bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Funds Provided by The Government on the Availability of Teaching and Learning Resources in Public Secondary Schools in Moshi District Tanzania
Authors: Chao Stelah Didas , Siamoo Peter , Koda Gadi M.
Published: October 2022

This study was guided by convergent design under mixed-method approach to explore the influence of funds provided by the government on the availability of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Moshi district Tanzania. The study was guided by Systems theory of Organization pioneered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1969 and one research question. The target population was all public secondary schools, Public secondary school teachers, Heads of public secondary schools, Schools board chairpersons and District Education Officer of Moshi District in Kilimanjaro Region. Sampling of schools, teachers, school board chairperson and students were by both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Instruments for data collection included Questionnaires and interview guides. After pilot testing, the reliability of the questionnaire was ensured by using the Cronbach Alpha formula; while conformability of qualitative data was ensured by increasing transparency regards to adherence to data collection procedures and ethics. Quantitative Data was analyzed by descriptive while qualitative analysis was by coding and creating themes and final data has been merged to ensure confirmation or disconfirmation of the findings. The study found that Government funds influence the availability of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Moshi district Tanzania. The study concluded that government funds were used to ensure the availability of teaching and learning resources yet are not adequate that why most of teaching and learning resources are not adequate in Moshi Public secondary school. The study recommends that Ministry of Education, Science and technology in Collaboration with President Office Regional Administrative and Local government should continuous to provide funds to ensure availability of teaching and learning resources in Public secondary schools.
Hybrid Learning Model in the Teaching and Learning Process Basic Accounting Practice
Authors: Sugiarta Komang , Ardina Cening , Ariana Made
Published: October 2022

This research is aimed at designing an efficient hybrid learning model in learning Basic Accounting Practices. This learning model is expected to be used as a guide by lecturers who support courses in planning, implementing and evaluating their learning activities. The hardware used is a Laptop, Web Camera, Bluetooth Headset, LCD Projector, while the software is Google Meet. Research activities are carried out through 3 stages, namely: program planning, development and implementation, evaluation. The target subjects are students of the Bali State Polytechnic Accounting Department in semester 2, the target object is a learning device for the Basic Accounting Practice course. The results show that this simple hybrid learning model can be applied effectively in learning Basic Accounting Practices. This is indicated by the level of student satisfaction with the reliability of the learning model (material, design, media) using the 5 scale is an average of 4.0 (Satisfied) with an average learning outcome value of 81.01 (A). Suggestions from students are the need for reliable Wi-Fi and LCD projector facilities in every classroom.
Deadly idyll: how Thomas Mann and Stephen King celebrate love upon the world’s ruin
Authors: Murzin Nikolai
Published: October 2022

Thomas Mann’s famous novella “Death in Venice” is more than social critics or metaphor of artistic search for means. Its ambiguous poetry of forbidden longing offers a game we play ever since, a drama of strange, dreamlike romance unfolding itself in a highly troublesome atmosphere of ordinary life succumbing to the oncoming devastation and catastrophe of the outer world that inexplicably links with the wishes of a soul. This plot became a focus of ideas, a web of meanings covering more and more areas of mentality and imagination while living on. One of the latter writers rarely compared to Mann, a popular American author Stephen King, master of macabre fantasy, suddenly shows some extraordinary level of coincidence of his works’ throughout motives/invariants with those of the European classic. The answers both of them are chasing after lie in the mysterious character of the Whole of the world denying any isolate and solid sense, medium lands of affection and connection, Gordian knots of disastrous dialectics interweaving will and passivity, creation and destruction. Why dark fantasy (that King embodies) constantly insists on destroying, erasing the entire world for the sake of some bittersweet heroic pathos upon its ruin, as before Mann unleashes the epidemics to his story’s bourgeois backgrounds to celebrate the phantom love of his characters? Why does Beauty transgress the borders of subjectivity very much like Death does the borders of physicality, and they both lead us to the same revelation of some great apophatic quasi-Platonian chora at the core of our being where everything is born and we are all one?
The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization?
Authors: Mehra Tanya , Coleman Julie
Published: October 2022

After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
“We All had to Respond to the Pandemic and our Patient Needs”: Social Workers’ Perspectives of Integrated Healthcare Agencies’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Weng Suzie S. , Barreras Joanna L. , Nguyen Stacey , Nourazari Sara
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 global pandemic imposed many challenges to healthcare systems. Integrated health agencies deployed their own strategies to accommodate the drastic changes; however, the perspectives of essential workers in these settings are scant. This study focused on understanding how integrated health agencies responded to the pandemic in its earlier months from the perspectives of social workers providing services in these settings, as they are instrumental to the delivery of behavioral health care. A qualitative study was conducted using constant comparison analysis and the data interpreted from a social constructivist approach. Four main themes emerged: pandemic impact on continuity of service delivery, services, patient interaction, and areas of improvement. Findings from this study can assist in understanding how unique healthcare settings with a systematic coordination of general and behavioral health care responded to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, and highlights opportunities to improve preparedness for future similar events.
New species of plume moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) from Argentina
Authors: Ustjuzhanin Petr , Kovtunovich Vasyly , Pototski Aleksander , Haverinen Risto
Published: October 2022

The article describes four species of plume moths from Argentine, new to science: Lioptilodes lauri sp. nov., Hellinsia katja sp. nov, Emmelina inna sp. nov., Adaina nina sp. nov. Stenoptilia tenuis (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) is given for Argentine for the first time.
REVIEW: FACTORS AFFECTING WAITING TIME FOR OUTPATIENT PRESCRIPTION DRUGS IN HOSPITALS
Authors: Eka Kristia Ayu Astuti  , Ayun Sriatmi  , Farid Agushybana
Published: October 2022

Waiting is an activity which frequently causes uncomfortable feelings, particularly in health services. Patients who attend to health care facilities such as hospitals, are eager to receive good and quality health care system without having to wait for a long time. The quality of pharmaceutical services in hospitals influences the level of patient satisfaction with the services provided by pharmacy staff in drug services to patients. There are still numerous waiting times for outpatient prescription drug services in Indonesian hospitals which do not fulfill minimum service standards. Thus, the objective of this review articles is to determine the factors affecting the waiting time for outpatient prescription services at the hospital. This review was conducted by employing the literature review method with a sample size of 12 articles. The results acquired are several factors influencing the waiting time for outpatient drugs in hospitals encompassing: receiving prescriptions, providing etiquette, working on prescription drug concoctions, submitting drugs, facilities and infrastructure, human resources, hospital management information systems and standard operating procedures. Based on the complexity of the issue which was found in this review, the most dominant and influencing factors on the waiting time of outpatient drugs at the hospital are prescription reception, providing etiquette, preparation of prescription drugs, and submitting drugs.
Herramientas en la Nube para diseño de Material Web Educativo
Authors: Saavedra Bautista Claudia Esperanza
Published: October 2022

Las TIC han permeado en la educación y han abierto brechas y desafíos que reconocen la llegada de nuevas generaciones, quiénes merecen estrategias de enseñanza innovadoras que respondan a sus formas de aprender; por esta razón, este libro, a través de su contenido, busca que el lector reconozca el valor potencial de las redes en entornos académicos y la construcción de sitios web dinámicos utilizando herramientas en la nube. Así mismo, que asuma una postura crítica y reflexiva de la importancia de articular las TIC al currículo de manera transversal. (Claudia Esperanza Saavedra bautista, 2016).
Testing a Galactic Lensing Hypothesis with the Prompt Emission of GRB 221009A
Authors: Bloom Joshua S.
Published: October 2022

Even at modest amplification, the optical depth to gravitational lensing through the Galaxy is < 10−5. However, the large apparent isotropic-equivalent energy of GRB 221009A coupled with a path through low Galactic latitude suggests that the conditional probability that this particular GRB was lensed is greater than the very low a priori expectation. With the extreme brightness of the prompt emission, this Galactic lensing hypothesis can be constrained by autocorrelation analysis of Fermi photons on 0.1–1000 ms timescales. In relating lensing mass, magnification, and autocorrelation timescale, I show that a lensed-induced autocorrelation signature by stellar lenses falls below the minimal variability timescale (MVT) expected from a black hole central engine. However, lensing by Galactic dark matter MACHOs (M

l
 > 10–1000 M
⊙) could be confirmed with this approach. Regardless, at a peak γ-ray photon rate of > 30 ms−1, GRB 221009A represents a prime opportunity to measure the smallest MVTs of GRBs.
Improved the bias in kernel quantile function estimation
Authors: Sayah Abdallah , Almi Nassima
Published: October 2022

In this paper, a new estimator for kernel quantile estimation is given to reduce the bias. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator was established and it turned out that the bias has been reduced to the fourth power of the bandwidth, while the bias of the estimators considered has the second power of the bandwidth, while the variance remains at the same order. Futhermore, we calculate the optimal bandwidth which minimizes the asymptotic mean squared error. A simulation study and a real data example are carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed estimator and compared with other existing approaches mentioned.
On symmetry of energy minimizing harmonic-type maps on cylindrical surfaces
Authors: Fratta Giovanni Di , Fiorenza Alberto , Slastikov Valeriy
Published: October 2022

The paper concerns the analysis of global minimizers of a Dirichlet-type energy functional in the class of $ \mathbb{S}^2 $-valued maps defined in cylindrical surfaces. The model naturally arises as a curved thin-film limit in the theories of nematic liquid crystals and micromagnetics. We show that minimal configurations are $ z $-invariant and that energy minimizers in the class of weakly axially symmetric competitors are, in fact, axially symmetric. Our main result is a family of sharp Poincaré-type inequality on the circular cylinder, which allows for establishing a nearly complete picture of the energy landscape. The presence of symmetry-breaking phenomena is highlighted and discussed. Finally, we provide a complete characterization of in-plane minimizers, which typically appear in numerical simulations for reasons we explain.
Vrste i razlozi otkazivanja ugovora o radu u odabranim članicama EU-a
Authors: Bejaković Predrag
Published: October 2022

Za svaku odabranu zemlju prvo se navode uvjeti za otkazivanje ugovora o radu, a zatim se pojašnjava koje skupine zaposlenih imaju posebnu zaštitu od otkaza. Iako se vrste i razlozi otkaza u državama članicama EU-a značajno razlikuju, uvjetno ih se može grupirati u tri najvažnije skupine. Prvu skupinu čine otkazi zbog nedoličnog ponašanja ili stava prema radu (npr. uzastopnog kašnjenja ili ponovljenog predugačkog izostanka zbog dnevnog odmora). U slučajevima grubih prekršaja, kao što su krađa, falsificiranje poslovne dokumentacije ili diskriminativno ponašanje, slijedi trenutni otkaz bez otkaznog roka. Druga skupina su otkazi vezani uz nezadovoljavajuće radne učinke, što može biti uzrokovano nesposobnošću ili lošim zdravljem zaposlenika. Tu obično treba proći više faza koje uključuju praćenje i mjerenje radnih učinaka zaposlenika, a u slučaju zdravstvenih teškoća i savjetovanje sa zaposlenikovim liječnikom. Konačno, treća skupina su ekonomski otkazi koji nastaju zbog prestanka poslovanja dijela ili cijelog poduzeća, proglašenja tehnološkog viška, reorganizacije, promjene lokacije poduzeća i drugo. Otkaz zbog tehnološkog viška većinom je praćen savjetovanjima sa sindikatima i/ili radničkim vijećem s kojim se pokušava pripremiti program zbrinjavanja radnika. Tu sve države imaju razmjerno razvijene oblike zaštite i pomoći osobama koje ostaju bez posla. Za sve države izvor podataka je publikacija International Dismissal Survey Deloitte (Deloitte, 2018.)
Danijel Baturina i Zdenko Babić: Socijalna ekonomija i socijalno poduzetništvo
Authors: Trbojević Filip
Published: October 2022

Sveučilišni udžbenik Socijalna ekonomija i socijalno poduzetništvo prva je sustavna i obuhvatna domaća publikacija koja se bavi ovim područjem, a nastala je kao rezultat teorijskih radova, empirijskih istraživanja te praktičnog iskustva koje su autori, Danijel Baturina i Zdenko Babić s Katedre za socijalnu politiku Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, stekli angažmanom na različitim međunarodnim projektima u području socijalne ekonomije, socijalnog poduzetništva i trećeg sektora. Cilj je udžbenika pružiti čitateljima konkretna znanja o ključnim konceptima s područja socijalne ekonomije i socijalnog poduzetništva, kako bi isti mogli razvojno djelovati i polučivati pozitivne socijalne pomake.
Information and Communication Technologies and Individual Communication Traits
Authors: Streator Joycelyn
Published: October 2022

Modern workplaces are highly distributed with a large number of employees working remotely. Organizations must depend on various modes of communication both internally and externally. Collaborative teams have a vast array of technologies to consider with new modes appearing every day. The team dynamics and overall success relies on the contributions and communication among individual members. This research explores the relationship between individual communication traits and the selection of communication modalities. Just as verbal communication styles vary from person to person, the findings of this research suggest that users select communication technologies that complement their unique communication traits. This research will help both organizations and individuals better optimize the use of communications technologies.
Fabrication of W-LEDs by Coating Tri-Color Inorganic Phosphors on UV-Diode
Authors: Meshram Nilesh D. , Yadav Pooja J.
Published: October 2022

YAG:Ce phosphor coated on blue-chip gives many advantages, except the color rendering of the LEDs fabricated by this method is poor due to the lack of red and green colors. This problem can be sorted out by choosing different methods out of the available two different methods. For the first method, the n-UV (near-ultraviolet) LED is coated with a mixture of intense blue, green, and red phosphors to make a white light-emitting diode. Also, if the yellow color phosphor is added, lamps can give better CRI values. So many papers are reported on this type of white LED fabrication technique. In this paper, we have reported the fabrication of white LED lamps by coating three different phosphors i.e. blue, green, and red in the appropriate amount to be mixed and coated on the near UV LED chips. This approach is different from the existing reports because we are using near UV (405-407 nm LEDs) not the UV LED chips in the fabrication of white LEDs in this paper.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution in DD9 Single Crystal Turbine Blade
Authors: Xue Yan Peng , Wang Xiao Guang , Zhao Jin Qian , Shi Zhen Xue , liu Shi Zhong , Li Jia Rrong
Published: October 2022

The microstructural evolution of DD9 single crystal superalloy turbine blade was studied after heat treatment. In comparison to the as-cast microstructures where the sizes of the γ′ precipitates have an obvious difference between the dendritic core and interdendritic regions, the γ′ sizes of the heat-treated microstructures tend to be uniform and more cubic. And in the heat-treated microstructures, the γ′ sizes and the related size dispersion degrees of the dendritic cores are slightly increased, while those of the interdendritic regions are obviously decreased. After all, all the γ′ sizes follow the normal distribution law. With the raise of section thickness, the γ′ sizes tend to increase and the related size dispersion degrees are enhanced during the cooling process after heat treatment, and the γ-γ′ eutectics are dissolved, left little residual eutectics and pores.
A Review of the Synthesis, Performance, and Mechanism of Strontium Based Mechanoluminescence Material
Authors: Meeruty Ashish , Patel M.N. , Nihalani Seema , Mewada Pritesh
Published: October 2022

Various types of sensors are used for structural health monitoring systems, some of these systems are strain sensors, vibration sensors, etc. which are based on the resistance of material whose change can be recorded via a microcontroller and plotted to understand the real-time behavior of a structure and the effects of various loads acting on it. But these sensors require expensive equipment and skilled personnel, external power, as well as the acquired data needs to be processed such that some sense can be made out of it. Thus, a new method of Structural Health Monitoring using Mechanoluminescence materials that don't require external power seems quite promising, but being in the initial stage of research and development it comes with its own set of challenges. This study tries to understand the synthesis methods available to synthesize Strontium-based Mechanoluminescence sensors, their working, the embedment processes, and their performance when subjected to loading.
Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Recrystallization of a Single Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Wang Shuai , Jia Xin Yyun , Long Si Hao , Tan Yong Ning
Published: October 2022

Recrystallization often occurs in the production of aero engine turbine blades of single crystal superalloys. It is believed that annealing treatment can reduce the recrystallization tendency, as some of the casting residual stress is released. To evaluate the annealing effect on recrystallization, tensile test is carried out in present study for as-cast specimens of a second generation single crystal superalloy to induce stress. Two different annealing treatments are applied to the prestrained specimens, followed by the solution treatment at 1300°C for 2h. In order to compare the effect of the annealing treatments, the specimens are investigated by x-ray Laue diffraction technique and metallographic observation. According to the comparison, the more effective annealing treatment is recommended.
Deformation Behavior of AEREX350 Alloy during Bolt Hot Heading Processing
Authors: Fu Shu Hong , Wang Tao , Li Zhao , Jin Wan Jun
Published: October 2022

AEREX350 is a nickel-cobalt fastener superalloy developed for high temperature applications such as aerospace and petrochemical industries. The AEREX350 alloy has superior creep resistance and rupture properties similar to the other MP family alloys. As for AEREX350 alloy, scholars have carried out many studies on its cold working process, heat treatment process, stress relaxation performance and identification of precipitated phase [3-9], while very limited research on the hot deformation behavior of this interesting alloy during hot heading process. This paper is concentrated on the deformation behavior of the alloy during hot heading process.
A New Approach to the Subject Business Policy
Authors: Marais G.
Published: October 2022

No abstract available.
Practical Strategies for Unfreezing Attitudes – International Experiences
Authors: Limerick D. C.
Published: October 2022

In hierdie tyd van détente is beter gesindhede tussen rassegroepe in Suid-Afrika van die allergrootste belang, ook vir die bestuurswese. Dr. Dave Limerick ontleed in hierdie artikel enkele praktiese strategieë hoe om beter gesindhede te bewerkstellig en kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat dit nou tyd geword het dat kognitiewe, normatiewe en situasie-gebonde strategieë gebruik word ter ondersteuning van beter verhoudinge tussen die wit en swart bevolkingsgroepe in Suid-Afrika.
Van die Redakteur: Die Afrikaanse Taalfeesjaar en die Sakelewe
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: October 2022

No abstract available.
Some new thoughts on market segmentation
Authors: McWilliam-Smith A. B.
Published: October 2022

Marksegmentasie en die nut daarvan het die afgelope dekade baie aandag geniet. In hierdie artikel word twee aspekte daarvan opnuut ondersoek: die belangrikheid van die segmentering van die nie-blanke mark in Suid-Afrika, en die verdeling van die mark in segmente.
Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided gallbladder drainage for rescue treatment of malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kamal Faisal , Khan Muhammad Ali , Lee-Smith Wade , Sharma Sachit , Acharya Ashu , Farooq Umer , Aziz Muhammad , Kouanda Abdul , Dai Sun-Chuan , Munroe Craig A. , Arain Mustafa , Adler Douglas G.
Published: October 2022

ERCP is the first line of treatment for malignant biliary obstruction and EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is usually used for patients who have failed ERCP. EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) has been suggested as a rescue treatment for patients who fail EUS-BD and ERCP. In this meta-analysis, we have evaluated the efficacy and safety of EUS-GBD as a rescue treatment of malignant biliary obstruction after failed ERCP and EUS-BD. We reviewed several databases from inception to August 27, 2021, to identify studies that evaluated the efficacy and/or safety of EUS-GBD as a rescue treatment in the management of malignant biliary obstruction after failed ERCP and EUS-BD. Our outcomes of interest were clinical success, adverse events, technical success, stent dysfunction requiring intervention, and difference in mean pre- and postprocedure bilirubin. We calculated pooled rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for categorical variables and standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI for continuous variables. We analyzed data using a random-effects model. We included five studies with 104 patients. Pooled rates (95% CI) of clinical success and adverse events were 85% (76%, 91%) and 13% (7%, 21%). Pooled rate (95% CI) for stent dysfunction requiring intervention was 9% (4%, 21%). The postprocedure mean bilirubin was significantly lower compared to preprocedure bilirubin, SMD (95% CI): −1.12 (−1.62–−0.61). EUS-GBD is a safe and effective option to achieve biliary drainage after unsuccessful ERCP and EUS-BD in patients with malignant biliary obstruction.
О максимуме специального процесса назначений
Authors: Lifshits Mikhail Anatolievich , Tadevosian Arman Armenovich
Published: October 2022

В статье рассматривается асимптотическое поведение математического ожидания максимума специального процесса назначений с независимыми одинаково распределенными данными. Исследуется зависимость максимума от распределения данных.
Fostering critical thinking in pharmaceutical chemistry: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Choo Chee-Yan , Chiau Ming Long , Tan Ching Siang
Published: October 2022

Background: The fundamentals of pharmaceutical chemistry are difficult to relate to the pharmacy profession for first-year pharmacy students, and most of them use the surface approach to complete it. This study aimed to determine pharmacy students’ perception and critical thinking skills in solving real problem-based questions.    
Methods: This study employed pre- and post-survey to understand undergraduates’ perceptions and critical thinking skills in solving questions through a problem-based approach.    
Results: A total of 130 respondents (74%) participated in the questionnaire survey. After completing problem-based questions, pharmacy students were able to apply basic organic concepts to solve questions on synthesis pathways and impurities and relate to regulatory and environmental, social, and governance guidelines. The majority of pharmacy students highly rated the collaborative problem-based learning session and found the questions relevant to the pharmacy profession.    
Conclusion: In conclusion, carefully designed problem-based assignment questions could train pharmacy students with twenty-first-century skills.
Efforts at building capacity for manufacturing and testing the quality of medicines in Sub-Saharan Africa: Historical evidence from the BIRS programme
Authors: Okezue Mercy A. , Byrn Stephen J. , Ekeocha Zita
Published: October 2022

Background: Some countries in sub-Saharan Africa combat the proliferation of substandard medicines using anti-counterfeiting devices. An alternative measure involves advanced pharmaceutical education. The Biotechnology Innovation and Regulatory Science (BIRS) educate students in pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and quality control (QC).
Objective: This study assessed the African BIRS programme’s efforts to initiate and sustain the manufacturing of quality medicines.
Method: Qualitative case studies were used to assess the impact of the BIRS professional training intervention. A convenient purposeful sample of alumni students working in pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality control (QC) participated. Quantitative parametric methods were used to test the hypothesis that participants would significantly increase over the years if the programme met its objectives in the region.
Results: Alumni from ten countries implemented and sustained projects in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and QC. Participants from 2016 (17 males, 8 females) and 2018 (14 males, 8 females) increased in year 2020 (31 males, 22 females), p-values < 0.05, α = 0.05.
Conclusion: Advanced education has improved efforts in maintaining quality healthcare in the region.
Perspectives of refugees and community pharmacists on refugees’ healthcare situation in Lebanon: Implication on pharmacy education and workforce
Authors: Mourad Nisreen , Mourad Lidia , Mourtada Racha , Hendaus Mohamed , El Akel Marwan , Rahal Mohamad , Younes Samar
Published: October 2022

Background: Pharmacists serve on the frontline of healthcare provision for refugees. This study aimed to explore (1) Syrian refugees’ healthcare status from the perspectives of the refugees and Lebanese community pharmacists; (2) refugees’ barriers to healthcare access; and (3) the challenges pharmacists encounter in the provision of healthcare.  
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during July-August 2019 in Bekaa Region. Syrian refugees and Lebanese community pharmacists anonymously completed two different questionnaires. SPSS Statistics Version 22.0 was used to analyse the data.  
Results: A total of 671 refugees and 103 pharmacists responded to the questionnaires. The responding refugees and pharmacists identified the inability to afford physician and drug fees as the primary and secondary barriers to healthcare access for refugees; while health illiteracy was the primary challenge identified by the responding pharmacists when providing care to refugees.    
Conclusion: Addressing the determinants of health will reduce healthcare barriers and challenges substantially, thus fostering overall improvements in the health of Syrian refugees.
PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA ACERCA DOS INSTRUMENTOS DE MENSURAÇÃO DO LETRAMENTO EM SAÚDE
Authors: Andrezza Angeluz dos Santos  , Rita de Cássia Lopes de Barros  , Laidilce Teles Zatta Santos
Published: October 2022

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre instrumentos para mensuração do letramento em saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada no SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, PUBMED e SCOPUS. Incluídos: artigos em português, inglês e espanhol. Excluídos: artigos duplicados e literatura cinza, sendo utilizado os descritores: Health Literacy AND Surveys AND Questionnaires; Health Literacy AND Surveys AND Questionnaires AND Brazil; Letramento em Saúde OR Alfabetização em Saúde; Letramento em Saúde OR Alfabetização em Saúde AND Inquéritos e Questionários; Health Literacy AND instrument. Realizada leitura exploratória, seletiva, analítica e interpretativa, com análise descritiva. Resultados: Foram selecionados 98 artigos, com identificação de 35 instrumentos. Os mais utilizados na população geral foram: The Newest Vital Sign e Test of Health Literacy in Adults, e na população brasileira: Test of Health Literacy in Adults e Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry. O público-alvo no mundo e no Brasil foram idosos, adultos, cuidadores/responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes. Conclusões: Esses resultados visam divulgar a aplicabilidade dos instrumentos de mensuração de letramento em saúde, bem como contribuir para futuras pesquisas, permitindo a ampla divulgação da temática para a sociedade científica, a fim de torná-los (os profissionais) mais responsivos ao letramento, viabilizando maior sucesso nos desfechos em saúde.
Atividade prática de saúde coletiva: calouros promovem saúde em comunidade do Amazonas
Authors: Barros Laura Brandão
Published: October 2022

Na disciplina de Saúde Coletiva I, primeiro-anistas da Faculdade de medicina foram inseridos no Parque Residencial Mestre Chico, Manaus (AM), para acompanhar e perceber os problemas prevalentes na comunidade. A busca por soluções para melhoria da qualidade de vida desenvolve o olhar crítico-social, essencial ao médico, além de concretizar o papel social da Universidade Federal do Amazonas.
Sustentabilidade nas indústrias farmacêuticas: ajustes entre discursos e práticas gerenciais
Authors: Reis Devani Salomão de Moura
Published: October 2022

O discurso dos gestores nas indústrias farmacêuticas sobre sustentabilidade é dirigido a seus colaboradores e busca vincular práticas gerenciais ambientais, econômicas e sociais a uma imagem positiva da empresa. Diversas organizações têm dificuldade em associar seus discursos às práticas da gestão sustentável, ou seja, “o comprometimento permanente dos empresários de adotar um comportamento ético e contribuir para o desenvolvimento econômico, melhorando, simultaneamente, a qualidade de vida de seus empregados e de suas famílias, da comunidade local e da sociedade como um todo, para sua sustentabilidade”. (Melo Neto & Froes, 1999:90). Devido ao aspecto diversificado destes discursos dos gestores, às vezes ambíguos e conflitantes nos seus enfoques (ambientais, econômicos e sociais), os funcionários das organizações podem ter entendimento impreciso sobre o que é sustentabilidade e quais atitudes se esperam dele dentro e fora da organização para estar comprometido com este conceito. Objetivo: Os propósitos dessa pesquisa foram verificar e analisar quais fatores influenciam a interpretação do conceito de sustentabilidade dos gerentes e seus funcionários nas indústrias farmacêuticas, sejam eles ambientais, econômicos ou sociais, e o que impede que os discursos organizacionais se transformem em práticas mais sustentáveis.
The Role of Leptin-Melanocortin System and Human Weight Regulation: Lessons from Experiments of Nature
Authors: Lee Yung Seng
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Common obesity is a multi-factorial trait, contributed by the “obesogenic” environment of caloric abundance and increasing automation, sedentary lifestyle and an underlying genetic susceptibility. There have been major advances in the past decade in our understanding of the human weight regulation mechanism and pathogenesis of obesity, abetted by discoveries of genetic defects which lead to human obesity.

Materials and Methods: Reports of genetic mutations causing obesity in humans and murine models were reviewed

Results: Humans with genetic defects resulting in leptin deficiency, leptin receptor deficiency, pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency (POMC), and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency developed severe obesity as the dominant phenotypic feature, though these are rare autosomal recessive conditions, except MC4R deficiency which is inherited in an autosomal co-dominant fashion. Common and rare variants of the POMC and melanocortin 3 receptor genes may be pre-disposing factors in the development of common obesity. Recent reports of human obesity associated with thyrosine kinase B (TrkB) defect and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) disruption, coupled with other murine studies, supported the role of BDNF/TrkB as effectors downstream of the melanocortin receptors.

Conclusions: Despite exciting discoveries of single gene mutations resulting in human obesity, most cases of obesity are likely the result of subtle interactions of several related genetic variants with environmental factors which favour the net deposition of calories as fat, culminating in the obese phenotype. The mechanisms of action of these genes in the development of obesity are now being examined, with the aim of eventually discovering a therapeutic intervention for obesity.

Key words: Leptin, Melanocortin, Obesity
The Role of Genes in the Current Obesity Epidemic
Authors: Lee Yung Seng
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Obesity is a global pandemic and a major health concern. Obesity is a common but complex, multifactorial disorder with high heritability, where as much as 80% of the variance in the body mass index (BMI) is attributable to genetic factors.

Materials and Methods: Literature on the contributing factors of the current obesity epidemic, and genetic basis of human obesity, were reviewed.

Results: The current increasing prevalence of obesity is a relatively recent global event driven by our modern lifestyle and dietary habits. Common obesity is the result of subtle interaction between numerous related genetic variants and environmental factors. The role of the obesity genes in this current epidemic is passive, but its impact is highly significant, because individuals with these genes may be predisposed to severe or even morbid obesity when exposed to the modern “obesogenic” environment.

Conclusions: The human weight regulation mechanism evolved and becomes efficient in preventing weight loss, but is relatively ineffective in preventing excessive weight gain. The modern “obesogenic” environment encourages a sedentary lifestyle and provides easy access to processed food, which leads to a reduction of energy expenditure and increased caloric intake. We have inadvertently created a biology- environment mismatch, as the human weight regulation is unable to evolve fast enough to keep pace with the environmental change. This resulted in maladaptation of an otherwise sound and metabolically efficient physiological mechanism, with serious metabolic consequences.

Key words: Genes, Maladaptation, Obesity
Rationale for Redefining Obesity in Asians
Authors: Low Serena , Chin Mien Chew , Ma Stefan , Heng Derrick , Deurenberg-Yap Mabel
Published: October 2022

Introduction: There has been extensive research on defining the appropriate body mass index (BMI) cut-off point for being overweight and obese in the Asian population since the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Consultation Meeting in 2002.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed the literature on the optimal BMI cut-off points for Asian populations. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, National Institute for Health Research Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (NHS CRD) Database, Cochrane Library and Google. Attempts to identify further studies were made by examining the reference lists of all retrieved articles. There were 18 articles selected for the review.

Results: There were 13 studies which have identified the BMI cut-off points for Asian populations lower than the international BMI cut-off points recommended by the WHO. Many of the studies have recommended lowering BMI cut-off point specific for Asian populations. A few studies concurred with the recommended cut-off point for Asian populations recommended by International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the WHO in 2002. Asian populations were also noted to have higher cardiovascular risk factors than Western populations at any BMI level.

Conclusions: Further research would be needed to look at the all-cause mortality at same BMI levels between Asians and Caucasians in order to evaluate the BMI cut-off recommendations for Asian populations. It is necessary to develop and redefine appropriate BMI cut-off points which are country-specific and ethnic-specific for Asians. These will facilitate the development of appropriate preventive interventions to address the public health problem posed by obesity.

Obesity is a condition characterised by an excess of body fats. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were about 1.6 billion overweight adults aged 15 years and above and at least 400 million adults worldwide in 2005. Obesity poses a serious health burden as it is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and some cancers.

Key words: Adult, Body mass index, Risk factors
Consequences of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Lee Yung See
Published: October 2022

Introduction: The incidence of childhood obesity is rising across the globe, and obesity related co-morbidities are increasing concomitantly in the paediatric population.
Materials and Meth- ods: PubMed search for research and review papers on complications of childhood obesity was performed.

Results: The consequences of childhood obesity can be broadly classified into medical and psychosocial consequences. Medical consequences include metabolic complications such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and me- chanical problems such as obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and orthopaedic disorders. Psychological and social consequences are prevalent but often overlooked. Local data on these complications were also discussed.

Conclusion: Childhood obesity is associated with significant morbidities, which not only have immediate impact on the health of the obese children, but also significantly increase the risk of morbidities in adulthood.

Key words: Medical consequence, Psychosocial consequence
Cholera in Zimbabwe
Authors: Fisher Dale
Published: October 2022

Cholera in Zimbabwe remains uncontrolled, with cholera-associated deaths continuing to be reported in 9 of the nation’s 10 provinces. In the 4 months since the outbreak began in August 2008, more than 35,000 suspected cases have been reported, including 1753 deaths. All provinces are affected but Harare sees almost one third of cases. It is possible that the cumulative numbers could double over the next few months, especially as January to March is a rainy season. The case fatality rate is a remarkably high 3% to 10%, reflecting the difficult circumstances faced by local healthcare providers and the increasingly involved external agencies.
Laparoscopic Pelvic Surgery for Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Tay Eng-Hseon
Published: October 2022

Introduction: The traditional approach for the treatment of endometrial cancer by laparotomy is increasingly being replaced by laparoscopic surgery. The advantages of laparoscopy have been well-documented. Laparoscopy avoids the morbidity of a laparotomy, overcomes the limitations of vaginal hysterectomy, provides adequate pathological information for an accurate surgical staging and expedites the postoperative recovery of patients. This paper reports the outcome of a series of 50 consecutive cases of laparoscopic hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancers that were performed by the author. The objective is to review the perioperative, postoperative experience and survival outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer managed by laparoscopic surgery performed by a single surgeon.

Materials and Methods: The records of 50 consecutive patients with endometrial cancers from October 1995 to October 2007 treated by laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and laparoscopic hysterectomy (total and assisted) were retrospectively reviewed. Data on patients’ attributes, endometrial cancers, surgical procedures, surgical complications and morbidity, perioperative experience, length of hospital stays and clinical outcome were analysed.

Results: Laparoscopic surgery was successful in all 50 patients and is clearly an option for the treatment of early endometrial cancer.

Conclusion: Careful patient selection and surgical competency are instrumental in ensuring successful treatment.

Key words: Endometrial cancer, Hysterectomy, Lymphadenectomy, Laparoscopic surgery, Uterine cancer
Right-Siting of Medical Care: Role of the Internist
Authors: Pinheiro Leslie
Published: October 2022

General internal medicine is now an essential service, and may in time be the main vehicle of delivery of healthcare to an ageing population, since resources are finite. One model for an equitable system of healthcare delivery may be the integration of General Internal Medicine as the core matrix, around which the various subspecialties deliver quality care. This is now a reality in many hospitals, where all subspecialists serve for varying periods in general medical wards, some even achieving dual accreditation. This promotes integration rather than fragmentation of services. Subspecialties will thrive, for the general workload will also be shared by internists in an equitable fashion. The obvious beneficiaries are the patients, and the health economics will also benefit the funding bodies. The services provided by internists must also be expanded into new fields, e.g. medicine for disasters, so as to promote cost-effective medical care, research and teaching, and also to achieve right-siting of patient care. It must also be emphasised that the specialties remain integral parts of the matrix, so that all departments complement one another, rather than compete with each other. The collegiality engendered is essential for a more congenial workplace, so as to promote staff retention.

Key words: Cost-effective, Research and teaching, Service, Staff retention
The Independent Campus Learning Towards Industrial Revolution 5.0
Authors:   postgraduate Doctoral Program, State University of Jakarta, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, Yunida Helvy , Tjalla Awalludin , Sarifah Iva
Published: October 2022

The Independent Learning and Independent Campus are new curricula initiated by the Minister of Education and culture. This curriculum is in line with the character of young people in this digitalization era. Where today's young people have more interests and talents that are different from the past, therefore today is said to be the millennial era. Where today's young people do not want to be confined from the desire to be creative according to their interests, talents and potential according to their era. This idea is inseparable from the experience of the Minister of Education and culture abroad. He wants to develop the experience he got while abroad in Indonesia. Along with this digital era, Indonesia must be ready for the industrial revolution 5.0. With the implementation of independent learning and independent campuses, learners can fill their skills by participating in extracurricular activities in the form of courses, internships/work practices, Student Exchanges, Teaching Assistance in Education Units, Research/Research, Entrepreneurial Activities, Independent Studies/Projects and developing villages/ thematic real work lectures. Where this activity is carried out within the Study Program and outside the Study Program. The government hopes that after completing education, they can immediately prepare themselves to enter the world of work. So that college graduates are ready to use. Both enter the world of work and the world of entrepreneurship. So that there will be no more unemployment in Indonesia, because young people are ready to compete in the national and international arena. So that it can welcome the era of the industrial revolution 5.0.
Scholastic Performance and Professional Identity of Prospective Early Childhood Education Teachers
Authors:   Graduate School, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Manila, Philippines, Yingya Zhou
Published: October 2022

This study discusses the current situation of professional identity of early childhood education students in colleges From three aspects: professional cognition, professional attitude and emotion, and professional behaviour, and tries to understand the influencing factors of professional identity, including personal information, scholastic performance, etc. The study determined the relationship between the professional identities with the scholastic performance of the prospective early childhood education teachers. Results show that scholastic performance is significantly and positively correlated with the total professional identity score.