bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrotreatment of industrial copper plating rinse effluent using mild steel and aluminum electrodes
Authors: Golder Animes K. , Dhaneesh Varappurath S. , Samanta Amar N. , Ray Subhabrata
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals from aqueous streams can be removed effectively using electrochemical techniques. Although both mild steel (MS) and aluminum (Al) electrodes have long been considered for the treatment of different waste‐waters, unfortunately the reported optimum treatment time, current density, pH and background electrolyte concentration vary greatly. In this work, an electrochemical technique was used for the removal of Cu from electroplating rinse water collected from a local plating industry using MS and Al as electrode materials.

RESULTS: Removal of Cu during electrotreatment is due to the combined effect of hydroxide precipitation and electrodeposition. The discharge limit of Cu (3 mg L−1) was achieved with both the electrodes and electrode arrangements. Both MS and Al electrodes showed similar performance for removing copper, however, a lower increase in pH was observed with the MS electrode under identical experimental conditions. NaCl added to increase the solution conductivity decreases Cu removal and inhibits oxide layer formation during electrotreatment. The effluent contains about 6.8 mg L−1 Zn and its discharge limit (4 mg L−1) was achieved within the first 10 min of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained from experiments demonstrate that the stipulated limit of both Cu and Zn can be achieved during treatment of industrial plating effluent using MS and Al as electrode materials, depending on current density and treatment time. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Nucleolar binding of an anti‐NMDA receptor antibody in hydra: a non‐canonical role for an NMDA receptor protein?
Authors: Kass‐Simon Gabriele , Zompa Michael A. , Scappaticci Albert A. , Zackroff Robert V. , Hufnagel Linda A.
Published: August 2009

Two emerging concepts in cell biology are the back‐and‐forth trafficking of receptor proteins and nuclear transcription factors between the nucleus and the cell membrane, and the alternative splicing of messenger RNA to produce similar proteins targeted to different cell sites. Recent evidence suggests that the nucleolus is a dynamic structure whose components may be involved in both types of trafficking. In the nervous system of higher animals, the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐specific glutamate receptor has various roles in development and cell communication. It is involved in learning, memory, axonal guidance and nerve regeneration. We have reported earlier that the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor is present in the cell periphery and the nucleus of stem cells, neurons and epitheliomuscular cells of the early‐evolved cnidarian,Hydra vulgaris(Scappaticci et al., 2004. Cell Tissue Res 316:263–270); it is involved in coordinating hydra's neuroeffector systems (Kass‐Simon and Scappaticci, 2003. Hydrobiologia 530/531:67–71; Pierobon et al., 2004. Eur J Neurosci 20:2598–2604; Scappaticci and Kass‐Simon, 2008. Comp Biochem Physiol A 150:415–422; Kay and Kass‐Simon, 2009. Bio Bull 216:113–129). Here we report immunocytochemical experiments, using a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the mammalian NR1 receptor subunit, and an in silico genomic and gene expression analysis identifying the homologues in hydra of mammalian NR1 and fibrillarin (FBL) genes, and their expressed proteins. The experiments reveal that the NR1 antibody specifically labels the nucleoli of large and small interstitial cells (stem cells), nematoblasts, neuroblasts, and epitheliomusclar cells; antibody labeling of the nucleolar marker, FBL, confirms the nucleolar localization of NR1 antibody labeling. Genomic analysis reveals that NR1 and FBL genes are conserved in hydra, and suggests that there are at least two NR1 splice variants, one of which contains both nuclear and nucleolar targeting signals. The finding that an NR1 receptor subunit (or a portion of it) appears in nucleoli of hydra cells is unique, and has not been reported for any other organism. Its presence in nucleoli of hydra may signal the existence of a yet‐undescribed shuttle mechanism between the cell surface and the nucleous, or the alternative deployment of NR1 splice variants to different cell sites.J. Exp. Zool. 311A:763–775, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persisting stemma neuropils in Chaoborus crystallinus (Diptera: Chaoboridae): Development and evolution of a bipartite visual system
Authors: Melzer Roland R.
Published: August 2009

Stemmata or “larval” eyes are of crucial importance for the understanding of the evolution and ontogeny of the hexapod's main visual organs, the compound eyes. Using classical neuroanatomical techniques, I showed that the persisting stemmata of Chaoborus imagos are connected to persisting stemma neuropils neighboring the first and second order neuropils of the compound eyes, and therefore also the imago possesses a stemma lamina and medulla closely associated with the architecture and the developmental pattern of those of the compound eyes. The findings are compared with other arthropods, e.g. accessory lateral eyes in Amandibulata and Myriapoda, suggesting some ancestral rather than derived character states. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Top–down glycolipidomics: fragmentation analysis of ganglioside oligosaccharide core and ceramide moiety by chip‐nanoelectrospray collision‐induced dissociation MS2–MS6
Authors: Serb Alina , Schiopu Catalin , Flangea Corina , Sisu Eugen , Zamfir Alina D.
Published: August 2009

We developed a straightforward approach for high‐throughput top–down glycolipidomics based on fully automated chip‐nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) high‐capacity ion trap (HCT) multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in the negative ion mode. The method was optimized and tested on a polysialylated ganglioside fraction (GT1b), which was profiled by MS1 and sequenced in tandem MS up to MS6 in the same experiment. Screening of the fraction in the MS1 mode indicated the occurrence of six [M − 2H]2− ions which, according to calculation, support 13 GT1 variants differing in their relative molecular mass due to dissimilar ceramide (Cer) constitutions. By stepwise CID MS2–MS5 on the doubly charged ion at m/z 1077.20 corresponding to a ubiquitous GT1b structure, the complete characterization of its oligosaccharide core including the identification of sialylation sites was achieved. Structure of the lipid moiety was further elucidated by CID MS6 analysis carried out using the Y0 fragment ion, detected in MS5, as a precursor. MS6 fragmentation resulted in a pattern supporting a single ceramide form having the less common (d20 : 1/18 : 0) configuration. The entire top–down experiment was performed in a high‐throughput regime in less than 3 min of measurement, with an analysis sensitivity situated in the subpicomolar range. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromechanics of postmortem‐retrieved cement–bone interfaces
Authors: Miller Mark A. , Eberhardt Alan W. , Cleary Richard J. , Verdonschot Nico , Mann Kenneth A.
Published: August 2009

The cement–bone interface plays an important role in load transfer between cemented implant systems and adjacent bone, but little is known about the micromechanical behavior of this interface following in vivo service. Small samples of postmortem‐retrieved cement–bone specimens from cemented total hip replacements were prepared and mechanically loaded to determine the response to tensile and compressive loading. The morphology of the cement–bone interface was quantified using a CT‐based stereology approach. Laboratory‐prepared specimens were used to represent immediate postoperative conditions for comparison. The stiffness and strength of the cement–bone interface from postmortem retrievals was much lower than that measured from laboratory‐prepared specimens. The cement–bone interfaces from postmortem retrievals were very compliant (under tension and compression) and had a very low tensile strength (0.21 ± 0.32 MPa). A linear regression model, including interface contact fraction and intersection fraction between cement and bone, could explain 71% (p < 0.0001) of the variability in experimental response. Bony remodeling following an arthroplasty procedure may contribute to reduced contact between cement and bone, resulting in weaker, more compliant interfaces. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:170–177, 2010
Gas‐phase structure and new vibrational study of methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3C(O)OCH3)
Authors: Defonsi Lestard María E. , Tuttolomondo María E. , Varetti Eduardo L. , Wann Derek A. , Robertson Heather E. , Rankin David W. H. , Ben Altabef Aida
Published: July 2009

The molecular structure of methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3C(O)OCH3) has been determined in the gas phase from electron‐diffraction data supplemented by ab initio (MP2) and DFT calculations using different basis sets. Experimental data revealed an anti conformation with a dihedral angle θ (CCOC) = 180°. Quantum mechanical calculations indicate the possible existence of two conformers, differing by a rotation about the C(O)O bond. The global minimum represents a Cs‐symmetric structure in which the CF3 group has the anti orientation with respect to the CH3 group, but there is another potential minimum, much higher in energy, representing a Cs‐symmetric structure with a cis conformation. The preference for the anti conformation was studied using the total energy scheme and the natural bond orbital (NBO) partition scheme. Additionally, the total potential energy has been deconvoluted using a six‐fold decomposition in terms of a Fourier‐type expansion, showing that the electrostatic and steric contributions are dominant in stabilizing the anti conformer. Infrared spectra of CF3C(O)OCH3 were obtained for the gaseous and liquid phases, while the Raman spectrum was recorded for the liquid phase. Harmonic vibrational frequencies and a scaled force field have been calculated, leading to a final root mean‐square deviation of 9 cm−1 when comparing experimental and calculated frequencies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcricothyroid electromyographic monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Authors: Alon Eran E. , Hinni Michael L.
Published: July 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine the usefulness of intraoperative nerve monitoring using an electrode placed in the midline through the cricothyroid membrane.

Study Design:

Retrospective records review.

Methods:

Patients of the otolaryngology department of our tertiary care academic medical center were identified if they had undergone either total thyroidectomy or total thyroid lobectomy accompanied by bilateral electromyographic (EMG) monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) between January 2007 and October 2007.

Results:

Forty‐three patients were identified who had a total throidectomy or a total thyroid lobectomy. Nineteen of the 43 had intraoperative EMG monitoring of the RLN with placement of a single EMG electrode through the cricothyroid membrane; 11 had a thyroidectomy, and eight had a thyroid lobectomy. Overall, 30 at‐risk nerves were stimulated with an EMG probe; 27 responded adequately and three (paralyzed before surgery) were unresponsive.

Conclusions:

Central placement of an EMG electrode through the cricothyroid membrane into the thyroarytenoid musculature is a safe and reliable technique for bilateral monitoring of the RLN that facilitates evaluation of postoperative function. Laryngoscope, 2009
Concurrent lingual thyroid and undescended thyroglossal duct thyroid without orthotopic thyroid gland
Authors: McCoul Edward D. , de Vries Egbert J.
Published: July 2009

Thyroglossal duct cyst and lingual thyroid are two common anomalies of thyroid gland development. Each may occur without the thyroid gland in the normal anatomic position, although the association of these three anomalies together is rare. Ectopic thyroid may function abnormally, and this determination can help guide surgical management. Therefore, early evaluation by an endocrinologist is an important part of the therapeutic approach. We report on the presentation and management of a 14‐year‐old girl with multiple foci of thyroid ectopia, absent orthotopic thyroid gland, and hypothyroidism. Laryngoscope, 2009
Product involvement in organic food consumption: Does ideology meet practice?
Authors: Tarkiainen Anssi , Sundqvist Sanna
Published: August 2009

This study assesses the level of consumers' felt involvement in four distinct product categories of organic food (coffee, bread, fruit, and flour), and examines the role of felt involvement in the broader context of organic food shopping behavior. It is shown that the reason why consumers do not buy organic food regularly despite their positive attitudes is that such ideologically formed attitudes are not present in habitual, low‐involvement shopping activities with limited problem‐solving needs as in food shopping from grocery stores. The statistical analysis of an empirical sample of 200 consumers gives substantial support to the hypothesized new organic food buying behavior model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dynamic landscape of the cell nucleus
Authors: Austin Christopher M. , Bellini Michel
Published: July 2009

While the cell nucleus was described for the first time almost two centuries ago, our modern view of the nuclear architecture is primarily based on studies from the last two decades. This surprising late start coincides with the development of new, powerful strategies to probe for the spatial organization of nuclear activities in both fixed and live cells. As a result, three major principles have emerged: first, the nucleus is not just a bag filled with nucleic acids and proteins. Rather, many distinct functional domains, including the chromosomes, resides within the confines of the nuclear envelope. Second, all these nuclear domains are highly dynamic, with molecules exchanging rapidly between them and the surrounding nucleoplasm. Finally, the motion of molecules within the nucleoplasm appears to be mostly driven by random diffusion. Here, the emerging roles of several subnuclear domains are discussed in the context of the dynamic functions of the cell nucleus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 19–28, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances on the use of separated representations
Authors: González David , Ammar Amine , Chinesta Francisco , Cueto Elías
Published: July 2009

Separated representations based on finite sum decompositions constitute an appealing strategy for reducing the computer resources and the calculation costs by reducing drastically the number of degrees of freedom that the functional approximations involve (the number of degrees of freedom scale linearly with the dimension of the space in which the model is defined instead of the exponential growing characteristic of mesh‐based discretization strategies). In our knowledge the use of separated representations is the only possibility for circumventing the terrific curse of dimensionality related to some highly multidimensional models involving hundreds of dimensions, as we proved in some of our former works. Its application is not restricted to multidimensional models, obviously separated representation can also be applied in standard 2D or 3D models, allowing for high resolution computations. Because its early life numerous issues persist, many of them attracting the curiosity of many research groups within the computational mechanics community. In this paper we are focusing in two issues never until now addressed: (i) the imposition of non‐homogenous essential boundary conditions and (ii) the consideration of complex geometries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale and hysteresis effects in vortex pattern simulations for Ginzburg–Landau problems
Authors: Carey Graham F. , Knezevic David J.
Published: August 2009

The behavior and properties of vortex pattern solutions to a benchmark Ginzburg–Landau model are investigated using hybrid continuation algorithms in conjunction with parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) schemes to resolve the local vortices. The model is related to phase transition models arising in superconductivity and superfluids. The approach is based on a coupled variational formulation and finite element approximation scheme for the complex‐valued solution. The associated algorithms implement continuation treatments based on the vortex scale coherence parameter and the winding number parameter in this model. Simulation results demonstrate the behavior of non‐unique solutions, as characterized by different vortex configurations, and energy plots are used to display hysteresis effects. The complex‐valued nature of the solution also serves to illustrate some interesting open questions related to AMR strategies and error indicators for complex‐valued solution fields as well as other implications for such coupled systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐invasive prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 18 by RNA–SNP allelic ratio analysis using maternal plasma SERPINB2 mRNA: a feasibility study
Authors: Tsui Nancy B. Y. , Wong Blenda C. K. , Leung Tak Y. , Lau Tze K. , Chiu Rossa W. K. , Lo Y. M. Dennis
Published: July 2009

Objective

Non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of chromosome aneuploidies has been achieved by measuring the ratio of two alleles of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in circulating placental mRNA (the RNA–SNP allelic ratio approach) in maternal plasma. We investigated the feasibility of applying this approach for the non‐invasive prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 18.

Method

We targeted serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), membrane 2 (SERPINB2) mRNA, which is transcribed from chromosome 18 and is preferentially expressed by the placenta. We developed a mass‐spectrometric assay to measure the SERPINB2 RNA–SNP allelic ratios in the placental samples and maternal plasma obtained from pregnancies involving euploid and trisomy 18 fetuses.

Results

We were able to separate all the euploid and trisomy 18 placentas by their SERPINB2 RNA–SNP allelic ratios. The allelic ratios of the trisomy 18 placentas deviated from the reference interval established from the euploid placentas. Due to the relatively low concentrations of SERPINB2 mRNA in maternal plasma, we used pooled maternal plasma samples for analysis. We were able to identify three of the four pooled trisomy 18 plasma samples by their deviated allelic ratios when compared with the reference interval obtained from pooled euploid plasma samples.

Conclusion

It is feasible to detect fetal trisomy 18 non‐invasively by maternal plasma SERPINB2 RNA–SNP analysis provided that sufficient quantities of plasma samples are used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic changes in the hypothalamus and retroperitoneal fat from male F344 rats subjected to repeated light–dark shifts
Authors: Mishra Archana , Cheng Chung‐Hsien , Lee Wen‐Chien , Tsai Ling‐Ling
Published: August 2009

Chronic circadian desynchronization induced by repeated 12 h light–dark cycle shifts conducted twice weekly resulted in elevated food intake, body weight gain, and retroperitoneal fat mass in male F344 rats. Using a proteomic approach, we found that repeated light–dark shifts caused changes in expression levels of five hypothalamic (four upregulated) and 22 retroperitoneal fat (13 upregulated) 2‐DE protein spots. Proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and in the citric acid cycle were upregulated, indicating a positive energy balance status. In addition, the hypothalamic gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase was upregulated, thus suggesting a connection between the brain GABAeric system and the modulation of food intake. Furthermore, the upregulation of fatty acid‐binding protein 4 and the downregulation of 78 kDa glucose‐regulated protein in the fat implicated the development of insulin resistance. We observed the upregulation of two antioxidant enzymes that might serve as protection against insulin dysfunction associated with oxidative stress. Finally, the downregulation of hypothalamic voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel protein 1 and fat ATP synthase suggested a reduction in synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. These findings are in partial agreement with those of studies of obesity induced by genotype and a high‐fat diet.
A computational study (DFT, MP2, and GIAO‐DFT) of substituent effects on protonation regioselectivity in β,β‐disubstituted vinyldiazonium cations: formation of highly delocalized carbenium/diazonium dications
Authors: Borosky Gabriela L. , Laali Kenneth K.
Published: July 2009

Protonation reactions were studied by quantum‐chemical theoretical methods (DFT and MP2) for a series of β,β‐disubstituted vinyldiazonium cations (1+–14+), bearing stabilizing electron‐releasing groups (H3CO, (H3C)2N, H3C, (H3C)3Si, as well as halogens F, Cl). Taking into account the various mesomeric forms that these species can represent, protonations at Cα, at the β‐substituent, and at Nβ were considered. The energetically most favored pathway in all cases was Cα protonation, which formally corresponds to trapping of the mesomeric diazonium ylid. Based on the computed properties (optimized geometries, NPA‐charge densities, and multinuclear GIAO‐NMR chemical shifts), the resulting dications can best be viewed as carbenium/diazonium dications, in which the carbocation is further delocalized into the β‐substituent. For the α‐nitro derivative 15, protonation of the nitro group was predicted to be the most favored reaction, while Cα‐ and Nβ‐protonation resulted in the loss of the nitronium ion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal precipitation variability versus altitude on a tropical high mountain: Observations and mesoscale atmospheric modelling
Authors: Mölg Thomas , Chiang John C. H. , Gohm Alexander , Cullen Nicolas J.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of maximum precipitation amounts (Pmax) on tropical high mountains at mid elevations is well documented (spatial variability), but little is known about the temporal variability of precipitation in different elevation zones. The present study targets this issue by combining various types of observations on and around Kilimanjaro (East Africa, 5895 m a.s.l.) with mesoscale atmospheric modelling. In observations, the vertical moisture profiles of air masses approaching the mountain clearly differ during ‘normal’ and ‘significant’ daily precipitation events on Kilimanjaro's summit, while model experiments illustrate that the elevation zone of Pmax is shifted upslope substantially during the latter events. Large (small) differences in precipitation therefore appear in the dry (moist) high‐elevation (mid‐ and low‐elevation) zones of the mountain. This space–time pattern is evident in observations of seasonal precipitation variability on Kilimanjaro and on nearby Mount Kenya for anomalous wet seasons, which are controlled by the frequency of ‘significant’ daily events. The upslope shift of Pmax in the model is favoured by dynamical factors (stronger air ascent and higher static instability of clouds), microphysical processes (greater efficiency in converting condensate to precipitation over high‐elevation terrain), and related feedback mechanisms (stronger latent heating). Beyond the seasonal scale, tropical climate change also entails changed frequencies of dry‐ and moist‐air advection, which is demonstrated for the Kilimanjaro region over 1979–2006. Thus, long‐term changes of precipitation are probably most drastic in the dry summit zones of tropical high mountains. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Multivariate SPC for recipe preservation of batch processes
Authors: Kim Young‐il , Adams Benjamin M.
Published: July 2009

The performances of the Hotelling's T2 control chart and the squared prediction error control chart based on the multi‐way principal component analysis are evaluated for monitoring within batch process variation for the purpose of recipe preservation. A nonlinear model for simulated batch process data is provided. The model allows for cross correlation of error terms at a given time period and serial correlation of error terms across time periods. The performance characterizations of the two monitoring schemes are provided for a variety of levels of cross correlation and serial correlation. The impact of the time period at which process shifts occur is also investigated for the monitoring schemes. The T2 control chart is recommended for the cases considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple robustH∞controller design using the nonsmooth optimization method
Authors: Yazdi Ehsan Azadi , Nagamune Ryozo
Published: July 2009

This paper proposes a systematic technique to design multiple robustH∞controllers. The proposed technique achieves a desired robust performance objective, which is impossible to achieve with a single robust controller, by dividing the uncertainty set into several subsets and by designing a robust controller to each subset. To achieve this goal with a small number of divisions of the uncertainty set, an optimization problem is formulated. Since the cost function of this optimization problem is not a smooth function, a numerical nonsmooth optimization algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. This method avoids the use of Lyapunov variables, and therefore it leads to a moderate size optimization problem. A numerical example shows that the proposed multiple robust control method can improve the closed‐loop performance when a single robust controller cannot achieve satisfactory performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STAT3 Is Required for Proliferation and Maintenance of Multipotency in Glioblastoma Stem Cells
Authors: Sherry Maureen M. , Reeves Andrew , Wu Julian K. , Cochran Brent H.
Published: August 2009

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and is frequently activated during tumorigenesis. Recently, putative glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SCs) were isolated and characterized. These cells can self-renew indefinitely in culture, are highly tumorigenic, and retain the ability to differentiate in culture. We have found that treatment of GBM-SCs with two chemically distinct small molecule inhibitors of STAT3 DNA-binding inhibits cell proliferation and the formation of new neurospheres from single cells. Genetic knockdown of STAT3 using a short hairpin RNA also inhibits GBM-SC proliferation and neurosphere formation, confirming that these effects are specific to STAT3. Although STAT3 inhibition can induce apoptosis in serum-derived GBM cell lines, this effect was not observed in GBM-SCs grown in stem cell medium. Markers of neural stem cell multipotency also decrease upon STAT3 inhibition, suggesting that STAT3 is required for maintenance of the stem-like characteristics of these cells. Strikingly, even a transient inhibition of STAT3 leads to irreversible growth arrest and inhibition of neurosphere formation. These data suggest that STAT3 regulates the growth and self-renewal of GBM-SCs and is thus a potential target for cancer stem cell-directed therapy of glioblastoma multiforme.
Bridging scientific reasoning and conceptual change through adaptive web‐based learning
Authors: She Hsiao‐Ching , Liao Ya‐Wen
Published: August 2009

This study reports an adaptive digital learning project, Scientific Concept Construction and Reconstruction (SCCR), and examines its effects on 108 8th grade students' scientific reasoning and conceptual change through mixed methods. A one‐group pre‐, post‐, and retention quasi‐experimental design was used in the study. All students received tests for Atomic Achievement, Scientific Reasoning, and Atomic Dependent Reasoning before, 1 week after, and 8 weeks after learning. A total of 18 students, six from each class, were each interviewed for 1 hour before, immediately after, and 2 months after learning. A flow map was used to provide a sequential representation of the flow of students' scientific narrative elicited from the interviews, and to further analyze the level of scientific reasoning and conceptual change. Results show students' concepts of atoms, scientific reasoning, and conceptual change made progress, which is consistent with the interviewing results regarding the level of scientific reasoning and quantity of conceptual change. This study demonstrated that students' conceptual change and scientific reasoning could be improved through the SCCR learning project. Moreover, regression results indicated students' scientific reasoning contributed more to their conceptual change than to the concepts students held immediately after learning. It implies that scientific reasoning was pivotal for conceptual change and prompted students to make associations among new mental sets and existing hierarchical structure‐based memory. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 91–119, 2010
Science learning in a leisure setting
Authors: Falk John H. , Storksdieck Martin
Published: August 2009

Most people visit a science center in order to satisfy specific leisure‐related needs; needs which may or may not actually include science learning. Falk proposed that an individual's identity‐related motivations provide a useful lens through which to understand adult free‐choice science learning in leisure settings. Over a 3‐year period the authors collected in‐depth data on a random sample of visitors to a large recently opened, hands‐on, interactive science center; collecting information on why people visited, what they did within the science center, what they knew about the subject presented upon entering and exiting, and what each individual's long‐term self‐perceptions of their own learning was. Presented is a qualitative analysis of visitor interviews collected roughly 2 years after the initial visit. Although there was evidence for a range of science learning outcomes, outcomes did appear to be strongly influenced by visitor's entering identity‐related motivations. However, the data also suggested that not only were the motivational goals of a science center visit important in determining outcomes, so too were the criteria by which visitors judged satisfaction of those goals; in particular whether goal satisfaction required external or merely internal validation. The implications for future informal science education research and practice are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47:194–212, 2010
Perennial toxigenic Planktothrix agardhii bloom in selected lakes of Western Poland
Authors: Mankiewicz‐Boczek Joanna , Gągała Ilona , Kokociński Mikołaj , Jurczak Tomasz , Stefaniak Karolina
Published: August 2009

The presence of toxigenic blooms dominated by filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii with estimation of microcystins (MCs) concentration and toxicity was measured in two lakes: Bytynskie and Lubosinskie situated in Western Poland. Investigations were carried out in summer, autumn, and winter of 2007/2008 and early spring of 2008. In both lakes, a domination of P. agardhii in relation to the total cyanobacterial biomass oscillated, throughout the year, almost on the same level between 75 and 99%. The PCR analysis of mcyE gene indicated a presence of toxigenic strains in all collected samples. In addition, the result of semiquantification of mcyE gene band showed that both lakes seem to have variable, throughout the seasons, toxigenic potential with the highest density of mcyE gene in spring. Two separate methods were used: protein phosphatase inhibition assay for estimation of MCs toxicity (biological activity) and high‐performance liquid chromatography for determination of MCs concentration (quantity). The highest seasonal MCs toxicity (15.8 μg/L Bytynskie and 21.9 μg/L Lubosinskie) and concentration (34.6 μg/L Bytynskie and 52.2 μg/L Lubosinskie) were determined in autumn and indicated on a Second Alert Level, according to WHO guidelines for bathing water. The results showed the ability of toxigenic strains of cyanobacteria dominated by P. agardhii to remain and produce MCs during the whole year. This was confirmed by significant correlations between P. agardhii biomass and MCs concentrations in both lakes (r = 0.84, Bninskie and r = 0.79, Lubosinskie; P < 0.05). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 10–20, 2011.
Interspecies differences in the accumulation of tributyltin and its metabolites under dietary exposure in sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major
Authors: Uno Seiichi , Murakami Masayo , Kokushi Emiko , Koyama Jiro
Published: August 2009

Interspecies differences in the accumulation of dietary tributyltin (TBT) between sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major, were studied. Although TBTs in both species reached steady‐state condition in low‐concentration group (L‐group, 200 ng/g nominal concentration) by 1 week, it increased up to the end of exposure in high‐concentration group (H‐group, 3000 ng/g nominal concentration). In H‐group, the accumulation rate of TBT in sea perch from 1 to 2 weeks was much higher than in red sea bream, which were 2.4‐fold for sea perch and 1.7‐fold for red sea bream, although TBT concentrations were similar between sea perch and red sea bream in L‐group. Furthermore, in the H‐group, the concentrations of TBT at 1 and 2 weeks were about 1.3‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, higher in the sea perch than in the red sea bream. On the other hand, DBT residue in red sea bream was about 1.4‐fold higher in sea perch for the L‐group but concentrations were similar in both fishes for the H‐group. These results suggest that red sea bream could metabolize faster the TBT to DBT than sea perch. This study also reveals that fish probably could absorb TBT through the food chain. The uptake of TBT by fish should be regarded in the real environment, because TBT concentration in seawater has been decreasing and now already at significantly low level. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 29–36, 2011.
Chloride Derivatives of Lanthanide Ortho‐Oxomolybdates: 2. The Unique Crystal Structure of NdCl[MoO4] in the LnCl[MoO4] Series
Authors: Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo
Published: July 2009

The reaction of Nd2O3, NdCl3, and MoO3 in a molar ratio of 1:1:3 leads to a phase‐pure product, consisiting of bulky, pale violet single crystals of NdCl[MoO4]. The title compound crystallises orthorhombically in space group Pbam with four formula units per unit cell (a = 1991.61(9) pm, b = 693.79(3) pm, c = 742.53(3) pm) and is therefore not isotypic with the so far observed phases within the LnCl[MoO4] series (Ln = La–Lu). The crystal structure contains two crystallographically distinguishable tetrahedral [MoO4]2– anions, which are surrounded by five Nd3+ cations each. Four of them represent terminal ligands, the fifth one coordinates through an edge. There are also two crystallographically different Nd3+ cations in the structure, which both show almost the same coordination environment, namely a distorted trigonal dodecahedron, consisting of two Cl– and six O2– anions. The structure is built up by chains of oxide‐edge sharing [NdCl2O6]11– polyhedra, which form double chains through a Cl1···Cl1 bridge at the dodecahedron around (Nd1)3+. These double chains are connected to four adjacent double chains by Cl2 vertices of the (Nd2)3+ polyhedron. Finally, the Mo6+ cations come to lie in tetrahedral oxygen voids of this three‐dimensional network.
The Chain Manganates K29Mn17O34, Rb11Mn8O16, and Cs4Mn3O6: a New Family of Mixed‐valent One‐dimensional Transition Metallates
Authors: Pfeiffer Steffen , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: July 2009

Air and moisture sensitive K29Mn17O34, Rb11Mn8O16 and Cs4Mn3O6 were prepared via the azide/nitrate route from stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors Mn2O3, AN3 and ANO3 (A = K, Rb, Cs) in special containers provided with silver inlays. Their compositions can be generalized as AxMnO2 with x varying between 1.703 and 1.333. According to the X‐ray analysis of the crystal structures [K29Mn17O34: Ima2, Z = 4, a = 93.149(3), b = 10.0063(3), c = 6.0621(2) Å, 6585 independent reflections, R1 = 0.053, wR(all) = 0.143; Rb11Mn8O16: F222, Z = 16, a = 12.2096(4), b = 20.1595(7), c = 43.712(2) Å, 11534 independent reflections, R1 = 0.042, wR(all) = 0.131; Cs4Mn3O6: C222, Z = 8, a = 12.790(3), b = 21.123(4), c = 8.179(2) Å, 2212 independent reflections, R1 = 0.051, wR(all) = 0.122], the main feature of all three crystal structures are {}^1_\inftyMnO2n– chains built up from partially distorted edge‐sharing MnO4 tetrahedra. The alkali metal ions fill the space between the anionic entities forming honeycomb like arrangements. In all cases manganese is in a mixed‐valent state but no full charge ordering is noticeable. The variations of the charges along the MnO2n– chains seem to be best described in terms of charge density waves. The magnetic susceptibilities show the dominance of strong antiferromagnetic interactions for the rubidium and the cesium compounds, whereas ferro‐ or ferrimagnetic interactions prevail in the potassium compound.
Ln3[SiON3]O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) – Three Oxonitridosilicate Oxides with Crystal Structures Derived from the Anti‐Perovskite Structure Type
Authors: Kechele Juliane A. , Schmolke Christian , Lupart Saskia , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

The oxonitridosilicate oxides Ln3[SiON3]O with Ln = La, Ce, Pr were obtained by high‐temperature syntheses (1450–1600 °C) in a radio‐frequency furnace. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinements. The compounds Ln3[SiON3]O crystallize in space group I4/mcm (La3[SiON3]O: a = 6.8224(10), c = 11.074(2) Å, Z = 4; R1 = 0.0240; Ce3[SiON3]O: a = 6.7233(10), c = 11.069(2) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0234; Pr3[SiON3]O: a = 6.6979(9), c = 11.005(2) Å, Z = 4; R1 = 0.0156) and they were found to be isotypic with Gd3[SiON3]O, whose structure derives from the anti‐perovskite structure type. In the crystal structure there are elongated OLn6‐octahedra, which are interconnected through common vertices. In the cavities of this network there are exclusively non‐condensed SiON3 tetrahedra. 29Si solid‐state NMR investigations, lattice energy calculations (MAPLE) and EDX measurements confirmed the crystal structure and the chemical compositions. For Ce3[SiON3]O, magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out and the paramagnetic behavior with an experimental magnetic moment of 2.2 μB per cerium atom indicates Ce3+.
Surgical strategy for mucin‐producing bile duct tumor
Authors: Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kimura Fumio , Shimizu Hiroaki , Yoshidome Hiroyuki , Kato Atsushi , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Furukawa Katsunori , Mitsuhashi Noboru , Takeuchi Dan , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Suda Kosuke , Miyazaki Masaru
Published: July 2009

Tumors with copious mucin production within the intra‐ or extrahepatic bile ducts have been reported as mucin‐producing bile duct tumors (MPBTs). Because mucin produced by these tumors causes recurrent cholangitis and obstructive jaundice, surgical resection should be indicated even if these tumors are regarded as benign. In order to choose the appropriate surgical procedure, exact preoperative assessment of tumor location and cancer extension is important, especially evaluation of the extent of superficial spreading through cholangioscopic observation and biopsy. In principle, MPBTs should be resected in a manner similar to that employed for other types of bile duct carcinomas. That is, major hepatectomy with or without extrahepatic bile duct resection or pancreaticoduodenectomy should be chosen as the surgical procedure, and intraoperative frozen section at the stumps of the bile duct is essential. On the other hand, when precise diagnosis is completed preoperatively and the lesion is diagnosed as adenoma or carcinoma with invasion confined to the ductal wall and limited superficial spreading, limited resections preserving organ functions as much as possible can be considered as a choice among surgical procedures. All ten patients with MPBT resected at our institution according to these strategies are still alive without tumor recurrence, with a median survival of 48.0 months.
Southern Disillusionment with the Democratic Party: Cultural Conformity and “the Great Melding” of Racial and Economic Conservatism in Alabama during World War II
Authors: FELDMAN GLENN
Published: July 2009

This essay explores growing disillusionment with the national Democratic Party in the southern United States, disillusionment that led to third-party movements such as the Dixiecrats and George Wallacism, and eventually southern allegiance to the modern Republican Party. The essay focusses on Alabama during the first half of the 1940s, where a “Great Melding” between economic conservatism and racial conservatism came to maturity. The melding resulted in a cross-class and pan-white alliance in a state that had experienced periodic plain-white challenges to business and planter elite dominance. It also resulted in the use by economic conservatives of white supremacy and allied conservative norms on gender, class, religion, and militaristic hyper-patriotism to suppress future working-class insurgency, and set the stage for a more formal southern disassociation from the Democratic Party and eventual conversion to Republicanism.
“Sailing against the Wind”: A Reappraisal of Edward Kennedy's Campaign for the 1980 Democratic Party Presidential Nomination
Authors: STANLEY TIMOTHY RANDOLPH
Published: July 2009

In 1980 Senator Edward Kennedy challenged incumbent President Jimmy Carter for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. Kennedy's defeat has often been used as evidence of a philosophical realignment within the American electorate in the late 1970s away from Democratic liberalism, which culminated in the election of Ronald Reagan as President. However, Kennedy performed better than this interpretation suggests. His defeat was caused by historical accident: a poor campaign, international crises and Carter's use of the incumbency. The strengths of the Kennedy campaign cast doubt upon the theory of realignment and suggest that liberalism enjoyed greater support among the US electorate than has previously been considered.
Extension of equilibrium turbulent heat flux models to high-speed shear flows
Authors: BOWERSOX RODNEY D. W.
Published: August 2009

An algebraic heat flux truncation model was derived for high-speed gaseous shear flows. The model was developed for high-temperature gases with caloric imperfections. Fluctuating dilatation moments were modelled via conservation of mass truncations. The present model provided significant improvements, up to 20%, in the temperature predictions over the gradient diffusion model for a Mach number ranging from 0.02 to 11.8. Analyses also showed that the near-wall dependence of the algebraic model agreed with expected scaling, where the constant Prandtl number model did not. This led to a simple modification of the turbulent Prandtl number model. Compressibility led to an explicit pressure gradient dependency with the present model. Analyses of a governing parameter indicated that these terms are negligibly small for low speeds. However, they may be important for high-speed flow.
The Regime contra Reality: Bolshevism and Raison d'etat
Authors: Rotenstreich Nathan
Published: August 2009

In examining man's attitude toward the role of the political regime in his life, one is likely to find the regime an extension of his life — not a force which stands in opposition to it, and certainly not a force which has come to destroy it. The political estrangement, however, between man and his self which is revealed in the Bolshevist dictatorship results in a contradiction between the reality of man and the regime under which he lives. We shall attempt to analyze this contradiction.
Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: August 2009

The following considerations have grown out of a study of the origins, the elements and the functioning of that novel form of government and domination which we have come to call totalitarian. Wherever it rose to power, it developed entirely new political institutions and destroyed all social, legal and political traditions of the country. No matter what the specifically national tradition or the particular spiritual source of its ideology, totalitarian government always transformed classes into masses, supplanted the party system, not by one-party dictatorships, but by a mass movement, shifted the center of power from the army to the police, and established a foreign policy openly directed toward world domination. Present totalitarian governments have developed from one-party systems; whenever these became truly totalitarian, they started to operate according to a system of values so radically different from all others, that none of our traditional legal, moral, or common sense utilitarian categories could any longer help us to come to terms with, or judge, or predict its course of action.
Brownson's Search for the Kingdom of God: The Social Thought of an American Radical
Authors: Fitzsimons M. A.
Published: August 2009

In 1815 the rulers and political leaders of Europe—men who had known the terror of witnessing the violent destruction of their social and political institutions—finished their work at the Congress of Vienna, work designed to prevent the resurgence of revolutionary threats. State and Church—and on the continent this meant the Catholic Church—cooperated in this conservative and reactionary task. The task was doomed, for the vision of a free, equal and fraternal society throbbed with all the more compelling radiance in the world of privilege and inequality which the Congress of Vienna restored. Later industrial changes propelled the revolutionary tide, and waves of liberalism and socialism beat against the old order, menacing not only the governments of Europe but the Church. To those captivated by the vision of a better or perfect society on earth, conservative Catholic admiration for the past and reverence for the order and treasures of the present seemed peculiarly obscurantist, obstinate blindness to the cause of progress.
Totalitarian Religions
Authors: Gurian Waldemar
Published: August 2009

We observe today an astonishing spectacle. Just as during the worst period of the French Revolution, Christianity, and particularly the Catholic Church, is under systematic attack in wide parts of the world, in the Soviet Union, in its European satellites, and in Red China. These countries are under control of groups which profess an atheistic doctrine. The official doctrine of the Soviet world expresses the belief that religion will disappear; it permits the application of tactics which strangulate Church life slowly, but successfully. Leading members of the hierarchy have been arrested and sentenced; schools and monasteries have been closed down; religious orders disbanded; missionary work of centuries has been destroyed. All this is accomplished by systematic and carefully planned campaigns. Every means of deception is used. In profoundly Catholic countries like Poland, caution prevails; in others brutal terror is applied. And all measures against Church life are presented, despite the clear atheism of the official doctrine, as measures against reactionaries and political counter-revolutionaries; churchmen are accused of being American agents and allies of Imperialism and Capitalism
The British Elections
Authors: Fitzsimons M. A.
Published: August 2009

The british elections of October 25 gave the Conservative Party a small majority of 17 members in the House of Commons, although the popular vote provided a majority of 200,000 for the Labour Party. Parliament, however, is the supreme power in the British government and the discrepancy between popular vote and parliamentary results will not seriously shake the self-confidence of the Conservative Party. Members of the Labour Party, less sober and responsible in opposition, will doubtless characterize the Conservative government as a freak and an accident. But British traditions sanction the illogical workings of electoral machinery.