bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MPH program at Manipal University, India—experiences, challenges, and lessons learned
Authors: Bhat Hattangadi Vinod , Kamath Ramachandra , Arunkumar Govindakarnavar , Delzell Elizabeth , Tipre Meghan , Upadhyay Divvy Kant , Sathiakumar Nalini
Published: April 2012

Background

The UAB‐ITREOH program has initiated a skill‐based MPH program at Manipal University (MU), India, in 2009, to address the critical need for trained public health professionals and build institutional public health training capacity in the country.

Methods

Funds from Fogarty have supported the curriculum development and specialized training of MU faculty to teach in the MPH program.

Results

The program has been successfully launched and is gaining momentum. The lessons learned from our experiences as well as several challenges faced from the initialization to execution of the program are described in the article.

Conclusions

Government support is crucial for raising the profile of this program by accreditation, creating job opportunities and by recognizing these professionals as leaders in the public health sector. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:20–28, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Request for existing experimental datasets on colour emotion and colour harmony
Authors: Ou Li‐Chen
Published: April 2012

The Technical Committee 1‐86 of the International Commission on Illumination on “Models of colour emotion and harmony” is requesting the submission of datasets for use in developing new models of colour emotion and colour harmony. The data should be submitted to the TC Chair, Dr. Li‐Chen Ou at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Muscles that do not cross the knee contribute to the knee adduction moment and tibiofemoral compartment loading during gait
Authors: Sritharan Prasanna , Lin Yi‐Chung , Pandy Marcus G.
Published: April 2012

The aims of this study were to evaluate and explain the individual muscle contributions to the medial and lateral knee compartment forces during gait, and to determine whether these quantities could be inferred from their contributions to the external knee adduction moment. Gait data from eight healthy male subjects were used to compute each individual muscle contribution to the external knee adduction moment, the net tibiofemoral joint reaction force, and reaction moment. The individual muscle contributions to the medial and lateral compartment forces were then found using a least‐squares approach. While knee‐spanning muscles were the primary contributors, non‐knee‐spanning muscles (e.g., the gluteus medius) also contributed substantially to the medial compartment compressive force. Furthermore, knee‐spanning muscles tended to compress both compartments, while most non‐knee‐spanning muscles tended to compress the medial compartment but unload the lateral compartment. Muscle contributions to the external knee adduction moment, particularly those from knee‐spanning muscles, did not accurately reflect their tendencies to compress or unload the medial compartment. This finding may further explain why gait modifications may reduce the knee adduction moment without necessarily decreasing the medial compartment force. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1586–1595, 2012
Investigation of native oxide growth on zinc in different atmospheres by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Chen Ying , Schneider Paul , Erbe Andreas
Published: April 2012

The native oxide layer formed spontaneously on the surface of metallic Zn was investigated by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS analysis shows the coexistence of hydroxide and oxide in the oxide film. The growth kinetics of the oxide films in different atmospheres was measured in a specially designed optical cell. The growth in O2, Ar and air at high (>95%) and low (<10%) relative humidity was monitored for up to 72 h. Differences in the growth kinetics of the films are observed in different atmospheres. In argon, growth in layer thickness is limited. In oxygen, one obtains a growth with a fast initial phase followed by a linear second phase with a growth rate of ≈0.01 nm h−1. The electronic structure of the layer changes rapidly at the beginning of exposure of the surface to the respective atmosphere, with no further changes observed during the experiment.

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Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties of a ­Barium(II) Benzene‐1, 2, 3‐tricarboxylic Acid Complex
Authors: Wu Gang , Feng Jian‐Hua , Wang Xiao‐Feng
Published: April 2012

A coordination polymer [Ba12(btc)8(H2O)23] (1) was obtained by self‐assembly of the corresponding metal carbonate with benzene‐1, 2, 3‐tricarboxylic acid ligand (H3btc), and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The results revealed that complex 1 has a three dimensional structure. In 1, the btc3– anions adopt four different conformation and coordination modes. Bridging btc3– anions and μ2‐bridging water molecules connect BaII ions to generate a two dimensional layer. Further, μ2‐bridging coordinated water molecules connect the BaII ions of neighboring layers to form a three dimensional structure. Additionally, the luminescent property and thermal stability of 1 were investigated.
Concentration of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) by Selective Alcoholysis Catalyzed by Lipases
Authors: Martín Valverde L. , González Moreno P. A. , Rodríguez Quevedo A. , Hita Peña E. , Jiménez Callejón M. J. , Esteban Cerdán L. , Molina Grima E. , Robles Medina A.
Published: April 2012

The aim of this work was to obtain acylglycerols from tuna oil (23 % weight DHA) rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by selective ethanolysis, catalyzed by lipases. First, seven immobilized lipases were tested and the best DHA concentration and recovery in the acylglycerol fraction were attained with Lipozyme TL IM® from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei, and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on Immobead 150. As it is the cheapest, Lipozyme TL IM® was selected to optimize the reaction conditions. The influence of temperature, reaction time, and ethanol/oil and lipase/oil ratios were studied. Under the optimized conditions (35 °C, ethanol/oil molar ratio 2.3, lipase/oil ratio 5 % weight and 48 h) and for a 56 % conversion, acylglycerols were obtained with a 45 % DHA concentration and 90 % recovery. In these optimized conditions the reaction was scaled up to 766 g of tuna oil and carried out in a batch stirred tank reactor, with the lipase contained in a cartridge filter attached to the stirring rod. The results were similar to those obtained on the smaller scale. The DHA‐enriched acylglycerols were separated from the ethyl esters by evaporation of the latter in a short‐path vacuum distiller, where the influence of distillation temperature was studied. At 170 °C DHA‐rich acylglycerols (44 % DHA) were recovered in the residue with 94.5 % purity and 72 % recovery.
An evaluation of the IDEEA™ activity monitor for estimating energy expenditure
Authors: Whybrow Stephen , Ritz Patrick , Horgan Graham W. , Stubbs R. James
Published: April 2012

Objective estimates of activity patterns and energy expenditure (EE) are important for the measurement of energy balance. The Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA) can estimate EE from the thirty-five postures and activities it can identify and record. The present study evaluated the IDEEA system's estimation of EE using whole-body indirect calorimetry over 24 h, and in free-living subjects using doubly-labelled water (DLW) over 14 d. EE was calculated from the IDEEA data using calibration values for RMR and EE while sitting and standing, both as estimated by the IDEEA system (IDEEAest) and measured by indirect calorimetry (IDEEAmeas). Subjects were seven females and seven males, mean age 38·1 and 39·7 years, mean BMI 25·2 and 26·2 kg/m2, respectively. The IDEEAest method produced a similar estimate of EE to the calorimeter (10·8 and 10·8 MJ, NS), while the IDEEAmeas method underestimated EE (9·9 MJ, P < 0·001). After removing data from static cycling, which the IDEEA was unable to identify as an activity, both the IDEEAest and IDEEAmeas methods overestimated EE compared to the calorimeter (9·9 MJ, P < 0·001; 9·1 MJ, P < 0·05 and 8·6 MJ, respectively). Similarly, the IDEEA system overestimated EE compared to DLW over 14 d; 12·7 MJ/d (P < 0·01), 11·5 MJ/d (P < 0·01) and 9·5 MJ/d for the IDEEAest, IDEEAmeas and DLW, respectively. The IDEEA system overestimated EE both in the controlled laboratory and free-living environments. Using measured EE values for RMR, sitting and standing reduced, but did not eliminate, the error in estimated EE.
Preliminary assessment of distribution and population size of wintering Little Bustards Tetrax tetrax in Iran
Authors: SEHHATISABET MOHAMMAD E. , ABDI FAZEL , ASHOORI ABBAS , KHALEGHIZADEH ABOLGHASEM , KHANI ALI , RABIEI KOROS , SHAKIBA MAHMOOD
Published: April 2012

Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax surveys were conducted in Iran in autumn and winter from 2005/2006 to 2008/2009. Across northern Iran, Little Bustard presence was confirmed at 15 of the 84 sites visited during the surveys. Three main wintering regions were identified: the Moghan Plain in the north-west of the country, the Turkmen Sahra Plain at the south-east corner of the Caspian Sea and the Sarakhs Plain in the north-east, close to the Afghan border. Up to 10,050 individuals were counted in winter 2009 in the Moghan Plain, which was recognised as the most important area for wintering Little Bustards in Iran. The species was also found in good numbers in Miankaleh, Gomishan, Soufikam, Shour Lake and Sarakhs. Flocks comprising 51 to 500 individuals were the most commonly observed and represented 32% of occurrences. A marked increase in wintering population size was noted in recent years. The main wintering period in Iran extends from November to February. At a national scale, we estimated the Iranian wintering population of Little Bustards at 5,000–10,000 individuals. This preliminary assessment suggests the need for a nationwide survey, emphasising in particular the western, south-western and central parts of the country that were overlooked in our study. It suggests further that Little Bustards in Iran would greatly benefit from national and regional conservation programmes.
CUT FOR CORE LOGIC
Authors: TENNANT NEIL
Published: April 2012

The motivation for Core Logic is explained. Its system of proof is set out. It is then shown that, although the system has no Cut rule, its relation of deducibility obeys Cut with epistemic gain.
Velocity contrast across the 1944 rupture zone of the North Anatolian fault east of Ismetpasa from analysis of teleseismic arrivals
Authors: Ozakin Yaman , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Aktar Mustafa , Karabulut Hayrullah , Peng Zhigang
Published: April 2012

We use differences between arrival times of teleseismic events at sets of stations crossing the North Anatolian fault east of Ismetpasa, where shallow creep has been observed, to detect and quantify a contrast of seismic velocities across the fault. Waveform cross correlations are utilized to calculate phase delays of P waves with respect to expected teleseismic arrivals with incident angles corresponding to the generating events. Compiled delay times associated with 121 teleseismic events indicate about 4.3% average P wave velocity contrast across the fault over the top 36 km, with faster velocity on the north side. The estimated contrast is about 8.3% if the velocity contrast is limited to the top 18 km. The sense of velocity contrast is consistent with the overall tectonic setting and inference made for the examined fault section based on theoretical expectations for bimaterial ruptures and observed asymmetry of rock damage across the fault. Our data indicate lack of significant microseismicity near the fault, suggesting that creep in the area is limited to the depth section above the seismogenic zone.
Things we know we know
Authors: Jacobs Howy
Published: April 2012

Universities worldwide compete to produce the most impressive performance statistics. Howy worries that the universities' primary function of scholarship is being neglected in the process.
Microparticles specific for lung delivery: in-vivo drug distribution in monkeys
Authors: Verma Rahul , Misra Amit
Published: April 2012

In spite of extensive research in tuberculosis (TB), it is still one of the major infectious diseases and cause of high mortality worldwide. To enhance efficacy with lower dosing, newer drug delivery systems has been developed which provide targeted drug delivery and controlled release at the primary site of infection, i.e., the lung macrophage. Our lab has previously reported poly(D, L-lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles containing rifabutin (RFB) and isoniazid (INH) for pulmonary delivery and explored various facets of treatment with microparticle DPI. We have utilized this dry powder aerosol drug delivery system to deposit drugs directly at the site of infection in lungs and have been investigating such DPI as a novel approach to increase therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and lower toxicity. Data from murine models of DPI delivery suggests that aerosolized delivery of anti-TB drugs is more effective than conventional drug therapies in maintaining therapeutic concentration at the site of infection. Most of the previous studies were primarily concerned with acute administration of drug-containing delivery systems and evaluation of their pharmacokinetic profile in rodents. The aim of present study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicity parameters of RFB and INH incorporated in DPI microparticles after ninety days of repeated dosing in rhesus macaques in order to establish steady-stae pharmacokinetics and preclinical safety of the formulation prior to humans clinical trials.
Extreme energy lability in human children: An overlooked and central aspect of human biology
Authors: Skoyles John
Published: April 2012

A four year old child devotes half their total energy expenditure (TEE) to their brains. Even by 10 years-of-age it is still 30% (compared to an adult’s ≈12%). This extreme energy use results from a high brain/body size ratio – combined with a doubling of cerebral gray matter energy utilization (due to synaptic exuberance during cognitive neuromaturation).With extreme energy expenditure goes extreme vulnerability to hypoglycemia: (1) children become hypoglycemic after 24-36 hours of fast (compared to 60-72 hours in adults), and (2) their brains suffer neurological impairment (shown in disrupted P300 potentials) at a lower decrease in plasma glucose: 3.6 - 4.2 mmol L-1 in children rather than < 3.0 mmol L-1 in adults (against a normal level in both of 4.6-4.8 mmol L-1). Human biology has selected adaptations that buffer and protect children from this energy lability. A physiological one is that energy metabolism in skeletal muscles is biased towards using fatty acids, and this minimizes uptake competition of plasma glucose between muscles and the brain. Behavioral adaptations (in human hunter-gatherers) include adults cooperatively pooling high energy foods with juveniles for ≈15 years, this provides juveniles with a reliable ≈3.5-7 MJ per day.Hunter-gatherers share food with juveniles due to gossip enforced indirect reciprocity. This reciprocity depends for its existence upon adult cognitions that require prolonged energy- expensive neuromaturation. This raises the possibility that human adult cognitions are both a cause of children having extreme energy lability (by requiring prolonged energy expensive neuromaturation), and a means (by enabling indirect reciprocity) by which the risks of such lability are mitigated.
P300- like event related potential amplitude in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement
Authors: Klipec William , Faux Steven
Published: April 2012

We have developed a methodology for recording a robust P300 event related potential (ERP) in rats. In these experiments a contingency shaped model of the human “oddball’ paradigm was employed in which rats were shaped to press a lever for food reinforcement signaled by the click of the pellet dispenser. A target tone cued the insertion of the lever that retracted after 1-sec or immediately following a single reinforced response, while a non-target tone was randomly presented. Brain activity was recorded through stainless steel electrodes implanted 1mm below the skull. Here, we compared the amplitude of the P300 response to the click of the pellet dispenser to the amplitude of the P300 response to the target and non-target tones. We found that the amplitude to food click was significantly greater that the amplitude to the target tone that cued lever insertion. Since the food click is more proximal to the primary reinforcer than the lever tone, it is a stronger conditioned reinforcer than the lever tone that sets the occasion for the food click. Accordingly we suggest that the P300 in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement.
Computational system biology
Authors: Geete Ankit
Published: April 2012

Systems biology is a multi-disciplinary field that deals with mechanisms involved in complex biological processes by considering them as integrated systems of multiple interacting components. The huge amount of data involved in this study necessitates the use of computational tools.
Modeling of electron conduction in contact resistive random access memory devices as random telegraph noise
Authors: Tseng Yuan Heng , Shen Wen Chao , Lin Chrong Jung
Published: April 2012

The intense development and study of resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices has opened a new era in semiconductor memory manufacturing. Resistive switching and carrier conduction inside RRAM films have become critical issues in recent years. Electron trapping/detrapping behavior is observed and investigated in the proposed contact resistive random access memory (CR-RAM) cell. Through the fitting of the space charge limiting current (SCLC) model, and analysis in terms of the random telegraph noise (RTN) model, the temperature-dependence of resistance levels and the high-temperature data retention behavior of the contact RRAM film are successfully and completely explained. Detail analyses of the electron capture and emission from the traps by forward and reverse read measurements provide further verifications for hopping conduction mechanism and current fluctuation discrepancies.
High accuracy numerical solutions of the Boltzmann Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook equation for steady and oscillatory Couette flows
Authors: Yap Ying Wan , Sader John E.
Published: April 2012

Modeling gas flows generated by micro- and nano-devices often requires the use of kinetic theory. To facilitate implementation, various approximate formulations have been proposed based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) kinetic model, including most recently, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. While there exists a comprehensive numerical data set for the hard sphere linearized Boltzmann equation for steady Couette flow, no such set of data is available for the Boltzmann-BGK equation. The purpose of this article is to present a high accuracy data set for the linearized Boltzmann-BGK equation over the full range of Knudsen numbers and normalized oscillation frequencies – this encompasses both steady and unsteady Couette flows. This data set is expected to be of particular value in the benchmarking and validation of computational methods such as the LB method and other approaches based on the Boltzmann-BGK equation.
Time and space extended-particle in cell model for electromagnetic particle algorithms
Authors: Yazdanpanah J. , Anvari A.
Published: April 2012

A general method for deriving electromagnetic particle in cell (EMPIC) algorithms has been given by Eastwood [Comput. Phys. Commun. 64, 252 (1991)]. This method devises variation of the action-integral to find discrete governing equations. The most important advantage of this method is automatic inclusion of the time coordinate via the action integral into the computational domain. This inclusion is inevitable because electromagnetic algorithms are based on time evolution of the system from its initial state. The drawback of this method is that it is rather abstract. This causes obscurity of particle-mesh interactions and makes it hard to analyze physical treatments of the computational model. This analysis is crucial both for finding error sources and for conformity of the computational model with the actual physical system. Errors are responsible for unphysical heating and/or cooling of the plasma. We have obtained EMPIC algorithms based on an objective model. This model consists of the shaped charged-particles. The particle shape has explicit time dependence as well as space dependence. Discrete field equations are obtained by appropriate integration of the actual continuous equations over a time-space mesh. The method of particle source assignment into the mesh has been derived by implying particle-charge conservation. The interaction of the shaped particles with self-consistent fields is briefly discussed. The effects of computational errors in unphysical behaviors of the system are studied. To show how theoretical results appear in application, results of a 2D PIC code in simulation of free expansion of collisionless plasma into a vacuum are presented.
Electron and ion dynamics during the expansion of a laser-heated plasma under vacuum
Authors: Bellei C. , Foord M. E. , Bartal T. , Key M. H. , McLean H. S. , Patel P. K. , Stephens R. B. , Beg F. N.
Published: April 2012

The trajectories of electrons and ions when a hot plasma expands under vacuum are studied in detail from a theoretical point of view and with the aid of numerical simulations. Exact analytic solutions are obtained in multi-dimensions, starting from the solution for the expansion of a quasi-neutral, Gaussian, collisionless plasma in vacuum [D. S. Dorozhkina and V. E. Semenov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2691 (1998)]. Focusing of laser-accelerated ions with concave targets is investigated with the hybrid particle-in-cell code Lsp. For a given laser energy and pulse duration, a larger laser focal spot is found to be beneficial to focus the ion beam to a smaller focal spot, due both to a geometric effect and to the decrease in the transverse gradient of the hot electron pressure.
Charge transfer and formation of reduced Ce3+ upon adsorption of metal atoms at the ceria (110) surface
Authors: Nolan Michael
Published: April 2012

The modification of cerium dioxide with nanoscale metal clusters is intensely researched for catalysis applications, with gold, silver, and copper having been particularly well studied. The interaction of the metal cluster with ceria is driven principally by a localised interaction between a small number of metal atoms (as small as one) and the surface and understanding the fundamentals of the interaction of metal atoms with ceria surfaces is therefore of great interest. Much attention has been focused on the interaction of metals with the (111) surface of ceria, since this is the most stable surface and can be grown as films, which are probed experimentally. However, nanostructures exposing other surfaces such as (110) show high activity for reactions including CO oxidation and require further study; these nanostructures could be modified by deposition of metal atoms or small clusters, but there is no information to date on the atomic level details of metal-ceria interactions involving the (110) surface. This paper presents the results of density functional theory (DFT) corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions (DFT+U) calculations of the adsorption of a number of different metal atoms at an extended ceria (110) surface; the metals are Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ga, In, La, Ce, V, Cr, and Fe. Upon adsorption all metals are oxidised, transferring electron(s) to the surface, resulting in localised surface distortions. The precise details depend on the identity of the metal atom. Au, Ag, Cu each transfer one electron to the surface, reducing one Ce ion to Ce3+, while of the trivalent metals, Al and La are fully oxidised, but Ga and In are only partially oxidised. Ce and the transition metals are also partially oxidised, with the number of reduced Ce ions possible in this surface no more than three per adsorbed metal atom. The predicted oxidation states of the adsorbed metal atoms should be testable in experiments on ceria nanostructures modified with metal atoms.
Experimental demonstration of wakefield effects in a THz planar diamond accelerating structure
Authors: Antipov S. , Jing C. , Kanareykin A. , Butler J. E. , Yakimenko V. , Fedurin M. , Kusche K. , Gai W.
Published: April 2012

We have directly measured THz wakefields induced by a subpicosecond, intense relativistic electron bunch in a diamond loaded accelerating structure via the wakefield acceleration method. We present here the beam test results from the diamond based structure. Diamond has been chosen for its high breakdown threshold and unique thermoconductive properties. Fields produced by a leading (drive) beam were used to accelerate a trailing (witness) electron bunch, which followed the drive bunch at a variable distance. The energy gain of a witness bunch as a function of its separation from the drive bunch describes the time structure of the generated wakefield.
Resonant energy transfer assisted by off-diagonal coupling
Authors: Wu Ning , Sun Ke-Wei , Chang Zhe , Zhao Yang
Published: April 2012

Dynamics of resonant energy transfer of a single excitation in a molecular dimer system are studied in the simultaneous presence of diagonal and off-diagonal exciton-phonon coupling. It is found that, at given temperatures, the off-diagonal coupling can enhance both the coherence of the resonant energy transfer and the net quantity of energy transferred from an initially excited monomer to the other. Also studied is the dynamics of entanglement between the dimer system and the phonon bath as measured by the von Neumann entanglement entropy, and the inter-monomer entanglement dynamics for the excitonic system.
Optimal pairwise and non-pairwise alchemical pathways for free energy calculations of molecular transformation in solution phase
Authors: Pham Tri T. , Shirts Michael R.
Published: April 2012

We estimate the global minimum variance path for computing the free energy insertion into or deletion of small molecules from a dense fluid. We perform this optimization over all pair potentials, irrespective of functional form, using functional optimization with a two-body approximation for the radial distribution function. Surprisingly, the optimal pairwise path obtained via this method is almost identical to the path obtained using a optimized generalized “soft core” potential reported by Pham and Shirts [J. Chem. Phys. 135, 034114 (2011)]10.1063/1.3607597. We also derive the lowest variance non-pairwise potential path for molecular insertion or deletion and compare its efficiency to the pairwise path. Under certain conditions, non-pairwise pathways can reduce the total variance by up to 60% compared to optimal pairwise pathways. However, optimal non-pairwise pathways do not appear generally feasible for practical free energy calculations because an accurate estimate of the free energy, the parameter that is itself is desired, is required for constructing this non-pairwise path. Additionally, simulations at most intermediate states of these non-pairwise paths have significantly longer correlation times, often exceeding standard simulation lengths for solvation of bulky molecules. The findings suggest that the previously obtained soft core pathway is the lowest variance pathway for molecular insertion or deletion in practice. The findings also demonstrate the utility of functional optimization for determining the efficiency of thermodynamic processes performed with molecular simulation.
Raman sensitivity to crystal structure in InAs nanowires
Authors: Kumar Panda Jaya , Roy Anushree , Singha Achintya , Gemmi Mauro , Ercolani Daniele , Pellegrini Vittorio , Sorba Lucia
Published: April 2012

We report electron transmission and Raman spectroscopy study of InAs nanowires. We demonstrate that the temperature dependent behavior of optical phonon energies can be used to determine the relative wurtzite fraction in the InAs nanowires. Furthermore, we propose that the interfacial strain between zincblende and wurtzite phases along the length of the wires manifests in the temperature-evolution of the phonon linewidths. From these studies, temperature-dependent Raman measurements emerge as a non-invasive method to study polytypism in such nanowires.