bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duke Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Bart6k wrote his only opera in 1911. It is a setting of a previously written play, and as such illustrates an early twentieth-century penchant for what the German musicologist Carl Dahlhaus has called “literature opera”: Pe/leas et Melisande, Salome, Wozzeck are other notable examples. The poet in the present instance was Bela Balasz. Three years younger than Bart6k, Balasz belonged to the same coterie of young intellectuals and artists then rising to prominence in Budapest, all keenly aware of contemporary artistic developments in western Europe, yet all seeking to attain a higher level of artistic expression through a fusion of modernism with quintessential elements of their man-rise to their feet, dreamlike, from the deep recesses of slumbering memory. And wreathed with diadems and halos, they are more beautiful than all women presently living. Oh, how plain, how miserable Judith feels when Blue-beard sings in dreaming ecstasy of his past loves. But she doesn’t shudder in horror until he begins to beautify her, to adorn her with jewels. “Ah, Bluebeard, you are not dreaming, I am your poor, living wife.” But the man covers her with glittering ornaments, and Judith gradually grows numb with death. The man’s dream kills her, the very dream she herself has conjured up in him. And the dreaming man remains alone once more, his castle again locked and dark.
Alban Berg On Wozzeck
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Berg began work on Wozzeck in 1914, shortly after having witnessed a stage performance of the masterpiece by Georg Buchner (1813-37). Called up in the Austrian army at the outbreak of World War I, he was forced to interrupt work for three years, during which he had a taste of military life at first hand, though only on the home front. Completion of the opera proceeded slowly, and the full score was not finished until April 1922. The premiere took place at the Berlin Staatsoper under Erich Kleiber on 14 December 1925. Surrounded by controversy because perceived by many as a dangerous example of “atonality” and because of political intrigues against Kleiber, Wozzeck nevertheless was a great public success from the start, and there were critics even then who recognized it as a milestone in the history of opera. One view of it that became fashionable among critics was that, by concentrating on traditional musical forms, Berg had intended to reform opera (“reform” again!), leading it into a post-Wagnerian era. When in 1927 Berg was asked by the League of Composers in New York to contribute an article on Wozzeck to their magazine, he addressed himself to this issue.
The Planetary Scientist’s Companion
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Scientists have collected a wealth of physical and chemical data for the Sun, planets, and small bodies in our solar system, but until now this information has been scattered throughout the technical literature. The Planetary Scientist’s Companion solves this problem, providing for the first time a single, extensive reference for the interdisciplinary fields of planetary science and cosmochemistry. The book begins with a summary of frequently used physical and chemical constants, unit conversion factors, properties of some compounds and minerals, thermodynamic data, partition coefficients, and useful formulas. This is followed by an overview of the solar system, including comparative data for the planets and their satellites and abundances of the elements. Much of the book is devoted to a series of chapters describing in turn the Sun, each of the planets, and the groups of small bodies (asteroids, comets, meteorites, and Kuiper Belt and Centaur objects). Each chapter includes an introduction, followed by tables of physical and chemical properties compiled from many sources, including data on planetary atmospheres, surfaces, and interiors. The book concludes with data on nearby stars, the interstellar medium, and recently discovered brown dwarfs and possible extrasolar planets, followed by a glossary. A unique and practical resource for anyone interested in contemporary planetary science and cosmochemistry, this volume is likely to be an essential tool in future research.
Uranus, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel on 13 March 1781. Observations of Uranus and its satellite and ring systems prior to the Voyager 2 encounter on 26 January 1986 are summarized by [Alx65, Hu82, Ber84, BM86, GB84]. A post-Voyager summary of the atmosphere and interior of Uranus, its rings, satellites, and magnetosphere is in [BMM91].
Neptune, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

During the six decades following the discovery of Uranus, it became clear that there were large discrepancies between the observed and calculated positions of the planet. Analyses of the discrepancies by Adams in England and LeVerrier in France led to predictions for the mass and orbit of a trans-Uranian planet. These calculations led to the discovery of Neptune by Galle and d’Arrest on 23 September 1846. Shortly thereafter, Lassell discovered Triton, Neptune’s largest satellite on 10 October 1846. The account of Neptune’s discovery is described by Grosser (1962).
Populism
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Debates over economics revealed deep political fissures among Americans, who began to weigh old Civil War loyalties against pressing bread-and-butter concerns. By 1890 their arguments became more urgent as the economy worsened, especially in rural areas. Regional political structures shaped these intensified debates. In the Northeast and Midwest, a strong two-party system managed to contain the disputes, with Republicans holding their lead in New England and Democrats tending to benefit elsewhere. In the South and the trans-Mississippi West, two-party politics was not so strong. In these regions a coalition of farmers, labor unionists, and advocates of silver currency created a new party, proposing new federal interventions in the economy.
New Parameters of Power
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In defeating the challenge of Populism, men who led the successful campaigns for redemption identified a threat not only from alleged black criminals and anarchists but from politically active women. Though Republicans like Ellen Foster were reassuringly loyal, women’s overall encroachment into political affairs disturbed Republican men as well as Democrats. By the 1890s women no longer limited their expressions of partisanship to demure handkerchief waving from the balconies of party rallies. Many spoke from the stump, canvassed wards, sought access to parties’ decision-making councils, and even ran for office. Some men who had welcomed women’s assistance in campaign work now began to describe the trend as a danger to political order.
Biochemical Adaptation
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

This text lays out the principles of mechanistic comparative physiology in an ecological and evolutionary context. The subject of evolutionary physiology has been advancing considerably and this book will bring readers up to date on a number of new techniques, ideas and data. Topics include NMR spectroscopy and molecular biology, evolution and adaptation, phylogenetically-based analytical techniques and more.
Influence of Oxygen Availability
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

Extracting the maximal amount of chemical bond energy from a reduced organic molecule typically involves degradation to CO2 and H2O and to achieve this, molecular O2 usually must serve as a terminal electron acceptor and thus must be available to the organism. That is why for most present-day organisms, O2-based combustion of foodstuffs is the sine qua non of metabolic efficiency. Yet biologists today realize that this was not always so. The best available evidence indicates that early stages in the development of life on our planet occurred under highly reducing conditions (Crick, 1981; Gold, 1999). This means that the planet was colonized initially by prokaryotic anaerobes. Genomics, the sequencing and mapping of genomes and analysis of gene and genome function (Hieter and Boguski, 1997), has revolutionized our understanding of this early stage in the biological and, by extension, geological evolution of the planet. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes that have been completely sequenced supply enormous new insights into the coevolution of living systems and of their geological microenvironments. Based on the presence or absence of gene families from 11 such completed genome sequences of free living microorganisms (Hieter and Boguski, 1997), or upon only 16S ribosomal RNA sequences (Woese et al., 1990), molecular biologists arrive at similar summaries of three main roots (Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) to the tree of life (figure 3.1). What is more, these molecular phylogenies place anaerobes close to the root of all of life and corroborate geological arguments favoring a predominantly anaerobic primordial earth.
Temperature
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

Anyone versed in biogeography, indeed anyone even moderately familiar with natural history, is aware that the distribution patterns of organisms commonly reﬂect gradients or discontinuities in temperature. This type of temperature-related—and, by implication, temperature-caused—patterning is seen in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, in both spatial and temporal contexts, and among all types of organisms. Thus, in moving from lower to higher latitudes, species replacement patterns are ubiquitous and may involve the replacement of one species in a genus by another (a congener). Species replacement is also seen along vertical gradients in temperature at a given latitude, for instance, along gradients characteristic of transitions from subtidal to intertidal marine habitats and from low to high elevations in mountainous regions. Mobile animals commonly select a preferred temperature, using a variety of strategies including seasonal migrations by aquatic and terrestrial animals, diurnal vertical migrations in marine and freshwater habitats, and selection of the appropriate period of the day for foraging and predation in terrestrial animals.

The pervasiveness of these temperature-related patterns of organismal distribution indicates that the effects of temperature on organisms are universal among taxa and of sufficient magnitude to impose strict limits on where life can occur, even when other environmental factors would seem permissive of life. Indeed, temperature affects essentially every aspect of an organism’s physiology, from the basic structures of the macromolecules that are responsible for catalysis and information processing to the rates at which chemical reactions occur. One index of the scope and magnitude of temperature’s effects on biological systems is the fact that no species can withstand, at least when in a metabolically active state, cell temperatures spanning the full range of temperatures found in the biosphere—from slightly above 100°C in geothermal hot springs to ~ –80°C in high-latitude and high-altitude terrestrial habitats.
Black Fears: Mastering Dark Realities
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

If the impulse behind the South’s mobbing of alleged abolitionists was to make any white questioning of slavery unthinkable, the fear driving insurrection scares was black: slaves, working each day near whites in fields, gardens, kitchens, nurseries. Insurrection scares both expressed the darkest fears of a slave society and allowed a sense of mastery over both the realities and nightmares that could never be fully controlled. I Just as Harriet Tubman, John Brown, and others proved that the Southern vision of abolitionist slave-theft was not wholly hallucinatory, so Nat Turner underlined insurrectionary possibility in the antebellum South. In Rapides Parish, Louisiana, slave tradition bears out the basis, if not the details, of the white version of an insurrection plot in 1837. Doubtless slaves plotted other uprisings, but the records about other “insurrections” testify to white fears rather than black action. The number of victims killed in these scares proclaims the depth of Southern fears about their slave population. Although there were only thirty-five instances of extralegal action against alleged insurrectionary plots, 448 persons were killed, 447 of them mob victims. Of these only 26 were whites and but 8 statedly free blacks. The Southern press and letter writers gave scant detail about slave victims, including numbers, because of their marginally human social status. Yet there’s no question that mobs of this sort destroyed property to the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars, a cost that went largely uncounted because these killings gave illusion of white power.
A General Morphological-Functional Characterization of the CelI
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

A fundamental organizational characteristic of life is its being based on discrete units-cells. Living creatures on our planet vary enormously in the number of cells they are made of, in the size, shape, and properties of those cells, and in the extent of their dependence on each other. However, life as we know it (with the exception of viruses, which are discussed later) can exist only in the form of cells.
Our Universe, Galaxy, and Solar System
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

Copernicus, in his heliocentric theory, transferred the frame of reference of motion from the Earth to the background of the so-called “fixed stars.” As the Copernican revolution worked its way through European science, the conviction arose that the Sun was but one among myriads of similar luminous objects, the stars. If the Sun has planets, must not the other stars also have planets? Physical and chemical processes relevant to the formation of the biogenic elements in the universe have been taking place ever since the big bang, some 15 Ga ago. Thus, the conditions needed for life to originate, either in the form we know on Earth or in an as yet unknown form, may have been appropriate even before the formation of the solar system. As a matter of fact, the biogenic elements hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are among the most abundant in the universe. Phosphorus is an exception among the bioelements in that it is considerably less abundant than the former elements (Irvine, 1992). As noted by Irvine (1992), it may be relevant to the origin of life that in the gas of solar or “cosmic” composition, these “biogenic” elements will exist predominantly in the gas phase or as volatile ices such as H2O, simple organics, N2’ or NH3, etc. In contrast, elements such as silicon and iron are apparently locked up in the stellar medium in refractory grains and in a cooling solar nebula in non-volatile rocky material.
Bottom-up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Minerals Functioning as Scaffolds, Adsorbents, Catalysts, and Information Carriers
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

Minerals preceded life: Were they involved in the origin of life? Minerals have always been present on the earth’s surface, since its accretion, some 4.6 Ga ago. Thus, if the beginning of life indeed took place on our planet, then various minerals not only witnessed the very first stages of this processes but could also have been in-volved in it.
Possible Sites for Molecular Evolution Scenarios and Their Rhythms
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

With the background given up to this point, it is possible now to better evaluate the many environments that have been suggested as possible sites for the molecular evolution reactions, processes, and scenarios. These environments, together with their concomitant (and sparse) scenarios, will be now reviewed briefly. Some of these have been discussed already and therefore will only be mentioned in order to present a complete picture of the present state of our knowledge. In view of the importance of minerals and their ubiquity in the hypothesized prebiotic environments, it may be convenient to divide the following presentation accordingly. Such a division would be arbitrary and should be supplemented by additional features, such as the implied trophic method, or the rhythm characterizing each scenario.
Listening and learning
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the beginning of my fieldwork, I started interviews with fans by asking them to tell me a little about themselves. While I was acquainted with several of the people with whom I spoke, most were strangers who had simply answered an advertisement, and I intended the question as a way both to break the ice and, more important, to allow me to learn about who they were. Such an approach was fairly effective; while some people seemed uncomfortable with the question, most answered it good-naturedly, talking about age and occupation and engaging in guarded small talk about their aspirations. I knew the question put them in an awkward position, but it was a start. I assumed getting to know them personally would take some time, that I would learn more as I met with them again and worked to gain their trust.
The Greco-Roman World
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE GREEKS PRODUCED an outburst of human creativity in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. such as the world had never before seen, nor was to see again until at least two millennia had passed, which was expressed in all manner of intellectual activity from fine arts to science. In the Greek city-states of that time, a new form of government, a government of many participants, was created and reached its first climax. Western artistic expression, historiography, literature, medicine, philosophy, politics, and science have developed continuously from those centuries. The period produced three intellectual giants: Socrates (c. The Roman genius for administration and military action enabled Rome to over whelm the twenty-seven Greek city-states by 146 B.c.; and before the end of the Roman Republic, in 44 B.c., Rome had conquered lands from the Atlantic Ocean to Asia Minor and from North Africa to England and Germany. The Romans, while absorbing Greek art and learning, made their own contributions to both.
Introduction
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P , Jorgensen Bo Barker
Published: November 2023

The benthic boundary layer (BBL) constitutes those portions of sediment and water columns that are affected directly in the distribution of their properties and processes by the presence of the sediment-water interface. This zone has great importance to the biology, chemistry, geology, and physics of the oceans, seas, lakes, and even rivers. For example, the bottom is the primary site for the dissipation of current, wave, and turbulent energies; it is the locus for the exchange of heat, solutes or particulates between the water column and the bed; diagenesis of deposited material is most intense in its vicinity; and it represents the environment where a wide variety of benthic animals, plants, and microorganisms live (see chapters 13, 14, and 15). Furthermore, it is a locus of intense transport, both vertical and lateral, of solutes and suspended particles (see chapters 4, 5, and 9) and of high chemical and biological reactivity.
Physics Of Flow Above The Sediment-Water Interface
Authors: Dade W Brian , Hogg Andrew J , Boudreau Bernard P
Published: November 2023

The benthic boundary layer (BBL) is that part of the marine environment that is directly influenced by the presence of the interface between the bed and its overlying water. The friction-dominated dynamics of near-bed flows exert an important influence on the large-scale circulation in many regions. This is especially so in some coastal, wave-dominated settings (e.g., Clarke and Brink, 1985). This chapter provides an overview of the key aspects of turbulent, boundary-layer flow, as they relate to processes that, in general, occur on a scale much smaller than the regional circulation. These processes, which are discussed extensively in this volume, include the exchange and transport of momentum (chapter 3), heat, sediment (chapter 4), solutes (chapters 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and organisms (chapters 6, 8, 14, and 15) at the bed. There have been several reviews of the physics of the BBL. These include general summaries and site-specific observations of the deep-sea BBL (Wimbush and Munk, 1970; Armi and Millard, 1976; Bowden, 1978; Grant et al., 1985), reviews of modeling and experimental approaches (e.g., Sleath, 1984, 1990; Richards, 1990), and detailed discussions of near-bed flows in continental shelf environments (Smith, 1977; Soulsby, 1983; Grant and Madsen, 1986).
Biogeochemical Microsensors For Boundary Layer Studies
Authors: Kühl Michael , Revsbech Niels Peter
Published: November 2023

Interfacial processes in sediments, biofilms, and other benthic aquatic systems can be strongly affected by the presence of hydrodynamic boundary layers. The boundary layer (BL) can limit mass transfer between the overlying water and the solid matrix, thus affecting biological processes. The BL region adjacent to reactive surfaces that contains significant chemical gradients is known as the diffusive boundary layer (DBL). The DBL thickness is dependent on the flow velocity, surface topography and porosity of the solid matrix, and it ranges from <0.1 mm to several millimeters in thickness (see also chapters 5, 9, 14 and 15). As the interface is approached, mass transfer of solutes in the DBL becomes less dependent on advective motions (turbulence) and increasingly dependent on diffusion. Any net solute consumption or production within the matrix relative to the surrounding water, therefore, leads to the formation of concentration gradients over the DBL as well as within the matrix. The sediment-water interface thus can be the site of steep gradients of physicochemical variables over distances of <0.1 mm, and methods for studying these variables near the interface must resolve variations over very small distances without significant disturbance to these gradients. Noninvasive optical analysis, by direct microscopic observation, analysis of water current with laser-Doppler anemometry, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (Wieland, 2000) or positron emission tomography (Khalili et al., 1998) fulfills these requirements, but most methods with high spatial resolution are based on microsensors.
Macroscopic Animals and Plants in Benthic Flows
Authors: Jumars Peter A , Eckman James E , Koch Evamaria
Published: November 2023

Macroscopic animals and plants interact in manifold ways with their marine benthic environments. Rhoads’s (1974) masterful review consolidated appreciation for interactions among sediments and organisms. Diagenesis and macrofauna have been connected through a range of interactions, from external effects of respiratory currents in radial diffusion to hydrolysis during digestion (chapter 11). Physical transport has long been known to effect large-scale dispersal, but its pervasive influences at smaller scales on larval settlement have been dissected only more recently (Butman, 1987). Vogel’s (1994) inspirational book on the multiple roles of moving fluids in the lives of organisms extended appreciation for fluid motion to nearly all ecological processes. A broadly useful idea and null hypothesis has been that organisms in flows behave much like inanimate objects that possess comparable (stillwater) downward velocities with respect to the immediately surrounding fluid. Under this null hypothesis, the field of sediment transport gives good guidance regarding where propagules should be deposited; they should transport much like sediment grains or aggregates that have similar stillwater settling velocities.
Robert Schumann as Song Composer
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Anything that happens in the world affects me; politics, for example, literature, people; and I reflect about all of these things in my own way-and these reflections then seek to find an outlet in music. This is also the reason for which so many of my compositions are hard to understand, because they are connected with distant interest; and sometimes striking, because everything extraordinary that happens impresses me and impels me to express it in music. For this reason, too, so many other composers do not satisfy me, because-in addition to all their lack of professional skill-they enlarge on lyrical commonplaces. The highest level reached in this type of music does not come up to the point from which my kind of music starts. The former may be a flower. The latter is a poem; that is, belongs to the world of the spirit. The former comes from an impulse of cmde nature; the latter stems from the consciousness of the poetic mind.
Opus 64
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

For those critics who hold that only the songs of the 1840 “Clara Year” are topdrawer Schumann, the Lieder of 1847 must be an anomaly. Sams (p. 189) finds that when Schumann resumes songwriting in 1847 his style has become more “objective.” Fischer-Dieskau (p. 137) also identifies an objective character in Die Soldatenbraut, op. 64, #1, which he sees “revealed in its folk-like flavor.” Hallmark (1996, p. 108) suggests that “what Fischer-Dieskau and others identify as greater objectivity in Schumann’s later works” may be an economy of emotion, a quality of understatement. Donald Ivey, to the contrary, finds Schumann becoming “intensely subjective” (p. 198).
Sieben Lieder (Kulmann), Opus 104, Opus 107, and Vier Husarenlieder (Lenau), Opus 117
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The neglected Sieben Lieder, op. 104, to poems by Elisabeth Kulmann, deserve performance. Schumann was in search of a musical idiom that would capture the yearnings of the poetess, who met death at age seventeen. His Kulmann settings have simplicity and childlike grace many removes from the expansive Mignon Lieder of the same period. These gentle Lieder prove that in his last creative years the composer flexibly bent an always intense sensibility to poetic sources by devising an aptly diverse compositional mode for each. Classification of these Lieder as the product of “a mind in deterioration” is unacceptable.
Head Injury Experiments on Primates at the University of Pennsylvania
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

During the early morning hours of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, 18 May 1984, five men and women crept across the deserted University of Pennsylvania campus in Philadelphia. They entered the University’s Head Trauma Research Center, where head injury studies on baboons were conducted under the direction of Thomas A. Gennarelli, associate professor of neurosurgery. They stole approximately thirty videotapes that had been made by the researchers to record the day-to-day experiments. The videotapes showed baboons in states of paralysis and incapacity and researchers who seemed indifferent to the distress of the animals. Before they left, the intruders also vandalized equipment used in the experiments and wrote on the lab wall their initials, ALF-Animal Liberation Front. The ALF is a radical organization of about a hundred persons who conduct laboratory raids. Because the ALF is a clandestine group, another national animal rights group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), handled the ALF’s publicity and negotiations in the wake of the Pennsylvania incident. PETA claimed that the videotapes, which they had received from the ALF, provided documentation of repeated, significant violations of federal policies governing the humane use of laboratory animals, including inadequate anesthesia and disregard of legally required surgical asepsis. The experiments were required to be in compliance with two federal policies, one administered by the
What does the public have a right to know?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

The Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), a non profit organization in the state of Washington, and the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, have been at loggerheads over several issues: Does this activist animal welfare organization have a legal or a moral right to information about proposed animal experiments that the university does not want to divulge? Does PAWS have a legal right or a moral right to be present at oversight committee meetings where animal experiments are either approved or disapproved? Should animal protection groups be represented on committees that oversee animal experiments? PAWS presents itself as representative of that segment of the community most concerned about the welfare and protection of laboratory animals, and it believes that it should have a voice in what is done to animals at the university. The university is partially funded by revenues from state taxes and therefore is publicly accountable. But the university disagrees with PAWS over questions of accountability. University officials view PAWS as an antivivisection group and as prone to distort information about animal experiments. John A. Coulter, executive director of Health Sciences Administration for the university, says that in general the university is not opposed to divulging information, but is opposed to giving certain types of information to PAWS and to having PAWS participate in university affairs.
The Death of a Vagrant Bird
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

In August 1991 several amateur bird-watchers were encamped in southern New Mexico at a place called Rattle Snake Springs, just inside Carlsbad Caverns National Park. This small oasis in the midst of the parched Chihuahuan desert attracts a large number of bird species and had become a popular observational area. For some time the attention of some members of the group had been drawn to the sight and song of a lone, small olive-and-yellow bird about six inches long who seemed oddly out of place. Descriptions and taped recordings of its song strongly suggested that the bird was a yellow-green vireo. As far as anyone knew, the established range of the bird was from Central America to Mexico. In an arresting use of language, individual birds sighted out of their established geographical context are referred to as “vagrants.” One common usage of vagrant is someone who travels “idly . . . without lawful or visible means of support ... (as a prostitute or drunkard),”1 but the usage here is a pure derivation from the Latin root vagari, meaning to wander. Many circumstances lead vagrants to be out of place, and they are associated with different degrees of scientific importance. For example, the bird simply may have overshot its migration target, been blown off course by a chance encounter with a storm, or hitched an unintended ride on a boat or plane; or it may be in an active search for a new habitat.
Traffic Injuries: Determinants by Road User Type
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the nature and determinants of traffic injuries for different major user categories focusing on vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, occupants of open-backed vehicles, and users of off-road vehicles. Determinants of traffic crashes in general are also considered. There are generally more pedestrians in developing than in developed countries, as discussed in Chapter 7. In surveys of developing countries by the Overseas Unit of the British Transport and Road Research Laboratory, it was found that pedestrians represented up to 70 percent of all traffic fatalities (Downing, 1990). In urban areas, pedestrians comprise a larger proportion of traffic injuries than on rural roads, since vehicle occupants are relatively well-protected at slower urban speeds. In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pedestrians accounted for 91 percent of all traffic injury victims who reached a hospital emergency department or died before reaching hospital (Dessie and Larson, 1991). In a study of traffic fatalities in New Delhi, India, pedestrians comprised 42 percent of victims (Mohan and Kumar, 1989).
Choice and Development of Injury Prevention Programs
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Injury control becomes a possibility when at least one person recognizes that injuries are an important problem in the community. However, recognition alone is not enough. An essential insight is an awareness that the probability of specific types of injuries is significantly increased by certain exposures and combinations of risk factors. Such insights often occur first among health providers who take a few moments to inquire about the external causes for the injuries sustained by their patients, or by coroners who make similar inquiries during investigations of fatal in juries. However, this process of professional awakening generally requires that an individual health provider see many cases of specific injuries and maintain systematic records. In some countries or regions, a substantial proportion of injury victims are never seen by a health provider.
Durational Reduction
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

One of Beethoven’s conversation books for the year 1824 contains the following entry in the hand of Anton Schindler: “The extended rhythms in your works do not result from computation, but rather from the nature of the melody and not infrequently from the harmony-am I right?”1 I have not been able to find out if the entry is genuine or one of Schindler’s later insertions.2 But in either case, the remark holds considerable musical interest. In, Chapter 1,3 I suggested that musical rhythm has two sources.
Chopin’s Fantasy, Op. 49
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

“If a well-written composition can be compared with a noble architectural edifice in which symmetry must predominate, then a fantasy well done is akin to a beautiful English garden, seemingly irregular, but full of surprising variety, and executed rationally, meaningfully, and according to plan.” Carl Czerny, who wrote this passage around 1836, was using the word “fantasy” to mean an improvised, as distinct from a composed, piece.
Modem Applied Biostatistical Methods Using S-Plus
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

Statistical analysis typically involves applying theoretically generated techniques to the description and interpretation of collected data. In this text, theory, application and interpretation are combined to present the entire biostatistical process for a series of elementary and intermediate analytic methods. The theoretical basis for each method is discussed with a minimum of mathematics and is applied to a research data example using a computer system called S-PLUS. This system produces concrete numerical results and increases one's understanding of the fundamental concepts and methodology of statistical analysis. This text is not a computer manual, even though it makes extensive use of computer language to describe and illustrate applied statistical techniques. This makes the details of the statistical process readily accessible, providing insight into how and why a statistical method identifies the properties of sampled data. The first chapter gives a simple overview of the S-PLUS language. The subsequent chapters use this valuable statistical tool to present a variety of analytic approaches. Combining statistical logic, data and computer tools, the author explores such topics as random number generation, general linear models, estimation, analysis of tabular data, analysis of variance and survival analysis. The end result is a clear and complete explanation of the way statistical methods can help one gain an understanding of collected data. Modern Applied Biostatistical Methods is unlike other statistical texts, which usually deal either with theory or with applications. It integrates the two elements into a single presentation of theoretical background, data, interpretation, graphics, and implementation. This all-around approach will be particularly helpful to students in various biostatistics and advanced epidemiology courses, and will interest all researchers involved in biomedical data analysis.
“Mundo Latino”
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

The popularity and influence of Latin-American music 1s an international phenomenon. In only one other area, Africa, has it had so far-reaching an effect as it has on the United States, but from the tango bass in many Greek bouzouki songs to Latin rock bands of Tokyo, its popularity has been worldwide.
Biological Basis of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Authors: Weber David J , Rutala william A
Published: November 2023

An understanding of infectious disease epidemiology cannot be distilled to a discussion of an infectious agent inflicting disease on susceptible human hosts. Although understanding infectious pathogens is important, other factors involving the host and the environment contribute to the transmission of infectious agents, disease production, and the outcome of an infection. Infection represents a complex interplay between host factors, characteristics of the infectious agent, and environmental influences. This complex interaction has been modeled as a triangle (Jackson 1996) (Fig. 1-1), a wheel (Fig. 1-2, Jackson 1996), a tetrahedron (Fig. 1-3) (Rothenberg 1990), or a chain (Fig. 1-4) (Jackson 1996). Regardless of which model one uses to describe the interaction of humans with infectious agents and their environment, a person’s state of health represents a dynamic equilibrium-a balance of forces.
Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects
Authors: Hunt Ann
Published: November 2023

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is one of the most common genetic conditions and one associated with some of the most problematic behaviors in children, in that both autism and hyperactivity can occur against a back ground of mental handicap and intractable epilepsy. Adults also are known to develop hallucinations and delusions, high levels of anxiety, and obsessive behaviors, although there is no reported evidence for dementia occurring without seizures. Mental handicap has been found in prevalence studies to affect less than 50% of those with tuberous sclerosis.
Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Curatolo Paolo , Peresson Marco
Published: November 2023

One of the most significant advances in the last few years in the clinical study of localization-related symptomatic epilepsies has been the search for topographic correlation between the seizure types and the epileptogenic area. Prompt detection and precise localization of lesions may lead to surgical treatment and improved seizure control.
Renal Manifestations
Authors: Björnsson Johannes , Henske Elizabeth Petri , Bernstein Jay
Published: November 2023

Most patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) develop morphologic abnormalities in their kidneys. These lesions include angiomyolipomas (AMLs), cysts, and renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Eventually, more than 80% of patients will be found to have renal abnormalities. Only the central nervous system is more frequently afflicted than the kidneys. Two lesions, AMLs and renal cysts, are strongly associated with TSC. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that the association between TSC and RCC is greater than that predicted by chance alone, especially since TSC-associated RCCs tend to manifest differently from sporadic ones.
Liver, Digestive Tract, Spleen, Arteries, Thymus, and Lymphatics
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

Little is known about hepatic hamartomas; more is known about renal hamartomas. Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) may harbor one or several hamartomas, specifically angiomyolipomas (AMLs), in the kidneys, the liver, or both. However, patients without TSC may also develop AMLs in the kidneys or liver. Although not completely studied, it seems that multiple AMLs occur more often and at a younger age in patients with TSC than in those without TSC.
Some Details of Technique
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

For example, we might measure the size of a fish in mm, with a maximum size of 200 mm. Growth rates g(x) are known, in mm/day. Then we might naively allocate 200 locations in memory for the size variable. However, there are two reasons why this is not the best approach.
Oviposition Behavior of Insect Parasitoids
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe the application of dynamic state variable models to insect parasitoids (which we describe in more detail below). This has been an especially fruitful area of application, in which dynamic state variable models have yielded new insights and suggested a number of new experiments.
Avian Migration
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

The migration of birds is a complex form of behavior, affected by many environmental factors, such as spatial and temporal variations in food availability, predators, temperature, winds, and breeding opportunities (Ens et al. 1994). Until recently, most optimization models of migration have dealt with isolated aspects like optimal migration speed (Alerstam 1979; Liechti 1995; Hedenstrom and Alerstam 1995) or optimal fuel loads (Weber et al. 1994). The dynamic state variable approach allows one to include many factors in a single model (Weber and Houston 1997; Weber et al. 1998; Farmer and Wiens 1998, 1999; Clark and Butler 1999).
Family Ties
Authors: Karp David A
Published: November 2023

To reveal the character of moral obligations, I often ask the students in my Introduction to Sociology class, “What do you owe your parents?” After the initial silence such a question normally produces, someone eventually offers the opinion, “I owe my parents everything.” Student might elaborate by describing their good home life and upbringing, adding that their parents did, after all, bring them into the world. Students also typically talk about the opportunities they have been given for a good education, stressing the sacrifices made by their parents for them. After a few declarations of this sort, I then ask just what they mean by “owing them everything.” Does it mean that such important life decisions as choice of work, whom to marry, where to live, and the timing of children will be premised on their parents’ wishes? “Well, no,” the students are then likely to say. After a series of such questions, “owing them everything” becomes more cloudy and there is consensus only that they love their parents, want their respect, and have a generalized expectation that they will “be there for them” if mom and dad ever need help.
Unprecedented Cases, Debatable Changes, and New Challenges
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

The conjunction of remarkable advancements in electronic information technology and basic biomedical research, especially in molecular genetics and genomics ... augers profound changes in the way that society will deal with the fundamental issues of health and disease in coming years. The changes, on balance, offer great promise of enhancing understanding, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases At the same time, however, the changes are generating deep public concerns that arise in part from philosophical and ethical considerations of individual autonomy and privacy and, in part, from pragmatic concerns about the security and confidentiality of sensitive, personally identifiable medical information, which, in the hands of insurers, employers and others, could be harmful to individuals and their families.
The NBAC Report: Recommendations and Limitations
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 discussed a number of international documents, including comprehensive reports and recommendations developed by multidisciplinary committees in the Netherlands, England, and Canada. Here we discuss a report on research with stored tissues by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), a multi-disciplinary committee established by executive order of President Clinton in October 1995. This chapter describes the goals of the NBAC report, analyzes its recommendations, assesses its strengths and weaknesses, and compares some of its recommendations and themes with those of the non-U.S. committees. We do not always agree with the NBAC report, but we applaud its important contribution to the ongoing debate about research with stored tissues.
The Quest for Environmental Integrity: Ecological Interdependence across Species
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

Environmentalists’ affirmation of temporal and spatial interdependence expands the horizon of human caring. Efforts to protect the environment are carried out not only for the benefit of the near and dear, but for fellow humans in future generations and other lands. This expansive concern for human welfare is the primary motivation for most environmentalists. But it is far from the only motivation. Environmentalists protect the environment not only for the benefit it accords human beings in the here and now or across time and space but also for the sake of other species and the habitats that sustain them. Environmental care is actuated by concern for the welfare of the plants and animals that share the earth with us. The struggle to protect this interconnected web of life is best characterized as a quest for environmental integrity.
Defining and Measuring Complexity
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

This book is about complexity, but so far I haven’t defined this term rigorously or given any clear way to answer questions such as these: Is a human brain more complex than an ant brain? Is the human genome more complex than the genome of yeast? Did complexity in biological organisms increase over the last four billion years of evolution? Intuitively, the answer to these questions would seem to be “of course.” However, it has been surprisingly difficult to come up with a universally accepted definition of complexity that can help answer these kinds of questions.
How to Make Analogies (if You Are a Computer)
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

The other day I said to my eight-year-old son, “Jake, please put your socks on.” He responded by putting them on his head. “See, I put my socks on!” He thought this was hilarious. I, on the other hand, realized that his antics illustrated a deep truth about the difference between humans and computers.
The Mystery of Scaling
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

The previous two chapters showed how network thinking is having profound effects on many areas of science, particularly biology. Quite recently, a kind of network thinking has led to a proposed solution for one of biology’s most puzzling mysteries: the way in which properties of living organisms scale with size.
Schlegel’s Fragments and Schumann’s Cycles
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

The organicist model of musical form is ultimately inadequate for explaining Schumann’s song cycles. This failure is ironic, given that the metaphorical use of organic unity as a standard of aesthetic value is one of the greatest legacies of Romanticism and is, in fact, a standard that was embraced enthusiastically by Schumann himself in his musical criticism. It is perhaps for this latter reason that theorists and musicologists continue to operate on the premise that this is the most appropriate model for the song cycle, despite the difficulties that have been encountered in applying it. There is some question, however, as to whether the self-representations of Romantic artists such as Schumann should be privileged in this way. In recent years, scholars of literature and music have described Romanticism as an ideology that continues to dominate and shape the criticism and analysis of Romantic works of art and have argued that the tenacity of this ideology has resulted in a lack of critical distance.