bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Lipid Droplets Are More Equal Than Others: Different Metabolic Lipid Droplet Pools in Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Molenaar Martijn R , Vaandrager Arie B , Helms J Bernd
Published: December 2017

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are professional lipid-storing cells and are unique in their property to store most of the retinol (vitamin A) as retinyl esters in large-sized lipid droplets. Hepatic stellate cell activation is a critical step in the development of chronic liver disease, as activated HSCs cause fibrosis. During activation, HSCs lose their lipid droplets containing triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, and retinyl esters. Lipidomic analysis revealed that the dynamics of disappearance of these different classes of neutral lipids are, however, very different from each other. Although retinyl esters steadily decrease during HSC activation, triacylglycerols have multiple pools one of which becomes transiently enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids before disappearing. These observations are consistent with the existence of preexisting “original” lipid droplets with relatively slow turnover and rapidly recycling lipid droplets that transiently appear during activation of HSCs. Elucidation of the molecular machinery involved in the regulation of these distinct lipid droplet pools may open new avenues for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Distribution and Clustering of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) Cases in Canada During 1992 to 2010
Authors: Ghazawi Feras M. , Netchiporouk Elena , Rahme Elham , Tsang Matthew , Moreau Linda , Glassman Steven , Provost Nathalie , Gilbert Martin , Jean Sara-Elizabeth , Roshdy Osama , Pehr Kevin , Sasseville Denis , Litvinov Ivan V.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Clustering of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) was reported in several jurisdictions around the world. This rare cancer is known to affect spouses and in some cases multiple members of the same family. These combined results suggest the existence of external disease triggers/promoters. We recently conducted the first comprehensive analysis of CTCL incidence and mortality in Canada, which revealed case clustering in several regions.

Objectives:

To extend our previous analysis on CTCL incidence across Canada and to provide all the collected data on CTCL patient incidence in Canada during the period of 1992 to 2010.

Methods:

Clinical parameters for patients with CTCL in Canada were analyzed using 2 independent population-based cancer registries: Canadian Cancer Registry and Le Registre Québécois du Cancer. The CTCL incidence rates were examined on different geographical levels, including provinces/territories, cities, and forward sortation areas.

Results:

Our findings further corroborate our earlier observations of higher CTCL incidence in Newfoundland and Labrador, maritime provinces (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick), and prairie provinces (Manitoba and Saskatchewan). Also, most cities with high CTCL incidence were located in these provinces. Extensive mapping of high-incidence postal codes supports case clustering in a number of communities that are located in the proximity of industrial centres and seaports.

Conclusions:

Detailed analysis of CTCL incidence in Canada is critical to fully understand the burden of this disease in our country, to begin the search for a possible external trigger for this lymphoma, and to reform how health care resources are distributed throughout the country to better serve Canadian patients with CTCL.
Physical activity patterns and factors that facilitate or hinder exercise among adolescents in an all-boys school
Authors: Koh Koon Teck , George Lam Choon Seng , Regina Lim Si Hui , Sam Ka Lam
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the level of physical activity (PA) in an all-boys school and, using a mixed method design, to identify factors that facilitate or hinder PA engagement. Participants ( n = 382) completed the Three Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) questionnaire to enable examination of the pattern of their PA and the amount of time spent on sedentary activities. To understand further the motivation behind their level of PA, 24 participants with the highest and lowest 3DPAR scores were selected for focus groups. Quantitative data of the PA levels of the all-boys sample of this study and those of a mixed sample from a study by Lee and Trost were analysed using percentage means with 95% confidence intervals, with a 2x2 analysis of variance being used for the comparisons. The focus group data were transcribed and thematic analysis was performed on the transcripts. The quantitative results revealed evidence that male students in the current sample were more active in comparison with the students from the mixed sample. The qualitative results indicated that PA participation was facilitated by factors such as intention to maintain health and fitness levels, a strong school sports culture, regular exercise with friends and family, and an individual’s exercise history. In contrast, academic workload, poor exercise history and after-school non-PA related activities were identified as factors that hindered PA participation. The findings are discussed in relation to wider school decisions and policies that have an effect on PA among adolescent students.
The relationship of erectile dysfunction and subclinical cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Osondu Chukwuemeka U , Vo Bryan , Oni Ebenezer T , Blaha Michael J , Veledar Emir , Feldman Theodore , Agatston Arthur S , Nasir Khurram , Aneni Ehimen C
Published: December 2017

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD mortality. However, the relationship between ED and subclinical CVD is less clear. We synthesized the available data on the association of ED and measures of subclinical CVD. We searched multiple databases for published literature on studies examining the association of ED and measures of subclinical CVD across four domains: endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), and other measures of vascular function such as the ankle–brachial index, toe–brachial index, and pulse wave velocity. We conducted random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression on studies that examined an ED relationship with FMD (15 studies; 2025 participants) and cIMT (12 studies; 1264 participants). ED was associated with a 2.64 percentage-point reduction in FMD compared to those without ED (95% CI: –3.12, −2.15). Persons with ED also had a 0.09-mm (95% CI: 0.06, 0.12) higher cIMT than those without ED. In subgroup meta-analyses, the mean age of the study population, study quality, ED assessment questionnaire (IIEF-5 or IIEF-15), or the publication date did not significantly affect the relationship between ED and cIMT or between ED and FMD. The results for the association of ED and CAC were inconclusive. In conclusion, this study confirms an association between ED and subclinical CVD and may shed additional light on the shared mechanisms between ED and CVD, underscoring the importance of aggressive CVD risk assessment and management in persons with ED.
Uncovering cultural assumptions: Using a critical incident technique during an international student-teaching field experience
Authors: Madrid Akpovo Samara
Published: December 2017

This research examined the critical incidents of 10 United States (US) early childhood student teachers during a three-week university-sponsored international field experience conducted in three urban preschools in Kathmandu, Nepal. The purpose of employing the critical incident technique was to allow the US student teachers to reflect critically on successful and unsuccessful intercultural interactions in an effort to identify cultural assumptions about teaching young children. The approach was used not only to make assumptions visible, but also to make conceptual and behavioral changes based on what was learned from the critical reflection. The student teachers wrote weekly critical incidents, which were then discussed during weekly individual interviews. Three group discussions, a research journal, and field notes were used to triangulate the findings. A qualitative thematic analysis revealed five types of written critical incidents: descriptive, hypothetical, resistive, reflective, and integrative. Illustrative critical incidents are presented to compare and contrast how the international field experience allowed for productive reflection of cultural assumptions for some student teachers while leading to resistance to cultural assumptions for other student teachers. The findings suggest that outcomes vary based on the student teachers’ ability not only to identify their cultural assumptions, but also to challenge their cultural assumptions with actions grounded in ethnorelative reflection when teaching diverse groups of young children in the US and abroad.
Logging on Laggardly . . . A Critical (Self) Reflection
Authors: Henderson Anthea
Published: December 2017

In this autoethnography, the author uses the context of a research fellowship to interrogate and resist diffusion perspectives and practices embedded in digital adoption ideologies. Musing from the vantage point of a Global South academic, her negotiation of and resistance toward the digital environment are enacted by discussing the historic and contemporary ways in which cultural imperialism is experienced. The fellowship itself becomes an occasion to relinquish doctrinaire positions on cultural imperialism, and conceptual gaps become a lived reality. In this article, she argues for a reflective scientific agenda which critiques theoretical traditions in academia, recasts the contemporary digital environment through a Gramscian lens, and concludes by legitimizing personal agency and meaning-making in the use of digital tools.
Relationship Between Persistent Negative Symptoms and Findings of Neurocognition and Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia
Authors: İnce Ezgi , Üçok Alp
Published: December 2017

Negative symptoms are defined as loss or reduction of otherwise present behaviors or functions in illness situation, and they have constituted an important aspect of schizophrenia. Although negative symptoms have usually been considered as a single entity, neurobiological investigations yielded discrepant results. To overcome challenges that derive from this discrepancy, researchers have proposed several approaches to structure negative symptoms into more homogenous constructs. Concept of persistent negative symptoms (PNS) is one of the proposed approaches, and includes both primary and secondary negative symptoms that persist after adequate treatment. PNS is relatively easy to assess, and by definition, more inclusive; yet it represents an unmet therapeutic need. Therefore, it is a target of several neurobiological and pharmacological studies. There are several structural and functional brain alterations associated with negative symptoms. On the other hand, neurocognitive investigations in patients with schizophrenia have revealed deficits in several domains that showed correlations with negative symptoms. There are several shared features between negative symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia such as prevalence rates, course through the illness, prognostic importance, and impact on social functioning. However, exact mechanisms behind the neurobiology of PNS and how it interacts with neurocognition remain to be explained. Earlier reviews on neuroimaging and neurocognitive correlates of PNS have been focused on studies with broadly defined negative symptoms that were selected by methodological closeness to PNS. In this review, we focus on neural correlates and neurocognitive associations of PNS, and we discuss PNS findings available to date.
For Shawnee: Keeping the Student (and Family) Front and Center
Authors: Maughan Erin D. , Willgerodt Mayumi
Published: December 2017

Patient-centered care is a buzzword heard often as part of health care reform efforts. For school nurses patient-centered care means student- and family-centered care. Student-centered care can improve student compliance and actually decrease school nurse workload. This article explains what student-centered means and provides examples of how school nurses can provide student and families-centered care in their communities. Approaches that center on individual students, as well as community cafes will be included.
First human impacts and responses of aquatic systems: A review of palaeolimnological records from around the world
Authors: Dubois Nathalie , Saulnier-Talbot Émilie , Mills Keely , Gell Peter , Battarbee Rick , Bennion Helen , Chawchai Sakonvan , Dong Xuhui , Francus Pierre , Flower Roger , Gomes Doriedson F , Gregory-Eaves Irene , Humane Sumedh , Kattel Giri , Jenny JeanPhilippe , Langdon Peter , Massaferro Julieta , McGowan Suzanne , Mikomägi Annika , Ngoc Nguyen Thi Minh , Ratnayake Amila Sandaruwan , Reid Michael , Rose Neil , Saros Jasmine , Schillereff Daniel , Tolotti Monica , Valero-Garcés Blas
Published: December 2017

Lake sediments constitute natural archives of past environmental changes. Historically, research has focused mainly on generating regional climate records, but records of human impacts caused by land use and exploitation of freshwater resources are now attracting scientific and management interests. Long-term environmental records are useful to establish ecosystem reference conditions, enabling comparisons with current environments and potentially allowing future trajectories to be more tightly constrained. Here we review the timing and onset of human disturbance in and around inland water ecosystems as revealed through sedimentary archives from around the world. Palaeolimnology provides access to a wealth of information reflecting early human activities and their corresponding aquatic ecological shifts. First human impacts on aquatic systems and their watersheds are highly variable in time and space. Landscape disturbance often constitutes the first anthropogenic signal in palaeolimnological records. While the effects of humans at the landscape level are relatively easily demonstrated, the earliest signals of human-induced changes in the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems need very careful investigation using multiple proxies. Additional studies will improve our understanding of linkages between human settlements, their exploitation of land and water resources, and the downstream effects on continental waters.
A Practice Innovations Decision Model
Authors: Rohrer James E.
Published: December 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this commentary is to propose a flexible practice innovations decision model (PIDM) for use in health services planning and management.

Method:

This is an example of fuzzy decision analysis. The elements of the model are explained by applying it to the decision of whether to open a primary care clinic in retail space. The model contains 10 criteria, each of which scored as 1 (met) or 0 (not met). The scores are summed to guide the decision.

Result:

In this example, success was defined a priori as meeting 8 or more criteria. Sensitivity analysis and simulation can be used in practice to test the model.

Conclusion:

The PIDM appears to be applicable to a variety of decisions, and the fuzzy scoring combined with simulation and sensitivity analysis generates plausible results. The model should be modified as necessary for each situation in which it is applied.
Rohingya Women in Karachi
Authors: Iqbal Haya Fatima
Published: December 2017

Karachi is a sprawling megapolis of Pakistan that hosts hundreds of thousands of immigrants and refugees from different parts of the world. The Rohingyas constitute one such community and live in the south of the city in an area called Arakanabad, named after their ancestral homeland of Arakan (now called Rakhine State) in Myanmar. While there is some media coverage about the plight of the community in general, the challenges faced by migrant Rohingya women are largely ignored. This is a photo essay of Rohingya women living in Karachi.
Labour and Body Violence: Women’s Saga from Jharia Colliery to West Virginia Colliery
Authors: Sinha Jyoti
Published: December 2017

Women workers in the Indian coal mines have never been a homogenous category. Caste affiliations, class status, tribal background, regional and local belongings all play a role both in forging collective solidarities (or lack thereof) as well as women’s own observations of their life and work. The social dynamics between different rungs of employment are at times conciliatory, but often contentious. In the absence of dissenting solidarity, the major concern of women are not larger issues but their personal issues and struggles at the everyday level, which reflect their individual agency. The narratives of mineworkers even as they reveal caste/class as well as political differences nonetheless underscore the extraordinary hardship women experience regardless of their social location. This article would reflect upon their struggle and revolt on the everyday level, which would further reflect upon the intersectionality within the women coal miners. In this attempt, the author has also tried to draw upon some comparison with the women miners and their saga from the Appalachian Mountains in North America.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: A Literature Review
Authors: Franklin Vicki R. , Simmons Layla Q. , Baker Anthony L.
Published: December 2017

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, or TIPS, is a procedure used to decompress the portal system resulting from portal hypertension. The technique was inadvertently discovered during a transjugular cholangiography procedure around 1969. Technological advances in the 1980s and 1990s have resulted in more positive outcomes for the TIPS procedure since its inception. There are several indications for performing the procedure, including refractory ascites, variceal bleeding, and portal hypertension. Liver disease can lead to portal hypertension, and few treatments are available; however, with TIPS, many patients obtain favorable results. The goal of placing an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is to bypass the vascular resistance in the cirrhotic liver by creating a channel between the portal and hepatic veins, thereby reducing portal venous pressure and portal hypertension. Normal and diseased liver function is explained as well as the TIPS procedure process, materials, complications, and long-term outcomes.
Analysis of Brazilian publications on distance education in nursing: integrative review
Authors: Tavares Ana Paula Cardoso , Leite Bruna Silva , Silveira Isabelle Andrade , Santos Thayane Dias dos , Brito Willian de Andrade Pereira de , Camacho Alessandra Conceição Leite Funchal
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the publications that focus on distance education in nursing in Brazil from 2010 to 2016. Method: Integrative review of the literature with data collection in June 2016 in the following databases: LILACS, MEDLINE via PUBMED, CINAHL and SCOPUS. For the data analysis and interpretation, the thematic categorization was chosen. Results: We selected 18 articles for discussion, whose textual analysis permitted the construction of three thematic categories: use of virtual technologies for distance education in nursing; construction of virtual learning environments with the aid of virtual technologies for distance education in nursing; and evaluation of the learning process through virtual technologies for distance education of nurses. Conclusion: Distance Education stands out as an effective teaching-learning strategy in this type of education in Brazilian nursing, focused mainly on the improvement and complement of traditional teaching.
Drought Monitoring in Chaharmahl-Bakhtiyari Province in Iran
Authors: Mohammadi Hamid , Abasi Mojgan , Bazrafshan Javad
Published: December 2017

Abstract The monitoring of drought is the most important factor in water resources management. This study focuses on evaluation of the drought characteristics such as intensity, frequency and duration drought using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in different time scales such as: SPI1, SPI3 months, during 1980-2012. The results show that selection of different time scales can be based on management goals and kind of drought. The results of the drought occurrence frequency showed that, with increase of length of time scales, drought duration will increase and maximum frequency was at the normal level and there is no particular procedure in different time scales. Furthermore, Drought patterns maps showed that the northern and central parts of study area had experienced these recent droughts more than other places, and these place have potential to destroy the lands. So, by identification of sensitivity regions can be take appropriate management to prevent damage resulting of drought.
EM TORNO DA CIVILIZAÇÃO LUSO-TROPICAL: a contribuição de Gilberto Freyre à sociologia da imigração no Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Márcio de
Published: December 2017

Rigorosamente, não há uma sociologia da imigração na obra de Gilberto Freyre. Contudo o fenômeno da imigração não está ausente das análises sobre o modelo freyriano de amálgama e sobre os processos de miscigenação social e racial. Está presente ainda em conferências e livros sobre a civilização luso-tropical, em seu interesse e viagens por outras culturas e países. Ele pode ser observado ainda em sua atuação parlamentar em defesa da lusofonia durante a Assembleia Constituinte de 1946. Esse paper discute a contribuição de Freyre à sociologia da imigração no Brasil, em relação à discussão mais geral sobre o luso-tropicalismo. Colocando em perspectiva comparada as definições sobre o luso-tropicalismo e as análises dos processos de assimilação, conclui-se que os estudos nos quais Freyre analisa aspectos da imigração foram contrapartida decisiva para o desenvolvimento de suas ideias sobre a civilização luso-tropical, além de constituírem importantes contribuições para a sociologia da imigração no Brasil.
Status of Bay of Bengal: An Ecological Point of View
Authors: IK Pai
Published: December 2017

The marine resources are a major source of food, a reservoir of minerals, major suppliers of oxygen, regulator of climate. It is also an ultimate dumping ground for the mounting burden of human waste material. Due to unchecked anthropogenic activity in recent years, the physico-chemical and biological status of the marine environments have changed significantly. This has resulted in the changing environmental scenario of the world. The Bay of Bengal, is one of the largest Bay in the world known to receive large flow of sediments from several rivers and other water bodies from India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia etc., Many of these rivers bring along with them, a large quantity of effluents from cities / towns located on either side of these rivers, thus making the Bay nutrient rich. This Bay also plays a major role in determining the climatic conditions of India and other South East Asian countries. Thus its ecology is of paramount interest. Further, the Bay is also known for its oligotrophic nature as well low productivity, thus resulting in high diversity of flora and fauna. The ecological status of the Bay has a direct bearing on the lifescape of the Bay, and therefore, a study was undertaken to understand abiotic and biotic factors with special reference to zooplankton. Based on the observations, the study recommends certain appropriate measures to be taken to conserve the ecology of one of the largest Bay in the world.
Compliance of the recurrent renal stone former with current best practice guidelines
Authors: Bos Derek , Kim Kevin , Hoogenes Jen , Lambe Shahid , Shayegan Bobby , Matsumoto Edward D.
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Patient compliance to best practice guidelines is a significant factor in preventing renal stone recurrence. While patient compliance has been historically poor, there remains a paucity of data in the renal stone setting. We evaluated compliance of the recurrent renal stone former with current Canadian Urological Association (CUA) best practice guidelines.Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate patient compliance. Recurrent renal stone former patients were consecutively recruited from McMaster’s Institute of Urology and completed a one-time questionnaire developed in accordance with CUA best practice guidelines. Questionnaire sections included: 1) demographics; 2) interaction(s) and satisfaction with their healthcare provider; and 3) knowledge, attitudes, and compliance with best practices.Results: A total of 300 patients were enrolled in the study; 55.3% were men, 69.5% had a history of stone surgery, while 23.7% had a positive family history. Participants perceived satisfactory education from their urologist and primary care physician 82.7% and 59.7% of the time, respectively (p<0.05). Nearly a quarter of patients (22.8%) perceived their stone disease to be severe and 67.1% of patients believed in the efficacy of preventative stone measures. Overall, 45.8% of patients were compliant with CUA best practice guidelines. The majority of patients (72.6%) complied with high fluid intake, the most critical stone preventative practice. Conclusions: Consistent with previous studies, compliance to dietary recommendations in this evaluation of recurrent stone formers was low. Study findings may be attributed to insufficient knowledge translation, lack of perceived disease severity, and/or patient uncertainty in the importance of preventative stone practices.
Police History: A Bibliography
Authors: Parris Henry W.
Published: December 2017

Few subjects have been as neglected by historians as the Police. Anyone studying the history of the 19th century in particular, when the modern era of policing began, cannot fail to be struck by the cursory treatment accorded to the new element in public security by the most authoritative writers. We were glad, therefore, to receive the list of publications relating to police history which Dr. Parris introduces in the following article. It is we, believe, the only published list of its kind.

It may be that other matter has been published in this field and we shall be glad to print a supplementary list if any of our readers care to send particulars (in the same detail as in the present list) of any omissions, whether in book- or booklet-form or as articles in Force or other magazines.
An Answer to an “Open Letter to the Police Service”
Authors: Margetson Philip
Published: December 2017

We publish below a reply by Sir Philip Margetson, formerly Assistant Commissioner at Scotland Yard, to “Observer's” highly controversial “Open Letter to the Police Service” in our last issue. The opinions expressed in that article were those of the contributor and this is, of course, the case in all articles published, but we do not, in particular, agree with “Observer's” views on private security organizations and we are glad of this opportunity to dissociate ourselves from them.
Canute 1965
Authors: Mark Robert
Published: December 2017

Mr. Mark reviews below an important new book on the control of police forces by government.
What Price Discretion?
Authors: Kingshott Brian
Published: December 2017

A small photograph and a short paragraph under the simple headline “Lee Clegg Back on Front Line”1 informed readers that Private Lee Clegg was to return to front line duties just four months after being freed from a life sentence for murder.
Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trial Consortium
Authors: Packer Roger J. , Fisher Michael J. , Cutter Gary , Cole-Plourde Karen , Korf Bruce R.
Published: December 2017

Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2, affecting both children and adults, often results in devastating complications. The rapid unravelling of the genetic underpinnings of these unique disorders has led to the development of novel therapies, especially molecular-targeted therapies. To facilitate clinical trial development, the Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trial Consortium (NFCTC) was established in 2006 by the Department of Defense. Over the past decade, the Consortium has successfully completed studies for children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibromas, neurocognitive challenges, low-grade gliomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. In addition, a study for children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 2 and acoustic schwannomas is near completion. The NFCTC has now been expanded to 19 sites in the United Stated and Australia. Mechanisms have been put in place to work closely with other consortia, foundations, and industry to expeditiously translate preclinical discoveries into clinical trials.
Hypoglycemia: When to Treat?
Authors: Kallem Venkat Reddy , Pandita Aakash , Gupta Girish
Published: December 2017

Hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic disorder encountered in neonates. The definition of hypoglycemia as well as its clinical significance and management remain controversial. Most cases of neonatal hypoglycemia are transient, respond readily to treatment, and are associated with an excellent prognosis. Persistent hypoglycemia is more likely to be associated with abnormal endocrine conditions, such as hyperinsulinemia, as well as possible neurologic sequelae. Manifestations of hypoglycemia include seizures which can result in noteworthy neuromorbidity in the long haul. Thus, hypoglycemia constitutes a neonatal emergency which requires earnest analytic assessment and prompt treatment. In this review, we have tried to cover the pathophysiology, the screening protocol for high-risk babies, management, long-term neurologic sequelae associated with neonatal hypoglycemia, with evidence-based answers wherever possible, and our own practices.
Active vibration control of a conical shell using piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Sun Longfei , Li Weijia , Wu Yaozhong , Lan Qiuhua
Published: December 2017

Conical shell structures are commonly used in many engineering systems, and vibration suppression is very important to realize the desired function. In this study, piezoelectric ceramics were used as actuators/sensors with a multimodal fuzzy sliding mode controller to suppress vibrations of conical shell structure for the first time. The structure’s natural frequencies and mode shapes were obtained through modal analysis using finite element method and verified by modal tests. The agreement between analysis and test results verified the finite element method was appropriate. A multimodal fuzzy sliding mode controller was subsequently designed based on the analysis to provide active vibration control. The resulting controller was tested experimentally for the conical shell structure. The experimental results indicated that the proposed controller can effectively use to suppress vibration for the conical shell structure.
Paradoxical Effects of Power on Moral Thinking: Why Power Both Increases and Decreases Deontological and Utilitarian Moral Decisions
Authors: Fleischmann Alexandra , Lammers Joris , Conway Paul , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: December 2017

The current research explores the role of power in moral decision-making. Some work suggests that power increases utilitarianism; other work suggests power increases deontological judgments. Conversely, we propose that power can both increase and decrease both deontological and utilitarian decisions by building on two recent insights in moral psychology. First, we utilize the moral orientation scale to assess four thinking styles that jointly predict moral dilemma decisions. Second, we employ process dissociation to assess deontological and utilitarian judgments as orthogonal rather than opposite constructs. We conducted two preregistered confirmatory studies that replicated exploratory findings. In Study 1, power increased three moral thinking styles: integration, deliberation, and rule orientation. In Study 2, these decision-making styles simultaneously mediated the effects of power on utilitarian and deontological responses in opposing ways, leading to null effects overall. These results reconcile previous findings and demonstrate the complex yet systematic effects power has on moral decision-making.
The expression of the embryonic gene Cripto‐1 is regulated by OCT4 in human embryonal carcinoma NCCIT cells
Authors: Park Sung‐Won , Do Hyun‐Jin , Han Mi‐Hee , Choi Wonbin , Kim Jae‐Hwan
Published: December 2017

Cripto‐1 and OCT4, expressed in stem cells and cancers, play important roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that Cripto‐1 expression is regulated by OCT4 in human embryonic carcinoma NCCIT cells. The endogenous expression of Cripto‐1 and OCT4 is significantly reduced during differentiation. Cripto‐1 expression is increased by OCT4 overexpression, but decreased by shRNA‐mediated OCT4 knockdown. OCT4 overexpression significantly activates Cripto‐1 transcriptional activity. A 5′‐upstream minimal promoter sequence in the gene‐encoding Cripto‐1 is significantly activated by OCT4 overexpression. Mutation of the putative OCT4‐binding site abolishes OCT4‐mediated activation of the Cripto‐1 promoter. The OCT4 transactivation domains mediate transcriptional activity of the Cripto‐1 minimal promoter through direct interaction. Taken together, OCT4 plays an important role as a transcriptional activator of Cripto‐1 expression in NCCIT cells.
Marine N2O Emissions From Nitrification and Denitrification Constrained by Modern Observations and Projected in Multimillennial Global Warming Simulations
Authors: Battaglia G. , Joos F.
Published: December 2017

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and ozone destructing agent; yet global estimates of N2O emissions are uncertain. Marine N2O stems from nitrification and denitrification processes which depend on organic matter cycling and dissolved oxygen (O2). We introduce N2O as an obligate intermediate product of denitrification and as an O2‐dependent by‐product from nitrification in the Bern3D ocean model. A large model ensemble is used to probabilistically constrain modern and to project marine N2O production for a low (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)2.6) and high GHG (RCP8.5) scenario extended to A.D. 10,000. Water column N2O and surface ocean partial pressure N2O data serve as constraints in this Bayesian framework. The constrained median for modern N2O production is 4.5 (±1σ range: 3.0 to 6.1) Tg N yr−1, where 4.5% stems from denitrification. Modeled denitrification is 65.1 (40.9 to 91.6) Tg N yr−1, well within current estimates. For high GHG forcing, N2O production decreases by 7.7% over this century due to decreasing organic matter export and remineralization. Thereafter, production increases slowly by 21% due to widespread deoxygenation and high remineralization. Deoxygenation peaks in two millennia, and the global O2 inventory is reduced by a factor of 2 compared to today. Net denitrification is responsible for 7.8% of the long‐term increase in N2O production. On millennial timescales, marine N2O emissions constitute a small, positive feedback to climate change. Our simulations reveal tight coupling between the marine carbon cycle, O2, N2O, and climate.
Constraints on Friction, Dilatancy, Diffusivity, and Effective Stress From Low‐Frequency Earthquake Rates on the Deep San Andreas Fault
Authors: Beeler N. M. , Thomas Amanda , Bürgmann Roland , Shelly David
Published: December 2017

Families of recurring low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) within nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault in central California are sensitive to tidal stresses. LFEs occur at all levels of the tides, are strongly correlated and in phase with the ~200 Pa shear stresses, and weakly and not systematically correlated with the ~2 kPa tidal normal stresses. We assume that LFEs are small sources that repeatedly fail during shear within a much larger scale, aseismically slipping fault zone and consider two different models of the fault slip: (1) modulation of the fault slip rate by the tidal stresses or (2) episodic slip, triggered by the tides. LFEs are strongly clustered with duration much shorter than the semidiurnal tide; they cannot be significantly modulated on that time scale. The recurrence times of clusters, however, are many times longer than the semidiurnal, leading to an appearance of tidal triggering. In this context we examine the predictions of laboratory‐observed triggered frictional (dilatant) fault slip. The undrained end‐member model produces no sensitivity to the tidal normal stress, and slip onsets are in phase with the tidal shear stress. The tidal correlation constrains the diffusivity to be less than ~1 × 10−6/s and the product of the friction and dilatancy coefficients to be at most 5 × 10−7, orders of magnitude smaller than observed at room temperature. In the absence of dilatancy the effective normal stress at failure would be about ~55 kPa. For this model the observations require intrinsic weakness, low dilatancy, and lithostatic pore fluid.
Carrier Modulation of Ambipolar Few‐Layer MoTe2 Transistors by MgO Surface Charge Transfer Doping
Authors: Luo Wei , Zhu Mengjian , Peng Gang , Zheng Xiaoming , Miao Feng , Bai Shuxin , Zhang Xue‐Ao , Qin Shiqiao
Published: December 2017

Semiconducting molybdenum ditelluride (2H‐MoTe2), a fast‐emerging 2D material with an appropriate band gap and decent carrier mobility, is configured as field‐effect transistors and is the focus of substantial research interest, showing hole‐dominated ambipolar characteristics. Here, carrier modulation of ambipolar few‐layer MoTe2 transistors is demonstrated utilizing magnesium oxide (MgO) surface charge transfer doping. By carefully adjusting the thickness of MgO film and the number of MoTe2 layers, the carrier polarity of MoTe2 transistors from p‐type to n‐type can be reversely controlled. The electron mobility of MoTe2 is significantly enhanced from 0.1 to 20 cm2 V−1 s−1 after 37 nm MgO film doping, indicating a greatly improved electron transport. The effective carrier modulation enables to achieve high‐performance complementary inverters with high DC gain of >25 and photodetectors based on few‐layer MoTe2 flakes. The results present an important advance toward the realization of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide semiconductors.
How to Evaluate and Manipulate Charge Transfer and Photocatalytic Response at Hybrid Nanocarbon–Metal Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Kemnade Nina , Gebhardt Paul , Haselmann Greta M. , Cherevan Alexey , Wilde Gerhard , Eder Dominik
Published: December 2017

Nanocarbon–metal oxide hybrids are among the most promising functional materials in many cutting‐edge environmental and energy applications where efficient charge separation and extraction are keys to success. The next level of hybrid structures will be achieved once one learns how to control and tune charge/energy transfer processes at the interfaces. However, little is yet known about the nature and extent of these interfacial dynamics in nanocarbon hybrids. Here a model is designed in which ultrathin dielectric layers (Al2O3, ZrO2) between the hybrid's components (ZnO, TiO2) and carbon nanotubes allow for evaluating and tuning of interfacial charge transfer over an unusually long distance of at least 50 nm. Surprisingly, the transfer efficiency correlates linearly with the barrier layer thickness, indicating that electron conduction through the barrier layer constitutes the rate‐limiting step. It is also demonstrated that the charge transfer efficiency can be tuned by the type of interlayer and its degree of crystallinity, thus controlling the hybrid's performance in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen. It is believed that this model system will help to understand and decipher the fundamentals regarding interfacial charge and energy transfer in nanocarbon hybrids with the aim to further advance these hybrid structures for a wide range of energy applications.
Directional and Continuous Transport of Gas Bubbles on Superaerophilic Geometry‐Gradient Surfaces in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Ma Hongyu , Cao Moyuan , Zhang Chunhui , Bei Zhanlin , Li Kan , Yu Cunming , Jiang Lei
Published: December 2017

Due to the direct and sufficient contacting with the aqueous environment, the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on open surface without energy input will advance a variety of applications in heat transfer, selective aeration, water electrolysis, etc. Unfortunately, the behaviors of gas bubbles in aqueous environment are mainly dominated by the buoyancy moving gas bubbles upward, resulting in their difficult manipulation. Therefore, realizing the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on open surface still remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel strategy integrating the superaerophilic wettability with geometry‐gradient structure is proposed, which can engender high driving force and low hysteresis resistance force acting on the gas bubbles. In experiment, these fabricated superaerophilic geometry‐gradient polyethylene surfaces demonstrate distinguished performance of directionally and continuously transporting gas bubbles on open surfaces without energy input. In addition, the antibuoyancy bubble transportation device and the underwater bubble microreactor are successfully prepared in this manuscript, both of which illustrate the feasibility in the applications of complex environment and gas‐related fields. It can be envisioned that this study will promote the understanding and development of underwater functional superwettability materials to achieve the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on the open surface.
DNA‐Au Nanomachine Equipped with i‐Motif and G‐Quadruplex for Triple Combinatorial Anti‐Tumor Therapy
Authors: Park Hyeongmok , Kim Jinhwan , Jung Sungjin , Kim Won Jong
Published: December 2017

In the present study, the design, construction, and operation of a functional DNA‐decorated dynamic gold (Au) nanomachine as a therapeutic agent for triple combinatorial anti‐cancer therapy are revealed. Taking advantage of the intrinsic optical properties of Au nanoparticles, which depend on their size, a cytosine rich i‐motif sequence is employed for intracellular pH‐sensitive duplex dissociation and subsequent aggregation of the DNA‐Au nanomachine, enabling anticancer drug release and photothermal ablation upon irradiation with infrared light. Moreover, another functional DNA sequence, a G‐quadruplex, is exploited for the stable loading and intracellular delivery of a photosensitizer to achieve effective photodynamic therapy under red light illumination. The G‐quadruplex‐assisted enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, pH‐responsive dynamic aggregation behavior, consequent drug release, and the photothermal effect are investigated. Furthermore, the combinatorial chemo, photodynamic, and photothermal therapeutic effects of the functional DNA‐decorated Au nanomachines are evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a triple negative breast cancer model.
Synthesis of Sulfonated 5‐Aminopyrazoles by I2/Benzoyl Peroxide‐Mediated Tandem Reaction
Authors: Cheng Dongping , Chen Tianpeng , Xu Xiaoliang , Yan Jizhong
Published: December 2017

The tandem reaction of 3‐morpholinoacrylonitrile with sulfonyl hydrazides mediated by I2/benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is reported, which offers an efficient approach for the synthesis of sulfonated 5‐aminopyrazoles. It can bear a large scope of the substrates, and be used for the synthesis of aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic sulfonated 5‐aminopyrazoles.

magnified image
The role of extracellular matrix stiffness in megakaryocyte and platelet development and function
Authors: Leiva Orly , Leon Catherine , Kah Ng Seng , Mangin Pierre , Gachet Christian , Ravid Katya
Published: December 2017

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key acellular structure in constant remodeling to provide tissue cohesion and rigidity. Deregulation of the balance between matrix deposition, degradation, and crosslinking results in fibrosis. Bone marrow fibrosis (BMF) is associated with several malignant and nonmalignant pathologies severely affecting blood cell production. BMF results from abnormal deposition of collagen fibers and enhanced lysyl oxidase‐mediated ECM crosslinking within the marrow, thereby increasing marrow stiffness. Bone marrow stiffness has been recently recognized as an important regulator of blood cell development, notably by modifying the fate and differentiation process of hematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cells. This review surveys the different components of the ECM and their influence on stem cell development, with a focus on the impact of the ECM composition and stiffness on the megakaryocytic lineage in health and disease. Megakaryocyte maturation and the biogenesis of their progeny, the platelets, are thought to respond to environmental mechanical forces through a number of mechanosensors, including integrins and mechanosensitive ion channels, reviewed here.
Allometric considerations when assessing aortic aneurysms in Turner syndrome: Implications for activity recommendations and medical decision‐making
Authors: Corbitt Holly , Maslen Cheryl , Prakash Siddharth , Morris Shaine A. , Silberbach Michael
Published: December 2017

In Turner syndrome, the potential to form thoracic aortic aneurysms requires routine patient monitoring. However, the short stature that typically occurs complicates the assessment of severity and risk because the relationship of body size to aortic dimensions is different in Turner syndrome compared to the general population. Three allometric formula have been proposed to adjust aortic dimensions, all employing body surface area: aortic size index, Turner syndrome‐specific Z‐scores, and Z‐scores based on a general pediatric and young adult population. In order to understand the differences between these formula we evaluated the relationship between age and aortic size index and compared Turner syndrome‐specific Z‐scores and pediatric/young adult based Z‐scores in a group of girls and women with Turner syndrome. Our results suggest that the aortic size index is highly age‐dependent for those under 15 years; and that Turner‐specific Z‐scores are significantly lower than Z‐scores referenced to the general population. Higher Z‐scores derived from the general reference population could result in stigmatization, inappropriate restriction from sports, and increasing the risk of unneeded medical or operative treatments. We propose that when estimating aortic dissection risk clinicians use Turner syndrome‐specific Z‐score for those under fifteen years of age.