bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-624-173901-WEB Human Factors Risk of Pipeline Damage
Authors: Greaney Carrie , Bullemer Peter
Published: August 2023

Thursday, April 11, 2019

PRESENTER: Peter Bullemer, Human Centered Solutions

MODERATOR: Carrie Greaney, PRCI

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Webinar Description:
The overall purpose of this project was to extend our understanding of the impact of human and organizational factors (HOF) on pipeline process safety incidents. Six pipeline incident reports were systematically analyzed using a two-phased approach developed in the Abnormal Situation Management (ASM�) Consortium research program. The first phase of the incident analysis approach used the TapRoot methodology to chart the event sequence, identify contributing factors, including organizational practice failures, and identifying root causes of the organizational practice failures. The second phase of the analysis characterized the organizational failures as Common Failure Modes based on the HCS Effective Operations Practices and the specific expression of the root causes in terms of Common Root Cause Manifestations based on the Dirty Dozen human factors taxonomy. The Dirty Dozen taxonomy of human factors was found to have the potential to provide a tractable root cause framework for human and organizational factors. Specific limitations of the Dirty Dozen taxonomy as a HOF framework are discussed.

Learning Outcomes:
� Understand the potential impact of human and organizational factors on pipeline process safety incidents.
� Understand the potential applicability of a human factors classification framework, the Dirty Dozen, developed in the aviation maintenance industry to the pipeline industry.

Expected Benefits:
� Increased awareness of the potential role and impact of human and organizational factors within the pipeline industry
� Catalyst for ideas on how to improve the incident reporting system within your organization to better characterize the impact of human and organizational factors.

Target Audience:
� Risk engineers
� Pipeline design engineers
� Pipeline construction, operations and maintenance management and personnel

Related report:
PR-624-173901-R01 Human Organizational Factors in Pipeline Incidents
PR-620-173603-R01 Process for Precise Location, Measurement, and Evaluation of DC Stray Currents
Authors: Wagner Daniel , Walton Jim , Lawson Kurt
Published: August 2023

Techniques employed by pipeline operators for locating static or dynamic stray current vary widely across the industry. PRCI has requested development of a process that operators can apply consistently to locate, validate, test and provide engineering analysis for the impact of Direct Current (DC) stray electrical current on pipelines. The purpose of this project is to research and quantify the leading practices used in industry for precise location, measurement and evaluation of stray currents affecting transmission pipelines.
PR-350-164501-R01 Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines after a Ground Movement Event
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The vast majority of buried pipelines are not designed to accommodate significant localized ground movement such as that caused by landslides, earthquakes, or subsidence/settlement. When such a ground movement event occurs along the right-of-way (ROW) of a buried pipeline, it is imperative that the pipeline operator determine whether the ground movement is a threat to pipeline integrity, in order to protect those responding to the event, those living near the affected ROW, and the environment.

This report provides guidance to pipeline operators responding to a ground movement event. This has been done via a structured response plan to guide the investigation and to ad-dress the unique conditions associated with such events. The response plan covers some criti-cal decisions after an event, such as whether the continued operation of the subject pipeline is advisable, and if so, whether a pressure reduction is beneficial.

This document has a related webinar.
PR-179-16207-R01 Oxidation Catalyst Degradation on a 2-Stroke Lean-Burn NG Engine - Washing
Authors: Olsen Daniel , Hackleman Bryan , Tellechaea Rodrigo Bauza
Published: August 2023

Oxidation catalysts are often utilized to reduce carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds in order to meet emissions regulations for large bore natural gas engines. These catalysts degrade over time and need to be replaced or regenerated to maintain emissions compliance. This work evaluates the effectiveness of catalyst regeneration, or catalyst washing. The evaluation is performed by utilizing field and laboratory slip streams combined with catalyst module performance (reduction efficiency) measurements and catalyst material surface analysis to quantify catalyst poisons.
PR-462-143703-R01 Development and Evaluation of Guided Wave Structural Health Monitoring for Buried Pipe
Authors: Quarry Mike
Published: August 2023

Excavations to inspect buried piping are often costly and risk damaging other plant assets during the digging. Some utilities have used permanently installed guided wave sensors to monitor piping condition and reduce the excavations. The project that is the subject of this report has two objectives-to evaluate the current state-of-the-art and to create a test bed for vendors to improve their technology and data analysis algorithms. Understanding the state-of-the-art will enable utilities to effectively use guided wave structural health monitoring in support of their underground piping aging management plans and their license renewal activities.

Guided wave effectiveness in buried pipe applications depends on many variables, including coating, backfill, temperature, soil moisture, and environmental noise. An important aspect of monitoring is the effectiveness of data analysis algorithms in distinguishing changes in data due to damage to the pipe wall from those resulting from the environment. A buried mockup was constructed with common coatings and backfills, and two vendors installed commercially available guided wave systems. An initial flaw set was initiated in the mockup. Then, about every three months, holes were dug to modify some existing flaws, initiate new flaws, and leave some unchanged. Data were collected over a timeframe that included all four seasons. Damage was generally initiated with grinding tools to produce irregular shapes and sizes and to simulate corrosion. Flaws were characterized with a structured white light camera technology.

Flaw information was kept confidential from the vendors until all data were complete and vendors had provided their assessment of the mockup at each stage. After the results were reviewed with the vendors, the flaw information at each stage was provided to the vendors for continued development of their technology. This enables the vendors to conduct lessons learned and improve their procedures, data analysis algorithms, and hardware designs.

Utility operators can use the results of this report to better apply guided wave structural health monitoring technology. Benefits will also result from lessons learned and improvements by vendors. It is better for vendors to learn about needed improvements and data analysis through a test bed than to find them out in the field. The buried pipe mockup also provides a potential test bed for future studies and evaluations of structural health monitoring technologies or in-line pipe devices.
PR-335-15370-R01 Evaluation of NDE Methodologies for In-Ditch Characterization of ERW Seam Anomalies
Authors: Riccardella Scott , Velsor Jason Van
Published: August 2023

This work further evaluate and accurately assess the current state (as of 2016) of NDE methodologies for characterizing ERW seam defects. The IM-3C project was conducted as part of a larger program that also incorporated an evaluation of in-line inspection (ILI) technology performance (IM-3-1).

The work primarily consisted of a round-robin type study, where service and technology providers were asked to conduct NDE on several blind samples that were known to have ERW seam defects. Following completion of the NDE, the blind samples were destructively tested and the ERW seam defects were characterized in a laboratory using metallurgical microscopy and, in some cases, X-ray computed tomography (XRCT). The results of the destructive were then used to characterize the performance of the NDE methods and technologies applied.
PR-015-17608-R01 Assess and Identify Methods to Reduce Ultrasonic Noise Effects on Ultrasonic Meters
Authors: Witte James
Published: August 2023

Ultrasonic noise generated by aerodynamic noise attenuating control valves has been known to have an impact on ultrasonic flow meter performance when the noise characteristic is within the frequency range of the ultrasonic transducers and of great enough amplitude to interfere with ultrasonic signal detection by the flow meter electronics.

The intent of this project was to demonstrate the effects of control-valve-generated ultrasonic noise on an ultrasonic flow meter. Flow meter performance characteristics observed when exposed to ultrasonic noise were to be identified, and different methods for potential mitigation of the problem were to be experimentally evaluated.

Control valve noise characteristics have been previously evaluated by ultrasonic meter manufacturers and control valve manufacturers. However, the specific ultrasonic frequency spectrum characteristics, which are unique to each control valve noise attenuating trim, are proprietary information held by the manufacturers.
PR015-183601-Z01 Enhancement of Internal Corrosion Threat Guidelines for Dry Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: He Xihua
Published: August 2023

This study collected and analyzed more field data to enhance the probabilistic model for predicting internal corrosion threats in nominally dry natural gas pipelines developed previously, especially in the region where the internal corrosion risk is higher. The Excel� tool developed previously was also updated with the enhanced model for predicting internal corrosion risk based on basic operating conditions, (i.e., average gas operating temperature, seasonal gas operating temperature amplitude, and operating pressure). In this project, a general-purpose Excel tool was created to allow calculation of residual hydrotest water evaporation time for one or more liquid water pools located in low spots in the pipeline based on water volume, pipe low spot geometry, and gas flow conditions. Another Excel tool also was developed to predict water stream length when gas from the inlet branch line at higher temperature injects water stream into the main gas transmission pipeline and the time to reach steady state condition before the water is completely evaporated for many types of pipeline scenarios.
PR309-19202-R01 Current Control Technology for Compressor Stations
Authors: Goffin Bob
Published: August 2023

This is a evaluation of available sensor, control, and data storage technology in use by the compressor industry. It briefly examines current, available but underutilized, and future technologies related to sensor technology, sensor power, communications topology and technology, controllers, human machine interfaces, control algorithms, operator level data access, and asset managers. Based on those observations, future research suggestions are offered.
PR328-163605-R01 Methodology for Assessing Seam Weld Anomalies Using In-Line Inspection Data
Authors: Tandon Samarth , Krishnamurthy Ravi
Published: August 2023

The effective integrity management of seam weld defects in pipelines is a challenge for the pipeline operators. The current In-Line Inspection (ILI) technologies can detect linear anomalies in the seam weld but have a limited capability in discriminating different types of features, such as crack and crack-like features, hook cracks, notch-type lack of fusion (LOF) indications, and inclusions. Due to this limitation, pipeline operators have to assume ILI reported linear indications as cracks and utilize the most conservative methods for assessment. This conservatism may have led to unnecessary excavations of non-severe features making it economically cost-ineffective in terms of integrity management of seam weld defects in pipelines.

This report provides an insight into the ILI and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tool performance for seam weld anomaly detection, identification, and size characterization. Different methodologies for seam weld defect assessment are discussed and evaluated. ILI, NDE, and laboratory (lab) validation data are utilized to develop a process for integrity management of the seam weld anomalies for gas and liquid pipelines.
PR-320-113706-R01 Neutron Diffraction Measurements of Residual Strain from Dents and Gouges in Pipelines
Authors: Clapham Lynann , Babbar Vijay
Published: August 2023

Mechanical damage is one of the most prevalent causes of pipeline failure in North America and Europe. Gouged dents are much more likely to produce a failure than "plain" dents (i.e., a dent with no coincident metal loss or crack features), however the residual stresses around gouged dents are more difficult to model and predict.

The Pipeline Aggression Rig (PAR) located in the St. Denis facility of GdF Suez was used to introduce backhoe-type gouging into pipe samples, which were nine pressurized pipe sections of varying grades. Five (5) samples were created using high-impact dynamic aggression (termed High Dynamic) and the other four (4) samples were created using lower impact energy and an axial-dragging mechanism (termed Low Dynamic). This project involved using neutron diffraction to measure the residual stresses in and around these gouged dents. Key findings are as follows:

- In the undamaged regions of all samples, residual stresses were low (typically medium gouges were localized and residual stresses were largely bending-related: mild tensile at the outer wall/gouge base and compressive at the inner wall.

- Residual stresses in and around one (1) High Dynamic severe gouge were tensile and critically high.

- Residual stresses in and around Low Dynamic gouges had inconsistent and unpredictable residual stress magnitudes and distributions.

PRCI members will find value in this information for understanding the severity of gouges in pipelines, for use in stress modelling verification, and, finally, for understanding characterizing MFL signals from ILI tools.
PR-214-163714-R01 Full Scale Testing of Shallow Dents with and without Interacting Features
Authors: Tiku Sanjay , Eshraghi Amin , John Binoy , Dinovitzer Aaron
Published: August 2023

Federal regulatory standards require repair of dents with depths exceeding 6% of the pipeline diameter and for dents exhibiting signs of mechanical damage interacting with secondary features. However, leaks have been known to occur at dents with depths less than 3% of the pipe diameter and dents interacting with secondary features have been known to survive in service for extended periods of time.

With the improvement in ILI technologies, there is an increase in detection of shallow dents and shallow dents interacting with corrosion features and a large population of these features exist currently in operating pipelines. Previous full-scale dent fatigue testing (MD 4-2 and others) did not consider shallow restrained dents. The objective of the current project is to develop understanding of shallow dents and shallow dents interacting with shallow corrosion features.

Full scale dent fatigue tests were carried out to generate data on shallow dents and validate finite element (FE) models. The fatigue test data was also generated to evaluate the effect of metal loss on shallow dent fatigue life.
PR-244-193900-R01 Oil-on-water Leak Detection Technology Evaluation Phase 2
Authors: Apps Christopher
Published: August 2023

Industry is directing efforts toward reducing the environmental impact of operation through improving pipeline performance and addressing evolving regulatory requirements. As a result, external leak detection technologies have been recently developed; however, it is challenging to test these systems with real hydrocarbon products in-situ. This research project was developed to assess these external leak detection technologies' abilities to identify the presence of hydrocarbon products on the surface of water. In the first phase of the project, testing was limited to an idealized freshwater environment under ambient conditions. The second phase, described herein, was expanded to a freshwater environment under freezing conditions, where the surface of the water has frozen over. Testing was performed by releasing each test fluid (diesel, Synthetic Sweet Blend and Access Western Blend) into basins containing individual sensors. Releases were performed above the ice surface, below the ice surface, and onto the water surface after freeze/thaw cycles. Each sensor's response to contact with the test fluid was monitored and compared based on time to detection and estimated slick thickness at detection.
PR-352-16603-Z03 Multi-Vendor USM Test and Calibration Database with Common Diagnostics
Authors: Rans Richard
Published: August 2023

Data collection protocols and a common database have been developed to ensure complete and consistent collection of USM calibration data, logs files and documentation of test piping layout. By using an Excel input table spreadsheet, with instructions on how to organize the collected data, users can easily input data from multiple types of ultrasonic meters. The database retains the original calibration and log file data and processes the test results into standardized velocity and speed of sound reports. This organization supports reporting the original meter specific log file data and diagnostics as well as common velocity/speed of sound analysis of the test results. As the database of test results grows over time, additional comparative and what if analysis of the test results will provide insight into ultrasonic meter measurement capabilities.

By adding common diagnostic analysis to the database and using the results of existing PRCI installation effect tests, the quantitative high/median RSS risk associated with changes in piping has been determined. This quantitative risk estimate can be applied to controlling the changes between calibration and operating conditions.

This zip file contains the related report, the corresponding database with data, installation instructions, and the corresponding reporting tools.
PR-73-57-R01 Ultrasonic Inspection of In-Place Gas Pipelines - Phase I
Authors: Alers George
Published: August 2023

Describes the first phase of developing a prototype inline inspection tool using ultrasonic sensors for assessing the integrity of natural gas pipelines.
BAT-216-R01 Investigation of the Behavior of Corroded Line
Authors: Kiefner J.F. , Duffy A.R. , Atterbury T.J.
Published: August 2023

This report is the third in a series of reports dealing with the behavior of corroded line pipe. In this phase the data from the first two phases and the results of other studies of defects are reanalyzed for the purpose of optimizing the predictive capability. In addition, this report includes guidelines to suggest how one might go about setting criteria to accept or reject pipe for gas service on the basis of the predicted remaining strength.
NG-18-13-R01 A Study of the Effect of Manufacturing Variables on the Properties of Line-Pipe Steels - 1964
Authors: Boulger F. , Hansen w.
Published: August 2023

The previous report on this project contained information on the effects of certain manufacturing variables on the strength and fracture toughness of laboratory line-pipe steel. Since the earlier report, additional steels and manufacturing variables have been investigated. This report presents the results obtained in 1963 and, where possible, brings all of the information gained about any one variable together. Principal variables discussed in the report are (1) chemistry, (2) deoxidation practice, (3) effect of low hot-rolling temperatures, (4) plate-cooling rate, (5) finish pass reduction, and (6) straining and aging. As in the previous work, most of the emphasis is on fracture toughness.
NG-18-905-R01 Basis of Supplementary Rules for Pipe Transportation
Authors: Rodabaugh E.C. , Atterbury T.J. , McClure G. M.
Published: August 2023

Documents the basis of supplementary rules proposed for the loading of gas transmission pipe for railroad, truck, or barge transportation.
PR-000-SOFTWARE PRCI Software Catalog
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This document provides a high-level summary of all research deliverables involving software developed with the support of PRCI. Some of these applications were written for older operating systems and may not work on current computer platforms. Many of the applications will work on current operating systems if suitable backward compatibility parameters are set for the application.
PR-73-59-R03 Noncontact Corrosion Control Monitor
Authors: Alers G. A.
Published: August 2023

Describes a system for measuring the local electrical potential of a pipe from an instrument traveling through the interior of the pipeline.
DTPH56-14H-CAP06 Pipeline Assessment through 4-Dimensional Anomaly Detection and Characterization
Authors: Champlin Craig , Steele John P.H.
Published: August 2023

The team intended to develop two algorithms for matching anomalies across coincident internal pipeline inspections to assess corrosion growth rates. The first algorithm would match boxed anomalies. The second algorithm would match raw signals. The goal for each algorithm is slightly different. The boxed algorithm is intended to do a complete mapping of individual called-out anomalies from one inspection to the next. The raw signal algorithm velocity corrects and aligns raw inspections signals.
NG-18-37-R01 Susceptibility of High-strength Pipeline Steels to Hydrogen Cracking
Authors: Groenveld T. P. , Wenk R. L. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

The susceptibility of heat-treated, high-strength line pipe steels to hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) has been studied under laboratory conditions simulating cathodic protection in the field and also under actual field conditions. The rate at which atomic hydrogen enters steel during cathodic protection in soil environments also was determined. Generally, for steel of a given strength level, the sensitivity to HSC decreases as the rate of which hydrogen enters the steel decreases. The data obtained from this study have shown that steels with yield strengths up to 130 ksi could be used, without encountering hydrogen-stress-cracking failures under normal operating conditions, for line pipe transmission of clean (sweet) natural gas.

The factors that influence hydrogen-stress cracking in hard spots in line pipe have been studied. Analysis of the operating conditions at the time of failure has not identified specific operating conditions that cause the failures, Analysis of the stresses in hard-spot regions, as the result of internal gas pressure and residual stresses, has shown that the effective hoop-tensile stress in some regions of the hard spot can be significantly greater than the stress predicted by the Barlow formula. The stress distribution is believed to be an important factor contributing to HSC in hard spots. Although all the parameters that contribute to HSC in hard spots have not been identified, methods to minimize or prevent the occurrence of HSC in hard spots have been developed.
R9218-3 Directionally Drilled Pipeline Water Crossing Installations
Authors: Boivin R.P. , Rizkalla M. , Marshall R.G. , Simmonds G.R.
Published: August 2023

Directional drilling technology as related to the installation of small and large diameter pipelines at water crossings is continually improving. The current technology provides pipeline owner/operators with a valid installation option for both environmentally and geotechnically (i.e. unstable slopes) sensitive crossings. Route selection and design teams need some general information to assess whether directional drilling is feasible at a particular crossing. To aid this assessment, a study was commissioned by NOVA on the general aspects of directional drilling such as profiles, work area size, and current technology limits. Highlights of the study are presented. In addition, six case histories where directional drilling at water crossings was either considered or used are discussed. Finally, the authors' views of the future of this technology within Alberta are offered.
JTM13-CAD Crack Arrestor Design for High Grade Gas Transportation Pipeline
Authors: Biagio M. Di , Fonzo A. , Marchesani F.
Published: August 2023

The interest of gas companies in the use of high-grade steel pipes, equivalent to X100 and higher, for the construction of long-distance gas pipelines is now a consolidated trend in the world; these pipelines are demanded to operate under extreme operating conditions, such as low temperature, high pressure and high design factor. Under this severe operating scenario the running shear fracture control can not be only assured by the inherent pipe body material self arrestability, and in this case, the use of external mechanical devices, i.e. crack arrestors, becomes mandatory as also envisaged by the draft of the new pipeline ISO standards under discussion. At the same time the knowledge available on the matter mainly dated back to the past, and the existing crack arrestor design guidelines, as those published by PRCI in the 80's, make reference to experimental experience gained on conventional, lower toughness and lower pressure gas linepipe.
GRI-ECNDE-01 Economic Value of Non-Destructive Evaluation
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

This study was undertaken to determine the economic value of current and future project developments in the Non-destructive Evaluation Program at the Gas Research Institute in conjunction with PRCI.
DTPH56-06-T-000001 Demonstration of ECDA Applicability and Reliability Demanding Situation
Authors: Ersoy Daniel
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to support the identification and demonstration of external corrosion direct assessment specific technologies for demanding pipeline situations (e.g., bare pipe, cased and non-cased crossings, and crowded right of ways such as city gate stations). Project emphasis was placed on the use of guided wave ultrasonic techniques for these circumstances at the request of all the stakeholders involved in these efforts.
IPC-04-02 Comparisons of Pipeline Integrity Assessment Methods
Authors: Kiefner John , Haines Harvey
Published: August 2023

Presented herein is a comparison of three pipeline integrity assessment methods: hydrostatic testing, in-line inspection, and direct assessment. Pipeline operators use one or more of these methods to investigate the soundness of their pipelines in order to protect people, property, and the environment from the consequences of pipeline leaks or ruptures. Three separate methods exist because no single method has been found to be completely satisfactory by itself in every situation. By comparing the attributes of each method, pipeline operators will be better able to choose a method or combination of methods that is best suited for a particular situation.
L52091 Better Understanding of Mechanical Damage in Pipelines
Authors: Teitsma Albert
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes work done at the Battelle Memorial Institute, (Nestleroth, 2003) and the Southwest Research Institute (Chell, 2003) on "Better Understanding of Mechanical Damage in Pipelines" for DOT and GTI under the direction of the Gas Technology Institute. Battelle Memorial Institute concentrated on developing MFL technologies for detecting and characterizing mechanical damage defects. Combining axial and circumferential MFL, provides sensitivity to defects of all orientations, accurately determines the width and length of a defect, and more accurately predicts defect depths due to better compensation for geometry generated MFL amplitude changes. High-low magnetization field MFL detects and qualitatively characterizes mechanical defects and provides a quantitative measure of the depth of the initial dent from the reround halo if the pipe has rerounded. Absence of a reround halo would indicate a possibly innocuous defect. Good correlation was found between FEA stresses and strains and the measured NLH results. NLH characterizes mechanical damage qualitatively. Fractographic and metalograhpic analysis after burst tests were used along with engineering judgment and stress calculation to rank the severity of mechanical damage with respect to variation in length width and depth. An empirical formula is proposed for quickly calculating the relative severity of mechanical damage defects. All methods for characterizing mechanical damage, the formula, fractographic and metallographic, MFL, NLH, FEA, and engineering judgment correlated well with each other.
NG-18-165-R01 Model for Intervention Decision Making Process in Pipeline Movement Situations
Authors: Olsen R. J.
Published: August 2023

In certain situations, frost heave, that settlement, landslides, mining subsidence, lowering, or flooding may cause movement that induces longitudinal stresses in a pipe which may be large enough to warrant intervention to relieve the stress. There is a range of options available to a pipeline operator when faced with a potential pipeline movement. The decision regarding which option(s) to pursue should be based upon an objective assessment of risks and costs. This work proposes a model that leads to unambiguous, consistent, and justifiable responses in pipeline movement situations, formulated in terms of the economic trade-offs present in intervention decisions.
DTPH56-14-H-CAAP02 Wall Break-Through in Composite Repaired Defects
Authors: Nguyen Hung
Published: August 2023

Composite materials installed on pipelines where damage generated by corrosion or erosion that begins as a wall-loss defect that can transition to a through-wall defect. Critically, the damage generated by the process tends to have a region of diffuse wall loss surrounding a through-wall penetration. Design qualification of repairs for through-wall defects are performed using simulated flaws manufactured by drilling through the pipe wall. This creates straight-sided flaws with significant remaining stiffness, very different from the diffuse, tapered flaws produced by erosion or corrosion. This study will investigate the performance of composite repairs installed on drilled defects and diffuse flaws generated by an erosion process. Two different geometries, a 6 in diameter straight vessel and a 4 in diameter long radius elbow, are studied in this work. Finite element analysis is performed to help understand the influence of the shape and size of the damaged region on repair performance. Hydrostatic pressure testing of damaged and repaired test specimens is performed and the failure pressures of repairs installed on drilled and diffuse flaws are compared. Digital image correlation is performed to understand the development of strains in the repair and to provide a quantitative comparison between the two flaw types.
DTPH56-15-T-0016 Rapid Aerial Small Methane Leak Sensor
Authors: Hubbord Dustin
Published: August 2023

Describes the development of a rapid aerial small methane leak sensor utilizing pulse lasers to detect methane emission sources.
DTRS-89-1 ERW Pipe Failures on Hazardous Liquid and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

A review of the quality of' some manufacturers' ERW welding processes and the future reliability of pipeline segments containing defective ERW seam welds. This technical report, which is based on the OPS accident information database and other available information regarding ERW pipe, addresses the safety and reliability of ERW pipe. This report is intended to be a technical report, providing findings on which policy decisions may be determined. For example, the need to require hydrostatic testing of hazardous liquid pipelines, such as ERW, which have not previously been tested, is currently under consideration.
DTRS56-04-X-0025 Pipeline Steel Corrosion Data from NBS Studies 1922-1940
Authors: Ricker Richard E.
Published: August 2023

Between 1911 and 1984, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) conducted a large number of corrosion studies that included the measurement of corrosion damage to samples exposed to real-world environments. One of these studies was an investigation conducted between 1922 and 1940 into the corrosion of bare steel and wrought iron pipes buried underground at 47 different sites representing different soil types across the United States. At the start of this study, very little was known about the corrosion of ferrous alloys underground. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if coatings would be required to prevent corrosion, and (ii) if soil properties could be used to predict corrosion and determine when coatings would be required. While this study determined very quickly that coatings would be required for some soils, it found that the results were so divergent that even generalities based on this data must be drawn with care. The investigators concluded that so many diverse factors influence corrosion rates underground that planning of proper tests and interpretation of the results were matters of considerable difficulty and that quantitative interpretations or extrapolations could be done "only in approximate fashion" and attempted only in the "restricted area" of the tests until more complete information is available. Following the passage of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act in 2002 and at the urging of the pipeline industry, the Office of Pipeline Safety of the U.S. Department of Transportation approached the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NBS became NIST in 1988) and requested that the data from this study be reexamined to determine if the information handling and analysis capabilities of modern computers and software could enable the extraction of more meaningful information from these data.
DE-FC26-03NT41779 Cement Evaluation in Gas-Filled Boreholes
Authors: Domangue Edward
Published: August 2023

Efforts at determining the suitability of EMATs to perform cement evaluation in gas-filled boreholes (e.g., gas storage wells) as well as a casing to cement micro annulus evaluation.
NR198407 Relative Merits of Pulsed Rectifiers for Controlling Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Barlo T.J. , Thompson N.G. , Vaaler L.E. , Berry W. E.
Published: August 2023

A modeling analysis to investigate a practical method of controlling stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of buried pipelines through control of cathodic-protection practices investigating a pulsed cathodic-protection rectifier. The relative merits were evaluated by calculations and experiments conducted in the laboratory. A pipeline was modeled mathematically as an electrical transmission line subject to high voltage pulses.
PR-186-9220-R01 The Use of Coupons for Estimating Off-Potential
Authors: Thompson N.G. , Lawson K.M.
Published: August 2023

A feasibility study to examine the use of coupons for measuring the polarized potential of a pipe. This study was a 15-month effort (1992-1993) with the objective being to provide proof of concept for the ability of coupons installed near the pipe surface to estimate the polarized potential of the pipe without interruption of the cathodic protection system. The incentive for performing this project was to provide an additional means of evaluating the polarized potential of a pipeline in areas where interruption of all current to the pipeline is difficult or impossible to perform.
PR-226-9315-R01 Effects of Phosphoric Acid Treatment on Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating Performance
Authors: Murphy Mr. Thomas F.
Published: August 2023

The objective of the research was to establish whether phosphoric acid treatment of line pipe should routinely be undertaken before the application of FBE coatings where chloride contamination is not present; to determine the levels of treatment which enhance or cause deterioration on the steel surface; to establish any synergism that may exist between specific FOE coatings and phosphoric acid treatment; to determine if coating performance correlates to residual phosphate on the steel surface, and to provide end-user companies with data to enable the proper selection of surface treatments for use with their selected FOE coating.
NB-14-R01 Interior Surface Coating of Pipe for Natural Gas Service
Authors: Wilson G.G.
Published: August 2023

This project was begun in 1955 to determine the status of the technology of internal coating of pipe and, if possible, to specify the types of materials most suitable as internal pipe coatings for gas service.
PR-140-97-R01 Cooling Rate and Composition on Weld Metal Microstructures in a C-Mn and a HSLA Steel
Authors: Clover A.C. , McGrath J.T. , Tinkler M.J. , Weatherly G.C.
Published: August 2023

A series of weldments were prepared in C/Mn and USIA steels by the submerged arc process. The weld metal microstructure was studied as a function of heat input/cooling rate and composition.
AGA-WP20-01 Data Governance - Defining Leak causes for Gas Distribution System
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Guidance to use when defining and identifying leak cause categories along with associated sub-categories for gas distribution operators. Data integrity is often compromised when there is no standard in defining leak categories and leak sub-categories. Because of this, many operators face challenges with consistency when comparing potential threats and risks from different locations to determine where additional programs or measures are necessary to help reduce risk. Additionally, standardization around defining leak cause codes for field personnel is becoming an area of increased focus for state regulators. Sub-categories of leak causes have been identified as opportunity for standardization to help ensure risk is being properly calculated and addressed consistently.
DTRS56-03-X-044 An Assessment of Safety Risks and Costs Associated with Subsea Pipeline Disposals
Authors: Sexe Vigleik
Published: August 2023

This report presents an overview of the current U.S. and International regulations and details the safety risks, environmental risks, and costs associated with the various disposal options for offshore pipelines, which are no longer in use.
PR-244-9519-R01 Reliability Based Planning of Inspection and Maintenance of Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Nessim M.A. , Pandey M.D.
Published: August 2023

This report describes the results of a research project on the reliability-based optimization of pipeline integrity maintenance activities. The objective of the project was to develop models to quantify the effect of different maintenance activities on the structural reliability of pipelines and to demonstrate how the results of these models can be used in a reliability-based framework to develop optimal integrity maintenance plans. The approaches developed can be used to prioritize different pipeline segments for maintenance and to select the optimal combination of integrity maintenance actions for high priority segments. The maintenance decisions considered for a given pipeline segment include the maintenance method, the time interval between maintenance events, and the repair criteria for damage detected by inspection.
PR-208-806-R01 Field Testing a Method to Determine the Rest Potential of Cathodically Protected Pipelines
Authors: Barlo Thomas J , Zdunek Alan D
Published: August 2023

Describes the development of 'the E-i method' for determining the resting potential of a cathodically protected pipeline. The revised method relies upon a linear-regression fit of a line to on and instant-off potentials and an extrapolation of that line to a potential where the on potential was equal to the off potential and the IR drop in the on potential was zero, which is uniquely the resting potential.
PR306-184502-R01 Evaluating Composites in Reinforcing Mechanically Damaged Pipelines with Dent and Gouge
Authors: Soret Clement
Published: August 2023

In this study, two severe dent and gouge defects were repaired and submitted to both fatigue and burst pressure in order to investigate on the consistency of using composite sleeves on mechanical damage. The two defects were created on a X63 OD 24'' / WT 0.444'' pipe, using a testing facility which mimics an actual construction work excavator
PR-457-17201-R03 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured In-Cylinder Pressure - Phase III
Authors: Bajwa Abdullah , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

An experimental study was carried out to characterize the scavenging behavior of a cross-scavenged, piston-aspirated, two-stroke, natural gas engine to aid in the development of computationally inexpensive simple scavenging models for onboard engine control by (1) studying the effects of changing operational parameters on the engine's scavenging performance, and (2) identifying the underlying phenomena driving the observed effects. Tracer based methods were used to quantify the scavenging and trapping performance of the engine - CO2 was used as a tracer for combustion products and pre-mixed fuel was used as a fresh charge tracer. CO2 concentration was measured on a crank angle resolved basis both in the engine cylinder and exhaust using portable NDIR sensors, while unburned fuel concentration was measured in the exhaust using the FID module of a standard five gas analyzer.

It was found that scavenging took place in three stages, an initial perfect displacement type stage, followed by a short-circuiting, and a perfect mixing type stage. Engine speed and load changes were found to have the strongest effects on the trapping and scavenging performance of the engine; spark timing effects were less significant. Changes in measured scavenging and trapping efficiencies at different operating points resulted from a combination of influences, namely (1) reduced time for gas exchange at high speeds, (2) higher expansion and scavenging pressures at high loads and retarded spark timings, and (3) phasing of the reflected 'scavenging' and 'plugging' pulses in the exhaust pipe relative to BDC and EPC, respectively. Increasing engine load made the engine scavenge significantly better and increasing engine speed resulted in a larger fraction of the delivered air being trapped. The combined effect of these scavenging changes and changes in the engine's fuel conversion efficiency resulted in the engine running leaner at high speeds (more air delivered and higher trapping efficiency) and at low loads (higher trapped residuals).

The results were then used to gauge the performance of the simple scavenging model (the hybrid model) developed in phase II of the project. While encouraging results were obtained at high speed, the trapped air mass was overestimated at medium speed; suggesting the need for adding a low scavenging efficiency sub-model. Recommendations have been made about adding a short-circuiting zone to address this limitation of the model.
PR-179-19601-R02 Evaluation of Online Analyzers for Measurement of Multiple Gas Contaminants - Member Only
Authors: Vaughn Tim , Zineddin Khalid , Olsen Daniel
Published: August 2023

Operating companies currently use several analyzers per location to monitor gas streams throughout their operations. By replacing multiple analyzers with a single analyzer capable of measuring multiple contaminants, both capital and operations and maintenance expenditures can be reduced. This work evaluates the measurement ranges, accuracy, and reliability of several commercially available online analyzers. Both contaminant (CO2, O2, H2S, and H2O) and non-contaminant (CH4, C2H6, etc.) species were measured within gas blends typical of the natural gas transportation industry.

This report version includes participating vendor information and is only intended for members.
IPC-2000-COMP ASME 3rd International Pipeline Conference - 2000
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 3rd IPC in 2000. These papers are available in the public domain.
IPC-2018-COMP ASME 12th International Pipeline Conference - 2018
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 12th IPC in 2018. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
L51770A Analysis of Compressor Station Maintenance Costs for 1995-1996
Authors: Harrell J.P. , Smalley A.J.
Published: August 2023

A summary of survey results of maintenance costs for different compression equipment type by various operators.
PR652-184505-R01 Evaluating Installation Techniques for Pipeline Repair Methods
Authors: Alexander Chris
Published: August 2023

A testing program was conducted to evaluate the effects of internal pressure during the installation of composite and steel sleeves repair systems on pipelines with plain dents. The testing program included cyclic pressure testing a group of 12.75-inch OD x 0.188-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with plain dents having residual dent depths on the order of 3% to 4% of the pipe's outside diameter. The dent samples were repaired using four (4) different composite repair systems, type-A steel sleeves, and steel thermal compression sleeves. The composite repair systems included a carbon fiber wet-layup, an E-glass wet-layup, a system with precured plies, and a hybrid composite-steel repair system. To determine the effect internal pressure has on repair installation for dents, all repairs were installed with an internal pressure of 64% SMYS (793 psig) in the pipe sample. The dent samples were then pressure cycled between 8 - 80% SMSY ( and Delta;P = 900 psig) until failure or reaching the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. Only three (3) out of the fourteen (14) repaired dents reached the 250,000 pressure cycle runout condition and these samples were all repaired using steel sleeves. The maximum number of cycles reached by any composite repair was approximately 200,000 cycles while the least number of cycles reached was approximately 24,000 cycles.

In addition to the dent repairs, two (2) 12.75-inch OD x 0.375-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with a 6-inch x 8-inch corrosion defect were repaired with an E-glass wet-layup. These two (2) samples were a continuation of a previous study that investigated the effects of a 50% SMYS (1,235 psig) installation pressure on the fatigue performance of corrosion repairs. Both samples reached the runout condition of 250,000 cycles.

The body of work is seminal in that it is the first time that industry was evaluated a wide range of repair technologies to determine the effects of pressure during installation in reinforcing plain dents. It has been speculated for some time that internal pressure present during installation of composite repair technologies has an impact on fatigue performance. Although corrosion features do not appear to be a concern, the reinforcement of dents with internal pressure requires careful consideration. Because gas transmission pipelines do not experience aggressive pressure cycling, the effects of pressure present during installation are not a major concern. However, liquid transmission pipeline operators should be cognizant of the pressure effects and respond accordingly. Namely, pressure should be reduced during installation as much as possible.
DTRS56-03-T-0011 Validation of Sleeve Weld Integrity and Workmanship Level Development
Authors: Lazor Robert B.
Published: August 2023

This project was initiated to support a methodology for conducting an engineering assessment to determine the tolerable dimensions of flaw indications at full encirclement repair sleeve welds. The work described herein has been undertaken to validate the stresses estimated in finite element analysis (FEA) models against actual in-service loading conditions experienced at reinforcing sleeves. This project was intended to prove the feasibility of the concept and to provide details that could be incorporated into a future guidance note on sleeve installation procedures. The following general tasks were undertaken: (1) Collection of full-scale structural behavior data during the sleeve installation process and during line operation;, (2) Calibration of a sleeve weld finite element model against field data; and (3) Demonstration of the model as a design tool.