bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Ведь я у музыки учусь балету». Михаил Фокин и музыка
Authors: Д.В. Любимов
Published: November 2024

В статье рассматривается вопрос му­зыкаль­ного становления Михаила Фокина, выдающегося хореографа-реформатора XX века (1880–1942). Раскрываются особенности музыкального мышления, слухового восприятия Фокина; освещается его музыкально-исполнительская практика, нашедшая отражение в профессиональной деятельности как балетмейстера. Представлен круг музыкальных интересов Фокина. Приведены его суждения о музыке и ее роли в балетной реформе. Выявлены методы подготовительной работы Фокина с музыкальным материалом при постановке балетов. Уделено внимание отношению Фокина к музыке в репетиционном процессе. Показано, что аналитический подход Фокина к нотному материалу послужил примером для последующего поколения балетмейстеров XX века (Ф. В. Лопухов, Дж. Баланчин). Статья содержит архивные материалы и иллюстрации.

The article observes the musical formation of the outstanding choreographer-reformer of the 20th century Michel Fokine (1880–1942). It exposes the peculiarities of his musical thinking and hearing perception and spotlights his musical performing practice, reflected in Fokine's professional activity as a ballet master. The circle of his musical interests and thoughts on music and ballet reformation are presented. The author identifies Fokine's methods of preliminary work with musical material during a ballet staging and pays attention to Fokine's relationship with music in the rehearsal process. It is shown, that his analytical approach to musical scores influenced the choreographers of the next generation, such as Fyodor Lopukhov and George Balanchine. The article contains archival documents and illustrations.
Дружеский тост за непьющего. К 80-летию Владимира Спивакова
Authors: С.Б. Скигин
Published: November 2024

Эссе написано по случаю 80-летнего юбилея знаменитого скрипача и дирижера Владимира Спивакова — создателя и бессменного руководителя оркестра «Виртуозы Москвы» и Национального филармонического оркестра России. Известный пианист-концертмейстер, профессор Берлинской высшей школы музыки имени Ханса Эйслера Семён Скигин рассказывает о своем многолетнем личном знакомстве, дружеском общении и творческом сотрудничестве с прославленным музыкантом, вспоминая наиболее яркие его эпизоды. Публикация сопровождена фотоиллюстрациями.

The essay was written on the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the eminent violinist and conductor Vladimir Spivakov, the creator and permanent director of the National Philharmonic Orchestra of Russia. The famous pianist-accompanist, and professor at the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin, Semyon Skigin, talks about his decades-long personal acquaintance, friendly communication and creative collaboration with the outstanding musician, recalling the most striking episodes. The publication is accompanied by photo illustrations.
The Arabs and the Islam until the 13th century: Mohamed and the Genesis of the Islam
Authors: Ciocîltan Virgil
Published: November 2024

On 16th of July, 622, due to the persecutions he was subjected to by the advocates of the old cults, Mohammed left Mecca and sheltered in Medina. The day has a very special meaning for all the Muslims: it marks the beginning of the new era, the Hegira. Historically, the date of July, 16th is the start of a fulminating political and military itinerary, whose climax is the forming of the Great Arabian Caliphate. The origin of this empire must be understood through the viewpoint of the conditions of the preislamic Arabian world. It is undoubtedly connected with the new religion preached by Mohammed. This article tackles with the situation of the Arabian Peninsula between the preislamic period and Mohammed’s death, identifying the main premises of the new political and religious Islamic frame and the genesis of the phenomenon. The first part of this article, The Arabian Peninsula and the Preislamic Arabians, analyses the geographical and climatic elements of Arabia, its economic and social structures, spiritual trend developed in the communities living in the peninsula.
The Attitude of the Local Romanian Population of Bessarabia towards the Russian Authorities and the Problem of “Reactive Identity”
Authors: Cusco Andrei
Published: November 2024

The subject of this paper concerns the relations between the czarist authorities and the Romanian population from Bessarabia, at the end of the 19th and the beginning and the 20th centuries. The author analyses the process of the “collective identity” formation in the case of the Romanians living under Russian domination. The idea of “otherness”, his image, as well as the peaceful or tense relations with those who did not belong to the Bessarabian Romanian community, played a decisive role in the genesis and consolidation of the Bessarabian Romanian’s “collective identity”.
The 1946 Elections. Strategies of Electoral Propaganda in the Galatz County
Authors: Banu Florian
Published: November 2024

The elections of November, 1946 were won by the Communist Party due to the falsification of the results; this is how the communists became “representatives of the people” and, thus, in the following years, they were able to suppress all forms of resistance. The author aims at presenting how the citizens of Covurlui County reacted during the electoral year 1946. He also intents to emphasise the means and the methods used by a totalitarian party in the struggle for gaining the monopoly of the political power. The presentation of an episode of local history has an importantcontribution to clearly reconstructing the complex situation from the years 1944-1947, a decisive period for the further evolution of Romania.
Alexander's Perception in the Romanian Culture
Authors: Lica Vasile
Published: November 2024

The fascinating personality of the great Macedonian penetrated long ago and in various ways in the Romanian culture. Firstly, by means of Alexandria, the popular book known from Ireland to the Java Islands, then, at a scientific level, by means of Miron Costin and C. Cantacuzino’s works, authors familiar with the Greek-Latin literary tradition on Alexander. Romanian hospodars and boyars bore his name, others – like Michael the Brave, as Iorga pointed out, or his diadochs and epigons – imitated him, as Caesar or Trajan did in their times. The author has tried, following other historians’ contributions, to bring more light to the diverse ways in which the image of the King was perceived: Fürstenspiegel, historical and political argument, literary motif etc., without leaving aside the great monarch’s reflection into the modern Romanian textbooks and historiography.
History of Ideas: What Remains Valid?
Authors: Kühnhardt Ludger
Published: November 2024

History of ideas has produced an impressive amount of theories, concepts and reflections of a lasting nature. The author, Director at the Centre for European Integration Studies (ZEI) in Bonn, has selected some key representatives of the evolution of political philosophy which represent those ideas which are of a nature to impact on today’s search for a new democratic order in Europe. Aristotle, St. Augustin, Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Alexis de Tocqueville and Hannah Arendt have contributed the most lasting thoughts about the nature of politics, the relationship betweenfreedom and authority and the quest for a human order which can balance rights and duties.
The First Punic War. A Military History
Authors: Nedu Decebal
Published: November 2024

J. F. Lazenby, profesor la Universitatea din Newcastle, este unul dintre cei mai cunoscuti specialisti ai istoriei militare a Antichitătii, asa cum o arată doar câteva din contributii sale: The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer's Illiad (colaborare cu R. Hope Simpson), Hannibal's War, The Spartan Army, The Defence of Greece. 490-479 BC. Nici o lucrare specială nu a tratat, până la aparitia celei a lui L., primul război punic din punct de vedere al strategiei militare. Desigur, există abordări ale subiectului în sintezele dedicate războaielor punice sau în cele care tratează istoria Romei ori a Cartaginei. Orice sinteză are însă anumite limite, rezultate din eludarea detaliilor sau datorită criteriului ales de autor pentru selectarea problemelor. În aceste conditii, The First Punic War, asa cum mărturiseste si L., încearcă să umple un gol, cu o analiză detaliată asupra războiului care a schimbat decisiv soarta participantilor si, în ultimă instantă, destinul lumii antice mediteraneene. Privită dintr-un alt unghi, această monografie subliniază si ea că războiul hannibalic si cel de-al treilea război punic nu pot fi întelese corespunzător fără a cunoaste, măcar în punctele esentiale, prima confruntare militară între Roma si Cartagina.
Recent Research on Ancient Macedonia
Authors: Errington Malcolm R.
Published: November 2024

The researches based exclusively on the literary tradition could not describe satisfactorily the political, social, economic and administrative structures of the Macedonian state. New epigraphic evidence discovered on the territory of the Macedonian kingdom in the last decades, linked with the literary information, outlined a more concrete and a more detailed image on the organisation of ancient Macedonia. Remarkable progress has been made in examining the role of the urban centres in the history of he kingdom and also in defining the relations between monarchy and the communities structured after the poliadic model, founded either by the Macedonian kings or conquered and annexed to the kingdom. The inscriptions certify the granting of individual estates within the cities of Kasandreia and Kalindonia by the Macedonian kings, as well as the guarantee of some fiscal immunities.
The Little-known Autobiography of Sir John Stokes, the First British Representative in the European Commission of the Danube (1856 – 1871). Part I
Authors: Ardeleanu Constantin
Published: November 2024

Sir John Stokes, the first British representative in the European Commission of the Danube, wrote a little known account of his life. Besides a brief presentation of the career of Lt. – General John Stokes, Royal Engineers, the paper contains some excerpts from two chapters of the memories, dealing with the works of the international institution in the early period of its activity (1856 – 1859).
The History of the Anticommunist Resistance in Banat. The Organisation of Dr. Liviu Vuc
Authors: Duica Camelia
Published: November 2024

For many years, after World War II, the Banat region was a centre of armed resistance against communism. One of the organizations that fought against the communist authorities illustrated itself under the leadership of Dr. Liviu Vuc. The group was constituted in October 1948, and Iosif Hlobil, Virgil Atnagea, Anton Atnagea, Stefan Drăgan, Ioan Beg were among its members. The main goal of the organization was the fight against communism. The majority of its members were formerly adherents of the so-called Legion of the Archangel Michael, a Romanian fascist party. Their main area of combat was Zorlenu Mare. The group will be annihilated in several stages by repeated actions undertaken by Securitate troops. The last free member of the group, Ioan Beg, will be taken into custody only as late as 1958. The verdicts pronounced by the communist tribunals varied according to the "guilt" of each of the members of the group: capital punishment or years of hard detention.
Bishop Antin Nica and His Attitude concerning the Relationship between the State and the Church in Communist Romania
Authors: Enache George
Published: November 2024

The relationship between the State and the Church in communist Romania unveils itself as a rough and difficult topic. Until now, this relationship has been studied only according to the official documents. Nevertheless, when the access to the archives of the ex-Securitate was opened to the public, this relationship may be approached in a new perspective. The tradition of the church obedience in its dealings with the communist State, triggered by the Byzantine background, was substituted by a complex reality, within theb boundaries of which human personalities and accidents of history play an important part. The discovery of information in the personal file of Bishop Antim Nica, in the archives of the Securitate, brings testimony about the anti-communist feelings of the Romanian Eastern-Orthodox bishop. These feelings reveal their attitude towards the communist totalitarian regime and state loud and clear the difference and incompatibility between the Christian religion and the communist doctrine.
Eastern Europe and the "End of History"
Authors: Cabrera Alarcón C.
Published: November 2024

This paper represents an answer to Hermann Tertsch’s book The Revenge of History. The German author, starting from the Yugoslav conflict, formulates a veritable theory of the history, through which he shows that the Western world is suffering today the consequences of the failure of previous decisions. Thus, the dismembering of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia or the interethnic conflicts in Transylvania could be regarded as the direct effect of the Paris treaty system. Cabrera, professor of law philosophy at the University of Seville, fights against these ideas, considering that “to think that the time when revenge of history is coming or, which is the same thing, to admit that we have been defeated by history can be paradoxically equal with inaugurating the end of history, with believing in our triumph against history, because both positions are marginalizing the complete man to an element transforming the reality”. The Revenge of History is the mirror image of Fukuyama’s historical optimism.
The Diplomacy of Doing Good. Alexander von Humboldt the Patron
Authors: Osten Manfred
Published: November 2024

Gaius Maecenas, a wealthy Roman knight during the era of the Emperor Augustus, could hardly have imagined that it would take more than one and a half millennia before he found a truly worthy successor in Alexander von Humboldt. When Maecenas died in 8 B.C. his path to immortality was assured. After all, he had set an example of selflessness, and generously helped a number of poets. His name thus went on to become synonymous with the diplomacy of doing good.
Theodor Mommsen. Eine Biographie
Authors: Lica Vasile
Published: November 2024

S-a spus, pe bună dreptate, că istoriografia Romei antice se împarte în două părti: înainte de Mommsen si după Mommsen. Este posibilă, în atari circumstante, redactarea unei monografii despre cel mai mare istoric al Antichitătii, despre cel mai ilustru romanist si epigrafist, ca să ne limităm la mentionarea doar a acestor trei domenii, în care Theodor Mommsen l-a întruchipat si pe rege, dar si pe salahor ? Întrebarea este legitimă, pentru că încercările de pînă acum n-au satisfăcut în totalitate, fie prin tratarea unui anumit aspect si ignorarea altora, fie datorită inaccesibilităâii tuturor arhivelor, unde se găsesc fonduri Mommsen. A relua o asemenea încercare, acolo unde chiar si Heuss si Wickert nu au împlinit toate asteptările, nu era deloc încurajator si, tocmai de aceea, pînă acum, nu pot fi notate, în afara acestora, decît contributii de genul celor, e. g., ale lui K. Christ ori A. Demandt. O asemenea misiune a fost asumată de tînărul istoric de la Universitatea din Mannheim, Stefan Rebenich, devenit, de curînd, Professor für Alte Geschichte la Bielefeld. Putini istorici ar fi mai calificati ca Rebenich să redacteze o asemenea monografie, care presupune întrunirea competentelor atît ale unui istoric al Antichitătii, dar si a unui specialist de fortă în domeniul istoriei stiintei. Ori R. însumează, în modul cel mai fericit, ambele competente.
The Campaigns of Nicopolis (1396) and Varna (1444): A Comparison (1)
Authors: Antoche Emanuel
Published: November 2024

The campaigns of Nicopolis (1396) and Varna (1444) represent two outstanding moments of the late epoch of the Crusades. In both contexts, the Christian armies met with outer defeat. The author reveals a comparison between the two campaigns, from the perspective of historical exegesis, in order to throw into relief the causes which triggered the tragic outcome on the battlefields. The Romanian Countries are privileged in this exegesis, as during the XIVth and XVth centuries they played an important role in the anti-ottoman fight.
The Romanian Americans in the Period of Romania's Neutrality (1914-1916)
Authors: Stan Constantin
Published: November 2024

The present study reveals the political activity of the Romanian Americans in the period of Romania’s neutrality, at the beginning of World War I (1914-1916). The author throws into relief the patriotical attitude of the leaders of the community constituted by the Romanians residing in the United States of America, shepherded by the Eastern Orthodox priest Ioan Podea. Father Podea refused the political compromise with the Austro-Hungarian authorities, overlooking the invitation expressed by the Austro-Hungarian Consulate in Cleveland, which aimed to determine him to support the Austro-Hungarian army. From this perspective, the author underlines the fact that the Romanian Americans born in Transylvania, Banat, and Bucovina were anxiously waiting for the active involvement of Romania in World War I.
British Documents and the Question of Bessarabia in 1940
Authors: Sîrbu Ionel
Published: November 2024

For almost 50 years we had to endure misfortunes caused by the clashes of opinions among the Great Powers. If, from the perspective of the external factor, this seems to be the reality, from the perspective of the internal factor we should look more attentively at the mistakes we have done during the inter-war period. It is these mistakes that have weakened the fundament of the parliamentary democracy in Romania and generated the "metastasis" of the political system after 1918.
The Religious Repression in Communist Romania. A Case Study: "The Burning Bush"
Authors: Enache George
Published: November 2024

The article is the outcome of the research conducted in the Archives of the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives. The author focused his analysis on a famous religious Eastern Orthodox group in the history of the Romanian Gulag: “Rugul Aprins” (the Burning Bush). Thus and other tragical judicial sagas prove that the Romanian orthodox Church suffered the persecutions of the Romanian Communist Stat in the same ways as the other religious cults and denominations, in the post World War II Romania.
The Contemporary Historical Discourse: Between Criticism and Reshaping
Authors: Zub Alexandru
Published: November 2024

The present text recommends itself as an erudite essay regarding the condition of history and the historian on the threshold between the XXth and the XXIst centuries. In the postmodern times, the scientific “prophets” of the end announced the “end of history”, concomitantly with the end of other fields of the human studies. The multitude of the points of view, as well as the diversity of the reflections voiced and commented by the author, prove that history is nowadays more vivid than ever.
The Problem of the Early Proxenía and the Greek Sanctuary
Authors: Caldas Marcos José de A.
Published: November 2024

This essay tries to comprehend why different cities or states in early Greece which were supposed to have different political structures, since in the early days of the archaic age had the proxenía - that is, the institution of the guest-friendship - as a legitimate form of representation vis-à-vis to other cities. My intention here is first of all to outline a historic analysis within a certain theoretical picture, which should enable us to better understand the meaning of proxenía in the archaic times and further to analyze the role of sanctuaries, such as Delphi, as supporters of the proxenía in the early Greek world.
Rome and Pyrrhos. I. The Negotiations of Heraklea
Authors: Nedu Decebal
Published: November 2024

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (19.9.1-4), before the battle of Herakleia, Pyrrhus wrote to the Romans that he was disposed to judge the disputes between Rome, Tarentum and other Italiots. The consul M. Valerius Laevinus wrote back, declining the offer (Dionysius 19.10.1-5). This diplomatic approach is found in other two sources: Plutarch, Pyrrhus 16.3-4 says that Pyrrhos presented his offer by a herald, while Zonaras 8.3 just mentions the exchange of letters, without entering into too many detalis about their content. In a book published in 1894, R. Schubert denied the existence of this diplomatic contact, arguing that Dionysius had invented the letters because of his attractionto oratory and moral deeds. The German scholar’s reasoning convinced many illustrative names of the ancient historians, but, from our point of view, it is valid only regarding the means by which the diplomatic contacts between the two sides set up. The denial of the letters do not imply the denial of the negotiations of Herakleia.
The Maritime Danube during World War II (1941-1945)
Authors: Tuluș Arthur Viorel
Published: November 2024

During World War II, the role of the Maritime Danube in the conflict had different levels of intensity, depending on the position and the evolution of then fronts.
The “Sects” Question in Romania. From the Second Half of the 19th Century until 1948 (I)
Authors: Enache George
Published: November 2024

The “sects” question represents an extremely controversial subject in the Romanian historiography. The authors who wrote about this subject were influenced, more or less, by aspects of apologetic nature, supporting or denying the “sects”. The purpose of the present study is to show the way in which the notion of “sect” appeared in the social cultural environment of modern Romania, the way in which it was included in the Romanian law, the way in which the representatives of the so-called “historical” cults viewed the newly created religious groups and, finally, the way in which the members of the “sects” viewed themselves.
The Fate of the Roman Settlements in Dacia after A.D. 271 (Restitutio)
Authors: Gostar Nicolae
Published: November 2024

This article represents the text of a paper presented by my Meister, the late Professor Gostar – historian of Antiquity, classical philologist, epigraphist and archaeologist – at the University of Jassy, in January 1975. His untimely and unhappy end in 1978 has made impossible the revision and the publication of the text by Professor Gostar himself. I must say that in January 1975 this paper provoked rumour and many debates. Most of his colleagues believed his thesis seemed to be too ‘Roeslerian’. I received this text from the Professor's family in 1993, and I tried to publish it in a scientific journal, but I failed, for reasons that are still unknown to me. Although my friend and colleague, Professor Victor Spinei, finally published it in a cultural journal, I believe the author's ideas and research methods deserve to be known by historians, too.
The Language of the Birds
Authors: Lupașcu Silviu
Published: November 2024

The “language of the birds” is mentioned in the text of the Qur’an as a gift received by Kings David and Solomon from Allah as a reward for their righteousness. Along the history of the Sufi mystical theology, the language of the birds will be invoked as a symbol of the theandric language, susceptible to enable the human being to speak the language of God, and God to speak the language of the sanctified human being. The language of the birds epitomizes the mystical meeting of man and God within language, the crossroad of the human language and divine language. The primary qur’anic theme was brilliantly developed by Farid-ud-din Attar, in Manteq al-tair, Jalal-ud-din Rumi, in Mathnawi , and Shihab-ud-din Yahya Suhrawardi, in Risalah.
The Siege of Brăila in 1711. Two Contemporary Viewpoints
Authors: Cândea Ionel
Published: November 2024

The author makes a succinct comparative analysis of how the siege of Braila was reflected in two contemporary sources detailing the Russo-Ottoman war of 1710-1711: the chronicle of the Moldavian dignitary Ion Neculce and The History of Wallachia, from October 1688 till March 1717, whose author was, most probably, a boyar from Constantin Brâncoveanu’s court. Both sources stress the role of Toma Cantacuzino, who, in front of his Wallachian army, disobeyed Brancoveanu’s orders and joined Peter the Great”s side, and participated, together with general Karl Ewald von Rönne, in the assault and conquest of the citadel of Braila (July 13-14, 1711).
“The Massacre of Galatz” (April 1859) – An Episode in the History of the Jewish Community from Galatz
Authors: Ardeleanu Constantin
Published: November 2024

The paper presents, on the basis of several documents found at The National Archives of the United Kingdom, part of the official correspondence between the British vice-consul at Galatz and his superiors from Jassy or Constantinople, a famous, yet little documented episode that led to an anti-Semitic riot, under the accusation that a Jew attempted to ritually murder a Christian boy. The documents annexed to this paper are an important historical source which can clarify, to a great extent, these incidents and their consequences on the persons and properties of the local Jewish population.
On the Technical Culture of the Western Modern Age and the Completely Different Perception of Time in Romania. Time Measurement and Social Time from the Middle Ages until Nowadays
Authors: Heinen Armin
Published: November 2024

The paper is a historical excursion into the perception of time and how this important temporal dimension of the modern man was indissolubly linked to the social, religious, economic, cultural or political environment from Western Europe. The author presents the main periods in the history of time, from the natural time and the ecclesiastical time specific to the traditional society of the Middle Ages to the way in which “modern time” emerged throughout the last seven centuries. In the last part, he refers to the different perception of time in Romania, explained by the religious and internal relations factors, conditions which made possible the coexistence of mechanical and natural time.
The Fundamentals of the Harmonized and Dynamic Diplomacy: the Case of the Economic Cooperation between France and Cameroon, 1916-1960
Authors: Melingui Ayissi Norbert Aime
Published: November 2024

The hereby article presents the privileged relations France had with Cameroon since 1916, following a British and French condominium that lasted until the end of the colonization in 1960. In fact, under different political instruments connected with Cameroon, France knew how to perpetuate a wide range of historical diplomatic relations. These particular relations, rapidly changing from one context to another, made proof of the extent the cooperation reached in its dynamics. Time after time, Cameroon changed status from territory under mandate to trust territory. The cooperation extends beyond the state, local collectivities or companies. Having a strong economic and social component, the cooperation creates favorable premises for the parties. However, the advantages, whatever they might embody, cannot be even for both countries.
The Function of “Gift” in the Thracian Society
Authors: Miron Isabela
Published: November 2024

Starting from Marcel Mauss’ statement according to which he believes the gift to be „a complete social phenomenon” with economic, social, political, judicial, religious and domestic implications, this article proposes an analysis of this phenomenon in the Thracian world, based on two ancient texts dealing with this topic and on the comparison with other archaic societies. I concluded that „the gift” can be considered the elementary mechanism at the basis of the organisation of archaic societies, in general, and of the Thracian society, in particular. As such, it functions as a means of establishing the social hierarchy, of concluding alliances, of pacifying rivalries and it is based on the exchange of gifts in a constant struggle for power because, despite seemingly having a willing and gratuitous character, these gift exchanges were, in fact, purely compulsory and conditioned.
Contributions to the History of the Sanitary System in the County of Tecuci (1829-1850)
Authors: Parascan Doru
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the author analyses the evolution of the sanitary system in the county of Tecuci during the years 1829-1850. It covers the establishment of a campaign hospital in the town of Tecuci, for the use of the troops fighting in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829, the activity of the first doctors during the ensuing Russian occupation and the arrival of the first pharmacist in the county capital. In the same time, the paper details the efforts of several boyars, Costache Conachi among them, to hire a doctor for the mentioned urban settlement. Costachi intended to establish hospitals in the county of Tecuci, both in the town itself and in the rural areas, at Ţigăneşti and Nămoloasa. The arrival in Tecuci of doctor Kernbach, remarkable personality of the Jewish community from Botoşani, is the result of Conachi’s efforts. The same boyar also determined another doctor, Flaişlein (future primary doctor of the city of Iaşi), and a pharmacist to serve the villagers of the county.
Bessarabia at the End of World War I – The Handbook of the Historical Department, Foreign Office (1919)
Authors: Ardeleanu Constantin
Published: November 2024

The paper reproduces the handbook on Bessarabia, the former Russian province united in 1918 with Romania, prepared by the Historical Department of the Foreign Office for the use of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The handbook is an extremely important source for all aspects related to modern Bessarabia, from historical or geographical data to the social and economic realities in the province. The text proper is preceded by a short historical comment on the activity of the Historical Department of the Foreign Office in 1919-1920.
The Celts from Moesia Inferior
Authors: Matei Valentina
Published: November 2024

A new study on the population in Roman Dobrudja, or the province of Moesia Inferior, may seem redundant at first, taking into account the large number of articles and books devoted to this topic. Nevertheless, these works were mainly focused on identifying the civil and military population, on different demographic realities and only incidentally on the ethnical origin of the individuals and on the changes (in terms of toponymy, hydronymy and anthroponomy) that occurred after their settlement in the area. During the great Celtic migration through Europe, they also reached the area of the future Roman province of Moesia Inferior. The linguistic analysis on its toponymy revealed several settlements with uncertain ethnical origin of their names, as well as localities with a certain Celtic name. From an anthroponomical perspective, epigraphic sources mention several individuals who, although definitely Romanised, preserved in their names a cognomen that displays their ethnic origin, in certain cases Celtic. After the organisation of the Roman province of Moesia, auxiliary troops, recruited from the Celtic-German provinces, were deployed in Dobrudja. These have been identified either by their names, mentioned in the military diplomas found in the province, or by the soldiers attested in different epigraphic sources.
The Real Estate of the Moldavian Boyar Dumitru Buhuş
Authors: Ionașcu Anișoara
Published: November 2024

This study presents the role played by the boyar Dumitru Buhuş in the political life of Moldavia during the first half of the 17th century, as a result of the important positions he held within the princely council (cubicularius, logothete, treasurer, great treasurer, pârcălab/castellanus of Hotin and Neamţ, great spatharios) and his nobiliary estates gathered throughout his life, representing his wealth and power. The study underlines, on the basis of chancery documents, his lands, the way they were acquired, the counties where his domains were scattered. It also identifies the boyar’s real estates, as well as the courts he built.
A Buddhist Text from the 4th Century. Asaṅga – The Discrimination between Middle and Extremes (An Annotated
Authors: Nedu Ovidiu
Published: November 2024

The Discrimination between Middle and Extremes is one of the major Mahāyāna Buddhist texts, usually ascribed to the Vijñānavāda tradition. The second chapter deals with soteriological matters, being an analyticalexposition of the path. The chapter shows the blending of Mahāyāna’s ontology with the Abhidharmic henomenological analysis, which is one of the definitory features of Vijñānavāda. It has a high level of echnicality, being tributary to the very alambicated phenomenological classifications of the Abhidharmic masters. Equally technical is the third chapter, dealing with different perspectives of considering the reality. It approaches a metaphysical issue, the reality (a properly Mahāyānist issue), by making use of some specifically Hīnayānist systems of categories.
The Restoration of the Byzantine Empire (1261) and Its Consequences in the Romanian Area
Authors: Rugină Costel Vicențiu
Published: November 2024

The re-conquest of Constantinople in 1261 was a historic event with major consequences in territories stretching well beyond the Byzantine Empire. Although the Palaeologan emperors could not restore the full prestige of their state, it was a useful moment of respite for the Orthodox world, extremely necessary at a time when the Catholic forces seemed to turn the scales to their side.For the Romanian area, the Byzantine restoration and the imperial attempts to regain its former positions at the Lower Danube coincided with the interests of he Golden Horde in this region. Beyond the material damages caused by the struggles fought on and for these territories, the coming of the Byzantines accompanied by the Genoese merchants) and the overlapping Mongol suzerainty resulted in the rebirth of the economic and religious life, as well as the development of urban centres in the Romanian area.
A Contribution to the Construction of the United States of Africa through the Involvement of the Base and the Diaspora
Authors: Woudammike Joseph
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore the involvement of the African masses and of the African Diaspora towards the realization of the United States of Africa. The necessity to join the efforts of the leaders and the common people could unveil a path out of the political crisis which keeps the leaders divided as far as the realization of this project is concerned. Such a stand would certainly reduce the opportunities to act of the afro-pessimistic leaders who comfortably confine themselves to the position of an everlasting opposition towards this pan-African ideal. Through this strategy, the social forces could overrun the egoism of their leaders. The method of the diagnosis of participation could be adopted in order to receive the message uttered by the lower levels of the African society.Through this endeavors, the utopia of the United States of Africa could turn into a pragmatic project circumscribed by the real historical time.
Aspects Regarding the History of the Christian Orthodox Cult of the Old Believers (Lipovans) in Romania during the Interwar Period and at the Beginning of the Communist Regime
Authors: Enache George , Șișcanu Ion
Published: November 2024

This study offers a general perspective regarding the relations between the Romanian state and the Orthodox Cult of the Old Believers(Lipovans) in the modern period and offers a series of unique documentary contributions from the Archives of the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives with regards to the situation of the Lipovans in the first decade of the communist regime.
Impacts of Climate Change: Examining Precipitation, Temperature Anomalies, and Effects on Water Resources in Turkey
Authors: Korkmaz Meral
Published: November 2024

Climate change is a significant global issue that affects our everyday lives and water resources. One of the most critical impacts of climate change is on our water resources, which are vital for sustaining life and supporting various ecosystems. Understanding the complex relationship between climate change and water resources is crucial for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on water resources and to shed light on the importance of addressing this issue. Water is a limited resource, and its availability and quality directly affect human well-being, agriculture, energy production, and ecosystem health. However, climate change alters the patterns and dynamics of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, leading to significant changes in water availability and distribution. Increasing global temperatures cause glaciers and ice caps to melt, progressively depleting freshwater resources. Moreover, changing precipitation patterns are leading to more frequent and severe droughts in some regions, while others experience increased rainfall and flooding events. The effects of these changes are profound. As water scarcity becomes more widespread, competition for limited resources intensifies, potentially leading to conflicts and social unrest. Given the importance of water resources and the undeniable impact of climate change on their availability and quality, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of this complex relationship. This study aims to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of climate change on water resources. By doing so, it seeks to provide policymakers, scientists, and communities with information that will guide decision-making processes and direct effective climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. In conclusion, the impact of climate change on water resources cannot be overstated. This study aims to contribute to our understanding of this critical issue by highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change and its consequences on water resources and sustainability. This study examines the effects of changing precipitation patterns and increasing temperatures due to climate change on underground and surface water resources in Turkey. By conducting this research, we hope to pave the way for informed decision-making and encourage collective responsibility to protect our water resources for future generations.
Medical and social aspects of euthanasia of palliative patients in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany
Authors: Nesterenko V.G.
Published: November 2024

In the palliative and hospice medicine of Ukraine, there are a number of unresolved legal and organizational problems that stand in the way of a dignified existence of hopelessly ill patients in the last days and months of their lives. First of all, these are unresolved issues with the coverage of treatment and care of a sufficient number of categories of patients: palliative care is provided mainly to patients with oncological, cardiovascular and neurological profiles of treatment. Secondly, it is the lack of adequate analgesia for a significant number of inpatients and the vast majority of patients receiving treatment at home. Availability of recently legalized medical cannabis remains low for palliative care patients, and palliative care euthanasia is not legalized. In our previous research, we found out that Ukrainian society is not ready for a dialogue about the need to legalize euthanasia, and that the best model of preparing society for euthanasia is the Canadian one, which is based on a comprehensive study of the opinions of the general public and direct participants of the Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD), as well as on the implementation of decisions federal court. The article is devoted to legal procedures and socio-medical aspects of euthanasia and MAiD in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Certain aspects of legalization, its context and circumstances, compared with the conditions of Ukraine. The article is an original theoretical study performed using the method of systematic analysis, comparative and bibliosemantic methods. Note that we are clarifying the terminology of the previous stages of the study: MAiD is performed by the patient himself, euthanasia is performed by the doctor. In our opinion, Ukraine needs the legalization of euthanasia and MAiD for all age categories, and with the implementation of special additional consent procedures for adult incapacitated patients. In the experience of the countries of the current comparison, we paid special attention to the prevention of abuses in the implementation of these procedures, in the conditions of frequent disregard for the norms of the law since the beginning of the war.

Keywords: palliative and hospice care, suicides of palliative patients, Medical Assistance in Dying, right to life, right to die.
Die Schulklasse als Sozialsystem. Theoretische Fundierungen im Anschluss an Parsons und empirische Einblicke am Beispiel des Vertretungsunterrichts
Authors: Lischka-Schmidt Richard
Published: November 2024

Der Beitrag entfaltet eine auf Parsons’ Handlungssystemtheorie basierende normativ-systemtheoretische Konzeptualisierung der Schulklasse und plausibilisiert diese am Beispiel zweier Situationen im Zusammenhang mit dem Vertretungsunterricht. Dazu werden zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen nach Parsons skizziert, v. a. die Konzepte ‚Sozialsystem‘ und ‚normative Kultur‘. Im Anschluss daran wird die Schulklasse als ein Sozialsystem entworfen, das selbst aus verschiedenen Sozialsystemen besteht und in eine u. a. aus anderen Sozialsystemen bestehende Umwelt eingebettet ist, wobei all diese Sozialsysteme von je spezifischer normativer Kultur gekennzeichnet sind. Das Beispiel des Vertretungsunterrichts zeigt, wie für schulische Interaktionen normative Kultur verschiedener Sozialsysteme bzw. verschiedener Systemebenen konstitutiv ist. (DIPF/Orig.)
Zur Konstitution von Schulklasse am außerschulischen Lernort Museum
Authors: Brill Swaantje
Published: November 2024

Dieser Beitrag geht für einen insgesamt noch wenig erforschten Bereich – dem Museum als außerschulischer Lernort – der Frage nach, wie sich die schulische Besucher*innengruppe als Schulklasse im Museum ‚zeigt‘. Dafür wird anhand ethnografischer Beobachtungen die situative Handlungspraxis der Akteur*innen und Akteur*innengruppen während schulischer Museumsbesuche analysiert und nach Praktiken der (Wieder)-Herstellung der Schulklasse außerhalb der Schule gefragt. Der Beitrag fokussiert dabei die wenig erforschten Aspekte, inwiefern die Herstellung von Disziplin und Körpergemeinschaft an der Konstitution von Schulklasse im Museum beteiligt sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
The Judiciary in Ajloun Province During the Mamluk Era (659-922 Ah / 1261-1516 Ad)
Authors: Al-Omari Omar Saleh , Ghnaimat Qasem Mohammed , Bani Younes Mohammad Ahmad
Published: November 2024

Objective: This study aims to investigate the judiciary system in Ajloun Province during the Mamluk era by identifying the most prominent judges in that period and their achievements, whether in Ajloun and its administrative cities like Irbid and Hebras or other provinces such as Jerusalem, Hebron, Aleppo, Salt, Safed, Damietta, Baalbek, Homs, Tripoli and others. The study also sought to identify these judges' place of birth and death. The focus extends from the Yarmouk River in the north, adjacent to the Damascus jurisdiction, to the Zarqa River in the south, bordered by the Balqa governorate on that side, and from the Shari'a River (Jordan) in the west to the eastern Badia region, all falling within the Ajloun district.
Methods: The study followed a historical narrative and analytical approach to events, critiquing them. It relied on authentic historical sources, along with studies related to the study period, in addition to Arab research as listed in the sources and references.
Results: The study revealed that Ajloun jurisdiction became a significant center for justice during the Mamluk era, attracting judges, some of whom were natives of the jurisdiction, while others came from outside. This includes areas they served within the jurisdiction like Irbid, and beyond the jurisdiction, such as Jerusalem, showcasing their judicial contributions until their passing.
Conclusions: The Ajloun jurisdiction played a significant role in the Mamluk era, hosting judges who held prominent positions in major cities such as Damascus, Jerusalem, and Damietta.
Psychometric Properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Among Students at Jeddah University, KSA
Authors: Al-Wakeel Sayed Ahmad , Nadreen Hatim Mohamed , Ewees Arzak Mohamed
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The current study examines the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) to verify its adequacy for the Saudi environment. The study identifies gender differences in smartphone addiction at Jeddah University and highlights a variety of smartphone-based activities.
Methods: The sample consists of (272) male and female students at Jeddah University, and it is divided into )152( female students and )120( male students, respectively representing 55.9% and 44.1%. Their ages range from 19 to 23 years old with an average age of 21.66 and a standard deviation of 1.732. The tools include a basic data collection form and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) by Kwon et al., 2013a.
Results: The study shows that the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) has good psychometric properties, reflecting its validity and reliability in the Saudi environment. Moreover, the study reveals that there are significant differences between male and female university students in smartphone addiction at 0.001, favoring male students. That is, male students suffer more from smartphone addiction than female students. In addition, the study shows that there are diverse smartphone-based activities among students.
Conclusion: Based on the results, the study recommends offering counseling programs, lectures, and seminars to raise awareness of the negative effects of using smartphones and to help university students (especially males) to get rid of this behavioral addiction.
Redescobrindo tesouros: um olhar sobre a biodiversidade da Caatinga na atualidade
Authors: Cardoso Lacerda Glória Maria
Published: November 2024

Durante muito tempo a Caatinga foi subestimada quanto a sua biodiversidade. Hoje se sabe que na realidade trata-se de um bioma extremamente rico e endêmico, que abriga uma ampla gama de espécies. Apesar das mudanças nos paradigmas sobre a biodiversidade da Caatinga, este bioma ainda permanece à mercê de muitos impactos e pouca visibilidade. Entre 2020 e 2023 foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, nas bases de dados mais amplamente utilizadas, tais como Google Acadêmico, Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal de Periódicos da CAPES e repositórios brasileiros. Foram consultados artigos, livros e capítulos de livros, livros eletrônicos e notas científicas, bem como outros trabalhos comprovadamente avaliados e publicados, a respeito do tema. Como resultado, evidenciou-se que, ao longo de pouco mais de três séculos quase 1.400 espécies de vertebrados foram registradas, e diferentes aspectos levados em consideração a respeito da fitofisionomia da Caatinga afetam significativamente a diversidade e o número de endemismos registrados para o bioma. Este artigo se debruça na revisão de dados a respeito dos animais vertebrados que ocorrem na Caatinga, fornecendo um panorama atualizado sobre o número de espécies e endemismos dos principais grupos vertebrados: anfíbios, répteis, aves, peixes e mamíferos, e apresentando informações importantes para compreender as alterações e mudanças registradas na diversidade até os dias atuais.