bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE REBUILDING OF THE EASTERN DIKE OF THE HARBOR OF DUNKIRK
Authors: Le Gorgeu V. , Guitonneau R.
Published: June 2017

The eastern dike, 900 meters long, separates the sea from the "Canal Exutoire des Wateringues". This canal evacuates the water from inland grounds to the sea through a look, called "Ouvrage Tixier", comprised of five passes closed by dock gates. Any accident to the eastern dike which connects the sea with the canal prevents the normal working of the Tixier lock and thwarts the drainage of the inland grounds. An accident occurred in 1949 during the storm of March 1st. In 1953 the storm of February 1st destroyed the part of the dike which had not been damaged in 1949. It was then decided not only to repair the gaps, but also to reinforce all that remained of the old dike. The design adopted in 1953 was the same as that used in 1949. The problem had at that time been studied by the Neyrpio Laboratory on a reduced-scale model.
WINDS AND PRESSURES IN HURRICANES
Authors: Gilman Charles S. , Myers Vance A.
Published: June 2017

The hurricane is one of the most dangerous and at the same time one of the most interesting weather phenomena with which the citizens of the United States have to deal. We have more hurricanes on our southern and eastern seaboards than any other major continental area, except Southeast Asia (1, 2). These storms of course are very familiar to certain Island countries: Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, Japan, the Philippines. Mexico and Australia receive their share also.
A PULSATING WATER TUNNEL
Authors: Lundgren H. , Sorensen Torben
Published: June 2017

Since the basic mechanism of sand transportation in wave motion is so far unknown, there is a great need for observations of such transportation in large waves, especially, because of the possible difference of transportation in prototype wave motion from that in small model waves. By means of the apparatus described in the present paper the water and sediment motion near the bed can be reproduced on a prototype scale with the only modification that velocities at all points are in phase.
LITTORAL DRIFT PROBLEMS IN PORTUGAL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF INLETS ON SANDY BEACHES
Authors: Abecasis Carlos Krus
Published: June 2017

After a brief description of the littoral drift regimen in the west and south coasts of Portugal, review is made of the behavior of the works performed in three lagoon inlets located on these coasts and some general principles are inferred which are felt to be valid in the treatment of any similar problems.
SOME COASTAL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS IN INDIA
Authors: Joglekar D. V. , Gole C. V. , Apte A. S.
Published: June 2017

Near the southern tip of the Indian peninsula, the State of Kerala has a 400 miles long shore line running north from the Cape Camorin. Almost all along its length is one reach or the other, the coast has fine beaches which are continually subjected to erosion due to wave action. This process has been going on, no doubt, since the existence of the sub-continent, but it is only in recent years has there been an awakening of interest when property and plantation are being threatened, as the man-land ratio is getting dangerously high.
ETUDE SUR MODELE DU CALIBRAGE DU CHENAL NAVIGABLE DE L'ESTUAIRE DE LA GIRONDE
Authors: Labetoulle J. , Peutot P.
Published: June 2017

Le Service Maritime de la Gironde effectue chaque annee des dragages d'entretien du chenal de navigation de la Gironde pour son maintion a une cot fixee actuellement a 5,50 m sous basses mers, plafond qu'il serait opportun d'ameliorer pour suivre l'accroissement des tirants d'eau des navires.
THE HURRICANE SURGE
Authors: Harris D. Lee
Published: June 2017

The landfall of a hurricane is generally accompanied by an increase in the tide level by four to fifteen feet above the normal value for the time and place at which the storm crosses the shoreline. This difference between the observed tide and that predicted from astronomical considerations is called the storm surge. The hydrodynamic theory of these disturbances has not been worked out in sufficient detail to permit a satisfactory theoretical approach to the storm surge prediction problem. Hence, the best guide to the probable behavior of future hurricane surges is believed to be the study of the effects of past hurricanes on sea level.

A gradual rise in tide level above predicted values may begin more than 24 hours before the storm makes its nearest approach to the station. Occasionally, the tide falls below normal for many hours during the approach of the storm. A rapid rise generally begins about the time gale winds associated with the hurricane are first experienced. The peak surge at any location along the shore usually occurs within an hour or two after the nearest approach of the storm to the station. The maximum surge generally occurs somewhat to the right of the storm track, and the zone of extremely high water usually extends further to the right than to the left of the storm track. The fall in water level after the storm is more rapid than the rise in areas with good drainage, but in marshland a week or more may be required for the water level to return to normal.

The maximum height of the storm surge along the open coast is clearly a function of the storm intensity, but this factor alone is not sufficient to explain more than half of the observed variance in the reported peak storm tides. Topographic effects, such as the funneling of water in converging bays can alter the amplitude of the surge by a factor of two in a distance of only a few miles. This fact, together with the tendency of severe hurricanes to destroy the tide gages near their centers, and the difficulty of eliminating the effects of surface wind waves in interpreting high water marks, make it difficult to determine exactly the nature of past storm surges.
CHANGING SITE REQUIREMENT FOR PORT OPERATIONS
Authors: Engelmann Peter
Published: June 2017

Site selection and site adaptation for construction of port terrains require evaluation of the natural or man-made environment of each specific project. Common to most projects, however, is the need for analysing present and anticipating future operational requirements . Recent developments in vessel design and cargo handling methods have brought about changes not only in navigational criteria for channels and harbor basins, but also in space requirements for shore facilities. In this paper an attempt is made to define some aspects of land area requirements for future port operations.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVE ACTION AND BEACH PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Kemp P.H.
Published: June 2017

The rational design of coast protection works requires a knowledge of the behaviour of the beach under natural conditions. The understanding of the relationship between the waves acting on the beach and the characteristics of the beach profile produced, is thus a necessary preliminary to the analysis of the causes of beach erosion and the evaluation of the effect of projected remedial measures. The present paper describes the results of a series of preliminary hydraulic model experiments carried out by the author prior to a model study of the behaviour of groynes in stabilising beaches. Most of the beach materials used represented coarse sand or shingle in nature. The results demonstrate the fundamental importance of the "phase difference" in terms of wave period between the break-point and the limit of uprush, in relation to flow conditions, cusp formation, and the change from "step" to "bar" type profiles.

Within the limits of the experiments an expression connecting the breaker height, beach profile length, and grain diameter is developed, and its implications examined in relation to beach slope, and to the previous "wave steepness" criterion for the change from step to bar type profiles. Observations are included on the rate of recession of a shoreline due to the onset of more severe wave conditions.
STABILITY OF COASTAL INLETS
Authors: Bruun P. , Gerritsen F.
Published: June 2017

This paper is a continuation of papers of earlier date (4) and (5) and is an abstract of (6). Pertinent factors involved in inlet stability are discussed briefly. Results of analysis of existing data are mentioned and a future research program is outlined.

In order to obtain a stable tidal inlet in alluvial material it appears to be an inevitable assumption that littoral drift material is being supplied continuously to the inlet. Part of this material is deposited on the inlet bottom where the tidal currents will move it forward and back as a kind of "rolling carpet."

In order to obtain a relatively stable situation this carpet must not move back and forth too rapidly since it thus runs the risk of being lost at both ends (the ocean and the bay). Nor can it be allowed to move too irregularly, changing its velocity and travel time rapidly, since it may soon "get stuck" at one or at both ends in the form of excessive deposits. If - because of insufficient littoral drift supply -- inadequate amount of material is available for building up this carpet the inlet will be constantly "shaved" and will gradually develop non-scouring open bay or perhaps estuary characteristics. Fig. 1 shows longitudinal sections through inlets of different length. In the first case the (unstable) channel is so short that the rolling carpet extends outside the inlet floor, which in turn causes material to be deposited on shoals in the sea and in the bay by the material-loaded ebb and flood currents. In the second case the (also unstable) channel is so long that material is now deposited inside both ends of the inlet channel because it gradually became so long that currents were too slow to carry the material load out in the sea or in the bay for depositing. The third case demonstrates a stable "status quo" situation between inlet length, current velocities, and material load.
A SYSTEM OF RADIO-LOCATION USED IN THE DELTA AREA
Authors: Morra R.H.J
Published: June 2017

In the South-Western part of the Netherlands the Delta project is being carried out consisting inter alia of k main dams closing k large inlets (fig.1). Through the four tidal inlets to be closed about 1800 million cubic metres of water run into the Delta area during flood tide and flow out again during ebb tide. This means about 7000 million cubic metres daily. The bottom of the inlets and the sea-bottom consist of fine sand (deQ = .100 - .2500 mm), which is in constant movement. During the past centuries considerable changes in the bottom contour have taken place. Yearly many millions of cubic metres of sand are moved by the water. The bottom is a very complicated system of gullies and sandbanks which has evolved down the centuries and is ever changing. It is evident that the dams under construction will out off the tidal flow into and out of the area and that this will result in a considerable change in the sand movement. The underwater estuary extending as far as 20-25 km seawards from the dams will probably have to adapt itself rather suddenly, i.e., within a few decennia. This can be dangerous for the Western extremities of the islands. The whole combination of phenomena concerned has to be studied and watched very carefully. Basic information concerning the sand movement and its consequences is given by soundings. A long term of frequent and accurate soundings with very good repeatability i3 required for the entire coastal area of the estuary. However, the meteorological conditions for sounding are such that good conditions only obtain on about 20 days a year, because good visibility and a quiet sea must occur simultaneously. Moreover, there is a serious shortage of landmarks and at distances seawards of less than 10 km from the shore visual location is impossible. The only solution is to make the location independent of visibility. For these reasons it was decided that a system of radio-location should be devised. We were advised by an independent expert to adopt the Decca survey system. With such a system it is possible to make frequent soundings with very good repeatability and with a reasonably low number of launches, because many more suitable days (and nights) become available. This system of radio-location is called the Delta chain. The system is also used for special purposes (velocity and sand transport measurements).
A THEORY FOR WAVES OF FINITE HEIGHT
Authors: Bretschneider Charles L.
Published: June 2017

A theory for waves of finite height, presented in this paper, is an exact theory, to any order for which it is extended. The theory is represented by a summation liarmdnic series, each term of which is in an unexpanded form. The terms of the series when expanded result in an approximation of the exact theory, and this approximation is identical to Stokes' wave theory extended to the same order. The theory represents irrotational - divergenceless flow. The procedure is to select the form of equations for the coordinates of the particles in anticipation of later operations to be performed in the evaluation of the coefficients of the series. The horizontal and vertical components of these coordinates are given respectively by the following; (equations given).

From the above equations it is possible to deduce the expressions for velocity potential and stream function. The horizontal and vertical components of particle velocity are obtained by differentiating £ and ^with respect to time. Along the free surface z -1?!a 0 and z = Vs and all expressions reduce to simple forms, which in turn saves considerable work in the evaluation of the coefficients. The coefficients are evaluated by use of Bernoulli's equation. The final form of the solution is given by two sets of equations. One set of equations (same as above) is used to compute the particle position and the second set (the first time derivatives of the above) is used to compute the components of particle velocity at the particle position. That is, the particles and velocities are referenced to the lines of the stream function and the velocity potential. Expanding the two sets of equations, by approximation methods, results in one set of equation for computing particle velocity and no equations are required for the particle position.The unexpanded form requiring two sets of equations, being an exact solution, is more accurate theoretically, than the Stokes or the expanded form to the same order. Coefficients have been formulated for all terms of the order one to five for both the unexpanded and the expanded form of the theory, and are presented in tabular form as functions of d/L, as consecutive equations.
APPROXIMATE ESTIMATIONS OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN WAVE HEIGHT AND PERIOD OF SHALLOW WATER WIND WAVES
Authors: Ijima Takeshi
Published: June 2017

From the fact that the marginal frequency distributions for wave height and period of complex sea waves both follow the Rayleigh type distribution and approximately exists a linear relationship between wave height and period, Bretschneider(l959) derived wave height and energy spectra of wave period, introducing the summation function of wave height. Then he estimated the correlation coefficient r between height and period of waves as a function of non-dimensional fetch f (= gF/U2). However, his estimation seems not theoretical but empirical, being derived mainly from qualitative considerations and observed data. In this paper, the author tries to derive theoretically the equation for r as a function of f, assuming the classical energy equation for significant wave is applicable to the individual wave in complex sea. Moreover, extending the same method, he intends to estimate the coefficient for shallow water waves as a function of f and non-dimensional depth d (=*gQ/U'z). As the results, coefficient r for deep water waves consists fairly well with that o£ Bretschneider and comparing with the author's observed data, the one for shallow water waves seems to be reasonable.
LONGSHORE CURRENTS IN ONE AND MULTI-BAR PROFILES RELATION TO LITTORAL DRIFT
Authors: Bruun Per
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with longshore current theories. Introductorily it gives a brief review of wave theories for breaking waves including theoretical, laboratory as well as field results. Next the longshore current theory based on the momentum inflow over a uniformly sloping beach and bottom (Putnam, Munk and Traylor, 1949) is discussed with special reference to its friction factor. The following chapters deal with two new longshore current theories - both based on the continuity principle. One of them called the rip current approach assumes that all water thrown in by wave breaking runs out in rip currents and will probably be valid for profiles with well developed bars and waves approaching the shore almost perpendicularly. The other theory considers the fact that water from a wave breaking under an angle with the bar flows in with a certain phase difference in time longshore and this will create a longshore slope of the average water table, therefore also a longshore current. The water may return to sea uniformly as undertow or in rip currents or by a combination of both. This theory is particularly valid for waves breaking under a certain, not too small, angle with the bar. In both cases the momentum in the breaking waves is ignored because field observations show that in a well developed bar profile most of the momentum has disappeared inside the bar after wave breaking.

Examples of computation of current velocities for one bar as well as multi-bar profiles are given. Next the possible relation between longshore currents and littoral drift is discussed.
RECENT ADVANCES IN COASTAL STRUCTURE DESIGN
Authors: Lee Charles E.
Published: June 2017

The type and scope of work accomplished and responsibility and authority of the office to which he is attached is indicative of the interests of an author and of the information available to him. It is therefore pertinent to cover in this general section a summary of the responsibility and the delegated authority of the Corps of Engineers as regards Coastal Engineering.

The subject of recent advances in coastal structures is quite broad and complex and modern design practice incorporates old and new findings. This paper discusses various aspects of proper modern design of breakwaters and jetties with special attention to newer findings, their proper application and the means by which the findings were made. The Corps has the responsibility for the planning, investigation, design and construction of Federal civil works navigation projects. This consists generally of harbor and channel works. Their responsibility extends to the control of all works, private or governmental, to assure that navigation will not be adversely affected. They are also charged with the responsibility of planning, investigation, design and construction of Federal civil works projects involving shore protection from wave and currents, protection from effects of hurricane, tsunamis and tidal flooding, and of beach erosion control. The accomplishment of such a mission therefore includes research of an applied nature to permit advancement in knowledge and technique. Most of this research is based on small scale model studies accomplished at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and at the laboratory of the Corps of Engineers Beach Erosion Board in Washington, D. C. In addition a limited number of prototype studies are being initiated in the charge of the staffs of various District Engineers.
WINTER REGIME OF A TIDAL INLET IN THE ARCTIC AND THE USE OF AIR BUBBLES FOR THE PROTECTION OF WHARF STRUCTURES
Authors: Ince Simon
Published: June 2017

Shipping in the Canadian Arctic is limited to about 2i months in summer. Curing this short period all communities have to be supplied with sufficient provisions and fuel to last the long winters. The Department of Public Works of Canada has built wharves and docking facilities in various Arctic centres to speed up the unloading operations. Many of the conventional pile structures have been destroyed by the 6 ft. thick ice layer which grips the piles and moves them up and down in response to the tide. To prevent this, an air bubbler system was installed three years ago at Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T. to inhibit the formation of ice around the wharf.' This unit has been operating successfully since that time and no further damage has been reported. This first success inspired the installation of a second unit at Cambridge Bay, N.W.T. where similar difficulties were being encountered. The air bubbler system at Cambridge Bay did not fulfill its promise and the wharf was damaged. This had been predicted, but the success at Tuktoyaktuk - despite the suspected influence of the Mackenzie River - was a mystery. In April 1961 the author investigated the bubbler system and its oceanographic environment at Cambridge Bay, and in April 1962 those in Tuktoyaktuk. The results of these surveys are reports in the following paragraphs.
DEEP WATER WAVES GENERATED BY HURRICANE "AUDREY" OF 1957
Authors: Wilson Basil W.
Published: June 2017

A post-mortem analysis of Hurricane Audrey of June 24-27, 1957, in the Gulf of Mexico, is described using all available ship reports and weather data from USA and Mexican sources. A detailed meteorological analysis defines the changing surface pressure and wind systems at 3-hour intervals, from which the space-time wind-fields have been derived for selected paths of wave generation bearing on the Louisiana coastline. A numerical technique of moving-fetch wave-prediction has been used to determine the characteristics of the waves in deep water that would have been prevalent in various parts of the Gulf of Mexico during passage of the hurricane. For two deep water locations in particular the effects of multi-directional wave generation are considered.
"DRAGADO DE AGITACION CON BRAZO" EN EL. CANAL DE MARACAIBO -VENEZUELA
Authors: NA NA
Published: June 2017

La cuenca hidrografica del Lago de Maracaibo situada en la parte Norte de la America del Sur, prlncipalmente en Venezuela, esta limitada al Oeste por la Sierra Perija, al Sur y Sur-Este por el ramal venezolano de la Cordillera de Los Andes, al Este por la linea divisoria entre las aguas que corren al Lago y las que corren al mar Caribe, y por el Norte el Golfo de Venezuela. Su extension total es de 89 756 kilometros cuadrados de los cuales 73 658 estan en territorio venezolano y 16 098 kilometros en territorio colombiano; la parte venezolana a su vez se divide en 60 555 kilometros cuadrados de tierra firme y - 13 103 cubiertos por agua, incluyendo las islas. El aporte de agua dul ce de la cuenca es de 50,57 x 10' metros cubicos anuales aproximadamente, provenientes de numerosos rios y riachuelos, especialmente abundantes en la region suroeste. En el cur so de su celebre exploracion de la costa Norte de Sur Ame rica, Alonso de Ojeda descabrib, el 24 de agosto de 1499 el Lago de Ma racaibo, llamado Coquivacoa por los naturales, y al cual dib el nombre de San Bartolome. Alonso Pacheco fundb a Ciudad Rodrigo el 20 de ene ro de 1571, junto al estrecho o Brazo que conecta El Tablazo con el Lago. Esta ciudad fue reconstruida en 1574 por Pedro Maldonado quien le cambio el nombre a Nueva Zamora, pero mas tarde se la conocio como Maracaibo y con este ultimo nombre ha llegado hasta nuestros dias. Hoy es la poblacibn mas grande de la region, es la capital del Estado Zulia, y tiene 457 000 habitantes.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHORE PROTECTION WORKS ON GULLIES
Authors: Groot T.
Published: June 2017

When studying charts showing the bottom-topography of estuaries in the South-West of Holland, it is striking that in the longitudinal development of gullies local depths occur, which are much greater than the average depth. From a closer consideration it appears that the deepest points are always situated near protective works against erosion of the shore. The connection between the shore protection works and the deep scourholes and its influence on the gully-system will be dealt with in this paper.
THE ANALYSIS OF HARBOR AND ESTUARY SYSTEMS
Authors: Harder J.A.
Published: June 2017

It is one of the paradoxes of our age that hydraulic engineering is concerned with problems that in many ways exceed in difficulty those encountered in the more glamorous fields of science. One measure of this situation is that classical mathematics, which is a powerful tool when applied to simple systems, has proved to be a rather impotent aid m hydraulic calculations, except when the geometry is simple. Harbor and estuary systems are usually associated with complex geometry, and thus we ordinarily cannot depend on mathematics to give general solutions. Instead of solving the hydraulic equations of flow in the complex geometry, we have sought to reconstruct the geometry of the prototype in a reduced scale, by means of models, and by assuming that the equations governing the full-size and reduced-scale systems are the same, to find specific solutions through direct measurements in the latter. Because of scale effects, the hydraulic model is not perfect, but it does reproduce the complex geometry and some of the complexities of three dimensional flows in the prototype. These cannot at present be described mathematically, and where they are important a properly constructed and adjusted hydraulic model is our most powerful tool in the investigation of estuarial problems, and is likely to remain so.

However, hydraulic models are very expensive, especially if they are built to a reasonably large scale, so it behooves us to be sure that we have not overlooked other, perhaps less powerful, methods when we are confronted with a particular problem. Within the past decade two methods have been developed that will eventually replace hydraulic models for tidal flow and river flood routing investigations. One is based on the use of digital computers to numerically integrate the differential equations of open channel flow; the realization of this method by a digital computer program for a particular system has been called a "mathematical model". The second is based on the use of analog elements that behave with respect to electrical current in the same way as the prototype behaves with respect to flows of water. When an assembly of such elements is adjusted to duplicate the behavior of a hydraulic system in a way similar to the way a hydraulic model is adjusted during its verification period, the result may be called an analog model.
α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Xanthones from the Roots of Garcinia fusca
Authors: Nguyen Nam K. , Truong Xuyen A. , Bui Thai Q. , Bui Dzung N. , Nguyen Hai X. , Tran Phuong T. , Nguyen Lien‐Hoa D.
Published: June 2017

Two new compounds, fuscaxanthones J (1) and K (2), together with eight known xanthones (3 – 10) were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Garcinia fusca. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. α‐Glucosidase inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated and fuscaxanthone J (1) showed the most significant effect with an IC50 value of 8.3 ± 1.8 μm (compared with acarbose, IC50 = 214.5 ± 2.3 μm).
Cytoskeleton during aerenchyma formation in plants
Authors: Kordyum Elizabeth L. , Shevchenko Galina V. , Brykov Vasyl O.
Published: June 2017

Aerenchyma is a plant tissue characterized by prominent intercellular spaces facilitating gas diffusion between roots and the aerial environment. The classical formation of intercellular spaces is thought to be the result of schizogeny and lysogeny during development of wetland species and in some dry‐land species in response to different abiotic stress, including drought, high temperature, and nutrient deficiency. The plant cytoskeleton is known to play a major role in cellular organization and signaling pathways. It is emphasized a lot of ambiguity as to the cytoskeleton function in the constitutive and induced aerenchyma development, especially at the earliest stages of this process. In the present review, we focus on some aspects of the cytoskeleton behavior during the formation of schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma in wetland and terrestrial plants growing both in the nature and experimental conditions.
Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Novel 1,2,3‐Triazole Linked Quinazoline Derivatives
Authors: Song Panpan , Cui Fei , Li Na , Xin Jingchao , Ma Qisheng , Meng Xiangchuan , Wang Chaojie , Cao Qinpo , Gu Yifei , Ke Yu , Zhang Qiurong , Liu Hongmin
Published: June 2017

A series of novel 1,2,3‐triazole‐quinazoline derivatives were synthesized in five steps starting from anthranilamide by conventional methods. All the title compounds 10a—10r were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines (MGC‐803, EC‐109, MCF‐7 and HGC‐27) using MTT assay in vitro. Some of the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate to potent activity against tested cancer cell lines. Among them, compounds 10 h and 10q exhibited excellent growth inhibition against HGC‐27 and compound 10 m also possessed excellent activity against MCF‐7, with IC50 values less than 1 µmol/L. Especially, compound 10 h was more cytotoxic than 5‐fluorouracil against all tested four human cancer cell lines.
Welfare, wellness, and job satisfaction of Chinese physicians: A national survey of public tertiary hospitals in China
Authors: Sun Jing , Ma Jing , Hu Guangyu , Zhao Qi , Yuan Changzheng , Si Wen , Zhang Xinqing , Liu Yuanli
Published: June 2017

Little national data are available on Chinese physicians' welfare, wellness, and job satisfaction. We conducted a self‐administered smartphone‐based national survey in early 2016 of 17 945 physicians from 136 tertiary hospitals across 31 provinces in China. In addition to collecting the physicians' basic information, we also measured 5 domains (the ethical and working environments, welfare, wellness, and job satisfaction). Half of the physicians reported a hospital‐based annual income of less than RMB 72 000 ($10 300), and 60.31% of them did not think that the current medical pricing system reflects physicians' value. More than half (58.64%) of them did not have or did not know about medical malpractice insurance. These physicians worked long hours (an average of 10 h) and slept short hours (average 6 h). Only 35.78% of them thought that they were in good health, and 51.03% were in good mental health. Approximately, a quarter of them had helped to pay medical bills for patients who could not afford care, and 1 in 7 has been penalised for seeing patients who generated bad debts. Only 33.42% of them thought that their occupation receives social recognition and respect, and 70.98% would not encourage their children to pursue a medical career. The top 3 factors that may influence physician job satisfaction as chosen by the physicians were as follows: (1) the income distribution policy (45.92%), (2) working environment safety (25.86%), and (3) public trust and respect for their job (16.10%). In conclusion, we found that Chinese physicians bear heavy physical, mental, and financial stress, and many of them lack confidence that they receive trust and respect from society.
Powering Up Students to Challenge Their Own Deficit Views
Authors: McKay Loraine , Dean Laura
Published: June 2017

Intervention programs designed to improve literacy skills also produce unintended outcomes that sustain a deficit view around some students. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions about learning of a group of 12–14‐year‐old Australian students assigned to a reading intervention class. The article reports on data collected from students over a six‐month period through interviews, including illustrated responses, and classroom observations. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Findings suggested that the ecology of the classroom was instrumental in how these adolescents determined an economy of effort, oscillated power and control, and positioned themselves as learners. Further research about how to position students as decision makers within the intervention programs to which they are assigned is required to counter the deficit views that surround and are sustained by some adolescents.
Has the time come to overhaul prescription charges in England?
Authors: Buckland Danny
Published: June 2017

The campaign to abolish or recalibrate prescription charges in England is gathering pace with the government under pressure to align with Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales where they are free. However, the Department of Health insists that the current system provides the NHS with a revenue stream it cannot afford to lose.
Verification of deflection according to Eurocode 2
Authors: Pecić Nenad , Mašović Snežana , Stošić Saša
Published: June 2017

Code provisions for a simplified check of the long‐term deflection of concrete structures are generally developed for predefined values of the relevant input parameters. Deflection calculation may be of interest to account for different design situations. EN 1992‐1‐1 advocates the integration of curvatures calculated using the effective modulus of concrete. This paper presents an efficient procedure for calculation of the long‐term deflection due to a sustained load. A nondimensional analysis of the mean curvature is applied to evaluate the deflection. The deflection is calculated using a set of algebraic expressions. The result is close to the value obtained by the numerical integration of curvatures. The values of relevant parameters in the expressions may be selected within the common range for the design of engineering structures. The efficiency of the deflection prediction based on the integration of curvatures is tested on the available experimental data. In the first approach, the measured material properties are used. In the second approach, the required values are derived from EN 1992‐1‐1 expressions to predict the material properties.
Closing the Treatment Gap: The EPA Case Study of Schizophrenia
Authors: Gaebel W.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Schizophrenia still ranks among the first 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. Recent analyses show that there is a considerable treatment gap in schizophrenia in Europe and worldwide.

Objectives

To provide evidence-based information and give a concise overview of what is needed to overcome the treatment gap in schizophrenia.

Methods

Using a combined approach of systematic review and health economics was used to assess the socioeconomic impact of medical interventions (or the lack of thereof) for schizophrenia.

Conclusions

The case study analysis demonstrates socioeconomic impact and health gains of best practices in specific healthcare interventions for schizophrenia in comparison with the cost burden of current care or non-treatment.

Disclosure of interest

Unterstützung bei Symposien/Symposia Support

– Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss

– Aristo Pharma GmbH, Berlin

– Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg

– Servier Deutschland GmbH, München

– Fakultätsmitglied/Faculty Member

– Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation (LINF), Dänemark
The Screening for Depression and Neurocognitive Disorders in Subjects Newly Diagnosed with HIV
Authors: Ferrari S. , Piemonte C. , Feltri L. , Ottolini F. , Maffei S. , Nanni M.G. , Alboni S.
Published: June 2017

Background

Inflammatory mediators may be relevant to explain the frequent comorbidity between depression, neurocognitive disorders and HIV. HIV induces activation of inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines, that have been involved in the onset of depression and response to antidepressant treatment.

Aim

To identify recurring profiles of inflammatory biomarkers subtending depression, effectiveness of antidepressants and neurocognitive disorders among HIV-infected individuals.

Methods

All adult newly HIV-diagnosed out-patients attending HIV clinics in three towns of Northern Italy were screened, assessed for depression and studied immunologically and for neurocognitive disorders.

Results

Twenty-five patients have been enrolled so far: of these, 35% were positive to PHQ-9 screening, of which 6 were positive to the diagnostic assessment for depression. No neurocognitive disorders were found among the patients. As the project will develop, it is expected that frequency of depression, neurocognitive disorders and effective antidepressant treatment will be found to correlate to the profile of immune biomarkers. These findings might help to understand the etiology of depression in HIV, and specifically the role of inflammation and immunological changes.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Enigma-collaborative Analyses of Neuroimaging eop Data: What have we Achieved?
Authors: Agartz I. , Lonning V. , Smelror R. , Lundberg M. , Edbom T. , Gurholt T.P.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The ENIGMA-EOP collaboration aims to identify structural phenotypic markers that robustly discriminate adolescents with early-onset psychosis (EOP) from healthy controls through mega- or meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) data. Through larger samples we will obtain sufficient power to detect the brain structural correlates, overcome some of the clinical heterogeneity and characterize the developmental trajectories.

Methods

Multiple linear regression was used to investigate structural brain differences in two Scandinavian adolescent EOP cohorts (altogether 50 patients; ages 12.1-18.3 years (mean 16.4 years), 60% female; 68 controls; ages 12.0-18.8 years (mean 16.2 years), 62% female) acquired on two different 3 T GE MRI scanners. The statistical analysis included site as a covariate in addition to age, sex and intracranial volume (ICV). The results are presented by p-values, Cohens's-d effect size and with an indication of directionality. MRI scans were processed following the ENIGMA (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/) structural image processing protocols using FreeSurfer (Fischl 2012) version 5.3.0 to measure subcortical brain volumes.

Results

Preliminary results show significant or trend-significant group effects on right amygdala (P = 0.001, d = 0.33, patients < controls), total grey matter volume (P = 0.037, d = 0.21, patients < controls), ICV (P = 0.028, d = 0.22, patients < controls) and third ventricle (P = 0.067, d = 0.19, patients > controls). Sub-analyses in the two individual groups show overlapping findings in right amygdala. Previously reported enlarged lateral and 4th ventricles, and caudate, from a similar Scandinavian adolescent EOP cohort (Juuhl-Langseth, 2012) were not replicated.

Conclusion

There is a need for larger subject samples in EOP to better capture disease mechanisms. Research groups interested in participating can join ENIGMA-EOP through: http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/ongoing/enigma-eop-working-group/.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Forensic Care in France
Authors: Fovet T. , Thomas P.
Published: June 2017

In France, the number of inmates with psychiatric disorders has grown substantially during the last two decades. In this context, significant changes occurred in France's forensic psychiatry service provision in recent years. Especially, full-time inpatient units for inmates (called unités d’hospitalisation spécialement aménagées, UHSA) have been created in 2010. These changes clearly improved access to mental health care for inmates. Moreover, some recent trends in indicators such as the suicide rate in French prison, which has fallen slightly, are promising [1].However, the practice of psychiatry in prisons is a subject of debate between the proponents of the development of a specific care system for inmates and those considering that psychiatric teams must stay out of prison. One should insist on the dichotomy between the justice system and the health system, which appears constitutional in France. Indeed, the professional independence of caregivers from the judiciary system and the medical confidentiality are fundamental values on which French model has been built. Furthermore, the improvement of the quality of health care in prisons could alarmingly lead the judges to preferentially choose imprisonment for patients suffering from mental disorders committing offences while prison should in no way be considered as a patient care setting. This trend is evidenced by the low rate of individuals judged irresponsible for their crime because of mental health status currently observed in France.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.e
Does Social Disadvantage Explain the Higher Risk of Psychosis in Immigrants? Results from the Eugei Study in London
Authors: Stilo S.A. , Gayer-Anderson C. , Beards S. , Bourque F. , Mondelli V. , Dazzan P. , Pariante C. , Di Forti M. , Murray R. , Morgan C.
Published: June 2017

Evidence indicates that migrant and ethnic minority groups have an elevated risk of psychosis in a number of countries. Social disadvantage is one of the hypotheses put forward to explain these findings. The aim of this study is to investigate main effects, association and synergism between social disadvantage and migration on odds of psychotic experiences. We collected information on social disadvantage and migration from 332 patients and from 301 controls recruited from the local population in South London. Two indicators of social disadvantage in childhood and six indicators of social disadvantage in adulthood were analyzed. We found evidence that the odds of reporting psychotic experience were higher in those who experienced social disadvantage in childhood (OR= 2.88, 95% CI 2.03-4.06), social disadvantage in adulthood (OR= 9.06, 95% CI 5.21–15.74) and migration (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.02). When both social disadvantage and migration were considered together, the association with psychosis was slightly higher for social disadvantage in childhood and migration (OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.12–5.62) and social disadvantage in adulthood and migration (OR 9.10, 95% CI 4.63-17.86). Migrant cases were not more likely than non-migrant cases to report social disadvantage (p = 0.71) and no evidence of an additive interaction between migration and social disadvantage was found (ICR 0.32 95% CI -4.04–4.69). Preliminary results support the hypothesis that the association between social disadvantage and psychosis is independent of migration status.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Clinical Psychopathology of Negative Symptoms: A Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: Raballo A.
Published: June 2017

Negative symptoms encompass a broad constellation of psycho-behavioral phenomena, including affective flattening, poverty of speech, alogia, avolition, social withdrawal, apathy and anhedonia. These phenomena obviously exert a substantial impact on personal autonomy, quality of life and broad functional outcomes, ultimately being an important challenge for clinical decision-making and therapeutic support. In recent years, the attention to negative symptoms in schizophrenia has revamped, boosting the development of new rating tools as well as a broader conceptualization of derivative constructs (e.g. apathy, amotivation, anhedonia). However, despite its behavioral expressivity, the in-depth phenotypic characterization of negative symptoms remains partly unaddressed. Similarly, their clinical intertwining with other non-productive clinical features (e.g. anomalous subjective experiences, cognitive-perceptual basic symptoms and schizotypal features) is generally overlooked. Therefore, the current presentation specifically offers a stratified overview of the phenomenology of negative symptoms filtered through lens of clinical psychopathology.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Progressive Brain Changes Associated with Persistent Negative Symptoms Following a First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Lepage M. , Carolina M. , Michael B. , Mallar C. , Ridha J. , Ashok M.
Published: June 2017

Early persistent negative symptoms (ePNS) refer to the presence of potentially idiopathic or primary negative symptoms and have been observed following a first episode of psychosis (FEP). There is evidence for cortical changes associated with ePNS and given that a FEP often occurs during a period of ongoing brain development and maturation, neuroanatomical changes may have a specific age related component. The current study examined cortical thickness (CT), hippocampal/amygdala volume and shape as a function of clinical trajectories and age using longitudinal structural imaging in FEP. T1-MRI scans were acquired for early (n = 21), secondary (n = 30), non-(n = 44) PNS patients with a FEP, and controls (n = 44). Cortical thickness and amygdalar–hippocampal volumes and surface area (SA) metrics were extracted from three time points over a two-year period. Linear mixed models were applied to test for a main effect of group, and age group interactions. Relative to the other groups, ePNS patients showed cortical thinning over time in temporal regions and a thickening with age primarily in prefrontal areas. They also exhibited reduced left amygdalar and right hippocampal volumes. Morphometry revealed decreased surface area in ePNS compared to other groups in left central amygdala. The current study demonstrates that FEP patients with ePNS show significantly different CT trajectories with age. Increased CT may be indicative of disruptions in cortical maturation processes within higher-order brain regions. Amygdalar-hippocampal changes with age are also linked to ePNS with converging results from volumetric and morphometric analyses. Taken together, these results could represent dynamic endophenotypes setting these ePNS patients apart from their non-symptomatic peers.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus as a Possible Reversible Cause of Dementia, Neuroimaging Findings
Authors: Zacharzewska-Gondek A. , Gondek T. , Sąsiadek M. , Bladowska J.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) occurs in 0.5% of persons over 65 years old. The etiology of NPH is still unknown. Clinically NPH is characterised by cognitive deterioration, gait impairment and urinary incontinence. NPH is a possible reversible cause of dementia. Neuroimaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow to assess typical brain changes in this disorder.

The objectives are to present the typical findings of NPH on CT and MRI and to demonstrate differences between NPH and central brain atrophy in neuroimaging.

Results

The imaging features of NPH include: supratentorial ventriculomegaly with callosal angle less than 90o, tight sulci at the vertex and considerable out of proportion enlargement of Sylvian fissures. In case of central brain atrophy there may be a predominance of ventriculomegaly and/or widened sulci without crowding of the gyri at the vertex and callosal angle greater than 90o. In both entities, the decrease of density in periventricular region may be seen: in NPH could be a sign of transependymal oedema or in brain atrophy as an accompanying leukoaraiosis. Additionally, it is possible to assess changes in flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on MRI: in NPH an increased pulsatile CSF circulation in aqueduct as flow void sign may be observed.

Conclusions

Correct diagnosis of NPH on CT or MRI in relation to clinical data is very important. Treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt or third ventriculostomy may partially improve the quality of life in some patients with cognitive impairment due to NPH.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.