bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Networks Underlying Plant Responses and Adaptation to Cold Stress
Authors: Ding Yanglin , Shi Yiting , Yang Shuhua
Published: July 2024

Cold is an important environmental factor limiting plant growth and development. Recent studies have revealed the complex regulatory networks associated with plant responses to cold and identified their interconnections with signaling pathways related to light, the circadian clock, plant hormones, and pathogen defense. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of cold perception and signal transduction pathways. We also summarize recent developments in the study of cold-responsive growth and flowering. Finally, we propose future directions for the study of long-term cold sensing, RNA secondary structures in response to cold, and the development of cold-tolerant and high-yield crops.
The Life of the Rule of Law
Authors: Scheppele Kim Lane
Published: July 2024

The rule of law has become all things to all people, which is precisely why it has been hard to define. Rather than attempt that feat, this article traces how the rule of law has developed as a set of specific governing practices both in the history of comparative law and in recent policy debates. Whereas national legal traditions blended ideas about the constraining effects of law with normative ideas about the organization of politics, the policy conversation has tended to depoliticize law altogether. As a result, it became possible for aspirational autocrats determined to undermine normative legal constraints to game the system and use law for autocratic ends. The rule of law is now beginning a new life, however, through a movement to deparochialize law and re-embed it in transnational norms. This rule of law writ large has become a new touchstone for holding political power accountable through law.
Abortion Law Illiberalism and Feminist Politics in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Erdman Joanna N. , Bergallo Paola
Published: July 2024

Since the 1970s, a liberal politics has dominated comparative abortion law, one almost too ubiquitous to name. This article tracks departures from liberal abortion law in Europe and the Americas that have reshaped the field of comparative abortion law. Section 2 examines the repurposing of liberal abortion law for illiberal ends in a conservative moment of authoritarian governments and their anti-gender campaigns. Drawing on larger ideas of autocratic legalism, the article analyzes how governments and courts have used the features of liberal abortion law to revoke or defeat abortion rights. Section 3 examines the counter-emergence of a feminist protest politics that has abandoned liberal abortion law in a democratic remaking of society and state. Today, in abortion lawmaking through democratized institutions and in the unmaking of abortion law through direct action, feminist movements are reclaiming comparative abortion law and its politics.
Neo-Institutional Analyses of Criminal Legal Organizations and Policies
Authors: Rubin Ashley T. , Vaughn Paige E. , Rudes Danielle S.
Published: July 2024

Since emerging in the late 1970s and early 1980s, neo-institutional theory has been a popular framework for understanding law, legal institutions, and policies on the books and in action. Neo-institutional theory has been particularly useful for explaining diverse criminal justice phenomena, from changes in penal law and policy statements to on-the-ground practices across police departments, courts, carceral facilities, and community corrections. This review describes how scholars of the criminal legal system have used neo-institutional theory and where there is room for further utilization. Additionally, it discusses how and why neo-institutional theory is particularly useful for sociolegal scholars, and not only those studying criminal legal organizations and policies.
When the Host Encounters the Cell Wall and Vice Versa
Authors: Kho Kelvin , Cheng Thimoro , Buddelmeijer Nienke , Boneca Ivo G.
Published: July 2024

Peptidoglycan (PGN) and associated surface structures such as secondary polymers and capsules have a central role in the physiology of bacteria. The exoskeletal PGN heteropolymer is the major determinant of cell shape and allows bacteria to withstand cytoplasmic turgor pressure. Thus, its assembly, expansion, and remodeling during cell growth and division need to be highly regulated to avoid compromising cell survival. Similarly, regulation of the assembly impacts bacterial cell shape; distinct shapes enhance fitness in different ecological niches, such as the host. Because bacterial cell wall components, in particular PGN, are exposed to the environment and unique to bacteria, these have been coopted during evolution by eukaryotes to detect bacteria. Furthermore, the essential role of the cell wall in bacterial survival has made PGN an important signaling molecule in the dialog between host and microbes and a target of many host responses. Millions of years of coevolution have resulted in a pivotal role for PGN fragments in shaping host physiology and in establishing a long-lasting symbiosis between microbes and the host. Thus, perturbations of this dialog can lead to pathologies such as chronic inflammatory diseases. Similarly, pathogens have devised sophisticated strategies to manipulate the system to enhance their survival and growth.
Key Parameters Controlling the Performance of Catalytic Self-Pumping Membranes
Authors: Fang Yuhang , Anandan Sudharshan , Moran Jeffrey L. , Warsinger David M.
Published: July 2024

Previous studies have demonstrated that a membrane coated with Pt and Au on opposing sides will pump liquid through its pores via catalytic reactions of fuels like H2O2. A membrane pore of such a catalytic membrane was studied via 2D axisymmetric modeling, which solved the Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Stokes equations in COMSOL 5.5. We used a validated model from our prior work and varied key parameters, including the pH value, pore radius, porosity, and pore length, to examine their effect on self-pumping flow rates. The results show that the self-pumping flow rate is most sensitive to pore radius and the operating pH value, followed by porosity (pore area fraction) and pore length. The trade-off between increased ionic current and increased ionic strength can be balanced by tuning these parameters, contributing to optimum self-pumping performance. A membrane with a pore radius of 5μm, porosity of 20%, and pore length of 10μm obtained an optimum membrane-average flow velocity of 2.6μm/s when operating under a pH 7 environment, which is an improvement of over 100% over the maximum experimentally demonstrated velocity. The results highlight the potential of utilizing catalytic reactions to manipulate liquid via membranes/microchannels without external power. Guidelines for the design of the catalytic self-pumping membrane/microchannel are proposed at the end.
Exercise training and spexin ameliorate thyroid changes in obese type 2 diabetic rats: the possible interlaying mechanisms
Authors: Rizk Fatma H. , Barhoma Ramez A. E. , El-Saka Mervat H. , Ibrahim Hoda A. , El-Gohary Rehab M. , Ismail Radwa , Motawea Shaimaa M. , Salem Ola , Hegab Islam Ibrahim
Published: July 2024

This study proves, for the first time, the beneficial effects of SPX on thyroid dysfunction in obese diabetic rats and suggests that SPX mediates the EX effect on thyroid gland and exerts its effect mainly via GALR2.
Effect of muscle length on the modulation of H-reflex and inhibitory mechanisms of Ia afferent discharges during passive muscle lengthening
Authors: Colard Julian , Jubeau Marc , Crouzier Marion , Duclay Julien , Cattagni Thomas
Published: July 2024

Original results are that in response to passive muscle lengthening and increased muscle length, inhibition of the effectiveness of activated Ia afferents to discharge α-motoneurons increases, with primary afferent depolarization and homosynaptic postactivation depression mechanisms playing central roles in this regulatory process. Our findings highlight for the first time a cumulative inhibitory effect of muscle lengthening and increased muscle length on the effectiveness of activated Ia afferents to discharge α-motoneurons.
Biofunctionalized Waste Brick Powder to Enhance Performance of Blend Cement Mortar
Authors: Pan Jianyun , Cui Liyun , Zhang Xin
Published: July 2024

Utilizing waste brick powder (BP) as an alternative binder in cementitious materials is a low‐cost option for recycling waste BP. However, the degradation of concrete properties triggered by the low activity of brick dust is still a widespread concern. Hence, this study utilizes plant‐based tannic acid (TA) to modify BP, enhancing its surface activity and achieving high‐value utilization of the BP. The research content involves studying the physicochemical changes on the surface of modified BP and analyzing its impact on the mechanical properties of mortar at macroscopic and microscopic scales. The study shows that TA mainly adheres to the BP surface through O─C═O and C─OH bonding and in situ chelates with calcium elements to form nanoscale microcrystals (as evidenced by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests). These phenolic hydroxyl groups and nano‐microcrystals collectively regulate cement hydration, resulting in a dense pore structure and a homogeneous BP‐paste hydration interface (as confirmed by nanoindentation tests), optimizing the mechanical and shrinkage properties of the mortar. BP modified with 0.1% TA showed a 26.32% increase in compressive strength and a 15.64% increase in flexural strength at 28 days, with a 25.08% reduction in shrinkage after 90 days. These findings provide a possibility for the preparation of excellent performance of BP concrete and realize the efficient application of BP.
A Novel Transient Analysis of Multiterminal VSC‐HVDC System Incorporating Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
Authors: Ahmed Wajid , Manohar Premila , Basha C. H. Hussaian
Published: July 2024

Power transmission using a voltage source converter‐ (VSC‐) based high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) system offers autonomous control of real and reactive power, constant DC voltage polarity, and bidirectional power flow. This helps to realize the multiterminal VSC‐HVDC system and its integration into renewable energy sources to meet the growing power demand. However, there is a risk of higher voltages and currents during a DC line fault. The barrier to the advancements of VSC‐MTDC systems is the nonavailability of commercial, higher‐rated DC circuit breakers. This necessitates research on alternative methods of DC fault‐clearing schemes with available technologies. In this direction, a superconducting fault current limiter (SCFCL) is an alternative option to mitigate the problems encountered in VSC‐MTDC system operation. Because of this, there are not many VSC‐MTDC systems available worldwide. This paper discusses different issues associated with the transient performance of the VSC‐MTDC system. A representative case involving resistive SCFCL for DC line protection is presented. The simulations are carried out in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform.
Assessing the Impact of Boer Goat x Indigenous Goat Crossbreeding on Reproductive Performance and Farmer Perceptions in Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Habtegiorgis Kebede , Legesse Debir , Bikamo Mohamed
Published: July 2024

Crossbreeding aims to increase the productivity of local or indigenous animals by introducing exotic breeds. This study aims to assess the effects of crossbreeding using 50% Boer bucks crossed with Ethiopian indigenous Woyto‐Guji goats and to evaluate farmers’ perceptions towards crossbred kids. Data were collected from five purposively selected districts in southern Ethiopia. Personal interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field observations were employed to gather information on the goat production systems and farmers’ perceptions. The mean ± SD of goat flock size in the study area were 7.31 ± 5.89 heads per household (HH) with larger flock sizes observed in the Alaba zone (10.32 ± 6.56). Goats in the studied areas were primarily kept for income generation. The average age at first kidding was 11.3 ± 1.3 months. Relatively better management practices were observed for crossbred goats in the Alaba, Loko Abaya, and Gurage zones. Respondent farmers highly appreciated Boer crossbred goats due to their superior perception of attractive coat color (4.39 times greater,P< 0.001), docile behavior (3.59 times greater,P< 0.001), fast growth rate (1.64 times greater,P< 0.05), and market preference (5.81 times greater,P< 0.001). However, susceptibility to disease and drought was considered as drawbacks of crossbred kids in the studied areas. It was also reported that crossbreed goats fetched better prices than indigenous goats of a similar age group and under the same management system. All visited farmers expressed a strong interest in crossbreeding. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Boer crossbred goats perform well in southern Ethiopia. Therefore, the continued production of crossbred kids can be disseminated to these areas. Additionally, it is suggested to consider the interests of goat producers in the remaining areas. Integrated improved management systems need to be implemented to enhance the survival of crossbred kids. Sustainable training programs should be organized for goat keepers, focusing on aspects such as crossbreeding, minimizing inbreeding, buck rotation, and improved feeding and management practices.
An Analysis of Image Classification Using Wavelet‐Based Autoencoder Architecture and Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Said Salwa , Hassairi Salima , Yahia Siwar , Ejbali Ridha , Zaied Mourad
Published: July 2024

In recent machine learning applications, promising outcomes have emerged through the integration of Deep Learning (DL) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) techniques with wavelet networks (WN), leading to high classification accuracy. Researchers have explored various strategies to enhance classifier performance. Among these methods, Deep Wavelet Autoencoders (AE) and the Deep Wavelet ELM algorithm have been extensively applied in diverse image classification domains. This research paper conducts a comparative analysis between these two wavelet AE‐based techniques. The first approach involves the development of a Deep Stacked Sparse Wavelet Autoencoder (DSSWAE), while the second method focuses on creating a Deep Wavelet ELM Autoencoder (DW‐ELM‐AE). To enable a comprehensive comparison, experiments were conducted using different datasets, specifically MNIST and COIL‐20. The results clearly demonstrate that the Deep Stacked Wavelet AE (DSWAE) and DSSWAE algorithms outperform the State‐of‐the‐Art (SOTA) techniques in terms of accuracy efficiency, emphasizing their significant potential for a wide range of image classification applications.
A Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Onchocerciasis With Vector Control and Mass Drug Administration
Authors: Karuhanga Martin , Yiga Victor
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we investigate the transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis with asymptomatic infected humans using a mathematical model. The model incorporates interventions for treatment and vector control to evaluate the impact of these strategies. We analyse the model to determine the existence and stability of equilibrium points. Our results reveal that for the disease to persist in the community, the infection rate must exceed the sum of the treatment rate and the per capita death rate due to the disease. Sensitivity analysis highlights the critical role of the blackfly vector’s average daily biting rate in disease transmission. Numerical simulations indicate that administering highly effective drugs to infected individuals significantly reduces the number of cases. Therefore, in addition to vector control, the use of highly efficient drugs is crucial for controlling the transmission of river blindness.
Modeling and Analysis of Fasciola Hepatica Disease Transmission
Authors: Yihunie Dagnaw Tantie , Mugisha Joseph Y. T. , Gebru Dawit Melese , Alemneh Haileyesus Tessema
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Fasciola hepatica in cattle and snail populations is formulated and analyzed. The snail mortality rate (μs) is the most important factor that indirectly impacts the basic reproduction number (R0). A 50% change, either an increase or decrease, in the snail mortality rate will result in an approximate 50% change in the opposite direction in the value of R0. The model shows a forward bifurcation at R0 = 1, indicating that the disease dynamics undergo a critical transition at this threshold. This change signifies a transition from a disease‐free state to a persistent infection, highlighting the possibility of a continuous disease presence given specific epidemiological conditions. Simulations show that reducing miracidia, metacercariae, and snail populations, improving treatment, and lowering pathogen transfer between cattle and snails significantly decrease disease prevalence in cattle. To control the disease, transmission rates for cattle and snails must be reduced below γc = 1.4338 × 10−7 and γs = 1.1473 × 10−8, respectively. Current treatments are insufficient, and a combination of improved treatments reduced transmission rates, and increased snail mortality is recommended for better disease control.
In‐Plane Free Vibration Analysis by Using an Efficient Simple Plane Element
Authors: Yaghoobi Majid , Sedaghatjo Mohsen , Alizadeh Reyhaneh
Published: July 2024

This article presents an in‐plane free vibration analysis using an efficient plane element based on strain states. In this element formulation, Taylor’s expansion of the strain field is exploited around the origin of the coordinates. The magnitudes of the strain gradient at the origin are referred to as strain states. The second‐order deformation field is calculated by assuming a linear strain field and using the relationship between displacement and strain. The number of unknowns in the formulation is reduced through the establishment of equilibrium equations. Shape functions are obtained by utilizing a dependency between the strain states and nodal displacement. The mass and stiffness matrices of the element are computed using these shape functions. Several benchmark tests are employed to demonstrate the efficiency of the element in free vibration analysis. The results of well‐established elements by other researchers are available in these tests. In some of these tests, the insensitivity of the elements’ results to distortion is evaluated in free vibration analysis. A comparison of the frequency answers of the elements shows that the element created based on strain state has high accuracy even in coarse distorted meshes. Also, the convergence rate of this element is investigated in the regular and distorted meshes. The accuracy of this element in the coarse mesh is significant. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the element created based on strain state to distortion is less than other elements.
Stochastic and Deterministic Models for Rubella Dynamics with Two Doses of Vaccination and Vertical Transmission
Authors: Tilahun Getachew Teshome , Tolasa Tariku Merga , Asfaw Manalebish Debalike , Wole Getinet Alemayehu
Published: July 2024

Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease that can be transmitted through contact with infected people or objects. If a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus, which can cause birth defects. To prevent rubella, children need to receive the MMR vaccine twice. In this study, we developed a deterministic and stochastic mathematical model to investigate the dynamics of rubella infection, considering vertical transmission and environmental factors. The model divides the population into five groups: susceptible, first vaccinated, protected, infected, and recovered. From the perspective of the qualitative behavior of the model, the model is bound to an invariant domain, and all solutions within the compartment are positive. We analyzed the equilibrium point of the model and its stability, and we determined the basic reproductive number using the next‐generation matrix. The basic reproductive number for the stochastic model is smaller than that for the deterministic model due to randomness. By comparing the two models in terms of the basic reproductive number, extending the deterministic model to a stochastic model can provide more realistic information about the disease, predict its dynamic propagation, and give suggestions for control mechanisms. Numerical simulations and sensitivity analyses were performed to study the influence of fundamental parameters, and the simulation results were displayed graphically using the MATLAB computer software. Parameter values were obtained from published papers, some of which were assumed. The simulation results show that the stochastic curve is not as smooth as the deterministic curve due to the randomness of the rubella. The consideration of the double vaccination dose and white noise intensity plays an important role in predicting disease status and minimizing and eradicating rubella. Therefore, reducing vertical infection and transmission rates and increasing vaccination and recovery rates will help to prevent and control the spread of rubella.
Exosomal Thomsen–Friedenreich Glycoantigen: A New Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Lung and Breast Cancer Diagnoses
Authors: Hsu Chang-Chieh , Su Yafei , Rittenhouse-Olson Kate , Attwood Kristopher M. , Mojica Wilfrido , Reid Mary E. , Dy Grace K. , Wu Yun
Published: July 2024

Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles released by cells to transport biomolecules such as proteins and RNAs for intercellular communication. Exosomes play important roles in cancer development and metastasis; therefore, they have emerged as potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer screening, diagnosis, and management. Many exosome cargos, including proteins, RNAs, and lipids, have been extensively investigated as biomarkers for cancer liquid biopsy. However, carbohydrates, an important type of biomolecule, have not yet been explored for this purpose. In this study, we reported a new exosomal carbohydrate biomarker, α-linked Thomsen–Friedenreich glycoantigen (TF-Ag-α; Galβ1-3GalNAc-α). To translate our discovery into clinical settings, we developed a surface plasmon resonance–based assay which utilized a unique mAb, JAA-F11, with high specificity to measure the levels of exosomal TF-Ag-α in blood. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that exosomes carry TF-Ag-α. We detected exosomal TF-Ag-α in as low as 10 μL serum samples from patients with cancer, but in contrast, levels were negligible in those from normal controls. With a total of 233 patients with cancer and normal controls, we showed that exosomal TF-Ag-α detected lung cancer (n = 60) and breast cancer (n = 95) from normal controls (n = 78) with ≥95% and ≥97% accuracy, respectively. These results demonstrated that exosomal TF-Ag-α is a potential liquid biopsy biomarker for cancer diagnosis.

Significance:

Exosomes or small extracellular vesicles have emerged as potent biomarkers of cancer liquid biopsy. We discovered a new exosomal carbohydrate marker, TF-Ag-α (Galβ1-3GalNAc-α), and showed that exosomal TF-Ag-α detected both lung and breast cancers with >95% accuracy. Our findings demonstrated that exosomal TF-Ag-α is a promising liquid biopsy biomarker for cancer screening and early detection.
Effect of Multiple Types of High-fat Diet Induction on Gut Microbiota Profile and Butyrate Levels on NAFLD Rat Model
Authors: Mustika Syifa ,   Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia, Ramadhani Nabila , Sari Novita Apramadha Kartika , Handayani Dian , Santosaningsih Dewi ,   Bachelor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia,   Medical Doctor, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia,   Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia,   Dewi Santosaningsih
Published: July 2024

Dysbiosis, marked by a decline in Firmicutes (such as Clostridium spp.) and a rise in Proteobacteria (such as Escherichia coli), is recognized as a pathway linked to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). High-fat food may influence the development of NAFLD. This study investigates the effect of different high-fat diets on gut microbiota composition and butyrate levels in a rat model. Four groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (n=27) were fed specific diets for 12 weeks: normal diet (ND, n=7), high-fat diet (HFD, n=6), western diet (WD, n=7), and high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFHFD, n=7). Stools were cultured on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) for Escherichia coli and Forget Fredette Agar (FFA) for Clostridium spp. Colonies were counted using Total Plate Count (TPC), and butyrate levels were measured with gas chromatography. Liver histology was assessed with the NAFLD activity score (NAS). Gut microbiota were analyzed using Crosstab and Chi-Square tests, and butyrate levels with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Butyrate levels decreased in NAFLD-inducing diet groups (HFD, WD, HFHFD) compared to ND (p=0.021). Escherichia coli colony counts were significantly higher in NAFLD-inducing diet groups (p=0.048), while Clostridium spp. counts were higher in ND (p=0.001). Liver histological changes, particularly in the WD group, resembled NAFLD. These findings imply that different high-fat diets can alter the gut microbiome, potentially influencing NAFLD development.
The Leaf Extract of Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. Contains Anti-oxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Activities
Authors: Wibawa I Putu Agus Hendra ,   School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Haw-thorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, Hanafi Muhammad , Butardo Jr Vito M. , Mahon Peter J. ,   Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek Area, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia,   School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Haw-thorn, Victoria 3122, Australia,   School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Haw-thorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
Published: July 2024

The medicinal plant Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. (Meliaceae) is native to Indonesia, but its bioactive potential has been little explored. This study de- termined the phenolic content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of D. parasitic- cum leaf extracts. Dried, powdered leaves were sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by colorimetric assays. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest phenolic content at 21.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, while antidiabetic activity was assessed as inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. The ethyl acetate extract showed potent antioxidant (IC50 30.72 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibitory (IC50 16.32 μg/mL) activities compared to standard controls. Putative bioactive components were identified by LC-MS/MS, including stylosin, capillartemisin A, 19β-glucosyl-14-deoxy-11,12- didehydroandrographoside, daturametelin H, stigmas-3,6-dione, 2α,3β,4α-trihy- droxy nortropane and arnebinone. The traditional use of D. parasiticum is validated by its antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential, which is associated with its phenolic content.
Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose TBS on Poststroke Upper Extremity Motor Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tang Zhiqing , Huang Jianting , Zhou Ying , Ren Jianxun , Duan Xinyu , Fu Xiaoxuan , Pan Ruiqi , Wang Rongrong , Zhang Ping , Ding Mengying , Sun Jian , Zhang Xiaonian , Chi Qianqian , Zhang Yue , Zhang Xin , Yu Weiyong , Xu Liu , Zhang Hao , Liu Hesheng
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Upper extremity (UE) motor function impairment is a major poststroke complication whose recovery remains one of the most challenging tasks in neurological rehabilitation. This study examined the efficacy and safety of the personalized neuroimaging–guided high-dose theta-burst stimulation (TBS) for poststroke UE motor function recovery.

METHODS:

Patients after stroke with UE motor impairment from a China rehabilitation center were randomly assigned to receive high-dose intermittent TBS (iTBS) to ipsilesional UE sensorimotor network, continuous TBS (cTBS) to contralesional UE sensorimotor network, or sham stimulation, along with conventional therapy for 3 weeks. The primary outcome was the score changes on the Fugl-Meyer assessment-UE from baseline to 1 and 3 weeks. The secondary outcomes included the response rate on Fugl-Meyer assessment-UE scores posttreatment (≥9-point improvement) and score changes in multidimensional scales measuring UE, lower extremity, and activities and participation.

RESULTS:

From June 2021 to June 2022, 45 participants were randomized and 43 were analyzed. The iTBS and continuous TBS groups showed significantly greater improvement in Fugl-Meyer assessment-UE (mean improvement, iTBS: 10.73 points; continuous TBS: 10.79 points) than the sham group (2.43 points) and exhibited significantly greater response rates on Fugl-Meyer assessment-UE (iTBS, 60.0%; continuous TBS, 64.3%) than the sham group (0.0%). The active groups consistently exhibited superior improvement on the other 2 UE assessments at week 3. However, only the iTBS group showed greater efficacy on 1 lower extremity assessment than the sham group at week 3. Both active groups showed significant improvements in activities and participation assessments.

CONCLUSIONS:

The study provides evidence for the efficacy and safety of high-dose TBS in facilitating poststroke UE rehabilitation.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
www.chictr.org.cn
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR2100047340.
Improved myelin water imaging using B1+ correction and data-driven global feature extraction: Application on people with MS
Authors: Zlotzover Sharon , Omer Noam , Radunsky Dvir , Stern Neta , Blumenfeld-Katzir Tamar , Reichman Dominique Ben-Ami , Shrot Shai , Hoffmann Chen , Ben-Eliezer Noam
Published: July 2024

The predominant technique for quantifying myelin content in the white matter is multicompartment analysis of MRI’s T2 relaxation times (mcT2 analysis). The process of resolving the T2 spectrum at each voxel, however, is highly ill-posed and remarkably susceptible to noise and to inhomogeneities of the transmit field (B1+). To address these challenges, we employ a preprocessing stage wherein a spatially global data-driven analysis of the tissue is performed to identify a set of mcT2 configurations (motifs) that best describe the tissue under investigation, followed by using this basis set to analyze the signal in each voxel. This procedure is complemented by a new algorithm for correcting B1+ inhomogeneities, lending the overall fitting process with improved robustness and reproducibility. Successful validations are presented using numerical and physical phantoms vs. ground truth, showcasing superior fitting accuracy and precision compared with conventional (non-data-driven) fitting. In vivo application of the technique is presented on 26 healthy subjects and 29 people living with multiple sclerosis (MS), revealing substantial reduction in myelin content within normal-appearing white matter regions of people with MS (i.e., outside obvious lesions), and confirming the potential of data-driven myelin values as a radiological biomarker for MS.
The Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in the Conduct Disorder Literature: A Time‐Sensitive Review
Authors: Brown Tashalee R. , Jansen Madeline O. , Lin Binx Yezhe , Rogers Cynthia E. , Xu Kevin Y.
Published: July 2024

Background

Among presenting conditions in pediatric acute care settings, conduct disorder (CD) is a potentially stigmatizing yet common diagnosis in the setting of behavioral dysregulation requiring psychiatric admission. Concerns exist about over‐diagnosis of CD in non‐Hispanic Black children relative to White peers and the potential for the CD diagnosis to obfuscate manifestations of co‐occurring psychiatric conditions.

Methods

We evaluated the number of manuscripts on CD diagnoses that report race and ethnicity and co‐occurring mental health characteristics (i.e., history of trauma, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], or substance use disorders [SUDs]) that are often undertreated in racially minoritized children. Using the keywords “conduct disorder” or “externalizing disorder,” we screened peer‐reviewed articles in PubMed published from January 2013 to November 2023.

Results

We screened 2791 manuscripts for potential inclusion, of which 136 were original research articles with data on children with CD diagnoses. Thirteen articles contained racial and ethnic data for people with CD diagnoses, with the majority illustrating that Black children were overrepresented among those with CD diagnoses. No studies provided details on how race and ethnicity were ascertained and few mentioned racism as a potential explanation for racial disparities in CD diagnoses. No studies contained data collected after 2016, with three studies using data collected as early as 2001–2002. Across all articles, data on co‐occurring trauma, ADHD, and SUDs were scarce.

Conclusions

The overwhelming majority of studies on CD diagnoses did not provide comprehensive data on race and ethnicity and co‐occurring psychiatric disorders in children receiving diagnoses of CD.
Diffusion indices alteration in major white matter tracts of children with tic disorder using TRACULA
Authors: Kang June Christoph , Chi SuHyuk , Mok Young Eun , Kim Jeong-Ahn , Kim So Hyun , Lee Moon Soo
Published: July 2024

Background

Tic disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by involuntary movements or vocalizations. Previous studies utilizing diffusion-weighted imaging to explore white-matter alterations in tic disorders have reported inconsistent results regarding the affected tracts. We aimed to address this gap by employing a novel tractography technique for more detailed analysis.

Methods

We analyzed MRI data from 23 children with tic disorders and 23 healthy controls using TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA), an advanced automated probabilistic tractography method. We examined fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity in 42 specific significant white matter tracts.

Results

Our findings revealed notable differences in the children with tic disorders compared to the control group. Specifically, there was a significant reduction in FA in the parietal part and splenium of the corpus callosum and the left corticospinal tract. Increased RD was observed in the temporal and splenium areas of the corpus callosum, the left corticospinal tract, and the left acoustic radiation. A higher mean diffusivity was also noted in the left middle longitudinal fasciculus. A significant correlation emerged between the severity of motor symptoms, measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, and FA in the parietal part of the corpus callosum, as well as RD in the left acoustic radiation.

Conclusion

These results indicate a pattern of reduced interhemispheric connectivity in the corpus callosum, aligning with previous studies and novel findings in the diffusion indices changes in the left corticospinal tract, left acoustic radiation, and left middle longitudinal fasciculus. Tic disorders might involve structural abnormalities in key white matter tracts, offering new insights into their pathogenesis.
Dabigatran accumulation in acute kidney injury: is more better than less to prevent bleeding? A case report
Authors: Matbouli Rafik , Pantet Olivier , Castioni Julien , Vakilzadeh Nima , Alberio Lorenzo , Hugli Olivier
Published: July 2024

Dabigatran is an oral anticoagulant that is mainly renally excreted. Despite its efficacy in preventing thromboembolic events, concerns arise regarding bleeding complications in patients with acute kidney injury. Idarucizumab is its specific antidote and reverses quickly and effectively dabigatran anticoagulation effects in situations of severe bleeding or pending surgical procedures, but its benefit beyond these two indications remains uncertain. We present a case of a woman with atrial fibrillation anticoagulated by dabigatran and admitted with Streptococcus agalactiae meningitis, acute kidney injury and dabigatran accumulation. Idarucizumab was not administered initially as she did not meet its current strict indications. However, subsequently, significant bleeding necessitated its use. A rebound increase in dabigatran concentration was associated with an intracranial hemorrhage, but the combination of additional doses of idarucizumab with hemodialysis lowered the dabigatran concentration and prevented significant rebound increases. Further investigation into the optimal management of dabigatran accumulation and acute kidney injury-associated bleeding is needed to enhance patient outcomes and safety. Early initiation of hemodialysis together with idarucizumab administration may be crucial in preventing life-threatening bleeding events in these patients.
Comprehensive analysis of Alfin-like transcription factors associated with drought and salt stresses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Wenyan , Wang Ziyi , Li Na , Xie Yongfeng , Zhao Yanhong
Published: July 2024

Background

Alfin-like proteins are a kind of plant-specific transcription factors, and play vital roles in plant growth, development and stress responses.

Results

In this study, a total of 27 Alfin-like transcription factors were identified in wheat. TaAL genes were unevenly distributed on chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis showed TaAL genes were divided into AL-B and AL-C subfamilies, and TaALs with closer evolutionary relationships generally shared more similar exon-intron structures and conserved motifs. The cis-acting element analysis showed MBS, ABRE and CGTCA-motif were the most common in TaAL promoters. The interacting proteins and downstream target genes of TaAL genes were also investigated in wheat. The transcriptome data and real-time PCR results indicated TaAL genes were differentially expressed under drought and salt stresses, and TaAL1-B was significantly up-regulated in response to drought stress. In addition, association analysis revealed that TaAL1-B-Hap-I allelic variation had significantly higher survival rate compared to TaAL1-B-Hap-II under drought stress.

Conclusions

These results will provide vital information to increase our understanding of the Alfin-like gene family in wheat, and help us in breeding better wheat varieties in the future.
CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12a target site richness reflects genomic diversity in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Authors: Collier Travis C. , Lee Yoosook , Mathias Derrick K. , López Del Amo Víctor
Published: July 2024

Due to limitations in conventional disease vector control strategies including the rise of insecticide resistance in natural populations of mosquitoes, genetic control strategies using CRISPR gene drive systems have been under serious consideration. The identification of CRISPR target sites in mosquito populations is a key aspect for developing efficient genetic vector control strategies. While genome-wide Cas9 target sites have been explored in mosquitoes, a precise evaluation of target sites focused on coding sequence (CDS) is lacking. Additionally, target site polymorphisms have not been characterized for other nucleases such as Cas12a, which require a different DNA recognition site (PAM) and would expand the accessibility of mosquito genomes for genetic engineering. We undertook a comprehensive analysis of potential target sites for both Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases within the genomes of natural populations of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti from multiple continents. We demonstrate that using two nucleases increases the number of targets per gene. Also, we identified differences in nucleotide diversity between North American and African Aedes populations, impacting the abundance of good target sites with a minimal degree of polymorphisms that can affect the binding of gRNA. Lastly, we screened for gRNAs targeting sex-determination genes that could be widely applicable for developing field genetic control strategies. Overall, this work highlights the utility of employing both Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases and underscores the importance of designing universal genetic strategies adaptable to diverse mosquito populations.
Morphological, anatomical, and transcriptomics analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of cassava plant height development
Authors: Cai Zhaoqin , Ruan Lixia , Wei Wanling , He Wen , Yang Haixia , Chen Huixian , Liang Zhenhua , Huang Zhenling , Lan Xiu , Zhang Xiufen , Huang Ruolan , Zhao Chunhui , Li Tianyuan , He Longfei , Li Hengrui
Published: July 2024

Background

Cassava is one of three major potato crops and the sixth most important food crop globally. Improving yield remains a primary aim in cassava breeding. Notably, plant height significantly impacts the yield and quality of crops; however, the mechanisms underlying cassava plant height development are yet to be elucidated.

Results

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for cassava plant height development using phenotypic, anatomical, and transcriptomic analyses. Phenotypic and anatomical analysis revealed that compared to the high-stem cassava cultivar, the dwarf-stem cassava cultivar exhibited a significant reduction in plant height and a notable increase in internode tissue xylem area. Meanwhile, physiological analysis demonstrated that the lignin content of dwarf cassava was significantly higher than that of high cassava. Notably, transcriptome analysis of internode tissues identified several differentially expressed genes involved in cell wall synthesis and expansion, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis between the two cassava cultivars.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that internode tissue cell division, secondary wall lignification, and hormone-related gene expression play important roles in cassava plant height development. Ultimately, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of plant height morphogenesis in cassava and identifies candidate regulatory genes associated with plant height that can serve as valuable genetic resources for future crop dwarfing breeding.
The effect of pre- and post-harvest sodium nitroprusside treatments on the physiological changes of cut Alstroemeria aurea ‘Orange Queen’ during vase life
Authors: Sadeghi Soheila , Jabbarzadeh Zohreh
Published: July 2024

Cut flowers deteriorate rapidly after harvest, lasting mere days. To extend their vase life, various postharvest techniques are employed. Due to limited knowledge about the postharvest physiology of Alstroemeria cut flowers and the specific role of secondary compounds and antioxidant systems in their protection, this study investigated the optimal dosage of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a nitric oxide (NO) donor to enhance quality and antioxidant defenses. Preharvest foliar application of SNP at 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM followed by short-term pulsing treatments upon harvest at the same concentrations were applied in a factorial design. Results revealed that a preharvest 100 µM SNP treatment combined with a 50 µM postharvest pulse significantly increased the total amount of phenols (over 20%), antioxidant capacity (more than doubled), and the activity of two antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase by over 35% and guaiacol peroxidase by about 20%). Notably, this combination also diminished ion leakage (by about 20%), ultimately extending the vase life by more than 40% compared to untreated plants. Therefore, SNP application at these specific dosages proves effective in bolstering Alstroemeria cut flower quality and vase life through enhanced total phenols and a strengthened antioxidant system.
Heat stress reprograms herbivory-induced defense responses in potato plants
Authors: Zhong Jian , Zhang Jinyi , Zhang Yadong , Ge Yang , He Wenjing , Liang Chengjuan , Gao Yulin , Zhu Zengrong , Machado Ricardo A. R. , Zhou Wenwu
Published: July 2024

Climate change is predicted to increase the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, which may thereby impact the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions. While elevated temperature is known to directly affect herbivore growth, it remains largely unclear if it indirectly influences herbivore performance by affecting the host plant they feed on. In this study, we investigated how transient exposure to high temperature influences plant herbivory-induced defenses at the transcript and metabolic level. To this end, we studied the interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and the larvae of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) under different temperature regimes. We found that P. operculella larvae grew heavier on leaves co-stressed by high temperature and insect herbivory than on leaves pre-stressed by herbivory alone. We also observed that high temperature treatments altered phylotranscriptomic patterns upon herbivory, which changed from an evolutionary hourglass pattern, in which transcriptomic responses at early and late time points after elicitation are more variable than the ones in the middle, to a vase pattern. Specifically, transcripts of many herbivory-induced genes in the early and late defense stage were suppressed by HT treatment, whereas those in the intermediate stage peaked earlier. Additionally, we observed that high temperature impaired the induction of jasmonates and defense compounds upon herbivory. Moreover, using jasmonate-reduced (JA-reduced, irAOC) and -elevated (JA-Ile-elevated, irCYP94B3s) potato plants, we showed that high temperature suppresses JA signaling mediated plant-induced defense to herbivore attack. Thus, our study provides evidences on how temperature reprograms plant-induced defense to herbivores.
An unusual cause of cardiac arrest in a young infant
Authors: Wu Yuhao , Che Siyi , Li Yonggang
Published: July 2024

Background

Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the inappropriate sinus of Valsalva (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart lesion. It is uncommon for patients with AAOCA to present with severe symptoms at a very young age.

Case presentation

We describe a very rare but critical presentation in a young infant with AAOCA that requires surgical repair and pacemaker placement. A three-month-old infant was referred because of syncope. Cardiac arrest occurred shortly after admission. The electrocardiogram indicated a complete atrioventricular block and a transvenous temporary pacemaker was implanted. A further coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) showed the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. Coronary artery unroofing was performed due to an interarterial course with the intramural component, and a permanent epicardial pacemaker was implanted. The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and this patient was thriving and asymptomatic at the nine-month follow-up. However, the electrocardiogram still indicated a complete pacing rhythm.

Conclusions

By timely diagnosis and treatment, this patient is successfully rescued. Although rare, AAOCA may be fatal even in infants.