bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microchips and controlled‐release drug reservoirs
Authors: Staples Mark
Published: June 2010

This review summarizes and updates the development of implantable microchip‐containing devices that control dosing from drug reservoirs integrated with the devices. As the expense and risk of new drug development continues to increase, technologies that make the best use of existing therapeutics may add significant value. Trends of future medical care that may require advanced drug delivery systems include individualized therapy and the capability to automate drug delivery. Implantable drug delivery devices that promise to address these anticipated needs have been constructed in a variety of ways using micro‐ and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS or NEMS)‐based technology. These devices expand treatment options for addressing unmet medical needs related to dosing. Within the last few years, advances in several technologies (MEMS or NEMS fabrication, materials science, polymer chemistry, and data management) have converged to enable the construction of miniaturized implantable devices for controlled delivery of therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs. Suboptimal performance of conventional dosing methods in terms of safety, efficacy, pain, or convenience can be improved with advanced delivery devices. Microchip‐based implantable drug delivery devices allow localized delivery by direct placement of the device at the treatment site, delivery on demand (emergency administration, pulsatile, or adjustable continuous dosing), programmable dosing cycles, automated delivery of multiple drugs, and dosing in response to physiological and diagnostic feedback. In addition, innovative drug‐medical device combinations may protect labile active ingredients within hermetically sealed reservoirs.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2010 2 400–417

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
On the evolution of fungal and yeast cell walls
Authors: Xie Xianfa , Lipke Peter N.
Published: June 2010

Recent developments in genomics and proteomics provide evidence that yeast and other fungal cell walls share a common origin. The fibrous component of yeast cell walls usually consists of β‐glucan and/or chitin. N‐glycosylated proteins form an amorphous, cross‐linking matrix as well as fibres on the outer surfaces of the walls. While the enzymes responsible for cross‐linking walls into covalent complexes are conserved, the wall‐resident proteins have diversified rapidly. These cell wall proteins are usually members of multi‐gene families, and paralogues are often subject to gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms and environmentally induced expression regulation. Comparative studies of protein sequences reveal that there has been fast sequence divergence of the Saccharomyces sexual agglutinins, potentially serving as a driver for yeast speciation. In addition, cell wall proteins show an unusually high content of tandem and non‐tandem repeats, and a high frequency of changes in the number of repeats both among paralogues and among orthologues from conspecific strains. The rapid diversification and regulated expression of yeast cell wall proteins help yeast cells to respond to different stimuli and adapt them to diverse biotic and abiotic environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cystic fibrosis newborn screening: using experience to optimize the screening algorithm
Authors: Hale Jaime E. , Parad Richard B. , Dorkin Henry L. , Gerstle Robert , Lapey Allen , O'Sullivan Brian P. , Spencer Terry , Yee William , Comeau Anne Marie
Published: June 2010

Newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) offers the opportunity for early diagnosis and improved outcomes in patients with CF and has been universally available in the state of Massachusetts since 1999 using an immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)‐DNA algorithm. Ideally, CF NBS is incorporated as part of an integrated NBS system that allows for comprehensive and coordinated education, laboratory screening, clinical follow‐up, and evaluation so that evidence‐based data can be used to maximize quality improvements and optimize the screening algorithm. The New England Newborn Screening Program (NENSP) retrospectively analyzed Massachusetts's CF newborn screening data that yielded decisions to eliminate a screen‐positive category, maintain the IRT cutoff value that prompts the second tier DNA testing, and communicate CF relative risk to primary care providers (PCPs) based on categorization of positive CF NBS results.
Leçons Privées
Authors: Klein Boris
Published: June 2010

S’il existe de nombreuses traces des cours magistraux délivrés à lépoque moderne au sein des universités allemandes, rares sont les mentions des cours privés que les enseignants organisaient chez eux. Cette étude se propose donc d’évaluer l’importance de cette pratique pour les professeurs et étudiants, mais aussi pour le fonctionnement des universités. Par ailleurs, il semble qu’un regard sur ces cours permet de mieux saisir comment la forme du séminaire a pu naître et s’enraciner au XIXe siècle dans les universités allemandes.
Marketing Accountability and Marketing's Stature: An Examination of Senior Executive Perspectives
Authors: O'sullivan Don , Butler Patrick
Published: June 2010

The recovery of marketing's “seat at the boardroom table” is determined in part by the satisfaction of senior executives with marketing's contribution to firm performance. This study of senior executives in high-technology firms examines the relationship between top management perceptions of marketing performance measurement ability and marketing's stature within the firm. Confirming and extending earlier studies, results indicate that marketing enjoys a higher status among top management when it is perceived to be accountable. Findings underpin the importance of current research attention on marketing accountability and metrics.
Glucose is necessary for stabilization of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α under hypoxia: Contribution of the pentose phosphate pathway to this stabilization
Authors: Osada-Oka Mayuko , Hashiba Yasushi , Akiba Satoshi , Imaoka Susumu , Sato Takashi
Published: June 2010

In this study, we observed that low glucose or fructose reduces the increase in hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) protein under hypoxic conditions. 6‐Aminonicotinamide (6‐AN), an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also inhibited the increase of HIF‐1α protein under hypoxic conditions, while the reduced protein levels of HIF‐1α by low glucose were apparently recovered by the addition of MG‐132 or NADPH. Moreover, siRNA for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, which produces NADPH, reduced the increase in HIF‐1α protein. On the other hand, cobalt‐induced expression of HIF‐1α protein was not affected by low glucose or 6‐AN under normoxic conditions. In conclusion, glucose metabolism through the PPP, but not in glycolysis, plays an important role in the stabilization of HIF‐1α protein under hypoxic conditions.
Alterations of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and its target genes for the N‐ and C‐terminal domains of parathyroid hormone‐related protein in bone from diabetic mice
Authors: Portal-Núñez S. , Lozano D. , Fernández de Castro L. , de Gortázar A.R. , Nogués X. , Esbrit P.
Published: June 2010

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is associated with bone loss. Given that the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is a major regulator of bone accrual, we assessed this pathway in mice with streptozotozin‐induced T1D. In diabetic mouse long bones, we found alterations favouring the suppression of this pathway by using PCR arrays and β‐catenin immunostaining. Downregulation of sclerostin, an inhibitor of this pathway, also occurred, and related to increased osteocyte apoptosis. Our data show that both N‐ and C‐terminal parathyroid hormone‐related peptide fragments might exert osteogenic effects in this setting by targeting several genes of this pathway and increasing β‐catenin in osteoblastic cells.
Starvation triggers Aβ42 generation from human umbilical vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Ma Jian-Fang , Wang Hong-Mei , Li Qing-Yun , Zhang Yu , Pan Jing , Qiang Qiang , Xin Xiao-Yu , Tang Hui-Dong , Ding Jian-Qing , Chen Sheng-Di
Published: June 2010

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by amyloid deposit around brain vessels including capillaries. The origin of the amyloid protein of CAA remains controversial. In our work, we provide data to show that primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) harbor APP processing secretases and can produce Aβ42 under starvation. Starvation can increase the secretion of Aβ42 by altering the expression of β‐secretases (BACE1) and γ‐secretases (APH and PEN2). This process is regulated by macroautophagy. Suppression of macroautophagy induction by 3MA further increased the level of Aβ42 produced under starvation in HUVECs. These results suggest that starvation‐induced Aβ42 secretion might contribute to the formation of CAA and hence vascular degeneration in AD.
Glucose and lactate regulate maitotoxin‐activated Ca2+ entry in spermatogenic cells: The role of intracellular [Ca2+]
Authors: Reyes Juan G. , Osses Nelson , Knox Marcela , Darszon Alberto , Treviño Claudia L.
Published: June 2010

Maitotoxin (MTX), a potent polyether marine biotoxin, induces Ca2+ entry in different mammalian cells by activation of Ca2+ channels. The identity and modulation of the MTX‐activated Ca2+ entry pathway is not known. In this work, we show, for the first time, that glucose and lactate can modulate the excitability of spermatogenic cell MTX‐activated Ca2+ channels. Physiological and pharmacological evidences indicate that glucose and lactate differentially affect MTX‐activated Ca2+ entry mainly through changes that these substrates induce on intracellular Ca2+ stores and the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in spermatogenic cells. Our findings strongly suggest that MTX‐activated Ca2+ channels in spermatogenic cells can be regulated by a Ca2+‐CaM‐dependent protein kinase.
Intracellular Ca2+ can compensate for the lack of NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS in endothelial cells
Authors: Lee Monica , Spokes Katherine C. , Aird William C. , Abid Md. Ruhul
Published: June 2010

The aim of the present study is to determine the role of intracellular Ca2+ in VEGF signaling. We demonstrate that reduction in Ca2+ by chelating compound BAPTA‐AM or by IP3‐endoplasmic reticulum blocker 2‐APB selectively inhibited VEGF‐induced activation of c‐Src‐PI3K‐Akt but not ERK1/2 in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). We also show that the selective inhibitory effects of NADPH oxidase knockdown on VEGF‐mediated activation of c‐Src‐PI3K‐Akt signaling and cell proliferation in HCAEC can be reversed by increase in intracellular Ca2+. These results suggest an essential role for Ca2+ in redox‐dependent selective activation of c‐Src‐PI3K‐Akt and endothelial cell proliferation.
Oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum: Towards a multiple oxidant hypothesis?
Authors: Margittai Éva , Bánhegyi Gábor
Published: June 2010

Oxidative protein folding in the luminal compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum is thought to be mediated by a proteinaceous electron relay system composed by PDI and ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1), transferring electrons from the cysteinyl residues of substrate proteins to oxygen. However, recent observations revealed that Ero1 isoforms are dispensable. Endoplasmic reticulum is known as a generator and accumulator of low molecular weight oxidants; some of them have already been shown to promote oxidative folding. On the basis of these observations a new theory of oxidative folding is proposed where the oxidative power is provided by the stochastic contribution of prooxidants.
Millennial-scale vegetation changes during the last 40,000 yr based on a pollen record from Lake Biwa, Japan
Authors: Hayashi Ryoma , Takahara Hikaru , Hayashida Akira , Takemura Keiji
Published: June 2010

A high-resolution pollen record covering the last 40,000 yr (BIW95-4) from Lake Biwa, western Japan, shows regional vegetation responses to millennial-scale climate changes. From 40 to 30 ka,Cryptomeria japonicawas dominant around the lake among pinaceous conifers and deciduous broad-leaved trees. During this period, fluctuations ofC. japonicaare correlated with Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles recognized from the anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) record. Increases in the abundance of this taxon may have been caused by wetter summer conditions influenced by the East Asian monsoon or increased snowfall on the Sea of Japan side of the Japanese archipelago. Between 29 and 14 ka, pinaceous conifer forests mainly composed ofPinussubgenusHaploxylon,Tsuga, andPiceatrees developed. At approximately 23 ka,Piceatrees increased in abundance as ARM values decreased. This expansion ofPiceatrees has been correlated with Heinrich event (HE) 2 in the North Atlantic. At about 14 ka, the distribution of broad-leaved forest (mainly composed of deciduous oaks) began to expand after D–O 1. Evidence of significant vegetation change related to the abrupt Younger Dryas cooling event has not been found.
Joseph Conrad
Authors: Berthoud Jacques
Published: June 2010

Although the importance of Conrad's work has long been recognized, Jacques Berthoud attempts a full demonstration of the clarity, consistency, and depth of thought evident in the novels written during the first decade of this century. Instead of the standard versions of Conrad - from sceptical moralizer to 'metaphysician of darkness' - he offers a tragic novelist, engaged in a sustained exploration of the contradictions inherent in man's relations with his fellows; and from the perspective thus achieved, he is able to show why Conrad occupies a leading place among the creators of modern literature. This book will be of interest to specialists in English studies because it seeks to make a substantial contribution to the critical debate on the significance of Conrad's work. It will also appeal to any reader looking for guidance through the complexities of the major novels: the central issues have been presented as simply as the originality of Conrad's art and thought permits.
The Deepening Darkness
Authors: Gilligan Carol , Richards David A. J.
Published: June 2010

Why is America again unjustly at war? Why is its politics distorted by wedge issues like abortion and gay marriage? Why is anti-Semitism still so powerfully resurgent? Such contradictions within democracies arise from a patriarchal psychology still alive in our personal and political lives in tension with the equal voice that is the basis of democracy. This book joins a psychological approach with a political-theoretical one that traces both this psychology (based on loss in intimate life) and resistance to it (based on the love of equals) to the Roman Republic and Empire and to three Latin masterpieces: Virgil's Aeneid, Apuleius's The Golden Ass, and Augustine's Confessions. In addition, this book explains many other aspects of our present situation including why movements of ethical resistance are often accompanied by a freeing of sexuality and why we are witnessing an aggressive fundamentalism at home and abroad.
Tax Progressivity and Income Inequality
Authors: Slemrod Joel
Published: June 2010

This book assembles nine papers on tax progressivity and its relationship to income inequality, written by leading public finance economists. The papers document the changes during the 1980s in progressivity at the federal, state, and local level in the US. One chapter investigates the extent to which the declining progressivity contributed to the well-documented increase in income inequality over the past two decades, while others investigate the economic impact and cost of progressive tax systems. Special attention is given to the behavioral response to taxation of high-income individuals, portfolio behavior, and the taxation of capital gains. The concluding set of essays addresses the contentious issue of what constitutes a 'fair' tax system, contrasting public attitudes towards alternative tax systems to economists' notions of fairness. Each essay is followed by remarks of a commentator plus a summary of the discussion among contributors.
Charitable Knowledge
Authors: Lawrence Susan C.
Published: June 2010

Charitable Knowledge explores the interconnections between medical teaching, medical knowledge, and medical authority in eighteenth-century London. The metropolis lacked a university until the nineteenth century, so the seven major voluntary hospitals - St Bartholomew's, St Thomas's, Guy's, the Westminster, St George's, the Middlesex, and the London - were crucial sites for educating surgeons, surgeon-apothecaries, and visiting physicians. Lawrence explains how charity patients became teaching objects, and how hospitals became medical schools. She demonstrates that hospital practitioners gradually gained authority within an emerging medical community, transforming the old tripartite structure into a loosely unified group of de facto general practitioners dominated by hospital men. As hospital physicians and surgeons became the new elite, they profoundly shaped what counted as 'good' knowledge among medical men, both in the construction of clinical observations and in the proper use of science.
Organizing Scientific Meetings
Authors: Epple August
Published: June 2010

Dealing with virtually all aspects of scientific meetings, August Epple gives invaluable guidance for prospective organizers. He covers events from local afternoon Symposia to International Congresses with more than 1000 participants. He also provides insights for the tourist industry into the specific requirements that make scientific meetings different from others. The author gets straight to the point, identifying common problems and offering solutions. In twenty chapters and an extensive appendix, attention is given to critical details such as selection of the meeting site and timing of the event; stepwise program development; the selection of speakers and other key participants; social functions; budget matters; fund raising; the design of forms and brochures; publication of proceedings.
If you are organizing a scientific meeting this is your indispensable guide.
Set Theory
Authors: Hajnal Andras , Hamburger Peter
Published: June 2010

This is a classic introduction to set theory in three parts. The first part gives a general introduction to set theory, suitable for undergraduates; complete proofs are given and no background in logic is required. Exercises are included, and the more difficult ones are supplied with hints. An appendix to the first part gives a more formal foundation to axiomatic set theory, supplementing the intuitive introduction given in the first part. The final part gives an introduction to modern tools of combinatorial set theory. This part contains enough material for a graduate course of one or two semesters. The subjects discussed include stationary sets, delta systems, partition relations, set mappings, measurable and real-valued measurable cardinals. Two sections give an introduction to modern results on exponentiation of singular cardinals, and certain deeper aspects of the topics are developed in advanced problems.
Foundations of Complex-system Theories
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y.
Published: June 2010

Complex behaviour can occur in any system made up of large numbers of interacting constituents, be they atoms in a solid, cells in a living organism, or consumers in a national economy. Analysis of this behaviour often involves making important assumptions and approximations, the exact nature of which vary from subject to subject. Foundations of Complex-system Theories begins with a description of the general features of complexity and then examines a range of important concepts, such as theories of composite systems, collective phenomena, and stochastic processes. Each topic is discussed with reference to the fields of statistical physics, evolutionary biology, and economics, thereby highlighting recurrent themes in the study of complex systems. This detailed yet nontechnical book will appeal to anyone who wants to know more about complex systems and their behaviour. It will also be of great interest to specialists studying complexity in the physical, biological, and social sciences.
The Plays of David Hare
Authors: Homden Carol
Published: June 2010

This 1995 book was the first full-length survey of one of the leading playwrights of the post-war generation. Through his career as playwright, filmmaker, and director, David Hare has been at the forefront of modern theatre and his work is frequently seen as a reflection of the contemporary political and social environment of Britain.
In this analysis, Carol Homden examines the work of David Hare including the screenplays of Plenty, Pravda and Wetherby, as well as the plays he has written for the Royal National Theatre. Through her study, Homden identifies the key themes which have dominated and influenced Hare's writing throughout his career and closes with a discussion of Hare's trilogy of plays, Racing Demon, Murmuring Judges and The Absence of War.
Classification Problems in Ergodic Theory
Authors: Parry William , Tuncel Selim
Published: June 2010

The isomorphism problem of ergodic theory has been extensively studied since Kolmogorov's introduction of entropy into the subject and especially since Ornstein's solution for Bernoulli processes. Much of this research has been in the abstract measure-theoretic setting of pure ergodic theory. However, there has been growing interest in isomorphisms of a more restrictive and perhaps more realistic nature which recognize and respect the state structure of processes in various ways. These notes give an account of some recent developments in this direction. A special feature is the frequent use of the information function as an invariant in a variety of special isomorphism problems. Lecturers and postgraduates in mathematics and research workers in communication engineering will find this book of use and interest.
Boundary Value Problems for Elliptic Systems
Authors: Wloka J. T. , Rowley B. , Lawruk B.
Published: June 2010

This book examines the theory of boundary value problems for elliptic systems of partial differential equations, a theory which has many applications in mathematics and the physical sciences. The aim is to 'algebraize' the index theory by means of pseudo-differential operators and methods in the spectral theory of matrix polynomials. This latter theory provides important tools that will enable the student to work efficiently with the principal symbols of the elliptic and boundary operators on the boundary. This book is ideal for use in graduate-level courses on partial differential equations, elliptic systems, pseudo-differential operators and matrix analysis. Since many new methods and results are introduced and used throughout the book, all the theorems are proved in detail, and the methods are well illustrated through numerous examples and exercises.
Problems and Methods in Longitudinal Research
Authors: Torestad Bertil
Published: June 2010

This volume focuses on methods of data treatment, emphasising the importance of careful matching of methodology to the substantive problem under consideration. It deals particularly with concepts of stability and change which are central to personality and developmental research. Contributions to this volume explore the methodology and scope of life span studies in a varity of contexts, including intellectual and cognitive development, transitions such as that from childhood to early adult life, social mobility, behavioural genetics, and psychological disorder, particularly depression. A valuable reference for a wide range of interests in developmental psychology, social and behavioural science, psychiatry, epidemiology and statistics.
The Limits of Law
Authors: Yeager Peter Cleary
Published: June 2010

This book examines the systematic constraints on US law enforcement agencies' efforts to regulate business behaviour. It looks specifically at the postwar development of laws regulating water pollution and at the Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to enforce them. The discussion traces the factors leading to legal change and analyses the ways in which the impacts of environmental laws vary from their stated purposes and goals, even under relatively favourable conditions for their enforcement. It shows how legal processes and social relations mutually constrain and shape one another as the state struggles to manage often contradictory responsibilities, in this case to encourage both economic growth and environmental welfare.
Physical Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis
Authors: Wangen Magnus
Published: June 2010

Presenting a rigorous treatment of the physical and mechanical basis for the modelling of sedimentary basins, this book supplies geoscientists with practical tools for creating their own models. It begins with a thorough grounding in properties of porous media, linear elasticity, continuum mechanics and rock compressibility. Chapters on heat flow, subsidence, rheology, flexure and gravity consider sedimentary basins in the context of the Earth's lithosphere, and the book concludes with coverage of pore space cementation, compaction and fluid flow. The volume introduces basic, state-of-the-art models and demonstrates how to reproduce results using tools like MATLAB and Octave. Main equations are derived from first principles, and their basic solutions obtained and then applied. Separate notes sections supply more technical details, and the text is illustrated throughout with real-world examples, applications and test exercises. This is an accessible introduction to quantitative modelling of basins for graduate students, researchers and oil industry professionals.
The Classical Fields
Authors: Salzmann H. , Grundhöfer T. , Hähl H. , Löwen R.
Published: June 2010

The classical fields are the real, rational, complex and p-adic numbers. Each of these fields comprises several intimately interwoven algebraical and topological structures. This comprehensive volume analyzes the interaction and interdependencies of these different aspects. The real and rational numbers are examined additionally with respect to their orderings, and these fields are compared to their non-standard counterparts. Typical substructures and quotients, relevant automorphism groups and many counterexamples are described. Also discussed are completion procedures of chains and of ordered and topological groups, with applications to classical fields. The p-adic numbers are placed in the context of general topological fields: absolute values, valuations and the corresponding topologies are studied, and the classification of all locally compact fields and skew fields is presented. Exercises are provided with hints and solutions at the end of the book. An appendix reviews ordinals and cardinals, duality theory of locally compact Abelian groups and various constructions of fields.
The Abandonment of Settlements and Regions
Authors: Cameron Catherine M. , Tomka Steve A.
Published: June 2010

All archaeological sites have been abandoned, but people abandoned sites in many different ways, and for different reasons. What they did when leaving a settlement, structure, or activity area had a direct effect on the kind and quality of the cultural remains entering the archaeological record - for example, whether tools were removed, destroyed, or buried in the ground, and building structures dismantled or left standing. This book examines abandonment as a stage in the formation of an archaeological site, and relies on ethnoarchaelogical and archaeological data from many areas of the world - North and South America, Europe, Africa, and the Near East. It documents the many complex factors surrounding abandonment both across entire regions and within settlement areas, and makes an important theoretical and methodological contribution to this area of archaeological investigation.
The Arctic Skua
Authors: O'Donald Peter , Gillmor Robert
Published: June 2010

This book describes the results of a long-term study of the ecology, evolutionary genetics and sociobiology of a seabird, the Arctic Skua. This species is polymorphic: the birds show one of three, genetically different forms of plumage - pale, intermediate and dark. The forms vary in frequency from predominantly pale in the north to dark in the south. The study was undertaken with the aim of explaining how natural and sexual selection act to maintain all three forms of skua in its populations. The results show that natural selection for pale is balanced by sexual selection for intermediate and dark. Models derived from Darwin's theories of female choice and sexual selection in monogamous birds fit the breeding data of the Arctic Skua. Darwibn's views on sexual selection are fully confirmed. The study produced original data on breeding ecology, demography, population regulation, sexual behaviour and territoriality. A chapter on feeding ecology is also included in the book, which gives a complete and largely original account of the population ecology and sociobiology of a single species of bird.
Matter and Sense
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: June 2010

The assumption of materialism (in its many forms) Howard Robinson believes is false. In his book he presents a very forceful critique of the modern forms that materialism has taken. In telling discussions of the theory of supervenience put forward by Davidson and Peacocke, the central state materialism attributable to Smart, Armstrong and others, Putnam's functionalism, and Rorty's disappearance theory, he shows that, whatever their local inconsistencies, these forms of materialism all overlook or quite inadequately explain elementary and unimpeachable intuitions about our own mental experiences. Robinson concludes with a consideration of the alternative views of the matter of which the mind is held to consist. These arguments will either serve to crystallise for the most part inchoate opposition to materialism among a number of philosophers, and will challenge its proponents to find a more secure defence for the basis of their view.
Cellular Neural Networks and Visual Computing
Authors: Chua Leon O. , Roska Tamas
Published: June 2010

Cellular Nonlinear/neural Network (CNN) technology is both a revolutionary concept and an experimentally proven new computing paradigm. Analogic cellular computers based on CNNs are set to change the way analog signals are processed and are paving the way to an analog computing industry. This unique undergraduate level textbook includes many examples and exercises, including CNN simulator and development software accessible via the Internet. It is an ideal introduction to CNNs and analogic cellular computing for students, researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines. Although its prime focus is on visual computing, the concepts and techniques described in the book will be of great interest to those working in other areas of research including modeling of biological, chemical and physical processes. Leon Chua, co-inventor of the CNN, and Tamás Roska are both highly respected pioneers in the field.
Style
Authors: Coupland Nikolas
Published: June 2010

Style refers to ways of speaking - how speakers use the resource of language variation to make meaning in social encounters. This 2007 book develops a coherent theoretical approach to style in sociolinguistics, illustrated with copious examples. It explains how speakers project different social identities and create different social relationships through their style choices, and how speech-style and social context inter-relate. Style therefore refers to the wide range of strategic actions and performances that speakers engage in, to construct themselves and their social lives. Coupland draws on and integrates a wide variety of contemporary sociolinguistic research as well as his own extensive research in this field. The emphasis is on how social meanings are made locally, in specific relationships, genres, groups and cultures, and on studying language variation as part of the analysis of spoken discourse.
Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy
Authors: Freidberg Jeffrey P.
Published: June 2010

There has been an increase in interest worldwide in fusion research over the last decade and a half due to the recognition that a large number of new, environmentally attractive, sustainable energy sources will be needed to meet ever increasing demand for electrical energy. Based on a series of course notes from graduate courses in plasma physics and fusion energy at MIT, the text begins with an overview of world energy needs, current methods of energy generation, and the potential role that fusion may play in the future. It covers energy issues such as the production of fusion power, power balance, the design of a simple fusion reactor and the basic plasma physics issues faced by the developers of fusion power. This book is suitable for graduate students and researchers working in applied physics and nuclear engineering. A large number of problems accumulated over two decades of teaching are included to aid understanding.
The United Nations, Peace and Security
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: June 2010

Preventing humanitarian atrocities is becoming as important for the United Nations as dealing with inter-state war. In this book, Ramesh Thakur examines the transformation in UN operations, analysing its changing role and structure. He asks why, when and how force may be used and argues that the growing gulf between legality and legitimacy is evidence of an eroded sense of international community. He considers the tension between the US, with its capacity to use force and project power, and the UN, as the centre of the international law enforcement system. He asserts the central importance of the rule of law and of a rules-based order focused on the UN as the foundation of a civilised system of international relations. This book will be of interest to students of the UN and international organisations in politics, law and international relations departments, as well as policymakers in the UN and other NGOs.
Democracy, America, and the Age of Globalization
Authors: Mandle Jay R.
Published: June 2010

Because political campaigns in the United States are privately funded, America's political system is heavily biased toward the interests of wealthy campaign contributors. As a result, government policies have largely ignored the growth in income inequality caused by technological change and economic globalization. This omission has been tolerated because most Americans do not support interventionist government policies. They believe that the government serves the interests of the campaign donors rather than the public. This skepticism concerning the public sector's fairness must be overcome before effective programs to offset mounting inequality can be implemented. Though in recent years legislation to reform the financing of political campaigns has been adopted, private wealth continues to dominate the political process. Political cynicism therefore persists. A voluntary system of public funding of candidates for office is required to generate the trust in the public sector necessary to reverse the trend toward inequality.
LIMIT SETS AND COMMENSURABILITY OF KLEINIAN GROUPS
Authors: YANG WEN-YUAN , JIANG YUE-PING
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we obtain several results on the commensurability of two Kleinian groups and their limit sets. We prove that two finitely generated subgroupsG1andG2of an infinite co-volume Kleinian groupG⊂Isom(H3) having Λ(G1)=Λ(G2) are commensurable. In particular, we prove that any finitely generated subgroupHof a Kleinian groupG⊂Isom(H3) with Λ(H)=Λ(G) is of finite index if and only ifHis not a virtually fibered subgroup.
Influence of aspect ratio on the dynamics of a freely moving circular disk
Authors: SHENOY A. R. , KLEINSTREUER C.
Published: June 2010

The influence of aspect ratio (χ = diameter/thickness) on the vortex shedding behaviour of fixed, and freely moving, circular disk has been investigated numerically. The aspect ratio significantly changes the structure of the vortices shed from the disk, thus altering the fluid induced forces. Disks of χ = 2 and 4 were selected, and by choosing Re = 240 periodic behaviour was observed for both the ‘fixed’ and ‘freely’ moving disks. First, the vortex structures shed from a ‘fixed’ circular disk of χ = 2 and 4 were computed for Re = 240. This was followed by a computation of their trajectories falling ‘freely’ under the action of gravity at Re = 240. For the ‘fixed’ disk of χ = 2, periodic shedding of one-sided hairpin-shaped vortex loops was observed. The flow field had a spatial planar symmetry and the vortices were shed from the same location, resulting in an asymmetric lateral force on the disk. The Strouhal number (St), calculated using the fluctuation in the axial velocity in the far-wake, was 0.122. This vortex shedding behaviour is referred to as the ‘single-sided’ vortex shedding mode. For the ‘fixed’ disk of χ = 4, periodic shedding of hairpin-shaped vortex loops was observed from the diametrically opposite location of the disk. The flow field had a spatial planar symmetry, and also a spatio-temporal one, with respect to a plane orthogonal to the spatial symmetry plane. The shed vortices induced a symmetric lateral force on the disk with a zero mean. The computed Strouhal number, was equal 0.122, same as that for χ = 2. This vortex shedding behaviour is referred as the ‘double-sided’ vortex shedding mode. For the ‘freely falling’ disk of χ = 2, an oscillatory motion was observed in a plane with a 83° phase lag between the lateral and angular velocity. The Strouhal number (Stb), calculated using the oscillation frequency of the ‘freely’ falling disk was equal to 0.116, which is comparable to the St of the fixed disk. For a ‘freely falling’ disk of χ = 4, oscillatory motion was observed in a plane with a 21° phase lag between the lateral and angular velocity. The Strouhal number (Stb) was equal to 0.171, which differs from the St observed in the wake of the fixed disk.
Abundance, distribution and haul-out behaviour of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, UK
Authors: Leeney Ruth H. , Broderick Annette C. , Mills Cheryl , Sayer Sue , Witt Matthew J. , Godley Brendan J.
Published: June 2010

This study investigated the phenology, patterns of haul-out habitat use and distribution of the grey seal around Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. A full census of the coast was carried out by boat over 4 days, in order to make a full count of seals hauled out and close to the coast, and to document all haul-out sites. Regular land-based surveys were made of three haul-out sites in Cornwall, to investigate the effects of spatial, temporal and environmental factors on seal haul-out behaviour. Data from 2004 to 2007 were analysed to describe long-term temporal variation in seal abundance at two haul-out sites. A total of 592 sightings were made along the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly over the four-day census period; 476 of these sightings (80.4%) were recorded at six main haul-out sites. The highest proportion of seals was observed at three haul-out areas on the Isles of Scilly. In Cornwall, seals were observed in higher numbers on the north coast, where the three largest mainland haul-out sites were documented, than on the south coast. At one key haul-out site in Cornwall, a distinct seasonal pattern was evident in data collected between 2004 and 2007, with higher numbers of seals present during the moulting and breeding seasons than over the summer months. There was considerable inter-annual variability in peak seal abundance, during the moulting season, at this site. There was no significant variation in haul-out behaviour with tidal state at this site, although haul-out counts were generally highest at mid-ebb tides. Data on seal abundance, distribution and haul-out behaviour may aid the designation of Special Areas of Conservation for the protection of grey seals in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.
Hydrozoan diversity on hard bottom in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
Authors: Voronkov Andrey , Stepanjants Sofia D. , Hop Haakon
Published: June 2010

Hydroids in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, were studied on five hard-bottom transects along gradients of environmental conditions from the glacier at the fjord's head to the fjord's mouth at depth-range 0–30 m. Hydrozoa colonies are widely distributed on rock and gravel substrata in Kongsfjorden. In general, however, hydroids are not dominant or subdominant in zoobenthic communities. The exception isSymplectoscyphus tricuspidatusvar.acuminatus, colonies of which were sometimes abundant enough to determine the community structure and characteristics of benthic diversity. Of the 23 species recorded in this study,Laomedea flexuosa,Phialella quadrataandHalecium tenellumas well as representatives of family Stylasteridae were recorded from Svalbard waters for the first time. Hydroid diversity was highest in the zoobenthic community structured by branched bryozoans. The abundance and distribution of hydroids were reduced, to some extent, in the inner part of the fjord compared to the outer fjord. Species richness of hydroids was high at shallow depths, decreased at around 15 m and then increased again to 30 m depth. Species with Low-boreal–Arctic and Panoceanic distributional ranges were the most frequently occurring species. Depth, type of background substratum and amount of silt on its surface were the main factors influencing hydroid distribution. Description of all recorded taxa distributions together with data on their habitat and associations in zoobenthic communities are presented in an Appendix.
Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Büyükada Island (the Marmara Sea)
Authors: Balkis Neslıhan , Atabay Hakan , Türetgen Irfan , Albayrak Serhat , Balkis Hüsamettın , Tüfekçi Vıldan
Published: June 2010

This study was implemented to determine the environmental factors and causative organisms of the recent mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea. Samples were taken during the study from 7 different depths (0.5–30 m) of one sampling point of the Büyükada Island shore between January and June 2008. As a result, 62 phytoplankton species belonging to 5 different groups were identified. Dinoflagellates were dominant in terms of species number, and diatoms in terms of cell number. In January and February, mucilage formation was very dense, where 5 phytoplankton species (Clindrotheca closterium, Pseudo-nitzschiasp.,Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira rotula(Bacillariophyceae) andGonyaulax fragilis(Dinophyceae)) were reported as dominant organisms. Among them,Gonyaulax fragilishas never been reported in the Marmara Sea previously, thus that organism appeared firstly with the formation of dense mucilage and then when the mucilage decayed in May and June 2008,G. fragilisdisappeared. Autofluorescent single-celled organisms were classified in three groups depending on their cell sizes (>20 μm, >2 μm, >0.2 μm) by membrane filtration and total count of bacteria were determined by epifluorescence microscope after dying with DAPI. The highest total bacteria was recorded in April at 25 m depth (6655 ± 44.4 cells ml−1) while the lowest count was in June at 0.5 m depth (1077 ± 26.1 cells ml−1). The seawater temperature ranged between 7.0 and 21.5°C, salinity between 20.9 and 37.4 ppt and dissolved oxygen amount between 2.75 and 12.75 mg l−1. The chlorophyll-aamount ranged between 0.10 and 6.35 μg l−1, the higher values were recorded in January at 15 m depth (6.35 μg l−1) and in April at 10 m depth (4.89 μg l−1). Among the nutrients, the amounts of nitrite + nitrate-N varied between 0.02 and 7.67 μg-at N l−1, phosphate-P between 0.11 and 0.96 μg-at P l−1and silicate-Si between 0.37 and 8.93 μg-at Si l−1. The highest values were determined at a deeper layer where nutrients are accumulated. On the other hand, the N:P ratio interval was found as 0.1–11.3, Si:P ratio as 2.92–52.33 and N:Si ratio as 0.01–1.10 during the sampling period. Nitrogen was the limiting nutrient and the silica amount was enough to enable the development of diatoms.
Summer mesozooplankton assemblages in the north-eastern Aegean Sea: the influence of Black Sea water and an associated anticyclonic eddy
Authors: Isari Stamatina , Somarakis Stylianos , Christou Epaminondas D. , Fragopoulu Nina
Published: June 2010

The north-eastern Aegean Sea (NEA) is a marine system of high hydrological complexity, principally induced by the inflow and subsequent advection of the low salinity (<30) Black Sea water (BSW). This water mass occupies the upper layer (~0–20 m) of the NEA and plays a key role in the determination of circulation patterns and the generation of various frontal and eddy structures. Here we are concerned with the examination of mesozooplankton assemblages in the NEA during the thermal stratification period (July 2004) in two discrete sampling layers: (a) Layer 1 (from the base of halocline to the surface: ~0–20 m) which is directly influenced by BSW; and (b) the deeper ~20–50 m layer (Layer 2). Our main objective was to assess the response of mesozooplankton to the BSW and the associated hydrological structures. In July 2004, the BSW was mainly restricted in the eastern part of the NEA where it was entrapped in a ~50-km wide anticyclonic gyre (Samothraki gyre). A marked spatial differentiation in mesozooplankton assemblage structure, significantly related to this hydrodynamic partitioning, was detected in Layer 1. Sampling sites under the direct influence of low salinity–high temperature gyre waters were characterized by a considerably higher mesozooplankton stock than the remaining area, mainly due to the outstanding numerical dominance of the cladoceran species Penilia avirostris. Copepods displayed notably low densities within the gyre and low species diversity, the calanoid Temora stylifera was the only abundant species. The mesozooplankton community outside the gyre zone shifted towards lower levels of total abundance, with a lesser contribution of cladocerans and an increase in the importance of small-sized copepods (e.g. Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus, copepodites of Oithona spp. and Clausocalanus spp.). In the subsurface layer (Layer 2), the mesozooplankton community also exhibited spatial heterogeneity which could be hardly explained by variability in environmental parameters. The periphery of the anticyclone below the halocline was distinguished from the remaining neritic area, presenting markedly high mesozooplankton productivity and distinct group composition. An inverse pattern in the mesozooplankton stock vertical distribution was observed at the periphery of the gyre (Layer 2> Layer 1) comparative to the remaining sites (Layer 1 > Layer 2), which was mainly due to unusually high concentrations of surface-living zooplankters below the halocline. The latter could be explained in terms of expected water flow patterns in an anticyclonic eddy.
Rocky reef fish community structure in two Azorean islands (Portugal) central North Atlantic
Authors: Bertoncini Áthila Andrade , Machado Leonardo Francisco , Barreiros João Pedro , Hostim-Silva Maurício , Verani José Roberto
Published: June 2010

The community structure of shallow rocky reef fish fauna of the Azores Archipelago is described from underwater visual censuses carried out at eight areas (Terceira and Corvo Islands). A total of 52 fish species from 26 different families was observed, and the ten most abundant fish corresponded to 82.7% of all fish. Trophic categories are given for observed species with comments on distribution and densities along sampled depth strata. Mean densities along sampled strata were tested for significant differences.Sparidae, LabridaeandCarangidaewere the most speciose families beingDiplodus sargus, Pagellus acarne, Coris julis, Thalassoma pavoandTripterygion delaisithe most abundant species that consequently also accounted for the highest densities.