bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of carbohydrate additives on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content in pork tenderloin
Authors: Bogdanowicz Julia , Mozolewski Wacław , Modzelewska-Kapituła Monika , Tkacz Katarzyna , Wie˛k Adam
Published: June 2020

Heat-processed foodstuffs are a rich source of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in the daily human diet. Although MRPs favourably affect the colour and flavour of heat-processed foods, they also have an impact on nutritional value and safety. Some MRPs (e.g. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) may be toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic and their presence in food has been studied extensively due to possible negative health effects(1,2). There is a general scarcity of published information on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations in meat products.

This study analysed whether there are differences in the concentrations of HMF between smoked pork tenderloins previously cured with the addition of glucose, saccharose or maltodextrin at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% (including the control trial without sugar). Material for the tenderloin production consisted of longissimus dorsi muscles collected from 20 porcine carcasses. Colour parameters of the external surface (CIE L*a*b* system) and the content of water and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were determined. The HMF content was analysed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).

The type of sugar used for curing had a significant impact on the amount of HMF formed in the product. The highest HMF content was found in the tenderloins cured with saccharose (it was about three-fold higher than the control trial and trials with glucose or maltodextrin). The formation of HMF was influenced not only by the type but also by the concentration of carbohydrates. Higher concentrations of glucose and maltodextrin resulted in a slight increase in the HMF content in the product (P > 0.05), while a higher concentration of saccharose produced a very pronounced HMF content increase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, tenderloins cured with a 2% carbohydrate addition were characterized by a lower water content (P < 0.01) and a darker surface colour (P < 0.01) compared to tenderloins with a lower carbohydrate addition. The results indicate the clear impact of technological additives on the HMF content of tenderloins. Conducting studies on the HMF in meat products is fully justified due to the relatively high HMF contents observed in the experiment (approximately 20–23 mg/kg), which were comparable to products such as bread or fruit jams.
The effect of iron supplementation on cognition, subjective mood, well-being and fatigue in women of reproductive age: a systematic review
Authors: Avery Hannah , Jackson Philippa , Haskell-Ramsay Crystal
Published: June 2020

Iron deficiency remains the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide and is considered the most significant contributor to anaemia onset in children and women of reproductive age in both developing and developed countries. Iron plays a role in neurodevelopment and early deficits in iron have been found to impact hippocampal function affecting cognition and subjective mood. However, it is now recognised that neural structures can adapt throughout the lifespan and it is possible that changes in iron levels beyond infancy could stimulate neural changes and subsequent cognitive deficits at any time of life. Evidence for a causal link through the conduct of intervention studies is still sparse and varied in regards to the impact of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age. Our aim was to systematically review current evidence from intervention studies to determine the impact of iron supplementation upon cognition, subjective mood, well-being and fatigue in women of reproductive age. Searches included PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane and bibliographies. Study selection and risk of bias assessment were duplicated and all intervention studies assessing cognition, subjective fatigue, mood and/or well-being that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Fifteen RCTs of women aged 12–49 were included. Nine studies investigated cognitive function following iron supplementation; eight found significant beneficial effects. All studies suggested that a reduced iron status at baseline was detrimental to one or more cognitive parameters, including attention and memory domains. Seven studies investigated subjective fatigue following iron supplementation; five found significant beneficial effects from baseline. Nine studies investigated mood and well-being; seven found significant effects, however they were somewhat conflicting. There is evidence to suggest that iron supplementation can improve attention, memory, subjective fatigue, mood and well-being, but additional studies using consistent measures, intervention methods and definitions of iron deficiency are warranted. Further studies should consider controlling for extraneous variables of diet, lifestyle choices and menstrual cycle to ensure an accurate measure of iron status.
A preliminary qualitative study of general practitioners’ views on malnutrition management and oral nutritional supplementation prescription in the community
Authors: Castro Patricia Domínguez , Kennelly Sharon , Clyne Barbara , Bury Gerard , Bradley Catriona , Finnigan Karen , McCullagh Laura , Barry Michael , Murrin Celine , Perrotta Carla , Villaroel Katherine Loayza , Reynolds Ciara , Gibney Eileen , Corish Clare
Published: June 2020

Malnutrition, arising from a deficiency of energy and protein intake, occurs commonly among community-dwelling individuals. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are an effective method of managing malnutrition if prescribed for patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. However, previous research indicates that inappropriate prescribing of ONS occurs frequently in the community setting (30–70% prevalence). Moreover, it has been previously shown that the management of patients ‘at risk’ of malnutrition in the primary care/community setting in Ireland is sub-optimal, with low awareness of the condition and its management among non-dietetic health care professionals (HCPs). In Ireland, general practitioners (GPs) are the main prescribers of ONS in primary care. They are also on many occasions the first point of contact for individuals in the community who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Therefore, exploring their experiences and perceptions can provide insight into the complexities of managing malnutrition and ONS prescribing in the community. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore GPs’ experiences and opinions on the management of malnutrition and the prescription of ONS in the primary care/community setting in Ireland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine GPs. The interview explored among others the following domains; Barriers and facilitators in the management of malnutrition, ONS prescribing in the primary care/community setting, and future directions in the management of malnutrition and ONS prescribing. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified; i) Malnutrition a secondary concern, encapsulating the idea that malnutrition is not something that GPs screen for in isolation ii) Resources and support for managing malnutrition are needed in the community iii) Reluctance to prescribe ONS. GPs reported not screening for malnutrition, but viewed it as a consequence of other conditions and social factors. According to the GPs, they should not have sole responsibility for malnutrition management and more dietitians and trained community nurses would be desirable to support them to deal with malnutrition in the community. A preference to avoid supplementation and implement dietary changes first was expressed by GPs. As main prescribers, GPs thought that they should receive further independent trainingon the different ONS available in the market as currently they did not feel confident prescribing a range of them. Awareness of ONS cost and its misuse by certain patients were reported as reasons that made GPs reluctant to prescribe them, potentially leading to under prescribing.
Legume consumption in Sweden: a descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Céline Steib , Johansson Ingegerd , Hefni Mohammed , Witthöft Cornelia
Published: June 2020

Despite the growing evidence supporting legume consumption as part of healthy and sustainable diet, little information is known on legume intake in the Swedish population. The aim of the present study was to describe legume consumers in Sweden, their nutrient intake and study the association with biomarkers of nutritional status using food consumption and biomonitoring data from Swedish adults in the 2010–11 National Riksmaten survey. Total legume intake - including pulses, fresh legumes, soy products, peanuts, sprouts and mixed meals with legumes - was estimated using a web-based 4-d food records in adults 18–80 years (n = 1772). A range of biomarkers including non-fasted plasma ferritin and folate, as well as erythrocyte folate, were measured for a subsample of the population (n = 282). Legumes were consumed by 44% of the population, median intake was 36 g/d (Q1 = 16; Q3 = 71; n = 777). Legumes provided on average 3.3% of individual's total energy intake (%E) with no significant difference between sexes. Pulses were consumed by 33% of consumers contributing to 3.2 ± 2.8 %E intake whereas soy products were consumed by 8.6% of legume consumers but contributing to 6 ± 7.5 %E. Legume intake among self-reported vegetarians (n = 55) was significantly higher (p < 0.000) than for non-vegetarians, with mean daily intakes of 92 ± 99 g/d and 21 ± 42 g/d, respectively. Age (p 0.0066) was significantly higher in Q4 of legume intake and alcohol consumption was significantly lower (p 0.0008); BMI, gender, smoking habits, education and total energy intake did not differ. 23% of legume consumers have a fiber intake of 25–35 g/d whereas only 11% of non-consumers reach recommended intake (p 0.0001). Iron, folate and dietary fiber intakes were significantly higher (p < 0.000) in Q4 of legume intake. 32% of legume consumers meet recommended intakes of folate (RI 300 μg/d) versus 18% for non-consumers (p 0.000). Notably, 5.76% of women of reproductive age (18–44 y.o.) eating legumes reach 400 μg/d versus 0.79% for non-consumers (p 0.002). Plasma ferritin and erythrocyte folate levels did not differ between legume consumers and non-consumers. However, for women in reproductive age (n = 31), plasma folate levels were significantly higher in consumers than non-consumers (p 0.0102). Legume consumers have higher fiber intake and more frequently meet recommended folate intakes while maintaining adequate iron intake. In conclusion, legume consumers in Sweden are characterized by a defined diet pattern that generally is associated with better health.
Higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is associated with weight loss maintenance: the MedWeight study
Authors: Poulimeneas Dimitrios , Zoupi Katerina , Mamalaki Eirini , Bathrellou Eirini , Anastasiou Costas , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Yannakoulia Mary
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern has been associated with numerous health benefits in non-communicable diseases, including obesity management. However, the associations of the Mediterranean Diet with weight loss maintenance remain to be evaluated.

Methods

We analyzed data from 500 participants (61% women) of the MedWeight study. Eligible volunteers were men and women 18–65 years old, reporting an intentional weight loss of at least 10%, starting from a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Based on their current weight, participants were characterized as maintainers (current weight ≤ 90% of maximum weight), or regainers (current weight > 95% of maximum weight). Socio-demographics, lifestyle measurements and weight history were recorded. Dietary intake was assessed by 2 telephone 24-hour recalls. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was assessed with the MedDietScore (range 0–55, greater scores showing higher adherence). Physical activity levels were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form. Results are expressed as means ± SD, frequencies (%) or Odds Ratio [OR; 95%Confidence Interval].

Results

Compared to regainers (31%), maintainers were younger (31.4 ± 10.0 vs. 36.6 ± 10.8 years, p < 0.001), had lower BMI (25.7 ± 4.3 vs. 31.4 ± 5.1 kg/m2, p < 0.001), and had greater initial body weight loss (25.5 ± 8.6% vs. 18.4 ± 6.9%, p < 0.001). Sex and years of formal education were not significantly different between maintainers and regainers (p > 0.05). Being in the highest MedDietScore quintile (vs. the lowest) was associated with 91% higher odds of being a maintainer [crude OR = 1.91; 1.05–3.45]. This association remained significant after adjusting for sex, age, physical activity level (METŸminutes/week) and energy intake (kcal/day) [adjusted OR = 2.01; 1.05–3.83].

Discussion

Higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was independently associated with 2-fold increased likelihood of weight loss maintenance. Our results highlight the favorable effects of a prudent dietary pattern in long-term obesity management, as well as novel targets for diet planning during weight loss maintenance.
Is frequency of sugary food consumption associated with body mass index?
Authors: Lommi Sohvi , Figueiredo Rejane , Tuorila Hely , Viljakainen Heli
Published: June 2020

Relatively convincing evidence suggests that diets with large amounts of added sugar, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages, are associated with excess weight in children. Less is known about the association of consumption frequency of sugary foods with body mass index (BMI). We evaluated frequency of sugary food consumption in children (n = 8,990, mean age 11.1, ± 0.9) from the Finnish Health in Teens (Fin-HIT) cohort study. They answered a questionnaire including a 16-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and lifestyle-related questions, e.g. sleep duration and leisure time physical activity. Their measured BMI was categorized as underweight, normal-weight, and overweight. Based on the FFQ with six sugary food items (chocolate/sweets, biscuits/cookies, ice cream, sweet pastry, sugary juice drinks and sugary soft drinks), a sugary food index (SFI) was derived to indicate a mean frequency of weekly sugary food consumption. Frequency was estimated with a range of 0–14 times a week. Based on quartiles (Q) of SFI, children were categorized as low (Q1, cut-off < 0.7), medium (Q2 + Q3, cut-off 0.7–1.8), and high (Q4, cut-off > 1.8) consumers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to obtain odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Compared with normal-weight children, high consumers had a higher risk for underweight (OR 1.22 [1.04; 1.43]) and a lower risk for overweight (OR 0.86 [0.72; 0.97]), and low consumers had a higher risk for overweight (OR 1.32 [1.14; 1.52]). We further stratified the analysis by sleep duration since we found an interaction between sleep duration and SFI (p < 0.001). In children with recommended sleep duration (n = 8070), we yielded similar results as in the whole group. In children who slept more than recommended (n = 191), high consumers had a higher risk for overweight (OR 3.31 [1.30; 8.42]) compared with normal-weight children. Our results suggest that consuming sugary foods with high frequency is not associated with overweight, except in those sleeping more than recommended. Association between low consumption frequency and overweight may imply that overweight children's consumption frequency of sugary foods is controlled, restricted, or under-reported because of social desirability.
Malnutrittion among Dutch children? Results of the Dutch national food consumption survey 2012–2016
Authors: van Rossum Caroline , Verkaik-Kloosterman Janneke , Brants Henny , Ocké Marga
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

An adequate and balanced intake of energy and nutrients is important for growth of children and prevention of diseases. The aim of this study was to get insight in the prevalence of low and high intakes of micronutrients and its association with overweight among Dutch children. This insight can contribute to the development of policy on healthy diet and specific nutritional information.

Materials and methods:

Food and supplement consumption data of children 1–18 years (n = 2.235) were collected in 2012–2016 with two independent 24-hr recalls. Body Mass Index (BMI) was based on measured body height and weight for 1–15 year-olds, and self-reported values for 16–18 year–olds. Using the Dutch food and supplement composition tables, the habitual nutrient and energy intake distribution were estimated and evaluated with the dietary reference values of the Dutch Health Council. Analyses were performed for the total group as well as for classes of BMI.

Results:

The intake of most micronutrients was sufficient for the children until the age of 13. No statement on this can be made for the intake of iron and vitamin D (girls). For the Dutch teenagers, low intakes of vitamin A (43%), iron (10% of the boys and 77% of the girls) and vitamin C (18%) were observed. For many other nutrients (calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B6, D, K1 and folate) the risk of low intakes among (subgroups of) teenagers were evaluated as ‘unknown’, as the median intakes were lower than the adequate intakes. In all age groups, the intakes of copper and vitamins B3 and B12 were sufficient.

At the same time, the majority of the children (72% of the boys and 50% of the girls) had a high intake of sodium and a small number of children had high intakes of zinc (7%), copper (3%) or vitamin A (4% of the boys).

17% of the children had overweight or obesity and for 9% the weight was evaluated as underweight. The prevalence of low intakes of vitamins A, D and iron was associated with BMI.

Discussion:

This study suggests that the food consumption of Dutch children can be improved with a more balanced intake of energy and nutrients to prevent obesity and low and high intakes. However, not for all nutrients the health impact is clear. So, more research on the nutrient requirements among children and the related health impact is necessary.
Acute effects of apple extracts with different polyphenol compositions on glucose transport in human intestinal cell line Caco-2/TC7
Authors: Prpa Emily , Corpe Christopher , Hall Wendy
Published: June 2020

Diets with a high-glycaemic load may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Food and beverages containing large amounts of highly bioaccessible starch and sugars induce pronounced postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Chronic exposure to sharp blood glucose peaks can lead to oxidative stress and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Fruit polyphenols may help to limit the glucose excursion following a high-carbohydrate meal.

Our previous research showed that 1.8 g polyphenol-rich apple extract (AE) mixed into a drink consumed before a high starch + sucrose meal, inhibited the incremental area under the curve of plasma glucose during the early absorption-driven postprandial phase (0–30 min) by 52% relative to a placebo drink and meal. Our latest dose-response trial showed that the glycaemic response to starch and sucrose was modified by 0.9 g AE. Possible mechanisms include activity inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes and/or glucose absorption (SGLT1/GLUT2 transport). The AE is uniquely high in phlorizin (10.6%) – a strong inhibitor of SGLT1. However, evidence shows that other apple polyphenols may also inhibit SGLT1.

The primary aim of our work was to explore the effect of different mixtures of apple polyphenols on gut transporters involved in glucose uptake. Acute dose-response effect of the AE and three fractions of AE (20%, 40% and 80% methanol elution during fractionation) on total glucose transport were investigated in Caco-2/TC7 cells. Uptake media (10min) contained, except for controls, increasing concentrations of AE/fractions (0–4.5mg/ml) incorporating the physiological range estimated to be present in the small intestine after ingestion of clinical trial test drinks. Glucose transport under sodium-dependent conditions was determined by radiochemical detection of Glucose D-[14C(U)] and Glucose L-[1-14C].A 47% decrease in total glucose uptake was observed with 1.12mg/ml AE (i.e. clinical trial highest physiological dose) v control (P = 0.03). Dose-response experiments showed IC50were: 1.29 mg/ml, 0.31 mg/ml and 0.88 mg/ml for AE (mg/g: 79 phlorizin; 26 epicatechin; 4 quercetin), 80% fraction (mg/g: 101 phlorizin; 26 epicatechin; 38 quercetin), 40% fraction (mg/g: 83 phlorizin; 20 epicatechin; 7 quercetin), respectively. The 20% fraction (mg/g: 4 phlorizin; 12 epicatechin; 2 quercetin) had no effect on glucose transport.

We have gained greater understanding of a potential mechanism for the anti-hyperglycaemic properties of apple polyphenols, supporting potential applications of the AE in functional foods/beverages. Our in vitro data suggest that a combination of higher amounts of phlorizin and quercetin may be important to maximise intestinal glucose uptake inhibition.
Anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanol-water red grape pomace extract
Authors: Choleva Maria , Tsota Maria , Boulougouri Vassiliki , Panara Anthi , Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Antonopoulou Smaragdi , Fragopoulou Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Previous reports support that wine contains a mixture of micro-constituents in a proper quality and quantity that possess cardio-protective effect partly through Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) inhibition. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of wine-like micro-constituents that may be a suitable alternative in food fortification. Limited data exist concerning their effects on thrombosis and inflammation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a grape pomace extract regarding its anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties. GP from four red grape varieties were extracted with 80% ethanol (GP:solvent 1:5w/v). The extract's total phenolic compounds were evaluated and the phenolic profile was performed by Ultrahigh-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography coupled to Mass-Spectrometry and the determination of fatty acids profile was performed by Gas-Chromatography. The extract's anti-platelet properties were tested in healthy volunteers’ platelet rich plasma by the light transmittance method, against three agonists: PAF, ADP and TRAP. The results expressed as IC50 values (μg of extract that cause 50% inhibition of aggregation) and EC50 values (agonist concentration that causes 50% of the maximum aggregation) in the extract's presence and absence. Concerning the extract's anti-inflammatory properties, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were pre-incubated with different extract concentrations, which were tested for their effect on cell viability, for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS for 4 h. Secretion of IL-1β and TNF-a was measured and normalized with the total cell protein. Phenolic compounds were calculated at 8.79 ± 1.17 mg gallic acid per g of GP. The most abundant ones were catechin, epicatechin and quercetin at 202.9 ± 6.9, 84.8 ± 1.5 and 83.7 ± 3.5μg per g of GP respectively. Out of the 18 fatty acids detected, the most abundant ones were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid at 28.7 ± 0.1, 11.4 ± 0.01, 32.5 ± 0.07, 12.7 ± 0.005 g per 100 g of fat. The extract's IC50 was calculated at 162.1 ± 66.9, 181.2 ± 82.3 and 156.3 ± 97.5μg against PAF, ADP and TRAP, respectively. The EC50 values in the presence of 150μg extract were increased (lower platelet aggregation sensitivity) approximately at 100%, 45% and 13% against PAF, ADP and TRAP respectively, compared to EC50 values in the absence of extract. The presence of 500 and 1000μg/mL of extract reduced LPS-induced TNF-a secretion at approximately 38.2% (p = 0.04) and 6.0% (p < 0.000), respectively. Potent anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties are combined in a grape pomace extract. The use of its bioactive micro-constituents is likely to lead to the production of functional foods with cardioprotective properties.
Soybean oil attenuates the onset of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and insulin resistance
Authors: Sanchez Victor , Engstler Anna Janina , Brandt Annette , Jin Cheng Jun , Rajcic Dragana , Jung Finn , Nier Anika , Baumann Anja , Bergheim Ina
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims:

General overnutrition, and a diet rich in fat and sugar are among the key risk factors for the development of metabolic diseases including diabetes type 2 and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). While being among the most commonly consumed oils world-wide, the effects of soybean oil on the development of metabolic diseases are yet not understood. Indeed, existing data is in part contradictory. Based on this background, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of soybean oil consumption on the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more progressed stage of NAFLD, and insulin resistance.

Methods:

Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a liquid standard control diet (C) or a liquid fat-, fructose- and cholesterol-rich diet (FFC, 25E% butterfat, 50% (wt/wt) fructose, 0.155% (wt/wt) cholesterol) or a FFC supplemented with soybean oil (FFC + S, 21E% butterfat + 4E% soy oil), with FFC and FFC + S-fed groups being pair fed for 13 weeks to induce steatohepatitis. After 7 and 12 weeks of feeding, a glucose tolerance test was performed. Indicators of liver damage, inflammation, intestinal barrier function and markers of insulin signaling cascade were measured in intestinal, liver and muscle tissue.

Results:

As expected FFC-fed mice developed early signs of NASH and insulin resistance. Despite similar caloric intake and body weight gain, development of NASH and insulin resistance were significantly attenuated in FFC + S-fed mice when compared to FFC-fed animals. Indeed, signs of hepatic inflammation e.g. number of inflammatory foci and neutrophils as well as activity of transaminase in plasma were almost at the level of control in FFC + S-fed mice. Prevalence of macrovesicular steatosis being the predominant type of fat accumulation found in FFC-fed animals was also markedly lower in FFC + S-fed mice. Furthermore, while in muscle and liver tissue of FFC-fed mice insulin receptors mRNA expression was significantly different from C-fed animals, insulin receptors expression in FFC + S-fed mice was almost at the level of controls. The protective effects of soybean oil supplementation on the development of metabolic alterations were associated with a protection against the induction of TLR4 mRNA expression and dependent signaling molecules in liver tissue.

Conclusion:

Taking together, our results indicate that supplementation with soybean oil may attenuate the development of diet-induced NASH and insulin resistance in mice and that this may be related to alteration of TLR4-dependent signaling cascade in liver tissue. (Funded in parts by UFOP e.V.)
Potassium Intake in Austrian Adults
Authors: Hasenegger Verena , Rust Petra , Englert Kristina , König Jürgen
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Being the predominant osmotically active element inside cells, potassium is a central regulator of the osmotic balance and the electrochemical membrane potential. As such, it has an effect on blood pressure and therefore counteracts the effects of excess dietary sodium intake. Furthermore, potassium affects glucose homeostasis by influencing insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells. Due to the health-promoting effects of potassium, the German-speaking countries have recently updated the reference values for potassium. The revised estimates of adequate potassium intake are 4000 mg/d instead of previously recommended 2000 mg/d. However, a typical Western diet on average contains less potassium and more sodium.

Materials and methods

The presented data were collected within the Austrian Study on Nutrition 2014/2016, a regularly conducted representative cross-sectional survey to monitor food consumption in Austria. Altogether, data from 2129 adults aged between 18 and 64 years were included in the analysis. In the course of two years, and thus with the consideration of seasonal variations, the survey was conducted on the basis of two non-consecutive 24 hour recalls in accordance with the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The survey was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Vienna (reference number: 00284).

Results

After exclusion of misreporters the final sample consisted of 2018 individuals, of which 1282 (63.5%) were women. The mean age was 38.8 ± 11.9 years.

Median dietary potassium intake was 2783 mg/d (IQR: 1245). Men had a higher median intake than women (3018 mg/d (IQR: 1303) vs. 2546 mg/d (IQR: 1112), p < 0.001). Significant differences between sexes existed in all age groups (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between age and dietary potassium intake.

The estimates of adequate potassium intake of 4000 mg/d (DGE et al., 2017) were met by only 13.3% of the participants, 7.4% of women and 19.2% of men. Moreover, only 479 participants (23.8%, 16.7% of women and 30.9% of men) had intakes equal to or above 3500 mg/d, the adequate intake established by EFSA (2016).

Discussion

Our data show that potassium intake has to be improved in all gender and age groups by increasing the consumption of potassium-rich foods. However, since the estimates of adequate potassium intake have doubled recently, it seems even more difficult to achieve these recommendations in daily food routine.
Malnutrition in an obese world: Can a dietary intervention improve iron status in pre-school children?
Authors: van der Gaag Ellen , Grootelaar Kim , Hummel Thalia
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

In previous studies iron deficiency was present in preschool children in the developed world1. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate whether iron deficiency was present in pre-school children and to what extend laboratory values could be improved with a nutrient rich diet.

Material and Methods:

A diet consisting of green vegetables, beef, full-fat milk and butter was developed. This diet comes close to the traditional Dutch diet from a century ago. All food products were in age appropriate portions, according to the national guidelines. Children aged one to four years, who were referred to the paediatrician due to recurrent URTI (without immunologic disorders) were allocated to the intervention or the control group. Both groups were given standard care. The intervention group was also given the dietary advise. All parents were asked to note of daily food intake.

Results:

No iron deficiency was present in our group of 1–4 years old. Mean Hb was 7.3 mmol/l in both groups. After following the dietary advice for 6 months,the hemoglobulin (Hb) concentration increased in both groups, but a little more in the intervention group :(0,280 mmol/l; p < 0,001 in the dietary intervention group and 0,214 mmol/l in the control group; p = 0,003). MCV values increased in the interventiongroup from 77.9 to 78.8 fl (p = 0.007) whereas a smaller increase was visible in the control group ;78.5 to 78.9 fl (p = 0.18). Ferritin, a marker for iron status but also a marker for inflammation, decreased non-significantly in both groups. There was a significantly correlation with decreasing CRP levels, therefore indicating a decrease in inflammation and not merely representing iron status. Growth parameters (weight, height or BMI) did not change significantly in both groups.

Discussion and Conclusion:

NoHb deficiency was present in our research population. However, a diet consisting of green vegetables, beef, full-fat milk and butter did improve the iron status in pre-school children. Hb and MCV values increased, suggesting some evidence of subclinical iron deficiency in this group.
Please, do take it personally: an Exploration of Tailoring Health Messages
Authors: Abbring Anouk , Butijn Carja , Hoonhout Jettie
Published: June 2020

Electronic- and mobile-health applications (Apps) are considered as potentially powerful means to improve the nutrition behaviour of users. In the design of App messages, “tailoring” can be used as it is found to be effective in affecting health behaviour outcomes including nutrition. Tailoring entails matching message content to characteristics of a message receiver. However, research provides some indications that message characteristics other than content could be related to the effectiveness of tailored communication (e.g. frequency). Furthermore, there are different approaches on how to execute tailoring. Two of such approaches are personalization and customization. With personalization, the preferences of a new App user are selected by a computer-tailoring-system based on the preferences of App users with similar characteristics. With customization, a new App user actively sets the preferences himself.

The aim of this research was to take a first step in investigating whether personalization and customization are suitable to tailor preferences for non-content message characteristics in the context of nutrition. Based on literature study and interviews with a number of dietitians (n = 3) a selection of personal characteristics and non-content message characteristics was made, and applied in the setup of a survey targeting respondents (n = 37) with an interest in changing their dietary habits. The (Dutch) online survey was designed with the idea of asking respondents to enact setting up a new account with a mobile health App. So, respondents were asked to imagine that they were going to create an App account (NB they were told that it was a fictional account), and were asked to fill in some items regarding several personal characteristics. Next, respondents were asked to choose between setting preferences for the non-content message characteristics themselves (= customization) and setting preferences for non-content message characteristics of persons similar to themselves (e.g. gender and age) by the App (= personalization). Of the 37 survey respondents, most respondents (73%, n = 27) preferred customization in order to set their preferences in contrast to approximately a quarter of the respondents (27%, n = 10) that preferred personalization.

In conclusion, this research found that at this moment the preferences of message receivers could be best tailored via customization due to a) great diversity in personal characteristics and preferences and b) a majority of the respondents that preferred customization over personalization. Nonetheless, it seems additionally worthwhile to further explore relations between personal characteristics and preferences to enable personalization as approximately a quarter of the respondents preferred this approach.
Serum inflammatory profiles – association with breast cancer risk including dietary patterns: a case-control study
Authors: Krusinska Beata , Wadolowska Lidia , Slowinska Malgorzata Anna , Biernacki Maciej , Drozdowski Marek
Published: June 2020

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Diet and inflammation have been associated with carcinogenesis. However, there are limited studies regarding both blood levels of inflammatory markers and diet with respect to the risk of breast cancer. We assessed the association between serum inflammatory profiles and breast cancer (BC) risk with including dietary patterns (DPs). This case-control study involved 420 women aged 40–79 years from north-eastern Poland, including 190 newly-diagnosed breast cancer cases. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukocytes (including neutrophil and lymphocyte count) were marked in 129 post-menopausal women (82 controls, 47 cases) using a Cobas Integra 400plus auto-analyser, an immune-analyser Cobas e411 (Roche Diagnostics®) and haematology analyser MEK-7300 (Nihon Kohden®), respectively. A posteriori inflammatory profiles were derived with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A logistic regression analysis was performed. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. The ORs were adjusted for: age, BMI, socioeconomic status, overall physical activity, smoking status, abuse of alcohol, age at menarche, number of children, oral contraceptive use, hormone-replacement therapy use, family history of breast cancer, vitamin/mineral supplements use, hormone receptor status of breast cancer and PCA-driven DPs (‘Non-Healthy’, ‘Prudent’, and ‘Margarine and Sweetened Dairy’) score. Two serum inflammatoryprofiles were identified. The ‘CRP-IL-6’ profile was loaded heavily by the interleukin-6 (factor loading 0.78) and C-reactive protein (factor loading 0.75). The ‘Neutrophil-Lymphocyte’ profile was loaded heavily by the lymphocyte (factor loading 0.86) and neutrophil count (factor loading 0.70). The risk of BC was six times higher (OR = 6.05; 95%Cl: 1.93–18.91; p < 0.05) in the third tertile of serum ‘CRP-IL-6’ profile compared to the first or second tertile. The risk of BC was three times higher (OR = 3.11; 95%Cl: 1.05–9.20; p < 0.05) at the level of serum IL-6 > 3.10 pg/mL and seven times higher (OR = 7.48; 95%Cl: 2.31–24.29; p < 0.05) at the level of serum neutrophil count > 3.90 103/μL. No significant association between BC risk and serum ‘Neutrophil-Lymphocyte’ profile and also CRP or lymphocyte count considered separately was revealed. Concluding, the elevated serum levels of both C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, as well as elevated levels of interleukin-6 and neutrophil count considered separately, were associated with higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, independently of dietary patterns. Therefore, women should be screened for blood concentrations of multiple potential pro-inflammatory markers in the breast cancer prevention.
Diet and nutrition support after a pelvic cancer diagnosis: a cross-sectional study.
Authors: Saltaouras Georgios , Watson Eila , Coe Shelly , Lightowler Helen
Published: June 2020

A cancer diagnosis serves as a teachable moment for patients to consider lifestyle changes to cope with treatment and for future health. Diet and nutrition is an important, yet neglected aspect of survivorship care. Patients diagnosed with a cancer in the pelvis (anal, bladder, rectal and cancers of the reproductive organs) may benefit from dietary modifications that could improve quality of life and may influence survival. This project aims to explore pelvic cancer patients’ dietary habits and experiences of nutrition support in cancer care.

People who have been diagnosed with a pelvic cancer and either undergoing (n = 266) or having completed radiotherapy treatment 6–24 months previously (n = 405) were invited to fill in a survey about their current dietary habits and nutritional support received after diagnosis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

Respondents [n = 251; mean (SD) age 68.8 (10.5) years] reported high obesity rates (63% classified as overweight or obese) and presence of treatment side effects (82%) and comorbidities (75%). There was no significant difference in obesity rates, presence of side effects or comorbidities between on-treatment and post-treatment patients (P > 0.01 for all comparisons). Two thirds of respondents (n = 170) reported at least one dietary change since diagnosis and 31% (n = 77) reported supplement use. However, the number of respondents who reported a change per food group was low. Most notable changes included increased intake of vegetables (33%), fruit (33%) and oily fish (29%) and reduction of sugary foods (48%), alcohol (41%) and processed meats (40%). Forty-three percent reported receipt of dietary advice from the healthcare team; mainly leaflets from cancer specialist nurses. Receipt of dietary support from the healthcare team was a significant predictor of dietary change (OR 4.02, 95% CI: 2.01–8.05). Thirty-two percent of respondents (n = 79) reported looking for advice from other sources, with the internet being the most popular (66% of them looked at medical and/or charity websites). Survivors were interested in receiving dietary support in relation to weight management, management of side effects and future health; however, they were uncertain of the benefits of diet in improving low appetite and the feeling of fatigue.

Results from this study highlight an increased need for dietary support in pelvic cancer populations post-treatment. Emphasis should be given to the role of the healthcare team in the delivery of nutritional information to influence patients make healthy dietary choices.
Influence of a diet and physical activity on the nutritional status of soldiers of the Polish Air Cavalry units
Authors: Bertrandt Jerzy , Anyzewska Anna , Lakomy Roman , Lepionka Tomasz , Szarska Ewa , Maculewicz Ewelina , Tomczak Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Research from recent years indicate a problem of excessive body weight among soldiers, who due to the kind of carried out work should reveal the best health and fitness. Moreover, proper nutritional status in case of soldiers is extremely important, as it significantly affects their physical fitness. The aim of the study was to determine impact of the diet and physical activity on selected indicators of protein-energy and mineral nutritional status.

Materials and methods

One hundred and twenty male soldiers (aged: 28 ± 5; years of service: 5 ± 5), serving completed validated for Polish population the Food Frequency Questionnaire and long-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Body composition was determined by an electric bioimpedance method (TANITA MC-780) and bone mineral density of forearm bone of the non-dominant hand was assessed by the DEXA densitometric method, using apparatus EXA 3000.

Results and discussion

This study confirmed the impact of both the diet and physical activity on selected measures of soldiers’ nutritional status, i.e. fat mass index and bone mineral density. Out of selected 61 products negative correlation between FMI and frequency of apples and pears consumption (r = -0.23, p = 0,023), and positive correlation with frequency of beer (r = 0.20, p = 0.049) and vodka and spirits drinking (r = 0.26, p = 0.010) consumption were found. While the T-score value positively correlated with frequency of tropical fruits (r = 0.23, p = 0.024), avocado (r = 0.25, p = 0.014), fine-grained not refined groats (r = 0.22, p = 0.030) and eggs (r = 0.29, p = 0.004) consumption. A negative correlation was found for frequency of refined bread (r = -0.24, p = 0.019), sausages(r = -0.35, p < 0.023), high-quality cold cuts (r = -0.25, p = 0.014, sugar to sweeten beverages (r = -0.31, p = 0.002), biscuits and cakes (r = -0.23, p = 0.016), salty snacks (r = -0.23, p = 0.023), fruit juices and nectars (r = -0.28, p = 0.005) and sugar-sweetened beverages (r = -0.34, p = 0.001). A negative correlation with FMI (r = -0.22, p = 0.036) for weekly physical activity expressed in MET-minutes/week was found. Positive correlations were found between T-score value and physical activity expressed in MET-minutes per week in total, housework, house maintenance and caring for family (r = 0.22; p = 0.040), and recreation, sport and physical activity in leisure time (r = 0.25, p = 0.019), as well as moderate physical activity (r = 0.28, p = 0.008) and intense one (r = 0.21, p = 0.046). The founded abnormalities in nutritional status, as well as numerous nutritional errors indicate a need for further monitoring of this group of soldiers, not only in terms of accuracy of nutritional status, their diet and physical activity, but also wider understood health behavior
Time and age trends in urinary sugar excretion among German children and adolescents
Authors: Perrar Ines , Kuhnle Gunter K. , Remer Thomas , Buyken Anette E. , Alexy Ute
Published: June 2020

A high sugar intake is increasingly discussed to affect health. Preceding analyses based on dietary records, collected between 1985–2016, suggest a decreasing time trend in total [TS], added [AS] and free [FS] sugar intake (calculated as % of energy intake [%E]) since 2005 - most notably from 2010 onwards - among children and adolescents in Germany. While TS [%E] intake decreased with age, the youngest children had the lowest AS [%E] intake and the oldest children had the lowest FS [%E] intake, with minor differences in the other age groups. However, self-reported data is likely introducing bias due to selective underreporting, especially of sugar-rich foods, which can distort results. Therefore, we analysed time and age trends in dietary sugar intake using urinary biomarkers.

Urinary fructose excretion (FE), sucrose excretion (SE) and the sum of both (FE + SE) as predictive biomarkers for sugar intake was measured by UPLC-MS/MS in 997 24-h urine samples from the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study cohort collected from 8.5–16.5-year-olds (239 boys, 253 girls) between 1990–2016. Time and age trends of log-transformed FE, SE and FE + SE were analyzed using polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Sex, creatinine and urea excretion, urine volume, total daily energy intake, overweight status, type of weekday, maternal overweight and educational status as well as maternal employment were considered as potentially confounding factors.

The mean (± SD) FE was 26.1 ± 20.9 mg/d, SE 33.4 ± 38.3 mg/d, and FE + SE 59.6 ± 49.1 mg/d. While FE increased significantly with age (linear trend: p = 0.0147), there were no significant age trends for SE and FE + SE in adjusted models. Between 1990–2016 FE as well as FE + SE decreased significantly (linear trend: p = 0.0280 and p < 0.0001, respectively). SE showed a tendency towards a negative quadratic time trend (p = 0.0574).

The decreasing time trend of urinary sugar excretion supports our previous observed time trends in dietary sugar intake based on dietary records among children and adolescents. In contrast, the observed age trend in dietary sugar was not confirmed by the biomarker trend analysis, suggesting increasing underreporting with age during adolescence. Although predictive biomarkers do not allow conclusions on the amount of the respective dietary intake, the combination of biomarker and dietary record data points towards the need of further public health measures to support the observed decline in sugar intake among children and adolescents in Germany.

The project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.