bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chaque singularité est un autre accès au monde...
Authors: Gardou Charles
Published: June 2013

Résumé Il faudrait reconnaître que les personnes souffrant de handicap, malentendants, malvoyants, handicapés moteurs, entretiennent simplement un autre rapport au monde, qu’ils ne sont pas autres mais des « nous-mêmes ». Ils expriment de façon aiguë le caractère “polyphonique” de la condition humaine ; leur singularité a une portée universelle. Il s’agit donc moins de les intégrer en essayant de répondre à leurs besoins spécifiques, que de répondre à travers l’idée de société “inclusive” aux exigences d’un monde “commun” dans une égalité de tous avec tous.
L'autorité
Authors: Husser Anne-Claire
Published: June 2013

Résumé Prenant acte d’une part de l’érosion institutionnelle et symbolique de l’autorité et d’autre part de la nécessité d’une réflexion critique à son propos, Anne-Claire Husser rappelle dans un premier temps les deux pôles, instituant et contraignant, de la notion : auctoritas et potestas . Pour rompre cet antagonisme, l’exercice de l’autorité demanderait confiance et reconnaissance, mais aussi dissymétrie, si elle doit assurer des fonctions de contrôle et de régulation du lien social. Du point de vue éducatif, l’autorité doit viser l’autonomie et la responsabilisation de l’enfant, mais il y faut aussi discipline (Kant) et dépendance à l’égard des choses (Rousseau). Dans sa dernière partie, l’article analyse de façon critique les thèses d’A. S. Neill sur la déconstruction de l’autorité des adultes au profit d’une communauté d’égaux, pour souligner aussi leurs apories. La difficulté aujourd’hui serait d’articuler droits du sujet, expression du désir, inscription sociale des individus à la valeur émancipatrice de l’acculturation éducative.
Les incertitudes de l'émancipation
Authors: Brassat Emmanuel
Published: June 2013

Résumé Pour définir la notion d’émancipation, l’auteur introduit la dialectique entre liberté et soumission à une autorité et distinguant affranchissement et émancipation, caractérise cette dernière par l’accès à l’exercice universel d’une liberté de droit. Ainsi la modernité lie de façon essentielle émancipation, éducation et, dans sa forme républicaine, une scolarisation ouverte à tous. Cependant, ce programme intellectuel et politique rencontre un certain nombre de difficultés, en particulier le principe directeur de subordonner la pratique de droits civiques et politiques à l’exercice de la pensée rationnelle et du jugement critique. En effet, l’indépendance individuelle semble pouvoir être acquise par d’autres voies que celles de l’école, les nouveaux médias audiovisuels et numériques marginalisent la culture scolaire, ses modes de médiations, son autorité symbolique. Dès lors, savoir si l’école publique est encore une instance émancipatrice devient une question grosse d’incertitudes.
L'École et la crise des “configurations d'assujettissement”
Authors: Nordmann Jean-François
Published: June 2013

Résumé L’idée d’émancipation indique que l’individu peut s’affranchir des contraintes de son environnement, des autorités ou tutelles extérieures et enfin de ses propres opinions ou préjugés, ce qui exige de sa part l’acquisition de savoirs, de comportements, etc. Or, l’auteur interprète ces processus d’acquisition, soit la production de sujets rationnels, autonomes, moraux et citoyens, comme des processus d’assujettissement. La notion, ensuite de “configuration d’assujettissement” désigne les ensembles structurés qui produisent ces processus individuels et collectifs de subjectivation, processus qui se présentent eux-mêmes comme visant le “bien” des individus. L’auteur montre, en cinq points, que c’est bien le cas pour l’école et au-delà de l’ensemble du fonctionnement social. Mais il fait aussi l’hypothèse de leur crise systémique, dont il décrit les formes principales. L’article se termine par une réflexion sur les évolutions possibles de la crise et son possible dépassement.
Morale laïque et identité à l'école
Authors: Zoïa Geneviève
Published: June 2013

Résumé Cet article explore la notion de laïcité comme opérateur analytique pour penser la mise en jeu des identités dans l’espace scolaire. Il mobilise une méthode anthropologique et s’appuie sur des terrains menés dans les quartiers populaires français 1 . La laïcité française est, depuis les origines, pensée comme une forme supérieure de lien social, au service de l’émancipation et de la formation d’un esprit critique, de la promotion de valeurs universelles. Cependant, force est de constater qu’elle est aujourd’hui comprise et mise en jeu dans des débats publics comme défendant une forme identitaire particulière et majoritaire, et notamment comme l’inverse d’une religion, l’islam. Face aux difficultés contemporaines de définition d’un modèle de lien social pouvant intégrer le pluralisme des valeurs morales, la laïcité véhicule un passager aujourd’hui de plus en plus clandestin : l’identité. Ainsi, les appels à la morale laïque risquent de prendre des accents défensifs, voire hostiles, à l’encontre de publics scolaires qui n’ont pas reçu la laïcité en héritage.
L'école peut-elle être, à la fois, libératrice et obligatoire ?
Authors: Monjo Roger
Published: June 2013

Résumé Avec la gratuité et la laïcité, l’obligation fait partie des principes organisateurs de l’école publique en France. L’auteur organise sa réflexion en confrontant l’idée d’obligation à celles d’égalité des chances et de droit universel à une éducation de base pour montrer qu’elle soulève de nombreuses difficultés. Il s’agit d’abord de voir comment le sens et les fonctions (politiques et sociales) de l’obligation ont évolué historiquement, pour problématiser les notions de “pacte”, “contrat”, “quasi-contrat” qui lient l’école publique à la nation. Ensuite de mesurer l’écart grandissant entre l’obligation stricto sensu et i) la durée de vie scolaire, ii) la promesse de l’intégration sociale et professionnelle. Par ailleurs, pour faire face à l’absentéisme, l’obligation se fait “policière” et contrevient au principe que seule une volonté libre peut être obligée. Roger Monjo suggère alors que les modèles solidaristes, les théories du care ou l’idée d’allocation universelle pourraient relayer aujourd’hui le droit universel à une éducation de base.
L'école unique, uneémancipation collective ou individuelle ? Du début du XX e siècle aux années 1930
Authors: Mole Frédéric
Published: June 2013

Résumé Le projet républicain pour l’école se donnait une portée universelle d’émancipation des individus mais il visait aussi un mode de sélection des élites fondé sur la seule méritocratie, avec une finalité politique : mettre fin à une transmission par héritage des hégémonies sociales. Frédéric Mole analyse les objections formulées dès le début du XX e  siècle par les instituteurs syndicalistes révolutionnaires : les réformes annoncées répondent-elles aux besoins de la classe ouvrière, ou ne sont-elles que des mesures défensives de la bourgeoisie pour maintenir sa domination ? La réponse de Ferdinand Buisson tient dans l’idée d’école unique. Mais la controverse restera vive entre deux conceptions du rôle de l’école : outil d’une émancipation sociale collective ou d’une émancipation intellectuelle individuelle. À la fin de la période, un compromis s’établit autour de l’idée de démocratisation de la scolarisation et d’éducation de masse.
Du féminisme dans et par l'éducation. Regards sur L'éducation féministe des filles de Madeleine Pelletier (1914)
Authors: Kolly Bérengère
Published: June 2013

Résumé Dans son texte de 1914, Madeleine Pelletier soulève la question d’une éducation qui conduise à un “affranchissement réel” des femmes des assujettissements auxquels elles sont soumises. Une telle éducation doit être “féministe”, i.e. être en rupture avec la société masculine et organiser la solidarité future entre les actuelles opprimées. Mais l’une et l’autre voie présentent des difficultés et des contradictions. La rupture ne doit-elle pas passer d’abord au sein de la collectivité des femmes, la soumission étant inculquée par les paires ? L’éducation féministe devrait alors isoler la petite fille de ses semblables, se rallier à des modèles masculins, dans un processus de “civilisation” qui favorise l’émergence d’individualités nouvelles. Ou bien, l’issue devrait-elle être d’abord politique (collective et sociale) par l’institution d’écoles “féministes”, en nombre limité ? Ou bien encore, il s’agirait de généraliser “l’esprit féministe” par l’entremise d’enseignantes elles-mêmes féministes dans les écoles publiques. L’éducation féministe serait donc paradoxale et “à rebours”, privilégiant la prise de liberté individuelle sur les solidarités ultérieures et l’émancipation collective.
Earth 616, Earth 1610, Earth—Wait, what universe is this again? The creation and evolution of the Avengers and Captain America/Iron Man fandom
Authors: Coker Catherine
Published: June 2013

This essay surveys the creation and evolution of the Captain America/Iron Man or Steve/Tony ship in Avengers fandom, from its origin in comics to its reinterpretation by fandom through the recent movies, and discusses how the alternate universe trope in both canon and fanon is used to make a case for the pairing.
Captain America and fans' political activity
Authors: Phillips Forrest
Published: June 2013

A brief overview is provided of how American fans have used Captain America in their political activity, and the implications of their political appropriation are explored.
/Co/operation and /co/mmunity in /co/mics: 4chan's Hypercrisis
Authors: Bavlnka Tim
Published: June 2013

The Hypercrisis—an online attempt by fans of DC Comics to create an overarching story across the entirety of the history of the comic company's line—provides insight into online comic book fandom. Comic fans on 4chan (http://4chan.org) began noticing connections between this overarching story and the canon of comics writer Grant Morrison's work. However, the Hypercrisis is entirely fan made; it is not a part of DC Comics's continuity and not necessarily a part of the possible published futures of the comics; nor is it officially part of Morrison's work. However, the fans continue to create and discuss the developing Hypercrisis, providing deep analysis and intricate images. Part of what makes this process interesting is that it is developed and maintained entirely by an anonymous Internet group. Further, it focuses on the work of one particular creator, Grant Morrison. Because of the brief display time, no one on 4chan knows or is able to maintain any consistent relationship to any other user. Yet the Hypercrisis has remained a prominent and powerful part of this particular Web culture. The group has maintained this theoretical event, exhibiting remarkable consistency and a nuanced understanding of the texts. The group's analyses explore important aspects relating to Morrison's work and to DC Comics.
advocacy of Steve Rogers (aka Captain America), as seen in hetrez's "Average Avengers Local Chapter 7 of New York"
Authors: Zarin Babak
Published: June 2013

This analysis of "Average Avengers Local Chapter 7 of New York," by hetrez (2012), assesses gay advocacy.
Who is afraid of a black Spider(-Man)?
Authors: McWilliams Ora C.
Published: June 2013

An Internet post asking about Spider-Man's race in a film turned into an Internet campaign about an actor that led fans to interact with each other as well as with the actor, which in turn led to the attention of media producers, which resulted in a change in Spider-Man's race in a print comic book.
Interview with comics artist Lee Weeks
Authors: Costello Matthew J.
Published: June 2013

Lee Weeks discusses how he moved from fan to professional, the influences on his art, and his current perceptions of the comics industry and superheroes across media.
Fangirls in refrigerators: The politics of (in)visibility in comic book culture
Authors: Scott Suzanne
Published: June 2013

In 1999, Gail Simone circulated a list of female comic book characters who had been "depowered, raped, or cut up and stuck in the refrigerator," sparking a dialogue about gender and comic book culture that continues today. In particular, 2011 and 2012 have been marked by an exponential growth in conversations and criticisms surrounding the state of women in comics, both as producers and consumers. Through a survey of how scholars have gendered comic book readership, an overview of recent incidents that have renewed concern about women in comics, and an analysis of one transformative intervention in the wake of these conversations, this essay broadly discusses the relative invisibility of female comic book fans as a market segment and how fangirls are actively striving to become a visible and vocal force within comic book culture. This essay suggests that we are currently witnessing a transformative moment within comic book industry, comic book fandom, and comic book scholarship, in which gender is one of the primary axes of change.
Pornographic space-time and the potential of fantasy in comics and fan art
Authors: Brown Lyndsay
Published: June 2013

By putting pornographic comics and fan art into conversation, this article contends that works intended to depict and fuel sexual fantasy structure time and space differently with the goal of directly engaging the reader and extending the duration of her pleasure. Further, the comics and pieces of fan art examined herein are produced by, for, and about women and suggest an alternative vision of female desire that challenges contemporary understandings of pornography's utility and functioning as it intersects with fantasy in the private sexual economy.
Fandom and male privilege: Seven years later
Authors: Busker Rebecca Lucy
Published: June 2013

In 2005, clashes by male comics fans entering spaces created by (predominantly female) slash fans led to an essay exploring the role of male privilege in media fandom. Despite many changes both in fandom and media texts, the essay continues to be relevant today.
Revisioning the smiling villain: Imagetexts and intertextual expression in representations of the filmic Loki on Tumblr
Authors: Thomas Kayley
Published: June 2013

Loki fandom actively negotiates this potential conflict between character as text (interpretations of Loki by those with textual authority, such as film writers, directors, and actors, and comic artists and authors) and as primarily image (in the form of visual representations repeated across Tumblr).
Toward a feminist superhero: An interview with Will Brooker, Sarah Zaidan, and Suze Shore
Authors: Roddy Kate , Lavigne Carlen , Scott Suzanne
Published: June 2013

In this interview with the writer and artists of the noncommercial collaborative project, "My So-Called Secret Identity," interviewees answer questions on the origins of the project and their own creative processes as they attempt to "build a better Batgirl."
"Comic books and American cultural history," edited by Matthew Pustz
Authors: Stein Daniel
Published: June 2013

Review of Matthew Pustz, ed. Comic books and American cultural history: An anthology. London: Continuum, 2012. Hardcover, $110.00 (296p) ISBN 978-1441163196; paperback, $29.95, ISBN 978-1441172624.
Critical Role of Dendritic Cells in T Cell Retention in the Interfollicular Region of Peyer’s Patches
Authors: Obata Takashi , Shibata Naoko , Goto Yoshiyuki , Ishikawa Izumi , Sato Shintaro , Kunisawa Jun , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: June 2013

Peyer’s patches (PPs) simultaneously initiate active and quiescent immune responses in the gut. The immunological function is achieved by the rigid regulation of cell distribution and trafficking, but how the cell distribution is maintained remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show that binding of stromal cell–derived lymphoid chemokines to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is essential for the retention of naive CD4+ T cells in the interfollicular region (IFR) of PPs. Transitory depletion of CD11chigh cDCs in mice rapidly impaired the IFR structure in the PPs without affecting B cell follicles or germinal centers, lymphoid chemokine production from stromal cells, or the immigration of naive T cells into the IFRs of PPs. The cDC-orchestrated retention of naive T cells was mediated by heparinase-sensitive molecules that were expressed on cDCs and bound the lymphoid chemokine CCL21 produced from stromal cells. These data collectively reveal that interactions among cDCs, stromal cells, and naive T cells are necessary for the formation of IFRs in the PPs.
Conformational Shift of a Major Poliovirus Antigen Confirmed by Immuno-Cryogenic Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lin Jun , Cheng Naiqian , Hogle James M. , Steven Alasdair C. , Belnap David M.
Published: June 2013

Small, interfacial conformational changes occur in some Ag–Ab interactions. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we have demonstrated such changes in a major antigenic site of a poliovirus capsid protein. During cell entry, native human poliovirus (160S particle) converts to a cell entry intermediate (135S particle) and later to an RNA-released (80S) particle. By mixing particles with Fabs of the neutralizing C3 mAb, we labeled the external loop connecting the B and C β-strands (BC loop) of the capsid protein VP1 (residues 95–105) in the 160S and 135S states. We then determined three-dimensional structures by cryo-EM and enhanced their interpretability by fitting high-resolution coordinates of C3 Fab and the capsid proteins into the density maps. Binding of C3 to either 160S or 135S particles caused residues of the BC loop, located on the tip of a prominent peak known as the “mesa,” to move by an estimated 5 Å. C3 Abs are neutralizing and can bind bivalently. The orientation of the bound Fabs in our reconstructions suggests that C3 neutralizes poliovirus by binding two adjacent BC loops on the same mesa and inhibiting conformational changes in the viral capsid.
Human Bocavirus VP2 Upregulates IFN-β Pathway by Inhibiting Ring Finger Protein 125–Mediated Ubiquitination of Retinoic Acid–Inducible Gene-I
Authors: Luo Huanle , Zhang Zhenfeng , Zheng Zhenhua , Ke Xianliang , Zhang Xiaowei , Li Qian , Liu Yan , Bai Bingke , Mao Panyong , Hu Qinxue , Wang Hanzhong
Published: June 2013

Precise regulation of innate immunity is crucial for maintaining optimal immune responses against infections. Whereas positive regulation of IFN signaling elicits rapid type I IFNs, negative regulation is equally important in preventing the production of superfluous IFNs that can be hazardous to the host. The positive regulators of IFN pathway are known to be the main targets of viruses to antagonize the innate immune system. Whether viruses target the negative regulators of IFN pathway remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we report that the structural protein VP2 of human Bocavirus modulates IFN pathway by targeting the ring finger protein 125 (RNF125), a negative regulator of type I IFN signaling, which conjugates Lys48-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid–inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. VP2 not only upregulated Sendai virus (SeV)–induced IFNB promoter activity, but also enhanced SeV-induced IFN-β production at both mRNA and protein levels. In agreement, the level of Ser396-phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 stimulated by SeV was enhanced in the presence of VP2. Furthermore, VP2 was demonstrated to physically interact with RNF125, resulting in the reduction of RNF125-mediated ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Additional study indicated that endogenous RIG-I degradation was decreased in VP2-expressing cells. Our study delineates a unique phenomenon for aberrant activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 pathway and may represent a new mechanism underlying viral manipulation of the host immune system.
Systemic Lack of Canonical Histamine Receptor Signaling Results in Increased Resistance to Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Saligrama Naresha , Case Laure K. , del Rio Roxana , Noubade Rajkumar , Teuscher Cory
Published: June 2013

Histamine (HA) is a key regulator of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. HA exerts its effects through four known G-protein–coupled receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4 (histamine receptors; H1–4R). Using HR-deficient mice, our laboratory has demonstrated that H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R play important roles in EAE pathogenesis, by regulating encephalitogenic T cell responses, cytokine production by APCs, blood–brain barrier permeability, and T regulatory cell activity, respectively. Histidine decarboxylase–deficient mice (HDCKO), which lack systemic HA, exhibit more severe EAE and increased Th1 effector cytokine production by splenocytes in response to myelin oligodendrocyte gp35–55. In an inverse approach, we tested the effect of depleting systemic canonical HA signaling on susceptibility to EAE by generating mice lacking all four known G-protein–coupled-HRs (H1–4RKO mice). In this article, we report that in contrast to HDCKO mice, H1–4RKO mice develop less severe EAE compared with wild-type animals. Furthermore, splenocytes from immunized H1–4RKO mice, compared with wild-type mice, produce a lower amount of Th1/Th17 effector cytokines. The opposing results seen between HDCKO and H1–4RKO mice suggest that HA may signal independently of H1–4R and support the existence of an alternative HAergic pathway in regulating EAE resistance. Understanding and exploiting this pathway has the potential to lead to new disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Cutting Edge: Prolonged Exposure to HIV Reinforces a Poised Epigenetic Program for PD-1 Expression in Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells
Authors: Youngblood Ben , Noto Alessandra , Porichis Filippos , Akondy Rama S. , Ndhlovu Zaza M. , Austin James W. , Bordi Rebeka , Procopio Francesco A. , Miura Toshiyuki , Allen Todd M. , Sidney John , Sette Alessandro , Walker Bruce D. , Ahmed Rafi , Boss Jeremy M. , Sékaly Rafick-Pierre , Kaufmann Daniel E.
Published: June 2013

Ag-specific CD8 T cells play a critical role in controlling HIV infection but eventually lose antiviral functions in part because of expression and signaling through the inhibitory programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. To better understand the impact of prolonged TCR ligation on regulation of PD-1 expression in HIV-specific CD8 T cells, we investigated the capacity of virus-specific CD8 T cells to modify the PD-1 epigenetic program after reduction in viral load. We observed that the transcriptional regulatory region was unmethylated in the PD-1hi HIV-specific CD8 T cells, whereas it remained methylated in donor-matched naive cells at acute and chronic stages of infection. Surprisingly, the PD-1 promoter remained unmethylated in HIV-specific CD8 T cells from subjects with a viral load controlled by antiviral therapy for >2 y or from elite controllers. Together, these data demonstrate that the epigenetic program at the PD-1 locus becomes fixed after prolonged exposure to HIV virus.
Opposing Roles of STAT4 and Dnmt3a in Th1 Gene Regulation
Authors: Pham Duy , Yu Qing , Walline Crystal C. , Muthukrishnan Rajarajeswari , Blum Janice S. , Kaplan Mark H.
Published: June 2013

The STAT transcription factor STAT4 is a critical regulator of Th1 differentiation and inflammatory disease. Yet, how STAT4 regulates gene expression is still unclear. In this report, we define a STAT4-dependent sequence of events including histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, Jmjd3 association with STAT4 target loci, and a Jmjd3-dependent decrease in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a association with STAT4 target loci. Dnmt3a has an obligate role in repressing Th1 gene expression, and in Th1 cultures deficient in both STAT4 and Dnmt3a, there is recovery in the expression of a subset of Th1 genes that is sufficient to increase IFN-γ production. Moreover, although STAT4-deficient mice are protected from the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice deficient in STAT4 and conditionally deficient in Dnmt3a in T cells develop paralysis. Th1 genes that are derepressed in the absence of Dnmt3a have greater induction after the ectopic expression of the Th1-associated transcription factors T-bet and Hlx1. Together, these data demonstrate that STAT4 and Dnmt3a play opposing roles in regulating Th1 gene expression, and that one mechanism for STAT4-dependent gene programming is in establishing a derepressed genetic state susceptible to transactivation by additional fate-determining transcription factors.
Immunotherapy of Radioresistant Mammary Tumors with Early Metastasis Using Molecular Chaperone Vaccines Combined with Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Weng Desheng , Song Baizheng , Koido Shigeo , Calderwood Stuart K. , Gong Jianlin
Published: June 2013

In the current study, exposure of mammary tumor cells derived from mice transgenic for the polyomavirus middle T oncogene to ionizing radiation resulted in the generation of a tumor cell population that preferentially expressed cancer stem cell markers. In addition, these cells were more resistant to subsequent radiation treatments and appeared to acquire an enhanced capacity for dissemination to the lungs of mice. Therefore, we tested an immunotherapy approach to the treatment of local and disseminated mammary tumor cells in a murine model using a recently developed molecular chaperone-based vaccine that specifically targets the radioresistant subpopulation of tumor cells. Heat shock protein 70–peptide complexes (Hsp70.PC-F) were extracted from fusions of dendritic cells and radiation-enriched tumor cells, and the resulting chaperone vaccines were used to treat mice with pre-existing lung metastases. Immunization of mice with the Hsp70.PC-F vaccine resulted in a T cell–mediated immune response, including a significant increase in CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation and the induction of effector T cells capable of targeting radioresistant tumor cells. Importantly, the growth of primary tumors was inhibited, and the number of tumor cells metastasizing to lung was reduced significantly by combining chaperone vaccine with radiotherapy. These results indicate that Hsp70.PC-F vaccine can induce specific immunity to radioresistant populations of mammary tumor cells and, thus, can complement radiotherapy, leading to synergistic killing.
Hoxa9 and Flt3 Signaling Synergistically Regulate an Early Checkpoint in Lymphopoiesis
Authors: Gwin Kimberly A. , Shapiro Mariya B. , Dolence Joseph J. , Huang Zhixin L. , Medina Kay L.
Published: June 2013

Hoxa9 and Flt3 signaling are individually important for the generation of lymphoid lineage precursors from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPP) in bone marrow. Mice deficient for Hoxa9, Flt3, or Flt3 ligand (FL) have reduced numbers of lymphoid-primed multipotential progenitors (LMPP), common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), and B/T cell precursors. Hoxa9 regulates lymphoid development, in part, through transcriptional regulation of Flt3. However, it was unclear whether Hoxa9 has functions in lymphopoiesis independent of, or alternatively, synergistically with Flt3 signaling. In this study, we show that Hoxa9−/−Flt3l−/− mice have more severe deficiencies in all B lineage cells, CLP, LMPP, and total Flt3+ MPP in bone marrow than the single knockouts. Although LMPP and Flt3+ CLP contain precursors for NK and dendritic cell lineage cells, no deficiencies in these lineages beyond that in Flt3l−/− mice was found. Thymocyte cellularity was significantly reduced in the compound knockout, although peripheral T cell numbers mirrored Flt3l−/− mice. Analysis of the hematopoietic progenitor compartment revealed elevated numbers of CD150+hiCD34−CD41+ myeloid–biased stem cells in Hoxa9−/−Flt3l−/− mice. In contrast, CD150− MPP enriched for lymphoid potential were synergistically reduced, suggesting Hoxa9 and Flt3 signaling function coordinately to regulate lymphopoiesis at a very early stage. Real-time PCR analysis of CD150−Flt3+ cells from wild-type control, Hoxa9−/−, and Flt3l−/− single knockouts revealed decreased lymphoid transcripts, corroborating the importance of these regulators in lymphoid development. Taken together, these studies reveal a very early checkpoint in lymphopoiesis dependent on the combinatorial activities of Hoxa9 function and Flt3 signaling.
HuR Is Required for IL-17–Induced Act1-Mediated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA Stabilization
Authors: Herjan Tomasz , Yao Peng , Qian Wen , Li Xiao , Liu Caini , Bulek Katarzyna , Sun Dongxu , Yang Wen-Pin , Zhu Jun , He Aiqing , Carman Julie A. , Erzurum Serpil C. , Lipshitz Howard D. , Fox Paul L. , Hamilton Thomas A. , Li Xiaoxia
Published: June 2013

IL-17, a major inflammatory cytokine plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune inflammatory diseases. In this study, we report a new function of RNA-binding protein HuR in IL-17–induced Act1-mediated chemokine mRNA stabilization. HuR deficiency markedly reduced IL-17–induced chemokine expression due to increased mRNA decay. Act1-mediated HuR polyubiquitination was required for the binding of HuR to CXCL1 mRNA, leading to mRNA stabilization. Although IL-17 induced the coshift of Act1 and HuR to the polysomal fractions in a sucrose gradient, HuR deficiency reduced the ratio of translation-active/translation-inactive IL-17–induced chemokine mRNAs. Furthermore, HuR deletion in distal lung epithelium attenuated IL-17–induced neutrophilia. In summary, HuR functions to couple receptor-proximal signaling to posttranscriptional machinery, contributing to IL-17–induced inflammation.
Inflammatory Cytokine–Mediated Evasion of Virus-Induced Tumors from NK Cell Control
Authors: Mishra Rabinarayan , Polic Bojan , Welsh Raymond M. , Szomolanyi-Tsuda Eva
Published: June 2013

Infections with DNA tumor viruses, including members of the polyomavirus family, often result in tumor formation in immune-deficient hosts. The complex control involved in antiviral and antitumor immune responses during these infections can be studied in murine polyomavirus (PyV)–infected mice as a model. We found that NK cells efficiently kill cells derived from PyV-induced salivary gland tumors in vitro in an NKG2D (effector cell)–RAE-1 (target cell)–dependent manner; but in T cell–deficient mice, NK cells only delay but do not prevent the development of PyV-induced tumors. In this article, we show that the PyV-induced tumors have infiltrating functional NK cells. The freshly removed tumors, however, lack surface RAE-1 expression, and the tumor tissues produce soluble factors that downregulate RAE-1. These factors include the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, and TNF. Each of these cytokines downregulates RAE-1 expression and susceptibility to NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity. CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages infiltrating the PyV-induced tumors produce high amounts of IL-1β and TNF. Thus, our data suggest a new mechanism whereby inflammatory cytokines generated in the tumor environment lead to evasion of NK cell–mediated control of virus-induced tumors.
Different Stages of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Involving Lymphotoxin and Type 1 IFN
Authors: Shen Long , Suresh Lakshmanan , Malyavantham Kishore , Kowal Przemek , Xuan Jingxiu , Lindemann Matthew J. , Ambrus Julian L.
Published: June 2013

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease starting in the salivary and lacrimal glands and continuing to involve the lungs and kidneys with the eventual development of lymphoma. Many studies have emphasized the role of type 1 IFN (IFN-α) and lymphotoxin α (LTα) in the pathogenesis of the disease. The present studies were designed to delineate the role of IFN-α in pSS using an animal model, the IL-14α (IL14αTG) transgenic mouse. IL14αTG mice lacking the type 1 IFNR (IL14αTG.IFNR−/−) had the same submandibular gland and lacrimal gland injury as did the IL14αTG mice, but they lacked the later parotid gland and lung injury. Development of lymphoma was delayed in IL14αTG.IFNR−/− mice. The switch from IgM to IgG autoantibodies as well as the increase in serum IgG2a seen is IL14αTG mice was inhibited in IL14αTG.IFNR−/− mice. Production of LTα was identified in both IL14αTG mice and IL14αTG.IFNR−/− mice at the time that salivary gland injury was occurring. These and previous studies suggest a model for pSS that separates the disease into several stages: 1) initial injury to the submandibular and lacrimal glands via an environmental insult and LTα; 2) amplification of local injury via the production of type 1 IFN; injury to the parotid glands, lungs, and kidneys is seen; 3) progression of systemic inflammation with the eventual development of large B cell lymphoma. Understanding these different stages will help to develop strategies for treatment of patients with pSS based on the status of their disease.
An Engineered Construct Combining Complement Regulatory and Surface-Recognition Domains Represents a Minimal-Size Functional Factor H
Authors: Hebecker Mario , Alba-Domínguez María , Roumenina Lubka T. , Reuter Stefanie , Hyvärinen Satu , Dragon-Durey Marie-Agnès , Jokiranta T. Sakari , Sánchez-Corral Pilar , Józsi Mihály
Published: June 2013

Complement is an essential humoral component of innate immunity; however, its inappropriate activation leads to pathology. Polymorphisms, mutations, and autoantibodies affecting factor H (FH), a major regulator of the alternative complement pathway, are associated with various diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and C3 glomerulopathies. Restoring FH function could be a treatment option for such pathologies. In this article, we report on an engineered FH construct that directly combines the two major functional regions of FH: the N-terminal complement regulatory domains and the C-terminal surface-recognition domains. This minimal-size FH (mini-FH) binds C3b and has complement regulatory functions similar to those of the full-length protein. In addition, we demonstrate that mini-FH binds to the FH ligands C-reactive protein, pentraxin 3, and malondialdehyde epitopes. Mini-FH was functionally active when bound to the extracellular matrix and endothelial cells in vitro, and it inhibited C3 deposition on the cells. Furthermore, mini-FH efficiently inhibited complement-mediated lysis of host-like cells caused by a disease-associated FH mutation or by anti-FH autoantibodies. Therefore, mini-FH could potentially be used as a complement inhibitor targeting host surfaces, as well as to replace compromised FH in diseases associated with FH dysfunction.
Orchestration of CD4 T Cell Epitope Preferences after Multipeptide Immunization
Authors: Tung Jacqueline , Sant Andrea J.
Published: June 2013

A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie epitope preferences in T cell priming is important for vaccines designed to elicit a broad T cell response. Protein vaccinations generally elicit CD4 T cell responses that are skewed toward a small fraction of epitopes, a phenomenon known as immunodominance. This characteristic of T cell responses, which limits the diversity of CD4 T cell recognition, is generally attributed to intracellular Ag processing. However, we recently discovered that immunodominance hierarchies persist even after vaccination with synthetic peptides. In this study, we probed the regulatory mechanisms that cause diminished CD4 T cell responses to subdominant peptides after such multipeptide immunization in mice. We have found that the delivery of subdominant and dominant epitopes on separate dendritic cells rescues expansion of less favored CD4 T cells. Furthermore, through the use of genetic models and inhibitors, we have found that selective losses in CD4 T cell responses are mediated by an IFN-γ–induced pathway, involving IDO, and that regulatory T cell activities may also regulate preferences in CD4 T cell specificity. We propose that after multipeptide immunization, the expansion and differentiation of dominant T cells initiate complex regulatory events that determine the final peptide specificity of the elicited CD4 T cell response.
An in vivo Study to determine the Effects of Early Preflaring on the Working Length in Curved Mesial Canals of Mandibular Molars
Authors: AL-Omiri Mahmoud K , Iqbal Azhar , Akbar Iftikhar
Published: June 2013

Aim

To evaluate the effects of a preflaring method on the determination of working length in the curved mesial canals of mandibular molars.

Materials and methods

Ninety mandibular molars with apical curvature of 30 to 40° were selected and randomly divided into two groups; each containing 45 teeth. In the first group, the initial instrumentation was performed with preflaring on the mesiobuccal canal (preflared group), and in the second group; the instrumentation was performed without preflaring on the mesiobuccal canal (nonpreflared group). A size 15 K-file was inserted in the mesiobuccal canals until the apical constriction could be felt by tactile sensation and a radiograph was taken to identify the distance between the file tip and radiographic apex. The location of the tip was classified as (a) within 1 mm of the radiographic apex, (b) more than 1 mm of the radiographic apex, or (c) overextended beyond the radiographic apex. The collected data was statistically analyzed and probability value was set to be ≤ 0.05.

Results

The file tip was significantly closer to the true working length in the canals with early preflaring compared to the canals without early preflaring (p < 0.005). In the preflared group; 75.5% of the cases had the file tip in location ‘a’, 13.3% in location ‘b’, and 11.1% in location ‘c’. In the nonpreflared group; 33.3% of the cases had the file tip in location ‘a’, 53.3% in location ‘b’ and 13.3% in location ‘c’.

Conclusion

Preflaring the coronal portion of curved canals greatly improved the access to the apical constriction, and thus enhanced correct working length determination. If the coronal portion of the curved canals is not preflared, the clinician cannot discern the accuracy of what they feel apically. Thus, preflaring is a highly recommended procedure especially in curved canals for better determination of correct working length.

How to cite this article

Iqbal A, Akbar I, AL-Omiri MK. Anin vivoStudy to determine the Effects of Early Preflaring on the Working Length in Curved Mesial Canals of Mandibular Molars. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):163-167.
Association between Obesity and Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Palle Ajay Reddy , Reddy CM Sanjeeva Kumar , Shankar B Shiva , Gelli Vemsi , Sudhakar Jaradoddi , Reddy K Krishna Mohana
Published: June 2013

Aim

Chronic periodontitis is multifactorial and numerous risk factors have been identified to contribute in the disease progression. Current study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional study in a population of patients with cardiovascular diseases in order to correlate the association between obesity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)] and periodontal disease parameters.

Materials and methods

The study was of a cross-sectional design and a total of 201 patients were examined after obtaining their informed consent. Subjects who had a history of cardiovascular diseases and under treatment were included in the study. Two indicators of obesity were used: BMI and WC. The following periodontal parameters were assessed: Probing depth, clinical attachment level. The oral hygiene status of the subjects was assessed by the oral hygiene index (OHI, simplified) given by John C Greene and Jack R Vermillion. The influence of the BMI and other confounding variables on periodontitis severity was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Results

Significant association was seen with low density lipoproteins (LDL) and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.005), triglyceride levels (TGL) and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.005), cholesterol and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.005), BMI and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001), OHI and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001). Significant association was seen with smoking and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.005), BMI and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001), WC and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001), cholesterol and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001), OHI and severity of periodontitis (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Obesity has been implicated as a risk factor for several conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. In our study the relation between measures of overall and abdominal obesity (BMI and WC) and periodontal disease showed significant association in the multivariate logistic regression analysis independent of other confounding factors.

Clinical significance

Obesity can act as a significant risk factor in progression of periodontitis.

How to cite this article

Palle AR, Reddy CMSK, Shankar BS, Gelli V, Sudhakar J, Reddy KKM. Association between Obesity and Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):168-173.
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in a Group of Iranian Dependent Elderly Complete Denture Wearers
Authors: Atashrazm Parsa , Sadri Donia
Published: June 2013

Aim

Oral mucosal lesions are frequently observed in institutionalized elderly patients more than other age groups. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of epulis fissuratum and denture stomatitis and their associated causes in dependent elderly complete denture wearers.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted in dependent elderly complete denture's wearers living in four randomly selected nursing homes located in Tehran. Associated factors such as gender, age, use of medication, site of nursing home, denture quality and denture-wearing habit were studied.

Results

Overall, 674 patients were examined; 201 had complete denture. The prevalence of denture stomatitis was 36%. There was significant relationship among the prevalence of denture stomatitis with gender and denture wearing period (p < 0.05). The prevalence of epulis fissuratum was 16.4%. There was significant relationship among the prevalence of epulis fissuratum with gender, denture quality and denture wearing habit (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In this particular dependent age group, the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions is high and the mentioned associated factors should be noticed.

Clinical significance

Dependent elderly complete denture wearers need more support and motivation for reducing the prevalence of these particular denture-associated oral mucosal lesions.

How to cite this article

Atashrazm P, Sadri D. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in a Group of Iranian Dependent Elderly Complete Denture Wearers. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):174-178.
Evaluation of Periodontal Status in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis Patients: A Comparative Study
Authors: Raghava K Vijay , Shivananda H , Mundinamane Darshan , Boloor Vinita , Thomas Biju
Published: June 2013

Aim

Bacterial infections are common complicating findings in course of liver cirrhosis, most of them being Gram-negative. Similarly periodontal pathogens are also mostly Gram-negative bacteria hence the objective was to evaluate the periodontal status in alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients and to compare the periodontal status of alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients in: a. Smokers with periodontitis and b. Nonsmokers with periodontitis.

Materials and methods

A total of 150 patients made up the sample of this study. The sample size was divided into four groups. The first two groups comprised of 50 patients each comprising of patients with periodontitis who were nonsmokers and patients with periodontitis who were smokers respectively and the next two groups comprised of 25 patients each, which included patients diagnosed as suffering from alcoholic liver cirrhosis who are nonsmokers and patients diagnosed as suffering from alcoholic liver cirrhosis who are smokers. Screening examination included a proper medical history, dental history and Russell's periodontal index was done to evaluate and compare the periodontal status among the selected groups.

Results

The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using the ANOVA Fisher's F-test. Multiple group comparisons were made using the Tukey's HSD test.

Conclusion

Conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: 1. Alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients demonstrated greater alveolar bone loss and increased periodontal destruction. 2. There is very high statistically significant difference on periodontal destruction in alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients (with or without smokers) when compared to the control group.

Clinical significance

Periodontal diseases are bacterial infections associated with a bacterial load or insult to the host that elicits a strong inflammatory response cumulating to produce significant pathologic alterations in the systemic status of the host. Alcoholic liver cirrhosis patients as a consequence of liver dysfunction have elevated levels of serum cytokines. These are involved in the destructive process of periodontal disease probably through enhancement of collagenase and metalloproteinase activity. Hence, a study has been planned to evaluate periodontal status in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

How to cite this article

Raghava KV, Shivananda H, Mundinamane D, Boloor V, Thomas B. Evaluation of Periodontal Status in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis Patients: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):179-182.
Removal Efficiency of Calcium Hydroxide Dressing from the Root Canal without Chemically Active Adjuvant
Authors: Maalouf Lara , Naaman Alfred
Published: June 2013

Aim

Compare the efficiency in removing two calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] preparations from root canal and apical third using single use syringe, ultrasonics and RinsEndo® with saline solution.

Materials and methods

One hundred and eighty human singlerooted teeth were instrumented using ProTaper® rotary system, divided into two groups according to Ca(OH)2 filling. A: Powder mixed with water, B: Pulpdent®. Each group was divided into three subgroups for the irrigation: A1, B1: Single use syringe; A2, B2: Ultrasonics; A3, B3: RinsEndo®.

Teeth were split longitudinally, photographed and imported into Adobe Photoshop. The percentage ratios of Ca(OH)2 remaining in the canal and in the apical third were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using ‘ANOVA two-way’ and ‘univariate tests’.

Results

(a) Remnants of medicament were found in all teeth, (b) no statistically significant difference in the elimination of both Ca(OH)2 from the entire canal (p = 0.436), however, mixed powder was better eliminated from the apical third (p = 0.005), (c) no statistically significant difference among the irrigation techniques in the whole canal (p = 0.608), though, RinsEndo® and ultrasonics were the most effective in cleaning the apical third (p = 0.032) when mixed powder was used.

Conclusion

None of the techniques removed completely Ca(OH)2 from the canal. In the apical third, RinsEndo® and ultrasonics were the most effective when mixed powder was used.

Clinical significance

Ca(OH)2, the most commonly used intracanal dressing, should be completely eliminated before the obturation to assure a good endodontic sealing. Based on the results of this study, RinsEndo® and ultrasonics were the most effective in removal of Ca(OH)2 especially the powder mixed with water presentation.

How to cite this article

Maalouf L, Zogheib C, Naaman A. Removal Efficiency of Calcium Hydroxide Dressing from the Root Canal without Chemically Active Adjuvant. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):188-192.