bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cushing Syndrome
Authors: Nieman Lynnette
Published: January 2021

Cushing syndrome is a condition with protean manifestations that are caused by chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids. Treatment with supraphysiologic doses of glucocorticoids is the most common cause. Pathologic hypercortisolism may result from autonomous adrenal production or as a result of the action of excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by a tumor, which stimulates adrenal cortisol production. Primary adrenal forms include unilateral adenoma or carcinoma or, rarely, bilateral hyperplasia and/or nodules. This chapter covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests, including tests of the blood and other body fluids, imaging studies, and biopsy, are discussed. The differential diagnosis, treatment options, complications, and prognosis are described. Tables outline clinical features and causes of Cushing syndrome, abnormalities associated with primary adrenal causes of Cushing syndrome, diagnostic accuracy of screening tests, endogenous hypercortisolism without Cushing syndrome, and medical therapy for Cushing syndrome. Figures illustrate the causes of Cushing syndrome and a comparison of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome and those with pseudo–Cushing syndrome. Algorithms show the evaluation of possible Cushing syndrome and evaluation of the causes of Cushing syndrome. Second-line treatments for Cushing syndrome when surgery fails or is not possible are also detailed.
This chapter contains 5 figures, 7 tables, 50 references.
Autoimmune Hepatitis/Overlap Syndromes
Authors: Czaja Albert J
Published: January 2021

When autoimmune hepatitis has features of primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, these mixed clinical phenotypes constitute overlap syndromes. Diagnostic criteria have been promulgated, but clinical judgement and liver tissue examination remain cornerstones of diagnosis. Cholestatic laboratory and histological findings, concurrent inflammatory bowel disease, or non-response to conventional corticosteroid therapy compel practitioners to consider overlap in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Laboratory indices of marked liver inflammation and histological findings of moderate to severe interface hepatitis, especially with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, also warrant consideration of overlap in patients with primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitits. Treatment recommendations to date have been based on weak clinical evidence, and disease management should be individualized and guided by the predominant disease component. Prednisone or prednisolone in combination with azathioprine has been used in patients with predominantly autoimmune hepatitis, whereas low dose ursodeoxycholic acid in conjunction with corticosteroid-based regimens has been recommended in syndromes with predominately cholestatic disease. All treatments have been variably effective, especially in patients with overlapping features of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin inhibitors have been used as salvage therapies in limited experiences, and liver transplantation has been associated with graft and overall survivals similar to those of the classical unmixed diseases.
 This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables and 50 references
Keywords: autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, overlap, cholestatic laboratory and histological features
Management of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Bellmunt Joaquim , Nadal Rosa
Published: January 2021

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the tenth most common in women. Patients commonly present with painless hematuria. Urinary frequency, urinary tract infection, upper tract obstruction, and pain are also possible; however, the physical examination of the patients is often unremarkable. Clinical diagnosis depends on urine cytology, bladder ultrasonography, and office cystoscopy. This review describes the epidemiology, pathology and natural history, clinical presentation and workup, staging and grading, non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer, bladder preservation strategies, nontraditional approaches, chemotherapy for metastatic disease, immunotherapy, and predictive factors of response to chemotherapy for bladder cancer. Figures show representative images of urothelial cell carcinoma, diagrams showing a cystoscopy for a man and bladder cancer staging, urinary diversion, and computed tomographic scans of a patient with hepatic metastases from bladder cancer before and after treatment with gemcitabine-cisplatin. Tables list the tumor-node-metastasis staging system for bladder cancer, the histologic classification of tumors of the urinary tract (WHO 1973 versus WHO 2004), risk group stratification based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Scoring System, types of bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure/recurrence and treatment recommendations, unfavorable factors for bladder preservation chemoradiation, consensus criteria for patients unfit for cisplatin-based regimens, and first-line combination chemotherapy regimens.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 80 references.
Management of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
Authors: Greer Julia B. , Regueiro Miguel D.
Published: January 2021

There have been considerable advances in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) since the 20th century, and there are multiple options available to the clinician. The management of IBD depends on the location of disease, as well as its clinical, endoscopic and histologic severity. The field is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from a step-up approach (starting treatment with a “milder” medication and, if this treatment fails, moving on to a more powerful medication) to a top-down approach (in which stronger medications are given earlier in the disease course). This review details the medications used to treat IBD, nutrition in IBD patients, and surgical treatment of IBD. Figures show step-up therapy, top-down therapy, strictureplasty technique, gross pathology image of a patient with Crohn disease and previous ileocecal resection, and ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. Tables list 5-aminosalicylic acid medications, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologic medications used to treat IBD, as well as causes of nutritional deficiencies in IBD patients.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 96 references.
Approach to the Patient with Cough
Authors: Fanta Christopher H.
Published: January 2021

The cough reflex is critically important in the clearance of abnormal airway secretions and protection of the lower respiratory tract from aspirated foreign matter. A weak or ineffective cough can lead to respiratory compromise from even a relatively minor bronchial infection. Persistent cough is often one of a constellation of symptoms indicative of respiratory disease—a potential clue in the differential diagnosis of the patient’s illness. Given the widespread distribution of sensory nerve endings of the cough reflex throughout the upper and lower respiratory tract, it is not surprising that myriad respiratory diseases, involving lung parenchyma and airways, can manifest with cough. Sometimes cough is the sole or predominant symptom in a patient who is otherwise well. Evaluating and treating the patient with persistent cough who has few, if any, other respiratory symptoms is a common challenge for the practicing physician. This review covers the normal cough mechanism, impaired cough, pathologic cough, cough suppressant therapy, and new developments. Figures show a flow-volume loop during cough, a posteroanterior chest x-ray in a patient presenting with chronic cough, flow-volume curves and spirograms documenting expiratory airflow obstruction, and the approach to the patient with chronic cough. The table lists selected examples of extrapulmonary physical findings of potential importance in the assessment of cough.
This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 94 references.
Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Zuckerman Matthew D , Babu Kavita
Published: January 2021

The term “drugs of abuse” lacks a formal medical definition. Historically, discussions of drugs of abuse focused on “street drugs”; however, the adverse effects of the nonmedical use of prescription medications, such as opiates, benzodiazepines, and therapeutic amphetamines, are increasingly seen. The purpose of this review is to aid the clinician in identifying and treating a broad representation of drugs of abuse, which may include those illicitly produced in laboratories (e.g., methamphetamine), diverted pharmaceuticals (oxycodone), and herbal products (marijuana). This review covers stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabinoids, and sedative-hypnotics. Figures show substances ranked according to weighted harm score on a normalized scale from 0 being no harm to 100 being extreme harm to self and others, a treatment algorithm for sympathomimetic toxicity, a treatment algorithm for sedative-hypnotic overdose, and a treatment algorithm for opioid overdose. Tables list commonly abused sympathomimetic agents, modern novel drugs of abuse, commonly abused sedative-hypnotic agents, commonly abused opiates, and pitfalls of the drug screen.
 
This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 89 references
Mistreatment of Elders
Authors: Gorman Emily I , Linden Judith
Published: January 2021

Elder mistreatment affects a considerable proportion of individuals older than 60 to 65 years of age and may include intentional abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, or financial) and neglect. As the proportion of the population that is older than 65 years of age increases, elder mistreatment will become an increasingly common issue. Only a minority of cases of elder abuse are reported; thus, an interview with the patient should be conducted in private if elder mistreatment is suspected. Patient risk factors for elder mistreatment include cognitive or behavioral impairment, poor physical health, and poor social supports. This review examines the approach to the patient, as well as definitive treatment, disposition, and outcomes for victims of elder abuse. The figure shows an algorithm for elder abuse assessment and intervention. Tables list types of elder abuse, factors predisposing to elder mistreatment, indicators of abuse, and the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index.
This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 4 tables, and 42 references.
Difficult to Treat (Refractory) Chronic Migraine: Outpatient Approaches
Authors: Robbins Lawrence
Published: January 2021

This comprehensive review addresses the many challenges in treating refractory migraine. Issues relating to pathophysiology are covered. A unique “refractory scale for migraine patients” is introduced. The definition and role of medication overuse headache are presented with a much different perspective than is usually found. Issues outside of medication that are covered include active coping, acceptance, resilience, and catastrophizing. A number of outpatient treatments are thoroughly discussed. These include the role of onabotulinum toxin, the application of polypharmacy, when to employ sphenopalatine ganglion  blocks, the role of occipital and trigger-point injections, the implementation of long-acting opioids, the advantages of stimulants, and the possible use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Miscellaneous approaches include muscle relaxants, nasal or intravenous ketamine, transcranial magnetic stimulation, memantine, and ergonovine. Finally, many cutting-edge “refractory clinical pearls” are listed. 
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 25 references.
Key Words: Headache, migraine, chronic, refractory, medication overuse, alternative, treatments
Transfusion Therapy
Authors: Chang Ronald , Holcomb John B.
Published: January 2021

Exsanguination occurs rapidly after trauma (median 2 to 3 hours after admission) and is the leading cause of preventable trauma deaths. The modern treatment for traumatic hemorrhagic shock is simultaneous mechanical hemorrhage control and damage control resuscitation (DCR), which emphasizes using plasma as the primary means for volume expansion. Other core DCR principles include minimization of crystalloid, permissive hypotension, and goal-directed resuscitation. The treatment of traumatic hemorrhage is complicated by trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC); DCR is thought to address TIC directly despite incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data point to a 1:1:1 ratio of plasma and platelets to red blood cells as the optimal blood product ratio for acute traumatic hemorrhage. However, this paradigm may soon be supplanted by a transition back to whole blood. Although it is intuitive to apply these same protocols and algorithms to patients with nontraumatic hemorrhage, the scientific evidence is lacking.
Key words: endotheliopathy, hemorrhage, massive transfusion, trauma-induced coagulopathy
Diabeloop DBLG1 Closed-Loop System Enables Patients With Type 1 Diabetes to Significantly Improve Their Glycemic Control in Real-Life Situations Without Serious Adverse Events: 6-Month Follow-up
Authors: Amadou Coralie , Franc Sylvia , Benhamou Pierre-Yves , Lablanche Sandrine , Huneker Erik , Charpentier Guillaume , Penfornis Alfred
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE

To analyze safety and efficacy of the Diabeloop Generation 1 (DBLG1) hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system in patients with type 1 diabetes in real-world conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

After a 1-week run-in period with their usual pump, 25 patients were provided the commercial DBLG1 system. The results are presented on time in range (TIR) and HbA1c over 6 months.

RESULTS

The mean (SD; range) age of patients was 43 (13.8; 25–72) years. At baseline, the mean HbA1c and TIR 70–180 mg/dL were, respectively, 7.9% (0.93; 5.6–8.5%) [63 mmol/mol (10; 38–69 mmol/mol)] and 53% (16.4; 21–85%). One patient stopped using the system after 2 months. At 6 months, the mean HbA1c decreased to 7.1% [54 mmol/mol] (P < 0.001) and TIR 70–180 mg/dL increased to 69.7% (P < 0.0001). TIR <70 mg/dL decreased from 2.4 to 1.3% (P = 0.03), and TIR <54 mg/dL decreased from 0.32 to 0.24% (P = 0.42). No serious adverse event was reported during the study.

CONCLUSIONS

The ability of the DBLG1 system to significantly improve glycemic control in real-world conditions, without serious adverse events, was confirmed in this follow-up study.
Association of Oily and Nonoily Fish Consumption and Fish Oil Supplements With Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Large Population-Based Prospective Study
Authors: Chen Guo-Chong , Arthur Rhonda , Qin Li-Qiang , Chen Li-Hua , Mei Zhendong , Zheng Yan , Li Yang , Wang Tao , Rohan Thomas E. , Qi Qibin
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate associations of oily and non-oily
fish consumption and fish oil supplements with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS

We included 392,287 middle-aged
and older participants (55.0% women) in the UK Biobank who were free of
diabetes, major cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and had information on
habitual intake of major food groups and use of fish oil supplements at
baseline (2006-2010). Of these, 163,706 participated in 1-5 rounds of 24-h dietary
recalls during 2009-2012.

RESULTS

During a median 10.1 years of follow-up, 7,262
incident cases of T2D were identified. As compared with participants who
reported never consumption of oily fish, the multivariable-adjusted hazard
ratios (95% CI) of T2D were 0.84 (0.78-0.91), 0.78 (0.72-0.85), and 0.78
(0.71-0.86) for those who reported <1 serving/week, weekly, and ≥2
servings/week of oily fish consumption, respectively (P-trend <0.001). Consumption
of non-oily fish was not associated with risk of T2D (P-trend = 0.45). Participants
who reported regular fish oil use at baseline had a 9% (95% CI: 4%-14%) lower
risk of T2D as compared with non-users. Baseline regular users of fish oil who
also reported fish oil use during at least one of the 24-h dietary recalls had
an 18% (95% CI: 8%-27%) lower risk of T2D when compared with constant non-users.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that consumption of oily fish,
but not non-oily fish, was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Use of fish oil
supplements, especially constant use over time, was also associated with a
lower risk of T2D.
Kunnskap om barns kollektive ansvarserfaringer og implikasjoner for tjenesteutøvelse i barnevernet
Authors: Høgmo Katrine , Kassah Kwesi Alexander , Kassah Bente Lilljan Lind
Published: January 2021

A major goal of the Child Welfare Services is to provide the best possible support to children in challenging life situations, including cross-cultural children, in Norway. However, there is inadequate knowledge about cross-cultural children’s responsibility taking and its implications for service delivery in Norwegian municipalities. This chapter discusses the importance of increased knowledge of the responsibility-taking practices of cross-cultural children for Municipal Child Welfare Service workers’ service delivery. The authors based the chapter on literature from studies on responsibility-taking experiences of children from Peru, Norway and other countries outside Europe. The literature indicates that many children have responsibilities to work and contribute to the sustenance of their families. Often, the children experienced feelings of identity, belonging and pride in mastering work roles. It is, therefore, difficult to understand the practices of these children as destructive parentification. On the contrary, the expectation that children provide for the upkeep of their families often attracts the destructive parentification label in European countries. Also, we argue that nuanced understanding of cross-cultural children’s responsibility-taking practices and identities may equip Child Welfare Services workers with competence that may enable them to provide the best possible support to cross-cultural children in Norway.
Utfordringer i tverrfaglig samarbeid. Kommunal helse- og omsorgstjeneste samt kommunalt barnevern
Authors: Fredriksen Sven-Tore Dreyer , Kassah Bente Lilljan Lind , Tingvoll1 Wivi-Ann
Published: January 2021

This chapter on the challenges of interdisciplinary co-operation between Municipal Health/Social Care and Child Protection respectively is based on the directives of public authorities that interactions often challenge interdisciplinary co-operation. The research studies on which we based the discussion indicate that there are several challenges associated with this form of co-operation. The discussion has its basis in the social constructivist perspective, where the focus is on the implications of the ontologies and epistemologies for interdisciplinary co-operation. Further, the discussion shows that interdisciplinary co-operation challenges the hierarchy of knowledge and user participation within the services. The chapter argues that interdisciplinary co-operation has, to some extent, the potential for further knowledge development.
Sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser
Authors: Gustin Lena Wiklund
Published: January 2021

The overall aim of this chapter is to introduce different competencies that are considered as pivotal for good nursing care. This is motivated as skilfulness in such competences can contribute to how professionals manage their responsibilities and take actions as professionals. Therefore, the chapter is not presented as a study. Rather, it has a theoretical approach focusing on the description of six core competencies in nursing, i.e., patient-centred care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics. These core competencies have been developed and described by the QSEN Institute (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses). Therefore, they are reflected on in relation to an understanding of nursing as an autonomous profession with a theoretical basis in caring science. This will not only shed light on nurses’ competencies but also contribute insights into the understanding of challenges and opportunities related to nurses’ domains of actions.
Kompetansebegrepets uklarhet i møte med barnevernets komplekse handlingsrom
Authors: Tresselt Margrethe Amalie , Borgerød Grethe M.
Published: January 2021

Background: Governmental documents must provide guidance and knowledge for social workers with a focus on child care. They must describe legislative changes, meet employee expectations and evaluate any reforms. To do so, it is important that the language and use of any concepts are interpreted in the same way. One of the terms used by the government in Norway is the word ‘competence’, which intends to describe to employees in social care services their tasks. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight challenges related to governmental use of the concept of the word ‘competence’. The term is used frequently, in the assumption that there is a common and equal interpretation of the word.

Method: This study is a text analysis of relevant governmental documents published from 2014. The purpose of this method is to create structured data out of the documents.

Theory: The study applies the perspectives of hermeneutics and phenomenology, combined with the organizational theories by Skau (2017) and Røvik (2007).

Result: We have three findings concerning the term ‘competence’. The first is that the term is barely defined. The second is that the term is used without a proper structure. The third is that there are few governmental documents that are aimed specifically at child health care workers.

Conclusion: This study shows that the term ‘competence’, which is used frequently in various contexts, lacks proper definition. This may lead to confusion and misunderstanding with respect to governmental directions and intents versus professional job execution amongst employees at social care services in Norway.
Ledelse av profesjonalisert velferd i et paradoksteoretisk perspektiv
Authors: Olsvik Bodil S.
Published: January 2021

Despite an increased focus on the professionalisation of welfare leadership, leadership challenges in the healthcare sector and child welfare services are an unexplored area. This chapter deals with welfare leadership, and attention is directed at the nature of these challenges and how paradox theory can be used to describe and explain them. This chapter shows that the framework and conditions of welfare leadership are often contradictory and that demands and expectations are often characterised by paradoxes. Major reforms have been implemented in Norway in recent years, and increased quality, expanded expertise and stronger leadership have been among the focus areas. Many leaders in the healthcare sector and child welfare services increasingly experience conflicting and intersecting governance requirements, and everyday leadership is characterised by complexity, uncertainty and stress. Leaders in complex, contradictory and quotidian conditions experience challenges in the areas of managerial discretion and broader leadership competence. Finally, the author discusses the need for leaders to develop competence in handling dilemmas by acquiring training in paradoxical thinking and handling complexity.
Norsklæreres erfaringer med karakterfritt semester: rom for forbedringsinnsats hos eleven og større fokus på læringsfremmende tilbakemelding fra læreren?
Authors: Eriksen Harald , Elstad Eyvind
Published: January 2021

Noen videregående skoler har prøvd ut en ordning med karakterfritt semester for at elever skal kunne ha sterkere fokus på forbedringsinnsats på basis av lærernes formative tilbakemeldinger og mindre fokus på prestasjonsmessig oppnåelse. Formålet med denne studien er å utforske norsklæreres erfaring med ordningen. Flere teoretiske linser kombineres for å forstå det mangefasetterte fenomenet som elevers læringsarbeid i karakterfritt semester omfatter. Hovedkonklusjonen er at norsklærere i videregående skoler i overveiende grad har positive erfaringer med karakterfritt semester: Karakteroppmerksomheten avtar med denne ordningen, og fokuset blir desto sterkere på elevers oppmerksomhet om læringsframgang basert på lærerens tilbakemeldinger. Lærerne oppfatter at arbeidet blir mer preget av å gi tilbakemeldinger som elever kan bruke for å forbedre sine tekster, og i mindre grad dokumentasjon for å begrunne karakter som ellers ville ha vært gitt. Ordningen ser ut til å skape mindre stress for elever som ellers ville oppleve det som plagsomt å oppnå en karakter lavere enn aspirasjonsnivået. Lærerne ser heller ikke ut til å mene at høytpresterende elevers arbeidsinnsats svekkes av karakterfritt semester.
English abstract
English title: Norwegian language arts teachers’ experiences with grade-free semester: room for improvement efforts for the student and greater focus on formative feedback from the teacher?
Some upper secondary schools in Norway have tried out a scheme with a grade-free semester in order for pupils to be able to have a stronger focus on improvement efforts on the basis of the teachers’ formative feedback and less focus on performance-related achievement. The purpose of this study is to explore teachers’ experience with the scheme within the subject named Norwegian. Several theoretical lenses are combined to better understand the multi-faceted phenomenon that pupils’ learning work in a grade-free semester includes. The main conclusion is that teachers in the subject Norwegian have predominantly positive experiences with a grade-free semester: the grade attention decreases while the focus on students’ attention to learning progress based on the teacher’s feedback increases. For the teacher, the emphasis shifts to feedback that pupils can use to improve their texts and to a lesser extent documentation to justify the grade that would otherwise have been given. The scheme seems to create less stress for pupils who would otherwise find it troublesome to achieve a grade lower than the aspiration level. The teachers also do not seem to believe that the work effort of high-performance pupils are weakened by a grade-free semester.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INQUIRI PADA MATERI METODE ILMIAH
Authors: Anom I Putu Gede
Published: January 2021

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini dilaksanakan di SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Utara di Kelas X IPA 4 yang kemampuan peserta didiknya untuk mata pelajaran kimia  rendah.Tujuan penulisan penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inquiri dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kimia kelas X IPA 4.Metode pengumpulan datanya adalah tes prestasi belajar. Metode analisis datanya adalah deskriptif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah Model Pembelajaran Inquiri dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kimia kelas  X IPA 4 semester 1 SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Utara tahun pelajaran 2017/2018. Ini terbukti dari hasil yang diperoleh pada Awalnya rata-rata 54,26 , Siklus I naik menjadi 66,21 dan  pada Siklus II naik menjadi 81,31Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah Model Pembelajaran Inquiri dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kimia kelas X IPA 4 semester 1 SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Utara tahun pelajaran 2017/2018.
Resenha do livro O REINO: A história de Edir Macedo e uma radiografia da Igreja Universal
Authors: Brandão Rafael Ribeiro
Published: January 2021

De uma vida simples que vivia na remota cidade Rio das Flores no Rio de Janeiro, Edir Macedo ao longo de sua vida conseguiu ter mais de 10 mil templos, no Brasil e em quase cem países, tornando a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) num gigante neopentecostal. Chegou a construir uma réplica do Templo de Salomão em São Paulo, Macedo administra sua igreja mostrando autoridade e respeito dos seus séquitos e por várias autoridades políticas e empresariais. A unção do atual presidente Jair Bolsonaro, celebrada pessoalmente por Macedo, demonstra um projeto de poder iniciado há mais de quarenta anos na primeira sede da Universal, no Rio de Janeiro. Gilberto Nascimento conta a história da IURD, de seu fundador e de sua expansão até os fatos ocorridos no final de 2019.
POTENSI BAKTERI ENDOFIT DALAM MENEKAN PENYAKIT LAYU STEWART (PANTOEA STEWARTII SUBSP. STEWARTII) PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG
Authors: Rahma Haliatur , Zainal Aprizal , Suharman Memen , Sinaga Meity S , . Giyanto
Published: January 2021

Potential of endophytic bacteria to control stewart wilt disease (Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) in maize. The purpose of this study was to explore endophytic bacteria from seedling, maize roots and grass roots as well as to test the ability of endophytic bacteria which could potentially suppress stewart wilt disease development in maize. Characterization of endophytic bacteria as biocontrol agents including: do not induce HR on tobacco, synthesize IAA, dissolve phosphate, produce siderophores, and antibiotic to Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss). The results of research shoed 17 isolates of endophytic bacteria potentially as candidate biocontrol agents. Nine isolates were able to produce IAA, siderofores and phosphatase; two isolates produce IAA and phosphatase; six isolates produce IAA. Six isolates ie: AR1, AJ34, AJ15, AJ19, and AJ14 AN6, can increase maize plant resistance and suppress stewart wilt disease severity with a range of 48.95-55.60%.
EFIKASI CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN LECANICILLIUM LECANII TERHADAP BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) PADA KEDELAI
Authors: Prayogo Yusmani
Published: January 2021

Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium lecanii  to Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Soybean. Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important pests on soybean, because in addition to direct damage also as vectors of viruses and stimulated the growth of sooty mold. The efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium lecanii to control B. tabaci carried out at Muneng  field research station of  Probolinggo in June until September 2012. Research using a split plot design, the main plot is two soybean varieties, namely Argomulyo and Wilis. Subplot is the time application of fungi L. lecanii with conidia densities of 107 and 109/ml. The results showed that  Argomulyo more preferred by B. tabaci compared Wilis variety. Nine times application of L. lecanii using 107/ml conidia densities were applied every week the started on 14-70 days after planting (DAP) was able to suppress of B. tabaci in the field. However, planting Wilis varieties with nine times application of  L. lecanii  using conidia densities  109/ml  were recommended. Controlling of B. tabaci on Argomulyo variety use L. lecanii or lamda sihalotrin showed no significantly due to the result seed weight is lower than compare with Wilis untreated. Application of L. lecanii use with the highest conidia densities (109/ml), no negative effect to the survival on survival of various predators; i.e. Coccinella sp., Oxyopes sp. and Paederus sp. Therefore, L. lecanii most likely to be used as an effective biopesticide agent to control of B. tabaci and as substitute to chemical insecticides.
Local Bifurcations of Reversible Piecewise Smooth Planar Dynamical Systems
Authors: Roitenberg V. Sh.
Published: January 2021

There are quite a few works, which consider local bifurcations of piecewise-smooth vector fields on the plane. A number of papers also studied  the local bifurcations of smooth vector fields on the plane that are reversible with respect to involution. In the paper, we introduce reversible dynamical systems defined by piecewise-smooth vector fields on the coordinate plane (x, y) for which the discontinuity line y = 0 coincides with the set of fixed points of the system involution. We consider the generic one-parameter perturbations of such a vector field. The bifurcations of the singular point O lying on this line are described in two cases. In the first case, the point O is a rough saddle of the smooth vector fields that coincide with a piecewise smooth vector field in the half-planes y > 0 and y < 0. The parameter can be chosen so that for parameter values less than or equal to zero, the dynamical system has a unique singular point with four hyperbolic sectors in a vicinity of the point O. For positive values of the parameter in the vicinity of the point O, there are three singular points, a quasi-centre and two saddles, the separatrixes of which form a simple closed contour that bounds the cell from closed trajectories. In the second case, O is a rough node of the corresponding vector fields. The parameter can be chosen so that for values of the parameter less than or equal to zero, the dynamical system has a unique singular point in a vicinity of the point O, and all other trajectories are closed. For positive values of the parameter in the vicinity of the point O, there are three singular points, two nodes and a quasi-saddle, whose two separatrixes go to the nodes.
Mathematical Modeling of Heat Transfer Processes in a Solid With Spherical Layer-type Inclusion to Absorb Penetrating Radiation
Authors: Attetkov A. V. , Volkov I. K. , Gaydaenko K. A.
Published: January 2021

The paper deals with determining a temperature field of an isotropic solid with inclusion represented as a spherical layer that absorbing penetrating radiation. A hierarchy of simplified analogues of the basic model of the heat transfer process in the system under study was developed, including a “refined model of concentrated capacity”, a “concentrated capacity” model, and a “truncated model of concentrated capacity”. Each of the mathematical models of the hierarchy is a mixed problem for a second-order partial differential equation of the parabolic type with a specific boundary condition that actually takes into account the spherical layer available in the system under study.

The use of the Laplace integral transform and the well-known theorems of operational calculus in analytically closed form enabled us to find solutions to the corresponding problems of unsteady heat conduction. The “concentrated capacitance” model was in detail analysed with the object under study subjected to the radiation flux of constant density. This model is associated with a thermally thin absorbing inclusion in the form of a spherical layer. It is shown that it allows us to submit the problem solution of unsteady heat conduction in the analytical form, which is the most convenient in terms of both its practical implementation and a theoretical assessment of the influence, the spherical layer width has on the temperature field of the object under study.

Sufficient conditions are determined under which the temperature field of the analysed system can be identified with a given accuracy through the simplified analogues of the basic mathematical model. For simplified analogues of the basic model, the paper presents theoretical estimates of the maximum possible error when determining the radiated temperature field.
The Third Boundary Value Problem for a Loaded Thermal Conductivity Equation with a Fractional Caputo Derivative
Authors: Beshtokov M. Kh. , Khudalov M. Z.
Published: January 2021

Recently, to describe various mathematical models of physical processes, fractional differential calculus has been widely used. In this regard, much attention is paid to partial differential equations of fractional order, which are a generalization of partial differential equations of integer order. In this case, various settings are possible.

Loaded differential equations in the literature are called equations containing values of a solution or its derivatives on manifolds of lower dimension than the dimension of the definitional domain of the desired function. Currently, numerical methods for solving loaded partial differential equations of integer and fractional (porous media) orders are widely used, since analytical solving methods for solving are impossible.

In the paper, we study the initial-boundary value problem for the loaded differential heat equation with a fractional Caputo derivative and conditions of the third kind. To solve the problem on the assumption that there is an exact solution in the class of sufficiently smooth functions by the method of energy inequalities, a priori estimates are obtained both in the differential and difference interpretations. The obtained inequalities mean the uniqueness of the solution and the continuous dependence of the solution on the input data of the problem. Due to the linearity of the problem under consideration, these inequalities allow us to state the convergence of the approximate solution to the exact solution at a rate equal to the approximation order of the difference scheme. An algorithm for the numerical solution of the problem is constructed.
Mathematical Single-Player Computer Game Model to Reproduce Duel Fight of Tanks
Authors: Serdukov V. I. , Serdyukova N. A. , Shishkina S. I.
Published: January 2021

In improving computer games, which reproduce a battle of tanks, two tasks can be distinguished: increasing a collection of game tools to represent virtual prototypes of real tank models and ensuring a realistic game. To solve these problems, a tool is necessary that allows us to compare gaming capabilities of virtual tank brands with combat capabilities of their real prototypes. A mathematical model of a computer game that reproduces a duel battle of tanks can be used as the tool. The specified model satisfies the following requirements: the sequence of operations reproduced in the model is in line with the sequence of operations implemented by the player in the course of the game; the maximum amount of ammunition that a tank can use in a model must correspond to the amount of tank ammunition. The duel lasts until one of the tanks is hit, or until all the gunshots available to hit the enemy are expended. It is necessary to find the probabilities of possible outcomes of a duel battle, the mathematical expectation of its duration, the mathematical expectation of the ammunition consumption of each side.

The solution to the problem is obtained by constructing a mathematical model according to the scheme of Markov random process with discrete states and continuous time. It is implemented as a program for a model of a duel battle of tanks and can be used when developing a computer game of the genre of tank simulators to assess the gaming capabilities of the virtual tanks in a duel battle from the data on the amount of their ammunition and on the intensity of the game process transition from one state to another; for selecting the intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, based on the data on the estimated game capabilities of virtual tanks in a duel battle. Thus, game participants can use this model to conduct their own research. Developers of computer games can use it for setting up the game and setting such intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, at which the gaming capabilities of virtual tanks will correspond to the combat capabilities of their real prototypes on the battlefield.
Artificial intelligence: a philosophical and theological discourse
Authors:   National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, Russia, Privalova Yu.
Published: January 2021

The author examines the peculiarities of the current stage of development artificial intelligence, expressed by attempts to create so-called strong artificial intelligence and great artificial intelligence. Transhumanist tendencies are analyzed on the basis of philosophical and theological methodology, using the tools of synergetic anthropology.
The ideologists of revolutionary democracy in Russia (V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov)
Authors:   National Research University «MIET», Moscow, Russia, Rastiimeshina T.V.
Published: January 2021

The problem of the ideology of commoners in the Russian revolutionary democracy of the 19th century is considered. For this purpose, the analysis of social and political views, programs, and literary works of V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky, and N.A. Dobrolyubov was conducted. Their firm ideological positions of building socialism in Russia through the transformation of the peasant community are revealed. Their contribution to the development of revolutionarydemocratic thought is assessed, which in terms of theoretical richness, breadth and depth of posing problems surpasses much of what was done by other representatives of Russian revolutionary democracy.
Method of multicriteria assessment of business entities in the process of anti-crisis management
Authors:   National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, Bystrov O.F. , Rubtsova A.A. ,   National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow
Published: January 2021

The basic algorithm of the BOF method is described. The method of applying the BOF method is presented in the case of both positive and negative values of quantitative values of indicators, using the transition from real values to encoded ones. The proposed method is an innovation that allows you to conduct a comparative analysis of any number of enterprises and projects in terms of their financial stability. The methods described in this article can be used for crisis management, as well as for calculating the balance of a portfolio of projects and programs.
The Genesis of the Dialectical Connection of Law and Social Theory. Transformation of social — from right to power
Authors:   North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Kovalev A.A. , Mrochko V.L. ,   Institute of Educational Technologies and Humanities
Published: January 2021

The author draws a parallel between social and legal studies. Using the laws of logic and achievements of thinkers of XIX — XX centuries, the author analyzes the complementarity of law and social, when social creates its jurisdiction, and the law provides the structure of social. The integration of legal pluralism into social theory is considered, the atrophy of social theory is shown, as well as the fluidity of thinking systems and theories of society in the post-modern era, according to research by leading theorists. The author designates questions about the revision of the nature and scope of law, about the opposition of law and governance. Noting the stability of the legal institution to complex societies in modern theories, the author concludes the congruence of law and morality in the social system.
Logic as Methodology
Authors:   Moscow aviation Institute (national research University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Lobastov G.V.
Published: January 2021

The article expresses the idea that the actual methodology is logic as a universal form, which is freely modified in accordance with the subject content of reality. Based on this principle, the socalled applied Sciences are criticized. This confirms the idea that method as logic and logic as a universal form of thinking adequately perform themselves only as an individual-personal ability within the subject-transforming activity. The principle of mind as the ability to Express the essence of a thing and form a concept is developed. The dialectical nature of this process and its opposite to the formal-empirical method are shown. The nature of consciousness is expressed through the problem of the relation of the universal and the special, and the logical form of judgment is expressed as its basis.
Thoughts About Good and Evil in Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” and in the Works of Friedrich Nitzsche and Sigmund Freud: an Experience of Historical-Philosophical Comparison
Authors:   Orenburg branch  of the Russian Presidential Academy  of National Economy and Public Administration, Gorokhov Pavel Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2021

The paper examines the main historical-philosophical and worldview parallels that can be found when considering the problem of good and evil in human nature on the example of comparing of J. Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” and the philosophical heritage of S. Freud and F. Nietzsche. It has been revealed that with all the differences in the worldview and the variety of creative approaches to the solving philosophical problems, the views of these thinkers on human nature had been largely identical. These views proceeded from the idea of a person as a dual being, the deep essence of which is determined not only by the introduced social, but also by deep natural, biological components. Moreover, the social in the human nature does not at all mean unconditionally positive and good, and the natural world does not at all bring with it an evil principle into the human essence. There is no good or evil in the natural world. The ethical and axiological coloring of this or that phenomenon is always given by the person himself. The main findings of the study can be used in general and special courses on the history of philosophy and foreign literature.
Rural Youth in the Arctic Regions of Yakutia in 1970–1980: Quantitative Analysis by Age and Gender
Authors:   Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Egorov Pyotr Mikhaylovich
Published: January 2021

This study presents an analysis of the number and age and gender composition of the young generation of rural settlements in the Arctic regions of Yakutia in 1970–1980 based on the analysis of statistical sources. One of the main trends in the demographic processes development in the 1970s among rural youth in the Arctic is an increase in its total number. In our opinion, improving the quality of life, working and resting conditions, establishing a socio-economic balance between town and country, increasing the well-being of the rural population of the Arctic, as well as the development of industrial production led to an improvement in demographic processes in the 1970s. However, an analysis of the data shows that by the end of the 1980s, stagnation and decline in the total number of rural youth in all age groups began, and the age structure of rural youth changed. In addition, among rural youth in 1989, the gender disproportion in favor of men began to manifest itself more clearly. The shift in the sex balance could have a negative impact on the natural reproduction of the Arctic population.
Memory of the Caucasian War in Monuments on the Territory of the Republic of Adygea
Authors:   Krasnodar State Institute of Culture, Malish Maryana Adamovna
Published: January 2021

The paper raises the problem of preserving the historical memory of the Caucasian War. The author examines the contribution of long-term republican target programs in the development of the region and the education of youth. It is said about the appearance of traditions associated with monuments dedicated to the memory of this war in Adygea. The paper analyzes the attitude of state authorities and public organizations to the establishment of monuments of this type. A brief description of the monuments to the victims of the Caucasian War is given. It was revealed that the first initiator of their establishment in the North Caucasus, in particular in Adygea, is the International Circassian Association. The role of the media in the study and dissemination of information about the monuments of the region is indicated. It is concluded that memorials testifying to the tragic events of the Caucasian War are symbols of historical memory and reflect the attitude of the people to the past.