bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Federated States of Micronesia: Country Report on Human Rights
Authors: Takashy Tina
Published: June 2019

This article provides a country report on the status of human rights in the Federal States of Micronesia (FSM). FSM's legal and regulatory frameworks are a direct import of the US laws which were used during the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) period. There is an inherent danger in prioritising introduced rights over traditional duties, obligations and rights – or vice versa – without subjecting these two sets of human rights paradigms to systemic sociocultural analysis. However, there are human rights issues in the FSM in any capacity. These issues originate from three major sources: poor governance and leadership capacity, weak law administrative and enforcement capacity, and outdated legal and political frameworks. The author then provides strategies to protect human rights in the Pacific including major legal and political reform, and the use of region-specific strategies (including codifying customary laws). The challenge going forward is to have in place a unified human rights model that is based on the diverse cultural, spiritual, and democratic heritage of the Pacific.
Legal Pluralism, Customary Law and Human Rights in Francophone African Countries
Authors: Frémont Jacques
Published: June 2019

This article provides a perspective on human rights in sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on states colonised and influenced by the continental cultures of France and Belgium.  The author examines what the Pacific can gain from the Francophone countries' understanding of human rights, with insights into the interface of cultures in post-colonial statehood.  The article is one of four background papers which provide paradigms and challenges for a possible Pacific charter.
Implementing Human Rights in the Pacific through National Human Rights Institutions: The Experience of Fiji
Authors: Byrnes Andrew , Durbach Andrea , Renshaw Catherine
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the experience of the Fijian Human Rights Commission as an illustration of some of the challenges Pacific nations may face in achieving an independent and effective human rights institution in a complex and sometimes volatile socio-political context.  The article argues that the presence of a supportive regional network of national human rights institutions is essential to creating and maintaining independent and effective national institutions.
Land as a Fundamental Right: a Cautionary Tale
Authors: Farran Sue
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the importance of land rights in the South Pacific for securing the enjoyment of other civil, political, economic, and social rights in the Pacific focusing especially on Vanuatu as a paradigm. The infringement of land rights and the abuse of natural resources in the Pacific have a long history and the consequences on human rights on the whole are severe.  The article argues that current constitutional provisions do not go far enough to ensure that land rights are protected and consequently to ensure the enjoyment human rights as a whole.
Book Review: Human Rights in the South Pacific – Challenges and Changes
Authors: Harwood Catherine
Published: June 2019

This article is a book review of Sue Farran Human Rights in the South Pacific Challenges and Changes (Routledge-Cavendish, United States and Canada, 2009). Recent events in the Pacific highlighted the potentially precarious existence of human rights in some Pacific states and showed that a vigorous human rights debate is needed to further realise human rights. Farran's book in the South Pacific examines themes and tensions raised by rights in Pacific states that have common law as part of their legal frameworks. Farran ponders the notion of human rights with a view to increase awareness of their value and establish workable mechanisms to bolster human rights in the Pacific. While the text offers no definitive solution, it provides a platform of ideas from which meaningful discourse on human rights can spring. Not only is the book accessible and informative, it is also an important contribution to the continuing rights debate in the Pacific by raising awareness of human rights issues for and by Pacific people and providing tangible suggestions for change.
Accessing Justice Through Victim Participation at the Khmer Rouge Tribunal
Authors: Yesberg Kate
Published: June 2019

This article explores the role of victims in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) – the forum tasked with bringing leaders of the Khmer Rouge regime to justice. Victims have been afforded broad participatory rights at the ECCC, including the opportunity to be joined as third parties to the trial. These innovations must be applauded. However, the role victims can play in the wider process of national reconciliation remains under-utilised. This article suggests that victim participation can be used to increase public accessibility to the trial to ensure proceedings occupy a more positive, and prominent space in Cambodia's healing process.
Do Māori Rights Racially Discriminate Against Non Māori?
Authors: Charters Claire
Published: June 2019

Claire Charters argues that the claim that Māori rights discriminate against non-Māori needs to be tested to a greater extent than it has been in both political and academic circles to date, not least because of its importance to the type of nation New Zealand is and seeks to be. She illustrates that from a contextual, comparative and theoretical standpoint Māori rights do not discriminate against non-Māori and to suggest that they do so will only increase Māori's detachment from the New Zealand polity.
"Blameless Babes"
Authors: Elias Dame Sian
Published: June 2019

This is the text of the 2009 Shirley Smith Address delivered by Sian Elias on Thursday 9 July 2009, organised by the Wellington Women in Law Committee. The Chief Justice comments on the status of criminal law in New Zealand, arguing that wider social engagement and buy-in is needed to find answers to the issues in our criminal justice system. The author notes the social element of criminal law as well as the growing emphasis of law and order in the sphere of politics and society. The Chief Justice raises concerns about New Zealand's apparent failure to rehabilitate prisoners as well as the country's prison population. The article suggests several solutions: community education (that imprisonment alone does not reduce crime), promoting intervention (so as to avert risk before crimes occur) and probation, addressing mental health and substance abuse (both within the prison population and within the community), and generally reducing the prison population (so as to avoid significant safety and human rights issues). The author concludes by emphasising the societal nature of criminal law and links back to Shirley Smith's own words.
Book Review: In the Footsteps of Ethel Benjamin by Janet November
Authors: Morris Caroline
Published: June 2019

This article is a book review of Janet November In the footsteps of Ethel Benjamin, New Zealand's first woman lawyer (Victoria University Press / Law Foundation, Wellington, 2009) 260 + xi pages, $50. Morris describes the book as the biography of a remarkable woman who was not only the first woman lawyer in New Zealand, but also a "poster girl" for proponents of opening up the legal profession to women in England. Morris notes that Benjamin's achievements still remind the reader of the work that needs to be done for women in law. However, the private life of Benjamin is difficult to decipher from this book due to a lack of private papers kept by Benjamin. The article concludes that in Janet November's book, we have a fitting testament to the achievements and legacy of Ethel Benjamin.
Refusal of Assent – A Hidden Element of Constitutional History in New Zealand
Authors: Martin John E
Published: June 2019

This article explores Britain's influence historically over legislation passed in the New Zealand Parliament. It suggests that Britain's role was substantial, particularly in the 19th century. For nearly a century, from 1854 until New Zealand adopted the Statute of Westminster in 1947, all New Zealand laws (of which nearly one hundred laws were reserved) were sent to Britain for scrutiny. In thirteen instances laws were considered sufficiently problematic that Britain either disallowed legislation already assented to by the Governor or, alternatively, refused assent to or withheld assent from reserved legislation. Other legislation was amended on Britain's instructions.The exercise of royal assent was an important ingredient in New Zealand's development and an integral part of its movement from colony to independent nation.
From Barbie to Renoir: Intellectual Property and Culture
Authors: Frankel Susy
Published: June 2019

Barbie has become part of popular culture and this inaugural professorial lecture uses her iconic cultural status to discuss the relationship between culture and intellectual property. Intellectualproperty is frequently treated in New Zealand as primarily involving economic policy. However, it is also part of cultural policy. In her inaugural lecture, Professor Susy Frankel discusses how thearticulation of the relationship between intellectual property and cultural values could lead to an improved intellectual property law for New Zealand, particularly in the fields of copyright and trade marks.
The "Spanish" Origins of International Human Rights Law: A Historiographical Review
Authors: Boast Richard P
Published: June 2019

This article critically reviews the claim that the Spanish jurist-theologians Francisco de Vítoria and Bartolomé de las Casas, and their successors, were pioneers of human rights theory and of the law relating to the rights of indigenous peoples. The article seeks to clarify the literature relating to these claims by dividing it into various categories and analysing each in turn. A principal aim of the article is to convey the sheer diversity and scale of the various competing historiographies and the extent to which they stand in contrast to each other. By way of conclusion, there is a discussion of those parts of the debate which are of greatest relevance and resonance for a jurisdiction such as New Zealand, where questions about the origins and nature of indigenous rights law are not merely a matter of theoretical interest, but also of great practical relevance.
Regional Approaches to International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Burchill Richard
Published: June 2019

Violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) are a global concern. The enforcement of IHL has traditionally focused on the State level. As States have shown an unwillingness or inability to address violations, attention has moved to the international level primarily through universal approaches such as the International Criminal Court. However, experience has demonstrated that universal approaches also have their limitations. This article argues that regional arrangements offer the possibility of strengthening the enforcement of IHL. As regional arrangements occupy a distinct space between particular local conditions and the universalising tendencies of the global system, they are well placed to handle the various concerns and considerations surrounding the enforcement of IHL.
Contextualising the Decisions of the Native Land Court: The Chatham Islands Investigations of 1870
Authors: Boast Richard P
Published: June 2019

One of the outcomes of the Lost Cases project at the Faculty of Law at Victoria University will be an edition of nineteenth century judgments of the Native Land Court. These decisions have never been reported before. The anticipated date of publication is mid- to late- 2011, and the volume will report leading decisions of the Native Land Court, Compensation Court,  and associated bodies from 1865 to 1894. The date of 1894 has been selected as a cut-off for the reason that the Native Land Court Act 1894 established a new appellate body, the Native Appellate Court – today the Maori Appellate Court – which began issuing appellate judgments immediately. Until this point all appeals had been by means of rehearings and no formal appellate structure existed. Future volumes will report decisions of the Native Land Court and Native Appellate Court down to the present day. This article explores the current state of the historiography relating to the Native Land Court, and by reference to the Chatham Islands Investigation of 1870, suggests that a more complex and nuanced approach to the work of the Court is needed. The full texts of the Chatham Islands judgments of 1870 are printed as an Appendix.
Informal Land Titles: Snowden v Baker (1844)
Authors: Kercher Bruce
Published: June 2019

Snowden v Baker (1844) concerned the judicial recognition of informal land titles. This article compares the treatment of this broad question in Newfoundland and New South Wales, with Snowden v Baker.In Newfoundland and New South Wales, informal titles gained legal recognition. This happened in Newfoundland through judicial creativity, including statutory interpretation. In New South Wales, the formal law was applied more strictly, but was softened when commissioners were appointed to assess whether Crown discretion should be exercised in favour of those dispossessed due to informality.Both methods were used in New Zealand, where the informal titles of British settlers derived from sales by Māori land owners. Titles purchased from Māori owners were declared null and void unless based on Crown grants. As in New South Wales, commissioners were appointed to advise whether such grants should be made. In Snowden v Baker, Martin CJ used statutory interpretation to take a further step, by holding that titles derived from Māori sales had a contingent validity until affirmed or denied by the Crown.
The Action for Breach of Promise of Marriage in Early Colonial New Zealand: Fitzgerald v Clifford (1846)
Authors: Simpson Megan
Published: June 2019

In 1846, the first breach of promise of marriage case was heard by the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Unlike many other breach of promise cases heard throughout the Empire during the nineteenth century, this case was not publicly reported. Rather, it is a case that exists only within the pages of Justice Chapman's judicial notebook, absent from the newspaper court reports of the time. This action was relatively rare in the colony but the testimonies of witnesses examined enable us to gain an insight into matters of class, courtship, family, reputation and social protocols in the mid-nineteenth century. This paper considers the legal history of the action in New Zealand from 1842-1875, focussing on the case of Fitzgerald v Clifford (1846) to explore how private matters of courtship and romance became matters of legal and sometimes public debate.
Making Up the Issue: The Judges' Role in Formulating Actions in the Crown Colony Period: Pharazyn v Smith (1844)
Authors: Dorsett Shaunnagh
Published: June 2019

This article considers one of the key procedural innovations of the first Supreme Court rules – the making up of the issue – through the lens of the Supreme Court decision in Pharazyn v Smith (1844). Making up the issue referred to the process whereby pleadings were drafted in conference with the judge hearing the case. This contrasted with the English system of the time of a series of written exchanges between parties designed to identify the disputed issues of fact and law, and in which the role of the judge was essentially a passive one. Through Pharazyn v Smith we can see one of the ways in which judges sought to modify English laws to the circumstances of the colony, as well as the judges' role in shaping litigation, and hence law, in the infant colony.
New Zealand's Ombudsmen Legislation: The Need for Amendments After Almost 50 Years
Authors: Chen Mai
Published: June 2019

It has been almost fifty years since the original Parliamentary Commissioner (Ombudsman) Act was passed in 1962, the precursor to the current Ombudsmen Act 1975. Since that time, the role has expanded significantly and the constitutional framework in which the Ombudsman operates has also changed significantly, yet the legislation has never undergone a thorough review. In this article, Mai Chen examines how Ombudsmen are a key tool in the Public Law Toolbox. She reviews the functions of the Office, showing that it can be more effective than courts in addressing issues of public administration in some circumstances, due to its accessibility, low cost to the complainant, and range of remedies available. The article concludes that as so much of the Ombudsmen's work is in private, the lack of formal use of statutory powers to compel or to make formal recommendations may actually evidence their effectiveness in using persuasion to get those complained about to redress the problem. Ms Chen makes a number of reform proposals to reflect recent developments, and to allow the Office to fulfil its constitutional role including a specific public education function, a 20 working day deadline on providing the Ombudsmen with any information requested, a presumption of jurisdiction for bodies exercising public powers affecting the public and which are publicly funded, an express power to comment on law-making with implications for the Ombudsmen and Official Information Acts, extending jurisdiction to "committees of the whole" in Local Government, and a single fixed term to protect Ombudsmen independence in office. The article also considers whether wide use of the name Ombudsmen should be allowed for private sector investigative and complaints bodies.
Private Acts of Parliament
Authors: Richardson Sir Ivor
Published: June 2019

The article explains the role that Private Acts of Parliament have played and still play. It does so by recounting their historical development and then discussing some 70 Bills and their progress through the Parliamentary processes. The narrative follows a broad subject-matter classification of Private Bills which are promoted by private individuals, local institutions, companies, particular charities, associations and other corporate bodies for their own benefit, whereas Public Bills and Local Bills are directed to the functioning of Central Government and Local Government respectively.
Contract as Assumption and Consideration Theory: A Reassessment of Williams v Roffey Bros
Authors: Dawson Francis
Published: June 2019

This article considers various aspects of the doctrine of consideration in the light of Professor Coote's recent book "Contract as Assumption". Whilst a voluntary assumption of a legal duty is the essence of a contractual obligation, not every promise given in exchange for another promise with the intention to create legal obligations becomes enforceable in contract. Thus there is no contract where A promises to give property to B and B promises to accept it.  The Law discriminates between promises given for value and promises which are illusory or gratuitous. It does so by examining the content of the counter-promise (in the above example B's promise to accept) and requires that the performance of the obligation to be undertaken in the reciprocal promise confers a benefit on the promisor (in the example above A) or constitutes a detriment to the counter-party. It follows that whether a purported assumption of liability contained in a promise is enforceable is answered in our law by asking whether the promise is supported by consideration – for example whether what the counter-party has agreed to do is for the benefit of the promisor or to the detriment of the counter-party. It is also suggested that the concept of a practical benefit where an existing legal duty is sought to be modified has respectable historical antecedents which tend to support the reasoning in the controversial decision in Williams v Roffey Bros. Finally, Equity's traditional reluctance to enforce a covenant made under seal which is not exchanged for value is re-examined, and the significance of recent statutory reforms adverted to.
The Fiduciary Duties of Joint Venture Parties – When do They Arise and What Do They Comprise?
Authors: Knowler Jane , Rickett Charles
Published: June 2019

Joint Ventures are often used by parties in commercial enterprises where parties seek to achieve a common goal. One issue which is increasingly contentious is the extent to which, if any, joint venture parties owe each other fiduciary obligations. This paper refutes, as a dangerous heresy, the idea that joint venture relationships are discrete legal relationships that are inherently fiduciary in nature. The majority of self-styled "joint ventures" are, invariably, nothing more in legal terms than contracts. If parties are going to be bound by fiduciary duties, over and above the contractual duties they owe each other, this will only be so by virtue of the particular arrangement they have entered into which, on a thorough examination of the facts, is found to require each party to give unstinting loyalty to the other. Recent Australian case law bears this out.
Constraints on the Exercise of Contractual Powers
Authors: Kós J Stephen
Published: June 2019

This article considers a topic largely ignored by the standard contract texts: contractual powers vested, usually without express restraints, in one of the contracting parties. It gathers the leading Commonwealth decisions on the subject and considers the nature and limits of the commonly-implied "default rule" that such powers may not be exercised arbitrarily, unreasonably or for an improper purpose. The author concludes that in the case of substantive principles such as error of law, improper purpose and irrationality, there is no fundamental difference between the interests protected by contract law, trust law and public law – and nor is there any fundamental difference between the tools used by each to provide that protection.
Masters v Cameron – Again!
Authors: Tolhurst GJ , Carter JW , Peden Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

Since 1986 many Australian courts have accepted that there exists a fourth category of Masters v Cameron. In 2004 the authors published an article criticising this development. That article was the subject of a reply by David McLauchlan in which he defended the fourth category on the basis that it allowed for the enforcement of an agreement to agree which he thought was a welcome development. This present article is a comment on Professor McLauchlan's paper and argues that the adoption of the fourth category has conflated an issue of construction – the meaning of 'subject to contract' when used in an agreement – with an issue of fact, namely, whether the parties intend to be bound.
Legislation: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Authors: Burrows John
Published: June 2019

This article considers the question of the delegation of lawmaking. The increasing use of tertiary legislation in New Zealand is analysed. It is suggested that the use of tertiary legislation is concerning in some aspects including the potential for abuses of power, inaccessibility, complexity and inconsistency.
Bazı ekmeklik buğday yalın çeşit ve tarla paçallarının tarımsal özellikler, kalite ve karlılık bakımından incelenmesi
Authors: ÖZBERK İrfan , DİNÇ Mesude , ÖZBERK Fethiye
Published: June 2019

Bu çalışmada Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde
yetiştirilen yerli ve yabancı orijinli çeşitlerin farklı oranlar ve
kombinasyonlarda karışım olarak ekilerek hem tarımsal özellikleri hem de elde
edilen karışım buğdayların değirmencilik ve fırıncılık özellikleri belirlenerek
karışım halinde ekimin çiftçiler için karlı olarak uygulanabilirliği
araştırılmıştır. Deneme GAPEYAM
Koruklu İstasyonunda 7 farklı çeşit ve bunların paçallarından oluşan 8 konu ile
toplamda 15 konu olarak 2016-2017 üretim yılında tesadüf blokları deneme
desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Ölçülen çeşitli tarımsal
özellikler varyans ve korelasyon analizleri yolu ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma
sonuçlarına göre verim konusunda yalın çeşitlerin (684 kg/da) karışımlardan(674
kg/da) daha verimli olduğu ancak karışımlardan K1 (706 kg/da) ve K4
(710 kg/da) konularının
genel ortalamadan (679 kg/da) daha yüksek verim verdiği anlaşılmıştır. Ana
verim öğeleri bakımından karışımların yalın çeşitlerden daha üstün olduğu
görülmüştür. Kalite özelliklerinden un randımanının karışımlarda (%69.4) yalın
çeşitlerden (%68,8) daha yüksek olduğu, kül oranın karışımlarda (%0.878) yalın
çeşitlerden (%0.887) daha düşük olduğu anlaşılmıştır.  Buna karşın protein oranı ortalamasının,
karışım ve yalın çeşit ortalamalarında aynı olduğu (% 14.3) tespit edilmiştir.
Gluten miktarının karışımlarda (%29.9.) yalın çeşitlerden (% 30.7.) daha düşük
olduğu, sedimantasyon değerlerinin karışımlarda(47 ml) yalın çeşitlerden (47.2
ml.) daha düşük olduğu anlaşılmıştır. 
Hamur üretiminden 90 dakika sonra ölçülen enerji değerlerine göre en
yüksek enerji değerleri K6 (61.8 cm2) ve K7
(61.2 cm2) karışımlarından elde edilmiştir. Verim ile
metrekaredeki başak sayısı (-0.486**), başakta başakçık sayısı (-0.333**),
olgunlaşma gün sayısı (-0.351**), çıkış gün sayısı (-0.334**), başakta tane
ağırlığı (-0.334**) ve bin tane ağırlığı (-0.349**) arasında istatistiksel
olarak önemli (P<0.01) negatif
korelasyonlar saptanırken, hektolitre ağırlığı ile  (0.359**) önemli pozitif korelasyon (P<0.01) bulunmuştur. Karışımların ortalama gelirleri 613
TL/da iken, yalın çeşitlerin ise 629 TL/da olarak bulunmuştur. Karışımlara
ve yalın çeşitlere ait ortalamalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, karışımlarda
en yüksek gelir K4 (% 30 Adana 99 + % 50 Sagittario + % 20
Odeskaya) konusundan
elde edilmiştir (650 TL/da). K4 konusunun verim, kalite ve dekara
gelir yönünden yalın çeşitler ile rekabet edebileceği ve çiftçiye tavsiye
edilebileceği anlaşılmıştır.
Tescilli nohut çeşitlerinde Fusarium dayanıklılığının belirlenmesi
Authors: AKGÜN YILDIRIM Ümran , GÜLDÜR Mehmet Ertuğrul
Published: June 2019

Toprak kökenli bir fungus olan Fusarium oxysporum geniş bir konukçu
aralığına sahiptir. Nohut bitkisine özelleşmiş olan Fusarium oxysporum Schlect Fr. f.sp. ciceris (FOC) bitkide sararma ve solgunluğa sebep olmaktadır.
Dayanıklı çeşit kullanımının nohutta Fusarium solgunluğu hastalığı ile
mücadelede en etkin ve ekonomik yöntemdir. Türkiye’deki tescilli nohut
çeşitlerinin Fusarium hastalığına dayanıklılığı ile ilgili yeterli bilgi
bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 34 tescilli nohut çeşidinde Fusarium solgunluğuna
karşı dayanıklılığın belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tescilli çeşit materyallerinde
dayanıklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Dahası çalışmada kullanılan materyallerin
20’si üçüncü haftadan itibaren solgunluk ve sararma ile birlikte ölüm
gerçekleştiği görülmüştür.
Tarım işletmelerinde girişimcilik düzeyinin belirlenmesi
Authors: BAYRAMOĞLU Zeki , AĞIZHAN Kemalettin
Published: June 2019

İnsan
ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yönelik üretimde emek, sermaye ve doğal kaynakları
kullanarak, bu üretim faktörlerinin organizasyonlarını gerçekleştirip, muhtemel
riskleri alan kişi olan girişimcilerin varlığı üretimin sürdürülebilirliği
açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle çalışmanın temel amacı tarım
işletmelerinin girişimcilik düzeyleri belirlemektir. Araştırma bölgesi olarak
tarımsal üretimin en yoğun olarak yapıldığı yer olan Konya ili Ereğli ilçesi
gayeli olarak seçilmiştir. Bölgede üretim faaliyeti gösteren ve tabakalı
tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 98 tarım işletmesiyle anket
yapılmış ve işletmelerin girişimcilik düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Girişimcilik
düzeyini belirlemede girişimcide olması gereken özellikler profesyonellik,
yöneticilik, fırsatçılık, stratejik davranış ve iş birliği adı altında beş
bileşene ayrılmıştır. Her bir bileşen kendi içinde sınıflandırılmış ve
değişkenler belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen değişkenler elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda
ölçeklendirilmiştir. Her bir özellik ve sınıf için değişkenlerin ortalaması
alınarak skorlar belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bütün değişkenlerin ortalaması alınarak
girişimcilik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Bu değer işletmeler ortalamasına göre
3.75 olarak belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu değer sonucunda var olan girişimcilik
yeteneklerinin ortaya çıkarılmasında kullanılmak üzere model önerisinde
bulunulmuştur.
Kajian Literasi Media Digital Library Universitas Brawijaya (Studi Kasus pada Mahasiswa Tuna Netra Universitas Brawijaya)
Authors: Widiyawati Anita Tri
Published: June 2019

The library is the heart of a university that has such extensive benefits. The existence of a library also supports the continuation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. The influence and utilization of technology (Digital Library), balanced with basic retention in the use of technology, can make it easier for students with disabilities to get information and facilitate communication with others. Therefore, it is important for the environment both the family environment and friendly environment to introduce the use and use of electronic goods. Through this research, it is known the Digital Library media literacy study on Universitas Brawijaya Blind Students. This study aims to analyze the media literacy of the blind for the Digital Library of Universitas Brawijaya and to find out the supporting factors and factors that inhibit the mastery of media literacy for the blind to the Digital Library of Universitas Brawijaya. This study uses a type of case study research with a qualitative approach while data collection in this study uses qualitative observation techniques, qualitative interviews, reviews information obtained through documents, audio-visual material, and documentation results during the research process.
Penta helix model to develop ecotourism
Authors: Widowati Sri , Ginaya Gede , Triyuni Ni Nyoman
Published: June 2019

Tamansari village, which is located at the foot of Mount Ijen, can be a new tourist alternative in Banywangi, East Java. The existence of the village with its potential is one of the pilot villages in the Mount Ijen area and is expected to increase sales value and be integrated with the Tourist Information Center (TIC) of Banyuwangi District Tourism. The fact that the Banyuwangi Regency Government and BCA, one of the major banks in Indonesia has collaborated in developing this Tamansari tourism village, so helix collaborates to actively provide assistance to the community has taken place in order to be able to further develop the potential of Taman Sari village. This qualitative study aims at investigating the role of collaborative stakeholders of the local governments, entrepreneurs, the academicians, the media, and the community ??in the development of Tamansari village ecotourism. The data is obtained through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document studies. The study reveals that the development of Tamansari village ecotourism requires the involvement of five parties to accelerate its maximum development as synergizing stakeholders can lead the community to achieve the goal of developing the potential of agritourism in Tamansari village.
Levinas, Social Vulnerability, and the Logic of South African Racism
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: June 2019

The philosopher Emmanuel Levinas was at the forefront of the promotion of the idea of vulnerability in philosophy. For Levinas, my primary vulnerability concerns not my pain, but my pain at the other’s pain. Vulnerablity also has an ambiguous character in so far as it is not easily separated from my self-absorption in enjoyment. In this paper I show how Levinas’s account can illuminate the way that the idea of vulnerability sometimes operates within racist societies to maintain existing divisions. In particular I focus on the Carnegie Commission’s 1932 study The Poor White Problem in South Africa where concern for the vulnerability of poor whites concealed a tendency to naturalize the vulnerability of South African Blacks.

Keywords: Carnegie commission, poor whites, racism, vulnerability, Emmanuel Levinas,South Africa
Vulnerability in Narratives of Women Imprisoned for Violent Crimes
Authors: Venäläinen Satu
Published: June 2019

This paper focuses on ways in which vulnerability is given meaning and related to in narratives of women serving a prison sentence for violent crimes. These women can be seen as inhabiting specifically vulnerable social positions in many respects, while at the same time their vulnerability is often denied. In my analysis I view the past, present, and future vulnerabilities of these women in a dialectical relation with the narratives they tell and the identities they enact through these tellings. In their narratives, vulnerability entwines with agentic orientations towards violence in complex ways. While often figuring as part of the context of doing violence, vulnerability is also refuted, combated, and distanced from  the selves constituted in the narratives. In my reading, these ambivalent relations to vulnerability reflect the gendered trouble it poses for being seen as a worthy subject in the context of Western valorization of autonomy and individual agency.

Keywords: vulnerability, violence, women, affects, discourse
The specificity of some aspects of temporary agency work in Italy and Croatia
Authors: Smokvina Vanja
Published: June 2019

The paper offers a short introduction into the legal framework of the Croatian and Italian labour law system with respect to agency work. The European Union legal framework, some of the most important cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union as well as common issues in both countries are also elaborated upon. More importantly, the paper also addresses some specificities which could be used de lege ferenda in both countries.
Ideology and Identity Among White Male Teachers in an All-Black, All-Male High School
Authors: Rogers Leoandra Onnie , Brooms Derrick R.
Published: June 2019

National data trends underscore the “problem” of Black male achievement. Beneath the causes and consequences are the ideologies used to frame the problem and its solutions. The ideology of meritocracy is routinely employed to rationalize educational disparities. This article examined how White male teachers, in a charter school designed to promote academic success among Black boys, made sense of boys’ academic achievement patterns. Interview analysis revealed the persistence of meritocracy, as teachers (a) located the problem within Black boys’ identities; (b) constructed race, masculinity, and social class as barriers to students’ academic success and teachers’ effectiveness; and (c) positioned themselves relationally away from their students and the problem itself. We discuss implications for the academic development of Black boys.
Penderitaan Dalam Kitab Ayub- Alfionita Pasapangan
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

Ayub adalah seorang yang saleh dan taat kepada Allah, Ayub juga diberkati dengan berkat yang melimpah, antara lain dengan harta kekayaan yang besar dan anak-anak laki-laki dan perempuan adalah sumber sukacitanya. Dalam deraan penderitaan seberat itu, Ayub tidak berdosa dan tidak pernah mengutuk Allah sebagaiman yang disarankan oleh istrinya. Dan kitab inilah merupakan kitab hikmat yang terbesar di dalam Perjanjian Lama, yang sebagian besar ditulis dalam bentuk puisi.
PERSAHABATAN MENURUT KITAB AMSAL- SARCE SELE
Authors: sampe nelia
Published: June 2019

persahabatn merupakan pemahaman yang khas dalam menghubungkan antar pribadi.persahabatan menggambarkan suatu hubungan yang melibatkan pengetahuan, pengharapan.sahabat menyangkut kehadiran sesamanya dan menunjukkan kesetiaan satu sama lain,seperti tukar menukar nasehat, dan saling menolong dalam perilaku, dan saling menolong dalam kesulitan.
KEADILAN ALLAH BERDASARKAN KITAB AYUB
Authors: sampe nelia
Published: June 2019

Kitab Ayub menceritakan tentang keadilan Allah. Keadilan Allah kadang-kadang diartikan bersamaan dengan pembenaran dari Allah. Keadilan Allah berarti bahwa Allah secara keseluruhan benar dan adil dalam semua urusan-Nya dengan umat manusia; lebih dari itu, tindakan keadilan itu sesuai dengan hukuman-Nya. Keadilan Allah dirasakan oleh Ayub dalam kehidupannya, dimana dia menghadapi penderitaannya. Allah memperlihatkan kepada Ayub yang sedang mengalami penderitaan ialah bahwa Dia telah menciptakan dunia dalam hikmat dan Ia memerintah dengan hikmat dan keadilanNya. Ayub meyakini akan keadilan Allah itu akan nyata dalam hidupnya. Dari pergumulan dan penderitaan yang dialami oleh Ayub, dalam kerendahan dia menyatakan dan menampakkan akan kesadarannya akan keadilan dan belas kasihan Allah.
MAKNA PENDERITAAN DAN PERSAHABATAN DALAM KITAB AYUB
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

Pengalaman penderitaan merupakan pengalaman yang tidak disukai. Namun, pengalaman penderitaan tetaplah sebuah keniscayaan. Pengalaman ini dialami oleh siapa saja dengan berbagai peristiwa yang menyertainya.
Penderitaan Menurut Kitab Ayub - Evi Palemba
Authors: sampe nelia
Published: June 2019

Ayub sebagai seorang yang hidup benar dihadapan Tuhan tidak luput dari oencobaan dan serangan yang berkali-kali dilakukan Iblis di dalam kehidupannya
PERSAHABATAN MENURUT KITAB AMSAL
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

kitab Amsal membahas tentang persahabatan yang sesungguhnya. dalam kitab Amsal seorang sahabat di gambarkan lebih dari seorang sahabat. bukan berarti membandingkan antara saudara dan sahabat tetapi di sini di jelaskan bahwa seorang sahabat tidak hanya mencari keuntungan sendiri dan akan selalau ada dalam keadaan suka maupun duka. dan memukul dengan maksud baik untuk sahabatnya.
penderitaan (kitab ayub)
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

dalam kitab ayub ini menceritakan tentang penderitaan yang begitu berat, namun dengan kesetiaan Ayub Allah memulihkan Ayub. dalam makalah ini penulis menjelaskan tentang bagaimana latar belakang kutab Ayub.
12 Tips Jadi Pengusaha yang Tumbuh dan Sukses
Authors: Ilmi Ahadiyah Lailatul
Published: June 2019

12 Tips Jadi Pengusaha yang Tumbuh dan Sukses dengan cara Uraikan Apa Sebenarnya yang Diperlukan untuk Mencapai Tujuan Anda, Basis Bisnis Anda pada Keseimbangan Gairah dan Pengetahuan, Belajar dari Orang Lain dan arus kas.
Trik Membangun Bisnis Bagi Pengusaha Pemula Serius
Authors: Puspitasari Berliana
Published: June 2019

Trik Membangun Bisnis Bagi Pengusaha Pemula Serius mengajarkan tentang tips Meniru Pengusaha Terkemuka, Ambil Kembali Ruang Kepala Anda Terlebih Dahulu, gunakan umpan balik, kesabaran dan bicara dengan pesaing.
A macro context theory of academic self-concept: Ability stratification and the big-fish-little-pond effect
Authors: Parker Philip David , Dicke Theresa , Guo Jiesi , Marsh Herb
Published: June 2019

Governments rarely aim at altering the way children view themselves. Yet, governments, culture, and social norms shape the social settings children find themselves in (i.e., the amount of ability stratification in the education system). Reviewing sociological, economic, and psychological literature we construct a theory that states that any macro influence which leads children to be schooled with peers of similar ability levels (ability stratification) will bias children’s academic self-concepts via larger Big-Fish-Little-Pond effects (the negative effect of school average achievement on academic self-concept). Applying meta-analysis to estimates derived from four cycles of the Trends in International Math and Science Study we test the hypothesis that the relationship between achievement stratification and the effect of school average achievement on academic self-concept will be large and negative. Findings strongly support our hypothesis (r < -.50).
Imagining a Sustainable World: Measuring Cognitive Alternatives to the Environmental Status Quo
Authors: Wright Joshua D. , Schmitt Michael T.
Published: June 2019

We build on social identity models of environmental collective action by considering the role ofpeople’s access to cognitive alternatives to the environmental status quo. We developed a new measure of cognitive alternatives to the environmental status quo, and examined its ability to predict environmental activist identification and willingness to engage in environmental activism. In Study 1 (N = 386), we developed the initial scale, and found evidence for its reliability and validity. The ability to imagine cognitive alternatives was associated with other relevant social identity and environmental variables including perceived legitimacy of the current environmental status quo, pro-environmental consumer and activist behavior, and beliefs in anthropogenic climate change. In Study 2 (N = 393), we confirmed the factor structure of the scale and found that it was a strong predictor of environmental activist identification, explaining variance beyond extensive control variables including identification with nature. It also explained additional variance in willingness to engage in activist behavior beyond even environmental activist identification. Our results suggest that the ability to imagine cognitive alternatives to the environmental status quo might have important implications for whether people engage in pro-environmental collection action to mitigate climate-change and other environmental problems.
Cell signaling in yeast: A mini review
Authors: Shipingana N.N. , Raghu N. , Veerana Gowda S. , Gopenath T.S. , Ranjith M.S. , Gnanasekaran A. , Karthikeyan M. , Roy B. , Pugazhandhi B. , Pradeep P. , Balasubramanian S. , Basalingappa Kanthesh M.
Published: June 2019

Background: Understanding cellular mechanism of communication is the main goal of systems biology. Unicellular yeasts are effective model to understand the molecular interactions that generate cell polarity induced by external inputs. The mechanisms of many extracellular stimuli are induced by complexes of cell surface receptors, G proteins. The mechanisms of many extracellular stimuli are induced by complexes of cell surface receptors, G proteins and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase complexes. Many components, their interrelationships, and their regulators of these mechanisms were initially identified in yeast. A complex web of sensing mechanisms and cooperation among signaling networks such as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and 5-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase induce various changes in physiology, cell polarity, cell cycle progression and gene expression to achieve differentiation. Ras-cAMP pathway explained in yeast model with signalling function of the oncogenic mammalian Ras protein. So studies on yeast cells may enlighten some underlying mechanism which will be beneficial to understand the mechanisms of disease.
Is nephrostomy tube a rule following all Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)? A prospective randomized study
Authors: Chalise Pawan Raj , Luitel Bhojraj , Chapagain Suman , Poudyal Sujeet , Gyawali Prem Raj , Sharma Uttam Kumar , Joshi Bhola Raj
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Exit strategy at the end of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) differs from center to center and patient to patient. Standard PCNL has been practiced so far with minor postoperative morbidities. Tubeless PCNL, which obviates most of the nephrostomy related morbidities, has been challenged for its safety. So this study was conducted to compare the safety and morbidity of tubeless PCNL with standard PCNL.

Methods: Patients who had undergone PCNL, were randomized into group 1 (standard) and group 2 (tubeless) using computer generated random table. In group 1, nephrostomy tube was placed at the end of the procedure and tubes were omitted in group 2 patients. All preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative parameters were recorded and compared in between the groups.

Results: Ninety six PCNLs were randomized into group 1 (47 patients) and group 2 (49 patients). Patients’ characteristics including age, sex, comorbidities, preoperative parameters, size and number of stones and mean operation time were comparable in between the groups. The incidence of postoperative fever, pain and analgesic requirement and urinary leak were found more in group 1 patients. The incidence of postoperative complications and events were comparable in both the groups except for blood transfusion. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay for patients in group 2 was significantly low as compared to group 1.

Conclusion: Tubeless PCNL is safe and has less morbidity as compared to standard PCNL in selected cases.
CT guided lung biopsy: Diagnostic yield and complications, using 18G coaxial semi-automatic core needle
Authors: Thapa Ajit , Subedi Kamal , Suwal Sundar , Chataut Dinesh
Published: June 2019

Introduction: CT guided biopsy is essential for histopathological diagnosis of suspicious lung nodule, which are not amenable for either bronchoscopic or sonography guided sampling.

Methods: Twenty eight patients with suspicious lung nodules not amenable for bronchoscopic or sonography guided sampling who underwent CT guided lung biopsy with 18 G coaxial semiautomatic core biopsy needle in one year were retrospectively studied for diagnostic yield and complications.

Results: Out of 28 patients, who underwent CT guided lung nodule biopsy, 18 were male and 10 were female. The age ranged from 22 to 80 years. Lesion size ranged from one cm to four cm and depth of lesion from pleura ranged from zero cm to five cm. Diagnostic yield of our core needle biopsy was 26(92.3%). Clinically significant complication was low. Massive pneumothorax which needed intercostal drainage was 7.14% (2 patients). Pulmonary hemorrhage manifesting as hemoptysis was seen in 14.3 %( 2 patients). No hemothorax or air embolism was noted in any of the patient.

Conclusion: CT guided lung lesion biopsy with 18 G coaxial semi-automatic core biopsy needle is a safe procedure with good diagnostic yield and relatively low incidence of clinically significant complications.
A theoretical examination using governmentality to understand gay men’s risk and sexual behaviours
Authors: McKie Raymond M. , Davies Adam W. J. , Nixon Kevin D. , Lachowsky Nathan L.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the link between Foucault’s (1991) governmentality theory, specifically as it relates to gay men’s sexual practices and perceptions of HIV risk. Foucault’s (1991) theory of governmentality elucidates the means through which individual behaviours and norms (at a micro level) are governed through the production of disciplinary norms and structures that are instantiated at a broader structural and institutional level (the macro-level). Foucauldian theoretical conversations pertaining to what is meant by conceptions and definitions of HIV/STI risk are furthered through this paper’s theoretical contributions as they relate to gay men. From a Foucauldian perspective, we assess how gay men may alter or monitor their sexual practices through governmental scripts produced at a state level and manifested through micro- and macro-level behavioural and ideological shifts based on dominant socio-sexual norms. A model of the interrelationship between governmentality, scripting, the micro/macro levels, and the situation-specific is presented for future consideration when examining gay men’s sexual practices. Historical oppression and segregation of gay men are considered when exploring these theories from a critical social scientific lens.