bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigen-driven C–C Chemokine-mediated HIV-1 Suppression by CD4+ T Cells from Exposed Uninfected Individuals Expressing the Wild-type CCR-5 Allele
Authors: Furci Lucinda , Scarlatti Gabriella , Burastero Samuele , Tambussi Giuseppe , Colognesi Claudia , Quillent Caroline , Longhi Renato , Loverro Patrizia , Borgonovo Barbara , Gaffi Davide , Carrow Emily , Malnati Mauro , Lusso Paolo , Siccardi Antonio G. , Lazzarin Adriano , Beretta Alberto
Published: July 2002

Despite repeated exposure to HIV-1, certain individuals remain persistently uninfected. Such exposed uninfected (EU) people show evidence of HIV-1–specific T cell immunity and, in rare cases, selective resistance to infection by macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. The latter has been associated with a 32–base pair deletion in the C–C chemokine receptor gene CCR-5, the major coreceptor of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. We have undertaken an analysis of the HIV-specific T cell responses in 12 EU individuals who were either homozygous for the wild-type CCR-5 allele or heterozygous for the deletion allele (CCR-5Δ32). We have found evidence of an oligoclonal T cell response mediated by helper T cells specific for a conserved region of the HIV-1 envelope. These cells produce very high levels of C–C chemokines when stimulated by the specific antigen and suppress selectively the replication of macrophage-tropic, but not T cell–tropic, strains of HIV-1. These chemokine-producing helper cells may be part of a protective immune response that could be potentially exploited for vaccine development.
Assembly of Productive T Cell Receptor δ Variable Region Genes Exhibits Allelic Inclusion
Authors: Sleckman Barry P. , Khor Bernard , Monroe Robert , Alt Frederick W.
Published: July 2002

The generation of a productive “in-frame” T cell receptor β (TCR β), immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) or Ig light (L) chain variable region gene can result in the cessation of rearrangement of the alternate allele, a process referred to as allelic exclusion. This process ensures that most αβ T cells express a single TCR β chain and most B cells express single IgH and IgL chains. Assembly of TCR α and TCR γ chain variable region genes exhibit allelic inclusion and αβ and γδ T cells can express two TCR α or TCR γ chains, respectively. However, it was not known whether assembly of TCR δ variable regions genes is regulated in the context of allelic exclusion. To address this issue, we have analyzed TCR δ rearrangements in a panel of mouse splenic γδ T cell hybridomas. We find that, similar to TCR α and γ variable region genes, assembly of TCR δ variable region genes exhibits properties of allelic inclusion. These findings are discussed in the context of γδ T cell development and regulation of rearrangement of TCR δ genes.
Bleached Pigment Produces a Maintained Decrease in Outer Segment Ca2+ in Salamander Rods
Authors: Sampath A.P. , Matthews H.R. , Cornwall M.C. , Fain G.L.
Published: July 2002

A spot confocal microscope based on an argon ion laser was used to make measurements of cytoplasmic calcium concentration (Ca2+i) from the outer segment of an isolated rod loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator fluo-3 during simultaneous suction pipette recording of the photoresponse. The decline in fluo-3 fluorescence from a rod exposed to saturating illumination was best fitted by two exponentials of approximately equal amplitude with time constants of 260 and 2,200 ms. Calibration of fluo-3 fluorescence in situ yielded Ca2+i estimates of 670 ± 250 nM in a dark-adapted rod and 30 ± 10 nM during response saturation after exposure to bright light (mean ± SD). The resting level of Ca2+i was significantly reduced after bleaching by the laser spot, peak fluo-3 fluorescence falling to 56 ± 5% (SEM, n = 9) of its value in the dark-adapted rod. Regeneration of the photopigment with exogenous 11-cis-retinal restored peak fluo-3 fluorescence to a value not significantly different from that originally measured in darkness, indicating restoration of the dark-adapted level of Ca2+i. These results are consistent with the notion that sustained activation of the transduction cascade by bleached pigment produces a sustained decrease in rod outer segment Ca2+i, which may be responsible for the bleach-induced adaptation of the kinetics and sensitivity of the photoresponse.
Stability of wavelet frames and Riesz bases, with respect to dilations and translations
Authors: Zhang Jing
Published: July 2002

We consider the perturbation problem of wavelet frame (Riesz basis)

{

ψ

j
,
k
,

a
0

,

b
0

}

=
{

a
0

n
j

/

2

ψ
(

a
0
j

x
−
k

b
0

)
}

\{{\psi _{j,k,a_0,b_0}\}}=\{a_0^{nj/2}\psi (a_0^jx-kb_0)\}

about dilation and translation parameters

a
0

a_0

and

b
0

b_0

. For wavelet functions whose Fourier transforms have small supports, we give a method to determine whether the perturbation system

{

ψ

j
,
k
,
a
,

b
0

}

\{\psi _{j,k,a,b_0}\}

is a frame (Riesz basis) and prove the stability about dilation parameter

a
0

a_0

on Paley-Wiener space. For a great deal of wavelet functions, we give a definite answer to the stability about translation

b
0

b_0

. Moreover, if the Fourier transform

ψ
^

\hat {\psi }

has small support, we can estimate the frame bounds about the perturbation of translation parameter

b
0

b_0

. Our methods can be used to handle nonhomogeneous frames (Riesz basis).
Fredholmness and invertibility of Toeplitz operators with matrix almost periodic symbols
Authors: Rodman Leiba , Spitkovsky Ilya , Woerdeman Hugo
Published: July 2002

We consider Toeplitz operators with symbols that are almost periodic matrix functions of several variables. It is shown that under certain conditions on the group generated by the Fourier support of the symbol, a Toeplitz operator is Fredholm if and only if it is invertible.
The Skolem property in rings of integer-valued polynomials
Authors: Chabert Jean-Luc , Chapman Scott , Smith William
Published: July 2002

Let

D
D

be an integral domain with quotient field

K
K

and

E
⊆
D

E\subseteq D

. We investigate the relationship between the Skolem and completely integrally closed properties in the ring of integer-valued polynomials
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper I normal n normal t left-parenthesis upper E comma upper D right-parenthesis equals left-brace f left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis bar f left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis element-of upper K left-bracket upper X right-bracket and f left-parenthesis a right-parenthesis element-of upper D for every a element-of upper E right-brace period">

I
n
t

(
E
,
D
)
=
{
f
(
X
)
∣
f
(
X
)
∈
K
[
X
]
 and 
f
(
a
)
∈
D
 for every 
a
∈
E
}
.

\mathrm {Int}(E, D) = \{f(X) \mid f(X) \in K[X] \text { and } f(a)\in D \text { for every } a\in E\}.

\]
Among other things, we show for the case

D
=

Z

D=\mathbb {Z}

and

|
E
|
=
∞

\vert E \vert = \infty

that the following are equivalent: (1)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})

is strongly Skolem, (2)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})

is completely integrally closed, and (3)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)
=
Int
(
E
∖
{
a
}
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})= \text {Int}(E\backslash \{a\}, \mathbb {Z})

for every

a
∈
E

a\in E

.
Natural extensions for the Rosen fractions
Authors: Burton Robert , Kraaikamp Cornelis , Schmidt Thomas
Published: July 2002

The Rosen fractions form an infinite family which generalizes the nearest-integer continued fractions. We find planar natural extensions for the associated interval maps. This allows us to easily prove that the interval maps are weak Bernoulli, as well as to unify and generalize results of Diophantine approximation from the literature.
Localization of the first zero of the Dedekind zeta function
Authors: Omar Sami
Published: July 2002

Using Weil’s explicit formula, we propose a method to compute low zeros of the Dedekind zeta function. As an application of this method, we compute the first zero of the Dedekind zeta function associated to totally complex fields of degree less than or equal to 30 having the smallest known discriminant.
Metric with ergodic geodesic flow is completely determined by unparameterized geodesics
Authors: Matveev Vladimir , Topalov Petar
Published: July 2002

Let

g
g

be a Riemannian metric with ergodic geodesic flow. Then if some metric

g
¯

\bar g

has the same geodesics (regarded as unparameterized curves) with

g
g

, then the metrics are homothetic. If two metrics on a closed surface of genus greater than one have the same geodesics, then they are homothetic.
Understanding Unemployment Across California Counties
Authors: Feasel Edward M. , Rodini Mark L.
Published: July 2002

Unemployment rates differ widely and persistently across counties. This article examines equilibrium forces related to this geographic disparity with a focus on California. We show that although seasonal variation in employment can account for some of the differences, it cannot explain the total variation. Factors such as educational attainment, age, and gender appear to be strongly related to unemployment differences. Individuals living in higher‐unemployment areas also have a lower propensity to migrate. Because migration is usually considered to be the main equilibrating force, this evidence helps further explain why unemployment rates across counties are persistently different.
Role of factors downstream of caspases in nuclear disassembly during apoptotic execution
Authors: Samejima K. , Villa P. , Earnshaw W. C.
Published: July 2002

We used cytoplasmic extracts from chicken DU249 cells at various stages along the apoptotic pathway to analyse the events of apoptotic exe–cution. So–called S/M extracts from morphologically normal ‘committed–stage’ cells induce apoptotic morphology and DNA cleavage in substrate nuclei. These apoptotic changes appear to require the function of multiple caspases (cysteine aspar–tases, a specialized class of proteases) acting in parallel. Extracts from ‘execution–stage’ apoptotic cells induce apoptotic events in added nuclei in a caspase–independent manner. Biochemical frac–tionation of these extracts reveals that a column fraction enriched in endogenous active caspases is un–able to induce DNA fragmentation or chromatin condensation in substrate nuclei, whereas a caspase–depleted fraction induces both changes. ‘Execution–stage’ extracts contain an ICAD/DFF45–inhibitable nuclease resembling CAD, plus another activity that is required for the apoptotic chromatin condensation. ‘Committed–stage’ S/M extracts lack these downstream activities. These observations reveal that caspases act in an executive fashion, serving to activate downstream factors that disassemble the nucleus rather than disassembling it themselves. They also suggest that activation of the downstream factors (rather than the caspases) is the critical event that occurs at the transition from the latent to the execution phase of apoptosis.
The breast cancer susceptibility gene,
BRCA2
: at the crossroads between DNA replication and recombination?
Authors: Venkitaraman Ashok R.
Published: July 2002

The identification and cloning of the familial breast cancer susceptibility gene,
BRCA2
, has excited much interest in its biological functions. Here, evidence is reviewed that the protein encoded by
BRCA2
has an essential role in DNA repair through its association with mRad51, a mammalian homologue of bacterial and yeast proteins involved in homologous recombination. A model is proposed that the critical requirement for
BRACA2
in cell division and the maintenance of chromosome stability stems from its participation in recombinational processes essential for DNA replication.
On a novel application of the Helmholtz integral in the development of a virtual sonar
Authors: Romano Anthony J. , Bucaro Joseph A. , Houston Brian H. , Williams Earl G.
Published: July 2002

A novel application of the Helmholtz integral is presented in the development of a virtual sonar. Given total pressure and normal velocity information over the surface of a structure which has been excited both by incident fields as well as interior noise sources, when the Helmholtz integral is evaluated at field points located within the surface of the structure (using the free-space Green’s function characteristic of the exterior medium), only the incident field remains. Therefore, it is possible to remove the effects of both scattering (due to incident excitation) and radiation (due to interior noise sources) throughout a “virtual” volumetric sonar array projected within the structure. This approach will be discussed and demonstrated using numerical results based on finite element simulations.
Acoustic nonlinearity of cracks partially filled with liquid: Cubic approximation
Authors: Nazarov V. E.
Published: July 2002

The theoretical investigation of mechanisms of the acoustic nonlinearity (elastic and inelastic) of cracks partially filled with an ideal and viscous liquid and associated with the nonlinear dependence of the capillary and viscous pressure in the liquid on the distance between the crack surfaces and the velocity of the change of this distance is proposed. The nonlinear (in cubic approximation) equations of the state of these cracks is obtained, and its parameters are defined. It is shown that the presence of the viscous liquid may lead to the considerable increase of the acoustic nonlinearity of such cracks in comparison with cracks filled with the ideal liquid.
Spatial resolution of diffraction tomography
Authors: Dickens Thomas A. , Winbow Graham A.
Published: July 2002

Diffraction tomography is an imaging technique applicable to crosshole seismic data and aimed at achieving optimal spatial resolution away from the borehole. In principle the method can form acoustic images equivalent to extending acoustic well logs away from the wellbore and into the formation with a spatial resolution less than one wavelength of the radiation employed to gather the crosshole data. This paper reports on the capability of diffraction tomography to produce high-resolution reconstructions of simple targets from limited-view-angle data. The goal is to quantify the resolution and velocity-reconstruction capability of diffraction tomography with realistic source–receiver geometries. Simple targets (disks and low-contrast sequences of layers) are used for this study. The scattering from these targets can be calculated without approximation, making them ideal test cases for the algorithm. The resolution capability of diffraction tomography is determined to be on the order of one wavelength for several experimental geometries. It is shown that the image-formation characteristics of diffraction tomography, in terms of its ability to determine object boundaries and velocities, are closely related to the experimental geometry. Reflection and vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiments tend to reproduce boundaries well, while crosshole experiments give the best overall reconstruction of both target boundaries and velocity. The quantitative accuracy of the velocity reconstruction depends upon the match between the spatial-frequency content of the object and the spatial-frequency response of the algorithm. For some targets, the velocity cannot be correctly reproduced from limited-view-angle data.
Snapping shrimp noise near Gladstone, Queensland
Authors: Readhead Mark L.
Published: July 2002

The intensity of the noise generated by snapping shrimp between 0.6 and 12.5 kHz was measured from Auckland Wharf to the end of the dredged channel leading into Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, and on a route out across to the edge of the Great Barrier Reef. The noise was recorded about every nautical mile within the channel and every 5 miles across the reef. Water depths varied between 11.5 and 58 m, with sites ranging from just a few meters from piers to 82 km from the mainland. Intense snapping shrimp noise was found at all sites and was the dominant source of ambient noise. Within the channel the noise exceeded that which would be expected from wind generated noise during sea state 7. Across the reef the noise levels were lower, but still exceeded that from sea state 3 wind generated noise. Comparison is made with other published snapping shrimp noise spectra which show differences in both level and shape.
Measurements of thermoacoustic functions for single pores
Authors: Wilen L. A.
Published: July 2002

A novel volume modulation technique is employed to measure the complex compressibility of a gas in a single pore. The complex compressibility depends on the geometry dependent thermal coupling between the gas and the pore walls, and is related to the thermoacoustic function fκ, or equivalently, F(λ). By measuring two different lengths of a given pore, end effects are eliminated, so that F(λ) corresponding to a uniform, infinite length pore is determined. Pores of circular, rectangular, coaxial, and hexagonal cross sections were investigated, as well as cylinders which contained wire mesh screens. A wide range of values for the ratio of the thermal penetration depth to pore size was achieved by working down to very low frequencies. Results for circular, rectangular, and coaxial pores are in excellent agreement with theory. Hexagonal pores show behavior which is very close to similar size circular pores. Qualitative aspects of the screen results can be understood by a comparison to the theory for parallel plates.
Laboratory measurements of forward and bistatic scattering of fish at multiple frequencies
Authors: Ding Li , Takao Y. , Sawada K. , Okumura T. , Miyanohana Y. , Furusawa M. , Farmer D. M.
Published: July 2002

Forward and bistatic scattering of sound by individual fish at frequencies of 120 and 200 kHz have recently been measured in the laboratory following an earlier experiment conducted at acoustic frequency of 38 kHz by Ding [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3398–3404 (1997)]. The results of forward-scattering strength obtained here, combined with those obtained in Ding, provide an empirical dependence of forward-scattering strength on acoustic frequency. It is observed that the forward-scattering strength increases rapidly with frequency and is much stronger than the backscattering strength. Scattering patterns, or scattering strength as a function of receiving angle, have also been measured for the first time in this new experiment. These results are currently being examined using theoretical models taking appropriate account of effects of both fish flesh and swimbladder.
Acoustical problems in mosques: A case study on the three mosques in Istanbul
Authors: Karabiber Zerhan
Published: July 2002

Although worshiping places of different great religions, such as churches, synagogues, and mosques, have in general similar acoustical requirements, they still have authentic needs. In acoustical literature, there are many works on church acoustics whereas almost none on mosque acoustics. This fact is one of the main reasons for the neglect of acoustics in the newly built mosques. In mosque designs, where it is very difficult to avoid classical forms, traditional mosque types are repeated rather frequently. However, in this repetition, acoustics is often neglected and the result is acoustically poor mosques. The aim of this work is the acoustical assessment of ancient mosques for the development of ‘‘acoustical criteria in mosque design.’’ In this paper, three mosques, built in the Ottoman Empire period, in Istanbul, are evaluated from an acoustical point of view. Effects of the changes on the noise climate are shown and room acoustics is examined. Attempts were made to constitute basic principles of acoustical comfort conditions in mosques.
High-resolution geoacoustic inversion in shallow water: A joint time- and frequency-domain technique
Authors: Holland Charles W. , Osler John
Published: July 2002

High-resolution geoacoustic data are required for accurate predictions of acoustic propagation and scattering in shallow water. Since direct measurement of geoacoustic data is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive, inversion of acoustic data is a promising alternative. However, the main problem encountered in geoacoustic inversion is the problem of uniqueness, i.e., many diverse geoacoustic models can be made to fit the same data set. A key, and perhaps unique, aspect of this approach is the combination of data analysis in both the space–time and the space–frequency domains. This combination attempts to ameliorate the uniqueness problem by exploiting as much independent data as possible. In order to meet the stringent requirements of high spatial resolution and uniqueness, an entire method has been developed including a new measurement technique, processing/analysis technique, and inversion strategy. These techniques are described and then illustrated with a shallow-water data set. Sound-speed gradients in the upper few meters of the sub-bottom appear to be much higher (one order of magnitude) than generally assumed. And, although often ignored, a large density gradient was observed in the top layer that played an acoustically significant role.
The interaction of a laser-generated cavity with a solid boundary
Authors: Shaw S. J. , Schiffers W. P. , Gentry T. P. , Emmony D. C.
Published: July 2002

In this paper new observations of a laser-generated cavitation bubble interacting with an inertial boundary are presented. Employing schlieren photography techniques and a thin film transducer placed on the surface of the boundary, the pressure stresses induced in the solid boundary and the surrounding fluid by collapsing bubbles, created very close to the solid surface, are experimentally measured. Liquid jet development, shock wave emission, and “splash” phenomena are identified. For different creation sites close to the boundary, the relevance of each of these phenomena with respect to potentially damaging pressure stresses in the boundary is speculated on.
A Boundary-Layer Effect in Viscometry of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ericksen J. L.
Published: July 2002

We here explore the possibility that, in viscometry of liquid crystals of nematic type, non-Newtonian effects stem from a competition between boundaries and flow, each striving to produce a different orientation.
Transient and Steady State Rheological Properties of Very Dilute Drag Reducing Polymer Solutions
Authors: Darby Ron
Published: July 2002

Viscous and elastic rheological properties of three very dilute solutions (100 to 500 parts per million) of a commercial drag reducing high molecular weight Polyacrylamid in distilled water are presented. Shear stress (apparent viscosity) was determined over a shear rate range of about 107 (sec−1) by a combination of cone and plate, couette, and capillary tube viscometers, and the first normal stress difference was determined versus shear rate in the cone and plate geometry. Transient response (rebound) characteristics were determined in a unique, specially designed, transient rheometer. A “pseudo-linear” interpretation of the results of these tests is made in which three fluid parameters, defined in terms of a linear viscoelastic model, are determined as a function of strain.
Comments on determining X-ray diffraction-based volume fractions of retained austenite in steels
Authors: Lowe-Ma C. K. , Donlon W. T. , Dowling W. E.
Published: July 2002

Retained austenite is an important characteristic of properly heat-treated steel components, particularly gears and shafts, that will be subjected to long-term use and wear. Normally, either X-ray diffraction or optical microscopy techniques are used to determine the volume percent of retained austenite present in steel components subjected to specific heat-treatment regimes. As described in the literature, a number of phenomenological, experimental, and calculation factors can influence the volume fraction of retained austenite determined from X-ray diffraction measurements. However, recent disagreement between metallurgical properties, microscopy, and service laboratory values for retained austenite led to a re-evaluation of possible reasons for the apparent discrepancies. Broad, distorted X-ray peaks from un-tempered martensite were found to yield unreliable integrated intensities whereas diffraction peaks from tempered samples were more amenable to profile fitting with standard shape functions, yielding reliable integrated intensities. Retained austenite values calculated from reliable integrated intensities were found to be consistent with values obtained by Rietveld refinement of the diffraction patterns. The experimental conditions used by service laboratories combined with a poor choice of diffraction peaks were found to be sources of retained austenite values containing significant bias.
What Is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
Authors: Baman Jayson R. , Eskandari Mark K.
Published: December 2022

This JAMA Patient Page describes abdominal aortic aneurysms and their symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
Frequency of Acute Kidney Injury and Association With Mortality Among Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Aziz Khyzer B. , Schles Eric M. , Makker Kartikeya , Wynn James L.
Published: December 2022

Importance

Neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and associated with morbidity and mortality. The temporal relationship between AKI and critical illness, as well as the frequency of AKI definition components (urine output and serum creatinine [sCr] concentration change), are unknown in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) (<1000 g), extremely preterm (<29 weeks’ completed gestational age [GA]) infants.

Objective

To measure the frequency of AKI from birth to death or discharge with attention to the definition components as well as the temporal relationship of AKI to critical illness and death.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A single-center, multiyear, retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic level IV neonatal intensive care unit between January 1, 2012, and January 1, 2020. Participants included inborn ELBW and infants at 22 to 28 weeks’ completed GA with confirmed congenital anomalies who survived 12 hours or more.

Exposures

Extremely preterm birth and ELBW.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was AKI frequency. The timing, severity, and criteria for AKI were measured. The temporal relationship between AKI, organ dysfunction, and outcomes were quantified using odds ratios (ORs), logistic regression, and Shapley Additive Explanations. Acute kidney injury recognition, imaging, pediatric nephrology consultation, and follow-up were determined.

Results

A total of 436 infants (52% male; 44% Black) met the inclusion criteria (median BW, 725 g; median GA, 25.7 wk). Acute kidney injury was common in the first week of life (44%), primarily based on the change in the sCr concentration criterion (88%), and negatively associated with GA (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.78), but positively associated with antecedent critical illness (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.23), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.12-3.08), late-onset sepsis (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03), and mortality (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.63-4.72). Acute kidney injury had negligible clinical contribution to death within the model (Shapley Additive Explanation, <0.5% change to outcome) relative to antecedent patient-concentration organ dysfunction (6%-15% change). Among infants with severe AKI, recognition (32%), nephrology inpatient consultation (16%), and outpatient follow-up (9%) were not common.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of ELBW infants, AKI was common in the first week of life, inversely associated with GA, and followed organ (primarily cardiovascular) dysfunction. Acute kidney injury considered as the primary pathway to mortality was rare, and amelioration of AKI to modify death was not well supported.
Assessment of the Accuracy of Firearm Injury Intent Coding at 3 US Hospitals
Authors: Miller Matthew , Azrael Deborah , Yenduri Ravali , Barber Catherine , Bowen Andrew , MacPhaul Erin , Mooney Stephen J. , Zhou Li , Goralnick Eric , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali
Published: December 2022

Importance

The absence of reliable hospital discharge data regarding the intent of firearm injuries (ie, whether caused by assault, accident, self-harm, legal intervention, or an act of unknown intent) has been characterized as a glaring gap in the US firearms data infrastructure.

Objective

To use incident-level information to assess the accuracy of intent coding in hospital data used for firearm injury surveillance.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional retrospective medical review study was conducted using case-level data from 3 level I US trauma centers (for 2008-2019) for patients presenting to the emergency department with an incident firearm injury of any severity.

Exposures

Classification of firearm injury intent.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Researchers reviewed electronic health records for all firearm injuries and compared intent adjudicated by team members (the gold standard) with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM) codes for firearm injury intent assigned by medical records coders (in discharge data) and by trauma registrars. Accuracy was assessed using intent-specific sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV).

Results

Of the 1227 cases of firearm injury incidents seen during the ICD-10-CM study period (October 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019), the majority of patients (1090 [88.8%]) were male and 547 (44.6%) were White. The research team adjudicated 837 (68.2%) to be assaults. Of these assault incidents, 234 (28.0%) were ICD coded as unintentional injuries in hospital discharge data. These miscoded patient cases largely accounted for why discharge data had low sensitivity for assaults (66.3%) and low PPV for unintentional injuries (34.3%). Misclassification was substantial even for patient cases described explicitly as assaults in clinical notes (sensitivity of 74.3%), as well as in the ICD-9-CM study period (sensitivity of 77.0% for assaults and PPV of 38.0% for unintentional firearm injuries). By contrast, intent coded by trauma registrars differed minimally from researcher-adjudicated intent (eg, sensitivity for assault of 96.0% and PPV for unintentional firearm injury of 93.0%).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cross-sectional study underscore questions raised by prior work using aggregate count data regarding the accuracy of ICD-coded discharge data as a source of firearm injury intent. Based on our observations, researchers and policy makers should be aware that databases drawn from hospital discharge data (most notably, the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample) cannot be used to reliably count or characterize intent-specific firearm injuries.
Tunable Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity of WO3/TiO2 Heterojunction for Gas Sensing Applications
Authors: Galstyan Vardan , Poli Nicola , Golovanov Viacheslav , D'Arco Annalisa , Macis Salvatore , Lupi Stefano , Bolli Eleonora , Kaciulis Saulius , Mezzi Alessio , Comini Elisabetta
Published: December 2022

Nowadays, there is a dramatically growing demand for nanocomposite materials with new functionalities for their application in chemical gas sensors and other catalytic devices. Moreover, green synthesis methods are intensively employed in the preparation of semiconductor nanostructures to reduce the hazardous effects on human health and the environment. Here the fabrication of a nanocomposite material based on WO3 and TiO2 (WO3/TiO2) with unusual electronic band alignment and novel gas sensing properties is reported. The material is synthesized by an eco‐friendly process based on the water vapor‐induced oxidation of tungsten/titanium metallic films. The pristine WO3 is highly sensitive to acetone, where the response of the material is enhanced by its operating temperature. Instead, WO3/TiO2 composite shows principally different sensing performance and it has a good selective response to carbon monoxide at a relatively low operating temperature. The obtained results indicate that the significant differences between the functionalities of pristine WO3 and WO3/TiO2 material can be attributed to the band alignment and the direction of charge transfer in the WO3/TiO2 heterojunction. Hence, an efficient way for the development of WO3/TiO2 nanocomposites, which can be useful for the engineering and optimization of gas sensing and catalytic properties of WO3, is presented.
Real‐Time Monitoring of Wound States via Rationally Engineered Biosensors
Authors: Zeng Qiankun , Shi Guoyue , Zhang Min
Published: December 2022

Current strategies for real‐time wound monitoring have limited applicability and therapeutic efficiency due to the reliance on clinician experience and time‐consuming laboratory analysis requirements. In this article, an educational review is provided on the accumulated knowledge of wound healing, such as the characterization of acute and chronic wounds, the four main stages of wound healing, and the factors that influence wound healing. The current state‐of‐the‐art wound state sensing methods are presented and reviewed, with particular attention paid to the real‐time monitoring of pH, biofilms, electrophysiological signals, temperature, and reactive oxygen species. It is expected that the presentation of this evolving field will contribute to deepen the existing understanding of wounds and steer wound treatment toward real‐time precision to drive further and faster development of clinically valuable technologies.
Tunable Perpendicular Magnetoresistive Sensor Driven by Shape and Substrate Induced Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Barrera Aleix , Fourneau Emile , Martín Sergi , Batllori Josep Maria , Alcalá Jordi , Balcells Lluís , Mestres Narcís , Nguyen Ngoc Duy , Sanchez Alvaro , Silhanek Alejandro V. , Palau Anna
Published: December 2022

Control of magnetization reversal processes is a key issue for the implementation of magnetic materials in technological applications. The modulation of shape magnetic anisotropy in nanowire structures with a high aspect ratio is an efficient way to tune sharp in‐plane magnetic switching. However, control of fast magnetization reversal processes induced by perpendicular magnetic fields is much more challenging. Here, tunable sharp magnetoresistance changes, triggered by out‐of‐plane  magnetic fields, are demonstrated in thin permalloy strips grown on LaAlO3 single crystal substrates. Micromagnetic simulations are used to evaluate the resistance changes of the strips at different applied field values and directions and correlate them with the magnetic domain distribution. The experimentally observed sharp magnetic switching, tailored by the shape anisotropy of the strips, is properly accounted for by numerical simulations when considering a substrate‐induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. These results are promising for the design of magnetic sensors and other advanced magnetoresistive devices working with perpendicular magnetic fields by using simple structures.
Data‐Driven Machine Learning for Understanding Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Li Haobo , Jiao Yan , Davey Kenneth , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: December 2022

The design of heterogeneous catalysts is necessarily surface‐focused, generally achieved via optimization of adsorption energy and microkinetic modelling. A prerequisite is to ensure the adsorption energy is physically meaningful is the stable existence of the conceived active‐site structure on the surface. The development of improved understanding of the catalyst surface, however, is challenging practically because of the complex nature of dynamic surface formation and evolution under in‐situ reactions. We propose therefore data‐driven machine‐learning (ML) approaches as a solution. In this Minireview we summarize recent progress in using machine‐learning to search and predict (meta)stable structures, assist operando simulation under reaction conditions and micro‐environments, and critically analyze experimental characterization data. We conclude that ML will become the new norm to lower costs associated with discovery and design of optimal heterogeneous catalysts.
Switchable and Highly Robust Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence from Polymer‐Based Transparent Films with Three‐Dimensional Covalent Networks for Erasable Light Printing
Authors: Li Jian‐An , Zhang Letian , Wu Chunlei , Huang Zihao , Li Shufeng , Zhang Huaqing , Yang Qingchen , Mao Zhu , Luo Suilian , Liu Cong , Shi Guang , Xu Bingjia
Published: December 2022

In this work, an efficient polymer‐based organic afterglow system, which shows reversible photochromism, switchable ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP), and prominent water and chemical resistance simultaneously, has been developed for the first time. By doping phenoxazine (PXZ) and 10‐ethyl‐10H‐phenoxazine (PXZEt) into epoxy polymers, the resulting PXZ@EP‐0.25 % and PXZEt@EP‐0.25 % films show unique photoactivated UOP properties, with phosphorescence quantum yields and lifetimes up to 10.8 % and 845 ms, respectively. It is found that the steady‐state luminescence and UOP of PXZ@EP‐0.25 % are switchable by light irradiation and thermal annealing. Moreover, the doped films can still produce conspicuous UOP after soaking in water, strong acid and base, and organic solvents for more than two weeks, exhibiting outstanding water and chemical resistance. Inspired by these exciting results, the PXZ@EP‐0.25 % has been successfully exploited as an erasable transparent film for light printing.
Olefin Dihydroxylation Using Nitroarenes as Photoresponsive Oxidants
Authors: Hampton Charlotte , Simonetti Marco , Leonori Daniele
Published: December 2022

Vicinal diols are abundant among natural and synthetic molecules, and also represent valuable intermediates throughout organic synthesis. Olefin dihydroxylation is an effective strategy to access these derivatives owing to the broad range and availability of alkene feedstocks. OsO4 is among the most used reagents to achieve this transformation, yet its high toxicity and cost remain concerning. Herein, we present a mechanistically distinct strategy for olefin dihydroxylation using nitroarenes as photoresponsive oxidants. Upon purple LEDs irradiation, these species undergo a [3+2]‐photocycloaddition with a wide range of olefins to give stable 1,3,2‐dioxazolidine intermediates. These species can be accumulated in solution and then reduced in situ to the desired diols, utilising readily accessible and easy to handle solid reagents as H2 surrogates.
An Activatable NIR‐II Fluorescent Reporter for In Vivo Imaging of Amyloid‐β Plaques
Authors: Miao Jia , Miao Minqian , Jiang Yue , Zhao Min , Li Qing , Zhang Yuan , An Yi , Pu Kanyi , Miao Qingqing
Published: December 2022

Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window holds great promise for in vivo visualization of amyloid‐β (Aβ) pathology, which can facilitate characterization and deep understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, it has been rarely exploited. Herein, we report the development of NIR‐II fluorescent reporters with a donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) architecture for specific detection of Aβ plaques in AD‐model mice. Among all the designed probes, DMP2 exhibits the highest affinity to Aβ fibrils and can specifically activate its NIR‐II fluorescence after binding to Aβ fibrils via suppressed twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) effect. With suitable lipophilicity for ideal blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetrability and deep‐tissue penetration of NIR‐II fluorescence, DMP2 possesses specific detection of Aβ plaques in in vivo AD‐model mice. Thus, this study presents a potential agent for non‐invasive imaging of Aβ plaques and deep deciphering of AD progression.
Real‐Time In Situ Volatile Organic Compound Sensing by a Dual‐Emissive Polynuclear Ln‐MOF with Pronounced LnIII Luminescence Response
Authors: Pang Jing‐Jing , Yao Zhao‐Quan , Zhang Kuo , Li Quan‐Wen , Fu Zi‐Xuan , Zheng Ran , Li Wei , Xu Jian , Bu Xian‐He
Published: December 2022

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln‐MOFs) are promising for luminescence detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors, but usually suffer from the silent or quenched Ln3+ emission. Herein, we report a new dual‐emissive Eu‐MOF composed of the coordinatively unsaturated Eu9 clusters that afford abundant open metal sites to form a confined “binding pocket” to facilitate the preconcentration and recognition of VOCs. Single‐crystal structural analyses reveal that specific analytes can replace the OH oscillators in the first coordination sphere of Eu3+ and form a unique hydrogen‐bonding second‐sphere adduct tying adjacent Eu9 clusters together to minimize their nonradiative vibrational decay. With the promoted Eu3+ luminescence, the MOF realizes real‐time in situ visual sensing of THF vapor (<1 s) and shows a quantitative ratiometric response to the vapor pressure with a limit of detection down to 17.33 Pa. Also, it represents a top‐performing ratiometric luminescent thermometer.
Thermal responsive photopolymerization 3D printed shape memory polymers enhanced by heat transfer media
Authors: Yang Shuochen , Chen Tingjun , Bu Zesen , Tuo Xiaohang , Gong Yumei , Guo Jing
Published: December 2022

Photosensitive resins are the research and development foundation of photopolymerization 3D printed products. We have found that cyclic trimethylolpropane formal acrylate (CTFA) and 2‐phenoxy ethyl acrylate (PHEA) resins are suitable for UV‐curable 3D printing consumables. Their photopolymers exhibit excellent shape memory characteristics at shape change temperature, shape recovery speed, shape extension limit, and shape maintenance ability. Moreover, we have analyzed the internal and external factors affecting these shape memory characteristics through several tests, including multi‐scale structure observation, thermal analysis, and mechanical tests. Furthermore, the complex hollow model design and multiple heat transfer media are adopted to expand the concept of additive manufacturing, and improve the practicability of 4D printing intelligent products.
“Why do they do it?”: The short‐story task for measuring fiction‐based mentalizing in autistic and non‐autistic individuals
Authors: Jarvers Irina , Döhnel Katrin , Blaas Lore , Ullmann Manuela , Langguth Berthold , Rupprecht Rainer , Sommer Monika
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to validate the short‐story‐task (SST) based on Dodell‐Feder et al. as an instrument to quantify the ability of mentalizing and to differentiate between non‐autistic adults and autistic adults, who may have acquired rules to interpret the actions of non‐autistic individuals. Autistic (N = 32) and non‐autistic (N = 32) adult participants were asked to read “The End of Something” by Ernest Hemingway and to answer implicit and explicit mentalizing questions, and comprehension questions. Furthermore, verbal and nonverbal IQ was measured and participants were asked how much fiction they read each month. Mentalizing performance was normally distributed for autistic and non‐autistic participants with autistic participants scoring in the lower third of the distribution. ROC (receiver operator curve) analysis revealed the task to be an excellent discriminator between autistic and non‐autistic participants. A linear regression analysis identified number of books read, years of education and group as significant predictors. Overall, the SST is a promising measure of mentalizing. On the one hand, it differentiates among non‐autistic individuals and on the other hand it is sensitive towards performance differences in mentalizing among autistic adults. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Continuity of temperament subgroup classifications from infancy to toddlerhood in the context of early autism traits
Authors: Chetcuti Lacey , Uljarević Mirko , Varcin Kandice J. , Boutrus Maryam , Dimov Stefanie , Pillar Sarah , Barbaro Josephine , Dissanayake Cheryl , Green Jonathan , Whitehouse Andrew J. O. , Hudry Kristelle ,   the AICES Team
Published: December 2022

Our previous cross‐sectional investigation (Chetcuti et al., 2020) showed that infants with autism traits could be divided into distinct subgroups based on temperament. This longitudinal study builds on this existing work by exploring the continuity of temperament subgroup classifications and their associations with behavioral/clinical phenotypic features from infancy to toddlerhood. 103 infants (68% male) showing early signs of autism were referred to the study by community healthcare professionals and seen for assessments when aged around 12‐months (Time 1), 18‐months (Time 2), and 24‐months (Time 3). Latent profile analysis revealed inhibited/low positive, active/negative reactive, and sociable/well‐regulated subgroups at each timepoint, and a unique reactive/regulated subgroup at Time 3. Cross‐tabulations indicated a significant likelihood of children having a recurrent subgroup classification from one timepoint to the next, and no apparent patterns to the movement of children who did change from one subgroup to another over time. Temperament subgroups were associated with concurrent child social–emotional functioning and autism traits, but unrelated to child age, sex, or developmental level. These findings suggest that temperament subgroup classifications might represent a reliable and very early indicator of autism characteristics and social–emotional functioning among infants/toddlers with autism traits.
Kappe+ – Überprüfung einer traditionellen Bauweise auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit für das Bauen von morgen
Authors: Gengnagel Christoph , Brechenmacher Emil
Published: December 2022

Deckensysteme sind aufgrund ihres Materialvolumens eine der größten Herausforderungen im Geschossbau auf dem Weg zu klimaschonendem Bauen. Hier erweist sich die traditionelle gemauerte Kappendecke als robuste leistungsfähige Alternative mit Innovationspotenzial. Im Vergleich zu weitverbreiteten Stahlbetonflachdecken erfordert ihre Herstellung nur 50 % der grauen Energie. Zu weiteren Untersuchung ihres Anwendungspotenzials wurden sechs Deckensysteme für eine Büro‐ oder Schulnutzung vergleichend untersucht. Für diese Konstruktionen wurden auf Basis einer Vordimensionierung detaillierte Lebenszyklusanalysen (LCA) durchgeführt. Während die Stahlbetonflachdecke ein Global Warming Potential (GWP) von 136 kgCO2e/m2 hat, erreicht die Kappendecke im günstigsten Fall einen Wert von nur 64 kgCO2e/m2. Neben der Bewertung des Energieeinsatzes in der Herstellung werden sowohl auf Material‐ als auch auf Konstruktionsseite die Prinzipien der Circular Economy angewendet. Im Rahmen von Praxisexperimenten wurden an der historischen Konstruktion drei Transformationen vorgenommen: So entsteht durch die Substitution der Stahlträger im System durch Holz ein neuartiges Holz‐Mauerwerk‐Hybridsystem. Mithilfe digitaler Fertigungswerkzeuge wird eine wirtschaftliche und zeitgemäße Herstellungsweise aufgezeigt. Durch die Optimierung der verwendeten Ziegelsteine wird die Rohdecke um akustische Eigenschaften multifunktional angereichert.