbage, beetroot, sesame, coriander, apple, dried rosehip, butter, chlorella powder and coconut shavings. Invention provides the preparation of cereal bars intended to feed workers working with mercury and its inorganic compounds, which accelerate the removal of mercury compounds and its inorganic compounds from the body.
Safety assessment of gas lines crossings under railways
Authors: Permyakov V N , Martynovich V L
Published: November 2020

The article provides an assessment of safety of train passengers when implementing accident scenarios related to depressurization of main gas line at a railway crossing. The analysis of the assessment results for the number of victims including those killed among train passengers obtained by the methodology in the industry regulatory documents has been made. This analysis of the assessment results for social risk of death of train passengers has revealed some sections of gas lines, which do not comply with the requirements of regulatory documents without additional safety measures. Some technical solutions have been proposed to reduce the risk of passenger death.
Assessment and potential levels of technosphere industrial safety
Authors: Filimonova L A , Skvortsova N K
Published: November 2020

The article discusses approaches to assessing cause-effect relationships determining the causes of emergencies at the enterprise, including the identification of direct and indirect factors, the direction and intensity of emergencies at the enterprise using the methods (risk sessions) of hazard research. The article poses the classical problem of hazard identification based on methods (risk sessions) in a matrix format with subsequent decision-making based on identification results. The authors of the article provide justifications, conclusions and recommendations regarding the development and launch of measures to improve the efficiency and reliability of industrial safety systems at a hazardous production facility. The principal distinguishing feature of the research results are: the variability of the managerial decision on the corresponding challenge of the industrial safety system of a particular facility and the security of the region in which the subject operates; “Ideal” solution to the potential problem of loss of efficiency and reliability of industrial safety systems at a hazardous production facility.
Expert-statistical approach to the analysis of geotechnical risks in the construction of metro facilities
Authors: Potapova E V
Published: November 2020

Risk issues in metro construction should be discussed at the planning and design stages, along with issues of safety, efficiency of technological solutions and reliability. Problems that arise during the construction of an underground facility lead to an increase in time and cost. In the worst case - to the development of various scenarios of emergency situations. These problems are caused mainly by insufficient attention to geotechnical risk management. The effectiveness of this process is related to the quality of risk identification, understanding of the mechanism for developing a risk situation, and the degree of reliability of the risk assessment results. The article presents the results of identification of some geotechnical risks in metro projects in conjunction with risk-forming factors and consequences of their occurrence. A methodic for geotechnical risks assessing, based on an expert-statistical approach is presented, and theoretical generalization is given for individual components of the methodic. The form of information-analytical archive of risks is given. A veracity criteria for the risk assessment is presented. Further development of the approach will allow more reasonable geotechnical risks assessment for decision-making and selecting a program of measures to exclude and minimize the occurrence of risk situations.
Technogenic impact of the heat and power plant on the environment and the development of environmental engineering measures
Authors: Zvyagintseva A V , Sazonova S A , Kulneva V V
Published: November 2020

The article studies the waste generated during the operation of the heat and power plant, an energy facility. The analysis of atmospheric pollution by emissions of the Voronezh HPP-1, which uses coal as the main fuel, was carried out. A comparison is made with a thermal power plant using gas as a fuel source. The maximum allowable emission standards for pollutants generated during the use of coal were established and the excess of the MPC value by various types of emissions was shown: dioxide and nitric oxide; fuel oil and NO2+SO2 ash; sulfurous anhydride and carbon monoxide; soot and coal ash. The size of the Sanitary Protection Zone of HPP-1 was determined. Measures aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact of energy facilities such as combined heat and power plants are proposed.
Determination of the flotation effectiveness of industrial waste water in a laboratory
Authors: Dyagelev M Y , Nepogodin A M , Grakhova E V
Published: November 2020

This article presents the test results of the laboratory flotation equipment LFM–001 for the treatment of simulated wastewater with a high content of oil products and surfactants. To obtain a water–air mixture, tap water with a volume of up to 40 dm3 was used, through which air was passed, with a volume till 5% of the water volume. The size of the resulting bubbles was determined by the pressure established in the aeration tank before the tests and by the flow rate of the air-water mixture in the flotation machine. After a series of tests, in series where a water–air mixture was added to laboratory containers with simulated wastewater, oil particles formed flakes in the presence of a coagulant. These flakes, together with air bubbles of the air–water mixture, floated to the surface of the container and formed a foamed, oily layer 5 mm thick. At the same time, the water in the laboratory vessel, after passing the air–water mixture became more transparent visually than water in other laboratory vessels.
On the choice of the water treatment technology for rural areas
Authors: Pchelnikov I V , Fedotov R V , Breus S A
Published: November 2020

Most water supply systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation were built in the last century. At the same time, no more than 18% of consumers of small settlements are provided with drinking-quality water. The rest of the population living in rural areas has to use untreated underground and surface water which does not meet sanitary-chemical (40.3%) and microbiological (35.5%) indicators. Most of such water supply sources are exposed to anthropogenic and technological environmental impact with varying degrees of intensity. Intensive deterioration in the natural waters quality, the absence of water purification and waste water treatment plants in rural settlements and villages significantly increases the risk of emergency situations occurrence associated with mass infection of the population with waterborne pathogens. One of the ways to provide the villagers with high-quality drinking water is through modular water treatment plants of various capacities. This work presents the first part of development research of the water treatment and disinfection technology carried out in laboratory conditions. The proposed technology allows treatment of natural water to the SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 quality without use of imported reagents and the permanent presence of maintenance staff.
Liquid and gas flow in the sewer network in the city of Perm
Authors: Ruchkinova O I , Karelina K A
Published: November 2020

The article describes the reasons for the formation of odors near the drainage system. The data on monitoring the section of the main unloading sewer in the city of Perm are presented. During the monitoring period, the samples of wastewater, atmospheric air quality have been taken, directly at the very point and at the border of the established sanitary protection zone (hereinafter referred to as the SPZ) or at the border of the nearest residential development (more than 30 m from the research point); in some points, the volume of the gas-air medium and the speed of gas movement in the sewer have been measured. Based on the studies carried out, the network parameters influencing the direction of gas movement have been determined. The calculation of the gaseous medium in the gravity reservoir under the influence of the entraining ability of the liquid and natural draft has been carried out. A gravity section has been taken for the calculation, located after the pressure head with the greatest length. Based on the results of the calculations, proposals are presented to change the direction of the gas-air medium, along with the direction of the wastewater flow.