bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Conclusion
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the Armenian Genocide—the first large scale mass murder of the twentieth century—must be placed in a new context and understood within that context: the commencement of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire into nation-states. Far from an isolated campaign against a single ethnoreligious group, the annihilation of the Armenians was part of an extremely comprehensive operation that was accomplished in order to save the empire. For this reason, it is not correct to interpret the Armenian Genocide along the lines of a clash between the empire's Muslim groups, more generally expressed by the concept of “Turk,” and its Christian elements. The Armenian Genocide must be understood and interpreted as a matter between the Ottoman state and its subjects that arose as a result of specific policies pursued by the regime.
The Irresistible Fairy Tale
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

If there is one genre that has captured the imagination of people in all walks of life throughout the world, it is the fairy tale. Yet we still have great difficulty understanding how it originated, evolved, and spread—or why so many people cannot resist its appeal, no matter how it changes or what form it takes. This book presents a provocative new theory about why fairy tales were created and retold—and why they became such an indelible and infinitely adaptable part of cultures around the world. Drawing on cognitive science, evolutionary theory, anthropology, psychology, literary theory, and other fields, the book presents a nuanced argument about how fairy tales originated in ancient oral cultures, how they evolved through the rise of literary culture and print, and how, in our own time, they continue to change through their adaptation in an ever-growing variety of media. In making its case, the book considers a wide range of fascinating examples, including fairy tales told, collected, and written by women in the nineteenth century; Catherine Breillat's film adaptation of Perrault's “Bluebeard”; and contemporary fairy-tale drawings, paintings, sculptures, and photographs that critique canonical print versions. While we may never be able to fully explain fairy tales, this book provides a powerful theory of how and why they evolved—and why we still use them to make meaning of our lives.
Witch as Fairy/Fairy as Witch: Unfathomable Baba Yagas
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter attempts to clarify the importance of the connections between witches and fairies coupled with their deep roots in pagan and Greco-Roman beliefs by moving away from western Europe to look at the great witch Baba Yaga of Slavic countries. It cites three reasons for concentrating on Baba Yaga and Slavic fairy tales. The first one regards neglect. For the most part, the focus of folklore and fairy-tale studies in the United States and western Europe has been on the works of the Brothers Grimm and other notable western European writers and folklorist. The second is to understand the relationship between goddesses, witches, and fairies. The third reason is that a brief analysis of Baba Yaga tales with a focus on the neglected work Russian Folk Tales (1873), translated and edited by W.R.S. Ralston (1828–89), might assist us in grasping how oral and literary traditions work together to reinforce the memetic replication of fairy tales.
Giuseppe Pitrè and the Great Collectors of Folk Tales in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues the examination of neglected stories and collectors of folk tales. It explores the significance of collections in Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries that led to a greater cultural interest in folklore. In England, after the foundation of the British Folklore Society, a great effort was also made by British and American folklorists to translate folk tales from other countries, such as India, China, Japan, and Africa. Yet their full impact has never been appreciated because the majority of the European folk-tale collections have not been translated or studied in English-speaking countries. For instance, until recently, one of the most exceptional of the great nineteenth-century European and American folklorists, Pitrè, was ignored. The chapter considers his life and works to demonstrate how he is an exemplary representative of those learned, dedicated folklorists who tried to make the past usable so that we might learn something about ourselves.
Fairy-Tale Collisions, or the Explosion of a Genre
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

Two major tendencies in fairy-tale re-creations and collisions have been observed in the past decades. The first tendency is called remaking and re-creating classic tales. The second tendency is referred to as conflicted mosaics, consists of paintings, sculptures, and photographs that draw on an assortment of fairy-tale fragments to evoke a sense of wonder, if not bafflement. This chapter explores the significance of the two tendencies in fairy-tale collisions with a focus on the recent 2012 exhibit Fairy Tales, Monsters, and the Genetic Imagination, held at the Frist Center for the Visual Arts in Nashville, Tennessee. It also comments on the works of many other talented artists who have been experimenting with the fairy tale along the same lines.
Introduction
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sketches a brief portrait of the Krupp company. It first explores the various symbolisms of the Krupp name over the years, the criticisms and praise leveled at the company, and considers how this company had become as iconic as was and is, especially in the world of business. The chapter examines three themes which it credits with the development of the Krupp company: the absence of an exclusive focus on profitability, an acknowledgement that technically advanced enterprises exist in an international and even global system, and the company's position between family affairs on the one hand and the establishment of a business organization on the other.
Tradition
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the Krupps' struggles during the aftermath of the war, as the company struggled to find a new role in a state that was reinventing itself dramatically. It describes workplace struggles, the postwar demilitarization efforts, Krupp's attempts at hidden rearmament, financial troubles, and other difficulties buffeting the company in the aftermath of World War I. The chapter also depicts a period of stabilization and recovery for the company, though the reprieve would be short-lived, as economic depression would strike Germany sometime during the 1920s. In addition, this period heralded the arrival of a new patriarch, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach II.
Stability and Control of Large-Scale Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

Modern complex large-scale dynamical systems exist in virtually every aspect of science and engineering, and are associated with a wide variety of physical, technological, environmental, and social phenomena, including aerospace, power, communications, and network systems, to name just a few. This book develops a general stability analysis and control design framework for nonlinear large-scale interconnected dynamical systems, and presents the most complete treatment on vector Lyapunov function methods, vector dissipativity theory, and decentralized control architectures. Large-scale dynamical systems are strongly interconnected and consist of interacting subsystems exchanging matter, energy, or information with the environment. The sheer size, or dimensionality, of these systems necessitates decentralized analysis and control system synthesis methods for their analysis and design. Written in a theorem-proof format with examples to illustrate new concepts, this book addresses continuous-time, discrete-time, and hybrid large-scale systems. It develops finite-time stability and finite-time decentralized stabilization, thermodynamic modeling, maximum entropy control, and energy-based decentralized control. This book will interest applied mathematicians, dynamical systems theorists, control theorists, and engineers, and anyone seeking a fundamental and comprehensive understanding of large-scale interconnected dynamical systems and control.
Large-Scale Discrete-Time Interconnected Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops vector dissipativity notions for large-scale nonlinear discrete-time dynamical systems. In particular, it introduces a generalized definition of dissipativity for large-scale nonlinear discrete-time dynamical systems in terms of a vector dissipation inequality involving a vector supply rate, a vector storage function, and a nonnegative, semistable dissipation matrix. On the subsystem level, the proposed approach provides a discrete energy flow balance in terms of the stored subsystem energy, the supplied subsystem energy, the subsystem energy gained from all other subsystems independent of the subsystem coupling strengths, and the subsystem energy dissipated. The chapter also develops extended Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov conditions, in terms of the local subsystem dynamics and the interconnection constraints, for characterizing vector dissipativeness via vector storage functions for large-scale discrete-time dynamical systems.
Control Vector Lyapunov Functions for Large-Scale Impulsive Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter extends the notion of control vector Lyapunov functions to impulsive dynamical systems. Vector Lyapunov theory has been developed to weaken the hypothesis of standard Lyapunov theory to enlarge the class of Lyapunov functions that can be used for analyzing system stability. In particular, the use of vector Lyapunov functions in dynamical system theory offers a very flexible framework since each component of the vector Lyapunov function can satisfy less rigid requirements as compared to a single scalar Lyapunov function. Using control vector Lyapunov functions, the chapter develops a universal hybrid decentralized feedback stabilizer for a decentralized affine in the control nonlinear impulsive dynamical system that possesses guaranteed gain and sector margins in each decentralized input channel. These results are used to develop hybrid decentralized controllers for large-scale impulsive dynamical systems with robustness guarantees against full modeling and input uncertainty.
Finite-Time Stabilization of Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes sufficient conditions for finite-time stability of nonlinear impulsive dynamical systems. For impulsive dynamical systems, it may be possible to reset the system states to an equilibrium state, in which case finite-time convergence of the system trajectories can be achieved without the requirement of non-Lipschitzian dynamics. Furthermore, due to system resettings, impulsive dynamical systems may exhibit non-uniqueness of solutions in reverse time even when the continuous-time dynamics are Lipschitz continuous. The chapter presents stability results using vector Lyapunov functions wherein finite-time stability of the impulsive system is guaranteed via finite-time stability of a hybrid vector comparison system. These results are used to develop hybrid finite-time stabilizing controllers for impulsive dynamical systems. Decentralized finite-time stabilizers for large-scale impulsive dynamical systems are also constructed. Finally, it gives a numerical example to illustrate the utility of the proposed framework.
Hybrid Decentralized Maximum Entropy Control for Large-Scale Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces a novel class of fixed-order, energy- and entropy-based hybrid decentralized controllers for achieving enhanced energy dissipation in large-scale vector lossless and vector dissipative systems based on subsystem decomposition. These dynamic decentralized controllers combine a logical switching architecture with continuous dynamics to guarantee that the system plant energy is strictly decreasing across switchings. The general framework leads to hybrid closed-loop systems described by impulsive differential equations. The chapter also constructs hybrid dynamic controllers that guarantee that each subsystem-subcontroller pair of the hybrid closed-loop system is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles. Special cases of energy-based hybrid controllers involving state-dependent switching are described, and several illustrative examples are given and an experimental test bed is designed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This book has described a general stability analysis and control design framework for large-scale dynamical systems, with an emphasis on vector Lyapunov function methods, vector dissipativity theory, and decentralized control architectures. The large-scale dynamical systems are composed of interconnected subsystems whose relationships are often circular, giving rise to feedback interconnections. This leads to nonlinear models that can exhibit rich dynamical behavior, such as multiple equilibria, limit cycles, bifurcations, jump resonance phenomena, and chaos. The book concludes by discussing the potential for applying and extending the results across disciplines, such as economic systems, network systems, computer networks, telecommunication systems, power grid systems, and road, rail, air, and space transportation systems.
Fréchet Differentiability of Lipschitz Functions and Porous Sets in Banach Spaces (AM-179)
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Tier Jaroslav
Published: November 2017

This book makes a significant inroad into the unexpectedly difficult question of existence of Fréchet derivatives of Lipschitz maps of Banach spaces into higher dimensional spaces. Because the question turns out to be closely related to porous sets in Banach spaces, it provides a bridge between descriptive set theory and the classical topic of existence of derivatives of vector-valued Lipschitz functions. The topic is relevant to classical analysis and descriptive set theory on Banach spaces. The book opens several new research directions in this area of geometric nonlinear functional analysis. The new methods developed here include a game approach to perturbational variational principles that is of independent interest. Detailed explanation of the underlying ideas and motivation behind the proofs of the new results on Fréchet differentiability of vector-valued functions should make these arguments accessible to a wider audience. The most important special case of the differentiability results, that Lipschitz mappings from a Hilbert space into the plane have points of Fréchet differentiability, is given its own chapter with a proof that is independent of much of the work done to prove more general results. The book raises several open questions concerning its two main topics.
Fr échet Differentiability of Real-Valued Functions
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that cone-monotone functions on Asplund spaces have points of Fréchet differentiability and that the appropriate version of the mean value estimates holds. It also proves that the corresponding point of Fréchet differentiability may be found outside any given σ‎-porous set. This new result considerably strengthens known Fréchet differentiability results for real-valued Lipschitz functions on such spaces. The avoidance of σ‎-porous sets is new even in the Lipschitz case. The chapter first discusses the use of variational principles to prove Fréchet differentiability before analyzing a one-dimensional mean value problem in relation to Lipschitz functions. It shows that results on existence of points of Fréchet differentiability may be generalized to derivatives other than the Fréchet derivative.
Fr ´Echet Differentiability of Vector-Valued Functions
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that if a Banach space with a Fréchet smooth norm is asymptotically smooth with modulus o(tⁿ logⁿ⁻¹(1/t)) then every Lipschitz map of X to a space of dimension not exceeding n has many points of Fréchet differentiability. In particular, it proves that two real-valued Lipschitz functions on a Hilbert space have a common point of Fréchet differentiability. The chapter first presents the theorem whose assumptions hold for any space X with separable dual, includes the result that real-valued Lipschitz functions on such spaces have points of Fréchet differentiability, and takes into account the corresponding mean value estimate. The chapter then gives the estimate for a “regularity parameter” and reduces the theorem to a special case. Finally, it discusses simplifications of the arguments of the proof of the main result in some special situations.
Differentiability of Lipschitz Maps on Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a separate, essentially self-contained, nonvariational proof of existence of points of Fréchet differentiability of R²-valued Lipschitz maps on Hilbert spaces. It begins with the theorem stating that every Lipschitz map of a Hilbert space to a two-dimensional space has points of Fréchet differentiability. This is followed by a lemma, which is stated in an arbitrary Hilbert space but whose validity in the general case follows from its three-dimensional version. The chapter then explains the proof of the theorem and of the lemma stated above. In particular, it considers two cases, one corresponding to irregular behavior and the other to regular behavior.
Kings and Knights at Play in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines tournaments. The origins of tournaments in Western Europe can be traced back to classical sources and to a sparse number of references to events that looked like tournaments in the Central Middle Ages. While these early mentions provide interesting glimpses of the genealogy of fictitious combat, it was the twelfth century that truly saw the formal beginnings of these traditions of artificial warfare that would hold such a powerful grip on the European imagination for many centuries to come. Closely tied to courtly culture and in a symbiotic relationship with the great outburst of courtly literature that took place in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, the tournament sank deep roots in England, France, the Low Countries, and parts of Germany during the twelfth century, and then developed elaborate rules of engagement and pageantry in succeeding centuries.
Noncalendrical Festivals: Life Cycles and Power
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses noncalendrical celebrations, that is, those high moments in the life cycle—birth, coming of age, coronation, marriage, and death—and the celebratory, almost ritualized, aspects of events organized to mark such important moments in the life cycles of kings and their close families. Celebrations often served as an extension of kingly and noble hegemony. In this regard, how other contending centers of authority—cities, noblemen, ecclesiastical authorities, and others—reacted to, shared in, or ignored these celebrations provides telling signs that none of these feasts were innocent affairs undertaken “just for fun.” They were always rife with wider political intent and meaning.
The Specter of Polygenesis
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter follows the development of Renaissance debates about the nature of human diversity into the following century, and particularly as they played out in France and England. It focuses in particular on so-called polygenesis, as represented most famously by Isaac La Peyrère's pre-Adamism, according to which different human groups were created at different moments. Furthermore, the chapter considers some of the elaborate attempts to account for the migration of human beings throughout the world in terms of diffusionist models, focusing in particular on the work of the seventeenth-century English jurist Matthew Hale, and arguing that such attempts played an important role in the increasing naturalization of modern paleoanthropology, and therefore also of modern accounts of the nature of human diversity.
From Lineage to Biogeography
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to François Bernier's contribution to the history of racial thinking. This French physician and traveler is often credited with being the key innovator of the modern race concept. While some rigorous scholarship has recently appeared questioning Bernier's significance, his racial theory is seldom placed in his context as a Gassendian natural philosopher who was, in particular, intent to bring his own brand of modern, materialistic philosophy to bear in his experiences in the Moghul Empire in Persia and northern India. The chapter argues that Bernier's principal innovation was to effectively decouple the concept of race from considerations of lineage, and instead to conceptualize it in biogeographical terms in which the precise origins or causes of the original differences of human physical appearance from region to region remain underdetermined.
Unlikely Intersections in Multiplicative Groups and the Zilber Conjecture
Authors: Zannier Umberto , Masser David
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes some results of unlikely intersections in the case of multiplicative algebraic groups (also called “tori”) 𝔾ⁿᵐ, together with a sketch of some of the proofs.
Space Weather
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Cargill Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the link between Sun and Earth generically known as space weather. This link is referred to as the occurrence in the solar corona of energetic phenomenon such as flares and coronal mass ejections which can have a major impact on the Earth's space environment. There were other discoveries in subsequent years, but the 1950s and 1960s brought major advances in the understanding of the connection between the Sun and the Earth. Satellite observations confirmed the existence of the solar wind, so that the nature of the interplanetary medium was identified and measured. Such continuous monitoring of the Sun and solar wind has, in turn, led to methods for predicting deleterious space weather.
The solution concept
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details a rigorous development of the concept of a solution to a hybrid system. The data of a hybrid system is defined with an introduction of some basic terminology regarding set-valued mappings, and a generalized concept of time is then introduced. The chapter also defines the solutions to a hybrid system and it addresses the basic properties of solutions, like their existence and uniqueness. The concept of a solution is further illustrated by hybrid models of switching systems under broad families of switching signals. Broadly speaking, switching systems are continuous-time systems given by a family of differential equations, where the particular differential equation that governs the evolution of the state at a given time instant is determined by a switching rule/signal.
Well-posed hybrid systems and their properties
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter defines nominally well-posed hybrid systems and well-posed hybrid systems to be those hybrid systems, vaguely speaking, for which graphical limits of graphically convergent sequences of solutions, with no perturbations and with vanishing perturbations, respectively, are still solutions. In a classical setting, a well-posed problem is often defined as one in which a solution exists, is unique, and depends continuously on parameters. For hybrid dynamical systems, insisting on uniqueness of solutions and on their continuous dependence on initial conditions is very restrictive and, as it turns out, not necessary to develop a reasonable stability theory. In fact, stability theory results are possible for a quite general class of hybrid systems. The class of well-posed hybrid systems includes the Krasovskii regularization of a general hybrid system and, more generally, it includes every hybrid system meeting some mild regularity assumptions on the data.
Conclusion
Authors: Finke Daniel , König Thomas , Proksch Sven-Oliver , Tsebelis George
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and considers the implications of the Treaty of Lisbon both generally and specifically against the background of Europe's future policy agenda. It argues that under the rules of the Treaty of Lisbon, Europe is better prepared than it would be under the Treaty of Nice. The Lisbon reforms are likely to help political leaders overcome their internal conflicts more efficiently and agree on more effective policies. Yet the world does not wait on Europe getting its act together. Europe has to cope with the social tensions emerging from demographic change and its high public debt and fiscal crisis. The question about its borders has not been answered, and other countries keep knocking on Europe's doors. In either of these contexts, major reforms will reappear on the agenda. Once a crucial coalition of political leaders supports further reforms, the present institutional rules will, sooner or later, be changed once again. While there is no single recipe for success, the events leading to the Treaty of Lisbon have shown that Europe can indeed achieve the seemingly impossible.
Lessons from a Sterile Downsian Environment
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a candidate-centered choice, creating an experimental setting biased in favor of candidate-centered spatial reasoning—removing any reference to political parties or their programs. The prediction is that, in spite of the absence of any reference to parties, many party supporters will nonetheless take into account the parties' policy reputations in choosing between candidates. Their doing so, absent a reference to the parties, will be the highest card one could play in support of the hypothesis that the parties' policy reputations influence their choices in the world of real politics, where the parties are among the most prominent features of the political landscape.
The Democratic Experiment
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on how to think more productively about the democratic experiment and political competence. It begins by summarizing this study's theory and findings. It then looks at the implications of both theory and findings for a supply-side theory of political competence. Finally, it presents a nice irony of democratic politics. It is well-known that limited knowledge of voters frees up elected representatives to act as they wish with minimal fear of electoral punishment. It is less well-known, though no less important, that understanding as well as ignorance of the big picture of American politics allows elected representatives a freer hand in playing the policy cards they wish to play and still win the backing of supporters of their party.
Arithmetic Aspects of Mumford-Tate Domains
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the arithmetic aspects of Mumford-Tate domains and Noether-Lefschetz loci. It first clarifies a few points concerning the structure and construction of Mumford-Tate domains before presenting a computationally effective procedure to determine the components in terms of Lie algebra representations and Weyl groups. It then shows that the normalizers of M in G are the groups stabilizing the Noether-Lefschetz locus. It also discusses the decomposition of Noether-Lefschetz loci into Hodge orientations, Weyl groups and permutations of Hodge orientations, and Galois groups and fields of definition. The results demonstrate that Mumford-Tate groups built up from well-understood real² factors are one source of easily described examples of Mumford-Tate domains.
Civic Virtue without Politics
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses a new theory of civic virtue and of paying debts to society, showing that citizens can exercise civic virtue and pay debts to society not only without voting but often without engaging in politics at all. It defends the extrapolitical conception of civic virtue. According to the extrapolitical conception, political participation is not necessary for the exercise of civic virtue. Indeed, citizens can have exceptional civic virtue despite disengagement with politics. Most ways to exercise civic virtue in contemporary liberal democracies do not involve politics, or even activities on the periphery of politics, such as community-based volunteering or military service.
Deference and Abstention
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies and rebuts a variety of objections to the argument that hold that abstention involves a loss of autonomy for the individual. Some might see abstention as a violation of autonomy. To abstain means to cede political judgment to others and to give up one's own independent judgment. The chapter argues against this. First, deferring to others does not always involve a troubling loss of autonomy. Second, the idea that voting gives the voter significant autonomy or control is implausible anyway. So long as one has an equal right to vote, choosing not to vote can be an autonomous act, a way of expressing one's will that the best outcome be achieved.
Introduction
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This book is a biographical inquiry, or “odyssey,” into the life and legacy of Pericles, whose name has been associated with the peak of Athens' glory and the flowering of the first democracy in history. Instead of launching into a new biography of Pericles, the book sets the man in context, reinserting him into the democratic political culture of the fifth century B.C. It examines the bases of Pericles' political power, his role in the development of Athenian imperialism, and his attitude toward the city gods. It also considers the emergence of the figure of an idealized Pericles in the writings of historians beginning in the nineteenth century. This introduction reconstructs the background against which Pericles' life unfolded, paying attention to his role in the evolution of the city of Athens in the mid-fifth century. It also looks at ancient sources that shed light on Pericles' actions.
Pericles and the City Gods
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Pericles' personal relations with the city gods and how his career as a stratēgos illuminates the Athenians' collective relationship to all that was divine. As a reelected stratēgos and a persuasive orator, Pericles was the spokesman of a civic religion that was undergoing a mutation. He was engaged in various religious activities at a time when the city was introducing profound changes into its religious account of its origins—that is, autochthony—within a context of strained diplomatic relations. The chapter first considers Pericles' role in religion and politics in the context of Athenian democracy, with particular emphasis on the religious festivals supposedly instituted by him, before discussing Pericles' privileged links with several deities in the pantheon. It also explores the increase in the number of impiety trials in Pericles' time.
A Confucian Constitutionalist State
Authors: Qing Jiang
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the third feature of Confucian constitutionalism: the symbolic monarch. It describes the state as a mysterious body from a distant past, and present-day people have an obligation to maintain it and hand it down to future generations. A leader chosen by the current generation such as an elected president cannot express the state's historical legitimacy because the state also belongs to past and future generations. Whereas a hereditary monarch descended from a noble and ancient lineage is most likely to embody the historical and trans-generational identity of a state. In a modern-day Confucian constitutionalism, the tricameral legislature would exercise real political (legislative) power, the Academy would exercise supervisory power, and the monarch would exercise symbolic power.
On the Legitimacy of Confucian Constitutionalism
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter asserts the idea that Confucianism can positively shape political institutions, legislation, and policy making. However, it argues that promoting Confucianism as a comprehensive doctrine in a modern pluralistic society will damage civility. Free and equal citizens live according to various ways of life and hold different religious beliefs, and promoting Confucian values over and instead of other beliefs can lead only to social conflict. Instead, the chapter favors a moderate form of perfectionism that allows the state to promote specific values in a piecemeal way. Within this context, it may be possible to promote particular Confucian values in a way that they can be accepted or understood by citizens without adopting Confucianism as a comprehensive doctrine.
An Old Mandate for a New State
Authors: Tongdong Bai
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues in defense of Confucian politics, but rejects Jiang Qing's interpretation of Confucian constitutionalism. Jiang argues for a kind of Confucian constitutionalism that is grounded in “transcendent values” of the Han dynasty Gongyang school, but the chapter contends that the true spirit of Confucianism should be located in the earlier pre-Qin Confucians such as Mencius and Xunzi, who attempted to find a middle way between the sacred and the secular. It states that a Confucianism backed by a transcendent foundation could not be widely accepted in a modern-day society characterized by the “fact of pluralism.” The chapter rejects Jiang's idea that political institutions such as the House of Ru and the Academy should represent heaven as separate from the people.
Is the Way of the Humane Authority a Good Thing?
Authors: Shaoguang Wang
Published: November 2017

This chapter criticizes the emphasis on privatization, the destruction of the Maoist-style emphasis on social welfare, and the growing gap between rich and poor. It argues that more needs to be done to combat the inequalities generated by capitalist modernization in China. Political legitimacy is not something to be defined by moral philosophers in total abstraction from the political reality. Rather, it is a matter of whether or not a political system faces a crisis of legitimacy depends on whether the people who live there doubt the rightness of its power, and whether they consider it the appropriate system for their country. The chapter ultimately endorses a definition of legitimacy as the legitimacy of the popular will.
What Is It Like to Be a Citizen?
Authors: Beerbohm Eric
Published: November 2017

This chapter defends a theory of citizenship that recognizes our need to make online decisions under electoral pressures, given our foibles as decision makers. Drawing upon the extensive literature on decision and judgment, it examines how fragile citizens are when it comes to decision making. The usual heuristics offered by political scientists suggest that citizens rely on informational shortcuts that are morally irresponsible. If we reconceive the role of the voter in explicitly moral terms, this approach is unsatisfactory in addressing the cognitive biases and defects of citizens. The chapter also considers the notion of cognitive partisanship and argues that it is unavoidable for decision makers to rely on heuristics when they reason about complex decisions. It concludes by emphasizing the task for a democratic ethics of belief: to provide citizens with heuristics that reduce the cognitive burden while respecting the moral obligations to attach to coercive, term-shaping decision making.
Representing Principles
Authors: Beerbohm Eric
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the vertical division of democratic labor between citizens and their lawmaking principals, recasting the problem of representation by taking up the citizen's perspective. In particular, it introduces the notion of principled representation, which defends an agency relationship designed for a less-than-ideal democracy and envisions principles of justice as codefining—not exhausting—democratic life. The chapter first considers two conceptions of practical authority to show how a theory of democratic representation can assign citizens an ongoing role in basic structural reasoning. It then tests the theory of principled representation by exposing it to increasingly nonideal conditions and presents two arguments for the proposed approach. First, it simultaneously avoids the command and council problems. The second argument appeals to a conception of political equality that understands citizens as peers in reasoning about shared terms of interaction.
Knowledge Stories
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how stories drive the contemporary theory of knowledge. The practice is to tell a tiny story, use it to elicit an intuition about whether the subject has or lacks knowledge, and then draw a moral for the theory of knowledge. Some of the stories are stripped-down versions of familiar situations. Others depict unusual circumstances, and still others are beyond unusual. These stories, such as the ones so far related in this volume, make use of the common literary device of providing the audience with information that the subjects of the stories lack. Moreover, the stories are told in a way to suggest that the missing information is important.
Important Truths
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how to divide true beliefs that potentially rise to the level of knowledge from those that do not. Theories of knowledge identify a dimension for making the division. Other conditions may also need to be satisfied, but this dimension does the initial work in qualifying a true belief as a plausible candidate for knowledge. According to justification-based theories, the relevant dimension is the strength of the person's evidence. According to reliability theories, it is the degree of reliability of the processes generating the belief. For tracking theories, it is how extensive the range of counterfactual situations is in which the person's belief would track the truth. Whatever the proposed dimension, however, there is no nonarbitrary way of specifying a precise point along which a true belief becomes a credible candidate for knowledge.
The Beetle in the Box
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how people know many things without having observed their truth firsthand. To illustrate this and related points, the chapter tells the story of the beetle in the box. An individual S comes into a room and sees a small, sealed box on the table. She looks at the outside of the box from all angles but cannot see into it. There is nothing unusual about its weight. Nor does it make a special sound when shaken. Relative to what she is able to observe, there might be nothing at all inside, or there might be a coin wrapped in cloth so as to make no noise, or perhaps a marble or a key. S, however, believes that there is a beetle in the box, and she is correct. There is in fact a beetle inside, but she does not know this to be the case.
Knowledge Blocks
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which knowledge can be blocked. It points out that fanciful stories about circumstances far removed from those in which we typically make ascriptions of knowledge have to be handled with care. Another way to introduce such “knowledge blocks” is to simply live with the unease and insist that the subject does have knowledge despite there being an initial pull in the opposite direction. If the situation is bizarre enough, this need not be even much of a stretch. In addition, because knowledge stories are thinly described, it is always appropriate to consider what they look like when some of the details are filled in, because once details are added, our reactions to the stories may well be different.
Instability and Knowledge
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how the possession of true beliefs for a brief duration can (or cannot) be counted as knowledge. In everyday situations, if one has true but unstable beliefs and is unaware of the source of the instability, this gap in one's information can be used to explain why one lacks knowledge. Demon and brain-in-the-vat hypotheses typically make use of the familiar narrative technique in which the audience is given information that the characters of the story lack. The audience is aware that the characters are being massively deceived, but the characters themselves are not. The chapter, however, takes a new spin on the demon hypothesis to raise further questions about what counts as knowledge in scenarios were the character does not lack information about their situation that is available to the audience.
Perceptual Knowledge
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses perceptual knowledge and uses the film Rain Man (1988) as an example. The film portrays a character who can visually ascertain the number of objects in large sets without counting. Here, the chapter demonstrates that a lack of awareness about how one acquires information or one's track record of reliability is sometimes the kind of gap that can preclude one from knowing even if one has relatively complete information, but the reverse is also true. A working familiarity with the source of one's belief P coupled with an awareness of the source's reliability can sometimes help make up for a relative lack of information about P itself.
A Look Back
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter reflects on the author's method of laying out the preceding chapters' topics, in particular with the use of knowledge stories, though it also points out the disadvantages of such a method. In addition, the chapter also considers the ways in which theorizing about knowledge here can be kept simple. The primary aim of inquiry here, after all, is to acquire truths—especially ones that matter. This chapter then sets forth an assumption that knowledge is a matter of having enough true beliefs, in order to proceed with the enterprise of attempting in our fallibilistic ways to determine what is true and what is not. Such a view, however, stands in opposition to a long venerable tradition in epistemology.
Epistemology within a General Theory of Rationality
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter sketches a reorientation of epistemology. It first briefly reviews some relevant history in modern epistemology. The chapter then discusses the benefits of a separation of justified belief and knowledge, arguing that, among other things, both have very different initial foci, and as such the working presupposition should be that the theories are distinct. Separate and equal, as it were. It then proceeds to develop an approach to justified and rational belief that comfortably places them within a general theory of rationality, thus connecting them not only with the concept of rational actions, plans, and strategies but also with our everyday assessments of each other's opinions.
The Core Concepts of Epistemology
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the core concepts of this reoriented epistemology. These are true belief and epistemically rational belief. Knowledge and justified belief are derivative concepts explicated in terms of these core concepts together with human goals, needs, and values, which explains why the standards of both knowledge and justified belief become more demanding as the stakes go up. In the case of knowledge there cannot be important truths of which one is unaware, and in the case of justified belief the level of effort one expends in gathering evidence and deliberating should be commensurate with what it is epistemically rational to believe about the importance of the matter at hand.
My Response to Your Value
Authors: Keller Simon
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that the individuals view, properly understood, can challenge that assumption and solve the main problem for the view—and solve the puzzle of partiality. More accurately, the individuals view can offer as good a solution to the puzzle of partiality as can reasonably be hoped for and, in any case, just as good a solution as can be offered by either the projects view or the relationships view. To make this case, the chapter begins by returning to the projects view and the relationships view, taking a more critical look at their attempts to explain why reasons of partiality are special reasons.
International Dispute Settlement
Authors: Alter Karen J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the seventeen international courts (ICs) with the formal jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes pertaining to a broad range of issues. Fourteen of these ICs have jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes between state parties; thirteen have jurisdiction regarding disputes involving nonstate actors (international institutional actors or private litigants). Quite often the dispute settlement role primarily binds others to follow the terms of the legal agreement, and quite often the IC has also been delegated other roles. Indeed, all but three of the ICs with a formal dispute settlement jurisdiction also have been delegated either enforcement, administrative, or constitutional review roles. These facts help explain why more often than not ICs have compulsory jurisdiction for their dispute settlement role.
The (Ambivalent) Tradition of Equality in America
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the place of equality, in all its complexity, in the American civic culture. It draws evidence from several sources: the debates occasioned by the drafting and ratification of the federal constitution, Supreme Court decisions, the fifty constitutions of the separate states, and public opinion as measured in surveys over the past several decades. In considering American understandings of equality, this chapter moves beyond an emphasis on equality of political voice to encompass the multiple aspects of the concept of equality. A brief look at these sources provides a context of normative debate in which to understand the empirical evidence that forms the bulk of this work and suggests that, while Americans are egalitarians, they are somewhat ambivalent egalitarians.
The Context: Growing Economic Inequality and Weakening Unions
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews evidence about two complex trends: the increase in economic inequality and the decrease in union membership. In two fundamental ways, class inequalities underlie this inquiry into both the roots and the consequences of inequalities of political voice. Inequalities of political participation are, first, grounded in disparities in income, occupation, and especially education. As this chapter demonstrates, social class has multiple consequences for differences in individual and collective political participation. Second, inequalities on the basis of class shape the content of political conflict. That is, class differences are an important source of political division. Although the list of contentious political issues in contemporary America is long and varied, there can be no doubt that matters associated with differences in income and material well-being are critically important in generating political conflict.