bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Strategy for In Situ Shaping of Zeolite‐Imidazolate‐Frameworks into Polymeric Macrocapsule: Toward Practical Applications of Rare Earth Element Recovery
Authors: Cho Eun , Jung Youngkyun , Choi Jae‐Woo , Lee Changha , Jung Kyung‐Won
Published: July 2024

The efficient recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from secondary sources is an urgent global challenge. Although zeolite‐imidazolate‐framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) has unique advantages for REE recovery, its nanopowder form poses a significant obstacle to its practical application. Herein, the study proposes a novel in situ strategy for shaping ZIF‐8 into hierarchical 3D center‐radial channels of a polymeric macrocapsule (PMC) via a hybrid approach. Core–shell‐type ZIF‐8‐PMC hybrids (ZIF‐8@PMC) with the intrinsic physicochemical properties of ZIF‐8 are synthesized by combining counter‐diffusion‐based in situ growth and phase transformation, enabling unprecedented REE recovery of 463.6 and 580 mg g−1 for Nd3+ and Dy3+, respectively, which are superior to that of traditional encapsulating protocols. Moreover, ZIF‐8@PMC exhibits good applicability in the simulated permanent magnet leachate with recovery efficiencies of 92.5% (Nd3+) and 81.8% (Dy3+), after five repetitive cycles because of its protective nanoporous shell layer that prevents the release of in situ‐shaped ZIF‐8 to the exterior and invasion of external particulates into the PMC. Overall, these findings demonstrate the suitability of PMC as an ideal platform for the in situ shaping of ZIF‐8 and the application of the newly proposed protocol as a promising approach to expand the applicability of ZIF‐8 in various fields.
Three Birds with One Stone: Copper Ions Assisted Synergistic Cuproptosis/Chemodynamic/Photothermal Therapy by a Three‐Pronged Approach
Authors: Chen Mengyao , Xu Chang , Wang Chunhui , Huang Nan , Bian Zhixuan , Xiao Yixuan , Ruan Juan , Sun Fenyong , Shi Shuo
Published: July 2024

Copper is indispensable to organisms, while its homeostatic imbalance may interference normal cellular physiological processes and even induce cell death. Artificially regulating cellular copper content provides a viable strategy to activate antineoplastic effect. In light of this, a copper ions homeostasis perturbator (CuP‐CL) with cinnamaldehyde (Cin) packaging and thermosensitive liposome coating is reported. Following laser exposure, the doping of Cu2+ in polydopamine initiates enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT) and unlocks the outer layer of liposome, leading to the release of copper ions and Cin in tumor microenvironment with mild acidity and high glutathione (GSH) levels. The liberative Cu2+ can evoke cuproptosis and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Meanwhile, leveraging the merits of H2O2 supply and GSH consumption, Cin serves as a tumor microenvironment regulator to amplify Cu2+ mediated cuproptosis and CDT. Additionally, the positive feedback effects of “laser‐triggered PTT, PTT accelerates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, ROS amplifies lipid peroxide (LPO) accumulation, LPO mediates heat shock proteins (HSPs) clearance, down‐regulated HSPs promote PTT” entailed the overall benefit to therapeutic outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo results corroborate the remarkable antineoplastic performance of CuP‐CL by the synergy of cuproptosis/CDT/PTT. Collectively, based on the three‐pronged approach, this work plots a viable multimodal regimen for cancer therapy.
Construction of Binary Matrix for Efficient Room Temperature Phosphorescence Emission
Authors: Jia Qinglong , Bo Changchang , Lu Ziyi , Xu Wensheng , Liu Jiayi , Gao Li , Chen Ligong , Wang Bowei
Published: July 2024

Despite the extensive research on room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials, it remains a great challenge to further improve the photophysical properties of RTP materials. In this study, the RTP emission of guest molecule is significantly enhanced by constructing binary matrices containing cyanuric acid (CA) and amino‐containing compounds. Systematic studies show that the strong interaction between the two components of binary matrix induced variations in the guest molecular configuration and excited state electron distribution, thus facilitating the production of more triplet excitons. Furthermore, the binary matrix also exhibits stronger domain‐limiting effect compared to the CA mono‐matrix, effectively inhibits the energy loss of triplet excitons due to quenching and non‐radiative transitions. The prepared binary matrix RTP materials present ultralong phosphorescence lifetime and high phosphorescence quantum yield (up to 3.21 s and 7.31%, respectively), and even achieve bright RTP emission in a variety of organic solvents and aqueous media. Moreover, the RTP emission intensity of the best binary matrix composite can reach more than 28 times that of the CA mono‐matrix composite, and the RTP lifetime can be extended by 1.51 s.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Formal [5+2]‐Carbocyclization of Ortho‐Aryl‐Substituted Arylaldehydes with Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Wang Chengjie , Jiang Huanfeng , Zeng Wei
Published: July 2024

A Pd(II)‐catalyzed formal [5+2] coupling‐cyclization of 2‐arylbenzaldehydes with allylic alcohols has been developed. The method provides an efficient approach to access diaryl‐fused cycloheptene skeletons via traceless α‐amino acid‐assisted Csp2−H activation process.
Tandem Enantioselective Cycloaromatization/Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienones
Authors: Gaviña Daniel , Durán Marta , Prieto Lidia , Escolano Marcos , Díaz‐Oltra Santiago , Sánchez‐Roselló María , del Pozo Carlos
Published: July 2024

An enantioselective tandem sequence that comprises a cycloaromatization process followed by an intramolecular desymmetrizing Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of functionalized cyclohexadienones has been accomplished. The process takes place in good yields (65–95%), with excellent diastereoselectivity (>20:1) and enantiomeric ratios up to 90.5:9.5 in the presence of (R)‐BINOL‐derived N‐triflyl phosphoramides, and it gains access to a family of pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline derivatives in a simple manner, with the simultaneous generation of two vicinal stereocenters, one of them a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter.
Topology Optimization of Auxetic Hyperelastic Biomaterials for Enhanced Tailored Properties and Ultra‐High Expansion
Authors: Chattrairat Akanae , Kandare Everson , Aimmanee Sontipee , Tran Phuong , Das Raj
Published: July 2024

Topology optimization using finite element analysis offers a promising approach for designing new biomaterials with mechanical properties similar to human skin and superior auxetic properties compared to conventional materials. This innovative technique addresses the challenges associated with trial‐and‐error‐based material design and experimental iterations. In this study, finite element‐based topology optimization is employed to achieve optimized material structural patterns that maximize the lateral expansion of previously established auxetic designs and replicate specific directional properties observed in human skin. The topology‐optimized models, including slit, I‐shape, anisotropic I‐shape, triangular pattern, and re‐entrant shapes, demonstrate material structures with lower maximum stress, reducing the likelihood of material rupture failure and enhancing lateral expansion by more than 50% compared to the initial patterns. These novel designs and their unique behaviors are verified using the theoretical model of hyperelastic auxetic materials. This study represents the first analysis of topology optimization applied to soft hyperelastic biomaterials, focusing on both maximizing auxetic properties and replicating auxetic properties of human skin. The auxetic designs and topology optimization technique developed in this research hold potential for integration into biomedical and personal protective applications.
SNORD3A Regulates STING Transcription to Promote Ferroptosis in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Zhu Huanhuan , Wang Junni , Miao Jin , Shen Mingdi , Wang Huijing , Huang Xiaohan , Ni Anqi , Wu Huijuan , Chen Jianghua , Xiao Liang , Xie Shanshan , Lin Weiqiang , Han Fei
Published: July 2024

Acute kidney injury (AKI) signifies a sudden and prolonged decline in kidney function characterized by tubular cell death and interstitial inflammation. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) play pivotal roles in oxidative stress and inflammation, and may play an important role in the AKI process, which remains elusive. an elevated expression of Snord3a is revealed in renal tubules in response to AKI and demonstrates that Snord3a deficiency alleviates renal injury in AKI mouse models. Notably, the deficiency of Snord3a exhibits a mitigating effect on the stimulator of interferon genes (STING)‐associated ferroptosis phenotypes and the progression of tubular injury. Mechanistically, Snord3a is shown to regulate the STING signaling axis via promoting STING gene transcription; administration of Snord3a antisense oligonucleotides establishes a significant therapeutic advantage in AKI mouse models. Together, the findings elucidate the transcription regulation mechanism of STING and the crucial roles of the Snord3a‐STING axis in ferroptosis during AKI, underscoring Snord3a as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for AKI.
Biomimetic Metal–Organic Framework Gated Nanoplatform for Sonodynamic Therapy against Extensively Drug Resistant Bacterial Lung Infection
Authors: Huang Jianling , Hong Xiuwen , Chen Sixi , He Yucong , Xie Lixu , Gao Fenglin , Zhu Chenghua , Jin Xiao , Yan Haihao , Ye Yongxia , Shao Mingyue , Du Xingran , Feng Ganzhu
Published: July 2024

Novel antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed to treat extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) bacterial infections due to the high mortality rate and lack of effective therapeutic agents. Herein, nanoengineered human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs), named PMZMU, are designed as a sonosensitizer for synergistic sonodynamic‐nano‐antimicrobial therapy against gram‐negative XDR bacteria. PMZMU is composed of a bacterial targeting peptide (UBI29‐41) modified hUC‐MSCs membrane (MSCm), a sonosensitizer meso‐tetra(4‐car‐boxyphenyl) porphine doped mesoporous organo‐silica nanoparticle and an acidity‐responsive metal–organic framework ZIF‐8. This innovative formulation enables efficient loading of polymyxin B, reduces off‐target drug release, increases circulation and targeting efficacy, and generates reactive oxygen species upon ultrasound irradiation. PMZMU exhibits remarkable in vitro inhibitory activity against four XDR bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Escherichia coli. Taking advantage of the bacterial targeting ability of UBI29‐41 and the inflammatory chemotaxis of hUC‐MSC, PMZMU can be precisely delivered to lung infection sites thereby augmenting polymyxin B concentration. PMZMU‐mediated sonodynamic therapy significantly reduces bacterial burden, relieves inflammatory damage by promoting the polarization of macrophages toward M2 phenotype, and improves survival rates without introducing adverse events. Overall, this study offers promising strategies for treating deep‐tissue XDR bacterial infections, and guides the design and optimization of biomimetic nanomedicine.
piRNA PROPER Suppresses DUSP1 Translation by Targeting N6‐Methyladenosine‐Mediated RNA Circularization to Promote Oncogenesis of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ben Shuai , Ding Zhutao , Xin Junyi , Li Feng , Cheng Yifei , Chen Silu , Fan Lulu , Zhang Qin , Li Shuwei , Du Mulong , Zhang Zhengdong , Wei Gong‐Hong , Cheng Gong , Wang Meilin
Published: July 2024

Genetic and epigenetic alterations occur in many physiological and pathological processes. The existing knowledge regarding the association of PIWI‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their genetic variants on risk and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. In this study, three genome‐wide association study datasets are combined, including 85,707 PCa cases and 166,247 controls, to uncover genetic variants in piRNAs. Functional investigations involved manipulating piRNA expression in cellular and mouse models to study its oncogenetic role in PCa. A specific genetic variant, rs17201241 is identified, associated with increased expression of PROPER (piRNA overexpressed in prostate cancer) in tumors and are located within the gene, conferring an increased risk and malignant progression of PCa. Mechanistically, PROPER coupled with YTHDF2 to recognize N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) and facilitated RNA‐binding protein interactions between EIF2S3 at 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) and YTHDF2/YBX3 at 3′‐UTR to promote DUSP1 circularization. This m6A‐dependent mRNA‐looping pattern enhanced DUSP1 degradation and inhibited DUSP1 translation, ultimately reducing DUSP1 expression and promoting PCa metastasis via the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Inhibition of PROPER expression using antagoPROPER effectively suppressed xenograft growth, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. Thus, targeting piRNA PROPER‐mediated genetic and epigenetic fine control is a promising strategy for the concurrent prevention and treatment of PCa.
A Lipid‐Sensitive Spider Peptide Toxin Exhibits Selective Anti‐Leukemia Efficacy through Multimodal Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Peng , Luo Wu , Zhang Zixin , Lv Mingchong , Sang Longkang , Wen Yuhan , Wang Lingxiang , Ding Changhao , Wu Kun , Li Fengjiao , Nie Yueqi , Zhu Jiaoyue , Liu Xiaofeng , Yi Yan , Ding Xiaofeng , Zeng Youlin , Liu Zhonghua
Published: July 2024

Anti‐cancer peptides (ACPs) represent a promising potential for cancer treatment, although their mechanisms need to be further elucidated to improve their application in cancer therapy. Lycosin‐I, a linear amphipathic peptide isolated from the venom of Lycosa singorensis, shows significant anticancer potential. Herein, it is found that Lycosin‐I, which can self‐assemble into a nanosphere structure, has a multimodal mechanism of action involving lipid binding for the selective and effective treatment of leukemia. Mechanistically, Lycosin‐I selectively binds to the K562 cell membrane, likely due to its preferential interaction with negatively charged phosphatidylserine, and rapidly triggers membrane lysis, particularly at high concentrations. In addition, Lycosin‐I induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and ferroptosis in K562 cells by suppressing the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR signaling pathway and activating cell autophagy at low concentrations. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of Lycosin‐I inhibits tumor growth of K562 cells in a nude mouse xenograft model without causing side effects. Collectively, the multimodal effect of Lycosin‐I can provide new insights into the mechanism of ACPs, and Lycosin‐I, which is characterized by high potency and specificity, can be a promising lead for the development of anti‐leukemia drugs.
Switching Dynamics and Improved Efficiency of Free‐Standing Antiferroelectric Capacitors
Authors: Saeed Umair , Pesquera David , Liu Ying , Fina Ignasi , Ganguly Saptam , Santiso José , Padilla‐Pantoja Jessica , Caicedo Roque José Manuel , Liao Xiaozhou , Catalan Gustau
Published: July 2024

The switching dynamics of antiferroelectric lead zirconate (PbZrO3) freestanding capacitors compared to their epitaxial counterparts is reported. Frequency dependence of hysteresis indicates that freestanding capacitors exhibit a lower dispersion of switching fields, lower residual polarization, and faster switching response as compared to epitaxially‐clamped capacitors. As a consequence, freestanding capacitor membranes exhibit better energy storage density and efficiency.
Universal free school meals: Examining factors influencing adoption of the Community Eligibility Provision
Authors: Kashyap Pratyoosh , Jablonski Becca B. R.
Published: July 2024

Recognizing school meals as critical safety nets for children in low‐income households, many states are passing legislation to adopt universal free school meals, linking their funding to the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), a federally funded universal free school meal program. However, about half of all eligible school districts did not participate in CEP in the school year 2018–2019. Using a policy diffusion approach and a Cox regression model, this research demonstrates the importance of a school district's identified student percentage (poverty level) and a state's direct certification rate (certifying students for free meals) in increasing the likelihood of CEP adoption.
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Enantioenriched 2‐Substituted Piperidine Derivatives
Authors: R Balaji , David A. John , Das Anjan
Published: July 2024

Enantioenriched 2‐substituted piperidines are very important unit for drug discovery. Ready access to a wide range of such compounds, decorated with functional handles at 2‐position with stereo‐defined centre significantly enhance the quality and diversity of chemical libraries for screening of drug discovery. The ability to control the stereochemistry of piperidine at the 2‐position remains an area of interest in organic synthesis to allow the development of novel, structurally diverse 3D molecules. Among the various ways to obtain enantioenriched 2‐substituted piperidines, asymmetric hydrogenation is widely studied. Asymmetric synthesis, Kinetic resolution, and chiral pool synthesis methodologies are also important ways to obtain the enantioenriched 2‐substituted piperidines. This review article summarized the main four ways to achieve particularly the enantioenriched substituted piperidines only at 2‐position considering the chemical routes, excluding the biocatalytic approach. 1. Introduction 2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2‐substituted Pyridines 2.2 Asymmetric Synthesis 2.3. Kinetic resolution of racemic 2‐substituted Piperidine derivatives 2.4. Chiral pool synthesis 3. Conclusions & outlook
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Annulation of Propargylic Alcohols with 2‐Allylphenols and Their Anti‐tumor Activities
Authors: Li Xiang , Guo Ning‐Yu , Liu Qing‐Hui , Han Ya‐Ping , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Peng Li‐Zeng
Published: July 2024

A novel bismuth(III) trifluoro‐methanesulfonate‐catalyzed and environmentally benign synthetic strategy for the construction of a wide range of structurally diverse, sophisticated [5,6,5]‐oxygen‐containing tricyclic frameworks with easy‐to handle propargylic alcohols and 2‐allylphenols as substrates in the presence of Bi(OTf)3 and AgOTf is described. This Lewis acid catalyzed [3+2] annulation protocol, which tolerates a great deal of functional groups, proceeds through a sequential Meyer‐Schuster rearrangement, nucleophilic substitution, 5‐exo‐trig cyclization, 5‐endo‐trig cyclization, and proton exchange sequences, affording a versatile approach for accessing oxygen‐containing tricyclic skeletons in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. In addition, most of the obtained compounds exhibited anti‐tumor activities against three types of human cancer cell lines in vitro, including Caco‐2 colon cancer cells, MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, and Hepg‐2 liver cancer cells.
Individual differences in sociocognitive traits in semi‐free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Diaz Alexis A. , Hernández‐Pacheco Raisa , Rosati Alexandra G.
Published: July 2024

Characterizing individual differences in cognition is crucial for understanding the evolution of cognition as well as to test the biological consequences of different cognitive traits. Here, we harnessed the strengths of a uniquely large, naturally‐living primate population at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station to characterized individual differences in rhesus monkey performance across two social cognitive tasks. A total of n = 204 semi‐free‐ranging adult rhesus monkeys participated in a data collection procedure, where we aimed to test individuals on both tasks at two time‐points that were one year apart. In the socioemotional responses task, we assessed monkeys' attention to conspecific photographs with neutral versus negative emotional expressions. We found that monkeys showed overall declines in interest in conspecific photographs with age, but relative increases in attention to threat stimuli specifically, and further that these responses exhibited long‐term stability across repeated testing. In the gaze following task we assessed monkeys' propensity to co‐orient with an experimenter. Here, we found no evidence for age‐related change in responses, and responses showed only limited repeatability over time. Finally, we found some evidence for common individual variation for performance across the tasks: monkeys that showed greater interest in conspecific photographs were more likely to follow a human's gaze. These results show how studies of comparative cognitive development and aging can provide insights into the evolution of cognition, and identify core primate social cognitive traits that may be related across and within individuals.
Stress testing the Centiloid: Precision and variability of PET quantification of amyloid pathology
Authors: Shekari Mahnaz , Vállez García David , Collij Lyduine E. , Altomare Daniele , Heeman Fiona , Pemberton Hugh , Roé Vellvé Núria , Bullich Santiago , Buckley Christopher , Stephens Andrew , Farrar Gill , Frisoni Giovanni , Klunk William E. , Barkhof Frederik , Gispert Juan Domingo ,   ADNI and the AMYPAD consortium
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Assessing the potential sources of bias and variability of the Centiloid (CL) scale is fundamental for its appropriate clinical application.

METHODS

We included 533 participants from AMYloid imaging to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AMYPAD DPMS) and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohorts. Thirty‐two CL pipelines were created using different combinations of reference region (RR), RR and target types, and quantification spaces. Generalized estimating equations stratified by amyloid positivity were used to assess the impact of the quantification pipeline, radiotracer, age, brain atrophy, and harmonization status on CL.

RESULTS

RR selection and RR type impact CL the most, particularly in amyloid‐negative individuals. The standard CL pipeline with the whole cerebellum as RR is robust against brain atrophy and differences in image resolution, with 95% confidence intervals below ± 3.95 CL for amyloid beta positivity cutoffs (CL < 24).

DISCUSSION

The standard CL pipeline is recommended for most scenarios. Confidence intervals should be considered when operationalizing CL cutoffs in clinical and research settings.

Highlights

We developed a framework for evaluating Centiloid (CL) variability to different factors.

Reference region selection and delineation had the highest impact on CL values.

Whole cerebellum (WCB) and whole cerebellum plus brainstem (WCB+BSTM) as reference regions yielded consistent results across tracers.

The standard CL pipeline is robust against atrophy and image resolution variation.

Estimated within‐ and between‐pipeline variability (95% confidence interval) in absolute CL units.
A Guide for Aspiring Neurology Educators
Authors: Feldman Andrew M. , Safdieh Joseph E. , Kass Joseph S. , Nascimento Fábio A.
Published: July 2024

Deans of medical schools have diverse roles and responsibilities. In this article, we use the career development trajectories of neurologists who have become education deans in student affairs and curriculum to offer advice to aspiring clinician educators of all levels and backgrounds. Although their roles differ, the advice they share is universal and essential for the career development of future clinician educators. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:823–825
A Rechargeable “Rocking Chair” Type Zn−CO2 Battery
Authors: Sun Xinyi , Yang Sixie , Mu Xiaowei , Li Wei , Sheng Chuanchao , Chen Aoyuan , Wen Zhang , Wang Yonggang , Zhou Haoshen , He Ping
Published: July 2024

Rising global temperatures and critical energy shortages have spurred researches into CO2 fixation and conversion within the realm of energy storage such as Zn−CO2 batteries. However, traditional Zn−CO2 batteries employ double‐compartment electrolytic cells with separate carriers for catholytes and anolytes, diverging from the “rocking chair” battery mechanism. The specific energy of these conventional batteries is constrained by the solubility of discharge reactants/products in the electrolyte. Additionally, H2O molecules tend to trigger parasitic reactions at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces, undermining the long‐term stability of Zn anodes. In this report, we introduce an innovative “rocking chair” type Zn−CO2 battery that utilizes a weak‐acidic zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate aqueous electrolyte compatible with both cathode and anode. This design minimizes side reactions on the Zn surface and leverages the high catalytic activity of the cathode material, allowing the battery to achieve a substantial discharge capacity of 6734 mAh g−1 and maintain performance over 65 cycles. Moreover, the successful production of pouch cells demonstrates the practical applicability of Zn−CO2 batteries. Electrode characterizations confirm superior electrochemical reversibility, facilitated by solid discharge products of ZnCO3 and C. This work advances a “rocking chair” Zn−CO2 battery with an enhanced specific energy and a reversible pathway, providing a foundation for developing high‐performance metal‐CO2 batteries.
Effects of chain extender types and contents on the properties of modified recycled polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Ongthip Laksika , Chaiwutthinan Phasawat , Chuayjuljit Saowaroj , Boonmahitthisud Anyaporn
Published: July 2024

Recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles post‐consumption is highly desirable but remains challenging because of their poor properties after recycling. Using a chain extender to rejoin the cleaved polymer chains is considered a reasonable solution to this issue. However, the functionality of the chain extenders affects the cross‐linking and properties of the resulting products. Therefore, this study focuses on the effects of functional groups and number of chain extenders on the properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET). Three commercial chain extenders—methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), triphenyl phosphite (TPP), and Joncryl (JC), represented as di‐, tri‐, and multi‐functional chain extenders, respectively—are introduced into rPET by reactive blending. The intrinsic viscosity, rheological properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the chain‐extended rPET are investigated. The results indicate that all the chain extenders increase the molecular weight of rPET. Di‐ and multi‐functional chain extenders (MDI and JC) induce branching and cross‐linking owing to the highly reactive functional groups, whereas a tri‐functional chain extender (TPP) showed the lowest improvement in mechanical properties, owing to chain scission from by‐products occurring during chain extension. Furthermore, increasing the content of all chain extenders significantly increased their intrinsic viscosity, cross‐linking, and mechanical properties.
Phenolic Profile, Bioactivities and In Silico Analysis of the Trunk Bark of Acacia Cyanophylla Lindl.
Authors: Beyaoui Ahlem , Kaplan Muammer , Saidi Ilyes , Jalouli Maroua , Ceyhan Goren Ahmet , Halim Harrath Abdel , Ben Jannet Hichem
Published: July 2024

In the current investigation, total phenolics and flavonoids of the methanolic extract obtained from the trunk bark of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. were quantified by LC–HRMS technique. DPPH and ABTS reagents were employed to assay the antioxidant potential. The anti‐tyrosinase and anti‐α‐amylase potentials were also assayed. The findings revealed that thirteen polyphenolic compounds were detected in the methanolic extract with trans‐taxifolin (23.2 g/kg), as the major constituent. A. cyanophylla extract displayed a higher activity with DPPH test (IC50=10.14±1.00 μg/mL) than with ABTS (IC50=15.27±2.09 μg/mL). The same extract also exhibited interesting α‐amylase inhibitory action (IC50 value of 4.00±0.17 μg/mL). Moreover, methanolic trunk bark extract exerted strong anti‐tyrosinase capacity with an IC50 of 5.12±0.41 μg/mL in comparison to kojic acid (IC50=10.22±0.85 μg/mL) used as positive control. The antioxidant, anti‐tyrosinase and anti‐α‐amylase potentials of the methanolic extract of A. cyanophylla trunk bark were reinforced by in silico molecular docking analyses, which confirmed the results of the in vitro tests.
Effects of Thymbra spicata extract and Thymol on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (insights to the liver function, antioxidant, and behavioral responses)
Authors: Maleki Maryam , Ghaneialvar Hori , Abbasi Naser , Moayeri Ardeshir , Moulaei Neda , Kenarkoohi Azra , Mokaribahar Pegah , Heidari Ali
Published: July 2024

Safe chemicals for drug withdrawal can be extracted from natural sources. This study investigates the effects of clonidine and Thymbra spicata extract (TSE) on mice suffering from morphine withdrawal syndrome. Thymol, which is the active constituent in TSE, was also tested. A total of 90 mice were divided into nine groups. Group 1 was the control group, while Group 2 was given only morphine, and Group 3 received morphine and 0.2 mg/kg of clonidine. Groups 4–6 were given morphine along with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of TSE, respectively. Groups 7–9 received morphine plus 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg of Thymol, respectively, for 7 days. An oral naloxone challenge of 3 mg/kg was used to induce withdrawal syndrome in all groups. Improvement of liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase) (p < .01) and behavioral responses (frequencies of jumping, frequencies of two‐legged standing, Straub tail reaction) (p < .01) were significantly observed in the groups receiving TSE and Thymol (Groups 4–9) compared to Group 2. Additionally, antioxidant activity in these groups was improved compared to Group 2. Nitric oxide significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 6 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Superoxide dismutase increased dramatically in Groups 5, 8, and 9 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Groups 5–9 were significantly different from Group 2 in terms of malondialdehyde levels (p < .01). Certain doses of TSE and Thymol were found to alleviate the narcotics withdrawal symptoms. This similar effect to clonidine can pave the way for their administration in humans.
Barley semidwarf allele sdw1.d improves malting quality indirectly in a near isogenic line
Authors: Kandemir Nejdet , Saygili Ibrahim
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives

Malt barley is a specialty crop in which quality characteristics are as important as grain yields. Short stature genes used to increase grain yields in barley have variable effects on malt quality. Effects of sdw1.d semidwarf gene on malting quality were examined using a near isogenic line (NIL) in six field trials.

Findings

sdw1.d increased malt extract percentage significantly in five trials by 1.7% and decreased test weight (2.0–3.5 kg) in three trials. Grain weight increased in three trials where lodging was common while decreasing in two where lodging was not severe and not changing in one. Diastatic power of sdw1.d NIL was significantly higher in four trials and similar in two trials compared to recurrent parent Tokak. No change was observed for α‐amylase activity.

Conclusions

The lack of reports indicating a direct association of Sdw1 mutants with diastatic power and the presence of quantitative trait locus (QTL) around the Sdw1 gene in numerous studies implied that higher diastatic power of the NIL could be due to linkage rather than the pleiotropic effect of sdw1.d.

Significance and Novelty

Improved malting quality of the NIL appeared to be the result of indirect effects of sdw1.d due to reduced lodging and linkage with diastatic power QTL.
Integration of Facet‐Dependent, Adsorbate‐Driven Surface Reconstruction into Multiscale Models for the Design of Ni‐Based Bimetallic Catalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation
Authors: Furrick Isabella , Omoniyi Ayodeji , Wang Shuqiao , Robinson Thomas , Hensley Alyssa J. R.
Published: July 2024

Ni‐based bimetallic catalysts (NiM) show promise to replace expensive Pt‐based catalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). However, the effect of dopant and reaction conditions on the adsorbate‐driven surface reconstruction of NiM nanoparticles remains largely unexplored. Here, we use a multiscale modeling approach – integrating density functional theory, kubic harmonics interpolation, and microkinetic modeling – to investigate the interplay between dopant, reaction conditions, facet, adsorbate type, adsorbate coverage, in situ surface structure, and performance for NiM nanoparticles during HOR. Clear periodic trends appear in dopant effects on key adsorption energies, with dopants showing 7‐fold greater effects when located in the surface as compared to subsurface. Multi‐faceted nanoparticle models showed a non‐uniform correlation between O* coverage and surface reconstruction. HOR performance was facet‐dependent, with the highest performance occurring at reactive fronts formed between regions of high O* and OH* coverage. The nanoparticle averaged performance showed promotional effects for nearly all dopants compared to pure Ni, with the best‐performing dopants located preferentially in the surface layer (e. g. Au, Pd, Ag). Taken together, this work emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between reaction conditions, surface reconstruction, and HOR performance for NiM nanoparticles, enabling researchers to both predict and control the working nanoscale catalyst structure.
Concept of Utilizing Ionic Liquids for the Co‐Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Dongare Saudagar , Coskun Oguz Kagan , Gurkan Burcu
Published: July 2024

Formation of C−N bonds through the electrochemical utilization of CO2 and nitrogen containing compounds (N‐compounds) is appealing for the purpose of converting waste and readily available sources or pollutants into value added chemicals at ambient conditions. Existing research predominantly explores these electrochemical reactions independently, often in aqueous electrolytes, leading to challenges associated with competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), low product selectivity, and yield. Functional electrolytes such as those containing ionic liquids (ILs) present selective solubility to the solute reactants and present unique interactions with the electrode surface that can suppress the undesired side reactions such as HER while simultaneously co‐catalyzing the conversion of CO2 and N‐compounds such as N2, NO, NO2, and NO3. In this concept paper, we discuss how the microenvironment enabled by ILs can be leveraged to stabilize reaction intermediates at the electrode‐electrolyte interface, thereby promoting C−N bond formation on an active electrode surface at reduced overpotential, with the case study of CO2 and N‐compounds co‐catalysis to generate urea.
Advances in Strain‐Induced Noble Metal Nanohybrids for Electro‐Catalysis: From Theoretical Mechanisms to Practical Use
Authors: Chen Zhao‐Yang , Li Ling‐Tong , Zhao Feng‐Ming , Zhu Ying‐Hong , Chu You‐Qun
Published: July 2024

In response to the climate goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, efficient electrochemical energy conversion devices are garnering increasing attention. However, the enhancement of electrochemical performance using noble metal electrocatalysts, along with cost reduction and electrode fabrication, remain significant challenges. Noble metal hybrid nanostructures, possessing multiple surface functionalities, lead to outstanding electrocatalytic performances and low‐cost potential. Strain effects can bolster the bonding strength between the noble metal layers and the substrate or core layers, while simultaneously affecting electrocatalytic performance through tuning the binding strength between catalytically active sites and reactants, including intermediates. This review encapsulates the research efforts directed towards improving the performance of noble metal electrocatalysts and provides an overview of the latest advancements in controlling the surface state of noble metals by incorporating a secondary component. We discuss systematic approaches to adjusting surface strain effects on noble metals, characterization techniques, and application case studies, while extracting key design indicators for readers to consider from a macroscopic perspective. Further, we outline the challenges encountered and current solutions when advancing noble metal catalysts from theoretical mechanisms to practical use. Finally, the perspectives on the future research of noble metal surface layer control techniques were also provided.
CoCorrole‐Functionalized PCN‐222 for Carbon Monoxide Selective Adsorption
Authors: Loze Margerie , Brandès Stéphane , Fleurat‐Lessard Paul , Desbois Nicolas , Blondeau‐Patissier Virginie , Gros Claude P. , André Laurie
Published: July 2024

The high risk of CO poisoning justifies the need for indoor air quality control and warning systems based on the detection of low concentrations (ppm‐ppb) of CO. Cobalt corrole complexes selectively bind CO vs. O2, CO2, N2, opening new fields of applications. By combining the CO chemisorption properties of cobalt corroles with the known sorption capacity of MOFs, we hope to obtain high performance sensing materials for CO detection. In addition, the exposed metal sites of MOFs lead to CO2 physisorption, allowing the co‐detection of CO and CO2. In this work, PCN‐222, a stable Zr‐based MOF made from Ni(TCPP) with natural vacancies, has been used as a porous matrix for the grafting of electron‐poor metallocorroles. The materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and optical microscopy, BET analyses and gas adsorption measurements at 298 K. No degradation of the crystalline structure of PCN‐222 was observed. At 1 atm, the adsorbed CO(g) volumes measured for the best materials were 12.15 cm3 g−1 and 14.01 cm3 g−1 for CoCorr2@PCN‐222 and CoCorr3@PCN‐222 respectively, and both materials exhibited high CO chemisorption and selectivity against O2, N2, and CO2 at low pressure due to the highest energy of the chemisorption process vs physisorption.
Top advances of the year: Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer
Authors: Banerjee Susana , Hasson Shira Peleg
Published: July 2024

In the past year, notable advances were achieved toward improving oncological outcomes in patients with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer because of reporting of high‐level results of several phase 3 clinical trial combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor with chemotherapy in the first‐line setting. For the first time, patients with recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer have options for treatment that are superior to traditional chemotherapy alone. What remains to be determined is population specificity of these recommendations. All four major studies were in agreement that patients with endometrial cancer with deficient mismatch repair markedly benefited from addition of an immune checkpoint inhibitor for progression‐free survival; some showed preliminary results demonstrating a potential overall survival. Molecular characterization details are needed to determine if and which patients with tumors that are mismatch proficient should receive this new combination approach.

Plain Language Summary

Combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor with chemotherapy in the first‐line setting treatment of patients with advanced endometrial cancer improved progression‐free survival, especially in patients with mismatch repair deficiency.

Improving patient selection with potential biomarkers of sensitivity and biomarkers of resistance is key in developing the next clinical trials and will assist in directing therapy to the correct patients and minimize toxicity.
From Plan to Pivot: How Model‐Informed Drug Development Shaped the Dose Strategy of the Zibotentan/Dapagliflozin ZENITH Trials
Authors: Mercier Anne‐Kristina , Ueckert Sebastian , Sunnåker Mikael , Hamrén Bengt , Ambery Phil , Greasley Peter J. , Åstrand Magnus
Published: July 2024

Getting the dose right is a key challenge in drug development; model‐informed drug development (MIDD) provides powerful tools to shape dose strategies and inform decision making. In this tutorial, the case study of the ZENITH trials showcases how a set of clinical pharmacology and MIDD approaches informed an impactful dose strategy. The endothelin A receptor antagonist zibotentan, combined with the sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, has yielded a robust and significant albuminuria reduction in the Phase IIb trial ZENITH‐CKD and is being investigated for reduction of kidney function decline in a high‐risk chronic kidney disease population in the Phase III trial ZENITH High Proteinuria. Endothelin antagonist treatment has, until now, been limited by the class effect fluid retention. ZENITH‐CKD investigated a wide range of zibotentan doses based on pharmacokinetics in renal impairment, competitor‐data exposure–response modeling, and clinical trial simulations. Recruitment delays reduced interim analysis data availability; here, supportive dose–response modeling recovered decision‐making confidence. At trial completion, the low‐dose arm enabled Phase III dose selection between Phase IIb doses. Dose–response modeling of efficacy and Kaplan–Meier analyses of tolerability identified a kidney‐function‐based low‐dose strategy of 0.25 or 0.75 mg zibotentan (with 10 mg dapagliflozin) to balance benefit/risk in ZENITH High Proteinuria. The applied clinical pharmacology and MIDD principles enabled successful Phase IIb dose finding, rationalized and built confidence in the innovative Phase III dosing strategy and identified a potential therapeutic window for zibotentan/dapagliflozin, providing the opportunity for a significant improvement in the treatment of chronic kidney disease with high proteinuria.
A 0.05%–0.08% THD, 762.9 Hz–10 MHz direct digital frequency synthesizer using a reconfigurable DAC for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Farouk Amr , Dessouky Mohamed , Naguib Ahmed
Published: July 2024

A wide‐range direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDS) is considered an essential component that is used in measuring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Since it depends on exciting the electrochemical sensor by a pure sine wave, total harmonic distortion (THD) is considered a challenging specification for an accurate EIS measurement. This paper introduces a complete system and circuit designs of a wide range DDS with a comprehensive system model using MATLAB environment. In addition, it presents the usage of a reconfigurable digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) on the circuit level that is used either as a 4‐bit delta‐sigma (
) DAC or an 8‐bit binary‐weighted DAC for both low‐ and high‐frequency ranges, respectively. The designed DDS generates an output frequency range from 762.933 Hz to 10 MHz using a physical 8‐bit DAC. The circuits are simulated using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The designed DDS system achieves THD less than 0.05% with superior free dynamic range (SFDR) 66 dBc for low‐frequency range and 0.08% with SFDR 62 dBc for high‐frequency range. The DDS circuits occupy an area of 400  × 800 μm. The whole system consumes a 2.5 mW power consumption from a 1.8 V supply.
Fractional‐order modeling and nonlinear dynamics analysis of flyback converter
Authors: Zhang Zetian , Wang Xiaogang
Published: July 2024

To accurately investigate the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a flyback converter, a fractional‐order state‐space averaged model of a flyback converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is established based on fractional calculus theory. And nonlinear dynamical bifurcation maps which use reference current as bifurcation parameters are obtained. The period‐doubling bifurcation is analyzed and compared with that of an integral‐order flyback converter. The results show that under certain operating conditions, the fractional‐order flyback converter exhibits period‐doubling bifurcation as certain circuit and control parameters change. Under the same circuit conditions, there is a difference in the stable parameter region between the fractional‐ and integral‐order models of the flyback converter. The stable zone of the fractional‐order flyback converter is larger than that of the integral‐order one. Therefore, the circuit is more difficult to enter the state of the period‐doubling bifurcation and chaos. The stability domain of period‐doubling bifurcation can be accurately predicted by using the predictive correction model of the fractional‐order flyback converter. Finally, by performing circuit simulations and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experiments, the rationality and correctness of the theoretical analysis are verified.
Sex‐specific diet differences in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) via spatial assortment
Authors: Conwell Holland C. , Lewis Zoë K. , Thomas Austen , Acevedo‐Gutiérrez Alejandro , Schwarz Dietmar
Published: July 2024

The lack of recovery of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Pacific Northwest has been blamed in part on predation by pinnipeds, particularly the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Previous work at a limited number of locations has shown that male seal diet contains more salmon than that of female seals and that sex ratios at haul‐out sites differ spatiotemporally. This intrapopulation variation in predation may result in greater effects on salmon than suggested by models assuming equal spatial distribution and diet proportion. To address the generality of these patterns, we examined the sex ratios and diet of male and female harbor seals from 13 haul‐out sites in the inland waters of Washington State and the province of British Columbia during 2012–2018. DNA metabarcoding was conducted to determine prey species proportions of individual scat samples. The sex of harbor seals was then determined from each scat matrix sample with the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We analyzed 2405 harbor seal scat samples using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to examine the factors influencing harbor seal sex ratio at haul‐out sites and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) to examine the influence of sex and haul‐out site on harbor seal diet composition. We found that the overall sex ratio was 1:1.02 (female:male) with notable spatiotemporal variation. Salmoniformes were about 2.6 times more abundant in the diet of males than in the diet of females, and Chinook salmon comprised ca. three times more of the average male harbor seal's diet than the average female's diet. Based on site‐specific sex ratios and diet data, we identified three haul‐out sites where Chinook salmon appear to be under high predation pressure by male harbor seals: Cowichan Bay, Cutts Area, and Fraser River. Our study indicates that combining sex‐specific pinniped diet data with the sex ratio of haul‐out sites can help identify priority sites of conservation concern.