bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons in Failure
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the subject of institutional memory of strategic errors, discusses why it matters for international organizations (IOs) that engage in crisis management and reviews the book’s argument, competing explanations and methodological approach. One strategic error in the mandate or planning of an operation can increase the likelihood of casualties on the battlefield. Knowledge of past errors can help prevent future ones. The chapter explores an empirical puzzle; there remain key differences between how one expects IOs to learn and observed behavior. Moreover, scholars have largely treated institutional memory as a given without explaining how it develops. From relevant scholarship, the chapter identifies limitations of three potential explanations. The chapter then introduces a new argument for how IOs develop institutional memory. Subsequent sections describe research design and explain why NATO is selected as the domain of study. Last, the chapter identifies major contributions to literature and describes the book’s structure.
Introduction
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: May 2018

The Introduction examines the changing historiography of Vichy and Occupied France, particularly since the 1970s, when historians challenged postwar French myths as they discovered newly accessible archival sources and exposed the reality behind Pétain’s claim that Vichy merely acted as a shield. In fact the regime’s nationalism differed from that of many Frenchmen in stressing the soil as opposed to political principle and hence the imperative for the administration to remain on it. This, however, was at the price of collaboration with an occupying power, which not only made increasing demands but also served as an umbrella for the regime’s desired political changes. Researchers still need to examine the results for French culture and particularly music, an art of special interest to the Germans, as Vichy moved toward greater collaboration. And they must examine how composers confronted the Vichy model of French culture as opposed to that now defined by the Resistance.
From the legal to the illegal: Schaeffer’s journey toward resistance and artistic exploration
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the cultural association called Jeune France, on Pierre Schaeffer’s initial relation to Vichy, and the goals that he believed they shared. It then traces the way in which his perceptions of the regime slowly changed as he became aware of the political and cultural limits of its vision of a “new France.” While at first idealistically supporting Vichy, he later turned against it from within its own institutions. For he had sought to reinscribe the classics as well as traditional folk culture, but in a manner that opened up a progressive vision of the French community, one distant from that which would emerge under Darlan. This chapter analyzes not just the themes and texts of Schaeffer’s productions but also how he transmitted and inscribed such works, creatively presented new ones, and developed new insights into the power of sound technology and manipulation.
Introduction
Authors: Lipton Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

The introductory chapter broadly charts the theoretical and discursive problematics that the book addresses. Through the metaphor of cartography (a controlling motif throughout the work), this chapter begins with an overview of the book’s analytical trajectory by problematizing the notion of the universal in both the discourse of Ibn ‘Arabi and the interpretive field of contemporary Perennialism. In addition to a brief biography and establishing a framework for how Ibn ‘Arabi’s socio-political lifeworld can be read within an absolutist cosmology of a so-called perennial religion or religio perennis, this chapter introduces the racio-spiritual grammar of Schuonian Perennialism and the orders of exclusion it harbors. It concludes with a chapter overview.
A Portsmouth Interlude
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Around 1780, the Siblys became booksellers, and scattered to minimize competition between them. Ebenezer moved to Portsmouth and then Bristol. This chapter follows Ebenezer to Portsmouth in 1779, where he established his first bookshop. The stock of the Siblys’ shops is “reconstructed,” leading to an examination of the perils and practices of these very small businesses. The move to Portsmouth also marks the beginning of Ebenezer’s career as an astrologer and freemason—perhaps his best-known guise in modern literature. His first major work, A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology, dedicated to brother freemasons, began appearing in numbers while he was in Portsmouth. Sibly took the opportunity offered by the distance from London to became a bigamist—which he continued to be, serially, for the rest of his life. This lends itself to a discussion of marriage in law and contemporary practice.
The College for Instruction in Elementary Philosophy
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Ebenezer Sibly returned to London in 1787–90. He followed many enthusiasms, trying to make his interests turn a quick profit. “Quick” seems to have been the operative term—he displays very little patience, flitting from one money-making scheme to the next. None were very successful. In 1788, Sibly joined John Bell, a mesmerist, and Stephen Freeman, a quack doctor, in a failed attempt to set up a school for esotericism. Sibly continued to work on the “numbers” of his work on astrology, perfecting his technique as a plagiarist. He used this skill to publish yet another revival of Nicholas Culpeper’s popular The English Physician. Thus, by 1789 it becomes apparent that Sibly had changed direction: no longer an astrologer per se, he took a series of very deliberate steps to become a quack doctor.
Introduction
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

In addition to offering a chapter-by-chapter outline of the book, this Introduction discusses the historical, textual, and philosophical reasons why scholarship on Kant’s theory of evil has tended to be, in comparison to scholarship on Kant’s ethics, less well-received and less frequently discussed. Special consideration is paid to two claims that have been subject to much criticism: Kant’s claim that evil is motivated by self-love, and Kant’s claim that there is an evil universally rooted throughout human nature. Finally, this Introduction comments on the growing interest in Kant’s theory of evil, and attributes this interest, in part, to Kant’s intriguing but opaque references to the idea that evil involves self-deception.
Conclusion
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This conclusion offers a recap of the preceding chapters, and it also notes two potential deficiencies in the present study. First, it is observed that Kant’s theory of evil depends, at crucial junctures, on the ability to secure plausible accounts of transcendental freedom and the nature of temptation. Second, because, on Kant’s view, self-deception is motivated by self-love, it is unclear how Kant can adequately address cases that do not seem to fit this paradigm. Of particular interest are cases where a person claims not to know that she or he is worthy of respect or self-respect, since in certain of these cases we are inclined to regard someone as self-deceived or lacking self-knowledge and yet not motivated by self-love. Finally, it is argued that the broader theory of mind underlying Kant’s theory of self-deception can provide at least some resources for addressing this second issue.
Injustice
Authors: Goodhart Michael
Published: May 2018

Injustice offers a radical alternative to familiar ways of thinking about problems of justice and injustice, one motivated by the urgency of concrete struggles over injustice in the real world. It rejects the paradigm of ideal moral theory, which suffers from theoretical paralysis, distortional thinking, and a reflexive tendency to subordinate politics to morality. Instead, this book proposes an innovative approach that integrates realistic analysis of conflict, power, and politics with substantive normative critique and prescription. It does so by developing a bifocal theoretical framework that treats claims about justice and injustice as ideological claims. This framework enables theorists to shift their focus between two complementary perspectives, distinguishing the work of analyzing politics and advocating for particular substantive points of view. The book outlines a substantive democratic account of injustice and uses it to show what practical difference it makes if one adopts the approach it recommends. Injustice describes the work that political theory and political theorists can do to combat injustice and illustrates it through a novel reconceptualization of responsibility for injustice.
The Bifocal Approach
Authors: Goodhart Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that conceptualizing justice claims as ideological claims facilitates the reconciliation and integration of realistic and normative analysis within a single framework. It proposes a bifocal approach that combines an analytical and a “partisan” lens within a single theoretical apparatus, providing a more comprehensive understanding of injustice than its competitors by integrating two crucial functions of political theory: the analysis and critique of ideologies and substantive normative critique and political prescription. This approach depends on a conception of political normativity as hypothetical rather than categorical; the chapter defends this conception of normativity as theoretically plausible, motivationally adequate, and crucially enabling for theorizing justice and injustice.
Narrowing the Focus
Authors: Moseley Mason W.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces a provincial-level adaptation of my theory of the protest state. In addition to its high levels of protest activity, Argentina is a federal system where incidences of protest participation have occurred at uneven rates, making it an excellent case for exploring variation in rates of contention across provincial contexts. Focusing on the provinces of Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and San Luis—where I draw on dozens of interviews with citizen activists, movement organizers, and politicians conducted in 2013 with support from the National Science Foundation—I utilize the comparative method to examine how distinct institutional characteristics of each province have interacted with citizen engagement to produce different outcomes in terms of protest.
Writing and the Tomb
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

Hebrew funerary inscriptions began to appear in Judah during late Iron IIB. These inscriptions are relatively unique in that they are written on, or inside, tombs. But they also include amulets that adorned the body during burial. The funerary inscriptions emerged at a stage when the bench tomb had fully developed, and their writings reveal multiple concerns regarding the dead. The Hebrew inscriptions stress the imperative of safeguarding the dead inside the tomb on multiple levels. The interred are identified by name, and their place inside the tomb is described. All of these concerns relate to the existence of the dead and the preservation of their memory. These concerns are also consistent with blessings and curses that are often inscribed on the tomb, which indicate that Yahweh’s power could extend over the dead as well as the living.
The Tomb and the Identity of the Dead
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

The ideal afterlife in the Hebrew Bible was bound to the tomb and embodied in the dead. The burial stories of Sarah, Rachel, and the man of God from Judah show how these two aspects work. Death is relational, and the tomb was a critical component in defining relationships and establishing the identity of the dead within these relationships. Although Rachel’s burial is in an individual tomb, the accounts demonstrate the power of association in death. The family tomb was a key element in the idealization of the afterlife because postmortem survival was depended in part upon with whom you were buried. Collective interment could either form the ideal, as in the case of Sarah, or a partial fulfillment of this ideal, as in the story of the prophets at Bethel.
Terminating the Ties of Empire
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses a series of armed rebellions involving the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania, the Regulators in North and South Carolina, and rent strikers in New York that foreshadowed the War for Independence. It also discusses a series of cases and controversies occurring between 1766 and 1776, a period of truce, in which lawyers, often representing the economic interests of their clients, made constitutional arguments in support of established localist and common law practices. The chapter ends with an analysis of legal breakdowns in the imperial system occurring between the time of the Boston Tea Party and the Declaration of Independence.
Columbanus’s Ulster Education
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the context for Columbanus’s time at Bangor and in particular the possible influence on him of the British bishop Uinniau and his own abbot, Comgall. Uinniau’s network linked him with both the British Church of Gildas and the emerging Uí Néill dynasties, while Comgall was a member of the Cruithnian people of Antrim. By the time Columbanus came within their orbit, both men were located in the core territory of the kingdom of the Ulaid, in modern County Down. The chapter argues that the specifics of the location and personalities involved proved to be defining influences on Coumbanus’s development.
Columbanus in Brittany
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

Columbanus landed in Brittany and made his way into the heartland of Merovingian Gaul, where he established his monastic communities in the Vosges region of eastern France. There he encountered an established monastic community, Salicis, which may have included some British monks. This chapter examines the extent to which Columbanus’s work in Gaul followed on from the work of British and Breton ascetics in both Neustria and Austrasia. It suggests that Columbanus originally landed not on the north coast of Brittany, but in the region of the Golfe de Morbihan, and that although Gregory of Tours makes no direct reference to the Irish saint, his narrative provides a context for Columbanus’s arrival, and for his move from Brittany to Burgundy.
The Writings of Skryabin
Authors: Nicholls Simon , Pushkin Michael , Ashkenazy Vladimir
Published: May 2018

An introduction by Boris de Schloezer gives the genesis of the final text in the section, the Preliminary Action, and explains its relation to Skryabin’s projected life-work, the Mystery. Section I: an effusion of Orthodox religious feeling from teenage years. Sections II-VII: Around 1900, an expression of rejection of God in the face of disillusion is followed by the text of the choral finale of the First Symphony, declaring faith in the power of art. An unfinished opera libretto, symbolic in narrative, expressing belief in Art’s power to seduce and persuade. Three notebooks develop a world view in which the world is the result of the self’s creative activity. The creation of art and of the universe are identical. There is a higher self, identical with divinity. Forgetfulness of individuality leads to freedom and universal consciousness. Section VIII: The literary poem written during the composition of the symphonic Poem of Ecstasy summarises the scenario developed in the notebooks. Life starts with the desire to create, delight in creative play meets opposition, the creative goal is achieved and disappointment sets in. The process is repeated until it is realized that the struggle is itself joyful and self-affirmation is achieved. Section IX: The text of the Preliminary Action is symbolic in structure. Primal Male and Female Principles emerge; the Female is identified with Death. Life arises from the union of energies. Struggle and bloodshed follow. The conclusion is an impulse towards unification, the synthesis of experience and dematerialisation. Both the complete first draft and the incomplete revision are included.
The Collective Action Problem in Practice
Authors: Buchler Justin
Published: May 2018

The manner in which the House of Representatives passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 demonstrated the principles of the unified model and the concept of “preference-preserving influence.” Representative Bart Stupak led a group of pro-life Democrats who threatened to sink the Senate’s unamended version of the bill, which the House needed to pass once Scott Brown won a special election, and Democrats could no longer invoke cloture on a House-Senate reconciliation bill. Any one of Stupak’s group could vote against the bill without causing the bill to fail and had electoral incentives to do so, but each had policy reasons to prefer passage, meaning that they were subject to a collective action problem. Party leadership solved that collective action problem, and without party leadership doing so, the Affordable Care Act would not have passed.
Screen Stories
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

Screen Stories: Emotion and the Ethics of Engagement provides an account of the rhetorical and cultural power of storytelling on screens and develops an ethics of engagement that provides tools for the critic to respond to that power. Screen Stories first provides a theory of the persuasive influence of such “screen stories,” paying particular attention to the role of emotion. The book argues that the emotions a screen story elicits are key to its potential influence, functioning as an incentive for spectators to “cooperate,” helping to facilitate transfer of beliefs from text to world, and spurring the cultivation of habits of thought and response. Screen Stories then argues for an ethics of engagement that considers the particular sorts of experiences screen stories offer and is open to their benefits as well as their drawbacks. In doing so, an ethics of engagement rejects what the book calls “estrangement theory,” which in its extreme forms focuses almost solely on critique, condemns mainstream films and television, and distrusts the role of emotion and immersion in the experience of screen stories. The book goes on to discuss the sort of ethical experience screen stories offer, examining the implications of character engagement, narrative closure (as an element of structure), and narrative scenarios and the characteristic emotions they elicit. Plantinga argues that an ethics of engagement is more relevant to the viewing of screen stories today, and thus has the potential to revive and enliven the discussion of ethics of storytelling on screens.
Engagement and Estrangement
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

Suppose that we accept the view that screen stories are rhetorically powerful. How should ethical critics respond? In this chapter I identify two contrasting types of response. One I call “estrangement theory” and the other “engagement theory.” It will be the purpose of this second part of the book to argue that, while some basic tenets of estrangement theory are useful, others are counterproductive. Overall, I will argue, an ethics of engagement can incorporate the insights of estrangement theory, and through its more complete understanding of the nature of emotion in the viewer’s experience, engagement theory can contribute to a less defensive and more nuanced ethics, one that focuses as much on the potential benefits of screen stories as on their drawbacks.
Immersion and Emotion
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses both immersion and emotion in the context of an ethics of engagement. I defend both against criticisms leveled by estrangement theory, which tends to be suspicious against the effects of each. The purpose is not merely defense, however, but to make positive claims about how immersion and emotion function in the viewing of screen stories, and beyond that to suggest how an ethics of engagement might approach them. The chapter suggests that immersion in itself is not necessarily harmful, and the immersive experience is sometimes coextensive with the sort of critical spectator experience favored by estrangement theorists. With regard to emotion, I argue that the blanket dismissal of emotion by estrangement theorists is wholly counterproductive. Instead, the ethical critic ought to understand what emotions are and how they function in order to distinguish their ethical effects.
All Things Considered
Authors: Rosenblatt Fernando
Published: May 2018

This chapter, which closes Part II, synthesizes the empirical findings and returns to the theoretical argument. First, it presents the different conjunctions of causal factors that explain party vibrancy. Every combination accounting for party vibrancy includes moderate Exit Barriers. After the party institutionalizes and all factors have consolidated, moderate Exit Barriers facilitate collective action by reducing incentives to defect. However, to sustain vibrancy, moderate Exit Barriers must interact at least with Channels of Ambition. Such channels activate the party’s perceived benefit for individuals, who expect the party to satisfy their political ambitions. If Channels of Ambition are not present, Trauma and Purpose are necessary components for party vibrancy. The joint presence of the theorized factors then sustains reproduction of this vibrancy over time. The chapter also presents a stylized trajectory, or “life cycle,” of party vibrancy and of the theorized causal factors. Finally, it briefly discusses cases of lack of vibrancy.
Madness
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: May 2018

The sorts of mental or affective states that are understood as madness (or medicalized as “mental illness”) vary with time and place. As with other culturally stigmatized bodily differences (i.e., disabilities), madness has been understood in three ways. First, madness has been understood in religious terms, as a mark of divine punishment or transcendent vision. Second, there is the medical model, which constitutes madness as “mental illness.” Third, in line with the sociocultural model of disability, madness is seen as a (potentially valuable) human difference rather than a deficit, pathology, or disease. Musical modernism represents madness in its divided consciousness (stratification into conflicting layers) and its hearing of voices (quotation of stylistically incongruous music).
Economy and Class
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 begins by showing how long-term trends in the economy beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, notably stagflation, automation, globalization, and increased international competition, caused working- and middle-class wage stagnation, rising inequality, and mounting levels of personal debt in America. These in turn caused many Americans to worry that the American Dream was slipping out of reach and that the chances for upward mobility were evaporating into thin air. They were right. This is a story of the decline of America’s postwar Golden Age of prosperity. Trump took advantage of this by promising to be the best jobs-creating president God ever put on Earth and claiming that his economic program would boost economic growth beyond what most economists believed was possible.
Armchair Arguments
Authors: Lafollette Hugh
Published: May 2018

Valuable armchair arguments are shaped by significant reservoirs of knowledge, albeit knowledge that lies in their background, rather than the foreground. So understood armchair arguments are essential to any serious investigation of the issue of gun control. They help establish the burden of proof: they show what it is reasonable to believe if the rights-based arguments and the empirical evidence are less than compelling. They inform the arguments about the serious right to bear arms. They are essential in seeking and evaluating empirical evidence: they enable researchers to know how to structure empirical research and how to interpret their findings.
Book 80(79): Elagabalus
Authors: Scott Andrew G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter first surveys the reign of Elagabalus, especially his rise to power, his religion, and his presentation by Dio. It then provides commentary on Dio’s narrative of his reign. Dio approaches his subject less chronologically than thematically, to create an image of the emperor on the basis of his Syrian background, effeminacy, and cruelty. The focus on Elagabalus’ vices, his foreignness and his worship of a foreign sun god, his many marriages, and his constant contravention of custom adds to the overall moralizing tone of the book that seems to reflect Dio’s disgust toward Elagabalus. It is easy to view this book as the product of a man weary with his work and disillusioned by the descent of Rome.
Aymer de Valence
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This book examines the course and significance of English politics in the reign of Edward II through a study of the career of one important magnate, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke from 1307 to 1324. It is not, however, intended as a biography. The Earl of Pembroke has been chosen to illustrate the problems of the period from the point of view of a magnate who, for most of his career, was closely associated with the monarchy and with the making and performance of royal policy. In this sense Pembroke represents the opposite side of the coin to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the King's opponent. Detailed coverage of the period starts in 1312, when Pembroke first became of real importance, and continues until his death is 1324.
The ‘Middle Party’ and theNegotiating of the Treaty of Leake August 1318
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the problems raised by the ‘middle party’ interpretation and the negotiations which preceded the Treaty of Leake in August 1318. The origins of the ‘middle party’ interpretation can be traced back to the pioneer work of Bishop William Stubbs, who argued in his Constitutional History of England (1875) that the indenture of 24 November 1317 was the basis of an alliance between Aymer de Valence and Bartholomew de Badlesmere on one hand, and Roger Damory on the other. The chapter first considers the ‘middle party’ interpretations of Stubbs, T. F. Tout, and J. Conway Davies before discussing the question of whether Pembroke and Badlesmere were founders of a ‘middle party’. It also analyses the role of the magnates in the ‘middle party’ and concludes with an assessment of the settlement that was reached in the Treaty of Leake and at the York Parliament of 1318.
Vulgar Italian and the Elizabethan Short Story
Authors: Rhodes Neil
Published: May 2018

Early in the sixteenth century, Italy came to represent the cultural vanguard in Europe both in terms of new ideas and in offering a literary model of the vernacular. English visitors to Italy such as William Thomas and William Barker saw this in action at the Accademia Fiorentina where Giovanni Gelli lectured on Dante. The academy itself is a model for the principle of ‘vulgarization’ set out in the preface to Hoby's Courtier. This is put into practice in the first short-story collection in English, William Painter's Palace of Pleasure, which takes Boccaccio as its stylistic authority and in its tales of transgression acts as a primer of social possibility for English readers. These translations from Italian would themselves be translated for the stage, and two of the many spin-offs from Painter, by George Whetstone and George Pettie, point in the direction of the public and private theatres respectively.
Vagueness and Evidence
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

If there are vague propositions it is natural to wonder what role they play in thought. A natural picture, given a linguistic theory of vagueness, is that one only learns a vague proposition via a public language sentence that expresses it (e.g. by hearing someone reliable asserting the sentence). This chapter argues that there are many ways to obtain vague evidence that do not involve language. It focuses on ‘inexact’ evidence acquired through imperfect perceptual faculties, and argues that the effect of inexact evidence on our credences is similar to the effect of conditioning on a vague proposition, and cannot easily be simulated by conditioning on any precise proposition. The chapter introduces the notion of an evidential role—a profile of the effects a certain piece of inexact evidence can have on your credences—and outlines the central principle of vague propositions: the Principle of Plenitude. This principle states that there is a vague proposition occupying every evidential role.
Vague Propositions
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

If there are vague propositions, and the vague supervenes on the precise, then vague propositions cannot be represented by sets of metaphysically possible worlds. According to an alternative, broadly supervaluationist idea, propositions are sets of world-precisification pairs. To interpret this theory non-linguistically, precisifications are understood as assigning an extension to each vague property at each possible world. However, there are many other positions on propositional fineness of grain. The chapter investigates the general logic of propositional individuation. It gives an internal definition of the broadest notion of necessity, and shows that it is at least as broad as any combination of determinacy and necessity operators. It formulates a propositions-first account of vague propositions, in which propositions are taken as primitive and not constructed out of sets of things, and presents a theory of vague propositions in which they are individuated by their role in thought.
Vagueness and Modality
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

According to a supervaluationist account of propositional vagueness, in which propositions are sets of world-precisification pairs, contingency and borderlineness are modelled by variation along two independent dimensions. This semantics validates a distinctive combined logic of vagueness and modality, which includes principles stating that modal and vagueness-theoretic notions commute with each other in a certain way. This chapter shows that this logic is inconsistent with the vagueness of metaphysical necessity, and then demonstrates that the preferred symmetry semantics does not have this consequence. It also investigates other theses about the interaction of vagueness and modality, including the thesis that the vague supervenes on the precise. The chapter concludes by exploring some generalizations of the supervaluational approach.
Reformation and Distrust
Authors: Yamamoto Koji
Published: May 2018

The collapse of Charles I’s Personal Rule did not end projecting activities. This chapter uses the well-documented case of the reforming circle of Samuel Hartlib during the 1640s and 1650s to explore how public distrust of the projector came to condition the promotion of useful knowledge, especially the evaluation of credibility and the practices of collaboration and exclusion in the reforming network. Many promoters came to avoid the style of fiscal impositions reminiscent of early Stuart projectors. The chapter discusses how projecting activities thereby began to evolve away from the early Stuart model, with far-reaching implications for subsequent developments, not only in terms of political economy, but also of natural and experimental philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

Scholars have long argued that religious differences, when vigorously maintained and defended, usually led to anxiety and violence in the premodern Mediterranean. This chapter sets out an alternate history of religious difference, one that explores not only its capacity for provoking conflict but also its potential as a source of stability and cooperation in a pre‐secular age. The Tunis Crusade consolidated existing religious allegiances among Muslims and Christians, but with surprising results. Rather than causing chaos and division, the expedition’s powerful affirmations of difference animated a complex network of Mediterranean political, economic, and religious interactions that thrived into the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries.
The Diversion
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

In July 1269, King Louis IX of France was planning a campaign in Egypt or the Holy Land. One year later, his fleet landed on Sardinia, and in a war council held on July 13 Louis declared Tunis the target of the crusade. What happened between July 1269 and July 1270 to send the expedition in this unexpected direction is shrouded in secrecy. By expanding the narrative to incorporate Mediterranean‐wide networks of interaction, this chapter identifies several key turning points: the visit of the Dominican linguist Ramon Martí to Tunis in 1269; the attendance of Tunisian envoys at the baptismal ceremony of a French Jew at Saint‐Denis in October; the arrival of a Mongol embassy in Paris toward the end of the year; and the dispatch of an Angevin envoy to Tunis the following April, a month after Louis had lifted the oriflamme at Saint Denis to launch the campaign.
The Peace of Tunis
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

By late August 1270, the Tunis Crusade was in the hands of Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily. A long‐running battle for Syria had been transposed, not only into a different region, but seemingly into a different register. Like Charles, al‐Mustansir of Tunis tended to negotiate rather than fight across religious frontiers. But that dynamic was about to change. Charles and al‐Mustansir were facing each other at the head of large and fractious armies. The temptation to use the military force at their disposal would be strong, and not only because it could help them gain a better bargaining position. On both sides, there was mounting pressure to activate the conflict. To keep their divided armies together, Charles and al‐Mustansir might just have to use them. The negotiators were now in charge, but to get the settlement they wanted, they were going to have to fight for it first.
Why Tunis?
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

The diversion to Tunis is usually explained either in terms of Louis’s wish to convert the emir or Charles’s desire to extract money from him. These alternatives are often seen as mutually exclusive. The crusade was either a drive for souls or a drive for money, but could not be both. It was either a campaign of elimination or an attempt at accommodation, but could not be both. It was an episode in which religion mattered either very much or very little, but could not be both. This chapter argues that these two ways of understanding the crusade are actually complementary. Louis and Charles both found what they wanted in Tunis: it was a place where Muslim souls could be won and Hafsid money could be had; where Latin Christian commercial interests and missionary initiatives could be advanced; and where methods of militant confrontation and conciliatory diplomacy could be tried.
Becoming Humean
Authors: Carroll John W.
Published: May 2018

There is a story about laws of nature that needs telling; the author just didn’t expect to be the one to tell it. It threatens to undermine arguments against Humeanism that are based on anti-supervenience examples of the sort the author has advanced. Combining a semantics for modal sentences with a notion of laws as regularities that are true because of nature yields a concept of lawhood that is rich in anti-Humean ways. For example, laws of nature are not mere regularities and they do govern. It can even turn out true to say about a Humean base, ‘It is a law that F = ma.’ It can also turn out true to say about that very same Humean base, ‘It is not a law that F = ma.’ Should this story be true—and the author is not so sure it isn’t—the core of anti-Humeanism would be based on a conflation.
A Perspectivalist Better Best System Account of Lawhood
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: May 2018

On David Lewis’s influential view, modal facts supervene on the mosaic of non-modal facts about sparse natural properties. This chapter defends a Lewisian account of laws that abandons this supervenience claim in order to avoid the objections of subjectivity and lack of necessity that bedeviled Lewis’s original view. On the author’s view, it is not the Humean mosaic of sparse natural properties that ultimately grounds laws of nature. Instead, it is the (always renegotiable) balance between our ever changing and perspectival standards of simplicity and strength that grounds laws of nature. This view reveals some unexpected resources available to a Humean account of lawhood, at the price of dispensing with Humean supervenience.
Laws and Their Exceptions
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: May 2018

Laws and exceptions seem to be in conflict. A law is supposed to be universal, applying at all times and places, whereas an exception must be a contravention of such universality. The solution proposed here is that while laws are in a sense universal in scope, their content concerns what is disposed to happen only—what tends to be—rather than what is necessitated. What we take to be exceptions will typically be cases where those dispositions are, for whatever reason, unmanifested. The exceptions are not, therefore, to the laws themselves but instead point to the relatively commonplace and unproblematic notion that dispositional processes can fail to manifest. Given that the law has only a dispositional import, however, it is not violated, and thus remains a law applying to everything within its scope, even if there are exception cases.
The Case against Human Superiority
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that human beings are neither better (because of our moral nature) nor better off (because of our higher capacities) than the other animals. Our moral nature does not make us better because moral standards do not apply to animal action. Our higher capacities do not make us better off because the good of a creature is relative to the creature’s capacities. The two views share a common error. One thing can be better or better off than another only as measured by a standard common to both, not because different standards apply to them. The chapter also offers an explanation of the common intuition that death and certain harms are worse for more cognitively and emotionally sophisticated animals than for cognitively and emotionally simpler ones. While the explanation supports the intuition, doubts are raised about whether death is really less bad for some creatures than others.
A Kantian Case for Our Obligations to the Other Animals
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

When we act rationally, we treat things that are good for us as if they were good absolutely. We choose to pursue them, and demand that others respect our choices, thus treating ourselves as ends in ourselves. This argument—Kant’s argument for the Formula of Humanity—establishes that there are two senses in which rationality commits us to the view that we are ends in ourselves. The demands that we make on others commit us to the view that we are ends in ourselves as autonomous lawmakers, and ground our duties to other rational beings. The demands that we make on ourselves when we choose to pursue our good commit us to the view that we are ends in ourselves as creatures who have a good, and ground our duties to other animals. The chapter also examines the difficulties this raises for Kant’s ideal of the Kingdom of Ends.
The Misery of International Law
Authors: Linarelli John , Salomon Margot E , Sornarajah Muthucumaraswamy
Published: May 2018

Bringing together three international law scholars, this book addresses how international law and its regimes of trade, investment, finance, and human rights promote poverty, inequality, and dispossession. It addresses how international law is implicated in the construction of misery; how it is producing, reproducing, and embedding injustice and narrowing the alternatives that might really serve humanity. Adopting a pluralist approach, this work confronts unconscionable dimensions of the global economic order, the false premises upon which they are built, and the role of international law in constituting and sustaining them. Combining insights from radical critiques, political philosophy, history, and critical development studies, the book explores the pathologies at work in international economic law today. It challenges conventional justifications of economic globalization and eschews false choices. It is not about whether one is ‘for’ or ‘against’ international trade, foreign investment, or global finance. The issue is to resolve how, if we are to engage in trade, investment, and finance, we do so in a manner that is accountable to persons whose lives are affected by international law. The deployment of human rights for their part must be considered against the ubiquity of neoliberal globalization under law, and not merely as a discrete, benevolent response to it. Before we can understand how human rights can create more just societies, we must first expose the ways in which they reflect capitalist society and how they assist in reproducing the underlying terms of immiseration that will continue to create the need for human rights protection. This is a book of critique and not of prescription, but among its aims is to compel the reader to think beyond existing assumptions and structures to usher in the possibility of reconstituting the brutal world, if international law can be made to accommodate that undertaking.
The Emergence of the Fourth Dimension
Authors: Blacklock Mark
Published: May 2018

The idea of the fourth dimension of space has been of sustained interest to nineteenth-century and Modernist studies since the publication of Linda Dalrymple Henderson’s The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art (1983). An idea from mathematics that was appropriated by occultist thought, it emerged in the fin de siècle as a staple of genre fiction and grew to become an informing idea for a number of important Modernist writers and artists. Describing the post-Euclidean intellectual landscape of the late nineteenth century, The Emergence of the Fourth Dimension works with the concepts derived from the mathematical possibilities of n-dimensional geometry—co-presence, bi-location, and interpenetration; the experiences of two consciousnesses sharing the same space, one consciousness being in two spaces, and objects and consciousness pervading each other—to examine how a crucially transformative idea in the cultural history of space was thought and to consider the forms in which such thought was anchored. It identifies a corpus of higher-dimensional fictions by Conrad and Ford, H.G. Wells, Henry James, H.P. Lovecraft, and others and reads these closely to understand how fin de siècle and early twentieth-century literature shaped and were in turn shaped by the reconfiguration of imaginative space occasioned by the n-dimensional turn. In so doing it traces the intellectual history of higher-dimensional thought into diverse terrains, describing spiritualist experiments and how an extended abstract space functioned as an analogue for global space in occult groupings such as the Theosophical Society.
A Common Sense Response to Hume’s Moral Atheism
Authors: Kroeker Esther Engels
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents Reid’s answers to three non-theistic implications of Hume’s moral philosophy. One non-theistic implication of Hume’s view is the claim that morality is tied to human nature, and is hence secular because it is autonomous from religious doctrines, beliefs, or motivations. Another implication is that the standard of morality is determined by human mental states and psychological processes, and hence renders all reference to an objective, mind-independent standard, unnecessary. A final implication, according to Hume, is that our human passions are not directed toward God, and hence that God is not the object of any human moral discourse. In response, Reid argues that the truth of moral principles is not relative to human nature and to natural human passions. It follows, Reid holds, that talk of a benevolent God is intelligible. Reid’s explicit objective is to criticize not only Hume’s moral philosophy, but also his moral atheism.
The Common Sense of a Poet
Authors: Mills R. J. W.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the writing and content of James Beattie’s (1735–1803) best-selling Essay on Truth (1770) in terms of his motivations and interests in the late 1760s. The Essay was intended to be a mocking attack on recent sceptical philosophy, with Hume as the central target. The chapter argues that Beattie’s arguments emerged out of the intellectual milieu of 1760s Aberdeen, but were influenced greatly by his interest in the literary arts. The latter framed his particular understanding of the ‘science of human nature’ as something best studied by poets, novelists, and historians and not introspective philosophers. Moreover, Beattie is argued not to be a fearful provincial author railing against the commercial life of Edinburgh and London, but a man deeply angered by recent philosophy from Descartes to Hume and who had many supporters in and outside of Aberdeen pressing him to publish his pugilistic Essay.
Hume and the Common Sense Philosophers
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: May 2018

Hume anticipated the principal objection that the Scottish common sense philosophers would have to his scepticism. In An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding he sought to make it clear that the scepticism of the Treatise was not conceived of as a scepticism that would affect everyday life. It was not a scepticism that would destabilize moral and other practical beliefs. The common sense philosophers misrepresented Hume’s scepticism insofar as they failed to grasp this point, and therefore failed to grasp the crucial difference between Hume’s scepticism and ancient scepticism. Despite this misunderstanding on their part, common sense philosophers like Campbell and Reid were taken seriously by Hume. The fact that he did not respond in detail to their criticisms is not evidence that he thought them philosophically incompetent.
Expressing the selves
Authors: Zeman Sonja
Published: May 2018

By drawing parallels to neuro-philosophical approaches to self-consciousness that give up the notion of an a priori psychological self, Zeman argues that linguistic self-reference does not reflect the self as a holistic subject of consciousness, but as a set of different ‘selves’ that are commonly neutralized behind the personal pronoun ‘I’. The argument is grounded in an investigation of ‘multiple-perspective constructions’ (MPC) like the epistemic use of modal verbs, Free Indirect Discourse, and the ‘Future of Fate’ constructions where the subject is split in more than one dimension. The analysis shows that the impression of a holistic self emerges as a discourse effect based on the integration of the hierarchical relations between (i) an ‘internal’ and ‘external’ self with respect to the mental content, and (ii) ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ perspectives with respect to the communicative roles.
Expressing the self
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M. , Witek Maciej
Published: May 2018

In this chapter Kasia M. Jaszczolt and Maciej Witek discuss the cognitive significance of the devices used to communicate de se thoughts and argue (and also partially empirically demonstrate) that, pace some extant proposals and pace the dominant presumption in semantics and philosophy of language, there is no evidence that natural languages use different kinds of expressions for externalizing different aspects of self-reference. On the basis of their empirical results from Polish, as well as evidence from a range of other languages and some theoretical argumentation, they sketch a possible future model founded on a correlation between speech-act types, interlocutors’ goals, and associated linguistic conventions on the one hand and expression type on the other. An additional corollary of this research is further justification for the claim of functional indexicality defended for example in Chapter 12 of this volume.