bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal Retention Experiments for the Design of Soil‐Mix Technology Permeable Reactive Barriers
Authors: Ouellet‐Plamondon Claudiane , Lynch Rod , Al‐Tabbaa Abir
Published: August 2011

Soil‐mix technology is effective for the construction of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for in situ groundwater treatment. The objective of this study was to perform initial experiments for the design of soil‐mix technology PRBs according to (i) sorption isotherm, (ii) reaction kinetics and (iii) mass balance of the contaminants. The four tested reactive systems were: (i) a granular zeolite (clinoptilolite–GZ), (ii) a granular organoclay (GO), (iii) a 1:1‐mixture GZ and model sandy clayey soil and (iv) a 1:1:1‐mixture of GZ, GO and model soil. The laboratory experiments consisted of batch tests (volume 900 mL and sorbent mass 18 g) with a multimetal solution of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni. For the adsorption experiment, the initial concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 mM (2.5 to 30 mg/L). The maximum metal retention was measured in a batch test (300 mg/L for each metal, volume 900 mL, sorbent mass 90–4.5 g). The reactive material efficiency order was found to be GZ > GZ‐soil mix > GZ‐soil‐GO mix > GO. Langmuir isotherms modelled the adsorption, even in presence of a mixed cations solution. Adsorption was energetically favourable and spontaneous in all cases. Metals were removed according to the second order reaction kinetics; GZ and the 1:1‐mix were very similar. The maximum retention capacity was 0.1–0.2 mmol/g for Pb in the presence of clinoptilolite; for Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni, it was below 0.05 mmol/g for the four reactive systems. Mixing granular zeolite, organoclay and model soil increased the chemisorption. Providing that GZ is reactive enough for the specific conditions, GZ can be mixed to obtain the required sorption. Granular clinoptilolite addition to soil is recommended for PRBs for metal contaminated groundwater.
Complementary medicine for fatigue and cortisol variability in breast cancer survivors
Authors: Jain Shamini , Pavlik Desiree , Distefan Janet , Bruyere Reverend Rosalyn L. , Acer Julia , Garcia Rosalie , Coulter Ian , Ives John , Roesch Scott C. , Jonas Wayne , Mills Paul J.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Fatigue is a chief complaint in cancer patients, and warrants effective treatment. Biofield therapies are complementary medicine approaches used by cancer populations. There is little information about their efficacy.

METHODS:

This blinded, randomized controlled trial examined the effects of 4 weeks (eight 1‐hour sessions) of biofield healing compared with mock healing and a waitlist control group on fatigue in 76 fatigued breast cancer survivors (stages I‐IIIa). Secondary outcomes were diurnal cortisol variability (via estimates of cortisol slope), depression, and quality of life (QOL). Treatment belief was assessed to explore whether belief predicted outcomes. Data were analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling.

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences between biofield healing and mock healing on belief; 75% thought they received biofield healing. Compared with controls, biofield healing significantly decreased total fatigue (P < .0005, Cohen's d = 1.04), as did mock healing (P = .02, Cohen's d = 0.68), with no significant differences between biofield healing and mock healing. Cortisol slope significantly decreased for biofield healing versus both mock healing and control (P < .04 in both cases; Cohen's d = 0.58). Belief predicted changes in QOL over and above group (P = .004, Cohen's d = 0.84). Belief did not impact fatigue or cortisol variability.

CONCLUSIONS:

Nonspecific factors are important in responses to biofield interventions for fatigue. Belief predicts QOL responses but not fatigue or cortisol variability. Biofield therapies increase cortisol variability independent of belief and other nonspecific factors. There is a need to further examine the effects of specific processes of biofield healing on outcomes for cancer populations. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Effect of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on breast cancer recurrence
Authors: Morrow Phuong K. , Serna Ruben , Broglio Kristine , Pusztai Lajos , Nikoloff D. Michelle , Hillman Grantland R. , Fontecha Marcel , Li Rui , Michaud Laura , Hortobagyi Gabriel , Gonzalez‐Angulo Ana M.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Previous studies evaluating the effect of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms on outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy have been conflicting due to differences in study design, concomitant medications that alter CYP2D6 metabolism, and tamoxifen adherence.

METHODS:

The authors performed CYP2D6 genotyping from whole blood and fresh frozen tumor samples (n 106) in patients at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center who were receiving, or had received, tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer (EBC), using the AmpliChip CYP450 Test. Each patient's medical history was assessed for drugs that affected CYP2D6. Fifty‐five patients who had experienced breast cancer recurrence were matched (by date of diagnosis, menopausal status, clinical stage [TNM Staging System], and race) to patients without recurrence.

RESULTS:

Unadjusted for other patient characteristics, the odds ratio for disease recurrence associated with CYP2D6 functional status was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.35‐2.85). After adjustment for stage, CYP2D6 inhibitors (moderate or strong vs none), and follow‐up time, no significant association was found between CYP2D6 genotype and breast cancer recurrence in patients who were treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for EBC.

CONCLUSIONS:

This case‐control study demonstrated no significant effect of CYP2D6 genotype on risk of recurrence in breast cancer patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor/pigmented villonodular synovitis
Authors: Cassier Philippe A. , Gelderblom Hans , Stacchiotti Silvia , Thomas David , Maki Robert G. , Kroep Judith R. , van der Graaf Winette T. , Italiano Antoine , Seddon Beatrice , Dômont Julien , Bompas Emanuelle , Wagner Andrew J. , Blay Jean‐Yves
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) (also known as diffuse‐type giant cell tumor) and tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT) are rare, usually benign neoplasms that affect the synovium and tendon sheaths in young adults. These tumors are driven by the overexpression of colony stimulating factor‐1 (CSF1). CSF1 is expressed by a minority of tumor cells, which, in turn attract non‐neoplastic inflammatory cells that express CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) through a paracrine effect.

METHODS:

Imatinib mesylate (IM) blocks CSF1R, and previous case reports indicated that it also exerts antitumor activity in PVNS. The authors conducted a multi‐institutional retrospective study to assess the activity of IM in patients with locally advanced/metastatic PVNS/TGCT.

RESULTS:

Twenty‐nine patients from 12 institutions in Europe, Australia, and the United States were included. There were 13 men, the median age was 41 years, and the most common site of disease was the knee (n = 17; 59%). Two patients had metastatic disease to the lung and/or bone. Five of 27 evaluable patients had Response Evaluation in Solid Tumor (RECIST) responses (overall response rate, 19%; 1 complete response and 4 partial responses), and 20 of 27 patients (74%) had stable disease. Symptomatic improvement was noted in 16 of 22 patients (73%) who were assessable for symptoms. Despite a high rate of symptomatic improvement and a favorable safety profile, 6 patients discontinued because of toxicity, and 4 patients decided to discontinue IM for no clear medical reason.

CONCLUSIONS:

IM displayed interesting activity in patients with PVNS/TGCT, providing proof of concept for targeting CSF1R in this disease. The authors concluded that the benefits of alleviating morbidity in patients with localized PVNS/TGCT must be balanced against the potential toxicity of chronic drug therapy. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Educational achievement in Swiss childhood cancer survivors compared with the general population
Authors: Kuehni Claudia E. , Strippoli Marie‐Pierre F. , Rueegg Corina S. , Rebholz Cornelia E. , Bergstraesser Eva , Grotzer Michael , von der Weid Nicolas X. , Michel Gisela ,   for the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG)
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to describe educational achievements of childhood cancer survivors in Switzerland compared with the general population. In particular, the authors investigated educational problems during childhood, final educational achievement in adulthood, and its predictors.

METHODS:

Childhood cancer survivors who were aged <16 years at diagnosis from 1976 to 2003 who had survived for ≥5 years and were currently ages 20 to 40 years received a postal questionnaire during 2007 to 2009. Controls were respondents of the Swiss Health Survey ages 20 to 40 years. Educational achievement included compulsory schooling, vocational training, upper secondary schooling, and university degree. The analysis was weighted to optimize comparability of the populations. The authors analyzed the association between demographic and clinical predictors and educational achievement using multivariable logistic regression. Subgroup analyses focused on survivors aged ≥27 years.

RESULTS:

One‐third of survivors encountered educational problems during schooling (30% repeated 1 year, and 35% received supportive tutoring). In the total sample, more survivors than controls achieved compulsory schooling only (8.7% vs 5.2%) and fewer acquired a university degree (7.3% vs 11%), but more survivors than controls achieved an upper secondary education (36.1 vs 24.1%). In those aged ≥27 years, differences in compulsory schooling and university education largely disappeared. In survivors and controls, sex, nationality, language region, and migration background were strong predictors of achievement. Survivors of central nervous system tumors or those who had a relapse had poorer outcomes (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Childhood cancer survivors encountered problems during schooling and completed professional education with some delay. However, with the exception of patients who had central nervous system tumors and those who experienced a relapse, the final educational achievement in survivors of child cancer was comparable to that of the general population. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Modifying effect of MDM4 variants on risk of HPV16‐associated squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx
Authors: Yu Hongping , Sturgis Erich M. , Liu Zhensheng , Wang Li‐E. , Wei Qingyi , Li Guojun
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

The p53 pathway plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing tumor formation. Given the roles of both MDM4 and HPV16 E6 oncoproteins in inhibition of p53 activity, we tested the hypothesis that MDM4 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of HPV16‐associated squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN).

METHODS:

Genotyping was conducted on 3 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs11801299 G>A, rs10900598 G>T, and rs1380576 C>G) in MDM4, and serology was used to determine HPV 16 exposure in 380 cases and 335 cancer‐free controls that were frequency‐matched by age, sex, smoking, and drinking status.

RESULTS:

None of 3 MDM4 polymorphisms alone was significantly associated with risk of overall SCCHN. With further analysis stratified by HPV16 serology and tumor site, we found that each polymorphism individually modified the risk of HPV16‐associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP), and such effect modification was particularly pronounced in never smokers and never drinkers.

CONCLUSION:

The risk of HPV16‐associated SCCOP could be modified by MDM4 polymorphisms. Large and prospective studies are needed to validate our findings. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of 1‐Heteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐Bis(heteroaryl)azulenes: Electrophilic Heteroarylation of Azulenes with the Triflates of N‐Containing Heteroarenes
Authors: Shoji Taku , Ito Shunji , Higashi Jyunya , Morita Noboru
Published: August 2011

An efficient synthesis of 1‐heteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐bis(heteroaryl)azulenes was established by electrophilic substitution. The reaction of azulenes and 1,1′‐biazulene with the triflate of N‐containing heteroarenes proceeded smoothly in the presence of excess heteroarenes to afford the corresponding 1‐dihydroheteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐bis(dihydroheteroaryl)azulene derivatives in good yields. The 1‐dihydroheteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐bis(dihydroheteroaryl)azulene derivatives were readily converted into the desired 1‐heteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐bis(heteroaryl)azulenes by treatment with tBuOK in DMSO or KOH in EtOH in excellent yields. The pyridinium salts 26+·I– and 272+·2I– were also prepared by the reaction of 4a and 5a with methyl iodide. 1‐Heteroaryl‐ and 1,3‐bis(heteroaryl)azulenes exhibited a significant color change in acetic acid from that in dichloromethane due to the development of intramolecular charge‐transfer (CT) absorption bands.
Trader Survival: Evidence from the Energy Futures Markets
Authors: Boyd Naomi E. , Kurov Alexander
Published: August 2011

This study analyzes the adaptation of traders and the determinants of trader survival during a period of changing market structures. Our unique sample of transactions level data covers the introduction of electronic trading in the NYMEX energy futures market. The results show that most floor traders adapted to the side‐by‐side electronic and open outcry trading, although trader attrition increased and the profitability of surviving traders declined dramatically. It is also found that trading profits, trader experience and sophistication, and dual trading have a positive effect on the probability of trader survival. Scalpers are less likely to exit trading in pure open outcry trading, but are more likely to fail than traders who hold open positions longer in side‐by‐side trading. Finally, traders trading in multiple energy futures markets and those who use both the exchange floor and electronic trading appear to have a survival advantage in side‐by‐side trading. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 32:809–836, 2012
Human cortical theta reactivity to high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Azila Noh Nor , Fuggetta Giorgio
Published: August 2011

Electroencephalography (EEG) can directly monitor the temporal progression of cortical changes induced by repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and facilitate the understanding of cortical and subcortical influences in the genesis of oscillations. In this combined rTMS/EEG study, we aimed to investigate changes in oscillatory activity after high‐frequency (∼11 Hz) rTMS relative to the number of applied pulses. Twenty intermittent trains of 20 or 60 rTMS pulses were delivered over the human primary motor cortex at rest and tuned to individual mu frequency. The regional and interregional oscillatory neural activity after stimulation were evaluated using event‐related power (ERPow) and event‐related coherence (ERCoh) transformations. The most prominent changes for ERPow were observed in the theta band (4–7 Hz), as an increase in ERPow up to 20 s following 60 rTMS pulses, whereas ERPow increases were smaller in mu (10–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz). ERCoh revealed that rTMS 60 modulated the connectivity in the theta band for up to 20 s. The topography of mu and theta changes were not identical; mu was more focal and theta was more global. Our data suggested the presence of independent cortical theta and mu generators with different reactivity to rTMS but could not rule out possible thalamocortical contributions in generating theta and mu over the motor network. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2224–2237, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Health insurance for undocumented immigrants: opportunities and barriers on the Mexican side of the US border
Authors: Arredondo Armando , Orozco Emanuel , Wallace Steven P. , Rodríguez Michael
Published: August 2011

Objective

This article aims to identify opportunities, barriers and challenges in Mexico's policy networks for the development of healthcare programs for undocumented migrants in the USA and their families.

Methods

We used policy analysis, in‐depth interviews and a case study. Key stakeholders at the federal, state and municipal levels in one major migrant‐sending state were interviewed. We also conducted an in‐depth case study of one community to obtain the perceptions of local health workers, migrant families and local nongovernmental organizations.

Results

Findings identified opportunities and barriers involving the stakeholders, institutions, social interactions and types of relationships necessary for further progress on binational policies. There was wide interest in creating binational health insurance with different degrees of potential involvement by political actors and variation in local actors' willingness to be covered by some type of health insurance scheme.

Conclusions

The use of the opportunities to overcome barriers depends on the identification of high, medium or low interaction among key stakeholders, integration of coalitions and negotiating skills of all stakeholders involved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetable and fruit intake after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression
Authors: Richman Erin L. , Carroll Peter R. , Chan June M.
Published: August 2011

Cruciferous vegetables, tomato sauce and legumes have been associated with reduced risk of incident advanced prostate cancer. In vitro and animal studies suggest these foods may inhibit progression of prostate cancer, but there are limited data in men. Therefore, we prospectively examined whether intake of total vegetables, and specifically cruciferous vegetables, tomato sauce and legumes, after diagnosis reduce risk of prostate cancer progression among 1,560 men diagnosed with non‐metastatic prostate cancer and participating in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor, a United States prostate cancer registry. As a secondary analysis, we also examined other vegetable subgroups, total fruit and subgroups of fruits. The participants were diagnosed primarily at community‐based clinics and followed from 2004 to 2009. We assessed vegetable and fruit intake via a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and ascertained prostate cancer outcomes via urologist report and medical records. We observed 134 events of progression (53 biochemical recurrences, 71 secondary treatments likely due to recurrence, 6 bone metastases and 4 prostate cancer deaths) during 3,171 person‐years. Men in the fourth quartile of post‐diagnostic cruciferous vegetable intake had a statistically significant 59% decreased risk of prostate cancer progression compared to men in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio (HR): 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.76; p‐trend: 0.003). No other vegetable or fruit group was statistically significantly associated with risk of prostate cancer progression. In conclusion, cruciferous vegetable intake after diagnosis may reduce risk of prostate cancer progression.
Ethyl pyruvate protects rats from phosgene‐induced pulmonary edema by inhibiting cyclooxygenase2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression
Authors: Chen Hong‐li , Bai Hua , Xi Miao‐miao , Liu Riu , Qin Xu‐jun , Liang Xin , Zhang Wei , Zhang Xiao‐di , Li Wen‐li , Hai Chun‐xu
Published: August 2011

Phosgene is a poorly water‐soluble gas penetrating the lower respiratory tract which can induce acute lung injury characterized by a latent phase of fatal pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema caused by phosgene is believed to be a consequence of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has been demonstrated to have anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative properties in vivo and in vitro. The potential therapeutic role of EP in phosgene‐induced pulmonary edema has not been addressed so far. In the present study, we aim to investigate the protective effects of EP on phosgene‐induced pulmonary edema and the underlying mechanisms. Rats were administered with EP (40 mg kg−1) and RAW264.7 cells were also incubated with it (0, 2, 5 or 10 µm) immediately after phosgene (400 ppm, 1 min) or air exposure. Wet‐to‐dry lung weight ratio (W:D ratio), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, cyclooxygenase2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and mitogen‐activated protein kinases activities (MAPKs) were measured. Our results showed that EP treatment attenuated phosgene‐induced pulmonary edema and decreased the level of NO and PGE2 dose‐dependently. Furthermore, EP significantly reduced COX‐2 expression, iNOS expression and MAPK activation induced by phosgene. Moreover, specific inhibitors of MAPKs reduced COX‐2 and iNOS expression induced by phosgene. These findings suggested that EP has a protective role against phosgene‐induced pulmonary edema, which is mediated in part by inhibiting MAPK activation and subsequently down‐regulating COX‐2 and iNOS expression as well as decreasing the production of NO and PGE2. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant expression profiles of isoproterenol‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress response genes in mouse myocardium
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhang Weiguang , He Juan , Dong Qin , Li Fenglan , Li Hui
Published: August 2011

In this study, we identified the aberrant expression profiles of isoproterenol‐ (ISO; synthetic catecholamine)induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes in mouse myocardium. Mouse models of acute catecholamine cardiotoxicity were induced by ISO for 6, 12, and 24 h. We performed whole genome oligo microarrays of damaged mouse cardiac tissues, and we found 26 ER stress‐related genes whose expression changed significantly for at least one time point. The functional analysis of those genes indicated that myocardial cells were protected by increasing folding capacity, inhibiting general protein translation, and promoting the degradation of misfolded proteins; however, some of them underwent apoptosis in the early stage of ER stress after ISO induced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:382–385 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20405
Data mining: comparing the empiric CFS to the Canadian ME/CFS case definition
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Skendrovic Beth , Furst Jacob , Brown Abigail , Weng Angela , Bronikowski Christine
Published: August 2011

This article contrasts two case definitions for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). We compared the empiric CFS case definition (Reeves et al., 2005) and the Canadian ME/CFS clinical case definition (Carruthers et al., 2003) with a sample of individuals with CFS versus those without. Data mining with decision trees was used to identify the best items to identify patients with CFS. Data mining is a statistical technique that was used to help determine which of the survey questions were most effective for accurately classifying cases. The empiric criteria identified about 79% of patients with CFS and the Canadian criteria identified 87% of patients. Items identified by the Canadian criteria had more construct validity. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–9, 2011.
Experimental analysis and optimization of the synthesizing property of nitrogen‐modified TiO2 visible‐light photocatalysts
Authors: Su Te‐Li , Kuo Yu‐Lin , Wu Tsai‐Jung , Kung Fu‐Chen
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate improvement of the photocatalytic activity of visible‐light driven nitrogen‐modified TiO2 (N‐TiO2) powder toward methyl blue (MB) and direct blue‐86 (DB‐86) dyes. The Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array was applied to plan the synthesis parameters, i.e. nitrogen sources, nitrogen source concentrations, stirring time and calcined temperatures. 95% confirmation experiments were undertaken to verify the effectiveness of the Taguchi method.

RESULTS: All N‐TiO2 photocatalysts were shifted toward the visible light region with the optical band gap (Eg). Nitrogen source concentrations were significant parameters for the photocatalytic decolorization rate constants (k values). In comparison with pure TiO2, the photodecolorization behavior of N‐TiO2 toward DB‐86 was superior with a reaction rate constant of 1.68 × 10−3 min−1, and a 4 h photodecolorization efficiency of 34%.

CONCLUSION: The Taguchi method was reported to alter the surface properties of commercial Degussa P25 TiO2, which could then be used as a visible‐light driven photocatalyst. The visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst was investigated to determine material characteristics. Greater photodecolorization of MB and DB‐86 dye pollutants using optimally‐prepared N‐TiO2 under visible light irradiation was successfully obtained. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Fipronil (active ingredient of acaricide frontline®) acting on the mice thyroid
Authors: Ferreira Mateus , De Oliveira Patrícia Rosa , Denardi Sandra Eloisi , Bechara Gervásio Henrique , MAthias Maria Izabel Camargo
Published: August 2011

Fipronil, active ingredient of Frontline® acaricide, is a phenyl‐pyrazolic derivative, and its efficacy in the elimination of several plagues, even in lower concentrations, has already been demonstrated; however, its effect on nontarget organisms has not been thoroughly explained. In this sense, the present study had the objective to evaluate the effects of different doses of fipronil in mice and determine its cytotoxic potential and possible compromises on nontarget organisms in artificial conditions. The results showed that animals exposed to fipronil presented significant alterations in the thyroidean tissue with evident follicular disorganization, decreased in the size of most follicles culminating with the rupture of smaller follicles and still with posterior fusion in a big and irregular “follicle” filled with colloid. The present study also revealed that the action of fipronil not only causes disorganization in the thyroidean tissue but alsoalters the chemical composition of the colloid itself (prehormone), modifying its proteic basis, which was confirmed by histochemical test for protein detection, making it clear that, in thyroids exposed to fipronil, the colloid was weakly positive or even negative for the presence of proteins in its constitution. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravital dual‐colored visualization of colorectal liver metastasis in living mice using two photon laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Morimoto Yuhki , Toiyama Yuji , Okugawa Yoshinaga , Inoue Yasuhiro , Uchida Keiichi , Kimura Kazushi , Mizoguchi Akira , Kusunoki Masato
Published: August 2011

A major challenge of cancer biology is to visualize the dynamics of the metastatic process in secondary organs at high optical resolution in vivo real‐time. Here, we presented intravital, dual‐colored imaging of liver metastasis formation from a single cancer cell to metastatic colonies in the living liver of living mice using two photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Red fluorescent protein expressing murine (SL4) or human (HT29) colorectal cancer cell lines were inoculated to the spleen of green fluorescent protein expressing mice. Intravital TPLSM was performed by exteriorizing and fixing the liver lobe of living mice. This was repeated several times for the long‐term imaging of the same mouse. Viable cancer cells in the living liver of living mice were visualized intravitally at a magnification of over 600×. Single cancer cells were arrested within hepatic sinusoids 2 h after injection. Platelet aggregation surrounding a cancer cell was observed, indicating a phenomenon of tumor‐cell induced platelet aggregation. Cancer cells were extravasated from hepatic sinusoids to the space of Disse. Protrusions of Kupffer cells surrounding a cancer cell were observed, indicating that Kupffer cells appear to phagocytose cancer cells. SL4 cells formed liver metastatic colonies with extensive stromal reaction. Liver metastases by HT29 cells were observed as a cluster of micrometastatic nodules. High‐resolution, dual‐colored, real‐time visualization of cancer metastasis using intravital TLPSM can help to understand spatiotemporal tumor‐host interactions during metastatic processes in the living organs of living animals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A moderated mediation test of personality, coping, and health among deployed soldiers
Authors: Peng Ann Chunyan , Riolli Laura T. , Schaubroeck John , Spain Everett S. P.
Published: August 2011

Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 US Army personnel who were at that time deployed in Iraq at the height of an insurgency. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion were associated with different coping behaviors, and these were in turn related to psychological distress. Conscientiousness was positively associated with problem‐focused coping and negatively with avoidance coping, whereas neuroticism was most positively associated with avoidance coping. Extraversion was positively related to both seeking social support and avoidance coping. As expected, avoidance coping was positively associated with psychological distress. Coping style explained more variance in the relationship between personality and distress among soldiers who perceived higher levels of threat, thus supporting a moderated mediation hypothesis. We discuss implications for facilitating the stress coping of workers who face acute and potentially traumatic stress exposures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking workplace incivility to citizenship performance: The combined effects of affective commitment and conscientiousness
Authors: Taylor Shannon G. , Bedeian Arthur G. , Kluemper Donald H.
Published: August 2011

Although all human relationships are believed to generally adhere to the basic tenets of social exchange theory, recent research suggests that exchange processes may vary as a function of individual differences. We tested this possibility by examining whether the effects of uncivil workplace exchanges on employee attitudes and behavior were moderated by conscientiousness. Using matched data from 190 job incumbents and their supervisors, we found (i) the effect of workplace incivility on citizenship performance to be transmitted through affective commitment and (ii) the strength of this effect to depend on individual differences in conscientiousness. As such, the overall pattern of relationships supported moderated mediation, in that, the indirect effect of workplace incivility on citizenship performance through affective commitment was stronger for individuals high (as compared with those low) in conscientiousness. These findings broaden the focus of prior research by illustrating that, in addition to the mediating effects of cognitive and stress‐based factors, social exchange processes are important for understanding incivility's adverse effects on citizenship performance and that such exchanges are moderated by individual differences in conscientiousness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating climate change in UK cities using a regional climate model, HadRM3
Authors: McCarthy M. P. , Harpham C. , Goodess C. M. , Jones P. D.
Published: August 2011

A regional climate model (RCM) at 25 km resolution, coupled to a simple urban land‐surface scheme has been used to assess the sensitivity of UK urban climates to large‐scale greenhouse gas (GHG) induced climate change, local forcing from urban land use, and anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) resulting from energy use in urban areas. GHG‐induced climate change is similar over both urban and rural land surfaces in the model, suggesting that under a changing climate the relative magnitude of urban heat islands in the UK would remain the same. However, indirect effects from urbanisation or changes in energy consumption within UK cities would contribute to further localized anthropogenic climate change that can be quantified by this model. The presence of the urban heat island also has a significant impact on the frequency of extreme high temperatures both in present and future climates, and will exacerbate the impact of climate change on the urban population.

The simple urban land‐surface exchange scheme is a cost effective additional component of the RCM. It is shown to provide a realistic city‐scale urban heat island responding to the dynamical weather of the model at every model time‐step, with a magnitude and variability comparable to observed values. The climate model provides long integrations to derive large samples of heat islands under a full range of simulated dynamical conditions, and in this study sampling more than 100 years of climate change. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown copyright, the Met Office
Taking a stakeholders' approach to corporate social responsibility
Authors: Vial Virginie
Published: August 2011

The stakeholders' approach to engaging in sustainable development and corporate social responsibility has widespread appeal. Although sustainability reports and report guidelines make ample reference to stakeholders, little is said about how to actually and practically use the stakeholders' approach. The Responsible Management Network, a group of 12 international companies of varying sizes, devoted a two‐day meeting to reviewing and discussing stakeholder mapping. After analyzing existing tools and experiences, they were presented with a practical method for including and managing stakeholders when dealing with organizational issues and challenges. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of Tris‐glycine and Tris‐tricine buffers for the electrophoretic separation of major serum proteins
Authors: Haider Syed R. , Sharp Barry L. , Reid Helen J.
Published: August 2011

This paper compares different buffer systems for the electrophoretic separation of the five most abundant serum proteins on native‐PAGE gel and cellulose membranes. A modified Tris‐tricine system was shown to be superior for the separation of these serum proteins in a 7% m/v native‐PAGE gel as compared with the traditionally used Tris‐glycine and Tris‐tricine methods. This modified Tris‐tricine buffer system was also employed for the separation of serum proteins using a cellulose acetate membrane and very effective separation was observed as compared with the traditionally used Tris‐barbital and Tris‐glycine buffer systems.
Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses
Authors: Ransom Jason I.
Published: August 2011

Observation bias pervades data collected during aerial surveys of large animals, and although some sources can be mitigated with informed planning, others must be addressed using valid sampling techniques that carefully model detection probability. Nonetheless, aerial surveys are frequently employed to count large mammals without applying such methods to account for heterogeneity in visibility of animal groups on the landscape. This often leaves managers and interest groups at odds over decisions that are not adequately informed. I analyzed detection of feral horse (Equus caballus) groups by dual independent observers from 24 fixed‐wing and 16 helicopter flights using mixed‐effect logistic regression models to investigate potential sources of observation bias. I accounted for observer skill, population location, and aircraft type in the model structure and analyzed the effects of group size, sun effect (position related to observer), vegetation type, topography, cloud cover, percent snow cover, and observer fatigue on detection of horse groups. The most important model‐averaged effects for both fixed‐wing and helicopter surveys included group size (fixed‐wing: odds ratio = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.850–0.935; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.640, 95% CI = 0.587–0.698) and sun effect (fixed‐wing: odds ratio = 0.632, 95% CI = 0.350–1.141; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.194, 95% CI = 0.080–0.470). Observer fatigue was also an important effect in the best model for helicopter surveys, with detection probability declining after 3 hr of survey time (odds ratio = 0.278, 95% CI = 0.144–0.537). Biases arising from sun effect and observer fatigue can be mitigated by pre‐flight survey design. Other sources of bias, such as those arising from group size, topography, and vegetation can only be addressed by employing valid sampling techniques such as double sampling, mark–resight (batch‐marked animals), mark–recapture (uniquely marked and identifiable animals), sightability bias correction models, and line transect distance sampling; however, some of these techniques may still only partially correct for negative observation biases. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Marking ruby‐throated hummingbirds with radio frequency identification tags
Authors: Brewer Larry W. , Redmond Christine A. , Stafford Jennifer M. , Hatch Gary E.
Published: August 2011

We assessed the feasibility of marking ruby‐throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. We trapped 27 hummingbirds at feeding stations on a 2.0‐ha study site. We subcutaneously implanted each hummingbird with a 0.067‐g RFID tag and released it at the capture site. We deployed RFID transceiver systems at 5 feeding stations and electronically monitored tagged hummingbird activity continuously on the study site through 3 summers. Post‐release relocation rate exceeded expectations based on previous leg band recovery data, and bird activity data acquisition was consistent and reliable and required minimum labor. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Isotopic effect on tautomeric behavior of 5‐(2,6‐disubstituted‐aryloxy)‐tetrazoles
Authors: Noroozi Pesyan Nader
Published: August 2011

Isotopic effect on tautomeric behaviors of the synthesized 5‐phenoxy‐ (1a), 5‐(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy)‐ (1b), 5‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenoxy)‐ (1c), 5‐(2,6‐dimethoxyphenoxy)‐ (1d) and 5‐(4‐methylphenoxy)‐tetrazole (1e) were investigated in DMSO‐d6 by adding one drop of D2O. Among 1a–e, 1a, 1d and 1e show small rotational barrier around C5O1 and O1C6 while in 1b and 1c there are distinguishable rotational barrier about that bonds. The 1H NMR spectra of 1b and 1c show slightly different chemical shifts for two methyl and isopropyl groups on those phenyl ring, respectively, while the chemical shifts difference (Δδ) between two methyl and two isopropyl groups were enhanced by adding D2O. The 13C NMR spectra of 1b show two overlapped singlets for methyl groups after adding D2O. Representatively, the calculations of compound 1c were performed with GAUSSIAN‐03and the rotational barrier about C5O1 and between isopropyl group and phenyl ring in 1c was calculated with B3LYP/6‐31G(d) basis set. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse versus rat: Profound differences in meiotic regulation at the level of the isolated oocyte
Authors: Downs Stephen M.
Published: August 2011

Cumulus cell‐enclosed oocytes (CEO), denuded oocytes (DO), or dissected follicles were obtained 44–48 hr after priming immature mice (20–23 days old) with 5 IU or immature rats (25–27 days old) with 12.5 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin, and exposed to a variety of culture conditions. Mouse oocytes were more effectively maintained in meiotic arrest by hypoxanthine, dbcAMP, IBMX, milrinone, and 8‐Br‐cGMP. Atrial natriuretic peptide, a guanylate cyclase activator, suppressed maturation in CEO from both species, but mycophenolic acid reversed IBMX‐maintained meiotic arrest in mouse CEO with little activity in rat CEO. IBMX‐arrested mouse, but not rat, CEO were induced to undergo germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) by follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and amphiregulin, while human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was ineffective in both species. Nevertheless, FSH and amphiregulin stimulated cumulus expansion in both species. FSH and hCG were both effective inducers of GVB in cultured mouse and rat follicles while amphiregulin was stimulatory only in mouse follicles. Changing the culture medium or altering macromolecular supplementation had no effect on FSH‐induced maturation in rat CEO. The AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, AICAR, was a potent stimulator of maturation in mouse CEO and DO, but only marginally stimulatory in rat CEO and ineffective in rat DO. The AMPK inhibitor, compound C, blocked meiotic induction more effectively in hCG‐treated mouse follicles and heat‐treated mouse CEO. Both agents produced contrasting results on polar body formation in cultured CEO in the two species. Active AMPK was detected in germinal vesicles of immature mouse, but not rat, oocytes prior to hCG‐induced maturation in vivo; it colocalized with chromatin after GVB in rat and mouse oocytes, but did not appear at the spindle poles in rat oocytes as it did in mouse oocytes. Finally, cultured mouse and rat CEO displayed disparate maturation responses to energy substrate manipulation. These data highlight significant differences in meiotic regulation between the two species, and demonstrate a greater potential in mice for control at the level of the cumulus CEO. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:778–794, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of the acquisition of fertilization competence and polyspermy blocks during meiotic maturation
Authors: Chiba Kazuyoshi
Published: August 2011

In many animals, fully grown oocytes are arrested at prophase of meiosis I. Before or after ovulation/spawning, a secondary arrest occurs at metaphase of meiosis I or II (MI or II, respectively). MI arrest in the ovary is released after spawning, and is followed by fertilization, whereas MI and MII arrest after ovulation are released by fertilization. Insemination of isolated oocytes from the ovaries at an inappropriate time increases the rate of polyspermy, indicating that ovaries provide the proper environment for acquisition of the polyspermy blocks and the development of competence to be fertilized normally. Due to MI arrest in the ovaries or MI/MII arrest after ovulation/spawning, the fertilizable period can be elongated. Thus, MI and MII arrest may play a role in maintaining the cell‐cycle phases to enable normal fertilization. Here, the evolution of fertilization timing is discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:808–813, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of three preconditioning schemes for solution of the two‐dimensional Euler equations at low Mach number flows
Authors: Hejranfar Kazem , Kamali‐Moghadam Ramin
Published: August 2011

Three preconditioners proposed by Eriksson, Choi and Merkel, and Turkel are implemented in a 2D upwind Euler flow solver on unstructured meshes. The mathematical formulations of these preconditioning schemes for different sets of primitive variables are drawn, and their eigenvalues and eigenvectors are compared with each other. For this purpose, these preconditioning schemes are expressed in a unified formulation. A cell‐centered finite volume Roe's method is used for the discretization of the preconditioned Euler equations. The accuracy and performance of these preconditioning schemes are examined by computing steady low Mach number flows over a NACA0012 airfoil and a two‐element NACA4412–4415 airfoil for different conditions. The study shows that these preconditioning schemes greatly enhance the accuracy and convergence rate of the solution of low Mach number flows. The study indicates that the preconditioning methods implemented provide nearly the same results in accuracy; however, they give different performances in convergence rate. It is demonstrated that although the convergence rate of steady solutions is almost independent of the choice of primitive variables and the structure of eigenvectors and their orthogonality, the condition number of the system of equations plays an important role, and it determines the convergence characteristics of solutions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic, proteomic and metabolic analysis of the regulation of energy storage in rice seedlings in response to drought
Authors: Shu Liebo , Lou Qiaojun , Ma Chenfei , Ding Wei , Zhou Jia , Wu Jinhong , Feng Fangjun , Lu Xin , Luo Lijun , Xu Guowang , Mei Hanwei
Published: August 2011

We used proteomic analysis to determine the response of rice plant seedlings to drought‐induced stress. The expression of 71 protein spots was significantly altered, and 60 spots were successfully identified. The greatest down‐regulated protein functional category was translation. Up‐regulated proteins were mainly related to protein folding and assembly. Additionally, many proteins involved in metabolism (e.g. carbohydrate metabolism) also showed differences in expression. cDNA microarray and GC‐MS analysis showed 4756 differentially expressed mRNAs and 37 differentially expressed metabolites. Once these data were integrated with the proteomic analysis, we were able to elucidate the metabolic pathways affected by drought‐induced stress. These results suggest that increased energy consumption from storage substances occurred during drought. In addition, increased expression of the enzymes involved in anabolic pathways corresponded with an increase in the content of six amino acids. We speculated that energy conversion from carbohydrates and/or fatty acids to amino acids was increased. Analysis of basic metabolism networks allowed us to understand how rice plants adjust to drought conditions.
2‐Acetyl‐4,6,8,10,12‐Pentanitro‐Hexaazaisowurtzitane (PNAIW) Preparation and Properties
Authors: Maksimowski Paweł , Duda Maciej , Tomaszewski Waldemar
Published: August 2011

2‐Acetyl‐4,6,8,10,12‐pentanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (PNAIW) is formed in the last step of nitration of acetyl isowurtzitane derivatives. The amount of the PNAIW formed depends on the conditions of the nitration reaction (temperature, time, and nitrating mixture used) and on the type of the starting acetyl intermediate. The highest PNAIW yields (30 %) were obtained by nitrating 2,6,8,12‐tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TAIW) at 60 °C for half an hour using HNO3/H2SO4 nitrating mixture. HPLC, NMR, FTIR, and DSC measurements were used in the study and their results are reported.
Nonparametric Synthetic Control Charts for Process Variation
Authors: Khilare S. K. , Shirke D. T.
Published: August 2011

In this article, we propose nonparametric synthetic and side‐sensitive synthetic control charts for controlling fraction nonconforming due to increase in the process variation. Synthetic control chart is a combination of sign and conforming run length control charts. We compare performance of the proposed control charts with the Shewhart sign and S2 charts. Our performance study shows that the proposed control charts have a higher power of detecting out‐of‐control signal. We also study the steady‐state behavior of a nonparametric synthetic control chart. We present a Markov chain model to evaluate the steady‐state average run length of the synthetic and side‐sensitive synthetic control charts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of sulfoquinovosyldiacyglycerides from Phaeodactylum tricornutum by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization QTrap time‐of‐flight hybrid mass spectrometry
Authors: Naumann Ivonne , Klein Barbara C. , Bartel Sebastian J. , Darsow Kai H. , Buchholz Rainer , Lange Harald A.
Published: August 2011

The pharmaceutical industry is interested in identifying novel target compounds. Due to their versatile pharmacological activities (e.g. antiviral, anti‐carcinogen and immunosuppressive) sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerides (SQDGs) are potential drug candidates. The present publication deals with the purification and structural characterization of SQDGs from three different strains of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Besides detection of SQDGs (sn‐1: C16:1/ sn‐2: C16:0 and sn‐1: C20:5/sn‐2: C16:0), two novel 2'‐O‐acylsulfoquinovosyldiacylglyerides (Ac‐SQDGs, sn‐1: C16:0/ sn‐2: C16:0/2' C20:5 and sn‐1: C20:5/sn‐2: C16:0/2' C20:5) were identified by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) QTrap time‐of‐flight (ToF) hybrid mass spectrometry (MS) with multistage MSn. The analytical method enables the sn‐position verification of fatty acids (MS2) as well as the confirmation of the regioposition of eicospentanoic acid at the sulfoquinovose (MS3). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.