bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corpus linguistics and phraseologies on tv series
Authors: Yamamoto Márcio Issamu , Victor Reis Lisboa Joel
Published: October 2020

In this paper we aim to work on some phraseology concepts, including the ones proposed by Tagnin (2005), Barbosa (2012), Dobrovol’skij (2012), Muryn et al. (2013), as well as on metaphor concepts by Lakoff and Johnson (2003). Furthermore, we will discuss formal, semantic and pragmatic aspects of phraseologies and use the theoretical framework to classify the results of phraseological and terminographical studies from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) Scientific Initiation and the Federal University of Jataí (UFJ) Prática como Componente Curricular. The English-Portuguese phraseologies were extracted from corpora of TV series subtitles, such as Bones, Game of Thrones and Star Trek, 30 being selected for this paper discussion. The methodology adopted was Corpus Linguistics (CL) and WordSmith Tools 6.0 was the lexical analysis program used. We started by selecting the TV series, then Portuguese and English subtitles were compiled from the internet. Afterwards, word lists were made; we chose terms and verbs that allowed the selection and analysis of phraseologies from TV series by using the Concord tool and most of the analyzed terms were registered on VoTec (FROMM, 2007), an online platform for terminological and terminographical research open to public access. The students that carried out these researches are English Language and Literature undergraduates, and the target audience are translators, language specialists, teachers, students and TV series fans. Some advantages of these researches were: (1) analysis of the real use of English language by native speakers in authentic communicative contexts; (2) access of undergraduates to CL and phraseological/terminographical studies; and (3) training to develop English language teaching material.
Notes on rust fungi in China 8. Pucciniastrum tiliae life cycle and new host plants inferred from phylogenetic evidence
Authors: Ji Jing-Xin , Li Zhuang , Li Yu , Kakishima Makoto
Published: October 2020

The life cycle connection between spermogonial and aecial stages of a rust fungus found on Abies holophylla and uredinial and telial stages on Tilia mongolica and T. mandshurica collected in northeast China were confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. The rust, identified
as Pucciniastrum tiliae, was confirmed by morphological observations. The life cycle of this rust fungus is reported for the first time in China, and A. holophylla and T. mongolica represent new host plants for the species.
Notes on rust fungi in China 9. Puccinia miscanthi life cycle and morphology confirmed by inoculation
Authors: Ji Jing-Xin , Li Zhuang , Li Yu , Kakishima Makoto
Published: October 2020

The Heteroecious and macrocyclic life cycle of Puccinia miscanthi is confirmed for the first time with inoculation experiments in China. The rust produces spermogonial and aecial stages on Plantago asiatica and uredinial and telial stages on Miscanthus sacchariflorus.
Morphological characters of these stages are described based on field collections and specimens that confirmed their life cycle connections. The neotype of P. miscanthi is designated.
Cortinarius rapaceoides, a new record for Turkey
Authors: Şengul Demirak Meryem Senay
Published: October 2020

A macrofungus collected from Akbelen village in Tokat has been identified based on molecular evidence and morphology as Cortinarius rapaceoides, a new record from Turkey. Sequence data generated from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and ribosomal large subunit
regions were deposited in GenBank and used to determine phylogenetic relationships within Cortinarius subg. Phlegmacium. A morphological description, illustrations, and phylogeny of the Turkish C. rapaceoides are provided.
New records of Toninia from China
Authors: Miao Congcong , Sun Meijie , Zhang Xiao , Ren Zhaojie , Hu Ling
Published: October 2020

Four Toninia taxa (T. albilabra, T. poeltii, T. tristis subsp. Arizonica, and T. tristis subsp. fujikawae) are reported for the first time from China. Descriptions with morphological and chemical characters and known distribution are given
for each taxon. A key to the species of Toninia s.l. in China is also provided.
Serendipita sacchari sp. nov. from a sugarcane rhizosphere in southern China
Authors: Xie Ling , Long Yan-Yan , Zhang Yan , Chen Yan-Lu , Zhang Wen-Long
Published: October 2020

We isolated a new species, proposed here as Serendipita sacchari, from a sugarcane rhizosphere in Guangxi Province, China. This species is characterized by its unstable nucleus numbers (1–15) in its chlamydospores versus their regular distribution in hyphal cells. ITS rDNA
and combined LSU+ TEF1-α sequence analyses also support the uniqueness of this new plant symbiont.
Corynesporopsis hainanensis sp. nov., a bambusicolous fungus from southern China
Authors: Xu Zhao-Huan , Shi Xu-Gen , Kuang Wei-Gang , Zhang Xiu-Guo , Castañeda-Ruíz Rafael F. , Ma Jian
Published: October 2020

A new anamorphic species, Corynesporopsis hainanensis, is described and illustrated from dead bamboo culms collected in the tropical mountain rainforest of Jianfengling, Hainan, China. The fungus is characterized by its terminal monotretic conidiogenous cells with catenate, obclavate,
brown to pale brown, smooth, (3–)5–6(–10)-euseptate conidia. A dichotomous key and a synoptic table to Corynesporopsis species are provided.
First Pakistani report of Erysiphe betae on the invasive weed Chenopodium ambrosioides
Authors: Anwar Ayesha , Afshan Najam ul Sehar , Ishaq Aamna , Riaz Maria , Khalid Abdul Nasir , Uddin Siraj
Published: October 2020

During September–October 2017, powdery mildew symptoms were observed on both surfaces of leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides in Abbottabad, Malakand, and Upper Dir districts of Pakistan. The causal agent was identified as Erysiphe betae, based on its asexual morphology
and chasmothecia, and its identity was confirmed by molecular data. This is the first Pakistani report of Erysiphe betae on this host.
Turismo Militar na Baía de Guanabara: o uso do patrimônio histórico no seu entorno
Authors: Ferreira Sobrinho Cel. Antonio
Published: October 2020

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de levantar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento do turismo militar, usando o patrimônio histórico e cultural militar existente no entorno da Baía de Guanabara, como atrativos nos roteiros turísticos das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Niterói, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, particularmente aqueles que possam ocorrer por via marítima. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre os cenários já existentes e as possibilidades reais de integração no circuito de turismo militar a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo para descobrir a infraestrutura náutica existente, especificamente atracadouros. Foram avaliadas, também, as condições de utilização desse patrimônio para o desenvolvimento de roteiros com base na temática histórico-cultural e militar, de forma a atender as demandas turísticas náuticas da Baía da Guanabara, atualmente restritas aos passeios contemplativos de suas águas, ilhas e fortificações. As observações colhidas revelaram um grande potencial turístico a ser explorado.
Agronomic characteristics of maize hybrids (Zea mays, L.) at different maturity stages
Authors: Horst Egon Henrique , Bumbieris Junior Valter Harry , Neumann Mikael , Souza André Martins de , Venancio Bruno José , Stadler Junior Edelmir Silvio , Dochwat André , Czelusniak Cherlyson , Santos Leslei Caroline
Published: October 2020

he objective of this study was to evaluate the production and physical composition of three maize hybrids (Zea mays, L.) for silage production at six maturity stages. The hybrids evaluated were Maximus VIP3, Defender VIP and Feroz VIP. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The mean plant heights observed at harvest time (2.33 m, 2.45 m and 2.40 m) demonstrated that all materials were medium-sized hybrids. A positive correlation was observed between plant height and height of the ear insertion, varying from 0.86 for the Feroz VIP hybrid to 0.88 for the Maximus VIP3 hybrid, but these two variants had no correlation with the productivity data. There was a significant difference for the production of fresh biomass at the R1, R2 and R5 stages, with Maximus VIP3 obtaining the highest yields. The proportion of grains in the physical composition of plant varied between hybrids, where Maximus VIP3 and Defender VIP (482.2 and 461.7 g kg-1, respectively) were superior to Feroz VIP (429.7 g kg-1). With the advancement of maturity, there was a decreasing linear behavior for stem and leaf participation, with reductions of 3.8 g kg-1 and 4.5 g kg-1, respectively, per day (R2 = 0.79 and 0.80, respectively), quadratic behavior for bracts and corncob and a linear increase in grain participation in the plant structure, with an increase of 7.7 g kg-1 per day (R2 = 0.88). In general, the three hybrids present good characteristics for silage production and permit harvesting in the hard grain stage, allowing the addition of starch in relation to the farinaceous grain stage.
Transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers in Leiarius marmoratus
Authors: Pandolfi Victor César Freitas , Yamachita Andrei Lincoln , Souza Felipe Pinheiro de , Lima Ed Christian Suzuki de , Ayres Denise Rocha , Bignardi Annaiza Braga , Povh Jayme Aparecido , Pereira Ulisses de Pádua , Urrea-Rojas Angela Maria , Lopera-Barrero Nelson Mauricio
Published: October 2020

The Amazonian Jundiá (Leiarius marmoratus) (Siluliformes: Pimelodidae) is a species of catfish with social and economic importance in some South American countries such as Brazil and Colombia. Genetic evaluation of this species is limited due to the lack of specific molecular markers, hindering studies on genetic diversity and structure in animals under captive conditions or in natural populations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite markers in Leiarius marmoratus. Thirty-two heterologous primers were tested in L. marmoratus. The primers that presented the best standards were applied to 20 specimens, and the number of alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), gene diversity per Locus (GdL) and percentage of amplification failure (Md) were calculated. Eleven primers demonstrated satisfactory transferability patterns, all from the fish of the Pimelodidae family, of which, seven were monomorphic and four polymorphic. The eleven markers presented low percentage of Md (mean was 5.9% samples per locus). Na varied from one to two alleles per locus, revealing low polymorphism in the evaluated samples. The mean Ne and GdL numbers were 1.77 and 0.32, respectively. The transferability of the heterologous microsatellite loci in L. marmoratus was shown to be possible. However, further tests are needed to apply these markers in population genetic studies.
Associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin on the performance of beef steers in the initial feedlot phase
Authors: Neumann Mikael , Pontarolo Giovanna Bobato , Cristo Fernando Braga , Venancio Bruno José , Manchur Alana Dornelles , Ueno Robson Kyoshi , Souza André Martins de , Moresco Eduardo Mateus , Czelusniak Cherlyson
Published: October 2020

The objective was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin on the performance, dry matter intake, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of steers in the initial feedlot phase. The experiment lasted for 30 days, divided into two experimental periods. Thirty-six Angus Nellore steers, non-castrated, with a mean age of 10 months and an average weight of 300 kg, were divided into 18 pens. Animals were assigned to three treatments with six replications each, with the inclusion of the following additives: T1-monensin sodium, dose of 200 mg day-1; T2-monensin sodium, dose of 125 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, dose of 125 mg day-1; and T3-monensin sodium, dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, dose of 125 mg day-1. All experimental procedures were previously submitted to the UNICENTRO Committee for Ethics in Animal Experimentation (CEUA), and were approved for execution (Official Letter 021/2019). The combination of monensin sodium with virginiamycin at a dose of 200 mg + 125 mg animal day-1 showed greater (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain (1.919 kg day-1) and better feed conversion (4.27 kg DM kg of weight gain-1) compared to diets with monensin alone (200 mg animal day-1) or monensin combined with virginiamycin (125 mg + 125 mg animal day-1), even with no significant (P> 0.05) difference in DM intake, with a mean value of 7.88 kg animal day-1. Regardless of the isolated or combined supplementation of the additives, no significant differences were detected in the analysis of the feeder and feces scores, ingestive behavior, and rectal temperature or infrared thermography during the evaluation period. The combination of monensin sodium with virginiamycin at 200 mg + 125 mg animal day-1 proved to be efficient in the initial feedlot period, determined by the greater weight gain and better feed conversion observed in this study.
A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary supplementation in tropical forage-fed cattle
Authors: Cardoso Gilmar dos Santos , Machado Diego Soares , Schumacher Larissa Luísa , Fernandes Caroline de Avila , Antunes Dieison Pansiera , Schenkel Michael dos Santos , Rodrigues Alice Züge , Brondani Ivan Luiz
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to, through a meta-analysis of published data, evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation on the performance of beef cattle grazed on Brachiaria pastures during the rearing and finishing phases of growth. Data from 15 Brazilian studies were analyzed, totaling 462 animals given different types and levels of supplementation. Animals were divided into two categories: 319 in the rearing phase, and 143 in the finishing phase. The reviewed studies evaluated the effects of protein, energy, and protein/energy supplementation on animal performance parameters. Daily weight gain and final live weight were analyzed using forest plots. Daily weight gain during the rearing phase was similar across all supplement types used. Animals given supplementation gained an average of 119 g more per day compared to those who received no supplementation. Specifically, protein supplementation resulted in an increase of 28.22 kg. Animals given supplementation of any kind, represented by the subgroups shown in the plots, gained an average of 24.47 kg more compared to the control group.
A comparison of HIV outpatient care in primary and secondary healthcare-level settings in Zimbabwe
Authors: McHugh G. , Brunskill A. , Dauya E. , Bandason T. , Bwakura T. , Duri C. , Munyati S. , Ferrand R. A.
Published: October 2020

Setting: Decentralisation of HIV care to nurse-led primary care services is being implemented across low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Objective: To compare services offered to clients attending for HIV care at a physician-led and a nurse-led service
in Harare, Zimbabwe.Design: A cross-sectional study was performed at Harare Central Hospital (HCH) and Budiriro Primary Care Clinic (PCC) from June to August 2018. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographics, HIV treatment and clinical history
from clients attending for routine HIV care. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to evaluate for differences between groups for continuous variables. For categorical variables, the χ2 test was used.Results: The median age of the 404 participants recruited was
38 years (IQR 28–47); 69% were female. Viral suppression was comparable between sites (HCH, 70% vs. PCC, 80%; P = 0.07); however, screening for comorbidities such as cervical cancer screening (HCH, 61% vs. PCC, 41%; P = 0.001) and provision of referral services (HCH, 23%
vs. PCC, 13%; P = 0.01) differed between sites.Conclusion: Efforts to improve service provision in primary care settings are needed to ensure equity for users of health services.
Implementing TB preventive treatment within differentiated HIV service delivery models in global programs
Authors: Boyd A. T. , Moore B. , Shah M. , Tran C. , Kirking H. , Cavanaugh J. S. , Al-Samarrai T. , Pathmanathan I.
Published: October 2020

Global HIV program stakeholders, including the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), are undertaking efforts to ensure that eligible people living with HIV (PLHIV) receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) receive a course of TB preventive treatment (TPT). In
PEPFAR programming, this effort may require providing TPT not only to newly diagnosed PLHIV as part of HIV care initiation, but also to treatment-experienced PLHIV stable on ART who may not have been previously offered TPT. TPT scale-up is occurring at the same time as a trend to provide more
person-centered HIV care through differentiated service delivery (DSD). In DSD, PLHIV stable on ART may receive less frequent clinical follow-up or receive care outside the traditional clinic-based model. The misalignment between traditional delivery of TPT and care delivery in innovative
DSD may require adaptations to TPT delivery practices for PLHIV. Adaptations include components of planning and operationalization of TPT in DSD, such as determination of TPT eligibility and TPT initiation, and clinical management of PLHIV while on TPT. A key adaptation is alignment of timing
and location for TPT and ART prescribing, monitoring, and dispensing. Conceptual examples of TPT delivery in DSD may help program managers operationalize TPT in HIV care.
How much do Indians pay for tuberculosis treatment? A cost analysis
Authors: Sinha P. , Carwile M. , Bhargava A. , Cintron C. , Acuna-Villaorduna C. , Lakshminarayan S. , Liu A. F. , Kulatilaka N. , Locks L. , Hochberg N. S.
Published: October 2020

Setting: India’s National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) covers diagnostic and therapeutic costs of TB treatment. However, persons living with TB (PLWTB) continue to experience financial distress due to direct costs (payment for testing, treatment, travel, hospitalization,
and nutritional supplements) and indirect costs (lost wages, loan interest, and cost of domestic helpers).Objective: To analyze the magnitude and pattern of TB-related costs from the perspective of Indian PLWTB.Design: We identified relevant articles using key search
terms (‘tuberculosis,’ ‘India,’ ‘cost,’ ‘expenditures,’ ‘financing,’ ‘catastrophic’ and ‘out of pocket’) and calculated variance-weighted mean costs.Results: Indian patients incur substantial direct
costs (mean: US$46.8). Mean indirect costs (US$666.6) constitute 93.4% of the net costs. Mean direct costs before diagnosis can be up to four-fold that of costs during treatment. Treatment in the private sector can result in costs up to six-fold higher than in government facilities.
As many as one in three PLWTB in India experience catastrophic costs.Conclusion: PLWTB in India face high direct and indirect costs. Priority interventions to realize India’s goal of eliminating catastrophic costs from TB include decreasing diagnostic delays through active
case finding, reducing the need for travel, improving awareness and perception of NTEP services, and ensuring sufficient reimbursement for inpatient TB care.
Assessment of the Characteristics of Different Kinds of MS Lesions Using Multi-Parametric MRI
Authors: Fatemidokht Asieh , Harirchian Mohammad Hossein , Faghihzadeh Elham , Tafakhori Abbas , Oghabian Mohammad Ali
Published: October 2020

Background: Studying different pathological aspects of lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients could be useful to modify the diagnosis and treatment of this neurological disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities have the potential to investigate variations in brain tissue because of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in various types of MS-related lesions. Objectives: This study was done to investigate the quantitative changes in MRI-based parameters, like perfusion and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of different types of brain lesions, to demonstrate the ability of MRI to detect structural and pathological differences in MS lesions. Methods: Quantitative MRI modalities were performed on 18 patients with five different kinds of lesions (T1 holes, acute and chronic white matter (WM), and acute and chronic gray matter (GM) lesions) using a 3 T MRI scanner. The following protocols were used to characterize the pathology of lesions: (I) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR); (II) pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted; (III) dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE); and (IV) MTR imaging. Quantitative comparison of Ktrans, cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and MTR was done to find the best parameter to distinguish different lesions. Finally, a multivariate classifier was applied to introduce the best parameter to indicate differences in lesions. Results: Five lesions were characterized by perfusion and MTR parameters. The pathological changes were measured, including: (I) the highest value of parameters in both acute WM and GM lesions; (II) the lowest value of four parameters in both chronic WM and GM lesions; (III) MTR had the highest rank among parameters using the classifier. Conclusions: The degree of pathological alterations due to inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in MS-related lesions was indicated through the used parameters in different kinds of lesions. Inflammation was the dominant process in acute lesions, while neurodegeneration and tissue loss were observed mostly in chronic lesions. Both inflammation and neurodegeneration were detected in T1 holes. Perfusion parameters and MTR were reasonable parameters to describe differences in brain lesions. Thus, it could be confirmed that magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) and DCE-MRI are high-sensitivity methods to detect microstructural changes in the brain and subtle changes in the blood-brain-barrier. Classification of the parameters indicated that MTR was the best biomarker than others to show variations in lesions pathology.
Prevalence of Cancers Among Patients with HIV Referring to Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center, Tehran, Iran, 2004-2017
Authors: Talebi Tamajani Zeinab , Gorji Maryam , Dadras Omid , Najafi Zeinab , Martin Jeno , Vieira Junior Roberto Carlos , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Azevedo Voltarelli Fabricio
Published: October 2020

Background: Malignancies, in part, are responsible for high HIV-related morbidity and mortality. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) substantially decreases the risk of developing AIDS-defining cancers, HIV-infected individuals remain at high risk for non-AIDS-defining cancers. Objectives: In Iran, the epidemiology of AIDS and non-AIDS-defining cancers in the HIV-infected population has not been studied; therefore, this study investigated the prevalence of cancers among HIV-infected patients in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, using convenient sampling, hospital records of 1243 HIV-infected patients from 2004 to 2017 were collected at the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. The only inclusion criterion was a positive HIV result of ELISA and Western blot tests. The records were investigated for the occurrence of HIV- and non-HIV-defining cancers. To examine the association between relevant factors and cancer, we used a multivariate logistic regression model to calculate the adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR). Results: Thirty-nine out of 1243 HIV-infected patients, including 16 males (41%) and 23 females (59%), were diagnosed with concurrent cancer (3.1%). Twenty-five individuals had AIDS-defining cancers (2%), and 14 had non-AIDS-defining cancers (1.1%). Cervical cancer was detected in 14 patients (1.1%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 7 patients (0.6%), and Kaposi's sarcoma in 4 patients (0.3%). There was a significant association between age group (30-40 years old) and the type of cancer (P = 0.048). Age group (adjusted odds ratio 3.33 for age group ≥ 50 yrs, 95% CI: 0.42-26.60) and gender (adjusted odds ratio 0.36 for men, 95% CI: 0.18–0.70) remained independently associated with cancer (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of AIDS-defining cancers was higher than non-AIDS-defining cancers. These results highlighted the importance of promoting cancer screening and early ART initiation among HIV-infected patients.
State aid for employment and competitiveness of the European Union countries - a legal and finance approach
Authors: PODSIADLO Piotr
Published: October 2020

Due to the imperfect functioning of labour markets in certain cases, State aid may be an appropriate instrument for creating new jobs and preserving existing ones. Legal regulation of the issue of State aid is an element of the competition mechanism protection, which was recognized in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107–109 of the TFEU, from the point of view of State aid for employment. Statistical analysis was carried out on State aid granted by EU Member States in the period 2001–2018 – from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verify the thesis that the amount of State aid granted by EU Member States for employment should be positively correlated with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries.
Pork barrel politics in context of Action Plan - Support of Least Developed Districts
Authors: HUDEC Martin
Published: October 2020

The aim of the paper Pork barrel politics in context of Action Plan Support of Least Developed Districts is to find out and describe if and by which means the attributes of Pork barrel politics were present in redistribution of funds from Regional grants, which were part of Action Plan – Support of Least Developed Districts. Secondary aim is to see how receiving of this grant could have helped in reelection of incumbent in next election. An Index of political patronage was assembled to measure the level of pork barreling. Based on party affiliation, mayors with connections to government were not highly favored when receiving grant, not even in the case of affiliation with party, which redistributed the grants. Neither there were no significant differences in the odds of reelection based on whether the incumbent received a grant or not, that is an unexpected result relative to other research in the field
Salaries of elected officials as municipal budget expenditure
Authors: HULÍNSKÝ Lukáš
Published: October 2020

Remuneration of politicians is a relevant social issue that is worth to research. Salaries of local representatives in the Czech Republic are set by law and their size is in case of municipalities derived by municipal population. At the same time municipal councils are free to choose, how many elected officials will serve full time and get paid for that service and how many will keep their proper jobs or entrepreneurships and serve only part time and get quite symbolic remuneration. This choice may result in substantial differences in total related budget expenditure in otherwise similar municipalities. The purpose of the paper is to describe the system of local elected officials’ remuneration and its evolution since 2010 and to analyse municipal expenditure on elected officials’ remuneration in Czech towns with 10 to 50 thousand inhabitants between 2010 to 2018. A key part of the research is the collection of data from local government budgets, their processing and construction of appropriate indicators. Subsequently, these indicators will be analysed through the basic statistical methods resulting in comparison of the selected municipalities.
Economical Evaluation of Public and Foreign Finances of Selected Secondary Schools
Authors: MALIŠOVÁ Daniela , ŠTRANGFELDOVÁ Jana
Published: October 2020

The present situation of education in Slovakia is affected by various negative factors, like decrease of students for demographical reasons, discrepancy between kind and number of secondary schools and disregard to reactions of labor market. But, the main reason is an underfinancing across the education. Allocation of public finance by means of normative funding is inadequate. Normative funding forced secondary schools to accept students with low study score to gain more public finance. In the result it is wrong that school must find another foreign or external financial resource like grants and projects of the European Union. The aim of this paper is to assess the economy of selected secondary schools. Ten Business academies, with pupils aged 15-19 years old, established in Banská Bystrica and Žilina self-governing regions were examined. We used panel data gathered in school year 2013/2014 – 2017/2018 from valuable and verifiable sources like Annual reports of education and financial statements of schools. In paper we use qualitative method of semi-structured interviews with professionals in field to find out which indicators are suitable for economy measuring. Based on qualitative method we determined quantitative and financial indicators, like rate of public and external finance. We´re editing data by part of multi-criteria analyze, in the concrete standardized method. We get the economy result of selected secondary schools by integral indicator of applied mathematical method. In the conclusion of paper, we create economy ranking of schools and we suggest the economical solutions for schools with under average results. Our finding is designed by hands of Business academies for comparison with competition, founders of secondary school and resort of education.
Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery
Authors: MIKUŠOVÁ Beáta , JAKUŠ Nikoleta , HOLÚBEK Marián
Published: October 2020

Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.
Know thy limitations (assumptions)
Authors: Taussig Freitag Herta , Freitag Arthur H.
Published: October 2020

When Mr. Mits first hears the jargon “modern mathematics,” he is totally miscomfuddled. “What can possibly be modern about old mossback mathematics? Do you mean two twos, or two plus two, is not four any more?” The mathematician hastens to reassure him that ‘under certain conditions’ he would be correct if the frame of reference were clearly stated. With a different set of assumptions, different number relations would hold. Finding his modern Diogenes more bewildered than ever, ‘magister mathematicus’ falls back on reliable e.g.'s. “It is ten o'clock now,” he elucidates, “so in four hours it will be two o'clock. Therefore, in this system, ten plus four equals two.” The modern barrel-dweller shakes his head. This is begging the question and not at all convincing. After all, the Navy calls it fourteen, as do many European countries. “Rememberest thou thy long-past high school mathematics at all?” Rejoins Baldiogenes: “I think I do, which is just why I fume over your obfuscating gobbledegook!”
Arithmetic achievement and instructional grouping
Authors: Davis O. L. , Tracy Neal H.
Published: October 2020

In recent years, interest has increased in various ability grouping procedures. One widely discussed grouping method has been the “Joplin Plan,” developed in the Joplin, Missouri, elementary schools and originally used to group children for reading instruction by their ability level, disregarding their assigned grade level (Floyd, 1954). The plan apparently has been popular for reading instruction and has been extended to other curricular areas including arithmetic. One modification of the Joplin Plan in some schools is that children are grouped by ability within, but not across, grade levels.
Attitudes, teaching methods, and arithmetic achievement
Authors: Lyda Wesley J. , Clayton Morse Evelyn
Published: October 2020

While interpreting information on the relatively low level of arithmetic achievement among many fourth-grade pupils at the Peach County Training School, we became concerned about the role that attitude played in arithmetic achievement.
Arithmetical abstractions—progress toward maturity of concepts under differing programs of instruction
Authors: Brownell William A.
Published: October 2020

The assumption basic to my investigation is that school instruction in arithmetic should be organized to help children to think abstractly about quantitative matters, and that to achieve this end they need to acquire a large body of mathematical concepts and be able to use intelligently another large body of mathematical relationships, generalizations, and principles. I doubt that many will quarrel with this assumption. Differences of opinion center around the particular mathematical content to be taught and around the rate at which children should be urged toward abstractions.
Estimates of quantity by elementary teachers and college juniors
Authors: Corle Clyde G.
Published: October 2020

A research study published in THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER1 described the performance of 147 fifth and sixth grade pupils when these pupils estimated and measured ten simple quantities. The ten quantities included weight, linear measure, time, temperature, and capacity. The gross error of estimate reported by this study averages nearly 600 percent for fifth graders and almost 150 percent for sixth grade pupils. Nearly 240 percent average gross error by fifth grade children and more than 75 percent average gross error by sixth grade pupils occurred when these pupils selected measuring instruments and measured the quantities.
An approach to modern mathematics through Pascal's triangle
Authors: White Donald E.
Published: October 2020

Pascal's triangle offers an avenue of approach to modern mathematical content. This is true whether the content is to be used as enrichment material or for standard classroom instruction. The following account as to how Pascal's triangle can be utilized is not meant to be exhaustive. It does, however, represent some approaches which have been found to be workable in a normal classroom.
Points and lines
Authors: Mohlenbruck D. E.
Published: October 2020

Our class had studied the number of lines determined by a given number of points, no three of which are collinear, as developed in their textbook. They had developed and discussed in various forms the ideas by Mr. Pincus1 in “An Adventure in Discovery.” When we started working in the area of probability using Pascal's Triangle, one boy very excitedly waved his hand and announced that he had just found a new way to find the number of lines determined by a given number of points, no three of which are collinear. He explained that 5 points, no three of which are collinear, determine 10 lines. He told us to move down the triangle until we come to the row which has 5 as the second symbol from the left. Then the symbol to the right gives us the number of lines.
So now we know …
Authors: Mueller Francis J.
Published: October 2020

Have you ever strained for a concise explanation for this upheaval we are all trying to live through known as the revolution in mathematics?
Naming numbers by naming commas
Authors: Sher Lawrence
Published: October 2020

Students in a junior high school adjustment class were taught in twenty minutes of classtime to read fifteen-digit numerals by the following method.
Research in the teaching of elementary school mathematics
Authors: Brown Kenneth E. , Abell Theodore L.
Published: October 2020

To obtain information about the research in mathematics education, the U.S. Office of Education, with the assistance of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, sent a questionnaire to 1,049 colleges that offered graduate work in mathematics education, or whose staffs or students had made contributions to previous studies. Replies were received from 645 colleges. Many reported no research in mathematics education in the calendar years 1961–62, but requested a report of the survey. Approximately 50 investigations were reported in the area of elementary school mathematics, Grades 1–8.
The role of geometry in elementary school mathematics
Authors: Edith Robinson G.
Published: October 2020

Many reasons have been given for the inclusion of more geometry in the lower grades. Certainly, geometry is an important subject in its own right, and as certainly, it is un realistic to postpone the study of geometry until it can be approached in a systematic and rigorous way. (Precision and rigor can best be appreciated when we understand what we are being precise and rigorous about.) lt is also true that geometry is encountered in everyday life, and that children do find the subject interesting. What has not often been pointed out is that geometry can extend and enrich the study of arithmetic.
Transactional pattern differences between school mathematics programs
Authors: Thomas Pate Robert
Published: October 2020

The teaching-learning process has for many years been recognized as an area of major concern to educators.
Action research on division of fractions
Authors: Bergen Patricia M.
Published: October 2020

Division of fractions has caused confusion for pupils and irresolution in teachers for many years. Its rationalization in terms sixth-grade pupils will understand is difficult. Even the authorities on the teaching of arithmetic disagree on the best method of coping with this problem. Recommendations encompass the common denominator and inversion methods and, of late, the complex fraction (reciprocal) method.
Arithmetic drills and review on a computer-based teletype
Authors: Suppes Patrick , Jerman Max , Groen Guy
Published: October 2020

Given a computer-based instructional program and a school in which to work, it is possible to supplement or enrich the teacher's instruction by taking over the more routine daily tasks, presenting special materials, or giving the daily lesson itself. The task of the present project was to prepare a program in arithmetic to review and teach the basic number facts as a supplement to the teacher's daily instruction at the fourth-grade level. In addition, the project was concerned with gaining a clearer picture of the optimum teacher-machine interaction pattern that would take full advantage of both.
Transfer effects of reading remediation to arithmetic computation when intelligence is controlled and all other school factors are eliminated
Authors: Gilmary Sister
Published: October 2020

In the process of writing his book Guiding Children's Arithmetic Experiences Dr. J. Allen Hickerson did considerable action research on the experience-language approach to numbers. He held that “the accepted principles underlying the understanding and use of language symbols apply also to the understanding and use of arithmetic symbols.”1
How well are colleges preparing teachers for modern mathematics?: –An answer
Authors: Smith Frank
Published: October 2020

Few, if any, stones have been left unturned in the quest to improve elementary school mathematics programs. Courses of study have been revised, new textbooks are available, and much high-quality research has been reported. This venture toward improvement will certainly be unending.
Relations
Authors: Sorgenfrey Robert H.
Published: October 2020

When words like “relationship,” “relation,” or “related” are used in everyday conversation. they a re usually applied to pairs of persons who have some sort of family connection. Thus if Ed and Tom are sons of Mr. and Mrs. Smith, they are “related”; specifically, each is a brother of the other. These words are used by mathematicians in a similar but considerably more general way. In this article we shall try to indicate how.
Measurement understandings in modern school mathematics
Authors: Friebel Allen C.
Published: October 2020

Increasing concern over the mathematics programs in our public schools within the last decade has led to attempts to upgrade the mastery of mathematics. Although such curricular attempts arc presented as an indivisible whole, it has been suggested they are tied together by a few basic strands or fundamental concepts that run through the curriculum. This theme is pursued in the Twenty-fourth Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.1 In California, these themes or basic strands have been classified as number and operations, geometry, measurement, and applications of mathematics.2 Other strands labeled sets, funct ions and graphing, logic, and the mathematical sentence are seen as topics cutting across various systems. Taking direction from these reports, this study investigates the mastery and undcrstandi ng of one of these strands—measurement—among students enrolled in “modern school mathematics.”
The role of structure in verbal problem solving
Authors: Wilson John W.
Published: October 2020

As one examines the proposals for improving children's verbal-problem-solving ability the great variety in kind and inclusiveness becomes evident. Many of the proposals a re restricted to specific techniques. Other proposals are broader, more inclusive, and more basic. They are “grand strategems,” which are to be followed throughout a child's training in verbal problem solving.
The boy and the questioner
Authors: Bernard Sr. Mary
Published: October 2020

Tests and routine class questioning are ordeals for many students. Children often panic emotionally in classroom siwations which put them “on the spot.” Their efforts to make the mental wheels go 'round are observable as they clench fists, grit teeth. squint eyes, and show muscular tension. They consider this “trying to think.” Actually, they are making it imposible for themselves to think. They are afraid, and fear paralyzes them. Furthermore, since we are capable of thinking only one thought at a time, the child who is thinking “I can't,” “I don't know,” or whatever, expresses his frustration at the moment and is not free to recall the answer to the question, or more vitally, to reason his way to an answer. Children must be helped to see how they can help themselves. That this can be done successfully is illustrated in the following case history of a fruitful exchange between a third-grade boy and a questioner.
Facilitating meaningful verbal learning in the classroom
Authors: Ausubel David P.
Published: October 2020

In mathematics, as in other scholarly disciplines, pupils acquire subject-matter knowledge largely through meaningful reception learning of presented concepts, principles, and factual information. In this paper, therefore, I first propose to disti nguish briefly between reception and discovery learning, on the one hand, and between meaningful and rote learning, on the other. This will lead to a more extended discussion of the nature of meaningful verbal learning (an advanced form of meaningful reception learning) and the reasons it is predominant in the acquisition of subject matter; of the manipulable variables that influence its efficiency; and of some of the hazards connected with its use in the classroom setting.
Attitudes of prospective elementary school teachers toward mathematics and three other subject areas
Authors: Kane Robert B.
Published: October 2020

Studies of attitudes toward learning and teaching mathematics have been reported throughout a period of extensive curriculum revision. Dutton (1951, 1954, 1956, 1962, as c ited in the bibliography) developed scales to asess a ttitudes of prospective elementary teachers and children toward arithmetic. When he compared the responses to his scales in 1954 and 1962, he concluded that no significant changes in the a ttitude of prospective e lementa ry teachers and children toward arithmetic had occurred between those two years. Smith (1964) later administe red the Dutton scales to prospective elementary teachers. When he compared his results with Dutton's of 1954, he found that the 1964 group was more favorably inclined toward arithmetic than the 1954 group. Smith based th is conclusion on the results of the subject's self-rated feelings toward arithmetic as indicated on an e leven-point scale from “strongly against” to “strongly in favor.” Of Smith's subjects, 88.6 percent declared themselves either neutral or favorable toward arithmetic, compared with 79.5 percent of Dutton's subjects.
A reaction to “The Role of Structure in Verbal Problem Solving”
Authors: Zweng Marilyn J.
Published: October 2020

In the October 1967 issue of The Arithmetic Teacher, John W. Wilson reported a study, “The Role of Structure in Verbal Problem Solving,” comparing essentially two programs for teaching problem solving.1 He dcscribed these programs as: (1) instruction in recognizing action-sequence structures and (2) instruction in recognizing wanted-given structures. In his conclusion Wilson states that children in Program 2 (wanted-given) were significantly more successful in choosing the correct operation to solve verbal problems than those in Program I, and that for some problem types, instruction in recognizing action-sequence structures actually inhibited the choice of correct operations. Wilson's conclusions are perhaps misleading or unwarranted.
Finger multiplication
Authors: Alger Louisa R.
Published: October 2020

A good many years ago a friend of mine, David Park the painter, showed me how to multiply small numbers (6 through 10) on my fingers. I was fascinated: “Where did you learn that?” He said, “A friend of mine who greatly admired the Romans travelled through the Balkans looking for traces of the old Roman civilization. and this was one of the customs he found among the peasants.”
The failure strategies of third grade arithmetic pupils
Authors: Roberts Gerhard H.
Published: October 2020

Primary teachers are constantly searching for new ways to develop in children those skills and concepts that are considered fundamental to later learnings in mathematics as well as in other subjects depending on competence in basic number work.
The effect of discontinued grade reporting on pupil learning
Authors: Christensen Donald J.
Published: October 2020

Traditionally, the pupil in elementary or secondary school progresses through the several grade levels by passing from one grade to the next until he is awarded a high school diploma. A fundamental assumption in this procedure is that by passing the grades or subjects the pupil has demonstrated to each teacher's satisfaction that the prescribed learnings have been achieved, whereupon he is allowed to progress to the next grade. Included in gradereporting procedures are different levels of passing grades that report pupil learnings. Also involved in this phenomenon of passing is the alternative of failing, which usually means a repeated grade or subject.