bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc‐associated acute pancreatitis in a dog
Authors: Mikszewski J. S. , Saunders H. M. , Hess R. S.
Published: February 2006

Zinc‐induced haemolytic anaemia is a common phenomenon in dogs in the USA following the ingestion of pennies minted after 1982. A case of acute pancreatitis secondary to zinc toxicosis in a dog is described. Acute pancreatitis has been reported in humans, following the ingestion of liquid zinc chloride, but zinc‐associated pancreatitis has not been reported previously in the dog. The mechanism of toxicity is unknown, although the pathophysiology may relate to the role of the pancreas in zinc excretion. Acute pancreatitis as a sequela to zinc toxicosis in the dog represents a complication that may prolong hospitalisation and worsen the prognosis.
Use of an implantable loop recorder to investigate syncope in a cat
Authors: Willis R. , McLeod K. , Cusack J. , Wotton P.
Published: February 2006

The Reveal is an implantable loop recorder. It is increasingly being used in humans for the diagnosis of unexplained syncope where it is believed that cardiac arrhythmias may play a role, and may have great potential for investigating syncope in veterinary patients. The purpose of this report is to describe the first use of the device in the diagnosis of unexplained syncope in a cat.
Right‐to‐left shunting patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension in a cat
Authors: Connolly D. J. , Lamb C. R. , Boswood A.
Published: February 2006

A 16‐month‐old, neutered female domestic shorthaired cat had tachypnoea, inappetence and a heart murmur, which had been first detected at eight weeks old. Diagnosis of reverse shunting patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension was based on a detailed two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examination. This report documents the clinical and imaging findings in this rare feline condition.
Safety of Cartrophen Vet in the dog: review of adverse reaction reports in the UK
Authors: Hannon R. L. , Smith J. G. , Cullis‐Hill D. , Ghosh P. , Hope Cawdery M. J.
Published: February 2006

Suspected adverse reactions (SARs) reported for Cartrophen Vet (100 mg sodium pentosan polysulphate/ml) to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate in the UK for the period January 1991 to October 1999 were reviewed. Of the 161 reports, 28 were probably product related, 54 were possibly product related, 71 were unlikely to be related and eight were unclassified. An estimated real incidence of adverse reactions probably and possibly associated with Cartrophen Vet of 0·074 per cent on an individual dose basis was calculated (assuming only 10 per cent were documented due to underreporting). Sixty‐two SARs (38·5 per cent) documented emesis, 22 (35·5 per cent) of which were product related (onset five to 15 minutes after administration). Sixty‐eight SARs (42·2 per cent) documented general changes to demeanour, 10 (14·7 per cent) were product related (lethargy and/or mild depression and/or mild inappetence lasting up to two days after administration). Six SARs were considered likely to be associated with concurrently administered carprofen. Cartrophen Vet had a low incidence of side effects that were mild and transitory.
High‐grade surface osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Moores A. P. , Beck A. L. , Baker J. F.
Published: February 2006

A case of a high‐grade surface osteosarcoma in the thoracic limb of a dog is reported. Radiographically, there was no bone involvement but there was increased soft tissue opacity. An aggressive osteosarcoma was diagnosed on the basis of early metastatic disease and histopathological examination. Previously reported surface osteosarcomas in the dog have been periosteal and parosteal osteosarcomas which are generally considered to have a low to intermediate biological activity. The tumour described here had radiographical, gross pathological, histopathological and biological features consistent with human high‐grade surface osteosarcoma. The characteristics of surface osteosarcomas are briefly reviewed.
Ovarian cysts in guinea pigs: influence of age and reproductive status on prevalence and size
Authors: Nielsen T. D. , Holt S. , Ruelokke M. L. , McEvoy F. J.
Published: February 2006

Forty‐three guinea pigs presented as part of a screening programme were divided into six categories on the basis of age and reproductive history. Three age groupings were used: less than one year, one to two years, and over two years. Each age group was further divided into two categories: animals which had had single or multiple pregnancies, and animals which had never bred. Each animal received a clinical examination and was scanned using B‐mode ultrasound for the presence of ovarian cysts. Possible relationships between reproductive history and the prevalence of cysts were investigated using Mantel‐Haenzel analysis, and between prevalence, cyst size and age using linear regression analysis. Two out of the 43 animals (4·7 per cent) showed symmetrical alopecia. No statistically significant correlation between reproductive history and the prevalence of cysts was detected at the 95 per cent confidence level. A statistically significant relationship was found, however, between cyst size and age (P< 0 ·01) and between cyst prevalence and age (P < 0·02).
Unusual radiographic appearance of lung carcinoma in a cat
Authors: Rossi F. , Vignoli M. , Sarli G. , Terragni R. , Lang J.
Published: February 2006

A 15‐year‐old, female Siamese cat presented with multiple cavitary lung lesions on thoracic radiographs. This was confirmed histologically to be a well‐differentiated bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this radiographic pattern has not previously been reported in association with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in cats.
Space‐occupying leiomyoma in the pelvic canal of a dog
Authors: Katamoto H. , Kumagai D. , Kouzai N. , Takigami S. , Kuwamura M. , Yamate J. , Kotani T.
Published: February 2006

A large space‐occupying mass was found in the pelvic canal of an 11‐year‐old, entire female shih tzu with rectal tenesmus and dyschezia. Computed tomography revealed an extraluminal mass located on the dorsal aspect of the rectum, causing complete rectal obstruction. Histopathological examination of biopsy tissue identified it as a leiomyoma. The tumour was successfully removed by blunt dissection, via a dorsal approach to the rectum, and there were no complications after surgery.
Two cases of cutaneous nodular dirofilariasis in the cat
Authors: Cornegliani L. , Vercelli A. , Bo S. , Colombo S.
Published: February 2006

Cutaneous nodular dirofilariasis is occasionally reported in dogs but is rare in cats. This report describes two cases of cutaneous nodular lesions due to Dirofilaria immitis adult parasites in domestic shorthaired cats living in an endemic area in northern Italy.
Degenerative neurological and neuromuscular disease in young rottweilers
Authors: Davies D. R. , Irwin P. J.
Published: February 2006

A number of idiopathic degenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system, peripheral nerves and muscles of immature and young adult rottweilers are reported. Tetraparesis or ataxia causing abnormalities in gait and posture are clinical findings common to these conditions. The current knowledge about these syndromes is presented in this review, with an emphasis on the clinical characteristics. Knowledge of these syndromes and a methodical approach to neurological diagnosis can help the veterinarian to identify the underlying disease and establish a prognosis when presented with a tetraparetic or ataxic young rottweiler.
Hydrocolpos in dogs: surgical treatment in two cases
Authors: Viehoff F. W. , Sjollema B. E.
Published: February 2006

Two young female dogs were diagnosed with hydrocolpos as a result of a congenital vaginal obstruction. In one dog, hydrocolpos had led to faecal tenesmus; in the other, the condition was an incidental finding during laparotomy. Diagnostic tests included vaginoscopy, ultrasonography and retrograde vagino‐urethrocystography. In both dogs, the obstruction was located at the junction between the caudal vagina and the vaginal vestibule. Anastomosis of the caudal vagina and vestibule through an episiotomy was successful in both cases.
Management of MRSA septic arthritis in a dog using a gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponge
Authors: Owen M. R. , Moores A. P. , Coe R. J.
Published: February 2006

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis occurred in a dog following elective joint surgery for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Resolution of the infection was assisted by using a surgically implanted absorbable gentamicin‐impregnated sponge.
ClinicalHepatozoon canisinfection in a dog in Turkey
Authors: Voyvoda H. , Pasa S. , Uner A.
Published: February 2006

A five‐year‐old female dog was presented with a four‐week history of inappetence, weight loss, and skin and gait abnormalities. Physical examination revealed weakness, depression, incoordination of the posterior limbs, emaciation, skin and hair coat alterations, peripheral lymphadenopathy, pale mucous membranes and fever. Laboratory analysis of samples revealed abnormalities which included anaemia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, low serum glucose and albumin concentrations, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The diagnosis was confirmed microscopically, by demonstrating the presence ofHepatozoon canisgametocytes within neutrophils in Giemsa‐stained peripheral blood smears. Treatment consisting of toltrazuril and a trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole combination was effective in relieving the clinical signs and clearing the blood ofH canisgametocytes. To the authors’knowledge, this is the first detailed clinical description ofH canisinfection in a dog in Turkey.
Spontaneous healing of a trophic ulcer of the metatarsal pad in a dog
Authors: Gibbons S. E. , McKee W. M.
Published: February 2006

A two‐year‐old whippet cross presented with a large ulcer of the right metatarsal pad. Laceration of the plantar aspect of the metatarsal region involving the flexor tendons had occurred 10 days prior to ulcer formation. Pain sensation was absent distal to the wound, indicating tibial nerve damage. A presumptive diagnosis of trophic ulceration of the metatarsal pad secondary to tibial nerve injury was made. Sensory nerve function returned within 14 weeks and the trophic ulcer subsequently healed. Spontaneous resolution of trophic ulceration has been reported in humans but, to the authors’knowledge, not in dogs.
Spontaneous antenatal resolution of canine hydrops fetalis diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Hopper B. J. , Richardson J. L. , Lester N. V.
Published: February 2006

A previously unreported syndrome of transient mid‐gestational hydrops fetalis identified by ultrasound was diagnosed in 16 litters of 16 different dogs between November 1999 and May 2002. During this study period, a total of 161 canine pregnancies were diagnosed by ultrasound. A 17th litter of eight fetuses developed similar ultrasonographic changes concurrently with maternal systemic mastocytosis and subsequently spontaneously aborted. No pups were born with clinical signs of hydrops fetalis. Fetal resorption in the affected litters was 7/95 (7·4 per cent) and 8/95 (8·4 per cent) aborted. Of the fetuses that survived to term, there were 7/88 (8 per cent) stillbirths. Neonatal mortality rate in the affected litters was 15 per cent (11/73) and the incidence of congenital abnormalities was 7/73 (9·6 per cent). Pugs were significantly (22·8 times) more likely to be affected than other breeds.
Management of cor triatriatum dexter by balloon dilatation in three dogs
Authors: Johnson M. Stafford , Martin M. , De Giovanni J. V. , Boswood A. , Swift S.
Published: February 2006

Two dogs, one immature and one adult, were presented with a history of progressive ascites. In a third, immature dog, increasing exercise intolerance had been noted. Echocardiography demonstrated a partition in the right atrium (cor triatriatum dexter) and echocontrast studies documented normal flow from the cranial vena cava into the right atrium and ventricle. A saphenous vein contrast study demonstrated flow from the caudal vena cava into an accessory right atrial chamber (sinus venarum). The sinus venarum communicated with the true right atrium via a small defect in the atrial membrane in one dog, and additionally with the left atrium via a right‐to‐ left shunting foramen ovale in the other dogs. All defects were visualised on angiographic studies by selective catheterisation of the caudal vena cava via the femoral vein. Balloon dilatation of the defect was then performed using a small followed by a larger balloon angioplasty catheter to enlarge the defect in the atrial membrane. Clinical signs improved within days and were sustained in the long term in all cases.
Rupture of the biceps brachii tendon sheath in two dogs
Authors: Innes J. F. , Brown G.
Published: February 2006

Rupture of the biceps brachii tendon sheath was diagnosed in two dogs which were presented with chronic thoracic limb lameness. In each case, diagnosis was achieved by positive contrast arthrography, which revealed obvious leakage of contrast agent from the distal portion of the tendon sheath. Arthroscopy was performed in each affected shoulder joint and no other significant lesions were found. In one dog, concomitant bicipital tendinopathy was confirmed by histopathology. Both dogs were treated by bicipital tendon transposition, and tenodesis and both showed improvement in the degree of lameness following surgery. Tearing of the biceps brachii tendon sheath has not been reported previously but should be included in the differential diagnosis for shoulder lameness in the adult dog.
Tracheal narrowing secondary to airway obstruction in two cats
Authors: Fujita M. , Miura H. , Yasuda D. , Hasegawa D. , Orima H.
Published: February 2006

Tracheal narrowing is described in two cats. In both cases, inspiratory radiographs demonstrated tracheal narrowing just cranial to the thoracic inlet; no narrowing was seen on expiratory radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed suspected nasal tumours in both cases, but no abnormalities were identified in the region of the narrowed trachea. Nasal biopsy confirmed intranasal lymphoma in one cat and nasal adenocarcinoma in the other. The former cat was treated with chemotherapy. The owner of the latter cat declined further treatment. The tracheal narrowing disappeared after the initiation of chemotherapy in the cat with intranasal lymphoma and it is suggested that the narrowing might have been associated with the nasal tumour. A careful evaluation of the airway, especially cranial to the narrowing, is recommended in cases of tracheal narrowing in cats.
Two cases of pancreatic neoplasia in British ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Lloyd C. G. , Lewis W. G. V.
Published: February 2006

Two six‐year‐old male neutered polecat ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were presented for the investigation of acute collapse or periodic weakness and weight loss. While blood biochemistry revealed hypoglycaemia in both cases, diagnosis of an insulin‐secreting neoplasia was confirmed by exploratory surgery in one case and supported by the use of an insulin assay in the other. Subsequent histopathological examination showed the former to a pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and the latter to be a pancreatic islet cell adenoma. While neoplasia of the pancreas commonly affects ferrets in the USA, there appears to be only one previous report from the UK.
Chronic renal failure in an English bull terrier with polycystic kidney disease
Authors: O'Leary C. A. , Turner S.
Published: February 2006

An entire female English bull terrier, aged five years and one month, was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease by renal ultrasonography. It had thickening and abnormal motion of the mitral valve on 2D and M mode echocardiography, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, characterised by turbulence in the left ventricular outflow tract and elevated aortic blood flow velocity, detected by colour flow and spectral Doppler echocardiography, respectively. Two years later, haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis data suggested the presence of compensated renal failure. The dog was euthanased at 10 years and eight months of age, with haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis data indicating decompensated chronic renal failure. Postmortem examination confirmed polycystic kidney disease, chronic renal disease, mitral and aortic valvular myxomatous degeneration, and mixed mammary neoplasia. This case demonstrates that bull terriers with polycystic kidney disease may develop associated chronic renal failure.
Juvenile nephropathy in two related Pembroke Welsh corgi puppies
Authors: McKay L. W. , Seguin M. A. , Ritchey J. W. , Levy J. K.
Published: February 2006

Juvenile nephropathy has been documented in many breeds. Two related Pembroke Welsh corgi puppies presented at three and five months of age, respectively, for evaluation of lethargy, diarrhoea, poor body condition, polyuria and proteinuria. Based upon the clinical presentation, urinalysis and serum biochemistry, chronic renal failure was diagnosed. Renal histopathology was consistent with juvenile nephropathy, revealing lesions similar to the juvenile renal disease of dobermann dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of juvenile nephropathy in related Pembroke Welsh corgi dogs. Familial nephropathy should now be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of young Pembroke Welsh corgi dogs presenting with clinical signs indicating renal failure.
A nasal dermoid sinus in an English bull terrier
Authors: Burrow R. D.
Published: February 2006

A five‐year‐old, entire female English bull terrier was presented with a six‐week history of intermittent facial swelling and nasal pain, following an incident of nasal trauma. A small opening was present at the mucocutaneous junction on the dorsal nasal planum. Examination under general anaesthesia allowed catheterisation of this opening and confirmed the presence of a tract passing caudally. Plain radiographic examination of the region was unremarkable. Positive contrast sinography demonstrated contrast material filling a midline tract that passed caudally and subcutaneously towards the nasal bone. This tract was surgically excised. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue, together with the clinical findings, led to the diagnosis of nasal dermoid sinus.
Treatment of canine and feline diaphyseal radial and tibial fractures with low‐stiffness external skeletal fixation
Authors: Gemmill T. J. , Cave T. A. , Clements D. N. , Clarke S. P. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S.
Published: February 2006

The healing of 62 cases of radial and tibial fractures treated with low‐stiffness Kirschner‐Ehmer external skeletal fixation frames (frame types 1a, 1a plus intramedullary pin [1aIMP], 1b and 2b) was evaluated. The mean time to clinical union was 65 days. All cases treated with 1b, 2b or 1aIMP frames healed. Four of 25 cases treated with 1a frames failed to heal due to premature pin loosening; these failures were in heavier patients than 1a cases which healed (P=0·041). Complications occurred in 40 of 62 cases, and were more common in cases treated with type 2b frames. Pin loosening was the most frequent complication (35 cases) and most commonly involved the most proximal pin (P<0·001). In type 2b frames, full pins loosened more frequently than half pins (P<0·001). This study indicates that canine and feline fractures can heal readily when treated with these frames, suggesting that more rigid type 2a or type 3 frames are unnecessary in the majority of cases. Increased morbidity compared with the use of more rigid frames need not be expected, but 1a frames should be avoided in heavier patients.
Treatment of Neotrombicula autumnalis dermatitis in dogs using two topical permethrin‐pyriproxyfen combinations
Authors: Smal D. , Jasmin P. , Mercier P.
Published: February 2006

Few data are available in the literature on the dermatological consequences and treatment of Neotrombicula autumnalis infestation in dogs and cats. In this study, 15 dogs naturally infested with Neotrombicula were affected with moderate to severe pruritic dermatitis. The dermatitis resolved with successful treatment of the parasitic infestation. In 14 dogs, treatment using a topical permethrin‐pyriproxyfen combination (pump‐spray or ‘line‐on’) was effective within one to three weeks. Two applications were necessary in four dogs. Careful follow‐up was conducted in all cases. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impact of treatment on the parasite population and clinical signs over the three‐week study period.
Mesenteric volvulus in the dog: a retrospective study of 12 cases
Authors: Junius G. , Appeldoorn A. M. , Schrauwen E.
Published: February 2006

Mesenteric volvulus was diagnosed in 12 dogs over a nine‐year period. Each case was presented with abdominal distension and shock. Haematochezia, which is frequently reported in association with mesenteric volvulus, was present in only two of the dogs. The diagnosis, which in all cases was based on radiography, was followed by immediate treatment for shock and surgical intervention whenever possible. In five of the 12 cases, the volvulus was treated successfully and these patients survived. This indicates that the prognosis for mesenteric volvulus might be better than is currently believed, and immediate laparotomy is recommended if mesenteric volvulus is suspected.
Extensive caudal vena cava thrombosis secondary to unilateral renal tubular cell carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Saridomichelakis M. N. , Koutinas C. K. , Souftas V. , Kaldrymidou H. , Koutinas A. F.
Published: February 2006

A nine‐year‐old German shorthaired pointer cross was admitted because of partial anorexia, exercise intolerance and haematuria. On clinical examination, subcutaneous oedema, purpura and ascites were detected along with a palpable mass in the right craniodorsal abdomen. Laboratory findings included regenerative anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, azotaemia, increased blood serum alkaline phosphatase and proteinuria. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations revealed a large neoplasm involving the right kidney. Computed tomography further showed that the neoplastic tissue had spread into the lymph nodes, the wall of the caudal vena cava, the liver and lungs. The right renal vein, caudal vena cava and iliac veins appeared enlarged and secondarily thrombosed. A diagnosis was made of renal tubular cell carcinoma with secondary venous thrombosis. Gross postmortem examination confirmed the imaging findings, while light and electron microscopic examination revealed that the neoplasm was a solid carcinoma originating from the proximal convoluted renal tubules.
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog with leishmaniasis
Authors: Adamama‐Moraitou K. K. , Prassinos N. N. , Patsikas M. N. , Psychas V. , Tsioli B. , Rallis T. S.
Published: February 2006

Canine sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is a rarely reported condition. A 10‐year‐old male German shepherd dog cross was presented with a history of ascites, vomiting, soft faeces, anorexia and depression. Gathering of the intestinal loops in the middle portion of the abdomen was detected by radiography and ultrasonography. Cytological examination of Giemsa‐stained smears from the popliteal lymph nodes revealed Leishmania species. The results of culture of serosanguineous fluid obtained by abdominocentesis were negative for bacteria and fungi. Laparotomy revealed a sac of fibrous tissue encasing most of the intestinal loops and numerous adhesions extending between them. Histologically, an uneven, diffusely thickened, visceral peritoneal membrane was found. A diagnosis of idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis was made. The dog was euthanased because the intestinal wall was torn at many sites during dissection of the membrane.
Thoracic high‐resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma
Authors: Johnson V. S. , Ramsey I. K. , Thompson H. , Cave T. A. , Barr F. J. , Rudorf H. , Williams A. , Sullivan M.
Published: February 2006

Three dogs were presented for investigation of recurrent pyrexia of unknown origin, chronic vomiting and respiratory distress, respectively. One dog was markedly underweight and the other two were cachexic. Physical examination and initial diagnostic tests failed to establish the underlying cause of the presenting signs. Thoracic radiographs were within normal limits for the age of the dog. In each case there was a high index of suspicion for an occult neoplastic process in view of the profound unexplained weight loss present. High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax was performed. The lung fields were divided into three zones for analysis and a novel classification scheme was used to describe the HRCT findings in each zone. Postmortem examination and histopathology confirmed the presence of an infiltrating metastatic carcinoma in all three cases. The HRCT changes correlated closely with the pathological findings. The authors conclude that HRCT of the lung should be considered for pulmonary metastatic screening in the dog and introduce a classification system for HRCT findings, based on terminology used in human medicine.
Urethral haemangiosarcoma in a boxer
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Chantrey J. C. , Baines E. A. , Ailsby R. L. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

A seven‐year‐old, entire female boxer presented with a history of restless behaviour and inappetence. Physical examination revealed that the dog was listless and had a hunched gait. Neurological examination was normal. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 4 cm × 4 cm mass in the cranial pelvic canal. Neurological abnormalities were detected three days after presentation, and progressed from proprioceptive deficits to loss of deep pain sensation in the pelvic limbs over a two‐day period. The dog was euthanased and postmortem examination revealed that the pelvic mass was a urethral haemangiosarcoma with metastasis to the second lumbar vertebra. This case is unusual as urethral tumours are usually transitional cell carcinomas and frequently present with signs of dysuria.
Vaginectomy and urethroplasty as a treatment for non‐pedunculated vaginal tumours in four bitches
Authors: Salomon J. F. , Deneuche A. , Viguier E.
Published: February 2006

Vaginal tumours are uncommon in dogs. Previous reports have shown that 73 to 94 per cent of documented vaginal tumours are benign and pedunculated, often on narrow stalks. Some vaginal tumours are non‐pedunculated. They grow in a concentric way either towards the vestibular area or towards the cervix. Their growth can locally affect the function of other organs. Urethral and rectal compression as well as local neurological disturbances have been described. This case series describes total and partial vaginectomy associated with urethroplasty as a treatment for non‐pedunculated vaginal tumours in four dogs. These surgical procedures allowed complete resection of the tumour and were associated with low morbidity. Postoperative management and short term outcome are discussed. The final outcome was favourable; throughout the follow‐up period, no local recurrence or metastasis was encountered in the animals.
Low intensity heart murmurs in boxer dogs: inter‐observer variation and effects of stress testing
Authors: Höglund K. , FRENCH A. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Häggström J. , Smith P. , CORCORAN B. , Kvart C.
Published: February 2006

Inter‐observer variation in the detection and grading of low intensity heart murmurs in boxer dogs was investigated. Six veterinarians with different levels of experience examined 27 boxers by cardiac auscultation. The dogs were auscultated before and after exercise, and the results were compared with phonocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations performed at rest and during two different stress tests. A subvalvular aortic ridge was identified in six dogs on two‐dimensional echocardiography. Using dogs with low intensity murmurs or dogs free of heart murmurs, inter‐observer agreement was positively correlated to the level of experience at rest (weighted kappa [k] 0·14 to 0·75), while the agreement was poor after exercise (weighted k 0·01 to 0·36). The presence of a subvalvular aortic ridge was associated with higher aortic flow velocities (P<0·002) and higher auscultatory murmur grading (P<0·001). There was an increase in murmur duration during one kind of stress test (P<0·001) and in aortic flow velocity during the other (P=0·001).
Unusual presentations of cowpox infection in cats
Authors: Godfrey D. R. , Blundell C. J. , Essbauer S. , Pfeffer M. , Shearer D. H. , REST J. R. , Baker J. F. M.
Published: February 2006

Cowpox virus infections are reported typically to cause focal ulcerated, crusted skin lesions, sometimes with mild systemic illness and concurrent oral lesions. Severe systemic illness usually only occurs in young or immunosuppressed individuals. This report describes four cases of cowpox infection in cats which illustrate variations to the usual presentation of the virus. The poxvirus infections were confirmed histopathologically, serologically and by PCR analysis.
Reversible pulmonary hypertension presenting simultaneously with an atrial septal defect and angiostrongylosis in a dog
Authors: Estèves I. , Tessier D. , Dandrieux J. , Polack B. , Carlos C. , Boulanger V. , Muller C. , Pouchelon J. L. , Chetboul V.
Published: February 2006

A one‐year‐old female neutered beagle was presented with marked abdominal effusion. Echocardiography showed marked dilatation of the right cardiac chambers, an atrial septal defect and severe tricuspid insufficiency. Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP), evaluated by continuous wave Doppler echocardiography, was very high (80 mmHg), with a right to left interatrial shunt. The radiographic images were compatible with widespread pneumonitis. Numerous larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum were visible on direct faecal examination. The animal was given fenbendazole for 15 days, combined with diuretics, an antibiotic and a vasodilator. Two weeks later, the dog showed a marked improvement. The treatment, except the anthelmintic, was continued for seven weeks and then stopped. At that stage, Doppler echocardiography revealed that the sPAP had returned to normal (20 mmHg) and the interatrial shunt had reversed (left to right). Eighteen months later, clinical and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were normal.
Efficacy of combined cyclosporine A and ketoconazole treatment of anal furunculosis
Authors: O'Neill T. , Edwards G. A. , Holloway S.
Published: February 2006

Cyclosporine A and ketoconazole were used as a combined therapy to treat 19 dogs with anal furunculosis. Complete resolution of all lesions was achieved in three to 10 weeks, but recurrences occurred in seven of the 19 dogs (36.8 per cent), with remission periods extending from one to six months for these dogs. Adverse effects of treatment included excessive hair loss, intermittent lethargy, vomiting and decreased appetite in some dogs, but none of the signs were considered serious. The results of treatment are comparable with, if not better than, the surgical alternatives. There is an approximate 70 per cent cost saving over the use of cyclosporine alone.
Canine elbow dysplasia and primary lesions in German shepherd dogs in France
Authors: Remy D. , Neuhart L. , Fau D. , Genevois J. P.
Published: February 2006

Five hundred and twenty German shepherd dogs were screened for elbow dysplasia. The following primary lesions were analysed: joint incongruity (JI), fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP), osteochondrosis or osteochondritis of the medial humeral condyle and ununited anconeal process (UAP). Three radiographic views were used for each joint to achieve a definitive diagnosis. The prevalence of elbow dysplasia was 19·4 per cent. The most frequent lesion was JI (16.3 per cent), followed by FCP (11.3 per cent). UAP was diagnosed rarely (1.1 per cent). Combinations of lesions were very frequent (42.2 per cent of the dysplastic elbows). Although these results may be biased due to prescreening of dogs with UAP, it should be highlighted that JI and FCP occur frequently in German shepherd dogs and are probably the most common primary lesions of elbow dysplasia, although they have been under‐reported until now.
Prolonged interval between parturition of normal live pups in a bitch
Authors: Romagnoli S. , de Souza F. F. , Rota A. , Vannozzi I.
Published: February 2006

On day 64 after artificial insemination, a six‐year‐old primiparous briard bitch whelped three live pups between 05.00 and 08.00. It was presented at 11.00 on the same day with failure to complete parturition. On ultrasound examination, a normal live fetus was observed and the bitch was treated with oxytocin three times during the day (1.0, 2.0 and 2.0 iu intramuscularly), with no effect. The following day, a higher dose of oxytocin (5.0 iu) was administered intramuscularly at 11.00, after a uterine ultrasound examination confirmed viability of the fetus. At 18.00 of the same day, the bitch whelped the fourth normal live pup, 37 hours after initiation of parturition and 34 hours after expulsion of the last fetus. Effectiveness of oxytocin and normal versus prolonged parturition due to uterine inertia are discussed.
Multicentric lymphoma in a dog after cyclosporine therapy
Authors: Blackwood L. , German A. J. , Stell A. J. , O'Neill T.
Published: February 2006

An 11‐year‐old, neutered male German shepherd dog was presented with perianal ulceration and fistulas. A clinical diagnosis of anal furunculosis was made, and the dog was treated with cyclosporine and ketoconazole. The perianal lesions resolved. However, after four weeks of therapy the dog developed multicentric lymphoma. Complete remission was achieved with combination chemotherapy (Wisconsin‐Madison protocol). Cyclosporine administration is associated with an increased risk of development of lymphoma in humans and a similar increased risk might be expected in dogs. Although a causative relationship between cyclosporine administration and the development of lymphoma cannot be proven in this case, it is possible that cyclosporine therapy may have contributed to lymphomagenesis. As the use of cyclosporine in small animals is increasing, further work is required to substantiate and quantify the proposed increased risk.
Trilostane treatment of bilateral adrenal enlargement and excessive sex steroid hormone production in a cat
Authors: Boag A. K. , Neiger R. , Church D. B.
Published: February 2006

A 14‐year‐old neutered female cat was presented for the investigation of aggression and male‐type behaviour. Bilateral adrenal enlargement together with elevated plasma concentrations of oestradiol and testosterone were identified, with no evidence of hypercortisolaemia. These findings are similar to the syndrome of hyperadrenocorticism recognised most commonly in ferrets. The cat was treated for six months with the enzyme inhibitor drug, trilostane, and showed a moderate improvement in clinical signs.
Effect of omega‐3 fatty acids on canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Mueller R. S. , Fieseler K. V. , Fettman M. J. , Zabel S. , Rosychuk R. A. W. , Ogilvie G. K. , Greenwalt T. L.
Published: February 2006

Twenty‐nine dogs were included in a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomised trial and were orally supplemented for 10 weeks with either flax oil (200 mg/kg/day), eicosapentaenoic acid (50 mg/kg/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (35 mg/kg/day) in a commercial preparation, or mineral oil as a placebo. For each dog, clinical scores were determined based on a scoring system developed prior to the trial. Total omega‐6 and omega‐3 intake and the ratio of omega‐6:omega‐3 (omega‐6:3) were calculated before and after the trial. The dogs' clinical scores improved in those supplemented with flax oil and the commercial preparation, but not in the placebo group. No correlation was identified between total fatty acid intake or omega‐6:3 ratio and clinical scores. Based on the results of this study, the total intake of fatty acids or the omega‐6:3 ratio do not seem to be the main factors in determining the clinical response.
Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in three dogs with melphalan and prednisolone
Authors: Fujino Y. , Sawamura S. , Kurakawa N. , Hisasue M. , Masuda K. , Ohno K. , Tsujimoto H.
Published: February 2006

Three adult dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were successfully treated with melphalan and prednisolone. Based on the immunophenotypic analysis of leukaemic cells, two dogs were diagnosed with B cell CLL and one dog was tentatively diagnosed as having T cell CLL. One dog with B cell CLL had IgM monoclonal gammopathy. The clinical signs and haematological abnormalities associated with CLL in the three dogs improved with the administration of cytoreductive melphalan (3 to 5 mg/m2/day) and prednisolone (4.3 to 30 mg/m2/day) for eight to 210 days. There were no severe adverse effects except a mild increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. Melphalan and prednisolone therapy may achieve remission with few side effects in dogs with CLL.
Atypical pectus excavatum in two Welsh terrier littermates
Authors: Ellison G. , Halling K. B.
Published: February 2006

Two six‐week‐old intact Welsh terrier littermates, a male and a female, were presented for congenital ventral thoracic wall deformities characterised by noticeable funnel‐like depressions of the cranial sternum associated with inversion of the rib cage. No exercise intolerance or cardiac murmurs were noted. Thoracic radiographic examination revealed a significant dorsal deviation of the first to the fifth sternebrae. At 12 weeks of age, the thoracic depressions had improved markedly in both puppies. Thoracic radiography to reassess the sternal deviation was at this stage within normal limits, demonstrating complete radiographic resolution of the sternal deformity.
Ectrodactyly in a West Highland white terrier
Authors: Barrand K. R.
Published: February 2006

A case of monomelic forelimb ectrodactyly (lobster‐claw deformity) in a West Highland white terrier is reported. Clinical and radiographic findings are described. The dog was treated with a soft tissue reconstruction of the cleft. It later developed a slight varus‐type deformity at the carpus but remained sound with occasional bouts of mild lameness following vigorous exercise. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported case of canine ectrodactyly treated by simple cleft reconstruction, and only the second report of ectrodactyly in this breed.
Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnosis and outcome in 80 cases (1995–2002)
Authors: Craven M. , Simpson J. W. , Ridyard A. E. , Chandler M. L.
Published: February 2006

The case records of 80 dogs in which idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had been diagnosed were reviewed, and owners were contacted for follow‐up information using a telephone questionnaire. The types of IBD encountered were lymphocytic (n=6), lymphocytic‐plasmacytic (n=38), eosinophilic (n=6) and mixed inflammation (n=30). Prednisolone, sulphasalazine, metronidazole and tylosin were the most frequently prescribed medications. At follow‐up, 21 dogs (26 per cent) were classified as being in remission (for a median of 14 months), 40 dogs (50 per cent) had intermittent clinical signs (for a median of 17 months) and three dogs (4 per cent) had uncontrolled disease (for a median of 19 months). Ten dogs (13 per cent) had been euthanased due to refractory IBD and four of these had entered remission for a median of 21 months prior to developing severe relapse and refractoriness to further treatment. Six dogs (8 per cent) had been euthanased or had died for reasons unrelated to IBD. Hypoalbuminaemia at the time of diagnosis was significantly associated with a negative outcome (P=0·0007). No association was found between the site (P=0·75), type (P=0·44) and severity (P=0·75) of disease. Dietary change to single protein and carbohydrate commercial diets had no association with outcome (P=0·12). Owner assessment of quality of life at follow‐up was significantly associated with outcome (P=0·006).
Complications of exploratory coeliotomy in 70 cats
Authors: Lester S. , Welsh E. , Pratschke K.
Published: February 2006

Records of all cats that had undergone exploratory coeliotomy at the University of Edinburgh during the period November 1995 to July 2002 were reviewed. Seventy records were retrieved. There were 30 cats in which infection or inflammatory disorders predominated, 17 cats with neoplasia, three cats with trauma and 20 cats with other disorders. Exploratory coeliotomy was performed for diagnostic purposes in 28 cats (40 per cent), treatment in 34 cats (49 per cent) and for diagnosis and treatment in eight cats (11 per cent). Methods of intraoperative diagnosis included incisional biopsy of abdominal organs (52 cats), cytology (two cats), microbiology (17 cats) and gross appearance (17 cats). Fifty‐eight cats (83 per cent) survived the hospitalisation period. Complications occurred in 18 cats (26 per cent) and were related to anaesthesia (four cats), the underlying disease process (15 cats), surgery (five cats) and were undetermined in one cat.
Intraocular osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: van de Sandt R. R. O. M. , Boevé M. H. , Stades F. C. , Kik M. J. L. , Kirpensteijn J.
Published: February 2006

A 10‐year‐old German shepherd dog was presented with unilateral uveitis and hyphaema. Treatment was unsuccessful and the eye was enucleated. Intraocular osteosarcoma was diagnosed by histological examination.
Effect of body size on gastric emptying using the 13C‐octanoic acid breath test
Authors: Yam P. S. , McLellan J. , Wyse C. , Reid S. W. J. , Cooper J. , Preston T.
Published: February 2006

The 13C‐octanoic acid breath test (OABT) may be a useful non‐invasive method for assessing the rate of gastric emptying in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine whether an association exists between body size and rate of gastric emptying in dogs. Fifty‐five dogs ranging from 6 to 39 kg were recruited and rate of gastric emptying was assessed using the OABT. The time to peak 13CO2 excretion (tmax) and half‐dose recovery time (t1/2) were calculated. The OABT was simple to perform and well tolerated by the dogs. Mean (sd) tmax was 2.67 hours (0.6) and mean t1/2 was 3.38 hours (0.79). Inter‐individual variation in the rate of gastric emptying was 23.3 per cent for t1/2 and 22.5 per cent for tmax No association was detected between the rate of gastric emptying and body surface area, mass, age, sex or test operator. The OABT may be a useful non‐invasive and non‐radioactive test for assessment of the rate of gastric emptying in dogs in clinical practice.
Clinical study of cats injured and killed in road traffic accidents in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Rochlitz I.
Published: February 2006

Data were collected on the injuries, treatment and outcome of 128 cats involved in road accidents and seen as first‐opinion cases in veterinary practices in Cambridgeshire. Sixteen cats were dead on arrival; the mortality rate for the remaining cats was 16 per cent. Half of the cats were aged between seven months and two years, with more males than females affected. Most cats had moderate injuries; strays had more severe injuries than owned cats. Areas of the body most often injured were the extremities, head and neck, pelvis and thorax. Skeletal injuries were present in 67 cats and neurological signs in 29. Diagnostic procedures and medical treatment were necessary for the majority of cats; surgery was required in 51 cases. Most cats were hospitalised for between two and seven days and some required up to one month of treatment. The cost of treatment was less than £400 for 84 per cent of cats.
Use of ultrasonography to facilitate surgical removal of non‐enteric foreign bodies in 17 dogs
Authors: Staudte K. L. , Hopper B. J. , Gibson N. R. , Read R. A.
Published: February 2006

Plant material foreign bodies may cause vague clinical signs at the time of initial presentation but can progress to cause persistent or recurrent abscessation, sinus tract formation and debilitating disease, due to migration of the foreign body, severe tissue reaction and secondary infection. Ultrasonography is a non‐invasive technique that can be used to identify precisely the presence, location and size of radiolucent foreign bodies. Early identification of foreign bodies using ultrasonography facilitates surgical retrieval before further migration and tissue injury occur. This paper reviews the ultrasonographic findings and outcome in 17 dogs with non‐enteric, radiolucent, plant material foreign bodies.
Bacteriological study of the liver in dogs
Authors: Niza M. M. R. E. , Ferreira A. J. A. , Peleteiro M. C. , Vilela C. L.
Published: February 2006

This study aimed to confirm the possible presence of bacteria in the liver of healthy dogs. Laparotomy was performed in 20 animals admitted for routine abdominal surgery. To be selected for the study, dogs had to be healthy adults without clinical liver disease, signs of infection or macroscopic liver abnormalities. Biopsy samples were histologically and bacteriologically examined. Bacteriological analysis was negative for the livers of eight of the dogs. The remaining animals harboured a diverse bacterial flora in their liver. Twelve bacterial species were identified. Histology showed that the livers of 19 dogs had minor or no abnormalities, and only one animal had interstitial fibrosis and trabecular disarrangement. Histological changes were not related to the presence of bacteria. Thus the results showed that the liver of healthy dogs may harbour different bacterial species. These microorganisms did not cause any detectable manifestation of disease, despite being potential pathogens.
MRI findings in a dog with discospondylitis caused byBordetellaspecies
Authors: Cherubini G. B. , Cappello R. , Lu D. , Targett M. , Wessmann A. , Mantis P.
Published: February 2006

A case of discospondylitis in a dog secondary toBordetellaspecies, diagnosed early with the assistance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is reported. The history and clinical signs were suggestive of possible discospondylitis. MRI identified changes and allowed a presumptive diagnosis of discospondylitis, which was subsequently confirmed by bacterial culture of biopsy material. Discospondylitis associated withBordetellaspecies infection has not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously reported in the dog.
Meningitis in a dog caused by Prevotella oralis
Authors: Allan R. , Fenwick S. G. , Clark P. , Cave N.
Published: February 2006

Prevotella oralis, an obligate Gram‐negative anaerobe, was shown to be the cause of meningitis in a two‐year‐old crossbreed dog. The dog had a six‐week history of lethargy and neck pain. On presentation, the animal was reluctant to walk, had a stiff gait and neck pain on flexion. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid documented a neutrophilic pleocytosis (7488 cells/μl) and the presence of occasional intracellular bacterial coccobacilli. The aetiological diagnosis was confirmed by routine aerobic and anaerobic culture, and identification of the isolates. This report also reviews the literature of the documented cases of bacterial meningitis in dogs.