bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Healing Abutments and Cover Screws for Dental Implants be Reused? A Systematic Review
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. , Kejriwal Swati , Bhuse Kruttika
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To systematically review the current scientific evidence to assess if healing abutments and cover screws for dental implants can be resterilized effectively for reuse. A secondary purpose was to investigate if there has been any reported adverse biological or mechanical consequences to implants, or harm to patients with the reuse of healing abutments or cover screws.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search of the English language scientific literature was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process using the PubMed search engine and Cochrane database. After the application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed to meet the various objectives of this review.

Results

The initial electronic search resulted in 657 titles and after the application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, six articles were identified that satisfied the study objectives. All six articles were observational studies that described a total sample of over 300 used healed abutments obtained from patients. Out of these, three studies showed that routine methods (mechanical, chemical, and steam) used for cleaning and sterilizing used healing abutments did not result in the complete removal of contaminants, while two studies showed that routine methods supplemented with an additional regimen resulted in adequate decontamination. One additional study showed that routine methods sufficiently resulted in adequate decontamination of used healing abutments. There were no true clinical studies identified. There were no studies identified in the literature that reported on any adverse consequences to dental implants, such as infections, bone loss, mechanical complications, implant failure, or harm to patients, by reuse of healing abutments or cover screws.

Conclusions

Limited evidence suggests that routine methods used for cleaning and sterilization of used titanium healing abutments may not result in the complete removal of contaminants. However, the biological or mechanical implication of this finding is yet to be determined because presently there are no reports in the literature related to any unfavorable consequences to dental implants, or harm to patients by reuse of healing abutments or cover screws. Nevertheless, due to the popular clinical practice of reusing healing abutments to reduce cost to clinicians and patients, indiscriminate reuse of healing abutments should be avoided, until further supporting evidence is established.
Investigating the Impact of Geographic Location on Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis: A National Study of the SEER Cancer Registry
Authors: Andrilla C. Holly A. , Moore Tessa E. , Man Wong Kit , Evans David V.
Published: August 2019

Background

Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with decreased mortality and potential avoidance of chemotherapy. CRC screening rates are lower in rural communities and patient outcomes are poorer. This study examines the extent to which United States’ rural residents present at a more advanced stage of CRC compared to nonrural residents.

Methods

Using the 2010–2014 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Incidence data, 132,277 patients with CRC were stratified using their county of residence and urban influence codes into 5 categories (metro, adjacent micropolitan, nonadjacent micropolitan, small rural, and remote small rural). Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between late stage at diagnosis and county‐level characteristics including level of rurality, persistent poverty, low education and low employment, and patient characteristics.

Results

In the adjusted analysis the rate of stage 4 CRC at diagnosis differed across geographic classification, with patients living in remote small rural counties having the highest rate of stage 4 disease (range: 19.2% in nonadjacent micropolitan counties to 22.7% in remote small rural counties). Other factors, such as patient characteristics, insurance status, and regional practice variation were also significantly associated with late‐stage CRC diagnosis.

Conclusions

Geographic residence is associated with the rate of stage 4 disease at presentation. Additional patient factors are associated with stage 4 CRC disease at diagnosis. Cancer outcomes are worse for rural patients, and late stage at diagnosis may partially account for this disparity. These differences have persisted over time and suggest areas for further research, patient engagement, and education.
Cholinergic deficits and galaninergic hyperinnervation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body disorders
Authors: Alexandris A. S. , Walker L. , Liu A. K. L. , McAleese K. E. , Johnson M. , Pearce R. K. B. , Gentleman S. M. , Attems J.
Published: August 2019

Aims

Galanin is a highly inducible neuroprotective neuropeptide and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a network of galaninergic fibres has been reported to hypertrophy and hyperinnervate the surviving cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. We aimed to determine (i) the extent of galanin hyperinnervation in patients with AD and Lewy body disease and (ii) whether galanin expression relates to the neuropathological burden and cholinergic losses.

Methods

Galanin immunohistochemistry was carried out in the anterior nucleus basalis of Meynert of 27 Parkinson’s disease (PD) cases without cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment [MCI]), 15 with PD with MCI, 42 with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), 12 with Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 19 with AD, 12 mixed AD/DLB and 16 controls. Galaninergic innervation of cholinergic neurons was scored semiquantitatively. For a subgroup of cases (n = 60), cholinergic losses were determined from maximum densities of choline acetyltransferase positive (ChAT+ve) neurons and their projection fibres. Quantitative data for α‐synuclein, amyloid beta and tau pathology were obtained from tissue microarrays covering cortical/subcortical regions.

Results

Significant losses of cholinergic neurons and their projection fibres were observed across all diseases. Galaninergic hyperinnervation was infrequent and particularly uncommon in established AD and DLB. We found that hyperinnervation frequencies are significantly higher in the transition between PD without MCI to PDD and that higher burdens of co‐existent AD pathology impair this galaninergic response.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that galanin upregulation represents an intrinsic response early in Lewy body diseases but which fails with increasing burdens of AD related pathology.
Parents' and primary caregivers' conceptualizations of fever in children: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Villarejo‐Rodríguez María Gloria , Rodríguez‐Martín Beatriz
Published: August 2019

This study was a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. The aim was to explore parents' and primary caregivers' knowledge and conceptualizations of fever in children aged between 0 and 12 years. A systematic literature search of the Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, BIREME, CUIDEN, ProQuest, and PsycINFO databases was undertaken for qualitative studies published in English or Spanish up to December 2018. Ten studies were included in the thematic synthesis. Parents' perceptions of their children's fever were classified according to three criteria: fever as a pathology, care for the febrile child, and the search for understandable and reliable information on this topic. Fever was perceived as being harmful to children's health and as a pathology that requires health care. Further studies are necessary to gather key information for improving health action plans and satisfaction with the care received. This information might help us to understand the management of fever and the related fears experienced by caregivers. These perceptions can be influenced by parents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on fever and their previous experiences.
Systolic aortic root motion predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Celikyurt Umut , Acar Burak , Hidayet Siho , Karauzum İrem , Karauzum Kurtulus , Vural Ahmet , Agacdiken Aysen
Published: August 2019

Background

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is recommended for patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Systolic aortic root motion (SARM) has been investigated in dilated cardiomyopathy patients and found that heart failure patients had reduced SARM. We aimed to investigate the relationship between SARM and response to CRT.

Methods

Fifty‐six patients with advanced heart failure, wide QRS complex, and LVEF ≤35% were included. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before, and repeated at 6 months in follow‐up. Systolic aortic root motion was measured in each patient before the device implantation. Echocardiographic response to CRT was defined by a ≥15% reduction in left ventricular end‐systolic volume at 6 months follow‐up.

Results

Forty patients (71%) had CRT response after 6 months of follow‐up. In multivariate analysis, significant associates of response to CRT was evaluated adjusting for functional capacity, etiology of cardiomyopathy, QRS duration, baseline left ventricular dimensions/volumes and SARM. SARM was the only predictor of response to CRT (OR 1.818, 95% CI, 1.101‐3.003, P = .019).

Conclusions

SARM predicts non‐response to CRT and may help in the selection of CRT candidates.
Water Security, Riparian Identity and Korean Nation Branding in the Mekong Subregion
Authors: Watson Iain , Schwak Juliette
Published: August 2019

Environmental security has traditionally been placed as a low politics issue in a period of increasing interdependence of transborder issues. This is occurring in the context of regional convergences between hegemonic and hydrological cycles. The Mekong subregional space is being constructed and represented by major donor and recipient stakeholders as a potential and proven site of geo‐economic opportunity and risk assessment. With more stakeholders involved there is more market competition for access to subregional resources. This paper argues that the engendering of donor competition is creating the need for new strategies of state‐competition and solidarity with recipient states, which have been key to Korean Official Development Assistance (ODA) in selling the development experience. This is increasingly legitimated by particular forms of strategic nation‐branding techniques to generate both specific South–South solidarity and the sharing of the development experience through the managing of the opportunity costs of climate change.
A data transfer method for improving seed identification of maize (Zea mays) haploid breeding based on genetic similarity
Authors: Lin Jianchu , Li Jinlong , Li Weijun , Qin Hong , Chen Shaojiang
Published: August 2019

Maize haploid breeding technology is able to identify haploid seeds non‐destructively, rapidly and at low cost with the help of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. However, due to the hybridization of numerous parents and the low production rate of haploid, the haploid data collection becomes a burden for engineering this technology. Biologically, there are considerable similarities between the progeny of the same female parent and different male parents. Based on this advantage, similar spectral data can be transferred when the NIR technology is employed. A revised method of Transfer adaptive boost (TrAdaBoost) is proposed to improve identifying for the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. To avoid the negative transfer, a screening thresh is used to select out similar data, and the amount of these data are limited to join current training. The results show that the identification performances are improved significantly when the data amount is small. This method shows a high ability to make the seed identification more convenient for engineering maize haploid breeding.
The perceived impact of legalized cannabis on nursing workload in adult and pediatric emergency department visits: A qualitative exploratory study
Authors: Wolf Lisa A. , Perhats Cydne , Clark Paul R. , Frankenberger Warren D. , Moon Michael D.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To investigate changes in emergency nursing workload related to cannabis ingestion or inhalation by adult and pediatric patients in states and bordering states where recreational cannabis is legal.

Design

Qualitative exploratory design using data collected from focus groups.

Sample

Twenty‐four English‐speaking emergency nurses over the age of 18 who provide direct care to patients and work in US emergency departments located in a state, or bordering state, where recreational cannabis use is legal.

Measurements

Qualitative data were gathered using a semi‐structured interview format and analyzed using situational analysis.

Results

The legalization of recreational cannabis in some US states is reported as resulting in an increase in patients presenting with cyclic vomiting syndromes, and increased difficulty in managing both associated behaviors and repetitive ED presentations. New presentations also include unintentional intoxication in both pediatric and geriatric populations. An unexpected finding was the displacement of local homeless populations by younger, indigent “cannabis tourists”; social services agencies might consider this while planning for cannabis legalization in their state or territory.

Conclusions

To protect public health and safety, regulatory efforts to standardize the formulation, dosing and labeling of cannabis products would be beneficial along with educational initiatives for both consumers and health care providers.
The influence of stimulus valence on perceptual processing of facial expressions and subsequent response inhibition
Authors: Stockdale Laura A. , Morrison Robert G. , Silton Rebecca L.
Published: August 2019

The constant interplay between affective processing and cognitive control supports emotion regulation and appropriate social functioning. Even when affective stimuli are processed implicitly, threat‐related stimuli are prioritized in the earliest stages of processing; yet, it remains unclear how implicit attention to affect influences subsequent cognitive control functions. The present study evaluated the influence of affective valence on early perceptual processes and subsequent response inhibition in a context where affective properties of the stimuli (facial expressions) were not critical for performing the task. Participants (N = 32) completed an affective stop‐signal task (SST) while their scalp EEGs were recorded. The SST assessed response inhibition while participants implicitly attended to happy and afraid facial expressions that were matched for level of arousal. Behavioral performance was measured via response time and accuracy while physiological response was measured via the P100, N170, and N200/P300 ERP components. Decreased gender discrimination accuracy, delayed P100 latency, and more negative N170 amplitude were observed for afraid faces compared to happy faces, suggesting a shift in processing with respect to face valence. However, differences in stopping accuracy or N200/P300 ERP components during response inhibition were not observed, pointing to top‐down cognitive processes likely being recruited to override the early automatic response to prioritize threat‐related stimuli. Findings highlight that, in this implicit affective attention task, threat‐related stimuli are prioritized early during processing, but implicitly attending to differentially valenced stimuli did not modulate subsequent cognitive control functions.
Time to embrace POCUS as part of the bedside diagnosis of respiratory diseases
Authors: Porcel José M.
Published: August 2019

See relatedArticle
Proximity (Mis)perception: Public Awareness of Nuclear, Refinery, and Fracking Sites
Authors: Lyons Benjamin A. , Akin Heather , Stroud Natalie Jomini
Published: August 2019

Whether on grounds of perceived safety, aesthetics, or overall quality of life, residents may wish to be aware of nearby energy sites such as nuclear reactors, refineries, and fracking wells. Yet people are not always accurate in their impressions of proximity. Indeed, our data show that only 54% of Americans living within 25 miles of a nuclear site say they do, and even fewer fracking‐proximal (30%) and refinery‐proximal (24%) residents respond accurately. In this article, we analyze factors that could either help people form more accurate perceptions or distort their impressions of proximity. We evaluate these hypotheses using a large national survey sample and corresponding geographic information system (GIS) data. Results show that among those living in close proximity to energy sites, those who perceive greater risk are less likely to report living nearby. Conversely, social contact with employees of these industries increases perceived proximity regardless of actual distance. These relationships are consistent across each site type we examine. Other potential factors—such as local news use—may play a role in proximity perception on a case‐by‐case basis. Our findings are an important step toward a more generalizable understanding of how the public forms perceptions of proximity to risk sites, showing multiple potential mechanisms of bias.
Economic Downturns and Hardline Public Opinion
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuro , Madrid‐Morales Dani , Asaba Yuki , Tago Atsushi
Published: August 2019

Objective

With an aim of extending the scope of group threat theory from within‐country tensions between racial groups to international economic competition, this study specifically examined the impacts of perceived relative economic status of an in‐group country on attitudes about contentious political issues with a rival out‐group country.

Methods

Two survey experiments were administered, both of which manipulated Japanese participants’ perceptions of the relative economic powers of Japan and South Korea.

Results

When Japanese perceive that their country's economic power is declining relative to South Korea's economy, they demonstrate more hardline attitudes about territorial and historical issues between the two countries.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the applicability of group threat theory to bilateral international relations. It also suggests that public opinion about international conflicts is a function of the long‐term rebalancing of economic power, which cannot be easily influenced by short‐term policies.
Interobserver agreement between non‐cardiologist veterinarians and a cardiologist after a 6‐hour training course for echographic evaluation of basic echocardiographic parameters and caudal vena cava diameter in 15 healthy Beagles
Authors: Darnis Elodie , Merveille Anne Christine , Desquilbet Loïc , Boysen Soren , Gommeren Kris
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate cardiovascular focused assessment with sonography for trauma and triage (CV‐FAST) interobserver agreement for echocardiographic parameters and caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter measurement, between a cardiologist and 2 non‐cardiologists after a 6‐hour training course.

Setting

University veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

Fifteen healthy Beagle dogs.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Echocardiography parameters were assessed via standardized views. Caudal vena cava was assessed via a subxiphoid window (CVC‐SubX) using 3 measurements (minimal and maximal CVC diameter, and collapsibility index) and via a dorsolateral window (CVC‐DL) using 1 measurement (CVC diameter). Bland–Altman analysis assessed agreement of each non‐cardiologist with the cardiologist; coefficients of variation (CoV) quantified variability between observers. The 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and CoVs were considered acceptable for left atrial diameter, left atrium to aortic ratio, normalized left ventricle diameter in diastole and systole but non‐acceptable for fractional shortening and pulmonary vein to pulmonary artery ratio. For CVC‐SubX, the 95% LOA for maximum CVC diameter were acceptable, while minimum CVC diameter and CVC collapsibility index were non‐acceptable. The CoVs were good for maximum and minimum CVC (7%) and poor for collapsibility index (37%). For CVC‐DL, the 95% LOA were non‐acceptable, although the CoV was considered good (11%).

Conclusions

A 6‐hour training course in echocardiography allows non‐cardiologists to assess left atrial diameter, left atrium to aortic ratio, normalized left ventricle diameter in diastole and systole, and CVCmax of the CV‐FAST exam in healthy Beagles. Standardization of the CVC‐SubX technique and assessment of the impact of the respiratory phase on CVC diameter in dogs is needed. Further studies are required to determine whether interobserver agreement remains acceptable when including different breeds. Assessment of basic echocardiographic parameters and the CVC to estimate volume status in small animal medicine merits further clinical evaluation.
Fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrate storage duration not associated with in hospital mortality risk
Authors: Ng Monica Suet Ying , Hay Karen , Choy Joleen , Middelburg Rutger A. , Tung John‐Paul , Fraser John Francis
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives

To date, the effects of FFP and PC storage duration on mortality have only been studied in a few studies in limited patient subpopulations. The aim of the current study was to determine whether FFP and PC storage duration is associated with increased in hospital mortality risk across cardiac surgery, acute medicine, ICU and orthopaedic surgery patients.

Materials and Methods

Two‐stage individual patient data meta‐analyses were performed to determine the effects of FFP and PC storage duration on in hospital mortality. Preset random effects models were used to determine pooled unadjusted and adjusted (adjusted for age, gender and units of product transfused) effect estimates.

Results

The FFP storage duration analysis included 3625 patients across four studies. No significant association was observed between duration of storage and in hospital mortality in unadjusted analysis, but after adjusting for patient age, gender and units of product a small increased risk of in hospital mortality was observed for each additional month of storage (OR: 1·05, 95% CI: 1·01–1·08). This effect was no longer statistically significant when donor ABO blood group was incorporated into the random effects model on post hoc analyses. A total of 547 patients across five studies were incorporated in the PC storage duration analysis. No association was observed between PC storage duration and odds of in hospital morality (adjusted OR: 0·94, 95% CI: 0·79–1·11).

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to support shortening FFP or PC shelf life based on in hospital mortality.
Haemoglobin trajectories during pregnancy and associated outcomes using pooled maternity and hospitalization data from two tertiary hospitals
Authors: Randall Deborah A. , Patterson Jillian A. , Gallimore Felicity , Morris Jonathan M. , Simpson Judy M. , McGee Therese M. , Ford Jane B. ,   for the Obstetric Transfusion Steering Group
Published: August 2019

Background and objectives

This study aimed to describe how haemoglobin trajectories in pregnant Australian women were associated with subsequent postpartum haemorrhage, blood transfusion and other outcomes.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted in two tertiary public hospitals in Australia, using routinely collected maternity and hospital data on singleton pregnancies (2011–2015). Latent class growth modelling defined trajectories among those with at least one haemoglobin in each of three antenatal time periods (0–15, 16–30 and 31+ weeks; n = 7104). Observed over expected ratios were calculated after predicting expected outcomes with adjusted logistic regression.

Results

The mean minimum haemoglobin levels across the three periods were 127·9, 116·5 and 119·3 g/l. We identified seven groups of women with similar haemoglobin trajectories: five with parallel U‐shaped trajectories, one with increasing and one with decreasing trajectory. Thirty‐eight women (0.5%) had very low haemoglobin across the pregnancy and the highest adverse outcomes, including higher than expected blood transfusion risk. One hundred thirteen women (1.6%) with a progressively decreasing trajectory also had higher risk of transfusion. Women with high haemoglobin across the antenatal period had higher than expected risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age and infants transferred to higher care.

Conclusions

Haemoglobin trajectories across pregnancy can predict women at higher risk of requiring transfusion around birth. Women who maintain high haemoglobins across the pregnancy are worthy of increased surveillance as they carry increased risks of newborn morbidity.
Motivation for donation among hospital blood donors and their attitude towards voluntary blood donation in State Government Hospitals, Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Ismaila Nda , Mamman Aisha Indo , Balogun Muhammad Shakir , Abubakar Aisha , Awwalu Sani , Kusfa Ibrahim Usman , Usman Aishat Bukola , Waziri Aliyu Dahiru , Muktar Haruna Mohammed
Published: August 2019

Background

Voluntary blood donation (VBD) is critical to adequate blood supply. Public health facilities in Nigeria rely mostly on replacement blood donation. Motivation for blood donation among hospital donors was assessed, and factors that influence VBD were determined in Kaduna, Nigeria.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study on 361 blood donors in three selected hospitals. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of VBD at P < 0·05.

Results

The major motivator (86·9%) for respondents was when relatives or friends required blood transfusion. About 86% (310) of the respondents had good attitude towards VBD. Having primary or no formal education [adjusted odds ratio {AOR} (95% CI): 0·35(0·12–0·98)] and those who were not in marital relationships [AOR (95% CI)]: 0·45 (0·21, 0·97) were less likely to have good attitude to VBD. Additional factors that hinder VBD were concerns that donated blood might be sold [AOR (95% CI)]: 0·11 (0·05, 0·24) and poor phlebotomy technique by personnel [AOR (95% CI)]: 0·10 (0·03, 0·41). However, repeat blood donors were more likely to have good attitude to VBD [AOR (95% CI)]: 4·22 (1·79, 9·94).

Conclusion

The main motivator for respondents is when a family member or a friend needs blood transfusion. Low educational attainment, not been in a marital relationship, concerns that donated blood might be sold and fear of phlebotomy technique were deterrents to VBD. Appropriate blood donor education and providing conducive setting with skilled personnel could convert eligible replacement donors to voluntary donors.
α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITION OF LACTONE INTERMEDIATES OF THE IMINOSUGAR DEOXYNOJIRIMYCIN
Authors: Wai Haan Yong , M. Al-Bajalan Hussein , Eukun Sage Edison , Elangovan Dharshini , Mat Yajit Noor Liana , Sarizan Nur Maisarah , Zitzmann Nicole , Kiappes J. L. , Hasbullah Siti Aishah , Ismail Nor Hadiani , Mackeen Mukram Mohamed
Published: August 2019

α-Glycosidase enzymes hydrolyse α-glycosidic linkages and are involved in bodily processes such as the catabolism of glycans, intestinal digestion, and the degradation of glycoproteins. Various types of diseases which are caused by the failure of this enzyme to function properly can be treated through enzyme inhibition. The hydroxyethyl derivative of DNJ (Miglitol) is a clinical drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Although the iminosugar D-deoxynojirimisin (D-DNJ) is an excellent micromolar glycosidase inhibitor, the α-glucosidase inhibition activity of D-DNJ lactone intermediates has yet to be reported. Therefore, the scalable synthesis of the D-DNJ intermediates 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucurono-3,6-lactone (2), 1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-idurono-3,6-lactone (3) and 5-azido-5-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucurono-3,6-lactone (4) was carried out using D-glucuronolactone (1) as the starting material based on the method reported by Best et al. 2010 with some modification and subsequently, evaluated for anti-α-glucosidase activity. All products were characterised and identified by HPLC-ELSD, mass spectrometry (DI-ESI-MS) and NMR spectroscopy (via comparison of 1D 1H and 13C data with previously reported values). The inhibitory activity of compounds 1-4 towards α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated using the p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside substrate. Compound 3 showed 29.5% inhibition followed by 2 (21.4%), 1 (15.8%) and 4 (15.7%) compared to the positive control, quercetin (72.7%).
ISOLATION OF GLUCOSAMINE HCL FROM SCYLLA PARAMAMOSAIN AND DETERMINATION BY HPLC
Authors: Putri Astrid Kusuma , Kartosentono Sugijanto , Nasution Sugijanto Noor Erma
Published: August 2019

Scylla paramamosain is one of crustaceans that has economic value in Indonesia. About 40-50% of the total weight of crustaceans goes as waste after being processed to be human food. The Crustacean waste needs to be reduced in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Whereas products derived from crustacean shell also has medical value (e.g. Chitosan, Glucosamine HCl). Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide acting as a substrate for the production of aggrecan and proteoglycans and thus have therapeutic activity in osteoarthritis. The present study has been aimed to prepare glucosamine hydrochloride (Glu-HCl) from S. paramamosain waste by acid hydrolysis in four treatment groups and their quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The best condition from this experiment is shell deproteination with 3% NaOH solution (w/v 1:6), at 85ºC, for 30 minutes, demineralisation with 1N HCl (w/v 1:10), at 75ºC, for 1.5 hours, depigmentation with NaClO 0.38%, at room temperature, for 1 hour, and hydrolysis with conc. HCl (w/v 1:20), at 85ºC, for 18 minutes, resulted in the yield of 6.15 ± 0.62% and quantitation by HPLC analysis of obtained glucosamine hydrochloride was 98.48 ± 0.74%. Further, this study describes the recycling of S. paramamosain waste to a value-added product which is having potential applications in the field of food and medicine.
EFFECTS OF METAKAOLIN ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CEMENT CONCRETE
Authors: W. M. Supit Steve , W. Pandei Romario
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the experimental results on the effect of metakaolin (MK) as a replacement of cement in pervious cement concrete based on compressive strength, void ratio and permeability test. Metakaolin was used to replace Portland Cement Composite (PCC) in pervious concrete by 10% (by wt.). The results show that pervious concrete sample containing 10% metakaolin with 1% superplasticizer exhibited 4 times higher compressive strength at 7 days when compared to normal cement concrete. In addition, the continuous voids of 10%MK concrete sample was found higher than PCC only, indicating the effectiveness of metakaolin in improving the interfacial bond of the binders due to micro-filler effect of metakaolin and the additional CSH gel formation. The continuous voids of pervious concrete with 10% MK is 17%, which is higher than the percentage of continuous voids in normal pervious concrete. This finding is also supported by the infiltration rate of concrete samples. Furthermore, the microstructure analysis through Backscattered Electron Imaging and X-Ray Diffraction reported denser matrix and CH reduction in polished paste samples due to 10%MK addition.
THE USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ITS ASH IN CONSTRUCTION AND AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY: A REVIEW
Authors: Shafii Mohd Amin , Chia Mei Ling Eunice , Shaffie Ekarizan
Published: August 2019

Harmful sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plant being disposed to landfill has long caused major anxiety in local municipalities around the world. In line with the concept of sustainable development practice being adopted around the world, more efforts has looked deeper into ways to reuse this waste material and one of it was the ash generated from this material. This paper review the use of sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash (SSA) in construction and agriculture industry through a multi-faceted review of previous researches done in various industries. Besides reducing the amount of waste in landfill, this solution can also contribute to the reduction of natural resources consumption. It examines in detail how the various burning temperature can affect the sewage sludge ash as well as the potential usage of this ash in asphalt, concrete and cement mixture, soil stabilization and agriculture either as a substitute material, or as a raw and enhancement material. The various chemical composition in this ash enable the SSA to be used in application in multiple industry as each of the respective chemical composition bring enhancement to the end product respectively.
MECHANOSYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, MAGNETIC AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF Al SUBSTITUTED BaFe12O19
Authors: Winatapura Didin S. , Deswita Deswita , Fisli Adel , Adi Wisnu Ari
Published: August 2019

The Aluminums (Al) substituted on M-type barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) is one of the magnetic materials, which can be applied to the microwave band working at high frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of Al substitution for Fe3+ ions on the structure, magnetic and absorption behavior of M-type barium ferrite. The sample was prepared by mechano-synthesis using high-energy milling (HEM). In this research, Fe ion in BaFe12O19 was substituted by Al ion to form BaFe12-xAlxO19 for x = 0.0,BaFe10Al2O19 for x = 2.0 and BaFe8Al4O19 for x = 4.0 which is called as BAl-0, BAl-2 and BAl-4 sample, respectively. The stainless steel balls were used for the milling with a ball-to-powder sample ratio of 5. The mixing and milling for each the sample was conducted for 5 hours in ethanol medium and dried at 100oC in oven for 24 hours and then followed by heat treatment at 1100°C during 1h in the atmosphere media. The sample was characterized using X-rays diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The result indicates that the addition of Al ion lead to the change cell parameters, volume, and the particles size. The magnetic behavior such as magnetic coercivity (Hc), magnetization saturation (Ms) and remanent (Mr) changed significantly with the substitution of Al ions. The optimum reflection loss (RL) is found to be –35dB at 14GHz for BaFe10Al2O19 (BAl-2) sample. It is shown that Al substitutions change the particle size, ferromagnetic resonant frequency, and structural and magnetic behavior of M-type barium ferrite.
ANTIHALITOSIS EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM FRUITS
Authors: Yanti Yanti , Gea Berti Priska , Lay Bibiana Widiyati
Published: August 2019

Halitosis is associated with the excessive production of acid and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), as well as accumulation of biofilm plaque by oral bacteria in mouth cavity. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, locally known as andaliman or lemon pepper, is an Indonesian endemic spice with high content of essential oils, including carveol that has been reported for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. We determined whether extract of Z. acanthopodium essential oil (ZAEO) exerted anti-halitosis effect on reducing biofilm plaque, acid production, and VSCs by using Actinomyces viscosus model in vitro. ZAEO was extracted in n-hexane followed by evaporation. ZAEO at various doses (20-100 µg/ml) was tested and quantified for its antibiofilm, acid production, and total VSCs production toward A. viscosus oral bacteria in vitro by conducting biofilm assays for preventing and eradicating effects, pH-stat analysis, and VSCs assay. At lowest dose (20 µg/ml), ZAEO inhibited and removed >50% of A. viscosus biofilms. A. viscosus was able to produce acid rapidly in 20 minutes, resulting in the pH terminal of 5.57, and ZAEO treatment at 40 µg/ml exerted significant inhibition on acid production with the terminal pH of 5.93, respectively. ZAEO at lowest dose also reduced >50% of total VCSs produced by A. viscosus. Our results suggest that ZAEO extract could be applied as a natural ingredient for halitosis treatment.
THE OSTEOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Azadirachta excelsa LEAVES EXTRACT ON BONE OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Azmi Nur Syimal`ain , Hashim Nooraain , Samsulrizal Nurdiana , Mohamad Zin Noor Syaffinaz Noor
Published: August 2019

Insulin signalling in bone favours whole-body glucose homeostasis by activating osteocalcin, which is important for bone remodeling. However, diabetes causes deficient production of insulin which consequently affects the osteocalcin and bone turnover marker. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of A. excelsa to improve insulin and osteocalcin secretion, resulting in improved bone histomorphometric and bone turnover marker in STZ- induced diabetic rats. The experimental rats were divided into normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), Metformin-treated diabetic (DMET) (positive control) and A. excelsa-treated diabetic (DAE) rats with the treatment period of eight weeks. After the treatment, the femoral bones were removed and bone morphometrical parameters  were defined using Micro-CT scan. The bones were analysed for mineral density (BMD) and trabecular parameters. The bones samples were decalcified for histological preparation and  images of the  was hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained bones were captured and analysed. The concentrations of serum insulin, osteocalcin and bone turnover marker were evaluated using specific ELISA kits. The study showed that A. excelsa caused a significant increase in insulin and osteocalcin levels. A. excelsa also represents ameliorative effects on trabecular bone of the diabetic rat. The data also demonstrated that with A. excelsa treatment, it moderately restored the balance between bone formation and bone resorption markers. These data confirmed that A. excelsa extract could attenuate the STZ-induced bone loss and reverses the deterioration of bone microarchitecture in diabetic rats. This finding indicates the osteoprotective effects presence in the A. excelsa extract.
A REVIEW ON SUB-COOLING IN VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE FOR ENERGY SAVING
Authors: Sumeru Kasni , Sukri Mohamad Firdaus , Falahuddin Muhamad Anda , Setyawan Andriyanto
Published: August 2019

Vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC) is widely used in refrigeration and air conditioning (R&A) systems. Sub-cooling is used to improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of the R&A system by enhancing the cooling capacity. This paper presents various sub-cooling methods, which have been established and applied to enhance the performance of the VCRC.  In a simple cycle of VCRC, the exit of the condenser is at saturated liquid line. Further cooling of the exit condenser to the sub-cooled region can result in an increase in the cooling capacity due to low vapor quality refrigerant entering the evaporator. As a result, the refrigerant absorbs more heat in the evaporator. The lower the quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator, the higher the cooling capacity that is produced by the evaporator. This cooling capacity improvement results in an increase in the COP. In the present study, four sub-cooling methods are reviewed, which are liquid-suction heat exchanger, dedicated mechanical sub-cooling, integrated mechanical sub-cooling and condensate assisted sub-cooling. The advantages and drawbacks of each method, as well as future research direction in this research domain were discussed in detail.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Evelyn Angelia
Published: August 2019

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 2Adina Criste, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAnna Viktorovna Kravchuk, Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, UkraineFabio Rizzato, University of Turin, ItalyFeng Jui Hsu, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, TaiwanFlorin Peci, University of Peja, KosovoGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaHajar Jahangard, Central Bank of Iran (CBI), IranIoan Bogdan Robu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaJayendra S. Gokhale, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USALingesiya Kengatharan, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaLuca Sensini, University of Salerno, ItalyLuo Yongli, Houston Baptist University, United StatesMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMawih Kareem Alani, Dhofar University, OmanMohamed Jalloh, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), NigeriaNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianNikolay Patonov, European Polytechnical University, BulgariaNoriaki Okamoto, Rikkyo University, JapanPeibiao Zhao, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, ChinaShahram Fattahi, Razi University,, IranVineet Chouhan, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaVolodymyr Vysochansky, Uzhhorod National University, UkraineYu Peng Lin, University of Detroit Mercy, USAZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA
Towards an explicit local Jacquet–Langlands correspondence beyond the cuspidal case
Authors: Sécherre Vincent , Stevens Shaun
Published: August 2019

We show how the modular representation theory of inner forms of general linear groups over a non-Archimedean local field can be brought to bear on the complex theory in a remarkable way. Let$\text{F}$be a non-Archimedean locally compact field of residue characteristic$p$, and let$\text{G}$be an inner form of the general linear group$\text{GL}_{n}(\text{F})$for$n\geqslant 1$. We consider the problem of describing explicitly the local Jacquet–Langlands correspondence$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}\mapsto _{\text{JL}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$between the complex discrete series representations of$\text{G}$and$\text{GL}_{n}(\text{F})$, in terms of type theory. We show that the congruence properties of the local Jacquet–Langlands correspondence exhibited by A. Mínguez and the first author give information about the explicit description of this correspondence. We prove that the problem of the invariance of the endo-class by the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence can be reduced to the case where the representations$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$and$_{\text{JL}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$are both cuspidal with torsion number$1$. We also give an explicit description of the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence for all essentially tame discrete series representations of$\text{G}$, up to an unramified twist, in terms of admissible pairs, generalizing previous results by Bushnell and Henniart. In positive depth, our results are the first beyond the case where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$and$_{\text{JL}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$are both cuspidal.
Homologous substrate-temperature dependence of structure and properties of TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 thin films deposited by reactive sputtering
Authors: Kusano Eiji
Published: August 2019

Group 4 metal oxides TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 were deposited on glass substrates at substrate temperatures ranging from 100 to 800 °C by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering using an Ar and O2 mixture as discharge gas. On the basis of the obtained cross-sectional and surface morphologies, crystallographic structures, and film properties, the homologous substrate-temperature dependence of the film structure and properties for the sputter-deposited metal oxide thin films are discussed. The x-ray diffraction measurements show the diffraction patterns characteristic of the anatase (tetragonal) structure at substrate temperatures below 400 °C and those of the rutile (tetragonal) structure at substrate temperatures above 600 °C for TiO2 thin films and the patterns attributable to the monoclinic structure with 〈−111〉 orientation for ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show voided columnar structures with rough surfaces for TiO2 thin films and fine columnar structures with smooth surfaces for ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films, which is supported by the results obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The quantitative data on the lattice strain, crystallite size, surface roughness, and refractive index are plotted against the homologous substrate temperature, Tsub/Tm (Tsub: substrate temperature and Tm: melting point of thin film materials). The lattice strain reaches approximately zero at Tsub/Tm = 0.3–0.35, suggesting that the residual stress is relaxed at this point, and the crystallite size reaches a plateau at the same range of Tsub/Tm. The surface roughness increases sharply after passing Tsub/Tm = 0.25–0.30, and the refractive index shows a rise at Tsub/Tm = 0.30–0.35. The images obtained by SEM and AFM are categorized based on the property transition observed in the quantitative property changes. The data obtained in this work are utilized to systematically study the effectiveness and appropriateness of the homologous (normalized) substrate temperature to explain the changes in structure, morphology, and properties of oxide thin films. Furthermore, it is suggested that the structure zone model, which is normally applied to sputtered metal films, is also applicable to sputtered oxide thin films.
Diffusion of implanted Ge and Sn in β-Ga2O3
Authors: Sharma Ribhu , Law Mark E. , Xian Minghan , Tadjer Marko , Anber Elaf A. , Foley Daniel , Lang Andrew C. , Hart James L. , Nathaniel James , Taheri Mitra L. , Ren Fan , Pearton S. J. , Kuramata A.
Published: August 2019

The n-type dopants, Ge and Sn, were implanted into bulk (−201) β-Ga2O3 at multiple energies (60, 100, 200 keV) and total doses of ∼1014 cm−2 and annealed at 1100 °C for 10–120 s under either O2 or N2 ambients. The Ge-implanted samples showed almost complete recovery of the initial damage band under these conditions, with the disordered region decreasing from 130 to 17 nm after 1100 °C anneals. Fitting of secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles was used to obtain the diffusivity of both Ge and Sn, with values at 1100 °C of 1.05 × 10−11 cm s−1 for Ge and 2.7 × 10−13 cm s−1 for Sn for annealing under O2 ambients. Some of the dopant is lost to the surface during these anneals, with a surface outgas rate of 1–3 × 10−7 s−1. By sharp contrast, the redistribution of both dopants was almost completely suppressed during annealing in N2 ambients under the same conditions, showing the strong influence of point defects on dopant diffusivity of these implanted dopants in β-Ga2O3.
Analysis of acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquids containing ultrasound contrast agents
Authors: Xia Lang
Published: August 2019

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A plays a significant role in the characterization of acoustic properties of various biomaterials and biological tissues. It has the potential to be a favorable imaging modality in contrast ultrasound imaging with coated microbubbles. However, the development of effective means for evaluating the nonlinearity parameter of suspensions of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs, also known as bubbly liquids) remains open. The present paper formulates a new equation based on the thermodynamic method that correlates both attenuation and phase velocity of linear ultrasound. The simplicity of the present method makes the B/A estimation possible with a relatively rigorous mathematical derivation. The calculated nonlinearity parameter contains the contribution of dynamic effects of bubbles, and its low-frequency limit agrees with B/A estimated by the method of mixture law when the volume fraction is below 10−4. Furthermore, the maximum B/A in bubbly liquids can reach up to105, while the minimum can be as low as −105. The negative nonlinearity parameter indicates significantly different thermodynamic properties of bubbly liquids.