bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Should Be on Our ‘Spring Cleaning’ Checklist?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about “spring cleaning” activities that should be done each year. Whether they are called spring cleaning, annual inspection, or performance enhancement, these activities serve two purposes: ensuring that treatment and distribution systems are performing mechanically as they should; and, preventing potential problems by catching them early, before they affect treatment plant effectiveness. The article explains that some activities are weather dependent and some are flow dependent, and that keeping a detailed record is essential. Activities include: open/close every valve in the treatment and distribution system; clean and lubricate pumps and meters; replace any tubing that is discolored, stretched, or brittle; check and clean the chemical supply area and replace expired chemicals and reagents; clean and inspect backup equipment, including the backup generator, to make sure they are all operational and full of fuel; organize the maintenance and repair‐parts storage; organize manufacturer catalogs and literature in an operation and maintenance file cabinet; complete tutorials on information management software; surf the Internet for websites that provide reliable, impartial information and resources; conduct customer surveys; keep customers abreast of treatment practices; take classes offered on compliance, treatment techniques, or regulatory interpretation to expand your professional knowledge and provide you with valuable contacts on the state and national levels; and, train seasonal employees so they are prepared to jump right in to their work when needed. The article provides a list of additional resources.
Size Matters Meters Can Reflect New Standards
Authors: Grothaus Ray
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a study by the Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW) to re‐evaluate their methods of sizing meters, in order to save water, reduce maintenance costs and customer bills. The main focus of the study was to determine the feasibility and practicality of reducing the size of 3‐in., 4‐in., and 6‐in. meters in the system, although meter reductions of all sizes were included. Study methodology is discussed, and results indicated that there were hundreds of oversized meters in the GCWW system. The study confirmed that smaller meters may benefit the utility with more accurate consumption data and lower maintenance costs. A water meter installation check list is provided in the article.
Data: The Heart and Soul of a GIS
Authors: Adams Gary
Published: June 2018

This article examines geographic information systems (GIS) and the data that drive it. The article stresses the importance of accurate data, differenciates between “data” and “information”, describes metadata and field data collection. A list of resources is provided.
Sealing Our Buried Lifelines
Authors: Rahman Shah
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of rubber seals in pipes and appurtenances used in the waterworks industry. Efficient rubber seals prevent the loss of millions of gallons of potable water and prevent soils and groundwater contamination from sanitary sewers and other wastewater. The article discusses how ease of installation, dependability, long service life, and resistance to chemical attacks are factors that make bell‐and‐spigot push‐on gasket joints a common method of joining lengths of various pipe materials, including thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), metallic pipes such as ductile iron and steel, and other materials such as concrete, fiberglass, and clay. The article provides an explanation of how rubber gaskets are designed to function and what the capabilities and limitations of elastomers are, thus allowing users to make sound decisions in the field.
Stop Leaks, Save Money
Authors: Pennington Russ , Jakubowski Tom
Published: June 2018

This article discussses a comprehensive water distribution leak detection study launched by Gwinnett County, Georgia, as part of a nonrevenue abatement program. The leak detection study complies with the Metro North Georgia Water Planning District's Water Supply and Water Conservation Management Plan for the district's 16 metro Atlanta counties. The county has been working with a consultant to locate and quantify leaks, develop a database of information on leaks for the county's geographic information system (GIS), and educate county staff about leak location methodology and preventive maintenance. The article provides project background information and discusses the project approach that included analyzing the entire distribution system and dividing it into survey areas where survey crews tracked the signature sounds produced by leaks with electronically enhanced acoustic leak detection equipment and located the leaks with computer correlation. Survey results are listed and the amount of nonrevenue water associated with leaks identified in the survey was approximated.
Piping in Water Reliability
Authors: Wegand Joseph , Oleksyn Andrew , Gebert Paul , Kulis Rachel , Tennyson Patricia
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the San Vicente Pipeline Project, a key component of the San Diego County Water Authority's Emergency Storage Project. The pipeline is the final link between the county's three emergency water storage facilities that include Olivenhain Reservoir, Lake Hodges, and San Vicente Reservoir. The new pipeline distributes water from the San Vicente Reservoir to other member agencies and links the San Vicente Reservoir to the Water Authority's Second Aqueduct. It also reserves emergency water at San Vicente Reservoir for access at a peak transfer rate of 384 ft3/s, and conveys the main supply of emergency storage water to the city of San Diego and communities in southern San Diego County. The tunneling construction of the pipeline is described, along with a brief overview of background information on the San Diego County Water Authority.
Navigating the Maze of Effective Treatment Options
Authors: Dykstra Trevor , Mahady Jim , Einfeld Brad , Shareghi Nader
Published: June 2018

This article describes an effort by the Mountain House Community Services District in northern California to evaluate several water treatment processes to meet increasing demand and regulatory guidelines. Criteria for evaluating various treatment technologies is provided, along with treatment concerns, options for expanding the existing plant to 20 mgd, evaluation of interim capacity expansion, and construction. Conventional treatment with gravity media filters and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection was selected.
Emerging Organic Contaminants What Are They?
Authors:   AWWA Organic Contaminants Control Committee
Published: June 2018

This article highlights several organic compounds on the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) list, as well as other emerging contaminants. The article discusses three well‐known organic contaminants that are on the current CCL, along with several less well‐known contaminants that are also on the CCL, UCMR contaminants, and ongoing challenges.
Filter Aid Injection Manifold Enhances Operations
Authors: Sayles Lonny
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the Filter Aid Injection Manifold that uses ram water from the house system water supply lines to break the head of the influent water to the filter. Filter aid is fed at low feed rates of about 0.16 mg/L. The ram water and manifold nozzles provide a more uniform and constant dispersion of the chemical, and the higher velocity of the solution creates cleaner feed lines. Results and benefits of using the manifold at the Eugene (Oregon) Water and Electric Board's 72‐mgd conventional surface water treatment plant are discussed.
Going Green Saves Money and the Environment
Authors: Gara Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how, according to a recent survey by the Connecticut Business & Industry Association, most of today's businesses are beginning to adopt “green” business practices that are more environmentally sensitive and use energy and natural resources more efficiently. Ideas for water utilities adopting energy‐efficient measures are presented, along with tracking monthly energy use from utility bills to understand how their energy bills actually work, obtaining load profile information, understanding rate schedules, and meeting with utility representatives about programs and incentives.
Enhance Operations with SCADA Power
Authors: Schoeder Dean , Serjeantson Bill , McKinney Scott
Published: June 2018

This article discusses leveraging a utility's supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for performance efficiency. The article begins by listing the technical elements of a SCADA system, and explains the two categories of users and the five levels of SCADA systems operation. The article discusses the numerous possibilities presented by SCADA systems for improvement by categorizing control and automation strategies. An inset on understanding the SCADA life cycle is included.
Take a Fresh Look at Customer Service
Authors: Schlenger Don
Published: June 2018

This article discusses streamlining customer service operations without compromising service. Call center technology is discussed, highlighting voice recognition software that replaces touchtone systems and voice‐over‐Internet protocol (VOIP) allowing for simultaneous transfer of information as well as voice. Other technologies discussed, along with outsourcing call centers, integrating offshore and onshore services, and “lift‐out” where an outsourcing firm takes over the utility's employees. The article provides three scenarios for utility managers to choose from to effect change.
Pilot Study Steers Membrane System Research
Authors: Hur Hyun‐Chul , Kim Tae‐Gyun , Lee Man‐Ho , Choi Young‐June
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a field‐scale pilot test by the Seoul Metropolitan Government's (SMG's) Waterworks Research Institute to determine the feasibility of using microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) as treatment technologies for achieving the required level of Cryptosporidium treatment, and protecting public health from waterborne pathogens. Five types of membrane systems, three pressure‐driven and two vacuum‐driven, were installed at SMG's Gu‐ui water treatment plant in eastern Seoul. Details of pilot tests are provided, along with water quality analysis, membrane system performance, energy consumption analysis, and a comparison of direct filtration. Test results are discussed, indicating that the submerged membrane process was more sustainable than the pressure‐driven process for high turbidity.
Three Problems, One Solution Arsenic, Iron, and Manganese Present Treatment Challenges
Authors: Irwin Butch
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a problem at the Hilltown Township (Pennsylvania) Water and Sewer Authority with naturally occurring arsenic in its groundwater. The article describes how the township tested an iron‐based adsorption treatment technology as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Technology Verification Program. The program verifies the performance of innovative technologies that can improve protection of human health and the environment. The article discusses the testing process, along with test results, and the installation of a 300 gpm arsenic removal system at the utility as the solution for the arsenic problem. The system uses three‐stage adsorber vessel treatment technology in which the pretreatment system removes iron and manganese before water enters an adsorber containing ferric‐oxide media for arsenic removal. The pretreatment system allowed the township to address its needs for reducing iron, manganese, and arsenic at the same time. As media capture iron and manganese, system pressure begins to climb, and backwashing is performed based on pressure differential. The system is backwashed every 3‐4 weeks. More frequent backwashing is required when the system operates 24 hr/day in the summer.
Tap Water vs. Bottled Water: What's the Difference?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question addresses the difference between tap water and bottled water. The answer first addresses the problem with customers' concerns over taste and odor from tap water, and successful marketing campaigns claiming that bottled water is pure and safe. The article provides a cost comparison of bottled water vs. tap water, points out the environmental and cost impacts of the glass or plastic containers used to bottle water, and discusses the quality of bottled water vs. tap water.
How Do I Formulate a Pump Maintenance Schedule?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about formulating a pump maintenance schedule. The article provides a brief overview of pump design considerations first, which is necessary in planning a preventive maintenance schedule. Pump curves relate information on how the pump is performing related to capacity, head, pump efficiency and brake horsepower. The manufacturer can provide the shop pump curve, and the pump installer can generate a field pump curve for particular models. Generating your own pump curve on a periodic basis is important for comparing to the field pump curve to observe changes in performance. The article describes how pump performance can be indicated by comparing a graph of the flow vs. head readings of a pump with the operating curve of the pump.
Get a Grip on Fluctuating Pressures and Flows
Authors: Davis Gus , Moraca Tracy , O'Connell Sean
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a recent study on a booster station in rural Arizona that compared two approaches for providing water under fluctuating pressures and flows: a hydropneumatic tank, or a variable frequency drive. System specifics are provided, along with hydropneumatic tank design and function, VFD system design and function, horsepower requirements, and capital vs. life cycle costs.
Water Smart Peel Greater Awareness Today Means More Water Tomorrow
Authors: Vieira Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how the Region of Peel fought to stem the tide of growing demand on its water and wastewater infrastructure by implementing a comprehensive water‐efficiency program to inspire residents to get involved and save water. The article describes the services and programs delivered by Water Smart Peel that are aimed at increasing local awareness of water‐ and wastewater‐related issues through educational initiatives that encourage students, residents, and businesses to protect water and reduce daily water use. The Region of Peel developed a Water Efficiency Plan (WEP) to promote more effective water use without negatively affecting service levels. Specific objectives of the WEP are given, along with screening criteria for potential water efficiency measures, WEP initiatives such as the toilet replacement program, the water audit‐capacity buy‐back program, outdoor water education program, and restaurant spray‐valve replacement program. The Region of Peel's public education and outreach programs are also presented.
Chlorine Gas vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: What's the Best Option?
Authors: Shah Jeny , Qureshi Naeem
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a study by the city of Lakeville, Minnesota, to evaluate alternative disinfection technologies that was driven by U.S. Department of Homeland Security concerns about risks associated with handling, storing, and using toxic chlorine gas. The study evaluated alternative disinfection systems for the city's water treatment plant, considering the plant's existing system, safety, security, cost‐efficiency, and finished water quality. The Lakeville study did not evaluate ultraviolet, ozone, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide systems because of site and cost constraints. The study focused on sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), that provides residual protection but is safer than chlorine gas and less expensive than other alternative disinfection systems. Installing a NaOCl system would require the city of Lakeville to make few modifications to its existing system, and finished water quality would be similar to what is presently produced. The article discusses the advantages and limitations of using sodium hypochlorite, and provides comparisons of capital costs and annual O&M costs of chlorine gas, commercial sodium hypochlorite, and on‐site sodium hypochlorite generation. The article includes a total present worth analysis for a 20‐mgd sodium hypochlorite disinfection system.
GIS Development: Prepare an Effective RFP for Data Conversion
Authors: Singer Guy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of a geographic information system (GIS) for managing a utility's geographic records, tracking changes, and editing the records. The article relates the Cleveland Division of Water's experience with outsourcing its GIS needs and lessons learned from preparing a comprehensive Request for Proposal.
Don't Stress Over Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Failures
Authors: Rahman Shah
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a technology for rehabilitating steel and concrete pipe called carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs). CFRP system design is described, and an example of using CFRP at Southwest Transmission Main in Maryland is provided in a sidebar. Another sidebar follows a step‐by‐step process of applying the CFRP fabric to the inside of sections of structurally deficient pipe. Advantages and disadvantages of using the trenchless CFRP technology are presented, along with ongoing AwwaRF research on the use of CFRP for the structural renewal of prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP).
Database Delivers Contaminant Resources
Authors: Miltner Richard J. , Speth Thomas F. , Hill Christopher P. , Canoles Edward
Published: June 2018

This article presents the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Drinking Water Treatability Database (TDB) website that offers referenced information on the control of contaminants in drinking water. Eventually, the TDB will include information on identifying more than 200 regulated and unregulated contaminants, including the following related topics: effective treatment processes; best available technologies; emergency response to water security and spills; regulatory issues; and, research needs. Data on source, inplant, and finished drinking waters is collected in the database, and users can evaluate contaminant removal at various stages in the treatment process. TDB navigation is discussed for finding information on contaminants, treatment processes, treatment data, and concurrent treatment processes. Users can transport an entire data matrix into a spreadsheet format for further manipulation. Also, data can be exported from any tables in the TDB, including contaminant property, fate and transport data, contaminant/treatment process data, and references.
Learn the Basics of Energy Efficiency
Authors: Cantwell Joseph C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a public‐private partnership program developed by the state of Wisconsin called Focus on Energy that offers energy information and services to utility customers throughout Wisconsin. A wide range of initiatives were integrated in the program that can be used by any utility to encourage energy efficiency and use of renewable energy, enhance the environment, and ensure a future energy supply. The specific program objective was to develop an assessment approach that provides utility owners with tools for improvement. The article discusses approach methodology, including the following components: review facilities and recommend improvements; describe appropriate modifications; estimate energy savings; estimate modification costs; calculate the payback in energy savings; help implement the project; and, identify opportunities. Challenges to attaining energy efficiency are presented, along with results of the Wisconsin program. The article provides an insert on maintaining energy control.
Shine a Light on Disinfection
Authors: Cotton Christine A. , Collins James R. , Passantino Laurel
Published: June 2018

This article discusses operating an ultraviolet (UV) reactor within the validated conditions of the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria for calibration of UV sensors and UV transmittance analyzers. Monitoring parameters are presented, along with monitoring frequencies and reporting requirements. The article stresses the difference between activities that are required and those that are recommended.
Don't Underestimate the Benefits of: Cross‐Connection Control
Authors: Atkins Blake L.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the benefits of implementing a cross‐connection control program. The article first defines cross‐connection, backflow and backsiphonage and discusses the hazards that could potentially occur from these incidents. Statistics on cases of contamination caused by cross‐connections are provided, focusing on the states of Louisiana, New Jersey, and Missouri. Backflow prevention devices are discussed, along with the critical elements of implementing an effective cross‐connection control program. The article discusses the importance of balancing resources when determining which implementation strategy to use, and the variations in different state‐ and federally‐sponsored cross‐connection control programs.
Plant Prevention Safeguard Water Supplies from Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation
Authors: Pesacreta George
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how non‐native aquatic plants, introduced into the U.S. from around the world, are crowding out native plants and are causing numerous problems in surface water supplies. Dubbed “nuisance” aquatic vegetation, the article discusses how these plants are introduced and spread into water bodies, and focuses on the importance of early surveillance and prevention programs to successful management of these nuisance species. The city of Greensboro, North Carolina, had a problem with more than 70 acres of exotic creeping water primrose in the city's lake system in 2003. The article presents the city's aquatic plant management plan as an example of how to eradicate the problem.
Models Aid Coagulant Choices
Authors: Yavich Alex A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how four different water treatment plants with varying processes and operational needs studied the use of computer models to provide real‐time data for required coagulant feed rates, analyze coagulant performance under various process conditions, and identify optimal coagulation practices. Overall, the studies demonstrated that selecting the proper coagulant can help water utilities improve process performance and meet specific treatment objectives, including improved effluent quality, reduced operational costs and sludge production, and improved filter operation.
Can We Save Money by Eliminating Our Cross‐Connection Control Program?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about cutting a utility's cross‐connection control program as part of a cost‐cutting effort to help with budget problems. The article stresses the importance of a cross‐connection control program and discusses the distinction between cross‐connection and backflow, describes instances where cross‐connections still exist, provides a list of several programs that are designed to prevent contamination and together are called the multiple‐barrier approach to delivering quality water, and urges utilities to develop a communication program for greater public awareness of cross‐connection control programs.
Mother Nature Hastens Pipeline Repair
Authors: Sanzi Jennifer
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the Truckee Meadows Water Authority (TMWA) in Reno, Nevada, responded to damage done by an earthquake on April 25, 2008 to a section of its Highland Canal. A 200‐ft. section of flume at the canal was damaged by a rockslide triggered by the earthquake. This canal is the primary raw water conveyance that supplies 50 mgd of raw water through gravity flow to TMWA's Chalk Bluff Water Treatment Plant. The damage caused the plant's new output capacity to drop from 83 mgd to 60 mgd, occurring at the outset of the hottest time of the year and peak demands. The article discusses efforts to restore supply by exploring temporary options to offset the loss in system capacity, which included pumping water directly from the Truckee River to the Chalk Bluff plant, and using aboveground high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe to bypass the damaged section of the canal. TMWA's board of directors ultimately approved fast‐tracking the Mogul Bypass project, already in the Capital Improvement Plan, to replace all of the Highland Canal/flume system with an underground pipe delivery system and expand total capacity to 95 mgd. The article also discusses how the new gravity flow system will provide for energy cost savings of more than $400,000/yr.
Preparedness Reduces Risk
Authors: Johnson Albert , Gabriel Ralph
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the criticality of preparing for a coordinated response to emergencies. The article presents the Henderson, Nevada, Department of Utility Services's (DUS's) emergency response plan (ERP) as an example of a comprehensive coordinated response to emergencies that establishes common terminology and procedures for responding to a threat or disaster. The emergency planning process is discussed, along with training and exercises for senior management and mid‐level management. A functional exercise is discussed that included several city departments and activated the city's emergency operation center (EOC) as an exercise component.
Aeration Decreases THMs
Authors: Spacek David
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by the township of North Shore in Northern Ontario, to explore treatment options for high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs). Based on results of a field study experiment in which aeration reduced THMs by 68 percent, the utility conducted a full‐scale pilot study on the effects of aeration on reducing THMs in the clearwell and ultimately the distribution system. Equipment and the experimental approach are discussed, along with results and study limitations including sample collection procedures, water and air temperatures, organics in the water, and clearwell ventilation.
Going Green—How Can We Get Involved?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how a utility can demonstrate that they are “going green”; and, are there any drawbacks associated with implementing a green directive? The answer first addresses terminology in the green movement that includes the following: pollution prevention; renewable energy; and reducing carbon footprinting. The article states that the first step for a utility in “going green” is to define which parameters to use that demonstrate success and are also measureable. Suggestions are provided on how to determine which green activities stakeholders consider important, how to obtain funding for such activities, voluntary programs that support green activities, and how to benchmark the success of such programs. Barriers to going green are presented, along with the importance of cost benefit analyses on equipment that is still performing well.
Collect Representative: Distribution System Samples
Authors: Sekhar Megan , Dugan Alison
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) sample flushing guideline that was recently developed by USEPA's Drinking Water Optimization Program. The objective of the guideline was to establish a consistent, technically sound approach for collecting representative water quality samples in distribution systems. The article discusses how a representative sample should accurately capture water in a distribution system main, not the service line immediately adjacent to a sample location. This guideline is for situations in which a customer owns the service line beyond the meter, but not those in which a water system is responsible for the service line and premise plumbing, or for water quality sampling intended for the service line or premise plumbing. The article presents information on the need for the guideline, how the guideline was developed, tools and steps used for obtaining a representative sample, and applying the rule of thumb for sampling from hydrants and from residential and business taps. Additional sampling tips are provided from the optimization team's experiences.
How Can We Determine if Seepage Water Has Been Treated?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks if there is a reliable test to determine whether a water sample is groundwater or if it has been treated. This would be helpful in determining the cause of seepage or frequently running sump pumps. The answer discusses two aspects of water that are pertinent to the question, one chemical and one physical: water's ability to combine with chemicals and dissolve minerals; and, its ability to transport materials. Checking for various constituents such as chlorine or fluoride in groundwater, that are usually found in treated water, may indicate treated or untreated water. Performing a water audit is also suggested.
Toilet to Tap: Making a Case for Indirect Potable Reuse
Authors: Allan George R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses negative public opinion about indirect potable water reuse, efforts at obtaining public approval by the Orange County Water District of Southern California, the water treatment process at Orange County's state‐of‐the‐art water reclamation facility referred to as the Advanced Water Purification Facility, and the obvious choice of using indirect potable water reuse to meet the earth's future water needs.
Contamination: Response: is Your Laboratory Prepared?
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Allis William W. , Gaffney Leah J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses preparing all laboratories, regardless of size or analytical capabilities, for a water contamination response scenario. Three reasons are discussed for having protocols in place and ensuring the staff is trained in handling contamination samples, including: protect lab staff from exposure to contaminants; prevent cross contamination of the lab by the contaminants; and, maintain the integrity of event samples, which may become criminal evidence. Establishing sample‐handling capabilities is discussed, along with sample shipping protocols, and basic water quality analysis.
Rehabilitating Aging Infrastructure
Authors: Nayer Syam Babu , Carson Larry R.
Published: June 2018

This article presents Wilmington, Delaware's program for water distribution system improvement. Wilmington's Department of Public Works developed and implemented an integrated multiyear program in 2003 to replace and rehabilitate its water distribution network. The program uses a multi‐objective project investment optimization model based on data from water main condition assessments, hydraulic performance analyses, valve exercising, and fire hydrant testing. Geographic information system (GIS)‐ based data models of water main breaks and water quality complaints, combined with hydraulic‐performance simulation models, are being used to select and prioritize asset renewal projects.
Waging War on Leaks: Detection Is the First Line of Defense
Authors: Palmer Jerry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the use of electro‐acoustic methods to detect leaks in a water supply system, using highly sensitive microphones to sense noise during the night to avoid environmental noise such as traffic, passers‐by, or other work taking place. Procedures for continuous monitoring of water pipe networks are discussed for both stationary and mobile monitoring, along with logger types and their use and operation, installation, readout variants, and data analysis.
A Cooperative Effort: Take a Team Approach to Tackle Disinfectant Residual Problems
Authors: Herrmann William
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by the Pompano Beach (Florida) Utilities Department to improve disinfectant residual levels by using remote chlorine, pressure sensors and field sampling to analyze the situation. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for each lift station near an identified point was upgraded to send data on water system chlorine residual and pressure. The ability to see trends in disinfectant residual levels allowed utility personnel to better understand the effect of procedural changes or flushing activities that included the following: modifying ground storage tank (GST) operations; optimizing chlorine‐to‐ammonia ratios; managing excess capacity; flushing effectively; investigating forced‐flow flushing; and, proving to staff that long‐established habits can be changed only by proving the success of a new method.
Proactive Planning Preserves Resources for Future Generations
Authors: Atassi Amrou , Pingatore Jim , Hardwick John , Opitz Eva
Published: June 2018

This article discusses opportunities to develop a water conservation program at Valparaiso (Indiana) City Utilities (VCU) that would have the following goals: promote and provide environmental sustainability leadership; potentially offset or delay capital expansion costs; and, provide customers with a way to increase water use efficiency. The article discusses the creation of a task force to provide input and guidance and serve as a conduit to the community, and presents task force plan objectives, along with the water conservation plan based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines, and selected measures that where analyzed for cost benefit analyses. The water conservation plan also focused on public education and community outreach to motivate VCU customers to understand the value of conserving water.
Decrease Operational Costs With Membrane Maintenance
Authors: Kosterman Michael
Published: June 2018

This article discusses improvements made by Racine Water Utility (RWU) in 2005 that included a 50 mgd immersed membrane system, placing membrane filtration after the conventional plant and creating an additional barrier against potential pathogens. The article discusses practices identified by operators to reduce costs and modify labor schedules to maintain the system's additional mechanical components.
Education and Training: High School Students Gain Early Exposure to the Water Industry
Authors: Starling Donna Huddleston , Canady David C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a training program for high school students in Irving, Texas, in basic water and wastewater and safety instruction to prepare graduating high school seniors to pass water and wastewater licensing examinations. The city of Irving (Texas) Water Utilities Department partnered with the Irving Independent School District (IISD) Career Technology Education Program, under the auspices of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), to develop this program. The Workforce Strategies Committee of the Texas Section of AWWA is actively exploring the expansion of the program to other school districts.
Valve Box Clamp Enhances Efficiency, Safety
Authors: Beck David
Published: June 2018

The Valve Box Clamp saves time backfilling around the hydrant valve box and allows us to install straight valve boxes. The device minimizes the need for a valve box to be held in place or resetting the box if it gets knocked over, reducing the potential for injury. Construction instructions and a list of materials and costs are included in the article.
Stainable Operations: Mix it Up and Go Green
Authors: Oppenheimer Jason , Fiske Peter S.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses active mixing of distribution storage reservoirs as a sustainable best practice to optimize disinfectant chemical use and minimize energy resources to manage distribution, storage tank, and reservoir water quality. In‐tank active‐mixing processes can significantly reduce a tank's chlorine demand, reducing or eliminating on‐site chemical usage.
Pump Maintenance Ensures Reliable, Efficient Operation
Authors: Brady James M.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the operation and maintenance of pumps, and how a proper understanding of pump components and regular maintenance can prolong the life of a utility's most energy‐consuming operation. The article discusses several types of bearings found in pumping equipment, proper lubrication of bearings, packing to allow proper leakage, maintaining clearance between wear rings and case rings, and the types of major repair jobs that can be expected for pumps.
Reduce Vinyl Chloride Levels
Authors: Shah Jeny , Qureshi Naeem , Anderson Scott
Published: June 2018

This article discusses reducing vinyl chloride (a volatile organic compound) levels in drinking water by using in‐line aeration. An example is presented of the city of St. Louis Park, Minnesota, lowering its vinyl chloride levels by 32 percent using in‐line aeration. The article discusses other treatment options that were explored by the city, along with a testing program to monitor results.
Drinking Water Advisories Invest Time and Resources to Plan Ahead
Authors: Ragain Lisa
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the Drinking Water Advisory Project, which evolved out of the need to help utilities issue effective drinking water advisories. AWWA partnered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop the project, which consists of protocols and tools to improve advisory effectiveness. The project combines elements of CDC's investigations of waterborne disease outbreaks with AWWA's knowledge of utilities' challenges in issuing public notices, and evolving federal and state regulations. The article discusses criteria for issuing advisories, along with suggestions for preparing for questions posed by customers, methods of communicating with the public, anticipating complications, determining critical “users”, and coordinating with other public notification and outreach activities. Post‐advisory activities such as evaluation, outreach, exercises, and practice are discussed.
Valve Maintenance Use Existing Resources to Create an Effective Exercising Program
Authors: Owens Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the Wichita (Kansas) Water Utility kept up its valve maintenance program despite budget cuts and down‐sizing. Re‐assignment of work crews, program goals and work flow, and program successes and challenges are discussed, along with future program enchancements.
Why Is a Mission Statement Important and What Should It Contain?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about developing a utility mission statement. An effective mission statement serves as the foundation from which to communicate a water provider's critical purpose to its staff and the community, and helps a utility shape how it perceives itself and what role it plays in the community. In developing a mission statement, a range of stakeholders should be involved so that the final product accurately reflects what the utility does. It should be a simple, one or two sentence message that is easily remembered and repeated, and publicized by both internal and external communications programs. The article provides several examples of water utility mission statements.
How Should I Apply AWWA Standards in Specifications?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how items such as specifications, contracts, competitive bidding, and standards relate to each other, and what role standards play in specifications. The answer goes into detail on how, in the water industry, specifications are generally used for construction projects or in purchasing materials and products required for operations. For construction projects, properly written specifications avoid misinterpretation by providing sufficient detail and requirements to bid, contract for, build, test, start up, and guarantee a project meets the owner's needs. Specifications also ensure that manufacturers purchase quality products, which is especially important for buried infrastructure that's out of sight but in service long after a project is closed.
Survey Says?: Major Water Utilities Shed Light on Chloramine Disinfection
Authors: Hoek Kathryn , Herzner Julie , Feldman Eileen , Becker William , Schindler Steven , Freud Salome
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a survey conducted by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection to assess the city's options for complying with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 2 Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproducts Rule. The survey asked 13 major U.S. water utilities to report their history of chloramine use, facilities used, dosages and chemicals used, operational procedures, environmental review required, public health impacts, advantages and disadvantages, and source water quality.
Lake Michigan Utility Tackles Corrosion Control
Authors: Atassi Amrou , Putz Andrea
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a testing program initiated by a Lake Michigan water utility to study the occurrence of an aluminum‐phosphate compound in its distribution system, and to examine strategies to control it while maintaining optimized lead levels. Experimental methods included continuous feeding of pipe‐loop systems, using a programmable controller, at a predetermined constant flow rate for 16 hours, followed by eight hours of no flow to simulate stagnant conditions. To reduce aluminum levels in the finished water, phosphoric acid was fed at the rapid mix to combine with the residual aluminum. Data is provided on the typical raw and finished water quality, which demonstrate the reduction of aluminum and phosphate levels to minimize deposition.
Ensure Water Quality in Your Distribution System
Authors: Zelch Clyde H.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses maintaining water quality in distributions systems and storage tanks. The article discusses the design of a retention circulation system for storage tanks to put water in high and take it out low, or put it in on one side and take it out the other. The key is to retrofit the system to ensure movement through the tank. Suggestions for inspecting tank vents, roof‐access hatches, and overflow are provided, along with procedures for line flushing, and calculations for determining water speed.
Preventive Maintenance: Reap the Benefits of Well‐Maintained Filters
Authors: Staples Nathan , Ross Richard
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of proper filter preventive maintenance procedures that will prolong filter operation, enhance performance, help your utility meet water effluent goals and regulatory compliance requirements, and save money. The filtration process largely depends on the filter media, and media performance depends primarily on the media's physical condition, backwash effectiveness, and maintaining the correct media depth and retention. Four backwash processes are discussed: water‐only backwash; surface‐wash sweeps; sequential air scour and water; and, simultaneous air scour and water. Proper underdrain system maintenance and thorough recordkeeping are also discussed. Tips for optimizing filter performance are provided.
TDS and Temperature Affect Consumer Taste Preferences
Authors: Gallagher Conor D. , Dietrich Andrea M.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a recent study at Virginia Tech that investigated the influence of total dissolved solids (TDS) and temperature on consumers' ability to discriminate water based on taste and to determine their preferences. Triangle test methods were used, and TDS levels, or the mineral content of drinking water, are discussed along with the effects of temperature on taste. If a treatment change is planned that will significantly alter the historical TDS concentration (such as implementation of reverse osmosis, blending practices, or alternative source water), the article recommends that a utility should inform customers of the change and consider performing taste tests.
GAC Treatment: A Versatile Technology Stands the Test of Time
Authors: Myers Tony , Scharf Roger
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the versatility of granular activated carbon (GAC) by providing examples of the various types of water treatment plants where it is used, including: the St. Paul (Minnesota) Regional Water Services (SPRWS) lime‐softening treatment plant; the Lakeview Water Treatment Facility in the Region of Peel, Ontario, Canada's use of ozone and BAC before its ultrafiltration (UF) membranes; and, the Northern Kentucky Water District's (NKWD) use of GAC adsorbers after conventional coagulation and filtration and before UV for TOC removal, DBP control, and as a general barrier for trace organic contaminants and microconstituents.
Evaluating the Risks of Water Distribution System Failure
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Thurnau Robert C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project initiated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to develop a quantitative risk model for drinking water infrastructure repair and replacement. The project focused on four aspects of drinking water infrastructure condition and quantitative risk assessment: developing a quantitative, statistically‐based risk model for pipe‐segment failure; developing a model for estimating costs and benefits, including secondary and societal costs, of pipe repair, rehabilitation, and replacement using the Inspection Value Method evaluation technique; assessing prestressed cylindrical concrete pipe (PCCP), which is of particular interest because it's frequently the means of transmitting large volumes of water; and, identifying and assessing current, state‐of‐the art pipe inspection technology.
No Kidding! Goats Rescue Weed‐Control Efforts
Authors: Markley Jim
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by the Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) Water Department to use goats for controlling weeds at reservoirs and wells, which turned out to be an environmentally and customer friendly solution.
Quick Response Is Key to Solving Taste‐and‐Odor Problems
Authors: Dawson Jonathan
Published: June 2018

In response to a surprise algae bloom in Standley Lake that quickly affected the taste and odor of the city of Westminster, Colorado's drinking water, Westminster's water quality department developed a particle imaging and analysis system to safeguard drinking water from taste‐and‐odor events. The system provides a complete view of how the entire system is working at all times, allowing treatment personnel to reduce algae growth and to remediate with a holistic approach that has less impact.
Dive Into Underwater Repair and Inspection Projects
Authors: Griffin Ken
Published: June 2018

This article presents guidelines for underwater repairs and inspections that involve divers. The guidelines are related to the scope of the job, the staffing of a dive crew, necessary equipment, bidding a job, regulations and industry standards for commercial diving, insurance requirements for commercial diving, evaluating a diving contractor, and developing a well‐written report.
How Can We Avoid the Coming Power Struggle for Water?
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick
Published: June 2018

Water demand may outpace aquifer recharge, posing serious long‐term potential disruptions for communities. This article discusses how limiting carbon footprints and decreasing power needs will improve local environments and limit consumer costs.
Replace Bleeders With Circulation Pumps to Improve Quality, Lower Costs
Authors: Tabe Shahram , Cannard John , Jamal Taher , Edmonds Anthony C.F.
Published: June 2018

To maintain suitable water aesthetics, Espanola ‐ a small town in Northern Ontario, Canada, with a population of 5,500 ‐ operated seven bleeders within its water distribution system. Water wasted from these bleeders was estimated to be about 30 percent of total annual production. In addition, the wastage contributed about the same percentage to the load of the sewage treatment plant. By removing one bleeder from the system, savings were estimated to be about $50,000. The savings assumed a conservative cost of $0.50/m3 for treating water and wastewater. This article discusses a study by Espanola and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment to determine if circulation pumps (CPs) could successfully replace bleeders in certain scenarios and to compare the system's water quality and costs of bleeders vs. CPs.