bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USAGE OF RUSBOOST BOOSTING METHOD FOR CLASSIFICATION OF IMPERVIOUS SURFACES
Authors: Kesikoglu M. H. , Atasever U. H. , Ozkan C. , Besdok E.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Impervious surface areas are artificial structures covered by materials such as asphalt, stone, brick, rooftops and concrete. Buildings, parking lots, roads, driveways and sidewalks are shown as impervious surfaces. They increase depending on the population growth. The spatial development of impervious surface expansion is necessary for better understanding of the urbanization status and its effect on environment. There are different impervious surface determining approaches met in literature. In this paper, it is aimed to extract the impervious surface areas of Kayseri city, Turkey by using remote sensing techniques. It is possible to group these techniques under a few main topics as V-I-S (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) model, based on spectral mixture analysis or decision tree algorithms or impervious surface indices. According to these techniques, we proposed a new technique by using RUSBoost algorithm based on decision tree in this study. In this scope, Landsat 8 LDCM image belonging to July, 2013 was used. Determining of impervious surface areas accurately depends on accuracy of image classification methods. Therefore, satellite image was classified separately by using Classification Tree and RUSBoost boosting method which increases accuracy of the classification method based on decision tree. Classification accuracies of these supervised classification methods were compared and it was observed that the best overall accuracy was obtained with RUSBoost method. For this reason, RUSBoost method was preferred to determine impervious surface areas. The overall accuracies were obtained 95 % with Classification Tree and 97 % with RUSBoost boosting method.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT USING LIDAR DATA
IN SILANG-STA. ROSA SUBWATERSHED, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Bragais M. A. , Magcale-Macandog D. B. , Arizapa J. L. , Manalo K. M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Silang-Sta. Rosa Subwatershed is experiencing rapid urbanization. Its downstream area is already urbanized and the development is moving fast upstream. With the rapid land conversion of pervious to impervious areas and increase frequency of intense rainfall events, the downstream of the watershed is at risk of flood hazard. The widely used freeware HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center- River Analysis System) model was used to implement the 2D unsteady flow analysis to develop a flood hazard map. The LiDAR derived digital elevation model (DEM) with 1m resolution provided detailed terrain that is vital for producing reliable flood extent map that can be used for early warning system. With the detailed information from the simulation like areas to be flooded, the predicted depth and duration, we can now provide specific flood forecasting and mitigation plan even at community level. The methodology of using 2D unsteady flow modelling and high resolution DEM in a watershed can be replicated to other neighbouring watersheds specially those areas that are not yet urbanized so that their development will be guided to be flood hazard resilient. LGUs all over the country will benefit from having a high resolution flood hazard map.
IDENTIFYING LOCAL SCALE CLIMATE ZONES OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND FROM HJ-1B SATELLITE DATA USING SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS
Authors: Wei C. Z. , Blaschke T.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. With the increasing acceleration of urbanization, the degeneration of the environment and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) has attracted more and more attention. Quantitative delineation of UHI has become crucial for a better understanding of the interregional interaction between urbanization processes and the urban environment system. First of all, our study used medium resolution Chinese satellite data-HJ-1B as the Earth Observation data source to derive parameters, including the percentage of Impervious Surface Areas, Land Surface Temperature, Land Surface Albedo, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index, and object edge detector indicators (Mean of Inner Border, Mean of Outer border) in the city of Guangzhou, China. Secondly, in order to establish a model to delineate the local climate zones of UHI, we used the Principal Component Analysis to explore the correlations between all these parameters, and estimate their contributions to the principal components of UHI zones. Finally, depending on the results of the PCA, we chose the most suitable parameters to classify the urban climate zones based on a Self-Organization Map (SOM). The results show that all six parameters are closely correlated with each other and have a high percentage of cumulative (95%) in the first two principal components. Therefore, the SOM algorithm automatically categorized the city of Guangzhou into five classes of UHI zones using these six spectral, structural and climate parameters as inputs. UHI zones have distinguishable physical characteristics, and could potentially help to provide the basis and decision support for further sustainable urban planning.
Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical genus Megatrigon Johnson, 1898 (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: Doczkal Dieter , Radenković Snežana , Lyneborg Leif , Pape Thomas
Published: October 2016

The genus-group taxon Megatrigon Johnson, 1898, stat. nov., is revised and treated as a valid genus within the Merodontini (= Eumerini). Extensive diagnoses are given for the genus and for its three constituent species groups: argenteus group [11 spp.], nivalis group [monotypic], sexfasciatus group [3 spp.]. Five new generic combinations are proposed within Megatrigon: M. argenteus (Walker, 1852) comb. nov., M. flavimarginatus (Hull, 1964) comb. nov., M. jacobi (Hervé-Bazin, 1913) comb. nov., M. nivalis (Hull, 1964) comb. nov. and M. ochreatus (Hull, 1964) comb. nov. All species of the argenteus group are revised and nine new species are described: Megatrigon apiformis sp. nov., M. argentifrons sp. nov., M. argentimaculatus sp. nov., M. cooksoni sp. nov., M. immaculatus sp. nov., M. magnicornis sp. nov., M. natalensis sp. nov., M. sexmaculatus sp. nov., M. tabanoides sp. nov. Within the sexfasciatus group, M. jacobi (Hervé-Bazin, 1913) comb. nov. is treated as a senior synonym of Eumerus connexus Hull, 1964 syn. nov., but no further work is done at the species level due to insufficient material.
Beyond the Big Five: Personality and Job Performance in an E-Commerce Firm
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper was to investigate of the relationship between personality and job performance with employees of a rapidly expanding Swedish e-commerce firm. Two studies were carried out with the UPPTM test of personality. In Study 1, seventy persons took the test on an Internet site. Three groups at NN AB participated: a group of top performers, selected by management, a group of employees selected at random, and 8 members of NN AB's top management. In Study 2, the validity of the UPPTM test was investigated with relation to supervisor assessments in a group of employees in customer service at NN AB. In Study 1, large and significant differences were found between the group of employees selected at random, and the other two groups. In terms of correlations, validity was = 0.44. In Study 2, the tested subjects were assessed by supervisors using a comprehensive assessment form (40 variables), which could reduced to three criterion dimensions. The validities for the three criterion dimensions of value for the company (halo), efficiency and social functioning were 0.66, 0.52 and 0.40. Analysis of proxy criteria (work motivation and similar attitude scales) gave similar results
Dramaturgie du son : la matérialité de la voix et l’architecture du son / bruit dans le théâtre de Romeo Castellucci et de Robert Wilson
Authors: Ovadija Mladen , Léopold Janine
Published: October 2016

L’émergence actuelle de la dramaturgie du son n’est pas seulement une question de technique artistique : elle découle de la reconnaissance par les avant-gardes de la matérialité du son et de la fondation d’une nouvelle esthétique qui traite le son comme constituant intrinsèque d’une nouvelle théâtralité intermédiale. Elle repose sur deux dimensions indissociables du son au théâtre : la dimension corporelle de la voix, du geste vocal et de l’incantation, et la dimension structurelle du son (concret ou abstrait) de la scène. Le théâtre de Romeo Castellucci et celui de Robert Wilson sont discutés à la lumière des méthodes d’avant-garde qui font résonner les sons à la fois dans le corps et dans l’espace. L’oralité de la performance vocale et l’auralité des sons et bruits de la scène s’y amalgament, résultant de la confluence des impulsions viscérales / érotiques et structurelles présentes dans leurs dramaturgies respectives.
L’expérience du Teatro del Suono d’Andrea Liberovici et Edoardo Sanguineti : théorie et pratique d’une nouvelle utilisation du son au théâtre
Authors: Resche Stéphane
Published: October 2016

Cet article propose un parcours à travers les différentes productions du Teatro del Suono (1996-2006), notamment les premiers succès Rap (1996) et Sonetto (1997). Son fondateur Andrea Liberovici privilégiait une écoute approfondie de la musicalité intrinsèque d’un texte afin d’en tirer de nouvelles interprétations et de nouvelles utilisations, d’exploiter toutes les possibilités communicatives du son, de dépasser les barrières imposées à la composante acoustique du théâtre, de sortir des carcans interprétatifs, de sensibiliser le spectateur par les sens, bref, comme le disait Liberovici lui-même, de le « prendre à l’hameçon par la tranquillité monotone et connue d’un fragment déclaré de sens, puis [de] l’emporter à travers un langage musical symbolique et stratifié ».
Maddalena exploratory adit: feedback on hydrogeological and geothermal aspects
Authors: Dematteis Antonio , Gilli Piergiuseppe , Parisi Maria Elena , Ferrero Lorenzo , Furno Fabio
Published: October 2016

The 7.5 km long and 6,3 m diameter La Maddalena pilot tunnel is part of the international project of the new high speed rail link between Turin and Lyon, on the Italian side of the project (Chiomonte, TO). Among the geological surveys that are systematically performed during the excavation of the pilot tunnel, groundwater inflow and temperature of water and rock mass are measured. This paper analyses the recorded data to April 2016 in order to verify the hydrogeological and geothermal forecasting models and assess the energy potential of the inflows that are expected to be intercepted by the future base tunnel excavation. The collected data confirm the possibility of a sustainable management of groundwater and heat geoexchange.
Effect of Vibram FiveFingers Minimalist Shoes on the Abductor Hallucis Muscle
Authors: Campitelli Nicholas A. , Spencer Scott A. , Bernhard Kaitlyn , Heard Kristen , Kidon Alan
Published: October 2016

Background:

This study investigated the effect of Vibram FiveFingers Bikila minimalist shoes on intrinsic foot musculature. We hypothesized that a gradual transition into minimalist shoes will increase the thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle.

Methods:

Forty-one individuals were divided into four groups: control (traditional shod) (n = 9), restricted walking in Vibram FiveFingers (n = 11), running in Vibram FiveFingers (n = 10), and unlimited walking in Vibram FiveFingers (n = 11). At baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks, the thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle was determined using ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of differences in muscle thickness at the three different time points.

Results:

The mean thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle at 24 weeks was significantly greater than that at baseline for the restricted walking (P = .005) and running (P < .001) groups. In the unlimited walking group, the mean thickness of the muscle at 12 weeks was significantly greater than that at baseline (P < .05) but not at 24 weeks. There were no significant differences in muscle thickness among the three time points for the control group (P = .432).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated that wearing Vibram FiveFinger Bikila footwear over a controlled period of time, an unlimited amount of time, as well as transitioning runners over a 6-month period of time using the 10% philosophy for increasing mileage, significantly increases intrinsic muscle thickness of the abductor hallucis. The abductor hallucis muscle aids in support of the medial longitudinal arch, and an increase in this muscle thickness may help reduce running-related injuries thought to arise from arch weakness.
Simultaneous Bilateral Fracture
Authors: Aygün Ümit , Çalçk Yalkçn , Alkan Barçş , Işçk Cengiz
Published: October 2016

In this study, we present the case of a 42-year-old man with a fracture and dislocation of the left talus neck, and a fracture of the right talus neck due to a fall. This kind of fracture can be considered rare, and thus few cases have been reported. Fracture fixation was provided through cannulated screws on either side. Splints were removed after 6 weeks, and passive/active joint movement exercises were started. The patient was able to walk with partial weightbearing at 2 months and with full weightbearing at 3 months. The magnetic resonance imaging scan at 1 year postoperatively revealed the presence of avascular necrosis on the left, whereas it did not exist on the right. Range of motion in both of the ankles was satisfactory. The patient expressed that he was able to perform daily activities without any difficulty and run for 30 minutes without pain. In this case report, in addition to providing a review of the relevant literature on the subject, we set out to show the importance of rigid fixation and early mobilization in these rare injuries.
Commercial or non-commercial? Trends in funding and distributing Finnish academic journals
Authors: Lilja Johanna
Published: October 2016

Watch the VIDEO of the presentation.This paper examines trends in funding and distributing academic journals in Finland. Scholarly societies have been major actors in the field of academic publishing since the nineteenth century. First, they funded their own journals but the system of government subsidies was created already in the middle of the nineteenth century. Hence, the societies were freed of the necessity of selling publications. Instead, publications were distributed by exchanging them with other societies and institutions. At the time, the scholarly community was often called “Republic of Letters” – the concept mirrored an ideal of free, egalitarian and collaborative world of researchers. Exchange of publications was a part of this ideal. Commercial scientific publishing began to prosper in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century.  Only in the 1980s, did the trend towards commercial distribution strengthen in Finland. Bookstore Tiedekirja was founded to promote selling and marketing society publications. Societies were advised to restrict the number of exchanges and promote selling instead. The government subsidy was restricted to cover only a minor share of costs of publishing. The national service for electronic distribution of journals “Elektra” was based on the license fees paid by the research libraries. Yet, the income of sales and licenses remained modest. The subscription fees were very low. Income from Elektra was far from sufficient so that the journals had to maintain their printed versions. The international Open Access movement, which actually is not so far from the old ideal of the “Republic of Letters”, was introduced in Finland, in 2004. Its first agents were libraries and some universities. In the 2010s, it became the policy of the ministry of education and major research funders. Yet, the structures of commercial distribution created in the 1980s and 1990s proved to be an obstacle in making the scholarly journals open. Even though the money involved in publishing was insignificant in comparison with major international publishers, the societies were cautious in abandoning the sources of income they had managed to establish. Therefore, to promote Open Access publishing, a new funding model is needed. The history of academic publishing can be understood as a closing circle – from the non-commercial system of exchanges via period of commercializing to the non-commercial open world. This vision supports the funding system where journals or articles are funded collectively, e.g. via a consortium of institutions which need the domestic journals as a publication forum. Another way to look at history is to see varying trends, which leads one to predict an era of commercial interests. In the era of open publishing, the commercial vision probably manifests in funding by article processing charges.
Kotilava – Finnish academic journals towards immediate Open Access
Authors: Koikkalainen Riitta
Published: October 2016

In their joint effort, Kotilava, The Federation of Finnish Learned Societies and The National Library of Finland support Finnish scholarly journals in their transition to immediate Open Access. This project, being a part of the Open Science and Research Initiative in Finland (ATT), proceeds via two subprojects. First, the platform for editing and publishing OA journals are improved. Second, a new consortium based funding model for Finnish OA journals will be created.Kotilava is closely related to another ATT initiative run by The National Library of Finland, TAJUA, which aims to further improve OA repository services and guidance on best practices that the National Library already provides. It also develops tools for creating metadata for research datasets. This poster focuses on the funding model of Kotilava.Most Finnish academic journals are published in print by small scholarly societies. They have limited resources to carry out all the tasks needed in turning to immediate OA. Yet, this transformation has to happen. Researchers need to see their contribution distributed as soon and as widely as possible; also the funders require the results of the research they finance to be published in OA.  Currently, the most common way of funding OA journals are Article Processing Charges (APCs). The difficulties of this model are well known, two of the major ones being that an APC based model is not appropriate for small language areas like Finland nor for all fields of research. Thus, alternative funding models are discussed worldwide. Especially consortium based systems, such as the Open Library of Humanities’ and Knowledge Unlatched’s models, have been of interest.So far the income of Finnish journals has consisted of sales, subventions from societies, government subsidies, and, occasionally, from subsidies by research institutions. Publishing in immediate OA decreases the income from these conventional sources of funding. Clearly, the transformation to immediate OA cannot be financed without substitutive funding.Domestic journals provide the definitive forum to publish research on national culture, history and society. It is in the best interest of all the actors in the field from research organizations and funders to scholarly publishers to guarantee the existence of these publishing channels also in the future.The aims of Kotilava are:determining the criteria the journals should meet (e.g. technical and bibliographical requirements);calculating the income needed to fund immediate OA;outlining the criteria how an article based fee is determined in different types of journals;negotiating with the possible funders and the journals; andproposing a system for collecting the funds to the consortia and for distributing it to the journals with minimum transaction costs.Tasks 1, 2, and 3 are integrated with the part of Kotilava which aids the journals to meet the technical criteria of OA publishing. During summer 2016, a group of 12 journals has begun to examine the possibilities of creating the new funding model in practice.
Climate-related environmental stress in intertidal grazers: scaling-up biochemical responses to assemblage-level processes
Authors: Maggi Elena , Cappiello Mario , Del Corso Antonella , Lenzarini Francesca , Peroni Eleonora , Benedetti-Cecchi Lisandro
Published: October 2016

Background

Organisms are facing increasing levels of environmental stress under climate change that may severely affect the functioning of biological systems at different levels of organization. Growing evidence suggests that reduction in body size is a universal response of organisms to global warming. However, a clear understanding of whether extreme climate events will impose selection directly on phenotypic plastic responses and how these responses affect ecological interactions has remained elusive.

Methods

We experimentally investigated the effects of extreme desiccation events on antioxidant defense mechanisms of a rocky intertidal gastropod (Patella ulyssiponensis), and evaluated how these effects scaled-up at the population and assemblage levels.

Results

With increasing levels of desiccation stress, limpets showed significant lower levels of total glutathione, tended to grow less and had reduced per capita interaction strength on their resources.

Discussion

Results suggested that phenotypic plasticity (i.e., reduction in adults’ body size) allowed buffering biochemical responses to stress to scale-up at the assemblage level. Unveiling the linkages among different levels of biological organization is key to develop indicators that can anticipate large-scale ecological impacts of climate change.
Predictions of potential geographical distribution and quality ofSchisandra sphenantheraunder climate change
Authors: Guo Yanlong , Wei Haiyan , Lu Chunyan , Gao Bei , Gu Wei
Published: October 2016

Climate change will significantly affect plant distribution as well as the quality of medicinal plants. Although numerous studies have analyzed the effect of climate change on future habitats of plants through species distribution models (SDMs), few of them have incorporated the change of effective content of medicinal plants.Schisandra sphenantheraRehd. et Wils. is an endangered traditional Chinese medical plant which is mainly located in the Qinling Mountains. Combining fuzzy theory and a maximum entropy model, we obtained current spatial distribution of quality assessment forS. spenanthera. Moreover, the future quality and distribution ofS. spenantherawere also projected for the periods 2020s, 2050s and 2080s under three different climate change scenarios (SRES-A1B, SRES-A2 and SRES-B1 emission scenarios) described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The results showed that the moderately suitable habitat ofS. sphenantheraunder all climate change scenarios remained relatively stable in the study area. The highly suitable habitat ofS. sphenantherawould gradually decrease in the future and a higher decline rate of the highly suitable habitat area would occur under climate change scenarios SRES-A1B and SRES-A2. The result suggested that in the study area, there would be no more highly suitable habitat areas forS. sphenantherawhen the annual mean temperature exceeds 20 °C or its annual precipitation exceeds 1,200 mm. Our results will be influential in the future ecological conservation and management ofS. sphenantheraand can be taken as a reference for habitat suitability assessment research for other medicinal plants.
Choline and dimethylglycine produce superoxide/hydrogen peroxide from the electron transport chain in liver mitochondria
Authors: Mailloux Ryan J. , Young Adrian , Chalker Julia , Gardiner Danielle , O'Brien Marisa , Slade Liam , Brosnan John T.
Published: October 2016

Here, we report that choline and dimethylglycine can stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in liver mitochondria. Choline stimulated O2˙−/H2O2 formation at a concentration of 5 μm. We also observed that Complex II and III inhibitors, atpenin A5 and myxothiazol, collectively induced a 95% decrease in O2˙−/H2O2 production indicating both sites serve as the main sources of ROS during choline oxidation. Dimethylglycine, an intermediate of choline oxidation, was a more effective ROS generator. Rates of production were ~ 43% higher than choline‐mediated O2˙−/H2O2 production. The main site for dimethylglycine‐mediated ROS production was via reverse electron transfer to Complex I. Our results demonstrate that metabolism of essential metabolites involved in methionine and folic acid biosynthesis can stimulate mitochondrial ROS production.
Atomic‐Scale Observation of Irradiation‐Induced Surface Oxidation by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Huang Xing , Jones Travis , Fan Hua , Willinger Marc‐Georg
Published: October 2016

Irradiation of materials with high energy particles can induce structural transitions or trigger chemical reactions. Understanding the underlying mechanism for irradiation‐induced phenomena is of both scientific and technical importance. Here, CdS nanoribbons are used as a model system to study structural and chemical evolution under electron‐beam irradiation by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Real‐time imaging clearly shows that upon irradiation, CdS is transformed to CdO with the formation of orientation‐dependent relationships at surface. The structural transition can always be triggered with a dose rate beyond 601 e/Å2s in this system. A lower dose rate instead leads to the deposition of an amorphous carbon layer on the surface. Based on real‐time observations and density functional theory calculations, a mechanism for the oxidation of CdS to CdO is proposed. It is essentially a thermodynamically driven process that is mediated by the formation of sulfur vacancies due to the electron‐beam irradiation. It is also demonstrated that the surface oxidation can be suppressed by pre‐depositing a conductive carbon layer on the CdS surface. The carbon coating can effectively reduce the rate of sulfur vacancy creation, thus decreasing defect‐mediated oxidation. In addition, it isolates the active oxygen radicals from the ribbon, blocking the pathway for oxygen diffusion.
Inferring paternal history of rural African‐derived Brazilian populations from Y chromosomes
Authors: Kimura Lilian , Nunes Kelly , Macedo‐Souza Lúcia Inês , Rocha Jorge , Meyer Diogo , Mingroni‐Netto Regina Célia
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Quilombo remnants are relics of communities founded by runaway or abandoned African slaves, but often with subsequent extensive and complex admixture patterns with European and Native Americans. We combine a genetic study of Y‐chromosome markers with anthropological surveys in order to obtain a portrait of quilombo structure and history in the region that has the largest number of quilombo remnants in the state of São Paulo.

Methods

Samples from 289 individuals from quilombo remnants were genotyped using a set of 17 microsatellites on the Y chromosome (AmpFlSTR‐Yfiler). A subset of 82 samples was also genotyped using SNPs array (Axiom Human Origins—Affymetrix). We estimated haplotype and haplogroup frequencies, haplotype diversity and sharing, and pairwise genetic distances through FST and RST indexes.

Results

We identified 95 Y chromosome haplotypes, classified into 15 haplogroups. About 63% are European, 32% are African, and 6% Native American. The most common were: R1b (European, 34.2%), E1b1a (African, 32.3%), J1 (European, 6.9%), and Q (Native American, 6.2%). Genetic differentiation among communities was low (FST = 0.0171; RST = 0.0161), and haplotype sharing was extensive. Genetic, genealogical and oral surveys allowed us to detect five main founder haplotypes, which explained a total of 27.7% of the Y chromosome lineages.

Conclusions

Our results showed a high European patrilineal genetic contribution among the founders of quilombos, high amounts of gene flow, and a recent common origin of these populations. Common haplotypes and genealogical data indicate the origin of quilombos from a few male individuals. Our study reinforces the importance of a dual approach, involving the analysis of both anthropological and genetic data.
An introduction to microbiome analysis for human biology applications
Authors: Amato Katherine R.
Published: October 2016

Research examining the gut microbiota is currently exploding, and results are providing new perspectives on human biology. Factors such as host diet and physiology influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which in turn affects human nutrition, health, and behavior via interactions with metabolism, the immune system, and the brain. These findings represent an exciting new twist on familiar topics, and as a result, gut microbiome research is likely to provide insight into unresolved biological mechanisms driving human health. However, much remains to be learned about the broader ecological and evolutionary contexts within which gut microbes and humans are affecting each other. Here, I outline the procedures for generating data describing the gut microbiota with the goal of facilitating the wider integration of microbiome analyses into studies of human biology. I describe the steps involved in sample collection, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, high‐throughput sequencing, and bioinformatics. While this review serves only as an introduction to these topics, it provides sufficient resources for researchers interested in launching new microbiome initiatives. As knowledge of these methods spreads, microbiome analysis should become a standard tool in the arsenal of human biology research.
Reversible Stannylenoid Formation from the Corresponding Stannylene and Cesium Fluoride
Authors: Yan Chenting , Li Zhifang , Xiao Xu‐Qiong , Wei Ningka , Lu Qiong , Kira Mitsuo
Published: October 2016

A fluorostannylenoid(Cs+[R2SnF]−(9), R2=(TMS)2CCH2CH2C(TMS)2) was prepared by reacting a stable dialkylstannylene (R2Sn (8), R2=(TMS)2CCH2CH2C(TMS)2) with cesium fluoride at room temperature in THF. While9is stable in THF and DME, removal of the solvent leads to the regeneration of stannylene8. No reaction occurred when8was treated with CsF in a hydrocarbon solvent. Addition of dibenzo‐21‐crown‐7 ether to the THF solution of stannylenoid9followed by usual workup affords the corresponding crystalline stannylenoid crown ether complex, the X‐ray structural analysis of which revealed a fluorine‐bridged contact ion‐pair structure. The reaction of9with excess phenylacetylene gives the corresponding di(phenylethynyl)stannane.
Elektrophile aromatische Substitution mit Siliciumelektrophilen: die katalytische Friedel‐Crafts‐C‐H‐Silylierung
Authors: Bähr Susanne , Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2016

Die elektrophile aromatische Substitution ist eine grundlegende Reaktion in der Synthesechemie. Damit werden C‐H‐Bindungen ausreichend nukleophiler Aromaten durch entweder stöchiometrisch zugesetzte oder katalytisch erzeugte Elektrophile in C‐X‐ oder C‐C‐Bindungen überführt. Diese Reaktionen verlaufen über Wheland‐Komplexe, also kationische Zwischenstufen, die unter Freisetzung von Protonen rearomatisieren. Demnach sind diese energiereichen Zwischenstufen nichts anderes als protonierte Aromaten und als solche starke Brønsted‐Säuren. Die Bildung von Protonen ist in den seltenen Fällen problematisch, in denen die elektrophile aromatische Substitution reversibel ist. Diese Situation trifft man bei der elektrophilen Silylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen an, bei der der zwischenzeitlich auftretende Wheland‐Komplex durch den β‐Siliciumeffekt energetisch abgesenkt ist. Dadurch ist die Protonierung des silylierten Aromaten leicht möglich, und in der Regel erfolgt die Rückreaktion zum desilylierten Aromaten. Mehrere neue Ansätze, um diese grundsätzliche Herausforderung in der C‐H‐Silylierung durch SEAr zu meistern, wurden kürzlich veröffentlicht, und dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst diese Fortschritte zusammen.
Destructive changes of polymer matrices during preparation, storage, and mechanical testing of neat and C60‐filled polystyrene films
Authors: Chubarova Elena V. , Lebedeva Marina F. , Melenevskaya Elena Yu. , Shamanin Valerii V.
Published: October 2016

Mechanical properties of filled and neat polystyrene films prepared under the same conditions have been studied. Composite films have been obtained from mixed dilute solutions of polystyrene and C60 fullerene in various solvents by solvent evaporation on glass substrate. Morphology of the composite films has been shown to depend on preparation conditions and to change both with time and during deformation. Mechanical parameters obtained in tensile tests and by dynamic mechanical analysis of filled and unfilled samples have been found to change with molecular weight of the matrix and preparation conditions as well as during testing. Variability of mechanical properties has been shown to be the effect of destructive changes in polymer matrices during preparation, storage, and deformation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44520.
Preparation and characterization of polyurethane/silica aerogel nanocomposite materials
Authors: Dourbash Alireza , Buratti Cinzia , Belloni Elisa , Motahari Siamak
Published: October 2016

In this investigation, silica aerogel (SA)/Rigid Polyurethane (PUR) foam composites and silica aerogel/Polyurethane (PU) composites were prepared by dry mixing of granular and grinded silica aerogels with polyol part. They were then combined with diisocyanate part. Three different types of PUR foams and an elastomeric coating grade of PU were studied as well. Results show that thermal conductivity of foams did not decrease by adding silica aerogel. It even increased for some grades which is assumed to be due to the change in cell configuration of these foams. It was also found that sound insulation performance of these cellular composites did not improve significantly. Unlike foam composites, addition of silica aerogel into elastomeric PU improved its thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Because of the more promising properties of elastomeric PU composites, further examinations including measurements of compression strength and water contact angle of silica aerogel/PU composites were also taken. Final results showed a significant improvement in general properties of PU coatings by adding little amounts of silica aerogel (1–4 wt %). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44521.
In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics: Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins
Authors: Bastir Markus , García‐Martínez Daniel , Torres‐Tamayo Nicole , Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan Alberto , O'Higgins Paul , Utrilla Cristina , Torres Sánchez Isabel , García Río Francisco
Published: October 2016

The human ribcage expands and contracts during respiration as a result of the interaction between the morphology of the ribs, the costo‐vertebral articulations and respiratory muscles. Variations in these factors are said to produce differences in the kinematics of the upper thorax and the lower thorax, but the extent and nature of any such differences and their functional implications have not yet been quantified. Applying geometric morphometrics we measured 402 three‐dimensional (3D) landmarks and semilandmarks of 3D models built from computed tomographic scans of thoraces of 20 healthy adult subjects in maximal forced inspiration (FI) and expiration (FE). We addressed the hypothesis that upper and lower parts of the ribcage differ in kinematics and compared different models of functional compartmentalization. During inspiration the thorax superior to the level of the sixth ribs undergoes antero‐posterior expansion that differs significantly from the medio‐lateral expansion characteristic of the thorax below this level. This supports previous suggestions for dividing the thorax into a pulmonary and diaphragmatic part. While both compartments differed significantly in mean size and shape during FE and FI the size changes in the lower compartment were significantly larger. Additionally, for the same degree of kinematic shape change, the pulmonary thorax changes less in size than the diaphragmatic thorax. Therefore, variations in the form and function of the diaphragmatic thorax will have a strong impact on respiratory function. This has important implications for interpreting differences in thorax shape in terms of respiratory functional differences within and among recent humans and fossil hominins. Anat Rec, 300:255–264, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of image quality, repeated study, and assessment method on anatomy learning
Authors: Fenesi Barbara , Mackinnon Chelsea , Cheng Lucia , Kim Joseph A. , Wainman Bruce C.
Published: October 2016

The use of two‐dimensional (2D) images is consistently used to prepare anatomy students for handling real specimen. This study examined whether the quality of 2D images is a critical component in anatomy learning. The visual clarity and consistency of 2D anatomical images was systematically manipulated to produce low‐quality and high‐quality images of the human hand and human eye. On day 0, participants learned about each anatomical specimen from paper booklets using either low‐quality or high‐quality images, and then completed a comprehension test using either 2D images or three‐dimensional (3D) cadaveric specimens. On day 1, participants relearned each booklet, and on day 2 participants completed a final comprehension test using either 2D images or 3D cadaveric specimens. The effect of image quality on learning varied according to anatomical content, with high‐quality images having a greater effect on improving learning of hand anatomy than eye anatomy (high‐quality vs. low‐quality for hand anatomy P = 0.018; high‐quality vs. low‐quality for eye anatomy P = 0.247). Also, the benefit of high‐quality images on hand anatomy learning was restricted to performance on short‐answer (SA) questions immediately after learning (high‐quality vs. low‐quality on SA questions P = 0.018), but did not apply to performance on multiple‐choice (MC) questions (high‐quality vs. low‐quality on MC questions P = 0.109) or after participants had an additional learning opportunity (24 hours later) with anatomy content (high vs. low on SA questions P = 0.643). This study underscores the limited impact of image quality on anatomy learning, and questions whether investment in enhancing image quality of learning aids significantly promotes knowledge development. Anat Sci Educ 10: 249–261. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
A mobile augmented reality system to support machinery operations in scholar environments
Authors: Monroy Reyes Alejandro , Vergara Villegas Osslan Osiris , Miranda Bojórquez Erasmo , Cruz Sánchez Vianey Guadalupe , Nandayapa Manuel
Published: October 2016

This paper proposes a mobile augmented reality (MAR) system aimed to support students in the use of a milling and lathe machines at a university manufacturing laboratory. The system incorporates 3D models of machinery and tools, text instructions, animations and videos with real processes to enrich the information obtained from the real world. The elements are shown when the user points the camera of a mobile device to specific parts of the machinery, where augmented reality (AR) markers are placed. The main goals of the project were (1) create an AR system that guides inexperienced users in machinery handling and (2) measure the acceptance rate and performance of the system in the school manufacturing laboratory. The guidance is provided by means of virtual information about how to operate the machinery when the trainer is not present. The system was implemented as a mobile app for Android devices and it was tested by 16 students and teachers at the university manufacturing laboratory through a survey. The results of this study revealed that students, laboratory technicians, and teachers had positive opinions and good acceptance about the use of the MAR system in the manufacturing laboratory. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:967–981, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21772
The possible FAT1‐mediated apoptotic pathways in porcine cumulus cells
Authors: Wu Xinhui , Fu Yao , Sun Xulei , Liu Chang , Chai Menglong , Chen Chengzhen , Dai Lisheng , Gao Yan , Jiang Hao , Zhang Jiabao
Published: October 2016

Porcine cumulus cells are localized around oocytes and act as a specific type of granulosa that plays essential roles in the development and maturation of oocytes, the development and atresia of follicles, and the development of embryos. Studies of FAT1 have demonstrated its functions in cell–cell contact, actin dynamics, and cell growth suppression. To understand whether the FAT1 gene affects the apoptosis of porcine cumulus cells and to elucidate the mechanism of this potential action, FAT1 was knocked down using RNA interference. The lack of FAT1 resulted in stable expression of CTNNB, enhanced expression of cleaved CASP3, but decreased the BCL2/BAX ratios at both the mRNA and protein levels. These results indicated that FAT1 inhibited porcine cumulus cell apoptosis via different pathways. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms of the association between FAT1 and porcine cumulus cell apoptosis.
Rationale of cerebral protection devices in left atrial appendage occlusion
Authors: Meincke Felix , Spangenberg Tobias , Kreidel Felix , Frerker Christian , Virmani Renu , Ladich Elena , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Ghanem Alexander
Published: October 2016

Aims

Aims of this case‐series were to assess the feasibility of cerebral protection devices in interventional left atrial appendage occlusion (iLAAO) procedures and to yield insight into the pathomorphological correlate of early, procedural cerebral embolization during iLAAO.

Methods and Results

Five consecutive patients underwent iLLO flanked by the Sentinel CPS® (Claret Medical, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA) cerebral protection system. Placement and recapture of the Sentinel® device as well as the iLAAO were successful and safe in all cases. Histomorphometric analysis of the collected filters showed embolized debris in all patients. Acute thrombus was found in three patients, organizing thrombus in four. Interestingly, two patients had endocardial or myocardial tissue in their filters.

Conclusions

Cerebral protection during iLAAO with the Sentinel CPS® device is feasible. Furthermore, this dataset identifies the formation and embolization of thrombus and cardiac tissue as emboligeneic sources and potential future targets to reduce procedural complications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Perovskite Electrocatalysts with Localized Spins and Orbital Rotation Symmetry
Authors: Sharpe Ryan , Lim Tingbin , Jiao Yunzhe , Niemantsverdriet J. W. (Hans) , Gracia Jose
Published: October 2016

We have studied, by using ab initio calculations, the electronic properties of electro‐catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with polarised density of states caused by localised spins in the d shell. Oxygen is a molecule in the triplet state (i.e., the outer electrons have parallel spins), which means that the spins localised in the p shell (↑O=O↑), the d shell and the conduction band electrons (t2gnegm) will couple through exchange interactions, which we think will provide favourable conditions for the OER. We compare the perovskites CaCu3Fe4O12 (CCF) and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) with RuO2. CCF and BSCF both have fluctuating electronic structures accessible at room temperature that are linked to conducting spin‐polarised density of states, equivalent to the paramagnetic state of covalent transition metal oxides with fine charge conductivity. CCF and BSCF both possess a considerable number of unpaired electrons localised in the inner d shell, high‐spin configurations and competing inter‐atomic exchange interactions. As a first approximation, the average fluctuation of the magnetisation in the metal atoms correlates linearly with the OER onset potential for the studied compositions. By linking the dynamics of the localised inner‐electron spins to the conduction spins through exchange interactions, we can predict that other perovskites, such as Sr2Fe0.75Co0.25MoO6, will be OER active at room temperature, as they have similar electronic properties to CCF and BSCF.
Organocatalytic Vinyl Azide‐Carbonyl [3+2] Cycloaddition: High‐Yielding Synthesis of Fully Decorated N‐Vinyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Reddy G. Surendra , Peraka Swamy , Gujral Jagjeet
Published: October 2016

For the first time, an enolate‐mediated organocatalytic vinyl azide‐carbonyl [3+2] cycloaddition (OrgVACC) of various ketones/aldehydes with vinyl azides is reported. It is an efficient intermolecular reaction with excellent outcomes with reference to rate, yield, selectivity, operational simplicity, substrate scope, catalyst simplicity, and vast applications.
Generalized Nernst Layer Model: Application to Bromate Anion Electroreduction and Theory for the Stationary 1D Regime of Proton Transport Limitations
Authors: Vorotyntsev Mikhail A. , Antipov Anatoly
Published: October 2016

Theoretical analysis has been developed for the reduction process of the non‐electroactive bromate anion through an autocatalytic cycle composed of the reversible Br2‐to‐Br− transformation and the irreversible (owing to high acidity of the solution) comproportionation reaction. Owing to the autocatalytic character of this redox‐mediating cycle (EC′′ mechanism) even a tracer amount of Br2 in the bulk solution may result in enormous values of the reduction current, which are determined by the diffusion‐limited flux of either bromate anions or protons. The latter case has been analyzed in this study within the framework of the generalized Nernst layer model, which takes into account the non‐equality of the diffusion layer thicknesses for H+, Br−, and Br2 species because of the difference in their diffusion coefficients, as evident from the Levich formula for the rotating disk electrode (RDE). Approximate analytical expressions for all characteristics of the system have been derived for two regimes corresponding either to “weak currents” or to a “thin kinetic layer”. In particular, the maximal current for the diffusion‐limited conditions turned out to depend on the ratio of the diffusion layer thicknesses for H+ and Br2, that is, of their diffusion coefficients.
Insight into Oxide‐Bridged Heterobimetallic Al/Zr Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Boulho Cédric , Zijlstra Harmen S. , Hofmann Alexander , Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Harder Sjoerd
Published: October 2016

Reaction of (TBBP)AlMe⋅THF with [Cp*2Zr(Me)OH] gave [(TBBP)Al(THF)−O−Zr(Me)Cp*2] (TBBP=3,3’,5,5’‐tetra‐tBu‐2,2'‐biphenolato). Reaction of [DIPPnacnacAl(Me)−O−Zr(Me)Cp2] with [PhMe2NH]+[B(C6F5)4]− gave a cationic Al/Zr complex that could be structurally characterized as its THF adduct [(DIPPnacnac)Al(Me)−O−Zr(THF)Cp2]+[B(C6F5)4]− (DIPPnacnac=HC[(Me)C=N(2,6‐iPr2−C6H3)]2). The first complex polymerizes ethene in the presence of an alkylaluminum scavenger but in the absence of methylalumoxane (MAO). The adduct cation is inactive under these conditions. Theoretical calculations show very high energy barriers (ΔG=40–47 kcal mol−1) for ethene insertion with a bridged AlOZr catalyst. This is due to an unfavorable six‐membered‐ring transition state, in which the methyl group bridges the metal and ethene with an obtuse metal‐Me‐C angle that prevents synchronized bond‐breaking and making. A more‐likely pathway is dissociation of the Al‐O‐Zr complex into an aluminate and the active polymerization catalyst [Cp*2ZrMe]+.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Garnet‐Type Li7La3Hf2O12:Eu3+.
Authors: Leonidov Ivan I. , Baklanova Yana V. , Maksimova Lidiya G. , Tyutyunnik Alexander P. , Akashev Lev A. , Vovkotrub Emma G. , Denisova Tatyana A. , Zubkov Vladimir G.
Published: October 2016

A series of polycrystalline Li7La3‐xEuxHf2O12 (x = 0.05—0.20) is prepared by calcination of a mixture of Li2CO3, La2O3, Eu2O3, and HfO2 using a 10 wt% Li excess (Al2O3 crucible, 1.