bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Rollover Safety of Fuel Cell Bus
Authors: Gao Yun Kai , Sun Fang
Published: March 2009

Fuel cell bus with hydrogen tanks on its roof is different from traditional one. Its mass is
greater than traditional one and its centre of gravity is higher, which makes its rollover more easy and
dangerous. During the rollover, the great deformation of the body structure will menace the
occupants’ safety, and in addition, the hydrogen leaking will threaten the lives of the occupants. So
measures should be taken to ensure the deformation of body structure would not hurt the occupants,
and the hydrogen pipelines would not have gas leakage. In the light of this objective, the finite
element models of fuel cell bus, survive region and anti-intruding region are established, and the
simulation of the bus rollover is carried out according to ECER66. The rollover results indicate that
the bus is good at resisting the deformation of the rollover, and at the same time it provides data
reference for improving the design of fuel cell bus. Furthermore, the pillar intruding coefficient and
the clearance between anti-intruding region and tank cover are introduced in the paper to measure the
safety abundance ratio of the survival region and the hydrogen pipeline of the fuel cell bus. According
to these data, the description of safety of fuel cell bus can be quantified.
Effect of Non-Metallic Inclusion Size and Residual Stresses on Gigacycle Fatigue Properties in High Strength Steel
Authors: Shiozawa Kazuaki , Lu L.
Published: March 2009

Fatigue fracture of some high-strength steels occurs at small defect in the subsurface
zone of a material at low stress amplitude level and in a high-cycle region of more than 106 cycles
(gigacycle fatigue life), whereas surface fatigue crack initiation occurs at high-stress amplitude and
low cycles. There is a definite stress range where the crack initiation site changes from a surface to
a subsurface defect, giving a step-wise S-N curve or a duplex S-N curve. From the experimental
results, fatigue fracture mode was classified into three types, such as, surface inclusion induced
fracture mode, subsurface inclusion induced fracture mode without granular bright facet (GBF) area
and that with the GBF, depending on stress amplitude level and stress ratio. The GBF area was
observed in the vicinity of a non-metallic inclusion at the fracture origin inside the fish-eye in
gigacycle fatigue regime. It was made clear from the discussion with fracture mechanics that the
transition of fracture mode was affected by compressive residual stresses on the specimen surface.
Fracture-mode transition diagram was proposed through the experimental and theoretical
investigation. Also, from the evaluation of the fatigue life based on the estimated subsurface crack
growth rate from the S-N data, effect of inclusion size on the dispersion of fatigue life was
explained, and S-N curve for subsurface inclusion-induced fracture depended on the inclusion size
was provided.
Manufacture of Fine AL2O3 Granules as Catalyst Carrier by an Extrusion/Spheronization Method
Authors: Zhang Rui Shi , Pan J.Z. , Wang L.W.
Published: March 2009

The effect of formulation (filler’s kind and amount, liquid’s kind and concentration
required for granulation) and spheronization time on characterization of alumina based pellets
parameters (pellets size distribution, roundness and aspect ratio) were investigated. Two schemes
were successfully proofed by extrusion/spheronization. The mean volume particle diameter was
found to have a profound effect on the formulation and processing parameters. Alumina powder with
large mean volume particle diameter showed different mechanism of action with coupling agent.
With the surface modification, the water required for granulation had decreased. The existing formal
and kinematic velocity of the water had a direct effect on the processing parameter of the extrusion
and spheronization. Spheronization time from 2 to 10 min had a pronounced effect on roundness and
aspect ratio. No changes in roundness and aspect ratio were observed from 10 to 20 min of
spheronization time.
Research on PLM System Interoperability with a Feature-Object-Based Approach
Authors: Ma Yong Sheng
Published: March 2009

Interoperability can be described as the interpretability of data types and related
information by different computer systems. Standards for data format and communication protocols
have been developed and adopted by different industries. So far, interoperability has only been
investigated at the data level. This paper addresses a research approach proposing a system design and
a set of generic methods so that to embed engineering knowledge and to achieve interoperability at the
feature level in an open collaborative engineering environment. Ideally, the proposed new approach
would allow knowledge rules to be embedded into the constraints of features supported by the
complex associations of a multi-application engineering repository. Potentially, the system proposed
offers user-defined feature types that support flexibility in feature-based information definition,
sharing and mapping.
A New Up-and-Down Estimate Method for Sensitivity Test
Authors: Huang Wei , Zhang Song , Liu Guang Hao , Lu Zhi Si
Published: March 2009

A new up-and-down method is developed and a new estimate formula for the variance of
sensitivity variables is proposed. This formula fully considers the effect of test conditions on the
estimating accuracy, resulting in higher order of precision. In order to give an objective
demonstration, the Monte Carlo comparative results between the present method and the Bruceton
method is given, which shows that the estimating values by the present method are much more
accurate than those by Bruceton method in all conditions. Even with small samples, the present
method still could obtain a good estimate value. Thus the proposed method not only solves the
problem with traditional methods but also reduced the number of experiment, resulting in great
saving. Finally, an application for safety fatigue limits is given.
Valve Parameters Design and Performance Test of Hydro-Pneumatic Spring with Trapezium Throttle Slice
Authors: Zhou Chang Cheng , Xu Wei
Published: March 2009

With the mechanics model, the analytic formula of the deformation for the trapezium
throttle slice was established. By the vehicle parameters and valve opening velocity, the formula of
valve opening pressure was built. Based on this, through the relation of pressure with deformation and
flux at valve opening, the design formula of throttle slice thickness and throttle-hole area were
established, the influencing factors to the design parameters were analyzed. A practical example of
design of hydro-pneumatic spring was given, and the performance test was conducted. The analysis
and test results show that the design method is effective and the formulas for throttle slice thickness
and throttle-hole area are accurate enough, and have important meaning for the hydro-pneumatic
spring design.
Product Design of a Precision Recycle-Process Tool for Displays' Color Filters of TFT-LCDs
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

An effective process was developed using electroremoval as a precision removal-process
for indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-film nanostructures from the displays’ color filter surface of thin film
transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs). The low yield of ITO thin-film deposition is an
important factor in semiconductor production. By establishing a recycling process using the
ultra-precise removal of thin-film nanostructures, the semiconductor optoelectronic industry can
effectively recycle defective products, minimizing both production costs and pollution. For the
removal-process, high rotational speed of the electrode (negative-pole) elevates the discharge
mobility and results in improved removal. High flow velocity of the electrolyte provides larger
discharge mobility and greater removal ability. An adequate gap-width between the
negative-electrode and the ITO surface, or a higher working temperature, results in a higher removal
rate for ITO thin-films. Also, adequate feed rate of the color filter combined with enough electrical
power produces a fast removal rate. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge
and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of the workpiece (displays’ color filter), but it
raises the current rating. Electrochemical removal requires only a short period of time to remove the
ITO thin-film easily and cleanly.
Rolling-Leveling Assistance in Ultrasonic Electrochemical Finishing of External Cylindrical Surface
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

A new tool product consists of an effective electrode and a nonconductive roller utilizing
rolling-leveling assistance in ultrasonic electrochemical finishing, as a continuous surface finishing
process following turning is investigated. Through a simple equipment attachment, ultrasonic
electrochemical finishing and rolling-leveling can follow to execute the finishing process on the same
machine. The submitted processes may be used for various turning operations. Among the factors
affecting rolling-leveling combined with the ultrasonic electrochemical finishing, the performance of
the design tool product is primarily discussed. In the experiment, the electrode is used with a
continuous and a pulsed direct current. The experimental parameters are frequency and power level of
ultrasonics, die material, electrical current rating, feed rate of tool electrode and roller, rotational
speed of the workpiece, pulsed period, and tool geometry. A higher workpiece rotational speed
produces a better finishing result. The design change of the tool from a semicircle to a wedge-form
with small end radius brings about a reduction of the electrolytic dregs and heat more rapidly, and
performs the best finishing result. The finishing effect of pulsed direct current is slightly better than
using continuous direct current. The average effect of the ultrasonics is better than the pulsed current,
while the machining time does not need to be prolonged by the off-time. An effective and low-cost
finish process through the tool product design utilizing the rolling-leveling assistance in the ultrasonic
electrochemical finishing after the turning process make the surface of the workpiece smooth and
bright in a shorter period of time.
Probabilistic Cyclic Stress-Strain Relations of a Cast Steel for Railway Bogie Frame
Authors: Yang Bing , Zhao Yong Xiang , Peng Jia Chung , Yu L.Y. , Shao Wen Dong
Published: March 2009

Experimental study is performed on the probabilistic cyclic stress-strain responses of grade
B cast steel, which is utilized in the manufacture of Chinese K6 type bogie. Fatigue test is carried out
by an incremental strain-controlled method with 8 strain levels. Analysis of test data and observation
on fatigue fracture surfaces of test specimens indicate that difference and evolution of local
conditions are basic causes of the random fatigue damage behavior. So it is verified again that the
random character of stress-strain responses is an intrinsic fatigue behavior of engineering materials.
Taking the scattering regularity and the size of specimens into account, cyclic constitutive models of
present test data with arbitrary probability and confidence are obtained. The analysis reveals that
these models can reflect the random responses of material correctly.
Determination of the Probabilistic Fatigue S-N Curves Including Super-Long Life Regime for a Railway Axle Steel
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Feng Ming Fei
Published: March 2009

The structures of railway vehicles are required to service in super-long life regime.
Determination of the probabilistic S-N curves including the regime should be a basic work to realize
the real fatigue life prediction and reliability assessment.
Based on the test results of Chinese railway LZ50 axle carbon steel, a statistical extrapolating
method is proposed to determine the curves by applying the conventional test data in mid-long life
regime. Some phenomena, i.e. the response of “fatigue limit”, a great of heat affecting using the high
frequency ultrasonic fatigue test system, and the non-conservative test results using the conventional
frequency tiny multi-specimen test system (machine C), are firstly mentioned in the existent
super-long life researches. The too much conservative offers are also noted by the determinations of
existent codes. To address the variable amplitude loads in production, the present method
extrapolates continuously the curves from the mid- to super-long life regimes under the statistical
controls of conventional fatigue limits. The practice for the present material indicates that the curves
can well reflect the scattered data not only in mid-long life regime but also in super-long life regime.
The non-conservative test results using machine C are also safely included by the curves.
Modelling to Reduce the Configuration Phase Time of Machine Design
Authors: Matthews Jason , Ding Lian , Singh B. , Mullineux Glen , Medland T.
Published: March 2009

The configuration phase for a new machine design is expensive and time consuming for
special purpose machine manufacturers. This papers presents a modelling approach that can aid such
companies reduce the configuration phase time and its respective costs. The approach is
demonstrated with an industrial case study.
Integrated Modeling Towards Collaborative Product Development
Authors: Cao Dong Xing , Han Yan Hui , Yang J. , Yang G. , Cui Chun Xiang
Published: March 2009

In today’s highly volatile global market, design activities become more and more important
in the whole lifecycle of product. The process of different developments should adopt appropriate
modeling approaches at each stage. Different modeling technologies exert a great impact on different
design stages. Therefore, modeling design is crucial to achieve success in the process of product
development. This paper presents an integrated modeling of design process for product development.
Its objective is to realize concurrent design towards ever-growing demands of market that has already
integrated design process and production activities. It can manage to develop product towards early
design activities. Different design stage model relations and activities are presented for product
development. At first, the characteristics of different development stages are analyzed. The
performances and attributes of product are established through considering component, constraints
and environment. Second, the process of product modeling is described in detail for early design, and
the time interval between the two activities is evaluated for concurrent engineering during the design
modeling. Third, a promising framework is given to describe the process of design. Finally, an
application example and knowledge are presented to illustrate the process of product development.
Structure Design and FE Analysis of a Newly Basketball Wheelchair
Authors: Lei Lei , Guan Tian Min , Shan Li Jun
Published: March 2009

Based on the human engineering theory the structure of the new Basketball wheelchair is
designed. And the three dimensional model is drawn by means of the PRO/E software after the
design. Next, the finite element analysis computation on the wheelchair structure is completed under
the four work conditions by I-DEAS software. The result shows that its intensity satisfies the
operation requirements and proves that the new Basketball wheelchair is comfortable, safe and
reliable. The research of this paper has a more vital significance for enhancing the performance of
basketball wheelchair and the development level of sport wheelchair.
Analysis of Nonlinear Characteristics of Double-Crank Ring-Plate-Typed Pin-Cycloid Gear Planetary Drive
Authors: Shan Li Jun , He Wei Dong , Guan Tian Min
Published: March 2009

Double-crank ring-plate-typed pin-cycloid gear planetary drive conquers shortcomings of a
traditional pin-cycloid gear planetary drive, whose load-capacity is restricted by rotation-arm bearing
dimension. The load-capacity of this kind of new drive is improved greatly and the efficiency of
whole machine is 94%. In order to know dynamics reliability of this drive , nonlinear characteristics
of double-crank ring-plate-typed pin-cycloid gear planetary drive are analyzed from two sides of
transmission error and dynamic meshing process in this paper. A sensitive analytic mathematic
model of rod dimension error is set up by kinematics theory. Based on ring-plate-type cycloid drive
dynamic meshing characteristics, a rigidity-flexibility combined model of pin-cycloid planetary drive
is set up by ANSYS/LS-DYNA module. Meshing process between pin-cycloid gear is simulated by
FEM. Instantaneous stress, distortion and dynamic meshing rigidity are computed. Analytical results
show that nonlinear meshing rigidity and transmission errors are two main dynamic exciters which
cause prototype to vibrate. So, rod dimension error should be reduced in order to increase meshing
accuracy, and meshing rigidity of new prototype should be increased in order to reduce vibration.
Nonlinear characteristics of the drive can offer some theoretical bases for design of new prototype.
Hybrid Fatigue Analysis Method for Railway Carbody Structure
Authors: Miao Bing Rong , Zhang Wei Hua , Xiao Shou Ne , Jin Ding Chang , Zhao Yong Xiang
Published: March 2009

Railway vehicle structure fatigue life consumption monitoring can be used to determine
fatigue damage by directly or indirectly monitoring the loads placed on critical vehicle components
susceptible to failure from fatigue damage. The sample locomotive carbody structure was used for
this study. Firstly, the hybrid fatigue analysis method was used with Multi-Body System (MBS)
simulation and Finite Element Method (FEM) for evaluating the carbody structure dynamic stress
histories. Secondly, the standard fatigue time domain method was used in fatigue analysis software
FE-FATIGUE and MATLAB WAFO (Wave Analysis for Fatigue and Oceanography) tools. And
carbody structure fatigue life and fatigue damage were predicted. Finally, and carbody structure
dynamic stress experimental data was taken from this locomotive running between Kunming-Weishe
for this analysis. The data was used to validate the simulation results based on hybrid method. The
analysis results show that the hybrid method prediction error is approximately 30.7%. It also
illustrates that the fatigue life and durability of the locomotive can be predicted with this hybrid
method. The results of this study can be modified to be representative of the railway vehicle dynamic
stress test.
Theory of Active Reliability-Based Design for Predetermined Life of Structures
Authors: Yan Chu Liang , Liu K.G.
Published: March 2009

The project presents the theory of active reliability-based design for predetermined life
targeted at their economic life. The structural reliability is designed from the view point of
economic efficiency and maintainability requirements, so that the destruction of products led by
fatigue and fracture is eliminated to the highest possible degree to provide the longest life, the
highest reliability and the lowest cost. The reliability assessment of conventionally finished product
is developed into an active reliability design at preset life, which is implemented before the design
of products is finalized, to improve the safety and reliability of structures.
Online Forecast of Fatigue Life in Welded Grider of Bridge Crane
Authors: Liu Chang Hong , Liu Xin Tian , Huang Hu , Zhao Li Hui
Published: March 2009

It is very important to forecast the fatigue crack development upon welded girder of bridge
crane during use. When it happens, it will have a lot of clout with performance of enterprises. For
security purpose in use, ANFIS model is built to predict the length of the fatigue crack extension
about welded girder of bridge crane. Membership function is adjusted according to inputs and outputs
of fuzzy reasoning, and appropriate fuzzy regulation numbers are chosen. The model which is closest
to the real development of fatigue crack is built with the help of the If-Then rules. According to the
result from the fatigue experiment of the welded girder of bridge crane, ANFIS model, ANN model
and Three Order Spline Interpolation model are respectively built. After analysis and verification, it is
obvious that ANFIS model is more accurate and feasible.
Failure Mechanism of Electromigration in Solder Joint
Authors: Lu Yu Dong , He Xiao Qi , En Yun Fei , Wang Xin
Published: March 2009

In advanced electronic products, electromigration-induced failure is one of the most
serious problems in fine pitch flip chip solder joints because the design rule in devices requires high
current density through small solder joints for high performance and miniaturization. The failure
mode induced by electromigration in the flip chip solder joint is unique, owing to the loss of under
bump metallurgy (UBM) and the interfacial void formation at the cathode contact interface. In this
study, Electromigration of flip chip solder joints has been investigated under a constant density of
2.45×104 A/cm2 at 120 °C. The in-situ marker displacements during the electromigration test was
measured and found to show a rough linear change as a function of time. Scanning electron
microscopic images of the cross section of samples showed the existence of voids at the interface
between Al interconnection and under bump metallurgy. The void movement was matched with the
marker displacements during the electromigration test, and voids moved to the cathode interface
between Al interconnection and under bump metallurgy in the downward electron flow (from chip to
substrate) joint. The mechanism of electromigration-induced void migration and failure in the flip
chip are discussed. During electromigration, a flux of atoms is driven from the cathode to the anode or
a flux of vacancies in the opposite direction. It can lead to two possible mechanisms of void
migration. First, if we regard the void as a rigid marker of diffusion, it will be displaced towards the
cathode by the atomic flux in the electromigration, Second, if we consider surface diffusion on the
void surface, electromigration will drive atoms on the top surface of the void to the bottom surface of
the void, and consequently the void will move towards the cathode.
Study on Three-Dimensional Thermal Deformation of Aluminum Casting Tire Mold by Numerical Analysis and Experiment
Authors: Oh Yool Kwon , Choi Je Se
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates on three-dimensional thermal deformation of aluminum casting tire
mold applying metal casting method by numerical analysis and experiment. In this study, the
numerical analysis was performed based on finite element method (FEM) in order to predict thermal
deformation in tread part of tire mold by completely cooling about 50°C. For the numerical analysis,
“COMSOL Multiphysics 3.3 Ver.” a commercial program for heat transfer and thermal-structural
analysis, was used. In order to verify the results calculated by the numerical analysis, the experiment
was carried out applying metal casting method on the same condition of numerical analysis. For the
experiment, the temperature profile inside the aluminum casting tire mold was measured using
thermocouples by completely cooling. When the temperature profile calculated by the numerical
analysis and measured by the experiment were compared with each other, it appeared that was a slight
temperature difference between the two results by latent heat of aluminum alloy, but their cooling
patterns were almost similar.
Microcosmic Growth Process of ZnO Microrods
Authors: Wang Wei Wei , Zhu Li Ping , Ye Zhi Zhen , Wang Jing Rui , Yang Ye Feng , He Hai Ping , Zhao Bing Hui
Published: March 2009

ZnO microrods were synthesized on Si (111) sustrate by thermal evaporation at the
temperature of 700 °C. Different growth environments bring to the different morphologies of the
depositions. By analyzing the scanning electrical microscopy (SEM) images, a growth mechanism
of the microrods is schematically put forward. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images
show that the perfectly epitaxial relationship between the ZnO nanorods and microrods.
Composite Ceramics Reinforced with Zirconia Nanopowders
Authors: Nicola O. , Ghitulica Cristina , Andronescu Ecaterina , Visan C. , Vasile B.S.
Published: March 2009

Dental porcelain fused to metals (PFM) is one of the most widely applied restoration
material, because of its excellent esthetics, biocompatibility and wear resistance [1, 2]. In the
literature of specialty (dentistry) there is not made a clear distinction between porcelain and ceramic,
while referring to ceramics as being all these materials derived from mixtures of metallic oxides,
being in opposition with metal alloys [3-5]. The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize
dental porcelains, dentine type, in the following oxide system: SiO2-K2O-Al2O3-Na2O-B2O3-MgOCaO,
reinforced with nanometric particles of monoclinic zirconia. The method selected for the
preparation of the porcelain powders is through solid-state reactions.
Novel Synthesis of Ultra-Small Silver Nanoparticles with High Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Lee H.J. , Do M.A. , Kim E.J. , Yeum J.H. , Ghim H.D. , Choi Jin Hyun
Published: March 2009

Ultra-small and well dispersed silver nanoparticles were prepared by mixing AgNO3 in
PEI (polyethylenimine) solution. Particle size analysis and transmission electron microscopy
confirmed that the average diameters of PEI/silver nanoparticles are 20-40 nm. The ultra-small
silver nanoparticles had an antimicrobial activity in the aqueous solution at the concentration over
0.0105% by M.I.C test. Suggestively, the PEI/silver nanoparticles have potentials for development
of wound dressings.
Sensing of Ethanol with Nanosize FeZnO Thin Films
Authors: Kuo G.H. , Wang H. Paul , Hsu H.H. , Jou Chih Ju G. , Chiu Y.M. , Chen Fu Lin
Published: March 2009

In the present work, sensing of ethanol on the ZnO thin films doped with Fe (5-50%)
have been investigated. Nature of the sensing species in the nanosize Fe-doped ZnO (FeZnO)
thin films has also been studied by in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
spectroscopy. By XRD, it is found that ZnO and ZnFe2O4 are the main compounds in the ZnO-Fe
thin films. The thin film containing 5% of Fe has a high sensitivity (Rair/Rethanol>80) when
sensing of ethanol at 300 K. On the contrary, the thin films with Fe fractions of 20-50% have a
very low sensitivity to ethanol (Rair/Rethanol<15). In the presence of ethanol, the EXAFS spectra
show that the bond distances of Zn-O and Fe-O in the thin films are 1.90 and 1.98 Å, respectively
and restored to 1.91 and 1.97 Å in the absence of ethanol.
Chemical Structure of Nanosize Copper Wires in MCM-41
Authors: Huang Hsin Liang , Wang H. Paul , Wei Y.L. , Hsiung Tung Li
Published: March 2009

X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) and X-ray absorption fine structural
(EXAFS) spectroscopies have been used to study chemical structure of nanosize copper extracted in
the channels of MCM-41. The component-fitted XANES spectra show that about 95% of copper
are adsorbed on the surfaces of MCM-41 at 298 K. A small amount of nanosize CuO in MCM-41
is also found. The adsorbed copper (Cu(II)(ads)) in the channels of MCM-41 may be oxidized and
form nanosize CuO as calcined at 573 and 923 K. By EXAFS, it is observed that the nanosize
CuO in MCM-41 possesses a Cu-O bond distance of 1.97 Å with a coordination number (CN) of
2.6, indicating the existence of linear type Cu3O4 cluster. Interestingly, calcinations of the
nanosize CuO in MCM-41 at 923 K has led to a formation nanowire-type CuO (in the channels of
MCM-41) with a length of 50-100 nm and width of about 5-9 nm.
Analysis of Infrared Thermography during Tensile Test of GFRP
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Lee Dong Gi , Sim Jae Ki , Kim Jae Yeol , Choi Seung Hyun
Published: March 2009

Property of GFRP is naturally dependent on the property of matrix, but receives of
temperature effects by external force. Therefore, determination of mechanical property by effect of
temperature in GFRP is most crucial factor. In this paper, temperature distribution during crack
propagation from temperature change under tensile test was proposed through IR thermography
camera. Lock-in thermography method, which is one of technique in IR thermography camera to
measure minute change in temperature, was utilized to monitor temperature distribution and change
during crack propagation. Method to analyze temperature distribution during crack propagation under
tensile test of GFRP via IR thermography camera was suggested. Anisotropy in fiber orientation
showed longer fracture time and lower maximum temperature.
Effects of Particle Size and Size Distribution on the Mechanical Properties of EPDM/Silica Vulcanizates
Authors: Ichazo M.N. , Albano C. , Hernández M. , González J. , Carta A.
Published: March 2009

In this work we present the influence of different particle size (surface areas: 120,150, 200 and 250
m2/g) and size distribution of precipitated silica on the mechanical properties of Ethylene-
Propylene-Diene (EPDM) rubber. The vulcanization system employed was efficient. Compounds
were prepared using a Banbury internal mixer. Tensile and tear properties of vulcanized blends
were determined according to ASTM D412 and ASTM D624 procedures, respectively. Results
show an increasing tendency on tensile properties when particle size decreases, due to the better
dispersion of the filler and to a greater interaction with the rubber. Increases of up to 500% on
tensile strength and 400% on tear strength were observed. However, there was an incoherent
behavior for the silica with surface area of 200 m2/g (Si-200), so size distribution of the aggregates
was experimentally determined by a microphotography study. Secondary aggregates size
distribution was very different for each type of silica. Aggregates for Si-200 presented a bimodal
distribution where the greater frequencies correspond to aggregates with surface area higher than
the corresponding values for the Si-120. This fact could explain why the mechanical properties of
the EPDM filled with Si-200 are not in between the values of the compounds filled with Si-150 and
Si-250.
Diagnostic Imaging for Structural Damage
Authors: Su Zhong Qing , Cheng Li , Wang Xiao Ming , Yu Long
Published: March 2009

There has been increasing awareness of the use of intuitional imaging techniques to
describe a damage event in the engineered structures. A Lamb wave-based diagnostic imaging
approach was developed in this study, by fusing the prior probabilities established by the sensors of an
active sensor network at different spatial positions of the structure under inspection. Rather than
pinpointing the damage location and shape with definitive parameters, such an approach was intended
to probabilistically predict the occurrence of a damage event, which is in nature more consistent with
the implication of ‘estimating’ damage in SHM than traditional approaches. As validation, the
approach was employed to detect mono- and dual-delamination in CF/EP laminates, and the results
were represented in probability contour diagrams, where the structural damage became intuitional.
Other major benefits of the approach include the independence of its effectiveness on the number of
damage and enhanced tolerance to noise/uncertainties.
Stretching-Induced Orientation for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Sheet
Authors: Wu Si Zhu , Zhang Feng , Hou Xiao Xiao , Yang Xiao Ping
Published: March 2009

Partially aligned and oriented polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based nanofibers were electrospun
from PAN and CNTs/PAN in the solution of dimethylformamide(DMF) to manufacture the carbon
nanofibers. The as-spun nanofibers were hot-stretched in a temperature controlled oven to enhance
its crystallinity and molecular orientation. Therefore it were stabilized at 250 ( under a stress, and
carbonized at 1000 ( in N2 atmosphere by fixing the length of the stabilized nanofiber to convert
them into carbon nanofibers. With the hot-stretched process and with the content of CNTs, the
mechanical properties will be enhanced correspondingly. The crystallinity of the stretched fibers
confirmed by X-ray diffraction has also increased. For PAN nanofibers, the improved fiber
alignment and crystallinity resulted in the increased mechanical properties, such as the modulus and
tensile strength of the nanofibers. It was concluded that the hot-stretched nanofiber and the
CNTs/PAN nanofibers can be used as a potential precursor to produce high-performance carbon
composites.
A Novel Dynamic Absorber Using Enhanced Magnetorheological Elastomers for Powertrain Vibration Control
Authors: Zhang Nong , Hoang Nga , Du Hai Ping
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a novel Adaptive Tuned Vibration Absorber (ATVA) using the
enhanced magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) for powertrain vibration reduction. The MRE
material used in this application includes micro-sized iron particles enhanced by adding nano-sized
magnetic powders. With the enhancement, MRE’s elastic modulus significantly increases due to the
MR effect. In the new ATVA, the MRE plays a role as a torsional spring whose stiffness coefficient
can be varied with an external magnetic field. Additionally, this ATVA could operate in shearsqueeze
mode rather than shear mode. Thus, the frequency range is much wider than that of general
MREs. Such property of the enhanced MRE is an advantage for constructing a smart ATVA for
powertrain vibration control because the ATVA can work effectively in a wide frequency range
instead of a narrow bandwidth as a conventional dynamic absorber does. Numerical simulations of a
powertrain system for the second and third gear fitted with the ATVA are used to validate its
effectiveness. The obtained results show that the powertrain vibration can be greatly suppressed.
Particularly, the ATVA is effective in reducing the powertrain vibration not only in case of the
single harmonic excitation but also for the case of the multi-harmonic excitation. Furthermore, the
simulation results can be used to optimize the ATVA’s design, which will be our next work.
Photo- and Thermo-Chromic Study of the Ethylenediamine Trimolybdate
Authors: Sun De Hui , Zhang Hong Jie , Zhang Ji Lin , Yu Jiang Bo
Published: March 2009

The ethylenediamine trimolybdate (ENTMo) can show unusually photochromic and
thermochromic properties and there exists in the difference of chromic mechanisms, which has been
proved in our previous work [1]. In this paper, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) of the colored samples are characterized and
analyzed in detail. The crystal structure, the inorganic skeleton and the microenvironment of center
ions of the colored samples do not substantively change except distortion. The color difference of the
photochromic and the thermochromic samples is discussed and that the difference of reduction sites
result in their different chromic mechanisms is suggested.
Study on the Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of CFRP with Nanoclay-Filled Epoxy Matrix
Authors: Kosar Iqbal , Shafi Ullah Khan , Kim Jang Kyo , Munir Arshad
Published: March 2009

The influence of nanoclay on the impact damage resistance of carbon fiber-epoxy
(CFRP) composites has been investigated using the low-velocity impact and compression after
impact tests. The load-energy vs time relations were analyzed to gain insight into the damage
behaviors of the materials. Compression-after-impact (CAI) test was performed to measure the
residual compressive strength. The CFRPs containing organoclay brought about a significant
improvement in impact damage resistance and damage tolerance. The composites containing
organoclay exhibited an enhanced energy absorption capability with less damage areas and higher
CAI strengths compared to those made from neat epoxy. A 3wt% phr was shown to be an optimal
content with the highest damage resistance.
Tensile Properties of Different Silkworm Silk Fibers
Authors: Cheung Hoi Yan , Lau Kin Tak , Zhao Yong Qing , Lu Jian
Published: March 2009

Mechanical properties of two different types of silkworm silk fibers under three
conditions: (i) Bombyx mori; (ii) twisted Bombyx mori; and (iii) Tussah silk fibers were under
investigations. The values of ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus
were examined by performing tensile test on single bave. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was
used to observe the morphologies of the two different types of silk fibers, and measure their general
diameters so as to determine the cross-sectional area of the two different types of silk fibers and
convert the experimental load-extension data into stress-strain data accordingly.
Manufacture of a Homogenous Nano-Diamond/Poly (Lactic Acid) Bio-Engineered Composite
Authors: Zhao Yong Qing , Lau Kin Tak , Li Hu Lin
Published: March 2009

A novel nanocomposite based on nanodiamond (ND) powder and Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) for
potential bio-engineered applications was fabricated for the first time by using melting compound
methods. Its structure and mechanical properties were investigated by using transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile property test. The results
showed that as compared with pure PLA, ND/PLA nanocomposites possessed higher modulus,
higher strength and comparable elongation at break, in other words, the mechanical properties of
PLA were significantly improved by incorporating ND powder into it. This is presumably due to
homogeneous dispersion of ND cluster, good interfacial bonding and unique ND bridge structures
in the ND/PLA nanocomposites.
Glass Substrate with UV Imprinted Polymer Moth Eye Structure
Authors: Hong Sung Hoon , Hong Eun Ju , Bae Byeong Ju , Lee Heon
Published: March 2009

Artificial polycarbonate moth eye structured plate was used to emboss the moth eye
nano-pattern into PVC films. Embossing was done at 100°C to prevent any damage on
polycarbonate template. With embossing of moth eye nano-patterns, transmittance of PVC film
was increased up to 6% over 400nm to 800nm wavelength region. This embossed PVC film was
then used as an imprint template after depositing thin layer of SiO2 and self-assembled monolayer.
Consequently, polymer based moth eye nano-patterns were formed on glass template after UV
imprinting and its transmittance was increased from 90% to 92%.
Study on Non-Halogen Flame-Retarded HIPS with High Strength HIPS
Authors: Wu Zhong Wei , Jiao Qing Jie , Zang Chong Guang , Lan Hui
Published: March 2009

PPO was a better intensifier and charred material for High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), it
could make HIPS achieve UL94V-0 with APP, MC, RDP. Especially, RDP not only improved the
flame-retarded property but also controlled the hole producing, and had the best consistent with
matrix which could improve the mechanical properties. SBS and SEBS were better consistent with
matrix, especially SEBS was tiny granule, which could be dispersed in matrix easily. The properties
of SEBS toughened the non-halogen flame-retarded HIPS was followed: tensile strength: 18.83MPa;
izod notch impact strength: 15.7kJ/m2; UL94V-0.
Application of Three-Dimensional Displacement and Strain Distribution Measurement by Windowed Phase-Shifting Digital Holographic Interferometry
Authors: Morimoto Yoshiharu , Matui Toru , Fujigaki Motoharu
Published: March 2009

In order to measure 3D displacement components and surface strain distributions of
objects, three systems for digital holographic interferometry were developed. In this study, these
three systems are introduced and the applications to measurement of 3D displacement components
and surface strain distributions of cantilevers are shown.
Development of Model of the Superdeep Penetration of Microparticles
Authors: Simonenko V.A. , Bashurov V.V. , Skorkin N.A. , Elperin Tov
Published: March 2009

In 1974 an unusual phenomenon called Usherenko effect was observed in impact experiments
[1,2]. Surprisingly large were impact produced craters whose depth varied between 100 and 10000
times the impactor’s size. For materials whose static strength is small or zero, e.g., sand or water,
the depth of penetration is no larger than 100 times the size. When a macro-size body impacts on a
barrier, it produces a crater whose depth is normally in a ratio of no larger than 6-10 to the body’s
size regardless impact parameters.
The papers [1,3] give overviews of models which were developed to explain the phenomenon. They all
try to answer why material resistance to the penetration of micro-size impactors suddenly decreases.
We suggest a model that uses the concept of particle entrainment by a shock produced by the impact
of a bunch of particles on a barrier. The approach was proposed by V.A. Simonenko [4]. It is
based on calculations by the finite-difference technique TWS [5,6]. Such an approach shows prospects
for further development with account for new experimental results obtained after 1991.
The goal of this paper is to demonstrate feasibility of applying this approach for justification of
impactor’s acceleration in solid.
Behavior of CFRP Wrapped Concrete Columns with Partial Deteriorated Strength
Authors: Wei Hua , Li Ji Sheng , Guo Xia
Published: March 2009

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are becoming more frequently used in civil
engineering structures because of their superiors advantages. While in practice, partial deterioration
of concrete columns occurs occasionally, frost damage, aging or construction quality might lead to
concrete deterioration. However, confined the whole columns including intact and deteriorated parts
has been regarded as a waste. Few literatures have involved in partial confinement only to defect
parts. The objective of this paper is to present an effective method to deal with the partial deteriorated
strength columns, and to gain insight into the mechanical behavior of the defect part. Five groups of
plain square columns are cast, different layers of CFRP sheets have been wrapped just on the
deteriorated part to investigate the improvement with CFRP sheets and to verify the practicability of
partial confinement. Columns are subjected to monotonic axial compression until failure occurs.
Axial load, axial and transverse strains are measured to compare the different behaviors and to
evaluate confinement level supplied by CFRP sheets. Experimental results show that partial
confinement with CFRP can significantly enhance the strength and the ductility of the deteriorated
strength part, then, the load capacity of the entire column can be improved subsequently.
Near-IR Sensitive Au-Au2S Nanoparticles with Biocompatibility for Drug Delivery
Authors: Liu Wen , Wang Zu Yong , Yin Pei , Ren Lei , Zhang Qi Qing
Published: March 2009

The near-infrared (NIR) sensitive Au-Au2S nanoparticles (NPs) have shown many advantages as
potential drug delivery systems. To further investigate biological safety of Au-Au2S NPs,
cytotoxicity was estimated by calcein AM/EthD-1 fluorescence staining and the lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The effects of NPs on apoptosis of CHL cells were determined by
flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. It is evident that the Au-Au2S NPs are
non-cytotoxic below IC50 dosage.
A Retrievable Polymer Urethral Stent for Treatment of Urethral Strictures
Authors: Zhang Zi Qiang , Hu Kun , Huo Hong Xu , Chen Kang Ning , Meng Bo , Cui Fu Zhai
Published: March 2009

This paper reported a newly designed retrievable urethral stent used in treatment of
urethral strictures. The spiral urethral stent is made of Poly (l-lactide) (PLLA), adding barium
sulphate (BaSO4) to certain content, which can be displayed precisely under X-ray after implanted in
body. The stent was clinically tested in 32 patients with recurrent urethral strictures and was left in the
urethra for 5 to 12 months. The response to the effect of the stent was assessed using symptom scores,
peak flow rate (Qmax), residual urine volume (RUV), stent degradation, infection and outcome.
During the treatment, there were not any inflammations found. The mechanical properties of the stent
are almost the same as those of the PLLA stent without BaSO4. Improvements in patient symptom
score, mean Qmax and RUV were significant at the 18 month follow-up. The infection was not
observed. The stent was taken out easily through urethral forceps. In no patient was the stent
obstructed by incrustation for up to 1.5 years.
Poly(L-Lactide)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites: Interaction with Osteoblast-Like Cells In Vitro
Authors: Pow Brian Yu Fung , Mak Arthur Fuk Tak , Wong Man Sau , Yang Mo
Published: March 2009

In this work, the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NWNTs) incorporation in
poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) on the human osteoblast-like cell (Saos-2) growth behaviour was studied. The
PLLA/MWCNT composite with different ratio of PLLA to MWCNT was fabricated using
solvent-casting technique. MWCNT was detected by XRD and showed the successful incorporation
of MWCNT into PLLA. Fixed amount of cells were cultured on different composite. Cell viability
assay and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate cell adhesion, morphology and
cytoskeleton development on the scaffolds. The activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase (MD)
enzyme was evaluated by MTT substrate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. The results
demonstrated cytoskeleton fibre and good adhesion of osteoblast cells to the composite surface. No
significant differences of cell viability were found for the PLLA/MWCNT composite and controls.
The incorporation of MWCNT into PLLA can obviously enhance the MD activity. We believe that
sample with more MWCNT provided favourite interactions to the human osteoblast-like cells, which
indicate a potential candidate in bone tissue engineering.
Kinetic Effect of Cationic Comb-Type Copolymers on DNA Hybridization
Authors: Maruyama Atsushi , Wu Long Liang , Shimada Naohiko , Kano Arihiro
Published: March 2009

We have been interested in the soluble interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) between
DNA and the cationic comb-type copolymers, poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran (PLL-g-Dex), consisting
of a polylysine backbone and abundant hydrophilic graft chains of dextran as a model of nucleic
acid-binding proteins. In this paper, we described the kinetic effect of the copolymers on the DNA
hybridization. We found that the cationic copolymer at nano molar concentrations in cationic groups
accelerated DNA duplex formation by two orders under physiologically relevant conditions.
Electrospinning Nanocomposite Nanofibers of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan
Authors: Zhang Y.Z. , Su B. , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a two-step approach for electrospinning of hydroxyapatite/chitosan
(HAp/CTS) nanocomposite, which was firstly prepared by an in situ co-precipitation method.
Continuous HAp/CTS nanofibers with diameters of 214 ± 25 nm were produced successfully with
the aid of an ultrahigh molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (UHMWPEO). The HAp
nanoparticles with aggregations to some extent were incorporated along the electrospun CTS-based
nanofibers. And their crystallite structure can be preserved to some extent although an acidic solvent
system was used. Current nanocomposite nanofibers of HAp/CTS may be of potential interest for
bone repair and regeneration application.