bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS AS MEASURED BY CROP YIELDS, PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, AND SOIL ANALYSIS
Authors: RIDLEY A. O. , TAYAKEPISUTHE S.
Published: March 2010

Monocalcium phosphate was broadcast at 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg P/ha to a calcareous soil, very low in NaHCO3-extractable P. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Selkirk) and flax (Linum usitatissimum cv. Marine) were seeded in the 1st yr and barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Montcalm) and flax were alternated in 3 subsequent yr. Subplot treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg P/ha applied as monoammonium phosphate with the seed. Wheat and barley responded well to broadcast or seed-drilled P. The latter was the most effective method of application; this was apparent even on plots receiving large amounts of broadcast P. In contrast, flax was not responsive to newly applied P, and yields decreased with application of seed-drilled P in combination with large amounts broadcast. The solubility of P in the untreated soil was between that of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The solubility of P in the treated soils was greater than in the untreated soils for the duration of the sampling period (3 yr) and was slightly less than that of OCP for the 50 kg/ha treatments, about that of OCP for the 100 kg P/ha treatment and greater than that of OCP for the 200 kg P/ha treatment. These studies indicate that the reaction product most likely governing the solution concentration of P was OCP.
CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION FROM VIRGIN AND CULTIVATED SOIL AS AFFECTED BY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CLIMATE
Authors: JONG E. de , SCHAPPERT H. J. V. , MacDONALD K. B.
Published: March 2010

Soil respiration during the growing season was calculated from CO2 profiles in a heavy clay soil under native grass and on cultivated plots. Soil respiration of the native grass plots was correlated with moisture content and temperature of the surface soil. However, the correlation accounted for only ⅓ of the observed variation in soil respiration and could not explain the large difference between two growing seasons. Addition of mineral N decreased soil respiration and irrigation increased it. Total soil respiration on the cultivated plots was higher than on the native grassland. On the wheat plots, soil respiration was significantly correlated with soil moisture but not with temperature; the reverse was true for the fallowed plots. Soil respiration between 1 May and 1 September on the native grassland was highly correlated with rainfall and the number of days with rain in excess of 5 mm. It was concluded that the number of wetting and drying cycles in the soil was mainly responsible for the annual variation in soil respiration. From comparison with data on shoot production, it appears that soil respiration exceeds net production in wet years and that the opposite is true in dry years.
WATER CONTENT AND BULK DENSITY CHANGES IN A SOIL PEDON MEASURED WITH DUAL ENERGY GAMMA-RAY TRANSMISSION
Authors: REGINATO R. J.
Published: March 2010

Water contents and bulk densities were measured in a soil pedon with a gamma-ray transmission technique utilizing 137Cs and 241Am. By alternating the sources for each scan down the soil profile, both bulk density and water content were determined in 1-cm increments in the top 10 cm of the pedon. Bulk density decreased to a depth of 6 cm about 30 min after 4 cm of water was ponded on the soil surface. As soon as the water drained from the surface, bulk density values increased and approached pre-irrigation levels. Water content increased rapidly corresponding to the decrease in bulk density. Assuming that the bulk density remains constant during ponding, calculated water contents may be in error by as much as 0.25 gcm−3.
OIL : WATER PERMEABILITY RATIOS AS A MEASURE OF THE STABILITY OF SOIL STRUCTURE
Authors: SCHAIK J. C. VAN
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP OF SULFUR AND SELENIUM IN SOME CANADIAN SOIL PROFILES
Authors: LÉVESQLE M.
Published: March 2010

not available
A FIELD OR LABORATORY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PROBE
Authors: JOYNT M. I.
Published: March 2010

not available
WEATHERING OF CLAY MINERALS IN PODZOLS FROM THE APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS
Authors: KIMPE C. R. DE
Published: March 2010

The clay fraction from various horizons of two Podzols sampled in the Appalachian Highlands was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and by a quantitative mineralogical procedure. Different cation saturation and heat treatments made it possible to detect differences in the mineralogical properties of the clays of the Ae horizon, but did not cause appreciable differences in the spectra of B and C horizon samples. In the Ae horizon, the clays were shown to have properties of both vermiculites and smectites. The paragonite-like structure induced by Na-saturation and moderate heat treatment is characteristic of minerals in the early stages of weathering from dioctahedral illites.
EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION ON THE ORGANIC MATTER OF GRASSLAND SOILS AS DETERMINED BY FRACTIONATION AND RADIOCARBON DATING
Authors: MARTEL Y. A. , PAUL E. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cultivation on the net mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in a lacustrine Brown clay (Sceptre) and two Orthic Black soils on glacial till (Oxbow) were assessed with the aid of fractionation and radiocarbon dating techniques. Fractionation of the soil organic matter of comparative virgin and cultivated soils by acid hydrolysis and peptization in dilute NaOH showed that the distribution of carbon and nitrogen among fractions of these soils was similar. There was no measurable alteration in the mean residence time (MRT) of the soil during the first 15 to 20 yr of cultivation, during which time the Sceptre soil had lost 19% of its carbon and the Oxbow, 35%. However, the MRT increased from 250 yr before present (BP) to 710 years BP after 60 yr of cultivation of the Oxbow soil. The losses for nitrogen were 10% lower than for carbon in the Oxbow soil due to the recycling of nitrogen in the soil. The rate of loss of carbon from the Oxbow soil during the cultivation period was simulated by expressing it as the sum of two first order reactions using fractionation and carbon dating data as the variables.
SOIL PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO WATER REGIME AT A SITE NEAR QUEBEC CITY
Authors: KIMPE C. R. DE , McKEAGUE J. A. , TOPP G. C.
Published: March 2010

Properties of soils along the 3% slope were affected both by water table levels and by the nature of the parent sedimentary rock. All of the soils had upper sola of medium to fine texture, due largely to the disintegration of the underlying shaly gravel. Relatively impermeable shaly bedrock at depths of 1–2 m from the surface maintained generally high water tables. Redox potentials, gley colors and mottling were closely associated with proximity to the surface of the water table. Evidence of podzolisation and of clay weathering and translocation were obscured by the release of bases and clay from the disintegrating gravel. Hydraulic conductivities of the surficial layers were generally much lower than those of the gravelly subsoil layers, but the data were highly variable due to soil variability, seasonal changes in soil structure and problems with methodology. The data suggest that surface ridging might be more effective than tiles for draining soils such as these.
A COMPARISON OF HUMIC FRACTIONS OF CHERNOZEMIC AND LUVISOLIC SOILS BY ELEMENTAL ANALYSES, UV AND ESR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: ANDERSON D. W. , RUSSELL D. B. , ST. ARNAUD R. J. , PAUL E. A.
Published: March 2010

The Ah horizons of a Brown–Dark Brown–Black–Dark Gray–Gray Luvisolic sequence of Canadian grassland and forest soils were studied. Clay-associated humus was present in greater proportions in the grassland than in forest soils, particularly in the grassland soils of the more arid regions. Amounts of alkali-pyrophosphate-extractable humus increased in the Brown to Gray Luvisolic sequence. Alkali-pyrophosphate-extractable humic acid (HA-A) contents were greatest in the Black and Dark Gray soils. C:H ratios, extinction coefficients at 280 nm (E280), and resistance to acid hydrolysis of the HA-A and clay-associated HA-B increased in the Brown to Gray Luvisolic sequence. Free radical concentrations were least for the Brown and Dark Brown soils, moderate for the Black and greatest for the Gray Luvisolic soils. The data suggest an increase in the proportion of aromatic components in the humic acids in going from the Brown to the Gray Luvisolic soils. An objective, multivariate similarity analysis based on 22 humus characteristics showed a relationship between soil zone or soil environment and the nature of the soil's humus.
INFLUENCE OF SHORT-TERM FLOODING ON THE GROWTH AND PLANT NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BARLEY
Authors: LEYSHON A. J. , SHEARD R. W.
Published: March 2010

Subjecting barley at four stages of development to short-term periods of 2–7 days flooding of a Gleizolic soil reduced the dry weight of the plants from that of non-flooded plants in proportion to the duration of flooding. Barley 14 days old at flooding was injured more than barley 35 days old at flooding, although the injury was more permanent with the older plants. Delayed head emergence and up to 55% reduction in grain yields were measured. Eh values of 289 mv, or less, were measured below the 5-cm depth although there was no flooding-induced increase in the concentration of water-soluble or exchangeable Mn in the soil. The concentration of Mn in the barley was not altered by flooding. Short-term flooding reduced the concentration of N, P and K in the barley. The greatest decrease was measured in the youngest plants; at the end of 7 days' flooding the concentration of N, P and K was reduced by 51, 60 and 58%, respectively. Two wk after drainage, N, P and K levels in the youngest plants recovered to levels equal to non-flooded barley, whereas more mature plants were subject to continued depressed levels. Under the conditions of this experiment, the reduced growth and yield of barley resulting from short-term flooding was not due to Mn toxicity, but may be due to reduced ion uptake resulting from O2 deficiency brought about by the reducing conditions in the soil or other unknown factors.
EVALUATION OF SEVERAL EXTRACTION METHODS AND OF A CLOSED INCUBATION METHOD FOR SOIL SULFUR MINERALIZATION
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

The comparison of four extractants on four soils in an incubation study indicated that sulfate extracted by 0.15% calcium chloride was most closely correlated with CO2 evolution and nitrogen mineralization through a 14-wk incubation period. Air-drying the incubated samples was found to introduce sulfur transformations, which were unrelated to microbiological activity as measured by CO2 evolution. Accordingly, drying incubated samples prior to analysis is not recommended for sulfur mineralization studies. Soil:extractant ratios (using CaCl2) influenced levels of sulfate extracted from incubated samples, particularly those containing adsorbed sulfate. A comparison of a simple closed incubation system with an open system indicated that under the conditions employed, the closed system remained aerobic, and accordingly was suitable for sulfur mineralization studies.
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY MANURE TREATED TO MINIMIZE ODOR
Authors: MACMILLAN K. A. , SCOTT T. W. , BATEMAN T. W.
Published: March 2010

The response of corn (Zea mays L.) to manure that had been treated to minimize odor was investigated in a greenhouse trial with two silt loam soils of pH 4.2 and 7.1. Pretreatment of manure resulted in sources initially high in organic N and NH4+, but low in NO3−. One pretreatment gave high initial NO2− concentrations. In soil at pH 4.2, NH4+ was the major N source utilized by corn grown to 36 days, and dry matter yields were superior to those from soil at pH 7.1 where soluble NO3− was the major source of N. At pH 7.1, NO2− remained in significant quantities and decreased dry matter yields at 6 wk. Soil inorganic N concentrations varied between soils and was attributed to soil pH differences. Rate of NO2− disappearance decreased with increase in soil pH, and NH4+ accumulation increased with decrease in soil pH, whereas NO3+ production was favored by neutral pH conditions. Some NO3− production was observed in pH 4.2 soil after 36 days' incubation
THE VALUE OF ANNUAL SOIL TESTING ON LUVISOLIC SOILS
Authors: TOOGOOD J. A. , NYBORG M. , LAVERTY D. H.
Published: March 2010

For Luvisolic soils of west central Alberta, repeated annual testing of soils for available N and P appears to be very worthwhile. The test for N appears to be essential for cereal crops following a grass–legume hay mixture in a crop rotation. Tests for available K in the Breton Plot soils demonstrate high levels of this nutrient, and repeated annual testing is a waste of time and effort. The same is true of the EC value which shows these soils, as expected, to be almost free of soluble salts. The pH values show the Breton Plot soils to be neutral enough for most crops, but for specific crops where pH is very critical, some repeated testing is called for because of the year-to-year variation in values of pH obtained. Annual testing would also be necessary to check on acidifying effects of repeated large fertilizer applications.
REGRESSION ANALYSES OF CANADIAN PRAIRIE CROP-DISTRICT CEREAL YIELDS, 1961–1972, IN RELATION TO WEATHER, SOIL AND TREND
Authors: WILLIAMS G. D. V. , JOYNT M. I. , McCORMICK P. A.
Published: March 2010

Macroscale analyses relating crops to weather and soils have important applications, such as that of obtaining equations for use by marketing agencies in assessing regional crop prospects. To help meet such needs, regression analyses were performed on 12 yr of crop-district cereal yields. From 57 to 86% of the yield variation was explained by precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, soil texture, topography and trend terms, or generally more than twice as much as could be accounted for using only texture, topography and trend. Yield variation, and the proportion of it that could be explained, was greatest in the Brown soil zone and least in the Black, Gray and Dark Gray zone. Less of the variation could be explained for wheat than for oats and barley. In analyses of 10-yr subsets of the 12 yr, the proportion explained was considerably less for 1963–1972 than for other combinations of years.
CHEMISTRY OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES EXTRACTED FROM AN ARCTIC SOIL
Authors: SCHNITZER M. , VENDETTE E.
Published: March 2010

A humic and a fulvic acid, extracted from the Ahb horizon of an earth hummock occurring on an Alpine Tundra (Brunic Turbic Cryosol) in the northern part of the Mackenzie river in the Northwest Territories, were characterized by elementary and functional group analyses and by optical measurements. To obtain more detailed structural information, the humic acid, the major organic fraction in the soil extract, was degraded by alkaline permanganate and alkaline cupric oxide oxidation. The degradation products were identified on a gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric–computer system. The analytical characteristics of the Arctic humic and fulvic acids were similar to those reported in the literature for humic and fulvic acids from more moderate climates. However, effects of near-surface permafrost and harsh Arctic climatic conditions manifested themselves in the degradation data. Compared to humic acids from warmer climates, the Arctic humic acid appeared to be poorly developed, exhibiting a low degree of condensation and aromaticity, a low resistance to mild chemical oxidants, yielding only very small amounts of benzenepolycarboxylic acids higher than the di-forms, but relatively large quantities of aliphatic carboxylic acids, especially the n-C16 and n-C18 fatty acids.
EFFECTS OF ACTIVE LAYER REMOVAL FROM ORGANIC LANDFORMS IN THE DISCONTINUOUS PERMAFROST ZONE
Authors: WALMSLEY M. E. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF CaCO3 AND INOCULUM LEVEL ON NODULATION AND GROWTH OF ALFALFA IN AN ACID SOIL
Authors: RICE W. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of CaCO3 and inoculum level on nodulation and growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in an acid soil were studied by measuring alfalfa yield, nodule numbers and nodule weights in relation to various levels of CaCO3 amendment and to the number of Rhizobium meliloti applied per seed. When sufficient CaCO3 was applied to the soil (4 mg CaCO3/g soil) to reduce soluble Al to sub-toxic levels, the relative yield (yield without N/yield with N) of alfalfa increased from 0.7 with no inoculum to 1.0 with 3 × 107 rhizobia per seed. Increasing the inoculum level from no inoculum to 3 × 107 rhizobia per seed decreased the amount of ineffective nodule tissue from 0.65 to 0.27 mg/pot without CaCO3 added, and from 0.60 to 0.06 mg/pot with the addition of 4.0 mg CaCO3/g soil. When no inoculum was applied, the amount of effective nodule tissue was increased from 0 to 0.91 mg/pot by adding 4.0 mg CaCO3/g soil. Application of inoculum increased the amount of effective nodule tissue at all levels of CaCO3. The results demonstrate the importance of liming to decrease the soluble Al content of acid soils for alfalfa production, and show that high inoculum levels can be used to improve alfalfa yields on acid soils.
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF HUMIC AND FULVIC ACIDS EXTRACTED FROM TROPICAL VOLCANIC SOILS
Authors: GRIFFITH S. M. , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

To obtain a better understanding of the unusual accumulation of organic matter in tropical volcanic soils in the West Indies, humic and fulvic acids were extracted with 0.5 N NaOH under N2 from four surface and two subsurface horizons of four such soils from the island of Dominica and degraded by KMnO4 oxidation of unmethylated and methylated materials. The oxidation products were fractionated by solvent extraction and chromatographic methods and 52 compounds were identified on a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–computer system. Major oxidation products (identified as esters and ethers) were benzenecarboxylic, phenolic and aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Smaller amounts of n-alkanes, furan derivatives and dialkyl phthalates were also identified. The major chemical structures detected in the tropical volcanic humic and fulvic acids were aromatic rings substituted by: (a) three to six C atoms; (b) one OCH3 group and three, four and six C atoms; and (c) two OH groups and one, two, three and five C atoms. Judging from the qualitative and quantitative distribution of the major oxidation products, the chemical structure of tropical volcanic humic and fulvic acids did not appear to differ significantly from that of humic and fulvic acids extracted from soils from widely differing climatic zones. We were unable to detect any effect of depth of sampling or soil pH on the chemical structure of the humic materials extracted from the tropical volcanic soils.
PROPRIETES CHIMIQUES ET PHYSIQUES DES CONCRETIONS DANS CERTAINS SOLS DU QUEBEC
Authors: GAUDETTE ANDRÉ , MILLETTE GÉRARD J. F.
Published: March 2010

Concretions, which had been observed as occurring at a short distance from ditch levees in 10 imperfectly drained soils of Quebec, were analyzed and their properties compared among themselves and with those of the interstitial material. The effects of horizonation and texture on the contents of organic matter, Fe, Al, Mn, Si, and texture of the concretions were assessed. Significant correlation and regression equations, though not tabulated in this article, were worked out for the components of the concretions. The concretions had a relatively uniform texture and chemical composition irrespective of the variations encountered in the interstitial material (sandy loam to clay). The organic matter contents varied directly with contents of iron and aluminium in the concretions, making it possible to infer that organometallic complexes could have been formed, precipitated and then consolidated in the concretions. A definition of a concretion, based on results obtained in this research, is given in the conclusion.
NITRATE NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN CORN LAND FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF DIGESTED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Authors: STEWART N. E. , BEAUCHAMP E. G. , WEBBER L. R. , CORKE C. T.
Published: March 2010

Anaerobically digested sewage sludge was applied to a loam soil at rates of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 cm ha−1. Treatments were replicated four times, and all plots were cropped to corn. The soil in the 0- to 90-cm profile under each plot was sampled every month from May to October in 1972 and analyzed for NO3−-N and NH4+. The two highest sludge application rates resulted in significant increases in soil NO3−-N in the 0- to 90-cm soil profile, which persisted until October following crop harvest. Of the N supplied by the sludge, only about 3–12% was recovered by the corn crop. At the conclusion of the experiment, in October, 6–10% of the N supplied by the sludge remained in the soil and on the soil surface in the residual solids. Sludge applications in excess of 1.25 cm ha−1 did not produce significant increases in the yields of grain or stover.
INVESTIGATION OF SOME SOILS DEVELOPED IN HUMMOCKS OF THE CANADIAN SUB-ARCTIC AND SOUTHERN-ARCTIC REGIONS. 2. ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS, GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION
Authors: PAWLUK S. , BREWER R.
Published: March 2010

Soils formed in mineral hummocks of the Forest–Tundra region have analytical characteristics reflecting "podzolic" processes. These soils have upper sola that are moderately to strongly acidic, with low pH values and base saturation; have high contents of organically complexed iron and aluminum; and show "chloritization" of montmorillonite, potassium removal from mica and moderate weathering of feldspars. Soils from the Southern-Arctic region have similar acidic characteristics but lack evidence for chemical and mineralogical weathering. Podzolic processes appear much weaker than in the Forest–Tundra region. However, soils from both regions are similar in morphological and micromorphological characteristics. A moderately high level of organic matter is present in the upper sola and at the permafrost interface. The soils are characterized by structures more closely reflecting freeze–thaw processes and faunal activity than podzolic alteration.
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND LAND-USE INVESTIGATIONS OF ORGANIC TERRAIN
Authors: WALMSLEY M. E. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

Chemical and physical properties of selected organic soil samples were studied in relation to the chemical status of the associated ground water. Soil analyses included standard chemical analyses, fibre content, bulk density, particle density, hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties. In situ water chemical analysis included temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH. Laboratory measurements of dissolved Ca, Mg, N, K, Si, NO3, F and Cl are also reported. The results are interpreted with reference to the surface expression and overall terrain morphology of the sampling area resulting in the formation of different peat types and associated vegetation. Physical and chemical data indicate a relationship between degree of decomposition and magnitude of various parameters. The distinction between bog and fen areas in terms of the level of dissolved electrolytes permits the prediction of the nature of the material comprising the organic soil. The distinctive properties of organic soils are discussed in terms of some use constraints imposed by the nature of the material in the context of afforestation of this terrain type.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SOILS FROM DEVON AND KING CHRISTIAN ISLANDS, N.W.T.
Authors: PAWLUK S. , BREWER R.
Published: March 2010

Investigation of soils from Devon and King Christian Islands show frost processes as having a dominating influence upon microfabric characteristics. Frost processes are expressed in the various modifications of banded fabric observed in the soils, and fine-grained cappings on framework members. While soils from Devon Island show little evidence of chemical alteration, the soil from King Christian Island has chemical attributes which reflect desalinization and alkalization processes. Mineralogical weathering is minimal, but the soils can be differentiated on the basis of carbonate rock content and clay mineral distribution. Soils from Devon Island are classified as Regosolic Turbic Cryosols, while the soil from King Christian Island cannot be readily classified in the Canadian system of soil classification.
PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACID FRACTIONS IN FOREST HUMUS LAYERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: LOWE L. E. , GODKIN CARLIEN H.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-eight chemical and spectral characteristics were determined on humic acid (HA) fractions extracted successively with cold and hot 0.1 N NaOH from F and H horizons under six types of vegetative cover. Some HA properties were significantly affected by extract, with the hot alkali extraction yielding less aromatic and more immature HA fractions. HA properties were relatively unaffected by horizon of origin. Significant differences between sites were observed with respect to H%, S%, atomic H/C, total acidity, molecular weight distribution and IR absorption spectra. Correlation and multiple regression analysis indicated relationships between properties, and suggested that some spectral absorption characteristics may be predicted from chemical composition, and that certain features of composition, related to aromaticity, can be predicted from easily determined spectral characteristics.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ORGANIC MATTER OF CHERNOZEMIC Ah HORIZONS TO BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION
Authors: DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

Samples of five Chernozemic Ah horizons from soils under prairie of predominantly single grass species were incubated at 30 C with moisture maintained at 300 mbars for 74 days with and without uniformly labelled 14C-glucose. The 14CO2 formed during decomposition was collected in NaOH and its activity measured by scintillation spectrometry. Within the Brown soil zone, soils covered by Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. and Agropyron smithii Rydb. contained considerably more organic matter that was readily decomposable than a soil covered by Bouteloua gracilis (HBK.) Lag. when the cumulative CO2 evolved was expressed in terms of the C in the soil. In comparison with the three Brown soils, the organic matter of a Dark Brown soil covered by Stipa spartea var. curtiseta Hitchc. and a Black soil covered by Festuca scabrella Torr. was found to be very resistant to biological decomposition, as the percentage of C lost during incubation of the latter soils was less than half the percentage mineralized by any of the former soils. Between 80.4 and 91.4% of the added 14C was mineralized as 14CO2 in four of the soils and between 20 and 35% of the remaining 14C was extractable with Chelex-100. In the fifth soil, the Black Chernozemic soil covered by F. scabrella, only 50% of the added 14C was mineralized and only 8% of the remaining 14C was extractable with Chelex-100. The potential susceptibility to biological decomposition of the organic matter of various Chernozemic Ah horizons gave a measure of the proportion of the oxidizable component still present. It thereby helped with the interpretation of the genesis of the whole organic matter formed under different hydrothermal conditions in the field.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER, BARNYARD MANURE, AND CROP RESIDUES ON IRRIGATED CROP YIELDS AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: DUBETZ S. , KOZUB G. C. , DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

Barnyard manure, N fertilizer, corn stovers, and sugar beet tops were incorporated into the soil singly and in combination in an irrigated four-course rotation (sweet corn, soft spring wheat, sugar beets, and sugar beets) that completed four cycles. The application of manure at 27 t/ha every 4 yr increased the organic matter (OM), N, P, and K of the soil and increased yields of 1st-yr sugar beets by 31% in the last cycle. When 66 kg N/ha was combined with the manure, yields of 1st-yr sugar beets increased by 53%. The responses by the 2nd-yr sugar beets were smaller. Manure, and manure plus N fertilizer, increased yields of sweet corn by 11 and 28%, but wheat yields were unaffected. The benefits of manure and N fertilizer became apparent during the second cycle and increased with advancing years. The effects of the crop residue treatments were less pronounced than those of the fertility treatments and took longer to become manifest. Incorporating sugar beet tops or corn stovers into the soil increased beet and corn yields but not wheat yields. Sugar beet yields responded more to the residue treatments when grown without manure or N fertilizer than when the fertility treatments were included. Soil Ca and Mg were not affected by fertility or residue treatments. The soil amendments affected the chemical characteristics of the OM.
NOVEL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROGEN-BONDED CO2H GROUPS IN HUMIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: SCHNITZER M. , GRIFFITH S. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
SHORT-TERM FLOODING OF SOIL: ITS EFFECT ON THE COMPOSITION OF GAS AND WATER PHASES OF SOIL AND ON PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF CORN
Authors: SHEARD R. W. , LEYSHON A. J.
Published: March 2010

A laboratory procedure and apparatus design are described for the sampling of the soil solution and dissolved gases below the surface of a flooded soil without disturbance of the soil or the normal diffusion process. Ethylene and CO2 concentration increased in the dissolved gases of a flooded Maryhill loam (Ortho Humic Gleysol) as the duration of flooding increased from zero to 17 days and the redox potential (Eh) decreased. Soluble Fe and Mn slowly increased as the Eh decreased. The addition of NO3-N depressed ethylene formation and the release of soluble Fe and Mn. The addition of sucrose rapidly eliminated NO3-N from the soil solution, reduced the Eh to −330 mV, stimulated ethylene and CO2 formation, and further solubilized Fe and Mn. The accumulation of dry weight, total P and fertilizer P concentrations in corn were reduced by flooding soil for periods up to 12 days. The measurement of Eh, gases and Fe and Mn in the soil solution suggest that ethylene accumulation and O2 depletion were involved in the reduction of fertilizer P uptake.
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF A HUMIC MESISOL UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: MACMILLAN K. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
TEST OF THE PLUMMET BALANCE AND A COMPARISON OF SOME PROCEDURES FOR PARTICLE-SIZE ANALYSIS
Authors: SHELDRICK B. H. , McKEAGUE J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ROOT ON DENITRIFICATION IN A SOIL
Authors: BAILEY L. D.
Published: March 2010

The effects of temperature on denitrification were studied in a soil system with a root in situ and one without a root. Soil samples of the Ap horizon of a Huron soil were used in the laboratory study. Germinated corn seedlings were planted and grown in cylinders for 84 h. At the end of this time the cylinders were cut horizontally so that the bottom 8.8-cm portion contained one root. Other cylinders were left unplanted. The soil in the cylinders was saturated with 5 ml of distilled water or 5 ml of a KNO3 solution. The rate of denitrification, both in terms of NO3− reduction and nitrogenous gas production, was more rapid in the system containing a root than in the fallowed system. Qualitatively, nitrogenous gases (N2, N2O and NO) were produced by both systems. At 30, 15 and 10 C there were no significant differences in the total quantity of gases produced by both systems. However, at all temperatures the crop system produced the larger quantities of NO, and also accumulated the larger quantities of NO2− and exchangeable NH4+. The root initially absorbed a portion of the added NO3−; however, with time the NO3− concentration of the root decreased to zero. The amount of NO3− taken up by the root and the rate at which the NO3− content of the root decreased was greatest at the high temperatures. At 5 C there was uptake of NO3− by the root but no decrease in the NO3− concentration of the root. Decreasing the temperature decreased the rate of denitrification, both in terms of NO3− reduction and nitrogenous gas production. At 5 C, denitrification was completely inhibited. Decreasing the temperature also changed the relative proportion of the nitrogenous gases produced. The quantity of N2 produced decreased as the temperature was decreased from 30 to 6–8 C. The decrease in temperature resulted in an increase in NO production; this was the principal gas produced at 6–8 C. Nitrous oxide (N2O) production, like NO, increased as the temperature decreased from 30 C to 10 C where it was the principal gas produced. At 30 to 15 C and 6–8 C, N2O production was secondary in quantity to N2 and NO, respectively.
LINURON ADSORPTION AND THE DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION OF PEATS AS MEASURED BY RUBBED FIBRE CONTENT AND PYROPHOSPHATE INDEX
Authors: MORITA H.
Published: March 2010

Determination of the Freundlich adsorption isotherms for linuron with some peats showed that the adsorption coefficient, K, is closely related to the degree of decomposition as measured by the rubbed fibre content and the pyrophosphate index. The K values indicate that adsorption increases with decomposition. The analyses required for the determination of K were facilitated by the use of a column extraction technique.
DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT FOR CALCIUM PLUS MAGNESIUM AND MANGANESE EXCHANGE IN ACID CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: WUBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

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PONDING TIME FOR VARIABLE RAINFALL RATES
Authors: PARLANGE J.-Y. , SMITH R. I.
Published: March 2010

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A COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS FOR DETERMINING CARBONATES IN SOILS
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , SHELDRICK B. H.
Published: March 2010

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FIELD MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY WITH A MODIFIED AIR-ENTRY PERMEAMETER
Authors: TOPP G. C. , BINNS M. R.
Published: March 2010

The air-entry permeameter procedure for measuring hydraulic conductivity (Bouwer 1966) was modified so that the position of the wetting front was detected during measurement by a fine tensiometer probe. Data obtained by the modified permeameter showed similar magnitude of scatter at each of seven sites on five different soils. Comparisons with data from laboratory determinations on cores (assumed to be representative of the corresponding soil) showed that the permeameter gave reliable values with more consistant precision. The values from the double tube permeameter and the crust method were comparable to air-entry permeameter values. Although further evaluations are desirable, the speed, accuracy, and low water requirement of this permeameter tended to recommend it over other procedures available for measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soils above the water table.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AMINO ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS IN FULVIC ACID
Authors: GUIDI G. , PETRUZZELLI G. , SEQUI P.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of individual amino acids and monosaccharides in fulvic acid and its fractions separated by polyamide chromatography was investigated in five different Italian soils. Although little differences were generally found in the two polyamide fractions (FI and FII), the highest percentage content of acidic amino acids and the lowest percentage content of neutral amino acids have been found in the second one (FII); monosaccharides composition was more irregular, but generally FII contained more pentoses. Both chromatographic fractions (FI and FII) have been chromatographed on Sephadex G-25. The composition in carbohydrate and amino acid components of the further different fractions resolved by gel filtration showed great differences depending on the molecular weight distribution.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BARLEY YIELD EQUATION FOR CENTRAL ALBERTA. 2. EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: HEAPY L. A. , McBEATH D. K. , WEBSTER G. R. , ROBERTSON J. A. , LOVE H. C. , MAYDELL U. M. VON
Published: March 2010

An equation was derived relating barley yield to inputs of fertilizer nitrogen (NA) and phosphorus (PA), soil test values for nitrate nitrogen (NS) and extractable phosphorus (PS) and moisture stress (W). This model, fitted to pooled data of 17 site-years, explained about 57% of yield variation in an investigation conducted on Chernozemic and Luvisolic soils in central Alberta. To identify days of moisture stress, a daily soil moisture budget was calculated for each site. A moisture stress equation derived from data external to this study was used to estimate a site moisture stress index. The moisture stress equation indicated that barley yield was decreased significantly by stress occurring within three stages of crop development: planting–emergence, emergence–onset of tillering, and jointing–heading. Such an equation should be useful for estimating, at intervals from seeding to heading, what the final yield of barley is likely to be in central Alberta at the end of the season. A yield equation was derived which indicated that the marginal product with respect to PA was influenced by PS, whereas the marginal product with respect to NA was influenced by NS, PS and W. Because the optimal input of fertilizer N for barley production depends upon moisture stress for the growing crop, inputs of N could be adjusted according to stress conditions occurring during the period from seeding to the 4- or 5-leaf stage.
EVOLUTION DES NITRATES DANS QUELQUES SYSTEMES SOL–EAU DU QUEBEC
Authors: CHAMBERLAND EMILE
Published: March 2010

Soil and water table nitrate concentrations were followed in test plots and fields seeded to corn (Zea mays L.) located in southwest Quebec, during 1971–73. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 150 cm in 25-cm intervals. Although there were few sites where nitrate concentrations exceeding 10 ppm were found in mineral soils, they were as high as 70 ppm in organic soils. Nitrate accumulation observed in 1972 changed to a near disappearance in 1973. This effect was ascribed to changes in climatic conditions. Nitrogen fertilization levels ranged from 50 to 300 kg N/ha, and reached a maximum of 600 kg N/ha over 2 yr. These had a significant influence on soil nitrate concentrations. However, the observed soil nitrate concentration did not exceed 40 ppm with the 200 kg N/ha rates in 1971. Nitrogen fertilization did not contribute significantly to ground water nitrate concentrations, and mean nitrogen levels (NO3 + NO2) were 4.5 mg/liter in the spring, 12.7 in July and 0.8 in September 1973. Nitrogen levels greater than 10 mg/liter were found only once in two soils. It was concluded that soil nitrate concentrations were low because of the approximately 112 kg N/ha nitrogen levels as used by corn growers.
INFLUENCE OF PARENT MATERIAL AND MOISTURE REGIME ON SOIL GENESIS IN THE APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS, QUEBEC
Authors: KIMPE C. R. DE
Published: March 2010

Ten pedons representing the Saint Onésime, Manie, Mont Carmel and Ixworth soil series were studied to respectively characterize the well to very poorly drained members of a toposequence formed on glacial till deposits along the north flank of the Appalachian Highlands. The parent material was generally homogeneous in the occurrence area except in the western part where glacial lakes along the Chaudière Valley controlled the deposition of a coarser till material. Soil reaction was extremely acid in the solum and pH reached approximately 6.0 in the parent material. Base saturation was low, which was related to the large amounts of aluminum hydroxypolymers present in the clay fraction. Mineralogical analysis of the clay fraction indicated an extensive transformation of illite not only to the swelling minerals, vermiculite and montmorillonite, but also to kaolinite. Chlorite was absent in the A horizons of the well drained profiles. The soils were underlain by fragic horizons. This fragipan had a moderately developed gray streak network, as these soils are not very prone to alternate humidification and desiccation cycles. Cohesion and brittleness were related to the illitic clay bridges and to an amorphous aluminous cement. The content of kaolinite in the Ae horizon of the well drained profiles and the presence of large amounts of Al hydroxypolymers in the clay fraction corresponded to more intense weathering conditions than those existing in the soils of the south flank of the Appalachian Mountains.
ETUDE DU POUVOIR NUTRITIF EN PHOSPHORE DE CERTAINS SOLS DU QUEBEC A L'AIDE DU 32P
Authors: TOUATI B. , PLENCHETTE C. , TABI M.
Published: March 2010

In a pot-type experiment with ryegrass, 32P was used to label isotopically exchangeable soil phosphorus as well as a phosphate fertilizer. The tagging of both forms of phosphorus enable us to determine the pool (L) for soil reserves and the A value which is the availability of these reserves in the presence of fertilizer. The authors establish correlations between the ratio K = L/A and the assimilable phosphorus as determined by the Bray II method, and also between K and the "extra" phosphorus. The authors state that the latter was the difference between the plant phosphorus with and without fertilizer. From this study it is concluded: (1) that the K value seems to be a better criterion than the amount of assimilable phosphorus to estimate the phosphorus fertility of a soil; (2) that the study of the variation of the K value according to the soil types informs us about the reserves behavior and about the way of nutrition for the plant. The calculation of the K value is aimed toward a more adequate fertilization for given types of soil.
SESQUIOXIDE-CEMENTED SOIL HORIZONS IN NORTHERN QUEBEC: THEIR DISTRIBUTION, PROPERTIES AND GENESIS
Authors: MOORE T. R.
Published: March 2010

Cemented subsoil horizons are observed in soils along the St. Lawrence North Shore, as far north as Esker. Cementation is mostly strongly developed at depths of 30–90 cm in freely drained soils of sand texture containing large amounts of amphibole minerals. The cemented horizons contain generally small quantities of extractable iron, aluminum and organic matter, though larger than their non-cemented counterparts. A slaking experiment indicates that amorphous iron and aluminum are the main cementing agents. Three hypotheses for the genesis of these cemented horizons are examined; it is proposed that iron and aluminum are released in the Ae horizon, translocated in a basically inorganic form, and precipitated in the B horizons as cementing agents. Study of a chronosequence of soils suggests that 5,000–6,000 yr are required for the formation of strong cementation. The new chemical criteria established for the Podzolic Order of the Canadian Classification System work well in these soils.
USE OF STEM CUTTINGS TO REDUCE PLANT VARIATION IN RHIZOBIUM – LEGUMINOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: LINDSAY C. R. , JORDAN D. C.
Published: March 2010

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SEEDBED CONDITION AFTER DEEP-PLOWING SOLONETZ SOILS
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

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A MODIFIED CURCUMIN METHOD FOR BORON ANALYSIS OF SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

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A TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NH3 CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS
Authors: MacLEOD S. A. , GRIMMETT D. L.
Published: March 2010

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SOIL SALINITY IN AN ALBERTA IRRIGATION DISTRICT AS AFFECTED BY SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: SOMMERFELDT THERON G. , OOSTERVELD MARTIN
Published: March 2010

Surficial chemico-hydrologic studies were conducted for 4 yr at eight sites in an Alberta irrigation district to determine the changes with time in soil salinity under existing management and to relate these changes to soil and groundwater characteristics. Both the electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the saturated soil extract increased over a 4-yr period for soils with glacial till within 60 cm of the surface. With till at depths of 150 cm and greater, the EC and SAR appeared to be stable. High water tables were encountered most frequently in the spring, when snow was melting, soil thawing, precipitation high, and evapotranspiration low. A correlation between salinity of subsoil and groundwater was evident. At one site, the EC of the groundwater increased with time, at four sites it was unchanged, and at three sites it decreased.
PEDOGENESIS IN A SUBARCTIC IRON-RICH ENVIRONMENT: SCHEFFERVILLE, QUEBEC
Authors: NICHOLSON H. MARGARET , MOORE T. R.
Published: March 2010

More than 50 soil profiles have been examined and analyzed in the Schefferville area, and 5 are studied in detail. Leaching, sesquioxide translocation and surficial organic matter accumulation are the main pedogenic processes. The soils are acid, and leaching is generally confined to a depth of 60 cm. Morphological evidence of podzolization occurs in well drained soils, and analytical data reveal the translocation of Fe, Al and organic matter in the profile. Organic soils develop at sites which are permanently waterlogged and morphological and chemical evidence of gleying occurs in soils that are waterlogged for most of the summer. In soils that are waterlogged for only part of the summer, there is morphological and chemical evidence of podzolization and gleying, as shown by translocation of Fe, Al, Mn and organic matter and by mottling. Because of the reddish-brown parent materials, morphological evidence of soil development is weaker than in soils developed from deposits on the Canadian Shield. Clay mineral transformations are pronounced, with the decomposition of chlorite, kaolinite and mica and the formation of smectite in Ae horizons.
SOIL pH MEASUREMENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: LIEROP WM. van , MacKENZIE A. F.
Published: March 2010

The average soil pH of 10 organic soils was significantly influenced by drying and the salt concentration of the suspending media. Accordingly, mean soil pH of field-moist and oven-dried soils was pH 5.0 and 4.5, 4.1 and 3.9, and 3.8 and 3.6 for soils suspended in water, 0.015 M CaCl2 and 1 M KCl. A significant treatment–soil interaction indicated that the soils responded differently to the treatments. No junction potentials were found when the ionic strength of the solution was 0.01 M CaCl2 equivalent or greater. Milli-equivalents exchangeable hydrogen (−0.984**), percent hydrogen saturation (−0.966**) milli-equivalents extractable bases (0.937**) and percent base saturation (0.957**) were more closely correlated with 1 M KCl pH values than with values in the other media. Liming influenced soil pH significantly on all field sites and within 8 h after application on two field sites. The influence of liming on soil pH tended to diminish the year after applications were made. Measured soil pH variability among treatments and replicates at various sampling dates ranged up to 1 pH unit during the growing season. However, it was about 0.2 pH unit on the control treatments with undetectable quantities of residual limestone. The quantity of reacted limestone was established at 25 and 40%, between 23 May and 31 July, on two sites (J.I.V. and S.B.). The reacted limestone was found to be proportional to the application rate.
LABILE RESIDUAL FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS IN CHERNOZEMIC SOILS. I. SOLUBILITY AND QUANTITY/INTENSITY STUDIES
Authors: SADLER J. M. , STEWART J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

Granular monoammonium phosphate (500 μg P/g soil) was applied in the field to three soils of an Oxbow catena. Changes in the inorganic P forms controlling P concentration or intensity (Ie) in soil solution during the ensuing 2½ yr were determined by equilibrium solubility product and related quantity/intensity analyses. In the Calcareous and Orthic control soils, Ie was controlled by impure hydroxyapatite. After P addition, it was controlled by dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and octocalcium phosphate. Marked changes in the quantity of labile P caused negligible changes in values for Ie. Therefore, in these and similar Chernozemic soils, Ie should adequately reflect the availability of residual P to plants. In the Gleysol after P addition, Ie was determined by adsorbed P or by the solubility of aluminum/iron-bound P forms. For this and similar Chernozemic soils, the quantity/intensity data indicated that estimates of the availability of residual P will require a measurement of its capacity to maintain Ie at the root–soil interface against depletion by plant uptake rather than a measurement of Ie alone.
BULK DENSITY ESTIMATION OF SEVERAL PEATS IN NORTHERN ONTARIO USING THE VON POST HUMIFICATION SCALE
Authors: SILC T. , STANEK W.
Published: March 2010

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