bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful Treatment of Bronchiolitis Obliterans in a Bone Marrow Transplant Patient With Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade
Authors: Fullmer Jason J. , Fan Leland L. , Dishop Megan K. , Rodgers Cheryl , Krance Robert
Published: September 2005

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in children is a rare, inflammatory/fibrosing process involving the small airways that often results in progressive, irreversible obstructive pulmonary disease. Because treatment has focused mainly on supportive care and generally unsuccessful immunosuppression, children with BO experience significant morbidity and mortality. We report a case of biopsy-proven BO after bone marrow transplantation in a child who, after failed corticosteroid therapy, was treated with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody with binding specificity for human tumor necrosis factor-α. With initiation of treatment, her pulmonary symptoms and radiographic and spirometric evidence of BO resolved. Nine months later, she remains asymptomatic and shows no evidence of pulmonary decompensation. This case illustrates a successful treatment of BO with selective tumor necrosis factor-α blockade.
William Sealy Gosset and William A. Silverman: Two “Students” of Science
Authors: Raju Tonse N. K.
Published: September 2005

In 1908, William Sealy Gosset, a chemist in an Irish brewery, published his second article on statistics in Biometrika under the pseudonym “Student.” He chose this pseudonym because his company did not allow its scientists to publish confidential data. In the article, Gosset described a procedure to assess population means by using small samples. This was the origin of the “Student's t test.” Dr William Silverman (1917–2004), a pioneer neonatologist, also used the pseudonym “Student.” He sent thousands of notes, clippings, anecdotes, and quotations to Pediatrics with the signature line “Submitted by Student” that appeared as blurbs at the ends of articles since 1977. Both Gosset and Silverman were rigorous students of science. Silverman chose pseudonyms to seek readers' responses to the message rather than the messenger. He also wished that one would remain a perpetual student, ready to say “I don't know,” and strive to understand the human side of medicine. This brief article provides a perspective on these 2 “students” of science.
Partial Overhead Tank Cover Use during Feral Brown Trout Rearing
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Miller Jess , Durben Dan J
Published: August 2005

Overhead cover is an essential component of the habitat of wild brown trout Salmo trutta but is typically lacking during hatchery rearing. To evaluate the effect of cover during hatchery rearing, we grew feral brown trout in circular tanks that were either completely open on top or partially (29%) covered. After 51 d of rearing in 2001, the total biomass of fish per tank was significantly greater in the partially covered tanks than in the completely open tanks. Feed conversion was also significantly reduced by the use of partial tank covers (1.13 versus 1.29 in the open tanks). After 45 d of rearing in 2003, the mean total weight gain of fish per tank was 13.8 kg in tanks with partial covers and 12.9 kg in uncovered tanks, and feed conversion was 0.79 for partially covered tanks and 0.85 for uncovered tanks. In addition, fish reared in tanks with partial covers were significantly longer and heavier (56.3 mm, 1.62 g) than fish reared in open tanks (54.1 mm, 1.42 g), although there was no significant difference between the open or partially covered tanks in total tank weight gain or conversion in 2003. No significant differences in percent mortality were observed between groups reared in partially covered and uncovered tanks. The use of partial tank covers can increase the growth of feral juvenile brown trout in circular tanks during hatchery rearing.
Sprint Swimming Performance of Juvenile European Sea Bass
Authors: Nelson Jay A. , Claireaux Guy
Published: August 2005

Despite its potential for determining animal success in a variety of ecologically important situations, very little is known about the sprint swimming performance of fishes. To evaluate whether selection on sprint swimming performance occurs in the wild, one must first demonstrate measurable and reproducible variation of sprint performance. In this study, we employ a computer‐controlled laser detection system to study the sprint performance of 75 juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax raised under uniform conditions in the laboratory. This percichthyid is a prized sport and food fish in Europe and similar ecologically to the North American striped bass Morone saxatilis. Individual European sea bass were subjected to endurance swimming performance tests and had their active metabolic rates measured to test hypotheses concerning relationships between these measures and sprint performance. Maximal velocity obtained by an individual during repetitive sprint performance trials was very reproducible but varied substantially among individuals. Consecutive sprint trials with an individual revealed that maximal capacity for sprinting could only be ascertained through multiple trials (at least four). The sprint performance test described in this study should be useful for large‐scale studies in which investigators desire performance information on a large number of animals relatively quickly. However, active metabolic rate measurements and an endurance test were not considered effective performance measures for juvenile European sea bass, and there was no relationship between sprint swimming performance and either of the tests.
Population Characteristics and Assessment of Overfishing for an Exploited Paddlefish Population in the Lower Tennessee River
Authors: Scholten George D. , Bettoli Phillip W.
Published: August 2005

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula (n = 576) were collected from Kentucky Lake, Kentucky–Tennessee, with experimental gill nets in 2003–2004 to assess population characteristics and the potential for commercial overfishing. Additional data were collected from 1,039 paddlefish caught by commercial gillnetters in this impoundment. Since the most recent study in 1991, size and age structure have been reduced and annual mortality has tripled. In the 1991 study, 37% of the fish collected were older than the maximum age we observed (age 11), and in 2003 annual mortality for paddlefish age 7 and older was high (A = 68%). Natural mortality is presumably low (<10%) for paddlefish; therefore, exploitation in recent years is high. Estimates of total annual mortality were negatively related to river discharge in the years preceding each estimate. The number of paddlefish harvested since 1999 was also negatively related to river discharge because gill nets cannot be easily deployed when discharge exceeds approximately 850 m3/s. Large females spawn annually because all females longer than 1,034 mm eye—fork length (EFL) were gravid. No mature females were protected by the current 864‐mm minimum EFL limit. At a low natural mortality rate, higher size limits when exploitation was high (40–70%) increased simulated flesh yields by 10–20%. Even at low levels of exploitation (21%), spawning potential ratios (SPRs) under the current 864‐mm minimum EFL size limit fell below 20%. If the size limit was raised to 1,016 mm EFL, the population could withstand up to 62% exploitation before the SPR falls below 20%. An analysis of annual mortality caps indicated that the best way to increase the average size of harvested fish is to increase the minimum size limit. Recruitment overfishing probably occurs during drought years; however, variation in river discharge has prevented the population from being exploited at unsustainable rates in the past.
Stream pH as an Abiotic Gradient Influencing Distributions of Trout in Pennsylvania Streams
Authors: Kocovsky Patrick M. , Carline Robert F.
Published: August 2005

Elevation and stream slope are abiotic gradients that limit upstream distributions of brook troutSalvelinus fontinalisand brown troutSalmo truttain streams. We sought to determine whether another abiotic gradient, base‐flow pH, may also affect distributions of these two species in eastern North America streams. We used historical data from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission's fisheries management database to explore the effects of reach elevation, slope, and base‐flow pH on distributional limits to brook trout and brown trout in Pennsylvania streams in the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to calculate a canonical axis that separated allopatric brook trout populations from allopatric brown trout populations and allowed us to assess which of the three independent variables were important gradients along which communities graded from allopatric brook trout to allopatric brown trout. Canonical structure coefficients from DFA indicated that in both physiographic provinces, stream base‐flow pH and slope were important factors in distributional limits; elevation was also an important factor in the Ridge and Valley Province but not the Appalachian Plateaus Province. Graphs of each variable against the proportion of brook trout in a community also identified apparent zones of allopatry for both species on the basis of pH and stream slope. We hypothesize that pH‐mediated interspecific competition that favors brook trout in competition with brown trout at lower pH is the most plausible mechanism for segregation of these two species along pH gradients. Our discovery that trout distributions in Pennsylvania are related to stream base‐flow pH has important implications for brook trout conservation in acidified regions. Carefully designed laboratory and field studies will be required to test our hypothesis and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the partitioning of brook trout and brown trout along pH gradients.
Inhibition of PI-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR, but not calcineurin signaling, reverses insulin-like growth factor I-induced protection against glucose toxicity in cardiomyocyte contractile function
Authors: Li Shi-Yan , Fang Cindy X , Aberle Nicholas S , Ren Bonnie H , Ceylan-Isik Asli F , Ren Jun
Published: August 2005

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in diabetes although the mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study examined the role of PI-3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and calcineurin pathways in cardiac effects of IGF-1 against glucose toxicity. Adult rat ventricular myocytes were cultured for 8 h with either normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high (HG, 25.5 mM) glucose, in the presence or absence of IGF-1 (10–500 nM), the PI-3 kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM), the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (20 μM) or the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A (5 μM) or FK506 (10 mg/l). Mechanical properties were evaluated using an IonOptix MyoCam system. HG depressed peak shortening (PS), reduced maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (± dl/dt) and prolongs time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), which were abolished by IGF-1 (100 and 500 nM). Interestingly, the IGF-1-elicited protective effect against HG was nullified by either LY294002 or rapamycin, but not by cyclosporine A or FK506. None of the inhibitors affected cell mechanics. Western blot analysis indicated that HG and IGF-1 stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. HG also activated p70s6k and suppressed GSK-3β phosphorylation. However, the HG-induced alterations in phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70s6k and GSK-3β were significantly reversed by IGF-1. Protein expression of Akt, mTOR, p70s6k, GSK-3β, SERCA2a and phospholamban was unaffected by HG, IGF-1 or rapamycin. Rapamycin significantly enhanced Akt phosphorylation whereas it inhibited mTOR phosphorylation. Collectively, our data suggest that IGF-1 may provide cardiac protection against glucose in part through a PI-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR/ p70s6k-dependent and calcineurin-independent pathway.
Maturation of pancreatic β-cell function in the fetal horse during late gestation
Authors: Fowden A L , Gardner D S , Ousey J C , Giussani D A , Forhead A J
Published: August 2005

At birth, the endocrine pancreas becomes more directly involved in the control of glycaemia than in utero. However, compared with other tissues, relatively little is known about the maturational changes that occur in the fetal endocrine pancreas in preparation for extrauterine life. This study examined the pancreatic β-cell response to exogenous administration of glucose and arginine in fetal horses with respect to their gestational age and concentration of cortisol, the hormone responsible for prepartum maturation of other fetal tissues. Glucose administration had no effect on fetal insulin secretion between 175 and 230 days of gestation but evoked a rapid insulin response in fetuses closer to term (290–327 days). In late gestation, the β-cell response was more rapid and greater in magnitude in fetuses with basal cortisol levels higher than 15 ng/ml than in those with lower cortisol values at the time of glucose administration. The fetal β-cell response to arginine was unaffected by the rise in fetal plasma cortisol towards term. These findings show that there are maturational changes in pancreatic β-cell function in fetal horses as cortisol levels rise close to term. Primarily, these prepartum maturational changes were in the mechanisms of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which would enable the β cells to regulate glycaemia at the higher glucose levels observed postnatally.
Genetic differences in the IGF-I gene among inbred strains of mice with different serum IGF-I levels
Authors: Iida K , Rosen C J , Ackert-Bicknell C , Thorner M O
Published: August 2005

There is significant heterogeneity in serum IGF-I concentrations among normal healthy individuals across all ages and among inbred strains of mice. C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice have 30% higher serum IGF-I concentrations over a lifetime than C57BL/6J (B6), even though body size and length are identical. The underlying mechanism for this disparity remains unknown although several possibilities exist including altered GH secretion, resistance to GH action, or impaired IGF-I secretion from the liver or peripheral tissues. To study this further, we evaluated mRNA levels of pituitary GH, and of IGF-I, GH receptor (GHR) and acid-labile subunit (ALS) in liver and skeletal muscle of male C3H and B6 strains. mRNA levels of hepatic IGF-I paralleled serum IGF-I levels, whereas pituitary GH mRNA expression was significantly lower in C3H than B6. In addition, reduced hepatic mRNA levels of ALS and GHR in B6 suggests hepatic GH resistance in B6. In contrast, mRNA levels of IGF-I and GHR in skeletal muscle were not different between B6 and C3H. There was a single sequence repeat polymorphism (SSR) in the promoter region of both GHR and IGF-I genes in mice; the SSR in the IGF-I gene was significantly different between the two strains. The SSR in the IGF-I gene corresponds to the E2F binding site, which is critical for regulating IGF-I gene expression. These results suggest that the SSR in the promoter region of the IGF-I gene may be partially responsible for differences in serum IGF-I levels between B6 and C3H strains.
Skeletal bone morphology is resistant to the high amplitude seasonal leptin cycle in the Siberian hamster
Authors: Rousseau K , Atcha Z , Denton J , Cagampang F R A , Ennos A R , Freemont A J , Loudon A S I
Published: August 2005

Recent studies have suggested that the adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, plays a role in the regulation of metabolism. Here, we tested this hypothesis in the seasonally breeding Siberian hamster, as this species exhibits profound seasonal changes in adiposity and circulating leptin concentrations driven by the annual photoperiodic cycle. Male hamsters were kept in either long (LD) or short (SD) photoperiods. Following exposure to short photoperiods for 8 weeks animals exhibited a significant weight-loss and a 16-fold reduction of serum leptin concentrations. At Week 9, animals in both photoperiods were infused with leptin or PBS via osmotic mini-pump for 14 days. Chronic leptin infusion mimicked LD-like concentrations in SD-housed animals and caused a further decline in body weight and adipose tissue. In LD-housed animals, leptin infusion resulted in a significant elevation of serum concentrations above natural LD-like levels, but had no discernable effect on body weight or overall adiposity. Both bending and compression characteristics and histomorphometric measurements of trabecular bone mass were unaltered by leptin treatment or photoperiod. Our data therefore show that despite a high natural amplitude cycle of leptin, this hormone has no apparent role in the regulation of bone metabolism, and therefore do not support recent propositions that this hormone is an important component in the metabolism of bone tissue.
Naturally-occurring missense mutations in the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor alter ligand binding
Authors: Alba Maria , Salvatori Roberto
Published: August 2005

Growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone (GHRH) is a hypothalamic factor that stimulates GH secretion. It acts by activating a seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor of 423 amino acids expressed by the somatotroph cells of the pituitary gland (GHRH receptor, GHRH-R). Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) can be caused by mutations in the GHRH-R gene both in humans and mice. We have described six disease-causing missense mutations in this gene in IGHD patients (H137L, L144H, A176V, A222E, F242C, K329E). These mutations are inherited as autosomal recessive traits, and cause impairment of the receptor to transmit GHRH signalling. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms through which these mutations cause receptor malfunction. To this end, we transiently expressed each mutated receptor into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cells expressing each of the mutated receptors did not show an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in response to GHRH. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies indicated that the amino acid changes do not cause protein degradation, and do not alter the proper insertion of the receptor into the cell membrane. Binding studies with human 125I-GHRH showed that the lack of response to GHRH is due to inability of all the mutated receptors to bind the ligand. These studies demonstrate that abnormal ligand binding is a common mechanism by which naturally occurring missense mutation alter GHRH-R function.
Release and regulation of leptin, resistin and adiponectin from human placenta, fetal membranes, and maternal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus-complicated pregnancies
Authors: Lappas Martha , Yee Kirin , Permezel Michael , Rice Gregory E
Published: August 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the release and regulation of leptin, resistin and adiponectin from human placenta and fetal membranes, and maternal subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle obtained from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-complicated pregnancies at the time of Cesarean section. Tissue explants were incubated in the absence (basal control) or presence of 10 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 10, 20 or 40 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, 1 μM phorbol myristate acetate, 10, 20 and 40 mM glucose, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM insulin and 0.1 1 and 10 μM dexamethasone, progesterone and estrogen. After an 18-h incubation, the medium was collected and the release of leptin, resistin and adiponectin was quantified by ELISA. Human gestational tissues and maternal tissues released immunoreactive leptin, resistin and adiponectin; however, there was no difference in the release of either resistin or adiponectin between normal pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes. The release of leptin was significantly higher in placenta, amnion and choriodecidua obtained from normal pregnant women compared with women with GDM. However, in maternal tissues, the situation was reversed, with adipose tissue and skeletal muscle obtained from women with GDM releasing significantly greater amounts of leptin. In adipose tissue and skeletal muscle the release of leptin was significantly greater in insulin-controlled GDM compared with diet-controlled GDM, and leptin release from adipose tissue was significantly correlated with maternal body mass index. In all tissues tested, there was no effect of incubation with LPS, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-α on leptin, resistin or adiponectin release. PMA significantly increased the release of resistin from placenta and adipose tissue. Insulin increased placental resistin release, whereas the hormones dexamethasone, progesterone and estrogen significantly decreased placental resistin release. The data presented in this study demonstrate that dysregulation of leptin metabolism and/or function in the placenta may be implicated in the pathogenesis of GDM. Furthermore, resistin release is greatly affected by a variety of inflammatory mediators and hormones.
The endocrinology of sexual arousal
Authors: Bancroft J
Published: August 2005

The relevance of testosterone, oestradiol and certain peptides (oxytocin (OT), β-endorphin and prolactin (PRL)) to sexual arousal in humans is reviewed. In addition to behavioural studies, evidence of distribution of gonadal steroid receptors in the brain and the limited evidence from brain imaging are also considered. Testosterone plays a key role in the adult male, with clear, consistent evidence from studies of hypogonadal and eugonadal men. The roles of testosterone in the development of sexual arousability, and in the aging male, are less clear. The relevance of aromatization and of non-sexual effects of testosterone which might indirectly influence sexual arousal are not well understood. Testosterone in the female presents a more complex, less consistent picture. One possible explanation is a much greater variability across women in responsiveness to testosterone. A ‘desensitization hypothesis’ to account for the striking gender differences is offered. There is limited evidence of a direct effect of oestradiol on sexual arousability in women. The extent to which testosterone in women acts by conversion to oestradiol or by increase of free oestradiol is not yet clear. The role of peptides in sexual arousal remains uncertain, partly because of the multiple roles and sites of action of most peptides. OT and β-endorphin appear to have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. PRL has been proposed as an inhibitory factor via direct inhibition of dopaminergic activity, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Whereas the traditional concept of ‘hormone’ continues to apply to the role of testosterone and oestradiol in sexual arousal, peptides present a more complex role.
Variation in pituitary expression of mRNAs encoding the putative inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan) and type-I and type-II activin receptors during the chicken ovulatory cycle
Authors: Lovell T M , Knight P G , Gladwell R T
Published: August 2005

Secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary is regulated primarily by hypothalamic GnRH and ovarian steroid hormones. More recent evidence indicates regulatory roles for certain members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily including inhibin and activin. The aim of this study was to identify expression of mRNAs encoding key receptors and ligands of the inhibin/activin system in the hen pituitary gland and to monitor their expression throughout the 24–25-h ovulatory cycle. Hens maintained on long days (16 h light/8 h dark) were killed 20, 12, 6 and 2 h before predicted ovulation of a midsequence egg (n=8 per group). Anterior pituitary glands were removed, RNA extracted and cDNA synthesized. Plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, progesterone and inhibin A were measured. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify pituitary expression of mRNAs encoding betaglycan, activin receptor (ActR) subtypes (type I, IIA), GnRH receptor (GnRH-R), LH β subunit, FSH β subunit and GAPDH. Levels of mRNA for inhibin/activin βA and βB subunits, inhibin α subunit, follistatin and ActRIIB mRNA in pituitary were undetectable by quantitative PCR (<2 amol/reaction). Significant changes in expression (P<0.05) of ActRIIA and betaglycan mRNA were found, both peaking 6 h before ovulation just prior to the preovulatory LH surge and reaching a nadir 2 h before ovulation, just after the LH surge. There were no significant changes in expression of ActRI mRNA throughout the cycle although values were correlated with mRNA levels for both ActRIIA (r=0.77; P<0.001) and beta-glycan (r=0.45; P<0.01). Expression of GnRH-R mRNA was lowest 20 h before ovulation and highest (P<0.05) 6 h before ovulation; values were weakly correlated with betaglycan (r=0.33; P=0.06) and ActRIIA (r=0.34; P=0.06) mRNA levels. Expression of mRNAs encoding LH β and FSH β subunit were both lowest (P<0.05) after the LH surge, 2 h before ovulation. These results are consistent with an endocrine, but not a local intrapituitary, role of inhibin-related proteins in modulating gonadotroph function during the ovulatory cycle of the hen, potentially through interaction with betaglycan and ActRIIA. In contrast to mammals, intrapituitary expression of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin appears to be extremely low or absent in the domestic fowl.
Chronic maternal stress inhibits the capacity to up-regulate placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity
Authors: Welberg Leonie A M , Thrivikraman K V , Plotsky Paul M
Published: August 2005

This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic restraint stress during the third week of pregnancy on placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) activity in rats. Acute exposure to stress on gestational day 20 immediately up-regulated placental 11β-HSD2 activity by 160%, while chronic stress from day 14 to day 19 of pregnancy did not significantly alter basal 11β-HSD2 activity. However, the latter reduced the capacity to up-regulate placental 11β-HSD2 activity in the face of an acute stressor by 90%. Thus, immediate up-regulation of 11β-HSD2, the feto-placental barrier to maternal corticosteroids, may protect the fetus against stress-induced high levels of maternal corticosteroids, but exposure to chronic stress greatly diminishes this protection.
Effects of South African Men’s Having Witnessed Abuse of Their Mothers During Childhood on Their Levels of Violence in Adulthood
Authors: Abrahams Naeemah , Jewkes Rachel
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We sought to assess the effects of witnessing violence against their mothers in childhood on men’s use of violence in a range of settings in adulthood.

Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 1368 randomly selected male municipal workers in Cape Town, South Africa.

Results. Almost a quarter (23.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=21.2, 25.7) of the men reported witnessing abuse of their mother, and having witnessed such events was associated with men’s later involvement in physical conflicts in their community (odds ratio [OR]=1.72; 95% CI=1.29, 2.30) and at their place of work (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.30, 2.58), use of physical violence against their partners (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.94, 3.54), and arrest for possession of illegal firearms (OR=2.86; 95% CI=1.29, 6.32).

Conclusions. Our results show strong links between “publicly” violent behavior among men and childhood experiences of “private” violence against their mothers. Prevention of domestic violence is essential both in its own right and as part of efforts to reduce broader violence and crime in society.
Feasibility and Outcome of HCV Treatment in a Canadian Federal Prison Population
Authors: Farley John , Vasdev Shawn , Fischer Benedikt , Haydon Emma , Rehm Jürgen , Farley Theresa A.
Published: August 2005

We assessed feasibility and outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in male correctional inmates in British Columbia, Canada. We reviewed the medical charts of 114 treated inmates; 80 had complete data for treatment outcome. Approximately 4 of 5 inmates completed treatment (78.8%); 66.3% achieved sustained virological response. Those who completed treatment, those with injection drug use as a risk factor, and those with genotypes 2 and 3 were significantly more likely to achieve sustained virological response. HCV treatment in correctional inmates is feasible and effective.
Medicaid Insurance Policy for Youths Involved in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Evans Cuellar Alison , Kelleher Kelly J. , Rolls Jennifer A. , Pajer Kathleen
Published: August 2005

Juvenile justice and Medicaid agencies share an interest in serving delinquent youths, many of whom have a relatively poor health status. However, many state and local Medicaid policies result in these youths having no insurance coverage, making access to needed services difficult. A nationally representative survey of state and community juvenile justice and Medicaid agencies was conducted to assess Medicaid policies.

Evidence from the survey suggests that in some areas delinquent youths are actively disenrolled from Medicaid benefits, and in others little effort is made to connect them to Medicaid coverage. Discrepancies between justice agency and Medicaid agency responses point to poor communication and coordination. Overall, the survey identified several opportunities for policy intervention to enhance access to services for justice-involved youths.
Gender-Specific Behavioral Health and Community Release Patterns Among New Jersey Prison Inmates: Implications for Treatment and Community Reentry
Authors: Blitz Cynthia L. , Wolff Nancy , Pan Ko-Yu , Pogorzelski Wendy
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We describe behavioral health diagnoses and community release patterns among adult male and female inmates in New Jersey prisons and assess their implications for correctional health care and community reentry.

Methods. We used clinical and classification data on a census of “special needs” inmates (those with behavioral health disorders) in New Jersey (n=3189) and a census of all special needs inmates released to New Jersey communities over a 12-month period (n=974).

Results. Virtually all adult inmates with special needs had at least 1 Axis I mental disorder, and 68% of these had at least 1 additional Axis I mental disorder, a personality disorder, or addiction problem (67% of all male and 75% of all female special needs inmates). Of those special needs inmates released, 25% returned to the most disadvantaged counties in New Jersey (27% of all male and 18% of all female special needs inmates).

Conclusions. Two types of clustering were found: gender-specific clustering of disorders among inmates and spatial clustering of ex-offenders in impoverished communities. These findings suggest a need for gendered treatment strategies within correctional settings and need for successful reentry strategies.
The High Costs of Aggression: Public Expenditures Resulting From Conduct Disorder
Authors: Foster E. Michael , Jones Damon E. ,   and The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We explored the economic implications of conduct disorder (CD) among adolescents in 4 poor communities in the United States. We examined a range of expenditures related to this disorder across multiple public sectors, including mental health, general health, school, and juvenile justice.

Methods. We used self- and parental-report data to estimate expenditures during a 7-year period in late adolescence of a sample of youths. We contrasted expenditures for youths with CD and youths with oppositional defiant disorder, elevated symptoms (no CD diagnosis), and all others. Diagnosis was determined with a structured assessment.

Results. Additional public costs per child related to CD exceeded $70000 over a 7-year period.

Conclusions. Public expenditures on youths with CD are substantially larger than for youths with closely related conditions, reflecting the importance of prevention and early treatment for the disorder.
Criminal (In)Justice in the City and Its Associated Health Consequences
Authors: Golembeski Cynthia , Fullilove Robert
Published: August 2005

The American system of prisons and prisoners—described by its critics as the prison–industrial complex—has grown rapidly since 1970. Increasingly punitive sentencing guidelines and the privatization of prison-related industries and services account for much of this growth.

Those who enter and leave this system are increasingly Black or Latino, poorly educated, lacking vocational skills, struggling with drugs and alcohol, and disabled. Few correctional facilities mitigate the educational and/or skills deficiencies of their inmates, and most inmates will return home to communities that are ill equipped to house or rehabilitate them.

A more humanistic and community-centered approach to incarceration and rehabilitation may yield more beneficial results for individuals, communities, and, ultimately, society.
Behavioral Health Problems, Ex-Offender Reentry Policies, and the “Second Chance Act”
Authors: Pogorzelski Wendy , Wolff Nancy , Pan Ko-Yu , Blitz Cynthia L.
Published: August 2005

The federal “Second Chance Act of 2005” calls for expanding reentry services for people leaving prison, yet existing policies restrict access to needed services for those with criminal records. We examined the interaction between individual-level characteristics and policy-level restrictions related to criminal conviction, and the likely effects on access to resources upon reentry, using a sample of prisoners with Axis I mental disorders (n=3073).

We identified multiple challenges related to convictions, including restricted access to housing, public assistance, and other resources. Invisible punishments embedded within existing policies were inconsistent with the call for second chances. Without modification of federal and state policies, the ability of reentry services to foster behavioral health and community reintegration is limited.
Pathological Effects of the Supermaximum Prison
Authors: Rhodes Lorna A.
Published: August 2005

The drawings of Todd (Hyung-Rae) Tarselli, a prisoner confined in a Pennsylvania “close-security” or “supermaximum” prison, tell a story—one that graphically portrays the devastating effects of a prison on the mental health of its inmates.
Absolute Stability
Authors: Rantzer Anders
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Circle Criterion

The Popov Criterion

Gain and Passivity

Multipliers and Integral Quadratic Constraints
Adaptive Control
Authors: Ioannou Petros A. , Kosmatopoulos Elias B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

On‐Line Parameter Estimation

Model Reference Adaptive Control

Adaptive Pole Placement Control

Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems

Acknowledgment
Bilinear Systems
Authors: Elliott David L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bilinear Systems: What, Why, and Where?

Stabilization I

Solutions of Bilinear Systems

Observability and Observers

Consequences of Noncommutativity

Controllability Problems

Matrix Groups
Discrete Time Systems Design Methods
Authors: Santina Mohammed S. , Stubberud Allen R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classical Control System Design Methods

Eigenvalue Placement with State Feedback

Quadratic Optimal Control

Step‐Invariant Discrete‐Time Observer Design

Tracking System Design

Simulation
Controllability and Observability
Authors: Antoulas A. C. , Sontag E. D. , Yamamoto Y.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Linear Finite‐Dimensional Systems

Nonlinear Finite‐Dimensional Systems

Linear Infinite‐Dimensional Systems
Delay Systems
Authors: Datko R. , Hale J. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Properties of Delay Systems

Analytic Properties of Delay Systems

Extensions to Infinite Dimensional Phase Spaces

Time Delays in Control Systems
Digital Control
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaka
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

z‐Transform

Classical Design Methods and Their Limitations

Sampling Theorem

Modern Approach

H∞/H2Control Problems

Some Examples

Bibliographical Notes
Discrete Event Dynamical Systems
Authors: Cao Xi‐Ren
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

DEDS Models

Perturbation Analysis

Applications: On‐Line Optimization
Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Curtain Ruth
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modeling

Extension of Finite‐Dimensional Theory

Nonlinear Pdes

Implementation
Filtering and Estimation, Nonlinear
Authors: Duncan Tyrone E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nonlinear Filtering Problem Formulation and Main Results

Some Recent Areas of Nonlinear Filtering
Gain Scheduling
Authors: Shamma Jeff S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Motivation

What Is Gain Scheduling?

Linearization

Basic Gain Scheduling

Advanced Methods for Gain Scheduling
H Infinity Control
Authors: Zhou Kemin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

ℋ2and ℋ∞Norms

Weighted ℋ∞Performance

Robust Stabilization

Selection of Weighting Functions

General Problem Formulation and Solutions

ℋ∞Filtering

Understanding ℋ∞Control

ℋ∞Loop Shaping

μ Synthesis

Additional Applications
Position Control
Authors: Tao Gang , Taware Avinash , Shi Minyan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Adaptive Position Control of Manipulators

Adaptive Control of Teleoperation Systems
Jet Engine Control, Implementations
Authors: Spang H. Austin , Brown Harold
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Engine Types

Simplified Engine Theory

Control Requirements

Sensors And Actuators

Engine Controls

Concluding Remarks
Input‐Output Stability
Authors: Abdallah Chaouki T. , Amato Francesco , Ariola Marco
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts

ℒpStability

Interconnected Systems

Related Stability Concepts And Applications

Conclusions

Appendix 1: Definitions

Appendix 2: Sufficient Conditions For Exponential Stability
Intelligent Control
Authors: Antsaklis Panos J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Foundations of Intelligent Control

Intelligent Learning Control

Intelligent Control for High‐Autonomy Systems

Hybrid Systems

Concluding Remarks
Kalman Filters and Observers
Authors: Grewal Mohinder S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

White Noise

Linear Estimation

The Linear Optimal Estimator In Discrete Time (Kalman Filter)

The Continuous‐Time Optimal Estimator (Kalman‐Bucy Filter)

Nonlinear Estimation

The Matrix Riccati Differential Equation

Controllers, Observers, And The Separation Principle

Implementation Methods
Large‐Scale and Decentralized Systems
Authors: Šiljak Dragoslav D. , Zečević Aleksandar I.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Decentralized Control: An Example

Interconnected Plants and Controllers

Decentralized Feedback Structures

Stabilization

Adaptive Control

Overlapping Decentralized Control

Optimization
Model Reference Adaptive Control
Authors: Annaswamy Anuradha M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Identification Model

Reference Model

Model Reference Adaptive Control

Parameter Identification

Persistent Excitation
Nonlinear Control Systems, Analytical Methods
Authors: Atherton Derek , Spurgeon Sarah
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Phase Plane Method

Absolute Stability Criteria

Describing Function Method

Limit Cycles in Relay Systems

Sliding Mode Control Methods

Other Describing Functions

Relay Autotuning

Multivariable Systems

Sliding Mode Control
Nyquist Criterion, Diagrams, and Stability
Authors: Eren Halit , Wong Bert Wei Juet
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Encirclements and Enclosures

Stability Conditions

The Principal Argument

Simplified Nyquist Criteria

Nyquist Diagrams

Effects of Time Delays

Nyquist Stability Criterion for Digital Systems

The Inverse Nyquist and Nyquist Plot for Multivariable Systems
Open‐Loop Oscillatory Control
Authors: Lehman B. , Weibel S. , Baillieul J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problems in Open‐Loop Oscillatory Control

Stabilization by Oscillatory Controls: Methods and Solutions

Performance Improvements and Transient Behavior

Resonance Phenomena in Periodically Forced Systems

Acknowledgments

Appendix 1. Classical Averaging Theory

Appendix 2. Floquet Theory
Optimal Control
Authors: Ito Kazufumi , Kunisch Karl
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Descriptive Example and Basic Concepts

Existence and Necessary Optimality

Linear Quadratic Regulator Problem

Dynamic Programming Principle and Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equation

Linear Quadratic Regulator Theory and Riccati Equations

Numerical Methods

Acknowledgments
Periodic Control
Authors: Bittanti S. , Colaneri P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basics in Periodic Systems Analysis

Time‐Invariant Representations

Periodic Systems in Frequency Domain

Monodromy Matrix and Stability

Periodic Control

Periodic Optimal Control

Conclusion
PID Control
Authors: Pierre Donald A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Characteristics Of Controlled Processes

The Essence of the Pid Terms

Alternative Pid Forms

Two‐Degree‐Of‐Freedom Pid

Practical Derivative Action

Velocity or Incremental Pid Form

Proportional Band

Anti‐Reset‐Windup

Bumpless Transfer

Digital Pid Control

Pid Tuning

Conclusion
Process Control
Authors: Gevelber Michael A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Process Control Analysis and Design Issues

Application Examples: Electronic Materials Processing
Robust Control Analysis
Authors: Chen Jie , Tits André L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Structured Singular Value

The Kharitonov Approach

State‐Space Approach

Conclusion
Self‐Tuning Regulators
Authors: Wittenmark Björn
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Idea

Algorithms for Self‐Tuning Control

Some Theoretical Problems

Practical Issues and Implementation
Singularly Perturbed Systems
Authors: Kokotovic Petar V. , Chow Joe H. , Khalil Hassan K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Time‐Scale Properties of the Standard Model

Examples

Stability Analysis

Composite Feedback Control

Applications to Large Power Systems

Further Reading
Software for Control System Analysis and Design: Symbol Manipulation
Authors: Nešić D. , Mareels I. M. Y. , Glad S. T. , Jirstrand M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Gröbner Basis Method

Differential Algebra In Control

Quantifier Elimination
Software for Control System Analysis and Design, Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Van Dooren Paul
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Singular Value Decomposition

Numerical Background

Numerical Robustness of Singular Values

Applications in Systems and Control

Concluding Remarks
Stochastic Optimization, Stochastic Approximation and Simulated Annealing
Authors: Spall James C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Robbins–Monro Stochastic Approximation

Stochastic Approximation with Gradient Approximations Based on Function Measurements

Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation

Simulated Annealing

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
System Identification
Authors: Ljung Lennart
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Problem

Background and Literature

Outline

Displaying the Basic Ideas: Arx Models and the Linear Least Squares Method

Model Structures I: Linear Models

Model Structures Ii: Nonlinear Black‐Box Models

General Parameter Estimation Techniques

Special Estimation Techniques for Linear Black‐Box Models

Data Quality

Model Validation and Model Selection

Back to Data: The Practical Side of Identification
Robust Control
Authors: Safonov Michael G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Origins of Robust Control Theory

Sources of Uncertainty

Stability and Robustness

Multivariable Robustness

Further Reading
Linear Dynamical Systems, Approximation
Authors: Antoulas A. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Schmidt–Mirsky Theorem and the Aak Generalization

Construction of Approximants

Examples

Conclusion
Aerospace Simulation
Authors: Katz Amnon
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principles and Limitations

Mathematical Model

Timing Issues

Cockpit Displays

Image Generation

Display System

Motion Cues

Control Loading

The Virtual Cockpit

Networking of Simulators

Computer Communications
Air Traffic
Authors: Rankin James M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Air Traffic Control

Airspace Capacity

Increased Air Traffic Levels

Aircraft Fleet

Free Flight

National Airspace System

Emerging Technologies
Aircraft Navigation
Authors: Bendixen Gerald E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

RNP
–
RNAV
Standards

Airways

Terminal Area Procedures

Navigation Sensor Systems

Navigation Coordinate Reference

Course of the Great Circle Path

Arinc‐424 Navigation Database
Attitude Control
Authors: Tsiotras Panagiotis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Attitude Control of Spacecraft

Dynamics of Rotating Bodies

Stability of the Torque‐Free Motion

Attitude‐Control Laws and Stabilization

Aircraft Attitude Control

Attitude Control in Robotics

Current Trends
Helicopter Night Pilotage
Authors: Vollmerhausen Richard H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Night Pilotage Sensors Currently in Use

Sensor Theory of Operation

Pilotage Sensor Performance

Data Relating to Design Improvements

Evaluation
Missile Guidance
Authors: Rodriguez Armando A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Brief History: From 1944 to the Present

Missile Guidance, Navigation, and Control Subsystems

Classification of Missiles, Targets, Guidance Systems, Navigation Methods, and Target Sensing Methods

Guidance Algorithms

Future Developments
Phased Array Antennas
Authors: Sarkar Tapan K. , Adve Raviraj , Palma Magdalena Salazar
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stochastic Versus Direct‐Data‐Domain Approach

Radio Direction Finding

Adaptive Processing Using The Spatial‐Domain Least‐Squares Approach

Incorporation Of Mutual Coupling In Adaptive Antennas

Effect Of Noise

Epilogue
Radar Altimetry
Authors: Raney R. Keith
Published: September 2005

The article reviews ocean‐observing radar altimeters hosted on spacecraft in low‐Earth orbit. These instruments measure sea surface topography on global and mesoscales to a height accuracy of a few centimeters. Flight missions since 1973 to the present are summarized. The conventional pulse‐limited full‐deramp modulation technique is illustrated by the design of the TOPEX altimeter. The advanced delay‐Doppler technique is explained, whose benefits extend to ice‐sheet altimetry (CryoSat), and to improved measurement of oceanic gravity anomalies, hence bathymetry. The article concludes with comments on future directions.

Radar Altimeter Satellites

Global Dynamic Topography‐Accuracy

Theoretical Foundations

Deramp on Receive

The Topex Design

Gravity and Bathymetry‐Precision

Delay‐Doppler

Future Directions

WSOA
Radar Applications
Authors: Tsihrintzis George A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Radar Target Measurement Elements

Search (Surveillance or Acquisition), Tracking, and Navigation Radar

High‐Resolution Imaging Radar

Weather Observation Radar

Laser Radar Systems

Ground‐ and Foliage‐Penetrating Radar

Current Trends
Radar Signal Detection
Authors: Wang Minsheng , Chan Andrew K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analysis of a Matched Filter

Noncoherent Detections

Performance Analysis of Coherent and Noncoherent Detections

Detection of the Linear Frequency‐Modulated Signal

Conclusion
Radar Tracking
Authors: Bruder Joseph A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Examples of Radar Trackers

History of Radar Tracking

Tracking Basics

Range Track

Angle Tracking

Doppler Tracking

Radar Ambiguities