bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management Development in Areas where the Concern for Such Activity is Recent
Authors: Gray Harry
Published: March 2007

The next three papers offer different perspectives on the application of management development in voluntary and educational organisations. Both Harry Gray, and, in the next paper, Don Grisbrook focus on the problem of whether methods and solutions developed in the commercial sector are an asset to, or are inappropriate in a non-commercial context. They do so however from different perspectives. In the third paper in this group, Kathleen Cox and Mike Lavelle describe from their own experience an example of organisational development in secondary schools.
Management Education as a Service Industry
Authors: Olve Nils-Göran
Published: March 2007

Long residential courses for professional managers are a very special type of service industry, presenting peculiar problems for the course organiser to manage. Even limiting our analysis to the course leader and the participants, expectations of what the course should achieve will vary. As part of the expectations will usually not be made explicit, they are difficult to get at, and as in other service industries the customers have to be involved in producing these hard-to-identify benefits.
A Management Development Programme for Indian Managers: An Experiment with the 'Personal and Management Feedback Groups'
Authors: Kumar Usha
Published: March 2007

Since sensitivity training and encounter groups endorse certain cultural values, their suitability is confined, understandably to the country of their origin. Re cognising the difference in the existential dilemmas of the American and the Indian managers, a structured approach was tried on a set of senior executives. In a three-day programme, through structured sociometric, self-disclosure, and feedback exercises, twelve managers explored the nature and content of their perceptions and cognitions influencing their constructs about self and work. This exploratory programme suggested a potential usefulness of emphasising awareness of cognitive processes as much as, if not more than, emotional ones in managers. Those responsible for management education may do well to recognise the effectiveness of PMF programmes providing stimulation towards much needed professionalism in Indian managers, especially those employed in family-owned and government-run organisations.
The Coming Shortage of Managerial Talent
Authors: Pearson John N. , Bracker Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

An exploratory study which examines managerial and professional motivation and their relationship among business college students was undertaken. The Miner Sentence Completion Scales, hierarchical and professional, were adminstered to measure managerial and professional motivation, respectively, in a sample of business school seniors. Findings indicate a motivation pattern that is more professional than hierarchical in orientation among business students; thus, confirming Miner's concern for a coming shortage of managerial talent in hier archical organisations. The data also provides an initial norm of student's level of professional motivation. Suggestions for future research that impacts students and organisations is also mentioned.
Symbols of the NHS
Authors: Preston Diane , Smith Alison , Buchanan David , Jordan Simone
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the organizational culture of a general hospital from. a symbolic perspective. It is suggested that traditional symbols or stereotypes associated with certain professions within the Health Service may affect the way in which people both within and outside the NHS understand these professional roles. In particular, the hierarchy and power differentiations which exist (or are assumed to exist) between professions may have an effect on any culture change programmes. The paper is based on a study of communications within a large general hospital in the East Midlands. The idea is explored that these symbolic images of different health care groups may constitutean implicit element in the organization culture of any British hospital and thereby influence the communications within it.
Cultural Analysis, `Good Conversation' and the Creation of a Multicultural Learning Organization
Authors: McMillen M. Cecilia , Baker Ann C. , White Judith
Published: March 2007

This article describes an approach that integrates cultural analysis (content) and `good conversation' (process) in developing greater awareness of cultural diversity among students and managers. The article draws from the authors' experience teaching students and managers in the United States and Latin America. The objective of this approach is to develop a multicultural learning organization in workshops and courses, to benefit from the cultural diversity of contemporary organizations. Building on our previous work, we present a framework for the design of courses or workshops.
Planting a Paradigm in Central Europe
Authors: Jankowicz A. D.
Published: March 2007

This article selectively reviews the recent experiences of western management educators and trainers, drawing particularly on work done in Poland, Slovakia and Russia. It argues the need to develop alternative models of teaching and learning strategy which can at least ensure identification, if internalization is not found to be possible (to use Kelman's terms); models which address the learner's expectations within his or her own culture. Identification is a matter of perceived reward, and of the relationship between the learner and his or her role models, as these are encoded by the construct system of the individual trainee. The focus of the article is therefore on language: on the ideas which an eastern epistemology is capable of construing and expressing, and on the figures (idiom and metaphor), which encode meaning and understanding.
Learning through Complexity
Authors: Mckenna Steve
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the rationale behind work carried out by three global high-technology corporations seeking to develop an enlightened approach to management development and learning. Academically the broad frame of reference is metaphorical, the idea being to challenge the assumption that all business problems can be analysed in a systematic `scientific' fashion, and rationalist solutions applied. Rather, there are many different interpretations of, and solutions to, organizational problems, and a metaphorical frame of reference allows an open mind to be kept in selecting the best way forward within any manager's given complexity. The article gives two examples (case histories) from the many workshops conducted by the companies which indicate the complexity of complexity.
Organizing and Regulating as Rhizomatic Lines: Bank Fraud and Auditing
Authors: Bougen Philip D. , Young Joni J.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with failures of organizing: with how and why things become disorganized. It's also concerned with failures of regulation: with regulators in an already escaping present, freezing the circumstances of a past failure of organization in order to derive future policy prescriptions. Movement is key to our analysis: the continuous movement between organizational components and between their connections to regulatory techniques is such that organization can be considered as always an unfinished and imperfect activity. Bank fraud and auditing provide the empirical material for the paper. The conceptual tools we use to help us with the idea of movement rely heavily upon the work of Deleuze and Guattari.
Colossal Immodesties and Hopeful Monsters: Pluralism and Organizational Conduct
Authors: du Gay Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper problematizes a particular story of organizational transformation currently circulating within organization studies. In this story a chain of equivalences emerges in which the vicissitudes of contemporary 'environmental change' make certain forms of organizational conduct redundant while at the same time bringing novel forms into being. The old and the new can even be named. The former is represented by the hierarchicallyordered bureaucracy-often described as the epitome of 'modern' organization-and the latter by the entrepreneurial corporation-often imagined as typifying 'postmodern' organization. According to proponents of this story the ascendance of the new entrepreneurialism is a cause for celebration as it offers hopeful ways of living with difference and promoting pluralism in contrast to the bureaucratic practice of excluding or nullifying difference and suppressing pluralism. The paper sets out to challenge this 'just so' story of organizational transformation by indicating that under certain circumstances and in certain domains it is bureaucratic norms of organizational conduct that protect and enhance pluralism. Instead of agreeing with the representation of the impersonal, procedural and hierarchical character of bureaucracy as a symptom of moral deficiency, the paper argues that the bureau be assessed in its own right as a crucial ethical andpolitical resource of liberal democratic regimes. In so doing the paper seeks to restore to the bureau some of the ethical and political gravity imputed to it by Max Weber.
How to Become Oneself: Discourses of Subjectivity in Postbureaucratic Organizations
Authors: Garsten Christina , Grey Christopher
Published: March 2007

In the face of widespread organizational change which some claim heralds the demise of bureaucracy, and in the context of the cultural and intellectual uncertainties of postmodernism, how do people in organizations respond? In this paper, we explore the role of `How To' books for managers in the elaboration of these responses. How To books may be read as part of a long-standing tradition of self-help which represents a form of the secularized Protestant ethic. However, in contemporary conditions it is also congruent with emerging forms of reflexivity and projects of the self. The How To books we discuss promise to yield control of the world around them to managers who learn to know and control their `inner-worlds'. They also offer techniques of self-presentation and self-appraisal which, we argue, are particularly congruent with the likely control problems within post-bureaucratic organizations.
Speaking of Complexity in Management Theory and Practice
Authors: Griffin Douglas , Shaw Patricia , Stacey Ralph
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a complexity perspective on organizational life by drawing on three distinctive sources. First, we describe the way different natural scientists talk of their work in simulating complex dynamical systems. Second, we listen to the contribution of social scientists in describing the dynamics of human interaction and third, we describe group analytic practice as it illuminates the emotional, prelinguistic processes at work in the group matrix. We argue that together these insights allow us to speak of the nature of self-organization in human systems in a way that emphasizes inter subjectivity, emergence and de-centred agency in contrast to the dominant voice in much management thinking which emphasizes objectivity, control and individual agency. We then relate how the complexity perspective we describe informs our approach to organizational consulting in which we participate in networks of self-organizing everyday conversation whereby the patterned structure of organizational activity is paradoxically both sustained and changed.
Actor Network and Conduct: The Discipline and Practices of Knowledge Management
Authors: Hull Richard
Published: March 2007

The works of Gillian Rose in philosophy and social theory provide an alternative perspective on the debates around Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which goes beyond the choice between `radical epistemology' versus `radical politics'. This paper outlines some salient elements of her work, in particular the concept of `diremption `—forced splitting—and `the broken middle' between law and ethics. The paper builds on this work in arguing that a focus on conduct, defined as both discipline and practices, can remain critical of the contemporary world whilst aware of the problems of representation and explanation addressed within ANT
Ideas, Social Structure and the Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism
Authors: BERNSTEIN STEVEN
Published: March 2007

Recent scholarship on international norms neglects the question of why some norms get selected over others to define and regulate appropriate behavior. I introduce a `socio-evolutionary' explanation for the entrance and evolution of norms, which focuses on the interaction of ideas with the social structure they encounter. This explanation best accounts for the most significant shift in environmental governance over the last 30 years, the surprising convergence of environmental and liberal economic norms toward `liberal environmentalism'. The 1992 Earth Summit institutionalized these norms, which predicate environmental protection on the promotion and maintenance of a liberal economic order. Current scholarship on international environmental institutions largely ignores the normative underpinnings of responses to environmental problems owing to its preoccupation with form and function, and thus cannot explain the shift. The proposed explanation also outperforms an `epistemic communities' explanation in its paradigmatic case, challenging the presumed primacy of science in environmental governance. Its advantages are also shown over power, interest and existing ideational approaches to normative development.
Debordering the World of States:
Authors: BLATTER JOACHIM K.
Published: March 2007

The Westphalian system of sovereign nation-states is being challenged as national administrations lose their `gate-keeper-role' between domestic and international politics. But what kind of political system is emerging `after Westphalia'? The article attempts to answer this question by looking at processes of political institution-building in cross-border regions in Europe and North America. A classification of political institutions is developed which, in a first dimension, distinguishes between instrumental and identity-providing institutions. Second, formal, encompassing and territorially based political institutions are contrasted with informal, specific and non-territorial institutions. Based on this classification, the forms of cross-border collaboration in four border regions in Europe and North America are compared. In Europe, cross-border collaboration is producing another soft, but formalized, comprehensive and territorially defined layer in the European `multi-level-system'. In North America, by contrast, only informal, specific and non-territorial institutions are evolving across the national borders. Here, the territorially based nation-state is not complemented by similar kinds of polities, but is instead being challenged more fundamentally by new kinds of polities — transnational socio-economic exchange networks and transnational ideological coalitions which embody enormous transformational potential.
IR: The Resurrection
Authors: WEBER CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

By giving center stage to popular films rather than to IR theory, this article examines the processes of political evacuation and disciplinary incorporation as they occur to postmodernism and feminism in relation to the discipline of IR, and particularly in relation to Wendtian constructivism and Jonesian gender. This approach enables me to pose two provocative (if necessarily illusive) questions — `What constitutes mainstream IR these days?' and `How is this mainstream socially, culturally and popularly constructed?' The article's contribution is threefold. It is familiarly `critical', for it draws critical attention to mainstream IR theory, whatever that may be. It is `functional', for it exceeds critique by demonstrating how IR blunts radical critiques like postmodernism and feminism, all the while pointing to their incorporated albeit politically evacuated remnants as evidence of the seriousness with which IR takes pluralized debate. And it is what I would term `everyday pedagogical', not because it uses popular films to illustrate IR examples but because by emphasizing the everydayness of film over the disciplinarity of IR it teaches us how the social, cultural and popular simultaneously enable and disable IR theory to `be'.
Culture, Language and the Emergence of Subjectivity
Authors: Sinha Chris
Published: March 2007

In this commentary I focus initially on the shared critical perspective of de Lemos (2000) and Nelson (2000) upon developmental psychology’s construction of the developing subject. I suggest that the plurality of temporalities which underpin the human self and human culture is reduced, in most theories of development, to a unitary and deterministic ‘chronotype’ of pure, universal sequence. As against the dominant approach in developmental psychology, which views the subject as a ‘Mind/Brain’ analysing ‘input data’ with respect to an innately constrained ‘hypothesis-space’, de Lemos and Nelson view the developing subject as an embodied and interested participant, in an intersubjectively and communicatively constituted arena of interpretation. While sharing this general perspective with de Lemos and Nelson, I draw attention to the differences between their theoretical formulations, and suggest that both of them lack a certain level of analytic specificity, especially with respect to analysing language itself. I propose that a serious theoretical and methodological encounter between socio-cultural approaches to human development and cognitive and cultural linguistics needs to be put on the agenda. I conclude with a brief discussion of the papers on phylogeny, and offer a schematic rendering of the difference between ‘traditional’ and ‘alternative’ views of the dependency relations between sociogenesis, ontogenesis and phylogenesis.
Ventriloquism: The Central Role of an Immigrant’s Own Group Members in Negotiating Ambiguity in Identity
Authors: Abbey Emily
Published: March 2007

Situated at the crossroads of cultures, an immigrant’s identity is filled with ambiguity. Humans frequently make use of intolerant strategies (e.g. prejudice) to construct clarity artificially out of an ambiguous identity. Although the locus of intolerance is often associated with the dominant group, complementing Verkuyten and de Wolf’s (2002) focus on minority group members, it is argued here that immigrants themselves can be sources of immigrant-oriented intolerance. In explanation of this in-group prejudice, the metaphor of ventriloquism is offered, showing how immigrants may assign the intolerance they feel for their own ambiguity to the ambiguity in fellow group members, in order to clarify (artificially) their own identity.
On Some Historical Roots and Present-day Doubts: A Reply to Nicolopoulou and Weintraub (1996)
Authors: van der Veer René
Published: March 2007

Nicolopoulou and Weintraub (1996) raised doubts about the extent of the relevance of the Humboldtian tradition for Vygotsky's concept of culture, and his semiotic approach in general. However, these doubts are unfounded—Vygotsky was in direct contact with the 19th-century German traditions of philosophical analyses of language, as well as with their Russian elaborations. Furthermore, Vygotsky borrowed theoretical notions from two distinct traditions of thought—often contrasted (by Soviet sources) as 'idealist' and 'materialist.' Defying the demand to make such contrasts mutually exclusive, Vygotsky tried to blend productive moments from each of them into his approach. He was not a 'cultural relativist' in the sense of present-day North American social discourse. It is suggested that the concepts of development and relativism are in need of further elaboration, in ways that allow recognition of local progress while avoiding global claims where the bases of comparison are not made explicit.
Commonalities in Boesch and Murray: Bridging between a European and an American Thinker
Authors: Hermans Hubert J.M.
Published: March 2007

Six commonalities in the work of Ernst Boesch and Henry Murray are outlined: a holistic approach to the study of personality; a systematic elaboration of the person-situation interaction; an incorporation of psychoanalytic elements into their theoretical thinking; an emphasis on the cultural foundations of personality; and an intense affinity with novelistic literature. The main part of this article is devoted to the sixth commonality: Boesch's and Murray's ideas on the multiplicity and multivoicedness of the self.
Logistics and Researchers As Legitimate Tools for 'Doing' Intercultural Research: A Rejoinder to Günther
Authors: Hong Gui-Young
Published: March 2007

Gunther's (1998) story highlights the critical importance of practical issues such as logistics and the researcher's active role in 'doing' intercultural research. For example, the social psychological notion of 'informed consent' has become institutionalized as a bedrock of North American social science research. Yet in intercultural research, rigid adherence to North American norms for informed consent can violate both subjects' and researchers' culture-specific communication codes in societies where human relations function differently from US or European habitual patterns. 'Cookbook'-type application of the social ethical norms that have become canonized in one society in a different (or even among different subgroups within the same) society can lead to fundamental problems in scientific knowledge construction.
Democratizing a Democratic Procedure: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Bille Lars
Published: March 2007

The aim of the article is to analyse whether democratization of the candidate selection process has occurred in Western European parties in general and in Denmark in particular in the period from 1960 to 1990. The analysis is based on the party rules in force around 1960 and 1990 of 57 and 71 Western European parties, respectively. The general assumption is that the greater the role of the individual party member, the more democratically the parties conduct their internal affairs and, furthermore, the more decentralized the procedure, the greater the possibilities for individual party members to play a role. The analysis indicates that the candidate selection process was more decentralized and the role of the individual party member in the process were greater at the beginning of the 1990s than they were around 1960.
Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy
Authors: Katz Richard S. , Mair Peter
Published: March 2007

Many recent discussions of the decline of party are predicated on the assumption that the Duverger/socialist mass-party model is the only model for parties. We contend that this assumption is misconceived, that the mass-party model is only one, temporally limited and contingent model, and that it is necessary to differentiate notions of adaptation and change from notions of decline or failure. Following an analysis of how various models of party can be located in terms of the relationship between civil society and the state, we contend that the recent period has witnessed the emergence of a new model of party, the cartel party, in which colluding parties become agents of the state and employ the resources of the state (the party state) to ensure their own collective survival. Finally, we suggest that the recent challenge to party is in fact a challenge to the cartel that the established parties have created for themselves.
Measuring Party Organization in the United States
Authors: Appleton Andrew M. , Ward Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

Debate about the decline and revival of American political parties proceeds unabated in political science. Related to this debate is the attempt to link electoral outcomes with party organizational activity. A continuing impediment to resolving this conflict is the asymmetry in our ability to measure the two central concepts. While standard measures of electoral success and partisan competition abound, measures of party organization are less abundant. Although the methods introduced by the authors of the Party Transformation Study (PTS) for measuring party organizational strength have been influential, their survey-based technique has greater utility for some purposes than for others. We argue for the use of state party archives as a means for gathering the data necessary for building appropriate measures of party organization. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by linking data gathered in a pilot study of three such archives to the PTS framework.
French Parties and the Legislative Elections of 1993
Authors: Schlesinger Joseph A. , Schlesinger Mildred S.
Published: March 2007

The dramatic reversal of party fortunes in the French elections of 1993 prompted us to re-evaluate the scheme we had devised for analyzing French parties. The scheme, based on the assumption that electoral rules have a significant impact on party organization, set out four stable prototypical parties. We felt that parties would organize around the electoral strategies prescribed by the single-member-district, two-ballot rules used for all but one of the Fifth Republic's legislative elections. We analyzed the 1993 election results to see if the parties we had identified as our prototypical parties still conformed to type. Despite the Socialists' dramatic defeat and the overwhelming victory of the Gaullist-centrist coalition, the Gaullists remained the primary party, the Union for French Democracy the dual electoral party, the Socialists the secondary party and the Communists the marginal party.
Democratic Transition and Consolidation in a Polarized System
Authors: Ryan Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2007

The role of the political center in centrifugal party systems has long been viewed as problematic by researchers, who have argued that it actually feeds the disintegration process. This view seems at odds, though, with the perspective of US foreign-policy-makers, who have frequently seen the center as a vehicle for leading democratic transitions. Evidence from the case of El Salvador suggests that these two views may not be as contradictory as they first appear. The evolution of the Salvadoran party system from 1982 to the present points to a shifting role for the center, wherein it first facilitated a limited transition toward democracy, but later may have obstructed a consolidation or deepening of democracy.
Defeat and Success as Promoters of Party Change
Authors: Ágh Attila
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the East Central European parties have already reached an early stage of maturation as a partial consolidation of a party system. In this respect the case of the Hungarian Socialist Party (HSP) is characteristic, since this party has gone through two drastic changes, first after an electoral defeat in 1990 and second after a landslide victory in 1994. The change by defeat was easier than the change by success, but against all the difficulties of economic crisis management the HSP has consolidated its social position and institutions, yet still remains weak as a programme party.
Challenging Thinking About the Relationship Between School Physical Education and Sport Performance
Authors: Kirk David , Gorely Trish
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between school physical education and sports performance. Traditional ways of thinking about this relationship (e.g. pyramids, foundation stones and trickle-down effects) are critiqued. It is suggested that these ways of thinking are problematic in their logic, their exclusionary nature and their positioning of physical education. A more inclusive way of thinking about the relationship is presented. The alternative model is based on four components: clearly articulated pathways, the use of modified games and sports, teacher and coach education, and policy development. It is argued that this alternative brings physical education and sport performance into a sensible and productive relationship which meets the needs of the general population for quality physical education while at the same time meeting the needs of sport performance across the lifespan.
The Other Kidney: Biopolitics Beyond Recognition
Authors: Cohen Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This article links ethnographic exploration of commodified renal transactions in India to their articulation in Hindi film as practices re-animating kinship in the face of the death or diminishment of the father. To think through the work such organ stories do, I contrast the `transplant film' with the `transfusion film'. I argue transfusion narratives offer a liberal developmentalist recoding of social relations under the sign of a Nehruvian project of national recognition, while transplant narratives abandon the project of development for an imaginated return to tradition. To understand the stakes in this shift, I trace the genealogy of modern transplant medicine through the relationship between recognition and suppression and through the return of the surgical as a metonym for care.
Portrayals of Suffering: on Looking Away, Looking at, and the Comprehension of Illness Experience
Authors: RADLEY ALAN
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the question of what it is that visual depictions of illness portray, particularly images executed by or on behalf of people who have suffered serious illness. It takes up two lines of inquiry, both to do with the work that such pictures might perform. On the one hand, as works of art, there are questions about the form of signification in visual representations of this kind. On the other, as works of illness, there are issues concerning the role of image-making for sufferers bearing witness to their situation. The article examines the issue of what it is to look at pictures of bodies scarred by treatment for serious disease, and follows this into questions about what it is possible and necessary to show in order to render illness experience tangible. By examining, as exemplars, two particular images of sufferers, it is argued that such portrayals work not just through making visible certain objects for scrutiny, but by figuratively instantiating persons so as to produce a `vision of the non-visual'. In this way picturing illness finds its place in what might be called a politics of care.
Cosmetic Surgery and the Eclipse of Identity
Authors: NEGRIN LLEWELLYN
Published: March 2007

Recently, there has been a shift in attitude among some feminists towards the practice of cosmetic surgery away from that of outright rejection. Kathy Davis, for instance, offers a guarded `defence' of the practice as a strategy that enables women to exercise a degree of control over their lives in circumstances where there are very few other opportunities for self-realization. Others, such as Kathryn Morgan, Anne Balsamo and Orlan, though highly critical of the current practice of cosmetic surgery, go even further than Davis in advocating its redeployment as a tool to subvert the dominant patriarchal ideals of feminine beauty. In this article I critically appraise this `rehabilitation' of cosmetic surgery, arguing, in the case of Davis, that she leaves unchallenged the social structures of inequality responsible for women's dissatisfaction with their bodies. The proposal to use cosmetic surgery as a tool of political critique is equally problematic insofar as it shares with the cosmetic industry its instrumentalization of the body as mere matter, which is almost infinitely transformable, and also effaces the economic inequalities within which such body transformations occur.
(No) Smoking
Authors: O'NEILL JOHN
Published: March 2007

Whereas smoking was once linked both to sexuality and transcendence, smoking is now correlated with medicalized death. Smoking is unhealthy because health and sex are redefined as secular rather than transcendental conduct. Freud worried about the health of civilization but did not analyse his own addiction to cigars whose smoke enveloped the practice of psychoanalysis. In the character of Zeno the paradox of the pleasure principle is reconnected to its `beyond' through the mother's complicity in the child's original theft of fire. This stolen memory in turn underwrites Zeno's adult discovery of the inexhaustible pleasure of smoking each cigarette as the last cigarette, borrowing life from death.
Serene and Happy and Distant: An Interview with Orlan
Authors: AYERS ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article falls into two parts. The first, which serves as an introduction to the second, is a first-hand consideration of the significance of Orlan's Conférences to the reception and comprehension of both her earlier and best known works, the surgical Interventions, and to the most recent manifestation of her artistic project, the digitally-manipulated photo-works in the series that she has dubbed Self-Hybridation. It contrasts these latter works with intervening static works which took the Interventions as their subject matter and concludes that they somewhat ironically release Orlan from her self-imposed obligation to maintain a performative element in her work through the Conférences. The second part of the article is an edited transcript between the author and Orlan in which the Self-Hybridations are subjected to technical, methodological and technical analysis. Orlan refers them to her previous work, particularly the Interventions, discusses their cultural and art historical roots, and speculates on her future art projects.
Wild Phenomena and Disability Jokes
Authors: ROBILLARD ALBERT B.
Published: March 2007

Stronach and Allan state that the use of humor by the disabled is an attempt to reintegrate themselves back into a social surround. Seeing this assignment of a reintegration function as a bit too teleological, and given the absence of interactional data, the reviewer is critical of the authors' reliance on literary research and offers an alternative way to study humor in interaction.
The Use of Art Therapy with Abused Children
Authors: Clements Kate
Published: March 2007

With reports of the incidence of child abuse in Britain increasing, art therapists are regularly coming into contact with children suffering from the resultant psychological trauma. A central issue is the right of children to be listened to and taken seriously when making allegations of abuse. To this end I explore the possibility of spontaneous art therapy images being used in the diagnosis of abuse and illustrate my hypotheses with images made by children I treated using art therapy. My findings are compared with those made by other clinicians, and I try to establish the important role art therapy plays in helping children explore their trauma, disclose their abuse and come to terms with their experience through visual expression.
Why do People Eat what they do? Approaches to Food and Diet from a Social Science Perspective
Authors: Caplan Pat
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I utilize anthropological ideas about food which take account of its symbolism and meaning as well as its materiality. Differences in entitlements to food are considered in class and gender in western and Third-World countries. The question Why do people eat what they do? is explored in relation to the relative failure of healthy eating campaigns in the West. Finally, there is discussion of a current anthropological research project that seeks to understand new systems of food and eating in Britain.
Eating Disorders in British-Asian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Timimi Sami , Adams Rebecca
Published: March 2007

That eating disorders exist amongst British-Asian children is now well-established. The idea of a `culture clash' as a risk factor in these children is popular. This article explores the possible mechanisms through which this `clash' could influence a child or an adolescent. The psychosocial matrix, the family's belief system, the experience of immigration and racism are all examined. The emergence of colonizer/colonized dynamics within British society influences communities, families and individuals. Adolescent females from British-Asian families may become the symbolic carrier of cultural values for the family, conversely, racism may lead to hating aspects of the self and family. Chaotic states of mind may ensue (as associated with bulimia), as can rigid, split and paranoid states of mind (as associated with anorexia). The colonizer/colonized dynamic can become a part of the treatment process and needs to be recognized.
Counselling Work in Normal General Practice
Authors: Winefield Helen R.
Published: March 2007

As counselling is potentially an area of overlap between the functions of medical practitioners and of clinical health psychologists, it is important to know exactly what counselling encompasses in primary health care. A set of 68 counselling consultations were identified from collected transcripts of normal general practice work; seven representative examples are described and analysed in this article. The major purpose of three consultations was for the general practitioner (GP) to help the patient with psychological illness or behaviour disorder, and the question of most interest was how the parties negotiated this topic and how the GPs provided help. In four other consultations the major purpose was for the GP to answer the patient's questions. The results have implications for the delivery of primary health care and the work satisfaction of GPs, as well as for the collaborative relationships which may develop between GPs and clinical health psychologists.
Communication and Critical Illness
Authors: Snetsinger Wendy R.
Published: March 2007

Critical illness places many challenges on the ill and their loved ones. These challenges are even more pronounced when the critically-ill individual is a child. This article provides a very personal narrative account of a mother's use of communication to cope with the many stresses, constraints and symbolic challenges encountered in helping her daughter confront life- threatening cancer. The article powerfully illustrates how strategic communication enables parents to serve as effective advocates for their critically-ill children, negotiate the bureaucracy of the modem health system and establish supportive interpersonal relations with interdependent partners in the health-care enterprise.
Technical Choices, Social Categories and Meaning Among the Andean Potters of Las Animas
Authors: Hosler Dorothy
Published: March 2007

Las Animas is a northern Andean community where potters have been making copies of archaeological artefacts for the last 30 years. Dual organiz ation characterizes this village. Here, potters live on one side of the com munity, comerciantes (distributors) on the other. Ethnotechnological studies show that two distinct production sequences are used for this pottery. Men in the high-status upper barrio use one, women and men in the lower-status barrio use the other. This new craft offers a vivid example of the dynamic role of technologies in shaping social forms and categories and the ways in which those forms and categories shape technological choices: here, gender and status distinctions are manifest through technical practices. Animeños link their work to that of the Antiguos, their prehistoric predecessors. These beliefs may partly explain why pottery production has become a powerful vehicle for social expression.
Hot Scorpions, Sweet Peacocks
Authors: Pandya Vishvajit
Published: March 2007

Bhungu a cylindrical residential house built by the traditional craftsmen of the Kachchh desert is a place of great significance. For the Kachchhe deco rated surface of the house and the elaborate needlework done by women present an aesthetic system where meanings are made by utilizing aspects of 'light reflected' and 'weight filled in'. When Kachchhe people say that they 'wear a house and live in a cloth' they are expressing their own cul tural idea, utilized for analysing how meanings are made out of Kachchhe material culture, to represent the ideology of hospitality and the structural events of visiting and social exchange.
Autism in 3-6-Year-Old Children in a Suburb of Goteborg, Sweden
Authors: Arvidsson T. , Danielsson B. , Forsberg P. , Gillberg C. , Johansson M. , Kjellgren G.
Published: March 2007

1941 ofthe 3-6-year-old children living in a community outside Gbteborg on the Swedish west coast were screened with a view to identifying all individuals with severe degrees of autistic behaviour. All children in the population were known to well baby clinic staff, and any child suspected of suffering from autism was referred to a specialized clinical research team. The nurses and doctors working in the well baby clinics were well informed about autism. Clinical and ADI-R diagnoses of autism were established after thorough clinical assessments of each suspected case. All children were seen at least twice, and all were over the age of 3 years at the time of diagnosis. The general population prevalence for autism was 3 I in I o,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval 7/ g;). Classic Kanner autism was found in I o in Io,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval-4/24). These rates appear to reflect higher rates than previously reported. Some reasons for the possibly higher prevalence are discussed.
The Identification of Autism in Children Referred to a Tertiary Speech and Language Clinic and the Implications for Service Delivery
Authors: O'hare A. E. , Quew R. , Aitken K.
Published: March 2007

The Edinburgh Children's Hospital speech clinic is a joint paediatric and speech therapy clinic which was first established in 1950 and accepts referrals of children for whom speech and language difficulties are the principal concern. An audit was conducted for children presenting consecutively over January 1993 to January 1994 to identify what proportion of these children had autism and related disorders. The mean age of presentation of all children seen was in their final pre-school year, with 80 percent of children already being managed in the community by other professionals such as speech and language therapists and educational psychologists. Of 103 children, 22 had autism or a related disorder. A retrospective analysis of parental report and clinical assessment at the first clinic consultation confirmed that a complaint of no communication with peers coupled with temper tantrums was highly predictive for membership of this group of disorders. The audit confirmed that the contribution of autism to the children's communication difficulties had not been fully recognized and addressed prior to the speech clinic consultation. The audit has informed our practice and we intend attracting clinical psychology and child psychiatry services into the speech clinic to enhance the service we deliver and also to employ our findings to highlight consideration of autism in the young child with speech and language difficulties.
Policing the Contemporary City:
Authors: HERBERT STEVE
Published: March 2007

Two principal models exist for reforming contemporary police departments: community policing and broken windows (or order maintenance) policing. Although the two types of reforms share some commonalities, they differ markedly in the level of citizen oversight they envision. It is thereby significant that the two movements are frequently conflated. I offer here an explanation for why this conflation occurs, focusing on three critical areas: police culture and organization, public attitudes about crime and criminal justice, and the activities of political elites. In each of these three domains, broken windows policing meshes more comfortably with established patterns of thought. As a result, broken windows policing supplants community policing as the dominant reform movement, with considerable consequences for the operations and oversight of contemporary police departments.
Convergence between Orthodox and Alternative Medicine: A Theoretical Elaboration and Empirical Test
Authors: Bombardieri D. , Easthope G.
Published: March 2007

The idea that orthodox and alternative medical systems are converging, postulated by Willis (1989), is tested through a survey of general practitioners and interviews with alternative practitioners in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, undertaken in 1997. The results suggest that there is convergence between the practices of both therapeutic modalities evidenced by use of medical diagnostic procedures by alternative practitioners, use of alternative therapies by doctors and cross-referral of patients. However, it is argued, such convergence is only weak and the use of the term complementary, rather than alternative by both doctors and alternative practitioners, allows differences in interests between the two groups to be glossed over. Weak convergence is more compatible with a postmodern society than strong convergence.
Soiled Identity: Memory-Work Narratives of Menstruation
Authors: Koutroulis Glenda
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the narratives and discussion produced through a memory-work study about menstruation with a collective of eight Australian women. Unfolding to exhibit a complex and contradictory experience of the body and menstruation, the narratives show that the body of a menstruating woman has cultural meanings inscribed that function to ensure the embodied experience of a menstruating woman is unfavourably different from the embodied experience of a non-menstruating woman. These women’s reflections on and discussion about their experiences express differences in the symbolic ordering of menstrual fluid as clean or dirty. The complex relationship between the meanings ascribed to menstruation and the social consequences of menstruating, especially the changed subjectivity and associations to the body was identified.
Navigating the Social Context of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Reflections on a Project Linking Research to Drama
Authors: Gray Ross E. , Sinding Christina , Fitch Margaret I.
Published: March 2007

Over the past two decades there has been a dramatic shift in attitudes towards cancer, particularly breast cancer. The former stigma associated with the disease, while not entirely eradicated, is no longer primary. Breast cancer’s new upbeat image focuses on prevention, early detection and survivorship, not on death. In this article we explore the implications of this societal shift for women with metastatic breast cancer. To do this, we draw on several sources of information: (1) a focus group study we conducted with women with metastatic breast cancer; (2) excerpts from a theatre script about metastatic disease, based in large part on our focus group research; and (3) interviews with participants in the development of the theatre production, especially women with metastatic disease. We conclude that the difficult realities facing seriously ill individuals are most often ignored or avoided by those who surround them. Where the grim challenges of metastatic cancer are acknowledged, patients are often pressured to take up narratives that cast them outside the discourse of everyday life, as either passive victims or courageous heroes.
Constructing the ‘Gay Gene’ in the News: Optimism and Skepticism in the US and British Press
Authors: Conrad Peter , Markens Susan
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s the discovery of a ‘gay gene’ was widely reported in the news media, often as front-page stories. Focusing on the print media presentation of Dean Hamer’s 1993 and 1995 scientific papers reporting finding a genetic marker for homosexuality, we examine how these studies were framed in a selected sample of US and British newspapers and news magazines. We found disparate constructions of the ‘gay gene’ in each press culture. The US press reported Hamer’s study as good science and treated it with ‘cautious optimism’ while the British press reported the research as ‘the perils of the gay gene.’ We discuss how these studies received such widespread attention and the sources and implications of the variant images of the ‘gay gene’ in the news.