bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian phylodynamic inference of population dynamics with dormancy
Authors: Cappello Lorenzo , Lo Wai Tung Jack , Zhang Joy Zhichun , Xu Peiyu , Barrow Daniel , Chopra Ishani , Clark Andrew G. , Wells Martin T. , Kim Jaehee
Published: January 2025

Many organisms employ reversible dormancy, or seedbank, in response to environmental fluctuations. This life-history strategy alters fundamental eco-evolutionary forces, leading to distinct patterns of genetic diversity. Two models of dormancy have been proposed based on the average duration of dormancy relative to coalescent timescales: weak seedbank, induced by scheduled seasonality (e.g., plants, invertebrates), and strong seedbank, where individuals stochastically switch between active and dormant states (e.g., bacteria, fungi). The weak seedbank coalescent is statistically equivalent to Kingman's coalescent with a scaled mutation rate, allowing the use of existing inference methods. In contrast, the strong seedbank coalescent differs fundamentally, as only active lineages can coalesce, while dormant lineages cannot. Additionally, dormant individuals typically mutate at a slower rate than active ones. Despite the significant role of dormancy in the eco-evolutionary dynamics of many organisms, no methods currently exist for inferring population dynamics and associated parameters involving dormancy. We present a Bayesian framework for jointly inferring a latent genealogy, seedbank parameters, and evolutionary parameters from molecular sequence data under the strong seedbank coalescent. We derive the exact probability density of genealogies sampled under the strong seedbank coalescent, characterize the corresponding likelihood function, and present efficient computational algorithms for its evaluation based on our theoretical framework. We develop a tailored Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler and implement our inference framework as a package SeedbankTree within BEAST2. Our work provides both a theoretical foundation and practical inference framework for studying the population genetic and genealogical consequences of dormancy.
Artificial Intelligence Apps for Medical Image Analysis using pyCERR and Cancer Genomics Cloud
Authors: Apte Aditya P. , LoCastro Eve , Iyer Aditi , Elguindi Sharif , Jiang Jue , Oh Jung Hun , Veeraraghavan Harini , Shukla-Dave Amita , Deasy Joseph O.
Published: January 2025

This work introduces a user-friendly, cloud-based software framework for conducting Artificial Intelligence (AI) analyses of medical images. The framework allows users to deploy AI-based workflows by customizing software and hardware dependencies. The components of our software framework include the Python-native Computational Environment for Radiological Research (pyCERR) platform for radiological image processing, Cancer Genomics Cloud (CGC) for accessing hardware resources and user management utilities for accessing images from data repositories and installing AI models and their dependencies. GNU-GPL copyright pyCERR was ported to Python from MATLAB-based CERR to enable researchers to organize, access, and transform metadata from high dimensional, multi-modal datasets to build cloud-compatible workflows for AI modeling in radiation therapy and medical image analysis. pyCERR provides an extensible data structure to accommodate metadata from commonly used medical imaging file formats and a viewer to allow for multi-modal visualization. Analysis modules are provided to facilitate cloud-compatible AI-based workflows for image segmentation, radiomics, DCE MRI analysis, radiotherapy dose-volume histogram-based features, and normal tissue complication and tumor control models for radiotherapy. Image processing utilities are provided to help train and infer convolutional neural network-based models for image segmentation, registration and transformation. The framework allows for round-trip analysis of imaging data, enabling users to apply AI models to their images on CGC and retrieve and review results on their local machine without requiring local installation of specialized software or GPU hardware. The deployed AI models can be accessed using APIs provided by CGC, enabling their use in a variety of programming languages. In summary, the presented framework facilitates end-to-end radiological image analysis and reproducible research, including pulling data from sources, training or inferring from an AI model, utilities for data management, visualization, and simplified access to image metadata.
Hybrid Generative Model: Bridging Machine Learning and Biophysics to Expand RNA Functional Diversity
Authors: Opuu Vaitea
Published: January 2025

The RNA world hypothesis suggests that RNA once catalyzed reactions now performed by proteins. Rediscovering these functions requires exploring sequence spaces beyond natural RNAs. While machine learning (ML)-based RNA design shows promise, it struggles to extrapolate beyond training data. In contrast, biophysics-based approaches leveraging RNA secondary (2D) structure operate independently of training data but are not tailored for functional discovery. We present a hybrid generative model that combines a Potts model with the thermodynamic folding model of RNA 2D structure. This approach disentangles folding contributions from functional signals, such as binding, enabling the data-driven component to focus on tertiary interactions and improving contact predictions. This disentanglement introduces structural imprinting, a novel strategy that uses structural variability to guide mutations, which showed great promise in uncovering hidden natural diversity. By bridging ML and biophysics, this model tackles the longstanding challenge of expanding diversity beyond the mere reproduction of the training data.
Human milk oligosaccharide metabolism byClostridiumspecies suppresses inflammation and pathogen growth
Authors: Chapman Jonathan A. , Masi Andrea C. , Beck Lauren C. , Watson Hannah , Young Gregory R. , Browne Hilary P. , Shao Yan , Kiu Raymond , Nelson Andrew , Doyle Jennifer A. , Palmowski Pawel , Lengyel Márton , Connolly James P. R. , Lamb Christopher A. , Porter Andrew , Lawley Trevor D. , Hall Lindsay J. , Embleton Nicholas D. , Perry John D. , Berrington Janet E. , Stewart Christopher J.
Published: January 2025

Gut microbiome development is strongly impacted by breastmilk and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), with short- and long-term health implications. HMO metabolism is best characterised within bifidobacteria, but the full range of other HMO-utilising species remains unknown. This study examined HMO-utilising bacteria that colonise preterm infants (born <32 weeks’ gestation), their role in microbiome modulation, and their effects on intestinal barrier function. We found that infant-derivedClostridium perfringens, and three otherClostridiumspecies, metabolise HMOs, producing short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, and other metabolites known to improve host health.C. perfringensinhibited pathobiont growth and supressed inflammation in preterm-derived intestinal organoids. These findings suggest a previously unrecognised role forC. perfringens, specifically those lacking the perfringolysin O gene, in promoting healthy gut development during infancy.
Superconducting quantum circuit to simulate the dynamical Casimir effect in a double cavity
Authors: Louys Sansó Jean Paul , Del Grosso Nicolás F. , Lombardo Fernando C. , Villar Paula I.
Published: January 2025

In this work we study simulations of photon generation due to the dynamical Casimir effect (DCE) in a one-dimensional (1+1) double superconducting cavity. To achieve this, we propose the use of a superconducting quantum circuit so as to be able to experimentally perform quantum simulations of the DCE. The simulated cavity consists of two perfectly conducting mirrors and a dielectric membrane of infinitesimal depth that effectively couples two cavities. The total length of the double cavity L, the difference in length between the two cavities ΔL, and the electric susceptibility χ and conductivity v of the dielectric membrane are tunable parameters. All four parameters are treated as independent and are allowed to be tuned at the same time, even with different frequencies. We analyze the cavity's energy spectra under different conditions, finding a transition between two distinct regimes that is accurately described by kc=v/χ. In particular, a lowest-energy mode is forbidden in one of the regimes while it is allowed in the other. We compare analytical approximations obtained through the multiple-scale analysis method with exact numerical solutions, obtaining the typical results when χ is not being tuned. However, when the susceptibility χ is tuned, different behaviors (such as oscillations in the number of photons of a cavity prepared in a vacuum state) can arise if the frequencies and amplitudes of all parameters are adequate. These oscillations might be considered as adiabatic shortcuts where all generated photons are eventually destroyed.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Krylov complexity and chaos in deformed Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models
Authors: Chapman Shira , Demulder Saskia , Galante Damián A. , Sheorey Sameer U. , Shoval Osher
Published: January 2025

Krylov complexity has recently been proposed as a quantum probe of chaos. The Krylov exponent characterizing the exponential growth of Krylov complexity is conjectured to upper-bound the Lyapunov exponent. We compute the Krylov and the Lyapunov exponents in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and in some of its deformations. We do this analysis both at infinite and finite temperatures, in models where the number of fermionic interactions is both finite and infinite. We consider deformations that interpolate between two regions of near-maximal chaos and deformations that become nearly integrable at low temperatures. In all cases, we find that the Krylov exponent upper-bounds the Lyapunov one. However, we find that while the Lyapunov exponent can have nonmonotonic behavior as a function of temperature, in all studied examples the Krylov exponent behaves monotonically. For instance, we find models where the Lyapunov exponent goes to zero at low temperatures, while the Krylov exponent saturates to its maximal bound. We speculate on the possibility that this monotonicity might be a generic feature of the Krylov exponent in quantum systems evolving under unitary evolution.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Roberge-Weiss periodicity and singularity in a hadron resonance gas model with excluded volume effects
Authors: Oshima Riki , Kouno Hiroaki , Kashiwa Kouji
Published: January 2025

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with pure imaginary baryon number chemical potential μ=iθT, where T is temperature and θ is a real number, has the Roberge-Weiss periodicity. We study the θ-dependence of the baryon number density and the pressure in the hadron resonance gas model with excluded volume effects of baryons. It is shown that the baryon number density and the pressure are smooth periodic functions of θ at low or high temperature. However, they have singular behavior at θ=(2k+1)π where k is an integer, when T∼211  MeV. This temperature is consistent with the Roberge-Weiss transition temperature TRW obtained by lattice QCD simulations. This singularity can be explained by the dual excluded volume effects in which the roles of pointlike and nonpointlike particles are exchanged each other in the ordinary excluded volume effects. It is also indicated that the excluded volume effect is visible just below TRW and is directly detectable by the lattice QCD simulation at finite θ. We compare the results with the one obtained by the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Precise interpretations of traditional fine-tuning measures
Authors: Fowlie Andrew , Herrera Gonzalo
Published: January 2025

We uncover two precise interpretations of traditional electroweak fine-tuning (FT) measures that were historically missed. : the traditional FT measure shows the change in plausibility of a model in which a parameter was exchanged for the Z boson mass relative to an untuned model in light of the Z boson mass measurement. the traditional FT measure shows the exponential of the extra information, measured in nats, relative to an untuned model that you must supply about a parameter in order to fit the Z mass. We derive the mathematical results underlying these interpretations, and explain them using examples from weak scale supersymmetry. These new interpretations allow us to rigorously define FT in particle physics and beyond, shed fresh light on the status of extensions to the Standard Model and, lastly, allow us to precisely reinterpret historical and recent studies using traditional FT measures.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Dual balanced readout for scattered light noise mitigation in Michelson interferometers
Authors: Lohde André , Voigt Daniel , Gerberding Oliver
Published: January 2025

Ground-based gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to detect the minuscule distance change between test masses caused by gravitational waves. Stray light that scatters back into the interferometer causes transient signals that can cover the same frequency range as a potential gravitational wave signal. This scattered light noise is a potentially limiting factor in current and future detectors thus making it relevant to find new ways to mitigate it. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a technique for the subtraction of scattered light noise from the displacement readout of a Michelson interferometer. It is based on using a balanced homodyne detector at both the symmetric and the antisymmetric port. While we have been able to demonstrate a noise reduction of 13.2 dB, the readout scheme seems to be only limited by the associated noise couplings, i.e., shot noise and the coupling of laser noise. We also discuss challenges for using the dual balanced homodyne detection scheme in more complex interferometer topologies, which could lead to improvements in scattered light noise mitigation of gravitational wave detectors.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Simulations of nanocrystalline iron formation under high shear strain
Authors: Tolkachev Ivan , Ma Pui-Wai , Mason Daniel R. , Hofmann Felix
Published: January 2025

High-shear methods have long been used in experiments to refine grain structures in metals, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We demonstrate a refinement process using molecular dynamic simulations of iron wherein nanocrystalline structures are generated from initially perfect lattices under high-shear strain. The simulation cells undergo a highly disordered state, followed by an atomic reordering and grain coarsening, resulting in nanograins. We explore the dependence on parameters such as temperature, heat dissipation rate, shear strain rate, and carbon impurity concentration. Higher temperatures lead to the formation of larger and longer grains. The faster heat dissipation sample initially yields more small grains, but their number subsequently reduces and is lower than the slower heat dissipation sample at approximately γ=1.5. Slower strain rates do not promote nanograin formation. The presence of carbon impurities appears to have little effect on grain formation. This detailed analysis affords insight into the mechanisms that control the formation of nanograins under high-shear conditions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Autocorrelation properties of temporal networks governed by dynamic node variables
Authors: Hartle Harrison , Masuda Naoki
Published: January 2025

We study synthetic temporal networks whose evolution is determined by stochastically evolving node variables—synthetic analogues of, e.g., temporal proximity networks of mobile agents. We quantify the long-timescale correlations of these evolving networks by an autocorrelative measure of network-structural memory. Several distinct patterns of autocorrelation arise, including power-law decay and exponential decay, depending on the choice of node-variable dynamics and connection probability function. Our methods are also applicable in wider contexts; our temporal network models are tractable mathematically and in simulation, and our long-term memory quantification is analytically tractable and straightforwardly computable from temporal network data.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
5σ
tension between
Planck
cosmic microwave background and eBOSS Lyman-alpha forest and constraints on physics beyond
ΛCDM
Authors: Rogers Keir K. , Poulin Vivian
Published: January 2025

We find that combined cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillations, and supernovae data analyzed under Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) are in 4.9σ tension with the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) Lyα forest in inference of the linear matter power spectrum at wave number ∼1hMpc−1 and redshift = 3. Model extensions can alleviate this tension: running in the tilt of the primordial power spectrum (αs∼−0.01); a fraction ∼(1−5)% of ultralight axion dark matter (DM) with particle mass ∼10−25 eV or warm DM with mass ∼10 eV. The new Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument survey, coupled with high-accuracy modeling, will help distinguish the source of this discrepancy.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Dissipative Protection of a GKP Qubit in a High-Impedance Superconducting Circuit Driven by a Microwave Frequency Comb
Authors: Sellem L.-A. , Sarlette A. , Leghtas Z. , Mirrahimi M. , Rouchon P. , Campagne-Ibarcq P.
Published: January 2025

We propose a novel approach to generate, protect, and control Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubits. It employs a microwave frequency comb parametrically modulating a Josephson circuit to enforce a dissipative dynamics of a high-impedance circuit mode, autonomously stabilizing the finite-energy GKP code. The encoded GKP qubit is robustly protected against all dominant decoherence channels plaguing superconducting circuits but quasiparticle poisoning. In particular, noise from ancillary modes leveraged for dissipation engineering does not propagate at the logical level. In a state-of-the-art experimental setup, we estimate that the encoded qubit lifetime could extend 2 orders of magnitude beyond the break-even point, with substantial margin for improvement through progress in fabrication and control electronics. Qubit initialization, readout, and control via Clifford gates can be performed while maintaining the code stabilization, paving the way toward the assembly of GKP qubits in a fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
The impact of using tax havens on classification shifting: evidence from public and private UK firms
Authors: Abdelrahman Mahmoud , Hemmings Danial , Jaafar Aziz
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This paper empirically examines how tax haven use affects classification shifting by public and private UK firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conduct multivariate regression analyses of classification shifting on proxies of tax haven use for a broad sample of UK non-financial public and private firms from 2010 to 2018. An array of additional tests is conducted to ensure the robustness of the findings.

Findings

Firms using tax havens engage in more classification shifting relative to those that do not. The result is concentrated for public firms. While private firms’ classification shifting is generally pronounced, it appears unaffected by tax haven use. The findings suggest that the use of tax havens facilitates public firms’ classification shifting due to the lower institutional environment quality of these jurisdictions. In addition, classification shifting may be a less costly earnings management device for public firms using tax havens due to their political sensitivity.

Practical implications

The study highlights the need for regulatory intervention to constrain classification shifting, especially when firms use tax havens. It also calls for further scrutiny by auditors and financial analysts on the classification of income statement items.

Originality/value

While prior research focuses on accrual and real earnings management by public firms, this study investigates the consequences of using tax havens on classification shifting, a largely underexplored but heavily exploited earnings management strategy. Differences between public and private firms are also tested. Overall, this study offers an advanced understanding of how a firm’s institutional and political environments influence its financial reporting.
The role of creative entrepreneurs in developing your business
Authors: Galvão Anderson R. , Marques Carla , Monteiro Carolina , Mascarenhas Carla
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This study aims to understand the role of the creative entrepreneur in the development of his business.

Design/methodology/approach

For the development of this study, primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five creative entrepreneurs in the Douro region. To triangulate the information, interviews were also carried out with four heads of local institutions, namely, a university, two municipalities and a business incubator.

Findings

The results obtained suggest that creative entrepreneurs play an important role in the development of their business, since creativity and innovation are fundamental for the sustainability of their business. However, the results suggest that the main difficulties experienced by this type of entrepreneurs are related to poor knowledge and interest in management. As a rule, poor management knowledge leads to the emergence of several obstacles, related to sales, stocks, production costs and bureaucracy.

Research limitations/implications

This study contributes to the existing literature by providing new insights into the main difficulties of creative entrepreneurs, how they overcome these obstacles.

Practical implications

The results obtained provide important information for policymakers. The creation of management training programs and cooperation incentives can be important for the growth and development of this type of company. In addition, it shows that it is necessary to create specific policies to encourage and support creative entrepreneurs, since they have different specifications than most entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

This study provides empirical evidence on the ability to explore the intersection between individual entrepreneur creativity and business success. Furthermore, this study demonstrates: i) how your creative entrepreneur management knowledge affects your business; ii) the main difficulties of this type of entrepreneurs; iii) how they have overcome these difficulties; iv) how creative entrepreneurs cooperate with each other.
Heat‐Evolved Microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) Are Stable Symbionts and Influence Thermal Tolerance of the Sea Anemone Exaiptasia diaphana
Authors: Chan Wing Yan , Sakamoto Rumi , Doering Talisa , Narayana Vinod K. , De Souza David P. , McConville Malcolm J. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: January 2025

Symbiotic cnidarians, such as sea anemones and corals, rely on their mutualistic microalgal partners (Symbiodiniaceae) for survival. Marine heatwaves can disrupt this partnership, and it has been proposed that introducing experimentally evolved, heat‐tolerant algal symbionts could enhance host thermotolerance. To test this hypothesis, the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (a coral model) was inoculated with either the heterologous wild type or heat‐evolved algal symbiont, Cladocopium proliferum, and homologous wild‐type Breviolum minutum. The novel symbioses persisted for 1.5 years and determined holobiont thermotolerance during a simulated summer heatwave. Anemones hosting SS8, one of the six heat‐evolved strains tested, exhibited the highest thermotolerance. Notably, anemones hosting the wild‐type C. proliferum (WT10) were the second most thermally tolerant group, whereas anemones hosting the heat‐evolved SS5 or SS9 strains were among the most thermosensitive. Elevated temperatures led to an increase in the levels of many amino acids and a decrease in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites in all anemone hosts, potentially indicating an increase in autophagy and a reduction in energy and storage production. Some consistent differences were observed in changes in metabolite levels between anemone groups in response to elevated temperature, suggesting that the algal symbiont influenced host metabolome and nutritional budget.
Exploring the genetic and morphological diversity of Pantala flavescens across different south Korean river basins
Authors: Park Da Som , Lee Dohee , Park Woong‐Bae , Lee Ji‐Eun , Kim Jun‐Sung , Park Si‐Ae , Moon Jeong Chan , Park Jun‐Kyu , Do Yuno
Published: January 2025

Pantala flavescens, commonly referred to as the globe skimmer or wandering glider, are migratory dragonflies that are distributed around the world whose genetic diversities and population structures have not been defined in South Korea. Thus, we explored the genetic diversities, population structures, and morphological adaptations of P. flavescens along four main river basins in South Korea. In the present study, we carried out landmark morphometric analysis, microsatellite genotyping, and haplotype network analysis to gain insight into the morphological divergence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of the P. flavescens populations from four different river basins. Microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes revealed moderate genetic diversity and significant gene flow among populations, showing minimal geographic differentiation; hence, this points toward a capacity for extensive gene exchange in this species. Wing morphometrical analysis showed clear morphological differences among populations. However, the fact that there is a lack of correlation between morphological differences and geographic distance argues against pure local environmental pressures driving wing morphology. Based on the global genetic connectivity observed using the haplotype network, P. flavescens represents a model organism to investigate the evolutionary consequences of migration over broad geographic scales. These findings have given important insights into mechanisms maintaining genetic diversity and adaptability in P. flavescens and provided valuable guidance for the conservation of migratory species under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
Pleistocene Refugia Inferred from Molecular Evidence in a Forest‐Dwelling Harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) Support a Biogeographic Split in Subtropical Argentina
Authors: Vaschetto Luis M. , Acosta Luis E. , Vergara Julia , González‐Ittig Raúl E.
Published: January 2025

This paper addresses the population genetic structure of the forest‐dwelling gonyleptid Geraeocormobius sylvarum (Arachnida, Opiliones). Phylogeographic analyses using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were conducted on 186 individuals from 43 localities in Argentina and Paraguay, arranged into nine operational sectors and defined upon geographic and vegetation features. Given the current environmental uniformity, it was aimed to assess whether molecular fingerprints of G. sylvarum correlate with Pleistocene fragmentation events, inferred through forest contraction/expansion cycles. The network of 87 haplotypes displayed an unstructured pattern; 75 were found in unique localities (54 on single individuals), with most haplotypes restricted to a single operational sector. The calibrated phylogenetic tree revealed significant admixture, with each clade mainly related to one operational sector. Results suggest multiple fragmentation events; most COI diversity arose in the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene; recent and relict lineages coexist at a few sites. Banks of major rivers (Paraná and Uruguay) in Misiones Province may have served as main refuge areas, with dispersal within each basin being frequent but sporadic across the watershed divide, keeping basins separated for long periods. The split of the Misiones opiliogeographical area into two sectors corresponding to the major basins is proposed.
The Significance of Mono‐ and Dual‐Effective Agents in the Development of New Antifungal Strategies
Authors: Zobi Cengiz , Algul Oztekin
Published: January 2025

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose significant challenges in clinical settings, particularly due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. The rising incidence of these infections, coupled with increasing antifungal resistance, underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Current antifungal drugs target the fungal cell membrane, cell wall, or intracellular components, but resistance mechanisms such as altered drug‐target interactions, enhanced efflux, and adaptive cellular responses have diminished their efficacy. Recent research has highlighted the potential of dual inhibitors that simultaneously target multiple pathways or enzymes involved in fungal growth and survival. Combining pharmacophores, such as lanosterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and squalene epoxidase (SE) inhibitors, has led to the development of compounds with enhanced antifungal activity and reduced resistance. This dual‐target approach, along with novel chemical scaffolds, not only represents a promising strategy for combating antifungal resistance but is also being utilized in the development of anticancer agents. This review explores the development of new antifungal agents that employ mono‐, dual‐, or multi‐target strategies to combat IFIs. We discuss emerging antifungal targets, resistance mechanisms, and innovative therapeutic approaches that offer hope in managing these challenging infections.
Deep Learning Aided SID in Near‐Field Power Internet of Things Networks With Hybrid Recommendation Algorithm
Authors: Chen Chuangang , Wu Qiang , Wang Hangao , Chen Jing
Published: January 2025

In the realm of power Internet of Things (IoT) networks, secure inspection detection (SID) is paramount for maintaining system integrity and security. This paper presents a novel framework that leverages deep learning‐based semi‐autoencoders in conjunction with a hybrid recommendation algorithm to enhance SID tasks. Our proposed method utilizes the deep learning‐based semi‐autoencoder to effectively capture and learn complex patterns from high‐dimensional power IoT data, facilitating the identification of anomalies indicative of potential security threats. The hybrid recommendation algorithm, which combines collaborative filtering and content‐based filtering, further refines the detection process by cross‐verifying the identified anomalies with historical data and contextual information, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of the SID tasks. Through extensive simulations and practical data evaluations, our proposed framework demonstrates superior performance over conventional methods, achieving higher detection accuracy. In particular, the detection accuracy of the proposed scheme is more than 20% higher than that of the competing schemes.
Diverged Populations Admixture Bolsters Genetic Diversity of a New Island Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) Population, but Does Not Prevent Subsequent Loss of Genetic Variation
Authors: Thavornkanlapachai Rujiporn , Mills Harriet R. , Ottewell Kym , Lambert Cathy , Friend J. Anthony , White Daniel J. , Aisya Zahra , Kennington W. Jason
Published: January 2025

Translocating individuals from multiple source populations is one way to bolster genetic variation and avoid inbreeding in newly established populations. However, mixing isolated populations, especially from islands, can potentially lead to outbreeding depression and/or assortative mating, which may limit interbreeding between source populations. Here, we investigated genetic consequences of mixing individuals from two island populations of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) in an island translocation. Despite a high level of genetic divergence between the source populations (FST ranges 0.33–0.64), and significant differences in body size, individuals with different ancestries were able to successfully interbreed in captivity and in the wild. However, the genetic contributions from each source population were unequal initially despite each of the source populations contributing an equal number of founders. Mating success of captive animals based on the pedigree suggests that this bias toward one source population was due to founder mortality and the mating success of younger and heavier animals. Nevertheless, genetic contributions in the translocated population became equal over time with no parental purebreds, suggesting an extreme excess of hybrids across multiple years. While genetic variation in the translocated population was comparable or higher than the source populations, the increase was short‐lived. Genetic composition of captive animals may not reflect what happens in the wild. These changes post‐translocation highlight the need for continued genetic monitoring.
Drought‐Induced Weakening of Temperature Control on Ecosystem Carbon Uptake Across Northern Lands
Authors: Wu Haohao , Fu Congsheng , Yu Kailiang , Ciais Philippe , Ballantyne Ashley , Liu Zhihua , Rogers Brendan M. , Piao Shilong , Chen Yizhao , Zhang Lingling , Wu Huawu , Fan Xingwang , Chen Jianyao , Yang Guishan
Published: January 2025

Rapid warming in northern lands has led to increased ecosystem carbon uptake. It remains unclear, however, whether and how the beneficial effects of warming on carbon uptake will continue with climate change. Moreover, the role played by water stress in temperature control on ecosystem carbon uptake remains highly uncertain. Here, we systematically explored the trend in the temperature control on gross primary production (measured by “SGPP‐TAS”) across northern lands (> 15°N) using a standardized multiple regression approach by controlling other covarying factors. We estimated SGPP‐TAS using three types of GPP datasets: four satellite‐derived GPP datasets, FLUXNET tower observed GPP datasets, and GPP outputs from nine CMIP6 models. Our analysis revealed a significant positive‐to‐negative transition around the year 2000 in the trend of SGPP‐TAS. This transition was primarily driven by synchronized changes in soil water content over time and space. The SGPP‐TAS trend transition covered about 32% of northern lands, especially in grasslands and coniferous forests where leaf water mediation and structural overshoot accelerated the drought‐induced transition, respectively. In the future, widespread negative SGPP‐TAS trends are projected in northern lands corresponding with decreasing soil water availability. These findings highlight the shrinking temperature control on northern land carbon uptake in a warmer and drier climate.
Disentangling Effects of Vegetation Structure and Physiology on Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Li Wantong , Migliavacca Mirco , Miralles Diego G. , Reichstein Markus , Anderegg William R. L. , Yang Hui , Orth René
Published: January 2025

Terrestrial vegetation is a key component of the Earth system, regulating the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between land and atmosphere. Vegetation affects soil moisture dynamics by absorbing and transpiring soil water, thus modulating land–atmosphere interactions. Moreover, changes in vegetation structure (e.g., leaf area index) and physiology (e.g., stomatal regulation), due to climate change and forest management, also influence land–atmosphere interactions. However, the relative roles of vegetation structure and physiology in modulating land–atmosphere interactions are not well understood globally. Here, we investigate the contributions of vegetation structure and physiology to the coupling between soil moisture (SM) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) while also considering the contributions of influential hydro‐meteorological variables. We focus on periods when SM is below normal in the growing season to explicitly study the regulation of vegetation on SM–VPD coupling during soil dryness. We use an explainable machine learning approach to quantify and study the sensitivity of SM–VPD coupling to vegetation variables. We find that vegetation structure and physiology exert strong control on SM–VPD coupling in cold and temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Vegetation structure and physiology show similar and predominant negative sensitivity on SM–VPD coupling, with increases of vegetation dynamics leading to stronger negative SM–VPD coupling. Our analysis based on Earth system model simulations reveals that models largely reproduce the effect of vegetation physiology on SM–VPD coupling, but they misrepresent the role of vegetation structure. This way, our results guide model development and highlight that the deeper understanding of the roles of vegetation structure and physiology serves as a prerequisite to more accurate projections of future climate and ecosystems.
The PKM2 activator TEPP‐46 suppresses cellular senescence in hydrogen peroxide‐induced proximal tubular cells and kidney fibrosis in CD‐1db/db mice
Authors: Ishihara Shin‐ichiro , Kayes Md. Imrul , Makino Hirofumi , Matsuda Hiroaki , Kumagai Asako , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Ferdaus Sara Amelia , Kawakita Emi , Koya Daisuke , Kanasaki Keizo
Published: January 2025

Aim/Introduction

Senescence is a key driver of age‐related kidney dysfunction, including diabetic kidney disease. Oxidative stress activates cellular senescence, induces abnormal glycolysis, and is associated with pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) dysfunction; however, the mechanisms linking PK activation to cellular senescence have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that PKM2 activation by TEPP‐46 could suppress oxidative stress‐induced renal tubular cell injury and cellular senescence.

Materials and Methods

To investigate the effects of PKM2 activation on oxidative stress‐induced cellular senescence, we conducted β‐galactosidase staining and western blot analysis on human primary renal tubular cells (pRPTECs) treated with hydrogen peroxide with or without TEPP‐46. IL‐6 levels and glycolytic flux were measured. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed via the MTS assay and caspase 3 cleavage. For in vivo experiments, we utilized CD‐1db/db mice, a fibrotic type 2 diabetes model, which exhibit kidney fibrosis. After 4 weeks of TEPP‐46 intervention, kidney fibrosis and the expression of senescence markers were analyzed.

Results

In pRPTECs, hydrogen peroxide increased the number of β‐galactosidase‐positive cells, the expression of senescence markers (p16, p21, p53), and p38 phosphorylation; co‐incubation with TEPP‐46 suppressed these alterations. Hydrogen peroxide reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, mesenchymal alterations, and increased lactate production and IL‐6 secretion; co‐incubation with TEPP‐46 or a p38 inhibitor mitigated these effects. In CD‐1db/db mice, TEPP‐46 intervention suppressed apoptosis, fibrosis, and tended to reduce the levels of senescence‐associated molecules in the kidney.

Conclusions

PKM2 activation could be a molecular target for protection against senescence‐associated organ damage, including diabetic kidney disease.
Evaluation of Perceptual and Anthropometrical Facial Changes According to Increase in Vertical Dimension of Occlusion
Authors: Kim Seung‐Wan , Ko Kyung‐Ho , Huh Yoon‐Hyuk , Cho Lee‐Ra , Park Chan‐Jin
Published: January 2025

Background

For restorative demands, increased vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is sometimes necessary, as facial changes can be perceptible.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the perception of facial change due to increased VDO and associated soft tissue changes using 3D‐scanned facial images.

Methods

Forty participants with healthy dentition and no loss of VDO were recruited. The VDO was increased by 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm on a semi‐adjustable articulator after maxillomandibular impressions. Facebow transfers were taken for each participant to create a personalised device. 3D facial scans were taken with the mandibular occlusal device in place, creating facial capture files from frontal, lateral and anteroposterior views for each scanned data. Sixty evaluators were recruited to consecutively cross‐compare maximal intercuspal captures with increased VDO. To evaluate soft tissue changes with increased VDO, facial measurements, total face height, lower face height, lip width, lip height and nasolabial angle were measured thrice in 3D scan images using computer‐aided design software. Statistical analysis entailed one‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05).

Results

A 4‐mm increase in the VDO showed the highest perceptibility for facial change, varying among evaluator groups. Total face height, lower face height and nasolabial angle increased with VDO, while lip width and height decreased. Each soft tissue measurement differed significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

For 3D‐scanned facial changes, a 4‐mm increase in VDO was the most perceptible difference. Increased VDO affects facial changes.
Pediatric Age‐Prioritized Waitlisting Policy Potentially Disadvantages Adolescents on Dialysis Not Listed for Transplant Until Adulthood
Authors: Steggerda Justin A. , Wisel Steven A. , Puliyanda Dechu , Pizzo Helen , Garrison Jonathan , Kim Irene K.
Published: January 2025

Background

Current kidney transplant (KT) policies offer advantages in waiting time and organ allocation priority to pediatric patients waitlisted before 18 years old. This study evaluates the effects of this policy for patients who are on dialysis before, but not waitlisted until after, age 18.

Methods

Patients aged 11–25 years and waitlisted between 2001 and 2022 for KT were identified in the OPTN STAR data file for analysis. Cohorts were defined by age and dialysis status at time of listing: Peds if < 18 yo, young adult (YA) if ≥ 18 yo; NYOD—not yet on dialysis or OD—on dialysis at time of listing, with YA groups further segregated by age at dialysis initiation. Cumulative incidence of transplant was calculated for waitlisted patients. Graft survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling. p values < 0.01 were significant.

Results

Amongst 35 764 KT registrations, candidates who initiated dialysis as pediatric patients but were not waitlisted until after turning 18 years old (YA + OD < 18) have the highest rate of nontransplantation (33.5%) and longest time on dialysis (median: 2103 days) before deceased donor (DD) KT. YA + OD < 18 patients were sixfold less likely than Peds + OD patients to undergo DDKT at 5 years after listing. YA + OD < 18 recipients had the worst post‐KT graft survival of all groups at 5 years with adjusted hazard ratio of 1.477 (95% confidence interval: 1.218–1.792) compared to Peds‐NYOD (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Current allocation policies significantly disadvantage candidates who initiate dialysis before, but are not listed until after age 18, and should be re‐examined to address these inequities.
Tracheostomy as a Management Option After Listing for Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Day Elisabeth , Cross Deborah , Crossland David , Powell Jason , Simpson Emma
Published: January 2025

Background

Children with end‐stage heart failure listed for cardiac transplantation may require mechanical ventilation and/or circulatory support whilst awaiting transplantation. A subgroup of these patients is unable to wean off mechanical ventilator support and undergo tracheostomy to enhance quality of life and allow de‐escalation of intensive care. There is limited evidence of the use of tracheostomy associated with pediatric cardiac transplantation. We describe outcomes to better inform future management of these patients.

Methods

A single‐centre, retrospective study was performed, assessing all pediatric patients (< 18 years) listed for cardiac transplant from 2006 to 2017. We assessed background demographics and outcomes, including cardiac diagnosis, complications, insertion of ventricular assist device and survival. We identified patients who underwent tracheostomy after listing and compared this group with non‐tracheostomised patients.

Results

Two hundred and eleven patients were listed for cardiac transplant, of whom 44 (21%) underwent tracheostomy after listing. The main indication for tracheostomy was failure to wean from mechanical ventilation (36%). Complications after tracheostomy included localized infection, granuloma, obstruction and hemorrhage, but were generally minor. Median time for tracheostomy decannulation was 75 days. When comparing tracheostomy versus non‐tracheostomy patients, there were no significant differences in age, weight or time to transplant. Survival was comparable between the non‐tracheostomy and tracheostomy groups at 1‐year, 97% versus 94% respectively.

Conclusion

There is no evidence from our study that patients awaiting cardiac transplant who undergo tracheostomy have significant complications or reduced survival. Tracheostomy is usually a short‐term measure and should be considered in the management of children receiving prolonged ventilation around the time of cardiac transplantation.
Pattern of Infection After Pediatric Liver Transplant and Its Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Tanimura Soichiro , Chuah Soo Lin , Shimizu Seiichi , Sakamoto Seisuke , Kasahara Mureo , Nakagawa Satoshi
Published: January 2025

Background

Liver transplantation has improved survival rates in pediatric patients with end‐stage liver failure. However, post‐liver transplant infection remains a threat to patient recovery. This study reported the frequency and patterns of infections after liver transplantation and identified factors related to the accuracy of fever source investigation.

Method

This is a single‐center descriptive and retrospective study in the quaternary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in Japan. All pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation from 2019 to 2021 were eligible. The patients were divided into two groups based on culture positivity: the positive culture group and the negative culture group.

Results

A total of 152 pediatric patients were included in the study. The median age was 11 months, and 86% of cases underwent living donor liver transplantation. Among the 152 cases, 18% showed positive bacterial culture results. The timing of positive culture varied bimodally, with 34% occurring after postoperative day 15. Among the positive cultures, 84% were bacterial, and 20% were fungal. Factors associated with positive culture were analyzed, and as a result, re‐laparotomy and a higher graft recipient weight ratio (GRWR) were identified as factors associated with infection.

Conclusions

We reported the frequency and patterns of infections in pediatric patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation and demonstrated that factors associated with positive culture were re‐laparotomy and GRWR. This study provides important clinical data for infection management after liver transplantation.