bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breaking the limits of executive functions: Towards a sociocultural perspective
Authors: Sarma U Arathi , Mariam Thomas Tissy
Published: January 2020

Executive functions refer to the neurocognitive processes that enable conscious control of goal-directed behaviour. Executive functions lay the neural and cognitive foundation for civilisation and culture with its far reaching effects in day-to-day planning, problem-solving, creativity, self-regulation, empathy and cooperative social behaviour. Though a celebrated area of research for cognitive scientists, contemporary studies find that most of the interventions that target executive functions promote academic achievement in children, but fail to transfer to real-life interpersonal situations. This suggests the need for breaking its cognitive shell and conceiving executive function development in the larger sociocultural context. Thus, the present paper inquires into the cultural space that provides collaborative learning experiences for young children to become efficient problem-solvers and empathetic social beings. After reviewing certain theoretical perspectives and research findings, it is concluded that the early experiences of scaffolding by more competent individuals, specific to the social context and culture, are the crucial determinant of positive executive function development and its expression in everyday situations. The process of such sociocultural influences seems to be mediated by learning appropriate rules that guide executive functions. The paper puts forth the need for culture-specific value-based training for children that can potentially improve the internally motivated execution of control in practical situations. Revival of activities inherent in cultures is also found to be a promising option for devising effective training methods.
Evolutionary game analysis of land income distribution in tourism development
Authors: Qingyun Pang , Mu Zhang
Published: January 2020

Social stability is the key to the sustainable development of tourism destinations. And reasonable distribution of land revenue during tourism development can effectively avoid social conflicts at these destinations. This study explores the dynamic nature and stabilization of land revenue distribution for tourism development. It does so by developing an evolutionary game model. In this model, the main stakeholders include the government, developers and local communities, and analysis of the model indicates that the process of distributing land revenue is profoundly influenced by land transfer methods. Specifically, a developer chooses land transfer methods by weighing the land cost (consisting of land prices and taxes) or the benefit under non-cooperation with different land transfer methods. Meanwhile, the local community chooses whether to cooperate by considering the land income (consisting of land prices) or non-cooperative benefits. With different game sequences, the stakeholders will consider different conditions. Moreover, government taxation and subsidization policies are found to have little influence on the land transfer market in the long run. Instead, to avoid potential conflicts and social instability, the government should provide a good political environment for community participation. This study offers important implications for policymaking involving land income distribution for tourism destinations.
Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands
Authors: Michel Laurie-Mathilde , Baroux Noémie , Frimat Luc , Quirin Nicolas
Published: January 2020

Introduction

End-stage renal disease is a major public health concern in New Caledonia and in Wallis and Futuna (prevalence value: 2542 per million population in 2017). Spread over the territory, 594 dialysis patients are followed up by nephrologists and partially by telemedicine due to the distance. The aim of our this study was to evaluate the quality of care provided by telemedicine for chronic dialysis patients on Wallis Island, a dialysis unit remote from Noumea (2100 km).

Methods

We compared two populations of haemodialysis patients, one based in Poindimie in New Caledonia and followed by monthly physical consultation, the other based on Wallis Island and followed by monthly teleconsultation and quarterly on-site consultation.

Results

From January 2012–December 2017, dialysis adequacy and survival data were recorded for 84 patients: 44 in Poindimie, 40 on Wallis Island. Dialysis adequacy (i.e. clinical, biological parameters) as well as occurrence of vascular access complications were no different regardless of the means of follow-up. During the study, 23 deaths occurred (11 in Poindimie, 12 on Wallis Island; p = 0.464). We did not find any difference in survival at one and six years ( p = 0.46) between the two dialysis units. Evaluation for transplantation was lower for Wallisian patients ( p = 0.042), without impact on the number of patients being transplanted ( p = 0.678).

Conclusion

Telemedicine is a valuable opportunity for the follow-up of remote chronic haemodialysis patients, allowing them to be treated close to home while ensuring optimal quality of care
Sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of resilience among older adults living with HIV in the Deep South
Authors: Brown Monique J , Trask J Stewart , Zhang Jiajia , Haider Mohammad Rifat , Li Xiaoming
Published: January 2020

This cross-sectional study assessed the psychosocial and sociodemographic correlates of resilience among older adults living with HIV. Data were obtained from 103 men and 53 women aged 50 years and older in South Carolina. Multivariable linear regression models showed that employment (any) ( B: 3.52; 95% confidence interval : 1.04, 5.99), education ( B: −3.56; 95% confidence interval : −6.15, −0.98), time since diagnosis ( B: 0.18; 95% confidence interval : 0.04, 0.31), and social support ( B: 0.27; 95% confidence interval : 0.20, 0.34) were associated with resilience. Interventions tailored for older adults living with HIV to support resilience could facilitate social support, particularly for those who are newly diagnosed, unemployed, and have lower educational attainment.
A field measurement of temperature and humidity in a utility tunnel and a brief analysis of the exhaust heat recovery system
Authors: Tai Chuanmin , Tian Guansan , Lei Wenjun , Wang Jianwei
Published: January 2020

Underground utility tunnels (UUTs) are important components of infrastructure and ‘lifelines’ that ensure urban operations. Temperature and humidity are the main parameters that affect the performance of heat recovery utilization systems in underground spaces. In this study, temperature and humidity measurements were conducted in a UUT in northern China during winter. The results showed that the winter temperature in the UUT was relatively high and constant, and could be maintained above 8.5°C. The relative humidity (RH) in the UUT varied widely but could be kept below 65%. Based on the analysis of the test results, a large amount of waste heat was contained inside the UUT. Therefore, an exhaust air heat recovery (EAHR) system was proposed for the UUT. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the EAHR system for the comprehensive cabin and power cabin is 19.6%–20.3% higher than that of the traditional air source heat pump (ASHP) system. This study can provide the boundary conditions or data validation for the numerical simulation of UUTs in areas with similar climatic conditions and for subsequent research in the combined application of a UUT ventilation system and an ASHP unit.
Implementation of demand-oriented ventilation with adjustable fan network
Authors: Wang Huan , Wang Guijin , Li Xianting
Published: January 2020

Airflow patterns are essential for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Traditional HVAC systems are predesigned and operated using a fixed airflow pattern. However, the indoor occupancy and heat source always vary and therefore, the fixed flow pattern cannot efficiently maintain the required indoor environment conditions. In this study, a novel Adjustable Fan Network (AFN) for improving airflow pattern manoeuvrability is proposed. It integrates multiple small and adjustable axial fans into an AFN, enabling it to change the airflow pattern based on the actual demand with only one set of equipment. Further, the outflow characteristics of two types of axial fans were measured using a quad-view colour sequence particle streak velocimetry (CSPSV) in a test chamber. The ventilation system was then designed based on typical scenarios. Finally, the performance of the AFN was evaluated under different scenarios using a quad-view CSPSV. Based on the results, it was evident that the AFN can provide a better direct supply of air to the occupied zone under different scenarios. With the growing demand for personal thermal comfort and energy-saving in HVAC systems, the novel AFN system has a great potential to be a highly controllable terminal for demand-oriented ventilation.
Paediatric major incident triage tools for identifying those in need of life-saving interventions
Authors: Follows Andrew , Vassallo Jamie
Published: January 2020

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether existing paediatric major incident triage tools identify patients requiring life-saving interventions. Sixteen papers presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. In summary, there is limited evidence for the validity of existing paediatric major incident triage tools.
Mental health professionals’ perceptions on patients control of data sharing
Authors: Ivanova Julia , Grando Adela , Murcko Anita , Saks Michael , Whitfield Mary Jo , Dye Christy , Chern Darwyn
Published: January 2020

Integrated mental and physical care environments require data sharing, but little is known about health professionals’ perceptions of patient-controlled health data sharing. We describe mental health professionals’ views on patient-controlled data sharing using semi-structured interviews and a mixed-method analysis with thematic coding. Health information rights, specifically those of patients and health care professionals, emerged as a key theme. Behavioral health professionals identified patient motivations for non-sharing sensitive mental health records relating to substance use, emergency treatment, and serious mental illness (94%). We explore conflicts between professional need for timely access to health information and patient desire to withhold some data categories. Health professionals’ views on data sharing are integral to the redesign of health data sharing and informed consent. As well, they seek clarity about the impact of patient-controlled sharing on health professionals’ roles and scope of practice.
School-based telemedicine: Perceptions about a telemedicine model of care
Authors: Tye May Lin , Honey Michelle , Day Karen
Published: January 2020

In New Zealand, a store-and-forward telemedicine programme is implemented in schools to address common health conditions. This study aimed to investigate perceptions of the non-clinical school staff involved on this telemedicine model of care. Interviews and analysis were framed by sociotechnical theory under constructs of identities, affiliations, interactions and environments. Findings show that telemedicine aligned with identities of staff as carers. Affiliations via close relationships with children and community support enabled the programme. Delivering telemedicine enhanced interactions with children. Environments related to practices and physical characteristics of the school were viewed as constrainers and enablers for delivery. School-based telemedicine delivered by school staff is perceived as an acceptable model of care. Benefits include empowerment, school cohesion and potential improvement in health literacy, with no major issues perceived. Telemedicine may be effective for treating common health conditions in school children, with potential for community members to be involved in health care.
Risks and medication errors analysis to evaluate the impact of a chemotherapy compounding workflow management system on cancer patients’ safety
Authors: Marzal-Alfaro MBelén , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Carmen Guadalupe , Escudero-Vilaplana Vicente , Revuelta-Herrero José Luis , González-Haba Eva , Ibáñez-Garcia Sara , Iglesias-Peinado Irene , Herranz-Alonso Ana , Sanjurjo Saez Maria
Published: January 2020

A failure modes, effects and criticality analysis was supported by an observational medication error rate study to analyze the impact of Phocus Rx®, a new image-based workflow software system, on chemotherapy compounding error rates. Residual risks that should be a target for additional action were identified and prioritized and pharmacy staff satisfaction with the new system was evaluated. In total, 16 potential failure modes were recognized in the pre-implementation phase and 21 after Phocus Rx® implementation. The total reduction of the criticality index was 67 percent, with a reduction of 46 percent in material preparation, 76 percent in drug production and 48 percent in quality control subprocesses. The relative risk reduction of compounding error rate was 63 percent after the implementation of Phocus Rx®, from 0.045 to 0.017 percent. The high-priority recommendations defined were identification of the product with batch and expiration date from scanned bidimensional barcodes on drug vials and process improvements in image-based quality control. Overall satisfaction index was 8.30 (SD 1.06) for technicians and 8.56 (SD 1.42) for pharmacists ( p = 0.655). The introduction of a new workflow management software system was an effective approach to increasing safety in the compounding procedures in the pharmacy department, according to the failure modes, effects and criticality analysis method.
Fluid identity play: A case study of a bilingual child’s ethnic identity construction across multiple contexts
Authors: Cho Hyonsuk , Wang X. Christine
Published: January 2020

Informed by positioning theory as well as a nexus of multimembership, the year-long case study examined how a 7-year-old Korean American bilingual child, Meeso, constructed her ethnic identity across different educational contexts. Data were collected through observations of Meeso’s interactions with her monolingual and bilingual peers and teachers. Discourse analysis revealed that Meeso constructed fluid ethnic identity positionings depending upon how she desired to position herself and to be positioned by others. We also identified that the social context, language proficiency, and peer dynamics were related to the process. Based on the findings, we discuss the roles of context, language, and peer interaction for bilingual students’ ethnic identity development.
Queering College Student Retention
Authors: Denton J. Michael
Published: January 2020

Retention literature and concepts warrant examination through the lens of queer theory, a poststructural body of thought about sexuality and gender, to understand their implications for queer students. Five themes found in the retention literature are addressed from a queer perspective: framing retention as an economic and labor problem; campus climate; the focus on programs, policies, and services; psychological traits; and positivistic approaches. Queering retention involves deconstructing retention binaries; problematizing the production of normative subjects through retention theory; focusing on institutional transformation; and examining retention as heteronormative domination. Queer failure and futurity are offered as possible new frames for retention. This essay seeks to raise questions, tensions, and complexities with no clear or simple solutions. Tentative and limited implications for practice and research are offered; however, they raise more questions than provide answers.
Questioning a Single Narrative: Multiple Identities Shaping Black Queer and Transgender Student Retention
Authors: Coleman Raphael D. , Wallace Jason K. , Means Darris R.
Published: January 2020

Researchers explore factors that influence retention and persistence of queer and transgender students and examine retention and persistence among Black students. However, there is a dearth of retention and persistence scholarship centering the nuanced experiences of Black queer and transgender college students at the intersections of their gender, racial, and sexual identities. Using the queer of color critique conceptual framework and an anti-Black racism lens, the authors present a systematic literature review to illuminate opportunities for scholars to (a) disrupt singular narratives that erase queer and transgender experiences from Black student retention discourses and (b) address the ways scholars erase Black racial identity from broader queer and transgender student retention research. Centering the case of Joshua, a Black queer cisgender male-identified college student, the authors highlight research, practice, and policy implications that consider social class, institutional type, multilevel intervention strategies, and intersectionality in Black queer and transgender college student retention discourse.
Different Yet Similar: The Educational Experiences of Latinx Male Students at Texas PWI, HSI, and HBCU Institutions
Authors: Ponjuán Luis , Hernández Susana
Published: January 2020

This article explored Latino male students’ educational experiences at a Predominantly White Institution (PWI), Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI), and Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in Texas. Yosso’s concept of Community Cultural Wealth was used. The study revealed that Latino male students, regardless of the higher education institution, shared similar challenges. This study helps institutions understand their challenges and improve their educational experiences.
Study of a soluble tumor-associated marker composed of CEA related molecules recognized by three monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Mastroianni A. , Tagliabue E. , Centis F. , Pellegrini R. , Martignone S. , Ménard S. , Colnaghi M.I.
Published: January 2020

Three MAbs, MLuC2, MLuC8 and MLuC9, directed against a molecule that is produced and secreted by carcinoma cells were studied with the aim of developing a double-determinant immunoradiometric assay (DDIRMA). We demonstrated by means of immunoblotting, immunodepletion and DDIRMA techniques, that MLuC9 reacted against the CEA molecule, whereas MLuC2 and MLuC8 reacted against a 90 Kd molecule related to CEA. The DDIRMA performed with the anti-CEA as a catcher MAb and the anti-90 Kd as a tracer MAb was found to be positive with the HT29 soluble extract, which suggests the existence of CEA/90 Kd dimeric molecules. The same reactivity was found when sera from patients with lung carcinomas were tested, which excludes that this molecule could be an artefact due to the cell solubilization procedures. The association between CEA and the 90 Kd molecule was further confirmed by immunodepletion experiments in which the immunoprecipitation with one MAb not only removed the recognized molecule, but also partially immunodepleted the material from the other.
Preliminary study on oncogene product immunohistochemistry (c-erbB-2, c-myc, ras p21, EGFR) in breast pathology
Authors: Saccanijotti G. , Fontanesi M. , Bombardieri E. , Gabrielli M. , Veronesi P. , Bianchi M. , Becchi G. , Bogni A. , Tardini A.
Published: January 2020

The expression of oncogene products related to cell growth (c-erbB-2, c-myc, ras p21, EGFR) was investigated in benign (15 cases) and malignant breast lesions (20 cases) by means of immunohistochemistry using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the staining positivity and various morphological and biological features, such as tumour type, grading, hormone receptor status and cell kinetic parameters.

In benign breast lesions, as expected, the kinetic parameters were low, both for Ki-67 and LI. All the specimens showed a diploid condition (the DI being equal to 1) and we found a limited degree of immunoreactivity for all the growth factors and oncogene products. In breast cancer we studied the distribution of immunohistochemical positivity for EGFR, c-erbB-2, c-myc, ras p21 and Ki-67, which was related to age, nodal status, ER and PgR receptor status, LI, DI and histopathological grading. A significant positive correlation was found both between ras p21 espression and nodal status and ERICA positivity. We observed a strong correlation between LI and Ki-67 and an inverse relation between Ki-67 and ER expression. These findings suggest the importance of studying the relationship between prognostic factors which may provide preoperative prediction in the biological behaviour of breast cancer, not only on biopsy specimens, but also on fine needle aspirates.
Pattern and concentration of free and acetylated polyamines in urine of cirrhotic patients
Authors: Cecco L. , Antoniello S. , Auletta M. , Cerra M. , Bonelli P.
Published: January 2020

The pattern and concentration of urinary, free, monoacetylated and total polyamines were determined in 31 cirrhotic patients, divided into three classes according to Child's classification, and in 28 healthy subjects.

Cirrhotic patients had increased levels of free, monoacetylated and total polyamines. They also showed a significant increase in N1-acetylspermidine to N8-acetylspermidine molar ratio. Urinary polyamine excretion was not related to the severity of liver disease nor to the values of laboratory liver function tests. Furthermore, polyamine excretion was not significantly different in cirrhotics with or without diabetes or IGT, while plasma insulin and glucagon levels were increased in all cirrhotic patients.

The results suggest that enhanced polyamine biosynthesis and catabolism, particularly N1-acetylation, occur in cirrhotic patients, probably due to hepatic regeneration and/or increased levels of insulin and glucagon.
Dynamic analysis of the arbitrary position of a particle robot around an inclined pipe based on virtual joints
Authors: Liu Dengbiao , Li Cuiyun , Fan Binghui , Zhong Peisi
Published: January 2020

During the movement of a robot on the outside of a pipe, it either exhibits linear or rotating motion along the axis of the pipe. In this process, not only is there conversion between kinetic energy, potential energy, resistance power consumption, and external work, but there are also complex mechanical relationships that occur. To solve the dynamic problems of the out-pipe climbing robot in space, the axis and diameter of the pipe were simplified to the virtual joints of a robot with zero mass, and the virtual dynamic model of the robot in space has been established. According to the vector of the arbitrary position of a particle robot around an inclined pipe, combined with the improved Lagrange–Newton–Euler method, the system’s dynamic equation that includes friction has been established, and the required driving force for an arbitrary position of the robot in the process of circling an inclined pipe has been obtained.
The hand-lateralization of spatial associations in working memory and long-term memory
Authors: Zhou Dandan , Luo Jie , Yi Zizhen , Li Yun , Yang Shuting , Verguts Tom , Chen Qi
Published: January 2020

Spatial-numerical and spatial-positional associations have been well documented in the domains of numerical cognition and working memory, respectively. However, such associations are typically calculated by directly comparing (e.g., subtracting) left- versus right-hand responses; it remains an open question whether such associations reside in each hand individually, or are exclusively localised in one of the two hands. We conducted six experiments to investigate the hand-lateralization of both spatial-numerical and spatial-positional associations. All experiments revealed that the spatial associations stemmed from left-hand responses, irrespective of the handedness of the subjects, but with the exception of the magnitude comparison task (Experiments 5 and 6). We propose that the hemispheric lateralization of the tasks in combination with the task-relevance of spatial associations can explain this pattern. More generally, we suggest that the contributions of left and right hands require more attention in spatial-numerical and spatial-positional research.
Antileishmanial Potential of Propolis Essential Oil and Its Synergistic Combination With Amphotericin B
Authors: Jihene Ayari , Rym Essid , Ines Karoui Jabri , Majdi Hammami , Olfa Tabbene , Abderrabba Manef
Published: January 2020

The antileishmanial activity of Tunisian propolis essential oil (EO) and its combination with amphotericin B was investigated against 2 local clinical strains of Leishmania: Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum. The cytotoxic potential of this EO was evaluated against macrophage Raw264.7. Combination of propolis EO and amphotericin B was investigated using the checkerboard method. The propolis sample was collected from the region of Beni Khalled, a Tunisian city located west of Cape Bon (Nabeul). Its location is particular since it is near to sea with a steppe climate and the predominance of citrus trees. The EO was obtained by Clevenger-type apparatus. Its chemical composition was identified using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that Tunisian propolis EO exhibit good antileishmanial activity against L. major and L. infantum promastigotes (IC50 = 5.29 ± 0.31 and 3.67 ± 0.52 µg/mL, respectively) and amastigotes (IC50 = 7.38 ± 0.45 and 4.96 ± 0.24 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, it reduced significantly the parasite proliferation on a dose-dependent response (95%) with low cytotoxicity (selectivity index = 16.18 and 23.33, respectively). Its combination with amphotericin B showed a synergistic potential (fractional inhibitory concentration = 0.37). Interestingly, the data suggest that propolis EO was involved in macrophage activation by hyperproduction of NO. A total of 51 compounds were identified in the propolis EO. The major compound identified was α-pinene (36.7% ± 2.36%) followed by α-cedrol (6.7% ± 0.10%), totarol (6.6% ± 0.09%), and dehydroabietane (5.2% ± 0.10%). Our findings suggest that Tunisian propolis might constitute a promising source for antileishmanial molecules.
Who Uses Fact-Checking Sites? The Impact of Demographics, Political Antecedents, and Media Use on Fact-Checking Site Awareness, Attitudes, and Behavior
Authors: Robertson Craig T. , Mourão Rachel R. , Thorson Esther
Published: January 2020

This study examines audience relationships to fact-checking sites in the United States. Focus is placed on predictors of audience awareness of, attitudes toward, and visits to such sites within a stage model framework drawn from the persuasive message literature. Analysis of survey data from a U.S. sample shows that liberals and liberal/mainstream news consumers are more aware of, positive toward, and likely to report using fact-checking sites. Conservatives are less positive and conservative news consumers see such sites as less useful to them. Findings indicate that while specific combinations of predictors of awareness, attitudes, and behavior vary, fact-checking sites have a particular appeal to liberals and liberal/mainstream news consumers. Results point to U.S. fact-checking sites being absorbed into wider ideological discourses and patterns of ideological news consumption.
Review and Analysis of Research Trends in Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Chronic Sinusitis
Authors: Shetty Kunal R. , Soh Helen H. , Kahn Chase , Wang Rita , Shetty Anisha , Brook Chris , Levi Jessica R.
Published: January 2020

Background

Chronic sinusitis is a common otolaryngologic complaint with a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. There is current debate and differences in quality of evidence regarding the best surgical management approach to pediatric chronic sinusitis.

Objective

To investigate changes in publishing trends over time in surgical management of pediatric chronic sinusitis.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted in January 2019 using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science, of all articles that included surgical treatments for pediatric chronic sinusitis. Publications were grouped into 3 time periods: pre-1998, 1999–2008, and 2009–2018. In addition, a subgroup of publications pertaining to endoscopic sinus surgery, balloon sinuplasty, and adenoidectomy were grouped into 2-year periods since 1988 to compare the number of publications on each topic and to examine overall trends.

Results

A total of 327 abstracts were included in the data collection and analysis. There was an overall significant increase in total number of publications ( P < .0001), total number of authors ( P = .001), and comparison studies ( P = .003) from pre-1989 to 2018. Relative number of prospective studies, systemic review, and case studies/expert opinions have not significantly increased over time when comparing decades ( P > .05). Among the surgery types, functional endoscopic sinus surgery has the most amount of publications regardless of year despite a statistically significant increase in publications pertaining to balloon sinuplasty in the pediatric literature from 1999–2008 to 2009–2018 ( P = .001).

Conclusions

Studies on pediatric chronic sinusitis have increased significantly during each of the last 2 decades with an increase in the concomitant number of authors and comparison studies. Although most publications are still Level C or D evidence, there has been a nonsignificant increase in Level A evidence in the past decade. Endoscopic sinus surgery still remains the most studied procedure despite the recent increase in publications on balloon sinuplasty.
What Harriet Tubman and John Brown can teach us about abolishing ‘White men’
Authors: Heynen Nik
Published: January 2020

This commentary argues that one path toward Natalie Oswin’s ‘An Other Geography’ is through abolishing the institution of ‘White men’. Like other oppressive institutions, ‘White men’ have produced epistemic violence that has shaped and structured the discipline of geography in uneven and unjust ways. This essay is an effort to show appreciation and gratitude, and to stand in solidarity, with Oswin’s prophetic vision of ‘an other geography’. I mobilize the linked biographies of Harriet Tubman and John Brown as an entry point given how little we have yet worked to understand abolitionist history for thinking through the many ways we can work to transform geography.
Defining propaganda: A psychoanalytic perspective
Authors: Laskin Alexander V
Published: January 2020

Propaganda is a centuries-old term, and yet scholars and practitioners are still having a hard time defining it and pinpointing what makes propaganda unique. Many existing definitions fail to distinguish between propaganda and marketing, public relations, advertising, or even mass communications, in general. This essay proposes to define propaganda through psychoanalytical research pioneered by Erich Fromm on symbiotic relations. Symbiotic relations, when transferred from biology to psychology and sociology, describe a process of allowing a person to merge with something big and important, therefore creating meaning beyond an individual’s life. As a result, following its religious roots, propaganda acts similar to religion—asking for a sacrifice of individualism in the name of something bigger—god, country, society, or political party. In the end, people willingly engage in propaganda because, although sacrificing something, they receive unity with the bigger powers of other people, organizations, political parties, countries, and so on. As a result, such persons are not alone against the world; they are now a part of a bigger and stronger union.
Introduction: Exploring flows and counter-flows of information along the New Silk Road
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Negro Gianluigi
Published: January 2020

Six years have passed since China unveiled the Belt and Road Initiative (Yidai Yilu一带一路, formally called One Belt One Road), which was initiated to reconnect China with countries in Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Africa and to improve regional cooperation through better connectivity, enhanced trade exchange, and shared opportunity. By understanding the importance of Europe as the destination of both the “Belt”—a more developed inland connectivity and the “Road”—a more enhanced sea routes network; and observing the mixed information flow of acceptance—resistance, cooperation—dispute, and agreement—disagreement in different countries along the silk road, China Media Observatory of Institute of Media and Journalism, Faculty of Communication Sciences, at Università della Svizzera Italiana (Lugano) is editing this special symposium as a collection of the papers include studies of different media narratives that shape public understanding of Belt and Road Initiative and discuss how Belt and Road Initiative and China’s vision of connecting different stakeholders for international collaborations are reported in both legacy news media and social media.
The Predictive Validity of Teachers’ Personality, Cognitive and Academic Abilities at the End of High School on Instructional Quality in Germany: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Roloff Janina , Klusmann Uta , Lüdtke Oliver , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: January 2020

The present study investigated to what degree teachers’ personality traits, cognitive abilities, and academic abilities (high school GPA), which were assessed at the end of high school as well as grades from the first and second state examinations of teacher education, predict later instructional quality. The study combined ratings of instructional quality from 3,768 German secondary school students and their 113 teachers with up to 10 years between assessment of teachers’ personality traits, cognitive abilities, as well as academic abilities at the end of high school and student ratings of instructional quality. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that agreeableness, high school GPA, and the second state examination grade predicted teachers’ instructional quality.
Effects of Combined Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Training on Verbal Fluency in Older Adults
Authors: Nocera Joe R. , Mammino Kevin , Kommula Yash , Wharton Whitney , Crosson Bruce , McGregor Keith M.
Published: January 2020

We have previously shown that aerobic exercise improves measures of verbal fluency in older adults, and such an improvement is correlated with improved cardiovascular reserve (i.e., estimates of VO2). Due to increasing popularity in computer-based cognitive training, we explored whether the addition of cognitive training to aerobic exercise would further enhance the beneficial cognitive impact of exercise. Therefore, this study sought to test the hypothesis that a cognitive training regimen alone would directly improve executive function and that this effect would be potentiated with the addition of aerobic exercise. The interventions lasted 12 weeks, and cognitive assessments were taken immediately prior to and after the interventions. We found that only the groups employing aerobic exercise showed improvements in verbal fluency (semantic and letter) and cardiovascular fitness with no other executive functions being significantly impacted. Cognitive training alone was associated with decreased verbal fluency. These data replicate previous findings which indicate that aerobic exercise may have a remedial or mitigating effect of cognitive decline. In addition, they provide evidence that the addition of concurrent cognitive training to an aerobic exercise program does not provide synergistic improvement in executive functions.
Outcome-based Education: An Outline
Authors: Rao N. J.
Published: January 2020

Things we can do because of learning are called outcomes of learning. Outcome based education (OBE) was propounded by William Spady in the 90s to bring the focus of formal education to what the students learn rather than what they were taught. OBE is a system of education giving priority to ends, purpose, accomplishments, and results. All decisions about the curriculum, assessment, and instruction are driven by the exit learning outcomes the students should display at the end of a program or a course. This paper presents a method of writing outcomes for General higher education programs. Outcomes for a higher education program are defined at three levels as program outcomes (POs), program specific outcomes (PSOs), and course outcomes (COs). The most important aspect of an outcome is that it should be observable and measurable. These are best written in a well-defined framework of taxonomy of learning. Bloom’s taxonomy of learning identifies three domains of learning: Cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Revised Bloom taxonomy of cognitive domain has two dimensions cognitive levels and knowledge categories. It is proposed that CO statements be written within a well-defined structure: Action, knowledge elements, conditions, and criteria. Tagging COs with POs, PSOs, cognitive levels and the number of classroom hours associated facilitates the computation of attainment of COs, POs, and PSOs.
Microscratch characteristic and deformation mechanism of SiC particle-reinforced composites at elevated temperatures
Authors: Kong Xianjun , Wang Ben , Wang Minghai , Zheng Yaohui , Ma Shujuan , Yang Lijun
Published: January 2020

The effect of temperature on scratching forces for 16% SiC/Al and 45% SiC/Al composites was investigated in this article. The results showed that the mean normal forces for 16% SiCp/Al and 45% SiCp/Al decreased by 80% and 68% at 300°C compared with 25°C, and the average tangential force decreased by 67% and 66%, respectively. The reason was that the strength of composites was reduced with the increasing temperature, which results in a reduction of flow stresses in the primary shear zones. There are three stages occurring in the scratching process according to the cutting tool interacting with different phases with the increasing temperature. The temperature and the particle contents have an obvious effect on the deformation mechanism by influencing the ratio value of the elastic modulus and hardness. It is founded that the friction coefficient increased fast when the temperatures increased from 25° to 300°C for both 16% SiCp/Al and 45% SiCp/Al composites, and the temperature provided a bigger influence compared with the particle contents. Furthermore, two distinct regions of the hardness variation with the increasing temperature for both two composites were observed: (1) a gradual decrease with the temperature up to 285°C and (2) an abrupt dropping above 285°C. Finally, a physical model representing the deformation process considering the elastic recovery and piles up in high temperature has been developed.
Sonographic Diagnosis of a Mature Cystic Teratoma Resulting in Acute Torsion
Authors: Sales Amber
Published: January 2020

Mature cystic teratomas are benign germ cell tumors and, depending on the size, may be at risk for torsion. These ovarian masses can cause the ovarian vasculature to twist upon itself and inhibit blood flow, resulting in partial to complete torsion. If detection and treatment are not prompt, a salpingo-oophorectomy may be needed impeding future fertility. This case describes a young woman with acute left adnexal pain where sonography aided in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion caused by a large mature cystic teratoma. Transabdominal sonography was used, aided by extended field-of-view technology for characterization of the mass. The sonographic attributes of mature cystic teratomas vary, but careful evaluations can lead to an accurate diagnosis to aid in surgical procedures. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which resulted in a left ovary oophorectomy and excision of the mass.
Comparing Shape Categorization to Circularity Measurement in the Evaluation of Median Nerve Compression Using Sonography
Authors: Yao Buwen , Gan Kayla , Lee Annie , Roll Shawn C.
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

This study aimed to develop a subjective categorization of nerve shape and to examine the relationship of shape categorizations to measurement of nerve circularity.

Methods:

Wrists were evaluated with sonography in healthy participants. Images of the median nerve were obtained in the transverse plane at the level of pisiform with the fingers resting, gripping, and pinching. Nerves were categorized as ovoid, angular, or irregular, and the cross-sectional area and perimeter were measured to calculate nerve circularity.

Results:

Across 167 participants, the median nerve shifted from being primarily ovoid at rest to angular shaped when the fingers were in a full fist or pinching. Approximately three-quarters of subjects exhibited a shape change during dynamic movement. Irregular nerves had the lowest circularity values; however, the majority of nerves had similar circularity measures despite having different shapes.

Conclusions:

Subjective categorization of shape has the potential to be a valid technique for evaluation of the median nerve using sonography, and this evaluation may provide additional information regarding nerve compression that is not fully captured by a circularity measure. Further investigation is needed to determine how these two techniques may be best used individually or together to advance clinical diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitative interventions.
Resistance Genes and their Interactions with Bacterial Blight/Leaf Streak Pathogens (Xanthomonas oryzae) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)—an Updated Review
Authors: Jiang Nan , Yan Jun , Liang Yi , Shi Yanlong , He Zhizhou , Wu Yuntian , Zeng Qin , Liu Xionglun , Peng Junhua
Published: January 2020

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop, feeding more than 50% of the world’s population. Diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens constantly threaten the rice production and lead to enormous yield losses. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused respectively by gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), are two important diseases affecting rice production worldwide. Due to the economic importance, extensive genetic and genomic studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of rice response to Xoo and Xoc in the last two decades. A series of resistance (R) genes and their cognate avirulence and virulence effector genes have been characterized. Here, we summarize the recent advances in studies on interactions between rice and the two pathogens through these R genes or their products and effectors. Breeding strategies to develop varieties with durable and broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae based on the published studies are also discussed.
Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)
Authors: Liu Chunxin , Qiao Xin , Li Qionghou , Zeng Weiwei , Wei Shuwei , Wang Xin , Chen Yangyang , Wu Xiao , Wu Jun , Yin Hao , Zhang Shaoling
Published: January 2020

Background

TheBAHDacyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of theBAHDgenes remain unclear.

Results

In total, 717BAHDgenes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, (Pyrus bretschneideri,Malus domestica,Prunus avium,Prunus persica,Fragaria vesca,Pyrus communisandRubus occidentalis). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided theBAHDfamily genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin ofBAHDsuperfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion ofBAHDsuperfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution ofBAHDgenes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels ofBAHDgenes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied thatPbr020016.1,Pbr019034.1,Pbr014028.1andPbr029551.1are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development.

Conclusion

We have thoroughly identified theBAHDsuperfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions ofBAHDsuperfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality.
Mepivacaine reduces calcium transients in isolated murine ventricular cardiomyocytes
Authors: Mosqueira Matias , Aykut Güçlü , Fink Rainer H. A.
Published: January 2020

Background

The potential mechanism of mepivacaine’s myocardial depressant effect observed in papillary muscle has not yet been investigated at cellular level. Therefore, we evaluated mepivacaine’s effects on Ca2+transient in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes.

Methods

Single ventricular myocytes were enzymatically isolated from wild-type C57Bl/6 mice and loaded with 10 μM fluorescent Ca2+indicator Fluo-4-AM to record intracellular Ca2+transients upon electrical stimulation. The mepivacaine effects at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined on calibrated cardiomyocytes’ Ca2+transients by non-parametric statistical analyses on biophysical parameters. Combination of mepivacaine with NCX blockers ORM-10103 or NiCl2were used to test a possible mechanism to explain mepivacaine-induced Ca2+transients’ reduction.

Results

A significant inhibition at mepivacaine’s IC50(50 μM) on Ca2+transients was measured in biophysical parameters such as peak (control: 528.6 ± 73.61 nM vs mepivacaine: 130.9 ± 15.63 nM;p < 0.05), peak area (control: 401.7 ± 63.09 nM*s vs mepivacaine: 72.14 ± 10.46 nM*s;p < 0.05), slope (control: 7699 ± 1110 nM/s vs mepivacaine: 1686 ± 226.6 nM/s;p < 0.05), time to peak (control: 107.9 ± 8.967 ms vs mepivacaine: 83.61 ± 7.650 ms; p < 0.05) and D50(control: 457.1 ± 47.16 ms vs mepivacaine: 284.5 ± 22.71 ms; p < 0.05). Combination of mepivacaine with NCX blockers ORM-10103 or NiCl2showed a significant increase in the baseline of [Ca2+] and arrhythmic activity upon electrical stimulation.

Conclusion

At cellular level, mepivacaine blocks Na+channels, enhancing the reverse mode activity of NCX, leading to a significant reduction of Ca2+transients. These results suggest a new mechanism for the mepivacaine-reduction contractility effect.