bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C-band 56  Gbit/s on/off keying system over a 100  km dispersion-uncompensated link using only receiver-side digital signal processing
Authors: Zhou Ji , Wang Haide , Liu Long , Yu Changyuan , Feng Yuanhua , Gao Shecheng , Liu Weiping , Li Zhaohui
Published: December 2019

In this Letter, we present a record C-band 56 Gbit/s intensity-modulation/direct-detection optical on/off keying (OOK) system over a 100 km dispersion-uncompensated link using only the receiver-side digital signal processing (DSP). The proposed DSP mainly includes an adaptive moment estimation (Adam)-based polynomial nonlinear equalizer (PNLE), autoregression (AR)-based post filter, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). Due to square-law detection, chromatic dispersion induces 11 nulls on the 28 GHz spectrum of the 56 Gbit/s OOK signal after the 100 km standard-single-mode-fiber transmission. Adam-based PNLE eliminates major linear and nonlinear distortions, but it cannot compensate the nulls. After the Adam-based PNLE, the AR-based post filter and MLSE further deal with the inter-symbol interference caused by the nulls to improve the system performance. The proposed C-band 56 Gbit/s OOK system shows great potential for future metro networks and data center networks.
Improving the reflectance and color contrasts of phase-change materials by vacancy reduction for optical-storage and display applications
Authors: Wang Jianbo , Li Qian , Tao Shuaipeng , Xia Zhoubo , Li Yuankai , Liu Yan , Gu Zhiqing , Hu Chaoquan
Published: December 2019

High-reflectivity/color contrast is crucial for phase-change materials (PCMs) in optical-storage and display applications. However, the relationship between phase-change and reflectivity/color contrast and how to improve the contrast has not been well explored. Here we find that phase-change-induced reflectivity/color contrast arise from electron delocalization and subsequent extinction coefficient enhancement, rather than refractive coefficient enhancement which we thought previously. Reducing vacancies can significantly increase the reflectivity contrast and color contrast of PCM films by 83.2% and 38.5%, respectively. These new insights are demonstrated through our experiments, theoretical calculations, spectral fittings, and simulations on

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Nonequilibrium hot-electron-induced wavelength-tunable incandescent-type light sources
Authors: Sun Zhipeng , Jiang Mingming , Mao Wangqi , Kan Caixia , Shan Chongxin , Shen Dezhen
Published: December 2019

The collective oscillation of electrons located in the conduction band of metal nanostructures being still energized, with the energy up to the bulk plasmon frequency, are called nonequilibrium hot electrons. It can lead to the state-filling effect in the energy band of the neighboring semiconductor. Here, we report on the incandescent-type light source composed of Au nanorods decorated with single Ga-doped ZnO microwire (AuNRs@ZnO:Ga MW). Benefiting from Au nanorods with controlled aspect ratio, wavelength-tunable incandescent-type lighting was achieved, with the dominating emission peaks tuning from visible to near-infrared spectral regions. The intrinsic mechanism was found that tunable nonequilibrium distribution of hot electrons in ZnO:Ga MW, injected from Au nanorods, can be responsible for the tuning emission features. Apart from the modification over the composition, bandgap engineering, doping level, etc., the realization of electrically driving the generation and injection of nonequilibrium hot electrons from single ZnO:Ga MW with Au nanostructure coating may provide a promising platform to construct electronics and optoelectronics devices, such as electric spasers and hot-carrier-induced tunneling diodes.
Leakage Investigation on a Fired Heater Tube of a Petroleum Refinery due to Carburization
Authors: Adnyana D.N.
Published: December 2019

The fired heater of a petroleum processing refinery leaks in one of the convection tubes. The tube is made of ASTM A-106 Gr.B. Process fluid in the tube is xylene with a design pressure of 15.8 kg/cm²g and design temperature of 299 °C (at the inlet) and 405 °C (at the outlet). This study aims to determine the type and causes and the mechanism of leakage in the tube. A number of tests have been carried out including visual inspection and  macroscopic analysis, chemical analysis, metallographic and hardness testing, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis which is equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). The results obtained showed that the leak that occurred in the convection tube was caused by carburization and metal dusting. Carburization occurs in the inner walls of the tube that experience some localized overheating due to the formation of coke deposits. AbstrakDapur pemanas pada sebuah kilang pengolahan minyak bumi mengalami kebocoran pada salah satu pipa konveksi. Pipa tersebut terbuat dari baja karbon rendah jenis ASTM A-106 Gr.B. Cairan proses di dalam pipa adalah xylene dengan tekanan desain 15,8 kg/cm²g dan suhu desain yaitu 299 °C (pada saluran masuk) dan 405 °C (pada saluran keluar). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis dan faktor penyebab serta mekanisme terjadi kebocoran pada pipa tersebut. Sejumlah pengujian telah dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan visual dan makroskopik, analisa kimia, pengujian metalografi dan kekerasan, serta analisa SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kebocoran yang terjadi pada pipa konveksi disebabkan oleh karburisasi dan pembentukan debu/serbuk logam. Karburisasi terjadi pada dinding bagian dalam pipa yang mengalami panas berlebih secara lokal akibat terbentuknya endapan kokas.
Clinical features and diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency followed complex treatment nonpituitary brain tumors
Authors: Yudina Alla E. , Pavlova Maria G. , Sotnikov Vladimir M. , Yudina Alla E. , Sych Yulia P. , Mazerkina Nadezhda A. , Zheludkova Olga G. , Teryaeva Nadezhda B. , Gerasimov Andrey N. , Martynova Evgeniya , Kim Ekaterina I. , Berkovskaya Marina A.
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: The most of the current studies include patients who are different by the etiology of secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI), or investigate SAI among other late effects of the radiation therapy.
AIMS: To describe the features of SAI and to select the best method of screening SAI in adult patients followed complex treatment of nonpituitary brain tumors in childhood.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was the retrospective cross-sectional study. 31 patients after the complex treatment of nonpituitary brain tumors in childhood and 20 healthy volunteers were examined. Age and sex ratio were comparable between the groups. Biochemical and clinical blood tests, levels of cortisol, ACTH, DHEA-C were evaluated. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed for all patients and 11 volunteers.
RESULTS: The prevalence of SAI by ITT was 45.2%. The levels of basal cortisol (BC) were significantly higher in patients without SAI in comparison with the SAI group and volunteers (505 [340; 650] vs 323 [233; 382] and 372 [263; 489] nmol / l; pSAI- without_SAI=0.001; pwihtout_SAI-healthy = 0.04). The SAI group had DHEA-C significantly lower than in other groups one (3.1 [1.8; 3.4] vs 5.1 [2.5; 6.4] and 6.8 [4.1; 8.9]; рSAI- without_SAI = 0.036; pSAI-healthy = 0.001). ROC analysis showed that BC and DHEA-S can be used as high-quality screening tests for SAI (AUC = 89.3% and 88.3%). The maximum level of cortisol (656 [608-686] vs 634 [548-677]; p = 1) and the time of its increase (45 and 60 min) did not differ during ITT in patients without SAI and volunteers. Side effects: delayed hypoglycemia occurred in 4/14 patients of the SAI group 4090 minutes late of injection 60-80 ml of 40% glucose solution for stopping hypoglycemia in the test.
CONCLUSIONS: 45.2% of patients followed craniospinal irradiation had SAI that is characterized by a decrease in DHEA-C levels. A highly normal level of basal cortisol was observed in 45% of patients without SAI. DHEA-C and blood cortisol can be used for SAI screening.
Cuesta, V. (2019). Formación inicial de profesores en enseñanza de la historia en Argentina y Brasil
Authors: Cornejo Luciana
Published: December 2019

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¿La experiencia del estudiante como oportunidad u obstáculo didáctico? Análisis de las narrativas orales y escritas de los alumnos en la clase de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales
Authors: Soto Yonhson Andrés
Published: December 2019

El presente artículo pretende socializar la problemática didáctica surgida en la confección de la tesis de Magíster en Didáctica de la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales en la Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Chile. En esta ocasión se analizarán las narrativas orales y escritas que los estudiantes de un tercero medio en un colegio particular pagado de Santiago de Chile confeccionaron en las clases de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, además de dos evaluaciones asociadas a esta asignatura. Con ello se buscó identificar el lugar que ocupa el sujeto (alumnos) en los relatos escritos y orales que elaboran en el aula, todo con el fin de dimensionar los desafíos y oportunidades para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del pensamiento histórico con las características planteadas por Santisteban (2010). Del análisis anterior se concluyó que existe una disociación entre la experiencia individual y social de los estudiantes con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la disciplina histórica, lo cual tiene como consecuencia que las experiencias del alumnado se convierten en un obstáculo para el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico y no en un insumo a partir del cual trabajar didácticamente.
Una experiencia innovadora de evaluación en un aula de secundaria de la ciudad de Santa Fe- Argentina: sentidos y prácticas
Authors: Alvarez Lucrecia
Published: December 2019

El artículo presenta los resultados de una experiencia innovadora de evaluación, llevada adelante en una escuela secundaria orientada de la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina, en el espacio curricular de Formación Ética y Ciudadana. Se enmarca en el CAI+D 2016: “Prácticas de enseñanza innovadoras en Geografía e Historia que promueven el pensamiento crítico”, de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Se describen, analizan e interpretan los sentidos que se le otorgan a la misma, desde el punto de vista de los sujetos involucrados estudiantes y la docente a cargo del curso. El trabajo se propone simultáneamente como narración de una experiencia evaluativa, como actividad reflexiva para los estudiantes involucrados, y como una forma de reflexionar acerca de las propias prácticas docentes. Es una invitación para que otros docentes escriban sus experiencias innovadoras en los diversos contextos educativos, con el convencimiento profundo de la necesidad de que el aula se transforme en un contexto de investigación e innovación educativa.
The Effect of Ruqyah Syar’iyyah Therapy on Anxiety, Stress and Depression Among Health Science Students
Authors: Arifuddin Yusuf Waliyyun , Fahmi Akhmad Yanuar
Published: December 2019

Backgroud: University student is one of the community groups that are vulnerable to mental health problems. Loads of course are likely to be high, demanding students must meet the target that has been charged by the university. Especially, the faculty or department does require the seriousness and the achievement of learning objectives in a timely manner, for example the faculty of medicine, nursing, midwifery and others. Therefore, students have a high propensity to suffer anxiety disorder, stress and depression. Many ways have been made to reduce these anxiety, stress and depression. Among of them are ruqyah syar’iyyah (incantation) is alternatively offered as the Islamic treatment. The initial phase of this therapy is problems diagnose (or counselling as known in psychology). The second phase is tauziyah (advice) with materials that are relevant to the problem (or problem solving if termed in psychology). The third phase is listening to the verses of Al-Qur’an and or be coincided with taking prophet medicines such as honey, black seed oil, zam - zam water, olive oil, and sidr leaves.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the therapy of ruqyah syar'iyyah effects in reducing the levels of anxiety disorders, stress and depression among health science students.Method: The research method used is a quasi-experimental pre-post test design with a total sample of 54 respondents that refer to the scale DASS 42 (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale). Sampling was done with a purposive sampling. Each of the mentioned disorders was 18 samples (9 treated samples and 9 untreated samples).Results: Based on the statistical test method of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test with its significance level α (0.05), it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of ruqyah syar'iyyah treatment in decreasing the levels of anxiety, stress and depression among health students.Conclussion: For further research, it is high recommended to examine respondents with controlled disorders as in a mental hospital, or rehabilitation places that service for anxiety disorders, stress and depression.
Technical Aspects and Applications of the Low-Bar Back Squat
Authors: Pham Richard D. , Machek Steven B. , Lorenz Kent A.
Published: December 2019

The low-bar back squat (LBBS) is a barbell squat variation that emphasizes hip musculature through use of forward lean. This characteristic, among others, allows greater loads to be lifted and can facilitate rehabilitation in a compromised knee joint. Correct technique should be instructed to promote proper execution. This article aims to discuss the anatomical and technical differences between the high-bar back squat and LBBS, define LBBS-specific technique, and provide practitioners strategies to select the best version for their lifters.
Neuronal Activity in the Primate Amygdala during Economic Choice
Authors: Jezzini Ahmad , Padoa-Schioppa Camillo
Published: December 2019

Multiple lines of evidence link economic choices to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but other brain regions may contribute to the computation and comparison of economic values. A particularly strong candidate is the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Amygdala lesions impair performance in reinforcer devaluation tasks, suggesting that the BLA contributes to value computation. Furthermore, previous studies of the BLA have found neuronal activity consistent with a value representation. Here, we recorded from the BLA of two male rhesus macaques choosing between different juices. Offered quantities varied from trial to trial, and relative values were inferred from choices. Approximately one-third of BLA cells were task-related. Our analyses revealed the presence of three groups of neurons encoding variablesoffer value,chosen value, andchosen juice. In this respect, the BLA appeared similar to the OFC. The two areas differed for the proportion of neurons in each group, as the fraction ofchosen valuecells was significantly higher in the BLA. Importantly, the activity of these neurons reflected the subjective nature of value. Firing rates in the BLA were sustained throughout the trial and maximal after juice delivery. In contrast, firing rates in the OFC were phasic and maximal shortly after offer presentation. Our results suggest that the BLA supports economic choice and reward expectation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEconomic choices rely on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but other brain regions may contribute to this behavior. A strong candidate is the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Previous results are consistent with a neuronal representation of value, but the role of the BLA in economic decisions remains unclear. Here, we recorded from monkeys choosing between juices. Neurons in the BLA encoded three decision variables:offer value,chosen value, andchosen juice. These variables were also identified in the OFC. The two areas differed in the proportion of cells encoding each variable and in the activation timing. In the OFC, firing rates peaked shortly after offer presentation; in the BLA, firing rates were sustained and peaked after juice delivery. These results suggest that the BLA supports choices and reward expectation.
Gamma Visual Stimulation Induces a Neuroimmune Signaling Profile Distinct from Acute Neuroinflammation
Authors: Garza Kristie M. , Zhang Lu , Borron Ben , Wood Levi B. , Singer Annabelle C.
Published: December 2019

Many neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are rooted in dysfunction of the neuroimmune system; therefore, manipulating this system has strong therapeutic potential. Prior work has shown that exposing mice to flickering lights at 40 Hz drives gamma frequency (∼40 Hz) neural activity and recruits microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, revealing a novel method to manipulate the neuroimmune system. However, the biochemical signaling mechanisms between 40 Hz neural activity and immune recruitment remain unknown. Here, we exposed wild-type male mice to 5–60 min of 40 Hz or control flicker and assessed cytokine and phosphoprotein networks known to play a role in immune function. We found that 40 Hz flicker leads to increases in the expression of cytokines which promote microglial phagocytic states, such as IL-6 and IL-4, and increased expression of microglial chemokines, such as macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and monokine induced by interferon-γ. Interestingly, cytokine effects differed as a function of stimulation frequency, revealing a range of neuroimmune effects of stimulation. To identify possible mechanisms underlying cytokine expression, we quantified the effect of the flicker on intracellular signaling pathways known to regulate cytokine levels. We found that a 40 Hz flicker upregulates phospho-signaling within the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. While cytokine expression increased after 1 h of 40 Hz flicker stimulation, protein phosphorylation in the NF-κB pathway was upregulated within minutes. Importantly, the cytokine expression profile induced by 40 Hz flicker was different from cytokine changes in response to acute neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides. These results are the first, to our knowledge, to show how visual stimulation rapidly induces critical neuroimmune signaling in healthy animals.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrior work has shown that exposing mice to lights flickering at 40 Hz induces neural spiking activity at 40 Hz (within the gamma frequency) and recruits microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain. However, the immediate effect of 40 Hz flicker on neuroimmune biochemical signaling was unknown. We found that 40 Hz flicker leads to significant increases in the expression of cytokines, key immune signals known to recruit microglia. Furthermore, we found that 40 Hz flicker rapidly changes the phosphorylation of proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, both known to regulate cytokine expression. Our findings are the first to delineate a specific rapid immune signaling response following 40 Hz visual stimulation, highlighting both the unique nature and therapeutic potential of this treatment.
QKI regulates adipose tissue metabolism by acting as a brake on thermogenesis and promoting obesity
Authors: Lu Huanyu , Ye Zichen , Zhai Yue , Wang Li , Liu Ying , Wang Jiye , Zhang Wenbin , Luo Wenjing , Lu Zifan , Chen Jingyuan
Published: December 2019

Adipose tissue controls numerous physiological processes, and its dysfunction has a causative role in the development of systemic metabolic disorders. The role of posttranscriptional regulation in adipose metabolism has yet to be fully understood. Here, we show that the RNA‐binding protein quaking (QKI) plays an important role in controlling metabolic homeostasis of the adipose tissue. QKI‐deficient mice are resistant to high‐fat‐diet (HFD)‐induced obesity. Additionally, QKI depletion increased brown fat energy dissipation and browning of subcutaneous white fat. Adipose tissue‐specific depletion of QKI in mice enhances cold‐induced thermogenesis, thereby preventing hypothermia in response to cold stimulus. Further mechanistic analysis reveals that QKI is transcriptionally induced by the cAMP‐cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) axis and restricts adipose tissue energy consumption by decreasing stability, nuclear export, and translation of mRNAs encoding UCP1 and PGC1α. These findings extend our knowledge of the significance of posttranscriptional regulation in adipose metabolic homeostasis and provide a potential therapeutic target to defend against obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
IL-2 and IL-27 synergistically promote growth and invasion of endometriotic stromal cells by maintaining the balance of IFN-γ and IL-10 in endometriosis
Authors: Qiu Xue-Min , Lai Zhen-Zhen , Ha Si-Yao , Yang Hui-Li , Liu Li-Bing , Wang Yan , Shi Jia-Wei , Ruan Lu-Yu , Ye Jiang-Feng , Wu Jiang-Nan , Fu Qiang , Yi Xiao-Fang , Chang Kai-Kai , Li Ming-Qing
Published: December 2019

Immune cells and cytokines have important roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. However, the production and role of cytokines of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells in the progress of endometriosis have remained to be fully elucidated. The present study reported that the interferon (IFN)-γ levels and the percentage of IFN-γ+CD4+ cells were significantly increased in the peritoneal fluid (PF) at the early stage and maintained at a higher level at the advanced stage of endometriosis; furthermore, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-10+CD4+ cells were elevated in the advanced stage of endometriosis. In addition, IL-2 levels in the PF at the advanced stage of endometriosis were elevated and negatively associated with IFN-γ expression. In a co-culture system of ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and macrophages, elevated IL-2 was observed, and treatment with cytokines IL-2 and transforming growth factor-β led to upregulation of the ratio of IL-2+ macrophages. IL-27-overexpressing ESCs and macrophages were able to induce a higher ratio of IL-10+CD4+ T cells. Blocking of IL-2 with anti-IL-2 neutralizing antibody led to upregulation of the ratio of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in the co-culture system in vitro. Recombinant human IL-10 and IFN-γ promoted the viability, invasiveness and transcription levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 of ESCs, particularly combined treatment with IL-10 and IFN-γ. These results suggest that IL-2 and IL-27 synergistically promote the growth and invasion of ESCs by modulating the balance of IFN-γ and IL-10 and contribute to the progress of endometriosis.
SUBSTANTIATION OF EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS OF REGULATION OF FINANCIAL IMBALANCES OF ENDOGENOUS-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE
Authors: KLOBA TARAS , KLOBA SOLOMIIA
Published: December 2019

The article deals with instruments recommended for regulating financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of the regions of Ukraine as an integral part of the regional economy management mechanism, and also explored the ways of regulating regional socioeconomic processes in crisis conditions. The basic principles of selection of instruments for the regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of regions are determined. The classification of instruments of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development is considered. The basic tools used to support the development of regions and municipalities are analyzed: legal; related to the development of appropriate strategies and programs; based on the implementation of inter-municipal cooperation; financial. The three main directions of financial imbalance regulation tools for endogenous-oriented development of the regions are investigated, which are used to analyze the impact on the effectiveness of regional development at different stages of the economic cycle. The system of specially organized measures of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is substantiated. In modern conditions, great attention is paid to the problems of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions of Ukraine, the implementation of which requires special instruments. A holistic presentation of the systemic mechanism of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is offered. After all, ensuring endogenous-oriented development of regions in the current conditions of functioning of the economy of Ukraine requires the implementation of strategies of socioeconomic transformation, which will be aimed at changing the financial imbalances of development of regions and mechanisms for their implementation. Endogenously oriented regional development means increasing the level of overcoming adverse social, economic and environmental risks and trends, with the ability of regions to provide financial imbalances, self-regulation, self-improvement with maximum use of internal as well as external borrowing resources to meet the needs of the population of the regions. The endogenous-oriented development of the regions is conditioned by the identification of instruments for regulating the financial imbalances of the regions and the identification of conditions for their achievement, which are derivatives for ensuring the endogenously-oriented development of the regions as a whole.
Behavioral Intervention and Disposal of Leftover Opioids: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Voepel-Lewis Terri , Farley Frances A. , Grant John , Tait Alan R. , Boyd Carol J. , McCabe Sean Esteban , Weber Monica , Harbagh Calista M. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J.
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES:

Leftover prescription opioids pose risks to children and adolescents, yet many parents keep these medications in the home. Our objective in this study was to determine if providing a behavioral disposal method (ie, Nudge) with or without a Scenario-Tailored Opioid Messaging Program (STOMP) (risk-enhancement education) improves parents’ opioid-disposal behavior after their children’s use.

METHODS:

Parents whose children were prescribed a short course of opioids were recruited and randomly assigned to the Nudge or control groups with or without STOMP. Parents completed surveys at baseline and 7 and 14 days. Main outcomes were (1) prompt disposal (ie, immediate disposal of leftovers after use) and (2) planned retention (intention to keep leftovers).

RESULTS:

There were 517 parents who took part, and 93% had leftovers after use. Prompt disposal behavior was higher for parents who received both the STOMP and Nudge interventions (38.5%), Nudge alone (33.3%), or STOMP alone (31%) compared with controls (19.2%; P ≤ .02). Furthermore, the STOMP intervention independently decreased planned retention rates (5.6% vs 12.5% no STOMP; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19–0.85]). Higher risk perception lowered the odds of planned retention (aOR 0.87 [95% CI 0.79–0.96]), whereas parental past opioid misuse increased those odds (aOR 4.44 [95% CI 1.67–11.79]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Providing a disposal method nudged parents to dispose of their children’s leftover opioids promptly after use, whereas STOMP boosted prompt disposal and reduced planned retention. Such strategies can reduce the presence of risky leftover medications in the home and decrease the risks posed to children and adolescents.
Drugs Used to Treat Pediatric Emergencies
Authors: Shenoi Rohit P. , Timm Nathan ,   COMMITTEE ON DRUGS,   COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Jones Bridgette , Neville Kathleen , Foster Jennifer , Houck Connie , Laughon Matthew , Paul Ian , Reigart Routt J. , Sullivan Janice , van den Anker John , Wright Joseph , Adirim Terry , Callahan James , Agus Michael , Gonzalez del Rey Javier , Gross Toni , Joseph Madeline , Lane Natalie , Lee Lois , Mack Elizabeth , Mahajan Prashant , Marin Jennifer , Mazor Suzan
Published: December 2019

This clinical report is a revision of “Preparing for Pediatric Emergencies: Drugs to Consider.” It updates the list, indications, and dosages of medications used to treat pediatric emergencies in the prehospital, pediatric clinic, and emergency department settings. Although it is not an all-inclusive list of medications that may be used in all emergencies, this resource will be helpful when treating a vast majority of pediatric medical emergencies. Dosage recommendations are consistent with current emergency references such as the Advanced Pediatric Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support textbooks and American Heart Association resuscitation guidelines.
HTAPP_Dissociation of human primary colorectal cancer resection specimens into single cell suspension for single cell RNA-seq v1
Authors: Pelka Karin , H Chen Jonathan , Hofree Matan , Moll Tabea , Goder-Reiser Max , not provided SusannahPhillips , Applebaum Anise , Dionne Danielle , Ge Will , Waldman Julia , Delorey Toni , Cuoco Mike , Biton Moshe , Sade-Feldman Moshe , Jané-Valbuena Judit , Anderson Ana , Kuchroo Vijay , Aguirre Andrew , Rozenblatt-Rosen Orit , Sharova Tatyana , Boland Genevieve , Regev Aviv , Hacohen Nir
Published: December 2019

This protocol describes the dissociation of primary human colorectal cancer (CRC) resection specimens into single cell suspensions for single cell RNA-seq applications. It was successfully used for droplet-based single cell RNA-seq of more than 60 patient specimens using the 10x Genomics platform, including 20 HTAPP CRC cohort samples. It can also be used upstream of other single cell RNA-seq approaches such as plate-based SS2 single cell RNA-seq protocols.
Latkes done properly v1
Authors: Teytelman Lenny
Published: December 2019

This recipe is a traditional Eastern-European Jewish latkes (potato pancakes). This fork is my mom's recipe . It's not vegan. We eat them with spicy cranberry sauce, apples sauce and/or sour cream. But the latkes are the classic kind.
Analytical Design of the Human Bronchial Tree for Healthy Patients and Patients with Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Authors: Medvedev A.E. , Gafurova P.S.
Published: December 2019

The study is aimed at the analytical design of the full human bronchial tree for healthy patients and patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases. Analytical formulas for design of the full bronchial tree are derived. All surfaces of the bronchial tree are matched with the second-order smoothness (there are no acute angles or ribs). The geometric characteristics of the human bronchial tree in the pathological case are modeled by a “starry” shape of the inner structure of the bronchus; the pathology degree is defined by two parameters: bronchus constriction level and degree of distortion of the cylindrical shape of the bronchus. Closed analytical formulas allow the human bronchial tree of an arbitrary complexity (up to alveoli) to be designed; moreover, the parametric dependences make it possible to specify any desirable degree of airway obstruction.
Generalized Memory of STDP-Driven Spiking Neural Network
Authors: Lobov S.A.
Published: December 2019

We propose a memory model based on the spiking neural network with Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP). In the model, information is recorded using local external stimulation. The memory decoding is a functional response in the form of population bursts of action potentials synchronized with the applied stimuli. In our model, STDP-mediated weights rearrangements are able to encode the localization of the applied stimulation, while the stimulation focus forms the source of the vector field of synaptic connections. Based on the characteristics of this field, we propose a measure of generalized network memory.
With repeated stimulations, we can observe a decrease in time until synchronous activity occurs. In this case, the obtained average learning curve and the dependence of the generalized memory on the stimulation number are characterized by a power-law. We show that the maximum time to reach a functional response is determined by the generalized memory remaining as a result of previous stimulations. Thus, the properly learning curves are due to the presence of incomplete forgetting of previous influences.
We study the reliability of generalized network memory, determined by the storage time of memory traces after the termination of external stimulation. The reliability depends on the level of neural noise, and this dependence is also power-law. We found that hubs — neurons that can initiate the generation of population bursts in the absence of noise — play a key role in maintaining generalized network memory. The inclusion of neural noise leads to the occurrence of random bursts initiated by neurons that are not hubs. This noise activity destroys memory traces and reduces the reliability of generalized network memory.
Effectiveness of stereotaxic radiosurgery for supratentorial cavernous malformations
Authors: Kravets L. Ya. , Gryaznov S. N. , Kalinina S. Ya. , Ivanov P. I.
Published: December 2019

The study objective is an objective assessment of the treatment outcome with a gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in different types of supratentorial cavernous malformations on the basis of their sizes and clinical symptoms dynamic changes after the treatment.

Materials and methods. GKRS outcomes in 145 patients with hemisphere cavernous malformations (58 male, 87 female, the mean age 43,3 ± 11,9) were analyzed by comparing the initial and control data in all the patients and the telephone interview of 91 (37 male, 54 female, the mean age being 42,2 ± 11,9) patients.

Results. On the basis of the “CM size reduction” criterion the efficacy of GKRS in the first magnetic resonance imaging control was 70 %. It was comparable in type I and type II CMs (76,3 and 72,5 % accordingly), but it was evidently worse in type III CMs (p = 0,0032). Repeated hemorrhages were noted in 3 observations in deep type I CM. Totally, statistically evident dependence on CM size reduction (p = 0,0413) was obtained on the clinical efficacy criterion with initially developed symptoms, which in turn means does not prove its effectiveness in type III CMs. In epileptic syndromes accompanying CMs, the efficacy of GKRS was selective, and did not correlate with CM size reduction, but mostly depended on the genesis and course of epileptic seizures.

Conclusion. GKRS appears to be a justified method of treatment for clinically compensated mobile patients with type I and type II CMs. The clinical effectiveness of GKRS in such patients is in no way inferior to open surgery and does not exceed the number of its complications. CM type III should be excluded from the objects of treatment by GKRS.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Informed consent. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study and for the publication of their data.
Surgical treatment of patients with primary and metastatic spinal tumor with use of the O-Arm intraoperative portable computed tomography scanner
Authors: Sufianov A. A. , Manashchuk V. I. , Nabiev D. N. , Shapkin A. G. , Zaytsev M. K. , Tebloev G. E. , X Al Zahrani A. A. , Talybov R. S. , Abril Arenas H. L.
Published: December 2019

The study objective is to demonstrate our experience of employment of O-Arm intraoperative portable сomputed tomography scanner combined with navigation system Stealth Station Treon Plus (Medtronic Navigation) during decompressive-stabilizing surgeries for patients with primary and metastatic spinal tumors.

Materials and methods. We have reviewed results of surgical treatment of 44 patients (24 males and 20 females, average age is 54.3 ± 1.8), who were hospitalized and operated in the department of spinal neurosurgery in Federal Centre of Neurosurgery (Tyumen). All surgeries were performed by one surgical team in the period of April 2011 to June 2017. All patients underwent full clinical examination according to diagnostic algorithm, including assessment of general condition, degree of bone and visceral dissemination, neurological status, quality of life, pain syndrome intensity. The most common cause of vertebral lesions was plasma cell myeloma (15 patients, 34.1 %), metastatic spinal lesions (12 patients, 27.3 %). Patients were subjected to posterior decompression and stabilization with total and subtotal excision of mass lesions. Assessment of degree of decompression and transpedicular fixation were carried out visually using O-Arm combined with navigation station.

Results. In 6 to 12 months after surgery 79.5 % of patients demonstrated significant improvement of neurological status, specifically a decrease of conduction and sensory disorders. Degree of pain syndrome was reduced by 3.6 times. Using O-Arm combined with navigation station we placed screws adequately in 99.6 % of the cases. The main technical problem that occurred during the surgery was the failure of navigation system caused by: defect of reflective spheres, distant installation and shift of referential frame, aging of Jamshidi needle, malfunction of navigation camera, failure of data transfer from navigation station.

Conclusion. The use of O-Arm combined with navigation station for decompressive and stabilizing surgeries in patients with spine and spinal cord tumors let us perform surgeries with 3D control and navigation, conduct surgeries in areas where it is hard to determine surgical landmarks, ensure precision of transpedicular screw implantation, accomplish total resection of mass lesions with minimal blood loss and less aggressive surgical intervention and properly decompress the spinal canal which, eventually, result in positive anatomical and functional characteristics, and contribute to good general outcome of surgical intervention.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Informed consent. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study and to the publication of their data.
Videoimage endoscopy in surgical treatment of patients with upper orbital roof fractures
Authors: Levchenko O. V. , Kalandari A. A. , Kutrovskaya N. Yu.
Published: December 2019

The study objective is to assess the effectiveness and safety of videoimage endoscopy during minimally invasive surgery in fractures of the upper orbital roof.

Materials and methods. We examined and operated 9 patients (7 men and 2 women) aged 16 to 53 years (mean age 28.4 years) with fractures of the upper orbital roof with intraorbital (n = 7) and intracranial (n = 2) fragments displacement. Surgery was aimed at eliminating oculomotor disorders, preventing purulent-septic complications and restoring tightness of the intracranial space and orbital anatomy. All patients were operated using 4 mm rigid endoscopes with 0 and 30° viewing angles.

Results. All patients underwent fraction resection and intraorbital structures decompression. No case of intraoperative liquorrhea was registered. The surgery did not change visual acuity. Ocular motility disturbances were eliminated in all patients. Videoimage endoscopy made it possible to avoid wide craniotomy used to approach orbital roof and to shorten the rehabilitation period and hospitalization time. With intraorbital fragments displacement it allowed to reconstruct the orbit with minimal eyeball traction, while preserving important neurovascular bundles, as well as simultaneously revise dura mater and anterior cranial base in order to exclude intraoperative liquorrhea. No complications of surgical treatment were reported.

Conclusion. The results demonstrate the wide possibilities of endoscopy in cranioorbital lesions surgery.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Informed consent. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study
Regenerative treatment of spinal cord injury. Literature review. Part 3
Authors: Smirnov V. A. , Grin A. A.
Published: December 2019

Treating traumatic spinal cord injuries is one of the most complicated and relevant problems in the modern medicine. In the vast majority of cases spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to persistent disability, with medical, social and economic consequences ensuing for the patient, the family and the state. Modern SCI therapy has a very limited effectiveness and does not allow to sufficiently restore the lost functions of central nervous system. Regenerative methods and particularly cell therapy are very promising to effectively treat SCI. The review highlights SCI epidemiological and pathogenetic problems, existing therapy, as well as promising methods of regenerative therapy. We emphasize the results of preclinical and clinical studies in the field of cell therapy. The review is divided into 4 parts. In the part 3, the description of cell therapy methods continues.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Hopping Rover Navigation Method for Rugged Environments
Authors: Kovacs Gabor , Kunii Yasuharu , Hashimoto Hideki
Published: December 2019

In this paper a navigation method is presented for space exploration robots using hopping motion in environments with large elevation differences. A monocular camera system is used to reconstruct the flight trajectory and environment around the robot using Structure from Motion while traveling. The created environmental point cloud is projected to 2D to create a variable resolution image and image processing is used to find the most suitable position for the next landing based on normals with the help of gradient maps and error estimation. The method is evaluated in a simulation environment against the previously used protrusion based method to show that the proposed system can extend the operation of the robot to terrains with large elevation differences while still successfully avoid obstacles and dangerous areas.
Comparison of Naïve Bayes Algorithm and Decision Tree C4.5 for Hospital Readmission Diabetes Patients using HbA1c Measurement
Authors: Pujianto Utomo , Setiawan Asa Luki , Rosyid Harits Ar , Salah Ali M. Mohammad
Published: December 2019

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use insulin produced effectively. The HbA1c examination, which measures the average glucose level of patients during the last 2-3 months, has become an important step to determine the condition of diabetic patients. Knowledge of the patient's condition can help medical staff to predict the possibility of patient readmissions, namely the occurrence of a patient requiring hospitalization services back at the hospital. The ability to predict patient readmissions will ultimately help the hospital to calculate and manage the quality of patient care. This study compares the performance of the Naïve Bayes method and C4.5 Decision Tree in predicting readmissions of diabetic patients, especially patients who have undergone HbA1c examination. As part of this study we also compare the performance of the classification model from a number of scenarios involving a combination of preprocessing methods, namely Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Wrapper feature selection method, with both classification techniques. The scenario of C4.5 method combined with SMOTE and feature selection method produces the best performance in classifying readmissions of diabetic patients with an accuracy value of 82.74 %, precision value of 87.1 %, and recall value of 82.7 %.
Diabetic foot ulcer and its surgical management
Authors: Lakhani Darshan J. , Dave Jignesh P. , Ramani Jignesh K. , Agrawal Kartik K. , Makadiya Chirag R. , Solanki Pradip V.
Published: December 2019

Background: Almost 80% population of diabetic foot are from low to middle income countries like India, a country with second largest number of diabetic populations. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India is 9.3%. Lower extremity diseases, including peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and foot ulceration, is twice common in diabetic subjects. the most feared consequence of diabetic foot ulcer is limb amputation, which is seen 10 to 30 times more often in person with diabetes. The objective of this study concentrates on surgical management of diabetic foot ulcer.Methods: This is an observational prospective study of 100 cases for evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer and its surgical management at P.D.U. Hospital, Rajkot from January 2017 to November 2018.Results: The average age of presentation is 55.70 year. The male to female ratio was 1.27:1. Most of the patients are from lower middle class and upper lower class according to modified kuppuswamy socioeconomic classification. Most of the patients have duration of diabetes more than 5 years.  Most common microorganism grown from culture was Staphylococcus aureus. This study has higher rate of amputations of 74% due to late presentation and neglected disease due to peripheral neuropathy causes decreased pain sensation. There was no mortality in this study.Conclusions: Management of diabetic foot ulcer is by multimodal approach with conservative and surgical approaches. Preventive measures, early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention prevents limb amputations in diabetic foot ulcer.
A study of prevalence and factors associated with language delay among 0-3 year old children in a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Raju Arunkumar , S. Bharanidharan
Published: December 2019

Background: Speech and language are essential components of child development. Delay in language development leads to poor scholastic performance, learning disabilities and poor socialization. Language Evaluation Scale Trivandrum (LEST) is a screening tool for use in office and communities for identifying language delay.Methods: A descriptive study of cross-sectional design was done in 350 children between 0 and 36 months attending well baby clinic. A proforma with demographic details of parents, antenatal, perinatal risk factors were completed. All mothers were asked to complete home screening questionnaire to assess home environment. Language delay was identified using LEST scale. The association of language delay with antenatal, perinatal risk factors, socio economic status and home environment were analyzed.Results: The prevalence of language delay was 6%. No association was found between language delay and type of family, place of residence, antenatal complications, perinatal complications, gestational age, birth weight and socio-economic status. Negative home environment was significantly associated with language delay.Conclusions: The prevalence of language delay was 6%. Negative home environment significantly affects speech and language development
A hospital based cross sectional study on clinical profile of patients with hypothyroidism
Authors: Krishna J. Gopala , Kishan U.
Published: December 2019

Background: Comorbidities and complications are more in patients with hypothyroidism compared to other people. hence early diagnosis and early treatment for hypothyroidism can prevent a lot of complications in patients with hypothyroidism and this is very true for subclinical hypothyroidism. Objective was to study the clinical profile of patients with hypothyroidism.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out among 40 clinically diagnosed and biochemically confirmed hypothyroid cases of age group 21-60 years of age. Detailed clinical history was taken to note down the presenting symptoms. Thorough clinical examination was done to ascertain the clinical features and confirm. Data was analyzed using proportions.Results: The mean age of males was slightly more than females 36.8 years vs. 35.13 years. Total number of male patients was much lower i.e. only 10(25%) compared to 30(75%) female patients. The most common age group affected in either sexes was 31-40 years followed by 21-30 years. Among all the symptoms with which the patients presented, the most common symptom was weight gain which was seen in 29(72.5%) of the cases. The most common presenting sign was BMI >25 kg/m2 in 27 cases i.e. 67.5% of the cases followed by dry skin in 25 cases i.e. 62.5%.Conclusions: Any patient presenting with weight gain, lethargy, dry skin, hoarseness, dyspnoea, constipation, cold intolerance, depression, menstrual abnormalities, overweight, obesity, bradycardia, non-pitting edema, hypertension, pallor should be suspected of hypothyroidism and thyroid profile should be done to rule hypothyroidism.