bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The identification of predominant auditory steady‐state response brain sources in electroencephalography using denoising source separation
Authors: Granados Barbero Raúl , De Vos Astrid , Wouters Jan
Published: April 2021

Different approaches have been used to extract auditory steady‐state responses (ASSRs) from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, including region‐related electrode configurations (electrode level) and the manual placement of equivalent current dipoles (source level). Inherent limitations of these approaches are the assumption of the anatomical origin and the omission of activity generated by secondary sources. Data‐driven methods such as independent component analysis (ICA) seem to avoid these limitations but only to face new others such as the presence of ASSRs with similar properties in different components and the manual selection protocol to select and classify the most relevant components carrying ASSRs. We propose the novel approach of applying a spatial filter to these components in order to extract the most relevant information. We aimed to develop a method based on the reproducibility across trials that performs reliably in low‐signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) scenarios using denoising source separation (DSS). DSS combined with ICA successfully reduced the number of components and extracted the most relevant ASSR at 4, 10 and 20 Hz stimulation in group and individual level studies of EEG adolescent data. The anatomical brain location for these low stimulation frequencies showed results in cortical areas with relatively small dispersion. However, for 40 and 80 Hz, results with regard to the number of components and the anatomical origin were less clear. At all stimulation frequencies the outcome measures were consistent with literature, and the partial rejection of inter‐subject variability led to more accurate results and higher SNRs. These findings are promising for future applications in group comparison involving pathologies.
Assessing new sensor‐based volume measurement methods for high‐throughput bulk density estimation in the field under various soil conditions
Authors: Coulouma Guillaume , Feurer Denis , Vinatier Fabrice , Huttel Olivier
Published: April 2021

Soil bulk density (BD) is a key soil property in soil science. BD is measured at the scale of the soil horizon with conventional methods: core sampling and rubber balloon. Regardless of the method, BD measurement in the field is cumbersome and time consuming, especially in stony soils, and new, less invasive methods have emerged, but their measurement quality needs to be compared with conventional methods. The photogrammetric technique (SfM) consists of the reconstruction of a given scene in 3D from multi‐view photographs. The aim of the present work is to assess the SfM as a rapid, accurate method of measuring the volume of undisturbed soil for BD measurements, regardless of the soil depth and stone content. Ten soil horizons were investigated from various types of soils with different soil properties, especially texture (10 to 48% of clay) and stone content (0 to 73%). The bulk density of each horizon was measured with a reference method (core sampling), an excavation method (rubber balloon) and two recently developed sensor‐based methods: SfM and a lightweight flash LiDar. For the sensor‐based methods, an automated post‐processing method was developed to reduce the human operating time. The BDs measured from the SfM were significantly similar to those measured from core sampling. At this stage, the lightweight flash LiDar is not sufficient to measure the BD with high accuracy. Finally, we recommend the use of SfM to measure BD regarding its robustness in varying soil conditions, especially stony soils, and we discuss the potential of the method regarding the recent advances in its field use with smartphones.

Highlights

Soil bulk density (BD) is a key soil property in soil science

The photogrammetric technique and flash Lidar were applied to measure BD in the field

The photogrammetric technique and flash Lidar were compared to classical methods

The flash lidar is not sufficient to measure the BD with high accuracy

The photogrammetric technique is recommended especially in stony soils
Spatial variability of soil respiration (Rs) and its controls are subjected to strong seasonality in an even‐aged European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand
Authors: Hereș Ana‐Maria , Bragă Cosmin , Petritan Any Mary , Petritan Ion Catalin , Curiel Yuste Jorge
Published: April 2021

Uncertainties arising from the so‐far poorly explained spatial variability of soil respiration (Rs) remain large. This is partly due to the limited understanding about how spatially variable Rs actually is, but also on how environmental controls determine Rs's spatial variability and how these controls vary in time (e.g., seasonally). Our study was designed to look more deeply into the complexity of Rs's spatial variability in a European beech even‐aged stand, covering both phenologically and climatically contrasting periods (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Although we studied a relatively homogeneous stand, we found a large spatial variability of Rs (coefficients of variation > 30%) characterized by strong seasonality. This large spatial variability of Rs suggests that even in relatively homogeneous stands there is a large potential source of error when estimating Rs. This was also reflected by the sampling effort needed to obtain seasonally robust estimates of Rs, which may actually require a number of samples above that used in Rs studies. We further postulate that the effect of seasonality on the spatial variability and environmental controls of Rs was determined by the seasonal shifts of its microclimatic controls: during winter, low temperatures constrain plant and soil metabolic activities and hence reduce Rs variability (temperature‐controlled processes), whereas during summer, water demand by vegetation and changes in water availability due to the microtopography of the terrain (i.e., slope) increase Rs variability (water‐controlled processes). This study provides novel information on the spatiotemporal variability of Rs and looks more deeply into the seasonality of its environmental controls and the architecture of their causal‐effect relationships controlling Rs's spatial variability. Our study further shows that improving current estimates of Rs at local and regional levels might be necessary in order to reduce uncertainties and improve CO2 estimates at larger spatial scales.

Highlights

The spatial variability of soil respiration (Rs) and its environmental controls vary seasonally.

Seasonal shifts from temperature‐ to water‐controlled processes determine Rs's spatial variability.

Besides microclimate, slope and grass cover explain the spatiotemporal variability of Rs.

An intense sampling effort is needed to obtain robust Rs estimates even in homogeneous forests.
Plasma neurofilament light chain levels predict improvement in late phase after stroke
Authors: Stokowska Anna , Bunketorp Käll Lina , Blomstrand Christian , Simrén Joel , Nilsson Michael , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Pekny Milos , Pekna Marcela
Published: April 2021

Background and purpose

Although functional recovery is most pronounced in the first 6 months after stroke, improvement is possible also in the late phase. The value of plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL), a biomarker of axonal injury and secondary neurodegeneration, was explored for the prediction of functional improvement in the late phase after stroke.

Methods

Baseline plasma NfL levels were measured in 115 participants of a trial on the efficacy of multimodal rehabilitation in the late phase after stroke. The association between NfL levels, impairment in balance, gait and cognitive domains, and improvement 3 and 9 months later was determined.

Results

Plasma NfL levels were associated with the degree of impairment in all three domains. Individuals with meaningful improvement in balance and gait capacity had higher plasma NfL levels compared with non‐improvers (p = 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). Higher NfL levels were associated with improvement in balance (odds ratio [OR] 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–4.27, p = 0.004) and gait (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.25–4.32, p = 0.009). Elevated plasma NfL levels showed a positive predictive value for cognitive improvement, and this effect was specific for the intervention targeting the cognitive domain. The association of NfL levels with cognitive improvement withstood correction for baseline impairment, age and total years of schooling (OR 7.54, 95% CI 1.52–45.66, p = 0.018).

Conclusions

In addition to its established role as a biomarker in the acute phase, elevated circulating NfL levels may predict functional improvement in the late phase after stroke. Our results should prompt further studies into the use of plasma NfL as a biomarker in the late phase after stroke.
Comprehensive characterization of the structure and properties of human stratum corneum relating to barrier function and skin hydration: modulation by a moisturizer formulation
Authors: Galliano Marie‐Florence , Tfayli Ali , Dauskardt Reinhold H. , Payre Bruno , Carrasco Cedric , Bessou‐Touya Sandrine , Baillet‐Guffroy Arlette , Duplan Hélène
Published: April 2021

The stratum corneum (SC) is key in the maintenance of the biomechanical barrier and hydration of skin. Our previous investigations showed beneficial effects of a combination of emollients on water capture and retention and protein and lipid organization, all of which are linked to dryness and dry skin damage. Here, we show how a formulation containing an emollient combination (“Trio”) and its basal formulation (placebo) impacted the descriptors of SC hydration in SC layers. Only the Trio formulation—not its placebo formulation—modified SC biomechanical drying stress behaviour and imparted a high capacity to protect it from dehydration. This was in accordance with findings at the molecular level using Raman analyses and at the structural level using cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After topical application, only the Trio formulation profoundly increased lateral packing of lipids and their compactness. Cryo‐SEM showed that, unlike the placebo formulation, the Trio formulation prevented the water loss when applied before the dehydration process. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that stresses in the SC due to dehydration can be alleviated using a formulation containing emollients that interact with the SC lipid components.
Insights into muscle stem cell dynamics during postnatal development
Authors: Bachman John F. , Chakkalakal Joe V.
Published: April 2021

During development, resident stem cell populations contribute to the growth and maturation of tissue and organs. In skeletal muscle, muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), are responsible for the maturation of postnatal myofibers. However, the role SCs play in later stages of postnatal growth, and thus, when they enter a mature quiescent state is controversial. Here, we discuss the current literature regarding the role SCs play in all stages of postnatal growth, from birth to puberty onset to young adulthood. We additionally highlight the implications of SC loss or dysfunction during developmental stages, both in the context of experimental paradigms and disease settings.
Differential substrate use in EGF‐ and oncogenic KRAS‐stimulated human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Keibler Mark A. , Dong Wentao , Korthauer Keegan D. , Hosios Aaron M. , Moon Sun Jin , Sullivan Lucas B. , Liu Nian , Abbott Keene L. , Arevalo Orlando D. , Ho Kailing , Lee Jennifer , Phanse Aasavari S. , Kelleher Joanne K. , Iliopoulos Othon , Coloff Jonathan L. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Stephanopoulos Gregory
Published: April 2021

Many metabolic phenotypes in cancer cells are also characteristic of proliferating nontransformed mammalian cells, and attempts to distinguish between phenotypes resulting from oncogenic perturbation from those associated with increased proliferation are limited. Here, we examined the extent to which metabolic changes corresponding to oncogenic KRAS expression differed from those corresponding to epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐driven proliferation in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Removal of EGF from culture medium reduced growth rates and glucose/glutamine consumption in control HMECs despite limited changes in respiration and fatty acid synthesis, while the relative contribution of branched‐chain amino acids to the TCA cycle and lipogenesis increased in the near‐quiescent conditions. Most metabolic phenotypes measured in HMECs expressing mutant KRAS were similar to those observed in EGF‐stimulated control HMECs that were growing at comparable rates. However, glucose and glutamine consumption as well as lactate and glutamate production were lower in KRAS‐expressing cells cultured in media without added EGF, and these changes correlated with reduced sensitivity to GLUT1 inhibitor and phenformin treatment. Our results demonstrate the strong dependence of metabolic behavior on growth rate and provide a model to distinguish the metabolic influences of oncogenic mutations and nononcogenic growth.
Exploiting formyl peptide receptor 2 to promote microglial resolution: a new approach to Alzheimer’s disease treatment
Authors: Wickstead Edward S. , Irving Murray A. , Getting Stephen J. , McArthur Simon
Published: April 2021

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are among the most significant current healthcare challenges given the rapidly growing elderly population, and the almost total lack of effective therapeutic interventions. Alzheimer’s disease pathology has long been considered in terms of accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, but the importance of neuroinflammation in driving disease has taken greater precedence over the last 15–20 years. Inflammatory activation of the primary brain immune cells, the microglia, has been implicated in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis through genetic, preclinical, imaging and postmortem human studies, and strategies to regulate microglial activity may hold great promise for disease modification. Neuroinflammation is necessary for defence of the brain against pathogen invasion or damage but is normally self‐limiting due to the engagement of endogenous pro‐resolving circuitry that terminates inflammatory activity, a process that appears to fail in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we discuss the potential for a major regulator and promoter of resolution, the receptor FPR2, to restrain pro‐inflammatory microglial activity, and propose that it may serve as a valuable target for therapeutic investigation in Alzheimer’s disease.
Warming and elevated CO2 intensify drought and recovery responses of grassland carbon allocation to soil respiration
Authors: Meeran Kathiravan , Ingrisch Johannes , Reinthaler David , Canarini Alberto , Müller Lena , Pötsch Erich M. , Richter Andreas , Wanek Wolfgang , Bahn Michael
Published: April 2021

Photosynthesis and soil respiration represent the two largest fluxes of CO2 in terrestrial ecosystems and are tightly linked through belowground carbon (C) allocation. Drought has been suggested to impact the allocation of recently assimilated C to soil respiration; however, it is largely unknown how drought effects are altered by a future warmer climate under elevated atmospheric CO2 (eT_eCO2). In a multifactor experiment on managed C3 grassland, we studied the individual and interactive effects of drought and eT_eCO2 (drought, eT_eCO2, drought × eT_eCO2) on ecosystem C dynamics. We performed two in situ 13CO2 pulse‐labeling campaigns to trace the fate of recent C during peak drought and recovery. eT_eCO2 increased soil respiration and the fraction of recently assimilated C in soil respiration. During drought, plant C uptake was reduced by c. 50% in both ambient and eT_eCO2 conditions. Soil respiration and the amount and proportion of 13C respired from soil were reduced (by 32%, 70% and 30%, respectively), the effect being more pronounced under eT_eCO2 (50%, 84%, 70%). Under drought, the diel coupling of photosynthesis and SR persisted only in the eT_eCO2 scenario, likely caused by dynamic shifts in the use of freshly assimilated C between storage and respiration. Drought did not affect the fraction of recent C remaining in plant biomass under ambient and eT_eCO2, but reduced the small fraction remaining in soil under eT_eCO2. After rewetting, C uptake and the proportion of recent C in soil respiration recovered more rapidly under eT_eCO2 compared to ambient conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that in a warmer climate under elevated CO2 drought effects on the fate of recent C will be amplified and the coupling of photosynthesis and soil respiration will be sustained. To predict the future dynamics of terrestrial C cycling, such interactive effects of multiple global change factors should be considered.
Can campaign‐style enforcement work: When and how? Evidence from straw burning control in China
Authors: Wang Feng , Wang Min , Yin Haitao
Published: April 2021

The use of campaign‐style enforcement is often criticized for its lack of long‐term impacts and lack of impacts beyond campaign‐focused issues. Using a mixed approach that combines regression analysis and in‐depth interviews, we studied the campaigns against straw burning in several provinces of China, and found evidence to support the contrary. The campaigns did effectively reduce straw‐burning activities, and more importantly, the impact appears to be long lasting and may spill over to other environmental issues. We further found that informal institutions, such as Chinese face culture and the close ties between village cadres and farmers, play a very important role in determining the length and range of a campaign's impact. The values and limitations of campaign‐style enforcement are discussed.
Can industrial agglomeration improve regional green total factor productivity in China? An empirical analysis based on spatial econometrics
Authors: Lu Ping , Liu Jianhui , Wang Yunxuan , Ruan Lei
Published: April 2021

Resource depletion and environmental pollution have seriously restricted the sustainable development of China's economy in recent years. How to transform the extensive growth mode to the intensive growth mode and realize the green development of economy is a great challenge for China. In this paper, we use the non‐radial and non‐angle Slack‐based Model (SBM) considering the undesired output, combined with the Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index, to measure regional green total factor productivity (GTFP). By constructing the green output density function, the theoretical model of the relationship between regional GTFP and industrial agglomeration is deduced, and the theoretical mechanism of the influence of industrial agglomeration on regional GTFP is analyzed. Based on panel data of 243 cities at the prefecture level in China from 2010 to 2019, this article employs the dynamic spatial panel model to empirically estimate the impact of industrial agglomeration on regional GTFP. The empirical results show that regional GTFP shows significant spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering characteristics. The manufacturing agglomeration has significant negative impact on regional GTFP and produces negative spatial spillover effect on the surrounding regions, but does not produce congestion effect. The producer services agglomeration significantly improves regional GTFP and produces positive spatial spillover effect on the surrounding regions, and leads to congestion effect. The co‐agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing has significantly promoted the improvement of regional GTFP and produces positive spatial spillover effect on the surrounding regions. Finally, this article puts forward policy suggestions on how to promote regional GTFP and achieve green development from the perspective of industrial agglomeration.
Sonic hedgehog expands neural stem cells in the neocortical region leading to an expanded and wrinkled neocortical surface
Authors: Shqirat Mohammed , Kinoshita Akira , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Ohtsuka Toshiyuki
Published: April 2021

An expanded and folded neocortex is characteristic of higher mammals, including humans and other primates. The neocortical surface area was dramatically enlarged during the course of mammalian brain evolution from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic mammals, and this bestowed higher cognitive functions especially to primates, including humans. In this study, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice in which the expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) could be controlled in neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitors by using the Tet‐on system. Shh overexpression during embryogenesis promoted the symmetric proliferative division of NSCs in the neocortical region, leading to the expansion of lateral ventricles and tangential extension of the ventricular zone. Moreover, Shh‐overexpressing Tg mice showed dramatic expansion of the neocortical surface area and exhibited a wrinkled brain when overexpression was commenced at early stages of neural development. These results indicate that Shh is able to increase the neocortical NSCs and contribute to expansion of the neocortex.
The French feminist contribution: Humanizing organizations through esthetically informed, philosophical modes of representation
Authors: Bissett Ngaire , Birch Jill
Published: April 2021

This collaborative paper explores ways in which a “haptic” mode of representation can challenge restrictive academic logocentric forms of representation, by imagining an “affective wisdom” related, mode of embodied writing. The first author draws on three French feminist scholars to depict this as an affinities based, ethical framework, which reflects the depth of expression that marks our organizational lives. The second author illustrates this philosophically grounded representational esthetic, by advancing a series of craftwork culturalist interpretations, which enhance our appreciation of leadership practice as a relationally embedded phenomenon.
Taking stock: Employability as an outcome of higher education. Evaluating developments in the German higher education system
Authors: Behle Heike
Published: April 2021

This article uses the example of Germany to elaborate on the historical development, the current practice, and recent debates on employability. Employability as an outspoken aim of higher education was only established in recent decades due to the introduction of Polytechnics, the expansion of higher education, and the Bologna‐Process. Despite the diversity of the higher education sector (e.g., universities; universities of applied science), the assumption of equality means that degrees from any institution are of equal value according to the level of study. As in other countries, German higher education institutions have established measures to improve employability such as changes in the curricula or the establishment of career services. However, challenges remain to measure the employability and the employability outcome of HE. The article concludes that the identification of specific subject‐related and transferable skills and competences and their transferability to the labour market remains an ongoing task to increase the employability of graduates in Germany.
Influence of ultraconservative access cavities on instrumentation efficacy with XP‐endo Shaper and Reciproc, filling ability and load capacity of mandibular molars subjected to thermomechanical cycling
Authors: Lima C. O. , Barbosa A. F. A. , Ferreira C. M. , Ferretti M. A. , Aguiar F. H. B. , Lopes R. T. , Fidel S. R. , Silva E. J. N. L.
Published: April 2021

Aim

To evaluate the influence of ultraconservative access cavities (UltraAC) on canal shaping and filling ability and load capacity of mandibular molars after root canal preparation with XP‐endo Shaper (XP) or Reciproc (RC), under simulated clinical conditions. Traditional access cavities (TradAC) were used for comparison.

Methodology

Forty extracted mandibular molars were scanned by micro–computed tomographic and, based on similar anatomical features, were divided into four groups (n = 10), according to the type of access cavity and canal instrumentation protocol: TradAC/RC, TradAC/XP, UltraAC/RC and UltraAC/XP. All root canal procedures were performed with the teeth placed in a dental mannequin. Teeth were scanned after root canal instrumentation and filling. Unprepared canal area, dentine removed, accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD), canal transportation, presence of voids and filling material remnants within the pulp chamber were analysed. After restorative procedures, the teeth were subjected to thermomechanical cycling and to a load capacity test. Statistical analyses were performed using two‐way anova test, considering the randomized blocks design (P < 0.05).

Results

The percentage of unprepared canal area was significantly lower in TradAC groups when compared to UltraAC groups (P < 0.05), regardless of the instrument used. The UltraAC/XP group had significantly lower percentage of root dentine removed when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). UltraAC/XP and TradAC/XP groups had significantly lower percentages of AHTD than UltraAC/RC and TradAC/RC groups (P < 0.05). Regarding canal transportation, in the MB root canals, the TradAC/XP group had significantly lower values than other groups (P < 0.05). In general, in ML and distal root canals, TradAC/XP and UltraAC/XP groups had significantly lower values of canal transportation when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the UltraAC/RC had the greatest canal transportation values in MB and distal canals. The UltraAC groups had significantly greater percentages of voids and volume of remaining root filling material within the pulp chamber after cleaning procedures than TradAC groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the load capacity amongst groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The UltraAC/XP and UltraAC/RC groups had significantly greater areas of unprepared canal walls, significantly more voids and volume of root filling material remnants within the pulp chamber after canal filling. UltraAC/XP was associated with significantly less root dentine removal and significantly more AHTD whilst TradAC/XP had overall significantly less canal transportation. No differences were observed in the load capacity amongst groups.
Ecological planning towards language revitalization: The Torwali minority language in Pakistan
Authors: Manan Syed Abdul , Channa Liaquat Ali , Tul‐Kubra Khadija , David Maya Khemlani
Published: April 2021

This article examines the steady revitalization of an endangered minority community in northern Pakistan to show that how the Torwali community strategically mobilizes limited resources to achieve a sustainable revival of its language and culture. The uniqueness of the planning rests in its holistic, identity‐based integrated approach that seeks to use identity building as a catalyst for language and culture revitalization. Alongside rebuilding the marred identity of the community, social development and empowerment also go hand in hand with the language and culture development process. The Torwali language and culture revitalization offers valuable theoretical and implementational insights as we learn that language revitalization does not work in isolation; rather it requires integrating language development with the identity‐building, educational, and overall human development of the community.
Reducing neutrophil exposure to oxygen allows their basal state maintenance
Authors: Injarabian Louise , Skerniskyte Jurate , Giai Gianetto Quentin , Witko‐Sarsat Véronique , Marteyn Benoit S
Published: April 2021

Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating white blood cells and are the central players of the innate immune response. During their lifecycle, neutrophils mainly evolve under low oxygen conditions (0.1–4% O2), to which they are well adapted. Neutrophils are atypical cells since they are highly glycolytic and susceptible to oxygen exposure, which induces their activation and death through mechanisms that remain currently elusive. Nevertheless, nearly all studies conducted on neutrophils are carried out under atmospheric oxygen (21%), corresponding to hyperoxia. Here, we investigated the impact of hyperoxia during neutrophil purification and culture on neutrophil viability, activation and cytosolic protein content. We demonstrate that neutrophil hyper‐activation (CD62L shedding) is induced during culture under hyperoxic conditions (24 h), compared with neutrophils cultured under anoxic conditions. Spontaneous neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is observed when neutrophils face hyperoxia during purification or culture. In addition, we show that maintaining neutrophils in autologous plasma is the preferred strategy to maintain their basal state. Our results show that manipulating neutrophils under hyperoxic conditions leads to the loss of 57 cytosolic proteins during purification, while it does not lead to an immediate impact on neutrophil activation (CD11bhigh, CD54high, CD62Lneg) or viability (DAPI+). We identified two clusters of proteins belonging to cholesterol metabolism and to the complement and coagulation cascade pathways, which are highly susceptible to neutrophil oxygen exposure during neutrophil purification. In conclusion, protecting neutrophil from oxygen during their purification and culture is recommended to avoid activation and to prevent the alteration of cytosolic protein composition.
The mental health status among nurses from low‐risk areas under normalized COVID‐19 pandemic prevention and control in China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chen Xian , Arber Anne , Gao Junyu , Zhang Li , Ji Meili , Wang Dan , Wu Jinfeng , Du Junjie
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to investigate the mental health status of nurses from low‐risk areas of novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, its potential impact factors, and the main stressors under the normalized prevention and control in China. A mobile phone app‐based survey was conducted among registered nurses in Jiangsu province via a region‐stratified sampling method. The questionnaire consisted of items on the demographic characteristics of the nursing staff and their Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21) along with questions for self‐assessment of stressors that are associated with COVID‐19. STROBE guideline was used. Among 1803 nurses who were working in the low‐risk areas in Jiangsu, 22.0%, 29.8%, and 16.1% of them reported moderate to extreme levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Having 11–15 years of working experience and being a fixed‐term contract nurse were associated with experiencing worse mental health outcomes while supporting‐Wuhan working experience and having mental health preparation course training were independent factors that had beneficial impact on their psychological well‐being afterward. In terms of source of pressure, a key finding of this study is that the main stressor among these nurses was the lack of patient’s understanding and cooperation (71.2%) which calls for better psychosocial communication between nurses and patients. The present findings would provide information for other regions at low risk of COVID‐19 and may aid the provision of support and interventions for the benefit of the psychological well‐being of nurses who are exposed to life‐threatening occupational risks and are more vulnerable to the pandemic than others.
Is the asymmetric impact of aggregate revenue and aggregate earnings on the stock index in accordance with the prospect theory?
Authors: Goyal Vinay , Mitra Subrata K.
Published: April 2021

This study examines the asymmetric impact on the US S&P 500 stock index due to the changes in aggregate revenue and aggregate earnings of the index constituents. We applied the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model of Shin et al. (Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt, 2014, Springer, 281–314) to determine the long run and the short run asymmetries. The presence of a cointegrating relationship confirms that despite short‐run departures, the relationship remains stable in the long run. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model estimates that when aggregate revenue increases by $1,000, the S&P index is expected to increase by 8.64 points, but when the aggregate revenue decreases by the same amount, the market decreases by 31.4 points. Similarly, when the aggregate income increases by $1,000, the S&P index is likely to increase by 22.59 points, whereas if the aggregate income decreases by the same amount, the index would decrease more steeply by 32.11 points. Based on these findings, the present study establishes an asymmetric relationship between two important accounting variables. The study also confirms the validation of prospect theory in the S&P index valuation of its constituent stocks' financial performance. Aside from using the model on aggregate data for the S&P index, we also analyzed 28 individual US stocks to validate the findings.
Around the world in 10 million years: Rapid dispersal of a kleptoparasitoid spider wasp (Pompilidae: Ceropales)
Authors: Rodriguez Juanita , Bank Sarah , Waichert Cecilia , von Dohlen Carol D. , Pitts James P.
Published: April 2021

Aim

Cosmopolitan distributions have classically been explained by Pangaean vicariance. However, evidence of recently diverged cosmopolitan groups has re‐opened consideration on the processes involved. Our aim is to estimate the processes leading to the worldwide distribution of the kleptoparasitoid genus Ceropales.

Location

Worldwide.

Taxon

Ceropales spider wasps (Pompilidae).

Methods

Data from three molecular markers for 52 specimens of Ceropales and two calibration points from previous analyses were used to reconstruct a dated phylogeny under a relaxed molecular clock. We compared the fit of 12 models using BioGeoBEARS: DEC (subset sympatry, narrow vicariance), DIVALIKE (narrow and wide vicariance), BAYAREALIKE (widespread sympatry), and these same models with an added jump dispersal parameter and constraining dispersal rates among areas. Using the AIC best‐fit model (DEC+J), we performed Biogeographic Stochastic Mapping (BSM) to infer biogeographic processes by simulating 200 BSM on the BEAST chronogram.

Results

The origin of crown‐group Ceropales was ca. 10.6 Ma (15.7–6.5 95% HPD), and 11 jump‐dispersal events explain its distribution. A constrained DEC+J model, allowing adjacent area dispersal was the best‐fit AIC model. Dispersals across the Bering land bridge, Isthmus of Panama, Mediterranean Sea, and Sunda Plains took place from the late Miocene to present times.

Main conclusions

Ceropales is a recently diverged group that originated in Eurasia in the Miocene and dispersed to occupy the Americas, Africa, and Australia. Colonization was probably favored by the already diversified hosts (Pompilinae and Pepsinae), which reduced limiting factors such as food resource and nest construction. The evolution of a generalist parasitic lifestyle could facilitate long‐distance dispersal. This is the first study addressing the global historical biogeography of a cosmopolitan spider wasp.
High connectivity within restricted distribution range in Pocillopora corals
Authors: Oury Nicolas , Gélin Pauline , Magalon Hélène
Published: April 2021

Aim

Convergence, stasis and plasticity can frequently confound our understanding of species distributions in the seas. Yet delimiting species and understanding population connectivity across marine environments is mandatory for establishing appropriate management of coral reefs, which are experiencing critical declines. We test whether morphospecies from Pocillopora corals found on outer reef slopes are unique species or species complexes, in order to correctly define their respective distributions and consequently to accurately assess their population connectivity.

Location

Archipelagos and islands of the Western Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific (New Caledonia, Tonga, French Polynesia).

Taxon

Pocillopora eydouxi/meandrina and Pocillopora verrucosa morphospecies (Scleractinia).

Methods

We analysed the 13‐microsatellite genotypes of 4837 colonies from six understudied ecoregions in the southern part of the genus distribution, to first explore the genetic partitioning within morphospecies. We then characterized the spatial distribution of each delimited species and analysed patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity for each species separately.

Results

Both morphospecies are complexes of species, each found almost exclusively in the Indian or the Pacific Oceans. Moreover, some of these cryptic species are found in sympatry over their whole distribution, which sometimes was very restricted. However, within each species, genetic diversity and connectivity were relatively high, although some populations were found differentiated for some species, while not for others.

Main conclusions

A weak connectivity was found between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but high connectivity within both oceans, supporting the existence of a barrier impeding gene flow between both ocean basins in Pocillopora. Although constrained by the same geography and current patterns, some sympatric species present different connectivity patterns, demonstrating the importance of multi‐species connectivity models to set up appropriate management plans.
Population genetics under the Massenerhebung effect: The influence of topography on the demography of Acer morrisonense
Authors: Chang Jui‐Tse , Luo Min‐Xin , Lu Hsin‐Pei , Tseng Yi‐Ting , Liao Pei‐Chun
Published: April 2021

Aim

The Massenerhebung effect (Mass elevation effect) refers to heat‐ or wind‐driven altitudinal distribution patterns of temperature‐dependent parameters among massifs with narrower range and lower elevation around peripheral and isolated mountains compared to core and continuous ones. Although common in ecology, this effect is rarely discussed in population genetics. Here, we use genetic markers to reveal population genetic patterns and also test the mountain‐ and sky‐barrier hypotheses relevant to the Massenerhebung distribution pattern of Acer morrisonense in Taiwan's rugged topography and varied local climates.

Location

The alpine and cloud forest of Taiwan.

Taxon

Acer morrisonense Hayata.

Methods

Two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments and 17 expressed sequence tag‐simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) loci, respectively, from 200 to 286 individuals were used to elucidate the phylogeographic pattern of pollen and seed dispersal of A. morrisonense. These data were combined with ecological niche modeling (ENM) to infer distribution range shifts and refugia. We also correlated the genetic‐divergence indices with spatial factors to clarify latitudinal and altitudinal effects on genetic diversity.

Results

The incongruent phylogeographic patterns of genetic distributions between nuclear and cpDNA markers indicate unhindered pollen flow but spatially constrained seed dispersal. Taken together with ENM, the genetic pattern further reflects historical colonization from central‐mountain refugia to edges since the Holocene. The Massenerhebung reduces the gene flow by the surrounding mountains and also causes lower genetic diversity compared to central alpine populations.

Main conclusions

This study is the first to reveal the influence of Massenerhebung effect on cpDNA genetic structure of montane trees and reflect the spatial trends of seed dispersal. This population genetic pattern can also be attributed to the demography‐related range shifts with paleoclimate fluctuations under complex mountain topography, supporting the mountain‐barrier hypothesis. The results have important implications for conserving the genetic diversity of species with a wide altitudinal distribution range.
Suicide among adolescents and youths during the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdowns: A press media reports‐based exploratory study
Authors: Manzar Md. Dilshad , Albougami Abdulrhman , Usman Norina , Mamun Mohammed A.
Published: April 2021

Problem

Suicide incidences among adolescents and youths during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) lockdowns have been reported across the world. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate cumulative nature, patterns, and causative factors of such suicide incidences.

Methods

A purposive sampling of Google news between 15 February and 6 July was performed. After excluding duplicate reports, the final list comprised a total of 37‐suicide cases across 11 countries.

Findings

More male suicides were reported (21‐cases, i.e., 56.76%), and the mean age of the total victims was 16.6 ± 2.7 years (out of a total of 29 cases). About two‐thirds of the suicides were from three countries named India (11‐cases), UK (8‐cases), and the USA (6‐cases). Out of 23‐student victims, 14 were school‐going students. Hanging was the most common suicide method accounting in 51.4% of cases. The most common suicide causalities were related to mental sufferings such as depression, loneliness, psychological distress, and so forth, whereas either online schooling or overwhelming academic distress was placed as the second most suicide stressors followed by TikTok addiction‐related psychological distress, and tested with the COVID‐19.

Conclusions

The finding of the temporal distribution of suicides concerning lockdowns may help in exploring and evolving public measures to prevent/decrease pandemic‐related suicides in young people.
Pinin acts as a poor prognostic indicator for renal cell carcinoma by reducing apoptosis and promoting cell migration and invasion
Authors: Jin Ming , li Dan , Liu Weihong , Wang Ping , Xiang Zhenfei , Liu Kaitai
Published: April 2021

Pinin (PNN) was originally characterized as a desmosome‐associated molecule. Its function and the mechanism of its regulation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still undefined. Data on PNN expression, clinicopathological features, and prognosis of patients with RCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Immunohistochemistry revealed high PNN expression in tumour cells. PNN expression showed negative correlation with survival in patients with RCC, acting as an independent prognostic factor in RCC. PNN up‐regulation might be attributed to epigenetic alterations in RCC. Immunofluorescence revealed PNN expression mainly in the nucleus of RCC cells. The transfection of siRNA targeting the PNN gene resulted in enhanced apoptosis, which was detected by flow cytometry, and reduced cell migration and invasion, which were assessed using wound healing and transwell migration assay. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed associations between PNN expression and several signalling pathways involved in cancer progression, as a potential mechanism underlying the carcinogenicity of PNN. The analyses of the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource platform showed significant positive associations between high PNN expression and tumour immune infiltrating cells. PNN may function as an oncogenic factor by reducing apoptosis and promoting cell migration and invasion in RCC.
Systematic expression analysis of the CELSR family reveals the importance of CELSR3 in human lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Yishuai , Zhu Longyu , Hao Ran , Li Yuejun , Zhao Qinfei , Li Shujun
Published: April 2021

Cadherin EGF LAG seven‐pass G‐type receptors (CELSRs) are involved in the progression of various types of cancer. CELSR3, a crucial signalling molecule in the WNT/PCP pathway, is believed to be associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. In this paper, we analysed the expression of CELSR family members using the Oncomine, GEPIA and UALCAN databases. We used a Kaplan‐Meier plotter to assess the effect of CELSRs on tumour prognosis. Next, gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway, miRNA target, kinase target and transcription factor‐target enrichment were analysed by GSEA. Simultaneously, we conducted functional assays including cell viability, colony formation and transwell assays, to determine the oncogenic role of CELSR3 in LUAD. Finally, we used the TIMER and TISIDB databases to analyse the correlation between CELSR3 and immune infiltration and the potential chemokine receptor axis causing immune cell expression. High expression of CELSR3 is in LUAD predicts poor prognosis and early progression of the tumour. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis revealed the functional relationship between CELSR3 and cell adhesion, the cell cycle, and DNA replication. Down‐regulation of CELSR3 suppressed cell proliferation to a significant extent, in addition to inhibiting invasion and migration in LUAD cells. Finally, CELSR3 expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration level of CD8+T cells through the CCL17/CCR4 axis in LUAD. These results indicate that CELSR3 can serve as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in LUAD.
Gut‐liver‐axis: Barrier function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Yulan
Published: April 2021

Liver diseases are associated with the leaky gut via the gut‐liver‐axis. Previous studies have paid much attention to the effect of gut barrier damage. Notably, clinical observations and basic research reveal that the gut barrier damage seldom leads to liver injury independently but aggravates pre‐existing liver diseases such as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and drug‐induced liver injury. These evidences suggest that there is a hepatic barrier in the gut‐liver‐axis, protecting the liver against gut‐derived pathogenic factors. However, it has never been investigated which type of liver cell plays the role of hepatic barrier. Under physiological conditions, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) can take up and eliminate virus, bacteriophage, microbial products, and metabolic wastes. LSEC also keeps the homeostasis of liver immune environment via tolerance‐inducing and anti‐inflammatory functions. In contrast, under pathological conditions, the clearance function of LSEC is impaired, and LSEC turns into a pro‐inflammatory pattern. Given its anatomical position and physiological functions, LSEC is proposed as the hepatic barrier in the gut‐liver‐axis. In this review, we aim to further understand the role of LSEC as the hepatic barrier. Future studies are warranted to seek effective treatments to improve LSEC health, which appears to be a promising approach to prevent gut‐derived liver injury.
Novel viral markers and the prediction of off‐treatment relapse in chronic hepatitis B patients: A systematic review
Authors: Jaroenlapnopparat Aunchalee , Chayanupatkul Maneerat , Tangkijvanich Pisit
Published: April 2021

Background and Aim

Hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) and hepatitis B virus RNA (HBV RNA) are novel markers that reflect intrahepatic cccDNA and could be useful in the prediction of relapse after nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) discontinuation. The aim of the study is to perform a systematic review on this issue.

Methods

Medline/Pubmed database was searched using text terms related to HBcrAg, RNA, NAs, discontinuation, and relapse. Included studies were those that enrolled adult patients who had been on NAs for more than 6 months with available information on end‐of‐treatment (EOT) HBcrAg and/or HBV RNA and relapse rates.

Results

Sixteen studies were included. Virological and clinical relapse rates ranged from 11% to 100% and 11% to 73%, respectively. Low or undetectable EOT HBcrAg levels were associated with low off‐treatment relapse rates in most studies with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.69–0.70 for predicting virological relapse (VR) and 0.61–0.77 for predicting clinical relapse (CR). Undetectable EOT HBV RNA was associated with a lower risk of off‐treatment relapse with AUROC of 0.65–0.76 for predicting VR and 0.66–0.73 for predicting CR. Combined EOT HBcrAg and HBV RNA performed better in predicting off‐treatment relapse than either test alone with AUROC of 0.816–0.846 for predicting CR. None of the patients with double‐negative HBV RNA and HBcrAg developed CR.

Conclusion

Combining HBcrAg with HBV RNA or HBsAg improved the discriminating abilities in the prediction of off‐treatment relapse of each test. Patients with double‐negative HBcrAg and HBV RNA at EOT had low risks of relapse and could be considered for NA discontinuation.