bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—Brachiopod Nomenclature: Spirifer and Syringothyris
Authors: Thomson Allan
Published: May 2009

According to a strict interpretation of the international rules of zoological nomenclature the generic name Spirifer is wrongly used for the group including Anomites striatus, Martin, and should be restricted to the group including Anomites cuspidatus, Martin, i.e. it should replace Syringothyris, Winchell. My object in pointing this out is not to urge a strict interpretation of the international rules in this case, for it would serve no useful purpose to attempt to displace a name which through a century of usage has become the geological equivalent of a household word, but to show the need for geologists to combine with zoologists in demanding a list of nomina conservanda in zoology.
II.—A Low-level Glaciated Surface in the Eastern Himalaya.
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

At Christmas, 1917, I had the privilege, owing to the kindness of the Hon. Mr. W. W. Hornell, of a short visit into Southern Sikkim, during which I observed glacial striation at a lower level than has been previously recorded in the Himalaya. This occurrence is the more worthy of record since striated rock-surfaces are reported as scarce or absent from the Eastern Himalaya even at much higher levels. For courteous help and the use of the library of the Geological Survey of India I am indebted to Dr. H. H. Hayden, and references to some of the literature I owe to him and also to Mr. E. W. Vredenburg.
V.—Observations on the Northern Margin of Dartmoor
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

Many unsolved problems still remain in connexion with Devonshire geology, and there is no more interesting area in the county than that surrounding the Dartmoor granite mass. The investigation of this part of Devonshire has not been completed by the Geological Survey, and most of the northern margin of the Moor remains undescribed.1 During 1914, 1915, and 1916 the writer at intervals spent a good deal of time in studying the metamorphosed sediments on the north side of the Moor, and although he left England with his investigations incomplete this brief account of the results obtained will, it is hoped, be of service, if only as an indication of what is to be found.
II.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The three genera (or generic terms) that serve for the title of this paper comprise a series of Cretaceous and Tertiary Echinoids which are morphologically similar, and, in consequence, systematically chaotic. Although the time is not yet ripe for an attempt to disentangle the nomenclature of the various genera and species from the knot in which it is involved (a condition not to be wondered at in view of the early description and variable qualities of the forms), it seems desirable to publish the following comments on the group, making use of current names for the examples quoted. Pyrina, Desmoulius, as Lambert has shown, is typified by P. pelrocoriensis, Desm., a species that might well pass for a young member of the Conulus series. Conulus, Leske, has for genotype C. albogalerus, Leske, and the forms to which that name is usually applied in this country seem sufficiently like the original figure to pass muster. The genotype of Echinonëus is of course E. cyclostomus, Leske, and there has never been serious confusion as to the application of the generic name.
I.—The Magnesian Limestone of Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

The Divisions of the Limestone—The Thrusting in South-East Northumberland and North-East Durham—The Breccias.
V.—British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bournemouth, 1919
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: May 2009

One of the most striking features of our science is the need in which it stands of a large and widely distributed body of workers, and the opportunities which it affords to every one of them of making important contributions to scientific knowledge.
I.—Bunaia Woodwardi, a New Merostome from the Silurian Waterlimes of New York
Authors: Clarke John M.
Published: May 2009

The hydraulic limestone series which cap the Silurian rocks of the New York sections, and are commonly embraced under the name “Salina Group”, are probably the richest known depository of remains of the Merostome Crustacea. During the past fifteen years we have been engaged upon the study of this fauna, and the results at which we arrived in our memoir on the Eurypterida of New York could not have been safely attained without the previous labours of Dr. Woodward and the late Professor Rupert Jones, of Huxley, and Hugh Miller for the British species; of Friedrich Schmidt, Nieszkowski, and Holm for the species of the Baltic basin.
V.—On the Discovery of Fossil Hydroid Remains of the Order Calyptoblastea in the Palæozoic of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Chapman Frederick , Skeats Ernest W.
Published: May 2009

Since no undoubted fossil remains of this group of hydroids have been previously recorded, with the exception of possible forms indicated by Ruedemann but placed by him with the Graptolites, it is thought that a few brief notes on a recent discovery in Victoria may be acceptable to readers of this Magazine. A description of the fossils by one of us (F. C.) will appear in the Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, while a description of the stratigraphy of the area will be given by the other author (E. W. S.)
IV.—Notes on Ammonites
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

In addition to the variability of the suture-line in a given species, mentioned previously, asymmetry of the elements on opposite sides of the same suture-line is very frequent and probably universal in so far as the minor frillings are concerned, which is only to be expected in organic beings. This phenomenon has lately been illustrated again in Lioceras by Horn, and in Dactylioceras by Swinnerton & Trueman. The latter authors also have some interesting observations on asymmetry associated with lateral displacement of the siphuncle which is of sporadical occurrence in Ammonites.
II.—On the Highest Coal-measures or “Zone” of Anthracomya Phillipsi in the Durham Coalfield
Authors: Trechmann C. T. , Woolacott D.
Published: May 2009

It has been known for some considerable time that the highest beds of the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield lie approximately beneath the town of Sunderland. The great syncline of the Coalmeasures of this area is distinctly accentuated in North-East Durham, so that a secondary basin-like depression is formed, in the centre of which these high beds occur. Beneath Sunderland, -where the top layers also exist, the Carboniferous rocks are concealed by the overlying Permian strata, but at a place called Claxheugh on the Wear, about two miles west of Sunderland, the Coal-measures are exposed for a short distance on both the north and south banks of the river.
II.—Non-German Sources of Potash
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

It is scarcely necessary in this Magazine to insist upon the vital importance of potash, or upon the reasons which led to the former economic dependence of our own and many other countries on German resources. The shortage of potash, which arose as a direct consequence of the outbreak of war, became more and more accentuated until the latter part of 1917, when production from various revived and newly discovered sources began appreciably to relieve the then seriously acute position. In 1913, the last complete year of the older conditions, over £900,000 worth of potassium salts were imported from Germany by Great Britain, against imports of only half that value—much of which was cream-of-tartar, a byproduct of the wine industry—from all other countries. It is now safe to say that the German monopoly is completely broken, partly because of the return of Alsace to France, and partly because of the discovery of new deposits, and the successful development, under the stimulus of war conditions, of new methods of potash recovery from sources formerly unremunerative or unsuspected. The purpose of this article is to pass briefly in review the chief sources from which potash is, or may be, profitably extracted, other than those of the famous German deposits, which already have a voluminous and familiar, or at least readily accessible, literature.
VII.—A Contribution to the Petrology of North-Western Angola
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Olivine Ulrichite. — Megascopically this rock differs from the foregoing nepheline monchiquite in having a well-marked porphyritie structure, the phenocrysts including orthoclase and nepheline in crystals having a maximum dimension of nearly a centimetre. Under the microscope the minerals present are :—
V.—On the Evidence as to the Geological Structure of Cumberland bordering the Solway
Authors: Holmes T. V.
Published: May 2009

While no doubts have existed among geologists that the rocks of this district are of Permo-Triassic age, that they are surrounded by older formations of the Carboniferous Series, and capped by a small Lias outlier, unanimity as to the relations of the local Perrao-Triassic rocks to each other has never yet prevailed. Hence when the Geological Survey Memoir, by the present writer, on this district was published in 1899, Sir Archibald Geikie stated in the preface tliatthe delay in its appearance was due to the hope that additional deep borings might have settled certain questions as to the relations to each other of the rocks above the St. Bees Sandstone, etc. On this account, my own views (as those of the worker on the Geological Survey in this district) were allowed to be given by me in a paper read at the Geological Society in 1881, on “The Permian, Triassic, and Liassic Rocks of the Carlisle Basin” (Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxvii, May, 1881).
II.—The Ice Age in England
Authors: Holst Nils Olof
Published: May 2009

After the little survey of the pluvial epoch contained in thepreceding section we may turn our attention again to England.In the Thames Valley at Swanscombe (Barnfield pit) there is foundbeneath the deposits which yield early Chellean implements a yetolder layer which does not contain any implements.
III.—Note on a Fore-paddle of Metriorhynchus from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough
Authors: Andrews Charles W.
Published: May 2009

In the description of the skeleton of Metriorhynchus given in vol. ii of the Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, very little could be said about the fore-limb. The only partsthen known were a number of humeri and, in one or two cases, somesmall disc-like bones which were regarded as the radius and ulna:the most complete fore-limb was figured on p. 172 of the volumequoted. In order in some degree to fill this gap a short account wasgiven (torn, cit., Introduction, p. xiii) of an imperfect fore-paddle ofa specimen of the closely related Geosaurus graeilis from the Solenhofenlimestone. This beautiful skeleton, originally described by V. Ammon(Geognostische Jahreshefte, vol. xviii, p. 12), has recently beenacquired by the British Museum, and a photograph of it is given asa frontispiece to vol. ii of the Catalogue of Oxford Clay Reptiles. The specimen is beautifully preserved, and is remarkable for showingthe outline of the tail-fin and other traces of the soft parts.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Watts William Whitehead
Published: May 2009

William Whitehead Watts was born at Broseley in Shropshire in 1860, and passed the critical part of his school life at Denstone. Here he came under the influence of the Rev. D. Edwardes, who taught him physics and chemistry, infected him with a love of science, and stimulated him to try for a scholarship at Cambridge. In spite of the winning of an exhibition, afterwards converted into a scholarship at Sidney Sussex College, supplemented by an exhibition from his old school, his maintenance at Cambridge was only accomplished by much self-sacrifice on the part of his parents.
II.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandinavia and its importance in the Post-Tertiary History of Western Europe
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Let us now turn to the lessons presented by the Mollusca found in the raised beaches of Norway and Western Sweden.
IV.—Notes on Yunnan Cystidea. III. Sinocystis compared with similar Genera
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In Megacystis the periproct—which S. A. Miller always called the moutn—lies between adoral circlets II and III, being bounded by the two posterior facet-bearing plates and the posterior interradial, i.e. 3 of Adorals II, also by 2 or 3 of Adorals III, making 5 of 6 plates in all. The number 5 is the more usual; it occurs in M. aspera. faberi, gorbyi, indianensis, ornatissima, ornata, parcula, parca, perlonga, plena, scitulus, and spangleri, also in British Museum specimens E 7631, —33, —35, —37, —38, ?—39, —40, —42, —44, —45, —74, —76, —77, E16167, and E 16168 (see our figs. 24, 25, antea). The number 6, due to an additional Adoral III, is found in M. baculus, commoda, splendens, and perhaps gyrinus, also in E7630, —34, —36, ?—75, and E 16171 (see our figs. 22, 23, 28, 30, antea). This does not seem to be a difference of such constancy as to be relies on for the discrimination of species. It is the sole character distinguishing Miller's M. commoda from his M. gorbyi, not to mention M. scitulus and M. parva, which may be younger stages of the latter species. Similarly such specimens as E 7631, E 7635, E 7638, and E 7644, each with 5 plates, cannot otherwise be distinguished from E 7636 with 6 plates; while E 7630 and E 7634 with 6 plates are otherwise the same as E 7633, E 7640, E 7642, E 7677, and E 16168, each with 5 plates.
IV.—Valley Terraces
Authors: Greenwood Colonel George
Published: May 2009

In the Journal of the Geological Society for November, 1866, page 463, Mr. Tylor gives a paper on “The interval of time which has passed between the formation of the upper and lower valley gravels.” He says, “Mr. Prestwich argues that, although the upper valley gravels are at a higher relative level than the lower, yet the higher series are always the older, and the lower the more modern; and we have thus the ordinary superpostion of new over old strata supposed to be reversed. This difficulty is considered by most geologists to have been surmounted by Mr. Prestwich's arguments, and his classification of the gravels has been generally accepted. My own opinion is that the evidence on which Mr. Prestwich's theory is based is insufficient.” If the gravel terraces were on one another as well as above one another, there would not only be a difficulty, but an impossibility to surmount. But the terraces are not on one another—that is, althought they are in level above one another, they are not vertically above one another. If in making a railroad cutting the sides were terraced, the upper terraces would be the first formed, and would consequently be “the older.” The lower terraces would be the last formed, and would consequently be “the more modern.” Mr. Tylor himself will allow that the upper part of a railroad cutting must be excavated before the lower part of it; and that if deposits were made during the excavation, the upper deposits would be the first made or “the older;” the lower deposits would be the last made or “the more modern.” The case is the same if, instead of the formation of a valley, and the excavators to be rain and rivers.
IV.—The Moulded Limestones of Furness
Authors: Hodgson E.
Published: May 2009

At a time when those curious forms often assumed by the upper beds of limestone rocks are thought worth attention, and are brought forward by some geologists as evidences of sea-action, it may not be wholly without interest if I re-introduce a curiously moulded bed of this rock, occuring near Ulverstone.
II.—On the Earliest Forms of Brachiopoda hitherto discovered in the British Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

The study of the earliest fossiliferous rocks, as well as that of their animal remains, has been, and will be for a long time to come, a subject of very considerable interest, and one that has, especially during the last few years, attracted the keen attention of several experienced and conscientious observers. Many have been the observations assembled in connection with the direct order of superposition and relative age of the various rocks composing the Cambrian and Lowest Silurian deposits, as well as in seeking out all the data that could be obtained, so as to enable the palæontologist to attempt a correct diagnosis of the very earliest known ancestors of many of our fossils. The discoveries effected by Sir W. Logan amongst the ‘Laurentian’ rocks of North America (as stated by Sir R. I. Murchison) “constitute the foundation stones of all Paæeozoic deposits in the crust of the globe wherever their formations are known;” and with what keen interest has not the Eozoon been welcomed and elaborated—the oldest animal known!
I.—On an Old Lake-basin in Shropshire
Authors: Eyton
Published: May 2009

The district known as the Wealdmoors of Salop is an ancient lake-basin about seven miles in length, by four in width. It lies east of the Wrekin, from which the ground slopes gradually down to it. On the S.E., the high ground of Lilleshall, and its vicinity, rises more abruptly, and on the N.E. extremity it is intersected by the river Tern, which probably formed the principal outlet. The centre of the basin is filled with peat, containing remians of oak and hazel trees, very much decayed, and matted together by thick layers of fibrous roots, and in the lower part, by a species of moss, of which the fibre is too fine for the Sphagnum, but which it is impossible to identify, on account of its decayed condition. This peat attains a thickness of about six feet. Some years ago, a bronze celt of fine workmanship, and which is considered to have been manufactured since the commencement of the iron age, was found imbedded in it.
VI.—The Anglo-Belgian Basin
Authors: Gunn John
Published: May 2009

The principal object of a paper which I read at the British Association was to point out the connection between an ancient river running on the Continent, in the direction of the Rhine, and the estuarine deposit of the Forest bed, on the eastern coast of this country. Many geologists have maintained that such a river ran from south to north, which would be in the direction of the Straits of Dover. In proof of the correctness of this supposition, I mentioned that numerous vertebræ of whales had been found in the estuary, which indicated an opening to the sea, and also arctic shells, which indicated a northerly direction; at the same time that the immigration of elephants and other animals proved the junction of this country with the Continent.
IV.—Notes on Glen-car Valley, Sligo
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

A recent visit to the picturesque lake-valley of Glen-car, about seven miles N.N.E. of Sligo, has afforded an opportunity for reconsidering the method by which the fine precipices enclosing it were formed.
V.—Notes on the Geology of South Beds
Authors: Saunders J.
Published: May 2009

Since my former communication on this subject, which appeared in the Geological Magazine for April last, (p. 154) I have had several opportunities of re-visiting some of the cuttings, on the Midland Railway, therein referred to, respecting which some doubts were expressed in reference to the age of the deposits exposed to view, and, as they are now completed, more precise observations can be made than when they were only just commenced. The cutting, south-east from Westoning, (which, in an Editorial note, was suggested might be of Tertiary age) exposes a dark heavy clay, which, upon the most rigid examination, furnished not the least trace of rolled fragments of Chalk or flints, or any other substance so frequent in the Tertiary clays of this neighbourhood, which would lead to the inference that it had been deposited subsequently to the Cretaceous era. It, however, contains what would strongly indicate that it is coæval with the Greensand, namely, a continuous band of coprolitic nodules, averaging about a foot in thickness. This layer passes through about one-third of the cutting, and may be traced from its commencement on the north-west side of the hill, passing along the face of the cutting with a gentle dip, until it reaches the level of the line, when it passes out of sight, nor does it re-appear on the south-east side of the excavation. The fossils associated with the nodules are Lamna, Belemnites, Parasmilia, and Terebratulœ, all of which are abundant in the coprolite beds at Hexton and other places in the immediate vicinity. Both above and below the coprolites the caly is identical in character, and must have been deposited eontemporaneously with its associated nodules, and, as far as I can judge, it is the equivalent of the bed h of the section given by Mr. W. Whitaker, in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi., 1865, pp. 399, “On the Chalk of Bucks.” About the middle of the cutting is a considerable accumulation of light-brown coloured drift-sands, that lie in a basin-like hollow, that has been eroded from the summit of the hill.
I.—On a New Limuloid Crustacean [Neolimulus falcatus] from the Upper Silurian of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In a paper which I communicated to the Geological Society of London, Nov. 21, 1866, (“On some points in the structure of the Xiphosura, having reference to their relationship with the Eurypterida”) I have recorded all the then known genera both of Xiphosura and of Eurypterida, and in the tables which accompany the first part of my Monograph on the Merostomata, I have given both the genera and species with their range in time and space.
IV.—A Revision of the British Graptolites, with Descriptions of the New Species, and Notes on their Affinities
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

It is of the first importance in Natural History to adopt a precise, and if possible a received terminology, and strictly to adhere to it. From the very different opinions that have been entertained regarding the nature of graptolites, a curiously mixed set of terms have been employed on their description, some being suggested by their supposed resemblance to plants, others being obtained from their affinities to animals. Discarding these I shall employ the terminology proposed by Allmann and Huxley for the Hydrozoa now generally adopted, asking the reader to take here for granted what I hope presently to establish, that these fossils have their nearest allies in this class, and consequently that the terminology is suited equally to both. As the terms, however, have not yet been generally introduced into text books, it is perhaps desirable to give definitions of those that I shall have to use in this paper.
I.—British Fossil Pandaneæ
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

There is room for considerable difference of opinion as to the limit of the order Pandaneœ or “Screw-pines.” However extended it is made there can be no doubt that Nipa has closer affinities with the palms than with the screw-pines. I shall therefore exclude the remarkable fruits from the Lower Eocene of Sheppy to which Brongniart applied the name Pandanocarpum, altered afterwards by Bowerbank in accordance with the more precise determination of the affinities of the fruits to Nipadites, a change in which Brongniart aequiesced.
V.—The Fossil Insects of North America
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

The discovery of fossil insects in North America is of very recent date; even now, scarely a hundred specimens have been brought to light, and they have occured, with few exceptions, as solitary individuals. The Reports of State and provincial geologists, which have added so richly to our knowledge of the palæontology of North America, have hardly mentioned these fossils. As descriptions of them are scattered through many publications—doubtless difficult of access to English geologists— and as most of the specimens referred to have passed under my eye, I have prepared this general resumé of what is known and have accompanied it with critical remarks.
IV.—On the Deposits of Phosphate of Lime recently discovered in Nassau, North Germany
Authors: Davies D. C.
Published: May 2009

The little duchy of Nassau, so recently annexed to the kingdom of Prussia, has long been famous for its mineral wealth. It yields yearly about 350,000 tons of iron ore, principally Hematite, and about half that quantity of Manganese. Of its natural mineral water from Seltzers it exports above a million bottles annually. In its north-western corner are the Brown-Coal deposits of the Wester-wald; and to these sources of wealth must now be added more valuable and extensive deposits of phosphate of lime, which, though not long since discovered, have already attracted the attention of the leading agricultural chemists of this country. This discovery has its scientific attractions, as well as its commerical advantages; and, as I have lately had an opportunity of examining these deposits in detail, it may be of interest to the reader, if I record a few particulars concerning them.
V.—Kitchen Midden On Omey Island, Co. Galway
Authors: Leonard H.
Published: May 2009

Omey is a half-tide island off the coast of Galway. It is chiefly a Porphyritic Granite rock, on the north-west portion of which are wind-blown sands that are for ever changing their positions, the houses of the inhabitants being covered to such an extent by them, that, in order to reach the interior, they are compelled to descend through holes, like large rabbit-burrows. The oldest record we have in connection with the island is, that St. Fechin built an Abbey there previous to A.D. 664. This abbey is said to be buried in the sands, but its exact site cannot be pointed out; however, there is a supposed fifteenth-century church, that is now sunk 12 feet deep in the sand.
I.—Eocene Corais from the Fly River, Central New Guinea
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Trench Jean B.
Published: May 2009

Diagnosis.—Corallum massive and probably nodular. Corallites polygonal, often pentagonal, and, where the walls are not well defined, appear circular. Calices from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter; the width of cœnenchyma separating them varies from ·5 to 2 mm. Septa twenty-four in number, subequal; the trabeculæ are distinct in some and in others fused together. Pali rounded; they occur in three crowns, the primary pali being larger than the others. They are sometimes quite separate from the septa, and sometimes completely fused with the septal ends. Together with the columella they occupy a space equal to one-third of the diameter of the clayx. Columella fairly large, though somewhat irregularly developed. Occasionally it is so small as to appear papilliform, but it is generally clearly fascicular.
IV.—On a new Genus of Graptolites, with Notes on Reproductive Bodies
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The Graptolite which I am about to consider is perhaps one of the most remarkable of all our known British forms, and was originally described by Mr. W. Carruthers, under the name of Cladograpsus linearis. The genus Cladograpsus is one which was proposed by Geinitz to include certain forms of Didymograpsus; but Mr. Carruthers seems subsequently to have seen that the reference of G. linearis to this genus was inappropriate, as he has recently alluded to it, under the title of Dendrograpsus linearis.
I.—On Brecciated Formations
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

I wrote the first of these papers more with a view of obtaining some help in my own work than with any purpose of carrying forward the discussion of the subject myself. But no help having been given me, I must proceed cautiously alone, and arrange the order of my questions; since, when I have done my best as carefully as I can, the papers will be nothing but a series of suggestions for others to pursue at their pleasure.
IV.—On a New Large Terebratula occurring in East Anglia
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

The forms which Mr. Davidson in his invaluable Monograph has included under T. ovoides, are so various that it would be possible to refer the shells figured in the plate to that species, but since T. trilineata, from the Inferior Oolite, and T. lata and T. ovoides, from drift-blocks—which I shall endeavour to show are of the very latest Jurassic horizon—are very different in many respects, I prefer to give a new name to this form, which may find its place near T. ovoides and T. simplex. The specimen drawn, Fig. 1 and la, is from the collection of Mr. Roper of Lowestoft, who obtained it, with another specimen, from a gravel-pit at Thorpe in Suffolk. It has the general simple form of T. ovoides, but is remarkable for its great size. The imperforate valve is flattened in the mesial line, whilst the perforate valve is deep and raised into a well-pronounced keel in the mesial line extending from the beak; the foramen is small. The specimen figured is longer than the other in Mr. Roper's collection, which has the shorter, squarer form of Fig. 2, resembling T. simplex. This fine Terebratula may be known as T. rex.
VI.—On Faults in Strata
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

The acute observation of the late Professor J Beete Jukes, combined J with his power of reasoning from Nature, and by Nature's laws, enabled him at once to be capable of explaining the relations of complicated strata, over which others might puzzle for months: neither was he unwilling to. impart his knowledge to others, for nothing seemed to give him greater pleasure than teaching and explaining away difficulties, by pointing out the similarity between the former and present agents at work fashioning the surface of our earth.
VIII.—The Millstone Grit of the North-Wales Border
Authors: Davies D. C.
Published: May 2009

The total thickness of Millstone Grit in North Wales does not quite reach 300ft. This thickness is, I am aware, considerably below that given by several authors, who notice this formation incidentally; but I am prepared to say, from. actual and computed measurement, made on the spot, that the above figures are substantially correct. The Carboniferous system, from the base of the Mountain Limestone to that of the Coal Measures in North Wales, is but an epitome of the same beds in the North of England, the middle member, the grits and sandstones, being thin in proportion.
I.—On some Fossil Wood from the Lower Eocene
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: May 2009

The Botanical Department of the British Museum possesses amongst its collection of fossilized vegetable remains, sliced for microscopic examination, a series of specimens of wood from Herne Bay and the Isle of Thanet. These exhibit a structure which has not hitherto been properly understood, but which proves to be quite comparable with what is to be found in some recent plants.
V.—Account of an Expedition to Greenland in the Year 1870
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

These holes in the ice filled with water are in no way connected with each other, and at the bottom of them we found everywhere, not only near the border, but in the most distant parts of the inland ice visited by us, a layer, some few millimetres thick, of grey powder, often conglomerated into small round balls of loose consistency. Under the microscope, the principal substance of this remarkable powder appeared to consist of white angular transparent grains. We could also observe remains of vegetable fragments; yellow, imperfectly translucent particles, with, as it appeared, evident surfaces of cleavage (felspar?); green crystals (augite) and black opaque grains, which were attracted by the magnet. The quantity of these foreign components is, however, so inconsiderable, that the whole mass may be looked upon as one homogeneous substance.
III.—Remarks on the Genera Trimerella, Dinobolus, and Monomerella
Authors: Davidson Thomas , King William
Published: May 2009

The genera named in the title constitute in our opinion a new I family belonging to the helictobrachial section of the class Palliobranchiata or Brachiopoda. We propose to designate it Trimerellidœ, after the type genus.
IV.—On Ortonia, A New Genus of Fossil Tubicolar Annelides, with Notes on the Genus Tentaculites
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Having recently had the opportunity of carefully investigating the genus Tentaculites, I was led to the conclusion that several fossils of diverse zoological affinities had been included under this head, and that the prevalent differences of opinion as to the systematic position of this genus might be thus readily explained (American Journ. of Science and Arts, vol. iii., no. 15, 1872). Originally founded by Schlotheim in 1820 (Petrefact. i., p. 377), Tentaculites, as its name implies, was believed to comprise fossils which were nothing more than the slender terminations of the jointed arms of Crinoids. Modern palæontologists have been divided in opinion as to whether Tentaculites was truly referable to the Tubicolar Annelides or the oceanic group of the Pteropoda— most recent authorities placing the genus in the latter class. In point of fact the difficulty has really arisen from the circumstance that two dissimilar sets of fossils have actually been included under Tentaculites; some of these being genuine Pteropods, whilst others are equally genuine Tubicolar Annelides. As all the typical species belong to the first group, it follows that the genus Tentaculites remains a Pteropodous one; whilst the Annelidan forms must be referred to new genera.
V.—Account of an Expedition to Greenland in the year 1870
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Somewhat further to the west of Karsok, and about 50 feet higher up, occurs another similar stratum, containing a mass of graphite, so soft that it may be cut with a knife. This spot was not, however, accurately examined. A similar stratum of graphite imbedded in sand and clay occurs also at a very great height above the sea at Niakornet, but time did not admit of our visiting that spot.
IV.—On the Formation of Deltas: and on the Evidence and Cause of Great Changes in the Sea-Level during the Glacial Period
Authors: Tylor Alfred
Published: May 2009

The first portion of this paper is devoted to a comparison of the Delta deposits of the Po, Mississippi, and Ganges, by means of the descriptions of the strata obtained from borings in their Deltas for water. The surfaces of these Deltas, and the alluvial plains above them, are compared together, with reference to their height above the sea and inclination, and it is found that a parabolic curve drawn through the extremities of each river, and through one point in its course, nearly represents its longitudinal section,-the greatest deviation being 30 feet in some of the largest Deltas. The Delta deposits are found to be coarser and more sandy near the bottom, and indicate more rapid rivers and greater rainfall at the earlier portion of their history.
III.—On some New Species of Graptolites from the South of Scotland
Authors: Hopkinson John
Published: May 2009

In this communication I purpose describing a few new forms of Graptolites which I have obtained at various times from the Llandeilo rocks of the south of Scotland. Of one species, first collected at Moffat in 1866, a brief diagnosis has previously been given, and the names of two others, from the lead-mining district of Lanarkshire, have already been published. One of these also occurs near Moffat. The remaining species are all from one or other of these richly fossiliferous districts. Of their position in the geological series I need only say here that the black, more or less carbonaceous, shale in which they occur, appears, from the fossils it contains, to correspond to the higher portion of the Llandeilo flags of Wales; that it is almost immediately succeeded by a series of beds (the Gala group) containing fossils of Caradoc or Bala age; and that the unfossiliferous flagstone, or greywacké, in which it occurs, reposes on rocks which have yielded to the persevering search of Prof. Elliot and Messrs. Lapworth and Wilson a few fossils of Cambrian age.
IV.—On the Relations of the Middle and Upper Silurian (Clinton, Niagara, and Helderberg) Rocks of the United States
Authors: Hall James
Published: May 2009

In the general classification of the Palæozoic Rocks of North America, while we have carefully compared and attempted to correlate them with the greater divisions of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous systems of Great Britain and the continent of Europe, we have still retained the local names of formations, which to a great extent were given in the Geological Survey of New York. These names, like English local names, indicate a locality or region where the strata are well shown, and the characteristic features of the formation better developed than in other places. Several of these local formations have thus been grouped together as representing certain stages in the systems of formations as recognized above.
II.—On “Blocky” Rock Surfaces, and the Theory of the Shrinking Nucleus of the Globe
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

The article by Mr. Clifton Ward upon “Rock Fissures” in the GeologicalMagazine for June, has reminded me of a special characteristic of some igneous rocks, which has been perhaps as yet imperfectly appreciated. I mean by igneous rocks, such masses of subterranean, mineral matter as have apparently thrust themselves upwards to the surface of the globe by a process of internal expansion or intumescence, caused by heat —not always attaining absolute fusion, but in some degree owing to the general permeation of the matter by super-heated water, or steam, or other gases.
II.—Notes on the Extension of the Boulder-clay over the Great and Little Orme, and the Cementing together by Lime of some large Boulders in the Clay near the Little Orme
Authors: Lucy W. C.
Published: May 2009

Having seen an account, in Notes of the Geology of the District round Llandudno, by the Rev. W. S. Symonds, that shells had been found by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S., in some clay near the New Baths at the Great Orme, it occurred to me that the clay was Boulder-clay, and would probably not be limited to so small a patch, but that it most likely extended far over the hills. And I now propose to give, very briefly, the result of some observations on the subject made during a short stay at Llandudno.
V.—On Changes of Climate and Extinction of Mammalia
Authors: Anderson Alex
Published: May 2009

It has been argued by some that the seas were anciently cooler than at the present day, and that thence certain ulterior effects might be assumed. Without treating of the supposed effects, I wish to state that the premiss itself seems to me inconsistent with what, geologically viewed, appears to be the order of transition through which our planet has passed in its successive changes. My own unprofessional view, founded upon grounds generally admitted, has been that, from a temperature originally much higher, the oceans had gradually cooled down under adequate influences to the mean temperatures which they now maintain under the permanent climatic conditions of the globe; and indeed that the peculiar condition distinguished by geologists as the “Glacial Period” was but the effect of the rapid condensation of the vapours arising during the longcontinued process of cooling, under a great and sudden organic change.
IV.—On the Glacial Epoch of Great Britain
Authors: Wilson Joshua
Published: May 2009

It must be admitted that if during the Glacial period an arctic current, similar to that which now sweeps along the east coast of North America, were to pass over the submerged portions of our island, there is no reason why the climate of this country should not assimilate to that of Labrador, where there is now perpetual frozen ground in the latitude of Liverpool. The question then is, what evidence have we that such a current existed at the commencement of the Glacial epoch ? Have we not the evidence of the striæ on the rocks and mountains of the Scandinavian peninsula, as well as on those of our own country, to show that, during the period of the submergence of these districts, icebergs were driven by an arctic current from the north-east to the south-west ?—that the Polar Sea extended from the White Sea to the entrance of the Baltic, spreading southward over Germany to the confines of Switzerland, which can be traced by the deposited boulders and other ice-transported materials ? Then, as to the cause of this return current. It must be evident that the Gulf-stream at that date could not have flowed in its present direction. The arctic current coming down the Baltic must have thrown it further to the west, so that in all probability in its northern progress it would impinge on the east coast of Greenland and the Island of Spitzbergen; then being deflected by the polar ice, it would return by the way of the White Sea and the Baltic, so completing the circuit.
I.—Description of Carinella, a New Genus of Carboniferous Polyzoa
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

Amongst a small collection of fossils lately forwarded to the writer for identification, by Dr. Rankin, of Carluke, from the Carboniferous beds of that neighbourhood, are some remains of Polyzoa, peculiar from the combination of characters presented by them, such as have hitherto been considered characteristic of separate genera. In Fenestella, Miller, as restricted by King, each interstice or stem of the frond is provided on one side only with two or more rows of cell-apertures, separated by a median keel. In Polypora, McCoy, on the contrary, the interstices or dissepiments are not carinated, and the former are always provided with numerous rows of cell-apertures, generally arranged more or less in quincunx, the dissepiments as in Fenestella, being non-celluliferous. In the specimens under consideration a combination of some of the above characters takes place, forming a connecting link between the two genera Fenestella and Polypora. An examination of the accompanying drawings will at once show that the fossils there represented cannot be referred to either of the above, but they, certainly appear to be the type of a new genus, which it is proposed to call Carinella. Only one species is at present known, which might with advantage be termed C. cellulifera.
V.—On the Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The best reply that I can make to Prof. Hughes’ remarks, in the Geological Magazine for November, on the Ffynnon Beuno Caves, is to publish the substance of the report presented to the British Association, especially as an opportunity will be given to those interested in the inquiry to examine the section during the further explorations to be carried on, probably in the month of June next year. Some of his statements—especially as regards the position of the fence, which is entirely at the opposite end of the cavern to that at which the flint flake was found, also as to the position of the flake, and. the nature of the deposits overlying it—are so entirely misleading, that I can only account for such statements being made by the fact that Prof. Hughes did not visit the section, though strongly urged by me to do so, until it had been almost entirely covered over, and work for the time suspended, and by his hasty survey of the surrounding conditions.
III.—Mesozoic Angiosperms
Authors: Gardner J. S.
Published: May 2009

Since the article on Mesozoic Angiosperms was written, a very important Sketch History of “Pateobotany,” by Lester F. Ward, has appeared in the Fifth Annual Eeport of the U. S. Geol. Survey, a brief outline of which cannot fail to prove of interest in connexion with this subject. The object of the sketch is to collate and reduce the fragmentary and desultory mass of information collected by previous writers into a system that will enable geologists to use the testimony of fossil plants, in the same way that they habitually use that of fossil animals. The author laments that botanists and palaæobotanists have worked and classified almost wholly independently of each other, the former having consequently missed such important data for classification as the order in time in which each type appeared, while the latter have failed to harmonize their work with the more elaborate and best botanical systems, and hence greatly lessened its practical value. “Every candid palæobotanist must admit that he can understand fossil plants only as they resemble living ones, and that the botanist, studying the perfeet specimen with all its organs of reproduction as well as of nutrition, can alone declare with absolute certainty upon its identity or affinity.” This mutual dependence requires recognition at the hands of scientific men.
IV.–Notes on the Discovery of the base of a Large Fossil Tree at Clayton
Authors: Adamson S. A.
Published: May 2009

Only a short time since there was discovered in the Lower Coalmeasures at Idle, a magnificent specimen of Megalichthys Hibberti; and now, at Clayton, near Bradford, has been found one of the grandest examples yet seen of a fossil Sigillaria tree. It was in the Fall Top Quarry, at Clayton, worked by Messrs. Murgatroyd and Sons, that this remarkable fossil was discovered, and these gentlemen deserve the highest praise from all geologists for the skill and extreme care with which they have bared the fossil, and also for their kindness in allowing it to be inspected. This quarry is not far from the edge of a bold escarpment overlooking the Thornton Valley, and the well-known Elland Flagstone is worked here for landings, flags, etc. Between the Better-Bed-Coal and the Flagstone there is a great thickness of sandstones, shales, etc., of various characters, and it was in these measures that the fossil tree was discovered about 12 feet below the surface. The sandstones just referred to are of little commercial value, many being irregularly bedded, and others very perishable in their nature; the better kinds are used for rough walling, the remainder being merely rubbish to fill up other excavations. The marketable flagstone is at a considerable depth in this quarry, and blasting operations have to be carried on to remove rapidly the overlying strata. After one of these explosions, Messrs. Murgatroyd observed part of a large fossil tree exposed, and, profiting by their knowledge of geology (which, by the work of the Yorkshire Geological Society and also of the Leeds Geological Association, is rapidly spreading throughout the entire county), they immediately suspended further operations, and, instead, gave orders to their workmen to carefully bare the remainder of the roots.
V.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In the Magazine for December I gave a brief outline of certain phenomena connected with the Scottish Till, the chief aim of my paper being to insist that beds of clay, sand, and gravel frequently occur in that deposit, and that we can no longer consider these as either insignificant or accidental.
II.—Note on the Pyrites Deposits in the Province of Huelva in Spain
Authors: Pattison S. R.
Published: May 2009

The method now adopted of working the lenticular deposits of pyrites occurring in the province of Huelva by open cutting and quarrying, is favourable to the examination of these singular masses of mineral. The latter run parallel with the strike of the beds; they are generally, but not always, in close proximity to greenstone, the greenstone often forming one wall or sahlband; they usually, but not always, decrease in width as they go down, and sometimes end in a boat form; they are generally, but not always, marked by oxidation on the surface, and generally, but not always, by a depression between the two walls. The latter phenomena, have been supposed to have been occasioned by the ancient mining for copper having worked away the upper surfaces and exposed fragments of mineral to oxidation; but the facts appear to be at variance with the causes thus assigned, inasmuch as there is extensive colouration where there have been no workings; and on the other hand, no subsidence in many cases where ancient workings exist.
III.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In my first paper I gave the sequence of the Scottish Drift under three groups; but in order to compare these deposits more satisfactorily with the drifts of other countries, it is necessary to subdivide them more closely.