bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
G-quadruplex stabilizer CX-5461 effectively combines with radiotherapy to target α-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked-deficient malignant glioma
Authors: Dharmaiah Sharvari , Malgulwar Prit Benny , Johnson William E , Chen Brandon A , Sharin Vladislav , Whitfield Benjamin T , Alvarez Christian , Tadimeti Vasudev , Farooqi Ahsan S , Huse Jason T
Published: November 2024

Background

Inactivation of α-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) represents a defining molecular feature in large subsets of malignant glioma. ATRX deficiency gives rise to abnormal G-quadruplex (G4) DNA secondary structures, enhancing replication stress and genomic instability. Building on earlier work, we evaluated the extent to which pharmacological G4 stabilization selectively enhances DNA damage and cell death in ATRX-deficient preclinical glioma models.

Methods

Using the G4 stabilizer CX-5461, we treated patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) in vitro and GSC flank and intracranial murine xenografts in vivo to evaluate efficacy as both a single agent and in combination with ionizing radiation (IR), the latter a central element of current treatment standards.

Results

CX-5461 promoted dose-sensitive lethality in ATRX-deficient GSCs relative to ATRX-intact controls. Mechanistic studies revealed that CX-5461 disrupted histone variant H3.3 deposition, enhanced replication stress and DNA damage, activated p53-independent apoptosis, and induced G2/M arrest to a greater extent in ATRX-deficient GSCs than in ATRX-intact counterparts. These data were corroborated in vivo, where CX-5461/IR treatment profoundly delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice bearing ATRX-deficient flank xenografts. Histopathological analyses revealed decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and significant G4 induction, replication stress, and DNA damage in CX-5461-treated tumors, both alone and in combination with IR. Finally, despite suboptimal blood-brain-barrier penetration, systemic CX-5461 treatment induced tangible pharmacodynamic effects in ATRX-deficient intracranial GSC models.

Conclusions

In totality, our work substantively demonstrates efficacy and defines mechanisms of action for G4 stabilization as a novel therapeutic strategy targeting ATRX-deficient malignant glioma, laying the groundwork for clinical translation.
Degrowth and Anthropology
Authors: Paulson Susan , Cabaña Alvear Gabriela , Muñoz-Sueiro Lucía , Velotti Lorenzo
Published: November 2024

Degrowth brings together a global network of ideas, actors, and practices around shared goals: reduce quantities of material and energy used by wealthy economies; curb cultural and personal obsessions with growth; and reorient institutions and worldviews around equitable well-being and caring regeneration of life. In the 1970s, Europeans began to formulate decroissance as a response to growing ecological and social costs of economic expansion; in the twenty-first century, degrowth has exploded in political debates and social movements, as well as in academic programs, research, and hundreds of publications in many languages. Anthropology, the holistic study of humans interacting with diverse environments, informs and is influenced by degrowth in fundamental ways. In the absence of a subfield called “degrowth anthropology,” the term “degrowth/anthropology” is used here to invoke a realm of overlaps and synergies among two currents of thought and practice. Recognizing that capacities to change are constrained by modes of knowing and being that make it difficult for mainstream actors to imagine alternatives, and that undermine struggles of non-dominant groups to sustain different lifeways, degrowth/anthropology celebrates opportunities to learn from and with people around the world who are mobilizing a pluriverse of worldviews and lifeways in pursuit of healthier and more just futures. The bibliography includes authors and publications inside and outside of formal disciplinary boundaries, all characterized by anthropological questions, concepts, and approaches. The heterogeneity and heterodoxy of degrowth/anthropology resists consolidation into a single canon of literature. Among countless ways to select from and organize relevant sources, this bibliography focuses on five areas: degrowth basics and thought leading to degrowth; key resources in special issues, reviews, and websites; cultural phenomena examined with anthropology of growth and degrowth; conversations with disciplines and movements advancing various forms of critical theory (including feminisms and anti/de/post-colonialisms) and engaged experiments in learning and teaching.
Mexican Revolution, c. 1910–1960
Authors: Rath Thom
Published: November 2024

In 1910 Francisco Madero ran for the Mexican presidency, was thrown in jail, escaped, and then issued a call for revolution. A coalition of middle-class reformers and peasants promptly took up arms and propelled Madero to the presidency, toppling the regime of General Porfirio Díaz. In this way, the Mexican Revolution began more or less on schedule. It is much harder to say when it ended, or if it succeeded. Madero’s revolution ignited a decade of war and upheaval. Eventually, a party that claimed to be revolutionary emerged from the bloodshed and governed the country from 1929 to 2000. The revolution meant different things to different people. The famous Constitution of 1917 provided a hazy blueprint of sorts; it promised civilian democracy and bolstered labor and agrarian rights, economic sovereignty, anticlericalism, and presidential authority. But there was little consensus about how to reconcile these different aims, and the new regime implemented the constitution selectively and unevenly. After a surge of social reform, land redistribution, and economic nationalism in the mid-1930s, the regime’s radical commitments waned. In 1946 the ruling party started to call itself the Party of the Institutional Revolution—a name as paradoxical as it was appropriate. The Mexican Revolution inspired a huge historiography, but relatively little on warfare and the military. Generally, the traditional concerns of military historians—battles, arms, tactics, strategy—have been left to veterans. There is rather more on popular mobilization, as befits a revolution. But when it comes to the military’s broader relations with politics and society, even here Mexico lags well behind other countries in the region, let alone Europe and the United States. It may be that Mexico’s lack of Cold War–era coups drained scholarly interest. Some trends in the discipline—the new cultural history of 1990s, for example—paid little attention to violence or military affairs. Most important, the military itself has long resisted public scrutiny, rewarding secrecy, actively discouraging scholarship, and barring access to archives. After c. 2000, access to relevant archival sources improved somewhat, while the military’s growing prominence in policing and the so-called Drug War renewed interest in its history and violence in general. There are still many promising avenues for researchers to explore.
Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871 (Franco-German War)
Authors: Pfauth Cathérine
Published: November 2024

The Franco-German War of 1870–1871 was the last of the three so-called German wars of unification, and it marked a decisive turning point in 19th-century European history. This diplomatic conflict between the up-and-coming Kingdom of Prussia and the established but politically unstable Second Empire of France under Napoleon III had a profound impact on the political landscape of Europe. Both the Prussian and the French sides had been looking for a reason for war while mobilization was already underway. The events surrounding the famous Ems Dispatch were manipulated as such as a result of complex political intrigue, nationalist currents, and skillful diplomacy, and France declared war on Prussia on 19 July 1870. Through alliances and treaties, however, this declaration of war affected not only Prussia and the North German Confederation, but also the southern German states. All German states had to mobilize their troops. Although the conflict is known as the “German-Franco War” in Germany and the “Guerre Franco-Allemande” in France, it is often erroneously referred to as the Franco-Prussian War in the English-speaking world. This designation mistakenly implies that only Prussia was in conflict with France. In reality, the Franco-German War can be considered the first war in which the German states fought together as a German army against a common adversary, even if some of these states did so involuntarily and bound by treaties. Especially after the war, the significance of the “joint German victory” was deemed extremely important as it not only provided justification for the deaths of many thousands of people but also strengthened the pan-German nationalism that had been evolving for several years. Therefore, the term “Franco-German War” is predominantly used here. The early stages of the war were marked by decisive battles and maneuvers, including the famous Battle of Sedan, after which the French military surrendered, and Napoleon III was taken prisoner by Prussia. German superiority in warfare, especially in artillery and the skillful application of modern military tactics, led to a rapid advance of German troops on French soil. The consequences of the war were far-reaching. The Franco-German War facilitated the foundation of the German Empire on 1 January 1871 and the proclamation of the German emperor on 18 January 1871, which took place in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, which had been serving the headquarters of the Preußischer Generalstab (Prussian General Staff) since October 1870, not for reasons of humiliation but primarily for practical reasons. The final peace treaty on 10 May 1871 not only had far-reaching political consequences for France, but also influenced the balance of European powers and laid the foundations for future geopolitical developments. The Franco-German War of 1870–1871 is therefore a key moment in the history of Europe, which not only had military aspects, but also left political, social, geographical, and cultural changes in its wake.
Sino-Soviet Relations, 1949–1991
Authors: Xia Yafeng , Tagirova Alsu
Published: November 2024

Less than three months after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October 1949, Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), arrived in Moscow for a historic meeting with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. After many rounds of difficult negotiations, Stalin submitted to Mao’s wish to sign an alliance treaty with the PRC. In February 1950, China and the Soviet Union signed a thirty-year Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance. The forty-two-year history of Sino-Soviet relations could be divided into four periods. The first period, the Sino-Soviet political and military alliance, was short and only lasted about ten years (1949–1959). The second period, from 1960 to 1973, featured the gradual disintegration of Sino-Soviet party-to-party relations and subsequent conflicts and confrontations in state-to-state relations. In the third period, from 1974 to 1981, the Sino-Soviet alliance, although not formally abolished, existed in name only. In the fourth period, from 1982 to 1991, Beijing and Moscow gradually broke the political deadlock and achieved “normalization” of relations in 1989. During the Cold War, the study of the history and development of Sino-Soviet relations was among the most popular yet under-researched topics in international academic circles. Many articles and books were published on this topic, mainly in the English-language-speaking world. However, due to the lack of original documents, the conclusions of these publications were primarily based on educated guesses and inferences and shaped by the ideological notions of the Cold War era. Publications by the Chinese and the Soviets were little more than political propaganda because of the sensitive nature of the Sino-Soviet confrontation. These publications have very little academic value. The academic study of the history of Sino-Soviet relations started in the early 1990s, following the publication of large quantities of Chinese historical documents and access to then newly declassified Russian historical archives. Scholars have published widely on such topics as the formation of the Sino-Soviet alliance, Sino-Soviet relations during the Korean War, Sino-Soviet cooperation in the 1950s, the Sino-Soviet split, Sino-Soviet border clashes and changes in China’s security and diplomatic policies, and the Sino-Soviet normalization in the 1980s.
Society, Science, and Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Holbrook Mia A. , Yelderman Logan A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

While the United States has numerous problem-solving courts (e.g., drug courts, mental health courts, gambling courts), other countries do not have such courts, have altered versions of these courts, or have courts for other issues (e.g., Aboriginal courts). Some societies address their social issues through courts in dramatically different fashion than problem-solving courts in the United States. This book takes a psychological approach to explain what societal factors (norms, economics, politics, etc.) brought about the development of the wide variety of problem-solving courts. It also highlights factors that prevent the development of problem-solving courts or make them unnecessary. Justice principles (e.g., restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence) also play a part in some problem-solving courts and are thus included in this discussion. Additionally, the book investigates the role of science and technology in the development of such courts. This includes the science needed to carry out these courts (e.g., ankle monitoring, drug testing) and the science needed to evaluate these courts’ effectiveness. The main premise of the book is that science and society together can explain much of the development, expansion, and variety of problem-solving courts worldwide. Psychologists have long recognized that culture affects the development of social behavior, social structures, and social procedures. Thus, it is no surprise that culture plays a role in shaping whether a society considers something to be a social issue, and whether that society’s people choose to address this issue through the court system. This social science, in addition to medical science and technology, makes problem-solving courts possible.
Scientific Methodology Used in Evaluations of Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

Evaluating the success of problem-solving courts is crucial for determining if they meet their goals, determining outcomes, and guiding decisions on their future continuation. Scientific evaluations of problem-solving courts can vary for many reasons, including court type, country of origin, implementation plans, and societal limitations. This chapter outlines the scientific evaluations conducted on problem-solving courts, analyzing the similarities and differences while investigating effectiveness. This includes exploring the variation in evaluation approaches across different societies. Examining how the evaluation of PSCs integrates a range of justice and psychological principles, including therapeutic jurisprudence, procedural justice, community sentiment, and social support provides a link to the connection between culture and society. Highlighting the variables and methods used, the rigor of design, the principles of the courts, and global classification, this chapter will analyze problem-solving courts evaluations and provide global comparison for each type of court.
We Tried to Tell Y'All
Authors: Clark Meredith D.
Published: November 2024

For decades, Black folks in America have used different media technologies with the express purpose of telling tshe truth about themselves and their experiences. We Tried to Tell Y’all adds to this rich history by positioning Black Twitter as both a space for building and sustaining community connections, as well as a tool for the development of digital counternarratives that stand in juxtaposition to news media coverage that distorts the reality of what it’s like to be Black in America in the early twenty-first century. Drawing on interviews, personal observation, and news analysis, the book offers insight on the dynamic nature of how Black social media users’ experiences on platform shaped social movements, elevated the voices of Black women intellectuals from all walks of life, and repeatedly shifted popular culture. As part of the emerging canon on Black digital cultural studies, the book is a testament about the gap between who the news media say Black people are, and who we know ourselves to be.
Black Women’s Work
Authors: Clark Meredith D.
Published: November 2024

Black women are the locomotive power of Black Twitter. Whether gathering online to tweet through a live TV show or simulcast movie, or developing theory outside the walls of academia, the intellectual labor of Black women and femmes from all walks of life is a foundational contribution to Black Twitter’s prominence and relevance. From mobilizing voters to tip the balance of power at a critical moment, to creating digital spaces to confront common attitudes of hypersexualization and adultification of Black girls, the women and femmes who make up Black Twitter have, through their online discourse, extended a legacy of Black feminist intellectualism rooted in everyday theorizing into the digital space. This chapter discusses how Black women navigated the platform to form networks of defense and encouragement, while actively testifying about the truth of their lives.
From Calling Out to Cancel Culture
Authors: Clark Meredith D.
Published: November 2024

What exactly does it mean for someone to be “canceled”? With origins in Black vernacular traditions of “reading” and “dragging,” digital accountability practices within Black Twitter have taken on a life of their own through media misinterpretation. Black Twitter’s unfiltered practices of symbolically “cancelling” businesses, institutions, and trends has a history rooted in analog forms of resistance, such as boycotts used as tools to assert personhood and reclaim dignity. But platforms create discourse on a scale that illuminates the imperfect details of collective resistance often omitted from historical narratives that frame protest as orderly and respectable; narratives that have since been used to criticize contemporary resistance as deviant and dangerous. This chapter explores the controversy around so-called cancel culture to explain how Black Twitter has leveraged platform affordances, community connections, and cultural resonance to hold the powerful to account.
Arbitrating Empire
Authors: 9780190093013  , Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

Arbitrating Empire: United States Expansion and the Transformation of International Law offers a new history of the US rise to global power—one shaped as much by attempts to conceal colonial violence from international legal scrutiny as it was by efforts to project influence across the globe. Drawing on extensive archival research in the United States, Mexico, Panama, and the United Kingdom, the book traces how thousands of dispossessed residents of US-annexed territories petitioned arbitral Claims Commissions between the 1870s and the 1930s to charge the United States with violating international legal protections for life and property. Through attention to their claims-making, the book demonstrates how unexpected plaintiffs—from colonized subjects to migrant workers—transformed a series of tribunals designed to establish the legality of US interventions into sites through which to challenge the legitimacy of US governance. Moving between Arizona copper mines, Texas cotton fields, Samoan port cities, Cuban sugar plantations, the locks and stops of the Panama Canal Zone, and the arbitrations convened in metropolitan capitals to which claimants turned for redress, the book uncovers how seemingly ordinary people used international law to hold the United States accountable for state-sanctioned violence during the decades when the nation was first becoming a global empire—and demonstrates why the State Department’s attempts to erase their claims transformed international law in ways that continue to shield the US government from liability to this day.
Arbitrating War
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

This chapter traces the rise and fall of the “tridominium” protectorate that the United States, Britain, and Germany claimed over Samoa between 1889 and 1899. The three powers attempted to deploy arbitration as a model of colonial governance, characterizing decrees of the tridominium as “international law awards.” Samoan petitioners however charged the tridominium government itself with violating the international laws of war. Challenging common historical narratives that characterize the US annexation of eastern Samoa in 1900 as a footnote to the 1898 Spanish-American War, the chapter argues that the US turn to military rule emerged in part out of colonial administrators’ inability to suppress Samoan political challenges to the professed power of the tridominium.
Arbitrating Citizenship
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission (1901–1910) convened by the United States to award monetary compensation for US citizens who had suffered damages to “life and property” resulting from the 1898 Spanish-American War. Uncovering how the Office of the Attorney General used the tribunal to establish the legality of US military strategies in the Philippines and to contest the citizenship of naturalized US citizens born in Cuba, the chapter argues that the United States used arbitration not only to settle outstanding diplomatic claims, but also to establish a legal basis for ongoing colonial violence following the war’s close.
Mariachi Song
Authors: Ulloa Juanita
Published: November 2024

Learn how to define Mariachi or ranchera singing, originally an oral folk tradition from the early 1800s, ranging from the western states of Mexico up through the Southwest United States as far as San Francisco, California. Mariachi singing has always been colorful, collaborative, and artistic, combining voice, instrumentalists, and dance. They unite together celebrating lifestyle events in communities. Chapter 1 defines the identifying features of the mariachi vocal style, and the variety of terms used to describe Mexican song as relates to this style. The vocal aspects of ranchera music take on their own history in Chapter 2, leading ranchera music towards stardom in charro movies after 1937. Today’s growth of mariachi programs in the United States is well established, but vocal awareness, and vocal standards of excellence have yet to be established and integrated. The tradition leans on vocal repertoire. Despite these conditions, today, ranchera music, continues to grow as an important international symbol of Mexico and is honored as such by UNESCO.
Mariachi Voice Pedagogy
Authors: Ulloa Juanita
Published: November 2024

Voice pedagogy covers technical aspects of mariachi singing and voice production as related to the mariachi style. This chapter also includes an article by voice scientist John Nix on how to understand the voice as an instrument with guidelines on vocal care. Dr. Ulloa helps readers identify technical similarities and differences between classical and mariachi song, what to expect from a voice teacher, developing awareness of vocal fatigue, learning to sing falsete with exercises, how to practice, finding the perfect key for one’s voice, and warm-ups using specific mariachi song excerpts. Each section has follow-up lessons with questions/answers. Unique to this chapter is Ulloa’s definition of a fach, or specific register/timbre of utmost importance to singing ranchera songs authentically as a woman.
Four Interviews with Mariachi Artists on Voice
Authors: Ulloa Juanita
Published: November 2024

Four artist interviews with four distinct singers, each at the top of their field and each extraordinarily different. How does each think about and develop their voice? Did they receive training or wish they had? What guided them? What challenges did they encounter? Enjoy interviews with Linda Ronstadt, two of the grandchildren of legendary Jorge Negrete (both of them singers themselves), the Latin Grammy-winning contemporary female mariachi duo Flor de Toloache (they love using beautiful vocals to explore new sounds), and the more traditional, excellent San Antonio freelance mariachi ensemble singer/violinist Raul Cuellar, currently playing with Mariachi Los Camperos de Nati Cano.
Objects and Attitudes
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2024

This book develops a new approach to the semantics of sentences based on a novel ontology of attitudinal and modal objects, or more generally satisfiable objects. On that view, roughly, (embedded and independent) sentences serve as predicates of attitudinal objects (entities like claims, beliefs, decisions, requests, and promises), of modal objects (entities like needs, obligations, permissions), and of locutionary and phatic objects of different kinds. The view overcomes various conceptual and empirical problems for propositions, abstract objects standardly taken to be the referents of clausal complements of attitude verbs. The approach is applied to the semantics of attitude reports by focusing on attitude reports with complex predicates (have the thought that S), rather than simple attitude verbs (think). It is applied to modal sentences overcoming well-known problems for possible-worlds semantics (in particular when applied to deontic modals). The approach yields a new semantics of verbs of saying and quotation by making use of locutionary and phatic objects. It is also applied to predicates of facts and states of affairs, by conceiving of facts and states of affairs as modal objects of a sort. The book argues that the satisfaction conditions of attitudinal and modal objects are understood best in terms of truthmaker semantics and develops ‘object-based truthmaker semantics’ as an extension of truthmaker semantics to mental, illocutionary, and locutionary objects.
Object-Based Truthmaker Semantics for Modals
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2024

This chapter applies object-based truthmaker semantics to the semantics of modals. It gives the general logical form of modal sentences in which both the modal and the prejacent or scope of the modal are treated as predicates of a modal object. It applies object-based truthmaker semantics to performative modals in independent and embedded contexts. It gives an account of the notion of a modal base against the background of the ontology of modal objects. It applies object-based truthmaker semantics to deontic modal sentences and in particular the distinction between weak and strong permissions. It shows how inferences with modal sentences are better accounted for within object-based truthmaker semantics rather than possible-worlds semantics, and it gives a comparison with Fine’s sentence-based truthmaker semantics of deontic modals. Finally, it indicates how object-based truthmaker semantics can be applied to other modals and obtains further motivations, for example, when essences are considered modal objects.
The Syntax and Semantics of Basic Attitude Reports
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2024

This chapter gives the general semantics of basic attitude reports, attitude reports with verbs like claim, with which the complement clause acts as a predicate of the described attitudinal object. It introduces background attitudinal objects for the purpose of the semantics of presuppositions. It elaborates the compositional semantics of attitude reports, pursuing the view that simple attitude verbs like claim are syntactically derived from complex predicates of the form light verb-attitudinal-object noun (make claim). It gives a compositional semantics of special quantifiers like something based on the view that such quantifiers involve the light noun thing acting as a numeral classifier. It also gives an analysis of harmonic modals. In one appendix, it proposes an account of opacity with the theory; in a second appendix, it discusses whether clausal complements give only a partial content of the attitudinal or modal object to which they apply.
Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 examines commemorative practices in medieval Japan, especially illustrated handscrolls (emakimono) recounting warrior tales (gunki monogatari) drawn from oral traditions. The Heiji monogatari recounts events of the Heiji Insurrection, an imperial succession dispute when the Minamoto samurai clan laid siege to Kyōto, which was opposed by the Taira clan. The finest of these scrolls represents the siege of the Sanjō Palace, the residence of the Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa. It utilizes a narrative structure called intermittence, in which the texts appeared only at the beginning or at the end of the scroll, affording prominence to continuous illustrations that change settings (hampuku byosha). This chapter examines other formal structures in the scroll’s composition, such as the use of an innovative bird’s-eye perspective (chokan). The use of such scrolls for public recitation and private viewing suggests how the memory of events was preserved. Gunki monogatari helped sustain bushido, a philosophy and code of conduct that guided the ruling elite in medieval Japan.
The Battle of San Romano
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 7 examines Paolo Uccello’s three panel paintings commemorating the Battle of San Romano, a daylong encounter between Florentine forces led by the condottiere Niccolò da Tolentino against the Sienese under Bernardino della Carda. Although elements of the imagery are highly stylized and theatrical, texts by Renaissance writers, including Machiavelli, Alberti, and Ghiberti, help demonstrate how Uccello’s technical innovations in perspective made the imagery memorable for contemporary viewers and enhanced its propagandistic function. The triptych depicts the battle as a major victory for the Florentines and was probably originally commissioned by the Bartolini Salimbeni family, supporters of the Medici faction; the paintings were so esteemed and effective that they were appropriated by and eventually attributed to the Medici themselves.
The Hünernāme
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 9 examines the late sixteenth-century illustrated histories (şehnāmes) commissioned by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who collaborated with the historian Seyyid Lokman to shape the canonical Ottoman court record. Sokollu used them to fashion his image as the grand vizier under Süleyman, particularly by commemorating his role in military campaigns against the Habsburgs in Transylvania. Public and private readings of these histories played a prominent role in the recruiting (devşirme) system that acculturated trainees of diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds to join the Ottoman elite; seeing themselves illustrated in the histories established their identities within the court. This chapter demonstrates how these histories helped fashion a specifically Ottoman image and style in the visual arts, a tool deployed in the Ottoman Empire’s competition with the Safavid Empire of Iran for political and religious supremacy in the Islamic world as each competed to express their distinct identities through the production of material culture.
The Surrender of Breda
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 10 examines the world in which “propaganda” was given its modern name with the rise of modern nation-states under absolute monarchs. Diego Velázquez’s The Surrender of Breda commemorates a Spanish victory over the Dutch in the Thirty Years’ War painted for Philip IV’s Buen Retiro Palace outside Madrid. Velázquez broke from the traditional Baroque submission scene to depict a moment of grace and magnanimity on the part of the victor, his friend Ambrogio Spinola. Juxtaposed with Peter Paul Rubens’s depiction of Marie de’Medici in the Victory of Jülich, a largely fictitious Baroque allegory, this chapter signals the development of history painting, the genre that would dominate academic art for the next two centuries.
Guernica
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines how a flourishing art market, changes in exhibition practices, and avant-garde movements in the modern era contributed to the decline of academic history painting. Analysis of works by Delacroix and Manet demonstrate how the representation of historical subjects came to perform as vehicles of criticism and protest rather than celebratory propaganda for ruling elites. This chapter argues that Picasso’s Guernica may be one of the last great historical representations. He drew upon his profound knowledge of art history and his engagement with recent movements like Cubism and Surrealism in devising his composition; painted as an immediate response to an atrocity in the Spanish Civil War, Picasso deployed a highly personal idiosyncratic iconography to fashion a paradoxically universal allegory of the horrors of war.
Conclusions and Coda
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: November 2024

The conclusion and coda argue that historical subjects are favored by cultures that emphasize personal and dynastic power; that most of the preceding case studies represent scenes of warfare because such themes portray the patrons as heroic victors, and that the viewing of these monuments revivifies the memory of exceptional leaders and their achievements. They summarize the various techniques makers deploy to emphasize the veracity of their narratives and thereby enhance their commemorative and propagandistic functions. They examine the significance of physical form for historical representations, including materiality, formal composition, and style, and how they affect the viewer’s perception of the historical subject depicted and thereby affect their conduct. An examination of the “afterlives” of several works discussed in the preceding chapters demonstrates how changed contexts can change the meaning received from those works. Finally, the conclusion and coda consider how new media in the modern era have impacted the fortune of historical subjects in art.
Linear Dispersive Wave Equations
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to notions and ideas that will be used throughout the book. The ultimate goal is a presentation of nonlinear dispersive wave models that will be analyzed in more detail in the next chapters. A key element of this chapter will be the Fourier transform, which will allow us to derive dispersion relations from linear equations, and vice versa. Nonlinearity will also be introduced, via a heuristic approach, relying on the fundamental effect of the phase-speed dependence on the field-amplitude (this dependence discriminates, in fact, linear and nonlinear waves). The final twist will be the combination of dispersion and nonlinearity, which, as we will see in the following chapters, will lead to a variety of nonlinear dispersive wave equations.
The Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) Equation
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we study the quintessential model for propagation of surface waves in a nonlinear medium: the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Its wide applicability stems from the fact that the KdV is a prototypical (normal form) partial differential equation (PDE) that supports nonlinear waves. For instance, we will see how the KdV may be obtained from two very different (opposing) physical limits: (i) a chain of nonlinear springs and (ii) as a simplification of the shallow water waves. We also introduce the method of characteristics to solve for traveling waves in general PDEs. This leads to the study of wave breaking and shock waves. We will combine all these ingredients to understand the FPUT paradox where, against expectations, over observed timescales, a nonlinear chain of springs may not be capable of equidistributing energy along its normal modes. Finally, we will also introduce the concept of conservation laws.
From Boussinesq to KdV – Boussinesq Solitons as KdV Solitons
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we focus on the asymptotic reduction of the Boussinesq equation to the KdV equation. We show how the slow variables and the scales of the unknown fields involved in the problem are chosen. We will see that relevant choices stem from "first principles", such as the structure of the linear dispersion relation, and the balance between dispersion and nonlinear effects. In addition, we will go a step further: relying on the formal asymptotic connection between the Boussinesq and KdV equations, we will show that the soliton solution of the former is nothing but the small-amplitude limit of the latter. Finally, we will show how results pertaining to the 1D setting can be generalized to higher-dimensions. In particular, we will present the asymptotic reduction of the 2D Boussinesq equation to the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, which is the higher-dimensional generalization of the KdV.
Bäcklund Transformation for the KdV
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we introduce a very useful transformation, the so-called Bäcklund transformation. The motivation stems from the observation that, if we are able to craft “special” transformations that relate different solutions to a given PDE, maybe we can use these transformations to obtain new (independent) solutions from a previously known solution. We start motivating this methodology with a simple introductory example in terms of the Laplace equation. Then, we introduce the Bäcklund transformation for the KdV that will enable us to obtain the most general soliton solution starting from the most trivial KdV solution, the zero solution! Finally, we adapt this methodology to circumvent the different integrations needed when "undoing" the transformations and will derive a remarkable algebraic equation relating three solutions of the KdV. This will allow us to take two independent solutions traveling at different speeds and construct the exact two-soliton solution describing their collision.
The Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation*
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

Motivated by the discussion on the transverse instability of line solitons of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation of the previous chapter, we will take a closer look at this universal (2+1)-dimensional model. In particular, this chapter formally presents the KP equation and some of its variants, discusses some of its basic properties, and presents its most fundamental solutions, namely the line solitons and lumps. In addition, we discuss the very interesting and intricate interactions of line solitons, as well as the so-called finite-genus and quasi-periodic solutions of the KP-II version.
Additional Tools/Results for Klein–Gordon Equations
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

The real (field theoretic) nature of Klein-Gordon (KG) equations, as well as their apparent simplicity in their form as nonlinear variants of the wave equation, renders them suitable “playgrounds” for exploring a number of ideas in such settings. In this chapter, we give some examples of such tools that can be used effectively in media governed by KG equations to identify solitary waves such as the Bäcklund transforms, to characterize their interactions (such as the so-called Manton method) and collisions, and explore the role of perturbations in them, including in higher dimensional settings.
Klein–Gordon to NLS Connection – Breathers as NLS Solitons
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, we elucidate an interesting connection between two different solutions of quite different models: the breather solutions of the sine-Gordon (sG) and the bright soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. Thus, similarly to what was done in Chap. 5 to link Boussinesq solutions with KdV solitons using multiple scales expansions, we will employ a perturbative scheme to derive the NLS equation from the sG model in the case of weak nonlinearity. Generically, the study of modulated waveforms in weakly dispersive and weakly nonlinear settings gives rise to the NLS equation. In this chapter we will see that, indeed, starting from the sG equation we can derive a NLS equation, a fact that will allow us to connect sG breathers to NLS solitons.
Interlude: Numerical Considerations for Nonlinear Wave Equations
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents some basic numerical techniques based on finite difference discretizations to find steady states of PDEs and their corresponding stability spectra. The (spatial) discretization allows us to cast an approximation to the original PDE as a system of coupled ODEs, namely a dynamical lattice. Importantly, this allows us to write algebraic (nonlinear) equations for steady states that can be solved using Newton-type methods. In turn, the stability of these steady states can be determined by computing the corresponding stability eigenvalue spectrum. Finally, we describe marching methods to evolve in time initial configurations. All these techniques are showcased for kink solutions of the sine-Gordon model. The corresponding (steady state, stability, and evolution) codes will be implemented in Matlab and explained in detail so that you will be able to adjust them accordingly for other PDEs and lattices.
Numerical Techniques for NLS
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we revisit some basic numerical methods to find steady states and their corresponding stability and to follow the dynamical evolution for nonlinear waves. In particular, we expand on the presentation of Chap. 17 which focused on real-valued equations, and adapt the techniques to the NLS equation. To formulate the corresponding steady state, stability, and dynamics codes we will rely on discretizing space using basic finite differences. We will then use Newton’s method on the ensuing discretized space to numerically find steady states to a prescribed accuracy. The stability spectrum for steady states will then be obtained by numerically solving the corresponding linear eigenvalue problem on the discretized space. Finally, using standard Runge-Kutta time integration, we will follow the evolution dynamics for arbitrary initial configurations.
Variational Approximation for the NLS and GP Equations
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we present the variational approximation (VA) methodology to find approximate solutions of the NLS and GP PDEs. The VA method relies on projecting the dynamics on a suitable solution ansatz with time-dependent shape parameters. This allows to effectively reduce the infinite-dimensional evolution of the original PDE into a low-dimensional space spanned by the shape ansatz. This reduction typically yields a set of coupled ODEs for the shape parameters. We also show that by relying on perturbation theory within the VA approach, we are able to include correction terms in the dynamics that account for small perturbations of the original models. In particular, we deploy the VA methodology to describe the evolution of bright and dark solitons under confining potentials, the evolution of bright solitons under different types of loss mechanisms, and the mutual soliton interactions in the case of bright and dark solitons.
Transverse Instability of Solitons Stripes – Perturbative Approach
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter tackles one of the most important instabilities of NLS solitons: the transverse instability of a soliton stripe. The main question that we cover is whether these stripe (“ridge-like”) solutions are robust in 2D (or higher-dimensions)? In NLS and related models, the answer more often than not tends to be in the negative! Thus, exploring the resulting transverse instabilities is a topic of both time-honored history and particular practical interest, as these instabilities can be used to induce the controlled formation of a prescribed number of higher-dimensional coherent structures that spontaneously arise as a result of these instabilities, such as vortices. In particular, this chapter is devoted to the study of the transverse instability of NLS soliton stripes via a multiscale perturbative approach, similar to the one used in Chap. 12.
Vortices in the 2D Defocusing NLS
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we describe one of the most interesting and prevalent coherent structures that the NLS has to offer: the vortex solution. Owing to the tight connection between the NLS and a quantum superfluid (fluid without viscosity), vortices in the NLS have extraordinary properties. For instance, NLS vortices are quantized in their topological charge (angular momentum); unit charge vortices are structurally stable (they are very hard to destroy!), and their interaction dynamics can be reduced to an elegant Hamiltonian system of ODEs on the vortex positions corresponding to the celebrated point-vortex model.
The Discrete Klein–Gordon Model
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we explore the implications of discreteness on solitary waves in the discrete Klein-Gordon (KG) equations. We offer two complementary perspectives to the discreteness of the model: (i) the anti-continuum limit of vanishing coupling where the waveforms’ stability properties can be described and (ii) the near-continuum, energy-based one, showcasing the famous periodic Peierls-Nabarro barrier. The effects of discreteness prompt the question of whether certain “exceptional” discretizations of the underlying continuum problem may be able to restore the translational invariance that is normally broken by discreteness. We also briefly discuss an integrable discretization in the context of the sine-Gordon model which provides an opportunity to retrieve not just one but infinitely many conservation laws in line with the corresponding continuum model.
Discrete Models of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Type
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter is devoted to the study of the discrete NLS which is rather universal as a lattice nonlinear dispersive dynamical model. We start with the anti-continuum limit, near which a detailed analysis of the existence and stability of the emerging states is available. This view is complemented by a variational characterization of discrete solitary waves. We then provide a "teaser" regarding some of the exciting variations that higher dimensions bring about to the system. For instance, even the fundamental site-centered solitary wave is found to have a transition from stability to instability in higher dimensions, as its unstable continuum limit is approached. Moreover, a wide range of novel structures arise in such higher-dimensional realms in the form of vortical patterns whose existence and stability are also discussed. We also briefly discuss the particularly interesting variant of the integrable discrete NLS, in the form of the Ablowitz-Ladik model.