bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terminology in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: MASSION FRANÇOIS
Published: April 2021

Abstract Until a few years ago, artificial intelligence (AI) played no role in practical terminology work. Meanwhile, intelligent terminology management systems have become part of the tool landscape. They model knowledge by building concept networks with the help of relations.
These intelligent terminologies can help improve the performance and quality of AI-based applications and support translators and interpreters in their daily work. Intelligent terminology repositories offer challenging new opportunities for translators, interpreters and knowledge workers.
This article gives some background information and explains the functioning of intelligent terminologies.
Single Acupuncture Treatment Can Reduce the Level of Uric Acid and Alleviating Pain in Gouty Arthritis, a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Pei , Deng Li , Lv Yiwen , Xu Huachong , Zhao Huan , Chen Xiaoyin
Published: April 2021

Objective: The effectiveness and safety of single acupuncture on gouty arthritis were systematically evaluated by comparing the effectiveness of Western medicine and single acupuncture on gouty arthritis. Methods: Two reviewers collected and screened the literature, and extracted relevant
information, including: course of disease, random method, intervention measures, course of treatment, detection indicators, adverse reactions, etc. Objective: The effectiveness and safety of single acupuncture on gouty arthritis were systematically evaluated by comparing the effectiveness
of Western medicine and single acupuncture on gouty arthritis. Methods: Two reviewers collected and screened the literature, and extracted relevant information, including: course of disease, random method, intervention measures, course of treatment, detection indicators, adverse reactions,
etc. Quality assessment, meta-analysis, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were performed. The main outcomes included total effective rate and serum uric acid, while secondary outcomes included pain integral, adverse events and follow-up shedding etc. Results: 26 RCTs were screened
out, with a total of 2048 participants. The results show that the total effective rate of single acupuncture treatment of gouty arthritis is higher than that of the Western medicine group [OR = 4.33, 95% CI (3.22, 5.82)], and it had a certain clinical advantage in reducing the level of uric
acid [MD = –68.39, 95% CI(–97. 47, –39.31)], the analgesic effect is equivalent to that of Western medicine. There were no adverse reactions were reported in the single acupuncture treatment group. Conclusion: The results show that single acupuncture is more effective and
safer than Western medicine in the treatment of gouty arthritis. However, due to the low quality of the included literature, these results should be interpreted with caution; more scientific clinical RCTs are needed to verify the effect of single acupuncture on gouty arthritis.
EVALUASI METODE KERJA PEKERJAAN PEMASANGAN BATA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE TIME AND MOTION STUDY
Authors: Mufida Muslimatul , Seputro Haryono , Romli Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Pekerjaan pasangan bata merupakan salah satu pekerjaan pada proyek konstruksi yang mempunyai volume pekerjaan dan jumlah tenaga kerja yang besar. Peningkatan produktivitas tenaga kerja pada suatu pekerjaan proyek konstruksi dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan perbaikan terhadap metode kerja yang digunakan oleh tenaga kerja tersebut. Karena itu perlu kiranya dilakukan suatu telaah terhadap pekerjaan yang dilakukan pada proyek konstruksi dalam kaitan metode kerjanya sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produktivitasnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan deskriptif-kuantitatif. Data penelitian ini didapatkan dari pengisian lembar kuisioner dan pencatatan langsung menggunakan bantuan form metode kerja dengan bantuan stopwatch dalam pengukurannnya, pengambilan data dilakukan pada jam kerja selama 7 hari kerja. Dilakukan di proyek Pembangunan Seed Bank Unit Usaha Agro Techno Park Jatikerto Universitas Brawijaya Malang, dengan jumlah tukang 11 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari hasil pengolahan data, tingkat produktivitas pekerja dapat diketahui bahwa pekerja yang memiliki rerata tingkat produktivitas terbesar adalah Yaseri sebesar 1,35 m2/jam, Terendah adalah Suratman dengan produktivitas 0,23 m2/jam, Rata-rata produktivitas harian tertinggi selama 7 (tujuh) hari penelitian yaitu sebesar 1,00 m2/jam yaitu pada hari pertama penelitian. Metode kerja mempengaruhi produktivitas kerja diketahui bahwa dari sebelas sampel dengan metode kerja yang ada, dapat terlihat bahwa kegiatan yang dilakukan pada masing-masing metode kerja ada perbedaannya.
Robotic strawberry harvest is promising but will need improved technology and higher wages to be economically viable
Authors: Delbridge Timothy
Published: April 2021

While the prospect of robotic harvest in strawberry production has received much attention within the strawberry industry and the popular press, there is little available information on the economic feasibility of this technology. It is not clear how close the industry is to being able to profitably adopt robotic harvest systems; also unclear is the relative importance of wage rates, robotic harvest efficiencies and machinery field speeds on the adoption threshold. This study aims to clarify these issues by estimating the net income to strawberry production under robotic harvest scenarios, and comparing the values to standard enterprise budgets for strawberry production in California under different wage rates for harvest labor. Results confirm that robotic harvest remains economically unviable under current wage rates and the field speeds and harvest efficiencies achieved by leading robotic harvest development teams. However, results indicate that with expected increases in wage rates in the coming years, and with modest improvements in the technical parameters, use of robotic systems will likely become profitable in some form.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF β-DEFENSIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ECZEMA OF VARYING SEVERITY
Authors: Lysenko K. I.
Published: April 2021

The infectious nature of the process in microbial eczema or complications of bacterial infection of true eczema indicates an impairment in the immune system, especially innate immunity. Primary pathogen receptors, the complement system, phagocytosis, interferons, and endogenous antibiotic peptides play a crucial role in the body's innate defense. The first line of defense is provided by antimicrobial peptides, which are non−specific factors of humoral immunity, and have endotoxin−neutralizing and immune modulatory activity, as well as act against a wide range of microorganisms. One of them is defensins, which are cationic amphipathic peptides with a length of 30 to 42 amino acids with a three−stranded β−plate structure containing three disulfide bonds. The main producers of human β−defensins (Human Beta Defensin) are various epithelial cells, including keratinocytes. Defensins have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic effects. β−defensins are active against gram−positive and gram−negative bacteria, in addition, they exhibit anti−yeast activity. In patients, the severity of dermatosis was determined based on the calculation of EASI (Eczema Area Severity Index), the content of Human Beta Defensin was done with enzyme−linked immunosorbent assay, in the serum of patients with chronic eczema, it was increased 15.9 times compared to the control group. Quantitative levels of Human Beta Defensin 2 have been shown to be closely related to the disease severity. The content of Human Beta Defensin 2 in the serum of patients with chronic eczema may be a marker of the dermatosis severity.

Key words: chronic eczema, true and microbial eczema, pathogenesis, β−defensin, severity.
AGE FEATURES OF SOME FORMS OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Popov M. M. , Dorosh D. M. , Malanchuk S. G. , Gololobova O. V. , Grechishkina Yu. O. , Sorokina A. V.
Published: April 2021

Epstein−Barr virus occupies an important place in the structure of infectious lesions of herpesvirus etiology. In order to study the age−related course of chronic infection caused by Epstein−Barr virus, a study was conducted with involvement of 141 patients. According to the results of our study, we found that a chronic infection caused by Epstein−Barr virus is characterized with polymorphism of clinical symptoms, there are certain features of its manifestations depending on the age of patients. Among the clinical manifestations of the infection, chronic tonsillitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and peripheral lymphadenopathy were most often found. Peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepatolienal syndrome and chronic tonsillitis were most common in the patients aged 18−25 years, prolonged subfebrility was noted in the age group of 26−35 years, and chronic fatigue syndrome, arthralgia and myalgia among were observed in the patients aged 36−45 years. A study of the recurrence rate in patients with chronic infection caused by Epstein−Barr virus of different age groups revealed that patients aged 18−25 and 26−35 years had 1−2 recurrences during the year, and those aged 36−45 years had 4 ones and more. Analysis of the results of laboratory studies showed that the patients with chronic infection caused by Epstein−Barr virus, compared with the control group showed a significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, relative lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as a decrease in absolute and relative neutrophil content, indicating leukocyte blood formula, characteristic of the viral etiology of the disease associated with Epstein−Barr virus. There was no correlation between the clinical analysis of blood with age of the patients with chronic infection caused by Epstein−Barr virus. Key words: herpesvirus infection, chronic Epstein − Barr virus infection, disease course, clinical and laboratory parameters, immune system.
MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NECROFASCIOTOMY AND INFILTRATION WITH OZONATED SALINE AREA OF DEEP CIRCULAR BURN OF SKIN WITH UNDERLYING TISSUES COMPLICATED BY COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
Authors: Kurbanov Teimur Ahaliievich , Kravtsov O. V. , Myroshnychenko M. S. , Isaev Yu. I.
Published: April 2021

Compartment syndrome is one of the complications of tissue damage of various origins, the basis of which is the compression of blood vessels and disruption of blood supply to tissues due to an increased local pressure in the closed space of the fascial sheath. The consequences of compartment syndrome can be local and general. An effective treatment of compartment syndrome in burns is to perform a necrotomy, which due to decompression helps to reduce intra−tissue pressure and diminish the scale of necrotic changes in tissues. In order to morphologically evaluate the effectiveness of necrofasciotomy, as well as the one in combination with infiltration of ozonated saline area of deep circular skin burns with underlying tissues, complicated by compartment syndrome, an experimental study was conducted. Circular deep burns, complicated by the formation of compartment syndrome, were simulated in 18 WAG rats. To reduce the pressure in the burned and surrounding tissues, surgical interventions such as necrofasciotomy were performed, which provided a notable reduction in pressure. In parallel, infiltration of damaged tissues with ozonated saline was performed, which was bubbled for 15 minutes at a dissolved ozone concentration of 4.0±0.2 mg / l, which improved microcirculation and reduced tissue hypoxia. The findings indicate that the compartment syndrome is characterized by a significant severity of general pathology. Performance of necrofasciotomy of a burn wound with its infiltration by ozonated physiological solution in comparison with just necrofasciotomy has more positive medical effect, and efficiency of these medical measures increases when they are performed at early terms (day 1) of formation of a burn wound in comparison with late terms (day 3). Key words: burns, surgical treatment, compartment syndrome, histological examinations.
CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19
Authors: Shmatko Yu. V. , Bondar O. B.
Published: April 2021

COVID−19 is an acute respiratory viral disease caused by the RNA virus of the SARS−CoV−2 (2019 nCoV) coronavirus family and can have both mild course in the form of acute respiratory viral infection and severe one with frequent complications such as pneumonia, thrombosis, cerebrovascular disorders and high mortality. Hypoxia of the brain and spinal cord is associated with impaired gas exchange in the pulmonary alveoli, progressive respiratory failure with subsequent decompensation of function and structural damage to all organs and systems. Neurological disorders in COVID−19, observed in almost a half of patients, can be divided into three groups: manifestations of the central nervous system, lesions of the peripheral nervous system, myopathy. In order to study the lesion of the nervous system in patients with COVID−19, a history of acute cerebrovascular disorders and clinical picture of stroke without the emergence of new foci in neuroimaging, three clinical cases were analyzed. All patients complained of speech impairment, disorientation in time and space, numbness and weakness in the extremities on the background of acute cerebrovascular accident in the anamnesis, accompanied by general weakness and fever to subfebrile figures. COVID−19 pneumonia was observed during computed tomography of the lungs. However, during neuroimaging new foci of infarction were not identified. Thus, given the lack of new foci of infarction during neuroimaging, lack of hypercoagulation and cardiac causes, it can be concluded that focal symptoms in patients with COVID−19 with a history of stroke cause hypoxia of brain cells in the area around the necrotic foci resulted from previous heart attacks.

Key words: nervous system, lesions, COVID−19, coronaviruses, encephalopathy, hypoxia.
MODERN ULTRASONOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES FOR MASSIVE INJURIES OF SHOULDER JOINT ROTATOR CUFF TENDONS
Authors: Dudnyk T. A.
Published: April 2021

Recently the development of medical technologies has led to a significant progress in diagnosis of the shoulder joint diseases. The leading role in this was played by an improvement of such imaging methods as magnetic resonance imaging, high−resolution ultrasound scanning, having an advantage over traditional radiography, as they allow the diagnosis the pathology not only of bone structures but also of soft tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging has become the main method of visualizing the soft tissue structures of musculoskeletal system, but the high cost of the study, lack of clear and distinct indications for it reduce the number of patients. Ultrasound has proven to be one of the main methods of objective diagnosis in patients with musculoskeletal pathology, and high−frequency sensors can visualize articular cartilage and its structure, tendons of the shoulder rotator cuff and tendons of the long head of the biceps. In order to determine the most significant differential diagnostic criteria for massive rupture of the shoulder rotational cuff with the help of two−dimensional mode, color and energy Doppler mapping and functional ultrasonography, 32 patients operated on this subject were examined. The following ultrasound data were evaluated: homogeneity, echogenicity, integrity of tendon contours, presence of effusion in bursae and tendon sheaths, number of vascular signals in the affected area during color and energy Doppler mapping, if needed − the results of functional tests. Thus, modern ultrasound capabilities allow its use both for primary diagnosis and for monitoring the treatment process, which, in turn, directly affects the choice of treatment.

Key words: shoulder joint, rotator cuff, ultrasound, diagnostics.
STATE OF SYSTEMIC HEMODYNAMICS FOR CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGY IN DIFFERENT COMBINED ANESTHESIA TYPES
Authors: Vlasov O. O.
Published: April 2021

General anesthesia for a surgical correction of congenital malformations in children is accompanied, in particular, by the disorders of systemic hemodynamics. In order to assess the impact of different types of combined anesthesia on the state of systemic hemodynamics in surgical correction of congenital malformations, a retrospective study of the treatment of 150 newborns and infants was conducted. These were children with various congenital malformations, but the most common were intestinal obstruction and abdominal tumors. Three groups of patients were formed depending on the type of combined anesthesia during surgical correction of abnormalities: I − inhalation (sevorane) + regional anesthesia; II − inhalation (sevorane) + intravenous anesthesia (fentanyl); III − total intravenous anesthesia with two drugs: analgesic (fentanyl) and drug sleep on the background of intravenous injection of hypnotics (20 % sodium oxybutyrate). There were preformed the surgeries: thoracic, urological, abdominal. The study was retrospectively evaluated in five stages. The analysis of systemic hemodynamics showed a tendency to reduce diastolic blood pressure in children treated with anesthesia with two intravenous drugs (hypnotic and fentanyl), during all observation stages and a significant decrease in this index at the most painful and traumatic period. At the time of induction of anesthesia in children there was a decrease in heart rate. According to the research results, it is concluded that when using the pre−hypnotics as part of combined anesthesia in children with congenital malformations during surgery there is a risk of complications from central hemodynamics in the form of vasodilation, which leads to a drop in blood pressure and increases compensatively the heart contractions.

Key words: infants, congenital malformations, anesthesia, hemodynamics.
WAYS TO IMPROVE DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH POSTCHOLECYSTECTOMY SYNDROME
Authors: Gorbulitch O. V. , Yefimenko S. H. , Pavlychenko S. A. , Lazutkina O. A. , Aleksanian K. A.
Published: April 2021

Postcholecystectomy syndrome is a symptom complex that occurs or worsens after cholecystectomy and is a functional and / or organic disorder. It often complicates the post−surgery course of gallstone disease. The presence of symptoms of the disease indicates a deterioration in the quality of life of patients, but the diagnostic examination is not always possible to detect morphological or functional changes. Thus, at present the syndrome is an urgent problem of gastroenterology and biliary surgery. Diagnostic issues with a differentiated approach to the functional or organic nature of postcholecystectomy syndrome are important for the choice of further treatment tactics. In order to improve the diagnostic algorithm taking into account the changes in the area of the major duodenal papilla, a study was conducted in 137 patients. To determine the functional disorders of the sphincter of Oddi there was used the method of ultrasound investigation of hepatobiliary area and Vater's papilla with choleretic loading on Boyden as well as the Grigoriev's methods in the absence of organic obstruction of the terminal choledochus at previous stages of examination. Morphological changes in the major duodenal papilla area were evaluated using the technique of parietal ph−impedancemetry, which was performed on the background of benign mechanical jaundice in the patients after cholecystectomy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography prior to endoscopic papillosphincterotomy. The obtained results help to perform a differentiated approach to the patients who underwent cholecystectomy, taking into account morphofunctional changes in the area of the major duodenal papilla and allow the implementation of the selected methods to the research algorithm of patients with postcholecystectomy syndrome.

Key words: postcholecystectomy syndrome, functional and organic changes of major duodenal papilla, patency of the terminal choledochus, treatment tactics.
Effectiveness of Kaltenborn Posterior Glide and Coracohumeral Ligament Positional Stretching on External Rotation Range of Motion in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis
Authors: Sungjemmongla Walling  , Abhijit Kalita  , Abhijit Dutta
Published: April 2021

Background:Adhesive capsulitis is a common and debilitating medical condition which is treated by varioussurgical and non-surgical treatments but there is no significant method universally. Physical therapists usevarious shoulder mobilization techniques to improve the ROM. Radiographic and surgical evidence presentstightened CHL to be a prime contributor to inadequate shoulder external rotation in individuals diagnosedwith adhesive capsulitis.Objective: To determine the combined effectiveness of Kaltenborn posterior glide and coracohumeralligament (CHL) positional stretching on external rotation in patients with adhesive capsulitis.Methods and Measures:A number of 30 subjects, both Male and Female with a primary diagnosis ofshoulder adhesive capsulitis by the physician were recruited. 15 subjects each were randomly assignedto Group-A(Experimental) and Group-B(control). All subjects received 6 therapy sessions consisting ofmoist heat, shoulder pendular and ROM exercises, Kaltenborn posterior glide and Coracohumeral ligamentpositional stretching in Group-A. Moist heat, shoulder pendular and ROM exercises in Group-B. Pre-testand post-test were carried out for both the groups and analysed using paired and independent t tests in anSPSS software.Results: The experimental group(Group-A) mean VAS score had decreased from 6.27 to 3.73, SPADI meanscore decreased from 0.534 to 0.380 and also Goniometer (Shoulder external ROM) showed an improvementfrom 29.2 to 35.33 but when intergroup analysis was done, it resulted in significance only for SPADI wherep < 0.05. Through this measure, we can state that the treatment protocol for group A had a significantimprovement in disability but not much on pain and ROM in patients with adhesive capsulitis.Conclusion: All the interventions has brought about some improvement in each group post-treatment basedon the mean score but its significance vary. So, this study can be concluded that, the treatment protocol,Kaltenborn posterior glide and CHL positional stretching could bring a significant difference with regard todisabilty but not much of difference in pain and ROM in patients with adhesive capsulitis.
Assess the Effects of Back Massage to Improve Sleeping Pattern of the Postoperative Cardiothoracic Patients among the Selected Hospitals
Authors: Vaishali Tembhare  , Menaka S.P.
Published: April 2021

Background : During the recovery time after cardiac surgery, some patients find that they have disturbed sleep.This is due to a combination of the effects of anesthesia, pain or discomfort in the area of the incisions, back,shoulder, and neck pain from manipulation of body during surgical procedure and the post-operative changesto daily routine and stress. Lack of sleep may cause fatigue; delay in recovery process and lead to prolongedhospitalization Therapeutic back massage has gained support as an intervention that improves the overallrelaxation of the body. Patients experience back massage as a calming, stimulating and effective measure ofsleep-inducing influence. Objectives: To assess the sleeping pattern of post operative cardiothoracic patientsbefore giving back massage, To assess the sleeping pattern of post operative cardiothoracic patients aftergiving back massage, To compare the difference between before and after massage effect on sleeping patternof post operative cardiothoracic patients, To correlate the effects of back massage with selected demographicvariables and to find out association between before and after back massage effects on sleeping pattern ofpost operative cardiothoracic patients. Material and Methods: An experimental method research with aconfiguration which is quasi experimental (non-randomized control group). This research was carried outin selected hospitals of the Vidharbha Region on postoperative cardiothoracic patient. Result: Statisticallysignificant difference was found in sleeping pattern score of postoperative cardiothoracic patients, beforeand after massage effect in experimental group. Conclusion: Massage evokes an aura of acceptance, bodyrespect and treatment. The intimate personal contact suggested in massage improves the bond between thenurse and the patient and this in effect provides an environment for wellbeing and healing. The present studyconcludes that back massage has an effect on improving the sleep pattern of postoperative cardiothoracicpatients in order to cope with the problem of postoperative sleep disruption that helps to recover early aftersurgery.
Molecular Co-Localization of Human Epstein Barr Virus Infection Associated with the Expressed Protein of Cyclin D1 \Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Tissues
Authors: Jaffar Nouri Jaffar Alalsaidissa  , Ali Abdullah Zahraa , Abed-AlkadumAlajeely Ausama , Mohammed Ali Saad Hasan , Mohammed Al-Alwany Shakir H
Published: April 2021

This retrospective case-control study to assess the impact of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression along withEBV infection with Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL).80 lymph node included in this study; (40) formalin-fixed,paraffin- embedded biopsies from Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and (40) apparently healthy lymph nodes ascontrol group. EBV detection was done by CISH whereas IHC detection system was used to evaluate bothCyclin D1 & CDK4 gene expression.The positive –EBERs CISH reactions detected in 16 / 40 (40 %) of Hodgkin lymphoma tissues while positive- EBERs reactions detected in 3 out of 40 tissues (7.5%) in control lymph nodes tissues. Statistically wasfound highly significant between study groups (P value = < 0.05). Cyclin D1 & CDK4 -IHC were detectedin 40% and 52.5% of HL, respectively. Statistically, significant differences noticed among negative, low andmoderate scoring of tissues (P<0.05).Significant EBV gene expressions along with higher percentage of tissues in which Cyclin D1 & CDK4genes being expressed may be indicator their possible role in the pathogenesis and / or the carcinogenesis ofa subset of our Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases.
Molecular Study of Virulence Factors (Cysteine Protease-1 and Amoebapore-C) for Entamoeba histolytica in Babylon Province
Authors: Entessar Hatif Abd Al-Kathem Al-Murshidi  , Ahmed Khudhair Al-Hamairy  , Hadi Meziel Khudhair
Published: April 2021

A molecular study was conducted for the period from December 2019 to May 2020, which includedexamining (50) positive stool samples by using the direct smear method. that was revealed by the method ofpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the gene (18SrRNA), with a percentage of 82%, distributed 87.8%for males and 70.6% for females. Then for determine the virulence factors ( Cysteine proteinase-1) and(Amoebapores-C) by using primers, with (PCR)technique , and then electrophoresis on the agarose gel havebeen done , the results were positive for Cysteine proteinase-1 (APC-1) at a wavelength (212 bp) and theAmoebapore-C (Amo-C) at a wavelength (536 bp). Five random positive samples of the PCR product in thecurrent study were sent to Macrogen in South Korea for the purpose of determining the DNA sequence ofthe amoebapore- C gene present in the Entamoeba histolytica, and it is the first study in Iraq and Babylonprovince that is genetically determined by the NCBI These genotypes of the amoebic holes gene are recordedin the gene bank. The results of the study showed that all the transmitted isolates are identical with NCBIisolates with the USA samples registered with the gene bank with accession number AY956434.2, whichare the isolated samples belonging to the American samples and diagnosed with the number MS30-1043 ofthe USA study by the researcher Bhattacharya et al. (2005) with the current study samples As it was 100%identical. These samples were recorded in the genebank for the first time for this Amoebapore C gene underAccession No. For samples (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) in sequences are MT951203, MT951204, MT951205, MT951206and MT951207, respectively.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde Madeni ve Kâğıt Para Kalpazanlığında Yabancıların ve Yabancı Ülkelerin Rolü (1818-1923)
Authors: Öztel Muharrem
Published: April 2021

19.Yüzyıldan 20.yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar, Osmanlı piyasalarında önü alınamayan kalpazanlık faaliyetleri zaman içerisinde daha da derinleşip yaygınlaşarak para piyasasının çözülemeyen ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Genellikle münferit olmaktan ileri geçmemesi gereken kalpazanlığa ilişkin olaylar, iç ve dış siyasi, idari, mali ve iktisadi şartların beslediği ve şekillendirdiği piyasa ortamında, zamanla yaygınlaşarak ülke içinden ve dışından bağlantılarla organize hale gelmiştir. Kalpazanlık, başta İstanbul olmak üzere muhtelif eyalet piyasaları üzerinden beslenen kalpazanlar için ciddi bir kazanç kapısı haline gelmiştir. Bu dönemde kalpazanların ürettikleri kalp madeni ve kâğıt paraların, ülke içinde üretilenlerin yanında önemli bir kısmının, Osmanlı'da ikamet eden ve etmeyen yabancı kalpazanlar tarafından, çeşitli ülkelerde üretilip başta İstanbul olmak üzere muhtelif eyalet piyasalarına sürüldüğü görülür. Kalpazanların idari ve adli kontrolden uzakta kendileri için Osmanlı ülkesine oranla daha az riskli, teknik olarak daha kolay üretim yapabilecekleri ve güvenli buldukları ülkeleri tercih ettikleri söylenebilir. İncelediğimiz dönem içinde kalpazanların bu faaliyetlerini kalkan görevi işleviyle kolaylaştıran iki neden öne çıkmıştır. Bu nedenlerden biri, kalpazanların sahte para imali için seçtikleri ülkelerin Osmanlı parasını taklit edenlerin işlediği suça karşı adeta koruyucu ve teşvik edici sonuçlar doğuran duyarsız politikalarıdır. Diğeri ve en önemlisi ise Osmanlı yönetimi tarafından son iki yüzyıl içinde yabancı ülke vatandaşlarına kapitülasyonlar adı altında verilen ve zamanla teamüllerle artan adlî imtiyazların koruyucu etkisidir.
Settlements and Population of the Presentday Montenegrin Polimlje in the Second Half of 15th Century
Authors: Premovıć Marijan
Published: April 2021

The term Montenegrin Polimlje in this paper refers to the territory of the following medieval nahiyas: Limski Nikšići, Ljuboviđa, Plav, Izla Rijeka, Komnin and Komarani. These nahiyas were located in the region of the present-day northern Montenegro. Bihor fortress was also located there and the villages belonging to the fortress commander have also been presented. The data from the following Ottoman Defters have been used in order to present the settlements and population of the second half of 15th century in this area: The Collective Cadastral Defter of the provincial governor Isa-Beg Ishaković of 1455 (Hicri 859 Tarihli Suret-i Defter-i Mücmel), The Summary Defter of the Sanjak of Bosnia of 1468/69 (1468/69 Tarihli Bosna Sancağı İcmal Tahrir Defteri), The Individual Defter of the Sanjak of Herzegovina Vilayet of 1475/7 (Defter-i Esami-i Sancak-ı Hersek), The Summary Defter of Pasha Sanjak of 1477/8 (Paşa Sancağı İcmal Defteri), The Summary Defter of Bosnia Sanjak of 1485 (Bosna Sancağı İcmal Defteri), The Inventory Defter of Scutari Sanjak of 1485 (İskenderiye Sancağı Mufassal Defteri) and the Comprehensive Defter of Bosnia Sanjak of 1489 (Bosna Sancağı Tapu Tahrir Defteri). This is the fi rst time these seven defters have been used together to do an exhaustive research of the title territory. The author has listed nahiyas, names of villages, their respective households, bachelors, widows, gross income and population.
KEMALPAŞAZÂDE (İBN KEMAL), Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman: III. Defter, hazırlayan: Abdullah Satun, Çamlıca Basım Yayın: 171, 1. bs., İstanbul 2014. [Kitap Tanıtımı]
Authors: Günaydın Yusuf Turan
Published: April 2021

Üç Osmanlı padişahı (Bâyezid II, Yavuz, Kanunî) devrine denk gelen askerî-siyasî bir hayatı bulunan İbn Kemâl, tarihçiler arasında daha çok Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân adlı on ciltlik eseriyle tanınır. Osmanlı tarihi alanında klasik bir eser (kronik) olan Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân'ın dağınık bir biçimde altı cildi Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından basılmıştır. Kurum, eserin ilk cildini ayrıca tıpkıbasım olarak da yayımlamıştır. Bu cildin uzun yıllardır mevcudu tükenmiş bulunmaktadır. Çamlıca Basım Yayın tarafından hazırlatılan III. Defter, Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman'ın bugüne kadar Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından hazırlatılmamış ciltlerinden biridir. TTK, eserin neşrine VII. Defter'in tıpkıbasımıyla1 başlamış (1954), peşinden aynı cildin tenkitli transkripsiyonunu2 basmış (1957), daha sonra ise sırasıyla I. Defter (1970), II. Defter (1983)3 , X. Defter (1996)4 , VIII. Defter (1997)5 ve IV. Defter'i (2000)6 yayımlamıştır. V. Defter'e ait nüshalar hiçbir kütüphanede yoktur (kayıptır) ve bu sebeple basılmayan bu defterle birlikte TTK, eserin III., VI. ve IX. Defterlerini bugüne kadar hiç yayımlamamış bulunmaktadır. Ne var ki Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman'ın IX. Defter'i de Ahmet Uğur tarafından hazırlanmış ve Berlin'de basılmıştır: The Reign of Sultan Selim I in the Lights of Selim-nâme Literature (1985). Bu durumda eserin III. ve IX. Defterleri TTK dışındaki yayınevlerince basılmış; VI. Defter'i ise bugüne kadar hiçbir yayınevi tarafından basılmamış bulunmaktadır. V. Defter'i ise -tekrarlayalım ki- kayıptır.
Yerkurgan Merkez Tapınağı Arkeolojik Kazı ve Konservasyon Çalışması (Özbekistan/Kaşkaderya)
Authors: Çeşmeli̇ İbrahim
Published: April 2021

Bu makale, 2017 yılında Güney Sogdiana'da (Özbekistan/Kaşkaderya) Yerkurgan Şehir Harabesi Merkez Tapınağı'nda yapılan arkeolojik kazı hakkındadır. Zerdüştlükle bağlantılı ateş tapınağı fonksiyonu gören Merkez Tapınağı'nda, 2013 yılında başlanılan arkeolojik çalışmalar 2017 yılında devam etti. 2017 yılında yapılan arkeolojik kazı neticesinde, üst tabakada daha geç döneme ait bir taban ile onun üzerinde bir ateş altarı tespit edildi. Ateş altarı, dört ana yöne göre konumlanan kare planlı yapının kuzey bölümünde ortaya çıkarıldı. Bu ateş altarı, güney duvarının ortasındaki kapı ile aynı eksendedir. Bu kazı çalışmasında, üst tabanın altında, daha erken döneme ait bir duvarın üst bölümü ortaya çıkarıldı. Bu duvar, kuzeydeki altardan başlayıp yapının merkezine uzanmaktadır. Bu mimari buluntular dışında günlük ve ritüel seramikler de gün yüzüne çıkarıldı. Bu ritüel seramikler içinde yılan fi gürlü seramik kayda değerdir.
XV. Yüzyıl Bânilerinden Çakır Ağa ve Mimari Eserleri
Authors: Yazıcı Meti̇n Nurcan
Published: April 2021

Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in çakırcıbaşısı olarak tanınan Çakır Ağa hakkındaki bilgiler sınırlıdır. Üsküp doğumlu olan Çakır Ağa II. Murad Dönemi'nde Bursa subaşılığı görevinde bulunmuş; İstanbul'un fethine katılmış, daha sonra İstanbul subaşılığı görevinin yanı sıra sekbanbaşı, çakırcıbaşı olmuştur. Adı, 1480 tarihli vakfiyesinde Çakır Ağa bin Abdullah olarak geçmektedir. Çakır Ağa yaptırdığı birçok mimari eserle II. Murad ve özellikle Fatih Sultan Mehmed döneminde bâni olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bursa, Edirne ve İstanbul'da eserler yaptırmış olan Ağa'nın Bursa'da bir cami ve hamamı, Edirne'de bir camisi, Silivri'de zaviye ve hanı ile İstanbul'da beş camisi bulunmaktadır. Bursa ve Edirne'deki eserleri değişikliklerle de olsa günümüze ulaşmış; Silivri'deki yapıları günümüze gelmemiştir. İstanbul'da sur içinin farklı noktalarında yer aldığı anlaşılan camilerinden Kapalıçarşı, Cibali ve bu çalışmada tespit edilen Edirnekapı'daki camisi değişikliklerle günümüze gelmiştir. Çakır Ağa bu yapılarıyla özellikle fetih sonrası İstanbul'un imarında etkili olmuş olmalıdır. Çakır Ağa'nın baniliğinde inşa edilen yapıların büyük çoğunluğunu küçük ölçekli mescitler oluşturmaktadır. Büyük çoğunluğunu mescitler oluştursa da Çakır Ağa han, zaviye, hamam gibi dönemin diğer yapı tipolojilerini örnekleyen yapılar da yaptırmıştır. Bu makalede Çakır Ağa'nın bânilik yönü ele alınarak basılı kaynaklar ve Osmanlı Arşivi'nde bulunan belgeler ışığında, yeni tespit edilen verilerle eserleri toplu bir şekilde tanıtılmış, değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
Aynı ve Başka: Evkaf Muhasebeciliği Mahkemesi Para Vakfı Kayıtları (1491-1828)
Authors: Gürsoy Çiğdem
Published: April 2021

Çalışma, İstanbul Müftülüğü Şerʻiyye Sicili mahkemelerinden Davudpaşa Mahkemesi para vakıfl arı üzerinde yapılan bir önceki araştırma sonucundan hareketle planlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, öncelikli olarak sicillerdeki başka mahkemelerde aynı yöntemle yapılacak araştırmalarda para vakıfl arının uzun dönemde ekonomik, siyasi ve sosyal olaylar ile bağlantılarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Devamında iki mahkeme arasında yapılacak karşılaştırma ile bulguların ne derece birbirini desteklediği sorgulanacaktır. Çoğunlukla 19. yüzyıl verilerinden oluşan ilk belgelerden sürdürülebilir seri elde edebilmek için 17. ve 18. yüzyıl verilerinin ağırlıkta olduğu Evkaf Muhasebeciliği Mahkemesi araştırma evreni olarak seçilmiştir. Evkaf Muhasebeciliği Mahkemesi'nde onaylanmış vakıfl ardan para vakfı işletim usulünü içeren 109 vakfi ye tespit edilmiştir. Bulunan vakfi yeler önceki çalışma ile tamamlandığında; 1491-1911 yılları arasında 312 vakfın incelenmesi ile 420 yıllık bir seri elde edilmiştir. Süreç içinde özünde aynı amaç için kurulan para vakıfl arının, kişilerin istekleri ve vakfedildikleri dönemlere göre başka özellikler gösterdikleri anlaşılmıştır. Bazı dönemlerde avarız sandıklarında kümelenmişler, zaman zaman oldukça düşük meblağlar vakfedilmiş, bir dönem bayındırlık işleri ön planda yer alırken diğer dönem eğitime ağırlık verilmiştir. Tüm bu davranışların nedensellikleri üzerinde durularak günlük hayata yansımaları değerlendirilmiştir.
Girit’in “Hakk ve Adl ile Cedîden Tahrîri”: 1705 Yılında Girit’te Yapılan Tahrirler ve Düzenlemeler
Authors: Adıyeke Nuri , Adıyeke Ayşe Nükhet
Published: April 2021

Osmanlı topraklarına geç bir tarihte katılan Girit Eyaleti'nde 1650 ve 1670 tarihlerinde iki kez genel tahrirler yapılmıştır. Fakat 18. yüzyılın başından itibaren İmparatorluk genelinde yaşanan sorunlar, adada yaşanan ekonomik problemler ve yeni düzenlemeler bu tarihte adada üçüncü kez yeni bir tahriri zorunlu kılmıştır. 1704 yılının sonlarında başlayan tahrir 1706 yılının Ocak ayında tamamlanmıştır. Bunun Girit'te yapılan son tahrir olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ankara Tapu Kadastro Arşivi'nde bulunan üç defterin ilki Kandiye ve Estiya, ikincisi de Hanya ve Resmo sancakları mufassal defterleridir. Üçüncü defter ise kale ve müstahfızan defteridir. 1705 yılına tarihleyeceğimiz bu düzenlemelerle vergi organizasyonu bazı konularda 1670 düzenlemeleri gibi devam ettirilmiş bazı konularda 1650 düzenlemelerine geri dönülmüştür. Toprağın, servetin kaynağı olduğu esasına dayalı organizasyonu esas alınmış, geniş özel mülkiyete müsaade eden haracî toprak uygulaması devam etmiştir. 18. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Osmanlı genelinde tımarların önemli ölçüde küçüldüğü ve tımar topraklarının padişah haslarına aktarıldığı görülmektedir. Nitekim Girit'te de böyle olmuş ve bu tahrirde çok sayıda köy "cedîd hass-ı hümayûn" olarak defterlere kaydolmuştur. Girit'e ait bu son tahrirde dönemin ruhuna uygun olarak dinsel bir üslup kullanılmıştır.
Cumulative Exposure to Metabolic Syndrome Components and the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Authors: Cho Yunjung , Han Kyungdo , Kim Da Hye , Park Yong-Moon , Yoon Kun-Ho , Kim Mee Kyoung , Lee Seung-Hwan
Published: April 2021

Background: Metabolic disturbances are modifiable risk factors for dementia. Because the status of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components changes over time, we aimed to investigate the association of the cumulative exposure to MetS and its components with the risk of dementia.Methods: Adults (n=1,492,776; ≥45-years-old) who received health examinations for 4 consecutive years were identified from a nationwide population-based cohort in Korea. Two exposure-weighted scores were calculated: cumulative number of MetS diagnoses (MetS exposure score, range of 0 to 4) and the composite of its five components (MetS component exposure score, range of 0 to 20). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values for dementia were analyzed using the multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model.Results: Overall, 47.1% of subjects were diagnosed with MetS at least once, and 11.5% had persistent MetS. During the mean 5.2 years of follow-up, there were 7,341 cases (0.5%) of incident dementia. There was a stepwise increase in the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia with increasing MetS exposure score and MetS component exposure score (each P for trend <0.0001). The HR of all-cause dementia was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.87 to 3.68) in subjects with a MetS component exposure score of 20 compared with those with a score of 0. People fulfilling only one MetS component out of 20 already had an approximately 40% increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.Conclusion: More cumulative exposure to metabolic disturbances was associated with a higher risk of dementia. Of note, even minimal exposure to MetS components had a significant effect on the risk of dementia.
BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALARDA MİKRODİYALİZ TEKNİĞİ
Authors: NUHOĞLU Zeyno , AKSOY Abdurrahman
Published: April 2021

Mikrodiyaliz (MD), doku ve organlardaki fizyolojik ve kimyasal maddeleri belirlemek için hem hayvan hem de insanlarda kullanılan in vivo biyoanalitik örnekleme yöntemidir. “Mikro” son derece küçük ölçeği, “diyaliz” ise kimyasalların yarı geçirgen bir zar üzerindeki hareketini ifade eder. MD, kimyasal olayların sistemik kan seviyelerinde değişiklikler yaratmadan önce dokularda neler olup bittiğinin bir ön izlemesini sunar. Bu yöntem, ilk kez 1950’li yılların sonunda hayvan beynindeki endojen bileşikleri incelemek için tasarlanmış; yıllar içerisinde diğer organlarda kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiştir. İn vivo olan bu yöntemde; hemen hemen her doku, organ veya biyolojik sıvıdan elde edilen mikrodiyaliz örneklemesi, hücre dışı sıvının bileşimini yansıtmaktadır. Özel olarak tasarlanmış problar kullanılarak, bağlı olmayan analitler sürekli olarak örneklenir. Bu analitler, biyokimyasal işlevlerini değerlendirmek için örneklenen endojen molekülleri (nörotransmitter, hormon, glikoz) veya bu moleküllerin biyolojik sistem içindeki dağılımlarını belirlemek için örneklenen ekzojen bileşikleri (farmasötikler) içerebilir. Ekzojen bileşiklerin lokal etkileri; merkezi sinir sistemi, hepatik doku, dermis, kalp düzeyinde mikrodiyaliz yoluyla incelenebilmektedir. Ayrıca, MD merkezi sinir sistemi çalışmalarında, antidepresan, antipsikotik, antiparkinson, halüsinojen, bağımlılık yapıcı maddeler ve deneysel ilaçlar gibi farklı farmakolojik ve toksikolojik maddelerin nörotransmisyon üzerindeki etkilerin araştırılması için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. MD, çok yönlü olmasından dolayı biyomedikal araştırmalar da dahil olmak üzere günümüzde birçok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, mikrodiyalizin; temel prensiplerini tanımlamak, uygulama alanlarını belirtmek, avantaj ve dezavantajlarını ortaya koymak, klinik farmakoloji ve toksikoloji araştırmalarındaki önemini vurgulamaktır.
Egy bűnmegelőzési kisfilm tanulságai
Authors: Gratzer-Sövényházy Gábor
Published: April 2021

Following up on a recent crime prevention video that triggered a considerable debate in Hungary, the author provides an overview of the regulation and preventionof sexual violence.
„A prostituáltak otthont kérnek a miniszterelnöktől”
Authors: Bezsenyi Tamás
Published: April 2021

The author provides an overview of the changing policies towards prostitution in Turkey.
Measuring the Gravitomagnetic Distortion from Rotating Halos. I. Methods
Authors: Tang Chengfeng , Zhang Pierre , Luo Wentao , Li Nan , Cai Yi-Fu , Pi Shi
Published: April 2021

Source galaxy images are distorted not only by a static gravitational potential, but also by frame-dragging induced by massive rotating objects like clusters of galaxies. Such an effect is well understood theoretically; it is therefore of great interest to estimate its detectability for future surveys. In this work, we analyze the lensing convergence κ around rotating dark matter halos. The rotation of the massive objects generates a gravitomagnetic potential giving rise to an anisotropic contribution to the lensing potential. We construct an estimator δ
κ to describe the difference between the symmetric enhancement and reduction of κ around the halo rotation axis, finding that it is well approximated by a function proportional to the halo velocity dispersion squared times a dimensionless angular momentum parameter. Using simulation mocks with realistic noise level for a survey like the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), we test our estimator, and show that the signal from frame-dragging of stacked rotating lenses is consistent with zero within 1σ. However, we find that the most massive cluster in SDSS DR7 spectroscopic selected group catalog has a line-of-sight rotation velocity of 195.0 km s−1 and velocity dispersion of 667.8 km s−1, which is at 1.2 × 10−8 odds according to the angular momentum probability distribution inferred from N-body simulations. By studying SDSS DR7 spectroscopic selected group catalog, we show how rotating clusters can be identified, and, finding that fast rotating clusters might be more abundant than in estimates based on simulations, a detection of gravitomagnetic distortion may be at reach in future surveys.
Les fonctions des connaissances produites par les sciences de gestion
Authors: Mandard Matthieu
Published: April 2021

À quoi peuvent servir les connaissances que nous produisons, nous chercheurs en sciences de gestion ? Si la question a souvent été traitée, elle n’a jusqu’à présent pas fait l’objet d’une réponse exhaustive : c’est ce que nous proposons de faire dans cet article. À partir d’un examen de la littérature, nous proposons une typologie qui nous permet de mettre en évidence quatre principales fonctions : d’ordre épistémique, pratique, économique et idéologique. Nous présentons ensuite leurs caractéristiques. Nous discutons finalement les implications de ce travail, en termes de formation à la recherche comme en matière de pilotage des activités scientifiques.
Impacts économiques de la certification ISO 9001 dans les PME : une revue systématique de la littérature
Authors: Tayo Tene Christian Valéry , Nkakleu Raphaël
Published: April 2021

L’objectif de l’article est d’analyser les impacts économiques de la certification ISO 9001 dans les PME à travers une revue systématique des principales études traitant du sujet et publiées dans des revues avec comité de lecture entre 2000 et 2018. L’analyse des 50 articles montre que la certification ISO 9001 dans les PME favorise l’amélioration de la satisfaction des clients, l’augmentation des ventes, la réduction des coûts de production et l’augmentation du chiffre d’affaires. Toutefois, les données collectées en majorité auprès des gestionnaires en charge de la gestion de la qualité tendent à produire des résultats optimistes et positifs qui ne reflètent pas la complexité des impacts de la certification ISO 9001 dans les PME. L’article suggère un renouvellement méthodologique pour analyser de façon approfondie les impacts économiques de la certification ISO dans les PME.
Management stratégique des compétences en agence d’architecture : développement de l’adéquation compétences et positionnement sur le marché
Authors: Ruat Thibault
Published: April 2021

Les agences d’architecture se positionnent souvent sur le marché du bâtiment en fonction d’opportunités plus que par véritable choix stratégique. Ces opportunités conduisent dans bien des cas les agences à se spécialiser sur un ou quelques segments de marché. Mais cette spécialisation opportuniste, si elle n’est pas pilotée stratégiquement, engendre un risque de décalage avec les compétences internes. Un décalage qui génère des pertes de performances économiques et sociales pour l’agence. À travers des expérimentations sur le terrain, cette recherche apporte des pistes de développement d’un management stratégique des compétences en agence d’architecture afin de favoriser une meilleure adéquation entre leurs compétences internes et leur positionnement sur le marché. L’étude montre également les effets possibles de ce management sur les performances économiques et sociales de l’organisation.