bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dead reckoning based target tracking in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Raza Muhammad Taqi , Bag Gargi , Yoo Seung-Wha , Kim Ki-Hyung
Published: August 2010

Target tracking is one of the key applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that forms basis for numerous other applications. Real situations in tracking, such as an unexpected change in the mobile event's direction, failure of event detection, or transmission failure of an error message may result into erroneous tracking information. Thus, in order to prevent and handle errors effectively, it is required that tracking algorithm must incorporate error avoidance and error correction phase. In this paper we present Dead Reckoning (DR) based target tracking protocol. DR determines target's present position by projecting its past positions and speed over elapsed time and known target's path. Moreover, it inherits the functionality of error correction and error avoidance using a position fix technique. The performance of DR based tracking is also discussed, which confirms the efficacy of the algorithm.
Using improved resource interfaces to formally describe adaptability in embedded systems
Authors: Persson Magnus , Törngren Martin
Published: August 2010

In embedded systems, timing and resource utilization are vital aspects, having impacts on the deployed software. In this paper, an extensible formal framework for modeling of resource usage and adaptability of software components is introduced. The formalism explicitly supports modeling resources of various types and in different ways; and the timing requirements that applications have. The models can be used as a basis for quantitative analysis, and in the extension as a basis for system synthesis. An example of usage of the formalism is given.
Non‐Gaussianity from Particle Production during Inflation
Authors: Barnaby Neil
Published: August 2010

In a variety of models the motion of the inflaton may trigger the production of some non‐inflaton particles during inflation, for example via parametric resonance or a phase transition. Such models have attracted interest recently for a variety of reasons, including the possibility of slowing the motion of the inflaton on a steep potential. In this review we show that interactions between the produced particles and the inflaton condensate can lead to a qualitatively new mechanism for generating cosmological fluctuations from inflation. We illustrate this effect using a simple prototype model for the interaction between the inflaton, ϕ, and iso‐inflaton, χ. Such interactions are quite natural in a variety of inflation models from supersymmetry and string theory. Using both lattice field theory and analytical calculations, we study the production of χ particles and their subsequent rescatterings off the condensate ϕ(t), which generates bremsstrahlung radiation of light inflaton fluctuations δϕ. This mechanism leads to observable features in the primordial power spectrum. We derive observational constraints
on such features and discuss their implications for popular models of inflation. Inflationary particle production also leads to a very novel kind of nongaussian signature which may be observable in future missions.
GIMAP Proteins in T-Lymphocytes
Authors: Filén Sanna , Lahesmaa Riitta
Published: August 2010

(GIMAPs) GTPase of the immunity associated protein family are a novel protein family of putative small GTPases. GIMAPs are mainly expressed in the cells of the immune system and have been associated with immunological functions, such as thymocyte development, apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes and T helper cell differentiation. GIMAPs have also been linked to immunological diseases, such as T cell lymphopenia, leukemia and autoimmune diseases. In this review we examine the role of GIMAP proteins in T-lymphocyte biology.
On the Breeding of Bivoltine Breeds of the Silkworm,Bombyx moriL. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), Tolerant to High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions of the Tropics
Authors: Singh Harjeet , Kumar N. Suresh
Published: August 2010

The hot climatic conditions of tropics prevailing particularly in summer are contributing to the poor performance of the bivoltine breeds and the most important aspect is that many quantitative characters such as viability and cocoon traits decline sharply when temperature is high. Hence, in a tropical country like India, it is very essential to develop bivoltine breeds/hybrids which can withstand the high temperature stress conditions. This has resulted in the development of CSR18×CSR19, compatible hybrid for rearing throughout the year by utilizing Japanese thermotolerant hybrids as breeding resource material. Though, the introduction of CSR18×CSR19 in the field during summer months had considerable impact, the productivity level and returns realized do not match that of other productive CSR hybrids. Therefore, the acceptance level of this hybrid with the farmers was not up to the expected level. This has necessitated the development of a temperature tolerant hybrid with better productivity traits than CSR18×CSR19. Though, it was a difficult task to break the negative correlation associated with survival and productivity traits, attempts on this line had resulted in the development of CSR46×CSR47, a temperature tolerant bivoltine hybrid with better productivity traits than CSR18×CSR19. However, though, these hybrids are tolerant to high temperature environments, they are not tolerant to many of the silkworm diseases. Keeping this in view, an attempt is made to develop silkworm hybrids tolerant to high temperature environments.
Exploring newer cardioprotective strategies: ω-3 fatty acids in perspective
Authors: Tremoli Elena , Tufano Antonella , Russolillo Anna , Lupoli Roberta , Di Minno Giovanni , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario
Published: August 2010

In the 1980s, observational retrospective studies showed an inverse relation between coronary heart disease (CHD) and consumption of fish containing fatty acids that belong to the omega (ω)-3 family. Large case-control studies and prospective intervention trials consistently showed that ω-3 fatty acids supplementation lowers fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death. By analysing the strengths of the results of individual studies and how the meta-analyses agree with them, putting together relevant backgrounds, and identifying open questions, the following findings/directions emerge. (i) Dietary and non-dietary intake of ω-3 fatty acids reduces overall mortality, mortality due to MI, and sudden death in patients with CHD; (ii) Fish oil consumption directly or indirectly affects cardiac electrophysiology. Fish oil reduces heart rate, a major risk factor for sudden death; (iii) Among patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators, ω-3 fatty acids do not reduce the risk of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation and may actually be pro-arrhythmic; (iv) The consumption of ω-3 fatty acids leads to a 10–33% net decrease of triglyceride levels. The effect is dose-dependent, larger in studies with higher mean baseline triglyceride levels, and consistent in different populations (healthy people, people with dyslipidaemia, diabetes, or known cardiovascular risk factors); (v) Outcomes for which a small beneficial effect ω-3 fatty acids is found include blood pressure (about 2 mmHg reduction), re-stenosis rates after coronary angioplasty (14% reduction), and exercise tolerance testing. Major experimental data provide strength (biological plausibility) for these findings, and define directions for newer clinical trials with ω-3 fatty acids.
Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes in Relation to Renal Function
Authors: James Stefan , Budaj Andrzej , Aylward Philip , Buck Kristen K. , Cannon Christopher P. , Cornel Jan H. , Harrington Robert A. , Horrow Jay , Katus Hugo , Keltai Matyas , Lewis Basil S. , Parikh Keyur , Storey Robert F. , Szummer Karolina , Wojdyla Daniel , Wallentin Lars
Published: August 2010

Background—

Reduced renal function is associated with a poorer prognosis and increased bleeding risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes and may therefore alter the risk-benefit ratio with antiplatelet therapies. In the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial, ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel reduced the primary composite end point of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke at 12 months but with similar major bleeding rates.

Methods and Results—

Central laboratory serum creatinine levels were available in 15 202 (81.9%) acute coronary syndrome patients at baseline, and creatinine clearance, estimated by the Cockcroft Gault equation, was calculated. In patients with chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance <60 mL/min; n=3237), ticagrelor versus clopidogrel significantly reduced the primary end point to 17.3% from 22.0% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.90) with an absolute risk reduction greater than that of patients with normal renal function (n=11 965): 7.9% versus 8.9% (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.02). In patients with chronic kidney disease, ticagrelor reduced total mortality (10.0% versus 14.0%; HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.89). Major bleeding rates, fatal bleedings, and non–coronary bypass–related major bleedings were not significantly different between the 2 randomized groups (15.1% versus 14.3%; HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.30; 0.34% versus 0.77%; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.15 to 1.54; and 8.5% versus 7.3%; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.68). The interactions between creatinine clearance and randomized treatment on any of the outcome variables were nonsignificant.

Conclusions—

In acute coronary syndrome patients with chronic kidney disease, ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel significantly reduces ischemic end points and mortality without a significant increase in major bleeding but with numerically more non–procedure-related bleeding.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:http://www.clinicatrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 Contributes to Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension and Associated Pathophysiology
Authors: Jennings Brett L. , Sahan-Firat Seyhan , Estes Anne M. , Das Kanak , Farjana Nasreen , Fang Xiao R. , Gonzalez Frank J. , Malik Kafait U.
Published: August 2010

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, and angiotensin II is one of the major components of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms for the development of hypertension are unknown. Our recent study showing that angiotensin II–induced vascular smooth muscle cell growth depends on cytochrome P450 1B1 led us to investigate its contribution to hypertension caused by this peptide. Angiotensin II was infused via miniosmotic pump into rats (150 ng/kg per minute) or mice (1000 μg/kg per day) for 13 days resulting in increased blood pressure, increased cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, increased vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents, increased vascular reactive oxygen species production, and endothelial dysfunction in both species. The increase in blood pressure and associated pathophysiological changes were minimized by the cytochrome P450 1B1 inhibitor 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene in both species and was markedly reduced inCyp1b1−/−mice. These data suggest that cytochrome P450 1B1 contributes to angiotensin II–induced hypertension and associated pathophysiological changes. Moreover, 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene, which prevents both cytochrome P450 1B1–dependent and –independent components of angiotensin II–induced hypertension and inhibits associated pathophysiological changes could be clinically useful in the treatment of hypertension and associated cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
Heparin Induces Rat Aorta Relaxation via Integrin-Dependent Activation of Muscarinic M
3
Receptors
Authors: Paredes-Gamero Edgar J. , Medeiros Valquíria P. , Farias Eduardo H.C. , Justo Giselle Z. , Trindade Edvaldo S. , Andrade-Lopes Ana L. , Godinho Rosely O. , de Miranda Antonio , Ferreira Alice T. , Tersariol Ivarne L.S. , Nader Helena B.
Published: August 2010

Previous reports have shown that heparin may promote human hypotension and vascular relaxation by elevation of NO levels through unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that endothelial muscarinic M
3
receptor activation mediates the heparin-induced vasodilation of rat aortic rings. The experiments were carried out using unfractionated heparin extracted from bovine intestinal mucosa, which elicited an endothelium and NO-dependent relaxation of aortic segments with maximal potency and efficacy (EC
50
: 100±10 μmol/L; E
max
: 41±3%). Atropine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide inhibitors reduced the heparin-dependent relaxation, indicating that M
3
muscarinic receptor is involved in this phenomenon. However, no direct binding of heparin to muscarinic receptors was observed. More importantly, studies performed using the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide and 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-day]pyrimidin-4-amine, an Src family inhibitor, reduced by 51% and 73% the heparin-dependent relaxation, respectively, suggesting the coupling of heparin and M
3
receptor through extracellular matrix molecules and integrin. Furthermore, unfractionated heparin induced activation of focal adhesion protein kinase, Src, and paxillin. Finally, fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach confirmed the interaction of the M
3
receptor to integrin. Taken together, these data demonstrate the participation of M
3
receptor and integrin in heparin-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism and potential pharmacological action of heparin in vascular physiology.
On the Behaviour of Evolution Strategies Optimising Cigar Functions
Authors: Arnold Dirk V. , Beyer Hans-Georg
Published: August 2010

This paper studies the performance of multi-recombinative evolution strategies using isotropically distributed mutations with cumulative step length adaptation when applied to optimising cigar functions. Cigar functions are convex-quadratic objective functions that are characterised by the presence of only two distinct eigenvalues of their Hessian, the smaller one of which occurs with multiplicity one. A simplified model of the strategy's behaviour is developed. Using it, expressions that approximately describe the stationary state that is attained when the mutation strength is adapted are derived. The performance achieved by cumulative step length adaptation is compared with that obtained when using optimally adapted step lengths.
In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Statins on Platelet-Activating Factor and Its Metabolism
Authors: Tsantila Nektaria , Tsoupras Alexandros B. , Fragopoulou Elizabeth , Antonopoulou Smaragdi , Iatrou Christos , Demopoulos Constantinos A.
Published: August 2010

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins are widely used in these situations. Therefore, we assessed their effect on the biological activities and metabolism of PAF. Several statins, including simvastatin, exhibited an inhibitory effect against PAF, comparable with that of PAF-inhibitors. Simvastatin also suppressed in vivo PAF-biosynthesis via the de novo pathway, in leukocytes of 6 simvastatin-treated volunteers. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also significantly decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, EC50, and lag time were unaffected in these participants. Simvastatin with an intact lactone ring also inhibited PAF-activities, while incubation of human mesangial cells with it also resulted in decreased de novo PAF-biosynthesis. This suggests that these simvastatin-dependent effects are independent of its lactone ring. These new actions of statins should be further studied in PAF-implicated pathological conditions such as CVD, cancer, and renal disease.
A journey into symbolic disorder: Miskitu reactions to Mestizo Catholic ritual in Nicaragua
Authors: Jamieson Mark
Published: August 2010

This article considers a Catholic Miskitu catechist’s view of Managua’s festival of Santo Domingo, an event that should be understood as a ‘rite of reversal’ emphasizing ritual humiliation of the saint, symbolic disorder and regeneration. It shows that the horror experienced by the catechist witnessing this series of rituals, then travelling with the anthropologist, had less to do with a lack of a relativist appreciation for the practices of others, as evidenced by his appreciation of the festival of the Virgin of Fátima in Bluefields, than it did with a very real fear of symbolic inversion and the possibility of divine punishment. The article argues that an understanding of this reaction should be sought in the history of a in Miskitu Catholicism very different to orthodox Nicaraguan Catholicism and in Miskitu notions of divinity.
Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism associates with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic transplantation through impairment of both recipient- and donor-dependent mechanisms of antifungal immunity
Authors: Cunha Cristina , Di Ianni Mauro , Bozza Silvia , Giovannini Gloria , Zagarella Silvia , Zelante Teresa , D'Angelo Carmen , Pierini Antonio , Pitzurra Lucia , Falzetti Franca , Carotti Alessandra , Perruccio Katia , Latgé Jean-Paul , Rodrigues Fernando , Velardi Andrea , Aversa Franco , Romani Luigina , Carvalho Agostinho
Published: August 2010

The C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 plays a pivotal role in antifungal immunity. In this study, the recently characterized human DECTIN1 Y238X early stop codon polymorphism leading to diminished Dectin-1 receptor activity was studied in relation to invasive aspergillosis susceptibility and severity in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We found that the presence of the DECTIN1 Y238X polymorphism in either donors or recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increased susceptibility to aspergillosis, with the risk being highest when the polymorphism was present simultaneously in both donors and recipients (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.9; P = .005). Functionally, the Y238X polymorphism impaired the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-10 (IL-10), in addition to IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A, by human peripheral mononuclear cells and Dectin-1 on human epithelial cells contributed to fungal recognition. Mechanistically, studies on preclinical models of infection in intact or bone marrow-transplanted Dectin-1 knockout mice revealed that protection from infection requires a distinct, yet complementary, role of both donor and recipient Dectin-1. This study discloses Dectin-1 deficiency as a novel susceptibility factor for aspergillosis in high-risk patients and identifies a previously unsuspected role for Dectin-1 in antifungal immunity that is the ability to control both resistance and tolerance to the fungus contingent on hematopoietic/nonhematopoietic compartmentalization.
Functional roles of aspartate residues of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1); a D156Y mutation causing hereditary folate malabsorption
Authors: Shin Daniel Sanghoon , Min Sang Hee , Russell Laura , Zhao Rongbao , Fiser Andras , Goldman I. David
Published: August 2010

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; SLC46A1) mediates folate transport into enterocytes in the proximal small intestine; pcft loss-of-function mutations are the basis for hereditary folate malabsorption. The current study explored the roles of Asp residues in PCFT function. A novel, homozygous, loss-of-function mutation, D156Y, was identified in a child of Pakistani origin with hereditary folate malabsorption. Of the 6 other conserved Asp residues, only one, D109, is shown to be required for function. D156Y, along with a variety of other substitutions at this site (Trp, Phe, Val, Asn, or Lys), lacked function due to instability of the PCFT protein. Substantial function was preserved with Glu, Gly, and, to a lesser extent, with Ser, Thr, and Ala substitutions. This correlated with PCFT bio-tinylated at the cell surface. In contrast, all D109 mutants, including D109E, lacked function irrespective of pH (4.5, 5.5, and 7.4) or substrate concentration (0.5-100μM), despite surface expression comparable to wild-type PCFT. Hence, D156 plays a critical role in PCFT protein stability, and D109, located in the first intracellular loop between the second and third transmembrane domains, is absolutely required for PCFT function.
The adenosine A2A receptor is associated with methamphetamine dependence/psychosis in the Japanese population
Authors: Kobayashi Hideaki , Ujike Hiroshi , Iwata Nakao , Inada Toshiya , Yamada Mitsuhiko , Sekine Yoshimoto , Uchimura Naohisa , Iyo Masaomi , Ozaki Norio , Itokawa Masanari , Sora Ichiro
Published: August 2010

Background

Several lines of evidence suggest that the dopaminergic nervous system contributes to methamphetamine (METH) dependence, and there is increasing evidence of antagonistic interactions between dopamine and adenosine receptors. We therefore hypothesized that variations in the A2A adenosine receptor (ADORA2A) gene modify genetic susceptibility to METH dependence/psychosis.

Methods

We first analyzed variations in the exons and exon-intron boundaries of theADORA2Agene in METH dependent/psychotic patients. Then an association analysis between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and METH dependence/psychosis was performed using a total of 171 METH dependent/psychotic patients and 229 controls.

Results

We found 6 variations, of which one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was novel. Significant associations were observed between the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the Exon2+751 (rs5751876) SNP and METH dependence/psychosis. These associations were observed especially in females. In the clinical feature analyses, significant associations were observed between the SNP and the patient subgroup using METH alone (i.e., without concomitant use of other substances of abuse).

Conclusions

These results suggest that theADORA2Agene could be a vulnerability factor for METH dependence/psychosis, especially in females and/or in patients using only METH.
Brain herniation in a patient with apparently normal intracranial pressure: a case report
Authors: Dahlqvist Mats B , Andres Robert H , Raabe Andreas , Jakob Stephan M , Takala Jukka , Dünser Martin W
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Intracranial pressure monitoring is commonly implemented in patients with neurologic injury and at high risk of developing intracranial hypertension, to detect changes in intracranial pressure in a timely manner. This enables early and potentially life-saving treatment of intracranial hypertension.

Case presentation

An intraparenchymal pressure probe was placed in the hemisphere contralateral to a large basal ganglia hemorrhage in a 75-year-old Caucasian man who was mechanically ventilated and sedated because of depressed consciousness. Intracranial pressures were continuously recorded and never exceeded 17 mmHg. After sedation had been stopped, our patient showed clinical signs of transtentorial brain herniation, despite apparently normal intracranial pressures (less than 10 mmHg). Computed tomography revealed that the size of the intracerebral hematoma had increased together with significant unilateral brain edema and transtentorial herniation. The contralateral hemisphere where the intraparenchymal pressure probe was placed appeared normal. Our patient underwent emergency decompressive craniotomy and was tracheotomized early, but did not completely recover.

Conclusions

Intraparenchymal pressure probes placed in the hemisphere contralateral to an intracerebral hematoma may dramatically underestimate intracranial pressure despite apparently normal values, even in the case of transtentorial brain herniation.
WHO international cytokine standards and reference preparations
Authors: Tovey Michael G , Wadhwa Meenu , Thorpe Robin
Published: August 2010

How to access WHO International Standards and Reference Reagents for cytokines and growth factors.
Pharmacological management of core and comorbid symptoms in autism-spectrum disorder
Authors: Elvins Rachel , Green Jonathan
Published: August 2010

In this article we review the evidence base and practical experience supporting the use of psychopharmacological treatments for autism-spectrum disorders across the lifespan. Recent advances in knowledge are highlighted, as are the shortcomings of published data in this field. Psychosocial and educational interventions remain the core of treatment, but there is now evidence that medication management is a good option for certain domains of behaviour. We discuss the evidence in terms of symptom clusters, including the underlying social deficit of autism and common psychiatric comorbidities.
The Human Rights Act 1998: Article 8 case law and child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Curtice Martin , Hawkins Tim
Published: August 2010

The United Nations' 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child states that ‘the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth’. In the UK, children and young people are afforded protection by two important pieces of legislation: the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Human Rights Act 1998. There have been plentiful and varied challenges involving children and young people, in particular under Article 8 of the Human Rights Act. This review of Article 8 cases demonstrates both its use and key principles underpinning its use.
Compliance with NICE guidelines in the management of self-harm
Authors: Mullins Diane , MacHale Siobhan , Cotter David
Published: August 2010

Aims and method

To identify the provision of psychosocial assessments for all people attending an accident and emergency department in Ireland with a presentation indicative of self-harm over 12 months and to investigate whether the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for self-harm were met.

Results

A total of 834 attendances for self-harm were recorded. A psychosocial assessment was undertaken by a member of the liaison psychiatry team in 59% of attendances. Single male patients under 45 years of age represented 39% of those who did not receive a psychosocial assessment.

Clinical implications

Single men under the age of 45 years represent a vulnerable group in which levels of psychosocial assessment need to be optimised in order to meet the NICE guidelines for standards of care.
Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Recurrence and Survival Among Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: The Life After Cancer Epidemiology Study
Authors: Kwan Marilyn L. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Weltzien Erin , Tam Emily K. , Castillo Adrienne , Sweeney Carol , Caan Bette J.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To examine the association of alcohol consumption after breast cancer diagnosis with recurrence and mortality among early-stage breast cancer survivors.

Patients and Methods

Patients included 1,897 LACE study participants diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2000 and recruited on average 2 years postdiagnosis, primarily from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Cancer Registry. Alcohol consumption (ie, wine, beer, and liquor) was assessed at cohort entry using a food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI with adjustment for known prognostic factors.

Results

Two hundred ninety-three breast cancer recurrences and 273 overall deaths were ascertained after an average follow-up of 7.4 years. Nine hundred fifty-eight women (51%) were considered drinkers (> 0.5 g/d of alcohol), and the majority drank wine (89%). Drinking ≥ 6 g/d of alcohol compared with no drinking was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.83) and death due to breast cancer (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.29). The increased risk of recurrence appeared to be greater among postmenopausal (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.19) and overweight and obese women (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.38). Alcohol intake was not associated with all-cause death and possibly associated with decreased risk of non–breast cancer death.

Conclusion

Consuming three to four alcoholic drinks or more per week after a breast cancer diagnosis may increase risk of breast cancer recurrence, particularly among postmenopausal and overweight/obese women, yet the cardioprotective effects of alcohol on non–breast cancer death were suggested.
Reviews
Authors: Bono J. James , Ruch Adam , Ferguson Rebecca , i Gascn Joan-Francesc Fondevila
Published: August 2010

Subtle Archaeology: The Complex Infrastructures of Fallout 3

Fallout 3, Game of the Year Edition, Bethesda Game Studios (2008), Rockville, MD: Bethesda Softworks, $49.99 (USD)

Creed, Code and Culture: Assassin's Creed as Videogame Legend
Assassin's Creed, Ubisoft Montreal (2008), Montreuil: Ubisoft, $19.99 (USD)

A World of Possibilities
Digital Culture, Play and Identity: A World of Warcraft Reader, Hilde G. Corneliussen and Jill Walker Rettberg (eds) (2008), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
304 pp. ISBN 978-0-262-03370-1, Softcover, $31.95 (USD)

Space and Video Games: A Relation Led by the Player
Video Game Spaces: Image, Play, and Structure in 3D Worlds, Michael Nitsche (2008), Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 312 pp. ISBN: 978-0-262-14101-7, Paperback, $35.00
(USD)
Modification of Volumetric Pressure Plate Extractor
Authors: Yoo Kunsun , Rahardjo Harianto
Published: August 2010

A volumetric pressure plate (extractor) can be used to measure the soil-water characteristic curve in the laboratory using the axis translation technique. The volume of extracted water from the soil specimen in the volumetric pressure plate can be continuously measured during the test without the stoppage of air pressure during the measurements. However, the water volume measurement in the volumetric pressure plate requires an air trap, a ballast tube, a burette, and a vacuum device while maintaining a constant pore-water pressure in the soil specimen, which is quite complicated and tedious. In order to improve the measuring method of the volumetric pressure plate, a modified volumetric pressure plate was developed and tested on residual soil specimens. The modified apparatus can measure the volume of the extracted water using both Method A and Method B of ASTM D6836-02 depending on the range of matric suction. In addition, the volume of diffused air during testing can also be measured for correcting the water volume change measurements. The improvements of the modified apparatus and typical results obtained from the tests are discussed in the paper.
Evidence for expression of relaxin hormone-receptor system in the boar testis
Authors: Kato Shinichi ,   Siqin, Minagawa Itaru , Aoshima Takuya , Sagata Dai , Konishi Hirokazu , Yogo Keiichiro , Kawarasaki Tatsuo , Sasada Hiroshi , Tomogane Hiroshi , Kohsaka Tetsuya
Published: August 2010

Although the physiological role of relaxin (RLN) in males remains largely unknown, there is limited evidence that the testis might be a candidate source and target of RLN in boars, as RLN transcripts are detected in the boar testis and it contains RLN-binding sites. To determine whether the boar testis acts as a source and target tissue of RLN, we characterised the expression pattern and cellular localisation of both RLN and its own receptor LGR7 (RXFP1) in boar testes during postnatal development by molecular and immunological approaches. Testes were collected from Duroc boars, and partial cDNA sequences of the boar homologue of human RXFP1 were identified. RLN expression increased through puberty onwards, while RXFP1 expression changed little during development. RLN mRNA and protein expression were restricted to the Leydig cells, whereas both Leydig cells and seminiferous epithelial cells expressed RXFP1 mRNA and protein. Interestingly, RLN was expressed in the testis as an 18 kDa form (the expected size of proRLN), but not as the 6 kDa mature form, during development because of a lack of the enzyme required for proRLN processing. In contrast, RXFP1 was detected at all stages as specific bands of 75 and 91–95 kDa (likely non-glycosylated and glycosylated RXFP1 respectively). Thus, we provide evidence for expression of RLN–RXFP1 ligand–receptor system in the boar testis, suggesting that the testis act as a source and possible target tissue of RLN.
Glulisine Versus Human Regular Insulin in Combination With Glargine in Noncritically Ill Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Meyer Christian , Boron Anna , Plummer Elena , Voltchenok Marina , Vedda Rosemarie
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy and safety of the rapid-acting insulin analog glulisine and regular insulin in hyperglycemic hospitalized patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 180 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes received either glulisine (n = 88) or regular insulin (n = 92) before each meal in combination with insulin glargine at bedtime in a randomized double-blind fashion. All previous diabetes medications were discontinued if applicable. Doses of insulin were adjusted to obtain target blood glucose concentrations of <130 mg/dl before meals and at bedtime while avoiding hypoglycemia.

RESULTS

Overall mean blood glucose concentrations were ∼8 mg/dl lower in the glulisine group than in the regular insulin group (152.6 ± 66.6 vs. 160.4 ± 70.8 mg/dl; P < 0.0002). This improvement was wholly due to ∼22 mg/dl lower levels after 4 days of therapy (140 ± 55 vs. 162 ± 71 mg/dl; P < 0.0007); after day 4, this difference progressively increased such that mean blood glucose concentrations from day 7 onward were ∼31 mg/dl lower in the glulisine group. The mean daily incidence of hypoglycemia was slightly but not significantly lower in the glulisine than the regular insulin group (0.10 ± 0.02 vs. 0.14 ± 0.03 episode/day; P > 0.35).

CONCLUSIONS

In hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients, glulisine may provide better glycemic control than regular insulin, especially in those who have a prolonged length of stay.
The Corrosion Behavior of Sputter-deposited Ternary Zr-(12-18)Cr-W Alloys in 12 M HCl Solution
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: August 2010

Ternary amorphous or/and nanocrystalline Zr-(12–18)Cr–W alloys were successfullyprepared by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. The corrosion rates of Zr-(12-18)Cr-W alloys are in the range of 1-2 x 10-3 mm/y which are even lower than those of thesputter-deposited binary W-Zr and W-Cr alloys, and are nearly one order of magnitudelower corrosion rate than those of the alloy-constituting elements in 12 M HCl at 30°C,open to air. All the examined sputter-deposited amorphous or/and nanocrystalline Zr-(12-18)Cr–W alloys are passivated spontaneously. The zirconium addition suppresses theanodic dissolution current, and hence the anodic current densities of the alloys decreasedwith increasing the zirconium content in the alloys. It is, therefore, considered that thesimultaneous additions of zirconium and tungsten with 12-18 at% of chromium enhancesynergistically the corrosion-resistant and pitting corrosion of the sputter-depositedZr-(12-18)Cr-W alloys in 12 M HCl.Keywords: Corrosion-resistant; Zr-Cr-W alloys; Electrochemical measurement; Pitting corrosionDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v26i0.3625Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 26, 2010Page: 13-21
Entropy of Mixing of Cadmium-based Liquid Alloys
Authors: Chakrabarti S. K. , Jha B. K. , Jha I. S.
Published: August 2010

Cadmium is a highly reactive metal. At the time of formation of binary alloys in liquidphase it often forms complexes. In the present work we have considered two such complexforming binary liquid alloys of cadmium e.g. Cd-Na and Cd-Mg. The former alloy showsanomaly in its thermodynamic properties of mixing. On the other hand, the alloyingbehavior of the latter one is symmetric around the equi-atomic composition. We havecomputed their entropy of mixing (SM) for different concentrations of the ingredients byusing the quasi-lattice chemical model. The results explain the observed anomaly as well assymmetry in SM of the present alloys.Keywords: Binary liquid alloys of cadmium; Quasi-lattice chemical model; Entropy of mixingDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v26i0.3629Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 26, 2010Page:40-45
Role of Ponceau-S-Mannitol System for Generation of Electrical Energy in Photogalvanic Cell
Authors: Chandra Mahesh , Meena R. C.
Published: August 2010

Ponceau-S is used as a photo sensitizer in photogalvanic cell for solar energyconversion and mannitol is used as an electron donor in this study. The effects of variousparameters like pH, light intensity, diffusion length, reductant concentration and dyeconcentration on the electrical output of the cell is studied. The photopotential andphotocurrent generated by this cell are 1080 mV and 240 μA, respectively. The currentvoltage (i-V) characteristic of the cell is also studied and a mechanism for the generation ofphotocurrent is proposed.Keywords: Photogalvanic cel; Photopotentia; Ponceau-S; Mannito; PhotocurrentDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v26i0.3631Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 26, 2010Page: 46-52
Toward Understanding the Academic Trajectories of ESL Youth
Authors: Garnett Bruce
Published: August 2010

This study explores the variations in the academic trajectories of socio-demographic subgroups of English as a second language (ESL) students (N = 7527) in British Columbia, Canada. Results are compared to a native English speaker baseline (N = 37,612). Longitudinal data describing the 1997 Grade 8 cohort (i.e., students age 13, typically in their first year of secondary school) were obtained from the British Columbia Ministry of Education. Students are disaggregated by English proficiency, language spoken at home, and socio-economic status to indicate, through cross-tabulations and multivariate regression models, the effects of these variables on graduation and on enrolment and performance in senior-level English and mathematics courses associated with university entrance. Results are interpreted through a framework adapted from Cummins (1997). Ethnocultural background, as proxied by language spoken at home, predicts trajectories robustly; an indicator of socio-economic status only partially attenuates its effects. Background factors such as English proficiency affect different ethnocultural groups differently. The variation under the ESL label and the need to disaggregate data for decision-making purposes are discussed.
The Impact of L2 Dialect on Learning French Vowels: Native English Speakers Learning Québécois and European French
Authors: Baker Wendy , Smith Laura Catharine
Published: August 2010

This article examines how a second language (L2) dialect affects how accurately the L2 is perceived and produced. Specifically, the study examined differences between the production and perception of French vowels /i/, /y/, and /u/ by learners of either Québec French (QF) or European French (EF). These vowels differ across the two varieties, both acoustically and because of assibilation of /t-d/ before /i-y/ for QF versus EF. As a result of these differences, QF has an additional acoustic cue with which to contrast /u/ and /i-y/. Anglophone learners of QF or EF were asked to identify and discriminate both QF and EF vowels and to produce the vowels in several phonetic contexts. Results indicate that QF learners were more accurate at discrimination and identification of these vowels as produced by both QF and EF speakers and that L2 dialect exposure affects how well learners perceive and produce these French vowels.
Assessment of Secondary Metabolites in In vitro Regenerated Plantlets of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent
Authors: Gokhale M. , Bansal Y.K.
Published: August 2010

Flavonoids  baicalein and baicalein-7-o-glucoside were estimated in in vitro raised (six months old) as well as nature grown (12 months old) plants of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Multiple shoot formation and elongation were obtained from axillary and apical bud explants of O. indicum on MS containing BAP (1 mg/l)  and AgNO3 (2 mg/l). Rooting of the regenerated  shoots  was achieved  on medium (half strength) containing IBA (1 mg/l) and AgNO3 (1 mg/l). A quantitative HPLC analysis of methanolic extract of leaf and root  indicated the enhancement of baicalein-7-o glucoside in in vitro raised root and leaf of Oroxylum indicum.  Key words: Assessment, Secondary metabolites, Regenerated plantlets, Oroxylum indicum D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i1.5961 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(1): 21-28, 2010 (June)
Efficacy of Outpatient Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Surgery
Authors: Murray Odhran , Holt Graeme , McGrory Roslynne , Kay Melanie , Crombie Alan , Kumar C. Senthil
Published: August 2010

Bilateral simultaneous hallux valgus correction is traditionally performed as an inpatient procedure due to concerns regarding adequate postoperative analgesia and difficulty mobilizing. We prospectively evaluated 40 consecutive patients (80 feet) who underwent outpatient surgical correction of bilateral symptomatic hallux valgus. Patients underwent preoperative radiological and clinical assessment using pain and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux assessment scores. Patients underwent preoperative counseling and were assessed for medical suitability for outpatient surgery. They were instructed to have responsible adult caregivers available for 24 hours postoperatively, easy access to after-hours emergency medical care, and access to a telephone. Procedures were performed under general anesthesia with local anesthetic ankle block.

Postoperatively, patients were discharged after assessment by medical, nursing, and physiotherapy staff with an oral analgesia regimen. Cast immobilization was not used. Patients were reviewed at 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively with repeated clinical and radiological assessment. All patients were discharged home and none required inpatient ward admission. Post-discharge, no patient presented to the emergency department or their general practitioner as a consequence of poor pain control. At final follow-up assessment, mean AOFAS hallux scores had improved from 58.1 (range, 29–80) to 89.0 (range, 47–100) (
P
<.001). The mean hallux valgus angle improved from 33.2° (range, 15°–53°) to 16.9° (range, 3°–39°) and the intermetatarsal angle had improved from 13.2° (range, 6°–23°) to 8.5° (range, 4°–15°) (
P
<.001). Eighty-five percent of patients reported that they would recommend outpatient surgery. Bilateral hallux valgus surgery can be performed safely as an outpatient procedure in selected patients with acceptable levels of patient satisfaction.
Clinical Results of Reversed V-Shaped High Tibial Corticotomy With Minimally Invasive Surgery Without Internal Fixation Devices
Authors: Madadi Firooz , Eajazi Alireza , Madadi Firoozeh , Besheli Laleh Daftari , Rokni Reza , Abbasian Mohammad Reza , Bigdeli Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2010

High tibial osteotomy is a method of treating knee osteoarthritis due to genu varum in advanced stages. High tibial osteotomy-associated problems continue to be reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical results of a new, innovative method of high tibial osteotomy with 3- to 13-year follow-up.

Between 1996 and 2006, our new surgical method was performed on 293 patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis and genu varum. All patients were examined preoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and at final follow-up. The Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Scoring System (HSS) was used at final follow-up, and limb alignment and patient satisfaction were reassessed. Immediate postoperative complications included varus recurrence, knee instability, and peroneal nerve palsy, and no signs of tibial nonunion or infection were observed. At final follow-up, 3 cases of genu recurvatum, 2 cases of peroneal nerve palsy, and 25 cases of loss of correction were observed. Average postoperative HSS score was 85 (range, 47–97), and 97.8% of the patients were satisfied.

This new method is a good alternative for the correction of genu varum because it requires a small incision, is soft tissue friendly, is a corticotomy instead of an osteotomy, requires no internal or external fixation devices, has a shorter duration and an acceptable complication and recurrence rate, and results in satisfactory HSS scores and higher patient satisfaction rates.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange Impairment Following Tourniquet Deflation: A Prospective, Single-Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Lin Lina , Wang Liangrong , Bai Yu , Zheng Liupu , Zhao Xiyue , Xiong Xiangqing , Jin Lida , Ji Wei , Wang Wantie
Published: August 2010

The tourniquet has been considered as a recognized cause of limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in orthopedic surgery resulting in a transient neutrophil, monocyte activation, and enhanced neutrophil transendothelial migration with potential remote tissue injury. This study investigated the effect of unilateral tourniquet application within a safe time limit on pulmonary function and the roles of lipid peroxidation and systemic inflammatory response. Thirty patients undergoing unilateral lower extremity surgery with or without tourniquet were equally divided into a control group with no tourniquet (Group C) and a tourniquet (Group T). Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P
a
O
2
), arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/A ratio), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO
2
) and respiratory index, plasma malondialdehyde, serum interleukin (IL) -6 and IL-8 levels were measured immediately before and 1 hour after tourniquet inflation/operation beginning, 0.5, 2, 6, and 24 hours after tourniquet deflation/operation ending. The results represented no significant changes in Group C with regard to either blood gas variables or levels of circulating mediators, while blood gas variable changes of greater A-aDO
2
and respiratory index and lower PaO2 and a/A ratio were shown at 6 hours following tourniquet deflation. The levels of malondialdehyde, IL-6, and IL-8 were increased over baseline values from 2 to 24 hours following tourniquet deflation in Group T. We concluded that tourniquet application within a safe time limit may cause pulmonary gas exchange impairment several hours after tourniquet deflation, where lipid peroxidation and systemic inflammatory response may be involved.
Current Concepts: Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: Abzug Joshua M. , Kozin Scott H.
Published: August 2010

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Explain how to diagnose infants with birth-related brachial plexus injuries.

2.

Describe the classification system used to characterize brachial plexus injuries.

3.

List the indications for microsurgical intervention for brachial plexus birth palsies.
Sequential Compression Device May Cause Peroneal Nerve Palsy
Authors: Wright Russell C. , Yacoubian Stephan V.
Published: August 2010

This article presents 2 cases of foot drop after joint replacement surgery that presented after sequential compression device application. In both cases, intact peroneal nerve function was documented by the surgeon in the recovery room prior to sequential compression device application. We believe that excessive pressure over the superficial aspect of the peroneal nerve in conjunction with decreased pain stimulus from analgesia may have contributed to these complications. We maintain sequential compression devices are the current mechanical thromboprophylaxis of choice; however, 4 recommendations are made to minimize the chances of this potential complication. First, precise attention should be given to patients who are short statured, as these patients can be more susceptible to having a sequential compression device improperly placed over the peroneal nerve at the fibular neck. Second, we recommend different size options become more widely available to accommodate varying patient sizes such that placement of the device is ensured to be distal to the fibular neck. Third, when using sequential compression device brands that have hook and look fastener straps, the straps should not be tight on application and frequent skin checks should be made to look for signs of over-compression. Lastly, we recommend considering delaying postoperative application of the sequential compression device until resolution of sensation following spinal or epidural anesthetic.