bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Improving the State of the Shelterbelts in the Northern Caucasus
Authors: Manaenkov A. C.
Published: April 2024

In the flat regions of the North Caucasus, the cultivation of field crops is associated with the risk of causing destructive dust storms. A tried means of preventing them was the system of shelterbelts (SBs), created in the 50–70s of the past century. However, for a number of reasons and with age, they degraded into an unsatisfactory state. A need has arisen to carry out a complex of forestry activities aimed at improving and increasing the plantations functional durability. The purpose of the research was to determine the most rational ways and methods of these activities. The studies were carried out by employing the method of a comprehensive analysis of the SBs inventory materials obtained in 2007–2019 on a total area of more than 20 thousand ha–1 using the current methodological standards as well as original approaches, with the participation and under the guidance of the article’s author. It has been established that on the chernozems, the SBs have been preserved almost across the entire original area, they possess a higher degree of biocenotic diversity and require individual economic activity regimes. The most common are the plantations possessing the windproof structures with sparse parent stands, dense layers of understorey and underbrush, as well as sparse single-storey stands with a highly developed ground cover and weakened tree vegetation. In the first type of plantations it’s prudent to carry out reconstructive fellings, aimed at the formation of a young seed or seedling-seed generation of the trees and increasing its wind permeability. The second one calls for sanitary fellings and agrotechnical maintenance, focused on stand’s renewal and thickening of the windbreak profile of these shelterbelts. On chestnut soil types, plantations of the 50–60s have disintegrated completely, while the plantations of the 70s have survived only in areas with increased moisture. They are in a severely weakened state and under a direct threat of dying. Possible recovery measures include sanitary felling and artificial reforestation along the entire course of the SBs, with the exception of the areas unfit for sustaining forests. Forestry activities should include long-term basic tillage, planting of pure 2–3-row plantations mainly from large and medium shrubs, species composition differentiation within the SBs in accordance with the quality of the soil.
Climate Affecting the Carbon, Phytomass and Litter Stocks in Forest Stans of the South of the European Russia
Authors: Kaganov V. V. , Zamolodchikov D. G. , Mostovaya A. S.
Published: April 2024

Modern global climate change manifests in an ever intensifying fashion, affecting anthropogenic and natural systems. Bioclimatic models predict significant shifts in biome boundaries, including a reduction in the forests’ proportion in the forest-steppe areas. This process can also affect carbon stocks. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of climate and its changes on the values and their changes of the phytomass’ carbon stocks of forest stands according to the data of repeated surveys of permanent sample plots. In the southern regions of the European Russia, 8 forests were selected and trial plots were set up. Repeated surveys were carried out on the test plots in 2010–2011, 2014–2015, 2019–2020. The carbon reserves of the living and the dead components of forest stands were calculated according to taxation characteristics. The litter carbon stocks were determined by the gravimetric method. The meteorological information analysis was carried out using data from the meteorological stations closest to the objects of study. Average annual temperature for 1991–2020 increased compared to 1961–1990. by 1.13°C, which is 2.5 times more than the global average. At the same time, annual precipitation decreased from 448.2 mm to 445.4 mm. The average value of the G.T. Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient for May-September during the 1961–1990 period was 0.85, and 0.79 during the 1991–2020 period. The stock of the phytomass carbon in the studied forest stands varied from 38.5 ± 7.4 t C ha–1 to 270.6 ± 52.8 t C ha–1. Repeated surveys revealed both increases and decreases in phytomass carbon stocks, which ranged from –23.8 to 31.9 t C ha–1 over a five-year interval. The phytomass carbon stocks and climatic characteristics analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation with the HTC for May-September. However, comparison of changes in phytomass with changes in the average annual temperature, annual precipitation and HTC for May-September did not reveal significant dependencies. The absence of significant correlations between changes in phytomass carbon and climatic parameters’ changes can be determined by the forest ecosystems’ stability, which ensures the preservation of their functions over several years intervals.
Assessment of the Negative Impact of the Quarantine Pest Oak Lace Bug in the Western Caucasus
Authors: Bibin A. R. , Belous O. G. , Platonova N. B.
Published: April 2024

In 2015, an invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) (Say, 1832), a representative of the North American fauna of lace bugs (Heteroptera: Tingidae), was discovered in the Krasnodar Territory. The main harmfulness of oak lace bug lies in it sucking the cell juices from the leaves, as a result of which their chlorosis develops, which can be especially dangerous and serve as a cause of repression and death of oaks. To assess the foraging impact of oak lace nug, we analysed the pigment composition of English oak (Quercus robur L.) leaves before and after infestation. The optical density of the extracted pigments was measured on a spectrophotometer. The functional state of the photosynthetic apparatus was assessed using a portable chlorophyll fluorometer. As a result, a significant decrease in the content of the main photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll, as well as carotenoids was found, which indicates the suppression of the plant’s nonspecific protective mechanism. In parallel, there occurs a decrease in the photosynthetic activity coefficient and the vitality level. However, these negative processes are at least partially offset by an increase in chlorophyll b, which prevents the inhibition of CO2 assimilation. Pest damage causes a significant decrease in leaf thickness, mainly due to a decrease in the biometric parameters of spongy and columnar parenchyma.
Approaches to the Carbon Sequestration in Climatic Projects
Authors: Nekrasov S. A.
Published: April 2024

Projects aimed at achieving carbon neutrality will increasingly determine the direction of the global economy. Their implementation will cause not only an increase in the cost of energy supply, but also lead to additional extraction of fossil fuel and an increase in demand for electricity. Under these conditions, the Russian Federation should adjust the vector of its development and use natural resources, taking into account the accumulated experience in solving complex problems based on a systematic approach. The transition from a fragmented approach to the integrated use of the afforestation and reforestation sequestration possibilities is the way to maintain the structural stability of the domestic economy. It is shown that the reforestation and afforestation on areas equivalent to those occupied by the Volga-Kama HPPs’ cascade’s reservoirs will result in an increase in carbon dioxide absorption comparative to a decrease in emissions when the energy from the gas-powered thermal power plants will be replaced by hydropower. Also presented are the numerical estimates of the increase in CO2 sequestration resulting from the reforestation on the area of an ancient lake, which used to occupy a significant part of the Mologo-Sheksninskaya lowland at the end of the ice age, in case of a change in the level of the Rybinsk reservoir.
Discomycetes of the Livadiysky Ridge (Primorye Territory, Russia)
Authors: Bogacheva А. V.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of a revision of the collection of discomycetes found in plant communities of the subalpine belt of the Livadiysky Ridge. The ridge is located in the south of Primorye Territory and is characterized as an area with well-preserved southern indigenous Far East vegetation in its lower belt. In the volume of the studied 118 specimens, 62 species were identified, among which are both widespread and new to Primorsky Krai. To date, 79 species of discomycetes are known to occur in the plant communities of the Livadia ridge. The list of species known in the mycobiota of Primorye Territory was supplemented by five taxa, of which three are new for the Far East region of Russia (Ciborinia candolleana, Paragalactinia michelii, Sphaerosporella hinnulea). For a number of rare species, new locations were noted. Thus, the second collection point in the region was indicated for Cenangium ferruginosum (on dead wood of Quercus mongolica) and for Sclerencoelia fascicularis (on dead wood of Populus sp.).
New Data on Agaricoid and Gasteroid Agaricomycetes in Penza Region (Russia)
Authors: Ivanov A. I. , Ermolaeva A. A. , Mironova A. A.
Published: April 2024

The study of agaricoid and gasteroid fungi belonging to the class Agaricomycetes in the Penza region has been carried out beginning with 1976. Due to significant changes in the taxonomy of this group in recent decades, it became necessary to revise the materials accumulated over a 46-year research period. As a result of such a revision, it was found that in the territory of the Penza region, were recorded 837 species of agaricoid and gasteroid fungi of the class Agaricomycetes. They belong to 8 orders, 39 families and 137 genera. The largest families, including more than 50 species, are Agaricaceae, Cortinariaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Russulaceae, Strophariaceae, Tricholomataceae, from 20 to 50 species – Boletaceae, Bolbiticaeae, Crepidotaceae, Entolomataceae, Hygrophoraceae, Marasmiaceae, and Mycenaceae. The remaining families include less than 20 species each. The first place in terms of species richness is occupied by the genus Cortinarius (109 species), the second by the genus Russula (60 species). The genera uniting from 30 to 60 species are Inocybe and Mycena, from 20 to 30 species – Agaricus, Entoloma, Lactarius, Lepiota, Psathyrella, and Tricholoma, from 10 to 20 species – Amanita, Clitocybe, Conocybe, Coprinopsis, Galerina, Hebeloma, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Marasmius, Melanoleuca, Panaeolus, Pholiota. The remaining genera are characterized by lower species richness levels, although they make up 82% of the total species number. Of these, 41 genera include only one species. In the course of research carried out from 2018 to 2022, a total of 27 species of Agaricomycetes new to the region were found. Three of them, Russula groenlandica, R. insignis, and R. melzeri, were noted in Russia for the first time. At the same time, 20 previously discovered species were not confirmed as a result of our revision. During observations from 1976 to 2022, it was found that the number of some species of fungi in the group under consideration is not constant and is subject to changes in the long-term regime. For example, in Agaricus xanthodermus, Caloboletus radicans, Infundibulicybe geotropa, Lactarius semisanguifluus, Lepista personata, Mutinus ravenellii and Rubinoboletus rubinus, this number increases, whereas in Floccularia luteovirens, Lactarius turpis, Leucopaxillus tricolor, Russula chloroides, and Tylopilus felleus, on the contrary, it tends to decrease.
First data on nivicolous myxomycetes in the “Bitsevsky forest” natural and historical park (Moscow, Russia)
Authors: Gmoshinskiy V. I. , Kireeva N. I.
Published: April 2024

Preliminary studies in the northern part of the “Bitsevsky forest” natural and historical park resulted in the collection of 79 specimens of nivicolous myxomycetes belonging to 6 species from 3 genera. This is the first record of nivicolous myxomycetes in urban parks in lowlands. Photographs of sporocarps and micromorphological structures are given for each species. Lamproderma ovoideoechinulatum var. microspora, L. zonatopulchellum, and Meriderma carestiae var. carestiae were found for the first time in Moscow Region. The data indicate that high level of anthropogenic pressure, namely trampling and moderate improvement does not restrict sporulation of nivicolous species.
Aphyllophoroid Fungi of the Velikiy Island (Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve, Murmansk Region, Russia)
Authors: Khimich Yu. R.
Published: April 2024

Velikiy Island is the largest island in Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve (the Reserve). We prepared a check-list of aphyllophoroid fungi of Velikiy Island and the two nearest small islands, including 131 species. Seventy-seven species were recorded in the Reserve for the first time. Byssoporia terrestris, Hyphodontia abieticola, and Hypochnicium multiforme were found in Murmansk Region for the first time. The observations of the three species form the northern limit of their global range. New localities are reported for four Murmansk Region red-listed species (Dichomitus squalens, Hericium coralloides, Junghuhnia collabens, and Leptoporus mollis).
Molecular Identification, Effector genes and Virulence of Isolates of Parastagonospora nodorum from Altai Krai (Russia)
Authors: Zeleneva Yu. V. , Gannibal Ph. B. , Kazartsev I. А. , Sudnikova V. P.
Published: April 2024

Septoria blotches represent some of the most harmful wheat diseases that encompass all grain-producing countries worldwide. They are caused mainly by fungi of the genera Parastagonospora and Zymoseptoria. The aims of the research were to analyze the nucleotide sequences of two phylogenetically informative DNA loci, ITS and tub2, of Parastagonospora nodorum isolates from the Altai Krai, to detect the presence of Tox1, Tox3, ToxA effector genes and to study the virulence of the isolates. Microscopic analysis of fragments of affected plant tissue was used for primary identification of the Septoria blotch. The causative agent from the studied plant samples was identified as P. nodorum. Fungal colonies cultivated on potato-glucose agar displayed a well-developed light brown velvety mycelium with dark periphery (mixed type) and numerous pycnidia exhibiting high sporulation capacity. Microbiological diagnostics were complemented by molecular genetic studies. Sequencing of ITS and tub2 loci isolates revealed complete genetic identity of all eight studied monoconidial isolates obtained from different samples. PCR-based detection of tree Tox-genes demonstrated that the only Tox3 was present in the geno-types of 80 tested P. nodorum monoconidial isolates. The ToxA and Tox1 genes were not found in the studied isolates. The virulence of P. nodorum isolates was evaluated in laboratory conditions using an isolated wheat leaves assay. Mixture of four isolates from spring wheat and one isolate from winter wheat, were characterized as virulent. When spring and winter wheat cultivars were infected with two isolates obtained from oats, pathogenic but avirulent properties were detected. The isolate from triticale was avirulent to winter wheat cultivars and virulent to spring wheat cultivars.
SIX SPECIES OF AGARICOMYCETES, NEW TO THE PAMIR-ALAY MOUNTAINS (UZBEKISTAN PART)
Authors: Islomiddinov Z. Sh. , Mustafaev I. M. , Volobuev S. V. , Umar A. , Khabibullaev B. S. , Lim Y. W.
Published: April 2024

New data on basidiomycete species (Crucibulum laeve, Ganoderma resinaceum, Leccinum duriusculum, Lentinus brumalis, Neolentinus cyathiformis, and Volvariella bombycina) recorded for the first time for the Pamir-Alay ranges in Uzbekistan is presented. All collections were made within protected areas of the Zaamin National Nature Park, the Nuratau Nature Reserve, and the Kitab State Geological Reserve. Detailed information on studied specimens deposited in Tashkent Mycological Herbarium of the Institute of Botany of Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (TASM), including geographical coordinates, descriptions of localities, substrates and habitats, date of collection, as well as the herbarium numbers, is provided. The history of macrofungi studies in Pamir-Alay is briefly described.
Scattering of Positive Muons by Atoms of Inert Gases
Authors: Chernysheva L. V. , Yarzhemsky V. G.
Published: April 2024

In the present work, the cross sections of elastic and inelastic scattering of positive muons by He and Ar atoms at low and medium kinetic energies are calculated by the methods of many-body theory with the use of the ATOM-M software package. For comparison, the results of elastic and inelastic positron scattering at the same energies are also given. The dependence of the phases and scattering cross sections on the charge of the particle and its mass, as well as on the charge of the nucleus of the scattering atom, is discussed.
Measuring the Neutron Timelike Electromagnetic Form Factor with the SND Detector
Authors: Achasov M. N. , Barnyakov A. Yu. , Bedarev E. V. , Beloborodov K. I. , Berdyugin A. V. , Berkaev D. E. , Bogdanchikov A. G. , Botov A. A. , Dimova T. V. , Druzhinin V. P. , Zhabin V. N. , Zharinov Yu. M. , Kardapoltsev L. V. , Kasaev A. S. , Kovrizhin D. P. , Koop I. A. , Korol A. A. , Kupich A. S. , Kryukov A. P. , Lysenko A. P. , Melnikova N. A. , Muchnoi N. Yu. , Obrazovsky A. E. , Pakhtusova E. V. , Pugachev K. V. , Rastigeev S. A. , Rogovsky Yu. A. , Serednyakov S. I. , Silagadze Z. K. , Surin I. K. , Usov Yu. V. , Kharlamov A. G. , Shatunov Yu. M. , Shtol D. A.
Published: April 2024

Results are presented from measuring the e+e− → n¯n cross section and effective neutron timelike form factor. Data are collected in 2020–2021 at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider in the 1891 to 2007 MeV center-of-mass range of energies. The general purpose nonmagnetic SND detector is used to detect neutron–antineutron events. The time-of-flight approach is used to select n¯n events. The measuredcross section is 0.4–0.6 nbn. The neutron form factor in the investigated range of energies varies from 0.3 to 0.2.
On the Importance of Inelastic Interactions in Direct Dark Matter Searches
Authors: Bednyakov V. A.
Published: April 2024

The approach proposed earlier for describing the scattering of weakly interacting nonrelativistic massive neutral particles off nuclei is used as the basis to derive explicit expressions for the event countingrate expected in experiments aimed at directly detecting dark matter (DM) particles. These expressions make it possible to estimate the rates in question with allowance for both elastic (coherent) and inelastic (incoherent) channels of DM particle interaction with a target nucleus. Within this approach, the effect of a nonzero excitation energy of the nucleus involved is taken into account for the first time in calculating the contribution of inelastic processes. A correlation between the excitation energy and admissible values of the kinetic recoil energy of the excited nucleus constrains substantially the possibility of detection of the inelastic channel with some nuclei. In addition to the standard model of the DM distribution in theMilkyWay Galaxy, the effect of some other models that allow significantly higher velocities of DMparticles is considered. A smooth transition from from the dominance of the elastic channel of the DM particle–nucleus interaction to the dominance of its inelastic channel occurs as the nuclear recoil energy TA grows. If the DM detector used is tuned to detecting elastic-scattering events exclusively, then it cannot detect anything in the casewhere the nuclear recoil energy turns out to be belowthe the detection threshold. As TA grows, such a detector loses the ability to see anything, since elastic processes quickly become nonexistent. Radiation associated with the deexcitation of the nucleus becomes the only possible signature of the interaction that occurred. In the case of a spin-independent interaction, the inelastic contribution becomes dominant rather quickly as TA grows, while the differential event counting rate decreases insignificantly. If a DMparticle interacts with nucleons via a spin-dependent coupling exclusively, detectors traditionally setup to detect an elastic spin-dependent DMsignal will be unable to to see anything since the signal entirely goes through the inelastic channel. It looks like the sought interactions ofDM particles may have a sizable intensity, but the instrument is unable to detect them.Therefore, experiments aimed at directly detecting DM particles should be planned in such a way that it would be possible to detect simultaneously two signals—that of the recoil energy of the nucleus involved and that of gamma rays having a specific energy and carrying away its excitation. A experiment in this implementation will furnish complete information about the DM interaction that occurred.
Is It Possible to Estimate the Parameters of the 2D Evolution of the Space Metric Signature with Energy from the Correlations of the Azimuthal Characteristics of Particles?
Authors: Mukhamedshin R. A.
Published: April 2024

The coplanarity of subcores in γ-ray–hadron families of the so-called long-range near-side “ridge” effect discovered by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC can be described in terms of the FANSY2.0 model, which reproduces the coplanar generation of the most energetic particles in hadron interactions at superhigh energies. Coplanar generation can be explained, in particular, by the hypothesis of change of the signature of the metric of the space–time continuum, namely, a fluctuation transformation of the basicthree-dimensional state into two-dimensional one (3D ↔ 2D). A method is proposed for experimental verification of this hypothesis by studying the azimuthal correlations of different particles in hadroninteractions.
Metal-Loading Liquid Organic Scintillators for Recording Rare Events:
Light Yield at High Metal Concentration
Authors: Barabanov I. R. , Veresnikova A. V. , Isupova Z. Yu. , Lokshin B. V. , Morgalyuk V. P. , Nemeryuk A. M. , Novikova G. Ya. , Elcheparova S. A. , Yanovich E. A.
Published: April 2024

Metal-loading liquid organic scintillators (MeLS) are discussed from the point of view of light yield at high metal loading (Gd, Nd, Zr, In). It is shown that, when metal β-diketonates are introduced into the scintillator, its light yield is always lower than when carboxylates are used, which is explained by the structural difference between these complexes. The nature of the metal in some cases (Nd) also affectsthe light attenuation length and, consequently, the MeLS light yield. The composition of the solvent (the fraction of aromatics in the main solvent) and the degree of purification of the introduced metal complex also have a significant effect on the light yield.
Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction on a Vulcan XC-72 Carbon Substrate Modified with Transition Metals
Authors: Vinogradov K. Yu. , Shafigulin R. V. , Vostrikov S. V. , Martynenko E. A. , Podlipnov V. V. , Bulanova A. V.
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the results of a study of the catalytic activity of bimetallic materials synthesized based on Vulcan XC-72 carbon black modified with nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum in the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. The studies of the synthesized catalysts by adsorption–desorption of nitrogen in vacuum show that they are mesoporous and possess low porosity and surface area. After modification with metals, the surface area of the catalyst and pore volume decrease. The Raman spectra of the samples evidence probable formation of intermetallics or mixed molybdenum oxides on the surface of the MoCo/C and NiMo/C catalysts, which is in agreement with the published data. Scanning electron microscopy shows the formation of spherical metal parties on amorphous Vulcan XC-72. All the studied bimetallic catalysts possess similar kinetic characteristics of the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction; nevertheless, NiMo/C and NiNi/C catalysts manifest a higher activity. The verification of the robustness of operation of the synthesized catalysts shows their high corrosion resistance.
Temperature Dependence of the Luminescence Spectra of Copper(II) Mesoporphyrinate in a Polystyrene Film and on the Surface of Microparticles of Al2O3
Authors: Chernyad’ev A. Yu. , Kotenev V. A. , Tsivadze A. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Copper(II) diethyl mesoporphyrinate (CuMP), as well as luminescent materials based on it, namely, films of CuMP in polystyrene and microparticles of aluminum oxide covered by a layer of CuMP, is obtained. An analysis of the change in the photoluminescence spectra of the new materials in a range of temperatures of 77–298 K is conducted. It is found that, upon varying temperature in the photoluminescence spectra of CuMP in polystyrene, the ratio of the intensities of phosphorescence from the triplet electron levels 2T1 and 4T1 changes and a shift of the spectra according to the Stokes law is observed. A change in the ratio of the intensities of emission from the levels 2T1 and 4T1 is also observed in the luminescence spectra of CuMP adsorbed on the surface of microparticles of Al2O3 upon varying temperature; however, an anti-Stokes shift of phosphorescence from the level 2T1 is observed at the same time. An analysis of the kinetics of decay of the phosphorescence spectra of the CuMP dye in composite materials that possess the properties of luminescent temperature sensors is conducted.
Functional State of the Cortical-Spinal Tract and Motor-Cognitive Reactions of Athletes Who Train Speed, Endurance and Coordination of Movement
Authors: Lanskaya O. V. , Lanskaya E. V.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the cortical-spinal excitability and conducting ability of the motor system using muscle potentials caused by magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex of the brain and spinal segments at the level of the C6–C7 and T12–L1 vertebrae in athletes of different specializations, and to correlate these parameters with psychophysiological characteristics. The researches revealed: 1) the stayers had the highest level of excitability of cortical neurons and motor neurons of the cervical and lumbar thickenings of the spinal cord, controlling the activity of shoulder, forearm, hip and shin muscles; the sprinters had the lowest level, while that of the basketball players’ was in between; 2) the sprinters and the basketball players displayed the highest conductive capacity of the corticospinal tract (CST), the stayers had the lowest one; 3) sprinters and basketball players had a higher rate of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions as an indicator of neuromotor (lability and mobility of the nervous system) and cognitive processes than stayers; 4) basketball players had the highest accuracy of complex sensorimotor reactions and the ability to anticipate the course of events as a sign of cognitive success than other athletes; 5) cortical-spinal excitability positively correlated with the accuracy of movements (in basketball players) and negatively with the conductive ability of the CST and the speed of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions (in sprinters and stayers). Athletes who train speed, endurance and coordination of movement have distinctive features and the relationship between the functional state of the CST and motor-cognitive reactions.
The Features of Synergetic Interaction of Lower Extremities’ Skeletal Muscles under the Spinal Cord Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Moiseev S. A. , Gorodnichev R. M.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the neural basis of the synergetic interaction of the lower extremities’ skeletal muscles during locomotor activity. It was supposed to determine the relationship of the locomotor-related neuronal networks with the centers regulating the spatiotemporal modes of muscle interaction in the structure of the step cycle and its periods. The subjects walked the treadmill both, under normal conditions and during spinal cord percutaneous electrical stimulation. The parameters of the synergies extracted using the principal component method were analyzed. The reorganization of neuronal activity of spinal locomotor-related networks, similar to adaptive processes that compensate for motor deficits in people with pathologies of the nervous system, has been revealed. Percutaneous electrical stimulation changed the reciprocal relations of bilateral lower extremities muscles in the structure of synergetic modules, mainly during the swing phase. The synergy structure demonstrated combined temporal profiles with several peaks of activity. During stimulation, the formation of a basic profile with a clear outline of the main fluctuations was revealed. The spatiotemporal structure of muscle synergy patterns during stance phase turned out to be more stable, which is probably due to an increase in afferentation from the foot support-sensetive zones, which creates optimal conditions for initiating the central generators of locomotor pattern.
Effect of Simulated Hypomagnetic Conditions on Some Physiological Paremeters at 8-Hour Exposure. Experement “Arfa–19”
Authors: Kukanov V. Yu. , Vasin A. L. , Demin A. V. , Schastlivtseva D. V. , Bubeev Yu. A. , Suvorov A. V. , Popova J. A. , Luchitskaya E. S. , Niiazov A. R. , Polyakov A. V. , Fedyay S. O. , Kirichenko V. V. , Zaripov R. N. , Gimadiev R. R. , Kochetov A. G. , Sigaleva E. E. , Pasekova O. B. , Popova O. V. , Rusanov V. B. , Orlov O. I.
Published: April 2024

The proposal is a complex experiment that had a design – a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. An effective measurement of the parameters of the human body was examined on 8 apparently healthy subjects during an exposure of 8 hours in altered magnetic conditions. The results of the experiment did not reveal significant risks for the functional state of the human body with a decrease in the multiplicity of about 1000 times.
Neurofunctional Organization of Working Memory on the Basic Characteristics of Visual Space in Males and Females
Authors: Mikhailova E. S. , Kushnir A. B. , Moshnikova N. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Thirty eight subjects (19 males and 19 females) performed the working memory task on orientations. In males, the higher sensitivity of the early occipito-temporal negativity N150 to the match/mismatch between current and stored orientations indicates the more effective early detection of changes in orientations. A higher amplitude of the P200 component of the occipital-temporal ERPs and central positivity of 400–500 ms in males compared to females is considered as indicator of the higher selective attention to orientations and the potential possibility of retaining in memory a larger information about the spatial properties of the environment. In was found a statistically significant relationship between the reaction time of the working memory performance and assessments of navigational behavior strategies according self-report questionnaires. It was suggested that the more effective visual-spatial working memory on the orientations is the important biological factor underlying the more effective navigation strategy that based on global spatial environmental characteristics.
Integration of Vestibular, Visual and Proprioceptive Inputs in the Cerebral Cortex during Movement Control
Authors: Badakva A. M. , Miller N. V. , Zobova L. N.
Published: April 2024

The review of the literature data is devoted to the integration of vestibular, visual and proprioceptive inputs in various areas of the cerebral cortex in humans and monkeys during movement control. Despite the abundance of studies of numerous areas of the cortex with vestibular and sensorimotor inputs, their functions and connections are insufficiently studied and understood. The review provides a relatively detailed analysis of data from recent studies of three areas of the cortex involved in motion control: region 7a of the posterior parietal cortex, in which responses to a combined visual-vestibular stimulus tended to dominate the vestibular input over the visual one; the visual region of the cingulate sulcus, which presumably integrates not only visual and vestibular afferent signals, but also proprioceptive signals from the lower limbs, thereby providing interaction between the sensory and motor systems during locomotion; and the area of the superior parietal lobule, in which the visual and somatic inputs interact, allowing you to control behavior when reaching and grasping an object. It is concluded that it is necessary to combine complex natural tasks with normative behavioral models in future research in order to understand how the brain converts sensory input data into a behavioral format.
Dynamics of Changes in Muscle Architecture, Force, Strength-Velocity Properties of the Muscles of Lower Limbs in Humans under the Influence of a Three Week Unloading
Authors: Koryak Yu. A. , Kukoba T. B. , Babich D. R.
Published: April 2024

The present study examined the hypothesis that significant alterations in antigravity muscle architecture would occur with dry water immersion (DI) and that some structural changes may be seen in postural muscles because of the overall decrease in physical activity. Ten men (age (mean ± SE) – 24.5 ± 3.9 years, height – 176.1 ± 1.2 m, mass – 71.1 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for the study. The healthy men underwent of DI for 21 days. All subjects did not use physical training during the exposure. The contractile properties of the muscle ankle extensors and flexors (maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and strength-velocity relationship) were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. The internal architecture of the triceps surae muscle of its two heads (medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius muscles) was determined by in vivo ultrasound (US) at ankle angles of –15° (dorsiflexion), 0° (neutral anatomical position), and +30° (plantarflexion) with an angle in the knee joint of 0°. In each position, longitudinal US of MG and LG were obtained at the proximal levels 30% (MG and LG) of the distance between the popliteal crease and the center of the lateral malleolus. US images were detected at rest for each ankle position, and the fiber length (Lf) and pennation angle (Θf) relative to the aponeurosis were determined. After DI the MVC muscle ankle extensors decreased from 122.6 ± 43.1 to 99.5 ± 22.7 N (19%). Although there was a significant no change in dorsiflexion. After DI with the ankle angle increasing from –15° to +30°, Lf changes from 43 ± 1 to 32 ± 2 mm (25.6%, p 0.01) for MG and from 45 ± 2 to 34 ± 1 mm (24.4%, p 0.01) for LG, and Θf increased from 21° ± 1° to 26° ± 2° (23.8%) for MG and from 14° ± 1° to 18° ± 2° (28.6%) for LG. Collectively, the present data suggest that the architecture and contractile capacity of human pennate muscle are interrelated, in vivo. The finding that amongst the antigravity muscles, the MG deteriorated to a greater extent than the LG is possibly related to the differences in relative load that this muscle possibly experiences during daily loading. Different Lf and Θf, and their changes by after unloading, might be related to differences in force-producing capabilities of the muscles and elastic characteristics of tendons and aponeuroses. Structural muscle changes can be considered as an adaptive process, in response to disuse.
Broadband Noise Exposure Psychoacoustic Effects Evaluation in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Sigaleva E. E. , Pasekova O. B. , Degterenkova N. V. , Marchenko L. Yu. , Matsnev E. I.
Published: April 2024

The noise generated by life support systems is one of the factors that continuously affects the astronauts during their stay on the International Space Station. Long-term monitoring of the astronauts auditory system state demonstrates the possibility of developing both temporary and permanent (irreversible) shifts in hearing thresholds. In addition, it has been shown that prolonged noise exposure can adversely affect the quality of the operator’s activity and efficient performance. However, to date, the topic of psychoacoustic effects caused by noise exposure has not been studied enough. An experimental evaluation of the “non-auditory” effects of “white” noise exposure with an 85 dB intensity and 2 hours duration in healthy volunteers with normal hearing was carried out. The results indicate the negative noise impact on concentration, the amount of RAM and its use efficiency, the cognitive processes associated with the recognition and incoming information analysis speed. In addition, a significant change in the parameters of the volunteers bioelectrical brain activity was noted: an increase in the power of α- and β-rhythms and a decrease in the power of θ- EEG rhythms under the noise influence. Taking these data into account, the authors suggest a decrease in the operator’s activity quality of the volunteers in noise exposure conditions.
Words Listening Related Electroencephalography Spectrum Perturbations in Normally Developing Children and Sensory Alalia Children
Authors: Nacharova M. A. , Nacharov D. V. , Pavlenko V. B.
Published: April 2024

The analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) event related spectrum perturbations in 23 normally developing and 23 sensory alalia children of age between 4 and 10 years old during listening to nouns is conducted. In EEG θ-frequency range of healthy children, synchronization was detected in the frontal, central, and temporal leads, and desynchronization was found in most leads in children with sensory alalia. Intergroup differences in the reactivity of the EEG θ-range reached the level of statistical significance in C4 lead. In the α‑range, EEG desynchronization was observed in typically developing children, and synchronization was observed in children with sensory alalia. Differences in the α-activity power reached the level of statistical significance in leads C3, F3, P3, O1. An EEG θ-band synchronization decrease during words listening in children with sensory alalia may reflect an impairment of retrieving words from memory and less emotional involvement in the speech perception process, while the absence of α-activity desynchronization in the central leads is a impairment of the functioning of sensorimotor neural networks, involved in the speech perception and generation. The revealed features of EEG reactivity are important for understanding the central speech perception mechanisms in normal children, as well as in children with disorders such as sensory alalia.
Fronto-Parietal Patterns of Delta and Beta EEG Oscillations as Correlates of the Conditions of Creativity Testing
Authors: Razumnikova O. M.
Published: April 2024

Recently, much attention has been paid to the mechanism of cooperation between the fronto-parietal system and the default system, since their “pre-tuning” at rest and the subsequent dynamics of functional interaction are associated with an individual variety of strategies for performing tasks while creativity testing. To study the EEG correlates of such strategies, we analyzed the regional specificity of ∆- and β-oscillations in the resting-state and compared them with the results of testing of creativity and intelligence in 37 university students (18 ± 1.1 years; 27 women and 10 men). The indicators of originality of responses when testing creativity were calculated using the databases we created earlier for the subtests “Circles”, “Incomplete figures”, “Unusual use of ordinary objects” and an expert assessment of the originality of sentences made up of words belonging to distant semantic categories. The verbal and figurative components of intelligence were assessed according to the Amthauer intelligence structure subtests. Using the cluster analysis of the listed indicators of creativity and intelligence, we identified two groups of study participants: one (GRKIQ) was characterized by a combination of higher values of intelligence and originality of answers in those tasks where it was required to reject stereotypical ideas while limiting the time for their search, and the other (GRK) – relatively lower intelligence, but high originality of solving the problem in terms of testing creativity with a variety of stimuli and without time limits. These two clusters differed in the regional organization of the power of the ∆- and β2-rhythms and in the correlation patterns of these rhythms: GRKIQ is represented by wide-spread high-frequency β-activity and its correlation with low-frequency biopotentials in the frontal cortex whereas GRK is characterized by cortical mosaic of the β2-activity with its diffusely distributed correlations with the ∆-rhythm by the exception of the anterior frontal areas. The detected effects can be considered as a “pre-tuning” to the strategy of “intelligent” search for an original answer under conditions of resistance to fixation on a stereotyped idea in the GRKIQ or a solution based on a spontaneous search for distant associations in the GRK.
Coherence Dynamics in the EEG Rhythms during the Observation of Pro- and Antisocial Behavior in Children at an Early Age
Authors: Orekhova L. S. , Kulichenko A. M. , Makhin S. A. , Mikhailova A. A. , Pavlenko V. B.
Published: April 2024

In children aged 17–43 months (mean age 31 months), who differently evaluated pro- and antisocial actions performed by puppet characters (groups with high and low indices of moral evaluation – IME), there have been revealed the group-specific changes in the coherence of EEG activity in each group. In high IME children, the observation of a prosocial action facilitated intrahemispheric interactions in the α-frequency range. In the low IME group, changes in α-rhythm coherence were multidirectional. In the high IME group, the situation of decision making on how to distribute the reward between the two characters who demonstrated either pro- or antisocial behavior evoked an increase in α-activity coherence between the frontal, central, parietal and occipital regions in the right hemisphere. In the low IME children, on the contrary, it decreased. No significant modulations of the EEG coherence in θ-frequency range have been revealed. For β-activity, significant modulations were found only in children with low IME. The obtained findings are discussed in the context of the functionality of the brain control systems and the role of intrahemispheric cortical interconnections in moral behavior organization.
Effects of Single Noninvasive Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Post-Stroke Motor Disorders
Authors: Skvortsov D. V. , Bogacheva I. N. , Shcherbakova N. A. , Grishin A. A. , Kaurkin S. N. , Moshonkina T. R. , Gerasimenko Yu. P.
Published: April 2024

Post-stroke gait disorders are often characterized by abnormal kinematic and kinetic patterns, deviations in spatio-temporal features, altered muscle activation and increased power requirements during walking. The investigation is aimed at determining the possibility of using transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (scTS) to influence the kinematics of walking in stroke patients with hemiparesis in the early and late recovery periods (1–12 months) after stroke. Continuous and phasic stimulation was used during motor training on a treadmill. For stimulation a spinal neuroprosthesis including a multichannel stimulator for scTS (“Cosima”, Russia) with sensors for determining the phases of walking was used. The biomechanical study of the walking function was carried out with the complex “Stadis” (“Neurosoft”, Russia). The study involved 15 patients (age from 33 to 79 years). We analyzed the parameters of stepping movements when walking on the floor without stimulation before and after training on a treadmill using scTS. A comparative analysis of the kinematics of walking before and after training showed an increase in walking speed, the length of the step cycle, an increase in the range of movements in the hip, knee and ankle joints, in 40% patients the height of the paretic foot lift increased by 1–2 cm. The obtained results show that the training with the use of scTS can be considered as a rehabilitation method for correcting walking after a stroke.
Investigation of the Perception of Three-Dimensional Geometric Figures from the Rotational Movement of Their Two-Dimensional Image in Children with Ophthalmopathology
Authors: Rychkova S. I. , Sandimirov R. I.
Published: April 2024

Manifestations of the illusion of a three-dimensional structure appearing when rotating a flat projection of a three-dimensional object (structure from motion (SfM)) were studied in three groups of children aged 7 to 17 years: 1) 40 children of the control group with orthotropy, the normal state of visual functions (including binocular and stereovision) and fundus; 2) 33 children with non-paralytic strabismus and normal fundus condition; 3) 50 children with non-paralytic strabismus on the background of congenital partial atrophy of the optic nerve (PAON). As a test image, we used the figure of a hexagon with diagonals passing through its center, presented in binocular and monocular observation conditions in the form of a still image, and when it rotates at a speed of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 rpm. It was shown that the perception of a three-dimensional structure in the form of a cube is possible with a stationary presentation of a test image in 2–3% of children of both the control group and groups of children with strabismus in binocular and monocular observation conditions. When rotating the test image in both binocular and monocular observation conditions, the number of children who perceived the cube in all groups increased with increasing image rotation speed, reached maximum values at 15–30 rpm and significantly decreased at 40 rpm. In the control group, during the transition from binocular observation conditions to monocular, the number of children perceiving the image as a cube significantly increases at rotational speeds of 5 rpm (p = 0.023), 10 rpm (p = 0.005), 20 rpm (p = 0.002) and 30 rpm (p = 0.001). In groups of children with strabismus (both on the background of normal fundus and on the background of PAON), binocular and monocular indicators were statistically comparable (р 0.05). Comparison of indicators in different groups demonstrated a greater number of children perceiving a three-dimensional figure in the control group than in both groups of children with strabismus at certain speeds of rotation of the test image (from 10 to 20 rpm). In groups of children with strabismus on the background of normal fundus and children with strabismus on the background of PAON, binocular and monocular indicators are statistically comparable for all image rotation speeds. There was no significant dependence of the nature of the perception of the test image on age in all the studied groups of children. Thus, along with the general patterns of SfM manifestations in children of the studied groups, differences were revealed due to the nature of the interaction of monocular and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception in normal and ophthalmopathology. Thus, the SfM study can be used to evaluate the effects of depth and force relations of the monocular and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception in normal and ophthalmopathology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ceramics BaxMg(2 – x)F4 Activated by Tungsten
Authors: Lisitsyn V. M. , Musakhanov D. A. , Korzhneva T. G. , Strelkova A. V. , Lisitsyna L. A. , Golkovsky M. G. , Zhunusbekov A. M. , Karipbaev Zh. T. , Kozlovsky A. L.
Published: April 2024

The possibility of radiation synthesis of luminescent ceramics from a mixture of Ba and Mg fluorides and WO3 oxide is shown for the first time. Synthesis is implemented in a powerful electron beam with an energy of 1.4 MeV by direct exposure of the charge to radiation. It is shown that the characteristic band is observed in the photoluminescence spectrum of the synthesized materials due to the introduction of tungsten, which indicates the incorporation of tungsten into the lattice during radiation synthesis without the use of additional substances in the charge.