bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘Cloud’ of Unknowing – What a Government Cloud May and May Not Offer
Authors: Phythian Mick
Published: May 2013

Cloud computing is increasingly ubiquitous in the consumer and private sectors and with financial austerity there is pressure on governments to follow suit. However, the relationship between government and citizen is different to that of supplier and customer, despite the advocacy of New Public Management, particularly where the holding of sensitive data is concerned. The paper examines the potential issues of ‘cloud’ and how they may transfer to ‘government cloud’ (g-cloud), along with the potential problems pertinent to ‘g-cloud’ itself. There is an examination of the literature relating to security, legal and technical matters concluding with the considerations and principles that need to be observed prior to any major transfer of citizen data to a relatively new but still developing area of information systems.
Context awareness in mobile computing: A review
Authors: Musumba George Wamamu , Nyongesa Henry O.
Published: May 2013

Context awareness is increasingly gaining applicability in interactive ubiquitous mobile computing systems. In order to apply this concept in design of applications for dynamic environments, it is necessary to understand what constitutes context awareness, the classification of context and context-aware development frameworks. The concept of context awareness is discussed, various approaches to context awareness are reviewed, and important aspects of context-aware mobile computing are analysed. Recommendations for better understanding of context awareness and design principles for development of context-aware applications are provided.
Complications of traditional circumcision amongst young Xhosa males seen at St Lucy’s Hospital, Tsolo, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Anike Ugochukwu , Govender Indiran , Ndimade John V. , Tumbo John
Published: May 2013

Background: Traditional circumcision of males is common amongst many societies in sub-Saharan Africa. Circumcision amongst the Xhosa people of South Africa represents a rite of passage to manhood. Traditional male circumcision has an increased risk for complications that include sepsis, genitalmutilation, gangrenous penis, excessive bleeding, dehydration, renal failure and death. The aim of this study was to describe the complications of traditional circumcisions amongst Xhosa men as seen at St. Lucy’s Hospital in the Eastern Cape Province.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was conducted in 2008. Records of 105 malesadmitted to St. Lucy’s Hospital with complications following traditional circumcision were reviewed. Data collected included age, education level, race, reasons for circumcision, complications, the period of circumcision, duration of hospital stay and the outcomes. Descriptive data analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS 17.0.Results: The ages ranged from 15–35 years with 68 (64.8%) between 15–19 years. 83 (79%) had a secondarylevel of education, 16 (15.2%) primary, 5 (4.8%) tertiary and 1% had no education. 60 (57%) werecircumcised as initiation to manhood, 21 (20.0%) due to peer pressure, 20 (19.0%) for cultural reasons, and 1(1.0%) was forced. The complications were sepsis (59 [56.2%]), genital mutilation (28 [26.7%]), dehydration(12 [11.4%]) and amputation of genitalia (6 [5.7%]).Fifty-nine (56.2%) patients were circumcised in winter.79 (75.2%) were circumcised in the forest, and 25 (23.8%) in initiation centres. Fifty-eight (55.2%) werecircumcised by traditionalists, and 47 (44.8%) by tribal elders (initiators). Hospital stays ranged from 8 to28 days. 66% were healed and discharged, and 29 (27.6%) were referred to higher centres of care.Conclusion: Genital sepsis was the most common complication of traditional male circumcision.Complications were related to the circumciser, advanced age of the patient and place of circumcision. Thereis need for training of the traditional circumcisers on safe techniques and use of hygienic practices in orderto reduce the complications identified in this study.
Performance of nanofluids on heat transfer in a wavy solar collector
Authors: Nasrin Rehena , Alim M.A.
Published: May 2013

The problem of steady, laminar and incompressible natural convection flow in a wavy solar collector is studied. In this investigation, two vertical walls are perfectly insulated. The top cover glass surface is continuously absorbing solar energy. The bottom wavy solid surface is kept at a constant temperature Tc. Numerical analysis is done by this article for the performance of different nanofluids on convective flow and heat transfer phenomena inside a solar collector. The solar collector has the flatplate cover and sinusoidal wavy absorber. Two different nanofluids like water based Ag nanofluid and water based CuO nanofluid are used as the working fluids inside the solar collector. The governing partial differential equations with proper boundary conditions are solved by Finite Element Method using Galerkin’s weighted residual scheme. The behavior of both nanofluids related to performance such as temperature and velocity distributions, radiative and convective heat transfers, mean temperature and velocity of the nanofluid is investigated systematically. This performance includes the solid volume fraction namely φ with respect to water based Ag and water based CuO nanofluids. The results show that the better performance of heat transfer inside the collector is found by using the highest φ of water based Ag nanofluid.Keywords: Free convection, wavy solar collector, finite element method, water based silver nanofluid and water based copper oxide nanofluid
The BIP Trilogy (Bipolarization, Inequality and Polarization): One Saga but Three Different Stories
Authors: Deutsch Joseph , Fusco Alessio , Silber Jacques
Published: May 2013

Inequality, bi-polarization and polarization are related but distinct concepts aiming at analysing the income distribution. This paper first recalls the main differences between these three notions of inequality, bipolarization and polarization and then suggests using the socalled Shapley decomposition to show that the various income sources have a different impact on these three types of indicators. Our empirical investigation, based on 2008 data for Luxembourg, shows in fact that, in the case of the so-called zero income Shapley decomposition, inequality in Luxembourg is strongly related to income from capital while bipolarization is mainly due to the distribution of income from work and polarization to that of the income from work and transfers.
Secondary organic aerosol formation and primary organic aerosol oxidation from biomass burning smoke in a flow reactor during FLAME-3
Authors: Ortega A. M. , Day D. A. , Cubison M. J. , Brune W. H. , Bon D. , de Gouw J. A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We report the physical and chemical effects of photochemically aging dilute biomass-burning smoke. A potential aerosol mass "PAM" flow reactor was used with analysis by a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and a proton-transfer reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer during the FLAME-3 campaign. Hydroxyl (OH) radical concentrations in the reactor reached up to ~ 1000 times average tropospheric levels, producing effective OH exposures equivalent to up to 5 days aging in the atmosphere. VOC observations show aromatics and terpenes decrease with aging, while formic acid and other unidentified oxidation products increase. Unidentified gas-phase oxidation products, previously observed in atmospheric and laboratory measurements, were observed here, including evidence of multiple generations of photochemistry. Substantial new organic aerosol (OA) mass ("net SOA"; secondary OA) was observed from aging biomass-burning smoke, resulting in an total OA average of 1.42 ± 0.36 times the initial primary OA (POA) after oxidation. This study confirms that the net SOA to POA ratio of biomass burning smoke is far lower on average than that observed for urban emissions. Although most fuels were very reproducible, significant differences were observed among the biomasses, with some fuels resulting in a doubling of the OA mass, while for others a very small increase or even a decrease was observed. Net SOA formation in the photochemical reactor increased with OH exposure (OHexp), typically peaking around three days of equivalent atmospheric photochemical age (OHexp ~ 3.9 × 1011 molecules cm−3 s−1), then leveling off at higher exposures. The amount of additional OA mass added from aging is positively correlated with initial POA concentration, but not with the total VOC concentration or the concentration of known SOA precursors. The mass of SOA formed often exceeds the mass of the known VOC precursors, indicating the likely importance of primary semivolatile/intermediate volatility species, and possibly of unidentified VOCs as SOA precursors in biomass burning smoke. Chemical transformations continue even after mass concentration stabilizes. Changes in the biomass-burning tracer f60 ranged from substantially decreasing to remaining constant with increased aging. With increased OHexp, oxidation was always detected (as indicated by f44 and O/C). POA O/C ranged 0.15–0.5, while aged OA O/C reached up to 0.87. The rate of oxidation and maximum O/C achieved differs for each biomass and appears to increase with the initial O/C of the POA.
Bioavailability of sinking organic matter in the Blanes canyon and the adjacent open slope (NW Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Lopez-Fernandez P. , Bianchelli S. , Pusceddu A. , Calafat A. , Sanchez-Vidal A. , Danovaro R.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Submarine canyons are sites of intense energy and material exchange between the shelf and the deep adjacent basins. To test the hypothesis that active submarine canyons represent preferential conduits of available food for the deep-sea benthos, two mooring lines were deployed at 1200 m depth from November 2008 to November 2009 inside the Blanes canyon and on the adjacent open slope (Catalan Margin, NW Mediterranean Sea). We investigated the fluxes, biochemical composition and food quality of sinking organic carbon (OC). OC fluxes in the canyon and the open slope varied among sampling periods, though not consistently in the two sites. In particular, while in the open slope the highest OC fluxes were observed in August 2009, in the canyon the highest OC fluxes occurred in April–May 2009. For almost the entire study period, the OC fluxes in the canyon were significantly higher than those in the open slope, whereas OC contents of sinking particles collected in the open slope were consistently higher than those in the canyon. This result confirms that submarine canyons are effective conveyors of OC to the deep sea. Particles transferred to the deep sea floor through the canyons are predominantly of inorganic origin, significantly higher than that reaching the open slope at a similar water depth. Using multivariate statistical tests, two major clusters of sampling periods were identified: one in the canyon that grouped trap samples collected in December 2008, concurrently with the occurrence of a major storm at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of nutritionally available particles from the upper shelf. Another cluster grouped samples from both the canyon and the open slope collected in March 2009, concurrently with the occurrence of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom at the sea surface, and associated with increased fluxes of total phytopigments. Our results confirm the key ecological role of submarine canyons for the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and highlight the importance of canyons in linking episodic storms and primary production occurring at the sea surface to the deep sea floor.
Darwinian hydrology: can the methodology Charles Darwin pioneered help hydrologic science?
Authors: Harman C. , Troch P. A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. There have been repeated calls for a Darwinian approach to hydrologic science or for a synthesis of Darwinian and Newtonian approaches, to deepen understanding the hydrologic system in the larger landscape context, and so develop a better basis for predictions now and in an uncertain future. But what exactly makes a Darwinian approach to hydrology "Darwinian"? While there have now been a number of discussions of Darwinian approaches, many referencing Harte (2002), the term is potentially a source of confusion while its connections to Darwin remain allusive rather than explicit. Here we discuss the methods that Charles Darwin pioneered to understand a variety of complex systems in terms of their historical processes of change. We suggest that the Darwinian approach to hydrology follows his lead by focusing attention on the patterns of variation in populations, seeking hypotheses that explain these patterns in terms of the mechanisms and conditions that determine their historical development, using deduction and modeling to derive consequent hypotheses that follow from a proposed explanation, and critically testing these hypotheses against new observations. It is not sufficient to catalogue the patterns or predict them statistically. Nor is it sufficient for the explanations to amount to a "just-so" story not subject to critical analysis. Darwin's theories linked present-day variation to mechanisms that operated over history, and could be independently test and falsified by comparing new observations to the predictions of corollary hypotheses they generated. With a Darwinian framework in mind it is easy to see that a great deal of hydrologic research has already been done that contributes to a Darwinian hydrology – whether deliberately or not. The various heuristic methods that Darwin used to develop explanatory theories – extrapolating mechanisms, space for time substitution, and looking for signatures of history – have direct application in hydrologic science. Some are already in use, while others are not and could be used to develop new insights. Darwin sought explanatory theories that intelligibly connected disparate facts, that were testable and falsifiable, and that had fertile implications for further research. While a synthesis of the Darwinian and Newtonian approaches remains a goal, the Darwinian approach to hydrologic science has significant value of its own The Darwinian hydrology that has been conducted already has not been coordinated or linked into a general body of theory and knowledge, but the time is ccoming when this will be possible.
Quand l’art vaut de l’or : Le programme La culture en entreprise de l’organisme Culture pour tous et l’artiste en tant que médiateur-manageur
Authors: de Carvalho Anithe
Published: May 2013

Ce texte propose d’analyser le programme La culture en entreprise de l’organisme québécois Culture pour tous. L’objectif premier consiste à montrer que ce programme repose sur un ensemble de valeurs économiques relevant du modèle néolibéral propre à la phase actuelle de l’organisation managériale du capitalisme. Les buts du programme concordent avec les objectifs à saveur néolibérale et du néomanagement des années 1990, défendus par Giovanni Schiuma. Bon nombre d’éléments idéologiques sont inscrits dans le programme La culture en entreprise, parmi lesquels l’instrumentalisation de l’art, résultat du processus de sophistication de l’aliénation de l’individu au travail, par l’intermédiaire de la notion de l’artiste en tant que médiateur-manageur. La perspective de l’intervention culturelle est celle d’augmenter la productivité des entreprises. Nous avançons l’idée à l’effet qu’une intervention culturelle en milieu de travail ne peut pas réenchanter cet univers d’aliénation.
Balloon Venoplasty for Liver Failure Due to Stenosis of the Left Hepatic Vein After Right Tri-Segmentectomy
Authors: Imai Daisuke , Furukawa Kenei , Shiba Hiroaki , Wakiyama Shigeki , Gocho Takeshi , Yanaga Katsuhiko
Published: May 2013

A 41-year-old male patient with hepatitis B underwent right tri-segmentectomy and total caudate lobectomy for a huge hepatocellular carcinoma associated with complete occlusion of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava due to tumor compression. Five months later, he was readmitted for ascites and hyperbilirubinemia. Venography revealed stenosis and tortuosity of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava, for which balloon angioplasty of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava was performed using an 8-mm and 10-mm balloon, respectively. The left hepatic venous pressure decreased from 65 mmHg to 25 mmHg after dilatation. The patient made a satisfactory recovery thereafter and remains well with normal liver functions and without ascites. Balloon angioplasty may be useful for liver failure due to hepatic vein stenosis after hepatic resection.
Tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed α‐Alkylation of Ketones, β‐Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols and Alkylation of Amines with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Satyanarayana Ponnam , Reddy Ganapam Manohar , Maheswaran Hariharasharma , Kantam Mannepalli Lakshmi
Published: May 2013

The tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium(III) catalyst is shown to be a versatile catalyst in the presence of DABCO (1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) as ligand for the α‐alkylation of ketones followed by transfer hydrogenation, for the one‐pot β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols and for the alkylation of aromatic amines in the presence of an inorganic base in toluene.
Rock art as material culture: a case study on Uneapa Island, West New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Byrne Sarah
Published: May 2013

This paper identifies and investigates the distribution patterns, physical properties and cultural associations of the four types of rock art found on Uneapa Island, West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. It generates a series of hypotheses relating to the production and consumption of cupules, three‐dimensional, curvilinear and rectilinear rock art, and how this may have changed through time.
Measurement of the Quantum Conductance of Germanium by an Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscope Break Junction Based on a Jump‐To‐Contact Mechanism
Authors: Xie Xufen , Yan Jiawei , Liang Jinghong , Li Jijun , Zhang Meng , Mao Bingwei
Published: May 2013

We present quantum conductance measurements of germanium by means of an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (STM) break junction based on a jump‐to‐contact mechanism. Germanium nanowires between a platinum/iridium tip and different substrates were constructed to measure the quantum conductance. By applying appropriate potentials to the substrate and the tip, the process of heterogeneous contact and homogeneous breakage was realized. Typical conductance traces exhibit steps at 0.025 and 0.05 G0. The conductance histogram indicates that the conductance of germanium nanowires is located between 0.02 and 0.15 G0 in the low‐conductance region and is free from the influence of substrate materials. However, the distribution of conductance plateaus is too discrete to display distinct peaks in the conductance histogram of the high‐conductance region.
Cooperation and the evolutionary ecology of bacterial virulence: TheBacillus cereusgroup as a novel study system
Authors: Raymond Ben , Bonsall Michael B.
Published: May 2013

How significant is social evolution theory for the maintenance of virulence in natural populations? We assume that secreted, distantly acting virulence factors are highly likely to be cooperative public goods. Using this assumption, we discuss and critically assess the potential importance of social interactions for understanding the evolution, diversity and distribution of virulence in theBacillus cereusgroup, a novel study system for microbial social biology. We conclude that dynamic equilibria in Cry toxin production, as well as strong spatial structure and population bottlenecks in hosts are the main ecological factors maintaining the cooperative secretion of virulence factors and argue that collective action has contributed to the evolution of narrow host range. Non‐linearities in the benefits associated with public goods, as well as the lack of private secretion systems in the Firmicutes may also explain the prevalence and importance of distantly acting virulence factors inB. cereusand its relatives.
Luminescence behavior of Li2Sr1‐3x/2EuxSiO4 red phosphors for LED applications
Authors: Sun Xin‐Yuan , Lin Liang‐Wu , Liu Guang‐Yao , Liu Xin‐Gen , Wu Ai‐Jin , Huang Shi‐Ming
Published: May 2013

Red‐emitting Li2Sr1‐3x/2EuxSiO4 0≤x≤0.5) phosphors were synthesized at 900°C in air by a solid‐state reaction. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) excitation (PLE) and PL spectra. The results from the PLE spectra suggest that the strong 394 nm excitation peak associated with the 5L6 state of Eu3+ ions is of significance for near ultraviolet pumped white light‐emitting diodes and solid‐state lighting. It is also noted that the position of the charge transfer state of Eu3+ ions shifts towards the higher energy side (blue shift) by increasing the content of Eu3+ ions. The predominant emissions of Eu3+ ions under 394 nm excitation are observed at 580, 593, 614, 656 and 708 nm, which are attributed to the 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), respectively. The PL results reveal that the optimal content of the red‐emitting Li2Sr1‐3x/2EuxSiO4 phosphors is x = 0.475. Simulation of the white light excited by 394 nm near ultraviolet light has also been carried out for its potential white light‐emitting diode applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A highly efficient and selective turn‐on fluorescent sensor for Hg2+, Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles based on a coumarin dithioate derivative
Authors: El‐Shekheby Heba A. , Mangood Ahmed H. , Hamza Salem M. , Al‐Kady Ahmed S. , Ebeid El‐Zeiny M.
Published: May 2013

Based on chelation‐enhanced fluorescence, a new fluorescent coumarin derivative probe 3(1‐(7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate for Hg2+, Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles is reported. Fluorescent probe acts as a rapid and highly selective “off–on” fluorescent probe and fluorescence enhancement by factors 5 to12 times was observed upon selective complexation with Hg2+, Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles. The molar ratio plots indicated the formation of 1:1 complexes between Hg2+ and Ag+ with the probe. The linear response range covers a concentration range 0.1 × 10–5–1.9 × 10–5 mol/L, 0.1 × 10–5–2.3 × 10–5 mol/L and 0.146 × 10–12–2.63 × 10–12 mol/L for Hg2+, Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles, respectively. The interference effect of some anions and cations was also tested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transdisciplinary Study of Sustainable Enterprise
Authors: Shrivastava Paul , Ivanaj Silvester , Persson Sybil
Published: May 2013

Our research explores more holistic ways of understanding and creating sustainable enterprises. Enterprises and business school scholars are two primary actors in this research endeavor. Enterprises are moving towards sustainability but with a partial and selective understanding of global sustainability. Business school scholars generally study sustainability in their respective functional areas, such as management, accounting, finance and marketing, with some notable exceptions. We suggest that transdisciplinarity offers a unique real‐world problem‐solving framework that crosses disciplinary boundaries and the academic–practitioner divide. We explore the nature of transdisciplinarity and its application to corporate sustainability. We argue that enterprise sustainability requires trans‐functional, trans‐disciplinary, trans‐stakeholder, trans‐aesthetic and trans‐human knowledge that is possible through transdisciplinarity. We provide an example of transdisciplinary work in art and sustainable enterprise. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrocinnamic Acids: Application and Strategy of Synthesis
Authors: Korneev Sergei M.
Published: May 2013

Review: ca. 200 refs.
Measurement of Phase Distribution in Bubble Columns
Authors: Schlusemann Linda , Zheng Guanghua , Grünewald Marcus
Published: May 2013

Blasensäulen stellen einen wichtigen Mehrphasenapparat für Reaktionen oder reaktive Trennaufgaben in der Verfahrenstechnik dar. Zur Auslegung von Blasensäulen werden häufig Korrelationen zur Beschreibung eingesetzt, die Werte wie Gasleerrohrgeschwindigkeit oder den Gasgehalt berücksichtigen. Aufgrund der komplexen Wechselwirkungen an der Phasengrenzfläche reichen diese experimentell gut bestimmbaren, integralen Parameter häufig nicht aus. Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der Phasenanteile von Gas und Flüssigkeit über dem gesamten Querschnitt von Blasensäulen im Technikumsmaßstab vorgestellt. Dabei wird insbesondere der in eigenen Experimenten eingesetzte Gittersensor diskutiert.
On central matrix based methods in dimension reduction
Authors: Wei LIN
Published: May 2013

Dimension reduction for regression analysis has been one of the most popular topics in the past two decades. It sees much progress with the introduction of the inverse regression, centered around the two key methods, sliced inverse regression (SIR) and sliced average variance estimation (SAVE). It is well known that SIR works poorly when the inverse conditional expectation is close to being nonrandom. SAVE and its many generalizations, which do not suffer from this drawback, lag behind SIR in many other circumstances. Usually a certain weighted hybrid of SIR and SAVE is necessary to improve overall performance. However, it is difficult to find the optimal mixture weights in a hybrid, and most such hybrid methods, as well as SAVE, require the restrictive constant (conditional) variance condition. We propose a much weaker condition and a new accompanying algorithm. This enables us to create several new central matrices that perform very favourably to existing central matrix based methods without referring to hybrids. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 421–438; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Chiral Transition‐Metal Complexes of Phenanthro‐Annulated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes – Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Mormul Jaroslaw , Steimann Manfred , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Nagel Ulrich
Published: May 2013

A straightforward route to chiral AgI and RuII complexes with phenanthrene‐fused N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands is described. The chiral imidazole derivative 1 was prepared in high yield by a simple one‐pot reaction starting from commercially available 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone. Imidazolium salts 2 and 3 were obtained by alkylation of 1 with alkyl bromides and subsequent anion exchange with Amberlyst A21 resin. Deprotonation with KOtBu led to the corresponding free carbenes 4 and 5, which were isolated without dimerization. Stirring carbene 4 in acetonitrile resulted in CH insertion. AgI complexes were obtained by treatment of the imidazolium salts with Ag2O and showed an interesting low‐temperature behavior in the 1H NMR spectrum. Transmetalation with a Ru precursor led to the corresponding RuII complexes.
Amide Formation Using In Situ Activation of Carboxylic Acids with [Et2NSF2]BF4
Authors: Mahé Olivier , Desroches Justine , Paquin Jean‐François
Published: May 2013

The formation of amides through the in situ activation of carboxylic acids with [Et2NSF2]BF4 is presented. A wide range of carboxylic acids and amines were used to produce the corresponding amides in up to 99 % yield. The reaction of hindered amines was also possible in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) under slightly modified conditions. An enantiopure carboxylic acid and amine were both shown to react without racemization.
SOFIE project – 3D shaking table test on a seven‐storey full‐scale cross‐laminated timber building
Authors: Ceccotti Ario , Sandhaas Carmen , Okabe Minoru , Yasumura Motoi , Minowa Chikahiro , Kawai Naohito
Published: May 2013

Multi‐storey buildings made of cross‐laminated timber panels (X‐lam) are becoming a stronger and economically valid alternative in Europe compared with traditional masonry or concrete buildings. During the design process of these multi‐storey buildings, also their earthquake behaviour has to be addressed, especially in seismic‐prone areas such as Italy. However, limited knowledge on the seismic performance is available for this innovative massive timber product.

On the basis of extensive testing series comprising monotonic and reversed cyclic tests on X‐lam panels, a pseudodynamic test on a one‐storey X‐lam specimen and 1D shaking table tests on a full‐scale three‐storey specimen, a full‐scale seven‐storey building was designed according to the European seismic standard Eurocode 8 and subjected to earthquake loading on a 3D shaking table. The building was designed with a preliminary action reduction factor of three that had been derived from the experimental results on the three‐storey building.

The outcomes of this comprehensive research project called ‘SOFIE – Sistema Costruttivo Fiemme’ proved the suitability of multi‐storey X‐lam structures for earthquake‐prone regions. The buildings demonstrated self‐centring capabilities and high stiffness combined with sufficient ductility to avoid brittle failures. The tests provided useful information for the seismic design with force‐based methods as defined in Eurocode 8, that is, a preliminary experimentally based action reduction factor of three was confirmed. Valid, ductile joint assemblies were developed, and their importance for the energy dissipation in buildings with rigid X‐lam panels became evident. The seven‐storey building showed relatively high accelerations in the upper storeys, which could lead to secondary damage and which have to be addressed in future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from in situ data
Authors: Fay A. R. , McKinley G. A.
Published: May 2013

Ocean carbon uptake substantially reduces the rate of anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the atmosphere and thus slows global climate change. In the interest of understanding how this ocean carbon sink has responded to climate variability and climate change in recent decades, trends in globally observed surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2s.ocean) are evaluated over 16 gyre‐scale biomes covering the globe. Trends from decadal to multidecadal timescales between 1981 and 2010 are considered. On decadal timescales, pCO2s.ocean trends have been of variable magnitude and sensitive to the chosen start and end years. On longer time frames, several regions of the tropics and subtropics display pCO2s.ocean trends that are parallel to or shallower than trends in atmospheric pCO2, consistent with the ocean's long‐term response to carbon accumulation in the atmosphere and with the supply of waters with low anthropogenic carbon from the deep ocean. Data are too sparse in the high latitudes to determine this long‐term response. In many biomes, pCO2s.ocean trends steeper than atmospheric trends do occur on shorter timescales, which is consistent with forcing by climatic variability. In the Southern Ocean, the influence of a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode has waned and the carbon sink has strengthened since the early 2000s. In North Atlantic subtropical and equatorial biomes, warming has become a significant and persistent contributor to the observed increase in pCO2s.ocean since the mid‐2000s. This long‐term warming, previously attributed to both multidecadal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing, is beginning to reduce ocean carbon uptake.
Bone morphogenetic proteins‐immobilized polydioxanone porous particles as an artificial bone graft
Authors: Kim Tae Ho , Oh Se Heang , Chun So Young , Lee Jin Ho
Published: May 2013

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)‐immobilized polydioxanone (PDO)/Pluronic F127 porous particles were prepared as a bone graft using a melt‐molding particulate‐leaching method, and the sequential binding of heparin and BMPs (BMP‐2 and BMP‐7, single or dual) onto the porous particles. The prepared PDO/Pluronic F127 porous particles gradually degraded with time, with ∼30% of the initial particle weight remaining after 16 weeks. The degradation rate of the PDO/Pluronic F127 porous particles may parallel the bone‐healing rate. The BMPs were easily immobilized onto the pore surfaces of PDO/Pluronic F127 particles via heparin binding and were released in a sustained manner for up to 21 days, regardless of BMP type. The BMPs (single BMP‐2 or dual BMP‐2/BMP‐7)‐immobilized porous particles were effective forin vitroosteogenesis of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), as analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, time polymerase chain reaction using specific markers for osteogenesis (Type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopotin, and RunX2), and immunohistochemical staining. The BMPs (single BMP‐2 or dual BMP‐2/BMP‐7)‐immobilized porous particles were also effective in promoting new bone formation, as analyzed by the preliminary animal study using a full‐thickness skull defect model of Sprague–Dawley rats (microcomputed tomography). The synergistic effect of dual BMPs on the osteogenesis of BMSCs and bone regeneration was not significant in our system. The BMP‐2 or dual BMPs (BMP‐2/BMP‐7)‐immobilized PDO/Pluronic F127 porous particles may be a promising candidate as a bone graft for the delayed and insufficient bone healing in clinical fields. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1264–1274, 2014.
Effects of pore size, implantation time, and nano‐surface properties on rat skin ingrowth into percutaneous porous titanium implants
Authors: Farrell Brad J. , Prilutsky Boris I. , Ritter Jana M. , Kelley Sean , Popat Ketul , Pitkin Mark
Published: May 2013

The main problem of percutaneous osseointegrated implants is poor skin‐implant integration, which may cause infection. This study investigated the effects of pore size (Small, 40–100 μm and Large, 100–160 μm), nanotubular surface treatment (Nano), and duration of implantation (3 and 6 weeks) on skin ingrowth into porous titanium. Each implant type was percutaneously inserted in the back of 35 rats randomly assigned to seven groups. Implant extrusion rate was measured weekly and skin ingrowth into implants was determined histologically after harvesting implants. It was found that all three types of implants demonstrated skin tissue ingrowth of over 30% (at week 3) and 50% (at weeks 4–6) of total implant porous area under the skin; longer implantation resulted in greater skin ingrowth (p< 0.05). Only one case of infection was observed (infection rate 2.9%). Small and Nano groups showed the same implant extrusion rate which was lower than the Large group rate (0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.16 ± 0.02 cm/week;p< 0.05). Ingrowth area was comparable in the Small, Large, and Nano implants. However, qualitatively, the Nano implants showed greatest cellular inhabitation within first 3 weeks. We concluded that percutaneous porous titanium implants allow for skin integration with the potential for a safe seal. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1305–1315, 2014.
Application of replica exchange umbrella sampling to protein structure refinement of nontemplate models
Authors: Olson Mark A. , Lee Michael S.
Published: May 2013

We provide an assessment of a computational strategy for protein structure refinement that combines self‐guided Langevin dynamics with umbrella‐potential biasing replica exchange using the radius of gyration as a coordinate (Rg‐ReX). Eight structurally nonredundant proteins and their decoys were examined by sampling conformational space at room temperature using the CHARMM22/GBMV2 force field to generate the ensemble of structures. Two atomic statistical potentials (RWplus and DFIRE) were analyzed for structure identification and compared to the simulation force‐field potential. The results show that, while the Rg‐ReX simulations were able to sample conformational basins that were more structurally similar to the X‐ray crystallographic structures than the starting first‐order ranked decoys, the potentials failed to detect these basins from refinement. Of the three potential functions, RWplus yielded the highest accuracy for recognition of structures that refined to an average of nearly 20% increase in native contacts relative to the starting decoys. The overall performance of Rg‐ReX is compared to an earlier study of applying temperature‐based replica exchange to refine the same decoy sets and highlights the general challenge of achieving consistently the sampling and detection threshold of 70% fraction of native contacts. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
129Xe NMR chemical shift in Xe@C60 calculated at experimental conditions: Essential role of the relativity, dynamics, and explicit solvent
Authors: Standara Stanislav , Kulhánek Petr , Marek Radek , Straka Michal
Published: May 2013

The isotropic 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift (CS) in Xe@C60 dissolved in liquid benzene was calculated by piecewise approximation to faithfully simulate the experimental conditions and to evaluate the role of different physical factors influencing the 129Xe NMR CS. The 129Xe shielding constant was obtained by averaging the 129Xe nuclear magnetic shieldings calculated for snapshots obtained from the molecular dynamics trajectory of the Xe@C60 system embedded in a periodic box of benzene molecules. Relativistic corrections were added at the Breit–Pauli perturbation theory (BPPT) level, included the solvent, and were dynamically averaged. It is demonstrated that the contribution of internal dynamics of the Xe@C60 system represents about 8% of the total nonrelativistic NMR CS, whereas the effects of dynamical solvent add another 8%. The dynamically averaged relativistic effects contribute by 9% to the total calculated 129Xe NMR CS. The final theoretical value of 172.7 ppm corresponds well to the experimental 129Xe CS of 179.2 ppm and lies within the estimated errors of the model. The presented computational protocol serves as a prototype for calculations of 129Xe NMR parameters in different Xe atom guest–host systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Russians in Treatment: The Evidence Base Supporting Cultural Adaptations
Authors: Jurcik Tomas , Chentsova‐Dutton Yulia E. , Solopieieva‐Jurcikova Ielyzaveta , Ryder Andrew G.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Despite large waves of westward migration, little is known about how to adapt services to assist Russian‐speaking immigrants. In an attempt to bridge the scientist‐practitioner gap, the current review synthesizes diverse literatures regarding what is known about immigrants from the Former Soviet Union.

Method

Relevant empirical studies and reviews from cross‐cultural and cultural psychology, sociology, psychiatric epidemiology, mental health, management, linguistics, history, and anthropology literature were synthesized into three broad topics: culture of origin issues, common psychosocial challenges, and clinical recommendations.

Results

Russian speakers probably differ in their form of collectivism, gender relations, emotion norms, social support, and parenting styles from what many clinicians are familiar with and exhibit an apparent paradoxical mix of modern and traditional values. While some immigrant groups from the Former Soviet Union are adjusting well, others have shown elevated levels of depression, somatization, and alcoholism, which can inform cultural adaptations.

Conclusions

Testable assessment and therapy adaptations for Russians were outlined based on integrating clinical and cultural psychology perspectives.
Compact and efficient RGB to RGBW data conversion method and its application in OLED microdisplays
Authors: Can Chi , Underwood Ian
Published: May 2013

In many electronic information displays, a colour pixel comprises three spatially distinct sub‐pixels containing red, green and blue (RGB) colour filters. The option of adding a fourth white (W) sub‐pixel that allows light to pass through unfiltered can significantly improve the optical efficiency of the pixel that, in turn, increases the power efficiency of the display. Such a display is called an RGBW display, and the required transformation of data format from incoming RGB to pixel RGBW is termed as “RGB to RGBW conversion.” This paper reports a method of RGB to RGBW conversion that is highly compact and efficient in terms of system resources while retaining image quality. It processes incoming data through a new colour space conversion algorithm in order to reduce the average power consumption with no noticeable visual artefacts. We explain the method and demonstrate its cost‐effective and power‐effective implementation for the specific case of an organic light emitting diode microdisplay.
Bioarchaeological Patterns of Violence in North Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene. Implications for the Study of Population Dynamics
Authors: Gordón Florencia
Published: May 2013

This work presents bioarchaeological patterns of interpersonal violence inferred for Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene. The main goal is to evaluate if there is a significant increase in the frequency of indicators of violence during the final late Holocene, prior to colonial times, in possible concordance with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (ca. 1150–600 years BP). A sample of skulls (n = 797) was studied through a series of methodological steps that included the evaluation of their state of preservation and the study of potential injuries, taking into account the degree of ambiguity of the diagnosis. The sample was divided into three chronological groups: early (ca. 3500–2500 years BP), middle (ca. 2500–1500 years BP) and late (ca. 1500–400 years BP). The individuals were also separated according to sex, age category and geographical distribution. Although a temporal trend toward increased violence was detected, it was not statistically significant. There was also a higher percentage of positive cases in Northern individuals compared to the Southern ones, and between males compared to females, but neither case had statistically significant differences. Alternative mechanisms, such as population dispersals, exchange and use of buffer areas, that may have functioned to dispel social tensions, are proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoresponsive hyaluronate nanogel as an anticancer drug carrier
Authors: Park SoHyun , Oh Kyung Taek , Kwag Dong Sup , Lee Ung Yeol , Lee Dong Jin , Lee Eun Seong
Published: May 2013

In this study, we introduced photolabile 4‐(4‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐methoxy‐5‐nitrophenoxy)butyric acid (HMNB) to prepare photoresponsive nanogels. Hyaluronate (HA) grafted with 4‐(4‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐methoxy‐5‐nitrophenoxy)butyric acid (HA‐g‐HMNB) was self organized in aqueous solution. Interestingly, HA‐g‐HMNB nanogels exhibited caging and photo‐uncaging properties for an encapsulated antitumor drug. Photoactivation allowed accelerated antitumor drug release from uncaged nanogels. We found a significant improvement in KB tumor‐cell‐killing efficacy when this system was associated with local light irradiation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H‐NMR Fingerprinting of Vaccinium vitis‐idaea Flavonol Glycosides
Authors: Riihinen Kaisu R. , Mihaleva Velitchka V. , Gödecke Tanja , Soininen Pasi , Laatikainen Reino , Vervoort Jacques M. , Lankin David C. , Pauli Guido F.
Published: May 2013

Introduction

The fruits of Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L. are a valuable source of biologically active flavonoid derivatives. For studies focused on the purification of its quercetin glycosides (QGs) and related glycosides from plants and for the purpose of biological studies, the availability of numeric datasets from computer‐assisted 1H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA), that is, 1H‐NMR fingerprinting, can replace and assist the repetitive and tedious two‐dimensional NMR identification protocol required for both known and new compounds, respectively.

Objective

To fully interpret the complex 1H‐NMR fingerprints of eight QGs obtained from the berries of V. vitis‐idaea and provide complete and unambiguous signal assignments.

Methods

Vaccinium vitis‐idaea QGs were purified in a single run by long‐bed gel permeation chromatography and identified by comparison with commercially available compounds using LC–MS combining ion‐trap and time‐of‐flight detection and one‐ or two‐dimensional NMR. The HiFSA analysis yielded full sets of 1H chemical shifts and proton–proton coupling constants, allowing for field‐independent spectral simulation.

Results

Signal assignments were achieved for the reference standards and the QGs that dominated in purified fractions. However, even mixtures of two to three QGs could be fitted using the HiFSA approach. In the case of the overlapped sugar resonances, the initial fitting of the 1H spectra of reference compounds, together with values extracted from the two‐dimensional NMR data and literature data, assisted in the process.

Conclusion

The HiFSA method revealed for the first time the presence of Q‐3‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside and Q‐3‐O‐β‐glucuronopyranoside in the berries of V. vitis‐idaea, and unambiguously confirmed the structures of Q‐3‐O‐[4″‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaroyl)]‐α‐rhamnopyranoside, Q‐3‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranoside, Q‐3‐O‐β‐galactopyranoside, Q‐3‐O‐α‐arabinofuranoside, Q‐3‐O‐β‐xylopyranoside and Q‐3‐O‐α‐arabinopyranoside. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating a Proactive Obsolescence Management System Framework through the Systems Engineering Continuum
Authors: Pobiak Todd G. , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Sarkani Shahram
Published: May 2013

With commercial and military systems becoming more complex, using more sophisticated products, complex processes, and specialized people and having longer system life cycles, it is essential that organizations have a systematic approach to managing systems from an Obsolescence Management System perspective. This paper presents a new systems engineering architecture framework, House of Systems Engineering (HoSE), and shows how its constructs can be applied to support the building of a proactive Obsolescence Management System framework. We first provide a brief overview of the HoSE, including the systems engineering aspects and the systems architecture methodology used in the HoSE. Next, we discuss the 2‐dimensional Obsolescence Management System framework based on the HoSE. Finally, a case study is performed to justify the framework. The case study results suggest that the framework is beneficial in finding gaps in an Obsolescence Management Plan. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 17
Male circumcision – when is it justified?
Authors: Dinneen Eoin P. , Bunker Christopher B. , Dinneen Michael D.
Published: May 2013

Although the indications for male adult circumcision are less common and less contentious than those for infant circumcision, they are no less important. The authors provide an anatomical and functional overview of the prepuce, and review the common indications for adult circumcision. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Customized growth curves for identification of large‐for‐gestational age neonates in pre‐eclamptic women
Authors: Espinoza J. , Lee W. , Martin S. R. , Belfort M. A.
Published: May 2013

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 43: 137–137