bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal control of harvesting in a stochastic metapopulation model
Authors: Collins C. , Lenhart S. , Nanda S. , Xiong Jie , Yakovlev K. , Yong J.
Published: January 2011

We consider a metapopulation model for a single species inhabiting two bounded contiguous regions where movement of the population across the shared boundary is allowed. The population in one of the bounded regions can be harvested. We introduce stochastic growth rates for the two populations in a system of ordinary differential equations that model the population dynamics in these two regions. We derive the resulting stochastic control problem with harvesting in the one region as the control. The existence of an optimal control is established by solving an associated quasi‐linear–quadratic optimal control problem. We present numerical simulations to illustrate several scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landscape of the SOX2 protein–protein interactome
Authors: Fang Xuefeng , Yoon Jae‐Geun , Li Lisha , Tsai Yihsuan S. , Zheng Shu , Hood Leroy , Goodlett David R. , Foltz Gregory , Lin Biaoyang
Published: January 2011

SOX2 is a key gene implicated in maintaining the stemness of embryonic and adult stem cells that appears to re‐activate in several human cancers including glioblastoma multiforme. Using immunoprecipitation (IP)/MS/MS, we identified 144 proteins that are putative SOX2 interacting proteins. Of note, SOX2 was found to interact with several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family proteins, including HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU, as well as other ribonucleoproteins, DNA repair proteins and helicases. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the SOX2 interactome was enriched for GO terms GO:0030529 ribonucleoprotein complex and GO:0004386 helicase activity. These findings indicate that SOX2 associates with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex, suggesting a possible role for SOX2 in post‐transcriptional regulation in addition to its function as a transcription factor.
Quality assessments of peptide–spectrum matches in shotgun proteomics
Authors: Granholm Viktor , Käll Lukas
Published: January 2011

The peptide identification process in shotgun proteomics is most frequently solved with search engines. Such search engines assign scores that reflect similarity between the measured fragmentation spectrum and the theoretical spectra of the peptides of a given database. However, the scores from most search engines do not have a direct statistical interpretation. To understand and make use of the significance of peptide identifications, one must thus be familiar with some statistical concepts. Here, we discuss different statistical scores used to show the confidence of an identification and a set of methods to estimate these scores. We also describe the variance of statistical scores and imperfections of scoring functions of peptide–spectrum matches.
Quality meets quantity – quality control, data standards and repositories
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Schnabel Anke , Stephan Christian
Published: January 2011

In recent years, standardization and quality control have become important key points in industry, e.g. in drug discovery and for developing medical products. Is quality control in academic Proteomics a minor problem nowadays, where standard data formats and public repositories for data sharing exist? In this article, it is discussed how standard formats and repositories already support the documentation of quality control criteria in protein identification and quantification, and what has to be improved in the future: It is stated that the Proteomics community (represented by a group like the Proteomics Standards Initiative) will have to define a minimum document regarding quality control and to extend existing standards with additional quality control criteria enabling a substantial and standardized quality control process.
Generic workflow for quality assessment of quantitative label‐free LC‐MS analysis
Authors: Sandin Marianne , Krogh Morten , Hansson Karin , Levander Fredrik
Published: January 2011

As high‐resolution instruments are becoming standard in proteomics laboratories, label‐free quantification using precursor measurements is becoming a viable option, and is consequently rapidly gaining popularity. Several software solutions have been presented for label‐free analysis, but to our knowledge no conclusive studies regarding the sensitivity and reliability of each step of the analysis procedure has been described. Here, we use real complex samples to assess the reliability of label‐free quantification using four different software solutions. A generic approach to quality test quantitative label‐free LC‐MS is introduced. Measures for evaluation are defined for feature detection, alignment and quantification. All steps of the analysis could be considered adequately performed by the utilized software solutions, although differences and possibilities for improvement could be identified. The described method provides an effective testing procedure, which can help the user to quickly pinpoint where in the workflow changes are needed.
A stringent approach to improve the quality of nitrotyrosine peptide identifications
Authors: Ghesquière Bart , Helsens Kenny , Vandekerckhove Joël , Gevaert Kris
Published: January 2011

Tyrosine nitration is the consequence of a complex machinery of formation and merging of oxygen and nitrogen radicals, and has been associated with both physiological pathways as well as with several human diseases. The latter turned this posttranslational protein modification into an interesting biomarker, being either a consequence of the disease or a factor contributing to the disease onset. However, the interpretation of MS and MS/MS data of peptides containing nitrotyrosine has proven to be very challenging and consequently, the risk of linking MS/MS spectra to incorrect peptide sequences exists and has been reported. Here, we discuss the causes of data misinterpretation and describe a general method to avoid mistakes of MS/MS spectrum misinterpretation. Central in our approach is the reduction of nitrotyrosine into aminotyrosine and the use of the Peptizer algorithm to inspect MS/MS quality‐related assumptions.
Mass spectrometry‐based immuno‐precipitation proteomics – The user's guide
Authors: ten Have Sara , Boulon Séverine , Ahmad Yasmeen , Lamond Angus I.
Published: January 2011

Immuno‐precipitation (IP) experiments using MS provide a sensitive and accurate way of characterising protein complexes and their response to regulatory mechanisms. Differences in stoichiometry can be determined as well as the reliable identification of specific binding partners. The quality control of IP and protein interaction studies has its basis in the biology that is being observed. Is that unusual protein identification a genuine novelty, or an experimental irregularity? Antibodies and the solid matrices used in these techniques isolate not only the target protein and its specific interaction partners but also many non‐specific ‘contaminants’ requiring a structured analysis strategy. These methodological developments and the speed and accuracy of MS machines, which has been increasing consistently in the last 5 years, have expanded the number of proteins identified and complexity of analysis. The European Science Foundation's Frontiers in Functional Genomics programme ‘Quality Control in Proteomics’ Workshop provided a forum for disseminating knowledge and experience on this subject. Our aim in this technical brief is to outline clearly, for the scientists wanting to carry out this kind of experiment, and recommend what, in our experience, are the best potential ways to design an IP experiment, to help identify possible pitfalls, discuss important controls and outline how to manage and analyse the large amount of data generated. Detailed experimental methodologies have been referenced but not described in the form of protocols.
A retinal proteomics‐based study identifies αA‐crystallin as a sex steroid‐regulated protein
Authors: D'Anna Claudia , Cascio Caterina , Cigna Diego , Galizzi Giacoma , Deidda Irene , Bianchi Laura , Russo Domenica , Passantino Rosa , Bini Luca , Guarneri Patrizia
Published: January 2011

Sex steroids influence the structural and functional organization of ocular tissues, promote survival in several pathological conditions including retinal neurodegeneration and have a prominent role in age‐related eye diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, their underlying mechanisms are still elusive. We explored proteomic profiling of rat retinas following intravitreal injection of the bioactive 17β‐estradiol or androgen dihydrotestosterone. Using narrow range 2‐DE gels and MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis, we identified three sex steroid‐regulated proteins: the galectin‐related‐inter‐fiber (GRIFIN) which is a galectin family member protein of unknown function, the fatty acid‐binding protein epidermal‐5 (FABP5) protein responsible for the fatty acid uptake and transport and the small heat shock αA‐crystallin (CRYAA) protein involved in preventing aggregation of denatured or unfolded proteins. Changes in the expression of these proteins revealed a predominant estrogenic effect and the multiple CRYAA protein species reflected posttranslational modifications. Sex steroid‐mediated modifications of CRYAA were confirmed by Western blotting analysis. This study provides new target proteins for sex steroids with a potential link to age‐related diseases associated with proteotoxic stress.
Toward a standardized urine proteome analysis methodology
Authors: Court Magali , Selevsek Nathalie , Matondo Mariette , Allory Yves , Garin Jerome , Masselon Christophe D. , Domon Bruno
Published: January 2011

Urine is an easily accessible bodily fluid particularly suited for the routine clinical analysis of disease biomarkers. Actually, the urinary proteome is more diverse than anticipated a decade ago. Hence, significant analytical and practical issues of urine proteomics such as sample collection and preparation have emerged, in particular for large‐scale studies. We have undertaken a systematic study to define standardized and integrated analytical protocols for a biomarker development pipeline, employing two LC‐MS analytical platforms, namely accurate mass and time tags and selected reaction monitoring, for the discovery and verification phase, respectively. Urine samples collected from hospital patients were processed using four different protocols, which were evaluated and compared on both analytical platforms. Addition of internal standards at various stages of sample processing allowed the estimation of protein extraction yields and the absolute quantification of selected urinary proteins. Reproducibility of the entire process and dynamic range of quantification were also evaluated. Organic solvent precipitation followed by in‐solution digestion provided the best performances and was thus selected as the standard method common to the discovery and verification phases. Finally, we applied this protocol for platforms' cross‐validation and obtained excellent consistency between urinary protein concentration estimates by both analytical methods performed in parallel in two laboratories.
A reproducibility‐based evaluation procedure for quantifying the differences between MS/MS peak intensity normalization methods
Authors: Degroeve Sven , Colaert Niklaas , Vandekerckhove Joël , Gevaert Kris , Martens Lennart
Published: January 2011

The identification of peptides and proteins from fragmentation mass spectra is a very common approach in the field of proteomics. Contemporary high‐throughput peptide identification pipelines can quickly produce large quantities of MS/MS data that contain valuable knowledge about the actual physicochemical processes involved in the peptide fragmentation process, which can be extracted through extensive data mining studies. As these studies attempt to exploit the intensity information contained in the MS/MS spectra, a critical step required for a meaningful comparison of this information between MS/MS spectra is peak intensity normalization. We here describe a procedure for quantifying the efficiency of different published normalization methods in terms of the quartile coefficient of dispersion (qcod) statistic. The quartile coefficient of dispersion is applied to measure the dispersion of the peak intensities between redundant MS/MS spectra, allowing the quantification of the differences in computed peak intensity reproducibility between the different normalization methods. We demonstrate that our results are independent of the data set used in the evaluation procedure, allowing us to provide generic guidance on the choice of normalization method to apply in a certain MS/MS pipeline application.
RA: overview of recommended diagnosis and drug treatment
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Young Adam
Published: January 2011

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, disabling and progressive disease, but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the risk of irreversible joint destruction, functional disability and premature mortality. In our Drug review the authors outline current approaches to diagnosis and drug treatment, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Influence of Sb doping on optical and structural properties of ZnO by MOCVD
Authors: Zhao Jianze , Liang Hongwei , Sun Jingchang , Feng Qiuju , Li Shuoshi , Bian Jiming , Hu Lizhong , Du Guotong , Ren Jingjian , Liu Jianlin
Published: January 2011

Sb‐doped zinc oxide (ZnO) films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. The influence of Sb‐doping concentration on the optical and structural properties of ZnO was investigated. The deep‐level emission was suppressed gradually by Sb doping. The grain size of ZnO was also increased by Sb doping. The reasons for improvement in optical and structural properties of ZnO thin films are also discussed.
The mechanism of Sandmeyer's cyclization reaction by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Silva Bárbara V. , Violante Flávio A. , Pinto Angelo C. , Santos Leonardo S.
Published: January 2011

Using electrospray ionization (tandem) mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS(/MS)) spectrometric experiments, the Sandmeyer reaction was monitored on‐line, and key intermediates were intercepted and characterized for the first time. The mechanistic information provided by on‐line ESI‐MS(/MS) is in accordance with Sandmeyer's proposal, and was made possible by coupling a microreactor on‐line to the ESI ion source, which allowed reactions to be screened from 0.7–2.0 s, identifying and characterizing all intermediates that were formed and consumed during the reaction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Slag Protection System and Sample Geometry on Homogeneity of Total Oxygen Content in Samples from Liquid Steel
Authors: Ericsson O.T. , Karasev A.V. , Jönsson P.G.
Published: January 2011

Many kinds of disposable samplers are available for sampling of liquid steel during steelmaking. Depending on slag protection, they can be divided into two main groups: metal‐cap‐protected and argon‐protected samplers. For high quality steels, a correct determination of inclusion characteristics in metal samples is important for an improved process control. This paper seeks to investigate the effect of slag protection system, and sample geometry, on deviation and total content of oxygen within samples from the ladle treatment of liquid duplex stainless steel. The homogeneity with respect to total oxygen content was determined for different zones in the body, pin and inlet part of Björneborg and Lollipop (6 and 12 mm thickness) samples. The results showed low, and stable, contents of oxygen in the argon‐protected samples. However, the total oxygen content, and deviation of oxygen, in metal‐cap‐protected samples was much higher, especially in the body part of the samples. Finally, it was found that the oxygen content heterogeneity in the metal‐cap‐protected samples increased with a decreased sample weight. Based on the obtained results, the 6 mm thick Lollipop sample with argon‐protection is recommended for determination of total oxygen content and oxide inclusion characteristics.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Interfacial Behavior in Three‐phase Argon‐Stirred Ladles with One Plug and Dual Plugs
Authors: Liu Heping , Qi Zhenya , Xu Mianguang
Published: January 2011

A numerical investigation is performed to describe the quasi‐steady fluid flow and interfacial behavior in a three‐phase argon gas‐stirred ladle with off‐centered bottom Ar injection through a plug and two plugs placed in 180° and 90°configurations, respectively. The flow of the fluid phase is solved in an Eulerian frame of reference together with the motion of every individually injected Ar bubble, tracked in its own Lagrangian frame. Volume of fluid (VOF) model is used to track any interface between two or more immiscible phases, which include slag/metal, slag/gas and metal/gas. The characteristics of fluid flow in a gas‐stirred ladle with one plug or two plugs configuration are described when the slag layer and the top gas are presented. The slag layer deformation and slag open‐eye formation at different Ar gas flow rates for three types of plug arrangements are given. The comparison of the mixing time, the deformation of slag layer and the behavior of slag/steel interface between one‐plug and two‐plug system is made. Several implications for ladle operational issues during a gas‐stirred ladle refining cycle are discussed. It is found that the proper selection of Ar gas flow rate and plug arrangements during a ladle refining cycle is required for different refining purposes considering the mixing and metallurgical reaction in a three‐phase ladle system.
Determining the Elasticity of Materials Employing Quantum‐mechanical Approaches: From the Electronic Ground State to the Limits of Materials Stability
Authors: Friák M. , Hickel T. , Körmann F. , Udyansky A. , Dick A. , von Pezold J. , Ma D. , Kim O. , Counts W.A. , Šob M. , Gebhardt T. , Music D. , Schneider J. , Raabe D. , Neugebauer J.
Published: January 2011

Quantum‐mechanical (so‐called ab initio) calculations have achieved considerable reliability in predicting physical and chemical properties and phenomena. Due to their reliability they are becoming increasingly useful when designing new alloys or revealing the origin of phenomena in existing materials, also because these calculations are able to accurately predict basic material properties without experimental input. Due to the universal validity of fundamental quantum mechanics, not only ground‐state properties, but also materials responses to external parameters can reliably be determined. The focus of the present paper is on ab initio approaches to the elasticity of materials. First, the methodology to determine single‐crystalline elastic constants and polycrystalline moduli of ordered compounds as well as disordered alloys is introduced. In a second part, the methodology is applied on α‐Fe, with a main focus on (i) investigating the influence of magnetism on its elasticity and phase stability and (ii) simulating extreme loading conditions that go up to the theoretical tensile strength limits and beyond.
Concise Review: Neutral Endopeptidase (CD10): A Multifaceted Environment Actor in Stem Cells, Physiological Mechanisms, and Cancer
Authors: Maguer-Satta Veronique , Besançon Roger , Bachelard-Cascales Elodie
Published: January 2011

CD10 is a remarkable member of the major class of widely expressed cell surface proteins, endopeptidases. First identified in leukemia as a tumor-specific antigen (common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen), CD10 has become largely used in cancer diagnosis. However, its function in oncogenesis remains unclear. We previously identified CD10 as a tool to access sphere-forming cells and showed its involvement in mammary stem cell (SC) regulation. We further illustrated that its enzymatic activity is involved, through signaling peptides, in SC maintenance. Therefore, CD10 is not only a cell surface marker in normal and malignant contexts but also affects the extracellular environment and plays a key role in regulation of a number of biological functions and likely in SC. In tumors, the “niche” favors the survival of sheltered cancer SC whose eradication has become the new challenge in oncology. This highlights the importance of understanding the role of CD10 in cancer SC. We will review the characteristics, main functions, and mechanism of action of CD10. Finally, we will review its clinical use and involvement in cancer.
Concise Review: Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Separating Promise from Clinical Need
Authors: Locke Michelle , Feisst Vaughan , Dunbar P. Rod
Published: January 2011

Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have become an increasing interest to both stem cell biologists and clinicians because of their potential to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and other mesenchymal lineages, as well as other clinically useful properties attributed to them, such as stimulation of angiogenesis and suppression of inflammation. ASCs have already been used in a number of clinical trials, and some successful outcomes have been reported, especially in tissue reconstruction. However, a critical review of the literature reveals considerable uncertainty about the true clinical potential of human ASC. First, the surgical needs that ASC might answer remain relatively few, given the current difficulties in scaling up ASC-based tissue engineering to a clinically useful volume. Second, the differentiation of ASC into cell lineages apart from adipocytes has not been conclusively demonstrated in many studies due to the use of rather simplistic approaches to the confirmation of differentiation, such as the use of nonspecific histological dyes, or a small number of molecular markers of uncertain significance. Third, the ASC prepared from human lipoaspirate for different studies differ in purity and molecular phenotype, with many studies using cell preparations that are likely to contain heterogeneous populations of cells, making it uncertain whether ASC themselves are responsible for effects observed. Hence, while one clinical application already looks convincing, the full clinical potential of ASC awaits much deeper investigation of their fundamental biology.
A Primer on a Hepatocellular Carcinoma Bioresource Bank Using the Cancer Genome Atlas Guidelines: Practical Issues and Pitfalls
Authors: Nguyen N. Thao T. , Cotton Ron T. , Harring Theresa R. , Guiteau Jacfranz J. , Gingras Marie‐Claude , Wheeler David A. , O’Mahony Christine A. , Gibbs Richard A. , Brunicardi F. Charles , Goss John A.
Published: January 2011

Background

Since the advent of the human genome, the era of personalized genomic medicine is indisputably in progress.

Methods

In an effort to contribute to the evolving knowledge of genomic medicine, we have aimed directly at building a bioresource bank for hepatocellular carcinoma. This tumor bank is based on the rigorous guidelines set forth by the National Cancer Institute, and it offers analytes to help elucidate the mechanisms of progression from cirrhosis to malignancy, risk factors for recurrence, and applicability of current treatment options to a diverse group of people.

Conclusions

Surgeons have a privileged position between patients (and their cancer) and the benches of basic science. Thus, we offer a primer based on our own experiences, from which surgeons may take elements to build their own bioresource bank for use in collaboration with others. We highlight some practicalities and pitfalls that could be overlooked, as well as a discussion of possible solutions.
Formation of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐Nonenal in a Corn–Soy Oil Blend: a Controlled Heating Study Using a French Fried Potato Model
Authors: LaFond Sean I. , Jerrell John P. , Cadwallader Keith R. , Artz William E.
Published: January 2011

The formation of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal (HNE) in a corn–soy oil blend during frying was investigated. Frozen shoestring potatoes were fried once per hour at 180 °C for 8 h/day over a 4‐day period. As a control, oil was also heated under identical conditions, except that no product was fried. HNE was quantified by GC–MS using a stable isotope dilution assay with pentaflurobenzyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) and trimethylsilyl 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐n‐(trimethylsilyl)acetimidate (BSTFA) derivatization. The HNE concentration in the potato fryers increased throughout the first day of frying. On subsequent days the daily maximum HNE concentration was reached after fresh oil was added and the fryer was brought to the frying temperature. The potato fryer oil reached a maximum concentration of 5.6 ppm during the second day of frying. Similarly, the HNE concentration of the oil in the control fryer increased throughout the first day of heating. On subsequent days the daily maximum HNE concentration varied throughout the experimental period. The control fryers reached a maximum concentration of 6.3 ppm at the end of the second day of heating. Throughout the experimental period there was a tendency for the oil in the control fryer to have a greater concentration of HNE than the oil in the potato fryer. Overall time of the experiment and heating with food versus heating without frying food and their interaction were significant in terms of HNE formation.
Contagion and repeat offending among urban juvenile delinquents
Authors: Mennis Jeremy , Harris Philip
Published: January 2011

This research investigates the role of repeat offending and spatial contagion in juvenile delinquency recidivism using a database of 7166 male juvenile offenders sent to community‐based programs by the Family Court of Philadelphia. Results indicate evidence of repeat offending among juvenile delinquents, particularly for drug offenders. The likelihood of recidivism is influenced by ethnicity, parental criminality, and various measures of prior contact with the juvenile justice system. Spatial contagion, measured as the rate of recidivism for specific crime types among delinquents living nearby the juvenile's residence, was found to strongly influence the likelihood of recidivism. These results suggest that delinquent peer contagion is offense specific, and thus facilitates repeat offending, as well as neighborhood specialization, particularly for drug offenses.
Feline Blood Transfusions
Authors: Barfield Dominic , Adamantos Sophie
Published: January 2011

Practical relevance Blood transfusions are a potentially life-saving procedure that are within the reach of most small animal practitioners. Only minimal equipment is required.

Patient group Any cat with clinical signs attributable to a reduced red blood cell mass that is affecting oxygen transport (as a result of reduced packed cell volume or acute blood loss) is a potential candidate for a transfusion.

Clinical challenges Although the principles of transfusion medicine are not complicated, there can be fatal consequences if certain steps are omitted.

Diagnostics Blood typing kits and blood filters are readily available from veterinary wholesalers, laboratories and blood banking services.

Evidence base Over the past three decades, a substantial body of clinical research and reports has built up covering feline blood types and transfusion medicine. This article draws on that research to provide clinical guidance aimed at all veterinarians in feline or small animal practice who either currently practise transfusion medicine or plan to do so.
Successful Surgical Management of a Perforating Oesophageal Foreign Body in a Cat
Authors: Cariou Matthieu P L , Lipscomb Victoria J
Published: January 2011

Case presentation and surgical intervention A 3-year-old cat was presented with a recent history of dysphagia and intermittent regurgitation. Radiography revealed a bony oesophageal foreign body at the level of the thoracic inlet. Endoscopic retrieval was attempted but resulted in severe dyspnoea due to the development of pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to perforation of the oesophageal wall. Immediate surgical exploration was carried out. Extensive necrosis of the oesophagus resulting from the presence of the foreign body led to a decision to perform an oesophageal resection and anastomosis.

Clinical relevance This is the first clinical report of a cat treated successfully by oesophagectomy following oesophageal perforation due to an obstructive foreign body. The authors suggest that prompt surgical intervention, the ability to convert to a surgical procedure under the same anaesthetic as a non-surgical retrieval, placement of a gastrostomy tube and the availability of advanced anaesthetic and critical care support are important factors to consider when managing feline patients with a perforating oesophageal foreign body.
Fighting Elections: Cross-Level Political Party Integration in Ontario
Authors: Esselment Anna Lennox
Published: January 2011

Abstract.Conventional wisdom about the structure of political parties in Canada has emphasized their confederal nature. In other words (and the New Democratic party excepted), parties with identical partisan complexions at the federal and provincial levels are thought to operate in “two political worlds.” This paper argues that election campaigns are a key integrating link between parties. How they fight elections reveals extensive cross-level co-operation, particularly through shared activists (local party activists, party staff and party professionals) and technological expertise. This has the effect of shrinking the space between party cousins and forges unity between them. While there are certain obstacles to electoral collaboration, there are also incentives for these parties to work to maintain and strengthen their ties with their partisan cousin at the other level. These findings make an important contribution by directly challenging the notion that Canada's federal system has led to increasingly disentangled political parties.

Résumé.L'opinion communément admise au sujet de la structure des partis politiques au Canada a mis l'accent sur leur nature confédérale. En d'autres termes (exception faite du Nouveau Parti démocratique), on considère en général que les partis à caractère partisan identique au palier fédéral et provincial fonctionnent dans «deux mondes politiques à part». Le présent article avance que les campagnes électorales constituent un facteur d'intégration clé entre les différents niveaux d'un parti. La façon dont un parti dispute une élection révèle un haut degré de coopération entre les organisations provinciales et fédérales, surtout du fait qu'ils partagent des militants communs (militants locaux, personnel politique et professionnels du parti) et leur expertise technologique. Ce phénomène tend à rétrécir l'espace entre cousins du même parti et à bâtir l'unité d'organisation entre les deux niveaux. Même s'il y a des obstacles inévitables à la collaboration électorale, les partis cousins ont de bonnes raisons de veiller à maintenir et à renforcer leurs liens réciproques. Ces conclusions apportent une contribution importante à l'étude des partis politiques, en contestant directement l'idée que le système fédéral au Canada a encouragé les partis politiques de même allégeance à mener leurs activités de manière indépendante.
Strategic Legitimacy Cultivation at the Supreme Court of Canada: QuebecSecession Referenceand Beyond
Authors: Radmilovic Vuk
Published: January 2011

Abstract.While the last few decades have witnessed increased political significance of the Canadian Supreme Court, the Court has also managed to safeguard its institutional legitimacy as evident in the high degree of support it enjoys among the Canadian public. Indeed, how do the Supreme Court of Canada, and high courts everywhere, ensure the attainment and retention of institutional legitimacy? The paper develops an answer to this question by presenting a strategic theory of legitimacy cultivation. The theory is applied and tested in the context of the 1998Secession Referencecase. The paper sheds a new light on the case, shows that patterns of judicial strategic behaviour can provide important insights into how the Supreme Court acquires institutional legitimacy and points out the significance of extending the strategic approach to the study of the Canadian Supreme Court.

Résumé.L'importance politique de la Cour suprême du Canada s'est accrue de manière notable au cours des dernières décennies. Malgré tout, la Cour a réussi à maintenir sa légitimité institutionnelle, comme en fait foi le niveau de soutien élevé pour la Cour que manifeste la population canadienne. Mais comment la Cour suprême du Canada, ainsi que les cours suprêmes ailleurs dans le monde, s'assurent-elles de développer et de maintenir leur légitimité institutionnelle? Cet article propose une réponse à cette question en présentant une théorie stratégique du développement de la légitimité. La théorie est appliquée et testée dans le contexte duRenvoi relatif à la sécession duQuébecde 1998. Cet article jette un regard différent sur cette décision en démontrant que certaines tendances dans le comportement judiciaire stratégique peuvent fournir des indices importants quant à l'acquisition de la légitimité institutionnelle. L'article souligne aussi l'importance d'étendre l'utilisation de l'approche stratégique à l'étude de la Cour suprême du Canada.
La «scène terroriste» : réflexions théoriques autour de l'«ancien» et du «nouveau» terrorisme
Authors: Mégie Antoine
Published: January 2011

Résumé.Cette note de recherche se propose d'interroger le fait terroriste à travers une étude du paradigme faisant du terrorisme post-11 septembre 2001 un phénomène «nouveau». L'intérêt de cette contribution est d'examiner précisément la validité de ces études tout en dégageant une approche singulière du terrorisme en tant qu'objet de recherche. Grâce à l'élargissement de la focale d'analyse à un ensemble hétérogène d'acteurs (pouvoirs politiques et de sécurité, médias, opinions publiques), nous proposons une lecture en termes de «scène terroriste». Ne pas se centrer exclusivement sur l'étude des groupes revendiquant la violence politique offre la possibilité de poser de manière renouvelée la question de la nouveauté du terrorisme post-11 septembre comme phénomène politique à part entière.

Abstract.The aim of this contribution consists in analyzing the “terrorism” through the academic and political struggles about the paradigm of the “new terrorism” since the events of 9/11. Thanks to the exploration of the real difference between “old” and “new” forms of terrorism, this research note argues the interest of a specific research design which implies multiplying levels and focus of analysis from the terrorism groups to counterterrorism actors, society and media. This approach in terms of “scène terroriste” asks in a new point of view the question of continuity of political violence since the bombing attacks of 9/11.
Is There a Progressive's Dilemma in Canada? Immigration, Multiculturalism and the Welfare State
Authors: Banting Keith G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract.There is a widespread fear in many western nations that ethnic diversity is eroding support for the welfare state. This article examines such fears in the Canadian context. In-depth analysis of public attitudes finds remarkably little tension between ethnic diversity and public support for social programs in Canada. At first glance, then, the country seems to demonstrate the political viability of a multicultural welfare state. But this pattern reflects distinctive features of the institutional context within which public attitudes evolve. The Canadian policy regime has forestalled tension between diversity and redistribution by diverting adjustment pressures from the welfare state, absorbing some of them in other parts of the policy regime, and nurturing a more inclusive form of identity. These institutional buffers are thinning, however, potentially increasing the danger of greater tension between diversity and redistribution in the years to come.

Résumé. On craint généralement dans de nombreux pays occidentaux que l'immigration et la diversité ethnique de plus en plus grande soient en train d'éroder l'appui accordé à l'État-providence. Cet article porte sur de telles inquiétudes au sein du Canada. Une analyse approfondie des attitudes du public dévoile qu'il existe remarquablement peu de tension entre la diversité ethnique et l'appui du public à l'endroit des programmes sociaux du Canada. À première vue, le pays semble donc démontrer la viabilité politique d'un État-providence multiculturel. Mais cette tendance reflète les traits distinctifs du contexte institutionnel au sein duquel évoluent les attitudes du public. Le régime de politiques canadiennes fait échec à la tension entre la diversité et la redistribution en soustrayant de l'État-providence diverses pressions d'ajustement et en favorisant une forme d'identité plus inclusive. Certains de ces mécanismes de tampon institutionnels disparaissent progressivement, ce qui peut accroître le danger d'une tension accrue entre la diversité et la redistribution dans les années à venir.
METHYL XANTHINE AS A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE TO GIBBERELLIC ACID IN ENHANCING FRUIT SET AND QUALITY IN CLEMENTINE CITRUS TREES IN SPAIN
Authors: QUIÑONES ANA , MARTÍNEZ-ALCÁNTARA BELÉN , SAN-FRANCISCO SARA , GARCÍA-MINA JOSÉ MARÍA , LEGAZ FRANCISCO
Published: January 2011

Citrus clementine cv. ‘Nules’ is a seedless mandarin with excellent quality for consumption as fresh fruit; however, its poor fruit set leads to an excess of small-sized fruits. Currently, the only available practice to increase fruit set is the use of the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3) as a foliar spray. A trial was conducted to compare an environmentally friendly new bioregulator (MX), containing methyl-xanthine, to GA3in terms of increasing fruit set and yield of clementine cv. Nules mandarin trees. Fruit yield was significantly increased in treated trees from 17.4 to 25.7% for GA3and MX treatments, respectively, compared to untreated control trees, without any significant differences between the growth regulators. At the tested doses, MX performed similarly to GA3in terms of fruit quality and nutrient content, while colour index was not affected significantly by this new bioregulator. A single foliar application of MX was enough to increase fruit set. Spray application of MX on clementine mandarins at the end of the flowering period, when all petals have fallen showed a similar response to GA3treatments.
Partial Transcendence, Religious Pluralism, and the Question of Love
Authors: Smith Suzanne
Published: January 2011

Near the center of Anselm Kiefer's watercolor,Everyone Stands Under His Own Dome of Heaven, stands an inverted half-globe in the middle of a field. We know that it is winter, for patches of snow partially obscure the bare ground, which is itself marked by receding, interrupted lines of exposed roots and clumps of dirt where crops once grew and could, one imagines, grow again. Within the clear blue dome a small human figure in a dark green military uniform raises his right arm. His apparent salute is directed at no one in particular, since he is utterly isolated.
The Lord's Prayer and ΧΜΓ: Two Christian Papyrus Amulets
Authors: Nongbri Brent
Published: January 2011

The last few years have seen a renewed interest in the study of papyrological remains as a means of shedding light on early Christianity.1To add further evidence to this discussion, I draw attention to two papyri in Yale University's Beinecke Library. In 1997, Yale acquired several papyri from Galerie Nefer in Zürich. The lot contained papyri ranging in date from the Ptolemaic era to the Medieval period. Two of these pieces (both, unfortunately, without specific provenance) appear to be Christian textual amulets.
COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS AND TREATMENT-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS INCLUDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN LAO PDR: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: SIHAVONG AMPHOY , LUNDBORG CECILIA STÅLSBY , SYHAKHANG LAMPHONE , KOUNNAVONG SENGCHANH , WAHLSTRÖM ROLF , FREUDENTHAL SOLVEIG
Published: January 2011

Creating community awareness of reproductive tract infections (RTI), including sexually transmitted infections (STI), and how to prevent them is essential to minimize their spread. Data on people's views about RTI/STI are entirely lacking in Laos. The aim of this study was thus to explore people's perceptions, treatment-seeking behaviour and understanding of information about RTI/STI, in urban and rural communities in two provinces in Laos. Fourteen focus group discussions and 20 in-depth interviews were held with 76 women and 56 men, selected purposively to provide diversity of socio-demographic backgrounds. Qualitative content analysis was employed for the data analysis. The major finding was that both male and female participants had a variety of misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STI and their cure, and a reluctance to seek health care, which could cause delay in appropriate diagnosis and treatment. The most common treatment-seeking behaviour was self-medication through private pharmacies, following advice mostly given by friends and drug sellers. The main reasons for not going to health facilities were fear of social discrimination or shyness of genital examination. Complaints were also made about clinicians' negative attitudes towards ‘dirty disease’. Although condom use was mentioned as a way to prevent RTI/STI, an unwillingness to use condoms was commonly expressed. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were radio and television, and access to health information was more difficult in rural areas. The health messages provided were mostly understood, except for some technical terms. The findings indicate that strengthening health education and promotion through interventions at the community level is recommended to improve quality of RTI/STI management. Health education messages should be more accessible in rural areas. There is also an urgent need to improve communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians.
Lagrangian model of bed-load transport in turbulent junction flows
Authors: ESCAURIAZA CRISTIAN , SOTIROPOULOS FOTIS
Published: January 2011

Motivated by the need to gain fundamental insights into the mechanisms of bed-load sediment transport in turbulent junction flows, we carry out a computational study of Lagrangian dynamics of inertial particles initially placed on the bed upstream of a surface-mounted circular cylinder in a rectangular open channel (Dargahi, J. Hydraul. Engng, vol. 116, 1990, pp. 1197–1214). The flow field at Re = 39000 is simulated using the detached eddy simulation (DES) approach (Spalart et al., In Advances in DNS/LES, ed. C. Liu & Z. Liu, 1997, Greyden), which has already been shown to accurately resolve most of the turbulent stresses produced by the low-frequency, bimodal fluctuations of the turbulent horseshoe vortex (Paik et al., J. Hydraul. Engng, vol. 131, 1990, pp. 441–456; Escauriaza & Sotiropoulos, Flow Turbul. Combust., 2010, in press). The trajectory and momentum equations for the sediment particles are integrated numerically simultaneously with the flow governing equations assuming one-way coupling and neglecting particle-to-particle interactions (dilute flow) but taking into account bed–particle interactions and the effects of the instantaneous hydrodynamic forces induced by the resolved fluctuations of the coherent vortical structures. The computed results show that, in accordance with the simulated clear-water scour condition (i.e. the magnitude of the particle stresses is near the threshold of motion), the transport of sediment grains is highly intermittent and exhibits essentially all the characteristics of bed-load sediment transport observed in laboratory and field experiments. Groups of sediment grains are dislodged from the bed simultaneously in seemingly random bursting events and begin to move, saltating or sliding along the bed. Furthermore, particles that are not entrained into the bed-load layer are found to form streaks aligned with near-wall vortices around the cylinder. The global transport of particles is studied by performing a statistical analysis of the bed-load flux to reveal scale-invariance of the process and multifractality of particle transport as the overall effect of the coherent structures of the flow. A major finding of this work is that a relatively simple Lagrangian model coupled with a coherent-structure resolving simulation of the turbulent flow is able to reproduce the sediment dynamics observed in multiple experiments performed under similar conditions, and provide fundamental information on the initiation of motion and the multifractal nature of bed-load transport processes. The results also motivate the development of new Eulerian bed-load transport models that consider unsteady conditions and incorporate the intermittency of the unresolved scales of sediment motion.
The motion, stability and breakup of a stretching liquid bridge with a receding contact line
Authors: QIAN BIAN , BREUER KENNETH S.
Published: January 2011

The complex behaviour of drop deposition on a hydrophobic surface is considered by looking at a model problem in which the evolution of a constant-volume liquid bridge is studied as the bridge is stretched. The bridge is pinned with a fixed diameter at the upper contact point, but the contact line at the lower attachment point is free to move on a smooth substrate. Experiments indicate that initially, as the bridge is stretched, the lower contact line slowly retreats inward. However, at a critical radius, the bridge becomes unstable, and the contact line accelerates dramatically, moving inward very quickly. The bridge subsequently pinches off, and a small droplet is left on the substrate. A quasi-static analysis, using the Young–Laplace equation, is used to accurately predict the shape of the bridge during the initial bridge evolution, including the initial onset of the slow contact line retraction. A stability analysis is used to predict the onset of pinch-off, and a one-dimensional dynamical equation, coupled with a Tanner law for the dynamic contact angle, is used to model the rapid pinch-off behaviour. Excellent agreement between numerical predictions and experiments is found throughout the bridge evolution, and the importance of the dynamic contact line model is demonstrated.
Leakage from gravity currents in a porous medium. Part 2. A line sink
Authors: VELLA DOMINIC , NEUFELD JEROME A. , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , LISTER JOHN R.
Published: January 2011

We consider the propagation of a buoyancy-driven gravity current in a porous medium bounded by a horizontal, impermeable boundary. The current is fed by a constant flux injected at a point and leaks through a line sink at a distance from the injection point. This is an idealized model of how a fault in a cap rock might compromise the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. The temporal evolution of the efficiency of storage, defined as the instantaneous ratio of the rate at which fluid is stored without leaking to the rate at which it is injected, is of particular interest. We show that the ‘efficiency of storage’ decays like t−2/5 for times t that are long compared with the time taken for the current to reach the fault. This algebraic decay is in contrast to the case of leakage through a circular sink (Neufeld et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 2010) where the efficiency of storage decays more slowly like 1/lnt. The implications of the predicted decay in the efficiency of storage are discussed in the context of geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. Using parameter values typical of the demonstration project at Sleipner, Norway, we show that the efficiency of storage should remain greater than 90% on a time scale of millennia, provided that there are no significant faults in the cap rock within about 12km of the injection site.