bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of GluR2‐flip in the hippocampus of the Wistar audiogenic rat strain after acute and kindled seizures
Authors: Gitaí Daniel Leite Góes , Martinelli Heloisa Nakashima , Valente Valeria , Pereira Marilia G. Alves Goulart , Oliveira José Antonio Cortes , Elias Carol Fuzeti , Bittencourt Jackson Cioni , Leite João Pereira , Costa‐Neto Claudio Miguel , Garcia‐Cairasco Norberto , Paçó‐Larson Maria Luisa
Published: March 2009

The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) is an epileptic‐prone strain developed by genetic selection from a Wistar progenitor based on the pattern of behavioral response to sound stimulation. Chronic acoustic stimulation protocols of WARs (audiogenic kindling) generate limbic epileptogenesis, confirmed by ictal semiology, amygdale, and hippocampal EEG, accompanied by hippocampal and amygdala cell loss, as well as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). In an effort to identify genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying epileptic process, we used suppression‐subtractive hybridization to construct normalized cDNA library enriched for transcripts expressed in the hippocampus of WARs. The most represented gene among the 133 clones sequenced was the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit II (GluR2), a member of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleopropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Although semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis shows that the hippocampal levels of the GluR2 subunits do not differ between naïve WARs and their Wistar counterparts, we observed that the expression of the transcript encoding the splice‐variant GluR2‐flip is increased in the hippocampus of WARs submitted to both acute and kindled audiogenic seizures. Moreover, using in situ hybridization, we verified upregulation of GluR2‐flip mainly in the CA1 region, among the hippocampal subfields of audiogenic kindled WARs. Our findings on differential upregulation of GluR2‐flip isoform in the hippocampus of WARs displaying audiogenic seizures is original and agree with and extend previous immunohistochemical for GluR2 data obtained in the Chinese P77PMC audiogenic rat strain, reinforcing the association of limbic AMPA alterations with epileptic seizures. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dem Laser auf die Finger geschaut
Authors: Braunsteiner Arnold , Nufer Daniel
Published: March 2009

Das schnelle und berührungsfreie Prüfen von Bauteilen hat sich in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr etabliert und ist aus der Industrie nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sensor‐ und kamerabasierende Prozessüberwachungen ermöglichen heute Kosteneinsparungen von bis zu 30 Prozent oder mehr. Fehler können damit schon während der Produktion in Echtzeit erkannt werden. Kosten, die durch Nachbearbeitung, Rückrufaktionen und der Auslieferung von fehlerhaften Bauteilen entstehen, können dadurch deutlich gesenkt werden.
Erfolg durch Brillanz
Authors: Marchiano Marcel
Published: March 2009

Dilas ist eines der erfolgreichsten Diodenlaserunternehmen. Mit Laserdioden für das Pumpen von Festkörperlasern, für Schweiß‐ und Lötanwendungen ist das Unternehmen weltweit vertreten. Dr. Marcel Marchiano, Geschäftsführer von Dilas, nahm sich während der Photonics West 2009 in San Jose eine Stunde Zeit und sprach mit Francisco Velasco vom Laser Technik Journal über Erfolg, Strategien und die immer größer werdende Dilas‐Familie.
Post‐natal investigations: management and prognosis for fetuses with CNS anomalies identified in utero excluding neurosurgical problems
Authors: Mighell Amal S. , Johnstone Ed D. , Levene Malcolm
Published: March 2009

The suspicion of an abnormality of the central nervous (CNS) system raises difficult questions for the clinician and the family and will inevitably lead to considerable anxiety. These questions include what it means for the child's future, whether it can be treated and whether it will happen again in subsequent pregnancies. For many disorders accurate prenatal diagnosis remains elusive, as even with fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), early recognition and characterisation are simply not possible because of the immature state of brain development at that stage of pregnancy. The natural history of many prenatally diagnosed CNS disorders remains to be elucidated which means that an accurate prognosis cannot be given in all cases. We review the current state of knowledge regarding the investigation, management and prognosis of the most common and important CNS malformations. We also discuss the post‐natal management of these conditions both in the neonate and subsequent pregnancies for the families. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase structure and electrical properties of strontium modified (Na0.48–xK0.48–xLi0.04Srx)Nb0.89Ta0.05Sb0.06O3 ceramics
Authors: Zheng Limei , Wang Jinfeng , Ming Baoquan , Wang Chunming , Du Juan , Wu Qingzao
Published: March 2009

(Na0.48–x K0.48–x Li0.04Srx)Nb0.89Ta0.05Sb0.06O3 (abbreviated as NKLSrx NST) lead‐free ceramics are fabricated by conventional solid state reaction. The material with perovskite structure contains both tetragonal and orthorhombic phases at room temperature when x ≤ 0.02, and it changes into cubic phase gradually as x increases. A second phase KSr2Nb5O15 begins to appear at x = 0.03 and becomes obvious with increasing Sr content. Dielectric studies show that the Sr2+ modification lowers the Curie temperature and induces the diffuseness of cubic–tetragonal phase transition. The addition of Sr2+ improves the density and piezoelectric properties of NKLNST. The ceramic modified with 0.008 mol SrO shows the optimum piezoelectric properties (d33 = 278 pC/N, kp = 0.504, tan δ = 0.025). Degradation of kp is found after the first thermal cycling due to the tetragonal–orthorhombic phase transition near room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visualizing the Effect of Microenvironment on the Spatiotemporal RhoA and Src Activities in Living Cells by FRET
Authors: Kim Tae‐Jin , Xu Jing , Dong Rui , Lu Shaoying , Nuzzo Ralph , Wang Yingxiao
Published: March 2009

The cell–microenvironment interaction is critical for cells to perceive environmental cues and co‐ordinate signaling cascades to regulate physiological functions. Herein, a soft‐lithography technique, micropattern via micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), is explored to create cell‐adhesive micropatterns on glass coverslips. Genetically encoded Src and RhoA fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors are used to monitor the Src and RhoA activities in nonpatterned cells (stochastically migrating cells, SMCs) and those constrained to grow on micropatterned surfaces (restrictedly migrating cells, RMCs). The results reveal that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces a decrease of RhoA and an increase of Src activities with biphasic time courses in RMCs. In contrast, the time courses of such activities in SMCs upon EGF stimulation are relatively monophasic. The inhibition of Src activity, actin network, or myosin machinery abolishes the biphasic RhoA response upon EGF stimulation in RMCs. The results indicate that this microenvironment effect on the biphasic RhoA activation in RMCs is mediated by Src and actomyosin machinery. Through the integration of FRET and micropatterning technologies, it is demonstrated that the microenvironment impacts significantly on cell shapes and subsequently the spatiotemporal signaling network of RhoA and Src in living cells. The results help to advance mechanistic understanding of how cells perceive and interpret microenvironments to co‐ordinate intracellular molecular signals and ultimately physiological responses.
The contribution of A.E. Kontorovich to the theory of petroleum generation
Authors: Neruchev S.G.
Published: March 2009

Aleksei Emil’evich Kontorovich, a titular member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, contributes very much to oil geology, in particular, to the foundation and development of the modern theory of petroleum generation and methodology of petroleum potential forecast.
MOF: An R Function to Detect Outlier Microarray
Authors: Yang Song , Guo Xiang , Hu Hai
Published: March 2009

We developed an R function named “microarray outlier filter” (MOF) to assist in the identification of failed arrays. In sorting a group of similar arrays by the likelihood of failure, two statistical indices were employed: the correlation coefficient and the percentage of outlier spots. MOF can be used to monitor the quality of microarray data for both trouble shooting, and to eliminate bad datasets from downstream analysis. The function is freely avaliable at http://www.wriwindber.org/applications/mof/.
The Amount and Composition of the Drainage through Unmanured and Uncropped Land, Barnfield, Rothamsted
Authors: Miller N. H. J.
Published: March 2009

During the last sixty years numerous percolation and evaporation experiments have been made in this country and elsewhere. The method employed has been that originally used by Dalton, which has the advantage that the chemical and physical properties of the soil may, if desired, be thoroughly investigated. In addition to these experiments in which the evaporation from the soil, or from the soil with vegetation, is estimated by deducting the amount of drainage from the rainfall of the same period, numerous determinations of soil moisture have been made in the United States, from which evaporation may be directly determined. The difference between the estimated evaporation and the rainfall gives of course the amount of percolation.
On the Question whether Nitrites or Nitrates are produced by non-bacterial processes in the Soil
Authors: Russell Edward J. , Smith Norman
Published: March 2009

The experiments described in the following pages were made with a view to discover how far purely physical and chemical processes, known to take place in the soil, may be expected to give rise to nitrites and nitrates. Scattered throughout the extensive literature on nitrification are occasional papers tending to show, what might also be expected on theoretical grounds, that non-bacterial processes may be important sources of nitrates. Formerly these processes were considered to be the only sources, then came the brilliant researches of Schloesing and Muntz, Warington, Winogradsky, and others on nitrifying organisms, and non-bacterial processes were forced into the background. Now that a full knowledge of the various sources of nitrogen compounds in the soil has become so indispensable to the agriculturist, it seemed desirable to make a careful examination of the various chemical and physical processes known to take place in the soil, and to ascertain whether they make any direct or indirect contribution to its stores of nitrates. To this end we have repeated and extended such of the recorded observations bearing on the subject as seemed to merit repetition; we have also devised other experiments to make the examination as complete as possible.
On a Method of Checking Parasitic Diseases in Plants
Authors: Potter M. C.
Published: March 2009

Although the study of the action of Bacteria in pathogenic relation to the higher plants may be described as in its infancy, a great deal of sound work has been done in this branch of Phytopathology, and various types of bacterial diseases have been definitely established.
Plant-growth in Heated Soils
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville
Published: March 2009

The existence of a toxic substance in heated soils, and the coexistence of two changes of an opposite character when such soils are kept—the one resulting in the oxidation and destruction of the toxin, the other in an increase of the soluble organic matter present—seem to offer an explanation of certain anomalies which have been observed in the growth of plants in these soils, to which allusion has already been made; provided, always, that this toxic substance is toxic towards plant-growth in the same way as it has been found to be toxic towards seed-germination.
Soil Surveys and Soil Analyses
Authors: Hall A. D. , Russell E. J.
Published: March 2009

In undertaking a survey of the soils of a given district the methods of analysis and the classification to be adopted (which in its turn shapes the scheme of the work) must be determined by the purpose before the investigator at the outset. His end may be scientific–to assign the soils in question to their types, or practical–to give information to the cultivator by showing him the area over which a given method of treatment may be expected to succeed. Much will depend upon the extent of the area under investigation and on the character of the climate prevailing.
Cider Sickness
Authors: Barker B. T. P. , Hillier V. Florian
Published: March 2009

The present paper deals with the results of an investigation on a serious and common disorder of cider, generally known as cider sickness. The account here given is concerned with its characteristic features, its cause, and, as far as present knowledge permits, methods for its prevention. The disorder is due to the action of a bacterium. It is proposed to give a detailed account of the organism and its chemical activities in a supplementary paper.
Methods of Estimation of Carbohydrates. III: The Cupric Reducing Power of the Pentoses—Xylose and Arabinose
Authors: Daish Arthur John
Published: March 2009

In the scheme of analysis of plant extracts described in a former paper (Davis and Daish, J. Agric. Sci., 1913, 5, 437), before it is possible to calculate the proportion of dextrose and laevulose an allowance must be made for the pentoses present; it therefore became necessary to ascertain the exact value of the cupric reducing power of these sugars under the standard conditions adopted—namely those defined by Brown, Morris and Millar. Value s of the cupric reducing power of xylose have been given already by Stone, Weiser and Zeitschek, and of arabinose by the latter workers and by Ost; but as they were obtained under conditions different from those specified by Brown, Morris and Millar, they are unsuitable for the present purpose, and it became necessary to make a fresh series of determinations. Xylose and arabinose are the only pentoses which are at all readily obtainable and in the present paper attention is limited to these.
On some Factors controlling Fertility in Domestic Animals
Authors: Hammond John
Published: March 2009

After a consideration of the ways in which the fertility of domestic animals is controlled some of the factors which limit it have been investigated. Various circumstances control the number of ova shed at each heat period. Data are presented which show that the low fertility of young as compared with adult sows is due to the fact that not so many ova are shed at each period.

Counts have been made of the number of corpora lutea present in the ovaries and number of foetuses present in the uteri of pregnant rabbits and pigs. The results show that many more ova are shed at the heat period than young are produced at birth. Some ova possibly may be lost but many after fertilization atrophy at some period of their development and undergo absorption in utero.

While the occurrence of atrophic foetuses only causes reduced fertility in animals which have many young at birth yet their occurrence in animals producing only one young would give rise to sterility so that the problem of the cause of the atrophy becomes an important one.

Investigation points to the conclusion that the atrophy is not bacterial in origin since frequently healthy and atrophic foetuses lie side by side in the uterus. Moreover no bacteria could be found either in the foetus or foetal membranes.

Evidence is given to show that nutrition cannot be the cause of the atrophy although it may affect to a certain extent the size of the young.

No conclusion has yet been arrived at as to the cause of the atrophy, and the several possibilities suggested are still under investigation.
The Distribution of Atmospheric Impurities in the Neighbourhood of an Industrial City
Authors: Crowther Charles , Steuart Dan W.
Published: March 2009

The rain analyses summarised in this paper bring out very clearly the marked difference in the purity of the atmosphere between the industrial-rural area to the west and south and the purely agricultural area to the north and north-east of Leeds.

They show that the sulphur-content of the rain falling at a given station affords a fairly reliable diagnosis of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere by smoke, provided the observations be prolonged over several months. Further, evidence has been obtained in confirmation of that adduced by earlier observers, that the sulphur-content of the leaves of trees may afford useful assistance in the diagnosis of smoke-pollution. In preliminary tests the proportion of sulphur present in the leaf as sulphate gave a sharper grading of the pollution in different districts than the total sulphur.

The rain analyses show further that appreciable smoke-pollution still remains throughout the agricultural area at distances of seven miles from the city, the rate of improvement of the atmosphere on passing away from the city into the purely agricultural areas being appreciably slower in the direction of the prevailing winds than in other directions.

In a general way the analyses tend to show that the smoke, though in greater quantity, is in a higher state of oxidation in the dirtier or more industrial districts—due to more efficient combustion of the coal.

Throughout the industrial-rural area abundant evidence of damage to leaves was found, and there can be no doubt of the consequent check to growth.
The Hydrolysis of Maltose by Hydrochloric Acid under the Herzfeld Conditions of Inversion
Authors: Kluyver A. J. , Davis William A.
Published: March 2009

It is shown that contrary to the statements of Kluyver and others, maltose undergoes slight hydrolysis (to the extent of about 2% when 1% solutions of maltose are used) when heated with hydrochloric acid under Herzfeld conditions. It is preferable therefore to adopt 10% citric acid, under the conditions formerly laid down, in estimating cane sugar in plant extracts when maltose is likely to be present.
Pasture Problems: The Response of Individual Species under Manures
Authors: Stapledon R. G.
Published: March 2009

The foregoing facts clearly show that the reaction of species to manures is not a simple function of the chemical influences of particular substances on the growth of individual plants. They prove, however, that the final adjustment reached by the various plants is profoundly affected as the result of competitive interaction between all the species which contribute to the herbage. Furthermore, it has been shown that if manurial plots are studied in the light of the type of grassland on which the experiments are carried out, that the influence of this competitive interaction can be fairly accurately gauged. The principles which regulate the resorting of species under the influences of a disturbed equilibrium are, broadly stated, as follows: if the changes in environment are not of a fundamental character, the tendency will be for plants near their maximum distribution to be decreased, for those near their minimum to be increased, and for those near their optimum to be increased or decreased within the limits of their highest and lowest cardinal figures.
The Soils and Crops of the Market-Garden District of Biggleswade
Authors: Rigg Theodore
Published: March 2009

Within the last two or three years the attention of the agricultural world has been directed to the importance of the correlation of the chemical and physical properties of soils with the crops and systems of agriculture which farmers have found most suitable to them.
The Fungicidal Properties of Certain Spray-Fluids
Authors: Eyre J. Vargas , Salmon E. S.
Published: March 2009

Theobject of the experiments described below was to establish, more clearly to what the fungicidal value of alkaline sulphide solutions is to be attributed.
Enquiry into the Factors which Control the Texture of Cheddar Cheese. Part I
Authors: Geake Arthur
Published: March 2009

Very little work has yet been carried out on the Texture of Cheese although this is one of the most important factors controlling its market value. The present investigation was undertaken with the view of ascertaining the influence of “acidity” on curd, caseinogen and casein.
Studies in bacteriosis: I. “Blackleg” of the potato
Authors: Paine Sydney G.
Published: March 2009

The organism which produces “Blackleg” of the potato in Lancashire is B. atrosepticus (van Hall).

It is in all respects identical with the organism responsible for this disease in Ireland and described by Pethybridge and Murphy under the name B. melanogenes.
A note on soil shrinkage
Authors: Fisher E. A.
Published: March 2009

A recent paper by W. B. Haines on soil shrinkage is discussed and his explanation of residual shrinkage criticised in the light of earlier work by the writer on evaporation of water from soil. A modification of Haines' tentative explanation is suggested.

The experimental results of Haines nave rendered it possible to define more clearly than previous work allowed the significance of the critical moisture content and the divergence between the first sloping portions of the rate of evaporation curves and the corresponding portions of the vapour pressure curves.
The use of cod liver oil in the feeding of farm animals
Authors: Drummond J. C. , Zilva S. S. , Golding J.
Published: March 2009

Inan empirical manner cod liver oil has been used for many years as an occasional food for farm animals. Generally speaking, its use has been chiefly confined to the rearing of calves and to improving the condition of horses. It is difficult to glean from the literature of animal husbandry information about the use of this oil, but it would appear that whilst the majority of authorities favour its employment in small amounts in special cases others are inclined to regard the oil with suspicion. Thus, Campbell (1900) (i) recommends cod liver oil as an efficient substitute for cream in the rearing of calves; a conclusion that was confirmed in a later publication from the Leeds Station (Seton, 1901) (2). These reports warn users against the inferior grades of oil and show that if good preparations are used there is no detrimental effect on the flesh when animals are afterwards slaughtered as bullocks.
Field experiments in electro-culture
Authors: Blackman V. H.
Published: March 2009

Four years' additional experimental work on the application of a high tension discharge to the growth of field crops is described. Ten experiments with spring-sown oats and barley, two with winter-sown wheat, one with spring-sown wheat, and four with clover-hay have now been described.

The discharge was usually given at the rate of 0·5 to 1·0 milliamp. per acre from thin insulated wires stretched above the crop at a height of about 7 ft. and charged to a voltage of 40,000 to 80,000 (crest value). The discharge was usually given for 6 hours a day in two periods, 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon.

If the two experiments with spring-sown oats described in previous papers are included and the experiment of 1919 with spring-sown wheat (which yielded only 8 bushels to the acre) is excluded a series of 18 results is available spread over a period of 6 years. Of these 18 field experiments with various crops, 14 gave positive results in favour of the electrified plots, while 4 showed negative results, i.e. decreased yields compared with the controls. Of the 14 positive results only 3 show increases of less than 10 per cent, while 9 show increases of 30 per cent, and over, some reaching 50 per cent, and over. Of the 4 negative none shows a decrease of as much as 10 per cent.

Of the 12 experiments with spring-sown cereals 10 were positive and 2 negative. Of the positive results only 2 show increases of less than 10 per cent, while 6 show increases of 30 per cent, to 57 per cent.; on the other hand both the negative results are quite small, being 6 per cent. and 9 per cent. respectively.

The effect of electrification in increasing the yield of spring-grown oats and barley has thus been demonstrated. The mean increase in yield for such crops was 22 per cent.

A beneficial effect of the discharge on clover-hay is probable while the effect on winter-sown wheat is still uncertain.

Our knowledge of the proper conditions under which the discharge should be given is still so meagre that there is no reason to believe that the increased yields here described are the maximum obtainable as a result of electrification.

The mode of action of the current in producing increased growth and yield is still obscure. In several cases the electrified field crops showed a deeper green tint than that of the controls, and work already published has shown that in the case of the coleoptile (plumule sheath) of barley minute electric currents are able to bring about an increase in the rate of growth.

The effect of the discharge is of the nature of a stimulus. The additional energy available from the current is too small to have any direct effect since it is only about 1/1000th, or less, of the energy which the plant obtains from sunlight.

There is no evidence that gaseous products of the discharge play any part in the stimulation of growth. The additional supply of nitrogen brought to the soil from oxides of nitrogen produced as a result of electrification must be exceedingly small.
On the effect of wear on small mesh wire sieves
Authors: Keen Bernard A. , Haines William B.
Published: March 2009

A series of measurements of wire diameter, length of side, and area of holes, has
been made on new and used sieves, all of which were originally of the
“100 mesh” size, i.e. the
square holes were supposed to be ·01″ in length of side and the
wire to be ·01″ in diameter. The measurements have been expressed
as frequency curves.

In the case of unused sieves woven to the I.M.M. specification, the sieve on the
whole compared well with the specification, but in used sieves the variations
were much greater. The divergence from specification in the new and old sieves
is shown by Tables I and II respectively.

In one sieve (No. 2) the holes elongated more in one direction than the other. In
fact in one direction the alteration which has taken place is a contraction
rather than a stretch. This effect was probably connected with the manner in
which the sieve was attached to its metal framework, and also to difference in
tempering of the wires and the tension in weaving.

A number of the frequency curves showed double peaks, and the actual observations
showed that there was a systematic distribution of values corresponding to these
two peaks. It is probable that some of the guides in one of the combs through
which the warp wires are led during the weaving were displaced sideways, thus
giving alternate strands of wire and narrow holes. This was particularly the
case in the single weave.
The survival of motility in mammalian spermatozoa
Authors: Wolf Charles G. L.
Published: March 2009

By means of a suitable fluid and a low temperature, it has been possible to keep mammalian spermatozoa in a condition of potential motility for 9 days.
A calorimeter for use with large animals
Authors: Capstick J. W.
Published: March 2009

In recent years the measurement of the heat output of animals has taken a prominent place in investigations on the physiology of nutrition, and especially so as regards farm animals. As it is now accepted that the conservation of energy applies to the chemical changes in the living body, the total metabolism can be measured equally well by the indirect or by the direct method. The indirect method using the Douglas bag has been shown by Benedict and others to be simple and satisfactory in the case of human beings, but it is not so easily applied to farm animals, and for these the direct method by the use of a calorimeter has advantages.
Problems of the transplantation of fertilized ova
Authors: Dowling D. F.
Published: March 2009

1. The object of this investigation has been to advance knowledge of the methods necessary for the practical application of the transplantation of fertilized ova in cattle.

2. The induction of ovulation at any specific time can be produced by squeezing out the corpus luteum per rectum. Oestrus occurs from 2 to 4 days afterwards; this is accompanied by ovulation and the ova so produced are readily fertilized. The onset of oestrus after the expression of the corpus luteum is hastened by previous treatment with P.M.S.

3. The induction of multiple ovulations is necessary to produce an augmented supply of fertilized ova, but it is of primary importance that the ova so produced are fertilized, viable and capable of full development. Four methods of doing this have been tested.
The rancidity of palm kernel and other feeding cakes
Authors: Furlong J. R.
Published: March 2009

With the great increase in the use of palm kernel cake, which has taken place in this country in the last few years, attention has been drawn to the rancidity which the cake is liable to develop under certain conditions. R. B. Calder (see this Journal, April, 1916, VII, 470) has shown that the cake develops rancidity under sterile conditions and concludes that the action is due to the presence of a lipase. Calder has taken as his criteria of rancidity a sour smell in some cases and an acid reaction with litmus in others. There is some confusion in the use of the terms “rancidity” and “ acidity.” Although rancidity stands in close relationship to acidity and invariably accompanies a high acidity in oils and oil cakes, the terms are not synonymous.
Severe experimental hyperthyroidism in the ruminant. II. Physiological effects
Authors: Blaxter K. L.
Published: March 2009

1. The physiological effects of severe hyperthyroidism on five sheep are described.

2. Increases in pulse rate of more than 100% were observed. The increase in pulse rate was proportional to dosage with the exception of one sheep which had lesions on the chordae tendinae of the left ventricle.

3. The heart, even though beating at this elevated rate, reacted normally to severe exercise, but there was a tendency for the sheep to carry out its normal functions at a slower rate so such large increases in pulse rate did not occur as the result of voluntary activity.

4. Considerable cardiac arrhythmia was noticed in all hyperthyroid sheep.

5. The relative increases in pulse rate of the cow and the sheep given iodinated casein of the same potency suggest that as between species dosage of iodinated casein is proportional to ‘metabolic body size’—the between species unit of basal metabolism—rather than to body weight itself. On this basis the stimulation of the sheep was between 1 and 4 times the dosage accepted as normal for the cow.

6. Body temperatures increased in the most severely affected animals. Respiratory rates quadrupled in some cases.
The growth of lambs before and after birth in relation to the level of nutrition
Authors: Wallace L. R.
Published: March 2009

In presenting the results of these investigations, we have attempted to discuss in each section the findings that have been described, and here we will merely be concerned with summarizing the major points that have emerged.
Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep II. Carcass composition and the non-carcass components of live weight
Authors: Barton R. A. , Ulyatt M. J.
Published: March 2009

1. The results of two trials with Romney ewes grazed on perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass with white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S) and short-rotation rye-grass with white clover (S + C) are reported. Chemical and dissection analyses of their carcasses were made and the weights of certain internal organs were obtained.

2. It was found that the sheep grazed on the P plots had the lightest carcasses (56·2 and 40·9 lb. in trials I and II, respectively), followed by those on the P + C (70·2 and 59·2 lb.), by those on S (74·7 and 61·2 lb.) and the heaviest carcasses were yielded by sheep from the S + C plots (81·5 and 69·1 lb., respectively).

3. The weights of dissectible fatty tissue and chemical fat of the carcasses were related to the carcass weights of the different groups of sheep; the group with the lightest carcass weight had the least fat. The other components of the carcass (protein, water and ash) followed the order for group mean carcass weights except that the S carcasses in trial II had slightly less water, protein and ash than the P + C carcasses. The percentage chemical fat of the S carcasses in trial I was also lower than the P + C carcasses.

4. In general, the non-carcass components of live weight (head, feet, skin, liver, mesenteric fat, omental fat, kidneys, stomach empty, and intestines empty) all followed the same pattern of increasing weight (P < P + C < S < S + C).
A comparison of litter-mate pigs slaughtered at 200 and 260 lb. live weight
Authors: Braude R. , Townsend M. Jill , Harrington G.
Published: March 2009

1. A co-ordinated trial has been carried out at eight centres to compare the performance of group-fed pigs slaughtered at about 200 lb. live weight (bacon weight) with that of litter-mates slaughtered at 260 lb. (heavy pigs).

2. The bacon pigs were fed either ad lib. or restricted according to live weight, while the heavy pigs were all fed ad lib. with one group having the protein supplement withdrawn from the ration after the pigs had reached 140 lb. live weight.

3. Growth rate, efficiency of food conversion and carcass quality (based on dissection) data are summarized in Table 5.

4. In general, the results indicated that under the conditions that prevailed, and when the leanness of the carcass is the major consideration, the slaughter weight around 200 lb. was preferable to the heavier weight (about 260 lb.) both from the production and economic aspect.
Relative buffer-index values for root saps of some crop plants
Authors: Small J. , Jackson T.
Published: March 2009

1. Some data are given for the relative buffer-index values of saps from underground parts of wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and turnips.

2. The correlation of these values with limits of tolerances of soil-pHranges by the plants is discussed.

3. Some possible practical applications for these data are indicated.
The influence of chemical constitution on the toxicity of organic compounds to wireworms
Authors: Tattersfield F. , Roberts A. W. R.
Published: March 2009

1. The relationship between chemical constitution and toxicity to wireworms of organic compounds is found to be of a twofold nature.

2. The general effect of a group of compounds of the same type is directly determined by the chemical constitution of the type. The particular effects of individual members of the groups are limited by their physical properties such as volatility etc., which may be regarded as indirect consequences of their chemical constitution.

3. The aromatic hydrocarbons and halides are on the whole more toxic than the aliphatic hydrocarbons and halides. The groups that influence toxicity most when introduced singly into the benzene ring are in order of importance the methylamido (most effective), dimethylamido, hydroxy, nitro, amido, iodine, bromine, chlorine, methyl groups (least effective). But this order is modified in presence of another group; thus when there is a CH3 already present in the ring the order becomes chlorine (side chain), amido, hydroxy, chlorine (ring), methyl. Chlorine and hydroxy groups together give rise to highly poisonous substances considerably more effective than where present separately. The association of chlorine and nitro groups in chloropicrin gives rise to one of the most toxic substances tested. Methyl groups substituted in the amido group of aniline increase toxicity more than if substituted in the ring.
Some experiments on the interaction between soil and dilute acids
Authors: Puri Amar Nath
Published: March 2009

(1) Removal of chlorine ions by soil from dilute hydrochloric acid solution has been shown to take place under the experimental conditions employed.

(2) Interaction between dilute acids and soil (free from carbonates) has been studied. The results show that hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid and phosphoric acid all react with soil. The state of equilibrium between the soil and the acid solution can be satisfactorily expressed by Freundlich's equation. The order of reactivity of the soil towards various acids does not follow any obvious rule.

(3) The various soil fractions do not show any fundamental difference in their equilibrium relationship with regard to an acid solution; the order of their power to react with acid following inversely the order of the size of particles in them.

(4) The experiments recorded seem to support the view that the interaction between soil and acids is a surface phenomenon.
Some Observations on the Secondary Sex Ratio in a Group of Dairy Shorthorn and Welsh Black Cattle
Authors: Roberts E. J.
Published: March 2009

The heavy wastage occurring in many dairy herds adds importance to the question of sex ratio in cattle, and it becomes an important factor in herds where it is desired to use only home bred cattle, as in herds free from tuberculosis and contagious abortion. The information required for the present investigation was obtained from Private Herd Books, particulars being taken as to sex of calf, month of birth and whether or not it was a first calf. Herds ravaged by contagious abortion were excluded, and also others if it was considered that there might have been neglect in entering births in the private herd book.
The nitrogen balance of laying hens
Authors: Willcox J. S.
Published: March 2009

A nitrogen balance experiment of ten weeks' duration with two Rhode Island Red laying hens is described.

The observed variations in the retention of nitrogen for egg-producing purposes do not appear to be connected with the output of egg nitrogen or with the number of eggs laid in the various egg cycles.

The view held by other workers that the nitrogen required for egg production can be largely if not entirely drawn from the food supplied during the laying period is confirmed.

The marked storage of nitrogen which has been shown to occur immediately prior to the commencement of egg laying is not repeated during the laying period, and it is suggested that during a period of heavy egg production synthesis of the nitrogenous constituents of the egg proceeds at a fairly uniform rate.
A New Volumetric Method for the Estimation of Sodium
Authors: Blenkinsop A.
Published: March 2009

1. A volumetric method for the determination of sodium which can be separated as a triple salt (uranium zinc sodium acetate) from mixed solutions is described. The reduction of the uranium with titanous chloride, upon which it depends is shown to be quantitative.

2. Calcium, magnesium, and relatively large proportions of potash do not interfere. The procedure for the removal of iron, aluminium and phosphates by gentle ignition is simple and obviates the risk of error by the introduction of sodium as an impurity in the chemical reagents necessary for precipitation methods.

3. 0.1 mg. of sodium can be determined accurately.
The Availability of Phosphatic Fertilisers as shown by an Examination Soil Solution and of Plant Growth (With Two Text-figures.)
Authors: Greenhill A. W.
Published: March 2009

The growth of barley and the phosphate concentration of the soil solution, of the soil cropped and uncropped, were examined simultaneously in pot cultures, after treatment of an acid soil deficient in phosphate, with lime with and without slag or superphosphate.

Liming at the rate of half the lime requirement increased the concentration from about 0·7 p.p.m. P2O5 to about 1 p.p.m. and at the rate of twice the lime requirement to over 2 p.p.m. P205. Phosphates depressed the concentration on the lightly limed soils, and on the heavily limed had variable effects. The superphosphate-treated soils showed rather lower concentrations than the slag-treated. Cropping raised the concentration on the lightly limed treatments, but on the heavily limed reduced it on the control and had a variable effect on the phosphate treatments.
Experiments on the use of home-grown foods for milk production: I. The effect of war-time changes in the food supply on the nutrient intake and milk production of dairy cows
Authors: Blaxter K. L.
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment has been conducted with dairy cows to find the effect on milk production of feeding rations with a high dry-matter content—typical war-time rations.

2. It was found that where a ration high in dry matter is fed, the cow tends to refuse food, and a statistically significant fall in milk production results. The correlation between the refusal of food, calculated in terms of starch equivalent, and the fall in milk production was 0·959.

3. The factors causing this inability of the cow to consume sufficient food to meet her total nutrient requirements have been considered. It has been concluded that dry-matter consumption is not an adequate method of expressing the amount of food a cow will consume, and that the major factor influencing food consumption is the palatability of the individual foods making up the ration.

My thanks are due to Dr S. J. Rowland for chemical analysis of the individual foods used in the experiments.
Biochemistry of water-logged soils. Part IV. Carbon and nitrogen transformations
Authors: Sreenivasan A. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: March 2009

1. During the fermentation of water-logged soil containing added substances with different carbon-nitrogen ratios, the reaction first turns slightly acid, but soon returns to the original hydrogen-ion concentration (pH 7·6).

2. The quantities of ammonia present in the medium increase up to a point, after which there is steady decrease.

3. There is nitrification only in the case of substances with narrow C/N ratios. The production of nitrate generally commences only after about a month, when the vigour of the initial fermentation has subsided and fairly large quantities of ammonia have accumulated in the medium.

4. The extent of mineralisation of nitrogen is determined chiefly by the C/N ratio, though in the cases of substances like mahua and lantana the presence of other constituents may also influence the processes. The quantities of mineralised nitrogen present in the soil system generally tend to decrease after about two months.
Aluminium and acid soils
Authors: Line J.
Published: March 2009

The addition of aluminium salts to culture solutions and to soils will bring about certain changes; these may be summed up as follows:

1. A change in the hydrogen ion concentration, which will vary in amount with the original buffer properties of the solution or the soil.

2. A change in the buffer properties of the solution or the soil; the hydrogen in concentration of a culture solution containing an aluminium salt will tend to remain more constant than that of a normal culture solution during the period of growth of the plant, when both start at the samepH value.

3. Precipitation of soluble phosphate as aluminium phosphate except in solutions or soils more acid thanpH 3·5 to 4·0; this might lead to phosphate starvation in water cultures but would have little or no effect in a soil, where the particles would remain accessible to the plant roots.
The Importance of the Shape of Plots in Field Experimentation
Authors: Christidis Basil G.
Published: March 2009

In the course of the last 20 or 25 years it has been established clearly that agricultural experiments carried out under field conditions are subject to an appreciable error, due chiefly to soil heterogeneity. In order to avoid the effect of this disturbing factor, which greatly affects the reliability of data given by field trials, two questions had to be carefully considered: (1) how to secure greater uniformity in soil conditions; and (2) what is the best method of getting a criterion of the accuracy of the experiment and an adequate interpretation of the results obtained?
The copper, iron and lead contents of a series of livers from normal foetal and new-born lambs
Authors: McDougall E. I.
Published: March 2009

The copper, iron and lead contents were determined on an age series of foetal livers obtained during the latter half of pregnancy from normal ewes at Cambridge. The total amounts of the metals showed a rapid rise during the last 3 weeks of gestation due to an increase in the size of the organ and in the actual concentrations. Towards full term and in the new-born animal the results showed an increasing variation which even extended to twins. It is noted that foetal transference takes place without affecting the blood copper of the ewe or causing a physiological anaemia of pregnancy. The time at which the process is at its height is correlated with experience in the prophylaxis of swayback. It is estimated that the store of copper at birth may tide the lamb through the suckling period but the store of iron requires to be supplemented by the diet and that the ewe's milk may make a significant contribution towards this. The small amounts of lead found were of the same order as reported for normal humans and in swayback lambs in Derbyshire; hence the latter cannot be regarded as abnormal.
Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. III. The Seasonal Variation in the Mineral Content of Pasture with Particular Reference to Drought.
Authors: Ferguson W. S.
Published: March 2009

Seventeen samples of pasture collected from May to December, 1929, have been analysed for mineral constituents.

1. The results show that drought conditions seriously affect the mineral composition of pastures.

2. The calcium content showed a slight fall during the months of drought, and a more marked fall in the months of heavy rain from October to December.

3. The phosphorus content fell during the drought period and rose rapidly at the end of the year.
Nutritive Value of Pasture. VII. The Influence of the Intensity of Grazing on the Yield, Composition and Nutritive Value of Pasture Herbage (Part III).
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Norman D. B. , French M. H.
Published: March 2009

The object of this series of investigations is to secure detailed information concerning the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of pasture herbage in its different stages of growth. The results which were obtained in these respects by cutting the herbage of the experimental pasture plot at weekly, fortnightly and 3-weekly intervals have been described in previous communications. During the seasons of the present investigations (1929 and 1930), the trials have been carried a stage further by the adoption of a system of cutting at monthly intervals. The results, therefore, are invested with special significance, in that a period of four weeks has been tentatively adopted in this country as the interval which is allowed to lapse, in rotational grazing practice, between successive grazings of pasture enclosures.
The apparent digestibility of the non-nitrogenous fraction of pig feeds
Authors: Glover J. , Dougall H. W.
Published: March 2009

A simple method for the estimation of the digestible non-nitrogenous fraction of normal pig feeds is described. It requires only knowledge of the digestibility coefficient of the crude protein contained in the dry matter of the feed.

More accurate estimates can be obtained by applying to this method a simple correction involving only the crude protein content of the dried feed. Attention is drawn to the intimacy of the relationship between the digestibilities of the non-nitrogenous and nitrogenous components of the diet.