bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I can see it and I can feel it, but I can't put my finger on it’: A Foucauldian discourse analysis of experiences of relating on psychiatric inpatient units
Authors: Cheetham John , Holttum Sue , Springham Neil , Butt Kate
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Research has shown interpersonal relationships influence experiences of inpatient psychiatric services. This study explored inpatient staff and service users’ talk about relating, and consequences on available/limited social actions.

Design

A Foucauldian discourse analysis was used to analyse transcribed semi‐structured interviews and focus groups with current inpatient staff members and members of a service‐user involvement group.

Method

Two focus groups (service users n = 10; staff n = 6) and five interviews (service users n = 2; staff n = 3) were held, with participants responding to questions regarding the discursive object of ‘experiences of relating on inpatient wards’.

Results

A dominant ‘medical–technical–legal’ discourse was seen, alongside a counter discourse of ‘ordinary humane relating’. Through the tensions between these discourses emerged a discourse of ‘collaborative exploration’.

Conclusion

The medical–technical–legal discourse perpetuates notions of mental illness as impenetrable to relating. Staff fear of causing harm and positions of legal accountability generate mistrust which obstructs relating, whilst patients expect to be asked their opinions on their experiences and to be involved in deciding what treatment to accept, and experience frustration and alienation when this is not forthcoming. Ordinary humane relating was described as vital for service users in regaining a sense of self, although not considered enough in itself to promote recovery/wellness. ‘Treatment for my problems’ was constructed by service users as emerging through the collaborative exploration discourse, where therapeutic relationships can develop, enabling change and a return to safety.

Practitioner points

Discourse analysis of how we talk can help us understand the complexities of being, working, and relating on psychiatric inpatient units.

Relating as constructed through the medical–technical–legal discourse is seen as the most legitimized but least fulfilling for staff and service users alike.

Both staff and service users want purposefully therapeutic, collaborative relationships

however, the environment does not currently appear to support these ways of relating emerging with legitimacy.

Some simple steps might be taken to begin the shift towards more fulfilling and therapeutic ways of relating being privileged in psychiatric inpatient environments.
Orthotopic liver transplantation for Sensenbrenner syndrome
Authors: Ackah Ruth Linda , Yoeli Dor , Kueht Michael , Galván Nhu Thao Nguyen , Cotton Ronald Timothy , Rana Abbas , O'Mahony Christine Ann , Goss John Alan
Published: October 2017

Sensenbrenner syndrome, or cranioectodermal dysplasia, is a rare heterogeneic autosomal recessive disorder, affecting ~1 of 1 000 000 live births. The syndrome usually manifests within the first year of life and can present with progressive liver and renal involvement. For all Sensenbrenner patients, renal and liver diseases are the main contributors of morbidity and mortality. In this report, we present the case of a 7‐year‐old boy with congenital liver disease progressing to liver failure secondary to Sensenbrenner syndrome. For this patient, evidence of liver dysfunction was evident from 2 months of age and progressed to frank cirrhosis and severe portal hypertension with multiple episodes of life‐threatening variceal bleeding by age 6. This report illustrates the capability of orthotopic liver transplantation as a viable therapy for those pediatric patients suffering from severe liver failure secondary to a congenital ciliopathy, such as Sensenbrenner syndrome. In fact, early emphasis should be placed on the renal and liver involvement associated with Sensenbrenner syndrome with particular consideration for early referral for transplantation in cases with severe disease. Although the condition is rare, clinicians should be aware of it and its association with fatal liver disease to facilitate appropriate evaluation and referral.
Why Take Both Boxes?
Authors: Spencer Jack , Wells Ian
Published: October 2017

The crucial premise of the standard argument for two‐boxing in Newcomb's problem, a causal dominance principle, is false. We present some counterexamples. We then offer a metaethical explanation for why the counterexamples arise. Our explanation reveals a new and superior argument for two‐boxing, one that eschews the causal dominance principle in favor of a principle linking rational choice to guidance and actual value maximization.
A T‐cell diagnostic test for cystic echinococcosis based on Antigen B peptides
Authors: Petrone L. , Vanini V. , Amicosante M. , Corpolongo A. , Gomez Morales M. A. , Ludovisi A. , Ippolito G. , Pozio E. , Teggi A. , Goletti D.
Published: October 2017

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) immunodiagnosis is still imperfect. We recently set‐up a whole‐blood test based on the interleukin (IL)‐4 response to the native Antigen B (AgB) of Echinococcus granulosus. However, AgB is encoded by a multigene family coding for five putative subunits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyse the IL‐4 response to peptides spanning the immunodominant regions of the five AgB subunits and to evaluate the accuracy of this assay for CE diagnosis. Peptides corresponding to each subunit were combined into five pools. A pool containing all peptides was also used (total pool). IL‐4 evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher in patients with CE compared to those without (NO‐CE subjects) when whole‐blood was stimulated with AgB1 and with the total pool. Moreover, IL‐4 levels in response to the total pool were significantly increased in patients with active cysts. Receiver Operator Curve analysis identified a cut‐off point of 0.59 pg/mL predicting active cysts diagnosis with 71% sensitivity and 82% specificity in serology‐positive CE patients. These data, if confirmed in a larger cohort, offer the opportunity to develop new diagnostic tools for CE based on a standardized source of AgB as the peptides.
Mexico's Public Diplomacy Approach to the Indo‐Pacific: A Thin Soft Power?
Authors: Villanueva Rivas César
Published: October 2017

This article argues that Mexico has a thin public diplomacy approach to the Indo‐Pacific. The reasons are twofold: first, the great weight of the United States poses limits on Mexico's foreign policy outside North America; and second, the scarce resources have been channeled to soft power strategies elsewhere, particularly toward the Indo‐Pacific. However, China, Japan, South Korea, India, and Australia have better chances to engage productively in public diplomacy, and the MIKTA group—Mexico, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and Australia—offers certain venues to expand common interests. To develop a better appreciation of Mexico's public diplomacy, a brief summary of its main features is offered as well as some comparative analysis of Mexico's image abroad.
Indonesia's “Intermestic” Public Diplomacy: Features and Future
Authors: Huijgh Ellen
Published: October 2017

Over the past decade, public diplomacy has come to find a comfortable home in the Indo‐Pacific region, offering a range of unique public diplomacy experiences that are deserving of further attention. This article examines the key features and recent developments of Indonesia's public diplomacy. It sets out potential future paths against the background of the latest evolutions in the field, which are relevant to regional peers and others across the globe. Although a relative latecomer to the field, Indonesia started off innovatively with an “intermestic” (a blend of domestic and international) and niche narrative public diplomacy, cultivating its international image in the coexistence of democracy, Islam, and modernity. But Indonesia's public diplomacy is at risk and facing stagnation and isolation today. The study argues that Indonesia must continue to develop and deepen its integrative approach to public diplomacy's structure, strategy, narrative, and domestic dimension. Doing so is necessary if Indonesia is to meet the requirements of twenty‐first century diplomacy trends and remain a credible model in the Indo‐Pacific region and beyond.
Paraspara, Encounters, and Confluences: India's Soft Power Objective in the Indo‐Pacific Region
Authors: Singh Amit , Sarwal Amit
Published: October 2017

The ties between India and the countries in the Indo‐Pacific region go back to the pre‐Christian era. Even today, Indian influence on the language, customs, and rituals is visible in Southeast Asia. The Hindu concepts of kingship, administrative institutions, and ceremonies that became deeply embedded in the royal culture of Southeast Asia were disrupted with the arrival of the colonial powers. These traditional linkages have become the key element of India's diplomacy—the “Look East” and the “Act East” policies. This article studies the background of India's sustained public and cultural diplomacy policy in bridging the gap between India, East Asia, and the Indo‐Pacific countries in the context of the Act East policy. Using examples from Modi's yoga diplomacy, Bollywood, and Indian cultural festivals, the authors propose that these initiatives should be seen as part of a historical and traditional concept of “paraspara”—mutually sustainable and reciprocal diplomacy that taps into the opportunities in the Indo‐Pacific region.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Recasting Soft Power for the Indo‐Pacific
Authors: Byrne Caitlin
Published: October 2017

Soft power and its associated practice of public diplomacy have gained prominence in foreign policy discourse and in Ministries of Foreign Affairs around the globe. These concepts receive considerable scholarly attention today. Yet discourse continues to be dominated by European and American frameworks and experiences. Remarkably, there is little interrogation of how soft power and public diplomacy are evolving to find relevance in alternative contexts. As a result, persistent gaps constrain theoretical and practical frameworks underpinning the field. This article sets the scene for the Special Issue on soft power and public diplomacy in the Indian Ocean‐Asia Pacific (Indo‐Pacific) region. It introduces the Indo‐Pacific as the geographic backdrop for the issue, to reveal enduring features, themes, and complexities that shape the current and future relevance of soft power within it. Conclusions highlight the future and underexplored potential of the region's transnational and digital networks.
Detection of APAF1 mutation in Holstein cows and mummified foetuses in Japanese dairy herds
Authors: Ghanem ME , Nishibori M , Isobe N , Hisaeda K
Published: October 2017

Contents

Some of the highest genetic merit sires have been shown to harbour recessive mutations affecting fertility, which may spread rapidly in the population through AI. These disorders may result in abortion and decline in pregnancy per insemination in cows. This study was carried out on 240 Holstein‐Friesian cows and 15 mummified foetuses. Blood and tissue samples were collected from the cows and mummified foetuses, respectively, for DNA extraction. Allele‐specific PCR was designed for the detection of the cows and foetuses carrying the nonsense mutation (C/T) in apoptosis peptide activating factor 1 gene (APAF1). The mutant allele frequency of the APAF1 in carrier cows and mummified foetuses was calculated. Milk samples were taken from the carrier and non‐carrier cows for progesterone assay. The allele‐specific PCR reaction efficiently distinguished the C/T mutation in APAF1. Of 240 cows, seven cows (2.9%) were diagnosed to carry one copy of the mutant allele of APAF1. However, the carrier frequency was 33.3% in mummified foetuses (five of 15). The mutant allele frequency was 0.02 and 0.17 in the cows and mummified foetuses, respectively. Concentrations of progesterone did not differ between cows with APAF1 mutation and non‐carrier cows during 45 days post‐insemination. This study provided allele‐specific PCR for the detection of APAF1 mutation in cows. Moreover, it reports the carrier and mutant allele frequencies of APAF1 in dairy cows and mummified foetuses in Japan.
Long‐term care and pay‐for‐performance programs
Authors: Norton Edward C.
Published: October 2017

Pay‐for‐performance programs are gradually spreading across Asia. This paper builds on the longer experience in the United States to offer lessons for Asia. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has introduced several pay‐for‐performance programs since 2012 to encourage hospitals to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Some state Medicaid programs have also introduced pay‐for‐performance for nursing homes. Long‐term care providers play an important role in hospital pay‐for‐performance programs because they can affect the readmission rate and also total episode payments. A good pay‐for‐performance program will focus on improving quality of care that affects health outcomes. In addition, that quality must vary across providers and be measurable. Furthermore, it is important that the measures be reported in a timely way, that both demand and supply respond to the measures, and that the measures be risk adjusted. Empirical data from Medicare beneficiaries in the state of Michigan show that mean episode payments and readmission rates in skilled nursing facilities vary widely and are sensitive to the number of observations. These practical matters create challenges for implementing pay‐for‐performance in practice. There is an extensive literature review of pay‐for‐performance in long‐term care in the United States and in Asia.
Tissue‐specific Differences in Immune Cell Subsets Located in the Naso‐oropharyngeal‐associated Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Bankvall M. , Jontell M. , Wold A. , Östman S.
Published: October 2017

Defining the immune cells within the naso‐oropharyngeal‐associated lymphoid tissues would promote the development of efficient orally and nasally delivered immunotherapies. The aim was to compare murine antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and T cell subsets in the nose‐associated lymphoid tissues (NALT), cervical lymph nodes (CLN), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) using flow cytometry and in vitro proliferation assays. Overall, the NALT contained a higher proportion of APCs and a lower proportion of T cells compared to the CLN, MLN and PLN. The APCs of the NALT more often belonged to the CD11c+CD11b+ and the CD11cnegCD11b+ subsets as compared to the other sites. Both of these APC populations showed little sign of activation, that is low expression of the markers CD40, CD86 and IAd. Instead, the APCs of the NALT more often co‐expressed CX3CR1 and CD206, markers associated with a tolerogenic function. No increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells was observed in the NALT. Instead, the T cells frequently exhibited a memory/effector phenotype, expressing the homing markers α4β7, CCR4 and CCR9, but rarely the naïve phenotype cell surface marker CD45RB. In contrast, the T cells at the other sites were mostly of the naïve phenotype. In addition, cells from the NALT did not proliferate upon in vitro stimulation with Con A, whereas the cells from the other sites did. Taken together, these results suggest that the NALT is primarily an effector site rather than one for activation and differentiation, despite it being regarded as a site of induction.
A novel HLA‐DRB1*07 allele, HLA‐DRB1*07:01:22, identified in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zhou X.‐Y. , Zhang L.‐Q. , Xiao Y. , Yang X.‐Q. , Cai J.‐P.
Published: October 2017

HLA‐DRB1*07:01:22 differs from HLA‐DRB1*07:01:01:01 at position 244 (C>T) in exon 2.
Cost of visceral leishmaniasis care in Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Isis Polianna Silva Ferreira , Peixoto Henry Maia , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes
Published: October 2017

Objective

To estimate the Brazilian direct and indirect costs of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in 2014.

Methods

Cost‐of‐illness study on the Brazilian public health system and societal perspective.VLcases registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System in the year of 2014 were considered. Direct medical costs regarding diagnostic, treatment and care provided to patients withVLwere estimated through the top‐down approach. The indirect costs related to productivity loss due to premature mortality and morbidity were estimated by means of the human‐capital method.

Results

In 2014, 9895 suspected cases ofVLwere reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and 3453 were later confirmed. There were 234 patients with Leishmania‐HIVcoinfection underwent a secondary prophylaxis. The total cost ofVLin Brazil wasUS$ 14 190 701.50 (US$ 14 189 150.10 to 14 199 940.53) that varied according to the sensitivity analysis. The total of direct medical costs corresponded toUS$ 1 873 681.96 (US$1 872 130.55 to 1 882 920.99), and the majority of costs was associated with hospitalisation (40%), followed by treatment (22%), and secondary prophylaxis (18%). Productivity loss corresponded toUS$ 11 421 683.37 for premature mortality andUS$ 895 336.18 for work absence due to hospitalisation by the illness.

Conclusions

VLrepresents an expensive health problem for the Brazilian public health system and society, mainly because of its productivity loss due to premature mortality. Interventions to reduceVLlethality could have a great impact on decreasing the cost of illness.
Dual control of ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation by DNA damage‐binding protein 2 (DDB2)
Authors: Córdoba‐Cañero Dolores , Cognat Valérie , Ariza Rafael R. , Roldán Arjona Teresa , Molinier Jean
Published: October 2017

By controlling gene expression, DNA methylation contributes to key regulatory processes during plant development. Genomic methylation patterns are dynamic and must be properly maintained and/or re‐established upon DNA replication and active removal, and therefore require sophisticated control mechanisms. Here we identify direct interplay between the DNA repair factor DNA damage‐binding protein 2 (DDB2) and the ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that DDB2 forms a complex with ROS1 and AGO4 and that they act at the ROS1 locus to modulate levels of DNA methylation and therefore ROS1 expression. We found that DDB2 represses enzymatic activity of ROS1. DNA demethylation intermediates generated by ROS1 are processed by the DNA 3′‐phosphatase ZDP and the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1L, and we also show that DDB2 interacts with both enzymes and stimulates their activities. Taken together, our results indicate that DDB2 acts as a critical regulator of ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation.
Fear of donation‐related stimuli is reported across different levels of donation experience
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to characterize the extent of donation‐related fears among donors with different levels of donation experience.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A sample of 1054 recent donors (48.3% female; mean ± SD age 33.1 ± 9.8 years) completed an anonymous, online survey of their fear of donation‐related stimuli, including blood, needles, pain, and fainting. Respondents also provided information regarding demographics, pain, and vasovagal symptoms associated with their recent donation and confidence and intention with respect to a future donation.

RESULTS

The sample was divided into four donation history subgroups, including one, two or three, four or five, or six or more prior donations. A significant negative relationship was observed between donation history and each of the assessed fears, indicating less fear with more experience. However, at least one‐third of even the most experienced donors reported some fear for each of the stimuli. Further, greater fear was associated with more pain (r = 0.35–0.56, all p < 0.001) and more intense vasovagal symptom reports (r = 0.41–0.61, all p < 0.001). Finally, greater fear was associated with less donor confidence (r = –0.24 to –0.33, all p < 0.001) and lower intentions of donating again (r = –0.14 to –0.20, all p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

These data provide novel evidence that fear persists for many donors, despite increasing experience, and suggest that a greater appreciation of individual differences in fear is needed to address these concerns and promote long‐term donor motivation.
Nonhemolytic passenger lymphocyte syndrome
Authors: Sandler S. Gerald , Han Suhua , Langeberg Albert , Matsumoto Cal , Fishbein Thomas M.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

An 8‐month‐old recipient of a liver segment transplant had anti‐D detected for the first time in her Day 5 posttransplant plasma and anti‐C detected for the first time in her Day 55 posttransplant plasma. The donor's plasma contained anti‐C and anti‐D. Clinical and laboratory findings established a diagnosis of passenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS). Hemolysis did not occur, because the recipient's blood group phenotype was, by chance, D– C–.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To evaluate contemporary practice for diagnosing PLS, we conducted a retrospective 10‐year literature review.

RESULTS

There were 31 studies (63 cases) of PLS of which eight cases (four studies) were hematopoietic stem cell and 55 (27 studies) were organ transplants. All eight (100%) hematopoietic stem cell and 52 (95%) organ transplants were associated with hemolysis. Of the four studies of hematopoietic stem cell PLS, three actively screened for posttransplant blood group antibodies. Of 27 studies of organ PLS, one actively screened for antibodies. Antibody screens detected five cases of hematopoietic stem cell PLS before hemolysis was apparent and two cases of organ PLS with antibodies without hemolysis.

CONCLUSION

Focusing on hemolysis, without a comparable effort to detect donor‐derived antibodies diverts from the primary pathophysiology of PLS and limits capturing the full scope of the syndrome. Recognition of hemolytic and nonhemolytic subcategories of PLS is recommended. When feasible, an antibody screen performed on the donor's plasma when collecting the hematopoietic stem cells or before an organ harvest could result in an alert that the donor has formed an alloantibody(s) and the recipient is a risk for PLS. Alternatively, a routine antibody screen performed on the recipient's plasma 1 week posttransplant and, if negative, repeated 3 to 5 weeks posttransplant would detect any donor‐derived antibodies and improve alignment of clinical practice with the pathophysiology of PLS.
Use of the blood substitute HBOC‐201 in critically ill patients during sickle crisis: a three‐case series
Authors: Davis Jonathan M. , El‐Haj Nura , Shah Nimish N. , Schwartz Garry , Block Margaret , Wall James , Tidswell Mark , DiNino Ernest
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an important treatment modality during severe sickle cell crisis (SCC). SCC patients who refuse, or cannot accept, RBCs present a unique challenge. Acellular hemoglobin (Hb)‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) might be an alternative for critically ill patients in SCC with multiorgan failure due to life‐threatening anemia. HBOC‐201 (HbO2 Therapeutics) has been administered to more than 800 anemic patients in 22 clinical trials, but use of any HBOCs in critically ill sickle cell patients with organ failure is exceedingly rare. In the United States, HBOC‐201 is currently only available for expanded access.

CASE REPORT

We report three cases of HBOC‐201 administered to critically ill sickle cell disease patients in SCC with multiorgan failure, either who refused RBCs (Jehovah's Witnesses) or for whom compatible RBCs were not available.

RESULTS

Two patients received more than 20 units of HBOC‐201, while the other received 6. The 27 units used in the third case equals the largest volume a patient has successfully received to date. All three patients survived to hospital discharge.

CONCLUSION

These reports suggest that blood substitutes such as HBOC‐201 can provide an oxygen bridge in SCC with multiorgan failure, until corpuscular Hb levels recover to meet metabolic demand, and highlight the compelling biochemical properties that warrant further investigation.
Control of canine idiopathic nasal hyperkeratosis with a natural skin restorative balm: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Catarino Mathilde , Combarros‐Garcia Daniel , Mimouni Philippe , Pressanti Charline , Cadiergues Marie C.
Published: October 2017

Background

Nasal hyperkeratosis may cause discomfort in dogs by predisposing them to fissures and secondary bacterial infection. Approaches to treatment have been described anecdotally; the effectiveness of such therapies remains unproven.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the efficacy of a balm containing essential oils and essential fatty acids in dogs with idiopathic nasal hyperkeratosis.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with noncomplicated nasal hyperkeratosis.

Methods

The study was conducted as a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with parallel group design and two month follow‐up period. Dogs received daily topical application of a commercial balm product (group DBB) or placebo (aqueous gelling agent with preservatives, group PB). The main outcome variables were lichenification, dryness, suppleness and extent of lesions. Subjective owner satisfaction index score was a secondary variable. Evaluation was performed on days (D)0, 30 and 60. Response to treatment was assessed as the change from baseline to each examination day for each criterion.

Results

Forty eight dogs, principally French (26 of 48) and English (seven of 48) bulldogs, were included and 39 completed the study. No major adverse events were reported. On D60, changes from baseline for lichenification, lesion extent, suppleness and total score were −31.2%, −18.3%, −72.8% and −36.8% in group DBB (23 dogs) and −11.9%, 2.3%, −42.1% and −14% in group PB (16 dogs), respectively. The total score was significantly improved on D60 in group DBB compared to PB (Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U‐test, P = 0.0016).

Conclusions and clinical importance

The balm proved safe and helpful in managing canine idiopathic noncomplicated nasal hyperkeratosis.
The progressive form in learner Englishes: Examining variation across corpora
Authors: MERILÄINEN LEA
Published: October 2017

This article examines the English progressive form and its functions in learner English, thereby addressing the call by Mukherjee and Hundt (2011) to bring Expanding Circle Englishes and the parallels between English as a foreign language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL) onto the agenda of English linguistics. By comparing the frequencies and functions of the progressive form in corpus data from different types of learners, this study investigates the variation induced by L1‐influence, mode of communication, proficiency differences and differing degrees of exposure to English. The results reveal similarities between learner English and both second language and native language Englishes, and support the notion of a continuum between learner English and second language varieties of English.
Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and comparison of selective plating media for the isolation of Salmonella in backyard chickens from Entre Rios, Argentina
Authors: Rodríguez F. I. , Pascal D. C. , Pulido D. , Osinalde J. M. , Caffer M. I. , Bueno D. J.
Published: October 2017

This study was conducted to estimate the apparent prevalence of Salmonella spp. in birds kept under backyard system in Entre Ríos, Argentina, and determine the performance of two selective plating media used for Salmonella isolation, and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated. Also, the association of farms characteristics with Salmonella presence was evaluated. A total of 657 backyard chickens and 15 gooses were sampled one time by cloacal swab, belonging to 51 and one family farms, respectively, and four counties in Entre Rios state from April 2014 to May 2015. Only four samples from backyard chickens belonged to three family farms from Uruguay County were positive to Salmonella spp., so the apparent prevalence was 0.6% for this kind of chicken. Four serovars were isolated (Salmonella ser. Lille, S. ser. Newport, S. ser. Enteritidis and S. ser. Rissen), which were susceptible to all antibiotics tested with the exception of erythromycin. For Hektoen enteric agar and brilliant green agar, relative specificity and positive predictive value were 1, and the relative sensitivity and negative predictive value did not show any difference between them. The agreement was very good between these two plating media. None of the variables studied could be selected to calculate the risk factors associated with Salmonella isolation because p > .15. Although the prevalence of Salmonella spp. is low in backyard birds in Entre Rios, the presence of S. ser. Enteritidis should not be discounted, because it is found in the county that concentrates a large population of intensive poultry production in the state.
Left Atrial Mechanical Functions in Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kartal Alper , Güngör Hasan , Kartal Reşat , Ergin Esin
Published: October 2017

Long-term regular exercise is associated with physiologic and morphologic alterations in the heart chambers. The aim of this study to evaluate left atrium (LA) phasic functions in professional football players and compare with control subjects. Left atrial volume was calculated at end-systole (Vmax), end-diastole and pre-atrial contraction by echocardiography in 20 professional male football players (mean age, 20.15+2.11 years) and 20 male control subjects (mean age, 22.3+1.49 years). Echocardiographic assessments were per­formed were performed using the criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography. The following LAVs were measured: maximal volume (Vmax), minimal volume (Vmin) and LAV before atrial contraction (VpreA) at the onset of the P wave of the simultaneously recorded ECG. Left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), expansion index (LAEI), active emptying volume index (LAAEVI) and fraction(LAAEFr), passive emptying volume index (LAPEVI) and fraction (LAPEFr) were calculated. Baseline characteristics, demographics, two dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiographic parameters were not statistically significant between the groups (Table 1). Both groups were similar in terms of Vmax index but Vmin index and VpreA index were significantly higher in football players. LAEF, LAEI, LAAEVI and LAAEFr were lesser in football player but they were not statistically significant. Also LAPEVI and LAPEFr were similar in both groups (Table 2). Professional football playing can be associated with morphologic alteration in left atrium mechanical functions. Further prospective, randomized, controlled trials with long term follow-up are necessary to make more robust interpretations of this issue.
A Machine Learning Approach for Determining the Turbulent Diffusivity in Film Cooling Flows
Authors: Milani Pedro M. , Ling Julia , Saez-Mischlich Gonzalo , Bodart Julien , Eaton John K.
Published: October 2017

In film cooling flows, it is important to know the temperature distribution resulting from the interaction between a hot main flow and a cooler jet. However, current Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models yield poor temperature predictions. A novel approach for RANS modeling of the turbulent heat flux is proposed, in which the simple gradient diffusion hypothesis (GDH) is assumed and a machine learning (ML) algorithm is used to infer an improved turbulent diffusivity field. This approach is implemented using three distinct data sets: two are used to train the model and the third is used for validation. The results show that the proposed method produces significant improvement compared to the common RANS closure, especially in the prediction of film cooling effectiveness.
The Effect of External Casing Impingement Cooling Manifold Standoff Distance on Casing Contraction for Thermal Control of Blade Tip Clearance
Authors: Choi Myeonggeun , Gillespie David R. H. , Lewis Leo V.
Published: October 2017

Thermal closure of the engine casing is widely used to minimize undesirable blade tip leakage flows thus improving jet engine performance. This may be achieved using an impingement cooling scheme on the external casing wall, provided by manifolds attached to the outside of the engine. The assembly tolerance of these components leads to variation in the standoff distance between the manifold and the casing, and its effects on casing contraction must be understood to allow build tolerance to be specified. For cooling arrangements with promising performance, the variation in closure with standoff distance of z/d = 1–6 were investigated through a mixture of extensive numerical modeling and experimental validation. A cooling manifold, typical of that adopted by several engine companies, incorporating three different arrays of short cooling holes (chosen from previous study by Choi et al. (2016, “The Relative Performance of External Casing Impingement Cooling Arrangements for Thermal Control of Blade Tip Clearance,” ASME J. Turbomach., 138(3), p. 031005.)) and thermal control dummy flanges were considered. Typical contractions of 0.5–2.2 mm are achieved from the 0.02–0.35 kg/s of the current casing cooling flows. The variation in heat transfer coefficient observed with standoff distance is much lower for the sparse array investigated compared to previous designs employing arrays typical of blade cooling configurations. The reason for this is explained through interrogation of the local flow field and resultant heat transfer coefficient. This implies that acceptable control of the circumferential uniformity of case cooling can be achieved with relatively large assembly tolerance of the manifold relative to the casing.
Experimental Investigation of the Grouped Blade Vibration for Steam Turbine by Noncontact Sensors
Authors: Nakajima Tomomi , Segawa Kiyoshi , Kitahara Hiromichi , Seo Akimitsu , Yamashita Yutaka , Kudo Takeshi
Published: October 2017

All turbine blades have mistuned structures caused by manufacturing variations within the manufacturing tolerance, such as the geometrical deviations and variance of material properties. The mistuning effect has a known tendency to increase the dynamic stress, but it is also known to be difficult to predict the maximum vibration response before the operation. This paper studies the blade vibration of grouped blades in a low-pressure steam turbine. The study objectives are to characterize the vibration behavior of the grouped blade structure and to evaluate the maximum response of all blades in a stage experimentally. An experimental investigation is carried out in a vacuum chamber, and blades are excited by an air jet during start-up and shut-down. The circumferential blade amplitude distribution is measured by noncontact sensors (NCSs) and strain gauges (SGs). The circumferential blade amplitude distribution is found to differ depending on vibration modes and nodal diameters (NDs), but the relative tendency is almost the same for all types of operation at each mode and all NDs. Therefore, the median of all experimental results obtained with the NCSs is used in a comparison with calculation results and results of two theoretical curves obtained using equations from the literature. In comparing the measurement results and the calculation results, the circumferential blade amplitude distribution is not the same with all modes and NDs. However, the maximum amplitude magnification is about 1.5–1.8, and all measurement results are lower than the results for the two theoretical equations. This means the maximum response comparison to the tuned blade gives an evaluation on the safe side by the two theoretical equations.
Investigation of Peeling Behavior of UV Curable Pressure Sensitive Adhesive for Bump-Wafer
Authors: Saiki Naoya , Komasu Yuichiro , Aizawa Kazuto , Maeda Jun
Published: October 2017

In this study, the peeling process of UV-curable pressure sensitive adhesive tape from bump wafer is investigated through the use of finite element analysis, observation of high speed video, and actual wafer back-grinding process testing. In our experiment, a large deformation of adhesive is observed at the edge of bottom of bump, appearing on the side of the bump opposite tape-peeling direction when observed with high speed microscope video. The largely deformed adhesive creates a string shaped elongation. The adhesive residue is caused by the fracture of the adhesive string. We investigated how to generate the adhesive string in the tape-peeling process through the use of finite element analysis. In this analysis, a cohesive element is introduced into the adhesive layer. The analytical result shows the adhesive string at the same position of experiment and the stress distribution is different between the string part and the other area of adhesive. The influence of peeling angle and bump size is also investigated by the same finite element model. As a result, higher peeling angle and smaller bump sizes shows a shorter adhesive string, which lowers the risk of adhesive residue.
Transient and Steady State Thermal Response of a System With Thermoelectric Coolers
Authors: Abbasi Kayvan , Kang Sukhvinder
Published: October 2017

The transient and steady state response of a thermal system with thermoelectric coolers has been studied analytically. The system is comprised of a device with thermal mass inside an insulated enclosure, thermal resistance between the mass and the thermoelectric cooler, insulation thermal resistance, TIM between thermoelectric cooler layers, and a heatsink on the hot side of the thermoelectric cooler. It is assumed that the thermal mass of the thermoelectric cooler is negligible compared to other thermal masses. The analytical transient solution consists of two exponential eigen functions and hence two time scales (i.e. two eigen values). The analytical solution has been validated with a numerical Runge-Kutta solution. A simple method is explained to combine thermoelectric coolers in series and parallel. The time scales are studied for different parameters and the key parameters for time scale minimization are identified. It is found that the thermoelectric module thermal resistance limits the fastest transient response.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of Three Types of Novel End-of-Aisle Cooling Systems
Authors: Sahini Manasa , Agonafer Dereje , Pandiyan Vijayalan
Published: October 2017

Data centers house a variety of compute, storage, network IT hardware where equipment reliability is of utmost importance. Heat generated by the IT equipment can substantially reduce its service life if Tjmax, maximum temperature that the microelectronic device tolerates to guarantee reliable operation, is exceeded. Hence, data center rooms are bound to maintain continuous conditioning of the cooling medium becoming large energy consumers.

The objective of this work is to introduce and evaluate a new end-of-aisle cooling design which consists of three cooling configurations. The key objectives of close-coupled cooling are to enable a controlled cooling of the IT equipment, flexible as well as modular design, and containment of hot air exhaust from the cold air. The thermal performance of the proposed solution is evaluated using CFD modeling. A computational model of a small size data center room has been developed. Larger axial fans are selected and placed at rack-level which constitute the rack-fan wall design. The model consists of 10 electronic racks each dissipating a heat load of 8kw. The room is modeled to be hot aisle containment i.e. the hot air exhaust exiting for each row is contained and directed within a specific volume. Each rack has passive IT with no server fans and the servers are cooled by means of rack fan wall. The cold aisle is separated with hot aisle by means of banks of heat exchangers placed on the either sides of the aisle containment. Based on the placement of rack fans, the design is divided to three sub designs — case 1: passive heat exchangers with rack fan walls; case 2: active heat exchangers (HXs coupled with fans) with rack fan walls; case 3: active heat exchangers (hxs coupled with fans) with no rack fans. The cooling performance is calculated based on the thermal and flow parameters obtained for all three configurations. The computational data obtained has shown that the case 1 is used only for lower system resistance IT. However, case 2 and Case 3 can handle denser IT systems. Case 3 is the design that can consume lower fan energy as well as handle denser IT systems. The paper also discusses the cooling behavior of each type of design.
An Investigation of Moisture-Induced Interfacial Delamination in Plastic IC Package During Solder Reflow
Authors: Wang Jing , Niu Yuling , Park Seungbae
Published: October 2017

In this study, the moisture induced delamination behavior of a plastic ball grid array package under the solder reflow process was investigated by the finite element analysis. The entire moisture history of the PBGA package was simulated for preconditioning at moisture sensitivity level 1 and the subsequent exposure to a soldering reflow. A fracture mechanics based analysis was used to investigate the combined effects of temperature, moisture and vapor pressure on the delamination behavior at the die/molding compound and die/die attach interfaces during solder reflow. For determining the total strain energy release rate and total stress intensity factor under a multiphysics environment like reflow, researchers commonly used the principle of superposition to combine the results from individual thermal stress, hygroscopic stress and vapor pressure induced stress analyses. In this study, a new method was proposed to obtain the total strain energy release rate and total stress intensity factor under the multi-physics environment in a single fracture analysis instead of three. Two different methods-virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) and crack tip opening displacement method (CTOD) were employed and compared in studying the variation of strain energy release rates during lead-free solder reflow. The relationship between the strain energy release rate and crack length was also obtained. The developments of the stress intensity factors due to individual effect of thermal mismatch, hygroscopic swelling and vapor pressure were calculated. The mode mixity was also determined under different temperatures and crack length.
Flow Distribution and Nucleation Suppression in a Small Form Factor Liquid Immersion Cooled Server Model
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sriram , Bhavnani Sushil
Published: October 2017

The rapid growth of the global network infrastructure has resulted in a sharp increase in the number and size of data center facilities. Total data center power consumption now represents a significant fraction of global electricity production. To conserve natural resources, and to satisfy the cooling demands of compact, powerful electronics, thermal management strategies with high heat transfer coefficients must be employed. Two-phase liquid immersion cooling is one such strategy that has been gaining momentum in commercial cooling applications over recent years. The work discussed in this paper provides information on two different flow boiling investigations performed on vertically oriented surfaces in a small form factor server model. Two different types of surfaces — bare silicon, and silicon surfaces attached with microfinned heat sinks were tested in this study. Novec 649 dielectric fluid was used as the primary working fluid. The first investigation compares the thermal performance of parallel and impinging flow distribution systems, for different subcooling and flow rate conditions. The second investigation is on nucleation suppression in flow boiling for the parallel and impinging flow distribution systems. In this study, flow rates ranging from 0 ml/min to 1650 ml/min were tested and high-speed imaging was performed to capture the change in bubble characteristics. The resulting observations, including highest heat flux values supported without nucleation activity, are reported and discussed.
Large Flip Chip Assembly Challenges and Risk Mitigation Process
Authors: Plunkett Jeremy , Subramaniam Suresh , Islam Nokibul , KeonTaek Kang , SeonMo Gu , Ouyang Eric
Published: October 2017

Next generation high speed network/communication packages require much larger die sizes and increased ball counts (>3000) to meet high speed, high input/output (I/O) functionality and improved reliability performance. Demand for such high speed large flip chip packages create an opportunity for highly integrated multi-chip modules (MCM’s) and 2.5D/3D silicon (Si) interposer packages which are gradually emerging to meet these requirements. Achieving both increased margins in the power delivery network and increased functionality in next generation high speed network/communication applications requires extremely efficient, low loss package designs with body sizes 50×50mm or larger. One of the biggest challenges for such large die, large body packages is how effectively the assembly risk can be mitigated while fulfilling long term package reliability and functionality. The work presented in this paper describes key factors for mitigating several assembly related issues in the industry, including package warpage/co planarity, and the identification of the optimum processes and materials for successfully manufacturing large body flip chip packages with high assembly yields.

As the body sizes and die sizes increase, the chip-to-package interaction failure risk increases significantly due to a larger distance to neutral point (DNP). Typical assembly risks are extreme low-k (ELK) delamination (white bumps) during the chip joining process, bump tearing or cracking, underfill delamination, and warpage issues. A comprehensive experiment was carried out to achieve the objective of the work. A test vehicle was developed using a 21×22mm2, flip chip copper (Cu) column bumped die placed onto a 50×50mm body size, using a multi-layer substrate with full array BGA footprint and ample passive components in the package. Processes were developed to optimize assembly yield and package reliability, including an extensive board level reliability test. Assembly materials were selected to achieve excellent assembly yield, high thermo-mechanical reliability, and increased package functionality.