bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Therapy and Maternity Support Garment: Influence on Core Stability and Low Back Pain during Pregnancy and after Delivery
Authors: Zachovajevas Pavelas , Zachovajevienė Brigita , Banionytė Jūratė , Siaurodinas Arvydas
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Transversus abdominis muscle experiences extraordinary overstretching during gestation period and thus the ability of this muscle to stabilize spine decreases. These changes can cause chronic low back pain during pregnancy and after delivery. In order to solve this problem it is essential to apply proper and effective treatment methods. Hypothesis: physical therapy exercises are more effective than maternity support garment in low back pain treatment and core stability during pregnancy and after delivery.Research aim was to evaluate the influence of physical therapy and maternity support garment on spinal stability and low back pain during pregnancy and after delivery.Research methods. Study sample comprised 40 pregnant women. The assessments were made twice: at 28–35 weeks of gestation and 8–9 weeks after delivery. The low back pain was evaluated using SAS, core stability and transversus abdominis muscle activation were objectively tested using special device stabilizer and the presence of diastasis recti was tested as well. Research results. Physiotherapy is 42.4% more effective than maternity support garment in low back pain control during pregnancy and after delivery (p < 0.05). The best results of transversus abdominis muscle activation were observed in physiotherapy group with maternity support garment whereas participants without physiotherapy could not properly activate this muscle. The diastasis recti after delivery occurred only in control group, and in the group with maternity support garment it occurred 36.7% less frequently than in the group where women did not use this garment.Discussion and conclusions. 1. Perceived low back pain after delivery was less expressed in women wearing maternity support garment both among women attending and not attending physiotherapy exercises. Nevertheless, physical therapy was more effective in reducing low back pain than maternity support garment during pregnancy and after delivery. 2. Core stability after delivery improved among women attending physical therapy exercises, but in case of maternity support garment it improved better. In contrast, in case of not attending physiotherapy the spinal stability after delivery improved only for women wearing maternity support garment. 3. Core stability during pregnancy and after delivery was better among women attending physical therapy but not wearing maternity support garment compared to women not attending physical therapy but wearing maternity support garment. 4. Physical therapy and maternity support garment improves core stability during pregnancy and has a positive effect on activity of rectus abdominis muscles following delivery.Keywords: obstetrics, transversus abdominis muscle, exercises.
Comparative Study on Self-Assessment of Teaching Competencies of PE Student Teachers from Poland and Kosovo
Authors: Bronikowski Michał , Krzemińska Ida Laudańska , Kantanista Adam , Bronikowska Małgorzata , Szczepanowska Ewa , Morina Besnik
Published: May 2019

Research backgrounds and hypothesis. This study investigates the student teachers’ preparation for the practical school  placement  in  Poland  and  Kosovo.  Considering  the  two  countries  with  different  academic  backgrounds there might be reasonable differences in the state of students’ preparation to work practice. While other research  concentrates on teachers’  supervision  during practical placement the literature review carried out for this paper  illustrates that teaching practicum, which has been a focal point of many academic discussions, has been relatively little researched, especially from the students’ perspective of the process. Understanding the differences regarding  various academic systems may bring some more light into the search for the most effective ways of preparing student  teachers for the school practical placement. Research aim. The purpose of the study was to analyse the student teachers’ assessments of their actual teaching  competencies in order to further prepare a Cooperating PE Teachers Programme (COPET) at both universities. A  sample of 154 second year Bachelor undergraduates in Poznań and 128 students from Pristina and respectively 109 from Master students from Poznań, and 45 from Master students of the international post-graduate programme in Physical Education and Sport in Kosovo were surveyed.Research  method.  Quantitative  data  were  collected  via  the  Pre-Service  PE  Teachers  Self-Assessment Questionnaire including 25-items concerning three areas: organizational, didactic and pedagogical. A multivariate analysis of variance showed the differences between students from Poznań and Pristina. Research results. In our own research, the analysis of progression (visible in the difference between Bachelor and Master students) in their self-assessment indicates more critical self-reflection present in the assessments of students in Poznań. This was not common in the self-assessment of the students in Pristina as levels of their self-assessment at the two phases of the PETE programme (Bachelor and Master) were similar.Discussion and conclusions. Recommendations for further improvements of PETE programmes in both Polish  and Kosovan Higher Education Institutions concern the introduction of a COPET programme. Improving teaching  practice  and  professional  preparedness  of  student  teachers  requires  elevating  the  quality  of  academic  teaching  delivered to students throughout their studies. This especially concerns subjects dealing with the teaching of practical  and methodological skills. Equally important is the quality of early practical experience.Keywords: PE practical school placement, student teachers’ competencies, self-assessment.
From Cooperation of Parents and Educators Towards Empowering Partnership
Authors: Dumčienė Audronė , Šukienė Diana
Published: May 2019

Background. Partnership in this thesis is interpreted as the responsibility of children education which is taken by the members and their activity. The main role of the partners is to organize the environment of preschool education for children to use their prior knowledge and experience to understand new information and meaningful context.Methods. Two questionnaires were included in this research, 191 parents and 199 educators were questioned. Results. Educators and parents generally see the purpose of preschool education institution to stimulate the child’s social and cognitive development (88.9%) and considerably rarely the purpose is related to meeting the natural needs of a child (32.2%). Educators more often than parents thought that it was necessary to strengthen the education of parents in partnership with their children’s education (p < .001). Mutual ambition to collaborate (67.3%), better education of parents (49.2%), the maintenance of permanent connection (41.7%), information exchange (49.7%) and better confidence in each other (45.7%) would be helpful in seeking for more effective cooperation.Conclusions. Only a small percentage of parents understand that preschool education is most important to meet the natural needs of children, create healthy situations for the development of children’s inborn inclinations. Educators are not reoriented enough to the tendencies of nowadays and only one third of them believe in its importance to meet the natural needs of a child. In most cases parents and educators indicated the same factors which might influence empowering of parents and educators for the education cooperation which would develop into to partnership, but the importance of the  factors was often different.Keywords: empowering, cooperation, communication, preschool education, partnership.
Raumenų nuovargis po maksimalaus intensyvumo veloergometrinio fizinio krūvio taikant aktyvų poilsį
Authors: Bulotienė Daiva , Skurvydas Albertas , Mickevičienė Dalia , Brazaitis Marius , Buitkus Juozas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti kojų raumenų nuovargį ir jo išnykimo eigą, kai atliekamas maksimalaus intensyvumo veloergometrinis ﬁzinis krūvis ir po jo taikomas aktyvus poilsis. Sveiki aktyviai nesportuojantys kontrolinės grupės vyrai (amžius 20—21 metų; n = 18) atliko maksimalaus intensyvumo veloergometrinį ﬁzinį krūvį (3 × 30 s, poilsis tarp serijų — 4 min). Po 4 mėnesių tie patys tiriamieji (eksperimentinė grupė) atliko analogišką krūvį, tik po jo praėjus 12 minučių jie 20 minučių mynė veloergometrą, įveikdami 1 kg pasipriešinimą (dažnis — 60—70 aps. / min). Krūvio ir atsigavimo metu buvo registruojami šie rodikliai: vidutinis pedalų mynimo galingumas, elektrostimuliavimu su-kelta jėga raumeniui esant skirtingo ilgio, maksimalioji valinga jėga (MVJ), mažų dažnių nuovargis (MDN), laktato koncentracija kraujyje (La), kreatinkinazės (CK) aktyvumas serume, raumenų skausmas.Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad atlikus maksimalaus intensyvumo veloergometrinį krūvį sumažėjo visų stimuliavimo daž-nių sukelta jėga, MVJ neatsigavo iki pradinio dydžio abiejų testavimų metu, pasireiškė mažų dažnių nuovargis, kuris esant raumeniui mažo ilgio buvo ryškesnis. Aktyvus poilsis nesumažino raumens skausmo, neapsaugojo raumens nuo pažeidos, tačiau pagreitino MDN išnykimą.Raktažodžiai: griaučių raumenys, raumens ilgis, mažų dažnių nuovargis, atsigavimas, veloergometrinis fizinis krūvis, aktyvus poilsis.
VYRŲ RAUMENŲ NUOVARGIO YPATUMAI ATLIEKANT FIKSUOTĄ VELOERGOMETRINĮ KRŪVĮ
Authors: Bulotienė Daiva , Skurvydas Albertas , Mickevičienė Dalia , Brazaitis Marius , Mamkus Gediminas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — patikrinti žmogaus raumenų mažų dažnių nuovargio (MDN) atsiradimo metabolinę hipotezę. Buvo tiriami sveiki aktyviai nesportuojantys vyrai, kurių amžiaus vidurkis — 24,1 ± 3,1 m. Tyrimo metu raumenų pažeida sukelta atliekant dvi veloergometrinio krūvio serijas. Prieš krūvį buvo daroma pramankšta — 10 minučių dviračio pedalų mynimas 50—60 aps. / min dažnumu. Fizinis krūvis — 2 veloergometrinio krūvio serijos 110% MDS (mak-simalusis deguonies suvartojimas) intensyvumu. Darbas nutraukiamas tada, kai tiriamasis nebegali minti pedalų 60 aps. / min dažnumu (poilsis tarp serijų — 1 min). Prieš krūvį buvo atliekami kontroliniai matavimai — registruo-jama raumenų susitraukimo jėga, sukelta šių elektrostimuliavimo režimų: 1 Hz (Pt), 10 Hz (P 10), 15 Hz (P 15), 20 Hz (P 20) ir 50 Hz (P 50) (stimuliavimo trukmė — 1 s, poilsio intervalai tarp stimuliavimų — 5 s). Nustatoma raumens atsipalaidavimo trukmė iki pusės P 20 ir P 50 jėgos, atitinkamai RTP 20 ir RTP 50, maksimalioji valinga keturgalvio šlaunies raumens susitraukimo jėga (MVJ), laktato koncentracija kraujyje (La), dinaminio darbo ištvermė, kuri buvo vertinta atliekamo darbo trukme (T).Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad po veloergometrinio krūvio raumenyse ypač pasireiškė mažų dažnių nuovargis ir neiš-nyko per 30 minučių po krūvio. Sulėtėjo raumens atsipalaidavimas, tačiau per 30 minučių po krūvio jis atsigavo iki pradinio lygio. Tai rodo, kad atsiradus mažų dažnių nuovargiui raumens atsipalaidavimas nėra sumažėjęs.
Studentų vertybinių orientacijų ypatumai
Authors: Lekavičienė Rosita
Published: May 2019

Šiuolaikinėje diskusijoje apie vertybinių orientacijų prigimtį ir pobūdį išsiskiria dvi kryptys: 1) vertybė traktuojama kaip nuoroda į tikslą ir ji iškyla prieš žmogų kaip tai, kas turi būti; 2) vertybė suprantama kaip realiai funkcionuo-janti, t. y. kaip socialinio elgesio reguliatorius. Straipsnyje pristatomas empirinis tyrimas, kurio tikslas — nustatyti, ar vertybių eiliškumo viršūnėje esančios individo vertybės yra aktyviai funkcionuojančios, ar, priešingai, yra siekia-mybė, idealas, „kažko trūkumas“. Tiriamieji — 630 Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų studentų. Tyrimui naudota R. Ullrich ir R. de Muynck (1998 d) metodika  „Mano dabartinių vertybinių orientacijų anketa”. Nustatyta, kad studentų ver-tybiniai prioritetai yra „savęs realizacija ir nepriklausomybė“ (M = 2,16; σ = 0,56), „pripažinimas ir pagyrimas“ (M = 2,09; σ = 0,57), „palankumas ir pagalba“ (M = 2,08; σ = 0,56). Pastaroji vertybė dažniausiai ir realizuojama gyvenime (M = 1,89; σ = 0,46). Studentams mažiausiai vertinga „ramaus gyvenimo ir atsipalaidavimo“ vertybė (M = 1,42; σ = 0,91) bei „galėjimas valdyti ir turėti įtakos kitiems“ (M = 1,43; σ = 0,83). Nustatyta statistiškai reikšminga teigiama koreliacija (p = 0,000) tarp visų vertybių reikšmingumo tiriamajam ir tarp tą vertybę atitinkančio elgesio poreiškio dažnumo. Glaudžiausias ryšys tarp vertybės reikšmingumo ir tą vertybę atitinkančio elgesio po-reiškio dažnumo užﬁksuotas pagal „Kontaktų ir bendravimo“, „Valdžios ir įtakos“, „Ramybės ir atsipalaidavimo“ skales (visi  τ b  = 0,42; p = 0,000). Taigi galima teigti, kad vertybės atlieka socialinio elgesio reguliatoriaus vaidmenį ir rodo ketinimą veikti kurioje nors asmenybės socialinio aktyvumo srityje.Raktažodžiai: vertybinės orientacijos, vertybiniai prioritetai, elgesys.
Meninės gimnastikos sportininkių varžybų laikotarpio rengimo ir parengtumo sąveika
Authors: Rutkauskaitė Renata
Published: May 2019

Meninės gimnastikos atstovių sportinės specializacijos etapu didėja krūviai, o kartu su jais didėja ir sportininkių funk-cinio, techninio bei atletinio parengtumo reikalavimai. Nuolat augant sudėtingos koordinacijos šakų sportininkų ren-gimo krūviams, kyla klausimas, koks krūvis turėtų būti optimalus. Meninės gimnastikos krūvių ir sportinio parengtumo sąveika yra neanalizuota. Tyrimas atliktas nagrinėjant penkių Kauno gimnastikos sporto mokyklos varžybų laikotarpio rengimo programų veiksmingumą, kuris buvo nustatomas stebint 25 gimnasčių (po 5 kiekvienoje rengimo programoje) sportinius rezultatus. Nustatyta, kad per 24 savaičių varžybų laikotarpį sportininkės atliko 183—309 valandų krūvį. Veiksmingose rengimo programose taikyti optimalieji krūviai (po 239 ir 270 h). Veiksmingumą neigiamai paveikė ir per dideli, ir per maži krūviai. Veiksmingose rengimo programose dominavo du rengimo komponentai: varžybinių pratimų (31,26%) (Медведева, 2001, 2002; Martin et al., 1991) ir atskirų elementų (30,13%) tobulinimas. Varžybinių pratimų tobulinimas dominavo ir mažiausiai veiksmingose rengimo programose (32,55 ir 34,39%). Lyginant su paren-giamuoju laikotarpiu (Rutkauskaitė, Skarbalius, 2003), sumažėjo choreograﬁjai skirtas laikas veiksmingose rengimo programose (nuo 31 iki 26%). Koreliacinė analizė (r = –0,48, r = –0,83, r = –0,73, r = –0,66) parodė, kad daugelyje rengimo programų techninio rengimo rūšys (varžybinių pratimų ir atskirų elementų tobulinimas) kompensavo viena kitą. Neigiama techninio rengimo rūšių ir ﬁzinio rengimo koreliacija patvirtina teiginį, kad atliekant varžybinius pratimus savaime didėja šio amžiaus gimnasčių ﬁzinio rengimo krūviai. Nagrinėtose rengimo programose nustatyti du krūvio kilimo momentai per varžybų mikrociklą (savaitės 2-ą ir 5-ą dieną). Varžybų mikrociklo metu nustatyta antroji krūvių kilimo banga leido suformuluoti kitą mokslinę problemą: ar pakanka 24 valandų sportininkei visiškai atsigauti po intensyvių treniruočių krūvių, kad būtų pasiekti geriausi sportiniai rezultatai varžybų metu.Raktažodžiai: meninė gimnastika, varžybų laikotarpis, sportininkų rengimas ir parengtumas.
The Impact of Fatigue on Jump Shot Height and Accuracy Over a Longer Shooting Distance in Basketball
Authors: Erčulj Frane , Supej Matej
Published: May 2019

This study basically aimed to establish how a gradual increase in effort (fatigue) affects the jump height and accuracy of shots at the basket. For this purpose, an elite basketball player, Primož Brezec, performed seven series of 20 shots from a distance of 7.24 metres. All shots were executed in four-second intervals and the height of each jump shot was measured. The accuracy of shots was established on the basis of the number of goals and distance from the centre of the ball to the centre of the rim of the basket. Thus, for each shot a kinematic analysis was applied using the APAS system to calculate the parabolas of ball ﬂ ight and the distance between the two points mentioned. During an individual series of shots the subject player performed a special basketball motor task consisting of running, a defensive slide and jumps. The effort gradually increased with each motor task and, in the meantime, the subject’s heart rate and concentration of lactates in his blood were measured. The results of the study show that the jump height decreases on average with each series of shots (with the exception of series two) and that the differences between the series are statistically signiﬁ cant (p < 0.01). There were no statistically signiﬁ cant differences between the individual series of shots in terms of shooting accu-racy and / or number of goals. The number of goals decreased drastically in the last series, i. e. in the conditions of maximum fatigue (heart rate: 197 beats / min, lactate concentration: 9.7 mmol / l). The average distance between the centre of the ball and the centre of the rim in the plane of the rim ranges between 13.5 and 16.6 cm, however, it does not increase with fatigue.Keywords: jump shot, kinematic analysis, accuracy, jump height, fatigue.
Self-Assessment of Attitudes of the Lithuanian and European Judo Coaches and Athletes Towards Spiritual and Moral Traits of Their Personality
Authors: Kisielienė Alma , Arlauskaitė Diana
Published: May 2019

The aim of the research was to identify the self-assessment of the attitudes of the judo coaches and athletes possessing different levels of mastership towards their own spiritual traits and moral behaviour. The research was based on the assumption that different levels of sport mastership as well as age might influence the self-assessment of the personal attitudes of the judo sportsmen and coaches to their own spiritual traits and moral behaviour. The research volume and organization. Following the aforementioned assumption, the four groups of the respondents were chosen: members of the Lithuanian National Youth Team of Judo (n = 20), their mean age was 17.2 ± 1.25 years; the youth elite of European judo, i.e. champions and prizewinners (n = 20), their mean age was 17.5 ± 1.6 years; Lithuanian judo coaches (n = 20), their mean age was 38.7 ± 2.8 years; and coaches of the champions and other prizewinners of contests (n = 20), their mean age was 40.5 ± 3.6 years. The main method of research was an anonymous interview in writing. A questionnaire with closed questions aiming to analyze the self-assessment of the attitudes of the Lithuanian and European judo coaches and athletes towards their own spiritual traits and moral behaviour was worked out on the basis of the semiotic models offered by J. Dailidienė (1997). The questionnaire appendices provided a clear conceptual definition of each trait (the concepts were explained on the basis of L. Jovaiša (1993 a, b) “Dictionary of Pedagogic Terms” and “Principles of Education” (1993)). The respondents were asked to mark their personal consideration of all the traits that were characteristic of them. By following Dalidienė’s suggestion, they were grouped into two blocks: the ones related with morality and the ones related with spirituality. Mathematical statistics. The data were analyzed by employing the statistic data analysis software SPSS 13.0 applying the method of descriptive statistics. The reliability of the difference between the groups was estimated on the basis of the chi square criterion. When its value was p < 0.05, the differences were regarded as statistically significant. The majority of the Lithuanian and European judo coaches and athletes included diligence (85—100%) and persistency (60—90%) into their Self-image. Lithuanian judo coaches (p < 0.05) distinguished courageousness as their common trait, whereas the European judo coaches (p < 0.05) distinguished dutifulness and fellow-feeling; a significant part of the European judo elite athletes (p < 0.05) emphasized friendliness and attentiveness.Keywords: self-assessment of judo coaches and judo athletes, spiritual features, moral features.
Gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybų poveikis šuolininkų su kartimi pusiausvyros gebėjimams
Authors: Aleksandravičienė Roma , Grigorjeva Marina , Stasiulevičienė Loreta , Zaičenkovienė Kristina , Škikas Laimutis , Liaugminienė Ramunė
Published: May 2019

Judėjimas visada susijęs su greičio pokyčiais, t. y. pagreičiais, kurie yra judančių žmogaus organizmo dalių dirgi-kliai. Žmogaus koordinacija ir orientacija erdvėje priklauso nuo pusiausvyros, regos, judėjimo analizatorių ir jų treniruotumo. Tai ypač aktualu sportinėje veikloje. Egzistuoja tiesioginis ryšis tarp sportinio meistriškumo ir vesti-bulinės funkcijos. Įvairių šakų sportininkų vestibulinės funkcijos atsparumo išraiška esti skirtinga, kadangi sporto šakų speciﬁ ka nevienodai veikia vestibulinį analizatorių (Авижонене, 1993; Катуков и Шорин, 1990). Daugelis lengvosios atletikos rungčių reikalauja geros judesių koordinacijos. Ypač tai aktualu atliekant šuolius su kartimi. Todėl šiuo tyrimu bandyta atskleisti, kokį poveikį jaunųjų šuolininkų su kartimi pusiausvyros somatinėms reakcijoms turi gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybos. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybų poveikį jaunųjų šuolininkų su kartimi pusiausvyros gebėjimams. Buvo tiriamos dvi 12—15 m. amžiaus vienerių—trejų metų sportinio stažo šuolininkų su kartimi grupės: pirma — gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybas (n = 8) lankantys tris mėnesius vieną kartą per savaitę (2007 metais) ir keturis mėnesius vieną kartą per savaitę (2008 metais); antra — nelankantys gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybų (n = 8). Tirtų šuolininkų stabilograﬁ jos testo rezultatai palyginti su 12—15 m. jaunųjų sprinterių rodikliais (n = 8).Pusiausvyros somatinių reakcijų dydis buvo tiriamas taikant aktyvųjį otolitinės reakcijos mėginį OR 5  ir 10-ies ap-sisukimų maksimaliuoju greičiu į abi puses (penkis kartus kairėn ir penkis — dešinėn) testą vestibulinei funkcijai įvertinti (Rušas, Bagočiūnas, 1999).Visi pusiausvyros rodikliai atlikus aktyvųjį otolitinės reakcijos mėginį, 10-ties apsisukimų kairėn ir dešinėn testą bei stabilograﬁ jos testą buvo geresni gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybas lankančių šuolininkų su kartimi negu to paties amžiaus sprinterių ir šuolininkų su kartimi, nelankančių tokio pobūdžio pratybų. Vadinasi, gimnastikos ir akrobatikos pratybos teigiamai veikia jaunųjų šuolininkų su kartimi vestibulinę funkciją ir pusiausvyrą.Raktažodžiai: šuoliai su kartimi, gimnastika, akrobatika, pusiausvyra, vestibulinė funkcija.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Efficiency of Young Football Players in Half-Year Training Period Estimated by Laboratory Methods
Authors: Gabrys Urszula Szmatlan , Ozimek Mariusz , Szczerbowski Marek
Published: May 2019

The main of activities of football players during the game are involved in the group of speed-strength efforts and speed and short-time endurance efforts. The efforts first of all are based on anaerobic metabolism (95—98%) which causes oxygen deficit, depending on the length of the activity. The aim of the research was to determinate the value, structure and dynamics of efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic efforts of young football players in a half-year training cycle. The research involved 9 competitors aged 16 years, and 18 competitors aged 17 years. The 1st examination was held at the beginning, 2nd — after 3 months and the 3rd one at the end of a 6-month training cycle. During the research we measured the changes in the cardiorespiratory system during the test of gradually increasing ergometric intensity and during the Wingate test, with the loads of 10—60 s. The lactate concentration in the blood was also measured. The analysis of the research carried out in the group of 16—17 year-old football players showed the differentiated range of changes of the parameters characterizing the aerobic efficiency level. The aerobic work typical of the first training period does not stimulate the development of aerobic efficiency parameters of 16—17 year old football players. The intensification of sport loads (league games) in the field of aerobic efficiency level after 6—8 weeks of stabilization leads to essential (statistically significant) reduction of the parameters of VO2max, and VAT as well as to the increase of %VO2max with simultaneous reduction of work intensity registered at the AT threshold. The tendency of increasing of oxygen consumption level was noticed during the special preparation period when the essential part of training was directed to the development of football players’ special endurance. Anaerobic alactic capacity increase (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) was observed during the special and pre-start preparation periods. The start period was not favorable for the changes of all the parameters of the efficiency of football players. The growth of parameters of maximal power and total work during short-time efforts was not observed. The parameters undergoing to periodical changes during the 6 month training cycle include: total work during Wingate test and the sum of total work activity during three 60 second efforts with a 60 second pause. The changes of lactic acid concentration in blood after 30—60 second efforts of maximal intensity in these estimations were substantiated.Keywords: aerobic efficiency, anaerobic efficiency, training, football
Perception of Global Self-Esteem and Body Fat in Adolescents Engaged in Basketball
Authors: Medišauskaitė Vilma , Laskienė Skaistė , Sebera Martin
Published: May 2019

Mental and moral maturity, growth, appearance, physical skills are nowadays more and more often used as reference points of our identity and emphasized in adolescence (Harter, 1999). Development of physical self-concept’s domains (e. g. appearance, self-esteem, physical competences, etc) has been a major concern among physical activity researchers during the last decade (Fox, 2000). The study examined the relation between the separate specific domains of physical self-concept: global self-esteem (the overall positive or negative feeling about one’s self) and body fat considering age and gender in adolescents — basketball players. Global self-esteem is understood as the overall positive or negative feeling about one’s self; or generalized feelings of self-worth which are not specific to a particular situation, but which apply to many activities or areas of life and predispose the subject to view new activities in particular ways (Macek, Lacinová, 2006). And body fat — an attitude towards you body fat directly (I think my stomach is too big; I have too much fat on my body; I am overweight; etc. (Marsh et al., 1994). Our study sample consisted of 95 adolescents — basketball players (54 males and 41 females) from different sport gymnasiums and clubs in Prague and Brno (Czech Republic). The respondents were divided into two age groups (Ist — 13—15 years of age and the IInd —16—18 years of age). An ordinary Introductory Questionnaire of 20 items was compiled in order to describe the population. The questionnaire was compiled by the first author of the current study. The variables were assessed by the Physical Self Description Questionnaire (PSDQ, Marsh et al., 1994). Both questionnaires were anonymous. To ensure uniformity in the administration of the questionnaire, the same set of directions were followed each time by the same researcher. To analyze the interaction effects for our researched factors (gender and age involvement), MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) and correlation were calculated. Significance level was chosen to be 10%. The results proved our assumption that females tended to have more negative evaluation of the body fat then males regardless of their age. The second part focused on the measures of global self-esteem. The differences in the evaluation on global self-esteem were revealed by age, but not by gender. Global self-esteem was found to be more positive in younger adolescents —basketball players — than in older players regardless of their gender (p < 0.01).Keywords: global self-esteem, body fat, adolescence, age, gender, basketball.
Ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų bendrosios motorikos poveikis kalbinei motorikai (artikuliacijai)
Authors: Baranauskienė Jurga , Mockevičienė Daiva , Požerienė Jūratė , Ostasevičienė Vida
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo metu analizuota, kaip bendrosios motorikos atskiri komponentai (kūno laikysena, koordinacinės funkcijos, kūno judesiai) veikia ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų kalbos neišlavėjimą (artikuliacinio aparato būklę, artikuliacinio aparato judesių koordinaciją, garsų ir žodžių artikuliaciją) dėl dizartrijos ir alalijos.Testavimo metodu atlikto tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų bendrosios ir kalbinės motorikos (artikuliacijos) neišlavėjimą dėl dizartrijos ir alalijos, o atlikus koreliacinę analizę — bendrosios motorikos poveikį kalbinės motorikos (artikuliacijos) atskiriems komponentams. Buvo tiriama 100 ikimokyklinio amžiaus 4—7 metų vaikų, kurių kalba neišlavėjusi dėl dizartrijos ir alalijos. Em-pirinėje dalyje nagrinėjami kūno laikysenos, koordinacinių, kūno judesių funkcijų ir artikuliacinio aparato būklės, judesių koordinacijos, artikuliacijos koreliaciniai ryšiai. Įvertinus ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų, kurių kalba neišla-vėjusi, laikyseną nustatyta: apie 20% vaikų turi įvairių laikysenos nukrypimų, geriausiai išlavinę tirtas kūno judesių funkcijas, silpniausiai — judesių koordinaciją. Įvertinus ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų, kurių kalba neišlavėjusi, artikuliacinio aparato būklę nustatyta: geriausiai išsivystęs artikuliacinis aparatas, o judesių koordinacija, garsų ir žodžių artikuliacija — vidutiniškai (surinko atitinkamai 60 ir 65% balų). Išvados: 1) ikimokyklinio amžiaus tarpsniu artikuliacinius judesius, kalbos garsų ir žodžių artikuliaciją iš bendrosios motorikos komponentų labiausiai veikia pusiausvyra, šiek tiek mažiau judesių koordinuotumas (tiek rankų, tiek kojų), silpniausiai jie veikia artikuliacinio aparato būklę; 2) šio amžiaus vaikų kūno laikysena visai neveikia artikuliaci-jos.Raktažodžiai: ikimokyklinis amžius, bendroji motorika, kalbinė motorika.
Evaluation of Wheelchair Basketball Skill Performance of Wheelchair Basketball Players in Different Game Positions
Authors: Skučas Kęstutis , Stonkus Stanislovas , Molik Bartosz , Skučas Vytautas
Published: May 2019

In wheelchair basketball the evaluation of the quality of disabled players’ movement, motion and action variety, sensomotoric, intelectual, social interaction skills, coordinative and physical abilities besides the natural tests (Brasile, 1986), quantitative and qualitative play results (technical actions carried out by a player during a game and during a minute of a game) are considered to be objective and informative. The aim of the research was to state and evaluate the playing skills of wheelchair basketball players in different game positions (a playmaker, a forward, a center) in official competitions. The play of 32 baketball players was under research. Aiming to analyse playing results of wheelchair basketball players in different game positions 20 games were video recorded by camera ”Panasonic NV-GS27“. The following actions of the players (playmakers, forwards, centers) with different functions in the team were recorded: playing time, passing, dribbling, shooting and its efficiency, rebounding and other important technical actions characterizing the activity of the players during the game. The integral preparation, ability to play, the playing quality were evaluated according to the methods of D. Byrnes and B. Hendrick (1994), giving high or low marks for each action. Results showed that centers were the most active ones, carrying out on average 2.5 actions per minute (forwards — 2.1, playmakers — 1.2), shooting 16 times per game (forwards — 7.7, playmakers — 5). The most universal players were also the centers, their passing and dribbling actions making up 25%, shooting actions — 20% of all the movements. The most accurate main technical actions were carried out by the centers: their shooting accuracy was 36% (that of wing players and playmakers being 30%). Centers’ integral qualification and playing skills (according to the methods used) were the highest rated + 42 points. Quantitative and qualitative playing results and the results of integral preparation of wheelchair basketball players in center position were significantly better than those of the playmakers and forwards.Keywords: wheelchair basketball, quantitative and qualitative playing results, integral qualification, player’s game positions.
Naujojo mokslo — sudėtingųjų dinaminių sistemų — tyrimo paradigma: nuo biologijos iki teisės
Authors: Skurvydas Albertas , Valančienė Dovilė
Published: May 2019

Straipsnio tikslas — apžvelgti naujojo mokslo — sudėtingųjų dinaminių sistemų — tyrimo paradigmos privalumus ir trūkumus biologijos ir socialinių mokslų srityje (akcentuojant teisę). Šių dienų pasaulyje vyksta mokslo paradigmos kaita. Vyksta pasaulėžiūrų sankirtis. Dabar naujasis mokslas verčia senąjį mokslą. Viena iš didžiausių senojo mokslo klaidų yra ta, kad išskyrė griežtas ribas tarp mokslų. Todėl atsirado labai daug atskirų mokslo „specialistų“ ir mažai besuprantančių, kas yra mokslas iš tikrųjų. Kovoja, nors tai dažnai sunkiai įžvelgiama, senasis deterministinis ir mechanistinis mąstymas, pagrįstas visiško aiškumo ir objektyvumo siekiu, su naujuoju — sudėtingųjų (kompleksinių) dinaminių sistemų paradigma, kuri nesuabsoliutina pažinimo galimybių ir vis labiau supranta, kad kiekvienas paži-nimas priklauso ne tik nuo subjekto silpnybių, bet ir nuo objekto sudėtingumo, kaitos, t. y. negalimumo iš principo jį tiksliai pažinti, ištirti, suprasti. Kas laimi šiuo metu? Nėra abejonės, kad senasis, labiau patyręs ir daugiau „užtarėjų“ turintis mokslas. Tačiau pergalė yra gana trapi, nes įvairių mokslų lyderiai vis drąsiau kelia senojo mokslo trūkumus ir rodo naujojo privalumus.Raktažodžiai: sudėtingosios dinaminės sistemos, chaosas, mokslo paradigma.
Ar didžiausio intensyvumo ekscentrinis - koncentrinis krūvis panašiai veikia vyrų ir moterų motorinę sistemą?
Authors: Gorianovas Giedrius , Streckis Vytautas , Skurvydas Albertas , Kamandulis Sigitas , Mickevičius Vaidas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas ⎯ nustatyti, ar ekscentrinis-koncentrinis krūvis panašiai veikia vyrų ir moterų motorinę sistemą.Tyrimo objektas ⎯ sveiki ﬁ ziškai aktyvūs, laisvai sutikę dalyvauti tyrime 20,8 ± 1,9 metų vyrai (n = 9, ūgis 181,9 ± 5,9 cm, svoris 82,6 ± 10,0 kg) ir 22,0 ± 3,9 metų moterys (n = 9, ūgis 166,6 ± 5,2 cm, svoris 62,6 ± 5,5 kg).Tyrimo metu buvo registruojami netiesioginiai raumenų pažeidos rodikliai: prieš krūvį, praėjus 10, 60 min, 24 ir 48 h po jo ⎯ valingų (maksimalioji valinga jėga (MVJ)) ir nevalingų (20 ir 100 Hz elektrostimuliacijos sukelta) keturgalvio šlaunies raumens susitraukimų jėga raumeniui esant ilgam (IR) ir trumpam (TR) (kai kelio sulenkimo kampas ⎯ 90° ir 60°). Pagal 20 / 100 Hz santykį vertinamas mažų dažnių nuovargis (MDN), matuojamas šuolio aukštis (h) iš ﬁ ksuotos padėties; nustatomas kreatinkinazės aktyvumas prieš krūvį, praėjus 24 ir 48 h po jo, vertina-mas subjektyvus raumenų skausmas po krūvio praėjus 12, 24 ir 48 h. Fizinis krūvis ⎯ 100 šuolių kas 20 s, nušokant nuo 40 cm pakylos ir pritūpus 90° kampu pašokant maksimaliai aukštyn. Krūvio metu buvo registruojamas kelio sulenkimo kampas (KSK).Po krūvio vyrų ir moterų nuovargio rodikliai iš esmės nesiskyrė (p > 0,05): lyginant su reikšmėmis prieš krūvį, kai raumuo buvo ilgas (IR), vyrų MVJ buvo 62,9 ± 14,1%, o TR siekė 64,4 ± 14,1%, moterų ⎯ 71,7 ± 8,3 ir 65,7 ± 9,3%; šuolio aukštis ⎯ vyrų buvo 83,6 ± 7,2%, moterų ⎯ 80,3 ± 6,5%; MDN ⎯ vyrų 59,3 ± 20,9% esant IR ir 33,8 ± 14,8% esant TR, moterų atitinkamai 68,7 ± 17,5% ir 43,4 ± 16,4%. Subjektyvus raumenų skausmas abiejų tirtų grupių buvo panašus (p > 0,05). Valingų ir nevalingų raumenų susitraukimo jėgos kitimas atsigavimo metu nuo lyties nepriklausė. Nustatyta, kad praėjus 48 h po krūvio moterų kreatinkinazės aktyvumas, lyginant su vyrais, yra mažesnis (p < 0,05).Išvados: vyrų ir moterų raumenų nuovargis ir atsigavimo kaita po didžiausio intensyvumo kartotinio ekscentrinio-kon-centrinio krūvio iš esmės nesiskiria, tačiau moterų kreatinkinazės aktyvumas po krūvio praėjus 48 h yra mažesnis.Raktažodžiai: lytis, ekscentrinis-koncentrinis krūvis, nuovargis ir atsigavimas.
Dehidratacijos ir rehidratacijos hipertermijos sąlygomis poveikis aktyviai sportuojančių suaugusiųjų periferiniam ir centriniam nuovargiui
Authors: Vadopalas Kazys , Brazaitis Marius , Skurvydas Albertas , Stanislovaitis Aleksas , Eimantas Nerijus , Minderis Petras , Kudrevičius Justinas
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti dehidratacijos ir rehidratacijos hipertermijos sąlygomis poveikį  aktyviai sportuojančiųjų centriniam ir periferiniam nuovargiui.Tiriamieji — suaugę aktyviai sportuojantys vyrai (n = 10, amžius 21,1 ± 1,3 m., kūno svoris 70,46 ± 6,54 kg, ūgis 174 ± 5,3 cm) ir suaugusios aktyviai sportuojančios moterys  (n = 8, amžius 21,2 ± 2,4 m., kūno masė 60,88 ± 8,4 kg, ūgis 170,2 ± 4,9 cm). Visi tiriamieji ⎯ vidutinių nuotolių bėgikai, sportuojantys ne mažiau kaip 10 valandų per savaitę.Atlikti trys tyrimai — vienas kontrolinis ir du eksperimentiniai. Vieno eksperimento metu buvo sukeliama organizmo I° dehidratacija hipertermijos sąlygomis (tiriamieji 45 minutes sėdėjo panirę iki juosmens šiltoje vonioje, kurios vandens temperatūra  44 ± 1 o C). Eksperimento metu tiriami vyrai vidutiniškai neteko 0,94 ± 0,15 kg (1,33 ± 0,13%), moterys ⎯ 0,62 ± 0,18 kg (1,01 ± 0,18%) kūno svorio. Kito eksperimento metu tokia pačia procedūra sukeliant hipertermiją buvo atliekama peroralinė organizmo rehidratacija (per 1 valandą kas 6 minutes tiriamiesiems buvo duodama po 100 ml (iš viso 1000 ml) 37 o C ﬁ ziologinio 0,9% NaCl tirpalo). Vyrų svoris vidutiniškai padidėjo 0,1 ± 0,42 kg (0,1 ± 0,58%), moterų — 0,34 ± 0,18 kg (0,57 ± 0,32%) kūno svorio. Nuovargis sukeltas atliekant maksimaliosios valingos jėgos (MVJ) izometrinį krūvį, kuris tęsėsi 120 s: kas 15 s raumuo buvo stimuliuojamas elektros impulsų pluoštu (250 ms trukmės 100 Hz dažnio elektrinių impulsų serija (TT-100 Hz)). Registruotas raumenų MVJ momentas (N·m), nevalinga raumenų susitraukimo jėga (sukelta TT-100 Hz stimuliacijos) ir raumenų centrinio aktyvavimo laipsnis (CAR).Sukėlus dehidrataciją ir atlikus rehidrataciją hipertermijos sąlygomis vyrų ir moterų rektalinė kūno temperatūra vidutiniškai padidėjo ~2 o C (p < 0,001). MVJ, TT-100 Hz ir CAR rodikliai tarp aktyviai sportuojančių vyrų ir moterų skirtingų eksperimentų metu reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Rehidratacija hipertermijos sąlygomis reikšmingai sumažino tiriamųjų centrinį nuovargį, lyginant su dehidratacija hipertermijos sąlygomis. Tačiau šis rodiklis dehidratacijos ir rehidratacijos hipertermijos sąlygomis buvo nustatytas reikšmingai didesnis, lyginant su kontroliniu eksperimentu (t. y. CAR rodiklis, lyginant su pradine reikšme, 26% sumažėjo dehidratacijos eksperimento metu; rehidratacijos eksperimento ⎯ 42%; kontrolinio tyrimo metu ⎯ 15%). MVJ ir TT-100 Hz sukeltos jėgos momento rodiklių kaita krūvio metu tarp eksperimentų reikšmingai nesiskyrė.Raktažodžiai: izometrinis krūvis, raumenų centrinis aktyvavimo laipsnis, rektalinė temperatūra, pasyvus šildymas.
Peculiarities of Cardiovascular Reactions of Elite Greco‑Roman Wrestlers to Repetitive Dosed Exercise Test
Authors: Buliuolis Alfonsas , Ežerskis Mindaugas , Poderienė Kristina
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The synergy of central and peripheral changes while performing easy exercises in repetitive manner should show central or peripheral changes which start increasing and become a trigger for functional mobilization.Research aim. The aim of this study was to determine the mobilization peculiarities of central and peripheral cardiovascular  function  in  Greco-Roman  wrestlers  cohort  while  performing  a  dosed  exercise  test  in  repetitive manner.Research  methods.  Greco-Roman  wrestlers,  sprinters,  endurance  runners  and  non-athletes  underwent  three Roufier tests (30 squats per 45s) with 2 minutes of recovery between them. The changes in the heart rate (HR) and JT interval taken from 12-lead ECG and O 2  desaturation (StO 2 ) registered by near-infrared spectroscopy were analyzed.Research results. HR increased and JT interval decreased more and more in both non-athlete cohorts while there were no significant changes in all three athlete cohorts, i. e. we did not find any summing effects of the repetition of workloads. The tendency of increase in StO 2  at the second minute after the dosed workload was greater and greater with each consequent repetition of the testing workload in all cohorts.Discussion and conclusions. We have proved our hypothesis that peripheral changes during repetitive exercising start increasing earlier than the central ones. The dynamics of central and peripheral cardiovascular indices in non-athlete cohorts while repeating a dosed aerobic exercise test every two minutes demonstrates the cumulative effect of physical exertion whereas in elite Greco-Roman wrestlers as well as in other individuals adapted to physical loads functional indices reiterated.Keywords: electrocardiogram, dosed exercise test, oxygen saturation.
Attitudes of Physical Education Teachers and Students towards Manifestations of Tolerance
Authors: Dumčienė Audronė , Saulius Tomas
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. In academic literature construct of tolerance has not been sufficiently revealed, limits of tolerance are not clear, especially they vary in different cultures. There is a noticeable increase in the number of children from various ethnic groups in Lithuanian schools. Therefore, multidimensional knowledge of various manifestations of tolerance/intolerance is of great importance. Research aim was to reveal attitudes of PE teachers and students towards manifestations of tolerance/intolerance.Research  methods.  In  our  research  questionnaire  was  applied  with  six  groups  of  tolerance  manifestations distinguished altogether with 36 related statements. There were six other statements according to six groups of tolerance  manifestations  for  the  potential  behavior  of  participants.  Validity  of  the  questionnaire  was  examined calculating Cronbach’s constant α: for the first part of the questionnaire Cronbach’s α  = 0.87, and for the second – α = 0.79. Values of χ 2  and Student’s t criterion were calculated. The sample of the research included 243 students of IX-XII classes form regional schools, 129 students of the same age from city schools, 47 physical education teachers from city schools and 38 teachers from regional schools. Research results. We found statistically significant difference (p  < 0.05) between positive attitudes towards tolerance among students from city schools and positive attitudes among students from regional schools. Statistically significant difference between positive attitudes towards tolerance for PE teachers from city schools and positive attitudes for those from regional schools was not found (p > 0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences between positive attitudes towards tolerance of students from city schools and PE teachers from city schools (χ 2  (5) = 37.27; p < 0.05), also between positive attitudes towards tolerance of students from regional schools and PE teachers from regional schools (χ 2  (5) = 37.27; p < 0.05). We found statistically significant difference (t = 3.81; p < 0.05) between tolerance estimators of students and PE teachers from city schools. On the other hand, relevant differences between tolerance estimators of students from city schools and from regional schools, and differences between tolerance estimators of PE teachers from city schools and from regional schools were not found (p > 0.05).Discussion and conclusion: in fact, attitudes towards intolerance, which are incident to the PE teachers from city schools and their colleagues from regional schools, did not differ, but they contrasted with students’ attitudes. In cases of intolerance manifestations, students from city schools would be more passive than students from regional schools, but PE teachers from city schools would be more active than their students.Keywords: tolerance, intolerance, social distance.
Sport as the Basic Contents of Leisure in Biodromal Perspective. An Example of Long-Distance Runners
Authors: Bednář Miloš , Malinauskas Romualdas
Published: May 2019

Background. The study analyses sport as the basic contents of leisure in biodromal perspective ad the ascetic lifestyle of an athlete. Ascetic lifestyle is observed not only as it contributes to the best performances, but also to lifelong participation including, for instance, long-distance runners with the stage of minimally 20 years of competition  racing. The  latter  is  the  centre  of  our  attention. The  object  of  the  research  is  sport  as  the  basic contents of leisure in biodromal perspective. Research aim is to analyse the ascetic lifestyle of an athlete; to map the real role of asceticism in the sports sphere on example of long-distance runners.Methods. We researched a special group of long-distance runners with the stage of minimally 20 years of competition racing (168 athletes). A research questionnaire with this special group was implemented. Descriptive statistical evaluation was performed.Results. We found noticeable ascetic features of lifestyle among long-distance runners with the stage of minimally 20 years of competition racing. They exercise (it is an original meaning of the Greek word askésis) both body and will in lifelong horizon. They know that running (which is higher level of jogging) is also joined with some portion of pain and they are ready to sign a specific runners´ motto: “Pain is inevitable. Suffering is optional.” If the option is “suffering”, the situations open the way to peak experiences.Conclusion.  Promoting  “reasonable  asceticism”  can  be  one  aspect  of  raison  d´être  of  today’s  sport  in  this postmodern world with the supremacy of hedonistic orientation.Keywords: leisure, running, lifestyle, motivation, asceticism.
Body and Functional Capacity of Lithuanian Deaf Basketball Team Players and Characteristics of Game Indices
Authors: Milašius Kazys , Paulauskas Rūtenis , Dadelienė Rūta , Šatas Algimantas
Published: May 2019

Background. The  purpose  of  the  present  study  was  to  establish  and  evaluate body  capacity and  functional capacity of Lithuanian deaf basketball national team players, 2013 Deaflympic champions, and to provide the data analysis of the players’ participation in Deaflympic Games comparing it with the data of participation in the Games of 2005 and 2009.Deaflympic Games comparing it with the data of participation in the Games of 2005 and 2009.Methods. The group of investigated persons included 12 Lithuanian deaf basketball national team members. Basketball players’ body development, body and functional capacity testing was performed. Method of systemic analysis was employed to perform comparative analysis of Lithuanian deaf basketball national team players’ game indicators.Results. The results of our research showed that body development and physical capacity indices of Lithuanian deaf  basketball  national  team  players  who  participated  in  2013  Deaflympic  Games  allowed  accomplishing  the technical and tactical requirements of contemporary basketball for players of such level. Lithuanian deaf basketball national team members have demonstrated better results in muscle mass and reached higher physical capacities comparing to those of the participants of the previous Games. This increase resulted in improved quality of the game and for the first time becoming gold medals winners. Conclusion. Comparative analysis of game indices of the teams having participated in various Games showed that the majority of the competitive activity indices were better in 2013 Games in Sofia: field of goals precision was 49.2%, the high number of defensive rebounds and less turnovers during competitions allowed very effective fast  breaks.Keywords: muscle power, body composition, psychomotor functions, agility game activity.