bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reversible Transformation between a [PdL2]2+ “Figure‐of‐Eight” Complex and a [Pd2L2]4+ Dimer: Switching On and Off Self‐Recognition
Authors: Preston Dan , Kruger Paul E.
Published: November 2018

Structural changes to metallosupramolecular assemblies resulting in the release or uptake of guests are currently well established, whereas transformations turning on and off specific self‐recognition are far less developed. We report a novel ligand (2,6‐bis(1‐(3‐pyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine) possessing a tridentate central metal‐binding site flanked by two pendant pyridyl arms. In a 2:1 ratio with PdII metal ions, a spiro‐type [PdL2]2+ “Figure‐of‐eight” complex forms with the central tridentate binding pocket unoccupied. The introduction of an additional one equivalent of PdII metal ion results in the conversion to a dimeric [Pd2L2]4+ molecule with the tridentate pocket occupied. There is site‐specific self‐recognition between dimers in solution with strong NOE peaks between adjacent molecules. The self‐recognition between dimers can be turned off in two ways: firstly, adding another equivalent of PdII metal ion brings about binding to the previously uncoordinated pyridyl arms that are key to the self‐recognition event, and; secondly, addition of sufficient ligand to return the stoichiometry to 2:1 regenerates the [PdL2]2+ complex. Hence, the self‐recognition event can be turned on or off through simple variation of L:PdII stoichiometry.
Ligand‐Promoted Non‐Directed C−H Cyanation of Arenes
Authors: Liu Luo‐Yan , Yeung Kap‐Sun , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: November 2018

This article reports the first example of a 2‐pyridone accelerated non‐directed C−H cyanation with an arene as the limiting reagent. This protocol is compatible with a broad scope of arenes, including advanced intermediates, drug molecules, and natural products. A kinetic isotope experiment (kH/kD=4.40) indicates that the C−H bond cleavage is the rate‐limiting step. Also, the reaction is readily scalable, further showcasing the synthetic utility of this method.
Aneuploid acute myeloid leukemia exhibits a signature of genomic alterations in the cell cycle and protein degradation machinery
Authors: Simonetti Giorgia , Padella Antonella , do Valle Italo Farìa , Fontana Maria Chiara , Fonzi Eugenio , Bruno Samantha , Baldazzi Carmen , Guadagnuolo Viviana , Manfrini Marco , Ferrari Anna , Paolini Stefania , Papayannidis Cristina , Marconi Giovanni , Franchini Eugenia , Zuffa Elisa , Laginestra Maria Antonella , Zanotti Federica , Astolfi Annalisa , Iacobucci Ilaria , Bernardi Simona , Sazzini Marco , Ficarra Elisa , Hernandez Jesus Maria , Vandenberghe Peter , Cools Jan , Bullinger Lars , Ottaviani Emanuela , Testoni Nicoletta , Cavo Michele , Haferlach Torsten , Castellani Gastone , Remondini Daniel , Martinelli Giovanni
Published: November 2018

Background

Aneuploidy occurs in more than 20% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases and correlates with an adverse prognosis.

Methods

To understand the molecular bases of aneuploid acute myeloid leukemia (A‐AML), this study examined the genomic profile in 42 A‐AML cases and 35 euploid acute myeloid leukemia (E‐AML) cases.

Results

A‐AML was characterized by increased genomic complexity based on exonic variants (an average of 26 somatic mutations per sample vs 15 for E‐AML). The integration of exome, copy number, and gene expression data revealed alterations in genes involved in DNA repair (eg, SLX4IP, RINT1, HINT1, and ATR) and the cell cycle (eg, MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, MCM7, MCM8, MCM10, UBE2C, USP37, CK2, CK3, CK4, BUB1B, NUSAP1, and E2F) in A‐AML, which was associated with a 3‐gene signature defined by PLK1 and CDC20 upregulation and RAD50 downregulation and with structural or functional silencing of the p53 transcriptional program. Moreover, A‐AML was enriched for alterations in the protein ubiquitination and degradation pathway (eg, increased levels of UHRF1 and UBE2C and decreased UBA3 expression), response to reactive oxygen species, energy metabolism, and biosynthetic processes, which may help in facing the unbalanced protein load. E‐AML was associated with BCOR/BCORL1 mutations and HOX gene overexpression.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that aneuploidy‐related and leukemia‐specific alterations cooperate to tolerate an abnormal chromosome number in AML, and they point to the mitotic and protein degradation machineries as potential therapeutic targets.
Probing the Effects of the Number and Positions of −OCH3 and −CN Substituents on Color Tuning of Ir(III) Complex Derivatives through a Joint Computational and Experimental Study
Authors: Qin Xiao , Li Ming , Xiang Minghui , Luo Yi , Jiao Yan , Yuan Rongao , Wang Ning , Lu Zhiyun , Pu Xumei
Published: November 2018

We performed a joint theoretical and experimental study on sixteen Ir(III) complexes bearing a similar molecular platform of bis(2‐phenylbenzothiozolato‐N,C2’) iridium(III) (acetylacetonate) by grafting −OCH3 group and/or −CN group on different positions of the C‐related arene moiety of the
ligand (C‐ring). Our results reveal that the introduction of −CN renders an overall drop in the FMO energy levels while a reverse increase is observed for −OCH3. The ortho‐ and para‐sites of the C‐ring are more effective substitution positions to modulate the HOMO energy level due to the fact that the electronic density of HOMO mainly locates at them while the meta‐site would induce a stronger impact on LUMO since the electronic density of LUMO mainly distributes over the position. Utilizing the synergistic effects of the substituents and the substituted positions, a wide color‐tuning range from 479 nm to 637 nm was achieved, which covers nearly the whole window of visible spectrum. In particular, the tri‐substituted Ir35mo4cn complex (λem max=637 nm) may be a potential candidate for high efficiency red OLEDs materials due to its greatly enhanced absorption processes, relatively higher 3MLCT (%), lower ΔES1–T1, enlarged separation between 3MLCT/π–π* and 3MC d–d states, and good hole and particle‐transporting performances. Finally, six representative complexes were synthesized and their spectra were determined, which confirm the reliability of our computational strategy.
Quantitative Evaluation of Infrared Absorbance Spectra – Lorentz Profile versus Lorentz Oscillator
Authors: Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Popp Jürgen
Published: November 2018

We present the theoretical basis for a profound upgrade of the method of absorbance band fitting (“band deconvolution”), which requires only minute changes in the code of corresponding spectrometer software. This upgrade is based on a (re‐)connection of the damped harmonic oscillator model (“Lorentz oscillator”) and the Lorentz profile used for band fitting. Based on this reconnection, we provide a proper extension to multiple oscillators. As a result, band fitting allows directly obtaining all oscillator parameters with very good accuracy, at least for the not too strong oscillators present in organic and biological matter. Accordingly, this could be the initial spark to open the way to a long‐awaited paradigm shift in infrared spectroscopy: Away from a mere oscillator position‐based, towards an also intensity‐based quantitative interpretation of spectra. As an extra, absorbance band fitting (“Poor Man's Dispersion Analysis”), allows to obtain the index of refraction function in one go.
Recent Progress on Molybdenum Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Tang Kai , Farooqi Sidra Anis , Wang Xianfu , Yan Chenglin
Published: November 2018

Diminishing fossil‐fuel resources and a rise in energy demands has required the pursuit of sustainable and rechargeable energy‐storage materials, including batteries and supercapacitors, the electrochemical properties of which depend largely on the electrode materials. In recent decades, numerous electrode materials with excellent electrochemical energy‐storage capabilities, long life spans, and environmentally acceptable qualities have been developed. Among existing materials, molybdenum oxides containing MoO3 and MoO2, as well as their composites, are very fascinating contenders for competent energy‐storage devices because of their exceptional physicochemical properties, such as thermal stability, high theoretical capability, and mechanical strength. This Minireview mainly focuses on the latest progress for the use of molybdenum oxides as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries; sodium‐ion batteries; and other novel batteries, such as lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries, and newly developed hydrogen‐ion batteries, with a focus on studies of the reaction mechanism, design of the electrode structures, and improvement of the electrochemical properties.
Enabling High‐Rate and Safe Lithium Ion–Sulfur Batteries by Effective Combination of Sulfur‐Copolymer Cathode and Hard‐Carbon Anode
Authors: Nguyen Dan Thien , Hoefling Alexander , Yee Minha , Nguyen Giang Thi Huong , Theato Patrick , Lee Young Joo , Song Seung‐Wan
Published: November 2018

Fabrication and high‐rate performance of a safe lithium ion–sulfur battery (LISB) with sulfur‐copolymer [poly(S‐co‐divinylbenzene (DVB)] cathode having a sulfur content higher than 90 wt %, a carbon‐fiber interlayer, and a prelithiated hard‐carbon (Li‐HC) anode are reported, which mitigates problems of lithium–sulfur cells such as performance fade and safety issues due to dissolution of polysulfides and lithium‐dendrite growth. The poly(S‐co‐DVB) cathode offers scalability owing to the abundance and low cost of DVB. The Li‐HC anode, the surface of which is passivated by a solid electrolyte interphase, inhibits the deposition of polysulfides. As a result, the LISB exhibits reversible and stable cycling performance at high rates up to 3 C, which enables quick charging within 20 min, and delivers a reversible capacity of approximately 400 mAh g−1 at 3 C for 500 cycles. The results give insight into the design principle of promising, quickly charged, and safe LISBs.
Measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in the hair of children: Preliminary results and promising indications
Authors: Smith Jesse D. , Johnson Katherine A. , Whittle Sarah , Allen Nicholas B. , Simmons Julian G.
Published: November 2018

Hormone analysis is a valuable tool for understanding how physiology and behavior interact. Cortisol in hair has recently been examined as a measure of longer‐term hormone output. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between other androgens in hair and anthropometric measures. In a child sample (n = 114, mean age: 8.5 years, 66 females) levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone were assayed in the 0–3 cm section proximal to scalp. The 3–6 cm segment within a subsample of female participants (n = 35) was examined and compared. Results showed that testosterone strongly correlated with DHEA, and moderately correlated with cortisol (0–3 cm only). Higher hormone concentrations were present in the 3–6 cm segment. Finally, there was a weak positive association between DHEA and height. The replication of previously identified associations between androgens, particularly testosterone‐DHEA, and with developmental measures suggests hair may offer a valid method of hormone measurement for DHEA and testosterone.
Automated optimization of XCMS parameters for improved peak picking of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry data using the coefficient of variation and parameter sweeping for untargeted metabolomics
Authors: Manier Sascha K. , Keller Andreas , Meyer Markus R.
Published: November 2018

Accurate peak picking and further processing is a current challenge in the analysis of untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) data. The optimization of these processes is crucial to obtain proper results. This study investigated and optimized the detection of peaks by XCMS, a widely used R package for peak picking and processing of high‐resolution LC–MS metabolomics data by their coefficient of variation using neat standard solutions of drug like compounds. The obtained results were additionally verified by using fortified pooled plasma samples. Settings of the mass spectrometer were optimized by recommendations in literature to enable a reliable detection of the investigated analytes. XCMS parameters were evaluated using a comprehensive parameter sweeping approach. The optimization steps were statistically evaluated and further visualized after principal component analysis (PCA). Concerning the lower concentrated solution in methanol samples, the optimization of both mass spectrometer and XCMS parameters improved the median coefficient of variation from 24% to 7%, retention time fluctuation from 9.3 seconds to 0.54 seconds, and fluctuation of the mass to charge ratio (m/z) from m/z 0.00095 to m/z 0.00028. The number of parent compounds and their related species annotated by CAMERA increased from 88 to 113 while the total amount of features decreased from 3282 to 428. Optimized MS settings such as increased resolution led to a higher specificity of peak picking. PCA supported these findings by showing the best clustering of samples after optimization of both mass spectrometer and XCMS parameters. The results implied that peak picking needs to be individually adapted for the experimental set up. Reducing unwanted variation in the data set was most successful after combining high resolving power with strict peak picking settings.
Warning labels on fashion images: Short‐ and longer‐term effects on body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and eating behavior
Authors: Kwan Mun Yee , Haynos Ann F. , Blomquist Kerstin K. , Roberto Christina A.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Fashion warning labels that caution readers about digitally altered images have been recommended and adopted by several countries to prevent body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. This study investigated the short‐ and longer‐term influence of fashion warning labels on affect, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and snack consumption using a randomized‐controlled experiment.

Method

Female undergraduates (n = 118) were randomized to view and rate responses to fashion images either with or without a warning label. They then consumed snacks and completed questionnaires. Sixty‐four participants (54%) completed follow‐up online surveys asking them to view and rate new fashion images with or without warning labels once per week for 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were affect, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and kilocalories consumed.

Results

Overall, fashion warning labels had no short‐term effects on affect, body dissatisfaction, or kilocalories consumed in the lab. However, individuals who reported engaging in restrictive eating consumed fewer kilocalories when exposed to advertisements with warning labels (M = 170.33, SD = 120.78) versus no labels (M = 286.46, SD = 166.30), p = .008. Warning labels also had no protective effects after repeated exposure over 4 weeks on affect or eating disorder symptoms, and significantly increased appearance orientation (p = .001).

Discussion

Warning labels on media images are unlikely to be an effective policy tool to prevent negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms, and, in some cases, may exacerbate these concerns.
Latin American countries lead in Google search volumes for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Implications for global mental health research
Authors: Eli Karin
Published: November 2018

Objective

Although eating disorders occur worldwide, prevalence data beyond Euro‐American contexts are sparse, and eating disorders largely remain outside global mental health agendas. This study aims to address this gap in the epidemiological literature through a global infodemiological comparison of Google search volumes for the topics “Anorexia nervosa” and “Bulimia nervosa.”

Method

Data were generated through Google Trends, a tool that assesses the relative search volumes of keywords and topics. Google Trends data, collected from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2016, were obtained for the relative search volumes of the topics “Anorexia nervosa” and “Bulimia nervosa” worldwide.

Results

The findings revealed that Latin American countries accounted for the top 10 in search volume for both topics, with Mexico ranked first until 2016, when Bolivia rose to the top of the list.

Discussion

The results suggest that eating disorders are of considerable and consistent salience across Latin America, and that population‐based, nationally representative studies to assess the prevalence of eating disorders in Latin American countries should be prioritized within global mental health research agendas.
Social comparisons in eating disorder recovery: Using PhotoVoice to capture the sociocultural influences on women's recovery
Authors: Saunders Jessica F. , Eaton Asia A.
Published: November 2018

Objective

This qualitative study draws on a photo‐elicitation method (“PhotoVoice”) and semistructured interviews to examine the role of social comparison during the eating disorder (ED) recovery process.

Method

Thirty U.S. women in self‐defined recovery, ages 18–35, used photography to capture personally meaningful social and cultural influences on their recovery, including factors supporting, and hindering their recovery process. Participants then shared these photographs with the research team, and described them in detail.

Results

Photographs and interviews were examined for social comparisons using thematic analysis, and two broad categories emerged: recovery‐promoting and recovery‐hindering comparisons. Across the 30 interviews, participants reported 143 recovery hindering comparisons and 100 recovery promoting comparisons. The vast majority of comparisons involved friends and media personalities, and took place in vivo or on social media platforms. The presence of “upward” and “downward” food and body comparisons that both support and hinder recovery suggests that social comparisons during the recovery process are more nuanced than previously known.

Discussion

The classically ascribed uses of comparison in social comparison theory do not appear to hold for women in ED recovery. Comparisons should be encouraged in treatment and interventions if and only if the comparisons are meant to support the recovery process.
4,6‐Diacetyl Resorcinol Based Vanadium(V) Complexes: Reactivity and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Maurya Mannar R. , Jangra Nancy , Avecilla Fernando , Correia Isabel
Published: November 2018

Four ONO donor ligands are isolated from the condensation of 4,6‐diacetyl resorcinol with isonicotinoyl hydrazide (H2dar‐inh, I), nicotinoyl hydrazide (H2dar‐nah, II), benzoyl hydrazide (H2dar‐bhz, III), and 2‐furoyl hydrazide (H2dar‐fah, IV) on refluxing in MeOH. The reaction of in situ generated aqueous K[H2VVO4] with ligands I–IV at neutral pH gives complexes [K(H2O)2][VO2(dar‐inh)] (1), [K(H2O)2][VO2(dar‐nah)] (2), [K(H2O)2][VO2(dar‐bhz)] (3), and [K(H2O)2][VO2(dar‐fah)] (4), respectively. The reaction of [VIVO(acac)2] (acac = acetylacetonato) with these ligands (I–IV) under aerobic conditions in methanol yields oxidomethoxidovanadium(V) complexes [VO(OMe)(MeOH)(dar‐inh)] (5), [VO(OMe)(MeOH)(dar‐nah)] (6), [VO(OMe)(MeOH)(dar‐bhz)] (7), and [VO(OMe)(MeOH)(dar‐fah)] (8). All the isolated complexes are characterized by elemental, thermal, electrochemical, and spectroscopic techniques [FTIR, UV/Vis, NMR (1H, 13C and 51 V NMR)], and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis (for 1, 6, 7, and 8). X‐ray analysis confirms the coordination of the ligands through Ophenolate, Nazomethine, and Oenolate to the metal center. In the molecular structure of [K(H2O)(EtOH)][VVO2(dar‐inh)] (abbreviated as 1a where one molecule of water is replaced by EtOH), water molecules act as bridges between two K+ ions and the complex shows a dimeric structure due to the presence of electrostatic interactions between V=O oxygen atoms with K+ ions. These complexes are active catalysts for the oxidative bromination of thymol in the presence of KBr, HClO4, and H2O2 and give 2‐bromothymol, 4‐bromothymol, and 2,4‐dibromothymol as major products. Complexes 1–4 were also tested as catalysts for the epoxidation of various alkenes (namely styrene, cyclohexene, cis‐cyclooctene, 1‐hexene, 1‐octene, cyclohexenone, and trans‐stilbene) with H2O2 in the presence of NaHCO3 as promoter, giving the corresponding epoxides selectively.
Characterisation of a Platinum‐based Electrochemical Biosensor for Real‐time Neurochemical Analysis of Choline
Authors: Baker Keeley L. , Bolger Fiachra B. , Doran Michelle M. , Lowry John P.
Published: November 2018

A choline biosensor was characterised in detail to determine the effects of physiologically relevant parameters on the ability of the sensor to reliably detect neurochemical changes in choline. This first generation Pt‐based polymer enzyme composite sensor displayed excellent shelf‐life and biocompatibility with no significant decrease in choline sensitivity observed following 14 days of storage dry, or in ex‐vivo rodent brain tissue. However, subjecting the sensor to repeated calibrations and storage over the same period resulted in significant decreases (20–70 %) due to enzyme denaturation associated with the repeated calibration and storage cycles. Potential interference signals generated by the principal electroactive interferents present in the brain were minimal; typically <1 % of the choline current response at in vivo levels. Additionally, changing temperature over the physiologically relevant range of 34–40 °C had no effect on sensitivity, while increasing pH between 7.2 and 7.6 produced only a 5 % increase in signal. The limit of detection of the sensor was in the low μM range (0.11±0.02 μM), while the in vitro response time was determined to be less than the solution mixing time and within ca. 5 s, suggesting potential sub‐second in vivo response characteristics. Finally, the sensor was implanted in the striatum of freely moving rats and demonstrated reliable detection of physiological changes in choline in response to movement, and pharmacological manipulation by injection of choline chloride.
The eogenetic karst of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Yangtze Platform: Implications for the eustatic and stratigraphic correlations of Toyonian (Cambrian)
Authors: Lu Chaojin , Liu Zhen , Jia Haibo , Tian Haiqin , Zou Huayao , Dai Quanqi , Han Bo
Published: November 2018

To make a better understanding of the stratigraphic correlation and ocean processes during the transition from Series 2 to Series 3 in the Cambrian, this study investigated the characteristics and origin of the palaeokarst in the uppermost part of the Longwangmiao Formation (Toyonian) and established the carbon isotopic curves of the shallow‐water succession. Macroscopically, the palaeokarst features have been identified, including the exposed surface, karstic trough, discolouration, and breccia in the upper part of the Longwangmiao Formation. The exposed surface is divided into the bedrock, weakly weathering zone, intensely weathering zone, dissolved‐collapsed zone, and weathering clay layer at the Dingzhai section. The reddish aluminous oxide and the stratiform‐dissolved pore are recognized in the Gaodongmiao section. The clast‐support breccia and matrix‐support breccia develop in the palaeokarst zone. Microscopically, three dissolution‐filling zones in grainstone (the matrix zone, half‐dissociated zone, and mixed‐filling zone) dissolved fibrous cement in the early diagenetic stage, microspar cement in a bright homogeneous luminescence, and medium‐crystal calcite showing a zonation luminescence are identified indicating the facies‐controlled attributes. The δ13C values are characterized by a lower range (4.4‰ to −2.1‰) in the karst zone. The REE pattern shows enriched middle REE, negative Eu anomalies, and low Y/Ho ratio, which is different from the nature of seawater. It is proposed that the palaeokarst in the upper part of the Longwangmiao Formation is the eogenetic karst controlled by high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations. Two negative δ13C excursions (values −4.4‰ in D2 and −3.6‰ in D1) are respectively recognized, the top boundary and middle part of the Longwangmiao Formation. Based on the regional and global correlations, the excursion of D2 is the diagenetic signal in the shallow‐water setting, which correlated to ROECE event (Redlichiid‐Olenellid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion) that occurred around the boundary between Series 2 and Series 3 in the Cambrian. The local signal of D2 is attributed to the sea‐level falling.
Mesozoic multi‐stage W–Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Nanling Range, South China: An example from the Dengfuxian–Xitian ore field
Authors: Li Huan , Sun Hua‐Shan , Algeo Thomas J. , Wu Jing‐Hua , Cao Jing‐Ya , Wu Qian‐Hong
Published: November 2018

The Dengfuxian and Xitian ore fields, located in the central Nanling Range of South China, are characterized by multi‐stage W–Sn polymetallic mineralization. In this study, whole‐rock and zircon compositions in altered granites from four typical deposits in these ore fields (i.e., Dalong Pb–Zn, Xiangdong W, Gaolong fluorite, and Shaiheling Sn–Pb–Zn) were studied to constrain their fluid chemistry and mineralization history. Compared to unaltered granites at Dengfuxian and Xitian, these fluid‐altered granites are characterized by more variable SiO2 (64.2–78.4%) and lower TiO2 (0.02–0.12%), CaO (0.25–1.2%), and Na2O (0.31–2.6%) concentrations, lower ΣREE (87–156 ppm), and higher Zr/Hf (11.1–31.6) and Y/Ho (31.1–53.4) ratios, suggesting intense F‐rich fluid metasomatism. Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL), transmitted light and back‐scattered electron (BSE) imaging, laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) trace‐element analysis, U–Pb dating, and Hf isotopes revealed a sequence of three W–Sn polymetallic mineralization stages: a Triassic stage (~220 Ma), a Jurassic stage (~150 Ma), and a Cretaceous stage (~80 Ma). The Triassic episode was associated with a highly fractionated granitic magma derived from the lower crust and contaminated by basement rocks; the magmatic fluid was affected by a high 176Hf/177Hf component from the ~770‐Ma basement and probably precipitated under high F and high fO2 conditions. The Jurassic episode was related to mantle–crust interaction and resulted in large‐scale W–Sn mineralization at decreased fO2. The Cretaceous episode was marked by Sn mineralization in a lithospheric extensional setting. We infer that basement rocks were the major source of metals for the world‐class W–Sn ore deposits in the Nanling Range of South China. This study also demonstrates that whole‐rock geochemistry of hydrothermally altered granites in combination with Lu–Hf isotopic, U–Pb dating, and trace element analyses of magmatic and hydrothermal zircons can be a useful approach to recognition of multi‐stage magmatic and mineralization processes.
Petrogenesis of the late Early Palaeozoic adakitic granitoids in the southern margin of the Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for the subduction of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean
Authors: Shi Yi , Shi Shao‐Shan , Liu Zheng‐Hong , Liu Jin , Ju Nan , You Hong‐Xi , Zhang Zhi‐Bin , Zhao Chun‐Qiang
Published: November 2018

Many data have been reported from the Early Palaeozoic subduction complex belt and accretionary arc to the south of the Solonker‐Xar Moron‐Changchun‐Yanji Suture (SXCYS) zone. However, as the suture is covered to the east by the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Songliao Basin, there have yet been no related reports about the Early Palaeozoic igneous rocks in this area. The authors discovered an Early Palaeozoic granitoid intrusion in the Fangjiatun area, northern Liaoning, and performed petrologic, geochemical, zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses on it. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating results show that the intrusion formed at 437–432 Ma, that is, in the late stage of the Early Silurian. Petrogeochemical analysis indicates that the intrusion records 63.14%–66.45% SiO2, with Na2O/K2O ratios of 1.01–6.12 and magnesian index (Mg#) values of 32.42–40.82. The REEs show a certain degree of LREE/HREE fractionation and slightly lower ΣREE contents. The trace elements are relatively enriched in Rb, Ba, Th, K, and Sr (large‐ion lithophile elements [LILEs]) and depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti (high‐field‐strength elements [HFSEs]), displaying continental magmatic arc characteristics. The rocks have high Sr mass fractions, low Y and Yb mass fractions, and high Sr/Y ratios, which are consistent with the geochemical signatures of typical adakites. Zircon Hf isotopic analyses indicate that their εHf(t) values range from 0.29–6.56, reflecting the relatively depleted signatures of the source area. Based on its occurrence location and emplacement time, the intrusion is interpreted to have been produced by tectonic thermal events during the subduction of the Palaeo‐Asian oceanic crust beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), thus reflecting the existence of an Early Palaeozoic continental marginal accretionary arc in the eastern segment of the NCC along the south of the SXCYS and provide new evidence for the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the NCC in the Early Palaeozoic.
Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the late middle Eocene dolostone succession, Kachchh, western India
Authors: Singh B. P. , Srivastava V. K. , Kanhaiya S.
Published: November 2018

Dolostones form by many processes, and their origins are enigmatic. The present study focuses on the origin of the newly recorded 16.5‐m‐thick late middle Eocene dolostone succession of the Kachchh Basin, western India. To achieve this target, a comprehensive field, petrographic, scanning electron microscopy and geochemical studies have been carried out. This dolostone succession shows a sharp contact with the underlying middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation. The petrographic study shows a dominance of unimodal, planar‐euhedral idiotopic mosaics of dolomite rhombs along with replacement texture. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirms it as non‐stoichiometric type dolomite (average molar% MgCO3 = 47.19). SEM‐EDS study deciphers perfectly developed zoned planar‐e dolomite rhombs (40–100 μm) with minor variation in the concentrations of elemental Mg (47.67% to 43.33%) and Ca (52.33% to 56.67%). Among the major oxides, CaO and MgO are the dominant components, indicating that the major mineral phase is dolomite. The positive correlation of CaO with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 and a negative correlation of MgO and ∑REE with them suggest that the CaO was mainly contributed from the rivers, while the MgO was contributed from the lagoonal brine/seawater. The low concentration of Sr (144–234 ppm) in the studied dolostone is compatible with the marginal marine mixing origin. The ∑REE content in the dolostones is comparatively lower (18.22 ppm) than the average value of typical marine carbonates (28 ppm), thus suggesting meteoric mixing conditions. The superchondritic Y/Ho values (35.21–100) and Post‐Archaean Australian Shale‐normalized REY patterns of the dolostone facies exhibit typical shallow (bathymetry <50 m) seawater‐like patterns. A strong positive correlation between ΣREE and Y, and low Er/Nd ratios (~0.1) in the dolostone facies indicate incorporation of minor terrigenous influx during dolomitization in a meteoric‐marine mixing condition. The authigenic uranium (0.4–1.7) and slightly negative Ce anomaly suggest that the dolostone succession was precipitated in oxic to dysoxic conditions. The prevalence of planar (euhedral and subhedral) dolomite texture indicates that the dolomitization occurred in a shallow marine environment under low salinity and temperature conditions. Thus, the absence of evaporitic association and physical compaction or deep burial features and the presence of large channelized vugs, mouldic pores along with partially replaced shallow marine fossils, anhydrite cement, and marginal‐marine values of Sr, Na, Ba, Mn, and Fe support the meteoric‐marine mixing model of dolomitization under shallow marine condition of this dolostone succession.
Evaluating a shortened interpretation criterion for intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: 5‐minutes criterion in primary hyperparathyroidism and intraoperative algorithm
Authors: Riss Philipp , Dunkler Daniela , Selberherr Andreas , Brammen Lindsay , Heidtmann Julian , Scheuba Christian
Published: November 2018

Background

Most criteria require a parathyroid hormone (PTH) decline of ≥50% within 10 minutes after excision of the gland during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. The aim was to evaluate a model allowing earlier prediction of cure.

Methods

One thousand eighteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were included. A ≥50% decline from baseline within 10 minutes after excision intraoperatively predicted complete removal of hypersecreting tissue. The data were reanalyzed regarding a criterion, requiring a ≥50% decline after 5 minutes. Based on the data and the present literature, an algorithm was created.

Results

Assay predicted cure in 854 patients (true‐positive; 83.89%) after 10 minutes (false‐positive [FP] in 13 patients; 1.52%). Nevertheless, only 14 (1.83%) showed persisting disease. According to the “5 minutes” criterion, 723 patients (71.02%) showed a ≥50% decline from baseline within 5 minutes and 10 (1.38%) patients had a FP decline (sensitivity 0.75, specificity 0.86).

Conclusion

Using a modified criterion, surgery can be discontinued 5 minutes earlier in 71%.
Diagnosis and treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia after total laryngectomy with or without pharyngoesophageal reconstruction: Systematic review
Authors: Terlingen Lisanne T. , Pilz Walmari , Kuijer Myrthe , Kremer Bernd , Baijens Laura W.
Published: November 2018

Background

This systematic review qualitatively summarizes the current literature on diagnosis and treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) after total laryngectomy (TLE).

Methods

Electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were used. Two independent reviewers carried out the literature search and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using a critical appraisal tool.

Results

Forty‐four articles met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 35 studies were on diagnosis, four on therapy, and five on both diagnosis and treatment of OD following TLE. Study aims, swallowing‐assessment methods, and main findings of the included studies were summarized and presented.

Conclusions

The reviewers found heterogeneous outcomes and serious methodological limitations, which prevented us from pooling data to identify trends that would assist in designing best clinical practice protocols for OD following TLE. Further research should focus on several remaining gaps in our knowledge on diagnosis and treatment interventions for OD following TLE.
Predicting aircraft seat comfort using an artificial neural network
Authors: Zhao Chuan , Yu Sui‐huai , Miller Charles , Ghulam Moin , Li Wen‐hua , Wang Lei
Published: November 2018

Aircraft seat pitch is one of the most important factors affecting passengers ability to sit comfortably for a longer time on the plane. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the association between different seat pitches and overall comfort index, and seat‐interface pressure variables as well as try to predict aircraft seat comfort. Through an experimental study, 11 subjects (age, 26.3 ± 1.6; height, 169.8 ± 8.5; body mass, 65.1 ± 15.6) rated five different seat pitch settings (55 examples, 11 participants and five scenarios). Descriptive statistics, together with one‐way analysis of variance were used to determine which of the metrics could be used to distinguish the overall comfort index. The results show that overall comfort index was statistically significant (p < 0.05) between different seat pitches, but there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in interface pressure variables. In addition, a multilayer feed forward neural network with one hidden layer was proposed with the help of Matlab Neural Network Toolbox. The model explained 99% of the variance in overall comfort index with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.12551. The remainder of the total data was used for validation purposes; the correlation is r = 0.775, p < 0.01, and the RMSE is 1.21031. That suggests this model has a significant relationship between the actual and predicted overall comfort index.
Evaluation of a simple, inexpensive, in situ sampler for measuring time‐weighted average concentrations of suspended sediment in rivers and streams
Authors: Doriean Nicholas J.C. , Teasdale Peter R. , Welsh David T. , Brooks Andrew P. , Bennett William W.
Published: November 2018

The accurate measurement of suspended sediment (<200 μm) in aquatic environments is essential to understand and effectively manage changes to sediment, nutrient, and contaminant concentrations on both temporal and spatial scales. Commonly used sampling techniques for suspended sediment either lack the ability to accurately measure sediment concentration (e.g., passive sediment samplers) or are too expensive to deploy in sufficient number to provide landscape‐scale information (e.g., automated discrete samplers). Here, we evaluate a time‐integrated suspended sediment sampling technique, the pumped active suspended sediment (PASS) sampler, which collects a sample that can be used for the accurate measurement of time‐weighted average (TWA) suspended sediment concentration and sediment particle size distribution. The sampler was evaluated against an established passive time‐integrated suspended sediment sampling technique (i.e., Phillips sampler) and the standard discrete sampling method (i.e., manual discrete sampling). The PASS sampler collected a sample representative of TWA suspended sediment concentration and particle size distribution of a control sediment under laboratory conditions. Field application of the PASS sampler showed that it collected a representative TWA suspended sediment concentration and particle size distribution during high flow events in an urban stream. The particle size distribution of sediment collected by the PASS and Phillips samplers were comparable and the TWA suspended sediment concentration of the samples collected using the PASS and discrete sampling techniques agreed well, differing by only 4% and 6% for two different high flow events. We should note that the current configuration of the PASS sampler does not provide a flow‐weighted measurement and, therefore, is not suitable for the determination of sediment loads. The PASS sampler is a simple, inexpensive, and robust in situ sampling technique for the accurate measurement of TWA suspended sediment concentration and particle size distribution.
Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology
Authors: Burger Flavia , Ayala Alvaro , Farias David , Shaw Thomas E. , MacDonell Shelley , Brock Ben , McPhee James , Pellicciotti Francesca
Published: November 2018

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.
Molecular mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer: A review
Authors: Pandey Kamal , An Hee‐Jung , Kim Seung Ki , Lee Seung Ah , Kim Sewha , Lim Sun Min , Kim Gun Min , Sohn Joohyuk , Moon Yong Wha
Published: November 2018

Deregulation of the cyclin D‐CDK4/6‐INK4‐RB pathway leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation, is frequently observed in breast cancer. Currently, three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have been FDA approved: palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib. Despite promising clinical outcomes, intrinsic or acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors has limited the success of these treatments; therefore, the development of various strategies to overcome this resistance is of great importance. We highlight the various mechanisms that are directly or indirectly responsible for resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, categorizing them into two broad groups; cell cycle‐specific mechanisms and cell cycle‐nonspecific mechanisms. Elucidation of the diverse mechanisms through which resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors occurs, may aid in the design of novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge regarding mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, and possible therapeutic strategies that may overcome this resistance as well.
Measuring the natural rate of interest: A note on transitory shocks
Authors: Lewis Kurt F. , Vazquez‐Grande Francisco
Published: November 2018

We present evidence that the natural rate of interest is buffeted by both permanent and transitory shocks. We establish this result by estimating a benchmark model with Bayesian methods and loose priors on the unobserved drivers of the natural rate. When subject to transitory shocks, the median estimate for the US economy is more procyclical, displays a less marked secular decline, and is therefore higher following the Great Recession than most estimates in the literature.
SP1, MYC, CTNNB1, CREB1, JUN genes as potential therapy targets for neuropathic pain of brain
Authors: Yan Xue‐Tao , Xu Yong , Cheng Xiao‐Li , He Xiang‐Hu , Wang Yu , Zheng Wen‐Zhong , Zhao Ying , Chen Hu , Wang Yan‐Lin
Published: November 2018

Neuropathic pain (NP) may cause serious brain diseases, but the genes associated with the metabolic pathway and transcript factors of NP remain unclear. This study is aimed to identify the therapy target genes for NP and to investigate the metabolic pathways and transcript factors associated with NP. The differentially expressed genes of three brain tissues (nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal gray, and prefrontal cortex) dealt with NP stimulation were analyzed. Besides, The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery and Tfacts datasets were used in the analysis of the genes related to the metabolic pathway and transcript factors of the brain. Eight genes were found to coexpress in all three tissues. A functional enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mostly enriched in pathways as inflammatory response, calcium‐mediated signaling, cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction, and extracellular matrix (ECM)‐receptor interaction, whereas the downregulated genes were mostly enriched in pathways as phospholipid metabolic processes, positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Finally, 135 and 98 transcript factors genes were upregulated and downregulated, among which SP1, MYC, CTNNB1, CREB1, JUN were identified as the most critical genes because the number of up‐ and downregulated gene ranked at the top. In conclusion, the pathways of immune response and cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction were determined as the main metabolic pathways of NP affecting the brain, and SP1, MYC, CTNNB1, CREB1, JUN genes were recognized as the most enriched genes in this process, which may provide evidence for the diagnosis and treatment research of neuropathic pain.
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy: Strategies, challenges, and successes
Authors: Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh Meghdad , Lotfinia Majid , Gharibi Tohid , Mardaneh Jalal , Farhadihosseinabadi Behrouz , Larki Pegah , Faghfourian Babak , Sepehr Koushan Sineh , Abbaszadeh‐Goudarzi Kazem , Abbaszadeh‐Goudarzi Ghasem , Johari Behrooz , Zali Mohammad Reza , Bagheri Nader
Published: November 2018

Targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules into cancer cells is considered as a promising strategy to tackle cancer. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated to biologically active drugs through chemical linkers, have emerged as a promising class of anticancer treatment agents, being one of the fastest growing fields in cancer therapy. The failure of early ADCs led researchers to explore strategies to develop more effective and improved ADCs with lower levels of unconjugated mAbs and more‐stable linkers between the drug and the antibody, which show improved pharmacokinetic properties, therapeutic indexes, and safety profiles. Such improvements resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration approvals of brentuximab vedotin, trastuzumab emtansine, and, more recently, inotuzumab ozogamicin. In addition, recent clinical outcomes have sparked additional interest, which leads to the dramatically increased number of ADCs in clinical development. The present review explores ADCs, their main characteristics, and new research developments, as well as discusses strategies for the selection of the most appropriate target antigens, mAbs, cytotoxic drugs, linkers, and conjugation chemistries.
Molecular interaction of NFκB and NICD in monocyte–macrophage differentiation is a target for intervention in atherosclerosis
Authors: Binesh Ambika , Devaraj Sivasithamparam Niranjali , Halagowder Devaraj
Published: November 2018

The activation of two transcription factors, NFκB and NICD (notch intracellular domain), plays a crucial role in different stages of atherosclerotic disease progression, from early endothelial activation by modified lipids like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxyLDL) to the imminent rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Inflammatory mediators and the notch pathway proteins were upregulated in atherogenic diet‐induced rats and the same was confirmed by the differentiation of monocyte to macrophage on exposure to oxyLDL. The inflammatory transcription factor NFκB and the notch signaling transcription factor NICD were analysed for their molecular interaction in monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Inhibition of NFκB by dexamethasone in monocyte to macrophage differentiation resulted in a concomitant downregulation of NICD, whereas inhibition of NICD by N‐(N‐[3, 5‐difluorophenacetyl])‐l‐alanyl)‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT), a γ–secretase inhibitor, did not significantly influence the expression of NFκB, but downregulated macrophage differentiation. These findings revealed that NFκB inhibition using dexamethasone regulated NICD, which turned down macrophage differentiation. Thus, inhibition of both NFκB–NICD is a potential target for intervention in atherosclerosis.