bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topography as a driver of local terrestrial vascular plant diversity patterns
Authors: Moeslund Jesper Erenskjold , Arge Lars , Bøcher Peder Klith , Dalgaard Tommy , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: May 2013

At landscape and regional scales topography is recognized as one of the most important determinants of vascular plant diversity, primarily due to the influence of mountains. As temperature changes markedly over the elevation ranges in mountain areas, topography offers a wide variety of different habitats as well as buffering against climate change. However, for local vegetation, notably in lowland areas, the general importance of topography is less well recognized and the mechanisms by which it exerts influence on local vascular plant diversity are not comprehensively understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence for the different mechanisms involved in topography’s control of local patterns in potential vegetation drivers, namely incident solar energy, wind exposure, hydrology, geochemistry, and biotic conditions. Furthermore, we review the processes through which these factors shape local terrestrial vascular plant diversity patterns and provide directions for future studies on this topic. We find that topography is an important factor for local vascular plant diversity patterns in a broad range of habitats throughout the world, even in relatively flat lowlands. However, the mechanisms involved are varied and complex. Local patterns in soil moisture seem to be affected by topography through more mechanisms than other topographically controlled factors and have a strong and consistent influence on local plant diversity. Hence, local hydrology is probably the main mechanistic factor through which topography influences local terrestrial vascular plant diversity patterns. Future research should focus on employing high‐coverage fine‐resolution topographic data to comprehensively explore the role of topography in controlling local dynamics over large areas. Moreover, we recommend including several different habitats, particularly those in which the role of topography is poorly understood. Finally, we propose to integrate relevant functional topographic variables such as topographic wetness indices instead of simple topographic measures into future investigations.
Effects of Open‐Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter Design on Lesion Formation and Complications: In Vitro Comparison of 6 Different Devices
Authors: GUERRA JOSE M. , JORGE ESTHER , RAGA SILVIA , GÁLVEZ‐MONTÓN CAROLINA , ALONSO‐MARTÍN CONCEPCIÓN , RODRÍGUEZ‐FONT ENRIQUE , CINCA JUAN , VIÑOLAS XAVIER
Published: May 2013

In Vitro Comparison of Open‐Irrigated Catheters

Introduction

Open‐irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheters with slight differences in tip architecture are widely used, although limited comparative data are available. The purpose of this study was to compare the lesion size and potential complications produced by commercially available open‐irrigated catheters in an in vitro porcine heart model.

Methods and Results

Six catheters were tested (Biosense Webster Thermocool, Boston Scientific Open irrigated, St. Jude CoolPath, St. Jude CoolPath Duo, Biosense Webster Thermocool SF, St. Jude Cool Flex) at 20 and 35 W power‐control, under 2 different blood flows (0.1 and 0.5 m/s) and at 2 target durations (30 and 60 seconds). A total of 601 lesions were made in 26 in vitro preparations. The tip temperature profile showed significant differences between the catheters (P < 0.001) with the Thermocool SF registering the lowest. Only the surface diameter and the depth at maximum diameter of the lesion were influenced by the design of the ablation electrode. The lesion volume did not show significant differences between catheters for any power, application duration or blood flow condition. Char and pops occurred more often at 35 W with only slight differences between the catheters.

Conclusions

Tip design of the 6 different irrigated catheters does not affect the lesion total volume, although a slight difference in lesion geometry in terms of surface diameter and depth at maximum diameter is present. The catheters show a slight different in vitro safety profile
Apamin‐Sensitive Calcium‐Activated Potassium Currents in Rabbit Ventricles with Chronic Myocardial Infarction
Authors: LEE YOUNG SOO , CHANG PO‐CHENG , HSUEH CHIA‐HSIANG , MARUYAMA MITSUNORI , PARK HYUNG WOOK , RHEE KYOUNG‐SUK , HSIEH YU‐CHENG , SHEN CHANGYU , WEISS JAMES N. , CHEN ZHENHUI , LIN SHIEN‐FONG , CHEN PENG‐SHENG
Published: May 2013

SK Currents in Chronic MI

Introduction

The apamin‐sensitive small‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium current (IKAS) is increased in heart failure. It is unknown if myocardial infarction (MI) is also associated with an increase of IKAS.

Methods and Results

We performed Langendorff perfusion and optical mapping in 6 normal hearts and 10 hearts with chronic (5 weeks) MI. An additional 6 normal and 10 MI hearts were used for patch clamp studies. The infarct size was 25% (95% confidence interval, 20–31) and the left ventricular ejection fraction was 50 (46–54). The rabbits did not have symptoms of heart failure. The action potential duration measured to 80% repolarization (APD80) in the peri‐infarct zone (PZ) was 150 (142–159) milliseconds, significantly (P = 0.01) shorter than that in the normal ventricles (167 [158–177] milliseconds. The intracellular Ca transient duration was also shorter in the PZ (148 [139–157] milliseconds) than that in normal ventricles (168 [157–180] milliseconds; P = 0.017). Apamin prolonged the APD80 in PZ by 9.8 (5.5–14.1)%, which is greater than that in normal ventricles (2.8 [1.3–4.3]%, P = 0.006). Significant shortening of APD80 was observed at the cessation of rapid pacing in MI but not in normal ventricles. Apamin prevented postpacing APD80 shortening. Patch clamp studies showed that IKAS was significantly higher in the PZ cells (2.51 [1.55–3.47] pA/pF, N = 17) than in the normal cells (1.08 [0.36–1.80] pA/pF, N = 15, P = 0.019).

Conclusion

We conclude that IKAS is increased in MI ventricles and contributes significantly to ventricular repolarization especially during tachycardia.
Long‐term results after treatment of periodontitis in patients with Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome: success and failure
Authors: Nickles Katrin , Schacher Beate , Ratka‐Krüger Petra , Krebs Mischa , Eickholz Peter
Published: May 2013

Aim

Retrospective evaluation of periodontal status in patients with Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) observed for ≥10 years; identification of factors that may influence treatment outcome; and reporting of the outcome of dental implants in four PLS patients.

Methods

All PLS patients currently registered at the Department of Periodontology, Goethe‐University Frankfurt with a follow‐up ≥10 years (13–33 years; mean 22 years) were recruited. Eight patients (aged 17–46 years) from five families (three pairs of siblings) were included.

Results

After comprehensive periodontal therapy in eight PLS patients, teeth were retained in only two. In six patients, all teeth were extracted, almost entirely due to periodontal reasons. In four patients, teeth were prosthodontically restored with implants. Currently, three patients already show peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

In some PLS patients, periodontitis may be arrested by: combined mechanical and antibiotic periodontal treatment; extraction of severely diseased teeth; oral hygiene instructions; intensive maintenance therapy; and microbiological monitoring and treatment of the infection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Implants in PLS patients who did not follow any maintenance programme have a high risk of peri‐implantitis and implant loss. Treatment of PLS patients has always to be considered as high‐risk cases.
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of class II furcation: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Luchesi Vanessa H. , Pimentel Suzana P. , Kolbe Maria F. , Ribeiro Fernanda V. , Casarin Renato C. , Nociti Francisco H. , Sallum Enilson A. , Casati Marcio Z.
Published: May 2013

Aim

To investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjunct to mechanical therapy in furcations.

Materials and Methods

A double‐blind, parallel, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in subjects presenting class II furcations. The subjects were randomly allocated to a test (PDT; n = 16) or control group (non‐activated laser/only photosensitizer; n = 21). At baseline, 3 and 6 months, clinical, microbiological and cytokine pattern evaluation was performed. Clinical attachment level was defined as the primary outcome variable.

Results

Clinical parameters improved after both therapies (p < 0.05) with no differences between groups at any time point (p > 0.05). At 6 months, real‐time PCR evaluation showed a decrease in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia only in the PDT group (p < 0.05) with no inter‐group differences. Regarding cytokines, IL‐4 and IL‐10 levels increased in both groups at 6 months. GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels decreased only in the PDT group after 3 months (p < 0.05). At 3 months, inter‐group analyses showed that GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels were lower in the PDT group. At 6 months, lower IL‐1β levels were also observed in the PDT group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Photodynamic therapy did not promote clinical benefits for class II furcations; however, advantages in local levels of cytokines and a reduction in periodontopathogens were demonstrated.
Sterols of the Green‐Pigmented, Freshwater Raphidophyte, Gonyostomum semen, from Scandinavian Lakes
Authors: Leblond Jeffrey D. , Dahmen Aaron S. , Lebret Karen , Rengefors Karin
Published: May 2013

Sterols are a class of membrane‐reinforcing, ringed lipids which have a long history of examination in algae as a means of deriving chemotaxonomic relationships and as potential lipidic biomarkers. The Raphidophyceae represent a class of harmful, bloom‐forming, marine and freshwater algae. To date, there have been four published examinations of their sterol composition, focusing primarily on brown‐pigmented, marine species within the genera, Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, and Heterosigma. Lacking in these examinations has been the species Gonyostomum semen Ehrenb., which is a green‐pigmented, freshwater raphidophyte with a worldwide distribution. The goal of this study was to examine the sterol composition of this nuisance alga, determine the potential of using its sterol profile as a biomarker, and finally to determine if there is any intraspecific variability between isolates. We have examined 21 isolates of G. semen from a number of Scandinavian lakes, and all were found to produce two major sterols, 24‐ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol and 24‐ethylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol, and 24‐methylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol as a minor sterol; the presence of 24‐ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol differentiates G. semen from brown‐pigmented, marine raphidophytes which generally lack it. The results of this study indicate that isolates of G. semen from geographically separate lakes across Finland and Scandinavia have the same sterol biosynthetic pathway, and that there is no evolutionary divergence between the isolates with regard to sterol composition. The sterols of G. semen are not considered to be useful biomarkers for this particular organism because they are commonly found in other algae and plants.
Recurrent facial taste neurons of sea catfish Plotosusjaponicus: morphology and organization in the ganglion
Authors: Denil N. A. , Yamashita E. , Kirino M. , Kiyohara S.
Published: May 2013

This study investigated the morphology of the recurrent facial taste neurons and their organization in the recurrent ganglion of the sea catfish Plotosus japonicus. The recurrent ganglion is independent of the anterior ganglion, which consists of trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line neurons that send peripheral fibres to the head region. The recurrent taste neurons are round or oval and bipolar, with thick peripheral and thin central fibres, and completely wrapped by membranous layers of satellite cells. Two peripheral nerve branches coursing to the trunk or pectoral fin originate from the recurrent ganglion. The results presented here show that the trunk and pectoral‐fin neurons are independently distributed to form various sizes of groups, and the groups are intermingled throughout the ganglion. No distinct topographical relationship of the two nerve branches occurs in the ganglion. Centrally, the trunk and pectoral‐fin branches project somatotopically in the anterolateral and intermediate medial regions of the trunk tail lobule of the facial lobe, respectively.
Genetic and morphometric differences demonstrate fine‐scale population substructure of the yellow perch Perca flavescens: need for redefined management units
Authors: Kocovsky P. M. , Sullivan T. J. , Knight C. T. , Stepien C. A.
Published: May 2013

Whole‐body morphometrics and 15 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci were analysed for 158 Perca flavescens collected during the spawning season from four spawning locations in central Lake Erie, two along the northern shore and two along the southern shore, to evaluate fine‐scale variation (spanning 17–94 km). Results showed significant morphological and genetic differences among P. flavescens from the four locations. The magnitudes of differences were unrelated to geographic distance, demonstrating spatially heterogeneous levels of genetic divergence. These results linked morphometric and genetic variation, showing a discontinuity of scale between currently defined management units and population structure of P. flavescens in Lake Erie, and support that P. flavescens might exist as one or more metapopulations. Findings demonstrate the value of using complementary techniques for evaluating population structure.
Accuracy and preference of measuring resting energy expenditure using a handheld calorimeter in healthy adults
Authors: Madden A. M. , Parker L. J. F. , Amirabdollahian F.
Published: May 2013

Background

Accurate estimates of energy expenditure are required in clinical nutrition in order to determine the requirements of individuals and to inform feeding regimes. Calorimetry can provide accurate measurements but is often impractical in clinical or community settings; prediction equations are widely used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) but have limited accuracy. A portable, self‐calibrating, handheld calorimeter (HHC) may offer an alternative way of determining REE. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether estimates of REE derived using an HHC are closer to accurate measurements than values calculated using selected prediction equations.

Methods

REE was measured in 36 healthy adults aged 21–58 years using a flow‐through indirect calorimeter (FIC) and HHC. Estimated REE was calculated using three predictive equations (Harris & Benedict; Schofield; Henry). Differences in REE between the ‘gold standard’ values derived using the FIC and those derived using the HHC and equations were examined using paired t‐tests and Bland Altman plots.

Results

Mean REEHHC was significantly lower than mean REEFIC [4556 ± 1042 kJ (1089 ± 249 kcal) versus 6230 ± 895 kJ (1489 ± 214 kcal), P = 0.000] and also significantly lower than mean values calculated using all three equations. The mean difference between REEHHC and REEFIC [1674 ± 908 kJ (400 ± 217 kcal)] was significantly greater (P = 0.000) than the mean differences between the values calculated using the three prediction equations [272 ± 490 kJ (65 ± 117 kcal) (Harris‐Benedict), 264 ± 510 kJ (63 ± 122 kcal) (Schofield), 84 ± 502 kJ (20 ± 120 kcal) (Henry)].

Conclusions

The HHC provides estimates of REE in healthy people that are less accurate than those calculated using the prediction equations and so does not provide a useful alternative.
From Scared to Repaired: Using an Attachment‐Based Perspective to Understand Situational Couple Violence
Authors: Schneider Christine , Brimhall Andrew S.
Published: May 2013

Situational couple violence (SCV) is a common problem in couples presenting for therapy. SCV, as seen through the lens of attachment, can be viewed as a result of an insecure attachment system within the couple. Although several authors have discussed individual attachment styles as predictors of both the receipt and perpetration of violence, in this article we seek to portray the attachment system as a relational and changing construct. As such, we argue for conjoint treatment for SCV as a way to restructure a more secure attachment system within the couple. Cautions for the appropriateness of couples counseling with ongoing violence are included. Finally, we discuss the use of an attachment‐based safety plan and time‐out strategy to use with couples experiencing SCV.
The mood stabilizer valproate activates human FGF1 gene promoter through inhibiting HDAC and GSK‐3 activities
Authors: Kao Chien‐Yu , Hsu Yi‐Chao , Liu Jen‐Wei , Lee Don‐Ching , Chung Yu‐Fen , Chiu Ing‐Ming
Published: May 2013

Valproic acid (VPA) is the primary mood‐stabilizing drug to exert neuroprotective effects and to treat bipolar disorder in clinic. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell division, and neurogenesis. Human FGF1 gene 1B promoter (−540 to +31)‐driven green fluorescence (F1BGFP) has been shown to recapitulate endogenous FGF1 gene expression and facilitates the isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from developing and adult mouse brains. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of VPA in activating FGF‐1B promoter activity: (i) VPA significantly increased the FGF‐1B mRNA expression and the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells; (ii) the increase of F1BGFP expression by VPA involves changes of regulatory factor X (RFX) 1‐3 transcriptional complexes and the increase of histone H3 acetylation on the 18‐bp cis‐element of FGF‐1B promoter; (iii) treatments of other histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, significantly increased the expression levels of FGF‐1B, RFX2, and RFX3 transcripts; (iv) treatments of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) inhibitor, lithium, or GSK‐3 siRNAs also significantly activated FGF‐1B promoter; (v) VPA specifically enhanced neuronal differentiation in F1BGFP(+) embryonic stem cells and NSPCs rather than GFP(−) cells. This study suggested, for the first time, that VPA activates human FGF1 gene promoter through inhibiting HDAC and GSK‐3 activities.
Repression of G protein–coupled receptor family C group 5 member A is associated with pathologic differentiation grade of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Shu‐li , Zhong Shuang‐shuang , Ye Dong‐xia , Chen Wan‐tao , Zhang Zhi‐yuan , Deng Jiong
Published: May 2013

Background

G protein–coupled receptor family C group 5 member A (GPRC5A), a member of G protein–coupled receptor family, has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor in lung tissue. The biological functions of GPRC5A have therefore been linked to lung tissue. However, the biological significance of this gene product remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the expression of GPRC5A proteins in normal oral tissue and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and we characterized its biological activity in OSCC cell lines.

Methods

Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate the expression of GPRC5A in both OSCC cell lines and clinical samples. GPRC5A stable transfectants and their parental OSCC cells were characterized for their biological activities in anchorage‐independent growth.

Results

High levels of immunohistochemical GPRC5A expression were detected in normal oral tissue, especially differentiated area. In contrast, GPRC5A expression was dramatically repressed in OSCCs (P < 0.01). The immunohistochemical GPRC5A expression was moderately well differentiated, but greatly repressed in moderately differentiated OSCCs and completely repressed in poorly differentiated OSCCs. Overexpression of GPRC5A in OSCC CAL27 cells resulted in a suppressed anchorage‐independent growth activity, a transforming phenotype.

Conclusions

GPRC5A is expressed in normal oral epithelium. Repression of GPRC5A is associated with poorly differential grade of OSCCs. Overexpression of GPRC5A in OSCC cell line reversed the malignant phenotype. Thus, GPRC5A is important for homeostasis in oral tissue, and deletion or repression of this gene may involve in tumorigenesis of OSCCs and may serve as a prognostic marker for malignant type of OSCCs.
An update onKawasaki diseaseII: Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes
Authors: Yim Deane , Curtis Nigel , Cheung Michael , Burgner David
Published: May 2013

This is the second of two updates onKawasaki disease. The first review focused on epidemiology and aetio‐pathogenesis. Here, we review the clinical features and diagnosis ofKawasaki disease, as well as recent evidence on treatment, follow‐up and cardiovascular outcomes.
Tooth loss in individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy: 5‐year prospective study
Authors: Costa F. O. , Lages E. J. P. , Cota L. O. M. , Lorentz T. C. M. , Soares R. V. , Cortelli J. R.
Published: May 2013

Background and objective

Tooth loss (TL), one of the most visible results of the evolution of periodontitis, causes physiological and psychological impacts on a patient's life. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence, underlying reasons and influence of risk predictors for the occurrence of TL in a program of periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) over 5 years.

Methods

The sample comprised 212 individuals diagnosed with chronic moderate–severe periodontitis, who had finished active periodontal treatment, were incorporated in a PMT program. Individuals were divided in to two groups: 96 regular compliers (RC) and 116 irregular compliers (IC). Full‐mouth periodontal examination was performed. Social, demographic, behavioral and biological variables of interest were collected at all PMT visits. The effect of risk predictors and confounders for TL, as well as the underlying reasons of TL, were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

TL was significantly lower among RC (0.12 teeth lost/year) in comparison to IC (0.36 teeth lost/year; p < 0.01). Individuals that were > 55 years old, males and smokers lost significantly more teeth in both groups (with IC > RC). The number of teeth lost due to periodontal reasons was significantly higher than TL for other reasons in both groups (p < 0.01). The final linear and logistic model for TL included: male gender, smoking, probing depth 4–6 mm in up to 10% of sites and irregular compliance.

Conclusion

IC individuals undergoing PMT presented higher rates of TL when compared to RC individuals. Findings demonstrated the influence of irregular compliance and the importance of monitoring other risk predictors for TL such as smoking, male gender and severity of probing depth during PMT.
Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer glycosylation and caveolin‐1 in healthy and inflamed human gingiva
Authors: Wang J. , Yang D. , Li C. , Shang S. , Xiang J.
Published: May 2013

Background and Objective

Glycosylated extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is specifically associated with caveolin‐1 and influences its ability to induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production. This study investigated EMMPRIN glycosylation and caveolin‐1 expression in healthy and inflamed human gingival tissues, analyzed the relationship between EMMPRIN glycosylation and caveolin‐1 expression, and assessed how this interaction influenced MMP‐1 production.

Material and Methods

Gingival tissues were collected from 10 healthy subjects and 15 chronic periodontitis (chronic periodontitis) subjects. EMMPRIN, caveolin‐1 and MMP‐1 expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. EMMPRIN and caveolin‐1 co‐localization was detected by immunofluorescence. EMMPRIN glycosylation, caveolin‐1, active MMP‐1 and proMMP‐1 expression was assessed by Western blot.

Results

EMMPRIN was expressed in gingival epithelial cells, inflammatory cells, endothelial and fibroblast‐like cells. Strong caveolin‐1 immunoreactivity was detected in gingival epithelial and endothelial cells. Double immunofluorescence studies revealed EMMPRIN and caveolin‐1 co‐localization in gingival epithelium, endothelial and fibroblast‐like cells. Compared with healthy subjects, the chronic periodontitis group had increased high‐glycoform EMMPRIN (HG‐EMMPRIN) and active MMP‐1 expression (p < 0.05). Active MMP‐1 and proMMP‐1 protein levels were positively correlated with HG‐EMMPRIN levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

EMMPRIN and caveolin‐1 colocalize in periodontal tissues. The increased active MMP‐1 and proMMP‐1 production may be associated with elevated HG‐EMMPRIN levels.
Functional characterization of the orthologs of AtNST1/2 in Glycine soja (Fabaceae) and the evolutionary implications
Authors: DONG Yang , WANG Bo‐Han , WANG Yin‐Zheng
Published: May 2013

The secondary cell wall in plant cells is a highly organized structure that provides mechanical support to the tissue and the entire plant body. Glycine soja, the presumed ancestor of domesticated soybean, differs from the domesticated soybean in an array of morphological characters. The remarkable difference is the stem phenotype, which is often attributed to the thickness of secondary cell walls. Hence, it is of great importance to understand the genetic basis underlying the regulation of secondary wall thickening in these two species. Here, we report that GlycineNST1A/B are functional orthologs of AtNST1/2, which have been shown to act as the master switches of secondary cell wall thickening. GlycineNST1A/B are preferentially expressed in organs undergoing secondary wall deposition, and GmNST1A/B are expressed at twofold the level of GsNST1A/B in mature stem. The overexpression of GsNST1A/B disrupts overall plant development by inducing ectopic deposition of massive secondary walls in normally parenchyma cells in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, expression analyses suggest that the ectopic secondary wall is achieved by upregulating the expression of a series of cell wall‐associated transcription factors and secondary wall biosynthetic genes. Together, these results indicate that GsNST1A/B, as the key regulators, are capable of activating the entire secondary wall biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis, and also suggest that the genetic circuit of secondary wall development is conserved between Fabaceae and Brassiaceae.
Phylogeography of Angelica nitida (Apiaceae) endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau based on chloroplast DNA sequences
Authors: ZHANG Xue‐Mei , HE Xing‐Jin
Published: May 2013

Geological and climatic changes in the Quaternary of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (Q‐T Plateau) strongly affect the migration route and distribution pattern of the plants in this region. The Angelica nitida Wolff endemic to the Q‐T Plateau was used as a model to examine the response to Quaternary climatic oscillations. Three chloroplast DNA fragments (trnD–trnT, trnQ–rps16, rpl32–trnL) were sequenced and 20 haplotypes were identified. The 20 haplotypes clustered into four major clades, which were associated with geographical distribution, and the populations from the edge of the Q‐T Plateau contained 19 haplotypes. Based on the average substitution rate, the divergence time in A. nitida was estimated at 1.1 million years ago (Mya), 0.80 Mya, and 0.70 Mya, corresponding to the recently continuous uplift of the Q‐T Plateau and the interglacial in the Quaternary. A significant phylogeographic structure was presented (NST > GST, P < 0.01). Our results also suggested that multiple refugia for A. nitida were located on the edge of the Q‐T Plateau in the Quaternary. The restricted gene flow and past fragmentation were likely the major processes that shaped the present‐day spatial distribution of haplotypes in this species. These results suggested that past fragmentation mainly resulted from the maximum glaciation advance on the Q‐T Plateau. The uplift of Loess Plateau, Huya fault of Minshan Mountain could also play important roles responsible for the present phylogeographical pattern of A. nitida.
The Prospective Associations Between Depression and Sexual Satisfaction Among Female Medical Students
Authors: Peleg-Sagy Tal , Shahar Golan
Published: May 2013

Introduction

The direction of the relationships between depression and sexual dissatisfaction is unclear. Possibly, these relationships are influenced by different elements/components of depression represented by different measures (i.e., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D], which highlights mood, vs. Beck Depression Inventory version II [BDI-II], which focuses on cognition and physical symptoms). High-achieving women—such as female medical students, interns, and residents—might be particularly prone to both depression and sexual dissatisfaction.

Aim

The aim of this study is to examine the direction of the longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and sexual dissatisfaction in high-achieving, romantically involved female Israeli medical students and interns/residents using both CES-D and BDI-II.

Methods

One hundred ninety-four female medical students from the first, fourth, and seventh (internship) years from all medical schools in Israel who were currently involved in romantic relationships were assessed twice over a 1-year interval using both CES-D and BDI-II. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling analyses were employed.

Main Outcome Measures

Depressive symptoms were measured by the CES-D and the BDI-II. Sexual satisfaction was assessed by the “partner-satisfaction” factor of the Pinney Sexual Satisfaction Inventory.

Results

Elevated levels of CES-D-measured depression were found (26% at T1 and 13% at T2 above the stricter cutoff point). The direction of the longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and sexual dissatisfaction changed according to the depression measure used: baseline CES-D-measured depression predicted an increase in sexual dissatisfaction over time (β=0.148, P =0.016). Baseline sexual satisfaction predicted an increase in BDI-II-measured depression (β=0.136, P =0.045).

Conclusion

High-achieving, “fully-functioning” female medical students suffer from elevated levels of CES-D-measured depressed mood. Depressed mood might lead to sexual dissatisfaction, which in turn is likely to bring about “clinical,” BDI-II-measured depression. We recommend a routine assessment of depressed mood and sexual dissatisfaction in this population, as well as increased access to tailored intervention for both clinical challenges.
One Patient Out of Four with Newly Diagnosed Erectile Dysfunction is a Young Man—Worrisome Picture from the Everyday Clinical Practice
Authors: Capogrosso Paolo , Colicchia Michele , Ventimiglia Eugenio , Castagna Giulia , Clementi Maria Chiara , Suardi Nazareno , Castiglione Fabio , Briganti Alberto , Cantiello Francesco , Damiano Rocco , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complaint in men over 40 years of age, and prevalence rates increase throughout the aging period. Prevalence and risk factors of ED among young men have been scantly analyzed.

Aim

Assessing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of young men (defined as ≤40 years) seeking first medical help for new onset ED as their primary sexual disorder.

Methods

Complete sociodemographic and clinical data from 439 consecutive patients were analyzed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Patients completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).

Main Outcome Measure

Descriptive statistics tested sociodemographic and clinical differences between ED patients ≤40 years and >40 years.

Results

New onset ED as the primary disorder was found in 114 (26%) men ≤40 years (mean [standard deviation [SD]] age: 32.4 [6.0]; range: 17–40 years). Patients ≤40 years had a lower rate of comorbid conditions (CCI = 0 in 90.4% vs. 58.3%; χ2, 39.12; P < 0.001), a lower mean body mass index value (P = 0.005), and a higher mean circulating total testosterone level (P = 0.005) as compared with those >40 years. Younger ED patients more frequently showed habit of cigarette smoking and use of illicit drug, as compared with older men (all P ≤ 0.02). Premature ejaculation was more comorbid in younger men, whereas Peyronie's disease was prevalent in the older group (all P = 0.03). At IIEF, severe ED rates were found in 48.8% younger men and 40% older men, respectively (P > 0.05). Similarly, rates of mild, mild-to-moderate, and moderate ED were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions

This exploratory analysis showed that one in four patients seeking first medical help for new onset ED was younger than 40 years. Almost half of the young men suffered from severe ED, with comparable rates in older patients. Overall, younger men differed from older individuals in terms of both clinical and sociodemographic parameters.
Effect of zinc intake on serum/plasma zinc status in infants: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Nissensohn Mariela , Sánchez Villegas Almudena , Fuentes Lugo Daniel , Henríquez Sánchez Patricia , Doreste Alonso Jorge , Lowe Nicola M. , Hall Moran Victoria , Skinner Anna Louise , Warthon Medina Marisol , Serra‐Majem Lluis
Published: May 2013

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on serum/plasma Zn status in infants. Out of 5500 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 13 RCTs were selected after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. The influence of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn concentration was considered in the overall meta‐analysis. Other variables were also taken into account as possible effect modifiers: doses of Zn intake, intervention duration, nutritional status and risk of bias. The pooled β of status was 0.09 [confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.12]. However, a substantial heterogeneity was present in the analyses (I2 = 98%; P = 0.00001). When we performed a meta‐regression, the effect of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn status changed depending on the duration of the intervention, the dose of supplementation and the nutritional situation (P ANCOVA = 0.054; <0.001 and <0.007, respectively). After stratifying the sample according to the effect modifiers, the results by duration of intervention showed a positive effect when Zn intake was provided during medium and long periods of time (4–20 weeks and >20 weeks). A positive effect was also seen when doses ranged from 8.1 to 12 mg day−1. In all cases, the pooled β showed high evidence of heterogeneity. Zn supplementation increases serum/plasma Zn status in infants, although high evidence of heterogeneity was found. Further standardised research is urgently needed to reach evidence‐based conclusions to clarify the role of Zn supplementation upon infant serum/plasma Zn status, particularly in Europe.
Fixed Point Theorems for Discontinuous Maps on a Non‐convex Domain
Authors: Fujimoto Takao
Published: May 2013

This paper introduces economists to some fixed point theorems for discontinuous mappings with non‐convex images on a non‐convex domain. These theorems have recently been developed based on a new approach by mathematical economists and mathematicians. The new method of proof is first transformed into a sort of metatheorem, which is then used to obtain a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a map to have a fixed point. Some fixed point theorems for discontinuous maps are then explained in more concrete cases. The formulations are intended for easier applications towards economic models involving discontinuity as well as non‐convexity.
RemA is a DNA‐binding protein that activates biofilm matrix gene expression in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Winkelman Jared T. , Bree Anna C. , Bate Ashley R. , Eichenberger Patrick , Gourse Richard L. , Kearns Daniel B.
Published: May 2013

Biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of the eps and tapA‐sipW‐tasA operons to synthesize the extracellular matrix components, extracellular polysaccharide and TasA amyloid proteins, respectively. Expression of both operons is inhibited by the DNA‐binding protein master regulator of biofilm formation SinR and activated by the protein RemA. Here we show that RemA is a DNA‐binding protein that binds to multiple sites upstream of the promoters of both operons and is both necessary and sufficient for transcriptional activation in vivo and in vitro. We further show that SinR negatively regulates eps operon expression by occluding RemA binding and thus for the Peps promoter SinR functions as an anti‐activator. Finally, transcriptional profiling indicated that RemA was primarily a regulator of the extracellular matrix genes, but it also activated genes involved in osmoprotection, leading to the identification of another direct target, the opuA operon.
Identification and characterization of 2‐naphthoyl‐coenzyme A reductase, the prototype of a novel class of dearomatizing reductases
Authors: Eberlein Christian , Estelmann Sebastian , Seifert Jana , von Bergen Martin , Müller Michael , Meckenstock Rainer U. , Boll Matthias
Published: May 2013

The enzymatic dearomatization of aromatic ring systems by reduction represents a highly challenging redox reaction in biology and plays a key role in the degradation of aromatic compounds under anoxic conditions. In anaerobic bacteria, most monocyclic aromatic growth substrates are converted to benzoyl‐coenzyme A (CoA), which is then dearomatized to a conjugated dienoyl‐CoA by ATP‐dependent or ‐independent benzoyl‐CoA reductases. It was unresolved whether or not related enzymes are involved in the anaerobic degradation of environmentally relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this work, a previously unknown dearomatizing 2‐naphthoyl‐CoA reductase was purified from extracts of the naphthalene‐degrading, sulphidogenic enrichment culture N47. The oxygen‐tolerant enzyme dearomatized the non‐activated ring of 2‐naphthoyl‐CoA by a four‐electron reduction to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthoyl‐CoA. The dimeric 150 kDa enzyme complex was composed of a 72 kDa subunit showing sequence similarity to members of the flavin‐containing ‘old yellow enzyme’ family. NCR contained FAD, FMN, and an iron‐sulphur cluster as cofactors. Extracts of Escherichia coli expressing the encoding gene catalysed 2‐naphthoyl‐CoA reduction. The identified NCR is a prototypical enzyme of a previously unknown class of dearomatizing arylcarboxyl‐CoA reductases that are involved in anaerobic PAH degradation; it fundamentally differs from known benzoyl‐CoA reductases.
APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors: mediators of stress responses and developmental programs
Authors: Licausi Francesco , Ohme‐Takagi Masaru , Perata Pierdomenico
Published: May 2013

Transcription factors belonging to the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family are conservatively widespread in the plant kingdom. These regulatory proteins are involved in the control of primary and secondary metabolism, growth and developmental programs, as well as responses to environmental stimuli. Due to their plasticity and to the specificity of individual members of this family, AP2/ERF transcription factors represent valuable targets for genetic engineering and breeding of crops. In this review, we integrate the evidence collected from functional and structural studies to describe their different mechanisms of action and the regulatory pathways that affect their activity.
Main features of human T helper 17 cells
Authors: Annunziato Francesco , Cosmi Lorenzo , Liotta Francesco , Maggi Enrico , Romagnani Sergio
Published: May 2013

In addition to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, Th17 cells are a third arm of effector CD4+ T cells. Human Th17 cells express RORC and CD161 and originate from RORC‐expressing CD161+ precursors, which migrate to lymphoid tissue and differentiate into mature Th17 cells in response to interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐23. Human Th17 cells are rare in inflammed tissues for two reasons: (1) Th17 cells do not produce IL‐2 and, therefore, do not proliferate in response to TCR signaling, mainly because of RORC‐dependent IL‐4I1–mediated mechanisms that interfere with IL‐2 gene activation; and (2) Th17 cell shift to a Th1 phenotype in the presence of IL‐12; such Th17‐derived Th1 cells are considered to be nonclassical Th1 cells and can be distinguished from classical Th1 cells. The possible role of Th17 cells in human tumors is still unclear and even controversial.
In silico modeling of cancer cell dissemination and metastasis
Authors: Wai Lu‐En , Narang Vipin , Gouaillard Alexandre , Ng Lai Guan , Abastado Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2013

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer‐related death. It is surprising then that the exact nature of metastasis—the process by which cancer cells leave the primary tumor to reach distant organs, and resume proliferation—is not fully understood. Moreover, the different conditions under which the immune system can either promote or suppress metastasis are only now beginning to be uncovered. In recent years, our understanding of metastasis as a genocentric, cell‐autonomous process has shifted toward a systemic model in which interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironments lead to dissemination and metastasis. In silico modeling of the various steps involved in metastasis can help provide an understanding of how tumor properties emerge from the complex interplays between tumor cells and their microenvironment. In silico models can also be useful in identifying the selective forces that favor the outcomes of cancer cells with metastatic potential.
Ongoing adaptive immune responses in the microenvironment of melanoma metastases
Authors: van Baren Nicolas , Coulie Pierre G.
Published: May 2013

A large body of evidence supports the idea that the tumor environment is immunosuppressive, notably for T lymphocytes. Yet, in some tumor types, the presence of tumor‐infiltrating T cells has favorable prognostic value. In order to better understand the functional value of T cells in human tumors, we focused on cutaneous metastases of melanoma and observed that some of them host ectopic lymphoid structures in which B cell, and possibly T cell, responses take place. This observation is discussed in the context of current views on immunosuppression in tumors.
Cancer immunoediting: antigens, mechanisms, and implications to cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Vesely Matthew D. , Schreiber Robert D.
Published: May 2013

Accumulated data from animal models and human cancer patients strongly support the concept that the immune system can identify and control nascent tumor cells in a process called cancer immunosurveillance. In addition, the immune system can also promote tumor progression through chronic inflammation, immunoselection of poorly immunogenic variants, and suppressing antitumor immunity. Together, the dual host‐protective and tumor‐promoting actions of immunity are referred to as cancer immunoediting. The current framework of cancer immunoediting is a dynamic process comprised of three distinct phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Recently, we demonstrated that immunoselection by CD8+ T cells of tumor variants lacking strong tumor‐specific antigens represents one mechanism by which cancer cells escape tumor immunity and points toward the future of personalized cancer therapy.
New fossil mantidflies (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae) from the Mesozoic of north‐eastern China
Authors: JEPSON JAMES E. , HEADS SAM W. , MAKARKIN VLADIMIR N. , REN DONG
Published: May 2013

Abstract:  Three new genera and four new species of the extinct mantidfly subfamily Mesomantispinae (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae) are described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia: Archaeodrepanicus nuddsi gen. et sp. nov., A. acutus gen. et sp. nov., Sinomesomantispa microdentata gen. et sp. nov., (Yixian Formation) and Clavifemora rotundata gen. et sp. nov. (Jiulongshan Formation). The specimens described herein represent the first Mesozoic mantidfly compression fossils to have body parts preserved, including the specialized raptorial forelegs articulated to the prothorax anteriorly, an autapomorphy of the family. These new taxa further confirm the placement of the subfamily Mesomantispinae within the family Mantispidae; however, the monophyly of Mesomantispinae has not been confirmed, and it is likely that it will prove to be paraphyletic.
Time‐averaging and fidelity of modern death assemblages: building a taphonomic foundation for conservation palaeobiology
Authors: Kidwell Susan M.
Published: May 2013

Ecosystems today are under growing pressure, with human domination at many scales. It is difficult, however, to gauge what has changed or been lost – and why – in the absence of data from periods before human activities. Actualistic taphonomic studies, originally motivated to understand preservational controls on deep‐time fossil records, are now providing insights into modern death assemblages as historical archives of present‐day ecosystems, turning taphonomy on its head. This article reviews the past 20 years of work on the temporal resolution and ability of time‐averaged skeletal assemblages to capture ecological information faithfully, focusing primarily on molluscs from soft‐sediment seafloors. Two promising arenas for ‘applied taphonomy’ are then highlighted: (1) using live‐dead mismatch – that is, observed discordance in the diversity, species composition, and distribution of living animals and co‐occurring skeletal remains – to recognize recent anthropogenic change, and (2) using time‐averaged death assemblages as windows into regional diversity and long‐term baselines, as a supplement or substitute for conventional live‐collected data. Meta‐analysis and modelling find that, in unaltered habitats, live‐dead differences in community‐level attributes can be generated largely or entirely by time‐averaging of natural spatial and temporal variability in living assemblages, on time frames consistent with the range of shell ages observed in death assemblages. Time‐averaging coarsens the temporal and spatial resolution of biological information in predictable ways; by comparison, taphonomic bias of information arising from differential preservation, production and transport of shells is surprisingly modest. Several challenges remain for basic taphonomic research, such as empirical and analytical methods of refining the temporal resolution of death assemblages; assessing the fate of resolution and fidelity with progressive burial; and expanding our understanding of the dynamics of skeletal accumulation in other groups and settings. Rather than shunning human‐impacted areas as inappropriate analogues of the deep past, we should capitalize on them to explore the fundamental controls on skeletal accumulation and to develop robust protocols for bringing time‐averaged death assemblages into the toolkits of conservation biology and environmental management.
A Triassic seed with an angiosperm‐like wind dispersal mechanism
Authors: Axsmith Brian J. , Fraser Nicholas C. , Corso Taryn
Published: May 2013

The earliest record of a seed with a pappus‐like, parachute seed dispersal mechanism, Edenia villisperma gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Upper Triassic of the eastern United States. The seed is small and roughly triangular. Clusters of long hairs emerge from a whorl of at least five circular scars just below the proximal end. This morphology indicates that the hair clusters represent modified lateral structures similar to the pappus of several eudicot angiosperm groups, but probably representing a case of convergent evolution of a similar structure in a gymnosperm. The seeds are usually found isolated, but one specimen indicates that they were born tightly packed together on an axis. A few earlier records exist of dispersal hairs, but this is the first clearly indicating a pappus‐like structure. Although the exact affinities of Edenia are uncertain, this seed demonstrates that plants with highly advanced wind dispersal mechanisms occurred at least 55 million years earlier than previously thought.