bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated IL‐6 in Midtrimester Amniotic Fluid Is Involved with the Onset of Preeclampsia
Authors: Nakabayashi Masao , Sakura Mari , Takeda Yoshihiko , Sato Kodo
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The primary defect of placental development in preeclampsia is speculated to occur at midtrimester gestation. Abnormal feto‐maternal immune reactions have been considered as factors in such defective placentation.

METHOD OF STUDY: Midtrimester amniotic fluid specimens were retrospectively identified as coming from gestations that later had severe preeclampsia develop, gestations with normal outcomes, and gestations measured for cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8). The effect of each cytokine on thrombomodulin levels was tested in cultured trophoblast cells.

RESULTS: Among the measured cytokines, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were significantly elevated in the midtrimester amniotic fluid of the future preeclamptic group. Trophoblasts stimulated with TNF‐α plus IL‐6 had significantly decreased levels of cellular thrombomodulin compared to those without cytokine addition.

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated cytokines in midtrimester amniotic fluid suggest an abnormal fetomaternal immune response occurring before the clinical manifestation of preeclampsia. Cytokine‐induced suppression of thrombomodulin in trophoblasts may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Why Did Your Mother Reject You? Immunogenetic Determinants of the Response to Environmental Selective Pressure Expressed at the Uterine Level
Authors: Clark David A. , Arck Petra C. , Chaouat Gerard
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Maternal “rejection” of the implanted conceptus is considered to account for a significant proportion of miscarriages (abortions) in both humans and animals. Our understanding of mechanisms has been limited, and hence, explanations for nonrejection have remained largely speculative. Losses, when they occur, could represent either random accidental failure of protective mechanisms or a more purposeful discrimination.

METHOD OF STUDY: An analysis of the most recent data.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The embryo is most akin to a parasite, and pregnancy is most akin to a host‐parasite interaction. If one excludes chromosome abnormalities in the embryo as a cause of death, activation of coagulation mechanisms, leading to vasculitis affecting the maternal blood supply to the implanted embryo, appears to represent a major loss‐causing mechanism—a form of ischemic autoamputation. Proinflammatory T‐helper (Th) 1‐type cytokines trigger this process via upregulation of a novel prothrombinase, fg***12. Th2/3 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β2, may antagonize the processes involved. Cytokine balance is determined by the genetics of the mother, which regulate her response to stress; endotoxin (LPS); and paternal antigens, selectively expressed on the trophoblast of the embryo, via imprinting. Based on studies in abortion‐prone mice, where immunity to paternal alloantigens prevents loss, three distinct gene products in the embryo are proposed to determine the cytokine response of maternal lymphomyeloid cells in the uterus.
Placenta Growth Factor: Potential Role in Pregnancy
Authors: Torry Donald S. , Ahn Henry , Barnes Eva L. , Torry Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: In spite of the known requirement for adequate vascularity during placentation, little is known regarding the regulation of angiogenic growth factor production by trophoblast. Placenta growth factor (P1GF) is a recently discovered angiogenic growth factor whose expression is relatively limited to trophoblast.

METHOD OF STUDY: Current literature of P1GF was reviewed, with emphasis on its expression, regulation, role in angiogenesis, and potential function(s) at the maternal‐fetal interface.

RESULTS: P1GF is abundantly expressed by trophoblast, which implies that it could act in a paracrine manner to modulate vascular development, stability, and/or function within the decidua and placental villi. In addition, expression of the P1GF receptor, fms‐like tyrosine kinase (f***lt‐1) receptor, on trophoblast raises the potential for an autocrine role of P1GF in regulating trophoblast growth and/or function.

CONCLUSIONS: The potential for P1GF to influence both vascular endothelial cells and trophoblast suggests that aberrant trophoblast production of P1GF could compromise cellular function during gestation and contribute to the vascular and placental pathologies noted in many obstetric complications.
Immunodiagnostic Evaluation in Women with Reproductive Failure
Authors: Kaider Azadeh S. , Kaider Brian D. , Janowicz Patrick B. , Roussev Roumen G.
Published: September 2011

Kaider AS, Kaider BD, Janowicz PB, Roussev RG. Immunodiagnostic evaluation in women with reproductive failure. AJRI 1999; 42:335–346 © Munksgaard, Copenhagen

PROBLEM: Several immunological factors have been associated with diagnostic subpopulations of reproductive failure. It is important to determine a trend of immunological abnormalities among these subpopulations. The purpose of this study is to assist in the selection of treatment for patients suspected of having specific diagnoses of reproductive failure.

METHOD OF STUDY: Blood samples from 591 patients were evaluated for the presence of antiphospholipid (APA), antinuclear (ANA), and antithyroid (ATA) antibodies, as well as for lupus anticoagulant (LA), embryotoxic factors (ETF), and elevated levels of natural killer (NK) (CD56+) cells, and all tests were performed as a panel. The patients were grouped into the following diagnostic categories: recurrent pregnancy loss (n = 302), IVF/ET failure (IVFf, n = 122), unexplained infertility (n = 97), ovarian dysfunction (n = 47), and endometriosis (n = 23). The thresholds for positivity and the prevalence of the tested factors among normal healthy populations have been established by testing 100 or more healthy male and female individuals with each one of the tests used (general population control). All tests as panel were performed on 20 normal fertile female individuals as controls (fertile female controls).

RESULTS: Of all patients with reproductive failure, 75.6% had at least one abnormal test. The most frequent abnormal result was found to be the elevation of NK (CD56+) cells (37%), followed by ANA (34%), APA (24%), ATA (19%), and ETF (11%). Of the recurrent pregnancy loss patients, 74.2% had at least one positive abnormal result from all of the tests performed; overall, 70% of women with IVF failure had at least one abnormal test; of patients diagnosed with unexplained infertility, approximately 81% had at least one abnormal result; 74.4% of the patients with ovarian dysfunction and 52% of the patients with endometriosis had at least one abnormal result. From normal fertile controls, 10% showed at least one abnormal test result.

CONCLUSION: APA, ANA, ATA, ETF, and elevated NK (CD56+) cells are significantly more prevalent among women experiencing reproductive failure than among the control group and normal healthy individuals.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Human Milk and Reproductive Tract Fluids
Authors: Srivastava Maya D. , Lippes Jack , Srivastava B. I. Sahai
Published: September 2011

Srivastava MD, Lippes J, Sahai Srivastava BI. Hepatocyte growth factor in human milk and reproductive tract fluids. AJRI 1999; 42:347–354 © Munksgaard, Copenhagen

PROBLEM: Despite evidence indicating a role for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in gastrointestinal and reproductive physiology, the concentration and distribution of HGF in human breast milk (BM) and reproductive tract fluids remain unknown.

METHOD OF STUDY: Using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the HGF concentrations were determined in human oviductal fluid (hOF), follicular fluid (FF), amniotic fluid (AF), seminal plasma (SP), and colostrum/milk samples, and expression of HGF mRNA by milk cells and AF cells were examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

RESULTS: HGF is present at nearly 70‐fold normal serum (0.85 ± 0.15 ng/mL) concentration in FF (n = 3; x = 57 ± 16 ng/mL) and AF (n = 17; x = 57 ± 26 ng/mL), and is also present in hOF (n = 3; x = 4.8 ± 2.3 ng/mL) and CVL (n = 8; x = 0.7 ± 1.1 ng/mL) varying throughout the menstrual cycle. HGF is found at 3‐times serum concentration in BM (n = 24; x = 2.3 ±1.3 ng/mL) with no significant difference between premature and full term or stage of lactation (colostrum, transitional, mature milk). HGF mRNA was detected in BM cells but not in AF cells.

CONCLUSIONS: HGF is present in sufficient amounts to profoundly affect gastrointestinal maturation in the fetus via swallowed AF and neonate via BM, and helps to explain the increased rate of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants of premature rupture of membrane (PROM)‐complicated pregnancies, and the decreased rate in breast fed neonates. HGF in FF may be necessary for the development and maturation of the oocyte. HGF in hOF, SP, and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) is likely to enhances epithelial cell integrity and the mucosal barrier. Thus, HGF is widely available in the reproductive tract with functions that remain to be fully elucidated.
The Role of γ/δ T Cell Receptor Positive Cells in Pregnancy
Authors: Polgar B. , Barakonyi A. , Xynos I. , Szekeres‐Bartho J.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Due to the lack of classical HLA antigens on the trophoblast, fetal antigens are possibly presented in a non major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted way. Decidual γδ T cells, which significantly increase in number during pregnancy, might play a role in recognition of fetal antigens and also in determining the quality of the response to these antigens. Our study was aimed at investigating the role of this cell population in progesterone‐dependent immunomodulation.

METHOD OF STUDY: Peripheral lymphocytes from healthy pregnant women and from habitual aborters were tested by immunocytochemistry for the presence of γ/δ T cell receptor (TCR) and progesterone receptor. To investigate the effect of treatment with a pan anti γ/δ antibody, lymphocytes were incubated for 3 hr with the antibody, and then interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐12 and progesterone‐induced blocking factor (PIBF) expression (by immuno‐cytochemistry) as well as natural killer (NK) cell activity were determined.

RESULTS: In peripheral blood of healthy pregnant women the percentage of γ/δ TCR + cells was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in that of recurrent aborters or of non‐pregnant individuals. Ninety‐seven percent of γ/δ TCR + pregnancy lymphocytes expressed progesterone receptor. Binding of a specific antibody to the γ/δ TCR inhibited PIBF‐ as well as IL‐10 production, whereas it increased NK activity and IL‐12 expression.

CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the role of γ/δ TCR‐bearing lymphocytes in progesterone‐dependent immunomodulation.
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Other Immunologic Abnormalities in Patients with Habitual Abortion
Authors: Kovács László , Szabó János , Molnár Katalin , Kovács Attila , Pokorny Gyula
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The immunologic mechanisms of pregnancy loss in habitual aborters with antiphospholipid and antinuclear antibodies have not been fully clarified. The possible association of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) with recurrent miscarriage was examined.

METHOD OF STUDY: In a prospective, controlled trial of 59 women with recurrent abortion, the prevalence of pANCA (antimyeloperoxidase), cANCA (antiproteinase‐3), and immunoserologic abnormalities of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—anti‐double‐stranded DNA, anti‐SSA, anti‐SSB, anti‐UIRNP, anti‐Sm, anticardiolipin and antinuclear antibodies, LE‐cell, lupus anticoagulant, and complement‐3—were investigated.

RESULTS: pANCA occurred in 2, and cANCA in 6 of 59 case patients, but neither was observed in the controls (P = 0.09 for cANCA). cANCA levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.028). Six recurrent aborters were identified as having a group of immunoserologic abnormalities characteristic of SLE.

CONCLUSIONS: Immunologic mechanisms detectable in SLE may operate in a subgroup of habitual aborters with suspected immunologic cause. ANCAs occur more frequently in patients with recurrent miscarriage than in controls.
Heparin Plus Aspirin as a “Single” Therapy for Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Associated with both Allo‐ and Autoimmunity
Authors: Cadavid Angela , Peña Beatriz , García Gloria , Botero Jorge , Sánchez Fabio , Ossa Jorge , Beer Alan
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The aim of this study was to contribute to the study of the pathogenesis and the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) associated with immune alterations.

METHOD OF STUDY: This is a prospective clinical trial with 11 patients with RSA associated with allo‐ and autoimmunity not receiving lymphocyte immunizations but only heparin and aspirin preconceptionally and through pregnancy. A concurrent group of 8 patients receiving a complete therapy (lymphocyte immunizations, heparin, and aspirin) but not receiving heparin and aspirin preconceptionally is also included in this report.

RESULTS: The rate of pregnancy success in these patients was 90.9% (10/11), and the rate of success of the concurrent group was 75.0% (6/8).

CONCLUSIONS: The results are in agreement with the working hypothesis regarding the possible final common mechanism in the pathogenesis of abortion associated with allo‐ and autoimmunity. The “single” therapy with heparin and aspirin was effective, less costly, and logistically simpler to provide than a complete therapy including lymphocyte immunizations.
Quantitative Assessment of Human Leukocyte Antigen‐G Protein in Amniotic Fluid by a Double‐Determinant Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Anti‐Human Leukocyte Antigen‐G‐Specific Antibody ‘87G’
Authors: Hamai Yoko , Fujii Tomoyuki , Miki Akinori , Geraghty Daniel E. , Harada Ikuko , Takai Yasushi , Kozuma Shiro , Tsutsumi Osamu , Taketani Yuji
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to establish an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, in an attempt to quantify the amount of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐G protein in amniotic fluid.

METHOD OF STUDY: We established a double‐determinant ELISA system using the anti‐HLA‐G‐specific mouse monoclonal antibody ‘87G’ as a capture antibody and the horseradish‐peroxidase‐labeled rabbit anti‐human β2‐microglobulin antibody as a detection antibody. We then measured the concentration of HLA‐G protein in amniotic fluid samples from nine normal second‐trimester pregnant women and in serum samples from eight normal males.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: HLA‐G protein was detected in amniotic fluid at a concentration of 275 ng/ml (197–343 ng/ml) (median value and 95% confident range), whereas the concentration of HLA‐G protein in male serum was below the minimum detection level.
Immunoadsorption Plasmapheresis as a Treatment for Pregnancy Complicated by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Nakamura Yasushi , Yoshida Koyo , Itoh Shigeru , Kanai Yoshinori , Tsuda Hiroshi , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Mitsuhashi Naoki , Kuwabara Yoshinori
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Our purpose was to study the effect of maternal immunoadsorption plasmapheresis (IA) on the outcome of pregnancies complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, which were known to have a strong correlation with abortion or stillbirth.

METHOD OF STUDY: Eight pregnancies in 7 patients with SLE were treated according to our protocol. They were all positive for the lupus anticoagulant. The treatments provided in these cases were as follows: an oral low‐dose steroid; oral low‐dose aspirin; and IA. The outcomes of the pregnancies were then studied.

RESULTS: Of eight pregnancies, seven resulted in preterm deliveries, and cesarean sections were performed at 26–36 weeks of gestation. In one case, intrauterine fetal death occurred at 24 weeks of gestation. The other seven pregnancies resulted in live births (survival rate of 87.5%).

CONCLUSION: IA improves the outcome of pregnancy complicated by SLE with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, without increasing steroid dosage.
A Possible Role for Activated Complement Component 3 in Phagocytic Activity Exhibited by the Mouse Trophoblast
Authors: Albieri A. , Kipnis T. , Bevilacqua E.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: To determine whether any blood plasma factor may play a regulatory role in trophoblast phagocytosis in rodent early pregnancy.

METHOD OF STUDY: The effects of alloplasma on the phagocytosis of cultured mouse trophoblast cells (TCs) were evaluated using erythrocytes as target cells, in the presence of 10% fresh, normal plasma; 10% heat‐inactivated plasma; 10% component 3 (C3)‐depleted plasma; or medium alone. The possible activation of C3 complement, the phagocytosis of zymosan bound or unbound to C3b, and immunoreactivity to C3b receptor were also estimated. Phagocytic activity was expressed as the percentage of phagocytic TCs, and as the number of phagosomes/TCs.

RESULTS: The use of complement sufficient plasma significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of the TCs while the use of heat‐inactivated plasma eliminated the erythrophagocytosis. Very low levels of phagocytic activity were seen when the plasma was C3‐complement deficient. Phagocytosis of C3b‐bound zymosan was remarkable in comparison to zymosan alone, and immunoreactivity to C3b‐receptors was seen on the TCs.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate the participation of thermosensitive molecules mediating the phagocytosis of TCs and suggest, as in macrophages, a role for C3‐C3b in this process.
Mouse Granulated Metrial Gland Cell Cytotoxicity of Wehi 164 Cells: Is There a Role for Interleukin‐3 and Tumour Necrosis Factor‐α?
Authors: Stewart I.J. , Peel S.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Mouse granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells are maternal, cytotoxic cells found in the uterine wall in pregnancy. In vivo, they are cytotoxic to layer 1 labyrinthine placental cells. In an in vitro system, granulated metrial gland cells are highly cytotoxic to Wehi 164 fibrosarcoma cells. In this study the role of interleukin (IL)‐3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in granulated metrial gland cell cytotoxic activity was investigated.

METHOD OF STUDY: Chromium‐release cytotoxicity assays using mouse metrial gland effector cells and Wehi 164 target cells with the addition of IL‐3 or an antibody to TNF‐α.

RESULTS: An antibody to TNF‐α reduced the level of cytotoxic activity. IL‐3 had no effect on the level of cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSION: Mouse granulated metrial gland cells kill using a TNF‐α mediated mechanism which is independent of IL‐3 stimulation.
Localization of the Th2 Cytokines IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐10 at the Fetomaternal Interface During Human and Murine Pregnancy and Lack of Requirement for Fas/Fas Ligand Interaction for a Successful Allogeneic Pregnancy
Authors: Chaouat Gerard , Cayol Veronique , Mairovitz Valarie , Dubanchet Sylvie
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Th2 cytokines and Fas/Fas ligand interactions are proposed to be part of the placental barrier that contribute to the success of allogeneic pregnancy. To fully understand the role regulation of Th2 cytokines, we must isolate and identify the cells that produce them. We also need to assess the requirement for Fas/Fas ligand interaction in facilitating a successful allogeneic pregnancy.

METHOD OF STUDY: To assess the site of production of Th2 cytokines, we used immunohistochemistry sections from placental and decidual tissue obtained at various stages of gestation in mice and humans. We used mice that are genetically deficient in Fas/Fas ligand interactions and raised specific anti‐paternal CTLs by anti‐paternal immunization of the mother before mating.

RESULTS: The detailed results show that in both species the bulk of Th2 production may come from non‐lymphoid tissues in the placenta and decidua, with a major role for trophoblasts. This raises questions about the mechanism(s) by which alloimmunization enhances local Th2 cytokine production. This issue is discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: The success of allopregnancy in mice with circulating anti‐paternal CTLs and deficient Fas/Fas ligand interactions rules out a mandatory role for such a mechanism in ensuring the success of allogeneic pregnancy.
Modulation of Perforin Expression in the Decidual and Peripheral Blood Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Culture
Authors: ŠTrbo N. , Laškarin G. , Sotošek V. , Randić L.J. , Podack E.R. , Rukavina D.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Perforin (P) is a cytolytic molecule located in intracellular granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes both in the peripheral blood and decidua of pregnancy. The aim was to analyze the kinetics of P expression during in vitro culture and modulation of P expression by adherent cells, their supernatants and mitogen (PHA) stimulation.

METHOD OF STUDY: P (intracellular antigen) was detected by flow cytometry in the suspension of first trimester pregnancy peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and decidual lymphocytes (DL).

RESULTS: A decrease of the percentage of P+ cells was obtained after 1 hr incubation and was prevented by addition of 30% of decidual adherent cells (DAC) or their supernatants. Upregulation of P expression was obtained when, in addition to adherent cells, DL and PBL were stimulated by PHA. DAC present in the culture in physiological concentrations prevent downregulation of P expression.

CONCLUSION: DAC located in the vicinity of decidual cytotoxic lymphocytes, owing to their unique ability to produce a wide range of substances on demand, contribute to the high level of P expression in the decidua of pregnancy.
The Role of γ/δ T Cells in Progesterone‐Mediated Immunomodulation During Pregnancy: A Review
Authors: Szekeres‐Bartho Julia , Barakonyi A. , Polgar B. , Par G. , Faust Zs. , Palkovics T. , Szereday L.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: To determine if pregnancy is recognized by the immune system and if inadequate recognition of fetal antigens might result in failed pregnancy.

METHOD OF STUDY: Review of literature and current data.

RESULTS: In the decidua γ/δ TCR positive cells significantly increase in number. A subset of γ/δ T cells reacts with nonpolymorphic Class I or Class I like molecules. Trophoblast recognition is mediated by the Vγ1 subset which recognize a conserved mammalian sequence on the trophoblast. Almost all γ/δ T cells in the decidua are activated and use the Vδ1 chain, whereas the majority of human peripheral γ/δ lymphocytes expresses Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR. Peripheral γ/δ T cells of healthy pregnant women preferentially use VγVδ1 chains, on the other hand, those of recurrent aborters use the Vγ9Vδ2 combination. Signaling via the Vγ1.4Vδl receptor induces a Th2 type response, whereas activation of the lymphocytes via the Vγ9Vδ2 receptor results in increased IL‐12 production and natural killer (NK) activity. In the presence of progesterone, activated lymphocytes synthesize the progesterone induced blocking factor (PIBF), which inhibits NK activity and exerts an anti abortive effect in vivo. Decidual CD56 + and γδ + cells are to a high extent the same population.

CONCLUSION: All decidual CD56 + cells express PIBF, thus it cannot be excluded that local production of this substance contributes to low decidual NK activity and thus to the success of the pregnancy.
Biological Effects of Genes in the Grc and EC Region of the Rat Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Yuan Xiu‐Juan , McCarthy Barbara Dixon , Salgar Shashikumar K. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: To study the mechanism of action of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐linked genes affecting reproduction, growth, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens.

METHOD OF STUDY: Tumors derived from rat embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with cosmids from the Grc and its linked regions, the unrelated A region, and a nonMHC region, or with genes from the Grc, Grc‐linked, and nonMHC regions, to determine whether they could suppress tumor growth as determined by in vitro (soft agar) and in vivo assays.

RESULTS: Tumor fibroblasts transfected with cosmids from the Grc or from the EC region decreased tumor growth in both the in vitro and in vivo assays. Transfection with individual genes from the Grc had no effect on tumor growth in either assay.

CONCLUSIONS: The effects of the Grc on reproduction, growth, and tumorigenesis are mediated by extended genetic effects, i.e., by the conformation of the DNA in this region. Similar effects were seen following transfection with cosmids from the Grc‐linked EC region, and this finding strengthens the hypothesis that the conformation of the DNA in this general region is critical for its function. A similar effect has been described for the locus control region (LCR) in the β‐globin gene family in the human.
Thy‐1 Differentiation Protein and Monocyte‐Derived Cells During Regeneration and Aging of Human Placental Villi*
Authors: Bukovsky A. , Caudle M.R. , Keenan J.A. , Wimalasena J. , McKenzie P.P.
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The classification of placental villi was reviewed, and regeneration of villous trees in mature human placentae was examined.

METHOD OF STUDY: Expression of Thy‐1 by placental fibroblasts and pericytes, and markers of endothelial cells and monocyte‐derived cells were studied by immuno‐histochemistry and image analysis.

RESULTS: Villous regeneration consists of: (i) dedifferentiation of mature ramuli into young stem villi producing mesenchymal villi; (ii) differentiation of mesenchymal villi into immature intermediate villi; and (iii) differentiation of immature intermediate villi into transitory intermediate villi, branching into the precursors of mature intermediate and terminal villi. These processes are associated with dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of placental monocyte‐derived cells. Significant changes of Thy‐1 expression by fibroblasts and pericytes accompany aging and degeneration, as well as regeneration of placental villi.

CONCLUSIONS: Villous aging and degeneration in normal mature human placenta is compensated by regeneration of villous trees. Lack of villous regeneration may cause chronic fetal distress, due to the increasing demands of the growing fetus on the remaining terminal villi.
Characterization of Boar Spermadhesins by Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies and Their Role in Binding to Oocytes
Authors: Veselský Leopold , Pěknicová Jana , ČEchová Dana , Kraus Marek , Geussová Gizela , Jonáková Věra
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The role of Ala‐Trp‐Asn (AWN) and Ala‐Gln‐Asn (AQN) families of spermadhesive sperm proteins in fertilization.

METHOD OF STUDY: The preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibodies against AWN and AQN spermadhesins and one monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated Bo.5, against AWN spermadhesin. The use of biochemical and immunocytochemical methods for characterization of spermadhesins on the sperm membrane of boar spermatozoa and in the cryostat sections of boar reproductive organs.

RESULTS: Polyclonal anti‐AWN and anti‐AQN antibodies specifically reacted with AWN and AQN proteins, respectively. MAb Bo.5 detected the 17‐, 16‐, and 14‐kDa protein members of AWN subfamily. The monoclonal, as well as the polyclonal, AWN antibodies remarkably decreased the sperm binding to the egg surface in an in vitro sperm‐zona pellucida binding assay.

CONCLUSIONS: Presented results demonstrate that polyclonal antibodies and MAb Bo.5 against spermadhesins specifically recognize the membrane‐associated antigens and inhibit the binding of sperm to oocytes. Reduced binding of sperm to oocytes, due to the antibodies, indicates the role of these spermadhesins in sperm–egg primary binding.
Kv7 Positive Modulators Reduce Detrusor Overactivity and Increase Bladder Capacity in Rats
Authors: Svalø Julie , Hansen Henrik H. , Rønn Lars Christian B. , Sheykhzade Majid , Munro Gordon , Rode Frederik
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The effects of the Kv7 channel modulators retigabine (opener) and XE991 (blocker) on rat bladder function were investigated ex vivo and in vivo to assess the potential of Kv7 openers for the treatment of overactive bladder. In organ bath studies, capsaicin‐stimulated rat urinary bladder rings were exposed to retigabine and XE991 and the effect on tension and amplitude was evaluated. In anaesthetized rats, retigabine (0.01–1 mg/kg, i.v.) effects on bladder function, in which overactivity was induced by continuous infusion of 0.5% acetic acid, were assessed. The effect of retigabine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) on cystometric parameters was also measured in conscious rats with capsaicin‐induced irritated bladders. Localization of Kv7 subunits within bladder tissue was analysed by RT‐qPCR and western blotting. In organ bath studies, retigabine robustly reduced capsaicin‐induced contractility of bladder rings and this effect was blocked by XE991 confirming the specificity of action via Kv7 channels. In anaesthetized rats with acetic acid–irritated bladders, retigabine markedly increased bladder capacity with no concomitant reduction in blood pressure. Retigabine also reduced bladder pressure and delayed voiding in conscious rats with capsaicin‐irritated bladders. Kv7.1, Kv7.4 and Kv7.5 subunit mRNA transcripts were detected in rat bladder. Western blot analysis confirmed that Kv7.4 subunit protein was expressed in rat bladder. These results suggest that retigabine and other Kv7 channel positive modulators may have beneficial effects on bladder overactivity partly via activation of Kv7 channels expressed in bladder tissue.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND AJỌ SYSTEM AMONG WORKING CLASS TRADERS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
Authors: Omobowale Ayokunle Olumuyiwa
Published: September 2011

The article presents the Yoruba ajọ system as a form of social capital in working class business finance and human development. Social capital depicts the utilization of bonds of love, friendship, trust, and kinship as productive resources. A primary factor in the formation of ajọ is the trust value, which could sustain group cohesion and survival. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews (IDIs) among working class traders in six urban markets in Ibadan. A total of thirty‐three IDIs were conducted. The study detailed the structure and organization of ajọ, affirmed the relevance of ajọ in business finance and human development, and also examined the challenges of the of the ajọ system.
EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE ON PREDICTION ACCURACY OF THE WATER DIFFUSION MODEL FOR PINEAPPLE DRYING
Authors: RAMALLO L.A , MASCHERONI R.H.
Published: September 2011

Drying kinetics of pineapple slabs was analyzed. Fruits were cut into 6‐mm‐thick slices and dried in a convective cross flow dryer at constant air velocity (1.5 m/s) and temperature (45, 60 or 75C). Two simple diffusional models were applied for modeling the mass transfer during pineapple drying. In the first model, fruit shrinkage was ignored and the analytical solution was applied. In the second model, the premise of variable shrinkage with moisture content was assumed, and the mass transfer equations were solved through a finite differences scheme. In addition, an empirical model of drying rate was found. The average error of moisture estimation was lower for the model with shrinkage. Moisture diffusivity values increased with temperature and decreased when shrinkage was taken into account. Results also showed that fruit shrinkage can be represented by a linear function of moisture content and that volume variation was independent of drying temperature.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pineapple is one of the most popular tropical fruits and is consumed mainly as canned, juice or fresh fruit; a lesser proportion is consumed as dried fruit. However, the drying makes it possible to extend the shelf life of pineapple by reducing water content and improves efficiency in transportation and storage. In this study, characteristics of drying kinetics of pineapple slices at different air temperatures were studied. Also, a simple model for the simulation of drying process, taking into account the fruit shrinkage, was proposed. The results of this study will be helpful in the technological application of hot air drying for pineapple preservation.
Promoting discussions and decisions about dogs' quality‐of‐life
Authors: Yeates J. W. , Mullan S. , Stone M. , Main D. C. J.
Published: September 2011

Objective: The objective of this paper is to report the formulation and preliminary testing of a participatory tool in order to encourage discussions and decisions about dogs’ quality‐of‐life.

Materials andMethods: A tool was designed in which owners rated aspects of their dog’s quality‐of‐life. Two randomised controlled trials were conducted: one with a veterinary surgeon who was involved in the tool design, the second with other veterinary surgeons. In each, owners either were given the tool before a veterinary consultation or underwent normal consultations. After each consultation, owners were asked to report what they had discussed and what decisions they had made.

Results: The study involved a total of 170 consultations, of which 91 were randomly allocated to the tool group and 79 into the control group. In both trials, using the tool was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of discussions. In the first trial, using the tool was also associated with an increase in the number of decisions made, but this was not found in the second trial with practitioners who were not involved in the trial design.

ClinicalSignificance: These data suggest that the use of a participatory tool has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of consultations, especially if the practitioner is familiar with the tool design.
J‐LEAPS peptide and LEAPS dendritic cell vaccines
Authors: Rosenthal Ken S. , Taylor Patricia , Zimmerman Daniel H.
Published: September 2011

The J‐LEAPS vaccines contain a peptide from β‐2‐microglobulin covalently attached to disease‐related peptides of 8–30 amino acids which contain a T cell epitope. The J‐LEAPS vaccines can initiate a protective Th1 immune response or modulate an ongoing Th17 autoimmune response to the peptide. J‐LEAPS vaccines activate and direct the nature of the subsequent immune response by promoting the maturation of precursor cells into a unique type of dendritic cell that produces interleukin 12, but not IL‐1 or tumour necrosis factor, and presents the antigenic peptide to T cells. Adoptive transfer of JgD‐LEAPS dendritic cells, matured with an anti‐HSV‐1 vaccine, promoted antigen‐specific Th1 protection against lethal challenge with the virus. J‐LEAPS peptide immunogens and J‐LEAPS dendritic cell vaccines have potential applications for antimicrobial prevention and therapy, treatment of autoimmune diseases, and for cancer immunotherapy.
Social Interaction: Do Non‐humans Count?
Authors: Cerulo Karen A.
Published: September 2011

A growing body of research suggests that non‐humans play a central role in many social interactions – not simply as objects used by humans as interaction props, but as fully participating agents of action. In this essay, I examine these innovative ideas, reviewing survey data that documents this trend and theoretical and empirical work that seeks to better understand it.
Science and the Mass Media –‘Medialization’ as a New Perspective on an Intricate Relationship
Authors: Rödder Simone
Published: September 2011

This survey article discusses a recently proposed perspective on the science–media interface the concept of medialization. The medialization approach assumes that there is mutual resonance between science and the mass media. Medialization research systematically investigates structural transformation in science: What are the implications of high media attention for science funding, for research agendas, for universities and the professional self‐understanding of scientists? And how do these developments relate to the production of scientific knowledge? For detailed empirical studies of these processes, the medialization approach separates the role of mass media, but its grounding in general social theory contextualises this research with social science studies on sciences relation to other spheres such as politics and the economy.
Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers1
Authors: Jang Cheng‐Shin , Liu Chen‐Wuing , Chen Shih‐Kai , Lin Wen‐Sheng
Published: September 2011

Jang, Cheng‐Shin, Chen‐Wuing Liu, Shih‐Kai Chen, and Wen‐Sheng Lin, 2011. Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 61‐73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00593.x

Abstract:  The study developed a mass balance model to evaluate the groundwater budget of seawater‐intruded island aquifers using limited available data. The Penghu islands were selected as a study area. As sparse observed data were available in the islands, methods of combining water and chloride balances were used to determine the amounts of groundwater pumping, seawater intrusion, aquifer storages, and safe yields in the shallow and deep aquifers. The groundwater budget shows that seawater intrusion to freshwater aquifers was 1.38 × 106 and 0.29 × 106 m3/year in the shallow and deep aquifers, respectively, indicating that the seawater intrusion is severe in the both aquifers. The safe yield of the shallow aquifer was 14.56 × 106 m3/year in 2005 which was four times higher than that of the deep aquifer (3.70 × 106 m3/year). However, the annual pumping amounts in the shallow and deep aquifers were 4.77 × 106 and 3.63 × 106 m3/year, respectively. Although the safe yield of the shallow aquifer is enough for all water resources demands, only 55% of exploitation amount was extracted from the shallow aquifer due to its poor water quality. Groundwater exploitation in the deep aquifer should be significantly reduced and regulated by a dynamic management of pumping scheme because the annual pumping amounts are close to the safe yield and seawater intrusion occurs continually. Additionally, to alleviate further aquifer salination, at least half of the current annual groundwater abstraction should be reduced.
Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea1
Authors: Collentine Dennis , Johnsson Holger
Published: September 2011

Collentine, Dennis and Holger Johnsson, 2011. Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 24‐31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00596.x

Abstract:  Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. In one of the signatory countries, Sweden, regulatory authorities have concluded that new measures will be needed to meet national reduction targets. This article evaluates the effect of one possible new measure for reducing nitrogen loads, introducing mandatory discharge permits for crop cultivation as one component of a proposed discharge permit system. Using the framework of the proposed system, expected net load reductions and permit prices are calculated for three crop permit scenarios in a catchment in Southern Sweden. In addition, gross leaching is calculated for a larger region to study the potential for reducing net loads. The article concludes that while permitting reduces loading, achieving reduction targets will require additional measures beyond the scenarios studied.
Effects of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose on glucose metabolism and obesity in a diet‐induced obesity mouse model
Authors: YOUNG Scott A. , HUNG Shao‐Ching , ANDERSON William H.K. , ALBERS David R. , LANGHORST Marsha L. , YOKOYAMA Wallace
Published: September 2011

Background:  To investigate the effect of a new soluble fiber, namely cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (cHEC), on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high‐fat diet‐induced obese mouse model.

Methods:  Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed high‐fat (60% kcal) diets supplemented with cHEC for 5 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, mesenteric adipose and liver weights, plasma cholesterol, plasma insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were assessed to determine the effects of cHEC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were also analyzed to investigate the effect of cHEC on lipid absorption and metabolism.

Results:  Supplementation of the high‐fat diet with cHEC resulted in significant weight loss in obese mice. In addition, significant decreases were seen in mesenteric adipose and liver weights, as well as concentrations of plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids. A significant improvement in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and leptin concentrations were observed at 4% cHEC. Moreover, increases in fecal excretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when cHEC was supplemented in the diet.

Conclusions:  We have shown in the present study that cHEC reduces body weight, improves insulin sensitivity, and prevents the development of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the effects of cHEC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption.
When East meets West: A longitudinal examination of the relationship between group relative deprivation and intergroup contact in reunified Germany
Authors: Koschate Miriam , Hofmann Wilhelm , Schmitt Manfred
Published: September 2011

Intergroup contact and group relative deprivation have both been shown to play a key role in the understanding of intergroup relations. Nevertheless, we know little about their causal relationship. In order to shed some light on the directionality and causality of the relationship between intergroup contact and group relative deprivation, we analysed responses by East and West Germans from k= 97 different cities, collected 6 (NT1= 1,001), 8 (NT2= 747), and 10 years (NT3= 565) after reunification. Multi‐level cross‐lagged analyses showed that group relative deprivation at T1 led to more (rather than less) intergroup contact between East and West Germans 2 years as well as 4 years later. We found no evidence for the reverse causal relationship, or moderation by group membership. Furthermore, admiration mediated the positive effect of relative deprivation on intergroup contact for both East and West Germans. This intriguing finding suggests that intergroup contact may be used as a proactive identity management strategy by members of both minority and majority groups.
Use of B-Spline in the Finite Element Analysis: Comparison With ANCF Geometry
Authors: Shabana Ahmed A. , Hamed Ashraf M. , Mohamed Abdel - Nasser A. , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Letherwood Michael D.
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the limitations of using B-spline representation as an analysis tool by comparing its geometry with the nonlinear finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) geometry. It is shown that while both B-spline and ANCF geometries can be used to model nonstructural discontinuities using linear connectivity conditions, there are fundamental differences between B-spline and ANCF geometries. First, while B-spline geometry can always be converted to ANCF geometry, the converse is not true; that is, ANCF geometry cannot always be converted to B-spline geometry. Second, because of the rigid structure of the B-spline recurrence formula, there are restrictions on the order of the parameters and basis functions used in the polynomial interpolation; this in turn can lead to models that have significantly larger number of degrees of freedom as compared to those obtained using ANCF geometry. Third, in addition to the known fact that B-spline does not allow for straightforward modeling of T-junctions, B-spline representation cannot be used in a straightforward manner to model structural discontinuities. It is shown in this investigation that ANCF geometric description can be used to develop new spatial chain models governed by linear connectivity conditions which can be applied at a preprocessing stage allowing for an efficient elimination of the dependent variables. The modes of the deformations at the definition points of the joints that allow for rigid body rotations between ANCF finite elements are discussed. The use of the linear connectivity conditions with ANCF spatial finite elements leads to a constant inertia matrix and zero Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The fully parameterized structural ANCF finite elements used in this study allow for the deformation of the cross section and capture the coupling between this deformation and the stretch and bending. A new chain model that employs different degrees of continuity for different coordinates at the joint definition points is developed in this investigation. In the case of cubic polynomial approximation, C1 continuity conditions are used for the coordinate line along the joint axis; while C0 continuity conditions are used for the other coordinate lines. This allows for having arbitrary large rigid body rotation about the axis of the joint that connects two flexible links. Numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the formulations developed in this paper.
Measurements of the Laminar Burning Velocities for Typical Syngas–Air Mixtures at Elevated Pressures
Authors: Monteiro Eliseu , Rouboa Abel
Published: September 2011

In the currently reported work, three typical mixtures of H2, CO, CH4, CO2, and N2 have been considered as representative of the producer gas (syngas) coming from biomass gasification. Syngas is being recognized as a viable energy source worldwide, particularly for stationary power generation. However, there are gaps in the fundamental understand of syngas combustion characteristics, especially at elevated pressures that are relevant to practical combustors. In this work, constant volume spherical expanding flames of three typical syngas compositions resulting from biomass gasification have been employed to measure the laminar burning velocities for pressures ranges between 1.0 and 20 bar tanking into account the stretch effect on burning velocity. Over the ranges studied, the burning velocities are fit by a functional form Su=Su0(T/T0)α(P/P0)β; and the dependencies of α and β upon the equivalence ratio of mixture are also given. Conclusion can be drawn that the burning velocity decreases with the increase of pressure. In opposite, an increase in temperature induces an increase of the burning velocity. The higher burning velocity value is obtained for downdraft syngas. This result is endorsed to the higher heat value, lower dilution and higher volume percentage of hydrogen in the downdraft syngas.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Pyrolysis of Coal With High Ash and Low Fixed Carbon Contents
Authors: Yang Lin , Ran Jing-yu , Zhang Li
Published: September 2011

There are much coal with low content of volatile matter (Vad < 20%), high content of ash (Aad > 50%), low heating caloric (∼10,000 kJ/kg) in China. It is very important to study pyrolysis performance of the coal to ensure high efficiency of utilization and low pollution emissions. In this paper, we study the pyrolysis reaction details of different types of this coal from different regions of China under different pyrolysis pressures, temperatures, particle sizes, and heating rates by thermo-gravimetry (TG) method. The pyrolysis characteristic temperatures and the characteristic index of volatilization matter released of coal gangue (CG) are obtained in this work. In addition, the detailed process of mechanism and kinetic parameters of pyrolysis are presented. The results show that many factors have an obvious influence on the pyrolysis reaction of the coal. The pyrolysis process of the coal is comprised of two stages. At the primary stage(t < 560 °C), the pyrolysis reaction is dominated by the diffusion rate of volatile matter because of the high ash content, which is the global symmetry diffusion mechanism, and the volatile matter of this stage is more difficult to come out and a high pyrolysis activation energy is observed. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the pyrolysis reaction is moving into diffusion limitation, the volatile matter is released plentifully, and the low activation energy is found. At the second stage (t > 560 °C), the pyrolysis reaction is governed by the tar-released reaction and the pyrolysis reaction order is 1.5. The high activation energy is also observed for the second stage pyrolysis process.